cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The association engine: a free associative digital improviser

In this article, we present the Association Engine, a multimedia installation that explores the space of language and exposes connections between words by performing a series of improvisational games. It stands out from previous efforts in the realm of computers and theater as the agency has been empowered with a cultural understanding, more specifically, it uses the Web as a source of cultural reality.
A comparison of frontal pole, anterior median and caudate nucleus lesions in the rat

Abstract Rats with frontal pole cortex, anterior median cortex, caudate nucleus or sham control lesions were tested on activity, spatial reversal learning and delayed response learning. Performance of the lesioned groups of rats was compared with that of higher mammals with frontal and caudate lesions on similar problems. Rats with either type of frontal lesion were significantly more hyperactive than controls during the first hour of testing but were not impaired on reversal or delayed response learning. Caudate lesioned rats were significantly more hyperactive than the frontally lesioned groups, were significantly impaired on the reversal task and showed some indication of impairment on the delayed response task.
Structure of mouse fatty acid synthase mRNA. Identification of the two NADPH binding sites.

Abstract Overlapping cDNA clones corresponding to 3.3 kb covering the carboxy-half and 3′ non-coding regions of the single 8.2 kb mouse fatty acid synthase mRNA were isolated and sequenced. The sequence coded for 838 amino acid residues, followed by termination codon TAG, 771 nucleotides of 3′ untranslated sequence and a poly A tail. For the first time, the two putative components of the NADPH binding sites of fatty acid synthase were identified, thereby making it possible to assign the enoyl reductase and β-ketoacyl reductase domains of the multifunctional fatty acid synthase. Overall, the deduced amino acid sequence provides the domains for enoyl reductase, β-ketoacyl reductase, acyl carrier protein and thioesterase of the mouse fatty acid synthase.
EFFICACY OF HYDROXYAPATITE DISPERSANTS IN THE PRESENCE OF SURFACTANTS

The dispersion of hydroxyapatite, Ca5(PO4)3OH, HAP, in aqueous systems in the presence of variety of polymers of different composition and ionic charge has been investigated. The dispersion data show that polymer effectiveness as HAP dispersant strongly depends upon polymer architecture. It has been found that anionic, non-ionic, amphoteric, and cationic surfactants are ineffective as HAP dispersants. Additionally, it has also been observed that cationic surfactant and cationic polymer exhibit antagonistic effect on the performance of anionic polymeric dispersants.
Cardiac arrest following direct intravenous administration of a citrate anticoagulant solution

We describe a case of citrate intoxication and cardiac arrest that resulted from the inadvertent direct IV administration of citrate phosphate dextrose solution. Treatment included thoracotomy with open cardiac massage and CaCl administration. The patient was placed in a rehabilitation program for residual spaciticity and weakness, and for psychiatric problems.
Slowing replication in preparation for reduction

Meiosis reduces the ploidy of the genome to generate haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. As gametes are portals for the generational transfer of genetic material, it is imperative that the genome is copied accurately and that chromosomes segregate equally into each haploid gamete. Proper chromosome segregation requires the formation of specialized chromosome axes to create and maintain an environment competent for double-strand break (DSB) formation and homologous recombination. Although the fundamental copying mechanism appears to be identical in mitosis and meiosis, the S phase that precedes meiosis (meiS) is at least twice as long as mitotic S phase (mitS) [1]–[4]. The underlying basis for an extended S phase prior to meiosis has, until now, been mysterious. While it is postulated that meiS length contributes to the dramatic chromosome reorganization that occurs during meiotic prophase (Figure 1), there is conflicting data concerning the interdependencies of meiS, chromosome morphogenesis, and DSB formation [5]–[9]. In this issue of PLoS Genetics, Blitzblau et al. [10] use innovative genome-wide approaches in yeast to elucidate mechanisms underlying meiS length and provide insight into the relationship between DNA replication and meiotic prophase events. Figure 1 Meiotic DNA replication, chromosome axes, and DSB formation.
Aseptic Meningitis Associated with High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy: Frequency and Risk Factors

Objective: Intravenous immunoglobulin is widely used to treat various autoimmune disorders. After observing instances of aseptic meningitis in treated patients, we studied the frequency and associa...
On the prediction of the kurtosis of velocity derivatives in a turbulent field

The prediction of the values of non-dimensional fourth-order moment (kurtosis) of the velocity derivative in a turbulent field is made under the assumption that the values of kurtosis depend on both the turbulence Reynolds number and the intermittency factor. The method consists of modeling a suitable probability density of the variable in a given turbulence Reynolds number and the intermittency factor. A crude model of the probability density function is derived, and the numerical calculations based on the model show excellent agreement with many of the experimental data. The analysis shows that the values of kurtosis depend strongly on the intermittency factor, and that depending on the value of the intermittency factor, it is entirely possible to have values of kurtosis as low as five in a flow with a turbulence Reynolds number of 5000.
Hommel's Bonferroni-type inequality for unequally spaced levels

SUMMARY Hommel (1983) established a sharp upper bound to the overall significance level for a generalization of the Bonferroni inequality based upon equally spaced critical levels for the successive ordered p-values. This note generalizes the sharp upper bound to unequally spaced critical levels.
Multiple socioecological factors influence timing of natal dispersal in kangaroo rats

Natal dispersal is an important event in the life history of many species. Timing of natal dispersal can influence survivorship and subsequent reproductive success. A variety of individual proximal factors determine if and when offspring disperse from the natal territory by influencing the costs of dispersing and the benefits of delaying dispersal. I examined the influence of multiple factors on dispersal age in the banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis), a solitary species lacking extreme sex-biased dispersal. I used an information theoretic approach to compare Cox proportional hazards regression models of dispersal age for 121 offspring over a 3-year period consisting of low and high population densities. The top-ranked models indicated that dispersal age was influenced by a combination of socioecological factors related to resource competition, environmental conditions, kin competition, and a lesser extent sex. Circumstances that likely reduced the probability of successful dispersal such as intense resource competition at high population density and being born earlier in the breeding season when environmental conditions were poor lead to longer delays in natal dispersal. Offspring in larger litters also dispersed earlier possibly to avoid competition with kin. Sex was weakly supported in top models but may only influence dispersal age at high population densities. These results suggest that the proximal factors that trigger dispersal are influenced by a combination of multiple effects related to the costs of dispersing and the benefits of remaining at home, even in species that do not form long-term social groups or have extreme sex-biased dispersal.
Medical Issues from Preconception Through Delivery: A Roadmap for the Internist

The age of the pregnant population and the number of pregnant women with medical issues are increasing. It is widely recognized that internists have the unique opportunity to identify potential pregnancy issues and address them before a problem arises. Therefore, it's important that we become aware of how to approach these issues. In addition to addressing medical issues in a currently pregnant woman, doctors also have the opportunity to identify issues that occurred during a prior pregnancy, such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, or pregnancy loss, and to decrease the risk of complications in future pregnancies. The goal of this article is to provide a roadmap to practicing internists so they will incorporate pregnancy planning into their everyday care plans. The approach is similar to that used when performing a preoperative risk assessment: We want to optimize our patients medically for pregnancy.
Uranus’ southern circulation revealed by Voyager 2: Unique characteristics

Abstract Revised calibration and processing of 1600 images of Uranus by Voyager 2 revealed dozens of discrete features south of −45° latitude, where only a single feature was known from Voyager images and none has been seen since. Tracking of these features over five weeks defined the southern rotational profile of Uranus with high accuracy and no significant gap. The profile has kinks unlike previous profiles and is strongly asymmetric with respect to the northern profile by Sromovsky et al. (Sromovsky, L.A., Fry, P.M., Hammel, H.B., de Pater, I., Rages, K.A. [2012]. Icarus 220, 694–712). The asymmetry is larger than that of all previous data on jovian planets. A spot that included the South Pole off-center rotated with a period of 12.24 h, 2 h outside the range of all previous observations of Uranus. The region between −68° and −59° latitude rotated almost like a solid body, with a shear that was about 30 times smaller than typical shears on Uranus. At lower latitudes, features were sheared into tightly wound spirals as Voyager watched. The zone at −84° latitude was exceptionally bland; reflectivity variations were only 18 ppm, consistent with a signal-to-noise ratio estimated at 55,000. The low noise was achieved by smoothing over dozens of pixels per image and averaging 1600 images. The presented data set in eight filters contains rich information about temporal evolution and spectral characteristics of features on Uranus that will be the basis for further analysis.
Effect of phenytoin on skeletal muscle from quarter horses with hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis

The contractile activity, the threshold for calcium-induced calcium release in fractions of sarcoplasmic reticulum and the potassium concentration were determined in preparations of semimembranosus muscle from normal quarter horses and quarter horses with hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis before and after they were treated with phenytoin. Before the treatment there was no difference in caffeine contracture or electrically elicited twitch response between the two groups. For one week after the treatment, the time to peak tension of caffeine contractures was significantly (P<0·005) reduced in the horses with hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis but unchanged in the normal horses. The variance but not the mean values for the threshold for Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum was greater for the horses with hyperkalaemic period paralysis before but not after the treatment with phenytoin.
Focus Issue: Targeting Signaling Pathways for Drug Discovery

This STKE Focus Issue on processes, targets, and opportunities in drug discovery is part of a coordinated effort to cover a broad range of topics related to drug discovery in Science 9s multiple online products and in a special issue of Science itself. STKE features three Perspectives and one Review that highlight drug development and signaling targets for therapeutic development. Shen describes the production of natural bioactive products by combinatorial biosynthesis in bacteria. Philips describes anticancer therapies aimed at the oncogenic guanosine triphosphatase Ras, and Kaelin discusses whether common cancers are likely to yield to single anticancer agents and echo the rousing success of the kinase inhibitor Gleevec. Charney and Manji discuss how an increased understanding of the underlying pathways could lead to novel potential therapies for treating depression.
Self-ownership, Marxism, and Egalitarianism Part II: Challenges to the Self-ownership Thesis

Part I of this essay supports the anti-egalitarian conclusion that individuals may readily become entitled to substantially unequal extra-personal holdings by criticizing end-state and pattern theo...
Energy band gap of Zinc(Hydr)oxide using absorption, fluorescence and photoconductivity

Abstract: The band gaps of zinc (hydr)oxide materials were determined in a spectral range 300nm to 800nm at a room temperature. Using absorption, fluorescence and photoconductivity, the band gap of Zn(OH)2 calculated between 3.00eV and 3.06eV and urbach energy is 0.36eV .
Cell-cycle dysregulation and anticancer therapy

Cell-cycle dysregulation is a hallmark of tumor cells. The ability of normal cells to undergo cell-cycle arrest after damage to DNA is crucial for the maintenance of genomic integrity. The biochemical pathways that stop the cell cycle in response to cellular stressors are called checkpoints. Defective checkpoint function results in genetic modifications that contribute to tumorigenesis. The regulation of checkpoint signaling also has important clinical implications because the abrogation of checkpoint function can alter the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutics. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle, current anticancer therapies that target checkpoint signaling pathways, and strategies for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents.
Prophylactic effect of human lactoferrin against Streptococcus mutans bacteremia in lactoferrin knockout mice

Streptococcus mutans is the primary agent of dental caries, which is often detected in transient bacteremia. Lactoferrin is a multifunctional glycoprotein showing antibacterial activities against several Streptococcus species. We reported here the prophylactic effect of human lactoferrin (hLF) in a lactoferrin knockout mouse (LFKO-/-) bacteremic model. The hLF treatment significantly cleared S. mutans from the blood and organs of bacteremic mice when compared to the non-hLF treated mice. Further, analysis of serum cytokines, spleen and liver cytokine mRNA levels revealed that hLF prophylaxis modulates their release differently when compared to the non-hLF treated group. C-reactive protein level (P = 0.003) also decreased following hLF prophylaxis in S. mutans induced bacteremic mice. Additional quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that hLF prophylaxis significantly decreased the expression level of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MPO and iNOS in spleen and liver. These results suggested that the hLF protects the host against S. mutans-induced experimental bacteremia.
A comparison of the costs of and quality of life after coronary angioplasty or coronary surgery for multivessel coronary artery disease. Results from the Emory Angioplasty Versus Surgery Trial (EAST).

Background The Emory Angioplasty Versus Surgery Trial (EAST) is a randomized trial that compares, by intention to treat, the clinical outcome and costs of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary surgery for multivessel coronary artery disease. Methods and Results The primary end point was a composite of death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, and a large reversible thallium defect at 3 years. Multiple measures of quality of life also were made. Charges were assessed from the hospital UB-82 bills; professional charges were assessed from the Emory Clinic. Hospital charges were reduced to cost through step-down accounting methods. All costs and charges were deflated to 1987 dollars. Costs were assessed for the initial hospitalization and the cumulative costs of the initial hospitalization and additional revascularization procedures for up to 3 years. There was no difference in mortality or the primary end point. Mean initial hospital charges were $12 654 for the PTCA group and $20 214...
Sum rules for planar asymmetric molecules

Abstract Sum rules are given for both prolate and oblate planar asymmetric molecules, in terms of their inverse moments of inertia A , B , and C , the total angular momentum quantum number J , and four appropriate centrifugal distortion constants τ aaaa , τ bbbb , τ aabb , and τ abab .
Addendum to “Relationships between Authentic Leadership, Moral Courage, and Ethical and Pro-Social Behaviors”

The authors provide this addendum to the following article to provide corrections to the results reported and further explanation of the structural equation modeling techniques utilized: Sean T. Hannah, Bruce J. Avolio, and Fred O. Walumbwa, "The Relationships between Authentic Leadership, Moral Courage, and Ethical and Pro-Social Behaviors,"Business Ethics Quarterly 21:4 The authors provide this addendum to the following article to provide corrections to the results reported and further explanation of the structural equation modeling techniques utilized: Sean T. Hannah, Bruce J. Avolio, and Fred O. Walumbwa, "The Relationships between Authentic Leadership, Moral Courage, and Ethical and Pro-Social Behaviors,"
Effects of cool storage on Anagyrus ananatis Gahan (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the survival and reproduction of Anagyrus ananatis Gahan (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) individuals following cool storage above and below its developmental threshold (To) (12.65 °C). When immatures were stored at 14.8 °C, they had emergence rates comparable to the control after 8 weeks, which indicated high survival rates at that temperature. Storage at 10.1 °C was deleterious to parasitoid survival (17–100% mortality), especially when individuals were stored without preconditioning. Preconditioning by exposing the individuals to 14.8 °C for 1 week before storage at 10.1 °C improved parasitoid survival and fecundity compared to those without preconditioning. Effects were severe when A. ananatis individuals were stored at 10.1 °C while in the prepupal stage because most failed to develop further. Individuals that were preconditioned at 14.8 °C before being held at 10.1 °C experienced no mortality in the prepupal stage. The 1 week of storage at 14.8 °C allowed all prepupae to develop into the pupal stage before they were transferred to 10.1 °C. Prepupal to early pupal stages can only be stored for brief periods (
Altered retinal neovascularization in TNF receptor-deficient mice.

Purpose: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) has been shown to play an integral role in inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. We induced retinopathy in tumor necrosis factor receptor–deficient mice (TNFR-) in order to examine the role TNF-α plays in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity. Methods: On postnatal day (P) 7, TNFR-knockout mice and their congenic controls, B6129JF1 (B6129) mice, were exposed to 75% oxygen for up to 5 days and then allowed to recover in room air. Retinopathy was qualitatively assessed by examining fluorescein (FITC) angiography. Furthermore, retinal vascular changes were quantified by immunolabeling retinal vessels in cross sections with an anti–type IV collagen antibody. Disease pathology was quantified by counting preretinal neovascular nuclei. TUNEL analysis was performed to determine if TNFR-mice exhibited a reduced number of apoptotic cells after oxygen-induced retinopathy. Results: FITC-perfused retinas qualitatively demonstrated similar degrees of vascular d...
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in the Elderly

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a microvascular disorder that occurs in diabetics that may lead to congestive heart failure (CHF) in the absence of hypertension, coronary artery disease, or valvular heart disease. In a large study of elderly subjects with 865 men and 1872 women, mean age 81 ± 9 years, CHF developed in 272 of 690 diabetics (39 %) and in 467 of 2047 nondiabetics (23 %) (P < 0.0001) at 43-month follow-up. Cox regression analysis showed that diabetes mellitus (risk ratio = 1.34, P = 0.0003) was an independent significant predictor of time to development of CHF. For each 1 % increase in hemoglobin A1c, in 25,958 men and 22,900 women with diabetes, there was an 8 % increased risk of CHF (95 % CI, 5 %–12 %). The pathologic substrate of diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by myocardial damage, left ventricular hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, structural and functional changes of the coronary vessels, metabolic abnormalities, and autonomic cardiac neuropathy.
Treatment of neuroectodermal brain tumors

Prospective clinical trials support the view that malignant neuroectodermal tumors should be treated vigorously using a multimodal approach that includes surgical resection, high-dose radiation therapy, and prolonged maintenance chemotherapy. Less malignant astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas should be treated by resection and irradiation. Laboratory research on neuroectodermal tumors has advanced rapidly, providing new data on tumor cell biology and the pharmacology of chemotherapy that directly influence the therapeutic options.
Computer search for electrocardiographic lead directions to optimize diagnostic differentiation. A novel concept in electrocardiographic lead design.

A computer was programmed to search for electrocardiographic lead directions, yielding optimal separations between records obtained from 500 normal subjects and 422 patients believed to have either left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) or right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). The majority of the patients with RVH (86%) exhibited chronic pulmonary disease with severe pulmonary insufficiency where development of chronic cor pulmonale was assumed. Autopsy confirmation of RVH or LVH was obtained in 38 cases. The diagnoses in the remainder were based on history and physical findings. Resolved leads derived from a corrected orthogonal system were tested for discrimination of the three groups. The number of false-positive and false-negative classifications was kept approximately equal. To simplify record analysis, the number of QRS measurements necessary for interpretation was limited to a single one. The optimal lead direction to separate normal records from those obtained in patients with LVH had an azimuth angle ...
Solution of elliptic equations using fast Poisson solvers

Abstract Certain nonseparable elliptic equations may be transformed into a sequence of Poisson equations. The solutions of these equations are efficiently found using fast Poisson solvers. The method is illustrated by solving for the internal electric potential in convecting plasma clouds.
Quasi-static and dynamic compressive deformation of a bulk nanolayered Ag-Cu eutectic alloy: Macroscopic response and dominant deformation mechanisms

Abstract Nanostructured multilayered material systems offer an attractive method of increasing material strength. This work examines the response of a bulk eutectic silver–copper material (Ag60Cu40, subscripts indicating atomic percent) which has a hierarchical structure of alternating Ag and Cu layers with thicknesses down to 50 nm. The hierarchical structure consists of two primary arrangements of layers, eutectic colonies of parallel layers, most commonly found at the material interior, and “grains” consisting of alternating Ag and Cu layers which emanate from a central region in a radial pattern, most commonly found at the material exterior surface. We show that the hierarchical structure causes a significant increase in the measured strength response when comparing the Ag60Cu40 response to that of the constituent materials in their bulk nanograined or micrograined form. The deformation mechanisms of this material are studied under compressive loading over the quasi-static and dynamic regime (10−3–103 s−1) with strain between 5% and 50%.
Special article: Influenza virus vaccines in children and their impact on the incidence of otitis media

Abstract Otitis media has been identified as the most frequent reason for outpatient antibiotic therapy. Several studies have linked viral respiratory infections with bacterial otitis media. In light of rising concerns about antibiotic resistance, the possibility of reducing the incidence of otitis media through vaccination against respiratory viruses has received increasing attention. This article reviews inactivated and live attenuated influenza virus vaccines and their possible impact on the incidence of otitis media. Inactivated and live attenuated influenza virus vaccines are safe and immunogenic in children older than 6 months and are linked to a decrease in the incidence of otitis media. Influenza vaccination of infants younger than 6 months has resulted in less predictable immunogenicity and deserves further investigation. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Linear diattenuation and retardance measurements in an IR spectropolarimeter

A technique to measure linear diattenuation and retardance spectra of IR samples in transmission is developed. A sample is rotated between two fixed linear polarizers in an IR spectrometer. The intensity modulation resulting from the rotation of the sample is Fourier analyzed and the diattenuation and retardation of the sample are calculated. For single-plate devices whose thickness is known, the birefringence spectrum can also be determined. This technique is utilized in the sample compartment of a Fourier transform IR spectropolarimeter to determine the linear diattenuation and retardance spectra from 2.5 to 16.5 microns of an IR multiple-order retarder, two achromatic retarders, and a liquid crystal sample.
High-nuclearity palladium carbonyl trimethylphosphine clusters containing unprecedented face-condensed icosahedral-based transition-metal core geometries: proposed growth patterns from a centered Pd13 icosahedron

The preparation, isolation, and structural/bonding characterization of four high-nuclearity neutral homopalladium clusters, Pd16(CO)13(PMe3)9 1, Pd35(CO)23(PMe3)15 2, Pd39(CO)23(PMe3)16 3 and Pd59(CO)32(PMe3)21 4, and a minor bimetallic product, Pd29Ni3(CO)22(PMe3)13 5, are given. The four homopalladium clusters were characterized by CCD X-ray crystallographic determinations, elemental analyses, IR, multinuclear NMR, and cyclic voltammetry; because 5 was obtained in very low yields, both its molecular geometry and composition were established from the X-ray crystallographic analysis. These five clusters, obtained from reactions of a ccp Pd–Ni carbonyl cluster precursor and PMe3 (with or without acetic acid), exhibit five different types (four unprecedented) of centered icosahedral-based transition-metal frameworks: (1) the Pd16 core in 1 possesses a centered Pd13 icosahedron. (2) The Pd35 and Pd39 cores in 2 and 3 each have a face-fused centered Pd23 biicosahedron with linear (pseudo-D3h) and bent (pseudo-C2v) geometries, respectively; the pseudo-D3h central Pd29 polyhedron of the Pd35 core in 2 approximately conforms to five interpenetrating centered icosahedra. (3) The crystallographic-D3 (32) Pd59 core in 4 has two centered Pd13 icosahedra that are indirectly connected viatrans double face-sharing with an inner face-fused Pd9 bioctahedron; the entire nanosized face-condensed Pd59 core has 11 interior Pd(i) atoms. (4) The Pd29Ni3 core in 5 contains a pseudo-Td central Pd26 polyhedron comprised of four interpenetrating centered icosahedra. The existence of these highly condensed icosahedral-based metal carbonyl clusters, found only for Pd but not for the other eight Group 8–10 transition metals, may be ascribed to Pd metal having the weakest metal–metal bonding (i.e., smallest cohesive energy). Electronic closed-shell stabilization of each of these clusters is indicated by electron-counting condensation rules giving calculated values in exact agreement with observed electron counts for the metal cores in 1, 2, 4, and 5 (i.e., irregular condensations prevent a reliable electron count in 3). Proposed growth sequences provide logical pathways in the formation of the central palladium fragments in 2, 3, 4 and 5 from the centered Pd13 icosahedral fragment in 1.
Simultaneous Prediction of Muscle, Ligament and Tibiofemoral Contact Forces via Optimally Tracking Subject-Specific Gait Dynamics

Computational models are needed to estimate soft tissue loads during movement. It would be ideal to perform such estimates on a subject-specific basis, where the information could be used clinically for assessing injury risk, planning treatment and monitoring rehabilitation outcomes. Musculoskeletal simulation software has evolved to the point that it is now relatively straight forward to estimate muscle forces needed to emulate subject-specific joint kinematics and kinetics [1]. These muscle forces can subsequently be used as boundary conditions in a knee mechanics model to estimate the associated ligament and cartilage loads [2]. However, this serial simulation approach may ignore inherent interactions between musculoskeletal dynamics and internal joint mechanics. That is, cartilage contact forces and ligament tension can potentially contribute to joint moment equilibrium [3]. Further, ligament stretch may allow joint kinematics to vary in a way that affects muscle moment arms and lines of action about the joint. Thus, it would be preferable if muscle, ligament and cartilage contact loads were estimated simultaneously so that these interactions are accounted for. The objective of this study was to incorporate a six degree of freedom tibiofemoral model into an existing subject-specific gait simulation framework [4]. In this study, we introduce the computational model, and then use it to track measured gait dynamics of a subject with an instrumented knee joint replacement. A comparison of the model-predicted and measured tibiofemoral contact forces provides a basis for assessing the validity of this novel co-simulation framework.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The All-Electric Fighter Airplane Flight Control Issues, Capabilities, and Projections

The prime issues raised in any all-electric airplane discussion are (1) is the electric power system as reliable and trustworthy as a hydraulic power system; (2) can electromechanical flight control actuators perform satisfactorily, i.e., can the performance match that of hydraulic actuators; (3) can redundant electromechanical actuation systems (EMAS) be designed to equal the flight safety reliability of dual tandem hydraulic actuators; and (4) can satisfactory solutions be found or developed for dissipating the heat generated in actuators and power controllers. The first question should be inconsequential since it is assumed that the all-electric aircraft will be equipped with a fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system (FCS) which is already dependent upon an uninterrupted supply of electrical power. Design studies and hardware already developed show that the answer to question (2) is that EMAS outperform hydraulic actuators, particularly under load. The answer to question (3) is not as clear primarily because the issue has not been addressed in any depth. As posed the answer must be yes, but with the proviso that the weight might be greater than currently predicted. Studies have shown that we can cope with the heat dissipation issue addressed in question (4) in the case of motors and inverter/power controllers. The projections regarding usage of EMAS and the future of the all-electric airplane must be based on the type of vehicle (small subsonic transport, large transport, or military tighter) and the economics involved.
Is the fraction of people ever born who are currently alive rising or falling

BACKGROUND Some journalists and demographers have asked: How many people have ever been born? What is the fraction F (t) of those ever born up to calendar year t who are alive at t? The conditions under which F (t) rises or falls appear never to have been analyzed. OBJECTIVE We determine under what conditions F (t) rises or falls. METHODS We analyze this question in the model-free context of current vital statistics and demographic estimates and in the context of several demographic models. RESULTS At present F (t) is very probably increasing. Stationary, declining, and exponentially growing population models are incapable of increasing F (t), but a doomsday model and a super-exponential model generate both increasing and decreasing F (t). CONCLUSIONS If the world’s human population reaches stationarity or declines (which many people expect to happen within a century), the presently rising fraction of people ever born who are now alive will then be falling. COMMENTS It is curious that nearly all empirical estimates of the number of people ever born assume exponential population growth, which cannot explain increasing F (t). 1 Laboratory of Populations, Rockefeller University & Columbia University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065-6399 USA, Tel. (212) 327-8883, Fax (212) 327-8712, E-Mail: cohen@rockefeller.edu. http://www.demographic-research.org 1561 Cohen: Is the fraction of people ever born who are currently alive rising or falling?
Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation by three leguminous green manure species and the yield of a following wheat crop in an organic production system

Abstract Organic farming systems often include livestock to use the leguminous forages which supply nitrogen (N) to the grain crops in the rotation. An alternative approach (especially relevant to farms with ‘set-aside’) may be to manage leguminous green manure crops by repeatedly cutting and mulching them directly in the field. An experiment (carried out on an organic farm in the UK) compared the dry matter and N accumulation of legumes grown for periods of between 6 months and 2 years, compared with a non-leguminous rye-grass ( Lolium spp.) control. The performance of a subsequent wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop was also measured. Red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.), white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) and trefoil ( Medicago lupulina L.) green manures and the rye-grass control were cut to maintain a height of no more than 30–40 cm, and the cut material was left on the soil surface (‘mulching’). Of the legumes, white clover accumulated the most dry matter (12.2 t DM ha −1 year −1 ) and red clover the most N above ground (371 kg N ha −1 year −1 ) over a 1 year period of green manuring. Both these species accumulated significantly more dry matter and N than trefoil and ryegrass. Yields of following wheat crops varied considerably. Spring wheat (grown after 6 and 18 months of green manuring) did not yield at a commercial level due to poor establishment. Winter wheat generally yielded well following 1 year of green manuring with red (6.0 t ha −1 ) and white clover (5.2 t ha −1 ) and significantly more than following trefoil and the nil-legume ryegrass control (3.3 t ha −1 and 2.1 t ha −1 , respectively). The results suggest that red clover is the optimum species for use as green manure. This is relevant in the context of set-aside management. There was no indication that winter wheat yield was improved following a second year of green manuring with either red or white clover. Approximately one third of the total N accumulated by red clover above-ground was lost by leaching (measured using porous ceramic cup samplers) following cultivation of the 1-year green manure in September prior to establishing a winter wheat crop. Delaying cultivation until the spring substantially reduced leaching due to uncultivated soil over winter. The environmental risks (and agronomic benefits) associated with farming systems relying on natural N fixation and soil microbial activity should be more fully evaluated.
Maternal immune-mediated conditions, autism spectrum disorders, and developmental delay.

The maternal immune system may play a role in offspring neurodevelopment. We examined whether maternal autoimmune disease, asthma, and allergy were associated with child autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and developmental delay without autism (DD) using 560 ASD cases, 391 typically developing controls, and 168 DD cases from the CHildhood Autism Risk from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) study. Results from conditional logistic regression demonstrated few significant associations overall. Maternal autoimmune disease was significantly associated with a modest increase in odds of developmental disorders (combined ASD + DD; OR = 1.46, 95 % CI 1.01, 2.09) but not of ASD alone. Associations with certain allergens and onset periods were also suggested. These findings suggest maternal autoimmune disease may modestly influence childhood developmental disorders (ASD + DD).
Multichannel seismic evidence bearing on the origin of Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea

Bowers Ridge is a large, arcuate sub-marine ridge that extends north and west from the Aleutian Ridge and separates the abyssal Aleutian and Bowers Basins in the Bering Sea. Two multichannel seismic-reflection lines recorded in 1976 over Bowers Ridge and the adjacent basins confirm the existence of 8- to 10-km-thick sediment wedges on the north side of Bowers Ridge and at the base of the Bering continental margin. Deformed sediment within the Bowers wedge indicates that subduction of the adjacent ocean crust beneath the ridge probably occurred prior to middle Cenozoic time. Flat-lying reflectors near the bottom of the trench suggest that a bathymetric trough and large ridge existed in Mesozoic time. The major period of underthrusting, subsidence, and in-filling of the trench probably occurred from Mesozoic to early Tertiary time. Small amounts of underthrusting may have continued after the early Tertiary development of the Aleutian Ridge; however, by middle Miocene time, the formerly subaerial Bowers Ridge had subsided below sea level. The multichannel seismic data do not show evidence for a buried spreading center within the eastern Aleutian Basin. Consequently, the sediment wedges (trenches) at both Bowers Ridge and the Bering continental margin are believed to be the consequence of subduction that occurred during the convergence of the ridge and the margin. The large size of Bowers Ridge suggests that a large amount of convergence has occurred since Mesozoic time. If Bowers Ridge was a large feature in Mesozoic time, as suggested by the apparent bathymetric trough, then the ridge may be as old or older than the Aleutian Ridge to which it connects.
Phosphatase activity in normal and poliovirus-infected tissue cultures

Abstract Total alkaline phosphatase, ATP-ase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities were assayed in intact tissue cultured cells from monkey kidneys with suitable substrate-buffer systems. The results were expressed in terms of released orthophosphate, over a given time interval, from cells in contact with the sodium salts of glycerophosphate (beta), ATP, or glucose-6-phosphate. Supplementary experiments involved the use of ADP and AMP. The effect of substrate and substrate concentration, pH, Ca++ and Mg++, glucose and l -glutamine, maleic acid, and DNP on certain of these enzyme activities was determined. Extracellular enzyme was not observed under any of these assay conditions. Alkaline phosphatase and ATP-ase activities did not vary significantly between normal and poliovirus infected cells, under any given set of conditions, until viral induced cytopathogenicity became pronounced. Under certain of the assay conditions for glucose-6-phosphatase, however, an accelerated release of orthophosphate was observed in the infected cells. If the buffer system contained glucose and glutamine no such differences in activity were found, unless maleic acid was present. Cells in the assay system for alkaline phosphatase were able to synthesize control amounts of virus in the presence of glucose and glutamine. Significant inhibition of this activity occurred, however, with any of the assay systems utilizing ATP, ADP or AMP as substrates. These effects were found to be dependent on concentration, and also on the degree of initial substrate interaction, since it was found possible to achieve standard yields of virus by cells under certain of these modified conditions. Cells in the assay systems containing glucose-6-PO4 as substrate synthesized normal amounts of virus. In the buffer systems lacking glucose and glutamine these yields were higher than those obtained under control conditions with a nutritionally complete medium. DNP interfered with the viral synthetic process under all assay conditions used. The degree of interference depended on other factors within the environment. This effect was not reversed by removal of the DNP 8 hours after the cells were infected. ATP, DNP and maleic acid in a nutritionally complete medium had only minor effects on the production of poliovirus by cell monolayers. However, a reduction in pH of this medium to values below neutrality resulted in an inability of the cells to produce significant amounts of virus. No virus inactivation occurred from any of the environmental factors used during the course of this work.
Histone Binding Protein RbAp48 Interacts with a Complex of CREB Binding Protein and Phosphorylated CREB

A CREB-CREB binding protein (CBP) complex was used as bait to screen a mouse embryo cDNA library in yeast. One of the strongest interactions identified the histone binding protein RbAp48. RbAp48 also interacted weakly with CBP alone but did not interact with phosphorylated or nonphosphorylated CREB. CBP (or its homologue p300) from HeLa cell nuclear extracts coimmunoprecipitated with RbAp48 and its homologue RbAp46 and bound to a glutathione S-transferase-RbAp48 fusion protein. This interaction was stimulated by the addition of phosphorylated CREB and allowed the association of core histones and mononucleosomes in an acetylation-dependent manner. RbAp48 lowered the K(m) of CBP histone acetylase activity and facilitated p300-mediated in vitro transcription of a chromatinized template in the presence of acetylcoenzyme A. These data indicate that the association of phosphorylated CREB with CBP promotes the binding of RbAp48 and its homologue RbAp46, allowing the formation of a complex that facilitates histone acetylation during transcriptional activation.
The Use of the Concept of a Future Observation in Goodness‐Of‐Fit Problems

An attack on the problem of goodness of fit is made by combining a Bayesian and sampling argument; the Bayesian part is effected by using the distribution of a future observation, while the sampling argument concerns itself with the distribution of a "chi-squared like" statistic, which measures discrepancies of observed frequencies from those predicted by the distribution of the future observation. Examples are given for the case of sampling from the binomial, Poisson and normal distributions. An interesting application arising from the above approach is a procedure for estimating the degree of a polynomial response function.
Generation of a mouse model of T-cell lymphoma based on chronic LPS challenge and TGF-β signaling disruption.

Alcoholic liver disease has various manifestations: asymptomatic steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis, which substantially increase the risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Transforming growth factor (TGF-β) signaling pathway is a major regulator in chronic liver diseases contributing to all liver disease progression from liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis to HCC. With the aim of generating a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease that would rapidly develop steatosis, inflammation as well as fibrosis, we formulated a regimen that combined chronic injections of low dose (2mg/kg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with Lieber DeCarli-based diet containing 6.7% ethanol feeding to mice with impaired TGF-β signaling through constitutive disruption of β2-spectrin and/or Smad3. Unexpectedly, the mice treated with chronic low dose LPS and fed the alcohol-containing diet developed very aggressive T-cell lymphomas to which the TGF-β mutant mice succumbed more rapidly than the wild type mice. In contrast, their liver phenotype was mild as they only developed steatosis but not hepatitis or significant fibrosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a mouse model of aggressive T- cell lymphoma based on chronic challenge with low dose LPS and TGF-β disruption.
Listeria monocytogenes Inactivation in Turkey Rolls and Battered Chicken Nuggets Subjected to Simulated Commercial Cooking

Cured and uncured turkey rolls inoculted with 107Listeria monocytogenes CFU/g were vacuum packaged and cooked to internal temperatures of 68°C and 74°C, respectively, in a steam-injected chamber. Samples were stored up to 15 wk at 4°C. Battered chicken nuggets were also inoculated internally with about 107L. monocytogenes CFU/ g. Nuggets enclosed in bags were cooked under moist heating conditions in a convection oven to an internal temperature of 71°C. Nuggets were flushed with 30% CO2, 70% N2 atmosphere and sealed. Chicken nuggets were stored at 4°C up to 30 days. No Listeria monocytogenes were recovered from the cooked products suggesting that similar commercial processes are adequate to reduce populations of L. monocytogenes below detection limits.
Privacy - preserving top-k queries

The primary contribution of this paper is a secure method for doing top-k selection from vertically partitioned data. This has particular relevance to privacy-sensitive searches, and meshes well with privacy policies such as k-anonymity. We have demonstrated how secure primitives from the literature can be composed with efficient query processing algorithms, with the result having provable security properties. The paper also shows a trade-off between efficiency and disclosure. It is worth exploring whether one could have a suite of algorithms to optimize these tradeoffs, e.g., algorithms that guarantee k-anonymity with efficiency based on the choice of k rather than the guarantees of secure multiparty computation.
Cardiometabolic factors and breast cancer risk in U.S. black women

Previous studies have suggested that metabolic syndrome may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women, but U.S. black women have not been assessed. We examined the associations of abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol individually and in combination with breast cancer incidence in the Black Women’s Health Study. By means of Cox regression models, we estimated incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for the associations of baseline and time-dependent values of self-reported abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol with breast cancer incidence. During 516,452 person years of follow-up (mean years = 10.5; standard deviation = 2.9) from 1995 to 2007, 1,228 breast cancer cases were identified. After adjustment for age, education, body mass index at age 18, physical activity, and individual cardiometabolic factors, neither individual nor combinations of cardiometabolic factors were associated with breast cancer incidence overall; the multivariable IRR was 1.04 (95 % CI 0.86–1.25) for the combination of ≥3 factors relative to the absence of all factors, and 1.17 (0.85–1.60) for having all four factors. Among postmenopausal women, however, the comparable IRRs were 1.23 (0.93–1.62) and 1.63 (1.12–2.37), respectively. Our findings provide some support for an association between cardiometabolic factors and breast cancer incidence among postmenopausal U.S. black women.