cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A radio science perspective on long‐duration meteor trails

[1] Nonclassical radar meteor echoes or range spread trail echoes (RSTEs), lasting from tens of seconds to over 15 min, have been a subject of considerable interest and speculation in the community ever since they were first observed in the 1940s. Using data collected from the Jicamarca Radio Observatory 50 MHz VHF radar in June 2006, we find that many properties of RSTEs can be explained largely from a radio science perspective. On a statistical basis, RSTEs of duration >15 s are observed exclusively from scatterers in the k⊥B (k = radar wave number; B = geomagnetic field) region apparently as the result of trail evolution parallel to B, forming approximately Fresnel-zone sized scattering regions thus narrowing the scattering pattern. This result implies that the initial irregularity structures in the meteor trail exhibit a wide scattering pattern that can be seen from anywhere in the radar beam given sufficient radar sensitivity but once the trail significantly elongates along B, it can be detected only from the k⊥B region of the radar. This conclusion has far-reaching implications to current interpretations of instability development in RSTEs as the location of the meteoroid trajectory relative to the narrow k⊥B region strongly determines observed RSTE properties such as onset time relative to the head echo and trail lifetime as functions of altitude. That is, a RSTE event viewed by two closely spaced identical radars would have different properties. Meteoroid size, energy, and fragmentation as well as radar properties such as frequency, beam pattern, and absolute sensitivity play obvious roles as well.
The Blackwater Draw Formation (Quaternary): A 1-4-plus-m.y. record of eolian sedimentation and soil formation on the Southern High Plains

The Southern High Plains of northwestern Texas and eastern New Mexico are mantled by a vast (>100,000 km 2 ) sheet of Quaternary eolian sediment locally as much as 27 m thick and termed the "Blackwater Draw Formation." These sediments generally fine from southwest to northeast, exhibiting a linear relationship of decreasing sand content and sand size and increasing silt content with increasing distance, indicating the source area to be the Pecos River valley. As many as six well-developed buried soils (2.5YR to 5YR hues, Bt horizons 1-2 m thick, Stage II-III calcic horizons), similar to the regional Paleustalf and Paleustoll surface soils, occur in the formation. The buried soils indicate episodic sedimentation separated by long periods of landscape stability. Eolian sedimentation probably occurred during prolonged aridity, and stability and pedogenesis likely obtained during subhumid to semiarid conditions, similar to those of the late Quaternary. The presence of the 0.62-m.y. Lava Creek B Ash and the 1.4-m.y. Guaje Ash in the formation shows that the deposit accumulated throughout most of the Quaternary. Data from paleomagnetic, thermoluminescence, and radiocarbon studies suggest that each cycle of sedimentation-stability lasted for several hundred thousand years and that the last depositional event occurred at least several tens of thousands of years ago.
EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON TUBER COMPOSITION, EXTRUSION FORCE, AND BRABENDER VISCOSITY

Kennebec potatoes were evaluated for the effect of storage temperature and time on tuber composition and on mealiness as measured by extrusion force of baked potato and Brabender viscosity of raw, lyophilized tissue. Potatoes from three specific gravity classes, 1.072, 1.082, and 1.090 (±0.001), were evaluated initially and after storage at 1.7°C for 2 and 3 mo., 7.2°C for 2 and 3 mo., 1.7°C for 2 mo. followed by 7.2°C for 1 mo., and 7.2°C for 2 mo. followed by 1.7°C for 1 mo. There were highly significant differences in mealiness associated with the storage treatments and with specific gravity. Mealiness decreased as temperature decreased. Mealiness estimates of tubers from the storage temperature reversal treatments were intermediate to those of the 7.2°C and 1.7°C treated tubers. Simple correlation analysis showed extrusion force and Brabender viscosity to be significantly and positively related to each other, to total starch and to swollen starch and significantly but inversely related to glucose and to the sum of glucose plus sucrose. Specific gravity and total solids were significantly but less highly positively correlated with both physical measurements. Multiple correlation-regression analysis showed only total starch to be significantly related to mealiness independent of the other compositional variables.
Physical basis for the formation and stability of silica nanoparticles in basic solutions of monovalent cations.

The colloidal stability, phase behavior, and solubility of silica nanoparticles (3−10 nm) that are formed in basic solutions of monovalent cations (primarily tetrapropylammonium) are investigated using a combination of chemical equilibria and electrostatic models. The free-energy gain associated with the formation of an electric double layer surrounding the nanoparticle was obtained by solving the Poisson−Boltzmann equation. This free energy is an important contribution to the total free energy of the particle and is second only to the formation of Si−O−Si bonds. The free energy of formation of the nanoparticles becomes increasingly negative with an increase in particle size and density, which explains the lower solubility of nanoparticles compared to that of amorphous silica. There is a minimum in the free energy of condensation as a function of size that qualitatively explains why the formation of small particles with a uniform size (<5 nm) is energetically favorable. The electrostatic models provide an...
Comparison of singer's formant, speaker's ring, and LTA spectrum among classical singers and untrained normal speakers

Many studies have described and analyzed the singer's formant. A similar phenomenon produced by trained speakers led some authors to examine the speaker's ring. If we consider these phenomena as resonance effects associated with vocal tract adjustments and training, can we hypothesize that trained singers can carry over their singing formant ability into speech, also obtaining a speaker's ring? Can we find similar differences for energy distribution in continuous speech? Forty classically trained singers and forty untrained normal speakers performed an all-voiced reading task and produced a sample of a sustained spoken vowel /a/. The singers were also requested to perform a sustained sung vowel /a/ at a comfortable pitch. The reading was analyzed by the long-term average spectrum (LTAS) method. The sustained vowels were analyzed through power spectrum analysis. The data suggest that singers show more energy concentration in the singer's formant/speaker's ring region in both sung and spoken vowels. The singers' spoken vowel energy in the speaker's ring area was found to be significantly larger than that of the untrained speakers. The LTAS showed similar findings suggesting that those differences also occur in continuous speech. This finding supports the value of further research on the effect of singing training on the resonance of the speaking voice.
Conditions for the quantum-to-classical transition : Trajectories versus phase-space distributions

We contrast two sets of conditions that govern the transition in which classical dynamics emerges from the evolution of a quantum system. The first was derived by considering the trajectories seen by an observer (dubbed the "strong" transition) [Bhattacharya et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 4852 (2000)], and the second by considering phase-space densities (the "weak" transition) [Greenbaum et al., Chaos 15, 033302 (2005)]. On the face of it these conditions appear rather different. We show, however, that in the semiclassical regime, in which the action of the system is large compared to h, and the measurement noise is small, they both offer an essentially equivalent local picture. Within this regime, the weak conditions dominate while in the opposite regime where the action is not much larger than h, the strong conditions dominate.
Self-Congruity and Functional Congruity in Brand Loyalty:

This study used image congruity theory to understand customer loyalty in name-brand coffee shops in Korea. The authors developed and tested a structural model that links image congruity (self-congr...
Identifying Predictors for Children Witnessing Intimate Partner Violence

Research has shown that intimate partner violence (IPV) prevalence and severity is higher and IPV duration is longer among couples that have children. Women frequently report that their children are the reason why they stay, leave, or return to an IPV relationship. Our study used results from a two-wave telephone survey to determine what IPV-associated factors were significant predictors of respondents’ children witnessing IPV, as well as estimating prevalence of children’s exposure to violence. We found that an increase in respondents’ age was significantly associated with increased odds of a child being exposed to violence. We also found that children witnessing violence were almost twice as likely to have mothers who reported leaving abusers. We hypothesize that increasing age corresponds to improved confidence in help-seeking behaviors. Our findings represent an important first step for future research on understanding how children influence IPV victims’ decision-making in seeking out service providers for help.
Multi-regime transport model for leaching behavior of heterogeneous porous materials.

Utilization of secondary materials in civil engineering applications (e.g. as substitutes for natural aggregates or binder constituents) requires assessment of the physical and environment properties of the product. Environmental assessment often necessitates evaluation of the potential for constituent release through leaching. Currently most leaching models used to estimate long-term field performance assume that the species of concern is uniformly dispersed in a homogeneous porous material. However, waste materials are often comprised of distinct components such as coarse or fine aggregates in a cement concrete or waste encapsulated in a stabilized matrix. The specific objectives of the research presented here were to (1) develop a one-dimensional, multi-regime transport model (i.e. MRT model) to describe the release of species from heterogeneous porous materials and, (2) evaluate simple limit cases using the model for species when release is not dependent on pH. Two different idealized model systems were considered: (1) a porous material contaminated with the species of interest and containing inert aggregates and, (2) a porous material containing the contaminant of interest only in the aggregates. The effect of three factors on constituent release were examined: (1) volume fraction of material occupied by the aggregates compared to a homogeneous porous material, (2) aggregate size and, (3) differences in mass transfer rates between the binder and the aggregates. Simulation results confirmed that assuming homogeneous materials to evaluate the release of contaminants from porous waste materials may result in erroneous long-term field performance assessment.
Novel, terpyrrole-containing, aromatic expanded porphyrins

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of two expanded porphyrins, namely 18,23-diphenyl-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexamethyl-[26]hexaphyrin(1.1.1.1.0.0) and 18-mesityl-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexamethyl-[22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.0.0) is described. Their common feature is a terpyrrolic subunit that is connected to a pyrrane building block. Both compounds display aromaticity and are stable in their respective protonated and free-base forms.
Projection of AIDS and HIV incidence among children born infected with HIV.

By 31 December 1995, 6285 children with perinatally acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had been reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by the state and local health departments of all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. territories. We present here the statistical methods used to estimate the number of infants born with HIV and to predict the number of diagnoses of perinatally acquired AIDS among children to 1997. We estimate that there were 13,900 children who had perinatally acquired HIV infection by the end of 1995 and who will eventually be reported with AIDS. If 85 per cent of all diagnoses are reported, this represents a total of more than 16,300 diagnoses. Of these, 6600 had developed AIDS by the end of 1995 and will eventually be reported to CDC. We project that, during 1996 and 1997, another 1500 HIV-infected children will be born.
Intracellular localization of DNA polymerase activities within large oocytes of the frog, Xenopus laevis

Abstract Germinal vesicles were manually isolated from stages V and VI oocytes of the frog, Xenopus laevis . The intracellular localization of DNA polymerase-α, -β, and -γ activities was determined by comparing levels of activity in sonicated aqueous extracts prepared from whole oocytes, from isolated germinal vesicles, from enucleated oocytes, and from a mitochondrial fraction prepared from whole ovary. Extracts of the enucleated oocytes, the mitochondrial fraction, and the whole ovary were shown to contain high levels of inhibitors of DNA polymerase activities which may have interfered with previous localization studies. After removal of these substances, the following conclusions were obtained: About 90% of the DNA polymerase-α activities were localized in the germinal vesicle. Most of the DNA polymerase-β activity was found in the enucleated oocyte. Essentially 100% of the DNA polymerase-γ activity was associated with the mitochondrial fraction.
Tolerance to the daily ingestion of two cups of milk by individuals claiming lactose intolerance

We reported previously that consumption of one cup of milk (240 mL) per day produced negligible symptoms in lactase-nonpersistent (LNP) individuals self-described as being severely lactose intolerant. We hypothesized that such LNP individuals could also tolerate two cups of milk per day if taken in two widely divided doses with food, and that psychologic factors play a role in perceptions of lactose intolerance. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2) was administered to 19 LNP subjects self-described as markedly lactose intolerant (S-LNP), 13 LNP subjects who denied lactose intolerance (A-LNP), and 10 lactase-persistent individuals who believed they were lactose intolerant (S-LP). Symptoms were recorded when LNP subjects ingested 240 mL regular or lactose-hydrolyzed milk twice daily for 7 d in a double-blind crossover study. The results showed that neither LNP group had a significant increase in symptoms (P < 0.05) during the regular compared with the lactose-hydrolyzed milk periods. However, S-LNP subjects reported significantly greater gaseous symptoms than did the A-LNP subjects during both treatment periods. The MMPI-2 showed a high score on the "lie" validity scale for S-LNP subjects. We conclude that LNP subjects tolerate two cups of milk per day without appreciable symptoms. S-LNP subjects have underlying flatulence that is misattributed to lactose intolerance. MMPI-2 results were of questionable validity because of the high rate of dissimulation by LNP subjects.
Factors That Influence End-of-Life Care in Nursing Homes: The Physical Environment, Inadequate Staffing, and Lack of Supervision

Purpose: This study investigated the physical environment and organizational factors that influenced the processof providingcaretoterminally illnursinghome residents. Design and Methods: Participant observation, interviews, and event analysis were used to obtain data in two proprietary facilities. Results: The physical environment was not conducive to end-of-life care. The rooms were crowded, there was little privacy, and the facilities were noisy. Inadequate staffing and lack of supervision were among the most significant organizational factors that influenced care. Often, residents did not receive basic care, such as bathing, oral hygiene, adequate food and fluids, and repositioning. A consequence of inadequate staffing was the development of pressure ulcers; 54% of the residents had pressure ulcers; 82% of these residents died with pressure ulcers. Implications: Findings suggest that the nursing home environment in these two facilities, as now structured, is an inappropriate setting for end-of-life care.
Li+ cation coordination by acetonitrile—insights from crystallography

Solvation is a critical factor for determining the properties of electrolytes and lithium reagents, but only limited information is available about the coordination number for Li+ cations in solution with different solvents. The present manuscript examines the manner in which acetonitrile (AN) fully solvates Li+ cations. The results are also likely pertinent to other nitrile and dinitrile solvents. In particular, the crystal structure for a (AN)6:LiPF6 solvate is reported—this is the first 6/1 AN/Li solvate structure to be determined. The structure consists of Li+ cations fully solvated by four AN molecules (i.e., [(AN)4Li]+ species), uncoordinated PF6− anions and uncoordinated AN molecules (two per Li+ cation). This structure validates, in part, density functional theory (DFT) calculations which predict that there is little to no energetic benefit to coordinating Li+ cations with more than four AN solvent molecules.
A Longitudinal Study of Risk Factors for Repeated Sexual Coercion and Assault in U.S. College Men

The purpose of the current study was to understand the prevalence, severity, and predictors of repeated sexual coercion and assault (SCA) in a non-criminal sample. Participants were 795 college men who were surveyed at the end of each of their 4 years in college. Participants completed self-report inventories once per year for 4 years. Measures assessed demographics, adverse childhood experiences, offense characteristics, antisocial personality characteristics, attitudes towards women and forced sex, perceived social norms, sexual behavior, and substance use. Results indicated that, among the 238 participants who reported at least once incident of SCA, 68 % engaged in repeated SCA, with repeat offenders engaging in aggressive acts of higher severity that began at an earlier age. A multinomial logistic regression model compared single and repeat offenders to non-perpetrators. Both single and repeat offenders endorsed more risky behaviors and sexually aggressive beliefs than non-perpetrators. Single offenders were higher on childhood adversity than non-perpetrators and repeat offenders were higher on antisocial personality traits than non-perpetrators. A second multivariate model compared single offenders to repeat offenders. Repeat offenders scored higher than single offenders on risky behaviors, sexually aggressive beliefs, and antisocial traits. Findings highlight the high prevalence of repeated SCA in young adults, the need for interventions that decrease rape supportive attitudes and risky substance use, and the importance of expanding models of sexual recidivism to include multiple risk factors.
On Individual and Population Effectiveness of Vaccination

Background The protective effect of a vaccine following an outbreak is often measured by the vaccine efficacy statistic, namely one minus the ratio of attack rates in vaccinees and non-vaccinees. This quantity is not an adequate measure of the population-level benefits of the vaccine. Methods We discuss two measures of the effectiveness of a vaccination programme. The first is the commonly used vaccine efficacy statistic. This is called here the individual vaccination effectiveness. The second measure, called the population effectiveness, is defined as one minus the ratio of the overall (or average) attack rate in the population when the vaccination programme is implemented to the expected attack rate in the same population without vaccination. We outline a method for computing the population effectiveness following an outbreak of a directly transmitted acute infectious disease in a closed heterogeneous population. We then explore and compare the behaviour of the two measures of vaccination effectiveness under various conditions. Results The population vaccination effectiveness is more robust than individual effectiveness to factors that may interfere with the evaluation of the performance of vaccination. Such factors are non-uniform vaccination, changes in contact patterns by vaccinees, and the ability of the vaccine to reduce infectiousness. Conclusion The population vaccination effectiveness is a more adequate measure of the population-level benefits of a vaccination programme. The main disadvantage of this measure is that it cannot be readily calculated from observed attack rates.
Nutritional ecology of ursids: a review of newer methods and management implications

Abstract The capability to understand the nutritional ecology of free-ranging bears has increased dramatically in the last 20 years. Advancements have occurred because (1) managers and biologists recognized the need to link habitat quality, productivity, and variability with bear movements, home ranges, and demographic parameters like reproductive output, survival, and population growth, and (2) several research teams are using new methods to build on the results of earlier field studies. Our ability to couple new field methods and empirical field research with controlled experiments using captive bears has been central to our increased understanding of bear nutrition. Newer methods include the use of stable isotopes to quantify assimilated diet and nutrient flows within ecosystems, bioelectrical impedance to measure body composition, and naturally occurring mercury to estimate fish intake. Controlled experiments using captive bears have been integral to developing methods, isolating specific variables by...
Ligand Binding Sites of Inducible Costimulator and High Avidity Mutants with Improved Function

Interaction between inducible costimulator (ICOS) and its ligand is implicated in the induction of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. However, the molecular details of this interaction are unknown. We report here a mutagenesis analysis of residues in ICOS that are critical for ligand binding. A three-dimensional model of the extracellular immunoglobulin-like domain of ICOS was used to map the residues conserved within the CD28 family. This analysis identified a surface patch containing the characteristic “PPP” sequence and is conserved in human and mouse ICOS. Mutations in this region of human ICOS reduce or abolish ligand binding. Our results suggest that the ligand binding site in ICOS maps to a region overlapping yet distinct from the CD80/CD86 binding sites in CD28 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4. Thus, the analysis suggests that differences in ligand binding specificity between these related costimulatory molecules have evolved by utilization of overlapping regions with different patterns of conserved and nonconserved residues. Two site-specific mutants generated in the course of our studies bound ICOS ligand with higher avidity than wild-type ICOS. An S76E mutant protein of ICOS blocked T cell costimulatory function of ICOS ligand and inhibited T cell response to allogeneic antigens superior to wild-type ICOS. Our studies thus identified critical residues involving in ICOS receptor–ligand interaction and provide new modulators for immune responses.
Diagnosis of early dementia by the Double Memory Test: encoding specificity improves diagnostic sensitivity and specificity

Objective To compare the Double Memory Test (DMT) with standard memory tests in the diagnosis of early dementia. Background Diagnosis of dementia requires memory impairment, but few memory tests coordinate acquisition and retrieval to optimize encoding specificity for high sensitivity and specificity. The DMT was developed to improve early diagnosis. Design We compared the discriminative validity of the DMT, Paired Associates (PA), and Logical Memory (LM) memory tests in a nested case-control study of 30 cases of early dementia and 90 controls matched for age, education, and sex. Methods The DMT includes memory tests with (CCR) and without (ICR) encoding specificity. Both tests use category cues to elicit retrieval, but CCR optimizes encoding specificity because the same cues are used for acquisition and retrieval. ICR does not because category cues are used only for retrieval. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Results The median BIMC of dementia cases was 10, indicating mild dementia. CCR had much higher sensitivity (93%) and specificity (99%) than ICR (53%, 94%), PA (68%, 91%), and LM (48%, 92%). CCR had the greatest advantage in the mildest cases. Conclusions CCR has substantially higher sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of early dementia than memory tests that do not coordinate acquisition and retrieval. Superior discrimination by CCR is due to an encoding specificity deficit in dementia that increases the difference in recall by cases and controls. CCR is an efficient test with excellent discriminative validity that should facilitate diagnosis of early dementia.
An evaluation of the current state of genomic data privacy protection technology and a roadmap for the future.

The incorporation of genomic data into personal medical records poses many challenges to patient privacy. In response, various systems for preserving patient privacy in shared genomic data have been developed and deployed. Although these systems de-identify the data by removing explicit identifiers (e.g., name, address, or Social Security number) and incorporate sound security design principles, they suffer from a lack of formal modeling of inferences learnable from shared data. This report evaluates the extent to which current protection systems are capable of withstanding a range of re-identification methods, including genotype–phenotype inferences, location–visit patterns, family structures, and dictionary attacks. For a comparative re-identification analysis, the systems are mapped to a common formalism. Although there is variation in susceptibility, each system is deficient in its protection capacity. The author discovers patterns of protection failure and discusses several of the reasons why these systems are susceptible. The analyses and discussion within provide guideposts for the development of next-generation protection methods amenable to formal proofs.
Mapping Meta-Territory:

analysis, metacognition, metatheory, metaattention, metalearning, metalanguage, metacriticism, metahumor, and so on. The problem is particularly acute when the term, used as a neologism in a given field, is not yet listed in standard dictionaries or glossaries. For producers and consumers of educational research, understanding what metas are all about becomes increasingly important as readers encounter a growing variety of metas in disciplines that can fall within the purview of education-the physical sciences; social sciences; humanities; and such "applied" fields as engineering, law, medicine, architecture, and vocational training. A consumer of present-day scholarly literature, seeking to generate a proper meaning for a meta term by building from a common meaning, is hardly helped by locating meta in general dictionaries. There meta is described as a prefix which conveys different intents in various contexts. It can mean trans-, or changed in position or form (metamorphosis, metastasis); post-, or after (metapneumonic, meaning a condition following pneumonia); behind (metacarpus); beyond (metalinguistics); alternating (metagenesis); later (metazoan); transcending (metapsychosis); reversed (metathesis); higher; between; with; over; and
Pref-1 marks very early mesenchymal precursors required for adipose tissue development and expansion.

Pref-1 is an EGF-repeat-containing protein that inhibits adipocyte differentiation. To better understand the origin and development of white adipose tissue (WAT), we generated transgenic mouse models for transient or permanent fluorescent labeling of cells using the Pref-1 promoter, facilitating inducible ablation. We show that Pref-1-marked cells retain proliferative capacity and are very early adipose precursors, prior to expression of Zfp423 or PPARγ. In addition, the Pref-1-marked cells establish that adipose precursors are mesenchymal, but not endothelial or pericytal, in origin. During embryogenesis, Pref-1-marked cells first appear in the dorsal mesenteric region as early as embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5). These cells become lipid-laden adipocytes at E17.5 in the subcutaneous region, whereas visceral WAT develops after birth. Finally, ablation of Pref-1-marked cells prevents not only embryonic WAT development but also later adult adipose expansion upon high-fat feeding, demonstrating the requirement of Pref-1 cells for adipogenesis.
Constraint Solving for Combinatorial Search Problems: A Tutorial

Combinatorial search problems are ubiquitous in numerous applications areas. This tutorial reviews some fundamental techniques from artificial intelligence, numerical analysis, and operations research to solve both discrete and continuous combinatorial problems. For discrete problems, we consider techniques such as branch and relax, branch and cut, and local search. For continuous problems, we consider techniques such as quasi-Newton methods, continuation methods, and interval methods. Our main goal is to give an informal understanding and intuition about these techniques and to review some constraint programming tools supporting them.
How the Radically Interpreted Make Mistakes

Wittgenstein claims that I cannot name or classify my completely private sensations. If there are to be words for things, there must be standards for when the words apply to things. But (apparently) I cannot set up such standards all by myself for my completely private sensations. Consequently, no use of this sign “S” is ever correct or incorrect, and hence error involving the sign is impossible.
I Am “Fatter” Than She Is: Language-Expressible Body-Size Comparisons Bias Judgments of Body Size

This article proposes and tests a comparison-induced distortion theory account of body-size judgments wherein language-expressible body-size comparisons (e.g., “Jane is fatter than Kimberly” or “Kimberly is thinner than Jane”) bias judgments of body sizes. Study 1 found that when actual differences were small, language-expressible comparisons biased body-size judgments away from the sizes with which they were compared even though the distribution of contextual body sizes was held constant. Study 2 found that when actual differences were large language-expressible comparisons biased judgments toward the sizes with which they were compared so that an extremely thin woman was judged larger if she was compared with someone who was much larger than her than if she was compared with someone who was only slightly larger than her. These results demonstrate that research on body-size judgments cannot ignore the effects of language-expressible comparisons.
Measurement of Stratus Cloud and Drizzle Parameters in ASTEX with a Kα-Band Doppler Radar and a Microwave Radiometer

Abstract Data are used from a Kα-band radar and microwave radiometer along with a droplet model to determine the droplet parameters of drizzle and clouds. Drizzle droplet parameters are determined from the zeroth, first, and second moments of the Doppler spectrum. Cloud droplet parameters are determined from the zeroth moment of the Doppler spectrum and the measured integrated liquid water. Measurements of stratus clouds were made during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX) on the island of Porto Santo in the Madeira Islands, Portugal. Potential applications of this technique would be in the long-term monitoring of stratus clouds and in determining the vertical profiles of cloud liquid water, number of cloud droplets, and modal radius.
Abstract 060: Adipose Derived Stem Cell (ADSC) Therapy Prevents The Progression Of Hypertension And Improves Cardiac Functions

Despite major advances in pharmacological and interventional therapies, 30% of hypertensive patients do not achieve their blood pressure (BP) target and have apparent treatment resistant hypertension (TRH). Thus, innovative strategies are urgently needed for the control of TRH considering its prevalence and deleterious complications. The objective of the current study was to evaluate effects of ADSC on BP in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The rational for using ADSC is that they have multipotent differentiation capacities and potent anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, autologous ADSC are an attractive therapeutic option for clinical trials based on availability, less invasive isolation procedure, and safety in several hundred patient studies. ADSC were isolated from inguinal adipose tissue of a normotensive WKY rat, characterized using flow cytometry (CD44 + ,CD90 + ,CD34 - and CD45 - ), and their differentiation ability to adipocyte was confirmed by Oil Red “O” staining. Basal systolic BP for SHR at 13 week age was 191.6 ± 5.6 mmHg measured by a tail-cuff method. SHR animals were then randomly assigned to control and ADSC-treated groups. ADSC (5х10 6 cells/animal) was intravenously administered through jugular vein into treated SHR. Three weeks after treatment, left ventricular function was assessed using echocardiography and direct BP was measured using a Millar catheter. The SHR control exhibited 82% increase in systolic BP (198.4 ± 25.9 vs WKY: 109.0 ± 1.6, mmHg) and 14% elevation in ventricular mass (3.3 ± 0.2 vs WKY: 2.9 ± 0.1, g/kg). Furthermore, the SHR control demonstrated 42% increase in deceleration time of mitral valve (58.1 ± 6.0 vs WKY: 40.8 ± 2.3; ms) and 21% decrease in ejection fraction (69.9 ± 4.2 vs WKY: 88.2 ± 1.3, %). Single injection of ADSC resulted in a 28% decrease in systolic BP (142.5 ± 25.8mmHg), 18% reduction in ventricular mass (2.7 ± 0.3g/kg), 36% decrease in deceleration time of mitral valve (36.9 ± 16.3ms), and 17% increase in ejection fraction (80.0 ± 3.4%). Collectively, our data demonstrate that ADSC arrested the progression of hypertension and associated left ventricular dysfunction in the hypertensive animals. It warrants additional study on ADSC intervention as a potential alternative treatment for hypertension.
GUIDELINES TO IMPROVE PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS: ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF CHANGE ACROSS TIME

ABSTRACT Objective: Assess the impact of guidelines on the care of patients with diabetes undergoing elective surgery. Methods: A multidisciplinary team developed perioperative guidelines. Overall changes in key measures were evaluated after guidelines were introduced and compared with a historical cohort. Results: The historical cohort included 254 surgical procedures, and the post–guidelines implementation cohort comprised 1,387. Glucose monitoring was performed preoperatively in 93% of cases in the post–guidelines implementation cohort and in 88% in the historical cohort (P<.01), but the percentage of cases with measurements decreased over 12 months (from 95% to 91%, P = .044). Glucose was intraoperatively monitored in 67% of cases after guidelines were introduced and in 29% historically (P<.01); the post–guidelines implementation percentage decreased over 12 months from 67% to 55% (P<.01). The performance of glucose monitoring in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) did not differ (86% vs. 87%, P = .57...
The Impact of Hours of Work on Employment-Based Health Benefits

This paper examines changes in the distribution of workers by hours of work and the resulting impact on employment-based health benefits. The percentage of workers in the labor force employed either full time or part time tends to vary with the strength of the economy, and for various other reasons. In 2004, 17.5 percent of workers ages 18-64 were employed part time, up from 16.3 percent in 2000. The movement of workers from full-time status to part-time status has significant implications for their health benefits: In 2004, 18.6 percent of workers employed part time were covered by employment-based health benefits through their own employer in 2004, compared with 61.5 percent of full-time workers. As a result, any shift of workers from full-time to part-time status will likely lead to fewer workers with employment-based health benefits unless they obtain them from another source, such as a working spouse.
Development of Agricultural Policy

UESTIONS concerning the range of phenomena that should be encompassed by policy deliberation are disturbing and important. The policy interests of major farm organizations, as indicated by program statements, far exceed in scope typical policy pronouncements by agricultural economists. A panel of social scientists and other experts is required to evaluate adequately their resolutions. Agricultural policy never has been a monopoly of the economists, but there is reason to believe that relative to other social scientists too much of the responsibility has fallen to or been assumed by us. Programs advocated by specialists in any line, however, are likely to lack balance viewed in a comprehensive realistic framework.
Pascher and the Genus Asterocystis of De Wildeman

In 1893 De Wildeman described Asterocystis as a new genus of chytrids for an Olpidium-like species with somewhat starshaped resting spores. This genus was recognized by most students of the Olpidiaceae for two decades, but in 1917 Pascher, the well known European algologist, published a short article maintaining that the same name had already been given by Gobi (1879) to a red alga of the family Bangiaceae with stellate chromatophores. He accordingly suggested that Asterocystis in the sense of De Wildeman be dropped, and proposed as an alternative the more descriptive name Olpidiaster. His suggestion was adopted by Hosterman and Noack (1923), Kirchner (1923), Heald (1926, 1933), Gaumann (1926), Gaumann and Dodge (1928), Fitzpatrick (1930), Hildebrand (1934), and others. Fitzpatrick in particular calls attention in his synonymy to the claim that Asterocystis De Wildeman is antedated by Asterocytis Gobi. A careful comparison, however, of the two names shows at once that Gobi's genus differs by the lack of an " s " in the third syllable, and it is thus obvious that on the basis of orthography there is no ground for dropping De Wildeman's generic name. Pascher's contention is difficult to understand in view of the fact
Predictors of hospitalization in male Marine Corps recruits with exertional heat illness.

ABSTRACT Exertional heat illness can have serious consequences and is a common cause of hospitalization during basic military training. The objective of this case-control study was to determine risk factors for hospitalization in male Marine Corps recruits who received medical care for heat illness during their basic military training course at Parris Island, South Carolina. Of 565 heat casualties, 61 (11%) were hospitalized (case subjects) and 504 were treated as outpatients (control subjects). Using univariate and multivariate analyses, demographic, clinical, and laboratory factors were assessed to determine predictors of hospitalization. Nineteen of the 24 analyzed variables were significantly associated with hospitalization. Three clinical variables (disorientation, rectal temperature, systolic blood pressure) and three laboratory variables (serum lactate dehydrogenase, potassium, and creatinine values) were highly predictive for hospitalization in recruits with exertional heat illness. A simple scori...
A graphite oxide (GO)-based remote readable tamper evident seal

This paper presents a prototype of a remotely readable graphite oxide (GO) paper-based tamper evident seal. The proposed device combines the tunable electrical properties offered by reduced graphite oxide (RGO) with a compressive sampling scheme. The benefit of using RGO as a tamper evident seal material is the sensitivity of its electrical properties to the common mechanisms adopted to defeat tamper-evident seals. RGO's electrical properties vary upon local stress or cracks induced by mechanical action (e.g., produced by shimming or lifting attacks). Further, modification of the seal's electrical properties can result from the incidence of other defeat mechanisms, such as temperature changes, solvent treatment and steam application. The electrical tunability of RGO enables the engraving of a circuit on the area of the tamper evident seal intended to be exposed to malicious attacks. The operation of the tamper evident seal, as well as its remote communication functionality, is supervised by a microcontroller unit (MCU). The MCU uses the RGO-engraved circuitry to physically implement a compressive sampling acquisition procedure. The compressive sampling scheme provides the seal with self-authentication and self-state-of-health awareness capabilities. The prototype shows potential for use in low-power, embedded, remote-operation non-proliferation security related applications.
Bleeding and Vitamin K Deficiency

Vitamin K is a cofactor for human glutamic acid carboxylase enzymes in multiple tissues and organs. The dominant vitamin K activity is gamma-carboxylation of selective glutamic acid residues on coagulation factors X, IX, VII, and II. Humans predominantly rely on green vegetable dietary sources of vitamin K rather than synthesis of vitamin K by intestinal bacteria. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in newborns is uncommon, potentially devastating, and preventable with vitamin K prophylaxis. Other causes of vitamin K deficiency include prolonged anorexia, malabsorption, and rapid depletion without adequate intake during acute medical and surgical events. The significance and mechanisms of antibiotic-associated vitamin K deficiency remain controversial and incompletely investigated. Management options for vitamin K deficiency include oral and parenteral vitamin K and coagulation factor replacement. Ingestion of “superwarfarin” rodenticides produces a severe and prolonged coagulopathy with potential for major bleeding complications.
A mixed methods study to examine the influence of the neighborhood social context on adolescent health service utilization.

While adolescents’ access and utilization of health services is critical for ensuring their health, very few seek care, and if they do, it is primarily from family members, friends, or other non-formal sources of care. Examining the influence of the social context on adolescent health care seeking behaviors may provide us with a better understanding for how interventions can increase adolescents’ utilization of formal health care services. The study is based on qualitative and quantitative data collected as part of the Well Being of Adolescents in Vulnerable Environments (WAVE) study, one of the first global studies to focus on very disadvantaged urban adolescents (aged 15–19 years) across five diverse sites, which include: Baltimore (USA), Ibadan (Nigeria), Johannesburg (South Africa), New Delhi (India), and Shanghai (China). Qualitative data was based on numerous methodologies, including key informant interviews, a Photovoice exercise, community mapping, focus groups and in-depth interviews. Quantitative data was gathered from a cross-sectional Audio Computer Assisted Self Interview (ACASI) survey that was administered to approximately 450–500 adolescents per site, yielding a total of 2,393 adolescents. Respondent-driven sampling was used to ensure the sample include out-of-school youth and unstably housed youth who are often underrepresented in school-based or household-based samples. While adolescents in Baltimore, New Delhi, and Johannesburg were more likely to seek health services if they felt illness symptoms, a fairly large proportion of adolescents indicated that even when they needed health care, they didn’t seek it. In Johannesburg, more than 30 % of adolescents did not seek care even when they knew it was needed. Similarly, nearly a quarter of adolescents in Baltimore and in Shanghai indicated not seeking care when needed. Qualitative data indicated that adolescents exhibited a general lack of trust in providers and often felt embarrassed or stigmatized for seeking services. Multivariate analysis revealed that perceived fear and exposure to community violence was associated with a decreased likelihood of seeking care, while adult support from the home increased adolescents’ likelihood to seek care in Baltimore and Johannesburg. Adolescent health care seeking patterns vary substantially by setting and gender. Neighborhood and family environments are important contexts in which health seeking behaviors are shaped. Efforts to connect adolescents to health care will need to target neighborhood safety as well as trust and support among adults outside of provider settings.
Selective and Sequential Aminolysis of Benzotrifuranone: Synergism of Electronic Effects and Ring Strain Gradient

Benzotrifuranone (BTF), bearing three symmetry-equivalent lactone rings, is unique in its ability to undergo highly selective and sequential aminolysis reactions in one-pot to afford multifunctionalized molecules (>80% overall yield). New insight into this behavior is presented through kinetics measurements (by stopped-flow IR spectroscopy), X-ray crystal structure analysis, quantum chemical calculations, and comparison of BTF to other benzoate esters, including its ring expanded congener benzotripyranone (BTP). While the structure–property investigation confirms stepwise electronic/inductive lactone deactivation for both BTF and BTP, the unusually fast and selective aminolysis of BTF is only fully explained through synergistic ring strain effects. Experimental signatures of the significant ring strain of BTF (∼28 kcal mol–1 based on DFT calculations vs 17 kcal mol–1 for BTP) include its high lactone carbonyl stretching energy (1821 cm–1 in acetonitrile vs 1777 cm–1 for BTP) and bond length alternation wi...
Probiotics for prevention of urinary stones.

Background: Urinary supersaturation is one key determinant of calcium oxalate (CaOx) urinary stone formation, and urinary excretions of oxalate and citrate are two key determinants. Each is influenced by gastrointestinal processes. Methods: Open label and randomized placebo studies have examined the effect of oral probiotic preparations on urinary supersaturation and oxalate excretion. Cross sectional studies in humans have studied the association of Oxalobacter formigenes colonization status and urinary oxalate excretion and prevalence of urinary stones. The intestinal microbiome of representative animals adapted to a high oxalate diet has been defined. Results: The fecal content of O. formigenes , the best studied oxalate-degrader, varies depending on stone status. However, trials with probiotics designed to degrade oxalate including those containing O. formigenes , Lactobacillus , and/or Bifidobacterium spp ., have been disappointing. Multiple intestinal segments of animals on a high oxalate diet contains diverse communities of microorganisms that can function together to degrade and detoxify a large oxalate load. Conclusions: Although the intestinal microbiome seems likely to play a role to modify gastrointestinal absorption of lithogenic substances and hence urinary stone risk, whether we can develop tools to manipulate it and decrease this kidney stone risk remains to be determined.