cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A coral reef ecosystem-fisheries model: impacts of fishing intensity and catch selection on reef structure and processes

Abstract An aggregated energy-based coral reef simulation model was developed and used to perform fishing experiments where fishing intensity and catch selection were varied. The model is composed of two groups of primary producers (coral and algae), herbivores (herbivorous fishes and sea urchins) and carnivores (piscivores and predators of invertebrates). Gross and net primary production are calculated from coral and algal production and respiration parameters, while the calcium carbonate balance is calculated from deposition by coral and algae and erosion by sea urchins and herbivorous fish. Simulation results indicate that fishing affects the coral reef's ecology and the benefits of the fisheries yield must be weighted against impacts on reef structure and processes. The model predicts that removing all fish groups will eventually result in reef dominance by sea urchins once their predators have been removed. This results in a rapid and dramatic drop in fisheries yields and reduced algal and coral biomass and productivity. Net calcium carbonate deposition is particularly sensitive to the effect of sea urchins or fishermen on living coral. Fishing only piscivores results in low fisheries yields but high reef accretion by indirectly releasing coral from competition with algae. A management strategy of fishing only piscivores and herbivorous fishes results in the highest and most stable fisheries yields. However, under this management strategy, high levels of fishing results in increased algae that competitively exclude coral and produces a temporary reduction in calcium carbonate deposition. But, at the highest algal biomass, calcium carbonate deposition is high and solely attributable to algal deposition. Nonetheless, this form of calcium carbonate deposition may not provide the reef structure required for fish habitat and shoreline protection. It may therefore prove beneficial, over the long term, to keep fishing below this level.
Roles for inositol polyphosphate kinases in the regulation of nuclear processes and developmental biology.

Our laboratory studies the biology and enzyme regulation of inositol signal transduction pathways, which are activated in response to a wide range of stimuli. As a six-carbon cyclitol, inositol and its numerous phosphorylated derivatives efficiently generate combinatorial ensembles of signaling molecules. Through the cloning and characterization of inositol polyphosphate kinases (IPK), novel roles for inositol tetrakisphosphate (IP4), inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5), and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and inositol pyrophosphates (PP-IPs), have been identified. Studies have linked the IPKs and their inositide products to the regulation of nuclear processes including gene expression, chromatin remodeling, mRNA export, DNA repair and telomere maintenance. Analysis of IPK knockout animals has revealed a role for production of IPs in regulation of embryogenesis and organism development. The discoveries of the IPK proteins and their connection to nuclear signaling have generated significant interest in the field. Furthermore, they have provided interesting clues into the evolution of inositide signaling pathways. Ipk2/IPMK and IPS/IP6K family members are conserved from yeast to man. In contrast, the IP3 3-kinase (ITPK) branch is observed in selected metazoans and not in plant or fungi. This may imply that Ipk2 and IPS activities evolved first among the group. The promiscuity of the Ipk2 protein further supports this notion and may provide the cell with a means to generate many IP species in a genetically economical fashion. Studies of yeast inositide signaling reveal that these simple eukaryotes do not have an IP3 receptor in their genome and do not utilize diacylglycerol to activate protein kinase C. Thus, it appears that the canonical “text book” aspects of inositide signaling pathways are not conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution. In light of the conservation of Ipk2/IPMK, Ipk1 and IPS/IP6K pathways from yeast to man it is interesting to speculate that a primordial role of phospholipase C-induced, IPK-dependent inositide signaling was to regulate nuclear processes. As calcium and PKC signaling evolved in metazoans, these may have greatly enhanced signaling capabilities. Recent studies demonstrating an essential role for IP5, IP6 and possibly PP-IP production in metazoan development highlight the importance of IPK signaling in cellular responses in metazoans. With these thoughts in mind, we eagerly await future studies aimed at further elucidating how these signaling codes participate in developmental processes and the control of gene expression, mRNA export, and DNA metabolism.
Development and Pilot Testing of a Novel Compensatory Cognitive Training Intervention for People with Psychosis.

The cognitive deficits of schizophrenia have a profound impact on everyday functioning and level of community integration for affected individuals. Cognitive training (CT) interventions may help improve these impairments. We developed and pilot-tested a 12-week, group-based CT intervention that focused on teaching compensatory strategies and helping participants make these strategies habitual (i.e., habit learning). Participants were randomly assigned to CT plus standard pharmacotherapy (n = 14) or standard pharmacotherapy (SP) alone (n = 24) and were assessed at baseline, three months (i.e., post-intervention), and six months. Effect sizes were calculated comparing change in the CT group with change in the SP group. CT had medium to large positive effects on attention, learning, memory, executive functioning, functional capacity, negative symptoms, and subjective quality of life. Most effects became stronger at follow-up, but the effect on negative symptoms was not maintained. Immediately posttreatment, ...
Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., establishment in mine mill tailings - I. Plant analysis of alfalfa grown on iron and copper tailings

Alfalfa plant excavations were made in iron tailings and natural soil as a means to observe their root development between two contrasting substrates. In tailings, alfalfa roots concentrated heavily in strata of clay layers. In coarse-textured tailings without clay layers, roots concentrated more at the surface with few roots penetrating deep into the tailings. Similar root morphology was observed in natural soil excavations. Roots And N-fixing nodules were concentrated in fine-textured soil layers having better moisture-holding capaclity and mineral nutrient status than the coarser materials. Regardless of the kind of growing medium, tailingsvs natural soils, roots concentrated where the growing environment is most favourable.
High-order Galerkin convergence and boundary characteristics of the 3-D Navier–Stokes equations on intervals of regularity

Abstract We consider the 3-D Navier–Stokes equations (NSE) on a bounded domain Ω ⊂ R 3 with zero boundary data. Let P denote the Leray projection and let A = − P Δ denote the Stokes operator. For a natural number θ ≥ 2 assume that the forcing data satisfies f ∈ C ( [ 0 , T ] , D ( A ( θ − 1 ) / 2 ) ) , and let [ 0 , T ] be an interval over which the H 1 -norms of Galerkin solutions u m are uniformly bounded. Then on any subinterval [ τ , T ] we show that sup t ∈ [ τ , T ] ‖ A θ / 2 ( u m ( t ) − u ( t ) ) ‖ 2 → 0 as m → ∞ where u is the unique regular strong solution of the NSE on [ 0 , T ] . From this convergence result we show that if f ∈ C ( [ 0 , T ] ; D ( A ( θ + 1 ) / 2 ) ) then A θ / 2 u ( t ) = 0 on the boundary Γ of Ω for any t > 0 . When θ = 2 applications of this boundary result include boundary data specification for the NSE pressure within the framework developed in [19] , [20] , and corroboration for the choice of boundary values in [22] for the NS-α equation.
Incidental renal carcinoma discovered during ultrasound localisation of renal calculi for extracorporeal piezoelectric lithotripsy.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is now widely used for the treatment of urinary calculi. Some lithotriptors, such as the Wolf 2300 Piezolith in this centre, use ultrasound imaging to localise and focus on to the stone prior to treatment. We have discovered 2 unsuspected renal carcinomas during this process, both of which were not revealed by the intravenous urogram sent with the referral. Prompt surgical intervention showed that both tumours were confined to the pathological specimen.
Orientation of molecules at a liquid surface revealed by ion scattering and recoiling spectroscopy

Abstract Analysis of the kinetic energy of scattered inert gas ions and ejected recoil atoms reveals the identity of atoms in the topmost atomic surface layers of liquids. Spectra from bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DOP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)chlorendate (BEHC), two molecules with similar `head–tails' structures, show that the molecules have somewhat different surface orientations. Atom ratios derived from peak intensity ratios show that neither molecule has an exclusively `heads-up' orientation at the surface. A `head-down' orientation is favored for DOP. For BEHC, part of the ring (head) that includes 2–3 Cl atoms is at the surface.
Locomotion as a life history character: the contribution of anatomy

Abstract John Napier's research in primatology illuminated several aspects of motor skill and its structural and functional aspects. This study continues in Napier's tradition of emphasizing structure, function and behavior and adds a life history perspective to primate locomotion. Muscle, bone and joint properties of body segments connect individuals to their expressed locomotor behavior and underlie individual survival and reproduction. This relationship is demonstrated through three comparisons: (1) distribution of body mass across species highlights similarities and differences, and complements information based on linear measurements; (2) as an animal grows, its musculo-skeletal maturation is keyed to moving about in the external world; and (3) females are not miniature males, nor are males larger versions of females. The musculo-skeletal system has been remodeled for divergent adaptations between, and within, different species, of different ages and sexes for survival and reproduction
Wireless sensor network applications and impacts in MOUT

In case studies of recent MOUT failures, one of the most widely given reports from soldiers in the field was that MOUT environments are extremely confusing and complex. This confusion manifests itself by creating soldier-level difficulties in determining appropriate and operationally consistent responses to various fast paced and close range changes in the mission environment. Lack of commander-level situational awareness and robust commander-to-soldier communications cripple mission effectiveness. Furthermore, current military technologies are mostly unsuitable for urban terrain since they are generally intended for long range and coarse-grained operations which are uncommon in MOUT. The emerging technology of wireless sensor networks has potential to solve many current MOUT issues, and will be a vital part of the network-centric warfare discussed in relation to the Future Combat System (FCS). This paper will discuss technological enhancements and impacts to MOUT based on wireless sensor networks with specific emphasis on low-cost and disposable sensor system opportunities.
Statistical challenges in studying complex and changing families

This paper describes challenges of studying complex and changing families and provides suggestions for methods of analyses to study these family systems. Five common problems that NIMH-funded investigators have encountered in analyzing family based studies are addressed and analytic solutions for addressing these problems are illustrated using data from Family HIV/AIDS projects. The problems discussed in the paper are (1) differences in subgroup responses to interventions; (2) longitudinal changes in family relationships and covariates that vary by group in nested designs; (3) dealing with missing data over time from attrition and planned missing data due to death; (4) dealing with multiple reports from different family members; and (5) developing concordance measures among family members. The use of multi-level and growth curve modeling techniques to address these problems is illustrated with some of the studies.
Recovery of equipment from the ocean floor

Abstract Three aspects of marine technology are discussed. First is the unsolved problem of how to monitor the condition of a multi-strand strain wire. Second is the development of a piece of hardware for picking wire up off the sea floor and third is the conduct of an actual instrument retrieval operation at sea.
Wind-Tunnel Magnus Testing of a Canted Fin or Self-fiotating Configuration

Abstract : A source of error in the wind tunnel measurement of Magnus forces and moments on a self-rotating configuration has been detected, and means of overcoming the error are presented. The error is due to a normal force interaction brought about by the roll of the angle of attack plane which in turn is due to a small yaw angle of the model at zero angle of attack. The error is not a balance interaction error. The error can completely mask the true Magnus characteristics and can lead the experimenter to wrong conclusions. Although a computed correction may be made to existing data, the best method of eliminating the error is to obtain balance readings with and without spin at each angle of attack of interest.
Using a Computer Simulation in Multicultural Management Development: An Indonesian Example

Describes the use of a computer simulation to enhance management skills in an Indonesian Master of Management (MM) programme during the spring of 1991. Cultural and language differences presented special problems. Enthusiastic student response and the permanent inclusion of the simulation in the curriculum demonstrate the value of computer simulations in multicultural management development programmes.
An investigation of the behavioral actions of ethanol across adolescence in mice

Rationale The transition from adolescence into adulthood is characterized by rapid maturation of brain systems mediating reward and by increasing experimentation with drugs of abuse including ethanol (EtOH). Previous studies have found marked differences in sensitivity to the behavioral effects of EtOH in adolescent rats as compared to adults, but relatively few studies have been conducted in mice.
Eye-scan behavior in a flight simulation task as a function of level of training

The present study explored eye-scan behavior as a function of level of subject training. Oculometric (eye-scan) measures were recorded from each of ten subjects during training trials on a CRT-based flight simulation task. The task developed for the study incorporated subtasks representative of specific activities performed by pilots, but which could be performed at asymptotic levels within relatively short periods of training. Changes in eye-scan behavior were examined as initially untrained subjects developed skill in the task. Eye-scan predictors of performance on the task were found. Examination of eye-scan in proximity to selected task events revealed differences in the distribution of looks at the instruments as a function of level of training.
Hole excitation spectra in cuprate superconductors: A comparative study of single- and multiple-band strong-coupling theories

We compare ground-state properties as well as spin and single-particle excitation spectra of a single dopant-induced hole carrier in strong-coupling-limit single-orbital and three-orbital Hubbard model lattices with up to 16 square lattice sites. Our results indicate that there is a close correspondence in their ground-state and low-lying excited-state properties, consistent with the recent proposal by Zhang and Rice (ZR). For the three-orbital model, we also find direct spectroscopic evidence for the singlet-triplet excitation gap associated with the dopant-induced ZR Cu-O spin-hole singlet state.
Energy transfer in the plasma wake-field accelerator.

The transfer of energy from the driving beam to the trailing beam in the plasma wake-field accelerator is studied in computer simulations. We show that with an asymmetric current distribution in the driving bunch, trailing particles can gain energies up to ${(1+k_{p}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}{Z}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\gamma}m{c}^{2}$, where $Z$ is the bunch length and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\gamma}m{c}^{2}$ the average energy loss of driving electrons. Because of the relative phase slippage and the two-stream instability, the process of energy gain degrades before the driving beam loses all of its energy; however, even for ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{i}=150$, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\gamma}}{{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{i}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}70%$, with an energy gain \ensuremath{\sim} 1 GeV. Transverse effects are briefly discussed.
Impact of the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism on Levels of Hippocampal N-Acetyl-Aspartate Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging at 3 Tesla

Background This study was conducted to corroborate prior evidence of an effect of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) valine (val) to methionine (met) amino acid substitution at codon 66 (val66met) polymorphism on measures of N -acetyl-aspartate (NAA) containing compounds in healthy subjects. Methods The NAA to creatine (Cre) ratio (NAA/Cre), NAA to choline (Cho) ratio (NAA/Cho), and Cho to Cre ratio (Cho/Cre) were measured in the left and right hippocampi, left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, occipital lobe, anterior cingulate, and white matter of the centrum semiovale of 69 carefully screened healthy volunteers utilizing proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) at 3 Tesla (T). Results Val/met subjects exhibited significantly reduced levels of left hippocampal NAA/Cre and NAA/Cho compared with val/val subjects. This effect was independent of age, IQ, number of voxels, hippocampal volume, or gray matter content in the voxels of interest. Analysis of other brain regions showed no effect of BDNF genotype on NAA measures. Conclusions We confirmed the association between the met-BDNF variant and reduced levels of hippocampal NAA found with a similar technique at 1.5T. The consonance of our results with prior findings adds to the evidence that the BDNF val/met genotype affects hippocampal biology with implications for a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders.
An Experimental Study on the Effects of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Blends With Diesel #2 and JP5 on the Performance of a Rolls-Royce Model 250-C20B Gas Turbine Engine

Fischer-Tropsch fuel is created using a catalyzed reaction in which a blend of carbon monoxide hydrogen gas (syngas) is converted into liquid hydrocarbons over a metal catalyst. The length of the carbon chain completely depends on the reaction parameters (mainly on temperature), empowering the manufacturer to produce different types of fuel. In this experiment, a fuel known as FT8 was created using this method. It is a synthetic form of JP8, a common jet fuel used extensively in the U.S. Navy as well as many commercial applications. This synthetic fuel, unlike conventional Diesel fuels, is colorless and lacks the impurities found in fossil fuels. Because of the lack of additives in the fuel required by the Rolls-Royce Model 250-C20B, the fuel was mixed in varying quantities up to 50% with Diesel #2 and JP5. Utilizing specific equipment, the Model 250-C20B’s exhaust gas composition, power output, and thermodynamic efficiency were measured. Temperatures and pressures were measured for each of the gas turbine’s five state points. Exhaust gas composition and output shaft torque and speed were also measured. The results of these tests were compared with baseline runs conducted with 100% conventional fuels used. It was determined that the blending of fuels did not affect performance, positively or negatively, to any great degree. Power output, fuel consumption, and exhaust gas composition were not significantly affected by the use of mixing the Fischer-Tropsch fuel with the conventional fuels used. However, it was determined that some blends did outperform the baseline tests. It did appear that the 20%–40% blend ratio does slightly increase the fuel’s performance in the engine in most areas.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Effects of castration and testosterone administration on rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity

The effects of castration and testosterone administration on the activity of liver alcohol dehydrogenase and on the rate of ethanol elimination were determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Castration increased liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity. The total liver activity in castrated animals was 2.37 ± 0.229 (S.E.) mmoleshr as compared with a value of 1.39 ± 0.125 mmoleshr in sham-operated controls (P < 0.01). Testosterone administration partially suppressed the enhanced activity of liver alcohol dehydrogenase produced by castration. By contrast, in control animals testosterone administration resulted in a small paradoxical increase in liver alcohol dehydrogenase. The increase in the enzyme activity in castrated animals was associated with a parallel increase in the rate of ethanol elimination. Castrated and control animals showed decreases in free cytosolic and mitochondrial NAD+/NADH ratios after ethanol administration. These observations suggest that testosterone (and probably other as yet unknown factors modified by castration) affects liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity, and that the total enzyme activity can be a principal limiting factor in ethanol elimination.
Regulation of the sex-specific binding of the maleless dosage compensation protein to the male X chromosome in Drosophila

Abstract In Drosophila, the single male X chromosome is transcribed at twice the rate of a single female X chromosome. This hypertranscription requires the functions of at least four autosomal male-specific lethal genes ( msl s) and is under the control of the Sex-lethal ( S×I ) gene. One of the msl s, the maleless ( mle ) gene, encodes a protein that is associated with the male X chromosome. To investigate how dosage compensation is regulated, we have determined whether S×I and the other msl s are required for mle X chromosome binding. We have found that in females, S×I functions to prevent mle from binding to the two X chromosomes. Additionally, we have found that mle X chromosome binding requires wild-type msl1, msl2 , and msl3 functions. These data support a model whereby the activity of the mle protein is regulated through its association with one or more of the other msl proteins.
Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem

The fluctuation dissipation theorem (Nyquist formula) is shown to be exact and a number of generalizations of it are given, including a four-dimensional formulation which is useful in the quantum theory of fields. The more general theorem can be used to calculate vacuum expectation values of field operators, and to deduce covariant commutation relations for the fields. For a four-potential field, the vacuum expectation values for operators at two space-time points x and x\ensuremath{'} are ${〈{A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(\mathrm{x}){A}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}({\mathrm{x}}^{\ensuremath{'}})〉}_{0}=\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}\frac{{d}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\alpha}}([\mathrm{x}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{x}}^{\ensuremath{'}}], \ensuremath{\omega})}{\ensuremath{\omega}}d\ensuremath{\omega},$ where ${d}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ is a dissipation tensor.
A simple method for predicting the osmotic coefficient of aqueous solutions containing more than one electrolyte

Abstract Most methods for predicting osmotic or activity coefficient values appropriate to electrolyte mixtures are fairly elaborate and usually require the use of a high speed computer. In the present paper a very simple equation is presented which can be used to make remarkably good predictions of the osmotic coefficient of aqueous electrolyte mixtures. The big advantage in its use is that the predictions can be made quickly without recourse to a high speed computer.
A valence force field for aliphatic sulfur compounds: Alkanethiols and thioalkanes

Abstract For the purpose of accurate statistical thermodynamic calculations, which require reliable vibrational assignments, a valence force field for aliphatic sulfur compounds was obtained. The 33-force-constant field was derived from 363 observed vibrational wave numbers of the following 11 molecules: Methanethiol, 2-thiapropane, ethanethiol, 2-thiabutane, 1-propanethiol, 2-propanethiol, 3-thiapentane, 3-methyl-2-thiabutane, 2-methyl-2-propanethiol, 3,3-dimethyl-2-thiabutane, and cyclohexanethiol. The mean deviation of the calculated wave numbers from the observed ones is 9.4 cm−1 or 0.87%. To test the transferability of this field, and hence its utility for analyzing the molecular spectra of other aliphatic sulfur compounds, it was used for calculations for four additional compounds: 2-methyl-1-propanethiol, 2-butanethiol, 2-methyl-2-butanethiol, and 2,4-dimethyl-3-thiapentane. The agreement between observed and calculated wave numbers is as good as that for the 11 compounds used in deriving the field, which proves that the derived field is indeed transferable among the group of aliphatic sulfur compounds. Previous assignments for the molecules investigated were critically reexamined in the course of the molecular vibrational analysis and revised as necessary, and the probable stable conformations of these molecules are presented and discussed.
USING ANALOG REGIONS TO ASSESS THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FEDERAL LAND MANAGEMENT POLICIES

Because new land uses may preclude existing or potential future uses, the net economic impact of a particular policy may be substantially less than its gross impact. One way to estimate the differences is with an analog region. A case study illustrates how an analog region estimates the net economic impact of Grand Teton National Park on Teton County, WY. Approximately one-third of the economic activity attributed to the park would still be present in the absence of the park.
Acute biphenotypic leukaemia: immunophenotypic and cytogenetic analysis

The incidence of acute biphenotypic leukaemia has ranged from less than 1% to almost 50% in various reports in the literature. This wide variability may be attributed to a number of reasons including lack of consistent diagnostic criteria, use of various panels of antibodies, and the failure to recognize the lack of lineage specificity of some of the antibodies used. The morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotype and cytogenetics of acute biphenotypic leukaemias from our institution were studied. The diagnostic criteria took into consideration the morphology of the analysed cells, light scatter characteristics, and evaluation of antibody fluorescence histograms in determining whether the aberrant marker expression was arising from leukaemic blasts or differentiated bone marrow elements. Fifty-two of 746 cases (7%) fulfilled our criteria for acute biphenotypic leukaemias. These included 30 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) expressing myeloid antigens, 21 cases of acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) expressing lymphoid markers, and one case of ALL expressing both B- and T-cell associated antigens. The acute biphenotypic leukaemia cases consisted of four major immunophenotypic subgroups: CD2+ AML (11), CD19+ AML (8), CD13 and/or CD33+ ALL (24), CD11b+ ALL (5) and others (4). Chromosomal analysis was carried out in 42/52 of the acute biphenotypic leukaemia cases; a clonal abnormality was found in 31 of these 42 cases. This study highlights the problems encountered in the diagnosis of acute biphenotypic leukaemia, some of which may be responsible for the wide variation in the reported incidence of this leukaemia. We suggest that the use of strict, uniform diagnostic criteria may help in establishing a more consistent approach towards diagnosis of this leukaemic entity. We also suggest that biphenotypic leukaemia is comprised of biologically different groups of leukaemia based on immunophenotypic and cytogenetic findings.
Listing graphs that satisfy first-order sentences

The main result of this paper is a method that turns any almost-sure sentence in the first-order language of graphs into a deterministic polynomial space polynomial delay algorithm for listing the graphs that satisfy the sentence. (Our result is the first such method.) Our work builds upon earlier work of Fagin. In particular, Fagin defined an infinite collection of combinatorial axioms and showed that for any fixed integer k almost every graph satisfies the k th axiom in his collection. Suppose that ϑ is a sentence in the first-order language of graphs. (For example, ϑ might say “This graph does not have a triangle,” or “Every connected component of this graph is a clique.”) Fagin has shown that for each such ϑ there is an integer k such that either (1) Every graph that satisfies the k th axiom in his collection satisfies ϑ (in which case ϑ is an “almost-sure” sentence), or (2) Every graph that satisfies the k th axiom in his collection satisfies ϑ (hence ϑ is an “almost-sure” sentence). If ϑ is an almost-sure sentence then Raghavan's method of pessimstic estimators can be used to construct an example of an n -vertex graph that satisfies ϑ (for every large enough integer n ). However, the method of pessimistic estimators does not give us enough information to actually list all of the n -vertex graphs that satisfy ϑ . Prior to this work it was unknown whether or not every almost-sure first-order sentence could be associated with a polynomial delay algorithm for listing the graphs that satisfy the sentence. We show that this is the case and that, in fact, a single method can be used for every almost-sure first-order sentence. Furthermore, polynomial space can be achieved simultaneously with polynomial delay. We describe our method in the context of listing families of graphs that are defined by first-order sentences. However, our method can also be used to obtain polynomial space polynomial delay listing algorithms for certain other families of graphs—for example, the family of connected graphs. More generally our method can be viewed as an extension of the method of pessimistic estimators and as a general technique for using probabilistic arguments to produce deterministic polynomial space polynomial delay listing algorithms. We expect the method to be useful for listing a variety of combinatorial structures.
Observations on DICOM demonstrations at the RSNA annual meetings

The Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) has sponsored demonstrations of the DICOM Standard. The technical details of the demonstrations were initially defined by the MedPACS section of NEMA beginning in 1992 and in subsequent years by RSNA. The Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology was awarded a series of contracts by the RSNA to provide Central Test Node (CTN) software at the RSNA annual meetings to help vendors demonstrate interoperability. A goal of the early demonstrations was to have vendors communicate with one implementation of the Standard to minimize the amount of testing that needed to be performed prior to the RSNA Annual Meetings. Now that the Standard is better understood and implementations are more mature, vendors are offering more commercial products that utilize the Standard and which communicate with equipment manufactured by other vendors. The DICOM Standard is a technical specification which defines interfaces between equipment. These interfaces are currently defined for network, point to point and disk media. As a technical specification, the Standard does not tell the reader how to design an implementation nor does it provide insight into the thought process of the writers. This paper describes some of the implementation questions and issues that we have seen while working with the CTN software and vendors during the last four years. Examples of problem areas include application entity titles, generation of DICOM unique identifiers and queries for the query/retrieve service classes. The DICOM Standard defines the message formats for association negotiation and exchange of data across the network but provides flexibility in how these messages are used. A specific example is that an application is allowed to propose every service class defined by the Standard when requesting an association but may choose to exchange messages using only one service class once the association is established (for example, storage of CR data). We captured messages sent by vendor applications to the CTN during the 1995 RSNA DICOM demonstration. This paper will discuss some of the ways that vendors have chosen to propose associations and how they utilized the Standard to perform query/retrieve operations.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Growth of the Dandelion Scape.

The growth of the flowering stalk of dandelion, Taraxacum officimele, is of considerable interest because of the presence of two distinct periods of rapid growth. The last of these precedes and accompanies the maturation of the fruit, and represents a resumption of rapid growth in what would normally be considered a mature organ. Miyake (8, 9) showed that growth of the dandelion scape may be divided into three phases : the first a fairly rapid, uniform growth, the second a phase of slow growth ; and the third, a rapid growth in the upper portions of the organ. Schmalfusz (10) showed that mitotic figures were present in elongating scapes up to the stage of shedding ripe fruits and were especially frequent preceding the periods of greatest scape elongation. As a part of a general study of the mechanism of cell elongation the experiments of Miyake and Schmalfusz have been repeated and extended. The data presented were obtained from extensive studies of the regions and periods of cell division and elongation in the dandelion scape, together with studies of cell volume, green and dry weight, and nitrogen content on a per cell basis.
An Eastern Pacific Tropical Plume

The synoptic structure of the atmosphere in the vicinity of a tropical cloud surge (or plume) is described on the basis of a single case study (the case study plume occurred during the Special Observing Period 1 of the FGGE), which was augmented with details of studies of three other systems. The tropical plume was accompanied by intense drying and subsidence within the trough to the northwest, and a strong subtropical jet within the plume, which originated near the equator. It is shown that the plume developed simultaneously out of several disturbances along its axis.
Solar forecasting methods for renewable energy integration

The higher penetration of renewable resources in the energy portfolios of several communities accentuates the need for accurate forecasting of variable resources (solar, wind, tidal) at several different temporal scales in order to achieve power grid balance. Solar generation technologies have experienced strong energy market growth in the past few years, with corresponding increase in local grid penetration rates. As is the case with wind, the solar resource at the ground level is highly variable mostly due to cloud cover variability, atmospheric aerosol levels, and indirectly and to a lesser extent, participating gases in the atmosphere. The inherent variability of solar generation at higher grid penetration levels poses problems associated with the cost of reserves, dispatchable and ancillary generation, and grid reliability in general. As a result, high accuracy forecast systems are required for multiple time horizons that are associated with regulation, dispatching, scheduling and unit commitment. Here we review the theory behind these forecasting methodologies, and a number of successful applications of solar forecasting methods for both the solar resource and the power output of solar plants at the utility scale level.
Explicit Construction of Framelets

Abstract We study tight wavelet frames associated with given refinable functions which are obtained with the unitary extension principles. All possible solutions of the corresponding matrix equations are found. It is proved that the problem of the extension may be always solved with two framelets. In particular, if symbols of the refinable functions are polynomials (rational functions), then the corresponding framelets with polynomial (rational) symbols can be found.
Fiber-Based Laser Systems for Spectroscopic Trace-Gas Detection

Advantages and limitations of fiber-based laser systems for trace-gas detection will be reviewed. We will present example applications of in situ and remote sensors operating at wavelengths from the mid-IR through the deep-UV.
Vibration damping in Ni-Mn-Ga-polymer composites

Martensitic Ni-Mn-Ga single crystals evidence twin boundaries that can be displaced by applying a mechanical stress. Twin boundary motion is a form of plastic deformation. Thus, Ni-Mn-Ga alloys are very good candidates for passive vibration damping, because relatively large amounts of energy can be dissipated in this way. However, research in to the damping properties of this material has been limited for several reasons. Twin boundaries only occur in specific crystal directions, limiting the performance of polycrystals in energy absorption. Single crystals of these alloys are difficult to grow, making them impractical for large-scale commercial applications. Single crystals are also brittle and tend to crack under tension. By orienting small particles of Ni-Mn-Ga in a polymer matrix these problems are ameliorated. Polymer composites respond better to tensile stresses than do the single crystals as has been shown for terfenol composites. Further, martensitic Ni-Mn-Ga has a strong magnetic anisotropy, so in the martensitic state the magnetic moment is strongly coupled to the c-axis. This allows the particles to be oriented in the polymer matrix as it is cured. Here we describe the effects of Ni-Mn-Ga alloy composition, the fraction of alloy in the matrix, and the particle size on the vibration damping capacity of the composite. The relation between the stress and strain in the composite under dynamic conditions is reported, as well as the variability of the loss tangent as a function of frequency for several composites.
Multi-divergent-beam stationary cardiac SPECT

Multi-pinhole SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) is widely used in small animal imaging. Recently multi-pinhole SPECT has been applied to human cardiac imaging, and it has been shown that if three SPECT cameras are used, the multi-pinhole system can be stationary. A stationary cardiac SPECT system forces the pinholes to operate at image reduction mode, where the object must be positioned away from the pinholes. With this imaging reduction mode setup, the divergent-beam collimator provides better sensitivity than the pinhole collimator when they have the same image reduction factor and the same spatial resolution. This paper suggests for a stationary cardiac SPECT system to use the multi-divergent-hole collimators instead of the multi-pinhole collimators.
The appropriateness of organizational positions on assisted suicide.

The leaders of many prominent health and mental health organizations have issued policy statements about the appropriateness of members of their professions being involved in assisted suicide, whether assisted suicide is ever an acceptable option for people, and what roles a professional can or should play when a client is considering assisted suicide. This article argues that only the latter focus-providing suggestions about how a professional can assist a person considering hastening death-is appropriate for an organization whose members are clinical practitioners rather than theorists. The former 2 positions, it is contended, are merely political posturing and are counterproductive to providing proper care to clients in need.
Genetically Induced Abnormalities in Drosophila: Two or Three Patterns?

SYNOPSIS. The removal of a portion of a Drosophila imaginal disc stimulates pattern regulation whereby the missing portion is regenerated or extra copies of the surviving portion (duplications and triplications) are produced. The results of recent experiments in which temperature-sensitive cell-lethal mutations were used to induce pattern regulation are considered here in an attempt to answer a major question: What is the nature of the pattern-forming system in the newly formed tissues? One current hypothesis is that the observed pattern regulation phenotypes are the result of interactions between portions of a single pattern. The evidence from studies in which Drosophila genetic investigative techniques were applied to developing leg duplications indicate that initiation and growth of the duplicate are similar or identical to normal development in terms of cell number, growth rate and pattern of cell lineage (compartments). This suggests that portions of the genetic mechanism underlying normal development may be reactivated and used to control abnormal development. Leg triplications consist of one complete set of leg structures and two partial sets arranged in a mirror symmetrical cuticular process. These processes either become more or less complete distally (they diverge or converge , respectively) by the addition or deletion of structures at the lines of symmetry. Whether a particular process diverges or converges is related to its circumferential location. These leg duplication and triplication phenotypes can be explained as the result of cell death in situ followed by interaction between the surviving portions of the original leg pattern following the rules of the polar coordinate model of positional information.
Effect of ozone and histamine on airway permeability to horseradish peroxidase in guinea pigs

Airway permeability was studied in groups of male guinea pigs at 2, 8, and 24 h after a 1‐h exposure to 7 ppm ozone or at 2 h after a 1‐h exposure to filtered air (control). Intratracheal administration of 2 mg horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was followed by blood sampling at 5‐min intervals up to 30 min. The rate of appearance of HRP in plasma was significantly higher at 2 and 8 h after ozone exposure than that found in animals examined 2 h after air exposure or 24 h after ozone exposure. A dose of 0.12 mg/kg of subcutaneous histamine given after the 75 min blood sample significantly increased the already elevated permeability seen at 2 h post ozone, but had no effect on animals exposed to filtered air 2 h earlier or to ozone 24 h earlier. No difference was seen in the amount of subcutaneous radiolabeled histamine in the lungs of animals exposed 2 h earlier either to air or to ozone. These data indicate that a short‐term exposure to ozone produced a reversible increase in respiratory epithelial permeability...
Computer-aided process control system design using interactive graphics

Abstract Design programs employing interactive computer graphics can simplify and greatly facilitate the synthesis of feedback controllers for dynamic systems. In this paper a program for design of three mode controllers for single input-single output linear system is described. Seven displays can be employed for analyzing either time domain or frequency domain characteristics, as illustrated in the paper.
Evaluation of film processing with concentrated solutions

Abstract Two concentrated rapid-processing and one conventional kind of radiographic film-processing solutions are compared. All solutions produced useful radiographs. Film densitometry indicates greater and uneven fog production with one rapid-processing solution. The conventional solutions produced greater radiographic density and contrast.
A Response Surface Approach to Beam Orientation Optimization in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning

We view the beam orientation optimization (BOO) problem in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment planning as a global optimization problem with expensive objective function evaluations. We propose a response surface method that, in contrast with other approaches, allows for the generation of problem data only for promising beam orientations as the algorithm progresses. This enables the consideration of additional degrees of freedom in the treatment delivery, i.e., many more candidate beam orientations than is possible with existing approaches to BOO. This ability allows us to include noncoplanar beams and consider the question of whether or not noncoplanar beams can provide significant improvement in treatment plan quality. We also show empirically that using our approach, we can generate clinically acceptable treatment plans that require fewer beams than are used in current practice.
Interferon-producing cells fail to induce proliferation of naive T cells but can promote expansion and T helper 1 differentiation of antigen-experienced unpolarized T cells.

Interferon-producing cells (IPCs) secrete high levels of type I interferon in response to certain viruses. The lack of lineage markers, the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and the capacity to stimulate allogeneic T cells have led these cells to be classified as a subset of dendritic cells (DCs), called plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs). However, the role of IPCs/PDCs in initiating primary immune responses remains elusive. Here we examined the antigen presenting capacity of murine IPCs in antigen specific systems. While CD8α+ and CD11b+ DCs induced logarithmic expansion of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells, without conferring T helper commitment at a first encounter, primary IPCs lacked the ability to stimulate naive T cells. However, when antigen-experienced, nonpolarized T cells expanded by classical DC subsets, were restimulated by IPCs, they proliferated and produced high amounts of IFN-γ. These data indicate that IPCs can effectively stimulate preactivated or memory-type T cells and exert an immune-regulatory role. They also suggest that expansion of naive T cells and acquisition of effector function during antigen-specific T cell responses may involve different antigen-presenting cell (APC) types. Independent and coordinated control of T cell proliferation and differentiation would provide the immune system with greater flexibility in regulating immune responses.
Drosophila melanogaster male somatic cells feminized solely by TraF can collaborate with female germ cells to make functional eggs.

Female differentiation of Drosophila germ cells is induced by cell-nonautonomous signals generated in the gonadal soma that work with germ-cell-autonomous signals determined by germ-cell X chromosome dose. Generation of the nonautonomous feminizing signals was known to involve female-specific protein encoded by the master sex-determination gene Sex-lethal (Sxl) acting on its switch-gene target transformer (tra) to produce TraF protein. However, it was not known whether Sxl's action on tra alone would suffice to trigger a fully feminizing nonautonomous signal. We developed a constitutively feminizing tra transgene that allowed us to answer this question. In gynanders (XX//XO mosaics) feminized by this TraF transgene, functionally Sxl− haplo-X (chromosomally male) somatic cells collaborated successfully with diplo-X (chromosomally female) germ cells to make functional eggs. The fertility of such gynanders shows not only that TraF is sufficient to elicit a fully feminizing nonautonomous signal, but also that haplo-X somatic cells can execute all other somatic functions required for oogenesis, despite the fact that their genome is not expected to be dosage compensated for such diplo-X-specific functions. The unexpected observation that some TraF-feminized gynanders failed to lay their eggs showed there to be diplo-X cells outside the gonad for which TraF-feminized haplo-X cells cannot substitute.