cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Periphyton uptake and trophic transfer of coal fly-ash–derived trace elements

To determine whether the bioavailability of trace elements derived from coal ash leachates varies with the geochemical conditions associated with their formation, we quantified periphyton bioaccumulation and subsequent trophic transfer to the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer. Oxic ash incubations favored periphyton uptake of arsenic, selenium, strontium, and manganese, whereas anoxic incubations favored periphyton uptake of uranium. Mayfly enrichment was strongest for selenium, whereas biodilution was observed for strontium, uranium, and arsenic. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2991-2996. © 2017 SETAC.
Data for: ED-XRF analysis of obsidian artifacts from Yanawilka, a settlement of transplanted laborers (mitmaqkuna) and implications for Inca imperialism

Abstract Perhaps the most ambitious social policy carried out by the Incas, the mitmaq program resettled one third to one quarter of subject populations for the purposes of control and producing for the state. Ethnohistoric sources suggest that the relocated people, called mitmaqkuna, were given access to fertile lands and enjoyed elevated social status and freedoms bestowed to them by the Incas. Until now, these claims have not been tested with archaeological evidence. This paper evaluates the ethnohistoric claims through the geochemical analysis of 84 obsidian artifacts from a probable mitmaqkuna agricultural labor colony called Yanawilka, located in Vilcashuaman province, Peru. There is evidence that access to obsidian was restricted for the inhabitants of Yanawilka. The obsidian was mostly from the Quispisissa source, but the relative scarcity, small flake size, and evidence for conservation of raw material suggests that access to this high-quality source was limited and not due to direct procurement.
Adherence to Insulin, Emotional Distress, and Trust in Physician Among Patients with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Type 2 diabetes represents a significant public health issue, with increasing prevalence in developing countries while adherence to insulin treatment remains a challenge. No studies have evaluated the relationship between adherence to insulin, diabetes-related distress, and trust in physician among persons with diabetes. Our objectives were to evaluate treatment adherence to insulin, emotional distress (using the Problem Areas in Diabetes Questionnaire, PAID), trust in physician, and to examine associations between them among Lebanese patients with diabetes. This cross-sectional study, conducted in all districts of Lebanon between August 2016 and April 2017, enrolled 135 adult patients. The mean percentage score of adherence to insulin was 79.7 ± 19.94. A significantly higher mean adherence score was found in non-sedentary (81.96) compared to sedentary patients (67.41) (p = 0.017), with no difference between gender, employment, rural vs non-rural residence, or familial history of diabetes. In addition, no significant relationship was seen between adherence score and education level, smoking, or alcohol intake. A significant positive association was found between trust in physician and adherence scores, whereas a significant but negative one was found between PAID and adherence scores. The results of linear regressions showed that a secondary level of education (beta = − 13.48) significantly decreased the trust in physician score, whereas the total number of oral antidiabetics (beta = 0.93) increased it. Having a sedentary lifestyle (beta = − 12.73) and smoking < 3 waterpipes/week compared to no smoking (beta = − 16.82) significantly decreased the adherence score. Female gender (beta = 10.46), smoking < 3 waterpipes (beta = 27.42) and 3 + waterpipes/week (beta = 17.95) significantly increased the PAID score. Trust in physician is associated with an increased adherence and with decreased diabetes-related distress. This distress was also associated with poor adherence in our study.
Deprogramming Baconianism: The meaning of desiderata in the eighteenth century

The historiographical construct of the ‘Baconian programme’ rose to prominence in the mid-twentieth century. It has since shaped views of Bacon and his followers, particularly concerning Bacon9s utilitarianism. It has also set expectations concerning how defined and prescriptive Bacon9s vision of the future ought to be for later Baconians. Yet, neither Bacon nor those who claimed to follow him thought of his work in programmatic ways. The early modern view of Bacon9s futuristic writing allowed his followers great agency in re-sketching it to fit changing times. This essay first follows the rise of a ‘Baconian programme’ in historiography. It then returns to the past to outline some of the rich vocabulary for future-oriented writing deployed by the first generation of Bacon9s self-proclaimed followers. Finally, testing how Bacon9s plans appeared over a longer duree, it skips forward to Peter Shaw (1694–1763) and Joseph Priestley (1733–1804). Shaw employed one of Bacon9s futuristic terms ( desiderata ), dropped another ( optativa ) and developed the significance of a new category (hint). Shaw9s case illustrates the creativity that even Bacon9s most ardent followers expected to be within their rights. Baconianism invited future redrafting and haphazard invention, rather than adherence to a predictive programme.
Lean methods to improve operating room elective first case on-time starts in a large, urban, safety net medical center.

Abstract Background Delays in first cases contribute to multiple operating room (OR) inefficiencies and decreases in OR productivity. Methods Lean process improvement methods were used to redesign the existing workflow for elective first cases of the day in a large, urban, public hospital. First case start times were prospectively recorded from May 2, 2016 through December 29, 2017. Results Data from 415 operating days were examined, 86 days prior to, 35 days during, and 294 days after implementation of interventions in the pre-operative holding area. During this time, of 23,891 operations performed, 14,981 were elective procedures, 5963 (39.8%) of which were first cases of the day. The mean rate of elective first case on-time starts per week went from 23.5% before and during to 73.0% after implementation of lean interventions (p Conclusions Implementation of lean interventions in the pre-operative holding area was associated with significantly improved rates of elective first case on-time starts.
Applications of Dynamic Human Reliability Analysis (dHRA) for Context Aware Operations

Human Reliability Assessment is an essential tool for estimating a human operator’s propensity to commit errors based on available information and estimation of performance shaping factors. Even when estimates are approximate, HRA can provide valuable insights into task performance and vulnerabilities to accidental or volitional human actions. Performance Shaping Factors (PSFs) for Human Reliability Analysis are traditional determined as static across all operating conditions. However, it is likely that the PSFs are dynamic and dependent on the state of the plant. For example, available time, stress, and complexity factors change rapidly if the plant enters abnormal operating conditions. Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) are modernizing control rooms with digital systems and accompanying Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) to enable operation past their planned 40-year life expectancies. New research is needed to identify how digital HMIs interact with dynamic PSFs to influence Human Error Reliability. Here we examine an experimental paradigm utilizing a microworld with non-expert operators to assess how context-aware HMIs could reduce human error by adapting the presentation of information based on the dynamic PSFs estimated from the plant’s current state.
A theoretical and financial analysis of pork production contracts

A theoretical model of pork production contracts using the principal-agent framework is used to investigate optimal compensation schedules for both feeders and owners. The optimal compensation schedules derived may take on a variety of forms, but all payment schedules should contain an inverse relationship between the quality and quantity of inputs provided by the owner and the compensation provided to the feeder;A simulation analysis is used to investigate the risk and returns to both the feeder and the owner for feeder pig finishing and feeder pig production contracts. For the owner the returns from a contract are similar (though somewhat smaller) to that of a sole proprietor, and the owner is able to reduce risk. The contract feeder's risk and returns are substantially reduced as compared to a sole proprietor. For both the feeder and the owner some contracts are found to dominate other contracts (as measured by stochastic dominance). Pork production contracts may or may not be equitable arrangements for a feeder, depending upon the specific compensation schedule, the investment in facilities required, and the actions of the owner. Owners, like sole proprietors, are subject to wide variations in returns due to their acceptance of price risk and some production risk, but avoid the risk of large investments in facilities through a contractual arrangement with a feeder;Feeders' risks in a contractual arrangement are largely due to biological factors such as feed efficiency and death loss. Thus there exists a large difference in expected returns between feeders with good production efficiency versus feeders with poor production efficiency;Feeders face additional risk if investment in facilities is financed with a term loan that does not match the term or length of the contractual arrangement. The possibility of termination of the contract or an alteration of terms by the owner places additional financial risk upon the feeder and the feeder's lender;Contracts alter the feeder's cost structure in that fixed costs represent a large percentage of total costs. This implies an increase in operating leverage and an increased sensitivity to changes in total revenue as compared to a sole proprietor.
Efficient Implementations of SAT Local Search.

Although most of the focus in SAT local search has been on search behavior (deciding which variable to flip next), the overall efficiency of an algorithm depends greatly on the efficiency of executing each variable flip and variable selection. This paper surveys, evaluates, and extends techniques and data structures that have been used in efficient implementations of SAT local search solvers (including GSAT and Walksat variants).
One Space Variable Case

In the one−space−dimensional case, a continuous curve in the x−t plane starting in the left half of the plane {(x, t); x 0} without crossing the t-axis {x = 0}.
OBJECT-ORIENTED SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

Object-oriented systems development (OOSD) is viewed by many as the best available solution to the ongoing "software crisis." However, some caution that OOSD is so complex that it may never become a mainstream methodology. To settle the controversy requires high-quality empirical evidence. This paper surveys the most rigorous research on OOSD available over the past decade. A review of these empirical studies indicates that the weight of the evidence tends to slightly favor OOSD, although most studies fail to build on a theoretical foundation, many suffer from inadequate experimental designs, and some draw highly questionable conclusions from the evidence. This set of conditions points to the need for additional, higher quality research to build a better case either for or against OOSD.
Safety of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange for the Treatment of Guillain-Barré Syndrome in Polycythemia Vera

Polycythemia vera (PV) is a risk factor for systemic thromboses and ischemic stroke. This has been attributed to blood hyperviscosity, the result of increased blood cell production. Intravenous immunoglobulin, which is indicated for the treatment of numerous hematologic and neurological conditions also causes increased serum viscosity and has been associated with ischemic strokes in the setting of PV. Here we report a case of a 70-year-old man with prior stroke and PV who developed Guillain-Barre syndrome, an acute inflammatory demyelinating disorder of peripheral nerves causing ascending paresis, numbness, and paresthesia, who was treated safely with therapeutic plasma exchange. Plasma exchange may be preferable to administration of intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of various medical conditions in patients with comorbid PV.
SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS IN A CHILD.

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this report is to describe the presentation, disease course, and management of subacute thyroiditis (SAT) in children. SAT is a rare cause of thyroiditis in chi...
Codon clusters with biased synonymous codon usage represent hidden functional domains in protein-coding DNA sequences

1. Abstract Protein-coding DNA sequences are thought to primarily affect phenotypes via the peptides they encode. Yet, emerging data suggest that, although they do not affect protein sequences, synonymous mutations can cause phenotypic changes. Previously, we have shown that signatures of selection on gene-specific codons usage bias are common in genomes of diverse eukaryotic species. Thus, synonymous codon usage, just as amino acid usage pattern, is likely a regular target of natural selection. Consequently, here we propose the hypothesis that at least for some protein-coding genes, codon clusters with biased synonymous codon usage patterns might represent “hidden” nucleic-acid-level functional domains that affect the action of the corresponding proteins via diverse hypothetical mechanisms. To test our hypothesis, we used computational approaches to identify over 3,000 putatively functional codon clusters (PFCCs) with biased usage patterns in about 1,500 protein-coding genes in the Drosophila melanogaster genome. Specifically, our data suggest that these PFCCs are likely associated with specific categories of gene function, including enrichment in genes that encode membrane-bound and secreted proteins. Yet, the majority of the PFCCs that we have identified are not associated with previously annotated functional protein domains. Although the specific functional significance of the majority of the PFCCs we have identified remains unknown, we show that in the highly conserved family of voltage-gated sodium channels, the existence of rare-codon cluster(s) in the nucleic-acid region that encodes the cytoplasmic loop that constitutes inactivation gate is conserved across paralogs as well as orthologs across distant animal species. Together, our findings suggest that codon clusters with biased usage patterns likely represent “hidden” nucleic-acid-level functional domains that cannot be simply predicted from the amino acid sequences they encode. Therefore, it is likely that on the evolutionary timescale, protein-coding DNA sequences are shaped by both amino-acid-dependent and codon-usage-dependent selective forces.
Safety and feasibility of estrogen receptor-β targeted phytoSERM formulation for menopausal symptoms: phase 1b/2a randomized clinical trial.

Objective PhytoSERM is a formulation of genistein, daidzein, and S-equol that has an 83-fold selective affinity for estrogen receptor-β (ERβ); and may enhance neuron function and estrogenic mechanisms in the brain without having peripheral estrogenic activity. Methods We conducted an overarching, two-stage, dose-ranging, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 12 weeks duration comparing 50 and 100 mg/d of phytoSERM with placebo for noncognitively impaired, perimenopausal women aged 45 to 60, with intact uteri and ovaries, with at least one cognitive complaint, and one vasomotor-related symptom. Primary objectives were to assess safety and tolerability of a 50 and 100 mg daily dose; and, secondly, to evaluate potential indicators of efficacy on cognition and vasomotor symptoms over 4 and 12 weeks, and using an embedded, 4-week, 2-period, placebo-controlled crossover trial for a subset of participants. Results Seventy-one women were randomized to treatment; 70 were evaluated at 4 weeks; 12 were entered into the crossover study; 5 did not complete 12 weeks. Reasons for discontinuation were withdrawal of consent (n = 1) and lost to follow-up (n = 4). Adverse events occurred in 16.7% (n = 4) placebo, 39.1% (n = 9) 50 mg/d, and 29.2% (n = 7) 100 mg/d treated participants; 85% were mild and none was severe. Vaginal bleeding occurred in 0, placebo; 1, 50 mg; and 3, 100 mg/d participants. Conclusions The phytoSERM formulation was well tolerated at 50 and 100 mg daily doses. Based on safety outcomes, vaginal bleeding at the 100 mg dose, and vasomotor symptoms and cognitive outcomes at 12 weeks, a daily dose of 50 mg was considered preferable for a phase 2 efficacy trial.
Lipid levels and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke among women

Objective To examine the association between lipid levels and hemorrhagic stroke risk among women. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study among 27,937 women enrolled in the Women9s Health Study with measured total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), as well as triglycerides. Strokes were confirmed by medical record review. We used Cox proportional hazards models to analyze associations between lipid categories and hemorrhagic stroke risk. Results During a mean of 19.3 years of follow-up, 137 hemorrhagic strokes occurred. Compared to those with LDL-C levels 100–129.9 mg/dL, after multivariable adjustment, those with LDL-C levels Conclusion LDL-C levels
Fighting a Resurgent Hyper-Positivism in Education Is Music to My Ears.

In this article, I argue that one of the gifts of the Age of Enlightenment, the ability to measure, to experiment, to predict—turned rancid by hyper-positivism—is re-asserting itself globally in the field of education (including music education). I see a neoliberal, neocolonial connection—in terms of the ideologies that fuel them—between some of the homogenizing, epistemologically/culturally imperialist aspects of globalization and this resurgent hyper-positivism that has been accompanied by a corporatization of education. I posit that critical education, including critical music education, is an essential component of a necessary—if rancorous—dialogue in maintaining a definition of education that is as varied and diverse as those students we wish to educate. In essence, I argue that critical education is one of many tools to help us fight a ‘recolonization’ by this resurgent hyper-positivism in education.
Exploring the Effects of Early Life Sexual Abuse in Later Life among Catholic Nuns

This paper explores the variety of associated responses in later life to early life sexual abuse reported by aging Roman Catholic nuns (heretofore referred to as women religious). Specific attention is given to current effects and the strengths and resources these participants identify when integrating their personal histories of sexual abuse. The influences of their personal spirituality and institutional religious life are explicitly explored as factors in addressing the negative effects upon them in later life, which research participants associated with their sexual abuse. Research on sexual abuse and its effects is extensive, due to a growing awareness and concern about the prevalence of sexual abuse against children and sexual violence against women (Koss et al., 1994). However, investigating sexual abuse rates and its effects among aging populations and specifically Roman Catholic women religious is severely limited. In response to this limitation, Saint Louis University’s School of Medicine conducted a study to advance knowledge about “the consequences of sexual trauma among Catholic nuns in the United States and to compare the child sexual abuse experiences of Sisters with these figures for lay women” (Chibnall, Wolf, Duckro, 1998, p. 4). Twelve participants were recruited from this original study who were sexually abused before the age of 18 and are 65+ years of age.
Nano-structured wild moth cocoon fibers as radiative cooling and waveguiding optical materials

The study shows that comet moth cocoon fibers exhibit radiative cooing properties with enhanced solar reflectivity and thermal emissivity. Nanostructured voids inside the cocoon fiber enables the cocoons to exhibit strong scattering in the visible and near-infrared. These structures also allow the fibers to exhibit strong shape birefringence and directional reflectivity. Optical waveguiding due to transverse Anderson localization is observed in these natural fibers, where the invariance and large concentration of the voids in the longitudinal direction allow the fiber to confine light in the transverse direction. To mimic the optical effects generated by these natural silk fibers, nanostructured voids are introduced into regenerated silk fibers through wet spinning to enhance reflectivity in the solar spectrum.
Cardiopulmonary Testing before Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy for Severe and Very Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

Objectives/hypothesis Adenotonsillectomy is first-line treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) when not otherwise contraindicated. There is concern severe OSAS increases risk of comorbid cardiopulmonary abnormalities, such as ventricular hypertrophy or pulmonary hypertension, which preoperative testing could detect. Our objective is to determine if there is a severity of pediatric OSAS where previously undetected cardiopulmonary comorbidities are likely. Study design Retrospective chart review. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 358 patients ≤21 years with severe OSAS who underwent adenotonsillectomy at a tertiary hospital June 1, 2016 to June 1, 2018. We extracted demographics, comorbidities, polysomnography, and preoperative tests. Wilcoxon rank-sum and logistic regression estimated associations of OSAS severity (based on obstructive apnea-hypopnea index [OAHI], hypoxia, hypercarbia) with preoperative echocardiograms and chest X-rays (CXRs). Results Mean age was 5.9 (±3.6) years and 52% were male. Mean OAHI and oxygen saturation nadir were 30.3 (±23.8) and 80.7% (±9.2), respectively. OAHI ≥60 was associated with having a preoperative echocardiogram (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.7-8.5) or CXR (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.4-6.8) compared to OAHI 10-59. There were no significant associations between OSAS severity and test abnormalities. The presence of previously diagnosed cardiopulmonary comorbidities was associated with abnormalities on echocardiogram (OR, 36; 95% CI, 4.1-320.1) and CXR (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.2-14.4). Conclusions Although pediatric patients with very severe OSAS (OAHI ≥60) underwent more pre-adenotonsillectomy cardiopulmonary tests, OSAS severity did not predict abnormal findings. Known cardiopulmonary comorbidities may be a better indication for cardiopulmonary testing than polysomnographic parameters, which could streamline pre-adenotonsillectomy evaluation and reduce cost. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 131:2361-2368, 2021.
Metaphors of Multilingualism: Changing Attitudes Towards Language Diversity in Literature, Linguistics and Philosophy: by Rainer Guldin, London and New York, Routledge, 2020, pp. vii + 283, ISBN 978-1-138-60750-7 (hbk), ₤120.00/$160.00

The study of multilingualism and the discussion of multilingual identity and creativity – notably in literature and art – may not be possible without metaphor as a conceptual framework. Cognitive l...
Fundamental Principles of Quantum Mechanics

In this chapter we will present two principles that form the cornerstones of quantum mechanics: de Broglie’s hypothesis and the uncertainty principle.
Entropy‐Based Estimation

Efficient solutions to various estimation problems in financial modeling can be found by constrained optimization of entropy subject to linear constraints. Two such problems are the estimation of risk-neutral probabilities needed for derivative security valuation and the estimation of parameters in econometric models amenable to general method of moments (GMM) estimation. The statistical theory of large deviations provides a frequentist interpretation of the entropy methods. Keywords: linear inverse problems; entropy; generalized methods of moments; large deviations; parameter estimation
Death of the Autopsy: Is Better Imaging Technology or Cost Cutting to Blame?

The U.S. autopsy rate has fallen precipitously over the last half century, from 50 percent of bodies to less than eight percent today. Using data for 46 states from 1987 to 2000, we analyze the degree to which the decrease in the autopsy rate is due to better imaging technology or to cost pressures. We find that cost cutting pressures are more responsible for the decline than technology improvements. Specifically, increases in HMO market share explain 21 percent of the decrease in the autopsy rate over our sample period; reductions in the number of hospital deaths explain 30 percent; and increases in the availability of MRIs explain 19 percent.
NUCLEAR SPIN AND MOMENT OF $sup 110$mAg BY PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE

Paramagnetic resonance was observed in 253-day ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{110m}$, present as ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{2+}$ in the ${[{(\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{o}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{7})}_{2}\mathrm{NC}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}]}_{2}$Ag complex. Eleven hfs lines were observed, the positions of the other two lines being obscured by other absorptions present in the sample, and the nuclear spin of 6 was confirmed. A hfs constant ${a}_{110m}=(7.108\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ was determined. A hyperfine anomaly of ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{107,109}=\ensuremath{-}0.40%\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1%$ was observed for stable ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{2+}$ in this complex, indicating that the hfs arises from contact interaction. A nuclear moment of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{110m}=+3.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ nm was derived after a 3.7% hyperfine-anomaly correction. It is pointed out that hyperfine anomalies can be infinitely large for very small moments, and that the anomaly may cause a finite moment to exhibit vanishing hyperfine structure or conversely. The nuclear moment does not agree with shell-model predictions using empirical $g$ factors, being low by 1 nm. It is suggested that the ${({g}_{\frac{9}{2}})}^{7}$ proton configuration might be coupled to spin $\frac{7}{2}$. This yields a moment of +3.54 nm. The hyperfine fields for Ag in Fe and Ni are corrected to -282\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 kG and -87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8 kG, respectively.
Far-infrared antiferromagnetic resonance in Gd2CuO4.

The infrared-active antiferromagnetic resonance modes in Gd[sub 2]CuO[sub 4] have been measured by far-infrared transmission through single-crystal and polycrystalline samples at fields from 0 to 9 T and temperatures from 1.4 to 35 K. The observed spectra are compared to the predictions of three different spin-wave models for Gd[sub 2]CuO[sub 4]. A model including four Gd sublattices without coupling to the Cu spins cannot produce a mode at high enough frequency to match the data, while a two Gd and two Cu sublattice model fails to predict the correct temperature dependence. It is found that to explain the temperature dependence of the observed spectrum, it is necessary to use a model with four Gd and two Cu sublattices, in which a triangular-to-antiparallel transition in the Gd spins occurs near the Gd Neel temperature of 6.5 K. In this model, the Cu spins combine to produce an effective field of about 0.13 T at the Gd sites, which polarizes the Gd spins into captive sublattices'' at higher temperature. The observed mode strengths and those predicted by the model are both found to be in good agreement with the known dc susceptibility.
Autobiographical Lies and the First Amendment's Protection of Self-Defining Speech

This Article explores, through the lens of speech I refer to as “autobiographical lies,” the extent to which the First Amendment protects one’s ability to craft his public persona. Thus far, courts and commentators have generally neglected to address the degree to which this particular autonomy-based value - the interest in individual self-definition - carries distinct weight under the First Amendment. This is unsurprising, since it is rare that an issue arises directly implicating this interest in a manner that isolates it from more traditional free speech principles.Recently, however, litigation has arisen surrounding the constitutionality of the Stolen Valor Act, a federal statute that criminalizes lying about having received military honors. The Act’s regulation of a particular subset of speech - knowing, factual falsehoods about oneself - uniquely crystallizes the question of whether, and to what extent, the self-definition interest merits protection under the First Amendment. By and large, there is no strong reason rooted in traditional First Amendment interests to protect these sorts of autobiographical lies. But if the self-definition interest has any meaningful constitutional force, then circumstances would surely exist under which such speech merits First Amendment protection, since freely choosing what to tell others about oneself - whether truth, half-truth, or falsehood - is a vital means of controlling how one defines oneself to the world.After reviewing the current dispute surrounding the Stolen Valor Act, which has divided lower courts and at the time of this writing is pending before the Supreme Court, this Article outlines the doctrinal origins and basic characteristics of the self-definition interest. I argue that if one takes seriously the Supreme Court’s repeated assertions that the First Amendment is designed, at least in part, to preserve individual autonomy, then courts should accord at least some distinct constitutional weight to this interest. I then explore some of the practical implications of recognizing a constitutionally protected self-definition interest and apply these observations to the Stolen Valor Act, concluding that the Act, as currently constituted, should be deemed unconstitutional. Finally, I observe that a constitutionally protected right to define one’s public persona via one’s speech fits comfortably within the Constitution’s general protection of interests deemed essential to individual personhood.
Ethnicity, stress, and cortisol function in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women: A preliminary study of family dementia caregivers and noncaregivers.

Objective This study examined differences in psychologic and physiological responses to caregiving stress in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women dementia caregivers and noncaregivers. Dependent variables were perceived stress, depression, and salivary cortisol. Method Eighty-three women caregivers (20 Hispanic and 24 non-Hispanic white) and noncaregivers (19 Hispanic and 20 non-Hispanic white) completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), and collected three saliva samples daily for 3 consecutive days. A subsample of 17 Hispanic and 28 non-Hispanic white participants matched on age and education was used for the main analyses. Results Caregivers had higher levels of 8 am, 5 pm, and 9 pm log cortisol as well as higher perceived stress than noncaregivers. Non-Hispanic whites had higher depression scores than noncaregivers, but there was no significant difference for Hispanics. Hispanics, regardless of caregiving status had flatter daytime cortisol slopes than the non-Hispanic whites. Multivariate regression analyses showed that both ethnicity and depressive symptoms independently predicted daytime cortisol slope. Conclusions Results support the relationship between chronic stress and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation among women dementia caregivers and highlight the need to examine further the role of ethnicity and depressive symptoms in their physiological responses.
Estimation of the self-similarity parameter in linear fractional stable motion

We estimate the self-similarity parameter of linear fractional stable motion (lfsm, in short) using two types of estimators referred to as the "power" and the "log" estimators. These estimators involve either approximations to the usual wavelet transform coefficients or are defined by using a discrete linear filter transformation. They can be used in practice, because they involve only discrete time observations. When the index of stability α is in the range (1,2), we show that these estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal for a range of parameter values of lfsm. We use simulated discrete-time lfsm to test and compare them, and we include an extensive discussion on how to compute these estimators in practice. The simulation results indicate that both the "power" and "log" estimators work well when α > 1, and the estimator based on the discrete linear filter works well also when α ≤ 1.
Androgen binding in the brain and electric organ of a mormyrid fish.

The mormyrid fish of Africa produce a weak electric pulse called an Electric Organ Discharge (EOD) that functions in electrical guidance and communication. TheEOD waveform describes the appearance of a single pulse which is produced by the electric organ's excitable cells, the electrocytes. For some species, there is a sex difference in the appearance and duration of the EOD waveform, which is under the control of gonadal steroid hormones. We now show, using biochemical techniques, that the steroid-sensitivity of the myogenic electric organ correlates with the presence of comparatively high levels of androgen-binding activity in the cytosol of electrocytes. TheEOD rhythm describes the rate at which the electric organ fires and is under the control of a central electromotor pathway. Sex differences have also been described for the EOD rhythm. Using steroid autoradiographic techniques, we found uptake of tritium-labelled dihydrotestosterone (3H-DHT) by cells within the reticular formation that lie adjacent to the medullary ‘relay nucleus’ which innervates the spinal electromotoneurons that excite the electric organ. However, no DHT-binding was observed in the relay or electromotor nuclei. Steroid-concentrating cells were also found in several other brainstem regions, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus. In particular, a group of DHT-concentrating, motoneuron-like cells were observed in the caudal medulla and were identified as aswimbladder orsonic motor nucleus. The biochemical data suggest that the electric organ has evolved a sensitivity to gonadal steroid hormones that may underlie the development of known sex differences in the EOD waveform. The autoradiographic results suggest that if steroids do affect the development of sex differences in the EOD rhythm, it is at some level removed from known spinal and medullary electromotor nuclei.
Performance Assessment of Military Team-Training for Resilience in Complex Maritime Environments

This paper presents an analysis of a tool designed to evaluate the effectiveness of training for operational resilience. The tool measures eight categories of teamwork and four categories of taskwork. Military subject matter experts (SMEs) used the tool to assess the performance of eight cadet teams at The Royal Norwegian Naval Academy during two separate 4-hour simulator exercises and later during a 48-hour live exercise. Positive Spearman rank correlation coefficients between team performance assessments in the simulator exercises and the live exercise were strongest when the simulator scenario emphasized the uncertainty inherent in a complex military maritime exercise.
What the Neuron Tells Glia

Astrocytic processes at the synapse contribute to neurotransmission, but we understand little about their formation and differentiation. In this issue of Neuron , Yang et al. show that presynaptic input induces expression of the predominant glial transporter involved in glutamate clearance, and this induction involves the transcription factor kappa B-binding protein.
STIMULUS COMPLEXITY MEDIATION OF CATEGORIZATION BEHAVIOR

Some limitations on current understanding of the factors involved in categorization behavior are discussed. Theoretical conceptualizations provided by the mediational hypothesis in learning theory suggest that the physical properties of stimuli themselves should have differential effects on categorization. Using sets of actual physical objects, names of those objects, and a set of abstract verbal statements as representing varying degrees of stimulus-response complexity, the experiment required 34 Ss to sort the sets of stimuli by the own-categories technique. The results confirmed hypotheses predicting that more complex stimuli would result in more complex sorting behavior. The relevance of learning theory for categorization behavior is noted.
Expert witness qualifications and selection

Defines an expert witness as a specialist who uses special knowledge, skill, training or experience to provide testimony to aid the factfinder. Discusses the criteria and qualifications that should guide the selection of a forensic accounting expert witness. Outlines the areas of expertise within forensic accounting: investigative accounting, economic loss calculation, business and intangible asset valuation. Describes how the expert is matched to the engagement, using six examples; these include misappropriation of funds, business interruption, valuation of a business interest, construction contract damage, marital dissolution, and breach of contract. Refers to the Daubert and Kumho Tire cases, where expertise was challenged as “junk science”, and considers the “beauty contest” choice between two similarly qualified and experienced practitioners.
Quantitative measurements of spherical particle size distribution in a phase separated matrix

Abstract In many multicomponent polymeric blend systems micro-phase separation takes place to form dispersed phases within a continuous matrix phase. The mechanical and physical properties of this type of material are often dependent on the number, size, interspacing and volume fraction of the dispersed phase particles. These morphological parameters can be estimated once a correct three-dimensional distribution is established. The use of microscopy for the quantitative study of these parameters presents difficulties arising from the fact that it provides only two-dimensional information. Several statistical treatments to convert two-dimensional distributions to three-dimensional distributions have been developed. These methods were tested with known systems by a computer simulation. Error analysis for estimated distributions as well as suggestions of experimental procedures to more quantitatively deal with this problem are discussed. ©
A Taxonomy of Voice Therapy

Purpose Voice therapy practice and research, as in most types of rehabilitation, is currently limited by the lack of a taxonomy describing what occurs during a therapy session (with enough precisio...
Broadening the etiological discourse on Alzheimer's disease to include trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder as psychosocial risk factors

Abstract Biomedical perspectives have long dominated research on the etiology and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD); yet these approaches do not solely explain observed variations in individual AD trajectories. More robust biopsychosocial models regard the course of AD as a dialectical interplay of neuropathological and psychosocial influences. Drawing on this broader conceptualization, we conducted an extensive review of empirical and theoretical literature on the associations of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and AD to develop a working model that conceptualizes the role of psychosocial stressors and physiological mechanisms in the onset and course of AD. The proposed model suggests two pathways. In the first, previous life trauma acts as a risk factor for later-life onset of AD, either directly or mediated by PTSD or PTSD correlates. In the second, de novo AD experiential trauma is associated with accelerated cognitive decline, either directly or mediated through PTSD or PTSD correlates. Evidence synthesized in this paper indicates that previous life trauma and PTSD are strong candidates as psychosocial risk factors for AD and warrant further empirical scrutiny. Psychosocial and neurological-based intervention implications are discussed. A biopsychosocial approach has the capacity to enhance understanding of individual AD trajectories, moving the field toward ‘person-centered’ models of care.
Multiple-resolution clustering for recursive divide and conquer

ABSTRACT In recent work, a recursive divide-and-conquer approach was developed for path-minimization problems such as theTraveling Salesman Problem (TSP). The approach is based on multiple-resolution clustering to decompose a problem intominimally-dependent parts. It is particularly effective for large-scale, fractal data sets, which exhibit clustering on all scales, andhence at all resolutions. This leads to the application ofwavelets for performing the necessary multiple-resolution clustering.While the general topic of multiple-resolution clustering via wavelets is relatively immature, it has been explored for certainspecific applications. However, nothing in the literature addresses the specific type of multiple-resolution clustering needed forthe divide-and-conquer approach. That is the primary goal ofthis paper.Keywords: multiple-resolution clustering, recursive divide and conquer, traveling salesman problem, multiresolutionanalysis, path minimization, combinatorial optimization, theorem of orthogonal division errors, random fractals, point processes,unsupervised clustering.
Prevalence of Adverse Intraoperative Events during Obesity Surgery and Their Sequelae

Background Adverse intraoperative events (AIEs) during surgery are a well-known entity. A better understanding of the incidence of AIEs and their relationship with outcomes is helpful for surgeon preparation and preoperative patient counseling. The goals of this study are to describe the incidence of AIEs during bariatric surgery and examine their impact on major adverse complications. Study Design The study included 5,882 subjects who had bariatric surgery in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery study between March 2005 and April 2009. Prospectively collected AIEs included organ injuries, anesthesia-related events, anastomotic revisions, and equipment failure. The relationship between AIEs and a composite end point of 30-day major adverse complications (ie, death, venous thromboembolism, percutaneous, endoscopic, or operative reintervention and failure to be discharged from the hospital within 30 days from surgery) was evaluated using a multivariable relative risk model adjusting for factors known to influence their risk. Results There were 1,608 laparoscopic adjusted gastric banding, 3,770 laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass operations, and 504 open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass operations. Adverse intraoperative events occurred in 5% of the overall sample and were most frequent during open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (7.3%), followed by laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (5.5%) and laparoscopic adjusted gastric banding (3%). The rate of composite end point was 8.8% in the AIE group compared with 3.9% among those without an AIE (p Conclusions Incidence of an AIE is not infrequent during bariatric surgery and is associated with much higher risk of major complication. Additional study is needed to assess the association between specific AIEs and short-term complications.
Identification of the Herboxidiene Biosynthetic Gene Cluster in Streptomyces chromofuscus ATCC 49982

The 53-kb biosynthetic gene cluster for the novel anticholesterol natural product herboxidiene was identified in Streptomyces chromofuscus ATCC 49982 by genome sequencing and gene inactivation. In addition to herboxidiene, a biosynthetic intermediate, 18-deoxy-herboxidiene, was also isolated from the fermentation broth of S. chromofuscus ATCC 49982 as a minor metabolite.
Mixture fraction field in a turbulent nonreacting propane jet

Time- and space-resolved mixture fraction measurements have been made throughout a turbulent nonreacting propane jet issuing into coe owing air using laser Rayleigh scattering. The objective of the measurements has been to obtain a better understanding of the e ow structure and mixing process in turbulent variable-density jets where turbulent mixing has been decoupled from the effects of chemical heat release found in highly exothermic reacting jets. The measurements yield probability density distributions of the mixture fraction, from which the means, higher moments, and intermittency are calculated. Time histories of the Rayleigh signal are analyzed to obtain the power spectra and autocorrelations. Comparisons are made with results for other constant- and variable-density turbulent jets, and the observed differences are discussed. I. Introduction T HE development of numerical models for turbulent reacting e owsisbasedlargelyonsubmodelsdevelopedfornonreacting, constant-density e ows. Verie cation of these submodels is often dife cult due to the complex interaction between turbulent mixing and combustion heat release. Previous evidence indicates that the use of submodels based on isothermal or nonreacting turbulent e ows may not be valid in reacting e ows. 1i 3 The turbulent, variable-density, nonreacting jet provides a simplie ed e ow situation in which the complexity of variable density remains without the complex coupling between turbulent mixing and chemical heat release. Thus the effects of variable density on turbulence can be isolated from combustion chemistry. Nonreacting, variable-density e ows form a logical bridge between nonreacting constant-density and reacting turbulent e ows in which the development of a database is necessary to the development of numerical models for turbulent reacting e ows.
Volcaniclastic deposits from the North Arch volcanic field, Hawaii: explosive fragmentation of alkalic lava at abyssal depths

Submarine explosive eruptions are generally considered to become less likely with increasing depth due to the increasing hydrostatic pressure of the overlying water column. Volcaniclastic deposits from the North Arch volcanic field, north of Oahu, have textural characteristics of explosive fragmentation yet were erupted in water depths greater than 4,200 m. The most abundant volcaniclastic samples from North Arch are clast-supported with highly vesicular, angular pyroclasts. They are most likely near-vent pyroclastic fall deposits formed in eruption columns of limited height. Interbedded with highly vesicular pillow lava, they form low (50 to 200 m), steep-sided cones around the vents. Less common are stratified samples with graded bedding; one such sample includes a layer of roughly aligned, platy, bubble-wall glass fragments (resembling littoral limu o Pele) that may have been deposited by density currents. In addition to bubble-wall glass shards, numerous glass fragments with spherical, delicate spindle and ribbon shapes, and Pele's hair-like glass strands occur in the finer size fraction ( 0.6 wt%) alkalic basalt, basanite, and nephelinite. Sulfur and chlorine abundances are high, reaching a maximum of 1,800 and 1,300 ppm, respectively. The ubiquitous presence of limu o Pele fragments, regardless of glass composition, suggests that bursts of Strombolian-like activity accompanied most eruptions. Coalescing vesicles observed in larger pyroclasts and some pillow lava suggests accumulation of volatiles. Since the great hydrostatic pressure makes steam expansion impossible, a volatile-rich, supercritical magmatic fluid probably drove the eruptions. If these volatile-rich magmas had erupted in shallow water or subaerially, tall fountains would most likely have resulted. The great hydrostatic pressure (>40 MPa) limited fountain and eruption column heights.