cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the breast: Invasive vs. in situ carcinoma.

The surgical management of invasive breast carcinoma differs from that of in situ disease. Invasive carcinoma necessitates axillary lymph node dissection, a procedure that has associated morbidity. We studied 80 cases (66 invasive, 14 in situ) of breast carcinoma that had a histological diagnosis and a preoperative fine-needle aspirate. All slides were reviewed, with 17 cytologic features assessed. We found that six of these features showed a statistically significant difference between the invasive and in situ cases. These were infiltration of fat or stroma by malignant cells (72% of invasive cases demonstrated this feature, but it was not present in any of the in situ cases, P = 0.0002), the presence of myoepithelial cells overlying clusters of tumor cells (seen in 86% of in situ tumors and 7% of invasive cases, P < 0.00001), calcification (present in 71% of in situ and 15% of the invasive group, P = 0.001), foamy macrophages (noted in 64% of in situ tumors and 16% of invasive carcinomas, P = 0.0007), intracytoplasmic vacuoles (seen in 50% of invasive cases and 21% of in situ lesions, P = 0.08), and tubules (present in 30% of invasive and 7% of in situ tumors, P = 0.10). We demonstrate that invasion can be suggested in fine-needle aspirates of carcinomas, provided that true infiltration of fibrofatty connective tissue by neoplastic cells is present. In situ disease has characteristic features, but the presence of invasion cannot be excluded, even in the presence of stromal or adipose tissue fragments without tumor infiltration.
The Role of PET in Childhood Epilepsy

Functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) has led to significant advances in the diagnosis and management of various forms of childhood epilepsy. Interictal PET in temporal lobe epilepsy typically shows decreased glucose utilization (hypometabolism) in one or both temporal lobes. Children with early-onset refractory extratemporal lobe epilepsy who do not manifest structural abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging often show single or multiple cortical foci of hypometabolism indicating underlying microdysgenesis that corresponds to the area of epileptogenicity. The findings of focal cortical metabolic lesions and metabolic activation of subcortical structures (brain stem and lenticular nuclei) in patients with infantile spasms have allowed many infants with intractable spasms to be treated surgically with cortical resection, and have altered our concepts regarding the pathophysiology of these seizures. New observations in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Sturge-Weber syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, hemimegalencephaly, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, and other pediatric epilepsy syndromes have been documented with PET and have improved our understanding of these disorders. Recent PET studies of several neurotransmitter receptors in adult epileptic patients suggest that this approach holds great promise in the study of childhood epilepsy. The current guidelines indicating which patients with epilepsy should be referred for a PET study are outlined.
Antisense-mediated suppression of Heparanase gene inhibits melanoma cell invasion.

Abstract Cancer metastasis is a frequent manifestation of malignant melanoma progression. Successful invasion into distant organs by tumor cells must include attachment to microvessel endothelial cells, degradation of basement membranes and extracellular matrix (ECM). Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are essential and ubiquitous macromolecules associated with the cell surface and ECM of a wide range of cells and tissues. Heparanase (HPSE-1) is an ECM degradative enzyme, which degrades the heparan sulfate (HS) chains of HSPG at specific intrachain sites. To investigate effects of changes in heparanase gene expression in metastatic melanoma cells, we constructed adenoviral vectors containing the fulllength human HPSE-1 cDNA in both sense (Ad-S/hep) and antisense orientations (Ad-AS/hep). We found increased HPSE-1 expression and activity in melanoma cell lines following Ad-S/hep infection by Western blot analyses and specific HPSE-1 activity assay. Conversely, HPSE-1 content was significantly inhibited following infection with Ad-AS/Hep. Importantly, HPSE-1 modulation by these adenoviral constructs correlated with invasive cellular properties in vitro and in vivo . Our results suggest that HPSE-1 not only contributes to the invasive phenotype of melanoma cells, but also that the Ad-AS/hep-mediated inhibition of its enzymatic activity can be efficacious in the prevention and treatment of melanoma metastasis.
1467 CHARACTERISTICS OF LBW INFANTS DISCHARGED ON MONITORS/THEOPHYLLINE

The number of NICU infants discharged on Theo and/or monitors has been increasing. Of 68 graduates in 1983-1984 with BW ≤1200 gm, 23 were discharged on therapy. We have compared the population discharged on monitors/Theo (treated) with the remaining ≤1200 gm graduates (untreated). Both groups had similar PCA at birth (treated 28.6 wks vs untreated 29.1 wks, N.S.) and at discharge (treated 41.7 wks vs untreated 40.1 wks, N.S.). Treated infants were more often male (70% vs 40%) and not Black (52% vs 31%). IVH did not differentiate treated (8/23) vs untreated (19/42), nor did chronic lung disease (13/23 treated vs 17/42 untreated). For the 23 treated patients, 19 discharge pneumograms (PCG) were evaluated, 7 while on Theo. Five were normal/borderline; 14 were abnormal. For untreated patients, 24 PCGs were available, all normal/borderline off Theo. Of treated infants PCGs, 13/19 had A6D≥0.5%, 9/19 had bradycardia, 5/19 had PB>3.5% and 4/19 had apnea ≥15 seconds. Five studies had 1 abnormality, 7 had 2, and 4 had 3. With the increasing use of PCGs, more infants born in 1984 were treated when compared to 1983 (11/45 in 1983 vs 12/20 in 1984, p<0.05). One death occurred in an untreated black female with a normal PCG prior to discharge. We conclude for LBW infants: 1) the demographically at-risk population for apnea/bradycardia at term is the white male; 2) neither chronic lung disease nor IVH necessarily lead to abnormal term PCGs and 3) the use of the PCG at discharge leads to an increase in monitoring and/or Theo treatment.
Investigating Cytokine Binding Using a Previously Reported TNF-Specific Aptamer

Cytokines are of chief importance in the pathophysiology of sepsis and other systemic inflammatory response syndromes. We are designing and testing an extracorporeal cytokine adsorption device (CAD) that can remove cytokines via adsorption on biocompatible, microporous beads. The goal of this study was to determine whether a previously reported TNF binding DNA aptamer, 5’-GCGGCCGATA AGGTCTTTCC AAGCGAACGA ATTGAACCGC-3’, could be immobilized our hemoadsorption polymer surface to increase the removal rate of TNF. A reservoir consisting of horse serum spiked with a known concentration of TNF was perfused through our CAD packed with aptamer modified or unmodified (control) polymer beads. The binding affinity of the TNF aptamer was characterized using an enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assay (ELONA). As a positive control a well-established DNA aptamer that binds PDGF BB was also subjected to the same ELONA to validate the assay. TNF capture using the CAD showed no TNF removal over four hours for both the aptamer modified and unmodified control beads. Additionally, the results of the ELONA showed no binding of TNF to the reported aptamer; however the PDGF BB aptamer did bind PDGF BB. Based on these results we are able to conclude that the reported TNF specific aptamer does not bind TNF. These results will be of importance to other studies exploring aptamers for specific binding of TNF.
Human chorionic gonadotropin down-regulates the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene in GT1-7 neurons

Previous studies have shown that human CG (hCG) can down-regulate the expression of GnRH gene in GT1-7 neurons and that these neurons contain GnRH receptors and a self-stimulatory mechanism in the synthesis and release of GnRH. These findings have led us to hypothesize that hCG may down-regulate GnRH receptors to disrupt the self-stimulatory mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we cultured GT1-7 neurons in the presence or absence of an optimal concentration of highly purified hCG (100 ng/ml) and then measured steady-state levels of GnRH receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts and protein. Northern blotting demonstrated that GT1-7 neurons contain a major 5.5-kb and minor 2.4-kb and 1.6-kb GnRH receptor mRNA transcripts. Ligand blotting showed that GT1-7 neurons also contain 53-kDa and 43-kDa GnRH receptor proteins. Culturing with hCG resulted in a significant decrease in steady-state levels of GnRH receptor mRNA transcripts by 12 h and GnRH receptor proteins by 6 and 12 h, followed by a return to the cont...
Rabies Detection in Road-killed Skunks (Mephitis mephitis)

Three diagnostic techniques (1) microscopic examination for Negri bodies, (2) mouse inoculation and (3) fluorescent antibody tagging were compared as to their ability to detect rabies virus in 14 experimentally infected striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) exposed to normal summer weather conditions after death. The fluorescent antibody technique correctly identified rabies virus longer than either of the other methods. Rabies incidence in 61 road-killed skunks collected on the day following death in southeastern North Dakota was 26 per cent.
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Differential Gene Expression Using RNA-seq Data

We introduce model-based Bayesian inference to screen for differentially expressed genes based on RNA-seq data. RNA-seq is a high-throughput next-generation sequencing application that can be used to measure the expression of messenger RNA. We propose a Bayesian hierarchical model to implement coherent, fast and robust inference, focusing on differential gene expression experiments, i.e., experiments carried out to learn about differences in gene expression under two biologic conditions. The proposed model exploits available position-specific read counts, minimizing required data preprocessing and making maximum use of available information. Moreover, it includes mechanisms to automatically discount outliers at the level of positions within genes. The method combines gene-level information across replicates, and reports coherent posterior probabilities of differential expression at the gene level. An implementation as a public domain R package is available.
Diversification of dendritic cell subsets: Emerging roles for STAT proteins

The term dendritic cell (DC) refers to a population of hematopoietic cells with critical roles in immunity, including immune activation in response to pathogen-elicited danger signals and immune tolerance. Aberrant DC activity is an important contributing factor in autoimmunity, while severe DC depletion accompanies certain immunodeficiency conditions. By contrast, DCs have become attractive candidates to manipulate in immune therapy. Recent studies show that STAT transcription factors have unique roles in DCs, a feature that might be exploited in future DC-based therapies. Here, we focus on the functions of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 in DC generation and DC-mediated immune responses.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric characterization of acrylamide adducts to hemoglobin

The most common procedure to identify hemoglobin adducts has been to cleave the adducts from the protein and characterize the adducting species, by, for example, derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. To extend these approaches we used electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to characterize adducted hemoglobin. For this we incubated [14C]acrylamide with the purified human hemoglobin (type A0) under conditions that yielded high adduct levels. When the hemoglobin was separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 65% of the radioactivity copurified with the beta-subunit. Three adducted species were prominent in the ESI mass spectrum of the intact beta-subunit, indicating acrylamide adduction (i.e., mass increase of 71 Da) and two additional unidentified moieties with mass increments of 102 and 135 Da. Endoproteinase Glu-C digestion of the adducted beta-subunit resulted in a peptide mixture that, upon reversed-phase HPLC separation, provided several radiolabeled peptides. Using ESI-MS we identified these as the V91-101 and V102-122 peptides that represent the cysteine-containing peptides of the beta-subunit. These results provide definitive information on acrylamide-modified human hemoglobin and demonstrate that ESI-MS provides valuable structural information on chemically adducted proteins.
Thoracic Imaging in the ICU

Imaging in the ICU plays a crucial role in patient care. The portable chest radiograph (CXR) is the most commonly requested radiographic examination, and, despite its limitations, it often reveals abnormalities that may not be detected clinically. Recent advances in CT technology have made it possible to obtain diagnostic-quality images even in the most dyspneic patient. This article reviews the significant contribution thoracic imaging makes in diagnosing and managing critically ill patients.
An observation of the height-luminosity distribution of auroral Hβ emission

Height-luminosity distribution of auroral hydrogen beta emission measured with rocket mounted photometer
Distribution of cracks on glass surfaces

The ball indentation experiment was used to determine the density distributions of surface cracks of various severities on flat glass plates. The fracture load histograms that result from a large number of indentations with a ball indenter are the basis of the information on the distribution of cracks. The integral equation relating the probabilities of fracture as a function of load to the crack distribution function was solved with an operational inversion by means of the two-sided Laplace transform. The distributions of cracks were calculated for a chemical Pyrex glass and for a window glass.
Design, fabrication and performance of spin-valve read heads for magnetic recording applications

Since the early 1990s, the introduction of dual-element recording heads with inductive write elements and magnetoresistive (MR) read elements has almost doubled the rate of areal density improvements for hard-disk-drive data storage products. In the past several years, prospects of even more rapid performance improvements have been made possible by the discovery and development of sensors based on the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect, also known as the spin-valve effect, for a particular class of sensor configurations. In this paper, we explore the potentials as well as challenges of spin-valve sensors as magnetic recording read heads. We first examine the data rate and areal density potentials of large read-back signals resulting from increases in the MR coefficient. We then discuss associated magnetic sensor performance, including linearity and noise suppression. Finally, we study in detail the magnetic and recording performance of a spin-valve read head designed for 1-Gbl/in. 2 density performance.
Aortic blood flow in free-swimming elasmobranchs.

Abstract 1. 1. Ventral aortic blood velocity and pressure in free-swimming elasmobranchs were recorded with the Doppler ultrasonic telemetry blood flowmeter. 2. 2. Ejection time from the heart varied with the heart rate. Peak injection velocities ranged from 12–14 cm/sec in Horn sharks, 12–20 cm/sec in skates and 8–15 cm/sec in dogfish. Acceleration of the blood lasted from 120 msec in the Horn shark (T = 24°C) to 450 msec in the skates (T = 9°C). Deceleration of flows was slow in all species. Oscillations from bulbus cordis contraction and respiratory movements were superimposed on the basic wavefrom. Participation of the bulbar contraction in the cardiac sequence varied widely. 3. 3. Heart rates increased during short-lasting exercise. Peak velocity and flow were largeley unchanged. Peak velocity and flow frequently increased in the post-exercise period. 4. 4. The hemodynamic effects of atropine, acetylcholine and adrenaline are discussed in relation to the fact that the fish heart receives parasympathetic but not, apparently, sympathetic innervation.
A Site-Isolated Iridium Diethylene Complex Supported on Highly Dealuminated Y Zeolite: Synthesis And Characterization

Highly dealuminated Y zeolite-supported mononuclear iridium complexes with reactive ethylene ligands were synthesized by chemisorption of Ir(C2H4)2(C5H7O2). The resultant structure and its treatment in He, CO, ethylene, and H2 were investigated with infrared (IR) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies. The IR spectra show that Ir(C2H4)2(C5H7O2) reacted readily with surface OH groups of the zeolite, leading to the removal of C5H7O2 ligands and the formation of supported mononuclear iridium complexes, confirmed by the lack of Ir−Ir contributions in the EXAFS spectra. The EXAFS data show that each Ir atom was bonded to four carbon atoms at an average distance of 2.10 A, consistent with the presence of two ethylene ligands per Ir atom and in agreement with the IR spectra indicating π-bonded ethylene ligands. The EXAFS data also indicate that each Ir atom was bonded to two oxygen atoms of the zeolite at a distance of 2.15 A. The supported iridium−ethylene complex reacted with H2 to...
Emergence of Metastable State Dynamics in Interconnected Cortical Networks with Propagation Delays

The importance of the large number of thin-diameter and unmyelinated axons that connect different cortical areas is unknown. The pronounced propagation delays in these axons may prevent synchronization of cortical networks and therefore hinder efficient information integration and processing. Yet, such global information integration across cortical areas is vital for higher cognitive function. We hypothesized that delays in communication between cortical areas can disrupt synchronization and therefore enhance the set of activity trajectories and computations interconnected networks can perform. To evaluate this hypothesis, we studied the effect of long-range cortical projections with propagation delays in interconnected large-scale cortical networks that exhibited spontaneous rhythmic activity. Long-range connections with delays caused the emergence of metastable, spatio-temporally distinct activity states between which the networks spontaneously transitioned. Interestingly, the observed activity patterns correspond to macroscopic network dynamics such as globally synchronized activity, propagating wave fronts, and spiral waves that have been previously observed in neurophysiological recordings from humans and animal models. Transient perturbations with simulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) confirmed the multistability of the interconnected networks by switching the networks between these metastable states. Our model thus proposes that slower long-range connections enrich the landscape of activity states and represent a parsimonious mechanism for the emergence of multistability in cortical networks. These results further provide a mechanistic link between the known deficits in connectivity and cortical state dynamics in neuropsychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia and autism, as well as suggest non-invasive brain stimulation as an effective treatment for these illnesses.
Purification of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae toxin and its chemical and physiological properties.

Abstract A toxin in chromatographically pure form has been isolated from natural blooms of the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae . The toxin is a strongly basic substance, which gives a positive ninhydrin reaction and appears to be a guanidine derivative. A dose of 2·7 μg injected intraperitoneally into 20 g mice caused death in 4·9 min. The purified toxin reversibly blocks action potentials and tension development in amphibian nerve-muscle preparations without alteration of the resting potential. The toxin differs from saxitoxin in some of its chemical and physical properties, and some of its effects on neuromuscular systems.
Effects of Pulmonary Regurgitation on Distensibility and Flow of the Branch Pulmonary Arteries in Tetralogy of Fallot

Significant pulmonary regurgitation (PR) after repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) may affect flow in the pulmonary artery (PA) side branches. We sought to assess flow changes and distensibility of the PA side branches in vivo and test correlation with the degree of PR and right-ventricular (RV) dilatation. Thirty patients after TOF repair and 16 controls underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance for quantification of RV volumes and measurement of flow in the PA side branches. RV volumes and function, blood flow volumes, and cross-sectional area of the main, left (LPA), and right (RPA) PA were measured and regurgitant volumes and distensibility calculated. Results were compared between the LPA and the RPA and between patients and controls. Median regurgitation fraction of PR was 41 % (range 22–60 %). Regurgitant fraction was greater in the LPA (40 %) than in the RPA (29 %), resulting in lower net flow into the LPA (p < 0.001). LPA area was significantly greater than that of the RPA (303.9 vs. 232.7 mm2/m2) (p < 0.0001). The LPA showed lower distensibility than the RPA (39 vs. 44 %). PA side branch distensibility correlated with MPA regurgitant volume (p = 0.001), MPA regurgitant fraction (p = 0.001), and RV end-diastolic volume (p = 0.03). PA side branches have greater distensibility in patients with PR than in normal subjects. Significant PR leads to changes in flow profile and distensibility of the PA side branches. The LPA shows greater regurgitant volume and greater area but lower distensibility than the RPA.
Designing experiential environments for management of personal multimedia

With the increasing ubiquity of sensors and computational resources, it is becoming easier and increasingly common for people to electronically record, photographs, text, audio, and video gathered over their lifetime. Assimilating and taking advantage of such data requires recognition of its multimedia nature, development of data models that can represent semantics across different media, representation of complex relationships in the data (such as spatio-temporal, causal, or evolutionary), and finally, development of paradigms to mediate user-media interactions. There is currently a paucity of theoretical frameworks and implementations that allow management of diverse and rich multimedia data collections in context of the aforementioned requirements. This paper presents our research in designing an experiential Multimedia Electronic Chronicle system that addresses many of these issues in the concrete context of personal multimedia information. Central to our approach is the characterization and organization of media using the concept of an "event" for unified modeling and indexing. The event-based unified multimedia model underlies the experiential user interface, which supports direct interactions with the data within a unified presentation-exploration-query environment. In this environment, explicit facilities to model space and time aid in exploration and querying as well as in representation and reasoning with dynamic relationships in the data. Experimental and comparative studies demonstrate the promise of this research.
Early rearing experience is related to altered aggression and vasopressin production following chronic social isolation in the prairie vole

Parent-offspring interactions early in life can permanently shape the developmental path of those offspring. Manipulation of maternal care has long been used to alter the early-life environment of infants and impacts their later social behavior, aggression, and physiology. More recently, naturally occurring variation in maternal licking and grooming behavior has been shown to result in differences in social behavior and stress physiology in adult offspring. We have developed a model of natural variation in biparental care in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) and have demonstrated an association between the amount of early care received and later social behavior. In this study, we investigate the relationship between early life care and later aggression and neuroendocrine responses following chronic social isolation. Male and female offspring were reared by their high-contact (HC) or low-contact (LC) parents, then housed for 4 weeks post-weaning in social isolation. After 4 weeks, half of these offspring underwent an intrasexual aggression test. Brains and plasma were collected to measure corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (AVP) immunoreactivity and plasma corticosterone (CORT). Male offspring of LC parents engaged in more aggressive behavior in the intrasexual aggression test compared to HC males. Female offspring of HC parents had higher plasma CORT levels after chronic social isolation and increases in the number and density of AVP-immunopositive cells in the supraoptic nucleus following an intrasexual aggression test. These findings show that the impact of early life biparental care on behavior and HPA activity following a social stressor is both sex-dependent and early experience-specific.
Simulations of Protein Aggregation in the Cellular Milieu

A number of diseases, known as amyloid diseases, are associated with pathological protein folding. Incorrectly or partially folded peptides or proteins can self-assemble into a variety of neurotoxic aggregate species, ranging from small soluble oligomers to amyloid fibrils. I will introduce a novel off-lattice coarse-grained peptide model that can be used to simulate the aggregation process from monomers to fibrils. The effects of beta-sheet propensity and of surfaces on the morphology of the aggregates will be discussed.
Topological models for classical configurations

Two theorems from Euclidean plane geometry, due respectively to Pappus and Desargues, each give rise to an interesting finite geometry. Both of these geometries are readily modelled by any configuration in the plane arising from the relevant theorem, but these models have deficiencies. We consider alternative models, in the form of (1) partially balanced incomplete block designs, with association classes determined by a strongly regular graph corresponding to the geometry, and (2) surface imbeddings of that strongly regular graph. This approach is motivated by a third geometry, the Fano plane.
An exemplar-based approach to risk assessment: Validating the risk management systems instrument

This study examines the predictive validity of Risk Management Systems (RMS), a fifth-generation risk/needs assessment. In contrast to traditional risk assessments, the RMS uses exemplar-based modeling to classify offenders as high or low risk. Using a sample (N = 830) of offenders on supervised release by the U.S. Probation Office, the current study explores the relationship between the RMS scores and recidivism. The results indicate that RMS recidivism and violence scores are predictive of arrests, technical violations, and unsuccessful terminations from supervision. However, only a limited number of offenders were assigned to the high-risk category, which may limit the utility of the instrument. Policy implications are discussed.
Organizing and Documenting Lactation Support of NICU Families

A documentation tool designed for use by lactation consultants in the neonatal intensive-care unit provides an efficient and complete method for recording the progress of the mother and infant. It incorporates the research base into interventions that begin during the early postpartum period and continue through the preterm infant's hospital stay. The system for using this tool helps consultants in giving comprehensive and timely lactation support.
Lack of identity of tropocalcin with troponin components.

Summary Tropocalcin, a muscle protein, which has been found to undergo Ca ++ -dependent changes in fluorescence, ultraviolet absorbance and circular dichroism is not a constituent of troponin complex. It was found that the presence of tropocalcin was not required for the Ca ++ -dependent modification of actomyosin ATPase mediated by troponin and tropomyosin.
Barium permeability of neuronal nicotinic receptor alpha 7 expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The rat alpha 7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was expressed and studied in Xenopus oocytes. The magnitude and reversal potential of instantaneous whole cell currents were examined in solutions containing varying concentrations of either calcium or barium, and in the presence or absence of the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA. In external barium, application of nicotine elicits an inwardly rectifying response; in calcium the response is larger and has a linear IV relation. Pretreatment of oocytes with BAPTA-AM could not prevent activation of calcium-dependent chloride channels in external Ringer containing calcium. Using an extended GHK equation, the permeability ratio PBa/PNa of the alpha 7 receptor was determined to be about 17. Our results suggest that alpha 7 nicotinic receptors are highly permeable to divalent cations.
New analyses of the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: Do different treatments reflect different processes?

To determine whether or not different therapies have distinct patterns of change, it is useful to investigate not only the end result of psychotherapy (outcome) but also the processes by which outcomes are attained. The present study subjected data from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program to survival analyses to examine whether the process of psychotherapy, as conceptualized by the phase model, differed between psychotherapy treatment approaches. Few differences in terms of progression through phases of psychotherapy were identified between cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy. Additionally, results indicate that phases of psychotherapy may not represent discrete, sequentially invariant processes.
Measuring the saturation limit of low-volatility organic compounds in soils: Implications for estimates of dermal absorption

Abstract Estimating dermal absorption from contaminated soils typically requires extrapolations from measurements obtained on soils artificially contaminated at much larger concentrations. Such extrapolations should be constrained by the fact that maximum absorption will occur for the largest possible concentration of chemical on the soil without neat chemical being present; i.e., at the soil saturation limit ( S soil ). Saturation limits of two low-volatility model compounds (4-cyanophenol and methyl paraben) were determined on the 38–63 μm sieve fraction of four soils with different fractions of organic carbon ( f oc = 0.015–0.45) and specific surface areas ( σ soil = 4–34 m 2 g − 1 ) using two methods: equilibrium uptake into silicone rubber membranes and differential scanning calorimetry. Except for Pahokee peat, which had the largest f oc , a model assuming contributions from both surface adsorption and organic carbon absorption provided excellent predictions of S soil . In all soils, the surface saturation concentration of both chemicals was estimated at 2.2 mg m − 2 . The saturation concentration of 4-cyanophenol in the soil organic carbon was 1.7-fold higher than methyl paraben, which is consistent with the estimated solubility limits of these two chemicals in octanol.
A Call to Action: Alcohol Interventions in HIV-Infected Patients.

In a recent issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, Cho et al. (2012) provided an interesting and very comprehensive description of an alcohol-dependent patient affected by alcoholic liver disease with fibrosis, brain abscess due to toxoplasma, and advanced HIV infection. This case report is a good reminder of three important clinical issues, i.e. (a) HIV-infected alcoholic patients drink more than the general population, alcohol is their most commonly abused drug and contributes to HIV-related morbidity, mortality, and transmission (Fenton et al., 2010); (b) HIV-infected alcoholic patients often have hepatic impairment because of alcohol's effects on liver, HCV coinfection, and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-related hepatotoxicity risk (Szabo and Zakhari, 2011); indeed, alcohol alone, like in this patient (Cho et al., 2012), can be harmful enough to develop clinically significant ALD – notably, in this patient ALD delayed ART initiation (Cho et al., 2012), which may have contributed to further clinical deterioration; (c) Alcohol interventions are dramatically needed for HIV-infected patients. This patient had declined treatment, e.g., disulfiram (Cho et al., 2012), a drug that itself might cause liver failure (Edwards et al., 2011). Though preliminary research is searching for safer and more effective pharmacotherapies (e.g., Addolorato et al., 2007; Johnson et al., 2008; Leggio et al., 2011, 2012), this case (Cho et al., 2012) highlights the need to identify novel pharmacotherapies for alcoholic patients with ALD in order to provide effective interventions that both promote abstinence and help prevent progression to hepatic failure and death.
Achieving standards in urban systemic reform: An example of a sixth grade project‐based science curriculum

A challenge for urban systemic reform initiatives in science education has been to achieve local, state, and national standards for teaching and learning. We have collaborated with teachers in the Detroit Public School System to design project-based curriculum materials that contextualize the learning of science in meaningful real-world problems, engage students in science inquiry, and use learning tech- nologies. We present a sixth grade project-based science unit in which students explored the driving question ''How Do Machines Help Me Build Big Things?'' and address the science learning goals of balanced and unbalanced forces, simple and complex machines, and mechanical advantage. Twenty-four teachers and over 2500 students in Detroit participated in enactments of this project over 4 years. Student learning outcomes were determined for the three learning goals and inquiry process skills using pre- and postachievement tests. Achievement outcomes as measured by the pre/posttest show significant and con- sistently high learning gains, even as participation in the project increased to include greater numbers of teachers and students in successive enactments, and leadership of the professional development support for this project transitioned from university researchers to district teacher leaders. These results illustrate that materials which contextualize learning and support student inquiry as part of an urban systemic reform effort can promote learning of important and meaningful science content aligned with standards. 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 669-692, 2004
A study with particle-image velocimetry of the influence of drag-reducing polymers on the structure of turbulence

Particle-image velocimetry has been used to study the effect of drag-reducing polymers on the structure of turbulence in a channel flow, under conditions of 41% and 55% drag reduction. The fluctuating velocity fields in the x-y plane and in one x-z plane were measured. The striking features of these results are the damping of small scales and the repression of fluctuations of the velocity component normal to the wall. The role of the wall in creating turbulence diminishes greatly at large drag reductions; Warholic et al. (1999) have shown that a turbulent flow with zero Reynolds stress exists at maximum drag reduction. Velocity fields presented for conditions approaching this critical behavior are of particular interest.
Sporicidal interactions of ultraviolet irradiation and hydrogen peroxide related to aseptic technology

Abstract Synergistic UV–H 2 O 2 spore killing is widely used in sterilization of packaging materials in aseptic processing and packaging, but the mechanisms for UV–H 2 O 2 sporicidal activity are poorly defined. We found that UV–H 2 O 2 spore killing was not highly temperature sensitive, in contrast to findings for moist heat killing, suggestive that synergistic killing does not involve cooperative reactions with high enthalpies of activation as does moist heat killing. Delayed synergistic UV–H 2 O 2 killing of spores of Bacillus cereus var. terminalis initially exposed to H 2 O 2 and then dried on glass surfaces for some hours before UV irradiation is described. Our overall findings were interpreted in terms of a view of synergistic killing involving concentrative uptake of H 2 O 2 by dormant spores, formation of H 2 O 2 adducts with spore core components and absorption of UV radiation by the adducts with resulting damage to multiple spore enzymes, including the glucose-phosphotransferase for sugar uptake, but not to spore DNA.
Strategic value of reliability and maintainability management

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the strategic value of reliability and maintainability management in achieving competitiveness and customer satisfaction. It looks into performance metrics for organizational performance and associates reliability and maintainability with such metrics.Design/methodology/approach – The design strategy is based on using models for reliability and profitability assessment as well as total quality management models to illustrate how performance metrics for organizational performance can be enhanced.Findings – It shows there is a need to associate models of profitability assessment to reliability and maintainability management. This will help top management to see the strategic value of reliability and maintainability management and, therefore, adopt necessary organizational transformations to support reliability and maintainability goals.Research limitations/implications – It is important that the role of reliability and maintainability as important strategic variables be ...
Decontamination of Radionuclides from Concrete by Microwave Heating. II: Computations

Based on a mathematical model developed in the preceding Part I of this study, a numerical analysis of the process of decontamination of radionuclides from concrete by microwave heating is conducted. The aim is to determine the required microwave power and predict whether and when the contaminated surface layer of concrete spalls off. As customary, the finite element method is used for the stress and fracture analysis. However, as a departure from previous studies, the finite volume method is adopted to treat the heat and moisture transfer, in order to prevent spurious numerical oscillations that plagued the finite element response at moving sharp interface between the saturated and unsaturated concrete, and to deal accurately with the jumps in permeability and in sorption isotherm slope across the interface. The effects of wall thickness, reinforcing bars, microwave frequency, and power are studied numerically. As a byproduct of this analysis, the mechanism of spalling of rapidly heated concrete is clarified.
Simple, Effective—and Inexpensive— Strategies to Reduce Tooth Decay in Children

Access to primary preventive dental care will likely decrease in a poor economy, challenging all health care providers to identify inexpensive ways to help families prevent tooth decay. The incidence of tooth decay in very young children is increasing. Tooth decay can result in death in children if the subsequent infection is untreated. However, easy, inexpensive, and effective strategies exist to improve the dental health of children, and non-dental health care providers can introduce families to very useful nutritional and dental practices.
Competitive Strategy, Economics and IS: An Introduction to the Mini-Track

The mini-track kicks off with papers that involve managerial decision-making strategies for software development and products, and new IT investments. V. C. Choudhary, author of "Software as a Service: Implications for Investment in Software Development," models firm decision-making on the adoption of alter-native approaches to selling software. The results deal with the differences in optimal investments in software, and the related pricing and market coverage choices for different licensing approaches. Then B. Iyer, C.H. Lee, and D. Dreyfuss, in "Competing in the Era of Emergent Architecture: The Case of Packaged Software Industry," explore packaged software industry clusters with a software stack perspective. They show why firms with complementary products are better performers than those without. The session closes with "Modeling Network Decisions under Uncertainty: Countervailing Externalities and Embedded Options," by Robert J. Kauffman and Ajay Kumar, who model IT investment strategy decision-making settings that involve positive and negative externalities tradeoffs, for which real op-tions thinking result in value-maximizing payoffs.
The simulation of brushless DC drive failures

A highly flexible computer simulation model is used to predict the effects of the failure of several subsystems and components on the performance of a brushless DC drive. Test observations confirm the validity of the steady-state and transient predictions. It is postulated that the prediction technique allows the identification of failure symptoms that can be used by an intelligent drive control to adopt several possibly unbalanced but acceptable remedial strategies. The implementation of such schemes would result in fault-tolerant systems and thus increase the range of potential applications of brushless DC drives. >
Tactical satellite communications (TACSATCOM) terminal single versus multicarrier operation investigation

This paper highlights the differences in network connectivity, terminal equipment, and communications performance for both single carrier and multicarrier operation of TACSATCOM terminals. Multicarrier operation reflects a significant departure from the operating profile of existing TACSATCOM terminals used in tactical applications by the US military forces. Traditionally, TACSATCOM terminals have only supported single carrier operation. The term multicarrier applies to the simultaneous transmission by the terminal of two or more user communications carriers. Multicarrier operation uses the single channel per carrier (SCPC) approach, one carrier for each link. Single carrier operation requires the multiplexing of all the baseband data streams into a single modulated carrier. Factors affecting the choice between single and multicarrier operation include: operation flexibility, transponder power efficiency, active intermodulation (IM) effects, passive intermodulation (PIM) effects, terminal operating points, transmit reject filter design, etc.
Applied Anthropology and Community Service-Learning

Community Service-Learning (CSL) in higher education is a pedagogical approach embraced by many disciplines as a form of experiential learning that is rewarding for students, faculty and community partners. Although applied anthropology and CSL seem natural partners, applied anthropologists have published very little on CSL experiences. In this presentation of our experience, we argue that applied anthropologists should consider participating and publishing on CSL. We believe with a little preparation applied anthropologists are ready to jump into CSL, and that this will benefit their communities, their students, their careers and the discipline.
Neurotheology: The working brain and the work of theology

Abstract. Because the mind is the significance of the brain and God is the significance of the mind, the concept “mind” bridges how the brain works and traditional patterns of belief. The left mind, which utilizes rational vigilance and the imperative instructions of proclamation, names and analyzes the urgently right. The right mind, which discloses the relational responsiveness of numinous presence and natural symbolism, is immersed in and integrates the ultimately real. Together they provide a typology of mind-states with which to assess regressive, functional, and creative patterns. Hand dominance, gender differences, and cultural bias qualify the use of the metaphor.
Iron Porphyrin Carbenes as Catalytic Intermediates: Structures, Mössbauer and NMR Spectroscopic Properties, and Bonding

Iron porphyrin carbenes (IPCs) are thought to be intermediates involved in the metabolism of various xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, as well as in chemical reactions catalyzed by metalloporphyrins and engineered P450s. While early work proposed IPCs to contain FeII, more recent work invokes a double-bond description of the iron–carbon bond, similar to that found in FeIV porphyrin oxenes. Reported herein is the first quantum chemical investigation of IPC Mossbauer and NMR spectroscopic properties, as well as their electronic structures, together with comparisons to ferrous heme proteins and an FeIV oxene model. The results provide the first accurate predictions of the experimental spectroscopic observables as well as the first theoretical explanation of their electrophilic nature, as deduced from experiment. The preferred resonance structure is FeII←{:C(X)Y}0 and not FeIV{C(X)Y}2−, a result that will facilitate research on IPC reactivities in various chemical and biochemical systems.
Band Gap-Engineered Group-IV Optoelectronic Semiconductors, Photodiodes and Prototype Photovoltaic Devices

Si-Ge-Sn alloys have emerged as promising group IV semiconductors for the direct integration of optical designs on Si platforms, thus representing an entirely group IV approach to advance IR technologies. In this paper we discuss new developments in materials and devices that have led to the demonstration of photodiodes with enhanced performance relative to Ge reference systems as well as light-emitting semiconductors on silicon that exhibit strong direct-gap photoluminescence obtained via simultaneous n-type heavy doping and Sn alloying. With regard to detectors we present new results for Ge0.98Sn0.02 diodes with IR coverage extended down to 1800 nm and exhibiting enhanced optical and electrical response relative to initial prototypes grown directly on Si substrates. We also review the fabrication of SiGeSn/Ge(100) diodes with tunable absorption edges and very low dark current densities superior to those of Ge and GeSn counterparts. Particular emphasis is placed on devices exhibiting highly desirable 1 eV direct gaps and specific p-n heterostructure designs that are suitable for PV applications. These provide a starting point for the development of an entirely group-IV-based 1 eV junction that is proposed to enhance the efficiency of conventional III-V devices grown on Ge.