cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BRIEF NOTE: THOUGHTS ABOUT THE ESSENTIALS OF SIMULATION MODELLING

Abstract During the past few years, I have been involved, in one way or another, with developing courses on simulation methods, simulation methodology, and applications of simulation techniques to real world problems. In the course of developing and teaching such courses, a reasonable step-by-step approach to the simulation of real world systems has evolved. This paper represents an attempt to present a “kernel” on the subject and it is not offered as a definitive treatment of the subject, but rather, it is offered in the hopes of stimulating further thinking and refinement.
High-resolution etching of MoSi using electron beam patterned chemically amplified resist

ABSTRACT High resolution etching of MoSi for photomask processing places new requirementson etching processes. As resist features are sized to 100nm and below, it is firstnecessary to duplicate these features first into a chrome over-layer. After resist isstripped, this chrome over-layer is used for etching MoSi. Both chrome and MoSietched profiles require near-vertical sidewalls, good CD (critical dimension)uniformity, good linearity, and CD mean-to-target (MTT). Additional requirementsof etched MoSi include minimal roughness on exposed quartz, selectivity to chromeand quartz, phase angle target and phase angle uniformity, etch depth globaluniformity, and etch depth uniformity as a function of feature size.An ETEC integrated process is used for the application of resist, patterning, and allsubsequent processing. Chemically amplified resist is patterned with the 50kVMEBES ® Quadra  or MEBES eXara  raster scan electron beam writer, allowing forpatterning of small features with vertical resist profiles. Plates are etched in a Tetra
Systematic screening of yeast artificial-chromosome libraries by use of the polymerase chain reaction.

We have developed an approach for screening ordered arrays of yeast artificial-chromosome (YAC) clones containing human DNA that is based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This approach is designed to determine the locations of positive clones within a YAC library that is stored as individual clones in 96-well microtiter plates. The high sensitivity and specificity of the PCR allow the detection of target sequences in DNA prepared from pools of 1920 or more YAC clones. The PCR-based screening protocol is performed in two successive stages, which effectively limit the location of a positive clone to four microtiter plates (384 clones). Final localization of each positive clone is accomplished by conventional DNA.DNA hybridization using a single filter containing the YAC clones from the appropriate four microtiter plates. This PCR-based screening strategy has proven highly efficient, allowing the identification and isolation of numerous YAC clones containing specific human genes. The prospects of developing a strategy for screening YAC libraries based completely on PCR assays are discussed, as are the potential applications of this approach to the systematic analysis of the human genome.
Generation of blue‐green 10 fs pulses using an excimer pumped dye amplifier

We report the generation of <25 fs pulses in the blue‐green spectral region at 450 and 500 nm, using a colliding‐pulse‐mode‐locked laser combined with a two‐stage excimer pumped dye amplifier and continuum generation. The blue‐green pulses are compressed to 10 fs duration using an optical fiber with pairs of gratings and prisms for phase compensation.
Nonvolatile storage in photorefractive crystals

We propose and demonstrate a nonvolatile holographic recording system for storing two-dimensional images. The readout light in this system is not absorbed by the holographic medium, and the data are preformatted or postformatted so that lines from different holograms are interleaved to satisfy the Bragg-matching condition.
Changes in immediate early gene expression during postnatal development of cat cortex and cerebellum

Postnatal brain development involves interactions between extracellular signals and preprogrammed genetic events. Immediate early genes (IEGs) are a group of genes that are induced by extracellular signals and their protein products alter transcription by binding regulatory elements in other genes. Using Northern and slot blot analysis of total RNA isolated from visual cortex, frontal cortex, and cerebellum of cats, we have determined the postnatal development patterns of mRNA expression for 5 of these genes, c-fos, erg-1, c-jun, jun-B, and c-myc. Each gene had a distinct developmental pattern of mRNA expression, and for a given gene, these patterns were often different in different brain structures. These results suggest that temporal changes in the combinatorial interaction of different IEGs during early postnatal life are important for normal brain development.
Interferon-γ Enhances Resolution of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection of the Murine Genital Tract

The requirement for interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) in resolution of an HSV-2 vaginal infection and the cellular sources of this cytokine in the vaginal mucosa were assessed. IFN gamma levels in vaginal secretions peaked on Days 2 and 5 following HSV-2 inoculation. Natural killer (NK) cell depletion greatly diminished the early production of IFN gamma but had no significant effect on the rate of virus clearance. CD4+ T cells were primarily responsible for the second peak of IFN gamma levels and neutralization of this IFN gamma beginning 3 days after virus inoculation delayed, but did not prevent, virus clearance from the vagina. HSV-2 persisted in mice depleted of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells while clearance was delayed in CD4+, but not CD8+ T cell-depleted mice, demonstrating the T cell dependence and predominant role of CD4+ T cells in resolution of the infection. Together, these data suggest that IFN gamma is not essential for virus clearance but plays an important role in enhancing T cell-mediated clearance mechanisms. The implication of these results is that IFN gamma produced locally in the genital tract enhances virus clearance and may ultimately be important for reducing the amount of virus available to infect sensory ganglia.
Dynamic hydration of phospholipid films in aqueous environments

Abstract A dynamic study of the hydration of phospholipid films attached to solid substrates when exposed to liquid water at room temperature is presented. The phospholipids used were 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), and a modification of DPPE with a fluorescent molecular probe: n-(5-fluoresceinthicarbamoyl)-1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine, triethylammonium salt (FITC-DPPE). Three different experimental techniques were used: rates of hydration were measured by depositing the phospholipid film on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) studies were carried out with FITC-DPPE films deposited on the internal surface of a cylindrical quartz tube, and X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine possible changes of the film’s crystalline structure during hydration. The DPPE films exhibited different successive hydration stages: within the first 2 h, the films uniformly hydrate towards a limiting water uptake (short-time behavior); however, at one point, hydration rates suddenly increase and the hydration process continues for longer periods of time, of the order of 24 h. No evidence of change in the film crystalline structure was found when dry and hydrated DPPE films were analyzed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The FITC-DPPE films showed a completely different hydration pattern: water uptake reached a maximum value at short times and then decreased continuously until an asymptotic value was reached. The TIRF results on FITC-DPPE films show that the evolution of fluorescence with time closely resembles the hydration results obtained in the QCM. This is attributed to the self quenching occurring in the phospholipid films.
Motivation and job satisfaction of deans of schools of nursing.

Abstract Factors influencing the job satisfaction of deans of schools of nursing were analyzed using the motivational theory of expectancy. A questionnaire was sent to 595 deans/directors of baccalaureate and higher degree schools of nursing accredited by the National League for Nursing. The three part questionnaire consisted of (1) Demographic data, (2) Motivation and Reward Scales, and (3) The Job Description Index. Significant relationships were found within each job satisfaction variable ( P ⩽ .05). The most significant and numerous relationships were found within the variable of pay or salary. Deans who had long tenure in their administrative positions and were associated with large universities and schools of nursing were also found to be statistically significant ( P ⩽ .05). A direct relationship between the scores on the Motivation and Reward Scale and the scores on the Job Description Index was supported. The individual and collective facets of job satisfaction were positively and significantly correlated ( P ⩽ .05) with motivation, providing support for the theoretical framework that proposes an interdependent relationship. Additional findings from regression analyses suggested that motivation is a significant predictor of job satisfaction.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist increases neuropeptide mRNA expression in rat striatum

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are coupled to multiple intracellular second messenger systems through G-proteins and densely expressed by medium spiny projection neurons in the rat striatum. Unlike ionotropic glutamate receptors which mediate rapid synaptic transmission, mGluRs are important for relatively long-lasting modulation of neuronal metabotropic activity, possibly including gene expression, in response to cellular stimulation. In this study, the effects of acute injection of the selective mGluR agonist (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD) on behavior and striatal neuropeptide mRNA expression were evaluated in chronically-cannulated rats. Unilateral injection of ACPD into the dorsal striatum at doses of 0.8, 4, 20, 100, 500 and 1000 nmol had no significant effect on spontaneous behavioral activity. However, intrastriatal ACPD (0.8, 4, 20 and 100 nmol) dose-dependently elevated preprodynorphin (PPD), substance P (SP) and preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA expression in the dorsal striatum as revealed by quantitative in situ hybridization. PPD/SP mRNAs showed a biphasic response to a single injection of ACPD as the expression of these two mRNAs was increased at 3 and 6 h, decreased at 11 h, and returned to normal 24 h after ACPD administration. PPE induction in the dorsal striatum was significantly elevated as early as 2 h and remained even 24 h after ACPD was injected. In addition, the PPD and PPE mRNA induction by ACPD was blocked by intrastriatal pretreatment with the selective mGluR antagonist, (+)-α-methyl-4-carboxyphenyl-glycine. These data demonstrate a facilitatory regulation of constitutive expression of striatonigral PPD/SP, and striatopallidal PPE, mRNAs by local mGluR-mediated glutamatergic transmission.
Nanoprinting with Nanoparticles: Concept of a Novel Inkjet Printer with Possible Applications in Invisible Tagging of Objects

Abstract Water‐soluble ferrofluids typically have ferrofluid grains ≤20 nm or so in diameter. We argue that one maybe able to use a single liquid coated ferrofluid grain as an “ink drop” of a hypothetical inkjet printer. Such fine scale drops may not be best suited for the desktop inkjet printer but may find a niche in other applications such as in tagging commodities to be protected from easy counterfeiting. #Based on an Invited Talk presented at the Particles 2003 Conference in Toronto, Canada, August 23–26, 2003.
Regression of left ventricular mass in systemic hypertension

The importance of treatment in systemic hypertension and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has been established. Although systemic hypertension is the most important factor in the pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy, other factors such as catecholamines and renin-angiotensin system may be involved. Increased left ventricular mass causes reduction in coronary reserve and may lead to acute ischemic events. Equally efficacious antihypertensive agents may have diverse effects on left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular function. New tomographic techniques with improved spatial resolution are emerging in the evaluation of left ventricular mass and may therefore provide better assessment of changes in left ventricular mass. With improved measures of left ventricular mass the question as to whether regression of left ventricular mass provides an additional benefit beyond control of blood pressure in hypertensive individuals may be finally answered.
Smoothing the domain out for positive solutions

For a given nonlinear partial differential equation defined on a bounded domain with irregular boundary, the available analytical tools are very limited in relation to the study of positive solutions. In this paper wer first use weak convergence methods to show that for an elliptic equation of a certain type, classical positive solutions on nearby smooth domains approach a generalised positive solution on the given domain. The idea is then applied to sublinear elliptic problems to obtain existence and uniqueness results.
Specialist and primary care physicians’ views on barriers to adequate preparation of patients for renal replacement therapy: a qualitative study

Early preparation for renal replacement therapy (RRT) is recommended for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), yet many patients initiate RRT urgently and/or are inadequately prepared. We conducted audio-recorded, qualitative, directed telephone interviews of nephrology health care providers (n = 10, nephrologists, physician assistants, and nurses) and primary care physicians (PCPs, n = 4) to identify modifiable challenges to optimal RRT preparation to inform future interventions. We recruited providers from public safety-net hospital-based and community-based nephrology and primary care practices. We asked providers open-ended questions to assess their perceived challenges and their views on the role of PCPs and nephrologist-PCP collaboration in patients’ RRT preparation. Two independent and trained abstractors coded transcribed audio-recorded interviews and identified major themes. Nephrology providers identified several factors contributing to patients’ suboptimal RRT preparation, including health system resources (e.g., limited time for preparation, referral process delays, and poorly integrated nephrology and primary care), provider skills (e.g., their difficulty explaining CKD to patients), and patient attitudes and cultural differences (e.g., their poor understanding and acceptance of their CKD and its treatment options, their low perceived urgency for RRT preparation; their negative perceptions about RRT, lack of trust, or language differences). PCPs desired more involvement in preparation to ensure RRT transitions could be as “smooth as possible”, including providing patients with emotional support, helping patients weigh RRT options, and affirming nephrologist recommendations. Both nephrology providers and PCPs desired improved collaboration, including better information exchange and delineation of roles during the RRT preparation process. Nephrology and primary care providers identified health system resources, provider skills, and patient attitudes and cultural differences as challenges to patients’ optimal RRT preparation. Interventions to improve these factors may improve patients’ preparation and initiation of optimal RRTs.
The spectral response and efficiency of heavily doped emitters in silicon photovoltaic devices

An analytical model of the spectral response and efficiency of an emitter is developed. The model is valid for an emitter of any thickness or any doping concentration and profiles. Explicit expression for the spectral response and efficiency of the emitter are derived. They take into account the space dependent mobility μp, band gap narrowing ΔEg, lifetime and electric field. The expression reduces to simpler forms for quasi-transparent and transparent emitters. It is found that unlike a dark emitter, the effect of electric field on the behavior of the illuminated emitter is not negligible. The effect of change in ΔEg and μp models on the spectral response and efficiency of the emitter is discussed. An increase in ΔEg degrades the performance of the emitter. An increase in μp at high doping also degrades the behavior but only if the surface recombination velocity Sp is large. If Sp is very small, an increase of μp improves the spectral response and the efficiency of the emitter. The results calculated theoretically are in good agreement with the experimental results of Ref. [25] both for thin and thick emitters except for λ ≤ 0.4 μm and λ > 1.0μm. This discrepancy is attributed to the uncertainties in the experimental values of α at these wavelengths. It is shown that the value of μp at high dopings can be determined from the spectral response measurements provided that the value of Sp can be determined accurately from other independent measurements.
Proliferation of red velvet mite Balaustium sp. nr. putmani (Erythraeidae) in Ohio based on water relations of active instars

ABSTRACT Population bursts, numbering in thousands of individuals, are characteristic of red velvet mites, Balaustium sp. nr. putmani, in the springtime in Central Ohio. We determined water-balance characteristics for each of the mobile instars (larva, deutonymph, adult female; males are seemingly absent from this population) to link dehydration tolerance with heightened activity in the same habitat. This mite loses water rapidly: larva > deutonymph > adult. None of these active instars could absorb water vapor, unlike many terrestrial mites, indicating that this mite must imbibe liquid as free water or from food sources to maintain water balance. As a voracious predator, most of the liquid is probably obtained from feeding. Developmentally, larvae are the most sensitive and vulnerable to water stress because of their high net transpiration rate and low dehydration tolerance limit. Additionally, urnulae glands are only present in the post-larval instars; hence, larvae lack the protective waterproofing sec...
Caltech Faint Galaxy Redshift Survey. XVI. The Luminosity Function for Galaxies in the Region of the Hubble Deep Field-North to z = 1.5*

We have carried out a study of the luminosity function (LF) of galaxies in the region of the Hubble Deep Field-North using our very complete redshift catalog. We divide the sample into five redshift bins covering the range 0.01 < z < 1.5 and consider three primary galaxy spectral classes. We solve for the LF at four rest-frame wavelengths from 0.24 to 2.2 μm. We find that the LFs for quiescent galaxies have shallow faint-end slopes while those of galaxies with detectable emission lines have steeper faint-end slopes. Furthermore, these slopes appear to be independent of redshift out to z = 1.05 for each galaxy spectral grouping and agree well with comparable local determinations. We then fix α to obtain values of L* for each galaxy spectral grouping as a function of redshift. We find that galaxies with strong absorption lines become brighter with z with Q ~ 0.6 at all rest-frame bands studied here, where Q = Δ log /Δz, while galaxies with detectable emission lines (i.e., star-forming galaxies) show a smaller change in L* with redshift at all bands, Q ~ 0.3, with Q becoming significantly larger at rest-frame 2400 A. Passive evolution models of galaxies are in reasonable agreement with these results for absorption-line-dominated galaxies, while plausible star formation histories can reproduce the behavior of the emission-line galaxies. We find a constant comoving number density and stellar mass in galaxies out to z ~ 1.05. By stretching all the correction factors applied to the galaxy counts in the highest redshift bin to their maximum possible values, we can just barely achieve this between z = 1.05 and 1.3. The major epoch(s) of star formation and of galaxy formation must have occurred even earlier. The UV luminosity density, an indicator of the star formation rate, has increased by a factor of ~4 over the period z = 0-1.
Cardiac manifestations of cocaine abuse: a cross-sectional study of asymptomatic men with a history of long-term abuse of "crack" cocaine.

AbstractObjectives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in young, asymptomatic long-term “crack” cocaine abusers.Background, Although the cardiac com...
Conformational Flexibility in Dodecasubstituted Porphyrins

In contrast to regular porphyrins, dodecasubstituted porphyrins have not so far been demonstrated to possess a high degree of conformational flexibility. To determine if this is a general feature of dodecasubstituted porphyrins, we have undertaken an investigation of the conformational properties of the dodecaarylporphyrins 4-6. We show herein that crystal structures of these porphyrins provide ample evidence of the significant conformational flexibility that can be observed for dodecasubstituted porphyrins; the structures we report include the first highly ruffled dodecasubstituted porphyrin, the first examples of multiple conformations in a single dodecasubstituted porphyrin, and the first `wave` core structure of a dodecasubstituted porphyrin, which is also the most nonplanar wave structure reported to date for any porphyrin. The structure reported herein for nickel(II) complexes and metal-free porphyrins 4-6 clearly indicate that these porphyrins possess a higher degree of conformational flexibility than has previously been observed for other dodecasubstituted porphyrins. 6 refs., 2 figs.
Picosecond time resolution of the S2 fluorescence of jet-cooled xanthione

Abstract The fluorescence lifetime of the S 2 electronic level of xanthione has been measured under supersonic jet conditions to be 345±10 ps. Fluorescence lifetimes ranging from 240 to 370 ps were also measured, following excitation into different S 2 vibrational levels. This confirms that, in addition to a well known solvent and internal CH mode dependence, the non-radiative coupling of S 2 to lower electronic states is also a function of the vibrational mode excited.
Separation and purification of azetidinyl methyl sulfinates using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract An improved method for the separation and purification of azetidinyl methyl sulfinates is described. This method utilizes a Waters preparative high-performance liquid chromatographic set-up. The methyl sulfinate isomers are isolated in high purity and no double bond isomerization is observed to occur. The diastereomers eluted from both the analytical and preparative columns at approximately the same retention times under the conditions used in the method.
Physics‐based preconditioners for solving PDEs on highly heterogeneous media

Eigenvalues of smallest magnitude become a major bottleneck for iterative solvers especially when the underlying physical properties have severe contrasts. These contrasts are commonly found in many applications such as composite materials, geological rock properties, and thermal and electrical conductivity. The main objective of this work is to construct a method as algebraic as possible that could efficiently exploit the connectivity of highly heterogeneous media in the solution of diffusion operators. We propose an algebraic way of separating binary-like systems according to a given threshold into high- and low-conductivity regimes of coefficient size O (m) and O (1), respectively where m ≫ 1. The condition number of the linear system depends both on the mesh size and the coefficient size m. For our purposes, we address only the m dependence since the condition number of the linear system is mainly governed by the high-conductivity subblock. Thus, the proposed strategy is inspired by capturing the relevant physics governing the problem. Based on the algebraic construction, a two-stage preconditioning strategy is developed as follows: (1) a first stage that comprises approximation to the components of the solution associated to small eigenvalues and, (2) a second stage that deals with the remaining solution components with a deflation strategy (if ever needed). The deflation strategies are based on computing near invariant subspaces corresponding to smallest eigenvalues and deflating them by the use of recycled the Krylov subspaces. More detail on the proposed preconditioners can be found in [1]. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Continuous Modulus of Continuity

(1983). A Continuous Modulus of Continuity. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 90, No. 2, pp. 126-127.
A multipole expansion and the Casimir-Polder effect in quantum chromodynamics

A multipole expansion for correlation functions in quantum chromodynamics in the presence of a static quark-antiquark pair is described. We discover a retardation effect, analogous to the Casimir-Polder effect in atomic physics, which is proven to persist to all finite orders of perturbation theory. The correlation functions studied may be used to gain some insight into the total rates for decays of the form (QQ)n′l′ → (QQ)nl + hadrons among states of a heavy quark Q. We also derive the Casimir-Polder potential between heavy mesons.
Salvadorian Migration to the United States in the 1980s. What can we learn about it and from it?1

This study investigates "why and how Salvadorian migrants came to the United States and the implications of their migration....First it presents evidence that the dichotomy used to distinguish economic and political migrations may not be adequate for examining current migration trends....Second it illustrates the importance of social networks in international migrations from politically conflictive regions....Third it points out that assumptions regarding the viability of social networks as sources of support among immigrants may also need revision." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
Methodology of materials discovery in complex metal hydrides using experimental and computational tools

Abstract We present a review of the experimental and theoretical methods used in the discovery of new metal–hydrogen materials systems for hydrogen storage applications. Rather than a comprehensive review of all new materials and methods used in the metal hydride community, we focus on a specific subset of successful methods utilizing theoretical crystal structure prediction methods, computational approaches for screening large numbers of compound classes, and medium-throughput experimental methods for the preparation of such materials. Monte Carlo techniques paired with a simplified empirical Hamiltonian provide crystal structure candidates that are refined using density functional theory. First-principle methods using high-quality structural candidates are further screened for an estimate of reaction energetics, decomposition enthalpies, and determination of reaction pathways. Experimental synthesis utilizes a compacted-pellet sintering technique under high-pressure hydrogen at elevated temperatures. Crystal structure determination follows from a combination of Rietveld refinements of diffraction patterns and first-principles computation of total energies and dynamical stability of competing structures. The methods presented within are general and applicable to a wide class of materials for energy storage.
Aging and hormones of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis: Gonadotropic axis in men and somatotropic axes in men and women

Neuroendocrinology of the aging (male) gonadal and (male and female) somatotropic axes will be reviewed. A companion chapter discusses reproductive hormonal changes in aging women. Both the gonadal and growth-hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF-I) axes function as ensembles. The ensembles comprise tripartite interactions among the brain (hypothalamus), anterior pituitary gland (gonadotrope and somatotrope cells) and target organs (testis, liver, muscle, fat and brain). Compelling evidence indicates that combined hypothalamic and gonadal adaptations operate in the reproductive axis of older men, and multiple hypothalamic adaptations prevail in the GH axis of elderly men and women. Evolving investigative methods allow more precise parsing of the particular mechanisms that subserve such age-related changes, and suggest novel interventional strategies to evaluate the physiological impact of the dynamic alterations discerned in aging individuals.
Extracellular ATP induces Ca2+ transients in cardiac myocytes which are potentiated by norepinephrine.

Abstract Isolated rat ventricular cardiac myocytes loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator fura2 showed significant changes in intracellular calcium concentrations upon exposure to > 1 μM ATP (EC50 = 7.4 ± 1.3 μM, n = 4, SE), suggesting that extracellular ATP may have an important influence on myocardial contractility. The response was found to be highly ATP specific and required extracellular calcium. Furthermore, 30 s pretreatment of the cells with 0.2–1 μM norepinephrine decreased the concentration of ATP required for the Ca2+ transient, shifting the EC50 for ATP to 1.7 ± 0.1 μM (n = 3, SE). β-Propranolol (a β1-receptor antagonist) prevented potentiation, whereas phentolamine (an α1-receptor antagonist) did not, indicating that regulation is through the β1-adrenergic receptor. ATP and norepinephrine released locally from sympathetic neurons may act in concert through the ATP and β1-adrenergic receptors to regulate myocardial calcium homeostasis.
Gravity control network in the western United States

The gravity control network in the western United States is a critical part of the over-all national gravity control network of pendulum and gravimeter bases, in that it contains the United States part of the North American primary gravity standardization and calibration range. Gravity control prior to 1951 was based on the pendulum gravity station network that had been established by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey [Duerksen, 1949]. This network of gravity bases, consisting of approximately 1200 stations, gave good regional coverage of the country and was believed to have a reliability of about ±1.0 mgal. However, as regional gravimeter coverage was developed throughout the country, it became obvious that the pendulum base network was subject to both systematic and random errors. The systematic errors appeared to be related to (1) time, in that all measurements made during a given field season might be off by a fixed amount, and (2) latitude, presumably because no corrections were made for the effect of changes in magnetic field strength on the period of the Invar pendulum used. The random errors resulted from poor measurements occasioned by local environmental effects or poor radio reception and tares (abrupt changes in pendulum period).
Optimal Detection of a Signala with Time-Varying Carrier Phase

The problem considered in this paper is the detection of a signal known except for time-varying carrier phase in white Gaussian noise. The method of attacking this problem is to model the time-varying carrier phase as a Markov process. Fourier transform techniques are then applies to yield a simple time-wise adaptive form for the phasetracking detector. Optimal accounting for the time variations in phase is accomplished via a simple algorithm which serves to update the detector memory. Furthermore, it is shown that this memory updating operation is a discrete linear filter whose impulse response is a simple function of the previous memory state and the Markov transitional statistics on the phase. A priori knowledge regarding the phase is summarized in the initial impulse response of the updating filter.
Immunohistochemical localization of intracellular Ca-ATPase in outer hair cells, neurons and fibrocytes in the adult and developing inner ear

Intracellular isoforms of the enzyme Ca-ATPase were identified in the inner ear by immunostaining paraffin sections with a polyclonal antiserum against rabbit cardiac muscle Ca-ATPase. In the adult cochlea, intense staining was present at the lateral border of outer hair cells in regions corresponding with the distribution of the subsurface cisternal system. Other cell types containing high levels of Ca-ATPase were skeletal muscle fibers in the tensor tympani, vascular smooth muscle, spiral ganglion neurons and subpopulations of fibrocytes in the limbus, spiral ligament and underlying vestibular neurosensory epithelium. In neonatal gerbils, staining of tensor tympani muscle fibers was observed at 4 days after birth and approached adult levels by 8 days after birth. Ca-ATPase was first detected in other cell types between postnatal days 12 and 14 but immunostaining still remained well below the intensity seen in adults at 20 days after birth. The demonstration of abundant calcium pumps in the subsurface cisternae confirms the role of this organelle as an intracellular reservoir for Ca2+ in outer hair cells. The presence of high levels of Ca-ATPase in spiral ganglion neurons and in fibrocytes specialized for ion transport points to a role for the enzyme in regulating the activity of other cell types of importance to normal hearing.
Prevention of learning deficit in a Down syndrome model.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether peptides given to adult mice with Down syndrome prevent learning deficits, and to delineate the mechanisms behind the protective effect.METHODS:Ts65Dn mice were treated for 9 days with peptides D-NAPVSIPQ (NAP)+D-SALLRSIPA (SAL) or placebo, and wild-type animals were tr
Observer Error When Measuring Safety-Related Behavior: Momentary Time Sampling Versus Whole-Interval Recording

Interval recording procedures are used by persons who collect data through observation to estimate the cumulative occurrence and nonoccurrence of behavior/events. Although interval recording procedures can increase the efficiency of observational data collection, they can also induce error from the observer. In the present study, 50 observers were trained to discriminate between safe and at-risk behavior, and were then exposed to two types of interval recording procedures: momentary time sampling (MTS) and whole-interval recording (WIR). The extent and sources of observer error were measured with signal detection methods (d′ and c). The results show that observers had greater misclassification of behavior when using WIR, over MTS. The findings also revealed that observers were consistently biased toward classifying behavior as “safe” when using WIR; safe bias was also found with use of MTS, but only after previous use of WIR.
Testing the boundaries of universality: What’s mean? what’s not?

This article explores the relationship between recent policy reforms, targeting proposals, and a universal Social Security program. It explores principles that inform Social Security, concluding that treating benefits as taxable income and raising the "normal" retirement age push at the boundaries of universality without violating the fundamental precepts of a social insurance program. Universal eligibility to Social Security is assessed as an essential feature of a public pension program and especially beneficial to low- and moderate-income populations. Introduction of a means test is assessed as potentially undermining political support for the program, the economic well-being of low-income elders, and retirement savings efforts. Greater targeting of benefits and financing is possible within the context of the existing Social Security program. Further targeting in Social Security and improvements in selective programs such as SSI do not contradict and may enhance a public retirement income strategy which is built upon social insurance principles.
On non-defectivity of certain Segre—Veronese varieties

Let Xm,n be the Segre?Veronese variety Pm×Pn embedded by the morphism given by O(1,2) and let ?s(Xm,n) denote the sth secant variety of Xm,n. In this paper, we prove that if m=n or m=n+1, then ?s(Xm,n) has the expected dimension except for ?6(X4,3). As an immediate consequence, we will give functions s1(m,n)?s2(m,n) such that if s?s1(m,n) or if s?s2(m,n), then ?s(Xm,n) has the expected dimension for all positive integers m and n.
Ultraviolet finiteness of all quantum loops in gauge supersymmetry

The arbitrary $n$-point Green's functions of spontaneously broken gauge supersymmetry are shown to be ultraviolet finite to arbitrary loop order for $Ng~2$ (where $4N$ is the number of Fermi coordinates) when the spontaneous breaking preserves global supersymmetry.
Autophagy: molecular machinery for self-eating

Autophagy is a highly conserved process in eukaryotes in which the cytoplasm, including excess or aberrant organelles, is sequestered into double-membrane vesicles and delivered to the degradative organelle, the lysosome/vacuole, for breakdown and eventual recycling of the resulting macromolecules. This process has an important role in various biological events such as adaptation to changing environmental conditions, cellular remodeling during development and differentiation, and determination of lifespan. Auto-phagy is also involved in preventing certain types of disease, although it may contribute to some pathologies. Recent studies have identified many components that are required to drive this complicated cellular process. Auto-phagy-related genes were first identified in yeast, but homologs are found in all eukaryotes. Analyses in a range of model systems have provided huge advances toward understanding the molecular basis of autophagy. Here we review our current knowledge on the machinery and molecular mechanism of autophagy.
Measurement Uncertainty in Racial and Ethnic Identification Among Adolescents of Mixed Ancestry: A Latent Variable Approach

In this article, we operationalize identification of mixed racial and ethnic ancestry among adolescents as a latent variable to (a) account for measurement uncertainty, and (b) compare alternative wording formats for racial and ethnic self-categorization in surveys. Two latent variable models were fit to multiple mixed-ancestry indicator data from 1,738 adolescents in New England. The first, a mixture factor model, accounts for the zero-inflated mixture distribution underlying mixed-ancestry identification. Alternatively, a latent class model allows classification distinction between relatively ambiguous versus unambiguous mixed-ancestry responses. Comparison of individual indicators reveals that the Census 2000 survey version estimates higher prevalence of mixed ancestry but is less sensitive to relative certainty of identification than are alternate survey versions (i.e., offering a "mixed" check box option, allowing a written response). Ease of coding and missing data are also considered in discussing the relative merit of individual mixed-ancestry indicators among adolescents.
Accidental or inflicted

The visible evidence of child physical abuse most often is minimal or nonexistent, and the children at greatest risk of becoming victims are those too young to verbalize the history. As pediatric clinicians, we must be able to recognize potential sequelae of abuse and the high-risk situations that lead to physical abuse; we also must acknowledge that victims of child physical abuse often have injuries at multiple locations and in multiple organ systems. As a routine part of pediatric practice, healthcare providers, through anticipatory guidance, try to maximize the child's safety in the home environment. With this goal in mind, healthcare providers must consider the possibility of physical abuse when faced with a child with a traumatic injury. While it is important to identify these inflicted injuries, our ultimate goal is to prevent their occurrence in the first place.
It's Time for Madeline Hunter to Go: A New Look at Lesson Plan Design

Abstract Good teaching does not happen by chance. Thoughtful planning is needed to create effective lessons and enhance learning. This article describes the parts of an effective lesson and provides a lesson plan format that is applicable to any teaching situation.
Spectrum of photoinduced optical absorption in a-Si: H☆

Abstract Photoinduced absorption below the band gap in a -Si: H is interpreted in terms of transitions between holes trapped in states near the trap quasi-Fermi level and the valence band.
Contribution of glacier meltwater to streamflow in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, inferred via a Bayesian mixing model applied to isotopic measurements

The Wind River Range (WRR) of Wyoming has the largest concentration of alpine glaciers in the American Rockies and contributes to several major river systems in the western United States. Declines in the areal extent and volume of these glaciers are well documented, and eventual loss of alpine glaciers will reduce the amount of water available for agricultural and domestic use. The contribution of glacial melt to streamflow remains largely unquantified in Wyoming. We used isotope measurements and Bayesian modeling to estimate the fractional contribution of glacier meltwater to Dinwoody Creek (DC) in the WRR on bi-weekly and seasonal (spring, summer, and fall) time scales over 2 years. In 2007 and 2008, we made temporally intensive measurements of the stable isotope composition of water from the DC watershed. Samples of the primary sources of streamflow (snowmelt, glacier melt, rain, and baseflow) were collected during field campaigns, and automated collection of stream samples occurred over the melt season. Isotope data (D and 18O) were analyzed within a hierarchical Bayesian framework that incorporated temporal and spatial correlations. Glacial melt contributed a significant proportion (∼53–59%) to streamflow in a low-flow year (2007) or when streamflow was low during a high-flow year (2008). In 2008, a large and persistent snowpack contributed significantly (∼0·42–51%) to streamflow in mid-summer. The large contribution of glacial melt to streamflow suggests that the loss of glaciers may impact riparian ecosystems and human water supplies in the late summer and in years with low snowpack. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: lesion characterization with magnetization transfer imaging.

Magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) was initially performed in normal guinea pigs and human volunteers. A magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) was calculated in the normal white matter and was found to be 42%-44%, with less than 2.5% variation, which indicates the high reproducibility of the measurement. MTI was then applied to an animal model of white matter disease, acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this model of EAE, pathologically proved lesions were edematous with essentially no demyelination. MTRs decreased slightly but significantly (5%-8%) compared with the MTRs of the same tissue region measured before the onset of the lesion [corrected]. Fifteen patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) also underwent MTI. In the 15 patients with MS, all lesions (209 plaques) had a significantly decreased MTR (average, 26%). The authors believe that demyelination produced the lower MTR, and, thus, lesions varied in transfer ratio on the basis of the extent of myelin loss. In patients with MS, pa...
Why is the energy of motion proportional to the square of the velocity

Based on a geometric demonstration by Johann Bernoulli, we show that the principles underlying the work–energy theorem are more fundamental than those discussed in the standard derivations. By introducing the notion of a mechanical Bernoulli process—a systematic process for destroying velocity and measuring work—we derive the relationship between the amount of work and the square of the velocity solely from the superposition of motion and the law of inertia.
Characterization of the Club Forcing

: We provide an external characterization of the algebra RO(R), where R is Baumgartner's poset for adding a club with finite conditions. As a corollary, we show that many complete subalgebras of RO(R) must be isomorphic to either ℂR1 or RO(R).
Effect of thermal processing on the microstructure of Ti-26Al-11Nb: Applications to fusion welding

The possible microstructures resulting from both fusion and solid-state processing of Ti-26Al-11Nb at. pct (Ti-15Al-21Nb wt pct) have been determined. The particular microstructure produced was primarily a function of the cooling rate from theβ solvus. The most rapid cooling rate, associated with pulsed Nd:YAG (yttrium-aluminum-garnet) laser welding, resulted in a microstructure in which the high-temperatureβ underwent an ordering reaction on cooling to the CsCl (B2) crystal structure. Intermediate cooling rate (≈60 °C/s) specimens [characteristic of the fusion zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ) in arc welds] were found to undergo a complete transformation (no retainedβ observed) to an acicularα2 microstructure. Electron microprobe and analytical electron microscopy (AEM) analyses revealed no statistically significant compositional dψerences spatially within this structure. These two observations suggest that the transformation reaction in this cooling rate regime involves, at least in part, a compositionally invariant shear component. Controlled slow cooling rate (0.1 °C/s) experiments produced Widmanstatten microstructures which were two-phase (α2 +β). The retainedβ phase was observed to be highly enriched (≈35 wt pct) in Nb. The transformedα2 exhibited a very low dislocation density. Solidification cracking of fusion welds was not observed.
A Review of High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction from Glasses and Liquids

This paper summarizes the scientific trends associated with the rapid development of the technique of high-energy X-ray diffraction over the past decade pertaining to the field of liquids, glasses, and amorphous materials. The measurement of high-quality X-ray structure factors out to large momentum transfers leads to high-resolution pair distribution functions which can be directly compared to theory or combined with data from other experimental techniques. The advantages of combining highly penetrating radiation with low angle scattering are outlined together with the data analysis procedure and formalism. Also included are advances in high-energy synchrotron beamline instrumentation, sample environment equipment, and an overview of the role of simulation and modeling for interpreting data from disordered materials. Several examples of recent trends in glass and liquid research are described. Finally, directions for future research are considered within the context of past and current developments in the field.