cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new theory of the energy spectrum

In a recent paper, the author introduced a new viscous boundary layer, called the mesolayer, in turbulent shear flow. Its importance stems from its location between the inner and outer regions which are controlled by the law of the wall and Reynolds number similarity, respectively. This intrusion prevents the classical overlap assumption which appears to be fundamental in the derivation of the classical logarithmic behavior. The mesolayer has a thickness proportional to Taylor's microscale λ. This, and the analogy between the energy equation for the spectrum function of isotropic turbulence and the momentum equation for shear flow, suggest the existence of a similar region in wavenumber space with wavenumber k ~ λ-1. This mesoregion separates the inner region k ~ ks(where ksη-1 and η is the Kolmogorov length) and the outer region kke(where ke-1 and l is the energy-containing eddy size) and again invalidates the overlap assumption which appears to be fundamental in the derivation of the classical k-5/3-behavior of the ‘inertial subrange’.
A note on quadratic σ-polynomials

Abstract A finer delineation of quadratic σ-polynomials than has been previously published is given.
Ecdysteroid biosynthesis during the ontogeny of spinach leaves

During the growth and development of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), phytoecdysteroid biosynthesis is observed later in the ontogeny of cotyledons, first and second leaves, whereas early in leaf ontogeny no biosynthesis of phytoecdysteroid is observed. An excised leaf assay for incorporation of various substrates [2-14C]mevalonic acid (MVA), [4-14C]cholesterol, [2-14C]acetate and [22,23-3H]α-ecdysone into phytoecdysteroids was developed. All four radiolabelled substrates can be incorporated into the ecdysteroids of spinach (20-hydroxyecdysone and polypodine B). The [2-14C]MVA is apparently incorporated into the C27-sterol lathosterol (5α-cholest-7-en-3β-ol) prior to radiolabel incorporation into spinach ecdysteroids. Leaves early in their ontogeny fail to produce radiolabelled lathosterol or ecdysteroids from [2-14C]MVA in spite of an active C29-sterol biosynthesis from [2-14C]MVA. Conversion of [22,23-3H]α-ecdysone into radiolabelled spinach ecdysteroids parallels the incorporation of [2-14C]MVA into these ecdysteroids with leaf ontogeny. Lathosterol was structurally identified as a component of mature spinach leaves accounting for approximately 4% of the total sterol composition. The spinach excised leaf assay provides a model system for the study of ecdysteroid biosynthesis in plants.
When Words Fail Us: Mother Time, Relational Attention, and the Rhetorics of Focus and Balance

Motherhood in the United States is a negotiated performance for women who both create and contest the discursive structures that shape their experiences. Rhetorical analysis of ethnographic interviews with diverse mothers asked to reflect on the terms “focus” and “balance” as they relate to their negotiation of personal and professional responsibilities revealed a pattern of conflict between language and temporal experience. Caught between the rhetorical mandates of a culture predicated on anthropologist Edward Hall's concept of “monochronic” or “M-time” (linear, segmented, task-oriented)—and the experience of mothering, which relies on what Hall calls “polychronic” or “P-time” (relational, fluid, multitasked)—the women interviewed exhibit what we term “relational attention,” a rhetorical strategy that enables them to navigate successfully between these competing temporal modes, but one which they struggled to name.
Liquid crystalline copoly(vinylether)s containing 4(4′)-methoxy-4′ (4)-hydroxy-α-methylstilbene constitutional isomers as side groups

Ethoxy vinyl ethers containing 4-methoxy-4′-hydroxy-α-methylstilbene and 4-hydroxy-4′-methoxy-α-methylstilbene constitutional isomers as side groups were synthesized by phase transfer catalyzed etherification of a Mixture containing the above mentioned isomers with 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether. Cationic copolymerization of various ratios between the two constitutional isomeric monomers led to a mixture of two copolymers which were separated by fractional precipitation. One copolymer exhibits a nematic mesophase, the other exhibits two smectic mesophases.
Coexistence Of Nine Anemonefish Species: Differential Host And Habitat Utilization, Size And Recruitment

The region of Madang, Papua New Guinea, has the highest reported species diversity of both anemonefishes (nine species) and their host anemones (ten species). To determine which factors may allow so many anemonefish species to coexist at this location, we studied their patterns of distribution, abundance, and recruitment. Population surveys at three replicate reef sites within four zones situated at varying distances from the mainland (nearshore, mid-lagoon, outer barrier, and offshore) indicated that each species of host anemone and anemonefish lived within a particular range of zones. Each species of anemonefish lived primarily with one species of host. Anemonefish species that lived with the same host species usually had different distribution patterns among zones (e.g., Amphiprion percula occupied Heteractis magnifica in nearshore zones, while A. perideraion occupied H. magnifica in offshore zones). Monitoring of natural populations showed that there were few changes (losses or recruitment) in the number or species of fishes associated with each individual anemone over periods ranging from 3 to 9 months. Recruitment was monitored on anemones with and without residents (resident fishes were removed) within each of three zones (nearshore, mid-lagoon, outer barrier). Significantly more anemonefishes recruited to anemones without resident fishes than to anemones with resident fishes. Each anemonefish species recruited to particular host species and zones. The distribution and abundance of the recruits of each fish species among zones were positively correlated with the distribution and abundance of resident fishes in the benthic habitat. This suggests that the spatial patterns of recruitment among zones strongly determined the distribution and abundance patterns of the benthic populations, and they were not the result of post-recruitment mortality or movement. Coexistence of the nine anemonefish species on the limited anemone resource was considered possible because of niche differentiation (i.e., differences in host and habitat utilization among zones), and the ability of two small species (i.e., Amphiprion sandaracinos and A. leucokranos) to cohabit individual anemones with other anemonefish species.
A low-literacy skin care manual for spinal cord injury patients

Most patient education materials are written at least two grade levels above the average grade achievement of health care consumers. This paper describes the development of a patient education manual for people with low literacy skills. The manual provides information about pressure ulcer prevention for patients with spinal cord injuries. Educational principles related to literacy skills were applied to produce a manual at the fifth-grade reading level.
Only with your permission: how rights holders respond (or don’t respond) to requests to display archival materials online

Archival repositories are increasingly considering mass digitization as a means of meeting user expectations that materials be available online, remotely. Copyright is frequently noted as a significant obstacle to these efforts, but little empirical data exist on the copyright permissions process in archives. This article reports the findings of a study of the copyright permissions process for the Jon Cohen AIDS Research Collection at the University of Michigan. Specifically, the study sought to reveal how much effort is required to seek copyright permissions, what the results of those efforts would be, and whether or not there were traits of documents or copyright holders that were associated with accept or denial status. The study found that significant time is required to contact and negotiate with rights holders and that the biggest obstacle to getting permission is non-response. Of those requests that get a response, the vast majority are to grant permission. While few of the requests were met with denial, the data suggest that commercial copyright holders are much more likely to deny permission than other types of copyright holders. The data also show that adherence to the common policy of only displaying online those documents with explicit permission will likely result in substantially incomplete online collections.
Enzymatic ligation assisted by nucleases: simultaneous ligation and digestion promote the ordered assembly of DNA.

Enzymatic ligation assisted by nucleases: simultaneous ligation and digestion promote the ordered assembly of DNA
The effect of interfacial imperfections on plastic deformation in nanoscale metallic multilayer composites

Abstract Nanoscale metallic multilayer (NMM) composites represent a class of advanced engineering materials that are shown to exhibit high structural stability, mechanical strength, high ductility, toughness and resistance to fracture and fatigue. This paper addresses the question of the effect of the interface imperfections on the strengthening of NMMs with incoherent interfaces, by performing molecular dynamics simulations. Two types of interfaces are considered, a perfect one, and one with discontinuities (steps and ledges). Our simulations demonstrate that the result of the interaction between dislocations and interfaces is the creation of interfacial disconnections made of a dislocation that spreads within the interface, and a step entrapped at the interface. The energy calculations show that these steps increase the total energy of the system and enhance the strengthening effect of the interface by adding extra barriers to slip transmission, thus improving the mechanical properties of the structure.
Intranigral injections of SCH 23390 inhibit SKF 82958-induced rotational behavior

Abstract The selective D1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, was injected into the pars reticulata region of the lesioned substantia nigra at various concentrations (3.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.6 or 0.3 mM) just before a s.c. injection of either the selective D1 agonist, SKF 82958; the selective D2 agonist, quinpirole; or the mixed D1–D2 receptor agonist, apomorphine. SCH 23390 pretreatment (1) had no significant effect on quinpirole rotational behavior, (2) attenuated apomorphine rotational behavior and (3) dose-dependently inhibited SKF 82958 rotational behavior with the highest SCH 23390 doses completely blocking SKF 82958 rotational behavior in some animals. These data provide further evidence that dopamine release in the midbrain may act as a neuromodulator of motor behavior, and that D1 receptors play a functional role in this process.
To what extent do premenstrual and interictal dysphoric disorder overlap? significance for therapy

Background: Premenstrual dysphoria has shown a significant relationship to epilepsy, and its symptoms correspond to those of the interictal dysphoric disorder. The established treatment for interictal dysphoric disorder is explored as an effective treatment for premenstrual dysphoria. Methods: Women with premenstrual dysphoria (the majority with epilepsy) were evaluated and treated systematically. Results: Premenstrual disorder responded well to the combination of antidepressant and antiepileptic medication. Conclusion: Concordance of symptomatology between interictal and premenstrual dysphoric disorder may extend to treatment. Limitations: The treatment needs to be evaluated in a large series of women without epilepsy. Clinical relevance: A novel understanding and treatment of premenstrual dysphoria is suggested.
Anthracenedicarboximides as air-stable N-channel semiconductors for thin-film transistors with remarkable current on-off ratios.

A new n-type semiconductor family for organic field-effect transistors (FETs), based on core-unsubstituted and core-cyanated anthracenedicarboximides, is reported. By tuning electron affinity, these materials exhibit good electron-transport properties and stability in ambient as well as very high Ion/Ioff ratios. Unoptimized N,N‘-di-n-octyl-9,10-dicyano-2,3:6,7-anthracenedicarboximide (ADI8-CN2)−based FETs exhibit good electron mobilities (μe = 0.02 cm2/(V s)) and very high Ion/Ioff > 107 in ambient conditions.
Self-organizing pattern formation on the combs of honey bee colonies

A characteristic pattern of brood, pollen, and honey develops on the combs of a honey bee colony, consisting of three distinct concentric regions — a central brood area, a surrounding rim of pollen, and a large peripheral region of honey. That the pattern is consistent and well-organized suggests its adaptive value for the colony, yet the mechanism of pattern formation has not been elucidated. Two hypotheses are presented. The blueprint (or template) hypothesis suggests that there are particular locations specified for the deposition of eggs, pollen and honey, i.e., the pattern develops as a consequence of the bees filling in the comb according to the orderly arrangement latent in the blueprint. An alternative is the “self-organization” hypothesis: pattern emerges spontaneously from dynamic interactions among the processes of depositing and removing brood, pollen and honey, without a plan specifying spatial relationships. Computer simulation of the self-organization hypothesis demonstrates how the colony-level pattern can emerge and how, using only local cues and simple behavioral rules, the bees can create an overall, global pattern of which they have no concept.
On the pulsation hypothesis for massive red supergiants.

Red supergiant pulsar hypothesis using Q values derived from stellar luminosity, period, and spectrum
Random number generators in genetic algorithms for unconstrained and constrained optimization

Abstract Presented here is a genetic algorithm that computes an approximate solution to constrained and unconstrained global optimization problems. This technique has been implemented using several pseudo- and quasi-random number generators and the results of several test examples are presented. The performance of this technique is based on a ranked comparison of relative error.
Total Joint Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteopetrosis: A Report of 5 Cases and Review of the Literature

Osteopetrosis, an inherited disorder of bone metabolism, is associated with multiple musculoskeletal complications. Two of these problems, osteoarthritis and periarticular nonunions, may be considered for treatment with total joint arthroplasty. However, there is little information on the early and longer-term results, complications, and technical difficulties related to performing arthroplasty in patients with osteopetrosis. We report the results of 3 total hip arthroplasties and 2 total knee arthroplasties in patients with osteopetrosis. These cases in combination with a literature review provide further insight into results, complications, and technical challenges of performing total joint arthroplasty in patients with osteopetrosis.
Polarized-proton elastic scattering from polarized 13C.

The p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${+}^{13}$C\ensuremath{\rightarrow} (polarized target) elastic-scattering spin observables ${\mathit{A}}_{000\mathit{n}}$ (target analyzing power) and ${\mathit{A}}_{00\mathit{n}\mathit{n}}$ (spin-correlation parameter) were determined at 497.5 MeV over the laboratory angular range 12\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with statistical uncertainties typically \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}(0.02--0.06). Results of distorted-wave Born approximation calculations, based on either the relativistic or the nonrelativistic impulse approximation, are in reasonable agreement with these new data.
Diagnostic value of anemia, red blood cell morphology, and reticulocyte count for sickle cell disease.

Study objective: To determine the diagnostic value of anemia, RBC morphology, and reticulocyte count for differentiating patients with sickle cell trait from those with sickle cell disease, who have acute medical or surgical conditions and a positive sickle cell screen. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: A midwest urban children's hospital with 220 beds and 36, 000 emergency department visits per year. Participants: One hundred six patients with sickle cell trait and 152 patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. Results: Anemia was observed significantly more often in patients with sickle cell disease compared with sickle cell trait ( P Conclusion: Absence of anemia alone does not exclude the diagnosis of sickle cell disease in children less than 4 years old. To differentiate trait from sickle cell disease, we recommend determination of not only hemoglobin adjusted for age but also of RBC morphology and reticulocyte count on all children presenting with acute medical and surgical conditions and a positive sickle cell screen.
The Electronic Structure of the Normal Nitrous Oxide Molecule

The choice of two of the three Lewis structures appears reasonable in the light of the rule, expressed by many authors, that stable electronic structures tend to leave atoms neutral or with small charges on assigning electrons to nuclei by splitting shared electron pairs. The central nitrogen atom in all three structures is N+, this being required in order for it to form four covalent bonds. The first two structures, N -N +0 and N N+O-, involve only single charges, and are essentially equivalent, contributing equally to the normal state, while the third, N--N+O+, with a doubly-charged ion at one end, and two positive ions in juxtaposition, is less stable, and is not appreciably involved in the normal molecule.
Assembly-disassembly of actin bundles in starfish oocytes: An analysis of actin-associated proteins in the isolated cortex☆

One rapid response of starfish oocytes to the maturation-inducing hormone, 1-methyladenine (1-MA), is the formation of transient actin-filled spikes on the cell surface. The presence and distribution of G- and F-actin and several actin-associated proteins were examined in cortices isolated from oocytes before, during, and after spike formation by using antibodies and the F-actin-specific stain, NBD-phallacidin. Before 1-MA addition, staining with antiactin and NBD-phallacidin indicates that most of the actin in the cortex is either G-actin or oligomeric actin, but rather little is F-actin. Application of the hormone results in the conversion and redistribution of this cortical actin into large bundles of F-actin which form the cores of spikes. When the spikes recede, F-actin disappears, and the amount of all forms of actin bound in the cortex appears to decrease. Antibodies to sea urchin egg myosin, fascin and a 220-kDa protein were used to examine these actin-associated proteins during the times that the organization of actin changes. Myosin and the 220-kDa protein are bound to the cortex and uniformly distributed before 1-MA application while fascin appears to be unbound. When spikes appear after 1-MA addition, fascin and the 220-kDa protein are localized coincidently with the spikes, whereas myosin remains uniformly distributed throughout the cortex and is excluded from the spikes. After spike resorption, fascin and the 220-kDa protein appear to lose their cortical binding while myosin retains its localization unchanged. These results indicate that actin, fascin and the 220-kDa protein undergo major organizational changes in the cortex in response to 1-MA.
Alternative formulations of the paging problem for cache with read through

Cache memory is now widely accepted as a cost effective way of improving system performance. Significant reductions in the average data access time have been achieved using very simplistic paging algorithms, such as LRU, implemented in hardware. In this paper we wish to investigate more sophisticated algorithms for the management of intelligent cache systems.
Left ventricular outflow tract tachycardia originating from the right coronary cusp: identification of location of origin by endocardial noncontact activation mapping from the right ventricular outflow tract.

Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia. Idiopathic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) tachycardia has been shown to originate from a supravalvular site in some patients. Considerable attention recently has focused on identifying this variant of LVOT tachycardia on 12-lead ECG. We report the case of 15-year-old boy in whom a noncontact three-dimensional mapping electrode deployed in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) assisted in identifying a supravalvular LVOT tachycardia. Observation of two early breakthrough sites in the RVOT and right ventricular septum suggested a right aortic cusp origin of the tachycardia. Pace mapping in the right aortic cusp identified a successful ablation site.
Cuprates as doped U ( 1 ) spin liquids

We explore theoretically the notion that the underdoped cuprates may be viewed as doped $U(1)$ spin liquid Mott insulators. We pursue a conceptually clear version of this idea that naturally incorporates several aspects of the phenomenology of the cuprates. We argue that the low-doping region may be fruitfully discussed in terms of the universal physics associated with a chemical-potential-tuned Mott transition between a $U(1)$ spin liquid insulator and a $d$-wave superconductor. A precise characterization of the deconfinement in the $U(1)$ spin liquid is provided by the emergence of a conserved gauge flux. This extra conservation law should hold at least approximately in the underdoped materials. Experiments that could possibly detect this conserved gauge flux are proposed.
Modeling spectral effects in Earth-observing satellite instruments

We present a simple, spreadsheet-based model to examine the effects of the spectral response functions of individual instrument bands on their measurements of top-of-the-atmosphere radiances. The model uses spectral radiances at 1 nm resolution from the near ultraviolet to the shortwave infrared at wavelengths from 300 nm to 2500 nm, convolving them with the spectral responses of the bands to calculate band-average spectral radiances. For on-orbit calibration purposes, the model uses nominal solar irradiance and lunar albedo spectra to provide saturation, diffuser, and lunar radiances for the bands. For prelaunch calibration purposes, the model uses a 2850K Planck function, normalized to a maximum value of unity, to approximate the spectral shape from a laboratory integrating sphere source. For Earth-exiting radiances, the model uses nominal radiance spectra over a blue ocean, a desert, and a grassland. These spectra are provided with the effects of atmospheric trace gas absorption removed. In addition, the model includes a trace gas transmittance spectrum that can be modified as a function of airmass. Currently, a spectrum with an airmass of 2.4 is used. In the model, this transmittance spectrum is combined with the three Earth-exiting radiance spectra to provide top-of-the-atmosphere radiance spectra both with and without trace gas absorption features. Here we use the model to investigate three types of spectral response features. The first study involves the out-of-band response from one of the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) bands. Using the model, we demonstrate a technique to correct for the effect of that response on measurements of Earth-exiting radiances. The second study shows the effect of in-band spectral differences in an instrument band with multiple detectors. In this example, the effects are small, but differ with the type of Earth scene and with the amount of atmospheric trace gas absorption. On-orbit corrections for portions these detector-to-detector spectral differences are possible. However, at some level these differences will cause a residual striping in the band's measurements that cannot be removed. The final study examines measurements by a proposed multispectral grating-based spectrometer of the wavelength region near 760 nm, where there is a substantial absorption feature from atmospheric oxygen. Based on the bandwidth and wavelength spacing of the instrument's bands, we investigate the use of the absorption feature to provide a wavelength calibration for the instrument. This model provides a tool for use in the design of new satellite instruments. In addition, it is possible to use the model to help mitigate the effects of actual spectral response features in instrument bands after those features are revealed during prelaunch characterization.
Cutthroat Trout Avoidance of Metals and Conditions Characteristic of a Mining Waste Site: Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho

Abstract The South Fork basin of the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, has been an area of heavy mining activity since the 1880s. The mining operations have resulted in elevated concentrations of metals in surface water, most notably cadmium, lead, zinc, and, to a lesser extent, copper. The metals affected surface water quality downstream in the Coeur d'Alene basin and are suspected to be one of the primary reasons for the reduction in populations of native westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi. The avoidance response of a surrogate species, Snake River cutthroat trout O. clarki (unnamed subspecies), was evaluated against conditions simulating those in the Coeur d'Alene River basin. Cutthroat trout avoided a metals mixture of these concentrations: Cd (0.30 μg/L), Cu (6.0 μg/L), Pb (0.6 μg/L), and Zn (28 μg/L). The avoidance response to either Cu or Zn alone was similar to the avoidance response to the mixture, suggesting that avoidance to the mixture was due to these metals. After acclimation to ...
Breast carcinoma with choriocarcinomatous features

Abstract Although breast carcinomas have been shown to produce various ectopic substances, including human chorionic gonadotropin, it is rare to identify morphologic differentiation compatible with the hormone produced by a tumor. Presently, only eight cases of breast carcinoma with focal choriocarcinomatous differentiation have been reported in the literature. This article describes the pathologic findings, immunohistochemical profile, and clinical course in two additional cases of this unusual variant of breast carcinoma. In the first case, the tumor had morphologic features suggestive of medullary carcinoma, and the patient is doing well 12 months after presentation. In the second case, the tumor was locally advanced at presentation with histologic features consistent with metaplastic carcinoma having squamous, sarcomatoid, and choriocarcinomatous elements. The patient presented with extensive multifocal metastases 6 months after the initial presentation and is not responding well to standard or experimental treatment regimen. Immunostaining for the β subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin was localized mostly, but not entirely, to multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast-like giant cells within both tumors.
Is Crohn's disease caused by a mycobacterium? Comparisons with leprosy, tuberculosis, and Johne's disease

Although Crohn's disease is considered to be autoimmune in origin, there is increasing evidence that it may have an infectious cause. The most plausible candidate is Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Intriguingly, Koch's postulates may have been fulfilled for MAP and Crohn's disease, even though they still have not been met for Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy. In animals MAP causes Johne's disease, a chronic wasting intestinal diarrhoeal disease evocative of Crohn's disease. Johne's disease occurs in wild and domesticated animals, including dairy herds. Viable MAP is found in human and cow milk, and is not reliably killed by standard pasteurisation. MAP is ubiquitous in the environment including in potable water. Since cell-wall-deficient MAP usually cannot be identified by Ziehl-Neelsen staining, identification of MAP in human beings requires culture or detection of MAP DNA or RNA. If infectious in origin, Crohn's disease should be curable with appropriate antibiotics. Many studies that argue against a causative role for MAP in Crohn's disease have used antibiotics that are inactive against MAP. However, trials that include macrolide antibiotics indicate that a cure for Crohn's disease is possible. The necessary length of therapy remains to be determined. Mycobacterial diseases have protean clinical manifestations, as does Crohn's disease. The necessity of stratifying Crohn's disease into two clinical manifestations (perforating and non-perforating) when interpreting the results of antibiotic therapy is discussed. Rational studies to evaluate appropriate therapies to cure Crohn's disease are proposed.
Mechanical Performance of Generic and Proprietary Enema Bottles

Enemas containing the anti-inflammatory drug mesalamine are an effective treatment for a distal form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). An IBD patient discovered that a generic mesalamine enema was more difficult and painful to use than the proprietary version. A study was initiated to determine whether these differences were measurable in the laboratory using conventional mechanical test equipment. Differences among three bottle types (the proprietary brand and two generic versions) were quantified by mechanical testing. The compressive force required to squeeze the drug from each bottle was measured, tensile testing was performed on the bottle wall, and stiffness of the nozzle tips was studied via bend testing. The thickness of the bottle walls and the inner diameter (ID) of the nozzles were also recorded. The work required to expel the drug from the generic versions during bottle compression was significantly greater than for the proprietary (p <0.01). This was likely due to the wall thickness being greater in the generics; the elastic moduli of the three bottles were similar. The ID of the nozzles was smaller for the generic bottles, suggesting additional resistance to flow. Increased flow resistance was also observed for bottles in which lubricant obstructed the nozzle opening. The work required to bend the nozzle was greater in the generics than in the proprietary (p<0.01). These differences between the generic and proprietary bottles are consistent with the patient's subjective experience. Poor bottle performance may adversely affect patient compliance with this treatment. Improved bottle design (such as tighter tolerances for wall thickness, nozzle ID, and nozzle stiffness) and manufacturing controls (e.g., preventing the nozzle lubricant from impeding delivery of the drug) could be achieved through the development of a standard specification for enema bottles. An optimal bottle design is suggested.
Physical Mechanisms for Biological Effects of Ultrasound at Low-Intensity Levels

Much of the recent increased interest in bioeffects of ultrasound stems from the astounding success of ultrasound in diagnostic medicine. Because it is so widely used in examining pregnancies, it is now to be expected that much of the future population of the world will have been exposed to ultrasound before birth. As the societal impact of any environmental agent increases, so does public concern about its safety. Hence it is not surprising that questions are being raised from various quarters about possible risks from medical ultrasound, even though its safety record is excellent. It is necessary to respond to these questions now, and continuously, although most of us would very likely prefer to have more knowledge before passing judgements. In order to respond, a number of individuals and groups have turned to the scientific literature for help and have sought to form conclusions based on the published data. In Fig. 1. is a generalization arrived at by the Bioeffects Committee of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). It was approved by the AIUM in 1976 and again, slightly revised, in 1978.
On Government Structure and Spending: The Effects of Management Form and Separation of Powers

Summary. This paper contributes to the on-going debate over how government form affects spending. It broadens the previous focus on elected versus professional management to address the separation of legislative and executive powers. The empirical results reveal spending differences between governments with separation of powers and those with unified powers only for Southern counties of the US. In addition, for all regions and time-periods, professional or elected executive management does not significantly affect either municipal or county spending.
Complex vascular reconstruction of abdominal aorta and its branches in the pediatric population

Abstract Background Subdiaphragmatic aortic diseases in children are rare and form a heterogeneous group. The pediatric patient presents unique challenges because of their size, concerns about proper timing and conduit for repair, and anticipating expected growth. Methods We performed a retrospective review of operations involving the abdominal aorta and called branches in children between January 2003 and April 2007, focusing on the details of preoperative evaluation, operative technique, and outcomes. The pertinent literature is reviewed. Results Twenty-two children (age, 2 days to 17 years) were included. Mean follow-up was 28 months. Aneurysms were seen in 5 children; the remainder had stenotic disease. Aneurysms were typically asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally, whereas stenotic lesions most commonly presented with hypertension (HTN). Fourteen complex vascular repairs were performed. All of the children with aneurysms underwent prompt surgery. The children with stenoses had operations for poorly controlled HTN, claudication, and/or mesenteric ischemia. Most patients with stenotic disease were treated medically for HTN and were followed closely while awaiting optimal size and availability of autogenous conduit for reconstruction. Cryopreserved allograft was used in 3 of the aneurysm operations. Dacron grafts were used to repair 5 aortic stenotic lesions. Renal and mesenteric revascularizations were performed with saphenous vein grafts. Pediatric, general, and transplant surgeons and nephrologic and cardiologic teams were integral to evaluation and management. No major operative complications occurred. Conclusion Proper management of pediatric aortic vascular disease requires a multidisciplinary approach. It is best to use autologous grafts whenever possible. Children with stenotic disease should be treated medically for hypertension until they are large enough for an autologous graft reconstruction. Children with aneurysmal disease are at risk for embolism and thrombosis and therefore usually treated immediately using artificial graft material, if necessary.
Food Prices, Expectations, and Inflation

This paper explores a hypothesis about the formation of inflation expectations, popular among policy makers, which states that economic agents place a greater weight on the recent behavior of food prices when forming expectations than expenditure shares would indicate. This hypothesis is termed the biased expectations hypothesis (BEH). Using a stochastic fixprice-flexprice model of the U.S. economy, I derive the implications of the BEH for the overall rate of inflation and demonstrate that a bias in the formation of expectations may be Muth-rational. The empirical results suggest that there is no bias in the formation of expectations of any consequence for policy.
Trace eyeblink conditioning is impaired in α7 but not in β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are essentially involved in learning and memory. A neurobiologically and behaviorally well-characterized measure of learning and memory, eyeblink classical conditioning, is sensitive to disruptions in acetylcholine neurotransmission. The two most common forms of eyeblink classical conditioning – the delay and trace paradigms - differentially engage forebrain areas densely-populated with nAChRs. The present study used genetically modified mice to investigate the effects of selective nAChR subunit deletion on delay and trace eyeblink classical conditioning. α7 and β2 nAChR subunit knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type littermates were trained for 10 daily sessions in a 500 ms delay or 500 ms trace eyeblink conditioning task, matched for the interstimulus interval (ISI) between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) onset. Impairments in conditioned responding were found in α7 KO mice trained in trace – but not delay – eyeblink conditioning. Relative to littermate controls, β2 KO mice were unimpaired in the trace task but displayed higher levels of conditioned responding in delay eyeblink conditioning. Elevated conditioned response levels in delay-conditioned β2 KOs corresponded to elevated levels of alpha responding in this group. These findings suggest that α7 nAChRs play a role in normal acquisition of 500 ms trace eyeblink classical conditioning in mice. The prominent distribution of α7 nAChRs in the hippocampus and other forebrain regions may account for these genotype-specific acquisition effects in this hippocampus-dependent trace paradigm.
Expression profiling of substantia nigra in Parkinson disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism.

Background: Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Genes contributing to rare mendelian forms of PD have been identified, but the genes involved in the more common idiopathic PD are not well understood. Objectives: To identify genes important to PD pathogenesis using microarrays and to investigate their potential to aid in diagnosing parkinsonism. Design: Microarray expression analysis of postmortem substantia nigra tissue. Patients: Substantia nigra samples from 14 unrelated individuals were analyzed, including 6 with PD, 2 with progressive supranuclear palsy, 1 with frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism, and 5 control subjects. Main Outcome Measures: Identification of genes significantly differentially expressed (P.05) using Affymetrix U133A microarrays. Results: There were 142 genes that were significantly differentially expressed between PD cases and controls and 96 genes that were significantly differentially expressed between the combined progressive supranuclear palsy and frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism cases and controls. The 12 genes common to all 3 disorders may be related to secondary effects. Hierarchical cluster analysis after exclusion of these 12 genes differentiated 4 of the 6 PD cases from progressive supranuclear palsy and frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism. Conclusions: Four main molecular pathways are altered in PD substantia nigra: chaperones, ubiquitination, vesicle trafficking, and nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. These results correlate well with expression analyses performed in several PD animal models. Expression analyses have promising potential to aid in postmortem diagnostic evaluation of parkinsonism. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:917-921
Making the power grid more intelligent

Summary form only given. This paper focuses on the applications of intelligent techniques for improving the performances of the power system controllers. Intelligent control techniques lay the foundation of the next generation of nonlinear controllers and have the advantage of further improving the controller's performance by incorporating heuristics and expert knowledge into its design. Most of these techniques are independent of any mathematical model of the power system, which proves to be a considerable advantage.
A network-based distributed slack bus model for DGs in unbalanced power flow studies

This paper revisits the concept of a single slack bus in power flow solvers for distribution systems to accommodate the anticipated growth of distributed generators (DGs) in unbalanced distribution systems. It introduces a distributed slack bus model through scalar participation factors by applying the concept of generator domains. The participation factors are incorporated into the three-phase power flow equations, and a Newton-Raphson solver is discussed and implemented. Simulation results on systems with a different number of DGs and different levels of DG penetration are obtained and studied.
Advanced band sharpening study

Band sharpening involving multi-sensor and multi-resolution imagery is an excellent means of utilizing the complementary nature of various data types. The synergistic use of these imagery types can provide additional information that is not independently available in each source. In the case of band sharpening, a higher spatial resolution panchromatic image is fused with a lower spatial resolution multispectral image. This fusion creates a product with the spectral characteristics of the multispectral image and a spatial resolution approaching that of the panchromatic image. The goal of this project was to evaluate MSI band sharpening in four research areas. The first area explored the 'effective ground sample distance' and relative utility of multispectral imagery sharpened with panchromatic imagery. The second area examined interactions between data compression and the band sharpening process. The third area determined the effectiveness of band sharpening using a pair of high resolution sharpening bands covering different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The fourth area determined the effect of band sharpening on the accuracy of automated exploitation algorithms such as terrain categorization and normalized difference vegetation index.
Generalized chorea associated with chronic subdural hematomas

Two patients with chronic bilateral subdural hematomas developed symmetrical generalized choreiform movements. In one patient the chorea disappeared after evacuation of the hematomas, and in the other the movement improved. The latter patient has a family history of Huntington's disease.
An integrated active microstrip reflectarray element with an internal amplifier

A new active microstrip reflectarray element (unit cell) with an internal microwave integrated circuit amplifier is introduced. The amplifier resides in a small slot within the footprint of the square patch antenna and is connected between the feed points for the patch's orthogonal polarizations. This element results in reduced array element spacing, reduced transmission line losses through elimination of long feed lines, and a simplified fabrication process compared to other active reflectarray unit cells. Patch geometries with several slot shapes are studied with simulations to arrive at an antenna configuration with good return loss and isolation characteristics. The stability and gain of the system are analyzed over frequency. Measured radiation pattern and gain data for a single element and a small array agree well with predictions and demonstrate the element's capabilities. Limitations of the active element, approaches to mitigate these limitations, and directions for future work are discussed.
Application of Quasi-Static Magnetic Reciprocity to Finite Element Models of the MEG Lead-Field

The reconstruction of neuronal current sources from magneto- and/or electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) measurements is referred to as an inverse problem. A precursor to most inverse algorithms is a forward transfer, or lead-field, matrix, in which the rows correspond to MEG and/or EEG measurement sites, and each column captures the linear response to a particular unit source. Simple models of the head, such as concentric spheres, result in analytic expressions for the lead-field. More realistic head models, such as those based on medical imagery, require numeric simulations. A straightforward, though inefficient, way to obtain the lead-field is to perform one forward simulation for each source, resulting in one column of the lead-field. For MEG/EEG inverse problems, however, the potential sources (rows) far outnumber the measurement sites (columns). Two approaches have been described for computing the EEG lead-field with a number of forward simulations equal to the number of measurement rows, rather than the number of source columns. One of these approaches is based on the principle of electric reciprocity, and the other approach is based on linear-algebraic manipulations of the forward problem. For the MEG lead-field, only a linear-algebraic approach has been described for numeric approaches such as the finite element method. This paper describes a reciprocal approach for the MEG lead-field and discusses implementation details for both approaches.
Phylogeny of Hinterhubera Group and Related Genera (Hinterhuberinae: Astereae) Based on the nrDNA ITS and ETS Sequences

The phylogenetic relationships of six out of seven genera from the informal Hinterhubera group (Hinterhuberinae) and nine other subtribes in tribe Astereae primarily with Southern Hemisphere distributions were studied using internal and external transcribed spacer region nuclear DNA (ITS and ETS) sequence data. Bayesian and parsimony analyses were conducted on both datasets, independently and combined. Topologies resulting from the ITS and combined data sets were highly congruent, while the ETS based phylogenies were poorly resolved, probably because the characters are fewer and less informative. The monophyly of the Hinterhubera group was not confirmed, nor were the monophyly of the subtribes Podocominae, Lagenophorinae, Grangeinae, and Asterinae as delimited by Nesom and Robinson. Instead, our results suggest a closer relationship among the taxa from similar geographic areas. Within the Hinterhubera group, the monophyly of the genera has been confirmed. Westoniella was sister to Laennecia (Podocominae), while Hinterhubera was sister to Laestadia and Blakiella. The radiate Diplostephium and Guynesomia were disparately placed in the southern hemisphere clade and not related to the other radiate genera of Hinterhuberinae. Present analyses suggest that dioecy in Aztecaster and Baccharidinae evolved independently as hypothesized by Nesom. Archibaccharis (Baccharidinae) was sister to Plagiocheilus (Grangeinae). The analyses of ITS and ETS data, and Bayesian analysis of the combined dataset, resolved Baccharidinae as non monophyletic. Constraint analyses forcing a monophyletic Baccharidinae, with Plagiocheilus sister to Archibaccharis, did not reject monophyly of the subtribe.
Handbook of Test Development

The development and maintenance of tests, especially large-scale tests of knowledge, skills, and ability, is a complex, long-running, and resource-intensive endeavor. As the editors of the Handbook...
Selecting Patients for Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Severe Head Injury

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is being increasingly utilized in the management of severe head injury (Miller et al. 1977). However, it is an invasive technique associated with a certain morbidity. Furthermore, limitations in terms of equipment or personnel sometimes render uniform monitoring of all patients with severe head injury impractical. Defining subgroups of patients that are a higher risk for developing intracranial hypertension, and therefore more likely to benefit from ICP monitoring, is consequently of considerable value. This study was designed primarily to establish definite guidelines for patient selection.