cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Flight Dynamics of the HIFiRE Flight 6 Research Vehicle

The HIFiRE 6 flight research vehicle aerodynamics and stability and control are discussed in this paper. We show that the aerodynamics exhibit a strong Mach number dependence. This is primarily due to the mass capture and starting characteristics of the inlet and the interaction of the spill flow with the external flow field. Aerodynamic data derived from inviscid and viscous computational fluid dynamics codes are compared with wind tunnel data and show, for the most part, good agreement. Literal approximations for the short-period and the lateral-direction modes are derived that take advantage of unique flight dynamics of hypersonic vehicles. The stability characteristics for the flight research vehicle are then presented, along with a discussion of the inertial roll coupling characteristics of the vehicle.
Water Mediates Recognition of DNA Sequence via Ionic Current Blockade in a Biological Nanopore

Electric field-driven translocation of DNA strands through biological nanopores has been shown to produce blockades of the nanopore ionic current that depend on the nucleotide composition of the strands. Coupling a biological nanopore MspA to a DNA processing enzyme has made DNA sequencing via measurement of ionic current blockades possible. Nevertheless, the physical mechanism enabling the DNA sequence readout has remained undetermined. Here, we report the results of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations that elucidated the physical mechanism of ionic current blockades in the biological nanopore MspA. We find that the amount of water displaced from the nanopore by the DNA strand determines the nanopore ionic current, whereas the steric and base-stacking properties of the DNA nucleotides determine the amount of water displaced. Unexpectedly, we find the effective force on DNA in MspA to undergo large fluctuations, which may produce insertion errors in the DNA sequence readout.
The analysis of the referral and tracking situation of patients with suspected tuberculosis and tuberculosis from non-PTB control institutions network report in Bengbu city from 2008 to 2012

Objective: To analyze the the referral and tracking situation of patients with suspected tuberculosis and tuberculosis from non-PTB control institutions network report in Bengbu from 2008 to 2012 in order to provide the basis of strengthening the patient management. Methods: The referral,tracing and checking report in tuberculosis Management Information System of PTB patients reported by non-TB control institutions from Bengbu in 2008 to 2012 were investigated. The referral arrival rate,tracing arrival rate,total arrival rate and detection rate of PTB patients in 7 513 referral patients were analyzed. Results: The difference of the referral arrival rate in patients with suspected tuberculosis and tuberculosis from non-PTB control institutions network report in Bengbu from 2008 to 2012 was not statistical significance( P 0. 05),the tracing arrival and total arrival rates in patients were a rising trend year by year( P 0. 01),the overall arrival rate of the patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculosis from non-PTB control institutions network report in each county and district was a rising trend year by year( P 0. 01). The refusing to see a doctor( 29. 37%) and other reasons( 27. 57%) were the main causes of tracing non-arrival,follow by patients going out( 20. 36%),the patients with unknown or false information leading to unable to tract accounted for 17. 84%. Conclusions: There is room for improving in the work of referring and tracing the patients with suspected tuberculosis and tuberculosis from non-PTB control institutions network report in Bengbu.Consolidating and improving the overall arrival rate,promoting the institutions health education,writing the complete report and improving the diagnostic capabilities of the non-PTB control institutions are the keys to increase arrival.
Pheochromocytoma Presenting as Middeldorpf Tumor: Case Report

Pheochromocytoma is a tumor that characteristically arises in the adrenal medulla. Extra-adrenal tumors make up approximately 10 per cent of all pheochromocytomas, with those occurring in the organ of Zuckerkandl being the most common. Others may occur anywhere along the sympathetic chain, including a number of reported cases in the bladder. A case is reported in which the tumor occurred deep in the presacral pelvic area, retroperitoneal and retrorectal, a so-called Middeldorpf tumor. Its rare presentation and technical demand of its removal underscore the importance of preoperative and intraoperative medical and pharmacologic management.
Silicon Carbide Schottky Rectifiers with Improved Avalanche Ruggedness

Silicon carbide Schottky-barrier diode (SBD) rectifiers have been manufactured with low on-state voltages, high surge currents and high avalanche ruggedness. Non-destructive unclamped inductive switching currents of 188 A (mean) are achieved for the 1200 V 15 A rectifier. Very tight distribution of maximum sustained UIS current is confirmed. We relate improved avalanche ruggedness to bulk avalanche breakdown and show the breakdown pattern of the new Schottky rectifier being the same type as that for the p-n diode.
Computational Prediction of Lysine Acetylation Proteome-Wide

Several studies have contributed to our knowledge of the enzymology underlying acetylation, including focused efforts to understand the molecular mechanism of substrate recognition by several acetyltransferases; however, conventional experiments to determine intrinsic features of substrate site specificity have proven challenging. In this chapter, I describe in detail a computational method that involves clustering analysis of protein sequences to predict protein acetylation based on the sequence characteristics of acetylated lysines within histones. This method illustrates that sequence composition has predictive power on datasets of acetylation marks, and can be used to predict other posttranslational modifications such as methylation and phosphorylation. Later in this chapter, other recent methods to predict lysine acetylation are described and together, these approaches combined with more traditional experimental methods, can be useful for identifying acetylated substrates proteome-wide.
Microvascular pressures measured by micropuncture in isolated perfused lamb lungs

To investigate the influence of vasomotor tone and vessel compliance on pulmonary segmental vascular resistance, we determined the longitudinal distribution of vascular pressures in 15 isolated blood perfused lungs of newborn lambs. We measured pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures and by micropuncture the pressures in 20- to 80-micron-diam subpleural arterioles and venules, both before and after paralyzing the vasculature with papaverine hydrochloride. In five lungs we also determined the microvascular pressure profile during reverse perfusion. In lungs with baseline vasomotor tone, approximately 32% of the total pressure drop was in arteries, approximately 32% in microvessels, and approximately 36% in veins. With elimination of vasomotor tone, arterial and venous resistances decreased to one-fifth and one-half of base-line values, respectively, indicating that vasomotor tone contributed mainly toward arterial resistance. During reverse perfusion, the pressure drop in veins was similar to that in arteries during forward perfusion, suggesting that the compliance of arteries and veins is comparable. We conclude that vascular tone and compliance are important factors that determine the distribution of segmental vascular resistance in lungs of the newborn.
Mildred Mitchell-Bateman

I find it very hard to write this commentary without being redundant, because so much of what Dr. Upton has written expresses and supports my views on the philosophical issues surrounding the financing of mental health care. Since this is the case, perhaps my best contribution to the usefulness of Dr. Upton’s white paper would be to highlight, reemphasize, and editorialize upon the crucial points. One hopes that Dr. Upton’s paper and the commentaries in this book will undergird the work of those who will be formulating policy on mental health care coverage under National Health Insurance.
UWB microwave sensor array characterization for early detection of breast cancer

In this paper, 3×3 microwave antenna sensor array is designed for microwave imaging of breast on microwave substrate of er=2.2 using full wave EM simulator FEKO. The array exhibits simulated impedance bandwidth of 4 GHz centered on 7.3 GHz. The array is simulated in transmit mode when center element is transmitting and in receive mode when all elements are receiving. The accuracy and performance of image reconstruction is affected by mutual coupling between array elements. The array design and element spacing is optimized to reduce mutual coupling till −20dB for both modes but mutual coupling effect is more pronounced in transmit mode than in receive mode.
Contesting political theologies of Islam and democracy in Turkey

AbstractTurkey’s secularism is often depicted as a system of control par excellence, pitting the secularist state against religion and ignoring the multiplicity of actors within the state as well as within religious sectors. A review of Turkey’s main state institution, the Directorate of Religious Affairs (DRA) explains why models which reduce state–religious relations to a one-dimensional interaction of control or contestation are insufficient. Such models ignore the perplexing support of the DRA by religious groups due to their inability to identify the institution’s dual role in maintaining the presence of Islam in the state structure and lending legitimacy to various religious groups. A pluralistic account of Turkey’s secularism exposes its contradictions, such as DRA decisions that denounced state key secularist policies and the inadvertent outcomes of some state policies limiting Islamic groups. Exposing the paradoxical role of the state vis-a-vis religion the increasing number of woman employees in...
A Recent Navajo Pottery Manufacturing Site, Navajo Indian Irrigation Project, New Mexico

A site originally reported as an Anasazi sherd scatter is interpreted, upon excavation and analysis, as an historic Navajo pottery manufacturing site.
Various Kinds of Irreversibility

One of the obstacles in the path toward understanding irreversibility is the confusion that arises from failing to distinguish among the various meanings of the terms “reversible” and “irreversible.” In fact, it is possible that the paradoxes of the past and the near-mysticism of the present (Prigogine, 1980) may be due primarily to a lack of interest in distinctions among the various kinds of irreversibility at an elementary level. This is not to say that the arguments were weak or the issues irrelevant, but that the resolution of paradoxes and the reconciliation of Newtonian molecular behavior with the irreversibility of fluid behavior may become easier if we do bother to sort out the various kinds of irreversibility.
PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling in Cancer and Cancer Therapeutics

The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway canonically transduces intracellular signals initiated by insulin binding to its cognate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), thereby integrating the sensing of systemic nutrient availability with the regulation of cellular metabolism, growth, and proliferation. As a result of the large-scale sequencing and analysis of human cancer genomes, the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway is now also well appreciated to be commonly dysregulated in cancers arising from diverse tissues of origin. Somatic genetic changes have been identified in PIK3CA, PTEN, Akt1, mTOR, and other genes, many of which are known to play important functional roles in cancer cell proliferation and survival. The ubiquity of PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway activation in cancer has prompted significant interest in the development of small molecule inhibitors of various components of the signaling pathway. Multiple compounds are presently being evaluated in human clinical trials and may enter the armamentarium of standard cancer treatments in the future. Those studies completed to date have highlighted a number of key challenges that will need to be overcome to realize the full potential of targeting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway for clinical benefit. To improve the therapeutic window for PI3K pathway inhibition, compounds that preferentially target the mutant protein may be required. Second, the identification of improved response biomarkers will be needed to facilitate precision trials that aim to enroll only the patients who are most likely to respond to therapy. Third, a comprehensive understanding of the most common mechanisms that promote recovery of signaling activity during drug treatment may provide important leads for new therapeutic combinations. Lastly, strategies for co-drugging may also arise from an improved understanding of how inhibition of PI3K signaling—even when cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis are insufficient for clinical benefit—creates new vulnerabilities that may be exploited by other available therapies. Such studies will provide a robust preclinical foundation for clinical trials of rational combinations of PI3K-directed therapies with other targeted agents, cytotoxic chemotherapy or immunotherapy that aim to boost clinical response rates, improve treatment durability, and offer cures to greater numbers of patients suffering from cancer.
Trigger warnings, the organic classroom, and civil discourse

AbstractIn this article I respond to my fellow contributors’ thoughts on trigger warnings, and expand the conversation in terms of trigger warnings’ effect on pedagogy and practice in the classroom. I parse out some definitions that make the debate difficult to negotiate, separate TWs from microaggressions, and apply this analysis to the dialogic classroom. I call for a civil discussion on this controversial topic, and challenge colleagues from all reaches of the ideological spectrum to approach the topic with respect for each other.
Tablets im Schulunterricht in Skandinavien

Durch den Einsatz von internetfahigen Tablets in Schulen verschmelzen tradierte Klassenraume mit Onlineraumen; es entstehen neue Klassenraume: CrossActionSpaces. Unter dieser Bedingung werden 64 skandinavische Schulklassen exploriert. Leitend ist die Fragestellung, auf welche Weise Lehrpersonen iPads in ihren Unterricht integrieren. Die Forschungsmethode umfasst teilstrukturierte Unterrichtsbeobachtungen (Foto, Audio-, Videomitschnitte) sowie Interviews. Die Ergebnisse lassen neue Unterrichtsdesigns in Form von Lernexpeditionen erkennbar werden sowie drei Cluster von Designs-in-practice: a) neue Designs; Learning by CrossAction, b) tradierte Unterrichtsdesigns, die zu Irritationen und Konflikten in iPad-Klassen fuhren, und c) Designs, die aus unterschiedlichen Grunden zwischen Innovation und Tradition verharren.
The Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Host Responses as a Predictor of T Cell Reactivity after Allogeneic-BMT as Determined by TCR Vb Spectratype Analysis.

Immunotherapeutic strategies have gained recognition as viable alternatives to more conventional therapeutic modalities for the treatment of cancer. In this regard, adoptive T cell therapy through allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation (BMT) has offered the first evidence to demonstrate that anti-tumor effects could be achieved against hematological malignancies. However, complications which include graft failure, opportunistic infections, leukemic relapse and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) underscore the importance for the development of more targeted strategies in order to promote the successful implementation of allogeneic-BMT as a long term curative approach. It is well understood that mature donor T cells present in the donor inoculum must be an integral part of any such strategy as they play a pivotal role in all of the above mentioned complications. The incidence of the first three complications is diminished by the presence of mature donor T cells while, unfortunately, the transplantation of mature alloreactive donor T cells also directly induces the latter complication of acute GVHD, which can be directed against either HLA or minor histocompatibility antigen (miHA) disparities. Efforts to pan deplete donor marrow inoculum of T cells have been successful in minimizing the development of disease but have been associated with increased leukemic relapse. Thus, one approach to solve this problem would be to identify and then selectively deplete alloreactive donor T cells while allowing the residual T cells to provide protection against infection and to mediate a leukemia-specific GVL response. We hypothesized that an in vitro culture system using a one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction generated between a potential allogeneic BMT donor and their respective recipient could give rise to many of the alloreactive T cell responses that would be predictive of those that would be generated in vivo, following BMT. We proceeded to test the predictive value of the in vitro culture system through the use of TCR CDR3 Vβ spectratype analysis in the clinical BMT setting. To this end we compared, by spectratype analysis, the in vitro and post-transplant in vivo responses of nine donor patient pairs. The results indicated a high association of overlapping Vβ CDR3-size skewing as defined by the reactive Vβ families in the patient post-transplant also found to be reactive in the in vitro culture system (range of overlap 50–100%, median 72.5%). Thus, in vitro spectratyping analysis may be useful in guiding the manipulation of the donor T cell inoculum in order to provide improved BMT outcomes.
Elegit: Git Learning Tool for Students (Abstract Only)

Version control systems are crucial tools for computer scientists, and the need for students to be fluent in them is well-recognized. However, Git and other version control systems (VCSs) are difficult to learn and use. Elegit is a new Git client that we created to help students learn how Git works while using it. Our approach is different from other GUI Git clients in that our key goals are not only to help students successfully use Git, but equally importantly to help students learn about how Git works in its own native way. We preserve standard Git terminology wherever possible, and place a high priority on not modifying the standard Git model. Simultaneously, we strive to make Elegit easy for beginners to use. This demo provides a brief tutorial on using Elegit, discussion on the process of designing the tool to do this, evaluation of the effectiveness of the tool, and improvements made based on this evaluation and our own learning of Git while developing the application. Information about Elegit can be found at http://elegit.org. This work is supported by a SIGCSE Special Projects Grant, and by Carleton College.
Brain activity related to working memory for temporal order and object information

Maintaining items in an appropriate sequence is important for many daily activities; however, remarkably little is known about the neural basis of human temporal working memory. Prior work suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus, play a role in representing information about temporal order. The involvement of these areas in successful temporal working memory, however, is less clear. Additionally, it is unknown whether regions in the PFC and MTL support temporal working memory across different timescales, or at coarse or fine levels of temporal detail. To address these questions, participants were scanned while completing 3 working memory task conditions (Group, Position and Item) that were matched in terms of difficulty and the number of items to be actively maintained. Group and Position trials probed temporal working memory processes, requiring the maintenance of hierarchically organized coarse and fine temporal information, respectively. To isolate activation related to temporal working memory, Group and Position trials were contrasted against Item trials, which required detailed working memory maintenance of visual objects. Results revealed that working memory encoding and maintenance of temporal information relative to visual information was associated with increased activation in dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC), and perirhinal cortex (PRC). In contrast, maintenance of visual details relative to temporal information was characterized by greater activation of parahippocampal cortex (PHC), medial and anterior PFC, and retrosplenial cortex. In the hippocampus, a dissociation along the longitudinal axis was observed such that the anterior hippocampus was more active for working memory encoding and maintenance of visual detail information relative to temporal information, whereas the posterior hippocampus displayed the opposite effect. Posterior parietal cortex was the only region to show sensitivity to temporal working memory across timescales, and was particularly involved in the encoding and maintenance of fine temporal information relative to maintenance of temporal information at more coarse timescales. Collectively, these results highlight the involvement of PFC and MTL in temporal working memory processes, and suggest a dissociation in the type of working memory information represented along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus.
Approach to electrodiagnostic testing in children

Performing nerve conduction studies and electromyography in children shares the same fundamental principles with electrodiagnostic studies performed in adults. The nerves and muscles available for testing are mostly the same, electrode placement is similar, and data interpretation relies on the same basic physiology. However, there are nevertheless important differences that should be emphasized. Without sedation, younger children as well as those with developmental delay or cognitive impairment will often have difficulty tolerating the comprehensive nerve conduction studies involving as many as a dozen different motor and sensory nerves as well as extensive needle examination of multiple extremities that is more typical of adult studies. Older children and adolescents are more likely to tolerate the scale of testing that is familiar to adult neurophysiologists.
A Galerkin isogeometric method for Karhunen-Loève approximation of random fields

Abstract This paper marks the debut of a Galerkin isogeometric method for solving a Fredholm integral eigenvalue problem, enabling random field discretization by means of the Karhunen–Loeve expansion. The method involves a Galerkin projection onto a finite-dimensional subspace of a Hilbert space, basis splines (B-splines) and non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) spanning the subspace, and standard methods of eigensolutions. Compared with the existing Galerkin methods, such as the finite-element and mesh-free methods, the NURBS-based isogeometric method upholds exact geometrical representation of the physical or computational domain and exploits regularity of basis functions delivering globally smooth eigensolutions. Therefore, the introduction of the isogeometric method for random field discretization is not only new; it also offers a few computational advantages over existing methods. In the big picture, the use of NURBS for random field discretization enriches the isogeometric paradigm. As a result, an uncertainty quantification pipeline of the future can be envisioned where geometric modeling, stress analysis, and stochastic simulation are all integrated using the same building blocks of NURBS. Three numerical examples, including a three-dimensional random field discretization problem, illustrate the accuracy and convergence properties of the isogeometric method for obtaining eigensolutions.
First Critique of Buchman and Chalfin’s Analysis

Buchman and Chalfin note heterogeneity in how physicians view their obligations to individual patients and society. They correctly note that the traditional Hippocratic view is that physicians should do all they can to advance the interests of their individual patient. However, it is not clear that physicians should or actually do adhere to the Hippocratic vision in modern, publicly funded health care systems. Healthcare rationing involves withholding potentially beneficial treatments from individuals on the grounds of scarcity [1]. Because the population need for healthcare goods is virtually limitless, rationing is unavoidable [2]. Moreover, in most developed countries, healthcare draws its funding from the same public pool as other social goods such as education, infrastructure, environmental protection, and defense. Therefore, healthcare’s share of resources often grows by proportional cuts in other social programs. As a consequence, when healthcare is at least partially publicly funded—as it is in the United States and most other industrialized nations—the public good becomes an ethically relevant consideration when assessing physicians’ obligations to individual patients and to populations of patients. This essay is limited to such contexts.
A Ring of Morita Context in Which Each Right Ideal is Weakly Self-Injective

In this paper, among others, an example of a noetherian ring of Morita Context in which each right ideal is weakly self-injective, has been studied.
Altered Recognition of LCMV Antigen Presented on Mutant Class I Molecules

Mutations in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been used to delineate the structure and function of these polymorphic molecules (Klein 1986). The original descriptions of these cell surface glycoproteins were concerned with their function as transplantation antigens (allorecognition). However, a more recently recognized function of the class I MHC protein is in the presentation of viral antigens to MHC compatible cytotoxic T lymphocytes (H-2 restriction). We have applied a method of generating random mutations in the class I MHC molecule H-2Dp to further determine regions of the molecule important for these immunologic functions.
Non-invasive spoofing attacks for anti-lock braking systems

This work exposes a largely unexplored vector of physical-layer attacks with demonstrated consequences in automobiles. By modifying the physical environment around analog sensors such as Antilock Braking Systems (ABS), we exploit weaknesses in wheel speed sensors so that a malicious attacker can inject arbitrary measurements to the ABS computer which in turn can cause life-threatening situations. In this paper, we describe the development of a prototype ABS spoofer to enable such attacks and the potential consequences of remaining vulnerable to these attacks. The class of sensors sensitive to these attacks depends on the physics of the sensors themselves. ABS relies on magnetic---based wheel speed sensors which are exposed to an external attacker from underneath the body of a vehicle. By placing a thin electromagnetic actuator near the ABS wheel speed sensors, we demonstrate one way in which an attacker can inject magnetic fields to both cancel the true measured signal and inject a malicious signal, thus spoofing the measured wheel speeds. The mounted attack is of a non-invasive nature, requiring no tampering with ABS hardware and making it harder for failure and/or intrusion detection mechanisms to detect the existence of such an attack. This development explores two types of attacks: a disruptive, naive attack aimed to corrupt the measured wheel speed by overwhelming the original signal and a more advanced spoofing attack, designed to inject a counter-signal such that the braking system mistakenly reports a specific velocity. We evaluate the proposed ABS spoofer module using industrial ABS sensors and wheel speed decoders, concluding by outlining the implementation and lifetime considerations of an ABS spoofer with real hardware.
Precautionary Measures of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: Legal Status and Importance

In recent years, several states of the Americas have raised concerns regarding the mandate and practice of the InterAmerican Commission on Human Rights (the Commission, IACHR) in several areas, including the adoption of precautionary measures. In order to better understand the legal underpinnings of such discussion, it is important to review the scope and normative contours of precautionary measures in the Inter-American Human Rights System. This piece intends to provide a general overview of some of the most notable aspects that inform the current debate in the political organs of the Organization of American States (OAS). The information provided below will indicate that, contrary to what some states argue, the Commission’s practice in precautionary measures has been cautious but quite effective.
Existing and Emerging Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the human central nervous system disease that typically strikes young adults, particularly females. Current knowledge of pathophysiology and diagnosis of MS has been rapidly evolving and so are the treatment options. In this chapter, we review the seven emerging disease modifying therapies at different stages of development, their proposed mechanism of action, route of administration, and potential adverse events noted during the clinical trials. The most recent findings are presented here.
Forbidden Words, Banished Voices: Jewish Refugees at the Service of BBC Propaganda to Wartime Germany

During the Second World War, the BBC operated a German Service, which was tasked with broadcasting propaganda programs into Nazi Germany and occupied Europe. Psychological warfare was transmitted t...
Trophic complexity alters the diversity-multifunctionality relationship in experimental grassland mesocosms

Higher levels of diversity within trophic levels are necessary to sustain multiple ecosystem functions, but this diversity-multifunctionality relationship peaks at intermediate percent-function thresholds. The presence of multiple trophic levels, or trophic complexity, affects ecosystem multifunctionality but its effect on the diversity-multifunctionality relationship has not been experimentally tested. To test the sensitivity of the diversity-multifunctionality relationship to trophic complexity, we simultaneously manipulated plant diversity and trophic complexity in a multifactorial tall-grass prairie mesocosm experiment at Cedar Creek, Minnesota, USA. Trophic complexity altered the diversity-multifunctionality relationship, by lowering the height of the peak as well as by shifting to a negative effect at lower thresholds. These outcomes are consistent with both a decrease in the "jack-of-all-trades" effect and complementarity among plant species. Our findings suggest that trophic complexity, which is experiencing widespread declines on a global scale, is important for sustaining ecosystem multifunctionality in the face of equally widespread declines in biodiversity.
Investigating the effects of gender bias on GitHub

Diversity, including gender diversity, is valued by many software development organizations, yet the field remains dominated by men. One reason for this lack of diversity is gender bias. In this paper, we study the effects of that bias by using an existing framework derived from the gender studies literature. We adapt the four main effects proposed in the framework by posing hypotheses about how they might manifest on GitHub, then evaluate those hypotheses quantitatively. While our results show that effects of gender bias are largely invisible on the GitHub platform itself, there are still signals of women concentrating their work in fewer places and being more restrained in communication than men.
The impact of comorbid depression-diabetes on proteomic outcomes among community-dwelling Mexican Americans with mild cognitive impairment

Background Mexican Americans suffer from a disproportionate burden of modifiable risk factors, which may contribute to the health disparities in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective The purpose of this study was to elucidate the impact of comorbid depression and diabetes on proteomic outcomes among community-dwelling Mexican American adults and elders. Methods Data from participants enrolled in the Health and Aging Brain among Latino Elders study was utilized. Participants were 50 or older and identified as Mexican American (N = 514). Cognition was assessed via neuropsychological test battery and diagnoses of MCI and AD adjudicated by consensus review. The sample was stratified into four groups: Depression only, Neither depression nor diabetes, Diabetes only, and Comorbid depression and diabetes. Proteomic profiles were created via support vector machine analyses. Results In Mexican Americans, the proteomic profile of MCI may change based upon the presence of diabetes. The profile has a strong inflammatory component and diabetes increases metabolic markers in the profile. Conclusion Medical comorbidities may impact the proteomics of MCI and AD, which lend support for a precision medicine approach to treating this disease.
Problem representation of dynamic resource allocation for flexible high throughput satellities

Within the next years, flexible high-throughput (HT) satellite with 100s-1000s of beams will be launched to provide broadband connectivity to a variety of customers on Earth. The user demand, especially in the mobility sector, is expected to have large diurnal variations. To follow this dynamic demand behavior, many HT satellites will be equipped with flexible power and bandwidth capabilities. This flexibility comes with a large number of adjustable parameters. Optimization of these parameters ensures that the demand can be met with the minimum required resources, resulting in an efficient utilization of assets on orbit. The challenge lies in the high dimensionality of the problem, where manual resource allocation will quickly become impractical. This paper develops a representation of the dynamic resource allocation problem and outlines an approach to solve the problem including different sets of algorithms such as deterministic solvers and heuristic approaches from artificial intelligence.
Sex Disparity in How Pain Sensitivity Influences Dry Eye Symptoms.

Author(s): Li, Wing; Lin, Meng C | Abstract: PurposeWomen have a higher dry eye disease prevalence compared with men, although only relatively minor differences in the ocular surface have been observed. Interestingly, a sex difference in pain sensitivity is known, and recent research suggests that pain sensitivity is associated with dry eye symptoms. This study attempts to discern whether the association between pain sensitivity and dry eye symptoms varies between women and men.MethodsIn this prospective cross-sectional study, subjects were seen for one visit where they were asked to fill out a set of questionnaires consisting of the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), and other dry eye questionnaires. This was followed by an ocular surface assessment on both eyes.ResultsTwo hundred eighty-seven subjects (194 women, 93 men) completed the study. Intersex differences in the ocular surface were noted. Even after accounting for these differences, an interaction effect between sex and Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire-minor score on dry eye symptoms was observed, with only women noting increased symptoms on the OSDI (P l 0.005) and other dry eye questionnaires (P values ranging from 0.01 to l0.005) with greater pain sensitivity. After controlling for other variables, women with the highest pain sensitivity had a 17-point higher OSDI score and greater symptoms, as reported by all the other dry questionnaires compared with their male counterparts.ConclusionsThe role of pain sensitivity on dry eye symptoms appears to vary between women and men. This difference provides insight into why women have a significantly higher dry eye disease prevalence than men.
Political Ideology over the Life Course

Young people tend to be more liberal than older people. This paper goes beyond that generality to describe more precisely how self-described political ideology varies with age. I distinguish period (across people of different ages at a moment in time) from cohort (changes in people as they get older) characterizations of this age-ideology gradient. Data are from General Social Surveys from 1974 through 2018, including synthetic cohorts formed from 5 year subsamples of the data. Ideology is measured on a {-1, 1} scale: liberals (conservatives) are -1 (+1) and moderates are 0. The average of this measure (Libcon) generally increases with age both within every 5-year sub-period and among all available cohorts; the shape of these gradients varies considerably across these sub-periods. However, the longer run central tendency is a very well defined concave gradient that rises over the whole life course. The period and cohort versions of this gradient essentially overlap. The change in mean Libcon from early adulthood (25) to old age (80) is substantial (over. 20 on the -1, 1 scale), and around half of this occurs after age 45. I discuss implications for “purple America” characterizations of political ideology and for the strain of literature emphasizing ideological “persistence.”
Draft Genome Sequence of "Candidatus Arthromitus" UMNCA01, a Suspected Commensal Isolated from the Gut Microbiome of Commercial Turkey.

ABSTRACT “Candidatus Arthromitus” UMNCA01 was recovered from ileal samples of commercial turkey poults and may have probiotic capabilities. The complete genome was determined using the Illumina MiSeq and HiSeq sequencing platforms. The complete genome consists of 1,631,326 bp and has a G+C content of 26.14%, 1,540 coding sequences (CDS), and 37 RNA coding genes.
Satellite detection of varying seasonal water supply restrictions on grassland productivity in the Missouri basin, USA

Abstract Climate observations indicate more frequent drought in recent years, and model predictions suggest that drought occurrence will continue to rise with global warming. Understanding drought impacts on ecosystem functioning requires accurate quantification of vegetation sensitivity to changes in water supply condition. This is complicated by the seasonal variation in plant structural and physiological response to water stress, especially for semi-arid grasslands with characteristic strong spatial and temporal variability in carbon uptake. Here, we use complementary satellite soil moisture (SM) and total water storage (TWS) observations to delineate plant-accessible water supply variations for natural grasslands in the Missouri basin, USA. We evaluate how water supply influences the spatiotemporal variations in grassland productivity as a function of seasonal timing and climate condition. We identify a 128-day period from mid-June to early October when grassland growth is sensitive to soil moisture changes. We find the strongest SM sensitivity after the peak of the growing season associated with high temperature and VPD. SM limitation can extend to early and late growing season under warm conditions, while grassland sensitivity to SM is generally stronger in the late growth stage than in the green-up period given similar temperature and soil moisture. We find that complementary to the surface SM observations, TWS provides plant-available water storage information from the deeper soil, and both SM and TWS exert a lagged impact on grassland productivity. We find that the lag between the inter-annual variation of SM and associated plant response increases through the season, and overall there is a transition from SM-limitation to TWS-limitation on productivity during the late growing period when the TWS level is near the seasonal low. Future global change projections should account for a seasonally varying vegetation-moisture relationship to accurately assess the impact of the water supply constraint on plant productivity in a warming climate.
An open-source framework for pulmonary fissure completeness assessment

We present an open-source framework for pulmonary fissure completeness assessment. Fissure incompleteness has been shown to associate with emphysema treatment outcomes, motivating the development of tools that facilitate completeness estimation. Generally, the task of fissure completeness assessment requires accurate detection of fissures and definition of the boundary surfaces separating the lung lobes. The framework we describe acknowledges a) the modular nature of fissure detection and lung lobe segmentation (lobe boundary detection), and b) that methods to address these challenges are varied and continually developing. It is designed to be readily deployable on existing lung lobe segmentation and fissure detection data sets. The framework consists of multiple components: a flexible quality control module that enables rapid assessment of lung lobe segmentations, an interactive lobe segmentation tool exposed through 3D Slicer for handling challenging cases, a flexible fissure representation using particles-based sampling that can handle fissure feature-strength or binary fissure detection images, and a module that performs fissure completeness estimation using voxel counting and a novel surface area estimation approach. We demonstrate the usage of the proposed framework by deploying on 100 cases exhibiting various levels of fissure completeness. We compare the two completeness level approaches and also compare to visual reads. The code is available to the community via github as part of the Chest Imaging Platform and a 3D Slicer extension module.
Effect of chemical aging of aqueous organic aerosols on the rate of their steady-state nucleation

We present the steady-state solution of the kinetic equation for the size and composition distribution of an ensemble of aqueous organic droplets, evolving via nucleation and concomitant chemical aging. The partial differential equation of second order for the temporal evolution of this distribution can be reduced to the canonical form of the multidimensional Fokker-Planck equation, which can be solved analytically by using the method of complete separation of variables. Its solution for the steady-state process provides the stationary distribution of droplets in the vicinity of the saddle point of the free-energy surface as well as the stationary nucleation rate in the form of the product "kinetic (Zeldovich) factor × normalization factor × exp(-free energy of nucleus formation)". Our numerical evaluations for the formation of aqueous organic aerosols in the air containing the vapors of water, 2-methylglyceric acid, and 3-methyl-4 -hydroxy-benzoic acid, as well as typical atmospheric gaseous species, indicate that the steady-state nucleation rate of such aerosols can be significantly enhanced by their concomitant chemical aging. Thus, one can expect that the application of our approach to the formation and evolution of atmospheric aqueous organic aerosols (via concurrent nucleation and chemical aging) will make aerosol models more adequate and may, once implemented in climate models, improve their forecasting accuracy.
EDNA-Covid: A Large-Scale Covid-19 Tweets Dataset Collected with the EDNA Streaming Toolkit.

The Covid-19 pandemic has fundamentally altered many facets of our lives. With nationwide lockdowns and stay-at-home advisories, conversations about the pandemic have naturally moved to social networks, e.g. Twitter. This affords an unprecedented insight into the evolution of social discourse in the presence of a long-running destabilizing factor such as a pandemic with the high-volume, high-velocity, high-noise Covid-19 Twitter feed. However, real-time information extraction from such a data stream requires a fault-tolerant streaming infrastructure to perform the non-trivial integration of heterogenous data sources from news organizations, social feeds, and authoritative medical organizations like the CDC. To address this, we present (i) the EDNA streaming toolkit for consuming and processing streaming data, and (ii) EDNA-Covid, a multilingual, large-scale dataset of coronavirus-related tweets collected with EDNA since January 25, 2020. EDNA-Covid includes, at time of this publication, over 600M tweets from around the world in over 10 languages. We release both the EDNA toolkit and the EDNA-Covid dataset to the public so that they can be used to extract valuable insights on this extraordinary social event.
¡A La Huelga! Secondary Students, School Strikes, and the Power of Educational Activism in 1970s Nicaragua

The year 1976 was a violent one in Nicaragua. In an effort to quash the Sandinista guerrillas, the dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle had declared a state of siege, suspending constitutional guarantees, muzzling the press, and unleashing the Guardia Nacional. Despite the dangers of dissent, thousands of students across the country walked off their secondary school campuses that year to protest poor funding, inept teachers, and oppressive administrators. This article examines this series of strikes to uncover the ways in which teenagers managed to organize their schools and communities in spite of the repression that marked the final years of the Somoza regime. Analyzing student documents, Ministry of Education records, and newspaper reports, this article argues that in the context of a decades-long dictatorship, student demands for more democratic schools opened a relatively safe pathway for cross-generational activism that forced concessions from the Somoza regime. By the 1970s, secondary schools had come to reflect the state's authoritarianism and mismanagement, and widespread educational deficiencies brought students and parents together in a joint project to demand better schools. Battles over the quality of education, thus, showcased the power of an organized citizenry and laid the groundwork for the revolutionary mobilizations that were to come.
Macromarketing Metrics of Consumer Well-Being: An Update:

This commentary updates much of the research related to the various constructs and metrics of consumer well-being. Specifically, I review the research to date concerning several conceptualizations ...
Blood in the water: recent uses of zebrafish to study myeloid biology

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Myeloid cells contribute to immune response to infection and tissue regeneration after injury as well as to the developmental induction of the hematopoietic system overall. Here we review recent uses of zebrafish to advance the study of myeloid biology in development and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have made use of advanced imaging and genetic strategies and have highlighted key concepts in myeloid cell behavior. These include immune-cell cross-talk and subpopulation response in infection and regeneration, and tightly regulated inflammatory and tissue remodeling behaviors in development. SUMMARY These new findings will shape our understanding of the developmental origins of immune populations as well as their specific cellular behaviors at all stages of infection, regeneration, and myeloid neoplasms.
Discovery of Halogenated Benzothiadiazine Derivatives with Anticancer Activity

Mitochondrial respiratory complex II (CII), also known as succinate dehydrogenase, plays a critical role in mitochondrial metabolism. Known but low potency CII inhibitors are selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells including the benzothiadiazine-based anti-hypoglycemic diazoxide. Herein, we study the structure-activity relationship of benzothiadiazine derivatives for CII inhibition and their effect on cancer cells for the first time. A 15-fold increase in CII inhibition was achieved over diazoxide, albeit with micromolar IC50 values. Cytotoxicity evaluation of the novel derivatives resulted in the identification of compounds with much greater antineoplastic effect than diazoxide, the most potent of which possesses an IC50 of 2.93±0.07 μM in a cellular model of triple-negative breast cancer, with high selectivity over nonmalignant cells and more than double the potency of the clinical agent 5-fluorouracil. No correlation between cytotoxicity and CII inhibition was found, thus indicating an as-yet-undefined mechanism of action of this scaffold. The derivatives described herein represent valuable hit compounds for therapeutic discovery in triple-negative breast cancer.