cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconfigurable scan-beam single-arm spiral antenna integrated with RF-MEMS switches

A fully integrated solution providing scan-beam capability with a single antenna is presented in this paper for the first time. The proposed system includes a reconfigurable rectangular spiral antenna with a set of micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) switches, which are monolithically integrated and packaged onto the same substrate. The system is based on a single-arm rectangular spiral antenna, capable of changing its radiation pattern using radio frequency-MEMS (RF-MEMS) switches. The rectangular spiral and RF-MEMS switches are monolithically integrated on a conventional microwave substrate printed circuit board (/spl epsiv//sub r/=3.27 and tan/spl delta/=0.004) and quartz substrate (/spl epsiv//sub r/=3.78 and tan/spl delta/=0.0002). The spiral is made out of multiple lines, which are interconnected by RF-MEMS switches strategically located along the spiral. On activating these switches, the spiral overall arm length is changed and consequently its radiation beam direction is changed. The two proposed antennas radiate right hand circular polarization (RHCP) and left hand circular polarization (LHCP) for printed circuit board and quartz substrate respectively. The gain of the two antennas varies between 3/spl sim/6 dBi. They both satisfy the 3-dB axial ratio criterion at their operating frequency band, i.e., at 10 GHz and 6 GHz for the printed circuit board and the quartz substrate respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first truly reconfigurable printed antenna design using MEMS devices as active elements integrated in the same low loss substrate. The excellent performance of the proposed system emphasizes the importance of being able to integrate MEMS switches into the same low loss substrate for antenna applications. This technology pioneers the design of arbitrarily shaped reconfigurable antennas including the design of reconfigurable antenna arrays.
Clathrate Hydrates in Nature

Scientific knowledge of natural clathrate hydrates has grown enormously over the past decade, with spectacular new findings of large exposures of complex hydrates on the sea floor, the development of new tools for examining the solid phase in situ, significant progress in modeling natural hydrate systems, and the discovery of exotic hydrates associated with sea floor venting of liquid CO2. Major unresolved questions remain about the role of hydrates in response to climate change today, and correlations between the hydrate reservoir of Earth and the stable isotopic evidence of massive hydrate dissociation in the geologic past. The examination of hydrates as a possible energy resource is proceeding apace for the subpermafrost accumulations in the Arctic, but serious questions remain about the viability of marine hydrates as an economic resource. New and energetic explorations by nations such as India and China are quickly uncovering large hydrate findings on their continental shelves.
Effects of Vestibular Rehabilitation on Multiple Sclerosis–Related Fatigue and Upright Postural Control: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Fatigue and impaired upright postural control (balance) are the 2 most common findings in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), with treatment approaches varying greatly in effectiveness. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the benefits of implementing a vestibular rehabilitation program for the purpose of decreasing fatigue and improving balance in patients with MS. Design The study was a 14-week, single-blinded, stratified blocked randomized controlled trial. Setting Measurements were conducted in an outpatient clinical setting, and interventions were performed in a human performance laboratory. Patients Thirty-eight patients with MS were randomly assigned to an experimental group, an exercise control group, or a wait-listed control group. Intervention The experimental group underwent vestibular rehabilitation, the exercise control group underwent bicycle endurance and stretching exercises, and the wait-listed control group received usual medical care. Measurements Primary measures were a measure of fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale), a measure of balance (posturography), and a measure of walking (Six-Minute Walk Test). Secondary measures were a measure of disability due to dizziness or disequilibrium (Dizziness Handicap Inventory) and a measure of depression (Beck Depression Inventory–II). Results Following intervention, the experimental group had greater improvements in fatigue, balance, and disability due to dizziness or disequilibrium compared with the exercise control group and the wait-listed control group. These results changed minimally at the 4-week follow-up. Limitations The study was limited by the small sample size. Further investigations are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms associated with the changes in the outcome measures due to the vestibular rehabilitation program. Conclusion A 6-week vestibular rehabilitation program demonstrated both statistically significant and clinically relevant change in fatigue, impaired balance, and disability due to dizziness or disequilibrium in patients with MS.
The TOR1A (DYT1) Gene Family and Its Role in Early Onset Torsion Dystonia

Most cases of early onset torsion dystonia are caused by a 3-bp deletion (GAG) in the coding region of the TOR1A gene (alias DYT1, DQ2), resulting in loss of a glutamic acid in the carboxy terminal of the encoded protein, torsin A. TOR1A and its homologue TOR1B (alias DQ1) are located adjacent to each other on hu- man chromosome 9q34. Both genes comprise five sim- ilar exons; each gene spans a 10-kb region. Mutational analysis of most of the coding region and splice junc- tions of TOR1A and TOR1B did not reveal additional mutations in typical early onset cases lacking the GAG deletion (N 5 17), in dystonic individuals with appar- ent homozygosity in the 9q34 chromosomal region (N 5 5), or in a representative Ashkenazic Jewish in- dividual with late onset dystonia, who shared a com- mon haplotype in the 9q34 region with other late onset individuals in this ethnic group. A database search revealed a family of nine related genes (50 -70% simi- larity) and their orthologues in species including hu- man, mouse, rat, pig, zebrafish, fruitfly, and nematode. At least four of these genes occur in the human ge- nome. Proteins encoded by this gene family share functional domains with the AAA/HSP/Clp-ATPase su- perfamily of chaperone-like proteins, but appear to represent a distinct evolutionary branch. © 1999 Academic
Characterization of esterases in malathion-resistant and susceptible strains of the pteromalid parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae

General esterase, malathion-specific carboxylesterase, phosphotriesterase, glutathione S-transferase, cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase activity, and target site sensitivity were compared in malathion-resistant (R) and malathion-susceptible (S) strains of the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae(Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Activity against a-naphthyl acetate was not significantly different in male and female wasps for either strain. General esterase activity ranged from 1.2-fold to 2.5-fold higher in the R strain compared with the S strain, but these differences between strains were not consistent. Based on Vmax/Km ratios estimated for a number of analogs of four substrates (a-naphthyl acetate, b-naphthyl acetate, 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate, and pnitrophenyl acetate) there was no evidence that general esterase activity was elevated or reduced in the R strain. Malathion-specific carboxylesterase (MCE) activity, determined by using 2,3- 14 C-malathion as substrate, was 10- to 30-fold higher in the R strain compared with that in the S strain. The MCE has a pH optima at about pH 7, is cytosolic, and is labile upon storage at 2 80°C. MCE activity could be recovered from native 10% PAGE gels and IEF‐PAGE gels (pI5 5.2), but the peak of MCE activity also contained the major peak of activity against a-naphthyl acetate. There was no evidence for major involvement of phosphotriesterase, glutathione S-transferase, monooxygenase, or altered acetylcholinesterase in the resistance. These data suggest that an increased activity of a MCE in the R strain is the probable major mechanism conferring resistance to malathion in A. calandrae. This study provides the first characterization of a biochemical resistance mechanism in a parasitoid with a high level of resistance to an organophosphate insecticide. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Physical Studies on the Replication of DNA

The purified DNA-polymerase from E. coli has been used to study the physical relationship between template and product after DNA replication in vitro, when the template is a synthetic DNA polymer of regular sequence. The problems which have been studied include the question of whether the newly synthesized DNA is hydrogen bonded to the template and whether there is a covalent linkage between template and product. Also, several physical properties of the dAT copolymer have been measured, with the aim of understanding why it is an especially good template for the DNA-polymerase. Die gereinigte DNS-Polymerase von E. coli wurde benutzt, um die physikalischen Beziehungen zwischen Matrize - einer synthetischen DNS regelmasiger Sequenz - und dem Produkt nach der DNS-Replikation in vitro zu untersuchen. Unter den untersuchten Problemen befindet sich die Frage, ob Wasserstoff bruckenbindungen zwischen der Matrize und der neu synthetisierten DNS bestehen und ob das Produkt kovalent an die Matrize gebunden ist. Auserdem wurden mehrere physikalische Eigenschaften des dAT-Copolymeren gemessen, um eine Erklarung seiner ausgesprochen guten Eigenschaft als Matrize fur die DNS-Polymerase zu finden.
Emotion and Prejudice: Specific Emotions Toward Outgroups

This research draws on ideas about emotion-related appraisal tendencies to generate and test novel propositions about intergroup emotions. First, emotion elicited by outgroup category activation can be transferred to an unrelated stimulus (incidental emotion effects). Second, people predisposed toward an emotion are more prejudiced toward groups that are likely to be associated with that emotion. Discussion focuses on the implications of the studies for a more complete understanding of the nature of prejudice, and specifically, the different qualities of prejudice for different target groups.
Situating the Obama Effect in Ecuador

In this article, I explore key themes that arose during interviews with thirty-five Black Ecuadorian activists and state workers in the months following President Barack Obama’s inauguration. While many Black Ecuadorians celebrated President Obama as a symbol of Black achievement, my article considers the contested meanings of Obama’s election in the context of US imperialism and the recent inclusion of Black activists in the Ecuadorian state. Several Black activists have been appointed to prominent political positions since current leftist president Rafael Correa took office in 2007. From their positions, activists have secured affirmative action policies and anti-discrimination legislation. However, they question whether their positions have created an “Obama effect” whereby Black leaders serve as tokens of post-racialism that curtail Black social movement activism.
Musicians and Teachers The Socialization and Occupational Identity of Preservice Music Teachers

This study was designed to investigate the socialization and occupational identity of undergraduate music education majors enrolled in traditional preservice teacher education programs. Preservice ...
Patient-Specific, Time-Varying Predictors of Post-ICU Informal Caregiver Burden: The Caregiver Outcomes After ICU Discharge Project

Background The outcomes of informal caregivers of survivors of critical illness likely depend on patient characteristics, which may change over time. To date, few studies have examined patient-specific predictors of post-ICU informal caregiver burden, and none has tested whether predictors vary after hospital discharge. Methods We designed a prospective, longitudinal observational study, enrolling 48 patient-caregiver dyads from four ICUs in a university hospital. Informal caregiver depression symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Lifestyle disruption was measured with the Activity Restriction Scale. Linear regression models were built to test for patient- and caregiver-specific predictors of depression symptoms and lifestyle disruption 2, 6, and 12 months after ICU admission. Results Patients had a mean (SD) age of 52.5 (19.7) years, 67% were men, median (interquartile range) Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score was 52 (38.5, 65). The caregivers had a mean (SD) age of 52.8 (12.8) years, 91.2% were women, and 48% were spouses. Predictors of caregiver depression symptoms were patient gender (men) at 2 and 12 months and tracheostomy at 12 months. Predictors of lifestyle disruption were patient education (more common among high school graduates) and patient gender (men) at 2 months, and tracheostomy, functional dependency, and patient gender (men) at 12 months. Conclusions The determinants of post-ICU informal caregiver burden likely depend on characteristics of the patient as well as the caregiver and may vary over time. Further research is necessary to better understand the longitudinal determinants of burden in order to develop more effective caregiver interventions.
Nonlinear growth curve analysis: estimating the population parameters.

SummaryA model for analysing longitudinal growth data with covariates is proposed. It assumes that the data for each individual follow a nonlinear growth model, with parameters unique to that individual. The parameters of individuals are assumed to vary in the population, with the population mean of each parameter dependent upon covariates. Several simple, two-stage methods of estimation are described and compared for making inferences about the effects of covariates upon growth. We also present a method of model validation for nonlinear models. These two-stage methods solve the inference problem we encounter when performing multiple cross-sectional analyses of the effects of covariates along the age scale. In addition, these two-stage methods permit us to study the effects of covariates upon growth rate, or other, possibly nonlinear, growth parameters. We find that some methods are better than others at reproducing the covariate effects observed in a series of age-specific analyses of the data.
Preparation of Cross Sectional TEM Samples Using Lithographic Techniques and Reactive Ion Etching

This paper summarizes methods used to create cross-sectional samples for transmission electron microscopy and introduces another variant of the technique all of which rely upon some combination of lithographic patterning and reactive ion etching. The basic idea pursued in using these techniques was to form, from a preselected location, samples that had a large transparent area without use of mechanical polishing or ion milling. Samples were successfully prepared in this manner, but room for improvement remains due to the limited range of diffraction conditions available for imaging or diffraction pattern formation.
A six-parameter statistical model of the Earth's magnetic field

SUMMARY A six-parameter statistical model of the non-dipole geomagnetic field is fitted to 2597 harmonic coefficients determined by Cain, Holter & Sandee (1990) from MAGSAT data. The model includes sources in the core, sources in the crust, and instrument errors. External fields are included with instrument errors. The core and instrument statistics are invariant under rotation about the centre of the Earth, and one of the six parameters describes the deviation of the crustal statistics from rotational invariance. The model treats the harmonic coefficients as independent random samples drawn from a Gaussian distribution. The statistical model of the core field has a correlation length of about 500 km at the core-mantle boundary, too long to be attributed to a white noise source just below the boundary layers at the top of the core. The estimate of instrument errors obtained from the statistical model is in good agreement with an independent estimate based on tests of the instruments (Langel, Ousley & Berbert 1982).
Accelerating CFD applications by improving cached data reuse

As processors continue to experience relatively rapid clock speed increases, the gap widens between cpu and memory performance. Unlike other studies that collect memory traces and analyze them for compile time optimization or propose cache organization best suited for an application group, this paper tackles the problem at its roots, namely analyzing data access patterns and optimizing them before implementation. Optimization done by today's compilers is mostly loop level. Function level optimization is limited to inlining code that often leads to poor instruction cache utilization, affecting code performance adversely. In this study, an algorithm to solve compressible Euler equations is studied with regard to temporal and spatial access of data. Data and instruction blocks, which are used most often, are isolated. The algorithm is then coded to utilize the characteristics of hierarchical memories with as much as 45% improvement over conventional optimization techniques. >
Objectives to direct the training of emergency medicine off-service rotations: anesthesiology.

Abstract This is the 15th article in a continuing series of “off-service” goals and objectives for resident education in emergency medicine. Knowledge and skills in providing anesthesia and analgesia are essential in managing patients in the emergency department, critical care unit, and surgery. However, Anesthesiology off-service rotations are often limited to a 2-week rotation. Therefore, clear goals and objectives in Anesthesiology are essential for the resident in training.
Crypto and the War to End All Wars: 1914–1918

The use of wireless telegraphy—radio—during World War I marked the advent of modern cryptology. For the first time, commanders were sending enciphered messages to front line troops and for the first time, the enemy had an enormous amount of ciphertext to work with. This spurred the development of more complicated codes and ciphers and eventually led to the development of machine cryptography. World War I is the first time that the Americans had a formal cryptanalytic organization. It is the beginning, in all the nations involved in the conflict, of the bureaucracy of secrecy. In the United States it marks the first appearance of the two founding fathers of modern American cryptology, Herbert O. Yardley and William F. Friedman. This chapter introduces Herbert Yardley and William Friedman and examines some of the cryptographic systems used during World War I.
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES ON BACTERIAL HYPERSENSITIVITY : II. REACTIONS OF TISSUES FROM GUINEA PIGS INFECTED WITH GROUP C HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI.

1. Guinea pigs infected with naturally pathogenic hemolytic streptococci (group C-Lancefield) develop a low grade chronic type of disease characterized chiefly by purulent lymphadenitis. 2. Cutaneous hyperreactivity to a crude streptococcal extract invariably occurred during the course of this infection. 3. Production of antibodies (precipitins and agglutinins) was studied. 4. The hemolytic streptococcal extract had a specific toxic effect, when tested in vitro, on cells from infected animals; this was shown by microscopic evidence of cellular injury, and by quantitative inhibition of cellular migration and growth. The specificity of the reaction was proven by testing with other cytotoxic substances. 5. There was no parallelism between skin hypersensitivity and humoral antibody titer. 6. There was no correlation between the degree of skin reactivity to the bacterial extract and the degree of sensitivity of splenic cells to the toxic action of the same extract in vitro. 7. Comparison of cellular sensitivity to tuberculin with cellular sensitivity to streptococcal extract in cultures of guinea pig tissues showed that the former was more intense and was more persistent on prolonged growth in vitro.
The Effects of Adenotonsillectomy on Growth in Young Children

A history of poor weight gain can often be elicited in young children with chronic upper airway obstruction resulting from adenotonsillar hypertrophy. A series of 41 consecutive children under 3 years of age, who underwent inpatient adenotonsillectomy, were reviewed for changes in weight and height. Thirty-seven patients had adequate long-term follow-up. Of these, many had dramatic improvements in growth after adenotonsillectomy. Indications for surgery in this group were recurrent infection in three patients (7%), unilateral tonsillar mass in one patient (3%), and upper airway obstruction in 37 patients (90%). A clear history of sleep apnea was elicited in 59%. At the time of surgery, 19 of 41 patients (46%) were of the fifth percentile or lower for age-corrected weight. The inpatient hospital stay averaged 3.2 days. The postoperative complication rate was 27%, with postoperative stridor as the most common complication. After surgery, 28 children (75%) showed a change to a higher percentile for weight. Twenty-four (65%) had percentile changes of 15% or more. This change is significant according to results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p less than 0.001). We conclude that a relationship exists between improved growth rate and adenotonsillectomy in our study group. The rapid improvement in growth appears to be most obvious in children with upper airway obstruction resulting from adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Upper airway obstruction (including andenotonsillar hypertrophy) should be suspected as a possible cause in the workup of children with suboptimum growth.
Why We Should Collect Outcomes Data

The failure of efforts in the 1990s to create large databases on orthopaedic practice outcomes requires us once again to critically address outcomes research in orthopaedics. The MODEMS program established by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and subspecialty societies demonstrated that the vast majority of orthopaedic surgeons in the United States are not motivated to collect outcomes data1. Those surgeons who did collect the data quickly found that the process was cumbersome and expensive because of the need for specialized software and increased staff time. These additional expenses were impossible to justify, given the increasing pressure on practices to be more cost-efficient. More importantly, without addressing specific and clinically relevant issues, the data-collection activities were not sustainable. During the postmortem on these failed programs, two oversights became clear. First, the expectation that the process should create a financial profit for sponsoring organizations was unrealistic. Outcomes research on this scale is a lengthy procedure, typically consuming resources over an eight to ten-year period. This significant time commitment should have been noted and accepted from the outset. Second, and more importantly, …
Weight Change in Breast Cancer Survivors Compared to Cancer-Free Women: A Prospective Study in Women at Familial Risk of Breast Cancer

Background: This study prospectively examines weight gain in breast cancer survivors compared with cancer-free women from a familial risk cohort. Methods: Absolute and percent weight change over 4 years was compared among 303 breast cancer survivors and 307 cancer-free women matched on age and menopausal status, from the same familial risk cohort. Linear and logistic regression was used to estimate the association between survivor status and weight gain. Results: Overall, breast cancer survivors gained significantly more weight [β = 3.06 pounds; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.94–5.17] than cancer-free women. Significant weight gain was observed in survivors diagnosed less than 5 years prior to baseline (β = 3.81 pounds; 95% CI, 1.22–6.29) and women with estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumors (β = 7.26 pounds; 95% CI, 2.23–12.30). Furthermore, survivors treated with chemotherapy were 2.1 times more likely to gain at least 11 pounds during follow-up compared with cancer-free women (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.21–3.63). Weight gain was even greater among survivors who took statins while undergoing chemotherapy treatment ( P interaction = 0.01). Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate that weight gain is an important issue in breast cancer survivors with a familial risk. In the first five years posttreatment, breast cancer survivors gain weight at a faster rate than cancer-free women, particularly after chemotherapy and statin use but not after hormone therapy alone. Impact: Our findings provide support for the development of weight gain interventions for young breast cancer survivors with a familial risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(8); 1262–9. ©2015 AACR .
Understanding initiation behavior in Brazilian negotiations: an analysis of four regional subcultures

Understanding and managing the negotiation process is fundamental to all aspects of organizational success. Frequently overlooked but essential to this process is the initiation stage of negotiation – engaging a counterpart, making a request or demand, and optimizing that request. The purpose of this paper is to examine the initiation process in an emerging economy (Brazil), focusing on variations across four prominent regional subcultures of that country –Paulistas (state of Sao Paulo), Cariocas (Rio de Janeiro), Mineiros (state of Minas Gerais), andGauchos (state of Rio Grande do Sul). The results of this analysis suggest differences in the likelihood of initiation, and how that process might unfold. The implications of these conclusions for practitioners and future research are discussed.
Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Osgood-Schlatter disease is one brief the most common causes of knee pain in active adolescents. It is a generally benign disturbance at the junction of the patellar tendon and the tibial tubercle apophysis, and treatment during its 12- to 24-month course should be matched to severity. Mild symptoms require only patient education and moderation of activity, but severe symptoms call for a period of rest (or, rarely, immobilization) followed by aggressive quadriceps strengthening. Other conditions such as Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease may occur simultaneously, and long-term effects can include a prominence on the anterior knee or painful kneeling.
Estimation of Emissivity of a Wafer in an RTP Chamber by a Dynamic Observer

A method of estimation of wavelength-dependent emissivity of silicon wafers using thermocouple measurements is presented here. A dynamic observer and a persistent excitation of the lamps are required for convergence of the observer`s estimates to the actual values of parameters for emissivity approximation. A TI designed RTP equipment and adaptive close-loop temperature control have been used to generate the required persistent excitation. Theory of emissivity estimation by this method has been developed and illustrated by experiment with this 3-zone RTP system.
Spontaneous and induced tolerance for liver transplant recipients.

© 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.Purpose of review Transformative medical and surgical advances have remarkably improved short-term survival after liver transplantation. There is, however, pervasive concern that the cumulative toxicities of modern immunosuppression regimens severely compromise both quality and quantity of life for liver transplant recipients. The inherently tolerogenic nature of the liver offers the tantalizing opportunity to change the current paradigm of nonspecific and lifelong immunosuppression. Safe minimization or discontinuation of immunosuppression without damage to the liver allograft is an attractive strategy to improve long-term survival after liver transplantation. Recent findings Recent prospective, multicenter clinical trials have demonstrated that immunosuppression can be safely withdrawn from selected liver transplant recipients with preservation of allograft histology. These successes have spurred multiple avenues of investigation to identify peripheral blood and/or tissue biomarkers and delineate mechanisms of tolerance. Concomitant advances in the ability to expand regulatory T cells in the laboratory have spawned clinical trials to facilitate immunosuppression minimization and/or discontinuation. Summary This review will delineate the unique liver immunobiology that has driven the recent clinical trials to unmask spontaneous tolerance or induce tolerance for liver transplant recipients. The emerging results of these trials over the next 5 years hold promise to reduce the burden of lifelong immunosuppression and thereby optimize the long-term health of liver transplant recipients.
The Subordinate Position of Chinese Ancient Glass and Its Important Influence——A research about pottery and porcelain and glass of China in reference to the theory of ecological niche

China is a major chinaware country.But Chinese ancient glass is at a subordinate position.The fact is researched by this article In reference to the theory of ecological niche.The conclusion is the production of chinaware has satisfied the social needs.Because of this,Chinese ancient glass has not a strong dynamic to be pushed to a high level.Chinese ancient glass is not the mainstream relative to chinaware of ancient china.There is not the glass in Chinese kitchen and alchemy lab.The facts weaken the achievements of Chinese ancient chemistry.Moreover,the facts also weaken the achievements of Chinese ancient astronomy and biology.Why the revolution of science has not taken place in China? This is one cause.Finally the author of this article thinks the western glass play an important role in western science revolution.
Biological Hazards and Select Agents

Abstract The development of early guidance documents for safe work with biological hazards was driven in part by the efforts of the life sciences community itself and in part by federal agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health. However, developments in the late 1990s through the present day have prompted a dramatic expansion in the generation of specific federal regulations, with the most obvious example being the Federal Select Agent Regulations. This chapter focuses on identifying the most widely accepted guidance documents and key regulations pertaining to research with biological hazards, including guidance on proper containment and handling of biological hazards, importation of biological agents, and safe work with bloodborne pathogens, recombinant and synthetic nucleic acids, and select agents and toxins.
A TKE-dissipation model for the atmospheric boundary layer

The dissipation, e, of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is a key parameter in atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) models. Besides being a sink for momentum, it is often used together with the TKE to define an internal turbulence time scale for closure relations. A prognostic formulation for the dissipation of TKE is formulated, based on isotropic tensor modeling methods. The formulation is coupled to a level 2.5 second-order closure model and evaluated against measurements taken in horizontally homogeneous conditions, as well as against a tailored length-scale formulation. A formulation suitable for convective as well as neutral and stable ABLs is suggested.
A new strategy for earthquake focal mechanisms using waveform-correlation-derived relative polarities and cluster analysis: Application to the 2014 Long Valley Caldera earthquake swarm

In microseismicity analyses, reliable focal mechanisms can typically be obtained for only a small subset of located events. We address this limitation here, presenting a framework for determining robust focal mechanisms for entire populations of very small events. To achieve this, we resolve relative P- and S-wave polarities between pairs of waveforms using their signed correlation coefficients - a byproduct of previously performed precise earthquake relocation. We then use cluster analysis to group events with similar patterns of polarities across the network. Finally, we apply a standard mechanism inversion to the grouped data, using either catalog or correlation-derived P-wave polarity datasets. This approach has great potential for enhancing analyses of spatially concentrated microseismicity such as earthquake swarms, mainshock-aftershock sequences, and industrial reservoir stimulation or injection-induced seismic sequences. To demonstrate its utility, we apply this technique to the 2014 Long Valley Caldera earthquake swarm. In our analysis, 85% of events (7212 out of 8494 located by Shelly et al. [2016]) fall within five well-constrained mechanism clusters, more than 12 times the number with network-determined mechanisms. Of the earthquakes we characterize, 3023 (42%) of have magnitudes smaller than 0.0. We find that mechanism variations are strongly associated with corresponding hypocentral structure, yet mechanism heterogeneity also occurs where it cannot be resolved by hypocentral patterns, often confined to small-magnitude events. Small (5-20°) rotations between mechanism orientations and earthquake location trends persist when we apply 3D velocity models and might reflect a geometry of en echelon, interlinked shear and dilational faulting.
Reverse Stark effect, anomalous optical transitions, and control of spin in topological insulator quantum dots

Formed through a closed domain magnetic heterostructure on the surface of a three-dimensional topological insulator, a quantum dot permits a class of quantized interfacial states of topological origin. We find that these states exhibit a remarkable reverse Stark effect in response to an applied electric field. In particular, those topological states whose energies are within the gap exhibit peculiar electrical alignments that are opposite to those associated with the conventional quantum-confined Stark effect in that the positive- (negative-) energy states tend to align with (against) the direction of the field. The phenomenon has unusual implications for the associated optical transitions. Furthermore, the exotic topological states exhibit polarized spin textures that can be effectively controlled electrically or optically, opening an avenue for potential applications in Dirac-material-based spintronics.
Living “Illegally”: On the Phenomenology of an Undocumented Immigrant

This article is a phenomenological exploration and description of particular aspects of living as an undocumented immigrant. In lieu of a political or economic approach to describe the undocumented immigrant experience, the phenomenological method I utilize allows for a more intimate exchange. What follows, then, is a necessarily detailed and subjective—albeit partial—exploration of my lived conscious experience: making sense of fixed limitations, the need to substantiate my worthiness, the embodiment of perpetual and pervasive fear, as well as my exploration of free will and the question of agency. I explore the traumatic embodied experience and my growing capacity to tolerate dysregulated arousal states long after a legal change of status as well offer practice implications for those working with undocumented immigrants.
Automatic Identification of Relevant Colors in Non-Destructive Quality Evaluation of Fresh Salad Vegetables

Quality loss during storage is often associated to changes in relevant product colors and/or to the appearance of new pigments. Computer Vision System (CVS) for non-destructive quality evaluation often relies on human knowledge provided by operators to identify these relevant colors and their features. The approach described in this paper automatically identifies the most significant colors in unevenly colored products to evaluate their quality level. Its performance was compared with results obtained by exploiting human training. The new method improved quality evaluation and reduced the subjectivity and the inconsistency potentially induced by operators.
Ukrainian Greek Catholics, Past and Present

Yury Avvakumov introduces the little-understood Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. He sketches the main features of its turbulent history, from the union with Rome (1595–1596) to its liquidation by the Soviets in 1946 and the resurgence of the church since the early 1990s. He describes the church’s unique identity in terms of ecclesiological liminality, or “in-between-ness”—with the Byzantine Greek Orthodoxy of its Kyivan origins on one side and, on the other, the Catholic universality that followed its unification with Rome. Often criticized as a handicap, this liminality has also served as a catalyst for reform, intellectual creativity, and social engagement.
Outcomes of patients (pts) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with bone marrow necrosis (BMN) at initial diagnosis.

e18017 Background: Bone marrow necrosis (BMN) at initial diagnosis in acute leukemias is a rare pathological finding with only few cases reported in the literature. The purpose of this study was to...
A Contemporary Examination of First and Second Permanent Molar Emergence.

The emergence of first permanent molars (FPMs) and second permanent molars (SPMs) is an important developmental milestone influencing caries risk and the timing of sealant placement. Emergence times have been shown to vary by sex and race/ethnicity, while recent reports suggest a positive association with adiposity. Amid the changing demographics of the US population and the rising rates of pediatric overweight/obesity, we sought to examine the association of body mass index (BMI) with FPM/SPM emergence in a representative sample of US children and adolescents. We used cross-sectional data from 3 consecutive cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009 to 2014). The FPM analysis included ages 4 to 8 y (n = 3,102 representing ~20 million children), and the SPM analysis included ages 9 to 13 y (n = 2,774 representing ~19 million children/adolescents). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s growth chart data were used to calculate age- and sex-specific BMI percentiles, as me...
Treatment decision for occipital arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) to achieve hemorrhagic control while maximizing visual preservation: Our experience and review of literature.

Despite concern of hemorrhagic risk, patients with occipital AVMs are at significant risk for visual disturbances after treatment. We aim to characterize the hemorrhage risk and visual disturbance in occipital AVMs patients from our experience and literature review. We performed retrospective review of occipital AVM patients seen at our institution from 1990 to 2015. Patient characteristics were compared using multivariable logistic regression with follow-up visual disturbance as the outcome. We also systematically reviewed the PubMed database for English literature describing occipital AVMs (with exclusion of case reports). Ninety-seven patients satisfied inclusion criteria for our study. Mean age was 34.9 ± 16.4 years, with 50.5% male. Thirty-one (32.0%) presented with hemorrhage, and 32 (33.0%) presented with visual disturbance. Average AVM size was 4.0 ± 2.5 cm. Twenty-five (25.8%) were conservatively managed, 13 (13.4%) underwent surgery, and the rest were managed by radiosurgery (52.6%) or embolization (8.2%), with an obliteration rate of 38.9% in treated patients. During average follow-up of 5.4 years, 6 patients (6.7%) hemorrhaged yielding an annual hemorrhage rate of 1.2% for all patients, and 0.0% for surgically-treated patients. Thirty-seven (38.3%) patients experienced visual disturbance in some capacity, nineteen (21.1%) had de novo visual disturbance, fourteen of which were surgically treated patients (19.4%). Multivariable analysis reveals visual disturbance at presentation (p = .012) and microsurgery (p = .047) are significantly predictors of follow-up visual disturbance. While hemorrhage control remains the primary goal of AVM treatment, visual preservation in occipital AVMs is also a major concern. Recommending patients for microsurgery should be weighed carefully and individualized as it bears the highest risk of visual field disturbance despite most optimal hemorrhage control.
A Multimethod Examination of the Effect of Insomnia Symptoms on Anxious Responding to a Social Stressor.

Abstract A growing number of studies identify insomnia symptoms as a potential risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. However, little research has examined potential mechanisms through which insomnia could confer increased risk for anxiety. A separate line of literature suggests sleep is necessary for adaptive emotional and behavioral responding to stressors, a potential mechanism linking insomnia symptoms to anxiety risk. To test whether insomnia symptoms affect emotional and behavioral responding to an anxiety-relevant stressor, the current study recruited a sample of 99 undergraduates with varying levels of insomnia symptoms. Participants completed self-report and psychophysiological measures before, during, and after an impromptu speech task. Results indicated that, after covarying for negative affectivity, increased insomnia symptoms were significantly associated with elevated anticipatory anxiety and skin conductance response prior to the speech, and increased skin conductance response, emotion regulation difficulties, and safety aid use during the speech. Taken together, results provide evidence for the notion that insomnia symptoms are associated with maladaptive emotional and behavioral responding to an anxiety-relevant stressor.
A layered and aggregated queuing network simulator for detection of abnormalities

Driven by the needs to monitor, detect, and prevent catastrophic failures for complex information systems in real-time, we develop in this paper a discrete-time queuing network simulator. The dynamic model for the simulator abstracts network dynamics by taking an aggregated and layered structure. Comparative studies verify capabilities of the simulator in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. We illustrate the model structure, flow processing mechanisms, and simulator implementation. We also illustrate the use of this simulator to detect distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) flooding attacks, based on a cross-correlation-based measure. Finally, we show that the layered structure provides new insights on the spatiotemporal spread patterns of cascading failure, by revealing spreads both horizontally within a sub-network and vertically across sub-networks.
High Stress Life Events and Spiritual Development

This study investigated the relationships between the experience of common high stress life events and measures of adult spiritual development. Three hundred thirty-two respondents (116 male and 21...
Complexin-1 Enhances the On-Rate of Vesicle Docking via Simultaneous Snare and Membrane Interactions

In synaptic terminals, complexin is thought to have inhibitory and activating roles for spontaneous mini-release and evoked synchronized neurotransmitter release, respectively. We used single vesicle-vesicle microscopy imaging to study the effect of complexin-1 on the docking on-rate between vesicles that mimic synaptic vesicles and vesicles that mimic the plasma membrane. We found that complexin-1 enhances the on-rate of docking between synaptic vesicle mimics containing full-length synaptobrevin-2 and full-length synaptotagmin-1 and plasma membrane mimicking vesicles containing full-length syntaxin-1A and SNAP-25A. This effect requires the C-terminal domain of complexin-1 which binds to the membrane, the presence of PS in the membrane, and the core region of complexin-1 which binds to the SNARE complex.References1. Diao, J., P. Grob, ⋯, A. T. Brunger. 2012. Synaptic proteins promote calcium-triggered fast transition from point contact to full fusion. Elife 1:e00109.2. Diao, J., D. J. Cipriano, ⋯, A. T. Brunger. 2013. Complexin-1 enhances the on-rate of vesicle docking via simultaneous SNARE and membrane interactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135: 10.1021/ja407392n.
Porcine small intestine submucosal grafts improve remucosalization and progenitor cell recruitment to sites of upper airway tissue remodeling.

Background To better understand upper airway tissue regeneration, the exposed cartilage and bone at donor sites of tissue flaps may serve as in vivo "Petri dishes" for active wound healing. The pedicled nasoseptal flap (NSF) for skull-base reconstruction creates an exposed donor site within the nasal airway. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether grafting the donor site with a sinonasal repair cover graft is effective in promoting wound healing. Methods In this multicenter, prospective trial, subjects were randomized to intervention (graft) or control (no graft) intraoperatively after NSF elevation. Individuals were evaluated at 2, 6, and 12 weeks postintervention with endoscopic recordings. Videos were graded (Likert scale) by 3 otolaryngologists blinded to intervention on remucosalization, crusting, and edema. Scores were analyzed for interrater reliability and cohorts compared. Biopsy and immunohistochemistry at the leading edge of wound healing was performed in select cases. Results Twenty-one patients were randomized to intervention and 26 to control. Subjects receiving the graft had significantly greater overall remucosalization (p = 0.01) than controls over 12 weeks. Although crusting was less in the small intestine submucosa (SIS) group, this was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). There was no overall effect on nasal edema (p = 0.2). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated abundant upper airway basal cell progenitors in 2 intervention samples, suggesting that covering grafts may facilitate tissue proliferation via progenitor cell expansion. Conclusion This prospective, randomized, controlled trial indicates that a porcine SIS graft placed on exposed cartilage and bone within the upper airway confers improved remucosalization compared to current practice standards.
Abstract 14154: Macrophage Notch1 Accelerates Lesion Formation In Mechanically-injured Mouse Femoral Arteries

Background: We previously demonstrated that the Notch ligand Delta-like 4 (Dll4) promotes macrophage activation. However, the role of each Notch receptor expressed by macrophages remains unknown. We hypothesized that macrophage Notch1 induces macrophage activation and accelerates the development of vascular disease. Method and results: Overexpression of the Notch1 intracellular domain (a constitutively active form, Notch1-ICD) in the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 induced various pro-inflammatory genes typical of “M1” polarization (e.g., IL-1 beta, IL-6, MCP-1, iNOS). To explore the role of macrophage Notch1 in vivo, we established macrophage-selective genetically-altered mice that lack Notch1 (Notch1-/- mice) or overexpress the constitutively active Notch1 (Notch1-ICD mice) using the Cre/LoxP technology. We used the wire injury model in femoral arteries of these strains. Macrophage selective deletion of Notch1 reduced neointima formation 28 days after injury as compared to Control mice (Intima/madia (I/M) ratio: Control, 2.5±0.3; Notch1-/-, 1.2±0.3; N=7 each; p Conclusion: These data indicate that macrophage Notch1 signaling promotes activation of these pro-inflammatory phagocytes and their crosstalk with SMC, offering a new therapeutic target for vascular diseases.
A child with progressive dystonia, dysarthria, and spasticity

Children presenting with progressive neurologic symptoms including dystonia, dysarthria, and spasticity can represent a diagnostic challenge. Here we describe the case of a 14-year-old boy who presented to our center with an 11-year history of gradual worsening neurologic symptoms. Diagnostic strategies focus on the use of neuroimaging and genetic testing to help establish the underlying diagnosis. Therapeutic options are also discussed.