cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adherence to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy among Pregnant Women Enrolled in a HIV Prevention Program in Rural North-central Nigeria.

Objective: Adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) among pregnant women is essential to attaining the goal of eliminating mother-to-child HIV transmission. The objective of this study was to determine which factors affect adherence to ART among HIV-positive women enrolled in a large prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) trial in rural north-central Nigeria. Methods: The parent study included 372 HIV-positive pregnant women enrolled in a cluster-randomized control trial conducted at 12 health facilities in Nigeria between 2013 and 2015. This secondary analysis included HIV-positive women (and their infants) from the original trial with documented adherence data (n=210, 56.5%). The primary outcome was maternal adherence to ART, determined by self-report and based on the visual analogue scale (VAS) of a validated medication adherence tool. Participants with a VAS score of ? 95% were classified as adherent. We employed multivariate logistic regression to evaluate the predictors of maternal ART adherence in the study sample. Results: Approximately 61.0% of study participants (128/210) were adherent to ART. The majority of adherent participants (62.5%, 80/128) were enrolled in the trial intervention arm. The most common cited response for non-adherence was fear of status disclosure. Adherence to ART was associated with study arm (intervention arm vs. control arm, adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) [95% CI]: 16.95 [5.30-54.23]), maternal ethnicity (Gwari vs. Other, aOR = 0.13 [0.05-0.38]), and partner HIV status (HIV-positive vs. unknown, aOR = 3.14 [1.22-8.07]). Conclusion and Global Health Implications: Adherence to ART among a cohort of pregnant women enrolled in a PMTCT trial in rural North-Central Nigeria was associated with trial arm, maternal self- reported ethnicity, and partner HIV status. Increased understanding of the interplay between these factors will enable the development of more targeted and effective interventions. Copyright © 2020 Calder et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0.
Facilitators and barriers to conducting environmental assessments for food establishment outbreaks, National Environmental Assessment Reporting System, 2014-2016.

Environmental health specialists often perform environmental assessments (EAs) when a suspected or confirmed foodborne illness outbreak is linked to a food establishment. Information from EAs helps officials determine the cause of the outbreak and develop strategies to prevent future outbreaks; however, EAs are not always conducted. To determine facilitators and barriers to conducting EAs, we analyzed open-ended responses reported to the National Environmental Assessment Reporting System about these assessments. We found that EAs were conducted most often when illness was identified, a jurisdiction had a policy to investigate illnesses, and there were resources for such a response. EAs were not conducted in instances such as limited resources, insufficient training, uncooperative facility personnel, or if the establishment fell outside of health department jurisdiction. Identifying the facilitators and barriers to conducting EAs can enable health departments to develop strategies that improve their ability to conduct EAs.
Selecting Auxiliary Data Using Knowledge Graphs for Image Classification With Limited Labels

In this paper, we propose a learning algorithm for training deep neural networks when there is not sufficient labeled data. To improve the generalization capabilities of the deep model, we adopt a learning scheme to train two related tasks simultaneously. One is the original task (target), and the other is an auxiliary task (source). In order to create a related auxiliary task, we leverage an available knowledge graph to query for semantically related concepts that are grounded in labeled images; hence we call our method KGAuxLearn. We jointly train the target and source tasks in a multi-task architecture. We evaluate our method on two fine-grained visual categorization benchmarks: Oxford Flowers 102 and CUB-200-2011. Our experiments demonstrate that the error rate reduced by at least 2.1% over finetuning for both datasets. We also improve the error rate by 1.36% and 2.93% over using randomly selected concepts as an auxiliary task for Oxford Flowers 102 and CUB-2002011, respectively. In addition, comparing our method with auxiliary data selection methods that do not use a knowledge graph, the error rate improves by 0.69% and 2.57% on Oxford Flowers 102 and CUB-200-2011, respectively.
Uniform Weighted Compact and Non-Compact Scheme for Shock Entropy Interaction

A new type of high order shock capturing schemes - uniform weighted compact and non-compact scheme (UWCNC) is developed in this work. This new scheme is based on the feature of discrete data set. The data are first normalized and then measured by so called “smoothness”. The strategy of this new scheme is to achieve spectral-like resolution and high order of accuracy by using central weighted compact scheme in smooth and oscillatory regions and use the non-compact scheme to cross the shock to capture shocks sharply without oscillation. In a 6th order one parameter family of the compact schemes (Lele, 1992), we turn the control parameter to 1/3, keeping the exact formulation of the 6th order weighted compact scheme and turn it to zero gradually when approaching the shock, which makes the scheme non-compact. Besides the WENO (Jiang et al, 1996) weights, there is only one additional control parameter, which we call smoothness function. In this new uniform weighted compact-non compact scheme, a sixth-order weighted compact scheme and a corresponding fourth-order weighted non-compact scheme are combined following this basic idea. Numerical tests show that the new scheme has captured the 1-D shock sharply without non-physical oscillation and obtained much higher resolution for 1-D shock-entropy interaction than the 5th order WENO scheme.
Analysis of fitness costs associated with metronidazole and amoxicillin resistance in Helicobacter pylori.

Background Increasing rates of antibiotic resistance are a major concern for all pathogens, including H. pylori. However, increased resistance often coincides with a decrease in relative fitness of the pathogen in the absence of the antibiotic, raising the possibility that increased resistance can be mitigated for some antibiotics by improved antibiotic husbandry. Therefore, a greater understanding of which types of antibiotic resistance create fitness defects in H. pylori may aid rational treatment strategies. Materials and methods While a wealth of H. pylori literature reports mutations that correlate with increased resistance, few studies demonstrate causation for these same mutations. Herein, we examined fitness costs associated with metronidazole and amoxicillin resistance. Isogenic strains bearing literature reported point mutations in the rdxA and pbp1 genes were engineered and tested in in vitro competition assays to assess relative fitness. Results None of the metronidazole resistance mutations resulted in a fitness cost under the tested conditions. In contrast, amoxicillin-resistant mutant strains demonstrated a defect in competition by 24 hours. This change in fitness was further enhanced by moderate osmotic stress. However, under extreme osmotic stress, the amoxicillin-resistant N562Y PBP1 mutant strain showed enhanced fitness, suggesting that there are some pbp1 mutations that can give a conditional fitness advantage. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the role of specific point mutations in rdxA and pbp1 in antibiotic resistance and suggest that amoxicillin-resistant strains of H. pylori show environmentally dictated changes in fitness. These later finding may be responsible for the relatively low rates of amoxicillin resistance seen in the United States.
Modulation of Brain Pathology by Enhancer RNAs in Cerebral Ischemia

Recent studies have reported widespread stimulus-dependent transcription of mammalian enhancers into noncoding enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), some of which have central roles in the enhancer-mediated induction of target genes and modulation of phenotypic outcomes during development and disease. In cerebral ischemia, the expression and functions of eRNAs are virtually unknown. Here, we applied genome-wide H3K27ac ChIP-seq and genome-wide RNA-seq to identify enhancer elements and stroke-induced eRNAs, respectively, in the mouse cerebral cortex during transient focal ischemia. Following a 1-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 6 h of reperfusion, we identified 77 eRNAs that were significantly upregulated in stroke as compared to sham, of which 55 were exclusively expressed in stroke. The knockdown of two stroke-induced eRNAs in the mouse brain resulted in significantly larger infarct volumes as compared to controls, suggesting that these eRNAs are involved in the post-stroke neuroprotective response. A preliminary comparison of eRNA expression in the male versus female cortices revealed sex-dependent patterns that may underlie the physiological differences in response to stroke between the two sexes. Together, this study is the first to illuminate the eRNA landscape in the post-stroke cortex and demonstrate the significance of an eRNA in modulating post-stroke cortical brain damage.
"Alors, on va faire une activité": An SFL perspective on student engagement in contextualized world language instruction

Abstract Contextualized language instruction has been critiqued for lacking a linguistic knowledge base and guidelines for pedagogy. In response, systemic functional linguistics (SFL) and the associated genre theory have been advanced as both a knowledge base for world language teaching and a means for contextualized language instruction; however, little research has examined world language teachers’ enactment of contextualized instruction informed by this theory. In response, this study used the appraisal system to describe how Brahim, a French immersion teacher, engaged his students in contextualized instruction. Using Christie’s (2002) framework for discourse analysis, I describe how Brahim interactively contextualized language learning with his students across three curriculum genres focused on teaching students to write the report on plans genre. The findings demonstrate 1) the potential of SFL-informed genre pedagogy for enacting contextualized world language instruction and 2) the use of the appraisal system for understanding how a teacher’s positive affect, judgement, and other engagement strategies of pedagogical discourse invite students into contextualized instruction.
The Ability of Exercise to Mitigate Caloric Restriction-Induced Bone Loss in Older Adults: A Structured Review of RCTs and Narrative Review of Exercise-Induced Changes in Bone Biomarkers

Despite the adverse metabolic and functional consequences of obesity, caloric restriction- (CR) induced weight loss is often contra-indicated in older adults with obesity due to the accompanying loss of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and subsequent increased risk of fracture. Several studies show a positive effect of exercise on aBMD among weight-stable older adults; however, data on the ability of exercise to mitigate bone loss secondary to CR are surprisingly equivocal. The purpose of this review is to provide a focused update of the randomized controlled trial literature assessing the efficacy of exercise as a countermeasure to CR-induced bone loss among older adults. Secondarily, we present data demonstrating the occurrence of exercise-induced changes in bone biomarkers, offering insight into why exercise is not more effective than observed in mitigating CR-induced bone loss.
Microscopic Colitis and Risk of Colon Adenomas: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study

Microscopic colitis (MC) is a common cause of chronic watery diarrhea, with the highest incidence in women over age 50.1 Cross-sectional studies have suggested that patients with MC have a lower incidence of adenomatous colon polyps compared with those without MC.2-4 The existing literature is limited by cross-sectional design, small sample sizes, lack of longitudinal follow-up, and the use of average-risk patients, rather than those with chronic diarrhea, as controls. We aimed to explore the association between MC and colon adenomas.
Early Discharge After Lobectomy for Lung Cancer Does Not Equate to Early Readmission.

BACKGROUND Enhanced recovery after surgery pathways in several specialties reduce length of stay, but accelerated discharge after thoracic surgery is not well characterized. This study tested the hypothesis that patients discharged on postoperative day 1 (POD1) after lobectomy for lung cancer have an increased risk of readmission. METHODS Patients who underwent a lobectomy for lung cancer between 2011 and 2019 in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database were identified. Readmission rates were compared between patients discharged on postoperative day 1 (POD 1) and patients discharged on POD 2 to 6. Early discharge and readmission predictors were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Only 854 (3.8%) of 22,585 patients who met inclusion criteria were discharged on POD 1, although POD 1 discharge rates increased from 2.3% to 8.1% (P < .001) from 2011 to 2019, respectively. Median hospitalization for patients discharged on POD 2 to 6 was 4 days (interquartile range, 3 to 5 days). Patients' characteristics associated with a lower likelihood of POD 1 discharge were increasing age, smoking, or a history of dyspnea, whereas a minimally invasive approach was the strongest predictor of early discharge (adjusted odds ratio, 5.42; P < .001). Readmission rates were not significantly different for the POD 1 and POD 2 to 6 groups in univariate analysis (6.0% vs 7.0%; P = .269). Further, POD 1 discharge was not a risk factor for readmission in multivariable analysis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.10; P = .537). CONCLUSIONS Select patients can be discharged on POD 1 after lobectomy for lung cancer without an increased readmission risk, a finding supporting this accelerated discharge target inclusion in lobectomy enhanced recovery after surgery protocols.
Single-Dose Opioid Analgesics Offer No Benefit over Nonopioid Analgesia for Musculoskeletal Pain.

Patients with type 2 diabetes can try cutting out bread and pasta, leaving the skin on chicken, or eating nuts and avocados to lower their blood glucose levels. Six months of a low-carbohydrate diet (less than 26% of calories from carbohydrates) was more likely than other diets or usual diet to reduce A1C level to less than 6.5% or a fasting blood glucose level to less than 126 mg per dL (7.0 mmol per L), with or without continued medication therapy.
Differential Risk of Cancer Associated with Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: Analysis of Real-world Databases.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1Ra) are commonly used in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, differential risk of various cancers among GLP1Ra recipients is unknown.We inquired...
Non-IgE-Mediated Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

Non-IgE-mediated drug reactions have traditionally been poorly defined and studied, though they are the most common form of hypersensitivity. Their presentations are highly variable and can range in severity from mild, cutaneous-only reactions to severe systemic disease. The most notable advance in non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions is in diagnostics. HLA alleles have traditionally been used for identifying certain patients at risk for abacavir hypersensitivity syndrome, but more recent studies have shown several other HLA alleles associated with severe cutaneous adverse reactions with various medications. This article also highlights the use of delayed intradermal testing for radiocontrast media and patch testing for delayed antibiotic reactions. Drug reactions remain a major cause of morbidity and reason for treatment changes. Non-IgE-mediated reactions have had an increase in research interest over the past decade with an increased emphasis on better understanding the clinical presentation and underlying pathophysiology.
Factors in children with a history of neonatal abstinence syndrome at 10 years of age: Evidence from the maternal lifestyle study.

Purpose Few studies have addressed the impact of prior prenatal substance exposure and current household environment on neurodevelopmental health in children with a history of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). This study aimed to describe the prenatal exposures, household environment, and neurodevelopmental health at 10 years of age among children with a history of NAS. Design and methods This study was a retrospective, descriptive design using data from the Maternal Lifestyle Study. Descriptive analyses were conducted. A total of 234 children with a history of NAS were included in this study. Variables selected based on the socio-ecological model included prenatal exposures, household environment, and neurodevelopmental health outcomes. Results In this sample, most children were male (63%) with prenatal polysubstance exposure (80%). The majority lived in a home where substance use occurred (68%). Children experienced abnormal cognitive development (26%), language disorders (24%), learning disorders (23%), and abnormal behavioral development (16%). Implications This study extends the description of children with a history of NAS beyond 5 years of age. Pediatric nurses can ensure that children with a history of NAS receive neurodevelopmental screening up to and beyond 10 years of age.
Sulfonium Ligands of the α7 nAChR.

The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is an important target given its role in cognitive function as well as in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, where ligands that are effective at stabilizing desensitized states of the receptor are of particular interest. The typical structural element associated with a good desensitizer is the ammonium pharmacophore, but recent work has identified that a trivalent sulfur, in the positively charged sulfonium form, can substitute for the nitrogen in the ammonium pharmacophore. However, the breadth and scope of employing the sulfonium group is largely unexplored. In this work, we have surveyed a disparate group of sulfonium compounds for their functional activity with α7 as well as other nAChR subtypes. Amongst them, we found that there is a wide range of ability to induce α7 desensitization, with 4-hydroxyphenyldimethylsulfonium and suplatast sulfonium salts being the most desensitizing. The smallest sulfonium compound, trimethylsulfonium, was a partial agonist for α7 and other neuronal nAChR. Molecular docking into the α7 receptor extracellular domain revealed preferred poses in the orthosteric binding site for all but one compound, with typical cation–pi interactions as seen with traditional ammonium compounds. A number of the compounds tested may serve as useful platforms for further development of α7 desensitizing ability and for receptor subtype selectivity.
Kinetics of human spermatozoa long-chain fatty acid: CoASH ligase

The kinetics of long-chain saturated fatty acid activation were studied in the supernatant obtained from Triton-treated human spermatozoa. Sperm long-chain fatty acid: CoASH ligase (AMP) (E.C. 6.2.1.3) was able to activate myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids, but was incapable of utilizing lauric, arachidic, and behenic acids. Peak activity was obtained with palmitic acid. Although the Kms for each fatty acid were similar (4.3 to 5.0 microM), the Vmax was several-fold higher for palmitate. In contrast, ligase from liver homogenates assayed under identical conditions activated lauric through stearic acids, with maximal rates being noted with myristic acid. When compared with nongerminal tissues, sperm ligase appears unique because of its narrower acyl substrate specificity.
Do elevational range size, abundance, and body size patterns mirror those documented for geographic ranges? A case study using Costa Rican rodents

Question: Do elevational range size, abundance, and body size patterns mirror those documented for geographic ranges? Data studied: Local and regional elevational ranges, abundances, and body sizes of Costa Rican rodents. Hypotheses: (1) Plotting elevational range against abundance will reveal a negative sloped, concave-upward relationship (hollow curve). (2) Elevational range sizes and geographic range sizes will be positively correlated. (3) Elevational range sizes will demonstrate a positive, linear trend with relative abundance. (4) Abundance will increase with rodent body size, and elevational range size will exhibit a triangular relationship with body size. (5) Abundances will peak near the elevational range midpoint. Conclusions: Elevational abundances followed hollow curves, but elevational range sizes did not. Elevational and geographic range sizes were unrelated. Species with larger ranges had higher abundances, although support was stronger regionally. Body size was not related either to elevational range size or to abundance at either scale. The highest abundances generally occurred somewhere in the middle of elevational ranges, but how close to the centre was highly variable.
Oxidative stress in hemodialysis

Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease are at a greatly increased cardiovascular risk that cannot be explained entirely by traditional cardiovascular risk factors. An increase in oxidative stress is proposed as a non-traditional cardiovascular risk factor in this patient population. Many laboratories have now unequivocally demonstrated that uremia is an increased oxidative stress state. Uremic oxidative stress is characterized biologically by an increase in lipid peroxidation products and reactive aldehyde groups as well as by increased retention of oxidized thiols. The pathophysiology of increased oxidative stress in uremia is multifactorial, but the retention of oxidized solute by the loss of kidney function is probably a major contributor.
The Role of Systemic Retinoids in the Treatment of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

Retinoids are natural and synthetic vitamin A analogs with effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. They have significant activity in hematologic malignancies and have been studied extensively in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Retinoids bind to nuclear receptors and exert their effects through moderation of gene expression. Retinoic acid receptor and retinoic X receptor exert regulatory activity in vivo, binding to distinct ligands. Studies investigating systemic retinoids as monotherapy and in combination with other agents active against cutaneous lymphoma are reviewed. Side effects associated with retinoids include teratogenicity, dyslipidemias, and hypothyroidism, which should be carefully monitored in patients receiving treatment.
Tumor cells induced by the v-src oncogene are heterogeneous for expression of markers of mesenchyme differentiation.

The observation that v-src-induced tumors contain tumor cells of differing morphology, notably fibroblastoid or polygonal, raised the question as to whether the tumor cells are also heterogeneous with respect to expression of markers of cellular differentiation. Of the markers tested here, consistent reactivity for tumor tissue was noted only for antibody probes reactive to muscle actin (HHF35, αsm-1) or to procollagen type I (SP1. D8); for any given tumor, whether induced by v-src DNA or by Rous sarcoma virus, each of these markers was found only in a subpopulation of tumor cells. The observation of marker heterogeneity in the one v-src DNA-induced tumor examined here that typed as monoclonal suggests that v-src-induced transformation is consonant with a degree of plasticity in the phenotypes of the clonal progeny of a single transformant.
Home Exposure to Secondhand Smoke among People Living in Multiunit Housing and Single Family Housing: a Study of California Adults, 2003–2012

Public health education efforts continue to encourage people to adopt voluntary smoking bans at home; nonetheless, the home remains a place where many people are exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS). Little is known about how SHS exposure in the home differs between adults residing in multiunit housing (MUH) and those residing in single family housing (SFH). This study (1) compared the socio-demographic characteristics, chronic disease conditions, and smoking status of adults living in MUH with those living in SFH, (2) assessed the correlates of living in MUH for adults, and (3) evaluated the association of residency in MUH and SFH with the odds of being exposed to SHS at home using population-based survey data of California adults. Smoking prevalence was significantly higher among MUH residents than SFH residents. The adjusted odds of exposure to SHS at home were 32 % higher for MUH smokers than SFH smokers but were not significantly different for non-smokers. This study presents evidence that there are significant socio-demographic differences between MUH residents and SFH residents and that MUH smokers have higher rates of exposure to SHS at home than SFH smokers after adjusting for other covariates. To reduce home exposure to SHS among MUH residents, it is important to adopt tobacco control policies that are aimed at reducing SHS exposure in and around MUH and at reducing cigarette smoking among current smokers in MUH.
Origins of amyloid-β

Amyloid-β plaques are a defining characteristic of Alzheimer Disease. However, Amyloid-β deposition is also found in other forms of dementia and in non-pathological contexts. Amyloid-β deposition is variable among vertebrate species and the evolutionary emergence of the amyloidogenic property is currently unknown. Evolutionary persistence of a pathological peptide sequence may depend on the functions of the precursor gene, conservation or mutation of nucleotides or peptide domains within the precursor gene, or a species-specific physiological environment. In this study, we asked when amyloidogenic Amyloid-β first arose using phylogenetic trees constructed for the Amyloid-β Precursor Protein gene family and by modeling the potential for Amyloid-β aggregation across species in silico. We collected the most comprehensive set of sequences for the Amyloid-β Precursor Protein family using an automated, iterative meta-database search and constructed a highly resolved phylogeny. The analysis revealed that the ancestral gene for invertebrate and vertebrate Amyloid-β Precursor Protein gene families arose around metazoic speciation during the Ediacaran period. Synapomorphic frequencies found domain-specific conservation of sequence. Analyses of aggregation potential showed that potentially amyloidogenic sequences are a ubiquitous feature of vertebrate Amyloid-β Precursor Protein but are also found in echinoderm, nematode, and cephalochordate, and hymenoptera species homologues. The Amyloid-β Precursor Protein gene is ancient and highly conserved. The amyloid forming Amyloid-β domains may have been present in early deuterostomes, but more recent mutations appear to have resulted in potentially unrelated amyoid forming sequences. Our results further highlight that the species-specific physiological environment is as critical to Amyloid-β formation as the peptide sequence.
Journalistic professionalism as performance and boundary work: Source relations at the state house

In addition to power struggles over representation, negotiations between journalists and news sources represent complex boundary problems. Journalists’ efforts at asserting autonomy and offsetting instances when they give it up all provide valuable insights into their understanding of professionalism. The state house, where political actors attempt to influence media representations every day, provides a strategic research site (Merton, 1987) for studying professionalism in source relations. This ethnographic analysis of the Albany press corps looks at professional meanings that are expressed in these negotiations. In interviews conducted for this study, journalists define and distinguish themselves from each other primarily in terms of their understandings of what dealing with source negotiations professionally means. This article introduces the concept of boundary performance to explore how news workers express journalistic professionalism symbolically in action.
Spawning and Culture of Colorado Squawfish in Raceways

Abstract Trials were conducted during 1980 to spawn and culture Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius) at Willow Beach (Arizona) National Fish Hatchery. A total of 78 hatchery-reared females and 5 wild females were injected with acetone-dried carp pituitary. Three wild females were not given hormonal injections. Wild fish spawned in raceways modified for trout rearing; hatchery-reared fish were hand stripped and the eggs artificially fertilized. Incubation times were 90-121 h at water temperatures of 20-24°C and 145-180 h at 12-13°C. At hatching, total length of fry ranged from 6.0 to 7.5 mm. The length of fry placed in modified raceways had doubled by day 21 and fingerlings attained a length of 42-50 mm by day 107.
PREFERENCE FOR GAMMA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE (GHB) IN CURRENT USERS

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a drug with significant abuse potential. The present study aimed to assess the relative value of escalating doses of GHB to current GHB users via the Multiple Choice Procedure (MCP), and to validate that the dose rated highest with the MCP would be self-administered at a greater rate than placebo. Participants were 5 current GHB users who were not currently trying to stop using GHB. To examine the value of escalating doses of GHB, the following doses of GHB were used: 0 (placebo), 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50 mg/kg. Participants typically assigned higher doses of GHB had higher crossover points on the MCP. During choice sessions, participants made repeated choices between administering GHB, placebo or nothing. All participants selected GHB exclusively (5 out of 5 instances) except for one participant who selected GHB on 4 out of 5 instances, thus 96% (i.e., 24/25) of choices were for active GHB. Based on these data, GHB appears likely to function as a dose-dependent reinforcer for humans based on our sample.
Subleading Isgur-Wise form factors from QCD sum rules.

In the heavy-quark effective theory, current matrix elements between two heavy pseudoscalar or vector mesons are parametrized by a set of universal form factors. These functions are calculated to subleading order in the 1/{ital m}{sub {ital Q}} expansion using QCD sum rules. The equations of motion and Ward identities of the effective theory are incorporated in the analysis. Within this approach, parameter-free predictions are obtained for all form factors at zero recoil. The results allow for an almost model-independent analysis of current-induced transitions between heavy mesons. As an application, the 1/{ital m}{sub {ital c}} and 1/{ital m}{sub {ital b}} corrections to the hadronic form factors describing semileptonic {ital B}{r arrow}{ital Dl}{nu} and {ital B}{r arrow}{ital D}{sup *}{ital l}{nu} decays are computed. The possibility of extracting {ital V}{sub {ital c}{ital b}} from these processes is discussed, and the importance of a measurement of symmetry-violating effects in ratios of form factors is pointed out.
Correlates of condom use among fraternity men

Data were collected from 89 sexually active unmarried men between the ages of 18 and 24 years from 4 fraternities at a major State University to ascertain if there has been a shift in attitude toward greater male responsibility for contraceptive use and condom use. The questionnaire adapted from the Juhasz Sexual Decision-making Questionnaire elicited information about frequency of intercourse number of partners type of contraceptive preferred and factors influencing decision-making. 3 groups were classified according to their self-reported frequency of condom use during intercourse as 1) always 2) sometimes and 3) never. Significant differences were found in the frequency of contraceptive use and the variables of high school sex education sexual status preferred method of birth control partners attitude toward the use of condoms and personal attitude concerning condom use (that condoms are uncomfortable) 80% of the sample reported having sex education during a high school health course. Two-thirds of these said they used a condom at least some of the time and almost one-third reported using a condom always. Of those who did not have a course in sex education 56% reported using a condom sometimes while 44% said never. In the monogamous subgroup 32% reported always using a condom as compared to 10% in the multipartner group. Subjects who preferred the condom as a form of birth control were more likely to use a condom at least sometimes. Respondents who stated such factors as partners reaction to a condom and specific physical limitations of a condom as important in the decision to use a condom are less likely to use a condom. 90% of the respondents reported the responsibility to use protection was mutual and 75% reported a willingness to discuss the use of a condom with their partner.
Geotropic Orientation of Chicks

Resume L'importance des mechanismes proprioceptifs comprenant le ton differentiel des muscles des deux cotes du corps en determinant l'etendue de l'orientation geotropique chez les limaces, les rats et les souris, les scarabees, les chenilles et les ecrevisses a ete accentuee par les experiences de Crozier et de ses collaborateurs. Ces travailleurs ont employe aussi ces experiences geotropiques comme moyen d'analyser les procedes nerveux centraux. Le travail par Hunter avec les rats et par Pieron avec les limaces a tendu a appuyer sur l'oreille comme specialement determinative dans les reponses geotropiques plutot que les mechanismes suggeres par Crozier pour la limitation de l'orientation. L'auteur a examine l'orientation geotropique des poussins comme animaux (bipedes) differant beaucoup de ceux employes auparavant a l'egard de leur mode de progression. L'orientation des poussins sur une surface plane inclinee montre un rapport lineaire entre le degre de l'orientation en haut sur la surface plane et l'a...
Olfactory and behavioral response thresholds to odors of diseased brood differ between hygienic and non-hygienic honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Through the use of proboscis-extension reflex conditioning, we demonstrate that honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) bred for hygienic behavior (a behavioral mechanism of disease resistance) are able to discriminate between odors of healthy and diseased brood at a lower stimulus level than bees from a non-hygienic line. Electroantennogram recordings confirmed that hygienic bees exhibit increased olfactory sensitivity to low concentrations of the odor of chalkbrood infected pupae (a fungal disease caused by Ascosphaera apis). Three-week-old hygienic bees were able to discriminate between the brood odors significantly better than three-week old non-hygienic bees. However, the differential performance in brood odor discrimination was primarily genetically based, not a direct result of age, experience, or the temporary behavioral state of the bee. Lower stimulus thresholds for both the olfactory and behavioral responses of hygienic bees may facilitate their ability to detect, uncap and remove diseased brood rapidly from the nest. In contrast, non-hygienic bees, possessing higher response thresholds, may not be able to detect diseased brood as easily. Our results provide an example of how physiological and behavioral differences between the hygienic and non-hygienic honey bee lines, operating at the level of the individual, could produce colony-specific behavioral phenotypes.
High speed semiconductor optical amplifiers and their performance in pseudo-random bit-stream generation

Semiconductor optical amplifiers are important for wide range of applications including optical networks, optical tomography and optical logic systems. For many of these applications particularly for optical networks and optical logic high speed performance of the SOA is important. The speed of operation of SOA is limited by the gain and phase recovery times in the SOA. We have demonstrated higher speed operation (i) for SOAs with a carrier reservoir layer, (ii) for SOAs with a multi-quantum well modulation doped active region, and, (iii) for SOAs with a quantum dot (QD) active region. The multi-quantum well SOA has been integrated with InGaAsP/InP based waveguides to build Mach- Zehnder interferometers (MZI). XOR optical logic has been demonstrated at 80 Gb/s using these SOA-MZI structures. XOR operation has been analyzed by solving the rate equation of the SOA, for SOAs with both regular and QD active region. Mach-Zehnder interferometers fabricated using SOA with quantum dot active region (QD-SOA) can be used for XOR operation at 250 Gb/s. Pseudo random bit stream (PRBS) generation using both regular and QD-SOA have been studied and their performance modeled. The model shows QD-SOA based devices can be used to produce PRBS generators that operate near 250 Gb/s.
Premenstrual symptoms: a reinterpretation

Conclusions regarding the physiological basis and disruptive effects of premenstrual symptoms may be biased because of the reliance on self-report questionnaires as a source of data. In order to examine this possible bias, women's perceptions of their cycle phase were separated experimentally from actual cycle phase. Women who were led to believe that they were premenstrual reported experiencing a significantly higher degree of several physical symptoms, such as water retention, than did women who were led to believe they were intermenstrual. Thus, because of these psychosocial influences on symptom reports, it seems necessary to reexamine previous conclusions regarding the magnitude of menstrual-related changes as well as their physiolocical basis.
Deformation of the Indo–Australian plate

Intraplate seismicity, deformed oceanic crust and sediments, and local areas of abnormally high heat flow characterize significant internal deformation of the Indo–Australian plate in the northeastern Indian Ocean. The deformation appears analogous to the buckling of an elastic plate with brittle failure at its surface. Itis not clear whether the Indo–Australian plate can be resolvedinto two component parts or whether a new convergent plate boundary is likely to form in the deformed region. The onset of intraplate deformation in the late Miocene seems to be connected to the Himalayan orogenic stage of the collision between India and Asia.
What do you think of followers? Examining the content, structure, and consequences of implicit followership theories

Abstract Implicit followership theories (IFTs) are defined as individuals’ personal assumptions about the traits and behaviors that characterize followers. Goals of this research were to: (1) Identify the content and structure of IFTs, (2) examine the relationship between IFTs and extant implicit theories in the leadership literature, and (3) establish a preliminary nomological network of leaders’ implicit followership theories by examining its consequences for leader–follower interpersonal outcomes. This study included 1362 participants across five separate studies and seven samples. Results provide evidence for content, convergent, discriminant, criterion, and incremental validity, as well as internal and temporal consistency of the IFTs instrument. IFTs are represented by a first-order structure (Industry, Enthusiasm, Good Citizen, Conformity, Insubordination, and Incompetence), and a second-order structure (Followership Prototype and Antiprototype). Leaders’ IFTs predicted interpersonal outcomes: liking, relationship quality, trust, and job satisfaction. Future research and practical implications are discussed for this understudied branch of leadership research.
Experiencing agricultural failure: Internal migration, tourism and local perceptions of regional change in the Yucatan

In response to a growing body of literature encouraging geographers to present textured, regional case studies that demonstrate how neoliberalism functions at diverse scales, this article presents a nuanced account of neoliberalism in Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula. The study seeks to illustrate how neoliberal reforms to agriculture and ongoing neoliberal tourism development in the Yucatecan state of Quintana Roo intersect to create a unique regional context for migration between the state’s rural areas and Mexico’s largest planned tourism development zone in Cancun. The research presented is based on a series of in-depth qualitative interviews that took place in 2003 with rural residents and regional migrants working in Cancun. Through the employment of an experiential definition of neoliberalism, grounded in the lived experiences and perceptions of study participants, the article suggests that rural–urban tourist pole migration is the result of a complex negotiation of the region’s neoliberal landscape. The article argues that rural residents’ and migrants’ perceptions of the failure of agriculture as a livelihood is shaped relative to the perceived success of the tourism industry and better livelihood opportunities in Cancun. These widespread perceptions of agricultural failure in the Yucatan peninsula are constructed not solely in response to local conditions but rather in response to the overall regional outcome of neoliberal economic restructuring initiatives which have negatively affected traditional agriculture in the rural sphere while privileging tourism development in the urban sphere centered in Cancun.
Evaluation of Several Indices of Potentially Mineralizable Soil Nitrogen

Abstract A routine soil test that accurately predicts soil nitrogen (N) mineralization has long eluded researchers. Soil incubations, which are not practical for routine soil testing, are the only methods that have proven successful. Although several quick analytical methods have been proposed, no one method has correlated consistently enough to be implemented into a soil‐testing program. The objective of this study was to compare proposed quick analytical procedures with the amount of ammonium (NH4)‐N mineralized after a 14‐d anaerobic incubation. The analytical methods of interest were applying a mild acid oxidation to the soil using acidified permanganate; analyzing a 1 M potassium chloride (KCl) soil extract in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric range before and after nitrate (NO3) removal with Devarda's alloy; and quantifying soil amino sugar‐N content using the Illinois soil N test (ISNT) diffusion method. Fifty agricultural soils with different physical and chemical properties were utilized in...
An Ecological Approach to Understanding Peer Victimization in South Korea

This article analyzes the common and serious problem of peer victimization in South Korean (hereafter referred to as Korean) schools using Bronfenbrenner's ecological model. We conceptualize peer victimization within Korean culture, then identify and examine risk factors that operate simultaneously within and between five system levels: the micro-, meso-, exo-, macro-, and chrono-systems. Theories that explain relationships between the risk factors and peer victimization also are discussed. Finally, we draw implications from our ecological analysis for assessing, preventing, and treating peer victimization in Korean schools.
Interactions between the F1 and F0 Parts in the Escherichia coli ATP Synthase ASSOCIATIONS INVOLVING THE LOOP REGION OF C SUBUNITS

The N-ethylmaleimide reactivity of c subunits in Escherichia coli F1F0ATP synthase (ECF1F0) isolated from five mutants, each with a cysteine at a different position in the polar loop region (positions 39, 40, 42, 43, and 44), has been investigated. The maleimide was found to react with Cys placed at positions 42, 43, and 44 but not at 39 or 40. All copies of the c subunit reacted similarly when the Cys was at position 43 or 44. In contrast, the Cys in the mutant cQ42C reacted as two classes, with 60% reacting relatively rapidly and 40% reacting at a rate 40-fold slower. After removing F1, all copies of the c subunit in this mutant reacted equally fast. Therefore, the slow class in the cQ42C mutant represents c subunits shielded by, and probably involved directly in, the interaction of the F0 with γ and e subunits of the F1 part. Based on the estimated stoichiometry of c subunits in the ECF1F0 complex, 4 or 5 c subunits are involved in this F1 interaction.N-Ethylmaleimide modification of all of the c subunits reduced ATPase activity by only 30% in ECF1F0from mutant cQ42C. Modification of the more rapidly reacting class had little effect on ATP hydrolysis-driven proton translocation, and did not alter the DCCD inhibition of ATPase activity. However, as those c subunits involved in the F1 interaction became modified, DCCD inhibition was progressively lost, as was coupling between ATP hydrolysis and proton translocation.
Altered biochemical properties of mitochondria in mouse mammary epithelial cells during primary culture.

Various biochemical properties of mitochondria isolated from primary monolayer cultures of mammary epithelial cells from mid-pregnant or hormonally stimulated mice were examined daily for seven or eight days. When compared with mitochondria from mammary glands of mid-pregnant animals, the specific activities of several mitochondrial enzymes were greatly reduced in cells after seven days in culture. There was a 5- to 6-fold reduction in the specific activities of cytochrome oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase and α glycerophosphate oxidase while malate dehydrogenase and adenylate kinase activities were 2- to 3-fold lower. The reduction in mitochondrial enzyme activities was gradual and related to the length of time the cells were in culture. Progressive changes were also seen in the electrophoresis profiles of mitochondrial proteins in SDS-urea polyacrylamide gels. Mitochondria isolated from 1-, 2-, 3- and 8-day cell cultures showed a continuous reduction in the relative amounts of several mitochondrial polypeptides in the gel profiles. Addition of 35S-methionine to cell cultures for short and long periods indicated that mitochondrial protein synthesis continued throughout the 8-day culture period. However, the synthesis of several particular polypeptides was reduced progressively during the culture period. These studies indicate that mouse mammary epithelial cells have a lowered capacity for respiratory metabolism as a result of specific mitochondrial alterations which might be associated with the general loss of differentiated morphology by those cells during monolayer culture.
Correlation based detection and localization of R/C electronic devices using array detectors

Detection and identification of multiple radio controlled (RC) devices emitting unintended passive emissions has attracted much attention due to its importance in many security applications. This paper describes and analyzes major challenges in detection of multiple independent radio controlled (RC) sources in real life environment. A time based correlation method is proposed for array detectors to identify the line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (N-LOS) signals from RC devices. A normalized error correlation function has been implemented to improve the estimation of angle of arrival (AOA) in the presence of strong non-line of sight (N-LOS) signals. Experimental results for angle of arrival (AOA) detection of emissions from super heterodyne receivers have been presented for different scenarios.
Relationships with the drug industry: Keep at arm’s length

The relationship between the drug industry, academia, healthcare professionals, and patients has reached an all time low and few doubt that it is in the interests of all parties to improve it. A recent report from the Royal College of Physicians attempts to define a path towards achieving a more productive relationship. Here we set out five contrasting views on what the ideal relationship between industry and prescribers and patients should be and what steps need to be taken to achieve it (doi:10.1136/bmj.b211, doi:10.1136/bmj.b232, doi:10.1136/bmj.b252, doi:10.1136/bmj.b252)