cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acyl carrier protein. XVI. Intermediate reactions of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Escherichia coli and studies of fab B mutants.

Abstract Synthesis of cis-5-β-hydroxy[2-14C]dodecenoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP), a postulated intermediate in unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Escherichia coli, was achieved from cis-3-decenoyl-ACP and [2-14C]malonyl-ACP through the combined action of two enzymes, β-ketoacyl-ACP synthetase and β-keto-acyl-ACP reductase. The conversion of cis-5-β-hydroxy[2-14C]dodecenoyl-ACP to cis-5-trans-2-[2-14C]dodecadienoyl-ACP and to cis-5-[2-14C]-dodecenoyl-ACP was shown utilizing a crude fatty acid synthetase preparation of wild type E. coli. Elongation of cis-5-β-hydroxy[2-14C]dodecenoyl-ACP to long chain unsaturated fatty acids was also shown with this fatty acid synthetase preparation. These studies indicate that cis-5-β-hydroxydodecenoyl-ACP, cis-5-trans-2dodecadienoyl-ACP, and cis-5-dodecenoyl-ACP are intermediates in the synthesis of long chain unsaturated fatty acids. Extracts of a class of fatty acid biosynthetic mutants, fab B, which specifically cannot synthesize unsaturated fatty acids although synthesizing saturated fatty acids normally, were examined for all the above activities. No apparent defect was revealed in any step involved in the utilization of cis-5-β-hydroxy[2-14C]dodecenoyl-ACP for long chain unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Mutant extracts were also found to contain normal amounts of β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase and β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase, which apparently function in both the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathways, and of enoyl-ACP reductase. It is concluded that fab B mutants contain a mutation in an enzyme which catalyzes a reaction unique to the unsaturated fatty acid pathway which is yet unknown.
Exchange Rate Parity for Trade and Development: Theory, Tests, and Case Studies

Part I. A Review of the Terrain: 1. Introduction 2. Trade and development: the contours of the landscape 3. Incomplete markets and the 'New Development Economics' Part II. Theory and Empirical Analysis: 4. Market incompleteness in an open-economy LDC 5. The relationship between real and nominal exchange rates 6. Empirical investigation of real exchange rates: tradability and relative prices 7. An endogenous growth model of incomplete markets in foreign exchange 8. Are devaluations possibly contractionary? A quasi-Australian model with tradables and nontradables Part III. Successes and Failures in Development: Good/Bad Economics and Governance: 9. Japan: overvaluation without rent-seeking 10. The Philippines: failure in policy and politics 11. Financial integration and the refractory role of intervention: Uruguay and Taiwan 12. Summary, conclusions and policy recommendations Bibliography.
An Atomic Interferometer

Recently-reported ripples in the H- photodetachment cross section near threshold in an external electric field are interpreted as interference fringes in a dual beam interferometer. The role of the photon’s coherence length in the resolution of the ripples enters in a natural way.
The Strategic Interdependence of Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Reform in Transition Economies: An Evolutionary Game-Theoretic Approach

Since the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989, the success of the former Soviet Bloc countries to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) has been mixed. The objective of this paper is to capture the strategic interdependence between investment decisions by foreign firms and reform decisions by host governments in an evolutionary game-theoretic framework. The static game has two equilibria. In one, a government is committed to rapid reform through implementation of market-oriented policies. Here FDI through acquisitions actively contributes to economic restructuring. In the second equilibrium, the government adopts a more gradual approach to reform. Here firms seek to minimize exposure to operational uncertainties by choosing new plant investments and FDI results in only an indirect transfer of technical and managerial know-how. In a dynamic setting, the two equilibria take on the interpretation of conventions about how to invest in countries that are at different stages of transition. Evidence drawn from acquisitions and new-plant investments in transition economies is also provided in relation to the model's equilibria.
Product-Line Strategies

Product lines are defined as multiple products (or services) that are related since they fulfill the same or similar needs and wants. Product-line breadth (i.e., narrow or broad) and depth (i.e., shallow or deep) are discussed and examples are offered. Branding strategies (such as corporate branding, house of brands, and mixed branding) are discussed as they are related to product lines. Keywords: product-line strategies; product-line breadth; product-line depth; brands; branding strategy; corporate brands; house of brands; mixed branding
EFFECTS OF AN INDEPENDENT GROUP CONTINGENCY SPECIAL ACTIVITY PROGRAM ON INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR IN A RESIDENTIAL SETTING

Group contingencies targeting inappropriate behavior may be especially useful in residential settings where the staff to client ratio makes individualized behavior plan implementation difficult. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate an independent group contingency on inappropriate behavior in a secure residential facility for offenders with disabilities. The independent group contingency involved differential reinforcement of low rate and differential reinforcement of other behavior via access to a special activity (a catered weekly lunch). The group contingency was alternated with non-activity weeks for a total of 48 weeks. Results were analyzed across and within residents and showed lower overall rates of inappropriate behavior on activity weeks than non-activity weeks for the majority of residents. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polynucleotide Phosphorylase Has a Role in Growth of Escherichia coli

Abstract Mutants having low levels of polynucleotide phosphorylase activity grow poorly at 45 C. All revertants isolated for their ability to grow better at that temperature also regained higher levels of polynucleotide phosphorylase and the ability to be induced for tryptophanase. Thus, a physiological role is implied for the enzyme polynculeotide phosphorylase.
Effectiveness of condition-responsive advisory speed messages in rural freeway work zones

Condition-responsive advisory speed messages were evaluated as part of the Midwest States Smart Work Zone Deployment Initiative, a pooled-fund study sponsored by Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and FHWA. The messages were displayed on three portable changeable message signs (PCMS) placed approximately 1.61 km (1 mi), 4.83 km (3 mi), and 12.87 km (8 mi) ahead of a work zone on a rural interstate highway in Nebraska. The messages were intended to advise drivers of the speed of slower traffic ahead and thereby encourage them to slow down. Speeds downstream of the PCMSs were measured and compared with the speeds displayed in the messages. The results of the analysis indicate that the messages were somewhat effective in reducing speeds. Their effectiveness could have been improved if the distances between the PCMSs had been shorter and thus the message locations would have been closer to the points with lower traffic speeds. Driver interviews revealed that the advisory speed messages were understood and thought to be useful by most drivers who had seen them. However, some drivers questioned their usefulness and doubted their reliability, because they had not seen any reason to slow down.
Steroid localization in granulosa‐theca tumors of the ovary

Eleven granulosa-theca tumors (seven pure granulosa and four with associated theca elements) were examined for the presence of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue. In ten patients the endometrium was studied histologically and significant endometrial hyperplasia consistent with estrogen production by the tumors was found. Estradiol was localized in granulosa cells (nonluteinized) in all 11 cases and in luteinized theca cells in three of the four cases in which theca elements are present. In contrast, progesterone was always detected in luteinized theca cells and in granulosa cells in over one half the cases. Testosterone was also present in granulosa cells in just over half the cases but tended to be only weakly positive. The nonluteinized stromal cells were negative for all steroids. These results are compatible with the concept that in granulosa-theca tumors, both granulosa and theca cells can produce a wide range of steroid hormones but that the predominant steroid present in granulosa cells is estradiol, while progesterone is the predominant steroid in luteinized theca cells.
High Efficiency and High Resolution Plasmonic Color Filters for Display Applications

By selective conversion between the free-space waves and spatially confined modes in plasmonic nano-resonators, frequency-selective transmission and reflection spectra can be engineered and can be used as spectrum filters for display and imaging applications.
Fluxless Sn-Ag solder ball formation for flip-chip application

ABSTRACT A technique for the formation of self-aligning Sn-Ag solder balls is presented. By controlling thesolder reflow conditions through the optimization of the solder adhesion to the surface, a very thin layer ofsolder can be used. This makes possible the use of conventional photolithography and metal evaporationfor the definition of the solder volume, thereby assuring its precision. Both wettable and nonwettablematerials and their effects on the balling-up process will be presented. The solder ball formation process and optimization will be discussed along with the uniformity and scalability of the results. Key words: Flip-chip bonding, solder ball formation, passive alignment, fluxless solder, lead-free solder2. INTRODUCTIONFlip-chip solder bonding holds significant promise for high-speed optoelectronic packaging. This canbe realized in part through the utilization of the self-aligning nature of the solder bonding process toachieve the precise alignment necessary for component integration and light coupling. Additionally, thelower resistive and inductive nature of the solder balls, as compared to wire leads, minimizes interconnect
Calibration and validation of a harbor seal whisker-inspired flow sensor

A flow sensor inspired by the harbor seal?s whiskers has been calibrated in a towing tank and tested at sea. The whiskers? undulatory, asymmetric geometry causes a wide range of self-excited vibrational responses. These vibrations are measured mechanically and used to determine the oncoming flow direction and velocity. Calibration runs show the vibration amplitude in the cross-flow direction to range from ?0.1 to 0.6 times the whisker diameter, depending on the flow direction. Deflection in the inline-flow direction ranges from ?0 to 0.08 times the whisker diameter, depending on the flow velocity. Field tests confirm the ability of the sensor to be used autonomously and at depth. Experiments with the sensor trailing a vortex generator show the sensor locking into the oncoming vortex frequency, demonstrating potential for future use as a wake detector.
The spectral envelope estimation vocoder

This paper describes a low bit-rate vocoder designed for improved speech reproduction quality and robustness. The vocoder is designed around a new algorithm, the spectral envelope estimator, which forms the nucleus of the spectral analyzer. In addition to estimating the speech spectrum, the spectral analyzer also allows determination of a continuous estimate of the background noise spectrum, which is used for noise suppression. A maximum-likelihood pitch estimator, which shares the signal processing of the spectral envelope estimator, has been integrated into the vocoder to yield accurate pitch estimates of noisy speech. This system is capable of good quality speech reproduction at bit rates down to 2.4 kbits/s.
Omega chain methylated analogs of PGF2α and PGE2

Abstract Our previously published prostaglandin (PG) synthesis route, in which the ω-chain is added in the penultimate step, provides facile access to a wide variety of ω-chain variant PG analogs. Each series requires only the synthesis of the appropriate methylated acylphosphonate for the Emmons' condensation. The syntheses of analogs bearing the following methylation pattern are detailed: 15-Me; 17, 17-(Me)2; 17, 17, 20-(Me)3; 18, 18, 20-(Me)3; 15, 18, 18, 20-(Me)4; and 15-Ome-18, 18, 20-(Me)3. The well-known 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandins have also been prepared by this sequence. The synthesis of 16, 16-tetramethylene-PG analogs is also described.
Simplified sensitive method for the detection of B-cell clonality in lymphoid malignancies.

Summary Molecular response and monitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD) is becoming an essential part of most protocols for treating leukemia and lymphoma patients. Detection of abnormal clones by PCR analysis of complementarity determining regions (CDRs) in immunoglobulin genes is currently standard practice for diagnosis, but is not widely used to monitor MRD because of the low sensitivity of assays that use consensus primers. Use of specific primers can improve the sensitivity of the assay, but is a cumbersome, expensive, and time-consuming process. We developed a simple and cost-effective approach to detect MRD in B-cell malignancies that is usable in clinical laboratories. The new assay uses ligase chain reaction (LCR) to detect clonality. The sensitivity of the LCR assay is 1 per 500 000 cells, and it can detect all subclones that were present in the pretherapy diagnostic sample.
Imagery skill and preference in bilinguals

A number of studies have reported differences in the performance of bilinguals and monolinguals in verbal tasks. It has been suggested that one source of this difference is a greater tendency among bilinguals to use non-verbal ways of representing events, because of the potential for confusions between their two verbal codes. In the present study, bilingual and monolingual college students were compared on three dimensions of self-reported aspects of imagery—control, vividness and preference—as well as on a performance measure of spatial manipulation skill. When these tasks were preceded by a nominally verbal activity (prose comprehension), there were no group differences on the self-report or objective imagery measures. In contrast, when they were preceded by an imagery rating task, some evidence of a compensatory reliance on spatial codes among bilinguals was obtained. Implications of these task induction effects on both subjective and performance measures of a skill were discussed.
In AF or VTE, acenocoumarol or phenprocoumon dosing by genotype did not affect time in therapeutic range

Source Citation Verhoef TI, Ragia G, de Boer A, et al; EU-PACT Group. A randomized trial of genotype-guided dosing of acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2304-12. 24251360
Service Learning: Flooding Students with Vocabulary through Read Alouds.

Abstract In the spirit of the Steven Stahl 600 Book Kid Challenge, 90 preservice teachers engaged children in 36 read-aloud sessions for a vocabulary improvement service learning project. This article describes how the preservice teachers used narrative and informational books as a vehicle for rare-word vocabulary exposure for children ages 8–12.
Maternal characteristics and the production and recruitment of sons in the eastern kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus)

Sex allocation theory predicts that if variance in reproductive success differs between the sexes, females who are able to produce high-quality young should bias offspring sex ratio towards the sex with the higher potential reproductive success. We tested the hypothesis that high-quality (i.e., heavy) female eastern kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) that bred early in the breeding season would produce male-biased clutches. A significant opportunity for sexual selection also exists in this socially monogamous but cryptically polygamous species, and we predicted that successful extra-pair (EP) sires would be associated with an excess of male offspring. Although population brood sex ratio did not differ from parity, it increased significantly with female body mass and declined with female breeding date, but was independent of the morphology and display (song) behavior (correlates of reproductive success) of social males and EP sires. Male offspring were significantly heavier than female offspring at fledging. Moreover, the probability that male offspring were resighted in subsequent years declined with breeding date, and was greater in replacement clutches, but lower when clutch size was large. Probability of resighting female offspring varied annually, but was independent of all other variables. Given that variance in reproductive success of male kingbirds is much greater than that of females, and that male offspring are more expensive to produce and have a higher probability of recruitment if fledged early in the season, our results support predictions of sex allocation theory: high-quality (heavy) females breeding when conditions were optimal for male recruitment produced an excess of sons.
TCP_SDF: Transport Control to Achieve Smooth Data Flow at a Stable Throughput

Various large-scale network applications demand different levels of stable bandwidth to perform bulk data movement, which is not adequately supported by current transport methods. We propose a novel end-to-end transport control protocol, (TCP_SDF), which achieves smooth data flow at a stable good put level. TCP_SDF dynamically adjusts the congestion window based on the estimate of the current sending rate, good put, and target level. The adjustment terms are weighted by the step-sizes, which are non-negative numbers that eventually die down to zero as specified by the classical Robbins-Monro Stochastic Approximation conditions. TCP_SDF decreases the congestion control window size by a factor that is proportional to the estimated number of packets in the bottleneck queue in the presence of network congestion. TCP_SDF can be readily implemented in practice as a loadable kernel module in Linux. We demonstrate the superior performance of TCP SDF under a range of scenarios using experimental measurements.
Classical conditioning of responses to an artificial nipple in the rat fetus: mu and kappa opioid systems.

The rat fetus exhibits oral grasp responses when presented with an artificial nipple in utero. Preexposure to milk produces a transient decrease in oral grasp responses. The effect of milk on oral grasping is mediated by endogenous activity in brain opioid systems. Specifically, milk triggers mu activity in rostral brain regions and kappa opioid activity in caudal brain regions to decrease oral grasping of the artificial nipple. Reexposure to the artificial nipple after it has been paired with milk during a classical conditioning trial results in a conditioned reduction in oral grasping that is evident when fetuses are reexposed to the nipple. The classically conditioned decrease in oral grasping is mediated by mu opioid activity in rostral brain regions and kappa opioid activity in caudal brain regions. Endogenous opioid systems, activated by exposure to milk and the nipple, may regulate the processing of sensory information during suckling in the rat. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 37: 59–72, 2000
Creep behavior of an aluminium alloy under transient temperatures

Abstract Creep of 2024-0 aluminum alloy was investigated under isothermal isothermal condition (12 000 ≥ δ ≥ 9000 psi, 463°K ≥ T ≥ 423°K) and for several positive and negative linear rates of temperature change for the same temperature range and δ = 10 000 psi. The creep rates of the transient temperature tests were described using a time-dependent viscosity coefficient. The temperature dependence of the elastic modulus was determined by resonant vibration tests (463°K ≥ T ≥ 297.5°K). Using a time-dependent viscosity coefficient having a non-linear stress dependence for a Maxwell material possessing linearly elastic compressibility, explicit solutions for the stresses in a hollow sphere resulting from a step of internal pressure and steps of temperature at its boundaries (at t = 0) are presented. Numerically computed values are compared with values obtained for the same sphere in which, however, the viscosity coefficient is expressed by conventional activation energy theory.
Sexually dimorphic hemodynamic effects of intragastric ethanol in conscious rats.

This study investigated the gender-related differences in hemodynamic effects of small to moderate doses of intragastrically (i. g.) administered ethanol in conscious rats. Changes evoked by ethanol (0.25, 0.5 or 1 g/kg) in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were followed for 90 min in age-matched male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Baseline values of MAP (121±2 vs 124±2 mmHg) were similar whereas CI (55± 2 vs 43±2 ml/min/100 g) and TPR (2.2± 0.1 vs 3.0±0.1 mmHg/ml/min/100 g) were significantly (P<0.05) higher and lower, respectively, in female compared with male rats. In male rats, the middle dose (0.5 g/kg) of ethanol caused a slight increase in MAP due to significant (P<0.05) increases in CO whereas the other two doses (0.25 and 1 g/kg) had no effect on MAP. In female rats, MAP was not affected by ethanol (0.25 and 0.5 g/kg) and showed a significant reduction by the higher dose (1 g/kg) that was associated with decrea...
De violencia, de normalización y De fronteras

En este analisis del libro de cuentos De fronteras, de la salvadorena Claudia Hernandez, me encargo de rastrear las formas en que la escritora establece una critica a la normalizacion de la violencia en un estado neoliberal a traves de la estetica de lo grotesco. Con el estudio de la puesta en escena de la normalizacion de lo grotesco en el libro, compruebo como la escritora delinea la nocion de lo contemporaneo como un espacio discursivo construido por la historia y a construir por el lector.
β-Endorphin: Evidence for the existence of opioid and non-opioid binding components for the tritiated human hormone in NG108-15 cells

Abstract Human β-endorphin (β h -EP) binding on neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells using tritiated human beta endorphin ( 3 H-β h -EP) as a primary ligand was found to have a component which was not displacable with [D-Ser 2 ]-Leu-enkephalin-Thr 6 (DSLET). The β h -EP binding on these cells after saturation of the δ opiate sites with 200 nM DSLET was further characterized with synthetic β h -EP analogs. the non-opioid binding site appears to recognize β h -EP-(6–31), β h -EP-(21–31) and β h -EP-(28–31). Under these conditions, these COOH-terminal segments fully displace the tritiated β h -EP. However, β h -EP-(1–27) does not further displace 3 H-β h -EP in the presence of DSLET. The fact that a combination of DSLET and β h -EP-(6–31) results in a full displacement of 3 H-β h -EP provides direct evidence for the existence of two binding sites for β h -EP in NG108-15 cells, one recognizing the NH 2 -terminal enkephalin sequence and the other the non-opioid COOH-terminal segment.
On the Littlewood–Richardson polynomials

We prove the equivalence of several descriptions of generators of rings of semiinvariants of quivers, due to Domokos and Zubkov, Schofield and van den Bergh, and our earlier work. We also show that the dimensions of semi-invariants of weights nσ depend polynomially on n.  2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Documentation of delirium in the VA electronic health record

Background Delirium is a life-threatening, clinical syndrome common among the elderly and hospitalized patients. Delirium is under-recognized and misdiagnosed, complicating efforts to study the epidemiology and construct appropriate decision support to improve patient care. This study was primarily conducted to realize how providers documented confirmed cases of delirium in electronic health records as a preliminary step for using computerized methods to identify patients with delirium from electronic health records.
Characterization of radiation tolerance in doping superlattice solar cells

Doping superlattice devices have been pursued in part because of their inherent radiation hardness which results from long lifetimes and minimum diffusion length requirements in the range of nanometers. Diffusion length requirements are reduced because of the multiple closely spaced doped layers in the superlattice. Higher doping levels in conjunction with close superlattice spacing result in large electric fields in the range of 5x10 5 V/cm that quickly collect carriers into the majority doped layers. The effect of the alternative solar cell structure will be studied by irradiating multiple device structures with 5.057 MeV alpha particles. Comparisons will be made between doping superlattice devices and single junction pin structures. Previous work developing a simulation routine to characterize the radiation response for these devices will be extended to confirm the predictive model developed. This work signifies a step forward in understanding the radiation effects of doping superlattice devices, and their potential for high radiation environments.
Impulsive Near-relativistic Solar Electron Events: Delayed Injection with Respect to Solar Electromagnetic Emission

The time histories of near-relativistic scatter-free impulsive beamlike electron events (38-315 keV, 0.4 < v/c < 0.8) measured at 1 AU provide unique information on their solar acceleration and release. We have identified 79 such impulsive events from 1997 August through 2000 September. Detailed statistical analysis of the timing between the near-relativistic electron injection and the soft X-ray, microwave, chromospheric H?, and metric and decametric type III radio emission shows that the near-relativistic electrons measured by the Advanced Composition Explorer/Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor in orbit around the Earth's first Lagrangian point are associated with western hemisphere events and are injected with a median delay of ~10 minutes after the start of the electromagnetic emissions (including metric and decametric type III events). The delayed injection, as well as there being only a weak statistical correlation between the intensities of the near-relativistic electrons and the characteristics of the electromagnetic emissions, indicates that the escaping near-relativistic electron populations are not directly related to those that generate the prompt flare-related emissions. The observations are consistent with acceleration of the escaping near-relativistic electrons by an outgoing coronal shock (V ~ 1000 km s-1) launched near the time of the prompt electromagnetic emissions.
Mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 and blocking antireceptor monoclonal antibody bind to the N-terminal domain of cellular receptor.

Abstract Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain A59 uses as cellular receptors members of the carcinoembryonic antigen family in the immunoglobulin superfamily. Recombinant receptor proteins with deletions of whole or partial immunoglobulin domains were used to identify the regions of receptor glycoprotein recognized by virus and by antireceptor monoclonal antibody CC1, which blocks infection of murine cells. Monoclonal antibody CC1 and MHV-A59 virions bound only to recombinant proteins containing the entire first domain of MHV receptor. To determine which of the proteins could serve as functional virus receptors, receptor-negative hamster cells were transfected with recombinant deletion clones and then challenged with MHV-A59 virions. Receptor activity required the entire N-terminal domain with either the second or the fourth domain and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Recombinant proteins lacking the first domain or its C-terminal portion did not serve as viral receptors. Thus, like other virus receptors in the immunoglobulin superfamily, including CD4, poliovirus receptor, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, the N-terminal domain of MHV receptor is recognized by the virus and the blocking monoclonal antibody.
Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to describe the disposition of methanol in pregnant rats and mice

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have been developed in recent years to describe the disposition of xenobiotics during gestation. These models can account for the dynamics of physiologic changes associated with pregnancy and represent a significant advantage in quantitatively assessing potential exposure of the conceptus. The PBPK approach was used to develop a model of methanol disposition during gestation in rats and mice. To validate this model, concentrations of methanol in the dam and the conceptus were determined after methanol exposure of rats on Gestational Day (gd) 14 and 20 and of mice on gd 18. At the developmental stages examined, the model provided a good description of methanol disposition in the maternal circulation and the conceptus of both species. Furthermore, the model was capable of providing good fits to methanol concentration–time data from the literature. In pregnant animals, conceptal/maternal AUC andCmaxratios decreased with increasing dose at both gd 14 and gd 20 in the rat and at gd 18 in the mouse. Additionally, the conceptal/maternal diffusion constant ratio consistently decreased with increasing dose in pregnant rats and mice. These results are consistent with earlier observations that methanol limits its own delivery to the conceptus. Further experimentation is required to continue the process of developing a generalized PBPK model to describe the disposition of xenobiotics in pregnancy, to examine specific mechanisms of nonlinear conceptal methanol disposition, and to expand the model to extrapolate to low-dose human exposures.
Methods of crystal alignment for the production of coherent bremsstrahlung

Abstract Various methods of precisely aligning crystals in order to make use of the Uberall-Diambrini Effect for the production of plane polarized gamma rays are discussed. One method is explained in detail to provide a practical guide for accurately and efficiently aligning the crystal radiators.
The transformation of identity through possession rituals in popular religion

(2003). The transformation of identity through possession rituals in popular religion. Religion: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 249-262.
Formulas for magnetic hysteresis losses

This article describes an investigation to determine the magnetic properties of different grades of silicon sheet steel when symmetrically and unsymmetrically magnetized; from the results a formula has been derived which should be of value in designing electrical apparatus used in circuits where alternating and direct currents are superposed.
PIK-related kinases: DNA repair, recombination, and cell cycle checkpoints.

The phosphatidylinositol kinase-related (PIK-related) kinases form a new subgroup within the protein kinase family of enzymes. Although the substrates of these kinases are not yet known, recent reports show that they participate in recombination processes, chromosome maintenance, and the cell cycle.
Part II. Effects of grain-boundary structure on the path of cracking in polycrystals

Abstract Four triple junctions along an intergranular crack caused by oxygen-induced dynamic embrittlement of the nickel-base superalloy IN718 have been modeled with bicrystals having the same kinds of boundaries as the boundaries at the triple junctions that did and did not crack. It was found that in all cases the cracking susceptibilities of the bicrystals matched those found at the triple junctions. A low-angle boundary and a Σ3 boundary were found to be much more resistant to cracking than four random boundaries and a Σ19 and a Σ31 boundary. This supports the position that thermo-mechanical processes that increase cracking resistance do so mainly because they increase the content of Σ3 boundaries.
The nucleon-antinucleon interaction

Abstract The current status of our understanding of the low energy nucleonantinucleon (NN) interaction is reviewed. We compare several phenomenological models which fit the available NN cross section data. The more realistic of these models employ an annihilation potential W(r) which is spin, isospin and energy dependent. The microscopic origins for these dependences are discussed in terms of quark rearrangement and annihilation processes. It is argued that the study of NN annihilation offers a powerful means of studying quark dynamics at short distances. We also discuss how one may try to isolate coherent meson exchange contributions to the medium and long range part of the NN potential. These pieces of the NN interaction are calculable via the G-parity transformation from a model for the NN potential; their effects are predicted to be seen in NN spin observables, to be measured at LEAR. The possible existence of quasi-stable bound states or resonances of an N plus one or more nucleons is discussed, with emphasis on few-body systems.
Bridging Research and Environmental Regulatory Processes: The Role of Knowledge Brokers

Federal funding agencies increasingly require research investigators to ensure that federally sponsored research demonstrates broader societal impact. Specifically, the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Superfund Research Program (SRP) requires research centers to include research translation and community engagement cores to achieve broader impacts, with special emphasis on improving environmental health policies through better scientific understanding. This paper draws on theoretical insights from the social sciences to show how incorporating knowledge brokers in research centers can facilitate translation of scientific expertise to influence regulatory processes and thus promote public health. Knowledge brokers connect academic researchers with decision-makers, to facilitate the translation of research findings into policies and programs. In this article, we describe the stages of the regulatory process and highlight the role of the knowledge broker and scientific expert at e...
Lattice and elastic constants of titanium-niobium monoborides containing aluminum and vanadium

First-principles electronic structures were used to compute the lattice and elastic constants of single-crystal TiB and NbB and changes with Nb, Ti, Al and V solutes. The data were built into an interpolation formula for lattice and elastic constants of the quartenary (TiNbAlV)B with dilute Al and V concentrations. The lattice and elastic constants of borides in two Ti alloys containing Nb and Al are predicted from microprobe measurements.
Structural Basis for Histone and Phosphohistone Binding by the GCN5 Histone Acetyltransferase

Distinct posttranslational modifications on histones occur in specific patterns to mediate certain chromosomal events. For example, on histone H3, phosphorylation at Ser10 can enhance GCN5-mediated Lys14 acetylation to promote transcription. To gain insight into the mechanism underlying this synergism, we determined the structure of Tetrahymena GCN5 (tGCN5) and coenzyme A (CoA) bound to unmodified and Ser10-phosphorylated 19 residue histone H3 peptides (H3p19 and H3p19Pi, respectively). The tGCN5/CoA/H3p19 structure reveals that a 12 amino acid core sequence mediates extensive contacts with the protein, providing the structural basis for substrate specificity by the GCN5/PCAF family of histone acetyltransferases. Comparison with the tGCN5/CoA/H3p19Pi structure reveals that phospho-Ser10 and Thr11 mediate significant histone-protein interactions, and nucleate additional interactions distal to the phosphorylation site. Functional studies show that histone H3 Thr11 is necessary for optimal transcription at yGcn5-dependent promoters requiring Ser10 phosphorylation. Together, these studies reveal how one histone modification can modulate another to affect distinct transcriptional signals.
Clock synchronization on the RAX spacecraft

Abstract The Radio Aurora Explorer (RAX) is a CubeSat that was developed to study space weather in Earth׳s ionosphere. The scientific payload is a bistatic radar system in which an onboard receiver works in cooperation with a ground-based transmitter. Accuracy of the onboard clock is critical for processing the radar measurements. The RAX timing system utilizes commercial off-the-shelf components integrated into custom subsystems. GPS is used to maintain absolute timing accuracy better than 1 μs, but the subsystem is not always available due to power constraints, so a method has been developed to correct the onboard clock error without the use of GPS. The clock correction utilizes range measurements extracted from the pulses emitted by the transmitter, and resulting absolute clock accuracies of better than 0.20 s with drift of less than 21 ns/s have been demonstrated. The RAX timing system and the clock correction algorithm are presented as a reference for other spacecraft designers and are critical for those analyzing RAX data.
Chimeric organization of two genes for the soybean mitochondrial ATPase subunit 6.

There are two copies of the ATPase subunit 6 (atp6) gene in the soybean mitochondrial genome which differ in their gene organization but share extensive homology with the maize atp6 gene except at their 5′ ends. The two soybean genes are chimeric, containing regions with homology to other known mitochondrial genes at their 5′ ends. Sequences homologous to the cytochrome oxidase subunit II (coxII) are located in one copy and sequences homologous to the ATPase subunit 9 (atp9) gene are located in the other copy, both of which contain methionine (ATG) codons that are in-frame with the remainder of the atp6 open reading frame. At least the copy of atp6 that contains the coxII sequence at its 5′ end is abundantly transcribed to give an RNA of approximately 1,200 nucleotides.
Measuring soft tissue material properties using stereovision and indentation: a proof-of-concept study

Accurate measurement of soft tissue material properties is critical for characterizing its biomechanical behaviors but can be challenging especially for the human brain. Recently, we have applied stereovision to track motion of the exposed cortical surface noninvasively for patients undergoing open skull neurosurgical operations. In this paper, we conduct a proof-of-concept study to evaluate the feasibility of the technique in measuring material properties of soft tissue in vivo using a tofu phantom. A block of soft tofu was prepared with black pepper randomly sprinkled on the top surface to provide texture to facilitate image-based displacement mapping. A disk-shaped indenter made of high-density tungsten was placed on the top surface to induce deformation through its weight. Stereoscopic images were acquired before and after indentation using a pair of stereovision cameras mounted on a surgical microscope with its optical path perpendicular to the imaging surface. Rectified left camera images obtained from stereovision reconstructions were then co-registered using optical flow motion tracking from which a 2D surface displacement field around the indenter disk was derived. A corresponding finite element model of the tofu was created subjected to the indenter weight and a hyperelastic material model was chosen to account for large deformation around the intender edges. By successively assigning different shear stiffness constant, computed tofu surface deformation was obtained, and an optimal shear stiffness was obtained that matched the model-derived surface displacements with those measured from the images. The resulting quasi-static, long-term shear stiffness for the tofu was 1.04 k Pa, similar to that reported in the literature. We show that the stereovision and free-weight indentation techniques coupled with an FE model are feasible for in vivo measurement of the human brain material properties, and it may also be feasible for other soft tissues.
Fiber optic link performance in the presence of reflection-induced intensity noise

A model is developed and experimentally verified that allows the accurate prediction of the Bit Error Rate performance of a fiber optic link in the presence of a large number of noise sources. The model may be used as a guide for stress testing of a low Bit Error Rate link to reveal the characteristics of the noises with a much reduced test time compared to previous methods.
The Gender Question and the Study of Jewish Children

Abstract Although some researchers argue that a generation of feminist innovations and changes in American Jewish life has produced an egalitarian generation in which gender differences among Jewish children and adolescents are insignificant, this article argues that the salience of gender differences is a factor of the kinds of questions that children are asked by researchers. When the question of gender was explicitly posed to 67 Jewish children, subtle differences did emerge. Jewish girls were found to be more sensitive to issues of equal rights and sexism, more ambivalent about their proper roles, and more aware of the contributions of Jewish women than boys.
Biomarkers in Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Decade of Progress

Context.— The analysis of molecular biomarkers in lung adenocarcinoma (ACA) is now a central component of pathologic diagnosis and oncologic care. The identification of an EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement in advanced-stage lung ACA will dictate a change in first-line treatment from standard chemotherapy to targeted inhibition of these oncogenic alterations. Viable approaches to therapeutic targeting of KRAS-mutated ACA are now under investigation, raising the possibility that this too will become an important predictive marker in this tumor type. The recognized array of less common oncogenic alterations in lung ACA, including in the ROS1, RET, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes, is growing rapidly. The therapeutic implications of these findings are, in many cases, still under investigation. Objective.— To focus on the major molecular biomarkers in lung ACA, recommended testing strategies, the implications for targeted therapies, and the mechanisms that drive development of resistance. Data Sources.— Our current unde...
Multigrid solution of a linearized, regularized least-squares problem in electrical impedance tomography

A multigrid-type method for solving the parameter identification problem in electrical impedance tomography is developed. The task is to minimize an output least squares functional over a set of admissible conductivity parameters. The functional measures the deviation from observed data of the boundary values of the solution of an elliptic system based on a given parameter. To make the functional well posed, it is regularized by the addition of a term involving the Laplacian. A multigrid method is then developed to minimize a quadradicization of the regularized functional. Numerical experiments exploring the effects of the regularization on the solution and on the performance of the multigrid solver are presented.
Heavy Metal Contents and Distribution in Coastal Sediments of the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy)

A set of ten heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) was investigated in surface sediments (0-5 cm) collected in 21 sites of the Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea (Italy). The aim of this work was to obtain a preliminary assessment about the levels and spatial distribution of these selected elements. Ancillary parameters such as grain size, total organic carbon, and total nitrogen were also determined. The enrichment factor was calculated to discriminate if a natural condition or a status of anthropogenic contamination occurs. In addition, a set of sediment quality guidelines, mean effect low range and effect medium range quotients, was also applied in order to predict the probability of adverse biological effects on the benthic community.
Extinction of antiferromagnetism by holes in CuO2.

The introduction of a sufficient number of holes into antiferromagnetic planes of CuO{sub 2} in La-Cu-O and Y-Ba-Cu-O causes antiferromagnetism to disappear at a critical density {ital x}{sub {ital c}}, beyond which superconductivity occurs. We investigate two competing tendencies, which determine the dependence of {ital x}{sub {ital c}} on the bandwidth of the holes.
Drinking and driving among immigrant and US-born Hispanic young adults: Results from a longitudinal and nationally representative study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk factors associated with the initiation of driving under the influence (DUI) among Hispanics in a longitudinal and nationally-representative sample of adolescents and young adults. Specifically, this study tests the effect of demographic variables, individual-level risk factors, and eco-processes (e.g., peer drug use, parental involvement) during adolescence on DUI among Hispanic young adults. METHODS: Data were derived from 1734 Hispanic adolescents surveyed for the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Survey logistic regression procedures were used to examine the effects of nativity status on DUI initiation, to evaluate the independent effect of each risk factor (demographic, individual-level, and eco-processes), and to identify whether and to what extent these factors are associated with the initiation of DUI. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of DUI initiation was 18.3%. Differences were observed in the rates of DUI initiation by nativity status: first-generation immigrants reported the lowest rates of DUI initiation (15.4%) when compared with second-generation US-born Hispanic youth (17.4%) and third-generation and beyond US-born Hispanic youth (21.5%). US-born Hispanic youth were also more likely to report higher frequency of alcohol use (t=3.46, p=0.001) and marijuana use (t=2.34, p=0.021) compared to immigrant adolescents. After adjusting for a number of risk factors, men (OR=2.86), marijuana users (OR=1.98), and those who reported feeling safe in their neighborhoods (OR=2.02) were at an increased risk DUI initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide support for the "immigrant paradox": immigrant youth reported lower rates of DUI initiation and other high-risk behaviors when compared with US-born Hispanic youth. Language: en
The severity of fetal membrane infection and pregnancy complications

The purpose of this report is to examine the association of histologic chorioamnionitis with microorganisms isolated from the fetal membranes and to evaluate whether microorganisms with or without inflammation are associated with labor characteristics and with pregnancy complications. Inflammation was more common among membranes that yielded pathogenic bacteria (47%, P = 0.002) or Urea-plasma urealyticum (34%, P = 0.03) than among membranes that yielded no growth or nonpathogenic bacteria (20%). Prolonged membrane rupture (P = 0.0001), infant birth weight less than 2500 g (P = 0.02), and intraamniotic infection (P = 0.001) occurred more frequently among those women whose membranes yielded pathogenic bacteria than among those whose membranes yielded no growth or nonpathogenic bacteria. Our findings suggest that placental membranes in which pathogenic bacteria are accompanied by inflammation are associated with the highest risk of pregnancy complications.