cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecules for charge-based information storage.

The inexorable drive to miniaturize information storage and processing devices has fueled the dreams of scientists pursuing molecular electronics: researchers in the field envisage exquisitely tailored molecular materials fulfilling the functions now carried out by semiconductors. A bottom-up assembly of such all-molecular devices would complement, if not supplant, the present top-down lithographic procedures of modern semiconductor fabrication. Short of these grand aspirations, a more near-term objective is to construct hybrid architectures wherein molecules are incorporated in semiconductor-based devices. Such a combined approach exploits the advantages of molecules for selected device functions while retaining the well-developed lithographic approaches for fabrication of the overall chip.In this Account, we survey more than a decade of results from our research programs to employ porphyrin molecules as charge-storage elements in hybrid semiconductor–molecular dynamic random access memory. Porphyrins ar...
Lymphocyte Transformation in Human Toxoplasmosis

The ability of lymphocytes from 29 subjects to transform in response to Toxoplasma gondii antigen was studied. Cells from persons who had serologic evidence of toxoplasmosis, as manifested by elevated titers (of at least one year's duration) in the dye test and/or indirect IgM fluorescent-antibody test, transformed more frequently than lymphocytes from negative individuals. No correlation was found between the level of transformation and the dye-test titer. The level of transformation in four of six patients who were suspected of having acute toxoplasmosis did not differ from that of the control group. These data indicate that the technique of lymphocyte transformation may be applied to the study of infections of man with T. gondii and may be valuable in studies of antigen recognition in immunosuppressed patients. Except for certain viruses, such as herpes simplex and varicella-zoster, there are relatively few organisms that are known to cause common latent infections in man and that for years produce a
Are there two logistic regressions for retrospective studies

A comparison is made between two different approaches to the linear logistic regression analysis of retrospective study data: the prospective model wherein the dependent variable is a dichotomous indicator of case/control status; and the retrospective model wherein the dependent variable is a binary or polychotomous classification of exposure. The two models yield increasingly similar estimates of the relative risk with increasing degrees of covariate adjustment. When the covariate effects are saturated with parameters, the relative risk estimates are identical. The prospective model is generally to be preferred for studies involving multiple quantitative risk factors.
Diverse rupture modes for surface-deforming upper plate earthquakes in the southern Puget Lowland of Washington State

Earthquake prehistory of the southern Puget Lowland, in the north-south compressive regime of the migrating Cascadia forearc, reflects diverse earthquake rupture modes with variable recurrence. Stratigraphy and Bayesian analyses of previously reported and new 14 C ages in trenches and cores along backthrust scarps in the Seattle fault zone restrict a large earthquake to 1040–910 cal yr B.P. (2σ), an interval that includes the time of the M 7–7.5 Restoration Point earthquake. A newly identified surface-rupturing earthquake along the Waterman Point backthrust dates to 940–380 cal yr B.P., bringing the number of earthquakes in the Seattle fault zone in the past 3500 yr to 4 or 5. Whether scarps record earthquakes of moderate (M 5.5–6.0) or large (M 6.5–7.0) magnitude, backthrusts of the Seattle fault zone may slip during moderate to large earthquakes every few hundred years for periods of 1000–2000 yr, and then not slip for periods of at least several thousands of years. Four new fault scarp trenches in the Tacoma fault zone show evidence of late Holocene folding and faulting about the time of a large earthquake or earthquakes inferred from widespread coseismic subsidence ca. 1000 cal yr B.P.; 12 ages from 8 sites in the Tacoma fault zone limit the earthquakes to 1050–980 cal yr B.P. Evidence is too sparse to determine whether a large earthquake was closely predated or postdated by other earthquakes in the Tacoma basin, but the scarp of the Tacoma fault was formed by multiple earthquakes. In the northeast-striking Saddle Mountain deformation zone, along the western limit of the Seattle and Tacoma fault zones, analysis of previous ages limits earthquakes to 1200–310 cal yr B.P. The prehistory clarifies earthquake clustering in the central Puget Lowland, but cannot resolve potential structural links among the three Holocene fault zones.
Public Health Law Research: Editor's Introduction

This paper introduces a special issue of the Journal of Health Policy, Politics & Law focusing on public health law legal research (PHLR). PHLR is the "scientific study of the relation of law and legal practices to population health." A relatively new and burgeoning interdisciplinary field, PHLR is comprised of five broad categories of empirical research, each of which are represented in the special issue: policy-making studies which seek to identify factors that influence the adoption of public health legal interventions; mapping studies which employ systematic and rigorous methods of review and characterization to determine the current state of the law on an issue relevant to population health; implementation studies which examine the gap, if any, between the "law on the books" and the law on the ground; intervention studies which examine the effect of law on health outcomes or proximal factors; and mechanism studies which examine the means by which legal interventions influence health. After examining the different categories of PHLR research, and reviewing the six original PHLR papers appearing in the Special Issue, with a particular focus on the methodological issues raised by each, the Introduction explores challenges that PHLR continues to face, as well as possible solutions to those challenges.
Doppler echocardiography was more accurate than B-type natriuretic peptide assay for detecting CHF in acute dyspnea.

Source Citation Logeart D, Saudubray C, Beyne P, et al. Comparative value of Doppler echocardiography and B-type natriuretic peptide assay in the etiologic diagnosis of acute dyspnea. J Am Coll Car...
The Copernican Revolution in Theology

Christianity has seen itself from the beginning as a way of life and salvation. Our next question is this: Do we regard the christian way as the only way, so that salvation is not to be found outside it; or do we regard the other great religions of mankind as other ways of life and salvation?
Ground fault over-voltage on sub-transmission and distribution circuit with high penetration of PV

Ground fault over-voltage (GFOV) study is an indispensable utility planning study for circuits with high penetration of PV. This paper presented mechanism of GFOV on sub-transmission circuit and distribution circuit caused by both rotating machine generation and PV inverter generation. GFOV on a real sub-transmission circuit with different penetration level of PV was modeled and simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results were analyzed according to the voltage arrester TOV curve as sub-transmission level study criteria and ITIC curve as distribution level study criteria. Based on comparing GFOV caused by rotating machine generation and by PV inverter generation, analysis results were discussed in detail. GFOV mitigation measures were also discussed in this paper.
Effect of SrO Doping on LaGaO3 Synthesis via Magnetron Sputtering

The high temperature growth behavior of epitaxial LaGaO3 thin films with and without SrO is determined with realtime x-ray scattering. We find SrO alters the thin film growth mode of LaGaO3, both when pre-deposited on a surface as well as when SrO and LaGaO3 are co-deposited. We also find that depositing a small amount of SrO on a LaGaO3 surface induces significant structural rearrangement in the film. We describe possible mechanisms under which these transformations may occur. The strong effect of SrO on the microstructure of La1-xSrxGaO3 likely has wider implications for other ionic conducting oxide materials.
STATINS USE AND LONG TERM OUTCOME POST SURGICAL AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Background: Statins have been shown to be beneficial after coronary artery bypass grafting. However, the association between statin use and long term outcomes after surgical bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement are conflicting. Methods: Consecutive patients (n = 429) who underwent surgical
A numerical framework for studying the biomechanical behavior of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is known as a leading cause of death in the United States. AAA is an abnormal dilation of the aorta, which usually occurs below the renal arteries and causes an expansion at least 1.5 times its normal diameter. It has been shown that biomechanical parameters of the aortic tissue coupled with a set of specific geometric parameters characterizing the vessel expansion, affect the risk of aneurysm rupture. Here, we developed a numerical framework that incorporates both biomechanical and geometrical factors to study the behavior of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Our workflow enables the extraction of the aneurysm geometry from both clinical quality, as well as low-resolution MR images. We used a two-parameter, hyper-elastic, isotropic, incompressible material to model the vessel tissue. Our numerical model was tested using both synthetic and mouse data and we evaluated the effects of the geometrical and biomechanical properties on the developed peak wall stress. In addition, we performed several parameter sensitivity studies to investigate the effect of different factors affecting the AAA and its behavior and rupture. Lastly, relationships between different geometrical and biomechanical parameters and peak wall stress were determined. These studies help us better understand vessel tissue response to various loading, geometry and biomechanics conditions, and we plan to further correlate these findings with the pathophysiological conditions from a patient population diagnosed with abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Demethylation Therapy as a Targeted Treatment for Human Papillomavirus–Associated Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose: DNA methylation in human papillomavirus-associated (HPV+) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) may have importance for continuous expression of HPV oncogenes, tumor cell proliferation, and survival. Here, we determined activity of a global DNA-demethylating agent, 5-azacytidine (5-aza), against HPV+ HNSCC in preclinical models and explored it as a targeted therapy in a window trial enrolling patients with HPV+ HNSCC.Experimental Design: Sensitivity of HNSCC cells to 5-aza treatment was determined, and then 5-aza activity was tested in vivo using xenografted tumors in a mouse model. Finally, tumor samples from patients enrolled in a window clinical trial were analyzed to identify activity of 5-aza therapy in patients with HPV+ HNSCC.Results: Clinical trial and experimental data show that 5-aza induced growth inhibition and cell death in HPV+ HNSCC. 5-aza reduced expression of HPV genes, stabilized p53, and induced p53-dependent apoptosis in HNSCC cells and tumors. 5-aza repressed expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in HPV+ HNSCC, activated IFN response in some HPV+ head and neck cancer cells, and inhibited the ability of HPV+ xenografted tumors to invade mouse blood vessels.Conclusions: 5-aza may provide effective therapy for HPV-associated HNSCC as an alternative or complement to standard cytotoxic therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(23); 7276-87. ©2017 AACR.
Natural History of Left Ventricular Mechanics in Transplanted Hearts: Relationships With Clinical Variables and Genetic Expression Profiles of Allograft Rejection

Objectives The aim of this study was to explore the temporal evolution of left ventricular (LV) mechanics in relation to clinical variables and genetic expression profiles implicated in cardiac allograft function. Background Considerable uncertainty exists regarding the range and determinants of variability in LV systolic performance in transplanted hearts (TXH). Methods Fifty-one patients (mean age 53 ± 12 years; 37 men) underwent serial assessment of echocardiograms, cardiac catheterization, gene expression profiles, and endomyocardial biopsy data within 2 weeks and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after transplantation. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking data were compared between patients with TXH and 37 controls (including 12 post–coronary artery bypass patients). Post-transplantation mortality and hospitalizations were recorded with a median follow-up period of 944 days. Results Global longitudinal strain (LS) and radial strain remained attenuated in patients with TXH at all time points (p Conclusions Speckle tracking–derived LV strains are helpful in estimating the burden of LV dysfunction in patients with TXH that evolves independent of biopsy-detected cellular rejection. Failure to improve global LS at 3 months after transplantation is associated with a higher incidence of death and cardiac events. Serial changes in LV mechanics correlate with peripheral blood gene expression profiles and may affect the clinical assessment of long-term prognosis in patients with TXH.
A Review of Tools and Techniques for Data-Enabled Formative Assessment:

The purpose of this literature review is to understand the current state of research on tools that collect data for the purpose of formative assessment. We were interested in identifying the types of data collected by these tools, how these data were processed, and how the processed data were presented to the instructor or student for the purpose of formative assessment. We identified two categories of data: machine-graded and activity stream data. The data were processed using three methods: unprocessed activity streams, descriptive data analysis, and data mining. Processed data were presented to students through reports and real-time feedback and to instructors through reports and visual dashboards.
Volunteer Animal Rescue in the Exclusion Zone II

This chapter “Volunteer Animal Rescue in the Exclusion Zone I” introduces major animal rescue operations in the exclusion zone initiated by grassroots animal protection groups and individual volunteers on their own. They engaged in the rescue work in order to fill the void left by the inadequate government animal rescue operations. Nevertheless, the governmental agencies not only denied them financial and logistic support, but also banned them from engaging in the animal rescue work. Thus, they risked their own lives in order to save the animals left behind in the zone by entering the zone in violation of the law and being exposed to a high level of radiation.
Single-crystal x-ray diffraction and impedance spectroscopy investigations of the RbxCs1-xH2PO4 (0≤x≤1) proton conductor series

Abstract We have used single-crystal x-ray diffraction to investigate the structural modifications induced by Rb-doping of the superprotonic conductor CsH 2 PO 4 . We found that the monoclinic P 2 1 / m CsH 2 PO 4 modification persists within the Rb x Cs 1-x H 2 PO 4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) series upon Rb-doping from x = 0.1 to x = 0.7. Rb 0.8 Cs 0.2 H 2 PO 4 (x = 0.8), however, exhibits a previously unreported P 2 1 / c monoclinic phase, where the mirror plane is lost and disorder is present in the PO 4 tetrahedra even at room temperature. Higher levels of x display a tetragonal I-42d unit cell isomorphic with the known structure of RbH 2 PO 4 . The temperature dependence of the proton conductivity determined from impedance spectroscopy data collected within the 160⁰C-250 °C range is also markedly different at high Rb-doping levels, x ≥ 0.8. Finally, we found that Rb 0.9 Cs 0.1 H 2 PO 4 undergoes a transition from its room-temperature tetragonal I-42d phase to an intermediate-temperature monoclinic P 2 1 / m modification at a significantly lower temperature (∼80 °C) than its RbH 2 PO 4 counterpart (∼120 °C).
Adolescent Time Use, Companionship, and the Relationship with Development

This chapter examines where and with whom adolescents are spending their time and the relationship between those activities and adolescent development. Specifically, developmental and life course outcomes related to activities engaged in while at home, school, and after-school are discussed. Time spent in unsupervised activities tends to be associated with poorer outcomes regardless of whether an adolescent is away from home with friends or home alone with nothing to do. Additionally, peers have great potential to shape developmental and life course outcomes of other peers with whom they interact, including providing positive reinforcement for engaging in risky behaviors like drinking. Areas where less is known about adolescents and risky behaviors but for which there is a great potential to learn more are discussed at the end of the chapter.
Latent Growth Curve Models with Random and Fixed Effects

Previous research using latent growth curve models has been within the framework of random effects. Using longitudinal data on men’s BMI taken from the National Longitudinal Study of 1979, I show that traditional latent growth curve models estimated in a random-effects framework can be extended to a fixed-effects framework. I also show that latent growth curve models can be estimated when time-constant covariates are modeled on the inter-subject level. Finally, using data taken from the Early Years of Marriage Project, I demonstrate that latent growth curve models can be used for analyzing paired data. Specifically, the latent intercept and slope terms of husbands and wives can be allowed to co-vary.
Mathematical Models of Physical and Social Systems

In this paper a “classical procedure” is discussed for building mathematical models of physical, technological and real-life phenomena. The method is accompanied by appropriate remarks and applications.
Actin regulation and surface catalysis

The motile behavior of non-muscle cells often differs between healthy and pathological conditions. Two disease processes, cancer and atherosclerosis, are associated with high morbidity and mortality in our society. The cells involved in both the pathogenesis of and me defense against these diseases undergo marked changes in the organization of their actin cytoskeletonl1,2. In response to a signal originating from the extracellular space, from surrounding cells, or as the result of a mutation, diseased cells initiate a process of motion away from their normal location. Local growth inhibitors are lost, and displaced cells undergo unchecked proliferation1. One example of such a phenomenon is the migration of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells into the vascular intima and their proliferation in patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease2. Another example is the proliferation of metastatic cells distant from the site of primary tumor1.
CRISPR Correction of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

The ability to efficiently modify the genome using CRISPR technology has rapidly revolutionized biology and genetics and will soon transform medicine. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) represents o...
The effect of an interprofessional pain service on nonmalignant pain control.

Purpose The primary objective of this project was to evaluate an existing interprofessional, nonmalignant pain service by measuring the difference in patient pain scores (numeric rating scale-11) before and after a pharmacist-led pain education class and medication therapy management (MTM) visit. Secondary objectives included determining the percentage of pharmacist recommendations approved, patient satisfaction, and difference in immediate release (IR) and extended release (ER) opioid use before and after enrollment. Methods Baseline data were obtained from a retrospective chart review. Enrolled patients attended an educational pain class with the pharmacist. At the MTM visit with the pharmacist 3-14 days after the initial education class, the patient's pain score was assessed along with his/her medication use, and a care plan was developed and forwarded to the referring provider for implementation. Three months after the pain class and participation in the MTM visit, patients were contacted via telephone to complete a survey. The survey questions assessed patient satisfaction with the pain education program, their current pain score, and their knowledge of information covered during the pain class. Results Patients reported an average preenrollment pain score of 8.3/10 (n = 39) and a post-survey pain score of 5.6/10 (n = 39). The IR opioid use averaged 19.7 morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD) at enrollment and decreased by 40% to 11.8 MEDD. The provider approval rate of the pharmacist-recommended interventions ranged from 80% to 92%, depending on the predesignated disease state category. Conclusion An interprofessional, nonmalignant-pain service including a pharmacist-led class resulted in a decrease in average pain scores and MEDD in an underserved population.
Synthesis of 1,3‐disubstituted‐2‐amino‐5‐hydroxyindoles by reductive aromatization

Reductive aromatization and demethylation of 1,3-disubstituted-2-amino-5-oxo-7a-methyl-5,7a-dihydroindoles with zinc, pyridine and a trace of water yields 1,3-disubstituted-2-amino-5-hydroxyindoles. Simple derivatives of the 5-hydroxy substituent are described.
Writing, archives and exhibits: Piloting partnerships between special collections and writing classes:

The University of Denver (DU) Libraries has been producing exhibitions for close to a decade and has recently increased its efforts to partner with classes, campus units and community organizations...
Organizing for collaboration: An actor-oriented architecture in ImproveCareNow.

Background Collaborative learning health systems (CLHSs) enable patients, clinicians, researchers, and others to collaborate at scale to improve outcomes and generate new knowledge. An organizational framework to facilitate this collaboration is the actor-oriented architecture, composed of (a) actors (people, organizations, and databases) with the values and abilities to self-organize; (b) a commons where they create and share resources; and (c) structures, protocols, and processes that facilitate multiactor collaboration. CLHSs may implement a variety of changes to strengthen the actor-oriented architecture and enable more actors to create and share resources. Objective To describe and measure implementation of elements of the actor-oriented architecture in an existing Collaborative Learning Health System. Methods We used the case of ImproveCareNow, a CLHS improving outcomes in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, founded in 2006. We traced several network-level indicators of actor-oriented architecture between 2010 and 2016. Results We identified measures of actors, the commons, and ways that have made it easier for network member sites to participate. These indicators show ImproveCareNow has made changes in the three elements of the actor-oriented architecture over time. Conclusion It is possible to measure the implementation of an actor-oriented architecture in a CLHS. The elements of the actor-oriented architecture may provide a conceptual framework for their development and optimization. Metrics such as those described here may be actionable indicators of the "health of the system."
The Role of the Microbiome in Food Allergy: A Review

Food allergies are common and estimated to affect 8% of children and 11% of adults in the United States. They pose a significant burden—physical, economic and social—to those affected. There is currently no available cure for food allergies. Emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome contributes to the development and manifestations of atopic disease. According to the hygiene hypothesis, children growing up with older siblings have a lower incidence of allergic disease compared with children from smaller families, due to their early exposure to microbes in the home. Research has also demonstrated that certain environmental exposures, such as a farming environment, during early life are associated with a diverse bacterial experience and reduced risk of allergic sensitization. Dysregulation in the homeostatic interaction between the host and the microbiome or gut dysbiosis appears to precede the development of food allergy, and the timing of such dysbiosis is critical. The microbiome affects food tolerance via the secretion of microbial metabolites (e.g., short chain fatty acids) and the expression of microbial cellular components. Understanding the biology of the microbiome and how it interacts with the host to maintain gut homeostasis is helpful in developing smarter therapeutic approaches. There are ongoing trials evaluating the benefits of probiotics and prebiotics, for the prevention and treatment of atopic diseases to correct the dysbiosis. However, the routine use of probiotics as an intervention for preventing allergic disease is not currently recommended. A new approach in microbial intervention is to attempt a more general modification of the gut microbiome, such as with fecal microbiota transplantation. Developing targeted bacterial therapies for food allergy may be promising for both the treatment and prevention of food allergy. Similarly, fecal microbiota transplantation is being explored as a potentially beneficial interventional approach. Overall, targeted bacterial therapies for food allergy may be promising for both the treatment and prevention of food allergy.
Transitions in alcohol use over time: a survival analysis

The current study examined the predictors of the onset of alcohol use as well as predictors of remission and relapse, both from heavy drinking and from alcohol dependence. Similarities and differences in both clinical and psychosocial predictors across the transitions were examined. A sample of men from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry (N = 1769) completed an assessment of lifetime drinking history, which allowed age markers for starting and stopping different drinking patterns. The men also completed various assessments regarding personality, alcohol motives, and psychiatric diagnoses. Survival analyses were used to examine the predictors of the three transitions of onset, remission, and relapse for the phenotypes of heavy drinking and of alcohol dependence, censoring the individuals who had not yet experienced an event. As expected, predictors of onset for drinking, heavy drinking, and alcohol dependence were largely consistent and included externalizing symptomology, nicotine dependence, and cotwin history of drinking as risk factors. Predictors of remission from heavy drinking, somewhat similarly to remission from alcohol dependence, included the risk factor of externalizing disorders but also, as predicted, included more risk and protective factors in the psychosocial realm that were not predictors of onset. Contrary to our prediction, relapse to heavy drinking and alcohol dependence were predicted largely by unique psychosocial risk and protective factors including social and coping motives. Current findings extend the findings of past research to remission and relapse in the later decades of life and have implications for treatment of alcohol use problems.
Search for the EWK Production of Compressed SUSY with Soft Leptons

The previous chapters discuss the production of \(\tilde{\chi }_1^{\pm }\tilde{\chi }_2^{0}\) decaying via W and Z bosons to two or three leptons and missing energy. The assumption is that \(\tilde{\chi }_1^{\pm }\) and \(\tilde{\chi }_2^{0}\) were mass degenerate winos and the LSP, \(\tilde{\chi }_1^{0}\), is a bino. This chapter will also present a search of \(\tilde{\chi }_1^{\pm }\tilde{\chi }_2^{0}\) decaying via W and Z bosons to two leptons and missing energy. In this case, the assumption is that all SUSY particles are higgsinos, and the mass of the chargino, \(m(\tilde{\chi }_1^{\pm })\), is in between the mass of the two neutralinos. The production of higgsino particles result a compressed spectrum, as shown in Sect. 6.3.
Designing with examples: a study on the role of familiarity, warnings and physical modelling

Design fixation refers to the unintentional repetition of design features from one's own earlier concepts or other available examples during design ideation. Since a wide range of ideas is expected...
David Oliver: What has the pandemic taught us about using frailty scales?

For decades the geriatric medicine clinical and research community has been discussing the concept, definition, causation, and clinical relevance of frailty,12 eventually influencing mainstream health policy and thinking outside our specialties.34 England’s pandemic response has pushed frailty onto a bigger stage: notably, the use of the clinical frailty scale (CFS) to triage, target, and potentially ration scarce intensive and high dependency care.5 While I’m pleased to see frailty and structured assessments promoted so keenly, this hasn’t been without controversies. In particular, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence’s rapid guidelines on covid-19 critical care in adults, issued at the start of the pandemic in March 2020, had to be revised and updated …
Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades

The article shows that the technological precursors of decentralization require a reexamination of technological infrastructure for decentralized systems. Highlighting the past and present events in technology development that helped usher in the age of decentralization, the article examines the role of technology-based networking in the evolution of decentralization. The evolution of increased networking capabilities had real economic consequences. Platform business proliferation, the API economy, the sharing economy, and the network information economy are key examples. Similar economic consequences can be expected in the aftermath of the decentralized technology infrastructure evolution. The article concludes with a discussion of decentralized technology infrastructure upgrades that enable the evolving age of technology, business, and societal decentralization.
Participation in Individual Placement and Support in the Supported Employment Demonstration.

Individual placement and support (IPS) was the primary intervention in the United States Social Security Administration's supported employment demonstration (SED), a large randomized trial that sought to increase employment and reduce disability among those whose first application for disability benefits was denied. Researchers developed a measure of participation in IPS services to quantify participation among enrollees assigned to receive IPS. The IPS participation measure, which IPS teams completed monthly for individual clients, recorded clients assigned to IPS as being either out of contact with their IPS treatment teams or, if in contact, according to their employment status (employed or not employed) and receipt of IPS job search services (participating or not participating). The measure also recorded types of IPS activities and reasons for non-participation. IPS teams completed the IPS participation measure at a rate of approximately 95% each month. Between 27 and 35% of enrollees assigned to a treatment condition participated in IPS services each month during the first 24 months of measurement. The most common activities were applying for jobs and attending job interviews. Most of those out of contact were not responding to outreach efforts (58-72%). Those in contact but not participating despite being unemployed were typically either uninterested in employment (20-44%) or difficult to reach (10-16%). As IPS expands to serve new populations, it will be important to document and understand the links between individual characteristics, variance in participation patterns, and employment outcomes. Subsequent analyses of SED data will investigate these relationships among enrollees.
The World of Literary Writers

African literary writers have a profound literary culture that they use at different times as a necessary instrument to forge an outstanding identity. There are times when literary works are used to preserve African culture, and there are times when they are used to recreate history. Literary works are often used to evaluate cultures and writers mostly use the texts to inspire revolutionary changes in the immediate society. This, therefore, foregrounds the difference between the African literary culture and other literary cultures because while others may sometimes serve only esthetic or entertainment purposes, African literary cultures have the utilitarian sanction. African literary writers depend largely on the continent’s oral traditions as these remain the source of their literary engagement. Here, we shall consider a number of these African literary writers who have made significant contributions to global literary traditions. We will also examine how their works have been of global importance and, where needed, give an informed judgment on their artistic orderliness. This chapter examines the works of literary writers like Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, Nuruddin Farah, and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. The works of these writers are placed in the context of the struggle for a better African society and decolonization of knowledge.
Ecological consequences of chemically mediated prey perception.

To locate food, mobile consumers in aquatic habitats perceive and move towards sources of attractive chemicals. There has been much progress in understanding how consumers use chemicals to identify and locate prey despite the elusive identity of odor signals and the complex effects of turbulence on chemical dispersion. This review highlights how integrative studies on behavior, fluid physics, and chemical isolation can be fundamental in elucidating mechanisms that regulate species composition and distribution. We suggest three areas where further research may yield important ecological insights. First, although basic aspects of stimulatory molecules are known, our understanding of how consumers identify prey from a distance remains poor, and the lack of studies examining the influence of distance perception on food preference may result in inaccurate estimation of foraging behavior in the field. Second, the ability of many animals to find prey is greatest in unidirectional, low turbulence flow environments, although recent evidence indicates a trade-off in movement speed versus tracking ability in turbulent conditions. This suggests that predator foraging mode may affect competitive interactions among consumers, and that turbulence provides a hydrodynamic refuge in space or time, leading to particular associations between predator success, prey distributions, and flow. Third, studies have been biased towards examining predator tracking. Current data suggest a variety of mechanisms prey may use to disguise their presence and avoid predation; these mechanisms also may produce associations between prey and flow environments. These examples of how chemical attraction may mediate interactions between consumers and their resources suggest that the ecology of chemically mediated prey perception may be as fundamental to the organization of aquatic communities as the ecology of chemical deterrence.
Building a secure and highly scalable data distribution system

This paper describes the design, implementation, and performance evaluation of MykilDDS, a secure and highly scalable data distribution system over the Internet. MykilDDS facilitates a secure distribution of data over the Internet to a significantly large number of clients. It integrates IP multicast with Mykil group key management system. Important advantages of MykilDDS include security, high scalability, differentiated quality of service for data distribution, high availability, and support for user mobility and smaller, hand-held devices. A prototype of MykilDDS has been implemented. The paper describes this implementation and reports on the performance measured from this implementation.
Content-based image segmentation

This paper explains how to extract feature points from an image and then segment the image based on these features. The feature extraction algorithms are robust enough since they are invariant to geometrical transformations including rotation, stretch and skew. The feature points are used to define Voronoi cells and image segments based on the Voronoi diagram. These segments can be used for a number of potential applications including image compression and image watermarking. This will enhance regional based algorithms.
Large high-field spaceborne experimental magnet systems: design considerations

Summary form only. Several programs that will place large, high-intensity magnets in low Earth orbit are being planned. However, large high-field magnets have yet to be operated in space, and possible environmental plasma effects of these magnets are open issues. The authors have investigated design constraints for normal, superconducting, and permanent magnets from the perspective of possible precursor experiments appropriate for various space missions. For the magnetic field, the order (dipole, quadrupole) orientation with respect to Earth field and spacecraft, field intensity and pulse shape has been examined with respect to its impact on the spacecraft design, mission profile, and ground operation. Parametric optimization of the magnet system (cost, weight, size, power intensity, and pulse shape flexibility) has been carried out, and achievable performance for the various magnetic systems and mission options has been estimated. The practicality of rapidly pulsed magnets has been considered. >
Approximations to the moments of the sojourn time in a tandem queue with overtaking

The sojourn time in a tandem queue with exponential servers and a Pois-son arrival process is considered. Overtaking is possible since the first node is processor-shared and the second node is first-come-first served. Asymptotic approximations are constructed for the first two moments of the sojourn time conditioned on the number in each node on arrival. Our approximations are shown to be in good agreement with simulated results.
mRNA blood expression patterns in new-onset idiopathic pediatric epilepsy

Summary Purpose: Determine if blood messenger RNA (mRNA) expression patterns in children with newly diagnosed untreated idiopathic epilepsy are different from those in healthy controls. Determine the differential expression patterns between epilepsy patients with generalized onset or partial onset seizures compared to healthy controls. Methods: Whole blood was obtained from otherwise healthy pediatric patients with newly diagnosed untreated idiopathic epilepsy along with healthy pediatric controls. mRNA was isolated and hybridized to Affymetrix HGU 133 2.0+ microarrays. Analysis was performed using Genespring. Differentially expressed gene lists resulted from comparison of (1) epilepsy and control groups and (2) seizure type subgroups with controls. Tissue expression and gene ontology analysis was performed using DAVID. Key Findings: Thirty-seven epilepsy patients and 28 controls were included. Overall, 575 genes were differentially expressed in subjects with epilepsy compared to controls. The generalized seizure subgroup versus control (GvC) gene list and the partial seizure subgroup versus control (PvC) gene list were different (p < 0.05). Tissue expression analysis identified almost half of the genes in GvC and PvC as brain based. Functional group analysis identified several biologically relevant pathways. In GvC, these included mitochondria and lymphocyte activation. In PvC, we identified apoptosis, inflammatory defense, and cell motion pathways. Significance: A unique, biologically meaningful mRNA expression pattern is detectable in whole blood of pediatric subjects with new-onset and untreated epilepsy. This analysis finds many similar pathways to those identified in brain studies examining lesional intractable epilepsy. Blood mRNA expression patterns show promise as a target for biomarker development in pediatric epilepsy.
A Retrospective Study Of Patient Care Needs On Admission To An Inpatient Hospice Facility

Background: The care and support of dying patients and their families are among the most important skills of a family physician. In this century, an increasing proportion of deaths have occurred in hospitals with resulting medicalization of the dying process. Hospice care has emerged to focus on the relief of suffering rather than the cure of illness. This descriptive study reports information about the diagnoses, care needs, and attending physicians of a cohort of patients admitted to a free-standing, inpatient hospice program. Methods: We undertook a retrospective chart review of 335 patients admitted to a hospice program during a 26-month period, collecting data recorded on standardized nursing assessment forms. These forms provided information on 19 biologic, functional, and psychosocial symptom groups at the time of admission. Results: Family physicians were the admitting physicians in a minority of hospice admissions. Pain and mobility problems were the most frequent symptoms encountered. Other common issues included bowel, respiratory, and nutritional problems. Emotional difficulties were noted less frequently than these common biomedical problems. Conclusions: Family physicians should be trained to address core problems encountered in the care of dying patients. Multidisciplinary team approaches are essential in the management of many problems encountered in hospice care.
Discrimination-reversal training eliminates perceptual errors of learning-disabled children☆

Abstract It was hypothesized that attentional deficits may be related to errors of letter rotation and inversion shown by learning-disabled (LD) children. Letter pairs that could not be distinguished by LD children were used as stimulus items and presented using a discrimination-reversal paradigm. Throughout the acquisition and reversal trials, LD children were reinforced for correctly selecting one of two similar-appearing letters in a pair of items. In acquisition the discrimination of similar-appearing letters was facilitated with the addition of external cues consisting of size of letter and/or color of background. In reversal, the value of these external cues was made irrelevant so that only the form and orientation of the letter remained as a relevant cue. It was found that LD children could learn to successfully discriminate between similar-appearing letters even when the more salient external cues were reversed and made irrelevant. A learning-to-learn phenomenon consisting of enhanced responding to the more relevant cues and decreased responding to the more salient cues, but irrelevant cues occurred within and between problems. Further, while there were no significant changes between pretest and post-test error scores for the LD children in the control group, the LD children in the experimental group could correctly differentiate similar-appearing letter pairs on the immediate post-test and on the post-test given 4 days later. These results suggest that discrimination-reversal training facilitated the elimination of letter reversal errors by permitting LD children to respond more to relevant cues than to salient cues that were always irrelevant.
Task-specific noise exposure during manual concrete surface grinding in enclosed areas-influence of operation variables and dust control methods.

Noise exposure is a distinct hazard during hand-held concrete grinding activities, and its assessment is challenging because of the many variables involved. Noise dosimeters were used to examine the extent of personal noise exposure while concrete grinding was performed with a variety of grinder sizes, types, accessories, and available dust control methods. Noise monitoring was conducted in an enclosed area covering 52 task-specific grinding sessions lasting from 6 to 72 minutes. Noise levels, either in minute average noise level (Lavg, dBA) or in minute peak (dBC), during concrete grinding were significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with general ventilation (GV: on, off), dust control methods (uncontrolled, wet, Shop-Vac, HEPA, HEPA-Cyclone), grinding cup wheel (blade) sizes of 4-inch (100 mm), 5-inch (125 mm) and 6-inch (150 mm), and surface orientation (horizontal, inclined). Overall, minute Lavg during grinding was 97.0 ± 3.3 (mean ± SD), ranging from 87.9 to 113. The levels of minute Lavg during uncontr...
Broca's area: rethinking classical concepts from a neuroscience perspective.

Just about one and one-half centuries ago, Paul Broca identified the posterior third left frontal convolution of the human brain as a critical area for speech production. Although years of cerebrovascular accident localization studies partially confirmed Broca’s claim, recent years have seen a clarification and expansion of the role Broca’s area plays in serial processing of language and speech as well as a probable role in nonlinguistic processing. This article will review some of the more recent anatomical and physiological research, including lesion studies, imaging research, and interoperative electrocortical stimulation studies. The article will summarize the research on the role of the human inferior frontal gyrus in lexical, phonologic, and grammatical production, the so-called “mirror mechanism” and other aspects of cognitive processing and motor execution.
Latitude variations in light scattered from polar mesospheric clouds

A middle ultraviolet imager over the northern and southern polar regions has measured the scattered intensities of polar mesospheric clouds (PMC) during the austral summer of 1997–98 and the arctic summer of 1999. The intensities, corrected for solar zenith angle, are those at the peak in the PMC radiance profiles for a waveband of 235–263 nm. The peak radiance averaged 12.0±11.0 mega-Rayleighs (MR) for 13 passes over the south polar region, where the scattering angle was ∼111°. The peak radiance averaged 11.4±7.6 MR for 12 passes over the north polar region, where the scattering angle was ∼48°. The PMC intensities increased with increasing latitude in both the north and the south, but the rate of increase was twice as fast in the south (0.60 MR/° latitude) as in the north (0.32 MR/° latitude).
Chimeric Forms of Furin and Tgn38 Are Transported from the Plasma Membrane to the Trans-Golgi Network via Distinct Endosomal Pathways

Furin and TGN38 are membrane proteins that cycle between the plasma membrane and the trans-Golgi network (TGN), each maintaining a predominant distribution in the TGN. We have used chimeric proteins with an extracellular Tac domain and the cytoplasmic domain of TGN38 or furin to study the trafficking of these proteins in endosomes. Previously, we demonstrated that the postendocytic trafficking of Tac-TGN38 to the TGN is via the endocytic recycling pathway (Ghosh, R.N., W.G. Mallet, T.T. Soe, T.E. McGraw, and F.R. Maxfield. 1998. J. Cell Biol. 142:923–936). Here we show that internalized Tac-furin is delivered to the TGN through late endosomes, bypassing the endocytic recycling compartment. The transport of Tac-furin from late endosomes to the TGN appears to proceed via an efficient, single-pass mechanism. Delivery of Tac-furin but not Tac-TGN38 to the TGN is blocked by nocodazole, and the two pathways are also differentially affected by wortmannin. These studies demonstrate the existence of two independent pathways for endosomal transport of proteins to the TGN from the plasma membrane.