cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloning of the Drosophila cyclodiene insecticide resistance gene: A novel GABAA receptor subtype?

Abstract 1. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in both vertebrates and invertebrates. GABA A receptors are composed of a number of different subunits that assemble to form a chloride ionophore. 2. Several subunit types, α,β,γ,δ and ρ have been cloned from vertebrates, but until recently these receptors have remained uncloned from invertebrates. 3. GABA A receptors form the proposed site of action of cyclodiene insecticides. Therefore a Drosophila mutant ( Rdl ), resistant to cyclodienes and the GABA A receptor ligand picrotoxin (PTX), was used to clone the gene responsible for resistance as a putative invertebrate GABA A receptor. 4. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence and gene structure shows that Rdl codes for a receptor subunit similar to vertebrate GABA A receptors, but sufficiently different that it may represent a novel class of GABA A receptor subtype. 5. Cyclodiene insecticide resistance accounts for over 60% of reported cases of insecticide resistance and is also found in vertebrates. 6. Therefore elucidating the molecular basis of cyclodiene resistance is not only important to our understanding of pesticide action on the GABA A receptor but also in examining the conservation of the resistance mechanism between vertebrates and invertebrates.
Time normalization in voice analysis.

The harmonics‐to‐noise ratio (HNR) has been widely accepted for quantifying the irregular or noise component of voice. HNR, however, is usually inflated by cycle‐to‐cycle variations of fundamental frequency period because zero padding is used for time normalization of the wavelet. In this study, a new method was developed for analyzing waveform perturbations of voice. In this method, noise components of voice were calculated from the discrepancies between wavelets after they had been optimally aligned in time. The optimal time normalization of wavelets was accomplished using procedures of dynamic time warping (DTW). This method was evaluated using both synthetic and natural voices, and significant reductions in noise were obtained. The harmonics‐to‐noise ratio obtained using DTW for time normalization was also shown to be independent of fundamental frequency perturbations.
Proposed Revisions to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals

The 1985 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals (referred to here as the current Supports Specifications) has been revised in its entirety with significant additions to its content and scope. This work is the result of an extensive research study performed under NCHRP project 17-10. The main objective of the study was to update the previous edition of the Supports Specifications based on the most recent state-of-the-art information for the design and use of structural supports. Considerable effort was made to specify the best practice, realizing the characteristics and limitations of each material. From a design safety standpoint, all materials for structural supports were treated equitably. Safety, aesthetics, and economy were three main guidelines in developing the provisions of the Supports Specifications, but manufacturing practices and experiences were also considered. The proposed specification is presented in a specification/comment...
WE-G-217A-04: Segmenting Limbic Circuit Fiber Tracts for Quantifying Changes in Diffusion Indices Due to Partial Radiation Therapy.

Purpose: To segment the cingulum, fornix and the corpus callosum using diffusion weighted images, in order to evaluate the radiation‐induced damage on these important white matter structures Methods: We propose a seed‐based tractography algorithm for segmenting the entire cingulum into the left and right anterior, superior, and posterior subdivisions. In that algorithm, multiple ROIs (regions of interest) for tractography are automatically created from seeded points by a level‐set segmentation algorithm. Moreover, we propose new ROI placements for fornix tractography. Furthermore, a new subdividing method is proposed for supporting the possible rotation in the corpus callosum longitudinal axis in presence of glioma tumors. To test the reproducibility of the proposed algorithm for segmenting the cingulum, test‐retest diffusiontensor data‐sets of twelve patients were chosen from the National Biomedical ImagingArchivedatabase. We calculated the Dice coefficients of the volumetric overlap between the test and retest cingulum segments. Twenty‐two patients with low grade brain gliomas underwent 6‐week fractionated radiation therapy (RT). The patients prospectively enrolled MRI with diffusiontensorimaging up to 18 months after starting RT. The fornix and subdivisions of cingulum and corpus callosum were segmented. Results: The Dice coefficients between test and retest data were 0.878, 0.899, 0.951, 0.954, 0.926, and 0.929 for the anterior right and left, the superior right and left, and the posterior right and left cingulum segments respectively, suggesting our method's high reproducibility. Amongst the fornix and subdivisions of cingulum and corpus callosum, the most significant changes in fractional anisotropy, mean, axial, and radial diffusivity were observed in fornix throughout all dose volumes, indicating that both axonal degradation and dysmyelination are prominent radiation effects in the fornix. Conclusions: The proposed seed‐based tractography method segments the cingulum accurately and completely with dramatically reducing the operator's interaction time and effort in manual depicting large number of ROIs. Supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants RO1 NS064973
A multistep microscale synthesis of poly(styrene)

Starting with benzene, styrene was synthesized in three steps and then polymerized using microscale quantities of reactants and products.
MAPPING THE ADHESIVE DOMAINS OF THE C. ALBICANS GENE INT1 . • 687

Virulence in Candida albicans correlates with adhesion to human epithelium. The C. albicans gene INT1 encodes a putative adhesin (Int1p) homologous to the mammalian integrins αM/αX. The nonpathogenic, nonadhesive, nonfilamentous yeast S. cerevisiae does not contain INT1. When INT1 is expressed in S. cerevisiae, germ tube formation and adhesion to human epithelium parallels that of C. albicans. Because there are multiple mediators of candidal adhesion to epithelium, we sought to map the adhesive domains of Int1p in nonadherent yeast S. cerevisiae. Sequence analysis of INT1 predicts a 188 kD polypeptide including several motifs common to αM/αX [an I domain, two divalent cation binding sites (CBS1& CBS2), a transmembrane domain (TM) and a cytoplasmic tail with a single tyrosine residue (CYTO)], as well as an internal RGD site not found in integrins. INT1 constructs involving deletions/substitutions of these sites were subcloned into a yeast shuttle vector (pBM272) and expressed in S. cerevisiae YPH500 under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter. All transformed yeast strains showed normal growth curves in standard and selective media. All mutants, save the RGD deletion, formed INT1-dependent germ tubes when grown in galactose. Western blot analysis using Int1p specific antibodies revealed a protein of 200 ± 20 kD in all transformants but the RGD mutant. Epithelial adhesion of S. cerevisiae expressing INT1 and each mutant gene was determined. Adhesion of the yeast expressing the CBS2 construct was reduced but not significantly different from that expressing native INT1(24.9±4.4 vs 32.6±1.4). Specific adhesion was significantly reduced for S. cerevisiae expressing the TMCYTO (14.9 ± 2.4) and RGD (12.5 ± 2.5) constructs (p<0.001). Adhesion of the S. cerevisiae transformed with vector alone was 4.9 ± 1.2. These results provide 1) confirmation of INT1-mediated adhesion in S. cerevisiae; 2) further evidence that INT1-mediated adhesion is not calcium dependent; 3) a novel role for the TMCYTO domain in epithelial adhesion.
Synthesis and photonic property study of ZnO nanowires for a real time photodynamic therapy monitoring probe

In this paper, we present how the photonic properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires can be used to potentially advance the effectiveness of Photodynamic therapy (PDT), one of the most recent and promising approaches among cancer therapies. Presently, PDT employs laser light to activate intravenously or topically administered photosensitizers to give rise to highly reactive singlet oxygen which has a very short lifetime and is capable of biochemical damage to cell membranes of the tumor. A probe that can monitor in real time the penetration depth of the laser in the tumor and also the evolution of the singlet oxygen, which is critical for tumor eradication, is capable of improving the efficacy of PDT quite significantly. Such a probe, by providing real time feedback, can help us determine whether to increase or decrease the light exposure dose and also if further local administration of photosensitizers is required or not. ZnO nanowires are known to be photoconductive and recent research also demonstrated the temperature dependence of the photocurrent in the nanowires. They are also sensitive to blue and other near UV spectra which is same range of activation wavelengths of most photosensitizers, and hence making them a good candidate for a potential PDT monitoring probe. ZnO nanowires were fabricated on silicon substrates by vapor phase deposition using e-beam evaporated gold as a catalyst. Control of the dimensions of the nanowires could be achieved by varying the dimensions of the catalyst by means of e-beam evaporation process. Photoluminescence properties of ZnO nanowires were investigated at UV and near UV wavelengths. Further, ZnO is also known for its antimicrobial properties, thereby ruling out any possibility of bacterial infection because of the implanted probe. This study was done to compliment the existing expertise of our research group in the design and fabrication of several nanowire based probes and microsensors specifically for neuroelectronic and nanomedicine applications.
Origin of the right from the left main coronary artery (single coronary ostium in aorta).

Abstract Origin of both the right and left main (LM) coronary arteries from the aortic wall of the right sinus of Valsalva frequently is a lethal anomaly. 1 Origin of both the right and LM coronary arteries from the aortic wall of the left sinus of Valsalva, in contrast, usually is a benign anomaly. 2 Although many studies have described origin of both LM and right coronary arteries from the aortic wall of the same sinus of Valsalva, few 1,2 have described origin of the right coronary artery from the LM. Husaini et al 3 described angiographic features of this anomaly in a 52-year-old man who underwent selective coronary angiography after probable acute myocardial infarction. Muus and McManus 4 described this anomaly in a fullterm stillborn infant who also had a bicuspid aortic valve. Whether the coronary anomaly played a role in the stillbirth is uncertain. In both of these previously described patients, the anomalously arising right coronary artery coursed between aorta posteriorly and the pulmonary trunk anteriorly.
Improving soil structure by promoting fungal abundance with organic soil amendments.

Abstract Building soil structure in agroecosystems is important because it governs soil functions such as air and water movement, soil C stabilization, nutrient availability, and root system development. This study examined, under laboratory conditions, effects of organic amendments comprised of differing proportions of labile and semi-labile C on microbial community structure and macroaggregate formation in three variously textured soils where native structure was destroyed. Three amendment treatments were imposed (in order of increasing C lability): vegetable compost, dairy manure, hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth). Formation of water stable macroaggregates and changes in microbial community structure were evaluated over 82 days. Regardless of soil type, formation of large macroaggregates (LMA, >2000 μm diameter) was highest in soils amended with vetch, followed by manure, non-amended control, and compost. Vetch and manure had greater microbially available C and caused an increase in fungal biomarkers in all soils. Regression analysis indicated that LMA formation was most strongly related to the relative abundance of the fungal fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) 18:2ω6c ( r = 0.55, p r = 0.58, p r = 0.57, p
Inferring patterns of aggression from red howler monkey injuries.

Venezuelan red howler monkeys in a semideciduous habitat typically survive injuries and disabilities. Intraspecific physical aggression was the most frequently observed and inferred cause of injury. Thirty-eight percent of 119 howlers of all ages examined during capture had scars or other evidence of "damage." Overall, the sexes did not differ significantly in total number of injuries or number of individuals classified as "damaged." The incidence of injury was not independent of age-sex class. The subadult male class had the highest percentage of "damaged" individuals. However, when total injuries per age class were examined for each sex separately, only females showed a pattern that was significantly different than expected based on age (i.e., exposure to injury factors). Subadult females experienced more injuries than expected, whereas adult females had fewer injuries. Troop status (resident troop, natal troop, or extratroop) was not significantly related to the number of injuries in adult and subadult males. Thin finding was not surprising, because adult and subadult males of all status classes are involved in aggression related to breeding competition. Extratroop females had more injuries than expected, and natal females had the fewest injuries. The higher incidence of injuries on subadult females and extratroop females is consistent with aggression-mediated emigration of some females and observed resistance to female immigration by resident females. Overall, 74% of injuries were located on anterior-ventral portions of the body, consistent with the face-to-face fighting observed in howlers. Sociobiological costs of aggression in red howlers are difficult to assess because many howlers, despite frequent and severe injury, subsequently survive and reproduce. We recommend caution in inferring mortality from injuries, especially when social mobility and emigration out of the study area are common.
Synaptic morphology in the human locus ceruleus.

We have studied the synaptic ultrastructure in human autopsy material from the locus ceruleus, an important noradrenergic center. Ten cases of Alzheimer's disease, ten cases of Parkinson's disease, and ten control brains were examined.
A note on a generalized concept of effective distance

The effective distance between two places or objects, or individuals, cannot be measured in miles. It depends not only on physical distance but on economic distance (measured in terms of transport cost), communication distance (cost, efficiency, frequency of use and exchange of telephone calls, newspapers, radio and television programs, letters, etc.), social distanced (amount and type of interaction between individuals or groups), and others. Also, the distance may be different for each kind of transaction. Described here is a method for computing effective distance, and some suggestions for further investigation of the concept.
Particle speciation of emissions from iso-butanol and ethanol blended gasoline in light-duty vehicles

Abstract Vehicular emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) will change under different driving conditions and as higher levels of alternative fuels are blended with gasoline. In particular, the chemical composition and water-soluble components of PM below 2.5 μm can be modified. In this study, three light-duty Port-Fuel Injection (PFI) and two Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) vehicles were tested. All vehicles were tested over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), Unified Cycle (UC), and at steady-state speeds (30, 50, and 70 mph) while operating on various ethanol and iso-butanol gasoline blends. The chemical and physical properties of the aerosol composition were measured via online/offline methods. Black carbon (BC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and droplet surface tension were measured. Water-Insoluble Mass (WIM) fractions were estimated from online size distribution measurements. Results show that the PFI vehicles, fuel composition and testing conditions (transient versus steady-state) impact PM emissions. GDI vehicles emit more PM and twice as much BC compared to PFI vehicles. Older PFI vehicles also produce more particles and BC emissions than newer vehicles. For three of the five vehicles, as speed increased, the WIM fraction increased. The results show vehicle operating conditions (steady-state or transient) can greatly impact the average composition of particles regardless of fuel composition.
Self-change in eating disorders: is "spontaneous recovery" possible?

A limited series of community studies including non-treatment-seekers has shown that a considerable number of eating disorder patients do not enter the health care system but can be considered “clinically recovered” (remission of major symptoms) if followed up long enough. The possibility of “spontaneous recovery” (overcoming an eating disorder without professional treatment or formal help) often faces scepticism on the part of professionals. Clearly, self-change is an underestimated pathway to recovery from an eating disorder, but open-minded clinicians can learn a lot from it. Active coping and making use of one's “recovery capital” are key features of self-change even if maintenance of change is associated with social support and positive life changes.
Charitable Choice: Bringing Religion Back into American Welfare

According to the most influential metanarratives in American social-policy history, religion has been virtually irrelevant to the development of American welfare in the twentieth century. In crude terms, the main story line is that public welfare replaced religion—for good. The chief alternative story agrees that religion was replaced—but for bad. More carefully, the mainstream story portrays a “quasi-welfare state” supplanting the fragmentary assistance offered by local sectarian, voluntary, and municipal programs, and measures welfare progress by the growth of government provision at the expense of private and religious action. The competing interpretation regards the creation of the government welfare system to constitute, in Marvin Olasky's terms, “the tragedy of American compassion,” because effective, personal, and spiritual assistance was replaced by bureaucratic programs unable to address the deepest needs of the poor. Although the two stories evaluate the outcome differently, they agree about the disappearance or irrelevance of religion to American public welfare.
Towards a metrics suite for object oriented design

While software metrics are a generally desirable feature in the software management functions of project planning and project evaluation, they are of especial importance with a new technology such as the object-oriented approach. This is due to the significant need to train software engineers in generally accepted object-oriented principles. This paper presents theoretical work that builds a suite of metrics for object-oriented design. In particular, these metrics are based upon measurement theory and are informed by the insights of experienced object-oriented software developers. The proposed metrics are formally evaluated against a widelyaccepted list of software metric evaluation criteria.
Global Approaches to Identify Novel Participants that Modulate Intestinal Epithelial Cell Development

Combinatorial control of lineage-specific gene expression is commonly mediated by suites of diverse transcriptional regulators. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Verzi et al. (2010) use an unbiased global and computational approach to identify distinct partners and functions of CDX2 in intestinal epithelial cell differentiation.
Melding a New Immigration Narrative? President George W. Bush and the Immigration Debate

The rhetoric of immigration in the United States is grounded in a cultural dialectic featuring themes of inclusion and exclusion. Throughout American history, one of these themes has usually been ascendant, while the other has been in decline. In this article, the authors analyze how President George W. Bush attempted to construct and manage the immigration issue as he pushed for comprehensive reform. They argue President Bush attempted to accommodate both sides of the immigration debate by using themes of inclusion and exclusion at the same time. Although Bush failed in his attempts to pass immigration reform, his conflicted rhetoric may actually carry with it the key to understanding how future presidents will construct and manage this issue in the near future.
The impact of psoriasis on pregnancy outcomes.

Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease that affects women in their reproductive years. Other similar diseases have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We sought to assess whether pregnant women with psoriasis are at higher risk of developing complications, such as preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW). A retrospective cohort, performed at two large tertiary centers, evaluated the outcomes of 162 pregnancies in 122 women with psoriasis and 501 pregnancies in 290 women without psoriasis. Univariable and multivariable analyses, adjusting for important demographic factors, comorbidities, or a propensity score, were performed to evaluate the association of psoriasis and a poor outcome composite (POC), including PTB (
The rising cost and complexity of RETs

For the last several years, Resolution Enhancement Technologies (RETs) have helped make it possible for lithographers to stay on the path set for them by Goordon Moore. Though seldom discussed in detail, these RETs have a real cost in terms of data file size, computation times, complexity of metrology and inspection, licenses fees, manpower and delay. The International Sematech Cost of Ownership (CoO) analysis can be used to estimate the impact of RETs on overall Lithography CoO and on the cost per modern semiconductor wafer, which appears to be around $10/ RET level for a high-volume ASIC case.
Automated processing of fluorescence in-situ hybridization slides for HER2 testing in breast and gastro-esophageal carcinomas.

Abstract Background HER2 fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) is used in breast and gastro-esophageal carcinoma for determining HER2 gene amplification and patients' eligibility for HER2 targeted therapeutics. Traditional manual processing of the FISH slides is labor intensive because of multiple steps that require hands on manipulation of the slides and specifically timed intervals between steps. This highly manual processing also introduces inter-run and inter-operator variability that may affect the quality of the FISH result. Therefore, we sought to incorporate an automated processing instrument into our FISH workflow. Methods Twenty-six cases including breast (20) and gastro-esophageal (6) cancer comprising 23 biopsies and three excision specimens were tested for HER2 FISH (Pathvysion, Abbott) using the Thermobrite Elite (TBE) system (Leica). Up to 12 slides can be run simultaneously. All cases were previously tested by the Pathvysion HER2 FISH assay with manual preparation. Twenty cells were counted by two observers for each case; five cases were tested on three separate runs by different operators to evaluate the precision and inter-operator variability. Results There was 100% concordance in the scoring between the manual and TBE methods as well as among the five cases that were tested on three runs. Only one case failed due to poor probe hybridization. In total, seven cases were positive for HER2 amplification (HER2:CEP17 ratio > 2.2) and the remaining 19 were negative (HER2:CEP17 ratio Conclusion The TBE is a walk away pre- and post-hybridization system that automates FISH slide processing, improves work flow and consistency and saves approximately 3.5 h of technologist time. The instrument has a small footprint thus occupying minimal counter space. TBE processed slides performed exceptionally well in comparison to the manual technique with no disagreement in HER2 amplification status.
Ancient Babylonian algorithms

The early origins of mathematics are discussed, emphasizing those aspects which seem to be of greatest interest from the standpoint of computer science. A number of old Babylonian tablets, many of which have never before been translated into English, are quoted.
Regenerative amplification of 30-fs pulses in Ti:sapphire at 5 kHz.

18-fs pulses from a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser are amplified to 60 μJ of energy at 4.9 kHz with chirped-pulse amplification in a Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier. After recompression, 30–35-fs, near-transform-limited pulses are obtained.
The Effect of Selected Minerals on the Acid-Base Balance of Growing Chicks

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the relative acidogenicities of dietary supplements of the anions, chloride, sulfate, and monohydrogen phosphate (HPO4−2) in diets of young Leghorn chicks. Chloride supplements ranged from 40 to 240 meq/kg, sulfate ranged from 100 to 240 meq/kg, and monohydrogen phosphate ranged from 120 to 240 meq/kg of diet. Anions were substituted on a charge-equivalent basis for dietary carbonate (CO3–2) at 7 to 10 days of age, and blood samples were taken for measurement of blood hydrogen ion concentration, carbon dioxide tension, and bicarbonate concentration (calculated) on the 1st day and after several (usually 8) days of experiment. The effects of anions on acid-base balance were evident on the 1st day and generally persisted for the duration of experiments. Chloride consistently depressed blood pH and blood bicarbonate concentration. Sulfate was acidogenic, but less so than chloride, whereas monohydrogen phosphate did not affect blood measures of acid-base balance.
Acetylcholine in differential diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal tachycardia.

Abstract 1. 1. Increasing doses of acetylcholine hydrochloride were given intravenously to 27 patients with paroxysmal tachycardia. Each dose was given in a volume of 1.0 ml. injected rapidly into the tube of an infusion of 5 per cent glucose, providing uniform “bolus effect.” This method also avoided hydrolysis by cholinesterases incident to barbotage. 2. 2. In 8 of 11 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia the episodes were promptly terminated and did not recur. Side reactions were mild or absent. 3. 3. Fourteen patients with paroxysmal auricular flutter with rapid ventricular rate were treated. In none were the episodes terminated without recurrence. However, in all cases there were transitory alterations in A-V conduction which sometimes clarified the diagnosis of the mechanism. In 5 patients with flutter and bundle branch block the important possibility of ventricular tachycardia was excluded when the F waves were revealed during the momentary A-V block.
Surgical Treatment of Aneurysms of the Descending Thoracic Aorta: An Analysis of 85 Patients

We have reviewed our experience with resection of 85 aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta during a ten-and-one-half year interval ending in June, 1980. There were 39 arteriosclerotic aneurysms, 35 aneurysms associated with chronic aortic dissection, and 11 posttraumatic aneurysms. During repair, a temporary shunt was used in 56 patients (66%), partial (venoarterial) cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in 19 patients (22%), and simple aortic cross-clamping in 10 patients (12%). Hospital mortality was 11.8%, and was unrelated to the type of aneurysm or operative method. Spinal cord injury developed in 3 of the 83 patients surviving operation (3.6%), and occurred once with each of the three operative methods. Among the 82 operative survivors without preoperative renal failure, postoperative renal failure requiring hemodialysis occurred in 2 of the 10 patients who had simple aortic cross-clamping (20%), 2 of the 54 who had a shunt (3.7%), and in none of the 18 who underwent partial CPB (p = 0.049). Postoperative renal dysfunction (a rise in the preoperative blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels of 50% or more) occurred in 27 of the 53 patients (51%) who had preoperative and postoperative determinations. Age, intraoperative hypotension, and the use of simple aortic cross-clamping were significant (p less than 0.05) independent predictors of postoperative renal dysfunction. Intraoperative blood loss and the incidence of reoperation for bleeding did not differ significantly among the three operative methods. We conclude that the aneurysm resection technique and the development of intraoperative hypotension have an important effect on postoperative renal function. Partial CPB may represent the optimal method for preservation of renal function, and may also be the method of choice for elderly patients with preexisting renal dysfunction.
Sex Differences in Color Naming

In an unrestrained-choice color-naming task 26 males and 29 females responded to 21 colored chips from the Farnsworth-Munsell series. The females provided a significantly greater number of different color names for the chips than did the males. The data also showed that the leisure activities of the females were more color-dependent than those of the males. It is suggested that the observed sex differences in color-naming performance are learned differences in the expression of color appreciation.
Moderators and mediators of pro-social spending and well-being: The influence of values and psychological need satisfaction

Abstract Pro-social spending is associated with greater happiness than spending money on oneself ( Dunn, Aknin, & Norton, 2008 ). However, research has yet to identify who is most likely to benefit from spending money on others, and why pro-social spending leads to greater happiness. The current study had two goals: (a) to examine whether values moderate the relation between pro-social spending and happiness, and (b) to test if psychological need satisfaction mediates this link. First, there was support for our interaction hypothesis. We found the positive relation between pro-social spending and happiness was only significant for individuals higher, and not those lower, on self-transcendence values (i.e., a concern for persons and entities outside of the individual). Additionally, the link from pro-social spending to happiness was mediated by psychological need satisfaction only for individuals higher on self-transcendence. We discuss why individuals who do not endorse a value system that emphasizes a concern for others experience no increased happiness from increased pro-social spending.
Personal influence and pre-industrial United States: An early relationship model that needs resurgence in U.S. public relations

Abstract The personal influence model of public relations, using one's influence to seek favor with government and other power bases, is seen as most applicable in Asia but also is found elsewhere in the world. Only a few writings have explicitly broached the possibility that the personal influence model is practiced in the United States. Muzi Falconi (2010) argued that U.S. public relations emphasizes persuasion, espoused by Bernays and brought to fruition through one-way messaging. While it is easy to see persuasion as dominating U.S. practice, such observation ignores the prevalence of personal influence through at least 150 years of U.S. society. As early settlers built agrarian communities, interpersonal communication fostered community pride and solidarity. During World War II, Katz and Lazarsfeld identified personal influence as a major element in U.S. communication, overriding the mass media in importance. Even today much public relations activity in the U.S. consists of organizations seeking favor from the power elites. However, with the focus on message control, scholars have overlooked the efforts and effects of personal influence. The purpose of this paper is to identify early evidences of the personal influence model in the U.S. Today, the increasing power of social media and virtual stakeholders renders the persuasion model as somewhat specious. It is time to reexamine the concept of personal influence and the greater promise it holds for returning to what public relations was and should be in the first place—a function for maintaining relationships.
Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy for food analysis

Abstract Recent developments in mid-infrared spectroscopy, particularly Fourier transform methods and sample presentation techniques, have made the investigation of intact food systems feasible. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are possible. The good resolution in the mid-infrared also allows more straightforward quantitation in many systems than would be expected in near-infrared analysis. The technique is likely to have a great deal to offer the food analyst in the future.
Determination of Aluminum in Glass by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Abstract An atomic absorption (AA) method is described for determining both major and minor amounts of aluminum in glass and related materials. The excitation source is a N2O + C2H2 flame, and AA measurements are taken at 309.3 nm. The analyte solution contains 1000 ppm calcium plus 0.07 M HClO4, as a flame buffer, and the only serious interferer that was observed in this system was silicon at the 100 ppm level. However, the silicon is easily removed by a preliminary treatment with HF. The method was applied to four NBS samples and the aluminum results agreed well with the certified values. Also, good agreement was found between the AA and titrimetric values for aluminum in some other glasses.
Development of the neutron phase contrast imaging technique and its application in material science research

ABSTRACT The neutron interferometry technique provides direct access to phase of the neutron wave. If properly applied, the use ofphase information in imaging materials can provide an advantage over normal intensity techniques, which use absorption toprovide image contrast. The National Institute of Standards and Technology Neutron Interferometry and Optics Facility hasbeen working on new methods and devices to exploit the neutron phase information to image materials. We will present herethe latest results ofthis effort and an overview ofthe instruments available at NIST for Neutron Phase Contrast Imaging.Keywords: neutron imaging, phase contrast imaging, neutron interferometry 1. INTRODUCTION The non-destructive imaging methods of neutron radiography and tomography have been applied to numerous problemsinvolving the imaging of materials'. These methods rely on relative changes in the intensity of the scattered beam, due toabsorption and scattering in the imaging material. In some materials this change in intensity is too low to produce significantcontrast between components in the sample which is being imaged. In such cases it might be possible to use the phase of thecoherently scattered wave to greatly enhance the contrast in the sample. Other authors have used both neutrons35, and x-rays9, to image materials with phase contrast techniques.Here we are interested in how the neutron wave is phase shifted by materials. Neutrons passing through matter can bescattered coherently and incoherently as well as absorbed. Generally the macroscopic manifestation of this process may bedescribed by a complex index ofrefraction46 given by,n =
Androgen receptors in the brain of neonatal normal male and androgen insensitive rats.

Abstract Androgen binding was investigated in the cytosol of brains from neonatal normal and tfm rats using sucrose gradient and charcoal assay. The neonatal normal rat brain contains androgen receptors which sediment at 8S in a sucrose gradient at low ionic strength and at 4S in the presence of 0.5M KCl. These receptors have a high affinity (Kd = 1.2 × 10 −9 M) for dihydrotestosterone (DHT), with a binding capacity of 7.3 × 10 −15 moles/mg cytosol protein. By contrast, there is very little, if any, high affinity androgen receptors in the neonatal tfm rat brain. Apparently, metabolism of testosterone does not affect androgen binding in the neonatal rat brain. The presence of these receptors and the occurrence of aromatization in the brain of neonatal rats are discussed in relation to their possible roles in sexual differentiation of the brain.
Inspiring electrical engineering students through fully-engaged hands-on learning

Hands-on learning has proven to be very effective in motivating electrical engineering students to study foundation courses. The advent of student-owned, functionally robust, portable test and measurement equipment, now offers fertile ground for developing innovative pedagogy to more fully engage and inspire students. In this paper we discuss two examples of how student-owned test and measurement instrumentation is impacting the electrical engineering curriculum at RIT: in a Freshman Practicum course with a flipped lab and in a Certificate Program in Mechatronics to enable the required laboratory content to be delivered online.
Adherence to Occlusion Therapy in the First Six Months of Follow-Up and Visual Acuity among Participants in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS)

The Infant Aphakia Treatment Study Group Administrative Units and Participating Clinical Centers Clinical Coordinating Center (Emory University): Scott R. Lambert MD (Study Chair), Lindreth DuBois MEd, MMSc (National Coordinator) Data Coordinating Center (Emory University): Michael Lynn MS (Director), Betsy Bridgman, Marianne Celano PhD, Julia Cleveland MSPH, George Cotsonis MS, Carolyn Drews-Botsch PhD, Nana Freret MSN, Lu Lu MS, Azhar Nizam MS, Seegar Swanson, Thandeka Tutu-Gxashe MPH Visual Acuity Testing Center (University of Alabama, Birmingham): E. Eugenie Hartmann PhD (Director), Clara Edwards, Claudio Busettini PhD, Samuel Hayley Steering Committee: Scott R. Lambert MD, Edward G. Buckley MD, David A. Plager MD, M. Edward Wilson MD, Michael Lynn MS, Lindreth DuBois MEd, MMSc, Carolyn Drews-Botsch PhD, E. Eugenie Hartmann PhD, Donald F. Everett MA Contact Lens Committee: Buddy Russell COMT, Michael Ward MMSc Participating Clinical Centers (In order by the number of patients enrolled): Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston, South Carolina (14): M. Edward Wilson MD, Margaret Bozic CCRC, COA Harvard University; Boston, Massachusetts (14): Deborah K. VanderVeen MD, Theresa A. Mansfield RN, Kathryn Bisceglia Miller OD University of Minnesota; Minneapolis, Minnesota (13): Stephen P. Christiansen MD, Erick D. Bothun MD, Ann Holleschau, Jason Jedlicka OD, Patricia Winters OD Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, Ohio (10): Elias I. Traboulsi MD, Susan Crowe BS, COT, Heather Hasley Cimino OD Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, Texas (10): Kimberly G. Yen MD, Maria Castanes MPH, Alma Sanchez COA, Shirley York Oregon Health and Science University; Portland, Oregon (9): David T. Wheeler MD, Ann U. Stout MD, Paula Rauch OT, CRC, Kimberly Beaudet CO, COMT, Pam Berg CO, COMT Emory University; Atlanta, Georgia (9): Scott R. Lambert MD, Amy K. Hutchinson MD, Lindreth DuBois MEd, MMSc, Rachel Robb MMSc, Marla J. Shainberg CO Duke University; Durham, North Carolina (8): Edward G. Buckley MD, Sharon F. Freedman MD, Lois Duncan, B.W. Phillips, FCLSA, John T. Petrowski, OD Vanderbilt University: Nashville, Tennessee (8): David Morrison MD, Sandy Owings COA, CCRP, Ron Biernacki CO, COMT, Christine Franklin COT Indiana University (7): David A. Plager MD, Daniel E. Neely MD, Michele Whitaker COT, Donna Bates COA, Dana Donaldson OD Miami Children's Hospital (6): Stacey Kruger MD, Charlotte Tibi CO, Susan Vega University of Texas Southwestern; Dallas, Texas (6): David R. Weakley MD, David R. Stager, Jr., Joost Felius PhD, Clare Dias CO, Debra L. Sager, Todd Brantley OD Data and Safety Monitoring Committee: Robert Hardy PhD (Chair), Eileen Birch PhD, Ken Cheng MD, Richard Hertle MD, Craig Kollman PhD, Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp MD, (resigned), Cyd McDowell, Donald F. Everett MA Medical Safety Monitor: Allen Beck MD
Ownership structure and the quality of medical care: evidence from the dialysis industry

Abstract Quality-of-care issues in the US dialysis industry have led to proposals to proscribe physician ownership of these facilities. The logic behind this approach relates to a profits/quality tradeoff created by the existing reimbursement structure. Given that tradeoff, separating ownership from quality-of-care decision making ostensibly could improve performance. Our empirical results, however, do not support that expectation. We find that, within the for-profit sector, physician-owned clinics deliver significantly higher quality-of-care than their corporate-owned counterparts. No significant difference was found between physician-owned for-profit and not-for-profit clinics.
Polysynthetically-Twinned Structures of Enstatite and Wollastonite

Crystal structures of clinoenstatite, orthoenstatite, wollastonite-1T and wollastonite-2M (parawollastonite) were refined to an R factor 3–4 percent level. Molar volumes at room temperature are 31.270(15), 31.315(8), 39.842(5) and 39.901(10) cm3/MSiO3, in the above-mentioned order, indicating that one-layer polytypes (clinoenstatite and wollastonite-1T) are stable at higher pressures than two-layer polytypes (orthoenstatite and wollastonite-2M). The polytypic relation of the enstatite polytypes can be described by four twinning operations — b glide ∥ to (110), a glide ∥ to (001), twofold screw axis ∥ to a (of orthoenstatite) and a twofold screw axis ∥ to c. For the wollastonite polytypes, twinning operations are twofold screw axis ∥ to b and a glide ∥ to (010). Structural adjustments after twinning are not necessarily the largest at the twin boundary (true in enstatite but not so in wollastonite). In both cases octahedral sites that involve bridging oxygens tend to show relatively large changes. Lattice strain ellipsoids associated with twinning are also different for enstatite and wollastonite, which implies that wollastonite may react differently from enstatite to non-hydrostatic pressure.
Responsive Teaching Toward Responsive Teachers: Mediating Transfer through Intentionality, Enactment, and Articulation

Using a framework for responsive teaching as the theoretical foundation, this study examines ways teacher educators mediate teachers' transfer of responsive teaching. Guided by Bransford & Schwartz (1999) in defining transfer as preparation for future learning, our research explored teachers' transfer of learning as the teachers developed self-extending systems (Clay, 1991, 2001) as responsive literacy specialists. The intensive teaching of one student and the accompanying instructional tools used in the Literacy Lab fostered the development of responsive teaching in a variety of ways. Primary data sources included videotaped lessons, community conversations, and reflective essays. Analysis of the data revealed three elements that mediated transfer: intentionality, enactment, and articulation. Since transfer of responsive teaching does not happen automatically for all teachers, this study discusses the centrality of intentionally creating a range of spaces to enact and articulate transfer.
Describing the design contributors to mode error

Although mode error has attracted a great deal of recent interest from those involved with complex systems, the design factors that contribute to this problems are not well understood. We provide an introduction to a modeling framework we use to describe complex, multi modal human machine systems. The modeling approach is based on the statechart formalism, which is an extension of the finite state machine formalism to allow representation of concurrency, hierarchy, default transitions, and broadcast of parameter information. After having used this approach to model a number of human machine systems known to create mode control problems for the operator, we have identified a number of system design features that contribute to mode error.
High Frequency Trading with Speed Hierarchies

Traders differ in speed and their speed differences matter. I model strategic interactions induced when high frequency traders (HFTs) have different speeds in an extended Kyle (1985) framework. HFTs are assumed to anticipate incoming orders and trade rapidly to exploit normal-speed traders' latencies. Upon observing a common noisy signal about the incoming order flow, faster HFTs react more quickly than slower HFTs. I find that these front-running HFTs effectively levy a speed tax on normal-speed traders, making markets less liquid and prices ultimately less informative. Even when infinitely many HFTs compete, in general their negative effects on market quality persist and such effects are more severe when HFTs have more heterogeneous speeds. I analyze policy proposals concerning HFTs and find that (1) lowering the frequency of periodic uniform price auctions reduces the negative impact of HFTs on market quality and (2) randomizing the sequence of order execution can degrade market quality when the randomizing interval is short. Consistent with empirical findings, a small number of HFTs can generate a large fraction of the trading volume and HFTs' profits depend on their speeds relative to other HFTs.
Detection of left anterior descending coronary artery disease in patients with left bundle branch block.

Abstract The detection of coronary artery disease is difficult if a patient has electrocardiographic evidence of left bundle branch block (BBB). Septal blood flow may be reduced in patients with left BBB, despite no angiographic evidence of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery disease. We have developed a new method of quantification of Thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) images with the aim of better separating patients with left BBB and LAD disease from those with left BBB alone. The study cohort comprised 8 normal subjects (group I) and 20 patients with left BBB and chest pain who underwent thallium-201 SPECT imaging and coronary angiography. Eight patients (group II) had ≤50% LAD stenosis, and 12 (group III) had ≥70% LAD stenosis. Septal abnormality scores on the second short-axis slice from the base were computed, based on comparison of each subject's short-axis circumferential profile with a normal reference curve. This followed a procedure in which each profile was scaled to minimize differences in its absolute level in relation to the reference curve. Septal abnormality scores on stress images were 0.8 ± 22 for group I, 27 ± 43 for group II, and 165 ± 67 for group III (p = 0.15 for group I vs II, and p
Effect of mechanical factors on the function of engineered human blood microvessels in microfluidic collagen gels

This work examines how mechanical signals affect the barrier function and stability of engineered human microvessels in microfluidic type I collagen gels. Constructs that were exposed to chronic low flow displayed high permeabilities to bovine serum albumin and 10 kDa dextran, numerous focal leaks, low size selectivity, and short lifespan of less than one week. Higher flows promoted barrier function and increased longevity; at the highest flows, the barrier function rivaled that observed in vivo, and all vessels survived to day 14. By studying the physiology of microvessels of different geometries, we established that shear stress and transmural pressure were the dominant mechanical signals that regulated barrier function and vascular stability, respectively. In microvessels that were exposed to high flow, elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP further increased the selectivity of the barrier and strongly suppressed cell proliferation. Computational models that incorporated stress dependence successfully predicted vascular phenotype. Our results indicate that the mechanical microenvironment plays a major role in the functionality and stability of engineered human microvessels in microfluidic collagen gels.