cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of frequency of patent foramen ovale by transesophageal echocardiography in patients with cerebral ischemic events versus in subjects in the general population

Previous studies suggest that patent foramen ovale (PFO)‐associated paradoxical (right-to-left) embolism plays a role in the pathogenesis of cerebral and systemic embolism. The association between PFO and embolic events is based on anecdotal observations of thrombi in-transit through PFO 1 and the relatively higher frequency of echocardiographically detected PFO in patients with embolic events (primarily in young patients and in patients with unexplained strokes) than in control groups without embolism. 2‐5 Because of the semi-invasive nature of transesopha
Maternal employment status, mother-infant interaction, and infant development in day care and non-day care groups

This study focuses on the pattern of relationships between mother-infant interaction as a predictor variable and cognitive outcome measures within employed mother and non-employed mother groups. Fifty-four mothers and their one-year-old infants participated in the study. While the employed mother and non-employed mother groups were not found to differ in terms of either interaction or outcome scores, the pattern of influence within the groups was markedly different. Additionally, for the employed mother group a positive correlation was found between prestige level of employment and the quality of mother-infant interaction. This research suggests that questions regarding infant day care be framed within the larger context of family processes, which include a wide variety of factors that may influence infant development.
Dietary folate affects the response of rats to nickel deprivation

Because vitamin B12 and Ni are known to interact and because of the similar metabolic roles of vitamin B12 and folate, an experiment was performed to determine the effect of dietary folate on Ni deprivation in rats. A 2 x 2 factorially arranged experiment used groups of nine weanling Sprague-Dawley rats. Dietary variables were Ni, as NiCl(2) 6H(2)0, 0 or 1 mu g/g; and folic acid, 0 or 2 mg/kg. The basal diet, based on skim milk, contained less than 20 ng Ni/g. After 54 d, an interaction between dietary Ni and folate affected several variables including erythrocyte folate, plasma amino acids, and femur trace elements. For example, folate deprivation decreased erythrocyte folate; folate supplementation to the Ni-supplemented rats caused a larger increase in erythrocyte folate concentration than did folate supplementation to the Ni-deprived rats. Also, dietary Ni affected several plasma amino acids important in one-carbon metabolism (e.g., Ni deprivation increased the plasma concentrations of glycine and serine). This study shows that dietary Ni, folate, and their interaction can affect variables associated with one-carbon metabolism. This study does not show a specific site of action of Ni but it indicates that Ni may be important in processes related to the vitamin B12-dependent pathway in methionine metabolism, possibly one-carbon metabolism.
A Divergent Synthesis of the Δ13-9-Isofurans

A stereodivergent total synthesis of the Δ13-9-isofurans has been developed. The four core substituted tetrahydrofurans were prepared by the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and Sharpless asymmetri...
Thermal Assessment of a Power Amplifier Module in Wireless Handsets

Increased functionality of microelectronic packages for commercial applications leads to the necessity of identifying packaging solutions with high standards for thermal performance. A detailed numerical analysis examines the thermal characteristics of a power amplifier module for time division multiple access (TDMA), using commercially available software. The increasing trend in power levels and densities leads to the need of design thermal optimization, either at the module level or at the system (module board stack-up) level. Several designs are investigated for thermal performance and the best thermal design is identified. Initial study focuses on assessing the thermal performance of a baseline design. The peak temperature reaches 144°C, about 60°C temperature increase over the reference temperature. The peak temperature value is slightly below the limit of 150°C, and is calculated based on the optimal (temperature constant) heat sink scenario attached to the bottom face of the module. Several alternatives are investigated, by modifying the thermal via array structure and Cu plating thickness. The increase in copper plating from 0.025 mm to 0.05 mm (1 to 2 mils) has the largest impact on module’s thermal performance. The addition of solder material and radio board increases by almost 50% the overall thermal resistance, hence the estimated peak temperatures reached by the heat stages would exceed the limit. A detailed sensitivity study was completed to assess the importance of each element in the module-board stack-up. Finally, a comprehensive experimental study was completed to validate the numerical simulation. The results indicate that the error between measurements and simulation range between 5–8%.© 2002 ASME
THE HALLUCINATORY EXPERIENCE

Experiences gained in a clinic in the Central Harlem area, the population of which consists largely of Negro (90-95%) and Puerto Rican (5-10%) children from six months through fifteen years of age from a low socioeconomic group, drew attention to the fact that in one year and a half, forty-two children were seen with hallucinatory phenomena who did not give indication of psychotic or schizophrenic process. Diagnostically these children fell in the same categories as those without hallucinatory experiences and socially shared common sources of deprivation. The diagnoses used were those in the Diagnostic Manual of the American Psychiatric Association; the diagnosis of schizophrenic reaction was reserved for severely ill children where the quantity and the quality of the disturbance in ego function served as the chief criteria in making this diagnosis. Hallucinatory experience, except perhaps in the pediatric age group, has been seen as part of schizophrenic symptomatology in spite of recent interest in eidetic and hypnagogic imagery. As part of the schizophrenic process it has been taken as evidence of a complete break with reality in a patient with severe ego pathology. Its basic definition is of "a perception without corresponding stimuli from outside," while Freud (1917) proposes that "the hallucination consists in a cathexis of the system conscious (perception) which however does not proceed as normally from without but from within,
Wind observations of extreme ion temperature anisotropies in the lunar wake

[1] We describe Wind observations of two lunar wake encounters which occurred on 12-13 November 1996 and 18 July 2002. The observations were made at downstream distances of around 25 and 15 lunar radii (R L ), respectively. Both encounters occurred prior to the spacecraft entering the lunar shadow; one event took place within the magnetosheath. A characteristic feature of the lunar wake is the presence of two counterstreaming ion beams drawn in from either flank. We find that both ion components exhibit an extreme temperature anisotropy, often with T⊥ ∼ 10T∥. The anisotropy is greatest in the central wake region. It appears that the anisotropy arises through the conservation of adiabatic invariants as solar wind plasma expands to fill in the cavity behind the Moon. Despite their large anisotropy, the proton distributions appear stable to the cyclotron instability. Correlated field and flow directional changes show that the wake geometry is dependent upon the prevailing magnetic field orientation.
Localization of an RNA-degrading system of enzymes on the rat liver plasma membrane.

Abstract In comparison to other subcellular fractions, isolated rat liver plasma membrane has been shown to have a high capacity to degrade RNA at pH 8.8. 1. 1. Upon incubation of RNA with these membranes 0.056 μmoles of acid-soluble products and 0.023 μmole of inorganic phosphate are released per min per mg of membrane protein. This rate of RNA hydrolysis is comparable to that catalyzed by rat liver lysosomes. 2. 2. The activities of four enzymes, phosphodiesterase I (EC 3.1.4.1), 3′-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.6), 5′-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) and an endonuclease, are involved in this degradation of RNA. 3. 3. All four of these activities are localized with the plasma membrane fraction of liver. 4. 4. When phosphodiesterase I and 3′- and 5′-nucleotidases are inhibited by the the addition of EDTA, the hydrolysis of RNA still occurs. This implies that another enzyme capable of degrading RNA, yet not inhibited by EDTA, must be present on liver plasma membrane. 5. 5. When EDTA is absent from the reaction medium a large quantity of nucleosides is produced, but when EDTA is present, no significant amount of nucleosides or mononucleotides is released. This indicates that the non-EDTA inhibited activity is endonuclease. 6. 6. The pH optimum of the endonuclease is 7.7, while the optimum of overall RNA hydrolysis by plasma membrane is 9.3.
Assessing simulated ecosystem processes for climate variability research at Glacier National Park, USA

Glacier National Park served as a test site for ecosystem analyses that involved a suite of integrated models embedded within a geographic information system. The goal of the exercise was to provide managers with maps that could illustrate probable shifts in vegetation, net primary production (NPP), and hydrologic responses associated with two selected climatic scenarios. The climatic scenarios were (a) a recent 12-yr record of weather data, and (b) a reconstituted set that sequentially introduced in repeated 3-yr intervals wetter–cooler, drier–warmer, and typical conditions. To extrapolate the implications of changes in ecosystem processes and resulting growth and distribution of vegetation and snowpack, the model incorporated geographic data. With underlying digital elevation maps, soil depth and texture, extrapolated climate, and current information on vegetation types and satellite-derived estimates of leaf area indices, simulations were extended to envision how the park might look after 120 yr. The p...
A host-oriented inhibitor of Junin Argentine hemorrhagic fever virus egress.

UNLABELLED There are currently no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved vaccines or therapeutics to prevent or treat Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). The causative agent of AHF is Junin virus (JUNV); a New World arenavirus classified as a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention category A priority pathogen. The PTAP late (L) domain motif within JUNV Z protein facilitates virion egress and transmission by recruiting host Tsg101 and other ESCRT complex proteins to promote scission of the virus particle from the plasma membrane. Here, we describe a novel compound (compound 0013) that blocks the JUNV Z-Tsg101 interaction and inhibits budding of virus-like particles (VLPs) driven by ectopic expression of the Z protein and live-attenuated JUNV Candid-1 strain in cell culture. Since inhibition of the PTAP-Tsg101 interaction inhibits JUNV egress, compound 0013 serves as a prototype therapeutic that could reduce virus dissemination and disease progression in infected individuals. Moreover, since PTAP l-domain-mediated Tsg101 recruitment is utilized by other RNA virus pathogens (e.g., Ebola virus and HIV-1), PTAP inhibitors such as compound 0013 have the potential to function as potent broad-spectrum, host-oriented antiviral drugs. IMPORTANCE There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics to prevent or treat Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). The causative agent of AHF is Junin virus (JUNV); a New World arenavirus classified as an NIAID/CDC category A priority pathogen. Here, we describe a prototype therapeutic that blocks budding of JUNV and has the potential to function as a broad-spectrum antiviral drug.
Attitudes About Human Trafficking Individual Differences Related to Belief and Victim Blame

Human trafficking is believed to oppress millions of people worldwide. Despite increased media attention and public awareness campaigns in recent years, no empirical research has examined public attitudes about human trafficking. The present study examined gender, sexual trauma history, and attitudes about human trafficking as they related to belief of a sex-trafficking scenario and willingness to blame the victim for the situation. Undergraduate students (N = 409) at a large private university in the Northeastern United States completed measures in which they responded to a vignette portraying sex trafficking in the United States. Participants also reported their personal trauma history and completed a Human Trafficking Myths Scale. Results indicated that gender and human trafficking myth acceptance, but not sexual trauma history, were significantly related to participants’ belief of the sex-trafficking scenario and their perception of the victim’s responsibility. Potential implications and directions fo...
A first order relaxation model for the prediction of the local interfacial area density in two-phase flows

Many energy production and chemical processes involve vapor/liquid two-phase flows. Mass and energy are often exchanged between the vapor and the liquid phases, and the fluid mechanics of the two-phase system is strongly influenced by the exchange of momentum between each phase. Significantly, the transport of mass, energy and momentum between the phases takes place across interfaces. Therefore the interfacial area density (i.e. the interfacial area per unit volume) has to be accurately known in order to make reliable predictions of the interfacial transfers. Indeed, the interfacial area density must be known for both steady and transient two-phase flows. It is the purpose of this paper to present a first order relaxation model which is derived from the Boltzmann transport equation, and which accurately describes the evolution of interfacial area density for bubbly flows. In particular, the local, instantaneous interfacial area densities and volume fractions are predicted for vertical flow of a vapor/liquid bubbly flow involving both bubble clusters and individual bubbles.
Anatomical organization of the brachial spinal cord of the cat. I. The distribution of dorsal root fibers

Abstract As part of a larger study of the anatomical organization of the brachial cord in the cat, the distribution patterns and orientations of degenerating dorsal root fibers were examined in segments C6-T1. Dorsal root fibers entered Rexed's lamina I from the dorsal funiculus and coursed longitudinally. Few fibers were found in lamina II, but many were found in lamine III and IV. The fibers in laminae III and IV ran longitudinally and displayed a topical organization. There was a dense distribution of degenerating fibers to laminae V and VI, primarily in the central regions, and the fibers in these laminae were vertically oriented. The quantities of degenerating fibers were more modest in most of laminae VII and VIII, but as in laminae V and VI, the fibers were vertically oriented. There was a substantial projection of dorsal root fibers to the motoneuronal cell groups, and these fibers had a predominantly longitudinal course. The orientations of the terminal arborizations of the dorsal root fiber were discussed in terms of the predominant dendritic orientations in the various laminae.
Overpumped Artesian Wells among a Well Group

. Overpumped artesian wells are defined and explained. Unified well equations which can be used for artesian, gravity and overpumped artesian wells are derived under both the steady and transient conditions of flow. The location of the boundary between artesian and gravity steady and transient flow systems in artesian aquifers, due to multiple wells among which overpumped artesian wells may exist, is explained.
Frequency response functions for arch dams: Hydrodynamic and foundation flexibility effects

La reponse dynamique des barrages-voutes en beton a un mouvement harmonique du sol est influencee par l'interaction entre le barrage et l'eau retenue et par l'absorption des ondes hydrodynamiques dans les alluvions et sediments a la limite de la retenue. Etude de ces effets et de ceux dus a la flexibilite de la roche de fondation. L'etude est faite sur le barrage de Morrow Point
Histopathology of Congenital Hyperinsulinism: Retrospective Study with Genotype Correlations

The majority of the most severe cases of congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) are caused by defects in the beta-cell adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channel and usually require pancreatectomy to control blood sugar levels. In contrast to the recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology and genetic bases of HI, the histologic classification of this condition remains controversial. A recent proposal to classify the HI pancreata into diffuse and focal forms has drawn much interest because of its relative simplicity and its good correlation with the genetic abnormalities. We undertook a retrospective study to determine whether this classification scheme could be applied to 38 pancreata resected for HI at our institution. We also obtained leukocyte genomic DNA from 29 cases and screened the exons of ABCC8 and KCNJ11 genes for the presence of mutations. Nineteen cases (50.0%) were histologically classified as diffuse HI and 14 cases (36.8%) were categorized as focal form. The mutational analysis revealed that 14 of the 16 diffuse cases analyzed had either homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations of ABCC8 or KCNJ11 and 7 of 10 focal cases had only the paternally inherited mutations, consistent with the previous observations. Two patients (5.3%) had normal pancreatic histology but had persistent hypoglycemia postoperatively, leaving the possibility of residual focal lesion. Three of 38 cases (7.9%) did not fit well into either diffuse or focal category. Two cases differed from the described pattern for the diffuse form in that the nuclear enlargement was confined to a single area of the pancreas. The other case had a focal lesion but beta-cell nuclear enlargement was present in nonadjacent areas. Mutations for typical diffuse or focal HI were not identified in two of these three equivocal cases. We conclude from this study that nearly 90% of HI cases can be classified into either a diffuse or a focal form. However, a small percentage of cases represented a diagnostic challenge.
The effect of oxygen on the processing of mesocarbon microbeads to high-density carbon

Mesocarbon microbeads have proved to be an excellent precursor for high-density carbon materials. In this article, the impact of oxidation on carbonization behavior and mechanical property of the graphitized pellets are studied. Thermal analysis shows that the oxidation is the competition between weight gain, due to the incorporation of oxygen into the structure and weight loss caused by the consumed carbon and hydrogen during reaction with oxygen. Thermogravimetry-mass spectroscopy showed that the chemical process associated with the hydrogen release is responsible for the major shrinkage event. On the other hand, the weight loss due to carbon monoxide release dominates the weight loss when microbeads are oxidized at 250 °C or higher. X-ray analysis revealed that oxidation pretreatment inhibits the growth of mesophase structure at temperatures around 450 °C during carbonization. When compacted under pressure higher than 100 MPa, cracks were found in pellets made from original microbeads, while for microbeads oxidized at 150 °C or higher no cracks were discovered after carbonization. The cracks were formed when microbeads had the lowest viscosity, as evidenced in the dilatometry experiments. Fracture toughness of the graphitized pellets decreases continuously with an increase in oxidation temperature, indicating that oxidation should be avoided when maximum fracture property is desired.
Steam Dryer Acoustic Load Predictions in the Main Steam Line Break Event

In nuclear reactor design, significant acoustic pressure loads impact the steam dryer hood as a result of the main steam line break outside containment (MSLB) event. When a main steam line breaks, it is assumed that the pipe instantaneously breaks completely open to the ambient environment (double-ended guillotine break). Due to the huge pressure difference between the inside of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and surrounding ambient environment, a shock wave will form at the break point and burst into the surrounding environment. At the same time, an expansion wave will travel upstream through the main steam line to the RPV, which results in a pressure reduction on the outside of the steam dryer hood. This expansion wave will create a substantial pressure difference between the two sides of the steam dryer hood with a resultant high stress on the hood. This differential pressure load is the acoustic load used in the structure design evaluations for this event. A key design basis requirement for the steam dryer is to maintain structural integrity during transient, and accident conditions. Demonstration that the steam dryers meet this design basis requires a calculation of the magnitude of the acoustic load on the steam dryer during a MSLB. In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used as an alternate calculation method to investigate the phenomenon of MSLB. Transient simulations with fine time steps were carried out. The results show that CFD is a useful tool to provide additional information on the acoustic load as compared to the traditional methods. From the CFD results, the minimum pressure value and its distribution area at different flow times was identified. Through the modeling, an understanding of the detailed transient flow field, particular the acoustic pressure field near the dryer hood during the MSLB was achieved.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Effect of Awareness of Language Law on Language Access in the Health Care Setting

BACKGROUND: Federal law obligates health care providers receiving federal funding to ensure language access to limited English-proficient (LEP) individuals who cannot communicate with their provider. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether LEP individual awareness of this law improved language access through interpreter utilization. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In June 2003, a telephone survey of 1,200 Californians was conducted in 11 non-English languages. MEASUREMENTS: The survey included items on English proficiency, awareness of language law, health care utilization, and communication methods. Language access was defined as having a provider who speaks the individual’s language (language-concordant) or utilizing an interpreter. RESULTS: There were 1,000 LEP participants, of whom 371 (37%) were aware of the language law. Four hundred and ninety-one (49%) of LEP participants had a language-concordant provider. Of the remaining 509 LEP participants without a language-concordant provider, 111 (22%) reported interpreter utilization in the health care setting. After controlling for age, gender, education, income, insurance status, years in the United States, health care utilization, and level of English proficiency, awareness of law was not associated with interpreter utilization (odds ratio [OR] 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38, 1.17; P=.16), but was associated with having a language-concordant provider (OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.19, 2.26; P=.003). CONCLUSION: Awareness of language law is not sufficient to resolve language barriers for LEP individuals. Provider and organization level barriers to language access must be addressed.
Specific catalytic activity at the HZSM-5 surface for the polymerization of tetrahydrofuran

Abstract The polymerization of tetrahydrofuran has been investigated by using medium- and large-pore zeolites as catalysts. HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3 = 70; small crystals) shows distinctly the highest activity. Under the same conditions, medium pore zeolite HZSM-23 (SiO2/Al2O3 = 110; small crystals) and large-pore zeolites Hbeta, (SiO2/Al2O3 = 37; small crystls), HMCM-22 (SiO2/Al2O3 = 23; small crystals) and HECR-1 (SiO2/Al2O3 = 8; small crystals) are far less active while Ultrastable HY (SiO2/Al2O3 = 13; medium size crystals) is inactive. In addition, the activities of HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3 = 70; small crystals) and zeolite Hbeta (SiO2/Al2O3 = 37; small crystals) are greatly reduced when they are surface deactivated by tetraphenylphosphonium bromide. Large crystal HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3 = 70; about 100 times larger than small crystals) appears inactive. In cationic polymerization, the protecting power of the companion anion contributes to the long life of the propagating cation, and in turn the high degree of polymerization. It is known that p-ClC6H5NN+PF6− is a superior catalyst for the polymerization of tetrahydrofuran in homogeneous systems, resulting in a high degree of polymerization. We have shown that under the same experimental conditions, the degree of polymerization attained by using HZSM-5 (small crystals) as the catalyst is higher than that achieved using p-ClC6H5NN+PF6−. We infer that the reason for this higher degree of polymerization is that the anion in the zeolite framework offers even higher protection to the propagating cation than the already superior anion PF6− in homogeneous systems. For the same reason, far fewer occurrences of chain transfer take place during the polymerization with the HZSM-5 system than with the p-ClC6H5NN+PF6− system when trimethyl orthoformate is used as a chain transfer agent. Based on the observations, we have proposed that zeolite-catalyzed polymerization of tetrahydrofuran takes place at the external surfaces and HZSM-5 has a surface geometry which is particularly favorable for the propagation of tetrahydrofuran polymerization.
Holography and eternal inflation

We show that eternal inflation is compatible with holography. In particular, we emphasize that if a region is asymptotically de Sitter in the future, holographic arguments by themselves place no bound on the number of past e-foldings. We also comment briefly on holographic restrictions on the production of baby universes.
Time dependence of N-acetyl-aspartate, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations following spinal cord injury

The time dependence of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) concentrations relative to lactate and pyruvate in the injured rat spinal cord was investigated. Segments of spinal cord from regions rostral, caudal, and at the epicenter of the injury were analyzed. NAA concentrations were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and lactate and pyruvate concentrations were determined by UV spectroscopy at 20 min, 60 min, 2 h, 8 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 1 week after injury. NAA levels fell most significantly at the epicenter of the injury, reaching 30% of basal levels within 24 h. In all segments, lactate levels increased significantly shortly after injury, peaking at two to five times normal basal levels between 20 and 60 min after injury. Rostral and caudal to the injury site, lactate elevations and NAA reductions were less dramatic. Pyruvate concentrations were not significantly altered in any of the sections after injury. The temporal and spatial relationships of NAA and lactate changes indicated that ischemic conditions due to injury in the upper thoracic rat spinal cord were distributed asymmetrically. Acute ischemia was more severely caudal to the injury site, and NAA concentrations were more severely impaired in the rostral direction. The results suggest that the extent of neuronal degeneration due to spinal cord injury does not correlate directly with acute ischemic severity as measured by the lactate/pyruvate ratio, and may be more closely related to secondary changes in the neuronal environment.
Growth and characterization of DyP/GaAs and DyAs/GaAs-based heterostructures and superlattices

Abstract Details of the structural and electrical properties of epitaxial DyP/GaAs and DyAs/GaAs is reported. DyP is lattice matched to GaAs, with a room temperature mismatch of less than 0.01%. DyAs, on the other hand, has a mismatch of nearly 2.4%. Both DyP and DyAs have been grown by solid source MBE using custom designed group V thermal cracker cells and group III high-temperature effusion cells. High-quality DyP and DyAs epilayers, as determined by XRD, TEM, and AFM analysis, were obtained for growth temperatures ranging from 500°C to 600°C with growth rates between 0.5 and 0.7 μm/h. The DyP epilayers are n-type with measured electron concentrations of the order of 3×10 20 to 4×10 20 cm −3 , with room temperature mobilities of 250–300 cm 2 /V s, and with a barrier height of 0.75 eV to GaAs. The DyAs epilayers are also n-type with concentration of 1×10 21 to 2×10 21 cm −3 , with mobilities between 25 and 40 cm 2 /V s. DyP is stable in air with no apparent oxidation taking place, even after months of ambient exposure to untreated air.
Signal Timing Optimization for Oversaturated Networks Using TRANSYT-7F

Oversaturated traffic networks with spill-back conditions are becoming more common, and their signal timing is difficult to optimize. Up through release 7, TRANSYT-7F, a signal timing tool for traffic network simulation and optimization, was designed for modeling only undersaturated networks. Release 8, which was recently completed, has the added capability to model oversaturated networks. Because signal timing optimization for oversaturated networks requires emphasis on traffic throughput and queue management rather than on traditional delay and progression, four new optimization objective functions were introduced in release 8. This paper introduces these new objective functions and compares their ability to produce optimal timing plans with the abilities of the four traditional objective functions. The types of spill-back effects explicitly modeled by release 8 are also introduced. For performance evaluation, a data set involving two closely spaced ramp terminals at an urban diamond interchange was mod...
Cold urticaria in a patient with mycosis fungoides

We report what we believe to be the first documentation of a patient with both cold urticaria and mycosis fungoides. The patient described a marked worsening of his long-standing lesions of mycosis fungoides at the same time as the onset of cold sensitivity. We believe this suggests a possible association between these 2 rare diseases.
rBMP Represses Wnt Signaling and Influences Skeletal Progenitor Cell Fate Specification During Bone Repair

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) participate in multiple stages of the fetal skeletogenic program from promoting cell condensation to regulating chondrogenesis and bone formation through endochondral ossification. Here, we show that these pleiotropic functions are recapitulated when recombinant BMPs are used to augment skeletal tissue repair. In addition to their well-documented ability to stimulate chondrogenesis in a skeletal injury, we show that recombinant BMPs (rBMPs) simultaneously suppress the differentiation of skeletal progenitor cells in the endosteum and bone marrow cavity to an osteoblast lineage. Both the prochondrogenic and antiosteogenic effects are achieved because rBMP inhibits endogenous beta-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling. In the injured periosteum, this repression of Wnt activity results in sox9 upregulation; consequently, cells in the injured periosteum adopt a chondrogenic fate. In the injured endosteum, rBMP also inhibits Wnt signaling, which results in the runx2 and collagen type I downregulation; consequently, cells in this region fail to differentiate into osteoblasts. In muscle surrounding the skeletal injury site, rBMP treatment induces Smad phosphorylation followed by exuberant cell proliferation, an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, and chondrogenic differentiation. Thus different populations of adult skeletal progenitor cells interpret the same rBMP stimulus in unique ways, and these responses mirror the pleiotropic effects of BMPs during fetal skeletogenesis. These mechanistic insights may be particularly useful for optimizing the reparative potential of rBMPs while simultaneously minimizing their adverse outcomes.
Financial risk tolerance revisited: the development of a risk assessment instrument☆☆

Abstract This paper explores conceptual, methodological, and empirical issues related to the development of a financial risk-tolerance assessment instrument. Financial risk tolerance is a significant factor in a number of household financial decisions, yet few recognized, valid, and reliable methods of assessment are available for use by financial service providers and educators. Empirical results from a multistage development of a 13-item risk assessment instrument are discussed. The multidimensional instrument is presented as the foundation for the development of a more widely used and accepted index. Future use by practitioners and researchers is encouraged to further validate the usefulness of the instrument.JEL classification:D81
Hyperpyrexia as a Sign of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the Neonate

To our knowledge, there have been 18 previously reported cases of hyperpyrexia due to intraventricular hemorrhage in newborns, usually as a terminal event. Three more cases are reported here. In these three cases hyperpyrexia not only was an early finding, but actually was the presenting sign in two infants. Intraventricular hemorrhage should be included in the differential diagnosis of fever in the newborn. Prognosis in these neonates perhaps is poor, but early diagnosis may enable some to survive intact.
Comprehensive sexual abuse treatment programs and reports of sexual abuse

This study investigates the relationship between the establishment of comprehensive treatment programs for sexual abusers of children and the incidence of reporting of sexual abuse. The percentage of reported child sexual abuse cases of all reports of child abuse in California counties was examined from 1972 through 1981. Reports of child sexual abuse were greater for counties with treatment programs than for counties matched for size without treatment programs, even though no such differences preceded the programs. The evidence supports the conclusion that the establishment of comprehensive sexual abuse treatment programs increases the subsequent reporting of sexual abuse.
Differential dynamic properties of scleroderma fibroblasts in response to perturbation of environmental stimuli.

Diseases are believed to arise from dysregulation of biological systems (pathways) perturbed by environmental triggers. Biological systems as a whole are not just the sum of their components, rather ever-changing, complex and dynamic systems over time in response to internal and external perturbation. In the past, biologists have mainly focused on studying either functions of isolated genes or steady-states of small biological pathways. However, it is systems dynamics that play an essential role in giving rise to cellular function/dysfunction which cause diseases, such as growth, differentiation, division and apoptosis. Biological phenomena of the entire organism are not only determined by steady-state characteristics of the biological systems, but also by intrinsic dynamic properties of biological systems, including stability, transient-response, and controllability, which determine how the systems maintain their functions and performance under a broad range of random internal and external perturbations. As a proof of principle, we examine signal transduction pathways and genetic regulatory pathways as biological systems. We employ widely used state-space equations in systems science to model biological systems, and use expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms and Kalman filter to estimate the parameters in the models. We apply the developed state-space models to human fibroblasts obtained from the autoimmune fibrosing disease, scleroderma, and then perform dynamic analysis of partial TGF-β pathway in both normal and scleroderma fibroblasts stimulated by silica. We find that TGF-β pathway under perturbation of silica shows significant differences in dynamic properties between normal and scleroderma fibroblasts. Our findings may open a new avenue in exploring the functions of cells and mechanism operative in disease development.
Adolescent smoking cessation: how effective have we been?

Abstract Adolescent smoking, at its current rate, is considered a pediatric epidemic, with 3,000 youths less than 18 years of age becoming regular smokers each day (Johnson, O'Malley, & Bachman, 1998). The reasons adolescents begin and continue to smoke are multifactorial. There is a paucity of research describing effective adolescent smoking-cessation programs. Much of the research on adolescent tobacco use has focused on correlates and prevention of onset, rather than on intervention with active smokers. Current research indicates that 75% of adolescents who currently smoke want to quit. It is essential that nurses involved with adolescent health promotion become active in smoking-cessation efforts. This article describes the risk factors for adolescent smoking and identifies smoking-cessation strategies, with interventions specific to the adolescent population. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Both Neonate and Elder: The First Fossil of 1557

Human vanity always drives us to elevate the ordinary. “He put a feather in his cap and called it macaroni. … Yankee doodle dandy.” The Oxford English Dictionary gives the appropriate definition (not pasta in this case) as “an exquisite of a class which arose in England about 1760 and consisted of young men who had traveled and affected the tastes and fashions prevalent in continental society … a fop.” In a standard Renaissance version of this universal tendency, scholars translated their common names into the ancient tongues of a classical world that had, in their firm conviction, learned everything worth knowing. Thus, Georg Bauer (literally George the farmer), became Georgius Agricola (the same, but in Latin) and published, under this prettified name, the first great geological treatise ( De natura fossilium plus four shorter works) in 1546. But Philipp Schwartzerd (Mr. black earth) tried to conquer his cultivator by reinventing himself in even classier Greek—becoming Philipp Melanchthon (the same Mr. black earth in Athenian splendor), the right-hand man of Martin Luther and the Reformation. I am not linking the Catholic naturalist who clothed himself in Latin with the Protestant reformer who dressed in Greek just to make an idle linguistic point. The two men share a direct and fascinating paleontological connection—for, in 1551, Melanchthon wrote a key letter to a Frankfurt publisher, urging him to print the geological treatise of his friend Christopher Encelius (or Entzelt, in his native German) by differentiating this effort from the prior and magnificent work of Agricola. Encelius should be published, Melanchthon wrote (as we know because his letter became the preface to Encelius's book, finally printed in 1557), non ut certet cum viro doctissimo et ingeniosissimo Georgio Agricola, sed ut suo aliquo labore studia philosophica adiuvet —“not so that he may compete with the …
Influence of Host Plant Phenology on Mitoura nelsoni (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

The influence of host plant phenology on the univoltine specialist lepidopteran herbivore Mitoura nelsoni Boisduval was investigated using incense cedar, Calocedrus decurrens Torrey. The hypothesis that new spring growth is an optimal resource for M. nelsoni was tested by rearing larvae on plants collected along an elevational gradient at two times in the spring (both before and during the typical flight period of M. nelsoni). The oviposition preferences of females were assayed with the same plants. M. nelsoni pupae grew to consistently greater pupal weights when reared on incense cedar branches in the earliest phenological stages (largely consisting of branches taken from trees that had not initiated new growth), although females avoided ovipositing on prenew growth branches. Trees in the earliest phenological stages, which resulted in the highest larval performance, were collected before the typical flight season of M. nelsoni. The phenology of M. nelsoni does not seem to be synchronized to host conditions that are optimal for larval development. These results are discussed within the context of host-associated speciation in the genus Mitoura and temporal isolation that may be an important component of reproductive isolation between M. nelsoni and a closely related species in northern California.
The Geography of Girl Watching in Postwar Montreal

The visual landscape of urban life in 1960s Montreal helped to give rise to a new practice of gazing at women, which complicates many of the taken-for-granted notions about the place of women in cities. Through the interrelated systems of visual representation—fashion, newspaper journalism, architecture, and the city itself—“girl watching” emerges as a practice intimately bound to the space of the city and the discourses of social relations embedded within it. In the process of normalizing and “naturalizing” the appearance of women in city space, an argument is made for the possibility that these spaces were subsequently opened up for other uses by women.
Wobbled synthetic discriminant function classification

The task of object classification is complicated by variations in the three-dimensional (3D) object, which translate into distortions in 2-D images. The pattern matching for invariance classification requires a large amount of data and computation time. Proposed here is an efficient distortion invariant object classification algorithm for real-time fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator (FJTC) based automatic target recognition (ATR) system. The proposed classification technique employed fragment-based recognition approach and a new type of synthetic discriminant function (SDF) filter in the generation of distortion invariant correlation filter sets. The optoelectronic FJTC is then used to provide real-time correlation of the filter sets and input under a proper arrangement. This classification method is simple and fast and hence is relevant to be in use by real-time ATR systems. As the conclusion, simulation results are provided to prove the effectiveness of the proposed system in the classification of objects invariant to various distortions.
An Eye Movement Analysis of the Effect of Interruption Modality on Primary Task Resumption

Objective: We examined the effect of interruption modality (visual or auditory) on primary task (visual) resumption to determine which modality was the least disruptive. Background: Theories examining interruption modality have focused on specific periods of the interruption timeline. Preemption theory has focused on the switch from the primary task to the interrupting task. Multiple resource theory has focused on interrupting tasks that are to be performed concurrently with the primary task. Our focus was on examining how interruption modality influences task resumption. We leverage the memory-for-goals theory, which suggests that maintaining an associative link between environmental cues and the suspended primary task goal is important for resumption. Method: Three interruption modality conditions were examined: auditory interruption with the primary task visible, auditory interruption with a blank screen occluding the primary task, and a visual interruption occluding the primary task. Reaction time and eye movement data were collected. Results: The auditory condition with the primary task visible was the least disruptive. Eye movement data suggest that participants in this condition were actively maintaining an associative link between relevant environmental cues on the primary task interface and the suspended primary task goal during the interruption. Conclusion: These data suggest that maintaining cue association is the important factor for reducing the disruptiveness of interruptions, not interruption modality. Application: Interruption-prone computing environments should be designed to allow for the user to have access to relevant primary task cues during an interruption to minimize disruptiveness.
A General Theory of Parachute Opening

pV\l (10) AP(V)/R02 = 1.867 - 2.399[0.6057 - (V/R03) where R0 is the flat canopy radius, and it is assumed that the vent is not pulled down. The values of the constants appropriate for a horizontally launched, solid, flat canopy are CD = 1.5, A 1 =A 2 =0.5,A 3 = 1, Cmi= 0.375 (11) Cm2 = 0.333, Cgl = 7T/2, Cg2 = 1
Quantitative Trait Loci for Yield Traits Located Between Hd3a and Hd1 on Short Arm of Chromosome 6 in Rice

Abstract QTLs for heading date located in the regions of Hd3a and Hd1 were detected using an F2:3 population developed from a residual heterozygous line (RHL) identified from the recombinant inbred lines of the indica rice cross Zhenshan 97B / Milyang 46. Linkage in coupling phase between the QTLs for heading date and yield traits detected in a previous study was found. Four more F2:3 populations were each developed from an RHL that was homozygous at Hd3a and Hd1 but heterozygous in a portion of the intervals flanked by Hd3a and Hd1. QTLs for grain yield per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight were detected in the heterozygous region. Five sets of near-isogenic lines (NILs) with overlapping heterogenous segments covering the interval RM6119-RM6779 were developed and used to validate and delimitate the QTLs. A QTL conferring a consistent effect for the number of grains per panicle was located within the interval RM19615-RM19652 that corresponded to a 514.4-kb region on chromosome 6. The same region might have pleiotropic effects on the other three yield-related traits analyzed, but the effects varied greatly among different populations and across different environments. This study suggests that it is possible to develop a population with little variation on heading date and to identify QTLs for yield traits that might not be associated with heading date by using the information of physical positions of DNA markers and cloned genes.
Golfing Alone? Corporations, Elites, and Nonprofit Growth in 100 American Communities

We examine the link between corporations and community by showing how corporate density interacts with the local social and cultural infrastructure to affect the growth and decline of the number of local nonprofits between 1987 and 2002. We focus on two subpopulations of nonprofits in 100 American cities: 1 elite-oriented cultural and educational institutions and 2 social welfare-oriented organizations. We find that corporate density enhances the growth of both types of nonprofits, as does location in the northeast United States and a long-established business community, but corporate density is especially potent for the growth of elite-oriented nonprofits—but not social welfare nonprofits—when local networks and cultural norms support elite mobilization. We conclude that despite globalizing trends, the local geographic community continues to be an important unit of analysis for unpacking multisector organizational processes among corporations and nonprofits.
Web-centric product data management system within a team design problem

Product data management applications are typically used for the management of design data. When integrated with web-centric portals, these applications allow design data to be shared with dispersed and disparate design parties. This paper describes the utilization of a web-centric product data management application within a parametric design course. Implementation issues are provided along with student feedback.