cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromium transport by solid state diffusion on solid oxide fuel cell cathode

Abstract Iron–chromium ferritic stainless steel is widely used in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) components. At 650–800 °C, stainless steels form a protective chromia oxide scale. This low conductivity catalytic compound can degrade SOFC cathode performance. The migration of Cr species onto the cathode occurs through vapor transport and/or solid state diffusion, and electrochemical reactions may affect the migration. It is important to understand the relative Cr transport and reaction rates to evaluate the most viable commercially available cathode material. This study characterizes the migration of Cr species through solid state diffusion and vapor deposition. Chromia blocks and chromia-forming stainless steel interconnects were held in contact with LSM (Lanthanum Strontium Manganese Oxide), LSCF (Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite) and LNF (Lanthanum Nickel Ferrite) perovskite pellets in Cr-saturated air at 700 °C for 300 h. XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) and Ion Milling by FIB (Focused Ion Beam) were used to detect Cr on and within the perovskite pellets. Cr transport and reaction on LSCF is the most severe, followed by LSM. Cr transport is observed on LNF, but without noticeable reaction.
On the Focusing of Sunlight by Ocean Waves

A common optical phenomenon observed in shallow water is the presence of bright lines or bands of light moving across the sea bottom at surface-wave velocity. It is shown that these regions of increased intensity are mainly produced by the refraction of sunlight at the wavy surface. The depth at which intensity peaks reach a maximum is shown to be a function of the wave shape, trochoidal or sinusoidal, and the wave dimensions. This depth increases as the wave becomes longer and flatter. Intensity peaks of up to six times the average intensity level are predicted to be theoretically possible.
Reasons for framing effects.

Abstract The term "framing effect" refers to the finding that subjects often respond differently to different descriptions of the same problem. An important question about framing effects is whether subjects can recognize the equivalence of the two problems if asked to directly compare them. In two experiments, subjects were first presented with framing problems and then were asked to directly compare the two versions and state whether they thought these should be treated the same. In Experiment 1, subjects gave brief justifications for their answers. They often provided sensible justifications for why the two situations should be treated differently. Experiment 2 showed that different types of framing effects (e.g., loss/gain, sunk cost) varied with respect to whether subjects agreed that the two versions should be treated the same. These results have implications for both normative and descriptive models of decision making.
CULTURALLY‐FOCUSED BATTERER COUNSELING FOR AFRICAN‐AMERICAN MEN*

Research Summary: Clinicians and researchers have strongly recommended culturally-focused counseling with African-American men arrested for domestic violence. An experimental clinical trial tested the effectiveness of this approach against conventional cognitive-behavioral counseling in all-African-American groups and in racially-mixed groups (N = 501). No significant difference was found in the reassault rate reported by the men's female partners over a 12-month follow-up period (23% overall). During that period, men in the racially-mixed groups were, moreover, half as likely to be rearrested for domestic violence as the men in the culturally-focused groups. The men's level of racial identification did not significantly affect the outcomes of the counseling options. Policy Implications: Simply adding a culturally-focused counseling group to domestic violence programs does not seem in itself to improve outcomes. In the current study, the culturally-focused counseling was an appendage to an existing agency closely linked to the criminal justice system. Culturally-focused counseling may prove to be more effective within community-based organizations tied to local services and supports.
Iterating Analytic Self-Maps of Discs

(1981). Iterating Analytic Self-Maps of Discs. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 88, No. 6, pp. 396-407.
Efficiency of a laterally engineered architecture for photovoltaics

An array of photovoltaic (PV) cells is proposed for use in conjunction with a diffractive optical element as an economical and efficient approach to terrestrial photovoltaics. In this work, the sensitivity of the array efficiency to the distribution of the incident spectrum over the cells is discussed. Optimal distributions are specified for 2-, 3-, and 4-segment partitions of the incident spectrum using a detailed balance analysis. Maximum efficiencies for lateral arrays of 2, 3 and 4 cells are found by the same means. At 1 sun, these are 42.7%, 48.4% and 52.0%, respectively. At 100 suns they increase to 48.6%, 54.8% and 59.1%. The sensitivity of the efficiency of an optimal array to spectral variation is discussed. Electrical isolation of cells using power electronics circuitry is found to yield an efficiency gain of at least 27.3% over the series connection of cells in the array.
Cutaneous immunofluorescence in dermatomyositis.

ABSTRACT: Seven patients with dermatomyositis who displayed severe skin and muscle disease, and in whom coexistent systemic lupus erythematosus (LE) was excluded, were evaluated by direct immunofluorescent biopsies of skin lesions. Specimens from six showed deposits of immunoglobulins and complement in small to moderate amounts at the dermal-epidermal junction zone. These deposits were usually in the form of focal granular accumulations which lacked continuity and were not well developed as are those seen in LE, or fluorescent subepidermal hyaline bodies. One patient, however, had a more well developed hand of immunoglobulins at the dermal-epidermal junction. All normal skin specimens in these patients were negative by immunofluorescence. These findings were helpful in clarifying differences in cutaneous immunofluorescence between dermatomyositis and LE, indicating that dermatomyositis specimens can usually be differentiated from those of LE patients. but demonstrating the possibility that confusion might rarely occur in interpreting a lesional immunofluorescent biopsy in dermatomyositis.
Regulation of transendothelial neutrophil migration by endogenous interleukin-8

Movement of neutrophils from the bloodstream to inflamed tissue depends on the activation of both the neutrophil and the endothelial cell. Endothelial cells lining the postcapillary venule respond to proinflammatory mediators by expressing adhesion molecules and synthesizing a variety of neutrophil-activating factors. Endothelial cell production of a 77-amino acid variant of interleukin-8 (IL-8) was found to be a requirement for the invasion of neutrophils through a vessel wall model. IL-8 secreted by cytokine- or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated endothelial cells induced the rapid shedding of neutrophil lectin adhesion molecule-1, the up-regulation of leukocyte beta 2 integrins, and the attachment and transmigration of the neutrophils. Thus, endogenous endothelial IL-8 regulates transvenular traffic during acute inflammatory responses.
LONG-TERM REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT IN WESTERN GULLS: CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERNATE TACTICS IN DIET CHOICE

Numerous studies reveal strong, positive skews in long-term breeding performance among free-living animals, yet few studies explore the mechanisms underlying such variation. We examine the results of a 12-yr study of a population of Western Gulls, Larus occidentalis. Of 112 pairs for which we have either long-term (≥5 yr) or lifetime reproductive output, 44% bred for only a single year, and an additional 25% bred for only 2–3 yr. A few pairs bred successfully for 6 –12 yr and showed higher average clutch size, hatching success, and fledging success within any single season than did less successful breeders. The principal trait influencing both survival and reproduction was individual diet, which consisted of a mix of human refuse and fish. A strong, positive relationship existed among the amount of fish taken, breeding life-span, and reproductive performance. Birds with short life-spans took little or no fish on an annual basis. Birds with breeding life-spans >10 yr and high breeding success took >60% fis...
On the Value of Words: Inflation and Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes

To maintain price and exchange rate stability, many emerging market and developing countries (EMDCs) de facto peg their exchange rates, intervening in the foreign exchange markets, but without formally committing to a peg. But in doing so, are they foregoing important benefits in terms of lower inflation? We argue that the de jure commitment, by making exit more costly, imparts greater credibility, which better anchors inflationary expectations, thereby leading to lower inflation than de facto pegging alone. Our empirical analysis, based on a novel data set of IMF de jure and de facto exchange rate regime classifications for 146 EMDCs over 1980–2010, finds that inflation is indeed lower—especially in emerging markets—by some 4 percentage points when the central bank both de jure commits and de facto pegs the exchange rate than when it de facto pegs alone. Thus, analogous to inflation targeting, where the formal commitment to the framework is thought to help anchor inflationary expectations, the de jure commitment to the peg may also be important to reap the full price-stability benefits of pegs.
Brx Mediates the Response of Lymphocytes to Osmotic Stress Through the Activation of NFAT5

Extracellular hyperosmolarity, or osmotic stress, generally caused by differences in salt and macromolecule concentrations across the plasma membrane, occurs in lymphoid organs and at inflammatory sites. The response of immune cells to osmotic stress is regulated by nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5), a transcription factor that induces the expression of hyperosmolarity-responsive genes and stimulates cytokine production. We report that the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Brx [also known as protein kinase A-anchoring protein 13 (AKAP13)] is essential for the expression of nfat5 in response to osmotic stress, thus transmitting the extracellular hyperosmolarity signal and enabling differentiation of splenic B cells and production of immunoglobulin. This process required the activity of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NFAT5 and involved a physical interaction between Brx and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-interacting protein 4 (JIP4), a scaffold molecule specific to activation of the p38 MAPK cascade. Our results indicate that Brx integrates the responses of immune cells to osmotic stress and inflammation by elevating intracellular osmolarity and stimulating the production of cytokines.
Opposing effects of phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate with Mg(2+) on the conformational stability and dimerization of phosphotransferase enzyme I from Escherichia coli.

The activity of enzyme I (EI), the first protein in the bacterial PEP:sugar phosphotransferase system, is regulated by a monomer-dimer equilibrium where a Mg2+-dependent autophosphorylation by PEP requires the homodimer. Using inactive EI(H189A), in which alanine is substituted for the active-site His189, substrate-binding effects can be separated from those of phosphorylation. Whereas 1 mM PEP (with 2 mM Mg2+) strongly promotes dimerization of EI(H189A) at pH 7.5 and 20°C, 5 mM pyruvate (with 2 mM Mg2+) has the opposite effect. A correlation between the coupling of N- and C-terminal domain unfolding, measured by differential scanning calorimetry, and the dimerization constant for EI, determined by sedimentation equilibrium, is observed. That is, when the coupling between N- and C-terminal domain unfolding produced by 0.2 or 1.0 mM PEP and 2 mM Mg2+ is inhibited by 5 mM pyruvate, the dimerization constant for EI(H189A) decreases from > 108 to < 5 × 105 or 3 × 107 M−1, respectively. Incubation of the wild-type, dephospho-enzyme I with the transition-state analog phosphonopyruvate and 2 mM Mg2+ also increases domain coupling and the dimerization constant ∼42-fold. With 2 mM Mg2+ at 15–25°C and pH 7.5, PEP has been found to bind to one site/monomer of EI(H189A) with KA′ ≈ 106 M−1 (ΔG′ = −8.05 ± 0.05 kcal/mole and ΔH = +3.9 kcal/mole at 20°C); ΔCp = −0.33 kcal K−1 mole−1. The binding of PEP to EI(H189A) is synergistic with that of Mg2+. Thus, physiological concentrations of PEP and Mg2+ increase, whereas pyruvate and Mg2+ decrease the amount of dimeric, active, dephospho-enzyme I.
Multicentric Castleman disease: viral and cellular targets for intervention

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is now the most common malignancy in much of sub–Saharan Africa, due to widespread infection with KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus 8) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Two rarer but nonetheless serious neoplasms, primary effusion lymphoma (
Caught Between Agendas: GPRA, Devolution, and Politics

Abstract Despite the optimism that has surrounded the performance movement, there are signals that these expectations are not easy to achieve. This paper focuses on performance activities within the federal government and the accountability concerns that have been attached to the federal‐level Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA). It highlights the special problems that are raised in an environment in which federal programs are devolved to state and local government. It reviews the context from which this reform effort has emerged, the constraints surrounding it, highlights several problems in federal performance activities, and suggests an alternative approach to performance instead of GPRA.1–3
Investigation of THz for possible use in medical ultrasound technique

We investigate possible use of terahertz (THz) waves for medical ultrasound technique that can produce enhanced contrast and resolution for achieving high quality and accuracy of biological tissues and human organs imaging for medical applications. The use of THz is particularly suited for this application since THz waves radiate in tiny beams that can focus high energy into micro tissues to produce large thermal-induced acoustic waves needed for enhanced ultrasound imaging. The ability of confining radiation into tiny spots also makes THz well suited for certain technologies such as endoscopic ultrasound to improve minimally invasive diagnostic medical procedures. We present two possible systems for imaging biological samples and human body using a single source (or transmitter) that can generate THz waves at different frequencies concurrently along with multiple acoustic transducers and multiple antennas.
Illegal Whaling for Humpbacks by the Soviet Union in the Antarctic, 1947-1972

This article presents an analysis of the Soviet Union's whaling for humpbacks in the Antarctic in the 1950s and 1960s, which violated regulations set by the International Whaling Commission (IWC). ...
Chronic exposure to alcohol during development alters the calcium currents of cultured cerebellar Purkinje neurons

Abstract The effect of chronic exposure to alcohol during development on the calcium currents of rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons was studied in a culture model system using voltage clamp techniques. The neurons were exposed to 30 mM alcohol (ethanol) during the main period of morphological and physiological development. The calcium currents were measured at the end of the treatment period, which lasted for 8–10 days. The currents were evoked by a series of depolarizing test commands from holding potentials of −62 mV and −90 mV. The evoked currents were qualitatively similar in control and alcohol-treated neurons and were comprised of a high threshold slowly inactivating calcium current and a low threshold rapidly inactivating calcium current. The low threshold current could be observed in isolation at test potentials ranging from −50 to − 30 mV. The mean peak amplitude of this current was significantly smaller in the alcohol-treated neurons compared to controls. At more depolarized test potentials, the high threshold current dominated the current response, which was characterized by an initial peak that slowly declined to a smaller relatively sustained level. The mean amplitude of the high threshold current at both peak and sustained levels was significantly larger in the alcohol-treated neurons compared to controls. Measurement of cell size indicated that alcohol-treated neurons were approximately 25% smaller than control neurons, a difference that could contribute to the smaller low threshold current observed in these neurons. These data show that chronic exposure to alcohol during the development can significantly influence the amplitude of calcium currents of the cultured Purkinje neurons. Alterations of these currents by alcohol could have multiple effects on the developing Purkinje neurons and may contribute to the structural and functional changes observed in animal models of fetal alcohol syndrome.
Experimental Simulation of Contaminant Deposition on a Film Cooled Turbine Airfoil Leading Edge

A significant challenge of utilizing coal-derived synthetic fuels for gas turbine engines is mitigating the adverse effects of fuel-born contaminant depositions on film cooled turbine surfaces. A new experimental technique has been developed that simulates the key physical, but not the chemical, aspects of coal ash deposition on film cooled turbine airfoil leading edges in order to better understand the interaction between film cooling and deposition and to produce improved film cooling designs. In this large-scale wind tunnel facility, the depositing contaminants were simulated by atomized molten wax droplets sized to match the Stokes numbers of coal ash particles in the engine conditions. The sticking mechanism of the molten contaminants to the turbine surfaces was simulated by ensuring the wax droplets remained somewhat molten when they arrived at the cooled model surface. The model and wax deposits had thermal conductivities such that they matched the Biot numbers of clean and fouled turbine airfoils at engine conditions. The behavior of the deposition growth was controlled by adjusting the mainstream, coolant, and wax solidification temperatures. Simulated depositions were created for a range of test durations, film cooling blowing ratios, and controlling temperatures. Inspection of the resulting depositions revealed aspects of the flow field that augment and suppress deposition. Deposition thickness was found to increase in time until a quasi-steady thickness was attained. Blowing ratio and the difference between mainstream and wax solidification temperatures strongly affected characteristics of the depositions. Model surface temperatures greatly reduced under the depositions as they developed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
LEAST-SQUARES FINITE ELEMENTS FOR FLUID FLOW AND TRANSPORT

SUMMARY The least-squares mixed finite element method is concisely described and supporting error estimates and computational results for linear elliptic (steady diffusion) problems are briefly summarized. The extension to the stationary Navier‐Stokes problems for Newtonian, generalized Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids is then considered. Results of numerical studies are presented for the driven cavity problem and for a stick‐slip problem. # 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, 27: 97‐107 (1998)
Assessment of Postpartum Depressive Symptoms The Importance of Somatic Symptoms and Irritability

Assessing postpartum depressive symptoms is complicated by the fact that irritability, fatigue, insomnia, and appetite disruptions are also related to normative aspects of the childbearing process. We used multigroup confirmatory factor analysis to compare symptoms in 271 postpartum women with those of 820 non-postpartum women. We found that (a) irritability, insomnia, fatigue, and appetite loss were substantially associated with depressed mood among postpartum women whereas increased appetite was not; (b) irritability, insomnia, fatigue, and appetite changes were as strongly related to depression among postpartum women as they were among non-postpartum women; and (c) after controlling for overall depressed mood, postpartum women reported more irritability, insomnia, and appetite loss than the non-postpartum women. Irritability, fatigue, insomnia, and appetite loss are valid indicators and should be used to measure postpartum depressive symptoms. However, scores on these symptoms should be adjusted downward to account for their higher baseline rates in the postpartum population.
Carbuncle phenomenon: On upwind schemes in multidimensions

Abstract The purpose of this note is to provide some insight on and a cure to the well-known ‘carbuncle phenomenon’. The usual dimension by dimension extension of upwind schemes designed for the one-dimensional equations of gas dynamics to the multidimensional equations yields poorly resolved stationary (or slowly moving) shocks when applied to high Mach number grid aligned flows on structured grids. We suggest that this phenomenon is due to inadequate crossflow dissipation offered by the usual approach. Here, we propose a parameter-free and easy to implement multidimensional, upwind dissipation that provides sufficient crossflow dissipation to alleviate the carbuncle pathology. The proposed approach also retains the desirable properties offered by one-dimensional upwinding. Two numerical examples are considered for the purpose of comparison.
Social Justice at the Microlevel: Working With Clients' Prejudices

Social justice is considered the 5th force in counseling and has largely been aimed toward advocating for oppressed individuals and groups by creating change in the societal structures that maintain oppression. However, there is a lack of information for counselors who work with clients who oppress others. This article addresses assessment, conceptualization, and ethical considerations when White clients express racial prejudices in counseling and how it aligns with the goals of social justice. La justicia social esta considerada como la 5a fuerza en la consejeria y ha sido dirigida hacia la defensoria de individuos y grupos oprimidos, creando cambios en las estructuras sociales que mantienen la opresion. Sin embargo, hay una carencia de informacion para consejeros que trabajan con clientes que oprimen a otros. Este articulo trata de la evaluacion, conceptualizacion y consideraciones eticas cuando clientes de raza blanca expresan prejuicios raciales durante la consejeria y como esto se alinea con los objetivos de la justicia social.
Investigation of Doppler Features From Wind Turbine Scattering

We examine the Doppler features from wind turbine scattering through a series of model measurements. Both backscattered and forward-scattered data are collected in the laboratory at Ku-band from various wind turbine models undergoing rotation. The tested models include a 1:160 scale model turbine, a three-arm wire model, and a small wind turbine from Bergey Windpower with 2' blades. The findings from the wire turbine model are corroborated by simulations performed using the Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC). Detailed accounts of the physics behind the observed Doppler features due to multiple scattering, near-field effects, and blade-shape effects are reported.
Lineage Tracing for General Data Warehouse Transformations

Data warehousing systems integrate information from operational data sources into a central repository to enable analysis and mining of the integrated information. During the integration process, source data typically undergoes a series of transformations, which may vary from simple algebraic operations or aggregations to complex “data cleansing” procedures. In a warehousing environment, the data lineage problem is that of tracing warehouse data items back to the original source items from which they were derived. We formally define the lineage tracing problem in the presence of general data warehouse transformations, and we present algorithms for lineage tracing in this environment. Our tracing procedures take advantage of known structure or properties of transformations when present, but also work in the absence of such information. Our results can be used as the basis for a lineage tracing tool in a general warehousing setting, and also can guide the design of data warehouses that enable efficient lineage tracing.
Shape-based recognition of 3D point clouds in urban environments

This paper investigates the design of a system for recognizing objects in 3D point clouds of urban environments. The system is decomposed into four steps: locating, segmenting, characterizing, and classifying clusters of 3D points. Specifically, we first cluster nearby points to form a set of potential object locations (with hierarchical clustering). Then, we segment points near those locations into foreground and background sets (with a graph-cut algorithm). Next, we build a feature vector for each point cluster (based on both its shape and its context). Finally, we label the feature vectors using a classifier trained on a set of manually labeled objects. The paper presents several alternative methods for each step. We quantitatively evaluate the system and tradeoffs of different alternatives in a truthed part of a scan of Ottawa that contains approximately 100 million points and 1000 objects of interest. Then, we use this truth data as a training set to recognize objects amidst approximately 1 billion points of the remainder of the Ottawa scan.
Depression, Pain Intensity, and Interference in Acute Spinal Cord Injury

BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of pain and depression in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) is well known. However the link between pain intensity, interference, and depression, particularly in the acute period of injury, has not received sufficient attention in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of depression, pain intensity, and pain interference in individuals undergoing acute inpatient rehabilitation for traumatic SCI. METHODS: Participants completed a survey that included measures of depression (PHQ-9), pain intensity ("right now"), and pain interference (Brief Pain Inventory: general activity, mood, mobility, relations with others, sleep, and enjoyment of life). Demographic and injury characteristics and information about current use of antidepressants and pre-injury binge drinking also were collected. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to test depression models in 3 steps: (1) age, gender, days since injury, injury level, antidepressant use, and pre-injury binge drinking (controlling variables); (2) pain intensity; and (3) pain interference (each tested separately). RESULTS: With one exception, pain interference was the only statistically significant independent variable in each of the final models. Although pain intensity accounted for only 0.2% to 1.2% of the depression variance, pain interference accounted for 13% to 26% of the variance in depression. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that pain intensity alone is insufficient for understanding the relationship of pain and depression in acute SCI. Instead, the ways in which pain interferes with daily life appear to have a much greater bearing on depression than pain intensity alone in the acute setting. Language: en
Quantitative, Fluorogenic Probe PCR Assay for Detection of Human Herpesvirus 8 DNA in Clinical Specimens

A quantitative, fluorescence-based PCR assay (TaqMan-based system) was developed for detection of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) DNA in clinical specimens. Primers and probes chosen from each of five 10-kb segments from the unique region of the HHV-8 genome were evaluated for sensitivity with dilution series of DNA extracted from a cell line (BCBL-1) that harbors HHV-8 DNA. Although several of the primer-probe sets performed similarly with BCBL-1 DNA that had been diluted in water, their performance differed when target DNA was diluted in a constant background of uninfected cell DNA, an environment more relevant to their intended use. The two best primer-probe combinations were specific for HHV-8 relative to the other known human herpesviruses and herpesvirus saimiri, a closely related gammaherpesvirus of nonhuman primates. PCRs included an enzymatic digestion step to eliminate PCR carryover and an exogenous internal positive control that enabled discrimination of false-negative from true-negative reactions. The new assays were compared to conventional PCR assays for clinical specimens (saliva, rectal brushings, rectal swab specimens, peripheral blood lymphocytes, semen, and urine) from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with or without Kaposi's sarcoma. In all instances, the new assays agreed with each other and with the conventional PCR system. In addition, the quantitative results obtained with the new assays were in good agreement both for duplicate reactions in the same assay and between assays.
Linked-Class Problem-Based Learning In Engineering: Method And Evaluation

Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is a problem-centered teaching method with exciting potential in engineering education for motivating and enhancing student learning. Implementation of PBL in engineering education has the potential to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Two common problems are encountered when attempting to integrate PBL into the undergraduate engineering classroom: 1) the large time requirement to complete a significant, useful problem and 2) the ability to determine its impact on students. Engineering, mathematics, and science professors at West Texas A&M University (WTAMU) have overcome the large time commitment associated with implementation of PBL in a single course by integrating small components of the larger project into each of their classes and then linking these components with a culminating experience for all the classes. Most of the engineering students were concurrently enrolled in the engineering, mathematics, and science classes and were therefore participating in all activities related to the project. This linked-class PBL experience addressed course concepts, reinforced connections among the courses, and provided real-world applications for the students. Students viewed the experience as beneficial, increasing their understanding of content and applications in each discipline. This paper provides details about implementation and evaluation of one PBL project and how difficulties in evaluation of the linked-class PBL experiences are being addressed.
Narrative action-nets: An approach to help theorize IT artifacts during process-oriented field studies

This paper examines how combining narrative research methods with an actor-network perspective is valuable for the process-oriented field studies that adopt an ensemble-view of technology. In response to a call by senior IS researchers to theorize the IT artifact, the paper draws on five premises previously identified as a basis for more seriously engaging such artifacts. The paper synthesizes actor-network theory and narrative methodologies to identify four key tenets that are useful for researchers who aim to show how and why information technology matters in our studies. In particular, through the concept of a narrative action-net readers are guided toward a method of operationalizing these five premises in their fieldwork.
Coping With DRGs--a Nursing Home's Experience

The introduction of prospective payment system (PPS) based on diagnostic related groups (DRGs) has had a significant impact on hospitals. To determine the impact of PPS on nursing homes, the authors studied the activity of a Veterans Administration teaching nursing home (admissions, acute hospital transfers, and discharges) during 1 year preceding implementation of DRGs and for 3 consecutive years following implementation of DRGs. In 1983, pre-DRGs, a total of 36 patients, were admitted to the nursing home. Following implementation of DRGs, a sevenfold increase was noted in the number of patients admitted when comparing 1983 and 1986, with the monthly average of patients admitted increasing from 3 in 1983 to 9.7, 22, and 23.8 in 1984, 1985, and 1986, respectively. Associated with the increase in patients admitted following DRGs was an increase in patients requiring transfer to the acute hospital, within 30 days of admission to the nursing home. In 1986, approximately 27% of patients admitted to the nursing home required transfer to the acute hospital within 30 days of their admission. The number of patients discharged from the nursing home also increased following DRGs. None of the patients admitted to the nursing home in 1983 were discharged within 30 days of admission. Subsequent to introduction of DRGs, an average of two patients per month were discharged within 30 days of nursing home admission. The authors conclude that since introduction of DRGs there has been a significant and abrupt increase in the activity of certain nursing homes, with an increase in the number of patients admitted, the number of patients transferred to acute hospitals, and the number of patients discharged. Further studies are necessary to determine if such changes are widespread and to determine the effect of such changes on patient care.
Duty and Justice at “Every Man's Door”: The Grand Jury Charges of Chief Justice John Jay, 1790–1794

“It is the Fortune of few to chuse their Situation—it is the Duty & Interest of all to accommodate themselves to the one which Providence chuses for them.”1 So said John Jay, Chief Justice of the United States. Duty was paramount in the lives of Jay and many of his contemporaries of the founding generation.
The composition, stability, and kinship of reproductive coalitions in a lekking bird

Male vertebrates often form reproductive coalitions to gain access to or defend females. One striking example occurs in the wire-tailed manakin (Pipra filicauda; Aves: Pipridae), where pairs of males form coalitions to display for females on leks. Here, we use data from a long-term study of the wire-tailed manakin to quantify the composition and stability of display coalitions, to examine how coalitions influence behavioral variation, and to determine if males gain indirect genetic benefits from coalition membership. Our data show that coalitions were most often formed between males of different status and that the presence of coalition partners increased a male's display rate via social facilitation. Display coalitions were nonrandom and varied in stability with male age. Moreover, our data suggest that both floaters and territorial males maintain multiple coalition partnerships through time. Maintenance of fixed partnerships for territorial males is hypothesized to have reproductive fitness benefits by increasing display synchronization and signal intensity. Finally, our data show that although males do not appear to gain indirect inclusive fitness benefits by joining display coalitions with relatives, the kin structuring observed within male social networks is likely a consequence of strong reproductive skew, short dispersal distances, and limited recruitment opportunities. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
Identified state-space prediction model for aero-optical wavefronts

A state-space disturbance model and associated prediction filter for aero-optical wavefronts are described. The model is computed by system identification from a sequence of wavefronts measured in an airborne laboratory. Estimates of the statistics and flow velocity of the wavefront data are shown and can be computed from the matrices in the state-space model without returning to the original data. Numerical results compare velocity values and power spectra computed from the identified state-space model with those computed from the aero-optical data.
Capital-Surplus, Labor-Short Economies: Yemen as a Challenge to Rural Development Strategies

If the test of a development model is its capacity to yield strategies that deal effectively with new and different situations, then the Yemen Arab Republic will be a good proving ground for contemporary theoretical approaches to agricultural and rural development. Until the early 1970s Yemen's annual gross national income was less than US$100 per capita; the country had a shortage of capital and a surplus of labor--characteristics shared by many developing countries. Within the last five years, however, employment opportunities in Saudi Arabia have attracted some 40% of Yemen's male labor force, and the remittance of earnings by these workers has increased Yemen's gross national income per capita by a factor of six. Policy makers now face the problem of planning for national development under conditions of capital surplus and labor shortage. There is a growing concern that the dominant models of agricultural and rural development cannot generate strategies responsive to their needs.
Motor Tics, Tourette Syndrome, and Learning Disabilities:

Tics are the most common involuntary movement disorder of childhood. The single, uncomplicated tic is benign and self-limited, requiring no specific treatment. Complex tics lasting more than a year or associated with vocal tics indicate a high likelihood of Tourette syndrome. The majority of children with Tourette syndrome have learning dis-abilities and attentional disorders: a few such patients exhibit academic problems prior to the onset of tics. These individuals may be treated with stimulant drugs, which may precipitate or exacerbate tics. Pharmacotherapy is available for management of tics and attentional deficits. For optimal management of children with Tourette syndrome, educational, psychological, and general supportive measures may be necessary as well.
Endothelial microparticles induce inflammation in acute lung injury.

Background Previously, we have shown that endothelial microparticles (EMPs) injected into mice induce acute lung injury (ALI) [1]. In this study, we hypothesize that EMPs induce ALI by initiating cytokine release in the lung, leading to recruitment and activation of neutrophils. Materials and methods C57BL/6J male mice (8–10 wk old) were intravenously injected with EMPs (200,000/mL), LPS (2 mg/kg), or both. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Morphometric analysis was performed on H and E stained lung sections. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were determined via an enzymatic assay and immunofluorescence of stained sections. Results EMPs led to significantly increased pulmonary and systemic IL-1β and TNF-α levels, which correlated with increased neutrophil recruitment to the lung. MPO levels in the lungs were increased significantly following injection of EMPs or LPS, compared to PBS. In mice treated with EMPs and LPS either simultaneously or successively, the cytokine and MPO levels were significantly increased over that of either treatment alone. Conclusion EMPs contribute to lung injury through the initiation of a cytokine cascade that increases recruitment of neutrophils and subsequent release of MPO. Furthermore, treatment of mice with both EMPs and LPS induced greater lung injury than either treatment alone, suggesting that EMPs prime the lung for increased injury by other pathogens. Therapies aimed at reducing or blocking EMPs may be a useful strategy for attenuating lung injury.
What Does Magnetic Resonance Imaging Add to the Prenatal Sonographic Diagnosis of Ventriculomegaly

Objective—The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating fetuses with the sonographic diagnosis of ventriculomegaly (VM). Methods—Over 4 years, consecutive fetuses with the sonographic diagnosis of VM at 1 facility who underwent prenatal MRI at a second facility were included. The roles of MRI and follow-up sonography were tabulated. The patients were analyzed in 2 groups based on the presence or absence of other central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. Results—Twenty-six fetuses with a gestational age range of 17 to 37 weeks had sonographically detected VM (atria ≥10–29 mm), including 19 with mild VM (atria 10–12 mm). In group 1, 14 had isolated VM, 6 of which reverted to normal by the third trimester. Magnetic resonance imaging showed cerebellar hypoplasia not shown by sonography in 1 fetus and an additional finding of a mega cisterna magna in a second fetus. In group 2, 12 fetuses had VM and other CNS anomalies on sonography. Additional findings were seen with MRI in 10 of these fetuses, including migrational abnormalities (n = 4), porencephaly (n = 4), and 1 diagnosis each of abnormal myelination, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, microcephaly, a kinked brain stem, cerebellar hypoplasia, and congenital infarction. There were significantly more fetuses with additional CNS anomalies found by MRI among those in group 2 compared with those in group 1 (Fisher exact test, P = .001). Conclusions—Although sonography is an accurate diagnostic modality for the evaluation of fetuses with VM, MRI adds important additional information, particularly in fetuses in whom additional findings other than an enlarged ventricle are seen sonographically.
On Helmholtz's theorem in finite regions

The splitting of a continuous vector function into a gradient plus a curl is possible in an infinite number of ways. Two particular uniquely determined splittings called electric and magnetic are dealt with. Eigenvector expansions suitable for these splittings are examined, and the application of these expansions to the calculation of the various terms of the splitting is considered. (auth)
The Influence of Domestic Violence on Preschooler Behavior and Functioning

Enhancing current explanations of domestic violence exposure effects on child cognitive and behavioral functioning was the purpose of this investigation. Participants were 31 domestic violence exposed and 31 non-exposed children ages 3 to 5 years and their single-parent household mothers. Child-mother pairs were matched for child’s age, gender, and ethnicity, mother’s age and education, and annual family income. Child cognitive and behavioral functioning was assessed via psychological assessment and parent report. The presence of mental health difficulties in mothers was assessed using self-report and clinician-administered instruments. Exposed children showed lower verbal functioning and higher internalizing behaviors than did their non-exposed peers. Exposed mothers displayed greater psychological difficulties than did their counterparts.
Morphology of a stream flowing down an inclined plane. Part 2. Meandering

A stream of fluid flowing down a partially wetting inclined plane usually meanders, unless the volume flow rate is maintained at a highly constant value. Here we investigate whether the meandering of this stream is an inherent instability. In our experiment, we eliminate meandering on several partially wetting substrates by reducing perturbations entering the flow. By re-introducing controlled fluctuations, we show that they are responsible for the onset of the meandering. We derive a theoretical model for the stream shape, %from first principles which includes stream dynamics and forcing by external noise. The deviation h ( x ) from a straight linear stream h ( x )=0 shows considerable variability as a function of downstream distance x . However, for an ensemble average of stream shapes acquired at different times, the power spectrum S ( k ) as a function of wavenumber k has a power-law scaling S ( k ) ~ k 5/2 . Moreover, the area A ( x ) swept by the stream at the distance x grows as A ( x ) ~ x 1.75 .
Genetic Basis of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections: Focus on Smooth Muscle Cell Contractile Dysfunction

Thoracic aortic aneurysms leading to type A dissections (TAAD) can be inherited in isolation or in association with genetic syndromes, such as Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome. When TAAD occurs in the absence of syndromic features, it is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with decreased penetrance and variable expression, the disease is referred to as familial TAAD. Familial TAAD exhibits significant clinical and genetic heterogeneity. The first genes identified to cause TAAD were FBN1, TGFBR2, and TGFBR1. The identification and characterization of these genes suggested that increased TGF-β signaling plays a role in pathogenesis. The recent discovery that mutations in the vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific β-myosin (MYH11) and α-actin (ACTA2) can also cause this disorder has focused attention on the importance of the maintenance of SMC contractile function in preserving aortic structure and preventing TAAD.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHENOLOGY AND DAILY ACTIVITY PATTERNS IN THE WOLF SPIDERS PARDOSA MILVINA AND HOGNA HELLUO IN SOYBEAN AGROECOSYSTEMS IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO (ARANEAE, LYCOSIDAE)

Abstract We studied the phenology and the daily activity patterns of Pardosa milvina Hentz 1844 and Hogna helluo (Walckenaer 1837) in replicated soybean fields in southwest Ohio over three years (1994–1996) using pitfall traps. For the phenology study we established an array of five pitfall traps in 12 replicate 0.42 ha fields. These traps were either set for two days at two-week intervals (1994), or for three days at three-week intervals (1995 & 1996), over the field season from May–October on a total of 20 trap dates. We found that P. milvina was more common overall, and found evidence for one population peak per year. Numbers of H. helluo tended to be lowest in the earlier censuses, and we found evidence for one peak of male activity per year. The immature male and female, and adult female H. helluo were larger (based on carapace width) than the immature male and female, and adult female P. milvina on most trapping dates. For the circadian activity periodicity study we used two different drift-fence tr...
Freedom under TRIPS: India as an Example

This chapter illustrates how individual nations may promote access to medicine while still complying with TRIPS, using India’s patent laws as an example. In particular, this chapter discusses various aspects of India’s patent laws that are intended to promote access to medicine in a post-TRIPS world where patents must be granted. Although TRIPS flexibility may sometimes be constrained by international agreements or pressures, this chapter explores what flexibilities countries should have under TRIPS. Understanding existing flexibilities under TRIPS is important because it provides a foundation to better understand how subsequent obligations may limit these flexibilities.
Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, and Rodentia (Mammalia) from Observation Quarry, Earliest Barstovian (Miocene), Dawes County, Nebraska

ABSTRACT Twenty-one species of small mammals are recognized from the Observation Quarry fauna including four new species: the lipotyphlans Lanthanotherium observatum (Erinaceidae), Antesorex wilsoni (Soricidae), and Scalopoides hutchisoni (Talpidae), and the rodent Mioheteromys subterior (Heteromyidae). Due to more complete material, emended diagnoses are provided for the plesiosoricid Plesiosorex greeni Martin and Lim, 2004, and cricetid rodent Copemys lindsayi Sutton and Korth, 1995. Of the 21 species recognized, seven are unique to this faunal assemblage, six are restricted to the Hemingfordian, seven are known elsewhere only from the Barstovian or later, and one is known from both the Hemingfordian and Barstovian. The small mammals suggest that the Observation Quarry contains a transitional Hemingfordian-Barstovian fauna with a greater number of species from the latter, supporting an early Barstovian age.
Monte Carlo simulation of temperature-dependent elastic properties of graphene

Monte Carlo simulations within the isoenthalpic-isotension-isobaric ensemble are employed to compute the elastic properties and relevant thermodynamic functions of freestanding monolayer graphenes in order to explore the influence of thermal ripples on the elastic properties of graphene. Thermal ripples soften the elastic constants, and lead to the negative thermal expansion coefficient observed experimentally at low temperatures.