cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Terrorism in Asia: A Persistent Challenge Sustained by Ideological, Physical, and Criminal Enablers

The carefully choreographed attacks in Mumbai (India) in 2008, which killed more than 160 people, are an indicator of the persistence of terrorism as a threat in Asia. South Asia, in particular, is emerging as the global “center of gravity” for terrorism as the number of attacks continues to soar. Terrorism, defined broadly as violence committed for political ends, thrives in Asia’s “enabling environment,” both ideological and functional. Ideological enablers include unsettled political conflicts, sectarian grievances, or religious antagonism. Functional enablers include geography, porous borders, and the nexus to criminal activities. The crime–terror nexus is particularly salient as it provides not only a steady source of financial support but also the logistical foundations that can facilitate recruitment or actual attacks. Consequently, any effective response to terrorism in Asia must consider the totality of factors (ideological and functional) that sustain this violent phenomenon.
Uptake and intracellular fate of cholera toxin subunit b-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticle-supported lipid bilayers (aka protocells) in motoneurons

Cholera toxin B (CTB) modified mesoporous silica nanoparticle supported lipid bilayers (CTB-protocells) are a promising, customizable approach for targeting therapeutic cargo to motoneurons. In the present study, the endocytic mechanism and intracellular fate of CTB-protocells in motoneurons were examined to provide information for the development of therapeutic application and cargo delivery. Pharmacological inhibitors elucidated CTB-protocells endocytosis to be dependent on the integrity of lipid rafts and macropinocytosis. Using immunofluorescence techniques, live confocal and transmission electron microscopy, CTB-protocells were primarily found in the cytosol, membrane lipid domains and Golgi. There was no difference in the amount of motoneuron activity dependent uptake of CTB-protocells in neuromuscular junctions, consistent with clathrin activation at the axon terminals during low frequency activity. In conclusion, CTB-protocells uptake is mediated principally by lipid rafts and macropinocytosis. Once internalized, CTB-protocells escape lysosomal degradation, and engage biological pathways that are not readily accessible by untargeted delivery methods.
Variability of stenosis characterization: impact of coronary vessel motion in cardiac CT

Despite much advancement, quantitative optimization of cardiac CT has remained an elusive challenge. The purpose of this study was to quantify the stenosis measurement variability introduced by the relative motion of coronary vessels in cardiac CT. Even with general motion vectors of normal coronary vasculature known, relative in-plane motion direction with respect to the source angle during acquisition can be random. The random motion direction results in varying degrees of image degradation and visualized vessel deformation. We simulated CT scans of coronary vessels in motion in both the parallel and orthogonal directions with respect to the x-ray source at the central projection angle. We measured the diameter of the visualized vessel from the reconstructed images using an automated adaptive threshold operator. On average, the variability of all measured vessel attributes (diameter, circularity and contrast) in dual-source acquisition modes were less variable than the vessel attributes for all single-source acquisition modes. This difference was most pronounced at the fastest simulated vessel velocity (16 mm/s). The measurement range for vessel diameter, circularity and contrast were all positively correlated with vessel velocity for the single-source half-scan mode. Motion induced vessel deformation was most extreme when relative motion was directed parallel to the central projection angle of the scan range. Dual-source acquisition remedied the directionally asymmetry by simultaneously acquiring orthogonal projections. The relative direction of vessel motion during cardiac CT remains a significant source of uncertainty in vessel characterization. The methodology enables optimization of CT acquisition and reconstruction for targeted cardiac quantification.
The mitochondrial ribosomal protein L13 is critical for the structural and functional integrity of the mitochondrion in Plasmodium falciparum.

The phylum Apicomplexa contains a group of protozoa causing diseases in humans and livestock. Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria, contains a mitochondrion that is very divergent from that of their hosts. The malarial mitochondrion is a clinically validated target for the antimalarial drug atovaquone, which specifically blocks the electron transfer activity of the bc1 complex of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC). Most mtETC proteins are nuclear-encoded and imported from the cytosol, but three key protein subunits are encoded in the Plasmodium mitochondrial genome: cyt b, COXI, and COXIII. They are translated inside the mitochondrion by mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes). Here, we characterize the function of one large mitoribosomal protein in Plasmodium falciparum, PfmRPL13. We found that PfmRPL13 localizes to the parasite mitochondrion and is refractory to genetic knockout. Ablation of PfmRPL13 using a conditional knockdown system (TetR-DOZI-aptamer) caused a series of adverse events in the parasite, including mtETC deficiency, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), and death. The PfmRPL13 knockdown parasite also became hypersensitive to proguanil, a drug proposed to target an alternative process for maintaining Δψm. Surprisingly, transmission EM revealed that PfmRPL13 disruption also resulted in an unusually elongated and branched mitochondrion. The growth arrest of the knockdown parasite could be rescued with a second copy of PfmRPL13, but not by supplementation with decylubiquinone or addition of a yeast dihydroorotate dehydrogenase gene. In summary, we provide first and direct evidence that mitoribosomes are essential for malaria parasites to maintain the structural and functional integrity of the mitochondrion.
Risk Factors for In-Hospital Seizures and New-Onset Epilepsy in Coil Embolization of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Objective This study aimed to determine risk factors for inpatient seizures and long-term epilepsy in patients receiving coil embolization for aneurysm-associated subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients admitted to the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center from 2010 to 2014 for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Only patients with coil embolization were included. Variables such as subdural hematoma, cerebral infarction, postoperative vasospasm, cerebral edema, and mass effect were collected. After discharge, patients were followed up to determine whether epilepsy had developed. The χ2 test was used to assess univariate associations. Multivariable associations were assessed with a binary logistic regression model. Results The study included 175 patients, of whom 16 (9.1%) of the patients had seizures while they were inpatients. Five out of 73 patients met the criteria for epilepsy at follow-up. None of the patients with epilepsy after discharge had electrographic seizures while hospitalized. Vasospasm (odds ratio [OR] 6.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.81–26.25), and Hunt and Hess grade 5 (OR 26.16, 95% CI 3.95–173.49) were significantly associated with in-hospital seizures in a multivariable analysis. Epileptiform discharges on electroencephalogram (EEG) were significantly associated with mass effect findings on brain imaging (OR 3.5, CI 1.05–11.69). Conclusion Hunt and Hess grade 5 and vasospasm are independent risk factors for in-hospital seizures. In addition, mass effect is an independent risk factor for epileptiform discharges on EEG. Patients with these risk factors may benefit from continuous EEG. Our results may indicate that there is no association between electrographic seizures and development of epilepsy.
A superior bright NIR luminescent nanoparticle preparation and indicating calcium signaling detection in cells and small animals.

Near-field fluorescence (NFF) effects were employed to develop a novel near-infrared (NIR) luminescent nanoparticle (LNP) with superior brightness. The LNP is used as imaging contrast agent for cellular and small animal imaging and furthermore suggested to use for detecting voltage-sensitive calcium in living cells and animals with high sensitivity. NIR Indocyanine green (ICG) dye was conjugated with human serum albumin (HSA) followed by covalently binding to gold nanorod (AuNR). The AuNR displayed dual plasmons from transverse and longitudinal axis, and the longitudinal plasmon was localized at the NIR region which could efficiently couple with the excitation and emission of ICG dye leading to a largely enhanced NFF. The enhancement factor was measured to be about 16-fold using both ensemble and single nanoparticle spectral methods. As an imaging contrast agent, the ICG–HSA-Au complex (abbreviate as ICG-Au) was conjugated on HeLa cells and fluorescence cell images were recorded on a time-resolved confocal microscope. The emission signals of ICG-Au complexes were distinctly resolved as the individual spots that were observed over the cellular backgrounds due to their strong brightness as well as shortened lifetime. The LNPs were also tested to have a low cytotoxicity. The ICG-Au complexes were injected below the skin surface of mouse showing emission spots 5-fold brighter than those from the same amount of free ICG–HSA conjugates. Based on the observations in this research, the excitation and emission of NIR ICG dyes were found to be able to sufficiently couple with the longitudinal plasmon of AuNRs leading to a largely enhanced NFF. Using the LNP with super-brightness as a contrast agent, the ICG-Au complex could be resolved from the background in the cell and small animal imaging. The novel NIR LNP has also a great potential for detection of voltage-gated calcium concentration in the cell and living animal with a high sensitivity.
Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation of methane protons in aqueous solutions

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance longitudinal relaxation rates are reported at 100MHz for CH4 and CHD3 in deuterium oxide solutions. The results demonstrate that methane reorients with a correlation time on the order of 0.1 psec, considerably faster than molecule correlation times in aqueous solutions.
Induced Dissociation of Walker Tumour 256 into its “Carcinomatous” and “Sarcomatous” Patterns of Growth

The Walker tumour of the rat, a characteristically bimorphic tumour (Stewart et al., 1959), grows on the chorioallantois of the chick embryo after topical inoculation with a different microscopic architecture depending on the temperature of incubation of the egg (Leighton et al., 1963). In our studies an inoculum consisting of two or three drops of Walker tumour ascites fluid, was placed on the dropped chorioallantoic membrane of eight- or nine-day-old chick embryos. The embryos were maintained as before at the normal temperature of incubation, 38° C. On the eleventh day of embryonic life the inoculated eggs were candled. Of the viable eggs 10% were harvested for histologic study while the remaining ones were divided into three equal groups.
Topics in Gyrodynamics

In a broad sense, gyrodynamics is the term used for the dynamics of rotation of rigid bodies. In a narrower sense, it is usually understood to describe the theory of the gyroscope and of the heavy symmetrical top.
Does prophylactic subcutaneous heparin increase the risk of wound infection after colorectal surgery

Chemical prophylaxis using unfractionated heparin (UH) and low-molecular weight heparin is used in surgical patients to prevent venous thromboembolism. There is some evidence that prophylactic doses of heparin may increase the rate of surgical site infection (SSI) after elective orthopedic procedures. Little is known regarding the effect of heparin on SSI after colorectal procedures. We performed this study to study the effect of prophylactic unfractionated heparin on the rate of SSI after colorectal procedures. We did a retrospective analysis of 155 consecutive cases of patients of a single colorectal surgeon who underwent colorectal resection. Subcutaneous unfractionated heparin was given to 52 patients (29%). The rate of SSI in the group that received UH was 33 per cent versus 28 per cent in the group that did not receive UH (P = 0.31). There was also no significant effect of prophylactic heparin on SSI noted among any patient subgroup. The use of prophylactic unfractionated heparin after colorectal procedures does not seem to increase the rate of surgical site infection.
Reclaiming Brownfield Sites: From Toxic Legacies to Sustainable Communities

The economic landscape is continually changing under the influence of global competition and technological innovation. While capital moves with relative ease, toxic chemical residues in soils and groundwater may persist long after industrial, commercial, or waste disposal activity has ceased. Thus, brownfield sites — idle, abandoned, or underused parcels of land with real or potential environmental contamination — are one of the most serious challenges facing communities across the industrialized world. If communities are unable to find ways to clean up and reclaim brownfield sites for new uses, these sites will pose risks to human health and the environment and act as a blight and economic drain on the surrounding area. Further, if effective means of reusing brownfield sites are not found, urban development will be pushed ever outward onto undeveloped greenfield sites at the metropolitan fringe. Thinking geographically is critical to addressing the toxic legacy of the past. Geographic research methodologies are standard practice for identifying past land uses or off-site pollution that may contribute to site contamination. Geographers have helped policymakers understand the underlying causes, magnitude, spatial extent, and consequences of brownfield sites. Further, geographers are involved in formulating effective policy solutions by creating site inventories, consulting with local residents, and evaluating alternative plans for reclaiming brownfield sites and creating sustainable communities.
Hydraulic Conductivity and Shear Dependent Albumin Permeability of Cultured Endothelial Cell Monolayers

Endothelial cells regulate transmural volume flux and permeability of the vascular wall to macromolecules. Alteration of wall permeability may be an early event in atherogenesis. In order to study transport properties of the endothelial monolayer in isolation from the underlying structures of the arterial wall, we developed an in vitro model employing bovine aortic endothelial cells grown on polycarbonate filters. Hydraulic conductivity (Lp) was measured under static conditions (zero wall shear stress) by a bubble tracking technique in both the presence and absence of albumin in the culture media. Endothelial permeability to flourescently labelled albumin (Pe) was measured under static conditions and during exposure to steady wall shear stress of 1 or 10 dynes/cm2 in a parallel plate flow chamber with 1% albumin in the culture media on both sides of the monolayer.
Dynamical Jahn-Teller Effects in d4 Systems — Aqueous Manganese(III) and other Complexes of Mn(III) and Cr(III)

The known spectral properties of transition metal complexes in which the metal ion has the 3d4 configuration are quite limited. Several recent books (1,2) emphasize this fact by their rather meager presentation of data. Of these discussions, BALLHAUSEN (1) presents the most nearly complete consideration of the data.
John K. Fairbank’s Special Contribution to Chinese Collection Development in American Libraries during the Second World War

John K. Fairbank served as the Director of the American Publications Service under the American Embassy in China during WWII, with responsibility for collecting Chinese and Japanese information and...
How Do You Teach Undergraduate University Students to Contribute to UN SDGs 2030

The 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are designed to mobilize countries around the world to end all forms of poverty, fight inequalities and tackle climate change, while ensuring that no one is left behind. Institutions of higher learning are important actors in creating individuals with the skills to accomplish these goals. The Environmental Science and Sustainability (ESS) Department at Allegheny College (Meadville, PA) has been working for 40 years to produce students capable of solving real-world environmental problems by teaching students to think critically and communicate science. This review involved a comprehensive analysis of existing classes at Allegheny College with a focus on the alignment of SDG principles with learning outcomes for core courses required of all students majoring in ESS. The ESS curriculum implicitly supports the goals of the UN SDGs by using local, state and international environmental issues to demonstrate the realities of considering both the environment and well-being to advance a more sustainable and equitable future. The aim of this paper is to highlight how a university curriculum might explicitly focus on the principles of the UN SDGs. In discussing this model, this paper identifies essential components and potential gaps in university curricula and offers one template to provide a more thorough approach to educating for the SDGs.
Using Natural Language Interfaces

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of natural language interfaces. A goal of human factors research with computer systems is to develop human–computer communication modes that are both error tolerant and easily learned. The goal of most natural language systems is to provide a program interface that minimizes the training required. To most, this means supplying a system that allows the use of the words and syntax of a language used in common noncomputer discourse, such as English. There is some disagreement as to the amount of understanding or flexibility that is required in the system. For example, systems have been proposed that provide natural language by permitting the user to construct English sentences by selecting words from menus. However, the idea that a system using English words in an artificial format should be considered a natural language system has been rejected.
No Reduction in Surgical Site Infection Obtained with Post-Operative Antibiotics in Facial Fractures, Regardless of Duration or Anatomic Location: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: We performed a systematic review of the literature on antibiotic prophylaxis practices in open reduction, and internal fixation of, facial fracture(s) (ORIFfx). We hypothesized that prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis (PAP) would not decrease the rate of surgical site infections (SSIs). Methods: We performed a systematic review of four databases: PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBase, and Web of Science, from inception through January 15, 2017. Three independent reviewers extracted fracture location (orbital, mid-face, mandible), antibiotic use, SSI incidence, and time from injury to surgery. Mantel-Haenszel and generalized estimating equations were carried out independently for each fracture zone. Results: Of the 587 articles identified, 54 underwent full-text review, yielding 27 studies that met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 16 studies (n = 2,316 patients) provided data for mandible fractures, four studies (n = 439) for mid-face fractures, and six studies (n = 377) for orbital fractures. Pooled analysis of each fracture type's SSI rate showed no statistically significant association with the odds ratio (OR) of developing an SSI. For mandible fractures treated with ORIFfx, the OR for an SSI after 24-72 hours of prophylaxis relative to 72 hours compared with 72 hours paradoxically may increase the SSI risk after mandible fracture repairs.
The Immediate and Delayed Post-Debridement Effects on Tissue Bacterial Wound Counts of Hypochlorous Acid Versus Saline Irrigation in Chronic Wounds

Introduction: Wound debridement is considered essential in chronic wound management. Hypochlorous acid has been shown to be an effective agent in reducing wound bacterial counts in open wounds. Ultrasound-enabled wound debridement is an effective and efficient method of debridement. This study compared ultrasound irrigation with hypochlorous acid versus saline irrigation for wound debridement on pre- and postoperative wounds and determined regrowth of bacteria over 1 week period of time. Finally, the outcome of definitive wound closure of the clinically clean-appearing wounds was recorded. Methods: Seventeen consenting adult patients with chronic open wounds were randomly selected for study. The patients were randomly divided into the hypochlorous acid irrigation or saline irrigation group. All patients provided pre- and postoperative tissue samples for qualitative and quantitative bacteriology. For the time (7 days) between the debridement procedure and the definitive closure procedure, the wounds were dressed with a silver-impregnated dressing and a hydroconductive dressing. Results: Both types of irrigation in the ultrasonic system initially lowered the bacterial counts by 4 to 6 logs. However, by the time of definitive closure, the saline-irrigated wounds had bacterial counts back up to 105 whereas the hypochlorous acid-irrigated wounds remained at 102 or fewer. More than 80% of patients in the saline group had postoperative closure failure compared with 25% of patients in the hypochlorous acid group. Conclusions: Hypochlorous acid irrigation with ultrasound debridement reduced bacterial growth in chronic open wounds more efficiently than saline alone. Postoperative wound closure outcomes suggest a remarkable reduction in wound complications after wound debridement using hypochlorous acid irrigation with ultrasound versus saline alone.
Determination of the enthalpy of adsorption of hydrogen in activated carbon at room temperature

Abstract The development of high-performance materials for hydrogen storage by adsorption requires detailed understanding of the adsorbate-adsorbent interactions, e.g., the enthalpy of adsorption ΔH, which measures the interaction strength. The determination of ΔH for a weakly adsorbing gas such as hydrogen in a carbonaceous porous material is difficult experimentally, normally requiring measuring two cryogenic adsorption isotherms. Here we demonstrate a calculation of ΔH based on ca. room temperature adsorption isotherms at 273 K and 296 K using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. This requires an estimation of the volume of the adsorbed film (~40%, ~12% of the total pore volume at 77 K, 296 K, respectively) obtained from fits of the excess adsorption isotherms to an Ono-Kondo model with the auxiliary use of a fixed point corresponding to the saturation film density (estimated as 100 ± 20 g/L) which appears to be remarkably sample and temperature independent, i.e., a property of the adsorbate. The calculated room temperature enthalpy of adsorption ΔH = 8.3 ± 0.4 kJ/mol is in excellent agreement with the low-coverage cryogenic determination of ΔH. The methodology hereby proposed facilitates reliable calculations of the enthalpy of adsorption at room temperatures for weakly-adsorbing gases.
Planes of satellites around Milky Way/M31-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations and comparisons with the Local Group

Author(s): Samuel, J; Wetzel, A; Chapman, S; Tollerud, E; Hopkins, PF; Boylan-Kolchin, M; Bailin, J; Faucher-Giguere, CA | Abstract: We examine the prevalence, longevity, and causes of planes of satellite dwarf galaxies, as observed in the Local Group. We use 14 Milky Way/Andromeda-(MW/M31) mass host galaxies from the Feedback In Realistic Environments-2 simulations. We select the 14 most massive satellites by stellar mass within ≤ 300, kpc of each host and correct for incompleteness from the foreground galactic disc when comparing to the MW. We find that MW-like planes as spatially thin and/or kinematically coherent as observed are uncommon, but they do exist in our simulations. Spatially thin planes occur in 1-2 per cent of snapshots during z = 0-0.2, and kinematically coherent planes occur in 5 per cent of snapshots. These planes are generally transient, surviving for l500 Myr. However, if we select hosts with a Large Magellanic Cloud-like satellite near first pericentre, the fraction of snapshots with MW-like planes increases dramatically to 7-16 per cent, with lifetimes of 0.7-1 Gyr, likely because of group accretion of satellites. We find that M31's satellite distribution is much more common: M31's satellites lie within ∼1σ of the simulation median for every plane metric we consider. We find no significant difference in average satellite planarity for isolated hosts versus hosts in LG-like pairs. Baryonic and dark matter-only simulations exhibit similar levels of planarity, even though baryonic subhaloes are less centrally concentrated within their host haloes. We conclude that planes of satellites are not a strong challenge to ΛCDM cosmology.
Recurrent brachial artery aneurysm repair in a child managed with Gore-Tex conduit reinforcement

Abstract Pediatric nonaortic arterial aneurysms are uncommon diagnoses and can be affiliated with underlying conditions, which include neurofibromatosis I, Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndrome, Kawasaki disease, Marfan syndrome, and Loeys-Dietz, polyarteritis nodosa, as well as Klippel-Trenauny syndrome. The standard of care has been early surgical excision and arterial reconstruction when indicated. This report details a case of recurrent brachial artery aneurysm in a 2-year-old boy despite multiple attempts at excision and reconstruction. Such recurrences were seen as rapidly as 3 months postoperatively. Ultimately, a Gore-Tex conduit was used to reinforce a reversed saphenous vein graft repair. There has been no evidence of recurrent disease during the 18-month follow-up period.
Multifactor study of efficacy and recurrence in laparoscopic surgery for inguinal hernia

Background Inguinal hernia is a common clinical manifestation in children with a low self-healing rate. Aim To determine the effect of laparoscopic surgery on indirect inguinal hernia and the risk factors for postoperative recurrence and to provide a reference for the clinical treatment and prevention of recurrence. Methods We selected 360 children who underwent laparoscopic high ligation in our hospital as the laparoscopic group and 120 patients treated for inguinal hernia with conventional surgery as the control group. The operation time, blood loss, incision length, hospitalization time, total hospitalization cost and surgical complications were compared between the two groups. According to telephone follow-up or return visits, the children who had recurrence within 2 years after the operation in the laparoscopic group were analyzed, and the laparoscopic high ligation hernia sac level was analyzed by the logistic multifactor method. Ligation was used to treat recurrence in children with inguinal hernia. Results The operation time, blood loss, length of incision, and length of hospital stay in the laparoscopic group were lower than those in the control group (P 3 years increased the risk of postoperative recurrence in children with inguinal hernia after laparoscopic high ligation of the hernia sac (P Conclusion Laparoscopic surgery for indirect inguinal hernia in children has the advantages of low trauma and a rapid postoperative recovery. An inner ring diameter ≥ 1.0 cm, the use of absorbable ligature, and age > 3 years may increase the risk of recurrence after laparoscopic high ligation of the hernia sac.
Perceived community disability stigma in multicultural, low-income populations: Measure development and validation

Abstract Background Stigma and knowledge about disabilities differ across groups, impacting care. No validated measures of perceived community disability stigma exist for families in multicultural communities, at risk for disparities. Aims Develop and validate a brief bilingual (i.e., English/Spanish) perceived disability stigma measure, compare perceived disability and autism stigma, and examine perceived disability stigma by parent sociodemographic characteristics and disability familiarity. Methods and procedures Secondary data from 522 parents with children ages 2–5 years were recruited from Oregon WIC Special Supplemental Nutrition Program agencies for a child development and disability survey in 2015. The study sample included items regarding disability familiarity and stigma, among the survey population, which was 50 % Latino. Internal consistency, reliability and structural validity were examined. Secondary data on perceived disability and similar autism stigma items were compared. Nested multivariable linear regression assessed associations of perceived disability stigma with sociodemographic characteristics and disability familiarity. Outcomes and results Five perceived disability stigma items had reasonable internal consistency and performed well in the confirmatory factor analysis. Perceived autism stigma was greater than perceived disability stigma. Latino parents reported less perceived disability stigma than white parents. Parents who knew 1+ individual(s) with a disability reported greater perceived disability stigma. Conclusions and implications The perceived disability stigma scale demonstrated sound psychometric properties. Results suggest differences in how stigma is perceived across sociodemographic characteristics and disability familiarity.
Seizures in autoimmune encephalitis-A systematic review and quantitative synthesis.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the proportion of patients with seizures and electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities in autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and its most common subtypes. METHODS This systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) standards and was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). We searched Medline All, Embase, and PsychINFO in Ovid from inception to June 2019 for articles pertaining to AE and seizure. Included studies reported seizure and/or EEG data in cohorts of ≥10 AE patients. Patient demographics, antibody type, seizure incidence, and EEG findings were extracted. Review of studies and data extraction were performed in duplicate. In addition to descriptive analysis, quantitative synthesis stratified by autoantibody subtype was performed with logistic regression and chi-square analyses. RESULTS Our search yielded 3856 abstracts: 1616 were selected for full-text review and 118 studies met eligibility criteria. Of 3722 antibody-positive AE patients, 2601 (69.9%) had clinical seizures during the course of their illness. Of the 2025 patients with antibody-positive AE and available EEG data, 1718 (84.8%) had some EEG abnormality (eg, epileptiform discharges, slowing, and so on). Anti- N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis (anti-NMDARE) was the most commonly reported type of AE (1985/3722, 53.3%). Of the anti-NMDARE patients with available seizure or EEG data, 71.8% (n = 1425/1985) had clinical seizures during their illness, and 89.7% (n = 1172/1306) had EEG abnormalities. For all AE patients and in the anti-NMDARE subpopulation, seizures were more common in younger patients (p < .05). SIGNIFICANCE This systematic review provides an estimate of the proportion of AE patients with seizures, confirming the magnitude of seizure burden in this population. Prospective studies are needed to understand population-based prevalence of seizures, identify factors associated with seizures, and evaluate particular EEG findings as biomarkers of seizures and outcomes in AE.
Changes in COVID-19 vaccination receipt and intention to vaccinate by socioeconomic characteristics and geographic area, United States, January 6 - March 29, 2021.

Previous studies suggested that almost one-third of U.S. adults did not plan to get a COVID-19 vaccine once it is available to them. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in vaccine inte...
Aaron Burr: Conspiracy to Treason

Maps and Illustrations. Prologue. Part One: The Cauldron. Part Two: The Conspirator. Part Three: The Plan. Part Four: The Execution. Part Five: The Indictment. Part Six: The Trial. Epilogue: Villain. Author's Note. Notes. Suggestions for Further Reading. Index.
HEALTH Living Wills: Clarify Requirements for Effective Revocation

The Act addresses the written revocation of living wills and states that an effective written revocation of a living will must clearly express an intent to revoke a living will as opposed to an intent to revoke previous wills distributing property after the death of the testator. March 17, 1987
Glutamyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase of Escherichia coli. II. Interaction with intact glutamyl transfer ribonucleic acid.

Abstract Escherichia coli glutamyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase acylates the three homologous tRNAglu isoacceptors with very similar Km values (2.4 to 4.6 x 10-7 m). The pure enzyme forms a 1:1 complex with its cognate tRNA as judged by gradient centrifugation and fluorescence-quenching studies. The biological specificity of complex formation is not strictly observed in vitro since fluorescence-quenching studies demonstrate complexes of this enzyme with Escherichia coli tRNAval and tRNAleu. Studies on the protection by tRNAglu against heat inactivation of the enzyme give a binding constant of 3.6 x 10-7 m for this interaction. Experiments performed in this paper indicate a concerted mechanism of glutamyl-tRNA formation.
Closure Properties of a Probabilistic Domain Construction

Various closure properties of a domain theoretic construction for a probabilistic domain are considered. N. Saheb-Sjahromi's probabilistic domain construction is extended to non-algebraic domains, particularly RSFP objects. An abstract notion of a probabilistic domain is presented and the construction is shown to be free. Issues of computability and approaches to solving domain equations in probabilistic domains are addressed briefly.
University/industry cooperation in teaching and cooperative education assignments

The author examines how both industries and universities can work together to enhance the teaching of technical communication and to develop cooperative education assignments. He examines the strengths of each group and considers how they might best be meshed to gain maximum benefits for both groups as well as the technical communication profession. Because teaching, education and training are required in both industry and academia, the range of possible fruitful collaborations includes teaching assignments at universities by members of industry and teaching assignments in industry by members of academia. Some examples of each type are given. Also considered are the benefits of cooperative education and internship assignments. >
Maximizing the benefits of aid for information technology

In this paper the author examines critical success factors for aid projects. Many anecdotes about aid projects were told to the author by donor personnel, recipient personnel and the economists responsible for analyzing the projects - especially successor projects which built on previous projects. The successor projects often revealed inadequacies in completed projects. The resulting success factors may be of value to recipient countries in ensuring that the aid they receive will deliver its full potential benefits.
Oxide and Interface Trapped Charges, Oxide Thickness

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Fixed, Oxide Trapped, and Mobile Oxide Charge Interface Trapped Charge Oxide Thickness Strengths and Weaknesses Appendix 6.1 Capacitance Measurement Techniques Appendix 6.2 Effect of Chuck Capacitance and Leakage Current References Problems Review Questions
Production of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A in Cheddar and Colby Cheeses

Abstract Enterotoxin A production by Staphylococcus aureus in Cheddar and Colby cheeses was determined by inoculating milk with different initial S. aureus populations and making cheese using normal and inhibited starter cultures. Detectable amounts of enterotoxin A were observed more frequently in Colby than in Cheddar cheese, both made with normal starter. With initial S. aureus inocula of at least 35,000 to 250,000 per milliliter of milk, enterotoxin A was detected when at least 15million S. aureus per gram in Colby and 28million in Cheddar developed. Starter failure induced by lactic bacteriophage during the early stages of cheese-making (draining or prior), resulted in extensive growth of S. aureus and detectable enterotoxin A, even with initial S. aureus populations of 1 to 2 thousand per milliliter of milk. Under these conditions, minimal S. aureus populations associated with enterotoxin A were about 3 to 5million pergram. Partial failure of mixed-type multiple-strain starter culture or late failure (beyond the milling in Cheddar cheese) of single strain starter culture also resulted in enterotoxin A without extensive growth of S. aureus , 3 to 11million per gram. Enterotoxin A persisted for over 3 years in Cheddar cheese made with normal or inhibited starter.
Exploring the traits of happy people

This paper explores self-reported happiness across afourfold personality framework that synthesizespsychoanalytic and psychometric approaches topersonality structure. Using survey data from arepresentative sample of the U.S. adult population, weidentified four personality types rooted in two basicdimensions – Extraversion/Introversion andTendermindedness/Toughmindedness. On a general level,we found that Extraverts were happier than Introverts,and Tendermindeds were happier than Toughmindeds. More specifically, we identified patterns ofsimilarities and differences across personality typesin the meaning of happiness with respect to goodeating habits, financial insecurity, anxiety andtension, financial optimism, and health concerns.
Impact of a course-based nutrition intervention on health-related behavior change based on the transtheoretical model (626.13)

Readiness to change is a key factor in successful behavior change. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a course-based nutrition intervention on behavior change in college students and to identify factors that promote/obstruct positive health behaviors. Participant-categorized stages of change were identified to test the impact of the intervention to induce change. Of the 53 participants, majority were female (93%) and Caucasian (89%), and had an average age of 20 (18-25) and body mass index (BMI) of 24.5 (19.1-39.1). Health behaviors that students were most likely to engage in during and after the intervention were exercise (35%), increasing intake of fruits and vegetables (33%), whole grains (19%) and calcium (13%). Interestingly, the highest transformation according to the stages of change i.e. from pre-contemplation or contemplation to preparation, action or maintenance was observed for reducing sodium intake (45%). This was followed by increasing calcium intake (32%), reducing fat ...
The Physical Environment and Crime

This chapter focuses directly on the physical design components of crime prevention. Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) helps in making crime harder to commit and making residents feel more secure in their surroundings, and is accomplished by altering the physical environment. Increased lighting, improved locks, stronger doors, use of surveillance equipment, and other physical changes are intended to bring about greater social cohesion, citizen concern and involvement, and reduced crime and fear of crime. But physical design changes, target hardening, and access control serve to isolate people from one another. Crime can be expected to increase where traditional, fortress mentality techniques are employed. An alternative is to emphasize crime prevention techniques that prompt the retention, retrieval, and enhancement of the community. Neighborhood/block watch, citizen patrols, community oriented policing, and similar reactions reflect community oriented responses to crime and fear, and reduce crime and fear over a period of time as the community reasserts itself and takes control of the behavior and actions of persons within the community.
Protection from Domestic Violence: Time to Set a New Standard

On Oct. 5, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights declared in a landmark "admissibility" decision that it had competence to examine the human rights claims of Jessica Gonzales, a domestic violence survivor from Colorado whose three children were killed when local police failed to enforce a restraining order against her estranged husband. The decision marked the first time the commission recognized that the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, a foundational human rights instrument, imposes affirmative obligations on the United States to protect individuals from private acts of violence. In so deciding, the commission held the United States to well-established international standards and rejected the State Department's position that the declaration does not create such positive obligations. The ruling will permit an ultimate determination as to whether the United States has violated Gonzales' human rights. It also has the potential to spur far broader systemic reforms in U.S. law and policy on domestic violence.
Oral Antidiabetic Drugs

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Stimulators of Insulin Secretion 2.1. Sulfonylureas and Related Compounds 2.2. Benzoic Acid Derivatives 2.3. Amino Acid Derivatives 2.4. Mode of Action 2.5. New Insulinotropic Mechanisms 2.5.1. Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibition 2.5.2. Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors in Clinical Development 3. Biguanides 4. Inhibitors of Intestinal Carbohydrate Digestion 4.1. α-Glucosidase Inhibitors 4.1.1. Mode of Action 4.1.2. Pharmacology 4.1.3. Individual Compounds 4.2. Plant Fibers 5. Enhancers of Insulin Action 5.1. Mode of Action 5.2. Pharmacology of PPARγ agonists 5.3. Thiazolidine-2,4-Dione Derivatives (Glitazones) The review describes all oral drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus which are marketed or in late clinical development. Stimulators of insulin secretion are the most prescribed class of antidiabetic drugs. These compounds increase insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells via the closure of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Sulfonylurea (SU) derivatives bind to the SU receptor on a regulatory protein of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Since various binding sites exist, also other compounds like benzoic acid or amino acid derivatives are able to bind and to stimulate insulin secretion via the closure of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Very new mechanisms, not yet approved and still in late clinical development, prevent the degradation of glucagons-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1), an intestinal hormone, which stimulates insulin secretion by increasing intracellular cAMP levels of β-cells. Those compounds, which inhibit the GLP-1 degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), sustain the insulinotropic effect of GLP-1. The antidiabetic action of biguanides, only metformin is marketed today, is still not fully understood. Metformin improves insulin sensitivity probably by an increase in peripheral glucose utilization and additionally metformin reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are enzyme inhibitors of small intestinal carbohydrate digesting glucosidases. They display their antidiabetic effect by delaying the postprandial (pp) carbohydrate absorption resulting in reduced pp hyperglycemia and -insulinemia, which finally improves insulin sensitivity. Enhancers of insulin action are ligands of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ). PPARs belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. The major antidiabetic and blood glucose lowering effect of the PPARγ agonists is the improvement of insulin sensitivity, however, the mechanism is not fully elucidated yet.
Microstimulation in visual area MT: effects of varying pulse amplitude and frequency

We have previously shown that perceptual judgements of motion direction are based in part on the activity of direction selective neurons in extrastriate visual area MT (Salzman et al., 1990, 1992). In those experiments, we applied low-amplitude microstimulation pulses (10 microA, 200 Hz) to clusters of MT neurons whose preferred directions were similar. The effect of microstimulation was to bias the monkeys' choices on a direction discrimination task toward the preferred direction of neurons at the stimulation site. The results suggest that microstimulation generated a directionally specific cortical signal by activating selectively neurons near the electrode tip. To test this notion more directly, we have now examined the behavioral effects of varying current amplitude, current frequency, and electrode position. In the majority of experiments, the directional bias in the monkeys' choices was reduced or eliminated as current amplitude increased to 80 microA. In addition, 80 microA stimulating pulses frequently impaired overall performance as measured by the percentage of correct responses. This decrement in performance indicated that 80 microA pulses introduced "noise" into the neural circuitry encoding motion direction, presumably by increasing current spread to activate a larger population of neurons representing all directions of motion. In contrast, increasing current frequency to 500 Hz (10 microA pulses) preserved the directional specificity of microstimulation effects. The precise position of the stimulating electrode also influenced the magnitude of microstimulation effects; in some cases, differences in position on the order of 100 microns determined whether an experiment yielded a very large effect or no effect at all. Thus, directionally specific activation of cortical circuitry within MT can be disrupted by increases in current spread or by small changes in electrode position. These observations suggest that the effects of low-amplitude microstimulation depend upon direct activation of a well-localized population of neurons.