cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sociologists as Writing Instructors Teaching Students to Think, Teaching an Emerging Skill, or Both?

In this article, we examine common practices and attitudes surrounding writing pedagogy in the sociology classroom based on an analysis of interviews with 19 sociologists at seven institutions in the Northeast. Our discussion is centered on two distinct approaches to writing that faculty identified: writing as cognitive development and writing as skill development. We observe that when they teach writing, sociologists shift their attention back and forth between these two essential features of good writing. Our analysis contextualizes writing as a form of distributed cognition (Salomon 1993), because it is taught and learned across multiple experiences in the academy. In conclusion, we suggest that a greater attentiveness to the underlying cognitive features of writing will broaden opportunities for campus-wide dialogue about writing across the disciplines and enhance our students’ ability to transfer and build upon their writing experiences across courses.
Greetings promote cooperation and reinforce social bonds among spotted hyaenas

Societies characterized by fission–fusion dynamics consist of subgroups that frequently change in size and composition. Although this flexible lifestyle permits individuals to reduce conflicts of interest, it simultaneously imposes a unique set of challenges on group members that are regularly subject to prolonged separation. Theory predicts animals should evolve ritualized and risky displays to quickly update relationships at reunions. Here we investigated the function of nonconciliatory greetings among adult female spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta, belonging to a single, large female-dominated social group in Kenya. We tested three hypotheses forwarded to explain the occurrence of these multimodal signals: formal submission, tension reduction and social bonding hypotheses. In contrast to predictions of the formal submission hypothesis, rank distance and relative rank were excluded from our best model predicting greetings among adult females. Moreover, directional consistency of greetings was low (0.65) compared to that of submissive behaviours during dyadic agonistic interactions (0.97). Instead, our data revealed that adult females greeted coalition partners and close associates, including kin, most often per opportunity, and they did so in neutral contexts more frequently than in situations characterized by social tension. Although these findings are in direct contrast to the predictions of the tension reduction and formal submission hypotheses, they strongly support the social bonding hypothesis. Importantly, the immediate act of greeting promoted cooperation among allies during intragroup and intergroup coalition formation. Thus, these risky, multimodal signals permit hyaenas to effectively communicate cooperative affiliations within a continuously shifting social milieu.
Tunable acid-sensitive ester protecting groups in oligosaccharide synthesis

A series of acid-cleavable ester-type protecting groups, with acid-sensitivity profiles parallel to those of 2-naphthylmethyl (NAP) or p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) ether, were designed and TFA in toluene was identified as a technically simple and effective deblocking cocktail for their global removal in the context of oligosaccharide synthesis.
Automatic process pre-planning in manufacturing environments

The authors propose a novel representation scheme using the concept of a BB (bounding box) to facilitate automatic process preplanning. This preplanning step is necessary because it can reduce human involvement and facilitate detailed process planning, thus making the whole planning process faster, more efficient and more consistent. It is shown that process preplanning can be automated in a non-ad-hoc way. >
Vapor phase "secondary doping" of polyaniline

Abstract A dramatic change occurs in the electronic spectrum of a thin (solid) film of polyaniline doped with the “primary dopant,” d,l-camphorsulfonic acid (spun from its solution in chloroform on to a quartz plate) when it is exposed to the vapor of the “secondary dopant” m-cresol, at room temperature. The resistance decreases by a factor of > 102 and it becomes insoluble in chloroform due to an increase in its crystallinity. The localized polaron absorption at 780 nm is replaced by a very intense free carrier tail commencing at ≈ 1000 nm and increasing steadily in intensity to ≈ 2600 nm, which is consistent with delocalized electrons in the polaron band. “Secondary doping” with a variety of substituted phenols and a number of different “primary” protonic acid dopants is observed.
Warm deep-water ocean conveyor during Cretaceous time

Because the deep water is associated with its high-latitude sources, a warm deep ocean durin gMesozoic-Cenozoi ctim ei sa challenge ;ther ei sn ofeasibl ephysica lmechanism that could maintain warm subpolar surface oceans in both hemispheres. The goal of this study is to explore a hypothesis that a warm deep ocean can coexist with relatively cool subpolar (high latitude) sea surface in one hemisphere and a warmer subpolar sea surface in the other. A series of numerical ocean circulation experiments confirms that the ocean meridional circulation can keep the abyssal ocean warm despite the northern subpolar surface water staying relatively cool.
Preliminary evaluation of an "intelligent" mammography workstation

We are developing computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) schemes for the detection of clustered microcalcifications and masses in digital mammograms. Here, CAD refers to a diagnosis made by a radiologist who uses the computerized analyses of radiographic images as a 'second opinion'. The radiologist would make the final diagnostic decision. The aim of CAD is to improve diagnostic accuracy by reducing the number of missed diagnoses. In this preliminary evaluation, 30 clinical cases from December 1991 having a focal mammographic finding were analyzed.
Partial duplication of the APBA2 gene in chromosome 15q13 corresponds to duplicon structures

Chromosomal abnormalities affecting human chromosome 15q11-q13 underlie multiple genomic disorders caused by deletion, duplication and triplication of intervals in this region. These events are mediated by highly homologous segments of DNA, or duplicons, that facilitate mispairing and unequal cross-over in meiosis. The gene encoding an amyloid precursor protein-binding protein (APBA2) was previously mapped to the distal portion of the interval commonly deleted in Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes and duplicated in cases of autism. We show that this gene actually maps to a more telomeric location and is partially duplicated within the broader region. Two highly homologous copies of an interval containing a large 5' exon and downstream sequence are located ~5 Mb distal to the intact locus. The duplicated copies, containing the first coding exon of APBA2, can be distinguished by single nucleotide sequence differences and are transcriptionally inactive. Adjacent to APBA2 maps a gene termed KIAA0574. The protein encoded by this gene is weakly homologous to a protein termed X123 that in turn maps adjacent to APBA1 on 9q21.12; APBA1 is highly homologous to APBA2 in the C-terminal region and is distinguished from APBA2 by the N-terminal region encoded by this duplicated exon. The duplication of APBA2 sequences in this region adds to a complex picture of different low copy repeats present across this region and elsewhere on the chromosome.
Correction: searching for plasticity in dissociated cortical cultures on multi-electrode arrays

After publication of this article [1], the authors became aware that the numerical codes for two of the datasets, protocols III.3 and III.4, were inadvertently confused during the writing of the paper. Accordingly, the following corrigenda apply: • Abstract, last line: For 'distributed electrical stimulation,' read 'elevated extracellular magnesium concentrations.' • Background, last paragraph before 'Results': For 'distributed multi-site stimuli [29],' read 'elevated extracellular magnesium concentrations.' • Results, third to last paragraph (after the equation 'ΔnspontSR≡nbaseSR−nctrlSR MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0dc8meaabaqaciaacaGaaeqabaqabeGadaaakeaacqqHuoarcqWGUbGBdaqhaaWcbaGaee4CamNaeeiCaaNaee4Ba8MaeeOBa4MaeeiDaqhabaGaem4uamLaemOuaifaaOGaeyyyIORaemOBa42aa0baaSqaaiabbkgaIjabbggaHjabbohaZjabbwgaLbqaaiabdofatjabdkfasbaakiabgkHiTiabd6gaUnaaDaaaleaacqqGJbWycqqG0baDcqqGYbGCcqqGSbaBaeaacqWGtbWucqWGsbGuaaaaaa@4E89@'): For 'III.4,' read 'III.3' (two instances), and for '5 or 10 ms later', read '5 ms later.' • Results, second to last paragraph: For 'III.4,' read 'III.3.' • Results, final paragraph: For 'III.3,' read 'III.4.' • Figure 6A, right panel: For 'III.4,' read 'III.3.' • Figure 6B, two rightmost panels: For 'III.3 (magnesium burst quieting),' read 'III.4 (electrical burst quieting, long tet.)' and vice versa. • Figure 6, caption: For 'III.4,' read 'III.3' and vice versa (several instances). In particular: 'N = 67, 67, 167, 142 for protocols III.1, III.2, III.3, and III.4.' • Discussion, first paragraph following the caption One successful protocol with burst quieting in Series III: For 'III.4,' read 'III.3.' For '10 ms,' read '5 ms.' • Discussion, following paragraph: This paragraph ('The fact that ... tetanus') should be dropped entirely. A version of the article with the above corrections marked is available from the authors' website [2].
Bioerodible polyanhydrides as drug-carrier matrices. I: Characterization, degradation, and release characteristics

Polyanhydrides based on a variety of aromatic and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids were developed as bioerodible carrier matrices for controlled delivery applications. The high hydrolytic reactivity of the anhydride linkage provides an intrinsic advantage over other classes of bioerodible polymers in versatility and control of degradation rates. For example, using the poly[bis(p-carboxyphenoxy) alkane anhydrides] as models, polymers with degradation rates in the range of 10(-1) to 10(-4) mg/h/cm2 were obtained by changing the alkane from a methyl to a hexyl group. The polymers were characterized by infrared (IR), differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Near zero-order degradation kinetics were observed for the hydrophobic polyanhydrides over several months. The drug release profile of the model drug p-nitroaniline followed closely that of the degradation of injection-molded poly[bis(p-carboxyphenoxy) propane anhydride] over a period of more than 8 months. Close correlation of polymer degradation and drug release was also observed in other injection-molded samples (10% loading), suggesting a release mechanism that was dominantly degradation controlled. Degradation of these polyanhydrides was pH sensitive, being enhanced in high pH, and became more stable in acidic conditions.
Is There a Private Cause of Action Under EPA's Title VI Regulations?: The Need to Empower Environmental Justice Plaintiffs

In Guardians Ass'n v. Civil Service Commission, 463 U.S. 582 (1983), The Supreme Court recognized a private right of action under Section 601 of Title VI if a plaintiff proves intentional discrimination by a recipient of federal funds. The Court also held that federal funding agencies may promulgate regulations under Section 602 of Title VI that prohibit recipients from actions that promote disparate impact discrimination. In Chester Residents Concerned for Quality Living v. Seif, 132 F.3d 925 (3d Cir. 1997), the Third Circuit held that Section 602 implies a private right of action to enforce agency regulations prohibiting disparate impact discrimination by recipients of federal funds. The Supreme Court granted certiorari to decide this issue, but later vacated the case as moot because the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania revoked the disputed permit after it had expired and the permit applicant abandoned the proposed project. Nevertheless, in light of the increasing number of "environmental justice" claims alleging that state environmental agencies receiving federal funding have taken actions that cause disparate impact discrimination that violates EPA's Title VI regulations, it is likely that the Supreme Court will have to address whether a private right of action exists under Section 602 to enforce agency implementing regulations. In recent years, the Supreme Court has placed an increasingly heavy burden on plaintiffs to demonstrate that the original enacting Congress intended to create a private right, or a subsequent Congress explicitly amended the statute to do so. There is insufficient evidence in Title VI's legislative history or amendments to support a private right under the Supreme Court's current test for implying private rights of action. However, there is a reasonable argument that courts should apply the more lenient test used in Guardians and Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677 (1979), inferring a private right of action under Title IX, in determining whether a private right of action exists under Section 602 because it would inconsistent to apply a more stringent test for inferring a private right under Section 602 than under Section 601.
FAULT DETECTION AND EXCLUSION PERFORMANCE USING GPS AND GLONASS

Analysis of the RTCA Special Committee (SC)-159 baseline fault detection and exclusion (FDE) algorithm has been performed to determine whether a combined GPS/GLONASS system could satisfy availability requirements for a primary-means air navigation system. The results presented in this paper are based on work performed in support of the RTCA SC-159 GPS/GLONASS working group. These results demonstrate a substantial improvement in the availability of integrity over GPS alone, even if only a partial GLONASS constellation were to be available. Satellites were removed from both constellations to simulate operation under worst-case conditions. It appears that an integrated GPS/GLONASS system could meet the availability requirement for a primary-means air navigation system, even in cases where a number of satellites are out of service. Availability results are provided for oceanic, domestic en route, terminal, and nonprecision approach phases of flight.
Understanding Conflict in Geographically Distributed Teams: The Moderating Effects of Shared Identity, Shared Context, and Spontaneous Communication

Geographically distributed teams are increasingly prevalent in the workplace, and research on distributed teams is ever more available. Despite this increased attention, we still know surprisingly little about how the dynamics of distributed teams differ from those of their collocated counterparts and how existing models of teams apply to this new form of work. For example, although it has been argued that distributed as compared with collocated teams have more severe conflicts that fester longer and resist resolution, few comparative studies investigate dynamics such as conflict in both distributed and collocated teams. In this study, we examine conflict, its antecedents, and its effects on performance in distributed as compared with collocated teams. Our goal is to understand how conflict plays out in distributed and collocated teams, thus providing insight into how existing models of conflict must be augmented to reflect the trend toward distributed work.We report the results of a field study of 43 teams, 22 collocated and 21 distributed, from a large multinational company. As expected, the distributed teams reported more task and interpersonal conflict than did the collocated teams. We found evidence that shared identity moderated the effect of distribution oninterpersonal conflict and that shared context moderated the effect of distribution ontask conflict. Finally, we found that spontaneous communication played a pivotal role in the relationship between distribution and conflict. First, spontaneous communication was associated with a stronger shared identity and more shared context, our moderating variables. Second, spontaneous communication had a direct moderating effect on the distribution-conflict relationship, mitigating the effect of distribution on both types of conflict. We argue that this effect reflects the role of spontaneous communication in facilitating conflict identification and conflict handling.
Distribution of polymer deposition in plasma polymerization. II. Effect of reactor design

The effects of relative positions of the monomer inlet and the r.f. coil, and of the inlet and outlet, on the distribution of polymer deposition in plasma polymerization of ethylene were investigated using an electrodeless glow discharge by a 13.5-MHz radiofrequency source. The diffusional transport of active species created under the r.f. coil, diffusional transport of polymer forming species, and flow of gas in the system are important factors that determine the distributions of polymer deposition observed in plasma polymerization of ethylene. The mechanisms of polymer deposition are discussed in conjunction with postulated plasma polymerization mechanisms.
Acoustic properties of vowel production in prelingually deafened Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants

The present study examined the acoustic features of vowel production in Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants (CIs). The subjects included 14 native Mandarin-speaking, prelingually deafened children with CIs (2.9–8.3 yr old) and 60 age-matched, normal-hearing (NH) children (3.1–9.0 years old). Each subject produced a list of monosyllables containing seven Mandarin vowels: [i, a, u, y, ɤ, ʅ, ɿ]. Midpoint F1 and F2 of each vowel token were extracted and normalized to eliminate the effects of different vocal tract sizes. Results showed that the CI children produced significantly longer vowels and less compact vowel categories than the NH children did. The CI children's acoustic vowel space was reduced due to a retracted production of the vowel [i]. The vowel space area showed a strong negative correlation with age at implantation (r = −0.80). The analysis of acoustic distance showed that the CI children produced corner vowels [a, u] similarly to the NH children, but other vowels (e.g., [ʅ, ɿ]) differently from the NH children, which suggests that CI children generally follow a similar developmental path of vowel acquisition as NH children. These findings highlight the importance of early implantation and have implications in clinical aural habilitation in young children with CIs.
BioPP: a tool for web-publication of biological networks.

Background: Cellular processes depend on the function of intracellular molecular networks. The curation of the literature relevant to specific biological pathways is important for many theoretical and experimental research teams and communities. No current tool supports web publication or hosting of user-developed large scale annotated pathway diagrams. Sharing via web publication is needed to allow real-time access to the current literature pathway knowledgebase, both privately within a research team or publicly among the outside research community. Web publication also facilitates team and/or community input into the curation process while allowing centralized control of the curation and validation process. We have developed new tool to address these needs. Biological Pathway Publisher (BioPP) is a software suite for converting CellDesigner Systems Biology Markup Language (CD-SBML) formatted pathways into a web viewable format. The BioPP suite is available for private use and for depositing knowledgebases into a newly created public repository. Results: BioPP suite is a web-based application that allows pathway knowledgebases stored in CDSBML to be web published with an easily navigated user interface. The BioPP suite consists of four interrelated elements: a pathway publisher, an upload web-interface, a pathway repository for userdeposited knowledgebases and a pathway navigator. Users have the option to convert their CDSBML files to HTML for restricted use or to allow their knowledgebase to be web-accessible to the scientific community. All entities in all knowledgebases in the repository are linked to public database entries as well as to a newly created public wiki which provides a discussion forum. Conclusion: BioPP tools and the public repository facilitate sharing of pathway knowledgebases and interactive curation for research teams and scientific communities. BioPP suite is accessible at http://tsb.mssm.edu/pathwayPublisher/broadcast/
Laser-capture microdissected schwannian and neuroblastic cells in stage 4 neuroblastomas have the same genetic alterations.

BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NB) is a heterogeneous tumor composed of mixed populations of neuroblastic, Schwannian, and gangliocytic cells. PROCEDURE We examined the genetic lineage of Schwannian and neuroblastic cells in stage 4 NB using laser-capture microdissection (LCM) and allelic analysis of microsatellite markers of chromosomes 1p, 11q, and 14q. RESULTS In 18 out of 19 cases, individual cell types exhibited the same allelotype. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence that the majority of Schwannian and neuroblastic cells in stage 4 NB are of neoplastic origin, and support the hypothesis of a tumor stem cell capable of development along multiple lineages.
The Effects of Film Thickness and Texture on the high and Low-Field stress Response of Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films are currently employed in non-volatile ferroelectric memories (FRAM's) and are intended to be used as the active material in a number of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Several groups have reported that both the piezoelectric and dielectric characteristics of ferroelectric thin films improve with an increase of film thickness, though the reasons for those improvements are unclear. Previous investigations on the effects of biaxial mechanical stress indicate that non-180° domain wall motion is limited in PZT 52/48 films less than 0.5μ m thick. It is possible that some of the improvements of the dielectric and piezoelectric characteristics reported for thicker films (i.e. films thicker than 0.5 μm) are associated with an increase of extrinsic contributions to the properties. To evaluate domain wall mobility in thicker films, the high and low-field stress response of sol-gel PZT fabricated with either rapid thermal processing or conventional furnace annealing were investigated. Films with thicknesses ranging from 0.6 to 5.0 μm thick were measured as a function of applied biaxial stress (±110 MPa). It was found that for all films tested the changes of capacitance were on the order of 2-3%. High-field measurements showed: (1) the coercive field to be insensitive to applied stress, (2) remanent polarizations to decrease about 20% at the maximum applied tension, (3) remanent polarizations to increase less than 10% with applied compression, and (4) all changes to be reversible over the stress range investigated. These results suggest that extrinsic contributions are limited for the films tested.
The freycinet reforms and the French army, 1888–1893

(1981). The freycinet reforms and the French army, 1888–1893. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 19-28.
Irreversible Electroporation Can Effectively Ablate Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Complete Pathologic Necrosis.

Abstract Purpose To describe full explant pathology and radiographic correlation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with irreversible electroporation (IRE) who subsequently underwent liver transplant. Materials and Methods In a retrospective study, 6 patients who had undergone IRE for HCC and subsequent orthotopic liver transplant during the period 2011–2013 were evaluated. Of the 6 patients, 4 had Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis, and 2 had class B cirrhosis. Irreversible electroporation was performed for a single focal HCC with median tumor diameter of 22 mm (range, 6–26 mm). After IRE, follow-up multiphasic cross-sectional imaging was performed at 1 month and every 3 months thereafter until liver transplant. Mean time between IRE and transplant was 10 months (range, 3–17 mo). Assessment of imaging response was based on modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors. Liver explants were evaluated for necrosis and viable carcinoma in IRE-treated tumors. Results After IRE, all tumors showed a complete response on follow-up imaging. Five tumors showed complete pathologic necrosis without any viable carcinoma, sharply demarcated from the surrounding hepatic parenchyma. Bile ducts within the treatment area were preserved. A single tumor treated with a bipolar IRE probe had Conclusions This study demonstrates the efficacy of IRE for HCC based on pathologic evaluation and correlation to radiologic findings.
Gas emissions from dairy barnyards

Dairy cattle spend considerable time in outside barnyards. Nine barnyards were constructed to examine impacts of surface materials (bark, sand, soil) and timing of cattle corralling (before and after 3–14-day corralling periods) on fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and CO2 equivalents (CO2eq). Surface, year, and surface*year interactions accounted for 64%, 6% and 16% of CO2 flux variability. Average CO2 flux from bark (2552 mg/m2.h) was 3.1–3.9 times greater than from sand or soil, especially after bark replenishment. Timing, year, timing*year and surface*year accounted for 40%, 17%, 14%, and 17% of CH4 variability. Average CH4 flux after corralling (10.6 mg/m2.h) was 3.8 times greater than before corralling, and 5.2 times greater the year following bark replenishment. Timing accounted for 67% of NH3 variability. After corralling, NH3 fluxes (1622 µg/m2.h) were 95 times greater than before corralling. Timing, surface, surface*timing and timing*year accounted for 33%, 10%, 24% and 13% of N2O variability. Average N2O flux after corralling (2252 µg/m2.h) was 3.7 times greater than before corralling. Surface and surface*year accounted for 71% and 16% of CO2eq variability. Average CO2eq flux from bark (3188 mg/m2.h) was 2.5–3.0 times greater than sand or soil. Greatest CO2eq flux occurred the year after bark replenishment. Tradeoffs between gas emissions, nutrient runoff and leaching, and cow comfort and health need to be assessed more fully before recommending beneficial practices for barnyard surface type and management.
Concentration Statistics by wind Direction for 1976 St. Louis SO2 Measurements and Model Estimates

Measured SO2 concentrations collected during the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) in St. Louis have been used in various RAM evaluation studies (Turner and Irwin, 1983 and 1985). Turner and Irwin (1985) indicated that significant bias existed in the model when both measurements and model results were examined according to stability. The model predicted highest concentrations under stable conditions, whereas measurements revealed the highest concentrations occurred over a variety of conditions ranging from moderately unstable to moderately stable. Although proof was unobtainable, a primary conjecture was that the inclusion of all but the largest 196 point sources in the emission inventory as area sources contributed to the occurrence of the calculated maxima with stable conditions.
Do Farm-to-School Programs Make a Difference? Findings and Future Research Needs

ABSTRACT Farm-to-school programs are increasing in number across the United States, yet research and evaluation of programs is limited, with only a few studies published in refereed journals. For this article we reviewed 38 studies and report on 15 studies that met the inclusion criteria. These preliminary findings are related to the impacts of farm-to-school programs on behavior of students, school teachers and administrators, food service, farmers and producers, and parents, as well as knowledge gains and attitudinal changes. Further evaluation and research are needed to improve practice and assist programs in meeting their goals.
NEUTRAL GENE FLOW ACROSS SINGLE LOCUS CLINES.

We study the strength of the genetic barrier to neutral gene flow in a general one-locus, two-allele model that includes viability selection as well as fertility selection and premating isolation. We have separately considered adult migration and pollen migration. Our theoretical results suggest that selection against hybrid formation in the form of fertility selection or assortative mating is more effective in preventing introgression of neutral alleles than is reduction in hybrid viability. We argue that in experimental studies of introgression testing of F1 hybrids is as important as testing of parental forms. To illustrate the utility of this approach, we estimate the strength of the barrier to neutral gene flow between Piriqueta caroliniana and P. viridis, between Iris hexagona and I. fulva, and between Chorthippus brunneus and C. biguttulus.
Postoperative and postradiation head and neck: role of magnetic resonance imaging.

AbstractInterpretation of head and neck imaging after treatment for malignancy poses a challenge even for the experienced neuroradiologist. While computed tomography is often the preferred modality for assessment of the head and neck due to its faster acquisition, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks and Related Topological Isomers

We have studied the phase compatibility of simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks poly (2,6–dimethyl–l,4–phenylene oxide) with a number of other polymer networks as a function of their solubility parameters. Even when the blends of the corresponding linear chain polymers are immiscible their interpenetrating polymer networks can be miscible in all proportions. We have also prepared the corresponding pseudo (or semi) interpenetrating polymer networks where one component is linear and in one system the polymeric catenanes. All these systems generally show microphase separation.
Abstract 17995: Plasma Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 Levels are Positively Associated with Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin Resistance and Systemic Inflammation

Background: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a metabolic regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism, and in animal models has been shown to improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Small scale studies in humans suggest an association of circulating FGF-21 levels with obesity and insulin resistance. However, its relationship to metabolic syndrome, systemic inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis are not well characterized. Objective: We aimed to elucidate the relationship between plasma FGF-21 levels with determinants of metabolic syndrome, lipoprotein metabolism, glucose homeostasis, systemic inflammation and coronary artery calcification Methods & Results: Plasma FGF-21 levels were measured in 1702 subjects in three independently-recruited cross-sectional studies that included: 1) subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus but without clinical CAD (n=699); 2) healthy non-diabetic subjects with a family history of premature coronary artery disease (n=587); and 3) healthy subjects with one or more metabolic syndrome risk factors (n=416). In all three studies, FGF-21 levels were directly correlated with LDL-C (p Conclusion: Higher FGF-21 levels were positively associated with several features of the metabolic syndrome, including markers of systemic inflammation, but not with CAC. While this finding seems paradoxical, it may be secondary to compensatory response or resistance to FGF-21. Further clinical studies are necessary to provide insight into the complex role of FGF-21 in humans.
Low phonon thermal conductivity of layered (Bi 2 ) m -(Bi 2 Te 3 ) n thermoelectric alloys

We examined the thermal conductivity of the (Bi${}_{2}$)${}_{m}$-(Bi${}_{2}$Te${}_{3}$)${}_{n}$ alloys, which are composed of alternating sequences of Bi${}_{2}$ and Bi${}_{2}$Te${}_{3}$ structural units. The phonon thermal conductivity of these alloys was sharply reduced relative to that of elemental Bi and Bi${}_{2}$Te${}_{3}$ for temperatures below 100 K. Our measurements suggested that defects reduce the thermal conductivity in these materials. Using the Debye-Callaway model for heat transport, we link this reduced thermal conductivity to point defects.
Study on the follow-up model in AIDS non-epidemic areas

Objective:Based on follow-up treatment services for HIV infectors/sufferers,to explore the effective follow-up and treatment models of AIDS in low-prevalence areas,so as to provide a basis for government decision-making. Methods:One hundred and seven HIV infectors/sufferers and 64 patients with cumulative antiviral therapy were selected to observe and analyze the CD4 + T lymphocyte absolute counts and viral load(HIVRNA)changes in treatment. Results:The proportion of AIDS patients receiving follow-up intervention accounted for89. 7%. While the proportion of cases with 12-month cumulative treatment,who were survived and adhere to the treatment,accounted for 93. 8%(60 /64). Compared with baseline,absolute CD4 + T lymphocyte counts of patients increased in the 3rd,6th,12th,24th and 30th month after medication,faster growth was found in the 12th month. The changes of CD4 + Tlymphocyte had statistical significance at different time after treatment was significantly(F = 4. 573,P 0. 01). Conclusion:The trinity management structure is in line with the actual management needs of low-endemic areas,it can achieve effective management of HIV infectors/sufferers and control the secondary transmission.
A Longitudinal Study of Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Day of Hatch through Processing by Automated Ribotyping

Comparisons of bacterial populations over long periods of time allow researchers to identify clonal populations, perhaps those responsible for contamination of farms or humans. Salmonella and Campylobacter can cause human illness, and our objective was to use a library typing system to track strains that persist in the poultry house and through the processing plant. Two farms, over four consecutive flocks, were studied. Multiple samples were taken of the poultry house environment, feed mill, transport crates, and carcasses in the processing plant. Sample collection on the farm took place on chick placement day, midgrowout, and the day of harvest. This study found that 80.3% of isolates belonged to a single strain of Salmonella Kentucky that persisted in several environmental samples for all flocks at both farms, from chick placement day to the final product at the plant. Surgical shoe covers produced most isolates (n = 26), and processing day yielded the highest recovery (n = 68). Additional serotypes were recovered, but the Salmonella Kentucky-positive eggshells and chick mortality appeared to be the source of the organism for both farms. All Campylobacter isolates recovered were identified as C. jejuni. Most Campylobacter isolates (90.1%) belonged to one of three core strains. C. jejuni was not recovered on chick placement day. Cecal droppings yielded all nine strains. Most isolates (98.2%) were from one farm. Cluster analysis grouped C. jejuni and Salmonella isolates into four and six distinct clusters, respectively, on the basis of a similarity level of 80%.
Molybdenum contamination in BF2 high current ion implantation causing PNP beta variability: CFM/Contamination free manufacturing

High current implantation ion source components constructed of molybdenum provide a source of contamination in BF2 implants. The molybdenum species, 98Mo2+, is unintentionally co-implanted during the 11B19F2+ implantation due to its identical charge-to-mass ratio. In this paper, the impact of molybdenum contamination on PNP beta device performance is explored. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) was performed to measure the molybdenum concentrations in the substrate and to understand the P+ BF2 implant disk run variability. A mechanism is described to explain the molybdenum contamination and its impact on PNP beta degradation. Molybdenum contamination was reduced to acceptable levels at the P+ Collector/Emitter implant and P-Buried Layer implant by reducing the beam current. The results showed the PNP Beta increased by 18% by reducing the contamination. Suggestions to reduce or eliminate Molybdenum contamination in a high volume manufacturing environment are discussed including optimizing the BF2 implant recipe to produce lower 98Mo2+. The risks and challenges are also reviewed.
Lack of Seasonal Differences in Basal Metabolic Rate in Humans – a Cross-Sectional Study

Some studies indicate that basal metabolic rate is greater in winter than in the summer, suggesting a role for brown fat in human thermogenesis. We examined whether there are clinically meaningful differences in basal metabolic rate under thermoneutral conditions between winter and summer months in inhabitants of Rochester, Minnesota. We collated data from 220 research volunteers studied in the winter (December 1 - February 28) and 214 volunteers studied in the summer (June 1 - August 31), 1995-2012. Basal metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The effect of season on basal metabolic rate was tested using multivariate regression analysis with basal metabolic rate as the dependent variable and fat-free mass, fat mass, age, sex, and season as the independent variables. The groups were comparable with respect to age, body mass index, fat mass, and fat-free mass. There was no significant difference in basal metabolic rate between winter and summer groups (1 667±322 vs. 1 669±330 kcal/day). Both winter and summer basal metabolic rates were strongly predicted by fat-free mass (Pearson's r=0.75 and r=0.77, respectively, p <0.0001). Using multiple linear regression analysis, basal metabolic rate was significantly, independently predicted by fat-free mass, fat mass, age, and sex, but not season. We conclude that the lack of seasonal variation of thermoneutral basal metabolic rate between winter and summer suggests that modern, Western populations do not engage thermogenically detectable brown fat activity during periods of living in a cold climate.
SU-F-T-67: Correction Factors for Monitor Unit Verification of Clinical Electron Beams

Purpose: Monitor units calculated by electron Monte Carlo treatment planning systems are often higher than TG-71 hand calculations for a majority of patients. Here I’ve calculated tables of geometry and heterogeneity correction factors for correcting electron hand calculations. Method: A flat water phantom with spherical volumes having radii ranging from 3 to 15 cm was created. The spheres were centered with respect to the flat water phantom, and all shapes shared a surface at 100 cm SSD. Dmax dose at 100 cm SSD was calculated for each cone and energy on the flat phantom and for the spherical volumes in the absence of the flat phantom. The ratio of dose in the sphere to dose in the flat phantom defined the geometrical correction factor. The heterogeneity factors were then calculated from the unrestricted collisional stopping power for tissues encountered in electron beam treatments. These factors were then used in patient second check calculations. Patient curvature was estimated by the largest sphere that aligns to the patient contour, and appropriate tissue density was read from the physical properties provided by the CT. The resulting MU were compared to those calculated by the treatment planning system and TG-71 hand calculations. Results: The geometry and heterogeneity correction factors range from ∼(0.8–1.0) and ∼(0.9–1.01) respectively for the energies and cones presented. Percent differences for TG-71 hand calculations drop from ∼(3–14)% to ∼(0–2)%. Conclusion: Monitor units calculated with the correction factors typically decrease the percent difference to under actionable levels, < 5%. While these correction factors work for a majority of patients, there are some patient anatomies that do not fit the assumptions made. Using these factors in hand calculations is a first step in bringing the verification monitor units into agreement with the treatment planning system MU.
Abstract 2102A: Simultaneous targeting of EGFR and ALK in EML4-ALK positive lung cancer to inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration

Approximately 4-7% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) harbor the EML4-ALK chromosomal rearrangement. ALK has been identified as a molecular driver of cancer and ALK inhibitors have been developed for clinical use. We have confirmed high expression of EGFR in EML4-ALK-positive cell lines (H3122 and H2228). Recognizing the capacity of both EGFR and ALK signaling to regulate tumor cell growth, we investigated the effects of co-inhibition of ALK and EGFR on cell proliferation and migration in EML4-ALK-positive cells in vitro. We also examined the anti-tumor effect of ALK and EGFR inhibitors in xenograft mouse models. Cell proliferation was determined by CCK8 and cell migration was examined by wound healing assay and transwell migration assay. ALK inhibitors (crizotinb, ceritifinib and alectinib) and EGFR inhibitors (erlotinib and gefitinib) were utilized to block ALK and EGFR signaling activity. We confirmed that H3122 and H2228 cells were resistant to EGFR inhibitors in comparison to EML4-ALK negative cell lines H226 and A549. Simultaneous knockdown of ALK and EGFR by siRNA significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation. Combined inhibition of ALK and EGFR inhibited cell proliferation more potently than single inhibitor treatment alone. In addition, NIH3T3 cells expressing EML4-ALK variants 1, 2 or 3a displayed enhanced ability for cell migration, suggesting a role of EML4-ALK in cell migration. Individual ALK inhibitors and EGFR inhibitors inhibited cell migration. Further, combined ALK and EGFR blockade resulted in a stronger cell migration inhibition than single agent therapy. The combination of ALK inhibitor with EGFR inhibitor was more potent than single target treatment in tumor xenograft growth inhibition. Mechanistic analysis of the co-regulation of cell migration by ALK and EGFR signaling in EML4-ALK positive cells is under investigation. These results identify enhanced inhibitory effects on tumor cell proliferation and migration with simultaneous blockade of ALK and EGFR signaling suggesting that dual targeting may prove more effective than single agent approaches. These findings indicate the potential for therapeutic benefit of co-targeting ALK and EGFR in patients with EML4-ALK positive NSCLC. Citation Format: Chunrong Li, Joseph G. Kern, Shyhmin Huang, Eric A. Armstrong, Lauryn R. Werner, Paul M. Harari. Simultaneous targeting of EGFR and ALK in EML4-ALK positive lung cancer to inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2102A.
Individual in Context: The Role of Impulse Control on the Association between the Home, School, and Neighborhood Developmental Contexts and Adolescent Delinquency

Social ecological theories and decades of supporting research suggest that contexts exert a powerful influence on adolescent delinquency. Individual traits, such as impulse control, also pose a developmental disadvantage to adolescents through increasing risk of delinquency. However, such individual differences may also predispose some youth to struggle more in adverse environments, but also to excel in enriched environments. Despite the prominence of impulse control in both developmental and criminological literatures, researchers are only beginning to consider impulse control as an individual characteristic that may affect developmental outcomes in response to environmental input. Using a racially diverse (Latino 46 %; Black 37 %; White 15 %; other race 2 %) sample of 1,216 first-time, male, juvenile offenders from the longitudinal Crossroads Study, this study examined key interactions between baseline impulse control and the home, school, and neighborhood contexts in relation to delinquency within the following 6 months. The results indicated that even after accounting for prior delinquency, youth in more negative home, school, and neighborhood contexts engaged in the same amount of delinquency in the following 6 months regardless of their level of impulse control. However, the effects of positive home, school, and neighborhood contexts on delinquency were stronger for youth with moderate or high impulse control and minimally affected youth with low impulse control. The findings suggest two risk factors for delinquency: low impulse control as a dispositional vulnerability that operates independently of developmental context, and a second that results from a contextual vulnerability.
Programming and performance on a cube-connected architecture

The strengths and weaknesses of the first generation of commercial hypercube multiprocessors and their effects on software development and implementation are examined. Program loading, language, debugging, communications, algorithms, and load balance are considered. These issues are addressed with respect to hypercubes of a thousand or more processing elements. >
Symmetry and magnetism in Ni9Te6 clusters ligated by CO or phosphine ligands

The removal of a single ligand from the magnetic Ni9Te6(L)8 (L = P(CH3)3, CO) clusters is found to quench the magnetic moment. The reduction in magnetic moment is caused by a geometric deformation of the Ni9Te6 core that breaks the octahedral symmetry of the cluster. This effect is observed in both the CO and phosphine based ligands. The octahedral symmetry bare cluster is also found to have a large magnetic moment. These results highlight the dilemma faced by magnetic ligand protected clusters whose symmetry has been broken: whether to break the spin symmetry as in Hund’s rules or to break the spatial symmetry as in the Jahn-Teller effect. The spatial symmetry breaking is found to be an oblate distortion that forms additional Ni–Te bonds resulting in the enhanced stability of the cluster.
Effect of replacing conventional soybean meal with low-oligosaccharide soybean meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of wean-to-finish pigs

A trial was conducted to determine the effect of replacing conventional soybean meal (CSBM) with low-oligosaccharide soybean meal (LOSBM) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of wean-to-finish pigs. A total of 432 crossbred pigs (19 d and 6.6 ± 1.2 kg BW) were blocked by sex and BW and assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments: 1) CSBM in all phases and fishmeal and spray-dried plasma protein (FM/SDPP) in phases 1 to 3, 2) CSBM in all phases but with no FM/SDPP, 3) LOSBM and FM/SDPP in phases 1 to 3 and CSBM in phases 4 to 6, 4) LOSBM in phases 1 to 3 and CSBM in phases 4 to 6, 5) LOSBM in phases 1 to 6 and FM/SDPP in phases 1 to 3, and 6) LOSBM in phases 1 to 6. The results showed that pig growth performance (ADG, ADFI, and G:F) during the overall period (phases 1 to 6) and carcass traits (HCW, dressing percentage, fat depth, loin depth, and lean percentage) were not affected ( > 0.05) by dietary treatments. Moreover, replacing CSBM with LOSBM in phases 1 to 3 did not affect early phase growth performance in the absence of FM/SDPP but reduced ( ≤ 0.05) ADFI and increased ( < 0.05) G:F during the nursery period (phases 1 and 2) in the presence of FM/SDPP. In phase 2, LOSBM increased ( < 0.05) blood urea nitrogen in comparison with CSBM. In conclusion, reduction of oligosaccharide by replacing CSBM with LOSBM in the early, late, or entire phase of the wean-to-finish period did not improve growth performance and carcass characteristics of pigs.
Transradial Approach for Calcified and Tortuous Lesions

The size of the guiding catheter (GC) commonly used in transradial coronary intervention (TRI) is 6 Fr or smaller. Since this size inevitably provides less backup support than a 7Fr or 8 Fr GC, even in institutions that have taken up TRI, operators may often select transfemoral coronary intervention (TFI) over TRI for procedures requiring sufficient backup support because it facilitates the use of large diameter GCs.