cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Informal caregivers' self-identified roles in facilitating health-promoting behaviours for weight management in community-dwelling care recipients living with spinal cord injury in the United States.

Health providers often focus on secondary conditions and spend less time prioritising overweight/obesity care. Informal caregivers are well positioned to facilitate health-promoting behaviours of healthy eating and physical activity among community-dwelling care recipients with spinal cord injury (SCI) for prevention and management of overweight/obesity. Literature has typically focused on caregiver adjustment post-injury and burden related to their roles in secondary condition care. The novel objective of this study was to describe informal caregivers' perspectives of their roles in facilitating health-promoting weight management behaviours, healthy eating and physical activity, for care recipients with SCI. This was a qualitative study that used semi-structured interviews with informal caregivers for data collection in 2019. Braun & Clarke's established thematic phases were used for analysis. Participants included informal caregivers of individuals with SCI living in the community (n = 24). Caregivers identified eight themes to describe their role in facilitating weight management for care recipients. Themes included: (1) meal planning/shopping, (2) meal preparation/cooking, (3) using portion control, (4) serving/feeding, (5) helping the care recipient with physical activity and/or leisure activities, (6) mutually participating in weight management activities, (7) providing motivation and encouragement and (8) being an information liaison. In summary, informal caregivers have an intimate understanding of care recipients' needs and have insights on obstacles and enablers to health-promoting behaviours, making their involvement in facilitating weight management in individuals with SCI vital. Caregivers self-identified several significant roles for promoting weight management. This is especially valuable for conditions such as overweight/obesity for which prevention and treatment involve health-promoting behaviours that need consistent attention in the community setting. It is important to ensure that informal caregivers and care recipients have the information required in order to facilitate healthy eating and physical activity in persons with SCI and have opportunities for mutual dyadic participation when both partners are interested.
Connectivities of the striatal grafts and laminin guiding.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the current study of the chief afferents and efferents that participate in the major striatal sensory motor function examined in animals not pre-injured. Connectivities included the cortical, nigral, and raphe to the striatal graft, and the striatal graft to the nigra, respectively. The Phaseolus oulgaris agglutinin leuca (PHAL) anterograde-tracing method is used to detect cortical input to the transplants, because the injection of PHAL into host cortex produces more consistent results than the injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into transplants of unknown shape, size, and location. The immunocytochemical staining of serotonin (5-HT) and the catecholaminergic enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), are used to detect the 5-HT-raphe and dopamine (DA)-nigral inputs to graft. HRP retrograde-tracing methods are used to detect the innervation of transplant into host nigra, because the HRP-injection into host nigra and labeling in the striatum and striatal graft are quite reproducible.
EXAFS, XANES, SXS

This chapter describes the application of in situ surface X-ray scattering (SXS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to the problems of fuel cell electrocatalysis. It is shown that SXS is well suited for studying single crystal electrode surfaces during electrocatalytic reactions. The structure of surfaces and surface adlayers which exhibit long range order can be probed with high accuracy and a quantitative measure of potential induced structural phase transitions can be obtained. XAS is sensitive to both structural and chemical information and can be applied to polycrystalline electrocatalysts under in situ conditions. A great advantage is that XAS is element-specific, and this permits investigation of the chemical environment of a constituent element in a composite material such as alloy catalysts. Since XAS probes only short-range order, it can provide structural information on amorphous materials, liquids, gases, adsorbed monolayers, as well as hydrated ions and complexes in aqueous solution. A major advantage of XAS in the study of electrocatalysts is its ability to probe the d states of Pt catalysts. Keywords: surface X-ray scattering; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; single crystal surfaces; adlayer structures; nanoparticle electrocatalysts; electrocatalytic reactions
Immunology of gut mucosal vaccines

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the induction of immunity in the gastrointestinal mucosa following oral immunization and the cross-talk between mucosal and systemic immunity should expedite the development of vaccines to diminish the global burden caused by enteric pathogens. Identifying an immunological correlate of protection in the course of field trials of efficacy, animal models (when available), or human challenge studies is also invaluable. In industrialized country populations, live attenuated vaccines (e.g. polio, typhoid, and rotavirus) mimic natural infection and generate robust protective immune responses. In contrast, a major challenge is to understand and overcome the barriers responsible for the diminished immunogenicity and efficacy of the same enteric vaccines in underprivileged populations in developing countries. Success in developing vaccines against some enteric pathogens has heretofore been elusive (e.g. Shigella). Different types of oral vaccines can selectively or inclusively elicit mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A and serum immunoglobulin G antibodies and a variety of cell-mediated immune responses. Areas of research that require acceleration include interaction between the gut innate immune system and the stimulation of adaptive immunity, development of safe yet effective mucosal adjuvants, better understanding of homing to the mucosa of immunologically relevant cells, and elicitation of mucosal immunologic memory. This review dissects the immune responses elicited in humans by enteric vaccines.
School Choice Outcomes in Post-Katrina New Orleans

Today, over 80% of public school students in New Orleans attend charter schools, and just 37% of students attend school in their neighborhood (Louisiana Department of Education, 2011; Scott S. Cowen Institute for Public Education Initiatives, 2011). This study examines school choice participation and outcomes in New Orleans by analyzing the extent to which the city's unique choice model has increased traditionally underserved populations’ enrollment in higher quality schools. We find that, despite having fewer quality school options in their neighborhoods, low-income students attend schools closer to home than their peers.
The Structure of Shear Bands in Idealized Granular Materials

The structure of shear bands in granular materials was investigated by numerically simulating an idealized assembly of two-dimensional particles. Flexible stress-controlled boundaries were used instead of periodic boundaries to avoid constraining the motion of particles within the tested specimen. The particle displacement, particle rotations and rotations of the particle neighborhoods (macro-rotation) were examined within the shear band. The shear band width was found to decrease with axial strain from 18 and 15 times the average particle radius. The particle rotations and macro-rotations were concentrated inside the shear bands. The numerical simulations suggest that the particle rotations are induced by macro-rotations, and support the use of the micropolar theory for examining instable phenomena within granular materials. 18 refs., 6 figs.
Discovering shared dynamics in physiological signals: Application to patient monitoring in ICU

Modern clinical databases include time series of vital signs, which are often recorded continuously during a hospital stay. Over several days, these recordings may yield many thousands of samples. In this work, we explore the feasibility of characterizing the “state of health” of a patient using the physiological dynamics inferred from these time series. The ultimate objective is to assist clinicians in allocating resources to high-risk patients. We hypothesize that “similar” patients exhibit similar dynamics and the properties and duration of these states are indicative of health and disease. We use Bayesian nonparametric machine learning methods to discover shared dynamics in patients' blood pressure (BP) time series. Each such “dynamic” captures a distinct pattern of evolution of BP and is possibly recurrent within the same time series and shared across multiple patients. Next, we examine the utility of this low-dimensional representation of BP time series for predicting mortality in patients. Our results are based on an intensive care unit (ICU) cohort of 480 patients (with 16% mortality) and indicate that the dynamics of time series of vital signs can be an independent useful predictor of outcome in ICU.
Use of insulin glargine in children under age 6 with type 1 diabetes.

Aim: Children under 6 yr have the highest incidence of severe hypoglycemia (SH) and the greatest likelihood of brain damage from SH. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of insulin glargine (Lantus®) in children under age 6 with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: The electronic medical records were reviewed for patients under age 6 during the first 6 months of insulin glargine therapy and compared with age, sex, and duration of diabetes for matched control patients on neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin. Data from 128 subjects (32 male pairs and 32 female pairs) were collected relating to the incidence of severe and non-severe hypoglycemic events, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values, body mass index (BMI), and daily insulin dose. Additionally, parents were asked to complete a diabetes Quality of Life (QoL) survey. Results: In the 6 months before the study period, the glargine group had 16 SH events compared with three in the 6 months post-glargine. The comparison (NPH) group had seven and six SH events in their respective 6-month periods. Nighttime SH events in the glargine group decreased from 12 prestudy events to one during the study period. The average daily insulin dose in the glargine group was higher than that in the NPH group (0.8 ± 0.2 vs. 0.7 ± 0.2 U/kg/day; p = 0.03). The HbA1c values, BMI, and QoL responses were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions: SH was decreased, particularly at night (from 12 episodes to one), after the introduction of glargine in young children with T1D.
Specification of the Earth’s plasmasphere with data assimilation

Abstract In this paper we report on initial work toward data assimilative modeling of the Earth’s plasmasphere. As the medium of propagation for waves which are responsible for acceleration and decay of the radiation belts, an accurate assimilative model of the plasmasphere is crucial for optimizing the accurate prediction of the radiation environments encountered by satellites. On longer time-scales the plasmasphere exhibits significant dynamics. Although these dynamics are modeled well by existing models, they require detailed global knowledge of magnetospheric configuration which is not always readily available. For that reason data assimilation can be expected to be an effective tool in improving the modeling accuracy of the plasmasphere. In this paper we demonstrate that a relatively modest number of measurements, combined with a simple data assimilation scheme, inspired by the ensemble Kalman filtering data assimilation technique does a good job of reproducing the overall structure of the plasmasphere including plume development. This raises hopes that data assimilation will be an effective method for accurately representing the configuration of the plasmasphere for space weather applications.
Caspase-9 and effector caspases have sequential and distinct effects on mitochondria

Proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members alter mitochondrial permeability resulting in the release of apoptogenic factors that initiate a caspase cascade. These changes are well described; however, the effects of caspases on mitochondrial function are less well characterized. Here we describe the consequence of caspase-9 and effector caspase inhibition on mitochondrial physiology during intrinsic cell death. Caspase inhibition prevents the complete loss of mitochondrial membrane potential without affecting cytochrome c release. When effector caspases are inhibited, mitochondria become uncoupled and produce reactive oxygen species. Interestingly, the effector caspase-mediated depolarization of the mitochondria occurs independent of the activity of complexes I-IV of the electron transport chain. In contrast, caspase-9 inhibition prevents mitochondrial uncoupling and ROS production and allows for continued electron transport despite the release of cytochrome c. Taken together, these data suggest that activated caspase-9 prevents the accessibility of cytochrome c to complex III, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species, and that effector caspases may depolarize mitochondria to terminate ROS production and preserve an apoptotic phenotype.
Preimplantation embryo development in the mouse: Role of histidine decarboxylase

The present study determines the effect of a specific and an irreversible inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase (HDC), α-fluoromethylhistidine (α-FMH) on the mouse preimplantation embryo development in vitro. The embryo culture technique was used to assess the effect of α-FMH. Embryos recovered at 0800–0900 hr (AM) on day 3 of pregnancy were 4–8 cells, whereas those recovered at 1600–1630 hr were mostly 8-cell compacted embryos. Of the day 3-AM embryos, 81.3 ± 4.3% developed to blastocysts within 48 hr when cultured in the medium alone, but addition of α-FMH (0.19 or 0.38 mM) drastically reduced the blastocyst formation to 26.6 ± 7 or 16.8 ± 4.3%. Most of them were arrested before the compaction stage. Addition of L-histidine, the substrate for HDC, did not alter the inhibition of blastocyst formation in the presence of α-FMH (37.2 ± 10.9%). Of the day 3-PM embryos, 99.3 ± 0.7% developed to blastocyst stage when cultured in the medium alone and addition of α-FMH (0.19 or 0.38 mM) did not affect the embryo development (92.1 ± 4.3 or 81.9 ± 9.9% developed to blastocysts). The birth of healthy young following transfer of these blastocysts into pseudopregnant mice indicates normal development of the embryos under this condition. The results suggest that histamine synthesis may be required for the process of compaction and thus the formation of blastocyst.
Empirical Estimates of the Standard Error of Time-Averaged Climatic Means

Abstract The standard error of yearly and seasonally time-averaged station pressure values is estimated directly from a 49-year time series. The results compare well with similar estimates inferred from the autocorrelation character of the pressure data. The effect of seasonal variability in the autocorrelation on this standard error is indicated and a possible implication for numerical climatic-change experiments proposed.
Electrosteric stabilization of concentrated cement suspensions imparted by a strong anionic polyelectrolyte and a non-ionic polymer

Abstract Strong polyelectrolytes, known as superplasticizers, improve the initial fluidity of concentrated cement suspensions through electrostatic stabilization. These polyelectrolytes do not maintain the initial fluidity, however, primarily due to an increase in the ionic strength of the cementitious suspension. Consequently, non-ionic polymers are often used in conjunction with polyelectrolytes to provide steric stabilization and hence to sustain the desired fluidity over a longer time, and this has lead to the development of copolymers with both electrostatic and steric (electrosteric) functionalities. To design such polymers, it is necessary to optimize the balance between electrostatic and steric stabilization to maximize suspension fluidity. We have quantified the effects of a strong anionic polyelectrolyte, melamine formaldehyde sulfonate (MFS), and a non-ionic polymer, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), on the zeta potential of cement particles and the steady shear and low-amplitude rheological properties of concentrated cement suspensions. While the adsorption of MFS onto the cement particle surfaces leads to a sign inversion in the zeta potential, the adsorption of the non-ionic HPMC has no significant effect on the potential. The addition of HPMC to the suspensions substantially reduces the steady shear viscosity and the storage modulus at constant MFS concentration; in addition, there exists an intermediate HPMC concentration that minimizes fluidity. The resulting suspension fluidity is also maintained over a longer time than in the absence of HPMC. This improvement in the stability and fluidity of cement suspensions is attributed to “complementary electrosteric dispersion/stabilization”, and provides insight to the design of polymers with electrosteric functionality.
Kinetics and pathways for the debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by bimetallic and nanoscale zerovalent iron: effects of particle properties and catalyst.

Abstract Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are recognized as a new class of widely-distributed and persistent contaminants for which effective treatment and remediation technologies are needed. In this study, two kinds of commercially available nanoscale Fe 0 slurries (Nanofer N25 and N25S), a freeze-dried laboratory-synthesized Fe 0 nanoparticle (nZVI), and their palladized forms were used to investigate the effect of particle properties and catalyst on PBDE debromination kinetics and pathways. Nanofers and their palladized forms were found to debrominate PBDEs effectively. The laboratory-synthesized Fe 0 nanoparticles also debrominated PBDEs, but were slower due to deactivation by the freeze-drying and stabilization processes in the laboratory synthesis. An organic modifier, polyacrylic acid (PAA), bound on N25S slowed PBDE debromination by a factor of three to four compared to N25. The activity of palladized nZVI (nZVI/Pd) was optimized at 0.3 Pd/Fe wt% in our system. N25 could debrominate selected environmentally-abundant PBDEs, including BDE 209, 183, 153, 99, and 47, to end products di-BDEs, mono-BDEs and diphenyl ether (DE) in one week, while nZVI/Pd (0.3 Pd/Fe wt%) mainly resulted in DE as a final product. Step-wise major PBDE debromination pathways by unamended and palladized Fe 0 are described and compared. Surface precursor complex formation is an important limiting factor for palladized Fe 0 reduction as demonstrated by PBDE pathways where steric hindrance and rapid sequential debromination of adjacent bromines play an important role.
CCK inhibits real and sham feeding in gastric vagotomized rats

Abstract We tested both sham feeding and real feeding in gastric vagotomized rats equipped with chronic gastric cannulas, either without pretest food deprivation or after 18 hr food deprivation. In each condition, 0.3–4 μg/kg CCK inhibited food intake similarly in control and vagotomized rats. Behavioral observations indicated the presence of normal postprandial satiety after CCK. We then tested real feeding in noncannulated rats after either total abdominal vagotomy, gastric vagotomy, or control operation. Doses of 0.5–4 μg/kg CCK had no effect on food intake after total vagotomy, but again inhibited feeding with equal potency in gastric vagotomized and control rats. The inhibitory effect of 6 μg/kg CCK was attenuated but not blocked by total vagotomy. Finally, we tested rats with gastric cannulas after gastric plus celiac vagotomy. CCK also inhibited both real and sham feeding after this lesion. These data confirm previous findings that abdominal vagal fibers mediate the satiety effect of moderate intraperitoneal doses of CCK, but fail to support the hypothesis that gastric branch fibers are the necessary vagal contribution.
Metabolic fate of endogenously synthesized prostaglandin D2 in a human female with mastocytosis

Abstract Increased production of prostaglandin D2 was recently demonstrated in patients with systemic mastocytosis. One female patient investigated with mastocytosis was found to have overproduction of prostaglandin D2 of such magnitude (150-fold above normal) that it provided the unique opportunity to delineate the metabolic fate of endogenously synthesized prostaglandin D2. A five percent aliquot of a twenty-four hour urine collection from the patient was extracted, purified by silicic acid chromatography, methylated, and finally subjected to high pressure liquid chromatography. Column fractions collected were derivatized and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Increased quantities of sixteen urinary metabolites were identified and included a series of metabolites retaining the PGD-ring as well as series of metabolites with a PGF-ring. PGF-ring metabolites were excreted in approximately 4-fold greater relative abundance than PGD-ring metabolites. More than one apparent isomeric form of some PGF-ring metabolites were found. The predominant urinary metabolite was 2,3-dinor-prostaglandin F2. This study provides evidence that endogenously synthesized prostaglandin D2 is converted in substantial part to prostaglandin F2 metabolites in vivo in humans.
Monolayer to multilayer nanostructural growth transition in N-type oligothiophenes on Au(111) and implications for organic field-effect transistor performance.

The evolution in growth morphology and molecular orientation of n-type semiconducting α,ω-diperfluorohexyl-quaterthiophene (DFH-4T) on Au(111) is investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy as the film thickness is increased from one monolayer to multilayers. Monolayer-thick DFH-4T films are amorphous and morphologically featureless with a large pit density, whereas multilayer films exhibit drastically different terraced structures consisting of overlapping platelets. Large changes in DFH-4T molecular orientation are observed on transitioning from two to four monolayers. Parallel electrical characterization of top-versus-bottom contact configuration DFH-4T FETs with Au source/drain electrodes reveals greatly different mobilities (μTOP = 1.1 ± 0.2 10-2 cm2V-1s-1 versus μBOTTOM = 2.3 ± 0.5 10-5 cm2V-1s-1) and contact resistances (RC-TOP = 4−12 MΩcm vs RC-BOTTOM > 1 GΩcm). This study provides important information on the organic semiconductor-source\drain electrode inter...
PLACEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL URINARY SPHINCTER IN CHILDREN AND SIMULTANEOUS GASTROCYSTOPLASTY

Purpose: Previous studies have described placement of an artificial urinary sphincter and simultaneous augmentation cystoplasty with a segment of bowel. Conclusions from these studies indicated that infection rates were higher and a staged approach should be undertaken. Others have suggested that concurrent urinary reconstruction with stomach and sphincter placement can be performed safely. Results comparing infection rates of simultaneous sphincter placement and gastrocystoplasty versus staged sphincter placement and augmentation cystoplasty using a segment of ileum or stomach versus sphincter placement alone in a pediatric population have not been previously described to our knowledge. We reviewed these various groups of patients to determine if the difference in infectious complications were clinically and statistically significant.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of medical records from 1986 to 1999 identified 28 pediatric patients (age 18 years or less) who had undergone placement of an ...
On-line generation of a Joint Interval Histogram from slow rhythmic biological potentials

The use of the Joint Interval Histogram technique for rhythm analysis of slow biological potentials is described. This technique allows the investigator to recognize relationships between adjacent intervals in long runs of temporal data. The mechanization of this method of analysis through the design of a new circuit is described. The approach offers flexibility; a wide variety of data analysis applications can be handled utilizing the JIH technique.
Clozapine withdrawal symptoms in a Parkinson's disease patient

Abrupt clozapine withdrawal can cause rebound psychosis and severe somatic symptoms in psychiatric patients. We report on the case of an advanced Parkinson's disease patient who developed myoclonus, tremor, rigidity, hyperreflexia, and stupor after abrupt clozapine withdrawal. The patient's symptoms resolved with treatment with cyproheptadine. This clinical picture suggests serotonergic rebound as an explanation for the patient's symptoms, although other pharmacological mechanisms are possible. Clozapine should be gradually withdrawn over a period of 1 to 2 weeks when possible, and abruptly discontinued only when necessary. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
A comparison of short-term measurements of lake evaporation using eddy correlation and energy budget methods

Abstract Concurrent short-term measurements of evaporation from a shallow lake, using eddy correlation and energy budget methods, indicate that sensible and latent heat flux between lake and atmosphere, and energy storage in the lake, may vary considerably across the lake. Measuring net radiation with a net radiometer on the lake appeared to be more accurate than measuring incoming radiation nearby and modeling outgoing radiation. Short-term agreement between the two evaporation measurements was obtained by using an energy storage term that was weighted to account for the area-of-influence of the eddy correlation sensors. Relatively short bursts of evaporation were indicated by the eddy correlation sensors shortly after midnight on two of three occasions.
UV photoresponse and field emission properties of ZnO single crystal microtubes

We present the UV photodetection properties and the field emission properties of ZnO single-crystal microtubes synthesized using a microwave-heating growth method. The ZnO microtubes exhibited relatively fast UV photoresponse with a cut-off wavelength ∼ 370 nm, indicating their potential application as UV detectors with high efficiency and low cost. The turn-on voltage for the as-grown and post-annealed ZnO microtube samples were 5.6 V/μ m and 6.4 V/μ m, respectively. The emission current density reached about 11 mA/cm 2 for the as-grown sample at an applied field of 20 V/μ m, and 12.5 mA/cm 2 for the post-annealed sample at an applied field of 13 V/μ m. Due to its relative large tip area (in comparison with ZnO nanomaterials) of the ZnO microtube, the intrinsic field emission enhancement factor β of the ZnO microtube was relatively low; however, the experimental β values were quite high, indicating strong field emission characteristics of the ZnO microtubes.
Imaging Findings of Ecthyma Gangrenosum, an Unusual Complication of Pseudomonas Sepsis

A child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and pseudomonas sepsis rapidly developed left foot pain and swelling. A diagnosis of ecthyma gangrenosum was made. The clinical and imaging features of this unusual entity are discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the MR imaging findings of ecthyma gangrenosum.
The coadsorption of CO and H2 on Fe(100)

Abstract The coadsorption of CO and hydrogen on an Fe(100) surface was studied by temperature programmed desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that CO adsorption blocked the subsequent dissociative adsorption of H 2 , although it did not seem to affect the hydrogen binding energy. Preadsorption of hydrogen was observed to reduce the binding energy of CO subsequently adsorbed and to inhibit the dissociation of CO. A new surface species was identified in a coadsorbed layer of CO and hydrogen. This species was evidenced by the formation of a desorption peak for H 2 at 475 K when CO was adsorbed subsequent to H 2 adsorption.
Chronopotentiometry of Titania Film Electrodes in Aqueous Media

Temporal changes in the potential of TiO2 films (supported on Au substrates) were monitored under ultraviolet irradiation in aqueous media. Prior to these experiments, mimicing heterogeneous photocatalysis reaction conditions, the open-circuit potentials (Eoc) of the prepared TiO2 films were monitored as a function of medium pH in the 3−11 range. A slope of −26 mV/pH was measured; this value is compared with previous studies of the pH dependence of Eoc and the TiO2 flat-band potential, Efb. Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of the presented (Eph−t) profiles concerns the very slow (minute regime) changes in the TiO2 film potential when the UV light is turned on. The extent of negative potential excursion (when the UV light is initially switched on) and the plateau potential attained (at times greater than ∼5 min) are dependent on the nature of the metal ion “depolarizer”, the incident photon flux, and the presence of any co-additive in the 0.05 M Na2SO4 supporting electrolyte. When the light is turned off...
A Portable Microprocessor-Based Biofeedback Training Device

We have designed and constructed a portable microprocessor-based feedback instrument for speech therapy with Parkinson's disease patients. The instrument is very flexible due to its programmability and ease of interface to analog modules, Our first implemented application provides biofeedback about speech-volume levels. This device monitors speech-volume levels of a patient, provides performance feedback for the patient, and logs the performance data in its semiconductor memory. In tests on a patient with Parkinson's disease, the instrument functioned well when optimized through programming.
The Role of Numerical Tables in Galileo and Mersenne

Numerical tables are important objects of study in a range of fields, yet they have been largely ignored by historians of science. This paper contrasts and compares ways in which numerical tables were used by Galileo and Mersenne, especially in the Dialogo and Harmonie Universelle. I argue that Galileo and Mersenne used tables in radically different ways, though rarely to present experimental data. Galileo relied on tables in his work on error theory in day three of the Dialogo and also used them in a very different setting in the last day of the Discorsi. In Mersenne's case they represent an important but so far unrecognized feature of his notion of universal harmony. I conclude by presenting a classification of different ways in which tables were used within the well-defined disciplinary and temporal boundaries of my research. In doing so, however, I provide a useful tool for extending similar investigations to broader domains.
Assessing Developmental Differences in Retention.

Abstract The studies were designed to determine whether retention rates are age-dependent during childhood. In all studies 2nd and 4th graders were tested for incidental recall of paired associates following a 48 h retention period. These studies differed with respect to how degree of learning was controlled methodologically (i.e., trials-to-criterion or fixed-trials), and in the case of Study 3 a 7th grade group was also included. Despite variations in procedure, the pattern of results across all three studies was remarkably consistent. Specifically, traditional measures of absolute and conditionalized recall suggested that older children displayed better retention than younger children. However, when the same data were reevaluated using a technique (Underwood's successive probability analysis) that statistically controls for degree of learning, developmental differences in retention largely disappeared. This finding suggests that many earlier reports of ontogenetic changes in retention are due to the persistent and confounding effects of acquisition performance on measures of recall.
Spatial frequency doubling - Retinal or central

When a wide field is sinusoidally modulated both in space and in time, the spatial frequency of the pattern will appear doubled at high rates of modulation. Kelly (1966) proposed that this illusion is due to temporal integration of the nonlinear brightness response of the visual system. The anatomical locus of this temporal integrator is uncertain, and could be subcortical. Results indicate that spatial frequency doubling follows binocular disparity detection and is thus a cortical phenomenon.
"They Increase in Beauty and Elegance": Transforming Cadavers and the Epistemology of Dissection in Early Nineteenth-Century American Medical Education

This paper investigates the origins of the practice of dissection in American medical education in order to both understand the function of dissection in medical education and challenge conventional wisdom about that function. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, American medical schools increasingly made human dissection a crucial part of their curricula, privileging use of the human cadaver over any other anatomical model. In this paper, I break apart the claims that American physicians made at that time regarding the unique pedagogic usefulness of the cadaver, and I juxtapose those claims against the realities of the dissection process. In doing so, I show how the realities of dissection differed sharply from the depictions given by physicians. In the conclusion, I argue that the cadaver still remained epistemologically and ontologically useful to the medical profession, although not necessarily for the reasons physicians explicitly stated.
The effects of protons on 3',5'-cGMP-activated currents in photoreceptor patches

Macroscopic 3',5'-guanine cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-activated currents from photoreceptor outer segment membranes were examined as the pH on the cytoplasmic face of inside/out patches was reduced. In the absence of divalent cations, protons reduced the current in both directions without affecting the shape of the current-voltage relation consistent with a voltage-independent block. When Ca2+ was added to the bath, increasing the [H+] relieved the Ca2+ block and eliminated the Ca(2+)-induced reversal potential shifts seen at pH 7.4. These results suggest that protons alter Na+/Ca2+ permeability of the channel and relieve Ca2+ block of the sodium transport.
Practical Method for Estimating Oxygen Kinetic and Metabolic Parameters

A practical and simple method was developed to determine the oxygen kinetic and metabolic parameters of cell cultures. The said parameters are the oxygen kinetic constant (Ko2), the maximum specific oxygen uptake rate (qmax), the maximum oxygen yield (Y), the critical dissolved oxygen (DO) (Ccr), and the oxygen maintenance coefficient (mo2). These parameters can be calculated from the results of one batch fermentation run. The fermentation needs to be run at an oxygen-limiting condition, and the profiles of DO and cell density need to be recorded. A demonstration of the use of this method was done by using a yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus.
Cancer in iowa farmers: Recent results

Previous analysis of Iowa death certificates from 1971 through 1978 identified several cancers with significantly elevated mortality in farmers. Subsequent ecological studies identified farm practices, including pesticide usage, that might be associated with these mortalities. These results led to several case-control studies and a similar analysis of more recent death certificates. 'Usual occupation' has been added to the death certificate tapes for the years 1979-1986. Cancer mortality in Iowa farmers for this period is very similar to that for 1971-1978. Case-control studies for acute lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma indicated that farming in general is not a risk factor for either cancer type. However, exposure to general classes of insecticides and herbicides is associated with an elevated odds ratio in farmers for incidence of multiple myeloma. The odds ratios are not statistically significant at the 5% level, probably due to relatively small numbers of cases and controls exposed to any one class of pesticides.
358 BRONCHIOLITIS: A STUDY OF 1900 CASES IN A PRIVATE PEDIATRIC PRACTICE

Data from an 11 year study of acute lower respiratory disease (LRD) were analyzed to develop a more complete understanding of the etiology and epidemiology of bronchiolitis. Cultures for viruses and mycoplasmas were obtained from all patients. The incidence of bronchiolitis was 11.4 cases/100 children/yr. in the first and second six months of life, declined 47% in the second year, and more gradually thereafter. Males were affected 1.32 times more frequently than females. Although cases occurred in most months of the study, the pattern of occurrence was distinctly epidemic. 22 epidemics were observed over 11 years; 60% of all cases occurred during epidemic months. RS virus accounted for 11 outbreaks; parainfluenza viruses and M. pneumoniae were implicated in an additional 7. The impact of RSV infections on the occurrence of bronchiolitis varied with age; in children less than 2 years old 37% of all cases occurred in months when RSV was epidemic. In children age 5-10 years, M. pneumoniae was the single most frequent pathogen; the parainfluenza viruses as a group were recovered from an equal number of patients. The seasonal occurrence reflected the shifting etiology; cases peaked in midwinter in children < 5 years old and in the fall in older ages. These data confirm the significance of RSV and delineate the roles of parainfluenza viruses and M. pneumoniae as causes of bronchiolitis, and have implications in the control of LRD. They also provide a foundation for studying the relationship of bronchiolitis to chronic airways disease, including asthma.
MLO, a novel modulator of plant defenses and cell death, binds calmodulin.

Abstract Barley mlo powdery mildew disease resistance is unique because of its broad-spectrum action, durability and genetically recessive nature. Mlo encodes a protein reminiscent of G-coupled receptor proteins, and distinct from common nucleotide binding site–leucine-rich repeat disease resistance genes. Recent work has shown that MLO interacts with calmodulin in vitro and requires calmodulin, but not heterotrimeric G-proteins, to function. The monomeric G-protein, RacB, might also act in the MLO pathway. A more general role for MLO in modulating cell death is suggested.
Structure, Dynamics, and Substrate-induced Conformational Changes of the Multidrug Transporter EmrE in Liposomes

EmrE, a member of the small multidrug transporters superfamily, extrudes positively charged hydrophobic compounds out of Escherichia coli cytoplasm in exchange for inward movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient. Although its transport mechanism has been thoroughly characterized, the structural basis of energy coupling and the conformational cycle mediating transport have yet to be elucidated. In this study, EmrE structure in liposomes and the substrate-induced conformational changes were investigated by systematic spin labeling and EPR analysis. Spin label mobilities and accessibilities describe a highly dynamic ligand-free (apo) conformation. Dipolar coupling between spin labels across the dimer reveals at least two spin label populations arising from different packing interfaces of the EmrE dimer. One population is consistent with antiparallel arrangement of the monomers, although the EPR parameters suggest deviations from the crystal structure of substrate-bound EmrE. Resolving these discrepancies requires an unusual disposition of TM3 relative to the membrane-water interface and a kink in its backbone that enables bending of its C-terminal part. Binding of the substrate tetraphenylphosphonium changes the environment of spin labels and their proximity in three transmembrane helices. The underlying conformational transition involves repacking of TM1, tilting of TM2, and changes in the backbone configurations of TM3 and the adjacent loop connecting it to TM4. A dynamic apo conformation is necessary for the polyspecificity of EmrE allowing the binding of structurally diverse substrates. The flexibility of TM3 may play a critical role in movement of substrates across the membrane.
Disruption of magnesium regulation in the crab Cancer productus exposed to chlorinated seawater

Abstract Exposure of the crab Cancer productus to chlorinated seawater resulted in alterations in haemolymph sodium and magnesium concentrations. At the highest chlorination levels, which approached the 96-h LC 50 , regulation of both ions was essentially abolished. Reciprocal changes in the sodium and magnesium levels suggested an effect on the activity of the bladder wall, which has been implicated in the regulation of haemolymph magnesium in crustaceans. Additionally, exposure to 1·19 μg/ml applied Cl (0·68 μg/ml TRO) for 96 h resulted in a fourfold increase in the ammonia excretion rate. Crabs also contributed considerable chlorine demand to the exposure seawater. Measurements of TRO in the inhalant seawater and water exiting the crabs' branchial chambers indicated a reduction in TRO equivalent to 57% of that initially present in the inhalant water (0·51 μg/ml TRO). Measurements of ammonia concentrations in the exposure water indicated that ammonia in seawater was consumed in reactions with oxidants. This was especially evident at higher levels of chlorination. At 0·58 μg/ml applied Cl and above, chlorination resulted in near disappearance of ammonia from the water.
Postirradiation angiosarcoma of the head and neck: report of a case.

Angiosarcoma is a rare endothelial tumor representing less than 1% of all sarcomas of the head and neck.1,2 Primary and metastic tumors in the oral cavity are extremely rare. Only 4% are found in the pharynx, oral cavity, or paranasal sinuses. The origin of these tumors is unknown; however, radiation therapy, chronic lymphoedema, arsenic exposure, and previous trauma have been implicated.3,4 Only a few postirradiation angiosarcomas arising from the head and neck have been reported.1 This case report describes a tumor that was initially diagnosed as osteoradionecrosis. However, the subsequent clinical course and histologic examination resulted in a diagnosis of angiosarcoma. This case demonstrates the possible relationship between radiation treatment and later development of angiosarcoma.
The Biosynthesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acids by Bacilli: IV. TEMPERATURE-MEDIATED CONTROL MECHANISMS

Abstract Three control mechanisms have been demonstrated in Bacillus megaterium which regulate the level of Δ5-desaturating enzyme, and hence the rate of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, in response to temperature changes in the growth or incubation medium. One control process mediated by temperature is that of desaturase induction. A culture growing at 35° does not synthesize unsaturated fatty acids. When the culture is transferred to 20°, however, the synthesis of desaturase begins and continues at an accelerating rate for at least 1 hour. The induction process is blocked by chloramphenicol and the evidence suggests that both the desaturase synthesizing system and the desaturase itself are absent in cultures growing at 35° and must be induced at 20° by a process requiring protein synthesis. A second control process responsive to temperature is the irreversible inactivation of the desaturating enzyme. The inactivation process, in vivo, follows strict first order kinetics at all temperatures and the enzyme half-life is determined solely by the incubation temperature. The rate of inactivation of the desaturase is extremely sensitive to slight changes in temperature. At temperatures near 20° a decrease of less than 2° in the temperature of the incubation medium results in a more than 2-fold increase in the half-life of the desaturating enzyme. Temperature-mediiated irreversible inactivation is probably the most important mechanism for regulating the steady state level of desaturase during the exponential phase of cell growth at temperatures near 20°. A third process, the decay of the desaturase synthesizing system, is observed when a culture that has undergone induction at 20° is transferred back to 34°. Not only is the irreversible first order inactivation of the desaturating enzyme accelerated after transfer, but the desaturase-synthesizing system itself immediately begins to decay at a rate which follows zero order kinetics. The kinetics of decay as well as several other characteristics of the process are consistent with (but do not conclusively demonstrate) a mechanism involving the temperature-triggered synthesis of a repressor for the desaturase synthesis system. There is also some evidence for a rapid, temperature-reversible denaturation of desaturase at 34° which is superimposed on the slower, irreversible first order inactivation of the desaturating enzyme. Finally, equations are derived which enable one to calculate, as a function of time, the individual contribution of each of these temperature-dependent processes in regulating the level of desaturating enzyme at a given temperature in cultures of B. megaterium.
A sensitive fluorimetric procedure for the determination of aliphatic epoxides under physiological conditions

A highly sensitive fluorimetric procedure based on alkylation of nicotinamide is described for the determination of aliphatic epoxides. Subsequent reaction of the resulting N-alkylnicotinamides with a ketone in basic medium yields strongly fluorescent products after final acidification. Sensitivity of the assay is in the picomole range with good reproducibility. The alkylation reaction proceeds under physiological conditions and thus shows potential for the analysis of epoxides in biological materials. Despite rapid enzymatic detoxification, styrene oxide could be directly detected in 9000g supernatant liver fractions using the present approach. Aliphatic epoxides have been demonstrated to be intermediates in the biotransformation of several ethylenic compounds (l-4). Their high chemical reactivity accounts for such biological effects as mutagenesis (57), binding to cellular macromolecules (g-IO), and alkylation of nucleic acids (11). Some epoxides are widely used in industry and thus represent potential hazards for exposed workers. So far, detection methods are restricted to gas-liquid chromatography (gc)’ (14) or a calorimetric p-nitrobenzylpyridine (NBP) approach (7,12,13). The gc method, while offering the advantage of specificity, requires extraction when it is applied to biological materials, which might result in substantial degradation. Its sensitivity is generally limited to the nanomole range. The NBP method has improved sensitivity but with the disadvantage of instability of its final color. In addition, the reaction can only ’ Present address: Laboratoria voor Medische Biochemie en voor Klinische Analyse, R.V.G., DePintelaan 135, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. * To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Laboring for the Colony and Nation The Historicized Political Consciousness of Youth in Madagascar

Throughout the colonial era in Francophone Africa, male youth were prime targets for exploitative labor practices, and Madagascar stands as an especially pertinent example, where young men and boys were regularly forced to serve the French empire as foot soldiers and corvee laborers. Their work efforts – and lives – were essential to the defense of France in wartime; further, it is they who built the complex infrastructure that simultaneously served the needs of the island’s domestic army, foreign-owned plantations and a colonial administrative network. Colonial policies were driven, too, by the ideological assumption that manual labor would prove transformative to Malagasy, among whom such experiences were believed to implant a new enthusiasm for capitalist production. From a Malagasy perspective, however, enforced labor practices were simply poorly disguised forms of enslavement. The legacy of these oppressive practices proved troubling to subsequent efforts at nation building where, again, youth – and ...
A twin slot antenna on a layered substrate coupled to a microstrip feed line

A method is described for calculating the input impedance as seen by the detector for a twin slot antenna structure. This technique is then used to analyze several twin slot antenna configurations, leading to improved performance.