cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Culture of primary lung tumors using medium conditioned by a lung carcinoma cell line

Medium conditioned by the established lung tumor cell line A549 was used as a supplement to culture cells from primary solid lung tumors. Of 36 cases placed into culture, primary cells were obtained in 33 (91.7%). Of 29 cases in which subcultures were attempted, 18 (62.1%) were successful. Nine cell lines have been established by this technique to date. In growth assays, conditioned medium (CM) was found to stimulate both monolayer colony formation and growth in semi-solid medium of cells cultured from primary solid tumors. CM has been found to contain factors with the properties of both transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). The addition of a combination of these factors as purified peptides to basal medium at levels found in CM (0.1-0.5 ng/ml) stimulated colony formation of lung tumor cells by up to fourfold. These results indicate that secretion of growth factors may be important in tumor growth in vivo, and that use of CM may be a valuable tool for obtaining cultures from primary solid tumors.
Dietary carnitine supplements slow disease progression in a putative mouse model for hereditary ceroid-lipofuscinosis

The childhood ceroid-lipofuscinoses are a group of autosomal recessively inherited disorders characterized by massive accumulation of autofluorescent lysosomal storage bodies in neurons as well as other cell types. The storage body accumulation is accompanied by severe degeneration of the central nervous system that results in blindness, cognitive and psychomotor degeneration, and premature death. On the basis of pathologic and biochemical criteria, a hereditary disease in the mnd mouse strain has been proposed as a model for certain types of human ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Experimental evidence suggests that the storage body accumulation in humans with juvenile and late-infantile ceroid-lipofuscinosis is linked to altered carnitine biosynthesis. On the basis of the latter observation, a study was performed to determine whether dietary carnitine supplements could slow the disease progression in the mnd mouse model. Carnitine supplementation begun at 4 weeks of age did not slow the retinal degeneration that is characteristic of this disease. It did, however, significantly elevate brain carnitine levels, slow the accumulation of autofluorescent storage bodies in brain neurons, and prolong the lifespans of the treated animals. These findings suggest that there is a link between carnitine biosynthesis and the disease pathology and indicate that carnitine supplementation may be beneficial in slowing the disease progression in humans with certain types of hereditary ceroid-lipofuscinosis. J. Neurosci. Res. 50:123–132, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of template molecular weight alteration on transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase

Abstract DNA molecules subjected to shear have altered properties as templates for RNA synthesis. Shearing Diplococcus pneumoniae and T7 DNA results in a slight decrease in template activity until a molecular size of approximately 4 · 10 6 daltons is reached. As the DNA molecular size is decreased further, there is a precipitous drop in RNA synthesis which approaches zero RNA synthesis at DNA molecules in the size range of 1–2 · 10 5 daltons.
Potential trust barriers in US state e-government privacy policies

Online privacy and consumer trust is of concern for all types of websites when personal information is shared. Privacy policies provide an opportunity to promote consumer trust for popular uses of the web especially given the proliferation of online privacy breaches. One such use for which consumer trust and privacy is of growing concern is electronic government. This study assesses the contents and reading complexity of privacy policies posted by the US state government websites. The findings show that the lack of standardisation and complexity may pose as impediments to consumer trust in the use of these sites.
Diffusion and reaction in an immobilized enzyme starch saccharification catalyst

Effectiveness factors were predicted from measurements of basic parameters made on single oligosaccharides, and the prediction was compared to experimental effec tiveness factors for the reaction of each oligosaccharide in the immobilized enzyme catalyst. Kinetic parameters were obtained for the hydrolysis of each oligosaccharide catalyzed by soluble glucoamylase, and were fit with a subsite model equation capable of generalization to all sizes of oligosaccharide. Diffusion coefficients in free solution were determined from movement out of a capillary tube. Spatial characteristics of the immobilized enzyme bed were obtained from pulse response experiments, allowing the calculation of effective diffusivities. Experimental effectiveness factors plotted against modulus were in reasonable agreement with the predictions.
Hourly employee retention in the attraction industry: Research from small and medium-sized facilities in Orlando, Florida

The major objective of this study was to explore the reasons behind hourly employees' turnover in the attraction industry. Data were collected from 172 hourly employees in 13 Orlando small and medium-sized facilities. The results empirically confirmed that hourly employees' retention was predicted by self-fulfilment and working conditions rather than monetary rewards. More specifically, employees who had a sense of fulfilment with their job exhibited low inclination to move to another employer because of different management style, and those that were given clear job responsibilities and had consistent working hours were more likely to remain with their current employer.
Concerning the stability of dichlorodiazene

Abstract The stability of N 2 Cl 2 with respect to dissociation into N 2 +2Cl has been investigated using ab initio electronic structure techniques. Triple-ζ basis sets with d- and f-functions were required to obtain qualitative agreement between multi-reference and highly-correlated single reference methods regarding the stability of the cis - and trans -isomers. The CCSD(T) method predicts a barrier to dissociation of 7– 8 kcal mol −1 for the two isomers. CASPT2 barrier heights are substantially smaller ( ⩽1.5 kcal mol −1 ), indicating that these species are barely bound.
Abciximab combined with angioplasty in a patient with renal artery stent subacute thrombosis.

Following renal artery angioplasty and stenting, a female hypertensive patient suffered left renal artery stent subacute thrombosis. A second successful angioplasty was performed using 5000 U heparin i.v. and 0.25-mg/kg bolus followed by a 12-hr 10-microg/min infusion of abciximab. Normal renal flow was re-established and remained normal at 1-year follow-up.
Toeplitz eigensystem solver

In this paper, a novel algorithm for computing the minimum eigenvalue and associated eigenvector is presented. This algorithm is a derivative of the inverse iteration method which requires a linear system to be solved in each iteration. Taking advantage of the Toeplitz structure, a pipelined Toeplitz system solver can be applied to solve the Toeplitz system in O(N) time units with O(N) processors. This brings the total computing time for solving the Toeplitz minimum eigenvalue down to O(KN) time units where K is the number of iterations. This algorithm makes it possible to perform real time processing of the Pisarenko's high resolution spectrum estimate.
The Gene Wiki: community intelligence applied to human gene annotation

Annotating the function of all human genes is a critical, yet formidable, challenge. Current gene annotation efforts focus on centralized curation resources, but it is increasingly clear that this approach does not scale with the rapid growth of the biomedical literature. The Gene Wiki utilizes an alternative and complementary model based on the principle of community intelligence. Directly integrated within the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia, the goal of this effort is to build a gene-specific review article for every gene in the human genome, where each article is collaboratively written, continuously updated and community reviewed. Previously, we described the creation of Gene Wiki ‘stubs’ for approximately 9000 human genes. Here, we describe ongoing systematic improvements to these articles to increase their utility. Moreover, we retrospectively examine the community usage and improvement of the Gene Wiki, providing evidence of a critical mass of users and editors. Gene Wiki articles are freely accessible within the Wikipedia web site, and additional links and information are available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gene_Wiki.
Capacitive Discharge Circuit for Controlled Heating of Anisotropic Graphite Tubes: Part I:

Circuitry suitable for capacitive discharge heating of anisotropic graphite tubes for atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence is detailed and initial calibration data are presented.
Do the Leading Children's Hospitals have Quality Web Sites? A Description of Children's Hospital Web Sites

BACKGROUND: Although leading children's hospitals are recognized as preeminent in the provision of health care to children, the quality of their Web sites has not been described. OBJECTIVE: To describe technical characteristics of the Web sites of leading children's hospitals. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional descriptive infodemiology study. Two reviewers independently reviewed and analyzed the Web sites of 26 nationally prominent children's hospitals in June 2003, using objective criteria based on accessibility (based on age and language), attribution, completeness, credibility, currency, disclosure, readability, and other technical elements. RESULTS: One-third of Web sites included content for children and adolescents. Twenty-four (92%) of the Web sites had health and disease-specific information. One-third contained only English, while two-thirds included other languages. All 26 Web sites included a disclaimer, although none had a requirement to read the disclaimer before accessing health and disease specific information. Twenty-four (92%) had search options. Although most (85%) listed a copyright date, only 10% listed the date last updated. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to examine the Web sites of leading children's hospitals. Although the Web sites were designed for children's hospitals, only a few sites included content for children and adolescents. Primary care physicians who refer patients to these sites should be aware that many have limited content for children, and should assess them for other limitations, such as inconsistent documentation of disclaimers or failure to show the date of the last Web site update. These Web sites are a potentially useful source of patient information. However, as the public increasingly looks to the Internet for health information, children's hospitals need to keep up with increasingly high standards and demands of health-care consumers. [J Med Internet Res 2004;6(2):e20]
Team model: advocating for the optimal method of care delivery in the intensive care unit.

Objective To review published data on the team model of intensive care unit (ICU) care delivery. Design Nonexhaustive, selective literature search. Setting Review of literature published in the English language. Patients/subjects Humans cared for in ICUs. Interventions None. Results The team model for delivery of ICU care reduces mortality, ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, and cost of care. Convincing data suggest that merely having daily rounds led by an intensivist enhances patient care significantly. Further improvements can be obtained by maintaining a nurse-to-patient ratio of no greater than 1:2, adding critical care pharmacists, and providing dedicated respiratory therapists to the ICU team. Conclusion Current and looming shortages of all ICU healthcare providers is a barrier to universal implementation of the team model. Advocating for the ICU team model for critical care delivery requires local, regional, national, and international activities for success.
Assessing the impact of ancient Maya animal use

Foraging ecology; Animal exploitation; Hunting efficiency; Odocoileus virginianus; Zooarchaeology; Archaeology Summary Tropical forest animals are at high risk worldwide as a result of over-exploitation and forest clearing. Zooarchaeological studies of animal use by the ancient Maya of the southern lowland regions of Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and Mexico provide longterm historical information on animal populations under conditions of human population growth and climatic change that is valuable to both archaeology and conservation biology. In this paper, zooarchaeological data from 35 chronologically defined faunal sub-samples recovered from 25 ancient Maya archaeological sites are used to assess the effects of ancient hunting on animal populations of the Maya region between the Preclassic and Colonial periods (2000 BC–AD 1697). The variations in species abundance are used as a proxy for describing changes in ancient Maya hunting practices and hunted animal populations, interpreted on the basis of hunting efficiency models from foraging ecology. A significant reduction in the proportion of large mammals, particularly Odocoileus virginianus, in zooarchaeological assemblages between the Late Classic (AD 600–850) and Terminal Classic/ Postclassic periods (AD 850–1519) suggest that over-hunting during the Late Classic may have led to a reduction in availability of these animals to the ancient Maya hunters in the later periods. This finding is discussed in relation to important social and environmental variations to evaluate the impact of hunting and other factors such as forest clearance and climate on ancient animal populations in the Maya region.
System characterization and analysis of the Multispectral Aerial Passive Polarimeter System (MAPPS)

Passive polarimetery has been used for many different remote sensing applications and can provide useful signatures for certain types of phenomenology. While broadband polarimeters have many advantages, such as high signal-to-noise ratio and small ground sample distance, there has been growing interest in the development of algorithms that take advantage of both spectral and polarimetric signals. The Multispectral Aerial Passive Polarimeter System (MAPPS) aims to produce multispectral polarimetric imagery of test scenes that can be used in algorithm development efforts and phenomenology studies. Preliminary data is presented along with a calibration and processing workflow that produces registered spectral Stokes imagery.
AN APPLICATION OF REFLECTED‐LIGHT DIFFERENTIAL‐INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPY: BEACH STUDIES IN EASTERN LONG ISLAND—A REPLY

A significant recent advance in microscopy has been the introduction of differential-interference contrast (DIC) optics. In reflected-light instruments, one “Nomarski prism” (a modified Wollaston prism) is used both for beam splitting and combining. In effect, two deformed wave-fronts are produced which are laterally separated by a distance below the resolving power of the microscope. They are brought to differential interference by the analyzer, the effect being one of oblique illumination of the object. This system can be used in the study of mineral-grain surfaces. For this purpose, conventional replicas of the grains are placed on petrographic slides which in turn are placed over a silvered mirror on the microscope stage. The Nomarski prism is then adjusted until the best contrast is achieved. For a test study, samples were collected from the intertidal zone of the Atlantic shore of eastern Long Island, mostly at localities which earlier were sampled by Krinsley et al. (1964) and studied in a classical investigation of quartz-grain surface features by transmission electron microscopy. In the present study, a semi-quantitative evaluation of surface features was attempted, using as guide the criteria set up by Krinsley and his school. The results of this study are tentatively interpreted as reflecting pronounced erosion in the study area, and increasing energy levels from East Hampton to Montauk Point.
Laminations, trees, and irreducible automorphisms of free groups

We examine the action of Out(F n ) on the set of (irreducible) laminations. Consequences include a special case of the Tits alternative for Out(F n ), the discreteness of certain naturally arising group actions on trees, and word hyperbolicity of certain semidirect products.
Chain-length dependence of the dissociation dynamics of oriented molecular adsorbates: n-alkyl bromides on GaAs(110)

Brominated hydrocarbons adsorbed on semiconductor surfaces serve as ideal model systems for investigating the photoinduced chemistry of oriented molecules in the condensed phase. Under UV irradiation these adsorbates dissociate via attachment of photoexcited substrate electrons giving rise to energetic alkyl and surface-bound bromine fragments. In this report the authors describe the effect on the fragmentation dynamics due to systematic variation of the complexity (alkyl chain length) of the adsorbate. Increasing the length of the alkyl chain leads to distinct changes in the alkyl fragment angular distributions. For methyl bromide, the angular distribution is dominated by a focused beam of directly ejected hyperthermal methyl radicals at 44{degree} (in the [0{bar 1}] direction) from the surface normal. While a similar direct beam is observed for ethyl and propyl bromide, inelastic scattering of these fragments is found to result in increased importance of a slower diffuse cos{sup n} {theta} desorption. In addition, significant retention of alkyl fragments is detected by postirradiation thermal desorption measurements for these longer-chain homologues. Increasing the number of degrees of freedom of the adsorbate is also observed to dramatically alter the energetics of the ejection of the photofragments from the surface. As the number of carbons in the fragmentmore » is increased from one to three, the average energy of the directly ejected radicals decreases from 1.48 to 1.1 to 0.69 eV (UV incident at {lambda} = 193 nm). Variations in the energy and angular distributions are discussed in terms of initial adsorbate orientation, energy partitioning into rovibrational modes, and influence of radical-surface interactions.« less
A direct method of measuring gaseous emissions from naturally ventilated dairy barns

Abstract Air pollutant emission rates from mechanically ventilated (MV) dairy barns are determined from the product of the differences in concentrations of pollutants in air at the inlet and exhaust points and the corresponding ventilation rates. In contrast to well defined entry and exit points in MV barns, large area air inlets or outlets characterize naturally ventilated (NV) freestall dairy barns. Complicating this scenario even more, pertinent airflow characteristics (velocity and direction) necessary for determining ventilation rates vary continuously, both temporally and spatially. This paper describes implementation of a direct method, generally equivalent to the approach used for MV barns, for determining air emission rates of NV barns. Ultrasonic anemometers (sonics) located at salient points in the barn openings mapped air inflow and outflow velocities necessary to calculate ventilation rates. Pollutant concentrations in the air entering or leaving the barn during a given period were measured at sampling points located next to the anemometers. The air inflow rates were, in general, higher than the air outflow rates from the barns, but diurnal profiles were similar. The observed ventilation characteristics were consistent with prevailing wind directions. Air inflows were observed predominantly at windward openings of the barn, while the outflows were mainly at the barn's leeward openings. Results indicated that either: (i) the average of the air inflow and outflow rates (averaging approach), or (ii) the air inflow rates (inflow-only approach) were credible representations of ventilation rates. Results also revealed use of an on-site weather station and one sonic mounted in the middle of each wall of the barn as a possible approach for determining barn ventilation rates. The suggested use of ventilation rates for interpolating missing concentrations from intermittent gas measurements could potentially increase the integrity of emission rates at significantly lower capital investment and operational costs.
Psychiatric features of children and adolescents with pseudoseizures.

Background Pseudoseizures may occur as a somatoform disorder in children and adolescents as well as adults. However, few data are available about psychiatric features or outcome in pediatric patients. Patients and Methods We studied 34 patients (25 girls [74%]) who were evaluated by a child psychiatrist at our institution immediately after diagnosis of pseudoseizures by ictal video electroencephalogram (EEG) at ages 9 to 18 years (mean age, 14 years). Each patient had at least 1 pseudoseizure recorded by video EEG that was judged by the patient and family as typical, characterized by unresponsiveness plus limb twitching or limpness and other features, with EEG showing persistence of normal cortical background rhythms. Results In addition to conversion disorder, 11 patients (32%) had mood disorders including major depression, bipolar disorder, or dysthymic disorder, usually with severe psychosocial stressors. Eight children (24%) had separation anxiety and school refusal with moderate psychosocial stressors. Two patients (6%) had brief reactive psychosis or schizophreniform disorder. A few (1-3) patients each had panic disorder, overanxious disorder, adjustment disorder, oppositional/defiant disorder, or impulse control disorder. Four patients (12%) also had personality disorders. Eleven patients (32%) had a history of sexual abuse. This was especially frequent in the subgroup with mood disorders (7 [64%] of 11 patients). Fifteen patients (44%) had severe family stressors including recent parental divorce, parental discord, or death of a close family member. Two patients (6%) had a history of physical abuse. Freedom from pseudoseizures for the preceding 9 to 55 months (mean, 30 months) was achieved for 15 (72%) of the 21 patients who could be reached for telephone follow-up. For 8 (53%) of these 15 patients, the last pseudoseizure was within 1 month of diagnosis by video EEG. Conclusions Major mood disorders and severe environmental stress, especially sexual abuse, are common among children and adolescents with pseudoseizures and should be considered in every case. A subgroup of children with separation anxiety and school refusal had less severe psychiatric problems and moderate psychosocial stressors. Clear diagnosis by video EEG, together with prompt psychiatric evaluation and treatment, may result in freedom from pseudoseizures for most children and adolescents.
Low parts per billion determination of sulfide by coulometric argentometry

Present methods for the determination of sulfide in wastewater are hindered by poor detection limits and extensive sample pretreatment. A less problematic method has been developed with a method de...
The expression of barley α-amylase genes inXenopus laevis oocytes

The synthesis and secretion of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) fromXenopus laevis oocytes injected with plasmids containing barley α-amylase complementary DNA (cDNA), genomic DNA, or synthetic α-amylase mRNA were studied. α-Amylase accumulated within the oocytes beginning 12 h after injection of DNA and in the medium 12 h later as a result of secretion. S1 mapping showed that the transcription of genomic DNA was initiated at the same site in oocytes as in barley aleurone, but that the transcription of cDNAs was less precise than that of genomic DNA. The α-amylase secreted by oocytes injected with either RNA or DNA had a molecular mass (Mr) of 44000 daltons (Da) and was indistinguishable from native barley α-amylase in size, isoelectric point, antigenicity and enzymatic activity. Isoelectric focussing showed that two enzymatically active isoforms of α-amylase were synthesized and secreted from oocytes injected with synthetic RNA or DNA. The results permit us to assign specific electrophoretic bands to specific cDNA clones. We conclude that theXenopus oocyte is a promising surrogate system for the study of transcription and translation of plant genes.
Virus‐Directed Enzyme/Prodrug Therapy (VDEPT) Selectively Engineering Drug Sensitivity into Tumors

A gene therapy approach has been described that generates a tumor-selective qualitative difference in the metabolic capability in tumor cells. This is the result of the selective expression of a nonmammalian enzyme in tumor cells. Selective expression is achieved by utilization of a chimeric gene composed of the TRS from a tumor-associated marker gene linked to the coding domain of a gene encoding a nonmammalian enzyme. We have described the application of this approach for the treatment of metastatic CRC. This approach involves creation of a chimeric gene composed of the CEA TRS linked to the coding domain of the CD gene. Selective expression of CD in the tumor cells will allow the selective conversion of the prodrug 5-FCyt to 5-FCyt in the tumor while sparing normal cells. Most importantly, delivery and expression of CD into a small fraction of tumor cells may be sufficient to achieve a significant antitumor effect.
Morphologic Features of Cardiac Sarcoidosis in Native Hearts of Patients Having Cardiac Transplantation

Described herein are 10 patients who underwent cardiac transplantation (CT) for severe chronic systolic heart failure resulting from cardiac sarcoidosis. None had the diagnosis of sarcoidosis established before CT except for the 3 patients who earlier had had a portion of left ventricular wall excised for insertion of a left ventricular assist device and non-caseating granulomas were present in the removed myocardium. Although none of the 10 patients had significant narrowing of any of the epicardial coronary arteries, all had focal scarring of the walls of the left and right ventricles and ventricular septum and all had dilated ventricular cavities. The patients with the most ventricular wall scarring tended to have the fewest sarcoid granulomas in the ventricular walls. Two patients had no sarcoid granulomas in the excised heart although one did have typical sarcoid granulomas in the portion of left ventricular wall excised to insert a left ventricular assist device. Patients with cardiac sarcoidosis severe enough to warrant CT had characteristic cardiac ventricular morphologic findings, and no dysfunction of other non-cardiac organs, making clinical diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis rather difficult.
Moving toward a more patient-centered health care delivery system.

Quality-of-care measurement has not kept pace with the recent shift toward policy approaches that rely on patients to contain costs and improve quality. If patients are to play a critical role in care, then the degree to which providers support and improve pa- tients' capabilities for participation must also be part of the quality measurement picture. Quality measures that focus on intermediate patient outcomes (such as self-management ability), that follow the patient over time, and that integrate measurement into the proc- esses of care are necessary to move toward a delivery system that is centered on patients.
Helium and hydrogen induced hardening in 316LN stainless steel

Abstract In certain radiation environments, such as the spallation neutron source (SNS) presently in design and construction, the high transmutation production rate for helium and hydrogen, concomitant with displacement damage, may affect the mechanical properties of structural materials. To better understand this effect, we have studied type 316LN stainless steel specimens implanted with medium energy Fe-, He-, and H-ions, alone and in combination. In this report, we present nanoindentation measurements of the incremental increase in hardness caused by 360 keV He-ions implanted at 200°C to concentrations from 2 to 200 000 appm. The He-induced hardening was found to saturate at twice the level measured for Fe-induced displacement damage alone. The additional hardening at high helium concentrations was associated with the presence of helium filled cavities (bubbles), observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We also found that co-injection of helium and hydrogen resulted in more hardening than was observed for He-implantation alone.
A predictive dynamic output buffer reconfiguration (PDOBR) architecture for ATM networks

The traditional output buffer architecture in ATM switches is realized in one of two forms - shared or separate. In the shared design, all of the N output links utilize a large common buffer, of size S cells, in an effort to achieve efficient use of the total buffer space. Under the separate buffer architecture, distinct buffers, each of size SN cells, are assigned to every output link, the goal being to realize fair buffer usage by every individual output link. For both architectures, however, the buffer organization is determined, permanently, at the time of the switch fabric design, and may not be altered during actual operation. The highly dynamic and stochastic nature of ATM traffic poses a key difficulty for this tradition. This paper introduces a radically new approach, termed Predictive Dynamic Output Buffer Reconfiguration (PDOBR) architecture, wherein the output buffer organization in the switch fabric is reconfigured dynamically, i.e., during network operation, under the call processor's control, such that the network incurs minimal cell drop stemming from buffer overflow. Under PDOBR, the output buffer at every node of the ATM network is organized in the form of separate buffers for each output link, of size SN cells, plus a ''floating'' buffer of the same size, that may be appended, at runtime, to any one of the output links to augment its net buffer capacity. In contrast to the shared buffer that experiences severe congestion and gross unfairness under bursty traffic, separate buffers result is fairness in buffer availability between the output links, yielding efficient behavior. Utilizing its knowledge of the successful user call requests and the magnitudes of the corresponding sustained cell rate (SCR) bandwidth requests, the call processor at every ATM node computes the net bandwidth commitment for each of its output links through a simple summation of the corresponding SCR values. The call processor then compares the net bandwidth commitment for every output link against an empirical threshold, obtained through systematic analysis, to predict and identify a single output link, if any, that is likely to incur relatively high cell traffic. The ''floating'' buffer is then appended to the output link prior to launching the corresponding user's traffic. Experiments confirm logical thinking that an increase in the size of the ''floating'' buffer should result in a superior efficiency for PDOBR. Further analysis reveals that a combination of faster technology, FAST Schottky TTL, and a threshold setting of 70Mb/s yields a very high throughput of 85.05% and low cell drop rate of 14.95%. However, the highest performance is achieved - namely a high throughput of 91.56% coupled with a low cell drop rate of 8.44%, when the ''floating'' buffer size is increased by 18.98%, the difference, @DL"2, in the absolute cell drop rates resulting from 70Mb/s and 100Mb/s threshold scenarios, and the threshold is set at 70Mb/s.
The Last Well Person

“A well person is a patient who has not been completely worked up.” -- a resident's answer to the question, “What is a well person?” (Freymann J: personal communication). “There must be something the matter with someone who goes to see a doctor when there is nothing the matter”1. Well people are disappearing. I should have known it was coming when the invalids became extinct. (Invalids disappeared shortly after the advent of Medicare, which demanded specific diagnostic labels even though none applied2.) However, I began to realize what was happening only a year ago, at a dinner party. . . .
Time-resolved luminescence in amorphous semiconductors

Abstract Time-resolved luminescence spectra of some amorphous semiconductors are reported. In a-Si:O:H, the Coulomb interaction of the recombining electron and hole is explicitly observed in the time dependence of the luminescence peak position, at delay times ranging from 200 nsec to 30 μsec. Peak shifts at longer times are analyzed in terms of a distribution of recombination energy due to band tailing. It is deduced that the addition of oxygen to a-Si:H broadens the tails. In As2S3 we find no evidence of the Coulomb interaction, and this result supports the charged defect model.
Spatial localization of electrotactile stimuli on the fingertip in humans.

This study was designed to determine the extent to which sensations elicited by discrete electrotactile stimulation can be spatially localized, with a qualitative comparison to mechanical stimulation, in a 2 × 2 electrode array on the fingertip. Electrotactile stimulation was delivered in two modes: (1) same current to all locations (constant) or (2) current adjusted to perceptual threshold of each location (varied). For each stimulus location, subjects were asked to identify the location of the stimulus. Mechanical stimulation of the same locations on the fingerpad was delivered through von Frey hairs (0.07, 0.2 and 0.4 g). The percentage of accurate responses was computed for all stimulation modes. We found that the accuracy of discrimination of stimulus location in both the constant (46%%) and varied (40%%) electrotactile stimulation modes was significantly higher than chance level (25%%; p < 0.01). Furthermore, subjects were significantly more accurate in discriminating electrotactile stimuli in the c...
Micro-lens antenna for integrated THz arrays

In this contribution we present the design of an integrated micro-lens antenna for THz heterodyne arrays. The antenna geometry consists of a waveguide feed, which can be integrated with Schottky mixers, that excites a silicon lens antenna through a leaky-wave or EBG resonant cavity. This cavity is used to match the waveguide feed with the silicon medium as well as to illuminate the upper part of the lens. Thanks to this illumination, the lens sector can be fabricated with photo-lithographic techniques.
Superdiffusive nonequilibrium motion of an impurity in a Fermi sea

We treat the nonequilibrium motion of a single-impurity atom in a low-temperature single-species Fermi sea, interacting via a contact interaction. In the nonequilibrium regime, the impurity does a superdiffusive geometric random walk where the typical distance traveled grows with time as $\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{d/(d+1)}$ for the $d$-dimensional system with $d\ensuremath{\ge}2$. For nonzero temperature $T$, this crosses over to diffusive motion at long times with diffusivity $D\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}(d\ensuremath{-}1)/2}$. These results apply also to a nonzero concentration of impurity atoms as long as they remain dilute and nondegenerate.
Competition between fluorescence and associative ionization in sodium vapor

Abstract A combination of cw and pulsed dye lasers has been used to study the competition between fluorescence and associative ionization involving excited and ground-state Na. An associative ionization cross-section for principal quantum numbers n > 14 has been estimated to be more than 10 2 A 2 .
Implications of temperature-dependent near-IR spectral properties of common minerals and meteorites for remote sensing of asteroids

Remote sensing analysis of common mafic silicates on bodies like asteroid 433 Eros may be in error unless temperature effects are considered. In this paper, spectral sensitivity to temperature as a function of wavelength from 0.4 to 2.5 microns is quantified using new measurements of reflectance spectra of olivine and two ordinary chondrites. The new data were obtained at higher temperature resolution and with greater accuracy than previous measurements. We use a simple thermal model to show that the temperature difference between terrestrial ambient conditions and those prevailing on main belt asteroids, as well as the temperature variations expected on the surfaces of individual asteroids during observations by spacecraft, are large enough to cause easily detectable spectral differences. Therefore, interpretations of asteroid spectra using spectra of minerals and meteorites obtained at terrestrial ambient conditions are suspect.
Glycogen Reaction to Cerebral Stab Wound during Maturation of Rat Brain

Abnormal accumulation of glycogen around cerebral stab wounds was studied histochemically, electron microscopically, and quantitatively in rats 4, 13, 28 days old and in adult (90–150 days old) animals. Glycogen did not accumulate around stab wounds in 4 and in 13-day old rats, whereas a considerable accumulation of glycogen was present in the 28 day and in adult animals. There was a close parallelism between the amount of glycogen accumulated and the degree of maturation of oxidative enzyme activity as reflected by succinic dehydrogenase activity in the cortex. In 28 day and in adult animals, a pale central necrotic core was surrounded by a zone of reduced enzyme activity. The region of glycogen accumulation was located peripherally to this zone.
Aerodynamic and stroboscopic findings before and after microlaryngeal phonosurgery.

Summary Acoustic, aerodynamic, and laryngovideostroboscopy (LVS) studies were done on 50 patients before and after microlaryngeal surgery for benign vocal fold lesions. Perceptual pre- and postratings were also obtained. After microlaryngeal surgery, statistically significant differences between pre- and posttreatment conditions included postoperative findings of (a) a lowering of mean flow rate, (b) an increase in glottal efficiency, and (c) an increase in maximum sound pressure level. There was no significant improvement in maximum phonation time. Stroboscopy findings showed changes of glottal configuration, linearity of the vocal fold edge, amplitude of vocal fold vibration, excursion of the mucosal wave, and periodicity. Acceptable perceptual voice quality appeared to depend on a straight vocal fold edge, good vibratory amplitude, and good mucosal wave. Improved understanding of vocal function after phonosurgery should help us refine surgical principles and techniques. The combined use of LVS and phonatory function measures is advocated.
Teaching silence in the schoolroom: whither national history in Sierra Leone and El Salvador?

This article addresses the divergent cultures of silence and memorialisation about the civil wars in Sierra Leone and El Salvador, and examines the role that sites of remembering and forgetting play in crafting post-war citizens. In the formal education sector the ministries of education in each country have taken different approaches to teaching the history of the war, with Sierra Leone emphasising forgetting and El Salvador geared towards remembering war history. In both countries nongovernmental actors, particularly peace museums, are filling the memory gap. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in each country, the article documents how the culture of silence that pervades Sierra Leone enables a progress-driven ‘looking forward’ without teaching the past, while El Salvador is working on weaving a culture of memorialisation into its democratisation process. The article argues that knowledge about civil war history can raise young people’s awareness of the consequences of violence and promote civic engageme...
Parent, infant, and social-contextual antecedents of father-son attachment security.

To examine antecedents of infant-father attachment security, 126 fathers and their sons were seen in the Strange Situation. Questionnaire measurements obtained 3 months earlier of constructs implicated by Belsky's (1984) model of the determinants of parenting were examined as correlates of attachment classifications (i.e., father personality, infant temperament, marital quality, social support, work-family relations). Fathers of secure infants were more extraverted and agreeable than fathers of insecure infants, tended to have more positive marriages, and experienced more positive emotional spillover between work and family. Infants classified as insecure-avoidant received more positive temperament ratings than insecure-resistant sons. Overall, the more infant, parent, and social-contextual assets the family had, the greater the probability ofa secure attachment.
Ionic Radon Solutions

Radon is oxidized between -195° and 25°C by chlorine fluorides, bromine fluorides, iodine heptafluoride, and NiF62- ion in hydrogen fluoride with the formation of stable solutions of radon fluoride. Electromigration studies show that the radon is present as a cation, possibly Rn2+ or RnF+, in several conducting solutions.
Heat shock response and acute lung injury

All cells respond to stress through the activation of primitive, evolutionarily conserved genetic programs that maintain homeostasis and assure cell survival. Stress adaptation, which is known in the literature by a myriad of terms, including tolerance, desensitization, conditioning, and reprogramming, is a common paradigm found throughout nature, in which a primary exposure of a cell or organism to a stressful stimulus (e.g., heat) results in an adaptive response by which a second exposure to the same stimulus produces a minimal response. More interesting is the phenomenon of cross-tolerance, by which a primary exposure to a stressful stimulus results in an adaptive response whereby the cell or organism is resistant to a subsequent stress that is different from the initial stress (i.e., exposure to heat stress leading to resistance to oxidant stress). The heat shock response is one of the more commonly described examples of stress adaptation and is characterized by the rapid expression of a unique group of proteins collectively known as heat shock proteins (also commonly referred to as stress proteins). The expression of heat shock proteins is well described in both whole lungs and in specific lung cells from a variety of species and in response to a variety of stressors. More importantly, in vitro data, as well as data from various animal models of acute lung injury, demonstrate that heat shock proteins, especially Hsp27, Hsp32, Hsp60, and Hsp70 have an important cytoprotective role during lung inflammation and injury.
Infrared laser transient absorption spectroscopy of the ethyl radical

The observation and analysis of the high resolution spectrum of the CH2 rocking fundamental of the ethyl radical, C2H5, at wavelengths close to 18.9 μm is reported. The band origin is found to be at 528.1 cm−1. The spectrum shows evidence for a very low barrier to internal rotation, or torsion, in this species. A simple model Hamiltonian, based on an assumed structure with G12 symmetry, qualitatively reproduces the observations and implies a torsional barrier of approximately 20 cm−1 in both the zero point and excited vibrational states. The Hamiltonian cannot reproduce the observations to the level of the experimental accuracy and the importance of several neglected terms is tested and discussed. The observed torsional splittings imply that, within the confines of the model, the a‐inertial and internal rotation axes in the molecule are coincident to within 1°. In addition to their intrinsic interest, the spectra will be useful for future state resolved studies of the kinetics of chemical reactions involv...
Embedded Sensors in Rubber and Other Polymer Components

Many rubber or other polymer components are susceptible to catastrophic failure or are critical to the performance of the products that they make up. Because of this it is beneficial to be able to monitor or sense structural failures or a performance drop in these components, In the past this has been difficult to accomplish as polymer components often have complex shapes or are assembled in places that are difficult to access with a typical sensor. Current sensor technologies are often too expensive or are impractical to manufacture.
Design and fabrication of advanced EUV diffractive elements

As extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography approaches commercial reality, the development of EUV-compatible diffractive structures becomes increasingly important. Such devices are relevant to many aspects of EUV technology including interferometry, illumination, and spectral filtering. Moreover, the current scarcity of high power EUV sources makes the optical efficiency of these diffractive structures a paramount concern. This fact has led to a strong interest in phase-enhanced diffractive structures. Here we describe recent advancements made in the fabrication of such devices.
Botulinum Toxin Type A Inhibits Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Release From Isolated Rat Bladder

Purpose: Increasing evidence suggests that sensory nerve dysfunction may underlie several urological disorders, including interstitial cystitis and sensory urgency. We determined the effect of botulinum toxin type A (Allergan, Irvine, California) on baseline and chemically evoked release of the sensory neuropeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide in an isolated bladder preparation.Materials and Methods: Whole rat bladders were incubated in a series of tissue baths containing physiological salt solution. Following bladder equilibration in PSS sequential incubation was performed and this sample was used to measure baseline CGRP release. To evoke CGRP release tissue was subsequently incubated in PSS containing capsaicin (30 nM) and adenosine triphosphate (10 μM). To measure the effect of BTX-A on baseline and evoked CGRP release bladders were incubated for 6 hours in an organ bath containing BTX-A (50 μM) or vehicle prior to bladder equilibration. CGRP release was determined by radioimmunoassay.Results: Mea...
Optimal control of modular multilevel converters for low-speed operation of motor drives

One of the main technical challenges of the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) for medium-voltage adjustable-speed motor drive applications is the large magnitude of the SubModule (SM) capacitor voltage ripple under low-speed operation. This paper proposes two new techniques to reduce the magnitude of SM capacitor voltage ripple of the MMC for motor drive applications. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the proposed techniques and provides a comparison between the proposed and the existing techniques. Furthermore, the paper formulates an optimization problem to establish a tradeoff between the performance indices and, subsequently, to find the Pareto-optimal solutions. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed techniques are verified by simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment.
Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate and Δ1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate: Chromatography on the amino acid analyzer

Abstract The chromatographhy of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate and Δ1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate under routine amino acid analyzer conditions is described. The former compound is unstable under these conditions and is recovered intact from the analyzer column in only 30–40% yield, together with a single major peak which has lost much or all of the initial substrate activity with a specific reductase, but still reacts with ninhydrin and, to a lesser extent, with o-aminobenzaldehyde. Δ1-Pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate is much more stable and can be conveniently measured by this procedure, even in the presence of hydroxyproline, with which it co-elutes in the present system.