cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resolving Martian enigmas, discovering new ones: the case of Curiosity and Gale crater

Abstract The Mars Science Laboratory’s Curiosity rover is one example of how in situ exploration has been used to address questions about Mars that were not resolvable from orbital data alone. Data from the rover have been interpreted to show that its landing site in Gale crater once hosted habitable environment in the form of a long-lived lake that contained all of the chemical elements needed to support life. Abundant late-stage diagenetic features cross cut the lacustrine sediments, demonstrating that the history of liquid water and perhaps habitability at Gale crater extended beyond the duration of the lake environments. Beyond Mt. Sharp the Curiosity team has also reported the detection of small but variable amounts of methane in the Martian atmosphere. The example of Curiosity’s success gives us hope that we will able to solve some of the major Martian enigmas raised in this book through our continued exploration by orbiters, landers, rovers, and potential returned samples and human missions in the future.
Pathotype Complexity and Genetic Characterization of Phytophthora sojae Populations in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio

Phytophthora sojae, the causal agent of Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean, has been managed with single Rps genes since the 1960's, but has subsequently adapted to many of these resistance genes, rendering them ineffective. The objective of this study was to examine the pathotype and genetic diversity of P. sojae from soil samples across Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio by assessing which Rps gene(s) were still effective and identifying possible population clusters. There were 218 pathotypes identified from 473 P. sojae isolates with an average of 6.7 out of 15 differential soybean lines exhibiting a susceptible response for each isolate. Genetic characterization of 103 P. sojae isolates from across Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio with 19 simple sequence repeat markers identified 92 multilocus genotypes. There was a moderate level of population differentiation among these four states, with pairwise FST values ranging from 0.026 to 0.246. There was also moderate to high levels of differentiation between fields, with pairwise FST values ranging from 0.071 to 0.537. Additionally, cluster analysis detected the presence of P. sojae population structure across neighboring states. The level of pathotype and genetic diversity, in addition to the identification of population clusters, supports the hypothesis of occasional outcrossing events that allow for an increase in diversity and the potential to select for a loss in avirulence to specific resistance genes within regions. The trend of suspected gene flow among neighboring fields is expected to be an ongoing issue with current agricultural practices.
Methods for measuring the regulation of respiration by nitric oxide.

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the basic methodologies for the measurement of NO· dependent effects on mitochondrial respiration, including the measurement of respiratory thresholds in isolated mitochondria and cell systems. The methods described in the chapter serve to illustrate not only the importance of measuring NO· thresholds in mitochondria and cells but also highlight many of the considerations that must be taken when making such measurements. These include the presence of O2, the source of NO·, the precise design of the apparatus, and experimental conditions such as buffer composition, light level, and temperature. When all these factors are considered, accurate interpretations of the role of NO· in controlling mitochondrial function can be made. Such experiments can provide insight into intricate nature of the interaction between NO· and mitochondria and the variations in this system, which can occur under both physiological and pathological conditions. The chapter also describes the methodology used to measure respiration at low O2 concentrations and the complications of using various NO· donors. It also discusses the use of these methodologies to measure mitochondrial function in physiology and the change in function observed in pathology.
The Natural Occurrence of Sialic Acids

The sialic acids are widely distributed in nature, either free or as components of homo- and heterosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids (Tuppy and Gottschalk, 1972). Although a considerable literature has accumulated on sialic acids and the sialo compounds, a unified concept about the biological roles of sialic acids has not yet developed due to both their heterogeneous occurrence and their possible involvement in diverse cellular functions (Faillard and Schauer, 1972; Gottschalk, 1972; Marshall, 1972; Mehrishi, 1972; Curtis, 1973; Hughes, 1973; Schauer, 1973; Weiss, 1973). This chapter will approach a better understanding of the biological roles of sialic acids by examining their occurrence in nature. A possible correlation between the evolution and biological roles of sialic acids is considered.
Cellular regulation of poly ADP-ribosylation of proteins. II. Augmentation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in SV40 3T3 cells following methotrexate-induced G1/S inhibition of cell cycle progression.

Abstract SV40-3T3 cells were exposed in monolayer cultures to 5 × 10−7 M methotrexate (MTX), that inhibited thymidylate synthetase, arrested cell growth without cell killing in 24 h and did not induce single- (ss) or double-strand (ds) breaks in DNA. Following 24, up to 72 h, the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase content of attached cells was induced by 5 × 10−7 M MTX and the augmentation of the enzyme increased with the time of exposure to the drug. Inhibition of protein or RNA synthesis abolished augmentation of enzymatic activity; so too did the initiation of maximal cell growth by thymidine + hypoxanthine, by-passing the inhibitory site of MTX. Isolation of the ADP-ribosylated enzyme protein by gel electrophoresis identified poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase protein as the molecule that was induced by 5 × 10−7 M MTX. Under identical conditions, the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase induction in 3T3 cells could not be demonstrated. A possible cell-cycle-dependent biosynthesis of the enzyme protein is proposed in SV40 3T3 cells.
The Environment Contains no “Right” and “Left”: Navigating Ideology, Religion, and Views of the Environment in Contemporary American Society

This paper explores, analyzes, and investigates how the political ideologies of American citizens and their elected representatives interact with views put forth by corporate media to help shape various ideologies about environmental issues in contemporary America. I specifically enter into this area of exploration by focusing on one variable, the variable of religion. Therefore, in this paper I seek to help elucidate broad patterns and understandings of environmental issues in America as they have developed since the beginning of the modern environmental movement, focusing especially on the role religion has and is playing in this process. The paper is driven by identifying two major groups in American society, Liberal/nurturant parent, and Conservative/strict father, and how the core values of each group influence their ideological approaches to religion, environmentalism, and politics. The investigation is undertaken in the larger context of worsening climate change, suggesting that the interplay of religious, political, and environmentalist ideology of the past few decades presages further ideological shifts in the coming decades about our changing biosphere
Hardware strategies for end-point detection

End-point detection of a speech signal is an important process in isolated-word recognition. Several approaches were suggested to isolate speech signal from the back-ground noise. One such approach is using energy and zero crossing rate. In the paper, a variation of this algorithm is considered for hardware implementations for both on-the-fly (real time applications) and off-the-fly (non-real time applications) methods. This algorithm is chosen because of its simplicity and hardware suitability for implementation. The reason for hardware implementation is to achieve better speed performance over software approaches. The speed of energy magnitude computations alone, in off-the-fly approach, is O(k); where k is the frame, of arbitrary length, count. The approach in on-the-fly method is the most suitable for end-point detection implementation for real time applications.
Existence of irritable bowel syndrome supported by factor analysis of symptoms in two community samples

Abstract To determine whether bowel symptoms covary in a pattern consistent with the existence of irritable bowel as a distinct syndrome, bowel symptom questionnaires from 2 independent samples were factor analyzed. Samples consisted of 351 18–40-yr-old women who visited Planned Parenthood clinics for contraception and 149 18–89-yr-old women recruited through church women's societies. Factor analysis of 23 bowel symptoms identified 4 factors (clusters of symptoms that were correlated with each other) in both samples. The factor accounting for the most variance in both samples included relief of pain with defecation, looser stools with pain onset, more frequent stools with pain, and gastrointestinal reactions to eating. This irritable bowel factor was not correlated with an objective measure of lactose intolerance. An independent constipation factor was found in both samples to include self-reported constipation, straining with bowel movements, feeling of incomplete evacuation, and rectal bleeding. Thus factor analysis of bowel symptoms supports the existence of a specific irritable bowel syndrome and suggests symptoms that may be used to diagnose this syndrome.
Predicting Response to Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Using High-Throughput Genomics

Background Many disparate biomarkers have been proposed as predictors of response to histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI); however, all have failed when applied clinically. Rather than this being entirely an issue of reproducibility, response to the HDI vorinostat may be determined by the additive effect of multiple molecular factors, many of which have previously been demonstrated. Methods We conducted a large-scale gene expression analysis using the Cancer Genome Project for discovery and generated another large independent cancer cell line dataset across different cancers for validation. We compared different approaches in terms of how accurately vorinostat response can be predicted on an independent out-of-batch set of samples and applied the polygenic marker prediction principles in a clinical trial. Results Using machine learning, the small effects that aggregate, resulting in sensitivity or resistance, can be recovered from gene expression data in a large panel of cancer cell lines.This approach can predict vorinostat response accurately, whereas single gene or pathway markers cannot. Our analyses recapitulated and contextualized many previous findings and suggest an important role for processes such as chromatin remodeling, autophagy, and apoptosis. As a proof of concept, we also discovered a novel causative role for CHD4, a helicase involved in the histone deacetylase complex that is associated with poor clinical outcome. As a clinical validation, we demonstrated that a common dose-limiting toxicity of vorinostat, thrombocytopenia, can be predicted (r = 0.55, P = .004) several days before it is detected clinically. Conclusion Our work suggests a paradigm shift from single-gene/pathway evaluation to simultaneously evaluating multiple independent high-throughput gene expression datasets, which can be easily extended to other investigational compounds where similar issues are hampering clinical adoption.
Linked spontaneous CG----TA mutations at CpG sites in the gene for protein kinase regulatory subunit.

Abstract CG----TA transitions at CpG sequences account for many human point mutations and are thought to result from hydrolytic deamination of 5-methylcytosine residues in these sites. The gene for regulatory subunit of murine cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase has two closely linked CpG sites, one of which is a strong hotspot for spontaneous CG----TA mutations leading to cyclic AMP resistance in S49 mouse lymphoma cells. About 5% of mutants with a spontaneous mutation at this CpG site had also acquired a second CG----TA mutation at the nearby CpG site. The two mutations were always at first positions of the Arg codons in which they occurred, and they were always together in a single regulatory subunit allele. Their linked appearance could be attributed to neither the selection conditions nor the preexistence of one mutation in the target cells. The high frequency of these double mutants suggests that their lesions result not from hydrolytic deamination but rather from an endogenous enzymatic mechanism.
Structure of the calix[4]arene-(H2O) cluster: the world's smallest cup of water.

The structure of the calix[4]arene(C4A)−(H2O) cluster formed in a supersonic beam has been investigated by mass-selected resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI) spectroscopy, IR−UV double resonance spectroscopy, IR photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy and by high-level quantum chemical calculations. The IR−UV double resonance spectrum of C4A−(H2O) exhibits a broad and strong hydrogen-bonded OH stretching band at 3160 cm−1 and a weak asymmetric OH stretching band at 3700 cm−1. The IRPD measurement of the cluster produced a value of 3140 cm−1 for the C4A−(H2O) → C4A + H2O dissociation energy. High-level electronic structure calculations at the MP2 level of theory with basis sets up to quadruple-ζ quality suggest that the endo-isomer (water inside the C4A cavity) is ∼1100 cm−1 more stable than the exo-isomer (water hydrogen bonded to the rim of C4A). The endo-isomer has a best-computed (at the MP2/aug-cc-pVQZ level) value of 3127 cm−1 for the binding energy, just ∼15 cm−1 shy of the experimentally determined ...
Cellular Origin of Spontaneous Ganglion Cell Spike Activity in Animal Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa

Here we review evidence that loss of photoreceptors due to degenerative retinal disease causes an increase in the rate of spontaneous ganglion spike discharge. Information about persistent spike activity is important since it is expected to add noise to the communication between the eye and the brain and thus impact the design and effective use of retinal prosthetics for restoring visual function in patients blinded by disease. Patch-clamp recordings from identified types of ON and OFF retinal ganglion cells in the adult (36–210 d old) rd1 mouse show that the ongoing oscillatory spike activity in both cell types is driven by strong rhythmic synaptic input from presynaptic neurons that is blocked by CNQX. The recurrent synaptic activity may arise in a negative feedback loop between a bipolar cell and an amacrine cell that exhibits resonant behavior and oscillations in membrane potential when the normal balance between excitation and inhibition is disrupted by the absence of photoreceptor input.
Theoretical study of magnetism in iron, cobalt, and nickel.

Utilisation de resultats de calculs de clusters de Johnson pour Fe 15 et de Callaway pour MCu 18 afin d'estimer le nombre des electrons a localises et itinerants du fer metallique et du Cu-M dilue (M=Fe, Co, Ni)
Characterization of the Insulin-regulated Endocytic Recycling Mechanism in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Using a Novel Reporter Molecule

The endocytic trafficking of the GLUT4 glucose transporter and the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) are regulated by insulin. We have used a chimera between the intracellular domain of IRAP and the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the transferrin receptor (vpTR) to characterize IRAP-like trafficking in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our data demonstrate that the cytoplasmic domain of IRAP is sufficient to target vpTR to the insulin-regulated, slow recycling pathway in adipocytes and that the dynamic retention of vpTR is dependent on a di-leucine motif. Our kinetic analysis demonstrates that vpTR recycles as a single kinetic pool and that vpTR is very efficiently sorted from endosomes to the insulin-regulated recycling pathway. An implication of these findings is that the key step in the dynamic retention of vpTR occurs within the early endosomal system. We have previously shown that vpTR is trafficked by an insulin-regulated pathway in Chinese hamster ovary cells (Johnson, A. O., Subtil, A., Petrush, R., Kobylarz, K., Keller, S., and Mc Graw, T. E. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 17968–17977). The behavior of vpTR in Chinese hamster ovary cells is similar to its behavior in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The main difference is that insulin has a larger effect on the trafficking of vpTR in the adipocytes. We concluded that the insulin-regulated slow recycling endocytic mechanism is expressed in many different cell types and therefore is not a unique characteristic of cells that express GLUT4.
Interaction of 3-Methylcholanthrene with Lecithin—Cholesterol Mixed Films

The interaction of a carcinogenic hydrocarbon, 3-methylcholanthrene, with mixed films of various mole fractions of cholesterol and lecithin was investigated. The extent of interaction between 3-methylcholanthrene and cholesterol in the mixed films is greatly influenced by the competitive interaction between cholesterol and the phospholipid. At 50:50 cholesterol—lecithin molar ratios, where these lipids interact to the greatest extent, the interaction with 3-methylcholanthrene is weakest. These competitive interactions may account for the experimental observations that phospholipids retard while cholesterol accelerates the formation of tumors induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
The CL-PVM package

Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) is a software package that integrates a heterogeneous network of computers to form a single parallel/concurrent computing facility [2]. PVM consists of two parts: a run-time server and a set of library functions. A user sets up a hostfile that lists the names of the hosts constituting the parallel virtual machine (pvm). A PVM server runs on each host to help manage the pvm. Hosts can be added and deleted from the pvm dynamically. The pvm can be controlled from any constituent host either interactively from a console program or automatically from any PVM tasks.A PVM task is an application program that runs on a pvm and can use the PVM library functions to interact with other tasks: sending and receiving messages, initiating subtasks, detecting errors, etc. The PVM version 3.0 library is written in C allowing direct calls from C programs. There is also a Fortran 77 interface to give F77 programs access to the PVM library.CL-PVM provides a Common Lisp interface enabling Lisp-based programs to partake in PVM applications. A wide variety of useful Lisp programs exists including symbolic computation systems, expert systems, artificial intelligence systems, knowledge-based systems, and many more. With CL-PVM, the PVM library routines can be invoked interactively from the Lisp toplevel or from Lisp programs.The CL-PVM package contains a set of Common Lisp functions that interfaces Common Lisp (KCL, AKCL, or GCL) to the C-based library of PVM [2]. Generally, there is one CL interface function to each PVM C library function. The CL function calls its C-based counterpart and relays data to and from the C function. This interface is complete and allows Lisp-based programs to run on a pvm and thus facilitates the combination of symbolic, numeric, graphics, and other useful systems in a distributed fashion (Fig. 1). CL-PVM also offers a set of tools to aid effective use of the package with Lisp and MAXIMA tasks. Documentation, on-line manual pages, and examples are also included.CL-PVM is available by public FTP (ftp.mcs.kent.edu) in the directory (/pub/wang/). The package is described here. Please refer to [4] for more information on the design and implementation of the Lisp interface to PVM.
Lattice Parameters of Terbium and Erbium at Low Temperatures

Lattice parameters have been determined for terbium between 300 and 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and for erbium between 300 and 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The temperature dependences of the hexagonal $c$ axis for both elements are in qualitative agreement with a strain-dependent on M\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}M, the scalar product of the moments of adjacent planes of ferromagnetically coupled spins. Below its temperature of ferromagnetic ordering, 220\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, terbium shows an orthorhombic distortion similar in magnitude to that observed previously for dysprosium. The distortion corresponds to an expansion along $b$ or [$10\overline{1}0$], the easy direction in terbium.
The Importance of Sewer Extension Costs for Determining the Value of Future Development on Agricultural Lands

M any previous studies have explained agricultural land prices in terms of two components-the net present value (NPV) of agricultural use and the added value from future urban development. For example, Hardie, Narayan, and Gardner estimate farmland values as a function of both farm returns (to represent the NPV in agriculture) and developed land values, household income, population density, and location (to represent the influence of future urban development). Capozza and Helsley (1989) developed the theoretical model used in this study and many others. This dynamic model has two land uses-agriculture and urban-and demonstrates theoretically that population increases will impart a growth premium to agricultural land, due to the expectation of future development as the city expands into an agricultural area. This model was later extended to incorporate uncertainty in future urban rents (Capozza and Helsley 1990). Plantinga, Lubowski, and Stavins find empirical evidence on how uncertainty in rents increases U.S. agricultural land values. These prior studies assume there are only two land uses, namely, agriculture and urban. However, Newburn and Berck found that suburban and rural-residential development are distinct types of residential development. The fundamental difference is that urban and suburban uses require municipal sewer and water service to develop at higher densities (>1 unit per acre).
Ontology-Based Representation and Verification to Enable Feature Interoperability Between CAD Systems

Data interoperability between computer-aided design (CAD) systems remains a major obstacle in the information integration and exchange in a collaborative engineering environment. The standards for CAD data exchange have remained largely restricted to geometric representations, causing the design intent portrayed through construction history, features, parameters, and constraints to be discarded in the exchange process. In this research paper, an ontology-based framework is proposed to allow for the full exchange of semantic feature data. The Ontology Web Language (OWL) is used to represent feature types as well as the concepts and properties that define features, which allows the use of existing ontology reasoning tools to infer new relationships and information between heterogeneous data. Boundary representation (B-Rep) data corresponding to the output of the feature operation is also stored for purposes of feature identification and translation verification. The base ontology and a small feature library are built in OWL, and a combination of OWL and SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) rules are developed to allow a feature from an arbitrary source system to be automatically classified and translated into the target system through the use of a reasoner. These rules relate input parameter and reference types to expected B-Rep objects, allowing classification even when feature definitions vary or when little is known about the source system. In cases when the source system is well known, this approach also permits direct translation rules to be implemented. With such a flexible framework, a neutral feature exchange format could be developed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Platelet antigens in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Summary. IgG produced by splenic cells from five patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and from four control subjects was radiolabelled and incubated with target platelets. Eluates from these platelets were incubated with solubilized proteins from the same platelets immobilized on nitrocellulose paper. After washing, putative antigens were localized by autoradiography. Positive results were obtained in three of the five ITP patients; in two patients three radiolabelled bands of high molecular weight were noted (greater than 200 000) and in the third patient two different bands (molecular weight 140000 and 105000) were seen. Control studies were negative. These studies show that patients with chronic ITP produce antibody reactive with antigens associated with human platelet proteins and that the antigenic pattern differs between patients.
Geochemistry of the Pond Creek coal bed, Eastern Kentucky coalfield

The Pond Creek coal bed (Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation) is an important low-sulfur resource in Pike and Martin countries in the Eastern Kentucky coalfield. The mined area is crossed by the N20°E-trending Belfry anticline. The Pond Creek coal bed has a higher sulfur content on the west side of the anticline. The vertical trends in the ash geochemistry also vary across the anticline. The sites to the east of the anticline represent deposition of peat through periods of relative stability with slow deposition (bright lithotypes) interspersed with periods of relatively rapid clastic deposition (dull lithotypes), both generally removed from marine influence. Comparison of elemental trends between the lowest bright lithotype and the second bright lithotype suggest that the swamp became less acidic with time. An upward decrease in minor-element concentration may be related to the influx of clays and other silicates present in the bone lithotype. This bone may have acted as a relatively low-nutrient soil for the growth of the plants which contributed to the overlying bright lithotype. The sites to the west of the anticline were subjected to a greater marine influence than the eastern sites. High K2O/Al2O3 ratios at the bottom and top of the coal bed and a high TiO2Zr dull clarain near the bottom of the coal point to clastic influences on the geochemistry. The relatively high CaO percentages in the middle third of the coal bed suggest deposition at near-neutral pH. The upper third of the coal bed was dominated by syngenetic and epigenetic pyrite emplacement.
Design of an event-driven random-access-windowing CCD-based camera

Commercially available cameras are not design for the combination of single frame and high-speed streaming digital video with real-time control of size and location of multiple regions-of-interest (ROI). A new control paradigm is defined to eliminate the tight coupling between the camera logic and the host controller. This functionality is achieved by defining the indivisible pixel read out operation on a per ROI basis with in-camera time keeping capability. This methodology provides a Random Access, Real-Time, Event-driven (RARE) camera for adaptive camera control and is will suited for target tracking applications requiring autonomous control of multiple ROI's. This methodology additionally provides for reduced ROI read out time and higher frame rates compared to the original architecture by avoiding external control intervention during the ROI read out process.
The relationship between women's response effectiveness and a history of sexual victimization

This study evaluated the effects of a sexual victimization history and the contextual features of sexual activity and alcohol use on the effectiveness of women's responses to 44 written vignettes describing diverse dating and social situations. One hundred and one undergraduate women reported their history of sexual victimization and provided written descriptions of how they would respond to each vignette. Experts in the sexual violence research area then evaluated the effectiveness of these responses in decreasing risk of having an unwanted sexual experience, meaning one in which the woman is verbally or physically coerced into having sexual contact of any kind with a man. Results revealed that past victimization moderated the influence of the situations' contextual features on women's response effectiveness. Specifically, as the presence of sexual activity increased in the situations, the response effectiveness of more severely victimized women increased less than nonvictimized women. In addition, as the presence of alcohol increased in the situations the response effectiveness of more severely victimized women decreased more than that of nonvictimized women.
Vadose Zone Science and Technology Solutions.

Edited by BRIAN B. LOONEY and RONALD W. FALTA. Batelle Press, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201-2693. 2000. Hardbound, 2 volumes, 1540 p. ISBN 1-57477-085-3. The preparation and the writing of this 1500+ two-volume publication on vadose zone principles and applications, together with an
Effect of calcium entry blockers and adenosine on the relaxation of large and small coronary arteries.

Abstract The mechanism(s) by which adenosine causes dilation of the vascular smooth muscle is not properly understood. Several mechanisms including the inhibition of calcium influx and intracellular translocation have been suggested for its action. This study is an attempt to further elucidate the site of action of adenosine in relation to calcium by making use of calcium entry blockers. Large (1±0.2mm, o.d.) and small (0.5±0.2mm, o.d.) branches of bovine left anterior descending coronary artery (LADCA) contracted with 50mM K + were used as a model for these studies. Concentration-response curves for various calcium entry blockers were obtained and the order of potency was found to be: D-600 > nifedipine > verapamil > diltiazem > lidoflazine for large branches and nifedipine > D-600 > verapamil > lidoflazine > diltiazem for small branches of LACDA. The concentration-response relationship for adenosine (10 −6 −10 −4 M) in the presence and absence of these drugs (10 −9 −10 −4 M) was unchanged. 8-phenyltheophylline (2 × 10 −5 M), an adenosine receptor antagonist was without an effect on the relaxations induced by various calcium entry blockers, however, it antagonized the relaxing response to adenosine. Lidoflazine at concentrations of 7× 10 −7 M and 2×10 −7 M potentiated the effect of adenosine in relaxing the large and small LADCA, respectively. In summary, the data show an increased sensitivity of small coronary vessels to nifedipine, D-600 and lidoflazine. The data further suggest a different site of action for adenosine and calcium entry blockers.
Automated Detection and Fingerprinting of Censorship Block Pages

One means of enforcing Web censorship is to return a block page, which informs the user that an attempt to access a webpage is unsuccessful. Detecting block pages can provide a more complete picture of Web censorship, but automatically identifying block pages is difficult because Web content is dynamic, personalized, and may even be in different languages. Previous work has manually detected and identified block pages, which is difficult to reproduce; it is also time-consuming, which makes it difficult to perform continuous, longitudinal studies of censorship. This paper presents an automated method both to detect block pages and to fingerprint the filtering products that generate them. Our automated method enables continuous measurements of block pages; we found that our methods successfully detect 95% of block pages and identify five filtering tools, including a tool that had not been previously identified "in the wild".
Gelsemamide and 11-methoxygelsemamide, two novel secoindole alkaloids from gelsemium elegans

Gelsemamide (1) and 11-methoxygelsemamide (2), two novel secoindole alkaloids, were isolated from Gelsemium elegans . <div class=" textboxdefault "> Figure options Download full-size image Download as PowerPoint slide
Country Queers: Queer Youth and the Politics of Rural America

Exploring the lives of rural lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth and their identity work, Mary Gray's Out in the Country: Youth, Media, and Queer Visibility in Rural America offers one of the first ethnographic studies of queer rural life in the United States and their use of new media. Throughout, Gray provides various case studies centered on her participants involvement with LGBT politics and media in their rural Kentucky homes and how rural LGBT politics disrupts urban LGBT politics.
DXA estimates of fat in abdominal, trunk and hip regions varies by ethnicity in men

RESULTS: HI men (21.8±8.3) had higher TBF% than AA (17.0±10.0), NHW (17.9±7.2) and AS (18.9±8.0) groups (P-values o0.0001). AS had a lower BMI (23.9±3.4) than all other groups, and NHW (24.7±3.2) had a lower BMI than HI (25.7±3.9) and AA (26.5±4.7; P-valueso0.0001). A linear mixed model (LMM) revealed a significant ethnicity by region fat% interaction (Po0.0001). HI men had a greater fat% than NHW for every region (adjusted means (%); android: 29.6 vs 23.3; arm: 13.3 vs 10.6; gynoid: 27.2 vs 23.8; leg: 21.2 vs 18.3; trunk: 25.5 vs 20.6) and a greater fat% than AA for every region except the arm. In addition, in the android and trunk regions, HI had a greater fat% than AS, and AS had a higher fat% than AA. Finally, the android fat% for AS was higher than that of NHW. When comparing the region fat% within ethnicities, the android region was greater than the gynoid region for AS and HI, but did not differ for AA and NHW, and the arm region had the least fat% in all ethnicities. CONCLUSIONS: Fat deposition and body fat patterning varies by ethnicity.
Validation ROI: An HPT case study from the medical device industry

Validation is both a process and a function within Company ABC. Using the human performance technology (HPT) process, interventions were prescribed to address identified performance gaps. Forecasting an annual return on investment (ROI) based on goals yielded a ROI of 168%. Data collected for the first quarter of 2009 yielded a calculated ROI of 326%. This study discusses the HPT process and what was done to achieve the results.
The orphan nuclear receptor LRH-1 potentiates the sterol-mediated induction of the human CETP gene by liver X receptor.

The human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) transfers cholesteryl esters from high density lipoproteins to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, indirectly facilitating cholesteryl esters uptake by the liver. Hepatic CETP gene expression is increased in response to dietary hypercholesterolemia, an effect that is mediated by the activity of liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) on a direct repeat 4 element in the CETPpromoter. In this study we show that the orphan nuclear receptor LRH-1 also transactivates the CETP promoter by binding to a proximal promoter element distinct from the DR4 site. LRH-1 potentiates the sterol-dependent regulation of the wild typeCETP promoter by LXR/RXR. Small heterodimer partner, a repressor of LRH-1, abolishes the potentiation effect of LRH-1 but not its basal transactivation of the CETP promoter. Since this mode of regulation of CETP is very similar to that recently reported for the bile salt-mediated repression of Cyp7a(encoding the rate-limiting enzyme for conversion of cholesterol into bile acid in the liver), we examined the effects of bile salt feeding on CETP mRNA expression in human CETPtransgenic mice. Hepatic CETP mRNA expression was repressed by a diet containing 1% cholic acid in male mice but was induced by the same diet in female mice. Microarray analysis of hepatic mRNA showed that about 1.5% of genes were repressed, and 2.5% were induced by the bile acid diet. However, the sexually dimorphic regulatory pattern of the CETP gene was an unusual response. Our data provide further evidence for the regulation ofCETP and Cyp7a genes by similar molecular mechanisms, consistent with coordinate transcriptional regulation of sequential steps of reverse cholesterol transport. However, differential effects of the bile salt diet indicate additional complexity in the response of these two genes.
Demonstration of a setup for chronic optogenetic stimulation and recording across cortical areas in non-human primates

Although several studies have shown the feasibility of using optogenetics in non-human primates (NHP), reliable largescale chronic interfaces have not yet been reported for such studies in NHP. Here we introduce a chronic setup that permits repeated, daily optogenetic stimulation and large-scale recording from the same sites in NHP cortex. The setup combines optogenetics with a transparent artificial dura (AD) and high-density micro-electrocorticography (μECoG). To obtain expression across large areas of cortex, we infused AAV5-CamKIIa-C1V1-EYFP viral vector using an infusion technique based on convection-enhanced delivery (CED) in primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortices. By epifluorescent imaging through AD we were able to confirm high levels of expression covering about 110 mm2 of S1 and M1. We then incorporated a 192-channel μECoG array spanning 192 mm2 into the AD for simultaneous electrophysiological recording during optical stimulation. The array consists of patterned Pt-Au-Pt metal traces embedded in ~10 μm Parylene-C insulator. The parylene is sufficiently transparent to allow minimally attenuated optical access for optogenetic stimulation. The array was chronically implanted over the opsin-expressing areas in M1 and S1 for over two weeks. Optical stimulation was delivered via a fiber optic placed on the surface of the AD. With this setup, we recorded reliable evoked activity following light stimulation at several locations. Similar responses were recorded across tens of days, however a decline in the light-evoked signal amplitude was observed during this period due to the growth of dural tissue over the array. These results show the feasibility of a chronic interface for combined largescale optogenetic stimulation and cortical recordings across days.
The Circadian Rhythm of Thermoregulation in Japanese Quail: III. Effects of Melatonin Administration

Recent studies indicate that the circadian pacemakers in the eyes of Japanese quail are coupled to the rest of the circadian system by both neural and hormonal outputs. The effects of exogenous melatonin administration on cir cadian body temperature and activity rhythms of quail were tested to determine whether melatonin could be the hormonal link involved. Continuous melatonin administration caused arrhythmicity or period changes in the body temperature and activity rhythms of pinealectomized and sham-pinealectomized birds held in constant darkness and also significantly decreased the amplitude of the body temperature rhythms of normal birds held on light:dark 12:12. Further, mela tonin entrained the body temperature and activity rhythms of normal birds when administered daily via the drinking water. The results show that melatonin can affect the circadian system of quail and support the hypothesis that melatonin is importantly involved in linking pacemakers in the eyes to the rest of the circadian system.
A Review of: “Nodding, Nel (2006). The Challenge to Care in Schools: An Alternative Approach to Education (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: Teachers College, Columbia University. 193 pages”

A Professor Emeriti of Education at Stanford University for more than 20 years, Nel Noddings (b. 1929) also served as Chair of Urban Education at Eastern Michigan University, as professor at severa...
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Y and La Atoms, Cations and Electrons with O2. Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations of the MO, MO+, MO2, MO2+, and MO2- Species in Solid Argon

Laser-ablated Y and La condensed with O2 in excess argon formed small metal oxides, cations, and anions, which were identified from isotopic substitution and density functional frequency calculations. In accord with gas phase thermochemistry, the OYO and OLaO molecules are more weakly bound than YO and LaO, on the basis of vibrational frequencies, and their symmetric stretching modes are unusually intense. The bent OYO- and OLaO- anions, the cyclic Y(O2)+ and La(O2)+, and linear OLaO+ cation isomers are characterized. The (O2)MO and MO3 isomers are also observed.
Naturally-occurring IgA Antibodies to Glycerol-teichoic Acid in Human Saliva. Correlation with Caries Activity

Human subjects were examined for caries activity and for naturally-occurring salivary IgA of glycerol-teichoic acid (TA) specificity by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subjects free of active caries produced higher levels of anti-TA in their saliva than persons with one or more active carious lesions.
Black Youths and Illegal Drugs.

Drug trafficking among Black youths has turnedthe inner cities into “war zones,” as rival gangs fight for control of the drug market. Moreover, many Black youths have lost their lives because of the powerful lure of drug addiction. This article examines the effects of drugs on Black youths. Policy recommendations are also discussed.
The effects of VTA NMDA receptor antagonism on reward-related learning and associated c-fos expression in forebrain

The mechanisms whereby reward-associated stimuli come to function as conditioned stimuli and acquire the capacity to activate the same neural regions activated by primary rewards (i.e., dopamine terminal regions) is not fully understood. We hypothesized that NMDA receptor stimulation in the VTA is necessary for the acquisition by a CS to both produce conditioned approach and activate dopamine terminal regions. Rats were tested in a conditioned approach protocol that consisted of light stimulus-food conditioning sessions (30 randomly presented light stimulus-food pellet pairings), a session with no stimuli or food and 1 session with only light stimulus (CS-only) presentations. Food trough head entries during the CS and just prior to the CS were recorded and a CS/pre-CS ratio indicating the conditioned approach response was calculated. Brain tissue was harvested after the CS-only session and processed for c-fos expression in prefrontal cortex area 2, nucleus accumbens core and shell and medial and lateral caudate. When bilateral intra-VTA microinjections of AP-5 (0, 0.25 or 0.5 μg) were made prior to each of the conditioning sessions the 0.5 μg AP-5 dose prevented the acquisition of conditioned approach; when 0.5 μg AP-5 injections were made prior to the CS-only test they failed to affect expression of the response. Also, 0.5 μg AP-5 prior to conditioning significantly reduced c-fos expression in response to the CS in nucleus accumbens core. These results suggest that VTA NMDA receptor stimulation is necessary for both the acquisition of reward-related learning and acquisition by the CS to activate dopamine terminal regions.
On the optimal choice of quality metric in image compression: a soft computing approach

Images take lot of computer space; in many practical situations, we cannot store all original images, we have to use compression. Moreover, in many such situations, compression ratio provided by even the best lossless compression is not sufficient, so we have to use lossy compression. In a lossy compression, the reconstructed image Ĩ is, in general, different from the original image I. There exist many different lossy compression methods, and most of these methods have several tunable parameters. In different situations, different methods lead to different quality reconstruction, so it is important to select, in each situation, the best compression method. A natural idea is to select the compression method for which the average value of some metric d(I,Ĩ) is the smallest possible. The question is then: which quality metric should we choose? In this paper, we show that under certain reasonable symmetry conditions, Lp metrics d(I,Ĩ)=∫|I(x)−Ĩ(x)|pdx are the best, and that the optimal value of p can be selected depending on the expected relative size r of the informative part of the image.
Suppression of Instabilities in Liquid Fueled Combustors by Variation of Fuel Spray Properties

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the feasibility of using “slow” active control approaches, which change liquid fuel spray properties, to suppress combustion instabilities. The objective of this control approach is to break up the feedback between the combustion process heat release oscillations and the combustor oscillations that drives the instability by changing the characteristics of the combustion process (i.e., characteristic combustion time). To demonstrate the feasibility of such control, this study used a proprietary fuel injector (Nanomiser™), which can independently vary its fuel spray properties, and investigated the dependence of acoustics-combustion process coupling, i.e., the driving of combustion instabilities, upon the fuel spray properties. The results of this study showed that by changing the spray characteristics it is possible to significantly damp combustion instabilities. Furthermore, using Abel’s deconvolution, this study showed that the instabilities were mostly driven in regions where the mean axial flow velocity was approximately zero, in the near field of the vortices that were generated in the combustor. The results of this study strongly suggest that a “slow” active control system that employs controllable injectors could be used to prevent the onset and/or damp detrimental combustion instabilities.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Pre-arrest morbidity and other correlates of survival after in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest.

Purpose Recent reports on the use of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) have failed to provide an applicable method to identify patients who have little chance of surviving CPR. We prospectively evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcome of 140 consecutive hospitalized patients who had cardiopulmonary arrest and received CPR, and we propose a method for predicting survival in this setting. Patients and methods The study period was July 1 through December 31, 1985, and the patient population consisted of 91 men and 49 women (age range, 18 to 92 years). We devised a multifactorial scoring system, the Pre-Arrest Morbidity (PAM) Index, to evaluate pre-arrest morbidity in individual patients. Results Seventy-seven (55%) of these patients were successfully resuscitated, 34 (24.3%) were discharged from the hospital alive, and 29 (20.7%) were long-term survivors (alive three months after discharge). Multivariate analysis of pre-arrest clinical variables demonstrated a significant association with mortality for hypotension, azotemia, and age 65 years or older, although none of these factors was absolutely predictive of a fatal outcome. The PAM Index was found to correlate inversely with the frequency of successful resuscitation, and the probability of short-term and long-term survival after CPR. Patients with PAM scores of 7 or greater had an extremely low likelihood of long-term survival (less than 15%), and no patient with a score of more than 8 survived to discharge. When the PAM score was considered in multivariate analysis of pre-arrest variables, it became the only significant independent predictor of mortality. Conclusion The PAM Index may be useful in identifying patients in whom CPR may be ineffective.
Further Evidence on Union Efficiency in Construction

This study examines the impact of unions on efficiency in retail construction in the late seventies. Square footage put in place per hour is 51 per cent greater for union than nonunion contractors. The study finds no difference in mean cost per square foot and offers mixed econometric evidence on Tran slog cost functions. There is also no difference in profit rates or prices between union and nonunion contractors.