cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tracer budgets in the warm water sphere

In global equilibrium numerical solutions for the oceanic general circulation, we examine the time-mean budgets for the tracers potential temperature and salinity integrated over volumes bounded by interior surfaces of constant tracer values and lying within the warm water sphere. In this domain, the budgets have surface fluxes primarily of one sign that must be balanced by mesoscale and microscale fluxes through its lower boundary, because advection makes a zero integral contribution. The mesoscale fluxes are represented by the isopycnally orientated, quasiadiabatic parameterization of Gent and McWilliams and contribute little to the integral budgets where isopycnals are nearly tangent to the volume boundary. The microscale fluxes occur with a small vertical diffusivity ( κ v = O(10 −5 ) m 2 s −1 ) in the predominantly stably stratified warm water sphere, yet they are shown to be sufficient to provide the primary balance against surface forcing in all ocean basins and over a wide range of tracer values. This is especially true for potential temperature because of the close alignment of isotherms and isopycnals. For salinity, however, the mesoscale isopycnal diffusion also contributes significantly to the budget. The budgets are dominated by the surface and interior fluxes from the time-mean circulation, although there are also modest contributions from the rectification of the seasonal cycle. These results are in contrast to previous analyses that concluded that much larger vertical diffusivities are required for budget balance. We do not attempt to fully resolve the relatively smaller role of vertical diffusion in other budget volumes outside the warm water sphere. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1996.00010.x
Enhanced Memory Capacity Of A Hopfield Neural Network

The performance of an associative memory based on the Hopfield Model of a neural network is data dependent. When programmed memories are too similar (a small Hamming distance between memories) the associative memory system is easily confused; settling either to incorrect or in some cases, undefined states. This paper describes a series of computer simulations performed on a 100-node Hopfield network. The programs were written in the APL language, which is highly efficient for this type of system. The simulations examined the sources of confusion and led to a preprocessing approach which substantially reduces the confusion. The simulations were also extended in the direction of coupling several small neural networks to form one integrated low-confusion associative memory. The coupling of the neural subnetworks was through a voting scheme wherein each node of a subnetwork consulted the analogous node of the other subnetworks; the decision to change state or remain the same is based on majority rule. The performance of these two associative memory systems is detailed and compared to a conventional Hopfield system.
A Unified Probabilistic Approach Modeling Relationships between Attributes and Objects

This paper proposes a unified probabilistic model to model the relationships between attributes and objects for attribute prediction and object recognition. As a list of semantically meaningful properties of objects, attributes generally relate to each other statistically. In this paper, we propose a unified probabilistic model to automatically discover and capture both the object-dependent and object-independent attribute relationships. The model utilizes the captured relationships to benefit both attribute prediction and object recognition. Experiments on four benchmark attribute datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed unified model for improving attribute prediction as well as object recognition in both standard and zero-shot learning cases.
A single gene mutation that affects a potassium conductance and resting membrane potential in Paramecium.

A new mutant of Paramecium letraurelia has been isolated with a profound defect in the regulation of membrane potential. This mutant, restless, hyperpolarizes as a potassium electrode below 8 mM external K + whereas wild-type cells can maintain a constant resting cell potential independent of low external K + concentration, restless dies in solutions of low K+ concentration in which wild-type can survive indefinitely. restless is not allelic to mutations that affect the depolarization-dependent Ca2 + current, the Ca2 + -activated K + current, and the Ca2 + -activated Na + current. The results suggest that restless is a new class of mutant affecting a K + conductance hitherto not characterized genetically in Paramecium.
Antifertility activity of systemically administered proteinase (acrosin) inhibitors

Abstract Low molecular weight, synthetic proteinase inhibitors that inhibit spermassociated acrosin, were released systemically in female mice at a constant rate from minipumps. The release was timed so that, after mating, the minipumps were depleted of inhibitor before blastocyst implantation took place. Three of the inhibitors: 4-aminobenzamidine (ABD), 4-nitrophenyl-4-guanidinobenzoate (NPGB) and 4-methylumbelliferone-4-guanidinobenzoate (MUGB) caused a 50% decrease in fertility, the last two at very low concentrations. The fourth inhibitor, benzamidine (BD), which is also the weakest inhibitor of mouse acrosin and in vitro fertilization1, had no effect. These results show that at least one of the processes leading to fertilization or early blastogenesis, is dependent on proteolytic activity and that the systemic application of proteinase inhibitors inhibits conception. MUGB possessed low toxicity and a high margin of safety, encouraging the development of phenol derivatives of guanidinobenzoic acid as contraceptive agents.
The clinical significance of lymph node size in colon cancer

To date, the clinical value of lymph node size in colon cancer has been investigated only in a few studies. Only in radiological diagnosis is lymph node size routinely recognized, and nodes ≥10 mm in diameter are considered pathologic. However, the few studies regarding this topic suggest that lymph node size is not a reliable indicator of metastatic disease. Moreover, we hypothesized that increasing lymph node size is associated with favorable outcome. By performing a morphometric study, we investigated the clinical significance of lymph node size in colon cancer in terms of metastatic disease and prognosis. A cohort of 237 cases with excellent lymph node harvest (mean lymph node count: 33±17) was used. The size distribution in node-positive and -negative cases was almost identical. In all, 151 out of the 305 metastases detected (49.5%) were found in lymph nodes with diameters ≤5 mm. Only 25% of lymph nodes >10 mm showed metastases. Minute lymph nodes ≤1 mm were involved only very rarely (2 of 81 cases). In 67% of the cases, the largest positive lymph node was 5 mm in diameter was significantly associated with better overall survival. Our data show that lymph node size is not a suitable factor for preoperative lymph node staging. Minute lymph nodes have virtually no role in correct histopathological lymph node staging. Finally, large lymph nodes in stage I/II disease might indicate a favorable outcome.
Mental health and psychiatry training in primary care residency programs. Part I. Who teaches, where, when and how satisfied?

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to describe the psychiatric skills and diagnostic categories taught in primary care training programs, their adequacy, the perceived needs and desires for curriculum enhancement and the factors affecting training directors' satisfaction. Method All 1365 directors of accredited residency training programs in Internal Medicine (IM), Family Practice (FP), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Ob/Gyn), Pediatrics (Peds) and psychiatry received a 16-item anonymous questionnaire about psychiatry training in their program. Responses to the questionnaire to items concerning the skills and diagnostic categories taught, assessment of adequacy of teaching and desires for curriculum enhancement for specific skills and diagnostic categories were analyzed. The factors affecting training directors' satisfaction were explored. Results Interviewing skills were taught by a majority of all training programs and were considered adequate by 81% of FP and 54% of IM programs, in contrast to less than a majority of Ob/Gyn and Peds programs ( P The overall satisfaction rate for psychiatric training across specialties was 46% ( n =657). Sixty-four percent of FP programs were satisfied compared to 31% of non-FP programs. Satisfaction was associated with increased amount of psychiatric training, diversity of training formats, venues, faculty and settings, the amount of contribution to teaching by psychiatry departments and the presence of current teaching in interviewing skills. There were specialty-specific differences in factors associated with satisfaction. In general, a smaller size of residency program was associated with satisfaction except in IM, where larger size was associated with satisfaction. Satisfaction was associated with the opinion that primary care physician should be ready and willing to treat more psychiatric conditions. Conclusion Most primary care training programs currently offer training in most psychiatric skills and disorders, but a majority of training directors are dissatisfied with their psychiatry training. There is a difference in the estimation of adequacy concerning training between FP, which consistently rates their teaching to be adequate, and all other primary care programs, which consider their teaching inadequate. This difference may be partly due to actual differences in amount and diversity of training as well as differences in the threshold for satisfaction. A vast majority of primary care training programs desire more training in almost all aspects of psychiatry, and there may be specialty-specific needs and areas of curriculum enhancement. To enhance satisfaction, we should improve the quality as well as the quantity of training, as well as the diversity in training formats, venues and faculty.
Purification of human monocytes on gelatin-coated surfaces

Human peripheral blood monocytes secrete a cell membrane-associated glycoprotein, cold insoluble globulin (fibronectin). Since fibronectin binds to gelatin-coated surface, we developed a simple technique for separation of human peripheral blood monocytes from whole mononuclear cell preparation. These preparations are characterized by a high monocyte purity (more than 90%), low platelet contamination and excellent viability.
Synergistic Gene Interactions Control the Induction of the Mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein (Ucp1) Gene in White Fat Tissue

Abstract Among a selected group of mouse strains susceptible to dietary obesity, those with an enhanced capacity forUcp1 and brown adipocyte induction in white fat preferentially lost body weight following adrenergic stimulation. Based on the generality of this mechanism for reducing obesity, a genetic analysis was initiated to identify genes that control brown adipocyte induction in white fat depots in mice. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed using the variations of retroperitoneal fatUcp1 mRNA expression in progeny of genetic crosses between the A/J and C57BL/6J parental strains and selected AXB recombinant inbred strains. Three A/J-derived loci on chromosomes 2, 3, and 8 and one C57BL/6J locus on chromosome 19 were linked toUcp1 induction in retroperitoneal fat. Although A/J-derived alleles seemed to contribute to elevated Ucp1 expression, the C57BL/6J allele on chromosome 19 increased Ucp1mRNA to levels higher than parental values. Thus, novel patterns of C57BL/6J and A/J recombinant genotypes among the four mapped loci resulted in a transgressive variation of Ucp1 phenotypes. Although the extent of the interchromosomal interactions have not been fully explored, strong synergistic interactions occur between a C57BL/6J allele on chromosome 19 and an A/J allele on chromosome 8. In addition to selective synergistic interactions between loci, variations in recessive and dominant effects also contribute to the final levels of Ucp1 expression.
Some Analyses Of Flight Simulation Systems Employing Real Imagery

In some flight simulation systems, the imagery is produced by continually applying perspective transformations on a few aerial photographs, which have been previously recorded at some fixed observation points along the expected flight paths. In these systems, it is usually assumed that the terrain is flat. Analyses are presented in this paper for selecting the observation points so that; (1) errors due to hilly terrain are minimized, (2) and all of the required scenery is available on the photographs. In addition, camera characteristics are derived so that the aerial photographs have the minimum required resolution.
Differential response of prunus necrotic ringspot and Tulare apple mosaic viruses to stabilizing agents

Abstract Prunus necrotic ringspot (NRSV) and Tulare apple mosaic (TAMV) viruses are rapidly inactivated in sap of infected cucumber. The half-life of NRSV-G was 102 min and that of TAMV 114 min. TAMV was stabilized by 0.02 M 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) but not by 0.02 M sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DIECA) while NRSV was stabilized by DIECA, but not by 2-ME. This response to stabilizing agents was the same when either purified virus was added to sap from plants infected with the other virus. Purified TAMV was inactivated by DIECA and purified NRSV was inactivated by 2-ME. Purified TAMV and NRSV were inactivated rapidly in 0.01 Mp -chloromercuribenzoate but NRSV was not inactivated as rapidly as TAMV by 0.02 M iodoacetamide. The inactivating system in healthy or infected cucumber was sedimented by centrifugation.
PI3K signalling in B- and T-lymphocytes: new developments and therapeutic advances

Activation of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) is a shared response to engagement of diverse types of transmembrane receptors. Depending on the cell type and stimulus, PI3K activation can promote different fates including proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation. The diverse roles of PI3K signalling are well illustrated by studies of lymphocytes, the cells that mediate adaptive immunity. Genetic and pharmacological experiments have shown that PI3K activation regulates many steps in the development, activation and differentiation of both B- and T-cells. These findings have prompted the development of PI3K inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases. PI3K activation, however, has both positive and negative roles in immune system activation. Consequently, although PI3K suppression can attenuate immune responses it can also enhance inflammation, disrupt peripheral tolerance and promote autoimmunity. An exciting discovery is that a selective inhibitor of the p110δ catalytic isoform of PI3K, CAL-101, achieves impressive clinical efficacy in certain B-cell malignancies. A model is emerging in which p110δ inhibition disrupts signals from the lymphoid microenvironment, leading to release of leukaemia and lymphoma cells from their protective niche. These encouraging findings have given further momentum to PI3K drug development efforts in both cancer and immune diseases.
Onesource Corporate Consulting, Inc.: Tax and financial reporting considerations

Abstract This case places you in the role of a new staff accountant at a public accounting firm who is asked to research financial accounting and tax issues for a client engagement. The client, Onesource Corporate Consulting, Inc. is a large, rapidly growing and successful consulting firm that specializes in corporate restructuring work, forensic investigations, litigation consulting, strategic communications consulting, economic consulting, and technology development. You must research issues affecting the company’s financial statements and tax reporting, including: contingent debt, forgivable loans issued to employees, revenue recognition for various types of contracts, and lease incentives. You will likely find this case challenging. However, this case is based on a real company and the research and analysis required in this case is reflective of issues and assignments you may encounter early in your career.
A field emission technique to measure the melting temperature of individual nanometer-sized clusters

Abstract The utility of the field emission microscope in studying individual nanometer-sized clusters is demonstrated. Preformed Au clusters of controlled size are deposited on a W(110) field emitter. The field emission characteristics of the supported clusters are studied after each of a series of heating cycles in which the temperature of the W tip is raised from room temperature to a predetermined high temperature and then cooled again to room temperature. An abrupt change in the current-voltage characteristics from a supported cluster is found to occur at a definite transition temperature. This phenomenon, which is accompanied by a change in the field emission pattern, is interpreted as a melting transition that results in the cluster spreading on the substrate.
Frequency shifts induced in laser pulses by plasma waves.

An analytical theory is developed that describes how a radiation pulse is modified as it propagates through a plasma with arbitrary temporal and spatial density variations. Expressions are derived for the shifts induced in both the frequency and the wave number of the radiation pulse. The possibility of upshifting the frequency of the laser pulse using plasma waves is analyzed. It is found that maximum shifts occur when the phase velocity of the plasma wave is equal to the group velocity of the laser pulse. Nonlinear analysis of laser propagation in underdense plasmas (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{p}}^{2}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{2}$\ensuremath{\ll}1, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{p}}$ is the plasma frequency and \ensuremath{\omega} is the laser frequency) shows that the frequency shift scales asymptotically as the square root of the propagation distance. Furthermore, it is shown that the laser power remains constant as the pulse propagates through the plasma.
Scanning Seebeck Coefficient Measurement System for Homogeneity Characterization of Bulk and Thin-Film Thermoelectric Materials

Larger-scale production of thermoelectric materials is necessary when mass-producing thermoelectric devices at industrial level. Certain fabrication techniques can create inhomogeneity in the material through composition and doping fluctuations throughout the sample, causing local variations in thermoelectric properties. Some variations are in the range of sub-millimeter scale or larger but may be difficult to detect by traditional materials characterization techniques such as x-ray diffraction or scanning electron microscopy when the chemical variation is small but the doping variation, which strongly affects thermoelectric performance, is large. In this paper, a scanning apparatus to directly detect local variations of Seebeck coefficient on both bulk and thin-film samples is used. Results have shown that this technique can be utilized for detection of defective regions, as well as phase separation in the 100-μm range or larger.
The effect of hypoxia on the physical performance of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, the eastern chipmunk and the albino norway rat

Abstract 1. 1. During running trials in 13% oxygen, ground squirrels required fewer stimuli than white rats. Squirrels ran 8.5 ± 6.1 (2 SE) min before requiring stimulation vs 2.1 ± 4.1 min for rats. 2. 2. Maximum oxygen consumption during the running period was significantly higher for ground squirrels than white rats: 4.12 ± 0.62 vs 3.4 ± 0.24 ml O2/g/hr, respectively. 3. 3. During a water avoidance test with increasing hypoxia, ground squirrels performed significantly longer than white rats, 31.3 ± 1.2 and 29.0 ± 1.8 min, respectively. 4. 4. Survival times in 100% N2 were significantly longer for ground squirrels than white rats, 128 ± 22.2 and 55.3 ± 14.0 sec, respectively. Squirrels tested in the hibernation season survived significantly longer than those tested out of this season. 5. 5. Generally, though not always, chipmunks were similar to the ground squirrels in these tests. 6. 6. It was concluded that a number of factors, not just hibernating ability, account for the ground squirrel's superior hypoxic tolerance to that of the white rat.
Copepods (Poecilostomatoida: Taeniacanthidae) from sea urchins (Echinoidea) in the southwest Pacific

Seven new species of Taeniacanthidae, Echinosocius finitimus, sp. nov. E. gulicolus sp. nov., Clavisodalis abbreviates sp. nov., C. dilatatus sp. nov., C. parvibullatus sp. nov., C. sentifer sp. nov., and C. tenuis sp. nov. are described from Diadema, Echinometra and Heterocentrotus in New Caledonia and Queensland. Partial redescriptions of Echinosocius pectinatus Humes & Cressey, 1961, and Clavisodalis salmacidis Humes, 1980, are given. A key to the taeniacanthids associated with echinoids is provided.
A multiclass, multicriteria traffic network equilibrium model

In this paper, we develop a multiclass, multicriteria traffic network equilibrium model in which travelers of a class perceive their travel disutility on a route as a weighting of travel time and travel cost. The model explicitly treats congestion in the network and provides an alternative to existing multimodal traffic network models. The formulation of the governing equilibrium conditions, as well as the qualitative analysis, and computational procedure are based on finite-dimensional variational inequality theory. The numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the computational approach as well as the model.
Pulsed laser evaporated SnO2 films

A new evaporation technique using a pulsed laser as a power source has been demonstrated for SnO2 thin film deposition. The apparatus, the advantage of this approach, and the evaporation mechanism are discussed. The results of SnO2 thin film characterization are also presented. The study of the evaporation mechanism showed that the choice of laser to match the absorption spectrum of the evaporation-source material is crucial to achieving the desired evaporation. Results indicated that the 1.06 μm YAG laser is not suitable for SnO2 evaporation. The CO2 laser has been suggested as a better choice.
Oxidative Impairment of Hippocampal Long-term Potentiation Involves Activation of Protein Phosphatase 2A and Is Prevented by Ketone Bodies

Previous studies have shown that ketone bodies (KB) exert antioxidant effects in experimental models of neurological disease. In the present study, we explored the effects of the KB acetoacetate (ACA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) on impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in rats by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) using electrophysiological, fluorescence imaging, and enzyme assay techniques. We found that: 1) a combination of ACA and BHB (1 mM each) prevented impairment of LTP by H(2)O(2) (200 microM); 2) KB significantly lowered intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS)--measured with the fluorescent indicator carboxy-H(2)DCFDA (carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate)--in CA1 pyramidal neurons exposed to H(2)O(2); 3) the effect of KB on LTP was replicated by the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor fostriecin; 4) KB prevented impairment of LTP by the PP2A activator C(6) ceramide; 5) fostriecin did not prevent the increase in ROS levels in CA1 pyramidal neurons exposed to H(2)O(2), and C(6) ceramide did not increase ROS levels; 6) PP2A activity was enhanced by both H(2)O(2) and rotenone (a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor that increases endogenous superoxide production); and 7) KB inhibited PP2A activity in protein extracts from brain tissue treated with either H(2)O(2) or ceramide. We propose that oxidative impairment of hippocampal LTP is associated with PP2A activation, and that KB prevent this impairment in part by inducing PP2A inhibition through an antioxidant mechanism.
Detoxifying Death in the Neonate: in Search of Meaningfulness at the End of Life

At the end of life, when curative measures have failed to conquer the terminal nature of a disease, it is imperative to introduce healing measures that deal with the human suffering associated with illness. When dealing with critically ill neonates with lethal conditions, it may be necessary to institute healing measures at the beginning of life. In such cases, healing measures must incorporate customary palliative measures but should not be limited to them. The purpose of this paper is to describe two families' approaches to palliation at the end of life in their newborn infants with Trisomy 18, a genetic abnormality usually associated with a markedly decreased life expectancy. We shall consider the concepts of interference versus intervention as we examine subtle medical differences between the two cases. We will address medical, legal, and ethical issues in each case, but special attention will be given to the provision of compassionate care. People face physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual challenges as they go through life. The families' approaches with their infants at the end of their lives may support the premise that the latter two challenges, emotional and spiritual, confront us the most at the end. Encouraging families to engage with their dying infants helps detoxify the experience and make it more meaningful.
Role of Oxidation in the Time‐Dependent Failure Behavior of Hot Isostatically Pressed Silicon Nitride at 1370°C

Dynamic fatigue studies were conducted on a hot isostatically pressed silicon nitride in ambient air and inert environments using four-point flexure at 1,370 C. Specimens tested in ambient air exhibited a stressing rate dependence with decreased flexure strength with decreased stressing rates. All fracture surfaces of specimens tested in ambient air possessed a sweeping stress-oxidation damage zone that originated at the tensile side of each bend bar. In addition to this stress-oxidation damage, creep damage was concurrently observed in the specimens tested at the slower stressing rates, which appeared to further weaken the material. However, tests conducted in argon or nitrogen revealed flexure strength to be independent of the stressing rate. Creep damage was present at the slower stressing rates, but no stress-oxidation damage was evident similar to that observed on the specimens tested in ambient air. By decoupling the effects of oxidation and creep, it was evident that the former contributed to the formation of a detrimental stress-oxidation damage zone which significantly reduced the strength of this material at 1,370 C.
Does ethics code design matter? Effects of ethics code rationales and sanctions on recipients' justice perceptions and content recall

Prior research on ethics codes has suggested, but rarely tested, the effects of code design alternatives on the impact of codes. This study considers whether the presence of explanatory rationales and descriptions of sanctions in ethics codes affects recipients' responses to a code. Theories of organizational justice and persuasive communication support an expectation that rationales and sanctions will be positively related to code recipients' recall of code content and perceptions of organizational justice. Content recall is an obvious precondition of code compliance; justice perceptions have multiple implications for the attitudes and actions of organizational members. Results show that explanatory rationales are associated with a statistically significant increase in perceptions of organizational procedural justice, but that rationales and sanctions generally show no relationship to distributive justice perceptions and accurate content recall. These results suggest that common prescriptions regarding ethics code design are of uncertain value apart from further research which unearths the relationships among the intended and perceived purposes of codes, the organizational settings in which they are applied, and a wide variety of code designs.
Private speech during multimodal human-computer interaction

1. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Whether taking a test, looking for their keys, or addressing a computer system, people sometimes talk to themselves. Just as it might confuse a person when his officemate mutters to herself, this same self-directed speech, often termed private speech, can confuse the microphone engagement component of a spoken dialogue system. Even more recent audio-visual systems, which use lip movement and head position in addition to speech to determine when a user is addressing the system [3], would mistakenly engage when the user engages in private speech while looking at the system. To accommodate audiences who have a high rate of self-talk such as children, seniors, or people completing difficult tasks [1, 2, 4], additional information will be required.
D-2 selective receptor antagonists suppress sucrose sham feeding in the rat

Dopamine receptor blockade by pimozide has previously been shown to reduce the intake of pellets and of a sweet solution by intact, food-deprived rats and to reduce the sham intake of sucrose solutions by food-deprived rats with an open chronic gastric fistula. To determine if this effect was due to the blockade of the D-2 subclass of dopamine receptors, we investigated the effects of the selective D-2 receptor antagonists sultopride and (-)-sulpiride as well as the effects of the preferential D-2 receptor antagonists, haloperidol and pimozide, on sucrose sham feeding. All four neuroleptics administered intraperitoneally decreased the sham intake of a 10% sucrose solution significantly. The relative inhibitory potencies of these drugs for decreasing the sham intake of 10% sucrose were similar to their relative potencies for binding striatal D-2 receptors in vitro, namely HALOPERIDOL greater than or equal to PIMOZIDE much greater than SULTOPRIDE greater than or equal to (-)-SULPIRIDE. Additional evidence for the specificity of these effects was that the less active isomer (+)-sulpiride did not inhibit sham feeding of sucrose and that a dose of pimozide and of haloperidol which decreased sham feeding of sucrose after food deprivation did not decrease sham drinking of water after water deprivation. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that dopaminergic activation of a central D-2 receptor mechanism is necessary for the positive reinforcing effect of sucrose that maintains sham feeding.
X-ray examination of the vermiform appendix

1. X-ray examination of the appendix may help to lower mistakes in diagnosis. In 10–15 per cent of cases diagnosed as acute appendicitis a normal appendix is removed at operation. The percentage of appendices removed and not giving relief of symptoms in subacute and chronic appendicitis may be 25–70 per cent. 2. Roentgen examination of the appendix will give data concerning anomalies; size, form, shape, and position of the appendix; its mobility; the presence of kinks, congenital bands and adhesions; its peristaltic action; its filling and emptying; the presence of fecaliths, foreign bodies, opaque stones; and the location of tenderness directly upon the appendix; all of which data can’t be obtained through a clinical examination alone. 3. Roentgen examination will disclose secondary signs of early appendiceal disease such as cardio-spasm, pylorospasm, duodenal and ileo-cecal spasm, spasms of both the lower ileum and cecum. Late appendiceal disease will show atony of the lower ileum and cecum with paralytic gaseous distention of the cecum and lower ileum. 4. The technique of roentgen examination of the appendix is given. 5. X-ray findings are discussed in acute, subacute and chronic appendicitis; in appendiceal abscess, tuberculosis of the appendix, diverticula and intussusception, and in both benign and malignant tumors. 6. Reproductions of X-ray findings of appendiceal pathology are shown.
Geochemical investigation of serpentinized oceanic lithospheric mantle in the Feather River Ophiolite, California: Implications for the recycling rate of water by subduction

Abstract The petrology and geochemistry of serpentinized harzburgites within the Feather River Ophiolite in northern California were investigated to constrain the origin of serpentinization. Trace-element systematics indicate that serpentinization was associated almost solely with relatively low temperature hydrothermal addition of seawater and not with the addition of metamorphic fluids associated with subduction or tectonic obduction. Major element systematics show almost negligible disturbance, suggesting low water/rock ratios rather than the very high water/rock ratios characteristic of serpentinization of exhumed mantle at the seafloor such as seen in abyssal peridotites. These observations were taken to indicate that serpentinization occurred by the addition of seawater to ultramafic protoliths while they were structurally within the oceanic lithosphere prior to tectonic accretion. Major and trace element systematics were used with simple melting models and assumptions about the thermal state of the mantle to put rough constraints on the paleo-depths at which the ultramafic protoliths were the last melted. Assuming that these peridotites were formed beneath a passive upwelling system, these paleo-melting depths were assumed to equate with paleo-serpentinization depths. For a model mantle potential temperature of 1350 °C, the paleo-serpentinization depth was estimated to be at least ∼ 40 km based on the minimum melting degree observed in the Feather River Ophiolite peridotites. This depth constraint on serpentinization was then combined with model estimates of the lateral extent of serpentinization assuming that serpentinization is associated with infiltration of water through faults and fractures. If these observations can be generalized, we estimate that recycling rate of serpentine-bound water in subduction zones is roughly one order of magnitude higher than that associated with mineralogically bound water in subducting oceanic crust and sediments. After accounting for serpentine recycling, it is shown that the recycling rate of water via subduction is roughly equal to the global volcanic dewatering rate, suggesting that the water budget of the ocean and Earth's interior may presently be close to steady state.
Brain imaging of 18F-fallypride in normal volunteers: blood analysis, distribution, test-retest studies, and preliminary assessment of sensitivity to aging effects on dopamine D-2/D-3 receptors.

Human studies of dopamine D2/D3 receptors using 18F-fallypride-PET in normal volunteers were performed to evaluate brain distribution in striatal and extrastriatal regions, evaluate metabolites in blood plasma, establish PET imaging protocol for this new radiotracer, evaluate graphical methods of analysis to quantitate D2/D3 receptors, and assess the ability of 18F-fallypride to measure changes in D2/D3 receptors with aging as a model. Subjects (6; 21–63 years) had a PET scan on a Siemens HR+ scanner with 18F-fallypride and a T1-weighted MRI scan on a 1.5T GE scanner for purposes of anatomical coregistration with PET. A 3-h PET scan with 18F-fallypride (0.07 mCi/Kg) was carried out on each subject and repeated in 4–6 weeks. Arterial or arterialized venous blood was obtained in all subjects in order to evaluate blood activity levels and analyze metabolites in the plasma. Brain regions-of-interest were identified and drawn using PET and PET-MR coregistered images. PET data was analyzed using graphical methods in which cerebellum was used as the reference region providing distribution volume ratios (DVR) from which binding potential (BP) was derived and used as a measure of concentration of receptors. Distribution of 18F-fallypride was consistent in all subjects studied and the rank order of receptor concentration was putamen > caudate > thalamus = pituitary > amygdala > colliculi > substantia nigra > hippocampus = temporal cortex > parietal cortex = occipital cortex = orbitofrontal cortex. For younger subjects, BP ranged from 37 for the putamen to 0.4 for orbitofrontal cortex, with a test–retest error of about 10%. Both hydrophilic and lipophilic metabolites were observed in arterial blood plasma and analyses showed approx. 30–40% of plasma radioactivity at 3 h was 18F-fallypride. With aging, all brain regions exhibited a significant decrease (>10% per decade) in binding of 18F-fallypride. PET studies with 18F-fallypride are thus suitable to study changes in D2/D3 receptors in striatal and extrastriatal brain regions. Synapse 46:170–188, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Professional Accountability in Health System Reform

The momentum for health system reform continues to gain support and cooperation from many groups who were opposed to reform in the past. The uninsured and underinsured numbers have increased with the rising cost of health care and the worsening economy. Designing a health care delivery system that delivers quality patient-centered care will require the direct involvement of patients and medical professionals. The American College of Cardiology is recognized for its commitment to education and quality and a commitment to quality metrics that facilitate best practice. The American College of Cardiology needs to continue its leadership role to ensure that health care reform meets the expectations of our patients and members.
Abstract 4484: A novel objective, image-based phenotypic assay reveals higher α-radiation-induced γ-H2AX level in peripheral blood lymphocytes as a risk predictor for lung cancer

Intermediate phenotypic biomarker measures the summary results of genetic variations and may enhance predictive power in cancer risk assessment. In this study, we developed a novel objective, image-based phenotypic assay to measure α-radiation induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and used it as a potential biomarker for lung cancer risk prediction. γ-H2AX formation in the chromatin flanking DNA DSBs is one of the most sensitive DNA damage markers. In an ongoing lung cancer case-control study, the baseline and α-radiation-induced γ-H2AX immunofluorescence intensities in the PBLs from 403 untreated lung cancer patients and 307 controls subjects were assessed, and the ratio of the induced γ-H2AX level to the baseline γ-H2AX level was used as a variable to evaluate the sensitivity to mutagen challenge. The mean γ-H2AX ratio was significantly higher in cases than controls (case vs. control: 1.46±0.14 vs. 1.41±0.12, p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4484. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4484
Physical properties of cytoplasmic membrane-associated DNA.

Abstract Some of the physical properties of a cytoplasmic membrane-associated DNA isolated from a diploid human lymphocyte cell line have been examined. Cytoplasmic membrane-associated DNA extracted from lymphocytes labeled with either [3H]or [14C]thymidine had a specific activity lower than nuclear DNA extracted from the same cells. Analysis of cytoplasmic membrane-associated DNA in the electron microscope shows that the molecules are linear and have a mean length of 1·75 μm; the average sedimentation coefficient of this DNA is 16·6 S, which corresponds to a molecular weight of 4·2×106. Cytoplasmic membrane-associated and nuclear DNA band at identical positions in both neutral and alkaline CsCl gradients with buoyant densities of 1·699 g/ml and 1·752 g/ml, respectively. Native cytoplasmic membrane-associated DNA is double-stranded and has a mole fraction of guanine plus cytosine of 40± l %. Sheared, denatured cytoplasmic membrane-associated DNA reassociates as two distinct fractions whose rates of reassociation differ by about four decades: the complexity of the reassociation of this DNA tends to rule out the possibility that it arises from either mycoplasmal or viral contamination of our cell cultures. The slowly reassociating fraction of cytoplasmic membrane-associated DNA reassociates about ten times faster than the unique sequences of nuclear DNA. This could represent potential genetic information for about 100,000 diverse genes of 1000 nucleotide pairs each. At present the function of cytoplasmic membrane-associated DNA in these cells is unknown.
Functional roles of rice glycosyltransferase family GT43 in xylan biosynthesis

Xylan is the major hemicellulose present in both primary and secondary cell walls of rice vegetative tissues. Since xylan is one of the factors contributing to biomass recalcitrance, understanding how xylan is synthesized in rice will potentially provide tools to modify grass biomass composition better suited for biofuel production. Studies of xylan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis have revealed that family GT43 glycosyltransferases, which form 2 functionally nonredundant groups, IRX9/IRX9 homolog and IRX14/IRX14 homolog, are required for xylan backbone elongation. The rice genome harbors 10 genes encoding family GT43 members and it is currently unknown whether they are all involved in xylan biosynthesis. In this report, we performed biochemical analysis of xylan xylosyltransferase activity in rice stem microsomes and investigated the roles of 4 representative rice GT43 members, OsGT43A (LOC_Os05 g03174), OsGT43E (LOC_Os05 g48600), OsGT43H (LOC_Os04 g01280), and OsGT43J (LOC_Os06 g47340), in xylan biosynthesis...
Human kin recognition by olfactory cues.

Abstract T-shirts worn by individual children were correctly identified by the siblings and mothers of those children through olfactory cues alone. Furthermore, parents correctly distinguished between the odors of otherwise identical shirts worn by two of their own children. Bodily odors may therefore be salient stimuli for kin recognition among humans.
More than Paradoxes to Offer: Feminist History as Critical Practice

Book reviewed in this article: Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man By Joan Wallach Scott
Magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging of normal-appearing white matter in children and young adults with tuberous sclerosis complex.

Introduction Patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) frequently present with neurocognitive deficits which may be related to impaired white matter maturation. The purposes of our study were (a) to evaluate the white matter maturation in children and young adults with TSC by comparing the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) with age-matched healthy controls and (b) to determine the association of NAWM-ADC values with the severity of neurological symptoms in TSC patients. Methods Twenty-three TSC patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging/diffusion-weighted imaging between January 2000 and January 2009 were studied. ADC values of NAWM were measured in the frontal, parietal, occipital lobes, and in the pons. ADC data were compared with age-matched normative data derived from healthy controls. Patients were neurologically scored by a pediatric neurologist. Two-sample t tests and linear regression were conducted using STATA software. Results ADC values of NAWM were higher in TSC patients compared with healthy controls; the increase, however, only reached statistical significance in the frontal white matter and pons in the age group between 96 and 144 months and in the right parietal and occipital white matter in the age group above 144 months. There was no significant change in neurological severity score per unit increase in ADC measurement. Conclusion ADC values of NAWM appear increased in TSC patients. The abnormal ADC values suggest that myelination may be delayed/impaired in TSC patients, which could explain global neurocognitive deficits. Larger prospective studies, including diffusion tensor imaging, are necessary to validate our results.
On the dynamic shear flow problem for viscoelastic liquids

nitial-boundary value problems for a third order nonlinear integro-differential equation describing dynamic simple shear flow for viscoelastic liquids are studied on bounded one-dimensional spatial domains. Local and global existence results for arbitrary forces and initial data are given under suitable assumptions on the constitutive relations. Conditions on the forces and on the constitutive equations are formulated that imply that solutions of the equations tend to a rest state, and the convergence rates are estimated in terms of the force decay and of dissipation rates that can be derived from the constitutive equations.
Hydrolytic Stability of Oligoesters: Comparison of Steric with Anchimeric Effects

A comparison of steric and anchimeric effects on the hydrolytic stability of polyesters was studied. Twelve monomers were selected based on their propensity toward steric and anchimeric interactions: adipic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, maleic anhydride, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, and neopentyl glycol. Hydroxyl terminated oligoesters consisting of one diacid and one diol and one hydroxyl terminated oligoester consisting of two diacids and one diol were prepared. The hydrolytic stability was evaluated in an acetone/water solution. The acid number was monitored as a function of time. It was found that telechelic groups favor anchimeric interactions, while steric groups determine the rate of hydrolysis for the main chain.
The adsorption and reaction of NO, CH4 and O2 on La2O3 and Sr-promoted La2O3

Abstract Significant NO adsorption occurred at 300 K on both La2O3 and Sr-promoted La2O3, with irreversible adsorption increasing from 3.2 to 8.1 μmol/m2 at the maximum loading of 8% Sr. On La2O3 the total NO uptake remained at 5.0±0.5 μmol/m2 between 300 and 773 K; however, the irreversible portion dropped sharply above 600 K. In contrast, total oxygen chemisorption was much lower at 300 K (ca. 0.1 μmol O2/m2), reached a maximum between 500 and 600 K, then dropped noticeably at higher temperatures. On all catalysts, the specific activities (mol/s/m2) increased in the order: NO decomposition
Oxidation of carbon fiber surfaces for improvement in fiber-cement interfacial bond at a hydrothermal temperature of 300°C

Carbon fiber oxidized by a hot naoh solution appears to have potential for use as reinforcement in high-temperature cementitious material systems. It has been determined that active carboxylic acid and na-labeled carboxyl functional groups introduced on the fiber surfaces by extensive oxidation react preferentially with calcium ions released from cement in a hydrothermal environment at 300 deg c. This interfacial interaction leads to a linkage between the fiber and the cement matrix, thereby enhancing the bond strength. (Author/TRRL)
NOTES ON SOME MARSH BIRDS OF CAPE SAN ANTONIO, ARGENTINA*

Summary During an 11-month study of the Black-headed Duck in eastern Argentina, observations were made on the marsh birds of Cape San Antonio, Province of Buenos Aires. These observations supplement the distributional and life history obtained by Gibson (1879–1920), Wetmore (1926) and others. The deep, fresh-water marshes characteristically are dominated by one of three plants: tules, cutgrass or cat-tails. There were surprisingly few marshes with mixtures of these plants and few marshes which showed a gradual transition from marsh to uplands. Marsh birds showed considerable adaptation in chronology of nesting and nest-site selection for the seasonal water cycle of wet springs and dry periods in the late summer and fall. Some marsh birds were involved in nesting over a longer period than is usual in Northern Hemisphere marshes. As seems characteristic of all marsh birds, cover-water edges were usual sites for nests. There were only a few species with restricted nest-site selection, and competition between closely related species was noted only among the three species of coots. A list of the marsh birds of the area is given, and comments are presented on the ecology and behaviour of selected species.