cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient one-pot synthesis of rotaxanes bearing electron donors and [60]fullerene.

An easy one-pot procedure to synthesize rotaxanes bearing electron donors and C60 is described. The straightforward strategy, based on copper(I)-templated synthesis and “click” chemistry, proved to be very efficient and versatile, allowing the preparation of porphyrin- and ferrocene-stoppered fullerene−rotaxanes in high yields. As revealed by NMR analysis and computational studies, the highly flexible porphyrin−fullerene rotaxane can assume different conformations, which are most likely driven by attractive interactions between porphyrin and fullerene moieties.
The effect of additives on stirred media milling of limestone

The effects of additives (sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium oleate, oleic acid and poly(acrylic) acid), on stirred media milling of limestone have been investigated. The results are evaluated in terms of specific surface area, specific energy and energy efficiency as a function of additive dosage, polymer molecular weight, solids concentration and relevant operating variables. Use of additives generally results in changes in specific surface area and energy efficiency, while under certain conditions a more than 100% increase in these parameters can occur. Relevant interfacial properties have been measured and the milling mechanisms involved are explored, particularly in terms of the effect of additives on the flow patterns at higher solids concentration.
Modification of radiation response in synchronized HeLa cells by metabolic inhibitors. I. Effect of an inhibitor of RNA-synthesis, puromycin aminonucleoside.

SummaryTreatment of irradiated HeLa cells by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN), an inhibitor of ribosomal RNA-synthesis, markedly reduces colony-forming ability. Post-irradiation treatment by PAN in the mitotically synchronized cells shows that the highest potentiating effect of PAN is observed at the end of the S phase, normally the most radioresistant part of the cell cycle, and least effective during G-2 and G-1 phases, in that order.Based on the known mechanism of action of this drug, the possible role of certain metabolic events in radiation response of living cells is discussed.
Consequences of increasing bioenergy demand on wood and forests: An application of the Global Forest Products Model

The Global Forest Products Model (GFPM) was applied to project the consequences for the global forest sector of doubling the rate of growth of bioenergy demand relative to a base scenario, other drivers being maintained constant. The results showed that this would lead to the convergence of the price of fuelwood and industrial roundwood, raising the price of industrial roundwood by nearly 30% in 2030. The price of sawnwood and panels would be 15% higher. The price of paper would be 3% higher. Concurrently, the demand for all manufactured wood products would be lower in all countries, but the production would rise in countries with competitive advantage. The global value added in wood processing industries would be 1% lower in 2030. The forest stock would be 2% lower for the world and 4% lower for Asia. These effects varied substantially by country.
Abstract 524: Analysis of long non-coding RNA expression and function in a mouse model of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common adult brain tumor and represents one of the most treatment refractory cancers. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the coding genomic alterations associated with GBM, patient survival rarely exceeds 12-14 months following diagnosis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA species generally classified as > 200 base-pairs in length that lack protein coding potential and therefore exert their function as RNA. Several lncRNAs have been shown to play important roles in cancer biology. Despite this, the role of lncRNAs in cancer, and GBM in particular, remains relatively uncharacterized. We hypothesize that lncRNAs are differentially expressed in GBM and contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. Using next generation sequencing, we have identified lncRNAs expressed in our mouse model of GBM, initiated by lentivirus-mediated expression of oncogenic Ras and a shRNA targeting p53. This resulted in the identification of 818 putative lncRNAs, the majority of which represent novel, uncharacterized transcripts. The majority of the lncRNAs identified were intergenic and not associated with any known protein coding gene. Of the total lncRNAs, 44% were differentially expressed in tumor tissue compared to normal mouse brain. Expression of a subset of these differentially expressed lncRNAs was validated by real-time PCR. Expression of several of these validated lncRNAs could be altered by direct activation of oncogenic signaling in normal mouse neuroprogenitor cells and astrocytes. Using a combination of computational and molecular biology approaches, we will identify candidate lncRNAs to test in functional assays for their role in glioblastoma biology. Citation Format: Chad Myskiw, Sabah Kadri, Eugene Ke, Alex Shishkin, Dinorah Friedmann-Morvinski, Yasushi Soda, Mitchell Guttman, Inder Verma. Analysis of long non-coding RNA expression and function in a mouse model of glioblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 524. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-524
Sieve-element ultrastructure in Platycerium bifurcatum and some other polypodiaceous ferns: The refractive spherules

Sieve elements of various ages of Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C. Chr. and Phlebodium aureum (L.) J. Sm. and older ones of Polypodium schraderi Mett. and Microgramma lycopodioides (L.) Copel. were examined with the electron microscope. Evidence was obtained which implicated the Golgi apparatus with the formation of refractive spherules in Platycerium and Phlebodium. In all four species the delimiting membranes of the refractive spherules eventually fuse with the plasmalemma in mature sieve elements, and the material comprising the spherules is liberated into the region of the wall.
Influence of Potassium Substitution by Rubidium and Sodium on Growth, Ion Accumulation, and Ion Partitioning in Bean under High Alkalinity

ABSTRACT The effects of partial and complete substitution of potassium (K+) by rubidium (Rb+) and sodium (Na+) on plant growth and ion accumulation and partitioning was studied in bean young plants cultivated in nutrient solution with or without bicarbonate (HCO3 −)-induced alkalinity. Plant growth was significantly decreased due to alkalinity and the substitution of K+, being leaves more affected than roots. Rubidium caused a severe toxicity reflected in a reduction in root dry mass and total chlorophyll concentration. Ion partitioning was markedly altered by alkalinity. Content of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), K, and Na were more accumulated in the roots in HCO3 −-treated plants, while decreased in the shoot. Iron (Fe) was accumulated at similar extent in plants with and without high alkalinity, except in plants grown in Rb+ solutions. However, Fe was more accumulated in the roots, suggesting that chlorophyll synthesis was impaired by reduced translocation or internal inactivati...
What are the Differences in Trend Cycle Decompositions by Beveridge and Nelson and by Unobserved Component Models

When a certain procedure is applied to extract two component processes from a single observed process, it is necessary to impose a set of restrictions that defines two components. One popular restriction is the assumption that the shocks to the trend and cycle are orthogonal. Another is the assumption that the trend is a pure random walk process. The unobserved components (UC) model (Harvey, 1985) assumes both of the above, whereas the BN decomposition (Beveridge and Nelson, 1981) assumes only the latter. Quah (1992) investigates a broad class of decompositions by making the former assumption only. This paper develops a convenient general framework in which alternative trend-cycle decompositions are regarded as special cases, and examines alternative decomposition schemes from the perspective of the frequency domain. We find that, although the conventional UC model is not necessarily a misspecification for describing the postwar U.S. GDP, choosing a univariate model among alternatives on the purely statis...
Adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin binding protein- 1 downregulate TNF-α in macrophage cell line and rat Kupffer cells

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated that administration of adrenomedullin (AM) and AM binding protein-1 (AMBP-1) maintains cardiovascular stability and reduces mortality in sepsis. However, the mechanism responsible for the beneficial effect of AM/AMBP-1 remains unknown. The aim of this study therefore was to determine whether AM/AMBP-1 directly reduces lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced secretion of TNF-α from murine macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7 cells and Kupffer cells isolated from normal rats. TNF-α release and gene expression were determined by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. The results indicated that LPS increased TNF-α production from RAW cells by 38–63-fold in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Although incubation with AM or AMBP-1 alone inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α release by 14–22% and 13–22%, respectively, AM and AMBP-1 in combination significantly suppressed TNF-α production (by 24–35%). Moreover, the upregulated TNF-α mRNA by LPS stimulation was significantly reduced by AM/AMBP-1, but not by AM or AMBP-1 alone. In the Kupffer cells primary culture, AM or AMBP-1 alone inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α production by 52% and 44%, respectively. Co-culture with AM/AMBP-1 markedly reduced TNF-α production (by 90%). Moreover, AM or AMBP-1 alone decreased TNF-α mRNA expression by 41% and 36%, respectively, whereas the combination of AM/AMBP-1 decreased its expression by 63%. These results indicate that AM and AMBP-1 in combination effectively suppress LPS-induced TNF-α expression and release especially from primary cultured Kupffer cells, suggesting that the downregulatory effect of AM/AMBP-1 on proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α may represent a mechanism responsible for their beneficial effects in preventing inflammatory responses and tissue damage in sepsis.
Adaptive disturbance accommodating controller for uncertain stochastic systems

This paper presents a Kalman filter-based adaptive disturbance-accommodating stochastic control scheme for linear uncertain systems to minimize the adverse effects of both model uncertainties and external disturbances. A rigorous stochastic stability analysis reveals a lower bound requirement on system process noise covariance to ensure the stability of the controlled system when the nominal control action on the true plant is unstable. Finally, an adaptive law is synthesized for the selection of stabilizing system process noise covariance. Simulation results are presented where the proposed control scheme is implemented on a two degree-of-freedom helicopter.
Tropical Pacific Variability in the NCAR Climate System Model

A 300-yr simulation with the NCAR Climate System Model (CSM), version 1, captured only ;60% of the observed ENSO signal and exaggerated the interannual variability of SST in the western tropical Pacific. Here, a simulation with a new version of the CSM, which significantly improves the spatial and temporal patterns of tropical Pacific variability, is described. Maximum SST variability is shifted to the central and eastern Pacific. A better simulation of the equatorial Pacific thermocline structure results in Nino-3 and Nino-4 statistics com- parable to the observed estimates for the last century. The evolution of SST and subsurface temperature anomalies is in excellent agreement with observed events. The majority of events evolve as a standing mode with weak SST anomalies occurring in the northern spring in the eastern tropical Pacific and maximum anomalies covering the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean to the date line by the following northern winter. At the same time, subsurface temperature anomalies spread eastward and upward along the tropical thermocline. The ''delayed oscillator'' and Wyrtki's ''buildup'' hypothesis are consistent with aspects of the CSM simulation. On the equator, a westerly wind stress anomaly in the central Pacific forces off-equatorial upwelling anomalies, which propagate westward, reaching the western boundary about one-half year later. This upwelling signal then propagates eastward along the equator, arriving 2 months before cooling in the eastern Pacific basin. The tropical Pacific atmospheric response to warm oceanic events also agrees with observational analyses with a negative Southern Oscillation pattern in sea level pressure, wind stress anomalies, and low-level convergence to the west of the maximum SST anomalies and enhanced deep convection and precipitation in the central and eastern tropical Pacific.
Interaction of wireless TCP schemes and rerouting: Analytical models and simulation

The performance of wireless Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) schemes is directly tied to the underlying network protocol and the rerouting strategies used after a handoff. Analytical models are proposed for the various interactions and verified by simulation to determine the buffer requirements at base stations (BS) and to estimate disruption time which is the time between the arrival of the last packet to the mobile receiver while at the cell of the old BS and the arrival of the first packet to the mobile receiver while at the cell of the new BS. This evaluation will aid a protocol designer to pick the right combination of wireless TCP scheme and rerouting strategy based on the network properties including mobility patterns, network topology, and others. Towards this, we provide for the first time protocols for reliable communication that takes into account every combination of wireless TCP schemes and rerouting strategies.
Parsing and Subcategorization Data

In this paper, we compare the performance of a state-of-the-art statistical parser (Bikel, 2004) in parsing written and spoken language and in generating subcategorization cues from written and spoken language. Although Bikel's parser achieves a higher accuracy for parsing written language, it achieves a higher accuracy when extracting subcategorization cues from spoken language. Our experiments also show that current technology for extracting subcategorization frames initially designed for written texts works equally well for spoken language. Additionally, we explore the utility of punctuation in helping parsing and extraction of subcategorization cues. Our experiments show that punctuation is of little help in parsing spoken language and extracting subcategorization cues from spoken language. This indicates that there is no need to add punctuation in transcribing spoken corpora simply in order to help parsers.
Wireless access point specific location based encryption

The growing adoption of Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policies amongst corporations is leading to a greater need for technologies that can be used as a part of Mobile Device Management (MDM) strategies. MDM software is commonly used to control the content that is delivered to and accessible from mobile devices as well as to ensure the compliance of devices with corporate security policies. Recently MDM software packages have begun to make use of location aware security solutions such as geofencing to restrict the ability of users to access content to a certain geographic area. While geofencing can be a useful MDM feature, it does have some potential caveats in that not all mobile devices contain a GPS unit and, for devices with GPS units, their mandatory use could potentially raise privacy concerns for employees. The potential for providing wireless access point specific location based encryption services, whereby proximity to a certain access point is a requirement for data encryption and decryption, is explored in this paper. It is hypothesized that such a technique could be used as a means of providing location based encryption services without the explicit need for a GPS unit. The application of this technique as a part of a defense in depth wireless security model is discussed.
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Perfusion MRI and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Grading of Gliomas.

PURPOSE Accurate glioma grading is crucial for treatment planning and predicting prognosis. We performed a quantitative volumetric analysis to assess the diagnostic accuracy of histogram analysis of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) T1-weighted perfusion imaging in the preoperative evaluation of gliomas. METHODS Sixty-three consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed gliomas who underwent baseline DWI and DCE-MRI were enrolled. The patients were classified by histopathology according to tumor grade: 20 low-grade gliomas (grade II) and 43 high-grade gliomas (grades III and IV). Volumes-of-interest were calculated and transferred to DCE perfusion and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. Histogram analysis was performed to determine mean and maximum values for Vp and Ktrans, and mean and minimum values for ADC. Comparisons between high-grade and low-grade gliomas, and between grades II, III, and IV, were performed. A Mann-Whitney U test at a significance level of corrected P ≤ .01 was used to assess differences. RESULTS All perfusion parameters could differentiate between high-grade and low-grade gliomas (P < .001) and between grades II and IV, grades II and III, and grades III and IV. Significant differences in minimum ADC were also found (P < .01). Mean ADC only differed significantly between high and low grades and grades II and IV (P < .01). There were no differences between grades II and III (P = .1) and grades III and IV (P = .71). CONCLUSION When derived from whole-tumor histogram analysis, DCE-MRI perfusion parameters performed better than ADC in noninvasively discriminating low- from high-grade gliomas.
Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation in the mammalian cell.

The cell is capable of maintaining a steady-state flux of energy from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, producing ATP, to the cytosolic adenosinetriphosphatases (ATPases), performing work. Considerable effort has been devoted to investigating the individual mechanisms involved in these two processes. However, less effort has been directed toward learning how these reactions of energy metabolism interact through the cytosol to maintain the observed steady state in the intact cell. The "classical" model for the cytosolic interaction of these two processes involves the feedback of ATP hydrolysis products, ADP and Pi, from the ATPases to oxidative phosphorylation. This model is based on data from isolated mitochondria in which the rate of oxidative phosphorylation is controlled by the concentration of ADP and Pi. Yet, recent data from intact tissues with high oxidative phosphorylation capacities (i.e., heart, brain, and kidney) indicate that the cytosolic concentration of ADP and Pi do not change significantly with work. These data imply that this simple feedback model is not adequate to explain the regulation of energy metabolism in these tissues. Other sites within the oxidative phosphorylation process must be playing a regulatory role or the kinetics of ATP synthesis must be very different than currently believed to establish the steady state. This review covers the potential sites within oxidative phosphorylation which may be regulated through cytosolic transducers to result in the necessary feedback network regulating the steady-state flow of energy in the cell. These sites will include substrate delivery to the cytochrome chain, the processes involved in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, and the delivery of oxygen.
Role of RACK1 in the differential proliferative effects of neuropeptide Y1–36 and peptide YY1–36 in SHR vs. WKY preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells

Previous studies show that neuropeptide Y1–36 (NPY1–36) and peptide YY1–36 (PYY1–36), by engaging Y1 receptors, stimulate proliferation of spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells (PGVSMCs). In contrast, these peptides have little effect on proliferation of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) PGVSMCs. Why SHR and WKY PGVSMCs differ in this regard is unknown. Because receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) can modulate cell proliferation, we tested the hypothesis that differences in RACK1 levels/localization may explain the differential response of SHR vs. WKY PGVSMCs to NPY1–36 and PYY1–36. Western blotting for RACK1 in subcellular fractions of cultured SHR and WKY PGVSMCs demonstrated increased levels of RACK1 in the membrane and cytoskeletal subcellular fractions of SHR vs. WKY PGVSMCs. NPY1–36 and PYY1–36 stimulated proliferation of SHR PGVSMCs, and siRNA knockdown of RACK1 abrogated this effect. Neither NPY1–36 nor PYY1–36 stimulated the proliferation of WKY PGVSMCs. However, in WKY PGVSMCs treated with a RACK1 plasmid, both NPY1–36 and PYY1–36 stimulated proliferation. In SHR PGVSMCs, inhibitors of the Gi/phospholipase C/PKC pathway (a pathway known to be organized by RACK1) attenuated the ability of NPY1–36 to stimulate the proliferation of SHR PGVSMCs. Our results suggest that RACK1 modulates the ability of PGVSMCs to respond to the proliferative actions of NPY1–36 and PYY1–36 and differences in RACK1 levels/localization account for, in part, differential proliferative responses to NPY1–36 and PYY1–36 in SHR vs. WKY PGVSMCs. Because dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors increase NPY1–36 and PYY1–36 levels, our findings have implications for the use of such drugs in diabetic patients.
Relationship of the Job Tenure of Nursing Home Top Management to the Prevalence of Pressure Ulcers, Pain, and Physical Restraint Use:

The association of job tenure among nursing home administrators (NHAs) and directors of nursing (DONs) with the prevalence of pressure ulcers, pain, and physical restraint use was examined. Data sources included the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey and quality measures from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Regression models examined NHA tenure (n = 787) and DON tenure (n = 703). Control variables included prior prevalence of the respective outcome, NHA/DON education, and facility characteristics among others. Increasing NHA and DON tenure were both associated with decreases in the prevalence of pressure ulcers and pain but not restraint use. DON tenure had more impact on outcomes in earlier stages of tenure than NHA tenure. Effects of NHA tenure were in later stages of tenure. Increasing tenure among NHAs and DONs may influence better resident outcomes within their facility.
Replication Failures in Personality and Social Psychology Negative Findings or Mistaken Assumptions

Recent failures to replicate several of the "basic"findings of social psychology may be the result of mistaken assumptions in the experimental study of social interaction. The reliabilities of most standardized experimental procedures are unknown, and the cultural processes that define specific laboratory manipulations vary among different subject populations. Given these limitations, it may not be appropriate to view replication failures as negative findings.
The desert moss Pterygoneurum lamellatum (Pottiaceae) exhibits an inducible ecological strategy of desiccation tolerance: Effects of rate of drying on shoot damage and regeneration

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Bryophytes include clades that incorporate constitutive desiccation tolerance, especially terrestrial species. Here we test the hypothesis that the opposing ecological strategy of desiccation tolerance, inducibility, is present in a desert moss, and address this hypothesis by varying rates of drying in a laboratory study. Desiccation tolerance is arguably the most important evolutionary innovation relevant to the colonization of land by plants; increased understanding of the ecological drivers of this trait will eventually illuminate the responsible mechanisms and ultimately open doors to the potential for the application of this trait in cultivated plants. METHODS Plants were cloned, grown in continuous culture (dehardened) for several months, and subjected to rates of drying (drying times) ranging from 30 min to 53 h, rehydrated and tested for recovery using chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf damage, and regeneration of protonema and shoots. KEY RESULTS Rate of drying significantly affected all recovery responses, with very rapid drying rates severely damaging the entire shoot except the shoot apex and resulting in slower growth rates, fewer regenerative shoots produced, and a compromised photosynthetic system as inferred from fluorescence parameters. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, a desert moss is shown to exhibit an ecological strategy of desiccation tolerance that is inducible, challenging the assumption that arid-land bryophytes rely exclusively on constitutive protection. Results indicate that previous considerations defining a slow-dry event in bryophytes need reevaluation, and that the ecological strategy of inducible desiccation tolerance is probably more common than currently understood among terrestrial bryophytes.
State transition, balancing, station keeping, and yaw control for a dynamically stable single spherical wheel mobile robot

Unlike statically stable wheeled mobile robots, dynamically stable mobile robots can have higher centers of gravity, smaller bases of support and can be tall and thin resembling the shape of an adult human. This paper concerns the ballbot mobile robot, which balances dynamically on a single spherical wheel. The ballbot is omni-directional and can also rotate about its vertical axis (yaw motion). It uses a triad of legs to remain statically stable when powered off. This paper presents the evolved design with a four-motor inverse mouse-ball drive, yaw drive, leg drive, control system, and results including dynamic balancing, station keeping, yaw motion while balancing, and automatic transition between statically stable and dynamically stable states.
Therapeutic manipulation of the insulin receptor kinase - a review

Understanding the detailed mechanisms mediating insulin signal transduction has been viewed as a critical step in the development of therapeutic applications to ameliorate diabetes and its attendant complications. One critical element in the insulin-signalling pathway is the insulin receptor. The insulin receptor is a heterotetrameric transmembrane protein that binds insulin on the surface of cells and transduces insulin signals through the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. With the cloning of the gene for the insulin receptor it became possible to efficiently manipulate the receptor and identify sequences that are crucial to its function. In turn, these analyses have uncovered potential therapeutic approaches to enhance receptor function. The patents covered by this review date from 1988 to 1999.
Simulation and phantom validation of mild hyperthermia produced by a dual function ultrasound linear array

The prediction of the acoustic and temperature profiles is important for parameter optimization as a part of treatment planning for mild hyperthermia. A 3D acoustic field algorithm and a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method were combined in this study to calculate a 3D temperature profile in a tissue-mimicking phantom insonified by a dual function ultrasound linear array. In vitro validation was accomplished by using a fluorescent dye encapsulated in thermally-sensitive liposomes and an optical imaging system. For the single-beam insonation mode, the 39°C contour (by simulation) and dye-release area (in vitro) were 7.0 by 4.5 mm and 7.6 by 6.7 mm in the elevation and lateral directions, respectively. For the scanned-beam insonation mode, the 39°C contour and dye-release area were 12.0 by 11.4 mm and 12.2 by 11.6 mm in the elevation and lateral directions, respectively. The scanned-beam insonation mode showed a similar spatial extent of heating between simulation and in vitro experiments.
Use of Indicator Dilution Techniques in Measuring Combined Aortic and Mitral Insufficiency

In patients with combined aortic and mitral valvular insufficiency, the combined regurgitant fraction across both valves has been shown to equal the product of the regurgitant fractions at each valve. This relationship was validated in nine patients, and in eight other patients was used to predict the degree of regurgitation at one valve when the regurgitant fraction at the other valve and the combined regurgitant fraction were known. Confirmation of the predicted degrees of insufficiency were afforded by cineangiocardiography and surgical inspection. Information of considerable usefulness predicting the least possible degrees of valvular insufficiency could be obtained from the measurement of the combined regurgitant fraction alone.
Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure

Wood density (Dt), an excellent predictor of mechanical properties, is typically viewed in relation to support against gravity, wind, snow, and other environ- mental forces. In contrast, we show the surprising extent to which variation in D t and wood structure is linked to support against implosion by negative pressure in the xy- lem pipeline. The more drought-tolerant the plant, the more negative the xylem pressure can become without cavitation, and the greater the internal load on the xylem conduit walls. Accordingly, Dt was correlated with cavi- tation resistance. This trend was consistent with the maintenance of a safety factor from implosion by nega- tive pressure: conduit wall span ( b) and thickness (t) scaled so that (t/b) 2 was proportional to cavitation resis- tance as required to avoid wall collapse. Unexpectedly, trends in Dt may be as much or more related to support of the xylem pipeline as to support of the plant.
Stem-like tumor cells confer drug resistant properties to mantle cell lymphoma

We recently identified clonogenic malignant stem cell populations in human mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), a particularly deadly subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We discovered that CD45+CD19- MCL cells, which we termed MCL-initiating cells (MCL-ICs), are highly tumorigenic and display self-renewal capacity in vivo; in contrast, CD45+CD19+ MCL cells, which constitute the vast majority of cells within the tumors, show no self-renewal capacity and greatly reduced tumorigenicity. Given the newly appreciated role of cancer-initiating cells in the drug resistance of cancers, it is critical to investigate whether CD45+CD19- MCL-ICs play a role in the drug resistance of human MCL. We discovered that MCL-ICs were more resistant to clinically relevant chemotherapeutic agents, in combination or in a single regimen, compared to CD45+CD19+ cells, and that this drug resistance was largely due to quiescent properties with enriched ABC transporters. In conclusion, designing novel therapies to kill CD45+CD19- MCL-ICs may prevent relapse and increase patient survival.
The New Order in East Asia

The foreign policy of Japan known as the Tōa shin chitsujo or New Order in East Asia was officially announced by Prince Konoye on November 3, 1938, the birthday of Emperor Meiji. Further statements were issued by Foreign Minister Hachirō Arita to correspondents of foreign newspapers on December 19, 1938 and by the premier to the nation, three days later. When the fall of the Netherlands and France in May and June 1940 pointed to the complete collapse of European colonial empires in Asia and offered opportunity for the expansion of Japanese hegemony, the cabinet of Prince Konoye, on August 1, 1940, issued a restatement of the policy under the name of the New Order in Greater East Asia or Dai Tōa shin chitsuj. The Greater East Asia included not only Japan, Manchukuo and China, but also Indo-China and Thailand or Siam, and possibly the Dutch East Indies and the South Seas.
For Amusement Only: The Availability and Distribution of Simulated Slot Machines in an Urban Center

The first casino with slot machines in Baltimore City opened in August of 2014. Slot machines have been available in Baltimore City for years, however, under the euphemism “For Amusement Only.” Since 2011, Baltimore City has granted licenses for “simulated slot machines” under the condition that the machines not pay out winnings to the players. In this report, we investigate the number and geospatial patterns of these licensed simulated slot machines. The number of machines began decreasing prior to the opening of the new casino, dropping by as much as 50% over 7 years. These machines tend to be in low-income White neighborhoods and are positively correlated with property crime rates. Understanding the historical context of slot machine play in Baltimore City is important for investigating the impact of the introduction of state-sanctioned slot play in an urban environment.
Earnings Forecast Optimism For U.S. Vs. Non-U.S. Firms

This study examines whether financial analysts are more optimistic in their earnings forecasts for non-U.S. firms than they are for U.S. firms. Several areas of research motivate this examination. First, research shows that global economic influences, such as economic downturns and the desire to increase the international content of portfolios, encourage investors to seek out international investment opportunities in new markets. Second, literature also reveals that emerging markets provide superior growth potential; however, analyzing such firms could introduce task complexity which research finds to be associated with lower forecast accuracy. Finally, research shows that financial analysts cover firms of which they have a favorable opinion. Therefore, because of this literature, it is reasonable to expect that analysts make more optimistic forecasts (over-estimate errors) of the earnings potential of the non-U.S. firms that they choose to follow vs. U.S. firms. Using a summary level measurement of forecast optimism, the authors find that analysts’ forecasts are more optimistic for non-U.S. firms over both short and long-term horizons. In analyst-level tests, it was found that individual analysts produce more optimistic forecasts for non-U.S. firms in relation to their peers in the long-term; however, that optimism is reduced under short horizons. As portfolios become more internationally diversified, the result of this study will be useful to investors seeking analyst guidance about international investment opportunities.
The Potential for Literacy to Shape Lifelong Cognitive Health

In light of population aging, an understanding of factors that promote lifelong cognitive resilience is urgent. There is considerable evidence that education early in the life span, which promotes the development of literacy skills, leads to cognitive health and longevity, but the ways in which activity engagement in later adulthood affects long-term cognitive health is not well understood. The literature on cognitive training focusing on ability and skill training has not only demonstrated the existence of plasticity into late life but also shows that improvements are very tightly tied to the abilities trained. The rush to apply ability training to promote cognitive health has produced a vibrant “brain training” industry that neglects the very limited evidence for transfer to significant functional outcomes. Recent evidence on the neural substrates of reading, language comprehension, and discourse processing, as well as on the lifelong effects of literacy engagement in special populations, hints that rea...
Strategic Considerations in Leading an Innovation Ecosystem

The Georgia Institute of Technology has been a catalyst for economic growth in the Southeast United States since its founding in 1885. Over the past 30 years, it has become known as one of the top technological universities in the world. As part of a strategic planning effort commenced in mid-2009, it sought to strengthen its thought leadership and impact through the development and implementation of an innovation ecosystem strategy. The Institute serves as the integrating focus within its region to promote (and provoke) disruptive thought, use-inspired research, experimentation, and accelerated implementation through novel educational, research, and industry partnership programs. Since 2009, there has been a marked increase in economic development impact. This paper describes the guiding principles, strategy, innovative programs, benefits, and lessons learned associated with a regional innovation ecosystem.
Crystal structure of bis­(acetyl­acetonato-κ2O,O′)(tetra­hydro­furan-κO)(tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonato-κO)iron(III)

The mononuclear title complex, [Fe(CF3O3S)(C5H7O2)2(C4H8O)] or [Fe(acac)2(OTf)(THF)] (acac = acetyl­acetonate; OTf = tri­fluoro­methane­sulfon­ate; THF = tetrahydrofuran), (I), consists of one six-coordinate Fe3+ atom in a slightly distorted octa­hedral environment [Fe—O bond-length range = 1.9517 (11)–2.0781 (11) A]. The triflate ligand was found to be disordered over two sets of sites, with a site-occupancy ratio of 0.622 (16):0.378 (16). Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯F hydrogen-bonding inter­actions generate a two-dimensional supra­molecular structure lying parallel to (100). This is only the second crystal structure reported of a mononuclear bis­(acetyl­acetonato)iron(III) complex.
Predictors of International Normalized Ratio Variability in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Under Warfarin Therapy

BACKGROUND Variability in the international normalized ratio (INR) of prothrombin time has been suggested to be related to outcome in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) under warfarin therapy, but its determinants remain unclear.Methods and Results:The study population consisted of 626 AF patients under warfarin therapy in the Shinken Database (n=22,230). INR variability was calculated by Fihn's method. Determinants of high log INR variability (defined as over mean+standard deviation) were determined by logistic regression analyses. Symptomatic heart failure (odds ratio [OR] 3.974, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.510-6.292), older age (≥75 years old; OR 2.984, 95% CI 1.844-4.826) and severe renal dysfunction (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2; OR 3.918, 95% CI 1.742-8.813) were identified as independent predictors of high INR variability on multivariate logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS The determinants of INR variability in AF patients under warfarin therapy could assist Japanese clinicians in identifying patients likely to show unstable warfarin control irrespective of the definition of the target INR range.
BANDFILLING AND STRUCTURAL STABILITY OF TRIALUMINIDES - YAL3, ZRAL3, AND NBAL3

The cohesive properties and electronic structures versus the structural stability of transition-metal trialuminides YAl 3 , ZrAl 3 , and NbAl 3 in their cubic L1 2 , tetragonal DO 22 , and naturally stable forms (i.e., the DO 19 structure for YAl 3 and the DO 23 structure for ZrAl 3 ) have been investigated using a total energy local-density approach. The variation of structural stability with transition-metal constituent can be simply understood in terms of the bandfilling of the bonding states in the rigid band sense, with the valence electrons gradually filling the bonding states on going from YAl 3 , ZrAl 3 to NbAl 3 . This leads to a phase transition from the cubic L1 2 structure (for YAl 3 ) to the tetragonal DO 22 structure (for NbAl 3 ). It is argued that this criterion may also apply to explain the variation of the structural stability of other transition-metal compounds (such as transition-metal carbides, nitrides, silicides, etc.) that are dominated by covalent interactions between the transition-metal d and the metalloid p states.
Performance and Contamination Potential of Micro-Pulsed Plasma Thrusters (uPPT)

The research presented here is an effort to characterize the performance and contamination potential of micro-Pulsed Plasma Thrusters (uPPT). Research on pulsed plasma thrusters has been extensive giving a tremendous wealth of information on experimental as well as flight proven designs but much still needs to be accomplished for the uPPT. The current trends in miniaturizing space vehicles has created a need for smaller, reliable space propulsion systems with well characterized impulse bits and thrust profiles. Added to the performance of such thrusters, satellite designers need to know any and all system level impacts such thrusters will have on the satellite. By focusing on the plume, stereoscopic photographic techniques give us a useful tool to capture generated contamination from these uPPT’s. This research has produced distribution functions for both particle size and velocity, providing the needed information for the satellite designers. This work will be extended by measuring the thrust directly, determining pulse-to-pulse variations as well as determining the total impulse such devices are capable of providing.
Metamaterials with Gain and Interpretation of Transmission in Pump-Probe Experiments

We numerically investigate loss compensation and transmission in pump-probe experiments in resonant metamaterials with gain using an FDTD algorithm coupled to semiclassical rate equations. We observe differential transmittance signals from the coupled system that are a factor of four to five larger than for the bare quantum well. We observe a more rapid temporal decay of the differential transmittance signal for the coupled system compared to the bare quantum well. The effective metamaterial gain beyond the bare quantum-well gain, leading to a significant reduction of the metamaterial’s losses, but no complete compensation of the losses. We explain experimentally observed negative differential transmission by gain-dependent impedance. Article not available.
Speech-evoked cortical potentials in children.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained to synthesized speech stimuli in 16 schoolaged children (7-11 years) and compared to responses in 10 adults. P1, N,, and P2 eventrelated potentials were elicited by the phoneme /ga/. The mismatch negativity (MMN) was elicited by variants of /da/ and /ga/, which differ in the onset frequency of the second and third formant transitions . In general, the well-defined N,/P2 complex characteristic of the adult response, was not found in children. Waves P, and N,had longer peak latencies in children than in adults. Wave P2 amplitude was smaller in children than in adults. In contrast to the often poorly delineated earlier cortical potentials, the MMN was well defined in children. Significant MMNs were obtained in all subjects tested. MMN magnitude (peak amplitude and area) was significantly larger in the children. No significant differences were found in peak latency and duration of the MMN in children compared to the adult response. Another negative wave occurring at 400 msec was also observed in response to the deviant stimuli . This negative wave occurred at a similar latency in adults and children and was significantly larger and more robust in children. Results support the view that development of ERPs does not involve a hierarchical process with respect to latency. That is, earlier occurring waves do not necessarily mature before later occurring waves . The latencies of P1, N,, and P2 and overall morphology of these waves may provide a measure of maturation of central pathways . The early development of the MMN, its apparent robustness in school-aged children, and its reflection of the processing of acoustic differences in speech stimuli suggest its possible use in the assessment of central auditory function.
A Mexican Historian Comes Home

It appeared highly unlikely that Francisco Javier Clavijero, S.J., would ever return to the fatherland from which a royal decree had banished him in 1767. But in August, 1970, amid an outpouring of public praise and official tribute, the Jesuit scholar's remains were repatriated to his native Mexico after almost two centuries in an Italian grave. Contradictory though it may seem in a country with a long record of anticlericalism and a strict adherence to the separa tion of church and state principle, Clavijero's apotheosis as a national hero is not surprising. A major contributor to the Indianist cult from which Mexican nationalism derives its
Shared Decision Making: The Need For Patient-Clinician Conversation, Not Just Information

The growth of shared decision making has been driven largely by the understanding that patients need information and choices regarding their health care. But while these are important elements for patients who make decisions in partnership with their clinicians, our experience suggests that they are not enough to address the larger issue: the need for the patient and clinician to jointly create a course of action that is best for the individual patient and his or her family. The larger need in evidence-informed shared decision making is for a patient-clinician interaction that offers conversation, not just information, and care, not just choice.
Hepatitis C in Beibei District of Chongqing,2006-2011

Objective To analyze the epidemiology characteristics of hepatitis C in Beibei district of Chongqing from 2006to 2011.Methods Epidemiology analysis was performed on the data of hepatitis C obtained from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention.Results A total of 360 hepatitis C cases were reported,with an annual average incidence rate of 10.02/105.The highest incidence rate was 6.32/105 and the lowest was 14.53/105.There were cases reported through the whole year without obvious seasonal peaks.The urban area had an incidence rate of 16.97/105,triple of that in rural area.The incidence rate of male was higher than that of female.The areas with higher incidence rate of hepatitis C had a higher HIV infection rate as well.The most cases of hepatitis C were reported in the age of 25-49years;the house workers and unemployment people accounted for 67.72% of the total.Conclusion The incidence of hepatitis C in Beibei district stays at a comparatively high level,and the intravenous drug using is associated with higher risk of infection of hepatitis C.Therefore,drug users,as the vulnerable population,deserves more strengthened preventive measures.
Sentence processing in anterior superior temporal cortex shows a social-emotional bias

The anterior region of the left superior temporal gyrus/superior temporal sulcus (aSTG/STS) has been implicated in two very different cognitive functions: sentence processing and social-emotional processing. However, the vast majority of the sentence stimuli in previous reports have been of a social or social-emotional nature suggesting that sentence processing may be confounded with semantic content. To evaluate this possibility we had subjects read word lists that differed in phrase/constituent size (single words, 3-word phrases, 6-word sentences) and semantic content (social-emotional, social, and inanimate objects) while scanned in a 7T environment. This allowed us to investigate if the aSTG/STS responded to increasing constituent structure (with increased activity as a function of constituent size) with or without regard to a specific domain of concepts, i.e., social and/or social-emotional content. Activity in the left aSTG/STS was found to increase with constituent size. This region was also modulated by content, however, such that social-emotional concepts were preferred over social and object stimuli. Reading also induced content type effects in domain-specific semantic regions. Those preferring social-emotional content included aSTG/STS, inferior frontal gyrus, posterior STS, lateral fusiform, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and amygdala, regions included in the "social brain", while those preferring object content included parahippocampal gyrus, retrosplenial cortex, and caudate, regions involved in object processing. These results suggest that semantic content affects higher-level linguistic processing and should be taken into account in future studies.