cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Occurrence of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are one of the most abundant and widely distributed organic compounds found on the Earth. They are ubiquitous, being found as important constituents in plants, animals, and microorganisms. They are formed de novo in the process of photosynthesis. The process uses the energy of sunlight to combine carbon dioxide with water to form carbohydrate and molecular oxygen as abbreviated in the following reaction: 6 CO2+6 H2O→C6H12O6+6O2. Carbohydrates thus represent the conservation of the energy of the sun as chemical energy and serve as the major source of energy for nonphotosynthe- sizing organisms. Therefore, they must have been very early products in the evolution of life.
Injury Prevention and State Law as Strategies for the Reduction of Child Maltreatment Fatalities

This review focuses on one state’s multidisciplinary legislative efforts to decrease the incidence of child maltreatment, including fatalities and near-fatalities. Such efforts have encompassed primary and secondary prevention modalities, including early support to parents, training, and education about recognition and reporting of child maltreatment for professionals who interact with children, review of all child deaths, and multidisciplinary in-depth case review of the most serious child maltreatment cases. Although reliable trends can be difficult to determine based upon the complexity of the problem and multiple confounding variables, there are a number of indicators that suggest these cumulative efforts are beginning to have a favorable impact on the most serious child maltreatment cases, although heightened awareness has likely contributed to an increase in the total number of reported cases. Multidisciplinary collaborative efforts including governmental, academic, and non-profit entities may affect meaningful change in legislation and other interventions to decrease the incidence of the most serious cases of child maltreatment.
High dynamic range DC coupled CW Doppler radar for accurate respiration characterization and identification

Accurate radar characterization of respiration can allow sleep diagnostics, and unique identification. A low distortion DC coupled system with high signal to noise ratio is required for such characterization and classification. This is especially critical with small signals as with through wall measurements with poor signal to noise ratio (SNR). This paper proposes a technique to improve signal to noise ratio by DC offset management and using the method of zooming in the fractions of the respiratory cycle waveform. Experimental results show a gain increment of 195 and 42% reduction of error in unique identification by complexity analysis techniques. Unique identification of human subjects behind walls has many potential applications such as, security, health monitoring, IoT applications, and virtual reality, and this technique can also benefit respiratory health diagnostics applications.
A Subset of Polysaccharide Capsules in the Human Symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Promote Increased Competitive Fitness in the Mouse Gut.

Summary Capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) play multiple roles in protecting bacteria from host and environmental factors, and many commensal bacteria can produce multiple capsule types. To better understand the roles of different CPSs in competitive intestinal colonization, we individually expressed the eight different capsules of the human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron . Certain CPSs were most advantageous in vivo, and increased anti-CPS immunoglobulin A correlated with increased fitness of a strain expressing one particular capsule, CPS5, suggesting that it promotes avoidance of adaptive immunity. A strain with the ability to switch between multiple capsules was more competitive than those expressing any single capsule except CPS5. After antibiotic perturbation, only the wild-type, capsule-switching strain remained in the gut, shifting to prominent expression of CPS5 only in mice with intact adaptive immunity. These data suggest that different capsules equip mutualistic gut bacteria with the ability to thrive in various niches, including those influenced by immune responses and antibiotic perturbations.
Comparative Membrane Proteomics Reveals a Nonannotated E. coli Heat Shock Protein

Recent advances in proteomics and genomics have enabled discovery of thousands of previously nonannotated small open reading frames (smORFs) in genomes across evolutionary space. Furthermore, quantitative mass spectrometry has recently been applied to analysis of regulated smORF expression. However, bottom-up proteomics has remained relatively insensitive to membrane proteins, suggesting they may have been underdetected in previous studies. In this report, we add biochemical membrane protein enrichment to our previously developed label-free quantitative proteomics protocol, revealing a never-before-identified heat shock protein in Escherichia coli K12. This putative smORF-encoded heat shock protein, GndA, is likely to be ∼36–55 amino acids in length and contains a predicted transmembrane helix. We validate heat shock-regulated expression of the gndA smORF and demonstrate that a GndA-GFP fusion protein cofractionates with the cell membrane. Quantitative membrane proteomics therefore has the ability to reve...
Syndromic Panel-Based Testing in Clinical Microbiology

SUMMARY The recent development of commercial panel-based molecular diagnostics for the rapid detection of pathogens in positive blood culture bottles, respiratory specimens, stool, and cerebrospinal fluid has resulted in a paradigm shift in clinical microbiology and clinical practice. This review focuses on U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved/cleared multiplex molecular panels with more than five targets designed to assist in the diagnosis of bloodstream, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal, or central nervous system infections. While these panel-based assays have the clear advantages of a rapid turnaround time and the detection of a large number of microorganisms and promise to improve health care, they present certain challenges, including cost and the definition of ideal test utilization strategies (i.e., optimal ordering) and test interpretation.
Mapping the landscape of urban work: Home-based businesses and the built environment:

Home-based businesses represent a large and growing portion of the economy, though little is known beyond limited surveys. This paper describes a novel method of identifying businesses located with...
Neurobiological Models of Risky Decision-Making and Adolescent Substance Use

This article provides an overview of evidence-based neurobiological models of risky decision-making, noting their implications for adolescent substance use. Drawing on brain and behavioral research, neural imbalance and fuzzy-trace theory are reviewed to explain developmental differences in preferences for risk (tolerating the possibility of bad outcomes to achieve larger rewards), time (waiting for larger but delayed rewards), and ambiguity (willingness to explore the unknown to achieve rewards). Consistent with these theories and evidence, and also with major theories of addiction, developmental differences in reward sensitivity, cognitive control to inhibit impulses, and their neural substrates partially explain adolescents’ greater willingness to use substances. However, meta-analyses show that preferences depend on a shift in cognitive representations from risk-reward tradeoffs to simple gist, as predicted by fuzzy-trace theory. Gist representations also facilitate adolescents’ ability to connect social norms and values to decisions. Implications for periods of vulnerability, individual differences, and treatments for addiction are discussed, including opioid addiction. Addiction can begin when multiple vulnerabilities coincide at neurological, psychological, and sociocultural levels, but theory identifies potential strategies for prevention and treatment.
Choice Availability and Persons with Mental Retardation: A Longitudinal and Regression Analysis

Service delivery systems for persons with disabilities have undergone vital changes recently, and issues of quality of life and choice availability remain at the forefront of concern. Preliminary research indicates that choice availability varies across living environments and is related to adaptive and maladaptive behavior in persons with disabilities. The present study sought to replicate and extend previous work in this area by examining, over a 15-month period, 67 persons with severe or profound mental retardation, some of whom were relocated to other living facilities. Regression analyses with 122 participants were also conducted to identify which aspects of choice availability are best predictive of adaptive and maladaptive behavior. Marked changes in choice availability and behavior characterized only those persons relocated during the study. In addition, choice availability was found to be strongly related to adaptive but not maladaptive behavior. Results are discussed with recommendations for direct-care staff and researchers.
QUALITY CARE ANALYSIS OF THE APPROPRIATENESS OF VETERANS AFFAIRS CARDIOLOGY CLINIC VISITS

Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System (SLVHCS) provides specialty care for New Orleans and Baton Rouge. In 2016 the New Orleans VA Cardiology Clinic had the highest number of cardiology clinic appointments per unit time across all specialties and VA practices nationally. In 2016 we
(107) Comparing Apples to an Orange: Legacy Measures versus PROMIS for Assessing Anxiety in Youth with Chronic Pain

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measures are reliable, brief instruments to measure patient health. The PROMIS pediatric anxiety short form assesses anxiety symptoms; however, its ability to capture a clinically meaningful understanding of anxiety is unknown. Within pediatric chronic pain, anxiety is generally assessed by legacy measures examining anxiety symptoms specific to pain [e.g., Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children, (PCS-C)] or broadly [The Screen for Child Related Anxiety Disorders, (SCARED)], which have been shown to predict pain-related outcomes. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between the three measures and assess how PROMIS anxiety relates to clinically-validated measures commonly used to understand anxiety in pediatric chronic pain. Participants were 65 youth presenting to a multidisciplinary pediatric pain clinic. Self-report anxiety measures (PROMIS, PCS-C, and SCARED) were collected as part of standard clinical outcomes. Participants were primarily adolescent females (53, 81.5%, Mage =15.0, SD = 1.8). Pain-specific anxiety was moderate (MPCS-C = 19.7, SD = 11.9), while broader anxiety approached clinical cut-offs (MSCARED = 24.6, SD = 19.8, clinical cut-off ≥ 25). PROMIS anxiety was average (total score = 10, SD = 8.4; T-score = 53.8). Correlations between PROMIS and the legacy measures were moderate to high (rSCARED = .81, rPCS-C = .73, p's
BRIP-1 germline mutation and its role in colon cancer: presentation of two case reports and review of literature

Hereditary colon cancer is characterized by the inheritance of an abnormal gene mutation which predisposes to malignancy. Recent advances in genomic medicine have identified mutations in “novel” genes as conferring an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Mutations in the BRIP1 gene (BRCA1 Interacting Protein C- terminal helicase 1) are known to increase the risk of ovarian and breast cancers, but this genes association with colon cancer has not been previously reported. We describe two patients with colon cancer whose tumor tissue were found to harbor BRIP1 mutations on analysis by next-generation sequencing. These patients were confirmed by analysis of lymphocytes to carry the mutation in the germline as well. These case reports highlight a previously unreported association of BRIP1 germline mutations with colon cancer predisposition.
Observation of β-Amyloid Peptide Oligomerization by Pressure-Jump NMR Spectroscopy.

Brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease patients invariably contains deposits of insoluble, fibrillar aggregates of peptide fragments of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), typically 40 or 42 residues in length and referred to as Aβ40 and Aβ42. However, it remains unclear whether these fibrils or oligomers constitute the toxic species. Depending on sample conditions, oligomers can form in a few seconds or less. These oligomers are invisible to solution NMR spectroscopy, but they can be rapidly ( 5 s) for residues 18-21 and 31-34, whereas the N-terminal 10 residues relax much faster (T1 ≤ 1.5 s), indicative of extensive internal motions. Transverse relaxation rates rapidly increase to ca. 1000 s-1 after the oligomerization is initiated.
Basin Analysis and the Sedimentary Model

Geologists have not been content just to observe and describe. They have concurrently attempted to collate their observations, to formulate general principles or laws, and to build more comprehensive theories. Students of sedimentary deposits are no exception. The first efforts at interpretation of sediments were directed toward reconstruction of the environment of deposition at a particular time and place. With ever-widening comprehension, the efforts at interpretation have been extended to embrace longer periods of time and to include, at last, the whole basin in which the sediments in question were deposited. Consideration of the basin as a whole provides a truly unified approach to the study of sediments.
Differential Diagnosis of Cartilaginous Lesions of Bone.

Context.— Cartilaginous tumors represent one of the most common tumors of bone. Management of these tumors includes observation, curettage, and surgical excision or resection, depending on their lo...
Psychopharmacology and Women

Psychopharmacological treatment has been one of the main therapeutic alternatives in psychiatry in the last five decades. However, some issues regarding the peculiarities of the populations being treated have been neglected throughout this history. Women represent the majority of patients with psychiatric diagnoses and also predominate among users of psychoactive drugs. However, since the preclinical development of the drugs, there has been a trend toward standardization of drug indications and doses, which clearly does not consider the differences between sexes. The complexity of women’s hormonal physiology translates into mood instability related to the menstrual cycle, the extremely complex physiological changes of pregnancy, and, finally, menopause. The purpose of this chapter is to review the peculiarities of psychopharmacological treatment in women. In order to achieve this objective, the following structure was adopted: section “Introduction” is meant to provide a brief introduction to the topic, section “Pharmacodynamics and Women” to cover pharmacodynamics and address gender differences regarding the mechanisms of action, and section “Pharmacokinetics and Women” to discuss pharmacokinetics and to review peculiarities in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolization, and excretion. In section “Specific Groups of Drugs and Gender Differences in Psychopharmacology,” we discuss specific issues about the main classes of psychotropic drugs in nonpregnant women in the period between puberty and menopause, and in section “Psychopharmacological Issues in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding,” we address psychopharmacological treatment in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Finally, in section “Conclusion,” we have the chapter completion, summarizing the relevance of the previously described issues.
Phylogeny of the genus Pinnixa White, 1846 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Pinnotheridae) and allies inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers, with generic reassignment of twenty-one species

We used mitochondrial 16S-NADH1 complex, mitochondrial 12S, and nuclear histone 3 genes to infer a molecular-based phylogeny, which allowed us to study phylogenetic relationships between species of PinnixaWhite, 1846sensu lato and other closely related pinnotherids. Polyphyly of Pinnixa s.l. was confirmed by maximum likelihood analyses. By our restricted definition, the genus Pinnixa sensu stricto is represented in these analyses only by its type species, Pinnixa cylindrica (Say, 1818). As a result of these molecular analyses, in combination with morphological studies, twelve species are reassigned to existing genera: Pinnixa faba (Dana, 1851), Pinnixa franciscanaRathbun, 1918, Pinnixa littoralis Holmes, 1894, Pinnixa schmittiRathbun, 1918, and Pinnixa tubicola Holmes, 1894 are placed in the genus Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893, whereas Laminapinnixa miamiensisMcDermott, 2014, Laminapinnixa faxoni (Rathbun, 1918), Pinnixa abbotti Glassell, 1935, Pinnixa arenicola Rathbun, 1922, Pinnixa floridanaRathbun, 1918, Pinnixa leptosynaptae Wass, 1968 and Laminapinnixa vanderhorstiRathbun, 1924 are reassigned to GlassellaCampos & Wicksten, 1997, the last two strictly on morphological bases. In addition, three new genera are erected to receive nine species: Rathbunixa n. gen. includes members of the Pinnixa pearseiWass, 1955– Pinnixa sayana Stimpson, 1860 complex, Pinnixa affinisRathbun, 1918, and species in the Pinnixa californiensisRathbun, 1894 – Pinnixa occidentalis Rathbun, 1893 complex; Tubicolixa n. gen. includes Pinnixa chaetopterana Stimpson, 1860 and the Pinnixa brevipollexRathbun, 1898 – Pinnixa rapax Bouvier, 1917 complex; and Sayixa n. gen. is established for Pinnixa monodactyla (Say, 1818).
New Drugs Approved in 2019

In 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 48 novel drugs. Thirty of the 48 (62.5%) novel drug approvals were reviewed and approved through an expedited review pathway while 20 of the 48 (41.7%) were approved for treatment of a rare disease. This review includes a summary of the novel drugs approved by the FDA in 2019.
Hyperglycemia requiring insulin during acute lymphoblastic leukemia induction chemotherapy is associated with increased adverse outcomes and healthcare costs

Background Hyperglycemia is a complication of induction chemotherapy in 10%-50% of pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Though hyperglycemia in ALL patients is usually transient, it may be associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the risk factors for and consequences of hyperglycemia are poorly understood. We hypothesized that hyperglycemia significant enough to require insulin therapy during induction chemotherapy would be associated with increased morbidity and mortality in pediatric ALL patients during induction chemotherapy and in subsequent care. Methods We abstracted clinical and resource utilization data from the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database utilizing ICD-9 codes and medication charges. We used logistic regression analysis to predict the development of hyperglycemia. The effects of hyperglycemia on binary and count adverse outcomes following induction chemotherapy were modeled using mixed-effect regression models. Results An increased risk of hyperglycemia requiring insulin was associated with older age, female sex, higher risk group and trisomy 21. Patients on insulin for hyperglycemia had increased mortality following induction chemotherapy. These patients were more likely to have subsequent infectious complications, need for bone marrow transplant, and risk of disease relapse. They also had greater length of inpatient stay, higher cost of care, and were more likely to require intensive care unit admission during induction chemotherapy. Conclusions Hyperglycemia requiring insulin during induction chemotherapy in pediatric ALL is associated with an increased risk of short-term and long-term complications. Prospective studies are needed to analyze formal screening, preventive measures, and optimal management practices for hyperglycemia during ALL induction chemotherapy.
Examination of Decision Making and Botched Lethal Injection Executions in Texas

This research examines the influence of lethal injection drug shortages on Texas criminal justice officials’ decision to change the state’s three-drug lethal injection protocol to the use of pentob...
CEREBRAL OXYGENATION AND FRACTIONAL TISSUE OXYGEN EXTRACTION IN PRETERM INFANTS UNDERGOING SURGICAL CLOSURE FOR PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

Background: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common problem in preterm infants and a risk factor for brain damage. In an earlier study we reported a lower regional cerebral saturation (rScO2) during PDA (62 ± 9% vs 72 ± 10% in controls), recovering after treatment with indomethacin. Surgical ligation of PDA should pose a higher risk for neurodevelopmental impairment (Kabra et al. J Pediatr 2007). Objective: To investigate the impact of surgical closure of PDA (rescue therapy) on cerebral oxygen saturation, measured by near infrared spectroscopy and fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE). Design and Methods: In 12 preterms (gestational age 27 ± 1.6 weeks, birth weight 925 ± 203 g) mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), arterial saturation (SaO2) and rScO2 were continuously monitored up to 24 h after surgery. cFTOE was calculated as a ratio: (SaO2 − ScO2)/SaO2. 5–10-minute periods of reliable monitoring were used, before surgery, just before clipping, just after clipping and 60 minutes, 120 minutes and 6 h, 12 h, 24 h after clipping and averaged for MABP, SaO2, rScO2, cFTOE. Results: Before surgery rScO2 and cFTOE were 53 ± 6% and 0.43 ± 0.7. During surgery up to clipping rScO2 and cFTOE further decreased and increased: 49 ± 8%; 0.46 ± 0.1. After ligation of the ductus these values showed a sustained increase and decrease, respectively, to 62% ± 9 and 0.34 ± 0.1 (24 h). Suggestion: The surgical ligation procedure of PDA induced a further decrease of the cerebral oxygenation to very low values. These unexpected findings may be related to the suboptimal neurodevelopmental outcome recently reported in preterm infants undergoing surgical ductal closure.
Imaging the intracellular motion of the urothelium with OCT

Intracellular motion (IM) is originated from the motion of molecules and organelles in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. IM is essential for the proper functioning of cells. Instead of tracking specific molecules, coherent gated methods measure the speckle variation induced by IM. Initially, holographic optical coherence imaging was used to image the IM of tumor spheroids and drugs' responses1,2 . Later on, with optical coherence tomography (OCT), IM has been used as an endogenous contrast to reveal the cellular and subcellular structures with freshly excised tissue. The uniqueness of the coherent gated method is that it can detect IM at different depths without requiring fluorescence tagging. Therefore, the imaged objects can stay at a more natural status.
The utilization of boron nitride (BN) for granular L10-FePt HAMR media fabrication

In this experimental study, we present a dual-layer structure of FePt-boron nitride (BN)/FePt-SiOx granular media for the heat-assisted magnetic recording. The boron nitride (BN) was deposited together with FePt at 700 °C for the first 2.5 nm in the initial film growth. After the initial growth, SiOx was used to replace the BN to serve as the grain boundary material for the rest of film growth process. The transmission electron microscopy study on the fully grown FePt-BN/FePt-SiOx film shows well-isolated FePt grains that are fully encircled by the well-defined grain boundaries. The areal density of FePt grains is distinctively higher than that of the conventional granular FePt-C-based film at similar film thickness. The FePt-BN/FePt-SiOx bilayer granular media also demonstrate excellent magnetic properties, which are comparable to that of FePt-C-SiOx granular media in terms of the hysteresis characteristics.
Influence of Residual Feed Intake and Cow Age on Dry Matter Intake Post-Weaning and Peak Lactation of Black Angus Cows.

We evaluated heifer post-weaning residual feed intake (RFI) classification and cow age on dry matter intake (DMI) at two stages of production. Fifty-nine non-lactating, pregnant, (Study 1) and fifty-four lactating, non-pregnant (Study 2) commercial black Angus beef cows were grouped by age and RFI. Free-choice, hay pellets were fed in a GrowSafe feeding system. In Study 1, cow DMI (kg/d) and intake rate (g/min) displayed a cow age effect (p < 0.01) with an increase in DMI and intake rate with increasing cow age. In Study 2, cow DMI (kg/d) and intake rate (g/min) displayed a cow age effect (p < 0.02) with an increase in DMI and intake rate with increasing cow age. Milk production displayed a cow age × RFI interaction (p < 0.01) where both 5–6-year-old and 8–9-year-old low RFI cows produced more milk than high RFI cows. For both studies, intake and intake behavior were not influenced by RFI (p ≥ 0.16) or cow age × RFI interaction (p ≥ 0.21). In summary, heifer’s post-weaning RFI had minimal effects on beef cattle DMI or intake behavior, however, some differences were observed in milk production.
Defining Familial Interactions and Networks: An Exploratory Qualitative Study on Family Networks and Surrogate Decision-Making.

To characterize patient preferences for medical surrogate decision-makers in the ICU to capture the complexity of decision-making preferences and highlight potential conflicts between patients' preferences and clinicians' surrogate decision-maker identification in usual clinical practice. Design Prospective qualitative cross-sectional study. Setting Two ICUs in a quaternary referral center in the eastern United States. Patients Convenience sample of patients admitted to the ICU and their family members. Intervention None. Measurements and main results Twenty-six patient-family-clinician units were interviewed. Men were three times more likely than women to have a legally appointed decision-maker that matched their preferred decision-maker as expressed in the interview. Patients who were married or in a long-term relationship were the most consistent group of respondents, with 94% of them selecting their spouse or partner as the preferred decision-maker. The most common reasons for selecting a surrogate decision-maker were intangible themes such as feeling "known" by that person rather than having prior discussions about specific wishes or advance directives. Conclusions Asking about a patient's familial network and qualities they value in a surrogate decision-maker may aid ICU teams in honoring patients' wishes for surrogate decision-making. This may be an important supplement to accepted legal hierarchies for proxy decision-makers and advance directive documents. Further studies with larger sample sizes could be used to shed light on the nuances of familial and relationship networks of a more diverse population of respondents.
Effect of Meniscal Treatment on Functional Outcomes 6 Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Background:Meniscal injuries are commonly associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. Treatment of meniscal injuries can impart delayed weightbearing and range of motion restrictions, w...
MiniMod: A Modular Miniapplication Benchmarking Framework for HPC

The HPC application community has proposed many new application communication structures, middleware interfaces, and communication models to improve HPC application performance. Modifying proxy applications is the standard practice for the evaluation of these novel methodologies. Currently, this requires the creation of a new version of the proxy application for each combination of the approach being tested. In this article, we present a modular proxy-application framework, MiniMod, that enables evaluation of a combination of independently written computation kernels, data transfer logic, communication access, and threading libraries. MiniMod is designed to allow rapid development of individual modules which can be combined at runtime. Through MiniMod, developers only need a single implementation to evaluate application impact under a variety of scenarios.We demonstrate the flexibility of MiniMod’s design by using it to implement versions of a heat diffusion kernel and the miniFE finite element proxy application, along with a variety of communication, granularity, and threading modules. We examine how changing communication libraries, communication granularities, and threading approaches impact these applications on an HPC system. These experiments demonstrate that MiniMod can rapidly improve the ability to assess new middleware techniques for scientific computing applications and next-generation hardware platforms.
Distribution and origin of glossic horizons in soils of the western Great Lakes Region, USA

Abstract The glossic horizon results from degradation of an argillic or other clay-rich diagnostic horizon whereby clay and free iron oxides are redistributed, creating E/B and/or B/E genetic horizons. An examination of the US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service database revealed that 17% of the soil series in the western Great Lakes region contain a glossic horizon. These soil series account for 63% of those in the USA containing a glossic horizon. Seventy-three percent of the soils with a glossic horizon in the Great Lakes region of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan are classified into five subgroups: Haplic, Aquic, and Oxyaquic Glossudalfs and Alfic and Alfic Oxyaquic Haplorthods. The glossic horizon in 284 soil series averages 31 ± 24 cm in thickness and occurs (i) between an ochric or albic horizon and an argillic horizon, (ii) between a spodic horizon and an argillic horizon, or (iii) entirely within the argillic horizon. Glossic soils occupy a belt to the north of the tension zone across the three states, which corresponds approximately with the boundary between the mesic (≥ 8 °C) and frigid (
Polycomb recruitment at the Class II transactivator gene

The Class II Transactivator (CIITA) is the master regulator of Major Histocompatibility Class II (MHC II) genes. Transcription of CIITA through the IFN-γ inducible CIITA promoter IV (CIITA pIV) during activation is characterized by a decrease in trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3), catalyzed by the histone methyltransferase Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2). While EZH2 is the known catalytic subunit of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) and is present at the inactive CIITA pIV, the mechanism of PRC2 recruitment to mammalian promoters remains unknown. Here we identify two DNA-binding proteins, which interact with and regulate PRC2 recruitment to CIITA pIV. We demonstrate Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and Jumonji domain containing protein 2 (JARID2) are binding partners along with EZH2 in mammalian cells. Upon IFN-γ stimulation, YY1 dissociates from CIITA pIV while JARID2 binding to CIITA pIV increases, suggesting novel roles for these proteins in regulating expression of CIITA pIV. Knockdown of YY1 and JARID2 yields decreased binding of EZH2 and H3K27me3 at CIITA pIV, suggesting important roles for YY1 and JARID2 at CIITA pIV. JARID2 knockdown also results in significantly elevated levels of CIITA mRNA upon IFN-γ stimulation. This study is the first to identify novel roles of YY1 and JARID2 in the epigenetic regulation of the CIITA pIV by recruitment of PRC2. Our observations indicate the importance of JARID2 in CIITA pIV silencing, and also provide a novel YY1-JARID2-PRC2 regulatory complex as a possible explanation of differential PRC2 recruitment at inducible versus permanently silenced genes.
Structural Studies on Heparitin Sulfate of Normal and Hurler Tissues

Abstract Heparitin sulfate isolated from human aorta is a polysaccharide of molecular weight 24,000 to 29,000, which is bound to protein by way of serine. The presence of serine, xylose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 1:1:2 suggests that the linkage region of this mucopolysaccharide is similar to that in chondroitin 4-sulfate and in heparin. Structural studies with nitrous acid indicate that the heparitin sulfate molecule contains a relatively large segment of N-acetylglucosamine-uronic acid repeating units in the region of protein binding. Heparitin sulfate isolated from the livers and urine of patients with the Hurler's syndrome is heterogenous and contains materials ranging in molecular weight from 2,700 to 5,500. Two distinct fractions were isolated, which differed in chemical analyses, amino acid composition, and structural characteristics. It is suggested that these may represent segments of a single parent molecule.
Fifty Years of Anthropology and Education 1950-2000: A Spindler Anthology

Contents: H.T. Trueba, Foreword. Preface. R. McDermott, F. Erickson, A Life With Anthropology and Education: Interviews With George and Louise Spindler. Previews. Part I:Character Definition. Anthropology and Education: An Overview: The 1954 Conference on Education and Anthropology (1955). The Transmission of American Culture (1959). Education in a Transforming American Culture (1955). Beth Anne: A Case Study of Culturally Defined Adjustment and Teacher Perceptions (1974). Why Have Minority Groups in North America Been Disadvantaged by Their Schools (1974)? The Transmission of Culture (1967). Part II:Comparisons. There Are No Dropouts Among the Arunta and the Hutterites (1989). Das Remstal (From Male and Female in Four Changing Cultures) (1990). Roger Harker and Schoenhausen: From Familiar to Strange and Back Again (1982). Cultural Dialogue and Schooling in Schoenhausen and Roseville (1987). Part III:Ethnography in Action. Teaching and Learning How to Do the Ethnography of Education (1988). Transcultural Sensitization (1997). Crosscultural, Comparative, Reflective Interviewing in Schoenhausen and Roseville (1993). Part IV:American Culture. Consensus and Continuity in American Culture (1983). Schooling in the American Cultural Dialogue (1990). Cultural Policies in the White Ethni-Class in the Mid-90s (1998). Part V:Cultural Therapy. The Processes of Culture and Person: Cultural Therapy and Culturally Diverse Schools (1993). Part VI:Orientation. S. Parman, Making the Familiar Strange: The Anthropological Dialogue of George and Louise Spindler (1998). L. Hammond, Memoir. Conclusion.
Infrared spectroscopy of V4334 Sgr (Sakurai's Object)

IR spectroscopy and photometry in the 0.8–2.4 and 3–14 μmregions are reported for seven dates between March 21 1998 and July20 2000 UT. The shorter wavelength region displays a smooth continuum increasing to longerwavelengths that is indicative of the Wien tail of a Planck function. Only theHe I 1.0830 line is present early and it shows a P-Cygni profile which laterdisappears. The long wave spectra show a smooth continuum between 3 and 13μm that was well fit by a gray body at 1000 K. A weak, unidentifiedemission feature appears between 8 and 10 μm.
Pediatric nurses: the assessment and control of pain in preverbal infants.

Abstract Pediatric nurses practicing in a children's hospital participated in this exploratory study investigating nurses' attitudes regarding postoperative pain in infants, including recognition of pain cues and strategies for pain management. Three instruments developed by us were used to obtain data: the Pain Questionnaire, a demographic and attitudinal profile; a self-directed videotape; and the Videotape Questionnaire, an interactive tool to obtain participant responses to videotaped vignettes of infants recovering from surgery. Three independent variables yielded significant results: critical care versus noncritical care nurses, agreement versus disagreement to administer pain medication to infants expected to have pain but not exhibiting pain behaviors, and classes on pediatric versus adult/pediatric pain since licensure. Noncritical care nurses, nurses agreeing to administer pain medication, and nurses attending pediatric pain classes recognized a greater number of cues on videotaped vignettes. Nurses attending pediatric pain classes administered more narcotics. Noncritical care nurses rated the pain experienced by the infants in the vignettes to be more severe compared with ratings made by critical care nurses.
Leptin Signaling in the Central Nervous System

Publisher Summary The leptin receptor is a single transmembrane protein belonging to the cytokine receptor superfamily; it signals through the Janus kinase/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. Phosphorylated STAT proteins translocate to the nucleus and stimulate transcription of the target gene. The leptin receptor has divergent signaling capacities as its activation modulates the activity of different intracellular enzymes, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositol 3 kinase, type 3 phosphodiesterase, insulin receptor substrate protein, and protein kinase C. These different intracellular pathways might mediate some central neural effects of leptin. For example, the leptin-induced hyperpolarization of subsets of hypothalamic neurons that occurs within minutes of application is mediated by phosphoinositol 3 kinase.
Chemerin: A Comprehensive Review Elucidating the Need for Cardiovascular Research

When chemerin was discovered in 1997, it was relegated to being a protein associated with the normal skin function contrasting the setting of psoriasis. However, with the discovery of multiple receptors for the chemerin protein and a vast collection of associations with various pathologies, chemerin has global influence capable of regulating chemotactic, adipokine, autocrine/paracrine, adipogenic, angiogenic, and reproductive functions. These individual abilities of chemerin are important for understanding its basic pharmacology and physiology, but application of these principles to human pathology relies on the ability of scientists and physicians to view this protein from a much wider, all-encompassing angle. A global participant in the action of chemerin is the cardiovascular system (CVS). Although the CVS may not have as many direct interactions (e.g. smooth muscle in endothelium) with chemerin as it does indirect (e.g. chemerin activation in the lumen by proteases), our basic understanding of the CVS and its relation to chemerin is necessary to form a proper grasp of its individual actions and make the applications to pathology. This review provides a fundamental, yet comprehensive review of chemerin that inherently identifies the CVS as a necessary link between chemerin and its associated pathologies, but also calls for basic cardiovascular research as the solution to this chasm between knowledge and application.
Electrophysiological effects of norepinephrine on Purkinje neurons in intraocular cerebellar grafts: α- vs β-specificity

Abstract The present study investigates the receptor specificity of the electrophysiogical effects of norepinephrine (NE) on cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Intraocular cerebellar grafts were utilized to allow both superfusion and local administration of selective adrenergic agonists and antagonists. Fetal cerebellar anlagen (E13–15) were homogously transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye of adult recipient rats and allowed to mature in the eye for at least 5 weeks. Spontaneous activity of Purkinje neurons was recorded extracellularly in the intraocular grafts. Superfusion of 5 μM NE caused elevations of the spontaneous firing rate. Superfusion of 30 μM NE caused depressions, which were occasionally preceded by an excitation. Iontophoretic application of NE to grafted Purkinje neurons primarily caused depressions of the spontaneous discharge rate. Thus, the NE-induced excitations previously reported from in vitro slices are not anomalies of the in vitro slice preparation, but can be observed with superfusion of NE in our in vivo preparation as well. In general, the excitations caused by low doses of superfused NE were blocked by timolol, a specific β-adrenergic antagonist, while the depressions caused by 30 μM superfused NE or iontophoretically applied NE were blocked by the specific α-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine. Large doses of sotalol were found to block both excitatory and depressant responses while lower doses only antagonized the NE-induced excitations. Taken together, these results suggest that the inhibitory effects of NE on Purkinje neuron firing rate in intraocular cerebellar grafts in vivo are mediated via an α-adrenergic receptor mechanism, while the excitations caused by NE may be β-mediated.
Bijections related to statistics on words

Abstract Combinatorial proofs of the identities ∑ w∈M q Inv(w) = n 1 +n 2 +⋯+n k n 1 ,n 2 ,⋯,n 1 = ∑ w∈M q z(w) are given and bijections are constructed between the sets {w ∈ M | Inv(w) = m}, {w ∈ M | Maj(w) = m}, {w ∈ M | Z(w) = m}, where M is the collection of all multiset permutations with n 1 1' s , n 2 2' s ,…, n k k ' s , Inv( w ) is the inversion number of w , Maj( w ) is its major index and Z ( w ) is the z -index of w .
Relational Dimensions of Dog Ownership

The objective was to identify the perceptual dimensions which underlie the relationship between a dog and its owner. Perceptions of 248 dog owners concerning their dogs' skills and activities were assessed. A principal factor analysis yielded dimensions of freedom and privileges of a family member, advanced skills, and basic skills. Their interrelations are discussed and some consequences explored.
Conjoint treatment of couples who have experienced intimate partner violence

This manuscript addresses an important controversy in the intimate partner violence (IPV) field, treating couples experiencing IPV conjointly. Some advocates who work with victims of violence believe that conjoint treatment is never appropriate if there has ever been IPV. Others take a more moderate position and believe that it may be appropriate for some couples after the offender has completed a comprehensive batterer intervention program. Because of these concerns, many IPV offender standards expressly prohibit the funding of any program that offers couples or family counseling. However, the case against couple's therapy may not be as simple as these standards suggest. Many couples choose to stay together after experiencing IPV. Enhancing these couples' abilities to resolve conflict non-violently may, rather than endanger victims, actually enhance safety of couples and children in these homes. In this paper we address the ideological, theoretical, empirical and practical foundations of the arguments in the controversy and the impact of the controversy on research, policy and practice. Finally, we suggest ways the controversy should be bridged and propose guidelines for selecting situations in which conjoint treatment most appropriately addresses IPV in a relationship.
Automated continuous-flow colorimetric determination of glutathione peroxidase with dichloroindophenol.

Abstract Automation of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme assay has been problematical. Although such methods have been reported, they do not give equivalent results to the standard manual assay, wherein glutathione oxidation is coupled to NADPH oxidation via glutathione reductase. We report here the development of a fully automated, continuous-flow, colorimetric method for glutathione peroxidase assays in which glutathione oxidation is monitored by its effect on the reaction of glutathione with the colorimetric reagent 2,6-dichloro-indophenol. This method has a linear response to glutathione peroxidase over an 800-fold range of enzyme concentrations. Results of assays done by this method in erythrocyte and plasma samples correlate well with the standard manual coupled assay (r = 0.997 and 0.923, respectively), with no evidence of systematic errors. The assay works equally well with hydrogen peroxide or cumene hydroperoxide as substrate and shows the same selectivity toward glutathione S-transferases as the standard coupled assay. The within-day repeatability and the between-day reproducibility were estimated as 1.1 to 6.4% and 1.3 to 7.1% (relative standard deviation), respectively. This method is suitable for enzyme determinations in whole blood, erythrocytes, plasma, and serum from rats, rabbits, monkeys, and humans.
High-resolution glycoprotein analysis using capillary electrophoresis.

The high-resolution separation achievable with capillary electrophoresis has been applied successfully to the analysis of glycoproteins. Inherent in the implementation of this technology for glycoprotein analysis is the use of specific buffer additives. Bifunctional cationic reagents, such as simple alkyl chains bearing terminal amino or quaternary ammonium groups, have been particularly useful for the analysis of ovalbumin, an excellent model glycoprotein. Although dynamic coating of the capillary wall and the subsequent decrease in protein-wall interactions is known to be key in the effectiveness of these additives, much remains to be learned regarding the mechanism through which they function.
Transformational leadership in an acquisition: A field study of employees

This field study of employees involved in a major acquisition integration addressed the relationships that leadership and climate had with subordinate acquisition acceptance, performance, and job satisfaction in an uncertain environment. Transformational leadership was positively related to acquisition acceptance, supervisor-rated performance, and job satisfaction (p < .01). Transformational leaders also impacted subordinate outcomes through the perceived climate they created for goal clarity and support for creative thinking. Both goal clarity and support for creative thinking partially mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction (p < .01; N = 447). Goal clarity did not mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and performance, but was positively related to performance (p < .05; N = 344). Support for creative thinking fully mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and acquisition acceptance (p < .01; N = 432). Implications for future research and for managers engaged in acquisition integrations are discussed.
Scattering of alpha particles by Zn64 and Zn68

The elastic and inelastic scattering of 43-Mev alpha particles by Zn/sup 64/ and Zn/sup 68/ is studied. Low-lying groups, with angular distributions in phase with elastic scattering, are found at 1.79 and 2.30 Mev in Zn/sup 64/ and at 1.66 and 1.89 Mev in Zn/sup 68/. These groups are presumably from two-phonon levels. The two-phonon groups from Zn/sup 64/ have about the same cross sections as those from Ni/sup 60/, while those from Zn/sup 68/ have only about a quarter of this value. (auth)
Density functional theory‐based electrochemical models for the oxygen reduction reaction: Comparison of modeling approaches for electric field and solvent effects

A series of density functional theory (DFT) based electrochemical models are applied to systematically examine the effect of solvent, local electric field, and electrode potential on oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics. Specifically, the key elementary reaction steps of molecular oxygen dissociation, molecular oxygen protonation, and reduction of a hydroxyl adsorbate to water over the Pt(111) surface were considered. The local electric field has slight influence on reaction energetics at the vacuum interface. Solvent molecules stabilize surface adsorbates, assisting oxygen reduction. A collective solvation-potential coupled effect is identified by including long range solvent-solvent interactions in the DFT model. The dominant path of the ORR reaction varies with electrode potential and among the modeling approaches considered. The potential dependent reaction path determined from the solvated model qualitatively agrees with experiment ORR kinetics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
SILICON-ON-INSULATOR-BASED SINGLE-CHIP IMAGE SENSORS: LOW-VOLTAGE SCIENTIFIC IMAGING

A low-voltage (≤3.3 V) imaging technology has been developed to enable scientific-grade imagers with low-power complex functions on chip. A 128 × 128 CCD imager with on-chip clocking and charge-domain analog-to-digital conversion, as well as an exploratory active pixel sensor have been demonstrated. A 640 × 960 CCD imager with optimized 12 bit charge-domain conversion and an improved active pixel sensor are presently in fabrication.