cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical imaging and virtual reality: a personal perspective

The evolution of medical imaging, and concomitantly virtual reality (VR) technology, especially over the past 2–3 decades, has significantly accelerated the use of multi-modality images and VR instrumentation in guiding medical procedures, including surgery. The imaging capabilities have not only increased in variety of modalities (CT, MRI, PET, ultrasound, etc.), but also in dimensions and resolution. It is becoming more common to talk about 3D, 4D and even 5D images produced by modern imaging modalities. However, a relatively unexploited potential and capability of this increase in multimodality, multidimensional image data is the synergistic fusion of these datasets into a unified form that describes more accurately and extensively the complex nature of human anatomy, physiology, biology and pathology. The assist in achieving this potential, through realistic simulation, training, rehearsal and delivery of surgery and other interventional procedures by use of VR technology, has been increasingly evident, particularly in education. This paper attempts an overview of this potential, describing the evolution of medical imaging systems and VR that has lead to development of powerful computational techniques to fuse, visualize, analyze and use these images for advanced use in medical practice. This overview is based primarily on the author’s experience, opinion and perspective, explaining the preponderance of citations to his own work. A brief history of medical imaging and VR, a description of current imaging systems, and a summary of important image processing methods used in image-guided interventions will be given. Examples of use of these methods on several types of multidimensional image datasets will be illustrated, and several examples of real clinical applications described using 3D, 4D and 5D fused image datasets and VR technology for image-guided interventions, image-guided surgery, and image-guided therapy. Finally, the paper will discuss some barriers to progress and provide some prognostic views on the promising future of image-guided medical procedures and surgical interventions.
Extremal effective divisors on $$\overline{\mathcal M}_{1,n}$$

For every $$n\ge 3$$ , we exhibit infinitely many extremal effective divisors on $$\overline{\mathcal M}_{1,n}$$ , the Deligne-Mumford moduli space parameterizing stable genus one curves with $$n$$ ordered marked points.
Low-Level Atmospheric Changes over Oregon's Coastal Upweliing Region

Abstract Temporal and spatial variations in the structure of the lower atmosphere off Oregon's central coast are studied. The response of the wind and thermal fields to a synoptic-scale realignment aloft that causes a rapid shift from surface southerly to northerly winds is detailed. The effects and importance of the infrequent southerlies on the marine inversion, sea breezes and upwelling is also investigated. A vast array of meteorological and oceanographic observations were measured by aircraft, land stations, buoys and ships during the first Coastal Upwelling Experiment I (CUE-I). The winds, air and water temperature, and currents from the surface ocean layer to 1.5 km are compared during 16–29 August 1972. The period of southerly surface winds created a warm moist lower atmosphere, weak sea breezes, and brought about a cessation to previous upwelling. In contrast, northerlies and ridging aloft produced a distinct marine inversion, strong sea breezes, and an upwelling event. The marked changes reveal ...
Is comprehension necessary for error detection? A conflict-based account of monitoring in speech production

Despite the existence of speech errors, verbal communication is successful because speakers can detect (and correct) their errors. The standard theory of speech-error detection, the perceptual-loop account, posits that the comprehension system monitors production output for errors. Such a comprehension-based monitor, however, cannot explain the double dissociation between comprehension and error-detection ability observed in the aphasic patients. We propose a new theory of speech-error detection which is instead based on the production process itself. The theory borrows from studies of forced-choice-response tasks the notion that error detection is accomplished by monitoring response conflict via a frontal brain structure, such as the anterior cingulate cortex. We adapt this idea to the two-step model of word production, and test the model-derived predictions on a sample of aphasic patients. Our results show a strong correlation between patients’ error-detection ability and the model’s characterization of their production skills, and no significant correlation between error detection and comprehension measures, thus supporting a production-based monitor, generally, and the implemented conflict-based monitor in particular. The successful application of the conflict-based theory to error-detection in linguistic, as well as non-linguistic domains points to a domain-general monitoring system.
Sequential feature extraction for waveform recognition

Many practical waveform recognition problems involve a sequential structure in time. One obvious example is speech. The information in speech can be assumed to be transmitted sequentially through a phonetic structure. Other examples are seismograms, radar signals, or television signals. We will take advantage of this sequential structure to develop a means of feature extraction and recognition for waveforms. The results will be applied to speech recognition.
An Experiential Model of Learning Diabetes Self-Management:

The literature on self-management in diabetes consists predominantly of investigations on compliance, behavioral modification techniques, assessment of health beliefs, and cognitive theories. Little systematic research has explored the actual experience of applying and adapting to a diabetes regimen. This qualitative study reports a diabetes self-management model (DSMM) based on interview data from 18 adults with Type I diabetes. As described and confirmed by the study participants, the DSMM is composed of sequential phases and stages that evolve over time and is influenced by four major factors: personal considerations, monitoring activities, specific cognitive skills for diabetes problem solving, and definition of control. This study provides a model that affirms the experience and effort of learning self-management and recognizes the importance of individualized regimens developed from personal experiences and perceptions of what "works for me."
Diagnostic imaging in carotid artery dissection: a case report and review of current modalities.

Background This case report presents the challenges associated with the existing screening modalities in the diagnosis of carotid artery dissection, and also reviews the diagnostic efficiency, limitations, and recent advances in imaging technology. Case Presentation A 54-year-old man with blunt trauma and subsequent development of ischemic stroke and no clear initial evidence of carotid dissection with noninvasive screening, including magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography, and computed tomography angiography. Conclusions Despite emerging noninvasive imaging techniques, conventional angiography should still be considered to establish a diagnosis of carotid artery dissection, particularly when other imaging modalities are negative or inconclusive but a high degree of clinical suspicion exists based on symptoms or mechanism of injury.
Evaluation of an eLearning tool for training behavioral therapists in academic knowledge of applied behavior analysis

Abstract Applied Behavior Analytic (ABA) treatment for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has been demonstrated to produce significant treatment effects across multiple studies ( Eikeseth, 2009 , Eldevik et al., 2009 ). Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of ABA, there continues to be a lack of trained clinicians to provide the treatment. Traditional training approaches include lecture, group discussion, and role-playing formats. However, alternative training approaches may need to be developed to increase the efficiency of training and/or to disseminate training opportunities to remote regions. One such possibility is eLearning, wherein trainees interact with computer training programs, rather than, or in addition to, live human trainers. Despite the potential contributions of eLearning training approaches, no previous research of which we are aware has evaluated eLearning approaches to training behavioral therapists in ABA principles and procedures for the treatment of autism. In this study, we evaluated an eLearning tool that was developed for training newly hired behavioral therapists in academic knowledge of ABA treatment for children with autism. We compared outcomes for a group of trainees who received eLearning training to a group who received traditional didactic training. Knowledge of ABA principles and procedures increased substantially for both groups, with the traditional didactic group achieving scores slightly higher than the eLearning group. These preliminary results suggest that eLearning tools may be a useful strategy for extending training in ABA principles and procedures to settings in which limited or no contact with live professional trainers may be available.
An interpretation of discrete Choquet integrals in morphological image processing

Mathematical morphology has been widely used for shape analysis and feature extraction in digital images. Morphological filters are based on morphological transformations of signals by crisp sets. Their sensitivity to noise led researchers define morphological operations on fuzzy sets. Choquet integrals provide another means of generalizing binary morphological operators. They operate on crisp sets. But, they are referred to as fuzzy integrals because they integrate a real function with respect to a fuzzy measure. An interpretation of a fuzzy measure in terms of fuzzy fitting has led us to generalize gray-scale morphological operators based on Choquet integrals. These operators are called Choquet Morphological Operators (CMO). We used them for domain learning, feature selection, information fusion and, feature extraction. CMOs have been shown to provide better results than conventional morphological operators. In this paper, we give a detailed discussion of the fuzzy fitting concept that leads us to generalizing gray-scale morphological operators using Choquet integrals.
Painful generalised clonic and tonic-clonic seizures with retained consciousness

Two patients in whom consciousness and memory were retained during bilateral clonic or tonic-clonic seizures are reported on, and three patients reported on previously are reviewed. Ictal semiology differed from myoclonic and supplementary motor seizures, which are other seizure types characterised by bilateral motor movements and retained awareness. In the two new patients ictal pain was a prominent feature. It is proposed that propagation of seizure activity may be confined to the sensorimotor areas bilaterally while sparing the neural structures involved in maintaining consciousness and in processing language and memory. This unusual type of seizure may be misdiagnosed as a pseudoseizure. Detailed description of the ictal events and further laboratory evaluation including video-EEG monitoring may be necessary to make the distinction.
Clinical teaching: Update

Abstract Although the concept of clinical teaching has been employed in the field of learning disabilities for over a decade, enactment of federal legislation providing services for handicapped children has both expanded and redefined the concept. This paper examines the relevance of the clinical teaching paradigm to the clinical child psychologist. In addition, this paper reviews current concepts of remediation and task analysis as they relate to the implementation and evaluation phases of clinical teaching.
Opposite diel patterns of nitrogen fixation associated with salt marsh plant species (Spartina foliosa and Salicornia virginica) in southern California

In marine wetlands, nitrogen fixation is a potentially important nutrient source for nitrogen-limited primary producers, but interactions between nitrogen fixers and different vascular plant species are not fully understood. Nitrogen fixation activity was compared in sediments vegetated by three plant species, Spartina foliosa, Salicornia virginica, and Salicornia bigelovii in the Kendall Frost Reserve salt marsh in Mission Bay (CA). This study addressed the effects of plant type, day and night conditions, and sediment depths on nitrogen fixation. Higher rates of nitrogen fixation were associated with S. foliosa than with either of the two Salicornia spp., which are known to compete more effectively than Spartina for exogenous nitrogen in the salt marsh environment. Rates of nitrogen fixation, determined by acetylene reduction, in sediments vegetated by S. virginica were low during the day (7.7 ± 1.2 μmol C2H4 m−2 h−1) but averaged 13 ± 6.6 μmol C2H4 m−2 h−1 at night, with particularly high rates in samples from locations with visible cyanobacterial mats. The opposite diel pattern was found for sediments containing S. foliosa plants, in which average daytime and nighttime rates of nitrogen fixation were 62 ± 23 and 21 ± 15 μmol C2H4 m−2 h−1, respectively. For S. foliosa, nitrogenase activity of rinsed roots and different sediment sections (0–1, or 4–5 cm depths) were measured. Although nitrogen fixation rates in vegetated sediment samples were substantial, all but one of rinsed S. foliosa root samples (n = 12) and subsurface sediments at 4–5 cm depths failed to show nitrogen fixation activity after 2 h, suggesting that the most active nitrogen fixers in these systems likely reside in surface sediments. Further, nitrogenase activity in shaded and unshaded S. foliosa samples did not differ, suggesting that nitrogen fixers may not rapidly respond to changes in plant photosynthetic activity. Average nitrogen fixation rates in S. foliosa-vegetated samples from the Mission Bay salt marsh were on the same order as those of highly productive Atlantic coast marshes, and this microbially-mediated nitrogen source may be similarly substantial in other Mediterranean wetlands. Sediment abiotic variables seem to exert greater control upon nitrogen fixation activity than the effects of particular plant species. Nonetheless, dominant plant species may differ substantially in their reliance on nitrogen fixation as a nutrient source, with potentially important consequences for wetland conservation and restoration.
Forensic analysis of the Windows registry in memory

This paper describes the structure of the Windows registry as it is stored in physical memory. We present tools and techniques that can be used to extract this data directly from memory dumps. We also provide guidelines to aid investigators and experimentally demonstrate the value of our techniques. Finally, we describe a compelling attack that modifies the cached version of the registry without altering the on-disk version. While this attack would be undetectable with conventional on-disk registry analysis techniques, we demonstrate that such malicious modifications are easily detectable by examining memory.
Analyzing the Chaotic Behavior of the Logistics Equation Represented as a Marked Point Process

The logistics equation, a discrete-time process, is embedded in a continous-time marked point process of the Poisson type. The concept of the Liapanov exponent used in the study of chaos is then applied to the point process to describe some of its behavior. Characterizations in terms of Markov processes and martingales are used in the analysis.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with mixed transcortical aphasia: insights into echolalia

Aphasia is a common manifestation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and investigation of the linguistic disorders of CJD patients may provide insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of language and aphasia. We report an autopsy-confirmed case of CJD in which the presenting symptom was change in language abilities. The patient ultimately evidenced mixed transcortical aphasia (MTA) with echolalia. Disruption of frontal-subcortical circuits with environmental dependency accounts for the symptoms in MTA, including intact repetition and echolalia. Observation in this patient and a review of the literature suggest that frontal-subcortical circuit dysfunction may contribute to the syndrome of echolalia. This hypothesis offers an alternative explanation to "isolation" of the speech area as the cause of MTA.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome With Intact or Highly Restrictive Atrial Septum Outcome After Neonatal Transcatheter Atrial Septostomy

Background— Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) with intact or very restrictive atrial septum is a highly lethal combination. We review our 13-year institutional experience treating this high-ri...
Clarification Regarding the Holotype of Caecilia volcani (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)

Abstract We resolve a minor confusion regarding the holotype of Caecilia volcani. The animal figured in the original description is not the one from which the measurements for the description were taken. The photographs are of a paratype at the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH 189208). The holotype has had the wrong field number associated with it and is in the collection of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum (UKMNH 203035).
The effect of complete dentures on alveolar mucosa

Abstract Histologic examination of biopsy specimens prior to the insertion of dentures and following the wearing of dentures for three months, revealed healthy tissue with minimal inflammatory infiltration and increased keratinization. The dentures appeared to stimulate keratinization.
Solution-Processed ZTO TFTs With Recessed Gate and Low Operating Voltage

We demonstrate solution-processed zinc tin oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) with a patterned-gate configuration. High-k and solution-processed zirconium oxide (ZrO2) was employed to lower down the operating voltage. Devices with recessed and nonrecessed gate electrodes were compared to study the influence of gate surface relief on the performance of the solution-processed thin films. The TFTs with the recessed gate electrode operate at 5 V and have a threshold voltage of ~ 1 V, subthreshold slope of ~ 0.23 V/dec, saturation mobility of 2.5 cm2/V ·s, and on/off current ratio of > 106.
Charles Oliver Brown at Dubuque: A Study in the Ideals of Midwestern Congregationalists in the Late Nineteenth Century

Most of the standard books on the social gospel mention Charles Oliver Brown's Talks on the Labor Troubles, published in 1886, the year of the Haymarket riot, as one of the early clerical statements on the problem of labor in America. Several of them also allude to Brown's controversy in San Francisco with George D. Herron in 1895. But these writers on the social gospel were unaware of Brown's importance, even though Henry F. May noted that a whole issue of The Kingdom, a paper issued by Herron's supporters, was devoted to the refutation of Brown's charges against Herron.
Materials Optimization for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells Using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

Our research team has used hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) to fabricate silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells on p-type FZ silicon substrates with efficiencies as high as 18.2%. The best cells are deposited on anisotropically-textured (100) silicon substrates where an etching process creates pyramidal facets with (111) crystal faces. Texturing increases J sc through enhanced light trapping, yet our highest V oc devices are deposited on un-textured (100) substrates. One of the key factors in maximizing the efficiency of our SHJ devices is the process of optimization of the material properties of the 3 - 5 nm thick hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) layers used to create the junction and back contact in these cells. Such optimization is technically challenging because of the difficulty in measuring the properties of extremely thin layers. This difficulty is compounded by the fact that the properties of such amorphous layers are substrate- and thickness-dependent. In this study, we have utilized spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and photoconductivity decay to conclude that a-Si:H films grown on (111) substrates are substantially similar to films grown on (100) substrates. In addition, analysis of the substrate temperature dependence of surface roughness evolution reveals a substrate-independent mechanism of surface smoothening with an activation energy of 0.28 eV. Analysis of the substrate temperature dependence of surface passivation reveals a passivation mechanism with an activation energy of 0.63 eV.
A delay-optimal quorum-based mutual exclusion algorithm for distributed systems

The performance of a mutual exclusion algorithm is measured by the number of messages exchanged per critical section execution and the delay between successive executions of the critical section. There is a message complexity and synchronization delay trade-off in mutual exclusion algorithms. The Lamport algorithm (1978) and the Ricart-Agrawal algorithm (1981) both have a synchronization delay of T (T is the average message delay), but their message complexity is O(N). Maekawa's algorithm reduces the message complexity to O(/spl radic/N); however, it increases the synchronization delay to 2T. After Maekawa's algorithm (1985), many quorum-based mutual exclusion algorithms have been proposed to reduce the message complexity or the increase the resiliency to site and communication link failures. Since these algorithms are Maekawa-type algorithms, they also suffer from the long synchronization delay. We propose a delay-optimal quorum-based mutual exclusion algorithm which reduces the synchronization delay to T and still has a low message complexity of O(K) (K is the size of the quorum which can be as low as log N). A correctness proof and a detailed performance analysis are provided.
Progressive mental status changes and seizures with fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintensity on brain MRI

Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 641, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Extraordinary infrared transmission through a periodic bowtie aperture array

The discovery of extraordinary transmission through periodic aperture arrays has generated significant interest. Most studies have used circular apertures and attributed enhanced transmission to surface plasmon polariton (SPP) resonances and/or Rayleigh‐Wood anomalies (RWA). Bowtie apertures concentrate light and have much longer cutoff wavelengths than circular apertures and can be designed to be strongly resonant. We demonstrate here that the total transmission through a bowtie aperture array can exceed 85% (4 the open area). Furthermore, we show that the high transmission is due to waveguide modes as opposed to the commonly believed SPP/RW phenomena. This work is focused on IR wavelengths near 9 m; however, the results are broadly applicable and can be extended to optical frequencies. © 2010 Optical Society of America
On the fundamental cycle set graph

We prove that there exists a one-to-one correspondence between the spanning trees and the fundamental cycle sets of a graph G if and only if G is 3-edge connected. Then we define a fundamental cycle set graph and prove that such a graph is a tree graph. It follows, therefore, that every fundamental cycle set graph on at least three vertices is Hamiltonian.
Detection of structural defects in pipes using time reversal of guided waves

Structural health monitoring of buried pipelines is of vital importance as infrastructures age. Ultrasonic guided waves are a popular method for inspecting buried pipes, due to their potential for long propagation. Unfortunately, the large number of wave modes present, and the effects of dispersion, in a pipeline make analysis of the received signals difficult. We plan to use Time Reversal Acoustics to compensate for these complex signals, and improve performance for the detection of faults in a pipeline. We will present theoretical performance results for conventional and Time Reversal detectors, verified with simulations conducted in PZFlex. Time Reversal shows a potential for a reduction in the power requirements of a fault detection system.
Pole-placement designs of power system stabilizers

This paper examines four pole placement techniques applied to the design of power system stabilizers. These methods are the full state feedback, an output feedback by the projective method [1], a design based on a full order observer, and a low order dynamic compensator also based on the projective method [2]. A single machine infinite bus power system is used to illustrate the different design approaches. The power system stabilizer is designed to provide damping to the local mode of this system. It is shown that in order to provide the same amount of damping improvement, the power system stabilizers designed using the different methods have similar gains and plases at the modal frequency, Figure 1. This result is explained by establishing a link between the frequency modal response method and the close-loop system electromechnical modes. The response of the dynamic controllers with modes close to the local mode is also investigated. It is shown that this situation causes a resonant condition which, in general, should be avoided. This paper also presents a simple robust damping controller design considering two different operating conditions of the power system: a weak connection case and a strong connection case. The robust controller is based on the reduction of two controllers using a Hankel-Norm model reduction algorithm [3].
Subcritical crack growth in soda-lime glass in combined mode I and mode II loading

Subcritical crack growth under mixed-mode loading was studied in soda-lime glass. Pure mode I, combined mode I and mode II, and pure mode II loadings were achieved in precracked disk specimens by loading in diametral compression at selected angles with respect to the symmetric radial crack. Crack growth was monitored by measuring the resistance changes in a microcircuit grid consisting of parallel, electrically conducting grid lines deposited on the surface of the disk specimens by photolithography. Subcritical crack growth rates in pure mode I, pure mode II, and combined mode I and mode II loading could be described by an exponential relationship between crack growth rate and an effective crack driving force derived from a mode I-mode II fracture toughness envelope. The effective crack driving force was based on an empirical representation of the noncoplanar strain energy release rate. Stress intensities for kinked cracks were assessed using the method of caustics and an initial decrease and a subsequent increase in the subcritical crack growth rates of kinked cracks were shown to correlate with the variations of the mode I and the mode II stress intensities.
Modeling of Temporal Reliability Degradation

Transistor performance not only depends on static process variations, but also changes over the period of dynamic operation because of the effect of temporal reliability degradation (i.e., aging effect) [1–5]. As CMOS technology is scaling to the 10 nm regime, equivalent oxide thickness will be as thin as 5 A [1]. Such an aggressive pace inevitably leads to multiple reliability concerns, such as negative-bias-temperature-instability (NBTI), channel-hot-carrier (CHC), and time-dependent-dielectric-breakdown (TDDB). In particular, there has been a recent increase in interest on the reliability impact of PMOS NBTI, and NMOS positive-bias temperature instability (PBTI), which is similar to NBTI and becomes pronounced after high-k gate dielectric is adopted [1, 6–9].
Hubble Observations of D/H in the Local ISM and Consequences for Cosmology

An accurate measurement of the primordial value of D/H would provide one of the best tests of nucleosynthesis models for the early universe and the baryon density. We first summarize previous observations of atomic D and deuterated molecules, and then report on our ongoing program of HST/GHRS observations of the interstellar neutral H and D Lyman-a lines along the lines of sight toward nearby stars. The first stars studied in this program were Capella (12.5 pc) and Procyon (3.5 pc). We compare the derived properties of the local interstellar medium (D/H ratio, temperature, turbulent velocity) for Procyon and Capella at two orbital phases. Our data are consistent with a single value for D/H (about 1.6 x 10−5 by number) in the local ISM. We estimate the primordial value of D/H using Galactic chemical evolution models and compare this value with recent standard cosmological models. We find that lies in the narrow range 0.06–0 08 Finally we comment on recent reports of extragalactic D/H measurements.
Exploratory Study of Childbearing Experiences of Women with Asperger Syndrome

Increasing numbers of girls have been diagnosed with Asperger syndrome and other autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) over the past two decades; therefore, more women with ASDs are entering the childbearing phase of their lives. Little is known about the childbearing experiences of women with ASDs. This qualitative study describes the childbearing experiences of eight women with Asperger syndrome. Four major themes emerged: Processing Sensations, Needing to Have Control, Walking in the Dark, and Motherhood on My Own Terms. Clinicians can provide sensitive, individualized care by asking women with Asperger syndrome about their specific sensory experiences, counseling them about coping strategies for sensory intrusions, providing targeted support, and modifying the clinical environment to decrease distressing stimuli.
Study of bathroom ventilation fan performance trends for years 2005 to 2013—Data analysis of loudness and efficacy

Abstract Whole-house ventilation, which is defined as systems that supply and exhaust or relieve ventilation air for a residence, has been a mandatory provision since the announcement of IECC 2012. As a result, an increasing numbers of publications and standards are now addressing residential ventilation in terms of performance and efficiency. In addition, loudness is increasingly addressed in standards and guidelines, especially in the last decade as it is now considered to be a significant factor for certified performance ratings of ventilation fans. Because of the above interest in fan performance, this paper provides statistics of bathroom ventilation fan tests and their results for an almost decade-long period from 2005 to 2013. Also, the paper interprets these statistics with regards to the recent development of residential ventilation standards and guidelines. In order to investigate year-to-year changes, this paper first evaluates changes in loudness ratings for the test period 2005–2013, and its relevance to applicable standards, including ASHRAE 62.2. Then, noticeable transitions in loudness and efficacy in specific time frames are investigated. The test results of DC-motor high-efficiency bathroom fans are also compared to AC-motor fans. Relationships between performance variables and loudness are investigated, and formulated by developing regression models.
Predator olfactory cues generate a foraging–predation trade-off through prey apprehension

Most animals are faced with the challenge of securing food under the risk of predation. This frequently generates a trade-off whereby animals respond to predator cues with reduced movement to avoid predation at the direct cost of reduced foraging success. However, predators may also cause prey to be apprehensive in their foraging activities, which would generate an indirect ‘apprehension cost’. Apprehension arises when a forager redirects attention from foraging tasks to predator detection and incurs a cost from such multi-tasking, because the forager ends up making more mistakes in its foraging tasks as a result. Here, we test this apprehension cost hypothesis and show that damselflies miss a greater proportion of their prey during foraging bouts in response to both olfactory cues produced by conspecifics that have only viewed a fish predator and olfactory cues produced directly by fish. This reduced feeding efficiency is in addition to the stereotypical anti-predator response of reduced activity, which we also observed. These results show that costs associated with anti-predator responses not only arise through behavioural alterations that reduce the risk of predation, but also from the indirect costs of apprehension and multi-tasking that can reduce feeding efficiency under the threat of predation.
Eyes on the clinic: accelerating meaningful interface analysis through unobtrusive eye tracking

Electronic medical records (EMRs) are changing the way physicians work and how medical staff care for patients. While their widespread adoption promise many benefits and computationally powerful features for end users, they may also carry with them other unintended and troubling consequences. As part of a larger ongoing research study, we deployed an unobtrusive eye tracker in outpatient clinics to observe how physicians use their EMRs. We report on our experiences and we derive a methodology for successful eye tracking data collection in the clinic. Our results highlight multiple applications for the quantitative and qualitative assessment of EMR interfaces from eye tracking data collected in situ. We describe one of these applications, the association of eye movements with the specific task that physicians engage with in the EMR, and we discuss both next steps and future application of these results.
RANS and LES/RANS Simulations of Flow Over an Dynamically Pitching Naca0012 Airfoil

The hybrid Large-Eddy/Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (LES/RANS) and RANS simulations are used to investigate the properties of subsonic flow over NACA 0012 airfoils undergoing static and dynamic stall conditions (M=0.1, α=16.7°, Rec=1.0×10 6 ). In the simulations of NACA 0012 airfoil at static stall case, Menter’s SST model predicts an attached flow at the leading edge, whereas the Gieseking’s LES/RANS model on a coarser mesh predicts a massively separated flow characterized by the stabilization of a detached leading edge vortex near the trailing edge. The predictions by Gieseking’s model on a coarse mesh agree closely with PIV measurements of mean velocity, the Reynolds axial stress and the Reynolds normal stress, but over-predict the magnitude of the Reynolds shear stress. However, Gieseking’s model on a fine mesh predicts a more attached flow because the under-resolved LES on the fine mesh (but not fine enough as required in a wall-resolved LES) fails to reproduce the cascade process at the smaller scale and results in an overlyenergetic boundary layer near leading edge which resists and delays the separation. In 3D simulations of dynamic stall case where the NACA 0012 airfoil is dynamically pitching about its quarter-chord at a reduced frequency, kr=0.1, Gieseking’s model on a coarse mesh in spanwise direction correctly predicts response of the massive separation at static stall angle of 16.7° during downstroke pitching, but it also predicts some leading edge separation which is not present in the experiment during upstroke pitching. Mesh refinement in the spanwise direction helps reducing the level of leading edge separation during upstroke pitching, but results in an under-separated flow solution for downstroke response, which is consistent with what happens in the static stall case and the reason is also similar. By introducing a grid correction function in the definition of outer layer turbulence length scale, Salazar’s fix takes grid resolution into consideration while determining the RANS to LES transition. The inclusion of Salazar’s fix to Gieseking’s model delays the leading edge separation during upstroke pitching, but it also introduces a too-attached flow for downstroke response.
Algebraic Geometric Method for Calculating Phase Equilibria from Fundamental Equations of State

Computing the saturation properties from highly accurate Helmholtz equations of state can be challenging for many reasons. The presence of multiple Maxwell loops often results in incorrect solutions to equations defining fluid-phase coexistence. Near the critical point, the same equations also become ill-conditioned. As a consequence, without highly accurate initial guesses, it is difficult to avoid the trivial solution. Here, we propose an algorithm applying the technique of Newton homotopy continuation to determine the coexistence curve for all vapor–liquid equilibrium conditions between the triple and critical points. Importantly, our algorithm is entirely convergence-parameter-free, does not rely on the use of auxiliary equations, requires no initial guesses, and can be used arbitrarily close to the critical point. It is also fully generalizable to arbitrary equations of state, only requiring that they be locally analytic away from the critical point. We demonstrate that the method is capable of handl...
Socrates’ Dissatisfaction, a Happiness Arms Race, and the Trouble with Eudaimonic Well-Being

Although originally eudaimonia was intended to be viewed as a philosophy or life or code of conduct, it is now widely treated as a type of well-being that is distinct and superior to happiness or life satisfaction. In this chapter, we argue that the conceptual and theoretical distinction between eudaimonic and hedonic well-being is both misguided and lacking in empirical support. We then describe research on flourishing that demonstrates that people who exemplify the eudaimonic ideal—unhappy people who nonetheless pursue eudaimonic aims—are actually quite rare. We conclude by making recommendations for the study of eudaimonia. In contrast to the emphasis on eudaimonia as a form of well-being, we propose that it may be useful to investigate the antecedents and consequences of eudaimonia as a type of motivation distinct from its relation to subjective well-being. Understanding the benefits of eudaimonia as a motivational construct or value system can illuminate the broader importance of this construct.
Pre-diagnostic breastfeeding, adiposity, and mortality among parous Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women with invasive breast cancer: the Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study.

U.S. Hispanic women have high rates of parity, breastfeeding, and obesity. It is unclear whether these reproductive factors are associated with breast cancer (BC) mortality. We examined the associations between breastfeeding, parity, adiposity and BC-specific and overall mortality in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white (NHW) BC cases. The study population included 2921 parous women (1477 Hispanics, 1444 NHWs) from the Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study with invasive BC diagnosed between 1995 and 2004. Information on reproductive history and lifestyle factors was collected by in-person interview. Overall and stratified Cox proportional hazard regression models by ethnicity, parity, and body mass index (BMI) at age 30 years were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). After a median follow-up time of 11.2 years, a total of 679 deaths occurred. Pre-diagnostic breastfeeding was associated with a 16% reduction in mortality (HR 0.84; 95% 0.72–0.99) irrespective of ethnicity. Parity significantly modified the association between breastfeeding duration and mortality (p interaction = 0.05), with longer breastfeeding duration associated with lower risk among women who had ≤2 births (p trend = 0.02). Breastfeeding duration was associated with reduced risk of both BC-specific and overall mortality among women with BMI <25 kg/m2, while positive associations were observed among women with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (p interactions <0.01). Pre-diagnostic breastfeeding was inversely associated with risk of mortality after BC, particularly in women of low parity or normal BMI. These results provide another reason to encourage breastfeeding and weight management among young women.
Detecting change in depressive symptoms from daily wellbeing questions, personality, and activity

Depression is the most common mental disorder and is negatively impactful to individuals and their social networks. Passive sensing of behavior via smartphones may help detect changes in depressive symptoms, which could be useful for tracking and understanding disorders. Here we look at a passive way to detect changes in depressive symptoms from data collected by users’ smartphones. In particular, we take two modeling approaches to understand what features of physical activity, sleep, and user emotional wellbeing best predict changes in depressive symptoms. We find overlap in the features selected by our two modeling approaches, which implies the importance of certain features. Characteristics around sleep, such as change and irregularity of sleep duration, appear as meaningful predictors, as does personality. Our work corroborates prior results that sleep is strongly related to changes in depressive symptoms, but we show that even a very coarse measure has some predictive capability.
RADON ANOMALY IN A PASSIVE SOLAR RESEARCH FACILITY

ABSTRACT Indoor-air and soil-gas Rn-222 concentrations were measured concurrently at the Reconfigurable Passive Evaluation Analysis and Test (REPEAT) research facility. The mean indoor Rn-222 concentration is 313.3 pCi/L with a standard deviation of 44.9 pCi/L and a maximum value of 412.6 pCi/L. The mean soil-gas Rn-222 concentration is 1131.7 pCi/L with a standard deviation of 904.3 pCi/L and a maximum value of 4315.0 pCi/L. The soil-gas Rn-222 concentrations increase with increasing depth in the soil. The pattern of much of higher than normal Rn-222 concentrations in soil gas confirms that soil is strongly implicated as the major source of radon entering the REPEAT facility. Moreover, the distribution of radon concentrations in the soil suggests the existence of a complex flow field that may be coupled to a stack effect in the facililty. Remediation is discussed in terms of a combination of pressurization, sealing soil-gas entry points, and venting soil gas away from the foundation.
Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair with the Gore Excluder Endograft

Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) with the Gore Excluder device is performed for symptomatic or asymptomatic aortic aneurysm greater than 5.5 cm in men and 5 cm in women with suitable anatomy. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Issues in Incremental Analysis of Assemblies for Concurrent Design

Incremental analysis methods permit fast response when assessing the effects of changes made to an evolving design. The objective is to make the response fast enough for interactive use. The basic approach is to identify unaffected portions of graphs that represent the interactions among the parts of an assembly. Domain-specific concerns, such as the relative computational expense of identifying paths or loops in the graph, and the expense of propagating values or constraints along a path, determine the right balance to strike between storage of intermediate results versus recomputation. The methods are discussed in the context of two examples: tolerance propagation and kinematic analysis for assemblies. Despite differences in representations and computations for these applications, a number of analogous issues emerge which suggest the utility of a general package for incremental analysis of interacting components.
Pediatric conjunctival melanoma arising from a compound nevus.

We present a rare case of conjunctival melanoma in a 9-year-old girl who presented with a conjunctival lesion of the left eye, growth of which was documented by patient photographs. Examination showed a raised pigmented lesion at the temporal limbus, with fine surrounding vessels. Enhanced depth imaging–optical coherence tomography showed no invasion into the sclera. The patient underwent excisional biopsy, and histopathology revealed conjunctival melanoma arising from a nevus with malignant cells that stained positively with markers HMB-45 and Ki-67. Systemic workup was negative for metastatic disease. Conjunctival nevi are the most common melanocytic conjunctival lesions in children and generally demonstrate physiologic growth during adolescence. Thus, there may be a greater risk of misdiagnosis of conjunctival melanoma in a child.
Women with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have worse survival.

Aims Sex differences in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remain unclear. We sought to characterize sex differences in a large HCM referral centre population. Methods and results Three thousand six hundred and seventy-three adult patients with HCM underwent evaluation between January 1975 and September 2012 with 1661 (45.2%) female. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were assessed via log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses evaluated the relation of sex with survival. At index visit, women were older (59 ± 16 vs. 52 ± 15 years, P < 0.0001) had more symptoms [New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III-IV 45.0% vs. 35.3%, P < 0.0001], more obstructive physiology (77.4% vs. 71.8%, P = 0.0001), more mitral regurgitation (moderate or greater in 56.1% vs. 43.9%, P < 0.0001), higher E/e' ratio (n = 1649, 20.6 vs. 15.6, P < 0.0001), higher estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (n = 1783, 40.8 ± 15.4 vs. 34.8 ± 10.8 mmHg, P < 0.0001), worse cardiopulmonary exercise performance (n = 1267; percent VO2 predicted 62.8 ± 20% vs. 65.8 ± 19.2%, P = 0.007), and underwent more frequent alcohol septal ablation (4.9% vs. 3.0%, P = 0.004) but similar frequency of myectomy (28% vs. 30%, P = 0.24). Median follow-up was 10.9 (IQR 7.4-16.2) years. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated lower survival in women compared with men (P < 0.0001). In multivariable modelling, female sex remained independently associated with mortality (HR 1.13 [1.03-1.22], P = 0.01) when adjusted for age, NYHA Class III-IV symptoms, and cardiovascular comorbidities. Conclusion Women with HCM present at more advanced age, with more symptoms, worse cardiopulmonary exercise tolerance, and different haemodynamics than men. Sex is an important determinant in HCM management as women with HCM have worse survival. Women may require more aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
House Flies in the Confined Cattle Environment Carry Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

Cattle manure is one of the primary larval developmental habitats of house flies, Musca domestica (L.). Cattle serve as asymptomatic reservoirs of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and bacteria are released into the environment in cattle feces. The USDA-FSIS declared seven STEC serogroups (O157, O26, O45, O103, O145, O121, and O111) as adulterants in beef products. In addition, the serogroup O104 was a culprit of a large outbreak in Germany in 2011. Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of seven non-O157 STEC (O26, O45, O145, O103, O121, O111, and O104) serogroups in adult house flies. Flies (n = 463) were collected from nine feedlots and three dairy farms in six states in the United States and individually processed. This involved a culturing approach with immunomagnetic separation followed by multiplex polymerase chain reactions for detection of individual serogroups and virulence traits. The concentration of bacteria on modified Posse agar ranged between 1.0 × 101 and 7.0 × 107 (mean: 1.5 ± 0.3 × 106) CFU/fly. Out of 463 house flies, 159 (34.3%) carried one or more of six E. coli serogroups of interest. However, STEC was found in 1.5% of house flies from feedlots only. These were E. coli O103 and O104 harboring stx1 and ehxA and E. coli O45 with stx1, eae, and ehxA. This is the first study reporting the isolation of non-O157 STEC in house flies from the confined cattle environment and indicating a potential role of this insect as a vector and reservoir of non-O157 STEC in confined beef cattle.