cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viceroy Francisco de Toledo and the Just Titles of Spain to the Inca Empire

The best example of the effect produced by Fray Bartolome de las Casas’ theoretical writings concerning the just title Spain held to America occurred in Peru during the rule of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, wise law-giver, energetic administrator, and greatest viceroy Spain ever sent to Peru, who laid the basis for Spanish rule there during the years 1569–1582. Before his coming, Peru had had a most turbulent and bloody history, and Toledo arrived with one great aim—to establish without question in this territory the position of the King of Spain. One of his earliest acts was to execute the Inca, Lord Tupac Amaru, the Indian leader who refused to accept Spanish rule. Presently, with a view to establishing Spain’s juridical title to Peru, he undertook an extensive historical investigation which attempted to demonstrate the unjust nature of the Inca regime and thus demolish the doctrines of Las Casas.
Use of Thermosyphon to Cool the Cutting Tip of a Drill

This paper investigates using a thermosyphon in the center of a drill to move the heat generated at the cutting tip to the drill chuck in an effort to reduce the temperature at the drill tip. This study compared the heat transfer performance of a drill with a thermosyphon to the performance of a solid drill and a drill with a heat pipe under simulated drilling conditions. Results show that when using a drill with a thermosyphon the temperature of the drill tip was almost 60% lower than a solid drill for 45 and 55 volts and 37% lower for 35 volts. Compared to a drill with a heat pipe the maximum temperatures were reduced 18% to 36%. It was also shown that higher speed has an adverse effect on the operation of the thermosyphon, but in the worst case, the temperature increased by only 16%.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Continental Drift and Australian Avian Biogeography

A review of the recent geological literature on continental drift substantiates the view that the final separations of the Gondwana continents took place in the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary. Some groups of Australian birds probably arose in and dispersed through Gondwanaland before the final break-up. These birds include penguins, rarites, galliforms and suboscines.
Using Complier Average Causal Effect Estimation to Determine the Impacts of the Good Behavior Game Preventive Intervention on Teacher Implementers

Complier average causal effect (CACE) analysis is a causal inference approach that accounts for levels of teacher implementation compliance. In the current study, CACE was used to examine one-year impacts of PAX good behavior game (PAX GBG) and promoting alternative thinking strategies (PATHS) on teacher efficacy and burnout. Teachers in 27 elementary schools were randomized to PAX GBG, an integration of PAX GBG and PATHS, or a control condition. There were positive overall effects on teachers’ efficacy beliefs, but high implementing teachers also reported increases in burnout across the school year. The CACE approach may offer new information not captured using a traditional intent-to-treat approach.
Developing a culture for benchmarking in the Middle East: what are the most critical factors?

This paper discusses ways to adapt and customize the generic principles of Benchmarking to the business cultural of the Middle East, especially in relation to the rapidly growing petrochemical industry. The traditional culture emphasizes learning rather than competitiveness. Discussion is focused on cultural issues and key factors to be dealt with in order to introduce Benchmarking successfully and make it sustainable.
Contrasting Foraging Patterns: Testing Resource-Concentration and Dilution Effects with Pollinators and Seed Predators

Resource concentration effects occur when high resource density patches attract and support more foragers than low density patches. In contrast, resource dilution effects can occur if high density patches support fewer consumers. In this study, we examined the foraging rates of pollinators and seed predators on two perennial plant species (Rudbeckia triloba and Verbena stricta) as functions of resource density. Specifically, we examined whether resource-dense patches (densities of flower and seeds on individual plants) resulted in greater visitation and seed removal rates, respectively. We also examined whether foraging rates were context-dependent by conducting the study in two sites that varied in resource densities. For pollinators, we found negative relationships between the density of flowers per plant and visitation rates, suggesting dilution effects. For seed predators, we found positive relationships consistent with concentration effects. Saturation effects and differences in foraging behaviors might explain the opposite relationships; most of the seed predators were ants (recruitment-based foragers), and pollinators were mostly solitary foragers. We also found that foraging rates were site-dependent, possibly due to site-level differences in resource abundance and consumer densities. These results suggest that these two plant species may benefit from producing as many flowers as possible, given high levels of pollination and low seed predation.
Urban political ecology in late prehistory: New evidence from El Purgatorio, Peru

One of archaeology's greatest strengths is its reliance on interdisciplinary collaboration and the utilization of multiple lines of evidence to inform archaeological interpretation. For example, through an examination of faunal and floral remains, production and storage facilities, and the isotopic analysis of human skeletal remains one can develop a model for urban political ecology in ancient cultures. In this case study, the political ecology of the Casma capital city, El Purgatorio, Peru, is investigated in order to inform our interpretations and conclusions regarding Casma political, economic and social organization. The results indicate that Casma political ecology was firmly based in coastal resources and oriented towards supporting state-sponsored feasting and ritual activities, suggestive of a largely elite-controlled redistributive economy. In contrast to previous models characterizing this time period as one of factionalism and environmental stress, the data suggest that coastal cultural adapta...
Neuroendocrinology of Reptilian Reproductive Behavior

Publisher Summary Reptiles provide ideal opportunities for addressing many questions regarding the neuroendocrinology of reproduction. This chapter describes the use of comparisons among and within reptilian species that allow detailed investigations of the relationships between neuroendocrine mechanisms and reproductive behaviors. This chapter primarily focuses on the features associated with displays of sexual behavior, drawing mostly from research on the species that have been most extensively studied. It considers behavioral displays in their ecological contexts, associated seasonal and hormonal changes, the muscles and portions of the nervous system critical for production of the behaviors, and the development and plasticity of reproductive traits. It also attempts to integrate across the levels and discuss relationships among morphology, behavior, and the endocrine and other mechanisms regulating these traits. Territorial aggression and dominance (and the stress associated with these social behaviors) are also critical components of reproductive success that involve neuroendocrine mechanisms, including an important role for neurotransmitters.
Use of Laminated High and Low Density Polyethylene Flexible Packaging to Store Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) in a Modified Atmosphere

The effect on extension of refrigerated shelf life of boned trout, treated or not treated with a 2.3% potassium sorbate dip and packaged in laminated high/low density "semi-permeable" polyethylene bags in the presence of a CO2-enriched modified atmosphere (MA), was studied. The combination of packaging, refrigeration, and MA was effective in doubling the fresh shelf life of the trout product. Potassium sorbate limited bacterial growth but did not extend shelf life beyond what was obtained with MA alone. Changes in pH and ammonia concentration in the fish samples were not good quality indicators in this study. Although not detected by sensory evaluations, TBA analyses indicated the possible development of oxidative rancidity in the MA-held fish. Carbon dioxide content in the flesh of the trout appeared to be a function of CO2 in the headspace of the bags which was reduced by about 50% during the first 20 d of storage. Based on changes in organoleptic characteristics, the quality of the raw trout, including the potassium sorbate-treated trout, was only marginally acceptable after 25 d of storage in the MA. However, the cooked product was rated favorably by a consumer type taste panel. The maximum post-MA refrigerated shelf life of the trout held under the experimental conditions of this study, including those treated with potassium sorbate, was about 1 week.
Trait Theory Revisited

The theoretical background for studying school desegregation has been a curious mix. On the one hand, sociologists and social psychologists traditionally have been committed to clarifying the role of sociocultural context and “situation” in the analysis and explanation of human behavior. Indeed, recognition of the importance of the situation is a hallmark of both sociology and social psychology. On the other hand, a good deal of desegregation research by psychologists has been implicitly or explicitly modeled on the assumptions of traditional personality psychology. (See Mischel, 1968, for a review.) In that approach, one begins (and ends) not with an analysis of the particular situation but with a focus on the required personal characteristics of the participants in that situation. An illustrative large-scale example is Gerard and Miller’s (1975) effort to narrow the achievement gap between Anglo and minority children by exposing them to a desegregation situation. Guided by the traditional personality theory perspective and strategy, Gerard and Miller assumed that ethnic differences in personality and in broad dispositions—such as achievement orientation—underlie differences in the actual academic achievements of the children. Perhaps most fundamental, Gerard and Miller assumed further that certain personality traits (e.g., high self-esteem, tolerance for delayed gratification) are centrally related to academic achievement: change the personality traits (e.g., through the desegregation experience) and achievement changes will naturally follow.
Using remotely sensed temperature to estimate climate response functions.

Temperature data are commonly used to estimate the sensitivity of many societally relevant outcomes, including crop yields, mortality, and economic output, to ongoing climate changes. In many tropical regions, however, temperature measures are often very sparse and unreliable, limiting our ability to understand climate change impacts. Here we evaluate satellite measures of near-surface temperature (Ts) as an alternative to traditional air temperatures (Ta) from weather stations, and in particular their ability to replace Ta in econometric estimation of climate response functions. We show that for maize yields in Africa and the United States, and for economic output in the United States, regressions that use Ts produce very similar results to those using Ta, despite the fact that daily correlation between the two temperature measures is often low. Moreover, for regions such as Africa with poor station coverage, we find that models with Ts outperform models with Ta, as measured by both R 2 values and out-of-sample prediction error. The results indicate that Ts can be used to study climate impacts in areas with limited station data, and should enable faster progress in assessing risks and adaptation needs in these regions.
Lessons learned through nursing theory.

TODAY'S CLINICAL setting is filled with discussion and implementation of evidence-based practice, but this wasn't always the case.1 Theorists have elevated the science of nursing to its modern prominence with decades of research.Now that I'm retired, I've come to realize that nursing
Cerebral Ischemia and Polyphosphoinositide Metabolism

Cerebral ischemia due to cerebrovascular occlusion is one of the most devastating diseases confronting mankind. The brain is critically dependent on a balanced supply of oxygen and glucose from blood, and cessation of blood flow even for a short time may result in severe neuronal damages and eventually neuronal cell death. In many ways, the initial phase of ischemic insult is like an acute neuronal stimulation which is accompanied by synaptic membrane depolarization, calcium influx and neurotransmitter release (see the review by Nemoto [1985]). However, unlike electroconvulsive shock or drug-induced seizures, neuronal events associated with ischemia are further complicated by cellular deprivation of glucose and high-energy metabolites, and this, in turn, may lead to an increase in the levels of lactate and other metabolic end products (Lowry et al., 1964; Kobayashi et al., 1977; Levy and Duffy, 1977,1985; Nowak et al., 1985). There are also changes in membrane phospholipids as a result of the ischemic insult; some of these have been described previously (Sun, 1988).
Temporal bone extramedullary hematopoiesis as a causeof pediatric bilateral conductive hearing loss:Case report and review of the literature

Extramedullary hematopoiesis occurs in children with hemoglobinopathy and chronic anemia. The liver and spleen are often affected first, but other foci can develop to support erythrocyte demand. We report a case of a nine-year-old with beta thalassemia and temporal bone extramedullary hematopoiesis causing ossicular fixation and bilateral conductive hearing loss. There is only one case in the literature describing this phenomenon in pediatric patients, and this is the first case report of bilateral hearing loss from this physiologic phenomenon. Otolaryngologists should consider this etiology in patients with chronic anemia and conductive hearing loss in the absence of otitis media.
Camouflage: Memory Traffic Shaping to Mitigate Timing Attacks

Information leaks based on timing side channels in computing devices have serious consequences for user security and privacy. In particular, malicious applications in multi-user systems such as data centers and cloud-computing environments can exploit memory timing as a side channel to infer a victim's program access patterns/phases. Memory timing channels can also be exploited for covert communications by an adversary. We propose Camouflage, a hardware solution to mitigate timing channel attacks not only in the memory system, but also along the path to and from the memory system (e.g. NoC, memory scheduler queues). Camouflage introduces the novel idea of shaping memory requests' and responses' inter-arrival time into a pre-determined distribution for security purposes, even creating additional fake traffic if needed. This limits untrusted parties (either cloud providers or co-scheduled clients) from inferring information from another security domain by probing the bus to and from memory, or analyzing memory response rate. We design three different memory traffic shaping mechanisms for different security scenarios by having Camouflage work on requests, responses, and bi-directional (both) traffic. Camouflage is complementary to ORAMs and can be optionally used in conjunction with ORAMs to protect information leaks via both memory access timing and memory access patterns. Camouflage offers a tunable trade-off between system security and system performance. We evaluate Camouflage's security and performance both theoretically and via simulations, and find that Camouflage outperforms state-of-the-art solutions in performance by up to 50%.
The Role of Co-chaperones in Synaptic Proteostasis and Neurodegenerative Disease.

Synapses must be preserved throughout an organism’s lifespan to allow for normal brain function and behavior. Synapse maintenance is challenging given the long distances between the termini and the cell body, reliance on axonal transport for delivery of newly synthesized presynaptic proteins, and high rates of synaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis. Hence, synapses rely on efficient proteostasis mechanisms to preserve their structure and function. To this end, the synaptic compartment has specific chaperones to support its functions. Without proper synaptic chaperone activity, local proteostasis imbalances lead to neurotransmission deficits and degeneration of synapses and neurons. In this review, we address the roles of four synaptic chaperones in the maintenance of the nerve terminal, as well as their genetic links to neurodegenerative disease. Three of these are Hsp40 co-chaperones (DNAJs): Cysteine String Protein alpha (CSP; DNAJC5), auxilin (DNAJC6), and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis 8 (RME-8; DNAJC13). These co-chaperones contain a conserved J domain through which they form a complex with heat shock cognate 70 (Hsc70), enhancing the chaperone’s ATPase activity. CSP is a synaptic vesicle protein known to chaperone the t-SNARE SNAP-25 and the endocytic GTPase dynamin-1, thereby regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis. Auxilin binds assembled clathrin cages, and through its interactions with Hsc70 leads to the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles, a process necessary for regeneration of synaptic vesicles following exocytosis. RME-8 is a co-chaperone on endosomes and may have a role in clathrin-coated vesicle endocytosis on this organelle. These three co-chaperones maintain client function by assisting with folding and assembly to prevent client aggregation, but they do not break down aggregates that have already formed. The fourth synaptic chaperone we will discuss is Heat shock protein 110 (Hsp110), which interacts with Hsc70, DNAJAs, and DNAJBs to constitute a disaggregase. Hsp110-related disaggregase activity is present at the synapse and is known to protect against aggregation of proteins such as α-synuclein. Congruent with their importance in the nervous system, mutations of these co-chaperones lead to familial neurodegenerative disease. CSP mutations cause adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, while auxilin mutations result in early-onset Parkinson’s disease, demonstrating their significance in preservation of the nervous system.
Turning the Tide: Improving Fluid Management in Dialysis through Technology.

Over the last decade, components of fluid management have emerged as some of the most important modifiable risk factors for morbidity and mortality among individuals on maintenance dialysis. Hypervolemia, either chronic from long-term volume overload or episodic from large interdialytic weight gains
Managing Interdisciplinary Project Teams Through the Web

The introduction of new communication technologies such as the World Wide Web are creating unique opportunities for AEC project teams to develop new coordination and communication strategies. Of particular interest is the capability of teams to interact remotely in a virtual team environment. However, this evolution of project team interactions is introducing a diverse range of new issues in project management and process control which requires a new generation of management frameworks. This paper introduces the requirements of these management frameworks as developed through studies of interdisciplinary, virtual project teams working together over the World Wide Web.
Poster: A Portfolio Theory Approach to Edge Traffic Engineering via Bayesian Networks

One of the main goals of mobile edge computing is to support new generation latency-sensitive networked applications. To manage such demanding applications, a fine-grained control of end-to-end paths is imperative. End-to-end delay estimation and forecast techniques were essential traffic engineering tools even before the mobile edge computing paradigm pushed the cloud closer to the end user. In this paper, we model the path selection problem for edge traffic engineering using a risk minimization technique inspired by portfolio theory in economics, and we use machine learning to estimate the risk of a path. In particular, using real latency time series measurements, collected with and without the GENI testbed, we compare four short-horizon latency estimation techniques, commonly used by the finance community to estimate prices of volatile financial instruments. Our initial results suggest that a Bayesian Network approach may lead to good latency estimation performance and open a few research questions that we are currently exploring.
Maximal d-subgroups and ultrafilters

We study the space $${{\mathrm{Max~}}}_d(G)$$ of maximal d-subgroups of a lattice-ordered group, paying specific attention to archimedean $$\ell $$ -groups with weak order unit. For such an object (G, u), $${{\mathrm{Max~}}}_d(G)$$ lays at a level in between the space of minimal prime subgroups and the Yosida space of (G, u). Theorem 5.10 gives the appropriate generalization of a quasi F-space to W-objects which avoids a discussion of o-complete $$\ell $$ -groups.
Exodus to the “Promised Land:” Of the Devil and Other Monsters in Juan de Dios Mora’s Artworks

Juan de Dios Mora is a printmaker and a senior lecturer at The University of Texas at San Antonio, where he began teaching painting, drawing, and printmaking in 2010. Mora is a prolific artist whose prints have been published in numerous venues including the catalogs New Arte Nuevo: San Antonio 2010 and New Art/Arte Nuevo San Antonio 2012 . In 2017, his work was exhibited at several venues, including the McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, Texas in Juan Mora: Culture Clash (June 8–August 13, 2017) and at The Cole Art Center, Reavley Gallery in Nacogdoches, Texas, in Juan de Dios Mora (organized by the Art Department at the Stephen F. Austin State University School of Art, January 26–March 10, 2017). In 2016, Mora participated in the group show Los de Abajo: Garbage as an Artistic Source (From the Bottom: Garbage as an Artistic Source) at the Guadalupe Cultural Arts Center in San Antonio (June 10–July 29, 2016). Mora also curates the show Print It Up , which he organizes in the downtown area of San Antonio, thereby granting unprecedented exposure to numerous artists. For this exhibition, Mora mentors both students and alumni, guiding them through the exhibition process—from how to create a portfolio, frame and install artworks, to contracting with gallery owners, and selling artworks to the public. Adriana Miramontes Olivas is a doctoral student in the Department of the History of Art and Architecture at the University of Pittsburgh. She earned her BA at the University of Texas at El Paso and her MA at the University of Texas at San Antonio. Her research is in modern and contemporary global art with a focus on Latin America, gender studies, sexuality, and national identity. Dr. Deborah Caplow is an art historian and curator, and the author of a book about the Mexican printmaker, Leopoldo Mendez ( Leopoldo Mendez: Revolutionary Art and the Mexican Print, University of Texas Press). She teaches art history at the University of Washington, Bothell. Areas of scholarship include twentieth-century Mexican art, the intersections between art and politics, and the history of photography. Currently, she is researching contemporary printmaking in Oaxaca, Mexico.
Hip Arthroscopic Surgery for Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Prospective Analysis of the Relationship Between Surgeon Experience and Patient Outcomes.

Background:Hip arthroscopic surgery is a rapidly growing procedure, but it may be associated with a steep learning curve. Few studies have used patient-reported outcome (PRO) surveys to investigate...
Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Clinical Presentation in Children

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is increasing in western nations. Symptoms in infants and young children include feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, and gastroesophageal reflux. School-aged children may present with vomiting, abdominal pain, and regurgitation; adolescents and adults with dysphagia and food impaction. Delayed diagnosis increases risk of stricture formation. Children with untreated EoE have tissue changes resembling airway remodeling. Endoscopy does not always correlate. Management centers on food elimination. Approaches include skin prick and patch testing, removal of foods, or an amino acid formula diet. Long-term elimination diets can produce nutritional deficiencies and have poor adherence.
Social Propositions and Common Law Adjudication

This essay reviews The Nature of the Common Law by Melvin A. Eisenberg (Harvard University Press, 1988). Professor Eisenberg's stated goal therein "is to develop the institutional principles that govern the way in which the common law is established in our society." In the course of doing so, Eisenberg addresses the functions of courts in American society, modes of legal reasoning and the process of overturning prior precedents. Yet Eisenberg never loses sight of his central thesis, namely that "all common law cases are decided under a unified methodology, and under this methodology social propositions always figure in determining the rules the courts establish and the way in which those rules are extended, restricted, and applied." According to the reviewer (UCLA law professor Stephen M. Bainbridge), The Nature of the Common Law is one of the most thought-provoking books ever written on common law adjudication. Eisenberg's belief in social morality as a workable guide to decisionmaking surely invites further debate. So too does his concomitant belief that law is more than merely the personal moral and policy preferences of the judge. Indeed, one might almost say that The Nature of the Common Law deserves to be controversial, for Eisenberg has given us a report that is both normatively appealing and descriptively accurate. The Nature of the Common Law succeeds because it is both an attractive vision of how courts should function and a perspicuous account of the real world in which courts actually function.
Isotopic Exchange Between Alkanes and Deuterium on Activated Mo(CO)6/Al2O3

At 19°C, the turnover frequency in sec-1 per atom of Mo for isotopic exchange between cyclopentane and deuterium (1:10.8) was 0.08 on Mo(CO)6/PDA, He, 300° (Mo(CO)6 deposited on partially dehydroxylated γ-alumina and then activated in flowing helium at 300°C, 0.03 on Mo(CO)6/PDA,H2,300°, and 1.5 on Mo(CO)6/ DA, He,300° (DA is dehydroxylated alumina, a mixture of γ-and δ-Al2O3). Neopentane exchanged an order of magnitude more slowly and exchange of methane was much slower. Most of the exchanged alkane represented single-atom exchange. At-46°C, the initial product of reaction between propylene and D2 was C3H6D2, but propylene exchanged with D2 rather rapidly before addition of deuterium.
Finding the Unicorn: Evidence-Based Best Practices for Improving Quantitative Measures

Normally distributed data are important for a variety of statistical procedures. However, social science data are plagued by non-normal distributions. Park and recreation research is no exception. This article provides a variety of evidence-based practices that can help reduce non-normality in quantitative measures. These practices include: 1) increasing the number of scale points, with 7-point scales preferred, 2) packing the scale, and 3) using extreme end anchors. Throughout the article, examples are provided to assure proper application and to note limitations with the suggested techniques. From this paper, researchers should be able to better detect meaningful differences among their populations of interest by increasing variances, reducing skewness, and achieving more normal distributions.Subscribe to JPRA
Actual 5-Year Survivors After Surgical Resection of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

The prevalence and characteristics of actual 5-year survivors after surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) have not been described previously. Patients who underwent resection for HC from 2000 to 2015 were analyzed through a multi-institutional registry from 10 U.S. academic medical centers. The clinicopathologic characteristics and both the perioperative and long-term outcomes for actual 5-year survivors were compared with those for non-survivors (patients who died within 5 years after surgery). Patients alive at last encounter who had a follow-up period shorter than 5 years were excluded from the study. The study identified 257 patients with HC who underwent curative-intent resection with an actuarial 5-year survival of 19%. Of 194 patients with a follow-up period longer than 5 years, 23 (12%) were 5-year survivors. Compared with non-survivors, the 5-year survivors had a lower median pretreatment CA 19-9 level (116 vs. 34 U/L; P = 0.008) and a lower rate of lymph node involvement (42% vs. 15%; P = 0.027) and R1 margins (39% vs. 17%; P = 0.042). However, the sole presence of these factors did not preclude a 5-year survival after surgery. The frequencies of bile duct resection alone, major hepatectomy, caudate lobe resection, portal vein or hepatic artery resection, preoperative biliary sepsis, intraoperative blood transfusion, serious postoperative complications, and receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy were comparable between the two groups. One in eight patients with HC reaches the 5-year survival milestone after resection. A 5-year survival can be achieved even in the presence of traditionally unfavorable clinicopathologic factors (elevated CA 19-9, nodal metastasis, and R1 margins).
Cesarean birth and the growth of Yucatec Maya and Toba/Qom children.

Objective Cesarean delivery is often epidemiologically associated with childhood obesity. However, little attention is paid to post-birth modulatory environments, and most studies are conducted in settings where obesity arises for a number of reasons in addition to birth mode. We therefore assess population differences in the relationship between birth mode and childhood growth using data from rural and peri-urban Latin American indigenous populations, and test predictions developed using life history theory. Methods Child height and weight were measured monthly in 80 Yucatec Maya and 58 Toba/Qom children aged 1-48 months (2007-2014, 3812 observations). Random-effects linear mixed models were used to compare children's growth by population, sex, and birth mode, accounting for potential confounders. Results Cesarean delivery rates were 47% (Toba/Qom) and 20% (Yucatec Maya). Childhood obesity and overweight rates were low in both populations. Cesarean-delivered children had significantly greater weight gain (but similar height grain) compared to vaginally-delivered children. By age 4, cesarean delivered Yucatec Maya girls and boys, and Toba/Qom boys (not girls), had significantly higher weight-for-age compared to vaginally-delivered children from their own sex and population. Conclusions This provides one of the first attempts to document differences in children's growth patterns according to mode of birth in modernizing indigenous populations. Cesarean delivery is associated with young children's growth patterns, even in the absence of many obesity-inducing factors. There are also population, age, and sex differences in the relationship between birth mode and childhood weight trajectories that warrant future investigation.
Mars's Dayside Upper Ionospheric Composition Is Affected by Magnetic Field Conditions

Previous observations have shown that electron density and temperature in the dayside ionosphere of Mars vary between strongly and weakly magnetized regions of the planet. Here we use data from the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft to examine whether dayside ion densities and ionospheric composition also vary. We find that O+, O 2 + , and CO 2 + densities above ~200 km are greater in strongly magnetized regions than in weakly magnetized regions. Fractional abundances of ion species are also affected. The O + / O 2 + ratio at 300-km altitude increases from ~0.5 in strongly magnetized regions to ~0.8 in weakly magnetized regions. Consequently, the plasma reservoir available for escape is fundamentally different between strongly magnetized and weakly magnetized regions.
Retarder effect on hydrating oil well cements investigated using in situ neutron/X-ray pair distribution function analysis

Abstract Understanding the role of retarder on the chemical nature and molecular architecture of hydrating cement paste is essential for engineering oil well cements with additives. Here, synchrotron X-ray and total neutron scattering with pair distribution function (PDF) analysis were performed in combination with calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to examine the retarder effect in hydrating tri-calcium silicate (C3S) and Class G oil well cement paste. Primarily, the retarder, Diethylenetriamine pentamethylene phosphonic acid (DTPMP) influenced the hydration by affecting the Ca-O and Ca-Si pair correlation providing evidence of calcium playing a predominant role in the retardation process. Secondary effects related to Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) nuclei poisoning influencing the suppression of calcium hydroxide precipitation were observed. These findings provide insights into the retardation mechanism of hydrating cement paste influenced by calcium depletion when subjected to phosphonate retarders.
Outcomes of Small Renal Artery Targets in Patients Treated by Fenestrated-Branched Endovascular Aortic Repair

Objective The aim was to evaluate renal related outcomes in patients who had incorporation of a small ( Methods A total of 215 consecutive patients enrolled in a prospective F-BEVAR trial were reviewed. Computed tomography angiography centreline of flow reconstruction was used to measure mean RA diameter. Patients who had at least one Results Twenty-four patients with 28 Conclusion Incorporation of
FlyNet 2.0: drosophila heart 3D (2D + time) segmentation in optical coherence microscopy images using a convolutional long short-term memory neural network

A custom convolutional neural network (CNN) integrated with convolutional long short-term memory (LSTM) achieves accurate 3D (2D + time) segmentation in cross-sectional videos of the Drosophila heart acquired by an optical coherence microscopy (OCM) system. While our previous FlyNet 1.0 model utilized regular CNNs to extract 2D spatial information from individual video frames, convolutional LSTM, FlyNet 2.0, utilizes both spatial and temporal information to improve segmentation performance further. To train and test FlyNet 2.0, we used 100 datasets including 500,000 fly heart OCM images. OCM videos in three developmental stages and two heartbeat situations were segmented achieving an intersection over union (IOU) accuracy of 92%. This increased segmentation accuracy allows morphological and dynamic cardiac parameters to be better quantified.
Chapter 2 – Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy

Publisher Summary Total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy (TIRFM), also called evanescent wave microscopy, selectively excites fluorophores in a very thin optical plane near the cell/coverslip interphase. The intensity of this evanescent field drops off exponentially away from the coverslip. TIRFM is based on how light behaves at an interface of two mediums of different refractive index. A principal advantage of TIRFM is excellent signal to noise, achieved by limiting the illumination to a thin focal plane. High-contrast images can be imaged quickly with minimal photobleaching. The beam of laser light must be redirected to the microscope and focused. Traditionally, an optical chain of mirrors and lens are employed, requiring an “optical table.” The recent development of very high NA objectives has made objective-type TIRFM feasible. The microscope can be configured in several variations by use of commercial accessories or straightforward modifications. Laser illumination can produce interference fringes, manifested as intensity variations over the sample area.
A Review of Enhanced Recovery Protocols in Pelvic Surgery

To evaluate recent literature relevant to the review and appraisal of enhanced recovery protocol after pelvic surgery. Several protocols have recently been implemented and published that utilize aspects of guidelines published by the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society. These studies have added to the body of literature confirming the efficacy of enhanced recovery protocols. While evidence exists and is commonly cited for individual interventions, in recent years, there has been an increase in the study of novel protocols for enhanced recovery. These studies show that in many cases protocol implementation can lead to decreased length of stay and improved patient outcomes, among other endpoints.
Antenatal counseling in the gray zone of viability.

Objective The objective of this study is to determine the resuscitation choices at 22-24 weeks gestation, related to whether mothers received antenatal counseling and the timing relative to delivery. Study design A retrospective chart review was performed of infants inborn at 22-24 weeks, over a 5-year period. Infants were excluded if they had major birth defects, were still hospitalized, or the consult occurred before 22 weeks. Result Of 121 infants born at 220-246 weeks, 91 were born to mothers who received a neonatology consult. For 80 infants resuscitated after consult, the median time between consult and delivery was 51.7 h (range: 0.1-366.3 h). For 11 infants who received comfort care after consult, the median time between consult and delivery was 20.0 h (range: 0.8-64.4 h). Conclusions After receiving counseling on the morbidity and mortality of delivery at 22-24 weeks, most parents chose resuscitation. Overall, 12-24 h between consult and delivery, parents were more likely to choose comfort care.
Measuring the infrared intensity of a close-up resolved target with close-up blackbody references

The intensity of objects in the infrared is an important quantity for a number of applications. Intensity in watts per steradian is the parameter that is used to describe either small targets or targets that are far away. Intensity is used because these cases are usually presented to a detection sensor where the object is smaller than the sensor detector angular subtense, a situation known as an “unresolved target.” In the military, unresolved targets can be rocket-propelled grenades, man-portable air defense threats, enemy aircraft at long range, or even ground vehicles that are being engaged by ground-to-ground or air-to-ground missiles. Typical “resolved target” metrics such as root-sum-squared differential temperature do not work well for unresolved targets. In addition, a given target intensity coupled with range, atmospheric transmission, and sensor noise equivalent irradiance can provide a quick signal-to-noise estimate of a particular sensor against a particular target. Target intensity can even be a measure of how visible ones platform is to other sensor and can be used to reduce platform signatures. Measurement of intensity is always a difficult procedure, where there is typically a sensor that does not encompass all aspects of measurement parameters. For example, there are very few radiometers that include high-resolution spatial measurements with high-resolution spectral measurements with high-resolution temporal measurements, not to mention polarization. For the few systems that exist that can provide a simultaneous measurement with most of these parameters, the cost is prohibitive. Usually, a spectral radiometer will provide high spectral resolution with no spatial information and a slow temporal rate. These measurements are common. In the case we describe here, the intensity measurement is taken broadband in the midwave or longwave infrared regions with good spatial resolution. This measurement provides a band integrated intensity measurement. We describe an approach for sensor calibration and object intensity measurement that can be used for broadband sensors applications.
Ab initio methods for L-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy

The theoretical prediction of x-ray absorption spectra (XAS) has become commonplace in electronic structure theory. The ability to better model and understand L-edge spectra is of great interest in the study of transition metal complexes and a wide variety of solid state materials. However, until recently few first-principles works have modeled L-edge XAS due to the presence of strong spin–orbit coupling in the 2p orbitals, which splits the observed peaks into multiple groups of features. Therefore, a proper description of spin–orbit coupling is vital for the successful prediction of L-edge spectra. A number of new approaches that incorporate spin–orbit coupling have recently made advances in the computation of L-edge spectra. In this review, we describe recent work in computational L-edge XAS and how these methods may continue to improve in the future. Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches are considered, with special attention to not only the computational cost of the level of theory but also the various approaches that can be used to compute the absorption spectra with a large number of high energy excited states.
The role of communication transparency and organizational trust in publics' perceptions, attitudes and social distancing behaviour: A case study of the COVID-19 outbreak

Abstract Integrating social cognitive theory and public relations literature, this study examines the effectiveness of organizations' transparent communication in building public trust and encouraging health-protection behaviours (i e social distancing) during a pandemic, that is, the COVID-19 outbreak Three aspects of transparent communication are investigated, namely information substantiality, accountability and participation Results of an online survey of American citizens show that during the early stage of COVID-19, information substantiality by state governments and health institutes (e g , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) increases publics' trust, which positively influences their perceived risks, behavioural control and subjective norms The participation of health institutes, rather than state governments, significantly increases public trust, whereas accountability has no effects Individuals' perceptions and attitudes towards social distancing predict their social distancing behaviour during the outbreak Theoretical and practical implications are discussed
Two Stage 2x2 Games with Strategic Substitutes and Strategic Heterogeneity

Feng and Sabarwal (2018) show that there is additional scope to study strategic complements in extensive form games, by investigating in detail the case of two stage, 2x2 games. We show the same for two stage, 2x2 games with strategic substitutes and with strategic heterogeneity. We characterize strategic substitutes and strategic heterogeneity in such games, and show that the set of each class of games has infinite Lebesgue measure. Our conditions are easy to apply and yield uncountably many examples of such games, indicating greater possibilities for the manifestation and study of these types of interactions. In contrast to the case for strategic complements, we show that generically, the set of subgame perfect Nash equilibria in both classes of games is totally unordered (no two equilibria are comparable). Consequently, with multiple equilibria, some nice features of strategic complements that depend on the complete lattice structure of the equilibrium set may not transfer to the case of strategic substitutes or strategic heterogeneity.
Unknown input functional observers for vector second order structural systems

Abstract This paper considers a class of linear time invariant systems that describe the dynamics of mechanical systems. Due to their algebraic structure, the dynamics of such systems are written in their natural second order framework in order to exploit this structure with the obvious computational benefits in controller and observer design. A functional observer along with an unknown input observer are combined and are presented for this class of systems. The additional advantage of this combined observer is that when certain conditions are imposed, it reduces to the standard natural second observer. This translates to guaranteeing that the derivative of the estimated position vector coincides with the estimate of the velocity vector, a case not always ensured when such system is brought in a first order realization. An added benefit resulting from the second order formulation is the minimum order compensator whose order is dictated by the rank of the control input matrix, when the proposed functional estimate is used in place of a full state control signal.
Physicochemical and Microbiological Stability of Extemporaneously Compounded Hydrocortisone Oral Suspensions in PCCA Base, SuspendIt.

Hydrocortisone is indicated in the treatment of primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency. The oral dosage regimen of hydrocortisone needs to be individualized in the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, especially in pediatric patients. A review of the therapeutic uses of hydrocortisone reveals the need for flexibility in dosing. This flexibility is readily achieved using an oral liquid dosage form. However, no commercial liquid dosage form of hydrocortisone currently exists. Hydrocortisone is commercially available as 5-mg, 10-mg, and 20-mg tablets. An extemporaneously compounded suspension from pure drug powder would provide a convenient option to meet unique patient needs. The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical and microbiological stability of extemporaneously compounded hydrocortisone suspensions in PCCA Base, SuspendIt. This base is a sugar-free, paraben-free, dye-free, and gluten-free thixotropic vehicle containing a natural sweetener obtained from the monk fruit. The study design included two hydrocortisone concentrations to provide stability documentation over a bracketed concentration range for eventual use by compounding pharmacists. A robust stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of the chemical stability of hydrocortisone in SuspendIt was developed and validated. Suspensions of hydrocortisone were prepared in SuspendIt at 1-mg/mL and 20-mg/mL concentrations, selected to represent a range within which the drug is commonly dosed. Samples were stored in plastic amber prescription bottles at two temperature conditions (5°C and 25°C). Samples were assayed initially and on the following days: 7, 15, 28, 45, 60, 91, 120, and 185. Physical data such as pH, viscosity, and appearance were also noted. Microbiological stability was tested. All measurements were obtained in triplicate. A stable extemporaneous product is defined as one that retains at least 90% of the initial drug concentration throughout the sampling period and is protected against microbial growth. The study showed that hydrocortisone concentrations did not go below 94% of the label claim (initial drug concentration) at both temperatures studied. No microbial growth was observed. Viscosity and pH values did not change significantly. This study demonstrates that hydrocortisone is physically, chemically, and microbiologically stable in SuspendIt for 185 days in the refrigerator and at room temperature, thus providing a viable, compounded alternative for hydrocortisone in a liquid dosage form, with an extended beyond-use date to meet patient needs.