cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular basis for synergistic transcriptional activation by Oct1 and Sox2 revealed from the solution structure of the 42-kDa Oct1.Sox2.Hoxb1-DNA ternary transcription factor complex.

The Oct and Sox transcription factors control many different aspects of neural development and embryogenesis, often binding to adjacent sites on DNA, and interacting with one another through their DNA binding domains to regulate transcription synergistically. Oct proteins contain two DNA binding domains (POUS and POUHD) connected by a flexible linker, which interact with DNA in a bipartite manner. Residual dipolar coupling measurements on the binary Oct1·DNA complex reveal that the two domains are characterized by distinct alignment tensors in both phage pf1 and polyethylene glycol/hexanol liquid crystalline media. We show that this difference is due to a fast microscopic dissociation/association process involving alternative binding modes for the weaker binding POUS domain in the binary complex. Upon binding of Sox2 to an adjacent site in the Hoxb1 regulatory element, all components of the ternary Oct1·Sox2·DNA complex share a single alignment tensor. Thus ternary complex formation increases the site-specific affinity of Oct1 for DNA by effectively locking the POUS domain in a single orientation on the DNA. The solution NMR structure of the ternary 42 kDa Oct1·Sox2·Hoxb1-DNA complex, determined by novel procedures based on orientational restraints from dipolar couplings and conjoined rigid body/torsion angle dynamics, reveals that Sox2 and POUS interact through a predominantly hydrophobic interface, surrounded by a ring of electrostatic interactions. These observations suggest a mechanism of combinatorial control involving direct protein-protein interactions on the DNA whereby Oct1 in conjunction with a co-interacting transcription factor provide cell-specific transcription regulation.
Convenient Synthesis of a Propargylated Cyclic (3′-5′) Diguanylic Acid and Its “Click” Conjugation to a Biotinylated Azide

The ribonucleoside building block, N²-isobutyryl-2'-O-propargyl-3'-O-levulinyl guanosine, was prepared from commercial N²-isobutyryl-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-2'-O-propargyl guanosine in a yield of 91%. The propargylated guanylyl(3'-5')guanosine phosphotriester was synthesized from the reaction of N²-isobutyryl-2'-O-propargyl-3'-O-levulinyl guanosine with N²-isobutyryl-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-2'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-3'-O-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphinyl] guanosine and isolated in a yield of 88% after P(III) oxidation, 3'-/5'-deprotection, and purification. The propargylated guanylyl(3'-5')guanosine phosphotriester was phosphitylated using 2-cyanoethyl tetraisopropylphosphordiamidite and 1H-tetrazole and was followed by an in situ intramolecular cyclization to give a propargylated c-di-GMP triester, which was isolated in a yield of 40% after P(III) oxidation and purification. Complete N-deacylation of the guanine bases and removal of the 2-cyanoethyl phosphate protecting groups from the propargylated c-di-GMP triester were performed by treatment with aqueous ammonia at ambient temperature. The final 2'-desilylation reaction was effected by exposure to triethylammonium trihydrofluoride affording the desired propargylated c-di-GMP diester, the purity of which exceeded 95%. Biotinylation of the propargylated c-di-GMP diester was easily accomplished through its cycloaddition reaction with a biotinylated azide derivative under click conditions to produce the biotinylated c-di-GMP conjugate of interest in an isolated yield of 62%.
Fate, Fortune, Free Will and Nature in Eusebius of Caesarea

In working out his own understanding of historical causation, Eusebius had to deal with the great issues of the pagan Graeco-Roman historiographical tradition. He had to reject, alter or adapt the classical understanding of Fate, Fortune, Nature and human free will in order to work out a coherent Christian understanding of history and the forces that shaped it.
Performance Budgeting in Municipal Government

Greater details about how municipalities use performance measures during budget preparation and adoption emerge when performance budgeting is defined as a process rather than a management tool for outcome. Such a definition is justified by the multiple accountabilities associated with public budgeting, including political, financial, and performance accountability. A survey of municipalities with populations of 2,500 and above was conducted in the fall of 2002 to determine the prevalence of performance budgeting in municipal government. This research finds that municipalities of all sizes are building capacity for performance budgeting by adopting performance measurement systems and by augmenting their budget processes with performance results. We also find that performance measures are used to inform budget decisions—especially when the budget request is new or significantly expanded.
Duplicate listing sampling bias in visitor surveys

Abstract The purpose of this research was to assess the sampling bias in state automobile visitor surveys associated with two potential sources of duplicate listings in sampling frames obtained when distributing diary questionnaires to visitors at self-selected stops within the state's boundary. A participation bias occurs whenever the visitor's probability of being surveyed varies as a function of his/ her participation in a sampling related activity. A visits bias occurs whenever the individual's probability of being surveyed varies as a function of the number of times he/she visits the state during the survey period.
Neural Crest Lineage Segregation: a Blueprint for Periodontal Regeneration

During the recent decade, the periodontal attachment apparatus has become one of the premier areas of the body for the development of novel tissue-engineering strategies. In the present review, we describe a developmental biology approach to characterize current concepts in periodontal regeneration and to discuss strategies for future applications in periodontal therapies. To decipher the developmental make-up of the periodontal region, we have followed the path of the migratory neural crest, since it gives rise to periodontal progenitor tissues, which in turn are subjected to the influence of diverse craniofacial extracellular matrices and peptide growth factors. Based on this developmental perspective, we have conducted a systematic analysis of the factors, progenitor cells, and matrices used in current periodontal tissue-engineering approaches. We propose that the developmental history of a tissue is a highly instructive design template for the discovery of novel bioengineering tools and approaches.
The influence of dietary calcium and phosphorus on intestinal calcium transport in rats given vitamin D metabolites.

Abstract The stimulation of intestinal calcium transport by a low calcium diet has been compared to that produced by a low phosphorus diet in rats given vitamin D 3 , 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 . The administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 eliminates the effect of low calcium diets but does not eliminate the effect of low phosphorus diets. The daily administration of large doses of vitamin D 3 or 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 also eliminates the stimulation by low calcium diets but does not eliminate the stimulation by low phosphorus diets. These results suggest that in addition to stimulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 synthesis, low phosphorus diets must have some other unknown effect on intestinal calcium transport. The data are, however, consistent with the idea that the stimulation of intestinal calcium transport by low dietary calcium is the direct consequence of increased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 synthesis.
Beyond the exclusively propositional era

Contemporary epistemology has assumed that knowledge is represented in sentences or propositions. However, a variety of extensions and alternatives to this view have been proposed in other areas of investigation. We review some of these proposals, focusing on (1) Ryle’s notion of knowing how and Hanson’s and Kuhn’s accounts of theory-laden perception in science; (2) extensions of simple propositional representations in cognitive models and artificial intelligence; (3) the debate concerning imagistic versus propositional representations in cognitive psychology; (4) recent treatments of concepts and categorization which reject the notion of necessary and sufficient conditions; and (5) parallel distributed processing (connectionist) models of cognition. This last development is especially promising in providing a flexible, powerful means of representing information nonpropositionally, and carrying out at least simple forms of inference without rules. Central to several of the proposals is the notion that much of human cognition might consist in pattern recognition rather than manipulation of rules and propositions.
Enzymes from insect tissues which catabolize pyrimidine compounds

Abstract 1. 1. Crude tissue supernatants from the thoraces and abdomens of the American cockroach have been shown to contain numerous nucleotide metabolizing enzymes. 2. 2. These enzymes include four which metabolize pyrimidine compounds: nucleoside triphosphatase, 5′-nucleotidase, nucleoside deaminase and uridine phosphorylase. 3. 3. Ammonium sulfate fractionation of the supernatants has resulted in low-level purification and some degree of separation of each of these activities. 4. 4. The properties of these enzymes, such as substrate specificity, pH optima, etc., have been investigated. 5. 5. A tentative partial pathway for pyrimidine catabolism has been proposed for this insect.
Migraine with Prolonged Aura Versus Migrainous Infarction: Multimodality Imaging in a Unique Case (P03.213)

Objective: To report a patient with very prolonged migrainous visual aura and to discuss the significance of multimodality imaging in this clinical setting. Background The International Headache Society9s (IHS) definition of migraine with prolonged aura indicates that at least one aura symptom should persist between 60 minutes and 7 days. Migrainous infarction is an attack of migraine during which at least one aura symptom is not fully reversible within 7 days or absence of neuroimaging evidence of corresponding ischemia. A rigid time frame separating these two entities may be artificial. There is limited experience and knowledge in utilizing magnetic resonance perfusion imaging (MRI-PI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) in this clinical setting. Design/Methods: We describe a patient with unusually prolonged migrainous aura evaluated by the authors, on whom multimodality neuroimaging was completed. Results: A 54 year-old man presented with complaints of scintillations, photopsias, and visual loss in the left hemifield, along with right temporo-occipital headache, photophobia, nausea, and emesis. Neurologic examination confirmed a complete left homonymous hemianopsia. Brain MRI revealed no acute ischemic lesion and no large cerebral vessel occlusion on MRA. MRI-PI revealed slightly increased cerebral blood flow and blood volume in the medial right occipital lobe. EEG was unremarkable. During the resting state, MEG detected expected coherent activity in bilateral occipital cortices. Unexpectedly, maximal coherence was observed in the right medial temporal region. On left hemifield stimulation, there was no MEG activity in the right occipital cortex. Valproate resolved the headache within 4 days while Humphrey Visual Field Testing confirmed resolution of left homonymous hemianopsia after 7 weeks. Conclusions: Migrainous aura can last longer than 7 days. The distinction between prolonged migrainous aura and migrainous infarction should not rely only on a rigid time frame. Multimodality neuroimaging allows this distinction to be made with clarity. The IHS criteria may need to be revised. Disclosure: Dr. Ashraf has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bowyer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mitsias has nothing to disclose.
A simple and relatively efficient triangulation of the n -cube

The only previously published triangulation of then-cube usingo(n!) simplices, due to Sallee, usesO(n?2n!) simplices. We point out a very simple method of achievingO(?nn!) simplices, where ?<1 is a constant.
Wave operators for oscillating potentials

We consider the Schrodinger operator with magnetic vector potential and static scalar potential. We show the existence of the wave operators under considerations which allow strong oscillations of the potentials.
Mitochondrial Hearing Impairment

The last decade has led to the identification of several mitochondrial DNA mutations associated with hearing loss. Since the only known function of the human mitochondrial chromosome is to participate in the production of chemical energy through oxidative phosphorylation, it was not unexpected that mitochondrial mutations interfering with energy production could cause systemic neuromuscular disorders, which have as one of their features hearing impairment. Surprisingly however, inherited mitochondrial mutations have also been found to be a cause of non-syndromic hearing loss and to predispose to aminoglycoside- induced hearing loss, while acquired mitochondrial mutations have been proposed as one of the causes of presbycusis. After a brief review of mitochondrial genetics, we will outline the different mitochondrial mutations associated with hearing loss, describe the audiological features, and discuss the clinical relevance of diagnosing these mutations. Clinical expression of these mitochondrial mutatio...
Estimating Strictly Increasing Regression Functions

Abstract The maximum likelihood estimate of a nondecreasing regression function with independent, normal errors has been studied in detail in the literature. However, it is often constant over one or more intervals and for this reason may be unacceptable if the regression function is believed to be strictly increasing. Using simulation techniques, the least squares line, the maximum likelihood estimate, and a weighted average of these two are compared here. In each case considered, the weighted average is strictly increasing with probability near one and has smaller total mean squared error than the maximum likelihood estimator.
Camguk, Lin-2, and CASK: novel membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologs that also contain CaM kinase domains

Abstract MAGUKs (membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologs) are proteins involved in cell junction organization, tumor suppression, and signalling. Their structure includes one or three copies of a DHR or PDZ domain (discs-large homologous region or PSD-95/SAP90, discs-large, ZO-1 homologous domain), an SH3 domain, and a guanylate kinase domain. MAGUKs were classified into two subfamilies: Dlg-like with three DHR/PDZ domains and p55-like with a single DHR/PDZ domain. There is now a new subfamily whose members have a novel domain structure: a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase domain in the N-terminus as well as the DHR/PDZ, SH3 and GUK domains in the C-terminus. These new MAGUKs may regulate transmembrane molecules that bind calcium, calmodulin, or nucleotides. camguk (cmg) is a Drosophila member of this novel MAGUK subfamily; we report its sequence and domain structure.
Food information network: informed shopping for healthier living

The Food Information Network is a system designed to help people make better choices about the food products they purchase. The system will have access to a large amount of data and will allow such activities as finding alternative food products and the products available at different grocery stores. The system has also been designed to try to encourage people to prepare their own meals by helping them spend less time shopping for healthier food and showing them that it is neither so difficult nor time-consuming to cook at home. The system also encourages users to share nutritional recipes with friends.The design process followed a scenario-based design methodology, which included field studies, writing activity scenarios, and early user testing with a paper-based prototype. A portion of the system was then implemented and additional user testing was done with the system running on a cell phone and a Palm™ simulator.
Propionate oxidation by washed rabbit liver particles.

Abstract Propionate oxidation by washed rabbit liver “particles” which lack the soluble enzyme component “racemase” was investigated, utilizing radioactive isotopes. It was found that propionate-1-C 14 and -2-C 14 was readily oxidized under conditions where dl -lactate-1-C 14 was poorly oxidized. The presence of malonate (0.01 M ) reduced the isotopic CO 2 and pyruvate formed from propionate-1-C 14 , whereas isotopic succinate formation was increased. During the oxidation of propionate-1-C 14 , succinate was more effective as a trapping agent than pyruvate. These findings are interpreted as ruling out a direct oxidation of propionate through pyruvate and indicate an alternate pathway of propionate oxidation, which has succinate as a direct intermediate.
Primary structure of the gene encoding rat preprosomatostatin.

Abstract The somatostatins are peptides of 14 and 28 amino acids that are produced in a variety of endocrine and nonendocrine tissues. These peptides inhibit the secretion of many different pituitary, pancreatic, and gastrointestinal hormones. Previously, we have reported the isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA derived from a rat medullary thyroid carcinoma that encoded preprosomatostatin , a 116-amino-acid precursor of somatostatin. We now report the structural characterization of the rat somatostatin gene isolated from recombinant bacteriophage libraries prepared from rat liver DNA. The gene spans 1.2 kilobases and is interrupted within the coding sequence of prosomatostatin by a single intron of 630 bases. A sequence characteristic of a Goldberg- Hogness promoter ("TATA" box), T-T-T-A-A-A-A, is located 31 bases upstream from the transcriptional initiation site. A repetitive DNA sequence, highly reiterated in the rat genome, is located in the 5' flanking region of the gene within 900 bases of the initiation site.
The etiology of acrylamide neuropathy: enolase, phosphofructokinase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brain, and skeletal muscle of acrylamide-intoxicated cats.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the neurotoxin, acrylamide, inhibits several glycolytic enzymes when tested in vitro and that the activity of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is decreased in rats treated with neurotoxic doses of acrylamide. To determine whether the effect on NSE was species specific and whether glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities were decreased in vivo, cats were treated with either 15 or 30 mg/kg/day of acrylamide for 10 days. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, samples of sciatic nerve, brain, spinal cord, and skeletal muscle were assayed for total enolase, NSE, GAPDH, and PFK activities. The low and high doses of acrylamide resulted in the following respective decreases in NSE activity: 62.1 and 69.7% in the distal peripheral nerve and 37.1 and 45.4% in brain. GAPDH activity was similarly depressed in brain and both proximal and distal portions of the sciatic nerve. Additionally, all other tissues showed significant reductions in GAPDH. Neither total enolase activity of peripheral nerve, spinal cord, and skeletal muscle nor PFK activity in these tissues and in brain was decreased. In contrast, PFK in gastrocnemius muscle was increased 700% by the high dose of acrylamide, which may represent a compensatory mechanism. These data support the hypothesis that the mechanism of the toxic action of acrylamide involves inhibition of glycolysis at two enzymatic sites and that the selectivity exhibited by the toxic agent resides in its ability to inhibit a neuron-specific isoenzyme.
The polymorphism of poly(vinylidene fluoride) V. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the melting behavior of copolymers of vinylidene fluoride

Abstract The high-pressure melting behavior of samples of vinylidene fluoride copolymerized with vinyl fluoride, trifluoroethylene, or tetrafluoroethylene indicate that the copolymers have a lower entropy of melting than the poly(vinylidene fluoride) homopolymers in the same phase. As the comonomer size increases, the entropy of melting decreases. High-pressure crystallization of copolymers of 91-9 mole% vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene and 93-7 mole% vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene results in a high-melting form of phase I (planar zig-zag).
Behavioral cladistics of trace fossils: evolution of derived trace-making skills

Abstract There is a genetic basis for many fundamental behaviors exhibited by animals (e.g., characteristic feeding patterns, defense instincts and social structures), which have the potential for leaving a trace fossil record. Behavioral cladistics may help us to better understand the evolutionary underpinnings of burrowing patterns and perhaps also the ichnotaxonomic relationships of complex and compound burrow systems. In an ichnologic cladogram, the shared homologous characters that define the branch points in the cladogram represent the expression of increasingly more derived behavior patterns, so a cladogram can depict evolutionary relationships of behavioral components reflected in some common trace fossils. Trace fossil cladograms allow us to conceptualize the acquisition and development of inherited skills for producing various kinds of traces throughout geologic time, and they give us an organized framework for interpreting the evolution of fossil behavior.
Evidence for Two Activation Mechanisms in LSM SOFC Cathodes

Dense La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 (LSM) film electrodes with an average thickness of 600 nm were fabricated on yttria-stabilized zirconia and cerium gadolinium oxide by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. LSM was studied for initial nonstationary behavior by activating with current density for short duration (5 min) and long duration (16 h). The polarization resistance at zero dc bias was reduced upon activation irrespective of the electrolyte, with the reduction more significant after long-duration activation. Short-duration activation was removed by deliberate introduction of La 2 Zr 2 O 7 impurities into the LSM phase or by surface doping with La 0.6 Sr 0.4 FeO 3 nanoparticles. However, long-duration activation still occurred in these samples. Scanning electron micrographs of short-duration-activated films showed no changes in morphology while long-duration activation resulted in a significant bulk pore formation in the LSM phase. Two distinct mechanisms for LSM activation in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) are proposed. Short-duration activation results in changes in the film surface chemistry while long-duration activation leads to the reconstruction of the LSM phase.
Laboratory Comparisons of Sticky Traps to Detect and Control Five Species of Cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattidae and Blatellidae)

Four cockroach sticky traps, D-Con®, Mr. Sticky®, Raid®, and Roach Coach® compared in laboratory experiments differed in their ability to trap the five principal domiciliary cockroaches, Blatta orientalis L., Blattella germanica (L.), Periplaneta americana (L.), P. fuliginosa (Serville), and Supella longipalpa (F.). One trap (Raid) was consistently better and one (Mr. Sticky) was consistently worse in their ability to trap each species than some or all other traps. D-Con and Roach Coach were variable in effectiveness, depending on the species involved. Although caught more often than any other species, B. germanica also produced more progeny, and therefore significant population reduction did not occur after 2 weeks of trapping. B. orientalis was the most, and S. longipalpa the least likely species to be caught. Most trap catches occurred during the first 24 h of the 2-week period that cockroaches were exposed to the traps. Females of all species were caught in sticky traps as much as or more than males or large, medium, or small nymphs. Fifty-six percent of oothecae deposited in traps failed to hatch.
Arrhythmogenic Transient Dynamics in Cardiac Myocytes

Cardiac action potential alternans and early afterdepolarizations (EADs) are linked to cardiac arrhythmias. Periodic action potentials (period 1) in healthy conditions bifurcate to other states such as period 2 or chaos when alternans or EADs occur in pathological conditions. The mechanisms of alternans and EADs have been extensively studied under steady-state conditions, but lethal arrhythmias often occur during the transition between steady states. Why arrhythmias tend to develop during the transition is unclear. We used low-dimensional mathematical models to analyze dynamical mechanisms of transient alternans and EADs. We show that depending on the route from one state to another, action potential alternans and EADs may occur during the transition between two periodic steady states. The route taken depends on the time course of external perturbations or intrinsic signaling, such as β-adrenergic stimulation, which regulate cardiac calcium and potassium currents with differential kinetics.
Characterization of the gene and messages for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in rat and mouse

Abstract We have studied the structure and expression of the gene for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in rodents. We used a human cDNA to identify and clone a fragment of the rat VIP gene. This genomic fragment contained two separate exons, one encoding VIP itself and the other encoding a closely related neuropeptide, peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI-27). Probes containing either exon, or both, hybridized to two messages: a prominent 1700-base (b) mRNA and a rare 1000-b species. These messages are expressed together in a tissue-specific manner, with highest levels in polyadenylated RNA from cerebral cortex and from small intestine, paralleling the reported levels of the neuropeptides themselves in these tissues. Using the rat genomic fragment as a probe, we isolated the mouse VIP gene in its entirety. The mouse gene is similar in organization to its human counterpart, with a total of 7 exons spanning 8 kilobases (kb). The 7th and largest exon, which is transcribed into the bulk of the 3′ untranslated region of the messages, bears two potential polyadenylation sites 700 basepairs (bp) apart. S-1 nuclease protection with a fragment of this exon indicated that the two identifiable VIP messages differ in the extent of their 3′ untranslated regions. Conversely, we found no evidence for differential splicing to produce messages encoding only one of the neuropeptides. Instead, specific oligonucleotide-directed digestion with RNase H demonstrated that all of the detectable mRNA from this gene contains both VIP and PHI coding sequences.
An enzymatic chromatographic procedure for the determination of d-amino acids in plant and soil extracts

Abstract A d -amino acid oxidase procedure has been adapted and coupled with radioisotopes, continuous liquid-flow scintillation monitoring, and high resolution ion exchange chromatography for quantitative determination of amino acid racemates in extracts from plants and soils. The method is 103 times more sensitive than previous indirect manometric techniques and yields data on individual amino acids rather than only a total value for all reactive d -amino acid components in a complex mixture. Present quantitation at the nanomole level could be extended to subnanomole levels by use and refinement of available amino acid analyzer technology. Preparation of derivatives is not required, but the technique is limited to those amino acids on which the enzyme is active. The method has been applied to the detection of d -amino acids in plant and soil extracts.
KCNE1 Binds to the KCNQ1 Pore to Regulate Potassium Channel Activity

Potassium channels control the resting membrane potential and excitability of biological tissues. Many voltage-gated potassium channels are controlled through interactions with accessory subunits of the KCNE family through mechanisms still not known. Gating of mammalian channel KCNQ1 is dramatically regulated by KCNE subunits. We have found that multiple segments of the channel pore structure bind to the accessory protein KCNE1. The sites that confer KCNE1 binding are necessary for the functional interaction, and all sites must be present in the channel together for proper regulation by the accessory subunit. Specific gating control is localized to a single site of interaction between the ion channel and accessory subunit. Thus, direct physical interaction with the ion channel pore is the basis of KCNE1 regulation of K+ channels.
Targeted genomic analysis of Müllerian adenosarcoma.

Mullerian adenosarcoma (MA) is a rare mixed mesenchymal tumour of the female genital tract, composed of malignant stroma and benign-appearing epithelium. Sarcomatous overgrowth (SO) is the only established histological variable associated with higher stage and shorter survival. Specific molecular or immunohistochemistry (IHC) tools for the diagnosis of MA are lacking. Our goal was to study genomic mutations and copy number variations (CNVs) in MA to understand better its pathobiology, and develop specific diagnostic and prognostic tools. DNA was extracted from 20 samples of MA from 18 subjects (12 without SO and 6 with SO), including two in which areas of both typical MA histology and SO were independently tested. Samples were analysed using a targeted next-generation sequencing assay interrogating exonic sequences of 275 cancer genes for mutations and CNVs as well as 91 introns across 30 genes for cancer-associated rearrangements. The mean number of mutations in MA with SO (mean 9.7; range 3-14) did not differ significantly from that in MA without SO (mean 9.6; range 5-16). MA with SO had significantly higher mean numbers of gene-level CNVs (24.6) compared to MA without SO (5; p = 0.0002). The most frequent amplification involved MDM2 and CDK4 (5/18; 28%), accompanied by focal CDK4 and MDM2 and diffuse HMGA2 expression using immunohistochemistry. MYBL1 amplification was seen in 4/18 (22%), predominantly in SO. Alterations in PIK3CA/AKT/PTEN pathway members were seen in 13/18 (72%). Notably, TP53 mutations were uncommon, present in only two cases with SO. Three out of 18 (17%) had mutations in ATRX, all associated with SO. No chromosomal rearrangements were identified. We have identified a number of recurrent genomic alterations in MA, including some associated with SO. Although further investigation of these findings is needed, confirmation of one or more may lead to new mechanistic insights and novel markers for this often difficult-to-diagnose tumour.
High-Sensitivity InGaAs Photoreceiver Arrays in GaAs Waveguide

Integration of optoelectronic devices in a common waveguide substrate will result in superior device modules for applications in optical communication systems operating in the 1.3 - 1.5 μιη wavelength region because of the significant improvements in speed, noise performance, and reliability via reduction of parasitic reactances associated with hybrid interface of individual devices. Arrays of photoreceivers are also needed for systems such as optical cross-point switches for telecommunications[1] and analog switching applications such as CATV or for optical interconnects between very large scale integrated circuits.[2] A number of InP-based single-element waveguide photodetectors[3] have been reported in recent years. Reports of their GaAs counterparts have been scarce.[4,5] Furthermore, arrays of waveguide photoreceivers are yet to be realized in GaAs. In this paper we report the realization of a 45-element photoreceiver array in a GaAs waveguide for use at 1.3 pm optical wavelength. The photoreceiver array that utilizes InGaAs photoconductors and passive load resistors has demonstrated important advantages such as large gain-bandwidth product, high degree of compactness, and simple processing requirements. The total active area of the photoreceiver arrays was as small as 0.45×0.25 mm2 A unique feature of these photodetector and photoreceiver is their very high gain (or sensitivity) at frequency up to 1 MHz which also makes the photoreceiver array an ideal candidate for integration with guided-wave acoustooptic signal processors[6] in which the integration of more than a few tens of photodetectors with switching bandwidths in the order of 3 MHz on a single integrated circuits has thus far presented difficult problems due to thermal and chip area considerations.[7]
The effects of occupation and education on punitive orientations among juvenile justice personnel

The objective of this present research was to examine the interrelationships between occupational role and education experiences with support for punitive attitudes among juvenile justice personnel. Multivariate analyses revealed that probation officers were less likely than correctional officers and teachers who worked in correctional facilities to indicate support for punitive responses to delinquent behavior. Increases in education reduced adherence to punishment orientations. Contrary to expectations, educational background did not mediate the effect of occupational role on support for punitiveness. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
EFFECT OF CAFFEINE VERSUS PLACEBO SUPPLEMENTATION ON BLOOD-GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION

Abstract In twenty-two presumably healthy third-year dental students blood-glucose levels after oral ingestion of 250 mg. caffeine were significantly higher than the blood-glucose levels in twenty-one students ingesting a placebo.
Home sweet mobile home? Benefits and challenges of mobile home ownership in rural Pennsylvania

Abstract Over half the mobile homes in the United States are located in rural America, where they are a popular but understudied alternative to site-built houses. Using tax assessment and mail survey data gathered for mobile homes in several rural Pennsylvania counties, we show that residents are overwhelmingly satisfied with mobile home life, but that they face unique challenges related to their housing choice. Survey data reveal issues of land tenure and financing, social stigma, and hidden costs of mobile home ownership, and demonstrate that mobile homes provide both opportunities and challenges for rural communities.
Effects of plastic anisotropy and yield surface shape on sheet metal stretchability

The influence of plastic anisotropy and the shape of the yield surface on localized necking of thin metal sheets is examined. Forming limit curves (FLCs) of strain hardening, rate-sensitive sheets including Ti alloys, Al alloys, and steels are calculated on the basis of the Marciniak-Kuczynski approach using the quadratic Hill or the Drucker yield function in conjunction with either the flow or deformation theory of plasticity. The roles of the R-value and the yield surface shape in biaxial stretchability of sheet metals are delineated and discussed in relation to the plasticity theories and yield functions. It is concluded that the limit strains decrease with increasing R-value in the e2 > 0 region of an FLC but increase with the R-value in the e2 0 region, and are independent of the R-value at plane strain conditions. These mixed, strain-path dependent effects are explained in terms of the shape of the yield surface and a recently proposed critical thickness strain criterion.
Perioperative ischemic complications of the brain after carotid endarterectomy.

Background The potential morbidity of cerebral ischemia after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has been recognized, but its reported incidence varies widely. Objective To prospectively evaluate the development of cerebral ischemic complications in patients treated by CEA at a high-volume cerebrovascular center. Methods Fifty patients with moderate or severe carotid stenosis awaiting CEA were studied with perioperative diffusion-weighted imaging of the brain and standardized neurological evaluations. Microsurgical CEA was performed by 1 of 2 vascular neurosurgeons. Radiological studies were evaluated by faculty neuroradiologists who were blinded to the details of the clinical situation. Results Preoperative diffusion-weighted imaging studies were performed within 24 hours of surgery. A second study was obtained within 24 (92% of patients), 48 (4% of patients), or 72 (4% of patients) hours after surgery. Intraluminal shunting was used in 1 patient (2%), and patch angioplasty was used in 2 patients (4%). No patient had diffusion-weighted imaging evidence of procedure-related cerebral ischemia. Nonischemic complications consisted of postoperative confusion in an 87-year-old man with a urinary tract infection and a marginal mandibular nerve paresis in another patient. Radiological studies were normal in both patients. Conclusion CEA is a relatively safe procedure that may be performed with an acceptable risk of cerebral ischemia in select patients. The low rate of ischemic complications associated with CEA sets a standard to which other carotid revascularization techniques should be held. The current results are presented with a discussion of the senior author's preferred surgical technique and a brief review of the literature.
From Prime-Time to Daytime: The Domestication of Ellen DeGeneres

Ellen DeGeneres was celebrated. She was chastised. And then she was cancelled. Her current success makes it easy to forget how short-lived her lesbianism initially lasted on television (less than two years). Ironically, in the aftermath of Ellen's, demise we witnessed a profound increase in queer characters, themes, and programming as well as her own spectacular comeback. Moving beyond most academic consideration of Ellen DeGeneres’ initial emergence as lesbian celebrity, I highlight the cancellation of her sitcom as a particularly crucial moment for understanding the fierce multilayered disciplining of Ellen's public persona. Further, I consider the disparate discourses and entertainment journalism that articulated a public/private DeGeneres with her television character(s), working to shape her public persona in the interest of preserving prevailing cultural norms.
Dual-Surface-Modified Bacteriophage MS2 as an Ideal Scaffold for a Viral Capsid-Based Drug Delivery System

With the development of covalent modification strategies for viral capsids comes the ability to convert them into modular carrier systems for drug molecules and imaging agents. With this overall goal in mind, we have used two orthogonal modification strategies to decorate the exterior surface of genome-free MS2 capsids with PEG chains, while installing 50-70 copies of a fluorescent dye inside as a drug cargo mimic. Despite the very high levels of modification, the capsids remained in the assembled state, as determined by TEM, size-exclusion chromatography, and dynamic light scattering analysis. The ability of the polymer coating to block the access of polyclonal antibodies to the capsid surface was probed using a sandwich ELISA, which indicated a 90% reduction in binding. Further experiments indicated that biotin groups placed at the distal ends of the polymer chains were still capable of binding to streptavidin, despite their proximity to the PEG layer. Finally, a modular strategy was developed for the attachment of small-molecule targeting groups to the polymer chains through an efficient oxime formation reaction. As a result of these studies, a robust and versatile new platform has emerged for the potential delivery of therapeutic cargo.
The Ideal Student as Perceived by Counselors and Teachers

The purpose of the study is to determine if counselors perceive secondary school students differently from teachers. A group of 25 effective teachers, as determined by their respective principals, and a group of 25 counselors-in training were interviewed by the author. Each subject com pleted an 84-item Q-sort constructed of items describing an ideal student. Bach item on the Q,-sort was judged by a three-judge panel to describe a student as being more flex ible or more rigid. The two groups were matched according to degrees earned, sex. and age. The teacher group averaged six more years' experience than the counselor group. Each subject's Q,-sort was scored to produce a flexible score or a rigid score according to how the subject perceived the ideal student. A significant difference at the 0.1 level of confidence was found when Chi Square was used to analyze the data. This study suggests that perceptual differences occur be tween two groups of persons in similar helping relationships which may be directly related to the personalities of the helpers. These perceptual differences are necessary for being effective in either helping relationship.
Early development of intractable epilepsy in children: a prospective study.

Background : Little is known about early prediction of intractable epilepsy (IE) in children. Such information could help guide the early use of new therapies in selected patients. Methods: Children with newly diagnosed epilepsy (n = 613) were prospectively identified from child neurology practices in Connecticut (1993–1997) and followed-up for the occurrence of IE (failure of >2 drugs, >1 seizure/month, over 18 months). Etiology and epilepsy syndromes were classified per International League Against Epilepsy guidelines. Results : The median follow-up is 4.8 years, and 599 (97.7%) have been followed for more than 18 months. Sixty children (10.0%) have met the criteria for IE, including 34.6% with cryptogenic/symptomatic generalized, 2.7% with idiopathic, 10.7% with other localization–related, and 8.2% with unclassified epilepsy ( p p p = 0.02), and acute symptomatic or neonatal status epilepticus ( p = 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of IE, and age at onset between 5 and 9 years was associated with a lowered risk ( p = 0.03). The absolute number of seizures and unprovoked or febrile status epilepticus were not associated substantially with IE. Conclusions: Approximately 10% of children meet criteria for IE early in the course of their epilepsy. Cryptogenic/symptomatic generalized syndromes carry the highest risk and idiopathic syndromes the lowest. Half of IE occurs in children with nonidiopathic localization-related syndromes. Initial seizure frequency is highly predictive of IE. By contrast, absolute number of seizures and unprovoked or febrile status epilepticus are not.
Fundamentals of artificial intelligence in game development

In effort to achieve higher levels of realism in game play many companies are beginning to put more emphases on the creation of engaging, challenging opponents which is necessitating the use of several algorithms from the field of artificial intelligence. This paper will review these techniques, their implementation, and discuss who and how they are being used within the game development industry.
Gender nontraditional or sex atypical or gender dominant or … research: Are we measuring the same thing?

Abstract The study investigated how researchers have operationalized gender-concentrated occupations and educational settings. Over 30 studies in the area were presented to consider measurement approaches and problems. Conceptual and empirical measurement problems were addressed. The literature reviewed indicated that one of the most important issues in pursuing investigations of occupational gender concentrations is the development of methods to define and measure atypical or nontraditional occupations.
Dilworth truncations and k -induced matroids

Abstract It is known that given a matroid Q on a set S and a function O : E → 2 S , the subsets I of E such that | I '|⩽ r Q (O( I ′)) − k for all non-empty subsets I ′ of I are the independent sets of a matroid on E . This matroid is said to be k -induced on Q by O. The aim of this paper is to prove that if k and n are nonnegative integers and M is a matroid ( k + n )-induced on Q , then M is k -induced on the n th Dilworth truncation of Q . As a consequence, if M is 1-induced on a free matroid, then M is 0-induced on a graphic matroid Another consequence, a generalization of a well-known result of Mason and Brylawski, is that for any integer k , if Q is representable over a field F and M is k -induced on Q , then M is representable over an extension of F . The converses of these statements do not hold in general.
A one meter long low-mass mini drift vertex chamber used at the Tevatron collider

Abstract The construction of a meter long low-mass mini drift chamber (MDC) having three planes is described. This MDC located the vertex along the beamline of the experiment E735 at the Tevatron p p collider. Tests and results with cosmic rays and p p data are reported. A spatial resolution of 90 μm (RMS) was achieved with cosmic rays.
Taxonomy of the marine, luminous bacteria

One hundred and seventy-three strains of marine, luminous bacteria isolated from sea water, surfaces and intestines of fish, as well as from the luminous organs of fish and squid were submitted to an extensive phenotypic characterization. A numerical analysis of the results grouped these strains into four clusters which were formed on the basis of overall phenotypic similarity. One cluster, which was given the designationBeneckea harveyi, consisted of strains which had a moles% GC content in their DNAs of 46.5±1.3 and a single, sheathed, polar flagellum when grown in liquid medium. Most of these strains had unsheathed, peritrichous flagella in addition to the sheathed, polar flagellum when grown on solid medium. The two phenotypically similar clusters which were assigned the species designationsPhotobacterium phosphoreum andP. mandapamensis consisted of strains which had 1–3 unsheathed, polar flagella and moles % GC contents in their DNAs of 41.5±0.7 and 42.9±0.5, respectively. The cluster designatedP. fischeri contained strains having 2–8 sheathed, polar flagella and a moles % GC content of 39.8±1.1. These four species could be further distinguished on the basis of a number of nutritional properties as well as other phenotypic traits. The assignment of the luminous, marine bacteria to four species was supported by differences in the properties of the luminous system as well as differences in the pattern of regulation of spartokinase activity which are discussed. The speciesB. harveyi was found to be phenotypically similar to a number of previously characterized, non-luminous strains ofBeneckea which should probably be assigned to this species.
Development of a second-generation mathematical model for Urban air pollution—I. Model formulation

A new comprehensive modeling system for urban air pollution, including three-dimensional, grid-based as well as Lagrangian trajectory, vertically integrated and single cell formulations, is described. Recent developments in photochemistry, turbulent diffusion, surface removal processes, objective analysis procedures and numerical solution techniques are incorporated and described.
The metabolism of poly(A)+ and poly(A)− hnRNA in cultured drosophila cells studied with a rapid uridine pulse-chase

Abstract When cultured Drosophila cells are pretreated with glucosamine and exposed to a pulse of incorporation of radioactive uridine, their labeling can be halted almost instantaneously by the addition of unlabeled uridine. Using this pulse-chase technique, we have investigated the decay of hnRNA and the formation of mRNA. The poly(A) + and poly(A) − hnRNAs behave as different populations. The poly(A) hnRNA constitutes 80% of the pulse-labeled material and decays with an initial half-life of 10–15 min. The poly(A) + molecules behave as two kinetic components, with half-lives of 20 and 180 min. The size distribution of Drosophila hnRNA does not change during the initial period of rapid hnRNA decay and cytoplasmic mRNA export. This suggests that processing of these molecules, once it has begun, proceeds rapidly and to completion. The bulk of labeled poly(A) + cytoplasmic mRNA appears during the first 30 min of the chase and amounts to 14% of the loss of radioactivity from total hnRNA. We estimate that on the order of 40% of pulse-labeled nuclear transcripts give rise to a cytoplasmic message molecule. Polyadenylation of nuclear RNA must continue during the chase to account for the poly(A) + mRNA appearing in the cytoplasm. Virtually no mRNA is formed from previously synthesized hnRNA, however, if ongoing synthesis is interrupted by the addition of actinomycin D. Decay of the hnRNA displays a number of aberrant characteristics after administration of the drug.