cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Lissencephaly-1 homologue is essential for mitotic progression in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea.

Background: Planarians are renowned for their capacity to replace lost tissues from adult pluripotent stem cells (neoblasts). Here we report that Lissencephaly-1 (lis1), which has roles in cellular processes such as mitotic spindle apparatus orientation and in signal regulation required for stem cell self-renewal, is required for stem cell maintenance in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Results: In planarians, lis1 is expressed in differentiated tissues and stem cells. lis1 RNAi leads to head regression, ventral curling, and death by lysis. By labeling the neoblasts and proliferating cells, we found lis1 knockdown animals show a dramatic increase in the number of mitotic cells, followed by depletion of the stem cell pool. Analysis of the mitotic spindles in dividing neoblasts revealed that defective spindle positioning is correlated with cells arrested at metaphase. In addition, we show that inhibiting a planarian homologue of nudE, predicted to encode a LIS-1 interacting protein, also leads to cell cycle progression defects. Conclusions: Our results provide evidence for a conserved role of LIS1 and NUDE in regulating the function of the mitotic spindle apparatus in a representative Lophotrochozoan and that planarians will be useful organisms in which to investigate LIS1 regulation of signaling events underlying stem cell self-renewal. Developmental Dynamics 241:901–910, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
This I have learned from over 40 years of personality research.

ABSTRACT During the over 40 years in which I have conducted personality research, I have had a number of insights about the research process that I thought would be worth sharing: an awareness of the human side of science; lessons from the person-situation debate; lessons from comparing research on highly ego-involving natural events, such as sport parachuting, with laboratory analogues; the realization of what is wrong with the concept of the Freudian unconscious and what should be done to replace it; and awareness of pervasive biases in the journal-reviewing process. Perhaps the one most general lesson I have learned is that the advancement of psychology as a cumulative, integrative science is hampered not so much by its conceptual complexity as by the difficulty of humankind to view itself objectively, with honesty, courage, and a willingness to surrender illusions.
FinFET 3T and 3T1D dynamic RAM cells

In this study we present 3T and 3T1D DRAM cells designed using FinFET technology. Overall, the 3T DRAM cell has a 43.6% faster write speed than the 3T1D cell and uses less dynamic current (30.4% less write current and 14.6% less read current). The FinFET 3T1D DRAM cell offers a 16.7% faster read speed and 48.6% less read leakage current than the 3T1D cell. The 3T DRAM cell offers less variation in delays, up to 37% less than the 3T1D cell for write delay, due to parameter corner simulations. Overall for a system, the 3T FinFET DRAM cell is more promising due to its low dynamic current and significantly shorter write speed which leads to a smaller maximum delay.
Self-assembly of DNA arrays into multilayer stacks.

We describe the self-assembly of multilayer hexagonal DNA arrays through highly regular interlayer packing. Slow cooling of a mixture of three single-stranded DNA sequences with various Mg2+ concentrations leads to the self-assembly of diverse multilayer architectures. The self-assembled aggregates were deposited onto mica surfaces and examined with atomic force microscopy. The size of the two-dimensional arrays and subsequent stacking to form multilayer structures are highly dependent on Mg2+ concentration. DNA bilayers and multilayers of defined shape are favored in 2-5 mM Mg2+ with an average lateral size of 700 nm. Arrays are much larger (up to 20 microm across) in 10-15 mM Mg2+, although multiple layers still make up 20-60% of the observed structures. Domains within single layer architectures were identified using Moire pattern analysis. Distinct structural phases within the multilayer assemblies include two layers translated by 17.5 nm and interlayer rotations of 20 degrees and 30 degrees. Three layer assemblies have cubic close packing and taller multilayer architectures of 2D DNA sheets were also identified.
Base of the pyramid success: a relational view

Purpose – The paper uses a relational view of strategy framework to measure and assess the sustainable success of base of the pyramid (BoP) projects. The authors posit that the relational view is a powerful way to determine if a firm's project might lead to sustainable competitive advantage, because if partner resources combine to create relation‐specific capabilities and competences, they may provide sustainable value, and the paper applies this method of strategic analysis to selected BoP projects.Design/methodology/approach – The paper separates the secondary data analysis from the primary data analysis and offers four propositions, based on the combined relational view and BoP criteria. The authors apply the relational view framework to two BoP projects from Michigan‐based organizations. Each case is analysed using the framework, and the authors discuss how the resources of each of the BoP project partners create value, how tailored and scalable the projects are, how BoP end user needs are addressed, ...
Increased Dendritic Spine Density and Tau Expression Are Associated with Individual Differences in Steroidal Regulation of Male Sexual Behavior

Male sexual behavior (MSB) is modulated by gonadal steroids, yet this relationship is highly variable across species and between individuals. A significant percentage (~30%) of B6D2F1 hybrid male mice demonstrate MSB after long-term orchidectomy (herein after referred to as "maters"), providing an opportunity to examine the mechanisms that underlie individual differences in steroidal regulation of MSB. Use of gene expression arrays comparing maters and non-maters has provided a first pass look at the genetic underpinnings of steroid-independent MSB. Surprisingly, of the ~500 genes in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) that differed between maters and non-maters, no steroid hormone or receptor genes were differentially expressed between the two groups. Interestingly, best known for their association with Alzheimer's disease, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) were elevated in maters. Increased levels of their protein products (APP and tau) in their non-pathological states have been implicated in cell survival, neuroprotection, and supporting synaptic integrity. Here we tested transgenic mice that overexpress tau and found facilitated mounting and intromission behavior after long-term orchidectomy relative to littermate controls. In addition, levels of synaptophysin and spinophilin, proteins generally enriched in synapses and dendritic spines respectively, were elevated in the MPOA of maters. Dendritic morphology was also assessed in Golgi-impregnated brains of orchidectomized B6D2F1 males, and hybrid maters exhibited greater dendritic spine density in MPOA neurons. In sum, we show for the first time that retention of MSB in the absence of steroids is correlated with morphological differences in neurons.
Separation of univalent fragments of rabbit antibody by reduction of a single, labile disulphide bond.

Separation of Univalent Fragments of Rabbit Antibody by Reduction of a Single, Labile Disulphide Bond
Hope as a predictor of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients receiving the gastric pacemaker for gastroparesis: a longitudinal study

Hope as a predictor of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients receiving the gastric pacemaker for gastroparesis: a longitudinal study
Closure of ventricular septal defect and removal of pulmonary arterial band. Results in eight children.

Abstract In a series of 8 patients pulmonary arterial banding was performed in infancy for large ventricular septal defect, and the defect was later operatively closed and the band removed. Hemodynamic evaluation was performed before banding, before corrective surgery and again at least 6 months after closure of the ventricular septal defect and removal of the pulmonary band. The hemodynamic data revealed successful closure of the ventricular septal defect in all cases. The pulmonary vascular resistance was at nearly normal levels in 3 patients, moderately increased in 4 and markedly increased in only the single patient banded late. As a consequence of the band, right ventricular or pulmonary outflow obstruction developed in 6 of the patients but was a significant problem in only 1 patient. Iatrogenic complications directly related to the presence of a pulmonary band are presented. Thickening of pulmonary valvular cusps with acquired secondary pulmonary valvular stenosis, although mild, occurred in 7 patients. Acquired infundibular pulmonary stenosis was also noted in 3 but was not of any hemodynamic significance. Some of these complications may be related to proximity of the band to the valve annulus. Despite these potential acquired complications, pulmonary arterial banding is considered a significant palliative procedure in the total treatment of excessive pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary hypertension.
3D MR imaging in real time

A system has been developed to produce live 3D volume renderings from an MR scanner. Whereas real-time 2D MR imaging has been demonstrated by several groups, 3D volumes are currently rendered off-line to gain greater understanding of anatomical structures. For example, surgical planning is sometimes performed by viewing 2D images or 3D renderings from previously acquired image data. A disadvantage of this approach is misregistration which could occur if the anatomy changes due to normal muscle contractions or surgical manipulation. The ability to produce volume renderings in real-time and present them in the magnet room could eliminate this problem, and enable or benefit other types of interventional procedures. The system uses the data stream generated by a fast 2D multi- slice pulse sequence to update a volume rendering immediately after a new slice is available. We demonstrate some basic types of user interaction with the rendering during imaging at a rate of up to 20 frames per second.
Olefin polymerization by cyclopentadienyltris(dimethylamido)titanium(IV) complexes

Several titanium(IV) complexes of the type Cp′Ti(NMe2)3 [Cp′ = cyclopentadienyl (1), (dimethylaminoethyl)cyclopentadienyl (2), indenyl (3), and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (4)] were prepared, and their catalytic properties in the polymerization of α-olefins were examined. Complexes 1 and 2 catalyzed the polymerization of ethylene in the presence of methylaluminoxane with a much higher activity than 3 or 4. Complexes 3 and 4 polymerized ethylene with an activity similar to that of CpTiCl3 (6). The preactivation of 2, 3, or 4 with trimethylaluminum (TMA) resulted in an increase in ethylene polymerization activities. Also, 1 and 2 were successfully used as ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization catalysts, producing polymers with various amounts of 1-hexene incorporation, depending on the amount of 1-hexene in the feed mixture. Complex 1 likewise effectively polymerized styrene with a higher activity and higher syndiospecificity than the other three catalysts. Complexes 3 and 4 polymerized styrene with low syndiospecificity, whereas 2 produced only atactic polystyrene. The preactivation of 3 or 4 with TMA resulted in an increase in styrene polymerization activities and increased the syndiotacticity percentage of the polymers produced. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 313–319, 2001
Two-color photoemission produced by femtosecond laser pulses on copper

Single-color illumination of a copper surface by a red or an ultraviolet femtosecond laser pulse yields a three-photon (red) or a two-photon (UV) photoemission process. A multicolor, multiphoton process is generated when the red and the UV pulses overlap both in space and in time on the photocathode. It is shown that this emission process results from the absorption by an electron of one red and one UV photon. It provides a means to correlate ultrashort laser pulses of different wavelengths.
The nullification by diazepam of haloperidol-induced increases in the level of striatal dopamine but not in the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase.

Abstract In the therapeutic management of neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, diazepam, baclofen or γ-vinyl-γ-aminobutyric acid have been advocated. It has been postulated, but not proven, that the beneficial effects of these agents in tardive dyskinesia may be mediated by enhancing GABAergic transmission. In this study, it is reported that, during a 3-day withdrawal period following daily administration of 3 mg/kg of haloperidol (i.p.) for 3 weeks, the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase in the striatum increased from 72.6 ± 7.8 to 92.5 ± 10.2 nmol 14CO2/mg protein/hr, and the concentration of dopamine in the striatum increased from 7.87 ± 0.23 to 8.86 ± 0.38 μg/g wet tissue. Diazepam (5 mg/kg, i.p.), given during the withdrawal period from haloperidol was able to nullify the enhancement in the concentration of dopamine but not in the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase in the striatum. The results of these studies are interpreted to indicate that the reported beneficial effects of diazepam and GABA-mimetic agents in ameliorating the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia may occur through a mechanism which does not necessarily link transmission involving both dopamine and GABA.
How Parents can Affect the Processing of Delinquents in the Juvenile Court

Parents play a critical role in juvenile court proceedings. Nevertheless, precisely what parents should do in this forum has been ignored in the literature. In this study 100 personnel (judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys and probation officers) from three juvenile courts (urban, suburban and rural) were interviewed to determine how parents impact the proceedings and to identify problems created by their participation. The data suggest that solutions to these problems will be difficult, and perhaps impossible, to implement.
Calcium-dependent release ofN-acetylaspartylglutamate from retinal neurons upon depolarization

N-Acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is present in high concentrations specifically in the nervous system. Its neuronal distribution, presence in synaptic vesicles and its excitatory actions support the hypothesis that this dipeptide participates in communication between neurons. Following the incorporation of [3H]glutamate by frog retinal cells in vivo, the release of radiolabeled glutamate, GABA and NAAG was studied during acute incubation of the retina in vitro. Release of the radiolabeled amino acids and dipeptide was stimulated by elevated extracellular potassium. The release required the presence of extracellular calcium. These data are the first which demonstrate the release of NAAG following biosynthesis from a radiolabeled precursor and are consistent with synaptic release of this dipeptide.
Three-dimensional poroelastic analysis of a pressurized natural fracture

Abstract In this paper, a three-dimensional, fully coupled poroelastic, displacement discontinuity method is developed and used to analyze the temporal variation of slip, and opening of a natural fracture in response to its sudden pressurization. Numerical results show when a fracture is pressurized at a level exceeding the normal in-situ stress, it increasingly opens with time as the rock evolves from an undrained state towards a drained state in accordance with the poroelastic theory. And, the pore pressure loading associated with pressurization of the fracture faces induces a time-dependent fracture closure related to rock dilation. The poroelastic analysis of a critically stressed natural fracture that is pressurized below the level required for jacking shows that the potential for fracture failure and slip decreases with the passage of time in response to the pore pressure-induced increase of the normal stress on the joint.
Canopy closure exerts weak controls on understory dynamics: a 30-year study of overstory–understory interactions

Stem exclusion and understory reinitiation are commonly described, but poorly understood, stages of forest development. It is assumed that overstory trees exert strong controls on understory herbs and shrubs during the transition from open- to closed-canopy forests, but long-term observations of this process are rare. We use long-term data from 188 plots to explore patterns and correlates of variation in understory richness and abundance 15–45 years after clear-cut logging and burning of two experimental watersheds in western Oregon, USA. We test whether variation in the temporal dynamics of plots can be explained by topoedaphic factors that influence resource availability (insolation and soil moisture), variation in the pace and intensity of overstory development, or characteristics of the vegetation prior to canopy closure. Changes in forest structure were substantial over the study period; canopy cover increased fourfold, stem density by 75%, and bole biomass by two orders of magnitude, although trends were highly variable among individual plots. In contrast, understory richness, foliar cover, and biomass declined only 30–40%, driven by loss of early-seral colonists, not residual forest species. Canopy closure occurred earlier on north aspects but declines in understory biomass, reflecting loss of colonizing shrubs (without concomitant increases in forest shrubs), were limited to south aspects. In contrast, variation in effective soil moisture had little influence on the pace of decline. Temporal trends were highly asynchronous among plots: nearly 50% of plots experienced some form of decline, but >35% showed no discernible trend. Declines were more likely in plots with greater tree influence before or at peak overstory development, but also in plots with greater understory development prior to canopy closure. Quantile regression models indicated weak relationships between understory biomass and overstory structure at most points in time. Our long-term data support a model of understory dynamics in which characteristics of the pre-closure vegetation are as important as overstory structure in determining the timing and nature of decline. Long-term studies are critical for elucidating patterns and processes that cannot be inferred from short-term experiments or space-for-time substitutions.
Moral Ideals and Virtue Ethics

There have traditionally been two schools of thought regarding moral ideals and their relationship with moral duty. First, many have held that moral agents at all times have a duty or obligation to realize or attain moral ideals, or at least they have a duty to strive to realize or attain them. A second school of thought has maintained that attaining or pursuing moral ideals is supererogatory or beyond the call of duty. Recently a third school of thought has been articulated by Robert Audi in his essay “Wrongs Within Rights.” In this paper I express agreement with Audi, and it will be my suggestion that the resources of virtue ethics can profitably be employed to illustrate how his view avoids problems which plague the two traditional schools of thought.
Hepatic Fibrosis and the Renin-Angiotensin System

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in hepatic fibrosis. To date there is no known effective treatment for hepatic fibrosis. Modulation of the RAS with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may be a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. This review provides an update about the role of RAS in hepatic fibrosis, and treatment of hepatic fibrosis in the light of different studies in animals and humans is also updated. RAS induces key steps involved in hepatic fibrosis, such as activation of hepatic stellate cells and expression of transforming growth factor β1. Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers attenuate fibrosis progression in both animal and human studies. Further, controlled studies are required to evaluate the role of RAS inhibitors and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in patients with chronic liver diseases in whom the causative agent cannot be removed.
Singlet Oxygen Generation and Adhesive Loss in Stimuli-Responsive, Fullerene-polymer Blends, Containing Polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene and Polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene Rubber-Based Adhesives

The adhesive properties, as measured by bulk tack and peel strength analysis, were found to decrease in polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene (SBS) and polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene (SIS) PSA films containing common singlet oxygen generators, acridine, rose bengal, and C60 fullerene, when irradiated with a tungsten halogen light in air. The addition of the singlet oxygen quencher, β-carotene, to the C60 fullerene samples was found to significantly deter the rate of adhesive loss in the fullerene-SBS and -SIS PSA nanocomposites. The presence of oxygen was essential to the mechanism of adhesive loss and, in combination with the effects of singlet oxygen generators and a singlet oxygen scavenger, strongly supports a singlet-oxygen mediated process. FTIR investigations of fullerene-SBS and -SIS systems suggest the initial formation of peroxides which, upon further irradiation, lead to the generation of carbonyl-containing compounds of a ketonic type after crosslinking. Rates of SBS and SIS C-H abstraction were comparable and found to decrease when the high-pressure, mercury xenon irradiation source was filtered to allow only light of λ > 390 nm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Universal formulas for feedback stabilization with respect to Minkowski balls

This note provides explicit algebraic stabilizing formulas for clf's when controls are restricted to certain Minkowski balls in Euclidean space. Feedbacks of this kind are known to exist by a theorem of Artstein, but the proof of Artstein's theorem is nonconstructive. The formulas are obtained from a general feedback stabilization technique and are used to construct approximation solutions to some stabilization problems.
Solving the multi-buyer joint replenishment problem with the RAND method

Abstract The multi-buyer joint replenishment problem (MJRP) is the multi-item inventory problem of coordinating the replenishment of a group of items that are jointly ordered from a single supplier. Joint replenishment of a group of items reduces cost by decreasing the number of times that the major ordering cost is charged. The objective of MJRP is to develop inventory policies minimizing the total costs over the planning horizon. The single buyer joint replenishment problem may be solved by techniques using the collectively described as the best available heuristics (e.g. Simulated Annealing, Genetic Procedures, Tabu Search, and others), collectively discussed as the RAND method. In this paper, we propose a new efficient RAND method to solve MJRP.
Computer anxiety: A cross-cultural comparison of university students in ten countries

Abstract This study compared the construct of computer anxiety in university students across ten countries. A factor analysis of the Computer Anxiety Rating Scale (CARS) produced a three-factor model of computer anxiety (Interactive Computer Learning Anxiety, Consumer Technology Anxiety, and Observational Computer Learning Anxiety) for students in seven universities across the United States. The factor structures from students in nine countries (Australia, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Spain, and Yugoslavia) were examined using Confirmatory Factor Analytic procedures. Each country's factor structure was first compared to the United States three-factor model and then modified to provide the best possible three-factor model of computer anxiety for each country. Results indicated that each country possessed a unique culture-dependent model of computer anxiety. For two countries (United States and Australia), Interactive Computer Learning Anxiety included learning to operate a computer plus encountering computer problems. For the eight other countries, Interactive Computer Learning Anxiety captured only the aspect of learning to operate and program computers while a separate Computer Victimization factor dealt with anxiety surrounding computer problems. The Observational Computer Learning Anxiety and the Consumer Technology Anxiety factors also differed between countries. Similarities and differences in the factor structures are discussed in light of cultural characteristics, computer education, and computer software and hardware.
Resonating-group study of d + α scattering

Abstract The resonating-group method is used to examine the d + α scattering problem over a wide energy range. The nucleon-nucleon potential employed contains both central and spin-orbit components. The result shows that, with the inclusion of a phenomenological imaginary potential to take account of reaction effects, the calculation does yield satisfactory agreement with experiment both at low energies and at a rather high energy of 53.9 MeV.
On the integrable variant of the Boussinesq system: Painleve´ property, rational solutions, a related many-body system, and equivalence with the AKNS hierarchy

Abstract An infinite family of rational solutions of the integrable version of the Boussinesq system ∗ u t + w x + uu x = 0, w t + u xxx + (uw) x = 0 and the associated higher-order flows is constructed. The differential equations governing the motion of the poles are derived and their complete integrability demonstrated. This system embeds into two disjoint Calogero-Moser systems coupled only through a constraint. A novel treatment of this constraint is given. Using the equivalence of (∗) to the real version of the nonlinear Schrodinger system, it is seen that rational solutions of the AKNS hierarchy have been constructed as well. Finally, it is shown that all solutions of these hierarchies, including the rational ones, also solve the first-modified KP equation.
Race Disparity in Grants: Oversight at Home—Response

Sherley is concerned that NIH does not provide sufficient oversight of the minority recruitment plans at institutions. We agree that this is an important point. NIH recognizes a unique and compelling need to promote diversity in the biomedical, behavioral, clinical, and social sciences workforce. Therefore, NIH requires recruitment plans to enhance diversity, including underrepresented minorities, for institutional training grants at the pre- and postdoctoral levels ([ 1 ][1]). The plans on all NRSA training grants are rigorously reviewed, and if they are deficient, the grants are not funded until corrective action is taken on the part of the grantee. Awarded training grants that are subsequently submitted for renewal are reviewed for the recruitment plan's results. If the plans are judged ineffective, this assessment affects its likelihood of being funded again. 1. [↵][2]Part I Section 8.7 of the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide ([http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/424/SF424\_RR\_Guide\_General\_Adobe_VerB.pdf][3]). [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [3]: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/424/SF424_RR_Guide_General_Adobe_VerB.pdf
The interface of functional biotribology and regenerative medicine in synovial joints.

Biotribology is the science of biological surfaces in sliding contact encompassing the concepts of friction, wear, and lubrication of interacting surfaces. This bioscience field has emerged from the classical field of tribology and is of paramount importance to the normal function of numerous tissues, including articular cartilage, blood vessels, heart, tendons, ligaments, and skin. Surprisingly, relatively little attention has been given to the restoration of surface characteristics in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine—the science of design and manufacture of new tissues for the functional restoration of impaired or diseased organs that depend on inductive signals, responding stem cells, and extracellular matrix scaffolding. Analogous to ancient civilizations (c. 3000 B.C.) that introduced wheeled vehicles, sledges for transporting heavy blocks, and lubricants, modern biotribologists must aim to restore surface characteristics to regenerated tissues and develop novel biomaterials...
Experimental snowpack reduction alters organic matter and net N mineralization potential of soil macroaggregates in a northern hardwood forest

Climate change is predicted to reduce or delay annual wintertime snow pack formation in the forests of the northeastern US. Any delay in snowpack formation could increase soil freezing in winter and, thereby, alter soil characteristics and processes. We examined the hypothesis that delayed snowpack would disrupt soil structure and change organic matter bioavailability in an experimental snow removal study at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), NH, USA. Pairs of reference and snow removal treatment plots were studied in four different sites at HBEF. Snow was removed from November–January of two winters, inducing soil freezing throughout both winters. Size class distribution and organic matter concentration and content of aggregates, and carbon and nitrogen mineralization potential of size fractions were quantified for surface mineral soils in the spring of both years immediately after snowmelt. In the first year of sampling, the only significant effect of snow removal was an increase in the smallest (<53 μm) size fraction of mineral soil. In the second year, snow removal increased organic matter concentrations of macroaggregate (250–2,000 μm) and microaggregate (53–250 μm) size fractions. This change corresponded to an increase in net N mineralization potential and the ratio of N to C mineralized in the macroaggregate fraction, but there were no effects of snow removal on C mineralization. We propose that soil freezing increases the movement of organic matter from organic to mineral soil horizons and increases the N content of mineralizable substrates in mineral soil following years with delayed snowpack formation.
Globalization and the welfare state

Introduces a special issue on globalization and the welfare state. Asserts that economic globalization constrains national economic and social policy far more now than ever before, although the level of international trade has not increased that much compared to levels at the beginning of this century. Talks about the political consequences of economic globalization, particularly welfare state retrenchment in the advanced capitalist world. Outlines the papers included in this issue – comparing welfare system changes in Sweden, the UK and the USA; urban bias in state policy‐making in Mexico; and the developing of the Israeli welfare state. Concludes that economic globalization has a limited effect in shaping social welfare policy in advanced capitalist countries; nevertheless, recommends further research into which aspects of economic globalization shape social welfare policy.
Concentrations of unsubstituted polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in bay mussels (Mytilus edulis) from Oregon, USA

Abstract Concentrations of fifteen unsubstituted polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAH) were measured in Mytilus edulis from two sites in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA, during 1979–1980. There were significant differences in PNAH levels between the two populations. The average total concentration in mussels inhabiting the more industrialized bayfront was 986·2 μg/kg compared with 273·9 μg/kg in mussels from a more remote site across the bay. Substantial differences were found in the concentrations of different PNAH in M. edulis examined during this study. The smaller more water soluble, compounds were concentrated to one or two orders of magnitude above the larger, less soluble PNAH.
Experimental approach for geometrical calibration of small UAV sensors

Small unmanned aerial vehicle (SUAV) imagery geometrical quality is affected by the fact that cameras which are installed in SUAV usually are not calibrated due to the platforms size and cost constrains. To this end, image enhancements and camera calibration processes are crucial elements of the remote sensing system architectures. In this work we present experimental research involving SUAV platform equipped with autopilot and with ability to accommodate a payload up to 11 pounds. SUAV platform is currently fitted with a 12MP EOS camera, which is a subject of calibration procedures. Presented preliminary results of the research demonstrate SUAV remote sensing feasibility.
In Vitro Effects of Amphotericin B on Growth and Ultrastructure of the Amoeboflagellates Naegleria gruberi and Naegleria fowleri

In vitro effects of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) on growth, viability, and ultrastructure of amoeboflagellates of the genus Naegleria were examined. The strains studied were the nonpathogenic Naegleria gruberi EGB and the Carter and TY strains of the pathogenic Naegleria fowleri. AmB was amoebicidal at all concentrations used (0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 μg/ml) when the drug was added to cultures in lag phase, as determined by viability testing, but was mainly inhibitory when added to log-phase cultures. The drug produced ultrastructural modifications at all concentrations (0.05 to 1.0 μg/ml). These changes included distortion of nuclear shape, increase in cytoplasmic membranes (both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum), decrease in number of food vacuoles, absence of pseudopod formation, mitochondrial abnormalities, increase in autophagic vacuoles, and blebbing of the plasma membrane. These alterations of amoebic ultrastructure became more pronounced with increased time in AmB and with increase in AmB concentration in the growth medium.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Bispyribac-Sodium in an Echinochloa phyllopogon Accession

Abstract Weeds are a major problem for rice production in California, and late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stapf) Koss) is one of the most serious weeds in water-seeded rice. Severe infestations can reduce yields by more than 50%. Flooding only partially controls this weed; thus, farmers rely heavily on herbicides. Resistance to several herbicides, including bispyribac-sodium, an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor not yet commercially used, has developed in late watergrass populations of California rice. Knowing the mechanisms of bispyribac resistance is relevant to designing herbicide management strategies for delaying resistance development to enhance the successful introduction of this new herbicide. We examined whether an insensitive ALS and cyt P-450-dependent detoxification were possible resistance mechanisms in a bispyribac-sodium-resistant (R) late watergrass population collected in California rice fields, which was previously determined to be resistant to molinate, thiobencarb, and fenoxaprop-ethyl. ALS activity was assayed on leaf extracts from young R and susceptible (S) plants for a range of bispyribac-sodium concentrations, and cross-resistance to another ALS inhibitor, bensulfuron-methyl, was evaluated using whole-plant bioassays. Resistance was not due to reduced ALS sensitivity to bispyribac-sodium in R plants, although the R accession was highly cross-resistant to bensulfuron-methyl. Although S and R plants had similar ALS activity (mg acetoin mg protein−1) without herbicide, more (P
Excess-radon and temperature profiles from the Eastern Equatorial Pacific

Abstract A series of excess-radon and continuous temperature profiles in bottom water of the eastern equatorial Pacific was measured on SCAN Expedition. The results show that the temperature profiles have many characteristics which correlate with the radon profiles and provide important information on the nature of the bottom water processes. Highest model diffusivities for radon were encountered in regions where the temperature gradient was adiabatic; in constant diffusivity models these parametric values are about 200 cm2/sec, as compared with more generally observed values which are a factor of 10 lower. Four types of radon profiles are described: quasi-exponential, layered, cascade-type, and cusp-type profiles.
Experimental iron deficiency in the rat. The use of 51Cr, DF32P and 59Fe to detect haemolysis of iron-deficient cells.

Summary Dietary iron deficiency in the rat results in marked normoblastic hyperplasia of the bone marrow, peripheral blood reticulocytosis, the presence of nuclear remnants in red cells and a haeinolytic process. Haemolysis of the red cells was not detected using the 51Cr label. DF32P did detect moderate shortening of red cells but to a lesser degree than would be expected by the degree of reticulocytosis. Cohort labelling of red cells using 59Fe indicated an early rapid destruction of newly formed cells. These findings are at variance, in part, with the observations in human iron deficiency where reticulocytosis is minimal.
A Dual-Carbon-and-Nitrogen Stable Isotope Ratio Model Is Not Superior to a Single-Carbon Stable Isotope Ratio Model for Predicting Added Sugar Intake in Southwest Virginian Adults

Background: An objective measure of added sugar (AS) and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake is needed. The d 13 C value of finger-stick blood is a novel validated biomarker of AS/SSB intake; however, nonsweetener corn products and animal protein also carry a d 13 C value similar to AS sources, which may affect blood d 13 C values. The d 15 N value of blood has been proposed as a ‘‘correction factor’’ for animal protein intake. Objectives: The objectives were to 1) identify foods associated with d 13 C and d 15 N blood values, 2) determine the contribution of nonsweetener corn to the diet relative to AS intake, and 3) determine if the dual-isotope model (d 13 C and d 15 N) is a better predictor of AS/SSB intake than d 13 C alone. Methods: A cross-sectional sample of southwest Virginian adults (n = 257; aged 42 6 15 y; 74% overweight/obese) underwent dietary intake assessments and provided finger-stick blood samples, which were analyzed for d 13 C and d 15 N values by using natural abundance stable isotope mass spectrometry. Statistical analyses included ANOVAs, pairedsamples t tests, and multiple linear regressions. Results: The mean 6 SD daily AS intake was 88 6 59 g and nonsweetener corn intake was 13 6 13 g. The mean d 13 C value was 219.1 6 0.9&, which was significantly correlated with AS and SSB intakes (r = 0.32 and 0.39, respectively; P # 0.01). The d 13 C value and nonsweetener corn intake and the d 15 N value and animal protein intake were not correlated. AS intake was significantly greater than nonsweetener corn intake (mean difference = 76.2 6 57.2 g; P # 0.001). The d 13 C value was predictive of AS/SSB intake (b range: 0.28‐0.35; P # 0.01); however, d 15 N was not predictive and minimal increases in R 2 values were observed when the d 15 N value was added to the model. Conclusions: The data do not provide evidence that the dual-isotope method is superior for predicting AS/SSB intakes within a southwest Virginian population. Our results support the potential of the d 13 C value of finger-stick blood to serve as an objective measure of AS/SSB intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02193009. J Nutr doi: 10.3945/jn.115.211011.
Membrane of Mammary Gland. II. 5′-Nucleotidase Activity of Bovine Mammary Plasma Membranes

Abstract The 5′-nucleotidase activity of a plasma-membrane rich fraction from bovine mammary gland was characterized. In the absence of added metal ions a broad plateau of maximum activity was observed between pH 7.8 and 9.8. In the presence of 5mM Mg ++ , the enzyme was activated and displayed pH optima at 7.8 and 9.5. Michaelis constants were 4.0 and 1.1 mar for cytidine-5′-monophosphate and adenosines-5′monophosphate (AMP). With AMP as substrate the activation energy was 10,300 cal/mole. At 5mM relative rates of hydrolysis of 5′-monophosphates were cytidine>uridine>inosine>guanosine>adenosine>deoxyguanosine>xanthine>deoxycytidine. The membrane fraction also contained large amounts of adenosine triphosphatase as well as some nonspecific phosphatase activity.
Blocking and controllability of Petri nets in supervisory control

This note discusses the use of Petri net languages in supervisory control theory. First it is shown that the trimming of an unbounded Petri net is not always possible and a new class of Petri net languages, that may be generated by nonblocking nets, is defined. Secondly, necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a Petri net supervisor, under the hypothesis that the system's behavior and the legal behavior are both Petri net languages, are derived. Finally, by means of an example, it is shown that Petri net languages are not closed under the supremal controllable sublanguage operator. >
Barriers in the implementation of a physical activity intervention in primary care settings: lessons learned.

Barriers encountered in implementing a physical activity intervention in primary health care settings, and ways to address them, are described in this paper. A randomized comparison trial was designed to examine the impact of health care providers’ written prescriptions for physical activity, with or without additional physical activity resources, to adult, nonpregnant patients on preventive care or chronic disease monitoring visits. Following abysmal recruitment outcomes, the research protocol was altered to make it more appealing to all the participants, i.e., health care providers, office personnel, and patients. Various barriers—financial, motivational, and executive—to the implementation of health promotion interventions in primary health care settings were experienced and identified. These barriers have been classified by the different participants in the research process, viz., healthcare providers, administrative personnel, researchers, and patients. Some of the barriers identified were lack of ti...
Predictors of functional limitation trajectories after injury in a nationally representative U.S. older adult population.

Abstract Purpose Studies examining postinjury functional status have demonstrated that individuals with severe injuries often do not return to baseline levels of physical functioning. We sought to investigate the impact injuries have on changes in physical functioning across the life course of older adults. The study's objectives were to (1) identify trajectories of long-term functional limitations after injury in the older adult population to better characterize the recovery process and (2) predict which individuals are most at risk for poor functional trajectories after injury. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using six waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study, which surveys Americans older than 50 years every two years. A group-based trajectory model was used to identify trajectories of functional limitations in injured participants. Using multivariate regression, we identified significant predictors of each trajectory. Results Five distinct trajectories were identified: Trajectory 1—consistently low functional limitations scores (18.9%), Trajectory 2—increase in functional limitations after injury followed by a gradual, incomplete recovery (46.3%), Trajectory 3—increase in functional limitations followed by further decline in functioning (10.5%), Trajectory 4—increase in functional limitations after injury followed by a gradual, complete recovery (13.4%), and Trajectory 5—consistently high functional limitations scores (10.8%). Gender, multiple health conditions, and insurance status predicted trajectory membership. Conclusions Functional limitations after injury follow distinct trajectories that can be predicted by baseline individual characteristics.
Cutaneous toxicity of 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide in isolated perfused porcine skin.

Previous research has shown the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) to be a novel in vitro experimental model for investigating xenobiotic percutaneous absorption. In this study, the IPPSF was used to biochemically and morphologically assess the dermatotoxicity of 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide (CEMS), a monofunctional analog of the vesicant, sulfur mustard. IPPSFs were perfused in a recirculating perfusion system and were treated with 97% CEMS (n = 4) or served as controls (n = 4). Additional IPPSFs were perfused in a nonrecirculating perfusion system and were treated with CEMS (n = 4) or were controls (n = 4). After dosing, each IPPSF was perfused for 8 hr. Cumulative glucose utilization (GU) and lactate production/glucose utilization ratio (L/GU ratio) were used as viability parameters. The average rate of GU for CEMS was significantly lower than control (p ≤ 0.05) in the recirculating and nonrecirculating IPPSFs. The L/GU ratio for CEMS was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from control for either perfusion system. CEMS resulted in a marked increase in vascular resistance versus control in both perfusion systems. Gross vesicles and bullae formation occurred in six of the CEMS-treated IPPSFs. Light microscopy revealed subepidermal vesicle formation above the basement membrane and extensive basal cell pyknosis in all IPPSFs treated with CEMS. No macroscopic or microscopic lesions were noted in the control flaps. Transmission electron microscopy revealed separation between the lamina lucida and the lamina densa of the basal lamina, with intracellular vacuolization and mitochondrial swelling occurring in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum cells of IPPSFs treated with CEMS. These lesions are similar to those described after human exposure to sulfur mustard. Full characterization of the morphological and biochemical changes seen after topical exposure of the IPPSF to vesicants may shed light on the pathogenesis of cutaneous toxicity of these compounds in vivo and serve as a relevant model to assess protective strategies against vesicant exposure.
Decrease in Muscle Contraction Time Complements Neural Maturation in the Development of Dynamic Manipulation

Developmental improvements in dynamic manipulation abilities are typically attributed to neural maturation, such as myelination of corticospinal pathways, neuronal pruning, and synaptogenesis. However the contributions from changes in the peripheral motor system are less well understood. Here we investigated whether there are developmental changes in muscle activation-contraction dynamics and whether these changes contribute to improvements in dynamic manipulation in humans. We compared pinch strength, dynamic manipulation ability, and contraction time of the first dorsal interosseous muscle in typically developing preadolescent, adolescent, and young adults. Both strength and dynamic manipulation ability increased with age (p
Amphiphilic Heteroarm PEO-b-PSm Star Polymers at the Air−Water Interface: Aggregation and Surface Morphology

We report on the surface behavior of the asymmetric heteroarm poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/polystyrene (PS) star polymer on the air−water interface on a solid substrate. These amphiphilic star polymers with different numbers of hydrophobic arms and a similar hydrophilic block differ by architecture (four and three arm molecules, PEO-b-PS3 and PEO-b-PS2), the length of PS chains (molecular weight from about 10 000 up to 24 000), and the number of PS arms (three and two). Detailed analysis revealed that well-developed circular domain surface morphology was formed at the air−water interface. Similar to linear diblock PEO−PS copolymers, the asymmetric heteroarm star polymers at low surface pressure formed circular nanoscale aggregates composed of PS arms. At higher surface pressure, the packing of circular domains became denser, but no clear transition to cylindrical structures was observed in condensed monolayers, contrary to linear block copolymers of similar composition. Therefore, we suggest that for star a...
Lateral histograms for efficient object location: Speed versus ambiguity

Abstract This paper discusses the use of lateral histograms for efficient object location. Methods for resolving ambiguities are described, and formulae are found for overall savings in computation. Lateral histograms are found to be particularly valuable for finding small round objects and holes as well as for corner location. Gains in efficiency in the range 20 to 50 relative to template matching are typical.