cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Failure of Blackwell's Theorem under Machina's generalization of expected-utility analysis without the independence axiom

Abstract Considerable evidence suggests that the independence axiom of expected-utility theory is not empirically supported. In response, Machina has generalized expected-utility theory in such a way that the independence axiom is not required. Most of the basic concepts and results of expected-utility theory still hold under Machina's generalization. However, Blackwell's Theorem, a fundamental result in information economics, fails to hold under Machina's generalization of expected-utility theory without the independence axiom.
Simple quantum systems in spacetimes with closed timelike curves.

Three simple examples illustrate properties of path-integral amplitudes in fixed background spacetimes with closed timelike curves: nonrelativistic potential scattering in the Born approximation is nonunitary, but both an example with hard spheres and the exact solution of a totally discrete model are unitary.
Measurement of parathyroid hormone and application of parathyroid hormone in intraoperative monitoring

There has been a clear progression in assays for the analysis of PTH and its clinical applications. This includes the innovative use of PTH as a point-of-care assay as an intraoperative measure of the success of parathyroid surgery. The rapid PTH assay has served as a model for the development of other rapid hormone assays, such as for adrenocorticotropic hormone,although the clinical usefulness of these other applications is less well established. Knowledge of the circulating forms of PTH continues to progress. Information about the biologic and immunologic activities of these forms will aid in the interpretation and clinical use of current assays and in the development of new assays with improved specificities. The clinical laboratory will continue to play a vital role in providing testing and support for this important mediator of mineral metabolism.
Adolescent Academic Achievement and School Engagement: An Examination of the Role of School-Wide Peer Culture

During adolescence, peer groups present an important venue for socializing school-related behaviors such as academic achievement and school engagement. While a significant body of research emphasizes the link between a youth’s immediate peer group and academic outcomes, the current manuscript expands on this idea, proposing that, in addition to smaller peer groups, within each school exists a school-wide peer culture that is comprised of two components (a relational and a behavioral component), each of which is related to individual academic outcomes. The relational component describes the aggregate of students’ perceptions of the quality of peer relationships within each school. The behavioral component is an aggregate representation of students’ actual behaviors in regard to academic tasks. We used data from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development, which surveyed 1,718 5th grade students (45.9 % male, 51.4 % White, 17.8 % Hispanic, 7.6 % African American) in 30 schools, to explore the idea that, during adolescence, the relational and behavioral components of a school’s peer culture are related to students’ academic achievement and school engagement. Results suggested that above and beyond a variety of individual, familial, peer, and school characteristics that have previously been associated with academic outcomes, aspects of behavioral peer culture are associated with individual achievement while components of both relational and behavioral peer culture are related to school engagement. Implications for future research are discussed.
Dynamics of ATP-dependent chromatin assembly by ACF

The assembly of DNA into chromatin is a critical step in the replication and repair of the eukaryotic genome. It has been known for nearly 20 years that chromatin assembly is an ATP-dependent process. ATP-dependent chromatin-assembly factor (ACF) uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis for the deposition of histones into periodic nucleosome arrays, and the ISWI subunit of ACF is an ATPase that is related to helicases. Here we show that ACF becomes committed to the DNA template upon initiation of chromatin assembly. We also observed that ACF assembles nucleosomes in localized arrays, rather than randomly distributing them. By using a purified ACF-dependent system for chromatin assembly, we found that ACF hydrolyses about 2#150;4 molecules of ATP per base pair in the assembly of nucleosomes. This level of ATP hydrolysis is similar to that used by DNA helicases for the unwinding of DNA. These results suggest that a tracking mechanism exists in which ACF assembles chromatin as an ATP-driven DNA-translocating motor. Moreover, this proposed mechanism for ACF may be relevant to the function of other chromatin-remodelling factors that contain ISWI subunits.
A one-step highly sensitive method for DNA detection using dynamic light scattering.

A one-step homogeneous DNA detection method with high sensitivity was developed using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coupled with dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement. Citrate-protected AuNPs with a diameter of 30 nm were first functionalized with two sets of single-stranded DNA probes and then used as optical probes for DNA detection. In the presence of target DNA, the hybridization between target DNA and the two nanoparticle probes caused the formation of nanoparticle dimers, trimers, and oligomers. As a result, the nanoparticle aggregation increased the average diameter of the whole nanoparticle population, which can be monitored simply by DLS measurement. A quantitative correlation can be established between the average diameter of the nanoparticles and the target DNA concentration. This DLS-based assay is extremely easy to conduct and requires no additional separation and amplification steps. The detection limit is around 1 pM, which is 4 orders of magnitude better than that of light-absorption-bas...
Perceptions of Self, the United States, and Europe A Study of Upstate New York University Students

This study examines the personal perceptions and aspirations of 187 students studying at two universities in Syracuse, New York during the spring of 1992. The Cantril Self-Anchoring Striving Scale is used to determine the best and worst possible outcomes for themselves, the United States, and Europe. The evaluations and responses of full- and part-time students attending a private university are compared with those enrolled at a public university. Research results indicate that, although students are most optimistic about their own future and to a lesser extent the future of Europe, they are more pessimistic about the future prospects for the United States. Students' hopes, fears, and ladder ratings are described and compared, and the findings are interpreted from a cognitive dissonance perspective.
Resident scholary work in the community hospital setting

The primary reason to develop the Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives ( www.JCHIMP.org ) was to focus on and encourage the scholarly work of faculty and physicians in training (students, residents, and fellows) in community teaching hospitals. Our secondary focus was based on the belief that the presence of quality research is of itself a goal to strive for. Our third focus was to encourage compliance with the stated goals of the Internal Medicine Residency Review Committee regarding residency scholarly work. (Published: 17 October 2011) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2011, 1 : 8486 - DOI: 10.3402/jchimp.v1i3.8486
Construction of genetic linkage maps and comparative genome analysis of catfish using gene-associated markers.

A genetic linkage map of the channel catfish genome (N = 29) was constructed using EST-based microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in an interspecific reference family. A total of 413 microsatellites and 125 SNP markers were polymorphic in the reference family. Linkage analysis using JoinMap 4.0 allowed mapping of 331 markers (259 microsatellites and 72 SNPs) to 29 linkage groups. Each linkage group contained 3–18 markers. The largest linkage group contained 18 markers and spanned 131.2 cM, while the smallest linkage group contained 14 markers and spanned only 7.9 cM. The linkage map covered a genetic distance of 1811 cM with an average marker interval of 6.0 cM. Sex-specific maps were also constructed; the recombination rate for females was 1.6 times higher than that for males. Putative conserved syntenies between catfish and zebrafish, medaka, and Tetraodon were established, but the overall levels of genome rearrangements were high among the teleost genomes. This study represents a first-generation linkage map constructed by using EST-derived microsatellites and SNPs, laying a framework for large-scale comparative genome analysis in catfish. The conserved syntenies identified here between the catfish and the three model fish species should facilitate structural genome analysis and evolutionary studies, but more importantly should facilitate functional inference of catfish genes. Given that determination of gene functions is difficult in nonmodel species such as catfish, functional genome analysis will have to rely heavily on the establishment of orthologies from model species.
Nutritional support and prognosis in patients with head and neck cancer.

We retrospectively studied the relationship between nutritional status as indicated by the presence or absence of the cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity response and treatment-related morbidity, disease recurrence, and survival at 2 years in 67 consecutive patients with head and neck carcinoma. Serial nutritional assessments were conducted throughout the course of combined initial antineoplastic treatment and nutritional support. The presence of cell-mediated immunity at the end of treatment was associated with a 2-year survival rate of 100%, whereas patients who were anergic at the end of treatment had a 2-year survival rate of 48% (P < 0.01). Morbidity due to surgical therapy and tumor recurrence rates were also higher in the anergic group (P < 0.01). Prognosis in head and neck cancer is based on many factors, but vigorous nutritional support during initial treatment may have some effect on morbidity, tumor recurrence, and survival time. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PERSISTENT VIABILITY OF THE MEDLAR BODY

Background. The Medlar body represents an adaptive tissue form of the fungi known to cause cutaneous chromomycosis. This study was designed to determine the in vitro viability of Medlar bodies that are found in profusion within lesional epidermis. Methods. Epidermal scrapings of three indigenous cases from Texas of chromomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi were collected and periodically cultured to determine the duration of fungal viability. Results. The causative organism could be recovered 11, 15, and 18 months, respectively, after epidermal scrapings were obtained from the three patients. Conclusions. This simple but important experiment indicates that Medlar bodies are quite hardy. Thus, clinical lesions may appear after long incubation periods subsequent to traumatic implantation of etiologic fungi. The robust adaptability of the tissue form may also account for the difficulty in achieving a “cure” in cases of chromomycosis.
Interracial contact and changes in the racial attitudes of white college students

College campuses are among the most racially diverse settings in our segregated society. For many students, especially non-Hispanic whites, college represents the first time they have come into significant contact with members of other groups. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, this paper explores the effects of campus diversity and various types of interracial contact on the racial and ethnic attitudes of white students over the course of four years in college. The findings are largely consistent with the contact hypothesis, particularly with respect to changes in attitudes towards blacks. White students who report having a close friend who is black and those who have dated or had a romantic partner who is black express less social distance towards blacks in their senior year, as do white students who were involved in extracurricular activities in which blacks are the majority. Participating in extracurricular activities dominated by blacks is also associated with more positive views of the impact of affirmative action on academic standards expressed as students were leaving college. Although there is evidence that both stereotypes and social distance towards groups are mitigated by intergroup contact, stereotypes appeared to be somewhat more resistant to change. The findings suggest that institutions should continue efforts to diversify their student populations, and also promote involvement in extracurricular activities for students from all groups.
Modeling the bioconcentration factors and bioaccumulation factors of polychlorinated biphenyls with posetic quantitative super-structure/activity relationships (QSSAR)

During bioconcentration, chemical pollutants from water are absorbed by aquatic animals via the skin or a respiratory surface, while the entry routes of chemicals during bioaccumulation are both directly from the environment (skin or a respiratory surface) and indirectly from food. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for a particular chemical compound are defined as the ratio of the concentration of a chemical inside an organism to the concentration in the surrounding environment. Because the experimental determination of BAF and BCF is time-consuming and expensive, it is efficacious to develop models to provide reliable activity predictions for a large number of chemical compounds. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) released from industrial activities are persistent pollutants of the environment that produce widespread contamination of water and soil. PCBs can bioaccumulate in the food chain, constituting a potential source of exposure for the general population. To predict the bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors for PCBs we make use of the biphenyl substitution-reaction network for the sequential substitution of H-atoms by Cl-atoms. Each PCB structure then occurs as a node of this reaction network, which is some sort of super-structure, turning out mathematically to be a partially ordered set (poset). Rather than dealing with the molecular structure via ordinary QSAR we use only this poset, making different quantitative super-structure/activity relationships (QSSAR). Thence we developed cluster expansion and splinoid QSSARs for PCB bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors. The predictive ability of the BAF and BCF models generated for 20 data sets (representing different conditions and fish species) was evaluated with the leave-one-out cross-validation, which shows that the splinoid QSSAR (r between 0.903 and 0.935) are better than models computed with the cluster expansion (r between 0.745 and 0.887). The splinoid QSSAR models for BAF and BCF yield predictions for the missing PCBs in the investigated data sets.
Organization and Sequence of the Human P Gene and Identification of a New Family of Transport Proteins

We have determined the structure, nucleotide sequence, and polymorphisms of the human P gene. Mutations of the P gene result in type II oculocutaneous albinism (OCA2) in humans and pink-eyed dilution (p) in mice. We find that the human P gene is quite large, consisting of 25 exons spanning 250 to 600 kb in chromosome segment 15q11-q13. The P polypeptide appears to define a novel family of small molecule transporters and may be involved in transport of tyrosine, the precursor to melanin synthesis, within the melanocyte. These results provide the basis for analyses of patients with OCA2 and may point toward eventual pharmacologic treatment of this and related disorders of pigmentation.
Experimental study of bimolecular reaction kinetics in porous media.

The representation of multispecies chemical transformations into models for porous media flow and transport is investigated. Since the rate of transformation is dependent on the actual concentrations of the reactants inside the pore-spaces (rather than the averaged concentration that is amenable to a porous continuum model) such models may show a lesser or greater rate of transformation than is actually occurring, depending on the pore-scale correlation of the reactant concentrations. To examine this experimentally, a bimolecular reaction (A + B → Product) in a saturated porous media flow in a column was studied using a spectrophotometer. The second-order rate constant of the reaction was independently determined in well-mixed batch tests. In the reactive transport experiments, the porous medium column was initially saturated with one reactant, the other reactant was injected at one longitudinal end of the column, and the effluent concentrations were measured. It is documented that a reactive transport mo...
HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterised by a chronic, but frequently remitting, clinical course involving significant morbidity. As medical and surgical advances have occurred, focus has shifted from merely reducing mortality to efforts on decreasing morbidity and improving health status. With this paradigm shift has come the need for qualitative and quantitative assessment of outcomes important to the individual patient. Existing disease activity measures fall short in this area. Health-related quality of life encompasses the areas of physical function, somatic sensation, psychological state and social interactions that are affected by one's health status. Instruments have recently been developed for both generic and disease-specific health states, such as IBD. These psychometric measures have proven to be useful tools for patient assessment. Both medical and surgical trials have incorporated these measures as salient outcomes. An additional outcome that has come under closer scrutiny is the cost of medical interventions. The literature on the cost of IBD is sparse but is likely to increase logarithmically in the future. Quality of life and cost issues are becoming central to the study of not just IBD but all of medicine.
Suppressor cells in coccidioidomycosis.

Abstract Patients with coccidioidomycosis manifest a wide variety of severity of infection. Patients with unifocal and particularly multifocal dissemination manifest a defect in host defense mechanisms. This study focuses on the in vitro response to PHA as an indicator of immunoregulatory mechanisms. Study subjects are divided into four groups: Group I—17, patients with active disseminated coccidioidomycosis and lesions in multiple organs; Group II—15, patients with active disseminated coccidioidomycosis and a single lesion; Group III—16, patients with active coccidioidomycosis confined to the lungs; and Group IV—18, patients in whom coccidioidomycosis is inactive. The response to PHA was heterogeneous, even within groups. When cells were cultured in the presence of indomethacin or R020-5720, Group I cells demonstrated highly significant augmentation of the response to PHA (P
Maximizing esthetic results in posterior restorations using composite opaquers.

After removal of caries or a faulty existing restoration in a posterior tooth, frequently the pulpal floor is a dark substrate. Composites are translucent by nature, and even the more opaque shades transmit nearly 60% of visible light, meaning that composites require a certain thickness to maintain their intended shade, especially if the underlying substrate is particularly dark. Depending on the intensity of the dark substrate, even relatively thick composite restorations may not be capable of disguising the discolored dentin underneath. The substrate absorbs a significant part of the light that would otherwise reflect toward the occlusal surface, and the restoration has a nonvital monochromatic grayish color. Opaquers and tints (color modifiers) may be extremely useful to overcome this situation. In this study, composite restorations were placed in extracted teeth to demonstrate that the final esthetic results rely upon the optical properties of the background as well as those of the composite material itself. Preparations with simulated dark pulpal floors were restored without the use of opaquers and tint modifiers. After tooth hydration, the final shade was recorded with photographs. The restoration was removed and a new restoration was placed, but this time with a technique involving opaquer and tints. This article compares and discusses the outcomes of these two procedures. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This demonstration shows a simple technique that can help dentists obtain predictable esthetic results in their daily practice with posterior composite restorations.
The copper-nickel concentration log: A tool for stratigraphic interpretation within the ultramafic and basal zones of the stillwater complex, Montana

Abstract An analogue to the electric well log was devised for copper-nickel concentration drill-hole data from the Basal and lower part of the Ultramafic zones of the Stillwater Complex using automated data processing. The copper-nickel concentration logs graphically represent intensity (concentration) values that reflect the distribution of the elements in sulfide and silicate minerals. Four major patterns are recognized by their characteristic variations in copper and nickel intensity: (1) relatively flat, low-level copper-intensity signatures associated with arcuate nickel-intensity patterns that correlate with rocks in the Peridotite member of the Ultramafic zone; (2) arcuate or bulb-like patterns of copper and nickel intensity that correlate closely with the Basal bronzite cumulate member of the Basal zone; (3) complex patterns consisting of intervals of low-intensity copper and moderate-intensity nickel, spikes of high nickel and copper intensity, and high copper intensity associated with low nickel intensity that correlate respectively with cordierite-pyroxene hornfels, massive sulfide, norites and mineralized diabase dikes in the Basal norite member; and (4) large intervals of extremely low copper and nickel intensity that correlate with quartz-orthopyroxene hornfels. The recognition and interpretation of these patterns allow two- and three-dimensional stratigraphic and lithologic reconstructions to be done by means of concentration-log correlations instead of variable quality lithologic logging.
SU‐FF‐I‐41: Accuracy and Computing Time of a Ray‐Driven Projector/back‐Projector for Simulation and Reconstruction in Tomosynthesis and Cone Beam CT Imaging

Accurate and fast projector/back‐projector (PBP) is the key to successful simulation and iterative reconstruction of tomosynthesis and cone beam CT. In this study, the accuracy and computation speed of a ray‐driven PBP operator were investigated. To simulate x‐ray tomographyimaging, a ray‐driven projector was developed and implemented on a 64 computing node PC Cluster. Each x‐ray path is represented by sampling points in the object. Their μ values are summed up to compute the integral attenuation along the path. To evaluate the accuracy of the reprojection algorithm as the function of sampling ratio (Sampling length / voxel length), reprojections obtained with a significantly smaller sampling ratio were used as reference. To minimize the additional loss of accuracy from pixelization, the pixel size of the projection images was selected to be one third of the voxel size projected back to the image plane. Error images were formed by subtracting the re‐projection from the reference re‐projection and used to compute the percentage errors. SART were implemented for image reconstruction in tomosynthesis and CBCTimaging. To evaluate its accuracy, CBCTimagesreconstructed with 300 projection views over 360 degree were compared to the original CBCTimages. Errors were computed from the subtraction images and plotted together the computing time as the function of the sampling ratio. With reduced sampling ratio, the accuracies of both the re‐projection and SART algorithms were improved at the expense of longer computing time. The improvement was accelerated with smaller sampling ratios. Aliasing artifacts were visible when the sampling ratios were greater than 0.5. We have demonstrated that the accuracy of the re‐projection and SART reconstructions improved with reduced the sampling ratio at the expense of longer computing time for a ray‐driven PBP. The tradeoff between accuracy and computing time should be determined by the imaging requirement.
Apolipoprotein-E deficiency results in an altered stress responsiveness in addition to an impaired spatial memory in young mice

It has been suggested that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with an altered neurotrophic function of apolipoprotein-E (ApoE) and abnormal neuroendocrine activities. In the present study we investigated stress responsiveness of ApoE-deficient mice. Firstly, two sessions of restraint were introduced, 20 min per day for two (session 1) and three (session 2) consecutive days. In session 1, there was no difference between genotypes in open-field activity in response to restraint stress. In session 2, spatial memory was assessed in a Morris Water Maze 'Place Learning Set' task immediately following stress. Restraint stress caused a significant impairment of spatial memory in wild-type mice. The non-restraint ApoE-deficient mice showed a severe impairment of spatial memory similar to that of the restrained wild-type mice. Restraint stress had no obvious effect on spatial memory in ApoE-deficient mice until the third day of testing, when there was a decrease in reference memory compared with their non-restraint controls. In addition, the first session of restraint stress had an inhibitory effect on food intake in wild-type but not ApoE-deficient mice, and a longer-lasting effect on body weight in the wild-type than ApoE-deficient mice. ApoE-deficient mice showed a weaker corticosterone response to the initial restraint stress and a slower descending rate in serum corticosterone level during a 30-min post-stress period than their wild-type controls. However, higher baseline levels and stronger corticosterone responses were observed in ApoE-deficient mice than in wild-type mice when exposed to repeated restraint stress. The expression of ApoE mRNA was upregulated in the hypothalamus in wild-type mice exposed to repeated restraint stress. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ApoE deficiency causes a memory impairment and an altered stress responsiveness in mice.
The Bologna Process Offers New Research Opportunities for Academic Business Librarians Worldwide

European education ministers and officials signed a Bologna Declaration with a goal to reform, strengthen, and standardize higher education programs and degree structures by 2010. Graduates will become more mobile and marketable to employers throughout Europe. These programs shall also attract students worldwide. Higher education programs on other continents have taken notice and are in the process of initiating similar goals and outcomes. All of these events are creating new research opportunities for academic business librarians in all aspects of library support and services including collection development, reference, and instruction.
Deep long-offset transient electromagnetic surveys for crustal studies in the U.S.A.

Abstract Controlled-source electromagnetic methods are often thought of as being used for detailed studies of Earth conductivity at shallow depths, such as is appropriate for minerals exploration. However, for the past quarter of a century, the Colorado School of Mines has placed considerable effort into the development of similar techniques for exploration deeper into the Earth's crust. The main difference between these techniques and shallow methods is primarily that the source moment is generally one to two orders of magnitude greater for the former. These deep electromagnetic sounding studies allow for a considerable flexibility in survey design so that optimum results may be obtained in diverse geological settings. Four time domain electromagnetic sounding surveys in different geological settings across continental U.S.A. are reviewed. The surveys on the U.S. West Coast, in the Pacific Northwest, New York state, and southern Colorado, provide insight into not only the diversity of the technique but also its ability to gather knowledge of deep electrical structures.
Assessing General Circulation Model Simulations of Atmospheric Teleconnection Patterns

Abstract The ability of coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) to simulate variability in regional and global atmospheric dynamics is an important aspect of model evaluation. This is particularly true for recurring large-scale patterns known to be correlated with surface climate anomalies. Here, the authors evaluate the ability of all Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) historical Twentieth-Century Climate in Coupled Models (20C3M) AOGCM simulations for which the required output fields are available to simulate three patterns of large-scale atmospheric internal variability in the North Atlantic region: the Arctic Oscillation (AO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO); and three in the North Pacific region: the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Pacific–North American Oscillation (PNA). These patterns are evaluated in two ways: first, in terms o...
In situ hybridization analysis of developmental stages of Pneumocystis carinii that are transcriptionally active for a major surface glycoprotein gene

Summary An abundant glycoprotein on the surface of Pneumocystis carinii, termed gpA or gp120, is thought to play a role in the interaction of this opportunistic pathogen with its host. Using RNA:RNA hybridization techniques, the in situ expression of gpA mRNA in developmental forms of the organism was investigated in a ferret model of P. carinii pneumonia. The results suggested that the relative abundance of gpA-specific mRNA was variable in different developmental stages of ferret P. carinii. P. carinii localized along the epithelial lining of alveoli were transcriptionally active. Immunocytochemical detection of gpA and Giemsa staining suggested that many of these organisms were trophic forms of P. carinii. While no detectable gpA mRNA signal was found in the majority of P. carinii cysts, a portion of identifiable cysts co-localized with significant levels of gpA mRNA signal. Differential staining of the cyst wall with Gomori's methenamine silver suggested that the transcriptionally active P. carinii cysts were the intermediate or precyst forms of the organism, while the cysts with no detectable mRNA signal were either mature or empty (excysted). Alveolar macrophages were observed surrounded by transcriptionally active organisms; however, no gpA-transcriptional activity was detected within macrophages. Taken together, the results suggest that transcription of gpA occurs in forms of P. carinii that are actively replicating, and in close proximity or contact with, alveolar epithelial cells.
Soybean seed composition under high day and night growth temperatures

High diurnal temperatures often affect development of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], but little is known about the relative influence of high day and night temperatures on the chemical composition of the seed. This study was conducted to determine the effects of combinations of high day and night temperatures during flowering and pod set (R1–R5), seed fill and maturation (R5–R8), and continuously during the reproductive period (R1–R8) on soybean seed oil, protein, and fatty acid composition. Day/night temperatures of 30/20, 30/30, 35/20, and 35/30°C were imposed on the soybean cultivar Gnome 85 in growth chambers. The day/night temperature combinations during R1–R5 had little effect on the oil and protein concentration and the fatty acid composition of seed produced. As mean daily temperature increased from 25 (30/20) to 33 (35/30)°C during R5–R8 and 25 (30/20) to 33 (35/30)°C during R1–R8, and oil concentration decreased and protein concentration increased. Increased day temperature during R5–R8 and R1–R8, averaged across the two night temperatures, increased oleic acid and decreased linoleic and linolenic acids. When night temperature was increased at 30°C day temperature during R5–R8 and R1–R8, oleic acid decreased and linoleic acid increased. When night temperature was increased at 35°C day temperature during R1–R8, oleic acid increased, and linoleic and linolenic acids decreased. These results indicate the importance of high day and night temperatures during seed fill and maturation in the oil, protein, and fatty acid composition of soybean seed.
Lattice model of mobility at interfaces: free surfaces, substrates, and bilayers

A simple kinetic lattice model of free volume and mobility transport in fluids is applied to study the enhancement of mobility at a free surface in thin fluid films, as well as proximity effects in fluid bilayers consisting of materials with different local mobility. Consistent with experimental observations on fluid and polymeric thin films, our model predicts the presence of a mobile layer of material near the free surface of a kinetically arrested (glassy) film. The mobile layer extends deeper into the film, in front-like fashion, as the sample approaches the transition to complete fluidity. The extent of enhanced mobility is independent of film thickness at a given temperature, thus we find that thinner films have more suppressed sample-average glass transition temperatures compared to bulk material. This theme repeats itself in our simulations of fluid bilayers; slabs of material with suppressed or enhanced mobility respectively cause premature or delayed glassification of the whole system.
Quantification of Optical and Physical Properties of Combustion-Generated Carbonaceous Aerosols (< PM2.5) Using Analytical and Microscopic Techniques

A series of experiments were conducted to quantify and characterize the optical and physical properties of combustion-generated aerosols during both flaming and smoldering combustion of three materials common to underground mines—Pittsburgh Seam coal, Styrene Butadiene Rubber (a common mine conveyor belt material), and Douglas-fir wood—using a combination of analytical and gravimetric measurements. Laser photometers were utilized in the experiments for continuous measurement of aerosol mass concentrations and for comparison to measurements made using gravimetric filter samples. The aerosols of interest lie in the size range of tens to a few hundred nanometers, out of range of the standard photometer calibration. To correct for these uncertainties, the photometer mass concentrations were compared to gravimetric samples to determine if consistent correlations existed. The response of a calibrated and modified combination ionization/photoelectric smoke detector was also used. In addition, the responses of this sensor and a similar, prototype ionization/photoelectric sensor, along with discrete angular scattering, total scattering, and total extinction measurements, were used to define in real time the size, morphology, and radiative transfer properties of these differing aerosols that are generally in the form of fractal aggregates. SEM/TEM images were also obtained in order to compare qualitatively the real-time, continuous experimental measurements with the visual microscopic measurements. These data clearly show that significant differences exist between aerosols from flaming and from smoldering combustion and that these differences produce very different scattering and absorption signatures. The data also indicate that ionization/photoelectric sensors can be utilized to measure continuously and in real time aerosol properties over a broad spectrum of applications related to adverse environmental and health effects.
Individualism/collectivism: Implications for the volunteer process

In the present study the constructs of individualism and collectivism were incorporated into a conceptual understanding of the volunteer process. The findings offer a broader perspective on volunteer antecedents and experiences and address an ongoing debate about the implications of individualism and collectivism for volunteering. Collectivism was found to be more strongly related than was individualism to altruistic motivations and the desire to strengthen social ties. Collectivism, but not individualism, was found to be associated with the development of a volunteer role identity. Individualism was most closely associated with career-related volunteer objectives. The results suggest that individualists and collectivists differ, not in their willingness to volunteer, but in why they choose to volunteer.
The modulation of worker behavior by the vibration signal during house hunting in swarms of the honeybee, Apis mellifera.

During house hunting, honeybee, Apis melli- fera, workers perform the vibration signal, which may function in a modulatory manner to influence several as- pects of nestsite selection and colony movement. We ex- amined the role of the vibration signal in the house-hunt- ing process of seven honeybee swarms. The signal was performed by a small proportion of the older bees, and 20% of the vibrating bees also performed waggle dances for nestsites. Compared to non-vibrating controls, vibrat- ing bees exhibited increased rates of locomotion, were more likely to move into the interiors of the swarms, and were more likely to fly from the clusters and perform waggle dances. Recipients responded to the signal with increased locomotion and were more likely than non- vibrated controls to fly from the swarms. Because vibra- tion signals were intermixed with waggle dances by some vibrators, and because they stimulated flight in re- cipients, the signals may have enhanced nestsite scouting and recruitment early in the house-hunting process. All swarms exhibited increased vibration activity within 0.5-1 h of departure. During these final periods, numer- ous vibrating bees wove repeatedly in and out of the clusters while signaling and motion on the swarms in- creased until it culminated in mass flight. The peaks of vibration activity observed at the end of the house- hunting process may therefore have activated the entire swarm for liftoff once a new nestsite had been selected. Thus, the vibration signal may help to integrate the be- havior of numerous groups of workers during nestsite se- lection and colony relocation.
Effect of Analogue Ions in Normal-Phase Ion-Pair Chromatography of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

The effect of analogue ions of ion-pair reagents in the normal-phase ion-pair chromatographic behavior of quaternary ammonium compounds is shown. Different analogue ions can have a significant impact on the chromatographic behavior of quaternary ammonium compounds. Among the ion-pair reagents investigated (sodium bromide, tetramethylammonium bromide, tetraethylammonium bromide, tetrapropylammonium bromide, and tetrabutylammonium bromide), tetramethylammonium bromide proves to be the most effective reagent for both reducing retention time and eliminating peak tailing. The influence of analogue ions on the chromatographic behavior of quaternary ammonium compounds correlates well with their affinity for normal-phase silica gel.
Effects of simulated hyperglycemia, insulin, and glucagon on endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression.

Diabetes is associated with endothelial dysfunction and increased risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and renal complications. Earlier studies have revealed that hyperglycemia impairs nitric oxide (NO) production and diabetes causes endothelial dysfunction in humans and experimental animals. This study was designed to test the effects of altered concentrations of glucose, insulin, and glucagon, the principal variables in types I and II diabetes, on NO production and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression in cultured human coronary endothelial cells. Cultured endothelial cells were incubated in the presence of glucose at either normal (5.6 mM) or high (25 mM) concentrations for 7 days. The rates of basal and bradykinin-stimulated NO production (nitrate + nitrite) and eNOS protein expression (Western blot) were then determined at the basal condition and in the presence of insulin (10−8 and 10−7 M), glucagon (10−8 and 10−7 M), or both. Incubation with a high-glucose concentration for 7 days sign...
FEUDING WITH THE PAST, FEARING THE FUTURE: GLOBALIZATION AS CULTURAL METAPHOR FOR THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN NATION-STATE AND WORLD-ECONOMY

This essay explores several facets of current debates about globalization: especially the role of American national culture in defining the issue of international outreach; and the examination of specific dimensions of globalism—standardization of technology, rationalization of the international monetary system, evaluation and measurement of performance. Once issues are examined in empirical rather than ideological terms, it is clear that advantages accrue to those societies capable of product innovation and satisfaction of mass needs, rather than those that resort to threat, force or coercion. The age of globalization, far from being an extension of the colonial and imperial systems that dominated most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, signifies closure to the old political economy. The essay ends with a coda on globalization as the latest stage of an egalitarianism that places the modernization-developmental process at loggerheads with most varieties of totalitarian rule.
Vortex Encounter Rates with Fixed Barometer Stations: Comparison with Visual Dust Devil Counts and Large-Eddy Simulations

AbstractA phenomenological model is developed wherein vortices are introduced at random into a virtual arena with specified distributions of diameter, core pressure drop, longevity, and translation speed, and the pressure history at a fixed station is generated using an analytic model of vortex structure. Only a subset of the vortices present are detected as temporary pressure drops, and the observed peak pressure-drop distribution has a shallower slope than the vortex-core pressure drops. Field studies indicate a detection rate of about two vortex events per day under favorable conditions for a threshold of 0.2 mb (1 mb = 1 hPa): this encounter rate and the observed falloff of events with increasing pressure drop can be reproduced in the model with approximately 300 vortices per square kilometer per day—rather more than the highest visual dust devil counts of approximately 100 devils per square kilometer per day. This difference can be reconciled if dust lifting typically only occurs in the field above a...
Comparative analysis of 2- versus 3-dimensional sonography of the supraspinatus tendon.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability in the analysis of images acquired using a dedicated 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasound transducer and conventional 2-dimensional (2D) images in the detection and characterization of supraspinatus tendon tears. Methods Images of the supraspinatus tendon in 42 patients who had undergone 2D and 3D sonography were classified by two readers independently as no tear, full-thickness tear, or partial-thickness tear. When present, the tear size and location were recorded. Inter- and intra-rater reliability for the two data sets were calculated. Results There was substantial agreement between the two readers in the classification of supraspinatus tendon tears on 2D images (κ = 0.79) but only moderate agreement on 3D images (κ = 0.48). There was moderate to substantial agreement in the classification of tears between the 2D and 3D images for both readers (reader 1, κ = 0.64; reader 2, κ= 0.54). The most common cause of a discordant result was the interpretation of a small hypoechoic region at the footprint as a partial tear on 3D images, compared to a normal appearance on 2D images. Conclusions Use of a dedicated 3D ultrasound transducer has poorer inter- and intra-rater reliability for the assessment of supraspinatus tendon tears compared to 2D sonography because of the interpretation of small partial-thickness tears at the footprint on 3D images, a common region affected by anisotropy.
Enhancing undergraduate computer science education through a university-wide summer research program

Recruiting undergraduates for research projects and managing these projects to ensure success presents numerous challenges; however, undergraduate student involvement in research provides many opportunities for students to strengthen their studies in computer science. One unique and successful program that involves undergraduates in research is Miami University's Undergraduate Summer Scholars (USS) program. This competitive program provides 100 awards every summer to selected student/faculty pairs to pursue original research projects. The student recipient works full time (40 hours per week) for a 10-week period with the faculty mentor and receives a stipend of $2600 and 12 credit hours for elective course work Faculty in the Computer Science and Systems Analysis Department (CSA) are using the USS program both to enhance learning opportunities for quality undergraduate students and to help advance their research agendas. Students in the program learn what it means to do research, how to propose research questions, how to approach solving problems, how to evaluate solutions, and how to present their work and results. Several CSA students have reported getting a job offer or graduate position related to their USS research as a result of participating in the program.
Retinoic Acid Acylation (Retinoylation) of a Nuclear Protein in the Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Line HL60

all-trans-Retinoic acid is a potent inducer in vitro of the differentiation of the human acute myeloid leukemia cell line HL60 and of fresh cells from patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. The recent discovery of nuclear retinoic acid receptors provides a basis for understanding how retinoic acid acts at the genetic level. We have now found that retinoic acid is incorporated into HL60 cells in a form that is not removed by extraction with CHC13:CHaOH. About 90% of this labeled retinoic acid is trichloroacetic acid-soluble after digestion with proteinase K or after hydrolysis with either NHzOH or CHsOH:KOH under mild conditions. Methyl retinoate is the major product of hydrolysis with CH30H:KOH. These results are consistent with retinoylation of protein with the formation of an ester, probably thioester, bond. The extent of the retinoylation of HL60 protein is dependent on both time and retinoic acid concentration. A major fraction of the retinoylation is of a protein that has a molecular mass of 55 kDa after reduction with dithiothreitol. On two-dimensional gels, the retinoylated protein has a PI of about 4.9 and a molecular mass of 55-60 kDa. These characteristics and its localization in the cell nucleus are consistent with retinoylation of the HL60 nuclear retinoic acid receptor or a closely related protein.