cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional model of heat flow in the aureole of the Marcy anorthosite, Adirondack Highlands, New York: Implications for depth of emplacement

The New Russia gneiss complex occurs within a broad, very high temperature (800-950 °C) metamorphic aureole against the eastern margin of the Marcy anorthosite, northeastern Adirondack Highlands of New York. Three-dimensional models of heat flow from the anorthosite indicate that an aureole like that preserved in the New Russia gneisses would form if the country rock were at high temperature (>700 °C) and at depth prior to intrusion. These findings are consistent with geobarometric evidence indicating that partial melting in the aureole occurred at 700-1000 MPa and support the hypothesis that the anorthosite intruded at a depth of 25 to 35 km.
A NEW SPECIES OF THOMISID SPIDER (ARANEAE, THOMISIDAE) FROM THE SOCIETY ISLANDS WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE MALE OF MISUMENOPS MELLOLEITAOI

Abstract This study revises the status of crab spiders (Araneae, Thomisidae) endemic to the Society Islands, a volcanic archipelago situated in the southern Pacific Ocean. Only one species, Misumenops melloleitaoi Berland 1934, known from a single female and immature, was previously recorded from Tahiti (the largest island of the Society archipelago). Field surveys (1999–2003) and examination of material in natural history collections show that thomisid spiders occur in four islands of the Society archipelago and are recognized as two endemic species. Misumenops temihana is described as new from the islands of Raiatea and Huahine. This paper further presents the first description of the male of M. melloleitaoi Berland 1934, and extends the range of this species to include multiple localities on the islands of Tahiti and Moorea. Misumenops melloleitaoi can be easily distinguished from M. temihana by the presence of two short black lines on the ventral surface of femur and patella I and II which are lacking...
Online Linear Discrepancy of Partially Ordered Sets

This article is dedicated to Professor Endre Szemeredi on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Among his many remarkable contributions to combinatorial mathematics and theoretical computer science is a jewel for online problems for partially ordered sets: the fact that h(h + l)/2 antichains are required for an online antichain partition of a poset of height h.
The Contributions of Parental Attachment Bonds to College Student Development and Adjustment: A Meta-Analytic Review

We report findings from a meta-analysis of 156 studies conducted between 1987 and 2009 (N 32,969) that examined the relationship between self-reported parental attachment and multiple adjustment outcomes and developmental advances during the college years. Overall, a small-to-medium relationship was found between indicators of parental attachment quality and favorable adjustment outcomes (r .23). Effect sizes were of similar magnitude for mother and father attachment relationships, for male and female students, and across ethnicity and nationality of the sample. The attachment–adjustment relationship varied somewhat according to the developmental task being investigated in the study, showing the strongest association for the task of separation–individuation. Additionally, we found stronger attachment–adjustment links for students residing away from their parents when compared with students living at home during college.
Multipoint pulmonary vascular pressure-cardiac output plots in conscious dogs

To characterize quantitatively the relationships among pulmonary vascular pressures (P) and cardiac output (Q) in conscious dogs, multipoint plots of pulmonary arterial (PAP), pulmonary capillary wedge (PCWP), PAP - PCWP, and left atrial (LAP) pressure versus Q were generated by graded constriction of the thoracic inferior vena cava (IVC) to vary Q. Slopes and extrapolated pressure intercepts from linear regression fits to the P/Q plots were determined for three inspired oxygen tensions: normoxia, hyperoxia, and hypoxia. During normoxia (arterial Po2 87 +/- 1 Torr), the extrapolated pressure intercepts for PAP, PCWP, and PAP - PCWP were virtually 0 mmHg, and for LAP, substantially negative (-5.5 +/- 1.1 mmHg; P less than 0.01). Hyperoxia (Po2 365 +/- 28 Torr) had no effect on any of the P/Q plots. In contrast, hypoxia (Po2 51 +/- 1 Torr) significantly increased the intercepts (P less than 0.01) as well as the slopes (P less than 0.05) of PAP and PAP - PCWP versus Q, but produced only minor changes in PCWP and LAP versus Q. These hypoxia-induced changes in intercepts, perhaps related to changes in critical closing pressures, demonstrate the limitations of pulmonary vascular resistance calculations (quotient of pressure gradient and Q) in quantifying changes in pulmonary vasomotor tone. In this way, the IVC constriction technique provides a more complete description of P/Q relationships than that permitted by simple calculations of pulmonary vascular resistance. We conclude that this technique can be utilized to investigate the effects of other physiological and pharmacological interventions on pulmonary vasomotor tone in conscious dogs.
Thermal decomposition of tricresylphosphate isomers on Fe

decomposed on the Fe surface to deposit carbon and phosphorous and produce gas phase H2, CO, toluene and cresol. The amounts of carbon and phosphorous deposited onto the Fe surface by TCP (arylphosphate) decomposition were compared to those deposited by decomposition of tributylphosphate (TBP), an alkylphosphate. Thermal decomposition of all three TCP isomers deposits substantial amounts of carbon ono the Fe surface while TBP decomposition does not. We suggest that it is the lack of -CH bonds in the methylphenoxy intermediates and the high reactivity of the tolyl intermediates generated during TCP decomposition are the primary reasons for the differences in behavior of TCP and TBP and the root cause of the differences in behavior of arylphosphates and alkyphosphates as vapor phase lubricants.
Nosology and measurement in child and adolescent psychiatry

The last 50 years have witnessed enormous strides in the measurement and classification of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Debates about whether we should continue to depend upon a categorical nosology still continue, but we argue that, despite the absence of clear dividing lines between psychiatric disorders and normality and ubiquity of diagnostic comorbidity, the current official approach to nosology has served child and adolescent psychiatric research surprisingly well. In particular we point to the utility of non-developmental diagnostic criteria as tools for discovering developmental effects on psychopathology. We also maintain that the search for sharper boundaries between disorders is fundamentally mistaken. However, official nosologies have tended to privilege information collected in diagnostic interviews and to sideline observational and other methods that cannot easily be made to conform to the format of their criteria. We suggest that it is time to remedy this situation. The ICD-10 and DSM-IV are useless for children under the age of about two, while alternatives, such as the DC:0-3, suffer from a profound lack of empirical support. We suggest a way forward through the integration of methods from temperament and psychopathology research. Finally, we deplore the failure of standardized assessment techniques to have penetrated more deeply into everyday clinical assessment.
Refined channel estimation for coherent detection of turbo codes over flat-fading channels

Channel state information is required for the coherent detection and decoding of turbo codes transmitted over flat-fading channels. A channel estimation technique suitable for turbo codes is presented. The technique uses pilot symbols to obtain initial channel estimates, and refines the estimates after each iteration of the turbo decoder.
Generalized input-output equations and nonlinear realizability

This work studies various types of input-output representation for analytic input-output operators. It is shown that if an operator satisfies an integro-differential input-output equation or an integral input-output equation, then it is locally realizable by analytic state space systems. This generalizes the results previously obtained for differential input-output equations to integral and integro-differential equations.
Generation of 130-fsec Midinfrared Pulses

Infrared (IR) pulses as short as 130 fsec are generated by using semiconductors switching. Such pulses contain only ~4 optical cycles, the shortest ever achieved in the midinfrared. The measured power spectrum (7.5–10.5-μm base width) is consistent with the Fourier transform of the IR pulse.
The bone marrow niche in support of breast cancer dormancy

Despite the success in detecting breast cancer (BC) early and, with aggressive therapeutic intervention, BC remains a clinical problem. The bone marrow (BM) is a favorable metastatic site for breast cancer cells (BCCs). In BM, the survival of BCCs is partly achieved by the supporting microenvironment, including the presence of immune suppressive cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The heterogeneity of BCCs brings up the question of how each subset interacts with the BM microenvironment. The cancer stem cells (CSCs) survive in the BM as cycling quiescence cells and, forming gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) with the hematopoietic supporting stromal cells and MSCs. This type of communication has been identified close to the endosteum. Additionally, dormancy can occur by soluble mediators such as cytokines and also by the exchange of exosomes. These latter mechanisms are reviewed in the context of metastasis of BC to the BM for transition as dormant cells. The article also discusses how immune cells such as macrophages and regulatory T-cells facilitate BC dormancy. The challenges of studying BC dormancy in 2-dimensional (2-D) system are also incorporated by proposing 3-D system by engineering methods to recapitulate the BM microenvironment.
Proactive Recovery of Electric Power Assets for Resiliency Enhancement

This paper presents a significant change in current electric power grid response and recovery schemes by developing a framework for proactive recovery of electric power assets with the primary objective of resiliency enhancement. Within the proposed framework, which can potentially present the next generation decision-making tool for proactive recovery, several coordinated models will be developed including: 1) the outage models to indicate the impact of hurricanes on power system components; 2) a stochastic pre-hurricane crew mobilization model for managing resources before the event; and 3) a deterministic post-hurricane recovery model for managing resources after the event. Proposed models will be extended to ensure applicability to a variety of electric power grids with different technologies and regulatory issues. The theoretical and practical implications of the developed models will push the research frontier of proactive response and recovery schemes in electric power grids, while its flexibility will support application to a variety of infrastructures, in response to a wide range of extreme weather events and natural disasters.
Introduction to a special coordinate basis for multivariable linear systems

The features of a special coordinate basis for proper linear and time-invariant multivariable systems are illustrated. Via a particular choice of state, input and output coordinates, this special coordinate basis demonstrates the physical meaning and importance of finite and infinite zero structure, the conditions for the existence of right and left inverse systems, and how to construct right and left inverse systems when they exist.
Triangular actions onC 3

Free algebraic actions of a connected algebraic groupG onC3 which can be triangularized are shown to be trivial, that isC3 is equivariantly isomorphic toGxC3−dimG. This result follows directly from the case of the additive groupG=Ga and is shown to hold for quasi-algebraic actions as well. Connections with the classification of homogeneous affine varieties are discussed.
Colorful Isomorphic Spanning Trees in Complete Graphs

Can a complete graph on an even number n (> 4) of vertices be properly edge-colored with n − 1 colors in such a way that the edges can be partitioned into edge-disjoint colorful isomorphic spanning trees? A spanning treee is colorful if all n − 1 colors occur among its edges. It is proved that this is possible to accomplish whenever n is a power of two.
ROLE OF INITIAL MUSCLE pH ON THE SOLUBILITY OF FISH MUSCLE PROTEINS IN WATER

The solubility of the myofibrillar and cytoskeletal proteins in water was determined for the muscle tissue of ten species of fish. The flesh of six white-muscled fish had pH's at the time of processing above pH 6.6 and greater than 80% of their myofibrillar/cytoskeletal proteins were soluble in water. The flesh of three pelagic species and a shark had pH values when processed below 6.6 and the water solubility of their myofibrillar and cytoskeletal proteins was less than 40%. When the washed minced muscle of one of the white-fleshed species, cod, was exposed to low pH, the solubility of its myofibrillar and cytoskeletal proteins decreased substantially. The water solubility of the cod myofibrillar and cytoskeletal proteins could be reestablished by washing the acid-treated cod flesh with neutral salt solutions. It is suggested that pH values below 6.6 modify certain proteins which prevent the water-extractability of the rest of the myofibrillar and cytoskeletal proteins from being expressed.
The ARBAC99 model for administration of roles

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) is a flexible and policy-neutral access control technology. For large systems-with hundreds of roles, thousands of users and millions of permissions-managing roles, users, permissions and their interrelationships is a formidable task that cannot realistically be centralized an a small team of security administrators. An appealing possibility is to use RBAC itself to facilitate decentralized administration of RBAC. The ARBAC97 (administrative RBAC '97) model was recently introduced for this purpose. ARBAC97 has three sub-models called URA97 (for user-role administration), PRA97 (for permission-role administration) and RRA97 (for role-role administration). In this paper we define enhancements to ARBAC97 to give us the new ARBAC99 model. Specifically the URA and PRA sub-models of ARBAC99 introduce significant new features relative to their counterparts in ARBAC97 (while RRA is left unchanged). ARBAC99 incorporates the concept of mobile and immobile users and permissions for the first time in this arena. This paper gives a formal definition of ARBAC99, motivates these enhancements and analyzes several subtle issues that arise in this context.
Galactic Neutral Hydrogen Emission Profile Structure

Analysis of Galactic neutral hydrogen emission profiles that have been corrected for sidelobe radiation confirm the existence of three distinct component line width regimes identified by Verschuur & Magnani in 1994. In addition, a fourth becomes recognizable in the data in directions of low total column density. The line width regimes are around 50 km s-1 (component 1a), 31 km s-1 (component 1b), 13 km s-1 (component 2), and 5.2 km s-1 for the narrow lines arising from cool H I (component 3). In this paper, the new data are presented and compared with previously published results. The possible origin of the distinct line width regimes is briefly examined, and it is concluded that a new interpretation is needed, one that involves a plasma phenomenon known as the critical ionization velocity, which will be fully discussed in a subsequent paper.
Nitric Oxide Therapy in Neonatology

After multiple approaches to the treatment of PPHN (see Chapter 67) since its first recognition as a disease marked by severe pulmonary hypertension, the discovery of the elusive “selective pulmonary vasodilator” markedly changed our understanding and clinical management of this syndrome. The most striking change in the management of PPHN in the last decade evolved from an improved understanding of the role of endogenous NO production and exogenous NO delivery on pulmonary vasoregulation.
Volunteers work for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer rights: Motivations at a Rochester social justice organization

ABSTRACTThe reasons volunteers contribute to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) social justice organizations are multifaceted and need further exploration. This pilot study (N = 35) sought to understand volunteer motivations at a Rochester, New York social justice organization fighting for LGBTQ rights. Understanding motivations for volunteerism and volunteers' perceptions about the relative advantages and obstacles of current volunteer experiences at their agency were the primary goals of the study. The study found that these volunteers are motivated primarily by their personal values, mission of the organization, and desire to develop and maintain social relationships with the LGBTQ community. Implications for volunteer resource management and research are explored.
Rluipa at Ten: An Assessment

Congress passed the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act in 2000 in order to widen the scope for free exercise. It was declared constitutional (or a portion of it was) in 2005. This paper is an attempt to assess how much impact the law has had in land use policy and prison administration.
Effect of the Chemosterilant P, P'-Bis(1-aziridinyl)-N-(3-methoxypropyl)-phosphinothioic Amide on Some Dehydrogenases During Oögenesis and Embryogenesis of the House Flyl

P, P' -Bis (l-aziridinyl)- N -(3-methoxypropyl) phosphinothioic amide, amide, an insect chemosterilant, was administered orally to a mixed population of Musca domestica L., immediately after they emerged. At 5 µg/fly in the dry diet, oviposition was nearly normal, but the eggs were 100% nonviable. As judged by enzyme activity measurement and acrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns, malic acid dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the ovaries and eggs of chemosterilized flies appeared normal. However, this was not the case with lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH). Although the LDH pattern was similar to that in normal ovaries, activity in mature chemosterilized ovaries was considerably less than that in ovaries from normal flies. In chemosterilized eggs, only 2 LDH isoenzymes could be detected, whereas in normal eggs during embryogenesis, the pattern changed from 2 to 5 LDH isoenzymes. When crude protein extract from chemosterilized eggs was purified by DEAE cellulose column chromatography, increased LDH activity was found. This fact indicates that LDH in chemo-sterilized eggs may be bound in some way and that it may be a contributing factor in the nonviability of the eggs.
The Search for Common Ground: Audience Closure and Producer Legitimation

We ask how the structure of audiences affects the evaluation of producers. We present findings from two different settings showing that audience closure generates a systematic positive influence on evaluations of producers. We attribute this effect to “common ground”, a positive impact on the identification of evaluators with the audience, facilitated by closure. The first empirical study, a re-analysis of Ezra Zuckerman’s 1999 study of stock analysts, demonstrates that financial markets reward firms covered by analysts with high closure, independent of the category mismatch effect that was Zuckerman’s focus. The second study is a natural experiment where instructors randomly assigned to teach first-year MBA course sections spanned pairs of student groups with differential amounts of closure. We find that the average rating given to an instructor improves as a function of closure in their evaluators’ network and that closure increases the buzz around an instructor, an indicator that audience members are s...
The appropriate dose and cost of iron replacement therapy in patients with IBD

We read with great interest the article by Lee et al ,1 who performed an open-label clinical trial to compare the effects of per os (PO) versus intravenous iron replacement therapy (IRT) for iron deficiency in patients with IBD. They concluded that IRT in patients with iron deficiency or anaemia induced significant shifts in bacterial community structure and metabolite landscape in faeces, and PO iron therapy affected the presence of specific molecular bacterial species. These are impressive findings that raise two important issues. First, Lee et al 1 enrolled participants with Crohn’s disease (n=31), UC (n=22) and non-IBD control anaemic subjects (n=19) for IRT intervention 3 months PO iron sulfate or intravenous iron sucrose. PO participants …
Prediction of Vortex Shedding From a High Reynolds Number Airfoil Using LES With and Without Wall Model

ATTACHED, wall-bounded flows impose computational requirements on LES that increase drastically with Reynolds number. For that reason, even simple geometries, such as airfoils at small angles of attack, with spanwise uniform section shape, challenge the bounds of LES as chord-based Reynolds numbers increase much above 1 million. Of particular concern is the ability of LES to predict the occurrence, and strength of, weak vortex shedding from the airfoil trailing edge (by weak vortex shedding we mean that the acoustic vortex shedding signature may rise only a few decibels above that for the broadband turbulent boundary layer acoustic sources). Correct prediction of weak vortex shedding may depend on accurately predicting the flow over the entire airfoil that includes the attached, turbulent upstream flow, adverse pressure gradient and separated flow regions and finally, the turbulent wake. This paper compares results of two full-LES and two LES with wall-stress model for the flow about a modified NACA 0016 airfoil with a 41° trailing edge apex angle and a slightly convex pressure side. Comparisons of vortex shedding, as measured by the power spectral density (PSD) of wall pressure fluctuations (WPF) on the pressure side of the TE and the PSD of the vertical velocity fluctuations in the wake are made. The results indicate that vortex shedding predictions are dependent upon the stream-wise and spanwise grid resolution. In order to reduce the large computational times required for simulating the high-Reynolds number flows with fully-resolved LES, a wall-stress model that solves the turbulent boundary layer equations in the near-wall region is applied. Compared with the fully-resolved LES, the LES with wall-stress simulations require about 20 percent the number of grid points and require about 10 percent of the computational time. However, the LES with wall stress model results under-predict the vortex shedding peak in the wake and are not able to predict the vortex shedding signature in TE wall pressure spectra. These results indicate that near-wall turbulence structures need to be resolved in order to correctly predict the occurence and strength of vortex shedding.© 2006 ASME
College Student Retention on a Racially Diverse Campus: A Theoretically Guided Reality Check:

Theoretically grounded in Tinto’s model of retention and Braxton and colleagues’ revisions , this study is designed to examine the applicability of the integration model to students of different ra...
Study on sample pretreatment methods in the determination of aluminum in flour products by visible spectrophotometry

[Objective]To establish a simple and feasible pretreatment method for detecting the aluminum in flour products by visible spectrophotometry.[Methods]The samples were respectively pretreated by dry digestion,two wet digestion methods,as well as microwave digestion,and the contents of aluminum in steamed bread,fried bread stick and vermicelli were determined by visible spectrophotometry.[Results]① While the dry digestion was conducted,the relative standard deviation( RSD) was 0. 2%-0. 9%,and the recovery rate was 91. 0%-98. 6%. It was suitable for the pretreatment of these three categories of samples. ② When HNO3and HClO4method( national standard method) was applied,the RSD was 0. 1%-1. 0%,and the recovery rate was 91. 0%-96. 8%. It was suitable for the pretreatment of steamed bread and vermicelli. ③ While the nitric acid digestion was adopted,the RSD was0. 1%-0. 9%,and the recovery rate was 98. 0%-99. 5%. It was suitable for the pretreatment of steamed bread and vermicelli.④When the microwave digestion was employed,the RSD was 0. 1%-0. 9%,and the recovery rate was 98. 5%-99. 2%. It was suitable for the pretreatment of these three categories of samples.[Conclusion]The dry digestion is a simple,rapid,safe and accurate pretreatment method,which is suitable for the batch pretreatment of different samples.
Biblical Authority Questions: Two Choices in Identifying Conservative Christian Subcultures

Ammerman (1982) hypothesized that questions concerning Biblical authority could be used to sort fundamentalists from other evangelicals. She further hypothesized that this sorting would be best accomplished by determining which respondents accepted a literal interpretation of the creation story in Genesis. This article presents findings from a split-ballot survey that contradict the two Ammerman hypotheses. Respondents to the creation story question were about half again more likely to affirm the literal interpretation position than respondents asked about the Bible as a whole. Correlations with numerous sociopolitical, religious, and sociodemographic variables indicate that both versions of the Biblical authority questions isolate religious conservatives. However, where measurement differences appeared, it is the whole-Bible version rather than the creation-story version that somewhat better identifies religous conservatives, including self-identified fundamentalists.
Topology analysis of multi-hop wireless networks

We survey some mathematical models and tools that can be useful in the analysis and design of multi-hop wireless networks.
Effects of selective slow wave sleep disruption on musculoskeletal pain and fatigue in middle aged women.

Objective. To determine whether disrupted slow wave sleep (SWS) would evoke musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and an alpha electroencephalograph (EEG) sleep pattern. We selectively deprived 12 healthy, middle aged, sedentary women without muscle discomfort of SWS for 3 consecutive nights. Effects were assessed for the following measures: polysomnographic sleep, musculoskeletal tender point pain threshold, skinfold tenderness, reactive hyperemia (inflammatory flare response), somatic symptoms, and mood state. Methods. Sleep was recorded and scored using standard methods. On selective SWS deprivation (SWSD) nights, when delta waves (indicative of SWS) were detected on EEG, a computer generated tone (maximum 85 decibels) was delivered until delta waves disappeared. Musculoskeletal tender points were measured by dolorimetry; skinfold tenderness was assessed by skin roll procedure; and reactive hyperemia was assessed with a cotton swab test. Subjects completed questionnaires on bodily feelings, symptoms, and mood. Results. On each SWSD night, SWS was decreased significantly with minimal alterations in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and other sleep stages. Subjects showed a 24% decrease in musculoskeletal pain threshold after the third SWSD night. They also reported increased discomfort, tiredness, fatigue, and reduced vigor. The flare response (area of vasodilatation) in skin was greater than baseline after the first, and again, after the third SWSD night. However, the automated program for SWSD did not evoke an alpha EEG sleep pattern. Conclusion. Disrupting SWS, without reducing total sleep or sleep efficiency, for several consecutive nights is associated with decreased pain threshold, increased discomfort, fatigue, and the inflammatory flare response in skin. These results suggest that disrupted sleep is probably an important factor in the pathophysiology of symptoms in fibromyalgia.
The Use of the Term in Economics

In economics the word was first employed in industrial organisation to refer to combinations of business firms through agreements, cartels, concerns, trusts, and mergers — horizontal integration referring to combinations of competitors, vertical integration to combinations of suppliers with customers.1 In the sense of combining separate economies into larger economic regions the word integration has a very short history.
Water transport within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum

Because water is generally free to move across the plant-soil, soil-atmosphere, and plant-atmosphere interfaces it is necessary and desirable to view the water transfer system in the three domains of soil, plant, and atmosphere as a whole. . . it must be pointed out that, as well as serving as a vehicle for water transfer, the SPAC is also a region of energy transfer. John R. Philip (1966) Closure of the water budget for an ecosystem requires that precipitation and flows of water from neighboring ecosystems be returned to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration, transferred to storage pools, or allowed to flow out of the system. Transfer and storage of water creates capacitance in the liquid phase of the water cycle and delays the inevitable return of water vapor to the atmosphere, but a globally balanced water cycle requires that the molar equivalent of precipitated water be accounted for in the fractions stored in surface and subsurface reservoirs, plus that evaporated back to the atmosphere. Recognizing that in terrestrial ecosystems a large fraction of precipitation is returned to the atmosphere through leaf transpiration, plants occur at an important interface between the liquid and vapor phases of the water cycle. Water moves from soil into plants through viscous flow in the liquid phase, as it is “pulled” by thermodynamic forces through roots, vascular tissues, and leaf mesophyll cells, following negative pressure (tension) gradients. Tension develops in the conduction tissues as water is evaporated faster from leaves than can be replaced by flow from the soil. Physical continuity within capillary “threads” of the ascending water column is maintained by cohesive and adhesive forces that are facilitated by the electrostatic polarity of water molecules. In the vicinity of stomata, water is evaporated to the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, water is carried in the vapor phase to and from leaf and soil surfaces through diffusion near the surfaces and turbulent air motions in the well-mixed atmosphere. Given the continuous nature of these water transfer paths, and their serial relation to one another, it was recognized early in the study of plant-water relations that the “whole plant” must be considered at the center of an integrated and articulated soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, or SPAC.
Understanding a Diverse America’s Critical Information Needs

This chapter highlights trends and challenges and proposes solutions in crafting a new policy for critical communication in the midst of American diversity. Here and now, in the early twenty-first century, diversity can be understood neither as trend nor as evolution, but as the defining element of the American present. The fact of rapidly shifting populations deepens and renders more complex the challenge Americans face as they address communication needs in times of crisis. Understanding and contextualizing the trends driving the future of the American population is key to any discussion of critical information needs. The chapter provides an overview of Hispanic-American, African-American, Asian-American, and language diversity demographics in the USA and how policymakers can approach the information needs of a changing American population.
Premature Silencing of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Is Prevented by the Bub1-H2A-Sgo1-PP2A Axis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae .

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors mistakes in kinetochore-microtubule interaction and its activation prevents anaphase entry. The SAC remains active until all chromosomes have achieved bipolar attachment which applies tension on kinetochores. Our previous data in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae show that Ipl1/Aurora B kinase and a centromere-associated protein, Sgo1, are required to prevent SAC silencing prior to tension generation, but we believe that this regulatory network is incomplete. Bub1 kinase is one of the SAC components, and Bub1-dependent H2A phosphorylation triggers centromere recruitment of Sgo1 by H2A in yeast and human cells. Although yeast cells lacking the kinase domain of Bub1 show competent SAC activation, we found that the mutant cells fail to maintain a prolonged checkpoint arrest in the presence of tensionless attachment. Mutation of the Bub1 phosphorylation site in H2A also results in premature SAC silencing in yeast cells. Previous data indicate that Sgo1 protein binds to PP2ARts1, and we found that rts1Δ mutants exhibited premature SAC silencing as well. We further revealed that sgo1 mutants with abolished binding to H2A or PP2ARts1 displayed premature SAC silencing. Together, our results suggest that, in budding yeast S. cerevisiae, the Bub1-H2A-Sgo1-PP2ARts1 axis prevents SAC silencing and helps prolonged checkpoint arrest prior to tension establishment at kinetochores.
Improving Egg Production and Hen Health with Calcium

Abstract Calcium metabolism and turnover in egg-laying hens is extraordinary when compared to mammals because of its role in forming the shell of the egg. A shell contains 2 g of calcium, which corresponds to 10% of the hen’s total body calcium. If a hen lays 280 eggs in a year, she will secrete a phenomenal quantity of calcium into her eggshells that is equal to about 30 times of her total body calcium reserve. This chapter describes egg formation, bone architecture, and how a hen struggles to maintain calcium homeostasis by using calcium from feed and bone. Repercussions of a negative calcium imbalance include cage layer fatigue and osteoporosis, conditions whereby the skeleton becomes weak due to loss in mineralization of structural bone. Genetics, exercise, and nutritional manipulation are identified as strategies for maintaining calcium homeostasis in sexually mature female, laying hens.
State Chart of Relevant Rules or Provisions Governing Mediator Provision of Legal Advice

This chart addresses provisions related to mediator provision of legal advice in the fifty states. It includes a cite to any relevant State or Model Rule of Professional Conduct for lawyers who serve as third-party neutrals , and draws upon information from the different entities that regulate mediator conduct in states to identify any specific circumstances under which the provision of legal advice by a lawyer mediator is permitted, whether there is a specific prohibition against this practice, whether there is explicit language permitting the provision of legal information or a mediator defining legal issues for parties, and whether there were no relevant rules identified to address this behavior. This chart is part of a broader research project that includes a state by state analysis of mediator ethics opinions and case law related to mediator provision of legal advice, as well as the entities that regulate mediator conduct in each state and will post this information soon.
Music, Passion and Virtue in Two Quodlibetal Questions of the Philosopher Pierre d’Auvergne

The two quaestiones to which the philosopher-theologian Pierre d’Auvergne responded during his last Quodlibetal (1301) at the University of Paris are among the rare examples of interest in music in the literature of academic quaestiones disputatae. Pierre’s answers to the questions are not restricted to philosophical argument but extend to physiological considerations. His goal is to prove not only that music can arouse passion and promote virtue but to explain how it does so. He will explain how apprehension of a stimulus (music) by the senses is transformed by the circulation of blood, warmth, spirit, and ‘first qualities’ into a passion that involves the entire body. Music also possesses the power to encourage the practice of virtue through a correspondence between musical proportion and comparable proportions in the human body. For this purpose vocal music is preferable to instrumental music. Boethius is cited but Pierre’s proofs do not depend on the proportions of musica instrumentalis and musica humana, but on principles of natural science.
CPI advancement in integrated fan-out (InFO) technology

Advanced mobile computing devices nowadays demand for ever-increasing functionality, performance and bandwidth. The complexity of functional integration in mobile device has made it more challenging for wire bond and C4 bump flip chip packaging to meet the requirement of high I/O count and high density integration. Moreover, the extreme low-k (ELK) dielectric materials in the back-end-of-line (BEOL) must be utilized to meet performance requirements from the advanced silicon technology nodes. In this paper, the maximum ELK stress for advanced mobile SoC integrated by different packaging technologies, aka integrated fan-out (InFO), chip last fan-out wafer level package (CL-FOWLP), and flip chip package, were evaluated by FEA first. Then the governing mechanisms behind the ELK stress were analyzed. The InFO outperforms CL-FOWLP and flip chip package in the maximum ELK stress due to its simplified architecture and fabrication process. With a low ELK stress, InFO technology can play an important role in enabling more advanced mobile ICs and high performance SoC packaging for the future 4C applications.
Another New Lygodium-Boring Species of the Musotimine Genus Siamusotima (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from China

Siamusotima disrupta Solis, n. sp., is a stem-boring musotimine from China. It was discovered in the stems of several Lygodium Sw. species (Lygodiaceae) during exploration for biological control agents of Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br., the Old World climbing fern. This is the second report of a stem-boring pyraloid larva with a unique, cup-like modification of the anal segment. The larval morphology of S. disrupta is compared with that of the previously described S. aranea Solis and Yen. Observations on life history are presented; the adult has not been captured in the wild.
miRNA regulation of macrophage inflammatory phenotype

Classically (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages play distinct roles in various physiological and disease processes. M1 responses can cause inflammatory disease and tissue damage while M2 macrophages can limit inflammation and promote tissue repair. Therefore, understanding key players driving M1 or M2 phenotype may provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention. MicroRNA are small RNAs that bind to messenger RNA and post-transcriptionally modify gene expression and miR-155 has been associated with inflammatory phenotype. miR-155 was up-regulated more than 100-fold in M1, but not M2 macrophages, and inflammatory genes and proteins that define the M1 phenotype (e.g., iNOS, IL-1b, TNF-a) were reduced up to 72% in miR-155 knockout mouse macrophages. In contrast, miR-155 deficiency did not affect expression of genes associated with M2 macrophages (e.g., Arginase-1). Comparative transcriptional profiling of macrophages derived from wild-type and miR-155 knockout mice revealed that approximately half of the wild-type M1 signature was dependent on miR-155. Among miR-155-dependent M1 inflammatory effectors we found IL-6, iNOS, IL-1b, TNF-a and IL-12 as well as the recently described M1 marker CD38. miR-155 targets Bat5, Mafb, c-Maf, Bach1, Ptprj and Il6ra were increased in miR-155 KO M1 macrophages. Importantly, treatment with a miR-155 oligonucleotide inhibitor suppressed iNOS and TNF-a gene expressions in wild-type M1 macrophages, lending support to the idea that miR-155 targeting may be beneficial in inflammatory disease. Overall, these data indicate that miR-155 plays an essential role in the differentiation and effector potential of inflammatory M1 macrophages.
De-Centering and Recentering Digital Scholarship: A Manifesto

Digital scholarship is an evolving area of librarianship. In this piece we propose 10 theses, statements about what this kind of work DOES, rather than trying to define with it IS. We believe that digitally-inflected research and learning, and the characteristics they employ, are essential to the recentering of our profession's position in/across the academy. We also believe that the "digital scholarship center" has served its time, and that the activities and models for digital scholarship work are core to librarianship. This manifesto is meant to serve as a starting point for a necessary discussion, not an end-all, be-all. We hope others will write and share counter-manifestos, passionate responses, or affirming statements.
Do consumers care how a genetically engineered food was created or who created it

Abstract This paper explores heterogeneity in consumer preferences for foods and policies that relate to different innovative plant breeding technologies. As a starting point in our analysis, we report results from almost four years of monthly surveys with U.S. consumers, which show slight food safety concern for genetically engineered food with no discernable trend of increased or decreased concern over time. We find small differences in consumer preferences for policies related to different plant breeding methods, with the strongest support for the notion that bioengineered crops should be regulated based on health and environmental outcomes rather than the process used to create new crops. Other survey results reveal support or opposition for genetically engineered food depends on consumers’ perceptions of who created the technology. We also find that food safety concerns related to genetically engineered food are related to perceptions about the distribution of benefits from the technology across the food supply chain.
Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Responses to Standardized Stressors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective Disparities in cardiovascular health by socioeconomic status (SES) are a pressing public health concern. Hypothesized mechanisms linking low SES to poor health are large cardiovascular responses to and delayed recovery from psychological stress. The current study presents a meta-analysis of the literature on the association of SES with blood pressure and heart rate reactivity to and recovery from acute stress tasks. Methods The PubMed database was searched, and 26 unique studies with relevant data were identified (k = 25 reactivity [n = 14,617], k = 6 recovery [n = 1,324]). Results Using random-effects models, no significant association between SES and cardiovascular reactivity to stress emerged (r = .008, 95% confidence interval = -.02 to .04), although higher SES was associated with better recovery from stress (r = -.14, 95% confidence interval -.23 to -.05). Stressor type moderated the reactivity effect, wherein higher SES was associated with greater reactivity to cognitive stressors (r = .036, p = .024), not with reactivity to interpersonal stressors (r = -.02, p = .62), but was associated with lower reactivity to tasks with combinations of cognitive, interpersonal, and physical challenges (r = -.12, p = .029). Accounting for publication bias revealed a significant association between SES and reactivity in the opposite direction of hypotheses. Conclusions Cardiovascular recovery from acute stress, but not reactivity to stress, may be a key pathway between low SES and risk for cardiovascular diseases. Heterogeneity in effect size and direction, challenges related to working across temporal dynamics, and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Automatic Segmentation of Trees in Dynamic Outdoor Environments

Abstract Segmentation in dynamic outdoor environments can be difficult when the illumination levels and other aspects of the scene cannot be controlled. Specifically in orchard and vineyard automation contexts, a background material is often used to shield a camera's field of view from other rows of crops. In this paper, we describe a method that uses superpixels to determine low texture regions of the image that correspond to the background material, and then show how this information can be integrated with the color distribution of the image to compute optimal segmentation parameters to segment objects of interest. Quantitative and qualitative experiments demonstrate the suitability of this approach for dynamic outdoor environments, specifically for tree reconstruction and apple flower detection applications.
A hybrid adaptive low-Mach number/compressible method: Euler equations

Author(s): Motheau, E; Duarte, M; Almgren, A; Bell, JB | Abstract: Flows in which the primary features of interest do not rely on high-frequency acoustic effects, but in which long-wavelength acoustics play a nontrivial role, present a computational challenge. Integrating the entire domain with low-Mach-number methods would remove all acoustic wave propagation, while integrating the entire domain with the fully compressible equations can in some cases be prohibitively expensive due to the CFL time step constraint. For example, simulation of thermoacoustic instabilities might require fine resolution of the fluid/chemistry interaction but not require fine resolution of acoustic effects, yet one does not want to neglect the long-wavelength wave propagation and its interaction with the larger domain. The present paper introduces a new multi-level hybrid algorithm to address these types of phenomena. In this new approach, the fully compressible Euler equations are solved on the entire domain, potentially with local refinement, while their low-Mach-number counterparts are solved on subregions of the domain with higher spatial resolution. The finest of the compressible levels communicates inhomogeneous divergence constraints to the coarsest of the low-Mach-number levels, allowing the low-Mach-number levels to retain the long-wavelength acoustics. The performance of the hybrid method is shown for a series of test cases, including results from a simulation of the aeroacoustic propagation generated from a Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in low-Mach-number mixing layers. It is demonstrated that compared to a purely compressible approach, the hybrid method allows time-steps two orders of magnitude larger at the finest level, leading to an overall reduction of the computational time by a factor of 8.
Moving IEEE MultiMedia Forward

I am humbled by this great honor to be the new editor in chief (EIC) of IEEE MultiMedia. With this opportunity, I would like to share my thoughts and visions on how to move IEEE MultiMedia forward.
Treating Outer Space Like a Place: A Case for Rejecting Other Domain Analogies

The creation and augmentation of the outer space governance regime during the twentieth century was guided by the use of analogies with other planetary domains. These analogies compare the “target”...
History and Semiotics: Preliminary Thoughts

All historians are semioticians: from an infinite number of occurrences, they select those, which they consider meaningful, hoping to convey the importance of that interpretation to their readers. Even positivists who say history is just a bunch of facts must decide what facts, or the compilers of a chronicle have to choose what to include. Historians thus investigate with some care and sophistication the systems of symbolization, which humankind has developed to give meaning to its existence.
ON THE COMPARISON BETWEEN A LIQUID JET AND A DROPLET TRAIN

The surface normal impingement of a cylindrical liquid jet emanating from a nozzle is of use in numerous technological applications (e.g.., waterjet cutting). If a greater distance between the nozzle and the impingement surface is allowed, then the initially continuous liquid jet may fragment into a train of discrete droplets, whose peak impact force can exceed that of an unbroken continuous liquid jet. The present study experimentally investigates the force imparted by these two distinctly different processes for identical flow conditions (i.e., velocity, jet diameter, etc.). Based on the conservation of momentum, a justification for the significantly higher peak forces observed in the droplet train case is presented.