cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new versatile coating technique: levitation chemical vapor deposition

Abstract A new versatile coating technique, levitation chemical vapor deposition (LCVD), is described. This technique employs the gradient electromagnetic field produced by a conical induction coil to simultaneously heat and levitate a conductive substrate. Combining this technique with chemical vapor deposition, there is no need for substrate support, eliminating additional coating cycles to ensure complete substrate coverage. This paper describes the development of the LCVD technique, and its application to the deposition of continuous SiC films on graphite substrates in a single cycle, utilizing SiCl 4 , C 3 H 8 , and H 2 as reactant gases. Characterization of the physical properties and coating morphology of SiC is described. LCVD was found to produce similar trends in thickness and morphology as seen in conventional CVD processes. Although the deposition rate was generally unaffected by chamber pressures, the surface morphology was shown to be dependent upon both chamber pressure and flow rate.
Reflection of Lamb waves obliquely incident on the free edge of a plate

The reflection of obliquely incident symmetric and anti-symmetric Lamb wave modes at the edge of a plate is studied. Both in-plane and Shear-Horizontal (SH) reflected wave modes are spawned by an obliquely incident in-plane Lamb wave mode. Energy reflection coefficients are calculated for the reflected wave modes as a function of frequency and angle of incidence. This is done by using the method of orthogonal mode decomposition and by enforcing traction free conditions at the plate edge using the method of collocation. A PZT sensor network, affixed to an Aluminum plate, is used to experimentally verify the predictions of the analysis. Experimental results provide support for the analytically determined results.
Chronic ulcerative stomatitis: evidence of autoimmune pathogenesis.

Objectives Chronic ulcerative stomatitis is a condition characterized by chronic, painful oral ulcers, whose pathogenesis is unknown. Patients demonstrate specific IgG autoantibodies against ΔNp63α, an epithelial nuclear transcription factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of patient autoantibodies in the disease pathogenesis. Methods Three-dimensional in vitro tissues consisting of a fully differentiated, multilayer epithelium that mimics its in vivo counterpart were incubated with serum from patients with chronic ulcerative stomatitis. Results Our results show a subepithelial detachment of the epithelium at the basement membrane interface, mimicking the oral ulcerations that are seen clinically. Expression of basement membrane proteins Type IV collagen and laminin-5 was unaltered, whereas the expression of α6β4 integrins, hemidesmosome components that attach basal keratinocytes to the basement membrane, was reduced, as determined by immunohistochemistry. Conclusion These results give evidence that patient autoantibodies are pathogenic; and support an autoimmune pathogenesis in chronic ulcerative stomatitis.
Sequential phosphine-catalyzed, nucleophilic thiol-ene/radical-mediated thiol-yne reactions and the facile orthogonal synthesis of polyfunctional materials.

The first example of highly efficient sequential thiol−ene/thiol−yne reactions conducted in an orthogonal manner is presented and its broad application in the synthesis of polyfunctional materials demonstrated. The anionic chain mechanism of the phosphine-mediated thiol−ene reaction is highlighted, as is the radical-mediated thiol−yne reaction. Kinetic data for a model reaction are presented, followed by a discussion of the synthesis of a range of materials with diverse functionality, including an example of potential biomedical significance.
Conflict Methodology: an Introduction and Preliminary Assessment1

Proponents of conflict methodology have recently asserted that consensus methodologies are ineffective in the study of elite-controlled, large-scale organizations. They have proposed utilization of a variety of techniques which place researchers in a condition of hostile contrast to subject organizations. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and assess the conflict methodology position. It, therefore, identifies the organizational subjects of conflict research, examines the assertion that consensus methodologies are ineffective in the study of elite-controlled, large-scale organizations, and provides a definition of conflict methodology. The paper concludes by assessing the implications, problems, and possible contributions of conflict methodology.
Interfaces in Solid‐State Reactions

Illustrations of the structure of phase boundaries involved in solid-state reactions in ceramic oxides and of the formation of grain boundaries by the movement of phase boundaries are presented. Examples of experimental studies have been chosen to emphasise how both the cations and anions can influence the structure of the phase boundaries and the manner in which the reaction proceeds. In the oxide systems discussed here, the phase boundaries tend to facet parallel to certain planes even in the case where the anion sublattice is effectively undisturbed. This observation emphasises that, although the anion sublattice often determines the interface structure, the influence of the cations on the selection of the boundary plane cannot be neglected. The discussion is focused here on the growth of spinel in three different oxide matrices, namely in a wustite phase (NiO), a rhombohedral sesquioxide (Al2O3) and an olivine ((FeMg)2SiO4).
The Russian Management Revolution: Preparing Managers for the Market Economy

This article presents a review of the book “The Russian Management Revolution: Preparing Managers for the Market Economy,” by Sheila M. Puffer.
Crystal gazing in computer graphics

Abstract We, the people, are in the midst of the age of the computer. We are at the beginning of the age of computer graphics. This article will crystal gaze upon a few of the areas of life which are beginning to be and soon will be very affected by computer graphics. Topics vary from homes and cities; hardware and animation; Congress and business; and architecture and drafting to art. These show that the future uses of computer graphics are limited only by the imagination. Underlying the whole gamut is the theme that computer graphics must be user oriented! The application user must not be required to know anything about computers or their languages or how to manipulate complex mathematics!
Bose-stimulated scattering off a cold atom trap

The angle and temperature dependence of the photon scattering rate for Bose-stimulated atom recoil transitions between occupied states is compared to diffraction and incoherent Rayleigh scattering near the Bose-Einstein transition for an optically thin trap in the limit of large particle number N. Each of these three processes has a range of angles and temperatures for which it dominates over the others by a divergent factor as N→∞.
Gas-Phase Reactivity of Protonated 2-, 3-, and 4-Dehydropyridine Radicals Toward Organic Reagents

To explore the effects of the electronic nature of charged phenyl radicals on their reactivity, reactions of the three distonic isomers of n-dehydropyridinium cation (n = 2, 3, or 4) have been investigated in the gas phase by using Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. All three isomers react with cyclohexane, methanol, ethanol, and 1-pentanol exclusively via hydrogen atom abstraction and with allyl iodide mainly via iodine atom abstraction, with a reaction efficiency ordering of 2 > 3 > 4. The observed reactivity ordering correlates well with the calculated vertical electron affinities of the charged radicals (i.e., the higher the vertical electron affinity, the faster the reaction). Charged radicals 2 and 3 also react with tetrahydrofuran exclusively via hydrogen atom abstraction, but the reaction of 4 with tetrahydrofuran yields products arising from nonradical reactivity. The unusual reactivity of 4 is likely to result from the contribution of an ionized carbene-type resonance s...
Surface CARS spectroscopy of pyridine and phenol on ZnO optical waveguides

Abstract Using planar optical waveguide geometry, surface CARS spectra of phenol and pyridine adsorbed on ZnO surfaces have been observed under high-vacuum conditions. When most of the CARS contribution from the ZnO film was eliminated by an interference condition, submonolayer quantities were detectable. The v 12 mode of phenol is insensitive to the nature of the surface bond and leads to a single line at 1002 cm −1 . The v 1 mode of pyridine gives rise to three lines at 993, 1000 and 1008 cm −1 corresponding to sites for physisorption, hydrogen-bonding and protonation. At high surface power densities, photoinduced desorption of pyridine was observed. Two-photon absorption in the ZnO leads to a power-dependent index of refraction.
Use of factor-K water allocation system in irrigation management: Theory and application in Indonesia

In order to maintain rice self-sufficiency, the Government of Indonesia is seeking strategies to more efficiently manage existing irrigation systems. As part of this effort, International Irrigation Management Institute, (IIMI) is helping the government reexamine the Factor-K method for water allocation, which is used by provincial irrigation authorities in most provinces. Data collected from public irrigation systems in West Java indicate that management practices in the field often deviate significantly from the theoretical operating procedures. Inefficiencies in water allocation resulting from over-estimated water requirements and inaccurate predictions of expected water availability are related to field management practices as well as problems associated with the Factor-K method itself. Inequitable allocation, as measured by an actual water delivery/expected water delivery ratio, was observed for end-users in the system during periods of water deficits. In order to ensure equity and efficiency using the factor-K system, modifications are needed in the method of calculating water demand and supply. Yet, more importantly, improved monitoring and supervision in the field must be given higher priority if the irrigation systems are to perform up to expectations.
Experimental Evidence for Microbially Mediated Carbonate Dissolution from the Saline Water Zone of the Edwards Aquifer, Central Texas

Microbially induced carbonate dissolution was evaluated from sulfidic wells in the Edwards Aquifer, Texas. Filamentous biomass covers rock surfaces, with Gammaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria dominating the attached community, but novel Alphaproteobacteria dominating the planktonic community. Despite fluids being saturated with respect to calcite, experimental calcite from in situ microcosms had significantly greater mass loss when colonized. Moreover, neoformed gypsum crystals were observed on colonized surfaces where fluids were undersaturated with respect to gypsum. The results are similar to findings from shallow cave and karst environments, and highlight the underappreciated role of microbes in the modification of carbonate aquifers and reservoirs.
Campus motor fleet analysis for the FAA Technical Center to meet executive order 13514

United States consumption of fossil fuels has been increasing at a rate of 8.4% since 1990 and is expected to grow by 28% from 2011 to 2040. Executive Order 13514, Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy and Economic Performance, sets sustainability goals for federal agencies to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. The Federal Aviation Administration has over 4,300 registered vehicles in its motor fleet, and must reduce its emissions by 12.3% by 2020. This system provides an analysis of the life cycle costs and emissions reduction of the motor vehicle fleet at the William J. Hughes Technical Center. The analysis includes alternatives of low speed electric vehicles, neighborhood electric vehicles, and compressed natural gas vehicles. Three models are used to do analysis: (1) the demand model is a discrete-event simulation, used to determine the inventory needed to meet demand. Examples of demand events are mail delivery, and material shipping. The demand model's input is a vehicle inventory, and its outputs are metrics measuring the inventory's ability to meet demand. (2) A life cycle cost model composed of a deterministic and stochastic portions. The deterministic portion calculates preventive maintenance, overhead, and acquisition costs. The stochastic piece is a Monte Carlo simulation that projects energy consumption costs, corrective maintenance costs, and CO2 emissions through 2020. (3) A utility analysis to compare alternatives. Preliminary results indicate that the status quo inventory will not meet the requirements for GHG emission reduction. However, by reducing inventory and introducing electric vehicles, the requirements can be met while staying within current operating budgets. Based on the preliminary results, it is recommended that the FAA gradually introduce electric vehicles on an annual basis into their inventory to meet their sustainment goals by 2020.
Turning Ideas into Reality

In his acceptance speech as the recipient of the 1983 Gold Award of the Affiliate Council of the Engineering Society of Detroit, Mr. Harwood directed a strong message to the U.S. technical community: “It is not ideas alone that move the world.” He addressed specific areas in which technical/scientific professionals must become involved in order to secure a position for the country in the international marketplace. Mr. Harwood received the Gold Award on February 23, 1983.
Experimental and Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Probe Diffusion in Macromolecular Solutions

Diffusion in macromolecular solutions and networks is a topic of vast importance in many fields related to medical devices, biotechnology, tissue engineering, or drug delivery. Thus, effort has been devoted to developing techniques for measuring and models for predicting diffusion in macromolecular solutions and networks. However, very few techniques are capable of probing diffusion in situ, real time, and non-invasively and while many models of diffusion exist, all of them have their drawbacks. Ideally a model starting from basic physics using rigorous mathematical principles should be developed that is also supported by experimental findings.First, we present measurements of probe diffusion in polymeric solutions conducted by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS). We have shown that FCS is an excellent tool for real time, non-invasive study of diffusion in complex media. Here, we present studies identifying several transport regimes – without interaction, and with interaction between the probe and the macromolecule. In the latter regime the nature of the interaction determines the specifics of the sub-diffusional process. We discuss two interaction examples – one where a “permanent” polymer/probe complex is formed, and one where ionic interaction is responsible for the decrease in probe diffusivity.We have also developed a novel mathematical model based on homogenization theory, to describe the effective diffusion process. To the best of our knowledge, homogenization theory, has not been used previously to describe the diffusion of probes in macromolecular solutions. The homogenization theory was confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations. An excellent agreement between the homogenization theory and Monte Carlo simulations as well as comparison to experimental data provided evidence for the utility of the homogenization theory for predicting diffusion in macromolecular solutions.
Concealed Key-Phrase Verification

It is a common task in conversational applications to validate a claimed identity through utterance verification mechanisms; for example, by asking for a password or a challenge question. Sometimes, due to the private nature of the keyphrase, it is desirable to impose restrictions on how this keyphrase, or information that leads to it, is handled during the verification process. In this paper we describe a method where the utterance verification takes place in a concealed way, i.e., in a way that the keyphrase cannot be inferred or obtained directly by an intruder, from the decoding and application artifacts. We achieve this by a novel algorithm based on matrix operations in the verification network's nodes. If the traversed path corresponds to the keyphrase, the annotation converges to the dominant eigenvector of the occluded kernel matrix.
Prey preferences of Calosoma sycophanta L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) larvae and relationship of prey consumption to predator size

In feeding choice tests, first- and second-instar larvae of Calosoma sycophanta L. preferred gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), pupae as prey but third-instar larvae most often consumed caterpillars. All beetle larvae preferred female pupae over male pupae. In non-choice feeding tests, older predator larvae consumed more gypsy moth fifth-instar larvae than the larger sixth-instar larvae, but the total weights of prey eaten in both cases were similar. First-instar larvae of C. sycophanta only partially consumed prey, and caterpillar size did not affect the total numbers eaten. Beetle larvae ate as many female gypsy moth pupae as male pupae, but larger larvae consumed greater weights of the former than of the latter. As a consequence, C. sycophanta larvae fed female pupae were larger than those provided with male pupae. However, for a given increase in size, third-instar larval beetles ingested the same weight of food no matter what the prey size was. Conversely, young beetle larvae seemed to require greater amounts of the body contents of large prey for a given size increase, probably because fluids from large prey were lost during predator attack. The information gained in this study may make it possible to use sizes of field-observed C. sycophanta larvae to predict numbers of prey they have killed.
Use of Saline Solutions as Fertilization Media for Arctic Grayling Gametes and Their Effects on Embryo Survival

Abstract Saline diluents improve the fertilization success for several cultured salmonid species. In this investigation, success in fertilizing ova of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) was enhanced by the use of diluents containing 0.50–1.00% salt compared with fertilization in lake water. We recommend the use of a saline diluent during fertilization as a routine practice for artificial insemination of Arctic grayling ova.
Subcomponents of Second-Language Aptitude and Second-Language Proficiency.

A factor analysis of a test battery that included early first-language (L1) achievement, L1 cognitive ability, second-language (L2) aptitude, and L2 affective measures to predict oral and written L2 proficiency was conducted. The analysis yielded 4 factors that were labeled Language Analysis, composed of L1 and L2 language comprehension, grammar, vocabulary, and inductive language learning measures; Phonology/Orthography, composed of L1 and L2 phonemic coding and phonological processing measures; IQ/Memory, composed of L1 intelligence and L2 paired-associate learning measures; and Self-Perceptions of Language Skills, composed of L2 motivation and L2 anxiety measures. The 4 factors explained 76% of the variance in oral and written L2 proficiency. Findings support the view that L2 aptitude is componential. Results are discussed in the context of long-term L1-L2 relationships and individual differences in L2 learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The Sources of Threat Credibility in Extended Deterrence

For deterrence to work, a potential attacker needs to perceive the deterrer's threats as capable and credible for retaliation. The issue of relative capabilities has been extensively analyzed, yet ...
Comparison of two procedures for predicting rocket engine nozzle performance

Two nozzle performance prediction procedures which are based on the standardized JANNAF methodology are presented and compared for four rocket engine nozzles. The first procedure required operator intercedence to transfer data between the individual performance programs. The second procedure is more automated in that all necessary programs are collected into a single computer code, thereby eliminating the need for data reformatting. Results from both procedures show similar trends but quantitative differences. Agreement was best in the predictions of specific impulse and local skin friction coefficient. Other compared quantities include characteristic velocity, thrust coefficient, thrust decrement, boundary layer displacement thickness, momentum thickness, and heat loss rate to the wall. Effects of wall temperature profile used as an input to the programs was investigated by running three wall temperature profiles. It was found that this change greatly affected the boundary layer displacement thickness and heat loss to the wall. The other quantities, however, were not drastically affected by the wall temperature profile change.
Out-of-core rendering of massive geometric environments

We present an external memory algorithm for fast display of very large and complex geometric environments. We represent the model using a scene graph and employ different culling techniques for rendering acceleration. Our algorithm uses a parallel approach to render the scene as well as fetch objects from the disk in a synchronous manner. We present a novel prioritized prefetching technique that takes into account LOD-switching and visibility-based events between successive frames. We have applied our algorithm to large gigabyte sized environments that are composed of thousands of objects and tens of millions of polygons. The memory overhead of our algorithm is output sensitive and is typically tens of megabytes. In practice, our approach scales with the model sizes, and its rendering performance is comparable to that of an in-core algorithm.
Approach to a Quality Process for the Ubiquitous Software Development

The continuous technical advances conducted to the proliferation of very small and very cheap equipped microprocessors with sensors and with capacitance of wireless communication. The prosecution of the information is returning to him ubiquitous and is impregnating to him in all kind of objects. In this article propose the general lineaments towards a methodology of securing of the ubiquitous software quality basing in your main characteristics: centered in the user and highly interactive. Moreover, it considers oneself to the usability as the quality characteristic of more relevant in the development of this type of highly interactive software systems.
Frequency dispersion compensation in time reversal techniques for UWB electromagnetic waves

The invariance of the wave equation under time reversal enables optimal refocusing of ultrawideband waves by time-reversal (TR) arrays. This forms the basis of recently developed TR techniques for selective (re-)focusing and inverse scattering applications. However, in electromagnetic sensing applications involving lossy or dispersive media, such as earth media, time invariance is lost and TR techniques can be significantly degraded. To alleviate this problem, a method to compensate dispersion in TR applications is proposed here. The method is based on short-time Fourier transforms and is shown to improve refocusing.
Microwave Probes for Electric Fields Near Metal Surfaces

An experimental study was made to isolate the types of probe errors made in measuring electrical boundary conditions and nearfield waves over the surfaces of metal diffracting objects and antennas. Because their patterns could be calculated for comparison with measurements, thin metal disks were employed ranging in diameters from 0.1 to 10 wavelengths. The microwave wavelengths ranged from 2 to 80 cm and the probe sizes ranged from 0.50 to 0.01 wavelength long. The probes consisted of wire dipoles with the microwave circuits confined to the detector capsule at the centers of the dipoles. Three types of probe errors were studied: 1) multiple reradiation between probe and surface of object when the axis of the probe is parallel to the surface, 2) bringing the tip of the probe closer than a hundredth of a wavelength from the surface of the object when the fields between the tip and the surface are shaped like electrostatic fields and found to be grossly affected by changes in the spacing, and 3) lengths of probes large compared to the radius of curvature of the lines of force, a limiting case in the measurement of fields near the edges of metal sheets.
Tetraspanin CD81 is required for the αvβ5-integrin-dependent particle-binding step of RPE phagocytosis

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are among the most active phagocytes in the body. Every morning, circadian shedding of outer segment fragments by photoreceptor cells activates a synchronized phagocytic response by RPE cells that is critical for vision. RPE cells require αvβ5 integrin receptors for particle binding that triggers engulfment. Here, we show that tetraspanins CD81 and CD9 reside in a complex specifically with αvβ5 integrin but not the engulfment receptors Mer tyrosine kinase and CD36 at the apical, phagocytic surface of RPE cells. Function blocking and RNA silencing of CD81 but not of CD9 specifically diminish particle binding. CD81 but not CD9 overexpression is sufficient to increase particle binding and surface levels of αvβ5 integrin. Wild-type and mutant RPE cells defective in particle engulfment equally reduce and increase particle binding in response to CD81 inhibition and CD81 overexpression, respectively. By striking contrast, neither CD81 inhibition nor CD81 overexpression has any effect on particle binding by RPE lacking αvβ5 integrin. These results identify a novel and important role for CD81 in phagocytosis. CD81 does not function as a binding receptor by itself but promotes outer segment particle binding through functional interaction specifically with αvβ5 integrin.
Iterative minimization of entropic stabilizing functionals in signal restoration

The stabilizing functional approach is utilized to restore a distorted signal, the Itakura-Saito distortion measure of communication theory and the Kullback-Leilber distance of statistics are employed as the stabilizing functionals. The minimization of these nonquadratic functionals, subject to some statistical knowledge about the noise corrupting the system, is regarded as the minimization of a distortion measure or directed distance from a prior guess P to the desired signal z. The extremum of the unconstrained problem is then attained through an iterative scheme that allows for the introduction of two novel robust and stable signal restoration algorithms. >
Environmental Messages in Fashion Advertisements: Impact on Consumer Responses:

This study examined if consumers' environmental concerns influence their responses to fashion advertisements. Photographs of models wearing fashionable casual apparel, either in nature or non-natur...
COMPUTING THE ALL-PAIRS LONGEST CHAINS IN THE PLANE

Many problems on sequences and on special kinds of graphs involve the computation of longest chains passing points in the plane. Given a set S of n points in the plane, we consider the problem of computing the matrix of longest chain lengths between all pairs of points in S, and the matrix of “parent” pointers that describes the n longest chain trees. We present a simple sequential algorithm for computing these matrices. Our algorithm runs in O(n2) time, and hence is optimal. We also present a rather involved parallel algorithm that computes these matrices in O((log n)2) time using O(n2/log n) processors in the CREW PRAM model. These matrices enable us to report, in O(1) time, the length of a longest chain between any two points in S by using one processor, and the actual chain by using k processors, where k is the number of points of S on that chain. The space complexity of the algorithms is O(n2).
Een zeldzaam functioneel probleem

Sommige gebitssituaties komen we niet elke dag tegen. Ze roepen vragen op, dwingen ons tot verdieping en vormen tegelijkertijd een uitdaging. Een interdisciplinaire aanpak is vaak nodig om alle ter zake doende informatie te verzamelen teneinde de juiste afwegingen te kunnen maken op grond waarvan de aangewezen strategie bepaald kan worden. In het geval van onderstaande casus werd de expertise van een orthodontist en een kaakchirurg ingeroepen. Uiteindelijk vormde een non-invasieve restauratieve aanpak de oplossing voor dit zeldzame probleem.
The research on temperature propertiesof the LiNbO_3 electro-optic modulator

By using the basic theory of the refractive indices ellipsoid and numerical calculation, the relationships of the tendency of change of the emitted light intensity with temperature, with the crystal refractive index, the crystal size, and the crystal expansion coefficient respectively, under the transverse and longitudinal modulation were simulated, and then carried out the appropriate numerical calculation. The results show that the tendency of change of the emitted light intensity with temperature under the longitudinal modulation only can be affected by crystal refractive index. Not only the crystal refractive index but also the crystal size and its expansion coefficient can affect the tendency of change of the emitted light intensity with temperature under the transverse modulation. So the temperature stability can be improved by using crystal in specific size to present an optimal design of electro-optic modulator.
MalwareHunt: semantics-based malware diffing speedup by normalized basic block memoization

The key challenge of software reverse engineering is that the source code of the program under investigation is typically not available. Identifying differences between two executable binaries (binary diffing) can reveal valuable information in the absence of source code, such as vulnerability patches, software plagiarism evidence, and malware variant relations. Recently, a new binary diffing method based on symbolic execution and constraint solving has been proposed to look for the code pairs with the same semantics, even though they are ostensibly different in syntactics. Such semantics-based method captures intrinsic differences/similarities of binary code, making it a compelling choice to analyze highly-obfuscated malicious programs. However, due to the nature of symbolic execution, semantics-based binary diffing suffers from significant performance slowdown, hindering it from analyzing large numbers of malware samples. In this paper, we attempt to mitigate the high overhead of semantics-based binary diffing with application to malware lineage inference. We first study the key obstacles that contribute to the performance bottleneck. Then we propose normalized basic block memoization to speed up semantics-based binary diffing. We introduce an union-find set structure that records semantically equivalent basic blocks. Managing the union-find structure during successive comparisons allows direct reuse of previously computed results. Moreover, we utilize a set of enhanced optimization methods to further cut down the invocation numbers of constraint solver. We have implemented our technique, called MalwareHunt, on top of a trace-oriented binary diffing tool and evaluated it on 15 polymorphic and metamorphic malware families. We perform intra-family comparisons for the purpose of malware lineage inference. Our experimental results show that MalwareHuntcan accelerate symbolic execution from 2.8X to 5.3X (with an average 4.1X), and reduce constraint solver invocation by a factor of 3.0X to 6.0X (with an average 4.5X).
A developmental approach to symptoms based on age groups.

The physician needs to understand the significance of the developmental and psychologic challenges that a child or an adult is attempting to solve at a given age. A management approach to certain psychosocial symptoms must couple concern for a child of one age with an interest in the child’s parents, who represent another developmental period.
Struktur zur Versuchsdurchführung

Fur die Erreichung der Ziele aus Abschnitt 1.2 wurden neun Studien durchgefuhrt. Die Unterschiede der Datenerhebung dieser Studien werden im Folgenden definiert. Des Weiteren wird auf die Teilnehmer der Studien eingegangen und abschliesend der Bezug zu den durchgefuhrten Analysen hergestellt.
Social Network Typologies of Black and White Married Couples in Midlife

Although research shows that conjoint social networks are associated with well-being among newlyweds, little is known about how these network types are linked to marital quality and psychological well-being for long-term married couples and about potential race differences in their configurations and associations. Using a pattern-centered approach to examine the social networks of 91 White and 62 Black couples in their 16th year of marriage, this study revealed four couple network types (friend-focused, wife family-focused, bilateral family-focused, and diverse). Results suggested that spouses in the wife family-focused network type (characterized by above-average contact with the wife's family and below average contact with the husband's family and with nonkin) reported the lowest positive marital quality and highest negative marital quality. The association of network type with negative marital quality was also moderated by gender and race. The findings highlight the importance of considering the meaningful complexity within couples' shared networks.
Stable long-term chronic brain mapping at the single-neuron level

Flexible mesh electronics facilitate stable long-term recordings of the same single neurons in mouse brains over months, enabling chronic recordings in behaving animals and longitudinal studies to resolve aging-dependent changes in neural activity. Stable in vivo mapping and modulation of the same neurons and brain circuits over extended periods is critical to both neuroscience and medicine. Current electrical implants offer single-neuron spatiotemporal resolution but are limited by such factors as relative shear motion and chronic immune responses during long-term recording. To overcome these limitations, we developed a chronic in vivo recording and stimulation platform based on flexible mesh electronics, and we demonstrated stable multiplexed local field potentials and single-unit recordings in mouse brains for at least 8 months without probe repositioning. Properties of acquired signals suggest robust tracking of the same neurons over this period. This recording and stimulation platform allowed us to evoke stable single-neuron responses to chronic electrical stimulation and to carry out longitudinal studies of brain aging in freely behaving mice. Such advantages could open up future studies in mapping and modulating changes associated with learning, aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
Environmental Sustainability in the Textile Industry

The textile industry creates significant environment effects throughout the life cycle of textile products. This chapter explains strategic approaches for promoting environmentally sustainable textile product consumption and production in the textile industry. More specifically, five phases in environmental sustainability (material, manufacturing, retail, consumption, and disposal phase) are focused on in a discussion. Key concepts (e.g., corporate social responsibility, green supply chain management, and eco-design) for environmentally sustainable business practices to be considered are suggested in this chapter. It is important that all stakeholders, including consumers, manufacturers, supply chain, and retailers, in the textile industry take alternatives to promote environmental protection in the production and consumption of textile products.
Local Hypothermia as a Radioprotector of the Rectal Wall During Prostate Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy.

Purpose To compare the single-fraction dose-related incidence of rectal obstruction and/or bleeding in normothermic and hypothermic rectums of a rat model. Methods and Materials A 1.9-cm length of rectum was irradiated with a single fraction in 57 Sprague-Dawley rats using a dedicated image-guided small animal irradiator and Monte Carlo–based treatment planning system. All rats had a rectal temperature control apparatus placed during irradiation and were stratified to achieve either a normothermic (37°C) or hypothermic (15°C) rectal wall temperature. Radiation was delivered to a 1-cm-diameter cylindrical volume about the cooling device and rectal wall. The radiation dose was escalated from 16 Gy up to 37 Gy to assess the dose response in each arm. The primary endpoint of this study was rectal obstruction and/or bleeding during a follow-up of 180 to 186 days. Histologic scoring was performed on all study rats. Results Probit analysis showed a dose associated with a 50% incidence of rectal obstruction of 24.6 Gy and 40.8 Gy for normothermic and hypothermic arms, respectively. The occurrence of obstruction and/or bleeding correlated with the posttreatment histologic score for normothermic rats; however, there was no difference in histologic score between normothermic and hypothermic rats at the highest dose levels evaluated. Conclusions A significant radioprotective effect was observed using local hypothermia during a single large dose of radiation for the functional endpoint of rectal obstruction and/or bleeding. A confirmatory study in a large animal model with anatomic and physiologic similarities to humans is suggested.
Fullerenes in biology and medicine

Fullerenes and related carbon based derivatives have shown a growing relevance in biology and medicine, mainly due to the unique electronic and structural properties that make them excellent candidates for multiple functionalization. This review focuses on the most recent developments of fullerene derivatives for different biological applications.
Emerging roles for glial pathology in addiction

Addiction to drugs of abuse is a debilitating chronic disease, for which long-term treatment success rates are low. Because of the human and financial cost of addiction, considerable effort is dedicated toward understanding the processes that initiate and sustain substance abuse disorders. Among these processes, growing evidence indicates an integral contribution of glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. For example, decreased white matter content and integrity in the prefrontal cortex is correlated with impaired prefrontal cognitive control, a cardinal feature of addiction pathology. In addition, decreased astroglial plasma membrane glutamate transport in the nucleus accumbens is a critical mediator of seeking for multiple classes of drugs of abuse. The following chapter introduces addiction neurocircuitry, and goes on to describe drug-dependent changes in glial cells that have been identified within this circuitry. Special emphasis is given to drug-induced impairments in the physiological relationships between neurons and glia. Lastly, evidence for the therapeutic potential of glial-specific targets is discussed.
Fishnet model for failure probability tail of nacre-like imbricated lamellar materials.

Abstract Nacre, the iridescent material of the shells of pearl oysters and abalone, consists mostly of aragonite (a form of CaCO3), a brittle constituent of relatively low strength ( ≈ ≈10 MPa). Yet it has astonishing mean tensile strength ( ≈ ≈150 MPa) and fracture energy ( ≈ ≈350 to 1,240 J/m2). The reasons have recently become well understood: (i) the nanoscale thickness ( ≈ ≈300 nm) of nacre’s building blocks, the aragonite lamellae (or platelets), and (ii) the imbricated, or staggered, arrangement of these lamellea, bound by biopolymer layers only ≈ ≈25 nm thick, occupying 5 % ≤ 10 − 6 ≤10−6 is generally required. To guarantee it, the type of probability density function (pdf) of strength, including its tail, must be determined. This objective, not pursued previously, is hardly achievable by experiments alone, since > 10 8 >108 tests of specimens would be needed. Here we outline a statistical model of strength that resembles a fishnet pulled diagonally, captures the tail of pdf of strength and, importantly, allows analytical safety assessments of nacreous materials. The analysis shows that, in terms of safety, the imbricated lamellar structure provides a major additional advantage—∼10% strength increase at tail failure probability 10 − 6 10−6 and a 1 to 2 orders of magnitude tail probability decrease at fixed stress. Another advantage is that a high scatter of microstructure properties diminishes the strength difference between the mean and the probability tail, compared with the weakest link model. These advantages of nacre-like materials are here justified analytically and supported by millions of Monte Carlo simulations.
Using the carrier-envelope phase to control strong-field dissociation of HeH + at midinfrared wavelengths

We study the response of ${\mathrm{HeH}}^{+}$ to an intense, few-cycle laser pulse. Specifically, we present the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) dependence of the kinetic-energy-release spectrum, the spatial asymmetry, and the total dissociation probability in two-cycle pulses with an intensity of ${10}^{14}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and wavelengths of 3200 and 4000 nm. Strong spatial asymmetries are found in spite of the fact that the electron always becomes localized as He+${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, demonstrating that control of such asymmetries can be obtained via control of the nuclear degrees of freedom---as opposed to its usual interpretation as control over the electronic degrees of freedom. We explain these CEP effects in terms of our photon-phase representation.
Super-Scalable Computation Framework for Automated Terrain Identification

Automated labeling of very large-scale and high-resolution remote sensing imagery is an important application in machine learning and data science. We develop a parallel computation framework to accomplish pixel-level classification by fully utilizing the available resources. An effective superpixel tessellation is employed to group pixels into homogeneous regions and derive discriminating multi-pixel features. We deploy this segmentation method on multiple computing nodes instead of a single machine, thereby creating an efficient hierarchical representation for each image while drastically reducing performance bottlenecks. In the experiments, we further demonstrate that the identification accuracy of this approach is merely affected in a small range relative to that of a single machine, while the overall running time and handling capacity are significantly improved by using our super-scalable scheme.
Importance of Fruit and Vegetable-Derived Flavonoids in the Mediterranean Diet: Molecular and Pathological Aspects

Abstract Flavonoids are components of Mediterranean diet. They produce neuroprotective effects in the brain by inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Flavonoids in Mediterranean diet not only promote learning and memory, but also facilitate and maintain cognitive function. These actions of flavonoids are due to two processes. First, they interact and stimulate neuronal signaling cascades leading to the inhibition of apoptosis, which is triggered by neurotoxic species such as free radicals and promotion and maintenance of neuronal survival. These processes involve protein kinase and lipid kinase signaling cascades, such as PtdIns 3K/Akt and mitogen activated kinase (MAP kinase) pathways. Second, flavonoids induce peripheral and cerebral vascular blood flow in a manner which may lead to the induction of angiogenesis, and new nerve cell growth in the hippocampus. The consumption of Mediterranean diet from childhood to the old age holds a potential to limit the neurodegeneration and to prevent or reverse normal or abnormal deteriorations in cognitive performance.
Real-Time Simulation of Vehicle Tracks on Soft Terrain

In this paper, we present algorithms for simulating tracks created by vehicles running on soft terrain. In most 3D graphics applications, vehicle tracks are either not simulated or simply simulated as a texture decal. In applications that involve many vehicle maneuvers, the lack of realistic tracks reduces visual realism. Our method simulates vehicle-terrain interaction based on modified terramechanics models. This method can simulate both wheeled and tracked vehicles on common types of soft terrains such as clay, sand, and snow. Our method can simulate terrain deformations, lateral displacement, tread patterns, and debris.
OXYGEN BREATHING, SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES AND PERCEPTION OF EFFORT DURING SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE

Six healthy, young men performed a progressive exercise test on a bicycle ergometer at three separate occasions breathing 21%, 50% or 80% O 2 , respectively. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of six possible experimental blocks so that all had a different sequence for the three gas mixtures. The average oxygen uptakes at 75, 150 and 225 Watts - calculated according to the Fick principle - were higher when breathing hyperoxic gas mixtures as compared to 21% O 2 , the differences being 4–6% at 50% O 2 and 8–11% at 80% O 2 . Blood lactate concentrations under hyperoxia were depressed significently at 150 and 225 Watts. Pulmonary ventilation showed a similar pattern. The differences in heartrates at identical work levels in the three experimental conditions, were quite small and not systematical. The subjective feeling of effort when breathing 50% oxygen was lower than in normoxia. There were no systematic differences in perceived exertion, however, between 80% O 2 and 21% O 2 except from the highest work load. The lower perception of effort in the 50% O 2 experiments could be related to lower blood lactate concentrations and/or lower pulmonary ventilations. It is surprising though that 80% oxygen - being accompanied by even bigger depressions of blood lactate concentrations and pulmonary ventilations than 50% oxygen - did not demonstrate such a facilitatory effect.
Effect of allopurinol on hypoxia-induced modification of the NMDA receptor in newborn piglets.

The present study tests the hypothesis that pretreatment with allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, will prevent modification of the NMDA receptor during cerebral hypoxia in newborn piglets. Eighteen newborn piglets were studied. Six normoxic control animals were compared to six untreated hypoxic and six allopurinol (20 mg/kg i.v.) pretreated hypoxic piglets. Cerebral hypoxia was induced by lowering the FiO2 to 0.05–0.07 for 1 hour and tissue hypoxia was confirmed biochemically by the measurement of ATP and phosphocreatine. Brain cell membrane Na+,K+-ATPase activity was determined to assess membrane function. Na+,K+-ATPase activity was decreased from control in both the untreated and treated hypoxic animals (46.0 ± 1.0 vs 37.9 ± 2.5 and 37.3 ± 1.4 μmol Pi/mg protein/hr, respectively, p < 0.05). [3H]MK-801 binding was determined as an index of NMDA receptor modification. The receptor density (Bmax) in the untreated hypoxic group was decreased compared to normoxic control (1.09 ± 0.17 vs 0.68 ± 0.22 pmol/mg protein, p < 0.01). The dissociation constant (Kd) was also decreased in the untreated group (10.0 ± 2.0 vs 4.9 ± 1.4 nM, p < 0.01), indicating an increase in receptor affinity. However, in the allopurinol treated hypoxic group, the Bmax (1.27 ± 0.09 pmol/mg protein) was similar to normoxic control and the Kd (8.1 ± 1.2 nM, p < 0.05) was significantly higher than in the untreated hypoxic group. The data show that the administration of allopurinol prior to hypoxia prevents hypoxia-induced modification of the NMDA receptor-ion channel binding characteristics, despite neuronal membrane dysfunction. By preventing NMDA receptor-ion channel modification, allopurinol may produce a neuromodulatory effect during hypoxia and attenuate NMDA receptor mediated excitotoxicity.