cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The nature of halogen...halide synthons: theoretical and crystallographic studies.

Two types of halogen···halide synthons are investigated on the basis of theoretical and crystallographic studies; the simple halogen···halide synthons and the charge assisted halogen···halide synthons. The former interactions were investigated theoretically (ab initio) by studying the energy of interaction of a halide anion with a halocarbon species as a function of Y···X- separation distance and the C−Y···X- angle in a series of complexes (R−Y···X-, R = methyl, phenyl, acetyl or pyridyl; Y = F, Cl, Br, or I; X- = F-, Cl-, Br-, or I-). The theoretical study of the latter interaction type was investigated in only one system, the [(4BP)Cl]2 dimer, (4BP = 4-bromopyrdinium cation). Crystal structure determinations, to complement the latter theoretical calculations, were performed on 13 n-chloropyridinium and n-bromopyridinium halide salts (n = 2−4). The theoretical and crystallographic studies indicate that these interactions are controlled by electrostatics and are characterized by linear C−Y···X- angles and...
Calibration of spectroradiometric equipment to meet the standards of MIL-L-85762A: appendix B

Primary characterization of cockpit displays involves taking spectroradiometric measurements. These spectroradiometric measurements require that the equipment to be used be accurately calibrated in all areas. Compliance with the specific requirements involves development of an appropriate sequence of tests and measurements. This paper considers these requirements and presents a detailed outline of the procedures to be followed in the calibration/validation of computer-controllable spectroradiometers, using the EG&G C11 ASR ANVIS measurement system as a target system.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Circadian abnormalities in mouse models of Smith-Magenis syndrome: evidence for involvement of RAI1.

Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS; OMIM 182290) is a genomic disorder characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, intellectual disability, behavioral abnormalities, and disordered sleep resulting from an ∼3.7 Mb deletion copy number variant (CNV) on chromosome 17p11.2 or from point mutations in the gene RAI1. The reciprocal duplication of this region results in another genomic disorder, Potocki–Lupski syndrome (PTLS; OMIM 610883), characterized by autism, intellectual disability, and congenital anomalies. We previously used chromosome-engineering and gene targeting to generate mouse models for PTLS (Dp(11)17/+), and SMS due to either deletion CNV or gene knock-out (Df(11)17-2/+ and Rai1+/−, respectively) and we observed phenotypes in these mouse models consistent with their associated human syndromes. To investigate the contribution of individual genes to the circadian phenotypes observed in SMS, we now report the analysis of free-running period lengths in Rai1+/− and Df(11)17-2/+ mice, as well as in mice deficient for another known circadian gene mapping within the commonly deleted/duplicated region, Dexras1, and we compare these results to those previously observed in Dp(11)17/+ mice. Reduced free-running period lengths were seen in Df(11)17-2/+, Rai1+/−, and Dexras1−/−, but not Dexras1+/− mice, suggesting that Rai1 may be the primary gene underlying the circadian defects in SMS. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that cis effects between multiple haploinsufficient genes in the SMS critical interval (e.g., RAI1 and DEXRAS1) either exacerbate the circadian phenotypes observed in SMS patients with deletions or increase their penetrance in certain environments. This study also confirms a previous report of abnormal circadian function in Dexras1−/− mice. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The proteolytic enzymes of microorganisms. VI. The separation of proteases from Mortierella renispora Dixon-Stewart by zone electrophoresis.

Moving-boundary electrophoresis indicated that a protease concentrate obtained from the culture medium of Mortierella renispora Dixon-Stewart (PRL 26) was made up of a number of proteins. Filter-paper electrophoresis demonstrated that two of the proteins were capable of hydrolyzing denatured hemoglobin. One active component had a negative mobility, the other a positive mobility in phosphate buffer pH 6.8, ionic strength 0.1. Because of the difference in electrical properties it was possible to separate the two active components by zone electrophoresis. Though yields were low when filter paper was employed, the use of potato starch as the supporting medium resulted in excellent recoveries.
M2,3 absorption spectra of the elemental solids Cr through Ge☆

The absorption by thin foils of the elements extending from Cr to Ge has been investigated in the vicinity of the M2,3 edge by the use of a grazing incidence vacuum spectrograph. The spectral measurements fall in the 80 to 300 A region. The M2,3 discontinuity, which corresponds to the onset of 3p →conduction band transitions, appears essentially as an unresolved feature above a high background absorption caused by valence band electrons. For each member of the sequence, measurements of the energy dependence of the mass absorption coefficient are presented graphically for incident photon energies extending to some 30 to 60 eV beyond the edge. The results regarding the spectral location of edges are compared with the information available from previous studies of the M2,3 emission bands of the corresponding elements. In the region of secondary structures, the position of maxima in the absorption coefficient, as measured from the mean edge, are compared with reported values of characteristic energy losses suffered by electrons in passing through a foil of the same material.
Damping characteristics of solid brush current collection systems

Abstract The damping characteristics of a current collection system were examined. The following three categories of damping were selected: 1. (1) damping in the brush material due to rheological properties of the brush material (called internal friction); 2. (2) damping in the interface between the brush and the holder or between the brush and the rotor (called interface damping); 3. (3) fluidic damping, or viscous damping, due to interaction with the ambient fluid, such as air, vapor etc. The theoretical analysis of several types of mechanisms and models is postulated. The experimental tests for measurements of the damping parameters are suggested. The analytical methods of calculation of the equivalent of damping constants to be used in the standard stability analysis are presented.
Application of unsteady couette flow of non-Newtonian power-law fluids in concentric annular wellbore

Abstract Fluid flow phenomena that occur when the fluid is confined between two co-axial cylinders, one of which is stationary and the other is moving at a specified velocity, is known as couette flow. Such flow is representative of that which occurs in the borehole annulus where the wall of the wellbore is represented by the stationary cylinder, and the drill string or casing is represented by the moving cylinder. The fluid local velocity is dependent on the velocity of the moving cylinder or pipe. Different mathematical relations have been developed for surge and swab pressure calculations for flow of power-law fluids in the wellbore annulus. The application of couette flow equations and relationships to evaluate the surge or swab pressure has been limited. These equations are either too complex for field use or require much computation for field application. In this study, the motion equations are analytically solved for non-Newtonian power-law fluids. The solutions of the equations are presented in both dimensionless and graphical forms, which are applied to predict the surge or swab pressure encountered when running tubular goods in liquid-filled boreholes. The technique presented here is easy to use and requires minimal computational efforts for determining the surge or swab pressure for an unsteady motion of a moving inner pipe in a concentric annulus. The results of this study show that the magnitude of surge or swab pressure increases with increase in the pipe acceleration.
The oxidative addition of benzyl halides to tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(O)

Abstract The oxidative addition of benzyl chloride or bromide to tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(O) followed by carbonylation and the addition of methanol yielded methyl phenylacetate. When (R)-α-D benzyl chloride was subjected to this reaction sequence, racemic ester was obtained, probably as a result of racemization in the oxidative, addition step.
Androstenedione and Estrone Dynamics in Hypothyroid Women

To examine the effects of hypothyroidism on androstenedione (A) and estrone (E1) metabolism, we infused eight women with [3H]androstenedione and [14C]estrone when they were hypothyroid and again when they were euthyroid after levo-T4 administration. MCRs and conversion ratios were measured using concentrations of radioactivity in the blood pools of A and E1. Peripheral aromatization was measured from the concentrations of radioactivity in the E1 glucuronide pool in the urine. After the women were euthyroid, the MCR of A had increased in seven of eight, the MCR of E1 increased in all eight, and peripheral aromatization had decreased in seven of eight. These findings indicate that hypothyroidism results in a decrease in the MCRs of A and E1 and, in most subjects, an increase in peripheral aromatization of A to E1.
Treatment Site Reactions to Zyderm Collagen Implantation

. Two cases of treatment site granulomatous reaction to Zyderm Collagen Implant that occurred in spite of a negative skin test are reported. A delayed hypersensitivity reaction to ZCI is suggested by the clinical time course and the histologic findings of hypersensitivity granulomas. Humoral immunity is also implicated in the reaction since elevated anti-Zyderm serum antibodies and plasma cell infiltrates are present. Resolution of the clinical signs and symptoms occurred over several months with no treatment. The physician using ZCI should be aware of this rare adverse reaction.
The rotated maze and retroactive inhibition.

(1949). The Rotated Maze and Retroactive Inhibition. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 37-46.
Investigation by NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular Modeling of the Conformations of Some Modified Disaccharide Antigens for Shigella Dysenteriae Type 1

Abstract The O-polysaccharide of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 is made up of multiple repeats of the linear tetrasaccharide 3)-α-L-Rhap-(1→2)-α-D-Galp-(1→3)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, for which the antigenic determinant for a murine monoclonal IgM antibody is the disaccharide α-L-Rhap-(1→2)-α-D-Galp. This disaccharide and various analogs have been studied by 2D NOESY, ROESY, and TOCSY NMR spectroscopy, in conjunction with proton spin-lattice relaxation rate measurements, restrained molecular mechanics, and restrained molecular dynamics with simulated annealing. It has been found that replacement of any single hydroxyl group in the determinant by a hydrogen atom, or replacement of any single hydroxyl group in the Gal residue by a fluorine atom has little if any influence on the conformation of the resulting derivatives. cPresent address: Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Example User Centered Design Process for a Digital Control System in a Nuclear Power Plant

The U.S. nuclear industry, like similar process control industries, has moved toward upgrading its control rooms. The upgraded control rooms typically feature digital control system (DCS) displays embedded in the panels. These displays gather information from the system and represent that information on a single display surface. In this manner, the DCS combines many previously separate analog indicators and controls into a single digital display, whereby the operators can toggle between multiple windows to monitor and control different aspects of the plant. The design of the DCS depends on the function of the system it monitors, but revolves around presenting the information most germane to an operator at any point in time. DCSs require a carefully designed human system interface. This paper centers on redesigning existing DCS displays for an example chemical volume control system (CVCS) at a U.S. nuclear power plant.
PSYCHOSOMATIC STUDY OF SELF-EXCORIATIVE BEHAVIOR AMONG MALE ACNE PATIENTS: PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS

Background. Studies of the psychosomatic correlates of self-excoriative behavior in acne have involved mainly women with acne excoriee. Little is written about the psychosomatic factors that affect men with acne. Excessive self-excoriation of acne lesions is an important clinical factor because it can prolong the course of the disease and exacerbate the deeper inflammatory process with an increase in the severity of scarring. Methods. Thirteen men (mean ± SE: age: 22.2 ± 1.4 years) with mild to moderate facial acne, whose self-excoriative behavior was not severe enough to result in acne excoriee, completed a battery of self-rated questions assessing their self-excoriative behaviors, the severity of their acne, and various psychologic factors. Results. Certain aspects of self-excoriative behavior (e.g., a tendency to pick or squeeze the acne lesions when stressed) correlated directly with depression (brief symptom inventory (BSI)) (Pearson r = 0.64, P = 0.02) and anxiety (BSI) (Pearson r = 0.61, P = 0.03) scores. The dermatologic indices of acne severity such as inflammation (Pearson r = 0.82, P = 0.0004) and pustules (Pearson r = 0.62, P = 0.03) were the strongest correlates of self-excoriative behavior. Conclusion. Self-excoriative behavior in men with acne may be exacerbated by a coexisting depressive or anxiety disorder. In contrast, women with acne excoriee have been reported to suffer from an immature personality where the cutaneous condition may serve as “an appeal for help.” Men who excessively pick their acne will benefit from aggressive dermatologic therapies and should be assessed for underlying depressive and anxiety disorders.
The Significance of Research for the Survival of Black Colleges.

The major objective of this paper is to examine critically problems and proposed solutions related to developing research activities at predominantly Black colleges. Given the broad nature of this topic, it is necessary to set some limitation on this presentation. While research has a role to play in community or two-year colleges, I will focus primarily on four-year colleges and universities. For this paper, I will discuss research from the perspective of the behavioral sciences, but one should not assume that research in the natural sciences are not important for strengthening the academic position of Black colleges. Black colleges refer specifically to those Black institutions of higher learning founded for Black people. Several of these institutions were established prior to the abolishment of slavery in the United States. However, with a few exceptions,
Late onset of auditory deprivation does not affect brainstem auditory neuron soma size

Neuronal soma sizes from normal mice, mice with conductive losses from 45 days, and avocal mice subjected to sound deprivation from 45 days, were studied at 90 days, revealing no significant differences between groups for cochlear nuclear globular cells, or cells of medial nucleus of trapezoid body or inferior colliculus.
Explanations for the use of languages of wider communication in education in developing countries

Abstract This paper analyzes the explanations suggested by language and educational policy scholars for the use of languages of wider communication in education in developing countries. Five explanations are discussed and critiqued, namely national integration, comparative cost, international communication, elite closure, and the world-system; each explanation is driven by assumptions about the nature of society (functional or radical-functional) and the level at which ‘society’ operates (national or international). Too narrow an adherence to a particular configuration of assumptions may foreclose for scholars a broad understanding of the dynamics which inform language policy decisions in developing countries.
Diffusion flame in homologous turbulent shear flows.

The simplified statistical theory developed previously is employed to analyze the equilibrium and near‐equilibrium combustion of initially unmixed reactants. It is found that the flame zone in the limit of large Damkohler numbers is very thick and is of the order of the local integral scale of turbulence. This is in contrast to the existing phenomenological theories which predict the infinitesimally thin flame sheet, in the same limit, as it is with the laminar diffusion flame. Qualitative agreements with the available experimental results are shown. It is found that singularities exist at the edges of the flame which are removed as Damkohler number is reduced. Also, it is found that the heat transfer may take place against the local mean temperature gradient in certain regions within the flame.
Dynamic properties of double-barrier resonant-tunneling structures

Etude de l'interference quantique a travers ces structures, de la distribution hors equilibre des electrons de l'effet tunnel conduits par la tension de polarisation appliquee, et de l'effet des reservoirs (electrodes). Le comportement transitoire du courant d'effet tunnel est caracterise par le processus de construction des electrons de l'effet tunnel dans le puits quantique. La partie imaginaire de l'admittance est liee a la conductance par la relation de Kronig-Kramers
Particle surface temperature measurements with multicolor band pyrometry

A noncontact, color-band pyrometer, based on widely available, inexpensive digital imaging devices, such as commercial color cameras, and capable of pixel-by-pixel resolution of particle-surface temperature and emissivity is demonstrated and described. This diagnostic instrument is ideally suited to many combustion environments. The devices used in this method include color charge-coupled device (CCD), or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) digital camera, or any other color-rendering camera. The color camera provides spectrally resolved light intensity data of the image, most commonly for three color bands (Red, Green, and Blue,), but in some cases for four or more bands or for a different set of colors. The CCD or CMOS sensor-mask combination has a specific spectral response curve for each of these color bands that spans the visible and often near infrared spectral range. A theory is developed, based on radiative heat transfer and camera responsivity that allows quantitative surface temperature distribution calculation, based on a photograph of an object in emitted light. Particle surface temperature calculation is corrected by heat transfer analysis with reflection between the particle and reactor wall for particles located in furnace environments, but such corrections lead to useful results only when the particle temperature is near or below the wall temperatures. Wood particle-surface temperatures were measured with this color-band pyrometry during pyrolysis and combustion processes, which agree well with thermocouple measured data. Particle-surface temperature data simultaneously measured from three orthogonal directions were also mapped onto the surface of a computer generated 3-D (three-dimensional) particle model. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Refractive-Index-Matching Laser Velocimetry for Complex, Isothermal Flows

Refractive-Index-Matching Laser Velocimetry (RIMLV) obtains velocity distributions in flow through complex geometries. Laser velocimetry is used to measure the flow of a constant-temperature mixture that has the refractive index of acrylic models. This mixture can be used to obtain duct Reynolds numbers in the turbulent regime at moderate expense. Measurements can be obtained at desired locations, specifically inside complex models even if laser beams pass through multiple curved surfaces, which is advantageous when comparing measured and calculated results
Brief report gratitude and prosocial behaviour: An experimental test of gratitude

McCullough, Kilpatrick, Emmons, and Larson (2001) posited that gratitude prompts individuals to behave prosocially. However, research supporting the prosocial effect of gratitude has relied on scenario and self-report methodology. To address limitations of previous research, this experiment utilised a laboratory induction of gratitude, a method that is potentially more covert than scenarios and that elicits actual grateful emotion. Prosocial responses to gratitude—operationalised as the distribution of resources to another—were paired with a self-report measure of gratitude to test the prosocial effect of gratitude. To investigate positive mood as an alternative explanation, this experiment compared responses of individuals receiving a favour to responses of individuals receiving a positive outcome by chance. A total of 40 participants were randomly assigned to either a Favour or Chance condition. Participants receiving a favour helped more and reported more gratitude compared to participants in the Chanc...
Some zeolites equilibrate all six dimethylanilines by 1,2-methyl shifts

Abstract Three zeolites, H-Omega, H-Beta and H-L equilibrate all six dimethylaniline isomers by intramolecular 1,2-methyl shifts. This contrasts with pentasils such as H-ZSM5 which only equilibrate the three smallest dimethylanilines and faujasites such as HY or amorphous silica-aluminas which catalyze intermolecular, electrophilic transalkylations. We also discuss new graphical methods which helped us analyze the kinetics of this complex reaction network.
Relationship-based intervention with at-risk mothers : Outcome in the first year of life

Cette etude montre qu'une intervention basee sur une relation de visites a domicile, telle qu'elle est definie par le Projet de Developpement de la Famille a l'Universite de Califomie a Los Angeles. affecte certains domaines du fonctionnement familial au moment ou l'enfant atteint l'âge de douze mois. Nous avons compare deux echantillons (pris au hasard) de m'ageres etant identifiees comme etant a risque de parentage inadequat durant le troisieme trimestre de leur grossesse pour leur premier enfant. Les caracteristiques essentielles de risque etaient la pauvrete et le manque de soutien. Trente et une de ces meres ont eu une intervention et trente trois n'en ont pas eu. Les meres ayant recu l'opportunite de developper une relation positive de confiance et de travail avec un visiteur a domicile hebdomadaire ainsi qu'avec un groupe mere-nourrisson ont bien mieux reussi aux mesures. L'intervention a aussi eu un impact significatif sur trois transactions critiques socio-emotionnelles mere-bebel durant la premiere annee des enfants. Ainsi, sur un eventail d'indices (comprenant les reactioins a la Situation Anormale Ainsworth), les enfants du groupe d'intervention etaient plus cofiants et leurs meres plus attentives a leurs besoins. Les enfants ayant eu l'experience de l'intervention etaient aussi plus autonomes et plus portes a effectuer des tâches, et y etaient encourages par leurs meres.
Russia in the Year 2004

Four specialists on the former Soviet Union reflect on events in Russia and Ukraine during 2004. Areas covered include power politics in Moscow, the condition of the economy, events in Ukraine, and Russian foreign relations with both the West and the states of the former Soviet Union.
Application software documentation: a reader measure

Documentation constitutes a significant, primary interface between the individual whose job tasks are impacted by computer-based applications, and the application system or software package. The MIS literature has identified documentation as a factor influencing project success, software maintenance, and application package usage. However, the professional literature has repeatedly noted the lack of adequate, meaningful documentation in practice. The development and validation of a psychological measure designed to investigate the meaning of documentation for its readers is a first step in a program of research involving the design and implementation of documentation as a factor in MIS utilization. The primary research question addressed by this study is: "What is the nature of dimensions which readers use when evaluating application software documentation?"
Take-Home Nanochemistry: Fabrication of a Gold- or Silver-Containing Window Cling.

The purpose of this laboratory experiment is to introduce aspects of materials chemistry, such as polymers and nanoparticle synthesis and properties, to students by their fabrication of a take-home polydimethylsiloxane window cling containing gold or silver nanoparticles. This lab covers small portions of three successive laboratory periods and is designed to touch on a variety of topics relevant for general chemistry students, although the lab could also be adapted for students with more or less advanced backgrounds.
Neptune: a domain specific language for deploying hpc software on cloud platforms

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of Neptune, a domain specific language (DSL) that automates configuration and deployment of existing HPC software via cloud computing platforms. We integrate Neptune into a popular, open-source cloud platform, and extend the platform with support for user-level and automated placement of cloud services and HPC components. Such platform integration of Neptune facilitates hybrid-cloud application execution as well as portability across disparate cloud fabrics. Supporting additional cloud fabrics through a single interface enables high throughput computing (HTC) to be achieved by users who do not necessarily own grid-level resources but do have access to otherwise independent cloud technologies.We evaluate Neptune using different applications that employ a wide range of popular HPC packages for their implementation including MPI, X10, MapReduce, DFSP, and dwSSA. In addition, we show how Neptune can be extended to support other HPC software and application domains, and thus be used as a mechanism for many task computing (MTC).
Experimental verification of a drilling mud plume model

Abstract An experimental simulation of drilling mud discharged into a flowing stratified ambient was conducted to determine the dilution and settling characteristics of the discharged material. This was done using a towing channel that allowed current to be simulated while maintaining stratification in the channel. Samples where taken within the water column at various distances and depths from the source in order to determine total suspended solids concentrations. Cross sections of the plume during plume collapse in a highly stratified ambient were also determined by an optical method. The results were compared to the predictions of the computer model used by the Offshore Operators Committee. Dilutions were found to decrease sharply near the source. Near-field predictions of the computer model agreed quite well with the results. Plume size and shape predictions show fair agreement in the near field.
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography of soluble interleukin I receptor type II to reveal chemical degradations resulting in loss of potency.

A hydrophobic interaction chromatography method was developed to analyze recombinant soluble Interleukin 1 receptor type II (sIL-1R type II) drug substance and assess the stability of the drug under accelerated degradation studies. HIC resolved the degraded molecules into three peaks. A combination of several analytical techniques, including cyanogen bromide cleavage, reversed-phase chromatography, mass spectrometry, and N-terminal sequencing, were used to identify the origins of these peaks. We found that accelerated degradation resulted from three different events, deamidation and isomerization at asparagine 317 (Asn317), C-terminal cleavage, and aggregation. The iso-aspartate 317 (iso-Asp317)-containing species were shown to elute in HIC peak I and the Asp317-containing species in HIC peak II, respectively. Deamidation-isomerization to iso-Asp317, but not deamidation to Asp317, resulted in altered retention time on HIC companied by loss of potency, presumably by introducing a significant conformational...
Effects of the Helping Early Literacy with Practice Strategies (HELPS) Reading Fluency Program with Latino English Language Learners: A Preliminary Evaluation.

The Helping Early Literacy with Practice Strategies (HELPS) Program was developed by integrating 8 evidence-based fluency-building instructional strategies into a structured program that can be feasibly implemented by educators. The HELPS Program has been shown in previous research to significantly improve elementary-aged students’ reading abilities, but the effects of HELPS have not been evaluated with an important and increasing sub-population of U.S. students, English language learners (ELLs). As such, the purpose of this control group comparison study was to evaluate HELPS with Latino ELLs. Findings showed that ELLs who received HELPS scored significantly higher than the control group on standardized measures of fluency and comprehension. Although this study represents an initial attempt to understand the effects of HELPS with ELLs, the findings have implications for educators and researchers who work with ELLs.
Protracted dosing of the lipophilic camptothecin analogue AR-67 in non-small cell lung cancer xenografts and humans

Although preclinical studies on camptothecin antitumor effect have demonstrated the superiority of low-dose protracted dosing, these findings were not replicated in the clinic. 7-t-butyldimethylsilyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (AR-67) is a camptothecin analogue currently under investigation in early phase clinical trials. To maximize the therapeutic potential of AR-67, we sought to identify factors that affect response to treatment. After determining the maximum tolerated dose using neutropenia as a toxicity endpoint, xenografts received AR-67 under varying dosing schedules and were monitored for survival. On the last treatment day, tumor tissue was collected and topoisomerase 1 (Top1), γH2AX, caspase 3 and PARP protein content was evaluated. AR-67 plasma and tumor pharmacokinetics were also studied in mice and cancer patients who were administered AR-67 as a 1-h intravenous infusion on days 1, 4, 8, 12 and 15 every 21 days. Low-dose protracted dosing schedules increased animal survival compared to less frequent, but higher-dose courses and the expression of Top1 and γH2AX were schedule dependent. Fatigue and neutropenia were the dose-limiting toxicities identified in patients receiving AR-67. Finally, elimination of AR-67 from the tumor site was slower in both xenografts and tumor of a patient enrolled in the pilot clinical trial. We demonstrated that low-dose protracted dosing schedules of AR-67 are therapeutically effective and Top1 reflects the biological activity of AR-67 in xenografts. Moreover, the tumor pharmacokinetics as well as the efficacy and safety of AR-67 given intermittently to cancer patients warrant further investigation.
Translating Max Weber: Exile Attempts to Forge a New Political Science

It would hardly be worth a paper to demonstrate that many of the German-speaking intellectuals who fled to England and the United States carried an understanding of Max Weber with them into their new setting. The fact is too obvious. It is less obvious that the emigres took several elements of Weber with them into their new setting, but were able to translate only some of these into the social-scientific vocabulary of their hosts. The most typical version of Weber that many of the emigres embraced was his famous rationalisation and disenchantment thesis. This thesis was used largely to develop a cultural critique of modernity in the West in general and the United States in particular. A less typical but equally noteworthy version represented by a number of political economists sought to translate Weber’s emphasis on the institutional and cultural basis for economic conduct into a setting in which formal modelling was the dominant form of discourse. This mode of analysis found its expression in the works of economists such as Adolph Lowe (1987) at The New School, who examined the political backdrop for theories of the market and market intervention. However, there is a third version of Weber that also circulated among some emigres and which, although of great significance for the study of politics, never quite flourished in its new setting, either in Britain or in the United States.
Effect of resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch and lactated Ringers on macrophage activity after hemorrhagic shock and sepsis.

Hemorrhagic shock appears to predispose patients to subsequent sepsis. This study examined the effect of different resuscitation fluids on macrophage function following hemorrhagic shock. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were bled to a blood pressure of 50 mmHg for 60 min and then resuscitated with 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) or Lactated Ringers (LR). Phagocytic function was assessed by clearance of IV colloidal carbon (C). Carbon clearance was not statistically different between control (154.89), shock LR (169.16), and shock HES (144.60). Computerized image analysis of C distribution in sections of liver and spleen taken 4 h after C infusion exhibits a significant decrease in C distribution after resuscitation with HES compared to control and animals resuscitated with LR (Student's t test, p < .05). Male CBA/J mice were bled to a mean blood pressure of 50 mmHg for 60 min and then resuscitated with either LR (N = 18) or HES (N = 17). In separate experiments CBA/J mice had no shock, but were given LR or HES followed by cecal ligation and puncture and later excision (CLPE). A final group had shock with either LR or HES resuscitation and then CLPE as above. Splenocytes were harvested 48 h after shock for mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Animals undergoing shock with subsequent septic challenge (Shock/CLPE) showed significantly increased mortality 40 vs. 0% (chi square, p < .05) and immunosuppression on MLC 2,088(LR)/3,300 (HES) vs. 18,570 (LR)/17,705 (HES) compared to CLPE alone (Student's t test, P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Old Friends with a New Job

The paper by Kobayashi et al. triggered fond memories and curious questions, as one might expect when meeting a couple of old, almost forgotten friends. As a post doc in Larry Zipursky's laboratory, I worked in a team trying to understand how Boss/Sevenless signaling directs the presence of one and only one R7 cell in each ommatidium of the fly eye. Almost 20 years later, an odd sense of ownership contributed to my first knee-jerk reaction to the title of the paper claiming a role for Boss and Sevenless in early male gonads: Those mutants are fertile! How, then, could either Boss or Sevenless be important for the niche in which male germline stem cells reside? But, thinking back, neither boss nor sevenless mutants are blind, and yet they told us a lot about cell fate decisions in the fly visual system. Actually reading the paper, I was drawn into a fascinating story of how, early in the male embryonic gonads, Boss/Sevenless signaling helps in determining the number of somatic niche cells. This decision, much less flexible than one might expect, carries forward into the adult male, where niche size appears to determine the number of germline stem cells. This PaperPick refers to "Boss/Sev Signaling from Germline to Soma Restricts Germline-Stem-Cell-Niche Formation in the Anterior Region of Drosophila Male Gonads," by Y. Kitadate, S. Shigenobu, K. Arita, and S. Kobayashi, published in July 2007. Video Abstract Drs. Yu Kitadate and Satoru Kobayashi describe their work, building on the original Developmental Cell paper, showing that primordial germ cells use receptor tyrosine kinase ligands to activate a negative feedback mechanism in the embryonic niche. This feedback positions the niche and restricts its size to ensure the appropriate organization and numbers of germline stem cells in the adult fly.
Stability criteria for uncertain linear time-varying systems

In this paper robust stability of continuous linear time-varying systems is addressed based on Lyapunov functions which are constructed by max-composition of continuously differentiable functions. The resulting Lyapunov functions are continuous but not necessarily differentiable and no individual component needs to be positive definite. When the components are quadratic functions it will be possible to prove robust stability of systems which fail the classic quadratic stability test. The resulting conditions are matrix inequalities which are linear after choosing a set of tuning parameters. The robust stability condition is also extended to provide upper-bounds on integral performance measures.
Cataract Extraction in Cases of Cataract with Vitreous Abnormality

Since good visibility of the deeper structures of the eye is a prerequisite for vitreous surgery, a lentectomy is often performed in combination with vitreous surgery even when the lens is only slightly cataractous. Clear lenses may have to be removed when complete intraocular gas tamponade is utilized (treatment of giant tears 180 degrees and larger). A pars plana approach is recommended, and the lens is removed with the vitrectomy instruments as long as the nucleus is not too hard. Otherwise, phacoemulsifying instruments are needed. The techniques are described. The worst complication of posterior lentectomy is loss of lens material into the vitreous cavity.
Seminoma metastatic to the jaws: Report of a case

Abstract A general review of metastatic tumors to the jaws is followed by a case report of a metastatic seminoma to the jaws of a Caucasian man and a discussion of seminomas.
On the effects of topography on wind and the generation of currents in a large multi-basin lake

The wind field over a lake surface is the key element in driving the exchange of momentum and energy at the free surface. It is rarely uniform, having a considerable degree of spatial variability, both on a synoptic and a local scale. Topographic features are one of the most common contributors to this variability. The aerodynamic effects of topography on the windfield, and its influence on the circulation patterns and interbasin exchange rates in a large multi-basin lake are documented. The complex landscape that surrounds this lake is dominated by the presence of a mountain peak rising over 900 m above the lake level. The circulation patterns in those basins of the lake located in the leeward side of the mountain reflect the spatial patterns of the wind field generated by the surrounding topography. The spatial variations in the wind field are shown to significantly alter the residence times of each basin and the exchange rates between basins, isolating one from the other two basins of the lake. The inter-basin exchange rates determined with wind field variability are consistent with annual contaminant loadings estimated for each of the three basins, which suggests a close link between chemical and hydrodynamic behavior.
Measurement of a Plasma Stroke Biomarker Panel and Cardiac Troponin T in Marathon Runners Before and After the 2005 Boston Marathon

We report changes in cardiac troponin-T (TnT) and a new plasma stroke biomarker panel (D-dimer, B-natriuretic peptide [BNP], matrix metalloproteinase-9 [MMP-9], S-100 b, Biosite Diagnostics, San Diego, CA) in 30 nonprofessional marathon runners before and immediately after the 2005 Boston Marathon. Following competition, there was a statistically significant increase in MMP-9 (P < .001) and D dimer (P < .001). Nonsignificant changes in S-100 b and BNP were observed. Premarathon and postmarathon values for a multimarker stroke index increased from 0.97 (normal) to 3.5 (low risk or more; P < .001). Two subjects had index values more than the high-risk cutoff value. Mean TnT premarathon and postmarathon levels increased (from <0.01 to 0.03 ng/mL; P < .0001). After the marathon, with a cutoff value of 0.05 ng/mL, 7 runners (23%) had values above the manufacturer's recommended cutoff for myocardial damage. Although biochemical evidence of myocardial damage following strenuous exercise may reflect myocardial stunning or subclinical ischemia, the changes in the stroke index and values for individual stroke markers may reflect a systemic inflammatory response to exertional rhabdomyolysis which is common, but the possibility of subclinical central nervous system damage cannot be excluded.
Clinical development of farnesyltransferase inhibitors in leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome.

Abstract Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) target multiple pathways including the Ras pathway implicated in the pathogenesis of some hematologic malignancies. R115777 and BMS-214662, selective FTIs in clinical development, exhibit preclinical activity against cell lines and tumor xenografts with or without ras mutations. Phase I dose-escalating trials at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center have explored the potential of these agents as monotherapy for leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In 20 patients with MDS, two cycles of oral R115777 for 3 consecutive weeks followed by a 1-week rest produced an overall response rate of 30%, consistent with 29% reported in poor-prognosis acute leukemia or blast-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Administration of BMS-214662 as a weekly intravenous infusion produced a decrease in bone marrow blasts of greater than 50% in 23% of patients with acute leukemia or MDS; 18% achieved normalization of blast counts to less than 5%. In both studies, most responding patients did not have ras mutations. The most common side effects at maximum tolerated doses of R115777 (400 mg twice daily) and BMS-214662 (118 mg/m 2 weekly) were myelosuppression and nausea, respectively. Further evaluation of FTIs for hematologic malignancies clearly is warranted. Future research should address whether molecular techniques can identify patients most likely to respond to an FTI, optimal administration schedules for these agents, and the value of incorporating an FTI into combination regimens for difficult-to-treat hematologic malignancies. Semin Hematol 39(suppl 3):20-24. Copyright © 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
The Implementation of Content Enhancement Routines for Improved Content Literacy for Middle and Secondary Social Studies Students

The increased demands for access to and accountability for mastery of the general education curriculum by all students, including students with disabilities, is a current reality within schools. A number of factors have been suggested to promote school reform, classroom implementation, and increase the rates of high fidelity implementation of instructional methods to improve student achievement. However, the lack of research on student achievement related to curricula and instructional practices seems to be an area of concern, especially as related to explaining the variability in achievement outcomes across programs. Research related to the context and conditions of classroom implementation is needed. This manuscript describes implementation of Content Enhancement Routines (CER) within social studies classrooms in a large school district in south Florida, presents teacher and student related research results, and describes the considerations and implications of using CER in practice.
Home2Home: a "lightweight" gift-giving portal between homes

As families become more dispersed within countries and around the world, the ability to maintain frequent and personalized communication becomes more challenging. Home2Home is a lightweight, smartboard device with ambient display that supports family communication practices with particular attention to the novice technology user. By leveraging the ease of a whiteboard and instant sharing, the familiarity of notepads and "care packages," and the emotive qualities of handwriting and voice, Home2Home is an easy-to-learn technology that affords the major communication capacities of other software and devices, together in one place. In this paper, we describe the system and the user-centered design process employed to create it.
Relevance of Inter-Composite-Fermion Interaction to the Edge Tomonaga-Luttinger Liquid

It is shown that Wen's effective theory correctly describes the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid at the edge of a system of noninteracting composite fermions. However, the weak residual interaction between composite fermions is found to be a relevant perturbation. The filling factor dependence of the Tomonaga-Luttinger parameter is estimated for interacting composite fermions in a microscopic approach and satisfactory agreement with experiment is achieved. It is suggested that the electron field operator may not have a simple representation in the effective one-dimensional theory.
Chemical Coupling Between Atmospheric Ozone and Particulate Matter

A major fraction of ambient particulate matter arises from atmospheric gas-to-particle conversion. Attempts to reduce particulate matter levels require control of the same organic and nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions that are precursors to urban and regional ozone formation. Modeling of the gas-aerosol chemical interactions that govern levels of particulate components showed that control of gas-phase organic and NO x precursors does not lead to proportionate reductions of the gas-phase–derived components of atmospheric particles. The chemical coupling between ozone and particulate matter has implications for strategies to achieve the new ozone and particulate matter standards proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Adaptation of native and exotic hyperparasites to the introduced primary sawfly parasite,Exenterus amictorius (Panzer) in Wisconsin

In a 10 year period,Exenterus amictorius (Panzer) has become the dominant primary parasite of the introduced pine sawfly,Diprion similis (Hartig), in Wisconsin. During this time (1961–71), eleven secondary parasites have associated themselves withE. amictorius. Nine are endemic to North America and two are exotic but not of recent origin. Of these, four had never been reared previously fromD. similis cocoons; three, previously recorded as primaries, were recorded as hyperparasites; and four, previously recorded as hyperparasites, had broadened their range to includeE. amictorius. All hyperparasites are hymenopterans in the familiesPteromalidae (5),Ichneumonidae (3),Eulophidae (1),Eupelmidae (1), andTorymidae (1).
Engineered Minichromosomes in Plants

Engineered minichromosomes provide the ability to target transgenes to a defined insertion position for predictable expression on an independent chromosome. This technology promises to provide a means to add many genes to a synthetic chromosome in sequential manner. An additional advantage is that the multiple transgenes will not be inserted into the normal chromosomes and thus will not exhibit linkage drag when converging the transgenes to different germplasm nor will they be mutagenic. Telomere truncation coupled with the introduction of site-specific recombination cassettes has proven to be an easy method to produce minichromosomes. Telomere truncation results from the transformation of plasmids carrying a block of telomere repeats at one end. Minichromosomes consisting of little more than a centromere have been produced for B chromosomes of maize. Such small chromosomes have been studied for their meiotic behavior, which differs from normal sized chromosomes in that homologue pairing is rare or nonexi...