cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thyroid Hormone Function in Small for Gestational Age Term Newborns

Objective To test the hypothesis that term-born small for gestational age (SGA) neonates have elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations and an increased incidence of congenital hypothyroidism compared with non-SGA term neonates. Study design This retrospective cohort study included all term neonates screened in Wisconsin in 2015 and 2016. The cohort was divided based on SGA status, defined as birth weight Results A total of 115 466 term neonates, including 11 498 (9.96%) SGA neonates, were included in the study. TSH concentration and incidence of congenital hypothyroidism was significantly higher in the SGA group, but only TSH concentration remained significant when adjusted for potential confounding variables. Conclusions Our data do not support a higher incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in term SGA neonates after adjusting for potential confounders. However, TSH concentrations were higher in term SGA neonates compared with term non-SGA neonates. The effects of mild thyroid hormone dysfunction on neurodevelopmental outcomes and development of chronic medical conditions merit long-term study.
Two Self-management Interventions to Improve Hypertension Control

In this trial, 636 patients with hypertension were randomly assigned to receive usual care; a telephone-delivered, nurse-administered behavioral self-management intervention; home blood pressure se...
From fitting the average to fitting the individual: A cautionary tale for mathematical modelers

An outstanding challenge in the clinical care of cancer is moving from a one-size-fits-all approach that relies on population-level statistics towards personalized therapeutic design. Mathematical modeling is a powerful tool in treatment personalization, as it allows for the incorporation of patient-specific data so that treatment can be tailor-designed to the individual. Herein, we work with a mathematical model of murine cancer immunotherapy that has been previously-validated against the average of an experimental dataset. We ask the question: what happens if we try to use this same model to perform personalized fits, and therefore make individualized treatment recommendations? Typically, this would be done by choosing a single fitting methodology, and a single cost function, identifying the individualized best-fit parameters, and extrapolating from there to make personalized treatment recommendations. Our analyses show the potentially problematic nature of this approach, as predicted personalized treatment response proved to be sensitive to the fitting methodology utilized. We also demonstrate how a small amount of the right additional experimental measurements could go a long way to improve consistency in personalized fits. Finally, we show how quantifying the robustness of the average response could also help improve confidence in personalized treatment recommendations.
Emerging Roles of TRPM Channels

The molecular characterization of the genes encoding the transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels found in Drosophila photoreceptors gave rise to a systematic cloning strategy for mammalian isoforms. Using expressed sequence tag (EST) and genomic database searches, at least 20 new mammalian TRP-related genes have been cloned and the resulting channels extensively characterized. Here, we will focus on TRP channels from the TRPM subfamily. Although generally classified as non-selective cation channels, individual members of this family feature considerable functional diversity in terms of selectivity, specific expression pattern, as well as diverse gating and regulatory mechanisms. The functional characteristics of these channels have profound impact on the regulation of ion homeostasis that go beyond simple Ca2+ signalling. They activate and function in the context of a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, which make them exciting targets for drug discovery.
Robust platform design in advanced VLSI technologies

The traditional paradigm of conservative design and thorough production testing is not sufficient for designing robust platforms in advanced VLSI technologies. Fundamentally new techniques are required for incorporating new design features for thorough testing, yield improvement, error detection and correction, self-recovery and repair. This represents a new direction in the 'design for' techniques in the areas of test, reliability and manufacturability. This paper presents an overview of two such techniques: a test compression technique for exponential reduction in test time and test data volume, and a built-in soft error resilience technique that enables more than 20-fold reduction in the susceptibility of system latches and flip-flops to radiation-induced transient errors.
Role Effects in Coordination: Collaborators and Competitors Vary in Focal Point Choice and Outcomes Obtained in Coordination

Coordination problems can arise from previously established dyadic roles. In four studies, we examine the impact on the extent and outcomes of coordination (for problems with multiple Nash equilibria) from previously established competitor versus teammate relationships. Individuals randomly assigned to dyads played a game where earnings were either determined jointly (teammates) or the winner took all (competitors). Study 1 found that the role or teammate or competitor influences choice of focal points and expectations of the partner’s behavior: teammates are task-focused, while competitors are focused on the hierarchical difference. Study 2 extended these findings to situations where the payoffs present strategic focal points: teammates choose collective maximization while competitors continue to be focused on the inherent hierarchy in the relationship. In Study 3, communication raises coordination rates close to 100% but does not attenuate competitor focus on the relational hierarchy. Finally, in Study 4, the presence of an external threat and thus a super-ordinate goal motivates competitors to make more task-based choices, similar to teammates.
Overmoded W-band traveling wave tube (TWT) design and test

We report the design and experimental test of a W-band overmoded traveling wave tube amplifier. The TWT circuit is designed to operate in the TM31 mode at 94 GHz and utilizes dielectric loading to suppress unwanted lower order modes. 3-D CST PIC simulations at 31 kV, 310 mA predicted 32 dB of gain and 300 W peak output power. Testing of the overmoded TWT found zero-drive stable operation with full suppression of unwanted modes. Operating at 94.26 GHz, 27 dB of circuit gain (21 dB of device gain) and 55 W peak circuit output power (25 W peak device output power) were measured at 31 kV with 250 mA current on the collector. Simulations predicted 28 dB of circuit gain, in good agreement with experiments.
Decline in Cognitive Function and Risk of Elder Self-Neglect: Finding from the Chicago Health Aging Project

OBJECTIVES: To examine the longitudinal association between decline in cognitive function and risk of elder self-neglect in a community-dwelling population. DESIGN: Prospective population-based study. SETTING: Geographically defined community in Chicago. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling subjects reported to the social services agency from 1993 to 2005 for self-neglect who also participated in the Chicago Health Aging Project (CHAP). Of the 5,519 participants in CHAP, 1,017 were reported to social services agency for suspected elder self-neglect from 1993 to 2005. MEASUREMENTS: Social services agency identified reported elder self-neglect. The primary predictor was decline in cognitive function assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (Executive Function), and immediate and delayed recall of the East Boston Memory Test (Episodic Memory). An index of global cognitive function scores was derived by averaging z-scores of all tests. Outcome of interest was elder self-neglect. Logistic and linear regression models were used to assess these longitudinal associations. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounding factors, decline in global cognitive function, MMSE score, and episodic memory were not independently associated with greater risk of reported and confirmed elder self-neglect. Decline in executive function was associated with greater risk of reported and confirmed elder self-neglect. Decline in global cognitive function was associated with greater risk of greater self-neglect severity (parameter estimate=0.76, standard error=0.31, P=.01). CONCLUSION: Decline in executive function was associated with risk of reported and confirmed elder self-neglect. Decline in global cognitive function was associated with risk of greater self-neglect severity.
A Political Sociology of Education and Development in Latin America

This article argues that a political sociological perspective facilitates analysis of the potential and limitations of education to contribute to national development in Latin America. Such a perspective enables policy makers, practitioners, and researchers to take into account historical forces, institutional contradictions, and contextual factors, both national and international, that shape the possibilities of educational and social change occurring-and whether such change benefits the least privileged members of a society. A political sociology perspective necessarily involves an analysis of the role of the state and how conditioned capitalist development shapes education policy in the region. In particular, the authors examine how the structural adjustment policies recommend by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and national technical assistance agencies like the USAID have affected the governance, financing, and provision of education to various populations. Case studies of Nicaragua, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil illustrate how these policies have affected equality of educational opportunity and outcomes.
Evaluation of Possible Inputs of Oil From the Deepwater Horizon Spill to the Loop Current and Associated Eddies in the Gulf of Mexico

Monitoring and M A Record-Breakin Geophysical Mon Copyright 2011 b 10.1029/2011GM The results of the analyses of 282 discreet water samples collected at various depths throughout the water column in the area of the Loop Current and associated eddies in the Gulf of Mexico are reported. No subsurface colored dissolved organic matter fluorescence maximum or oxygen minimum were observed, so samples were collected at standard depths. The concentration of Deepwater Horizon (DWH) total oil equivalents (TOE) estimated from total scanning fluorescence (TSF) maximum intensities ranged from less the practical quantitation limit (PQL) of 0.70 to 5.04 μg L . The presence of petroleum could not be confirmed in two thirds of the water samples having TOE below the PQL. Forty-eight samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from primarily samples with higher TOE and from a few samples at the PQ. Of these 48 samples, 35% had PAH concentrations less than or equal to the procedural blank. These concentrations are in the lower range of historical prespill reported results. The oil detected could be from the DWH oil spill as oceanographic currents could have carried the oil from the region of the spill to the sampling sites. If the DWH oil spill was the source of the hydrocarbons detected, the oil would have to have been weathered and greatly diluted by the time it reached these sampling stations. The possibility of other potential sources of oil at the sampling locations cannot be ruled out, including oil from natural seepage, small unrelated discharges, contamination from shipping activities, and atmospheric deposition. Total scanning fluorescence is shown to be a very sensitive indicator of the presence of oil and serves as a valuable screening tool.
Isolated myxoma of the external auditory canal

The majority of neoplasms within the external auditory canal are benign. Management of these primary tumors and their local recurrences are discussed herein. We present a case of an isolated myxoma of the external auditory canal with a review of the common histopathological and radiographic features. Although rare, this highlights the possibility of encountering benign tumor types that carry associated morbidity or mortality due to manifestations outside of the head and neck. Laryngoscope, 124:1220–1222, 2014
Units in some families of algebraic number fields

Multi-dimensional continued fractions associated with GL n (Z) are introduced and applied to find systems of fundamental units in some families of totally real fields and fields with signature (2,1).
Rehabilitation of Precast Industrial Buildings using Cables to Develop Diaphragm Action

Precast frame buildings are often used in Turkey for industrial facilities. One-story warehouses are the most common structural configurations. The lateral load resisting system is derived primarily from cantilevered, precast columns. Because the precast structures are flexible and lack redundancy, many were damaged beyond repair during the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey. A rehabilitation scheme is proposed to introduce a structural diaphragm at the roof level by adding diagonal bracing. With diaphragm action, the inertial forces can be distributed more uniformly among the cantilevered columns, and can be transmitted to the vertical diagonal braces around the perimeter of the structure to enhance seismic performance.
Sexual function and depressive symptoms among male North American medical students.

Introduction The role of sexuality as an association of medical student well-being has not been extensively studied.
Evaluation of In‐Use Stability of Anticoagulant Drug Products: Warfarin Sodium

The objective of the study was to evaluate the stability of warfarin products during use by patients or caregivers. For evaluation, three commercial products manufactured by different processes were selected and placed at 30°C/75%RH to simulate in use condition. Samples were withdrawn up to 12 weeks and analyzed for the physicochemical changes. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated increasing holes and craters in the tablets over the timeframe. Near-infrared chemical imaging and powder X-ray powder diffraction corroborated the change arising from conversion of crystalline to amorphous forms of the drug. Hardness and disintegration time of the tablets were found to increase progressively. With increasing time, moisture contents of the products were found to increase and consequent decrease in isopropyl alcohol content of the product. Dissolution of the tablets in media at pH 4.5 demonstrated discrimination between crystalline and amorphous drug products. Overall, percent drug dissolved in each product at 30 min was found to decrease with increasing exposure time. Dissolution of drug decreased from 54% to 38% and 82% to 54% for the two products while the third product maintained consistently high level of dissolution. These results suggest that the drug product quality attributes can change during use.
Phase shifting microwave structure employing atomic layer deposited (ALD) and ferroelectric films on flexible substrates

In this work, phase shifting performance of atomic layer deposited (ALD) films and ferroelectric films had been measured on flexible substrates. ALD ZnO and PVDF/TrFe films were patterned on signal electrode of coplanar waveguide, and their phase shifting performance was collected with a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) in combination with coplanar microwave probes between 1 GHz to 50GHz.
Nurses’ Perception of the Facilitators and Barriers to the Implementation of Safe Sleep Recommendations in the Hospital Inpatient Setting

Poster Presentation Objective To identify facilitators and barriers to modeling and teaching safe sleep recommendations in the hospital inpatient setting to guide development of nursing education. Design Qualitative study. Setting Three hospitals in Connecticut and Virginia. Sample The total sample size was 41 nurses and staff members. Methods We conducted five focus groups with 41 nurses and other staff. Focus groups were facilitated by a trained moderator using a script modified in an iterative process. Discussions were digitally recorded and transcribed. Using standard qualitative techniques, data were organized with qualitative software and analyzed with constant comparative methods to identify key themes and subthemes. Results Three main themes emerged as key facilitators and barriers: Previously held beliefs of families and providers could facilitate and act as barriers to modeling and teaching safe sleep recommendations. Nurses described many families not wanting to follow recommendations based on their cultural beliefs or previous practices. Inconsistent provider messages were seen as a barrier. Nurses and other health care providers were reported to sometimes give mothers messages contrary to recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Nurses felt that messages to families would only be effective if consistent. External forces can drive the success of messaging to providers and families. Nurses cited regulations from outside accreditation bodies and protocols as drivers for delivering accurate information. Many nurses noted that media messages and infant products sold in stores (such as bumpers) were often contrary to recommendations. Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice We identified key themes that are important to consider when developing a program to educate nursing staff to teach and model safe sleep messages that included overcoming families’ cultural beliefs about infant care practices, the importance of uniform messages, and the influence of external regulations and contradictory media images.
Ternary evaluation of UV-curable seed oil inorganic/organic hybrid coatings using experimental design

Abstract Inorganic/organic hybrid coatings were prepared using epoxidized linseed oil with combinations of the two sol–gel precursors (titanium(IV) iso propoxide, tetraethyl orthosilicate), and a telechelic silicate based on a modified oligomeric caprolactone. The coatings were UV-cured with sulfonium initiators which concomitantly cured the epoxy functional organic phase and the sol–gel inorganic phase to form a co-continuous inorganic/organic system. A ternary experimental design was employed to elucidate the influence of inorganic modifier on the mechanical properties of the inorganic/organic hybrid coatings. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to evaluate radius of gyration of the metal-oxo-cluster. Various coating properties, such as hardness, impact resistance, adhesion, solvent resistance, and surface energy were investigated as a function of sol–gel precursors. Inorganic/organic hybrid coatings containing both tetraethyl orthosilicate and the modified caprolactone resulted in improved hardness and solvent resistance with no loss of impact strength. The inclusion of titanium(IV) iso propoxide in to the systems resulted in a systematic reduction in the coatings properties. This was attributed to inhibition of the organic crosslinking process as a consequence of absorption of ultraviolet light by the titanium-oxo-clusters.
Novel approach for determining optimal treatment regimen for cancer c&#x1d559;emotherapy

Abstract A procedure is proposed which allows the determination of the optimal treatment regimen for cancer chemotherapy given a certain patient and drug. The π-criterion is applied to a mathematical model describing malignant and benign cell growth and destruction. As a result, the clinician can see whether the drug under consideration will have the desired effect as well as which form of treatment would be preferable: cyclic (on/off) or continuous. In the event, cyclic treatment is superior, the optimal length of the treatment cycle as well as the on/off time for medication and the optimal dosage during this time are determined.
Why do rereading lag effects depend on test delay

Abstract In previous research, rereading after a long lag versus a short lag led to greater performance on delayed tests but not on immediate tests. The current study tested two accounts of why the effects of rereading lag depend on test delay. The levels of representation (LOR) hypothesis states that the effects reflect differential emphasis on encoding of higher-level versus lower-level text information during long-lag versus short-lag rereading. The integration hypothesis states that the effect reflects a greater degree of integration of encoded information during long-lag versus short-lag rereading. Across two experiments, 341 students read a text either once, twice with a short lag, or twice with a long lag. Final free recall and cued recall tests were administered either immediately or 2 days after study. Results disconfirmed the LOR hypothesis (neither the decreases in reading times across trials nor the changes in free recall across timepoints differed as a function of information level in either rereading group) and confirmed the integration hypothesis (performance on cued recall measures of within-sentence and between-sentence integration was greater with long-lag versus short-lag rereading).
Complete relaxation and conformational exchange matrix (CORCEMA) analysis of intermolecular saturation transfer effects in reversibly forming ligand-receptor complexes.

A couple of recent applications of intermolecular NOE (INOE) experiments as applied to biomolecular systems involve the (i) saturation transfer difference NMR (STD-NMR) method and (ii) the intermolecular cross-saturation NMR (ICS-NMR) experiment. STD-NMR is a promising tool for rapid screening of a large library of compounds to identify bioactive ligands binding to a target protein. Additionally, it is also useful in mapping the binding epitopes presented by a bioactive ligand to its target protein. In this latter application, the STD-NMR technique is essentially similar to the ICS-NMR experiment, which is used to map protein-protein or protein-nucleic acid contact surfaces in complexes. In this work, we present a complete relaxation and conformational exchange matrix (CORCEMA) theory (H. N. B. Moseley et al., J. Magn. Reson. B 108, 243-261 (1995)) applicable for these two closely related experiments. As in our previous work, we show that when exchange is fast on the relaxation rate scale, a simplified CORCEMA theory can be formulated using a generalized average relaxation rate matrix. Its range of validity is established by comparing its predictions with those of the exact CORCEMA theory which is valid for all exchange rates. Using some ideal model systems we have analyzed the factors that influence the ligand proton intensity changes when the resonances from some protons on the receptor protein are saturated. The results show that the intensity changes in the ligand signals in an intermolecular NOE experiment are very much dependent upon: (1) the saturation time, (2) the location of the saturated receptor protons with respect to the ligand protons, (3) the conformation of the ligand-receptor interface, (4) the rotational correlation times for the molecular species, (5) the kinetics of the reversibly forming complex, and (6) the ligand/receptor ratio. As an example of a typical application of the STD-NMR experiment we have also simulated the STD effects for a hypothetical trisaccharide bound to a protein. The CORCEMA theory for INOE and the associated algorithm are useful in a quantitative interpretation of the intensity changes in the ligand in both the STD-NMR and ICS-NMR, provided the identity of the receptor protons experiencing direct RF saturation is known. The formalism presented here is likely to be useful in the design of bioactive ligands to a specific target protein and in the quantitative mapping of binding epitopes and interfaces between molecules in complexes.
Magnetic imaging of reinforcing steel

A new nondestructive evaluation technique is proposed to image steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures. One imposes a static magnetic field on a reinforced concrete member and measures the distortion of that field due to the magnetization of the reinforcement. The distribution of magnetization within the member is determined by inverting linearized fundamental equations of magnetostatics. A second set of equations, involving the ambient magnetic field and the magnetic susceptibility of steel, relates the magnetization to the volume of steel. Simple finite-element simulations were performed to investigate the performance of the reconstruction algorithm. The present version of the algorithm differentiated clearly between widely-spaced cubes of steel and air. The reconstructions were less successful when the cubes were adjacent. Some areas that deserve further development were identified. The magnetostatic principles underlying the imaging technique could also be applied to locate ferromagnetic objects for other applications.
The Impact of Smoking on Oral and Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Flora

Exposure to direct and passive tobacco smoking has significant impact on the gingival and oropharyngeal flora. The effects of exposure to smoking are evident in both children as well as adults. It increases the acquisition of periodontal pathogens and periodontal disease, colonization by respiratory pathogens, and the occurrence of upper respiratory tract infections, including otitis media. The flora of smokers contains fewer aerobic and anaerobic organisms with interfering activity against bacterial pathogens and harbors more potential pathogens as compared with the flora of non-smokers. The high number of pathogens and the low number of interfering organisms found in the nasopharynx of smokers revert to normal levels after complete cessation of smoking. Since parents who smoke harbor more potential pathogens and fewer interfering organisms, they may serve as a source of pathogens that can colonize and/or infect their children. The reduction in the number of members of the normal flora that interfere with the growth of pathogens and the greater adherence of bacterial pathogens to the oral mucosa are associated with the greater frequency of respiratory infections. Analysis of the data presented illustrates the adverse effects of direct and indirect exposure to smoking on colonization with potential pathogens.
VALVE MORPHOGENESIS IN THE PENNATE DIATOM ACHNANTHES COARCTATA

Mitosis and valve morphogenesis in the pennate diatom Achnanthes coarctata (Breb. in W. Sm.) Grun. are described. After cytokinesis, both daughter nuclei and their microtubule centers (MCs) are found near one side of the cell. Each new tubular silica deposition vesicle (SDV) arises centrally, forming a single rib running the length of the cell. Each MC then migrates around its nucleus and positions itself directly adjacent to the new SDV. The enlarging silicalemmas with their associated MCs, nuclei, microtubules (MTs) and microfilaments (MFs) appear in mirror image in the daughter cells. Both SDVs soon generate a second longitudinal rib alongside the first; the gap between the ribs ultimately becomes the future raphe fissure. The MC, MTs and nucleus are associated with each fissure. However, the subsequent behavior of the valve secreting machinery now becomes quite different in the daughter cells. In the cell that will form a raphid valve, the silicalemma, flanked by MFs, expands laterally in both directions over the cleavage furrow. Within the expanding SDV, silica secretion continues, eventually generating the structure of the mature valve, and during this phase the raphe fissure becomes delineated as in other raphid diatoms. In the other daughter cell, however, the MC and its MTs withdraw from the silicalemma, and the SDV moves laterally across the cleavage furrow until the double rib is at the corner of the cell. As silica is secreted into this expanding SDV, the raphe fissure completely fills in. This valve, therefore, lacks a raphe when mature and has a symmetry quite different from that of the valve formed in the other daughter cell. These events are compared with the course of morphogenesis described for other raphid diatoms.
LACTATION AND RADIONUCLIDE METABOLISM RESPONSES OF DAIRY CATTLE TO LETHAL DOSES OF GAMMA AND NEUTRON RADIATION.

Abstract Seven lactating dairy cows were irradiated, to study the effects of lethal doses of gamma and neutron radiation on subsequent lactation. Irradiation effects on radioiodine and radiostrontium metabolism also were studied. Gamma-irradiated cows continued to eat and to produce milk of normal composition at moderately reduced rates for 12–14 days post-irradiation, at which time a general systemic infection occurred, milk secretion and feed intake ceased, and the animals died in three or four days. Radioiodine and radiostrontium concentrations were less in the milk from irradiated animals than from nonirradiated control cows. Immediately after irradiation the neutron-treated cows exhibited a drastically reduced feed intake and milk production dropped sharply. Two of these animals died 20 and 40 days post-irradiation, respectively. Similar rad doses for gamma and neutron treatments were given in 21.8 and 0.43 hr, respectively.
Space‐resolved spectra of laser‐produced plasmas in the XUV

The design and imaging properties of an XUV (extreme ultraviolet, 200-550 A) normal-incidence slitless spectrograph, the spectrum obtained from laser-generated plasmas, and the monochromatic plasma images are described. The electron temperature of the plasmas, electron density as a function of position in the plasma, and the thickness of material penetrated by the laser pulse are determined. Elements from Z = 6 to Z = 28 were investigated, in addition to Nb. Secondary plasma-emission regions were observed 2-3 mm from the flat (thick or thin) targets. Time-integrated photographs of the expanding plasmas were recorded by the slitless spectrograph. A technique for obtaining time-resolved images of the plasmas in picosecond time intervals is proposed, and problems in the design of a stigmatic XUV spectrograph are discussed.
Voluntary exercise in C57 mice is anxiolytic across several measures of anxiety

Voluntary wheel running in rodents is associated with a number of adaptive behavioral and physiological effects including improved learning, reduction in stress-associated behaviors, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, increases in neurotrophic factors, and changes in several signaling molecules. Exercise has also been reported to reduce anxiety-like behaviors. However, other studies have failed to find an anxiolytic effect of exercise. The inconsistencies in the literature may contribute to the scarcity of data examining the physiological correlates of the anxiolytic effect of exercise. Here we show that 2 weeks of voluntary exercise in male C57 mice is associated with reduced anxiety as measured with acoustic startle, stress-induced hyperthermia, social interaction, light-enhanced startle, and some, but not all, measures in the open field. A great deal is known about the neural circuits underlying anxiety. Given the consistency of the anxiolytic effect of voluntary exercise across several measures, it is now possible to begin a systematic analysis of the physiological basis of the anxiolytic effect of exercise.
Advances in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.

Purpose of reviewRecent studies indicate a role for immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory demyelinating and degenerative disease of the central nervous system. This review addresses the current mechanisms of immune dysregulation in the development of multipl
Uncountable theories that are categorical in a higher power

In this paper we prove three theorems about first-order theories that are categorical in a higher power. The first theorem asserts that such a theory either is totally categorical or there exist prime and minimal models over arbitrary base sets. The second theorem shows that such theories have a natural notion of dimension that determines the models of the theory up to isomorphism. From this we conclude that I(T,ℵα,) = ℵ0 + ∣α∣ where ℵα = the number of formulas modulo T-equivalence provided that T is not totally categorical. The third theorem gives a new characterization of these theories.
A potential integrated water quality strategy for the Mississippi River Basin and the Gulf of Mexico.

benefits, and impact on agricultural cash flows within the Mississippi River basin from various options. The model incorporates a number of environmental factors, making it possible to get a more a complete picture of the costs and co-benefits of nutrient reduction. These elements also help to identify the policy options that minimize the costs to farmers and maximize benefits to society.
Serotonergic antidepressants and urinary incontinence.

Many new serotonergic antidepressants have been introduced over the past decade. Although urinary incontinence is listed as one side effect of these drugs in their package inserts there is only one report in the literature. This concerns 2 male patients who experienced incontinence while taking venlafaxine. In the present paper the authors describe 2 female patients who developed incontinence secondary to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors paroxetine and sertraline, as well as a third who developed this side effect on venlafaxine. In 2 of the 3 cases the patients were also taking lithium carbonate and β-blockers, both of which could have contributed to the incontinence. Animal studies suggest that incontinence secondary to serotonergic antidepressants could be mediated by the 5HT4 receptors found on the bladder. Further research is needed to delineate the frequency of this troubling side effect and how best to treat it.
Exclusion of bovine serum albumin from the air/water interface by sodium myristate

Abstract Mixtures of sodium myristate (SM), of 1 or 2 mM, and bovine serum albumin (BSA), from 100 to 10 000 ppm, were studied at the air/water interface using tensiometry, ellipsometry, and infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). The equilibrium surface tension of the mixtures ranged from 23 to 40 mN/m, which are values between those of the pure SM (20–25 mN/m) and BSA (50 mN/m), showing that lower tensions are favored and suggesting that SM was primarily on the surface for the concentrations studied. For the mixtures containing 1000 ppm BSA or less, the ellipsometric angles were the same as those of SM alone with surface densities ranging from 3.2 to 4.5 mol/m 2 ×10 −6 . For mixtures with 10 000 ppm BSA, larger surface densities were determined as a result of the presence of myristic acid from the protonation of SM due to the pH decrease caused by the BSA addition. IRRAS results are consistent with the ellipsometry results, showing that at the lower BSA concentrations only SM was present at the surface, and at the higher BSA concentrations SM was present along with myristic acid. The results demonstrate that at the concentrations studied, SM can exclude BSA completely from the air/water interface.
Tethys-class long range AUVs - extending the endurance of propeller-driven cruising AUVs from days to weeks

Most existing propeller-driven, cruising AUVs operate with a support ship and have an endurance of about one day. However, many oceanographic processes evolve over days or weeks, requiring propeller-driven vehicles be attended by a ship for complete observation programs. The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) developed the 105 kg propeller-driven Tethys AUV to conduct science missions over periods of weeks or even months without a ship [1]. Here we describe a three week deployment covering 1800 km at a speed of 1 m/s, supporting sensor power levels averaging 5 watts. Unlike buoyancy driven gliders, Tethys uses a propeller that allows level flight and a variable speed range of 0.5 – 1.2 m/s. The extended endurance enables operations in remote locations like under the ice, across ocean basins in addition to enabling continuous presence in smaller areas. Early success led to the construction of a second Tethys-class AUV with a third in planning. An AUV docking station that can be mated to a cabled observatory or standalone mooring is in development to further extend Tethys endurance.
Complex Adaptive Systems Approach to Simulate the Sustainability of Water Resources and Urbanization

AbstractUrban water resources should be managed to meet conflicting demands for environmental health, economic prosperity, and social equity for present and future generations. While the sustainability of water resources can depend on dynamic interactions among natural, social, and infrastructure systems, typical water resource planning and management approaches are based on methodologies that ignore feedbacks and adaptations among these systems. This research develops and demonstrates a new complex adaptive systems approach to model the dynamic interactions among population growth, land-use change, the hydrologic cycle, residential water use, and interbasin transfers. Agent-based and cellular automaton models, representing consumers and policymakers who make land- and water-use decisions, are coupled with hydrologic models. The framework is applied for an illustrative case study to simulate urbanization and the water supply system over a long-term planning horizon. Results indicate that interactions amon...
Computing waveforms for spinning compact binaries in quasi-eccentric orbits

Several scenarios have been proposed in which the orbits of binary black holes enter the band of a gravitational wave detector with significant eccentricity. To avoid missing these signals or biasing parameter estimation it is important that we consider waveform models that account for eccentricity. The ingredients needed to compute post-Newtonian (PN) waveforms produced by spinning black holes inspiralling on quasi-eccentric orbits have been available for almost two decades at 2 PN order, and this work has recently been extended to 2.5 PN order. However, the computational cost of directly implementing these waveforms is high, requiring many steps per orbit to evolve the system of coupled differential equations. Here we employ the standard techniques of a separation of time scales and a generalized Keplerian parameterization of the orbits to produce efficient waveforms describing spinning black hole binaries with arbitrary masses and spins on quasi-eccentric orbits to 1.5 PN order. We separate the fast orbital time scale from the slow spin-orbit precession time scale by solving for the orbital motion in a noninterial frame of reference that follows the orbital precession. We outline a scheme for extending our approach to higher post-Newtonian order.
Ricin A-Chain: Kinetic Isotope Effects and Transition State Structure with Stem-Loop RNA†

Ricin toxin A-chain (RTA) depurinates 28 S ribosomal RNA and small stem-loop RNAs at the first adenosine residue in a 5‘-GAGA-3‘ tetraloop. The transition state for depurination of stem-loop RNA by RTA was determined from kinetic isotope effects (KIEs). A stem-loop RNA, called A-10 (5‘-GGCGAGAGCC-3‘), was synthesized using isotopically labeled ATP. KIEs were measured for RNA substrates with adenylates containing [1‘-14C], [9-15N], [1‘-14C,9-15N], [7-15N], [1‘-3H], [2‘-3H], [4‘-3H], or [5‘-3H]. Substrate-trapping experiments established that the Michaelis complex of RTA·[14C]A-10 dissociates to free enzyme and [14C]A-10 at least 20 times more frequently than its conversion to products, establishing minimal forward commitment to catalysis. KIEs were used to interpret the transition-state structure. The experimental KIEs differ from previous N-ribohydrolase chemistries. Large KIEs were measured for [1‘-3H] (1.163 ± 0.009) and [7-15N] (0.981 ± 0.008). A modest isotope effect occurred with [9-15N] (1.016 ± 0.0...
Cobordisms and semiclassical instability of torodial compactifications

Abstract We show that toroidal compactifications of the multidimensional Minkowski space-time are semiclassically unstable due to topology change of the initial data hypersurface. Instanton solutions corresponding to tunnelling between different topologies are presented. These solutions have two pseudo-riemannian sections which can be interpreted either as the multidimensional “black holes” of Myers and Perry or as a “bubble Universe”. The second interpretation seems to be the most natural as it leads to the picture of the decay of the “false” vacuum by nucleation of bubbles of the true vacuum. The cobordism theory approach to topology change and “superselection rules” are presented. We discuss the possible semiclassical instabilities of the Calabi-Yau compactifications. It is argued, contrary to a recent statement in literature, that, as long as N = 1 four-dimensional SUSY is not spontaneously broken semiclassically, the number of generations of fundamental fermions in the low energy limit is conserved.
Voltage escalation in vacuum switching operations

The ability of vacuum switching devices to interrupt high-frequency currents can lead to repeated prestrikes and clearings when such switches are being closed and repeated reignitions and clearings when the switches are opening. Attention is focused on the interruption of a motor inrush current (aborted starts), where the successive trapping of magnetic stored energy in the motor winding and its subsequent release to the motor and cable capacitance can result in a sequence of escalating voltage surges. Of particular concern is the sudden collapse of voltage when sequential reignitions occur and the impact of this on the interturn insulation of the motor winding. The authors report on simulated tests with circuit breakers of different manufacturers and attempt to analyze cause and effect with respect to the magnitudes of the voltages developed and the characteristics of the switch. Particular attention is given to the rate of dielectric recovery of the contact gap and the dI/dt interrupting capability of the switch. >
Dissociation between wall thickening of normal myocardium and cyclic variation of backscatter during inotropic stimulation

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between increased myocardial wall thickening during inotropic stimulation and quantitative acoustic properties of normal myocardium in humans. We first validated a new 2-dimensional ultrasonic backscatter imaging approach for measurement of cyclic variation in the parasternal long-axis view against conventional M-mode integrated backscatter technique in 41 patients and controls (group A). We then performed 2-dimensional ultrasonic integrated backscatter imaging in 18 patients (group B) with normal segmental function at baseline to determine the magnitude of the cyclic variation of the septum and the posterior wall before and during infusion of dobutamine (10 and 20 μg/kg/min). Group A patients showed a close correlation of the cyclic variation obtained by the new 2-dimensional ultrasonic integrated backscatter imaging approach and the conventional M-mode technique. Group B patients had mean values of cyclic Variation that remained unchanged in the septum (4.4 ± 1.4, 4.3 ± 1.7, and 4.8 ± 1.6 dB at baseline and at each dobutamine stage, respectively, p = NS) and in the posterior wall (6.4 ± 1.7, 6.4 ± 1.8 and 6.1 ± 1.9 dB, respectively, p = NS) despite progressive dobutamine-induced increases in percent wall thickening (septum: 38 ± 10% to 57 ± 17% and 68 ± 19%, respectively, and posterior wall 42 ± 13% to 72 ± 20% and 77 ± 18%, respectively; both p
UPb ages of zircons: A basic examination of error propagation

Abstract The past three decades have seen a remarkable development and expansion of the UPb dating technique as applied to zircons. It is regrettable, however, that many otherwise sophisticated zircon studies lack even the most rudimentary error analysis for individual data points, despite the availability of published error programs, while others use such programs incorrectly, and report highly unrealistic error estimates. Still others simply report some “standard error” for all results without regard for the characteristics of the individual analyses, or without providing the basis for the quoted errors. These practices are unacceptable. Zircon data should not be published without realistic and clearly explained error analysis. Uncertainties in 207 Pb ★ 206 Pb ★ ages arise predominantly from two sources: (1) uncertainty in measuring the sample 206 Pb 204 Pb ratio; and (2) uncertainty in the 207 Pb 204 Pb ratio chosen to correct for initial Ph. Errors arising from both of these factors are strongly dependent on the absolute value of the sample 206 Pb 204 Pb ratio, but are otherwise more or less uncorrelated. Several other sources of error are quantifiable, but are of second order importance. Uncertainties in 206 Pb ★ 238 U ages are more complex, in that the quality of the chemical procedures can be a major factor. In fact, the only realistic way of assessing the precision of 206 Pb ★ 238 U ages is via a long-term program of replicate analyses of “well-behaved” natural zircon samples using the exact procedures applied to unknowns. A final commonly overlooked factor in zircon age interpretation, especially interpretation of near-concordant ages, is uncertainty in the accepted uranium decay constants. In most cases, these uncertainties should be treated separately from the random errors of individual analyses. A simple graphical solution is effective.
USING WHOLE LANGUAGE WITH CHILDREN WE HAVE FAILED TO TEACH TO READ

Children who have difficulty learning to read often find themselves in remedial reading classes as a result of the type of instruction they have received. Some past and current programs have had little success in remediating these students and returning them to their regular classrooms. After citing iatrogenic reasons for remedial reading classes, we delineate how whole‐language instruction offers a set of beliefs and practices that addresses the needs of remedial readers. Four whole‐language programs that have successfully remediated students and returned them to regular classrooms are discussed, and principles are offered to guide teachers in setting up such a program. In addition, alternative assessment measures that are in keeping with whole‐language instruction are suggested.
Entorhinal-perirhinal Lesions Impair Performance of Rats on Two Versions of Place Learning in the Morris Water Maze

The effects of entorhinal-perirhinal lesions in rats were studied with 2 versions of a place learning task in the Morris water maze. These lesions impaired performance on a multiple-trial task (3 days of 6 trials and a probe trial). This assessment was followed by a task in which rats were repeatedly trained to find novel locations with a variable delay (30 s or 5 min) imposed between each sample trial and retention test. Entorhinal-perirhinal damage produced a delay-dependent deficit in spatial memory: Rats with lesions were impaired at the 5-min delay relative to the control group and to their own performance at 30 s. These findings are discussed in relationship to memory impairment after entorhinal damage and spatial learning deficits observed after hippocampal damage.
The Robinow (fetal face) syndrome: a continuing puzzle.

The history of the Robinow (feta face) syndrome and the evolution of the phenotye are presented. Non Specific and syndrome-specific abnormalities are listed, discussed and illustrated. Existence of an autosomal dominant and un autosomal recessive type has been well documented. The two forms can be d
Determination of Oxytetracycline in Raw and Cooked Channel Catfish by Capillary Electrophoresis

Oxytetracycline (OTC) residues exceeding 0.1 ppm tolerance level were detected by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in catfish fillets 18 h after oral feeding with 37.5, 75.0, and 150.0 mg OTC/kg in medicated feed for 10 days. The CE migration time of OTC was 10.9 min using a 24 cm × 25 μm capillary under 8 kV constant voltage. The mean OTC recovery rates in spiked catfish were 92.9% over the concentrations of 0.1−25 ppm. Cooking procedures (frying, baking, and smoking at 190 °C) could only reduce but not completely eliminate OTC residues in catfish fillets. Keywords: Oxytetracycline; capillary electrophoresis; catfish; cooking; frying; baking; smoking