cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective α-Fluorination of N-Acyloxazolidinones at Room Temperature within 1 h

A direct α-fluorination of N-acyloxazolidinones based on the unique reactivity of group IVa metal enolates has been developed. The reaction is an experimentally simple, low-cost, quick, and energy-efficient alternative for asymmetric α-fluorination of N-acyloxazolidinones. Preliminary studies have shown compatibility with alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl, aromatic, and several heteroaromatic substituents. High diastereoselectivities have been achieved with most substrates tested, and the reaction is typically complete within 1 h at ambient temperature.
Tandem Occlusion Causing Acute Ischemic Stroke

Tandem occlusion (TO) is defined as the presence of concurrent large intracranial and extracranial artery occlusion causing an acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The stroke mechanism is usually an artery-to-artery embolization of a thrombus formed at the site of cervical carotid obstruction, which may be caused by atherosclerotic disease or dissection. The cervical carotid occlusion poses additional challenges to mechanical thrombectomy (MT) of the acute intracranial artery occlusion. Treatment of the intracranial occlusion usually requires crossing and often treating the cervical occlusion. Although the optimal endovascular treatment strategy for TO remains uncertain, we provide a review of current evidence-based recommendations to manage these patients, as well as practical tips.
New Therapies for Asthma

Although knowledge regarding the inflammatory mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of asthma has recently increased considerably, the currently available therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of acute and chronic asthma has not changed significantly over the past decade. Advances have been made in identifying mechanisms of actions of existing medications, redefining appropriate medication use (or discontinuation of routine use), improving delivery systems for inhaled medications, and using a few currently available medications in nonapproved fashions (e.g. diuretics), but no new classes of drugs have become available. All currently licenced and approved medications for asthma can be cataloged into five classes (Table 1). Strategies for the development of novel therapies for asthma include modifications of existing drugs, novel applications of existing medications, or development of new classes or types of medications. Application of both strategies has resulted in improved pharmacotherapy for asthma.
Barriers to careers identified by women in academic surgery: A grounded theory model.

Abstract Background Faculty attrition has been widely acknowledged and poorly understood throughout academic medicine. To date, barriers to career advancement in academic surgery have been identified and described in a limited fashion using only survey data. The authors sought to characterize career barriers for women academic surgeons using grounded theory methodology. Methods Authors conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 mid-career and senior female academic surgeons in the United States. Data were drawn together using grounded theory analysis of interview transcripts to develop a conceptual model. Results Interviewees identified barriers constituting two intersecting categories: (1) obstacles within the system of academic surgery and (2) impediments based in broader culture and its power structures. Interviewees’ robust description of the challenges of integrating clinical and non-clinical professional responsibilities is novel. Conclusions Career barriers identified by women in academic surgery are complex and include cultural factors from within and outside of the profession. Identifying and dismantling barriers, particularly those that negatively impact perceptions of belonging, is imperative to creating a culture of sustained excellence in academic surgery. Summary The authors used grounded theory method to develop a conceptual model of barriers to careers in academic surgery as described by successful female academic surgeons. The authors identified intersecting cultural barriers specific to academic surgery and derived from cultural power differentials.
Perioperative near-infrared spectroscopy cerebral oxygen saturation in symptomatic pediatric hydrocephalus patients at risk for intracranial hypertension

OBJECTIVE The lack of a continuous, noninvasive modality for monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) is a major obstacle in the care of pediatric patients with hydrocephalus who are at risk for intracranial hypertension. Intracranial hypertension can lead to cerebral ischemia and brain tissue hypoxia. In this study, the authors evaluated the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) in symptomatic pediatric patients with hydrocephalus concerning for elevated ICP. METHODS The authors evaluated the NIRS rSO2 trends in pediatric patients presenting with acute hydrocephalus and clinical symptoms of intracranial hypertension. NIRS rSO2 values were recorded hourly before and after neurosurgical intervention. To test for significance between preoperative and postoperative values, the authors constructed a linear regression model with the rSO2 values as the outcome and pre- and postsurgery cohorts as the independent variable, adjusted for age and sex, and used the generalized estimating equation method to account for within-subject correlation. RESULTS Twenty-two pediatric patients underwent NIRS rSO2 monitoring before and after CSF diversion surgery. The mean durations of NIRS rSO2 recording pre- and postoperatively were 13.95 and 26.82 hours, respectively. The mean pre- and postoperative rSO2 values were 73.84% and 80.65%, respectively, and the adjusted mean difference estimated from the regression model was 5.98% (adjusted p < 0.0001), suggestive of improved cerebral oxygenation after definitive neurosurgical CSF diversion treatment. Postoperatively, all patients returned to baseline neurological status with no clinical symptoms of elevated ICP. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral oxygenation trends measured by NIRS in symptomatic pediatric hydrocephalus patients with intracranial hypertension generally improve after CSF diversion surgery.
The Changing Face of Agriculture in Tanzania: Indicators of Transformation

Motivation The extent to which African farming systems are undergoing transformation continues to be strongly debated. Purpose With a focus on Tanzania, this study assesses whether recent trends in farm behaviour, the structure of farming, and agricultural commercialization and productivity conform to stylized facts about agricultural transformation. In the process, we propose an updated typology of farms that reflects recent changes in the relative importance of different farm categories and sheds light on the heterogeneity found even among smallholder farms. Approach and methods To this end, we refer to farm‐household survey data over the period 2008–2014. Findings We find that medium‐scale farms and small, farm‐focused, commercialized farms are claiming an increasingly prominent role in Tanzanian agriculture. Farmers are more likely to participate in markets for land and labour, to engage in some forms of agricultural intensification and to exhibit a commercial orientation. Over the study period, the real value of agricultural output grew substantially, mostly reflecting a remarkable expansion of cropland rather than increased land productivity. Labour productivity also grew, driven by a reduction in labour intensity. At the same time, Tanzania is experiencing a dramatic movement of labour out of agriculture. Policy implications Together, the evidence suggests that Tanzania is on the cusp of larger transformational processes in the decades to come. With this knowledge, policies can be thoughtfully shaped to support agricultural growth (particularly in land productivity) and meet farmers' diverse needs.
Simulation of contrast agent dynamics in digital brain phantom for CT perfusion optimization

Quantitative perfusion maps of cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and transit time generated using dynamic imaging data enable physicians to evaluate and prescribe the optimal plan of care for stroke patients. Validation is needed to increase the accuracy and reproducibility of this data, which can vary depending on the scanning technique and post-processing algorithm. In this work, we expand the XCAT brain phantom to incorporate a realistic model of the contrast agent dynamics in the cerebral vasculature and establish the ground truth to which the perfusion maps can be compared. For a specific stroke case, each tissue region's flow demand is calculated and used to determine the feeding flow in the upstream arteries and draining flow in the downstream veins. Using the flow values and a contrast agent injection curve, the model calculates the input and output concentration curves for each structure in the brain. The concentration curve within each structure is then calculated as the difference between the total amount of contrast agent that has entered and exited the structure up until that timepoint. A dynamic simulation framework utilizes the curves to define the contrast agent concentration within the phantom at each time point and generates simulated CT perfusion imaging data sets compatible with commercially available post-processing software. This development provides a realistic set of ground truth test data that enables quantitative validation and optimization of perfusion imaging and post-processing methods for stroke assessment.
WINS: Web Interface for Network Science via Natural Language Distributed Representations

This work proposes a novel approach to visually interact with semantic networks constructed via natural language processing techniques. The proposed web interface, WINS, allows the user to select a textual document to be analyzed, choose the algorithm to construct the semantic network, and visualize the network with its metrics. Unlike previous works, which are typically based on co-occurrence matrix for constructing the text network, the proposed interface embeds an additional approach based on the combination of network science with distributed representations of words and phrases.
Conclusion: Drawing a New Map of Love

In the conclusion, Renk argues that Neo-Victorian women writers draw a new “map of love,” as they often forge a link between sexual and creative eros. Overall, these writers underscore creative eros or the unfolding of creative gifts in their female characters who are women artists, writers, rogues, gender outlaws, spiritualist leaders, and travelers. They show us women developing an artistic gaze, women writers overcoming the obstacles of motherhood, male influence, and the perception that women writers are unfeminine monsters; they show us women experiencing philia via the lesbian continuum, women adopting spiritual roles, women discovering new identities as they travel to new worlds, and women building new worlds of female habitation and attempting to envision gender fluidity and a utopian, genderless society.
Housing in America: an introduction: by M. Bull and A. Gross, 2018, New York, Routledge, 179 pp., $57.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-1382-3364-5

The COVID-19 outbreak and its economic repercussions have put multiple housing issues in the spotlight. Millions of households struggle to make rent or mortgage payments because of declining income...
Needs and Preferences Among Food Pantry Clients.

INTRODUCTION Food pantries serve households in need, including many with a family member with a diet-related chronic disease, yet data on client priorities to inform hunger relief practices are lacking. We used a statewide client survey in Minnesota to determine needs and priorities of food pantry clients in 2017 and 2019 and to identify how well Minnesota pantries met those needs in 2019. METHODS Our survey was administered in 2017 and 2019. Food pantries in Minnesota were mailed 25 surveys each, with instructions for administering the surveys anonymously to clients. Descriptive analyses compared 2017 and 2019 data and compared client priorities for foods and services with how often they were available at the pantry in 2019. RESULTS The 2017 survey represented 4,321 clients from 188 pantries; the 2019 survey represented 5,529 clients from 220 pantries. Most measures of food pantry use were consistently high across the years; about three-quarters of clients had been visiting the pantry for a year or more. In 2019, 85% of clients said it was important to have fresh fruits and vegetables, but only 52% said these were always available. About two-thirds had a household member with a diet-related chronic disease. The ability to choose their own foods was clients' top priority. CONCLUSION The types of food most requested by clients tended to be healthy but were inconsistently available. Most important to clients was being able to choose their own food. Results underscore the need for continued monitoring of client priorities.
Constitutive protein kinase G activation exacerbates stress-induced cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Heart failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and new therapeutic targets are needed. Preclinical data suggest that pharmacological activation of protein kinase G (PKG) can reduce maladaptive ventricular remodelling and cardiac dysfunction in the stressed heart. However, clinical trial results have been mixed and the effects of long-term PKG activation in the heart are unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We characterized the cardiac phenotype of mice carrying a heterozygous knock-in mutation of PKG1 (Prkg1R177Q/+ ), which causes constitutive, cGMP-independent activation of the kinase. We examined isolated cardiac myocytes and intact mice, the latter after stress induced by surgical transaortic constriction or angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion. KEY RESULTS Cardiac myocytes from Prkg1R177Q/+ mice showed altered phosphorylation of sarcomeric proteins and reduced contractility in response to electrical stimulation, compared to cells from wild type mice. Under basal conditions, young PKG1R177Q/+ mice exhibited no obvious cardiac abnormalities, but aging animals developed mild increases in cardiac fibrosis. In response to angiotensin II infusion or fixed pressure overload induced by transaortic constriction, young PKGR177Q/+ mice exhibited excessive hypertrophic remodelling with increased fibrosis and myocyte apoptosis, leading to increased left ventricular dilation and dysfunction compared to wild type litter mates. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Long-term PKG1 activation in mice may be harmful to the heart, especially in the presence of pressure overload and neurohumoral stress.
Facilitating Staging-based Unstructured Mesh Processing to Support Hybrid In-Situ Workflows

In-situ and in-transit processing alleviate the gap between the computing and I/O capabilities by scheduling data analytics close to the data source. Hybrid in-situ processing splits data analytics into two stages: the data processing that runs in-situ aims to extract regions of interest, which are then transferred to staging services for further in-transit analytics. To facilitate this type of hybrid in-situ processing, the data staging service needs to support complex intermediate data representations generated/consumed by the in-situ tasks. Unstructured (or irregular) mesh is one such derived data representation that is typically used and bridges simulation data and analytics. However, how staging services efficiently support unstructured mesh transfer and processing remains to be explored. This paper investigates design options for transferring and processing unstructured mesh data using staging services. Using polygonal mesh data as an example, we show that hybrid in-situ workflows with staging-based unstructured mesh processing can effectively support hybrid in-situ workflows, and can significantly decrease data movement overheads.
The Tourism Life Cycle Model of Rural Development: A Case Study of Two Ethnic Villages in Southwest China

Rural poverty is still a persistent and severe problem in the Global South. As the largest developing country in the world, China is committed to ending rural poverty by 2020. As a country strives to become the world’s new superpower, it faces a harsh reality of widening urban-rural disparities in education, living standards, health care, and community services. Therefore, China presents an intriguing case of how to achieve sustainable rural development while empowering the local community to promote social justice and maintain cultural identity. Based on our fieldwork done in two ethnic villages of Chongqing Municipality in Southwest China, we explore the social, cultural, economic, and ecological impacts of rural tourism on the local communities. Keywords: China, rural poverty reduction, sustainable development ------------ Le modele de cycle de vie touristique du developpement rural : une etude de cas de deux villages ethniques du sud-ouest de la Chine La pauvrete rurale reste un probleme persistant et grave dans les pays du Sud. En tant que plus grand pays en developpement du monde, la Chine s'est engagee a mettre fin a la pauvrete rurale d'ici 2020. Alors qu'un pays s'efforce de devenir la nouvelle superpuissance mondiale, il est confronte a la dure realite des disparites urbaines-rurales croissantes en matiere d'education, de niveau de vie, de soins de sante et de services communautaires. Par consequent, la Chine presente un cas intrigant de la facon de parvenir a un developpement rural durable tout en permettant a la communaute locale de promouvoir la justice sociale et de maintenir l'identite culturelle. Sur la base de notre travail de terrain effectue dans deux villages ethniques de la municipalite de Chongqing dans le sud-ouest de la Chine, nous explorons les impacts sociaux, culturels, economiques et ecologiques du tourisme rural sur les communautes locales. Mots-cles : Chine, reduction de la pauvrete rurale, developpement durable
Book Review, Conceptualizing Property Law: Integrating Common Law and Civil Law Traditions by Yaell Emerich

In Conceptualising Property Law: Integrating Common Law and Civil Law Traditions (Edward Elgar, 2018), Yaell Emerich explores the theme of property law convergence. In this impressively learned, eight chapter book, Emerich repeatedly reveals that property—both as a general legal concept and as a set of institutional arrangements governing how people use, manage and exchange both tangible and intangible resources—functions similarly in the civil law and common law traditions despite different historical origins and doctrinal labels. Emerich’s interest in—and discovery of—this commonality originates in her commitment to “transsystemia,” an approach to teaching and understanding law that grew out of Quebec’s fertile bilingual, bijural mixed jurisdiction. The major reward produced by Emerich’s exercise in functional comparative law is the picture of property’s structural unity in the diverse legal systems she studies (primarily Quebec, the rest of Canada, England, and France) when viewed at a broad enough scale. Sometimes this structural convergence is explained by cross-system pollination. Other times it appears to result from deeper forces in modern, market oriented societies governed by the rule of law where legal elites (those who largely make property law in Emerich’s account) seek to afford individuals and legal entities a large measure of contractual freedom to arrange their affairs regarding tangible and intangible resources.
Designing Wearable Microgrids: Towards Autonomous Sustainable On-body Energy Management

The rapid development of wearable sensing and interfacing electronics is facing challenges in sustainability and energy independence. The reliable sustainable operation of such autonomous wearable electronics hinges on the rational integration of energy harvesting and storage modules, as well as their corresponding control and regulation circuitries. Such emerging self-powered wearable systems still lack systematic system-level energy management considerations and are thus limited in efficiency, reliability, and practicality for their targeted use cases. Viewing the scattered wearable energy technologies through the concept of independent microgrids allows us to reassess the goal of establishing a reliable, practical, and energy-economical wearable system. Powered by distributed on-body energy harvesting modules, the continuous operation of wearable devices can thus be realized with their strategic integration with energy storage managed by the decentralized, hierarchical control system. This Perspective discusses the vision of a wearable microgrid, based on a judicious scenario-specific selection of harvesting and storage modules, with commensurate performance, towards the rational design of practical wearable electronic systems with high energy autonomy and reliability. The energy supply via different sources and power demands of various wearable applications are examined for determining appropriate energy reserve, attainable functionalities, and suitable operation modes, along with key considerations in device form-factors for maximizing system efficiency. By applying the concept of a microgrid on miniaturized self-powered systems for wearables, we propose three system-level design guidelines - commensurate energy rating, complimentary device characteristics, and compatible form factors - towards the future development of reliable, self-sustainable on-body systems and autonomous implantable, ingestible, or small mobile devices. We conclude by discussing the prospects for developing more efficient and sustainable wearable microgrids for higher power applications, through accurate and smart energy budgeting and regulation involving artificial intelligence and advanced algorithms towards dynamic data-driven prediction of rapidly changing power supply and demands.
One man’s view of Hodgkin's disease

Despite its many heterogeneous features, Hodgkin's disease is most likely a single neoplastic disorder in which some common viral agent of low virulence and infectivity might be of etiologic importance. Family factors such as birth order influence age of initial exposure, a major determinant of the outcome of infection—clinical disease versus immunity. The various epidemiologic patterns for this lymphoma observed internationally are probably a reflection of different levels of natural immunity acquired in childhood. Host factors might be responsible for the male excess of Hodgkin's disease, particularly in childhood.
Clinical syndromes associated with entero virus and REO virus infections.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses two families of viruses that can be isolated from the human intestine––the enteroviruses and the REO viruses. The former is composed of three members—namely, polio, Coxsackie, and ECHO viruses––each with its groups and/or types. During the last decade, as more and more virus strains have been isolated, it has become clear that these two virus families play a considerable role in human morbidity involving one or more of several organ systems outside the intestinal tract. Various other mammals are known to harbor their own specific enteroviruses and/or REO viruses identical with human strains. Successful isolation and characterization of many new viruses of the enterovirus and REO virus families by research virologists have stimulated clinicians to find etiologic associations between clinical syndromes in patients and these new infectious agents. The range of clinical illness presented by all the enterovirus and REO virus types is, so similar that an etiologic diagnosis in a sporadic case is rarely possible. However, certain viruses do cause epidemics characterized by a relatively similar clinical picture, despite the recognized exceptions.
Time‐Series Analysis

The statistical analysis of data that have been collected on a single unit (e.g., a person, a family, or an organization) at equally spaced time intervals (or in a continuous form) is a time-series analysis. Time-series methods are employed to describe the relationship between variables (e.g., biochemical measures in person A and the behavior of person A), to predict future behavior, to describe the statistical nature of a process, and to estimate intervention effects. Hence the applications for time-series analysis have much in common with the applications for conventional data analytic methods. Keywords: experimental design; research methodology; scientific method; statistics in psychology; empirical research methods; measurement
Analyzing and Debugging Hierarchies of Multi-way Local Propagation Constraints

Multi-way local propagation constraints are a powerful and flexible tool for implementing applications such as graphical user interfaces. SkyBlue is an incremental constraint solver that uses local propagation to maintain a set of constraints as individual constraints are added and removed. If all of the constraints cannot be satisfied, SkyBlue leaves weaker constraints unsatisfied in order to satisfy stronger constraints (maintaining a constraint hierarchy). Our experience has indicated that large constraint networks can be difficult to construct and understand. To investigate this problem, we have developed the CNV system for interactively constructing constraint-based user interfaces, integrated with tools for displaying and analyzing constraint networks. This paper describes the debugging facilities of CNV, and presents a new algorithm for enumerating all of the ways that SkyBlue could maintain a set of constraints.
Early history of carbon-14.

When, how, and why was carbon-14 discovered ? As T. S. Kuhn has remarked [1], discovery is seldom a single event that can be attributed wholly to a particular individual, time, or place. He notes that some discoveries, such as those of the neutrino, radio waves, and missing isotopes or elements, are predictable and present few problems as far as establishment of priority is concerned. Others, such as the discoveries of oxygen, x rays, and the electron, are unpredictable. These put the historian in a “bind” when he tries to decide when, how, where, and by whom the discovery was made. Much more rarely does he have a basis for an answer to the question “Why?”
Nightingale Discourse and “Author-ity”

This essay considers current discourses circulated by what I call the Spiritual School of Nightingale production that enlarge her authority through religious authorship. Since the 1990s, this School’s distinctive populist and academic wings have been bringing out editions of her (mostly) unpublished manuscripts on religion along with their own commentaries, which construct Nightingale as a deeply spiritual author and inspirational role model by reading her writings as proofs of the “faith [. . .] central to her life, work, and thought,” rather than as textual evidences that require nonpartisan sifting. This School, which is positioned to take over Nightingale studies, can be credited with reviving interest in her work; and religious ideas could hardly have been more important for her sense of vocation. Despite the value of these efforts, especially the recently-arrived Collected Works, taking her equivocal writing about “faith” on faith of their own is problematic because it generally forecloses probing more deeply into what else these expressions might have meant or been intended to signify. What this School’s under- and over-readings miss, I argue, is the tangled “more is less” problem with the exalted terms of Nightingale’s self-authoring and the high discourses of “author-ity” that she adopted in writing on religious subjects.
Cholesterol Metabolism in Adult Baboons Is Influenced by Infant Diet

We tested the hypothesis that preweaning diet alters cholesterol metabolism in adult baboons. Eighty baboons, progeny of 6 sires and 80 dams, were either breast-fed or fed one of three infant formulas containing 2, 30 or 60 mg cholesterol/100 mL. At 16 wk of age the baboons were weaned to one of four diets containing 1.0 or 0.01 mg cholesterol/kcal with 40% of energy from saturated [polyunsaturated fat/saturated fat [P/S) = 0.37] or unsaturated fat [P/S = 2.1] and maintained on these diets until they were necropsied as young adults at 7-8 yr of age. We observed no significant effects of formula cholesterol content on serum lipid or lipoprotein concentrations measured at 6-8 yr of age, but formula cholesterol intake influenced the cholesterol turnover rate and several variables of cholesterol metabolism in the adult. At 6-8 yr, baboons that were breast-fed during infancy, compared with those that were formula-fed, had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations and higher ratios of very-low-density plus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL + LDL-C) to HDL-C. Breast-fed baboons, as adults, had lower cholesterol production rates, masses of the rapidly exchanging cholesterol compartment (pool A) and neutral steroid excretion rates than did those fed formula as infants. Breast and formula feeding differentially influenced the adult metabolic responses to dietary cholesterol or fat saturation. These results demonstrate that breast vs. formula feeding in infancy alters cholesterol metabolism and serum lipoprotein concentrations in adult baboons.
Infant lung function and subsequent respiratory morbidity during the first year of life in preterm infants

Compared to term-born infants, preterms reveal more respiratory symptoms and alterations in lung function. We aimed to investigate whether in preterms lung function parameters obtained near term correlate with respiratory morbidity during the first year of life. Lung function (tidal breathing flow-volume loops, multiple-breath washout) was measured using an ultrasonic flowmeter in a cohort of N=263 unsedated preterm infants at mean±SD 44.9±0.2 weeks of gestational age during natural sleep according to latest ERS/ATS standards. The cohort included preterm infants (28% without, 22% with mild, 32% moderate, 16% severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia) selected randomly mainly due to logistic constraints. We retrospectively assessed respiratory morbidity in the first year of life (wheeze, rehospitalisation, inhalation and oxygen therapy) using a standardized questionnaire (recall rate 70%). We computed uni- and multivariable logistic regression adjusted for known confounders. We found sporadic associations between lung function parameters and outcomes that reached statistical significance, but no clear overall relationship. The strongest association was found for TPTEF/TE e.g. with inhalation therapy: OR 0.92 CI 0.87-0.98. In this cohort of preterm infants lung function tests performed without sedation do not result in additional benefit for the prediction of respiratory morbidity during the first year of life. Reasons for that might be the pre-selected cohort, the limitations of retrospective assessment of symptoms or the large variability of the lung function measurements reflecting the clinical status.
Gas Turbine Engine Combustors

The combustor of aircraft gas turbine engines is designed to burn fuel and air at high pressures to greatly increase the working-fluid temperature for work extraction by the turbine. The double-shelled structure design concept has evolved to become structurally more robust and durable, aerodynamically more stable to enable broader operating ranges, and burns cleaner with markedly less pollutant formation. Keywords: aircraft; gas turbine; combustor; RQL; partially lean premixed; fuel injector; liner
Viewing parameters affecting self-luminous, reflection and transmissive colours

The factors affecting the differences in appearance between colours in original scenes and in their reproductions are reviewed. These factors include the border of the display, its angular magnification, its luminance, the colour of its effective illuminant, its surround, and the extent to which it is itself perceived as an object. Different criteria for evaluation of displays are needed according to the circumstances.
Single-crystal Raman spectra of YAlO 3 and GdAlO 3 : comparison to several orthorhombic ABO 3 perovskites

Room-temperature-polarized single-crystal Raman spectra have been measured for both GdAlO3 and YAlO3. Both aluminates crystallize in the orthorhombic (Pbnm) perovskite structure. Of the 24 possible Raman modes in 4 symmetries, 20 and 17 modes were observed for gadolinium and yttrium aluminates, respectively. Comparisons of the Raman spectra of these two aluminates to those of 28 other orthorhombic ABO3 perovskites revealed remarkably similar spectral patterns, regardless of chemistry or valency of the cations. Closer examination of the effect of mass, valencies, and size of the cations on the Raman spectra versus composition revealed that for the observed modes, the A cation plays the dominant role in determining the Raman shift. In particular, the one to two lowest energy modes in each symmetry are determined by cation mass and valency no matter what the chemistry. For some perovskites with common A cations, higher energy modes were also strikingly similar. In particular, the calcium perovskites had almost all Ag modes at the same energies despite the greatly varying B cations. The second to the lowest mode in Ag and B1g depended only on A cation mass for all perovskites. The volume plays a minor role throughout but is hard to separate from mass effects because the most massive cations are also the largest. However, if the B-cation is common, for example, aluminates or ferrites, the volume has a minor effect on the higher energy modes. These trends were not observed for all perovskites. Notable exceptions were found if a perovskite is near a phase transition or metastable, as found for three manganites. The effect of increased valency of the A cation from 2–4 to 3–3 perovskites expresses itself as relatively larger Raman shifts for the lowest energy modes. Analog studies of MgSiO3 perovskites should be undertaken with only 2–4 perovskites. The increased understanding for the mode distributions of perovskites allows for better estimates of their thermodynamic properties through vibrational modeling.
Langmuir probe measurements of potential inside a supersonic jet extracted from an inductively coupled plasma

Abstract The potential is measured inside a supersonic jet to obtain fundamental information about the extraction process in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The potential in the jet is of positive polarity and varies with sampling position, plasma power, and aerosol gas flow rate in much the same way as both the potential outside in the plasma and the ion kinetic energy. The magnitude of the potential is comparable to the intercept of a plot of mean ion kinetic energy as a function of ion mass. The potential of the probe is affected by both the mass and the concentration of alkali metals in the sample solution, although it is not clear that these changes in potential are directly related to matrix interferences in ICP-MS. A high potential in the jet also tends to be noisy and would be detrimental to the stability of an ICP-MS device.
Beam–beam simulation code BBSIM for particle accelerators

A highly efficient, fully parallelized, six-dimensional tracking model for simulating interactions of colliding hadron beams in high energy ring colliders and simulating schemes for mitigating their effects is described. The model uses the weak-strong approximation for calculating the head-on interactions when the test beam has lower intensity than the other beam, a look-up table for the efficient calculation of long-range beam-beam forces, and a self-consistent Poisson solver when both beams have comparable intensities. A performance test of the model in a parallel environment is presented. The code is used to calculate beam emittance and beam loss in the Tevatron at Fermilab and compared with measurements. They also present results from the studies of stwo schemes proposed to compensate the beam-beam interactions: (a) the compensation of long-range interactions in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN with a current carrying wire, (b) the use of a low energy electron beam to compensate the head-on interactions in RHIC.
Restoring Caribbean Dry Forests: Evaluation of Tree Propagation Techniques

Survival and height growth of tree seedlings and rooted cuttings introduced into artificially shaded and unshaded plots in a degraded dry forest were measured at intervals for nine months. Ten tree species were selected to represent a range of ecological characteristics of the dry–forest plant community on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Of three propagule types – seeds, seedlings, and rooted cuttings – introduced to field plots, seedlings survived best (52%) over the initial nine-month period. Cuttings of six species rooted successfully in a shadehouse, but only two of these species survived the nine–month field experiment. Seed germination was low, under 11% for eight of ten species tested, and four species did not germinate. Subsequent mortality of seedling recruits was moderately high. Plumeria alba was the only species for which seedling height growth was not significantly greater than cutting height growth. Shading treatment (25% of full sun) significantly increased seedling survivorship (p= 0.03) but suppressed growth slightly for some species. Shading enhanced survival of seedlings produced from broadcast seeds, but not seed germination. Mortality occurred during dry periods, apparently from drought stress. Results suggest (1) that seedling introductions are the preferred propagule type (over seeding or rooted cuttings) for ecological restoration of degraded tropical dry forests, and (2) that some level of shading is required to increase the survivorship of many dry-forest species or to avert complete mortality of some species. This study suggests that early secondary dry forest may be best restored by underplanting within the existing vegetation. Sufficient shading suitable for growth of native dry-forest trees may be attained using a nurse crop of fast-growing leguminous trees.
Type-IV DCT, DST, and MDCT algorithms with reduced numbers of arithmetic operations

We present algorithms for the type-IV discrete cosine transform (DCT-IV) and discrete sine transform (DST-IV), as well as for the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) and its inverse, that achieve a lower count of real multiplications and additions than previously published algorithms, without sacrificing numerical accuracy. Asymptotically, the operation count is reduced from 2Nlog"2N+O(N) to 179Nlog"2N+O(N) for a power-of-two transform size N, and the exact count is strictly lowered for all N>=8. These results are derived by considering the DCT to be a special case of a DFT of length 8N, with certain symmetries, and then pruning redundant operations from a recent improved fast Fourier transform algorithm (based on a recursive rescaling of the conjugate-pair split-radix algorithm). The improved algorithms for DST-IV and MDCT follow immediately from the improved count for the DCT-IV.
Collaborative learning and computer‐supported groups

Computer‐supported collaborative learning (CSCL) is the educational use of on‐line groups. Utilizing on‐line groups for instruction requires an understanding of the multiple issues involved in CSCL, such as the pedagogy applicable to groups and how communication technology influences group interaction. Theoretical and empirical research relevant to the use of CSCL‐including collaborative learning research and computer‐mediated communication research‐is discussed using a descriptive model to categoric the extant literature. The model provides guidance in designing and utilizing CSCL activities with university‐level groups.
Mechanistic Studies on the Aryl−Aryl Interchange Reaction of ArPdL2I (L = Triarylphosphine) Complexes

The aryl−aryl interchange reaction of ArPdL2I complex 1m was found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. A marked inhibition in the presence of excess phosphine and/or excess iodide was observed, suggesting that a dissociative pathway was involved, contrary to the analogous alkyl−aryl interchange reaction studied previously. Phosphine flooding experiments could not be performed due to a competing phosphonium salt formation reaction that occurred in the presence of excess phosphine. A deuterium labeling experiment indicated that the interchange reaction proceeded via the reductive elimination to form the phosphonium salt, suggesting that excess phosphine was acting as a trap for intermediate palladium(0) species preventing the generation of the interchanged palladium(II) complex. Substituent effect studies of the interchange reaction indicated that it was inhibited by electron-withdrawing groups on both the phosphine and palladium-bound aryl groups and by increased steric bulk on both the phosphine and pa...
Émile Zola's Volatile Utopia

The essay explores the role played by anarchist thinking on Zola's utopian city in Travail (1901). While Zola did not consider anarchism to be a viable political ideology for the ideal city portrayed in the novel, he found it to be a revelatory model for its artistic culture. Drawing from anarchist agitator Peter Kropotkin, Zola conceived of the residential area as the antithesis of the city center. This essay will examine the contradictory facets in this piece of early twentieth-century utopian fiction, and, through this lens, will consider the more salient tensions in modernist utopias as a whole.
Joint factor analysis of the K-ABC and McCarthy Scales.

A joint-factor analysis was conducted using three major scales of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities and eight Kaufman-ABC subtests as variables. Subjects were 90 children ages 4 to 8 1/2 yr. The scree test produced three significant factors, each interpretable from the Kaufman-ABC model. McCarthy Verbal scale was closely associated with the Achievement/Verbal factor; McCarthy Perceptual performance scale loaded highly on the Simultaneous Processing dimension; and McCarthy Quantitative was associated with all three factors. These results provide useful guidelines for interpreting a child's performance on each Index of the McCarthy scales in terms of the mental processing approach used to solve the task. However, the psychometric results must be coordinated with the examiner's clinical observations of the child's problem-solving strategies during administration of the McCarthy scales to understand more completely the processing demands of the Verbal, Perceptual performance, and Quantitative Scales.
Grid-free simulation of diffusion using random walk methods

The simulation of the diffusion of a continuum field by the random walk (RW) displacement of a set of particles is considered. Elements of the gradients of the diffusive concentration are transported by computational particles. It is demonstrated that, by the use of concentration gradients in the RW process, statistical errors are reduced and each realization of the numerical solution is a representation of the exact solution. The algorithm is grid-free, and the computational elements move to follow the gradients; hence, the algorithm is self-adaptive, and uniform resolution is achieved for all times.
Physician Recommendations and Patient Autonomy: Finding a Balance between Physician Power and Patient Choice

Medical care in the United States has rapidly moved away from a paternalistic approach to patients and toward an emphasis on patient autonomy. At one extreme end of this spectrum is the "independent choice" model of decision making, in which physicians objectively present patients with options and odds but withhold their own experience and recommendations to avoid overly influencing patients. This model confuses the concepts of independence and autonomy and assumes that the physician's exercise of power and influence inevitably diminishes the patient's ability to choose freely. It sacrifices competence for control, and it discourages active persuasion when differences of opinion exist between physician and patient. This paper proposes an "enhanced autonomy" model, which encourages patients and physicians to actively exchange ideas, explicitly negotiate differences, and share power and influence to serve the patient's best interests. Recommendations are offered that promote an intense collaboration between patient and physician so that patients can autonomously make choices that are informed by both the medical facts and the physician's experience.
Aldol-Promoted Reaction of R106-Sarcosine: Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Novel R106 Analogs.

A unique semisynthetic pathway has been used as a route to novel R106 derivatives. R106-sarcosine, 2, was discovered to be a key intermediate to obtain these derivatives using classical aldol alkylation conditions. Surprisingly, the site of alkylation on 2 was found to be conformationally hindered which yielded both the d and l isomers of R106-1 (aureobasidin A), 1, and other new R106 derivatives. The scope of the alkylation was found to be highly dependent upon the reactivity potential of the electrophile. Semiempirical calculations on R106-1 and 8-(N-methylthrenonine)aureobasidin A, 7, were performed to investigate the thermodynamic stabilities of the d and l isomers. By contrast to stable conformations observed by two X-ray crystal structures of aureobasidins, the calculations indicated that the d isomers were significantly more stable. Furthermore, model semiempirical calculations to probe facial selecitivty were consistent with results obtained experimentally.
Are Children's Grief Camps Effective?

Bereavement camps are one form of popular grief intervention for children. A review of the existing literature on child bereavement camps was conducted to examine effectiveness of these camps. An initial database search led to 187 entries. Selection criteria employed resulted in a total of eight studies for an in-depth examination. While camps had differences in their lengths, camper acceptance, restrictions, and theoretical frameworks used; many shared similar camp goals and objectives, activities, and outcome measures. Emerging evidence shows camps are promising venues to help bereaved children develop and build resilience in dealing with loss.
Biofilm cue for larval settlement in Hydroides elegans (Polychaeta): is contact necessary?

Larvae of many sessile marine invertebrates settle in response to surface microbial communities (biofilms), but the effects of soluble compounds from biofilms in affecting larval behavior prior to settlement, attachment, and metamorphosis have been little studied. This question was addressed by videotaping the behavior of competent larvae of the serpulid, Hydroides elegans, above settlement-inducing biofilms. Adult worms were collected in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, USA in November 2012 and spawned almost immediately. Six-day old larvae were placed in five replicated treatments in small cups: (1) with a natural biofilm; (2) with a natural biofilm on an 8-µm screen, 1 mm above the bottom of a clean cup; (3) with a natural biofilm beneath a clean screen; (4) in a clean cup; and (5) in a clean cup with a clean screen. Using the videotapes, larval swimming speeds and trajectories were quantified within 5 min of the larvae being placed in a treatment. Only larvae that touched a biofilm, i.e., in treatments (1) and (2), slowed their swimming speed and increased the amount of time spent crawling rather than swimming. This shows that under these conditions, any soluble cues emanating from a biofilm do not affect settlement behavior. Furthermore, after 24 h close to 100 % of larva in the two accessible biofilm treatments had metamorphosed and <15 % in treatments that included a biofilm under a clean screen and no biofilm at all, strongly suggesting that soluble cues for settlement were not produced by the biofilms over the longer time period.