cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ambulatory Surgery vs Overnight Observation for Total Thyroidectomy: Cost Analysis and Outcomes

ObjectiveTo compare financial impact between patients undergoing ambulatory (same-day discharge) vs overnight admission after total thyroidectomy while showing associated surgical outcomes.Study De...
Therapeutic Anticoagulation May Be Associated with Reduced 14-day Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with COVID-19

Purpose: To assess the impact of therapeutic dose versus prophylactic dose anticoagulation regimens on outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of consecutive mechanically ventilated adult patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and initiated on anticoagulation from February 1st to May 31st, 2020. The primary endpoint was 14-day mortality. Secondary endpoints included 30-day mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), duration of mechanical ventilation, major bleeding, and new thromboembolic event. Results: Of the 121 mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19, 33 in the therapeutic-dose group and 34 patients in the prophylactic-dose group were included in the final analysis. The therapeutic-dose group had a decreased 14-day mortality compared to the prophylaxis dose group (9.1% vs 41.2%, p=0.004). In addition, 30-day mortality was also lower in the therapeutic anticoagulation group (24.2% vs. 52.9%, p=0.024). A longer hospital LOS (45.7 vs 26 days, p=0.003) and duration of mechanical ventilation (33.9 vs 13.3 days, p<0.001) were observed in patients on therapeutic anticoagulation in comparison to the prophylaxis dosing group. A higher rate of major bleeding was observed in patients who received therapeutic anticoagulation. Conclusion: In this analysis of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients in the ICU, therapeutic dose anticoagulation was associated with a significantly lower 14-day mortality, but increased bleeding.
Genomic insights into variation in thermotolerance between hybridizing swordtail fishes

Understanding how organisms adapt to changing environments is a core focus of research in evolutionary biology. One common mechanism is adaptive introgression, which has received increasing attention as a potential route to rapid adaptation in populations struggling in the face of ecological change, particularly global climate change. However, hybridization can also result in deleterious genetic interactions that may limit the benefits of adaptive introgression. Here, we used a combination of genome-wide quantitative trait locus mapping and differential gene expression analyses between the swordtail fish species Xiphophorus malinche and X. birchmanni to study the consequences of hybridization on thermotolerance. While these two species are adapted to different thermal environments, we document a complicated architecture of thermotolerance in hybrids. We identify a region of the genome that contributes to reduced thermotolerance in individuals heterozygous for X. malinche and X. birchmanni ancestry, as well as widespread misexpression in hybrids of genes that respond to thermal stress in the parental species, particularly in the circadian clock pathway. We also show that a previously mapped hybrid incompatibility between X. malinche and X. birchmanni contributes to reduced thermotolerance in hybrids. Together, our results highlight the challenges of understanding the impact of hybridization on complex ecological traits and its potential impact on adaptive introgression.
Public Participation in Genetic Policymaking

The Second Symposium on Genetics and the Law would not have taken place if the control of genetic disease depended only on counseling about the recurrence risks of a few rare diseases, and on abstinence from procreation of those with affected offspring. To these quaint options, however, others have been added. As a result of populationwide screening, some diseases need no longer devastate a family even once; presymptomatic affected individuals can be identified in families without a positive history and treatment started in time to prevent disability (for example, phenylketonuria). Through screening, carriers can be identified before they have any affected offspring (for example, sickle cell or Tay-Sachs diseases). Prenatal screening (for example, maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein for neural tube defects) and diagnosis, and abortion of affected fetuses, as well as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization can also reduce the burden of genetic diseases.
Robust information security system using steganography, orthogonal code and joint transform correlation

Abstract The paper presents a novel and efficient information security technique by employing orthogonal coding scheme, encoded steganography and nonlinear encryption scheme involving joint transform correlation. Multiple biometric signatures are encoded using individual orthogonal codes and then multiplexed together. The encoded and multiplexed image is then embedded inside a cover image utilizing a new steganography technique. Here, a color cover image is first decomposed into three color components, red, green and blue, each of which is used to embed one set of biometric signatures. In each component image, one bit from the three least significant bits is selected using another secret key which is then replaced by the information bit. The component stego images are combined to form the color stego image, which is again encrypted using a multiple phase-shifted reference joint transform correlation (MRJTC) technique. The MRJTC technique is a nonlinear encryption process which increases the security strength significantly against any unauthorized access. The encoded steganography process reduces the vulnerability of an intruder retrieving any information through any steganalysis attack. In addition, the orthogonal encoding scheme enhances the robustness by making the biometric information almost inaccessible without authorization.
Ultradense phosphorous delta layers grown into silicon from PH3 molecular precursors

Phosphorous δ-doping layers were fabricated in silicon by PH3 deposition at room temperature, followed by low-temperature Si epitaxy. Scanning tunneling microscope images indicate large H coverage, and regions of c(2×2) structure. Hall data imply full carrier activation with mobility <40 cm2/V s when the surface coverage is ≲0.2 ML. Conductivity measurements show a ln(T) behavior at low temperatures, characteristic of a high-density two-dimensional conductor. Possible future applications to atom-scale electronics and quantum computation are briefly discussed.
Molecular perspectives of monovalent cation selective transmembrane channels.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses three basic structural models for transmembrane channels. The molecular species to be evaluated for its ion transport properties is added directly to the water solution on one or both sides of the membrane, or it is added directly to the lipid solution and its conduction properties are evaluated by means of the electrodes. The value of this approach, and its subsequent refinements, to the development of the understanding of mechanisms of selective ion transport across lipid bilayer membranes cannot be overstated. It is reasonable to expect that substantial hydration energy be gained from molecules in the second coordination shell and beyond because the energy of hydration is four times greater for a divalent cation than for monovalent cations. As a means of overcoming some of the aforementioned limitations while retaining the favorable structural features giving rise to monovalent cation selectivity, a molecular theory of electric-field-dependent channel formation is developed, after the necessary derivation of a more generally applicable conformational concept of cyclic conformations with linear conformational correlates.
Clinical Validation of Automatic Quantitative Defect Size in Rest Technetium-99m-Sestamibi Myocardial Perfusion SPECT

UNLABELLED We examined the relationships of automatic quantitative perfusion defect size and defect severity to rest left ventricular ejection fraction and semiquantitative visual sestamibi defect size in rest 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT in 40 consecutive patients with a history of myocardial infarction more than 30 days prior to testing. The purpose of this investigation was to validate the use of automatic quantitative rest sestamibi SPECT as a clinical measure of assessing relative infarction size. METHODS All patients received 20-30 mCi of 99mTc-sestamibi followed by SPECT imaging. Quantitative defect analysis used previously developed resting normal limits and an automatic version of a commercially available quantitative program (CEqual). Semiquantitative visual defect interpretation used a 20 segment/scan and five-point scoring analysis. First-pass (FP) radionuclide ventriculography (RVG) and gated sestamibi perfusion SPECT were each performed in 31 patients. RESULTS LVEF assessed by FP RVG was 37% +/- 15% (range 14%-62%) and 37% +/- 16% (range 12%-63%) by gated perfusion SPECT with high linear correlation (r = 0.96, n = 22) between the two methods. Myocardial perfusion defect size was 24% +/- 15% of LV (range 0%-50%) and defect severity was 1103 +/- 864 (range 0 to 2825) by automatic quantitative rest sestamibi. Perfusion defect size and defect severity both had close correlations with LVEF by FP RVG (r = -0.78, r = -0.86) and by gated perfusion SPECT (r = -0.75, r = -0.79). High linear correlations were observed between quantitative defect size and summed visual score of segments with score > or = 2 (r = 0.82) and the number of visually abnormal segments (r = 0.77), as well as between defect severity and visual summed rest score (r = 0.86) and the number of visually abnormal segments (r = 0.76). CONCLUSION Quantitation of rest sestamibi SPECT defect extent and severity using automatic CEqual correlates well with rest LVEF and with semiquantitative expert visual analysis. Results of this study define a strong relationship between measurements of 99mTc-sestamibi perfusion defect as measured by an automatic software program and global left ventricular function. The automatic quantitative program appears to be a useful measure of assessing infarct size in patients with remote myocardial infarction.
Apparent inhibition of erythrocyte glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in subjects on large dosages of B-6.

An apparent inhibition of the erythrocyte glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase E-GOT system of Kishi and Folkers has been observed with erythrocytes from individuals on large amounts of B-6. Evidence is presented that this inhibition is an artefact due to excess pyridoxal phosphate reacting with 2,4,dinitrophenylhydrazine. Excess pyridoxal phosphate competes with pyruvic acid for the available 2,4,dinitrophenylhydrazine which results in a product that is not extractable into toluene, therefore, less chromophore is present as more pyridoxal phosphate is available.
Fostering Culturally and Developmentally Responsive Teaching through Improvisational Practice.

In this article we explore an effort to rethink curricular decision-making with a group of public pre-K teachers working in a context of curriculum escalation and commitment to play-based pedagogy. Through a professional development program designed to support developmentally and culturally responsive early mathematics, we examine how teachers took up the idea of engaging in mathematics with 4-year-olds in a way that married content knowledge and home practices. We look specifically at three teachers as they negotiated our vision of responsive practice, using the notion of improvisation as a metaphor to understand how they took up this new role. We found that just having the knowledge about developmentally responsive practices, funds of knowledge, or early math was a first step but it was not enough. How teachers took up the elements of the professional development was contingent on their capacity to improvise in their teaching, responding to children’s resources and interests in authentic ways.
Hair and its Associated Lipids as an Excretory Pathway for Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

1. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and other halogenated compounds, probably biphenyls, were found to be associated with human hair at concentrations less than 1 p.p.m.2. In experiments with rats, chlorinated 14C-hydrocarbon insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls were excreted in hair in all instances, but excretion was less with the more labile compounds.3. Excretion via hair may be a significant factor in eliminating chlorinated hydrocarbons which resist metabolism.
Elastase release from human alveolar macrophages: comparison between smokers and nonsmokers

Alveolar macrophages from smokers, in contrast to those of non-smokers, release elastase into serum-free culture medium. Since enzymes that digest elastin produce pulmonary emphysema in experimental animals, release of elastase by alveolar macrophages from smokers suggests that these cells are important in the pathogenesis of emphysema of smokers.
A physically-derived nonquasi-static model of ferroelectric amplifiers for computer-aided device simulation – Part I: The ferroelectric common-drain amplifier

Abstract A physically-derived nonquasi-static model describing the behavior of the ferroelectric common-drain amplifier is presented. The model is based on the method of partitioned channel and ferroelectric layers and is valid in accumulation, depletion, and the three inversion cases: weak, moderate, and strong. The equations of this model are based on the standard MOSFET equations that have been modified to reflect the ferroelectric properties. The model code is written in MATLAB and outputs voltage plots with respect to time. The accuracy and effectiveness of the model are verified by a few test cases, where the modeled results are compared to empirically-derived oscilloscope plots.
MYCORRHIZATION OF PONDEROSA PINE IN A SECOND-GROWTH SIERRA NEVADA FOREST

Ectomycorrhizal colonization and rooting characteristics were quantified in a mature ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) stand in the western Sierra Nevada. Root length totaled 3835.9 m ⋅ m-2 of forest floor surface area, with 96% consisting of the fine-root fraction. Total root dry weight and volume were 2230.4 g ⋅ m-2 and 5807.4 cm3 ⋅ m-2 of forest floor area, respectively, with 69% of the former and 75% of the latter accounted for by the coarse fraction. Fine roots were most prevalent in the upper 15 cm of the mineral soil profile, and their abundance declined with increasing depth. Coarse roots were most abundant at a depth of 15-30 cm. Ectomycorrhizal counts totaled 26,814 ⋅ m-2 of forest floor area, and an overwhelming preponderance was associated with the fine-root fraction. More than three-quarters of mychor- rhizae resided in the upper 15 cm of mineral soil, with an overall trend of declining numbers with increasing depth. Roots and mycorrhizae were exceedingly scarce at a depth of 45-60 cm, and neither was found in the organic soil layer above the mineral profile. A necessary step in understanding the ecophysiological role of mycorrhizae in mature forests is to quantify their abundance in such settings, and the results of this study contribute such information for ponderosa pine.
Floral biology of large-flowered Thelymitra species (Orchidaceae) and their hybrids in Western Australia

Historically, only a few large flowered species in the genus Thelymitra were identified as obligate out-breeders. We compared floral presentation, pollen-pistil interactions, pollination ecology, and interspecific hybridization in two populations of T. macrophylla where its flowering periods overlapped with T. antennifera (Tenterden) and T. crinita (Lesmurdie) respectively. Pollen-pistil interactions were studied using glasshouse collections of T. crinita and T. macrophylla at the Kings Park and Botanic Garden (Perth, WA). The number of flowers/inflorescence in T. macrophylla varied significantly between sites. Climatic conditions influenced flower opening and closing regimes differently in T. crinita vs. T. macrophylla. While all three Thelymitra spp. opened on warm, sunny mornings and closed by late afternoon, T. crinita at Lesmurdie was significantly more likely to open its perianth segments on cool days compared to the co-blooming, sympatric flowers of T. macrophylla. The floral lifespans of individual flowers of T. macrophylla and T. crinita were reduced significantly following application of Thelymitra pollen onto the stigmatic surface but were not reduced by pollinarium removal. Flowers of both species were self-compatible but neither species self-pollinated mechanically (autogamy). Fluorescence microscopy also showed that both species were inter-compatible. Natural rates of pollinarium removal by insects were low in all three species at both sites. Natural rates of pollen deposition on receptive stigmas were significantly higher in T. crinita vs. T. macrophylla but pollen deposition was less than 12% in both species. Observations and collections of pollinators were infrequent and pollinaria vectors were restricted to a few polylectic, female bees in the families Apidae, Colletidae, and Halictidae. We found a large number of hybrids between T. antennifera and T. macrophylla at Tenterden but few obvious hybrids between T. crinita and T. macrophylla at Lesmurdie. As expected, all hybrids showed characteristics intermediate between their two putative parent species, including pollen configuration in the T. crinita X T. macrophylla specimens. Due to malformations of the column, the majority of T. antennifera X T. macrophylla flowers appeared unable to attach their pollinia to their respective rostella.
Reference Person Influence on Career Women's Dress:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of situational and personality characteristics on the acceptance of normative and informational influence by career women from refe...
Interframe Interpolation of Cinematic Sequences

Abstract We present a new algorithm for interframe interpolation of cinematic sequences. We demonstrate its applicability to video data compression of pedestrian traffic and to data compression for video conferencing. In both of these applications it is assumed that the background is nearly stationary and that there are no interobject occlusions. The interpolation algorithm makes use of estimates of optical flow to compensate for the motion of objects between two frames. We describe three major problems associated with motion compensated cinematic interpolation: interframe occlusion, interframe zooming, and figure-ground ambiguity. Our algorithm suppresses artifacts caused by all three of these problems. Artifacts of interframe occlusion are suppressed by detecting mismatches between forward and backward optical flow. Artifacts of interframe zooming are suppressed by reversing the temporal order of the frames. Artifacts of figure-ground ambiguity are suppressed by exploiting the near-stationarity of the background. We tested our algorithm on a video sequence of pedestrians, subsampled by 3 to 1, and on a video sequence of a head-and-shoulders view of a salesman, subsampled by 4 to 1, and compared the resulting sequences to the sequences produced by two other algorithms: (a) the matching of forward and backward optical flow as described by Cafforio et al., and (b) linear interpolation. We evaluated the distortion quantitatively by computing the histograms of the relative absolute error. Our results are qualitatively and quantitatively superior to those produced by these other two algorithms.
Perceived Organizational Support : Further evidence of construct validity

Wayne Shore and Lois Tetrick demonstrated in 1991 that the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS), a measure of perceived employer commitment, was unidimensional and distinguishable from measures of affective and continuance commitment. In the present study, confirmatory factor analysis was used to further examine the construct validity of the scores on the SPOS. Participants were 205 members of the staff and faculty of a large western state university. Consistent with Shore and Tetrick's findings, the SPOS was found to be unidimensional. In addition, the SPOS was found to be distinguishable from two similarly conceptualized correlates of affective commitment: perceived supervisory support and organizational dependability. Findings are discussed with respect to their implications for understanding the commitment process.
The Azimuthal Distribution of Photoelectrons Produced by 0.5-Mev Polarized Photons

The azimuth angular distribution of photoelectrons ejected from lead by linearly polarized 0.51-Mev photons has been studied. The known correlation between polarization states of annihilation quanta was employed in preparation of the incident beam of polarized photons. Results indicate that for emission from the $K$ shell, the most probable direction is in the plane containing the momentum and polarization vectors of the incident photon. The asymmetry in the distribution thereby produced is slightly greater than that expected from the relativistically computed differential cross section.
Metastatic neuroblastoma and testicular involvement

Neuroblastoma metastatic to the testes is thought to be an extremely rare event and is therefore not routinely considered in the evaluation of neuroblastoma patients. A review of metastatic sites in a series of neuroblastoma patients, however, revealed 11 cases with testicular involvement. Analysis of these cases suggests that the phenomenon may not be uncommon in a subset of neuroblastoma patients, namely, male patients with infra-diaphragmatic primaries and advanced-stage disease. Because the testes constitute a sanctuary site for tumor cells, occult testicular involvement may play a role in the relapse of patients judged to be in complete remission. Accordingly, it is proposed that in the above group of patients special diagnostic attention should be directed at the scrotal contents and, if testicular involvement is detected, orchiectomy or local irradiation should be considered. Cancer 56: 1730-1732, 1985.
A survey on localization techniques for wireless networks

Abstract Wireless networks have displaced the well established and widely deployed wired communication networks of the past. Tetherless access and new services offered to mobile users contribute to the popularity of these networks. Thus users have access from many locations and can roam ubiquitously. The knowledge of the physical location of mobile user devices, such as phones, laptops and PDAs, is important in several applications such as network planning, location based services, law enforcement and for improving network performance. A device's location is usually estimated by monitoring a distance dependent parameter such as wireless signal strength from a base station whose location is known. In practical deployments, signal strength varies with time and its relationship to distance is not well defined. This makes location estimation difficult. Many location estimation or localization schemes have been proposed for networks adopting a variety of wireless technologies. This paper reviews a broad class ...
Probabilistic analysis of a grouping algorithm

We study thegrouping by swapping problem, which occurs in memory compaction and in computing the exponential of a matrix. In this problem we are given a sequence ofn numbers drawn from {0,1, 2,...,m−1} with repetitions allowed; we are to rearrange them, using as few swaps of adjacent elements as possible, into an order such that all the like numbers are grouped together. It is known that this problem is NP-hard. We present a probabilistic analysis of a grouping algorithm calledMEDIAN that works by sorting the numbers in the sequence according to their median positions. Our results show that the expected behavior ofMEDIAN is within 10% of optimal and is asymptotically optimal asn/m→∞ or asn/m→0.
Regulation of mitochondrial ribosomal protein S29 (MRPS29) expression by a 5'-upstream open reading frame

Abstract Mitochondrial ribosomal protein S29 (MRPS29) is a mitochondrial pro-apoptotic protein also known as death associated protein 3 (DAP3). Over-expression of MRPS29 has been reported to induce apoptosis in several different human cell lines while conferring resistance in glioma and Ataxia telangiectasia cells. These two contradictory reports led us to investigate the MRPS29-induced apoptosis further. Cyber searches of the EST databases revealed the presence of a splice variant of MRPS29 mRNA containing an upstream open reading frame (uORF) at the 5′ untranslated region (UTR). In this study, we confirmed the presence of this uORF using real-time RT-PCR and investigated its role in MRPS29 expression.
The electrochemical properties of the (μ-η6,η6-naphthalene)dichromium compounds and bis(η6-naphthalene)chromium

Abstract The electrochemistry of the novel macromolecular organometallic polymer poly[(μ-η 6 ,η 6 -naphthalene)chromium] is delineated through the study of its precursor (bis(η 6 -naphthalene)chromium) and an oligomeric model ((μ-η 6 ,η 6 -naphthalene)bis(η 6 -benzene)dichromium) in order to observe the degree of intervalence charge transfer between chromium sites in the multinuclear species. Theoretical studies have indicated that the multidecker sandwich compound poly[(μ-η 6 ,η 6 -naphthalene)chromium] should be an electrical conductor in its oxidized state; no electrical conductivity is observed in the zero valent state. The inferred mechanism of the ligand exchange process of bis(η 6 -naphthalene)chromium in tetrahydrofuran through an η 2 -THF, η 4 ,η 6 intermediate is supported by the CE mechanism of the Cr 0 + couples observed by the Nicholson and Shain method of kinetic analysis in (μ-η 6 ,η 6 -naphthalene)bis(η 6 -benzene)dichromium). The cyclic voltammetry of bis(η 6 -naphthalene)chromium and (μ-η 6 ,η 6 -naphthalene)bis(η 6 -benzene)dichromium) in tetrahydrofuran, and bis(η 6 -naphthalene)-chromium and poly[(μ-η 6 ,η 6 -naphthalene)chromium] in ethylenediamine are described to delineate the electrochemical behavior of chromium compounds incorporating η 6 -naphthalene and μ-η 6 ,η 6 -naphthalene moieties. In addition to the various kinetic processes, characteristic Cr 0 + and relatively unusual Cr + 2+ couples were observed; ligand (naphthalene)(0/−) and ( − 2− ) redox couples were also observed. While the second reduction of the μ-η 6 ,η 6 -naphthalene moiety was inhibited by the first reduction, mixed valence interaction between the metal sites was not observed electrochemically.
Impact of Private Label Brands of Milk on Competition in Fluid Milk Markets

Abstract The objective was to determine the impact of private label brands of milk on the competitive behavior of fluid milk processors. This involved an analysis of the effects on pricing policies, product policies, and policies regarding competitive practices in the marketplace. The analysis was primarily on data obtained through personal interviews with managers of 31 of the 35 fluid milk processors in Kentucky. Processors were packaging private label brands to remain competitive in the market, reduce costs, retain accounts, and hold display space for processor brands in retail outlets. Firms not packaging private label brands were doing so because of inadequate capacity and the desire to build and retain consumer loyalty to their own brands. The most noticeable impact of private label brands has been on pricing and product policies. A shift in the location of bargaining power from processors to retailers results in lower wholesale prices for private label brands even though product quality is essentially identical to the processor brands. Finally, the study provides evidence to suggest that private label brands of milk are becoming increasingly important as a means of direct price competition in contrast to the traditional role of brands in nonprice competition.
The big men in blue: custodians in three American schools

Although ubiquitous members of schools, few scholars and/or practitioners recognize how custodians’/caretakers’ associations with students reciprocally contribute to student welfare and custodian status. This ethnographic study documents custodians’ lived experiences while interacting with young children in three socioeconomically different American school settings. The findings suggest that custodians’ contextualized behaviors affect their associations and self-perceptions as professionals. Race and gender complicate this process. Recommendations for how scholars, practitioners, and policy makers can capitalize on custodians’ ubiquitous roles and their contextualized self-understanding are provided for consideration.
Long spacings of six alkyl esters of two octadecenoic acids

X-ray powder diffraction data are presented for some normal alkyl esters of two octadecenoic acids. The crystal long spacings observed for esters of elaidic acid are shown to be linearly related to the length of the carbon chain of the ester group. Little difference in crystal long spacings was observed between esters ofcis andtrans acids. Melting points of alkyl esters of elaidic acid are reported.
Structure of the 16 PF Fifth Edition from the Perspective of the Five-Factor Model

Factor structure of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (Fifth Edition) was investigated from the perspective of the five-factor model, using Goldberg's 1992 scales for five factors of per...
Patterns of evolution of research strands in the hydrologic sciences

This paper examines issues of impact and innovation in groundwater research by using bibliometric data and citation analysis.The analysis is based on 3120 papers from the journal Water Resources Research with full contents and their citation data from the ISI Web of Science. The research is designed to develop a better understanding of the way citation numbers can be interpreted by scientists. Not surprisingly, the most highly cited papers appear to be pioneers in the field with papers departing significantly from what has come before and to be effective in creating similar, follow-on papers. Papers that are early contributions to a new research strand that is highly influential will be on average highly cited. However, the importance of a research strand as measured by citations seems to fall with time. The citation patterns of some classic papers show that the activity in the topical area and impact of follow-on papers gradually decline with time, which has similarities with Kuhn’s ideas of revolutionary and normal science. The results of this study reinforce the importance of being a pioneer in a research strand, strategically shifting research strands, adopting strategies that can facilitate really major research breakthroughs.
Regularity of Monge-Ampere equations in optimal transportation

We consider some recent regularity results for the Monge-Ampere equation arising in the optimal transportation problem. The Monge-Ampere equation under consideration has the following type
Why computer scientists should attend hacker conferences

Along with the intellectual challenge, scientists may appreciate the technical insight, especially about security, ethical honesty, and common computing interests.
On randomized greedy matchings

We analyze a randomized greedy matching algorithm (RGA) aimed at producing a matching with a large number of edges in a given weighted graph. RGA was first introduced and studied by Dyer and Frieze in [3] for unweighted graphs. In the weighted version, at each step a new edge is chosen from the remaining graph with probability proportional to its weight, and is added to the matching. The two vertices of the chosen edge are removed, and the step is repeated until there are no edges in the remaining graph. We analyze the expected size μ(G) of the number of edges in the output matching produced by RGA, when RGA is repeatedly applied to the same graph G. Let r(G) = μ(G)/m(G), where m(G) is the maximum number of edges in a matching in G.
Opponent-process theory: The interaction of trials, intertrial interval, and the presence of evoking stimuli

Two predictions from Solomon’s (1980) opponent-process theory were tested in the present experiment. The first prediction was that there would be an interaction between trials, or the number of times that an opponent process is aroused, and the presence or absence of the stimuli used to evoke the primary process. This prediction was supported (p <.01) by GSR data collected while college students were either squeezing a hand dynamometer or resting. The second prediction, that the length of the intertrial interval would affect the interaction between trials and the presence of the stimuli that evoke the primary process, was not supported.
UNANIMOUS DECISION MAKING ON THE U.S. SUPREME COURT: Case Stimuli and Judicial Attitudes

Although behavioral scholars have devoted much time and energy to attempting to explain decision making on the U.S. Supreme Court, they have virtually ignored the unanimous decision. We investigated the Vinson, Warren, and Burger Courts and discovered that the liberal outcome was more successful in the unanimous cases whether those cases involve civil liberties or economic liberalism and whether they were decisions to reverse or decisions to affirm. We also ascertained that the ideological position that tended to win in the unanimous reverse cases was related to the ideological position that tended to win in the nonunanimous reverse cases, but that no such relationship was present in the two kinds of affirm cases. These two findings are in conformity with a psychometric model, which posits that the relative position of judicial attitudes and case stimuli determines the vote on the U.S. Supreme Court.
Between Order and Anarchy

After Anarchy: Legitimacy and Power in the United Nations Security Council. By Ian Hurd. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007. 234 pp., $35.00 (ISBN-13: 978-0-691-12866-5). After Anarchy: Legitimacy and Power in the United Nations Security Council is an ambitious study of the politics of legitimacy in international relations. In it, Ian Hurd contends that international organizations have legitimated authority and, as a result, hold and exercise sovereignty. According to Hurd, the fact that sovereignty is located in international institutions as well as states undermines claims that the international system is defined by anarchy. Instead, legitimized international institutions contribute substantially to order in world politics. Hurd specifically examines the politics of legitimacy in the United Nations Security Council. He concludes that the legitimacy of this body has enabled it to play a crucial role in shaping state interests and behavior in world politics. In addition to contributing to the literature on international organizations, After Anarchy contributes to critical debates in international relations theory. Hurd seeks to bridge the gap between rationalist and constructivist theories of international relations, and his framework builds on aspects of the various competing schools of thought. From realism, he accepts the assumption that states are rational actors as well as the realist emphasis on the importance of power. He also incorporates neo-liberal assumptions about the role that international organizations can play in reducing transaction costs among states that routinely interact with each other. Finally, Hurd draws on the constructivist assumption that state conceptions of self-interest are fundamentally shaped by socially constructed norms. For Hurd, the concept of legitimacy is central to bridging the gap between these theoretical approaches. Hurd defines legitimacy as “an actor's normative belief that a rule or institution ought to be obeyed” (p. 7). This definition does not suggest that legitimated international institutions or rules will be obeyed in every case. Nevertheless, it matters that states think they should obey these rules and institutions. Even if it does not …
A Metric Motor in Your Future (

Concurrent with the enactment of metric conversion legislation by the U. S. Congress in 1975, the Motor and Generator Section of the National Electrical Manufacturer Association (NEMA) voted to proceed with the development of a Guide for the Development of Metric Standards for Motors and Generators, referred to as the " IMetric Guide" or "the Guide." The first edition was published in 1978, followed by a second, more extensive, edition in November 1980. A summary of the Metric Guide, is given, including comparison with NEMA and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards.
Interferon-γ-treated K562 target cells distinguish functional NK cells from lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells

In vitro incubation of the erythroleukemic cell line K562 with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) renders these cells relatively resistant to natural killer (NK) cell lysis. However, such treatment does not alter their sensitivity to LAK cell lysis. Thus, the lytic susceptibility of interferon-gamma-treated K562 (I-K562) cells to LAK cells as opposed to its relative resistance to NK cell lysis provides a functional assay to help distinguish these two types of effector cells. The relative resistance of I-K562 for NK cell-mediated lysis was not secondary to the release of soluble factors or the frequency of Leu-19+, CD3+ T cells, residual IFN-gamma, or expression of MHC Class I molecules. Coincubation of I-K562 cells with NK or LAK cells overnight did not appreciably change the pattern of lytic responses against K562 and I-K562 target cells. However, incubation of PBMC in vitro with I-K562 but not native K562 in the presence of r-IL-2 leads to a marked decrease in the generation of LAK cells. The inhibition of LAK cell generation was not secondary to differences in the consumption of bioactive levels of IL-2. Differences in the lytic capability of NK and LAK effector cells suggest heterogeneity among cells that mediate such non-MHC-restricted lysis. Use was made of cells from a patient with a large granular lymphocyte lymphoproliferative disease (greater than 85% Leu-19+) to determine if such cells could be used to distinguish clonal population of cells which would represent NK or LAK cell function. Of interest was the finding that such cells, even after incubation in vitro with IL-2, showed lytic function representative of NK cells but not LAK cells. Data concerning the inhibition of LAK cell generation by I-K562 cells have important implications for future therapeutic trials of IFN-gamma and IL-2 in the treatment of human malignancies.
Residues outside of the HLA-A2 peptide-binding groove can abrogate or enhance recognition of influenza virus matrix peptide pulsed cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes

An examination of the crystal structure of HLA-A2.1 reveals two classes of residues on the class I MHC molecule that could affect CTL recognition: (1) those predicted to interact with the TCR directly; and (2) those that interact with bound peptides. To examine the role of individual TCR contacting residues, as well as residues not predicted to interact with bound peptide or the TCR, a panel of 28 HLA-A2 variants that differ from each other by a single amino acid substitution in either the alpha 1- or alpha 2-domain was utilized. Peptide titration, time course and cold target inhibition analysis of these targets showed that only the substitution of position 62 in the alpha 1-domain had a significant effect on recognition of the MHC-peptide complex by influenza matrix protein M1 (57-68) peptide-specific, HLA-A2.1-restricted CTL. In contrast, substitutions at positions 154, 162 and 163 in the alpha 2-domain abolished recognition by the same CTL. Additionally, substitutions at position 138 in the alpha 2-domain and positions 107 and 127 on the loops connecting the beta-strand in the alpha 2-domain were recognized in a more efficient, heteroclitic fashion. Overall, there was no direct correlation between the level of peptide binding to the variants and the level of T cell recognition of the variants. These results indicate that residues in the alpha 2-domain may be more important than residues in the alpha 1-domain in controlling TCR binding to the class I MHC molecule and suggest that the "footprint" of the TCR may be more extensive than previously predicted and encompass a broad region that extends beyond the alpha 2-helix. These findings also imply that the class I MHC molecule may exist in a "tipped" orientation on the cell surface during T cell recognition.
The Effect of pH on solid-state 13C NMR spectra of histidine

Abstract High-resolution solid-state 13C NMR spectra of histidine powder samples prepared from solutions at several pH values near the pKa of the imidazole group are presented. These spectra demonstrate several effects due to the titration of the imidazole group. The chemical shifts for all of the carbon sites change upon titration. They are in “slow exchange” in the solid state in contrast to the “fast exchange” behavior seen in solution. Changes in the quadrupole interactions in the 14N sites occur upon titration and are observed by their effects on the resonance lineshapes of the 13C sites to which they are bonded.
Optical absorption in irradiated quartz and fused silica

Abstract Optical absorption studies over the range from 1850 A to 26,000 A have been performed on crystalline quartz and fused silica after exposure to both fast neutrons in the reactor and Co60 γ-rays. The prominent band near 2150 A is produced by γ-rays and neutrons in fused silica but fast neutron exposures in excess of 5 × 1018 cm−2 are necessary to cause appreciable development of the corresponding band in crystalline quartz. With shorter neutron exposures and γ-rays the absorption in quartz crystals is characterized by the broad visible bands and continuous absorption which rises almost linearly toward shorter wavelength below 3000 A. This continuous absorption probably corresponds to the long wavelength tail of one of the bands observed by Mitchell and Paige in the vacuum ultraviolet region. These results do not seem to agree with their interpretation of the nature of the 2200 A band in quartz. On annealing neutron-irradiated quartz (5 × 10 18 neutrons cm 2 ) at 250°C a new band at 2000 A develops. In fused silica, besides the 2150 A band, the shoulder at 2400 A (resolved by appropriate optical bleaching as a band at 2570 A) which has previously been reported, was observed with both γ-rays and fast neutrons. The rates of coloration of quartz and fused silica as well as studies of optical and thermal bleaching are discussed. In the fused materials a mechanism of photolytic coloration which appears to be consistent with observations provides a suitable model which is based on the rupture of Si-O bonds with the formation of free radicals as the principal product. These and other possible defects are discussed in the light of magnetic susceptibility and electron spin resonance studies.
Upper Limit for the Anisotropy of Inertia from the Mössbauer Effect

It is shown that the Mossbauer effect can be used to study the anisotropy of inertia. The 14-kev gamma transition in Fe/sup 57/ is discussed as an illustration. An upper limit of approximately 10/sup -14/ on the measurement of the anisotropy of inertia was determined. (C.J.G.)
ELASTIC REBOUND BETWEEN AN INDENTER AND A LAYERED SPECIMEN : PART I. MODEL

A model approximates the compliance of elastic contact between an indenter and a layered specimen (isotropic and transversely isotropic layers) by averaging the displacements beneath a uniformly loaded area at the surface of an elastic half-space. For a uniform, isotropic material the specimen compliance is (1 - v2)/βES where S is the square root of the projected contact area, E and v are Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the specimen, and β depends on indenter shape: β = 1.044, 1.057, or 1.086 for circular, square, and triangular-shaped indenters, respectively. An expression to replace (1 - v2)/E is provided in the treatment of a transversely isotropic solid.
Radiation dose response for subclinical metastases

The development of adjuvant therapies for subclinical metastases has been empiric. Decades of experience showed that 45 to 50 Gy resulted in high control rates for subclinical lymph node involvement.1 By analogy with the response of macroscopic tumors, in which doses below a threshold yield no benefit, it was commonly believed that doses lower than 40 to 50 Gy would not be useful in elective treatment of subclinical disease. Biological phenomena, such as presumed metastatic tumor cell burden and growth rate of micrometastases, which could guide the oncologist, had little or no role in the empirical development of adjuvant cytotoxic therapies. In this article, some assumptions regarding the biology of subclinical metastases are discussed and examined in the light of treatment responses reported from clinical experience. In particular, the importance of early initiation of adjuvant therapy can be appreciated as well as the significant reductions in the incidence of metastases that can be achieved even when doses less than 45 to 50 Gy have to be accepted if necessitated by normal tissue tolerance.
Mild fasting hyperglycemia shifts fuel reliance toward fat during exercise in adults with impaired glucose tolerance

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is characterized by decreased oxidative capacity and reduced carbohydrate utilization during exercise. However, it is unclear if the presence of impaired fasting gl...
Doppler echocardiographic demonstration of the differential effects of right ventricular pressure and volume overload on left ventricular geometry and filling

To compare the effects of isolated right ventricular pressure and volume overload on left ventricular diastolic geometry and filling, 11 patients with primary pulmonary hypertension, 11 patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation due to tricuspid valve resection and 11 normal subjects were studied with use of Doppler echocardiographic techniques. Right ventricular systolic overload in primary pulmonary hypertension resulted in substantial leftward ventricular septal shift that was most marked at end-systole and early diastole and decreased substantially by end-diastole. Right ventricular diastolic overload after tricuspid valve resection resulted in maximal leftward ventricular septal shift at end-diastole sparing end-systole and early diastole. The early diastolic distortion of left ventricular geometry associated with right ventricular pressure overload resulted in prolongation of isovolumetric relaxation of the left ventricle (129 +/- 39 ms) and a reduction in early diastolic filling compared with values in normal subjects. Late diastolic distortion of left ventricular geometry associated with right ventricular volume overload had no influence on the duration of left ventricular isovolumetric relaxation (52 +/- 32 ms) but caused a reduction in the atrial systolic contribution to late diastolic filling of the left ventricle compared with values in normal subjects. In patients with right ventricular pressure overload, 52 +/- 16% of left ventricular filling occurred in early diastole compared with 78 +/- 11% in patients with right ventricular volume overload (p less than 0.001). The differential effects of systolic and diastolic right ventricular overload on the pattern of left ventricular filling appear to be related to the timing of leftward ventricular septal displacement.