cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Approximations for Elastic Spheres Under an Oscillating Torsional Couple

The Lubkin solution for two spheres pressed together and then subjected to a monotonically increasing axial couple is examined numerically. The Deresiewicz asymptotic solution is compared to the full solution and its utility is evaluated. Alternative approximations for the Lubkin solution are suggested and compared. One approximation is a Pade rational function which matches the analytic solution over all rotations. The other is an exponential approximation that reproduces the asymptotic values of the analytic solution at infinitesimal and infinite rotations. Finally, finite element solutions for the Lubkin problem are compared with the exact and approximate solutions.
COLLECTIVE MODE IN JOSEPHSON-COUPLED LAYERED SUPERCONDUCTORS IN WEAK PARALLEL MAGNETIC FIELDS

We propose a theoretical model to account for the increase in the effect of both magnetic induction and presence of a nonequilibrium state in layered superconductors which behave as intrinsic Josephson junctions. Using this model, we investigate the phase dynamics with a magnetic field applied parallel to the superconducting layers and show that the increase in the coupling between the superconducting layers due to the increase in the effect of magnetic induction and the departure from equilibrium significantly modifies the dispersion of the Josephson plasma mode in intrinsic Josephson junctions from that in conventional stacks of Josephson junctions.
Magnesium silicate dissolution investigated by 29Si MAS, 1H-29Si CPMAS, 25Mg QCPMG, and 1H-25Mg CP QCPMG NMR.

Olivine—(Mg,Fe)2SiO4—has been the subject of frequent investigation in the earth sciences because of its simple structure and rapid dissolution kinetics. Several studies have observed a preferential release of the divalent cation with respect to silicon during weathering under acidic conditions, which has been correlated to the formation of a silicon-rich leached layer. While leached layer formation has been inferred through the changing solution chemistry, a thorough spectroscopic investigation of olivine reacted under acidic conditions has not been conducted. The pure magnesium end member of the olivine series (forsterite—Mg2SiO4) was chosen for detailed investigations in this study because paramagnetic iron hinders NMR investigations by providing an extra mode of relaxation for neighboring nuclei, causing lineshapes to become significantly broadened and unobservable in the NMR spectrum. For reacting forsterite, spectroscopic interrogations using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can elucidate the changing magnesium coordination and bonding environment. In this study, we combine analysis of the changing solution chemistry with advanced NMR techniques (29Si MAS, 1H–29Si CP MAS, 25Mg QCPMG, and 1H–25Mg CP QCPMG NMR) to probe leached layer formation and secondary phase precipitation during the dissolution of forsterite at 150 °C.
The action of CGS-19755 on the redox enhancement of NMDA toxicity in rat cortical neurons in vitro.

Abstract The effects of the competitive N- methyl- d -aspartate receptor antagonist CGS-19755 (cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine carboxylic acid) were studied in cultures of rat cerebral cortex under normal and altered redox conditions. CGS-19755 was effective in preventing delayed neuronal death produced by an acute exposure to either glutamate (500 μM) or NMDA (200 μM), but was ineffective in protecting neurons against the toxicity induced by a prolonged exposure to kainate (500 μM). We observed that the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT, 500 μM), could dramatically enhance toxicity and electrophysiological responses produced by 50 μM NMDA. CGS-19755 (100 μM) could effectively block both of these effects of DTT. Any toxicity produced by DTT alone was also antagonized by CGS-19755. In contrast, oxidized DTT did not enhance NMDA toxicity nor was it toxic when added alone. These results indicate that CGS-19755 is an effective and specific neuroprotectant acting at the NMDA receptor in vitro, and that the enhancement in NMDA toxicity induced by DTT is mediated by an increase in activity at this receptor complex.
Friendship in Three Metropolitan Areas: Cross-Cultural Evidence of Its Voluntariness

Friendship is viewed as a relationship which is based on voluntariness. It is pre dicted that people who are highly urban, high SES, young, and unmarried will be involved with friends because they are relatively free from obligations and con straints on their behavior. Data from Los Angeles, U.S.A.; London, England; and Sydney, Australia indicate that age is the best predictor of voluntary friendship. Level of urbanism and SES are not at all related to friendship. Involvement with friends has a positive affect on psychological well-being.
Stable and dynamic microtubules coordinately shape the myosin activation zone during cytokinetic furrow formation

The cytokinetic furrow arises from spatial and temporal regulation of cortical contractility. To test the role microtubules play in furrow specification, we studied myosin II activation in echinoderm zygotes by assessing serine19-phosphorylated regulatory light chain (pRLC) localization after precisely timed drug treatments. Cortical pRLC was globally depressed before cytokinesis, then elevated only at the equator. We implicated cell cycle biochemistry (not microtubules) in pRLC depression, and differential microtubule stability in localizing the subsequent myosin activation. With no microtubules, pRLC accumulation occurred globally instead of equatorially, and loss of just dynamic microtubules increased equatorial pRLC recruitment. Nocodazole treatment revealed a population of stable astral microtubules that formed during anaphase; among these, those aimed toward the equator grew longer, and their tips coincided with cortical pRLC accumulation. Shrinking the mitotic apparatus with colchicine revealed pRLC suppression near dynamic microtubule arrays. We conclude that opposite effects of stable versus dynamic microtubules focuses myosin activation to the cell equator during cytokinesis.
Electrical properties of giant mitochondria studied with a double impalement technique.

THE electrical properties of the membrane of giant mitochondria (4–10 μm in diameter) can be studied directly with micro-electrodes. Tupper and Tedeschi1–4 have studied mitochondria isolated from Drosophila (approximately 4 μm in diameter), and found a positive potential in the range of 5–15 mV and a specific resistance in the range of 1–4 Ω cm2 (assuming no invaginations of the mitochondrial membrane). The potentials were not found to depend on metabolic state2. The microelectrodes were judged to be in the internal mitochondrial space from the fact that the potentials were osmotically sensitive (decreasing with osmotic swelling in a predictable manner). The positive potentials correlated with the distribution of carboxylic anions, which partition with a higher concentration inside the mitochondria. Furthermore, the potentials were collapsed by the addition of acetate3,4, but not chloride4 to the external medium. Presumably acetate enters and depolarises the potential. These observations further support the idea that the electrodes are in the inner mitochondrial space.
Ensemble Expectations for Structures on Two-Dimensional Lattices

Expressions are obtained for the limiting behavior of ensemble expectations, as functions of coverage, of the number of simultaneous occurrences of various structures when indistinguishable single particles are arranged on a two-dimensional lattice. For the general expressions obtained no restrictions are placed on the geometrical nature of the lattice. Averages for specific geometrical arrays, such as rectangular and hexagonal arrays, may be calculated directly from the general results.
An Ethics Framework for Public Health

More than 100 years ago, public health began as an organized discipline, its purpose being to improve the health of populations rather than of individuals. Given its population-based focus, however, public health perennially faces dilemmas concerning the appropriate extent of its reach and whether its activities infringe on individual liberties in ethically troublesome ways. In this article a framework for ethics analysis of public health programs is proposed. To advance traditional public health goals while maximizing individual liberties and furthering social justice, public health interventions should reduce morbidity or mortality; data must substantiate that a program (or the series of programs of which a program is a part) will reduce morbidity or mortality; burdens of the program must be identified and minimized; the program must be implemented fairly and must, at times, minimize preexisting social injustices; and fair procedures must be used to determine which burdens are acceptable to a community.
Ethics consultations reduce time and procedures in intensive care

Abstract Question What effect do ethics consultations have on number of life-sustaining treatments and length of stay in intensive care units? Study Design Randomised controlled trial. Main Results There were no differences in mortality between groups. In people who died in hospital, ethics consultation significantly reduced the number of days spent in intensive care and hospital (−1.44 days in intensive care, p=0.03; −2.95 days in hospital, p=0.01; −1.7 days on ventilation, p=0.03). Among people surviving to discharge, there were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between groups (p>0.05). At least 80% of people interviewed during follow-up (including patients or family members and healthcare professionals) indicated that ethics consultations were helpful and would recommend them to others. Authors’ Conclusions Ethics consultations reduced length of stay in intensive care by people who did not survive to discharge, but did not alter outcomes for survivors. The consultations were well received by healthcare professionals, patients and their family members.
Preparation of soybean oil-based greases: effect of composition and structure on physical properties.

Vegetable oils have significant potential as a base fluid and a substitute for mineral oil in grease formulation. Preparation of soybean oil-based lithium greases using a variety of fatty acids in the soap structure is discussed in this paper. Soy greases with lithium−fatty acid soap having C12−C18 chain lengths and different metal to fatty acid ratios were synthesized. Grease hardness was determined using a standard test method, and their oxidative stabilities were measured using pressurized differential scanning calorimetry. Results indicate that lithium soap composition, fatty acid types, and base oil content significantly affect grease hardness and oxidative stability. Lithium soaps prepared with short-chain fatty acids resulted in softer grease. Oxidative stability and other performance properties will deteriorate if oil is released from the grease matrix due to overloading of soap with base oil. Performance characteristics are largely dependent on the hardness and oxidative stability of grease used ...
Use of Dental Coping Beliefs Scale to measure cognitive changes following oral hygiene interventions

This study employed a recently developed questionnaire, the Dental Coping Beliefs Scale (DCBS), to evaluate the effect of oral hygiene interventions on dental beliefs. The DCBS was administered to 100 subjects. Compared to an untreated control group, there was an increase in the ability to improve oral health through self-effort for the three experimental interventions: Attention (Al), Education (El) and Cognitive Behavioral (CBI). When the Dental Coping Beliefs Scale was divided into scales of Internal Locus of Control, External Locus of Control, Self-Efficacy, and Oral Health Beliefs, additional changes were evident. For the CBI Group, all four scales changed significantly between baseline measurement and post-intervention toward beliefs favoring control and prevention of dental disease using brushing and flossing. For the A and E groups, three scales paralleled the results of the CBI: Internal Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy increased and External Locus of Control decreased after the intervention. However, unlike the CBI, Oral Health Beliefs did not significantly change. Overall, for all experimental groups, there was a shift from external locus of control beliefs to internal beliefs. The untreated Control Group showed no changes across the five weeks. This study was supported by a VA Medical Research Service Merit Review Award.
Bleaching and temporomandibular disorder using a half tray design: a clinical report.

Nightguard vital bleaching (NGVB) involves the patient applying a 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) material into the custom-fitted tray and then wearing it for prescribed daily or nightly intervals over a 2- to 6-week period.1-4 Before prescribing NGVB, the cause of tooth discoloration should be determined by examination.5,6 One must always consider preexisting occlusal problems or joint disturbances that may be aggravated by the carrier during the bleaching process.7 This clinical report describes the treatment of a patient who began to have recurrent temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain while wearing the soft, custom-fitted bleaching tray, and the resulting alteration in tray design to relieve the pain and continue the bleaching process to successful completion. CLINICAL REPORT A 30-year-old white woman was dissatisfied with the color of her teeth, which were determined to be suitable for NGVB. However, during the initial examination, the patient indicated a past history, 7 years previously, of injury to the right TMJ. The injury was described as a traumatic blow to the right TMJ area and ear that caused a swelling lateral to the TMJ. The injury was treated by palliative measures. Splint therapy was not necessary until 2 years after the accident when she began nocturnal clenching, in response to an elevated amount of stress in her life. She reported wearing a muscle relaxation splint on the maxillary arch for a 2-week period 5 years previously. The joint has remained asymptomatic for 5 years since that time. The patient was informed that she may begin clenching or bruxing as a result of wearing the soft bleaching tray.8 Any clenching or bruxing could precipitate recurrent pain in the joint. The patient had a Class I malocclusion with bilateral canine disocclusion and all teeth contacted in maximum intercuspation. The patient understood the possible complications but wanted to begin the nightguard vital bleaching process.
Catalytic and Photocatalytic Oxidation of Ethylene on Titania-Based Thin-Films

The effect of reaction temperature on the catalytic and photocatalytic oxidation of ethylene on unplatinized and platinized versions of a TiO2/ZrO2 mixed-oxide thin-film catalyst is presented in this study. Ethylene conversion data collected using a recirculating tubular reactor are analyzed using a half order model of reaction kinetics. When operated in the presence of UV, both catalysts exhibit significant (95% confidence) increases in the reaction rate constant at 70 °C compared to 30 °Cno difference is observed between unplatinized and platinized versions at these two temperatures. However, only the platinized catalyst performs better at 107 °C compared to its performance at 70 °C. Also, at 107 °C in the presence of UV, the reaction rate constant obtained for the platinized catalyst is a factor of 2 larger than that obtained using the unplatinized catalyst. Catalytic reaction rate constants for the platinized catalyst were 1 (107 °C) to 2 (70 °C) orders of magnitude lower than corresponding photocatal...
Weldability Study of Aluminum Alloys Using Weld Simulation and Complimentary Variable Restraint Testing

Aluminum alloys containing lithium are attractive to the aerospace industry. The high specific strength and stiffness of these alloys improves lift efficiency, fuel economy and performance and increases payload capability. The objective of this study was to compare the fabricability of six different aluminum base alloys. Three were Li containing alloys, two variants of AL 2195 (Al-4Cu-1Li) and a lithium enhanced analog of AL 5083 (Al-4Mg-2Li). Three were materials in common usage, Al 2219, Al 2014 and Al 5083. Fabricability was assessed using Gleeble thermomechanical testing, Varestraint testing and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results indicate that Alloy 2195 is more susceptible to hot cracking than both Al 2219 and Al 2014. Cracking sensitivity is a strong function of chemical composition within specification ranges for Al 2195. Results also indicate that the lithium containing analog of Al 5083 is more hot crack susceptible than its parent material. Fabricability was correlated to material microstructure using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis. Hot cracking in all materials was associated with persistent, continuous liquid films produced by weld thermal cycling, aggravated by base material structure. Measures of several characteristic temperatures using the Gleeble simulator were fully consistent with Varestraint results. The maximum crack length in the Varestraint test correlates well to the liquidus temperature for the alloy less the nil ductility temperature. The temperature difference is equivalent to the thermal gradient associated with welding times the maximum crack length.
Helical shear of an elastic, circular tube with a non-convex stored energy

In 1949, in one of his pioneering studies on large elastic deformations, Rivlin [1] applied the general theory of non-linear elasticity for an incompressible, isotropic, homogeneous body to study the helical shearing of a circular tube for a Mooney material. Approximately 25 years later, Ogden, Chadwick & Haddon [2] reconsidered this problem in some detail for more general materials, but in neither of these works was there an emphasis placed upon the structure of the stored energy function and, in particular, on its convexity. In the present work, we wish to emphasize the case of a non-convex stored energy function and the related emergence of equilibrium states with discontinuous deformation gradients. It is most convenient to consider the problem as one of minimization, and we shall seek to characterize the uniqueness, existence, and detailed structural properties of an absolute minimizer.
Reoperative intervention in patients with mesh at the hiatus is associated with high incidence of esophageal resection--a single-center experience.

Mesh hiatoplasty is a widely debated topic among foregut surgeons. While short-term outcomes tout decreased recurrence rates, an increase in mesh-related complications has been reported. The aim of this study is to present a single-center experience with reoperative intervention in patients with previous mesh at the hiatus. After institutional review board approval, a prospectively maintained database was retrospectively queried to identify patients who underwent reoperative intervention between 2003 and spring of 2013 and had mesh placed at a previous hiatal hernia procedure. Patient charts were reviewed and data variables collected. Twenty-six patients (mean age of 56.7 ± 18.3; 19 females) who underwent 27 procedures met the inclusion criteria. Synthetic mesh was placed in 15 (56 %) procedures, while the remaining 12 had biologic mesh. The mean interval between reoperative intervention and previous surgery was 33 months. Dysphagia (56 %) was the most common presentation, while three patients had mesh erosion. Recurrent hiatus hernia (2 to 7 cm) was noted in 19 (70 %) patients. Eight patients (30 %) underwent redo fundoplication, six patients (22 %) were converted to Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy, two patients (7.4 %) underwent distal esophagectomy with esophagojejunostomy, five patients (19 %) had subtotal esophagectomy with gastric pull-up, and one patient underwent substernal gastric pull-up for esophageal bypass with interval esophagectomy. The mean operative time was 252 ± 71.7 min, and the median blood loss was 150 ml (range, 50–1,650 ml). There was no postoperative mortality. Reoperative intervention in patients with mesh at the hiatus is associated with a high need for esophageal resection. More than two thirds of the patients also had a recurrent hiatal hernia.
Primary Research on Arabic Visemes, Analysis in Space and Frequency Domain

Visemes are the unique facial positions required to produce phonemes, which are the smallest phonetic unit distinguished by the speakers of a particular language. Each language has multiple phonemes and visemes, and each viseme can have multiple phonemes. However, current literature on viseme research indicates that the mapping between phonemes and visemes is many-to-one: there are many phonemes which look alike visually, and hence they fall into the same visemic category. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the authors collected a large number of speech visual signal of five Algerian speakers male and female at different moments pronouncing 28 Arabic phonemes. For each frame the lip area is manually located with a rectangle of size proportional to 120*160 and centred on the mouth, and converted to gray scale. Finally, the mean and the standard deviation of the values of the pixels of the lip area are computed by using 20 images for each phoneme sequence to classify the visemes. The pitch analysis is investigated to show its variation for each viseme.
Immunocytochemical localization of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase, in the hypothalamus of cattle ☆

Abstract Immunocytochemical staining for the presence of catecholamine synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase, was used to characterize the regional distribution of catecholaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus and adjacent areas of domestic cattle, Bos taurus . In steers, heifers and cows, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive perikarya was located throughout periventricular regions of the third cerebral ventricle, in both anterior and retrochiasmatic divisions of the supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and ventral and dorsolateral regions of the paraventricular nucleus, dorsal hypothalamus, ventrolateral aspects of the arcuate nucleus, along the ventral hypothalamic surface between the median eminence and optic tract, and in the posterior hypothalamus. Immunostained perikarya ranged from small (10–20 μm, parvicellular) to large (30–50 μm, magnocellular) and were of multiple shapes: round, triangular, fusiform or multipolar, often with 2–5 processes of branched arborization. There were no dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunoreactive perikarya observed within the hypothalamus and adjacent structures. However, both tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers and punctate varicosities were observed throughout regions of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity perikarya. Generally, the location and pattern of hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunoreactive were similar to those reported for most other large brain mammalian species, however, there were several differences with commonly used small laboratory animals. These included intense tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity of perikarya within the retrochiasmatic division of the supraoptic nucleus (ventral A15 region), the absence of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive perikarya below the anterior commissure or within the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (absence of the dorsal A15 region), an abundance of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive perikarya within the ependymal layer of the median eminence, heavy innervation of the arcuate nucleus with dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers and varicosities, and the paucity of dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunoreactive throughout the median eminence.
Size Effect on Compressive Strength of Sandwich Panels with Fracture of Woven Laminate Facesheet

Prismatic sandwich specimens of various sizes, geometrically scaled in the ratio 1:2:4:8, are subjected to eccentric axial compression and tested to failure. The sandwich core consists of a closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foam, and the facesheets are woven glass-epoxy laminates, scaled by increasing the number of plies. The test results reveal a size effect on the mean nominal strength, which is strong enough to require consideration in design. The size effect observed is fitted with the size effect law of the energetic (deterministic) size effect theory. However, because of inevitable scatter and limited testing range, the precise form of the energetic size effect law to describe the test results is not unambiguous. The Weibull-type statistical size effect on the mean strength is ruled out because the specimens had small notches which caused the failure to occur in only one place in the specimen, and also because the observed failure mode was kink band propagation, previously shown to cause energetic size effect. Various fallacies in previous applications of Weibull theory to composites are also pointed out.
MODELING SOLAR IRRADIANCE SMOOTHING FOR LARGE PV POWER PLANTS USING A 45-SENSOR NETWORK AND THE WAVELET VARIABILITY MODEL

Abstract With increasing penetrations of solar photovoltaic (PV) power on the electric grid, the variability of solar irradiance, and therefore power, is important to understand because variable resources can challenge grid operations. Predicting PV variability using one irradiance sensor does not account for the smoothing of irradiance over the area of a power plant. Smoothing is examined using two methods: averaging measurements from many irradiance sensors, and using the Wavelet Variability Model developed by Lave et al. (2013). This work provides new experimental testing: comparison of the smoothing over a 30 MW power plant using the average of 25 sensors to the WVM. The results show that an aggregation of 25 sensors predicts more variability than the WVM on short timescales, suggesting that more than 25 sensors would be required in order to predict the same power variability as the WVM. In addition it is shown that the reduction in daily Variability Index depends on the daily cloud speed scaling coefficient.
Expression of oncostatin M and its receptors in normal and cirrhotic human liver.

Background/Aims In the cirrhotic liver, gene expression of the multifunctional cytokine oncostatin M (OSM) is up-regulated, but its cellular origin is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the expression of OSM protein and its specific receptor subunits, OSMRβ and LIFRβ in normal and cirrhotic human liver using immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis. Results OSM protein was expressed in Kupffer cells, variably in normal liver but consistently in cirrhosis. OSMRβ was expressed at low level in hepatocytes of all normal livers examined, but in no cirrhotic sample. In contrast, LIFRβ receptor was expressed weakly in normal livers, but much more intensely in cirrhosis, in reactive ductules, bile duct epithelial cells and perisinusoidal areas. Double immunostaining showed co-localization of LIFRβ with cytokeratin 7, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), in bile duct epithelial cells, but not with α-smooth muscle actin, a myofibroblast marker. Conclusions In human liver, OSM protein is expressed in Kupffer cells, variably in normals but universally in cirrhosis. The differential expression pattern of OSM and its receptors could allow for differential OSM signaling by alternative utilization of receptors to promote hepatocyte proliferation in acute injury and, with its homologue LIF, for the bile ductular reaction in cirrhosis.
Fractured reservoirs: An analysis of coupled elastodynamic and permeability changes from pore-pressure variation

Equivalent-medium theories can describe the elastic compliance and fluid-permeability tensors of a layer containing closely spaced parallel fractures embedded in an isotropic background. We propose a relationship between effective stress (background or lithostatic stress minus pore pressure) and both permeability and elastic constants. This relationship uses an exponential-decay function that captures the expected asymptotic behavior, i.e., low effective stress gives high elastic compliance and high fluid permeability, while high effective stress gives low elastic compliance and low fluid permeability. The exponential-decay constants are estimated for physically realistic conditions. With relationships coupling pore pressure to permeability and elastic constants, we are able to couple hydromechanical and elastodynamic modeling codes. A specific coupled simulation is demonstrated where fluid injection in a fractured reservoir causes spatially and temporally varying changes in pore pressure, permeability, and elastic constants. These elastic constants are used in a 3D finite-difference code to demonstrate time-lapse seismic monitoring with different acquisition geometries. Changes in amplitude and traveltime are seen in surface seismic P-to-S reflections as a function of offset and azimuth, as well as in vertical seismic profile P-to-S reflections and in crosswell converted S-waves. These observed changes in the seismic response demonstrate seismic monitoring of fluid injection in the fractured reservoir.
Coating of fibrous substrates by CVD; analysis of the fiber evolution

Abstract In this work the application of CVD technologies for inorganic coating of fibrous substrates is addressed. In analyzing this reaction system it is important not only to consider the transport phenomena in the gas phase but also to take the fiber evolution into account. In CVD applications to the synthesis of inorganic fibers, as in a host of others, deposited layers can reach space scales comparable to the substrate dimensions. In such cases deposit-substrate interaction processes (such as corrosion of the core) might become important and cause the fibers to evolve in space and time. In this study the authors want to stress the importance of the fiber evolution. Based on boundary layer assumptions for the gas phase, a one-dimensional “moving boundary” model for the deposition surface is formulated. The governing equations are solved numerically and analyzed for operating conditions in the actual experimental range. The results serve to identify possible causes for fiber failure under load as well as motivate alternate reactor configurations to optimize the process.
Journey of family members of homicide victims: A qualitative study of their posthomicide experience

Family members of homicide victims are a neglected population whose posthomicide experience is shaped by the social milieu and primacy of the state's agenda for justice. Themes derived from interviews with 14 families about their lived experience are analyzed and explored through the lens of social constructionist theory, and implications for clinical practice and policy are presented.
3D Structure Prediction of TAS2R38 Bitter Receptors Bound to Agonists Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-Propylthiouracil (PROP)

The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) TAS2R38 is a bitter taste receptor that can respond to bitter compounds such as phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). This receptor was chosen because its four haplotypes (based on three residue site polymorphism) hTAS2R38PAV, hTAS2R38AVI, hTAS2R38AAI, and hTAS2R38PVV are known to have dramatically different responses to PTC and PROP. We aimed to identify the protein–ligand interaction features that determine whether the bitter taste signal from this receptor is sent to the cortex. To do this we predicted the 3D structures of the TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor using our new BiHelix and SuperBiHelix Monte Carlo methods (No experimental determinations of the 3D structure have been reported for any taste receptors.). We find that residue 262 (2nd position in the polymorphism) is involved in the interhelical hydrogen bond network stabilizing the GPCR structure in tasters (hTAS2R38PAV, hTAS2R38AAI, and hTAS2R38PVV), while it is not in the nontaster (hTA...
Design of a factorial experiment with randomization restrictions to assess medical device performance on vascular tissue.

Background: Energy-based surgical scalpels are designed to efficiently transect and seal blood vessels using thermal energy to promote protein denaturation and coagulation. Assessment and design improvement of ultrasonic scalpel performance relies on both in vivo and ex vivo testing. The objective of this work was to design and implement a robust, experimental test matrix with randomization restrictions and predictive statistical power, which allowed for identification of those experimental variables that may affect the quality of the seal obtained ex vivo. Methods: The design of the experiment included three factors: temperature (two levels); the type of solution used to perfuse the artery during transection (three types); and artery type (two types) resulting in a total of twelve possible treatment combinations. Burst pressures of porcine carotid and renal arteries sealed ex vivo were assigned as the response variable. Results: The experimental test matrix was designed and carried out as a split-plot experiment in order to assess the contributions of several variables and their interactions while accounting for randomization restrictions present in the experimental setup. The statistical software package SAS was utilized and PROC MIXED was used to account for the randomization restrictions in the split-plot design. The combination of temperature, solution, and vessel type had a statistically significant impact on seal quality. Conclusions: The design and implementation of a split-plot experimental test-matrix provided a mechanism for addressing the existing technical randomization restrictions of ex vivo ultrasonic scalpel performance testing, while preserving the ability to examine the potential effects of independent factors or variables. This method for generating the experimental design and the statistical analyses of the resulting data are adaptable to a wide variety of experimental problems involving large-scale tissue-based studies of medical or experimental device efficacy and performance.
Progress on distributed resistance model for pHEMT

With increasing scale and complexity in pHEMT circuit and dimension shrinking in unit pHEMT devices, distributed effects are becoming more crucial than ever. During design of amplifiers, precise prediction of the resistances of a device is vital to simulation result due to the direct impact on impedance. This work reports a set of experiments utilizing different testing structures to reveal how a pHEMT device's layout affects its gate-to-source/drain resistances due to distribution of resistance along electrodes and the consequent current crowding. As an example, a distributed resistance model of source-side gate bar is quantitatively analyzed. It is shown that the prediction of the model coincides with the measurement data obtained from a variety of testing devices with different numbers of gate fingers.
THE ELEMENT FREE GALERKIN METHOD FOR DYNAMIC PROPAGATION OF ARBITRARY 3-D CRACKS

A technique for modelling of arbitrary three-dimensional dynamically propagating cracks in elastic bodies by the Element-Free Galerkin (EFG) method with explicit time integration is described. The meshless character of this approach expedites the description of the evolving discrete model; in contrast to the finite element method no remeshing of the domain is required. The crack surface is defined by a set of triangular elements. Techniques for updating the surface description are reported. The paper concludes with several examples: a simulation of mixed-mode growth of a center crack, mode-I surface-breaking penny-shaped crack, penny-shaped crack growing under mixed-mode conditions in a cube, and a bar with centre through crack. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carotid Angioplasty and Intra-arterial Thrombolysis in Acute Carotid Circulation Stroke : A Case Report

Abstract Background: Early treatment with intra-arterial thrombolysis has been shown to be effective in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke because of occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. It is unclear how to use this therapy, however, when there is also occlusion of the parent internal carotid artery. Background: Early treatment with intra-arterial thrombolysis has been shown to be effective in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke because of occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. It is unclear how to use this therapy, however, when there is also occlusion of the parent internal carotid artery. Case report: A 43-year-old woman presented within 15 minutes of symptom onset caused by a large right anterior circulation ischemic stroke. Computed tomography scan showed a hyperdense right middle cerebral artery sign. Carotid angiography showed occlusion of the right internal carotid artery just distal to its origin. After balloon angioplasty of the internal carotid artery, the occluded right middle cerebral artery was successfully recanalized using intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator. The patient had dramatic clinical improvement after the procedure, with almost complete resolution of her deficits. Conclusion: Acute middle cerebral artery thrombosis is occasionally associated with acute thrombotic occlusion of the parent internal carotid artery. In this situation, carotid occlusion may be treated first with percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty. Intra-arterial thrombolysis may then be applied directly to the site of middle cerebral artery thrombosis, improving chances for overall recanalization and excellent clinical response. Copyright © 2001 by National Stroke Association
Archaeological Landscape Studies

The goal of most processual archaeological studies is to move from a description of regional archaeological variation to an understanding of some aspect of the organization of and change in past human systems, especially the subsistence component. Usually, the subsistence system is rendered in terms of the regional and annual arrangement of technology, consumers, and producers. As discussed in the introductory chapter, settlement pattern studies of the remains of both hunter-gatherer and more complex economies have accomplished this interpretative task through reconstruction of the settlement system. Over the past 20 years, however, formation process research and research on hunter-gatherer systems has made insupportable some of the critical assumptions of settlement system reconstruction. Thus, over this 20-year span, strategies have appeared that approach past subsistence by other avenues. The studies presented here illustrate one such strategy, which we have labeled the landscape approach.
Colonialism, Capital, and the Rise of the Structural-Functionalist School of British Anthropology

It is by now a truism that anthropology, especially British social anthropology, emerged under the regime of colonialism, and thus, to some extent, bears the imprint of and some responsibility for that oppressive institution. The reality is much more interesting. This paper, by focusing on the role of funding in the success of many intellectual paradigms, traces the source of the pre-eminence of British structural-functionalism not to the colonial system, but rather to an American intellectual tradition that was progressive, reform-minded, and devoted to benefiting oppressed peoples, especially African-Americans and latterly Africans.
Oblique Trochanteric Osteotomy

A method is outlined to change the neck-shaft angle of the femur and simultaneously change the torsion of the femur by the use of an oblique osteotomy and minimum internal fixation.
Movement in the matrix: Substrates and distance to forest edge affect postmetamorphic movements of a forest amphibian

Population persistence often depends on functional connectivity for animals that transit multiple vegetation types to acquire resources, particularly for dispersers navigating a landscape matrix fragmented by agriculture, forestry, or urbanization. For many pool-breeding amphibians, population viability depends on the ability of juveniles to locate and reach suitable habitat in the terrestrial matrix. Thus, identifying the scale and orientation of movements is necessary to predict the consequences of landscape configuration for populations. We conducted three experiments to evaluate if different vegetation types alter the behavior of post-metamorphic wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus). We measured the: (1) fine-scale movement (velocity, latency, path length, net displacement, path tortuosity, and orientation) of individuals (n = 150) released on five substrates (asphalt, corn, forest leaf litter, hay, lawn); (2) directionality of frogs (n = 168) released at different distances from forest in two open-cover types (lawns, hayfields); and (3) willingness of frogs (n = 240) to enter three land-cover types (asphalt, lawn, forest) when released within artificial refugia islands at different distances from forest. Using fluorescent powder, we mapped 318 movement paths and performance differed. Frogs demonstrated straighter paths, and greater net movements, path lengths, and velocities through treatments with lower structural complexity (asphalt > lawn > corn > forest leaf litter > hay). Frogs also exhibited forest-oriented directionality in asphalt, lawn, and corn but random orientation in forest control and hay. The willingness of individuals to leave a refugia island was lowest on asphalt (12% of released frogs), moderate on lawn (40%), and very high in forest (90%). Overall, results indicate that the quality of nonforest matrix may influence the ability of frogs to traverse open cover and orient toward forest from distances of ≥40–55 m. Thus, it is inaccurate to assume movement performance is uniform across all open-matrix types, an important distinction because many landscape-population models use expert-based values that are a one-size-fits-all measure for open cover. Our study provides field-based, mechanistic approximations of juvenile movement that can be useful for predicting how matrix composition and configuration might be managed to maintain or restore functional connectivity.
A New Genus and New Species of Brown-Spored Inoperculate Discomycetes from Panama

Under date of February 21, 1936, I received a letter from Dr. G. W. Martin of the State University of Iowa in which he says, "Under separate cover I am mailing you some living material of what I take to be a species of Lambertella. This developed on some debris collected on Ancon Hill, Balboa, Panama, July 20, 1935. It was put in a moist chamber here on October 28th and shortly thereafter this form began to appear, very sparingly, and only one or two discs at a time." About a week later the specimen arrived but the already formed apothecia had all rotted away except for the long hair-like stipes on one or two of which the shrivelled receptacle still hung at their tips. The piece of rotten branch was placed in a moist chamber and during the following 6 weeks five or six apothecia developed from previously ungerminated sclerotia scattered over the surface of the substrate (FIG. 3). From these ascospore cultures were obtained which promptly produced the minute black sclerotia in abundance (FIG. 1), but no apothecia developed from them. Under date of October 15, 1937, I received from Dr. Martin a second collection of what proved to be this same species, this time on pieces of bark taken in the Canal Zone about 2 miles east of Arraijan, August 13, 1937. From apothecia developed from sclerotia on the bark placed in a moist chamber a second isolate of this fungus was obtained. Again from none of the isolates which
The Frictional Resistance to Sliding of a SiC Fiber in a Brittle Matix

The frictional resistance to sliding of a SiC fiber in a brittle, ceramic matrix has been measured with two different experimental techniques. Both techniques utilize a load-controlled indentation instrument. In the first technique, the ends of individual fibers are displaced down into the matrix. The frictional resistance to sliding, τ, was calculated using the elastic model of Marshall and Oliver and the load-displacement data. Alternatively, fibers have been displaced along their complete lengths through thin sections of the matrix. The critical force for complete slip and the sample geometry determined τ for a given fiber. For this technique slip over the complete length of a fiber was verified by the protrusion of that fiber from the bottom of the sample. By inverting the sample and loading the protruding fiber, the frictional resistance to reverse sliding was also measured. The results obtained from the two complementary techniques are in general agreement.
A study of the orifice of the human coronary artery.

Summary1. Tension-length diagrams of excised human coronary orifices resemble those obtained from human femoral artery. 2. Wide differences can exist in the two coronary orifices of one individual. These are not directly related to the occurrence of atherosclerosis and may affect coronary blood flow.
Return to sport after the surgical management of articular cartilage lesions in the knee: a meta-analysis

Optimal surgical treatment of chondral defects in an athletic population remains highly controversial and has yet to be determined. The purpose of this review was to (1) report data on return to sport and (2) compare activity and functional outcome measures following various cartilage restoration techniques. A comprehensive review was performed for studies with return-to-sport outcomes after microfracture (MFX), osteochondral autograft transfer (OAT), osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA), and autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). All studies containing return-to-sport participation with minimum 2-year post-operative activity-based outcomes were included. A meta-analysis comparing rate of return to sport between each surgical intervention was conducted using a random-effects model. Forty-four studies met inclusion criteria (18 Level I/II, 26 Level III/IV). In total, 2549 patients were included (1756 M, 793 F) with an average age of 35 years and follow-up of 47 months. Return to sport at some level was 76 % overall, with highest rates of return after OAT (93 %), followed by OCA (88 %), ACI (82 %), and MFX (58 %). Osteochondral autograft transfer showed the fastest return to sports (5.2 ± 1.8 months) compared to 9.1 ± 2.2 months for MFX, 9.6 ± 3.0 months for OCA and 11.8 ± 3.8 months for ACI (P < 0.001). A meta-regression was conducted due to heterogeneity in preoperative factors such as patient age, lesion size, and preoperative Tegner score. None of these factors were found to be significant determinants for rate of return to sport. In conclusion, in this meta-analysis of 2549 athletes, cartilage restoration surgery had a 76 % return to sport at mid-term follow-up. Osteochondral autograft transfer offered a faster recovery and appeared to have a higher rate of return to preinjury athletics, but heterogeneity in lesion size, athlete age, and concomitant surgical procedures are important factors to consider when assessing individual athletes. This study reports on the rate of return to sport in athletes undergoing various procedures for symptomatic chondral defects. IV.
Live demonstration: BioSleeve, a wearable hands-free gesture control interface

The JPL BioSleeve is a wearable hands-free gesture recognition interface that enables intuitive control of robotic platforms. The BioSleeve can decode as many as twenty discrete hand and finger gestures, and can estimate continuous pose of the arm. We will demonstrate control of several small mobile robots, including an iRobot Landroid and Sphero BB-8.
Consequences of the absence of Birkhoff's theorem in modified-gravity theories: The Dvali-Gabadaze-Porrati model

We consider the consequences of the absence of Birkhoff's theorem in theories of modified gravity. As an example, we calculate the gravitational force on a test particle due to a spherical mass shell in the Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati model. We show that unlike in general relativity, the force depends on the mass distribution. In particular, the gravitational force within a spherical mass shell depends on the geometric structure of the bulk, and is likely nonzero.