cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selecting a measure

The process of selecting a measure should ideally include the following steps (see Ekkekakis, 2008, 2012). The first step involves deciding which construct to target among the three main constructs that comprise the global domain of affective phenomena, namely core affect , mood , and emotion . This difficult question must be answered with clarity before one can move further along the process of selecting a measure. The second step in the process entails a series of complex decisions and is thus at least as intellectually demanding as the first step. It involves choosing from among the different theoretical models proposed for conceptualizing the chosen construct. As explained in Chapters 3 and 4, measures do not (or, at least, should not ) evolve in a theoretical vacuum; when one chooses a measure, one presumably also accepts or endorses the theoretical infrastructure upon which the measure was built. Arguably, it should be deemed inconceivable to choose a measure without having a firm understanding of the underlying theory or without being able to articulate the theoretical reasoning behind this choice. Researchers must recognize that, within the domain of affect, mood, and emotion research lies a multitude of theoretical perspectives. This cannot be ignored; researchers will encounter multiple bifurcations in the decision-making algorithm and must be prepared to argue in favor of one or the other option. These decisions have a defining impact on the data that will be collected, and, by extension, on the overall quality and meaningfulness of any study. As described in the previous two chapters, the differences between the options one must face are not slight or trivial. They typically represent diametrically opposite conceptual viewpoints and are often surrounded by intense intellectual battles that span several decades and dozens of published articles.
BARGAINS AND SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTIONALS

This chapter discusses the bargains and social welfare functionals. It is instructive to consider Nash's model of bargaining as an exercise in going from individual welfare functions to a social ordering assuming cardinality of individual welfare but no interpersonal comparability. The solution depends on a distinguished social state 3c, which one may call the status quo point and which represents what would happen if there is no cooperation among bargainers. X represents all social states that are available if the two parties cooperate. There are points in X that both prefer to the status quo x. Nash's bargaining problem is concerned with a two-person society. While a natural extension of this to person cases exists, one shall follow Nash's own formulation. Each point x in X maps into a pair of utility numbers representing the welfare of the two individuals respectively for any given W .
Processing Effect on Via Extrusion for TSVs in Three-Dimensional Interconnects: A Comparative Study

A comparative study has been performed to investigate the processing effects on via extrusion for through-silicon vias (TSVs) in 3-D integration. This paper is focused on three TSV structures with identical geometry but different processing conditions. The thermomechanical behavior, microstructure, via extrusion, and additives incorporated during electroplating are examined by various techniques, including the electron backscatter diffraction and the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. By comparing the stress, material, and via extrusion behaviors of the TSV structures, the effect of processing conditions, particularly electroplating and postplating annealing, on via extrusion are discussed.
Low-ω3 Fatty Acid and Soy Protein Attenuate Alcohol-Induced Fatty Liver and Injury by Regulating the Opposing Lipid Oxidation and Lipogenic Signaling Pathways.

Chronic ethanol-induced downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) and upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-beta (PGC1β) affect hepatic lipid oxidation and lipogenesis, respectively, leading to fatty liver injury. Low-ω3 fatty acid (Low-ω3FA) that primarily regulates PGC1α and soy protein (SP) that seems to have its major regulatory effect on PGC1β were evaluated for their protective effects against ethanol-induced hepatosteatosis in rats fed with Lieber-deCarli control or ethanol liquid diets with high or low ω3FA fish oil and soy protein. Low-ω3FA and SP opposed the actions of chronic ethanol by reducing serum and liver lipids with concomitant decreased fatty liver. They also prevented the downregulation of hepatic Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and PGC1α and their target fatty acid oxidation pathway genes and attenuated the upregulation of hepatic PGC1β and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and their target lipogenic pathway genes via the phosphorylation of 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Thus, these two novel modulators attenuate ethanol-induced hepatosteatosis and consequent liver injury potentially by regulating the two opposing lipid oxidation and lipogenic pathways.
Distinct Neural Signatures for Very Small and Very Large Numerosities.

Behavioral studies of numerical cognition have shown that perceptual threshold for numerosity discrimination depends on the range of numerical values to be estimated. Discrimination threshold is constant when comparing very small numerosities via the mechanism called subitizing, while it increases as a function of numerosity for numbers beyond that range governed by subitizing. However, when numerosity gets so large that the individual elements start to form a cluttered ensemble, discrimination threshold increases as a function of the square root of numerosity. These behavioral patterns suggest that our sense of number is not based on a unitary mechanism and is rather based on multiple numerosity processing mechanisms depending on the absolute numerosity to be estimated. In this study, we demonstrate neurophysiological evidence for such multiple mechanisms. Participants’ electroencephalogram was recorded while they viewed arrays containing either very small (1-4) or very large (100-400) numbers of dots with systematic variations in non-numerical cues. A linear model that tested the effects of numerical and non-numerical cues on the visual evoked potentials revealed strong neural sensitivity to numerosity around 160-180 ms over right occipito-parietal sites irrespective of the numerical range presented. In contrast, earlier neural responses (~100 ms) showed markedly distinct patterns across the different numerical ranges tested. These results indicate that differences in behavioral response patterns in numerosity estimation across various numerical ranges may arise from the differences in the first stages of visual analysis. Collectively, the findings provide a firmer ground for the idea that there exists a brain system specifically dedicated for numerosity processing, yet they also suggest that multiple early visual cortical mechanisms converge to that numerosity processing stage later in the visual stream.
Focus on environmental justice: new directions in international research

More than three decades since the emergence of the environmental justice (EJ) movement in the U.S., environmental injustices continue to unfold across the world to include new narratives of air and water pollution, as well as new forms of injustices associated with climate change, energy use, natural disasters, urban greenspaces, and public policies that adversely affect socially disadvantaged communities and future generations. This focus issue of Environmental Research Letters provides an interdisciplinary forum for conceptual, methodological, and empirical scholarship on EJ activism, research, and policy that highlights the continuing salience of an EJ perspective to understanding nature-society linkages. The 16 letters published in this focus issue address a variety of environmental issues and social injustices in multiple countries across the world, and advance EJ research by: (1) demonstrating how environmental injustice emerges through particular policies and political processes; (2) exploring environmental injustices associated with industrialization and industrial pollution; and (3) documenting unjust exposure to various environmental hazards in specific urban landscapes. As the discourse of EJ continues to evolve both topically and geographically, we hope that this focus issue will help establish research agendas for the next generation of EJ scholarship on distributive, procedural, participatory, and other forms of injustices, as well as their interrelationships.
Human perforin gene variation is geographically distributed.

BACKGROUND Deleterious mutations in PRF1 result in lethal, childhood disease, familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 2 (FHL 2). However, not all mutations in PRF1 are deleterious and result in FHL 2. Currently, these nondeleterious mutations are being investigated in the onset of numerous disorders, such as lymphomas and diabetes. Yet, there is still an overwhelmingly large amount of PRF1 mutations that are not associated with disease. METHODS We conducted a post hoc analysis of the PRF1 mutations in the coding region using the recently published Exome Aggregation Consortium genomes, Leiden Open Variation Database, NCBI SNP database, and primary literature to better understand PRF1 variation in the human population. RESULTS This study catalogs 460 PRF1 mutations in the coding region, and demonstrates PRF1 is more variant then previously predicted. We identify key PRF1 mutations with high allelic frequency and are only found in certain populations. Additionally, we define PRF1 SNVs are geographically distributed. CONCLUSIONS This study concludes with a novel hypothesis that nondeleterious mutation in PRF1, which decreases perforin expression and/or activity, may be an example of selective advantage in the context of environmental stressors prevalent near the equator. Our studies illustrate how perforin deficiency can be protective from injuries resulting in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption.
Nationwide Trend Analysis of Pediatric Inpatients With Immune Thrombocytopenia in the United States.

Background:Several studies have reported the epidemiology of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) among children in the United States and other countries. However, recent trends in ITP among hospitalized children and hospital course remain unknown at a national level in the United States.Method:Hospital di
Grassland plant community spatial patterns driven by herbivory intensity

Abstract Heterogeneity is a critical driver in rangeland ecosystems and can be used to direct and quantify management success across landscapes. Plant community dynamics and patterns are frequently examined in relation to herbivory, but most patterns are discussed either in a single dimension, or across species, but at small spatial scales within individual communities. Therefore, we designed a study to measure plant community spatial patterns across similar topographic position and soil type in pastures with three different herbivory intensities. We assessed plant community spatial patterns in the northern mixed-grass prairie near Streeter, ND, USA (46°45′N, 99°28′W) in pastures moderately or intensively grazed or non-grazed exclosures established for 25 years. Plant species composition and abundance were recorded along 50-m transects in three replicate pastures for each grazing intensity (n = 3) at mid-summer twice separated by 10 years. Fine and coarse-scale diversity were similar between the moderately and intensively grazed pastures and greater than the non-grazed exclosures in both years (p ≤ .05). Plant species composition was similar among the three grazing intensities and years. Plant community heterogeneity was highest for moderately grazed pastures followed by intensively and non-grazed exclosures respectively. Similarly, patch size was smallest for moderate pastures followed by intensive pastures and non-grazed exclosures for both years. However, while patch size in both moderate and intensive pastures was similar across years respectively, patch size in non-grazed exclosures increased over time. Land management activities varying the disturbance intensities or timing of disturbance can influence specific species composition and relative abundance among species groups. Grazing intensity influenced both fine- and coarse-scale plant community patterns and created different, but stable, plant community patch sizes over time. Based on these results, the ecological cost of inactivity in managing grasslands may have profound consequences on plant community stability and the wildlife that depend on them.
Properties of sets of nontransitive dice with few sides

We define and investigate several properties that sets of nontransitive dice might have. We prove several implications between these properties, which hold in general or for dice with few sides. We also investigate some algorithms for creating sets of 3-sided dice that realize certain tournaments.
Potential Formulation for Charge or Current-Controlled Piezoelectric Smart Composites and Stabilization Results: Electrostatic Versus Quasi-Static Versus Fully-Dynamic Approaches

We consider a less-hysteretic piezoelectric smart composite beam model whose piezoelectric layers are actuated by charge or current only. The governing equations are derived through a consistent variational approach by the thin-compliant layer Rao–Nakra sandwich beam assumptions. For the inclusion of electromagnetic effects in piezoelectric layers, we consider all three approaches (electrostatic, quasi-static, and fully dynamic) of the potential formulation of Maxwell's equations. The initial value problems are shown to be well-posed by the Coulomb gauge condition. In the fully-dynamic approach, even though a dramatic reflection of magnetic effects on the stabilizability characteristics of the composite with the $B^*-$ type feedback is shown, the models provide alternate electromagnetic feedback controllers. In electrostatic and quasi-static approaches, exponential stability (charge) and asymptotic stability (current) results are proved. Finally, closed-loop systems for each approach and actuation are simulated by the filtered semidiscrete finite-difference method.
The Exact H2 Estimate for the Central H∞ Interpolant

The central intertwining lifting for the commutant lifting theorem is used to generalize and tighten the H2-H∞ bounds of Kaftal-Larson-Weiss. Several explicit formulas for the central intertwining lifting and the outer factor of its corresponding defect operator are given. Some applications to a mixed H2-H∞ Caratheodory and four-block interpolation problems are also presented.
Uterine endometrial peristalsis—a transvaginal ultrasound study *

Peristaltic movements of the endometrium were evaluated by serial transvaginal ultrasound throughout 21 spontaneous menstrual cycles, 15 oral contraceptives (OCs) cycles, and 18 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. A score of 0, 1, or 2 was assigned for absent, mild, or strong movements. An average score of 1.5 was obtained at midcycle in spontaneously ovulating women, which was significantly different from early or late follicular (0.36 and 0.5) or luteal (0.4) phase scores. Significant differences were found among the three groups: IVF patients averaged more movements than natural cycle patients, who in turn had a higher incidence than patients taking OCs. Increased peristaltic endometrial movements appear to occur in women around midcycle, probably as an enhancing mechanism for sperm propulsion towards the tubal ostia.
Abstract P047: Circulating Testosterone and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Concentrations and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and All-Cause Mortality in US Women

Introduction: It remains unclear whether circulating testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) are associated with cardiometabolic disease risk and mortality. Hypothesis: Higher SHBG and...
Using an egalitarian social norms message to improve attitudes toward diversity in an academic context: examining intended and unintended effects of source and recipient gender

Social psychologists have leveraged social norms messaging about prejudice to improve social climates. Less research, however, has explored how social identities of message sources and recipients (e.g., gender) influence receptivity to these messages. Testing for the effects of source and recipient social identity on message receptivity is not just of theoretical importance, but also has practical implications for who can effectively deliver such messages and whether such messages have unintended negative consequences for disadvantaged group members. In the present research, an experimental design explored whether the effectiveness of an egalitarian social norms message (compared to a control message) depended on source gender, recipient gender, and their interaction, as well as whether the egalitarian social norms message had unintended negative consequences for participants. Results of an experiment with undergraduate participants (N = 434) showed that receiving an egalitarian social norms message (compared to a control message) resulted in more positive diversity attitudes and stronger intentions to confront prejudice, and these effects did not depend on source gender. The egalitarian social norms message, compared to the control message, did not have detrimental effects on members of socially disadvantaged groups, and was evaluated as more beneficial for social climate. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Perceptions of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Diagnosis Among Latino Parents and Caregivers

Date Presented 04/04/19 Disparities exist regarding ASD diagnosis for Latino children. Findings from narrative interviews exploring how Latino parents and caregivers perceive ASD diagnosis will help illuminate how health information is communicated within this at-risk population and inform the development of future targeted education and intervention programs. Primary Author and Speaker: Lucia Florindez Additional Authors and Speakers: Dominique Como, Daniella Florindez, Sharon Cermak, Leah Duker
Motivations and Decision-Making of Adult Sickle Cell Patients in High-Risk Clinical Research.

ABSTRACT Potentially curative but high-risk trials of gene therapy or stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) for sickle cell disease (SCD) pose new opportunities for adults with SCD, many of whom experience significant disease burden and complications with few treatment options, as well as stigma and disparities in care. We explored motivations and decision-making processes of enrollees and decliners of such trials. Semistructured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 20 enrollees and 6 decliners. Interviews explored participants' SCD experiences, motivations, and decision-making about trial participation, understanding of research-related information, and retrospective reflections. Interviews were analyzed with content analysis. Most identified the purpose of research, risks, and uncertainties of participation. Both enrollees and decliners described deliberative weighing of study risks and potential benefits (especially the prospect of a cure), with heavy factoring of their SCD status, experiences, and desire for a better life. Despite the influence of spirituality/religion and support of family and friends, all described the decision about participation as their own. In some patients, the primary outcome status defined by the trial did not match the patients' perceived outcomes. Patients with negative experiences expressed a desire for greater emphasis on risks and possible outcomes during informed consent. This cohort of adults with SCD were thoughtfully deliberative in their decisions about gene therapy or PBSCT trials. Future participants' decision-making may be enhanced by emphasizing that "successful" scientific outcomes can still involve complications or symptoms and be facilitated by referrals to former research participants and anticipatory discussions.
EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS IN A PATIENT WITH BIOPSY PROVEN SYSTEMIC SARCOIDOSIS WHO WAS REFERRED FOR BRADYCARDIA

Eosinophilic myocarditis (EM) is an understudied and often missed diagnosis whose constellation of symptoms are frequently attributed to other morbidities. A 57-year-old woman with mediastinal lymphadenopathy (Figure 1A), uveitis, celiac lymph node biopsy in 2013 demonstrating noncaseating
Tolerance of grain sorghum to PRE- and POST-applied photosystem II-inhibiting herbicides

Atrazine offers growers a reliable option to control a broad spectrum of weeds in grain sorghum production systems when applied PRE or POST. However, because of the extensive use of atrazine in grain sorghum and corn, it has been found in groundwater in the United States. Given this issue, field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Fayetteville and Marianna, Arkansas, to explore the tolerance of grain sorghum to applications of assorted photosystem II (PSII)-inhibiting herbicides in combination with S-metolachlor (PRE and POST) or mesotrione (POST only) as atrazine replacements. All experiments were designed as a factorial, randomized complete block; the two factors were (1) PSII herbicide and (2) the herbicide added to create the mixture. The PSII herbicides were prometryn, ametryn, simazine, fluometuron, metribuzin, linuron, diuron, atrazine, and propazine. The second factor consisted of either no additional herbicide, S-metolachlor, or mesotrione; however, mesotrione was excluded in the PRE experiments. Crop injury estimates, height, and yield data were collected or calculated in both studies. In the PRE study, injury was less than 10% for all treatments except those containing simazine, which caused 11% injury 28 d after application (DAA). Averaged over PSII herbicide, S-metolachlor–containing treatments caused 7% injury at 14 and 28 DAA. Grain sorghum in atrazine-containing treatments yielded 97% of the nontreated. Grain sorghum receiving other herbicide treatments had significant yield loss due to crop injury, compared with atrazine-containing treatments. In the POST study, ametryn- and prometryn-containing treatments were more injurious than all other treatments 14 DAA. Grain sorghum yield in all POST treatments was comparable to atrazine, except prometryn plus mesotrione, which was 65% of the nontreated. More herbicides should be evaluated to find a comparable fit to atrazine when applied PRE in grain sorghum. However, when applied POST, diuron, fluometuron, linuron, metribuzin, propazine, and simazine have some potential to replace atrazine in terms of crop tolerance and should be further tested as part of a weed control program across a greater range of environments. Nomenclature: Ametryn; atrazine; diuron; fluometuron; linuron; mesotrione; metribuzin; prometryn; propazine; simazine; corn, Zea mays L.; grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ssp. bicolor
Impact of Big Data Veracity, Analytics & Services Quality on Decision Making, Problem Solving & Knowledge Creation Outcomes - A Conceptual Paper

This Conceptual Framework is underpinned on both Delone & McLean (1992, 2003) IS Success Models. It is hypothesized that Big Data Veracity, Big Data Analytics Quality, and Big Data Services Quality can positively improves Big Data User's Decision Making Effectiveness, Problem Solving Confidence as well as his/her Knowledge Creation Capability as there is still lack of empirical research on these relationships.
Smoking status and racial/ethnic disparities in youth exposure to tobacco advertising.

Tobacco advertising exposure increases tobacco use among youth. Data were from a largely racial and ethnic minority sample (60% non-Hispanic (NH) Black/African American) of youth (13–18 years) who ...
Respiratory Monitoring: Current State of the Art and Future Roads.

In this article, we present current methodologies, available technologies, and demands for monitoring various respiratory parameters. We discuss the importance of noninvasive techniques for remote and continuous monitoring and challenges involved in the current "smart and connected health" era. We conducted an extensive literature review on the medical significance of monitoring respiratory vital parameters, along with the current methods and solutions with their respective advantages and disadvantages. We discuss the challenges of developing a noninvasive, wearable, wireless system that continuously monitors respiration parameters and opportunities in the field and then determines the requirements of a state-of-the-art system. Noninvasive techniques provide a significant amount of medical information for a continuous patient monitoring system. Contact methods offer more advantages than non-contact methods; however, reducing the size and power of contact methods is critical for enabling a wearable, wireless medical monitoring system. Continuous and accurate remote monitoring, along with other physiological data, can help caregivers improve the quality of care and allow patients greater freedom outside the hospital. Such monitoring systems could lead to highly tailored treatment plans, shorten patient stays at medical facilities, and reduce the cost of treatment.
The Influence of Reviewer and Consumer Congruence in Online Word-of-Mouth Transactions

Online review platforms compete to attract and retain consumers and facilitate purchases. They invest in sophisticated algorithms that prioritize the order in which product reviews are presented, seeking to provide consumers with easy access to useful information about the ability of a product to meet a need. These algorithms collect and use review and consumer characteristics to provide different consumers with different sets of reviews, seeking to increase purchase intention and reduce returns. This study proposes a new type of factor: the congruence between the consumer and the reviewer. The authors develop a simulation-based experiment in which 281 subjects are categorized based on their travel style and socioeconomic status, then read two reviews: one that appears to be written by someone similar to them and one that appears written by someone different from them. Findings demonstrate relationships between purchase intention and both of the congruence variables, as well as disposition to trust and an interaction between uncertainty avoidance and socioeconomic status.
"Can You Clarify What You Said?": Studying the Impact of Tutee Agents' Follow-Up Questions on Tutors' Learning.

Students learn by teaching others as tutors. Advancement in the theory of learning by teaching has given rise to many pedagogical agents. In this paper, we exploit a known cognitive theory that states if a tutee asks deep questions in a peer tutoring environment, a tutor benefits from it. Little is known about a computational model of such deep questions. This paper aims to formalize the deep tutee questions and proposes a generalized model of inquiry-based dialogue, called the constructive tutee inquiry, to ask follow-up questions to have tutors reflect their current knowledge (aka knowledge-building activity). We conducted a Wizard of Oz study to evaluate the proposed constructive tutee inquiry. The results showed that the constructive tutee inquiry was particularly effective for the low prior knowledge students to learn conceptual knowledge.
Childhood Obesity

Childhood obesity is an issue of serious medical and social concern. In developing countries including India, it is a phenomenon seen in higher socioeconomic strata due to the adoption of a western lifestyle. Consumption of high calorie food, lack of physical activity and increased screen time are major risk factors for childhood obesity apart from other genetic, prenatal factors and socio-cultural practices. Obese children and adolescents are at increased risk of medical and psychological complications. Insulin resistance is commonly present especially in those with central obesity and manifests as dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, polycystic ovarian syndrome and metabolic syndrome. Obese children and adolescents often present to general physicians for management. The latter play a key role in prevention and treatment of obesity as it involves lifestyle modification of the entire family. This article aims at discussing the approach to diagnosis and work-up, treatment and preventive strategies for childhood obesity from a general physician’s perspective.
Cognitive Dysfunction in White Matter Disorders: New Perspectives in Treatment and Recovery.

White matter disorders are increasingly appreciated as capable of disrupting cognitive function, and this impairment may be sufficiently severe to produce the syndrome of white matter dementia. Alt...
Signaling Woman and Leader: Navigating the Double Bind as a Foreign Policy Decisionmaker

The effects of gender on foreign policy decision-making is an understudied topic. While some research has examined the role of women chief executives in conflict, little research has looked at what...
Novel stripe rust all-stage resistance loci identified in a worldwide collection of durum wheat using genome-wide association mapping.

Durumwheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.)] production is constrained by fungal diseases including stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Erikss. (Pst). Continuous mining of germplasm for the discovery and deployment of stripe rust resistance (Yr) genes is needed to counter the impact of this disease. In this study, we evaluated a worldwide collection of 432 durum wheat accessions to seven U.S. Pst races that carry diverse virulence and avirulence combinations on wheat Yr genes. We found that 47-82% of the durum wheat accessions were susceptible to each of the tested Pst races. A total of 32 accessions were resistant to all seven races. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using over 97,000 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers generated from genotyping-by-sequencing of 364 accessions identified 56 quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with all-stage stripe rust resistance located on all 14 durum wheat chromosomes. Six of these QTL were associated with resistance to 2-4 Pst races, and none were associated with resistance to all seven races. The remaining 50 QTL were race specific. Eighteen of the 56 identified QTL had relatively large effects against at least one of the races. A map-based comparison of the discovered QTL in this study with previously published Yr genes and QTL showed that 29 were previously identified, whereas the remaining 27 QTL appeared to be novel. This study reports effective sources of stripe rust resistance to contemporary races in the United States and shows that this durum wheat collection is abundant in novel resistance loci that can be transferred into adapted durum cultivars.
The Difficult But Important Journey From Here to Equality

For a variety of reasons outlined in the target article and commentaries in this issue, it is difficult to pursue equality in a multi-ethnic democracy. This article responds to issues raised in the...
Ethical questions in name authority control: edited by Jane Sandberg, Sacramento, Library Juice Press, 2019, viii + 410 pp., $35 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-63400-054-3

This edited collection is the first ever volume of papers dedicated to the ethical aspects of name authority control in library catalogues and similar databases. Like other publications from Librar...
The genomic relationships among six wild perennial species of the genus Glycine subgenus Glycine Willd.

Based on meiotic chromosome behavior in intra- and interspecific hybrids, genome symbols were assigned to the following diploid (2n=40) Glycine species: G. canescens = AA; G. clandestina- Intermediate pod (Ip)=A1A1; G. clandestina-Short pod (Sp)=BB; G. latifolia = B1B1; G. tabacina = B2B2; G. cyrtoloba = CC; and G. tomentella = DD. Genome symbol GG was reserved for the soybean, G. max. At metaphaseI, loose chromosome associations were observed in completely sterile interspecific hybrids whose parents differed in their genomes, suggesting some chromosome homologies among species. Although G. clandestina-Sp, G. latifolia and G. tabacina are morphologically distinct species, they differ only by a paracentric inversion. Similar observations were recorded for G. canescens and G. clandestina-Ip. Evidence is presented that demonstrates that G. tabacina (2n=80) and G. tomentella (2n=78, 80) are allotetraploid species complexes. Hybrid weakness, sterility, seedling lethality and seed inviability were found in intra- and interspecific hybrids.
Transfer of basal sliding variations to the surface of a linearly viscous glacier

The transfer of basal velocity anomalies to the surface of a glacier is investigated using a model of a planar parallel-sided slab (thickness H) of linear viscous rheology. Surface velocity parallel (u s) and normal (v s) to the surface is calculated for various spatial distributions of basal velocity anomalies with components parallel (u b) and normal (v b) to the surface. Four scales of differing behavior can be identified depending on the spatial length L of the basal anomalies. At very short scales (L ≤ 1H) there is essentially no response at the surface. At short scales (1H ≤ L ≤ 5H), a basal anomaly u b induces a response in both u s and v s. The spatial pattern of u s is such that velocity peaks in u s can be shifted from peaks in u b, and may differ in number. The amplitude of u s is up to about 0.3|u b|. The amplitude of the cross-component effect v s may be greater than the amplitude of u s. A basal anomaly v b induces a response in both v s and us. The pattern of v s is the same as the pattern of v b, and the amplitude of v s is up to about 0.7 |v b|. The amplitude of the cross-component effect u s is less than the amplitude of v s. At intermediate scales (5H ≤ L ≤ 10H), results differ from the short scale in two respects; velocity peaks in u s correspond with peaks in u b; and surface amplitudes are increased, except for cross-component effects for which surface amplitudes are of the same order as at the short scale. These cross-component effects at the short and intermediate scales show in particular that substantial anomalous surface-normal motions can be induced by deformation, even though the basal velocity anomaly is parallel to the surface. At long scales (10H ≤ L), the velocity anomaly at the surface is essentially the same as the anomaly at the bed. For all scales, the longitudinal strain-rate averaged over depth is larger in magnitude than the longitudinal strain-rate at the surface and, at the short scale, it may differ in sign, so that v s cannot be easily estimated from surface strain-rate. Although the simplifications of the model do not allow its rigorous quantitative application to field measurements, the results indicate the need for caution in interpreting surface-velocity variations in terms of basal velocity anomalies. It is important to establish the spatial pattern of surface motions for any chance of a confident interpretation in terms of basal motions.
Daughters of Parvati: women and madness in contemporary India, by Sarah Pinto, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014, 283 pp., $59.95s (hardback), ISBN 978-0-8122-4583-7

This book gives a detailed set of descriptions of the problems of women who are under psychiatric care in India. Its focus is the ‘ethical paradox’ noted by the author, where good intention is ambi...
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of IVIG Protects Against HSV Encephalitis.

Susceptible mouse strains like 129 mice develop HSV encephalitis (HSE) characterized by large focal inflammatory CNS lesions associated with massive accumulation of monocytes and neutrophils, resulting in rapid onset of death. In contrast, regulated CNS inflammatory responses protect resistant C57BL/6 mice against HSE. Disease progression was not affected by early inhibition of HSV replication consistent with immune mediated pathology and not virus cytopathology, causing death. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) possesses potent anti-inflammatory activities and is highly effective in treating various inflammatory diseases. We report here that IVIG protects against fatal HSE by inhibiting CNS inflammation through a mechanism(s) independent of HSV antibody. Both sialylated and non-sialylated but not deglycosylated IgGs mediated protection. IVIG treatment profoundly altered host immune responses, promoting lymphocytic rather than monocytic infiltration of the CNS accompanied by phenotypic alteration of macrophages and a dramatic expansion of CD4+ Tregs that accumulated in peripheral lymphoid organs. However the Tregs were not solely responsible for inhibiting inflammation. IL-10 secreted by APCs was primarily responsible for suppressing CNS inflammation. Despite controlling virus replication IVIG treated IL-10 deficient mice were unable to control CNS inflammation and succumbed eventually. In addition, FcγR2b was critical for IVIG’s immunomodulatory activity.
Sustaining Working Rangelands: Insights from Rancher Decision Making☆

ABSTRACT Grazed rangeland ecosystems encompass diverse global land resources and are complex social-ecological systems from which society demands both goods (e.g., livestock and forage production) and services (e.g., abundant and high-quality water). Including the ranching community's perceptions, knowledge, and decision-making is essential to advancing the ongoing dialogue to define sustainable working rangelands. We surveyed 507 (33% response rate) California ranchers to gain insight into key factors shaping their decision-making, perspectives on effective management practices and ranching information sources, as well as their concerns. First, we found that variation in ranch structure, management goals, and decision making across California's ranching operations aligns with the call from sustainability science to maintain flexibility at multiple scales to support the suite of economic and ecological services they can provide. The diversity in ranching operations highlights why single-policy and managem...
Elasticity of superhydrous B

The adiabatic single-crystal elastic moduli of superhydrous B, Mg10Si3O14(OH)4, have been measured at ambient conditions using Brillouin spectroscopy. This material is the first hydrous phase found to be stable at the extreme conditions of 20 GPa and 1400 °C. The single-crystal moduli, in GPa, are: C 11=280.0±1.5, C 22=307.4±1.6, C 33=293.4±1.4, C 44=90.0±1.1, C 55=99.2±0.8, C 66=89.6±0.6, C 12=66.1±2.2, C 13=105.6±2.6, C 23=81.8±2.6. With aggregate elastic properties of K VRH =154.0±4.2 and μ VRH =97.0±0.7 GPa, superhydrous B is approximately 16% suffer than forsterite and 20% softer than magnesium silicate spinel; it is also considerably more elastically isotropic than forsterite. The single-crystal moduli are compared to those of forsterite, magnesium silicate spinel and periclase, materials that are both structurally and compositionally similar to superhydrous B. The longitudinal moduli of superhydrous B and forsterite follow similar trends and appear to be dominated by the incompressibility and rotation of silicon tetrahedra. The shear and off-diagonal moduli more closely resemble those of periclase and spinel and may reflect the properties inherent to layers of magnesium octahedra.
George Dantzig's impact on the theory of computation

George Dantzig created the simplex algorithm for linear programming, perhaps the most important algorithm developed in the 20th century. This paper traces a single historical thread: Dantzig's work on linear programming and its application and extension to combinatorial optimization, and the investigations it has stimulated about the performance of the simplex algorithm and the intrinsic complexity of linear programming and combinatorial optimization.
Non-submetrizable spaces of countable extent with Gδ-diagonal

Abstract We construct two non-submetrizable spaces of countable extent that have a G δ -diagonal. Both spaces are locally-compact, locally-countable, separable, Tychonoff. One space is hereditary realcompact. The other is pseudocompact and consistent.
Comparisons of Two Bluegill Populations by Means of the RNA-DNA Ratio and Liver-Somatic Index

Abstract Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) from two central Tennessee lakes revealed monthly and seasonal variations of liver RNA-DNA ratios (liver RNA/DNA) and liver-somatic indexes (LSI's) that were associated with gonad maturation, spawning, and temperature. Liver RNA/DNA indicated a longer summer growth depression in fish collected from the smaller, shallower lake. Although LSI's were consistently higher in the smaller, shallower lake, liver RNA/DNA and scale analyses showed faster growth rate in the larger, deeper lake. Thus the LSI may be a useful indicator of relative food intake-energy storage levels within a single lake, but it does not necessarily reflect absolute growth rate of the fish. Liver RNA/DNA provided an indication of immediate or short-term growth rates.
Extending the service life of electric distribution and transmission wooden poles using a wet layup FRP composite strengthening system

This paper investigates the feasibility of using an in situ wet layup fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) repairing system to extend the service life of electric distribution and transmission wooden poles. The effectiveness of the FRP strengthening method was evaluated through field tests performed on Class-4 deteriorated wooden poles and a step-by-step rapid installation procedure was developed. Results indicated that the application of the in situ wet layup FRP system increased the load capacity of the poles where more than 85% of their original capacity was restored. In addition, the repaired poles exceeded the minimum lateral load required by the NESC and ANSI 05.1 codes indicating that it would be more cost-effective repairing the poles than replacing them. Moreover, in addition to the cost savings, the FRP system extended the service life of the deteriorated poles up to 30 years.
Analysis of marine sediment, water and biota for selected organic pollutants

Abstract The concentrations of various organic pollutants (benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and pentachlorophenol (PCP)) were determined in samples of water, sediment and biota (flounder, killifish, shrimp, crabs and squid) from San Luis Pass, Texas. Sediment was also analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and various pesticides. Only PCP was detectable in water. In sediment, the relative concentrations were PAEs > BaP > (PCBs ∼ HCB) > PCP. In biota, BaP was not detectable in any animal; HCB was highest in crabs and PCP was highest in all others (flounder, killifish, shrimp and squid). The relative concentrations of HCB and PCP were different in the different organisms. The differences between the relative concentrations in the biota and in sediment are discussed. The results of this study are compared to values measured at other sites. This study is part of a larger effort to identify and quantitate pollutants in various Texas estuaries and to serve as a basis for monitoring marine pollution.
Ten steps to an easier revision total knee arthroplasty.

Revision total knee arthroplasty can be facilitated by proper preoperative planning, using an extensile incision, lysing of adhesions on the lateral gutter, exposing the medial and lateral aspects of the proximal tibia, and stabilizing the patellar tendon. If the patella cannot be everted safely, the surgeon should be prepared to do a rectus snip or tibial tubercle osteotomy. The components should be extracted axially after separation of the interfaces with a small sagittal saw or small osteotomes. The intramedullary canals of the femur and tibia should be used as references for the cutting blocks.
A comment on the Cabibbo angle determination of Gatto et al.

Abstract It is commented in this note that the assumptions used by Gatto et al. in a recent paper to determine the Cabibbo angle, i.e. that the symmetry breaking part of the Hamiltonian is u 0 + cu 8 and that with such Hamiltonian the quadratically divergent terms in the weak self mass arising from the intermediate boson cancel out exactly, is objectionable.
Indirect generation of quadrupole polaritons from dark excitons in Cu 2 O

The momentum-dependent electron-hole exchange interaction splits the triply degenerate orthoexcitons into the bright and dark states in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$, depending on the direction of $\mathbf{k}$ inside the crystal. Employing resonant two-photon excitation along a (100) direction at $2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, we selectively create the dark orthoexcitons that do not couple to the radiation field. However, these excitons can radiatively recombine due to subsequent conversion into the bright states. By measuring the polarization dependence, we find that the two bright states are equally populated due to cross relaxation. We also find that this bright orthoexciton luminescence is highly directional and well aligned with the initial laser propagating direction. This strongly indicates that propagating quadrupole orthoexciton-polaritons, which are the quantum superposition of bright orthoexcitons and photons, are indirectly generated. We find that the dark-to-bright relaxation mechanism can be significantly affected in the presence of hot excitons due to density-dependent scattering.
A technique for repeated sampling of CSF from the anesthetized rat

A method for repeatedly sampling cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from anesthetized rats is described. The technique reliably and quickly yields blood-free samples of CSF and requires supplies that are commonly available. Samples as large as 250 microliter can be collected in a few minutes. There is no apparent malaise even when CSF is withdrawn once every three days for two weeks. This technique offers an alternative to surgical cannulation for sampling of CSF from the rat.
Strings, harmonic maps and hyperbolic systems

Abstract We review a number of cases where strings and hyperbolic systems arise in the study of harmonic maps of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds.
Empirical correlates of common MMPI-2 two-point codes in male psychiatric inpatients.

Empirical correlates of common Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) 2-point codes were identified for a sample of 1,213 inpatient men. A comprehensive standardized review of the h...
Replacement of the invariant tyrosine in the CAGY region of the human chorionic gonadotropin β subunit

The mammalian glycoprotein hormone beta subunits contain a highly conserved amino acid sequence, Cys-Ala-Gly-Tyr-Cys (residues 34-38 of human chorionic gonadotropin beta), that is denoted as the 'CAGY region'. Using site-directed mutagenesis we have replaced Tyr-37 in hCG beta, i.e., the invariant Tyr in all known mammalian CG, LH, FSH, and TSH beta subunits, with two hydrophobic amino acid residues, Phe and Leu. The resultant mutant forms were characterized for alpha subunit binding and the resulting heterodimers were analyzed for biological activity using two in vitro assays with transformed murine Leydig cells (MA-10). Chinese hamster ovary cells containing a stably integrated gene for bovine alpha were transiently transfected with a eukaryotic expression vector containing a Rous sarcoma viral promoter and the wild-type and mutant cDNAs. The hCG beta(Phe-37) mutant bound to alpha essentially to the same extent as hCG beta wild-type, while the hCG beta(Leu-37) mutant formed somewhat less heterodimer. The heterologous heterodimeric mutant and wild-type gonadotropins were equipotent in a competitive binding assay with [125I]hCG. In a steroidogenic assay, the mutant hormones were active, but they appeared slightly less potent than the wild-type form. Thus, this invariant Tyr can be replaced with another aromatic amino acid residue or with a hydrophobic, but not aromatic amino acid residue in hCG beta without any dramatic effect on function. These results indicate that Tyr-37 in hCG beta, while not obligatory, may participate, either directly or indirectly, in subunit assembly and that the hydroxyl group may function in a modulatory role in signaling.