cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathology of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Over the past three decades, advances in prenatal and neonatal intensive care have contributed to marked improvements in survival rates for extremely immature infants born during the canalicular phase of lung development at 24 to 26 weeks, a time when alveolar and distal vascular development is rapidly occurring. The histopathological lesions of severe airway injury and alternating sites of overinflation and fibrosis in "old" BPD have been replaced in "new" BPD with the pathologic changes of large, simplified alveolar structures, a dysmorphic capillary configuration, and variable interstitial cellularity and/or fibroproliferation. Airway and vascular lesions, when present, tend to be present in infants, who over time develop more severe disease. The concept that "new" BPD results in an arrest in alveolization should be modified to that of an impairment in alveolization as evidence shows that short ventilatory times and/or the use of nCPAP allow continued alveolar formation.
Rapid Simultaneous Measurement of Hydrogen Isotopes in Aqueous Solution by 31P NMR

Abstract Integration of the 31P spectrum of phosphite formed after reaction of phosphorus tricholoride with partially deuterated water is found to yield an accurate measurement of the percent of deuteration (or protonation) after correction for the kinetic isotope effect. A kinetic isotope effect favoring proton reaction by a factor of 3.2 ± .25 is found. The method is tested over the range of 10% to 90% deuterium. The results are found to be accurate to ± 6% relative, which is probably limited by experimental error in the determination of the integral. Measurements outside the 10 to 90% range are possible, but require longer acquisition times because of the low signal-to-noise ratio of the small peaks.
OVARIECTOMY ALTERS THE CHRONIC HEMODYNAMIC AND SYMPATHETIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL IN RADIOTELEMETERED FEMALE RATS

This study determined the chronic hemodynamic effects of ethanol in telemetered freely moving female Sprague-Dawley rats. The role of ovarian hormones and sympathetic activity in the modulation of ethanol responses was also investigated. Changes in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and plasma estrogen and norepinephrine (NE, as index of sympathetic activity) were evaluated in pair-fed sham-operated (SO) and ovariectomized (OVX) rats receiving liquid diet with or without ethanol (5%, w/v) for 12 weeks. OVX caused a significant increase (about 40 g) in body weight, compared with the sham operation, which was apparent after two weeks and remained so for the duration of the study. The body weight showed gradual and similar increases in both ethanol and control groups. Ethanol feeding had no effect on the plasma estrogen level in SO or OVX rats. Daily ethanol intake was significantly (P < 0.05) less in OVX compared with SO rats whereas the blood ethanol concentration were similar in the two groups except for a significantly (P < 0.05) higher level in OVX rats at weeks 8, 10, and 11. Ethanol feeding caused significant (P < 0.05) decreases in BP in SO rats that started at week land reached maximal response (approximately 10 mmHg) at week 6 and remained at that level till the end of week 12. In OVX rats, ethanol had no effect on BPduring the first 5 weeks of the study. A slight but significant reduction in BP (about 5 mmHg) by ethanol in OVX rats started to appear at week 6 and remained for the following 5 weeks. The reduced hypotensive effect of ethanol in OVX rats was associated with an increase in the sympathetic activity as indicated by the significant (P < 0.05) increases in plasma NE levels. This sympathoexcitatory effect of ethanol was not demonstrated in SO rats. The HR was not affected by ethanol in the two groups of rats except for significant (P < 0.05) increases at weeks 1 through 3 in SO rats. The present findings suggest that the ovarian hormones modulate, at least partly, the hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of chronic ethanol feeding in female rats. Ethanol lowers BP in female rats and this effect was delayed and diminished in OVX rats due possibly to the associated increase in sympathetic activity.
A new cell surface relationship between neuroepithelial cells during rat neural tube development

Electron microscopic examination of the developing neural tube in 11th to 13th day rat fetuses revealed a new cell surface relationship between differentiating neuroepithelial cells. Cytoplasmic projections possessing terminal dilations were observed extending from neuroepithelial cells through cytoplasmic furrows into large coated pits at the surface of adjacent cells. This cell-to-cell relationship provides a mechanism for the internalization of surface molecules and possibly even cytoplasmic constituents. Communication between donor and recipient cells mediated in this way suggests a route for the sharing of macromolecules, including cytoplasmic fragments, which could function as regulators in embryonic development and differentiation.
Direct liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the detection of glutathione S-transferase isozymes and investigation of their expression in response to dietary flavone.

Abstract The cytosolic GSTs were measured directly in tissue homogenates using HPLC interfaced via ESI to a mass spectrometer (LC/MS). Total ion chromatograms were generated and filtered for ion currents corresponding to m / z ratio characteristic of individual GST isozymes. Direct LC/MS has a high degree of precision (8%) and low instrument detection limits (50–100 ng) and offers the advantage of monitoring GST expression at the protein level. In this study we describe the sub-chronic effect of feeding flavone (2500 mg/kg diet) on the expression of mGSTA3, mGSTP1, mGSTM1, and mGSTM2 in male and female mice. Additionally, we tentatively identify mGSTO and its up-regulation by flavone; a result that will facilitate the study of this novel enzyme. Flavone induced mGSTM1 and mGSTP1 in a gender and isozyme specific manner yet had no appreciable effect on the expression of mGSTA3. Male animals (day 5) displayed a 8-fold increase in mGSTM1 and a 2.6-fold increase in mGSTP1 whereas female animals displayed a 5- and 3-fold increase in mGSTM1 and mGSTP1, respectively. The mGSTM2 was detected only in flavone-fed animals, indicating an up-regulation of this isozyme by flavone. Results obtained using direct LC/MS compare favorably to the specific activity of individual isozymes ( P = 0.19), and are comparable to GST levels determined using affinity chromatography followed by LC/MS ( P = 0.79).
Vaccination with allogeneic dendritic cells fused to carcinoma cells induces antitumor immunity in MUC1 transgenic mice

Abstract Fusions of autologous tumor cells with allogeneic dendritic cells (DC) represent an approach for the induction of antitumor immunity. In the present studies, we investigated the antitumor effects of vaccinating MUC1-transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice with MC38/MUC1 carcinoma cells fused to allogeneic DC from BALB/c mice (allo-DC, H-2 d ) or syngeneic DC from C57BL/6 mice (syn-DC, H-2 b ). Both allo and syn fusion cells (FC/MUC1) expressed MHC class II, costimulatory molecules, and the MUC1 antigen. Allo-FC/MUC1 exhibited dual expression of MHC class I haplotypes (H-2 d /H-2 b )and MUC1 antigen. By contrast, only H-2 b and MUC1 antigen were expressed by syn-FC/MUC1. CTLs from MUC1.Tg mice immunized with allo- or syn-FC/MUC1 fusion cells lysed MC38/MUC1 targets. Moreover, immunization with allo- or syn-FC/MUC1 was effective in eliminating established MUC1-positive pulmonary metastases in MUC1.Tg mice. These results indicate that immunization of MUC1.Tg mice with syn- or allo-FC/MUC1 is effective in reversing immunologic unresponsiveness to MUC1 antigen and inducing immunity against MUC1-positive tumors. The findings in the present study have broader clinical implications for fusion cell vaccines.
Three generations in minimally extended standard models

Abstract We present a class of minimally extended standard models with the gauge group SU ( 3 ) C × SU ( N ) L × U ( 1 ) X where for all N ⩾ 3 , anomaly cancelation requires three generations. At low energy, we recover the Standard Model (SM), while at higher energies, there must exist quarks, leptons and gauge bosons with electric charges shifted from their SM values by integer multiples of the electron charge up to ± [ N / 2 ] e . Since the value N = 5 is the highest N consistent with QCD asymptotic freedom, we elaborate on the 3–5–1 model.
Perivascular stem cell niche in head and neck cancer

Abstract Cancers may contain a small sub-population of uniquely tumorigenic cells that exhibit self-renewal and multipotency, i.e . cancer stem cells (CSCs). These cells reside in invasive fronts in close proximity to blood vessels in many tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Recent evidence suggests that CSC resist chemotherapy and “drive” local recurrence and metastatic spread. Notably, endothelial cell-initiated signaling is critical for the survival and self-renewal of CSC and may play a role in resistance to therapy. Therefore, patients with head and neck cancer might benefit from therapies that target the CSC directly or their supportive perivascular niche.
Microstructural modeling of crack nucleation and propagation in high strength martensitic steels

Abstract A dislocation-density based multiple-slip crystalline plasticity formulation, a dislocation-density grain boundary (GB) interaction scheme, and an overlapping fracture method were used to investigate crack nucleation and propagation in martensitic steel with retained austenite for both quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. The formulation accounts for variant morphologies, orientation relationships, and retained austenite that are uniquely inherent to lath martensitic microstructures. The interrelated effects of dislocation-density evolution ahead of crack front and the variant distribution of martensitic blocks on crack nucleation and propagation are investigated. It is shown that dislocation-density generation ahead of crack front can induce dislocation-density accumulations and plastic deformation that can blunt crack propagation. These predictions indicate that variant distribution of martensitic blocks can be optimized to mitigate and potentially inhibit material failure.
A Mile‐Wide Gap: The Evolution of Hispanic Political Emergence in the Deep South*

Objective. Prior to the 1990s, the size of the Hispanic population in the Deep South was negligible. Since that time, states in this region have experienced an explosive growth in members of this ethnic group. Methods. Georgia and the Carolinas are among five states that maintain registration and turnout files by ethnicity. We make use of these political data in conjunction with demographic information from the Census to create a snapshot of Hispanic political emergence in the southeast. Results. A sizable gap exists between the size of the Hispanic population in the southeast and levels of political participation on the part of Latinos. Much of the explanation for this observation centers on the fact that the bulk of recent migration to the region has been by Hispanics who are not U.S. citizens. Participation rates among Hispanic citizens, however, were also found to lag behind those of other racial groups in the region. Conclusions. Although it is likely that Hispanics will become a sizable political force in the Deep South, it should be noted that the gulf between latent political influence and actual political power may take quite some time to close.
Dimeric β-turn peptidomimetics as ligands for the neurotrophin receptor TrkC

Abstract Twelve dimeric peptidomimetics 1 were prepared via a divergent–convergent strategy. These peptidomimetics incorporated the same amino acids as i+1 and i+2 residues in key β-turns of the neurotrophin NT-3. Cytosensor microphysiometry was used to gauge the effects of the dimers 1 on cells that overexpress the NT-3 receptor, TrkC. Increases in extracellular acidification rates were observed for some monomers 3, but the active dimers gave greater effects.
Clinical Experience With Polydioxanone Suture Material

Polydioxanone (PDS™) synthetic absorbable suture material was evaluated in 169 dogs and cats. Sutures or ligatures were used on 446 tissues including 18 contaminated and 16 infected wounds. There was less tissue friction than with polyglycolic acid or polyglactin 910 sutures. The suture tended to kink during placement of continuous suture patterns. There was one wound dehiscence. Polydioxanone may be used wherever surgical gut, polyglycolic acid, or polyglactin 910 sutures are normally used.
pH-dependent voltammetric responses of microdisc gold electrodes modified with thiotic acid self-assembled monolayers

This paper describes the pH dependence of cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of hexacyanoferrate(III) on microdisc gold electrodes (25 μm in diameter) modified with thioctic acid (TA) monolayers. The use of a microdisc electrode made it possible to directly compare the experimental CV data with theoretical simulation, and thus to discuss the main factors affecting voltammetric responses in ion-channel sensors (ICSs) based on electrostatic repulsion. Whereas unmodified gold microdisc electrodes gave very similar sigmoidal CVs at pH 2.5–7.5, TA-modified microdisc electrodes exhibited gradual decrease in the reduction current of from pH 2.5 to 5.5 due to the deprotonation of the terminal –COOH groups of TA monolayers. The experimental pH dependence was consistent with theoretical quasi-reversible steady-state voltammograms reflecting the Frumkin effect, suggesting that the changes in the electrode reaction kinetics affected by electrode surface charge would be one of the major factors that offer voltammetric respons...
Masters of their domains: The role of state capacity in civil wars

Civil wars are complex events affected by numerous factors. Recent research, however, seems to have concentrated on the rebels and their motivations to the exclusion of how the state can affect the...
The structure of the Levenson locus of control scale in young adults: Comparing item and parcel indicator models

Research on item parcels suggests that previous reliance on item-level indicators may have resulted in the poor model fit often obtained for the original three-factor structure of the Levenson locus of control scale. The present research tested two- and three-factor models with items and two forms of parcels serving as indicators. In addition, the models were tested in the prediction of attitudes toward computers and depressive experiences. Results found that a two-factor structure with item-to-construct balanced parcels provided the best model fit. However, regression analyses indicated that a three-factor conceptualization resulted in the most informative prediction of computer attitudes and depression.
The reaction of osmium tetroxide-pyridine complexes with nucleic acid components

Thymine and its derivatives react rapidly in aqueous solution with osmium tetroxide and pyridine to form stable bis(pyridine) osmate esters. We have studied these esters with the following pyrimidines: thymine, thymidine, thymidine-5′-phosphate, and uracil, using pyridine, 3-picoline, 3-chloropyridine, and 3-pyridyl mercuric acetate as the pyridine components. We have examined the kinetics of these reactions as a function of the concentration of substrate, pyridine, osmium tetroxide, and pH. The kinetic dependencies suggest the following rate expression:dP/dt=k1[OSO4·py][S]+k2[OSO4·py2][S]=k1β1[OSO4][py][S]+k2β2[OSO4][py]2[S] We report values for β1, β2, κ1, and κ2.
Can large-area avalanche photodiodes be used for a clinical PET/MRI block detector?

We are investigating a high resolution, Angerlogic based PET block detector using large-area avalanche photodiodes (LAAPD). Such block detectors will be used in a simultaneous PET/MRI clinical scanner. Using a Monte-Carlo simulation tool, we systemically optimized the detector design taking into account the following factors: the dimensions of the scintillation crystal and the optical diffuser, the surface finish of crystals, the layout of APD arrays, and the signal-to-noise (SNR) of the system. Based on the simulation results, a block detector prototype was built with an 8×8 LYSO crystal array (crystal pitch size: 2.75 × 3.00 × 20 mm3) coupled to four APDs. The performance of the block detector with regard to the crystal resolving ability and the energy resolution is reported.
Mutations in the insulin receptor gene.

I. Introduction THE insulin receptor is a cell surface glycoprotein that mediates the action of insulin upon target cells. The receptor was originally identified by its ability to bind the hormone (1–3). Over the past two decades, considerable progress has been made in defining the structure of the receptor molecule (4–7) as well as the biochemical mechanism by which it mediates insulin action (8–10). In addition, the insulin receptor has been identified as a target for pathological processes in human disease. In this review, we describe mutations in the insulin receptor gene that have been identified in patients with genetic forms of insulin resistance (6). Identification of these mutations has elucidated the molecular mechanisms that cause disease in these patients. In addition, the mutations have provided significant insights into the structure and function of the insulin receptor. II. Expression of the Insulin Receptor Gene The human insulin receptor gene contains 22 exons, and occupies in excess of 1...
Surnames in US Population Records

IN SEVERAL CONTExrS agencies of the United States government have used persons' surnames to classify the population by ethnicity. As two important twentieth-century examples, names were used to set immigration quotas, and the Census Bureau used names as the defining characteristic of Hispanics. In these as in other cases, the procedure functioned poorly for several reasons. Unaltered family names are not necessarily an accurate index of ethnicity, and in any case many Americans have changed them.
Energy of Grain Boundaries in Halite

Relative grain boundary energy measurements were made by the tracrystal method for [100] tilt boundaries in NaCl. The dependence of boundary energy on grain misorientation was similar to that in metals; however, the presence of significant torque term effects, i.e. dependence of the boundary energy on boundary orientation, is indicated. A method of measuring the relative magnitudes of the torque terms by applying a driving force to boundaries in bi-crystals is described.
Studying Online: Student Motivations and Experiences in ALA-Accredited LIS Programs.

This paper presents a large scale study of online MLIS students (n=910), who completed at least one online course and were enrolled in 36 of the 58 ALA-accredited MLIS programs in Canada and the United States. The results indicate that the typical student is female, White, lives in an urban setting, and is in her mid-30s. Online students were found to be quite diverse, with statistically significant differences in their preferences and satisfaction across five demographic variables: age (generational cohort), employment status, urban status, commute distance, and program modality. Three motivations emerged: accommodation, predisposition, and selectivity, which influenced the respondents to choose online learning. The prevalent issues online MLIS students experienced were a sense of isolation from peers and instructors, and a lack of professional development and networking opportunities with peers. The findings have implications for enhancing MLIS online education including marketing, course offerings, and student support services.
Excess Reserves during the Great Contraction: Evidence from the Central Money Market of New York City, 1929 to 1932

Recent turmoil in the financial sector has once again thrust bank liquidity and balance sheet management into the spotlight. History offers some insight into liquidity management in times of financial distress. The banking industry experienced a significant amount of turmoil during the Great Contraction of 1929-1933. In response, banks were forced to adjust their portfolios with the changing economic climate. One aspect banks had control over was their reserves. While there has been extensive analysis of bank reserves after the bank holiday of 1933, little is known about bank-level reserve holdings during the Contraction. This paper exploits a unique data set of state banks that were Federal Reserve members and state banks that were not members of the Federal Reserve Sysytem in New York City during that period. Nonmember banks, without access to a lender of last resort, had a precautionary demand for reserves, increasing their ratio of excess reserves to assets after the first banking panic. Compared to state member banks, nonmember banks held a higher ratio of assets in excess reserves. The interest rates on shortterm, liquid securities had a negative correlation with reserves and support the opportunity cost theory of Frost (1971). The discount rate, representing the price of liquidity, had a positive relationship with reserves, suggesting that Federal Reserve policy could have affected excess reserve holdings during the Great Contraction. These results provide new evidence on the macroeconomic and monetary factors affecting bank behavior in the central money market during the Great Contraction and provide some guidance for policy considerations currently facing monetary authorities.
FDTD analysis of an active antenna

Coupled FDTD-SPICE simulations are performed for an active antenna problem. The results are comparable to previously published results using FDTD in conjunction with special integration techniques for the nonlinear elements. Some differences occur, and better agreement with experiment is observed for our newer approach. The main advantages are that all of the SPICE device models are directly available for FDTD modeling and the efficient SPICE integration schemes can be used directly. No user intervention is required for either the device models or the integration schemes. >
The Pressman-Wildavsky Paradox: Four Addenda or Why Models Based on Probability Theory Can Predict Implementation Success and Suggest Useful Tactical Advice for Implementers

Pressman and Wildavsky's Implementation occupies center stage in the developing literature about policy implementation, in part because of the analogy they drew between implementation processes and the multiplicative model from probability theory. This paper takes the relevance of probability theory further and considers the additive model from probability theory and conditional probabilities as well as the multiplicative model. This expanded coverage of probability theorems (1) leads to markedly increased optimism about the likelihood of successful implementation, (2) encompasses empirically reasonable tactics such as persistence, packaging of clearances, engineering bandwagons and policy reduction, and (3) generates advice to hopeful implementers – some of it non-obvious.
Camera brand and model identification using moments of 1-D and 2-D characteristic functions

Camera brand and model identification has become one important task of image forensics. Most of the research on this topic focuses on only one or two parts of camera inner structure. In this paper, we propose a universal image statistical model which takes the whole image formation pipeline of cameras into consideration. By examining their comprehensive effects on the formulated images, our assumption is that any difference of the parts of the image formation pipeline can result in the statistical difference of the output image. Moments of 1-D characteristic functions generated from the given image, its JPEG 2-D array, their prediction-error 2-D arrays, and all of their three-level wavelet subbands, and moments of 2-D characteristic functions generated only from JPEG 2-D array accordingly are used to build the statistical model for classification. Our experimental works have verified the effectiveness of this proposed method.
Effects of different sampling scales and selection criteria on modelling net primary productivity of Indonesian tropical forests

The availability of spatial data sourced from either field-derived or satellite-based systems has created new opportunities to estimate and/or monitor changes in carbon sequestration rates, climate change impacts or the potential habitat alterations occurring across large landscapes. However, an effort to create models is not standardized, in part, due to different needs and data sources available for the models. For example, data may have different spatial resolutions with varying degrees of complexity in regards to inputs and statistical methods. This study determines effects of 20, 15, 10, five and one km sampling resolutions on detection of changes in net primary productivity (NPP), occupancy selection criteria for areas to be included in the sample and identification of significant variables impacting NPP in Indonesia forests. Production forest designated for selective harvest was used to define the sampling areas. Variances explained by predictive models were similar across cell sizes although relative importance of variables was different. Partial dependence plots were used to search for potential thresholds or tipping points of NPP change as affected by an independent variable such as minimum daytime temperature. Applying different cell occupancy selection rules significantly changed the overall distribution of NPP values. The magnitude of those changes within a cell size varied with changes in cell size. The mean estimated NPP for production forests across Indonesia differed significantly at every sampling resolution and occupancy selection criteria. Lows ranged from 1.107 to 1.121 kg C m−2 yr−1 for the 1-km cell size for the three occupancy selection criteria with highs ranging from 1.245 to 1.189 kg C m−2 yr−1 for the 20-km cell size. The difference in NPP values between these two cell sizes for the three occupancy selection criteria extrapolates to a range in annual biomass of 132 × 106 to 66 × 106 t for the total area of production forests in Indonesia.
Rejoinder: Some methodological issues in biosurveillance

This paper is a rejoinder to the commentaries on Some Methodological Issues in Biosurveillance. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control Design of Electrically Assisted Boosting Systems for Diesel Powertrain Applications

In this paper, we investigate the control design problem associated with the use of an electrically assisted turbo-charger (TC) for a modern Diesel engine plant. It is shown that the proposed system has the potential of improving the control bandwidth of air charge regulation relative to conventional systems. The improved control authority creates the potential for precise regulation of the fresh air fraction in the air charge. A previously developed model of a Diesel engine with variable geometry turbocharging (VGT) and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is augmented with the model of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) to create the model of the Turbo Electrical Assist (TEA) system. The effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the electric power requirement of the PMSM is examined over a federal test procedure (FTP) test drive cycle. Control design is performed using the sliding mode framework.
Dynamic algorithm selection in parallel GAMESS calculations

Applications augmented with adaptive capabilities are becoming common in parallel computing environments which share resources such as main memory, network, or disk I/O. For large-scale scientific applications, dynamic adjustments to a computationally-intensive part may lead to a large pay-off in facilitating efficient execution of the entire application while aiming at avoiding resource contention. Application-specific knowledge, often best revealed during the run-time, is required to initiate and time these adjustments. In particular, general atomic and molecular electronic structure system (GAMESS) used for ab initio molecular quantum chemistry calculations has two different implementations of self-consistency field (SCF) methods, each of which targets either disk I/O or memory. This paper describes a mechanism enabling switching of algorithms during GAMESS run-time and shows the effect of the adaptations on the performance of GAMESS calculations as well as on a parallel GAMESS execution for different resource availability. The test results indicate that, in the presence of I/O resource contention, parallel GAMESS enhanced with adaptive mechanism may sustain the performance similar to that of full resource availability.
Cement reinforced with short carbon fibers: a multifunctional material

This is a review of cement-matrix composites containing short carbon fibers. These composites exhibit attractive tensile and flexural properties, low drying shrinkage, high specific heat, low thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity, high corrosion resistance and weak thermoelectric behavior. Moreover, they facilitate the cathodic protection of steel reinforcement in concrete, and have the ability to sense their own strain, damage and temperature. Fiber surface treatment can improve numerous properties of the composites. Conventional carbon fibers of diameter 15 μm are more effective than 0.1 μm diameter carbon filaments as a reinforcement, but are much less effective for radio wave reflection (EMI shielding). Carbon fiber composites are superior to steel fiber composites for strain sensing, but are inferior to steel fiber composites in the thermoelectric behavior.
The Influence of Price-Based Measures on Perceived Service Value

Abstract An investigation of perceived service value was conducted with specific reference to hospitality services. The influence of price-based measures on perceived service value was examined within the framework of the utilitarian theory. It was argued that price based measures of acquisition and transaction utilities may provide reasonable representation of perceived service value. The operationalization of acquisition and transaction utilities was elaborated upon and it was argued that within a service exchange context, acquisition utility may outperform transaction utility in explaining variance in the perceived value model. The results provided support for the argument. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.
Survey of Siscowet Lake Trout at Their Maximum Depth in Lake Superior

The siscowet Salvelinus namaycush is a deepwater morphotype of lake trout in Lake Superior. As part of a standardized lake-wide survey in 2006 to assess siscowet populations, bottom-set, multi-mesh gill nets were fished at 36.6 m depth intervals from near shore areas to the deepest waters in south-central Lake Superior. Siscowet length distributions, diet compositions, and sea lamprey wounding rates were compared for three depth zones: shallow (< 200 m), deep (200–394 m), and deepest (395–399 m). There were 39 siscowets collected in proximity to Lake Superior's greatest recorded depth of 405 m. To our knowledge, this is the greatest depth that fish have been collected in the Great Lakes. Higher proportions of siscowets ≤ 500 mm were caught in the shallow zone compared to deeper zones. Deepwater sculpins were the dominant prey for small siscowets (< 600 mm) across all depth zones. The diet of large siscowets (≥ 600 mm) among all depth zones comprised mostly of coregonines and burbot Lota lota. Terrestrial insects were observed in the diet of siscowets in all depth zones, indicating migration to the surface. Type A sea lamprey wounding rates were higher for large (≥ 600 mm) than small siscowets among all depth zones. The highest wounding rate was observed on large siscowets in the deep zone. Recent work indicates that siscowets are the most abundant lake trout form and this research indicates that siscowets use the maximum depths of Lake Superior.
Subchronic Toxicity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Combination Therapies in B6C3F1 Mice

Combination therapy with anti-HIV drugs and opportunistic infection drugs is a common practice in treatment of AIDS patients. Although toxic effects of most individual therapies are known, the toxic potential of most combination therapies has not been established. To understand the toxic consequences of combination therapies, the commonly used anti-HIV drug 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and tuberculosis infection therapies pyrazinamide, isoniazid, and rifampicin were evaluated by 13-week gavage studies in B6C3F1 mice, either alone or AZT in combination with one of the antituberculosis drugs. The doses include AZT 100, 200, and 400; pyrazinamide 1000 and 1500; isoniazid 50, 100, and 150; and rifampicin 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day. AZT alone caused hematopoietic toxicity with dose-related bone marrow suppression, macrocytic anemia, and thrombocytosis. Pyrazinamide or isoniazid alone at the doses tested did not cause significant toxicity. Rifampicin alone caused hematopoietic toxicity and possibly mild hepatic toxicity. Pyrazinamide below 10 times the therapeutic dose when given with AZT did not increase the hematological toxicity of AZT. Isoniazid markedly increased the hematological toxicity of AZT and contributed to mortality at 3 to 4 times the therapeutic dose combinations. Administration of rifampicin with AZT at the calculated therapeutic doses resulted in toxicity of far greater magnitude than that caused by AZT or rifampicin alone. Combination treatment with AZT and rifampicin caused severe anemia with mortality at 2 to 4 times the therapeutic dose combinations. However, AZT did not enhance the hepatotoxicity of rifampicin. Increased hematopoietic toxicity of AZT when given in combination with the above antituberculosis drugs may be due to changes in the metabolism of AZT. Results of these studies indicate that toxicological effects of combination therapies could be considerably more severe than and different from the toxicity of individual therapies.
Preparation of organomagnesium reagents in hydrocarbon solvents without organic bases

Abstract A detailed investigation of the formation of n-R 2 Mg compounds in hydrocarbon solvents in the absence of organic base is reported, including information on the nature of the solutions formed and by-products, the effect of the alkyl halide, the hydrocarbon solvent and temperature of formation. The colorless product solutions had relatively high R 2 Mg/MgX 2 ratios ranging from about 4 for preparations from alkyl iodides to almost 30 for those from alkyl chlorides. sec-Butyl bromide reacted only in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of diethyl ether in hexane to form solutions of [s-BuMgBr-Et 2 O] x . The reactions of the n-R 2 Mg compounds in hydrocarbon solutions were also examined. Possible implications are discussed regarding the nature of these compounds.
Development of a Human Factors Principles-Based Design Tool for Engineers

Designing for users involves many challenges, including understanding the situation in which the end users will be working. In a recent NASA Small Business Innovative Research effort, a research team developed a software tool to help engineers and human factors specialists share human factors information and project-specific data. The resulting product was a software tool called the Human Factors Analysis Support Tool (H-FAST). This paper describes a project to provide a proof of concept to extend H-FAST’s capabilities. In this effort, we developed the Automated Guidance Assessment Tool (AGAT). AGAT assesses a control panel design in terms of its adherence to human factors principles, and provides relevant feedback to engineers in the form of targeted recommendations and access to relevant human factors standards.
Pulsology rediscovered : Commentary on the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study

Nearly everything that modern practicing clinicians know about hypertension and its treatment is based on simple noninvasive measurement of brachial artery blood pressure. As the study by Williams and colleagues1 illustrates, however, additional knowledge of pulse-wave characteristics may be important in the future to fully assess optimal cardiovascular drug therapy. The study of pulse-wave characteristics is far older than the study of absolute pressure values, dating back thousands of years to the Chinese masters who used their fingertips and their powers of observation to associate “hardening of the pulse” with adverse outcomes in people who ingested too much salt. These qualitative observations were less well developed in Western medicine, but as early as the 1870s, the sphygmocardiogram was developed as a reproduction of a peripheral pulse wave on a rotating drum via a tonometer attached to a levered stylus.1a Morrell and other early investigators were clearly able to differentiate the effects of nitrovasodilators from digitalis using this early equipment, but interpretations remained largely qualitative. Within a few decades, the development of sphygmomanometry by Korotkovand Riva-Rocci allowed quantitation of brachial cuff blood pressures, and the more descriptive methods largely disappeared. Article p 1213 Indeed, brachial cuff blood pressure has become an enduring clinical variable. Actuarial data from the life insurance industry and subsequent prospective observational data have clearly shown that hypertension, or elevated cuff blood pressure, is closely related to many forms of cardiovascular disease.2–4 Most recently, a very large meta-analysis by the Prospective Studies Collaborators that involved almost 1 million persons enrolled in 61 prospective observational studies demonstrated a log-linear relationship between cuff systolic or diastolic blood …
Accelerating Dynamic Spiral MRI by Algebraic Reconstruction From Undersampled $k\hbox{--}t$ Space

The temporal resolution of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be increased by sampling a fraction of k-space in an interleaved fashion, which introduces spatial and temporal aliasing. We describe algebraically and graphically the aliasing process caused by dynamic undersampled spiral imaging within 3D xy f space (the Fourier transform of kxkyt space) and formulate the unaliasing problem as a set of independent linear inversions. Since each linear system is numerically underdetermined, the use of prior knowledge in the form of bounded support regions is proposed. To overcome the excessive memory requirements for handling large matrices, a fast implementation of the conjugate gradient (CG) method is used. Numerical simulation and in vivo experiments using spiral twofold undersampling demonstrate reduced motion artifacts and the improved depiction of fine cardiac structures. The achieved reduction of motion artifacts and motion blur is comparable to simple filtering, which is computationally more efficient, while the proposed algebraic framework offers greater flexibility to incorporate additional algebraic acceleration techniques and to handle arbitrary sampling schemes.
Widespread foliage δ15N depletion under elevated CO2: inferences for the nitrogen cycle

Leaf 15 N signature is a powerful tool that can provide an integrated assessment of the nitrogen (N) cycle and whether it is influenced by rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. We tested the hypothesis that elevated CO2 significantly changes foliage d 15 N in a wide range of plant species and ecosystem types. This objective was achieved by determining the d 15 N of foliage of 27 field-grown plant species from six free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments representing desert, temperate forest, Mediterranean-type, grassland prairie, and agricultural ecosystems. We found that within species, the d 15 No f foliage produced under elevated CO2 was significantly lower (Po0.038) compared with that of foliage grown under ambient conditions. Further analysis of foliage d 15 N by life form and growth habit revealed that the CO2 effect was consistent across all functional groups tested. The examination of two chaparral shrubs grown for 6 years under a wide range of CO2 concentrations (25‐75Pa) also showed a significant and negative correlation between growth CO2 and leaf d 15 N. In a select number of species, we measured bulk soil d 15 N at a depth of 10cm, and found that the observed depletion of foliage d 15 Ni n response to elevated CO2 was unrelated to changes in the soil d 15 N. While the data suggest a strong influence of elevated CO2 on the N cycle in diverse ecosystems, the exact site(s) at which elevated CO2 alters fractionating processes of the N cycle remains unclear. We cannot rule out the fact that the pattern of foliage d 15 N responses to elevated CO2 reported here resulted from a general drop in d 15 N of the source N, caused by soildriven processes. There is a stronger possibility, however, that the general depletion of foliage d 15 N under high CO2 may have resulted from changes in the fractionating
INTERSECTING FREE SUBGROUPS IN FREE PRODUCTS OF GROUPS

A subgroup H of a free product of groups Gα, α∈ I, is termed factor free if for every and β∈I one has SHS-1∩Gβ= {1} (by Kurosh theorem on subgroups of free products, factor free subgroups are free). If K is a finitely generated free group, denote , where r(K) is the rank of K. It has earlier been proved by the author that if H, K are finitely generated factor free subgroups of then . It is proved in the article that this estimate is sharp and cannot be improved, that is, there are factor free subgroups H, K in so that and . It is also proved that if the factors Gα, α∈ I, are linearly ordered groups and H, K are finitely generated factor free subgroups of then .
Vocabulary Instruction in Commonly Used Kindergarten Core Reading Curricula

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which commonly used core reading curricular materials supported research-based pedagogical features for oral vocabulary instruction in kindergarten. A document analysis was completed for 12 weeks of instructional materials from the teacher's editions of the 4 most widely used curricula. Results indicated disparities across curricula in the number of words addressed, ranging from 2 to 20 words identified for instruction per week. Organizing principles for word selection were unclear for 3 of the 4 curricula, and many target vocabulary words were rated as too easy or basic for school-based instruction. Programs differed greatly in the frequency of instructional practices provided to support teachers and in their application of an instructional regime. These results suggest that instruction in kindergarten core curricula does not reflect the current research base for vocabulary development and may not be systematic enough to influence children's ...
Directions robot: in-the-wild experiences and lessons learned

We introduce Directions Robot, a system we have fielded for studying open-world human-robot interaction. The system brings together models for situated spoken language interaction with directions-generation and a gesturing humanoid robot. We describe the perceptual, interaction, and output generation competencies of this system. We then discuss experiences and lessons drawn from data collected in an initial in-the-wild deployment, and highlight several challenges with managing engagement, providing directions, and handling out-of-domain queries that arise in open-world, multiparty settings.
Macros that work together: Compile-time bindings, partial expansion, and definition contexts

Racket is a large language that is built mostly within itself. Unlike the usual approach taken by non-Lisp languages, the self-hosting of Racket is not a matter of bootstrapping one implementation through a previous implementation, but instead a matter of building a tower of languages and libraries via macros. The upper layers of the tower include a class system, a component system, pedagogic variants of Scheme, a statically typed dialect of Scheme, and more. The demands of this language-construction effort require a macro system that is substantially more expressive than previous macro systems. In particular, while conventional Scheme macro systems handle stand-alone syntactic forms adequately, they provide weak support for macros that share information or macros that use existing syntactic forms in new contexts. This paper describes and models features of the Racket macro system, including support for general compile-time bindings, sub-form expansion and analysis, and environment management. The presentation assumes a basic familiarity with Lisp-style macros, and it takes for granted the need for macros that respect lexical scope. The model, however, strips away the pattern and template system that is normally associated with Scheme macros, isolating a core that is simpler, can support pattern and template forms themselves as macros, and generalizes naturally to Racket's other extensions.
Optical system design for femtosecond-level synchronization of clocks

Synchronization of optical clocks via optical two-way time-frequency transfer across free-space links can result in time offsets between the two clocks below tens of femtoseconds over many hours. The complex optical system necessary to support such synchronization is described in detail here.
A Stackelberg Game-Based Optimization Framework of the Smart Grid With Distributed PV Power Generations and Data Centers

The emergence of cloud computing has established a trend toward building massive, energy-hungry, and geographically distributed data centers. Due to their enormous energy consumption, data centers are expected to have a major impact on the electric power grid by significantly increasing the load at locations where they are built. Dynamic energy pricing policies in the recently proposed smart power grid technology can incentivize the cloud controller to shift the computation load toward data centers in regions with cheaper electricity or with excessive electricity generated by renewable energy sources, e.g., photovoltaic (PV) and wind power. On the other hand, distributed data centers in the cloud also provide opportunities to help the power grid with distributed renewable energy sources to improve robustness and load balancing. To shed some light into these opportunities, this paper considers an interaction system of the smart power grid with distributed PV power generation and the cloud computing system, jointly accounting for the service request dispatch and routing problem in the cloud with the power flow analysis in power grid. The Stackelberg (sequential) game formulation is provided for the interaction system under two different dynamic pricing scenarios: 1) real-time power-dependent pricing; and 2) time-ahead pricing. The two players in the Stackelberg games are the power grid controller that sets the pricing signal and the cloud controller that performs resource allocation among data centers. The objective of the power grid controller is to maximize its own profit and perform load balancing among power buses, i.e., minimizing the power flow from one power bus to the others, whereas the objective of the cloud computing controller is to maximize its own profit with respect to the location-dependent pricing signal. Based on the backward induction method, this paper derives the near-optimal or suboptimal strategies of the two players in Stackelberg game using convex optimization and simulated annealing techniques.