cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schistosoma haematobium: neutral lipid composition and release by adults maintained in vitro.

Abstract 1. 1. Thin-layer chromatographic analyses showed that the major neutral lipid frictions of whole-worm extracts of male and female adult Schistosoma haematobium were free sterols, triacylglycerols and sterol esters. 2. 2. Worm-free incubates of adult worm-pairs contained free sterols only. 3. 3. The major fractions of worm-free incubates from separated worms were free fatty acids and free sterols; traces of triacylglycerols and sterol esters were also detected. 4. 4. Females incubated in a group of ten released more free fatty acids than ten incubated singly. 5. 5. Males incubated singly released more free sterols than a similar number incubated in a group. 6. 6. Females released more free sterols than males.
Semiparametric estimation for the dispersion parameter in the analysis of over- or underdispersed count data

This paper investigates several semiparametric estimators of the dispersion parameter in the analysis of over- or underdispersed count data when there is no likelihood available. In the context of estimating the dispersion parameter, we consider the double-extended quasi-likelihood (DEQL), the pseudo-likelihood and the optimal quadratic estimating (OQE) equations method and compare them with the maximum likelihood method, the method of moments and the extended quasi-likelihood through simulation study. The simulation study shows that the estimator based on the DEQL has superior bias and efficiency property for moderate and large sample size, and for small sample size the estimator based on the OQE equations outperforms the other estimators. Three real-life data sets arising in biostatistical practices are analyzed, and the findings from these analyses are quite similar to what are found from the simulation study.
Development and behavior of megalopae of the non-native crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus in response to chemical cues from coastal fishes

Abstract Understanding the invasibility of marine species with complex life cycles requires examination of the ecology of both larval and adult stages. The goal of our study was to determine whether several species of coastal fish native to the western North Atlantic Ocean can consume megalopae of the nonindigenous Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus and, if so, whether megalopae can respond to chemicals from potential fish predators by either molting faster to a benthic crab stage or exhibiting avoidance behaviors. Laboratory predation experiments showed that all fish species tested (cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus ; tautog, Tautoga onitis ; grubby, Myoxocephalus aeneus ; scup, Stenotomus chrysops ; and mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus ) consumed H. sanguineus megalopae. When megalopae were reared in seawater in which fish or adult crabs had been housed, fish chemical cues had no effect on molting rate whereas chemicals from adult conspecific crabs accelerated molting. Behavioral responses of H. sanguineus megalopae to chemicals from fish and crabs were tested in still and flowing water. In still water, megalopae moved away from chemicals from T. adspersus and M. aeneus . In flowing water, chemicals from T. onitis caused a behavioral reaction that led to enhanced movement away from the source of the cue. All 3 species are related to fishes present in the native range of H. sanguineus . In contrast, chemicals from adult crabs and F. heteroclitus had no effect on behavior of megalopae. Behavioral responses of H. sanguineus megalopae to chemical cues from coastal fish species might function as antipredator strategies that enhance survival of this nonindigenous species.
Denaturation and the renaturation kinetics of chloroplast DNA from Chlamydomonas reinhardi.

Abstract The chloroplast DNA of Chlamydomonas was obtained by CsCl preparative centrifugation. Denaturation studies showed intramolecular heterogeneity. Renaturation kinetics revealed a major component of the DNA with a genomic size of about 2 × 108 daltons and a minor component, constituting about 10% of the total DNA, with a genomic size estimated at 1 to 10 × 106 daltons. The value of 2 × 108 daltons corresponds to about 24 copies of the genome per chloroplast. The relationship between this value and the diploidy shown by genetic analysis is discussed.
ME1 and GE1: basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors expressed at high levels in the developing nervous system and in morphogenetically active regions.

Several class A basic helix – loop – helix (bHLH) transcription factors have been cloned from the developing mouse and chick nervous system. The cloned cDNAs (ME1, ME2, ME3, ME4, in the mouse and GE1, GE2 in the chick) have HLH coding regions highly homologous to other known class A bHLH genes. The genes corresponding to ME1 and GE1 are abundantly expressed during development of the central nervous system. ME1 and GE1 are expressed in proliferating neuroblasts and in cells at the initial stages of differentiation (for example in the external granule cell layer of the cerebellum and in the lateral region of the ventricular zone in the developing neural tube and cortex). They are also expressed at high levels in morphogenetically active regions such as limb buds, somites and mesonephric tubules. The expression of ME1 and GE1 decreases once cellular differentiation is over. Based on the expression of ME1 and GE1 in regions of active cellular proliferation and differentiation and on the known role of other bHLH factors in development, we suggest that ME1 and GE1 play important roles during development of the nervous system as well as in other organ systems.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF SCALE-DEPENDENT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN BATS AND LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE

The assessment of biotic responses to habitat disturbance and fragmentation generally has been limited to analyses at a single spatial scale. Furthermore, methods to compare responses between scales have lacked the ability to discriminate among patterns related to the identity, strength, or direction of associations of biotic variables with landscape attributes. We present an examination of the relationship of population- and community- level characteristics of phyllostomid bats with habitat features that were measured at mul- tiple spatial scales in Atlantic rain forest of eastern Paraguay. We used a matrix of partial correlations between each biotic response variable (i.e., species abundance, species richness, and evenness) and a suite of landscape characteristics to represent the multifaceted asso- ciations of bats with spatial structure. Correlation matrices can correspond based on either the strength (i.e., magnitude) or direction (i.e., sign) of association. Therefore, a simulation model independently evaluated correspondence in the magnitude and sign of correlations among scales, and results were combined via a meta-analysis to provide an overall test of significance. Our approach detected both species-specific differences in response to land- scape structure and scale dependence in those responses. This matrix-simulation approach has broad applicability to ecological situations in which multiple intercorrelated factors contribute to patterns in space or time.
Multiple hole ejector performance with short wide angle diffusers

The performance of a thrust augmenting ejector with multiple nozzle outlets for the primary jets is discussed. The addition of short diffusers at the end of the ejector and the utilization of the primary jets for boundarylayer control have resulted in a new high level of performance with a force augmentation greater than two. Diffusers having ejector length-to-mixing chamber diameter ratios of approximately (1.5-3.7) with diffuser half angles from (4.6-11 deg), and mixing chamber inlet area-to-primary nozzle area ratios of 36:1 and 72:1, were designed and tested. Additionally, a theoretical analysis of ejector performance was formulated. Comparisons between predicted and experimental performances as a function of the primary nozzle pressure ratio are discussed. Incomplete mixing and diffuser losses are measured and accounted for in a compressible control volume analysis. The data include selected experimental exit velocity profiles demonstrating the degradation of force augmentation at the higher pressure ratios.
Effect of Particle Size on the Wear Resistance of Alumina-Filled PTFE Micro- and Nanocomposites

It was long supposed that the ability of hard particle fillers to reduce the wear rate of unfilled PTFE (typically ∼ 10− 3 mm 3 /Nm) by an order of magnitude or more was limited to fillers of microscale or greater, as nano-fillers would likely be encapsulated within the large microscale PTFE wear debris rather than disrupting the wear mechanism. Recent studies have demonstrated that nano-fillers can be more effective than microscale fillers in reducing wear rate while maintaining a low coefficient of friction. This study attempts to further elucidate the mechanisms leading to improved wear resistance via a thorough study of the effects of particle size. When filled to a 5% mass fraction, 40- and 80-nm alumina particles reduced the PTFE wear rate to a ∼ 10−7 mm 3 /Nm level, two orders of magnitude better than the ∼ 10−5 mm 3 /Nm level with alumina micro-fillers at sizes ranging from 0.5 to 20 μm. Composites with alumina filler in the form of nanoparticles were less abrasive to the mating steel (stainless 3...
Dispersion of Non-Uniformly Distributed Time-Variable Continuous Sources in Time-Dependent Flow

Unsteady dispersion of material from a continuous source which is non-uniformly distributed over the cross-section at the inlet of a tube in which fluid is in time-dependent laminar flow, is analysed. A superposition integral is developed for use in obtaining solutions for the unsteady concentration distribution created by time variable continuous sources from the solution for instantaneous sources when the coefficients in the convective diffusion equation are functions of time. This reduces to the conventional superposition integral when the coefficients are time-independent. Numerical results are obtained for the special case of a steady continuous source in steady laminar flow. A very good approximation to the mean concentration which considerably reduces the computational labour is proposed. For the steady-state problem of dispersion of material due to a non-uniform step change at the inlet of the tube, a boundary-layer analysis is presented for the inlet region and an orthogonal function expansion is developed for the downstream region. The steady-state orthogonal function expansion solution compares well with the present method. The boundary-layer solution is useful very close to the tube entrance where it is difficult to obtain numerical results from the other methods.
Optical turbulence measurement and acoustic sounder calibration using hot-wire anemometers

Optical turbulence conditions at a mountain peak (North Oscura Peak, NM) have been calculated using two hot-wire anemometers. The anemometers (running in constant current mode, with a very low overheat ratio) measure temperature fluctuations. Combining the fluctuating temperature data with wind velocity data, local temperature and pressure, and invoking Taylor's hypothesis, the optical turbulence parameters can be calculated. These parameters include temperature structure parameter (C 2 t ) and the refractive index structure parameter (C 2 n ). The two probes are positioned at different elevations above the ground, thus the vertical optical turbulence gradient can be calculated. This relationship is used to calibrate an acoustic sounder. Optical turbulence data collected from the hot-wire anemometers as well as the acoustic sounder will be compared to meteorological events measured locally. Many days of data have bene collected and will be shown, of particular interest is the relationship between optical turbulence and solar radiation, as well as wind speed and direction. The diurnal relationship of the optical turbulence gradient will also be shown. As well as the effect of this parameter on the acoustic sounder calibration.
Exponentially small asymptotics of solutions to the defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation: II

The Riemann-Hilbert problem approach is used to derive a special set of leading-order, exponentially small asymptotics as t→±∞ such that x/t→0± of solutions to the Cauchy problem for the defocusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation, i∂t u + ∂x2 u-2(|u|2-1)u = 0, with finite-density initial data u(x,0) = x→±∞exp (½(i(11)θ)(1 + o(1)), θ[0,2π).
Estuarine influence on survival rates of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) released from hatcheries on the U.S. Pacific coast

While it has long been known that Pacific salmon use estuarine habitat, it has proven much harder to establish that the loss of estuarine habitat results in reduced survival. We used coded-wire tagging of hatchery fish to estimate the survival from release until maturity and related this survival to several indicators of estuarine condition. We found a significant relationship between the survival of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and the percentage of the estuary that is in pristine condition, but no significant relationship for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). This supports field observations that chinook salmon use estuarine habitat much more than coho salmon and confirms that the loss of estuarine habitat results in lower survival of chinook salmon.
An undescribed Phomopsis from Douglas Fir on the Pacific Coast.

A hitherto unrecognized species of Phomopsis on the Pacific Coast associated with a definite canker of young Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga taxifolia, is herein described as P. Lokoyae sp. nov. This orga...
Recent Advances On Soil Moisture Data Assimilation

This study reviews recent progress on soil moisture data assimilation. Data assimilation is a process of merging observations with a system dynamic model to provide an improved estimate of the states of the environment. The application of data assimilation in hydrology is relatively new, however, rapid progress has been made in the last decade or so with the available remotely sensed soil moisture data. After briefing the history of soil moisture data assimilation, the review focuses on the most common data assimilation methods and recent progress made in soil moisture data assimilation through a case study of the soil moisture initialization activities for NASA's seasonal and interannual climate prediction. The example demonstrates that soil moisture data assimilation has made great progress in the last decade, however is still in its infancy. Good quality remotely sensed soil moisture data with accurate uncertainty information at continental and global scale are needed to ensure the success of the opera...
Os direitos da mulher à terra e os movimentos sociais rurais na reforma agrária brasileira

This article examines the evolution of the demand for women's land rights in the Brazilian agrarian reform through the prism of the three main rural social movements: the landless movement, the rural unions and the autonomous rural women's movement. Most of the credit for raising the issue of women's land rights rests with women within the rural unions. That women's formal land rights were attained in the constitucional reform of 1988 was largely a by-product of the effort to end discrimination against women in all it dimensions. The achievement of formal equality in land rights, nonetheless, did not lead to increases in the share of female beneficiaries of the reform, which remained low in the mid-1990s. This was largely because securing women's land rights in practice was not a top priority of any of the rural social movements. Moreover, the main social movement determining the pace of the agrarian reform, the land-less movement, considered class and gender issues to be incompatible. By the late 1990s, nonetheless, there was growing awareness that failure to recognize women's land rights was prejudicial to the development and consolidation of the agrarian reform settlements and thus the movement.The growing consensus among all the rural social movements of the importance of securing women's land rights, coupled with effective lobbying, encouraged the State in 2001 to adopt specific mechanisms for the inclusion of women in the agrarian reform.
Epidermal growth factor stimulation can substitute for c-Src overexpression in promoting breast carcinoma invasion

Abstract Background and aims. Cancer progression is in large part dependent on the complex process of cell invasion, involving adhesion, motility, and enzymatic proteolysis. Overexpression of the Src proto-oncogene (c-Src), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, has been implicated in the progression of both colon and breast cancer. Our group has previously reported that overexpression of c-Src leads to a significant gain in invasive cell behavior in vitro. In this study, we sought to assess the relative importance of epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation and c-Src overexpression in conferring an invasive phenotype. Methods. Breast carcinoma cells and colon epithelial cells which naturally express low levels of c-Src were used for these studies. The cells were transfected so that they overexpressed c-Src; the mock-transfected parent lines were used as controls. Transfectants were tested for changes in invasion patterns after Src inhibition and EGF stimulation. Results. Invasion assays in both cell systems confirmed the importance of c-Src in determining invasive potential. A significant correlation was shown between c-Src kinase protein and cell invasion. Furthermore, Src inhibition significantly inhibited invasion in a dose-dependent manner. To clarify the relative contribution of EGF and c-Src to cell invasion, the ability of cells to invade through growth-factor-reduced matrigel, with or without EGF added, was compared to invasion through intact matrigel. The breast and colon cell lines behave quite differently in this regard. In the colon model, overexpressed c-Src is critical for cell invasion and stimulation with EGF is synergistic with c-Src overexpression. Conversely, the breast carcinoma cells transfected with c-Src were unable to invade without EGF stimulation and did not demonstrate the same synergistic relationship between c-Src and EGF. Instead, our results indicate that in BT474 breast carcinoma cells, EGF can substitute for c-Src in promoting breast cancer cell invasion. Conclusions. Because most breast carcinomas overexpress c-Src, it behooves one to question the extent to which reducing the amount of EGF and consequent EGFR activity will decrease invasion. In this study, the effects of EGF on cell invasion were determined in light of a single alteration in c-Src expression. Our results show that EGF enhances the impact of c-Src overexpression on invasion. In breast cancer cells, EGF is capable of inducing invasion to the same extent as c-Src overexpression. This suggests that anti-EGFR therapies will be efficacious in retarding breast carcinoma invasion and metastasis.
Pressure-tuning infrared spectroscopy for biomedical and cancer research

Pressure-tuning vibrational spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the study of structural and dynamic properties at the molecular level. The evaluation of changes in molecular structure associated with cell anomalies in biological tissues and cells became possible because of the development of pressure-tuning infrared spectroscopic techniques in our laboratory to obtain high quality infrared spectra of intact biological tissues and whole cells as a function of pressure. This development allowed us to investigate the molecular bases of a wide range of biological and biomedical problems. In this paper some causes of cell anomalies at the molecular level in human cancers are presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heat Release Analysis of Oxygen-Enriched Diesel Combustion

A heat release correlation for oxygen-enriched diesel combustion is being developed through heat release analysis of cylinder pressure data from a single-cylinder diesel engine operating under various levels of oxygen enrichment. Results show that standard combustion correlations available in the literature do not accurately describe oxygen-enriched diesel combustion. A novel functional form is therefore proposed, which is shown to reproduce measured heat release profiles closely, under different operating conditions and levels of oxygen enrichment. The mathematical complexity of the associated curve-fitting problem is maintained at the same level of difficulty as for standard correlations. When the novel correlation is incorporated into a computer simulation of diesel engine operation with oxygen enrichment, the latter predicts pressure traces in excellent agreement with measured pressure data. This demonstrates the potential of the proposed combustion simulation to guide the application of oxygen-enriched technology successfully to a variety of multicylinder diesel systems.
Transition probabilities and mean lives of the 2s2 laser level in neon I

Abstract Values of sums of transition probabilities and mean lives associated with the 2 s 2 (Paschen notation) laser level in Ne I have been determined under various theoretical assumptions and are presented in comparison with available experimental results. Also, using intermediate coupling and the Hartree-Fock-Slater approximation, the probability of the 2 s 2 → 2 p 6 1 S 0 (626·8A) transition was calculated and found to be 8·8×10 7 sec -1 The theoretical values were found to be in agreement with an extrapolation to zero pressure of a series of linewidth measurements of the 11 520 A laser transition but in disagreement with the lifetime of the 2 s 2 level as determined from a delayed-coincidence experiment.
Tocopheryl acetates from the pupal exocrine secretion of the squash beetle, Epilachna borealis (Coccinellidae).

The oily droplets on the pupal integumental hairs of the squash beetleEpilachna borealis contain a mixture of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopheryl acetates as major constituents. In addition, the secretion contains a number of minor components that appear to be dehydrocongeners of the major components. This is the first report of the occurrence of acetate esters of any tocopherol in nature.
Ultrasound-Guided Diagnosis and Aspiration of Subdeltoid Abscess from Heroin Injection

A 49-year-old man presented to the emergency department (ED) with shoulder pain after intramuscular injection of heroin into his right deltoid muscle. Point-of-care (POC) ultrasound identified a subdeltoid abscess, and ultrasound-guided aspiration of the fluid collection was performed. The patient was admitted and improved on antibiotics and made a complete recovery. POC ultrasound and ultrasound-guided aspiration can assist in the diagnosis and treatment of deep musculoskeletal abscesses.
Mutational dissociation of the positive and negative regulatory properties of the SpoOA sporulation transcription factor of Bacillus subtilis

The Spo0A regulatory protein controls the onset of stationary phase and sporulation by controlling transcription in both a negative and a positive manner depending on the promoter affected. Missense mutations, e.g., spo0A9V, which result in alterations in the eleventh amino acid preceding the C terminus of the Spo0A protein, give rise to a protein active as a negative regulator of the abrB gene but unable to activate transcription of the spoIIA gene. Second-site suppressors of spo0A9V occurred within the spo0A gene at codons 162 and 174. These suppressors did not suppress a spo0F mutation, indicating that the suppressed protein still requires phosphorylation for activity. The results suggest that the C terminus of Spo0A interacts with the transcription complex to activate transcription.
Extension of the Elliott−Suresh−Donohue Equation of State to Polymer Solutions

A methodology is presented for applying the Elliott-Suresh-Donohue (ESD) equation of state to polymer solutions based on knowledge of the polymer's molecular structure. Group contributions to the ESD shape parameter are presented for 88 functional groups to complement the existing group contribution methods for the solubility parameter and molar volume. Hydrogen-bonding contributions are treated explicitly through Wertheim's theory. The resulting extension provides a framework for solutions that may include any combination of small molecules, polymers, or intermediate compounds such as waxes and asphaltenes. As a demonstration, 20 polymer solutions are studied involving liquid and supercritical solvents exhibiting a range of phase behaviors. The polymers treated are polyethylene, polystyrene, polyisobutylene, poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl chloride), and poly(vinyl alcohol). Solvent partial pressures are generally correlated to high accuracy, but the accuracy for lower and upper critical solution behavior is only qualitative.
Efficacy of voluntary mitigation in reducing harbor seal disturbance

Marine and coastal tourism has rapidly expanded worldwide in the past 2 decades, often occurring in once secluded habitats. In Alaska, tourism near tidewater glaciers has attracted millions of visitors and increased the presence of ships, tour vessels, and coastal development. Although sustainable tourism, resulting from balanced effects on wildlife and client satisfaction, is a goal of most tourism operators, it is not always achieved. Voluntary compliance with viewing guidelines and codes of conduct have been encouraged, but few assessments have the longitudinal scope to evaluate long-term changes in impacts on wildlife and the ability of vessel operators and kayak guides to sustain lower impact operating practices over time. This study assessed vessel and kayak visitation and resulting impacts on harbor seals in the Kenai Fjords National Park, southcentral Alaska. We obtained observations from 2002 to 2011, using remotely controlled video cameras located near Aialik and Pedersen Glaciers in the Kenai Fjords National Park. Overall, disturbance was associated with 5.1% of vessel sightings, 28% of vessel interactions (vessel observed within approx. 300 m of seals), 11.5% of kayak sightings, and 61% of kayak interactions. Results demonstrated that voluntary changes in operations significantly reduced vessel and kayak disturbance of seals by 60–80%. Even with prior establishment of operating guidelines, tour vessel captains were able to further reduce their effect on wildlife with more careful operations. Rapid growth of guided kayak excursions that occurred during this study caused greater disturbance to seals than motorized vessels but guide trainings helped reduce disturbances. Diminished impacts of motor vessels and kayakers persisted across years although effects of kayaks were less consistent than motor vessels, which reflected greater variability in inter-annual spatial use patterns by kayakers. Long-term monitoring, including assessments of wildlife responses to vessel and kayak operations, combined with 2-way communication with vessel operators and guides, enhanced the effectiveness of mitigation and facilitated adaptive adjustments to mitigation protocols over time. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Microstructural Effects in the Low-Cycle Fatigue of Fe-Ni-Cr Austenite

A series of low-cycle fatigue tests was performed at 593/sup 0/C on Fe-20 Cr-10 Ni and Fe-20 Cr-20 Ni (in weight percent) austenitic alloys in both the cast and wrought conditions. The as-cast alloys exhibited substantially longer cyclic lives than the wrought alloys or wrought Type 304 stainless steel. An effect of Ni content on fatigue life was noted for the cast alloys, but not for the wrought. Striation, measurements indicated that the majority of the cyclic life was spent in crack initiation and early growth in all cases, and the superiority of the cast alloys was almost entirely due to a greater resistance to crack initiation. Macroscopic crack-growth rates were found to be essentially independent of composition and microstructure. A 1-min tension hold time per cycle produced a significant reduction in cyclic life in all cases except for the as-cast high Ni alloy. The decrease in life appeared to be associated with the initiation of cracks from localized deformation at grain boundaries.
Planck, Ostwald, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The proper interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics was a matter of considerable controversy in the last half of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth. In this essay, I consider two very different ways of understanding the second law, those of the theoretical physicist Max Planck and of the physical chemist Wilhelm Ostwald, and argue that Planck’s interpretation rightly prevailed over Ostwald’s.
Identification of Human Rap1: Implications for Telomere Evolution

It has been puzzling that mammalian telomeric proteins, including TRF1, TRF2, tankyrase, and TIN2 have no recognized orthologs in budding yeast. Here, we describe a human protein, hRap1, that is an ortholog of the yeast telomeric protein, scRap1p. hRap1 has three conserved sequence motifs in common with scRap1, is located at telomeres, and affects telomere length. However, while scRap1 binds telomeric DNA directly, hRap1 is recruited to telomeres by TRF2. Extending the comparison of telomeric proteins to fission yeast, we identify S. pombe Taz1 as a TRF ortholog, indicating that TRFs are conserved at eukaryotic telomeres. The data suggest that ancestral telomeres, like those of vertebrates, contained a TRF-like protein as well as Rap1. We propose that budding yeast preserved Rap1 at telomeres but lost the TRF component, possibly concomitant with a change in the telomeric repeat sequence.
Phenomenology of scalar leptoquarks

We study the simplest renormalizable scalar leptoquark models where the standard model is augmented only by one additional scalar representation of SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1). The requirement that there be no proton decay from renormalizable interactions singles out two such models, one of which exhibits an unusual top mass enhancement of the μ→eγ decay rate. We analyze the phenomenology of the model with the unusual top mass enhancement of loop level chirality changing charged lepton processes in the light of existing and upcoming experiments. Both of the models that do not allow proton decay from renormalizable interactions have dimension-5 operators that, even if suppressed by the Planck scale, can give rise to an unacceptably high level of baryon number violation. We discuss symmetries that can forbid these dimension-5 operators.
Texts and Contexts: The State and Gender in Educational Policy

(1994). Texts and Contexts: The State and Gender in Educational Policy. Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 349-359.
Part IV: How Do Reputations Affect Corporate Performance?: Sustainable Competitive Advantage and Firm Performance: The Role of Intangible Resources

A question invariably recurs in discussions about corporate reputation: are they cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon? That is: do they have an independent causal effect on corporate performance; are they a consequence of good financial performance? Or are they an incidental by-product? The second day of the conference began with a review of avail- able evidence of the possible financial impact of corporate reputations. The following panelists discussed their prepared papers: The Value of Corporate Reputation: Evidence from the Equity Markets - Rajendra K. Srivastava, University of Texas at Austin; Thomas H. McInish, Memphis State University; Robert A. Wood, Memphis State University; Anthony J. Capraro, University of Texas at Austin. The Effect of Financial and Media Reputations on Performance - David L. Deephouse, Louisiana State University. The Value of a Firm's Corporate Reputation: How Reputation Helps Attain and Sustain Superior Profitability - Peter W. Roberts, University of New South Wales; Grahame R. Dowling, University of New South Wales. Stock Market Valuation of Reputation for Corporate Social Performance - Brad Brown, University of Virginia. Sustainable Competitive Advantage and Firm Performance: The Role of Intangible Resources - G. Steven McMillan, The American College; Maheshkumar P. Joshi, St. Joseph's University. Has the Influence of Financial Performance on Reputation Measures Been Overstated? - A. J. Capraro, University of Texas at Austin; Rajendra K. Srivastava, University of Texas at Austin.
Convex subsets of 2n and bounded truth-table reducibility

Abstract Let 2 n be the set of n -tuples of 0's and 1's, partially ordered componentwise. A characterization is given of the possible decompositions of arbitrary subsets of 2 n as disjoint unions of sets which are convex in this ordering; this result is used to obtain a decomposition theorem for Boolean functions in terms of monotone functions. The second half of the paper contains applications to recursion theory; in particular, canonical forms for certain minimum-norm bounded-truth-table reductions are obtained.
Elastic properties of silica aerogels from a new rapid supercritical extraction process

Abstract Silica aerogels were produced by a new process from tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) with ammonia as base catalyst. The process involves pouring the liquid sol in a stainless steel mold and immediately heating to supercritical conditions. Gelation and aging occur during heating and reaction rates are high due to high average temperatures. The gel fills the container completely, which enables relatively fast venting of the supercritical fluid by providing a constraint for swelling and failure of the gel monolith. The whole process can be completed within 1 h. Longitudinal and shear moduli were measured in the dried aerogels by ultrasonic velocity measurements both as a function of chemical composition of the original sol and of position in the aerogel. The sound velocity exhibits marked maxima close to the edges of the cylindrical, where the fluid left during venting. Specimens with high catalyst concentration and high water:TMOS ratio exhibited higher average moduli.
Microstructural investigations of FeN and FeAlN thin films for recording head applications

A series of FeN and FeAlN thin films were grown by reactive RF sputter deposition. Planar and cross-sectional specimens were investigated in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is observed that introduction of nitrogen is associated with improved magnetic properties and decreased grain size. and that the introduction of Al is associated with improved thermal stability of both the magnetic properties and the microstructures. The authors also investigated the effect of lamination and the role of the interlayer. They found the best magnetic properties in annealed films with five 1000-AA-thick FeN layers and four 25-AA-thick SiO/sub 2/ interlayers. High-resolution TEM studies of cross-sectional specimens revealed an amorphous structure in this interlayer, providing crystallographic decoupling between the FeN layers. It is proposed that this SiO/sub 2/ layer also serves to reduce magnetic coupling between layers. >
Cruise Ships and Private Islands in the Caribbean

The cruise industry continues to grow rapidly in the Carribean region with projections that it will surpass land-based visitations in little more than a decade. Various conditions described in this paper resulted in the evolution of the concept of private islands used by some cruise lines as a form of destination. It is one means of differentiating the cruise product which provides both the provider and the consumer with a highly satisfying experience. Private islands, however, may result in negatively impacting the natural environment, the social-cultural fabric and economic situation of host nations. This paper is intended as a general overview of private islands and presents some of the present and potential problems associated with their development.
Crossover exponent for a weak magnetic field at the localization orthogonal fixed point

Abstract We re-examine the non-linear σ-model lagrangian for the soft modes of non-interacting electrons in a disordered system in a weak magnetic field, close to two dimensions. The magnetic field is shown to induce two scaling terms in the low-energy lagrangian. The crossover exponents are computed by using a Wilson-Polyakov non-linear renormalization group. The largest one agrees to lowest order with the exponent expected from naive scaling arguments.
What Does Respirator Certification Tell Us About Filtration of Ultrafine Particles

Recent interest in exposures to ultrafine particles (less than 100 nm) in both environmental and occupational settings led the authors to question whether the protocols used to certify respirator filters provide adequate attention to ultrafine aerosols. The authors reviewed the particle size distribution of challenge aerosols and evaluated the aerosol measurement method currently employed in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) particulate respirator certification protocol for its ability to measure the contribution of ultrafine particles to filter penetration. Also considered were the differences between mechanical and electrically charged (electret) filters in light of the most penetrating particle size. It was found that the sodium chloride (NaCl) and dioctylphthalate (DOP) aerosols currently used in respirator certification tests contain a significant fraction of particles in the ultrafine region. However, the photometric method deployed in the certification test is not ca...
Spatial displacement limits for cyclopean (stereoscopic) apparent-motion perception.

The range of spatial displacements over which cyclopean (stereoscopic) apparent motion is perceived was investigated. The cyclopean stimuli were created from retinal disparity embedded in dynamic random-dot stereograms. In one experiment, the displacement range for crossed-disparity cyclopean motion was compared with that for luminance-domain motion. The results showed that cyclopean motion was perceived over spatial displacements that were about two to three times larger than the displacements over which luminance motion was perceived. In a second experiment, the displacement range for crossed-disparity cyclopean motion was compared with that for uncrossed-disparity cyclopean motion. The results revealed that the displacement range was restricted (motion quality was poor) for uncrossed motion relative to crossed motion. It is inferred that cyclopean motion from crossed disparity is represented at a coarse spatial scale, relative to luminance motion, and that cyclopean motion from uncrossed disparity is s...
On linear equivalence of the P-adic and P-symbolic topologies

Abstract Examples are given of subrings of k [ x , y ] and prime ideals in these subrings for which the ideal-adic and ideal-symbolic topologies are linearly equivalent while the powers are not primary. We also generalize a theorem of Huneke concerning the condition l ( PR Q ) Q ) for all Q properly containing P .
Educational Technology and College Librarianship

ABSTRACT The fields of educational technology and librarianship interact in many significant areas: information literacy, distance learning, the design and management of instructional materials, etc. Given the congruence of concerns between the two disciplines, it is illustrative to relate the historical development of the definition of educational technology to librarianship. This article surveys briefly the development of the definition of educational technology and the relationship of college librarianship to these developments. Finally, the study places an explanation of librarianship within the 2008 definition of educational technology promulgated by the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) and concludes that college librarianship is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources of many formats.
The infrared spectra of 12C32S, 12C34S, 13C32S, and 12C33S

Abstract Using a tunable diode laser spectrometer, the infrared absorption spectra of four isotopic species of carbon monosulfide have been observed in the positive column of a dc discharge of CS2 and Ar. The wavenumbers of 115 vibration-rotation transitions between 1180.5 and 1266.1 cm−1 have been measured. These lines were assigned to the 1-0, 2-1, 3-2, and 4-3 bands of 12C32S, the 1-0 and 2-1 bands of 12C34S and 13C32S, and the 1-0 band of 12C33S. These new data have been combined with the previous infrared and microwave results to determine Dunham coefficients (Yij), the Dunham potential expansion constants (a0,a1,a2,a3, and a4), and the classical turning points by the RKR method.
Vibrational normal modes and dynamical stability of DNA triplex poly(dA). 2poly(dT): S-type structure is more stable and in better agreement with observations in solution

A normal-mode and statistical mechanical calculation was carried out to determine the vibrational normal modes, contribution of internal fluctuations to the free energy, and hydrogen bond disruption of DNA triplex poly(dA).2poly(dT). The calculation was performed on both the x-ray fiber diffraction model with a N-type sugar conformation, and a newly proposed model with a S-type sugar conformation. Our calculated normal modes for the S-type structure are in better agreement with observed IR spectra for samples in D2O solution. We also find that the contribution of internal fluctuations to free energy, premelting hydrogen bond disruption probability, and hydrogen bond melting temperatures for the Hoogsteen and Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds all show that the S-type structure is dynamically more stable than the N-type structure in a nominal solution environment. Therefore our calculation supports experimental findings that the triplex d(T)n.d(A)nd(T)n most likely adopts a S-type sugar conformation in solution or at high humidity. Our calculations, however, do not preclude the possibility of an N-type conformation at lower humidities.
Prospective quality of life research in bony metastatic disease.

Metastatic bone disease is a major factor contributing to the deterioration in quality of life in patients with cancer. The decision to surgically stabilize an impending or existing pathologic fracture, or to excise a metastatic deposit is difficult because of the paucity of conclusive data regarding the efficacy of surgery in achieving pain relief, improved function, and quality of life. The psychometric properties of quality of life outcomes instruments and the differences between pain, function, and quality of life are explored in an attempt to define surgical goals. The results of different quality of life instruments in existing studies of internal fixation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bisphophonate treatment suggest that although the majority of patients derive benefit from their treatment, the success of such treatment is heavily dependent upon the quality of life instrument. Existing instruments are deficient and obstacles to the design and implementation of quality of life assessment in patients with skeletal metastasis are reviewed. Recommendations for improving our ability to assess the risk to benefit ratio of surgery include moving away from physician reported results, devising more appropriate quality of life measurement techniques, analyzing the relationship between pain relief, physical function and quality of life, and focusing attention on prospectively evaluating optimal treatments for patients as they near the end of life.
Methylmercury in Estuarine Sediments

INDUSTRIAL mercury discharges into natural waters have been effectively reduced during the past several years in the United States. In areas such as Mobile Bay, which previously received sufficient quantities of anthropogenic mercury effluents to require a ban on commercial fisheries, it is now critical to determine if the residual contaminated sediments are a reservoir of mercury compounds which could be detrimental to the fishery on a long term basis. It is well established that mercury accumulates in particulate material1,2 and may subsequently be transferred from sediment to fish3. Laboratory studies4 suggest that diagenetic processes in natural sediments can transform inorganic mercury to mono and dimethylmercury, increasing the pollution hazard. The methylated forms of mercury have been found to be more toxic to organisms than inorganic or phenyl mercury compounds5,6. Here we report the first published results on the concentration and distribution of methylmercury compounds in natural sediments from polluted and unpolluted coastal environments.
Maintaining Regular Properties Dynamically in k-Terminal Graphs

The t -topology tree data structure is developed for maintaining t -ary trees dynamically. Each of a certain set of tree operations is shown to take O(log n) time, where n is the number of vertices in the trees. The t -topology trees are used to maintain any given regular property on members of the family of k -terminal graphs under a variety of dynamic graph operations.
Magnetite (U Th)/He dating and its application to the geochronology of intermediate to mafic volcanic rocks

Abstract We present a new approach to dating intermediate to mafic volcanic rocks using magnetite (U–Th)/He geochronology. Magnetite is common in volcanic rocks that typically do not contain easily datable minerals such as sanidine or zircon. Analytical procedures for producing magnetite (U–Th)/He ages have been developed, including mineral separation, sample air-abrasion to correct for α-ejection effects, He extraction/measurement, sample dissolution, and anion-exchange column chemistry procedures. Dated magnetite crystals were non-skeletal, euhedral to subhedral, and 100–300 μm in size. To test the reliability of this new geochronometer, four basaltic to andesitic samples lacking sanidine or zircon were dated by both magnetite (U–Th)/He and whole-rock 40 Ar/ 39 Ar methods. For two samples, the ages from the different geochronometers are in excellent agreement ( 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age spectrum affected by 39 Ar recoil yielded a well-defined magnetite (U–Th)/He age that is consistent with 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age data from similar nearby volcanic rocks. The final sample, however, exhibited a near 40% discrepancy between the two methods, despite yielding reproducible magnetite (U–Th)/He ages. In all cases, the multi-aliquot magnetite (U–Th)/He ages ( n > 7) exhibit 3–11% (2σ) variation about the mean age, indicating that reproducibility for magnetite (U–Th)/He ages is comparable to that of apatite and zircon (U–Th)/He analyses. In order to assess the He retentivity, we conducted a single magnetite helium diffusion experiment, yielding a well-behaved Arrhenius relationship and a closure temperature of ∼ 250 °C (d T /d t = 10 °C/myr). Magnetite’s high He retentivity coupled with (U–Th)/He age reproducibility demonstrates good potential for magnetite (U–Th)/He dating as an alternative volcanic geochronometer, particularly in cases where samples yield inconclusive or uninterpretable 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages.
Fighting for His Majesty (II): The Shang Art of War

AbstractThis essay, one of the two parts of my research on Shang militarism, focuses on Shang military rituals and war preparations. I tackle issues such as the Shang king’s way of decision-making in regard to battles and military actions, the Shang communications system and logistics network, and the details of how the Shang produced grains and meats. Finally, I argue that careful scrutiny of the excavated buildings at Yanshi city, an early Shang capital before Anyang, strongly suggests that the Shang excelled at defense as well. In contrast to the first part of my research, which relied on secondary materials published by modern Chinese scholars, in the present essay I utilize published collections of oracle bone inscriptions. I have analyzed more than one hundred inscriptions and also discuss several individual graphs in order to ground my arguments.