cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Population quality, dispersal and numerical change in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.)

First instars from small and large gypsy moth eggs differ significantly in their head capsule width, weight, hatching time and the length of thoracic setae. Pupal weight and the developmental period of immature stages of the gypsy moth originating from small or large eggs do not differ significantly. The mean number of eggs per mass produced by females originating from small eggs is greater than that of females from large eggs although not statistically significant. Highly significant differences in mean egg size of egg masses of each type of female were also observed. The relationship between egg size and dispersal strategies are discussed.
Theoretical calculations of the contributions of excitation autoionization to electron-impact ionization in ions of the transition series of elements

Electron-impact excitation of inner-shell electrons followed by autoionization can dominate the total ionization cross sections in certain cases. We have made calculations to investigate this phenomenon for transitions of the form np/sup 6/nd/sup m/..-->..np/sup 5/nd/sup m/+1 in ions of the transition series of elements. We predict such excitations lead to enhancements of the total cross section of more than an order of magnitude in the triply ionized species of Ti, Zr, and Hf in accord with recent crossed-beam experiments. In these cases, the predicted and measured positions and shapes of the resonances agree quite well; however, the magnitude of the theoretical cross sections is overestimated in the distorted-wave, dipole approximation used here. The effects of other kinds of excitation-autoionization transitions are considered, and trends along the first transition series are discussed.
Wittgenstein and Realism

Abstract This paper compares and contrasts three views on the issue of ‘solipsism’ that were much discussed in the first half of the 20th century, namely those of Wittgenstein, Carnap and Reichenbach. While the paper deals mainly with early Wittgenstein, the so‐called ‘later Wittgenstein’ is seen as arguing that Carnap’s Aufbau, and any similar ‘solipsist’ reinterpretation of the language must start with a notion of experience utterly different from the one we actually have. And this criticism actually coheres with Wittgenstein’s views in the Tractatus.
Studying Variation in Program Success A Multilevel Modeling Approach

Multilevel modeling techniques, although used extensively in numerous areas of social science research including demography, studies of school organization, and research on cognitive development, have been used surprisingly infrequently in multisite evaluation studies. The goal of this article is to illustrate several ways in which multilevel modeling techniques can help to broaden the kinds of questions that we are able to address in multisite evaluations. In particular, it is shown how these techniques provide a means of moving beyond estimating overall, average program effects to investigations of how differences in various aspects of implementation across sites relate to differences in program success.
The scanpath theory: its definitions and later developments

The scanpath theory was defined in 1971 by David Noton and Lawrence Stark in two articles that appeared in Science 1 and Scientific American 2 , and since then it has been considered one of the most influential theory of vision and eye movements. The scanpath theory explains the vision process in a top-down fashion by proposing that an internal cognitive representation controls not only the visual perception but also the related mechanism of active looking eye movements. Evidence supporting the scanpath theory comes from experiments showing the repetitive and idiosyncratic nature of eye movements during experiments with ambiguous figures, visual imagery and dynamic scenes. Similarity metrics were defined in our analysis procedures to quantitatively compare and measure the sequence of eye fixations in different experimental conditions. More recent scanpath experiments performed using different motor read-out systems have served to better understand the structure of the visual image representation in the brain and the presence of several levels of binding. A special emphasis must be given to the role of bottom-up conspicuity elaboration in the control of the scanpath sequence and interconnection of conspicuity with such higher level cognitive representations.
Resolution of the conformational distribution and dynamics of a flexible molecule using frequency-domain fluorometry

We report the first resolution of both the conformational distribution and end-to-end diffusion coefficient of a flexible molecule. This molecular information was recovered using only the donor intensity decay in a single solvent at a single viscosity, as observed by the technique of frequency-domain fluorometry. This technique can be extended to measurements of structural fluctuations of biological macromolecules.
Mohr circles of the First and Second Kind and their use to represent tensor operations

Abstract Since their introduction to the geological literature by Brace (1959, 1960, 1961), Mohr circles for large irrotational deformations have proved valuable as aids to our understanding of deformation geometry. However, confusion persists regarding sign conventions. We show that there are two basic kinds of Mohr circles, each with its distinct set of sign conventions. These two divisions, which we call Mohr circles of the First and Second Kind, are not merely reflections of one another in Mohr space. They represent two distinct aspects of the relationship between the space of tensor components (Mohr space) and the space of geological structures (geographical space). The distinction between Mohr circles of the First and Second Kind is critical when the circles are drawn in off-axis positions for asymmetric tensors. Constructions in Mohr space are described which correspond to various standard tensor operations including transposition, inversion, addition and various kinds of multiplication. For some of these operations Mohr circles of one kind or the other offer advantages.
Migration, embedded networks and social capital: towards theorising North American ethnic geography

This paper critically evaluates the impacts of networks of ethnicity and social capital on the migration paths and settlement decision-making of refugees now living on the Pacific Coast of the US. Of particular significance are the social networks of two complex groups who relocated in large numbers to communities in central California and the Pacific Northwest over the past decade. Postmodern sensitivities to race, space and place in recent years have revalidated humanistic approaches suggested by human geographers more than two decades ago. Today, however, this earlier humanistic approach is being reshaped to centre on unravelling and analysing social and place-based relationships. Rather than viewing migration in a narrow perspective (as a process happening in a particular place at a particular fixed moment in time), human geographers have begun to use ethnographic methods to record migration processes. I build on the ideas and approaches of both the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ in this article, paying particular attention to the social relationships and networks that emerge at intersections of fluidity, fusion, motion and negotiation, to appraise their role in constantly shaping and reshaping migration processes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of Effects of Terpene Skin Penetration Enhancers on Stability and Biological Activity of Lysozyme

The transport of proteins through skin can be facilitated potentially by using terpenes as chemical enhancers. However, we do not know about the effects of these enhancers on the stability and biological activity of proteins which is crucial for the development of safe and efficient formulations. Therefore, this project investigated the effects of terpene-based skin penetration enhancers which are reported as nontoxic to the skin (e.g., limonene, p-cymene, geraniol, farnesol, eugenol, menthol, terpineol, carveol, carvone, fenchone, and verbenone), on the conformational stability and biological activity of a model protein lysozyme. Terpene (5% v/v) was added to lysozyme solution and kept for 24 h (the time normally a transdermal patch remains) for investigating conformational stability profiles and biological activity. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer was used to analyze different secondary structures, e.g., α-helix, β-sheet, β-turn, and random coil. Conformational changes were also monitored by differential scanning calorimeter by determining midpoint transition temperature (Tm) and calorimetric enthalpy (ΔH). Biological activity of lysozyme was determined by measuring decrease in A450 when it was added to a suspension of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The results of this study indicate that terpenes 9, 10, and 11 (carvone, l-fenchone, and l-verbenone) decreased conformational stability and biological activity of lysozyme significantly (p < 0.05) less than other terpenes used in this study. It is concluded that smaller terpenes containing ketones with low lipophilicity (log Kow ∼2.00) would be optimal for preserving conformational stability and biological activity of lysozyme in a transdermal formulation containing terpene as permeation enhancer.
Taut Monads, Dynamic Logic and Determinism

Studied are Kleisli categories of monads of sets which satisfy two properties motivated by functional properties of collections. Such categories have box and diamond operators which follow the laws of (loop-free) dynamic logic. A theorem of Kozen states that the category of sets and relations is complete for loop-free dynamic logic. It is shown that the Kleisli category of the filter monad is likewise complete. A morphism @a is deterministic if Q@?[@a]Q for all Q. Each ''output value''@ax is associated with a filter which is forced to be an ultrafilter when @a is deterministic and @ax is defined. Early work in the theory of domains abstracted from the partially ordered set of partial functions between two sets, ordered by extension. A different abstraction, suited to conditional constructs rather than recursive fixed point equations, is the notion of a locally Boolean poset, and this is used to compare restriction categories with deterministic Kleisli categories. The laws of dynamic logic in terms of [@a]Q and Q for a single @a hold in any topological space with [@a]Q the interior operator and Q the closure operator.
Anomalous Cross-Section for Photon - Photon Scattering in Gauge Theories

Abstract We consider the deep inelastic structure functions of the photon in an asymptotically free gauge theory. In contrast to the case of a hadronic target, we find that the shortdistance analysis determines the shape and magnitude and not merely the Q 2 dependence of the structure functions. The structure functions of the free quark theory are renormalized by finite, calculable factors. For example, at x = 0.1, we find that F 2 will, at large Q 2 , exceed the free quark result by a factor 1.751, while for x = 0.5, F 2 is suppressed asymptotically, relative to the free quark theory, by a factor 0.964, and at x = 0.8, by a factor 0.611.
Dr William DeMonbreun: description of his contributions to our understanding of histoplasmosis and analysis of the significance of his work

Histoplasmosis was proven to be a fungal infection 70 years ago by Dr William DeMonbreun, at the time an assistant professor in the Department of Pathology at Vanderbilt Medical School. The significance of his work is analyzed in relationship to the evolution of knowledge about this important fungal infection. His discovery was also central to establishing the legitimacy of the recently reorganized medical school. Vanderbilt Medical School in 1925 was an experiment in building an educational institution essentially from scratch-the outcome of the experiment could be judged in the near term only by research productivity and Dr DeMonbreun's work was one of the 5 major discoveries made at Vanderbilt in the first decade of its existence. Further, his work is the bedrock on which Christie and Peterson later showed that histoplasmosis was endemic in the Ohio River Valley. Their studies plus a host of case reports and reviews up to recent times have contributed significantly to the academic standing of Vanderbilt. Heretofore unpublished illustrations and details about the prototypic cases are included for historical purposes. New light is also shed on the chain of circumstances that led to Vanderbilt's role in the evolution of knowledge about histoplasmosis. Finally, information is provided about Dr DeMonbreun's career after his discovery.
Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures: An Expedited Settlement Approach

ABSTRACT The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for implementing the Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) regulations under the provisions of the Clean Water Act (CWA) as amended by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). These regulations apply to a wide array of facilities involved in exploration, production, refining, manufacturing, distribution, and processing. The agency conducts SPCC inspections as a method of validating compliance with these regulations. In an era of government re-invention, budget constraints and in the spirit of better customer service relations, EPA Region VI has developed an innovative means of obtaining facility compliance with the SPCC regulations. It is formally known as the expedited settlement approach. The purpose of this approach was to provide a more efficient and effective means of validating environmental compliance. The approach is a combination of simplified inspection and enforcement procedures with emphasis upon compliance ass...
The effect of donor age on the sensitivity of osteoblasts to the proliferative effects of TGFβ and 1,25(OH2) vitamin D3

The loss of osteoblast function in aging bone is one of the major causes of osteopenia, or loss of bone mass. In this study, this loss of function was investigated by examining the proliferative response of rat long bone periosteal osteoblasts to TGF(beta1) and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3) (1,25-D(3)) as a function of donor age. Using a DNA binding fluorescent dye, DNA levels were measured in osteoblast cultures derived from either young adult (3-4 months) or old (14-15 months) rats following treatment with two concentrations (10(-9) M or 10(-12) M) of either 1,25-D(3) or TGF(beta1) or with vehicle. Cells from young rat bone, when treated with 1, 25-D(3), showed a dose-dependent increase in proliferation when treated with the higher dose and a decrease in proliferation when treated with the lower dose. Osteoblasts isolated from old rats did not respond to 1, 25-D(3) treatment. A similar pattern of response to TGF(beta1) was found. When treated with 10(-9) M TGF(beta1), the rate of proliferation increased for young rat osteoblasts, but the old rat derived cells were unresponsive. The 10(-12) M dose of TGF(beta1) was ineffective for both young and old cells. This study has shown that osteoblasts derived from old donors are impaired in their ability to respond to vitamin D and TGF(beta), two of the major controlling factors of skeletal development and maintenance.
Disability to Community: A Journey to Create Inclusive Christian Schools

The organizational journey from Christian Learning Center to CLC Network progresses philosophically from focusing on disability to celebrating community. Paralleling social change in the United States, special education programming offered by the Christian Learning Center of Grand Rapids, Michigan, has changed from the practice of providing segregated, self-contained education, to mainstreaming, to education that is inclusive. This article traces the evolution of support services offered by the CLC Network to Christian schools and their teachers and students in West Michigan and throughout the United States and provides a case study of what inclusive Christian education should look like. The author wishes to thank R. H. “Bear” Berends, Executive Director of CLC Network, and Doug Bouman, CLC Network's Director of Psychological Services, for their assistance and contributions in the development of this article.
A novel approach to estimating the odour concentration distribution in the community

Abstract A new mathematical model is described for estimating the percentage time that the odour threshold is exceeded in the community. Estimates obtained by using the model are compared with experimental data to demonstrate the effectiveness over a range of conditions.
A comparison of knitted Dacron velour and bovine heterograft for hemodialysis access.

Knitted Dacron velour prostheses (D) and bovine heterografts (BH) were alternately used for vascular access in 35 adult male patients with chronic renal failure. These conduits (21 D, 23 BH) were placed in the arm between the brachial artery and axillary vein in patients with failed Brescia-Cimino fistulas. Results were expressed as a cumulative function rate (CFR) and cumulative patency rate (CPR) for each material, and were compared using the life table method. CFR and CPR at 24 months were 79 and 32%, respectively, for D, while these values were 60 and 41%, respectively, for BH, and these differences were not significant (P > 0.05). Complications of thrombosis, infection, pseudoaneurysm, and distal ischemia occurred in comparable numbers of D and BH. However, D resisted infection with local treatment, was more readily available at lower cost, and proved easier to revise as required clinically. We recommend greater use of D in vascular access for hemodialysis.
Biogeochemistry of model estuaries

The First International Symposium on the Biogeochemistry of Model Estuaries was held May 21–27 in Primosten, Yugoslavia. The goals of the symposium were to bring together scientists from North America and Europe to present results of studies on biogeochemical processes in estuaries, discuss strategies for developing a more fundamental understanding of these processes, and pursue ways to achieve better international cooperation. About fifty scientists attended. A major focus of the symposium was the results from a French-Yugoslavian cooperative study of the biogeochemistry of the Krka estuary in Yugoslavia. The Krka is a stratified estuary that drains a karsted carbonate watershed. The system provides a model for studying biogeochemical processes in estuaries that receive low suspended solids but relatively high dissolved solids in terrestrial runoff. The project was also an opportunity to examine interfacial processes at the well-defined density boundary. Results demonstrated the importance of that boundary in controlling the biogeochemistry of the system.
Traumatic Lung and Paramediastinal Pneumatoceles

Traumatic pulmonary and paramediastinal pneumatoceles are definite, acutely formed, primary structural manifestations incident to nonpenetrating chest trauma. They are not secondary lesions, i.e., cavities or pneumatoceles resulting from the resolution of a pulmonary hematoma. Awareness of this fact will explain the not uncommon finding of a cavitary lesion, often containing an air-fluid level, on initial emergency room radiographs of patients who have sustained closed chest trauma. This will avoid unnecessary and unpleasant diagnostic procedures, including thoracotomy, for traumatic pneumatoceles are self-limiting, benign abnormalities which usually require no therapy other than observation.
Very low-temperature search for superconductivity in semiconducting KTaO 3

A series of attempts have been made to detect the presence of superconductivity in semiconducting potassium tantalate (KTaO3) single crystals. Semiconducting potassium tantalate has a number of properties in common with semiconducting SrTiO3, which is superconducting below ∼0.3 K, with a critical temperatureT c that varies as a function of the carrier concentration. Both KTaO3 and SrTiO3 are perovskite-structure oxides and both materials are so-called incipient ferroelectrics that are characterized by high dielectric constants at low temperature. These common properties suggest that superconductivity might also be observed in semiconducting potassium tantalate. In the temperature ange from 0.01 to 4.0 K, however, no evidence was found for superconductivity in KTaO3 in the presence of magnetic fields of 10−5–10−4 T (i.e., 0.1–1 Oe). Below 1.5 K, the search for superconductivity in KTaO3 was carried out using a3He-4He dilution refrigerator equipped with a SQUID magnetometer and an ac magnetometer. The system response was verified by measuring the paramagnetic susceptibility of Dy2O3-doped KTaO3. The failure to observe superconductivity in KTaO3, while SrTiO3 is an established superconducting material, may be related to the fact that the latter substance assumes a tetragonal symmetry phase at 105 K, while KTaO3 remains cubic to low temperatures.
U.S. Presidents and Latin American Interventions: Pursuing Regime Change in the Cold War

Lyndon Johnson invaded the Dominican Republic. Richard Nixon sponsored a coup attempt in Chile. Ronald Reagan waged covert warfare in Nicaragua. Nearly a dozen times during the Cold War, American presidents turned their attention from standoffs with the Soviet Union to intervene in Latin American affairs. In each instance, it was declared that the security of the United States was at stake--but, as Michael Grow demonstrates, these actions had more to do with flexing presidential muscle than responding to imminent danger. From Eisenhower's toppling of Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954 to Bush's overthrow of Noriega in Panama in 1989, Grow casts a close eye on eight major cases of U.S. intervention in the Western Hemisphere, offering fresh interpretations of why they occurred and what they signified. The case studies also include the Bay of Pigs fiasco, Reagan's invasion of Grenada in 1983, and JFK's little-known 1963 intervention against the government of Cheddi Jagan in British Guiana. Each intervention was part of a symbolic geopolitical chess match in which the White House sought to project an image of overpowering strength to audiences at home and abroad--in order to preserve both national and presidential credibility. As Grow also reveals, that impulse was routinely reinforced by local Latin American elites--such as Chilean businessmen or opposition Panamanian politicians--who actively promoted intervention in their own self-interest. LBJ's loud lament--"What can we do in Vietnam if we can't clean up the Dominican Republic?"--reflected just how preoccupied U.S. presidents were with proving that the U.S. was no paper tiger and that they themselves were fearless and forceful leaders. Meticulously argued and provocative, Grow's bold reinterpretation of Cold War history shows that this special preoccupation with credibility was at the very core of the presidents' approach to foreign relations, especially those involving America's Latin American neighbours.
Covariance structure models for clustered proportions

Abstract Covariance structures as functions of the means and extra-variation and correlation parameters are presented to model proportions correlated due to random clustering effects. The mean structures are specified by logistic regressions with proportion-specific covariates. The maximum quasi-likelihood/moment estimating functions for all the parameters are constructed. The resulting estimators are asymptotically normal. A general quasi-score test procedure is developed for testing the significance of any subset of the parameters. The small sample properties are studied through simulations. An illustrative example is included.
Modeling spanwise correlation effects in the vortex-induced response of flexible bridges

Abstract Two methods for modeling the effect of imperfect spanwise correlation of aerodynamic forces on the vortex-induced response of long-span flexible bridges are described. These methods are based on a semi-empirical non-linear mathematical model for the vortex-induced response of bluff bodies and results of wind-tunnel tests on bridge-deck section models. Application of these methods requires the knowledge of the spanwise behavior of aerodynamic forces on a prototype bridge undergoing vortex-induced oscillation. A method of approximating this behavior using measured spanwise correlation of forces on a two-dimensional, rigid section model is described. Examples of the application of the proposed methods are provided.
Aspects of dental development in the orangutan prior to eruption of the permanent dentition

In spite of a resurgence of interest in the interpretation of the sequences of dental development and eruption in various Plio-Pleistocene hominoids as being either “modern human” or “ape-like,” the body of comparative material on the extant hominoids remains deficient in critical areas. In concert with recent attempts to rectify this situation, we present the results of our studies on dental morphogenesis in the orangutan. We have focused on the growth and eruption of the deciduous dentition as well as early stages of permanent tooth formation and have found that 1) many permanent teeth develop earlier than was thought, 2) differences exist between development in the upper and in the lower jaw, and 3) states of tooth formation can vary significantly among individuals of similar chronological age or tooth eruption status.
Distinct populations of neurons in the ventromedial periaqueductal gray project to the rostral ventral medulla and abducens nucleus

Following microinjections of a colloidal gold complex into the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) of the ventral medulla, and of latex microspheres into the nucleus abducens (Abd) of the same animal, retrogradely labeled neurons were identified in the region of the contralateral supraoculomotor nucleus (SOM) in the ventromedial periaqueductal gray (PAG). Neurons labeled from the Abd were found in the SOM in the ventromedial PAG throughout the midbrain, as well as scattered ventrally in the oculomotor nucleus. Neurons in the SOM area retrogradely labeled from the PGi were most numerous rostral to the dorsal raphe nucleus and extended throughout the level of the oculomotor nucleus. Direct comparison of the two labels revealed that the neurons that project to the Abd were located slightly more ventrally than PGi-projecting neurons. Almost no doubly labeled neurons were identified, although singly labeled neurons formed adjacent but separate populations. These results indicate that neurons in the SOM area projecting to the PGi are distinct from those projecting to the Abd, and that the PGi-projecting neurons are probably not pre-oculomotor neurons. Given their more dorsal location and the nature of their target neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, PGi-projecting neurons may be related to visceromotor, as opposed to oculomotor functions.
Protecting the kidney during critical illness.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute renal failure causes considerable morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. To date, there are few therapies available to clinicians that alter outcome. This review will focus on clinical and basic science research efforts related to the diagnosis, pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of acute renal failure. RECENT FINDINGS The incidence of acute renal failure may be increasing and the mortality rate continues to be significant. The development of sensitive, predictive biomarkers of acute renal failure may help to diagnose the syndrome earlier and allow for meaningful therapeutic intervention. A number of new therapies are in development for acute renal failure. Many show promise in animal models of acute renal failure but prospective studies in humans are lacking. SUMMARY Despite the present lack of therapies for the treatment and prevention of acute renal failure, there are reasons to be optimistic. Recent research has led to the development of several different strategies that may provide a breakthrough in the treatment of acute renal failure.
Effects of an Rb mutation in the mouse

The retinoblastoma gene is mutated in several types of human cancer and is the best characterized of the tumour-suppressor genes. A mouse strain has been constructed in which one allele of Rb is disrupted. These heterozygous animals are not predisposed to retinoblastoma, but some display pituitary tumours arising from cells in which the wild-type Rb allele is absent. Embryos homozygous for the mutation die between days 14 and 15 of gestation, exhibiting neuronal cell death and defective erythropoiesis.
The role of body size on the outcome, escalation and duration of contests in the grey treefrog, Hyla versicolor

Aggressive interactions in animals are often resolved in favour of the individual with superior fighting ability, or resource-holding potential (RHP). A recent revival of studies of aggressive behaviour has focused on the assessment strategies used in animal contests. Strategies of dispute resolution through mutual or self-assessment of RHP differ in the predicted relationship between interaction duration and each competitor’s relative and absolute RHP. We studied potential components of RHP (mass, length, body condition) and their relationship to contest duration and the level of escalation in the grey treefrog, Hyla versicolor, using a novel method to stage aggressive interactions in the laboratory. Overall, large males were more likely to win than small males, but they only had an advantage in less escalated interactions and were not more successful in physical fights. There was limited evidence for an effect of body size on interaction duration or the level of escalation. Specifically, the body condition of both the smaller and larger contestant was weakly negatively related to the duration and level of escalation of contests. This relationship is the opposite of what would be expected under any assessment strategy. Given these data, coupled with the lack of relationships between other size measures and interaction duration, we conclude that assessment of body size does not occur in contests in H. versicolor. Other unmeasured components of RHP may play a role in determining interaction duration, and the relatively weak and ineffective fighting abilities of this species may limit the dominance of larger individuals. Relatively little is known about aggressive behaviour in frogs. Our method for staging aggressive interactions allows us to address predictions of game theory models in an important group for studies of animal communication.
The heroic age of American avant-garde art

A major contribution of Pierre Bourdieu to the study of art was his analysis of the autonomization of modern art fields. His model of autonomy and legitimacy in modern art was based on a study of the genesis of an avant-garde in French art in the late nineteenth century. I argue that a similar autonomization of art occurred in the mid-twentieth century in the United States. I present studies in music and film to demonstrate the genesis of an American avant-garde during this period. This general process of autonomization until now has been neglected in the work of sociologists and historians on American art. My analysis shows that the genesis of principles of autonomy in the United States, unlike France, developed in what were considered the high and popular arts. These case studies reveal a failure in Bourdieu’s model to account for the role of culture industries and popular artists in the autonomization of modern art fields. I show how the American art field generated a subfield of autonomous art that included both avant-garde high art and independent popular art. This permanent subfield of avant-garde and independent art became central to future struggles over autonomy and innovation in American art.
Activation of Vinculin Induced by Cholinergic Stimulation Regulates Contraction of Tracheal Smooth Muscle Tissue

Vinculin localizes to membrane adhesion junctions where it links actin filaments to the extracellular matrix by binding to the integrin-binding protein talin at its head domain (Vh) and to actin filaments at its tail domain (Vt). Vinculin can assume an inactive (closed) conformation in which Vh and Vt bind to each other, masking the binding sites for actin and talin, and an active (open) conformation in which the binding sites for talin and actin are exposed. We hypothesized that the contractile activation of smooth muscle tissues might regulate the activation of vinculin and thereby contribute to the regulation of contractile tension. Stimulation of tracheal smooth muscle tissues with acetylcholine (ACh) induced the recruitment of vinculin to cell membrane and its interaction with talin and increased the phosphorylation of membrane-localized vinculin at the C-terminal Tyr-1065. Expression of recombinant vinculin head domain peptide (Vh) in smooth muscle tissues, but not the talin-binding deficient mutant head domain, VhA50I, inhibited the ACh-induced recruitment of endogenous vinculin to the membrane and the interaction of vinculin with talin and also inhibited vinculin phosphorylation. Expression of Vh peptide also inhibited ACh-induced smooth muscle contraction and inhibited ACh-induced actin polymerization; however, it did not affect myosin light chain phosphorylation, which is necessary for cross-bridge cycling. Inactivation of RhoA inhibited vinculin activation in response to ACh. We conclude that ACh stimulation regulates vinculin activation in tracheal smooth muscle via RhoA and that vinculin activation contributes to the regulation of active tension by facilitating connections between actin filaments and talin-integrin adhesion complexes and by mediating the initiation of actin polymerization.
Dimensionality of the superfluid transition in /sup 4/He films adsorbed on 550-A Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ powder

The dimensionality of the superfluid transition in thin /sup 4/He films adsorbed on 500-A-diameter Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ powder has been investigated with use of third-sound measurements. A sharp drop in /rho is observed at film thicknesses just below the critical Kosterlitz-Thouless value, indicating that the transition remains two dimensional for this pore size above 1.2 K. The sound signal can be observed to very low values of the superfluid density because the measured attenuation near onset is much smaller than that observed previously on flat substrates.
Formamide in Reverse Micelles: Restricted Environment Effects on Molecular Motion

Novel Aerosol OT (AOT) reverse micelles solubilizing formamide rather than water have been created and studied. In contrast to water sequestered in the interior of AOT reverse micelles, the vibrational spectra indicate that the intramicellar formamide retains a large degree of hydrogen bonding character and its structure appears significantly less perturbed by the restricted environment than water. However, solvation dynamics measurements show that the intramicellar formamide is nearly completely immobilized, a dramatic departure from bulk solvation dynamics. These results show that structural aspects derived from the characteristic vibrational motion does not necessarily provide insight into other dynamical solvent behavior.
Ustilago maydis virus P4 killer toxin: Characterization, partial amino terminus sequence, and evidence for glycosylation

The toxin from Ustilago maydis virus P4 was purified to homogeneity and characterized. The native molecular mass, using size-exclusion HPLC was estimated to be 7.2 kDa. The purified toxin was composed of a single subunit. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis under reduced and nonreduced conditions resulted in estimated molecular masses of 8.4 and 7.4 kDa, respectively. The purified toxin was found to be glycosylated when tested for carbohydrates using the phenol-sulfuric acid method, Schiff's base reagent, and a Glycan detection kit and when probed against different biotinylated lectins. Partial amino acid sequence analysis of the purified toxin indicated a free N-terminus, 16% glycine, and 23% basic amino acid residues. No homology was found to either the alpha or the beta subunit of the toxin encoded by U. maydis infected with the P6 virus.
Epitaxy of FeAl films on GaAs(100) by molecular beam epitaxy

Intermetallics that coexist with III-V’s in the bulk are expected to form thermodynamically stable overlayers when deposited as a thin film. To the extent that adsorption kinetics do not play a role, these films should be abrupt and able to withstand high temperature processing. Some of these films have been found to be epitaxial after heating in vacuum. FeAl has been found to form pseudomorphic films on InP(l00) substrates and to grow in a layer-by-layer mode even when code-posited. To explore the role of stoichiometry and crystal strain, we have used reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) to compare the growth of Fex-Al1−x on GaAs(l00) to its growth on InP substrates. In both cases RHEED intensity oscillations are observed at 200° C, indicating two-dimensional island formation and layer-by-layer growth. For both, the growth is pseudomorphic on an AlAs buffer layer, with any lattice constant change less than 0.3%. When the intermetallics were codeposited, the growth proceeded via double layer formation forx < 0.7 and via single layers for largex. The films were stable to 550° C. Subsequent growth of AlAs was three dimensional.
Highly efficient cross-linked PbS nanocrystal/C60 hybrid heterojunction photovoltaic cells

We present a highly efficient hybrid heterojunction photovoltaic (PV) cell with a colloidal inorganic nanocrystal (NC) electron donor and an organic electron acceptor. The heterojunction is formed by a thin film of cross-linked PbS NCs and a vacuum deposited C60 layer. Compared to the PbS-only PV cell, the heterojunction device has improved the power conversion efficiency from 1.6% to 2.2% under 1 sun of simulated Air Mass 1.5 Global (AM 1.5G) irradiation. The C60 layer effectively prevents exciton quenching at the NC/metal interface, as evidenced by a significant improvement in fill factor of the heterojunction devices.
Knowledge based system support for introductory power system network analysis on personal computers

The application of artificial intelligence for knowledge-based systems (KBSs) is reviewed and applied to the basic power system network analysis problem. A frame-based KBS has been developed to assist students in preparing data for power flow analysis. The prototype for a power flow knowledge-based system (PFKBS) is an example of a shallow knowledge system. The details of an implementation for a simple power system are used to highlight the difference between a frame-based approach and a conventional FORTRAN approach. The data structures used within the developed frame-based KBS are presented in sufficient detail for anyone to regenerate the database. The user interface is illustrated for a small power system. The method of preparing data for the power flow as a sequence of knowledge bases is discussed for the example system. >
Retinal Effects Of Blue Light Exposure

Recent research has shown that blue light exposure is an important factor in certain types of retinal injury. The mammalian ocular media transmits the spectral band 400-1400 nm to the retina. The short wavelengths (400-550 nm) produce a photochemical or actinic type of damage, while the longer wavelengths (550-1400 nm) produce thermal damage. Distinction between the two types of retinal damage are discussed briefly and the importance of the blue light effect for solar retinitis and eclipse blindness is emphasized. The significance of blue light retinal injury is summarized for various environmental and occupational exposures.
Strain DCB-1 conserves energy for growth from reductive dechlorination coupled to formate oxidation

Strain DCB-1 is a strict anaerobe capable of the reductive dechlorination of chlorobenzoates. The effect of dechlorination on the yield of pure cultures of DCB-1 was tested. Cultures were incubated with formate or H2 as electron donors and CO2 as a putative carbon source. Relative to control cultures with benzoate, cultures which dechlorinated 3-chlorobenzoate and 3,5-dichlorobenzoate had higher yields measured both as protein and cell density. On the media tested the apparent growth yield was 1.7 to 3.4 g cell protein per mole Cl- removed. Dechlorination also stimulated formate oxidation by growing cultures. Resuspended cells required an electron donor for dechlorination activity, with either formate or elemental iron serving this function. Resuspended cells did not require an electron acceptor for formate consumption, but reductive dechlorination of 3CB to benzoate stoichiometrically stimulated oxidation of formate to CO2. These results indicate that DCB-1 conserves energy for growth by coupling formate, and probably, H2 oxidation to reductive dechlorination.
Kinetics of hydrogen absorption-desorption by niobium

The kinetics of hydrogen absorption and desorption by clean, recrystallized Nb foils, (110) orientation, were measured as a function of temperature. The results are discussed on the basis of a previously published model for the kinetics. It was found that, contrary to the original assumption, the initial sticking coefficient of hydrogen on the clean Nb(110) surface is temperature dependent and can be described by the expression S/sub i/ = S/sub 0/ e(-(2E/sub I//RT)), where S/sub 0/ was found to be close to unity and E/sub I/ = (1.27 +- 0.01) kcal/mol H. This led to a modification of the theoretical model by the inclusion of an activation energy for chemisorption. Furthermore, an analysis of the temperature-dependent data yielded values for the chemisorption energy of hydrogen E/sub D/ = (14.8 +- 0.2) kcal/mol H, the vibrational entropy at the surface, the surface coverage, as well as other parameters related to the energy barrier at the surface.
On a Tactical Air-Warfare Model of Mengel

This is the first of a series of papers devoted to the computational solution of dynamic programming processes. In it we use the functional-equation approach to treat a tactical air-warefare model that. A Mengel previously has considered by means of classical variational techniques.
Radiation shielding aspects for long manned mission to space: Criteria, survey study, and preliminary model

The prospect of manned space missions outside Earth's orbit is limited by the travel time and shielding against cosmic radiation. The chemical rockets currently used in the space program have no hope of propelling a manned vehicle to a far away location such as Mars due to the enormous mass of fuel that would be required. The specific energy available from nuclear fuel is a factor of 106 higher than chemical fuel; it is therefore obvious that nuclear power production in space is a must. On the other hand, recent considerations to send a man to the Moon for a long stay would require a stable, secured and safe source of energy (there is hardly anything beyond nuclear power that would provide a useful and reliably safe sustainable supply of energy). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) anticipates that the mass of a shielding material required for long travel to Mars is the next major design driver. In 2006 NASA identified a need to assess and evaluate potential gaps in existing knowledge and understanding of the level and types of radiation critical to astronauts' health during the long travel to Mars and to start a comprehensive study related to the shielding design of a spacecraft finding the conditions for the mitigation of radiation components contributing to the doses beyond accepted limits. In order to reduce the overall space craft mass, NASA is looking for the novel, multi-purpose and multi-functional materials that will provide effective shielding of the crew and electronics on board. The Laboratory for Neutronics and Geometry Computation in the School of Nuclear Engineering at Purdue University led by Prof. Tatjana Jevremovic began in 2004 the analytical evaluations of different lightweight materials. The preliminary results of the design survey study are presented in this paper.
Enhancing neuropsychological performance in chronic cannabis users: The role of motivation

This study sought to determine whether cannabis users demonstrate differential effort during neuropsychological assessment compared to nonusers, and whether better performance can be induced in participants with a motivational statement prior to testing. For two groups of participants, cannabis users and nonusers, either a motivational or a neutral statement was administered prior to neuropsychological testing. The motivational statement resulted in better performance on a test of verbal learning and memory for users than did the neutral statement, while nonusers in the motivational and neutral conditions did not differ in performance. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Evaluating a Quality Improvement Program for Cervical Cancer Screening at an Urban Safety Net Clinic

This article evaluates a quality improvement program for improving guideline-consistent cervical cancer screening practices in an urban safety net clinic. Quality improvement initiatives that combine policy with practice are particularly timely in light of the alignment of cervical cancer screening guidelines released in 2012 by the most influential national organizations. A descriptive comparison design was employed using the Healthy People 2020 target of 93% screened according to guidelines. Provider-, patient-, and workflow-based strategies included (1) addition of a clinical decision support system, (2) provider educational outreach, (3) patient reminder letters, and (4) development of a clinic procedure manual. Through the application of an established quality measurement tool, three quality indicators were measured: screened according to evidence-based guidelines, not screened, and screened more frequently than recommended. Data from the sample (N = 1,032) were collected at baseline and 12 months postimplementation. Each quality indicator category was significant at follow-up. Patients screened according to guidelines nearly doubled while the number of underscreened patients was reduced by nearly half. Similarly, there was a threefold decrease in patients screened more frequently than recommended. Clinical administrators, quality improvement specialists, and health care providers in primary care settings can use the strategies implemented in this study as a starting point for continuous quality improvement initiatives for cervical cancer screening.