cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypervelocity penetration of concrete

Abstract Experiments have been conducted with 6.25 mm diameter tungsten rods striking concrete at 2.2 km/s. Three concretes were used—one was 2.35 g/cm 3 and the other two were 2.27 g/cm 3 . The erosion rates were measured to be T /Δ L = 2.4–3.1 depending on the density of the concrete. This is greater than the hydrodynamic value, which shows that the strength of the penetrator is affecting the penetration. The cratering efficiency was computed (which included surface spall) and was found to be commensurate with the strength of the concrete, 28–34 MPa. CTH calculations were conducted using the brittle fracture kinetics (BFK) and Holmquist–Johnson–Cook (HJC) material models for concrete. Density in the calculations was 2.25 g/cm 3 . It was not possible to match erosion rates at 2.2 km/s, which were too high in the calculations. Also, computed crater volumes were much too small, mainly due to spall in the experiments that was not shown in the computations. Another significant inaccuracy of the calculations was the damage extent, which became unrealistically widespread as time increased in the BFK model.
Selection of optimal dose

Dose and dilution levels for quantal response bioassays and dilution assays are selected rather arbitrary. Some guidelines for designing experiments for binary data arising in such fields as bioassay studies, dilution series assays, and dose-response curves are provided. It is shown that for estimation purposes, the study should be designed in such a way so that the experimental doses lie around a critical interval. Failure to do so many produce serious bias in the Maximum Likelihood estimates. This critical interval, however, depends on the unknown parameters. With the help of extensive computer simulations for the logit model ways of overcoming this difficulty are outlined.
Rx for semantic video database retrieval

The most prominent difference between still images and moving pictures stems from movements and variations. Thus to go from the realm of still image repositories to video databases, we must be able to deal with motion. Particularly, we need the ability to classify objects appearing in a video sequence based on the movements of each object, as well as their other characteristics and features such as shape or color.By describing motion derived from motion analysis, we introduce a dual hierarchy consisting of spatial and temporal parts for video sequence representation. This gives us the flexibility to examine arbitrary frames at various levels of abstraction, and to retrieve the associated temporal information (say, object trajectories) in addition to the spatial representation. Our algorithm for motion detection uses the motion compensation component of the MPEG video encoding scheme. The algorithm then computes trajectories for objects of interest. The specification of a language for retrieval of video based on the spatial as well as motion characteristics is presented.
Complications of allergic rhinitis

Upper and lower respiratory diseases, including asthma, sinusitis, and otitis media with effusion, frequently complicate allergic rhinitis. The close association of nasal allergies with these conditions has been supported by extensive epidemiologic evidence. Similar models have been proposed to explain the pathophysiologic links between allergic rhinitis and both sinusitis and otitis media with effusion. In these models, inflammation caused by nasal allergy and/or viral infection leads to obstruction, fluid accumulation, bacterial infection, and acute disease. If these diseases are unsuccessfully treated, a chronic state of inflammation, obstruction, and infection develops that can cause mucosal damage and, ultimately, chronic disease. A number of studies have investigated the roles and interactions of viruses and allergens in the development of otitis media with effusion. Diagnosing and prophylactically treating nasal allergies in patients with this condition may help prevent recurrent episodes and improve the response to therapy.
Mechanism of mucosal immunity to viral infections in gammaA immunoglobulin-deficiency syndromes.

Considerable evidence has accumulated to suggest that viral specific secretory antibody present at external mucosal surfaces determines the outcome of a reinfection challenge with a virulent or attenuated virus ( 1-3). After naturally acquired or vaccineinduced viral infections, specific antibody activity has been shown to appear in the mucosal surfaces, and such activity is predominantly associated with locally produced ./A class of immunoglobulin (4, 5). Although the presence of secretory yA antibody in respiratory and alimentary tracts is generally related to protection, a small proportion of normal human population is either markedly deficient or totally lacking yA immunoglobulin in serum and external secretions (6). Such apparently healthy subjects, and other patients with selective yA deficiency do not seem to be unduly susceptible to recurrent viral infections of the respiratory or alimentary tract (6-8). The mechanisms of mucosal defense in these subjects have not been clearly defined. The present investigation was designed to characterize the nature and distribution of viral specific antibody response in serum
Regularity of some structurally damped problems with point control and with boundary control

Abstract We study the regularity of structurally damped abstract systems with application to point control and boundary control problems for plate equations in general multidimensional domains in Rn. Our treatment includes, in particular, both the cases where the damping operator is equal to the square root of the original differential operator, and the case where the damping operator is only “comparable” to such a square root.
Curcumin-loaded γ-cyclodextrin liposomal nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for osteosarcoma.

Abstract The delivery of curcumin, a broad-spectrum anticancer drug, has been explored in the form of liposomal nanoparticles to treat osteosarcoma (OS). Curcumin is water insoluble and an effective delivery route is through encapsulation in cyclodextrins followed by a second encapsulation in liposomes. Liposomal curcumin's potential was evaluated against cancer models of mesenchymal (OS) and epithelial origin (breast cancer). The resulting 2-Hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin/curcumin - liposome complex shows promising anticancer potential both in vitro and in vivo against KHOS OS cell line and MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. An interesting aspect is that liposomal curcumin initiates the caspase cascade that leads to apoptotic cell death in vitro in comparison with DMSO-curcumin induced autophagic cell death. In addition, the efficiency of the liposomal curcumin formulation was confirmed in vivo using a xenograft OS model. Curcumin-loaded γ-cyclodextrin liposomes indicate significant potential as delivery vehicles for the treatment of cancers of different tissue origin. From the Clinical Editor Curcumin-loaded γ-cyclodextrin liposomes were demonstrated in vitro to have significant potential as delivery vehicles for the treatment of cancers of mesenchymal and epithelial origin. Differences between mechanisms of cell death were also evaluated.
Fewer subsidized exits and a recession: How New York City’s family homeless shelter population became immense

Abstract Between December 1997 and May 2003, the number of families in New York City homeless shelters rose from 4315 to 9303. The 1997–2003 rise in family shelter population in this single city was greater than the combined total shelter populations of Texas and Florida in 2000. Why did this happen? From 1997 through 2000, New York was booming. Shelter population rose during the boom because the city slowed the rate at which it moved families into subsidized housing and it continued to rise after the boom because there was a recession. The population fell when the city stepped up placements into subsidized housing and the recession ended. The relationships are fairly complex. Macroeconomic conditions affect shelter population only with a lag. Placements into subsidized housing do not lure any considerable number of families into the system, but they keep those who are there longer, possibly by affecting the housing market.
Evidence That Syntaxin 1A Is Involved in Storage in the Secretory Pathway

Abstract Syntaxin 1A is a nervous system-specific protein thought to function during the late steps of the regulated secretory pathway by mediating the docking of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane. We have examined the effects of transiently overexpressing syntaxin 1A on protein secretion in constitutively secreting cell lines that do not normally express the protein. Syntaxin 1A slowed the constitutive release of marker proteins human growth hormone (hGH) and vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein from COS-1 cells, increasing the intracellular half-life of human growth hormone from 90 min to 18 h. A similar effect was observed in HEK 293 cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that these secretory proteins were concentrated in the periphery of the cell. The effect was specific for the full-length neuronal protein. Neither a syntaxin 1A variant which lacks a membrane attachment domain nor syntaxin 2 caused the cells to retain human growth hormone. The effect of syntaxin 1A was partially reversed by incubating the cells with botulinum type C neurotoxin, which specifically cleaves syntaxin 1A. Release of human growth hormone from syntaxin 1A-expressing cells was maintained during a blockade of protein synthesis, suggesting that the hormone was being released from a pool of stored vesicles which accumulated before the addition of cycloheximide. The existence of a post-Golgi storage compartment in syntaxin 1A-expressing cells was confirmed using brefeldin A to collapse the Golgi stacks in both HEK 293 and COS-1 cells. Brefeldin A rapidly blocked growth hormone release in control cultures while having no effect on release in cells expressing syntaxin 1A. Reducing the temperature to 19°C, which inhibits transport from the trans-Golgi network, also inhibited hGH secretion from cells without syntaxin 1A but had little effect on hGH secretion from cells with syntaxin 1A. The present experiments indicate that syntaxin 1A enables the storage of vesicles which would otherwise be immediately released.
Attitudes and Beliefs of African Americans Toward Participation in Medical Research

OBJECTIVE: To describe barriers to participation of African Americans in research. DESIGN: Focus group interviews conducted in 1997. PATIENTS: Thirty-three African-American adults presenting to an urban public hospital for outpatient medical care participated in one of five focus groups. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: African-American patients' attitudes toward medical research were measured. Mistrust of doctors, scientists, and the government was reported consistently by the participants. Many participants described concerns about the ethical conduct of clinicians and investigators when poor or minority patients are involved and cited examples of exploitation as supporting evidence for their mistrust of the medical establishment. While participants were clear about the violation of human rights in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, all were misinformed of the historical facts of the study. Few participants understood the concept of informed consent. Participants saw signing the document as relinquishing their autonomy and as a legal protection for physicians. Despite these concerns, participants gave recommendations to improve minority participation in research. CONCLUSIONS: African-American participants in this study described distrust of the medical community as a prominent barrier to participation in clinical research. Participants described real and perceived examples of exploitation to support their distrust of researchers. The goal of the consent process, to inform patients of risks and benefits so as to facilitate self-determination, was misinterpreted by these participants. Understanding the importance of interpersonal trust within the clinical relationship may prove to be a significant factor in enhancing participation in clinical trials.
A simple procedure for estimating threshold stresses in the creep of metal matrix composites

There is considerable evidence for the presence of a threshold stress in the high temperature creep of metal matrix composites, where the threshold stress is defined as a lower limiting stress below which no measurable strain rate can be achieved. This paper outlines a simple and reproducible procedure for estimating the value of {sigma}{sub 0}, the threshold stress. The difficulties associated with the current method of estimating {sigma}{sub 0} are examined and a simple alternative is proposed.
Synthesis of morphine alkaloid analogs. Hasubanans and 9,17-secomorphinans.

Abstract Oxidative coupling of N-trifluoroacetyl- and N-methoxycarbonylsecoreticulines with thallium(III) trifluoroacetate afforded the corresponding N-acylsecosalutaridines in 15–24% yield. The latter compounds were converted to alkaloids of the hasubanan and 9,17-secomorphine classes.
Metabolism of 19-hydroxyandrostenedione in human subjects. Urinary excretion of conjugates

A mixture of [193H]hydroxyandrostenedione and [14C]androstenedione was administered intravenously to 3 women and urine was collected. Only negligible radioactivity could be extracted from the untreated urine.Most of the 14C but only 11% of the 3He was rendered soluble in organic solvents by β-glucuronidase.[3H-19]hydroxyandrostenedione was recovered from this fraction.The conjugates remaining in the urine were extracted into CHCL3 as their pyridinium salts. After solvolysis of the extract with HCLO4 in tetrahydrofuran, neutral metabolites were obtained.Substances extractable from water with organic solvents were obtained by solvolysis of the conjugates with perchloric acid in tetrahydrofuran.[3H-19]hydroxyandrostenedione wasidentified by isotopic dilution as the major product of solvolysis. Thus, 19-hydroxyandrostenedione undergoes conjugation with glucuronic acid and probably sulfuric acid, most likely at C-19. The major urinary metabolite is the sulfate-like conjugate. Reduction in ring A is lessimporta...
Examining the effects of initial smoking abstinence on response to smoking-related stimuli and response inhibition in a human laboratory model.

Rationale Research is needed on initial smoking abstinence and relapse risk. Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of different durations of initial abstinence on sensitivity to smokingrelated stimuli and response inhibition in the context of a larger battery of outcome measures. Methods Smokers were randomly assigned to receive payment contingent on smoking abstinence across all 15 study days (15C) or just the final 2 days (2C). Smoking status and subject ratings were assessed daily. Participants completed fMRI sessions at baseline and day 14 during which they completed craving ratings after exposure to smoking-related and neutral stimuli and performed a response inhibition task. On day 15, participants completed a smoking preference session involving 20 exclusive choices between smoking and money. Results The payment contingencies were effective in producing greater smoking abstinence in the 15C vs. 2C conditions. Ratings of withdrawal decreased, while ratings of ease and confidence in abstaining increased in the 15C vs. 2C conditionsacrossthe15-daystudy.15Cparticipantswerelesslikely to choose the smoking option in the preference session. 15C participants reported greater reductions in craving compared to the 2C participants in the presence of smoking-related and neutral stimuli (i.e., decreases in generalized craving), but no differences were noted in cue reactivity per se or in response inhibition. Conclusions Results systematically replicate prior observations that a period 2 weeks of initial abstinence decreases the relative reinforcing effects of smoking and improves other outcomes associated with relapse risk compared to the initial day or two of a cessation effort, and extends them by underscoring the importance of generalized rather than cueinduced craving in relation to relapse risk during the initial weeks of smoking cessation.
Measuring atmospheric density with X-ray occultation sounding

[1] Astronomical X-ray sources provide opportunities for global remote sensing of the Earth’s atmosphere. We present a novel technique, complementary to other methods, that involves atmospheric occultation of celestial X-ray sources to measure the neutral density of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere in the 70- to 150-km region. These are the first such measurements in the 2- to 45-keV (∼0.28–6.0 A) passband, and the technique permits both dayside and nightside soundings. Measurements were made using the Unconventional Stellar Aspect (USA) experiment aboard the Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) and the Proportional Counter Array (PCA) on the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) satellite. The data are time-tagged, energy-resolved photon extinction curves which provide sufficient information to determine the altitude profile of the neutral atmosphere. An ensemble of observations of the Crab Nebula and Cygnus X-2 were used to develop a “proof of concept” of this new technique, and results are presented for each source.
Characterization of Ordered Mesoporous Gallium MCM-41 Synthesized at Room Temperature

A series of highly ordered mesoporous gallium-containing MCM-41 molecular sieves with variable Si/Ga (100−10) ratios have been synthesized at room temperature. The synthesized Ga−MCM-41 was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermal analysis, N2 adsorption measurement, and 29Si and 71Ga nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); optimal synthesis conditions have thus been established. We were successful in synthesizing highly ordered material at room temperature using gallium nitrate as the source of gallium, and the surfactant was the cetyltrimethylammonium cation [(C16H33N(CH3)3]+. 71Ga NMR of calcined and uncalcined Ga−MCM-41 demonstrated that gallium was substituted for Si with tetrahedral coordination in the Ga−MCM-41 structure. N2 adsorption measurements indicate that high mesoporosity exists over the entire range of Ga−MCM-41 with an average pore diameter of 38.3 A.
Arsenite Sensitizes Human Melanomas to Apoptosis via Tumor Necrosis Factor α-mediated Pathway

Abstract Arsenic is a well established human carcinogen and is associated with a variety of cancers including those of the skin. Paradoxically, arsenic has also been used, amid at low doses, in the treatment of leukemia for over a century. Here we demonstrate that low to moderate concentrations of arsenite (2-10 μm) that has little or no effect on normal melanocytes may induce apoptosis of human melanomas including highly metastatic ones despite their low surface Fas levels. The two prerequisites that dictate apoptotic response of melanomas upon arsenite treatment are low nuclear NF-κB activity and an endogenous expression of tumor necrosis factor α. Under these conditions, melanoma cells acquired sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor α-mediated killing. On the other hand, signaling pathways including those of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT, MEK-ERK, and JNK play a protective role against arsenite-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in melanoma cells. Suppression of these pathways dramatically accelerates arsenite-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these data could provide potential approaches to sensitize melanomas to the cytotoxic effects of arsenite through modulating the signaling pathways.
Fear and Loathing on Capitol Hill: The 99th Congress and Economic Policy

The first session of the 99th Congress was a year of wrenching institutional and political realignment. Facing monstrous structural budget deficits in excess of $200 billion a year, Congress struggled to adjust its distributive urges to the unpleasant realities of a redistributive era. Unlike previous budget crises that were caused by economic events beyond Congress's control, the current problem was created by an unwillingness to raise sufficient revenues to pay for the nation's defense and social program commitments. Frustration, gridlock, and partisan warfare eventually ended in surrender to the Executive Branch: a balanced-budget act was adopted that could radically alter Congress's power of the purse.
The New York City Smoke‐Free Air Act: Second‐hand smoke as a worker health and safety issue

Background Despite the provisions of a Smoke-Free Air Act (SFAA) enacted in 1995, more than 415,000 non-smoking New York City workers reported exposure to second-hand smoke in the workplace all or most of the time in 2002. Continued exposure to second-hand smoke in New York City prompted a renewed debate about a broader smoke-free air law. Methods The approach taken by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene to make the case for workplace protection from second-hand smoke, counter the opposition's arguments, and ultimately win the support of policymakers and the public for comprehensive smoke-free workplace legislation is described. Results On December 30, 2002, New York City's Mayor signed the SFAA of 2002 into law, making virtually all workplaces, including restaurants and bars, smoke-free. Conclusions Proponents for a stronger law prevailed by defining greater protection from second-hand smoke as a matter of worker health and safety. Efforts to enact smoke-free workplace laws will inevitably encounter strong opposition, with the most common argument being that smoke-free measures will harm businesses. These challenges, however, can be effectively countered and public support for these measures is likely to increase over time by focusing the debate on worker protection from second-hand smoke exposure on the job. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:188–195, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relaxation Matching for Georegistration of Aerial and Satellite Imagery

In this paper, we present a novel approach for image-to-map registration through graph matching. In our graph-based matching approach road networks are presented as graphs, and registration is performed through the optimal mapping between two such graphs. A global compatibility function is formulated to measure the overall goodness of correspondence between two graphs, and is optimized through the use of continuous relaxation labeling. The main advantages of our approach lie on its invariance to translation, rotation and scale differences (through the use of appropriate attributes), as well as on its use of network structure to reduce the ambiguity in search space for inexact matching. Furthermore, our approach requires no user-defined threshold to justify local matches. In this paper we present the theoretical background behind our approach, and experimental results to demonstrate its performance.
Isolation and Characterization of Metastatic Variants from Human Transitional Cell Carcinoma Passaged by Orthotopic Implantation in Athymic Nude Mice

AbstractPurpose: These studies were designed to develop an orthotopic model for human bladder cancer and to isolate variant metastatic cell lines.Materials and Methods: The human bladder cancer cell line 253J was implanted into the muscular wall of the bladder of athymic nude mice. By in vivo recycling, we selected for 2 variant cell lines: 253J B-V, a bladder line isolated after 5 serial passages in the bladder, and 253J lung-IV, established from a lung tumor nodule that was recycled through the bladder.Results: These 2 cell lines showed enhanced tumorigenicity, as measured by a decreased latent period, and rapid growth as compared with the parental cell line. Moreover, orthotopic implantation of these cell lines resulted in metastasis to the lungs. These in vivo-selected, metastatic cell lines exhibited unique karyotypic alterations, increased anchorage-independent growth, overexpression of basic fibroblast growth factor, altered expression of adhesion molecules and the ability to migrate through Matrig...
On crossbar switch and multiple bus interconnection networks with overlapping connectivity

Multiprocessor interconnection networks are proposed which have the characteristic that each processor or memory module can connect to a group of its near neighbors and adjacent directly connected groups include some of the same processors or memories. These overlapping connectivity networks are attractive especially for a very large number of processors which cannot be provided with full connectivity but need to operate by communication between processors. Applications for overlapping connectivity networks include neural computers and dataflow computers. Bandwidth formulas are derived using a probabilistic approach, including when intermediate processors are used in the interconnection path. A general cell design is presented capable of representing various overlapping connectivity networks. >
Teaching NeuroImages: Methotrexate neurotoxicity Resolution and evolution of MRI changes within 48 hours

A 13-year-old girl presented with acute-onset right hemiparesis involving the face, arm, and leg equally. She was receiving weekly intrathecal methotrexate (last dose 6 days prior) for recently diagnosed acute lymphocytic leukemia. Brain MRI (figure 1) showed diffusion restriction in the left centrum semiovale with reduced apparent diffusion coefficient. Her hemiparesis resolved within 24 hours, but 2 hours later she developed 12-hour left hemiparesis involving face, upper limb, and dysarthria. Follow-up neurologic examination was normal. Repeat MRI (figure 2) 44 hours after the original MRI showed acute right centrum semiovale changes. The changes that were previously seen on the left side had resolved. As before, all changes noted were localized completely in white matter, nonvascular territory. This was consistent with methotrexate neurotoxicity,1,2 possibly secondary to homocysteine accumulation causing direct endothelial injury.3 The patient resumed intrathecal methotrexate 1 month later as part of her ongoing chemotherapeutic regimen without further incidents.
High-speed ADC using residue number system

An ADC (analog/digital converter) architecture based on a residue number system (RNS) and multiple folding of the input signal is described. The number of comparators used is equal to the sum of moduli for obtaining the dynamic range desired. An error correction circuit and overflow detection are possible. RNS ADC makes use of an analog preprocessing stage for multiple folding of the input signal before flash conversion to reduce the hardware and to achieve high-speed operation. The main drawback of the architecture is that a residue code that does not change gradually, such as the Gray code, and error correction are necessary to avoid large errors. Higher resolution is possible without much increase in hardware. It is concluded that this reduced hardware architecture results in a low-cost high-speed ADC suitable for consumer video applications. >
Melody Valve-in-Ring Procedure for Mitral Valve Replacement: Feasibility in Four Annuloplasty Types

Background The recurrence of regurgitation after surgical mitral valve (MV) repair remains a significant clinical problem. Mitral annuloplasty rings are commonly used in MV repair procedures. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of transvenous valve-in-ring (VIR) implantation using the Melody valve (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN), which is a valved-stent designed for percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement, and 4 distinct types of annuloplasty ring (AR) in an ovine model. Methods Ten sheep underwent surgical MV annuloplasty ring placement (n = 10): CE-Physio, Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA [n = 5]; partial ring [n = 3]; flexible ring [n = 1]; and saddle ring [n = 1]). All animals underwent cardiac catheterization, hemodynamic assessment, and Melody VIR implantation through a transfemoral venous, transatrial septal approach 1 week after surgery. Follow-up hemodynamic, angiographic, and echocardiographic data were recorded. Results Melody VIR implantation was technically successful in all but 1 animal. In this animal a 26-mm partial AR proved too large for secure anchoring of the Melody valve. In the remaining 9 animals, fluoroscopy showed the Melody devices securely positioned within the annuloplasty rings. Echocardiography revealed no perivalvular leak, and angiography revealed no left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, vigorous left ventricular function, and no aortic valve insufficiency. The median procedure time was 55.5 (range, 45 to 78) minutes. Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of a purely percutaneous approach to MV replacement in patients with preexisting annuloplasty rings, regardless of ring type. This approach may be of particular benefit to patients with failed repair of ischemic mitral regurgitation.
The energy content of infant formulas

Abstract The reported energy content of infant formulas will vary, depending upon the method used to calculate or measure the caloric value. Manufacturers' specifications regarding the energy content of milk formulas reflects the ‘metabolizable’ energy, i.e., the amount of energy which is digested and absorbed by the infant. However, estimates of absorptive efficiency are based primarily upon studies in young adult subjects fed mixed diets and therefore may not be generally applicable to all neonates. The actual caloric content of formulas may be determined accurately by bomb calorimetry which is not influenced by the relative metabolic efficiency of the infant who may utilize the formula. Therefore, it may be preferable to express the caloric value of milk base formulas in terms of absolute combustible energy.
Personhood, moral strangers, and the evil of abortion: the painful experience of post-modernity

The epistemological and sociological consequences of post-modernity include the inability to show moral strangers, in terms they can see as binding, the moral wrongness of activities such as abortion. Such activities can be perceived as morally disordered within a content-full moral narrative, but not outside of the context it brings. Though one can salvage something of the Enlightenment project of justifying a morality that can bind moral strangers, one is left with moral and metaphysical views that can be recognized as impoverished and incomplete by those who live their lives within the embrace of a content-full moral narrative. The cardinal dualism of post-modernity is not that which separates mind from body, but the gulf between the morality binding moral strangers and that binding moral friends.
Recent developments in porous silicon substrates for RF/microwave applications

Highly integrated system design is sought in silicon (Si) substrates due to the potential cost savings from volume manufacturing. For GHz applications, two research efforts in silicon have evolved, BiCMOS in SiGe and CMOS in Si, utilizing high and low resistivity silicon materials, respectively. In order to integrate active and passive designs in CMOS grade substrates with conductive and insulating features, multilayer and substrate modification methods have been investigated. The paper presents an overview of one substrate modification method, porous silicon, and recent electrical characterization data of GHz interconnect performance on dielectric capped and oxide converted forms of the material. In addition, highlights are presented of several RF circuit demonstrations on lumped element, active circuit, and packaging performance.
Forming oriented organic crystals from amorphous thin films on patterned substrates via solvent-vapor annealing

Abstract The challenge of generating crystals of organic materials has been pursued by many research groups who aim to develop materials sets for active electronic and optoelectronic devices, including field-effect transistors [C.D. Dimitrakopoulos, P.R.L. Malenfant, Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 99; H.E. Katz, Z. Bao, J. Phys. Chem. B 104 (2000) 671; Y.Y. Lin, D.J. Gundlach, S.F. Nelson, T.N. Jackson, IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 44 (1997) 1325], photodetectors [P. Peumans, V. Bulovic, S.R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 (2000) 2650] and optical modulators [S.R. Marder, J.W. Perry, C.P. Yakymyshyn, Chem. Mater. 6 (1994) 1137]. Here we describe a method for in-plane growth of millimeter-scale crystalline organic needles from initially amorphous thin films of the molecular organic semiconductor tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq 3 ). The needles form when the vacuum-deposited amorphous films are exposed to chloroform vapor at room temperature and pressure, and can be as large as several microns thick, several microns wide, and one centimeter long (limited in length by the substrate dimensions). As such, the Alq 3 needles are more than 1000 times longer than any previously reported organic crystals formed via a similar solvent-vapor annealing process [F. Iwatsu, T. Kobayashi, N. Uyeda, J. Phys. Chem. 84 (1980) 3223; F. Iwatsu, J. Cryst. Growth 71 (1985) 629; A.M. Hor, R.O. Loutfy, Thin Solid Films 106 (1983) 291; B.A. Gregg, J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 852; J.C. Conboy, E.J.C. Olson, D.M. Adams, J. Kerimo, A. Zaban, B.A. Gregg, P.F. Barbara, J. Phys. Chem. B 102 (1998) 4516; M. Brinkmann, J.C. Wittmann, C. Chaumont, J.J. Andre, Thin Solid Films 292 (1997) 192; F. Toffolo, M. Brinkmann, O. Greco, F. Biscarini, C. Taliani, H.L. Gomes, I. Aiello, M. Ghedini, Synth. Met. 101 (1999) 140]. Moreover, the Alq 3 needles are spatially separated from one another and oriented with their long axes parallel to lithographically pre-defined periodic submicron grooves in the substrate surface.
Tunable Thermal Conductivity of TiO2 Films of Close-Packed Nanoparticles

We report on the ultra-low thermal conductivity of a series of convectively assembled, anisotropic titania (TiO2 ) nanoparticle films. The TiO2 films are fabricated on aluminum coated glass substrates by flow coating a suspension of ellipsoidal colloidal nanoparticles, resulting in structured films with tailored order. Time domain thermoreflectance is used to measure the thermal conductivity of the TiO2 films. The thermal conductivities of these nanoparticle films are dependent on nanoparticle orientational order and films with more randomly oriented particles exhibit thermal conductivities less than the amorphous limit.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Legality in Administration in Britain and the United States Toward an Institutional Explanation

Efforts to structure administrative processes through legality are well known in the United States. However, they are seldom analyzed in a comparative context, with an effort to explain how legal procedures are structured into administrative process. Political disputes criticizing bureaucracy and arguing for more legal accountability have occurred in Britain as well as the United States, culminating in statutes. But the extensive postwar debate in Britain led to a statute that did not accomplish as much as the American Administrative Procedure Act. This article explains the efforts and the somewhat different outcomes in Britain and the United States with an analysis of the coherence of and divisions within legal ideology and how the legal profession interacted with the different configuration of state institutions in Britain and the United States.
Thiol-Terminated Di-, Tri-, and Tetraethylene Oxide Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles: A Water-Soluble, Charge-Neutral Cluster

A series of gold nanoclusters stabilized by ligands containing short ethylene oxide oligomers of fixed length were prepared and characterized. The thiols CH3(OCH2CH2)nSH (where n = 2, 3, and 4) were substituted onto the surface of 1.8-nm hexanethiol-capped gold clusters by a thiol-exchange reaction, and the resulting nanoclusters were characterized by NMR, FTIR, and UV/vis spectroscopies; TGA; and TEM analysis. A degree of ligand exchange greater than 99% was achieved, and the gold core diameter remained unchanged in the final material. Of particular interest, the cluster with n = 2 was water-insoluble, whereas those with n = 3 or 4 were water-soluble. The thin-film electrical conductivities of these clusters were compared with those of alkanethiol-capped clusters of similar chain lengths and found to be roughly 1 order of magnitude greater. In a chemical vapor sensor configuration, this series of clusters displayed strong electrical responses that showed a correlation between the length of the ethylene o...
In vivo detection of short- and long-term MDMA neurotoxicity - A positron emission tomography study in the living baboon brain

The present study evaluated short- and long-term effects of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) in the baboon brain using PET and [11C](+)McN 5652, a potent 5-HT transporter ligand, as well as [11C]RTI-55, a cocaine derivative which labels both 5-HT and dopamine transporters. Following baseline PET scans with [11C](+)McN5652, [11C](−)McN5652 (the inactive enantiomer of the active enantiomer [11C](+)McN5652) and [11C]RTI-55, a baboon was treated with MDMA (5 mg/kg, s.c., twice daily for four consecutive days). PET studies at 13, 19, and 40 days post-MDMA revealed decreases in mean radioactivity levels in all brain regions when using [11C](+)McN 5652, but not with [11C](−)McN5652 or [11C]RTI-55. Reductions in specific [11C](+)McN5652 binding (calculated as the difference in radioactivity concentrations between (+) and (−)[11C]McN5652) ranged from 44% in the pons to 89% in the occipital cortex. PET studies at 9 and 13 months showed regional differences in the apparent recovery of 5-HT transporters, with increases in some brain regions (e.g., hypothalamus) and persistent decreases in others (e.g., neocortex). Data obtained from PET studies correlated well with regional 5-HT axonal marker concentrations in the CNS measured after sacrifice of the animal. The results of these studies indicate that PET imaging of the living nonhuman primate brain with [11C](+)McN 5652 can detect changes in regional 5-HT transporter density secondary to MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. Using PET, it should also be feasible to use [11C](+)McN5652 to determine whether human MDMA users are also susceptible to MDMA's neurotoxic effects. Synapse 29:183–192, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of slope-derived and height-derived modulation transfer functions for radar return and ocean waves

Use of a radar vector slope gauge at the SAXON experiment allowed new types of studies of the modulation-transfer function (MTF) between ocean waves and radar signals. The MTF calculated from slopes shows less coherence than that using heights, suggesting flaws in the usual application of linear, long-crested wave theory to MTF determination. In complex situations with multiple wave trains, the slope-derived MTF is related the most to the wave train traveling nearly toward the radar, regardless of wind direction, but coherence is low. This low coherence with slope and phase of the height MTF suggest that cross-wave radar signal modulation is largely hydrodynamic. >
Demand Transitions and Tracking Performance Efficiency: Structural and Strategic Models

A compensatory tracking task with hard and easy levels of difficulty was used to test resource depletion and effort regulation models of dual-to-single task transition effects. Both models were supported by the data. Consistent with a resource depletion view, participants who shared the difficult tracking task with a vigilance task during an induction phase, and then performed the tracking task alone during a transition phase, had greater levels of tracking error in both phases than those who were confronted only with the tracking task. By contrast, in accord with expectations derived from the effort regulation view, tracking error on the easy task was smaller during both phases of the study for participants who originally shared tracking with vigilance than for those confronted only with the tracking task. Evidently, task difficulty is a key factor in determining the domains in which these models apply.
Monitoring spring canopy phenology of a deciduous broadleaf forest using MODIS

Climate change is predicted to alter the canopy phenology of temperate and boreal forests, which will affect carbon, water, and energy budgets. Therefore, there is a great need to evaluate remotely sensed products for their potential to accurately capture canopy dynamics. The objective of this study was to compare several products derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to field measurements of fraction photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) and plant area index (PAI) for a deciduous broadleaf forest in northern Wisconsin in 2002. MODIS products captured the general phenological development of the canopy although MODIS products overestimated the leaf area during the overstory leaf out period. Field data suggest that the period from budburst to canopy maturity, or maximum PAI, occurred in 10 to 12 days while MODIS products predicted onset of greenness and maturity from 1 to 21 days and 0 to 19 days earlier than that from field observations, respectively. Temporal compositing of MODIS data and understory development are likely key factors explaining differences with field data. Maximum PAI estimates differed only by 7% between field derived and MODIS-based estimates of LAI. Implications for ecosystem modeling of carbon and water exchange and future research needs are discussed.
High-performance dynamic graphics streaming for scalable adaptive graphics environment

The Scalable Adaptive Graphics Environment (SAGE) is specialized middleware for enabling data, high-definition video and extremely high-resolution graphics to be streamed in real-time from remotely distributed rendering and storage clusters to scalable display walls over ultrahigh- speed networks. In this paper, we present the SAGE architecture, focusing on its dynamic graphics streaming capability. In the SAGE framework, multiple visualization applications can be streamed to large tiled displays and viewed at the same time. The application windows can be moved, resized and overlapped like any standard desktop window manager. Every window movement or resize operation requires dynamic and non-trivial reconfiguration of the involved graphics streams. This approach has been successfully shown to scale to support streaming on the LambdaVision 100 Megapixel display wall. SAGE is now being extended to support distance collaboration with multiple endpoints by streaming visualization to all the participants.
Concentration of Tomato Products: Analysis of Energy Saving Process Alternatives

Four process alternatives to the standard steam driven triple effect scraped surface evaporators are compared on a present value economic basis. Use of mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) evaporators, reverse osmosis (RO), and centrifugal separation of tomato fiber and serum are compared in different combinations. The lowest cost system was found to utilize centrifugation, RO, MVR and heat recovery with a total energy use of 88.7 Kcal/kg (160 Btu/1b) of tomato concentrate as compared to the conventional system requiring over 1110 Kcal/kg (2000 Btu/1b) concentrate. The viscosity of the recombined solids-serum concentrate after a heat treatment was found to be 80% of the conventional concentrate. Mathematical models of the unit operations are developed and coupled with capital costs and energy costs for the unit operations to give present value system costs.
Dynamics of the Offshore Fish Assemblage in a Southwestern Reservoir (Lake Texoma, Oklahoma-Texas)

Abstract Reservoirs are relatively new ecosystems with fish assemblages that include both native and introduced species. Spatial and temporal variability in such fish assemblages is difficult to predict from ecological theory. We characterized the dynamics of an offshore fish assemblage of Lake Texoma by sampling multiple fixed sites fortnightly with gill nets from 1981 to 1984 (402 net-nights). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to quantify (1) variation of the fish assemblage in space and time, (2) spatial and temporal independence of samples, (3) persistence of species associations, and (4) correlations between the dynamics of the fish assemblage and environmental conditions. Overall, depth and season accounted for the greatest amount of variation in the fish assemblage in our study area. Much of this variation was the result of spatial and temporal fluctuation in the abundance of various age classes of Dorosoma cepedianum (Gizzard Shad), Morone saxatilis (Striped Bass), and Aplodinotus gru...
Short Report Format

This brief report template is especially well suited for use in non-forensic medical settings or other contexts in which conciseness and rapid turn-around time are critical.
Lessons from Alexandria: the Trinity, the Soteriological Problem, and the Rise of Modern Adventist AntiTrinitarianism

Among the ancient schools of theology, Alexandria holds special prominence. The school began about 185 a.D. for the exclusive purpose of instructing converts from paganism to Christianity. Very quickly, and under the leadership of its principal theologians, Clement and Origen, it evolved into a major theological think-tank of ancient Christianity. On one hand, the school played an important role in spurring the development of many Christian doctrines, including the doctrines of God, Christ, the Trinity, and salvation. On the other, however, theological aberrations incontrovertibly present in the thought of the Alexandrian thinkers left a troubling legacy. These errors have never been completely eradicated from Christian theology, have persisted throughout the centuries, and continue to periodically resurface in various theological circles, including Adventism. In recent years, a version of an ancient error closely resembling Alexandrian subordinationism1 has resurfaced within some factions of the Adventist community. It is my belief that an understanding of the theological thinking of the Alexandrian school, however remote and seemingly irrelevant to believing Christians today, may aid in understanding the issues involved in modern-day trinitarian and soteriological debates, as well as protecting the community of believers from perpetuating the errors present in the Alexandrian thinking.2 Let us begin with a brief overview of trinitarian developments up to the rise of Alexandrian thinking.
Laughing at Risk: Sitcom Laugh Tracks Communicate Norms for Behavior

The role that sitcom laugh tracks play in the communication of social norms was investigated. Participants (n = 112) were exposed to a sitcom narrative in which reckless driving behaviors were exhibited, or a control narrative. One half of the participants viewed a clip with laugh track present, and the other half viewed a clip with the laugh track edited out. Results indicate that laugh tracks do communicate information about what kinds of driving behavior is normative in the target driving clip condition. Specifically, the accessibility of risky driving injunctive norms was influenced by the laugh track and scenario manipulation. This effect was moderated by identification with the character who exhibited reckless behavior. Accessibility of risky driving norms then predicted attitudes, descriptive norms, and behavioral intentions regarding risky driving. The implication of the results is that media narratives can communicate norms for behavior through the laugh track in a sitcom.