cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Variability in Be Star Winds: The Observations

The winds in Be stars vary cyclically on both short (≤1.5 days) and long (months-years) time scales. IUE data on 15 Be stars from 12 multiwavelength campaigns reveal three classes of behavior for the stars that display short-term photometric/spectroscopic variability: 1) wind strength and FUV flux correlated, period less than the star’s rotational period, and (l=2) NRP modes identified from ground-based spectroscopy with a hot crest in front when the star is bright, 2) wind strength cyclically varies but does not correlate with light variations, and 3) FUV flux varies cyclically but wind variability is minimal and does not correlate with the flux. For the latter two cases, the period is close to the expected rotation period. The light variations appear to be caused by a modulation of the photosphere temperature. Analysis of long-term wind variations in λ Eri and 66 Oph confirms that most of the variability is in the DACs. Prior to an episode of wind enhancement, the DACs show the largest outflow velocities (< −1000 km s−1) and this activity precedes the strengthening of the Balmer emission.
Amyloid Burden in Cognitively Normal Elderly is Associated with Preferential Hippocampal Subfield Volume Loss

The earliest sites of brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease are in the medial temporal lobe, following widespread cerebral cortical amyloid deposition. We assessed 74 cognitively normal participants with clinical measurements, amyloid-β-PET imaging, MRI, and a newly developed technique for MRI-based hippocampal subfield segmentation to determine the differential association of amyloid deposition and hippocampal subfield volume. Compared to amyloid-negative participants, amyloid-positive participants had significantly smaller hippocampal tail, presubiculum, subiculum, and total hippocampal gray matter volumes. We conclude that, prior to the development of cognitive impairment, atrophy in particular hippocampal subfields occurs preferentially with amyloid-β accumulation.
Direct Identification of Northern Sage-grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus , Nest Predators Using Remote Sensing Cameras

The status and apparent decline of Sage-grouse ( Centrocercus spp.) has been of increasing concern and lower nesting success could be contributing to population declines. Our objective was to directly identify Sage-grouse nest predators. Following visual confirmation of radio-marked Sage-grouse nest establishment in 1997-1999, we installed automatic 35 mm cameras controlled by an active infrared monitor. Of 26 nests monitored by cameras, 22 successfully hatched and four were unsuccessful. American Elk ( Cervus canadensis ), Badger ( Taxidea taxus ), and Black-billed Magpie ( Pica hudsonia ) destroyed three of the four unsuccessful nests, and domestic cattle caused abandonment of the fourth. Richardson’s ( Spermophilus richardsonii ) and Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels ( S. tridecemlineatus ) were recorded at nests, but were not detected in predation.
Exploration of macrophage migratory inhibitory factor (MIF) profiles with sleep and outcomes during pregnancy

Macrophage migratory inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pluripotent cytokine that can counter-regulate the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. In pregnancy, MIF may circumvent the effects of glucocorticoid-mediated immunosuppression; higher levels of MIF have been associated with preeclampsia and preterm labor. Elevated MIF has been associated with sleep disorders. Given that sleep disturbance is common during pregnancy, we investigated the association between sleep parameters and levels of MIF. We also investigated whether MIF levels were associated with pregnancy complications. Pregnant women (N = 184) provided sleep information from sleep diaries and actigraphy at T1 (10–12), T2 (14–16), and T3 (18–20) weeks gestation. Plasma MIF levels were assayed at T1 and T3 using a commercial sandwich ELISA. Pregnancy outcomes were obtained from delivery records. We observed no significant associations between any of the sleep variables and MIF values. However, we did observe an association between MIF levels at T3 and risk of pregnancy complications, including hypertension, preterm labor/delivery, preeclampsia and PROM ( β = 9.25, p = .033). MIF is thought to be an important determinant of the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory processes and thus, may play an important role in pregnancy outcomes. However, the empirical evidence available regarding MIF in human pregnancy is limited. The null finding for sleep may be resultant of the normal compensatory/adaptation processes that occur following conception in order to protect the fetus. Additional work is required.
Infrequent chemoradiation-induced acute esophagitis in the Asian population: A meta-analysis of published clinical trials for unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer

Severe (grade 3 or higher) esophagitis is one of the major toxicities for chemoradiation in the treatment of stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The difference among ethnic groups has never been investigated in detail. Prospective trials with concurrent platinum-containing chemoradiation in unresectable disease were investigated, and a total of 116 treatment arms with 7520 patients were identified. Univariate analysis demonstrated that treatment arms conducted in Asia had significantly lower incidence of severe esophagitis (170/2534, 6.7%, odds ratio 0.289) than in other nations (1025/4986, 20.6%). In the multivariable model, Asian/non-Asian ethnicity, multi-/single-agent, and split are jointly significant predictors after adjusting for all possible factors. This study suggests that severe esophagitis occurs less frequently in the Asian population compared to the non-Asian population.
Identification of a Fourth Haplotype of Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in the United States

The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), is a pest of potato and other solanaceous crops in North and Central America and New Zealand. Previous genotyping studies have demonstrated the presence of three different haplotypes of B. cockerelli in the United States corresponding to three geographical regions: Central, Western, and Northwestern. These studies utilized psyllids collected in the western and central United States between 1998 and 2011. In an effort to further genotype potato psyllids collected in the 2012 growing season, a fourth B. cockerelli haplotype was discovered corresponding to the Southwestern United States geographical region. High-resolution melting analyses identified this new haplotype using an amplicon generated from a portion of the B. cockerelli mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Sequencing of this gene, as well as use of a restriction enzyme assay, confirmed the identification of the novel B. cockerelli haplotype in the United States.
Behind the one-way mirror: Refraction in the construction of product market categories

Abstract This paper asks: how do rivals identify one another? Answers to this question reveal how market categories form. Prior research suggests markets come from analysis of demand, rather than production, as social comparisons among like producers project an image of demand, as if in a one-way mirror. But how do producers determine whom to compare themselves to, especially in nascent markets where definitions are ambiguous and contested? I argue that both efficiency and legitimacy concerns lead firms to rely on media coverage of their competitors rather than on competitors’ direct public statements, and I test this argument in analyses of stories and press releases about the market for computer workstations, 1980–1990. Findings show that being referenced by rivals follows coverage rather than releases, but coverage itself follows producers’ influence attempts. Thus, the media is behind the market mirror, and its image of demand is refracted by properties of the reporter–source interface. “And certainly the glass WAS beginning to melt away, just like a bright silvery mist.”
An Evaluation of the Concept “Culture of Poverty”

The concept of a "culture of poverty" figures prominently in analyses of contemporary poverty and in explanations of the behavior of the poor. An examination of this concept indicates logical and empirical deficiencies in its use. Many of these deficiencies stem from basic problems in the use of the subculture framework, of which the concept of a culture of poverty is an instance. Some suggestions for a more appropriate use of the concept are offered. An alternative approach for understanding the behavior of the poor is proposed in which the material conditions of economic deprivation are given greater emphasis. T he recent awakening of American society to the fact that the poor are still with us has been followed by attempts of sociologists1 and others to explain why poverty remains in the midst of abuindance. Prominent among these explanations is the "culture of poverty" thesis.2 Allowing for * This is an enlarged version of a paper presented at the 1965 annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society. The authors wish to express their appreciation to Llewellyn Gross for his many helpful comments. 1 Sociologists have become interested in poverty in contemporary America quite belatedly. See Jack L. Roach, "Sociological Analysis and Poverty," American Journal of Sociology, 71 (July 1965), pp. 68-75. 2 Among those who have contributed to the literature on the "culture of poverty" in American society are Frank Riessman, The Culttrally Deprived Child (New York: Harper & Bros., 1962); Thomas Gladwin, "The Anthropologist's View of Poverty," in The Social Welfare Forum, 1961 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), pp. 73-86; Jerome Cohen, "Social Work and the Culture of Poverty," in Frank Riessman et al. (eds.), Mental Health of the Poor (Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1964), pp. 128-138; Roland This content downloaded from 157.55.39.29 on Tue, 07 Jun 2016 06:28:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Geometric Optimization of Radiant Enclosures Containing Specular Surfaces, Through Non-Linear Programming

This paper presents an optimization methodology for designing radiant enclosures containing specularly-reflecting surfaces. The optimization process works by making intelligent perturbations to the enclosure geometry at each design iteration using specialized numerical algorithms. This requires far less time than the forward “trial-and-error” design methodology, and the final solution is near optimal. In this application, the radiant enclosure is analyzed using a Monte Carlo technique based on exchange factors, and the design is optimized using the Kiefer-Wolfowitz method. This design methodology is demonstrated by solving two industrially-relevant design problems involving two-dimensional enclosures that contain specular surfaces.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The Influence of Roles and Organizational Fit on Accounting Professionals’ Perceptions of their Firms’ Ethical Environment

A public accounting firm’s ethical environment has an important role in encouraging ethical behavior, but prior research has shown that firm leaders (e.g., partners) perceive the ethical environment of their firms to be stronger than do non-leaders (Bobek et al. J Bus Ethics 92(4): 637–654, 2010). This study draws on several research streams in management to investigate the reasons behind this discrepancy. Our online questionnaire was completed by 139 accounting professionals. We find that when non-leader accounting professionals believe that they have a meaningful role in shaping and maintaining the ethical environment and/or have strong organizational fit with the accounting firm, they are more likely to perceive the ethical environment as strong and to perceive it similarly to firm leaders. That is, differences in leaders’ and non-leaders’ perceptions of the ethical environment are mediated by non-leaders’ perceptions of their role in participating in shaping and maintaining the ethical environment of their firms. Further, we find that among firm leaders, a stronger public interest orientation (i.e., feeling a responsibility to serve the public interest) and a higher frequency of receiving mentoring are both associated with stronger perceptions of the ethical environment. Overall, our study is one of the first to directly test potential explanations for why firm leaders and non-leaders can have disparate views of a firm’s ethical environment. In addition, these findings provide practical feedback to practitioners on actions they can take to improve perceptions of their firms’ ethical environment.
Integrated modeling of a synchronous generator and a twelve phase transformer

Mathematical models to describe the electromagnetic behavior of electric machines, like generators, and transformers are well developed. When these components are interconnected then the magnetic flux equations become coupled. Circuit simulators decouple these components by adding shunt resistors at the interface, increasing simulation time. This paper derives the coupled equations as a single state space model. This is a much more numerically efficient way to simulate a system where an electric machine is feeding a transformer. In this case a three phase generator feeds a 12 phase transformer. The four separate three phase outputs feed thyristor rectifiers to produce a regulated DC bus.
Mixed convection in rectangular cavities at various aspect ratios with moving isothermal sidewalls and constant flux heat source on the bottom wall

Abstract Mixed convection heat transfer in a two-dimensional rectangular cavity with constant heat flux from partially heated bottom wall while the isothermal sidewalls are moving in the vertical direction is studied numerically. The enclosure represents a practical system such as an air-cooled electronic device, where cooling from the sides is expected to be an efficient electronic cooling option. The heat source represents a heater or an electronic component located at the bottom in such an enclosure. Several different values of the heat source length, the aspect ratio of the cavity, as well as symmetric and asymmetric placement of the heat source are considered. All computations are done for a range of Richardson number from 0.1 to 10. The influence of the Richardson number, heat source length, placement of the heat source, and aspect ratio of the cavity, on the maximum temperature and the Nusselt number at the heat source surface is investigated. Results are presented in the form of streamline and isotherm plots as well as the variation of the maximum temperature and Nusselt number at the heat source surface under different conditions. The pressure–velocity coupling in the governing equations is achieved using the well-known SIMPLE method for numerical computation. The computational procedure is based on finite volume collocated mesh. The linear algebraic system of equations is solved sequentially using the strongly implicit procedure (SIP).
Endocrinology of cluster headache: Potential for therapeutic manipulation

Cluster headaches have always been among the most intriguing of the commonly recognized primary headache syndromes. This clinical interest is related to a number of factors, including the intense but short-lived nature of the pain, its sexual predilection, associated trigeminal autonomic dysfunction, and the remarkable circadian and circannual periodicity of cluster periods. Recent advances in neuroimaging and neuroendocrinology have shed light on the pivotal role of the hypothalamus in the biology of cluster headache. We discuss these revelations, along with current clinical observations in headache and sleep medicine.
Alcohol at moderate levels decreases fibrinogen expression in vivo and in vitro.

Background: Consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol has been reported to exert a cardioprotective effect in individuals. The exact mechanism by which this occurs has not been fully explored. Circulating levels of the clotting protein fibrinogen have been unequivocally established as an independent risk factor for vascular diseases. This study examined the effects of moderate levels of ethanol on the expression of fibrinogen in an animal model and in hepatoma cells. Methods: Out-bred Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 5% ethanol (v/v) in their water for 4 weeks, and circulating levels of fibrinogen were measured weekly via quantitative immunoassay. H4IIE rat hepatoma cells, which constitutively produce fibrinogen, were exposed to 10 and 20 mM ethanol, and fibrinogen production was determined. The effects of ethanol on fibrinogen messenger ribonucleic acids were determined by northern gel analyses. Results: Our findings demonstrate that daily consumption of moderate amounts of ethanol decreases circulating levels of fibrinogen 18% to 20%. The decrease is reversible and is not gender specific. The cxposure of hepatoma cells to ethanol also diminishes fibrinogen production by 20% by decreasing the transcription of fibrinogen genes. Alcohol concentration of 10 to 20 mM did not affect hepatoma cell viability or doubling time. Conclusions: The findings indicate that one likely positive benefit of moderate ethanol consumption is to diminish the production of fibrinogen, which reduces the potential risk exerted by this protein. The site of action of ethanol is, at least in part, exerted at the level of gene transcription.
CHANGING FAMILIES AND CHANGING MOBILITY: THEIR IMPACT ON THE CENTRAL CITY

Urban scholars and planners look to evidence of recent gains in the number of nontraditional households as a potential source of increase to the population sizes and tax bases of declining central cities. While it is now well established that substantial gains in the numbers of small, nontraditional households have occurred since the 1950s, it has not been demonstrated that: (a) these households are more likely to relocate in the city than traditional family households (husband-wife with children under 18); or (b) their cityward relocation patterns will significantly alter trends toward smaller city household populations. This paper addresses these questions by examining changes in city-suburb migration stream rates by household type over periods 1955-60, 1965-70 and 1970-75 for large metropolitan areas, and assesses their implications for potential changes in the aggregate sizes of city household populations.
p53-Independent Upregulation of KILLER/DR5 TRAIL Receptor Expression by Glucocorticoids and Interferon-γ

Abstract KILLER/DR5 is a death-domain-containing proapoptotic receptor that binds to the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. It was originally reported that induction of KILLER/DR5 mRNA following DNA damage was p53-dependent, but some drugs that induce apoptosis can upregulate KILLER/DR5 mRNA expression in cell lines with mutated p53. We further extend those findings by classifying the capability of various apoptosis-inducing drugs to increase the expression of KILLER/DR5 mRNA in a p53-independent manner. β-Lapachone, a topoisomerase inhibitor, increased KILLER/DR5 mRNA in colon cancer cell lines with wild-type p53 but not with mutant p53. In contrast, betulinic acid, a novel chemotherapeutic compound, induced apoptosis and KILLER/DR5 mRNA in melanoma and glioblastoma cells through a p53-independent mechanism. The synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone elevated KILLER/DR5 mRNA in glioblastoma, ovarian cancer, and colon cancer cell lines with mutant p53 undergoing apoptosis, and this induction was inhibited by the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D. Although another glucocorticoid, prednisolone, also induced apoptosis, it did not increase KILLER/DR5 mRNA. Finally, the cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) induced apoptosis and KILLER/DR5 in cell lines with mutant p53, and the induction of KILLER/DR5 mRNA by IFN-γ was delayed in cells lacking wild-type STAT1, a transcription factor implicated in IFN-γ signaling. Similarly, the induction of KILLER/DR5 mRNA by the cytokine TNF-α was also delayed in cell lines with mutated STAT1. These findings suggest that KILLER/DR5 may play a role in p53-independent apoptosis induced by specific drugs and warrants further investigation as a novel target for chemotherapy of tumors lacking wild-type p53.
Single Shock Conduction Pathways from the Preoptic Shivering Suppression Center.

ConclusionThere is a descending conduction pathway from the shivering suppression “center” in the diencephalon extending caud-ally through the medulla. Electrical stimulation along this pathway suppresses shivering. One interpretation of these results might be that central control of shivering is accomplished over this route. Instead of acting on the site of origin of the shivering impulses (presumably the posterior hypothalamus), the inhibitory influence may be exerted at lower motor centers, perhaps at the ventral horn outflow, although the conduction pathway in the cord has not been investigated. Direct suppression of the ventral horn cells innervating-particular muscle groups would be a means; of obtaining the graded response that is characteristic of the shivering process.
Modular construction of nervous systems: a basic principle of design for invertebrates and vertebrates.

As evidenced by the proliferation of papers in the last 30 years it is now well accepted that an iterative columnar or modular organization of the neocortex is characteristic of mammalian sensory, motor and frontal association areas. This does not imply that all mammalian neocortical areas are thus arranged; exceptions occur, particularly in the rodents.
A conjugation-based version of the UNIFAC method

A modification of the UNIFAC method is proposed, reducing the set of groups to individual atoms. The effects of the environment of each atom are captured by the conjugation operators in which it participates, based on the ABC property estimation approach. The proposed modified method is applied to the infinite-dilution activity coefficients in binary systems of alkanes, alcohols, amines, and ethers.
Organic complexation and speciation of iron in the South and Equatorial Atlantic

Abstract Our investigation into the organic complexation and speciation of dissolved Fe in water column samples taken during the 1996 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Baseline Expedition to the South and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean confirms the ubiquity of Fe-complexing ligands. In most samples Fe is greater than 99% organically complexed by a ligand with a conditional stability constant (KFeL,Fe′′) between 1012 and 1014. The deep-water masses exhibit no systematic differences with respect to ligand concentration or percent organic complexation. Greater than 2% of total dissolved Fe was present as inorganic Fe in some surface waters (1 m). The Amazon River does not appear to be a major source of these Fe-complexing ligands to the open ocean. Therefore, even in this area of relatively high atmospheric deposition, the majority of dissolved Fe is organically complexed by a ligand of unknown origin, and phytoplankton could potentially be Fe-limited if they only respond only to inorganic Fe.
Beliefs as conceptualizing activity: A dialectical approach for the second language classroom

Abstract The present article presents an understanding of beliefs as conceptualizing activity from a Vygotskyan dialectical perspective. The proposals I develop here, emerging from a contextual understanding of development, aim to help us reconsider in pedagogical terms the specific relationships between beliefs and actions and the nature of beliefs as dialectical language-mediated consciousness. Understanding beliefs as dialectical conceptualizations calls for rethinking teaching and learning as a developmental activity. It also illuminates a specific research methodology, semiogenesis, which captures the orienting power of beliefs as conceptualizing activity in the classroom. To illustrate a conceptual approach to beliefs as sociocultural tools of the mind, three basic examples of a conceptual task for in-service teachers are discussed.
HARDWARE TRIGGER SYSTEM FOR FERMILAB E866

Abstract E866 is the fourth experiment to be performed with the Fermilab Meson East spectrometer. Originally constructed in 1980 for E605, this spectrometer has since been used for E772 and E789. During these three experiments, the hardware trigger depended on components dating from the early 1970s. The trigger system was rebuilt for E866 to improve its reliability and increase its flexibility. The new system incorporates several new modules designed and built specifically for this experiment. Notably, a custom Track Correlator combines the features of a 16-bit memory lookup and a 12-bit prescaler into a single extremely fast CAMAC module. The new hardware trigger system and modules are described, and the system performance during E866 is discussed.
CARNITINE SUPPLEMENTATION IN PREMATURE INFANTS

The possible effects of carnitine supplementation on nitrogen metabolism were studied on AGA preterm infants(birthweight 980-1750g) maintained on mixed nutrition (50% pooled milk 50% formula daily). Started by various postnatal ages (mean 25.5 days) 15 infants received L-carnitine supplemented formula (600 nmol/ml over endogenous content)during 7 days, another 10 served as controls. Plasma carnitines increased whereas alanine (0.21±0.02, 0.19±0.03, 0.25±0.02 mmol/l; day 0, 7, and 14, means±SEM, p<0.05) and glutamine (0.37±0.06, 0.31±0.05, 0.4l±0.05 mmol/l p<0.05) decreased with a fall of urea level. Urinary urea (2.6±0.23, 2.25±0.18, 2.31±0.21 mmol/kg/day, p < 0.05) and ammonia (1.07-0.1, 0.87±0.1, 1.4±0.1 mmol/kg/day, p<0.05) decreased suggesting lowered amino acid degradation. Surprisingly, 7 days after the supplementation, excretion of acylcarnitines remained high (5.9±1.5, 13.1±2.5, 10.3±1.3 umol/day, p< 0.05) which was not seen for the free fraction.
Estudio exploratorio del clima creativo en compañías colombianas seleccionadas

Este estudio procura identificar los aspectos orga- nizaciones que facilitan y dificultan la creatividad en el lugar de trabajo para determinar si existe algun concepto que se distingue o es relevante en una muestra de companias colombianas selec- cionadas. Fueron entrevistados 52 directores ejecutivos, gerentes, supervisores y empleados de primera linea de ocho empresas establecidas en Colombia. Se aplico la metodologia de la teoria fundamentada. El analisis arrojo similitudes y dife- rencias: los temas destacados fueron envida y celos, pertenencia, creatividad intencional, normas del manejo de influencia y equidad.
The power of oppression: Understanding the history of criminology as a science of oppression

Following, or perhaps even being swept away by the propositions and suppositions of science, criminologists have written a rather sanitized, carefree history of the origins of their discipline. This discipline has much to hide, however, and criminologists' strict adherence to principles and claims of ‘objectivity’ and ‘neutrality’ have helped hide the unspoken task that is criminology from view. There is a need to excavate the hidden history of criminology from the basement of scientific criminology. This excavation requires the use of tools sensitive to oppression and conflict. Using such tools to recover, rewrite and explain the history of criminology, I have argued that criminology should be (a) interpreted as one of the many ‘sciences of oppression’ that (b) emerged following the Enlightenment (c) whose purpose was to help legitimize and place into practice principles that justified the oppression of the dangerous classes, (d) which had emerged as the primary threat to the ‘rational’ societies based upon capitalist social, economic and political relations. I suspect that this will not be a popular conclusion.
Recruitment of U.S. medical graduates into psychiatry: reasons for optimism, sources of concern.

The authors explain the importance of recruiting U.S. medical graduates into psychiatry, give reasons for optimism about future recruitment, express concerns about problems that could hinder it, and recommend ways to address these concerns. Reasons for optimism include: features of the specialty, such as its focus on the doctor/patient relationship;its increasing job availability and incomes; its scientific achievements; the peaking and possible fading of the National Generalist Initiative; and a 5-year upward recruitment trend. Concerns are: low “overt” interest in psychiatry among entering medical students; clerkship directors’ perceptions of a negative educational impact of managed care; graduating seniors’ suboptimal satisfaction with their psychiatry clerkships; and what is likely to be a small impact of New Mexico legislation on prescribing privileges for psychologists. The authors make recommendations for addressing these concerns.
Dimensions of Oppression in the Lives of Impoverished Black Women Who Use Drugs

Oppression against Black women continues to be a significant problem in the United States. The purpose of this study is to use grounded theory to identify multiple dimensions of oppression experienced by impoverished Black women who use drugs by examining several settings in which participants experience oppression. Three case studies of drug using, impoverished Black women were randomly selected from two large scale consecutive ethnographic studies conducted in New York City from 1998 to 2005. Analysis revealed five dimensions of oppression occurring within eight distinct settings. While dimensions constitute different manifestations of oppression, settings represented areas within participants' lives or institutions with which participants interact. Dimensions of oppression included classism, sexism, familism, racism, and drugism. Settings included the school system, correction system, welfare system, housing and neighborhood, relationship with men, family, experiences with drug use, and employment. Findings have important implications for social justice, welfare, drug, and justice system policy.
A note on the population of seventeenth century London.

A least-squares analysis of the various estimates of the population of London during the seventeenth century discloses the probable degree of error in the work of William Petty and other early demographers. A new “average” population is calculated and the regression equation given which best satisfies the contemporary estimates.
Fusion-casting and crystallization of high temperature materials

Fusion-casting of high temperature materials results in a dense interlocking network of crystals. This method produces the highest strength and most corrosion resistant ceramic materials. Macrosructure and microstructure casting determine the properties of a fusion-cast material. Some of these can be predicted from phase diagrams. Non-equilibrium structures are, however, just as common. Examples of the various cases are discussed for typical industrially important compositions, not only in the oxide systems but in several non-oxide systems.
Continuous-wave laser spectrometer automatically aligned and continuously tuned from 11.8 to 16.1 µm by use of diode-laser-pumped difference-frequency generation in GaSe

We report a fully automated mid-IR difference-frequency spectrometer with a spectral resolution under 70 MHz pumped by a pair of conventional room-temperature 800–900-nm diode lasers. 0.1 µW of tunable cw radiation is produced from incident-diode powers of 120 and 75 mW. The system has computer-controlled beam alignment with compact CCD cameras, motorized mirrors and positioners to obtain 0.01° crystal-angle positioning, 4-µm beam overlap at the nonlinear crystal, and automated diode laser beam collimation. Computer-operated frequency control uses temperature tuning and current tuning of the free-running diode lasers. The system has been demonstrated by successfully scanning, without any human intervention, 64 randomly selected acetylene absorption lines between 12 and 15 µm. Spectral scans of ammonia are also presented. This mid-IR spectrometer is suitable for fully automated spectroscopy of an unlimited list of mid-IR frequencies and has the potential to detect any trace gas that has an acceptable absorption line within the large tuning range.
Facilitation between the luminance and red-green detection mechanisms: enhancing contrast differences across edges.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that detection of a red–green test pattern, such as a spot or grating, may be facilitated two to three times by a suprathreshold luminance pedestal of the same shape. We measured facilitation between the red–green (RG) and luminance (LUM) detection mechanisms using sine and square-wave gratings. Facilitation of RG by luminance pedestals was 3-fold for in phase sine-wave gratings of 0.8 cpd and a remarkable 7-fold for square-wave gratings. The latter facilitation was greatly reduced at intermediate relative phases and was generally reduced at higher spatial frequencies. We show that on a uniform field, the red or green regions of low spatial frequency test patterns are detected approximately independently, but in the presence of the LUM pedestal RG becomes sensitive to the red–green difference across the luminance edges. Under optimal conditions (with the low-frequency, square-wave luminance pedestal) this increased red–green sensitivity corresponds to a wavelength discrimination threshold as small as ∼0.04 nm. This conversion of RG into an ‘edge detector’ may explain why facilitation is twice as large for square-wave gratings (bipolar patterns) than spots (unipolar patterns). The reverse facilitation, that of LUM by the red–green pedestal, is weaker and the results suggest that this is because LUM is initially sensitive to the light–dark difference across luminance edges even in the absence of the red–green pedestal.
The renaissance of VR: are we going to do it right this time?

After being dormant in the public eye for more than 10 years, VR is now back to the front pages re-discovered as the portal to push the limits of our imagination towards compelling immersive experiences that can also blend with the physical world. Well-established companies and strongly backed new companies are committing serious investments into VR and its applications. This second VR wave is coming strong and fast in making VR accessible for the general public, not as the specialized technology for a few elite research labs of the 90s and early 2000s.
Feeding disorders in infants and toddlers: diagnosis and treatment

Each of the six feeding disorders described presents with specific symptoms, has a different origin, and responds to different interventions. Consequently, it is important to establish an accurate diagnosis and use the appropriate intervention for the specific feeding disorder. As the study by Benoit et al [7] demonstrates, an intervention that may be helpful for one feeding disorder can be completely ineffective for another.
Modeling Nonlinear Change via Latent Change and Latent Acceleration Frameworks: Examining Velocity and Acceleration of Growth Trajectories

We propose the use of the latent change and latent acceleration frameworks for modeling nonlinear growth in structural equation models. Moving to these frameworks allows for the direct identification of rates of change and acceleration in latent growth curves-information available indirectly through traditional growth curve models when change patterns are nonlinear with respect to time. To illustrate this approach, exponential growth models in the three frameworks are fit to longitudinal response time data from the Math Skills Development Project ( Mazzocco & Meyers, 2002 , 2003 ). We highlight the additional information gained from fitting growth curves in these frameworks as well as limitations and extensions of these approaches.
Structure and Dynamics of N, N-diethyl-N-methylammonium Triflate Ionic Liquid, Neat and with Water, from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

We investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulations the properties (structure, thermodynamics, ion transport, and dynamics) of the protic ionic liquid N,N-diethyl-N-methylammonium triflate (dema:Tfl) and of selected aqueous mixtures of dema:Tfl. This ionic liquid, a good candidate for a water-free proton exchange membrane, is shown to exhibit high ion mobility and conductivity. The radial distribution functions reveal a significant long-range structural correlation. The ammonium cations [dema]+ are found to diffuse slightly faster than the triflate anions [Tfl]−, and both types of ions exhibit enhanced mobility at higher temperatures, leading to higher ionic conductivity. Analysis of the dynamics of ion pairing clearly points to the existence of long-lived contact ion pairs. We also examined the effects of water through characterization of properties of dema:Tfl−water mixtures. Water molecules replace counterions in the coordination shell of both ions, thus weakening their association. As water con...
Medical and Orthopedic Conditions and Sports Participation

The presence of certain medical or orthopedic conditions need not preclude adolescents from being physically active and participating in sports. The benefits of continued physical activity far outweigh any concerns for potential complications for most such conditions. This article reviews sport participation guidelines for adolescents with conditions that include juvenile chronic arthritis, eye injures, solitary kidney, skin conditions, scoliosis, and spondylolysis.
Prevention of Backover Fatalities in Highway Work Zones: A Synthesis of Current Practices and Recommendations

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize current practices and procedures on the prevention of backing fatalities in highway work zones. First, general work zone safety hazards are reviewed, particularly blind areas are identified. Second, engineering controls currently in use are examined and explained to help understand what steps can be taken to prevent future backing fatalities. Third, administrative controls (including signalers, drivers, and workers-on-foot training) are also discussed. Fourth, existing technology controls are reviewed for use in aiding equipment operators in identifying when pedestrian personnel are in dangerous areas around their equipment (i.e., back-up camera, radar). Fifth, recommendations are made based on the comprehensive review of the backover fatality prevention techniques in construction work zones and the conducted testing results of several commercially available systems. Recommendations on engineering and technology controls are discussed, with detailed information such as improving internal traffic control plans, and integrating technology with traffic control plans. Information and drawings are provided to illustrate how to design work zones, and the internal traffic flow diagrams are created using the integrated technology available, and site specific characteristics. The drawings represent examples of using different types of technology, in different scenarios using the proper legend, as well as using the proper general and technology notes to help explain the traffic control plan, ensuring that full comprehension is made. Recommendations on administrative controls are also given such as how to conduct safety meetings, electing safety officers, how to set regulations and guidelines for workers, and how to handle training. Training should be used as a backover fatality prevention method for pedestrian workers, flaggers, spotters, and equipment operators. Finally, a summary and discussion of future research directions are also given.
Mexico’s Drug War, International Jurisprudence, and the Role of Non-International Armed Conflict Status

When the Calderon Administration escalated anti-drug efforts in 2006, drug-related violence in Mexico reached unprecedented levels. The growing intensity of drug-related violence has led to uncertainty over how to classify the violence spreading across Mexico. Much of the public rhetoric argues that Mexico’s drug-related violence has surpassed that which typically characterizes the drug trade and is instead more similar to armed conflict. Due to the changing landscape of Mexican drug violence, an assessment of whether or not the conflict meets the requisite conditions for a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) is needed to determine if the application of international humanitarian law is appropriate. This paper argues that Mexico’s Drug War meets the conditions for NIAC status and application of IHL is appropriate. The question of how to respond to drug-related violence is becoming increasingly relevant as the effects of such violence extends to a more diverse geographic area within Mexico. NIAC status plays a central role in the future of anti-drug policy and has the potential to prompt significant changes in the handling of drug-related violence in Mexico. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive answer to this question and identify the potential implications that recognition as a NIAC will have on Mexican anti-drug policy.
PROJECTIVE MAPPING AND DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF MILK AND DARK CHOCOLATES

ABSTRACT Recently there has been renewed interest in the use of projective mapping to evaluate overall product similarity. Previous studies show a high degree of similarity between product maps from projective mapping and descriptive analysis techniques; however, trained panels had been used in these studies. In this study, three groups of untrained panelists performed projective mapping on a set of chocolates and then were trained and performed descriptive analysis. Principal component analysis and multifactor analysis were used to generate product maps of the descriptive analysis and projective mapping data, respectively. All six maps were visually similar, and RV-coefficients between the six data sets were greater than 0.8. The results indicate that the use of untrained judges for the projective mapping provided equivalent product spaces as obtained by descriptive analysis for this set of products. Furthermore, the similarity among panels indicates that overall the panelists perceived the chocolates in a similar manner. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The current study indicates that projective mapping can provide equivalent product maps to those obtained by descriptive analysis. On its own, projective mapping presents an efficient method to obtain overall product differences from consumers or trained judges. In combination with a descriptive technique, projective mapping performed by consumers can provide insight as to which attributes are most important to consumers in determining product differences.
Carboxy‐terminal CFFL‐sequence‐specific monomeric protein geranylgeranyltransferase I from the eyes of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus

Protein geranylgeranyltransferase I from the eyes of Penaeus japonicus geranylgeranylates predominantly the sequence CFFL and Drosophila-specific Ras1 carboxyl termini, with the sequence CKML, as well as mammalian-specific G gamma carboxyl termini, with the sequence CAIL, but not the protein farnesyltransferase-specific sequence CVLS. The purified protein geranylgeranyltransferase I from shrimp was evidenced by immunoblotting and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions to consist of single subunit of Mr 66,000 +/- 500. Since the active protein geranylgeranyltransferase I was found to have a relative mass of 67,000 +/- 1,000, the purified enzyme was deduced to be a monomer. The enzyme had an optimal pH of 8.0 with 100 mM Tris as the buffer and a K(m) of 7 +/- 2 microM with the synthetic peptide KCFFL as the substrate. The enzyme was inhibited by Zn++ and Mg++ ions at micromolar concentrations.
Predicting observers' ratings of the big five from the CPI, HPI, and NEO–PI–R: a comparative validity study†

The present study compares the ability of three widely used personality inventories to predict averaged acquaintance ratings. Scores from 135 individuals on the California Psychological Inventory (CPI; Gough, 1987), Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI; Hogan and Hogan, 1992) and NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa and McCrae, 1992) were correlated with four sets of acquaintance ratings representing four variants of the Five-Factor Model. Validity coefficients for the NEO-PI-R primary domain scales equalled or surpassed the CPI and HPI validity coefficients. Across all inventory scales and subscales, the magnitude of validity coefficients was moderated by the congruence between a predictor's and criterion's secondary factor loading. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erratum to: The Asymptotic Distribution of Self-Normalized Triangular Arrays

We correct and clarify some ambiguous statements in D. M. Mason (2005): The asymptotic distribution of self-normalized triangular arrays. J. Theoret. Probab., 18, 853–870.
Modulation of the Limulus Heart

In this paper we briefly review recent studies concerning amine and peptide modulation of the neurogenic Limulus heart. We have organized the presentation of our most recent data in terms of patterns that have emerged from our work which also appear to be true in several other systems. The comparative and perhaps evolutionary patterns which we have focused on are as follows: 1. A given modulator often acts at a number of sites in the system, or the organism, to produce an organized change in behavior or function. 2. Some modulators use the same second messenger to mediate their effects at each site in a system. 3. Modulators that have the same effect on a target tissue can use different cellular mechanisms. 4. The physiological state of a particular tissue in vivo may be markedly different from an isolated preparation due to local and circulating neuromodulators. 5. Each member of a family of modulators may play a unique role in vivo .
Thermoluminescence and the shock and reheating history of meteorites - III: The shergottites

Thermoluminescence (TL) measurements on Shergotty, ALHA 77005, Zagami, and EETA 79001 (lithology A) have been used to obtain further information on the shock history of these meteorites. The level of TL sensitivity in the shergottites varied by a factor of 10, but was always low, probably reflecting the amount of crystalline material in the maskelynite. There are trends in the TL peak temperature, peak width, and TL sensitivity which are believed to be associated with different proportions of feldspar in high- and low-temperature forms. This interpretation is consistent with the observed changes induced in the TL properties by annealing shergottites at 400-900 C. It is suggested that the observed trends were produced during postshock crystallization at a variety of cooling rates, the increasing order of cooling rate being EETA 79001, Zagami, ALHA 77005, and Shergotty, and that there is high-temperature feldspar present in all the samples. This implies a postshock temperature above 600 C, and a small (less than 10 m) size of the ejecta. Current theories are well able to explain how objects of this size could have been ejected from Mars.
The initial stages of Case II diffusion at low penetrant activities

Abstract Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (R BS) has been used to measure the volume fraction versus depth profiles of iodohexane vapour diffusing into glassy polystyrene. At penetrant activities of less than 0.40 the surface concentration increases slowly and approaches equilibrium only after very long vapour exposures. Since Case II diffusion is observed to begin only after a critical concentration of penetrant is reached, these kinetics create an induction time for the Case II process. However, the swelling kinetics of the surface are still slow after the induction time has elapsed even though the diffusion coefficient behind the front is much larger than that in the polymer ahead of the front. The agreement between these swelling kinetics and those predicted by the model of Thomas and Windle is relatively poor. On the other hand, if the Thomas and Windle model is modified (1) to allow the viscosity of the polymer to decrease exponentially with osmotic pressure, with the decrease set to match that observed in separate creep measurements as a function of tensile stress, and (2) to include an initial volume fraction of rapidly filling interstitial sites, which we take to be due to the initial free volume, the agreement between the model and the experiment is much better.