cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electric-field-induced pattern formation in colloidal dispersions

THE formation of patterned colloidal structures from dispersions of particles has many potential uses in materials processing1–3. Structures such as chains of particles that form in the presence of electric or magnetic fields are also central to the behaviour of electrorheological fluids4–6 and ferrofluids7. Electrohydrodynamic effects in aqueous suspensions have been described by Rhodes et al.8. Here we show that such effects can be used to create structures within a non-aqueous colloidal dispersion of dielectric particles. When the conductivity of a particle-rich spherical region (bolus) is higher than that of the surrounding fluid, an electric field deforms the bolus into a prolate ellipsoid. If the conductivities are reversed (by adding salt to the surrounding fluid, for example), a disk-like shape results. In this way, we form colloidal columns, disks and more complex structures. Once formed, these could be frozen in place by solidifying the fluid matrix by gelation or polymerization9.
Kullback-Leibler comparison framework for the evaluation of travel time distribution estimates

In the 1970s a framework was developed by Oppenlander for evaluation of travel time estimation studies. This framework is still recommended today. This paper develops a new framework to improve upon the ideas set forth by Oppenlander. This new framework is based upon the Kullback-Leibler divergence. It allows for travel time studies to be evaluated in a more comprehensive way. Travel time estimation methods can now be evaluated on their ability to estimate travel time distributions instead of only the mean travel time. Also, this framework can be used on any travel time distribution whereas the Oppenlander framework was only properly suited for Gaussian distributions. The Kullback-Leibler divergence also allows for both ID matching and signature matching travel time estimation algorithms to be evaluated, while the Oppenlander framework was best suited for the ID matching algorithms. In this paper the Kullback-Leibler comparison framework for travel time studies is developed. The framework is then used to provide a comparison of an example ID matching and an example signature matching algorithm to demonstrate how both can be evaluated in a single framework. Finally, conclusions are made about the usefulness of the Kullback-Leibler comparison framework.
CPG: closed pseudonymous groups

This paper presents the design and implementation of Closed Pseudonymous Groups (CPG), a pseudonymous communication system for a closed user community (e.g., a class of students, team of employees, residents of a neighborhood). In CPG, each legitimate user is known by a pseudonym that, while unlinkable to a true identity, enables service providers to link users' behavior and blacklist any abuser of the system. This system is useful for providing honest feedback without fear of reprisals (e.g., instructor/course ratings, employee comments, community feedback for local politics). CPG is designed to be easy to understand, to implement (using existing techniques), and to use. This paper also presents the results of an initial user study that resulted in an important design change.
Discrete-time demodulation of angle-modulated analog signals transmitted over fading channels☆

Abstract This paper deals with the problem of discrete-time demodulation of angle-modulated analog signals transmitted over fading channels, with emphasis on Rayleigh and Rician channels. First, analog and discrete communication models that represent both Rayleigh and Rician channels are presented. Then, various discrete nonlinear estimation techniques including the extended Kalman, iterated extended Kalman and truncated and Gaussian second-order filters are applied to the discrete communication model to obtain various digital quasi-optimum demodulator structures. The baseband forms of these structures are also developed.
A stochastic description of wall sources in a turbulent field: Part 2. Calculation for a simplified model of horizontal annular flows

Abstract A stochastic approach that uses a modified Langevin equation to calculate fluid velocities seen by particles dispersing in a turbulent flow was verified at Re τ =150, V T + =0.11, τ p + =20 in Part 1 of this paper. It is now used to examine the effects of particle inertia and gravitational settling on the deposition rate at Re τ =590. The system considered is an idealized annular flow in a horizontal channel. Drops are admitted from the top and the bottom walls at relative rates such that a fully-developed field is realized. The walls are considered to be arrays of point sources. The theoretical problem is to model the behavior of an instantaneous wall source. Particles are ejected from the source with a velocity V i 0 at time zero. They are mixed by the fluid turbulence and eventually deposit at the top and bottom walls. Of particular interest are the strong effect of very small gravitational settling on the rate of deposition and the definition of a critical condition for particles (ejected from the bottom wall) to reach the top wall to create an annular flow.
Transcriptome profiling of peripheral blood cells identifies potential biomarkers for doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in a rat model.

The following information was missing from the Funding section: NIH grant (#{"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AG028718","term_id":"7714855","term_text":"AG028718"}}AG028718) with a pilot project grant to VKT.
Galileo’s defense of the application of geometry to physics in the Dialogue

Abstract Alessandro Piccolomini and several other prominent 16th-century Aristotelians claimed that while a sphere touches a plane at a point in geometry, a material sphere touches a plane not at a point but over a small surface. These thinkers thereby called into question the reliability of geometric reasoning in physics. In this article I provide a detailed analysis of Galileo’s reply to such worries about geometry in the Second Day of his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. Because his infamous extrusion argument relies on the premise that a sphere touches a plane at a point, Galileo takes the opportunity to defend the argument and to attack geometry’s critics. According to the account I propose, Galileo argues for the applicability of geometry to physics by defending the legitimacy of geometric approximations and by advocating an expansive notion of geometric curve.
Toward an understanding of the perception of hiv/aids-related risk among prison officers

Abstract One consequence of the drug war has been the incarceration of many offenders who pose a health risk to staff. This article presents an analytical framework to examine the factors that influence staffs' perceptions of the threat of infection. Four risk domains influence an officer's self-rated threat of exposure: (1) psychosocial factors, (2) HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, (3) perception of risk in the prison environment, and (4) risk reduction efforts. Officers with lower levels of education, those who worked with medium and maximum custody inmates, and those who had more high-risk encounters with inmates rated their chances for infection as high. Findings are discussed in light of their practical and theoretical applications.
Initiation, prolongation, and reactivation of the motility of salmonid spermatozoa

The motility of salmonid spermatozoa initiated by dilution of the milt with ovarian fluid or isotonic saline is brief duration; it was believed that it can be activated only once in the life of the spermatozoon. Dilution of the milt with an equal volume of isotonic saline (0.12 M-NaCl) containing 5 mM-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (MIX) prolonged and intensified sperm motiliy. When motility had stopped after initial mobilization with saline or ovarian fluid, it could be reactivated by addition of MIX; reactivated spermatozoa fertilized eggs. Dilution with saline containing K+ (24 mEq/liter) did not initiate sperm motility even in the presence of MIX. The spermatozoa were mobilized by subsequent with 0.12 M-NaCl. The concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in sperm suspensions dropped on dilution with saline and rose as motility ceased, but declined without subsequent recovery following dilution with MIX-saline. The concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) rose and fell sharply on initiation of motility and rose again after motility had declined. While salmonid spermatozoa can be mobilized by dilition with saline alone, the effectiveness of MIX in reactivating “spent” spermatozoa supports the assumption that cAMP plays a role in the initiation of sperm motility.
First principles phase stability study of the RuNbZr system

Abstract First-principles electronic structure calculations and the cluster variation method (CVM) are used to study phase stability for the three binary systems of the ternary RuZrNb system. The results are used to assess conflicting experimental data on the stability of the Ru3Nb compound. The possibility of stabilizing the high-pressure phase (L12 structure) of Ru3Nb by substitution of Zr for Nb and, further, the tetragonal distortion reported in Nb-rich alloys is evaluated in light of the electronic structure calculations.
ALTERATION OF CHAIN LENGTH SELECTIVITY OF A RHIZOPUS DELEMAR LIPASE THROUGH SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS

The coding sequences of theRhizopus delemar lipase and prolipase were altered by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to introduce amino acid substitutions. The resulting mutant enzymes, synthesized by the bacterial hostEscherichia coli BL21 (DE3), were tested for their ability to hydrolyze the triglycerides triolein (TO), tricaprylin (TC) and tributyrin (TB). Mutagenesis and lipase gene expression were carried out using plasmid vectors derived from previously described recombinant plasmids [Joerger and Haas (1993)Lipids 28, 81–88] by introduction of the origin of replication of bacteriophage fl. Substitution of threonine 83 (thr83), a residue thought to be involved in oxyanion binding, by alanine essentially eliminated lipolytic activity toward all substrates examined (TB, TO and TC). Replacement of thr83 with serine caused from two- to sevenfold reductions in the activity toward these substrates. Introduction of tryptophan (trp) at position 89, where such a residue is found in closely related fungal lipases, reduced the specific activity toward the three triglyceride substrates. For the mutagenesis of residues in the predicted acyl chain binding groove, mutagenic primers were designed to cause the replacement of a specific codon within the prolipase gene with codons for all other amino acids. Phenylalanine 95 (phe95), phe112, valine 206 (val206) and val209, were targeted. A phenotypic screen was successfully employed to identify cells producing prolipase with altered preference for olive oil, TC or TB. In assays involving equimolar mixtures of the three triglycerides, a prolipase with a phe95→asparatate mutation showed an almost twofold increase in the relative activity toward TC. Substitution of trp for phe112 caused an almost threefold decrease in the relative preference for TC, but elevated relative TB hydrolysis. Replacement of val209 with trp resulted in an enzyme with a two- and fourfold enhanced perference for TC and TB, respectively.
Scleritis as the presenting manifestation of procainamide-induced lupus.

Abstract Scleritis developed in a patient using procainamide as part of a druginduced lupus syndrome. Systemic findings, which developed after the onset of ocular signs and symptoms, included arthralgias, myalgias, weight loss, and markedly elevated antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers and antihistone titers. The clinical picture and laboratory abnormalities improved after discontinuation of the drug. Although systemic findings secondary to drug-induced lupus have been well described in the medical literature, this case represents the first detailed ophthalmologic documentation of scleritis as the presenting manifestation of procainamide-induced lupus.
Justice and the Social Economist: An Instrumentalist Interpretation

Justice has, of late, re‐emerged as an important area of professional concern for all economists. However, in that justice is a fundamentally normative, value‐laden concept it proves troublesome to those who aspire to the strictures of “positive science”. This puts social economists in a position of distinct advantage in the consideration of justice issues for they are avowedly normative in their approach. The intention in this essay, implicit in the title, is to make some contribution to the explicit articulation of the justice criteria ensconced in the instrumentalist theory of value, and to suggest the affinity of this view with social economics.
Potential Physiological Activities of Fungi and Bacteria in Relation to Plant Litter Decomposition along a Gap Size Gradient in a Natural Subtropical Forest

The dynamics of fungal and bacterial potential physiological activities during leaf, branch, and bark litter decomposition along a gap size gradient in a subtropical forest was determined using substrate-induced respiration (SIR) with antibiotics selective for fungi and bacteria, respectively. A gap size gradient (1) was under closed canopy; (2) had small gaps with a diameter (≤5m); (3) had small to intermediate gaps (5–15 m diameter); (4) had intermediate to large gaps (15–30 m diameter); and (5) had large gaps (≥30 m diameter). Litter decomposition was studied using a litter bag technique. Fungi had higher SIR than bacteria for each type of litter in any size class of gaps. Gaps 1, 2, and 3 had higher fungal and bacterial SIRs than gaps 4 and 5. Moreover, decomposing leaf litter exhibited higher fungal and bacterial SIRs than branch, and branch higher than bark. Simple correlation analysis indicated that fungal SIR was a reliable index of decomposition rates. Fungal SIR was significantly and positively correlated with soil moisture, whereas bacterial SIR was not significantly correlated with soil moisture. The relationships among microclimatic factors, fungal and bacterial physiological activities, and rates of plant litter decomposition suggest that, in subtropical ecosystems, fungal community activities were strongly and directly regulated by the environmental heterogeneity within gaps, and an important regulator of rates of plant litter decomposition rates.
1615 THE RENAL FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE TO AN ACUTE ORAL PROTEIN LOAD (OPL) IN CHILDREN

GFR is variable. It is effected by dietary protein. We studied the effect on GFR of an OPL in 6 controls and in 14 patients with various nephropathies. After oral hydration, urine and blood samples were obtained for a baseline creat clearance. Subjects then received an acute OPL of 1-1.5 g/kg BW (max. -80g) as cooked red meat. GFRs were determined at 1 hour intervals post meal. Teat GFR was taken as the max. post meal GFR, typically at 2 hours, The test GFR defines the filtration capacity(FC). Although normal baseline GFR is similar to that reported in normal adults (123±13), the test GFR is greater (adults - 157±13), indicating a greater renal functional reserve (RFR:test GFR-baseline GFR) in children - 81 vs 34 (in adults). F.C., now 14 yrs old, has a FC less than normal children, yet still greater than that of acutely nephrectomized adults (83±4); possibly a measure of compensatory remnant kidney hypertrophy. Despite normal S-Cr and baseline GFR, A.C. has a low FC correlating with parenchymal scarring on IVP. D.F. and F.D. show that with chronic renal failure all available function ia utilized at baseline with no RFR. Serial OPLs in L.C. show slow return of RFR following the insult of AGN. As the above examples demonstrate, the determination of FC and RFR may be a useful tool in the evaluation of children with renal disease as well as helpful in the understanding of normal functional development and the pathophysiology of renal disease.
Baroclinic Development in Observations and NASA GSFC General Circulation Models

Abstract Comparative diagnostic analyses of developing synoptic-scale baroclinic disturbances in NCEP–NCAR reanalyses and the NASA–NCAR (NASCAR) and Aries [NASA’s Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP)] general circulation model simulations are performed. In particular, lag composite analyses of wintertime cyclonic and anticyclonic events occurring in the North Pacific and North Atlantic storm tracks are constructed to pursue a synoptic and dynamic characterization of eddy development. The data are also seasonally stratified to study aspects of the North Pacific midwinter suppression phenomenon. Winter-averaged results indicate that the model-simulated events are generally too weak in amplitude, particularly in the upper troposphere. For the North Pacific storm track, model-simulated events are also anomalously distended in the meridional direction. The existing model biases in eddy structure and magnitude lead to anomalously weak baroclinic energy conversions for both cyclonic and anticycloni...
All-glass high NA Yb-doped double-clad laser fibres made by outside-vapour deposition

The first all-OVD, all-glass, high-NA (/spl ges/0.3), double-clad, Yb-doped laser fibres are reported. Yb is incorporated via vapour-phase transport. These fibres yield low passive loss (<3/10 dB/km in core/innerclad at 1310 nm) and high-conversion efficiency, suitable for power scaling and higher reliability. Fibre lasers with output power of 110 W, M/sup 2//spl sime/1.07 and slope efficiency near 80% have been demonstrated.
Inverted writing in right- and left-handers in relation to lateralization of face recognition.

Summary In a study with 157 right-handed and 69 left-handed college students, Gilbert's two-face choice task, which was used as an indicator of cerebral lateralization for face recognition, distinguished left-handers from right-handers. Right-handers primarily attended to the right side of the face (left visual field), while the group of left-handers had no visual field preference. Levy's hypothesis that invertedwriting left-handers are cortically lateralized like right-handers, and that invertedwriting right-handers are lateralized like left-handers found some support among the males. However, the females in both handedness groups performed in an opposite manner to that predicted by Levy's hypothesis.
Family resemblance in food and other domains: The family paradox and the role of parental congruence

Although families are almost certainly a powerful force for conveying culture-wide preferences, family resemblance for preferences that vary within culture are surprisingly small. This study examines causes of this low correlation, especially in the domain of food preferences. A sample of 118 college students and their current and biological parents completed surveys on food and aesthetic preferences and values. Mid-parent-child correlations were low (mean r = 0.17) for preferences, but were much higher for values (mean r = 0.54). Mid-parent-child correlations were increased to a modest extent by restricting analyses to parents who were in accord (congruent) with the trait being measured. Furthermore, the children's preferences were not reliably correlated more highly with mother than with father, or with same-sex as opposed to opposite-sex parents. This study refers to the low parent-child correlations, and the lack of a mother or same-sex parent effect as the family paradox, and points to the challenge of accounting for the greater part of variance in food and other preferences.
Internal energy effects in the collision-induced dissociation of large biopolymer molecular ions produced by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of cytochrome c

The effects of internal energy upon metastable and collision-induced dissociation (CID) processes observed in the tandem mass spectrometry of multiply protonated molecules of horse-heart cytochrome c (Mr 12360) are described. The internal energy of the multiply protonated (15H+) molecules (at m/z 825) formed by electrospray ionization (ESI) was manipulated using electric fields in the atmospheric pressure/vacuum interface region. Highly efficient CID is obtained for molecular ions collisionally activated in the ESI interface. The dissociation efficiency at 3.8 eV to 5.8 eV (center of mass) collision energies for internally “hot” molecular ions under multiple collision conditions in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer is shown to be much greater than for “cold” ions. The CID spectra show dramatic effects due to internal energy, with charge stripping dominating for cold ions (where CID efficiency is very low) and extensive fragmentation observed for hot ions.
Effects of ammonium and nitrate on mineralization of nitrogen from leguminous residues

A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to compare the effects of NHinf4sup+and NOinf3sup-on mineralization of N from 15N-labelled vetch (Vicia villosa Rotn) in an Illinois Mollisol, and to determine the effect of a nitrification inhibitor (nitrapyrin) on mineralization of vetch N when used with NHinf4sup+. The addition of either NHinf4sup+or NOinf3sup-(100 and 200 mg N kg-1 soil) significantly increased mineralization of vetch N during incubation for 40 days. The effect was greater with NHinf4sup+than with NOinf3sup-, and a further increase occurred in the presence of nitrapyrin (10 mg kg-1 soil). The addition of NOinf3sup-retarded the nitrification of NHinf4sup+-N derived from vetch.
Rank Two Results

Let G be simple of rank 2 In this chapter we describe Sing X (w), for all Schubert varieties X(w) in G/B as well as G/P, P being a maximal parabolic subgroup. We demonstrate the techniques of Chapters 5 and 7.
Efficient and Photostable ZnS-Passivated CdS:Mn Luminescent Nanocrystals†

Efficient and photostable ZnS-passivated CdS:Mn (CdS:Mn/ZnS core/shell) nanocrystals were synthesized using reverse micelle chemistry. CdS:Mn/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals exhibited much improved luminescent properties (quantum yield and photostability) over organically (n-dodecanethiol-) capped CdS:Mn nanocrystals. This is the result of effective, robust passivation of CdS surface states by the ZnS shell and consequent suppression of non-radiative recombination transitions. The dependence of photoluminescence (PL) intensity has been observed as a function of UV irradiation time for both organically and inorganically capped CdS:Mn nanocrystals. Whereas organically capped CdS:Mn nanocrystals exhibit a significant reduction of PL intensity, CdS:Mn/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals exhibit an increased PL intensity with UV irradiation. XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) studies reveal that UV irradiation of CdS:Mn/ZnS nanocrystals in air atmosphere induces the photo-oxidation of the ZnS shell surface, leading to the formation of ZnSO4. This photo-oxidation product is presumably responsible for the enhanced PL emission, serving as a passivating layer.
Linear molecules based on dimethylgermanium and dimethylsilicon groups bridged with oxygen atoms and terminated with chlorine atoms

This article deals with the equilibrated system (CH3)2SiCl2–(CH3)2GeCl2–[(CH3)2SiO]–[(CH3)2GeO], which consists of a range of various chain, and some ring, molecules resulting from scrambling of the bridging oxygen with the monofunctional chlorine atoms between the dimethylgermanium and dimethylsilicon moieties. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance of the methyl groups (which do not exchange appreciably under the conditions employed) bonded to the germanium and silicon atoms shows that there is a strong preference of the chlorine atoms for being on the dimethylgermanium and the bridging group for being on the dimethlysilicon moiety at equilibrium. This means that thermodynamic factors alone cause the germanium atoms to be found as “unreacted” dimethyldichlorogermane with siloxane polymers or to be preferentially arranged at the ends of the chain molecules in the case of the mixed germoxane–siloxanes. The NMR fine structure is interpreted in these terms, and it is shown that the experimental data may be fitted by appropriate calculations based on only four equilibrium constants, which define the arrangement of neighboring atoms about any given atom in a molecule and the size distribution of the linear molecules.
Germanium nanowire synthesis using a localized heat source and a comparison to synthesis in a uniform temperature environment

In this work, we compare the synthesis of germanium nanowires (GeNWs) using a highly localized heat source with GeNWs synthesized in a uniform temperature environment. With the exception of thermal environment, identical synthesis parameters were maintained in all experiments. The localized heat source, a suspended silicon microscale heater, enabled site-specific synthesis and thus the direct integration of GeNWs which is presented for the first time. The effect of heat source implementation and local temperature gradients on the resulting nanowires is assessed in terms of resulting nanowire geometry, growth rate, and quality. Overall, we note a reduction in growth rate and elevated kinking levels in locally synthesized nanowires when compared to nanowires synthesized in uniform temperature processes. The taper which typically characterizes GeNWs, however, is significantly reduced. Finally, we explore branching behavior which hints of instabilities in the synthesis process as nanowires grow away from the heat source.
Forest Fire As a Shared Intergenerational Experience: Perceived Short-term Impacts on the Grandparent-Grandchild Relationship

Impacted by a forest fire that swept through an American university’s mountain campus were 18 grandparents and 14 grandchildren participating in an intergenerational Elderhostel program. Six weeks after the fire, the grandparents were mailed a questionnaire that included questions about the fire’s short-term impact(s) on their relationships with grandchildren. Almost all of the 13 grandparents who returned completed questionnaires reported that the shared experience of the fire increased the emotional bond with grandchildren. Many grandparents reported that the quality, intensity, and frequency of conversations with grandchildren had increased, especially during the period of time immediately following the fire. Findings from this exploratory study provide tentative support for the observation that grandparents can play critical roles in the lives of grandchildren during times of stress and crisis.
Performance of FEC and ARQ error control in bursty channels under delay constraints

In local wireless communications, the use of retransmission techniques to recover from channel errors are a feasible solution, which in some instances may be more efficient than forward error correction. We compare the performance of BCH block codes and pure ARQ when a continuous stream of bits is to be transmitted across a burst-error channel. The presence of a delay constraint is considered, which causes degraded BCH error-correction performance (due to non-ideal interleaving) and block dropping in ARQ (due to retransmission delay). In most cases, for practical values of the parameters, better performance is achieved by ARQ schemes.
A Technique for Classifying Uncertain MOD35/MYD35 Pixels Through Meteosat Second Generation-Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager Observations

This paper describes a technique that uses the information gathered from the geostationary instrumentation [Meteosat Second Generation (MSG)-Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI)] to investigate the pixels detected as ?uncertain? by the operational Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud-mask algorithm. This technique analyzes the uncertain MODIS areas by using a time series of MSG-SEVIRI images taken at infrared (IR) and visible (VIS) wavelengths. In order to classify the uncertain pixels related to the granules acquired during the daytime and completely included in the high-resolution visible (HRV) image, the spectral and textural features derived from a time series of HRV images are used as inputs in a K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) classifier. For the areas not included in the HRV image and for those acquired during nighttime, the input parameters are determined from a time series of IR/VIS and IR images, respectively. The K-NN classifier detected 52.0%, 48.7%, and 37.0% of the MOD35/MYD35 uncertain pixels analyzed over land and 54.5%, 45.4%, and 49.7% of those analyzed over sea as cloud free, when using HRV, IR, and IR/VIS features as inputs, respectively. Percentages of 39.8%, 31.8%, and 37.3% of the pixels analyzed over land and 40.7%, 47.4%, and 38.0% of those analyzed over sea were classified as cloudy when using HRV, IR, and IR/VIS features as inputs, respectively. The remaining uncertain pixels were classified as low confidence cloudy or cloud free by the K-NN classifier. A set of comparisons was made with cloud-profiling radar/cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polarization 2B-Geometrical Profiling-Lidar product results.
Identification of human NK cells that are deficient for signaling adaptor FcRγ and specialized for antibody-dependent immune functions

Natural killer (NK) cells respond to tumor and virus-infected cells directly through several activation receptors, including natural cytotoxicity receptors, or indirectly through the activating Fc receptor CD16 for antibody-coated cells. Triggering of NK-cell effector functions through these receptors depends on physically associated transmembrane signaling adaptors, such as FcRγ (also known as FceRIγ) and CD3ζ, both of which have been traditionally believed to be expressed by all mature NK cells. However, we have identified a distinct subset of human NK cells that are deficient for FcRγ expression but express normal levels of CD3ζ. FcRγ-deficient NK cells were readily detectable in about one-third of the healthy individuals examined. The deficiency was confined to the CD56 dim population and was due to low FcRγ mRNA. FcRγ-deficient NK cells displayed dramatically reduced expression of the natural cytotoxicity receptors NKp46 and NKp30 but still expressed substantial levels of CD16. Compared to FcRγ-expressing NK cells, FcRγ-deficient NK cells showed poor direct reactivity toward tumor targets as measured by cytokine production and degranulation. Unexpectedly, however, FcRγ-deficient NK cells exhibited significantly more robust responsiveness upon stimulation through CD16, particularly for cytokine production, compared to FcRγ-expressing NK cells. Thus, our study reveals FcRγ-deficient NK cells as a novel subset of human NK cells that have remarkably potent responses toward antibody-coated targets. These findings also illustrate a differential contribution of FcRγ and CD3ζ for the expression and functional activity of their associated receptors.
Sparsely interconnected neural networks for associative memories with applications to cellular neural networks

We first present results for the analysis and synthesis of a class of neural networks without any restrictions on the interconnecting structure. The class of neural networks which we consider have the structure of analog Hopfield nets and utilize saturation functions to model the neurons. Our analysis results make it possible to locate in a systematic manner all equilibrium points of the neural network and to determine the stability properties of the equilibrium points. The synthesis procedure makes it possible to design in a systematic manner neural networks (for associative memories) which store all desired memory patterns as reachable memory vectors. We generalize the above results to develop a design procedure for neural networks with sparse coefficient matrices. Our results guarantee that the synthesized neural networks have predetermined sparse interconnection structures and store any set of desired memory patterns as reachable memory vectors. We show that a sufficient condition for the existence of a sparse neural network design is self feedback for every neuron in the network. We apply our synthesis procedure to the design of cellular neural networks for associative memories. Our design procedure for neural networks with sparse interconnecting structure can take into account various problems encountered in VLSI realizations of such networks. For example, our procedure can be used to design neural networks with few or without any line-crossings resulting from the network interconnections. Several specific examples are included to demonstrate the applicability of the methodology advanced herein. >
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Noncatheterized Adults

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a common finding and frequently detected in premenopausal nonpregnant women, institutionalized patients, patients with diabetes mellitus, and the ambulatory elderly population. Despite clear recommendations regarding diagnosis and management of ASB in these populations from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), there remains an alarming rate of antimicrobial overuse. This article reviews definitions of ASB, epidemiology of ASB, literature surrounding ASB in diabetic patients, risk factors of ASB, microbiologic data regarding bacterial virulence, use of ASB strains for treatment of symptomatic urinary tract infection, and approaches to addressing translational barriers to implementing IDSA recommendations regarding diagnosis and management of ASB.
Concentrated fish oil (Lovaza®) extends lifespan and attenuates kidney disease in lupus-prone short-lived (NZBxNZW)F1 mice

A growing number of reports indicate that anti-inflammatory actions of fish oil (FO) are beneficial against systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the majority of pre-clinical studies were performed using 5–20% FO, which is higher than the clinically relevant dose for lupus patients. The present study was performed in order to determine the effective low dose of FDA-approved concentrated FO (Lovaza®) compared to the commonly used FO-18/12 (18-Eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]/12-Docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]). We examined the dose-dependent response of Lovaza® (1% and 4%) on an SLE mouse strain (NZBxNZW)F1 and compared the same with 1% and 4% placebo, as well as 4% FO-18/12, maintaining standard chow as the control. Results show for the first time that 1% Lovaza® extends maximal lifespan (517 d) and 4% Lovaza® significantly extends both the median (502 d) and maximal (600 d) life span of (NZBxNZW)F1 mice. In contrast, FO-18/12 extends only median lifespan (410 d) compared to standard chow diet (301 d). Addit...
Focusing on pronouns: Consequences of subjecthood, pronominalisation, and contrastive focus

We report two visual-world eye-tracking experiments that investigated the effects of subjecthood, pronominalisation, and contrastive focus on the interpretation of pronouns in subsequent discourse. By probing the effects of these factors on real-time pronoun interpretation, we aim to contribute to our understanding of how topicality-related factors (subjecthood, givenness) interact with contrastive focus effects, and to investigate whether the seemingly mixed results obtained in prior work on topicality and focusing could be related to effects of subjecthood. Our results indicate that structural and semantic prominence (specifically, agentive subjects) influence pronoun interpretation even when separated from information-structural notions, and thus need to be taken into account when investigating topicality and focusing. We discuss how our results allow us to reconcile the distinct findings of prior studies. More generally, this research contributes to our understanding of how the language comprehension ...
Prognosis of ischemic internuclear ophthalmoplegia.

Abstract Objectives To determine the prognosis of internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) caused by infarction. Design Multicenter, retrospective observational case series. Participants Thirty three patients with ischemic-related INO. Methods Chart review of clinical details. Main outcome measure Resolution of diplopia in primary position. Results Of the group, 78.8% demonstrated resolution of diplopia in primary position with an average time to resolution of 2.25 months. The presence of associated neurologic symptoms (vertigo, ataxia, dysarthria, facial palsy, pyramidal tract signs) correlated with a worse prognosis for resolution of diplopia. When performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the causative infarct in only 52% of cases; the presence of an MRI-demonstrable lesion was not significantly associated with prognosis for resolution. Conclusions Similar to ischemic ocular motor palsies, most ischemic-based INO become asymptomatic in primary position over 2 to 3 months. The presence of associated features correlated with persistent diplopia. MRI has limited yield in demonstrating the causative infarct.
The Intermediate Outpost - An Alternate Concept for Human Lunar Exploration

This paper describes and evaluates a lunar outpost concept called the "intermediate outpost", which is a design with low development cost and risk based solely on technologies that are either at TRL 8 / 9 at the present time or required for either the Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM) or the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV). The intermediate outpost is an integrated crewed outpost system that contains all subsystems and consumables necessary to enable extended-duration lunar surface stays with up to 4 crewmembers. The intermediate outpost is delivered to the lunar surface on one dedicated uncrewed cargo flight utilizing an Ares V launch vehicle. Due to anytime abort and Earth return constraints for crewed missions to the outpost, possible landing sites for missions to an intermediate outpost are the lunar polar regions and the lunar equatorial region (near-and far-sides). Performance analysis shows that multi-month stays are possible per crewed visit at such an intermediate outpost; surface stays of this length allow for Mars preparation as well as significant surface exploration. The intermediate outpost may therefore offer a lowinvestment / high pay-off alternative to a permanently inhabited outpost that would likely require additional technology development and possibly lunar surface assembly operations.
Nested refinements: a logic for duck typing

Programs written in dynamic languages make heavy use of features --- run-time type tests, value-indexed dictionaries, polymorphism, and higher-order functions --- that are beyond the reach of type systems that employ either purely syntactic or purely semantic reasoning. We present a core calculus, System D, that merges these two modes of reasoning into a single powerful mechanism of nested refinement types wherein the typing relation is itself a predicate in the refinement logic. System D coordinates SMT-based logical implication and syntactic subtyping to automatically typecheck sophisticated dynamic language programs. By coupling nested refinements with McCarthy's theory of finite maps, System D can precisely reason about the interaction of higher-order functions, polymorphism, and dictionaries. The addition of type predicates to the refinement logic creates a circularity that leads to unique technical challenges in the metatheory, which we solve with a novel stratification approach that we use to prove the soundness of System D.
New Protocetid Whales from Alabama and Mississippi, and a New Cetacean Clade, Pelagiceti

(2008). New protocetid whales from Alabama and Mississippi, and a new Cetacean clade, Pelagiceti. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 589-593.
Do Depression, Self-Esteem, Body-Esteem, and Eating Attitudes Vary by BMI Among African American Adolescents?

Objective To examine how psychosocial factors vary by body weight and gender among African-American adolescents. Methods A community sample of 235 low-income, predominantly African-American adolescents completed measures of depression, self-esteem, body-esteem, and eating attitudes. Measured weight and height were converted to body mass index (kg/m 2 ) age and gender-adjusted z-scores. Data were analyzed using 2-factor multivariate analysis of variance. Results Obese youths had significantly worse scores on all psychosocial domains than normal weight youths, with no differences between overweight and normal weight youths. Obese youths had significantly worse scores than overweight youths on body-esteem and self-esteem. Female adolescents had significantly worse scores than males on depressed mood, body-esteem, and eating attitudes. Conclusions Among a community sample of predominantly African-American adolescents, obesity, not overweight, was associated with poor psychosocial health. Findings suggest that overweight may be perceived as normative, and that weight-related programs consider adolescents’ psychosocial functioning.
Expression of the large 5′-proximal cistron of tobacco mosaic virus by 70 S ribosomes during cotranslational disassembly in a prokaryotic cell-free system

Abstract In vitro translation of pH 8-washed particles of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV; vulgare , common, or U1 strain) in a cell-free system derived from Escherichia coli (MRE 600) results in a broad size range of TMV RNA-encoded products, including significant amounts of the distinctive 126-kDa polypeptide which is encoded by the first, 5′-proximal open reading frame in TMV RNA and is conventionally expressed by 80 S eukaryotic ribosomes. In an identical prokaryotic translation system, unencapsidated TMV RNA encodes a series of polypeptides of 50 kDa or less. The predominant product of 16–17 kDa frequently appears to comigrate with TMV coat protein. The significance of the former result for mRNA-ribosome interactions and for possible virus-uncoating/early gene expression events within the chloroplasts of infected cells is discussed.
The Globalization of Career Services

This chapter emphasizes the important role career services plays in advising students about global careers.
The treatment of attachment disorder in infancy and early childhood: reflections from clinical intervention with later-adopted foster care children.

(2003). The treatment of attachment disorder in infancy and early childhood: Reflections from clinical intervention with later-adopted foster care children. Attachment & Human Development: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 279-282.
Functional Tissue Reconstruction with the Use of Biologic Scaffolds

Biologic scaffold materials derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM) of intact mammalian tissues are recognized as possessing constructive remodeling properties and have been used successfully in a variety of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications in both preclinical studies and clinical practice. This chapter provides an overview of the composition and structure of selected ECM scaffold materials, the effects of manufacturing methods upon the structural properties and resulting mechanical behavior of the scaffold materials, and the in-vivo degradation and remodeling of ECM scaffolds. Finally, the potential application of ECM scaffold materials to regeneration of endocrine tissues is discussed.
Abstract 272: Chronic Hyperlipidemia Alters the Population of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Bone Marrow and Peripheral Circulation via Both ROS-dependent and Independent Mechanisms

Background/Aims: Bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) make significant contribution to the function and integrity of vasculature. The number of EPCs is significantly decreased in hyperlipidemic patients. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress were considered an important mechanism for the development of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemia. The present study was to determine the role of ROS production in the changes of EPC population in chronic hyperlipidemia. Methods and Results: EPC numbers and ROS formation in BM and blood were determined in wild-type (WT) male C57BL/6 mice and hyperlipidemic LDL receptor knockout (LDLR-/-) mice with high fat diet for 4 months. Intracellular blood, extracellular BM and blood ROS production was significantly increased in hyperlipidemic LDLR-/- mice that was effectively blocked with N-acetylcysteine treatment. Hyperlipidemia produced complex changes in EPC populations in BM and blood. The c-Kit+/CD31+ cell number was significantly decreas...
On autoignition-dominated supersonic combustion

Supersonic combustion in hydrocarbon-fueled scramjets, in the lower limits of hypersonic flight Mach numbers, is expected to occur as autoignition-dominated distributed reactions. At relevant conditions, including leading to autoignition is not well-captured by detailed chemical-kinetic models at present. This paper introduces an evolution-variable manifold (EVM) framework for modeling autoignition-dominated distributed reactions in both compressible and incompressible flows. This framework combines a data-driven model for induction with a Lagrangian-reactor-generated (discretized) state-space manifold method for post-ignition combustion. As a first-order validation, EVM captures the temperature evolution in a rapidly-mixing well-stirred reactor (WSR).
Studies on the substrate specificity of Escherichia coli galactokinase.

In vitro glycorandomization (IVG) technology is dependent upon the ability to rapidly synthesize sugar phosphates. Compared with chemical synthesis, enzymatic (kinase) routes to sugar phosphates would be attractive for this application. This work focuses upon the development of a high-throughput colorimetric galactokinase (GalK) assay and its application toward probing the substrate specificity and kinetic parameters of Escherichia coli GalK. The demonstrated dinitrosalicylic assay should also be generally applicable to a variety of sugar-processing enzymes.
Determination of serum aldolase.

SummaryMethods and conditions suitable for determining human serum aldolase have been studied. It is concluded that the method of Sibley and Lehninger, while not suitable without some modification for making comparative studies of aldolase of various tissues, is nevertheless well suited to the determination of serum aldolase, especially if the pH is altered to 7.2. Serum aldolase must be determined at a temperature of 38°C or higher in order to obtain a sufficient reaction rate for successful measurement, although this temperature is too high for the determination of crystalline aldolase or the aldolase of muscle homogenate.
Mechanical Reliability of Embedded Array Capacitors in Ultrahigh-Performance Microprocessors

Increasing power delivery and performance requirements for next-generation Intel microprocessors has led to the need for a high-capacitance low-inductance decoupling option very close to the die. An embedded array capacitor (EAC) is a large array capacitor embedded in the high-density interconnect (HDI) substrate core and provides a low-inductance path to the die. This paper describes technology development challenges encountered while enabling EACs on Intel's advanced microprocessors. Various package interfaces resulting from the EAC embedding showed very high stress and propensity to delaminate. These defects were addressed by tailoring suitable materials and process modifications during the manufacturing process. Expansion of the embedding material in the HDI substrate resulted in high C4 area warpage. This led to issues such as solder bump bridging, underfill voids, and reliability fails. The technology development challenges and the solution paths described in this paper are very useful to industry in understanding the integration of advanced decoupling options in ultrahigh-performance microprocessor packages.