cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total Cross Sections for Inelastic Scattering of Charged Particles by Atoms and Molecules. IV. Positive Lithium Ion

The Born cross sections for several important discrete excitations of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ from its ground state have been calculated with correlated wave functions. By extrapolation, cross sections for higher excitations have also been determined. Subtraction of the sum ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ex}}$ of these excitation cross sections from the total inelastic-scattering cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{tot}}$ obtained through a sum rule for the Bethe cross sections yields a reliable "counting" ionization cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{i}$. The cross sections thus obtained are ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{tot}}={(\frac{z}{\ensuremath{\beta}})}^{2}(0.536{\mathrm{ln}[\frac{{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}{(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2})}]\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}+5.216\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}20}$ ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ex}}={(\frac{z}{\ensuremath{\beta}})}^{2}(0.265{\mathrm{ln}[\frac{{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}{(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2})}]\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}+2.295\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}20}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{i}={(\frac{z}{\ensuremath{\beta}})}^{2}(0.271{\mathrm{ln}[\frac{{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}{(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2})}]\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}+2.921\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}20}$ where $\mathrm{ze}$ is the charge of the incident particle and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is its velocity divided by that of light. The ionization cross section is in excellent agreement with experimental data in the asymptotic region (incident electron energy \ensuremath{\gtrsim} 5 keV).
A rational approximation of the inverse normal probability function

Abstract We present coefficients for a rational approximation to the inverse normal probability function. The approximants are well suited for the double precision computation of the function. The error of the rational approximation is much smaller than the machine roundoff.
Comparison of the form(s) of cytochrome P-450 induced by ethanol and glutethimide in cultured chick hepatocytes.

Abstract In this study, using a combination of immunological and enzymatic characterizations, we compared the forms of cytochrome P-450 induced by ethanol and glutethimide in primary cultures of chicken embryo hepatocytes. Recently we purified a cytochrome P-450 of 50K molecular weight from chicken embryo liver using glutethimide as a prototypic inducer. Antibodies to both this chicken cytochrome P-450 and to rabbit cytochrome P-450 form 3a from the IIE subfamily detected microsomal proteins of 50K induced by either ethanol or glutethimide in cultured chick embryo hepatocytes, indicating the antigenic homology of these subfamilies of cytochromes P-450 among different animal species. However, the antibody to glutethimide-induced chick cytochrome P-450 of 50K inhibited p -nitrophenol hydroxylase and benzphetamine demethylase activities 85–90% in microsomes from both ethanol- and glutethimide-treated cells, indicating similar epitopes whose integrity is required for catalytic activity. In contrast, antibodies to rabbit cytochrome P-450 form 3a had little to no effect on these same microsomal activities. Both ethanol and glutethimide induced microsomal p -nitrophenol and aniline hydroxylase activities in cultured chick embryo hepatocytes. In microsomes from ethanol-treated cells, the turnover of p -nitrophenol per cytochrome P-450 was 2-fold greater than that induced by glutethimide treatment, suggesting that ethanol is inducing a form of cytochrome P-450 that has greater catalytic activity with this substrate than glutethimide-induced forms. Thus, in cultured chick embryo hepatocytes, ethanol may induce cytochromes P-450 from both the IIB and IIE subfamilies.
Effect of rapid delayed rectifier current on hysteresis in restitution of action potential duration in swine

Electrical stability in the heart depends on two important factors; restitution of action potential duration (APD) and memory. Repolarization currents play an important role in determining APD and also affect memory. We determined the effects of blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier (I Kr ) on a quantifiable measure of memory, i.e. hysteresis in restitution of APD, in swine. Transmembrane potentials were recorded from right ventricular endocardial tissues. Two pacing protocols with explicit control of diastolic interval (DI) were used to change DIs in a sequential and sinusoidal pattern to quantify hysteresis in restitution of APD. E-4031 (5 µM/L) was used to block I Kr . Measures of memory and restitution were quantified by calculating hysteresis loop thickness, area, overall tilt, and maximum and minimum delays between DIs and APDs. Blocking I Kr with E-4031 increased the baseline APD, loop thickness, area, and tilt (p&#60;0.05). However, loop thickness did not increase beyond what could be predicted by the increase in baseline APD after block of I Kr . The substantial change in APD after blocking I Kr suggests that this current plays a major role in repolarization in the swine. Loop thickness is a measure of memory, an increase in which is predicted by theory to reduce instability in activation. In our study, the substantial increase in loop thickness could be accounted for by an equally substantial increase in APD and therefore does not necessarily indicate increased memory after blocking I Kr . Our results also suggest that factors based on restitution and memory need to be considered in the context of operating point, i.e. baseline APD, when they are used to explore mechanisms that affect electrical stability in the heart.
I Respectfully Dissent: Consensus, Agendas, and Policymaking on the U.S. Supreme Court, 1888–1999

Scholars have been intrigued by the abrupt change in the rate of nonconsensual opinions that the Supreme Court has published over time, which substantially increased beginning with the battles concerning the court's New Deal transition in the 1930s. Notwithstanding, none of the prior studies on this topic has made any link, whether theoretical or empirical, between the Supreme Court's issuance of these special opinions and the justices’ policy preferences. We utilize fractional cointegration to examine the relationship between consensus, agendas, and decisionmaking on the Supreme Court. We find that there is a systematic interrelation between the justices’ policy preferences and their issuance of nonconsensual opinions that is dependent upon the policy agenda before the court. In turn, this connection influences the court's policy outcomes, demonstrating that the justices’ behavior regarding nonconsensual opinion writing is a classic example of judicial policymaking.
Effect of Weight Loss in Adults on Estimation of Risk Due to Adiposity in a Cohort Study

The effect of overweight and obesity on the risk of fatal disease tends to attenuate with age. To evaluate whether this effect is partly attributable to disease-related weight loss, we examined the prebaseline history of weight loss and diseases associated with weight loss among adults enrolled in a cohort study. We conducted an analysis of 7,855 adult cohort members of the Adventist Health Study (AHS) I who had provided anthropometric data on surveys at baseline and 17 years prior to baseline. Among adults in the recommended range of BMI (19–25 kg/m2) at baseline we found that: (i) the prevalence of prebaseline weight loss of 5 kg/m2 from an overweight or obese state was 20.4% and increased with age (12.6% for 85 years) and (ii) prebaseline weight loss of 5 kg/m2 from an overweight or obese state was associated with diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 2.91 95% confidence interval (CI) = (2.16, 3.93)), coronary heart disease (OR = 1.84 95% CI = (1.42, 2.40)), and high blood pressure (OR = 1.51 95% CI = (1.26, s1.82)). During 12 years of follow-up, we found evidence that hazard ratios for adiposity can be confounded by disease-related weight loss. Our findings raise the possibility that prebaseline weight loss can confound the estimation of risk due to adiposity at baseline in a cohort study.
The vapor pressure of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) and chlorodifluoromethane (R22)

We measured the vapor pressure of chlorodifluoromethane (commonly known as R22) at temperatures between 217.1 and 248.5 K and of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (commonly known as R134a) in the temperature range 214.4 to 264.7 K using a comparative ebulliometer. For 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane at pressures between 220.8 and 1017.7kPa (corresponding to temperatures in the range 265.6 to 313.2K), additional measurements were made with a Burnett apparatus. We have combined our results for 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane with those already published from this laboratory at higher pressures to obtain a smoothing equation for the vapor pressure from 215 K to the critical temperature. For chlorodifluoromethane our results have been combined with certain published results to provide an equation for the vapor pressure at temperatures from 217 K to the critical temperature.
Kinetics of surface ordering: Pb on Ni(001)

We apply high resolution x-ray diffraction to study the development of the c(2 X 2) phase of Pb on Ni(001). We observe lineshapes in agreement with the scaling theory of Ohta, Jasnow, and Kawasaki, but with an anomalously slow time dependence of average domain size R on time t, R (alpha) t0.12. The presence of 1% - 3% carbon on the surface apparently acts as a weak random field. We are able to understand the observed power law dependence and the observed effect of C density in an adaptation of the analysis of the random field Ising model given by Grinstein and Fernandez.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
In vitro evolution used to define a protein recognition site within a large RNA domain

Abstract A minimum of 460 nucleotides of 16S ribosomal RNA are needed to fold the target site for E. coli ribosomal protein S4, although a much smaller region within this large domain is protected from chemical reagents by the protein. Starting with a 531-nucleotide rRNA fragment, cycles of mutagenesis, selection with S4, and amplification (‘in vitro evolution’) were used to obtain a pool of 30 RNA sequences selected for S4 recognition but ∼30% different from wild type. Numerous compensatory base pair changes have largely preserved the same secondary structure among these RNAs as found in wild-type sequences. A 20-base deletion and a single nucleotide insertion are among several unusual features found in most of the selected sequences and also prevalent among other prokaryotic rRNAs. Most of the compensatory base changes and selected features are located outside of the region protected by S4 from chemical reagents. It was unexpected that S4 would select for RNA structures throughout such a large domain; the selected features are probably contributing indirectly to S4 recognition by promoting correct tertiary folding of the region actually contacted by S4. The role of S4 may be to stabilize this domain (nearly one-third of the 16S rRNA) in its proper conformation for ribosome function.
Stress rate and the lagrangian formulation of the finite-strain plasticity for a von mises kinematic hardening model

Abstract The use of the Jaumann stress rate, in kinematic hardening finite-strain plasticity, in the case of simple shear generates oscillations in the stress field. Alternate theories have been introduced to define other stress rates by making use of the polar decomposition and consequently producing increasing shear stress. In this work, a Lagrangian formulation is introduced which, for the case of simple shear produces monotonically increasing stress-strain relationships. The yield criterion is originally expressed in terms of the Cauchy stress and subsequently transformed to the Lagrangian reference frame. The associated flow rule used here preserves the normality rule in the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress space and is equivalent to that of the Cauchy stress space. This approach preserves the accuracy of the interpretation of the material behavior in the Eulcrian reference frame and it also bypasses the use of the Jaumann stress rate in the formulation of kinematic hardening finite-strain plasticity.
Differential effect of halothane on motor evoked potentials elicited by transcranial electric or magnetic stimulation in the monkey.

Objective Halothane (HAL) is known to depress motor evoked potentials produced by transcranial magnetic (tcMMEP) or transcranial electric (tcEMEP) stimulation. This␣study was designed to determine if differences existed between tcEMEP and tcMMEP with increasing HAL concentra- tions.
Prospective single-site case series utilizing an endolumenal tissue anchoring system for revision of post-RYGB stomal and pouch dilatation

Interventional therapy for weight regain after gastric bypass surgery has been tempered by higher complications associated with revisional surgery. Endolumenal reduction of post-bypass stomal and pouch dilatation offers the promise of a safer approach. Questions still remain regarding safety and efficacy with these procedures. We report intra- and postoperative results to date utilizing an endolumenal suturing platform for this patient subset. Patients who had regained significant weight 2+ years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) after losing ≥50% of excess body weight (EBW) post RYGB underwent endolumenal stomal and pouch reduction if they endoscopically displayed post-bypass stomal and/or pouch dilatation. The platform was utilized to endolumenally reduce stoma size by creating circumferential folds with a tissue anchoring system. Anchors were also utilized to approximate gastric pouch tissue. Information regarding patient baseline status and data on procedural safety, intraoperative performance, postoperative weight loss, and anchor durability were recorded to date with use of this system. In 20/21 subjects we were able to successfully place anchors (one patient had occult G-G fistula which impaired visualization). Weight regain post RYGB averaged 59 lbs (N = 20). Stomal diameter was reduced on average by 53%, with pouch reduction averaging 41%. The number of anchors placed on average per case was 5.3. Operating room (OR) time averaged 91 min. There were no significant complications. Three- and 12-month esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) results revealed preservation of most of the intraoperative stoma and pouch reduction, and presence of fibrotic tissue folds with continued presence of anchors at their original locations. Mean percentage excess weight loss (%EWL) at 6 months was 18% to date (N = 18). Mean weight loss at 6 months was 17.3 ± 15 lbs. Clinical study of this endolumenal tissue approximation system has shown intraoperative safety and efficacy in reducing stoma and pouch dilatation post RYGB. Follow-up anchor durability to date is encouraging. Continuing weight loss is being tracked through ongoing endoscopic and clinical follow-up.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of the local structures of crystalline Zn-In-Sn oxide thin films

The local structure of a Zn, Sn codoped In2O3 thin film grown on c-plane sapphire by pulsed-laser deposition was examined by polarization-dependent x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The bixbyite film structure is both out-of-plane and in-plane oriented, and the structural results show that both Zn and Sn dopants occupy In sites. The In–O bond length is comparable to that in powder In2O3. However, both Sn–O and Zn–O bonds have two distinct distances in the first shell. Some of the Zn dopants are undercoordinated and, accordingly, some isovalent Sn dopants are overcoordinated for charge balance. In addition, the results suggest that the aliovalent Sn dopants form Frank–Kostlin clusters, (2SnIn•Oi″)x, which provide enough charge carriers to explain the Hall measurements.
Low rate of infection control in enterococcal periprosthetic joint infections.

Background Enterococcal periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are rare after joint arthroplasty. These cases are usually reported in series of PJIs caused by other pathogens. Because few studies have focused only on enterococcal PJIs, management and control of infection of these cases have not yet been well defined.
Quantitative binding models for CYP2C9 based on benzbromarone analogues.

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms involved in xenobiotic metabolism are enzymes whose substrate selectivity remains difficult to predict due to wide specificity and dynamic protein−substrate inter...
Behavioral responses to a dopaminergic challenge in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Abstract The behavioral response to an intravenous methylphenidate challenge was evaluated in five patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The affective response was heterogeneous, ranging from dysphoria to mood elevation with abreaction. Stereotypic movements were noted. Three of the five subjects experienced a marked worsening (1.6- to 24-fold increase) in their obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and failed to respond to a subsequent treatment trial with fluvoxamine, a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor. These preliminary findings highlight the need to investigate the role of the dopaminergic system in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Modeling and Experimental Investigations of Pressure Infiltration of Sol-Gel processed 3-D Ceramic Matrix Composites

A parabolic rate kinetics model has been developed and verified by experiments for the pressure infiltration of textile ceramic matrix composites using sol-gel processing with added solid particles. Darcy's law and a global permeability of the whole system were adopted in the model. The permeability of the whole system consisting of fiber preform, compaction, and filter was derived from the individual permeabilities of the fiber preform and particle compaction inside the preform which were based on the Kozeny-Carman equation. Experiments were conducted using 3-D angle interlock woven carbon fiber preforms and silica sol containing silica particles of 0.25μm and 0.5μm sizes. The total infiltration time was inversely proportional to the constant processing pressure and increased significantly with reducing the solid particle size by a factor of two. This is because the permeability of particle compaction layer is the dominant term and it is proportional to the square of particle size.
Museum Anthropology Reviews

Beyond Beauty: Antiquities as Evidence. The Getty Center. Los Angeles, December 16, 1997 to January 17, 1999.
Routing-tree construction with concurrent performance, power and congestion optimization

We present a routing-tree construction algorithm that considers multi-objectives of performance, power and congestion concurrently. Congestion is measured with balanced usage of routing resources among layers. Simultaneous buffer insertion and layer assignment tends to produce routing-trees with shorter overall length. Applying the proposed simultaneous algorithm on a subset of routes on a commercial 64-bit microprocessor yielded 9% less repeater usage and 1.5% shorter overall routing-tree length with improved overall performance at the same time, compared to sequential routing-tree construction approach.
Real-time algorithms and architectures for multiuser channel estimation and detection in wireless base-station receivers

This paper presents algorithms and architecture designs that can meet real-time requirements of multiuser channel estimation and detection in future code-division multiple-access-based wireless base-station receivers. Sophisticated algorithms proposed to implement multiuser channel estimation and detection make their real-time implementation difficult on current digital signal processor-based receivers. A maximum-likelihood based multiuser channel estimation scheme requiring matrix inversions is redesigned from an implementation perspective for a reduced complexity, iterative scheme with a simple fixed-point very large scale integration (VLSI) architecture. A reduced-complexity, bit-streaming multiuser detection algorithm that avoids the need for multishot detection is also developed for a simple, pipelined VLSI architecture. Thus, we develop real-time solutions for multiuser channel estimation and detection for third-generation wireless systems by: (1) designing the algorithms from a fixed-point implementation perspective, without significant loss in error rate performance; (2) task partitioning; and (3) designing bit-streaming fixed-point VLSI architectures that explore pipelining, parallelism, and bit-level computations to achieve real-time with minimum area overhead.
Angularly independent structural color of nanostructured metal surfaces

We design and demonstrate angularly insensitive structural color from nanostructured metal surfaces. Plasmon-enhanced light scattering of aperiodic pinwheel gold nanoparticles on gold thin film is observed in green by dark-field scattering and variable-angle reflection spectroscopies.
Substrate Specificity of the Purified Primary Alcohol Dehydrogenases from Methanol-Oxidizing Bacteria

Hyphomicrobium strain WC, Pseudomonas strain TP-1, and Pseudomonas strain W1 are capable of growth on methanol as the sole source of carbon and energy. Methanol-grown cells of each organism contain a primary alcohol dehydrogenase that has been purified to homogeneity. Each enzyme has a molecular weight of 120,000 and shows an in vitro requirement for phenazine methosulfate and ammonium ions for enzymatic activity. Normal aliphatic alcohols are oxidized rapidly by each enzyme. The presence of a methyl group on the carbon atom adjacent to the primary alcohol group lowers the enzymatic activity. This effect is reduced as the methyl substituent is moved further away from the hydroxyl group. The effect of other substituents on enzymatic activity is reported. Methanol, formaldehyde, and to a limited extent acetaldehyde are oxidized by the primary alcohol dehydrogenases. Higher aldehydes are not oxidized. A possible explanation for this specificity, with regard to aldehydes, is presented in terms of degree of hydration of the aldehyde.
Lasers for high focused intensity applications

We present the theoretical limits for generation of high focused intensity laser. The important role of high- saturation-fluence materials is established and the use of regenerative chirped pulsed amplification to achieve high energy extraction from such materials is discussed. A regenerative chirped pulse amplification model and related experiments support the view that the surface damage threshold does not limit the range of useful laser materials to those with saturation fluence below the surface damage threshold. In addition the importance of phase measurement and control in providing well-defined conditions for experiments are noted.
Strategy in Oligosaccharide Synthesis: An Application to a Concise Total Synthesis of the KH-1(adenocarcinoma) Antigen

A concise and potentially practical synthesis of the title compound has been achieved. The route features a high degree of convergence and economy of synthetic operations. A key step is the concurrent introductory addition of three α-l-fucosyl residues at required hydroxyl acceptor sites (see 37 → 39). Conjugation to carrier protein was achieved, and a route to include truncated structures for investigations for antibody specificity was accomplished.
SoxS increases the expression of the zinc uptake system ZnuACB in an Escherichia coli murine pyelonephritis model

Paralogous transcriptional regulators MarA, Rob, and SoxS act individually and together to control expression of more than 80 Escherichia coli genes. Deletion of marA, rob, and soxS from an E. coli clinical isolate prevents persistence beyond 2 days postinfection in a mouse model of pyelonephritis. We used microarray analysis to identify 242 genes differentially expressed between the triple deletion mutant and its parent strain at 2 days postinfection in the kidney. One of these, znuC of the zinc transport system ZnuACB, displayed decreased expression in the triple mutant compared to that in the parental strain, and deletion of znuC from the parental strain reduced persistence. The marA rob soxS triple deletion mutant was less viable in vitro under limited-Zn and Zn-depleted conditions, while disruption of znuC caused a reduction in the growth rates for the parental and triple mutant strains to equally low levels under limited-Zn or Zn-depleted conditions. Complementation of the triple mutant with soxS, but not marA or rob, restored the parental growth rate in Zn-depleted medium, while deletion of only soxS from the parental strain led to low growth in Zn-depleted medium. Both results suggested that SoxS is a major regulator responsible for growth under Zn-depleted conditions. Gel shift experiments failed to show direct binding of SoxS to the znuCB promoter, thus suggesting indirect control of znuCB expression by SoxS. While SoxS expression in the triple mutant fully restored persistence, increased expression of znuACB via a plasmid in this mutant only partially restored wild-type levels of persistence in the kidney. This work implicates SoxS control of znuCB expression as a key factor in persistence of E. coli in murine pyelonephritis.
Triad Approach to the Hamiltonian of General Relativity

The Sparling-Thirring forms are constructed using a connection over a frame bundle defined in terms of a spacelike triad and lapse and shift functions. From the forms, one can identify a first-order Lagrangian from which to construct the Hamiltonian using triad vector densities as basic configuration-space variables. If one uses the self-dual part of the forms, the resulting first-order Lagrangian (its imaginary part is a total divergence) leads to momenta which are the dual of the Sen connection which was introduced by Ashtekar in a spinor representation. The resulting formalism is equivalent to that of Ashtekar.
A hybrid level set segmentation for medical imagery

This article is concerned with a level set segmentation (active contour) algorithm for medical imagery. Due to difficulties such as noise and unclear edges, it is often challenging to obtain a reliable segmentation for medical images. In addition to introducing a new hybrid model which combines a gradient-based model and the Mumford-Shah (gradient-free) method, we study the so-called method of background subtraction (MBS) in order to improve reliability of the new model. A linearized alternating direction implicit method is applied for an efficient time integration. For a fast convergence, we also suggest effective initialization strategies for the level set function. The resulting algorithm has proved to locate the desired edges in 2-4 iterations.
Differential Staining of Apoptotic Nuclei in Living Cells: Application to Macronuclear Elimination in Tetrahymena

Acridine orange (AO) has been used as a vital fluorescent stain to identify apoptotic cells in Drosophila, but little is known about what structures are stained. We explored the specificity of AO staining while studying nuclear apoptosis in Tetrahymena. Using AO alone or together with the vital nuclear stain Hoechst 33342 (HO), we find that lysosomes are generally clustered around the degenerating nucleus and that such nuclei are stained an orange-red color, like lysosomes. Significantly, the combined dyes, more so than with AO alone, distinguish between apoptotic and normal (or necrotic) nuclei by a clear color difference. Moreover, these dyes differentially stain apoptotic and normal nuclei in avian chondrocytes. The differential staining results are nullified in fixed cells or in cytoskeletal preparations treated with RNAse. Similarly, lysosomotrophic agents eliminate the differential staining. Our results are consistent with acidification of the apoptotic nucleus, possibly by fusion with lysosomes. However, even under basic conditions, the macronucleus condenses and is eliminated, suggesting that, if the nucleus is becoming acidified, acidification by itself is not essential for nuclear elimination. The differential staining procedure may provide a useful method for specifically identifying apoptotic cells and separating them for further analysis.
On the use of simulation in support of capital utilization

This paper provides a modeling approach for dealing with the challenging question of trade-off between capital utilization and production efficiency in semiconductor manufacturing where the ultimate goal is of maximum output at maximum velocity and minimum cost. Full fab simulation is used iteratively between models of "horizontal" and "vertical" simulations in order to rapidly generate results for different possible states of the fab with varying capital costs, matched cycle time (CT), and fixed throughput rate, so as to determine the most efficient operating condition for the fab with respect to cost, CT, and output.
Segregation Kinetics of Particulate Solids Systems III: Dependence on Agitation Intensity

Studies of the segregation behavior of particulate systems indicate the simultaneous occurrence of both segregation and mixing. The specific rate constants for these processes are calculated from statistical data and are shown to be a function of the particulate velocities. The results suggest the analogy of mechanical agitation in these idealized systems to thermal motion in molecular systems. Arrhenius-type plots of first-order rate constants versus the square of the reciprocal particulate velocities make possible the prediction of segregation behavior at various agitation intensities.
Robotic vocabulary building using extension inference and implicit contrast

TWIG (“Transportable Word Intension Generator”) is a system that allows a robot to learn compositional meanings for new words that are grounded in its sensory capabilities. The system is novel in its use of logical semantics to infer which entities in the environment are the referents (extensions) of unfamiliar words; its ability to learn the meanings of deictic (“I,” “this”) pronouns in a real sensory environment; its use of decision trees to implicitly contrast new word definitions with existing ones, thereby creating more complex definitions than if each word were treated as a separate learning problem; and its ability to use words learned in an unsupervised manner in complete grammatical sentences for production, comprehension, or referent inference. In an experiment with a physically embodied robot, TWIG learns grounded meanings for the words “I” and “you,” learns that “this” and “that” refer to objects of varying proximity, that “he” is someone talked about in the third person, and that “above” and “below” refer to height differences between objects. Follow-up experiments demonstrate the system’s ability to learn different conjugations of “to be”; show that removing either the extension inference or implicit contrast components of the system results in worse definitions; and demonstrate how decision trees can be used to model shifts in meaning based on context in the case of color words.
Prioritized soft constraint satisfaction: a qualitative method for dynamic transport selection in heterogeneous wireless environments

This paper presents prioritized soft constraint satisfaction (PSCS), a novel approach to selecting the ''best" transport in dynamic wireless transport switching systems. PSCS maintains a satisfying connection to another end point by choosing transports based on a user-established range of preferences and priority for criteria such as speed, power, range and cost. Additionally, feedback is provided regarding tradeoffs among the criteria, thus enabling the user to adjust inputs according to the capabilities of the system. We also recommend guidelines for setting preferences and priorities.
Analysis of magnetic nanoparticles using quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation

The new technique of quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation is described. It is a separation and characterization technique for particulate magnetic materials. Components of a sample are eluted from the separation channel at times dependent on the strength of their interaction with the magnetic field. A quadrupole electromagnet allows a programmed reduction of field strength during analysis of polydisperse samples.
Activation of checkpoint kinase 2 by 3,3'-diindolylmethane is required for causing G2/M cell cycle arrest in human ovarian cancer cells

We evaluated the effect of 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) in ovarian cancer cells. DIM treatment inhibited the growth of SKOV-3, TOV-21G, and OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells in both a dose- and time-dependent manner with effective concentrations ranging from 40 to 100 μM. Growth-inhibitory effects of DIM were mediated by cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase in all the three cell lines. G2/M arrest was associated with DNA damage as indicated by phosphorylation of H2A.X at Ser139 and activation of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) in all the three cell lines. Other G2/M regulatory molecules such as Cdc25C, Cdk1, cyclin B1 were down-regulated by DIM. Cycloheximide or Chk2 inhibitor pretreatment abrogated not only activation of Chk2 but also G2/M arrest and apoptosis mediated by DIM. To further establish the involvement of Chk2 in DIM-mediated G2/M arrest, cells were transfected with dominant-negative Chk2 (DN-Chk2). Blocking Chk2 activation by DN-Chk2 completely protected cells from DIM-mediated G2/M arrest. These results were further confirmed in Chk2 knockout DT40 lymphoma cells, in which DIM failed to cause cell cycle arrest. These results clearly indicate the requirement of Chk2 activation to cause G2/M arrest by DIM in ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, blocking Chk2 activation also abrogates the apoptosis-inducing effects of DIM. Furthermore, our results show that DIM treatment cause ROS generation. Blocking ROS generation by N-acetyl cysteine protects the cells from DIM-mediated G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Our results establish Chk2 as a potent molecular target of DIM in ovarian cancer cells and provide the rationale for further clinical investigation of DIM.
Breast-Feeding 1980

Recent diverse observations on the components of breast-milk have forced a thorough reevaluation of the practices surrounding breast-feeding. In the middle third of this century, modified on humanized cow9s milk appeared to be a satisfactory nutritional substitute for the feeding of young infants. However, it now appears that breast milk and breast-feeding influence both the mother and the infant in a complex fashion including immunologic protection against viral and bacterial infections, and hormonal, behavioral, and nutritional functions. This review will focus on the immunologic properties of breast-feeding and its effect on morbidity and mortality, evaluate its role in the attachment process, and make recommendations for methods of facilitating the initiation of breast-feeding and increasing the duration. MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY Fig 1 shows the change in infant mortality from 1895 to 1954 in the Western world and the effects of breast and bottle feeding. Note that the percentage decrease in infant mortality associated with breast-feeding is maintained even with the sharp drop in overall infant mortality. With our present low infant mortality rates in the United States, studies to determine whether breast-feeding would still reduce infant mortality would require a very large study population. However, recent investigations have demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of respiratory and diarrheal diseases in infants fed breast milk compared to those fed cow9s milk formulas.
Updates in Therapy for Advanced Melanoma

Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer, and is correlated with a large proportion of skin cancer-related deaths. Therapy for cutaneous melanoma has advanced greatly through careful identification of therapeutic targets and the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches. The identification of BRAF as well as other driver mutations, have allowed for a specialized approach to treatment. In addition, immune checkpoint inhibition has dramatically changed the treatment landscape over the past 5–10 years. The successful targeting of CTLA-4, as well as PD-1/PD-L1, has been translated into meaningful clinical benefit for patients, with multiple other potential agents in development. Systemic therapy for cutaneous melanoma is becoming more nuanced and often takes a multifaceted strategy. This review aims to discuss the benefits and limitations of current therapies in systemic melanoma treatment as well as areas of future development.
An Investigation of Hospitality Baccalaureate Students' Online Activities

This study investigates current and predicted online activities of hospitality baccalaureate students including the use of the Internet for schoolwork and career development. Five hundred and forty students enrolled in a hospitality management program at a major Southwestern University volunteered to participate in the study. Responses from the study were analyzed with qualitative analysis, descriptive statistics, and factorial and one-way ANOVAs. Results of the study indicate that the average time spent online by each participant is approximately 11 hours per week. Participants' Internet activities are focused on communication, school projects and assignments, entertainment, and information search. Perceptions and online behaviors are different between demographic groups. However, no significant group differences are found on all the expectation variables. This study should be useful for educators who intend to make full use of websites that deliver class information and for researchers interested in hos...
The Underlying Motivational Mechanisms for Employee Creativity: A Meta-Analytic Examination

Drawing on the componential theory of creativity and social cognitive theory, this study examined intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy as distinct motivational mechanisms underlying creativity. R...
Support of water absorption by rat jejunum in vitro by glucose in serosal fluid.

SummaryGlucose in the Ringer's fluid bathing the serosal surface supports water absorption by isolated jejunal loops of rat intestine. The rate of water absorption increased with increasing glucose concentration up to 1/2 isosmotic. This maximum rate was about 65% of that found when 1/10 isosmotic glucose was present in the Ringer's fluid bathing the mucosa.
Seasonal reproductive patterns in four coexisting rodent species from the Cascade Mountains, Washington

We studied annual cycles of three sciurids and one cricetid rodent that coexist in a strongly seasonal environment in the Cascade Mountains of Washington. Spermophilus saturatus (Cascades golden-mantled ground squirrel) hibernated for 6–8 months, whereas Eutamias townsendii (Townsend's chipmunk) and E. amoenus (yellow-pine chipmunk) hibernated for only 4–4.5 months. Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) did not hibernate. The three sciurids bred only once a year, with a 1- to 2-week mating period between late March and early May; E. amoenus bred about a month before the other two sciurids. Males emerged from hibernation 1–2 weeks before females, and mating occurred within a week of female emergence. P. maniculatus began breeding in February and continued through October; adult females produced as many as three litters, and the earliest juvenile cohorts reproduced in the year of birth. None of the sciurids became reproductively active until they were yearlings, and some E. townsendii and S. saturatus did not breed until 2 years of age. Average litter size was similar in the four species: S. saturatus , 4.1; E. townsendii , 3.8; E. amoenus , 5.0; and P. maniculatus , 4.6. Because female P. maniculatus bear 2–3 litters per year and juveniles breed in the year of birth, this species has the most flexible timing and greatest annual reproductive potential. The total mass of young produced at the end of gestation and upon emergence from the natal burrow imposes an energetic burden that scales inversely with body mass among the four species. Lipid reserves do not contribute directly to energy requirements of gestation and lactation. Lipid reserves play a major sustaining role during hibernation in S. saturatus (prehibernation body fat >30%), but chipmunks fatten only slightly (body fat < 7%) and rely on food caches during hibernation. P. maniculatus does not fatten substantially. S. saturatus that emerge from hibernation ready to breed contain residual hibernatory fat used for 1–2 weeks as a supplement to ingested food.
TCTAP C-126 Left Main Perforation - A Cath Lab Nightmare

### Patient initials or identifier number ZE ### Relevant clinical history and physical exam A 56-year-old woman with multiple risk factors for CAD Presented on March 18, 2015 with new-onset NSTEMI. Chest pain 6 hours prior to admission, ST segment depression in I II AVF, T wave inversion V1-V6
Clinical Significance of Head CT Examination Of Neonatal Intracanial Hemorrhage

Objective To analyse CT diagnostic value of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage. Materials and Methods 487 cases suspected with neonatal intracranial hemorrhage were collecded by CT and Ultrasound. 401 cases neonatal intracranial hemorrhage by CT, and 239 by ultrasound. Results CT diagnosis rate is higher than ultrasound,but 61 cases only by ultrasound . Conclusion CT is the most effective way to neonatal intracranial hemorrhage.For plexus choroideus hemorrhage,it is sensitive to be not as good as ultrasound..Neonate suspected with intracranial hemorrhage should be examed by head CT.If CT were negative,ultrasound should be replenished in order to avoid leakage.
A study of application techniques for mica mat tapes

The results of this study indicate: 1. Increased voltage life is attainable with wide tapes as contrasted to narrow tapes. 2. Increased voltage life is attainable with thick tapes having an increased mica content. 3. Increased voltage life is related to the flexibility of the tape or wrapper being applied and its ability to conform to the coil. 4. The use of wrappers will provide a significant increase in voltage life as compared to the equivalent build with tapes. 5. Proper indexing of multiple layers of tape will increase voltage life of the insulation wall by as much as 3 fold.
De novo carcinoma of the lower urinary tract in renal allograft recipients.

Abstract Immunocompetence has been postulated as an important defense against the progression of urothelial carcinoma. Three cases of de novo lower urinary tract carcinoma in renal transplant recipients demonstrated the potential for unusually rapid urothelial extension and invasion in chronically immunosuppressed patients. Two patients had a history of perineal condyloma acuminata; tumors from 1 of these harbored the genetic sequences of human papillomavirus type 6. One patient had multiple manifestations of cyclophosphamide-related urothelial injury, including bladder carcinoma. Treatment of 2 patients culminated in a radical operation during which the remaining native urinary system was resected completely, with sacrifice of the allograft kidney in 1 and diversion into an ileal conduit in 1. The remaining patient underwent urethrectomy and partial cystectomy with a sigmoid conduit. ( J. Urol., 144: 1233–1235, 1990 )
CO Substitution and Cluster-Ligand Reductive Coupling in the Reaction of 2,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic Anhydride (bma) with the Mixed-metal Clusters PhCCo2MCp(CO)8 (where M = Cr, W): Synthesis and X-ray Diffraction Structures of the Phosphido-bridged Clusters Co2MCp(CO)5[μ2,η2,η1-C(Ph)C=C(PPh2)C(O)OC(O)](μ-PPh2)

The ligand substitution behavior of the mixed-metal tetrahedrane clusters PhCCo2MCp(CO)8 [where M = Cr (1), W (3)] with the diphosphine ligand 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic anhydride (bma) has been examined, and the phosphido-bridged clusters Co2MCp(CO)5[μ2,η2,η1-C(Ph)C=C(PPh2)C(O)OC(O)](μ-PPh2) [where M = Cr (2), W (4)] have been confirmed as the principal reaction products. Both 2 and 4 have been isolated and characterized in solution by IR and 31P NMR spectroscopies, and the molecular structures established by X-ray diffraction analyses. Clusters 2 and 4 each contain 48e− and exhibit triangular Co2M cores that are bridged by a phosphido moiety across the M–Co bond and face-capped by a six-electron μ2,η2,η1-C(Ph)C=C(PPh2)C(O)OC(O) ligand. The reactivity of clusters 1 and 3 with bma is contrasted to the corresponding molybdenum clusters PhCCo2MoCp(CO)8 and PhCCo2Mo(indenyl)(CO)8 previously investigated by our groups. CO Substitution and Cluster-Ligand Reductive Coupling in the Reaction of 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic Anhydride (bma) with the Mixed-metal Clusters PhCCo 2 MCp(CO) 8 (where M = Cr, W): Synthesis and X-ray Diffraction Structures of the Phosphido-bridged Clusters Co 2 MCp(CO) 5 [μ 2 ,η 2 ,η 1 -C(Ph)C=C(PPh 2 )C(O)OC(O)](μ-PPh 2 ) Weiqiang Zhang, William H. Watson, Michael G. Richmond Thermolysis of the mixed-metal clusters PhCCo2MCp(CO)8 [where M = Cr (1), W (3)] with the diphosphine ligand 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic anhydride (bma) affords the phosphido-bridged clusters Co2MCp(CO)5[μ2,η2,η1-C(Ph)C=C(PPh2)C(O)OC(O)](μ-PPh2) [where M = Cr (2), W (4)]. The new clusters have been isolated and characterized in solution by IR and 31P NMR spectroscopies and their solid-state structures established by X-ray crystallography. The reactivity of clusters 1 and 3 with bma is discussed relative to the corresponding molybdenum clusters PhCCo2MoCp(CO)8 and PhCCo2Mo(indenyl)(CO)8.
Structuring Professional Learning to Develop a Culture of Data Use: Aligning Knowledge From the Field and Research Findings

BackgroundThis research review provides an analysis of current research related to school and district data use, with a particular focus on identifying key characteristics of schools and districts ...
Virulencia de Sporothrix globosa en modelos murinos

Resumen Introduccion La esporotricosis es una infeccion causada por especies pertenecientes al complejo Sporothrix schenckii. Dependiendo de la especie, estos organismos pueden tener virulencia y formas clinicas diferentes. Objetivo Verificar la virulencia de una cepa de Sporothrix globosa en un modelo murino usando 2 concentraciones de inoculo, en aplicacion intraperitoneal o subcutanea. Materiales y metodos Estudio experimental no aleatorizado en murinos inoculados con una cepa de S. globosa (CBS 14.076 M), por via intraperitoneal y subcutanea, a 0,5 y 4 de concentracion McFarland. Se utilizaron 18 roedores CF-1 (ISP, Santiago, Chile). Resultados La cepa estudiada no provoco enfermedad ni lesiones, todos los animales sobrevivieron, no hubo desarrollo de hongos en el cultivo de tejidos y el analisis histopatologico de organos no mostro alteraciones sugerentes de infeccion. Conclusiones La cepa de S. globosa estudiada no presento virulencia en modelos murinos y no provoco enfermedad al ser inoculada a concentracion McFarland 0,5 y 4, tanto por via intraperitoneal como subcutanea.
Gas-phase protein salt bridge stabilities from collisional activation and electron transfer dissociation

The gas phase structures of several proteins have been studied by electron transfer dissociation (ETD) with and without prior collisional heating after electrospraying these proteins from native-like solutions into a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Without prior collisional heating, we find that ETD fragmentation is mostly limited to regions of the protein that are not spanned by the salt bridges known to form in solution. When protein ions are collisionally heated before ETD, new product ions are observed, and in almost all cases, these new ions arise from protein regions that are spanned by the salt bridges. Together these results confirm the existence of salt bridges in protein ions and demonstrate that a sufficient amount energy is required to disrupt these salt bridges in the gas phase. More interestingly, we also show that different salt bridges require different collisional activation voltages to be disrupted, suggesting that they have variable stabilities in the gas phase. These stabilities appear to be influenced by the gas-phase basicities of the involved residues and the presence of nearby charged residues. We also find that higher collisional activation voltages are needed to enable the formation of new product from sites spanned by multiple salt bridges.