cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early-Starting Conduct Problems: Intersection of Conduct Problems and Poverty

The current article reviews extant literature on the intersection between poverty and the development of conduct problems (CP) in early childhood. Associations between exposure to poverty and disruptive behavior are reviewed through the framework of models emphasizing how the stressors associated with poverty indirectly influence child CP by compromising parent psychological resources, investments in children's welfare, and/or caregiving quality. We expand on the best-studied model, the family stress model, by emphasizing the mediating contribution of parent psychological resources on children's risk for early CP, in addition to the mediating effects of parenting. Specifically, we focus on the contribution of maternal depression, in terms of both compromising parenting quality and exposing children to higher levels of stressful events and contexts. Implications of the adapted family stress model are then discussed in terms of its implications for the prevention and treatment of young children's emerging CP.
PolicyForge: a collaborative environment for formalizing privacy policies in health care

The vision of PolicyForge.org is that it becomes an open repository for privacy policies at local, state and national level; provides collaboration services for discussing, interpreting, and tracking policies; and by embedding formal policy models with relevant ontologies, it provides a wide range of services for authoring, composing, analyzing policy models, and for exporting executable version of the models for Health Information Exchange platforms.
The defect structure of silver-doped CdS

Abstract High-temperature Hall effect measurements are carried out on CdS doped with 2·5 × 10 17 −2·3 × 10 20 Ag cm −3 under various cadmium and sulfur pressures. At high p cd and low silver concentrations, Ag acts as a donor. At higher concentrations self compensation occurs. An anomalous variation of the Hall coefficient with p s 2 indicates that the electron concentration increases with increasing p s 2 . This is attributed to the formation of anti structure defects S cd . A complete defect model is proposed, and published solubility and diffusion data for Ag in CdS in equilibrium with (Ag, Cd) alloys are reinterpreted on the basis of this model.
Developing an effective and affordable search engine marketing strategy for nonprofits

The authors propose a Search-Engine Marketing (SEM) process for nonprofit organisations that optimises organic search results. It is easy to adapt to the particular goals of different nonprofits and is within reach of nonprofits' limited personnel and financial resources. This process enables the organisation to fine-tune its web presence according to its values and the feedback from the marketplace regarding keywords and search terms that potential constituents might find useful to them. It answers the call in the literature to nonprofits for a finer-grained approach to segmentation, more specific targeting and better branding differentiation through values.
Quasi-isomorphism of direct sums of cyclic groups

F o r any ordinal number e, fG(e) is the e-th Ulm invariant of G. Conversely, it was shown that if G and H are countable groups which satisfy {I) and (II), then G H. Clearly, for countable groups without elements of infinite height, (I) is a necessary and sufficient condition for quasi-isomorphism. As a corollary of [1; Theorem 1.3] we have that if G and H are countable, then G H if and only if G and H have quasi-isomorphic basic subgroups and G t H t (G ~ and H t are the subgroups of dements of infinite height in G and H respectively). In this note, we use [1; Theorem 1.3] to prove the following theorem.
Cooperative transcriptional activation by Klf4, Meis2, and Pbx1.

The Kruppel-like factor Klf4 is implicated in tumorigenesis and maintaining stem cell pluripotency, and Klf4 can both activate and repress gene expression. We show that the Pbx1 and Meis2 homeodomain proteins interact with Klf4 and can be recruited to DNA elements comprising a Klf4 site or GC box, with adjacent Meis and Pbx sites. Meis2d and Pbx1a activate expression of p15Ink4a and E-cadherin, dependent on the Meis2d transcriptional activation domain. In HepG2 cells, reducing expression of endogenous Meis2 or Pbx1 decreases p15 gene expression and increases the number of cells entering S phase. Although DNA binding by all three proteins contributes to full cooperative activation, the sequence requirements for binding by Meis2 and Pbx1 are variable. In the E-cadherin promoter, a Pbx-like site is required for full activation, whereas in the p15 promoter, the Klf4 site appears to play the major role. Through a bioinformatics search we identified additional genes with conserved binding sites for Klf4, Meis2, and Pbx1 and show that at least some of these genes can be activated cooperatively by Klf4 and Meis2/Pbx1. We suggest a model in which genes with Klf4 sites can be cooperatively activated by Meis2/Pbx1 and Klf4, dependent primarily on recruitment by Klf4. This provides a mechanism to modulate transcriptional regulation by the multifunctional Klf4 transcription factor.
Virtual series impedance emulation control for remote PV or wind farms

This paper proposes a virtual series impedance emulation control strategy for current controlled remote PV or wind farms, in order to enhance the power transfer capability of the transmission line. This approach can be regarded as integrating the functions of the FACTS devices, such as series capacitors, into the grid-side converters of PV or wind farms, by utilizing the reactive power capability of the converters. First, the virtual series impedance emulation control strategy for PV or wind farms in both the operation mode with P and Q control and the operation mode with P and V control is described. Then the capability of virtual impedance emulation is analyzed, considering the converter limitations and plant-level limitations. Comparison with physical series capacitors is carried out to investigate the impact of the proposed method on the grid-side converter design. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is verified by both simulation and experiments.
Clock distribution design in VLSI circuits-An overview

Clock distribution networks synchronize the flow of data signals between data paths, and the design of these networks can dramatically affect system wide performance and reliability. The field of clock distribution design can be grouped into a number of subtopics: 1) circuit and layout techniques for structured custom VLSI systems; 2) the automated synthesis of clock distribution networks with application to automated synthesis of clock distribution networks with application to automated placement and routing of gate arrays, standard cells, and larger block-oriented circuits; 3) the analysis and modeling of the timing characteristics of clock distribution networks; and 4) the specification of the optimal timing characteristics of clock distribution networks based on architectural and functional performance requirements. Each of these areas is described and summarized. Future trends are discussed. >
Pain reports and pain medication treatment in nursing home residents with and without dementia.

Aim The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if a diagnosis of dementia influenced pain self-reports and pain medication use in a group of verbally communicative nursing home (NH) residents. Methods The study design was a between groups, cross-sectional chart audit and a seven-question structured pain interview comparing outcomes in residents with and without a diagnosis of dementia. The study was carried out at a large metropolitan NH in the southern USA. The participants consisted of 52 long-stay NH residents capable of self-consent with at least one order for pain medication (opioid or non-narcotic) either pro re nata, scheduled or both. Approximately 40% (n = 20) had a diagnosis of dementia. Results Although each group had similar pain-related diagnoses, residents without a dementia diagnosis were significantly more likely to have a medication order for an opioid (OR 4.37,95% CI 1.29–14.73, P = 0.018). Based on self-reported pain interview responses, no statistically significant differences were identified between the groups for chronic pain symptoms. However, among residents who reported current pain, those with a dementia diagnosis reported greater pain intensity (based on a 0–10 numeric rating scale) than did those without dementia (median 8.0 vs 6.0, respectively; P = 0.010). Conclusions Verbally communicative NH residents with mild and moderate cognitive impairment can report their pain symptoms and pain intensity. Nurses in long-term care might assume that residents with dementia cannot reliably self-report their pain; however, suffering from untreated severe pain could exacerbate cognitive impairment, worsen functional impairment and severely impair sleep. A brief, focused pain interview might be one method for increasing the detection of moderate to severe pain in verbally communicative NH residents with dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 541–548.
A Severe Outbreak of Fire Blight in Woody Ornamental Rosaceae Plants in North Florida and South Georgia

Woody ornamentals including 'Bradford' and 'Aristocrat' pears (Pyrus calleryana), Indian hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis sp.), and cotoneaster (Cotoneaster spp.) developed blossom and shoot blight symptoms suggestive of fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora. Disease was observed in several counties in north Florida and south Georgia and samples were sent to Florida Extension Plant Diagnostic Clinic-Quincy (FEPDC-Q). The incidences in individual 'Bradford' pear were as high as 30 to 40 strikes per tree. This level of severe E. amylovora infections on 'Bradford' pear has not been seen in Florida for the last 10 years based on FEPDC-Q data. Symptomatic plants first appeared in the landscape and nurseries around the first week of April 2000 in the following counties: Bay, Holmes, Washington, Gadsden, Leon, Jefferson (north Florida), and Decatur (south Georgia). Severely infected 'Bradford' pear trees were also observed in Georgia cities of Cairo, Thomasville, Moultrie, and Tifton. The presence of E. amylovora in samples was verified by pEA29-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (2,4), fatty acid methyl ester analysis (MIDI, Newark, DE), and colony type on semi-selective modified Miller-Schroth (MMS) medium (3). Of the 16 samples tested by PCR, E. amylovora was present in all. Actively growing shoots of Cotoneaster salicifolius (a susceptible host) were inoculated with a bacterium isolated from 'Bradford' pears that was identified as E. amylovora by PCR. Dark brown necrotic tissues with typical fire blight appearance developed within 10 days. E. amylovora was reisolated on MMS medium from inoculated shoot tissues of C. salicifolius and confirmed by PCR. The presence of E. amylovora from ornamental pears, Indian hawthorn, and cotoneasters was previously reported in Florida (1). Cool spring temperatures in the Florida panhandle and several rain events during the bloom period may have stimulated the severe outbreak of fire blight. This severe outbreak highlights the importance of using a forecasting model such as Maryblyt 4.3 to predict unexpected infection periods so that preventive control measures can be taken. References: (1) S. A. Alfieri, Jr. et al. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bulletin No. 14, 1994. (2) S. Bereswill et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:3522, 1992. (3) W. Brulez and W. Zeller. Acta Hortic. 117:37, 1981. (4) M. T. Momol et al. Plant Dis. 82:646, 1998.
Moral Theory and Policy Science: A New Look at the Gap Between Foreign and Domestic Affairs

This article examines the present bifurcation of policy-making into domestic and foreign components, and urges a theoretical effort aimed at unifying national policy by integrating its various components. Beyond such an urging, the article aims to show that the act of making policy invariably involves decisions about events that take place both within and outside of a nation. This is not a claim for the superiority of any one segment of policy making. What is important or trivial is determined within a means-ends continuum. In breaking down artificial barriers inherited from nationalist models, it is possible to institutionalize a policy process that takes into account “shrinkage” of the world that is a direct consequence of new information technologies, and at the same time, incorporates the wisdom of classical ethical theories on the nature of power.
Photorefractive spatial solitons

We present an overview of the experimental and theoretical understanding of spatial solitons in photorefractive materials. At present, three generic types of photorefractive solitons are known: quasi-steady-state, screening and photovoltaic solitons. The quasi-steady-state solitons exist during the slow screening process of an externally applied field in bright and dark realizations and in one and two transverse dimensions. The screening solitons occur in a photorefractive material when an externally applied field is nonuniformly screened at steady-state. The photovoltaic solitons exist in photorefractive materials with a strong photovoltaic current.
Linguistic Lag as an Ethnic Marker

Language has long been recognized as an important marker of ethnic identity. The identification is usually made in terms of some specific language or dialect, the use of which coincides more or less well with the boundaries of some particular ethnic group. This relationship obtains perfectly in present-day East Sutherland (Scotland), where the East Sutherland Gaelic mother tongue is almost the sole marker of fisherfolk ethnic identity. It can be shown, however, that this is only a very recent development and that the long-standing linguistic component of fisherfolk ethnicity is rather a lag in linguistic behavior vis-a-vis the rest of the population. The lag has taken four different forms over the past century or so, but the presence of such a lag is itself the actual ethnic marker. (Language and ethnicity, linguistic norms, language maintenance and shift; Scotland, Scottish Gaelic.)
Parallel mixing of photolithographically defined nanoliter volumes using elastomeric microvalve arrays

Portable microfluidic systems provide simple and effective solutions for low-cost point-of-care diagnostics and high-throughput biomedical assays. Robust flow control and precise fluidic volumes are two critical requirements for these applications. We have developed a monolithic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microdevice that allows for storing and mixing subnanoliter volumes of aqueous solutions at various mixing ratios. Filling and mixing is controlled via two integrated PDMS microvalve arrays. The volumes of the microchambers are entirely defined by photolithography, hence volumes from picoliter to nanoliter can be fabricated with high precision. Because the microvalves do not require an energy input to stay closed, fluid can be stored in a highly portable fashion for several days. We have confirmed the mixing precision and predictability using fluorescence microscopy. We also demonstrate the application of the device for calibrating fluorescent calcium indicators. Due to the biocompatibility of PDMS, the device will have broad applications in miniaturized diagnostic assays as well as basic biological studies.
The “Merry Christmas Coronary” and “Happy New Year Heart Attack” Phenomenon

In 1999, my research group published a study that examined whether there are seasonable variations in cardiac mortality in a location where winter weather is mild—Los Angeles County, Calif.1 During a 12-year period, there were consistently more deaths from ischemic heart disease during the winter than there were during the summer. About one third more deaths from ischemic heart disease were recorded in December and January than from June through September in Los Angeles County. We initially thought that this phenomenon might be explained by colder temperatures. Colder temperatures have been associated with an increase in vascular resistance, coronary vasospasm, blood pressure, and hemostasis, as reviewed by Spencer et al.2 Temperatures in Los Angeles during the winter, although colder than they are during the summer, are still mild as compared with other climates. When we plotted daily rates of death from ischemic heart disease in Los Angeles County during November, December, and January, we were struck by an increase in deaths starting around Thanksgiving, climbing through Christmas, peaking on New Year’s Day, and then falling, whereas daily minimum temperatures remained relatively flat during December and January. We postulated that this peak in cardiac deaths during the holidays might result from other factors, including the emotional stress of the holidays, overindulgence during the holiday season, or both.1 See p 3781 The study by Phillips and coworkers3 in this issue of Circulation is an important contribution that extends our initial observation of an increase …
Our Dynamic Future

For decades, programmers have leveraged a very stable abstract machine for large-scale parallel computation: processors that could run equally sized chunks of work in equal time were connected via a fast interconnect. This very simple abstraction has served us quite well, allowing portable and scalable codes to be run across a wide range of platforms. However, as the semiconductor industry has pushed the limits of technology, dynamic power management has emerged as a key mechanism for boosting CPU performance. This new dynamic power management system built into all modern CPUs is forcing a change to the basic abstract machine used for designing efficient parallel algorithms. Programmers must begin to find mechanisms to modify their algorithms and runtime systems to run well on more dynamic systems.
Teen Dating Violence, Sexual Harassment, and Bullying Among Middle School Youth: Examining Measurement Invariance by Gender

This study investigated measurement invariance by gender among commonly used teen dating violence (TDV), sexual harassment, and bullying measures. Data were collected from one cohort of seventh-grade middle school students (N = 754) from four schools. Using structural equation modeling, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses assessed measurement models and tested measurement invariance by gender for aggression measures. Analyses invoked baseline data only. Physical and psychological TDV perpetration measures achieved strict measurement invariance, while bullying perpetration demonstrated partial strict invariance. Electronic TDV and sexual harassment perpetration achieved metric/scalar invariance. Study findings lend validation to prior and future studies using these measures with similar populations. Future research should increase attention to measurement development, refinement, and testing among study measures.
Disorder imposed limits of mono- and bilayer graphene electronic modification using covalent chemistry.

A central question in graphene chemistry is to what extent chemical modification can control an electronically accessible band gap in monolayer and bilayer graphene (MLG and BLG). Density functional theory predicts gaps in covalently functionalized graphene as high as 2 eV, while this approach neglects the fact that lattice symmetry breaking occurs over only a prescribed radius of nanometer dimension, which we label the S-region. Therefore, high chemical conversion is central to observing this band gap in transport. We use an electrochemical approach involving phenyl-diazonium salts to systematically probe electronic modification in MLG and BLG with increasing functionalization for the first time, obtaining the highest conversion values to date. We find that both MLG and BLG retain their relatively high conductivity after functionalization even at high conversion, as mobility losses are offset by increases in carrier concentration. For MLG, we find that band gap opening as measured during transport is lin...
Initial and Final State Effects in the Ultraviolet and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS and XPS) of Size-Selected Pdn Clusters Supported on TiO2(110)

Photoelectron spectroscopy is a powerful tool for investigating the electronic structure of supported clusters, especially when initial state and final state contributions to the electron binding e...
Preface: Sight Restoration Through Stem Cell Therapy

This publication presents chapters based on a meeting entitled "Sight Restoration Through Stem Cell Therapy" held on June 13, 2015, in Santa Monica, CA, sponsored by the Ocular Research Symposia Foundation (ORSF). It was chaired by Michael Young, PhD, Harvard Medical School, and Gerald Chader, PhD, University of Southern California. The mission of this publication and of the ORSF in general is to focus attention on unmet medical needs and current research opportunities in eye research with the objective of accelerating translation of research findings to effective clinical care. In the meeting, new research advances on stem cells and opportunities for their clinical application were highlighted and are recounted in the following chapters of this publication. By identifying "low-hanging fruit" (i.e., the best opportunities for successful transition of laboratory research to prevention and new treatments and cures for ocular diseases), we seek to spur funding at both the basic research and clinical levels, resulting in sight-saving and sight-restoration measures in the near future.
Epidemiological Characteristics of HIV/AIDS in Luzhou,1996-2010

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of HIV/AIDS in Luzhou,and provide evidence for the development of control strategy.Methods HIV/AIDS epidemic information in Luzhou from 1996 to 2010 were analyzed by using descriptive epidemiological method.Results.Totally 652 HIV infection cases were reported in 15 years,including 199 death cases.The average annual incidence rate of HIV was 0.92/105,the prevalence rate of HIV was 1.87/105,and the mortality of HIV/AIDS was 30.52%.The growth of new HIV infections was slow during 1996 to 2004,then it increased rapidly since 2005,the incidence rate increased from 0.15//105(2004) to 4.16/105(2010),with the yearly growth rate of 73.98%;the prevalence rate increased from 0.55/105(2004) to 9.02/105(2010).Longmatan district and Jiangyang district had more newly HIV infected than other areas(χ2= 131.877,P0.001).Most HIV/AIDS cases(483,74.08%) were aged between 20 and 49.The occupations of most infectors(523,80.21%) were farmer,unemployed persons and migrant workers.Sexual transmission was the main mode of HIV transmission.TB/HIV co-infection rate was 2.57%.Conclusion The HIV/AIDS epidemic has increased rapidly in Luzhou.Sexual transmission was the primary mode of HIV transmission,with the rapid increasing of homosexual transmission.Multidimensional approach should be taken soon.
Cumulative number and morphological score of embryos resulting in success: realistic expectations from in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer

Objective To define statistical thresholds for the number and morphological score of embryos transferred that would be predictive of reproductive success in an IVF program. Design A retrospective review of patient records. Setting The Mount Sinai Medical Center Assisted Reproductive Technologies Program. Participants One hundred women who underwent IVF-ET for a diagnosis of tubal occlusion and later delivered viable infants. Results The mean number of embryos transferred before achieving live birth was 10.7 ± 7.9 (mean ± SD), with one half of patients achieving success within the first seven embryos transferred, and 95% achieving success within 25 embryos. For high quality embryos, the numbers were 7.5 ± 6.3, 5, and 17, respectively, and, for the cumulative embryo score, a measure of both embryo morphology and metabolic activity, were 114.2 ± 86.0,83, and 280, respectively. Greater than 50% of live births occurred within the first two ET attempts. Conclusions Although more than half of patients achieved reproductive success within the first two ETs and the first five high quality embryos transferred, after this threshold, fecundity declined rapidly. The calculation of cumulative embryo scores offered additional prognostic information. While all prior attempts to define IVF-ET failure have done so by including patients who did not become pregnant, we have found an analysis of our successes to be a useful adjunct in counseling patients.
Avoiding polypharmacy and iatrogenesis in the nursing home

The vast majority of nursing home patients over age 65 take at least one prescription medicine, and, on average, seven drugs are concurrently prescribed for each of these patients. One result of this polypharmacy is an increased risk of iatrogenic disease. The authors discuss traditional prescribing patterns in nursing homes and how these patterns contribute to drug-drug and drug-disease interactions in nursing home patients, as well as strategies to reduce polypharmacy and iatrogenesis.
From birth plan to birth partnership: enhancing communication in childbirth

Birth plans were developed with the intention of enhancing a woman's prepared decision-making in the labor and delivery process and to offer obstetric care providers with important details about those decisions. Through the use of birth plans, women can reflect on their values and choices regarding what care practices and interventions they do and do not want in birth; they can communicate these values in advance to their care providers. However, birth plans are often ineffective at accomplishing their goals for a number of reasons. They may reflect outdated concerns about routine practices or overly emphasize minor matters. Many popular pregnancy websites offer birth plans that use checklist formats, and women who use these are not counseled about which options may require or preclude other options. Some women may have inappropriately rosy expectations of how their labor and delivery processes will progress or have received poor advice. The use of a birth plan may invoke hostility from hospital staff members who may disregard the plans and look down on the women who make them. An alternative approach to the use of birth plans to enhance a woman's participation and informed consent in the birth process is the birth partnership, in which women and their obstetric care providers take time to discuss thoroughly the choices to be made in birth in advance to have those choices best reflect the values of the woman giving birth. Meeting to discuss values and choices before labor offers the opportunity for mutual education between provider and patient about the choices to be made and the values that inform those choices. Effective communication and working to build mutual trust can serve as preventive measures to avoid many conflicts that arise in the birth process.
Characterization of Phospholipase D-Overexpressed and Suppressed Transgenic Tobacco and Arabidopsis

PLD hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids to phosphatidic acid, which, along with its metabolites, is an important mediator in cell signalling and regulation. PLD in mammals has been proposed to be involved in a broad range of cellular processes including cell proliferation, protein secretion, metabolic regulation, immune and inflammatory responses (2). PLD in yeast is required for sporulation and thought to play a role in meiotic signaling (2). PLD activity in plants has been implicated in different physiological processes that include membrane breakdown during stress injuries, pathogenesis, senescence, and ageing; messenger production in response to environmental cues; lipid mobilization during seed development and germination (3, 4). Recent cloning of phospholipase D cDNA from plants (1, 5), human, and yeast (2) reveals that PLD is a novel but highly conserved gene family. The availability of PLD cDNAs provides molecular tools needed to improve the understanding of PLD function. This report describes transgenic manipulations of PLD gene expression in tobacco and Arabidopsis.
Technology whose time has come

Joshua Pearce describes how physicists can help bring simple, affordable and life-changing devices to people and laboratories all over the world, using the concept of open-source appropriate technology.
Can the diagnostic reliability of the thrombin generation test as a global haemostasis assay be improved? The impact of calcium chloride concentration

Background Thrombin generation test (TGT) is a global haemostasis assay with a potential to predict bleeding tendencies and treatment effects in patients with haemophilia. Despite 15 years of clinical research, the diagnostic value of TGT remains controversial, possibly due to suboptimal sensitivity to coagulation deficiencies, robustness and reproducibility. Objective The goal of this study was to explore the effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) concentration on the TGT's response to intrinsic coagulation factors (F) VIII, IX and XIa. Methods Normal and factor-deficient plasmas supplemented with lacking coagulation factor and different CaCl2 levels were tested by calibrated thrombinography assay. Results Thrombin peak height (TPH) was strongly CaCl2 dependent, increasing sharply from no TG at 5 mm to a peak at 13.8 mm of CaCl2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.0, 14.5) in normal and normalized deficient plasmas and at 11.9 mm (CI: 9.7, 14.2) in deficient plasmas, and then decreasing slowly to a complete inhibition at 30-40 mm. In contrast, TG lag time, time to peak and endogenous thrombin potential were nearly insensitive to CaCl2 concentrations between 10 and 20 mm. The maximal difference between the TPH in deficient and supplemented plasmas was observed at 15.5 mm (CI: 12.8, 18.1). Conclusion Variations in CaCl2 concentration in the assay mixture and sodium citrate concentrations in patient plasma samples may affect TGT responses, sensitivity and result in increased inter- and intra-laboratory variance. Implementation of TGT by clinical and quality control laboratories may require optimization of CaCl2 concentration.
Guarding giants: resource commons quality and informal property rights in big-wave surfing

This study extends prior empirical research on issues associated with the common-pool resource represented by surf breaks (i.e., surfing locations) by (1) creating an alternative, perhaps more objective metric, based on a logistic transformation of pairwise comparisons of the results of big-wave surfing competitions, of surf break quality, (2) applying the alternative surf break quality metric to “big-wave” surf breaks and (3) varying the test area by examining big-wave surf breaks worldwide. The results presented here are perhaps even more compelling than those from prior research—indicating that a marginal increase in surf break quality leads to a relatively large increase—in this case more than 30% points—in the probability of observing fierce localism at surf breaks. The finding here of a larger marginal effect of surf break quality on localism in big-wave surfing than in traditional surfing supports the idea that big-wave surfing and traditional surfing represent distinct markets, characterized by different technologies and inherent dangers, such that localism at big-wave surf breaks exceeds that at traditional surf breaks in terms of ferocity, ceteris paribus. Although this study focuses specifically on the relationship between surf break quality and localism, our research highlights the importance of informal property rights protection of common-pool resources.
Contraception concerns, utilization and counseling needs of women with a history of breast cancer: a qualitative study.

Introduction Reproductive-aged women who have had breast cancer face unique challenges when it comes to making decisions about contraception. Clinical guidelines indicate that patients should avoid pregnancy during cancer treatment, however the extent of contraception counseling and utilization after diagnosis has not been well studied. Methods We conducted three focus groups and one semi-structured interview with women between the ages of 18 and 50 years old diagnosed with breast cancer within the last 5 years. We used clinic- and population-based recruitment methods to identify participants. Participants were asked a series of open-ended questions regarding their contraception decision-making and concerns at the time of their diagnosis, during treatment and afterward. We analyzed data to identify themes among participant responses. Results A total of 10 women participated. We identified the following themes: 1) doctors treating cancer do not focus on reproductive health issues; 2) there is misinformation and lack of information on contraceptive options and risks; 3) women fear unintended pregnancy but have limited guidance on prevention; 4) peers are a trusted source of contraception information; and 5) information about contraception should be provided soon after diagnosis. Conclusion Reproductive-aged breast cancer survivors have unique contraceptive concerns and may not be adequately informed about their contraceptive options. The results of this study may help guide and improve contraceptive counseling services for breast cancer survivors.
SBRT to adrenal metastases provides high local control with minimal toxicity.

Abstract Purpose The adrenal glands are a common site of metastases because of their rich blood supply. Previously, adrenal metastases were treated with systemic chemotherapy or, more rarely, with surgical resection or palliative radiation therapy. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has recently emerged as an attractive noninvasive approach to definitively treat these lesions. We present our experience in treating adrenal metastases using SBRT and review the current literature. Methods and materials This is a single-institution retrospective review of patients who received SBRT to adrenal metastases originating from various primary malignancies. Patients who were eligible for SBRT included those with limited metastatic disease (≤5 sites) with otherwise controlled metastatic disease and uncontrolled adrenal metastases. Results Ten patients met the study's inclusion criteria and received SBRT doses of 30 to 48 Gy in 3 to 5 fractions. Acute sequelae of SBRT treatment included 4 patients with grades 1 or 2 nausea, 3 patients with grade 1 fatigue, and 1 with grade 1 diarrhea. The median follow-up was 6 months with a median overall survival of 9.9 months. One patient demonstrated progressive adrenal gland disease 18.8 months after SBRT treatment. Seven patients developed new distant metastases after treatment, with a median progression-free survival of 3.4 months. Three months after SBRT to the adrenal gland, 1 patient developed a gastrointestinal bleed. Conclusions These results complement the limited existing body of literature by demonstrating that SBRT provides good control of treated adrenal gland metastasis; however, high-grade late toxicities may occur. More stringent dose constraint limits may prevent associated serious adverse events.
S. lugdunensis Native-Joint Septic Arthritis: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a skin commensal classified as a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS). Though CoNS is typically associated with less aggressive clinical disease than Staphylococcus aureus, there is growing awareness that S. lugdunensis may be as virulent as S. aureus. The association between S. lugdunensis and infective endocarditis is well known, but few reports of native-joint disease with this organism exist. We report a case a 28-year-old male with no prior medical problems presenting with native-joint septic arthritis. Cultures grew S. lugdunensis. To our knowledge, this is the fifth case reported in the literature.
Old Values and New Techniques in the Modernization of Japan

Modern technology was introduced into Japan under the sanction of traditional Japanese values. I do not suggest that there was logical necessity in this: that from the values we could infer modernization; nor do I suggest that nothing new was added. But despite amplification and reinterpretation, it was, none the less, traditional ideas that Japanese leaders used to justify change. Japanese mythology, long neglected by political theory, became the core of an ideology that made national power a necessity. At a time when Japan found herself impotent yet plunged into the middle of a world power struggle, mythology was called upon to endow the nation with one kind of greatness: the emperor was descended by unbroken lineage from divine ancestors, and he was father of a nation conceived as an extended family: what other nation could make that claim? A nation unique and precious as this was, could not fall behind others in power—economic and political as well as military—even if inherited institutions had to be scrapped wholesale to keep abreast. Otherwise the claim to greatness must eventually collapse. Belief in the claim, which was bolstered in everyday life by making a cult of the patriarchal family with its values of obedience and hierarchy, gave the nation the will and discipline to transform an almost purely agrarian society into a predominantly industrial one within a generation. No Asian nation has yet duplicated this feat.
Real Time Distant Speech Emotion Recognition in Indoor Environments

We develop solutions to various challenges in different stages of the processing pipeline of a real time indoor distant speech emotion recognition system to reduce the discrepancy between training and test conditions for distant emotion recognition. We use a novel combination of distorted feature elimination, classifier optimization, several signal cleaning techniques and train classifiers with synthetic reverberation obtained from a room impulse response generator to improve performance in a variety of rooms with various source-to-microphone distances. Our comprehensive evaluation is based on a popular emotional corpus from the literature, two new customized datasets and a dataset made of YouTube videos. The two new datasets are the first ever distance aware emotional corpuses and we created them by 1) injecting room impulse responses collected in a variety of rooms with various source-to-microphone distances into a public emotional corpus; and by 2) re-recording the emotional corpus with microphones placed at different distances. The overall performance results show as much as 15.51% improvement in distant emotion detection over baselines, with a final emotion recognition accuracy ranging between 79.44%-95.89% for different rooms, acoustic configurations and source-to-microphone distances. We experimentally evaluate the CPU time of various system components and demonstrate the real time capability of our system.
Acoustic emission-based classification of energy dissipation mechanisms during fracture of fiber-reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete

Abstract A neural network-based analysis method was developed to characterize acoustic emission (AE) events by the source mechanism during split cylinder fracture of fiber reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). Using AE tests of unreinforced UHPC and tests of individual fiber pullout, the network was trained to distinguish matrix cracking and fiber pullout. The results of the analysis showed that fiber pullout tends to dissipate more energy than matrix cracking, but there are important exceptions, and these exceptions depend on the distribution of fiber orientation inside the specimen. The AE results also showed how the energy dissipation shifts from matrix cracking to fiber pullout during damage progression.
GTPBP3 Mutation Leading Recurrent Lactic Acidosis Associated with Vomiting and Headache (P1.298)

Objective: To present a case with GTPBP3 gene mutation leading recurrent lactic acidosis associated with the symptoms of vomiting and headache. Background: GTPBP3 is a gene encoding mitochondrial GTP-binding protein 3. Mutations in GTPBP3 gene are associated with severe mitochondrial translational defect resulting defective mitochondrial energy production. There are 11 patients in literature with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, identified homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the GTPBP3. Most patients presented in early childhood with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or variable neurologic symptoms, including hypotonia, developmental delay, feeding difficulties, seizures, lactic acidosis or visual impairment. Design/Methods: Case report and review of the literature. Results: Here we report a 20 year old caucasian male presented with long standing exercise intolerance secondary to previously diagnosed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; recurrent episodes of nausea, vomiting and frontal headache. Muscle biopsy revealed assembly defect in complex one secondary to pathogenic compound heterozygous mutation in GTPBP3 gene. His episodes of nausea, vomiting and headache were always found to be associated with worsening of his baseline lactic acidosis/lactic aciduria. His recurrent episodes of nausea, vomiting and headache were treated with intravenous fluids. As his lactic acidosis improved with hydration, his symptoms resolved. An extensive evaluation for secondary worsening of acidosis including underlying cardiac, endocrinologic and renal disease were excluded. Conclusions: Although lactic acidosis is a known biomarker of mitochondrial diseases, fluctuations in its levels do not typically correlate so clearly with a patient’s symptoms as to allow for the measurement to guide treatment. This case illustrates an unusual presentation of a rare mitochondrial disease. In addition, in this patient, worsening of lactic acid correlates with symptomatic worsening. Disclosure: Dr. Erdemir has nothing to disclose. Dr. Friedman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Parikh has nothing to disclose.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome with Rhabdomyolysis

In this report we describe a patient who presented with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tachypnea and mental impairment. The patient had elevated serum lipase, troponin-I, creatinine kinase and myoglobin along with severe hyperglycemia (> 2000 mg/dl) and no ketouria. This patient was found to have nonketotic hyperosmolar hyperglycemia with concomitant rhabdomyolysis and myocardial infarction.
Text vs. images: on the viability of social media to assess earthquake damage

In this paper, we investigate the potential of social media to provide rapid insights into the location and extent of damage associated with two recent earthquakes - the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan and the 2011 Christchurch earthquake in New Zealand. Concretely, we (i) assess and model the spatial coverage of social media; and (ii) study the density and dynamics of social media in the aftermath of these two earthquakes. We examine the difference between text tweets and media tweets (containing links to images and videos), and investigate tweet density, re-tweet density, and user tweeting count to estimate the epicenter and to model the intensity attenuation of each earthquake. We find that media tweets provide more valuable location information, and that the relationship between social media activity vs. loss/damage attenuation suggests that social media following a catastrophic event can provide rapid insight into the extent of damage.
Interleukin-6 enhances motility of breast carcinoma cells.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the major systemic mediator of the early host response to infection and injury (the “acute phase response”). Furthermore, IL-6 is often detected in the peripheral circulation and in the local neoplastic tissue in cancer patients. IL-6 has distinctive effects on epithelial cells depending upon the cell type examined. IL-6 enhances proliferation of normal human keratinocytes without affecting cell morphology. In contrast, IL-6 inhibits the proliferation of ductal breast carcinoma cell lines T-47D, ZR-71-1 and MCF-7. In addition to, but independent of, the inhibition of cell proliferation, IL-6 induces a cellular phenotype in the typically epitheliod T-47D and ZR-75-1 cells, which is characterized by fibroblastoid morphology, increased cell-cell separation even within preformed colonies, decreased adherens type junction formation (desmosomes and focal adhesions), and enhanced motility. Time-lapse cinemicrography of T-47D and wild-type ZR-75-1 cells reveals increased local movement of IL-6-treated cells and also movement of these cells over considerable distances. The effects of IL-6 on breast cancer cell proliferation and motility are reversible by removal of IL-6 from the culture medium. Time-lapse cinemicrography reveals that in clone B ZR-75-1 cells, which are not sensitive to the DNA synthesis-inhibitory effect of IL-6 or to its cell-separating effect on preformed colonies, IL-6 can still block rapid readherence of post-mitotic cells to their neighbors and to the substratum leading to enhanced dispersal of cancer cells into the culture medium. In wild-type ZR-75-1 cells, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol ester (TPA) exerts a cell-scattering effect on breast cancer cells without inhibiting cell proliferation. Combined treatment with IL-6 and TPA produces a cell-scattering effect that greatly exceeds in magnitude and speed the phenotypic change elicited by either reagent alone. Staurosporine blocks cell-scattering caused by TPA but not that caused by IL-6 suggesting that IL-6 and TPA elicit similar phenotypic changes in breast cancer cells via different pathways. Taken together, these findings identify a previously unrecognized property of IL-6, that of enhancing cell motility.
Cultural neuroscience: new directions as the field matures

Cultural neuroscience has documented factors that affect biological and psychological processes that reciprocally shape beliefs and norms shared by groups of individuals. Here we highlight open questions regarding the stability versus malleability of these findings across time, environments, and cultural settings. By borrowing points from population neuroscience (Falk et al., in Proc Natl Acad Sci 110:17615–17622, 2013) and neurogenetics (Bogdan et al., in Mol Psychiatry 18:288–299, 2012), we highlight considerations for research on the development of differences in brain structure and function, particularly in the context of cultural variation. These points highlight the need to better understand gene by culture interactions; in particular, the potential role of ancestry, and the role the brain likely plays as a mechanism through which gene by culture interactions affect behavior. Moreover, we highlight the need to consider development in the interaction of culture and biology. We also highlight methodological challenges as neuroscience is brought to the population level including the importance of sampling and experimental equivalence across groups and cultures. In total, this discussion is aimed at fostering new advances in the young field of cultural neuroscience and highlighting ways in which cultural neuroscience can inform a broader understanding of the development of differences in complex behaviors.