cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review: Cardiac Metastasis of Lingual Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

# INTRODUCTION Lingual squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is an aggressive malignancy that carries significant mortality risk and the potential for cardiac metastasis. The authors performed a systematic review designed to characterize disease progression of LSCC cardiac metastasis by evaluating patient demographics, characteristics, management, and clinical outcomes. # METHODS Two authors independently screened articles in Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews up until December 2019 for study eligibility. Demographic data, patient symptomatology, imaging findings, management strategies, and patient outcomes were obtained and analyzed. The Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (OCEBM) Levels of Evidence categorization was implemented to determine the quality of studies selected in this review. # RESULTS From this review, a total of 28 studies met inclusion criteria and received an OCEBM Level 4 evidence designation. Thirty-one patients were identified with cardiac metastasis from LSCC. Shortness of breath (29.0%) and chest pain (29.0%) were the most common presenting symptoms, and pericardial effusion (29.2%) and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (25.0%) were the predominant echocardiogram findings. Cardiac metastases most often presented in the right ventricle (56.7%), followed by the left ventricle (43.3%). Palliative intervention (68.2%) or chemotherapy (40.9%) were typically implemented as treatments. All sample patients expired within one year of metastatic cancer diagnosis in cases that reported mortality outcomes. # CONCLUSIONS Patients presenting with shortness of breath, tachycardia, and a history of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue may indicate evaluation for LSCC cardiac metastasis. Although LSCC cardiac metastases typically favor the right and left ventricles, they are not exclusive to these sites. Palliative care may be indicated as treatment due to high mortality and overall poor outcomes from current interventions.
The globalization of public health: the first 100 years of international health diplomacy

Global threats to public health in the 19th century sparked the development of international health diplomacy. Many international regimes on public health issues were created between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries. The present article analyses the global risks in this field and the international legal responses to them between 1851 and 1951, and explores the lessons from the first century of international health diplomacy of relevance to contemporary efforts to deal with the globalization of public health.
Isolation of Human Intestinal Mucosal Mononuclear Cells

The aim of this procedure is to obtain large numbers of isolated, viable, and functional mononuclear cells that are representative of the lymphoid population present in the mucosa of the human gastrointestinal tract under physiological and pathological conditions. The basic protocol is based on the use of surgically resected small and large bowel specimens, and consists of two basic stages: (1) a combination of chemical, enzymatic, and mechanical treatments to dissociate intestinal tissue and free the mononuclear cells from the surrounding interstitial framework; and (2) separation, isolation, and purification of viable mucosal lamina propria mononuclear cells from other cellular and amorphous components. The proportion of viable cells obtained can be increased by including extra separation steps using nylon wool columns or Percoll gradients, as described.
Contribution to solving the energy crisis: Simulating the prospects for low cost energy through silicon solar cells

PECAN (Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Analysis) is a highly interactive decision analysis and support system. It simulates the prospects for widespread use of solar cells for the generation of electrical power.PECAN consists of a set of integrated APL functions for evaluating the potential of terrestrial photovoltaics. Specifically, the system is a deterministic simulator, which translates present and future manufacturing technology into economic and financial terms, using the production unit concept. It guides solar cell development in three areas: tactical decision making, strategic planning, and the formulation of alternative options.
OV‐A‐1

BACKGROUND MTHFR genetic variation is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and fetal neural tube defects. In fetal liver, MTHFR exists as 70 and 77 kDa isoforms. Gene resequencing studies revealed a nonsynonymous cSNP in the 77 kDa isoform, an isoform which has never been successfully expressed or characterized. We expressed the 77kDa isoform with the E2 and V222 polymorphisms and performed functional genomic studies. We also studied patterns of isoform expression during fetal growth and development. METHODS The two isoforms and the variant allozymes were expressed using bacterial and mammalian systems and their biochemical properties were studied. Expression of both isoforms in 73 human fetal livers was measured using Western blots. RESULTS Recombinant wild-type (WT) 77 kDa isoform and the D2E allozyme showed no significant differences in activity or substrate kinetics as compared to the recombinant 70 kDa isoform. However, the V222 77 kDa allozyme had 26% of WT activity. 77 kDa isoform expression decreased during fetal development, while this trend was less evident for the 70 kDa isoform. Both isoforms showed large individual variation in expression at comparable gestational age. CONCLUSIONS These studies represent the first successful expression and characterization of the 77 kDa MTHFR isoform and variant allozymes and provide insight into MTHFR pharmacogenetics as well as variation in expression during fetal growth and development. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 79, P34–P34; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.12.122
A 40 Gb/s 2.5 V 2/sup 7/-1 PRBS generator in SiGe using a low-voltage logic family

A 40 Gb/s PRBS generator with a sequence length of 2/sup 7/-1 is implemented in a SiGe BiCMOS process with f/sub t/=120 GHz. It consumes 550 mW from a 2.5 V supply. Low-voltage operation is achieved through the use of an alternative family of logic gates with reduced device stacking.
SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS OF SOLAR RADIO BURSTS.

The second Advanced Technology Satellite (ATS-II) carries a radio-astronomy experiment designed to perform radio-noise measurements in the range 0·5 to 3·0 MHz from above the terrestrial ionosphere. The spacecraft was launched into an 11 000-km apogee, 180-km perigee orbit on April 6, 1967, and since there was considerable solar activity in the ensuing months it is possible to present a preliminary description of the kind of solar observations this experiment will provide.
A novel metabotropic glutamate receptor expressed in the retina and olfactory bulb

A novel metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR8, was identified by screening a mouse retina cDNA library. This receptor is most related to mGluR4, mGluR7, and mGluR6 (74%, 74%, and 70% identical amino acid residues, respectively). Similar to these receptors, stimulation by L- glutamate or L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-APB) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with mGluR8 result in the inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase. In situ hybridization studies revealed a strong expression of the mGluR8 gene in the olfactory bulb, accessory olfactory bulb, and mammillary body. A weaker expression was found in the retina, and in scattered cells in the cortex and hindbrain. During development, the distribution of mGluR8 expression was more widespread. These results extend the diversity of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the CNS. Because at least two APB receptors are expressed in the retina, the use of this drug to block selectively the ON pathway needs to be reconsidered. The pharmacology and expression of mGluR8 in mitral/tufted cells suggest it could be a presynaptic receptor modulating glutamate release by these cells at their axon terminals in the entorhinal cortex.
Oxidation of Nb2AlC and (Ti, Nb)2AlC in air

In this paper, we report on the oxidation kinetics in air of the ternary compounds Nh 2 AlC (actual Nb:Al:C atomic ratios 1.95:1.05:0.95) and (Ti,Nb) 2 AlC (actual Ti:Nb:Al:C ratios 0.94:1.06:0.93:0.94). In the 650-800°C temperature range, the oxidation reaction for the former occurs in two steps. First is 2Nb 2 AlC + ((7 + 4x)/2)O 2 = 4NbO x + Al 2 O 3 + 2CO 2 At longer times and higher temperatures, NbO x and Al 2 O 3 react to form NbAlO 4 for an overall reaction of 2Nb 2 AlC + 8.5O 2 = Nb 2 O 5 + 2NbAlO 4 + 2CO 2 In the 900-1200°C temperature range, oxidation of (Ti,Nb) 2 AlC also occurs in two steps. First is (Ti 0.5 ,Nb 0.5 ) 2 AlC + 4O 2 = 0.5Nb 2 O 5 + 0.5Al 2 O 3 + TiO 2 + CO 2 . At longer times and higher temperatures, Nb 2 O 5 and Al 2 O 3 react to form NbAlO 4 for an overall reaction of (Ti 0.5 ,Nb 0.5 ) 2 AlC + 4O 2 = NbAlO 4 + TiO 2 + CO 2 . In all cases, the oxidation occurs by the inward diffusion of oxygen. The formation of TiO 2 substantially enhances the oxidation resistance of (Ti,Nb) 2 AlC relative to that of Nb 2 AlC. At 650 and 900°C the oxidation kinetics are subparabolic, with time exponents of 0.4 ± 0.02 and 0.34 ± 0.02 for Nb 2 AlC and (Ti,Nb) 2 AlC, respectively. At 700 and 750°C, the oxidation kinetics of Nb 2 AlC are linear, with rates comparable to those for the oxidation of pure Nb. The oxidation kinetics for (Ti,Nb) 2 AlC at temperatures between 1000 and 1100°C start parabolic but become linear at longer times. At 1200°C, the oxidation is parabolic up to about 16 h; beyond that, the oxide layers tend to spall off. At 1200°C, a Nb-aluminide phase is observed at the oxide/material interface after 4 h of oxidation. Further oxidation leads to the formation of an Al 2 O 3 -rich oxide phase at the oxide/substrate. Based on this work, the maximum extended-use temperature for Nb 2 AlC in air is 650°C: for (Ti 0.5 ,Nb 0.5 ) 2 AlC it is 900°C.
Tibiales Malalignment bei Mobile-bearing-Prothesen

Insbesondere eine korrekte knocherne tibiale Achsausrichtung kann als Grundvoraussetzung fur das Langzeituberleben von Knieendoprothesen angesehen werden.Da prospektive In-vivo-Untersuchungen von Fehlimplantationen aus ethischen Grunden nicht in Frage kommen,wurde die Studie an einem Kniegelenksimulator durchgefuhrt. Untersucht wurde eine Mobile-bearing-Knieendoprothese hinsichtlich eines tibialen Malalignments im Sinne einer Varus- bzw. Valgusfehlstellung von jeweils 1–3°, sowie einer Referenzuntersuchung in idealer Positionierung. Ausgepragtere tibiale Verkippungen fuhrten bei Vorversuchen zu inakzeptablen Belastungen fur den Simulator. Je Versuchseinheit wurden 1,5 Mio.Bewegungszyklen eingeleitet,wobei 1 Zyklus einem Doppelschritt entspricht. Diese Belastung ist einer durchschnittlichen In-vivo-Verweildauer von 1,5 Jahren gleichzusetzen.Zur Quantifizierung der Belastungszonen (Tribokontaktzonen) wurden alle 500.000 Zyklen Replikas der Polyethylenlageroberflachen angefertigt.Diese dreidimensionalen Oberflachen wurden auf eine lineare Oberflache kopiert und anschliesend hinsichtlich ihrer Symmetrie und Flachenausdehnung analysiert. Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Originalpolyethylenlager zeigten nach Abschluss der Simulatorbelastung eine masige Verschleissituation ohne Materialermudung.Die Tribokontaktzonen hatten Flachenausdehnungen in der vom Hersteller angegebenen Dimension von 900–1500 mm2 .Unter Fehlimplantation verlagern sich die Tribokontaktzonen in Areale des Polyethylens, die bei idealer Ausrichtung nicht zur Belastungszone gehorten.Bei diesem Self-Alignment kam es ebenfalls nur zu abrasivem Verschleis. Als sicherer Toleranzbereich konnen Winkel von 1–3° bezeichnet werden,wobei es bei hohergradigen Fehlstellungen zu einem “lift off” der Femurkondylen mit deutlicher Torquierung des Polyethylens kam,was den Dauerbetrieb des Simulators unmoglich machte.Diese 3°-Fehlstellungen konnen bedingt als maximal tolerable In-vivo-Fehlstellung interpretiert werden, eine ideale Implantation mit gutem knochernem Alignment sollte angestrebt werden.Das Weichteilgewebe wird hier jedoch nur masig berucksichtigt.
DNA replication fidelity with 8-oxodeoxyguanosine triphosphate

Oxidative metabolism is known to generate mutagenic compounds within cells, among which is 8-oxodeoxyguanosine. Here the mutagenic potential of the triphosphate form of this base analog (8-O-dGTP) is investigated during replication in vitro of the lacZ alpha-complementation sequence in M13mp2 DNA. Adding 8-O-dGTP at equimolar concentration with the normal dNTPs to polymerization reactions decreases the fidelity of DNA synthesis by exonuclease-deficient Klenow, T4, and Thermus thermophilus DNA polymerases. Sequence analysis of mutants suggests that 8-O-dGMP is misincorporated opposite template adenines, yielding A-->C transversions. The degree of polymerase selectivity against this error is enzyme-dependent, with rates varying by > 25-fold. To determine if the A.8-O-dGMP mispair is proofread, a direct comparison of the fidelity of proofreading-proficient and proofreading-deficient Klenow and T4 DNA polymerases was made. Although the exonuclease activity of Klenow polymerase did not substantially reduce overall misincorporation of 8-O-dGMP, misincorporation was lower for the proofreading-proficient T4 enzyme as compared to its proofreading-deficient derivative. These data suggest that the A.8-O-dGMP mispair can be proofread. The mutagenic potential of 8-O-dGTP with eukaryotic systems was also examined. Misincorporation of 8-O-dGTP opposite adenine was observed during SV40 origin-dependent replication of double-stranded DNA in HeLa cell extracts. When present during replication at a concentration equal to the four normal dNTPs, 8-O-dGTP was at least 13-fold more mutagenic for A.T-->C.G transversions than was a 100-fold excess of normal dGTP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
“With Edges of Rage and Despair”: Anger and the Poetry of Office Life

In the past two decades, management studies have made significant use of poetry both in research projects and teaching contexts. During the same time, numerous collections of poetry have appeared focusing on business life with contributions in particular by office workers. This article addresses the relationship between management research on poetry and the actual poetry in these ever more frequently appearing collections. Most work in management studies focuses on the form of poetry, rather than the content. By applying the concepts of “evoked knowledge” and “shared texts” from Antonio Strati’s organizational aesthetics, the content themes are made visible. Persistent in these collections is the appearance of the related feelings of anger, rage, and despair. An interpretive exploration of relevant poems illustrates how this kind of analysis can contribute to a broader understanding of workplace-anger issues, one that fully and deeply incorporates the inner lives of workers.
Quark Model of the Deuteron

A model of the two-nucleon interaction derived from the potential model of the quark structure of baryons is proposed. This model leads to a nonlocal Schr\"odinger equation for the deuteron which has been solved numerically. The model parameters are consistent with those fitted to baryon spectroscopy and the predicted deuteron properties are in even better agreement with experiment than the authors had dared hope.
Measurement of Nonverbal IQ in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Scores in Young Adulthood Compared to Early Childhood.

Nonverbal IQ (NVIQ) was examined in 84 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) followed from age 2 to 19. Most adults who scored in the range of intellectual disability also received scores below 70 as children, and the majority of adults with scores in the average range had scored in this range by age 3. However, within the lower ranges of ability, actual scores declined from age 2 to 19, likely due in part to limitations of appropriate tests. Use of Vineland-II daily living skills scores in place of NVIQ did not statistically improve the correspondence between age 2 and age 19 scores. Clinicians and researchers should use caution when making comparisons based on exact scores or specific ability ranges within or across individuals with ASD of different ages.
Role of β-TrCP ubiquitin ligase receptor in UVB mediated responses in skin

Skin cancers are the most common cancers in the United States. Exposure to UVB radiation is a major risk factor for skin cancer induction. SCF(β-TrCP) E3 ubiquitin ligase has been found to be involved in cell cycle, cell proliferation and transformation. Aberrant up-regulation of beta-transducin repeats-containing proteins (β-TrCP) is often found in cancer cell lines and primary tumors. We have previously demonstrated that β-TrCP2 is over-expressed in chemically induced mouse skin tumors. Various cellular stress stimuli, including UVB, induce an increase in β-TrCP1 mRNA and protein levels in human cells. We have previously shown that inhibition of β-TrCP function, by induction of dominant negative β-TrCP2 (β-TrCP2(ΔF)), in vitro in hTERT immortalized normal keratinocytes, results in increase in UVB induced apoptosis. We have generated transgenic mice with inducible, selective expression of dominant negative β-TrCP2 in epidermis with the Keratin 5 promoter (K5-rTA x TRE-HA-β-TrCP(ΔF)). Here we report that inhibition of β-TrCP function in mouse epidermis results in decrease in UVB-induced edema, hyperplasia, and inflammatory response and increment in UVB-induced apoptosis in skin. Our results suggest that β-TrCP may be an essential player in UVB induced responses in skin and can be a potential therapeutic target for skin cancer.
The effect of farming practices on phosphorus transfer to a headwater stream in England.

Abstract Characterization of phosphorus (P) sources in catchments is critical to the restoration of stream integrity following eutrophication. To better understand the effects of farming practices on P transfer in a small rural mixed farming catchment (Rosemaund), spatial and temporal patterns in P delivered from a field-drain (Foxbridge, 6 ha), and to two downstream stations (Jubilee, 31 ha and Belmont, 150 ha) were investigated in relation to detailed records on cultivation practices and fertilizer/manure P inputs over a 3-year period (1997–2000) with above-average rainfall. The Belmont catchment also included a farmstead and a small sewage treatment works (STW). The main source of P in drainflow (December–April) was the soil with flow-weighted concentrations of particulate P (PP) up to 2 mg L −1 and concentrations of dissolved-reactive P (DRP) (0.1–0.4 mg DRP L −1 ) above current riverine targets to limit eutrophication. Agricultural operations carried out in autumn/early winter sporadically increased concentrations of DRP (fertilizer/manure applications) and PP (cultivations) in drain/stream discharge, but only during events that produced small amounts of stormflow. Occasionally large DRP and PP concentrations in drainflow were also recorded during the ecologically sensitive summer months, but this was unrelated to any farming practice. Stream P concentrations were further influenced by processes of baseflow dilution, in-stream retention/release and discharges from the STW and farmstead. The results highlight the disparity between the timing of farming operations at this site (autumn/early winter), the main period of land drainage (winter/spring) and the main period of biological activity (spring and summer). A greater understanding of the ecological significance of variably timed P inputs to headwater streams is needed to develop effective catchment management.
The involvement of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in amphetamine-induced changes in striatal unit activity in behaving rats.

Abstract Selective D 1 (SCH-23390) and D 2 (eticlopride and sulpiride) dopamine receptor antagonists were assessed for their ability to reverse the effects of 1.0 mg/kg d -amphetamine on excitatory motor-related neurons in the striatum of freely moving rats. SCH-23390 (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) rapidly and consistently blocked amphetamine-induced neuronal excitations as did eticlopride (0.25 and 1.0 mg/kg). In contrast, (−)-sulpiride (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) failed to alter the neuronal response to amphetamine. Similarly, SCH-23390 and eticlopride also blocked the behavioral effects of amphetamine, but sulpiride did not. Collectively, these results support the involvement of D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptors in the excitatory effects of amphetamine on striatal neurons, but suggest caution in assessing the neuronal and behavioral effects of sulpiride.
Treatment of Dilated Gastrojejunostomy with Sclerotherapy

Background: Dilation of the gastrojejunostomy after gastric bypass may result in weight gain. Many surgical and medical treatments have met with poor results. A feasibility study of endoscopic sclerotherapy (ST) of the gastrojejunostomy was performed, based on the known risk of esophageal stricture in the treatment of esophageal varices. Methods: From 1991 to 2001, proximal Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) was performed on 685 patients, with a follow-up rate of 60% at 5 years. 20 patients were identified with dilated gastrojejunostomy (DGJ) by gastroscopy (EGD) performed for complaints of weight gain and marked increase in volume tolerance. Sclerotherapy of the gastrojejunostomy was performed during EGD. EGD was repeated 2 months after the sclerotherapy to measure the diameter of the anastomosis and observe any complications. Weight and sense of satiety were also measured, 2 and 6 months after ST. If necessary, the procedure was repeated to achieve a diameter of 10 mm. Results: Reducing the diameter of the gastrojejunostomy to 9-10 mm was achieved in all patients, with an average of 1.3 treatments per patient. 15 patients (75%) lost weight. The average weight loss was 5.8 kg (ranging from 0.5 to 17.3 kg) in 2 months. Conclusion: Sclerotherapy successfully restores the desired anatomy of gastric bypass, but exercise and dietary discretion remain critical elements of sustained weight loss.
Mapping of adenylyl cyclase genes type I, II, III, IV, V, and VI in mouse

The adenylyl cyclases (AC) act as second messengers in regulatory processes in the central nervous system. They might be involved in the pathophysiology of diseases, but their biological function is unknown, except for AC type I, which has been implicated in learning and memory. We previously mapped the gene encoding AC I to human Chromosome (Chr) 7p12. In this study we report the mapping of the adenylyl cyclase genes type I–VI to mouse chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): Adcy1 to Chr 11A2, Adcy2 to 13C1, Adcy3 to 12A-B, Adcy4 to 14D3, Adcy5 to 16B5, and Adcy6 to 15F. We also confirmed previously reported mapping results of the corresponding human loci ADCY2, ADCY3, ADCY5, and ADCY6 to human chromosomes and, in addition, determined the chromosomal location of ADCY4 to human Chr 14q11.2. The mapping data confirm known areas of conservation between mouse and human chromosomes.
Expanding political space for women in Poland: An analysis of three communities

Abstract The paper argues that Poland's emerging democracy has yet to open political space for women. Through an analysis of three case study communities, the authors that Poland's political culture—whether communist or democratic—cannot be relied on to ensure women's equal participation. Formal mechanisms of power continue to favor the experience of men. By focusing on the ignored context of women's local activism, the study draws attention to the barriers and opportunities for women and how these barriers play out differently in which political cultures are similar yet distinct.
Effects of hydrocarbon and triglyceride oils on butanol distribution in water-in-oil cationic microemulsions

Abstract 4-Hexadecyl-2,6-dimethylbenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate, 16-ArN 2 BF 4 , was used as a chemical trapping reagent to probe interfacial compositions of water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions composed of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), 1-butanol (BuOH), H 2 O and various types of oils including the hydrocarbons: benzene, octane and hexadecane; and the triglycerides: tributyrin and triolein. The arenediazonium ion, 16-ArN 2 + , loses N 2 to form a highly reactive aryl cation that traps weakly basic nucleophiles such as H 2 O, halide ions and alcohols at microemulsion interfaces to give phenol, aryl halide and aryl alkyl ether products, respectively. Product yields are proportional to the nucleophiles' interfacial concentrations. Aryl alkyl ether yields were used to estimate the mass action binding constant of BuOH between the oil and aggregate regions of the w/o microemulsions which were prepared with low H 2 O contents to prevent dissolution of BuOH in H 2 O pools of the aggregates. The mass action binding constant, which explicitly includes the concentration of oil in its definition, is independent of oil type and alcohol concentration. At the same molar compositions of CTABr, H 2 O and BuOH, the fraction of BuOH bound to the surfactant aggregates is about the same. However, values for the fraction of bound BuOH and the conventional partition and mass action binding constants for BuOH distribution, that do not include the concentration of oil in their definitions, depend on both the alcohol concentration and the type of oil used. These results suggest that mass action binding constants, defined in terms of the moles of the components present, may be more informative than the definitions based on components' weights. The minimum amount of BuOH needed to form the w/o microemulsions correlates with oil molecular-weight and the minimum increases by a factor of about 40 for an approximately ten-fold increase in oil molecular-weight from benzene to triolein. These observations should be general for all medium-chain-length alcohols and other additives such as food flavors which are both H 2 O and oil soluble.
CONFORMATIONAL PREFERENCES AND DYNAMICS OF 4-ISOXAZOLYL-1,4-DIHYDROPYRIDINE CALCIUM CHANNEL ANTAGONISTS AS DETERMINED BY VARIABLE-TEMPERATURE NMR AND NOE EXPERIMENTS

A series of 14 4-(3′,5′-disubstituted isoxazolyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists were examined using variable-temperature proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) experiments. Two of these compounds, the 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-[5′-methyl-3′-(4″-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-4′-yl]-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (3a) and 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-[5′-methyl-3′-(4″-bromophenyl)isoxazol-4′-yl]-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (5a), were synthesized to assist in the clarification of ambiguities discovered in the low-temperature spectra of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(5′-methyl-3′-phenylisoxazol-4′yl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester (2b). The solid-state structure of 3a is also reported. The solution-state rotameric preferences of the 14 compounds are reported and compared with those calculated at the AM1 level. C-4—C-4′ bond rotation barriers were also calculated at the AM1 level for nine of the systems examined. Several species failed to display temperature-dependent signals associated with hindered rotation owing to highly biased rotameric equilibria at the temperatures required to freeze out the rotation. The seven experimental rotation barriers (ΔG≠ from ⩽26 to 40.4 kJ mol−1) reported are 1–6.8 kJ mol−1 higher than ΔH≠ calculated at the AM1 level.
Chemotherapy After Portal Vein Embolization to Protect Against Tumor Growth During Liver Hypertrophy Before Hepatectomy

Importance Portal vein embolization improves the safety of liver resection by increasing the size of residual liver, but the embolization may increase tumor growth during the waiting period before definitive hepatectomy. Objective To determine whether the administration of chemotherapy mitigates tumor growth after portal vein embolization (PVE) performed before major hepatectomy for metastatic colorectal cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants Review of prospectively collected data at Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center was conducted. The database included patients subjected to PVE before major hepatectomy for metastatic colorectal cancer. Main Outcomes and Measures Lesions in both the embolized and nonembolized lobes of the liver before and 1 month after PVE were measured and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors were applied to assess disease status. Assessment of survival was based on receipt of post-PVE chemotherapy and then stratified by subsequent resectability. Results Two hundred eight tumors were measured in 64 patients; 53 tumors were in patients undergoing post-PVE chemotherapy. Approximately one-third of the lesions progressed after PVE when no chemotherapy was administered. This did not differ significantly according to whether tumors were ipsilateral or contralateral to the PVE. When chemotherapy was administered, there was a significantly lower rate of progression (18.9%, P = .03). In long-term follow-up, treatment with post-PVE chemotherapy was also independently associated with improved survival ( P Conclusions and Relevance Chemotherapy does not retard growth of the liver after PVE and may prevent cancer progression. Thus, the combination of PVE and chemotherapy may enhance both oncologic and operative safety.
Serious Emotional and Behavioral Problems and Mental Health Contacts in American and British Children and Adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective To compare prevalence of serious emotional and behavioral problems and mental health contacts for these problems among American and British children and adolescents. Method Data on children and adolescents ages 5 to 16 years were drawn from the 2004 U.S. National Health Interview Survey (response rate = 79.4%) and the 2004 survey of Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain (response rate = 76.0%). Emotional problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and conduct problems were assessed using the parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Psychometric properties of SDQ scales were compared across countries. Results The SDQ has similar psychometric properties across countries. More British than American children met the criteria for emotional and conduct problems, but not hyperactivity/inattention. Prevalence was higher for all problems in 5- to 8-year-old British boys and for emotional problems in 13- to 16-year-old British girls. American children with serious emotional and behavioral problems had a higher prevalence of mental health contacts overall and with mental health providers but not with general medical providers. Conclusions British children have a higher prevalence of parent-reported serious emotional and behavioral problems than American children. However, British children with these problems are less likely than American children to receive mental health care.
Opioid-dopaminergic mechanisms in the potentiation of d-amphetamine discrimination by interferon-α

Abstract In rats trained to discriminate 0.8 mg/kg IP d-amphetamine from 1 ml/kg saline, 4 × 106 U/kg of recombinant human interferon-α (rIFN-α) given intramuscularly 1 h prior to tests potentiated responses elicited by 0.4 mg/kg d-amphetamine. Coadministration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg IP) with rIFN-α suppressed the potentiation of d-amphetamine by the cytokine. Opioid-dopaminergic mechanisms are proposed to explain the action of rIFN-α.
Policy Representation and Evaluations of State Government

Using data on citizens’ ideological preferences and state policy outputs, this article examines the linkage between how well citizens’ preferences are reflected in state government policy decisions and their level of confidence in state elected officials. The analysis reveals that citizens report less confidence in state government as the ideological distance between themselves and state policy outputs increases and that the substantive effect rivals other common predictors of confidence in government. Notably, this relationship is stronger among respondents with higher levels of political interest and holds only for evaluations of state government and not of local or the federal government.
A common network flow formulation for several civil engineering problems

Abstract This paper discusses a common network flow problem that arises in four areas of civil engineering. The problem is one of identifying arc flows that simultaneously satisfy the circuit and node law constraints for a given network. Applications and computational procedures in the areas of elastic structural analysis, hydraulic network analysis, traffic equilibrium and construction task scheduling are described. The interpretation of decision variables and mathematical functions will vary depending on the application, but the general priblem formulation and solution technique for each application remains essentially unchanged. Analogies between the different applications may enhance the conceptual understanding and intuition of engineers working in each area.
Sexual Selection and Assortative Mating in Subdivided Populations of the Thrips Elaphrothrips tuberculatus (Insecta: Thysanoptera)

This study presents four years of data on size-related mating patterns in Elaphrothrips tuberculatus, a subsocial thrips inhabiting subdivided populations (clusters of hanging dead oak leaves) that vary in sex ratio, operational sex ratio (ratio of males to females guarding eggs), and number of adults. Laboratory observations, experimental removals of guarding males, and field collections showed that: (1) males guard mates after copulation, (2) guarding males are larger than non-guarding males, and (3) large male mating advantage is caused by male fighting. The populationwide intensity of sexual selection for large male body size varied substantially among years, reflecting yearly differences in the sex ratio and operational sex ratio. Among local populations (leaf clusters), the sexual selection intensity was correlated with the operational sex ratio in each year, and with the sex ratio in three of four years. Males and females mated assortively for size (fore-femora length) in 1986, but not in 1983, 1984, or 1985. Assortative mating in 1986 was attributed to Darwin's (1871) mechanism for sexual selection in monogamous species: in this year alone, there was a highly significant tendency for large females to initiate breeding earlier than smaller females and strong directional selection for large male body size. Population subdivision affects mating patterns of E. tuberculatus by: (1) creating single-male populations where male size does not affect mating success, (2) promoting high sexual selection intensities, relative to a continuous population, when the population-wide sex ratio is female biased, and (3) constraining the size covariation between paired males and females.
Standing Up and Speaking Out: African American Women's Narrative Legacy

Based on extensive excerpts from texts that are a part of a larger study of elderly African American women's oral narratives, the following paper examines the manner in which African American women...
Monitoring of time dependent electrical resistivity by magnetotellurics.

A feasibility study is being made to monitor possible electrical resistivity changes preceding the earthquakes. Numerical calculations, based on dilatancy hypothesis, indicate that the resistivity changes as much as 60 percent can be possible at some of the Southern California sites. Preliminary magnetotelluric measurements in the eight month period indicate that changes in the resistivities greater than 10 percent can be monitored by magnetotelluric measurements. The observed scatter in the magnetotelluric measurements are within the random errors of the estimates, and no major earthquake activity is reported in the vicinity of these sites, during this period.
The Tensile Strength of the Anterior Talofibular Ligament

Cadaveric anterior talofibular ligaments, with their associated bone attachments, were tensile tested to destruction. The ligament ruptured by either bone avulsion from the talus or midsubstance failure. The values of tensile strength varied from 58 to 556 newtons with a mean strength of 206 newtons.
Detecting location-specific neuronal firing rate increases in the hippocampus of freely-moving monkeys

The spatial properties of the firing of hippocampal neurons have mainly been studied in (a) freely moving rodents, (b) non-human primates seated in a moveable primate chair with head fixed, and (c) epileptic patients subjected to virtual navigation. Although these studies have all revealed the ability of hippocampal neurons to generate spatially selective discharges, the detected firing patterns have been found to be considerably different, even conflicting, in many respects. The present cellular electrophysiological study employed squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), which moved freely on the walls and floor of a large test chamber. This permitted the examination of the spatial firing of hippocampal neurons in nearly ideal conditions, similar to those used in rodents, yet in a species that belongs to the primate Suborder Anthropoidea. The major findings were that: (1) a group of slow-firing complex-spike cells increased their basal, awake firing rate more than 20-fold, often above 30 spikes/s, when the monkey was in a particular location in the chamber, (2) these location-specific discharges occurred consistently, forming 4-25 s action potential volleys, and (3) fast-firing cells displayed no such electrical activity. Thus, during free movement in three dimensions, primate hippocampal complex-spike cells do generate high-frequency, location-specific action potential volleys. Since these cells are components of the medial temporal lobe memory system, their uncovered firing pattern may well be involved in the formation of declarative memories on places.
Deciphering a neuronal circuit that mediates appetite

Dissection of the neuronal circuit driving feeding behaviour in mice shows that suppression of the parabrachial nucleus protects against aphagia and promotes weight gain, and also that the parabrachial nucleus is an integration hub that bidirectionally modulates feeding and body weight. Specific populations of hypothalamic neurons respond to both internal and external signals when promoting feeding and weight gain. A loss of these neurons can lead to fatal aphagia (cessation of feeding) in rodents. Here, Wu et al. dissect the circuit that drives this feeding behaviour, and find that suppression of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) induced by AgRP-expressing hypothalamic neurons protects against aphagia and promotes weight gain. Furthermore, they reveal that the PBN is an integration hub that bidirectionally modulates feeding and body weight. Understanding the neural circuit involved in modulating feeding behaviour and body weight could be valuable for development of treatments for diverse eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa and nausea. Hypothalamic neurons that co-express agouti-related protein (AgRP), neuropeptide Y and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are known to promote feeding and weight gain by integration of various nutritional, hormonal, and neuronal signals1,2. Ablation of these neurons in mice leads to cessation of feeding that is accompanied by activation of Fos in most regions where they project3,4,5,6. Previous experiments have indicated that the ensuing starvation is due to aberrant activation of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and it could be prevented by facilitating GABAA receptor signalling in the PBN within a critical adaptation period5. We speculated that loss of GABA signalling from AgRP-expressing neurons (AgRP neurons) within the PBN results in unopposed excitation of the PBN, which in turn inhibits feeding. However, the source of the excitatory inputs to the PBN was unknown. Here we show that glutamatergic neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and caudal serotonergic neurons control the excitability of PBN neurons and inhibit feeding. Blockade of serotonin (5-HT3) receptor signalling in the NTS by either the chronic administration of ondansetron or the genetic inactivation of Tph2 in caudal serotonergic neurons that project to the NTS protects against starvation when AgRP neurons are ablated. Likewise, genetic inactivation of glutamatergic signalling by the NTS onto N-methyl d-aspartate-type glutamate receptors in the PBN prevents starvation. We also show that suppressing glutamatergic output of the PBN reinstates normal appetite after AgRP neuron ablation, whereas it promotes weight gain without AgRP neuron ablation. Thus we identify the PBN as a hub that integrates signals from several brain regions to bidirectionally modulate feeding and body weight.
Mantle deformation during slow seafloor spreading constrained by observations of seismic anisotropy in the western Atlantic

During mantle flow at mid-ocean ridges, viscous shear deformation imparts a structural fabric that remains in the lithosphere as it cools, preserving a record of ridge processes over time. This fabric can be detected by seismic imaging, as it produces an azimuthal anisotropy in the velocity of seismic waves that propagate in the shallow mantle. Using data from a novel seismic refraction survey in the western Atlantic, we found that the maximum P-wave velocity in the upper 10 km of mantle lithosphere formed at the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge is parallel to the paleo-spreading direction, consistent with viscous shear deformation dominated by corner flow. The magnitude of the P-wave anisotropy is 3.4F0.3%, approximately one-half that found in lithosphere formed at faster spreading rates in the Pacific. Weaker anisotropy in the Atlantic suggests that more pervasive conductive cooling at slow spreading ridges increases the proportion of localized (brittle) deformation in the mantle lithosphere, thereby limiting the degree of viscous deformation. By scaling our field observations to laboratory experiments, we estimate that total viscous strain during slow seafloor spreading is of order 0.5, as opposed to ~1–2 for the fast-spreading case. Finally, our travel-time observations display an azimuthal asymmetry that can be interpreted in one of two ways: either the average elastic tensor in this region is not orthorhombic as is commonly assumed, or the underlying shear fabric is rotated ~158 relative to fossil spreading. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) does not cause polyneuropathy in the rat ☆

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a component of Agent Orange, was injected intraperitoneally into adult male Fisher rats for 3–12 weeks. During the period of study gait and toe-spreading reflexes remained normal and distal motor latencies, motor and mixed nerve conduction velocities and amplitudes remained similar (P > 0.05) in animals receiving 2,4-D or vehicle. This study suggests that 2,4-D is not toxic to peripheral nerves in the rat.
Relations between physicians’ behaviors and analogue patients’ satisfaction, recall, and impressions

This paper investigates associations between physicians' task-oriented and socioemotional behaviors, on the one hand, and analogue patients' satisfaction, recall of information, and global impressions. The study is based on role-playing subjects' responses to interactions between physicians and simulated patients. Audiotapes of two standardized patient cases presented by trained patient simulators to 43 primary care physicians were rated by role-playing patients (N = 258), and electronically filtered excerpts from the encounters were rated for vocal affect by 37 independent judges. Content analysis was made of the visits' transcripts to assess interaction process and to identify all medical information communicated. Finally, speech error rate was calculated from a combination of audiotape and transcript. Findings revealed that role-playing patients clearly distinguished task from socioemotional behaviors of the physicians, and a consistent pattern of association emerged between physicians' task behaviors and role-playing patients' satisfaction, recall, and impressions. Within the task domain, patient-centered skills (i.e., giving information and counseling) were consistently related to patient effects in a positive direction, but physician-centered behaviors (i.e., giving directions and asking questions) demonstrated the opposite relationship. A negative pattern of association was also evident between physicians' socioemotional behaviors and patient effects.
Optimal and sub-optimal power management in broadband vibratory energy harvesters with one-directional power flow constraints

In many applications of vibratory energy harvesting, the external disturbance are most appropriately modeled as broadband stochastic processes. Optimization of power generation from such disturbances is a feedback control problem, and solvable via a LQG control theory. However, attainment of this performance requires the power conversion system which interfaces the transducers with energy storage to be capable of bi-directional power flow, and there are many applications where this is infeasible. One of the most common approaches to power extraction with one-directional power flow constraints is to control the power conversion system to create a purely resistive input impedance, and then to optimize this effective resistance for maximal absorption. This paper examines the optimization of broadband energy harvesting controllers, subject to the constraint of one-directional power flow. We show that as with the unconstrained control problem, it can be framed as a "Quadratic-Gaussian" stochastic optimal control problem, although its solution is nonlinear and does not have a closed-form. This paper discusses the mathematics for obtaining the optimal power extraction controller for this problem, which involves the stationary solution to an associated Bellman-type partial differential equation. Because the numerical solution to this PDE is computationally prohibitive for harvester dynamics of even moderate complexity, a sub-optimal control design technique is presented, which is comparatively simple to compute and which exhibits analyticallycomputable lower bounds on generated power Examples focus a nondimensionalized, ideal, base-excited SDOF resonator with electromagnetic transduction.
Is There A Straight Line in This Text?: The Homo‐erotics of Tristram Shandy

This article examines the intimacy in Tristram Shandy formed between the narrator, Tristram, and the constructed reader, the Gentle Reader (this reader is gendered within the text as male). Traditionally, the erotics of the text have been read heteroerotically and autoeratically, but never homoerotically. Critics have eagerly explored all possible sexual connotation in this novel except same-sex sexuality and innuendo. The desire to read a text “straight” is what I have termed “hetero-glossia;” hetero-glossia is a reading practice which posits homoeroticism (and homosexuality) as “different” and “other” while assuming heteroeroticism (and hetero-sexuality) to be the standard or norm. In doing so, it repeatedly omits/misreads passages or texts which it defines as being different or other, namely reading the homoerotic elements in texts it wishes to read straight. Thus, my reading of Tristram Shandy looks at the relationships between Tristram and his Gentle Reader and between Uncle Toby and Corporal Trim and the jokes and innuendoes within the text dealing with same-sex sexuality. Furthermore, Tristram gives the penis a position of primacy in his own narrative and in the narratives that he tells his reader; thus, the penis, via stories, is exchanged between men. The purpose of this article is not to “out” Sterne, but to reveal that his text revels in all forms of sexuality and play.