cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RESUMMATION OF THRESHOLD CORRECTIONS FOR SINGLE-PARTICLE INCLUSIVE CROSS SECTIONS

We derive threshold resummations for single-particle and single-jet inclusive cross sections, thus generalizing previous results at fixed invariant mass to a wider class of cross sections with phenomenological interest. We confirm the structure of our resummed expressions by comparison with explicit one-loop calculations for direct photons and heavy quarks.
Microwave ion source and beam injection for an Accelerator-Driven Neutron Source

An over-dense microwave driven ion source capable of producing deuterium (or hydrogen) beams at 100-200 mA/cm2 with an atomic fraction > 90% was designed as a part of an Accelerator Driven Neutron Source (ADNS). The ion source was tested with an electrostatic low energy beam transport section (LEBT) and measured emittance data was compared to PBGUNS simulations. In our design a 40 mA D+ beam is produced from a 6 mm diameter aperture using a 60 kV extraction voltage. The LEBT section consists of 5 electrodes arranged to form 2 Einzel lenses that focus the beam into the REQ entrance. To create the ECR condition, 2 induction coils are used to generate a -875 Gauss magnetic field on axis inside the source chamber. To prevent HV breakdown in the LEBT, a magnetic field clamp is necessary to minimize the field in this region. The microwave power is matched to the plasma by an autotuner. A significant improvement in the atomic fracion of the beam was achieved by installing a boron nitride liner inside the ion source.
ATTRIBUTION ERROR IN ECONOMIC VOTING: EVIDENCE FROM TRADE SHOCKS

This article exploits the international transmission of business cycles to examine the prevalence of attribution error in economic voting in a large panel of countries from 1990 to 2009. We find that voters, on average, exhibit a strong tendency to oust the incumbent governments during an economic downturn, regardless of whether the recession is home-grown or merely imported from trading partners. However, we find important heterogeneity in the extent of attribution error. A split sample analysis shows that countries with more experienced voters, more educated voters, and possibly more informed voters—all conditions that have been shown to mitigate other voter agency problems—do better in distinguishing imported from domestic growth. (JEL E3, E6)
Sharp integral inequalities for harmonic functions

Motivated by Carleman's proof of isoperimetric inequality in the plane, we study some sharp integral inequalities for harmonic functions on the upper half-space. We also derive the regularity for nonnegative solutions of the associated integral system and some Liouville-type theorems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Explaining and forecasting inflation in Tukey

The growing adoption of an inflation targeting framework in emerging market economies has increased the importance of understanding inflation dynamics and forecasting its future path in these countries. The author considers the case of Turkey and investigates the performance of models that have some theoretical foundations. To this end, his study focuses on mark-up models, monetary models, and the Phillips curve. The findings suggest that the mark-up models have the best in-sample performance followed by money gap models and the Phillips curve. The empirical results from out-of-sample forecasting performance for the period covering the new economic program (May 2001-December 2002), however, show that the Phillips curve and the money gap models perform better than mark-up models. These findings, in turn, imply that (1) Phillips curves augmented with the exchange rate and money models might provide complementary views in the Turkish context; and (2) the relative importance of output gap and monetary disequilibrium in the inflation process has increased under the floating exchange rate regime. The results underscore the importance of relying on multiple models of inflation in the conduct of Turkish monetary policy.
The colored Jones polynomial and the A-polynomial of Knots☆

We study relationships between the colored Jones polynomial and the A-polynomial of a knot. The AJ conjecture (of Garoufalidis) that relates the colored Jones polynomial and the A-polynomial is established for a large class of two-bridge knots, including all twist knots. We formulate a weaker conjecture and prove that it holds for all two-bridge knots. Along the way we also calculate the Kauffman bracket skein module of the complements of two-bridge knots. Some properties of the colored Jones polynomial are established.
R&D Spillovers in Agriculture: Results from a North-South Trade Model

This study attempts to analyze technical change and the role of R&D spillovers in this process using a quality innovation model. Domestic R&D sector consists of a public and a private R&D sector. Trade is the mechanism through which R&D spillovers are realized, along with increased market size and increased competition. Propositions of the model are tested for the U.S. agricultural sector data. It is found that R&D spillovers affect technological change as well as private R&D spending significantly and positively.
BÄCKLUND TRANSFORMATIONS AND KNOTS OF CONSTANT TORSION

The Backlund transformation for pseudospherical surfaces, which is equivalent to that of the sine-Gordon equation, can be restricted to give a transformation on space curves that preserves constant torsion. We study its effects on closed curves (in particular, elastic rods) that generate multiphase solutions for the vortex filament flow (also known as the Localized Induction Equation). In doing so, we obtain analytic constant-torsion representatives for a large number of knot types.
Acting out institutional change: understanding the recent transformation of the French financial system

For the purposes of understanding the causes and implications of the growth of financial markets around the world, I focus on a crucial aspect of the dramatic transformation of French capitalism over the last quarter of a century: the shift from a government-based financial system to a market-based one. I examine the causes and implications of the increasing role of financial markets in French capitalism on the basis of an analysis of the actors who issued securities on the country’s financial markets. I show that the government’s role as an issuer, and the deficits that drove its need for external funds, largely account for the development of these markets in the 1980s and early 1990s. In contrast, the dramatic growth of these markets from the late 1990s was primarily attributable to their use by French enterprises in pursuit of strategies of external growth, especially cross-border mergers and acquisitions. On the basis of my analysis, I challenge the argument that French corporate capitalism is now subject to the dictates of the financial markets but I also highlight the limits of the state’s capacity to systematically shape the future of the French corporate economy. Instead, I argue that the existing French system can be better understood as one of managerial control in which senior corporate executives exercise considerable discretion in shaping the future of the companies they run.
Quasi Markovian behavior in mixing maps

Abstract We consider the time dependent probability distribution of a coarse grained observable Y whose evolution is governed by a discrete time map. If the map is mixing, the time dependent one-step transition probabilities converge in the long time limit to yield an ergodic stochastic matrix. The stationary distribution of this matrix is identical to the asymptotic distribution of Y under the exact dynamics. The n th time iterate of the baker map is explicitly computed and used to compare the time evolution of the occupation probabilities with those of the approximating Markov chain. The convergence is found to be at least exponentially fast for all rectangular partitions with Lebesgue measure. In particular, uniform rectangles form a Markov partition, for which we find exact agreement.
Discretization and affine approximation in high dimensions

Lower estimates are obtained for the macroscopic scale of affine approximability of vector-valued Lipschitz functions on finite-dimensional normed spaces, completing the work of Bates, Johnson, Lindenstrauss, Preiss and Schechtman. This yields a new approach to Bourgain’s discretization theorem for superreflexive targets.
Perceptual Learning Modules in Mathematics: Enhancing Students’ Pattern Recognition, Structure Extraction, and Fluency

Learning in educational settings emphasizes declarative and procedural knowledge. Studies of expertise, however, point to other crucial components of learning, especially improvements produced by experience in the extraction of information: perceptual learning (PL). We suggest that such improvements characterize both simple sensory and complex cognitive, even symbolic, tasks through common processes of discovery and selection. We apply these ideas in the form of perceptual learning modules (PLMs) to mathematics learning. We tested three PLMs, each emphasizing different aspects of complex task performance, in middle and high school mathematics. In the MultiRep PLM, practice in matching function information across multiple representations improved students’ abilities to generate correct graphs and equations from word problems. In the Algebraic Transformations PLM, practice in seeing equation structure across transformations (but not solving equations) led to dramatic improvements in the speed of equation solving. In the Linear Measurement PLM, interactive trials involving extraction of information about units and lengths produced successful transfer to novel measurement problems and fraction problem solving. Taken together, these results suggest (a) that PL techniques have the potential to address crucial, neglected dimensions of learning, including discovery and fluent processing of relations; (b) PL effects apply even to complex tasks that involve symbolic processing; and (c) appropriately designed PL technology can produce rapid and enduring advances in learning.
Ion temperature evolution in an ultracold neutral plasma

We study the long-time evolution of the ion temperature in an expanding ultracold neutral plasma using spatially resolved, laser-induced-fluorescence spectroscopy. Adiabatic cooling reduces the ion temperature by an order of magnitude during the plasma expansion, to temperatures as low as 0.2 K. Cooling is limited by heat exchange between ions and the much hotter electrons. We also present evidence for an additional heating mechanism and discuss possible sources. Data are described by a model of the plasma evolution, including the effects of ion-electron heat exchange. We show that for appropriate initial conditions, the degree of Coulomb coupling of ions in the plasma increases during expansion.
Using Supervised Learning to Improve Monte Carlo Integral Estimation

Monte Carlo techniques are used to estimate the integrals of a function using randomly generated samples. The interest in uncertainty quantification and robust design makes calculating the expected values of such functions (e.g., performance measures) important. Recent developments in scramjets, aircraft technology forecasting, structural reliability, and robust low-boom aircraft designs use Monte Carlo techniques to ensure the appropriate quantification of uncertainties. Because of high variance and slow convergence, Monte Carlo techniques require a large number of function evaluations, limiting the fidelity of the tools that can be used to predict performance. Stacked Monte Carlo is presented, which is a new method for postprocessing an existing set of Monte Carlo samples to improve integral estimation. Stacked Monte Carlo is based on combining fitting functions with cross-validation and should reduce the variance of any type of Monte Carlo integral estimate (importance sampling, quasi-Monte Carlo, etc....
On Certain Pathwise Properties of the Sliding-Window Lempel–Ziv Algorithm

We derive several almost-sure results related to the sliding-window Lempel-Ziv (SWLZ) algorithm. A principal result is a path-wise lower bound to the redundancy equal to 1/2hlog2log 2nw/log2nw in the main term, where nw is the sliding window size. This bound is off by a factor of two from the main term in the lower bound of A. J. Wyner and the work of Yang and Kieffer, which hold in the expected sense for the fixed-database Lempel-Ziv algorithm (FDLZ). Another aspect of the present work studies the asymptotic behavior of the ratio of the number of phrases to the length of the parsed string for any finite sliding window size; in here we exploit the theory of asymptotic mean stationary processes of Gray and Kieffer and some results of Kieffer and Rahe. In all cases it is assumed that the source is stationary and that in the most restrictive case it is an irreducible and aperiodic Markov chain; some of the results hold for sources that have exponential rates for entropy and more generally for the ergodic setting
MATERIAL PLANNING FOR A REMANUFACTURING FACILITY

This article describes the first fully integrated material planning system to facilitate the management of a remanufacturing facility. A number of firms are already engaged in this activity. They remanufacture automobile, truck, and other vehicle components, like starters, alternators, transmissions, and so forth. These firms take in used components, disassemble them, and assemble saleable products from the good parts they find. There is considerable uncertainty in the supply of used components, the good parts in those components, and the demand for remanufactured products. Our system is based on material requirements planning logic, something that many firms in the industry are already familiar with. Meetings with experts in the industry were used to set the parameters of the system and evaluate its approach.
Band alignment of epitaxial SrTiO3 thin films with (LaAlO3)0.3-(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7 (001)

SrTiO3 (STO) epitaxial thin films and heterostructures are of considerable interest due to the wide range of functionalities they exhibit. The alloy perovskite (LaAlO3)0.3-(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7 (LSAT) is commonly used as a substrate for these material structures due to its structural compatibility with STO and the strain-induced ferroelectric response in STO films grown on LSAT. However, surprisingly little is known about the electronic properties of the STO/LSAT interface despite its potentially important role in affecting the overall electronic structure of system. We examine the band alignment of STO/LSAT heterostructures using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for epitaxial STO films deposited using two different molecular beam epitaxy approaches. We find that the valence band offset ranges from +0.2(1) eV to −0.2(1) eV depending on the film surface termination. From these results, we extract a conduction band offset from −2.4(1) eV to −2.8(1) eV, indicating that the conduction band edge is more deeply bound in STO and that LSAT will not act as a sink or trap for electrons in the supported film or multilayer.
Coarsening dynamics of a quasi–one-dimensional driven lattice gas

We study domain growth properties of two species of particles executing biased diffusion on a half-filled square lattice, consisting of just two lanes. Driven in opposite directions by an external electric field, the particles form clusters due to steric hindrance. While strictly one-dimensional systems remain disordered, clusters in our quasi-1D case grow until only a single macroscopic cluster survives. In the coarsening regime, the average cluster size increases significantly faster than in purely diffusion-controlled systems, with an effective exponent of at least 0.6. Remarkably, however, the cluster size distribution displays dynamic scaling, following a form consistent with a diffusion-limited growth mechanism.
Fossil gas and the electromagnetic precursor of supermassive binary black hole mergers

Using a 1D height integrated model, we calculate the evolution of an unequal mass binary black hole with a coplanar gas disc that contains a gap due to the presence of the secondary black hole. Viscous evolution of the outer circumbinary disc initially hardens the binary, while the inner disc drains on to the primary (central) black hole. As long as the inner disc remains cool and thin at low M ext (rather than becoming hot and geometrically thick), the mass of the inner disc reaches an asymptotic mass typically ∼10 -3 -10 -4 M⊙. Once the semimajor axis shrinks below a critical value, angular momentum losses from gravitational waves dominate over viscous transport in hardening the binary. The inner disc then no longer responds viscously to the inspiraling black holes. Instead, tidal interactions with the secondary rapidly drive the inner disc into the primary. Tidal and viscous dissipation in the inner disc lead to a late time brightening in luminosity, L oc t -5/4 minus , where t minus is the time prior to the final merger. This late time brightening peaks ∼1 d prior to the final merger at ∼0.1L Edd . This behaviour is relatively robust because of self-regulation in the coupled viscous-gravitational evolution of such binary systems. It constitutes a unique electromagnetic signature of a binary supermassive black hole merger and may allow the host galaxy to be identified if used in conjunction with the Laser Interferometric Space Antenna localization.
Galois Theory and Projective Geometry

We explore connections between birational anabelian ge- ometry and abstract projective geometry. One of the applications is a proof of a version of the birational section conjecture.
A direct synthesis of denbinobin

Abstract Denbinobin was made in seven steps from quinone 3 . The cyclization of aldehyde 12 using P4-tBu and the oxidation of a hindered alcohol with MnO2 were key steps.
Thermochemical studies of inorganic chalcogenides by fluorine-combustion calorimetry : binary compounds of germanium and silicon with sulfur, selenium and tellurium

Abstract A general outline is given of the technique of fluorine-bomb calorimetry, including equipment, experimental procedures, sample purity requirements, post-combustion analyses, and interpretation of the results. Some recent measurements are described on Si 2 Te 3 , SiSe 2 , GeS, and GeS 2 . How the thermochemistry-based results for the dissociation enthalpies D ° m of the gaseous diatomic molecules SiTe, SiSe, GeS, and GeSe correlate with the D ° m s derived from spectroscopy is also discussed.
An evaluation of “essays on disclosure” and the disclosure literature in accounting

Abstract This is a critique of “Essays on Disclosure” and the literature reviewed in “Essays”. The critique evaluates “Essays” in terms of its coverage of the relevant literature, its insightfulness, and its boldness in identifying future research areas. It also provides commentary on the strengths and weaknesses of several popular models in the literature. It concludes with a discussion of recent trends in the disclosure literature.
Tridentatols A-C, novel natural products of the marine hydroid Tridentata marginata

Abstract Three novel phenolic metabolites, tridentatols A-C (1-3), with an uncommon sulfur-containing functional group have been isolated from the marine hydroid Tridentata marginata . The structures of the compounds were determined by interpretation of spectral data and a single crystal Xray diffraction study on tndentatol C. Ecological studies showed that tridentatol A deters feeding by a common hydroid predator. These metabolites also may function to protect T. marginata from damaging solar ultraviolet radiation.
SCnC: Efficient Unification of Streaming with Dynamic Task Parallelism

Stream processing is a special form of the dataflow execution model that offers extensive opportunities for optimization and automatic parallelization. To take full advantage of the paradigm programmers are typically required to learn a new language and re-implement their applications. This work shows that it is possible to exploit streaming as a safe and automatic optimization of a more general dataflow-based model--one in which computation kernels are written in standard, general-purpose languages and organized as a coordination graph. We propose streaming concurrent collections (SCnC), a streaming system that can efficiently run a subset of programs supported by concurrent collections (CnC). CnC is a general purpose parallel programming paradigm that integrates task parallelism and dataflow computing. The proposed streaming support allows application developers to reason about their program as a general dataflow graph, while benefiting from the performance and tight memory footprint of stream parallelism when their program satisfies streaming constraints. In this paper, we formally define the application requirements for using SCnC, and outline a static decision procedure for identifying and processing eligible SCnC subgraphs. We present initial results showing that transitioning from general CnC to SCnC leads to a throughput increase of up to 40$$\times $$? for certain benchmarks, and also enables programs with large data sizes to execute in available memory for cases where CnC execution may run out of memory.
Itinerario poético de Concha Zardoya

Este trabajo presenta un analisis de obras poeticas de Concha Zardoya, entre ellas: Pajaros del nuevo mundo , El dominio del llanto , La hermosura sencilla , El desterrado ensueno, Debajo de la luz , La casa deshabitada , Elegias , Corral de vivos y muertos , Hondo sur , Los enganos de Tremont , Las hiedras del tiempo , El corazon y la sombra , Diotima , Altamor .
Is Arizona's Approach to Educating its ELs Superior to Other Forms of Instruction?

BackgroundIn the Horne v Flores Supreme Court decision of June 25, 2009, the Court wrote that one basis for finding Arizona in compliance with federal law regarding the education of its English lea...
Bounds and algorithms for fast exact searches of chemical fingerprints in linear and sublinear time.

Chemical fingerprints are used to represent chemical molecules by recording the presence or absence, or by counting the number of occurrences, of particular features or substructures, such as labeled paths in the 2D graph of bonds, of the corresponding molecule. These fingerprint vectors are used to search large databases of small molecules, currently containing millions of entries, using various similarity measures, such as the Tanimoto or Tversky's measures and their variants. Here, we derive simple bounds on these similarity measures and show how these bounds can be used to considerably reduce the subset of molecules that need to be searched. We consider both the case of single-molecule and multiple-molecule queries, as well as queries based on fixed similarity thresholds or aimed at retrieving the top K hits. We study the speedup as a function of query size and distribution, fingerprint length, similarity threshold, and database size |D| and derive analytical formulas that are in excellent agreement w...
Fault Analysis on Distribution Feeders With High Penetration of PV Systems

Fault current profile on a PV-dominated distribution feeder is rather different than a conventional feeder. To estimate the fault current profile on such a feeder, the paper proposes a new method which extends the capability of conventional short-circuit analysis method. The paper also shows that this time-varying fault current profile makes it also more difficult to estimate the time it will take for an overcurrent relay/device to interrupt such a fault current. The paper proposes a method for estimation of this operating time also. Performance of the proposed methods has been assessed by simulations on a sample distribution feeder.
The Effect of State Funeral Regulations on Cremation Rates: Testing for Demand Inducement in Funeral Markets*

Abstract This article presents evidence that state funeral regulations affect the choice of whether to cremate or bury dead bodies. States that require either funeral directors to be embalmers or funeral homes to have embalming preparation rooms have lower cremation rates, holding other factors such as income, age, educational attainment, nativity, religious adherence, race, and region constant. These embalming regulations reduce cremation rates by roughly 16 percent, which increases the amount spent on funerals by 2.6 percent. The article also presents evidence that funeral directors induce consumers to choose burial over cremation, which supports one of the fundamental premises underlying the Federal Trade Commission's Funeral Rule. However, the additional evidence that inducement is more prevalent in states with stringent funeral regulations suggests that repealing state regulations that impede competition might be more effective than the Funeral Rule in attacking the problem of demand inducement.
What’s left for the WTO ?

Suppose that when addressing the question of “what’s left for the WTO?,” tariff negotiators relied not on the agenda established in 2001 but instead on the terms-of-trade theory of trade agreements to identify negotiating priorities. This paper uses the lens of the terms-of-trade theory to investigate three areas in which it is frequently alleged that currently applied tariffs remain “too high”; the implication being that the WTO’s job performance to date is incomplete. This includes applied tariffs for countries that are not members of the WTO, applied MFN tariffs for WTO members that are unbound, and applied MFN tariffs for WTO members set in the presence of large amounts of tariff binding overhang. These are almost exclusively the domain of developing countries’ own trade policies and they are collectively important; 3.5 billion people currently live in countries in which the WTO has had minimal effect for one of these three reasons. This paper builds upon recent developments in the empirical literature to present evidence—some direct, some indirect—that sheds light on each area. It then identifies specific needs for additional research to clarify policy implications for the future role of the WTO in the ever-changing international trading system.
Improved iteration complexity bounds of cyclic block coordinate descent for convex problems

The iteration complexity of the block-coordinate descent (BCD) type algorithm has been under extensive investigation. It was recently shown that for convex problems the classical cyclic BCGD (block coordinate gradient descent) achieves an O(1/r) complexity (r is the number of passes of all blocks). However, such bounds are at least linearly depend on K (the number of variable blocks), and are at least K times worse than those of the gradient descent (GD) and proximal gradient (PG) methods. In this paper, we close such theoretical performance gap between cyclic BCD and GD/PG. First we show that for a family of quadratic nonsmooth problems, the complexity bounds for cyclic Block Coordinate Proximal Gradient (BCPG), a popular variant of BCD, can match those of the GD/PG in terms of dependency on K (up to a log2 (K) factor). Second, we establish an improved complexity bound for Coordinate Gradient Descent (CGD) for general convex problems which can match that of GD in certain scenarios. Our bounds are sharper than the known bounds as they are always at least K times worse than GD. Our analyses do not depend on the update order of block variables inside each cycle, thus our results also apply to BCD methods with random permutation (random sampling without replacement, another popular variant).
The Filling Problem in the Cube

We prove an isoperimetric inequality for filling cellular $$\mathbb {Z}_2$$Z2-cycles in a high-dimensional cube with cellular chains. In addition, we provide a family of cubical cellular cycles for which the exponent in the inequality is optimal.
Efficient Design of Compact Unstructured RNA Libraries Covering All k-mers.

Current microarray technologies to determine RNA structure or measure protein-RNA interactions rely on single-stranded, unstructured RNA probes on a chip covering together all k-mers. Since space on the array is limited, the problem is to efficiently design a compact library of unstructured \(\ell \)-long RNA probes, where each k-mer is covered at least p times. Ray et al. designed such a library for specific values of k, \(\ell \) and p using ad-hoc rules. To our knowledge, there is no general method to date to solve this problem. Here, we address the problem of finding a minimum-size covering of all k-mers by \(\ell \)-long sequences with the desired properties for any value of k, \(\ell \) and p. As we prove that the problem is NP-hard, we give two solutions: the first is a greedy algorithm with a logarithmic approximation ratio; the second, a heuristic greedy approach based on random walks in de Bruijn graphs. The heuristic algorithm works well in practice and produces a library of unstructured RNA probes that is only \(\sim 1.1\)-times greater in size compared to the theoretical lower bound. We present results for typical values of k and probe lengths \(\ell \) and show that our algorithm generates a library that is significantly smaller than the library of Ray et al.; moreover, we show that our algorithm outperforms naive methods. Our approach can be generalized and extended to generate RNA or DNA oligo libraries with other desired properties. The software is freely available on curlcake.csail.mit.edu.
Nanophotonics for information systems integration

This paper explores the role of nanotechnology with focus on nanophotonics in dielectric, metal, and semiconductor inhomogeneous composition materials, devices and subsystems for optical communications, information and signal processing, and sensing.
Theoretical approaches to control spin dynamics in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance

This article reviews theoretical approaches for controlling spin dynamics in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. We present fundamental theories in the history of NMR, namely, the average Hamiltonian and Floquet theories. We also discuss emerging theories such as the Fer and Floquet-Magnus expansions. These theories allow one to solve the time-dependent Schrodinger equation, which is still the central problem in spin dynamics of solid-state NMR. Examples from the literature that highlight several applications of these theories are presented, and particular attention is paid to numerical integrators and propagator operators. The problem of time propagation calculated with Chebychev expansion and the future development of numerical directions with the Cayley transformation are considered. The bibliography includes 190 references.
An integral equation technique for scattering problems with mixed boundary conditions

This paper presents an integral formulation for Helmholtz problems with mixed boundary conditions. Unlike most integral equation techniques for mixed boundary value problems, the proposed method uses a global boundary charge density. As a result, Calderon identities can be utilized to avoid the use of hypersingular integral operators. Numerical results illustrate the performance of the proposed solution technique.
An Atomistic View of Grain Boundary Diffusion

This paper presents an overview of recent computer simulations of grain boundary (GB)diffusion focusing on atomistic understanding of diffusion mechanisms. At low temperatures when GBstructure is ordered, diffusion is mediated by point defects inducing collective jumps of several atomsforming a chain. At high temperatures when GB structure becomes highly disordered, the diffusionprocess can be analyzed by statistical methods developed earlier for supercooled liquids and glasses.Previous atomistic simulations reported in the literature as well as the new simulations presented in thispaper reveal a close similarity between diffusion mechanisms in GBs and in supercooled liquids. GBdiffusion at high temperatures is dominated by collective displacements of atomic groups (clusters),many of which have one-dimensional geometries similar to strings. The recent progress in this fieldmotivates future extensions of atomistic simulations to diffusion in alloy GBs, particularly in glassformingsystems.
Unifying Leakage Classes: Simulatable Leakage and Pseudoentropy

Leakage resilient cryptography designs systems to withstand partial adversary knowledge of secret state. Ideally, leakage-resilient systems withstand current and future attacks; restoring confidence in the security of implemented cryptographic systems. Understanding the relation between classes of leakage functions is an important aspect.
Iridium-Catalyzed Borylation of Primary Benzylic C–H Bonds without a Directing Group: Scope, Mechanism, and Origins of Selectivity

Primary benzylic boronate esters are useful intermediates in organic synthesis, but these reagents cannot be prepared by hydroboration. The benzylic C–H borylation of methylarenes would be a method to form these products, but such reactions without neat methylarene or a directing group are unknown. We report an approach to divert the borylation of methylarenes from aromatic positions to benzylic positions with a silylborane as reagent and a new iridium catalyst containing an electron-deficient phenanthroline as ligand. This system forms benzylic boronate esters selectively over the corresponding aryl boronate esters. An Ir diboryl monosilyl complex ligated by the phenanthroline was isolated and determined to be the resting state of the catalyst. Mechanistic studies show that this complex is kinetically competent to be an intermediate in the catalytic process. Kinetic studies of benzylic and aryl C–H borylation catalyzed by various Ir complexes show that the rate of aryl C–H borylation decreases with decre...
A provably correct MPC approach to safety control of urban traffic networks

Model predictive control (MPC) is a popular strategy for urban traffic management that is able to incorporate physical and user defined constraints. However, the current MPC methods rely on finite horizon predictions that are unable to guarantee desirable behaviors over long periods of time. In this paper we design an MPC strategy that is guaranteed to keep the evolution of a network in a desirable yet arbitrary -safe- set, while optimizing a finite horizon cost function. Our approach relies on finding a robust controlled invariant set inside the safe set that provides an appropriate terminal constraint for the MPC optimization problem. An illustrative example is included.
Implementation of stratified sampling for Monte Carlo applications

Stratified sampling is a method used in Monte Carlo calculations to take advantage of certain known aspects of probability distributions. The sampling region is subdivided into discrete subregions, and each of these is sampled a preassigned number of times. A form of stratified sampling has been implemented into a major Monte Carlo particle transport computer code with very encouraging results.
Risk-sharing and student loan policy: Consequences for students and institutions

Abstract This paper examines the potential costs and benefits associated with a risk-sharing policy imposed on all higher education institutions. Under such a program, institutions would be required to pay for a portion of the student loans among which their students defaulted. I examine the predicted institutional responses under a variety of possible penalties and institutional characteristics using a straightforward model of institutional behavior based on monopolistic competition. I also examine the impact of a risk-sharing program on overall economic efficiency by estimating the returns to scale for undergraduate enrollment (as well as other outputs) among each of ten educational sectors. My estimates suggest that a risk-sharing program would induce only a modest tuition increase, with considerable heterogeneity across sectors. Two different penalty structures are analyzed in the context of the model, and alternative institutional responses such as tuition discounting and credit rating students are discussed.
Computable General Equilibrium Models for the Analysis of Energy and Climate Policies

This chapter is a simple, rigorous, practically-oriented exposition of computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling. The general algebraic framework of a CGE model is developed from microeconomic fundamentals, and employed to illustrate (i) how a model may be calibrated using the economic data in a social accounting matrix, (ii) how the resulting system of numerical equations may be solved for the equilibrium values of economic variables, and (iii) how perturbing this equilibrium by introducing price or quantity distortions facilitates analysis of the economy-wide impacts of energy and climate policies. JEL Classification: C68, D58, H22, Q43
The Relationship between Childhood Circumstances and Adult Health Disparities: Evidence from Colombia

This paper measures inequality of opportunity in adult health in Colombia employing the 2010 Living Standards and Social Mobility Survey. I study the relationship between childhood circumstances and health status in adulthood drawing on Roemer (1998)'s analytical approach to inequality of opportunity. I use stochastic dominance tests to capture differences in the conditional distributions of self-assessed health. This test is an initial assessment of inequality emerging from early life circumstances like parental education, household socioeconomic status in childhood and parental survival. I also calculate a dissimilarity index to provide a measure of inequality of opportunity in health and obtain the relative contributions of various circumstances using logistic regressions and the Shapley value decomposition. Since a limited set of circumstances are observed in the data, my estimation of inequality of opportunity provides a lower bound on the true inequality of opportunity. The findings suggest that there is substantial inequality of opportunity in adult health. Moreover, differences in household socioeconomic status during childhood and parental educational attainment appear to be the most important dimensions of inequality of opportunity in adult health.
The role of explanation in discovery and generalization: evidence from category learning

A convergence of theory and data in education research, cognitive development, and cognitive psychology provides evidence for the significant role explanation plays in learning. Research in education (Chi et al, 1994) and cognitive development (Siegler, 2002) suggests that generating explanations drives the acquisition of knowledge that is retained in the long term and produces a depth of understanding that gives learners the basis to transfer and generalize to new situations. Explanation also plays a key role in theories of how conceptual knowledge is represented (Murphy & Medin, 1985) and explaining can even promote conceptual change in young children (Amsterlaw & Wellman, 2006).
Observations of the Transfer of Energy and Momentum to the Oceanic Surface Boundary Layer beneath Breaking Waves

AbstractMeasurements just beneath the ocean surface demonstrate that the primary mechanism by which energy from breaking waves is transmitted into the water column is through the work done by the covariance of turbulent pressure and velocity fluctuations. The convergence in the vertical transport of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) balances the dissipation rate of TKE at first order and is nearly an order of magnitude greater than the sum of the integrated Eulerian and Stokes shear production. The measured TKE transport is consistent with a simple conceptual model that assumes roughly half of the surface flux of TKE by wave breaking is transmitted to depths greater than the significant wave height. During conditions when breaking waves are inferred, the direction of momentum flux is more aligned with the direction of wave propagation than with the wind direction. Both the energy and momentum fluxes occur at frequencies much lower than the wave band, consistent with the time scales associated with wave break...
Price Competition in Networked Markets: How Do Monopolies Impact Social Welfare?

We study the efficiency of allocations in large markets with a network structure where every seller owns an edge in a graph and every buyer desires a path connecting some nodes. While it is known that stable allocations can be very inefficient, the exact properties of equilibria in markets with multiple sellers are not fully understood, even in single-source single-sink networks. In this work, we show that for a large class of buyer demand functions, equilibrium always exists and allocations can often be close to optimal. In the process, we characterize the structure and properties of equilibria using techniques from min-cost flows, and obtain tight bounds on efficiency in terms of the various parameters governing the market, especially the number of monopolies M. Although monopolies can cause large inefficiencies in general, our main results for single-source single-sink networks indicate that for several natural demand functions the efficiency only drops linearly with M. For example, for concave demand we prove that the efficiency loss is at most a factor $$1+\frac{M}{2}$$ from the optimum, for demand with monotone hazard rate it is at most $$1+M$$, and for polynomial demand the efficiency decreases logarithmically with M. In contrast to previous work that showed that monopolies may adversely affect welfare, our main contribution is showing that monopolies may not be as 'evil' as they are made out to be. Finally, we consider more general, multiple-source networks and show that in the absence of monopolies, mild assumptions on the network topology guarantee an equilibrium that maximizes social welfare.
Plasma processing

Low pressure, non-equilibrium, weakly to partially ionized gas discharge plasmas are used for a variety of surface materials processing applications. The most extensive applications are in microelectronics manufacturing, where plasma sputtering, etching, stripping, cleaning and film deposition play key roles in this growing industry. Up to 30% of all process steps in integrated circuit manufacture involve low pressure plasmas in one way or another. The rapid pace of process and product technological change in this industry, coupled with the unique capabilities of plasma processing for extremely finely controlled surface modification, offers new opportunities to plasma scientists. >
Adenoviral Vector Vaccines Antigen Transgene

In the past decade adenovirus-based vaccines have progressed from preclinical studies, which universally showed the vectors’ high immunogenicity, to testing in humans. Clinical trials showed that adenovirus vectors are well tolerated by humans. They induce robust immune responses that can be expanded by booster immunization. The effect of preexisting neutralizing antibodies on vectors’ immunogenicity appears to be less severe than was observed in experimental animals and can readily be circumvented by using vectors to which most humans lack neutralizing antibodies. Additional clinical studies are needed to firmly establish the efficacy of adenoviral vector vaccines.
DNA photo-cleaving agents in the far-red to near-infrared range – a review

Photosensitizing agents that oxidatively cleave DNA are important to photodynamic therapy (PDT), an emerging treatment option for patients diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration, pre-cancerous conditions such as Barrett's esophagus, and localized cancers that include inoperable neoplasms. Excitation with low energy irradiation activates the PDT agents, causing spatially targeted, oxidative damage to DNA and other macromolecules in diseased cells. While most routinely used PDT photosensitizers rely on visible light sources that emit at wavelengths ≤689 nm, excitation that extends from the far-red into the near-infrared wavelength range is desirable. Due to low absorption by biogenic chromophores, light in this region has a greater penetration depth through tissue when compared to visible irradiation that is higher in energy. In the present review, we describe the development of new, long wavelength DNA photo-oxidizing agents. We have attempted to correlate the structural elements of the photosensitizers with their reported light-induced nuclease activities (λex ≥ 690 nm). Reaction pathways that lead to DNA cleavage are discussed, including 3O2 dependent Type I electron transfer and Type II energy transfer processes and anaerobic Type I hydrogen atom abstraction from deoxyribose. The summary discussion contained in this review is intended to contribute to the discovery of new phototherapeutic agents that are activated with far-red to near-infrared light.
Anthropogenic disturbance of element cycles at the Earth's surface.

The extent to which humans are modifying Earth’s surface chemistry can be quantified by comparing total anthropogenic element fluxes with their natural counterparts (Klee and Graedel, 2004). We quantify anthropogenic mass transfer of 77 elements from mining, fossil fuel burning, biomass burning, construction activities, and human apportionment of terrestrial net primary productivity, and compare it to natural mass transfer from terrestrial and marine net primary productivity, riverine dissolved and suspended matter fluxes to the ocean, soil erosion, eolian dust, sea-salt spray, cosmic dust, volcanic emissions, and for helium, hydrodynamic escape from the Earth’s atmosphere. We introduce an approach to correct for losses during industrial processing of elements belonging to geochemically coherent groups, and explicitly incorporate uncertainties of element mass fluxes through Monte Carlo simulations. We find that at the Earth’s surface anthropogenic fluxes of iridium, osmium, helium, gold, ruthenium, antimo...
Structure and thermoelectric characterization of Ba8Al14Si31.

A molten Al flux method was used to grow single crystals of the type I clathrate compound Ba8Al14Si31. Single-crystal neutron diffraction data for Ba8Al14Si31 were collected at room temperature using the SCD instrument at the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory. Single-crystal neutron diffraction of Ba8Al14Si31 confirms that the Al partially occupies all of the framework sites (R1 = 0.0435, wR2 = 0.0687). Stoichiometry was determined by electron microprobe analysis, density measurements, and neutron diffraction analysis. Solid-state 27Al NMR provides additional evidence for site preferences within the framework. This phase is best described as a framework-deficient solid solution Ba8Al14Si31, with the general formula, Ba8AlxSi42-3/4x[]4-1/4x ([] indicates lattice defects). DSC measurements and powder X-ray diffraction data indicate that this is a congruently melting phase at 1416 K. Temperature-dependent resistivity reveals metallic behavior. The negative Seebeck coefficient indicat...
Exercise activates compensatory thermoregulatory reaction in rats: a modeling study.

The importance of exercise is increasingly emphasized for maintaining health. However, exercise itself can pose threats to health such as the development of exertional heat shock in warm environments. Therefore, it is important to understand how the thermoregulation system adjusts during exercise and how alterations of this can contribute to heat stroke. To explore this we measured the core body temperature of rats (Tc) running for 15 min on a treadmill at various speeds in two ambient temperatures (Ta = 25°C and 32°C). We assimilated the experimental data into a mathematical model that describes temperature changes in two compartments of the body, representing the muscles and the core. In our model the core body generates heat to maintain normal body temperature, and dissipates it into the environment. The muscles produce additional heat during exercise. According to the estimation of model parameters, at Ta = 25°C, the heat generation in the core was progressively reduced with the increase of the treadm...
Enantioselective Boronate Additions to N-Acyl Quinoliniums Catalyzed by Tartaric Acid

Tartaric acid catalyzes the asymmetric addition of vinylboronates to N-acyl quinoliniums, affording highly enantioenriched dihydroquinolines. The catalyst serves to activate the boronate through a ligand-exchange reaction and generates the N-acyl quinolinium in situ from the stable quinoline-derived N,O-acetal.