cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Industry as a partner in shaping engineering education

Current relationships between industry and the academy in shaping engineering education are enumerated and the issue is raised as to how tight the coupling between the two should be. The argument is made that current pressures on both, as well as the changing nature of the engineering profession, suggest that a tighter coupling would be desirable. To this end it is proposed that engineering schools enter into strategic partnerships with the major industrial employers of their graduates to implement engineering practice clinical programs. Such programs would enable engineering students to gain an appreciation for aspects of engineering practice that are less easily captured in on-campus settings. In addition to "building the breed" such programs can also aid in the establishment of mutually beneficial joint research programs and the exchange of technology.
Utilizing Affirmative Action in Public Sector Procurement as a Local Economic Development Strategy

Using detailed spending and survey data of a large local governmental authority, this study analyzes how actual preferential procurement policies affected minority business enterprises (MBEs) selling to government clients. Current public sector preferential procurement policies have evolved in an environment of legal constraints in which procurement spending targeting MBEs has often been viewed as reverse discrimination. The objective of achieving a “level playing field” was adopted in response to this legal environment. Preferential procurement policies often miss their objectives, achieving perverse outcomes such as minimal assistance to MBEs and negligible local economic development impacts. Strategies for simultaneously achieving fundamental fairness in government procurement while increasing MBE capacity and job creation are identified.
Phosphorylation of RhoGDI by Src Regulates Rho GTPase Binding and Cytosol-Membrane Cycling

Rho GTPases (Rac, Rho, and Cdc42) play important roles in regulating cell function through their ability to coordinate the actin cytoskeleton, modulate the formation of signaling reactive oxidant species, and control gene transcription. Activation of Rho GTPase signaling pathways requires the regulated release of Rho GTPases from RhoGDI complexes, followed by their reuptake after membrane cycling. We show here that Src kinase binds and phosphorylates RhoGDI both in vitro and in vivo at Tyr156. Analysis of Rho GTPase–RhoGDI complexes using in vitro assays of complexation and in vivo by coimmunoprecipitation analysis indicates that Src-mediated phosphorylation of Tyr156 causes a dramatic decrease in the ability of RhoGDI to form a complex with RhoA, Rac1, or Cdc42. Phosphomimetic mutation of Tyr156→Glu results in the constitutive association of RhoGDIY156E with the plasma membrane and/or associated cortical actin. Substantial cortical localization of tyrosine-phosphorylated RhoGDI is also observed in fibroblasts expressing active Src, where it is most evident in podosomes and regions of membrane ruffling. Expression of membrane-localized RhoGDIY156E mutant is associated with enhanced cell spreading and membrane ruffling. These results suggest that Src-mediated RhoGDI phosphorylation is a novel physiological mechanism for regulating Rho GTPase cytosol membrane–cycling and activity.
Influence of water chemistry and migratory distance on ability to distinguish progeny of sympatric resident and anadromous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Otolith Sr:Ca ratios near primordia (Sr:CaCore) have been used to distinguish progeny of resident and anadromous Oncorhynchus mykiss and to estimate rates of exchange between the two forms; however, the influences of confounding variables on Sr:CaCore have not been quantified. We analyzed Sr:CaCore in juvenile O. mykiss produced at 13 California hatcheries that spawn primarily resident or anadromous broodstock. Mean Sr:CaCore of progeny of resident females increased with increasing Sr:Ca ratio of the stream (Sr:CaWater) in which the mother spawned (r2 = 0.71). Mean Sr:CaCore of progeny of anadromous females averaged 1.0 × 10–3 higher, also increased with Sr:CaWater, and decreased with increasing migratory difficulty (distance × elevation) of the mother (r2 = 0.96). Model results predict that discrimination of sympatric progeny is equally good among streams where Sr:CaWater is less than 5 mmol·mol–1, but limited at higher Sr:CaWater or when anadromous females return to freshwater 6 months or more before sp...
Communication Issues in a Leadership Team for Systemic Change in a School District

Fundamental change, or systemic transformation, in public school systems is increasingly recognized as essential for best meeting all students’ needs in a digital, information-based society. The success of this kind of change depends to a large extent on the effectiveness of a district-wide Leadership Team (LT), which in turn depends on the communication practices of that team. This study describes the communication practices of the LT in a district-wide systemic transformation, focusing on the members’ values and beliefs about communication within the team, communication problems, communication channels, and communication sources. The purpose of the study was to improve the guidance offered by the School System Transformation (SST) protocol, a knowledge-base about the systemic transformation process, by identifying preventive measures that could reduce communication problems in a LT. Based on the findings, suggestions are made to improve several of the 18 continuous processes in the SST Protocol, namely sustain motivation, develop and maintain appropriate leadership, develop group-process and team-building skills, establish team spirit, engage in reflection, communicate with stakeholders, and foster organizational learning.
VORAPAXAR AND PERIPHERAL REVASCULARIZATION: INSIGHTS FOM THE TRA2P-TIMI 50 TRIAL

Vorapaxar inhibits PAR-1 on platelets and vascular endothelium reducing ischemic events and peripheral artery revascularization (PR). We investigated whether the reduction in PR with vorapaxar varied by reason or type of revascularization. TRA2°P-TIMI 50 was a multinational, randomized, double-
The Illusion of Cycles in International Relations

This paper examines whether there are long cycles in war severity, and whether those cycles are related to inflation. It argues, contra Joshua Goldstein's Long Cycles , that methods based on fixed periodicity and, in particular, spectral analysis are appropriate tools for the study of social cycles. It is also argued that analysts of war are never going to gather a long enough data series ever to find conclusive evidence for a long (fifty-year) war cycle. Using Levy's war casualty data from 1495–1945, spectral analysis finds no pronounced long war cycle. It is then argued that the cross spectrum is the appropriate tool with which to study the interrelationship between cycles. The cross spectrum of war severity and inflation shows a strong relationship between the long cycle in both series for the post-Napoleonic period, but almost no relationship between any of the cycles in the two series in the period 1495–1815.
Who Leaves and Who Stays? A Review and Statistical Meta-Analysis of Hurricane Evacuation Studies:

This statistical meta-analysis (SMA) examined 38 studies involving actual responses to hurricane warnings and 11 studies involving expected responses to hypothetical hurricane scenarios conducted since 1991. The results indicate official warnings, mobile home residence, risk area residence, observations of environmental (storm conditions) and social (other people’s behavior) cues, and expectations of severe personal impacts, all have consistently significant effects on household evacuation. Other variables—especially demographic variables—have weaker effects on evacuation, perhaps via indirect effects. Finally, the SMA also indicates that the effect sizes from actual hurricane evacuation studies are similar to those from studies of hypothetical hurricane scenarios for 10 of 17 variables that were examined. These results can be used to guide the design of hurricane evacuation transportation analyses and emergency managers’ warning programs. They also suggest that laboratory and Internet experiments could b...
Development of an integrated software/hardware platform for the detection of cerebral aneurysm by quantifying bilirubin in cerebral spinal fluid.

i DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v TABLE OF CONTENTS viii LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF TABLES xxiii CHAPTER 1 1
Evaluation of the “Pipeline” for Development of Medications for Cocaine Use Disorder: A Review of Translational Preclinical, Human Laboratory, and Clinical Trial Research

Cocaine use disorder is a persistent public health problem for which no widely effective medications exist. Self-administration procedures, which have shown good predictive validity in estimating the abuse potential of drugs, have been used in rodent, nonhuman primate, and human laboratory studies to screen putative medications. This review assessed the effectiveness of the medications development process regarding pharmacotherapies for cocaine use disorder. The primary objective was to determine whether data from animal and human laboratory self-administration studies predicted the results of clinical trials. In addition, the concordance between laboratory studies in animals and humans was assessed. More than 100 blinded, randomized, fully placebo-controlled studies of putative medications for cocaine use disorder were identified. Of the 64 drugs tested in these trials, only 10 had been examined in both human and well-controlled animal laboratory studies. Within all three stages, few studies had been conducted for each drug and when multiple studies had been conducted conclusions were sometimes contradictory. Overall, however, there was good concordance between animal and human laboratory results when the former assessed chronic drug treatment. Although only seven of the ten reviewed drugs showed fully concordant results across all three types of studies reviewed, the analysis revealed several subject-related, procedural, and environmental factors that differ between the laboratory and clinical trial settings that help explain the disagreement for other drugs. The review closes with several recommendations to enhance translation and communication across stages of the medications development process that will ultimately speed the progress toward effective pharmacotherapeutic strategies for cocaine use disorder.
A hybrid word / phoneme-based approach for improved vocabulary-independent search in spontaneous speech.

For efficient organization of speech recordings – meetings, interviews, voice mails, and lectures – being able to search for spoken keywords is essential. Today, most spoken document retrieval systems use large-vocabulary recognition. For the above scenarios, such systems suffer from the unpredictable domain, out-ofvocabulary queries, and generally high word-error rate (WER). In [1], we presented a system for phonetic indexing and searching of spontaneous speech. It is vocabulary-independent and based on phoneme lattices. In the present paper, we propose to combine it with word-based search into a hybrid approach. We explore two methods of combination: posterior combination (merging search results of a word-based and a phoneme-based system) and prior combination (combining word and phoneme language models and vocabularies to form a hybrid recognizer). The search accuracy of our best purely phonetic baseline is 64% (Figure of Merit), and our purely word-based baselines are below 50%. The new hybrid approach achieves 73%, if the recognizer uses a language model that matches the test-set domain. With a mismatched language model, 71% is achieved. Our results show that the proposed hybrid model benefits from the best of two worlds: Word-level language context and robustness of phonetic search to unknown words and domain mismatch.
Variable Infection Dynamics in Four Peromyscus Species Following Experimental Inoculation with Baylisascaris procyonis

Wild rodents such as Peromyscus spp. are intermediate hosts for the zoonotic ascarid Baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon roundworm), and previous studies indicate Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse) likely serves an important role in parasite ecology. Natural infections have been sporadically identified in a few Peromyscus spp., but no data are available on differences in susceptibility among the many other species. We compared survival and infection dynamics of B. procyonis in 4 species ( P. leucopus , Peromyscus maniculatus [deer mouse], Peromyscus californicus [California mouse], Peromyscus polionotus [Oldfield mouse]) from regions of varying habitat types as well as B. procyonis prevalence in raccoons. Six captive-bred mice of each species were inoculated per os with 1 of 3 biologically-relevant doses of embryonated B. procyonis eggs (∼10, ∼50, or ∼500). Animals were monitored twice daily for clinical signs and behavioral abnormalities and were euthanized at the onset of neurological signs or extensive (≥20%) weight loss, or at 45 days post-infection if no disease developed. Larvae were counted in the brain via microscopic examination and in skeletal muscle and visceral organs via artificial digestion. In the high-dose group, all but 1 mouse developed severe neurologic disease and were euthanized. In the medium-dose group, survival was variable and ranged from 33-85% across species. Little to no disease was observed in the low-dose group, although 1 P. maniculatus developed disease and was euthanized. Survival analysis reveals P. leucopus had a longer time until clinical disease onset versus the other species, which did not differ significantly from each other. Interestingly, larval recovery relative to dose was nearly identical across species and doses; however, larvae were differentially distributed in skeletal muscle, visceral organs, and brain among species. These data indicate that P. leucopus may be more resilient toward severe baylisascariasis compared to the other species and that even closely-related rodents may experience differential mortality. This variation in tolerance may have ecological implications for the different species as B. procyonis intermediate hosts, although more work is needed to put these experimental findings into context.
Guaranty Funds and Moral Hazard in the Insurance Industry: A Theoretical Perspective

Third-party liability guarantees, such as the guarantees provided by state guaranty funds in the U.S. to property insurance companies, or federal deposit insurance provided to commercial banks in many countries, potentially create risk-taking incentives. Empirical evidence supports the risk-taking hypothesis in property liability insurance and banking. While a large body of literature has focused on the optimal design of regulations to address such moral hazard issues in banking, the potential risk-taking incentives that may arise in the property liability insurance context and their regulatory implications are much less understood. We develop a model that examines an insurance company’s risk-taking incentives in the presence of a guaranty fund that protects policyholders from loss if the insurer fails, a scheme that is provided in many countries. We propose a set of workable regulatory mechanisms that may be considered to alleviate such potential moral hazard incentives.
Fast Simulation of Scattering Problem for Magnetodielectric Materials With General Anisotropy in Layered Media

In this paper, the mixed-order stabilized biconjugate gradient fast Fourier transform (mixed-order BCGS-FFT) method is presented to solve the scattering problem of magnetodielectric materials with general anisotropy in layered media. While the volumetric roof-top functions are used as the testing functions for the coupled field volume integral equation and the basis functions for flux densities, the second-order curl conforming basis functions are applied to expand the vector potentials with the aim of both preserving the continuity of their tangential components and avoiding the zero terms that might otherwise be caused by the divergence operator. The layered medium Green’s function (LMGF) is efficiently evaluated through the recursive matrix method along with an interpolation technique. Several numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the high accuracy and efficiency of the method. Different from the previously published works that aim to solve the similar problem, the new contribution of this work is to extend the mixed-order BCGS-FFT method to accommodate the layered background medium. Therefore, the 3-D FFT acceleration for integral kernels associated with the LMGF as well as the interpolation technique has been implemented and combined with the mixed-order BCGS-FFT method.
Simulation and experimental study of the dynamics of arsenic clustering and precipitation including ramp-up and ramp-down conditions

The effect of low thermal-budget anneals and different ramp-down rates on the electrical activation of arsenic has been studied by annealing high-dose (7*10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/) arsenic implants under various conditions. The experimental results are discussed in the framework of models for the dynamic clustering and declustering of arsenic, and it is shown that detailed consideration of the initial condition for the electrical activation as well as the ramp-up and ramp-down conditions is necessary in order to model the diffusion and electrical activation of the arsenic. A typical annealing cycle for arsenic is considered, and the activation of arsenic is discussed in terms of the various stages in the annealing process. >
Message fatigue: Conceptual definition, operationalization, and correlates

ABSTRACTDespite growing concern over the public’s fatigue toward inundated health messages, communication research has largely neglected such ramifications of prolonged, real-life campaign exposure. This paper offers an initial conceptual and empirical treatment of message fatigue, an important, but understudied, side effect of campaigns. Specifically, it proposes conceptual and operational definitions of the construct and examines psychometric characteristics of a proposed message fatigue scale. The findings from two studies concerning safe sex (N = 412) and anti-obesity messages (N = 396) demonstrated solid support for the scale’s unidimensionality. In support of construct validity, the scale exhibited significant associations with message avoidance, annoyance, information seeking, and desensitization. Moreover, in an experimental setting in Study 2, message fatigue negatively predicted attention and message elaboration, while positively predicting counterargument.
Axonal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems

Abstract This chapter presents an overview of basic principles related to neuronal responses to injury and disease in the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS, respectively). While interruption of axonal continuity leads to degeneration of the nerve fiber segment separated from the cell body in both cases, the outcomes differ substantially. In the PNS, axonal degeneration is followed by regrowth of injured nerve fibers. However, while the regenerative response can be robust and greatly aided by a supportive Schwann cell substrate, functional outcomes are frequently suboptimal. In striking contrast, axonal regrowth in the CNS is very limited due to an inhospitable cellular and molecular microenvironment. The goal of contemporary neuroscience research is to identify therapeutic targets in the PNS and CNS to enhance functional recoveries. Some novel approaches to increase the potential for improved behavioral outcomes have shown that the consequences of neurotrauma are not as totally irreversible as they have been viewed.
Applications for 3-D Rotors

The S-A and SST-based transition models are used to predict the aerodynamic performance of three realistic helicopter and tiltrotor blades: the XV-15 proprotor, the Joint Vertical take-off/landing eXperimental rotor, and the S-76 conventional rotor. The role of transition modeling in rotor hover predictions is investigated based on comparative studies of different models, and predicted transition phenomena are validated with the available experimental data. The focus of this chapter is to address three major issues pertinent to rotor hover predictions: (1) effect of transition modeling on the rotor aerodynamic prediction, (2) rotor predictions at high thrusts or collective angles, and (3) rotor flow characteristics and its influence on aerodynamic performance.
Economic consequences of SEC regulation pertaining to financial expert definition

Abstract This paper examines the economic effects of issue dates pertaining to the definition of audit committee financial expert regulation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and discussion of the definition by news services on firms traded on U.S. equity exchanges. This research study uses the methodology of Zhang (2007) to extend DeFond, Hann and Hu (2005) and Krishnan and Visvanathan (2008) by using event dates previously untested to provide additional insights regarding SOX regulation and market perceptions of this required disclosure of voluntary appointment of financial experts to corporate audit committees. Using stock market returns, the findings from this study suggest that companies traded on U.S. capital markets and subject to SEC regulatory requirements experienced significant negative returns around SEC financial expert regulation event dates, while media disclosure events were mostly not significant. Also, larger firms were more negatively impacted than smaller firms by this new SOX requirement.
Magnetic properties of pure and Fe doped HoCrO3 thin films fabricated via a solution route

Abstract Multiferroic properties of orthorhombically distorted perovskite rare-earth chromites, such as HoCrO 3 , are being investigated extensively in recent years. In the present work, we report on the effect of Fe substitution on the magnetic properties of HoCrO 3 thin films. Thin films of HoCrO 3 and HoCr 0.7 Fe 0.3 O 3 were fabricated via a solution route on platinized silicon substrates. Structural properties of the films were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The surface morphology and cross-sections of the films were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Optical band gaps of pure and Fe doped HoCrO 3 films are found to be 3.45 eV and 3.39 eV, respectively. The magnetization measurements show that the Neel temperatures (where Cr 3+ orders) for the HoCrO 3 and HoCr 0.7 Fe 0.3 O 3 films are 134 and 148 K, respectively. In a magnetic field of 2 T, the maximum entropy change and relative cooling power, two parameters to evaluate the magnetocaloric properties of a material, were 0.813 J/kg K at 11 K and 21.1 J/kg for HoCrO 3 film, in comparison with 0.748 J/kg K at 15 K and 26.8 J/kg for HoCr 0.7 Fe 0.3 O 3 film. To our knowledge, this is the first work exploring the band gap and magnetocaloric properties of rare-earth chromite thin films. These findings should inspire the development of rare-earth chromite thin films for temperature control of nanoscale electronic devices and sensors in the low temperature region (
CO Oxidation on PdO(101) during Temperature-Programmed Reaction Spectroscopy: Role of Oxygen Vacancies

We investigated the oxidation of CO on PdO(101) using temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS), reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), and density functional theory (DFT). We find that about 71% of the CO molecules adsorbed in a saturated layer on PdO(101) transform to CO2 during TPRS, with the CO2 desorbing in two main features centered at 330 and 520 K. RAIRS shows that CO molecules initially adsorb in an atop configuration on coordinatively unsaturated (cus) Pd sites of PdO(101) located next to Ocus atoms, yielding a RAIRS peak at 2135 cm–1, and that the oxidation of these species produces the CO2 TPRS peak at 330 K. Concurrent with reaction, a large fraction of CO molecules migrates to atop-Pdcus sites located next to Ocus atom vacancies (Ov) that are created during reaction, as evidenced by the appearance of a RAIRS peak centered at ∼2085 cm–1. Our RAIRS measurements demonstrate that oxidation of the CO-Pdcus/Ov species is responsible for the CO2 TPRS peak at 520 K, and furth...
Henry Kissinger: Negotiating Black Majority Rule in Southern Africa

In 1976, United States Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger conducted a series of intricate, multiparty negotiations in Southern Africa to persuade white Rhodesian leader Ian Smith to accede to black majority rule. Conducted near the end of President Gerald Ford’s term in office, against substantial U.S. domestic opposition, Kissinger’s efforts culminated in Smith’s public announcement that he would accept majority rule within two years. This set the stage for the later Lancaster House negotiations which resulted in the actual transition to black majority rule. The account in this working paper carefully describes — but does not analyze nor draw lessons from — these challenging negotiations. Forthcoming papers will provide analysis and derive general insights from Kissinger’s negotiations to end white minority rule in Rhodesia.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS: EXAMINING SEROTONIN-DRIVEN PLATELET ACTIVATION AS A FACTOR

Background: Depression and coronary artery disease (CAD) are often linked. The aim of this study is to explore the effects of depression on the incidence of adverse events, and to correlate platelet activation with such events. Methods: Patients with acute coronary syndrome (N=135) or stable CAD (N
Unreasonable S Corporation Compensation: Why has the IRS Failed to Enforce Circular 230?

ABSTRACT The fact that S corporations are required to pay reasonable compensation to shareholding employees is well established. In this paper, three S corporation reasonable compensation cases are discussed to demonstrate the issues faced by the taxpayer, as well as the penalties and professional responsibility problems that may impact the tax preparer. Analyses of the cases indicate that (1) paying low S corporation salaries leads to taxpayer penalties, and (2) that the language in Treasury Circular 230 may allow the IRS to apply penalties to the tax preparers involved with these cases. However, there is no evidence that the IRS has imposed penalties on the preparers related to these or any other S corporation reasonable compensation cases. I briefly review a series of preparer penalty cases in an effort to show that preparer penalties have been applied to situations bearing similarities to S corporation reasonable compensation cases.
Limit Cycle Analysis and Control of the Dissipative Chaplygin Sleigh

There are many types of systems in both nature and technology that exhibit limit cycles under periodic forcing. Sometimes, especially in swimming robots, such forcing is used to propel a body forward in a plane. Due to the complexity in studying a fluid system it is often useful to investigate the dynamics of an analogous land model. Such analysis can then be useful in gaining insight about and controlling the original fluid system. In this paper we investigate the behavior of the Chaplygin sleigh under the effect of viscous dissipation and sinusoidal forcing. This is shown to behave in a similar manner as certain robotic fish models. We then apply limit cycle analysis techniques to predict the behavior and control the net translational velocity of the sleigh in a horizontal plane.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Gardal (D2S44 SBA) — Harmonization of Protocols and a Collaborative Database

By initiative of the Italian working group in Forensic Hemogenetics (G.E.F.I.), a collaborative experiment was promoted, aimed at standardizing protocols and procedures of Southern Blot Analysis (SBA) for addressing single locus probes (SLPs). In 1991, sixteen laboratories throughout Italy agreed to adopt the protocol proposed by the EDNAP network (1) and to produce compatible data. The procedure adopted in the experiment was also recognized as the official GEFI protocol for releasing evidentiary expertises in courtrooms.
Current Dilemmas and Controversies in Reconstructive Surgery for Lymphedema

Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD)-based decongestive lymphatic therapy (DLT) has long been the mainstay of treatment in the contemporary management of chronic lymphedema. Reconstructive lymphatic surgery is the best option for the management of chronic lymphedema when performed at the optimal time. It is also a viable option for lymphedema patients who have failed to respond to DLT alone.
Nonlinear optical response in graphene nanoribbons: The critical role of electron scattering

Nonlinear nanophotonics has many potential applications, such as in mode locking, frequency-comb generation, and all-optical switching. The development of materials with large nonlinear susceptibility is key to realizing nonlinear nanophotonics. Nanostructured graphene systems, such as graphene nanoribbons and nanoislands, have been predicted to have a strong plasmon-enhanced nonlinear optical behavior in the nonretarded regime. Plasmons concentrate the light field down to subwavelength scales and can enhance the nonlinear optical effects; however, plasmon resonances are narrowband and sensitive to the nanostructure geometry. Here we show that graphene nanoribbons, particularly armchair graphene nanoribbons, have a remarkably strong nonlinear optical response in the long-wavelength regime and over a broad frequency range, from terahertz to the near infrared. We use a quantum-mechanical master equation with a detailed treatment of scattering and show that, in the retarded regime, electron scattering has a critical effect on the optical nonlinearity of graphene nanoribbons, which cannot be captured via the commonly used relaxation-time approximation. At terahertz frequencies, where intraband optical transitions dominate, the strong nonlinearity (in particular, third-order Kerr nonlinearity) stems from the jagged shape of the electron energy distribution, caused by the interband electron scattering mechanisms along with the intraband inelastic scattering mechanisms. We show that the relaxation-time approximation fails to capture this quantum-mechanical phenomenon and results in a significant underestimation of the intraband nonlinearity. At the midinfrared to near infrared frequencies, where interband optical transitions dominate, the Kerr nonlinearity is significantly overestimated within the relaxation-time approximation. These findings unveil the critical effect of electron scattering on the optical nonlinearity of nanostructured graphene, and also underscore the capability of this class of materials for nonlinear nanophotonic applications.
Assessment of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the basilar apex region for aneurysm clipping

OBJECTIVEThe expanded endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has shown promising results in treatment of midline skull base lesions. Several case reports exist on the utilization of the EEA for treatment of aneurysms. However, a comparison of this approach with the classic transcranial orbitozygomatic approach to the basilar apex (BAX) region is missing.The present study summarizes the results of a series of cadaveric surgical simulations for assessment of the EEA to the BAX region for aneurysm clipping and its comparison with the transcranial orbitozygomatic approach as one of the most common approaches used to treat BAX aneurysms.METHODSFifteen cadaveric specimens underwent bilateral orbitozygomatic craniotomies as well as an EEA (first without a pituitary transposition [PT] and then with a PT) to expose the BAX. The following variables were measured, recorded, and compared between the orbitozygomatic approach and the EEA: 1) number of perforating arteries counted on bilateral posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs); 2) exposure and clipping lengths of the PCAs, superior cerebellar arteries (SCAs), and proximal basilar artery; and 3) surgical area of exposure in the BAX region.RESULTSExcept for the proximal basilar artery exposure and clipping, the orbitozygomatic approach provided statistically significantly greater values for vascular exposure and control in the BAX region (i.e., exposure and clipping of ipsilateral and contralateral SCAs and PCAs). The EEA with PT was significantly better in exposing and clipping bilateral PCAs compared to EEA without a PT, but not in terms of other measured variables. The surgical area of exposure and PCA perforator counts were not significantly different between the 3 approaches. The EEA provided better exposure and control if the BAX was located ≥ 4 mm inferior to the dorsum sellae.CONCLUSIONSFor BAX aneurysms located in the retrosellar area, PT is usually required to obtain improved exposure and control for the bilateral PCAs. However, the transcranial approach is generally superior to both endoscopic approaches for accessing the BAX region. Considering the superior exposure of the proximal basilar artery obtained with the EEA, it could be a viable option when surgical treatment is considered for a low-lying BAX or mid-basilar trunk aneurysms (≥ 4 mm inferior to dorsum sellae).
Sensor-Based Planning and Control in Telerobotics

This chapter intends to provide the reader with an introduction to the concepts and issues that pertain to the realization of practical, useful, and cost-effective telerobotic systems. Sensing, planning, and control functions are the fundamental ingredients necessary to implement robust automation within the hybrid character of a telerobot. Thediscussion is intended to be an introduction to the concepts and technical challenges that telerobotics involves. A background on the history of teleoperations and remote handling, which ultimately defines the baseline of performance against which practical telerobotic systems will be evaluated, is provided. The chapter discusses the definition of a telerobotic system from the different prevailing perspectives, and presents recent examples of actual systems that have been built. As with any engineering systems, practical telerobot concepts are totally driven by application requirements. It also discusses a nuclear application domain and the inherent problems and constraints included therein. With this requirement-driven foundation, the technical features of a robust telerobot are presented in their idealized form. The chapter concludes with discussions of current research and remaining challenges pertaining to the realization of the robust telerobot. A high degree of operational robustness will be essential to achieve the confidence levels that operators routinely expect. There are several critical and fundamental areas in which the concepts are well defined, yet practical and working implementations are lacking. It is believed that basic and applied research is needed to bridge this gap with results that are ready for integrated systems.
Object-Oriented Big Data Security Analytics: A Case Study on Home Network Traffic

Securing and managing home networks has recently become an increasingly challenging task due to the rapid growth of devices, applications and traffic in these networks. This paper presents a novel object-oriented big data security analytics for making sense of traffic data collection from home networks. We extract the source IP addresses from unwanted traffic towards real home networks as objects of interest, and subsequently characterize these objects with heterogeneous and streaming data sources including intrusion detection logs provided from distributed firewalls, Internet routing table snapshots from BGP routers, active probing results from open DNS resolver scanning, and IP-to-geographical mapping database. Our preliminary results have revealed a number of important findings and correlations on the objects of interests from these diverse and massive data-sets. To the best of our knowledge, this position paper is the first effort to introduce object-oriented perspective to perform security analytics on home network traffic.
Predicting amino acid adequacy of diets fed to Holstein steers.

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) and NRC (1985) models were evaluated for accuracy in predicting metabolizable protein (MP) and essential amino acid (EAA) allowable ADG, using chemical body and feed composition data from feeding trials with Holstein steers. Nine Holstein steers (113 to 200 kg) were slaughtered and determined to have the following whole-body essential amino acid composition of (grams/100 grams of protein): arginine, 5.94; histidine, 2.07; isoleucine, 2.28; leucine, 5.72; lysine, 5.81; methionine, 1.99; phenylalanine, 3.04; threonine, 3.52; tryptophan, .57; and valine, 3.32. The NRC and CNCPS were then tested against data from 25 feeding periods, each representing the 56-d growth of 10 Holstein steers (mean BW of 162 kg), to determine their ability to predict the gain allowed by the supply of MP and the first-limiting EAA. The NRC (1985) system accounted for 46% of the variation in MP allowable gain, with an average bias of -30%. The CNCPS accounted for 87 and 73% of the variation in MP and EAA allowable gain, with a bias of 8 and 5%, respectively. The bias was reduced to 3% (R2 of .82) when ADG was predicted by the factor (ME, MP, or EAA) first-limiting ADG.
What's in a Line? Natural Experiments and the Line of Demarcation in WWII Occupied France

In “Political Devolution and Resistance to Foreign Rule,” Ferwerda and Miller (FM) use a natural experiment during WWII France to argue that devolution of authority to local elites mitigates resistance to foreign rule. We dispute FM’s claims on four levels. First, the Line of Demarcation dividing France was delineated with the goal of keeping strategic railways under direct German control, invalidating FM’s natural experiment research design. Second, the higher level of resistance they observe in directly occupied France results from the Resistance’s efforts to target these strategic railways. Third, FM’s argument is not supported by the overall pattern of resistance in metropolitan France between 1940-44. Finally, FM’s data is unsuitable for testing theories connecting the location of an attack with its perpetrators’ precise geographic origins. These problems lead us to argue for the epistemic priority of treatment-assignment causal process observations over balance checks on pretreatment covariates when validating natural experiments.
Targeting Children’s Brain Tumors: Development of Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors for Medulloblastoma

Hedgehog (Hh) is a secreted protein family that controls proliferation, differentiation, cell fate specification, left-right asymmetry and morphogenesis during development. The Hh pathway is extremely complex and mutations in various components result in developmental abnormalities as well as increased tumor incidence, including medulloblastoma, in mice and humans. Loss of one copy of Patched 1 (Ptch1), a receptor for Hh, causes increased activity of Smoothened (Smo) and elevated expression of the transcription factor Gli1 in both familial and sporadic medulloblastoma. Fifteen years ago, we embarked on a long-term program to develop new therapeutic approaches for this devastating childhood brain tumor. Small molecule inhibitors of the Hh pathway, both naturally occurring and chemically synthesized, inhibit Smo activity and provide potential novel therapeutic agents. We generated a genetically engineered mouse meduloblastoma model, Ptch1 +/− p53 −/− mice, that exhibits a 100% incidence of medulloblastoma. Using these mice, we tested the effect of a Smo inhibitor (HhAntag), isolated by Curis Inc., on the growth of spontaneous medulloblastoma. We found that twice daily dosing, by oral gavage, effectively eliminated even large tumor masses in the cerebellum of mice 3 to 10 weeks of age. These findings led to Phase I clinical trials of a Smo inhibitor in pediatric and adult medulloblastoma.
Pathophysiology of portal hypertension and variceal bleeding.

Increased intrahepatic resistance and increased splanchnic blood flow contribute to portal hypertension. Each of these factors depends on several factors for their development. Both elevated portal pressure and local permissive factors contribute to the risk of hemorrhage from esophageal varices.
Ultrasonic synthetic aperture imaging with interposed transducer–medium coupling path:

An interposed coupling material between an ultrasonic transducer and the test medium can be present in various non-destructive inspections and structural health monitoring imaging applications. One...
Exponential improvements for superball packing upper bounds

Abstract We prove that for all fixed p > 2 , the translative packing density of unit l p -balls in R n is at most 2 ( γ p + o ( 1 ) ) n with γ p − 1 / p . This is the first exponential improvement in high dimensions since van der Corput and Schaake (1936).
Operationalizing Identity -- Studying Changing Selves in Experimental Learning Environments: A Commentary to the Special Issue.

This paper explores methodological questions in the study of identity through an examination and discussion of the empirical papers in this special issue. Particular attention is paid to the ways i...
Effort Minimization Theory in the Data Analytics Era

While there is an explosion in data analytic activity, certain behavioral aspects of a data analyst’s modeling efforts are not well understood. Through the lens of effort minimization theory, this ...
Lydia Mendoza’s moving homelands

In this article, I argue that folk singer Lydia Mendoza’s musical and lyrical imagination of the Mexican diaspora enables important avenues of working through the complications of belonging and nostalgia as communal processes. Leaning on the affective and kinesthetic valences of the word “moving,” I use “moving homelands” to name the sense through which this negotiation of belonging and nostalgia occurs. By conducting close readings of Mendoza’s songs “Dos palomas al volar” (1989b), “Luis Pulido” (1989c), and “Celosa” (1989a), recorded at the same live concert in Santa Barbara, I argue that her music makes belonging and nostalgia into material processes, rather than abstracted and mythical concepts. Moving homelands describes how Mendoza’s audience interacts with her music to sound out the difficulties of living in a world separated by borders, finding improvisatory and collaborative moments to create a sense of communal belonging.
Field Emission Cathodes Fabricated from Bulk Carbon Nanotube Fibers and Films

Carbon Nanotube (CNT) fibers and films have demonstrated excellent field emission (FE) properties and thus hold significant potential for use as electron sources for vacuum electronic devices VEDs). FE cathodes made from 100μm diameter CNT fibers were fabricated on an industrial grade 3D knitting machine. A 1” diameter cathode was tested using 30kV, 30A power supply with a 300ns pulse width. An applied field strength of 3V/μm produced a measured current level of approximately 15A. A CNT film cathode was fabricated from a 20mm wide film arranged in a corrugated geometry. This cathode was tested in a low impedance linear transformer driver (LTD) system operating at 30kV with a 200ns pulse width. The measured current level was approximately 2kA for an applied field strength of 6V/μm.
Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in preadolescent children: A US population-based study.

The present study evaluated sociodemographic and diagnostic predictors of suicidal ideation and attempts in a nationally representative sample of preadolescent youth enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Rates and predictors of psychiatric treatment utilization among suicidal youth also were examined. Eleven thousand eight hundred and seventy-five 9- and 10-year-old children residing in the United States were assessed. Children and their parents/guardians provided reports of children’s lifetime history of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and psychiatric disorders. Parents also reported on sociodemographic characteristics and mental health service utilization. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to evaluate sociodemographic and diagnostic correlates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts among youth with suicidal ideation, and treatment utilization among youth with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Lifetime prevalence rates were 14.33% for suicidal ideation and 1.26% for suicide attempts. Youth who identified as male, a sexual minority, or multiracial had greater odds of suicidal ideation, and sexual minority youth and youth with a low family income had greater odds of suicide attempts. Comorbid psychopathology was associated with higher odds of both suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. In youth, 34.59% who have suicidal ideation and 54.82% who had attempted suicide received psychiatric treatment. Treatment utilization among suicidal youth was lower among those who identified as female, Black, and Hispanic. Suicidal ideation and attempts among preadolescent children are concerningly high and targeted assessment and preventative efforts are needed, especially for males, racial, ethnic, and sexual minority youth, and those youth experiencing comorbidity.
Resident memory CD8+ T cells in regional lymph nodes mediate immunity to metastatic melanoma.

Summary The nature of the anti-tumor immune response changes as primary tumors progress and metastasize. We investigated the role of resident memory (Trm) and circulating memory (Tcirm) cells in anti-tumor responses at metastatic locations using a mouse model of melanoma-associated vitiligo. We found that the transcriptional characteristics of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells were defined by the tissue of occupancy. Parabiosis revealed that tumor-specific Trm and Tcirm compartments persisted throughout visceral organs, but Trm cells dominated lymph nodes (LNs). Single-cell RNA-sequencing profiles of Trm cells in LN and skin were distinct, and T cell clonotypes that occupied both tissues were overwhelmingly maintained as Trm in LNs. Whereas Tcirm cells prevented melanoma growth in the lungs, Trm afforded long-lived protection against melanoma seeding in LNs. Expanded Trm populations were also present in melanoma-involved LNs from patients, and their transcriptional signature predicted better survival. Thus, tumor-specific Trm cells persist in LNs, restricting metastatic cancer.
Early China: A Social and Cultural History

Early China chronology Map of China 1. Introduction: early China and its natural and cultural demarcations 2. The development of complex society in China 3. Erlitou and Erligang: early states expansion 4. Anyang and beyond: Shang and contemporary bronze cultures 5. Cracking the secret bones: literacy and society in Late Shang? 6. The inscribed history: Western Zhou State and its bronze vessels 7. The creation of paradigm: Zhou bureaucracy and social institutions 8. Hegemons and warriors: social transformation of the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-481 BC) 9. The age of territorial states: warring states politics and institutions 10. Philosophers as statesmen: in light of recently discovered texts 11. The Qin Unification and Qin Empire: who were the Terra-Cotta Warriors? 12. Expansion and political transition of the Han Empire 13. State and society: bureaucracy and social orders under the Han Empire 14. Ideological changes and their reflections in Han culture and Han art.