cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Dynamics Of Quadrupedal Walking

The cat was used as a representative quadruped for a study of the action of the locomotor apparatus in walking. In the analysis the body was considered as being made up of eleven parts behaving in such a fashion that they could be considered as rigid bodies. The weight of each part was determined, the position of its centre of gravity and also its moment of inertia. Moving pictures were taken of the cat walking over a specially constructed platform which recorded the pressure exerted by each foot during the stride. The photographs recorded the position of the various parts of the body at successive instants. These records were analysed in terms of displacement, velocity and acceleration of the centre of gravity of the body as a whole, and also of its parts. A comparison of vertical forces acting on single limbs of the cat during the walk shows that the reactions are greater on the forelimbs. This is not only due to the location of the centre of gravity nearer the forelimbs, but also is the result of a thrust produced at the forelimb which is largely responsible for an upward acceleration of the centre of mass of the body. Horizontal forces produced at the forefeet also tend to be greater than those at the hind. When horizontal impulse over the whole step is considered, it is shown that the forelimbs produce more retarding action, while the hindlimbs contribute more forwarding impulse to the body. The arrangement of steps is such that horizontal reactions on fore- and hindlimbs are antagonistic, thus damping fluctuations in horizontal acceleration and velocity of the centre of gravity with a probable saving in energy expenditure. The kinetic energy of the body, derived from the data of the mass and velocity of separate parts, maintains an average level but undergoes cyclical changes during the stride. A possible transfer into gravitational potential energy can account for only a part of these kinetic energy changes which are thought to involve muscle action. An analysis of the relationship between muscle forces about the joints and forces of reaction which co-operate to produce the recorded movement of an individual segment of the limbs allows the calculation of the resultant muscle torque acting on that segment. This provided actual measurements for the total muscle torque about each of the joints of the limbs at any instant. Correlation of these torques with the action of definite muscle groups indicates roughly the manner in which these muscles function in quadrupedal walking.
Regulation of the expression of enzymes involved in the replication of DNA in chemically induced monocytic/macrophagic differentiation of HL-60 leukemia cells

The expression of a number of housekeeping enzymes of DNA biosynthesis was measured in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells undergoing monocytic/macrophagic differentiation following treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) or 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D3). Progressive decreases in the steady-state levels of the mRNAs for thymidylate synthase, topoisomerase II, and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase occurred following exposure to TPA or vitamin D3. In contrast, the steady-state levels of the mRNAs for thymidine kinase, topoisomerase I, and DNA polymerase-alpha did not decrease until days 3-5 of treatment with vitamin D3 and then progressively declined thereafter. The mRNAs for thymidine kinase and topoisomerase I decreased slightly and the mRNA for DNA polymerase-alpha by 30-40%, and then remained constant between days 1 to 3 of treatment with the phorbol ester. The M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase exhibited an even greater difference, with no change in the steady-state concentration of mRNA over 3 days of exposure to TPA or vitamin D3. On days 5-7 of treatment with vitamin D3, essentially complete loss of the expression of the mRNA for the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase occurred. Measurement of the enzymatic activities of thymidylate synthase and thymidine kinase in cells exposed to either of the inducers of maturation corroborated the findings at the level of the mRNAs, with corresponding decreases in the activity of these enzymes. The results indicate that the down-regulation of the expression of housekeeping enzymes of DNA replication occurs as late events in HL-60 cells undergoing monocytic/macrophagic differentiation, implying that the decreases in their gene expression are the result of the termination of proliferation rather than an initiating event in the cessation of DNA biosynthesis.
Developing Countries and the WTO Doha Round: Market Access, Rules and Differential Treatment

The November 2001 ‘Doha Development Agenda’ places development concerns at the core of WTO deliberations. The challenge is to achieve an outcome that supports poverty reduction and economic growth. The implementation problems associated with a number of WTO agreements, the addition of disciplines on intellectual property protection (TRIPS), and the persistence of tariff peaks and production and export subsidies for agricultural commodities in the OECD has led to a ‘development credibility’ deficit for the WTO. A precondition for the Doha Round to generate a good outcome from a development perspective is that the system becomes more balanced and has greater support of domestic stakeholders in developing countries.
Nuclear location of hormone-free estrogen receptors by monoclonal antibodies could be a tissue-fixation dependent artifact.

Abstract The ‘two-step’ model proposed by Jensen and his collaborators for explaining estrogen action conceptualized hormone-free estrogen receptors (ER) to be cytoplasmic, and hormone-filled, transformed ER to be nuclear. Applying monoclonal antibodies which recognized epitopes in ER and formaldehyde-fixed tissues, King et al demonstrated exclusively nuclear staining in target tissues utilizing immunoperoxidase technique. Recently these antibodies have become commercially available enabling other investigators to conduct studies. In this report, using these monoclonal antibodies we have demonstrated that a change in the concentration of formaldehyde alters the staining pattern yielding cytoplasmic instead of nuclear staining in calf uterus, MCF-7 cells, and ER(+) human breast cancer. In addition, neutralization of the antibody activity was not achieved with freshly prepared ER(+) cytosols. Formaldehyde-treated cytosols were essential. These results ought to caution investigators in determining in vivo location of antigens based on the staining pattern obtained in fixed tissues. Furthermore, this effect of formaldehyde on estrogen receptors may be applicable to other steroid hormone receptors.
On some Markov models of certain interacting populations.

We give a stochastic foundation to the Volterra prey-predator population in the following case. We take Volterra's predator equations and let a free host birth and death process support the evolution of the predator population. The purpose of this article is to present a rigorous population sample path construction of this interacted predator process and study the properties of this interacted process. The constructions yields a strong Markov process. The existence of steady-state distribution for the interacted predator process means the existence of equilibrium population level. We find a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a steady-state distribution. Next we see that if the host process possesses a steady-state distribution, so does the interacted predator process and this distribution satisfies a difference equation. For special choices of the auto death and interaction parametersa andb of the predator, whenever the host process visits the particular statea *=a/b the predator takes rest (saturates) from its evolution. We find the probability of asymptotic saturating of the predator.
Sensing voltage across lipid membranes

The detection of electrical potentials across lipid bilayers by specialized membrane proteins is required for many fundamental cellular processes such as the generation and propagation of nerve impulses. These membrane proteins possess modular voltage-sensing domains, a notable example being the S1-S4 domains of voltage-activated ion channels. Ground-breaking structural studies on these domains explain how voltage sensors are designed and reveal important interactions with the surrounding lipid membrane. Although further structures are needed to understand the conformational changes that occur during voltage sensing, the available data help to frame several key concepts that are fundamental to the mechanism of voltage sensing.
Seamount abundances and distributions in the southeast Pacific

Abstract Sea Beam bathymetry was recorded for 17,277 km of ship track in the southeast Pacific and has been analyzed for seamount population characteristics. All the ship tracks are over the Pacific plate and most fall along 7 lines parallel to the East Pacific Rise between 7°S and 22°S. The lines fall into three age categories: one line is over 0.5–2 Ma crust, three are over 5–10 Ma crust, and three are over 30–40 Ma crust. Seamount locations were recorded, diameters were manually estimated, and heights were measured if the swath crossed the seamount center. Over 382 features were counted along the entire ship track with heights ranging from 50 m to over 2500 m, with sampling most consistent at heights between 100 m and 1000 m. Height-to-radius ratios vary considerably, suggesting that seamount shapes do not scale to a single parameter. The observed variety of morphological forms demonstrates that there is a wide range of seamount shapes for small features. The distribution of sizes for the population was approximated by exponential dependence and by power-law dependence using methods developed by Smith and Jordan [ 17 ]. The power-law distribution overestimates abundances at the smallest size ranges and both distributions fail to predict abundances of large seamounts determined from wide-beam data [ 17 ]. Size distributions were also determined for seamounts in each seafloor age category. Almost all small seamounts appear to be produced on crust younger than 0.5–2 Ma, while the number of larger seamounts increases to 5–10 Ma. For all size ranges observed here the number of seamounts at 5–10 Ma and at 30–40 Ma is roughly identical. These observations suggest that most small seamounts are formed on very young, thin lithosphere that permits the passage of small volumes of magma. Small volumes would cool in older, thicker lithosphere before reaching the surface although larger magma bodies might not. Numerous small sources of melt must exist near the ridge crest to supply the small seamounts, probably trapped remnants of the large-scale upwelling.
Localization of ATPase in the choroid and retina of the developing chick.

In der Retina des Huhnerembryos wurde im Zeitpunkt des Schlupfens — sowohl in der Bruchschen Membran, wie auch im Pigmentepithel und der ausseren Stabchenschicht — eine vermehrte ATPase-Aktivitat festgestellt.
Three-dimensional interactions of a circular crack with dipoles, centers of dilatation and moments

Abstract Exact solutions in elementary functions are derived for the stress intensity factors of a circular crack interacting with various stress sources: dipoles, moments, centers of dilatation and rotation. Such stress sources may model defects like vacancies, foreign particles, dislocations. Locations and orientations of the stress sources with respect to the crack are arbitrary.
Probing small unilamellar EggPC vesicles on mica surface by atomic force microscopy.

Sonicated small unilamellar egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EggPC) vesicles were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and force measurements. Three different topographies (convex, planar, and concave shape) of the EggPC vesicles on the mica surface were observed by tapping mode in fluid, respectively. It was found that the topography change of the vesicles could be attributed to the interaction force between the AFM tip and vesicles. Force curves between an AFM tip and an unruptured vesicle were obtained in contact mode. During approach, two breaks corresponding to the abrupt penetration of upper and lower bilayer of vesicle were exhibited in the force curve. Both breaks spanned a distance of around 4 nm close to the EggPC bilayer thickness. Based on Hertz analysis of AFM approach force curves, the Young’s modulus (E) and the bending modulus (kc) for pure EggPC vesicles were measured to be (1.97 ± 0.75) × 10 6 Pa and (0.21 ± 0.08) × 10 −19 J, respectively. The results show that the AFM can be used to obtain good images of intact and deformed vesicles by tapping mode, as well as to probe the integrity and bilayer structure of the vesicles. AFM force curve compare favorably with other methods to measure mechanical properties of soft samples with higher spatial resolution. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
SR141716A, a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, improves memory in a delayed radial maze task.

An endogenous cannabinoid system may play an important role in controlling memory processes. SR141716A (N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamidehydrochloride), a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, was studied in an eight-arm radial maze task in which either deficits or improvements in memory could be detected. This task required well-trained rats to recall after either a relatively short (3 h) or long (7 h) delay period where they had received rewards during an information phase in order to obtain the remaining rewards during a retention phase. SR141716A was administered intraperitoneally immediately after the information phase in order to determine the drug's effects on memory consolidation. Although SR141716A had no effect on the number of errors committed after a short interval, SR141716A significantly reduced the number of errors that occurred after 7 h. These results suggest that a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist can improve consolidation processes and thus may be useful in treating memory disorders.
The effect of using minimum and maximum Utility fault contributions on Arc Flash study results - A case study

IEEE Guide for the Specification of Scope and Deliverable Requirements for an Arc-Flash Hazard Calculation Study in Accordance with IEEE Std 1584, recommends that alternate scenarios should be modeled considering minimum and maximum values of utility fault current, if actual utility fault current cannot be obtained from the utility company. This paper is a case history that proves the value of using minimum and maximum utility provided fault contribution at an industrial facility served by several 13.2 kV incoming feeders. Equipment in the facility includes a wide range of electric motors; VFD's and double ended motor control centers. Multiple scenarios were performed to account for the various complex modes of operation, and to present the worst-case arc-flash results.
Affect and marketing stimuli in consumer loyalty decisions to automobile insurers

Most insurance loyalty studies assume largely cognitive psychological underpinnings. A study is conducted that investigates the relative contributions of cognitive versus affective influences on the desire to be loyal to an automobile insurer after a poor service experience. Three hundred and fifteen respondents were introduced to scenarios that manipulated the response to an advertisement to switch insurers by price- and brand-related marketing influences to investigate their influence on anticipated regret (AR). The results support the conclusions that both cognitive and affective considerations are important to consumer judgment and decision-making (J/DM) processes in the context of car insurance, that male and female customers may vary in their J/DM processes with car insurance, and that insurance modelers of J/DM should consider outside influences on consumers in studies, particularly marketing-related brand and price perceptions. Failure to do so can lead to a failure to correctly predict potential action versus inaction effects associated with AR.
Digital Processing of Annular Coded-Aperture Imagery

In the past, annular coded aperture images have been recon-structed by correlating an appropriately scaled annulus with the coded image. The basic improvement suggested in this paper is the addition of a linear radial frequency weighting in the Fourier plane. Reconstructions of point and disk objects were simulated with a computer program. The results show the advantage of this modification in the processing scheme. When the assumption is made that the detector is an Anger camera, the resolution obtained with the improved processing of the coded image is equal to that obtained with conventional apertures. An actual object consisting of the letter E was imaged with an annular aperture and a scintillation camera. The reconstruction with and without the improved processing is presented. In addition, the annulus is intermediate between the pinhole and the Fresnel zone plate with regard to both collection efficiency and the number of counts required for a given signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It therefore offers an improvement over pinhole apertures without demanding the increased count rate and resolution required of detectors when Fresnel zone plate coded apertures are used.
Alcohol law changes and homicide in Iceland.

Homicide rates declined, but not significantly, after the passage of a law in Iceland legalizing the sale of strong beer.
Electronic structure and bonding in silicon oxynitride films: An XPS study

Abstract Silicon oxynitride films on sapphire as well as silicon made by RF sputtering of silicon in a reactive atmosphere of O2 and N2 have been examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Bremsstrahlung X-rays from the Mg anode have sufficient intensity to initiate the Si(KL2.3L2.3) Auger line, whose chemical line shift is about three times that of the Si(2p) level. There is a continuous shift in the Si(KLL) line as the oxygen in SiO2 is replaced by nitrogen. From the peak shape and shifts of Si(KLL), N(KLL), O(KLL), Si(2p) and the valence band, we show that oxygen and nitrogen are mixed locally on an atomic scale. The thin films do not consist of regions of SiO2 and Si3N4. This mixed condition persists even up to 1000°C.
Sources and sinks of clay minerals on Mars

The recent identification of clay minerals on the Martian surface using visible–near infrared reflectance spectroscopy has had a profound effect on our view of aqueous alteration on Mars. Smectite, chlorite, kaolin group, and serpentine group minerals have been detected using the CRISM and OMEGA spectrometers, with Fe/Mg-smectite and chlorite varieties being the dominant types discovered throughout the ancient crust. Aqueous, eolian, and impact processes have transported and recycled some of these clays such that their current locations may not accurately reflect their formation environments. However, detrital clays could prove useful for constraining transport pathways and sediment provenance. Here we discuss the impact craters and channels that comprise the Uzboi–Ladon–Morava system, including Holden, Eberswalde, and Ladon craters, which represents a large-scale sediment sink for clay minerals derived from the surrounding Noachian crust. This system contains thick deposits of clay mineral-bearing strata...
UV-curable EMI-shielding conformal coatings on printed circuit boards

This paper reports the progress attained in reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI) using UV-cured conformal coatings. A glass-epoxy PC board with two signal traces on one side and a ground plane on the other was used to measure the reduction in crosstalk. Measurements were made for several ordinary conformal coatings and several new EMI reducing coatings. The effectiveness of the EMI reducing coatings was also tested on commercial walkie-talkies.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Asymptotic forms of solutions of certain linear ordinary differential equations

Abstract We analyze the asymptotic behavior as x → ∞ of the product integral Πx0xeA(s)ds, where A(s) is a perturbation of a diagonal matrix function by an integrable function on [x0,∞). Our results give information concerning the asymptotic behavior of solutions of certain linear ordinary differential equations, e.g., the second order equation y″ = a(x)y.
Metal‐chelating 1,3‐bis(2′‐pyridylimino)isoindolines

A variety of novel chelating 1,3-bis(2′-pyridylimino)isoindoline ligands were prepared and characterized including ligands substituted on both the pyridyl and isoindoline ring systems. Noteworthy are the first iso-indoline ligands with solubility in aqueous media. A convenient preparation of 4-alkoxyphthalonitriles is reported; these compounds are readily obtained from 4-nitrophthalonitrile and are suitable starting materials for alkoxy-substituted ligands.
Role of maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer

Androgen ablation is the mainstay treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PC). Researchers proposed that maximum androgen blockade (MAB) therapy with antiandrogen agent in combination with castration might result in a better outcome among patients with advanced PC. In the last two decades, numerous trials and pooled data analyses were conducted to optimize the role of MAB in the treatment of metastatic PC. Non-steroidal antiandrogens administered as part of MAB proved to have a small (3%) survival benefit, however, the magnitude of this difference is of questionable clinical significance. Available evidence suggests that MAB should not be routinely offered to patients with metastatic PC, however, it should remain a reasonable option when discussing management. The standard first line treatment should be a monotherapy, consisting of orchiectomy or LHRH agonist. MAB still has a role as a short-term therapy (2-4 weeks). The ongoing large sample population based prospective studies may add new dimensions in the use of MAB in treatment of the prostate cancer in future.
Robbins algebra: conditions that make a near-boolean algebra boolean

Some problems posed years ago remain challenging today. In particular, the Robbins problem, which is still open and which is the focus of attention in this paper, offers interesting challenges for attack with the assistance of an automated reasoning program; for the study presented here, we used the program OTTER. For example, when one submits this problem, which asks for a proof that every Robbins algebra is a Boolean algebra, a large number of deduced clauses results. One must, therefore, consider the possibility that there exists a Robbins algebra that is not Boolean; such an algebra would have to be infinite. One can instead search for properties that, if adjoined to those of a Robbins algebra, guarantee that the algebra is Boolean. Here we present a number of such properties, and we show how an automated reasoning program was used to obtain the corresponding proofs. Additional properties have been identified, and we include here examples of using such a program to check that the corresponding hand-proofs are correct. We present the appropriate input for many of the examples and also include the resulting proofs in clause notation.
Chronic morphine treatment up-regulates mu opioid receptor binding in cells lacking filamin A.

We investigated the effects of morphine and other agonists on the human mu opioid receptor (MOP) expressed in M2 melanoma cells, lacking the actin cytoskeleton protein filamin A and in A7, a subclone of the M2 melanoma cells, stably transfected with filamin A cDNA. The results of binding experiments showed that after chronic morphine treatment (24 h) of A7 cells, MOP-binding sites were down-regulated to 63% of control, whereas, unexpectedly, in M2 cells, MOP binding was up-regulated to 188% of control naive cells. Similar up-regulation was observed with the agonists methadone and levorphanol. The presence of antagonists (naloxone or CTAP) during chronic morphine treatment inhibited MOP down-regulation in A7 cells. In contrast, morphine-induced up-regulation of MOP in M2 cells was further increased by these antagonists. Chronic morphine desensitized MOP in A7 cells, i.e., it decreased DAMGO-induced stimulation of GTPγS binding. In M2 cells DAMGO stimulation of GTPγS binding was significantly greater than in A7 cells and was not desensitized by chronic morphine. Pertussis toxin treatment abolished morphine-induced receptor up-regulation in M2 cells, whereas it had no effect on morphine-induced down-regulation in A7 cells. These results indicate that, in the absence of filamin A, chronic treatment with morphine, methadone or levorphanol leads to up-regulation of MOP, to our knowledge, the first instance of opioid receptor up-regulation by agonists in cell culture.
The Role of Intragroup Marginalization in Latino College Student Adjustment.

The purpose of this article is to examine how intragroup marginalization has a potential impact on Latino college students’ psychological adjustment. The concept of intragroup marginalization in this context relates to the perceived rejection of students by persons of their heritage culture group in response to the students’ acculturation efforts in regard to the college culture. Counselors can facilitate college success of Latino students by addressing acculturative stressors. Intragroup marginalization and its relationship to Latino college student adjustment is illustrated and discussed through a vignette.
Developmental rate and lower temperature threshold of the tomato pinworm.

Developmental rates for the immature stages of Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) are presented. Laboratory development from oviposition to adult takes 456C°-days at a threshold temperature of 9.5°C. Greenhouse development requires from 444 to 495C°-days based on the 9.5°C threshold.
The ethane-like [Ge2S6] metals in Na8Pb2[Ge2S6]2, Na8Sn2[Ge2S6]2, and Na8Pb2[Si2Se6]2

Abstract Na8Pb2(Ge2S6)2, Na8Sn2(Ge2S6)2, and Na8Pb2(Si(2Se6)2 were synthesized by reacting Pb or Sn Ge and Na2S6 or Na2Se6 flux at 850 °C, 750 °C, and 850°C respectively. Yellow-orange Na8Pb2(Ge2S6)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m (No. 12) with a=6.839(2) A , b=11.783(2) A , c = 7.744(2) A , β=107.00(2) deg. and V=596.7(4) A 3 , Z=1, D calc =3.543 g cm −3 , number of unique data with Fo2 > 3 σ(Fo2, 645, number of variables, 37. The final R R R w = 2.9 3.9 . Isostructural ruby-red Na8Sn2(Ge2S6)2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C 2 m (No. 12) with a=6.849(1) A , b=11.777(1) A , c=7.705(1) A , β=106.44(1) deg , and V=596.1(3) A −3 , Z=1, Dcalc=3.054 g cm−1, number of unique data with Fo2 > 3 σ(Fo2), 480, number of variables, 38. The final R R W = 2.1 2.7 . Isostructural red-orange Na8Pb2(Si2Se6)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2 m (No. 12) with a=7.070(3) A , b=12.214(3) A , c = 7.969(3) A, β=107.29(3) deg, and V=657.1(4) A1, Z=1, Dcalc= 4.190 g cm−3, number of unique data with Fo23 σ(Fo2), 494, number of variables, 37. The final R R W = 2.4 3.4 . The structure of these new materials consists of [Ge2S6]6 or [Si2Se6]6 ethane-like fragments surrounded by metal cationic sites which are occupied either by sodium or by mixtures of sodium and lead or tin. The ordering of Pb on these cationic sites leads to a 2-dimensional “layered” morphology for Na8Pb2(Ge2S6)2 while the ordering of Sn on the cationic sites leads to a 3-dimensional “chunky” morphology for Na8Sn2(Ge2S6)2. The ordering of Pb on the cationic sites in Na8Pb2(Si2Se6)2 is the same as the ordering in Na8Pb2(Ge2S6)2 although the crystal morphology is chunky rather than layered. Raman and vibrational spectroscopic data are consistent with the presence [Ge2S6]6] fragments in the first two compounds. Single crystal optical spectra indicate that these semiconductors have bandgraps of 2.43 eV for Na8Pb2(Ge2S6)2 and 2.06 eV for Na6Sn2(Ge2S6) 2.
Structural elements of online service product quality

The Internet is at the centre of a whirlwind of economic hype and activity with more and more adults going online both at home and work. An increasing proportion of retail sales is being conducted online, and is expected to continue to increase for the foreseeable future. The combination of the proliferation of online retail sales and the recent shakeout of internet firms, is a clear indicator that significant opportunities exist online; but not without lurking dangers. What differentiates the successful internet player from the also ran? This article posits that one differentiating factor is the ability to successfully deliver high quality service products. A service quality stack is developed that demonstrates the interplay between the service product delivery system, service quality judgment criteria, and an underlying infrastructure based on the following empirically identified elements: methods standardisation, customer contact, and customer involvement.
An approximate method for modal analysis of finite periodic structures

Abstract An adaptation of the space-harmonics series is presented for analyzing periodic structures with finite boundaries. When the boundaries are simply supported, the expansion for the response takes the form of a sine series. The selection of the arguments of the sine functions is, however, less straightforward than in the space harmonics series for infinite structures, due to the requirement that the functions be linearly independent. The applicability of the method is examined for simply supported beams and plates with properties that vary periodically in space. It is shown that when each periodic unit is symmetric about its mid-point, the sine expansion developed here produces stiffness and mass matrices which are block-diagonal.
Analytic solutions for nonlinear equations

Solutions obtained by the decomposition method for physical problems modeled by nonlinear differential (and partial differential) equations without linearization or pertubation are not only continuous but analytic as well. Thus the solution and all derivatives are obtained.
Localization of noradrenaline and serotonin in nerves in the pineal gland of rats and guinea-pigs studied by glyoxylic acid histofluorescence and electron microscopy

The nerves in the pineal gland of the rat and guinea-pig contain both noradrenaline and serotonin and fluoresce intensely after histofluorescence procedures. Vesicle-filled terminals in the perivascular space of the pineal body contain numerous clear and dense-cored vesicles. A 5mg/kg dose of reserpine causes disappearance of histofluorescence from the pineal nerves and a virtual elimination of dense-cored vesicles from vesicle-filled terminals. A 1mg/kg dose of reserpine results in loss of fluorescence and virtual depletion of dense cores in nerves in the rat, but the guinea-pig pineal nerves continue to fluoresce lightly and the dense-cored vesicles are still present but reduced to about 1/3 in number. Subsequent treatment of lightly reserpinized guinea-pigs withp-chlorophenylalanine, a specific depletor of serotonin, results in dis ppearance of fluorescence in nerves in the pineal gland and virtual depletion of the remaining dense cores. A dose of 1mg/kg reserpine succeeds in depleting noradrenaline from most peripheral nervous structures of the guinea-pig. Hence, the remaining monoamine in guinea-pig pineal nerves after depletion of noradrenaline appears to be serotonin located in the remaining dense-cored vesicles. Since, in lightly reserpinized guinea-pig pineal nerves, a number of dense-cored vesicles containing serotonin are still present after depletion of noradrenaline, it is suggested that noradrenaline and serotonin are not in the same vesicles at the same time.
Terpenoids of lodgepole pine bark

Abstract Additional extractives of lodgepole pine bark include pimaradiene, γ-cadinene, oplopanone (I), and the new natural products, 21-episerratenediol 21-methyl ether (IIa) and 18-norpimara-8(14),15-dien-4-ol (III). The structure of IIa was proved by converting it to 21β-methoxy-14-serraten-3-one (IIc) and to 21-episerratenediol dimethyl ether (IIb). The structure of III was proved by converting it and dihydropimaric acid (IVa) to 18-norpimar-8(14)-en-4-ol (IVb). The corresponding 19-norpimar-8(14)-en-4-ol (IVc) was also prepared.
Computerized assessment of age differences in memory beliefs.

Beliefs about memory play a role in older adults' concerns about aging and can influence their performance on memory tasks. Visual analog scales can capture beliefs about how aging affects memory in general (the General Beliefs About Memory Instrument [GBMI]) and one's own memory (the Personal Beliefs About Memory Instrument [PBMI]). Data were combined across four cross-sectional studies of adults who had completed the two measures, contrasting traditional paper-and-pencil versions of the questionnaires with newer computerized versions that use a computer mouse for visual analog scaling. This scaling method is easy to use and automates scoring of graphic rating scale responses. Adults of all ages produced GBMI responses reflecting their belief that memory declines with advancing age. Older adults' PBMI responses indicated that they perceived their memory ability more negatively than those of young adults and middle-aged adults. Adults of all ages were able to use the computerized questionnaires without di...
Solitary Fibrous Tumor with Entrapment of Minor Salivary Gland Tissue: An Unusual Presentation That Requires Exclusion of Pleomorphic Adenoma

We report two unusual cases of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of minor salivary glands that microscopically mimicked pleomorphic adenoma. One of these lesions presented in the retromolar region and the other in the buccal mucosa. The microscopic features of these two tumors and their intimate relationship with regional mucous minor salivary glands posed a diagnostic challenge. Awareness of the morphological diversity of SFT coupled to a judicious use of appropriate immunohistochemical probes should prove valuable to accurately segregate SFT from pleomorphic adenoma.
Bovine Somatotropin Increases Hepatic Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase mRNA in Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Somatotropin (ST) increases milk production and through coordinated changes in hepatic glucose synthesis and amino acid metabolism in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ST on hepatic mRNA expression for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC), enzymes that are critical to the synthesis of glucose in liver and hepatic mRNA expression for carbamylphosphate synthetase I (CPS-I), argininosuccinate synthetase (AS), and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), critical enzymes of the urea cycle. Eighteen cows were randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups and received either recombinant bovine ST (Posilac; Monsanto, St. Louis, MO) or saline injections at 14-d intervals during a 42-d period. Expression of mRNA was determined using Northern blot analysis. Nuclei, isolated from liver biopsy samples, were used to determine effects of ST on transcription rate of PEPCK. Milk production was increased with ST (37.3 vs. 35.1±0.6 kg/d). Plasma NEFA was increased with ST (299 vs. 156±34 μM ). There were no differences in the expression of CPS-I, AS, and OTC mRNA with ST. Expression of PEPCK and IGF-I mRNA were increased with ST but PC mRNA was unchanged. The data indicate increased PEPCK mRNA in cows given ST and indicates a greater capacity for gluconeogenesis from gluconeogenic precursors that form oxaloacetate. The effects of ST to elevate PEPCK mRNA expression require chronic administration and involve increased transcription of the PEPCK gene.
Uneven public transportation development in neoliberalizing Chicago, USA

This paper examines how neoliberal urbanization has transformed the role of public transportation into an entrepreneurial tool that creates place-based advantages for capital in global cities. Using Chicago, USA as a case study, I examine new transit-construction projects focused on Chicago's downtown Central Area—the Express Airport Service and Circle Line—to demonstrate how public transit infrastructure is increasingly deployed as a means to attract global capital as well as enhance affluent residents' and tourists' rights to the city. I contrast these projects to the lack of new public transit investment for areas outside of Chicago's downtown global city showcase zone. Declining service levels and unreliable transit infrastructure due to the neoliberal retrenchment in the public sector are also constricting working people's right to the city. Taken together, these trends express the nature of uneven public transit development emerging in the neoliberal city of Chicago.
Did Hospital Engagement Networks Actually Improve Care

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services claims its Partnership for Patients Program led to big improvements in patient outcomes. But weak study design and methods and a lack of transparency and rigor in evaluation make it hard to assess whether the program improved care.
Theory of global thermoremanent magnetization of planetary lithospheres in dipole fields of internal origin

A model is presented for the global thermoremanent magnetization of spherical lithospheres which cool in the presence of central dipole fields. Reversals and intensity variations of the field are incorporated in this model, which is applicable to bodies whose interiors have remained above the Curie point throughout their evolution. The model demonstrates that even considering Runcorn's (1975) magnetostatics theorems for spherical shells, a nonzero magnetic permeability and a finite cooling rate in the lithosphere permit the acquisition of a sizable global remanent dipole moment, which would be detectable by external measurements after the magnetizing field has disappeared. Preliminary application of this model to Mercury, Venus, and Mars suggests that only the combination of a nonreversing ancient source field with a surface value near 1 Oe plus a sizable concentration (about 1% by volume) of ferromagnetic material in their crusts could produce remanent planetary dipole fields as large as those measured by spacecraft. On the other hand, if ancient reversing dynamos existed in these planets, it is unlikely that large planetary-scale fields like those observed at Mercury could be due to remanence in their crusts, irrespective of their composition.
Use of the Aortoatrial Continuity as Means of Providing Left Ventricular Assist Support Without Entering the Ventricle: A Feasibility Study

Abstract Background Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly used to treat patients with refractory heart failure. Current-generation LVADs have major limitations, including the need for open chest surgery, limiting their widespread use. We hypothesized that the aortoatrial continuity could be used as a unique anatomic vantage point for entirely percutaneous LVAD placement. Methods and Results Forty human autopsied hearts were examined to ascertain the presence and define the dimensions of the continuity between the posterior aortic wall and the left atrium. In all cases, a “septum” between the aorta and left atrium was identified. In 3 animal experiments, a custom mechanical shunt was deployed in the wall between the left atrium and noncoronary cusp. With continuous intracardiac ultrasound imaging, and at necropsy, there was no evidence of device dislodgement, pericardial effusion, or aortic or coronary artery trauma noted. Conclusions It is feasible to use the wall between the aorta and left atrium as an access route for a potentially entirely percutaneous LVAD. Such a system obviates the need for accessing the left ventricle, minimizing complications. In the future, such devices may allow widespread treatment of heart failure, malignant cardiac arrhythmia, and severe aortic and mitral valvular disease.
Editing APL objects with CMS XEDIT

The VM/SP System Editor XEDIT is used to edit APL objects. Two approaches are possible: with an APL function, or with an exec written in REXX (the new VM/SP System Interpreter). The advantages of the latter are that nothing need be copied into the user's workspace, and that APL code can be executed from XEDIT, and XEDIT commands from APL. No new Auxiliary Processor is needed. The technique is in use at IBM Yorktown.
The effect of response contingent verbal punishment on stuttering.

The effects of response contingent “wrong” on stuttering were studied in three adult male stutterers. Each subject’s stuttering baserate was obtained, then “wrong” was made contingent on each stutt...
Bounded Factorization Rings

In this article we present some results about bounded factorization rings (BFRs), i.e., commutative rings with the property that each nonzero nonunit has a bound on the length of its factorizations into nonunits. In their article Factorization in Commutative Rings with Zero Divisors, Anderson and Valdes-Leon conjectured that R[x], the polynomial ring over R, is a bounded factorization ring if and only if R is a BFR and 0 is primary in R. We give some conditions under which the conjecture is true and present a bounded factorization ring with 0 primary where the polynomial ring is not a BFR.
Expectancy and birth order as determinants of affective responses to isolation.

This study examined the roles of expectancy and birth order in producing affective responses to isolation. 40 male Ss were exposed to an 8-hr. isolation experience. Ss used an affect adjective chec...
Basal forebrain facilitation of reflex swallowing in the cat

In adult cats anaesthetized with urethane, electrical and chemical stimulation of the basal forebrain facilitated reflex swallowing elicited by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve. A systematic stereotaxic mapping study using electrical stimulation revealed that the facilitatory sites were distributed along the course of the ansa peduncularis, specifically its rostral forebrain and hypothalamic components associated with the anterior amygdalar area, substantia innominata, lateral preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens. By means of acute discrete radiofrequency lesions, the descending pathways mediating facilitatory influences from the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala to the brain stem were found to traverse the lateral hypothalamus. Ventral tegmental facilitatory sites in the midbrain are likely to be associated with these descending pathways; however, there is evidence for independent participation of this region of the brain in the control of swallowing. Chemical stimulation by means of microinjections of dopamine and apomorphine into the amygdala and nucleus accumbens also enhanced reflex swallowing. It is concluded that the results of this investigation implicate the basal forebrain as a site of integration of viscero-olfacto-gustatory information needed for the enactment of ingestive behaviour.
In vitro stimulation by paraquat of reactive oxygen-mediated lipid peroxidation in rat lung microsomes.

Abstract Paraquat significantly stimulated lipid peroxidation in rat lung microsomes without the addition of exogenous iron. The ability of paraquat to stimulate this lipid peroxidation was dependent on the presence of adequate reducing equivalents (NADPH), aerobic conditions, and the duration of incubation, viz. optimal in vitro conditions. Even greater paraquat-mediated lipid peroxidation was observed if incubations were conducted under O2 or if vitamin E-deficient microsomes were utilized, factors which have previously been reported to increase the in vivo pulnonary toxicity of paraquat. Superoxide dismutase (3 μg/ml) significantly inhibited paraquat-stimulated lipid peroxidation in rat lung microsomes (73%), demonstrating a pivotal role for superoxide in this process. Thus, the redox cycling of paraquat and accompanying reactive oxygen generation was capable of mediating lipid peroxidation not only in mouse lung and rat liver microsomes but also in rat lung microsomes.
Mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol composition of dinoflagellates. IV. Temperature-induced modulation of fatty acid regiochemistry as observed by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry

Members of the dinoflagellate genus Pyrocystis possess forms of mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively) that have the C20 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5(n–3)] at the sn-1 position and either octadecapentaenoic acid [18:5(n–3)] or octadecatetraenoic acid [18:4(n–3)] at the sn-2 position. We have examined the effect of growth at 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C on modulation of the fatty acids associated with MGDG and DGDG in two strains of each of three species of Pyrocystis, P. fusiformis, P. lunula, and P. noctiluca and have observed using positive-ion electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) and electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS) that modulation of the sn-2 fatty acid of DGDG was the only consistent, statistically significant temperature response across all three species. Only one strain of P. lunula displayed a statistically significant temperature-induced modulation of MGDG. In addition, the effect of growth temperature on two forms...
The Lost Letter Technique as a Measure of Community Attitudes Toward a Major Social Issue

A test of the validity of Milgram's lost letter technique (LLT) to measure community attitudes toward a sensitive social issue about which there are strong emotional feelings was conducted. This was accomplished by comparing the lost letter return rates with the results of a questionnaire study which measured the same attitudes in the same community. The sensitive social issue used in this study was busing to achieve a racial balance. The data from the questionnaire study indicated strong support for busing by blacks and strong opposition to busing by whites. The results of the lost letter technique were significantly different from those of the questionnaire. The LLT found approximately the same attitudes toward busing among both blacks and whites with almost half opposed to busing while just over half supported busing. The ability of the lost letter technique to provide a reliable unobtrusive attitudlnal measure on a sensitive social issue thus appears doubtful.
Detecting bioactive amyloid beta peptide species in Alzheimer's disease.

Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the form of Aβ that induces neurodegeneration in AD, defined here as bioactive Aβ, is not clear. Preventing the formation of bioactive Aβ or inactivating previously formed bioactive Aβ should be a promising approach to treat AD. We have previously developed a cell-based assay for the detection of bioactive Aβ species. The assay is based upon the correlation between the ability of an Aβ sample to induce a unique form of cellular MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] formazan exocytosis, and its ability to activate glia and induce neurotoxicity. Here, we show that this cell-based assay is not only useful for a cellular model of Aβ amyloidogenesis but is also able to detect bioactive Aβ species in a transgenic mouse model of AD, as well as in post-mortem cortex samples from AD patients. There is a good correlation between the extent of glia activation and the level of bioactive Aβ species in the mouse brain. A promising deuteroporphyrin that can inactivate bioactive Aβ species was also identified using this assay. These novel insights and findings should have important implications for the treatment of AD.
Paleoanthropology: Controversy without end or an end without controversy?

Meikle, W. Eric, F. Clark Howell and Nina G. Jablonski eds. Contemporary Issues in Human Evolution. Wattis Symposium Series in Anthropology Memoir 21. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences,...