cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model for nonequilibrium partitioning during rapid solidification of binary concentrated solutions

Abstract During the past several years, a great deal of progress has been made in the use of both pulsed and continuous wave (CW) lasers in materials processing. Usually pulsed laser is used for annealing semiconductors and CW laser for alloying and cladding substrate materials. Inherent rapid cooling in such processes invariably produces novel materials due to nonequilibrium segregation of solute atoms during solidification. Such nonequilibrium phenomena have drawn a lot of interest in both theoretical and applied areas of solid-state physics and materials science. Dilute solution theory is adequate to study nonequilibrium solute (dopant) segregation during laser annealing of semiconductors because the concentration of solute atoms is very small compared to that of the solvent (host) atoms. Using kinetic model of nonequilibrium solidification, several studies have been already carried out under dilute solution approximation to derive an expression for nonequilibrium partition coefficient. However, concentrated solutions are frequently encountered in laser cladding and alloying processes. The nonequilibrium partitioning of solute in binary concentrated solutions is modeled in this study, and an expression for nonequilibrium partition coefficient with only one unknown parameter is obtained.
Hypokalemia and arrhythmias

The focus of this article is hypokalemia, its electrophysiologic properties, and clinical arrhythmias. The effects of potassium on the electrophysiologic properties of the heart have been extensively studied and clearly are arrhythmogenic. Hypokalemia increases resting membrane potential and increases both the duration of the action potential and the duration of the refractory period, the latter to a greater degree than the former. This combination is conducive to the genesis of reentrant arrhythmias. Hypokalemia also increases threshold potential as well as automaticity, thus providing the context for automatic arrhythmias as well. Lastly, hypokalemia decreases conductivity, which also predisposes to arrhythmias of the reentrant type. The electrocardiographic criteria for hypokalemia include the presence of U waves greater than 1 mm and U waves larger than the T wave in the same lead (with associated ST-segment depression). Other criteria have been a T:U ratio of 1 or less and a U wave greater than 0.5 mm in electrocardiographic lead II or greater than 1.0 mm in lead V3. The relationship between hypokalemia and clinical arrhythmias has long been recognized. In 1949, Bellet et al reported extrasystoles with hypokalemic alkalosis that decreased with potassium administration. These observations were confirmed by several groups in the early 1950s. In 1953, Surawicz and Lepeschkin described a series of patients with hypokalemia and frequent junctional and ventricular premature beats; in all cases the arrhythmias disappeared with administration of potassium. These clinical observations were strengthened by the 1962 findings of Gettes et al, who employed microelectrode techniques to show that perfusion of low potassium solutions resulted in ventricular ectopic beats, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. In more recent years, several studies have evaluated the relationship between potassium levels and arrhythmias in patients with and without hypertension who were receiving diuretic therapy. These studies have demonstrated that there is an increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmias associated with the hypokalemia induced by diuretic therapy, an observation with obvious clinical implications.
Strategic Implications of Information Technology for Resource and Capability Outsourcing Decisions

Outsourcing generally involves non-strategic resources and/or non-asset specific capabilities. However, in this paper, the authors examine the non-traditional, but increasingly more common, use of IT to facilitate theoretically inconsistent outsourcing decisions involving core resources and capabilities. The authors reconcile theory with practice by developing propositions to explain how IT can enable such outsourcing decisions and how performance advantages may ensue. The authors develop a finer-grained perspective of the constructs of knowledge-based resources and capabilities. The paper concludes with a discussion arguing that such IT-enabled outsourcing decisions, if implemented correctly, can provide an organization with both capability advantages and cost benefits, resulting in higher performance.
Capacity and power fading mechanism identification from a commercial cell evaluation

An 18650 lithium ion cell was evaluated using dynamic stress test (DST) protocol for cycle life study. Reference performance tests were applied every 60 DST cycles to quantify capacity fade and peak power capability (PPC) degradation with cycles to the end of life. A quantitative incremental capacity analysis (ICA) was applied to identify extrinsic and intrinsic contributions to capacity fading, whereas the open circuit voltage (OCV) measurements were utilized to determine the correct state of charge (SOC) in order to accurately correlate the capacity fade with SOC. The analysis also helps us identify that cell polarization resistance change in the cycles is the primary culprit that bifurcates to both extrinsic and intrinsic origins in capacity fade and PPC degradation. This analysis allows us to develop better understanding in predicting battery performance and life in the rechargeable lithium batteries.
Quantum Many-Body Theory and Mechanisms for Low Energy Nuclear Reaction Processes in Matter

Recently, a theoretical model of Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) mechanism has been developed to describe low-energy nuclear reaction in a quantum many-body system confined in a micro/nano scale trap. The BEC mechanism is applied to explain various anomalous results observed recently in experiments involved with low-energy nuclear reaction processes in matter and in acoustic cavitation. Experimental tests of the BEC mechanism are also discussed. In addition to the BEC mechanism, plasma impact fusion (PIF) and particle cavitation fusion (PCF) mechanisms are also described.
Ligation of membrane IgM stimulates a novel c-Jun amino-terminal domain kinase activity in Daudi human B cells

Stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK; also known as JNK for c-Jun N-terminal kinase) phosphorylate Ser63 and Ser73 in the amino-terminus of the c-Jun protein and potentiate its transcriptional activity. We have analysed phosphorylation of GST fusion proteins containing the c-Jun N-terminal domain by lysates of Daudi human B lymphoblastoid cells stimulated with medium or anti-IgM. Crosslinking membrane IgM (mIgM) results in an increase in phosphorylation of GST-c-Jun (5-89) in an antibody dose-dependent manner. The kinase activity specifically phosphorylates the c-Jun N-terminal domain since it does not phosphorylate GST or GST-JunB. The activity preferentially phosphorylates the substrate that contains the sites for in vivo phosphorylation by SAPK/JNK and requires the delta domain of c-Jun, which is also required for SAPK/JNK activity. However, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity induced by mIgM ligation is not precipitatable with anti-SAPK/JNK antibodies. In addition, unlike SAPK/JNKs, the mIgM-dependent c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity is not detectable in assays for renaturable kinase activity (in-gel assay) or in assays that test activities that bind to c-Jun (solid-phase assay). The increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal domain in response to mIgM ligation is unlikely to be due to mIgM-activated ERKs as it was not suppressed by a selective MEK inhibitor. Thus, the mIgM-induced activity is distinct from the known SAPK/JNKs and may represent a novel mechanism for c-Jun phosphorylation in response to mIgM engagement in human B cells.
Dynamical symmetry breaking via a bound state and a comment on the O(N) σ model

We analyze the sheet structure of the effective potential for relativistic field theories that have a bound state (mass ${m}_{B}$) and show that if $m_{B}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}$ goes negative the vacuum changes sheets avoiding tachyon problems and giving dynamical symmetry breaking if the bound state has quantum numbers. We illustrate a transition of this type in the $\mathrm{O}(N)$-symmetric $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model for large $N$. We resolve a tachyon problem in this model noted by Coleman, Jackiw, and Politzer by finding the vacuum state of lowest energy. We show this model has no symmetry breaking of any kind in the leading $\frac{1}{N}$ approximation. Any symmetry breaking in the tree approximation is restored dynamically.
Evaluation of Various Intermetallic Matrix - Ceramic Particle Systems for Melt Processing of Metal Matrix Composites

The possibility of incorporating SiC or TiC particulate reinforcements in a Ni3Al matrix through the melt processing route was examined. Interface bonding and thermal stability of SiC and surface treated SiC in Ni3Al has been investigated through sessile drop and DTA experiments. Feasibility of various processing techniques such as the mechanical mixing method and the vacuum infiltration method was also explored.
Perceived Barriers to Care and Attitudes Towards Shared Decision-making Among Low Socioeconomic Status Parents: Role of Health Literacy

Abstract Objective Although low parent health literacy (HL) has been linked to poor child health outcomes, it is not known whether differences in perceptions related to access to care and provider–parent partnership in care are potential contributing factors. We sought to assess whether parent HL is associated with differences in perceived barriers to care and attitudes regarding participatory decision-making with the provider. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of data collected from parents presenting with their child to an urban public hospital pediatric clinic in New York City. Dependent variables were caregiver-reported barriers to care (ability to reach provider at night/on weekends, difficult travel to clinic) and attitudes towards participatory decision-making (feeling like a partner, relying on doctor's knowledge, leaving decisions up to the doctor, being given choices/asked opinion). The primary independent variable was caregiver HL (Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults [S-TOHFLA]). Results A total of 823 parents were assessed; 1 in 4 (27.0%) categorized as having low HL. Parents with low HL were more likely to report barriers to care than those with adequate HL: trouble reaching provider nights/weekends, 64.9% vs. 49.6%, (p Conclusions Addressing issues of parent HL may be helpful in ameliorating barriers to care and promoting provider-parent partnership in care.
Fluorescent products from aging Drosophila melanogaster: an indicator of free radical lipid peroxidation damage.

The fluorescent pigments in chloroform-methanol extracts of adult Drosophila melanogaster maintained at three temperatures increased linearly with age. The rate of pigment accumulation was highly significant, was greater for males than for females, and was greater for flies kept at 26·7°C and 30·0°C than at 22·2°C. Maximum levels of pigment were attained earliest in flies maintained at 30·0°C, although a clear relationship between temperature and fluorescence was not shown. The fluorescence spectra had excitation maxima at 368–370 nm and emission maxima at 445–448 nm. Chemical characterization of the pigments suggested a Schiff-base chromophore, a product of lipid peroxidation. This conclusion was based upon the selective extraction of the pigments with chloroform-methanol; the concurrence of spectral peaks with those of known Schiff-base chromophores; and the characteristic decrease in fluorescence in the presence of base or the metal chelate, europium (III)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl heptane-1,3-dione.
Modal Analysis on the Truss Structures of Machine Tool

Modal analysis for the truss structures of machine tool is very important. based on ANSYS, according to the truss structures of machine tool, the modal analysis is carried out in this paper. Afterwards, the first ten natural frequency, corresponding mode shape is obtained. By means of animation, ten-order modal vibration rule has been analyzed. The modal analysis is made by ANSYS11.0. It provides the theory for the design and application of truss structures.
Quasi-Linearization and Inverse Electrocardiography

The feasibility of using quasi-linearization for obtaining solutions to the inverse problem in electrocardiography is investigated. Results suggest that convergence is unlikely when using real electrocardiographic data.
Orthodontic repositioning of traumatically intruded maxillary incisors minimizes negative sequelae

Original Article Chaushu S, Shapira J, Heling I, Becker A. Emergency orthodontic treatment after the traumatic intrusive luxation of maxillary incisors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004;126(2):162-72. Level of Evidence 4 Purpose The authors are interested in assembling an evidence base to evaluate orthodontic repositioning after traumatic incisor intrusion. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design A review of case reports and case series
Potentialities of Lunar Laser Ranging for Measuring Tectonic Motions

The lunar laser-ranging system at McDonald Observatory, Texas, is currently attaining accuracies of plus or minus 15 cm, and plus or minus 3 cm appears feasible. Numerical error analyses containing 97 parameters (35 of them for error sources) indicate that the plus or minus 3 cm system would measure station motions to plus or minus 1 cm/year accuracy within a year for east-west motions and within about 3 years for north-south. Furthermore, the correlations of station motions with other parameters are low, so that it is unlikely that the estimate is too optimistic because of modeling inadequacies of the error analysis.
Earnings forecast accuracy and geographic segment disclosures

Abstract Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 14 requires U.S. firms with significant foreign operations to disaggregate certain disclosures into geographic segments. To date, however, there have been few studies that investigate the usefulness of this information to financial statement users. This study investigates whether or not financial analysts' earnings forecasts for multinational firms improved after SFAS 14. The results indicate that after adjustment for differences in earnings variability, financial analysts' forecasts of the earnings of multinational firms did become significantly more accurate (relative to that of a group of control firms) after the disclosure of geographic segment information.
Stimulation of aquatic bacterial activity by cyanobacteria

The time-course response of natural bacterial populations and isolates from lake water to various densities of the filamentous cyanobacteriaAphanizomenon flos-aquae andLyngbya birgei collected from the same lake is reported. The cyanobacteria were separated from the bacteria by dialysis membranes that allowed only dissolved cyanobacterial products to pass. Bacterial3H-thymidine incorporation and cell number were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with cyanobacterial density for both species. Estimated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) utilization, based on bacterial biomass changes over time, were usually significantly (p<0.01) correlated with cyanobacterial density and the decrease in bulk pool DOC for both species. Bacterial volume per cell increased significantly (p<0.05) in response to cyanobacterial density on day 5 of the experiments; cell volume remained unchanged on day 1. Bacterial cell numbers on outer surfaces of the tubular membrane containing the cyanobacteria (on the side exposed to the test bacteria) were significantly (p<0.01) correlated with cyanobacterial density. Statistical analysis inferred that bacteria closely associated with cyanobacteria (i.e. attached) responded more strongly to cyanobacterial products than free-living bacteria. Overall, our results indicate that cyanobacterial products have a potentially important role in regulating bacterioplankton productivity in aquatic systems.
Asymptotic behavior of solutions of second order parabolic partial differential equations with unbounded coefficients

Abstract Classical solutions of a second order parabolic partial differential equation are considered in unbounded domains. The coefficients are allowed to have unbounded growth as the space variables tend to infinity. A Phragmen-Lindelof principle is proved for such equations. That principle is used together with comparison functions to derive sufficient conditions for the asymptotic decay in time of solutions.
Role of FisB-Cardiolipin Interactions in Membrane Fission during Sporulation in Bacillus Subtilis

Membrane fission is a fundamental process required for endocytosis, membrane trafficking, enveloped virus budding, phagocytosis, cell division and sporulation. Despite the diversity of fission reactions, there are only two fission machineries known in eukaryotes (dynamin and ESCRT-III), and none in bacteria. We describe FisB, a 254 amino acid protein which is conserved among spore-forming bacteria. FisB mediates membrane fission during sporulation in B. subtilis. Upon starvation, B. subtilis divides asymmetrically, producing a large mother cell and a small forespore. The mother cell then engulfs the forespore. Like in phagocytosis or endocytosis, engulfment ends with a fission event that releases the forespore into the mother cell cytoplasm. FisB possesses a short cytoplasmic N-terminus, one predicted transmembrane domain, and a large extracytoplasmic portion. In FisB knock-out cells, engulfment proceeds normally, but the fission step is severely impaired (Doan et al., Genes & Dev. 2013).The goal of our research is to understand how FisB mediates membrane fission. Therefore we investigate how FisB is able to form oligomers that translocate to the fission site and sever membranes. The extracytoplasmic domain (ECD) of FisB binds cardiolipin (CL) in a floatation assay and binding is highest at low salt and undetectable at 500 mM NaCl, suggesting electrostatic interactions between FisB and CL. FisB(173-220) was identified as the cardiolipin binding domain.FisB reconstituted into artificial liposomes efficiently mediates membrane mixing only in the presence of CL. Fluorescently tagged ECD binds to cardiolipin-containing giant unilammellar vesicles and induces aggregation, membrane deformation and collapse. CL is enriched at the poles of B. subtilis, presumably in microdomains that prefer negatively curved regions.We hypothesize that CL may regulate recruitment and oligomerization of FisB.
German Exchange Students in the United States: A Case Study

In studies of personality it has been traditional to report individual case histories to illustrate the application of general principles. The case study of the group presented here is thought to be similarly conducive to a better understanding of group phenomena through an examination and elaboration of previously defined factors.
Characterizing HIV Medication Adherence for Virologic Success Among Individuals Living With HIV/AIDS: Experience With the CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) Cohort

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has changed HIV related illness from terminal to chronic by suppressing viral load which results in immunologic and clinical improvement. Success with ART is dependent on optimal adherence, commonly categorized as >95%. As medication type, class and frequency of use continue to evolve, we assessed adherence levels related to viral suppression. Using a cross-sectional analysis with secondary data (n = 381) from an ongoing multi-site study on impact of ART on the Central Nervous System (CNS), we compared self-reported adherence rates with biological outcomes of HIV-RNA copies/ml, and CD4 cell/mm3. Adherence to ART measures included taking all prescribed medication as directed on schedule and following dietary restrictions. While depression was a barrier to adherence, undetectable viral suppression was achieved at pill adherence percentages lower than 95%. Practice, research and policy implications are discussed in the context of patient-, provider-, and system-level factors influencing adherence to ART.
Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust and residential soil

Abstract Two commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and carcinogenic PAH (C-PAH) were evaluated. The testing procedures were refined for application to screening PAH and C-PAH in house dust and soil samples for human exposure studies. The overall method precision expressed as percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) of triplicate real world dust and soil samples was within ±29% (12–29%) for PAH ELISA and ±21% (5.9–21%) for C-PAH ELISA. Spike recoveries from real world dust/soil samples were 114±30% for phenanthrene from PAH ELISA and 120±8.2% for benzo[ a ]pyrene from C-PAH ELISA. The overall method accuracy for PAH and C-PAH assays cannot be assessed for multiple PAH components in dust/soil samples (which represent real-world samples), because of the assays' cross reactivities with other PAH components. Over 100 dust/soil samples from 13 North Carolina homes and 22 Arizona homes were analyzed by PAH and C-PAH assays, as well as by the conventional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. Statistical analysis showed that dust/soil PAH data from ELISA and GC/MS methods are significantly different. In general PAH ELISA responses were higher than PAH GC/MS responses. The regression analysis showed that the linear relationship between ELISA and GC/MS measurements is not strong in the combined data. The relationship became stronger for the data from the same type of dust/soil samples. The screening performance of ELISA was evaluated based on the frequency distribution of ELISA and GC/MS data. The results indicated that the ELISA PAH and C-PAH assays cannot be used as a quantitative analytical tool for determining PAH in real-world dust/soil samples. However, the ELISA is an effective screening tool for ranking PAH concentrations in similar types of real world dust/soil samples.
A megawatt defibrillator for transchest defibrillation of heavy subjects.

The design and performance characteristics of a high-energy (5000J) defibrillator are described. The instrument was constructed for the purpose of obtaining strength duration curves for transchest defibrillation of very heavy subjects. To date, the heaviest subject that has been defibrillated is a 270 kg horse.
Discontinuous Budget Constraints and Estimation: The Demand for Housing

Individual choices are often characterized by economists as resulting from maximization of an implicit utility function subject to a budget constraint. Informal graphical descriptions of the outcome of this process usually presume that the budget constraint, determined by individual income and prices, is linear-that the price of a good is independent of the amount of it that is purchased, and that income is independent of the amount purchased. But governmental regulations in particular-as well as non-governmental practices-often produce non-linear, kinked, and even discontinuous budget constraints. The relationship between hours worked and income, for example, would be linear if the wage rate didn't depend on hours worked. But, because of the progressive federal income tax structure, individuals actually face a net marginal wage rate that declines with income. The budget constraint is non-linear. Negative income tax plans often prescribe one tax rate up to a so-called " breakeven " point, and another thereafter. There is a kink at the breakeven point.1 Social security regulations impose low tax rates on wage income up to a given level and a very high tax rate on each additional dollar of income. Most existing health insurance plans, as well as proposed national health insurance schemes, include some combination of a deductible, a coinsurance rate, and possibly a maximum health care expenditure level. The price of a dollar's worth of health care is one up to the amount of the deductible; it is the coinsurance rate between the amount of the deductible and the maximum expenditure, and is zero thereafter. Again, the implied budget constraint is non-linear; it has "kinks" in it. Some proposed housing subsidy schemes stipulate that low income families receive " housing" payments, but only after a minimum expenditure for housing. The implied budget constraint is discontinuous. This paper proposes a rather general method of estimation when the implicit budget constraint is non-linear. But it does so by addressing a particular problem-the analysis of data generated by treatments in the recent Housing Demand Experiment, that can be thought of as creating discontinuous individual budget constraints. It rests on the assumption that the relative value that individuals attach to purchased goods can be described by a functional relationship that assigns weights to goods, or to the dollar expenditures for these goods, a " utility " function. The key parameters of this function are "taste" parameters that are assumed to depend on individual characteristics of decision makers and to be random, given measured characteristics. That is, they depend on observed as well as unobserved attributes of individuals or of their environment. In addition, we assume that persons are not always able to match expenditures to hypothetical best, or maximizing, values. Although the approach is motivated by the idea of utility
Calcium antagonists in the elderly. A risk-benefit analysis

Calcium antagonists are effective in lowering blood pressure, relieving anginal symptoms and improving exercise tolerance in older and younger patients with coronary artery disease. Verapamil and diltiazem are effective in slowing ventricular response rates to supraventricular arrhythmias in both older and younger patients. Although they belong to at least 3 distinct chemical classes, a moderate decrease in the clearance of all calcium antagonists occurs with aging. Most clinical trials of these drugs have used the same dosages in older and younger patients, confounding analyses of sensitivity in older compared with younger patients. Greater reductions in blood pressure usually occur in older compared with younger patients receiving the same dosages of calcium antagonists; similarly, the dosage required to reduce blood pressure to a certain level is usually lower in older compared with younger patients. Drug acquisition costs are generally higher for calcium antagonists than for beta-blockers or diuretics. Compared with younger patients, greater heart rate suppression may be seen in older patients treated with verapamil and diltiazem; conversely, heart rate increases are usually seen with dihydropyridines. Calcium antagonists have not been shown to provide long-term benefits or decreased morbidity or mortality in elderly patients with hypertension. Verapamil, but not dihydropyridines, decreases mortality after myocardial infarction in patients without congestive heart failure. Calcium antagonists have not been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of acute stroke. Adverse effects, such as a postural hypotension, may be more frequent in elderly compared with younger patients. In addition, the elderly are at greater risk for drug interactions with calcium antagonists due to the higher likelihood that they are receiving other drugs.
Hemostatic effects of tranexamic acid and desmopressin during cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUNDDesmopressin-induced release of tissue plasminogen activator from endothelial cells may explain the absence of its hemostatic effect in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Prior administration of the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid might unmask such an effect, and combination therapy might thereby improve postoperative hemostasis.METHODS AND RESULTSA double-blinded design randomly allocated 163 adult patients undergoing coronary revascularization, valve replacement, both procedures, or repair of atrial septal defect to four treatment groups: placebo, tranexamic acid given as 10 mg/kg over 30 minutes followed by 1 mg.kg-1.hr-1 for 12 hours initiated before skin incision, desmopressin given as 0.3 micrograms/kg over 20 minutes after protamine infusion, and both drugs. One surgeon performed all operations. Blood loss consisted of mediastinal tube drainage over 12 hours. Follow-up visits sought evidence of myocardial infarction and stroke. Desmopressin decreased neither the 12-hour blood loss...
MO‐F‐103‐01: Estimating Risk of Low Radiation Doses

Several articles in the medical literature over the past few years have predicted thousands of cancers and cancer deaths annually in the US population caused by radiation exposures from medical imaging. The predictions are derived from risk estimates in the National Academy of Sciences BEIR VII report. These risk estimates are highly speculative with wide confidence intervals, and the BEIR VII committee has warned against using them to estimate cancer risks to individuals or populations. They are based on risk models derived from the linear no‐threshold hypothesis of radiation risk at low doses. This hypothesis is derived from studies in the 1920s and 30s of genetic mutations in x‐irradiated Drosophila and has a history of controversy and conflict. It has been challenged by experiments at the cellular and animal levels as well as by data of cancer incidence in medically‐, occupationally‐, and environmentally‐exposed individuals. The main source of data for the BEIR VII risk estimates are the survivors of the Japanese A‐bomb explosions, a population greatly different from the US population that was exposed to radiation conditions greatly different from those of medical imaging. Even so, data from the Japanese studies frequently reveal a threshold dose for increased cancers in the irradiated populations. Collectively, the uncertainties in the derivation of the BEIR VII risk estimates, and the intrinsic speculative nature of the risk estimates themselves, cause predictions of cancers and cancer deaths to be more hypothetical than real in populations exposed to medical imaging. Several scientific organizations, including the Health Physics Society, American Association of Physicists in Medicine, the International Organization of Medical Physicists, the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, and the International Commission on Radiological Protection, have warned against making such predictions because of their speculative nature. Unfortunately, these hypothetical predictions of cancer risks are themselves a health risk, because they create anxiety in patients resulting in a reluctance to undergo medical imaging procedures prescribed for their benefit. Learning Objective: 1. Understand the origin of cancer risk estimates in BEIR VII 2. Appreciate the limitations in applying Japanese health data to American patients 3. Be familiar with the history and limitations of the LNT model of radiation injury
Factors Affecting the Absorbability of Fatty Acid Mixtures High in Saturated Fatty Acids

Abstract THE absorbability values in chicks of a number of natural triglycerides and their hydrolyzed fatty acid mixtures were determined by Young (1961) and by Renner and Hill (1961). In both studies the percentage absorbability of the total mixture and of the individual fatty acids contained in these mixtures was determined. Very good agreement was obtained on the absorbability of the total lipid and the fatty acids contained in these lipid materials for soybean oil, soybean oil fatty acids, lard and tallow. However, the absorbability values found for beef tallow fatty acids and lard fatty acids by these two investigators were markedly different. The absorbability values reported by Young (1961) for both tallow fatty acids and lard fatty acids were considerably higher than values found by Renner and Hill (1961). Examination of the absorbability values of the individual fatty acids in each of the fatty acid mixtures shows that most of…
Sclerosing mediastieitis: Improved management with histoplasmosis titer and ketoconazole

Recognition that many patients with benign sclerosing mediastinitis have smoldering disease responsible for failure of surgical procedures or for development of collateral circulation in patients with superior vena caval obstruction has markedly improved management of these difficult patients. Histoplasmosis complement fixation titers have been used to detect unsuspected subacute disease and to follow the therapeutic adjunctive management with ketoconazole, an oral antifungal agent. Twenty-two patients with benign sclerosing mediastinitis demonstrated a variety of symptoms relating to the area of compression: superior vena cava, 13; esophagus, 3; pulmonary artery and pericardium, 3; and trachea, 3. Histoplasmosis was documented in 12 patients. Operation is used initially for diagnosis, to rule out carcinoma, and to treat the complications: superior vena caval reconstruction, 6; tracheal decompression, 2; right middle lobectomy, 1; esophageal decompression, 2; division of tracheoesophageal fistula, 1; and release of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, 1. Postcardiotomy syndrome occurred in 1 patient and wound infection in another. No deaths resulted. In 6 cases of histoplasmosis, symptoms recurred in 100% of patients and were successfully managed with ketoconazole treatment, and then clinical progress was monitored with serial histoplasmosis complement fixation studies. One patient had four superior vena caval reconstructions at an outside hospital, each 1 year apart, with symptoms recurring each time. With ketoconazole therapy alone, she has been asymptomatic for more than 2 years. Vigorous search for a fungal cause may even obviate the necessity for surgical intervention. If an operation is necessary, preoperative and postoperative use of ketoconazole has assured success.
English comp goes high‐tech

Reports that the use of new technology in English composition courses is making it easier to teach and to learn how to write, according to instructors and students at the University of Oregon. A new computerized writing classroom and extensive training of instructors in use of the classroom, plus electronic mail and the Internet, are having positive results. About 35 instructors and 750 students benefited from use of the new instructional methods and technology in 1996, according to Ann Alskaya, director of the university’s new Center for the Teaching of Writing. Eventually, the changes will affect all 4,000 freshman students who take English Composition at the UO. Later, the center will train faculty members outside the English department who want to incorporate technology and writing into their courses.
An Analytical Elasto-Plastic Analysis for Stability of Axisymmetric Wellbore

In this paper, a general shear strain hardening and softening Drucker-Prager model based on the existing triaxial compression test results has been introduced to model the rock behaviour which captures well the mechanical characteristic of typical soft rock formations. This elastoplastic model is then adopted to develop a rigorous analytical solution for the drained wellbore drilling problem subjected to in-plane isotropic stress field, and to simulate the borehole collapse failure. It is found that the wellbore boundary value problem can be reduced to solving a system of first order ordinary differential equations in the plastic zone, with the radial, tangential, and vertical stresses as well as the volumetric strain and plastic shear strain being the five basic unknowns. The illustration numerical example shows the distributions of stress components and volumetric strain around the borehole, in addition to the evolving plastic deviatoic strain and stress path for a rock point at the borehole surface due to the wellbore drilling. The critical mud pressures necessary to prevent borehole collapse, predicted by the elastoplastic analysis based on different wellbore instability criteria, are compared with the value corresponding to the elastic theory, which are found to be considerably lower.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The Agricultural Tractor: Its Function and Design

This outline of the basic principles of tractor design takes into account international requirements. Today many new features are built into tractors, both for general duties and for specialized use. Engines, transmissions, controls, steering and accessories are discussed in relation to modern requirements.
Capillary sorption in fibrous assemblies

Sorption of a liquid drop on fabric or paper was measured as a function of time by photographing simultaneously the spreading liquid and a timer. The area depicting the spreading liquid was cut from the photograph and weighed. The method was calibrated by photographing a standard area. The area A covered by the spreading liquid was found to be A = K(γη)uVmtn , where K is a coefficient dependent on the advancing contact angle of the liquid on the fibers, the permeability and thickness of the fabric, and the saturation concentration of the liquid in the fabric. t denotes the spreading time, γ the surface tension, η the viscosity, and V the volume of the liquid. The exponents u, m, and n were found to be 0.3, 0.7, and 0.3, respectively, for n-alkanes spreading on polyethylene terephthalate/cotton, polyethylene terephthalate, and cotton fabrics. The equation holds when the fibers are impermeable to the spreading liquid. When the liquid diffuses into the fibers, e.g., water into cotton fibers, the exponent n depends on the drop volume.
Phospholipase C activity in plasma membranes isolated from lapine synovial cells in monolayer culture

Abstract Plasma membranes were isolated from lapine synovial cells grown in monolayer culture using discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation techniques. 5′nucleotidase was detected in great abundance while glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase were present at low to undetectable levels. Plasma membranes incubated at 37°C for 60 min with [3H]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylserine synthesized [3H]-diacylglycerides. Little if any [3H]-diacylglyceride synthesis was measured when [3H]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine or [3H]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylethanolamine were used as substrates. These results are consistent with a plasma membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from lapine synovial cells in culture.
LYSOSOMES IN SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE: Zonal Centrifugation Evidence for Multiple Cellular Sources

Postnuclear supernates from homogenates of skeletal muscle from rats subjected to starvation, injections of Triton WR-1339, dextran-500, and dextran + corticosterone were fractionated by means of rate and isopycnic zonal centrifugation in sucrose—0.02 M KCl gradients. Zonal fractions were analyzed for protein, RNA, cytochrome oxidase, and up to six acid hydrolases. The results indicate the presence of two groups of lysosome-like particles. One group contributes approximately 95% of the cathepsin D and acid phosphatase activity and 75% of the acid ribonuclease, β-glucuronidase, and arylsulfatase activity in muscle. It is characterized by a modal equilibrium density of 1.18 that is decreased by starvation, but is not shifted by dextran-500 or Triton WR-1339. The second group has a higher proportion of acid ribonuclease, β-glucuronidase, and arylsulftase; the equilibrium density can be shifted by dextran-500 and Triton WR-1339. It is suggested that this group of lysosomes is derived from macrophages and other connective tissue cells, whereas the former group represents lysosome-like particles from muscle cells.
Laugh so you don't cry: teachers combating isolation in schools through humour and social support

The structure of the teaching profession leaves teachers professionally and personally isolated from other adults. This article will discuss the results of an ethnography focused on the rare informal social interaction that occurs among teachers in a United States’ school, with a particular focus on the lunch hour. Specifically, this article explores the reciprocal nature of support provided within self-generated congregational spaces. This study demonstrates the positive use of humour in combating stress in the teaching profession, and how these relationships support Hochschild's (1983) theory of emotional labour.
Residential air conditioner dynamic model for direct load control

A dynamic model of the response of a single residential air conditioner load to weather conditions is developed. The model's performance is evaluated using data obtained from ten customers participating in the Athens Automation and Control Experiment, in Athens, Tennessee and some approaches to the determination of the parameters of a customer's thermal envelope model are discussed. The dynamic model is used for a preliminary assessment of the effect of the level of detail on model accuracy. For the limited number of customers with suitable data and survey information who were available in the experiment, the variability of parameters and responses is assessed. >
Proportion and location of spinal neurons receiving ventral root afferent inputs in the cat.

Abstract Spinal neurons receiving ventral root afferent inputs were investigated in anesthetized and paralyzed cats. We were concerned with the afferent fibers in the ventral root that travel distally and then enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root. The questions to be answered included the proportion and distribution of spinal neurons receiving ventral root afferent inputs and their peripheral input characteristics. The L7 ventral root was cut near the spinal cord and the distal stump was stimulated while making a systematic search for neurons in the entire gray matter of the ipsilateral spinal cord that responded to the stimulation. The following conclusions were made: (i) the afferent fibers in the cat ventral root enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root and evoke a variety of responses (excitation, inhibition, or mixed) in a large proportion of spinal neurons (about 20%); (ii) these responses seem to be mediated largely by spinal mechanisms; (iii) spinal neurons receiving ventral root afferent inputs are situated in a wide region of the ventral spinal cord; (iv) ventral root fibers in a single root enter the spinal cord and exert their responses over a large region of the spinal cord (at least two spinal segments rostrally and caudally); (v) some of the spinal neurons that responded to ventral root stimulation were found to be ascending tract cells, suggesting that ventral root afferent inputs can reach supraspinal structures; (vi) ventral root afferent fibers converge onto spinal neurons that have a variety of peripheral receptive field characteristics; and (vii) with some exceptions, most neurons receiving ventral root inputs were excited best by mechanical and/or thermal noxious stimuli applied to the periphery.
Near-optimal instruction selection on dags

Instruction selection is a key component of code generation. High quality instruction selection is of particular importance in the embedded space where complex instruction sets are common and code size is a prime concern. Although instruction selection on tree expressions is a well understood and easily solved problem, instruction selection on directed acyclic graphs is NP-complete. In this paper we present NOLTIS, a near-optimal, linear time instruction selection algorithm for DAG expressions. NOLTIS is easy to implement, fast, and effective with a demonstrated average code size improvement of 5.1% compared to the traditional tree decomposition and tiling approach.
Vp165 and GLUT4 share similar vesicle pools along their trafficking pathways in rat adipose cells

vp165 (or gp160) is an aminopeptidase that has been identified as one of the major proteins of the GLUT4-containing vesicles. In the present study we have determined the degree of co-localization between vp165 and GLUT4 in rat adipose cells and used perturbation by wortmannin to assess the exocytic and endocytic steps along the translocation and recycling pathways of GLUT4 in the absence and presence of insulin. Western blots of subcellular membrane fractions demonstrate very similar distributions of vp165 and GLUT4. Confocal microscopy of whole cells provides direct evidence that these proteins share the same vesicle populations moving both towards and from the plasma membrane. These data are consistent with the presence of a distinct insulin-sensitive compartment that sequesters both GLUT4 and vp165 and suggest similar trafficking routes through the recycling compartments.
Parents' acceptance of reductive treatment methods: The influence of problem severity and perception of child behavior

Using a standardized treatment acceptability measure, eighty-two mothers recruited from a variety of settings were asked to rate their perceptions of five reductive treatment methods (differential attention, response cost, time out, time out with spanking, and spanking alone). Parents rated the five treatment methods according to their application to one of two written behavior problem descriptions, each representing a different level of behavior problem severity. In addition, parents' perceptions of their own children's behavior were measured using a standardized behavior checklist. Major findings were as follows: (a) response cost was rated significantly more acceptable than the other four treatments; (b) time out was found significantly more acceptable than differential attention, time out with spanking, and spanking alone, each of which were rated similarly; (c) parents rated all treatments significantly higher when applied to a more severe behavior problem although rank order of the treatments in acceptability was not affected; (d) parents' perceptions of their own children's behavior had no effect on acceptability ratings.
Simplified linear representation of logic gate terminal impedances for use in interconnect crosstalk calculations

Means are presented for determining 'effective' linear input and output resistances for logic gates from SPICE large-signal calculations using full nonlinear models for the gates. Replacing the gates by linear resistances greatly simplifies interconnect crosstalk calculations and is found to be in good agreement with calculations using complete gate models. >
On the Variable Money Demand Elasticity: The Case of Taiwan

This study attempts to examine the money-demand function for Taiwan by applying the BCEA model of Savin and White (1978). Major Findings are: (1) the conventional double-log form is inappropriate for Taiwan; (2) the income elasticity of money demand rose from 1.29 in 1969. 2 to 1.74 in 1988. 3, compared to a range of 0.6 to 0.8 estimated for the U.S.; and (3) the interest elasticity of money demand varied from −0.25 ti −0.62 during the same period. The author has also found that estimated income and interest elasticities of money demand for the U.S. varied widely during 1970-1987. [310]