cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
District wellness policies and school-level practices in Minnesota, USA

Objective To compare the strength of district wellness policies with corresponding school-level practices reported by principals and teachers. Design District-level wellness policy data were collected from school district websites and, if not available online, by requests made to district administrators in the autumn of 2013. The strength of district policies was scored using the Wellness School Assessment Tool. School-level data were drawn from the 2012 Minnesota School Health Profiles principal and teacher surveys and the National Center for Education Statistics Common Core Data. Generalized estimating equations which accounted for school-level demographics and the nesting of up to two schools within some districts were used to examine ten district policy items and fourteen school-level practices of relevance to nutrition standards, nutrition education and wellness promotion, and physical activity promotion. Setting State-wide sample of 180 districts and 212 public schools in Minnesota, USA. Results The mean number of energy-dense, nutrient-poor snack foods and beverages available for students to purchase at school was inversely related to the strength of district wellness policies regulating vending machines and school stores (P=0·01). The proportion of schools having a joint use agreement for shared use of physical activity facilities was inversely related to the strength of district policies addressing community use of school facilities (P=0·03). No associations were found between the strength of other district policies and school-level practices. Conclusions Nutrition educators and other health professionals should assist schools in periodically assessing their wellness practices to ensure compliance with district wellness policies and environments supportive of healthy behaviours.
A New Concept in Computing

A new computing scheme was proposed by von Neumann in a patent submitted in 1954 and granted posthumously last December. This paper is an explanatory statement of those ideas. The concept of using the phase of a sine-wave signal as an information-bearing medium which together with majority logic permits the realization of logic operations is described in detail. Simple logical aggregates are given as examples.
Managing technology PowerUp! getting wired at “computer camp”

Abstract A new set of challenges for libraries has appeared with the general and speedy emergence of networked information resources. It is clear that libraries on our campuses have a role to play, but not how that role will be shaped. Some evidence points in the direction of mixed models in which library staff enter into collaborative ventures with faculty and computing staff to create new approaches for teaching students about information technology as a tool and for incorporating it into classroom instructions. “PowerUp!” is a program at Wake Forest University which has explored some effective ways to create new instructional opportunities.
Greenhouse gases could affect ocean circulation

The buildup of greenhouse gases could precipitate an abrupt collapse of the oceans' prevailing circulation system and send temperatures in Europe plummeting about 10° Celsius or more in a span of 10 years, says Wallace Broecker, professor of Earth and environmental sciences at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, and author of new research that appears in the November 28 issue of Science magazine.
A taxonomy of algorithms for chemical vapor detection with hyperspectral imaging spectroscopy

Remote detection of chemical vapors in the atmosphere has a wide range of civilian and military applications. In the past few years there has been significant interest in the detection of effluent plumes using hyperspectral imaging spectroscopy in the 8-12- m atmospheric window. A major obstacle in the full exploitation of this technology is the fact that everything in the infrared is a source of radiation. As a result, the emission from the gases of interest is always mixed with emission by the more abundant atmospheric constituents and by other objects in the sensor field of view. The radiance fluctuations in this background emission constitute an additional source of interference which is much stronger than the detector noise. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, we review the thin plume approximation, the resulting additive signal model, and the key differences between reflective and emissive radiance signal models. Second, based on the additive signal model we derive two families of detection algorithms using the generalized likelihood ratio test. The first family models the background using a multivariate normal distribution whereas the second family models the background using a linear subspace. Finally, we present a taxonomy of the available algorithms and show that some other ad-hoc approaches, like orthogonal background suppression, are simplified special cases of optimally derived detectors.
Secondary Flow Structure Induced by Physiologically Relevant Waveform in a Curved Tube

The complex geometry of the vascular system can induce the development of complex primary and secondary flow regimes within blood vessels. Recent literature has focused on the impact of these complex flow regimes on endothelial cells (EC), which line blood vessels, and their role on the progression of vascular disease. One such disease, atherosclerosis has been linked to the reaction of ECs to flow conditions. Atherosclerosis is often treated by stent implantation to return the vessel lumen to its native diameter. It is hypothesized that stent struts may alter the development of secondary flow within the vessel and cause re-stenosis and/or thrombosis distal to the stent.© 2009 ASME
Enhanced recombinant protein production in pyruvate kinase mutant of Bacillus subtilis

Previous work demonstrated that acetate production was substantially lower in pyruvate kinase (pyk) mutant of Bacillus subtilis. The significantly lower acetate production in the pyk mutant is hypothesized to have positive effect on recombinant protein production either by lifting the inhibitory effect of acetate accumulation in the medium or redirecting the metabolic fluxes beneficial to biomass/protein synthesis. In this study, the impact of the pyk mutation on recombinant protein production was investigated. Green fluorescent protein (GFP+) was selected as a model protein and constitutively expressed in both the wild-type strain and a pyk mutant. In batch cultures, the pyk mutant produced 3-fold higher levels of recombinant protein when grown on glucose as carbon source. Experimental measurements and theoretical analysis show that the higher protein yield of the mutant is not due to removal of an acetate-associated inhibition of expression or gene dosage or protein stability but a much lower acetate production in the mutant allows for a greater fraction of carbon intake to be directed to protein synthesis.
Mutations affecting sodium channels in Drosophila

Ion channels play key roles in the generation and propagation of nerve impulses by mediating ionic fluxes across excitable membranes. Elucidation of the structure and function of these proteins is a major goal in understanding the molecular mechanisms of membrane excitability. Much work has focused on sodium channels, whose activity is of primary importance in producing nerve impulses. Despite the recent cloning and sequencing of a sodium channel structural gene, many unanswered questions remain. To address some of these question genetically, Drosophila mutants with altered sodium channels are being isolated and subjected to multidisciplinary analyses. Ultimately, these can provide novel approaches for understanding the function and regulation of sodium channels at a molecular level.
Treatment of High Risk Childhood Onset Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy (COCALD) with Modified Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) • 1893

Treatment of High Risk Childhood Onset Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy (COCALD) with Modified Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) • 1893
Abandoning the Public Good: How Universities Have Helped Privatize Higher Education

In this article we assert that much of the public good associated with teaching and research in higher education is gradually being displaced. This privatization of higher education is reflected in increased licensing of research and in the fragmentation of the traditional general education core. Taxpayer de-funding and institutional substitution are economic consequences of public good displacement.
Combined coronary angioplasty and aortic valvuloplasty.

Abstract Recently, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for acquired valvular aortic stenosis has been performed in elderly patients with good immediate results and a low complication rate. 1,2 We describe 4 patients who underwent combined aortic valvuloplasty and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).
Mining Online Deal Forums for Hot Deals

Online deal forums are public places where participants share with each other news and information regarding "deals" such as sales promotion events by online stores. The large number of messages in the forums and their inherent uncertainty make it difficult for even seasoned users to identify useful deal information from the forums. We develop an intelligent deal alert service which assists ordinary Web surfers to find useful deals by mining online deal forums. It periodically crawls relevant deal forums to collect fresh message posts and responses, and evaluate them using a form of probabilistic text classification. Users may be notified of new, "potentially" useful deal messages via emails or they may browse them using their favorite Web browser. We train and evaluate the service using deal posts and responses collected from actual deal forums in the Web. The preliminary evaluation results show that the service is quite effective in reducing the time to find useful deals.
INFLUENCE OF NURSERY GROUP EXPERIENCE ON CHILDREN'S DRAWINGS

Sun2mary.-This study investigates environmental influences on potential creativity of 120 preschool children, of similar socio-economic status, median age 4-3 who are exposed to nursery school environments differing widely in regard to teacher practices and attitudes. The children's drawings of a man are being analyzed quanlitatively and qualitatively and evaluated statistically. Previous research had centered on practices of nursery school teachers and their attitudes as expressed in action (Reichenberg-Hackett, 1962 ). It was noted that teachers' approaches and management techniques varied widely and determined the climate of a nursery group. The influence of socio-economic factors and race differences was negligible. At that time also the wide variations of child behavior in these groups had been noted, parric~~larly with regard to the "happiness" of children. with regard to independence as well as wich regard to specific performances. These observarions aroused interest in children's drawings under varying environmental conditions and led from cas~lal observation to further sn~dy. This note presents a preliminary report on the ongoing research. For the present work, factors determining "climate" in nursery groups were analyzed. The type of discipline being used stood out as the most notable determining factor. The 10 nursery groups known from the previous projecr and four additional groups for rhe same age level child were rated on an 11-point scale wich regard to an atmosphere of supportive permissiveness versus rigid stress on conformity. A careless laissez-faire approach cons tin^ ced the middle point. All of the children from each of the three groups ranking highest and lowest were individually approached with the request to "draw a man." One hundred and twenty children were included, 60 from the high-ranking, 60 from the low-ranking groups. There were 49 boys and 71 girls available, ages 3 yr., 11 mo. to 5 yr., with 4 yr., 3 mo. the median age. Altogether 112 drawings were collecred. Three children were not available; five refused to draw. Comparisons were carried through quantitatively using the Goodenough scale (Goodenough, 1926) and were supplemented by qi~alitative ratings resulting in a point scale. Qualitative evaluation was based on the combined judgmenrs of six psychology sc~~dencs who grouped the drawings repeatedly in a sequence from poorest to best, raking into consideration different criteria each time. Raters agreed 85% of the time in their independent judgments, on the basis of criteria of utilization of space, size of figure, placement of figure, scat
Mouse model of sustained elevation in intraocular pressure produced by episcleral vein occlusion.

We have developed an inducible mouse model of glaucoma based on episcleral vein cauterization (EVC). Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in adult mice was produced by cauterizing three episcleral veins. Serial IOP measurements were done by induction-impact tonometry. IOP was significantly elevated by 104±20% in 20 out of 23 mice (87%) within the first day after EVC, and remained elevated for 4 weeks, with mean IOP 94% higher in EVC-treated vs. contralateral control eyes. Aqueous outflow blockade was verified from the IOP response to pulsed fluid infusions into the anterior chamber. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, determined by retrograde labelling using Fluoro-Gold applied to the superior colliculous, was ∼20% at 2 weeks after EVC. We conclude that episcleral vein occlusion in mice produces significant and sustained elevation in IOP associated with increased outflow resistance and RGC loss, and thus may be useful to model glaucoma in genetically modified and drug-treated mice.
Methylenation with Phosphonate Esters

Abstract A series of 2-aryl-1-thioalkyl-2-propenes have been synthesized by treating the corresponding thioalkylated acetophenones with the anion of methyl phosphonate.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AROUND ABUTMENTS IN CHANNEL BEND

In this paper, the results for sediment transport simulation around bridge abutments in a channel bend are presented. Computational Fluid Dynamics code FANS3D is used to conduct the study, which solves three-dimensional Reynolds- Averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the finite analytic scheme. The two-layer turbulence model, which combines the one- and two-equation eddy-viscosity models, is utilized to resolve turbulence near smooth solid surfaces. The wall- function approach is adopted to take into account the roughness effects in case of sediment beds. For velocity-pressure coupling, PISO/SIMPLER algorithms are used. Chimera technique is utilized to embed non-matching blocks in the computational domain. The numerical model coupled with the sediment transport module was validated with experimental studies. For the present case, the transport of suspended sediment in a 90°-channel bend with abutments located in the middle was simulated. Sediment plume in a swirl was observed downstream of the abutments.
Bacterial concentration reduction of food waste amended animal feed using a single-screw dry-extrusion process

Abstract Institutional food waste was collected, pulped, mixed with ground corn and soybean hulls and dry-extruded at temperatures of 110–135°C for no more than 30 s to produce animal feed. Raw food waste, pre- and post-extrusion animal feed, and commercial swine feed samples were collected aseptically and analyzed for total and fecal coliform, Enterococci, Staphylococci, heterotrophic, and non-specific anaerobic/facultative bacteria using standard culturing techniques. Bacterial concentrations recovered from post-extrusion animal feed were substantially reduced from all other sample types. Survival of heterotrophic and non-specific anaerobic/facultative bacteria in some post-extrusion samples indicated that extrusion techniques used in this study did not consistently sterilize animal feed. Results suggested that a single-screw, dry-extrusion process can reduce concentrations of potentially pathogenic bacteria, but that modification of extrusion techniques used in this study may be necessary for consistent optimal reduction of bacterial concentrations in food waste-amended animal feed.
Cytotoxic lymphocytes in the absence of detectable antibody.

LYMPHOCYTE cytotoxicity against target cells in vitro has been used to study the cellular immune response against transplanted or neoplastic tissue1. Whether production of freely circulating antibody is essential for this cell-mediated immune response has been the subject of much investigation1–4. By using a unique recipient-tumour allograft combination, we report here the production of cytotoxic lymphocytes in the absence of cytotoxic, agglutinating and blocking antibodies.
A Millipore filter assay for antibodies to native DNA in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Serum levels of antibody to native DNA (nDNA) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) correlate with disease activity. We describe a sensitive, simple and rapid assay for these antibodies based on the observation that 3H-labeled nDNA passes through Millipore filters while 3H-nDNA complexed with specific antibody is retained. The simplicity and rapidity of this assay should allow general utilization of serum anti-nDNA antibody determinations for monitoring disease activity in patients with SLE.
Self, intentionality, and immunological explanation.

In this paper I propose that there are a number of conceptual reasons to preserve self-concepts in immunology. First, I contend that immunological language, including self-terminology, is neither genuinely anthropomorphic, nor perniciously teleological. Furthermore, although teleology associated with future-directed purposive intent is clearly inappropriate in biological contexts, a special type of teleology, intentionality-as-aboutness, needs to be present if there is to be functional explanation in immunology. Second, based on an analogy with the human self, a self comprised of both non-specific innate functions and somatic self-representation, I claim that self-terminology is very appropriate in immunological contexts. Finally, given the appropriateness of self-concepts in immunology, I suggest that the most satisfactory conceptual structure for self-nonself discrimination probably includes both innate and somatic mechanisms.
Synthesis of nanodispersed oxides of vanadium, titanium, molybdenum, and tungsten on mesoporous silica using atomic layer deposition

The advantages of the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method for preparation of tungsten, vanadium, titanium, and molybdenum oxide catalyst supported on mesoporous silica are discussed, with emphasis on the importance of synthesis conditions on dispersion, structure and activity of the resulting materials. A suite of complementary techniques such as DRS-UV/Vis, BET, 1H-NMR, XRD, and TEM were used to study the structural properties of the supported metal oxides, and probe reactions such as 2-butanol dehydration and ethanol partial oxidation were used to demonstrate the potential advantages of the ALD-prepared catalysts. Specifically, highly dispersed oxides of titanium, molybdenum, and tungsten oxide on mesoporous silica were synthesized using the ALD method. It is also demonstrated that attainment of high dispersions of vanadium oxide on mesoporous silica requires the presence of at least a single layer of titanium oxide due to the well-known poor interaction between vanadia and silica. The highly dispersed catalysts prepared here by ALD methods exhibited superior catalytic performance relative to those prepared using conventional incipient wetness impregnation.
Effects of leaf aggregation in a broad-leaf canopy on estimates of leaf area index by the gap-fraction method

Abstract We compared leaf area index (LAI) estimates of a broad-leaf tropical hardwood, Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud (‘Ōhi’a), using a optical method (LI-COR LAI-2000) and direct determination (harvest and allometry). There was a strong correlation between LAI estimates by the two methods, but direct estimates were higher than the optical estimates by a factor of 2.44. The ratio of harvest leaf area to projected leaf area within twigs was similar (2.42) to that of whole plots, suggesting that aggregation of leaves at this scale of branching may account for most of the underestimate by the optical method. The within-branch ratio of actual to projected leaf area did not differ among three sites on three islands of varying land surface age but similar climate, suggesting that a correction factor determined by harvest could be used to adjust optical estimates of LAI in other M. polymorpha forests.
Order Parameter and the Performance of Nematic Guest-Host Displays

Abstract A simple model of a nematic guest-host display is presented in which the limiting “on” and “off” states are considered to be uniform arrays of molecules oriented perpendicular and parallel (or at a small tilt angle), respectively, to the plane of the display. Calculated contrast ratio and brightness curves are presented for several angles of view and of all planes of view as functions of dye order parameter, pretilt andploarizer efficiency. The effects of host refractive index and front surface reflectivity are discussed.
The standard molar enthalpy of formation of 2,3-diphenylcycloprop-2-en-1-one

Abstract The standard molar enthalpies of combustion and sublimation for 2,3-diphenylcycloprop-2-en-1-one (C 15 H 10 O) at 298.15 K have been redetermined. The experimental values: Δ f H m o (C 15 H 10 O, cr) = (198.03±1.96) kJ·mol −1 and Δ cr g H m o (C 15 H 10 O) = (119.7±8) kJ·mol −1 yield a value for Δ f H m o (C 15 H 10 O, g) = (317.7±8.2) kJ·mol −1 . If one assumes a ring strain in cycloprop-2-en-1-one of 280 kJ·mol −1 , then the resonance stabilization in the three-membered ring is 88 kJ·mol −1 . This indicates substantial ground-state aromatic stabilization in this molecule.
In vitro embryotoxicity of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide

Carbamazepine (Tegretol®, CBZ) is an anticonvulsant drug that is very effective in the treatment of tonic-clonic seizures and is gaining acceptance as a treatment for various psychiatric disorders. The drug is embryotoxic in rodents and has been reported to produce neural tube defects in approximately 1% of prenatally exposed human offspring. It is metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 system to a stable, pharmacologically active epoxide intermediate, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide. It is currently unknown whether the parent compound, the epoxide intermediate or some other metabolite is the embryo-toxic agent. The present study was designed to determine the embryotoxicity of CBZ and its epoxide intermediate (CBZ-E) in a rodent whole embryo culture system. Rat embryos were cultured beginning on day 9 of gestation (GD 9), and mouse embryos were cultured beginning on GD 8. All embryos were cultured for 48 hr in medium containing various concentrations of either CBZ or CBZ-E. Mice were more sensitive to the effects of CBZ than were rats. The parent compound was embryotoxic to mouse embryos at concentrations as low as 12 μg/ml, but it was only embryotoxic at 60 μg/ml to rat embryos. CBZ-E was not embryotoxic to either species at concentrations as high as 48 μg/ml. These results suggest that the parent compound is the embryotoxic agent and that the epoxide intermediate plays no role in the drug's embryotoxic mechanism. (This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.) © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Norman F. Ramsey: Genealogy of dissertation advisors and students

There are many modes of information flow in the sciences: books, journals, conferences, research and development, acquisition of companies, co-workers, students, and professors in schools of higher learning. In the sciences, dissertation students learn from their dissertation advisor (or chairperson or mentor) and the other dissertation committee members and vice-versa; the committee members learn from the student. This paper describes the genealogy (the line of descent) of dissertation students, their advisor(s), and sibling students of people in the atomic clock field. Specifically, this paper focuses on Nobel Prize winner, and pioneer in the atomic clock field, Dr. Norman F. Ramsey (1915–2011) whose dissertation advisor-genealogy traces back through Isador Isaac Rabi (Ph.D. in 1927), Albert Wills (Ph.D. in 1897), and Arthur Webster (Ph.D. in 1890), to Herman Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (M.D. in 1842) as shown in Figure 1. The dissertation advisors listed in Figure 1 had other students; including famous names such as Hertz, Schottky, Pupin, Goddard, Kronig, and Quimby. Dr. Ramsey advised and graduated 77 dissertation students from 1946 to 1986, leaving a critical mass of trained physicists to continue his legacy in the atomic clock and many other fields.
The precision of amino acid geochronology and paleothermometry

Abstract Uncertainties in the measurements necessary for the calculation of amino acid age estimates and paleotemperatures can be propagated through age and temperature equations to yield estimates of precision. It is found that aIle/Ile ratios can be used to calculate numerical ages with a precision generally no better than ±40–50% if the age equation is not calibrated locally and with a precision approaching 15% if appropriate calibration samples are available locally. The effective diagenetic temperature of a sample of known age can be calculated to within about 2°C, although the local relationship between ground and air temperatures may add additional uncertainty when interpreting the effective temperature in terms of climate. The effective temperature for an interval of time bracketed by samples of known age can be known to within about 2–4°C under favorable circumstances. The change in effective temperature between an interval of time bracketed by two samples of known age and the period of time following that interval can be calculated to within 1–2°C in may instances.
World Health Organization Group III pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Pulmonary hypertension in the setting of parenchymal lung disease and conditions associated with chronic hypoxemia is commonly encountered in clinical practice and may adversely affect patients' function and mortality. Diagnosis of this subgroup of pulmonary hypertension has evolved but still requires right heart catheterization for confirmation. The primary treatment goal is optimization of the underlying parenchymal lung or hypoxemia-associated condition prior to consideration of pharmacologic therapy. Limited published experience with pulmonary hypertension-specific medications for treatment of WHO Group 3 pulmonary hypertension suggests symptomatic and functional benefit in selected individuals. The potential for worsening ventilation–perfusion matching must be considered in these cases, however, since there is a paucity of data regarding the optimal approach to treatment selection. Ongoing medication trials and further investigation of mechanisms of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction provide hope for these patients who in the past often had only lung transplantation as a potential treatment option.
Evaluation of Post-Weld Heat Treatments to Restore the Corrosion Resistance of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy 7075-T73 vs. 7075-T6

Friction stir welding (FSW) is rapidly becoming accepted as a viable manufacturing process for aerospace applications. One potential area of concern, however, is the corrosion resistance of some FSW joints. While the corrosion resistance of friction stir welded 7075 aluminum has been investigated, and attempts made to enhance its corrosion resistance through different combinations of starting temper and post-weld artificial aging (PWAA) treatments, a clear approach for selecting pre-temper conditions and PWAA processing has not emerged. For this investigation, FSW butt-welds in sheets of 0.125-inch 7075-T73 and 7075-T6 were given a variety of PWAA treatments, some of which were developed previously by other authors. Thermal treatments were evaluated using optical microscopy, exfoliation, electrical conductivity, microhardness, tensile, and fatigue crack propagation testing. An important conclusion drawn from this work is that 7075-T73 can be friction stir welded and post-weld aged in a manner that produces superior exfoliation resistance and good mechanical properties without invalidating the bulk parent material temper specified in AMS 2770G.
Myocardial oxygen delivery/consumption during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A comparison of epinephrine and phenylephrine

Our study compared the effect of high-dose epinephrine with the pure alpha-agonist phenylephrine on regional myocardial blood flow (MBF), myocardial oxygen delivery (MDO 2 ), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2 ), and defibrillation rates during CPR. Fifteen swine weighing more than 15 kg were instrumented for measurement of regional MBF using radiolabeled tracer microspheres. Measurements of regional MBF, MDO 2 , and MVO 2 were made during normal sinus rhythm. Ventricular fibrillation was induced and persisted for ten minutes. CPR was begun using a pneumatic compression device. Regional MBF, MDO 2 , and MVO 2 were measured during CPR. Following three minutes of CPR, animals (N = 15) were allocated to one of three groups (n = 5): Group 1, epinephrine 0.2 mg/kg; Group 2, phenylephrine 0.1 mg/kg; or Group 3, phenylephrine 1.0 mg/kg. Measurements of regional MBF, MDO 2 , and MVO 2 were repeated after drug administration. Extraction ratios, defined as MVO 2 /MDO 2 , were calculated during normal sinus rhythm, CPR, and after drug administration. Defibrillation was attempted 3 1/2 minutes after drug administration. There was no significant difference in MBF, MDO 2 , MVO 2 , and extraction ratio during normal sinus rhythm and CPR for any of the groups. Total MBF following drug administration was 67.2 ± 49.4 mL/min/100 g for the group receiving epinephrine 0.2 mg/kg; 7.0 ± 7.1 mL/min/100 g for the group receiving phenylephrine 0.1 mg/kg; and 36.7 ± 21.1 mL/min/100 g for the group receiving phneylephrine 1.0 mg/kg. The extraction ratios for animals receiving epinephrine 0.2 mg/kg, phenylephrine 0.1 mg/ g, and phenylephrine 1.0 mg/kg were 76.6 ± 10.5%, 94.6 ± 4.0%, and 90.7 ± 7.5%, respectively. The extraction ratio for the group receiving epinephrine was significantly better than both phenylephrine groups ( P = .01). Defibrillation rates for each group were 80%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. Our results suggest that epinephrine in doses higher than are currently recommended improves MBF and oxygen extraction ratios during CPR when comparedwith the pure alpha agonist phenylephrine.
Is the focus moving toward a combination of targeted drugs

The concept of combining targeted agents for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a relatively new but potentially promising area of investigation. A number of targeted agents may have limited single-agent activity but could show significant promise when used in conjunction with other types of similar compounds. Combinations of targeted agents may effectively interrupt multiple pathways in either a linear or parallel fashion. There are currently numerous combination regimens under investigation at either the preclinical or clinical levels, including histone deacetylase (HDAC) and CDK inhibitors; HDAC and proteasome inhibitors; HDAC and NF-κB (IKKβ) inhibitors; CHK1 and MEK1/2 inhibitors; and BCL-2 antagonists and CDK inhibitors. Although combinations of targeted agents will not displace conventional cytotoxic regimens in AML or related disorders in the foreseeable future, these combinations clearly warrant further attention.
Reversibility of a simple random walk on periodic trees

We show that if μ is a reversible measure for simple random walk on rooted trees whose branches are covers of finite connected directed graphs, then μ is supported on rooted covers of finite connected undirected graphs. For a given finite connected directed graph G and a cover T of G, we give an algorithm to determine whether there exists a finite connected undirected graph whose cover has a branch isomorphic to T.
Miranda and Thompson's trace inequality and a log convexity result

Abstract A geometric proof of Miranda and Thompson's trace inequality is given, via Thompson's singular-value-diagonal-element inequalities. Miranda and Thompson's trace inequality is associated with the unitary group. We then deal with the cases associated with the orthogonal group and the special unitary group. We also discuss the convexity of the set of the diagonal elements of complex matrices with fixed singular values and determinant. Some question are asked. A log convexity result related to Gram-Schmidt decomposition is obtained.
Formulation of practical diets for rainbow trout based on desired performance and body composition

Abstract Rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) with an initial average weight of 1.8 g were fed eight experimental diets with 26 and 35% protein and varying amounts of lipid for 112 days. All experimental diets contained 10% fish meal (the only source of animal protein), as compared to a control diet with 35% fish meal. The energy content of the diet was the most important factor in determining growth rate. The percentage of dietary lipid was the dominant factor in determining the body composition of rainbow trout. Increased amounts of dietary lipid resulted in fish with increased amounts of whole-body fat and reduced amounts of whole-body protein and moisture. Body composition was more closely a function of nutritional history than of fish size. Protein retention and energy retention were negatively associated with the percentage of digestible protein in the diet. Mortality rates did not differ significantly among the groups tested; the general health of all fish examined was good.
Hartree-Fock Compton profiles for the elements

Abstract Orbital and total-atom Compton profiles are given for the elements. Hartree-Fock wavefunctions were used in the numerical calculations for atomic numbers 1 ≤ Z ≤ 36 and relativistic Dirac-Hartree-Fock wavefunctions for atomic numbers 36 ≤ Z ≤ 102.
Plasticity-based constitutive model with associated testing for joints

Abstract A constitutive model based on the theory of plasticity is presented for characterizing the mechanical response of simulated joints under monotonic loading, unloading and reverse loading. The model represents a specialization of the generalized hierarchial approach for modelling of solids. A series of laboratory tests are performed using a special shear device. The testing involves factors such as normal and shear stresses, shear and normal displacements and different asperity angles. The constants for the model are evaluated using the test results. The model is then verified with respect to tests used to find the constants and typical tests not used to find them. The proposed model is considered to represent a new and general framework for characterization of joint behaviour, and provides satisfactory predictions of the observed laboratory behaviour.
Computer optimization of distribution routes

The characteristics of a computerized system for delivery route planning are considered, and the information needed to develop the system and that to be expected from it are explained. Although route planning may be the original aim, strategic benefits almost always follow as a result of drawing conclusions about the performance of the delivery fleet. Cost savings generally arise from better route economy and from reduction in number and change in type of the delivery vehicles.
Vector wave analysis of an electromagnetic high-order Bessel vortex beam of fractional type α: II. The cases of standing and quasi-standing waves

Abstract Stemming from the vector Maxwell's equations and Lorenz’ gauge condition, a full vector-wave derivation for the electric and magnetic fields components of a high-order Bessel vortex beam of fractional type α (HOBVB-Fα) is provided. The field corresponds to the most generalized case of quasi-standing waves that reduce to perfect (i.e. equi-amplitude) standing waves or progressive waves with appropriate choice of the quasi-standing wave coefficient ϒ. The results are of particular importance in the study of the optical/electromagnetic wave scattering, radiation force and torque in optical tweezers operating with this fractional type of non-diffracting vortex beams.
What can we Learn from Teaching Physics at San Quentin State Prison

In the United States, more than half of formerly incarcerated people return to prison within three years of release. Typically, only 2 percent of state prisoners are college graduates. Several statewide studies exploring the issue have concluded that postsecondary correctional education is one of the most effective avenues for reform. Besides improving critical reasoning skills, education improves chances for employment after release from prison. The data are hopeful - the rates of recidivism are nearly 50% lower for prisoners earning an associate's degree than for ex-offenders who did not participate in college-level educational programs. The Prison University Project at San Quentin State Prison is an outreach organization whose all-volunteer instructors enable prisoners to enroll in college-level courses, culminating in an Associate's degree. Unfortunately, however, California's statewide requirements for an Associate's degree do not include a lab-based science course that is mandatory for transfer into a four-year state college in California. We have designed an algebra-level, physics course that is intended to bridge this requirement for prisoners so that they may qualify for direct transfer to a Bachelor's program upon release. Our goal was to develop a physics course that could be taught in a prison setting while also meeting the standards of a college-level course. We also constrained ourselves to a total budget of $100, including textbooks. We administered the course over Summer 2012 semester, successfully implementing 11 comprehensive laboratory exercises exploring topics ranging from mechanics and energy to simple harmonic motion. Here, we present the details of the course design and discuss the unique challenges and opportunities of teaching physics at San Quentin. We believe this course serves as a useful model for teaching science in underfunded schools, both in the United States and in developing countries.
The Nature of Psychological Reactance Revisited: A Meta‐Analytic Review

Psychological reactance (Brehm, 1966; Brehm & Brehm, 1981) has been a long-standing topic of interest among scholars studying the design and effects of persuasive messages and campaigns. Yet, until recently, reactance was considered to be a motivational state that could not be measured. Dillard and Shen (2005) argued that reactance can be conceptualized as cognition and affect and made amenable to direct measurement. This article revisits Dillard and Shen's (2005) questions about the nature of psychological reactance and reports a test designed to identify the best fitting model of reactance. A meta-analytic review of reactance research was conducted (K = 20, N = 4,942) and the results were used to test path models representing competing conceptualizations of reactance. The results offer evidence that the intertwined model—in which reactance is modeled as a latent factor with anger and counterarguments serving as indicators—best fit the data.
Effect of the surface on the secondary structure of soft landed peptide ions

Ion soft landing (SL) enables highly selective modification of substrates for applications in materials science, nanotechnology and biology. Our previous study [P. Wang and J. Laskin, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2008, 47, 6678–6680] showed that SL can be used for preparation of conformation-selected peptide arrays. Here we present a first study of the effect of the surface on the secondary structures of peptides soft-landed onto self-assembled monolayer surfaces (SAMs). Conformations of soft-landed peptide ions were examined using a newly constructed instrument that enables in situ infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) characterization of surfaces during and after ion deposition. Polyalanine peptides, Ac-AnK and Ac-KAn (n = 7, 15), that have been extensively studied both in solution and in the gas phase were used as model systems in this study. We demonstrate that physical and chemical properties of SAM surfaces have a strong effect on the conformations of soft-landed peptide ions. For example, deposition of the α-helical [Ac-A15K + H]+ ion on the CH3-terminated (HSAM) surface results in immobilization of both the α- and 310-helical conformations. In contrast, a significant fraction of Ac-A15K molecules are present in the β-sheet conformation on the CF3-(FSAM) and COOH-terminated (COOH-SAM) surfaces. We show that the kinetic energy of the polyalanine ion, the charge, and the initial conformation have only a minor effect on the conformation of deposited species suggesting that the interaction between the molecule and the surface plays a major role in determining the secondary structures of immobilized polyalanines. This study demonstrates that SL of mass-selected ions can be utilized for obtaining fundamental understanding of the intrinsic properties of biomolecules and surfaces responsible for conformational changes upon adsorption.
Thoracic bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

This study was based on angiographic records. We found that the bifurcation of the common carotid artery can be located amazingly low on the neck or even within the upper mediastinum. We have described five such instances; two bifurcations at the T3 level and three at T1-2 level. We are not aware of prior reports of bifurcations at such low positions from our review of previous literature. Finally, the practical importance of this anomaly is mentioned and the embryology is briefly discussed.
Properties of stimulated Raman scattering in crystals

Abstract This paper summarizes our current research on the development of solid-state Raman lasers based on new materials and novel cavity designs. Criteria for selecting good materials for stimulated Raman scattering are reviewed and a theoretical model is presented to demonstrate the origin of Raman beam cleanup.
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY EARLY IN LIFE CONSTRAINS DEVELOPMENTAL RESPONSES LATER

Plastic stem-elongation responses to the ratio of red:far-red (R:FR) wavelengths enable plants to match their phenotype to local competitive conditions. However, elongation responses early in the life history may occur at the cost of reduced plasticity later in the life history, because elongation influences both allocation patterns and structural integrity. A common-garden experiment was performed to test whether seedling responses to R:FR affect biomass allocation, biomass accumulation, and subsequent plasticity to the cue. Seedlings of Abutilon theophrastiwere stimulated to elongate by low R:FR treatments, and subsequent growth and plasticity was compared with nonelongated individuals. Elongated seedlings were less responsive than nonelongated ones to a second bout of low R:FR. Thus, seedling plasticity to R:FR reduces subsequent responsiveness to this cue. This negative association across life-history stages suggests an important constraint on the evolution of plastic stem responses, because selection in A. theophrasti has previously been shown to favor increases in early elongation in combination with increased later elongation. The reduced responsiveness of elongated seedlings to R:FR appeared to result from a structural feedback mechanism, indicating that the opportunity cost of early responses may be lower in environments providing structural support.
Determination of total dissolved nitrogen in natural waters1

A procedure is presented for routine analysis of total nitrogen in solution which is similar to published methods using oxidation by potassium persulfate. Careful attention to pH, alkalinity, the neutralizing buffer, reaction vessels, and dilution factors have proved necessary. This modified method is acceptable for samples from fresh to oceanic waters, is accurate for organic compounds tested, has a maximum capability of 40 µM nitrogen in undiluted samples, and has a mid-range precision of ±2%.
Minimization In Digital Design As A Meta-Planning Problem

In our model-based expert system for automatic digital system design, we formalize the design process into three sub-processes - compiling high-level behavioral specifications into primitive behavioral operations, grouping primitive operations into behavioral functions, and grouping functions into modules. Consideration of design minimization explicitly controls decision-making in the last two subprocesses. Design minimization, a key task in the automatic design of digital systems, is complicated by the high degree of interaction among the time sequence and content of design decisions. In this paper, we present an AI approach which directly addresses these interactions and their consequences by modeling the minimization prob-lem as a planning problem, and the management of design decision-making as a meta-planning problem.
An Effect of the Thermobaric Nonlinearity of the Equation of State: A Mechanism for Sustaining Solitary Rossby Waves

The thermobaric nonlinearity in the equation of state for seawater density—namely, the dependence of thermal expansibility on pressure—coupled with spatial variation of the oceanic temperature‐salinity ( u‐s) relation generates a nonlinear behavior in the buoyant force that can counter the linear dispersion of baroclinic Rossby waves and produce solitary waves. A Korteweg‐deVries equation is derived in which the coefficient of the nonlinear term depends on the thermobaric parameter and the spatial gradient of the anomaly of the u‐s relation. Quantitative estimates can be made of the magnitude of the effect in terms of these parameters. For example, given first-baroclinic-mode spatial variations of order 0.1 psu (1000 km)21 or 0.78C (1000 km)21, from a u‐s relation with a density ratio of 2, a solitary Rossby wave of maximum vertical displacement of approximately 100 m and horizontal scale of approximately 30 baroclinic Rossby radii of deformation can be generated.
THE MANUSCRIPT REVIEW PROCESS AND ADVICE TO PROSPECTIVE AUTHORS

“No question it took a lot of guts to write this book, but it would take even more guts to publish it.” caption from cartoon in New Yorker
Sickling in vitro at venous and arterial oxygen tensions of reticulocytes from patients with sickle cell disease.

Sickling of reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes from patients with sickle cell disease was compared at venous and arterial oxygen tensions (PO2 = 30 and 90 mm Hg). Reticulocyte-rich fractions (d < 1.06) were partially deoxygenated in two ways after incubation at PO2 = 180 mm Hg: (1) PO2 of 30 mm Hg for 1 hour, and reoxygenation to 90 mm Hg for 2 hours and (2) PO2 of 90 mm Hg and kept for 2 hours. Percentages of sickled cells were always higher (3 - 5 times) in reticulocytes than in mature erythrocytes. Percentage of sickled reticulocytes measured at PO2 = 90 mm Hg after partial deoxygenation to PO2 = 30 mm Hg was 2 times higher than that obtained directly at PO2 = 90 mm Hg. In contrast, there was no difference in percentage of sickled cells in the mature erythrocyte population under the two experimental conditions. These results suggest that reticulocytes are more susceptible to sickling under venous oxygen tension and less likely than mature erythrocytes to resume discoidal shape even at arterial oxygen tension.
The influence of particle size and particle fracture on the elastic/plastic deformation of metal matrix composites

A methodology is introduced for calculating the deformation response of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites in terms of an effective medium approach combined with the essential features of dislocation plasticity. By comparing the simulated and experimental stress-strain curves for two sets of SiC-Al composites, the effects of particle size and size distribution and volume fraction on the deformation response are given. A feature of the methodology is that the effects of particle cracking during deformation can be incorporated quantitatively. When included, the simulations lead to excellent agreement with experiments on the effects of particle cracking on both the overall deformation response and the tension-compression deformation asymmetry.