cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in Analysis of Surfaces

Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a versatile and sensitive probe of electronic and vibrational excitations at surfaces. The technique is extensively used as a research and analytical tool in a broad range of surface science applications including research on intrinsic physical and chemical properties of surfaces, chemisorption phenomena, and chemical processes at surfaces. The spectroscopy is based on measuring the energy loss and momentum transfer of electrons in a highly collimated, monochromatic (narrow energy spread) beam after the electrons scatter from a surface. Vibrational excitations of atoms and molecules adsorbed on surfaces, collective excitations of ordered chemisorbed structures, the intrinsic collective excitations of surface atoms (surface phonons), and collective electronic excitations (surface plasmons) can be studied using the technique. Under favorable conditions, vibrational losses from surface adsorbate concentrations below 10−3 monolayer (1012 atoms cm−2) can be detected. EELS is a surface science probe, typically requiring an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment, and is generally employed in conjunction with complementary surface analytical probes such as Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and thermal desorption mass spectroscopy (TDS). EELS is an ideal tool for determining surface chemical composition, and provides vibrational loss spectra similar to infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), Raman spectroscopy, and helium atom scattering spectroscopy (HAS).
Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates

Sustained exposure to glucocorticoids (GCs), adrenal hormones secreted during stress, can cause neural degeneration in the rat. This is particularly so in the hippocampus, a principal neural target site for GCs, in which GCs can exacerbate the rate of neuron death during normal aging, as well as the severity of neuronal damage after various neurological insults. Thus, stress can be a potent modulator of hippocampal degeneration in the rat. The present report suggests a similar association in the primate. Eight vervet monkeys, housed in a primate center in Kenya, that had died spontaneously from 1984 to 1986, were found at necropsy to have multiple gastric ulcers; a retrospective, neuropathological study was then done of this opportunistic population. Compared with controls euthanized for other research purposes, ulcerated monkeys had marked hippocampal degeneration that was apparent both quantitatively and qualitatively, and both ultrastructurally and on the light-microscopic level. Minimal damage occurred outside the hippocampus. Damage was unlikely to have been due to an agonal or post-mortem artifact. Instead, ulcerated monkeys appear to have been subject to sustained social stress, perhaps in the form of social subordinance in captive breeding groups: most came from social groups, had significantly high incidences of bite wounds at necropsy, and had hyperplastic adrenal cortices, indicative of sustained GC release. Moreover, the specific hippocampal cell fields damaged in ulcerated animals matched those damaged by GCs in the rodent hippocampus. Thus, this represents the first evidence suggesting that sustained stress, via GC hypersecretion, might be neurodegenerative in the primate.
Korea's neoliberal restructuring: miracle or disaster?

Crotty, James; Lee, Kang-Kook.2001.Korea's neoliberal restructuring: miracle or disaster?,Reports,Cambridge, U.S.University of Massachusetts Amherst,8
Macroeconomic policies and output fluctuations in slovakia: Application of the taylor rule

Applying the Taylor rule, this paper finds that real output for Slovakia is positively influenced by real appreciation and world output, and negatively affected by the expected inflation rate, real government deficit, the euro interest rate, and the U.S. federal funds rate. Policy implications are that the Taylor rule works well for Slovakia, that expansionary fiscal policy may crowd out private spending and would not raise output, and that the conventional wisdom of devaluating a currency to stimulate the economy would not apply to Slovakia. (JEL: E52 E62 F41 O52)
Use of chimeric receptor molecules to dissect signal transduction mechanisms.

Publisher Summary The use of chimeric receptors has become a valuable technique in receptor biology as a means to elucidate the function and signaling properties of receptors or domains of receptors. This approach is particularly valuable in (1) determining the signaling potential of a particular cytoplasmic domain, (2) learning whether homodimerization of a single chain is sufficient for signaling or whether two or more different chains must be ligated together, and (3) investigating the functional equivalence of regions of two different receptor molecules. Chimeric receptors are often used in cells that can respond to the stimulus of primary interest. For example, for studying signaling via the interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R), chimeric receptors have been used in an IL-2-responsive cell line, CTLL-2. This chapter describes how chimeric receptor constructs can be used to analyze the significance of extracellular, cytoplasmic, and transmembrane domains in signaling via IL-2 receptors. The IL-2 system is a particularly good illustrative system for this methodology, as it allows for the analysis of the roles of homodimers, heterodimers, and various receptor domains.
Reverse engineering the visual system via genetic programs

We propose a datamining based method for automated reverse engineering of search strategies during active visual search tasks. The method uses a genetic program (GP) that evolves populations of fuzzy decision trees and selects an optimal one. Previous psychophysical observations of subjects engaged in a simple search task result in a database of stimulus conditions and concomitant measures of eye gaze information and associated psychophysical metrics that globally describe the subjects search strategies. Fuzzy rules about the likely design properties of the components of the visual system involved in selecting fixation location during search are defined based on these metrics. A fitness function that incorporates both the fuzzy rules and the information in the database is used to conduct GP based datamining. The information extracted through the GP process is the internal design specification of the visual system vis-a-vis active visual search.
Virus and Cell Requirements for Friend Virus Granulocytic Leukemogenesis in Long-Term Bone Marrow Cultures of NIH Swiss [N:NIH(S)] Mice

The effect of hematopoietic stem cell age on leukemogenesis in vitro was tested in nonrecharged, corticosterold-supplemented NIH Swiss [N:NIH(S)] mouse long-term bone marrow cultures infected with Friend murine leukemia virus of anemia-inducing strain (F-MuLV-A) or spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) [Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV)], a pseudotype virus derived by rescue of the SFFV genome from SFFV-Balb/3T3 clone A31 nonproducer cells with clonal helper R-MuLV. Cultures at 33 degrees C derived from 10-day-old or adult mouse marrow generated colony-forming unit culture granulocytic macrophage (CFUc) progenitor cells for over 20 weeks and colony-forming unit spleen cells for 14 weeks and generated permanent granulocytic leukemia cell lines after infection with F-MuLV-A at week 1, 2, or 4 but not at week 8. Leukemia lines were of granulocyte phenotype whether induced by F-MuLV-A or SFFV (R-MuLV) and synthesized myeloperoxidase and lysozyme but were restricted in ability to generate superoxide in response to phorbol myristate acetate stimulation. Cultures (31 degrees C) infected with temperature-sensitive (ts) helper virus mutant pseudotypes of SFFV as well as SFFV (R-MuLV) generated granulocytic leukemia lines, whereas only SFFV (R-MuLV) pseudotype virus-infected cultures became leukemic at 37 degrees C. R-MuLV wild type or ts mutant helper virus infection alone increased cell proliferation and numbers of CFUc but did not generate leukemia. These data indicated that gene(s) specific to F-MuLV-A or a virus rescued from SFFV-Balb/3T3 clone A31 nonproducer cells are required for transformation in vitro of a hematopoietic stem cell present in early but absent in late bone marrow cultures.
State Estimation in Spatially Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems: Bounds on Critical Measurement Drop Rates

In this paper, we analyze Kalman filter (KF) based state estimation in spatially distributed cyber-physical systems. We consider a practical scenario, where sensors are arbitrarily deployed over an area to jointly sense a linear dynamical system. The sensors directly communicate their observations to a central state estimation unit over a lossy network resulting in: (1) random measurement losses; (2) partial observation updates in the Kalman filter. We analyze the stability of the state estimation process in this scenario, by establishing the conditions under which its steady state error covariance matrix is bounded. In contrast to previous pioneering work with intermittent observations [1], we consider a dispersed measurement scenario and establish bounds on critical measurement loss rates of individual sensor communication links. The analysis illustrates the trade-off between state estimation accuracy and the quality of underlying communication network. Our analysis is critical to quantify the stability of control operation for safe and efficient operation of a cyber-physical system.
Modeling asynchronous materials handling systems in XCELL

The XCELL+ Factory Modeling System has recently been extended with facilities to model automatic guided vehicle systems and power-and-free conveyor systems. This significantly expands the scope of problems that are susceptible to modeling in a graphical, menu-driven mode by non-simulation professionals. This paper summarizes the issues and solutions represented by these extensions to XCELL+.
Osteoconductive protamine-based polyelectrolyte multilayer functionalized surfaces.

The integration of orthopedic implants with host bone presents a major challenge in joint arthroplasty, spinal fusion and tumor reconstruction. The cellular microenvironment can be programmed via implant surface functionalization allowing direct modulation of osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation at the implant–bone interface. The development of layer-by-layer assembled polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) architectures has greatly expanded our ability to fabricate intricate nanometer to micron scale thin film coatings that conform to complex implant geometries. The in vivo therapeutic efficacy of thin PEM implant coatings for numerous biomedical applications has previously been reported. We have fabricated protamine-based PEM thin films that support the long-term proliferation and differentiation of pre-osteoblast cells on non-cross-linked film-coated surfaces. These hydrophilic PEM functionalized surfaces with nanometer-scale roughness facilitated increased deposition of calcified matrix by osteoblasts in vitro, and thus offer the potential to enhance implant integration with host bone. The coatings can make an immediate impact in the osteogenic culture of stem cells and assessment of the osteogenic potential of new therapeutic factors.
Resolving Conflict and Preventing Violence, School Failure and Dropout, And Related Problem Behaviors

How can encounters between a student and a disciplinarian become more constructive? How can they take place in such a way that each encounter builds on the previous one? And how can these experiences be combined with others that are more preventive than disciplinary?
Municipal councils, international NGOs and citizen participation in public infrastructure development in rural settlements in Cameroon

Abstract The study reported in this paper is premised on a belief in citizen participation (CP) as a viable cost-saving strategy for public infrastructure provisioning in rural human settlements in particular, and in the development process in general, in Africa. The prowess of CP is widely acknowledged in the development literature. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on how to go about promoting CP especially in rural human settlements. The study contributes to efforts to reverse this situation by highlighting the activities of major institutional actors involved in CP initiatives in public infrastructure development in rural Cameroon. One international non-governmental organization (NGO), Helvetas, and four government rural councils based in the Northwest Region of Cameroon constitute the empirical referent for the study. It is revealed that the NGO served as the main source of funds, technical and organizational expertise, while the councils coordinated and oversaw the CP activities designed to manage and maintain the public infrastructure projects. It is also shown that exogenous factors (e.g., interference by national authorities) and endogenous problems (e.g., scarcity of skilled labour) conspired to thwart the efforts of the councils. Furthermore, the tendency on the part of national authorities to appropriate locally-realized projects was identified as a critical barrier to CP. The paper concludes that the willingness of citizens to contribute in-kind or financially to any given self-help infrastructure project is contingent upon the extent to which they perceive the project as veritably theirs. The Cameroonian experience holds potentially valuable lessons for CP efforts in rural infrastructure development in other developing countries.
Syntheses of 5-formyl- and 5-carboxyl-dC containing DNA oligos as potential oxidation products of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA.

To investigate the potential oxidation products of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC)-containing DNA, we present here efficient syntheses of 5-formyl- and 5-methoxycarbonyl-2′-deoxycytidine phosphoramidites. The 5-formyl group in III was easy to introduce and was compatible with phosphoramidite and DNA syntheses. An additional treatment of ODN1 with NaBH4 produced the corresponding ODN2 quantitatively. Phosphoramidite V was also incorporated into DNA, and the methyl ester could be hydrolyzed under mild basic conditions to afford ODN3.
Hydrodynamic Stability of a Periodically Unsteady Swirling Jet

The stability characteristics of a jet with a low-frequency time-dependent periodic swirl are determined. An analytical dispersion relation for the perturbations is obtained and solved numerically. Growth rates and celerities determined from this formulation are compared with predictions based on applying steady state analysis to instantaneous velocity profiles, i.e., the quasisteady approach. The results show that periodic unsteadiness in the swirl causes variations in the growth rates and celerities of the unstable modes. Furthermore, it is shown that the quasisteady approach is not applicable and fails to predict the magnitudes of these variations.
Multivalent benzoboroxole functionalized polymers as gp120 glycan targeted microbicide entry inhibitors

Microbicides are women-controlled prophylactics for sexually transmitted infections. The most important class of microbicides target HIV-1 and contain antiviral agents formulated for topical vaginal delivery. Identification of new viral entry inhibitors that target the HIV-1 envelope is important because they can inactivate HIV-1 in the vaginal lumen before virions can come in contact with CD4+ cells in the vaginal mucosa. Carbohydrate binding agents (CBAs) demonstrate the ability to act as entry inhibitors due to their ability to bind to glycans and prevent gp120 binding to CD4+ cells. However, as proteins they present significant challenges in regard to economical production and formulation for resource-poor environments. We have synthesized water-soluble polymer CBAs that contain multiple benzoboroxole moieties. A benzoboroxole-functionalized monomer was synthesized and incorporated into linear oligomers with 2-hydroxypropylmethacrylamide (HPMAm) at different feed ratios using free radical polymerizati...
Non-neutral field-aligned current sheet and the auroral electric field

Abstract Equilibrium configurations of the non-neutral field-aligned electron current sheet in a Maxwellian plasma are obtained from solutions of the time-independent Vlasov-Maxwell equations. This is the first field-aligned non-neutral current sheet model in a hot plasma in which the electrons are allowed to be nonadiabatic. The current in this model has a perpendicular (i.e. diamagnetic) as well as a parallel component to the external magnetic field. The electric field of the current sheet is pointing normally toward the midplane of the sheet. This zeroth-order perpendicular electric field is identified as the primary electric field which gives rise to a few keV potential drop along auroral field lines.
The relative influences of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation on paralytic shellfish toxin accumulation in northwest Pacific shellfish.

Historical records of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in shellfish from a coastal embayment in the Pacific Northwest of the United States are used to examine the influence of large-scale climate variations on aspects of Alexandrium catenella bloom dynamics on interannual and interdecadal timescales. An annual index of shellfish toxicity covaries with the number of days annually that sea surface temperature (SST) exceeds 13°C—a known temperature threshold for increased shellfish toxicity in this region—and with an index of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In contrast, no robust relationship exists between our shellfish toxicity index and an index of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We hypothesize that this is because anomalously warm water temperatures created during El Nino winters do not generally persist into the seasonal time period that shellfish in this region accumulate PSTs, which is typically in the summer and fall. In contrast, anomalously warm water temperatures created during warm-phase PDO winters and springs typically persist into the summer and fall, thereby increasing the number of days annually that SST exceeds 13°C, and increasing the window of opportunity for Alexandrium blooms that ultimately lead to shellfish acquiring higher concentrations of PSTs.
Myelodysplastic syndrome with an unbalanced 1;16 translocation in a case of early age of onset.

We present a 30-year-old male patient diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Chromosome analysis of the bone marrow aspirate revealed a derivative chromosome resulting from an unbalanced 1;16 translocation causing the gain of 1q and loss of 16q. Dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated that the 1q;16p derivative chromosome contained centomeric material derived from chromosome 1, and accordingly the translocation was designated as a der (1)t(1;16)(p11;p11.1). Review of literature revealed that 1;16 translocation in MDS is nonrandom and is always described as unbalanced, resulting in trisomy 1q and monosomy 16q. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measurement and modeling of pulsed bi-frequency, nonlinear acoustic excitation of buried landmines

To help resolve certain practical issues with acoustical methods for humanitarian landmine detection, we have researched using a pulsed, standoff source method for acoustical excitation of the buried mine [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130, 2541 (2011); J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133, 3457 (2013)]. Pulses consisting of two primary frequencies are used in order to search for induced nonlinear vibrations at interaction frequencies such as the sum frequency, which arise due to nonlinear interaction at the mine/soil interface. To model the pulsed excitation, we employ a fully nonlinear time-domain implementation of the lumped-element model of nonlinear soil/mine interaction introduced by Donskoy et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 690 (2005)]. Modeling is compared with experimental results, which are obtained with bi-frequency pulses exciting a soil with a buried landmine replica, instrumented with a geophone and a nearby microphone. Cases investigated include: (1) target only, (2) buried target under disturbed soil, (3) disturb...
REDUCING GASOLINE USE: A MULTIPRONGED APPROACH

Abstract Current US policies have failed to significantly reduce the country's enoromous amount of gasoline consumption. A new multipronged approach comprising a gasoline tax, attribute based CAFE standards, and other supplementary initiatives such as alternative fuels and public transit is required. In combination, these policies can achieve a far greater reduction in gasoline consumption than any one could alone. Only through such a broad range of policies can serious headway be made to reduce the current overdependence.
Chemical isolation of quartz for measurement of in-situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides

An isolation method relying totally on chemical steps was developed to separate large quantities (10-200 g) of clean mono-minerallic quartz samples from a variety of terrestrial rocks and soils for the purpose of measuring Be-10 (t1/2 = 1.5 Myr) and Al-26 (t1/2 = 0.705 Myr) produced by cosmic rays in situ in the quartz phase. The procedure consists of grinding the sample, heating it in HCl, and treating it with a series of leaches using a dilute HF/HNO3 mixture in a heated ultrasonic tank. The purified quartz was also used for the measurements of in situ cosmic-ray-produced Ne-21 and C-14 (t1/2 = 5730 yr). The method is applicable to any problem requiring purified quartz on a large scale.
Pore-scale analysis of the effects of contact angle hysteresis on blob mobilisation in a pore doublet

The mobilisation of residual oil blobs in porous media is hampered by the so-called Jamin effect. We studied the Jamin effect experimentally in a pore doublet model and explain it through contact angle hysteresis. We measured the contact angles (in 2D and 3D) and the mean curvatures of a blob trapped in the pore doublet model. Due to gravity effects and hysteresis, the contact angles were initially (subject to zero pressure gradient) non-uniform and exhibited a pronounced altitude dependence. As the pressure gradient was increased, both the altitude dependence and non-uniformity of contact angles decreased, and the mean curvature of the drainage and imbibition interfaces increased and decreased, respectively. The predicted pressure drops inferred from our theory were in line with the directly measured ones. We also developed methods to measure contact angles and mean curvatures in 3D.
Extension Education in Bargaining among Midwest Livestock and Grain Producers

Midwest grain and livestock producers show substantial interest and support for bargaining to improve prices received, but they are less willing to participate in control of volume and orderly marketing efforts to make bargaining effective. However, agricultural bargaining offers an opportunity for creative educational efforts among these producers.
Phylogeographic origin and genetic diversity of dunlin Calidris alpina in Svalbard

We investigated the genetic structure of the presumably small (10-100 pairs) and isolated dunlin (Calidris alpina) population breeding in Svalbard, and compared it with similar data recently published from several dunlin populations in the western Palearctic and East Greenland. Using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers, as well as data on bill lengths, we sought to infer the phylogeographic origin of Svalbard dunlins and assess their within-population level of genetic diversity. Only dunlins with haplotypes of the European mtDNA clade (EUR) were found in Svalbard, indicating a close resemblance to dunlin populations in East Greenland and Iceland. Microsatellite data for Svalbard dunlins, as well as their short bills, also supported a western origin. The Svalbard population did not show signs of inbreeding or reduced levels of genetic diversity compared to other investigated populations, which suggests that the population was recently founded or is currently subject to considerable gene flow.
K-electron ejection in β− decay: Pk or 12Pk?

Abstract It is argued that a recent claim that there is an error of a factor of two in the Law- Campbell theory of K-electron shake-off in β − decay is wrong.
Red Pontiac vine and tuber yields as affected by virus X

Red Pontiac tubers from 40 different midwestern sources were indexed to determine what strain or strains of virus X were present. A moderate strain of the virus was found to be commonly present. No distinct X-virus symptoms were observed in greenhouse-grown plants except for the periodic appearance of a faint leaf mottle, most easily detected on cloudy days. When grown outdoors, the leaves of Red Pontiac plants infected with the moderate strain had a slight upward, lateral roll and were slightly wrinkled. The infected leaves were not as dark green in color as virus-free leaves. The mean replicate weight of the X-free vines was 25.43 pounds compared to 17.41 for the infected plants; a highly significant difference of 31.54%. The mean replicate weight of the X-free tubers was 37.02 pounds compared to 28.93 for those infected with the virus. The difference of 8.09 pounds was highly significant and represented a 21.85% reduction in total yield.
Abstract LB-100: Exploring the mechanisms of resistance to Salinomycin, a cancer stem cell-specific agent, in budding yeast as a model.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Introduction The antibiotic salinomycin (SM) represents a selective potassium ionophore. It has recently attracted considerable attention due to its stem-cell specific mode of action that has been elucidated in a breast cancer stem cell model [1]. Further studies revealed additional benefits, e.g. the triggering of apoptosis in resistant cancer cell lines and reversal of multidrug resistance [2,3]. In budding yeast, we discovered that this agent prominently causes mitochondrial damage as revealed by the emergence of respiration-defective cells (“petites”), similar to nigericin. We also noted the frequent occurrence of SM-resistant clones - a possible obstacle in therapy. Methods We used the collection of systematic gene deletions in haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae to characterize genes whose deletion confers SM sensitivity or resistance if a carbon source is provided (glycerol) that requires active respiration for growth. In parallel, the emergence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by flow cytometry. With this toxicogenomics approach in a model organism, we attempt to elucidate cancer-stem cell specific therapy targets and suggest strategies to avoid the development of salinomycin resistance. Results and Conclusions Among SM-sensitive deletion mutants, mutants that compromise vacuole/Golgi function and autophagy dominate. Novel genes which confer SM sensitivity if deleted were also uncovered, such as CAJ1, a heat shock protein of the dnaJ family. In almost all cases, a strong correlation between SM and nigericin sensitivity was observed. Among the most SM-resistant mutants were deletions of the E2-ubiquitin conjugating enzymes Ubc13 and Mms2 as well as deletions of TOR pathway components Sch9 and Tco89. In the presence of SM, Sch9 (homolog of human Akt) underwent dephosphorylation; a deletion of Sch9 was shown to improve growth in glycerol media and to counteract petite induction in glucose media in SM-treated cells. The observed mitochondria-dependent ROS production by SM, however, was unaltered and we suggest that, while initial damage is not affected, cells acquire resistance to the consequences of such damage. [1] Gupta PB, Onder TT, Jiang G, Tao K, Kuperwasser C, et al. (2009) Cell 138: 645-659. [2] Fuchs D, Heinold A, Opelz G, Daniel V, Naujokat C (2009) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 390: 743-749. [3] Fuchs D, Daniel V, Sadeghi M, Opelz G, Naujokat C (2010) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 394: 1098-1104. Supported by Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas. Citation Format: Donald Rozario, Sammer Zeglam, Wolfram Siede. Exploring the mechanisms of resistance to Salinomycin, a cancer stem cell-specific agent, in budding yeast as a model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-100. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-100
Monte Carlo Approaches for Uncertainty Quantification of Criticality for System Dimensions

MCNP6 is used to estimate uncertainties from geometric tolerances using forward and adjoint methods. Results are obtained and the forward and adjoint approaches appear to agree in some cases where the responses are not non-linearly correlated. In other cases, the uncertainties in k disagree for reasons not yet known.
Improved Chiral Separations Using a Polymerized Dipeptide Anionic Chiral Surfactant in Electrokinetic Chromatography: Separations of Basic, Acidic, and Neutral Racemates

Two polymeric chiral anionic surfactants [poly(sodium N-undecylenyl-L-valine) (poly-L-SUV) and poly(sodium N-undecylenyl-L-valine-valine) (poly-L-SUVV)] are compared as pseudostationary phases for chiral separations of basic, acidic, and neutral enantiomers. Parameters such as pH, concentration and type of background electrolyte, concentration of polymerized chiral surfactants, and injection size were studied to investigate the migration behavior and optimize the chiral resolution of several racemic analytes. At equivalent monomer concentrations, the migration factors for cationic enantiomers were larger with poly-L-SUV than with poly-L-SUVV. In contrast, the reverse was true for anionic enantiomers. However, in both cases, chiral recognition was significantly enhanced with poly-L-SUVV as compared to that with poly-L-SUV. It is interesting to note that the separation selectivity and resolution of a neutral racemate were slightly better with the latter, but only at the expense of longer analysis time and lower efficiencies.
Adaptive wavelet empirical Bayes estimation of a location or a scale parameter

Abstract Assume that in independent two-dimensional random vectors ( X 1 , θ 1 ),…,( X n , θ n ), each θ i is distributed according to some unknown prior density function g . Also, given θ i =θ, X i has the conditional density function q(x−θ), x,θ∈(−∞,∞) (a location parameter case), or θ −1 q(x/θ), x,θ∈(0,∞) (a scale parameter case). In each pair the first component is observable, but the second is not. After the ( n +1)th pair ( X n +1 , θ n +1 ) is obtained, the objective is to construct an empirical Bayes (EB) estimator of θ . In this paper we derive the EB estimators of θ based on a wavelet approximation with Meyer-type wavelets. We show that these estimators provide adaptation not only in the case when g belongs to the Sobolev space H α with an unknown α , but also when g is supersmooth.
Microwave studies of granular superconductivity

Microwave absorption in low magnetic fields is a sensitive contactless indicator of surface granular superconductivity, a significant source of surface resistance. Granularity is also responsible for microwave absorption in the ceramic high-temperature superconductors and in ceramic Chevrel-phase compounds. Modulated microwave adsorption signals from granular ceramics show critical behavior with pinning and depinning of intergranular flux over a modulation cycle. In single crystal YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7- delta / the adsorption arises from the motion of flux within twin-plane domain boundaries. Modulated adsorption signals from these domain boundaries show additional adsorption from fluxon nucleation above critical levels of microwave current. Such losses may contribute significantly to microwave adsorption in zero magnetic field. >
Evaluation of energy harvesting conditioning circuits

For the practical implementation of an energy harvesting system, the signal conditioning electronics play an important role in defining the overall efficiency of these power systems. There are currently a number of commercially available energy harvesting circuits designed to condition the output of piezoelectric-based electromechanical transducers. In this paper we present a comparison study of several of these commercially available circuits, using a collection of transducer designs to evaluate performance as a function of energy level and frequency content. This evaluation considers conditioning circuits that range from simple rectification designs to others that incorporate logic-based integrated circuits designed to optimize energy throughput. Custom circuit designs are also considered as part of this study, including switching circuits designed to allow for mult-source energy harvesting.
Congenital intradural arteriovenous fistula and congestive heart failure in infancy.

A brief review is presented of intracranial arteriovenous fistulas with congestive heart failure and the salient features required to make a diagnosis of such a fistula. An 11-week-old infant is described with congestive heart failure secondary to a congenital intradural arteriovenous fistula. A systolic bruit was felt over the upper posterior neck and mastoid region, and an angiocardiogram revealed a collection of dye in the posterior cranial fossa suggestive of a venous angioma. The patient died before any corrective surgery could be considered. An intradural arteriovenous fistula was found in the posterior cranial fossa at postmortem examination.
Horizontal stereotaxic atlas of the albino rat brain.

An atlas of the albino rat brain was prepared in the horizontal plane, extending from the olfactory bulbs through the hind brain. It was drawn to the scale of Konig and Klippel's rat brain atlas so as to be used in conjunction with their atlas. Corresponding histological sections were also prepared.
Evaluating structural engineering finite element analysis data using multiway analysis

The scope of this paper is to introduce multiway analysis into structural engineering research and to outline methodology used in tensor decomposition of finite element analysis (FEA) data. More specifically, the example evaluated herein evaluates the stress distribution of two different highway bridge structural components (girders and cross frames), being subjected to incrementally increasing forces. Additionally, the paper shows potential advantages of using multiway methods in interpretation of FEA data and makes recommendations for future investigations on the use of multiway methods in FEA postprocessing of structural engineering data.
The effect of external dummy transmitters on oxygen consumption and performance of swimming Atlantic cod

Decreased critical swimming speed and increased oxygen consumption (M O2 ) was found for externally tagged Atlantic cod Gadus morhua swimming at a high speed of 0-9 body length (total length, Lr) s -1 . No difference was found in the standard metabolic rate, indicating that the higher Mo; for tagged cod was due to drag force rather than increased costs to keep buoyancy.
Molecular structure and electronic properties of hexaethynylbenzene

Abstract Results from a theoretical study on hexaethynylbenzene (HEB) by MNDO and ab initio (STO-3G) molecular orbital methods are reported. The calculated geometry is in good agreement with the X-ray structure of the hexa-silylated derivative. The molecule HEB has a calculated ionization potential of 8.6 eV for a degenerate orbital. High thermal stability of HEB, is predicted because of the two dimensional aromaticity. STO-3G, 3-21G and 6-31G optimized geometries of o -diethynylbenzene (DEB) are reported. The 6-31G geometry shows little change from the experimental structure of phenylacetylene indicating small effect of the acetylenic groups on the structure of the benzene ring.
Correlations among women's views of contraception, anxiety, creativity, and equalitarianism measures.

Summary One hundred thirty-eight female introductory psychology students at a southern state university were given the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, Schaefer's Biographical Inventory Creativity, What Kind of Person Are You, Equalitarianism (Forms A and B), and four scales by the authors: Women's Views of Contraception, Sex-Role Questionnaire, Can Do, and Should Do (the last two deal with women's occupations). Women's Views of Contraception correlated with the five sex-roles scales and the creativity measures. Anxiety was related to Women's Views of Contraception and all sex-role scales except Equalitarianism Form A. The authors speculate that the rapidly changing roles of women tend to increase anxiety.
Multivariate surface analysis of plasma-deposited tetraglyme for reduction of protein adsorption and monocyte adhesion

Adsorbed proteins on implanted biomedical devices mediate platelet and leukocyte adhesion. Radio frequency plasma deposited tetraglyme (CH3O(CH2CH2O)4CH3), which forms a PEO-like coating, has been shown to resist protein adsorption and monocyte adhesion in vitro. By using different plasma deposition powers (5−80 W), we produced a series of plasma-deposited tetraglyme surfaces that varied in surface chemistry as measured by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Both fibrinogen and IgG adsorption were increased on surfaces made at high plasma power. Monocyte adhesion correlated linearly with the amount of adsorbed protein. To identify the surface chemical features that contributed to the nonfouling properties of plasma-deposited tetraglyme, multivariate analysis using partial least squares (PLS) regression was applied. A PLS calibration model based on deposited tetraglyme samples placed downstream in the plasma reactor successfully ...
What’s violence got to do with it? Inequality, punishment, and state failure in US politics:

This paper offers a reframing of the dynamics of crime and punishment in the United States by exploring lethal violence and situating both violence and punishment within the larger capacity of the ...
Satellite Observations of Upper-Layer Variabilities in the Western Pacific Warm Pool

The variabilities of the upper layer of the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) were observed using satellite infrared data from 1982 to 1991 and altimeter data from November 1986 to September 1989. The warm pool was defined as the area where the sea surface temperatures are above 28 C. The eastern boundary oscillation, the centroid movement, and the upper-layer volume variation of the WPWP were intensively studied. Spectral analysis revealed that the eastern boundary oscillation of the WPWP was related to the El Nino event and the annual cycle. The centroid of the WPWP traced an ellipselike trajectory during a year and moved counterclockwise in most years. However, in 1982 and 1986, the years of the onset of El Nino events, the movements were clockwise. The upper-layer volume of the WPWP was divided latitudinally into three sections. The annual cycles in the northern (from 3 deg to 30 deg N) and southern (from 3 deg to 30 deg S) sections were dominant. No annual cycle was found in the equatorial section (from 3 deg S to 3 deg N), but the volume of warm water in the equatorial Pacific increased during the 1986/87 El Nino event. The equatorial section was further divided into the eastern and western sectors along 165 deg W. During the 1986/87 El Nino event, the volume of warm water increased in the eastern sector, but the variation was smaller in the western sector than that in the eastern sector. During the 1988 La Nina event, the warm water volumes decreased in both sectors.
CGS 19755 (Selfotel): A Novel Neuroprotective Agent Against CNS Injury

The hypothesis that excitoxicity is a mechanism of damage following different types of cerebral injury including global and focal ischemia (34), and head and spinal cord trauma (6,7,9,25) has been supported by numerous findings. During ischemia for example, glutamate neurotoxicity is mediated in part through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, since selective antagonists to this receptor protect against hypoxic-ischemic injury (10,35,41). In the last few years, different NMDA antagonists have been developed and tested; they can be divided into competitive and noncompetitive antagonists. Noncompetitive NMDA antagonists are extremely lipophilic and reach high levels in the brain after systemic administration. Various studies have demonstrated that these agents provide neuroprotection against hypoxic-ischemic injury (for review see ref. 29). Many competitive NMDA antagonists are hydrophilic and require direct cerebral administration to obtain high brain levels. Newer competitive NMDA blockers, such as cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine carboxylic acid (CGS 19755, selfotel), provide neuroprotection against global ischemia, focal ischemia, and trauma when given systemically (2,3,32,33). Selfotel is currently being studied in multicenter safety and efficacy trials for stroke (17) and head trauma (6).
Effects of corticospinal lesions upon treadmill locomotion by cats.

We studied the pattern of stepping in cats, before and after the placement of lesions in the corticospinal system. We found a deficit after the lesions, which was characterized by increased extension of the involved hindlimbs during the stance (E2–E3) phase of the step cycle. This deficit lasted two weeks or less. It may reflect loss of inhibitory influences upon extensor motoneuron pools.
Hydrogen storage in a CaH2/LiBH4 destabilized metal hydride system

Abstract A study was done to determine if the destabilized hydride system, CaH2/LiBH4, would be suitable for hydrogen storage. When several additives, TiCl3, V2O5, TiF3 and TiO2 were ball milled with the CaH2/LiBH4 mixture, TGA analysis showed that all of the mixtures released hydrogen in the 400–450 °C range with the desorption temperatures being in the order TiF3
Pathological and clinical effects of Eimeria tenella in partially immune chickens.

Abstract Chickens were made partially resistant to Eimeria tenella by giving them several small doses of oocysts. Such chickens had severe lesions after challenge infection and had similar packed cell volumes and prothrombin times, but their body weight was only marginally affected compared with chickens having their first infection. Extracts were prepared from the caeca of partially immune and susceptible birds; the caeca used all had similar severe (grade 3) lesions. When these extracts were injected intravenously (i.v.) into coccidia-free chickens, sudden death occurred. However, the amount of “toxic” substances present in the caeca of chickens having their first infection with E. tenella was greater than that of caecal extract prepared from chickens previously exposed to the parasite. Extracts prepared from the caeca of chickens partially resistant to E. tenella also had lower thromboplastin activity. Chickens made resistant to E. tenella by repeated immunizing doses were not protected from the lethal effects of the caecal extract from E. tenella -infected chickens given i.v. Chickens inoculated intra-abdominally with caecal extract from E. tenella -infected chickens were slightly protected against the lethal effects of caecal extract i.v. and the pathogenic effects caused by the inoculation of oocysts.
EXTRACTION METHODS FOR SECOND DERIVATIVES IN FINITE ELEMENT APPROXIMATIONS OF LINEAR ELASTICITY PROBLEMS.

On developpe des formules d'extraction dans l'esprit de Babuska et Miller pour le calcul des gradients de contrainte et des contraintes precises par la methode des elements finis
Thermo-mechanical stability of directionally solidified Ai2O3-ZrO2(Y2O3) eutectic fibers

Fiber-reinforced intermetallic and ceramic matrix composites are promising materials for high temperature structural applications in oxidizing environments. The limitations of c-axis single crystal Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} fiber have led to the development of alternative single crystal oxide fibers such as MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}, YAG and oxide/oxide eutectic fibers, such as Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/ZrO{sub 2}(Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}) and Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} eutectic fiber. The directionally solidified oxide-oxide eutectic fiber offers an attractive combination of mechanical property and chemical stability and, therefore, it has a promising potential for a variety of high temperature structural applications in oxidizing environment.
Seasonal variability in the responses of the domestic fowl,Gallus domesticus, to endotoxemia

The domestic fowl is reported to be extremely resistant toE. coli endotoxemia. We reported (Merrill et al., 1978) that in our hands this species displayed a lowlevel sensitivity similar to that seen in mammals. The discrepancy between previous reports and our recent findings could result from 1) seasonal differences in the responses of the domestic fowl to endotoxemia, 2) the age and nutritional status of animals used in these various studies, and/or 3) the toxicity of the different endotoxins used. Since there is a paucity of information regarding seasonal influences on the responses of experimental animals to shock and trauma, we have extended our earlier studies (conducted in October, fall group) to each of the remaining seasons of the year.
Improving quality indicator report cards through Bayesian modeling

The National Database for Nursing Quality Indicators® (NDNQI®) was established in 1998 to assist hospitals in monitoring indicators of nursing quality (eg, falls and pressure ulcers). Hospitals participating in NDNQI transmit data from nursing units to an NDNQI data repository. Data are summarized and published in reports that allow participating facilities to compare the results for their units with those from other units across the nation. A disadvantage of this reporting scheme is that the sampling variability is not explicit. For example, suppose a small nursing unit that has 2 out of 10 (rate of 20%) patients with pressure ulcers. Should the nursing unit immediately undertake a quality improvement plan because of the rate difference from the national average (7%)? In this paper, we propose approximating 95% credible intervals (CrIs) for unit-level data using statistical models that account for the variability in unit rates for report cards. Bayesian CrIs communicate the level of uncertainty of estimates more clearly to decision makers than other significance tests. A benefit of this approach is that nursing units would be better able to distinguish problematic or beneficial trends from fluctuations likely due to chance.
The molecular biology of human glial tumors.

Abstract Recent advances in molecular genetics have provided new insights into the mechanisms responsible for the development of the most prevalent tumors of the human nervous system. The results of these studies suggest that a common molecular mechanism — loss of regions of chromosome 22 possibly containing a tumor suppressor gene — is associated with several tumor types including Schwannomas, neurofibromas, meningiomas, and astrocytomas. This mechanism appears to be similar for both the solitary tumors that sporadically occur in the general population as well as for tumors in patients with one form of the genetic disorder neurofibromatosis. These results may ultimately be linked with parallel investigations of tumor-associated growth factors known to be mitogenic for the cells forming these neoplasms, and with reports of amplification of several oncogenes in malignant astrocytomas. Investigations into the relationship between recessive tumor suppressor genes and dominant oncogenes are providing new models of multi-step tumorigenesis in the nervous system. These research efforts may provide new techniques for diagnosis and treatment of patients with these tumors and ultimately lead to new insights into mechanisms controlling normal development and differentiation of the nervous system.