cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Establishing Clinically Significant Outcomes for Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System After Biceps Tenodesis.

Purpose To establish thresholds for improvement in patient-reported outcome scores that correspond with clinically significant outcomes (CSOs) including the minimal clinically important difference (MCID), substantial clinical benefit (SCB), and patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS) for Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) upper extremity (UE) computer adaptive testing (CAT) and pain interference (PIF) CAT after biceps tenodesis (BT) and to assess patient variables that are associated with achieving these outcomes. Methods After institutional review board approval was obtained, a prospectively maintained institutional database was queried for patients undergoing BT between December 2017 and August 2019. Patients undergoing BT in isolation or BT in conjunction with rotator cuff debridement, SLAP repair, subacromial decompression, or distal clavicle excision were included in the analysis. Anchor- and distribution-based methods were used to calculate the MCID whereas an anchor-based method was used to calculate SCB and the PASS for PROMIS UE CAT and PIF CAT. Results A total of 112 patients (86.8% follow-up) who underwent BT were included for analysis. The MCID, net SCB, absolute SCB, and PASS for PROMIS UE CAT were 4.02, 9.25, 43.4, and 41.1, respectively. The MCID, net SCB, absolute SCB, and PASS for PROMIS PIF CAT were –4.12, –10.7, 52.4, and 52.4, respectively. Higher preoperative UE CAT and PIF CAT scores, preoperative opioid use, depression, and living alone were negative predictors of CSO achievement. Male sex and regular participation in exercise were positive predictors of CSO achievement. Conclusions Patients with higher preoperative UE scores were less likely to achieve the MCID (odds ratio [OR], 0.84), whereas patients with higher preoperative PIF scores were less likely to achieve absolute SCB and the PASS (OR, 0.83-0.89). Most patients achieved the MCID for PIF CAT (70.5%) and UE CAT (62.5%) at final follow-up. Male sex (OR, 4.38-9.15) and regular exercise participation (OR, 6.45-18.94) positively predicted CSO achievement, whereas preoperative opioid use (OR, 0.06), depression (OR, 0.23), and living alone (OR, 0.90) were negative predictors of CSO achievement. Level of Evidence Level IV, case series.
Timing and pattern of readmission in individuals with spinal cord injury in the setting of a specialized medical home

The rate of readmission in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) is known to be high (28% to 45%) during the first year post-injury and post-rehabilitation. However, there are several critical ...
Leading Diverse Teams During Transitions to Remote Work

The transition to remote work was a slow one for our campus. Our employees are unionized and our human resources department values hours in the office. Last year, our department piloted a program where employees could get permission to work from home on a sporadic basis. In March 2020, New York State’s mandated closing of our campus transformed all of our employees into remote workers. In this presentation, we will describe the hasty escalation to occasional work from home situations to fully remote teams. Topics include communication tools, business continuity. accountability, time management, tracking employee performance, and team cohesiveness and morale.
Relational Enforcement of Stock Exchange Rules

Stock exchanges, as regulating entities supervised by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), have wielded their rulemaking power on various corporate governance issues, ranging from the independent board committee requirement adopted in 2003 to the board diversity requirement approved in 2021. Simultaneously, as for-profit corporate entities, major stock exchanges have been competing against each other to attract and retain more companies. This dual status of stock exchanges—as regulators and as profit-driven entities—brings into question the stock exchanges’ incentive to enforce their own rules against listed companies. What happens if a listed company violates stock exchange rules? As the first study that offers an analysis of original hand-collected data on 838 enforcement actions by stock exchanges in 2019, this Article finds that (1) stock exchanges’ detection of noncompliance is mostly on the failure to meet mechanical criteria, such as the $1.00 minimum stock price requirement; (2) listed companies tend to self-report violations of corporate governance requirements before the stock exchanges detect them; and (3) even after noncompliance is detected, stock exchanges tend to extend cure periods and rarely impose the only substantive sanction for stock exchange rule violations: delisting. Focusing on stock exchanges’ corporate governance requirements for listed companies, our analysis of S&P 1500 companies’ board composition data shows that despite this low likelihood of detection and enforcement, most companies diligently comply with the stock exchanges’ requirements. This Article argues that this curious coexistence of lax enforcement and diligent compliance can be explained as an extension of the relational contract theory to the relationship between a regulator and a regulated. Competition among stock exchanges makes a long-term, interactive relationship between stock exchanges and their listed companies valuable to both sides. The fact that the stock exchanges’ enforcement mechanism relies on a single, drastic measure of terminating the relationship (i.e., delisting) and that listed companies’ noncompliance hardly triggers delisting incentivize cooperative compliance between the regulator and the regulated. Such “relational enforcement” of stock exchange rules indicates that where there is an extended regulatory relationship that offers a substantial benefit to the regulated entity, diligent compliance can be expected even in the absence of rigorous, formal policing.
Contributions and Challenges in Health Lifestyles Research.

The concept of health lifestyles is moving scholarship beyond individual health behaviors to integrated bundles of behaviors undergirded by group-based identities and norms. Health lifestyles resea...
Pre-existing cardiovascular disease increases risk of atrial arrhythmia and mortality in cancer patients treated with Ibrutinib.

Background Ibrutinib is a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of hematological malignancies. The most common cardiotoxicity associated with ibrutinib is atrial arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation and flutter). It is known that patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are at an increased risk for developing atrial arrhythmia. However, the rate of atrial arrhythmia in patients with pre-existing CVD treated with ibrutinib is unknown. Objective This study examined whether patients with pre-existing CVD are at a higher risk for developing atrial arrhythmias compared to those without prior CVD. Methods A single-institution retrospective chart review of patients with no prior history of atrial arrhythmia treated with ibrutinib from 2012 to 2020 was performed. Patients were grouped into two cohorts: those with CVD (known history of coronary artery disease, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, at least moderate valvular heart disease, or device implantation) and those without CVD. The primary outcome was incidence of atrial arrhythmia, and the secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality, risk of bleeding, and discontinuation of ibrutinib. The predictors of atrial arrhythmia (namely atrial fibrillation) were assessed using logistic regression. A Cox-Proportional Hazard model was created for mortality. Results Patients were followed for a median of 1.1 years. Among 217 patients treated with ibrutinib, the rate of new-onset atrial arrhythmia was nearly threefold higher in the cohort with CVD compared to the cohort without CVD (17% vs 7%, p = 0.02). Patients with CVD also demonstrated increased adjusted all-cause mortality (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.06-3.41, p = 0.01) and decreased survival probability (43% vs 54%, p = 0.04) compared to those without CVD over the follow-up period. There were no differences in risk of bleeding or discontinuation between the two cohorts. Conclusions Pre-existing cardiovascular disease was associated with significantly higher rates of atrial arrhythmia and mortality in patients with hematological malignancies managed with ibrutinib.
The developmentally-timed decay of an essential microRNA family is seed sequence-dependent

MicroRNA (miRNA) abundance is tightly controlled by regulation of biogenesis and decay. Here we show that the mir-35 miRNA family undergoes regulated decay at the transition from embryonic to larval development in C. elegans. The seed sequence of the miRNA is necessary and sufficient for this regulation. Sequences outside the seed (3′ end) regulate mir-35 abundance in the embryo but are not necessary for sharp decay at the transition to larval development. Enzymatic modifications of the miRNA 3′ end are neither prevalent nor correlated with changes in decay, suggesting that miRNA 3′ end display is not a core feature of this mechanism and further supporting a seed-driven decay model. Our findings demonstrate that seed sequence-specific decay can selectively and coherently regulate all redundant members of a miRNA seed family, a class of mechanism that has great biological and therapeutic potential for dynamic regulation of a miRNA family′s target repertoire.
Incorruptible system self-cleansing for intrusion tolerance

Despite the increased focus on security, critical information systems remain vulnerable to cyber attacks. The problem stems in large part from the constant innovation and evolution of attack techniques. The trend leads importance to the concept of intrusion tolerance a critical system must fend off or at least limit the damage caused by unknown and/or undetected attacks. In prior work, we developed a self-cleansing intrusion tolerance (SCIT) architecture that achieves the above goal by constantly cleansing the servers and rotating the rule of individual servers. In this paper, we show that, with simple hardware enhancements strategically placed in a SCIT system, incorruptible intrusion containment can be realized. We then present an incorruptible SCIT design for use by one of the most critical infrastructures of the Internet, the domain name services. It is our belief that incorruptible intrusion containment as presented here constitutes a new, effective layer of system defense for critical information system.
Something Old, Something New: Conserved Enzymes and the Evolution of Novelty in Plant Specialized Metabolism

Plants produce hundreds of thousands of small molecules known as specialized metabolites, many of which are of economic and ecological importance. This remarkable variety is a consequence of the diversity and rapid evolution of specialized metabolic pathways. These novel biosynthetic pathways originate via gene duplication or by functional divergence of existing genes, and they subsequently evolve through selection and/or drift. Studies over the past two decades revealed that diverse specialized metabolic pathways have resulted from the incorporation of primary metabolic enzymes. We discuss examples of enzyme recruitment from primary metabolism and the variety of paths taken by duplicated primary metabolic enzymes toward integration into specialized metabolism. These examples provide insight into processes by which plant specialized metabolic pathways evolve and suggest approaches to discover enzymes of previously uncharacterized metabolic networks.
Direct numerical simulation of turbulence in a square annular duct

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) is performed to investigate the fully developed turbulence in a straight square annular duct. The mean flow field and the turbulent statistics are compared with existing experiments and numerical results. The comparisons and the analysis of the DNS data led to the discovery of the turbulent boundary layers of concave and convex 90° corners, a corner flow similarity and the scaling characteristics of corner turbulence. Analysis of the mean streamwise velocity near the concave and convex 90° corners resulted in establishing the ‘law-of-the-corner’ formulations. Comparing these formulations with the ‘law-of-the-wall’ relation, both damping and enhancing mechanisms analytically represented by the van Driest damping function, and the enhancement function were revealed for the concave and convex corner turbulence. The investigation captures the distinctive turbulence-driven secondary flows for both convex and concave 90° corners, and a corner flow similarity rule is discovered, which is associated with the pattern of these secondary flows. A turbulence energy spectrum analysis provides the distinctive features of the fully developed turbulence in the wall and corner regions. The validity of the turbulence eddy viscosity concept is evaluated based on these turbulence energy spectra. The turbulence-driven secondary-flow generation mechanisms are investigated by analysing the anisotropy of the Reynolds stresses.
The anatomy and pathogenesis of wrinkles

The anatomy of linear wrinkles ("crow's feet' and temporal frown lines), fine criss-cross wrinkles of the face and wrinkling of the general body surface of elderly persons, was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. No histological features distinguished the various wrinkles from surrounding skin. It was concluded that the wrinkle is a configuration change, like the grooves worn into an old glove, without specific structural alterations at the histological level. As regards pathogenesis, the common setting was found to be deterioration of the elastic tissue network. The skin becomes looser, excessive, and loses the ability to snap back to its original state after being deformed.
On Large Margin Hierarchical Classification With Multiple Paths

Hierarchical classification is critical to knowledge management and exploration, as is gene function prediction and document categorization. In hierarchical classification, an input is classified according to a structured hierarchy. In such a situation, the central issue is how to effectively utilize the interclass relationship to improve the generalization performance of flat classification ignoring such dependency. In this article, we propose a novel large margin method through constraints characterizing a multipath hierarchy, where class membership can be nonexclusive. The proposed method permits a treatment of various losses for hierarchical classification. For implementation, we focus on the symmetric difference loss and two large margin classifiers: support vector machines and ψ-learning. Finally, theoretical and numerical analyses are conducted, in addition to an application to gene function prediction. They suggest that the proposed method achieves the desired objective and outperforms strong comp...
Spectroscopic and Photometric Analysis of the Nova-like Cataclysmic Variable PG 1000+667: A New VY Sculptoris Star

Multiyear photometry and orbit-resolved spectroscopy of the nova-like cataclysmic variable PG 1000+667 show behavior associated with the VY Sculptoris subclass of nova-like cataclysmic variables. Photometric observations over a 35 month interval from Indiana University's robotic telescope RoboScope show two drops of 3 mag to a low state. Spectroscopy shows a periodic velocity variation in the Hβ emission line with P = 3.47 hr. This places the star just above the 2–3 hour period gap, which supports the VY Sculptoris classification.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE END-POINT CONTROL OF A TWO-LINK ROBOT WITH ELASTIC DRIVES hg6- UYDY

This paper discusses the use of end-point feedback to improve the position control performance of manipulators that have lumped sources of flezibility within the drive trains or joints. The links are assumed to be rigid. Four different control strategies are discussed and compared. Classical control using only position and rate sensors colocated at the motors gives limited performance and poor rejection of disturbances at the end-effector. Linear-Quadratic-Regulator full-state feedback with end-point position and rate sensing dramatically improves performance and disturbance rejection, but only for a certain class of trajectories in which linearized models are effective. Robust controllers designed for larger regions of motion improve the average performance of the manipulator but at the cost of specific performance. None of the above three constantgain controllers performs well for a large class of desired trajectories in which the non-linear dynamics dominate. Non-linear computed-torque methods offer better performance for these cases. An ezperimental two-link manipulator has been constructed and ezperimental verification of these control strategies is in progress.
Integrating Access to Formal and Informal Collections: What Is Important and What Succeeds.

Abstract Twenty-one sites have integrated informal departmental collections with library systems. Respondents from these sites offered recommendations on assessing feasibility, identifying collections, establishing work roles, and choosing centralized versus decentralized approaches for sharing information about departmental collections. They identified political and practical issues, and provided both success stories and notes of caution.
Effect of Food and Density on Development of Typical and Cannibalistic Salamander Larvae in Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum

Two subspecies of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, have a distinctive polymorphic life history that can include four adult morphs as well as typical and cannibalistic larval morphs. We evaluated the effect of environment on development of larval morphology in two laboratory experiments. In Experiment I, 180 larvae were raised in individual 3-liter containers and fed one of three food levels. Larvae in Experiment II received one of two levels of food, and were raised at three densities: one larva per 3 liters of water (50 containers), three larvae per 22 liters of water (18 containers), or seven larvae per 22 liters of water (18 containers). Cannibalistic morphs developed only in nine containers at the highest density, and their occurrence was independent of the two food levels. Our results suggest the typical and cannibalistic larvae which occur in some populations of Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum is an environmentally induced developmental polymorphism that results from some individuals responding to the environment differently than others. This difference in response may or may not be associated with genetic differences between these morphs. Based on our results we cannot discriminate between two models that differ in their assumptions about the genetic background of individual larvae.
CD34 immunoreactivity distinguishes between scar tissue and residual tumor in re-excisional specimens of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a locally aggressive tumor that often recurs after simple excision, and therefore usually requires wide surgical re-excision. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish histologically between residual tumor and scar tissue formed in response to the original biopsy. In an effort to solve this diagnostic problem, we have examined CD34 immunoreactivity in 10 primary biopsies of DFSP, 12 scars, and 7 re-excisional DFSP specimens containing residual tumor adjacent to scar tissue. In all 10 primary biopsies of DFSP, the tumor cells strongly and uniformly expressed CD34. In the 12 scars, only periadnexal cells, endothelial cells, and rare, scattered dendritic cells in the dermis were immunolabeled for CD34. In the 7 re-excisions of DFSP, the foci of residual DFSP were strongly immunolabeled, while the surrounding scar tissue was not. The pattern of CD34 immunoreactivity distinguishes DFSP from scar tissue, and thereby may permit more accurate assessment of surgical margins in re-excisional specimens of DFSP.
Mentor Relationships for Entry-Level Men in Student Affairs

AbstractThis qualitative study examined the experiences of entry-level men in student affairs, with particular focus on the function of mentors and role models. Through semistructured interviews and a focus group, 22 participants shared their thoughts and experiences regarding mentorship. Results indicated mentorship to be instrumental in recruitment and retention of entry-level men. Findings also stressed the importance of ongoing mentorship, establishing mentoring relationships with male colleagues, and serving as a mentor to other men.
Pulmonary Excretion of Hydrogen Sulfide, Methanethiol, Dimethyl Sulfide and Dimethyl Disulfide in Mice

ABSTRACTNeither hydrogen sulfide nor any other volatile sulfur metabolites were found in the expired breath of mice given sodium sulfide intraperitoneally in doses up to the LD50. The detection system was sensitive to less than 0.1% of the sulfur in the given dose. The intraperitoneal administration of dimethyl disulfide resulted in its appearance in the expired breath of mice as well as much smaller amounts of both methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide. The intraperitoneal administration of methanethiol resulted in its pulmonary excretion as well as that of dimethyl sulfide. Administration of dimethyl sulfide led to its appearance alone in expired breath. Mice pretreated with ammonium acetate and then injected with dimethyl disulfide excreted the same three compounds via the lungs as above, but there were complex changes in the proportions and in the time sequence of their appearance. The absolute amounts of all three were increased, and the peak excretion for each was delayed. The amount excreted as dimethy...
Virulence Plasmid-Borne spvB and spvC Genes Can Replace the 90-Kilobase Plasmid in Conferring Virulence to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Subcutaneously Inoculated Mice

In a mouse model of systemic infection, the spv genes carried on the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium virulence plasmid increase the replication rate of salmonellae in host cells of the reticuloendothelial system, most likely within macrophages. A nonpolar deletion in the spvB gene greatly decreased virulence but could not be complemented by spvB alone. However, a low-copy-number plasmid expressing spvBC from a constitutive lacUV5 promoter did complement the spvB deletion. By examining a series of spv mutations and cloned spv sequences, we deduced that spvB and spvC could be sufficient to confer plasmid-mediated virulence to S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. The spvBC-bearing plasmid was capable of replacing all of the spv genes, as well as the entire virulence plasmid, of serovar Typhimurium for causing systemic infection in BALB/c mice after subcutaneous, but not oral, inoculation. A point mutation in the spvBC plasmid preventing translation but not transcription of spvC eliminated the ability of the plasmid to confer virulence. Therefore, it appears that both spvB and spvC encode the principal effector factors for Spv- and plasmid-mediated virulence of serovar Typhimurium.
Early and late morphologic changes in human coronary arteries after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Certain clinical and morphologic observations are described in 6 men who had percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) of the left anterior descending (LAD) or right (R) coronary artery early (4 hours to 7 days) or late (80, 90, and 150 days) before coronary endarterectomy and aortocoronary bypass grafting or death. Histologically, each of the 3 early patients had the site of PTCA narrowed 76-95% in cross-sectional area by atherosclerotic plaque, and each had either coronary dissection or plaque hematoma or both at the site of PTCA. Each of the 3 late patients had a decrease in the mean trans-stenotic coronary gradient (17, 38, and 43 mmHg, respectively) and an angiographic increase in the LAD luminal diameter (55, 60, and 65%, respectively) at the time of PTCA. At necropsy, 80, 90, and 150 days later, the LAD coronary artery in the area of the PTCA in each patient was narrowed 76-95% in cross-sectional area by plaques. No cracks in plaques or other lesions which may have resulted from the PTCA procedure were identified histologically in the LAD coronary artery of any late patient.
Investigations of star formation in galaxies using ALMA

ALMA provides unprecedented sensitivity and resolution to study gas and dust emission in the millimeter and submillimeter bands. The magnitude of the improvement is such that not only conventional studies can be done much better but entirely new tools and research fields should also become accessible. In this article, I examine several specific areas where new capabilities of ALMA will bring significant quantitative improvements to the determination of star formation rate and properties of the gas fueling the activities. I propose a survey of nearby galaxies with well measured metallicity gradient during the early phase of the ALMA operation as one of the key science projects.
Modeling and Kinematics Simulation of a Six-DOF Segment Erector for Tunnel Boring Machine Based on Virtual Prototype

In this paper, we present the modeling and kinematics simulation of a six-DOF segment erector for tunnel boring machine (TBM), which is performed in the virtual prototype platform. The 3D virtual assembling model of a tunnel segment erector is built based on Pro/E software according to its design parameters such as structure and size. After the interference inspection, the model is imported into ADAMS through the interface module of Mech/Pro. The model is simplified and optimized reasonably and various constraints are applied under variety working conditions. The results of simulation show that the design has six degrees of freedom movement capacity which meets the design requirements. At the same time the kinematics characteristics of each part along three different directions are obtained and they will provide some references for the further optimal design.
Macroalgal morphology mediates particle capture by the corallimorpharian Corynactis californica

The shallow kelp forest at Santa Catalina Island, California (33.45 N, i118.49 W) is distinguished by several canopy guilds ranging from a Xoating canopy (Macrocystis pyrifera), to a stipitate, erect understory can- opy (Eisenia arborea), to a short prostrate canopy just above the substratum (Dictyopteris, Gelidium, Laminaria, Plocamium spp.), followed by algal turfs and encrusting coralline algae. The prostrate macroalgae found beneath E. arborea canopies are primarily branching red algae, while those in open habitats are foliose brown algae. Densi- ties of Corynactis californica, are signiWcantly greater under E. arborea canopies than outside (approximately 1,200 versus 300 polyps m i2 respectively). Morphological diVerences in macroalgae between these habitats may aVect the rate of C. californica particle capture and serve as a mechanism for determining polyp distribution and abun- dance. Laboratory experiments in a unidirectional Xume under low (9.5 cm s i1 ) and high (21 cm s i1 ) Xow speeds examined the eVect of two morphologically distinct macro- algae on the capture rate of Artemia sp. cysts by C. califor- nica polyps. These experiments (January-March 2006) tested the hypothesis that a foliose macroalga, D. undulata, would inhibit particle capture more than a branching alga, G. robustum. G. robustum, found predominantly under the E. arborea canopy did not aVect particle capture. However, D. undulata, found predominantly outside of the canopy, inhibited particle capture rates by 40% by redirecting parti- cles around C. californica polyps and causing contraction of the feeding tentacles. These results suggest that the mor- phology of Xexible marine organisms may aVect the distri- bution and abundance of adjacent passive suspension feeders.
An electron spin resonance study of the reduction of peroxides by anthracycline semiquinones

Direct and spin-trapping electron spin resonance methods have been used to study the reactivity of semiquinone radicals from the anthracycline antibiotics daunorubicin and adriamycin towards peroxides (hydrogen peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide). Semiquinone radicals were generated by one-electron reduction of anthracyclines, using xanthine/xanthine oxidase. It is shown that the semiquinones are effective reducing agents for all the peroxides. From spin-trapping experiments it is inferred that the radical product is either OH (from H2O2) or an alkoxyl radical (from the hydroperoxides) which undergoes beta-scission to give the methyl radical. The rate constant for reaction of semiquinone with H2O2 is estimated to be approx. 10(4)-10(5) M-1 X s-1. The reduction does not appear to require catalysis by metal ions.
Changes in plasma proteins of mice during rejection of skin homografts and heterografts.

ConclusionsMice which have received homografts and heterografts respond by increasing the level of their alpha 2 globulins. A greater increase of alpha 2 globulins is observed following the application of second set grafts, and a decrease in alpha 2 globulins can be demonstrated following excision of foreign tissue grafts. Such findings suggest that the alpha 2 globulins are altered by foreign tissue antibody formation. That such antibodies are related to the specific destruction of foreign tissue implants, however, is conjectural.Summary. Following application of a single homograft or heterograft of full thickness skin, albumin, alpha 1, beta, and gamma globulin fractions of the plasma proteins of C3H mice remain unchanged as compared to changes following autografting while the alpha 2 fraction increases significantly. Repeated grafting resulted in higher alpha 2 levels than did a single graft. A return to normal of the alpha 2 fraction could be produced by excising the homograft or heterograft before ne...
Increased MAP1B expression without increased phosphorylation in manganese-treated PC12Mn cells.

Regulation of MAP1B expression and phosphorylation is thought to play an important role in neuronal development, particularly with regard to axon growth. The present work utilizes a novel PC12 cell variant [26] which exhibits many of the early morphological features of neurite outgrowth when stimulated with manganese chloride. Expression of MAP1B was determined by immunoblots and phosphorylation was assessed by metabolic radiolabeling with [32P]orthophosphate or with a phospho-specific antibody. The results indicate that MAP1B protein levels rise within 12 to 24 h, but there is no significant change in the phosphorylation of MAP1B. The latter conclusion is based on (i) experiments utilizing SMI 31, a monoclonal antibody that specifically reacts with phospho-MAP1B and (ii) assessments of both MAP1B phosphorylation and MAP1B protein within that same isloated protein band on Western blots. Thus, manganese increases MAP1B expression without affecting its relative phosphorylation. Although manganese does not cause neurite formation in the parental PC12 cell line, manganese is capable of inducing transient neurite regeneration from NGF-primed cells. These studies provide further evidence that the onset of neurite outgrowth may proceed without increased phosphorylation of MAP1B. During sustained neurite regeneration, however, NGF increases phosphate incorporation into MAP1B. Based on all of these findings, we conclude that early phases of neurite outgrowth (cell spreading and formation of short tapered extensions) do not necessarily require elevated phosphorylation of MAP1B.
An alcohol expectancy-challenge prevention program for at risk college women.

Alcohol expectancy-challenge programs are effective in changing expectancies and reducing drinking in college men (J. Darkes & M. S. Goldman, 1993, 1998); however, recent evidence suggests this protocol might not be effective for women (M. E. Dunn, C. Lau, & I. Y. Cruz, 2000). This study was designed to reevaluate the effectiveness of a social/sexual expectancy-challenge intervention in college women reporting moderate to heavy alcohol use. Forty-six undergraduate women were randomly assigned to the prevention or control condition. Participants reported alcohol expectancies at pre- and posttest and monitored their drinking patterns daily for 6 weeks. The program was effective in changing some expectancies but did not reduce drinking. This further confirms differences in the mechanisms by which expectancy-challenge programs function for men and women.
Changes in the functional visual field during search with and without eye movements

The size of the functional visual field (FVF) is dynamic, changing with the context and attentive demand that each fixation brings as we move our eyes and head to explore the visual scene. Using performance measures of the FVF we show that during search conditions with eye movements, the FVF is small compared to the size of the FVF measured during search without eye movements. In all cases the size of the FVF is constrained by the density of distracting items. During search without eye movements the FVF expands with time; subjects have idiosyncratic spatial biases suggesting covert shifts of attention. For search within the constraints imposed by item density, the rate of item inspection is the same across all search conditions. Array set size effects are not apparent once stimulus density is taken into account, a result that is consistent with a spatial constraint for the FVF based on the cortical separation hypothesis.
Surgical Research IV

ABSTRACTHarvey W. Cushing (1869–1939) is the only surgeon represented in Surgical Research IV and one of the most accomplished American contributors to surgical research in general and to neurological and endocrine surgery research in particular. Other surgical research leaders of the 19th and 20th centuries who preceded Harvey Cushing have been introduced before. First, we highlighted the “importance of medical and surgical research” as the basic elements in the advancement of medicine and surgery could be considered as Surgical Research I. Second, in Surgical Research II, we presented William Beaumont, Samuel Gross, and William Halsted as the most important participants of the first wave of American surgical researchers. Next, in Surgical Research III, we considered surgeon researchers who moved ahead in the field of surgery with their research initiatives at the time, including John B. Murphy, the Mayo Brothers William J. and Charles H. Mayo, and George W. Crile. With Harvey Cushing, we enter an era of...
Relationships between cyclic variations in adrenocortical secretory activity in rats and the adrenocortical response to toxic chemical stress

Abstract The effect of the normal cyclic variation in adrenocortical activity on the acute adrenocortical response to the insecticide, parathion, and the irritant, acrolein, and the effect of repeated exposure to DDT or parathion on normal adrenocortical activity was tested in rats. Increments in corticosterone levels at one hour following a single injection of 3 mg/kg of parathion or acrolein were greater at the beginning of the ascending phase of the adrenocortical cycle than at the beginning of the trough. At these times in the cycle, plasma, and adrenal corticosterone levels in controls were the same. The variations in the increments in corticosterone levels after parathion given at different times in the cycle, did not appear to be related to variations in brain cholinesterase inhibition. Feeding rats 100 ppm of DDT or 25 ppm of parathion in their diets for 14 days did not affect the phase or amplitude of the adrenocortical cycle nor the capacity of the pituitary-adrenocortical system to respond to stress produced by the injection of an irritant (acrolein). Although brain cholinesterase activity was depressed to more than 50% of control levels, pituitary-adrenocortical function appeared normal in the parathion-fed rats.
Extension of femtosecond Cr:LiSAF systems to the 100-TW level

The availability of ultrashort (100 fs or shorter) high intensity lasers capable of producing focused intensities in excess of 1018 W/cm2 provides many new opportunities in studying the interaction of radiation with matter. In this paper we describe and compare three methods for generating these high intensity pulses into the 100 TW power range. In addition, we describe in detail the use of Cr:LiSAF as an amplifying medium for this type of laser system. This work also includes descriptions of the factors that affect the performance of short pulse laser systems, especially with regard to Cr:LiSAF. Techniques of how to overcome the obstacles created by these factors are also discussed together with experimental data regarding the bandwidth limits of an existing regenerative amplifier.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermally Stable and Highly Reflective ITO/Ag-Based Ohmic Contacts to p-GaN

Thermal stability of indium tin oxide (ITO)/Ag-based reflective contacts to p-GaN was investigated for their application to vertical structure GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The ITO/Ag-based p-contacts showed good ohmic property with low specific contact resistance of 10 -4 -10 -5 Ω cm 2 . In order to study the thermal degradation of the ITO/Ag-based p-contacts, they were annealed at 400°C for 72 h in air. The reflectance of ITO/Ag and ITO/Ni/Ag was significantly reduced due to Ag degradation on annealing. However, the reflectance of ITO/Ni/Ag/Ni/Au and ITO/Ni/Ag/W/Cu was not degraded on annealing, but instead it was slightly increased to 81.4% and 83.7% at 460 nm, respectively, because the Ag reflector was protected with Ni/Au or W/Cu encapsulation layers. Moreover, on annealing of the ITO/Ag-based p-contacts, the vertical structure GaN-based LEDs with thermally stable ITO/Ni/Ag/Ni/Au and ITO/Ni/Ag/W/Cu p-contacts showed higher output power of 132 mW and 142 mW at 350 mA, respectively, compared to those with thermally unstable ITO/Ag and ITO/Ni/Ag p-contacts.
Effect of boron ion implantation on the oxidation behavior of three-dimensional carbon-carbon composite

Abstract A three-dimensional carbon-carbon composite was implanted with high-energy boron ions. Oxidation kinetics of the untreated and treated composite were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. Chemical analysis was performed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning auger spectroscopy. Morphologies of the oxidized surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Boron implantation increased the initial oxidation temperature from 550°C to 700°C and reduced the low-temperature oxidation rate by two orders of magnitude. The mechanism of inhibition appears to be a combination of specific site blockage by boron oxide and electron transfer.
Compliance with the carbon monoxide standard in the workplace.

Abstract The carbon monoxide standard which the Department of Labor uses for the protection of workers' health is reviewed. The legislation, origin of the standard, and enforcement in the workplace are summarized. The agencies within the Department of Labor with enforcement responsibilities are the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Comparisons are made with the current federal standard of 50 ppm and other existing or proposed standards. An increasing awareness of the effects of carbon monoxide suggests changes in the standard. A standard based on carboxyhemoglobin levels of exposed nonsmokers that overlaps the levels of normal smokers raises difficult questions. The importance of maintenance and monitoring as well as controls in the management of potential carbon monoxide exposure in the workplace is stressed.
A heat exchanger analogy of automotive paint ovens

Abstract Computational prediction of vehicle temperatures in an automotive paint oven is essential to predict paint quality and manufacturability. The complex geometry of vehicles, varying scales in the flow, transient nature of the process, and the tightly coupled conjugate heat transfer render the numerical models computationally very expensive. Here, a novel, simplified model of the oven is developed using an analogy to a three-stream cross flow heat exchanger that transfers heat from air to a series of moving bodies and supporting carriers. The analogous heat exchanger equations are developed and solved numerically. Steady state Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out to model the flow field and to extract the heat transfer coefficients around the body and carriers. The air temperature distribution from the CFD models is used as a boundary condition in the analogous model. Correction coefficients are used in the analogy to take care of various assumptions. These are determined from existing test data. The same corrections are used to predict air temperatures for a modified configuration of the oven and a different vehicle. The method can be used to conduct control volume analysis of ovens to determine energy efficiency, and to study new vehicle or oven designs.
The Problem of Personality Definition

(1960). The Problem of Personality Definition. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 107-111.
Chemical antroneurolysis with and without highly selective vagotomy.

Abstract Because of the lower recurrence rate of ulceration when vagotomy is accompanied by antrectomy, we studied the effects of combining submucosal denervation of the antrum (antroneurolysis) with highly selective vagotomy (HSV). Chemical antroneurolysis (CANL) was performed by submucosal injection of 50% ethanol. In two gastric fistula dogs HSV produced a significant decrease in peak acid output (PAO) in response to 0.2 U/kg insulin (5.42 ± 0.46 → 3.32 ± 0.99 meq/15 min, P 0.92). CANL produced no change in maximum serum gastrin rise above basal in response to a test meal either in four pouch dogs (47.4 ± 2.54 → 40.9 ± 3.69 pg/ml, P > 0.13) or in four normal dogs (27.5 ± 3.41 → 33.8 ± 4.47 pg/ml, P > 0.16). Basal gastrins were also unchanged. In conclusion, we feel that CANL provides no significant advantage over HSV, while increasing its complexity.
Small signal modeling and controller design of a bidirectional Quasi-Z-Source inverter for electric vehicle applications

This paper presents the small signal modeling and controller design of a bidirectional Quasi-Z-Source inverter (BQ-ZSI) for electric vehicle (EV) applications. The derived small signal model shows that the Quasi-Z-Source network (QZSN) is prone to oscillate when there is a disturbance from the dc input voltage. Since the battery pack voltage in an EV is easy to fluctuate because of the battery's internal impedance and rapid change of the load current, a dedicated voltage controller with feed forward compensation is designed to reject the disturbance and stabilize the dc-link voltage during non-shoot-through state. Simulation and experimental results are both presented to prove the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Design and test results of a transition radiation detector for a Fermilab fixed target rare kaon decay experiment

Abstract A transition radiation detector with large aperture (2.2 m width × 2.2 m height) has been designed and optimized to provide π e rejection of at least 120 : 1 in a rare kaon decay experiment (E799) at Fermilab. The momentum range of interest is between 2 and 25 GeV/c. Beam test results with a small prototype wire chamber with different radiators and conventional gas mixtures are shown.
Seasonal Abundance and Species Composition of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Virginia Small Grains

The seasonal abundance of aphids in winter wheat and barley was monitored in eastern Virginia during 1979–1980 and 1980–1981. Significantly more aphids were observed in barley than in wheat. Population densities were significantly higher in the fall of 1979 than in 1980; however, the reverse was noted in springtime population levels. The heavy fall population, approaching 240 aphids per 0.3 row m. rapidly dropped in December 1979 after 8 consecutive days of subfreezing temperatures. The 1980–1981 season had below-normal temperatures in the fall, and populations never exceeded 82 aphids per 0.3 row-m until spring. In both years, aphid populations rapidly fell in May after several days of 27°C temperature and low humidity. The corn leaf aphid. Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), was usually the most abundant species in the complex in autumn. The English grain aphid, Macrosiphum Avenae (F.), was the most abundant species during the spring. Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and the green bug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), were relatively abundant throughout the entire growing season. Corn leaf aphids were not present in the spring. Ovoviviparous reproduction was observed in most months of the season, even at temperatures as low as 9° C.
Nested nonlinear viscoelastic and micromechanical models for the analysis of pultruded composite materials and structures

Abstract The present study introduces analytical and numerical formulations in order to derive the effective nonlinear viscoelastic response of pultruded composite materials and structures. The studied pultruded composite system consists of two alternating layers reinforced with E-glass roving and continuous filament mat (CFM). Two 3D micromechanical models are used for the layers with roving and CFM, each having a unit-cell with four fiber and matrix subcells. A sublaminate model is also used to generate a nonlinear equivalent continuum of the layered medium. A new recursive-iterative procedure is introduced to integrate the Schapery nonlinear viscoelastic model used for the isotropic matrix subcells of the micromodels. An iterative numerical algorithm with predictor–corrector type steps is formulated for the sublaminate model and is used to interface with a nonlinear finite-element (FE). Off-axis creep compression and tension tests, with and without a circular hole, are performed for E-glass/vinylester and polyester pultruded plates to calibrate and predict the nonlinear viscoelastic response. The multiscale modeling approach shows good linear and nonlinear viscoelastic prediction compared with the experimental results.
Geometric classification of open-cell metal foams using X-ray micro-computed tomography

Abstract The geometry of foams has long been an area of interest, and a number of idealized geometric descriptions have been proposed. In order to acquire detailed, quantitative, geometric data for aluminum open-cell metal foams, X-ray μCT is employed. The X-ray μCT images are analyzed using specialized software, FoamView®, from which geometric information including strut length and pore shapes are extracted. The X-ray μCT analysis allows comparison of the ideal geometric models to the actual geometric characteristics of the metal foam samples. The results reveal a high variability in ligament length, as well as features supporting the ideal geometry known as the Weaire–Phelan unit cell. The geometric findings provide information useful for improving current models of open-cell metal foam. Applications can range from predicting heat transfer or load failure to predicting liquid retention.
Reducing transmission investment to meet Renewable Portfolio Standards using Controlled Energy Flows

Increasing societal concern for global warming and energy security have led many of the US states to adopt policies like Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS). Introduction of these environmental policies in the energy market are expected to have significant impact on grid operation as well transmission investment. The energy delivery system has to be upgraded significantly in order to make it capable of handling these changes. It has been claimed that upgrading the present transmission system to a Smart Grid would facilitate the integration of renewable resources. Controllable Energy Flows (CEF) is one method to realize power flow control on the Smart Grid. The CEF method controls transactions of incremental power using distributed assets like Distributed Series Impedances of Controllable Network Transformers. The paper studies the benefit of Smart Grid technologies like Controlled Energy Flows in reducing transmission investment that is required to implement policies like the RPS.