cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Caregiving to Parenting: Family Formation with Adopted Older Children

(from 2 years to 17 years old) are faced with a dual challenge. Not only are they expected to master the developmental tasks of the biologically formed family, but they also must develop guidelines for the process of becoming a family. Social work ers have examined aspects of the child's incorporation into a family in terms of fac tors that contribute to placement success or failure,1 stages of the adoption process,2 and needs of individual family members.3 However, the process by which caregivers of adoptees become parents to their chil dren is not presented in the social work literature in a comprehensive, systematic way. Consequently, these families must contend with unique but unidentified trans itional tasks. This article provides a model of family formation that occurs through older child adoption by examining the challenges and tasks faced. Behaviors con sidered to be troublesome are reframed as
Upset Testing of LSI Devices

A program is outlined to determine the lowest radiation upset levels or digital LSI devices. Upset levels can be sensitive to input conditions and an efficient strategy of testing is described, together with powerful instrumentation which meets the above objective. Some upsets can be internal to the device and found only by clocking through to an output. This instrumentation determines if upsets exist by comparison of outputs of device(s) under test with outputs of an unexposed (reference) device.
Recurring transitional geomagnetic field geometries: Evidence from sediments and lavas

Records of the geomagnetic polarity transitions bounding the Nunivak Subchron have been obtained from the Suva Marl, Fiji (18.2°S, 178.5°E). The transitional virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) positions cluster near southern South America and are remarkably similar to the VGP paths for these same reversals obtained from Sicily. The lower Nunivak VGP path and relative intensity record are also very similar to a lower Pliocene reverse to normal (R to N) polarity transition recorded in lavas on Kauai. The similarities in these transition records from both lava and sediment records suggests that an inclined near-dipolar state of the transitional field recurred in these back to back reversals.
RbSr and KAr geochronologic studies of mantled gneiss domes, Albion Range, Southern Idaho, USA

Abstract Mantled gneiss domes of the Albion Range composed of a Precambrian crystalline complex overlain by Paleozoic sediments metamorphosed during the Mesozoic. A post-kinematic adamellite stock intrudes two of the domes. coinciding in a general way with the region of highest metamorphiograde. An isochron for the Precambrian rocks gives a date of 2.4b b.y., an initial ratio ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) of 0.703. Lower Paleozoic schists are badly scattered about a ∼600 m.y. isochron, in reasonable agreement with their stratigraphic age. A good isochron for the post-kinematic adamellite gives a date of 30 m.y., an initial ratio of 0.710. The mass balance involving Sr isotopes permits only a negligible portion of this adamellite to be derived from assimilated or transformed Precambrian rocks. KAr dates decrease from 77 m.y. to ∼30 m y. with increasing stratigraphic depth in Paleozoic sediments, perhaps due to progressive cooling as rocks were brought to the earth's surface by uplift and erosion. KAr dates on Precambrian rocks (45–134 m.y.) are greater than dates on overlying Paleozoic schist. This Reversal of trend illustrates the extent to which factors other than temperature control Ar loss form micas. KAr dates on the 30 m.y. old adamellite average 25.4 m.y. for pegmatitic muscovite, 24.7 m.y. for granitic muscovite, and 22.0 m.y. fergranitic biotite. This progression is presumably a result of gradual cooling of the stock emplaced at depth in a metamorphic terrane.
Auditory reaction time as a function of stimulus intensity, frequency, and rise time

The effects of signal intensity, frequency, and rise time on auditory reaction time (RT) were investigated in this study. Equal-loudness data were first obtained for 100-, 1,000-, and 10,000-Hz tones at intensity levels of 20, 40, 60, and 80 phons. These tones were presented subsequently as RT signals with variable rise times. The main effects indicated that (1) RT increased systematically with signal rise time, (2) RT was inversely related to signal intensity, and (3) equally loud stimuli did not produce equivalent RTs at different signal frequencies. In view of our failure to obtain equal-RT functions across signal frequencies, it was proposed that the detection of a stimulus and the judgment of its loudness require different perceptual processes.
Involvement of the β Clamp in Methyl-directed Mismatch Repair in Vitro

We have examined function of the bacterial β replication clamp in the different steps of methyl-directed DNA mismatch repair. The mismatch-, MutS-, and MutL-dependent activation of MutH is unaffected by the presence or orientation of loaded β clamp on either 3′ or 5′ heteroduplexes. Similarly, β is not required for 3′ or 5′ mismatch-provoked excision when scored in the presence of γ complex or in the presence of γ complex and DNA polymerase III core components. However, mismatch repair does not occur in the absence of β, an effect we attribute to a requirement for the clamp in the repair DNA synthesis step of the reaction. We have confirmed previous findings that β clamp interacts specifically with MutS and MutL (Lopez de Saro, F. J., Marinus, M. G., Modrich, P., and O'Donnell, M. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 14340–14349) and show that the mutator phenotype conferred by amino acid substitution within the MutS N-terminal β-interaction motif is the probable result of instability coupled with reduced activity in multiple steps of the repair reaction. In addition, we have found that the DNA polymerase III α catalytic subunit interacts strongly and specifically with both MutS and MutL. Because interactions of polymerase III holoenzyme components with MutS and MutL appear to be of limited import during the initiation and excision steps of mismatch correction, we suggest that their significance might lie in the control of replication fork events in response to the sensing of DNA lesions by the repair system.
Performance of B–E-glass fiber media in coalescence filtration

Abstract Compressed air is used in a variety of applications. For many applications, the air must be cleaned and filtered to remove contaminants. Among all the contaminants, oil mist and other liquid aerosols often pose the greatest challenge. In practice, nonwoven glass fiber media effectively remove these oil droplets. To preserve the structural stability of these coalescing media, a binder that holds the fibers together is employed. Most of the organic binders (acrylic or epoxy) have to be applied with an organic solvent. The use of a solvent not only poses a health problem, but also increases processing costs in the form of solvent disposal and recovery costs. This paper describes a use of a novel combination of B and E glass fibers that eliminates the organic binder and the solvent. Comparisons are made between this B–E-glass media and the traditional media with an acrylic binder. The results indicate that the B–E-glass media performs significantly better than the media with the organic binders both in terms of capture efficiency and quality factor.
Omalanthus (Euphorbiaceae) in southeastern Polynesia –Pacific plant studies 40

A new species Omalanthus gracilis is described from Raivavae Island; new locality records for O. nutans (Forst. f.) Pax are reported; the description of O. stokesii F. Br. is emended.
Theory of Dielectronic Recombination

Publisher Summary Dielectronic recombination (DR) is by now a well-known process in astrophysical and laboratory fusion plasmas. Together with the radiative decay of collisionally excited states, DR and direct radiative recombination (RR) are important modes by which high-temperature plasmas cool radiatively. Precise determination of the behavior of high-temperature, low-density plasmas require an accurate estimate of rate coefficients for the atomic processes for any different ions. Much progress has been made both experimentally and theoretically in understanding DR and its implications in various physical phenomena. In particular, availability of high-temperature tokamak plasmas and highly stripped ion beams for collision experiments have allowed systematic studies of several ionization reactions. The theory of DR also includes a variety of higher-order processes and also enables identifying various simplifying approximations employed in actual calculations, so that systematic improvements can be made as situations dictate.
640 x 480 MWIR HgCdTe FPA

A high performance 640 X 480 focal plane array has been developed for the 1 - 5 micron band with excellent sensitivity at temperatures below 120 K. The detectors are processed on 2' or 3' diameter PACE-I (producible alternative to CdTe for epitaxy) HgCdTe material. The multiplexer is a direct injection input, switched-FET device with four independent quadrants. The detector is hybridized to the multiplexer through indium columns and is characterized. A mean camera NE(Delta) T (noise equivalent temperature difference) of 13 mK has been achieved for temperatures <EQ 120 K. Background-limited (BLIP) D* of 1 X 1012 Jones (cm-(root)Hz/W) has been measured for 1014 phs/cm2-s background at 95 K. The hybrids have been thermally cycled for 15 times with no interconnect loss. Interconnect yields as high as 99.3% have been achieved.
Arsenic Speciation in Solids Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is an in situ , minimally-destructive, element-specific, molecular-scale structural probe that has been employed to study the chemical forms (species) of arsenic (As) in solid and aqueous phases (including rocks, soils, sediment, synthetic compounds, and numerous types of biota including humans) for more than 20 years. Although several excellent reviews of As geochemistry and As speciation in the environment have been published previously (including recent contributions in this volume), the explosion of As-XAS studies over the past decade (especially studies employing microfocused X-ray beams) warrants this new review of the literature and of data analysis methods. This review has two main sections. The first is a presentation of methods for sample preparation and for the collection, processing and analysis of As-XAS spectra. Since several more comprehensive reviews of the X-ray absorption theory and data collection methodology exist, this section is brief and focused specifically on As. The second section is a critical review of the As-XAS literature, arranged by sample type and accompanied by summary tables (collected as appendices at the end of the chapter). One of the most important aims of this review is to clarify the different types of analysis that are performed on As-XAS spectra, and to describe the benefits, drawbacks, and limitations of each. Arsenic XAS spectra are analyzed to obtain one or more of the following types of information (in increasing order of sophistication): 1. Identification of oxidation state (+ quantification of relative abundance, if multiple oxidation states are present) 2. Selection of the appropriate number and type of model compound As-XAS spectra to use in speciation fits (see 3); 3. Quantification of the relative abundance of species in a multi-species sample; 4. Identification of the molecular-scale (~ 4–7 A) attributes of the predominant (one or two) As species. The type of As-XAS spectral …
Methods for facilitating web-based participatory research informatics

Abstract Scientific datasets are often generated and used by “communities”, or groups of users and creators. These communities, today often virtual, can include researchers, decision-makers, and the general public; participants in these communities may contribute different components during various iterations in the data generation process, and have different needs for resulting data products. As this “participatory research informatics” model, which includes elements of collaborative research, public participation, and digital data libraries, becomes the norm, new approaches to dynamic data management will be important. Researchers commonly use the web as a medium for research collaboration among colleagues, as well as to disseminate results to decision-makers and the public. In addition, the web can be used to facilitate dynamic collaboration by allowing research-in-progress to be accessed and edited by multiple participants. Indeed, one key benefit of using the web to facilitate research projects is that data can undergo revisions and corrections while being displayed in some form over the web. However, it can be a challenge to keep track of multiple edits to files while maintaining the integrity of a web-interface. Here we describe a system for promoting collaboration in the creation, maintenance, and use of dynamic data over the web. Using simple Microsoft Excel spreadsheets combined with traditional relational databases to facilitate dynamic data generation and updates and maintain a data schema, we are able to facilitate efficient collaboration within and among participant communities. This approach allows for the separation of web display and content, which in turn allows participants to be responsible for their own content. This separation simplifies the interaction between those responsible for the content (researchers and other participants), those responsible for the data display (web designers), and those responsible for data management, storage, and retrieval (web programmers). The approach described here is particularly well suited to large, spatially-specific ecological datasets because it can be used to facilitate the “real-time” editing and display of visual data such as web-maps, as well as to encourage multiple participants to both contribute to and interact with “beta” data and content.
A solar cycle timing predictor - The latitude of active regions

The Schatten and Sofia (1987) ‘dynamo theory’ prediction for the amplitude of smoothed annual sunspot number in the present solar cycle, No. 22, of 170 ± 25 was predicted to peak in 1990 ± 1 year. This peak was earlier and larger than most other estimates made in early 1987. New observational evidence shows sunspot values rising very rapidly, generally supporting the ‘exceptionally large’ cycle predicted, however, solar cycle 22 appears even more exceptional than expected, in that the early cycle rise has exceeded all previous cycle increases. We use a ‘Sporer butterfly’ method to examine solar cycle 22. We show from the latitude of active regions, that the cycle can now be expected to peak near November 1989 ±8 months, basically near the latter half of 1989.
Minimizing inhibition of PCR-STR typing using digital agarose droplet microfluidics.

Abstract The presence of PCR inhibitors in forensic and other biological samples reduces the amplification efficiency, sometimes resulting in complete PCR failure. Here we demonstrate a high-performance digital agarose droplet microfluidics technique for single-cell and single-molecule forensic short tandem repeat (STR) typing of samples contaminated with high concentrations of PCR inhibitors. In our multifaceted strategy, the mitigation of inhibitory effects is achieved by the efficient removal of inhibitors from the porous agarose microgel droplets carrying the DNA template through washing and by the significant dilution of targets and remaining inhibitors to the stochastic limit within the ultralow nL volume droplet reactors. Compared to conventional tube-based bulk PCR, our technique shows enhanced (20×, 10×, and 16×) tolerance of urea, tannic acid, and humic acid, respectively, in STR typing of GM09948 human lymphoid cells. STR profiling of single cells is not affected by small soluble molecules like urea and tannic acid because of their effective elimination from the agarose droplets; however, higher molecular weight humic acid still partially inhibits single-cell PCR when the concentration is higher than 200ng/μL. Nevertheless, the full STR profile of 9948 male genomic DNA contaminated with 500ng/μL humic acid was generated by pooling and amplifying beads carrying single-molecule 9948 DNA PCR products in a single secondary reaction. This superior performance suggests that our digital agarose droplet microfluidics technology is a promising approach for analyzing low-abundance DNA targets in the presence of inhibitors.
Transient, three-dimensional heat transfer model for the laser assisted machining of silicon nitride: II. Assessment of parametric effects

Abstract In a companion paper (J.C. Rozzi, F.E. Pfefferkorn, F.P. Incropera, Y.C. Shin, Transient, three-dimensional heat transfer model for the laser assisted machining of silicon nitride: I. Comparison of predictions with measured surface temperature histories, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 43 (2000) 1409–1424), experimental validation was provided for a transient, three-dimensional heat transfer model of the LAM of a silicon nitride workpiece. In this paper, the model is used to elucidate the influence of operating parameters on thermal conditions within the workpiece. Calculations reveal that thermal energy generation in the primary shear zone has a significant influence on the workpiece temperature distribution, while the effects of heat transfer at the tool flank interface may be neglected. Although temperatures at the material removal plane were only moderately influenced by an increase in the workpiece rotational speed, a reduction in total laser energy deposition due to increased laser/tool translational velocity or decreased laser power may preclude the attainment of a minimum material removal temperature corresponding to the softening temperature range of the YSiAlON glassy phase. Due to the comparatively small influence on radial temperature gradients within the material removal plane, the minimum material removal temperature decreased only slightly with increasing depth of cut. However, the amount of laser energy deposition on the unmachined workpiece increased significantly with increasing laser-tool lead distance, yielding an attendant increase in the material removal temperature. For a fixed laser-tool lead, energy deposition at the unmachined workpiece surface increased with decreasing laser beam diameter and increasing power.
Growth and collapse of a vapor bubble in a small tube

Abstract A model for the description of the growth and collapse of a vapor bubble in a small tube is presented and some typical results are illustrated. It is found that the maximum volume of the bubble and its lifetime depend in a complex way on the channel geometry and the initial energy distribution. However, during most of the bubble’s lifetime, the internal pressure is very small and the dynamics mostly governed by the external pressure. The motivation for this work is offered by the possibility to use vapor bubbles as actuators in fluid-handling microdevices.
The role of beta-arrestin2 in the severity of antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence induced by different opioid pain therapeutics

Ligands acting at the same receptor can differentially activate distinct signal transduction pathways, which in turn, can have diverse functional consequences. Further, receptors expressed in different tissues may utilize intracellular signaling proteins in response to a ligand differently as well. The mu opioid receptor (MOR), which mediates many of the pharmacological actions of opiate therapeutics, is also subject to differential signaling in response to diverse agonists. To study the effect of diverse agonists on MOR signaling, we examined the effects of chronic opiate treatment on two distinct physiological endpoints, antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence, in mice lacking the intracellular regulatory molecule, βarrestin2. While βarrestin2 knockout (βarr2-KO) mice do not become tolerant to the antinociceptive effects of chronic morphine in a hot plate test, tolerance develops to the same degree in both wild type and βarr2-KO mice following chronic infusion with methadone, fentanyl, and oxycodone. Studies here also assess the severity of withdrawal signs precipitated by naloxone following chronic infusions at three different doses of each opiate agonist. While there are no differences in withdrawal responses between genotypes at the highest dose of morphine tested (48 mg/kg/day), the βarr2-KO mice display several less severe withdrawal responses when the infusion dose is lowered (12 or 24 mg/kg/day). Chronic infusion of methadone, fentanyl, and oxycodone all lead to equivalent naloxone-precipitated withdrawal responses in both genotypes at all doses tested. These results lend further evidence that distinct agonists can differentially impact on opioid-mediated responses in vivo in a βarrestin2-dependent manner.
Efficacy of two commercially available cardiac pacing catheters for transesophageal atrial pacing in dogs.

Abstract Objective Compare the efficacy of two cardiac pacing catheters for transesophageal atrial pacing (TAP). Animals Ten healthy dogs. Methods Transesophageal atrial pacing was attempted in left lateral recumbency under general anesthesia. In series, a curved electrophysiologic (EP) catheter and a straight transesophageal pacing (TP) catheter were passed transorally into the distal esophagus, caudal to the heart. Each catheter was slowly withdrawn until pacing was initiated. The catheter continued to be withdrawn in 5 mm increments until capture was no longer achieved at maximal pacing setting creating a total zone of capture (tZOC). Minimum pacing threshold (Thmin) and degree of extraneous muscle stimulation (EMS) were determined at each site. Results The EP catheter achieved TAP in 10/10 dogs with a Thmin of 8.8 ± 4.8 mA and tZOC of 4.0 ± 1.7 cm. The TP catheter achieved TAP in 7/10 dogs with a Thmin of 22.5 ± 5.6 mA and tZOC of 1.2 ± 1.6 cm. No EMS was noted during TAP at Thmin using the EP catheter. Of the 7 dogs in which TAP was successful, 3/7 experienced considerable EMS at Thmin. There was no significant relationship between patient body weight and Thmin with either catheter (EP catheter P = 0.09; TP catheter P = 0.81). Conclusions The electrophysiology catheter captured the atria of more dogs over a larger area without EMS as compared to the TP catheter. The electrophysiology catheter is recommended for transesophageal atrial pacing in dogs.
Influence of Observer and Target Sex in Judgments of Sex-Typed Attributes

Inferences regarding the masculinity or femininity of peers represent one important class of social perception for late adolescents and probably guide a considerable amount of peer social behavior. This brief report presents data relevant to the role biological sex plays in this class of perception. Thirty males and 30 females from an undergraduate class at Emory University were sssigned to discussion groups numbering 5 to 7 persons. Following 3 hr. of contact, each S was asked to provide ratings of the instrumental (goal-oriented) and expressive (relationship-oriented) behavior of all group members. Parsons and Bales (1955) propose instrumental behavior to be [he essence of masculinity and expressiveness to be the essence of femininity. Rat~ngs were made on scales from 1 to 6, "highly uncharacteristic" to "highly characterisuc." Rar~ng data are presented in Table I.
The Teacher's Perspective of the Resident Environmental Education Experience

Abstract Teachers participating in a resident environmental education program were asked their views on a number of subjects, including what they saw as personal benefits and drawbacks to participation in the program, training and support needs, and what role they felt environmental education played in the school curriculum. The results indicate that teachers feel that environmental education is an important part of the school curriculum, that they personally gain from participation in the resident program, and that they desire more in-service training and lesson plan support. A disturbing result revealed that many of the participating teachers do not feel that teaching environmental education is their responsibility.
Growth and Reproduction in Rats on Synthetic Rations.

SummaryAlthough rats grow at a rapid rate on a synthetic diet, it is possible to obtain small increases in the rate of growth by the addition of liver and liver preparations. The differences can also be obtained when the basal ration contains adequate amounts of folic acid. A larger and more consistent response to liver can be demonstrated when a corn-soybean meal ration is used. The addition of liver to the synthetic ration fed female rats increased the percentage of young surviving during the lactation period.A factor in liver has been shown to stimulate the growth of 5. faecalis. Assay with this organism indicates that an increased amount of the factor is excreted in the urine and stored in the liver of rats fed liver preparations. It is suggested that more rigorous methods are needed, such as prevention of coprophagy, use of natural rations or more extensive treatment of the components of the synthetic ration in order to devise suitable assay procedures.
Direct-bonding and flip-chip bonding technologies applied to Si/PLZT spatial light modulator fabrication

A versatile technology to graft thin (/spl sim/2 /spl mu/m thick) Si circuit layers onto a new host substrate by substrate removal and direct bonding (SR/DB) is presented. This technology has been combined with a self-aligning low-temperature flip-chip bonding technology to fabricate a hybrid Si/PLZT smart spatial light modulator structure consisting of a high voltage driver circuit array, foundry-processed logic chip, and ferroelectric PLZT substrate. Thin Si detectors (1 /spl mu/m thick) with quantum efficiency of /spl sim/0.80 has also been implemented in the direct-bonded driver circuit to allow each pixel to be addressed optically. The SR/DB technology can also be applied to bond thin circuit layers onto substrates of any type or shape that may be useful for electronic packaging.
Effect of oxides on binder burnout during ceramics processing

The burnout of poly (vinyl butyral) from green bodies of oxide ceramics was studied by thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The decomposition of the polymer to release butyraldehyde, in air or in argon, was enhanced by the presence of the oxide powders. The degree of enhancement was much greater in the presence of oxygen. Ceria gave rise to a separate oxidation process at lower temperatures. The concentration of carbon remaining after treatment to 1000° C was correlated with surface activity.
Chaperoning brain degeneration

Drosophila has emerged as a premiere model system for the study of human neurodegenerative disease. Genes associated with neurodegeneration can be expressed in flies, causing phenotypes remarkably similar to those of the counterpart human diseases. Because human neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases, are disorders for which few cures or treatments are available, Drosophila brings to bear powerful genetics to the problem of these diseases. The molecular chaperones were the first modifiers defined that interfere in the progression of such disease phenotypes in Drosophila. Hsp70 is a potent suppressor of both polyglutamine disease and Parkinson's disease in Drosophila. These studies provide the promise of treatments for human neurodegeneration through the up-regulation of stress and chaperone pathways.
Using Analogies to Enhance Self-Awareness and Cultural Empathy: Implications for Supervision

Self-awareness is conceptualized as an important component of multicultural competence among counselors. Scholars have suggested that the promotion of self-awareness and, relatedly, cultural empathy can be most effectively facilitated through the use of experiential learning. The use of analogies is presented as another method to promote multicultural competence during supervision. La autoconciencia se conceptualiza como un componente importante de la competencia multicultural entre consejeros. Los academicos han sugerido que el fomento de la autoconciencia y, de forma relacionada, la empatia cultural puede ser facilitado de forma mas efectiva a traves del uso del aprendizaje basado en la experiencia. Se presenta el uso de analogias como otro metodo para fomentar la competencia multicultural durante la supervision.
Some observations on climate variability as seen in daily temperature structure

Abstract Distinctive annual cycles of daily maximum and minimum temperature and temperature range are observed across the United States when averaging daily data for multiple decades. In some cases, abrupt changes in the range between daily maximum and minimum temperatures are observed within annual cycles. Such discontinuities, or steps, of 5°C may occur within a week, despite the fact that the daily data are averaged over several decades. Discontinuities are most pronounced in the fall and spring, and display differing characteristics of timing, rapidity, magnitude and direction of change across the nation. In northern and central portions of the eastern U.S., a winter minimum and summer maximum in temperature range is observed, while in the southern U.S. the opposite is found. Abrupt discontinuities are observed in early November in the Northeast and in late spring and early summer in the Southeast and Southwest. Differences in mean daily temperature cycles between various portions of this century are a function of variations in maximum and minimum temperatures. The central U.S. had higher maximum and minimum temperatures during the 1930's than at other times this century, with little affect on daily temperature range. In the Northeast, the temperature range was lower in the 1930's, as a result of decreased maximum and increased minimum temperatures. The dynamics responsible for changes within the annual cycle or between different periods have not yet been unequivocally identified. The location of the polar front jet stream and its associations with solar radiation, clouds, snow cover and other atmospheric and surface variables are certainly involved. We believe that the identification of the climate system dynamics responsible for the structure of the annual cycle of daily temperature is a necessary first step in the study of potential human-induced climate change.
Heavy-Higgs-boson decays to W+W-Z in the standard model

Parity conservation forbids the standard model Higgs boson [ital H] from decaying to three longitudinally polarized gauge bosons ([ital W][sup +][ital W[minus]][ital Z]) at tree level to leading order in ([ital M][sub [ital H]]/[ital M][sub [ital W]])[sup 2]. As a result, the decay [ital H][r arrow][ital W][sup +][ital W[minus]][ital Z] is dominated by states with two longitudinal and one transverse gauge bosons for a range of (heavy) Higgs-boson masses. An approximate analytic result that shows this important feature is derived, and the full lowest-order calculation is carried out for all Higgs masses of practical interest. The branching ratio is about 1% for [ital M][sub [ital H]][similar to]1 TeV. With an integrated luminosity of 10[sup 40] cm[sup 2], the number of events can be as large as 600 at the Superconducting Super Collider, depending on the Higgs-boson mass. The connection of these results to the equivalence theorem is also discussed.
The “Bell Curve” from the perspective of research on social structure and personality

In his pithy review, Stephen Jay Gould (1994:139) said that "The Bell Curve, with its claims and supposed documentation that race and class differences are largely caused by genetic factors and are therefore essentially immutable, contains no new arguments and presents no compelling data to support its anachronistic social Darwinism, so I can only conclude that its success in winning attention must reflect the depressing temper of our time-a historical moment of unprecedented ungenerosity, when a mood for slashing social programs can be powerfully abetted by an argument that beneficiaries cannot be helped, owing to inborn cognitive limits expressed as low I.Q. scores." I agree that The Bell Curve presents no compelling evidence, nor even any new arguments. Everything that Herrnstein and Murray claim has long since been refuted. I would add, parenthetically, that the most penetrating and systematic refutation was made by Gould himself, in The Mismeasure of Man (1981). And I would certainly agree that on its intellectual merits this book does not deserve the attention it has received. But I nevertheless think it would be a mistake for sociologists to simply dismiss it as not worthy of our attention. Not only does the book provide a rationale for pernicious social policies, not only is it profoundly racist, but it constitutes an intellectual challenge to sociology: It reinterprets nearly all the phenomena
The relationship of interest in surgery to learning styles, grades and residency choice.

Abstract The aims were to determine (1) if post-clerkship interest in surgery could be predicted from students' learning styles and preclinical interests a:; well as interest in surgery before their clerkship; (2) if interest in surgery related to performance in the clearkship; and (3) if interest related to later choice of a surgical residency. All juniors in one academic year were tested before and after their surgical clerkship and followed up a year later to determine their residency choice. Students changed significantly and positively in interest by the end of the clerkship. Pre-clerkship interest in surgery and learning styles associated with being a “doer” predicted postclerkship interest. Level of interest was unrelated to performance as measured by grades. Post-clerkship interest correlated with later choice of a surgical residency. There seems to be a continuum of interest associated with learning style that begins before the clerkship, is molded by the clerkship, and is involved in the appreciation of the role of surgery in overall medical care as well as in actual career choice.
Block copolymers in homopolymer blends: Interface vs micelles

The location of poly(styrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate)) (PS-b-PMMA) block copolymers in PMMA/poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) (PCHMA) melt mixed blends was determined. Among all these components, on...
The biological basis for self-injury in the mentally retarded

Abstract Self-injurious behavior has presented a clinical and academic challenge to both behavioral and biomedical researchers. Recent advances in biomedical research suggest a number of specific biological bases for self-injury. This research was reviewed with regard to the possibility that a specific biological explanation for self-injury could be advanced. Deficiencies in biochemicals necessary for normal brain functioning, inadequate neurological development of the central nervous system, isolation and pain related experiences early in development, altered neurological input particularly sensory irritation, neurological insensitivity to pain, and the body's ability to produce opiate-like substances (endogenous opiates) in response to pain and injury all offer leads as to the biological basis of self-injurious behavior. No single explanation has been definitively proven as a cause for self-injury in the retarded. However, consideration of behavioral treatment approaches in combination with biological explanations, especially those related to the biochemistry of pain, may provide the opportunity for important breakthroughs in the understanding and successful elimination of self-injurious behavior.
Time-of-flight PET

Time-of-Flight (TOF) positron emission tomographs (PET) were developed during the 1980s and early 1990s. Initial investigations into the potential improvements in signal-to-nolse ratios if TOF information was utilized were published in 1980. By 1982, two groups (Washington University and Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique-Laboratorie d'Electronique et de L'Informatique [CEA-LETI]) were designing and building the first TOF tomographs. A third group at the University of Texas also designed and built a TOF system. These systems were optimized for high count-rate imaging of short-lived radiotracers for applications such as cardiac blood flow. The first system put into operation for patient scans was the Super PETT I built at Washington University by Michel Ter-Pogossian and his colleagues. The Washington University group went on to design two additional versions of TOF systems and the CEA-LETI group developed two basic tomograph designs. As Bismuth Germanate (BGO)-based scanners were refined, it became clear that the TOF systems could not provide the same high spatial resolution as offered by the newer systems. The use of the fast scintillators required for TOF systems also resulted in lower intrinsic sensitivity that was only partially compensated for by the effective gain In sensitivity offered by TOF image reconstruction techniques. Further development of TOF systems was suspended in the early 1990s. With the development of new scintillators that provide more light output and are denser than those available in the 1980s and considerably faster than BGO, there is new interest in the application of TOF techniques for future tomograph designs.
Surgical patients are at lower risk of death in hospitals with more degree-educated nurses

Abstract Question What is the relationship between the education level of hospital nurses and risk-adjusted 30-day mortality in surgical patients? Study design Outcomes analysis using questionnaire and hospital discharge data. Main results Risk of 30-day mortality reduced by 5% when the proportion of degree-educated nurses increased by 10% (p⩽0.02). A mean workload increase of one patient per nurse increased risk of 30-day mortality by 5% (p⩽0.03). Hospitals with more degree-educated nurses were: larger, more likely to undertake advanced surgical techniques (p 0.52). Authors’ conclusions People were less likely to die after surgery in hospitals with a higher proportion of degree-educated nurses.
Effects of Propranolol and Its Stereoisomers upon Coronary Vascular Resistance

Responses of the coronary vascular bed to propranolol and its stereoisomers were studied in dogs anesthetized with allobarbital and urethane. The circumflex coronary artery was cannulated and perfused at a constant rate with blood from a femoral artery, coronary perfusion pressure being monitored as an index of coronary vascular resistance. dl -Propranolol (0.5 mg/kg iv) increased coronary vascular resistance and simultaneously reduced myocardial contractile force, heart rate, and systemic blood pressure. Approximately two thirds of the increase in coronary resistance was associated with the negative chronotropic action of propranolol. Intracoronary injections of dl -propranolol and l -propranolol increased coronary vascular resistance; d -propranolol increased resistance after an initial transient coronary dilatation. Intracoronary injections reduced contractile force in the pump-perfused area, but were without effects on heart rate and blood pressure. Reserpine pretreatment reduced, but did not abolish, the coronary vascular response to systemic propranolol; the chronotropic and inotropic responses were abolished. The responses to intracoronary d -propranolol were not altered. It was concluded that the increase in coronary vascular resistance following propranolol is due largely to the negative chronotropic effect of the drug and to an action of the drug which is unrelated to specific β-adrenergic receptor blockade.
Comparison of Outcomes Using Bare Metal Versus Drug-Eluting Stents in Coronary Artery Disease Patients With and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention have a substantial risk of subsequent cardiovascular events. However, outcome data from HIV-infected patients who receive drug-eluting stents (DESs) are limited. We hypothesized that HIV-infected patients treated with DESs would have fewer recurrent cardiac events compared with those who receive bare metal stents (BMSs). We evaluated 97 HIV-infected patients and 97 non-HIV control patients who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention between January 2000 and July 2007. Clinical, laboratory, and angiographic data were obtained by chart review. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as clinically driven coronary revascularization, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death, were adjudicated by 2 independent physicians. The mean age of the HIV cohort was 53 years, and all patients were men. Compared with non-HIV patients, HIV-infected patients were less likely to have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and previous coronary artery disease and were more likely to have been treated with longer stent length and more stents. During a mean follow-up of 3.1 years, patients who received a DES had a lower rate of MACE compared with those who had received a BMS, regardless of HIV status. After multivariate adjustment for baseline characteristic differences, non–HIV-DES patients had 65% fewer MACE and HIV-DES patients had 60% fewer MACE compared with non–HIV-BMS patients. In conclusion, these data suggest that treatment with DESs in the HIV population is safe and efficacious.
Data Analysis Techniques for CMOS Technology Characterization and Product Impact Assessment

A methodology based on canonical views is developed to facilitate rapid analysis of CMOS characterization and test data for product and process debug. The compressed representations aid in both quantitative and intuitive assimilation of the data, with a focus on model-to-hardware correlation and manufacturing variability.
Total organic sulfur and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in marine phytoplankton: intracellular variations

Cellular levels of particulate organic sulfur (POS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) were determined in cultures of five species of marine phytoplankton, Amphidinium carterae, Prorocentrum minimum, Emiliania huxleyii, Dunaliella tertiolecta and Skeletonema costatum. The first three are known producers of DMSP while the latter two produce little or non-detectable amounts of DMSP. In those species which produced significant amounts of DMSP, intracellular levels of POS and DMSP varied for the dinoflagellates (A. carterae and P. minimum) while they remained fairly constant for the prymnesiophyte (E. huxleyii) over the growth cycle (until late stationary phase), and DMSP accounted for the majority of the POS (50 to 100%). In species with low levels of DMSP, intracellular POS and DMSP decreased or remained constant over the growth cycle, and DMSP accounted for a much lower percentage of the POS (0 to 40%). Species with high DMSP concentrations had higher POS levels per unit cell volume as well, and DMSP accounted for substantially higher percentages of the particulate organic carbon (POC). Molar N:S ratios suggest a non-protein origin for much of the sulfur in the species producing DMSP. During late stationary phase, an increasing percentage of the DMSP became extracellular in the dinoflagellate and diatom (S. costatum) cultures, suggesting leakage. In a bacterized algal culture, measured quantities were considerably less than in an axenic counterpart, suggesting consumption.
ATP-Dependent l-Cysteine:1d-myo-Inosityl 2-Amino-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranoside Ligase, Mycothiol Biosynthesis Enzyme MshC, Is Related to Class I Cysteinyl-tRNA Synthetases†

Mycothiol is a novel thiol produced only by actinomycetes and is the major low molecular weight thiol in mycobacteria. The mycothiol biosynthetic pathway has been postulated to involve ATP-dependent ligation of l-cysteine (Cys) with 1d-myo-inosityl 2-amino-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranoside; GlcN-Ins) catalyzed by MshC to produce Cys-GlcN-Ins. The ligase activity was purified ∼2400-fold from Mycobacterium smegmatis and two proteins of slightly different Mr ∼ 47000 were identified with MshC activity. The N-terminal sequence of the smaller protein revealed that it was coded by a gene in the databases for M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis previously designated as cysS2. The larger protein was coded by the same gene in M. smegmatis but included an eight amino acid N-terminal extension involving a different start codon. The ligase was found to have Km values of 40 ± 3 and 72 ± 9 μM for Cys and GlcN-Ins, respectively. The cysS2 gene was thought to encode a second cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase in addition to cysS but the pr...
Incorporation of oxygen-18 into secondary alcohols of grasshopperMelanoplus sanguinipes

Incorporation of18O2 and H2 18O into the secondary alcohol moiety of wax esters in the grasshopperMelanoplus sanguinipes was determined by mass spectrometry. Results of this study show that oxygen-18 from18O2 was incorporated into the secondary alcohol, whereas no incorporation of oxygen-18 from H2 18O was detected. The data suggest that the reaction, which hydroxylates n-alkanes at or near the center of the carbon chain, involves a mixed function oxidase type enzyme.
Molecular and isotopic analyses of the hydroxy acids, dicarboxylic acids, and hydroxydicarboxylic acids of the Murchison meteorite

The hydroxymonocarboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, and hydroxydicarboxylic acids of the Murchison meteorite were analyzed as their tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives using combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The hydroxydicarboxylic acids have not been found previously in meteorites. Each class of compounds is numerous with carbon chains up to C_8 or C_9 and many, if not all, chain and substitution position isomers represented at each carbon number. The α-hydroxycarboxylic acids and α-hydroxydicarboxylic acids correspond structurally to many of the known meteoritic α-aminocarboxylic acids and α-aminodicarboxylic acids, a fact that supports the proposal that a Strecker synthesis was involved in the formation of both classes of compounds. Isotopic analyses show these acids to be D-rich relative to terrestrial organic compounds as expected; however, the hydroxy acids appear to be isotopically lighter than the amino acids with respect to both carbon and hydrogen. The latter finding would not be expected if both classes of compounds came exclusively from common precursors as would have been the case for a Strecker synthesis.
Effects of Kaolin Clay Application on Flower Bud Development, Fruit Quality and Yield, and Flower Thrips [Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] Populations of Blueberry Plants

Abstract Three separate studies were conducted to report the effects of kaolin applications (Surround WP) on southern highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and rabbiteye (V. ashei Reade) blueberries. When applied to mature blueberry plants, kaolin clay emulsion dried to form a white reflective film that affected bud development, fruit set and development, plant growth, and fruit yield, but had no effect on fruit quality parameters. When kaolin was applied before fruit set, yield was increased with no significant residue left on the fruit. Surround WP consistently reduced the number of flower thrips (Frankliniella spp.) within the canopy of rabbiteye blueberry plants by approximately 50%. Kaolin applications were not phytotoxic to blueberry buds, flowers, leaves, or fruit and were harmless to foraging bees.
Planning sample sizes for before-after accident comparisons

Before-and-after safety studies are becoming more desirable in lieu of traditional cross-sectional studies in establishing crash modification factors, especially after the introduction of the first version of the Highway Safety Manual (2010). We present a simple method for estimating necessary sample sizes to obtain a target precision or power when the effect is represented as a proportional change in a Poisson rate. We also show that necessary sample sizes are not very different when full Bayesian models are implemented.