cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomically-thin MoS 2 resonators for pressure sensing

We describe the first experimental investigation of pressure-dependent resonant motions in high-frequency circular drumhead resonators based on atomically-thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), which demonstrate attractive performance and potential for pressure sensing. Circular bilayer and trilayer MoS 2 membrane resonators with diameter of ~1.8μm are studied in the pressure range of ~10mTorr to ~400Torr. We observe frequency shifts due to membrane bulging, tensioning, and squeeze-film effects with varying pressure. We find very high pressure responsivity of resonance frequency of ~0.77MHz/Torr, ~0.043MHz/Torr, and ~0.21MHz/Torr, in different pressure regimes. These results show that MoS 2 membrane resonators are exceptional for pressure sensing in a wide pressure range.
AN ANTIGEN OF CHONDROITIN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN; A MARKER FOR CARTILAGE DIFFERENTIATION

Antisera to the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan complex (CPG) of cartilage were used to study the specificity of the CPG-associated antigen as a biochemical marker for cartilage differentiation and to study the expression of differentiation by cultured chondrocytes. Of 7 tissues tested, antigen giving an identity reaction with this protein could be detected by the Ouchterlony double diffusion test in extracts of sternum and brain of 14-day chick embryos. Extracts of 2 non-cartilage tissues gave a reaction indicating that they contain a related, but not identical antigen. Ouchterlony double diffusion tests showed that extracts of morphologically differentiated chondrocytes cultured in vitro contain the CPG-associated antigen. The radio-precipitin test, used to quantitate the rate of synthesis of this antigen, provided a measure of cartilage phenotype expression in culture. The cultured chondrocytes synthesized antigenic protein at a rate similar to that of 14-day sternum. In contrast to intact cartilage, however, the cultured chondrocytes released much of the newly synthesized antigen into the medium. The possibility was explored that synthesis of the CPG-associated antigen might be characteristic of all cells in culture, and not a specific expression of the cartilage phenotype. However, skin fibroblast cultures only contained detectable antigen of the “partially identical” type.
Random positional variation among the skull, mandible, and cervical spine with treatment progression during head-and-neck radiotherapy.

Purpose With 54° of freedom from the skull to mandible to C7, ensuring adequate immobilization for head-and-neck radiotherapy (RT) is complex. We quantify variations in skull, mandible, and cervical spine movement between RT sessions. Methods and Materials Twenty-three sequential head-and-neck RT patients underwent serial computed tomography. Patients underwent planned rescanning at 11, 22, and 33 fractions for a total of 93 scans. Coordinates of multiple bony elements of the skull, mandible, and cervical spine were used to calculate rotational and translational changes of bony anatomy compared with the original planning scan. Results Mean translational and rotational variations on rescanning were negligible, but showed a wide range. Changes in scoliosis and lordosis of the cervical spine between fractions showed similar variability. There was no correlation between positional variation and fraction number and no strong correlation with weight loss or skin separation. Semi-independent rotational and translation movement of the skull in relation to the lower cervical spine was shown. Positioning variability measured by means of vector displacement was largest in the mandible and lower cervical spine. Conclusions Although only small overall variations in position between head-and-neck RT sessions exist on average, there is significant random variation in patient positioning of the skull, mandible, and cervical spine elements. Such variation is accentuated in the mandible and lower cervical spine. These random semirigid variations in positioning of the skull and spine point to a need for improved immobilization and/or confirmation of patient positioning in RT of the head and neck.
Infection control in the patient with AIDS.

In this discussion of infection control in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) attention is directed to nursing. Due to the fact that the majority of individuals who suffer with AIDS will be homosexual intravenous drug users or both it is essential that the nurse historian be aware of his/her own feelings about the lifestyles of these patients. History-taking should be done in a nonjudgmental manner. A major pitfall to be avoided when taking a history is making assumptions about an individuals sexual preferences or activities based on the response to a simple question about marital status. It is important to note whether or not the person has a monogamous relationship or leads a polyandrous lifestyle. Another area that should be tactfully but explicitly explored when interviewing an individual who is homosexual or bisexual is the number of different sexual partners that he/she has been involved with on a weekly or monthly basis. Whether the patient has a history of sexually transmitted diseases should be determined. The use of recreational drugs should be explored. When taking the history of a client who uses intravenous drugs it is important for the nurse to record the agents and sites of injection as well as to note whether the individual uses his/her own equipment. When reviewing the major body systems and the presence or absence of related symptoms the nurse should note whether the client has experienced skin rashes/lesions swollen lymph nodes fever extreme fatigue weight loss shortness of breath changes in bowel habits cuts or bruises that do not heal and headaches dizziness blurred vision or stiff neck. The physical examination of the individual with AIDS and an opportunistic infection usually will reveal positive findings in the central nervous system respiratory system gastrointestinal system and/or the integumentary system as well as the lymphatic system. As the leading cause of morbidity in the compromised host is infection infection prevention should be regarded as a pragmatic necessity. 2 major things that nurses can do in the acute care setting to control infection are to limit the frequency of invasive or traumatic procedures and to reduce the acquisition of new potential pathogens.
Herniation of mitral leaflets in the ehlers-danlos syndrome

A 47 year old patient with the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hypermobility of the joints, hyperextensibility of the skin and atrophic cutaneous scars) was evaluated because of a mitral regurgitant murmur and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Angiocardiography and echocardiography demonstrated marked systolic herniation of the posterior leaflets of the mitral valve. An echocardiogram from the patient's daughter, who also had paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, revealed the same abnormality. Although a "floppy" valve is common in Marfan's syndrome, this report emphasizes that it may also occur in patients with other heritable disorders of connective tissue.
Computer Simulation Of Image Reconstruction With A New Electronically Collimated Gamma Tomography System

Computer studies of the three-dimensional imaging characteristics of a new single gamma emission tomography system have been conducted. In this system collimation is performed electronically by recording a sequential interaction of the gamma radiation with two detectors. A considerable gain in sensitivity is expected over a conventionally collimated system. Radiation is scattered from the first detector onto the second detector, and events are recorded in coincidence. The activity is thereby localized on conical surfaces inside the object to be imaged. A novel two-step iterative algorithm nas been developed to reconstruct the three-dimensional emission images for this system. Results of computer simulation studies are presented.
Relationships of Awareness to Verbal Learning Efficiency and Meaning Change

The general relationship of awareness to learning efficiency was investigated in a 2 × 2 factorial design with 20 Ss in each of four groups. Classical conditioning of meaning and verbal operant conditioning procedures were studied under two sets of instructions: one stated vague experimental purposes and the other, exact purposes. Ss' awareness of experimental procedures and purposes was measured Results indicated that with both classical and operant conditioning change in meaning occurred without awareness by Ss. A classical conditioning explanation of change in meaning was supported, but an operant conditioning explanation of change in terms of response frequency was not strengthened.
Equilibrium kinetics of substrate-enzyme interactions in single crystals of cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase

Orthorhombic single crystals of cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase were examined alone or in the presence of substrates or inhibitors to quantitatively compare the interaction of ligands with the active-site chromophore between soluble and crystalline enzyme. As in enzyme solutions, equilibrium kinetic measurements can be made between substrates and single crystals of cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase. The absorption spectra of ligand-free enzyme forms and of enzyme-substrate or-inhibitor complexes are as distinctive as when the enzyme is in solution. The dissociation constants for glutamate with the pyridoxal form of the enzyme are identical to those in solution. The substrate analog erythro-β-hydroxyaspartate also binds with equal affinity to the active site in enzyme crystals as in solution; and the affinity of α-ketoglutarate to bind in nonproductive complexes with the pyridoxal form of the enzyme is also unimpaired in the crystal (Kd=2 mM). In contrast to the affinity constants, the stoichiometry of the interactions does not appear to correlate to those in solution. In the presence of an amino acid plus keto acid substrates pair, the absorbance values of the enzyme-substrate complex(es) could be interpreted as for occupany of only half the available sites in the crystals. Yet an amino acid, cysteine sulfinate, and α-keto acids such as β, β-difluorooxalacetate convert all active sites in the crystal to the pyridoxamine or pyridoxal form when added to the pyridoxal or pyridoxamine forms, respectively. This ability to completely undergo substrate-induced half-transamination and the apparently conflicting results in trapping half the sites in enzyme-substrate complexes are incorporated into a proposed reciprocating mechanism applicable only to the crystalline state of the enzyme and dictated by crystal packing forces rather than an intrinsic property of the enzyme. Active-site bound pyridoxal phosphate continues to behave as a pH indicator; nevertheless, the pK value of the single crystals is a pH unit (pK=7.15) higher than that in solution. This variation is interpreted as indication of a difference in the environment of the chromophore between the crystal and solution states. While the environmental difference does not significantly alter the affinity for substrates, it could account for the reduced rates in transformation of the enzyme-substrate complexes in half-transamination reactions in the crystalline state.
Anterior cruciate ligament: Oblique sagittal MR imaging

Optimal visualization of the anterior cruciate ligament with magnetic resonance imaging requires oblique sagittal imaging planes. Between 10 degrees and 20 degrees of external rotation of the knee is considered ideal. While the knee may normally assume this amount of obliquity in the relaxed position, the orientation of the imaging plane is not guaranteed. Many imagers can perform oblique sagittal imaging, but the operator must set the proper degree of obliquity for the examination. A simple template was devised to facilitate this process, resulting in more consistently oriented imaging planes. The template can be reproduced by photocopying the diagram provided onto a transparency.
Mucosal effector memory T cells: the other side of the coin.

Immunological memory allows for rapid and effective protective immunity to previously encountered pathogens. New insights in understanding specific memory differentiation and function have now indicated that in addition to providing enhanced immunity, an important purpose of immunological memory is to provide immediate protection at all sites of the body, including non-lymphoid tissues. Effector memory CD8 T cells have the capacity to reside long-term at epithelial surfaces, where they allow for rapid containment of the invading pathogens at the local entry site and prevent systemic spreading and excessive immune responses. The accumulation of tissue-specific memory T cell subsets, together with cross-reactivity of these antigen-experienced T cells even to unrelated pathogens, provides flexibility and expansion of their specificity repertoire that over time greatly surpasses that of the declining naive T cell populations. This review will discuss new insights into T cell memory. We will focus in particular on the generation and function of effector memory CD8 T cells at the intestinal mucosa, which represents one of the largest entry sites for pathogens.
An analytic model to quantify strategic service vision

This article presents an analytical method for quantifying Heskett’s “Strategic service vision”. The model, which is based on quality function deployment (QFD), and benchmarking, starts with two matrices in series to relate market segments, service concepts, and various processes, as rows and columns of interconnected QFD matrices. In addition, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a decision‐making tool, is used to determine the intensity of the relationship between the row and column variables of each matrix, while analytic network process (ANP), an extension of AHP, is used to determine the intensity of synergy effects among column variables. Finally, benchmarking is used to suggest potential breakthroughs in service delivery. Ultimately, the goal of these matrices and benchmarking is to add fine‐tuning and precision to an otherwise qualitative strategic decision making process. To demonstrate the applicability of our proposed model to service organizations we develop its basic concepts within the framework of a specific example serving as a background.
Potentiation of the Antifungal Effects of Antibiotics by Amphotericin B

Amphotericin B was found to potentiate the antifungal effects of mycophenolic acid glucuronide, tetracycline, and actinomycin D by increasing the penetration of these antibiotics through the fungal cytoplasmic membrane. Because the fungi were over 100 times more susceptible than animal cells to these effects of amphotericin B, these observations might have clinical application.
Scanning Force Microscopy Study of Ceramic Fibers for Advanced Composites

The surface roughness and topography of three different Al2O3 fibers were evaluated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The fibers used were as-received, refractory-metal coated, and Y2O3/refractory-metal duplex-layer coated. The refractory-metal coating and Y2O3 coating on the Al2O3 fibers increased the average surface roughness from 13.3 to 17.1 and 18.8 nm, respectively. The topographic image of the fibers evaluated by AFM was compared to that obtained by scanning electron microscopy. Lateral force microscopy (LFM) was used to measure the distribution of the friction force on the refractory-metal-coated Al2O3 surfaces, with friction coefficients ranging from 0.2 to 0.8; the average friction coefficient was 0.38. Tailoring the mechanical properties at fiber/matrix interfaces by surface modification of Al2O3 fibers to improve the overall mechanical properties of the composites also was proposed.
Focus Issue: Moving in the Right Direction

Cells interpret environmental cues to extend processes in the appropriate direction, descend upon sources of inflammation or necrosis, or determine the best path to the correct position in a developing organism. This Focus Issue of Science Signaling highlights the signaling pathways and mechanisms that enable cells to sense external signals and direct their movement accordingly.
Effect of varying the duration of pre-test cage habituation on oxytocin induction of short-latency maternal behavior

Abstract Intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of the peptide hormone oxytocin has been previously reported to induce the performance of short-latency maternal behavior (less than one hour of exposure to foster pups required) in estrogen-treated, ovariectomized virgin rats. Tests for the effect of ICV oxytocin in maternal behavior latency have included transfer of animals from their home cage to a larger test cage one to two hours before oxytocin infusion. The importance of this test feature on peptide-induced short-latency maternal behavior was evaluated by varying the duration of the pre-test cage habituation. The responses of ovariectomized, estrogen-primed Zivic-Miller Sprague-Dawley rats housed in the test cages one week, two hours, or 0 hours before oxytocin or saline infusion were compared. It was found that only the rats given two hours of pre-test cage habituation responded to ICV oxytocin treatment with short-latency maternal behavior. This result is discussed with regard to the failure of other investigators to elicit short-latency maternal behavior with oxytocin. Possible neuroendocrine mechanisms for the interaction of degree of environmental novelty with oxytocin-induced behavior are considered.
An Experimental Determination of the Efficiency with Which Aerosol Particles are Collected by Water Drops in Subsaturated Air

Abstract Experiments have been carried out to determine the efficiency with which aerosol particles of 0.25 μm radius are collected due to Brownian diffusion, and due to hydrodynamic, phoretic and electrical effects by water drops of 150 to 2500.μm equivalent radius falling in subsaturated air. In the absence of electrical effects it was found that with increasing drop size the collection efficiency decreases to a minimum and then rises again as the collection due to phoretic forces is overcompensated by the collection due to hydrodynamic forces. With further increase in drop size the collection efficiency was found to rise to a maximum, This rise was attributed to hydrodynamic effects in the rear of the drop which increase as the stagnant eddy at the downstream end of the falling drop increases in size, but progressively decrease as the drop assumes a size, and thus a Reynolds number, large enough for turbulent eddies to be shed from the rear of the drop. The present results are qualitatively consistent ...
The accumulation of basic nonhemoglobin proteins during the differentiation of primitive (embryonic) red cells of amphibia

Abstract The preferential accumulation of hemoglobin is a characteristic of the differentiation of definitive (adult) red blood cells. Since primitive (embryonic or larval) red blood cells have many properties which contrast with definitive red cells, the accumulation of red cell proteins was analyzed during the differentiation of primtive red cells to determine whether or not hemoglobin was the only protein which showed a substantial increase in amount. Primitive red cells of amphibia were used because the mature circulating cell retains large amounts (13%) of specific, well characterized, nonhemoglobin proteins (CP). Preparations of primitive red cells enriched in immature cells were obtained from the circulation of bullfrog tadpoles recovering from phenylhydrazine-induced anemia. The amount of CP, determined by electrophoresis, imunodiffusion, and ion-exchange chromatography, was compared for red cells from normal animals and anemic animals. Mature cells contained three to six times the amount of CP and three times the amount of hemoglobin found in the population of red cells enriched in immature cells. The accumulation of CP during maturation of primitive red cells indicates that differentiation of primitive red cells is less restrictive than differentiation of definitive red cells. Since the primitive red cell is less specialized than the definitive red cell, it is possible that primitive red cells have several roles in the developing animal, in contrast to the single role of synthesizing and maintaining hemoglobin in the adult animal.
Retributivism, Consequentialism, and the Intrinsic Goodness of Punishment

Retributivism is commonly taken as an alternative to a consequentialist justification of punishment. It has recently been suggested, however, that retributivism can be recast as a consequentialist theory. This suggestion is shown to be untenable. The temptation to advance it is traced to an “intrinsic good” claim prominent in retributive thinking. This claim is examined, and is argued to be of little help in coping with the difficulties besetting the retributive theory, as well as clashing with a “desert” claim equally central to that theory.
Studies on the growth of CdTe on Si using Ge interfacial layer in an organometallic vapor phase epitaxial system

Epitaxial CdTe layers were grown using organometallic vapor phase epitaxy on Si substrates with a Ge buffer layer. Ge layer was grown in the same reactor using germane gas and the reaction of germane gas with the native Si surface is studied in detail at low temperature. It is shown that germane gas can be used to “clean” the Si surface oxide prior to CdTe growth by first reducing the thin native oxide that may be present on Si. When Ge layer was grown on Si using germane gas, an induction period was observed before the continuous layer of Ge growth starts. This induction period is a function of the thickness of the native oxide present on Si and possible reasons for this behavior are outlined. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) data show negligible outdiffusion and cross contamination of Ge in CdTe.
Perspective: Nonadiabatic dynamics theory.

Nonadiabatic dynamics—nuclear motion evolving on multiple potential energy surfaces—has captivated the interest of chemists for decades. Exciting advances in experimentation and theory have combined to greatly enhance our understanding of the rates and pathways of nonadiabatic chemical transformations. Nevertheless, there is a growing urgency for further development of theories that are practical and yet capable of reliable predictions, driven by fields such as solar energy, interstellar and atmospheric chemistry, photochemistry, vision, single molecule electronics, radiation damage, and many more. This Perspective examines the most significant theoretical and computational obstacles to achieving this goal, and suggests some possible strategies that may prove fruitful.
Amphibolites of the Ashe and Alligator Back Formations, North Carolina: Samples of Late Proterozoic-early Paleozoic oceanic crust

The amphibolites of the Late Proterozoic-early Paleozoic Ashe and Alligator Back Formations in western North Carolina represent metamorphosed tholeiitic basalts, unrelated to the mafic dikes of continental tholeiitic affiliation that intrude the Grenville-age basement rocks. On the basis of their geochemistry, the amphibolites are divisible into three compositional groups (I, II, and III), the protoliths of which appear to have evolved from different parental magmas at a spreading center. Group II (intermediate-Ti) amphibolite, the predominant variety in the study area, constitutes a highly fractionated suite (Zr ≃ 40-200 ppm, TiO2 ≃ 0.7-2.3 wt.%) with geochemical characteristics similar to those of N-type MORB formed from a heterogeneous mantle source. Group III (high-Ti) amphibolite is enriched in high-field-strength incompatible elements (Zr, Nb, Ti, Y, REE's), especially Ti (TiO2 = 2.8-3.4 wt.%), and is interpreted as T-type MORB on the basis of its Zr/Nb and Y/Nb ratios. Group I (low-Ti) amphibolite, restricted to the Ashe Formation, is characterized by extremely low abundances of incompatible elements, including Ti (TiO2 < 0.45 wt.%), and U-shaped REE profiles, requiring the mixing of a depleted MORB-type mantle source with a fluid phase enriched in LREE's. The juxtaposition of depleted, low-Ti basalt (group I amphibolite) and MORB-like basalts (group II and group III amphibolites) is suggestive of a back-arc basin setting, as has been postulated for many ophiolites, but it can also be accounted for by multi-stage melting of an upper-mantle source adjacent to a mantle plume in a mid-oceanic-ridge environment. In either case, the Ashe and Alligator Back amphibolites represent metamorphosed oceanic crust material generated at a spreading center.
Model for the influence of boron impurities on the morphology of AlN grown by physical vapor transport

We propose that the reduction of the Schwoebel barrier by trace B impurities is responsible for the relatively flat c-plane morphology observed in AlN crystals that are deposited via physical vapor transport in BN crucibles relative to crystals grown in boron-free conditions. The model is supported by molecular statics calculations that predict that B substitutional impurities are energetically preferred at steps on the (0 0 0 1) surface, and that these impurities enhance binding and incorporation of growth species onto steps.
Computing in Management Science

First, there will be a general description of the nature of a computing or data processing machine followed by illustrations of how it is that computers can speed the processing of information. Section II discusses the character of scientific method in order to form a basis for the ideas to be described under Sections III, IV, and V. Section III considers linear equations, with examples being given of their application to management problems. Section IV involves the notion of simulation, together with examples of how this idea can be used in management. Section V includes the design of experiments particularly with respect to obtaining better statistics for use in simulation.
THE EFFECT OF AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF SERUM-FREE MEDIUM ON DNA SYNTHESIS IN PRIMARY HEPATOCYTE CULTURES IN THE PRESENCE OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR

The presence of optimal nutritional elements in cell culture medium is very important in studies of cultured cells. For this reason, several researchers have experimented with adding or increasing the concentration of one or more amino acids to the medium they were using to determine "essential" amino acids and optimal concentrations. We studied how leaving out one amino acid at a time from Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium would affect epidermal growth factor-induced DNA synthesis in primary hepatocytes of the rat. Our "modified" DMEM contained only eight amino acids: arginine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine. Proline was found to be an essential amino acid in normal DMEM but not in the modified DMEM, and some other amino acids reduced DNA synthesis in this medium. This study showed that perhaps no single amino acid such as proline can be called "essential," but rather an optimal balance of amino acids is required for each major function of each cell type cultured.
Disaster Response in Illinois: The Role for Dentists and Dental Hygienists

Taking a leadership role, the Illinois Department of Public Health's Division of Oral Health has helped to successfully integrate oral health professionals into the emergency medical response system in Illinois by raising awareness, building needed partnerships, identifying and garnering resources, and facilitating training, policy development, surveillance, and evaluation. Applying the same principals and standards to the integration of oral health and disaster preparedness and response as it does to all facets of dental public health, the division has partnered with the Disaster Emergency Medicine Readiness Training Center at the University of Illinois at Chicago and many other key stakeholders to cement oral health as an integral component to the public health response system in Illinois.
Size parameter for thermally emitting particles.

For thermal emission from particles the conventional size parameter X = 2πa/λ does not distinguish between small and large particles. We show that the opacity parameter Ω = 4πka/λ = 2kX is a more accurate means of demarcating the two emission regimes. Ω is approximately equal to the particle’s mean optical depth, and it can be derived from both scattering theory and geometrical optics.
Science, Erudition and Relevant Connections

Paulo Sousa makes a strong case for applying the best anthropological models of cultural transmission (epidemiological models) to anthropology itself, to the ways in which anthropologists’ choices of topics and methods have changed. Sousa’s model of how kinship got gradually pushed away from its central position in anthropological inquiry is quite persuasive. Here I only propose a slight modi cation of this general model, in the hope of making some of its predictions more speci c. As Sousa points out, scientists’ general statements about their own  eld generally consist of interpretative statements that cannot be taken as a straightforward expression of what they actually do. Also, most scientists and academics are generally unaware of (or unconcerned with) the dynamics of authority transmission that organise their own  eld, that is, the set of criteria that people actually use when deciding that a given person is a member of a professional guild or community. Authority transmission is important because it has crucial consequences for how  elds evolve. Scienti c or more generally academic and scholarly activity is a highly regulated social activity. Each speci c community (generally co-extensive with what is called a “ eld”) has shared criteria for who is allowed to join and what counts as a valid contribution. In the same way as a guild, members of a “ eld” protect their common interest (the reputation of their activity) by restricting entry to those who ful l certain conditions. In the case at hand, this means the set of criteria used to decide that this or that graduate students have become anthropologists. With a little idealisation, this amounts to: How does the community of
State Regulation: Captured Victorian-Era Anachronism or “Re-enforcing” Autonomous Structure?

Is American state regulation a quaint anachronism from the nineteenth century, hanging on like a faded Victorian mansion in a twenty-first-century neighborhood increasingly subsumed by modern, international regulatory architectures? Or is it a booming area of devolved powers in our federalist system, creating more innovation and efficient small-scale bargaining than out-of-touch regulators in Washington do? Surprisingly, state regulation is becoming more important in shaping American firms operating in global markets. I present a revised interpretation of American regulatory federalism, including the "gap filling" or "re-enforcement" efforts by some state legislatures or attorneys general as federal regulators relax enforcement efforts. I summarize the results of 10 new quantitative studies of major regulated industries across the 50 states and over time. Overall, capture or rent-seeking models do not explain most regulatory areas, which show considerable interest-group contestation and provide room for institutional actors to wield autonomous, influential power. The heightened salience of state regulation is reflected by increased gubernatorial effort in many states, parallel to recent presidential efforts to centralize regulatory policy-making.
Active control of sprays using a single synthetic jet actuator

The effect of a single synthetic jet on an air atomized solid cone spray was investigated experimentally for several spray flow rate ratios and synthetic jet momentum coefficients. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to assess the effect of the synthetic jet actuation on global spray behavior, while shadowgraphy and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) were used at 45 locations throughout the 3D spray flow field to measure its microscopic characteristics in order to understand the influence of the synthetic jet on droplet size, distribution, and concentration. The synthetic jet was able to vector the spray up to about 18° away from the jet with increased vectoring, spray width, and RMS. Shadowgraphy measurements indicate that for low flow rate ratios, small droplets are pushed across the spray, resulting in increased concentration of small droplets on the side away from the synthetic jet. For high flow rate ratios, the number of large droplets is increased along the centerline of the spray, indicating coalescence of small droplets, as they are vectored by the synthetic jet.
Redefining Associative Memory, in Order to Account for the Imaginative Reconstruction of Accurate Memories

The current experiment measured recognition of increasingly complete repicturings of four-piece ensembles of furniture: a lamp, a sofa, a chair, and a wall-hanging. As each of the four pieces was c...
IBM POWER7 processor circuit design

The IBM POWER7® processor contains many innovative circuit ideas that enable advanced architectural features. A high-density embedded dynamic random access memory is used to provide 32 MB of level-3 cache. Improved input/output (I/O) links provide up to 50 GB/s of I/O bandwidth. An innovative phase-locked loop design allows for dynamic, per-core frequency variation, and unique multiport techniques for register files as well as six-transistor cell-based memory cells to support the superscalar multithreaded out-of-order processor.
Field-capable biodetection devices for homeland security missions

Biodetection instrumentation that is capable of functioning effectively outside the controlled laboratory environment is critical for the detection of health threats, and is a crucial technology for Health Security. Experience in bringing technologies from the basic research laboratory to integrated fieldable instruments suggests lessons for the engineering of these systems. This overview will cover several classes of such devices, with examples from systems developed for homeland security missions by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Recent trends suggest that front-end sample processing is becoming a critical performance-determining factor for many classes of fieldable biodetection devices. This paper introduces some results of a recent study that was undertaken to assess the requirements and potential technologies for next-generation integrated sample processing.
New results on the Plenoptic 2.0 camera

The Plenoptic camera, a digital realization of Lippmann's “Integral Photography” ideas, was introduced in 1992 by Adelson as an approach to solve computer vision problems. Recently, an improved version called Plenoptic 2.0 camera has been independently proposed by Ng, Fife, Lumsdaine, and others. The important part about it is the much higher spatial resolution. In this paper I will describe the two different focusing modes of this new camera, image rendering for it, as well as methods for capture extended modes at high resolution, including HDR, multispectral color, polarization, superresolution, and others. These are applicable only to Plenoptic 2.0 camera, which fact makes it unique. A live demo of the camera will be shown.
Properties of blends of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer with a flexible polymer (Vectra/PET)

Blends of Vectra A900, a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LCP), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were studied over the entire composition range using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and rotational rheometry. There is some interaction between the polymers, as evidenced by melting‐ and crystallization‐point depression in the PET phase. The shear rheology deviates substantially from simple mixing laws and from predictions of an emulsion model of dispersed blends. The viscosity of LCP‐rich compositions exceeds that of either component at low rates and frequencies. The viscosity of PET‐rich compositions falls below that of either component at low rates and frequencies. The latter observation cannot be explained by deformation and orientation of the LCP phase, since the dispersed LCP inclusions remain spherical following steady shear.
An autoradiographic time study during regeneration in fully differentiated Xenopus eyes.

Nasal one-third sized fragments were created from fully differentiated larval Xenopus eyes (stage 47). At various times post-surgery, animals were injected with tritiated thymidine. All animals were fixed 1 day post-injection. Animals injected 1 day post-surgery showed limited healing and thymidine labeling in the retina. In animals injected 1 week post-surgery, heavy thymidine label was localized in the ventrotemporal retina in a “thickened” neuroepithelium internal to the extending pigmented retinal epithelium. In contrast, the dorsal retina showed no apparent extra labeling, but rather resembled normal ciliary margin. In animals injected 1 month post-surgery, the eye fragment regained normal size and retinal layering, and the label was restricted to the ciliary margin. Regenerative growth associated with healing appeared to have been completed by this time. This extra cell division that occurs during the 1st month post-surgery may underlie novel axonal targeting properties shown by nasal one-third sized fragments. For example, these findings are consistent with the idea that pattern duplication of the visuotectal projection in nasal one-third sized eye fragments occurs via intercalary cell division during healing and regeneration. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The role of the TH1 and TH2 immune responses in loosening and osteolysis of cemented total hip replacements

The mechanisms underlying the development of osteolysis and aseptic loosening have an impact on the longevity of total hip replacements (THRs). This study examines the specific roles of lymphocytes in the TH1 and TH2 subsets in osteolysis and aseptic loosening of THR. Tissue from periprosthetic regions from patients with loose, cemented acetabular components were used to determine the TH1 and TH2 cytokine profile. Twelve tissue specimens from patients with radiographic signs of osteolysis, and nine tissue specimens from patients with no signs of osteolysis were harvested during revision surgery. Immunohistochemistry using primary antibodies against CD3, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-10 was performed on frozen sections to determine the percentage of positive cells for each of the sections. No statistically significant differences in the percentage of positive cells expressing cytokines characteristic of the TH1 pathway (IFN-γ, IL-2) or TH2 pathway (IL-4, IL-10) were found when comparing osteolytic and non-osteolytic tissues. However, significant numbers of T cells (averaging about 10% of the total cells) and TH1 and TH2 immune cytokines (averaging 3–5% of cells) implicate a possible role for immune processes at the prosthetic interface. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 64A: 693–697, 2003
Vesicles and basement membrane changes associated with hydrops of the saccule and endolymphatic duct and sac.

The significance of vesiculations of the membranous labyrinth are discussed from the point of view of normal and increased pinocytosis activity. Basement membrane changes in the membranous wall of the saccule are demonstrated in a patient with hydrops of the saccule and endolymphatic duct and sac. The vesiculations and basement membrane changes are believed to indicate the movement of large amounts of fluid across the membrane walls.
Contextual issues in Paleoindian repatriation Spirit Cave Man as a case study

Judge John Jelderks found that Kennewick Man cannot be defined as Native American under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. A recent amicus brief in the legal case regarding repatriation of materials from Spirit Cave, Nevada, suggests that the Kennewick case should be used as legal precedent, and that the remains of Spirit Cave Man are also not Native American. We suggest that a precedent in cases of Paleoindian human remains is inappropriate and unnecessary. We provide bioarchaeological, human variation, archaeological, social, and cultural contexts of the Spirit Cave Man remains. These contexts indicate that this case, and likely all of the few Paleoindian cases, is unique. Determinations of repatriation of Paleoindians should be handled on a case-by-case basis.
Cumulative meta-analysis of clinical trials builds evidence for exemplary medical care

Cumulative meta-analysis of clinical trials (a Bayesian interpretation for accumulating evidence) will profoundly affect medical care by summarizing evidence in the assessment of technology innovations. Application of the technique to the randomized control trials (RCTs) of streptokinase treatment of acute myocardial infarction, reduction of peri-operative mortality by antibiotic prophylaxis, and prevention of death from bleeding peptic ulcers has revealed efficacy years before it was suspected by any other means. Arrangement of the trials according to event rate in the controls, effect sizes, quality of the trials or according to covariables of interest has supplied unique information. If carried out prospectively the technique supplies invaluable information regarding indications for another trial, the number of patients necessary to determine the validity of past trends, and the type of patients who might be benefitted. Careful examination in a cumulative manner of the prior trials can reduce the need for future large trials.
Passive Control of a Wind Turbine Blade Using Composite Material

The weight and the cost of a wind turbine are two important factors that make wind energy competitive with other energy sources. The weight of the rotor is typically 40–80% of the total weight of the system. Thus, lowering cost by reducing the weight of the blade is an important consideration. Another significant factor is the operational life of the machine. At present, a wind turbine’s life span is about 108 cycles or 20 years of continuous service. Innovative design solutions are needed in order to meet the criteria of improved stiffness, fatigue life, reliability, and efficiency. The directional property of an anisotropic composite material can be used to passively control wind turbine blade geometry in fluctuating wind speeds. Anisotropic materials show various levels of elastic coupling, based upon the ply angle in the layers. Structural behavior that exhibits both bending and twisting due to a pure bending load is known as twist-bend coupling. This type of behavior can be used for load reductions, particularly fatigue loads. The idea is to allow the blade to unload (reducing the speed) by allowing the wind induced bending moment to twist the blade. Increments in bending moment produce an increment in the twist that lowers the aerodynamically produced load. Higher blade stiffness can be achieved by full or partial replacement of glass fiber with carbon fiber. Carbon fibers are not used extensively on commercial wind turbine blades as they are more costly than glass fiber. The main objectives of this work are: (1) design a baseline model (made from glass fibers) of the wind turbine blade in accordance with published airfoil data; (2) conduct a finite element analysis of the blade and determine stresses, and strain within the blade; (3) develop a hybrid blade design by replacing the glass fibers with carbon fibers in the spar cap; and (4) validate the feasibility of implementing bend-twist coupling in the wind turbine blade by studying stresses, and strain behavior. By giving different orientation in the carbon fiber and changing the fiber layer, different designs are analyzed with regard to the above listed criteria.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
BROWSING LAWNS? RESPONSES OF ACACIA NIGRESCENS TO UNGULATE BROWSING IN AN AFRICAN SAVANNA

We measured browsing-induced responses of Acacia trees to investigate "browsing lawns" as an analogy to grazing lawns in a semiarid eutrophic African savanna. During the two-year field study, we measured plant tolerance, resistance, and phenological traits, while comparing variation in leaf nitrogen and specific leaf area (SLA) across stands of Acacia nigrescens, Miller, that had experienced markedly different histories of attack from large herbivores. Trees in heavily browsed stands developed (1) tolerance traits such as high regrowth abilities in shoots and leaves, high annual branch growth rates, extensive tree branching and evidence of internal N translocation, and (2) resistance traits such as close thorn spacing. However, phenological "escape" responses were weak even in heavily browsed stands. Overall, browsing strongly affected plant morpho-functional traits and decreased both the number of trees carrying pods and the number of pods per tree in heavily browsed stands. Hence, there is experimental evidence that tolerance and resistance traits may occur simultaneously at heavily browsed sites, but this comes at the expense of reproductive success. Such tolerance and resistance traits may coexist if browsers trigger and maintain a positive feedback loop in which trees are continually investing in regrowth (tolerance), and if the plant's physical defenses (resistance) are not nutritionally costly and are long-lived. Our results confirm that chronic browsing by ungulates can maintain A. nigrescens trees in a hedged state that is analogous to a grazing lawn. Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of chronic browsing on reproduction within such tree populations, as well as the overall effects on nutrient cycling at the ecosystem level.
Personal relationship strategies and outcomes in a membership organization

Purpose – This study seeks to investigate strategies for building personal relationships with an organization's members, and to examine the outcomes of personal relationships in an advocacy organization.Design/methodology/approach – The case study includes interviews with 39 staff people at national, state, and affiliate levels of the organization; 58 members; and five former members, for a total of 102 participants. Document analysis and participant observation were supplemental methods.Findings – The following strategies for cultivating personal relationships were identified: direct engagement, task sharing, constitutive rhetoric, peer linking, hat‐in‐your‐hand, investment in local relationships, and targeting of aware affiliates for diversity efforts. To contribute to the discussion about the value of personal relationships in organizations, the study also investigated the outcomes of personal relationships. The outcomes found in the study include affective commitment, political leverage, social capita...
Mechanism of dehydrocyclization of 1-hexene to benzene on Cu3Pt(111) : Identification of 1,3,5-hexatriene as reaction intermediate

We report here ultrahigh vacuum studies of the dehydrocyclization reaction of submonolayer coverages of 1-hexene to benzene on a Cu 3 Pt(111) single crystal surface, using reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) studies, and temperature-programmed reaction/desorption (TPR/D) spectrometry. As discussed in a previous TPR/D paper, at surface coverages up to 13% of monolayer saturation, 1-hexene forms benzene on a Cu 3 Pt(111) surface. Selectivity to benzene formation is 70 ± 10%, with the remaining 30 ± 10% of the adsorbed 1-hexene dehydrogenating irreversibly to surface carbon and H 2 . For higher coverages, molecular desorption commences. Spectroscopic identification of the intermediates of the reaction of 1-hexene and other model compounds, such as a 1,3,5-hexatriene, with a Cu 3 Pt(111) surface suggests that 1-hexene and 1,3,5-hexatriene have a common intermediate, and this intermediate has been identified as a rehybridized hexatriene species. Other model compounds, such as trans-3-hexene, have also been used to provide further understanding of the mechanism of the aromatization reaction.