cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competency in conducting cognitive-behavioral therapy: foundational, functional, and supervisory aspects.

The delivery of cognitive– behavioral therapy (CBT) is described in terms of foundational and functional competencies, with additional attention paid to how these skills are applied in clinical supervision. Foundational competencies include such qualities as ethical behavior, good interpersonal relational skills, a healthy capacity for self-awareness and self-correction, cross-cultural sensitivity, and an appreciation for the empirical basis of clinical procedures. Functional competencies include the ability to think like an empiricist and to teach clients to do the same, to conceptualize cases in terms of maladaptive beliefs and behavioral patterns, to structure sessions in an organized and time-effective manner, and to assign and review homework assignments. CBT supervisors have the multiple responsibilities of serving as professional role models for their supervisees, nurturing the latter’s professional development (although also being ready to identify and remediate problems in the supervisee’s performance), and engaging in ongoing self-improvement and education to function most effectively as clinical mentors. A brief, descriptive supervisory vignette is presented.
Forms in the Theaetetus

“The existence (of what is hard or soft) and what each is and their difference from each other and the nature of that difference the mind tries to decide by itself, considering and comparing them with each other...Knowledge, then, is not in the sensations but in argument about them.”
An emerging concept: peaceful letting go.

The concept of peaceful letting go emerged to describe the emotional, transitional and decision making processes that family members experience in losing an older adult loved one with a life-limiting illness. As many older adult patients due to their extreme morbidity are unable to express their end of life (EOL) preferences; families are facedwith having to make difficult decisions regarding their loved ones' care (Thelen, 2005). These decisions are often fraught with upheaval that takes a toll on the mental health of family members. Because EOL situations are multidimensional and complex they elucidate perplexing phenomena that are significant to the field of mental health nursing (Lowey, 2008). This paper highlights application of Liehr and Smith's (2014) concept building process in defining the emerging concept of peaceful letting go and includes implications for nursing research and practice.
Language Education: Past, Present and Future

The recent past in language teaching has been dominated by the Skill-Building Hypothesis, the view that we learn language by first learning about it, and then practicing the rules we learned in out...
Specific solar flare events and associated radiation doses.

Spectral variations in specific solar flare particle events and associated radiation doses for varying shielding thicknesses
Multimedia Comprehension Skill Predicts Differential Outcomes of Web-Based and Lecture Courses

College students (134 women and 55 men) participated in introductory psychology courses that were offered largely online (on the World Wide Web) or in a lecture format. Student comprehension skills were inferred from their scores on a multimedia comprehension battery. The learning of content knowledge was affected interactively by comprehension skill level and course format. Differences between format increased with comprehension skill such that the Web-based course advantage became greater as comprehension skill increased. This same pattern was not seen when self-reports of comprehension ability were used as the predictor. Furthermore, comprehension skill did not predict course satisfaction. Generally, students of all skill levels preferred the lecture courses. As online college courses using the World Wide Web (Web) become more common, questions about their effectiveness become more important. At present, the literature is mixed with respect to the relative effectiveness of Web-based courses. Some studies show differences favoring lecture courses, some show differences favoring Web-based courses, and many show no differences at all. Moreover, other than for methodological problems in some of these studies, the variables that might render Web-based courses more or less effective are not well understood. In this study, we sought to determine the relation between multimedia comprehension skills and learning from Web-based versus lecture courses. Background Several studies have compared learning and performance in media-based courses and traditional lecture courses. Table 1 summarizes the results of those studies. Hiltz (1993) compared performance in Web-based versus lecture courses in computer science, statistics, sociology, and management. As can be seen in the table, she found very similar levels of performance on midterm and final examinations. However, students in the Web-based computer science course received higher grades than did those in the traditional course because the Web-based instructor gave them additional assignments when they completed core assignments faster than students in the lecture course. Hiltz reported that grades did not differ for Web-based and lecture courses in the other subjects.
The Real World of Modern Science, Medicine, and Qigong

Humankind is concerned with scientific enquiry because humans want to understand the milieu in which they find themselves. They want to engineer and reliably control or cooperatively modulate as much of the environment as possible to sustain, enrich, and propagate their lives. Following this path, the goal of science is to gain a reliable description of all natural phenomena so as to allow accurate prediction (within appropriate limits) of nature’s behavior as a function of an ever-changing environment. As such, science is incapable of providing us with absolute truth. Rather, it provides relative knowledge, internally self-consistent knowledge, about the relationships between different phenomena and between different things.The goal of engineering, on the other hand, is to build on this fundamental understanding to generate new materials, devices, structures, attitudes, moralities, philosophies, and so on, for producing tangible order, harnessing the latent potential in nature’s phenomena and expanding h...
Effect of Ionic Strength on Charcoal Adsorption Assays of Receptor-Estradiol Complexes

The effect of increasing ionic strength on the efficacy of the charcoal adsorption assay for estrogen receptors has been examined. Cytosol prepared from immature rat uteri was exposed to variable concentrations of KCl and the saturable or "specific" binding of [3H]estradiol was measured by charcoal and hydroxylapatite adsorption, gel filtration, and/or density gradient centrifugation using excess diethylstilbestrol to correct for non-saturable or "non-specific" binding. As the concentration of KCl was increased, the number of estradiol binding sites as measured via charcoal adsorption decreased in proportion to the conversion of receptor from a low salt (8S) to a high salt (4S) complex. This "stripping" of [3H]estradiol from the 4S receptor species was both time- and charcoal concentration-dependent. It is concluded that the charcoal adsorption procedure quantitatively assesses the binding of [3H]estradiol to low salt, 8S receptor species but is not the assay of choice for salt-extracted or salt-treated receptors in view of the potential for artifactually low estimates of receptor number. Low values for receptor number under high salt conditions may result from exposure of the binding site of the estrogen receptor to charcoal.
Inhibition of L-Deleted Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replication by Alpha/Beta Interferon Involves Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase

We previously demonstrated that the ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to form plaques in cell culture is associated with the suppression of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta). In the present study, we used Escherichia coli-expressed porcine and bovine IFN-alpha or -beta individually to demonstrate that each was equally effective in inhibiting FMDV replication. The block in FMDV replication appeared to be at the level of protein translation, suggesting a role for double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). In support of these findings, treatment of porcine and bovine cells with 2-aminopurine, an inhibitor of PKR, increased the yield of virus 8.8- and 11.2-fold, respectively, compared to that in untreated infected cells. In addition, results of FMDV infection in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells derived from gene knockout mice lacking the gene for RNase L(-/-) or PKR(-/-) or both indicated an important role for PKR in the inhibition of FMDV replication.
Electrochemical polymerization of xylene derivatives on carbon fiber

Electrochemically initiated polymerization on carbon fibers is an attractive process for combining fibers with a polymer matrix. An aromatic monomer, α,α′-para-xylene, was successfully polymerized on carbon fibers in a three-compartment electrolysis cell. A composite topreg with 40 volume percent of polymer was obtained. The polymer coating has a porous texture. The polymerization is rapid and efficient. Polymerization conditions and composite thermal properties are described.
Engineering education with new enabling technologies

This article deals with the use of enabling technologies for adapting engineering education to the Information Age. First it briefly presents the various issues of the 21st century Higher Engineering Education environment. The emphasis is on learning rather than teaching. The article presents shortcomings and advantages of the enabling technologies for educational use. The hyperlearning model, as well as the virtual classroom and university are discussed. An overview of the CSUN Web project of homepage development for courses is given. A framework for a virtual course is then presented. The article concludes by emphasizing that the enabling technologies are only tools, but here to stay, thus we should make good use of their capabilities to enhance learning.
Exploring the Relationship between Classroom Climate, Reading Motivation, and Achievement: A Look into 7th Grade Classrooms

Research has shown that reading development is impacted by a wide variety of factors, including both those specific to the student, most particularly the motivation to read, as well as external factors such as the climate of the reading classroom. Although a great deal of work has been done examining relationships among reading motivation, classroom climate and achievement constructs, there is no clear evidence to date regarding the mechanism by which student specific and external factors influence reading skill. The current study sought to bridge that gap through the use of a moderated mediation model in which the relationships between several aspects of classroom climate and reading achievement were mediated by reading motivation. In addition, the possibility of student gender moderating this mediation model was also investigated. Participants included 104 (49 females, 55 males) 7 th grade students from a public school. Participants completed the classroom climate and reading motivation questionnaires after taking their standardized test. Results showed that indeed the relationship of classroom climate to reading achievement was mediated by student reading motivation, and certain aspects of this mediated relationship were moderated by gender. More specifically, greater perceived order and organization, teacher support, and affiliation was associated with higher test scores through the reading motivation mediators of aesthetics, challenge, efficacy, and compliance. Implications of the study are discussed.
WEST NILE VIRUS SURVEILLANCE IN MOSQUITOES IN NEW YORK STATE, 2000–2004

A West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance system was created and implemented in New York State (NYS) in 2000 and described previously (White et al. 2001). We examine and evaluate the results of mosquito and virus surveillance for 2000 through 2004 exclusive of New York City. Forty-nine counties submitted 1,095,426 mosquitoes in 35,280 pools for WNV assay. Specimens of 47 species were tested, with Culex species accounting for 47.6% of all pools tested. WNV was detected in 814 pools from 10 species, with combined Culex pipiens/Culex restuans pools accounting for 90.8% of all detections. Pools submitted from gravid traps were 5.7 times more likely to be positive than submissions from carbon dioxide-baited light traps. Most human WNV cases resided in counties that conducted mosquito surveillance. Local health departments' use of mosquito surveillance information often led to an enhanced disease prevention response. In NYS, Cx. pipiens/Cx. restuans group are the most likely vectors of WNV. Future efforts to improve system efficacy are discussed.
Study of Block Onset Using Sensitivity Perturbations in Climatological Flows

This work describes the dynamics of adjoint sensitivity perturbations that excite block onsets over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Appropriate functions are derived for the blocking indices for these two regions and the model basic flow is constructed from Northern Hemisphere climatological data. The concepts of sensitivity analysis are extended to forced problems. This tool is used to investigate block onset due to atmospheric forcing, such as that resulting from tropical sea surface temperature anomalies. These linear studies are carried out in a hemispherical, primitive equations, u-coordinate, two-layer model. Results show that wind sensitivity perturbations less than 10 m s 21 and sensitivity forcing of vorticity sources of the order of 1.5 3 10210 s22 are sufficient to excite block onset. Both for the Pacific and Atlantic blocking, sensitivity perturbations and forcing perturbations, when expressed in terms of vertical vorticity, display a Rossby wave train structure mainly found on the southward flanks of the Pacific and Atlantic jets, that is, near the Philippines and the Caribbean regions. From inferences based on the flow evolution of these sensitivity perturbations and with the help of potential vorticity analyses on the two constant potential temperature surfaces in this model, a dynamical framework that may explain Pacific and Atlantic block onsets is proposed. The nonuniform potential vorticity distribution in the jets, in particular the concentration of these gradients on potential vorticity waveguides, and the Lagrangian advection of potential vorticity by the eddies making up the stationary Rossby wave train and their energy propagation and convergence all conspire to play a key role in the growth of the synoptic-scale eddies supported by baroclinic as well as barotropic processes. It is proposed that the structural modification of the eddies in the wave train leads to the planetary structures that become associated with block onset. More specifically, the wave train in the Pacific evolves into a blocking dipole while the Atlantic block is found at the leading edge of the Rossby wave train across the Atlantic. Furthermore, this study shows that at the initial time the Pacific block displays a clear baroclinic structure while the wave train associated with the Atlantic block has a much more barotropic structure. The significance of these results and their potential applications to predictions of blocking are discussed.
Acetaldehyde concentrations in alveolar air following a standard dose of ethanol in man

SUMMARY A method for serial gas chromatographic determinations of acetaldehyde, acetone, and ethanol in alveolar air is described. The concentration of alcohol in alveolar air increased rapidly and then declined linearly following ingestion of ethanol, 0.5 ml/lb body weight, drunk as a 10% solution in 30 min. Acetaldehyde in alveolar air at first increased rapidly to a maximum concentration, then decreased only slightly for several hours despite rising or falling ethanol concentrations. The concentration of acetaldehyde then declined rapidly, beginning at the time when the ethanol concentration had returned to 15-25 pg/lOO ml alveolar air. The concentrations of acetaldehyde in alveolar air appear to correspond to hepatic production. The plateau of acetaldehyde concentrations is probably due to the constant rate of ethanol oxidation over a wide range of ethanol concentrations. Intra-individual variations of replicate tests are small. Comparison of a group of five healthy control subjects with two alcoholics suffering from alcoholic brain damage showed elevated acetaldehyde curves in the latter group. Acetaldehyde concentrations were in the upper normal range in a jaundiced alcoholic suffering from hepatic cirrhosis. Elevated acetaldehyde concentrations may possibly be causally related to alcoholic brain damage.
Arteriovenous malformations and headache

Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are complex vascular lesions commonly associated with chronic headache. An occipital location appears to increase the risk of concurrent migraine-like headaches in AVM patients. We have experienced great success in treating these headaches through a multidisciplinary approach to eradicate cerebral AVM. However, the specific clinical characteristics of AVM-associated headaches and the most effective treatment strategies for these patients remain unclear. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on AVM-associated headaches. We detail the history, classification, epidemiology, presentation, pathophysiology, treatment options, and outcomes for this poorly described condition. Additionally, we illustrate our approach to the management of patients with occipital AVM and associated intractable headaches.
Environmental citizenship: What can political theory contribute to environmental education practice?

AbstractEnvironmental citizenship is a concept that captures one's imagination and adds credibility to the sustainability imperative. While environmental citizenship has been theorized at length, it is still unclear what such citizenship actually looks like in practice or by which methods it can be cultivated. Drawing form the literature in green political theory, this critical essay attempts to identify how we might create environmental education programs and approaches whose goal is to promote environmental citizenship. The essay argues for an environmental citizenship conceived along the civic republican tradition and civic environmentalism tradition, whereby individuals participate in working collectively toward the common good. Place-based education provides a compelling educational approach that provides promise toward cultivating such citizenship.
In the Spotlight or the Shadow of Alzheimer? The Role of Cerebrovascular Disease in Dementia

Vascular Dementia: Cerebrovascular Mechanisms and Clinical Management. Robert H. Paul, Ronald Cohen, Brian R. Ott, and Stephen Salloway (Eds.). 2004. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 356 pp., $145.00, £91.00 (HB).Interest in how vascular factors contribute to dementia is ascendant, propelled by a number of factors. One is the widespread use of MRI, which is a highly sensitive (if not always specific) test for cerebrovascular lesions. A second is a string of epidemiological reports revealing that Alzheimer's disease shares many of the well established risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (Skoog & Gustafson, 2003). Recent autopsy studies using cohorts obtained outside of the potentially winnowing influence of the Alzheimer's disease centers have reminded us that vascular lesions are common in patients with dementia (Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study, 2001). The Nun study report suggesting that infarcts create an additive or greater effect on mental function in concert with AD pathology (Snowdon et al., 1997) received particularly wide exposure and helped revive interest in combined effects of AD and ischemic lesions. Finally, the discovery that polymorphisms of the apoE gene, long of interest in cardiovascular disease, strongly modify the risk of AD suggested the possibility of shared pathophysiological mechanisms between AD and vascular dementia (Panza et al., 2004; Strittmatter & Roses, 1995). The volume Vascular Dementia, edited by Paul, Cohen, Ott and Salloway, is thus a timely resource for those interested in the numerous issues surrounding the role of vascular factors in dementia.
Prevention of unintentional injuries in children

This is a review article about the past and current approaches to injury prevention in children and recommendations for the future. Orthopaedic physicians who care for children must not only be knowledgeable in the care of musculoskeletal injuries, but must also be familiar with intervention strategies as the focus in medicine shifts from illness to wellness with the emphasis on population-based care.
Toward the synthesis of phomoidride D.

An efficient and highly stereoselective approach toward the phomoidride family of natural products is described. The carbocyclic core structure was assembled using a tandem phenolic oxidation/Diels–Alder cycloaddition and a tandem 5-exo-trig/5-exo-trig radical cyclization to deliver an isotwistane intermediate that, upon a late-stage xanthate-initiated Grob fragmentation, furnishes the requisite bicyclo[4.3.1]decene.
A Combined Continuous Density/Osmolality Gradient for Supplemental Purification of Human Islets.

For islet transplantation, islet purification minimizes the risks associated with islet infusion through the portal vein. However, islet purification may result in decreased numbers of islets recovered from digested tissue. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of performing supplemental purification (SP) after regular purification (RP). We designed the densities of low- and high-density solutions based on the outcome of RP. Moreover, a combined continuous osmolality/continuous density gradient for the SP was used in this study. Low-density/osmolality (1.075–1.110 g/cm3/400–410 mOsm/kg) and high-density/osmolality (1.090–1.125 g/cm3/495–505 mOsm/kg) solutions were produced by changing the volumetric ratio of iodixanol, 10×HBSS, and RP solutions. The percentage of islet recovery (postpurification IE/prepurification IE×100) after RP was 77.3±5.6%, and the percentage of islet recovery after addition of SP was 85.3±5.4%. In vitro and in vivo assessments showed that islet viability and function were no...
Laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair: critical steps and adjunct techniques to minimize recurrence.

Introduction:Laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernias (PEH) is associated with a high objective hernia recurrence rate. Tension is a key factor in the repair of any hernia, and tension is a cause for hernia recurrence.Methods:This is a review of my current technique for PEH repair, and represen
Effect of Cortisol Injection upon Amino Acid Incorporating Activity Of Rat Spleen Microsomes.

SummaryL-leucine-C14 incorporation has been studied in cell-free systems containing microsomes from spleens of control and cor-tisol-injected rats and pH 5 fraction from the liver of a control rat. Daily injections of 5 mg of cortisol for three days followed by sacrifice on the fourth day resulted in spleen microsomes that had about 60% of the incorporating activity of microsomes from spleens of control rats.
Illumination of Conjugated Polymer in Solution Alters Its Conformation and Thermodynamics

The importance of chain structure in conjugated polymer-based material active layers and its relation to device efficiencies in OPVs, organic field transistors, OLEDs, and other devices has been well established. However, the influence that the absorbance of the light inherent to these devices might have on the conjugated polymer structure is not well understood. Herein, we employ small-angle neutron scattering to investigate structural changes occurring in solutions of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) with exposure to white light. Results indicate significant decrease in both Kuhn length (b) and radius of gyration (Rg) of the polymer upon illumination, coupled with a drop in the second virial coefficient (A2). We explain this phenomenon through a chain collapse model, proposing that the interaction of light with the polymer backbone alters its thermodynamic interactions with and solubility in the surrounding solvent. The presence of such an effect, which we observe in several conjugated polymers, introduc...
Analysis of the related problems on eight items of assets impairment

In 2006,China issued the "accounting standards for Enterprises No.eighth -- impairment of assets",specification of assets impairment requirement.The method not only improves the quality of accounting information,accounting more implement "prudence" principle,make the development of assets impairment accounting in our country have made a new leap forward.But the guidelines are not standardized all assets impairment,impairment of some assets remains dispersed in each specific standards;in addition,the accounting treatment of impairment of assets in our country there are still some problems.Therefore,the main analysis of the eight asset impairment recognition,measurement principle and accounting,and puts forward some problems existing in the accounting of impairment.
Influence of age, renal disease, hypertension, diuretics, and calcium on the antidiuretic responses to suboptimal infusions of vasopressin

Abstract The antidiuretic response in water loaded individuals to a constant infusion of vasopressin, less than the amount necessary to concentrate the urine to the maximum (8 mU. per hour), has been followed in normal subjects, both young and old, in patients with renal disease (acute and chronic glomerulonephritis and chronic pyelonephritis), in patients with severe hypertension, and in normal subjects following the administration of diuretics (mercurial, chlorothiazide, acetazolamide, aminophylline, mannitol, and calcium gluconate). Marked interindividual variations were observed in the antidiuretic responses to infused vasopressin even in normal subjects. On the other hand, intraindividual studies showed little variation. The ability of the cellular membranes in the distal nephron to become more water permeable in response to this specified quantity of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was possibly diminished in only those subjects with chronic pyelonephritis and the most severe hypertension. The diminished response to vasopressin in these patients was more likely due to a defect in the countercurrent concentrating mechanism in the inner medulla than to a relative inability of vasopressin to increase membrane permeability to water in the distal nephron. None of the diuretics, including calcium gluconate, affected appreciably the ability of vasopressin to increase water permeability in the distal nephron.
Factorization Breaking of AdT for Polarized Deuteron Targets in a Relativistic Framework

We discuss the possible factorization of the tensor asymmetry ${A}_{d}^{T}$ measured for polarized deuteron targets within a relativistic framework. We define a reduced asymmetry and find that factorization holds only in plane wave impulse approximation and if $p$ waves are neglected. Our numerical results show a strong factorization breaking once final state interactions are included. We also compare the $d$-wave content of the wave functions with the size of the factored, reduced asymmetry and find that there is no systematic relationship of this quantity to the $d$-wave probability of the various wave functions.
Benign müllerian glandular inclusions in men undergoing pelvic lymph node dissection.

Benign mullerian-type glandular inclusions in lymph nodes are commonly seen in women, but to our knowledge, there have only been 4 reported cases in men. Distinction of these glandular structures from metastatic adenocarcinoma is crucial for proper staging, prognosis, and treatment of the patient. We report 3 cases of benign mullerian-type glandular inclusions in men undergoing either prostatectomy or cystoprostatectomy with lymph node dissection for treatment of prostatic adenocarcinoma and/or urothelial carcinoma. None of the patients were receiving hormonal therapy. All 3 cases showed benign glands with ciliated cuboidal to columnar cells and rare secretory cells, morphologically comparable with endosalpingiosis in women. These glands were diffusely positive for PAX-8, WT-1, estrogen receptor, and progesteron receptor consistent with mullerian origin. Our study is the first to confirm mullerian origin of these glands by PAX-8 and WT-1 positivity. This finding of mullerian glands in men identical to endosalpingiosis in women supports the theory that this entity can result from mullerian metaplasia of the peritoneal mesothelium rather than displacement of tubal-type epithelium. Pathologists should also be aware that mullerian-type glands can rarely occur in men to prevent the incorrect diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma involving a lymph node.
Protonation of Transition Metal Hydrides to Give Dihydrogen Complexes: Mechanistic Implications and Catalytic Applications

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the protonation of transition-metal hydride complexes, which plays an important role in many catalytic processes. These processes include ionic hydrogenation and the reduction of H+ to H2. Ionic hydrogenation involves the sequential transfer of H+ and H- to olefins, ketones, or imines. If H2 addition to a transition-metal complex generates an acidic dihydrogen complex capable of transferring H+ and H- to a substrate, then the possibility of catalytic ionic hydrogenation exists. The mechanism of ionic hydrogenation is intimately related to that of transfer hydrogenation. Some of the most effective systems for transfer hydrogenation use 2-propanol as a hydrogen source and transfer H+ to the metal and H- to a tethered amino group.
Toxicity evaluations of nanoclays and thermally degraded byproducts through spectroscopical and microscopical approaches.

Abstract Background Montmorillonite is a type of nanoclay that originates from the clay fraction of the soil and is incorporated into polymers to form nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical strength, barrier, and flammability properties used for food packaging, automotive, and medical devices. However, with implementation in such consumer applications, the interaction of montmorillonite-based composites or derived byproducts with biological systems needs to be investigated. Methods Herein we examined the potential of Cloisite Na+ (pristine) and Cloisite 30B (organically modified montmorillonite nanoclay) and their thermally degraded byproducts' to induce toxicity in model human lung epithelial cells. The experimental set-up mimicked biological exposure in manufacturing and disposal areas and employed cellular treatments with occupationally relevant doses of nanoclays previously characterized using spectroscopical and microscopical approaches. For nanoclay-cellular interactions and for cellular analyses respectively, biosensorial-based analytical platforms were used, with induced cellular changes being confirmed via live cell counts, viability assays, and cell imaging. Results Our analysis of byproducts' chemical and physical properties revealed both structural and functional changes. Real-time high throughput analyses of exposed cellular systems confirmed that nanoclay induced significant toxic effects, with Cloisite 30B showing time-dependent decreases in live cell count and cellular viability relative to control and pristine nanoclay, respectively. Byproducts produced less toxic effects; all treatments caused alterations in the cell morphology upon exposure. Conclusions Our morphological, behavioral, and viability cellular changes show that nanoclays have the potential to produce toxic effects when used both in manufacturing or disposal environments. General significance The reported toxicological mechanisms prove the extensibility of a biosensorial-based platform for cellular behavior analysis upon treatment with a variety of nanomaterials.
The Arabidopsis sickle Mutant Exhibits Altered Circadian Clock Responses to Cool Temperatures and Temperature-Dependent Alternative Splicing

The circadian clock allows plants to anticipate and respond to daily changes in ambient temperature. Mechanisms establishing the timing of circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis thaliana through temperature entrainment remain unclear. Also incompletely understood is the temperature compensation mechanism that maintains consistent period length within a range of ambient temperatures. A genetic screen for Arabidopsis mutants affecting temperature regulation of the PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR7 promoter yielded a novel allele of the SICKLE (SIC) gene. This mutant, sic-3, and the existing sic-1 mutant both exhibit low-amplitude or arrhythmic expression of core circadian clock genes under cool ambient temperature cycles, but not under light-dark entrainment. sic mutants also lengthen free running period in a manner consistent with impaired temperature compensation. sic mutant alleles accumulate LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1) splice variants, among other alternatively spliced transcripts, which is exacerbated by cool temperatures. The cca1-1 lhy-20 double mutant is epistatic to sic-3, indicating the LHY and CCA1 splice variants are needed for sic-3 circadian clock phenotypes. It is not expected that SIC is directly involved in the circadian clock mechanism; instead, SIC likely contributes to pre-mRNA metabolism, and the splice variants that accumulate in sic mutants likely affect the circadian clock response to cool ambient temperature.
An in-depth look into PTSD-depression comorbidity: A longitudinal study of chronically-exposed Detroit residents.

Abstract Background Although PTSD-major depressive disorder (MDD) co-morbidity is well-established, the vast majority of studies have examined comorbidity at the level of PTSD total severity, rather than at the level of specific PTSD symptom clusters. This study aimed to examine the long-term associations between MDD and PTSD symptom clusters (intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal), and the moderating role of gender in these associations. Methods 942 residents of urban Detroit neighborhoods were interviewed at 3 waves, 1 year apart. At each wave, they were assessed for PTSD, depression, trauma exposure, and stressful life events. Results At all waves, hyperarousal was the PTSD cluster most strongly correlated with MDD. For the full sample, a reciprocal relationship was found between MDD and all three PTSD clusters across time. Interestingly, the relative strength of associations between MDD and specific PTSD clusters changed over time. Women showed the same bidirectional MDD-PTSD pattern as in the entire sample, while men sometimes showed non-significant associations between early MDD and subsequent PTSD clusters. Limitations First, our analyses are based on DSM-IV criteria, as this was the existing edition at the time of this study. Second, although this is a longitudinal study, inferences regarding temporal precedence of one disorder over another must be made with caution. Conclusions Early identification of either PTSD or MDD following trauma may be crucial in order to prevent the development of the other disorder over time. The PTSD cluster of hyper-arousal may require special therapeutic attention. Also, professionals are encouraged to develop more gender-specific interventions post-trauma.
Dietary Phytochemicals and Cancer Chemoprevention: A Perspective on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Epigenetics.

Oxidative stress occurs when cellular reactive oxygen species levels exceed the self-antioxidant capacity of the body. Oxidative stress induces many pathological changes, including inflammation and cancer. Chronic inflammation is believed to be strongly associated with the major stages of carcinogenesis. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway plays a crucial role in regulating oxidative stress and inflammation by manipulating key antioxidant and detoxification enzyme genes via the antioxidant response element. Many dietary phytochemicals with cancer chemopreventive properties, such as polyphenols, isothiocyanates, and triterpenoids, exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions by activating the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional alterations, also lead to various carcinogenesis processes by suppressing cancer repressor gene transcription. Using epigenetic res...
New Governance and New Knowledge Brokers: Think Tanks and Universities as Boundary Organizations

It is 8:15 a.m. on Friday, February 13, 2015, and the line at the gourmet coffee place assures a minimum 15-minute wait. John takes advantage of the free Wi-Fi to read the morning news on his table...
Transgender and Gender Diverse Clients with Mental Disorders: Treatment Issues and Challenges

A number of transgender and gender diverse individuals face risks of mental health problems and suicidality, often as a result of transphobia and gender minority stress. There are many resilience and protective factors that transgender individuals use to cope with mental distress and thrive. In this article, a review of the literature on transgender and gender diverse individuals with mental health problems is provided, as well as a discussion of the protective factors that enhance resilience.
Effect of vibration and hot-wire gas tungsten arc (GTA) on the geometric shape

Abstract Bead-on-plate experiments were carried out, and the weld-bead size and shape were compared and discussed. The welding droplet parameters were measured by a high-speed camera. A computation fluid dynamics (CFD) model utilizing VOF (volume of fluid) method, incorporating the experimental droplet parameters has been developed to understand the weld pool dynamics and subsequent weld pool geometry. From the experimental results, a narrower and deeper penetration was observed with hot-wire while wider and shallow penetration was observed with cold wire gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The developed model has been applied to predict and analyze the mechanism for narrower and deeper penetration. A modified relationship has been established for droplet detachment in hot wire GTAW.
AFHVS 2017 presidential address: The purpose-driven university: the role of university research in the era of science commercialization

As efforts to commercialize university research outputs continue, critics charge that universities and university scientists are failing to live up to their public-interest purpose. In this paper, I discuss the distinctions between public-interest and private-interest research institutions and how commercialization of university science may be undermining the public interest. I then use Jurgen Habermas’s concept of communicative action as the foundation for efforts to establish public spaces for ethical deliberation among scientists and university administrators. Such ethical deliberation is necessary to facilitate discussion on whether public-interest science should be the research university’s primary purpose and what institutional rules and resources are needed to honor that purpose.
The impact of state-mandated Advanced Placement programs on student outcomes

Abstract This paper examines the effect of a state mandate to offer Advanced Placement (AP) programs at all public high schools on student outcomes. Requiring compliance with this policy could lead to unintended consequences as schools shift resources or students are re-sorted. Using a difference-in-differences estimation strategy, I investigate a 2004 state-wide mandate to offer AP programs in Arkansas and its impact on students’ schooling outcomes. Results suggest schools decrease the share of courses dedicated to career and technical education in favor of AP courses. Additionally, enrollment decreases by about 60 students on average, the 4-year graduation rate increases by 2.5 percentage points, and there are generally fewer students scoring in the highest category on two end-of-course exams at schools required to comply with the mandate. Taken together, these results suggest the policy may have at least partially affected the sorting of students across schools.
Students' Experiences with Ecological Momentary Assessment Tools to Report on Emotional Well-being

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods have emerged as an approach that enhances the ecological validity of data collected for the study of human behavior and experience. In particular, EMA methods are used to capture individuals' experiences (e.g., symptoms, affect, and behaviors) in real-world contexts and in near-real time. However, work investigating participants' experiences in EMA studies and in particular, how these experiences may influence the collected data, is limited. We conducted in-depth focus groups with 32 participants following an EMA study on mental well-being in college students. In doing so, we probed how the elicitation of high-quality, reflective responses is related to the design of EMA interactions. Through our study, we distilled three primary considerations for designing EMA interactions, based on observations of 1) response strategies to repeated questions, 2) the perceived burden of EMA prompts, and 3) challenges to the validity and robustness of EMA data. We present these considerations in the context of two microinteraction-based EMA approaches that we tested: lock-screen EMA and image-based question prompts. We conclude by characterizing design tensions in the presentation and delivery of EMA prompts, and outline directions for future work to address these tensions.
Temporal and nonlinear dispersal patterns of Ludwigia hexapetala in a regulated river

Rivers are vulnerable to biological invasion due to hydrologic connectivity, which facilitates post-entry movement of aquatic plant propagules by water currents. Ecological and watershed factors may influence spatial and temporal dispersal patterns. Field-based data on dispersal could improve risk assessment models and management responses. Ludwigia hexapetala, an invasive emergent macrophyte, provides a case study for understanding dispersal patterns throughout a watershed. The species spreads via hydrochory and is increasingly imposing detrimental ecological and economic impacts within watersheds of the United States and Europe. We investigated morphology of shoot fragments and their dispersal in the Russian River watershed of California, capturing shoot fragments of L. hexapetala during repeated summer surveys at five locations in the river and quantifying their morphological traits that predict establishment success. Highly variable capture counts suggest the importance of pulse disturbance events in local dispersal of L. hexapetala. Unexpectedly, dispersing propagule pressure was nonlinear, with more shoot fragments captured in the middle rather than lower river. Captured fragments in the middle river were twice the length of fragments captured in the lower river and bore 83% more stem nodes, characteristics associated with greater establishment success. Our results support development of spatially targeted management, outreach, and prevention efforts that could lead to decreased propagule pressure in the watershed.
Feedback Quality Using an Observation Form.

Background Direct observations with focused feedback are critical components for medical student education. Numerous challenges exist in providing useful comments to students during their clerkships. Students' evaluations of the clerkship indicated they were not receiving feedback from preceptors or house officers. Objective To encourage direct observation with feedback, Structured Patient Care Observation (SPCO) forms were used to evaluate third-year medical students during patient encounters. Design In 2014-2015, third-year medical students at a Midwestern medical school completing an 8-week pediatrics clerkship provided experiences on inpatient wards and in ambulatory clinics. Students were expected to solicit feedback using the SPCO form. Results/Findings A total of 121 third-year medical students completed the pediatrics clerkship. All of the students completed at least one SPCO form. Several students had more than one observation documented, resulting in 161 SPCOs submitted. Eight were excluded for missing data, leaving 153 observations for analysis. Encounter settings included hospital (70), well-child visits (34), sick visits (41), not identified (8). Observers included attending physicians (88) and residents (65). The SPCOs generated 769 points of feedback, comments coalesced into themes of patient interviews, physical examination, or communication with patients and family. Once themes were identified, comments within each theme were further categorized as either actionable or reinforcing feedback. Discussion SPCOs provided a structure to receive formative feedback from clinical supervisors. Within each theme, reinforcing feedback and actionable comments specific enough to be useful in shaping future encounters were identified.
Features of diffuse gliomas that are misdiagnosed on initial neuroimaging: a case control study.

The neuroimaging diagnosis of diffuse gliomas can be challenging owing to their variable clinical and radiologic presentation. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that are associated with imaging errors in the diagnosis of diffuse gliomas. A retrospective case–control analysis was undertaken. 18 misdiagnosed diffuse gliomas on initial neuroimaging (cases) and 108 accurately diagnosed diffuse gliomas on initial neuroimaging (controls) were collected. Clinical, pathological, and imaging metrics were tabulated for each patient. The tabulated metrics were compared between cases and controls to determine factors associated with misdiagnosis. Cases of misdiagnosed diffuse glioma (vs controls) were more likely to undergo initial triage as a stroke workup [OR 14.429 (95% CI 4.345, 47.915), p < 0.0001], were less likely to enhance [OR 0.283 (95% CI 0.098, 0.812), p = 0.02], were smaller (mean diameter 4.4 vs 6.0 cm, p = 0.0008), produced less midline shift (median midline shift 0.0 vs 2.0 mm, p = 0.003), were less likely to demonstrate necrosis [OR 0.156 (95% CI 0.034–0.713), p = 0.008], and were less likely to have IV contrast administered on the initial MRI [OR 0.100 (95% CI 0.020, 0.494), p = 0.008]. Several clinical and radiologic metrics are associated with diffuse gliomas that are missed or misdiagnosed on the initial neuroimaging study. Knowledge of these associations may aid in avoiding misinterpretation and accurately diagnosing such cases in clinical practice.
Mammalian Type C RNA Viruses

Type C RNA viruses are a distinct class of vertebrate viruses which share a common morphology, protein composition, and viral life cycle, have single-stranded RNA as their viral genome, and contain an RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase).