cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of hyperglycemia on the development of new-onset diabetes after liver transplantation.

Context—New-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) has been associated with cardiovascular and thrombotic complications, acute rejection, and infection in transplant recipients. NODAT in kidney transplantation is well described; however, data are lacking in liver transplant recipients.Objective—To evaluate the incidence of new-onset diabetes within 6 months postoperatively in adult liver transplant recipients.Design, Participants, Setting, and Interventions—Patients who underwent a liver transplantation at our institution between January 2004 and December 2005 were retrospectively evaluated. NODAT was defined according to the diagnostic criteria of the American Diabetes Association/World Health Organization, persistent hyperglycemia (serum glucose ≥200 mg/dL occurring 2 weeks after initial steroid induction and persisting for more than 2 weeks), or the need for hypoglycemic agents upon discharge.Main Outcomes—Incidence of NODAT within 6 months after transplantation in patients with poor glycemic con...
Electrohydrodynamics of particle-covered drops

We experimentally investigate the effect of surface-absorbed colloidal particles on the dynamics of a leaky dielectric drop in a uniform DC electric field. Depending on the particle polarizabilty, coverage and the electrical field intensity, particles assemble into various patterns such as an equatorial belt, pole-to-pole chains or a band of dynamic vortices. The particle structuring changes droplet electrohydrodynamics: under the same conditions where a particle-free drop would be a steady oblate spheroid, the belt can give rise to unsteady behaviours such as sustained drop wobbling or tumbling. Moreover, particle chaining can be accompanied by prolate drop deformation and tip-streaming.
The Needs of the Judiciary and Misapplications of Social Research The Case of Female Guards in Men's Prisons

Social scientists have a unique opportunity to generate empirical data to assist legal arguments in a court of law. Unfortunately, most researchers seldom take the initiative to research specific issues that may guide a legal question. Instead, they research issues that may interest them but have no real-world application. This study demonstrates this problem using the example of female guards in male prism. Several suggestions are made that can put the social sciences in a leadership role.
Development of an Imaging Time-of-Propagation (iTOP) prototype detector

Pion/Kaon particle identification from 1 to 5 GeV momentum range at a future Super B-Factory will require a detector with excellent light hadron detection efficiency and low fake rates. Extrapolating from current machine backgrounds, high hit rates drive a detector with fine segmentation and excellent temporal response to reject these backgrounds. An Imaging Time-of-Propagation (iTOP) detector, consisting of an array of quartz radiator bars and fine-pixel, excellent single photon timing photodetectors, is an excellent candidate to meet these needs. High-density, low-power, low-EMI and pipelined readout is required for such a detector. We present here the developments and test results from a prototype of such a detector.
Teaching Justice and Living Peace: Body, Sexuality, and Religious Education in Asian-American Communities 1

Abstract This article examines sexuality, a null curriculum in Asian-American faith communities, and explores pedagogical strategies to move the sexuality discourse to the explicit curriculum. The article first describes the current discussion of sexuality in Asian-American communities, then it critically analyzes the Confucian notion of the body, which has far-reaching influence on Asian-American views about sexuality, including those of Christians. The article then focuses on demystification of the body, arguing that demystification is fundamental to Asian-American discussions about sexuality. Finally, it suggests pedagogical strategies for the teaching of sexuality in Asian-American contexts. 1My primary focus is East Asian communities that are influenced by Confucianism.
Mechanistic Studies of the Thermolysis of Tetraneopentyltitanium(IV). 1. Solution Evidence That Titanium Alkylidenes Activate Saturated Hydrocarbons

Studies of the thermolysis of Ti(CH2CMe3)4 in solution have been carried out in parallel with studies of the chemical mechanism responsible for its conversion to titanium carbide under CVD conditions. In hydrocarbon solutions, the neopentyl complex thermolyzes to eliminate 2.1 equiv of neopentane as the principal organic product. A deuterium kinetic isotope effect (kR(H)/kR(D) ) 5.2 ( 0.4) upon deuterating the alkyl groups at the R positions provides clear evidence that the initial step in the thermolysis is an R-hydrogen abstraction reaction to form neopentane. The activation parameters for this R-hydrogen abstraction process are ¢H q ) 21.5 ( 1.4 kcal/mol and ¢S q )- 16.6 ( 3.8 cal/(mol K). The titanium-containing product of this reaction is a titanium alkylidene, which in solution activates C-H bonds of both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and cyclohexane. No activation of the C-F bonds of hexafluorobenzene is seen, however. Under special circumstances, a second thermolysis pathway for TiNp4 can be detected, A-hydrogen activation, but this pathway is intrinsically about 25 times slower than the R-hydrogen abstraction process.
Cleavage of geometrically altered cells

Elucidation of the interaction between the mitotic apparatus and the surface that produces the physical mechanism which accomplishes cytokinesis is one of the oldest problems in cell biology. In most of the experimentation which has been reported, success or failure of the interaction has been judged on the basis of the cell's ability to establish a furrow. Use of this criterion requires that neither surface nor mitotic apparatus (MA) be much disrupted. The organelles must be living and functioning. Previous investigations have demonstrated that, shortly before the beginning of cytokinesis, the MA can be disrupted or removed wi thout blocking division (Beams and Evans, 1940; Swann and Mitchison, 1953; Hiramoto, 1956; Hamaguchi, 1975), and the time when the surface alteration has proceeded to the point that the MA is unnecessary is usually expressed in terms of the phases of mitosis. Although the MA normally becomes dispensable during anaphase, the basis for this correlation is not understood. The presence of a spindle and chromosomes is no t a prerequisite (Ziegler, 1898; Rappaport , 1961) and the time of funct ion of the furrow can be changed by geometrical manipulations which do no t appear to affect mitosis (Rappaport, 1975). This report describes results of experiments designed to determine with greater precision the time when the interaction between MA and surface is completed, and the cell regions where the most important of those interactions occur. Since the entire cell surface can form furrows, it has been customary to assume that there are regional differences in the way in which the essential interaction occurs, and that the differences are quantitative. An a t tempt to identify the essential regions was accomplished by interposition of physical blocks between the MA and the surface. The time when the posit ion of the furrow is irreversibly established was determined by aspirating the MA from one of the first two blastomeres of Echinarachnius parma eggs and using the unoperated cell as a time control. Fertilized eggs were denuded by glycine t reatment (Kane, 1973; Rappaport , 1977). To maintain standard geometrical relations between the MA and the surface in both cells, eggs were confined in short segments of glass capillary about 85 ~m i.d. just before complet ion of the first cleavage. The pipette used for MA removal was inserted through one of the polar surfaces of one of the blastomeres (Rappaport , 1981). When at 17°C the MA is aspirated 4 min or less before control furrowing, the operated cell divides, but when the same operat ion is completed 5 min or more before control division, the operated cell does not divide. These results imply that the necessary phases of the interaction between the MA and the surface are completed 4 min before the furrow appears and that thereafter, while the MA is dispensable, the special properties and behavior that distinguish furrow surface are developing. Experiments performed at first cleavage, before the MA becomes dispensable and
Immunocytochemical Distribution of Neurokinin 1 Receptor in Rat Dorsal Vagal Complex

Gastric adaptive relaxation is a vago-vagal reflex, probably involving the site of interface of vagal afferents and efferents in the dorsal vagal complex of the medulla. Previous studies have shown that both substance P and nitric oxide in the dorsal vagal complex decrease intragastric pressure. The purpose of this study is, firstly, to localize NK1 tachykinin receptor immunoreactive (ir) staining in the dorsal vagal complex and, secondly, to determine its anatomical relationship to nitrergic cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Sections were stained by avidin-biotin immunocytochemistry using antiserum to NK1 receptor alone or combined with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. In the nucleus tractus solitarius, NK1 receptor-ir varicosities were moderately dense in the medial subnucleus, but sparse in the centralis and gelatinosus subnuclei. In the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, NK1 receptor-ir staining in cell bodies and fibers was present throughout, with a markedly dense varicose fiber and cell body staining in a lateral column of the rostral portion of the nucleus. NADPH-diaphorase staining is most marked in cell bodies in the same region of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. In dual-stained sections, there was complete overlap of NADPH-diaphorase and NK1 receptor-ir stain; however, the markers were very rarely colocalized within the same vagal motor neurons. Ipsilateral vagotomy almost completely abolished NK1r-ir staining in vagal motor neurons. We conclude that, in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, NK1 receptor is synthesized by a population of vagal motor neurons which are in close anatomical proximity to, but separate from, nitrergic neurons. Based on these observations, substance P-mediated gastric relaxation in this region is unlikely to be via activation of nitrergic vagal preganglionic neurons. In the nucleus tractus solitarius, the NK1 receptor and NADPH-diaphorase stain are not codistributed in subnuclei mediating gastric and esophageal control. Therefore, substance P and nitric oxide may mediate their respective gastrointestinal effects via separate afferent pathways.
On a sequential regression predictor

This communication is concerned with the notion of adaptive prediction via sequential regression. The related predictor involves a finite impulse response (f.i.r.) digital filter, and is implemented using a sequential regression (s.e.r.) algorithm which was published recently. Experimental results are presented, and for the purposes of comparison, corresponding results obtained via the Widrow algorithm2 are also included.
Nondiagnostic thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsies are no longer a dilemma

Abstract Background Nondiagnostic fine-needle aspiration biopsy (ND-FNAB) of the thyroid leads to unnecessary thyroidectomy. The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to determine the risk of malignancy in ND-FNABs, and (2) to evaluate factors that may identify patients at risk for a ND-FNAB. Methods A total of 241 patients who underwent FNAB and thyroidectomy were evaluated for factors associated with a ND-FNAB. Results A total of 215 women and 26 men underwent FNAB and thyroidectomy. ND-FNAs occurred in 51 of 241 (21%) patients. Ultrasound guidance did not reduce the likelihood of a ND biopsy. Patients with nodules greater than 3 cm had more ND-FNAs. Twenty-one of 51 with a ND biopsy underwent a repeat FNAB. Repeat FNAB was ND in 29% of patients. There was malignant disease in 7 of 51 (14%) with a ND-FNAB. Patient age, sex, thyroid function, gland size, multiple nodules, and final pathology were not related to a ND-FNAB (P > .05). Conclusions Most patients with a ND-FNAB have benign disease and low-risk patients with a ND-FNAB on repeat FNA warrant a more conservative approach.
Resistance to Isoniazid and Ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Genes, Mutations, and Causalities

Isoniazid (INH) is the cornerstone of tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy, used for both treatment and prophylaxis of TB. The antimycobacterial activity of INH was discovered in 1952, and almost as soon as its activity was published, the first INH-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were reported. INH and its structural analog and second-line anti-TB drug ethionamide (ETH) are pro-drugs. INH is activated by the catalase-peroxidase KatG, while ETH is activated by the monooxygenase EthA. The resulting active species reacts with NAD+ to form an INH-NAD or ETH-NAD adduct, which inhibits the enoyl ACP reductase InhA, leading to mycolic acid biosynthesis inhibition and mycobacterial cell death. The major mechanism of INH resistance is mutation in katG, encoding the activator of INH. One specific KatG variant, S315T, is found in 94% of INH-resistant clinical isolates. The second mechanism of INH resistance is a mutation in the promoter region of inhA (c-15t), which results in inhA overexpression and leads to titration of the drug. Mutations in the inhA open reading frame and promoter region are also the major mechanism of resistance to ETH, found more often in ETH-resistant clinical isolates than mutations in the activator of ETH. Other mechanisms of resistance to INH and ETH include expression changes of the drugs’ activators, redox alteration, drug inactivation, and efflux pump activation. In this article, we describe each known mechanism of resistance to INH and ETH and its importance in M. tuberculosis clinical isolates.
Standing Crops of Fish in Oregon Farm Ponds

Abstract Standing crops of fish in representative Oregon farm ponds were estimated by marking and recapture or by draining and enumeration. Most of the ponds were in the Willamette Valley, but a few were in central and southern Oregon. The average standing crop of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) was about 130 pounds per acre, and was similar to standing crops reported by workers in other states. The average standing crop of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) for 12 ponds was 104 pounds per acre. Central Oregon ponds appeared to support more pounds of bass per acre than western Oregon ponds. Rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa granulosa) were present in large numbers in some Willamette Valley ponds, with standing crops up to 245 pounds per acre. This species is believed to be an important competitor for food in fish ponds.
Structure Distribution in an Elastin-Mimetic Peptide (VPGVG)3 Investigated by Solid-State NMR

Elastin is an extracellular-matrix protein that imparts elasticity to tissues. We have used solid-state NMR to determine a number of distances and torsion angles in an elastin-mimetic peptide, (VPGVG)3, to understand the structural basis of elasticity. C-H and C-N distances between the V6 carbonyl and the V9 amide segment were measured using 13C-15N and 13C-1H rotational-echo double-resonance experiments. The results indicate the coexistence of two types of intramolecular distances: a third of the molecules have short C-H and C-N distances of 3.3 +/- 0.2 and 4.3 +/- 0.2 A, respectively, while the rest have longer distances of about 7 A. Complementing the distance constraints, we measured the (phi, psi ) torsion angles of the central pentameric unit using dipolar correlation NMR. The -angles of P7 and G8 are predominantly ~150, thus restricting the majority of the peptide to be extended. Combining all torsion angles measured for the five residues, the G8 C chemical shift, and the V6-V9 distances, we obtained a bimodal structure distribution for the PG residues in VPGVG. The minor form is a compact structure with a V6-V9 C=O-HN hydrogen bond and can be either a type II -turn or a previously unidentified turn with Pro (phi = -70, psi= 20 +/- 20) and Gly ( phi= -100 +/- 20, psi = -20 +/- 20). The major form is an extended and distorted beta-strand without a V6-V9 hydrogen bond and differs from the ideal parallel and antiparallel beta-strands. The other three residues in the VPGVG unit mainly adopt antiparallel beta-sheet torsion angles. Since (VPGVG)3 has the same 13C and 15N isotropic and anisotropic chemical shifts as the elastin-mimetic protein (VPGXG)n (X = V and K, n = 195), the observed conformational distribution around Pro and Gly sheds light on the molecular mechanism of elastin elasticity.
Manometric Measurement of the Gas Desorbed from Vacuumized Whole Milk Powder

Summary A manometric method is presented for the determination of the amount of gas held and the composition of the gas desorbed from vacuumized whole milk powder. The amount of sorbed gases in dried milk varied with the methods of preparation and packaging. When freshly made powder was vacuumized after drying, the per cent oxygen in the gas desorbed from powder was higher than that of ordinary air. Upon exposure of powder to air for 24 hours before vacuumizing, the per cent oxygen in the gas desorbed was less, but not lower than the per cent oxygen in normal air. The total volume of oxygen held per gram of powder was increased by exposure of powder to air for 24 hours before vacuumizing. The composition of the gas desorbed and the total quantity of gas per gram of powder could be varied by saturating the milk with carbon dioxide before drying. This would lend support to the belief that, at least in part, the source of the gas entrapped in powder is the gas dissolved in milk.
Comparison of 1983 Great lakes winter weather and ice conditions with previous years

Abstract Winter 1983 was one of the mildest winters in the past 200 years. One result of the unusual winter weather was the mildest overall ice season on the Great Lakes since systematic observations of ice cover extent on the Lakes were initiated some 20-odd years ago. The 1983 winter developed during the peak of one of the most intense El Nino-Southern Oscillation events of this century. Associated with the mild temperatures in the United States was an extremely strong Aleution low that persisted most of the winter. Monthly Northern Hemispheric circulation patterns were generally weak; no general long wave patterns were able to persist; and 700 mb heights were above normal. Annual maximum ice coverage on the Great Lakes was much below normal: Lake Superior 21% (normal is 75%), Lake Michigan 17% (normal is 45%), Lake Huron 36% (normal is 68%), Lake Erie 25% (normal is 90%), and Lake Ontario less than 10% (normal is 24%). Economic impact of the below-normal ice cover included reduced U.S. Coast Guard ice ...
Automatically Generated Feedback for CS student Work: Best Practices (Abstract Only)

This session invites educators interested in sharing and/or learning about experiences with tools for automatic feedback on technical work: the "if", "why" and "how". This includes experiences with program testing, problem-solving exercises, or quizzes, generated or checked with engines with expert-level technical capabilities, to scale up feedback to cope with burgeoning enrollment in CS courses while maintaining or improving student learning outcomes. Commercial, free and open-source tools now exist to assist in this endeavor.The benefits of providing timely, detailed, and insightful feedback for student effort are well known. Yet as enrollment in CS courses increases, many are hard pressed to find the human resources to scale up their feedback efforts. TAs and instructors may struggle to deal with the increased evaluation load, resulting in inconsistent, untimely, or lessened insight in feedback.Automatic grading and feedback offer a way to scale detailed and individualized feedback and for instructors to write materials with enhanced shelf-life, but with additional courseware engineering and administrative cost. It raises pedagogical questions about good ways for machine-based feedback to be blended with other types of learning activities, both conventional and novel. It has significance and relevance to departments facing the "scaling up" situation when it is understood if, how and why it can help address the problem.
HPV-16 E5 oncoprotein upregulates lipid raft components caveolin-1 and ganglioside GM1 at the plasma membrane of cervical cells

High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), especially HPV-16, play a primary role in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. HPV-16 encodes the E5, E6 and E7 oncoproteins. Although the biological functions of E5 are poorly understood, recent studies indicate that its expression correlates with papillomavirus oncogenicity. In this study we demonstrate that the HPV-16 E5 oncoprotein increases plasma membrane expression of caveolin-1, which is a constituent of lipid rafts and regulator of cell signaling, and that this phenotype is mediated by the C-terminal 10 amino acids of E5. Moreover, E5 (but not mutant E5) induces a 23- to 40-fold increase in the lipid raft component, ganglioside GM1, on the cell surface and mediates a dramatic increase in caveolin-1/GM1 association. Since gangliosides strongly inhibit cytotoxic T lymphocytes, block immune synapse formation and are expressed at high levels on the surface of many tumor cells, our results suggest a potential mechanism for immune evasion by the papillomaviruses. Additionally, surface gangliosides are known to enhance proliferative signaling by the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, providing a possible mechanistic basis for observations that EGF signaling is enhanced in E5-expressing cells. Finally, the upregulation of caveolin-1 and ganglioside GM1 at the plasma membrane of E5-expressing cervical cells provides potential new therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers for high-risk HPV infections.
ESR Spectra of radicals produced by reduction of pyridine and pyrazine

Abstract Radicals produced by reaction of e − aq with pyridine, pyrazine, and pyrazinedicarboxylic acid have been studied by electron spin resonance using the in situ radiolysis steady-state ESR technique. The radical anions initially produced have been found to undergo rapid protonation on nitrogen to form pyridinyl and pyrazinyl radicals. The NH proton of pyridinyl radical does not dissociate even at pH 13.7. The radical from pyrazine has been observed only in the doubly protonated positively charged form in acid and neutral solutions, but no spectrum was observed in alkaline media. With 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid the doubly protonated radical has been observed at pH 4–8 and the singly protonated one at pH 11–12. The pK for this dissociation is 9.2. The hyperfine constants of the pyridinyl radical are compared with those obtained from INDO molecular orbital calculations.
Reversed-phase chromatography of small molecules and peptides on a continuous rod of macroporous poly (styrene-co-divinylbenzene)

Abstract A continuous “molded” rod of porous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) prepared by a bulk free radical polymerization within the confines of a chromatographic column has been used successfully for the reversed-phase HPLC of alkylbenzenes and peptides. An excellent rapid separation of bradykinin and [ d -Phe7]-bradykinin with a molecular mass of about 1000 was also achieved.
Relationships between heart rate variability, vascular function, and adiposity in children.

To examine the relationships and interactions between cardiovascular autonomic nervous system (cANS) function, adiposity, and vascular function in children of varying levels of adiposity. Participants were children (19 M, 17 F, age = 11.5 ± 0.1 years) who had cANS function assessed via heart rate variability (HRV) methods during resting conditions. Vascular function was assessed with brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitroglycerin-induced dilation. Spectral power of HRV was calculated for high frequency normalized units (HFnu; measure of PSNS activity) and low frequency:high frequency ratio (LF:HF; overall sympathovagal balance). A blood sample was drawn for measurement of fasting insulin, glucose, lipids, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results were reported as mean ± SEM. FMD peak dilation was positively related to HFnu (r = 0.48, P = 0.01) and negatively related to LF:HF (r = −0.51, P = 0.01) indicating that reduced parasympathetic activity and states of dysfunctional sympathovagal balance were associated with decreased vascular function. After adjustment for confounding factors (insulin, CRP, age) and fat mass, the relationships between these measures of cANS and vascular function remained moderately strong and significant. These data indicate a relationship between cANS and vascular function that is independent of fat mass, inflammation (CRP), and fasting insulin in children of varying levels of adiposity. These relationships and the mechanisms by which they exist require further study to allow for the identification of appropriate therapies for children with high levels of adiposity given the likelihood of them having concomitant cANS and vascular dysfunction.
Why the tt vector meson could be at 40 GeV

Abstract On the basis of all consecutive-flavor current quark mass ratios being about four, we predict that the t t vector meson has a mass between 36–40 GeV.
PHOTODISSOCIATION OF OXALYL CHLORIDE AT 193 NM PROBED VIA SYNCHROTRON RADIATION

The photodissociation dynamics of oxalyl chloride, (ClCO)2, have been studied at 193 nm using photofragment translational spectroscopy with intense tunable vacuum-UV probe light provided by undulator radiation at the Advanced Light Source. Time-of-flight spectra for m/e 28 (CO+), 35 (Cl+), and 63 (ClCO+) are presented, along with translational energy distributions (P(E)) derived from forward convolution fitting. While the P(E) of (ClCO+) has a single sharp peak, those of (CO+) and (Cl+) show quite similar bimodal distributions. These observations suggest that the first step is an impulsive three-body dissociation yielding fast components of CO and Cl and that the remaining ClCO subsequently decomposes to give the slow components. This picture confirms a previous study of the photodissociation of oxalyl chloride at 230 nm using the photofragment imaging technique and provides more insight into the overall dynamics of the process. In addition, the tunable vacuum-UV photoionization has allowed for the measur...
Sequence specificity of BAL 31 nuclease for ssDNA revealed by synthetic oligomer substrates containing homopolymeric guanine tracts.

Background The extracellular nuclease from Alteromonas espejiana, BAL 31 catalyzes the degradation of single-stranded and linear duplex DNA to 5′-mononucleotides, cleaves negatively supercoiled DNA to the linear duplex form, and cleaves duplex DNA in response to the presence of apurinic sites. Principal Findings In this work we demonstrate that BAL 31 activity is affected by the presence of guanine in single-stranded DNA oligomers. Specifically, nuclease activity is shown to be affected by guanine's presence in minimal homopolymeric tracts in the middle of short oligomer substrates and also by its presence at the 3′ end of ten and twenty base oligomers. G•C rich regions in dsDNA are known to cause a decrease in the enzyme's nuclease activity which has been attributed to the increased thermal stability of these regions, thus making it more difficult to unwind the strands required for enzyme access. Our results indicate that an additional phenomenon could be wholly or partly responsible for the loss of activity in these G•C rich regions. Thus the presence of a guanine tract per se impairs the enzyme's functionality, possibly due to the tract's bulky nature and preventing efficient progression through the active site. Conclusions This study has revealed that the general purpose BAL 31 nuclease commonly used in molecular genetics exhibits a hithertofore non-characterized degree of substrate specificity with respect to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligomers. Specifically, BAL 31 nuclease activity was found to be affected by the presence of guanine in ssDNA oligomers.
Abridgment of flux linkages and electromagnetic induction in closed circuits

It is shown that the flux linkages of a circuit may be changed in two very different ways — either the flux may be varied causing a voltage to be induced according to Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, or the turns may be varied by a substitution of circuit without inducing a voltage. In the Appendix, it is mathematically shown that the flux may be changed either by transformer or cutting action, but that the presence of one or the other of these actions is dependent on the choice of reference axes. Thus, any argument to the effect that one of them in particular is a necessary part of all induction phenomena is futile. It is possible to identify in every d-c. machine the building up of flux linkages so as to generate a voltage, and the reduction of flux linkages by a substitution of circuit so as not to generate a voltage. The alternate working of these two methods for changing the flux linkages of a circuit is an essential and necessary feature of every d-c. dynamo-electric machine. General criteria are introduced for ascertaining in any given case the nature of the changes in inter-linkages which occur, and whether voltages are induced thereby. By way of application, a new restriction on the use of coefficients of inductance is pointed out, the sliding contact and homopolar machine are discussed, and finally a table has been prepared illustrating the various types of flux linkages found in familiar apparatus.
Effects of the properties of blowing agents on the processing and performance of extruded starch acetate

The extrusion of polysaccharide-based polymers, such as starch acetate, is quite different from that of ordinary synthetic polymers. To understand how the physiochemical properties of blowing agents affect plasticization and expansion processes, starch acetate was extruded with water, ethanol, and ethyl acetate. The studied properties and factors were the evaporation rate, surface tension, boiling point, solubility index, latent heat of vaporization of blowing agents, extrusion temperature, and nucleating- and blowing-agent concentrations. The properties of the blowing agents and operating conditions affected the solubility of the matrix polymer, the nucleation process, and cell growth, which affected the foam density and specific volume. A high temperature increased the cell density and specific volume when water and ethanol were used because a high temperature increased the solubility of starch acetate in water and ethanol and promoted nucleation. Ethyl acetate already had high solvency to starch acetate and a high evaporation rate. A high temperature reduced the melting strength, thereby reducing the cell density and specific volume. Water evaporation was greater, despite a high latent heat of evaporation (hr) and boiling point, than the average volumes of ethanol and ethyl acetate that evaporated. The blowing-agent efficiency was a function of the solvency, blowing-agent evaporation rate, and operating conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1880–1890, 2005
Fire severity, size, and climate associations diverge from historical precedent along an ecological gradient in the Pinaleño Mountains, Arizona, USA

In recent decades fire size and severity have been increasing in high elevation forests of the American Southwest. Ecological outcomes of these increases are difficult to gauge without an historical context for the role of fire in these systems prior to interruption by Euro-American land uses. Across the gradient of forest types in the Pinaleno Mountains, a Sky Island system in southeast Arizona that experienced two relatively large high-severity fires in the last two decades, we compared fire characteristics and climate associations before and after the onset of fire exclusion to determine the degree of similarity between past and recent fires. We use a gridded fire scar and demography sampling network to reconstruct spatially explicit estimates of fire extent and burn severity, as well as climate associations of fires from individual site to landscape scales from 1640 to 2008 C.E. We found that patterns of fire frequency, size, and severity were relatively stable for at least several centuries prior to 1880. A combination of livestock grazing and active fire suppression after circa 1880 led to (1) a significant reduction in fire spread but not fire ignition, (2) a conversion of more than 80% of the landscape from a frequent, low to mixed-severity fire regime to an infrequent mixed to high-severity fire regime, and (3) an increase in fuel continuity within a mid-elevation zone of dry mixed-conifer forest, resulting in increased opportunities for surface and crown fire spread into higher elevation mesic forests. The two most recent fires affecting mesic forests were associated with drought and temperature conditions that were not exceptional in the historical record but that resulted in a relative proportion of high burn severity up to four times that of previous large fires. The ecological effects of these recent fires appear to be more severe than any fire in the reconstructed period, casting uncertainty upon the recovery of historical species composition in high-severity burn patches. Significant changes to the spatial pattern, frequency, and climate associations of spreading fires after 1880 suggest that limits to fuel loading and fuel connectivity sustained by frequent fire have been removed. Coinciding factors of high fuel continuity and fuel loading, projected lengthening of the fire season, and increased variability in seasonal precipitation suggest that large high-severity fires, especially in mixed-conifer forests, will become the predominant fire type without aggressive actions to reduce fuel continuity and restore fire-resilient forest structure and species composition.
Partial aborts for transactions via first-class continuations

Software transactional memory (STM) has proven to be a useful abstraction for developing concurrent applications, where programmers denote transactions with an atomic construct that delimits a collection of reads and writes to shared mutable references. The runtime system then guarantees that all transactions are observed to execute atomically with respect to each other. Traditionally, when the runtime system detects that one transaction conflicts with another, it aborts one of the transactions and restarts its execution from the beginning. This can lead to problems with both execution time and throughput. In this paper, we present a novel approach that uses first-class continuations to restart a conflicting transaction at the point of a conflict, avoiding the re-execution of any work from the beginning of the transaction that has not been compromised. In practice, this allows transactions to complete more quickly, decreasing execution time and increasing throughput. We have implemented this idea in the context of the Manticore project, an ML-family language with support for parallelism and concurrency. Crucially, we rely on constant-time continuation capturing via a continuation-passing-style (CPS) transformation and heap-allocated continuations. When comparing our STM that performs partial aborts against one that performs full aborts, we achieve a decrease in execution time of up to 31% and an increase in throughput of up to 351%.
Distinct Roles of LAFL Network Genes in Promoting the Embryonic Seedling Fate in the Absence of VAL Repression

The transition between seed and seedling phases of development is coordinated by an interaction between the closely related ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), FUSCA3 (FUS3), and LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2; AFL) and VIVIPAROUS1/ABI3-LIKE (VAL) clades of the B3 transcription factor family that respectively activate and repress the seed maturation program. In the val1 val2 double mutant, derepression of the LEC1, LEC1-LIKE (L1L), and AFL (LAFL) network is associated with misexpression of embryonic characteristics resulting in arrested seedling development. We show that while the frequency of the embryonic fate in val1 val2 seedlings depends on the developmental timing of seed rescue, VAL proteins repress LAFL genes during germination, but not during seed development. Quantitative analysis of LAFL mutants that suppress the val1 val2 seedling phenotype revealed distinct roles of LAFL genes in promoting activation of the LAFL network. LEC2 and FUS3 are both essential for coordinate activation of the network, whereas effects of LEC1, L1L, and ABI3 are additive. Suppression of the val1 val2 seedling phenotype by the B3 domain-deficient abi3-12 mutation indicates that ABI3 activation of the LAFL network requires the B3 DNA-binding domain. In the VAL-deficient background, coordinate regulation of the LAFL network is observed over a wide range of genetic and developmental conditions. Our findings highlight distinct functional roles and interactions of LAFL network genes that are uncovered in the absence of VAL repressors.
(\pm)-5-Ethyl-endo-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,2,anti-8-trimethyl-6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-7-one, a bicyclic γ-lactone

The title bicyclic γ-lactone, C19H26O3, (II), the thermodynamically favored lactone, was formed in the reaction of (\pm)-cis-2,6,6-tri­methyl-trans-3-ethyl-4-oxo­cyclo­hexane­carboxyl­ic acid with p-methoxy­phenyl­magnesium bromide, following prolonged treatment under acidic conditions. The kinetically favored isomeric (\pm)-δ-lactone is described in the preceding paper [Xie et al. (2003). Acta Cryst. E59, o403–o405]. In lactone (II), basically composed of an aromatic ring appended to a [3.2.1] bicyclic system, the O—C(O)—C group is asymmetric, its O—C=O angle being 120.80 (15)° and its O=C—C angle being 130.46 (16)°.
The tactual horizontal-vertical illusion depends on radial motion of the entire arm

Wesought to clarify the causes of the tactual horizontal-vertical illusion, where vertical lines are overestimated as compared with horizontals in Land inverted-T figures. Experiment 1 did not use L or inverted-T figures, but examined continuous or bisected horizontal and vertical lines. It was expected that bisected lines would be perceived as shorter than continuous lines, as in the inverted-T figure in the horizontal-vertical illusion. Experiment 1 showed that the illusion could not be explained solely by bisection, since illusory effects were similar for continuous and bisected vertical and horizontal lines. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the illusory effects were dependent upon stimulus size and scanning strategy. Overestimation of the vertical was minimal or absent for the smallest patterns, where it was proposed that stimuli were explored by finger movement, with flexion at the wrist. Larger stimuli induce whole-arm motions, and illusory effects were found in conditions requiring radial arm motion. The illusion was weakened or eliminated in Experiment 4 when subjects were forced to examine stimuli with finger-and-hand motion alone, that is, their elbows were kept down on the table surface, and they were prevented from making radial arm motions. Whole-arm motion damaged performance and induced perceptual error. The experiments support the hypothesis that overestimation of the vertical in the tactual horizontal-vertical illusion derives from radial scanning by the entire arm.
Extending BIM interoperability to preconstruction operations using geospatial analyses and semantic web services

Abstract Since the early 2000s, building information modeling (BIM) has been used through the entire project life cycle to facilitate effective project collaboration and integration of data to support project activities. Despite the successful applications of BIM in the design and construction stages, the use of BIM for preconstruction planning has not gained wide acceptance as in other project phases. The integration of BIM and geospatial analyses can offer substantial benefits to manage the planning process during the design and preconstruction stages. However, this integration suffers from a lack of interoperability across the geospatial and BIM domains. Semantic web technology is used in this study to convey meaning, which is interpretable by both construction project participants as well as BIM and geographic information systems (GIS) applications processing the transferred data. To achieve this, we first translate building's elements and GIS data into a semantic web data format. Then we use a set of standardized ontologies for construction operations to integrate and query the heterogeneous spatial and temporal data. Finally, we use a query language to access and acquire the data in semantic web format. Through two scenario examples, the potential usefulness of the proposed methodology is validated.
Role of endogenous murine leukemia virus in immunologically triggered lymphoreticular tumors. II. Isolation of B-tropic mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) murine leukemia virus.

Abstract Previous work has shown that (BALB/c x A)F, (CAF 1 ) mice with an immunological disorder, the graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR), express an oncogenic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) which appears to be responsible for the subsequent development of lymphoreticular tumors. A mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) virus has been isolated from a reticulum cell neoplasm induced in a BALB/c mouse by serially passaged B-tropic MuLV originating in a CAF, GVHR mouse. The cloned MCF virus has a dual host range. It grows both in mouse cells where it is XC negative, B tropic, and in mink lung cells where it induces characteristic foci. It is partially neutralized by xenotropic MuLV antiserum and it partially competes in a homologous ecotropic gp70 radioimmunocompetition assay. Both ecotropic and xenotropic MuLV interfere with its infectivity. In these biological properties, the GVHR MCF virus closely resembles recombinant AKR MCF virus. We discuss the possible origin and significance of a presumptive recombinant MuLV in a low virus model where lymphoreticular tumors are triggered by an immunological disturbance.
Layer-by-layer assembled semipermeable membrane for amperometric glucose sensors.

Background:The performance of implantable glucose sensors is closely related to the behavior of the outer membrane. Such membranes govern the diffusion characteristics of glucose and, correspondingly, the sensitivity of the sensors. This manuscript discusses the selection of various membrane materials and their effect on the device response.Methods:Sensors were fabricated utilizing a 50-μm platinum wire followed by immobilization of the glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme. Sequential adsorption of various ionic species via a layer-by-layer process created devices coated with bilayers of humic acids/ferric cations (HAs/Fe3+), humic acids/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (HAs/PDDA), and poly(styrene sulfonate)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PSS/PDDA). The in vitro amperometric response of the sensors was determined at 0.7 V vs an Ag/AgCl reference electrode in phosphate-buffered saline (37°C) for various glucose concentrations. The diffusion coefficients of glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) throu...
On frequency-domain analysis of the relation between incident turbulence and fluctuating pressures

The linear and nonlinear correlations between frequency components of incident velocity and pressure fluctuations on surface mounted prisms are investigated. Normal and oblique incidence cases are considered. For each case, two wind-tunnel flow configurations were considered; one with and the other without adding small spires. In both configurations, the results show low levels of linear coherence between the incident velocity and surface pressure except at the very low frequencies. The nonlinear coherence is also very low. Consequently, the relation between frequency components of incident velocity and pressure fluctuations is not direct. The results suggest that, because of the required averaging, frequency-domain analysis is not the most suitable technique to determine the relation between incident velocity and fluctuating pressures.
Changes in levels of ATPase activity in developing retinae of normal (DBA) and mutant (C3H) mice.

Abstract The levels of activity of Mg 2+ -ATPase and Na + -K + -activated ATPase were determined in retinae of developing DBA/1J and C3H/HeJ mice. When levels of ATPase activity were expressed per unit of dry weight, no apparent difference between normal and mutant retinae was noted during postnatal development. When levels of ATPase activity were expressed per complete retina, a decrease in Mg 2+ - and Na + -K + -activated ATPase was observed in C3H retinae which correlated temporally with the development of cellular degeneration. It is concluded that the ATPase enzyme system is not involved in the etiology of the inherited disease.
Improving healthcare delivery with the transformational whole person care model.

A Whole Person Care model was developed by The New England School of Whole Health Education following a 2-year pilot study that demonstrated the transformational effects of whole health education. This holistic model of health education and behavioral interaction provides a tool for nurses, physicians, and staff to redirect the momentum of care toward in-the-moment, relationship-centered whole person care, improving healthcare worker and patient satisfaction and outcomes. KEY WORDS: relationship-centered care, spirituality, therapeutic partnering,
What factors influence the prescribing of antidepressant pharmacotherapy? An assessment of national office-based encounters.

Objective: This study was designed to identify: 1) predictors of antidepressant pharmacotherapy among patients diagnosed with depression; and 2) predictors of prescription for either a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), or a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Method: Data from the 1995 National Ambulatory Medical Care urvey (NAMCS) were used to discern the number of office-based encounters documenting a diagnosis of depression (ICD-9-CM codes 296.2-296.36; 300.4; or 311) among patients eighteen years of age or older. Logistic regression-derived odds ratios (OR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) were used to elucidate factors predictive of receipt of antidepressant pharmacotherapy, and, more specifically, factors predictive of receipt of an SSRI or an SNRI. Model variables included age (1849 years as compared to ≥ 50 years); race (white as compared to nonwhite, inclusive of Hispanics); gender; self-report of depression as a reason for the office-based encounter; and payer type (private insurance program as compared to public). Results: Among the estimated 18,046,293 office-based visits resulting in a diagnosis of depression, 56.2 percent of patients self-reported depression as a reason for the office-based encounter; 67.5 percent were prescribed or continued a regimen of antidepressant pharmacotherapy; and 48.3 percent were prescribed an SSRI or an SNRI. Factors predictive of receipt of antidepressant pharmacotherapy included age less than fifty years (OR = 1.30, CI = 1.01-1.67); female gender (OR = 1.45, CI = 1.13-1.85); and self-report of depression as a reason for the office-based encounter (OR = 1.98, CI = 1.57-2.51). Factors predictive of receipt of an SSRI or an SNRI included age less than fifty years (OR = 1.31, CI = 1.03-1.65); female gender (OR = 1.55, CI = 1.23-1.95); and self-report of depression as a reason for the office-based encounter (OR = 1.56, CI = 1.25-1.95). In addition, having private insurance increased the likelihood of having been prescribed an SSRI or SNRI by 46 percent (OR = 1.46, CI = 1.13-1.89). Conclusions: Among patients with a diagnosis of depression, the pattern of prescribing antidepressant pharmacotherapy is influenced by a patient's age, gender, self-report of depression, and type of insurance coverage. Further research is required to discern the reasons for these observed effects and to advance clinically rational and equitable access to pharmacotherapeutic innovation.