cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Buoyancy Forcing and the Mixed Layer of the Western Pacific Warm Pool: Observations and 1D Model Results

Abstract The broad, shallow body of warm (>29°C) water found in the western tropical Pacific Ocean plays an important role in the coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics and thermodynamics associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon. Thus, it is important to understand the processes that maintain and perturb that warm pool. Measurements from a buoy moored in the center of the warm pool during the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment show that the exchange of mass between the ocean and atmosphere is as important as the exchange of heat. Rain forms a shallow, buoyant layer that does not mix with the water below except during infrequent strong wind events. Using a one-dimensional mixed layer model, it is demonstrated that the rate of local precipitation governs the mixed layer depth and can thus alter the rates of change in sea surface temperature during both warming and cooling periods. The observed mixed layer depth in the warm pool is at a depth that allows for maximum warming by ca...
Some Effects of Non-Reinforcement in Split-Brain Monkeys'

Abstract Three experienced split-brain monkeys were taught a visual pattern discrimination in one eye hemisphere and shifted to an FR-2 schedule of reinforcement. The opposite hemisphere was then allowed to view the discrimination on thenon-reinforced trials. Under this condition the untrained hemisphere began disrupting the performance of the trained hemisphere. This was reflected in an increase in response latencies and number of errors. In a second experiment, both hemispheres independently learned the same discrimination on FR-2. Again, a disruption in responding occurred when one hemisphere viewed the discrimination only on the non-reinforced trials. The results suggest that reinforcement aids learning by eliminating the disruptive responses of non-reward. Also the data gives some indication of the brain processes involved in extinction and secondary reinforcement.
Changes in proteomic profiles in different prostate lobes of male rats throughout growth and development and aging stages of the life span

BACKGROUND Aging-related changes in important cellular pathways in the prostate may promote a permissive environment for an increased risk for prostatic disease development such as prostate cancer. Our objectives were to examine for such changes, by systematically determining the effects of growth and development and aging on proteomic profiles in different lobes of the rat prostate. METHODS Prostate lobes (dorsolateral lobe, DL and ventral lobe, VL) were obtained from male Fisher rats of various ages representing young (4 months), mature (12 months), old (18 months), and very old (24 months). Differentially expressed proteins between age groups in each lobe were identified using a proteomic approach, isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ). Select changes in the DL and VL were verified by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS iTRAQ identified 317 proteins with high confidence. iTRAQ discovered 12 and 6 proteins significantly modulated in response to growth and development in the DL and VL, respectively, and 42 and 29 proteins significantly modulated in response to aging in the DL and VL, respectively. Proteins modulated during growth and development in the DL and VL are involved in a variety of biological processes including cell communication and development, whereas proteins modulated during aging were predominantly related to antioxidant activity and immunity. Immunoblot analysis verified age-related changes for α-1 antitrypsin, annexin A1, hypoxia up-regulated protein 1, and 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein. CONCLUSIONS Aging results in changes in numerous prostatic proteins and pathways which are mainly linked to inflammation and may lead to prostatic disease development. Prostate 73: 363–375, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The 10 commandments of troponin, with special reference to high sensitivity assays

Improvements in cardiac troponin (cTn) assays have outstripped the ability of clinicians to keep up with how to use them clinically. Marketing efforts and the lack of adequate quality control by some journals have made this situation still more difficult. Only recently have our professional organisations begun to provide educational guidance. This articulation will be practical. Most principles applicable to high sensitivity assays are the same as those for present assays, but comments at the end of each section will discuss them specifically. It should be appreciated that there is substantial confusion concerning which assays are indeed high sensitivity. From the perspective of this presentation, all assays presently in use except the high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hscTnT) assay are considered conventional. Only the hscTnT assay of those available worldwide meets the metrics proposed for high sensitivity assays which include the ability to detect most if not all normal subjects.1 Analytical issues and how emergency department (ED) physicians think are often an anathema to clinicians. Collaboration is essential. Issues to be shared with the laboratory include when and how to evaluate potential false-positive and false-negative values, what cut-off values to use, and how to decide when a changing pattern is present. In regard to the ED, it is important to recognise that ED physicians never want to miss a patient at risk or to do so rarely. This means their practice, if they are unsure, is to admit patients. Since all patients with elevated cTn are at risk, many such patients are admitted. Those with a dynamic pattern require admission; however, many without a dynamic pattern can be evaluated as outpatients, but only if there is agreement concerning a facile pathway for that activity. These issues will become more important with high sensitivity assays which are more prone to …
Graphs, maneuvers and turnpikes

We address the problem of moving a collection of objects from one subset of Zm to another at minimum cost. We show that under fairly natural rules for movement assumptions, if the origin and destination are far enough apart, then a near optimal solution with special structure exists: Our trajectory from the origin to the destination accrues almost all of its cost repeating at most m different patterns of movement. Directions for related research are identified.
Baylor Health Care System quality initiatives: a view from the HealthTexas Provider Network.

Ayoung woman rushes into a doctor’s office, clutching her chest and groaning with pain. The pain began that morning, awakening her from sleep, and has increased over the past several hours. She spent the preceding day laboring in the yard but does not remember a strain or injury. The lady appears anxious and short of breath and has fine beads of sweat on her forehead. Her husband pleads for someone to do something. This scenario is common in many physicians’ offices. Her pain may be due to a heart blockage, a blood clot, or a muscle strain. Her problem will be dealt with expediently and with a high degree of success. Yet, the physician who solves the young lady’s problem may miss a more serious condition. She could be harboring an early cervical cancer. She might have an early breast cancer. Or, she may step on a rusty nail next month and contract tetanus. Each of these problems must be considered and addressed early for optimal care. Unfortunately, our current systems often overlook preventive strategies in the face of acute illnesses. Can we redesign our encounters with patients to ensure that appropriate preventive measures are consistently performed? It’s a daunting task and one that can potentially distract the physician from focusing on the chief complaint of the patient—the reason the patient comes into the office in the first place. Additionally there are the pressures of managed care, coding documentation, and time constraints. Preventive measures are important. The mortality rate of
Quantifying Dispersal and Connectivity of Surface Waters Using Observational Lagrangian Measurements

AbstractProbability distribution functions of displacement are central to Lagrangian statistics and the study of fluid dispersal. A method for computing marginal probability distributions of passive tracer dispersal from Lagrangian observations is developed. Using a pseudotrack approach, probability distributions for the domain of occupation and transit time are developed, complimenting more frequently used bulk statistics for average transit time and overall crossing probability. To demonstrate application of this technique to observations, likelihoods and time scales of dispersal from the Gulf Stream to the Azores are quantified using World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Surface Velocity Program (SVP) near-surface drifter data for the years 1992–2008. Over observable time scales, the transit of a particle in the near-surface ocean from the Gulf Stream to the Azores occurs across a spectrum of time scales, from tens to hundreds of days, with an overall likelihood of 42% ± 4% and a mean time scale of...
A Near-Infrared Cell Tracker Reagent for Multiscopic In Vivo Imaging and Quantification of Leukocyte Immune Responses

The complexity of the tumor microenvironment necessitates that cell behavior is studied in a broad, multi-scale context. Although tomographic and microscopy-based far and near infrared fluorescence (NIRF, >650 nm) imaging methods offer high resolution, sensitivity, and depth penetration, there has been a lack of optimized NIRF agents to label and track cells in their native environments at different scales. In this study we labeled mammalian leukocytes with VivoTag 680 (VT680), an amine reactive N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester of a (benz) indolium-derived far red fluorescent probe. We show that VT680 diffuses into leukocytes within minutes, covalently binds to cellular components, remains internalized for days in vitro and in vivo, and does not transfer fluorescence to adjacent cells. It is biocompatible, keeps cells fully functional, and fluoresces at high intensities. In a tumor model of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunotherapy, we track and quantify VT680-labeled cells longitudinally at the whole-body level with fluorescence-mediated molecular tomography (FMT), within tissues at single cell resolutions by multiphoton and confocal intravital microscopy, and ex vivo by flow cytometry. Thus, this approach is suitable to monitor cells at multiple resolutions in real time in their native environments by NIR-based fluorescence imaging.
Automated load balancing in SPEEDES

Parallel discrete event simulation offers the potential for significant speedup over sequential simulation. Unfortunately, high performance is often achieved only after rigorous fine tuning is used to obtain an efficient mapping of tasks to processors. In practice, good performance with minimal effort is often preferable to high performance with excessive effort. We discuss our research in adding automated load balancing to the SPEEDES simulation framework. Using simulation models of queuing networks and the National Airspace System, we demonstrate that using run time measurements, our automated load balancing scheme can achieve better performance than simple allocation methods that do not use run time measurements, particularly when large numbers of processors are used.
Dynamic assessment of ventilatory efficiency during recovery from peak exercise to enhance cardiopulmonary exercise testing.

Background:While cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) assessment is generally regarded as an optimal means to assess functional capacity in heart failure (HF) patients, strength parameters are omitted. CPX indices collected in recovery may provide additional insight regarding function, including strength.Design and methods:We performed a cross-sectional controlled study. Systolic HF patients (aged ≥50 years) and age-matched controls were assessed using CPX and strength evaluations. Standard CPX indices were assessed during exercise (peak oxygen consumption [VO2], first ventilatory threshold [1stVT], and ventilatory efficiency [VE/VCO2 slope]) as well as indices at 1-minute recovery (1 min VO2, 1 min VE/VCO2, and 1 min heart rate recovery [HRR]) and differences between peak and 1-minute recovery (ΔVO2 and ΔVE/VCO2). Lower extremity strength was evaluated using the 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and power.Results:Seventy adults (31 HF; 39 controls), mean age 66.2 ± 9.7 years were evaluated. Peak VO2 (15.4 ± 4...
Deleted in breast cancer-1 regulates SIRT1 activity and contributes to high-fat diet-induced liver steatosis in mice

The enzyme sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a critical regulator of many cellular functions, including energy metabolism. However, the precise mechanisms that modulate SIRT1 activity remain unknown. As SIRT1 activity in vitro was recently found to be negatively regulated by interaction with the deleted in breast cancer-1 (DBC1) protein, we set out to investigate whether DBC1 regulates SIRT1 activity in vivo. We found that DBC1 and SIRT1 colocalized and interacted, and that DBC1 modulated SIRT1 activity, in multiple cell lines and tissues. In mouse liver, increased SIRT1 activity, concomitant with decreased DBC1-SIRT1 interaction, was detected after 24 hours of starvation, whereas decreased SIRT1 activity and increased interaction with DBC1 was observed with high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Consistent with the hypothesis that DBC1 is crucial for HFD-induced inhibition of SIRT1 and for the development of experimental liver steatosis, genetic deletion of Dbc1 in mice led to increased SIRT1 activity in several tissues, including liver. Furthermore, DBC1-deficient mice were protected from HFD-induced liver steatosis and inflammation, despite the development of obesity. These observations define what we believe to be a new role for DBC1 as an in vivo regulator of SIRT1 activity and liver steatosis. We therefore propose that the DBC1-SIRT1 interaction may serve as a new target for therapies aimed at nonalcoholic liver steatosis.
ASSESSMENT OF BRAIN DAMAGE IN A GERIATRIC POPULATION THROUGH USE OF A VISUAL-SEARCHING TASK

Summary.-This study was designed to assess the discriminative capacity of a visual-searching task for brain damage, as described by Goldstein and Kyc (1978), for 10 hospitalized male, brain-damaged patients, 10 hospitalized male schizophrenic patients, and 10 normal subjects in a control group, all of whom were approximately 65 yr. old. The derived data indicated, at a statistically significant level, that the visual-searching task was effective in successfully classifying 80% of the brain-damaged sample when compared to the schizophrenic patients and discriminating 90% of the brain-damaged patients from normal subjects. Goldstein, et al. (1973) studied the discriminative capacity of a visualsearching task to assess brain damage among clinical populations. They reported 94.1% correct classifications when the response times of brain-damaged population samples were compared with chose of normal subjects, and 79.4% correct classifications when brain-damaged patients were compared with psychiatric subjects. The mean ages of the three samples studied ranged from 28 to 39 yr. Goldstein and Kyc ( 1978) replicated the study by Goldstein, et al. ( 1973). They included hospitalized brain-damaged patients and normal subjects as well as a group of hospitalized. schizophrenic patients. In contrast to Goldstein, et al.'s study (1973) whose hospitalized psychiatric sample included patients with affective disorders as well as with schizophrenia, Goldstein and Kyc (1978) only included patients diagnosed as schizophrenic. The mean age of the experimental subjects ranged from 43 to 48 yr. of age. They reported that the visual-searching task correctly classified 92.5% of the brain-damaged patients when compared to the normal subjects and 82.5 % of the brain-damaged sample from the schizophrenrc sample. It should be noted that while Goldstein and Kyc (1978) did not specifically address in their research design the problem of the possible effects of increasing age upon test performance on a visual-searching tkk, they did state that it was difficult to attribute the inter-group differences in the derived scores to the cumulative effects of age. On the other hand, Welford (1958) 'Acknowledgement is made to C. S. Raps, Psychology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport. New York for his assistance with the statistical analysis. Requests for reprints should be sent to Milton Turbiner. Psychology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport. New York 11768.
Effect of a Western Continental Slope on the Wind-Driven Circulation*

Abstract Numerical solutions of a simple theoretical model of the wind-driven circulation with inertia for a constant density ocean depend strongly upon whether the western boundary is modeled with a vertical sidewall or a smooth continental shelf. In the basin with the continental shelf, unsteady single-gyre inertial solutions are obtained for anticyclonic winds while steady single-gyre inertial solutions typically are obtained for cyclonic winds. In the flat-bottom basin, however, the corresponding model solutions are steady for both anticyclonic and cyclonic winds. In addition, for cyclonic forcing, multiple equilibria are found in the basin with the western continental slope but not in the flat-bottom basin (although the uniqueness of the solutions in the flat-bottom basin has not been proven). The dependence of the model solutions on the topography and the sign of the wind forcing is attributed to the effects of friction, which are localized in the southwest corner of the basin for the continental sl...
Short-term and long-term outcomes of acute kidney injury after lung transplantation.

Background The effect of acute kidney injury (AKI) after lung transplantation has been described infrequently and with inconsistent results. Using a newly adopted and validated definition of AKI proposed by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN), we examined the incidence of AKI and associated renal morbidity and short-term and long-term mortality. Methods We retrospectively evaluated data of 657 patients who underwent lung transplantation from 1997 to 2009. Outcomes analyzed were the incidence of AKI, as defined and categorized into 3 stages according to creatinine criteria from the AKIN classification (AKIN 1, AKIN 2, and AKIN 3), cumulative incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤ 29 ml/min/1.73 m 2 , and/or the onset of end-stage renal disease, as defined by the need for renal replacement therapy for 8 weeks with no recovery on follow-up or need for kidney transplant, and long-term mortality. Results We identified 424 patients (65%) who had at least 1 AKI (309 [47%] AKIN 1 and 115 [17%] AKIN 2–3) event in the first 2 weeks after transplantation. At 1 year, the cumulative incidence of CKD was 5.8%, 12.8%, 24.5 % in the no-AKI, AKIN 1, and AKIN 2–3 patients, respectively. After a median follow-up of 2.2 years, 277 (42%) died. One-year patient survival was 91%, 82%, 66% in the no-AKI, AKIN 1, and AKIN 2–3 patients, respectively. Adjusting for age, sex, race, type and cause of lung transplant, diabetes, and hypertension, the hazard ratio for death was 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.2–2.2; p = 0.0002) for AKIN 1 and 2.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.7–3.7; p Conclusions AKI is a common complication after lung transplantation and is associated with increased risk of CKD and all cause-mortality on long-term follow-up.
Firestorm: The Bombing of Dresden, 1945 – Edited by Paul Addison and Jeremy A. Crang

The destruction of the ancient and beautiful German city of Dresden by Allied bombers on 13–14 February 1945 has two aspects: as concrete historical fact and as a locus for a moral and political co...
VHF propagation over hilly, forested terrain

Propagation measurements at low altitudes over hilly, forested terrain made with the objective of developing a computer-based propagation model capable of predicting path loss over similar terrain given the terrain profile between transmitter and receiver are reported. The measurements were made at a frequency of 110.6 MHz with the very high frequency omnidirectional range (VOR) station at Gardner, MA, as a transmitter. The received signals were measured at distances between 7 and 15 km by making vertical descents with a helicopter from altitudes of roughly 600 m down to 10 m above ground. Negligible specular ground reflection was observed from this terrain, and no reflection is included in the model. We found good agreement between the measurements and a multiple-diffraction model based on an extension of the Deygout approximation. Use of two knife edges was sufficient to characterize the terrain diffraction. Predictions of the Longley-Rice computer model are included for comparison.
Pedestrian exposure to near-roadway PM2.5 in mixed-use urban corridors: A case study of Omaha, Nebraska

a b s t r a c t Compact, mixed-use, and pedestrian-oriented urban developments may offer numerous environmental and health benefits, yet they may also facilitate pedestrian exposure to air pollution within the nearroadway environment. This research examines ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) across six sites situated within central Omaha, Nebraska, a mid-sized metropolitan area located in the Midwest US. The sites ranged from a low-density, strip-mall development to moderate-density entertainment, commercial, and retail districts with varying degrees of horizontal and vertical mixed-use. Tracing approximately two kilometer routes along the sidewalk, factors affecting average and peak PM2.5 concentrations at each site were identified using a mobile data cart capable of simultaneously recording video and sampling PM2.5. In general, sidewalk PM2.5 concentrations, averaged for each outing, were similar to “background” values obtained at a nearby fixed monitoring station (FMS). The results of a linear regression analysis suggest that 56% of the variability in sidewalk PM2.5 were attributable to background concentrations. Short-duration peak concentrations of up to 360 g m−3 were associated primarily with vehicle tailpipe emissions and tobacco smoke. At four of the six study sites, pedestrian volume was higher on days and times when PM2.5 concentrations were comparatively low. Implications for policy and planning are discussed. © 2014 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
A new closed-form kinematics of the generalized 3-DOF spherical parallel manipulator

This paper presents a new method to analyze the closed-form kinematics of a generalized three-degree-of-a-freedom spherical parallel manipulator. Using this analytical method, concise and uniform solutions are achieved. Two special forms of the three-degree-of-freedom spherical parallel manipulator, i.e. right-angle type and a decoupled type, are also studied and their unique and interesting properties are investigated, followed by a numerical example.
Aerobic Exercise for Alcohol Recovery: Rationale, Program Description, and Preliminary Findings.

Alcohol use disorders are a major public health concern. Despite the demonstrated efficacy of a number of different treatments for alcohol dependence, relapse remains a major problem. Healthy lifestyle changes may contribute to long-term maintenance of recovery, and interventions targeting physical activity, in particular, may be especially valuable as an adjunct to alcohol treatment. In this article, the authors discuss the rationale and review potential mechanisms of action whereby exercise might benefit alcohol dependent patients in recovery. They then describe the development of a 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program as an adjunctive intervention for alcohol dependent patients in recovery. Preliminary data from a pilot study (N = 19) are presented, and the overall significance of this research effort is discussed.
Sarcomere formation in chick striated muscle.

Sarcomere assemblage in striated muscle of the early developing chick embryo was studied with the electron microscope. In myogenic chick somites, non-striated myofibrils are seen with the electron microscope, prior to striated ones. These crude myofibrils are traversed at regular periodic intervals by a tubular system which is associated with dense Z-line material shortly after its appearance. Longer sarcomeres as well as banding patterns similar to those found in mature striated muscle follow and possibly depend on prior Z-line formation.
Nanocrystalline Anatase Titania-Supported Vanadia Catalysts: Facet-Dependent Structure of Vanadia

Titania-supported vanadia, a classic heterogeneous catalyst for redox reactions, typically has nonhomogeneous vanadia species on various titania facets, making it challenging not only to determine and quantify each species but also to decouple their catalytic contributions. We prepared truncated tetragonal bipyramidal (TiO2-TTB) and rod-like (TiO2-Rod) anatase titania with only {101} and {001} facets at ratios of about 80:20 and 93:7, respectively, and used them as supports of submonolayer vanadia. The structure and redox properties of supported vanadia were determined by XRD, TEM, XPS, EPR, Raman, FTIR and TPR, and so on. It was found that vanadia preferentially occupy TiO2 {001} facets and form isolated O═V4+(O–Ti)2 species, and with further increase in vanadia surface coverage, isolated O═V5+(O–Ti)3 and oligomerized O═V5+(O–M)3 (M = Ti or V) species form on TiO2 {101} facets. The discovery on support facet-dependent structure of vanadia on anatase titania is expected to enable the elucidation of struct...
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as Adjunct in Centrifugal Separation and Enzymic Assay of Subcellular Components.

SummaryAddition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to sucrose solutions used in extraction of subcellular components improved centrifugal resolution of particulates, helped to preserve morphologic integrity of subcellular elements, and aided in preservation of enzymic activities. PVP was particularly useful in counteracting irreversible agglutination of microsomes
Anti-AcG: specific circulating inhibitor of the labile clotting factor.

SummaryThe above data demonstrate an exceptionally interesting and unusual case, namely, a specific inhibitor of AcG (labile factor), occurring in a human subject. Its presence satisfactorily expla...
Optimization of an Intermeshing Rotor Transmission System Design

An intermeshing rotor drive system of the K-MAX Helicopter has been analyzed and optimized for various rotor output speed applications. The purpose of this paper is to identify different rotor speed designs and to minimize transmission weights under similar stress and component life conditions. The project is divided into two sections, analysis and synthesis. The analysis reproduces the existing K-MAX Intermeshing Rotor System, including gear dimensions, strength, durability and power carrying capacity. The synthesis provides optimal results for a constant engine input power and input speed with different rotor output speeds. The optimal design is selected analytically as a function of the best transmission weight, tooth bending stresses, contact stresses and rotor speeds. Three output rotor speeds (200, 271.4 and 350 RPM) are selected for the design study. More than 150 design cases are generated and inspected. During the optimal design, a new transmission with the best cost function constraints has been achieved. Results show that better designs for least weight and proper stress values can be obtained. At 350 RPM output speed, transmission is 11% lighter and stress values are less than the baseline design. In this study it is found that the existing K-MAX transmission is an optimum design. The re-design 271.4 RPM case for the optimum planetary gear has a new transmission weight 3% heavier than the baseline design. At 200 RPM speed design, the drive train is 28% heavier than the baseline and the stress level at each design stage is not acceptable.
AIDS/HIV and university students in Delhi, India: knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors.

ABSTRACT Eight hundred eighty-seven students in social work, nursing, and humanities from two major universities in Delhi were compared regarding their knowledge about AIDS/HIV and attitudes toward PWAs and homosexuals. Their scores on the 20-item knowledge test indicate fair degree of knowledge; however, they lacked information in crucial areas of AIDS prevention and human sexual anatomy. Unmarried, female and older students and those in social work and nursing disciplines scored significantly higher on correct answers. Social work students were likely to be more positive in their attitudes toward AIDS victims than those in nursing or humanities. Knowledge was positively related to attitudes and perception of risk. Despite their awareness of personal risks only four in ten used condoms sometimes during intercourse. Educational strategies to increase cognitive and affective understanding of AIDS and its victims are discussed.
Allergenic Microfungi and Human Health: A Review on Exposure, Sensitization, and Sequencing Allergenic Proteins

This current time is very interesting in the relation of allergic microfungi and medicine. New genomic information is causing dramatic changes in our understanding of the relationships of these organisms—even to the point that scientific names of common organisms have changed and some organisms have been assigned altered taxonomic associations. This has resulted in some treatments and preparations for testing based on FDA-approved names and associations being discordant with accepted scientific nomenclature. Yet, these same advancements in technology have resulted in dramatically improved ability to identify fungal presence and understand fungal ecology. The ability to recognize the presence of specific fungi in individual micro-environments via DNA sequences has become well advanced. And, the ability to recognize and identify specific organisms in the environment is gradually moving from a matter of expert speculation to a matter of exact DNA evidence. In addition the identification of new mechanisms such as Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) and NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs) whereby fungal metabolites and constituents (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) can interact with and alter the human immune system is beginning to improve the understanding of many fungal related disease processes. So, in spite of all the problems, the field is advancing and new knowledge gained by sequencing is contributing to an appreciation of the fungal biome and an understanding of the consequences of the interaction of humans and fungi. There is no reason to expect that these advances will not accelerate into the future as practical applications catch up with scientific advances. In this chapter, we will place many of these advancements into historical context and attempt to provide a background whereby the reader can begin to understand the implications of future discoveries.
Determination of thiocyanate in milk and milk powder by isonicotinic acid-pyrazolone spectrophotometry

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of thiocyanate in milk and milk powder by Isonicotinic acid-pyrazolone spectrophotometry.Methods:By adding trichloroacetic acid to the sample,protein was precipitated and then filtered.Sodium hydroxide and acetic acid were dropped into the filtrate until the liquid became neutral.In neutral medium,the thiocyanate contained in milk was oxidized into cyanogen chloride by chloramine T.Blue chemical compounds were formed by the reaction between cyanogen chloride and isonicotinic acid-pyrazolone.Color comparison was made at(λ_(max) = 638 nm) and then quantitative comparison was made with the standard series.Results:There was good linear relationship when thiocyanate content was in the range of 0.00 mg/L～2.00 mg/L,the correlation coefficient r equaled to 0.9999.The recovery was 89.8%～104.5%,the relative standard deviation was less then 4.0%.The detection limit of milk powder was 0.2 mg/kg and the detection limit of milk was 0.04 mg/kg.Conclusion:The method is sensitive,accurate,reproducible,easy to operate,and can be applied to the determination of thiocyanate in milk and milk powder.
Femoro-popliteal and femoro-tibial reconstructions.

Femoro-popliteal and femoro-tibial reconstructions have hitherto shown poor results, leading to skepticism on the part of surgeons. Careful attention to technical detail and on-the-table angiography have improved the prognosis of these procedures in patients with disabling claudication or those in danger of major amputation.
Searching for the Historical Jesus: Examining the Work of John Dominic Crossan and Marcus J. Borg

The movement broadly defined as the “New Quest for the Historical Jesus” represents one of the more important areas where academic scholarship has had a direct bearing on popular religion. Although many forces have been instrumental in this development, perhaps the most important has been the popularizing work of the Jesus Seminar, under the direction of Robert Funk. This essay examines two of the premier scholars associated with the Seminar, namely, John Dominic Crossan and Marcus J. Borg. It examines their methodologies and central christological claims, and gives special consideration to Borg's addition of a “theo-cosmic level” that distinguishes his work from Crossan's.
Field Verification of Predictions of the Waquoit Bay Nitrogen Loading Model.

Eutrophication of coastal waters by increasing anthropogenic nutrient inputs is arguably the dominant agent of change to coastal ecosystems (1, 2). The Waquoit Bay Nitrogen Loading Model (WBNLM) was developed to estimate rates of nitrogen loading from watersheds to coastal receiving waters. WBNLM includes inputs from wastewater, fertilizer use, and atmospheric deposition, and defines losses within soil, vegetation, vadose zone, and aquifer (3). Here, we use WBNLM to estimate nitrogen loads to two subwatersheds of the Waquoit Bay estuary, Eel Pond and Head of the Bay (2), and to verify the model predictions by comparing the model estimates to field measure-
Cautionary tales on the identification of caffeinated beverages in North America

In recent years several studies have attempted to understand the use of caffeinated beverages in North America before the coming of Europeans using absorbed residues. These studies have focused on the two key plant sources of caffeine in North America: Theobroma cacao (cacao) and Ilex vomitoria (yaupon holly). The authors initiated a study to explore the possibility that one or both plants were used at the Mississippian period (900–1600 CE) center of Etowah in northern Georgia. In the process, a series of problems with methodologies in use were revealed. Key among those were limitations on the methods used to identify ancient caffeinated beverage residues, distinguish them from modern contamination, and differentiate residues made by each plant. In this paper we explore what our data from the Etowah site reveal about methodologies currently in use and make suggestions for future studies of residues created by caffeinated beverages in North America.
Midostaurin in Combination With Standard Chemotherapy for Treatment of Newly Diagnosed FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 (FLT3) Mutation–Positive Acute Myeloid Leukemia:

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of midostaurin in combination with standard cytarabine and daunorubicin induction and cytarabine consolidation in newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated acute m...
A Bayesian approach for integrating multilevel priors and data for aerospace system reliability assessment

Abstract This paper investigates Bayesian methods for aerospace system reliability analysis using various sources of test data and expert knowledge at both subsystem and system levels. Four scenarios based on available information for the priors and test data of a system and/or subsystems are studied using specific Bayesian inference techniques. This paper proposes the Bayesian melding method for integrating subsystem-level priors with system-level priors for both system- and subsystem-level reliability analysis. System and subsystem reliability outcomes are compared under different scenarios. Computational challenges for posterior inferences using the sophisticated Bayesian melding method are addressed using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and adaptive Sampling Importance Re-sampling (SIR) methods. A case study with simulation results illustrates the applications of the proposed methods and provides insights for aerospace system reliability analysis using available multilevel information.
Preliminary investigations into the source of brick clay, Brookgreen Plantation, Georgetown County, South Carolina:

Brookgreen Gardens, Georgetown County, South Carolina, includes the remains of Brookgreen Plantation and other historic rice plantations. The property contains archeological resources associated wi...
Direct Measurement of Charge Regulation in Metalloprotein Electron Transfer.

Determining whether a protein regulates its net electrostatic charge during electron transfer (ET) will deepen our mechanistic understanding of how polypeptides tune rates and free energies of ET (e.g., by affecting reorganization energy, and/or redox potential). Charge regulation during ET has never been measured for proteins because few tools exist to measure the net charge of a folded protein in solution at different oxidation states. Herein, we used a niche analytical tool (protein charge ladders analyzed with capillary electrophoresis) to determine that the net charges of myoglobin, cytochrome c, and azurin change by 0.62±0.06, 1.19±0.02, and 0.51±0.04 units upon single ET. Computational analysis predicts that these fluctuations in charge arise from changes in the pKa values of multiple non-coordinating residues (predominantly histidine) that involve between 0.42-0.90 eV. These results suggest that ionizable residues can tune the reactivity of redox centers by regulating the net charge of the entire protein-cofactor-solvent complex.
Aerospace Engineering Curricular Expansion in Information Systems

This chapter investigates specific approaches to evolve the Aerospace Engineering curricula to increase coverage of the fundamentals of computer science and deepen student experience in programming. First, existing K-12, Aerospace Engineering, and Computer Science and Engineering curricula are examined. Multidisciplinary programs including robotics and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are reviewed to provide insight into potential directions in which an Aerospace-centric program might expand. Student, faculty, and industry interests offer insight into key Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) content to infuse into next-generation Aerospace curricula. The approach being taken at the University of Michigan, the author’s home institution, is described, including plans to increase curricular flexibility and introduce a new course providing students background in key computer science concepts such as data structures and complexity, computational science with application to Aerospace analysis and design, and embedded data management and control. A discussion of potential future curricular extensions into human–machine systems and electromechanical devices concludes the chapter.
Role of MAIT cells in pulmonary bacterial infection

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent a population of innate T cells that is highly abundant in humans. MAIT cells recognize metabolites of the microbial vitamin B pathway that are presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related protein MR1. Upon bacterial infection, activated MAIT cells produce diverse cytokines and cytotoxic effector molecules and accumulate at the site of infection, thus, MAIT cells have been shown to be protective against various bacterial infections. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of MAIT cells in bacterial pulmonary infection models.
Allowable pillar to diameter ratio for strategic petroleum reserve caverns.

This report compiles 3-D finite element analyses performed to evaluate the stability of Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) caverns over multiple leach cycles. When oil is withdrawn from a cavern in salt using freshwater, the cavern enlarges. As a result, the pillar separating caverns in the SPR fields is reduced over time due to usage of the reserve. The enlarged cavern diameters and smaller pillars reduce underground stability. Advances in geomechanics modeling enable the allowable pillar to diameter ratio (P/D) to be defined. Prior to such modeling capabilities, the allowable P/D was established as 1.78 based on some very limited experience in other cavern fields. While appropriate for 1980, the ratio conservatively limits the allowable number of oil drawdowns and hence limits the overall utility and life of the SPR cavern field. Analyses from all four cavern fields are evaluated along with operating experience gained over the past 30 years to define a new P/D for the reserve. A new ratio of 1.0 is recommended. This ratio is applicable only to existing SPR caverns.
Tax-Exempt Hospitals & Their Communities

Hospitals in the U.S. have long been able to obtain exemption from federal income tax because they meet the requirement known as the standard of “community benefit.” Yet lawmakers and scholars know virtually nothing about the actual workings of tax-exempt hospitals, or about whether, how, and to what extent they deliver benefits to their communities. Within the last five years, however, IRS tax return forms have started asking hospitals to quantify these benefits, as well as to give detailed information about their financial practices with respect to their patients. These new questions coincide with new requirements for tax-exempt hospitals put in place as part of 2010’s health care reform bill, the Affordable Care Act. The new tax return data offers a first-time opportunity to evaluate the workings of tax-exempt hospitals from the perspective of both the traditional requirements for tax-exempt hospitals and the 2010 reforms of the Affordable Care Act. This Article analyzes data from all tax-exempt hospitals in the U.S. in 2012 to show that tax-exempt hospitals differ widely in their provision of community benefits (and financial practices). In particular, these activities vary systematically in relation to their different notions of “community” and the characteristics of the communities where the hospitals are located. This evidence demonstrates that tax-exempt hospitals seem to be responding to the specific needs of their own communities when allocating their resources among different community-benefit activities. The data show, in addition, that while tax-exempt hospitals are generally adopting the financial policies that Congress and the IRS are requesting, hospital financial aid policies also vary by community. These findings raise several fundamental questions for lawmakers and tax policy scholars in the era of the Affordable Care Act. In particular, the findings suggest that lawmakers need to grapple seriously with how they allow tax-exempt hospitals to define their communities. For example: is it appropriate for tax-exempt hospitals merely to benefit a narrowly defined community or should they operate in terms of a broader understanding of community? In light of the new data presented, this Article considers these questions and outlines several alternatives to the “community benefit” standard to address them.
Ten Years Later: Toilet Training in the Post-Azrin-and-Foxx Era.

The Azrin and Foxx toileting study published in 1971 represented a culmination of earlier research efforts regarding the toilet training of the severely and profoundly retarded client. This article uses the landmark study to provide a frame of reference for reviewing a decade of toilet training research. Efforts attempting to replicate the original study have been few in number and have yielded equivocal results. Modifications of the original study have added more information and have generated new areas of inquiry that give direction to toilet training research for the next decade.
xNet+SC: Classifying Places Based on Images by Incorporating Spatial Contexts.

With recent advancements in deep convolutional neural networks, researchers in geographic information science gained access to powerful models to address challenging problems such as extracting objects from satellite imagery. However, as the underlying techniques are essentially borrowed from other research fields, e.g., computer vision or machine translation, they are often not spatially explicit. In this paper, we demonstrate how utilizing the rich information embedded in spatial contexts (SC) can substantially improve the classification of place types from images of their facades and interiors. By experimenting with different types of spatial contexts, namely spatial relatedness, spatial co-location, and spatial sequence pattern, we improve the accuracy of state-of-the-art models such as ResNet - which are known to outperform humans on the ImageNet dataset - by over 40%. Our study raises awareness for leveraging spatial contexts and domain knowledge in general in advancing deep learning models, thereby also demonstrating that theory-driven and data-driven approaches are mutually beneficial.
Legally Cognizable Manipulation

Swaths of personal and nonpersonal information collected online about Internet users are increasingly being used in sophisticated ways for online political manipulation. This represents a new trend in the exploitation of data, where instead of pursuing direct financial gain based on the face value of the data, actors engage in data analytics using advanced artificial intelligence technologies that allow them to more easily access individuals’ cognition and future behavior. Although in recent years the concept of online manipulation has received some academic and policy attention, the desirable relationship between cybersecurity law and online manipulation is not yet fully explored. In other words, regulators and courts have yet to realize the importance of linking cybersecurity law to individual autonomy, privacy, and democracy. This Article provides an account of the desirable relationship between cybersecurity law and other values, such as autonomy, privacy, and democracy, by looking at the phenomenon of online manipulation achieved through psychographic profiling. It argues that the volume, efficacy, and sophistication of present online manipulation techniques pose a considerable and immediate danger to autonomy, privacy, and democracy. Internet actors, political entities, and foreign adversaries carefully study the personality traits and vulnerabilities of Internet users and, increasingly, target each such user with an individually tailored stream of information or misinformation with the intent of exploiting the weaknesses of these individuals. This Article makes a broader argument about cybersecurity law and its narrow focus on identity theft and financial fraud. Primarily, this Article looks at data-breach notification law, a subset of cybersecurity law, as reflective of that limited scope. It argues that data-breach notification law could provide a much-needed backdrop for the challenges presented by online manipulation, while alleviating the sense of lawlessness engulfing current misuses of personal and nonpersonal data. At the heart of this Article is an inquiry into the expansion of dated notions of cybersecurity law. Presently, cybersecurity law’s narrow approach seeks to remedy materialized harms such as identity theft or fraud. This approach contravenes the purpose of cybersecurity law—to create legal norms protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer systems and networks. If cybersecurity law seeks to protect individuals from the externalities of certain cyber risks, it needs to recognize emerging threats targeting computer systems and networks, and subsequently, individual autonomy, privacy, and democracy.