cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RECENT LABORATORY STUDIES OF EARTHQUAKE MECHANICS AND PREDICTION

We review recent laboratory observations relevant to earthquake mechanics and prediction. These continue to be largely from triaxial experiments, although new techniques have gained prominence, such as direct shear, holography, and scanning electron microscopy. Two processes have been identified which produce stick-slip: (i) fracture of asperities, and (ii) indentation creep of asperities. Rupture velocities along sawcuts in granite and dunite were 2-3km/sec. Stick-slip was observed in serpentine, chlorite, and certain clays, when thin layers were sheared at high pressure. Fault creep has been studied systematically to 700°C and 5 kbars; some brittle cracking persisted, although plastic flow of quartz, mica, and possibly amphibole, was detected. Dilatancy was found to persist through many stress cycles, although the detailed effect of cycling is still not clear. Dilatancy caused marked anisotropy in elastic moduli, compressional and shear velocity, and attenuation. The degree of localization before peak stress is a point of some disagreement. Microfracturing and optical studies show no localized dilatancy prior to fracture, whereas holography and slit diffraction show a narrow zone along the eventual fault direction. Small saturated laboratory samples showed an increase in the Vp/V8 ratio with stress; a decrease occurred under very restricted conditions. Permeability of granite increased about fourfold prior to fracture. Dilatancy was observed in gabbro at temperatures up to 400°C, 2 kbars. Several investigators described the properties of actual or simulated fault gouge. Based on equilibrium studies, some clays could be stable to depths of 12km in fault zones. Although gouge tends to reduce the amplitude of stick-slip over that on clean faults, stick-slip has been observed in thin layers of both clays and crushed silicate rocks. Large changes in compressional velocity with shear and normal stress were reported for a granite gouge. Preseismic creep has been widely observed, on sawcuts, faults, and in both triaxial and direct shear experiments at room temperature, at pressures from 1.5 to 6 kbars. The amount of creep was appreciable at intermediate pressures and with more ductile materials or thicker gouge. In a direct shear apparatus both resistivity and pore pressure changes preceded each stick-slip event, although velocity changes could not be detected. Resistivity decreased with stress for intact rocks, even with partial saturation. Dilatant volume changes prior to frictional slip were less than 10-4, which represented a porosity increase of about 10%. Dilatancy altered the normal stress-remnant magnetism relation.
Metabolic alterations induced by voluntary exercise and discontinuation of exercise in hamsters

A study was conducted to determine the possible biochemical mechanisms responsible for the rapid increase in body weight and body fat during the early phase of exercise- retirement. Thirty-two adult female hamsters were allotted to four groups of eight each. One group served as sedentary controls. Oher groups had access to voluntary disc-running during a 35-day period of the 76-day experimental period and were retired from running for 0, 8, and 41 days, respectively, before the termination of the experiment. Disc-running reduced body fat and body weight. Discontinuation of running led to a fast gain of body fat and body weight. Disc-running decreased serum triacylgtycerol levels but had no effect on serum cholesterol levels. Serum high- density lipoprotein-cholesterot concentration was significantly elevated at 8 days after retirement but was not changed during exercise or at 41 days after retirement. Exercise or discontinuation of exercise had no effect on serum 1-3 or 1-4 levels. The rate of fatty acid synthesis and the activities of malic enzyme and fatty acid synthetase in the liver were increased during running and during the early phase of retirement. Liver gtucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased at 8 days after discontinuation of running. Disc-running enhanced food intake which was not reduced to the sedentary level until about 10 days after retirement, suggesting a delay in adaptation to reduced energy expenditure. Results of the present study suggest that both the delay in food intake adaptation and the enhanced tipogenic activity play a role in the rapid gain of body weight and body fat during the early phase of exercise-retirement. Am J Clin Nutr 1982:35:943-949.
Evidence for extinction selectivity throughout the marine invertebrate fossil record

The fossil record has been used to show that in some geologic intervals certain traits of taxa may increase their survivability, and therefore that the risk of extinction is not randomly distributed among taxa. It has also been suggested that traits that buffer against extinction in background times do not confer the same resistance during mass extinction events. An open question is whether at any time in geologic history extinction probabilities were randomly distributed among taxa. Here we use a method for detecting random extinction to demonstrate that during both background and mass extinction times, extinction of marine invertebrate genera has been nonrandom with respect to species richness categories of genera. A possible cause for this nonrandom extinction is selective clustering of extinctions in genera consisting of species which possess extinction-biasing traits. Other potential causes considered here include geographic selectivity, increased extinction susceptibility for species in species-rich genera, or biases related to taxonomic practice and/or sampling heterogeneity. An important theoretical result is that extinction selectivity at the species level cannot be smoothly extrapolated upward to genera; the appearance of random genus extinction with respect to species richness of genera results when extinction has been highly selective at the species level.
Successful endovascular reconstruction of acutely ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the vertebral artery, complicated by isolated vertebrobasilar circulation and symptomatic vasospasm

The management of a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of intracranial vertebral artery (VA), which is the sole supplier to an isolated vertebrobasilar system, is challenging. The authors report on such a case in a 49-year-old man who suffered a grade III subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) caused by a dissecting fusiform pseudoaneurysm of the left VA. The right VA terminated in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and posterior communicating arteries were absent. The patient developed symptoms consistent with vasospasm on day 9 after SAH, which was treated by intra-arterial vasolytic therapy, followed by stent placement and "in-stent" balloon angioplasty. Angiography 2 weeks later showed near-complete resolution of the pseudoaneurysm. At discharge, the patient's modified Rankin score was one. In this complicated case in which an isolated vertebrobasilar circulation precluded parent vessel sacrifice, we detail the successful management using a combination of intra-arterial vasolytic therapy, stent reconstruction, and balloon angioplasty.
Designing an audio channel for low-bandwidth mobile optical networks

Free-space optical communication links are well established as high bandwidth data transfer facilities. They also provide secure communication in hostile environments where Radio Frequency-based communication can be easily tapped into or jammed by a hostile agent. Mobile optical communication will thus provide a highly desirable system in such an environment, e.g., a battlefield. This paper presents the design and performance of a system for providing mobile voice communication that is based on optical links. The voice channel is created over two Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) development boards which allow parameters to be changed as needed. These parameters are chosen so that the voice channel emulates the G.711 ITU-T standard. Several configurations with different data rates can be obtained by varying the sampling rate and the number of bits representing each sample so as to optimize the transmission parameters from both fidelity and dynamic range perspectives. The Quality of the audio channel for each configuration is determined by measuring the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) using an Agilent Voice Quality Tester (VQT). Other parameters such as echo and delay are also measured.
Interface circuits for multiphase piezoelectric energy harvesters

This paper describes interface circuits for a multiphase disk-shaped piezoelectric generator. By using quarter-circle shaped electrodes, similar to an ultrasonic motor, multiple output voltage phases are obtained from a single resonating disk. A lumped circuit model for the piezoelectric transducer is derived, which is accurate for the traveling wave excitation. Interface circuits that take advantage of the multiple output phases have been designed, implemented, and tested. A time-interleaved AC-DC converter with low output voltage ripple serves as an example of these interface circuits. In addition, a new energy recycling technique, which exploits the relative phase difference between adjacent electrodes, is explored. Measured results show a greater than 10% increase in total energy harvesting ability with the use of the proposed energy recycling technique.
A comparison of reusable and disposable perioperative textiles: sustainability state-of-the-art 2012.

Contemporary comparisons of reusable and single-use perioperative textiles (surgical gowns and drapes) reflect major changes in the technologies to produce and reuse these products. Reusable and disposable gowns and drapes meet new standards for medical workers and patient protection, use synthetic lightweight fabrics, and are competitively priced. In multiple sciencebased life cycle environmental studies, reusable surgical gowns and drapes demonstrate substantial sustainability benefits over the same disposable product in natural resource energy (200%–300%), water (250%–330%), carbon footprint (200%–300%), volatile organics, solid wastes (750%), and instrument recovery. Because all other factors (cost, protection, and comfort) are reasonably similar, the environmental benefits of reusable surgical gowns and drapes to health care sustainability programs are important for this industry. Thus, it is no longer valid to indicate that reusables are better in some environmental impacts and disposables are better in other environmental impacts. It is also important to recognize that large-scale studies of comfort, protection, or economics have not been actively pursued in the last 5 to 10 years, and thus the factors to improve both reusables and disposable systems are difficult to assess. In addition, the comparison related to jobs is not well studied, but may further support reusables. In summary, currently available perioperative textiles are similar in comfort, safety, and cost, but reusable textiles offer substantial opportunities for nurses, physicians, and hospitals to reduce environmental footprints when selected over disposable alternatives. Evidenced-based comparison of environmental factors supports the conclusion that reusable gowns and drapes offer important sustainability improvements. The benefit of reusable systems may be similar for other reusables in anesthesia, such as laryngeal mask airways or suction canisters, but life cycle studies are needed to substantiate these benefits. (Anesth Analg 2012;114:1055–66)
Diameter Dependence of Myogenic Tone of Human Pial Arteries: Possible Relation to Distensibility

Background and Purpose Responses to changes in intraluminal pressure of isolated human pial arteries (200 to 1200 μm i.d.) obtained from patients undergoing neurosurgery were measured. Methods The vessels were cannulated and pressurized (60 mm Hg); vascular diameter and intraluminal pressure were recorded simultaneously. After spontaneous development of steady state tone, intraluminal pressure was changed to both higher and lower levels in random sequence. Results Human pial arteries exhibited myogenic responses and maintained their diameter over the pressure range of 20 to 100 mm Hg. The level of myogenic tone observed at 30 mm Hg did not vary significantly with artery diameter. In contrast, at 60 and 90 mm Hg, the extent of myogenic tone increased as the diameter decreased (up to 70% to 80% of maximum in 200-μm i.d. arteries). The arteries contracted to KCl 30 mmol/L, norepinephrine 1μmol/L, and vasopressin 0.1μmol/L and relaxed to acetylcholine 3 μmol/L. The extent of these responses did not vary with ...
A new species of Remijia (Rubiaceae) from Amazonian Brazil

Remijia hubbardiorum B. M. Boom, endemic to white sandcampinas orerra firme forest in the Rio Uatuma region in the State of Amazonas of north central Brazil, is described and illustrated, and its morphological differentiation with respect toR. asperula Standley is discussed.
Serum amyloid P (SAP) is associated with impaired brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in chronically HIV-1 infected adults on stable antiretroviral therapy.

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and endothelial dysfunction (ED), as measured by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD).Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional analysis utilizing baseline data of 135 participants with HIV infection on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Hawaii Aging with HIV-Cardiovascular (HAHC-CVD) study who had available baseline inflammatory biomarkers and brachial artery FMD measurements.Results:We observed significant associations between brachial artery FMD and baseline brachial artery diameter, age, male gender, traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as BMI, waist to hip ratio, hypertension, systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, and LDL cholesterol, and 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk estimated by Framingham risk score (FRS). Of all biomarkers tested, higher level of C-reactive protein (CRP) (beta = − 0.695, P = 0.030) and serum amyloid P (SAP) (beta = − 1.318, P = 0.021) were...
School leadership in the Philippines: Historical, cultural, and policy dynamics

The development and practice of school leadership in the Philippines is influenced by a rich history that has helped to shape policy and education in a diverse cultural landscape. Periods of Spanish and American colonization have challenged core Filipino values of community and kinship and shaped the way contemporary school leadership preparation and development occur in the Philippines. The role of school leaders in the Philippines is further framed by kinship dynamics, which have been consistently integral to the Filipino concept of self and to the way individuals interact with others. Kinship is the nucleus of the Filipino social organization, from indigenous groups to colonial aristocratic ethnic and social groups. The Filipino concept of leadership is derived from a value set that rests on both biological and ritual forms of kinship, which in turn drives leadership practice in communities and schools.
Return to Missouri v. Holland: Symposium Foreword

This essay introduces the 2008 Missouri Law Review symposium, “Return to Missouri v. Holland: Federalism and International Law.” The foreword places the theme of the symposium in historical and theoretical context and introduces the articles by Professors Carlos Vazquez, Michael Ramsey, Edward Swaine, Peter Spiro, Paul Stephan, Julian Ku, Duncan Hollis, Paul Schiff Berman, Robert Ahdieh, and Ilya Somin, along with the keynote lecture, “The Internationalism of American Federalism, Missouri and Holland,” by Professor Judith Resnik.
Aspects of Hepatic Tryptophan Dioxygenase Activity and Levels of Cerebral Tryptophan Metabolites in Two Imbred Lines of Mice

Hepatic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase [tryptophan pyrrolase; tryptophan oxygenase (TO)] catalyzes the oxidative breakdown of most (~70%) of dietary L-tryptophan. TO activity is subject to genie (i.e., increased apoenzyme induction through corticosteroid-mediated m-RNA synthesis) and several cytoplasmic regulations. One cytoplasmic regulation seems to be related to catalase activity.
The Impact on Pork-Barrel Spending on Incumbent Fundraising

Pork-barrel spending is the use of federal money for localized projects which typically yield only a narrow geographic benefit. It is a commonly held belief that politicians utilize this spending to improve their chances of re-election. One way an incumbent can increase their chances of re-election is through increased fundraising. This paper investigates whether incumbents are able to use pork-barrel spending to bolster their campaign contributions. I find that for every $1 million of pork-barrel spending, incumbents are able to increase their campaign contributions by approximately $17,000. But, this effect is only present when the incumbent properly times the project. I also find that general federal appropriations do not have the same impact. These results support the belief that legislators knowingly use pork-barrel spending for their own personal benefit.
Inhibition of Rat Liver Succinoxidase by Testosterone-17 β Diethyl Aminoethyl Carbonate.

SummaryIt has been demonstrated that the in vitro inhibition of rat liver succinoxi-dase activity by testosterone-17 β diethyl aminoethyl carbonate is non-competitive, with 2 molecules of inhibitor apparently interacting with one molecule of enzyme.
Surveillance on rotavirus infection in hospitalized children under 5 with diarrhea in Mingguang City

Objective To understand the status of rotavirus infection among hospitalized children under 5 with diarrhea in Mingguang City. Methods Stool samples were collected from hospitalized children under 5 with diarrhea in Mingguang People's Hospital between May 2012 and November 2012. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect genomic RNA and identify electropherotypes of group A rotavirus RNAs. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect G / P typing. Results Group A rotavirus infection rate was 35. 33%. P4 and G2 were the dominant rotavirus gene type. Conclusion Rotavirus infection was an important cause of diarrhea in hospitalized children under 5 in Mingguang City.
Giant fiber activation of an intrinsic muscle in the mesothoracic leg of Drosophila melanogaster

Cinematographic analysis reveals that an important component of the light-elicited escape response of Drosophila melanogaster is the extension of the femur-tibia joint of the mesothoracic leg. During the jumping phase of the response, this extension works synergistically with extension of the femur. Femur extension is generated by contraction of the tergotrochanteral muscle (TTM), one of four previously described escape response muscles. Femur-tibia joint extension in the mesothoracic leg has been thought to be controlled by contraction of the tibial levator (TLM), an intrinsic leg muscle. We investigated the activation of the TLM during the escape response. Electrical stimulation of the giant fiber interneuron that mediates the escape response results in activation of the TLM with a latency of 1.46 +/− 0.02 ms. The TLM is innervated by a motor neuron (TLMn) with a large cell body in the mesothoracic ganglion. The TLMn has extensive arborizations in the lateral mesothoracic leg neuromere and has a prominent medially directed neurite. To investigate possible presynaptic inputs activating the TLMn during the escape response, we analyzed the muscle responses of two mutants, giant fiber A1 and bendless. Our analysis suggests that the TLMn is activated by a novel pathway.
Localized thermal stress at holes, cavities, and inclusions disturbing uniform heat flow. Thermal crack propagation

The linear thermoelastic theory has already been developed to a degree of completeness and detail comparable with that of the linear isothermal theory, as the books of Melan and Parkus, Boley and Weiner, and Nowacki, show. In one respect, however, a conspicuous difference remained until recent years. In the isothermal theory, the effects of holes, notches and inclusions on an otherwise uniform or smooth stress field have been given a very thorough treatment. As an instance of application, the two-dimensional elliptic hole solution became the basis of the Griffith theory of crack propagation in 1921, and remains to this day the starting point of almost all theoretical discussion.
Recent studies on the behavior of the pH and alkali neutralization of the human skin

Es wird eine Modifikation der Alkalineutralisations-Probe der Haut beschrieben und mit dem von Burckhardt angegebenen Verfahren verglichen. Die Unterschiede in den Ergebnissen beider Verfahren werden dargestellt und ihre Ursachen, soweit es die Ergebnisse betrifft, untersucht.
Abstract P162: Has LDL Cholesterol (LDL-C) and Non-HDL Cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) Goal Attainment Improved 7 Years After Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) Guidelines Were Published?

Background In coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, ATP III guidelines (2001) recommended LDL-C goal of <100 mg/dl, with optional goal of <70 in a 2004 update, and in patients with triglycerides (TG) ≥ 200mg/dl, non-HDL-C goal of <130 mg/dl with optional goal of <100. In a 2003 survey (NEPTUNE II), 62% of CHD patients achieved LDL-C goal of < 100 mg/dl but only 33% achieved both LDL-C and non-HDL-C goals. Methods To assess whether goal attainment has improved, we analyzed data from 7 Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers. In patients with ICD-9 codes for CHD and a primary care visit in 2008, we assessed LDL-C and (in patients with TG ≥200 mg/dl) non-HDL-C (calculated as total cholesterol - HDL-C), to compare goal attainment for LDL-C and non-HDL-C in the VA system with NEPTUNE II. Results We analyzed 24,769 CHD patients. Significantly more VA patients (table) attained LDL-C goals per ATP III guidelines. Attainment of optional LDL-C goals per the 2004 update was statistically better than NEPTUNE II, but still low (34%). A major treatment gap was noted in patients with TG ≥ 200, with poor attainment for both LDL-C (primary goal) and non-HDL-C (secondary goal) per both ATP III (51%) and the update (12%), although goal attainment was better in the VA patients compared to NEPTUNE II. Controlling for facility clustering and patient's illness severity, non-physician providers (p=0.07), care at a teaching facility (p=0.09), patient's age > 55 years (p= 0.001) and diabetes (p=0.005) were positively associated with goal attainment, whereas African American patients were less likely to achieve lipid goals (p=0.04). Conclusion LDL-C goal attainment per ATP III guidelines has improved, but attainment of <70 mg/dl in CHD patients remains low. CHD patients with elevated TG continue to have poor attainment of non-HDL-C goals, which recent data indicate is as important as LDL-C goal attainment. We also identify factors associated with goal attainment which have implications for future interventions. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Comparison of Homeostatic Reticulocyte Aging between Normal and Belgrade Rats Using Flow Cytometry.

The purpose of this work was to obtain and compare reticulocyte age distribution of normal and Belgrade (b) rats. The Belgrade rat has a microcytic, hypochromic anemia associated with abnormal reticulocyte iron uptake. Samples of blood were drawn from two homozygous rats (b/b) and three heterozygous rats (t/b). Cells were cultured over 12 hours and sampled at 3 hour intervals. The reticulocyte count was performed using a staining solution composed of thiazole orange and LDS 751, a DNA binding agent. LDS 751 was used to separate RBC form nucleated cells. The differentiation between mature RBC and reticulocytes was done by means of presence of residual RNA, which also served as a marker of reticulocyte age. The in vitro changes of the fluorescence signal of the reticulocyte population allowed us to obtain the unique relationship between the signal and the age for an individual cell based on the previously developed structured population model of cultured reticulocytes. This relation was further used to transform the in vivo signal distribution into the age distribution. The obtained reticulocyte age density was used to characterize age dependence of reticulocyte appearance in blood and death. The Belgrade rats have reticulocytosis of 13.6 ± 4% whereas control rats have reticulocytes in normal range of 2.15 ± 0.4%. The aging of reticulocyte was characterized by a relative time, RT, that a reticulocyte needs to become a mature RBC. For the normal reticulocytes the RT that an average reticulocyte spent in blood is 0.84 ± 0.02 days and ranges from 0 to 2.0 days. For Belgrade rats the time an average reticulocytes in blood needs to become a mature RBC is 1.18 ± 0.08 days and ranges from zero 0 to 2.2 days. In conclusion, the Belgrade reticulocytes are younger by about 0.4 days. The RT distributions for Belgrade rats are wider than for normal rats. Additionally, the increased death of Belgrade reticulocytes in circulation is observed. In this work the new method of studying aging of cells was successfully applied for anemic rats. It allowed us to characterize in vivo aging of normal and Belgrade reticulocytes.
Macroscopic response of strongly anisotropic porous viscoplastic single crystals and applications to ice

Abstract A recently developed iterated homogenization procedure (Agoras and Ponte Castaneda, 2013) is generalized for porous viscoplastic single crystals and applied to characterize the effective behavior of low-symmetry high-anisotropy porous HCP single crystals (e.g., ice), focusing on the complex coupled effects of the porosity, void shape and crystal anisotropy. Consistent estimates for the average strain rate in the voids are also obtained and their implications for the evolution of the microstructure are explored. The intrinsic effect of the strong crystal anisotropy of porous ice is deduced from comparisons with corresponding results for porous isotropic materials, and found to be significant. In particular, as a consequence of the strong crystal anisotropy of ice, the porosity growth is found to be quite fast at low stress triaxiality, while the void distortion rates can be more significant at high stress triaxialities. Finally, the coupling between the “morphological” anisotropy induced by the void shape and the underlying crystalline anisotropy is investigated and found to have significant effects on the void growth and the void distortion, leading to significantly different behaviors for porous ice in comparison to porous isotropic materials.
Effect of temperature on deep lined circular tunnels in transversely anisotropic elastic rock

Abstract Considerably less attention has been given to thermal stresses in a tunnel. Temperature changes in the ground or inside the tunnel, e.g. due to fire, can cause cracking and damage to the liner and surrounding ground. This study derived analytical solutions for stresses and displacements caused by thermal load for a lined circular tunnel under a transversely anisotropic ground where the ground anisotropy axis coincides with the stacking direction. The FEM code ABAQUS was used to study a lined deep tunnel when the ground anisotropy axis is perpendicular to the stacking direction. A parametric study was performed to investigate the effects of Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, thermal conductivity and the coefficient of thermal expansion on the behavior of the liner and ground. The results show that the Young’s modulus and the coefficient of thermal expansion are the most important parameters that determine the stresses and displacements of the liner and ground. The analysis also shows that the thermal conductivity has a significant effect on the temperature distribution in the ground.
Copper Uptake by Nongastrointestinal Vertebrate Cells

Apart from the intestinal mucosa, most of the work on copper uptake by internal eucaryotic cells has been done with hepatocytes, especially those of the rat. Beginning with studies on liver slices incubated in Krebs—Ringer solution with 64Cu-labeled Cu(II) citrate, it was shown by Saltman et al. (1959) that copper uptake obeyed saturation kinetics. Subsequent studies by Harris and Sass-Kortsak (1967), in which 0.1 volume of dialyzed serum was added to the Krebs—Ringer buffer, were consistent with a first-order process but showed that the addition of amino acids in a mixture containing 63 µM histidine (9.7 mg/liter), 71 µM cysteine (8.6), and 370 µM threonine (44), as well as most other amino acids in approximately physiological amounts, stimulated uptake two- to three-fold at Cu concentrations from 6.4 to 200 µM (0.1–5 mg/ml). This was also observed by Neumann and Silverberg (1966), who reported that histidine (4–12 µM) stimulated uptake of 64Cu (10 µM) by rat liver or kidney slices (or by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells) when incubated in a Krebs—Ringer medium containing 4% albumin. Harris and Sass-Kortsak (1967) showed that there was the same degree of uptake (and stimulation of uptake) by amino acids at two different albumin concentrations, corresponding to about 0.3 and 1.5 g/dl. Also, the absence of an oxygen atmosphere had little effect on copper uptake recorded in the absence of amino acids but profoundly inhibited (in fact, more or less abolished) the stimulatory effect of the added amino acids. In contrast, 2,4-dinitrophenol (1 × 10−4−1.8 × 10−4 M) had no effect on uptake measured in the absence or presence of extra amino acids, implying that the oxygen dependency of the amino acid stimulatory effect (if indeed it is reproducible) is not mediated by intracellular ATP availability.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing After Stroke: Nursing Implications.

Sleep-disordered breathing is common after stroke and most often presents as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), with an estimated prevalence between 43% and 70% compared with 4% and 24% in the general population.1–3 OSA is the result of partial or complete closure of the upper airway while attempting to breathe during sleep. It is characterized by snoring, hypopnea, and apnea with intermittent awakening accompanied by gasping or choking.1 Daytime sleepiness and fatigue are common features as well. The severity of OSA is measured using the apnea–hypopnea index, oxygen desaturations, and arousals during each hour of sleep.4 OSA after stroke has been shown to increase poststroke mortality and morbidity.2,5 Untreated, OSA may worsen cognition, functional outcome, and mood after stroke.6 The purpose of this review is to provide nurses caring for patients who have had a stroke and those at risk for stroke with a brief review of sleep-disordered breathing after stroke, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic work-up, and management. The contributions of the nurse as a member of the interprofessional team are emphasized, including direct and indirect care, patient education, quality improvement, and research. Pubmed and CINAHL databases were searched using the following key terms in all possible combinations: sleep-disordered breathing, obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, stroke, continuous positive airway pressure, guidelines, and evidence-based recommendations. Secondary references were obtained from the reference lists of primary publications found using the search criteria listed above. Sleep-disordered breathing after stroke presents as OSA or central sleep apnea (CSA) or both. OSA is more common than CSA after stroke, 30% to 70% versus 6% to 24%, respectively.3 Although OSA is the result of mechanical narrowing and collapse of the upper airway, CSA occurs because of lack of central respiratory drive.3 CSA may be associated …
Sex differences in the central nervous system actions of ethanol.

For many years, researchers have avoided including females in their research because of the poorly understood influences of cycling hormones. However, we are becoming increasingly aware that sex matters, showing that it is important to conduct studies in females as well as males. This review will focus on the central nervous system (CNS) actions of alcohol (ethanol) because we have found significant sex differences in ethanol actions at the molecular as well as the behavioral level. Most recently, in our studies of ethanol dependence and withdrawal, we found that female rats displayed a shorter time for recovery from ethanol withdrawal, assessed by measuring seizure susceptibility. We now report that this finding was confirmed with a second convulsant agent. Moreover, GABAA receptor function was differentially altered in ethanol-withdrawn female compared to male rats. Studies by other investigators have reported additional significant sex differences in ethanol seeking and drinking behaviors and across several measures of ethanol dependence and withdrawal. We are gaining a better understanding of how the actions of ethanol in the CNS overlay sex differences in brain architecture and the hormonal milieu. Therefore, it is not surprising to observe sex-selective effects on cellular and behavioral outcomes from ethanol consumption. While current research is focused on characterizing sex differences in the actions of ethanol, it has not yet reached the point where we can integrate our findings into a unifying concept of how being female differentially regulates CNS responses to ethanol. This is likely a result of the complexity of ethanol actions, involving multiple neurotransmitter systems and responses covering the spectrum from drug seeking behaviors to neuropathological consequences of ethanol misuse. Regardless, the observed sex differences in ethanol withdrawal are noteworthy because they suggest that treatment of alcoholism should be managed differently in women than in men. Finally, it remains important to compare and contrast responses in males and females because recent studies of sex differences in basic physiology have made it clear that being female impacts health and disease. Language: en
Derivation and Validation of a Mortality Risk Score for Severe Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in China

Outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) have increased recently, as has the case fatality rate in severe cases. No scoring system currently exists to predict mortality risk for severe HFMD in previous study. We retrospectively collected laboratory parameters for 546 patients with severe HFMD (a derivation and a validation cohort) at Hunan Children’s Hospitals between January 2012 and December 2014. We developed a mortality risk score comprising four laboratory parameters: blood glucose (GLU), white blood cells (WBC), lactate (LAC), and N-terminal-probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Using an “optimal” cutoff score of 4, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value was 88.00%, 96.14%, 62.86% and 99.08%, respectively, in the derivation cohort. Among severe HFMD patients with low- and high-risk scores in the validation cohort, case fatality rates were 1.49% and 74.07%, respectively. According to the “optimal” cut-off in the derivation cohort, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 80.95%, 93.83%, 62.96% and 97.44%, respectively, in the derivation cohort. The mortality risk score demonstrated good discrimination (AUC > 0.9) and calibration (P > 0.05) in both cohorts. The mortality risk score, comprising WBC, GLU, LAC and NT-proBNP, has been demonstrated good discrimination and calibration in the both cohorts.
Leader of a Renewed Deweyan Philosophical Path: Jim Garrison

Leader of a Renewed Deweyan Philosophical Path: Jim Garrison’s dialogue is a consistent flow of reflection that moves through the major precepts of Dewey’s thinking.
Parameterization of synoptic weather systems in the South Atlantic Bight for modeling applications

An event based, long-term, climatological analysis is presented that allows the creation of coastal ocean atmospheric forcing on the coastal ocean that preserves both frequency of occurrence and event time history. An algorithm is developed that identifies individual storm event (cold fronts, warm fronts, and tropical storms) from meteorological records. The algorithm has been applied to a location along the South Atlantic Bight, off South Carolina, an area prone to cyclogenesis occurrence and passages of atmospheric fronts. Comparison against daily weather maps confirms that the algorithm is efficient in identifying cold fronts and warm fronts, while the identification of tropical storms is less successful. The average state of the storm events and their variability are represented by the temporal evolution of atmospheric pressure, air temperature, wind velocity, and wave directional spectral energy. The use of uncorrected algorithm-detected events provides climatologies that show a little deviation from those derived using corrected events. The effectiveness of this analysis method is further verified by numerically simulating the wave conditions driven by the characteristic wind forcing and comparing the results with the wave climatology that corresponds to each storm type. A high level of consistency found in the comparison indicates that this analysis method can be used for accurately characterizing event-based oceanic processes and long-term storm-induced morphodynamic processes on wind-dominated coasts.
Meillet, Antoine (Paul Jules) (1866–1936)

Antoine Meillet, a major figure in general and Indo-European linguistics, is also well known for his contributions to classical studies, the Slavic languages, Armenian, and general linguistics. In seeking social causes of semantic change, and in his pioneering work in grammaticalization, Meillet anticipated important areas of current linguistic research.
The Coronal Disturbance of 1972, August 12

The association of flare sprays, distortions of the overlying coronal structures and moving type IV radio bursts is a reasonable one and is well accepted despite the paucity of observational evidence. On 1972, August 12, there occurred a flare spray observed optically by both flare patrol and coronagraph instruments. A subsequent moving type IV radio burst was recorded by several instruments and distinct changes in the coronal brightness at 1.6 R ⊙ were measured. These observations combine to form one of the most complete sequences of measurements yet recorded covering the range from the chromosphere to about 6 R ⊙. The separate measurements are discussed and we show that they can be combined to form a relatively simple physical picture of the whole event.
Charge and Spin Delocalization to the Trifluoromethyl Group

Herbert Brown has a long-standing interest in the concepts of hyperconjugation and non-classical behavior as influences in carbonium ion chemistry. It seems appropriate to consider at this symposium the analogous problem of delocalization to saturated substituents such as the trifluoromethyl group in negatively charged ions and in radicals.
Intraretinal calcium channels and retinal morbidity in experimental retinopathy of prematurity

Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne StateUniversity, Detroit, MIPurpose: To test the hypothesis that intraretinal calcium channels participate in retinal morbidity in a variable oxygen(VO) model of retinopathy of prematurity.Methods: In control and VO Long Evans (LE) rats, either untreated or treated with voltage- or ligand-gated calciumchannel antagonists, we measured retinal neovascular (NV) incidence and severity (adenosine diphosphatase staining),and retinal thickness and intraretinal ion channel activity (manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging).Comparisons with the commonly studied Sprague Dawley rats were performed. Visual performance (optokinetic tracking)in untreated VO LE rats was also evaluated.Results: In control LE rats, specific L-type voltage calcium channel antagonism, but not ligand-gated channel blockers,suppressed retinal manganese accumulation, while the inhibition of L-type channels normalized intraretinal uptake in VOLE rats. VO LE rats developed more severe NV than VO Sprague Dawley rats. Following VO, both strains demonstratedsignificant and similar degrees of retinal thinning and supernormal intraretinal manganese uptake. However, over time,intraretinal uptake remained elevated only in VO LE rats. Visual performance was subnormal in VO LE rats. L-typevoltage-gated calcium channel antagonism reduced NV severity by 28% (p<0.05) in experimental LE rats compared tothat in the control group.Conclusions: Abnormal intraretinal calcium channel activity is linked with retinal morbidity in experimental retinopathyof prematurity.
Myocardial Effects of Sodium-Hydrogen Exchange Inhibition during Resuscitation from Ventricular Fibrillation

Multiple mechanisms of cell injury are unleashed during the global myocardial ischemia of cardiac arrest, and are in part responsible for the development of myocardial abnormalities that can compromise efforts to restore cardiac activity. Among these mechanisms, activation of the sarcolemmal sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1) with subsequent intramyocardial sodium overload has been identified as a prominent mechanism of cell injury. Using isolated heart and intact animal models of ventricular fibrillation, our group has identified various beneficial myocardial effects associated with selective NHE-1 inhibition. During ventricular fibrillation, NHE-1 inhibition attenuates the development of ischemic contracture and preserves the hemodynamic efficacy of chest compression. Immediately after restoration of cardiac activity, NHE-1 inhibition markedly reduces reperfusion arrhythmias and prevents episodes of recurrent ventricular fibrillation. During the post-resuscitation phase, NHE-1 inhibition ameliorates the severity of myocardial systolic and diastolic dysfunction and favors hemodynamic stability and improved survival. These studies suggest that NHE-1 inhibition may represent a highly effective new form of treatment for resuscitation from cardiac arrest.
A Discussion of the Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test

(1983). A Discussion of the Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test. School Psychology Review: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 106-109.
Making Sense of Technological Frames: Promise, Progress, and Potential

In a seminal paper, Orlikowski and Gash (1994) articulated a conceptual framework for technological frames of reference (TFR) to lay the groundwork for a systematic approach to socio-cognitive research on information technology. This work is widely cited as a justification for social and socio-cognitive analysis of IT, but a limited number of studies utilizing and further developing the frames concept have been published in the ensuing decade. In this paper, we review the promise of the technological frame concept, assess theoretical and methodological progress evident in TFR publications, and consider how potential contributions of TFR may be realized in future research. In doing so, we consider how limitations in TFR research to-date might be addressed, including the feasibility of a rapprochement with quantitative research methods, of TFR analysis at the industry level of analysis, and of action research approaches.
The Evolution of Acute Kidney Injury Research Over the Past Two Decades

The recognition that patients are dying from and not with acute kidney injury has prompted a transformation in clinical, basic, and translational acute kidney injury research over the past two decades. Initial work described the single-center epidemiology and associated outcomes for children with acute kidney injury who required support with renal replacement therapy. More recent study focuses on risk stratification, discovery validation, and incorporation of novel biomarkers into the prediction of acute kidney injury and description of its course. Finally, two large multicenter and multinational studies of pediatric and neonatal acute kidney injury demonstrate the irrefutable incremental risk conferred by pediatric acute kidney injury and morbidity and mortality across the spectrum of pediatric critical illness. All of these advancements were made possible by development of a standardized multidimensional definition of acute kidney injury development and severity. The evolution of pediatric acute kidney injury research in the past two decades provides the foundation necessary and optimism for the future to improve outcomes for the critically ill child with or at risk for acute kidney injury.
Development of a genome-informed loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and specific detection of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria

Bacterial spot (BS), caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. gardneri and X. perforans, is an economically important bacterial disease of tomato and pepper. Symptoms produced by all four species are nearly indistinguishable. At present, no point-of-care diagnostics exist for BS. In this research, we examined genomes of X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. gardneri, X. perforans and other species of Xanthomonas; the unique gene recG was chosen to design primers to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to rapidly and accurately identify and differentiate X. euvesicatoria from other BS causing Xanthomonas sp. using a field-deployable portable BioRangerTM instrument. Specificity of the developed assay was tested against 39 strains of X. euvesicatoria and 41 strains of other species in inclusivity and exclusivity panels, respectively. The assay detection limit was 100 fg (~18 genome copies) of genomic DNA and 1,000 fg in samples spiked with tomato DNA. The assay unambiguously detected X. euvesicatoria in infected tomato plant samples. Concordant results were obtained when multiple operators performed the test independently. No false positives and false negatives were detected. The developed LAMP assay has numerous applications in diagnostics, biosecurity and disease management.
Influence of temperature on atomic layer epitaxial growth of indium nitride assessed with in situ grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering

The surface topological evolution during the growth of indium nitride (InN) by plasma-assisted atomic layer epitaxy (ALEp) on gallium nitride (GaN) (0001) substrates was studied using in situ real-time grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) for 180, 250, and 320 °C growth temperatures. The GISAXS data reveal that the ALEp growth of InN on GaN in this temperature range proceeds in a Stranski–Krastanov mode, in which the 2D–3D transition occurred after 2.3 monolayers for 180 °C, 1 monolayer for 250 °C, and 1.5 monolayers for 320 °C. The corresponding initial island center-to-center distances were 7.4, 11.6, and 11.7 nm. Additionally, island coarsening was observed to increase with temperature. After 200 growth cycles, the mean island diameters were 3.9, 5.6, and 7.0 nm, and the mean island center-to-center distances were 8.6, 13.7, and 17.1 nm for 180, 250, and 320 °C growth temperatures, respectively. For the 320 °C growth, the mean island shape was observed to gradually evolve from relatively mounded to cylindrical. These results are supported by atomic force microscopy and specular x-ray reflectivity.