cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 3. Analgesics (Peripheral and Central), Endogenous Opioios and Their Receptors

Publisher Summary Study related to the development of new and improved analgesics has proceeded forward on several different fronts. The acceptance of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as effective analgesics has accelerated the search for more specific peripherally acting analgesics. The search for superior, orally effective, centrally acting analgesics has intensified and several potential candidates are under clinical evaluation. The opioid peptides and their receptors continue to be widely studied. There is now overwhelming evidence for the presence of two distinct populations of opioid receptors, the p-(morphine) receptor and the 6-(enkephalin) receptor, and there is good evidence for the existence of a third receptor, the K-receptor. Opinion is given on the various studies done on these receptors. Under clinical studies, the efficacy of various centrally acting analgesics like propiram, meptazinol, and ciramadol in treatment and of the peripherally acting analgesics, such as Fenoprofen, Nalfon®; Ibuprofen, Motrin®; Naproxen, Anaprox®; and Zomepirac, Zomax® are considered. For specific absorption rate (SAR) studies, it is stated U-50,488 was reported to be a prototype of a new class of opioid analgesics with reduced physical dependence liability. Its analgesic potency (approximately one-half to that of morphine in the mouse writhing test) varies according to the intensity of the nociceptive stimulus. Four diastereomeric conformationally restricted analogs of fentanyl were found to have only weak analgesic activity. Practical total syntheses of the morphine alkaloids and the thebaine-based derivatives appear to have been achieved. The studies on opiod peptides, enkephalin analogs, enkephalin metabolism, and opioid receptors and the K-receptors, δ-receptors, ɛ-receptors, and antagonists are discussed in this chapter.
The Cyclic Behavior of the U.S. Lodging Industry

A recently constructed data series suggests that the hotel industry has experienced two rather large building booms from 1969 to 1994. By contrast, hotel demand seems to move closely with the United States economy, at a much higher cyclic frequency. Occupancy and room rental rates follow the slower movements in supply. A structural model is estimated over this series which displays long lags between occupancy and room rental rate changes, as well as between room rental rates and new supply. These lags create a system of difference equations that is close to being dynamically unstable. Forecasting forward with smooth economic growth, yields a new and even larger future building boom.
Anomalously fast decay of LH-HH exciton Raman coherence

Three-beam four-wave mixing measurements of dephasing of the light-hole to heavy-hole exciton Raman coherence in GaAs quantum wells show that it is anomalously fast compared to dephasing of the optical coherences.
Using genetic algorithms for Spectrally Modulated Spectrally Encoded waveform design

A genetic algorithm (GA) is used to design Spectrally Modulated, Spectrally Encoded (SMSE) waveforms while characterizing the impact of parametric variation on coexistence. As recently proposed, the SMSE framework supports cognition-based, software defined radio (SDR) applications and is well-suited for coexistence analysis. For initial proof-of-concept, two SMSE waveform parameters (number of carriers and carrier bandwidth) are optimized in a coexistent scenario to characterize SMSE impact on Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) bit error performance. Given optimization via GA techniques have been successfully applied in many engineering fields, as well as operations research, they are viable candidates for robust SMSE waveform design. As demonstrated, the analytic SMSE framework is well-suited for parametric optimization via GA techniques.
The Draper Loom in New England Textiles: A Reply

Professor Sandberg in a very helpful comment has accepted the main conclusions of my paper on die economic rationality of New England mill owners with respect to the adoption of the Draper loom but has raised certain questions as to my handling of some of the data used to reach this conclusion and of the very representativeness of the data themselves.
Hippocampal output area CA1 broadcasts a generalized novelty signal during an object-place recognition task.

Animals display an innate preference for novelty, spending more time exploring both novel objects and familiar objects in novel locations. This increase in exploration is thought to allow the animal to gather the information necessary to encode new experiences. Despite extensive evidence that increased exploration following spatial change requires the hippocampus, the patterns of hippocampal activity that support this behavior remain unknown. We examined activity in hippocampal output area CA1 and one synapse upstream in area CA3 while freely behaving rats performed an object-place recognition task. We found that the presence of novelty substantially altered activity in CA1, but not in CA3. During exploration of displaced familiar objects and novel objects in unexpected locations, CA1 place cells showed robust increases in firing rate. These firing rate increases persisted during sharp wave ripples, when place cell representations of previous experiences are replayed. Unexpectedly, increases in CA1 activity were not spatially restricted to regions of the environment that underwent change, indicating a generalized novelty signal. We suggest that hippocampal area CA1 broadcasts the presence of novelty, rather than signaling what is novel, and simultaneously becomes more plastic, allowing the integration of new information into previously stored memories.
Design of an intervention addressing multiple levels of influence on dietary and activity patterns of low-income, postpartum women

Low-income, multi-ethnic women are at elevated risk for obesity and chronic diseases, yet influences at different levels may act as barriers to changing risk behaviors. Following the birth of a child, childrearing and social isolation can exacerbate these influences. The social ecological framework integrates behavior-change strategies at different levels, providing a strong theoretical base for developing interventions in this high-risk population. The primary purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to test the efficacy of an educational model delivered by community-based paraprofessionals in improving diet, activity and weight loss among new mothers over a 12-month postpartum period and a 6-month maintenance period. This model fosters institutional change to support behavior changes influenced at intrapersonal and interpersonal levels, through collaboration with federal programs for low-income families: the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). Participants are randomized to the Usual Care, e.g. WIC nutrition and breastfeeding education, or Enhanced EFNEP intervention arm, consisting of Usual WIC Care plus a sustained, multi-component intervention including home visits, group classes and monthly telephone counseling. If shown to be efficacious, this program will be readily sustainable through existing federal agencies.
Deswelling Mechanisms of Surface-Grafted Poly(NIPAAm) Brush: Molecular Dynamics Simulation Approach

Technologies ranging from solvent extraction and drug delivery to tissue engineering are beginning to benefit from the unique ability of “smart polymers” to undergo controllable structural changes in response to external stimuli. The prototype is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (P(NIPAAm)) which exhibits an abrupt and reversible hydrophilic to hydrophobic transition above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of ∼305 K. We report here molecular dynamics simulations to show the deswelling mechanisms of the hydrated surface-grafted P(NIPAAm) brush at various temperatures such as 275, 290, 320, 345, and 370 K. The deswelling of the P(NIPAAm) brush is clearly observed above the lower critical solution temperature below which the P(NIPAAm) brush is associated with water molecules stably. By simulating the poly(acrylamide) brush as a reference system having the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior with the same conditions employed in the P(NIPAAm) brush simulations, we confirmed that the des...
EFFECT OF SMOKING TEMPERATURES ON ACCEPTABILITY AND STORAGE STABILITY OF SMOKED SPANISH MACKEREL

The effect of temperature and smoking schedules on the quality of Spanish mackerel was evaluated using a pilot plant model of a commercial smokehouse system. Although the final moisture contents of the products are the same, the product smoked only at high temperature (160°F) had the softest texture. Smoking only at low temperature (100°F) did not develop surface color thus resulting in a product having the poorest appearance. A process which combined smoking at both low and high temperature at 60% RH gave a product having excellent texture and appearance. High temperature smoking above 160°F darkened the surface excessively and reduced product acceptability. A holding period after brining and between the cold and hot smoking stages in the process improved appearance and smoke flavor. Water phase salt content judged to be the optimum saltiness was 3.7%. Microbiological counts in the product of the combination cold and hot smoking process were very low (< 10/g). Smoking at 90–100°F did not allow an increase in surface microbiological count. The final step in the process when carried out at 160°F inactivated most of the vegetative microorganisms inoculated on the surface. Storage life of Spanish mackerel produced by cold followed by hot smoking (160°F) was 45 days at 38°F and at least 22 wk at 10°F. This process does not meet the 30 min at 180°F minimum temperature requirement in the Good Manufacturing Practice Regulation of the Food and Drug Administration for smoked fish; therefore, frozen storage and distribution are recommended.
Natural, Synthetic, and Blended Fiber Contents: An Investigation of Consumer Preferences and Perceptions

Although fiber content is one of the most important factors influencing consumers' clothing purchase decisions, little research has been conducted to substantiate a preference for natural, syntheti...
Too Frail for Surgery? Initial Results of a Large Multidisciplinary Prospective Study Examining Preoperative Variables Predictive of Poor Surgical Outcomes

Background The decision as to whether a patient can tolerate surgery is often subjective and can misjudge a patient's true physiologic state. The concept of frailty is an important assessment tool in the geriatric medical population, but has only recently gained attention in surgical patients. Frailty potentially represents a measureable phenotype, which, if quantified with a standardized protocol, could reliably estimate the risk of adverse surgical outcomes. Study Design Frailty was prospectively evaluated in the clinic setting in patients consenting for major general, oncologic, and urologic procedures. Evaluation included an established assessment tool (Hopkins Frailty Score), self-administered questionnaires, clinical assessment of performance status, and biochemical measures. Primary outcome was 30-day postoperative complications. Results There were189 patients evaluated: 117 from urology, 52 from surgical oncology, and 20 from general surgery clinics. Mean age was 62 years, 59.8% were male, and 71.4% were Caucasian. Patients who scored intermediately frail or frail on the Hopkins Frailty Score were more likely to experience postoperative complications (odds ratio [OR] 2.07, 95% CI 1.05 to 4.08, p = 0.036). Of all other preoperative assessment tools, only higher hemoglobin (p = 0.033) had a significant association and was protective for 30-day complications. Conclusions The aggregate score of patients as "intermediately frail or frail" on the Hopkins Frailty Score was predictive of a patient experiencing a postoperative complication. This preoperative assessment tool may prove beneficial when weighing the risks and benefits of surgery, allowing objective data to guide surgical decision-making and patient counseling.
Interventions that increase or decrease the likelihood of a meaningful improvement in physical health in patients with sciatica.

Background and Purpose. The purpose of our study was to determine whether physical therapy interventions predicted meaningful short-term improvement in physical health for patients diagnosed with sciatica. Subjects. We examined data from 1,804 patients (age: X=52.1 years, SD=15.6 years; 65.7% female, 34.3% male) who had been diagnosed with sciatica and who had completed an episode of outpatient physical therapy. Methods. Principal components factor analysis was used to define intervention categories from specific treatments applied during the plan of care. A nested-model logistic regression analysis identified intervention categories that predicted meaningful improvement in physical health. Meaningful improvement was defined as a change of 14 or more points on the Physical Component Scale-12 (PCS-12) summary score. Results. Twenty-six percent (n=473) of patients had a meaningful improvement in physical health. Improvement was more likely in patients receiving joint mobility interventions (odds ratio [OR]=2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.5–4.4) or general exercise (OR=1.5, 95% CI=1.2–2.0). Patients who received spasm reduction interventions were less likely to improve (OR=0.77, 95% CI=0.60–0.98). Discussion and Conclusion. Physical therapists should emphasize the use of joint mobility interventions and exercise when treating patients with sciatica, whereas interventions for spasm reduction should be avoided.
Overstimulation can create health problems due to increases in PI3K/Akt/GSK3 insensitivity and GSK3 activity

Aging is linked to decrease of the body cell use of growth hormone (GH) and thyroxine, whereas the decrease is via “death hormones” inhibition? This study proposes different viewpoints. Since interleukin 17 receptor C (IL17RC) is highly expressed in tissues from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients, IL17RC signaling pathways are explored to evaluate Wnts/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and complement activity, which are pathological factors in AMD. IL17RC overexpression or VEGF treatment was performed in two cell lines for up to two-day. Real-time Quantitative PCR, confocal microscopy, immune-blot, MTT assay, etc. measured downstream effects. IL17RC overexpression increases Wnts and VEGF that forms complexes with Wnt-signaling components. VEGF or the Wnt-signaling components interacting with C3 suggests alternative complement pathway activation. Moreover, IL17RC-overexpressed cells or VEGF-treated cells for two-day, which is overstimulation, increase PI3K/Akt/GSK3 insensitivity and GSK3 activity, and decrease growth/survival. High GSK3 activity associates with many chronic diseases including type II Diabetes. This study shows high GSK3 activity can result from PI3K/Akt overstimulation. Type II Diabetes shows insulin resistance that the body cells decrease insulin use. Possessing little sensitive PI3K/Akt for receptor activation, cells after overstimulation, although live, hardly respond to PI3K/Akt activators including GH, thyroxine and insulin. These results suggest an alternative explanation of the body cells declining hormone use since various kinds of cell signaling-induced overstimulation events almost always linked to PI3K/Akt, increase with age. Playing pathological roles in senescence and diseases, overstimulation eventually generates health problems.
PSGL-1 from the murine leukocytic cell line WEHI-3 is enriched for core 2-based O-glycans with sialyl Lewis x antigen

Leukocyte trafficking involves specific recognition between P-selectin and L-selectin and PSGL-1 containing core 2-based O-glycans expressing sialyl Lewis x (SLe(x)) antigen. However, the structural identity of the glycan component(s) displayed by murine neutrophil PSGL-1 that contributes to its P-selectin counter-receptor activity has been uncertain, since these cells express little if any SLe(x) antigen, and because there have been no direct studies to examine murine PSGL-1 glycosylation. To address this uncertainty, we studied PSGL-1 glycosylation in the murine cell line WEHI-3 using metabolic-radiolabeling with (3)H-monosaccharide precursors to detect low-abundance O-glycan structures. We report that PSGL-1 from WEHI-3 cells expresses a di-sialylated core 2 O-glycan containing the SLe(x) antigen. This fucosylated O-glycan is scarce on PSGL-1 and essentially undetectable in total leukocyte glycoproteins from WEHI-3 cells. These results demonstrate that WEHI-3 cells selectively fucosylate PSGL-1 to generate functionally important core 2-based O-glycans containing the SLe(x) antigen.
1. THE IMPACT OF NEW FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGIES ON STOCK PRICES

This paper examines the effect of new financial technologies by examining the role of portfolio insurance in the stock market crash of 1987, and by modeling insurance as an asset enhancement technology that it is not available to all market participants. We examine the implications for the equilibrium price and asset demands for the risky asset using an overlapping generations model, and investigate the implications of misperceptions about the efficacy of the technology. Our findings have implications for both domestic and international markets. We find that a small fraction of agents using the technology can disproportionately influence risky asset price, and an infinitesimal increase in this fraction can induce a rapid increase in price. This is consistent with summary observations regarding the role of portfolio insurance in the 1987 crash. We also find the interesting result that the equilibrium asset price is disproportionately sensitive to the price forecasts of those using the technology. Finally, we identify principle weaknesses with the model, namely that parameter assumptions—risk aversion and perceived hedging efficiency—needed to attain a run-up of the asset price may be unrealistic, and that this is consistent with findings from related research.
Detection of Conserved N-Linked Glycans and Phase-variable Lipooligosaccharides and Capsules from Campylobacter Cells by Mass Spectrometry and High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy

Glycomics, the study of microbial polysaccharides and genes responsible for their formation, requires the continuous development of rapid and sensitive methods for the identification of glycan structures. In this study, methods for the direct analysis of sugars from 108 to 1010 cells are outlined using the human gastrointestinal pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni. Using capillary-electrophoresis coupled with sensitive electrospray mass spectrometry, we demonstrate variability in the lipid A component of C. jejuni lipooligosaccharides (LOSs). In addition, these sensitive methods have permitted the detection of phase-variable LOS core structures that were not observed previously. High resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR was used to examine capsular polysaccharides directly from campylobacter cells and showed profiles similar to those observed for purified polysaccharides analyzed by solution NMR. This method also exhibited the feasibility of campylobacter serotyping, mutant verification, and preliminary sugar analysis. HR-MAS NMR examination of growth from individual colonies of C. jejuni NCTC11168 indicated that the capsular glycan modifications are also phase-variable. These variants show different staining patterns on deoxycholate-PAGE and reactivity with immune sera. One of the identified modifications was a novel -OP=O(NH2)OMe phosphoramide, not observed previously in nature. In addition, HR-MAS NMR detected the N-linked glycan, GalNAc-alpha1,4-GalNAc-alpha1,4-[Glc-beta1,3-]GalNAc-alpha1,4-GalNAc-alpha1,4-GalNAc-alpha1,3-Bac, where Bac is 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-glucopyranose, in C. jejuni and Campylobacter coli. The presence of this common heptasaccharide in multiple campylobacter isolates demonstrates the conservation of the N-linked protein glycosylation pathway in this organism and describes the first report of HR-MAS NMR detection of N-linked glycans on glycoproteins from intact bacterial cells.
Molecular mechanisms of brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders: lessons from dietary restriction

The application of modern molecular and cell biology technologies to studies of the neurobiology of aging provides a window on the molecular substrates of successful brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Aging is associated with increased oxidative stress, disturbances in energy metabolism and inflammation-like processes. Dietary restriction (DR) can extend lifespan and might increase the resistance of the nervous system to age-related neurodegenerative disorders. The neuroprotective effect of DR involves a preconditioning response in which the production of neurotrophic factors and protein chaperones is increased resulting in protection against oxyradical production, stabilization of cellular calcium homeostasis, and inhibition of apoptosis. DR might also enhance neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and self-repair mechanisms.
Switching Speed and Dissipation in Fast, Thin-Film Cryotron Circuits

As thin-film cryotron circuits become faster, the detailed properties of the components themselves have an increasing effect on over-all circuit operation. When a cryotron switches from the superconducting to the resistive state in a fast circuit, its inductive characteristics can change enough to add appreciable delay and dissipation to its driving circuit. The inductive and resistive transition of the component can be accompanied by diamagnetic hysteresis and by eddy-current-damping effects, which add to dissipation and further delay the switching of the component. These component and circuit effects are complex and interrelated, but considerable insight is gained by analyzing separately various portions of the general behavior.
An X- and K u -Band 8-Element Phased-Array Receiver in 0.18- $\mu{\hbox{m}}$ SiGe BiCMOS Technology

This paper demonstrates an 8-element phased array receiver in a standard 0.18-mum SiGe BiCMOS (1P6M, SiGe HBT ft ap 150 GHz) technology for X- and Ku-band applications. The array receiver adopts the All-RF architecture, where the phase shifting and power combining are done at the RF level. With the integrations of all the digital control circuitry and ESD protection for all I/O pads, the receiver consumes a current of 100 ~ 200 m A from a 3.3 V supply voltage. The receiver shows 1.5 ~ 24.5 dB of power gain per channel from a 50 Omega load at 12 GHz with bias current control, and an associated NF of 4.2 dB (@ max. gain) to 13.2 dB (@ min. gain). The RMS gain error is < 0.9 dB and the RMS phase error is < 6deg at 6-18 GHz for all 4-bit phase states. The measured group delay is 162.5 plusmn 12.5 ps for all phase states at 6-18 GHz. The RMS phase mismatch and RMS gain mismatch among the eight channels are < 2.7deg and 0.4 dB, respectively, for all 16 phase states, over 6-18 GHz. The 8-element array can operate instantaneously at any center frequency and with a wide bandwidth (3 to 6 GHz, depending on the center frequency) given primarily by the 3 dB gain variation in the 6-18 GHz range. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an All-RF phased array on a silicon chip with very low RMS phase and gain errors at 6-18 GHz. The chip size is 2.2 times 2.45 mm2 including all pads.
Extramedullary intrathecal catheter granuloma adherent to the conus medullaris presenting as cauda equina syndrome.

EXTRAMEDULLARY intrathecal granuloma formation is a rare complication of morphine administration via implanted drug delivery systems. 1-5 We present a unique case of a granuloma adherent to the conus medullaris presenting as cauda equina syndrome. Practitioners should not assume that implantation of intrathecal catheters with their tips located at or below the conus medullaris will eliminate all risk of neurologic sequelae associated with inflammatory granulomas.
The Place of the Sublime

Where is the sublime? How are we to locate it? What is it to locate something as amorphous and ethereal as the sublime — whose very name connotes vaporization? What does it mean to find a place, a proper place (if there is one), for the sublime?
Achieving Environmental Balance of Nutrient Flow Through Animal Production Systems1

Abstract An animal nutrition-based model to predict nutrient excretion to be managed on food animal production units is recommended. In a dairy model, average yearly excretions per high-producing cow of common fertilizer nutrients were estimated at approximately 250 lbs N, 461bs P, 100 lbs K, and 80 lbs Ca. Multiple cropping systems have the potential to consume about 400 lbs N/acre and 50 lbs P/acre. Applicable data of this nature for specific farms are essential for development of nutrient accountability budgets. Separating fibrous solids from flushed manure facilitates irrigation of the effluent in many manure management systems but removes relatively few nutrients which are of environmental concern (e.g., N and P) because they are mostly soluble and remain with the effluent. Stationary screens are most commonly used but settling basins that can be cleaned with wheel tractors with front-end loaders are gaining favor as improved designs are tested. Estimated flow of N and P through several types of manure management systems show a wide range in the predicted acreage needed to achieve environmental balance. More input into these budgets by agronomists and soil scientists is needed; however, the trends are well founded and show that more acres are required when P is selected as the primary nutrient in acreage budgeting for manure disposal than when N is selected. Many soils are deficient in P so that some allowance may be possible for N criteria to be used until soil tests show that soil P reserves or groundwater levels of P are excessive. Manure management should be permitted to vary depending on differences in soil types and feeding practices on individual farms without automatically limiting farms to manure application rates appropriate for higher than actual manure excretion levels of N and P or less intensive cropping. Groundwater sampling wells on farms and regular soil sampling are also important to establish and maintain a history of environmental responsibility associated with the cropping and manure management programs.
The Frail Dialysis Population: A Growing Burden for the Dialysis Community

Background: The dialysis population is aging worldwide. It is well known that patients on dialysis have limited functional status, but only recently has frailty b
Structure of the interstitial oxygen defect in La 2 NiO 4 + δ

Using Rietveld refinement of neutron powder diffraction data, we show that the excess oxygen in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{NiO}}_{4+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ (0.13l\ensuremath{\delta}l0.18) is incorporated as an interstitial oxygen defect. The defect is located near the ((1/4, 1/B) / 4 ,(1/4) site in the orthorhombic Fmmm structure, which provides a favorable coordination to four La atoms but requires four nearby oxygen atoms to be displaced from their normal positions. The defect concentration determined from structural refinement agrees well with the overall oxygen stoichiometry determined by hydrogen reduction. For intermediate oxygen contents (\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.07) the system separates into two phases with different defect concentrations. Structural data suggest that the nearly stoichiometric phase, 0l\ensuremath{\delta}l0.02, incorporates excess oxygen by forming a different defect. Except for large differences in the solubility of the oxygen defect, ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{NiO}}_{4+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ exhibits behavior remarkably similar to superconducting ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$, suggesting that the oxygen defect structures are the same in both systems.
Memory slicing

Traditional dynamic program slicing techniques are code-centric, meaning dependences are introduced between executed statement instances, which gives rise to various problems such as space requirement is decided by execution length; dependence graphs are highly redundant so that inspecting them is labor intensive. In this paper, we propose a data-centric dynamic slicing technique, in which dependences are introduced between memory locations. Doing so, the space complexity is bounded by memory footprint instead of execution length. Moreover, presenting dependences between memory locations is often more desirable for human inspection during debugging as redundant dependences are suppressed. Our evaluation shows that the proposed technique supersedes traditional dynamic slicing techniques in terms of effectiveness and efficiency.
Molecular Engineering of Redox Rich Diruthenium Compounds: Further Investigation of Ru2(Yap)4X Type Compounds

Three new diruthenium compounds, Ru2(L1)4Cl (1), Ru2(L2)4Cl (2) and Ru2(ap)4F (3) were synthesized and characterized, where L1, L2, and ap are 2-(3-methoxyanilino)pyridinate, 2-(3-propoxyanilino)pyridinate, and 2-anilinopyridinate, respectively. Structural study revealed the Ru–Ru bond lengths of 2. 2816(7) A (1) and 2. 2785(6) A (3). All three compounds are S = 3/2 molecules. Each of three diruthenium compounds displays two reversible one electron couples, an oxidation and a reduction, and the potential data appear to indicate that the axial fluoro ligand is a much stronger donor than the chloro ligand.
Surveillance and analysis of mosquito density in the worst-hit areas of earthquake-stricken Wenchuan,2009

Objective To determine the population constitution and density of mosquitoes in different habitats in the worst-hit areas of earthquake-stricken Wenchuan to inform risk evaluation,prevention and control of mosquito-borne disease.Methods Light traps were applied to collect adult mosquitoes,followed by classification and identification.Results The mosquito density was 1.64 per light per hour.The population consisted of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mostly,which accounted for 64.53% of the total number.Cx.tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis accounted for 15.69% and 10.77%,respectively.The mosquito density in settlement residences and central city was higher than that in earthquake ruins.An upward trend from June to August was shown from the seasonal fluctuation.Conclusion The overall density of mosquitoes was low.However,integrated management is still needed for the settled communities and central city in combination with systematic monitoring to prevent potential outbreaks of related infectious diseases.
Reassessing Egalitarianism, by Jeremy Moss

Jeremy Moss's Reassessing Egalitarianism provides an excellent introduction to the dominant set of debates in contemporary analytic political philosophy—the debates over the nature, value, and scop...
Strategies to Approach Stabilized Plasticity in Metals with Diminutive Volume: A Brief Review

Micrometer- or submicrometer-sized metallic pillars are widely studied by investigators worldwide, not only to provide insights into fundamental phenomena, but also to explore potential applications in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices. While these materials with a diminutive volume exhibit unprecedented properties, e.g., strength values that approach the theoretical strength, their plastic flow is frequently intermittent as manifested by strain bursts, which is mainly attributed to dislocation activity at such length scales. Specifically, the increased ratio of free surface to volume promotes collective dislocation release resulting in dislocation starvation at the submicrometer scale or the formation of single-arm dislocation sources (truncated dislocations) at the micrometer scale. This article reviews and critically assesses recent progress in tailoring the microstructure of pillars, both extrinsically and intrinsically, to suppress plastic instabilities in micrometer or submicrometer-sized metallic pillars using an approach that involves confining the dislocations inside the pillars. Moreover, we identify strategies that can be implemented to fabricate submicrometer-sized metallic pillars that simultaneously exhibit stabilized plasticity and ultrahigh strength.
Network-Based Life Cycle Optimization of the Net Atmospheric CO2-eq Ratio (NACR) of Fuels and Chemicals Production from Biomass

A biofuels and bioproducts conversion network is optimized over unit cost and unit greenhouse gas emissions objectives. We use a multiobjective, functional unit approach based on the life cycle analysis methodology with simultaneous consideration of capital budget constraints. A novel functional unit of mass of input biogenic CO2-eq is proposed to capture common benefits of bioproducts and biofuels. A novel dimensionless net atmospheric carbon ratio (NACR) for bioconversion processes is defined that captures the life cycle carbon footprint of the process from feedstock cultivation to product end use. The model is formulated as a nonconvex multiobjective mixed integer nonlinear fractional programming problem. We address computational complexity by developing a novel global optimization algorithm that incorporates the parametric algorithm and successive piecewise linear approximations to estimate nonconvex terms, and we introduce nonlinear programming subproblems to ensure global convergence under capital c...
Mechanochemical synthesis of magnetically hard anisotropic RFe10Si2 powders with R representing combinations of Sm, Ce and Zr

Abstract Alloy synthesis consisting of mechanical activation followed by annealing was explored as a method of manufacturing medium-grade permanent magnet materials with a reduced content of the critical rare earth elements. Four RxFe10Si2 alloys with R=Sm, Sm0.7Zr0.3, Sm0.3Ce0.3Zr0.4 and Ce0.6Zr0.4 (nominal compositions) were prepared from mixtures of Sm2O3, CeO2, ZrO2, Fe2O3 and Si powders in the presence of a reducing agent Ca and a CaO dispersant. The collected alloy particles typically consisted of few joined submicron crystals. For R=Sm, X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a significant amount of the unwanted Th2Zn17-type compound forming alongside the desired ThMn12-type 1:12 compound. A more pure 1:12 phase could be obtained for R=Ce0.6Zr0.4, but it exhibited a room-temperature coercivity of less than 1 kOe. The most pure 1:12 phase and the highest values of the coercivity (10.8 kOe) and calculated maximum energy product (13.8 MGOe) were obtained for R=Sm0.7Zr0.3 processed at 1150 °C. The calculated maximum energy products of the Sm0.3Ce0.3Zr0.4Fe10Si2 particles, with half of their rare earths constituents represented by the relatively abundant Ce, was 10.1 MGOe.
Two-event Transfusion-related Acute Lung Injury Mouse Model

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is defined as acute lung injury that occurs within 6 hours of a blood product transfusion. TRALI continues to be a leading cause of transfusion-related mortality and we have developed a mouse model of TRALI to better understand the mechanisms by which injury occurs and to test therapeutic approaches. Our model is a two-event model based on immune priming and the challenge of BALB/c wild-type mice with cognate MHC Class I monoclonal antibody (MHC I mAb). Immune priming with LPS mimics the primed state of recipients (first event) that is important for the development of TRALI. Donor HLA antibodies are frequently implicated in TRALI reactions, and cognate MHC Class I antibody (second event) produces acute lung injury in primed animals. Here, we describe a detailed protocol with high reproducibility within animals.
The New Findings in the Genetics and Pathology of Structural Brain Diseases

Many disorders involving the cerebral hemispheres have been identified and classified; however, in the last five years, significant progress has been made in the identification of genes involved in hindbrain development. Space constraints prohibit an exhaustive review of genetics of brain malformations encountered in the newborn. Rather, this review will address malformations of the corpus callosum, one of the more common malformations, and the hindbrain disorders, a less common entity. Neuroimaging of the brain is often one of the first steps in the determination of etiology and prognosis of an encephalopathic condition in the newborn. Structural anomalies of the brain are seen with some frequency in this setting. Due to the complex nature of cortical development, both genetic and non-genetic (environmental, toxins, etc.) factors may lead to a very similar pattern on MRI. In recent years, given the advances in genetic sequencing technologies as well as improvements in neuroimaging field, clarity, and technical advances in imaging sick and small infants, progress has been made to identify the genetic underpinnings of many cortical malformations. This has been particularly the case with regard to posterior fossa abnormalities. Congenital malformations of the posterior fossa are relatively rare but are frequently more recognized, given the continuous improvements of neuroimaging. High-resolution genetic testing has led to identification of the etiology for some, but the cause of many still is elusive. Future application of high-resolution genetic testing such as whole exome sequencing will help identify other variants. MRI patterns may not sufficiently differentiate the clinical entities.
Multiple target tracking with constrained motion using particle filtering methods

In this paper, we propose the constrained motion proposal (COMP) algorithm that incorporates target kinematic constraint information into a particle filter to track multiple targets. We represent deterministic or stochastic constraints on target motion as a likelihood function that is incorporated into the particle filter proposal density. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that this approach improves tracking performance while reducing computational cost relative to the independent partition particle filter with and without a constraint likelihood function.
Negotiating refugee empowerment(s) in resettlement organizations

ABSTRACTIn-depth interviews with both organizational staff and refugee clients in two American refugee resettlement organizations explore how empowerment is communicated to and understood by refugees being “empowered.” This study found that while organizational staff professed empowerment focused on self-sufficiency as self-determination, in practice their communication to clients defined self-sufficiency a priori in economic terms. Refugee clients instead constructed empowerment(s) in economic, educational, personal, and family terms. These findings highlight the need for changes in U.S. resettlement policy and for theoretical and practical understandings of refugee empowerment to recognize polysemic and conflicting empowerments in different life arenas and from different positionalities.
Real time measurement of transient event emissions of air toxics by tomographic remote sensing in tandem with mobile monitoring

Abstract During the Benzene and other Toxics Exposure (BEE-TEX) study, a remote sensing network based on long path Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) was set up in the Manchester neighborhood beside the Ship Channel of Houston, Texas in order to perform Computer Aided Tomography (CAT) scans of hazardous air pollutants. On 18–19 February 2015, the CAT scan network detected large nocturnal plumes of toluene and xylenes most likely associated with railcar loading and unloading operations at Ship Channel petrochemical facilities. The presence of such plumes during railcar operations was confirmed by a mobile laboratory equipped with a Proton Transfer Reaction—Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS), which measured transient peaks of toluene and C 2 -benzenes of 50 ppb and 57 ppb respectively around 4 a.m. LST on 19 February 2015. Plume reconstruction and source attribution were performed using the 4D variational data assimilation technique and a 3D micro-scale forward and adjoint air quality model based on both tomographic and PTR-MS data. Inverse model estimates of fugitive emissions associated with railcar transfer emissions ranged from 2.0 to 8.2 kg/hr for toluene and from 2.2 to 3.5 kg/hr for xylenes in the early morning of 19 February 2015.
Effect of Using Milk as a Heating Menstruum on the Apparent Heat Resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus Spores1

Heat resistance at 121.1 C (250 F) of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores was studied using two heating menstrua. D values of 3.8 and 3.5 min were obtained when spores were heated in 0.01 M PO4 buffer, pH 6.5, and in skimmilk, pH 6.5, respectively. With buffer as a heating menstruum. increasing the pH from 6.5 to 7.2 resulted in an increase in the D value from 3.8 to 4.1 min. When the pH of skimmilk was increased from 6.5 to 7.2, D values increased from 3.5 to 5.2 min. Skimmilk as a component of the enumeration medium inhibited germination and/or outgrowth of B. stearothermophilus spores; however, this inhibition was not influenced over the pH range of 6.0 to 7.2. Addition of 10% skimmilk, pH 6.5, to the medium for enumeration of spores heated in buffer at pH 6.5 or 7.2, in each instance reduced the number of spores that could be recovered but did not change the slopes of survival curves.
Spatial-Motor Flexibility (SMF) and Post-Stroke Cognitive Recovery (P6.014)

Objective: We sought to learn whether a critically important component of spatial-motor Aiming ability, spatial-motor flexibility (SMF)--defined as the ability to spatially shift, focus and direct movement--is independently associated with post-stroke functional recovery. Background:Post-stroke spatial neglect, a problem reporting, responding or orienting to contralesional space, causing functional deficits, may cause both spatial “Where” perceptual-attentional errors of, visual awareness, and spatial-motor “Aiming errors". Spatial-motor Aiming neglect is often overlooked and associated with significant functional deficits, affecting adaptive movements in daily life. Methods:We studied whether SMF, as measured by performance of the clicking test--a practical bedside test assessing the ability to execute swift movements of the ipsilesional hand in the neglected, left hemispace compared to the right hemispace--predicted the rate of functional independence recovery in 126 right stroke survivors. Results:Subjects with and without SMF deficits (hemispatial hypokinesia) had similar spatial neglect severity (mean Catherine Bergego Scale ±SD, 16 ±8 versus 14 ±8), and Functional Independence Measure (FIM)motor efficiency (0.67 versus 0.75). However, patients with greater SMF deficits demonstrated significantly slower improvement of functional cognitive independence (FIM-Cognitive efficiency; 0.14 versus 0.24, p < 0.01). Conclusions:The ability to direct movement flexibly in the side of body-centered space near impaired limbs may be needed for optimal functional stroke recovery. The clicker test provides an easy way to assess this ability and its performance may also reflect functioning of executive-action systems. Further studies examining whether SMF deficits predict cognitive recovery in stroke survivors more generally are needed. Disclosure: Dr. Barrett has received personal compensation for activities with Kessler Foundation as an employee. Dr. Barrett has received research support from SPR therapeutics. Dr. Zhang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Frey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Oh-Park has nothing to disclose.
Thermal Selective Vapor Etching of TiO2: Chemical Vapor Etching via WF6 and Self-Limiting Atomic Layer Etching Using WF6 and BCl3

Controlled thin film etching is essential for further development of sub-10 nm semiconductor devices. Vapor-phase thermal etching of oxides is appealing for achieving highly conformal etching of high aspect ratio features. We show that tungsten hexafluoride (WF6) can be used to selectively etch amorphous TiO2 films versus other oxides including Al2O3. Chemical vapor etching (CVE) of TiO2 by WF6 was studied with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), spectroscopic ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermodynamic modeling. The XPS results show evidence for a WOxFy layer that forms on of the TiO2 films during the etch process, which may act as a surfactant layer to help enable fluorination of the TiO2. Direct CVE of TiO2 by WF6 is strongly temperature dependent, where etching proceeds readily at 220 °C, but not at T ≤ 170 °C. This is consistent with thermodynamic modeling showing that the etching rate is determined by the volatilization of metal fluoride and WF2O2 product species. We also ...
Tunable nanostructured conducting polymers for neural interface applications

Advancement in the development of traditional metallic-based implantable electrodes for neural interfacing has reached a plateau in recent years in terms of their ability to provide safe, long-term, and high resolution stimulation and/or recording. The reduction of electrode size enables higher selectivity through increased electrodes per implant device; however, it also results in lower sensitivity at electrode-tissue interfaces. This limitation can be addressed through the utilization of conducting polymer (CP) coatings, which increase the effective surface area. In this work, we investigate the surface roughness of two common conducting polymers; poly(pyrrole) (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in the form of films deposited using both potentiostatic (PSTAT) and galvanostatic (GSTAT) methods. We found that the surface roughness of both CP films can be increased by over 90% through control of both deposition time and applied electrical deposition (current for GSTAT and voltage for PSTAT). The impedance of PPy-modified electrodes was found to decrease by up to 88%. This study shows that the surface roughness of CPs can be modulated to control electrical properties of neural electrodes and may improve the cellular response of neurons.
Everything in History Happens: Further Problems with Populism as a Comparative-Historical Phenomenon

What about populism as a world-historical condition? Treating populism analytically as a discourse also ushers in a specific set of problems as it occupies the position of a form. As coextensive with the “political,” populism inhabits particular types of politics, institutions, and political structures. Yet it is at this particular moment that it crosses over from its categorization as discourse to a different type of symbolic configuration—as having a relationship with space. The question of this space is whether it is “empty” or not, and this brings us back to Lefort and a discussion of political theology.
Infant Mental Health: A Lens For Maternal And Child Mental Health Disparities

Maternal and child mental health disparities exist in the United States among people of color and people with low socioeconomic status. Adverse maternal and child mental health has short- and long-...