cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron Carriers of the Bovine Adrenal Cortical Respiratory Chain and Hydroxylating Pathways

Difference spectra of mitochondrial and microsomal preparations from bovine adrenal cortex have been examined, and the activity of several enzyme systems in these particles has been studied. Evidence for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, flavoproteins, and cytochromes b, c1, c, and a + a3 in the adrenal respiratory chain in a molar ratio of 4.9:3.8:1.7:1.5:2.0:2.9:1.0, respectively, was found. The P-450 cytochrome was observed to be present in mitochondria in a molar ratio to cytochrome a3 of 6.9:1.0. It paralleled malate oxidase and steroid 11β-hydroxylase activities in subcellular distribution but was also present at a lower concentration in microsomal particles which contained most of the steroid 21-hydroxylase activity. The relationship of the adrenal cortical respiratory chain to the mitochondrial steroid-hydroxylating pathway is discussed, and a role for an energy-controlled pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase in electron transport to the hydroxylating system is suggested.
Intermediate-term outcomes of 350-mm2 Baerveldt glaucoma implants

Abstract Objective To determine the intermediate-term outcome of 350-mm 2 Baerveldt glaucoma implants. Design Retrospective, noncomparative case series. Participants Sixty-five patients (65 eyes). Intervention Implantation of 350-mm 2 Baerveldt glaucoma drainage device. Main outcome measures Intraocular pressure, number of glaucoma medications, best-corrected Snellen visual acuity, length of follow-up, risk factors for failure, and complications. Results Mean intraocular pressure was reduced from a preoperative value of 32 mmHg to a 2-year postoperative value of 14 mmHg (56% reduction, P Conclusions The 350-mm 2 Baerveldt glaucoma implants are a safe and effective treatment for intermediate-term intraocular pressure control in patients with refractory glaucoma.
Effects of electronic fetal heart rate monitoring on perinatal outcome and obstetric practices

Perinatal outcome and obstetric practices during 1970 and 1977 were compared. None of the 6,740 fetuses delivered with birth weights of 1,000 gm or greater in 1970 had electronic fetal monitoring (EFM). In 1977, 5,987 of 8,174 fetuses delivered had EFM (72.7%). High-risk factors were significantly more frequent in the pregnant patient population in 1977. The incidence of intrapartum stillbirths and severe birth asphyxia was significantly lower in 1977. These reductions remained significant when corrected for changes in obstetric practices other than EFM as well as for changes in patient population. The neonatal death rate was not significantly changed. The primary cesarean section rate increased from 4.4% to 10.1%, mostly because of a greater number of cesarean sections done for failure to progress in labor and breech presentation. Only 15% of the overall increase in cesarean section rate was because of a greater frequency of the indication of fetal distress. The incidence of severe birth asphyxia was the same among the unmonitored patients in 1970 and 1977. In 1977, however, the monitored patients had a significantly lower incidence of severe birth asphyxia than the unmonitored patients.
Proposed Computational Method for Transport Properties of Ablation Products

MOST of the ablation products obtained from a carbonphenolic ablator are polyatomic and the accurate estimation of interaction energies and transport properties for interactions involving polyatomic species is difficult. The peripheral force method for obtaining atom-molecule potentials has been applied to an interaction involving an ablation product and one of the major components of the Jovian atmosphere, the He-C2H interaction. The results obtained for the transport properties are in good agreement with results obtained using other, less detailed, methods. Thus it is suggested that the peripheral force method is useful for the calculation of transport properties for interactions involving ablation products. Contents Measurements of transport properties for most interactions involving ablation products have not been made, particularly at the extremes of temperature and pressure encountered during planetary entry. Thus transport properties must be calculated theoretically. However, most ablation products are polyatomic species and it is difficult to estimate accurately the transport properties for interactions involving polyatomic gases since the interaction potentials are usually either not known or must be crudely estimated. The peripheral force model has been proposed1 as a method for obtaining accurate orientation-averaged potentials for interactions involving polyatomic species. This method has been tested2 for a variety of linear, nonlinear, symmetric, and unsymmetric molecules by comparison with molecular beam data. The purpose of this synoptic is to demonstrate that the peripheral force method is a useful method for the calculation of ablative transport properties. Other methods are available3-4 for the estimation of transport "properties for interactions involving polyatomic species. However, these methods are either based on the use of universal (nonspecific) collision integrals3 or assume that all interactions can be accurately represented by the same empirical potential.4 The advantage of the peripheral force model is that many of the unique properties of a given interaction (such as geometry, bond lengths, and the form of the potential) enter into the calculations. However, the calculations are not significantly more complicated than those required if the less specific methods3'4 are used. The transport properties have been calculated for the He C2H interaction, using the peripheral force model. Helium is a major constituent of the outer planets and C2H is an im
Meals, Migration, and Modernity: Domestic Cooking and Bengali Indian Ethnicity in the United States

(1998). Meals, Migration, and Modernity: Domestic Cooking and Bengali Indian Ethnicity in the United States. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 105-128.
Response of Brown Creepers to Elevation and Forest Edges in the Southern Sierra Nevada, California

Abstract. We studied the responses of the Brown Creeper (Certhia americana) to forest edges in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. We censused birds and monitored nests in four forest types over an elevational gradient. We identified habitat patches homogeneous in terms of forest type, seral stage, and canopy cover and rated edges between adjoining patches as soft, moderate, or hard on the basis of relative differences in the suitability of adjacent patches. Brown Creepers were more abundant in sites with less high-contrast edge and more medium- and high-quality habitat. They avoided soft and moderate edges when selecting nest sites. Successful nests were in large-diameter trees and snags in forest with lower canopy closure and farther from moderate and hard edges than were unsuccessful nests. Clear negative responses to edge in terms of abundance, nest location, and nest survival were surprising because previous work has suggested that edge effects and the processes underlying them may differ in west...
Single non-invasive model to diagnose non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

Background and Aim Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A liver biopsy is considered the “gold standard” for diagnosing/staging NASH. Identification of NAFLD/NASH using non-invasive tools is important for intervention. The study aims were to: develop/validate the predictive performance of a non-invasive model (index of NASH [ION]); assess the performance of a recognized non-invasive model (fatty liver index [FLI]) compared with ION for NAFLD diagnosis; determine which non-invasive model (FLI, ION, or NAFLD fibrosis score [NFS]) performed best in predicting age-adjusted mortality. Methods From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III database, anthropometric, clinical, ultrasound, laboratory, and mortality data were obtained (n = 4458; n = 861 [19.3%] NAFLD by ultrasound) and used to develop the ION model, and then to compare the ION and FLI models for NAFLD diagnosis. For validation and diagnosis of NASH, liver biopsy data were used (n = 152). Age-adjusted Cox proportional hazard modeling estimated the association among the three non-invasive tests (FLI, ION, and NFS) and mortality. Results FLI's threshold score > 60 and ION's threshold score > 22 had similar specificity (FLI = 80% vs ION = 82%) for NAFLD diagnosis; FLI 50 predicted histological NASH (92% specificity); the FLI model did not predict NASH or mortality. The ION model was best in predicting cardiovascular/diabetes-related mortality; NFS predicted overall or diabetes-related mortality. Conclusions The ION model was superior in predicting NASH and mortality compared with the FLI model. Studies are needed to validate ION.
Complementation of a defect in the production of ribosomal RNA in somatic cell hybrids.

THE use of cell hybridisation for complementation tests is hampered because the establishment of a hybrid cell line may involve rearrangement of both parental cells' genetic material, and often loss of chromosomes1–3. Since it is difficult to recognise single chromosomes, the genotype of the hybrid cannot be determined easily. Furthermore, strong selective pressures are often applied to isolate hybrid cells. Thus, the appearance of the wild type phenotype in a hybrid between a mutant and a wild type cell does not always imply that the mutation is recessive and can be complemented by the wild type allele: alternative hypotheses must be considered.
SPECIFIC SINGLE-STRANDED BREAKS IN MATURE BACTERIOPHAGE T7 DNA

Both rate zonal centrifugation and gel electrophoresis have revealed that the mature double-stranded DNA of bacteriophage T5 has single-stranded breaks (nicks) at specific sites. Neither of those procedures has previously revealed site-specific nicks in the double-stranded DNA of other bacteriophages, including T7. In the present study, denaturing gel electrophoresis, followed by specific DNA detection, reveals that a small fraction of mature T7 DNA molecules, like most T5 DNA molecules, has site-specific nicks. The procedure of specific detection is to probe with an oligonucleotide specific for one of the ends of T7 DNA. If position 0.0 is the left genetic end and position 100.0 is the right genetic end of T7 DNA, the nicks on the 5′ left-oriented strand are at 11.3, 12.4, 65.7, 79.2, and 86.0; the nicks on the 5′ right-oriented strand are at 23.3 and 26.5 (±0.5). The positions of the three rightmost nicks are indistinguishable from those of double-stranded breaks that produce previously demonstrated shorter than mature length DNAs packaged in vivo. We propose that the T7 nicks are produced by premature activity of the T7 terminase during DNA packaging.
Category effects: Is top-down control alone sufficient to elicit the mismatch negativity (MMN) component?

This study investigated whether the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related brain potential (ERP) could be evoked by purely top-down, attentional control. An infrequently occurring tone was designated as a target prior to presenting a randomized sequence of five equi-probably occurring tones. MMN elicitation to the tones categorized as “high”, “medium”, or “low” frequency, and designated as the target, would indicate that the change detection process can be driven solely by top-down control. However, MMNs were not elicited by the categorized tones. Only the N2b and P3b attention-driven target detection components were elicited. These results suggest that top-down factors alone cannot generate mismatch negativity. Standard formation by stimulus-driven factors is required.
INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN WATER LOSS IN A DESERT RODENT, DIPODOMYS MERRIAMI

A species' thermal and hydric environments may vary significantly throughout its range. However, geographic variation in physiological parameters related to water-saving ability has been largely ignored in mammals, even though there are dramatic differences among the environments in which many species exist. Heteromyid rodents long have been the focus of investigations concerning mammalian adaptations to severely desiccating environments. Representatives of one widely distributed subspecies of Merriam's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami merriami, were collected from three locations that differ in environmental temperatures and aridity. Mass, evaporative water loss, urine osmolality, rate of fractional body-mass loss, fecal water content, and metabolic rate were measured under desiccating conditions. Individuals from the most arid locality were smaller, possessed lower total and mass-specific evaporative water loss (EWL), and lost proportionately less mass under dehydrating conditions than those from less a...
The symmetry of a triplet charge transfer state in phenanthrene-PMDA crystals: dimer versus trimer

Abstract The low symmetry of the unit cell of the charge transfer crystal phenanthrene-PMDA investigation of the symmetry of the lowest excited triplet state. The investigation is carried out on the basis of complete evaluation of the fine structure tensor of the triplet state. Additional information from the hyperfine structure of the localized triplet state leads to the conclusion that the complex symmetry corresponds to a trimer with the following structure: (PMDA) (phenanthrene) (PMDA).
Systematic and comparative anatomy of Cymbidieae (Orchidaceae)

Cymbideae comprise an assemblage of 28 genera nearly all of which are represented in this study. Their anatomy is relatively homogenous with the exception of Govenia, in which roots lack velamen and pseudobulb vascular bundles lack sclerenchyma, conditions that do not obtain in other genera. Marginal fibre bundles in leaves of Grammatophyllum and Porphyroglottis consist of clusters of thicker-walled, narrower, epidermis-facing fibres as well as thinner-walled, wider, mesophyll-facing fibres. This feature also occurs in some species of Maxillaria. Baculate tilosomes appear in the roots of a majority of genera in Cymbidieae, as they do in species of Maxillaria, confirming DNA analyses showing a close relationship between tribes Cymbidieae and Maxillarieae. Govenia is singled out both on anatomical and molecular grounds as being ill-placed in Cymbidieae. Cladistic analysis produces only a few tentative hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships among the 28 genera, showing that anatomical characters are of limited value in assessing affinities within this tribe. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 139, 1–27.
Cervical kyphosis trapezius sign: a new sign for an old pathology.

Objective Cervical kyphosis may develop in patients with a variety of conditions. It commonly occurs following cervical spine surgery. To our knowledge, no specific physical examination finding in patients with cervical kyphosis has been previously described. It has been our observation that patients with symptomatic cervical kyphosis often have prominent, taut, and painful trapezius muscles. We coined the term cervical kyphosis trapezius sign (CKTS). This article describes the use of this sign as a clinical marker for management and outcome assessment. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the files of symptomatic cervical kyphosis patients who have been treated by the senior author (E.C.B.) and have been photographed. We also quantified the reliability and accuracy of CKTS by presenting clinical photographs to health care providers. Results Fifteen patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All patients had preoperative photographs of their neck that showed the CKTS. Six patients were treated conservatively and nine underwent surgical correction. Mean follow-up for surgical cases was 14.7 months. Postoperative neck photographs demonstrated a normalization of the prominent and painful trapezius muscle in each case. When examining the reliability of CKTS, we found overall interobserver reliability to be 0.671 with an intraobserver reliability of 0.678. Conclusion CKTS is a simple, objective, and potentially clinically useful indicator of cervical kyphotic deformity. Resolution of CKTS postoperatively had an associated high rate of pain relief. Therefore, the presence of CKTS in a symptomatic patient with cervical kyphosis is a potential indicator for surgical correction of the deformity.
Competitive intramolecular TiC versus AlC alkene insertions: Examining the role of Lewis acid cocatalysts in Ziegler-Natta alkene insertion and chain transfer reactions

Abstract Mechanistic aspects of Ziegler-Natta olefin insertion, which include catalyst/cocatalyst interactions, chain propagation, and chain termination, have been examined for systems which model the Cp2Ti(Cl)R/RAlCl2 and Cp2Ti(Cl)R/MgX2 catalyst complexes. The reaction of (2-butyl-6-hepten-1-yl)titanocene chloride with (2-propyl-6-hepten-1-yl)aluminum dichloride:diethyl etherate produced 78% cyclization of the titanocene ligand, while less than 2% of the ligand originating on aluminum cyclized. In a complementary experiment, the reaction of (2-propyl-6-hepten-1-yl)titanocene chloride and (2-butyl-6-hepten-1-yl)aluminum dichloride:diethyl etherate again produced only intramolecular insertion of the titanium ligand (58%). Based on these results, equilibration of ligands through transmetallation between titanium and aluminum did not occur under these reaction conditions, and selective insertion into the titanium-carbon bond was confirmed for this process. Similarly, ligand cyclization with Cp2Ti(Cl)R/MgX2 also occurred through insertion into the titanium-carbon bond. The product distribution generated by the MgX2 was highly solvent dependent. Cyclization in CH2Cl2 was very efficient, while reaction in toluene generated numerous products. Included in the toluene reaction mixture were compounds that resulted from ligand transposition/chain transfer of the titanium ligand.
Bose glass in a large- N commensurate dirty boson model

The large-$N$ commensurate dirty boson model, in both the weakly and strongly commensurate cases, is considered via a perturbative renormalization-group treatment. In the weakly commensurate case, there exists a fixed line under renormalization-group flow, with varying amounts of disorder along the line. Including $1/N$ corrections causes the system to flow to strong disorder, indicating that the model does not have a phase transition perturbatively connected to the Mott insulator-superfluid (MI-SF) transition. I discuss the qualitative effects of instantons on the low-energy density of excitations. In the strongly commensurate case, a fixed point found previously is considered and results are obtained for higher moments of the correlation functions. To lowest order, correlation functions have a log-normal distribution. Finally, I prove two interesting theorems for large-$N$ vector models with disorder, relevant to the problem of replica symmetry breaking and frustration in such systems.
Systematic and Behavioral Studies on the Crickets of the Nemobius Fasciatus Group (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Nemobiinae)

The three eastern species in the Nemobius fasciatus group, generally treated by orthopterists as subspecies or races, can readily be separated as living individuals, and most pinned specimens can now be identified through the use of combinations of easily observed morphological characters. Extensive distribution records, chiefly compiled by listening for singing males, show that the three species have broadly overlapping ranges. Observations on local populations have revealed occasional instances where individuals of two, or all three, of the species are mixed together with no indication of interbreeding. N. allardi , n. sp., previously called N. fasciatus fasciatus (DeGeer), occurs chiefly in grassy and weedy areas in well-drained locations over most of northeastern United States and has a clear musical trill. N. tinnulus Fulton occurs in or near leaf litter in xeric woodland areas in central eastern United States, and its song is a slow trill in which the sound pulses are heard as individually distinct units and can be counted by ear at low temperatures. N. fasciatus (DeGeer), previously called N. fasciatus socius Scudder, is less closely related to the other two species than they are to each other. It occurs in wet situations over nearly all of eastern North America, including Florida, with its northern limits somewhere in southern Canada, south of the limits of N. allardi. Its song consists of a series of buzzy chirps, and is quite distinct from the songs of the other two species and surprisingly like the songs of Miogryllus species. Audiospectrographic analysis of tape recordings of the calling and courtship songs of the three species demonstrate relationships which correlate with morphological evidence. Comparison of the courtship behavior of the males of various Nemobiinae, Gryllinae, and other crickets shows that the sequence can be divided into three major segments, with homologies and analogies suggested in certain cases.
Adipocyte induced arterial calcification is prevented with sodium thiosulfate.

Highlights: • High phosphorus can induce calcification of adipocytes, even when fully differentiated. • Adipocytes can induce vascular calcification in an autocrine manner. • Sodium thiosulfate inhibits adipocyte calcification. - Abstract: Background: Calcification can occur in fat in multiple clinical conditions including in the dermis, breasts and in the abdomen in calciphylaxis. All of these are more common in patients with advanced kidney disease. Clinically, hyperphosphatemia and obesity are risk factors. Thus we tested the hypothesis that adipocytes can calcify in the presence of elevated phosphorus and/or that adipocytes exposed to phosphorus can induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification. Methods: 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced into mature adipocytes and then treated with media containing high phosphorus. Calcification was assessed biochemically and PCR performed to determine the expression of genes for osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation. Adipocytes were also co-cultured with bovine VSMC to determine paracrine effects, and the efficacy of sodium thiosulfate was determined. Results: The results demonstrated that high phosphorus induced the calcification of differentiated adipocytes with increased expression of osteopontin, the osteoblast transcription factor Runx2 and decreased expression of adipocyte transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (CEBPα), indicating that high phosphorus led to amore » phenotypic switch of adipocytes to an osteoblast like phenotype. Sodium thiosulfate, dose dependently decreased adipocyte calcification and inhibited adipocyte induced increase of VSMC calcification. Co-culture studies demonstrated that adipocytes facilitated VSMC calcification partially mediated by changes of secretion of leptin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from adipocytes. Conclusion: High phosphorus induced calcification of mature adipocytes, and adipocytes exposed to elevated phosphorus can induce calcification of VSMC in a paracrine manner. Sodium thiosulfate inhibited this calcification and decreased the secretin of leptin and VEGF from adipocytes. These results suggest that adipocyte exposure to elevated phosphorus may be a pathogenic factor in calcification observed in the skin in calciphylaxis and other diseases.« less
A Spatial Segmentation Algorithm for Resource Allocation in an Integrated Spatial and Networked Environment

We examine the discrete shortest path network interdiction problem and introduce an algorithm to determine defense resource location points based on network properties. Our proposed method examines how network density, complexity and connectivity can be used to establish improved discrete geographic locations for allocating defense resources. We test performance of the algorithmically-derived locations on the real-world sub-networks of Washington DC, Houston and New York City and compare the resulting discrete shortest path network interdiction results to three grid-based location schemes using computational and spatial analysis techniques. Results demonstrate improved objective performance and a high degree of spatial dissimilarity between the algorithmic and grid-based location schemes. The observed dissimilarity illustrates the importance of strong resource location identification schemes and the propensity for erroneous decision-making under simplified resource location assumptions.
Posture and the circulation: the age effect

The primary instigator of circulatory response to the upright posture is the rapid displacement of about 10% of blood volume from the thorax to the lower body. The resultant hemodynamic deficit induces postural intolerance, especially orthostatic hypotension, in elderly over 70 years of age and in some young subjects after exposure to weightlessness. In this review, our objectives have been: 1) to describe in the normal subject the hemodynamic consequences of the headup posture, as well as lower body negative pressure, the compensatory responses intended to cope with these stresses, and their mechanisms; 2) to outline the effect of age on the circulatory responses to these stresses; and (3) to analyze and compare the tests currently used to assess circulatory tolerance. Our ability to design effective countermeasures to orthostatic circulatory intolerance is severely handicapped by our inadequate knowledge of the basic hemodynamic events incident to normal and abnormal orthostatic tolerance. We believe that better understanding and standardization of the postural tests, better experimental design to include greater emphasis on inter and intra-individual variability, and wider application of currently available noninvasive circulatory techniques would greatly improve the prospects for success in this research area.
Disparities in cancer screening: acceptance of Pap smears among homeless women.

Abstract Aims: Cervical cancer is a preventable disease through screening and early treatment. Rates of cervical cancer are higher in impoverished women, including homeless women. This study assessed the acceptance of free and accessible Pap smears offered to homeless women in a respite care setting. Methods: A convenience sample of 205 adult women receiving respite care at a facility for homeless people in Boston, Massachusetts, between 2004 and 2007 were offered screening for cervical cancer during routine encounters with the medical staff during their stay. Rates of acceptance of screening as well as medical and sociodemographic information were collected on the women. Results: Of 205 women enrolled in the study, 129 (63%) were in need of screening and offered a Pap smear; 80 (62%) accepted and 49 (38%) declined. Of those who agreed to be tested, 56 (70%) had a Pap smear performed, resulting in 10 (18%) atypical results (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [ASCUS] or low-grade squamous...
Holomorphic mappings of domains in operator spaces

Our object is to give an overview of some basic results about holomorphic mappings of circular domains in various spaces of operators. We begin by considering C*-algebras and pass to J*-algebras and other spaces when this seems natural. Our first result is a simple extension of the maximum principle where the unitary operators play the role of the unit circle. We illustrate the power of this result by deducing some classical theorems of functional analysis in a straightforward way. Next we apply Cartan’s uniqueness theorem to determine biholomorphic mappings and to show that linear mappings between certain operator domains are Jordan isomorphisms. This motivates the discussion of homogeneous domains. Our first examples of homogeneous domains are the open unit balls of J*-algebras (which include all the classical domains.) Next we discuss some affinely homogeneous upper half-planes in spaces of operators called operator Siegel domains of genus 2. Although these are always holomorphically equivalent to a bounded domain, they are (as far as I know) not necessarily holomorphically equivalent to a ball. Our last examples are the domains of linear fractional transformations. These are symmetric affinely homogeneous domains which are never holomorphically equivalent to a bounded domain. Finally we show how certain extensions of the Riemann removable singularity theorem allow us to determine the automorphisms of domains where an indefinite operator-valued form is positive. This includes the operator analogue of the exterior of the open unit disc.
Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Nano-Crystals at High Pressure

The optical and vibrational properties of small CdSe and CdS particles embedded in a glass matrix and as a colloid have been studied as a function of pressure up to 90 kbar using Raman scattering and photoluminescence techniques. We will discuss the use of high pressure optical spectroscopy techniques, where the sample is contained in a diamond anvil.cell with optical access, to study the nature of the electronic states in semiconductor nanocrystals. Raman scattering is employed to establish the enhanced pressure stability of the wurtzite phase in the II-VI nanocrystalline composites. Photolurninescence is used to study the energies of electronic states. The wurtzite to rocksalt phase transition behavior in the nanocrystallite systems is quite different from that in the bulk material. This different behavior is attributed to a large number of defects (vacancies) in the nanocrystallite system. This work demonstrates that the main defects in the CdS glass composites are cadmium vacancies; while in CdSe Selenium vacancies exist in the conduction band. The pressure dependence of the Huang-Rhys parameter, characteristic for the strength of the electron-phonon coupling, will also be discussed for the nanocrystalline samples versus the bulk material.
God Might Be Responsible For Physical Evil

Alexander Bird has a two-part argument to the effect that God could only have created a world without physical evil by changing either the laws or the initial conditions of the universe, and that no such world would be at all like ours: so God is not responsible for physical evil. I argue that both parts of his argument fail.
S-doped micro/mesoporous carbon–graphene composites as efficient supercapacitors in alkaline media

Composites of polymer (styrene-sulfonate sodium salt) derived carbon with highly oxidized graphite oxide were synthesized and tested as supercapacitors. The materials were characterized using adsorption of nitrogen, SEM/EDX, elemental analysis, thermal analysis-mass spectroscopy and potentiometric titration. The electrochemical performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge techniques and impedance spectroscopy in 6 M KOH. Addition of the graphene phase increases DC conductivity, volume of small micropores, and sizes of mesopores. These changes enhance the capacitance. Sulfur species located in small micropores affect the charge of the carbon surface and decrease its affinity to adsorb water. This results in a specific electrosorption of electrolyte ions and thus in highly efficient space utilization. Sulfones and sulfoxides located in the larger pores (mesopores) contribute to a pseudocapacitive effect. On the materials tested ∼110 F g−1 was measured in spite of the small surface area (about 600 m2 g−1). This leads to a high volumetric capacitance of up to 65 F cm−3 (without a special densification).
REGENERATION OF AXIS CYLINDERS IN VITRO : SECOND COMMUNICATION.

It has been shown for the first time that nerve fibers grow out from pieces of cerebellum of young cats and guinea pigs, when cultivated in coagulated plasma. The same phenomenon has been observed in cultures of spinal ganglia. The nerve fibers do not anastomose and they extend into the plasma unaccompanied by structures of any kind.
Vertical distribution of lead and arsenic in soils contaminated with lead arsenate pesticide residues

Many deciduous fruit tree orchard sites throughout the world are contaminated with lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) from past use of lead arsenate insecticides. The vertical distribution of Pb and As was examined in six contaminated orchard soils in the State of Washington, USA. Most of the Pb and As was restricted to the upper 40 cm of soil, with Pb concentration maxima ranging from 2.15 to 10.69 mmol/kg, and As concentration maxima ranging from 0.77 to 4.85 mmol/kg. In all cases, there were lower Pb and As concentrations at the soil surface than deeper in the profile. Arsenic was depleted relative to Pb in the topsoils and was enriched relative to Pb in the subsoils, suggesting that there has been preferential movement of As. Absolute soil enrichment with Pb occurred to depths between 15 and 50 cm. Absolute soil enrichment with As occurred to depths between 45 and > 120 cm. At 120 cm, Pb concentrations were < 0.05 mmol/kg, and As concentrations ranged from 0.07 to 0.63 mmol/kg. The deeper movement of Pb and As in the study soils relative to that reported for lead arsenate-contaminated soils elsewhere is attributed to high loading rates of lead arsenate, coarse soil texture, low organic matter content, and use of irrigation. The results indicate that Pb and As concentrations in lead arsenate-contaminated soils are high enough to be of potential environmental concern. The amount of As redistribution appears to be substantial enough to preclude some methods of remediation and to create potential risk of contamination of underlying shallow groundwater.
The central neurology of mammalian thermoregulation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the central nervous structures and functions that relate thermal stimuli and thermoregulatory responses in mammals. It discusses the basic structure, function, and role of a nervous system. Several analyses of the relations between thermal disturbance and thermoregulatory response in mammals including man have clearly shown that the mammalian processes of homeothermy do operate as if in strict accordance with this well-established engineering principle of control. The central nervous system provides an interface between afferent nervous pathways from sensors and efferent nervous pathways to effectors. It is also the structure in which the sensor-to-effector pathways are integrated so that an animal can respond in a systematic way to complex patterns of signals from sensors. In this way, the existence of the organism as a whole is sustained in the context of its external environment and the existence of its constituent cells is maintained in the context of their immediate milieu.
Wireless network resilience to degree-dependent and cascading node failures

We study the problem of wireless network resilience to node failures from a percolation-based perspective. In practical wireless networks, it is often the case that the failure probability of a node depends on its degree (number of neighbors). We model this phenomenon as a degree-dependent site percolation process on random geometric graphs. In particular, we obtain analytical conditions for the existence of phase transitions within this model. Furthermore, in networks carrying traffic load, the failure of one node can result in redistribution of the load onto other nearby nodes. If these nodes fail due to excessive load, then this process can result in a cascading failure. Using a simple but descriptive model, we show that the cascading failure problem for large-scale wireless networks is equivalent to a degree-dependent site percolation on random geometric graphs. We obtain analytical conditions for cascades in this model. This work represents the first investigation of cascading phenomena in networks with geometric constraints.
Marine Distributions of Chinook Salmon from the West Coast of North America Determined by Coded Wire Tag Recoveries

Abstract The coded wire tag (CWT) database contains detailed information on millions of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. released from hatcheries or smolt traps and recovered in the north Pacific Ocean and its tributaries. I used this data set to examine the spatial and temporal variation in the marine distributions of 77 hatchery and 16 wild populations of Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha based on recoveries of an estimated 632,000 tagged salmon in coastal waters from southern California to the Bering Sea during 1979–1994 (and 1995–2004 for select hatcheries). Chinook salmon showed 12 distinct region-specific recovery patterns. Chinook salmon originating in a common freshwater region had similar marine distributions, which were distinct from those of adjacent regions. Different run types (e.g., spring, summer, and fall runs) originating in the same region exhibited variation in their marine distributions consistent with recovery at different stages of their ocean residence period. Recovery patterns were sur...
Managed bioremediation of soil contaminated with crude oil - soil chemistry and microbial ecology three years later

Analysis of samples taken from three experimental soil lysimeters demonstrated marked long-term effects of managed bioremediation on soil chemistry and on bacterial and fungal communities 3 yr after the application of crude oil or crude oil and fertilizer. The lysimeters were originally used to evaluate the short-term effectiveness of managed (application of fertilizer and water, one lysimeter) vs unmanaged bioremediation (one lysimeter) of Michigan Silurian crude oil compared to one uncontaminated control lysimeter. Three years following the original experiment, five 2-ft-long soil cores were extracted from each lysimeter, each divided into three sections, and the like sections mixed together to form composited soil samples. All subsequent chemical and microbiological analyses were performed on these nine composited samples. Substantial variation was found among the lysimeters for certain soil chemical characteristics (% moisture, pH, total Kjeldahl nitrogen [TKN], ammonia nitrogen [NH 4 -N], phosphate phosphorous [PO 4 -P], and sulfate [SO 4 -2 ]). The managed lysimeter had 10% the level of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH-IR) found in the unmanaged lysimeter. Assessment of the microbial community was performed for heterotropic bacteria, fungi, and aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (toluene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene) by dilution onto solid media. There was little difference in the number of heterotrophic bacteria, in contrast to counts of fungi, which were markedly higher in the contaminated lysimeters. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were elevated in both oil-contaminated lysimeters. In terms of particular hydrocarbons as substrates, phenanthrene degraders were greater in number than naphthalene degraders, which outnumbered toluene degraders. Levels of sulfate-reducing bacteria seem to have been stimulated by hydrocarbon degradation.
Technical communique: Parameterization theory of balanced truncation method for any evenly distributed RC interconnect circuits and transmission lines

This paper presents a parameterization theory of balanced truncation method (BTM) for any evenly distributed RC interconnect and transmission lines and their BTM reduction models. The parameterization theory shows that any evenly distributed RC line circuits of the same order have the same balanced gramian, BTM error upper bound, and BTM approximation error, which are independent of their RC parameters. Thus, the prototype model is proposed for research to dramatically reduce the computations for various RC parameters. Under normalized (scaled) time axis and frequency axis, any time responses and the Bode plots of their BTM reduction models are also the same as the ones of the prototype BTM reduction models, respectively. The simulations demonstrate the theory. The reduction model order can be identified by the prototype model. The new results can be applied to not only the model reduction of interconnects or transmission lines, but also control systems with transmission lines, networks, or time delay units.
On the Absence of Polarization in Electron Scattering

In an attempt to explain the discrepancy between Mott's theory and the observational results on the polarization of electrons in the double scattering experiment, we have investigated the depolarizing effect of (1) multiple elastic scattering, (2) inelastic scattering with spin change of the incident electron and (3) exchange scattering in which the exchanged electrons have opposite spins. Although multiple scattering actually takes place in the Au foils used in the experiments, the depolarization caused by such scattering is negligible. For a screened Coulomb field and electrons of 100 kv the depolarization in a 2.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ cm Au foil is only 2.2 percent whereas a 90-100 percent depolarization is needed to reconcile theory and experiment. The depolarization caused by inelastic scattering is about 100 times smaller than that caused by elastic scattering. The small depolarization in these two cases is due to the fact that while there are many elastic and inelastic collisions, most of these collisions take place with small scattering angle $\ensuremath{\vartheta}$ and for small angles the depolarization per collision is small (of order ${\ensuremath{\vartheta}}^{2}$). The main contribution to the depolarization by inelastic collisions comes then from large scattering angles at which inelastic scattering is relatively infrequent. The exchange scattering contributes practically no depolarization (\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$). While the depolarization per collision in each exchange process is relatively complete, the number of exchange processes is extremely small due to interference (\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ times the number of elastic collisions). Therefore the absence of polarization in electron scattering cannot be explained on the basis of the processes considered here.A discussion of the validity of the first Born approximation is given (Appendix \textsection{}2). It is shown that in the case that the Born expansion parameter $\frac{{e}^{2}Z}{\ensuremath{\hbar}v}$ is of order unity, the first Born approximation gives a result for the scattered intensity which is accurate to within 20 percent or better. The depolarization is given with an accuracy of 18 percent or better.
Emulsion Stability and Sensory Quality of Beef Frankfurters Produced at Different Fat or Peanut Oil Levels

Frankfurters were produced at 12, 20 and 29% fat levels using beef fat or 60% substitution with peanut oil. Less emulsion stability, lower smokehouse yield and lower sensory juiciness scores were found as final fat content of beef frankfurters was lowered to 12%. Firmness, darkening of external color, and flavor intensity were enhanced in the low fat product. Frankfurters with 60% fat as peanut oil exhibited comparable emulsion stability and sensory quality parameters with no rancid flavor development over a period of 6 weeks at 4°C. They were as acceptable to sensory panels as the 29% beef fat frankfurters. Substitution of 60% of the beef fat with peanut oil resulted in a product with significantly (P < 0.05) less cholesterol content.
An enantioselective synthesis of the carzinophilin degradation product (2S,3S) 4-amino-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid

Abstract An efficient, enantioselective synthesis of (2S,3S) 4-amino-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid (1) is described. The sequence includes the direct use of azide to selectively open a secondary epoxy alcohol formed under Payne rearrangement conditions.
Update on Burkholderia nomenclature and resistance

Abstract The number of species within the genus Burkholderia has increased dramatically during the past several years. Although most of these are not pathogenic for healthy persons, several species have been associated with human infection and are being increasingly recognized as nosocomial and opportunistic pathogens. The rapidly changing taxonomy of this genus and the limitations of commercially available microbial identification systems present a challenge to the clinical microbiology laboratory. The inherent and inducible broad-range resistance of these species to currently available antimicrobial agents severely limits therapeutic options for the management of human infection.
The biology of moral systems

Despite wide acceptance that the attributes of living creatures have appeared through a cumulative evolutionary process guided chiefly by natural selection, many human activities have seemed analytically inaccessible through such an approach. Prominent evolutionary biologists, for example, have described morality as contrary to the direction of biological evolution, and moral philosophers rarely regard evolution as relevant to their discussions. "The Biology of Moral Systems" adopts the position that moral questions arise out of conflicts of interest, and that moral systems are ways of using confluences of interest at lower levels of social organization to deal with conflicts of interest at higher levels. Moral systems are described as systems of indirect reciprocity: humans gain and lose socially and reproductively not only by direct transactions, but also by the reputations they gain from the everyday flow of social interactions. The author develops a general theory of human interests, using senescence and effort theory from biology, to help analyze the patterning of human lifetimes. He argues that the ultimate interests of humans are reproductive, and that the concept of morality has arisen within groups because of its contribution to unity in the context, ultimately, of success in intergroup competition. He contends that morality is not easily relatable to universals, and he carries this argument into a discussion of what he calls the greatest of all moral problems, the nuclear arms race. "Crammed with sage observations on moral dilemmas and many reasons why an understanding of evolution based on natural selection will advance thinking in finding practical solutions to our most difficult social problems." U "Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences" "Richard D. Alexander" is Donald Ward Tinkle Professor of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, and Curator of Insects, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. A recipient of numerous awards, Dr. Alexander is the author of "Darwinism and Human Affairs."
A Study of Light/Darkness in Sacred Settings: Digital Simulations

Studying light/darkness and sacred architecture reveals that the "holy" light dramatizes the spiritual state and affects the mood of the user in the sacred space. Furthermore, it shows that faith dictates the treatment of light/darkness in the sacred setting as means to enhance the spiritual experience. These two premises were investigated by conducting digital daylight simulations on the Brihadeshvara Hindu Temple (1010 AD) of Tanjore, Tamilnadu, India. This sacred monument, listed as one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, is an intriguing case study since the treatment of the 'holy light' in the temple is actually the treatment of the 'holy darkness'. The simulated values were compared to the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) standards. The results demonstrate that digitized simulations can illustrate the significance of light/darkness in sacred settings as a spiritual experience. Moreover, this quantitative investigation can augment the qualitative studies in the field of historic sacred architectu...
Evidence for The Creation and Motion of Quantized Vortex Rings in Superfluid Helium

Evidence that ions in liquid helium create well-defined quantized vortex rings whose motion can be studied in detail is presented. A Po/sup 210/ alpha source is used to produce ions in the layer of liquid helium immediately adjacent to the source. A system of accelerating and retarding grids and a collector plate are used to determine the energy and velocity of the charge carriers. (C.E.S.)