cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of developmental stage on the sensitivity of cell and body size to hypoxia in Drosophila melanogaster

Animals reared in hypoxic environments frequently exhibit smaller body sizes than when reared under normal atmospheric oxygen concentrations. The mechanisms responsible for this widely documented pattern of body size plasticity are poorly known. We studied the ontogeny of responses of Drosophila melanogaster adult body size to hypoxic exposure. We hypothesized that there may be critical oxygen-sensitive periods during D. melanogaster development that are primarily responsive to body size regulation. Instead, our results showed that exposure to hypoxia (an atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen of 10 kPa) during any developmental stage (embryo, larvae and pupae) leads to smaller adult size. However, short hypoxic exposures during the late larval and early pupal stages had the greatest effects on adult size. We then investigated whether the observed reductions in size induced by hypoxia at various developmental stages were the result of a decrease in cell size or cell number. Abdominal epithelial cells of flies reared continuously in hypoxia were smaller in mean diameter and were size-limited compared with cells of flies reared in normoxia. Flies reared in hypoxia during the embryonic, larval or pupal stage, or during their entire development, had smaller wing areas than flies reared in normoxia. Flies reared during the pupal stage, or throughout development in hypoxia had smaller wing cells, even after controlling for the effect of wing size. These results suggest that hypoxia effects on the body size of D. melanogaster probably occur by multiple mechanisms operating at various developmental stages.
The effect of pot size on growth and transpiration of maize and soybean during water deficit stress

Many experiments are conducted in greenhouses or growth chambers in which plants are grown in pots. Considerable research has shown that pots can have a limiting effect on overall plant growth. This research was undertaken to examine the effects of pot size specifically on transpiration response of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) plants undergoing water-deficit stress. Maize and soybean experiments were conducted similarly, but as separate experiments. Maize plants were grown in 2.3, 4.1, 9.1, and 16.21 pots sealed to prevent water loss except by transpiration. For each pot size, plants were divided into two watering regimes, a well-watered control and a water-deficit regime. Water deficits were imposed by simply not rewatering the pots. Soybean was examined in a similar manner, but only the three larger pot sizes were used in the experiment. For both maize and soybean, and in both watering regimes, there was a significant reduction of shoot dry weight and total transpiration with decreasing pot size. However, there were no significant differences among pot sizes in the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) point at which transpiration began to decline (FTSW0.31 for maize and 0.35 for soybean) or in the overall relationship of transpiration rate to soil water content in response to water deficits. These results indicated that, regardless of pot size or plant size, the overriding factor determining transpirational response to drought stress was soil water content.
Central retinal vein occlusion and renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Purpose To document a case of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) associated with renal cell carcinoma and elevated levels of anticardiolipin and antiphospholipid antibodies. Design Observational case report. Methods History, clinical examination, chart review, and laboratory serologies were performed on a 63-year-old man with renal cell carcinoma with a 6-week history of decreased vision in his left eye. Results Vision was 20/40 in the left eye. Dilated fundus examination revealed a CRVO. Laboratory serologies revealed markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin and antiphospholipid antibodies. Conclusion This case illustrates an association between CRVO and renal cell carcinoma. A paraneoplastic process, consisting of both antiphospholipid and anticardiolipin antibodies, may be a mechanism for CRVO.
Doppler encoded excitation pattern tomographic optical microscopy

Most far-field optical imaging systems rely on lenses and spatially resolved detection to probe distinct locations on the object. We describe and demonstrate a high-speed wide-field approach to imaging that instead measures the complex spatial Fourier transform of the object by detecting its spatially integrated response to dynamic acousto-optically synthesized structured illumination. Tomographic filtered backprojection is applied to reconstruct the object in two or three dimensions. This technique decouples depth of field and working distance from resolution, in contrast to conventional imaging, and can be used to image biological and synthetic structures in fluoresced or scattered light employing coherent or broadband illumination. We discuss the electronically programmable transfer function of the optical system and its implications for imaging dynamic processes. We also explore wide-field fluorescence imaging in scattering media by coherence gating. Finally, we present two-dimensional high-resolution tomographic image reconstructions in both scattered and fluoresced light demonstrating a thousandfold improvement in the depth of field compared to conventional lens-based microscopy.
Reframing the Question of Whether Education Can Change Society

Among the most important questions critical educators can ask today are the following: Can schools play a role in making a more just society possible? If not, why not? If so, what can they do? These questions provide the basis for this article by Michael Apple, as well as for the books under discussion here. The books by David Blacker, John Marsh, Mike Cole, and Pauline Lipman discussed in this essay are either Marxist, have been influenced by Marxist and socialist ideas, or are published by presses that have a long history of publishing material with a Marxist and/or socialist orientation. In order to adequately deal with them, Apple devotes much of this essay to a set of arguments about the possibilities and limits of these ideas. After specifying those arguments, he discusses how they are developed in the books themselves. He grounds this discussion in a call for creating a broader “we” that is based on a more historically grounded understanding of the ways in which struggles over schooling actually can make a difference.
Nanoparticle-based therapeutic delivery of prohibitin to the colonic epithelial cells ameliorates acute murine colitis

Introduction Intestinal epithelial expression of anti-oxidants and NF-κB contribute to mucosal barrier integrity and epithelial homoestasis, two key events in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Genetic restoration of intestinal epithelial prohibitin 1 (PHB) levels during experimental colitis reduces the severity of disease through sustained epithelial anti-oxidant expression and reduced NF-κB activation. To determine the therapeutic potential of restoring epithelial PHB during experimental colitis in mice, we assessed two methods of PHB colonic mucosal delivery: adenovirus-directed administration by enema and poly (lactic acid) nanoparticle (NPs) delivery by gavage.
Directional Release of Reovirus from the Apical Surface of Polarized Endothelial Cells

ABSTRACT Bloodstream spread is a critical step in the pathogenesis of many viruses. However, mechanisms that promote viremia are not well understood. Reoviruses are neurotropic viruses that disseminate hematogenously to the central nervous system. Junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) is a tight junction protein that serves as a receptor for reovirus. JAM-A is required for establishment of viremia in infected newborn mice and viral spread to sites of secondary replication. To determine how viruses gain access to the circulatory system, we examined reovirus infection of polarized human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). Reovirus productively infects polarized HBMECs, but infection does not alter tight junction integrity. Apical infection of polarized HBMECs is more efficient than basolateral infection, which is attributable to viral engagement of sialic acid and JAM-A. Viral release occurs exclusively from the apical surface via a mechanism that is not associated with lysis or apoptosis of infected cells. These data suggest that infection of endothelial cells routes reovirus apically into the bloodstream for systemic dissemination in the host. Understanding how viruses invade the bloodstream may aid in the development of therapeutics that block this step in viral pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Bloodstream spread of viruses within infected hosts is a critical but poorly understood step in viral disease. Reoviruses first enter the host through the oral or respiratory route and infect cells in the central nervous system. Spread of reoviruses to the brain occurs by blood or nerves, which makes reoviruses useful models for studies of systemic viral dissemination. In this study, we examined how reoviruses infect endothelial cells, which form the walls of blood vessels. We found that reovirus infection of endothelial cells allows the virus to enter blood vessels and serves as a means for the virus to reach high titers in the circulation. Understanding how reovirus is routed through endothelial cells may aid in the design of antiviral drugs that target this important step in systemic viral infections.
Protection of the rat gastric mucosa against aspirin injury by arachidonic acid: a dietary prostaglandin precursor fatty acid.

. We studied aspirin-induced injury to the gastric mucosa in control rats pretreated with a solubilizer, pluronic F-68 (PL), and in rats pretreated with solubilized arachidonic acid (AA). Fasted male rats were pretreated intragastrically with 1 ml of either pluronic or AA and 1 h later acidified ASA (1 ml suspension of 200 mg kg-1 body weight) was administered intragastrically. Grossly apparent mucosal lesions developed 1 h after aspirin in pluronic-pre-treated rats, but were significantly reduced in AA-pretreated rats. Histology, scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that AA pretreatment did not prevent aspirin-induced initial damage to the surface epithelium but did significantly reduce extent of aspirin-induced deep mucosal necrosis at 1,4 and 18 h after aspirin. Initial aspirin-induced surface epithelial damage was rapidly restituted by two distinct types of re-epithelialization - vertical and horizontal. While the vertical type of re-epithelialization has been reported previously as the first stage of mucosal repair following injury by various noxious agents such as concentrated ethanol, the horizontal type of re-epithelialization, which is described for the first time in this paper, seems to be specific for the repair of aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury. These studies suggest that dietary factors such as essential fatty acids may play a role in gastric mucosal protection against aspirin injury.
On face detection in the compressed domain

We propose a fast face detection algorithm that works directly on the compressed DCT domain. Unlike the previous DCT domain processing designs that are mainly based on skin-color detection, our algorithm analyzes both color and texture information contained in the DCT parameters, therefore could generate more reliable detection results. Our texture analysis is mainly based on statistical model training and detection. A number of fundamental problems, e.g., block quantization, preprocessing in the DCT domain, and feature vector selection and classification in the DCT domain, are discussed.
Population-Based Disease Management Under Fee-For-Service Medicare

Medicare policymakers are considering testing population-based disease management (PDM) programs under fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare as a way to improve health and cost outcomes for selected subgroups of chronically ill beneficiaries. This paper provides a brief overview of how PDM programs are evolving in the private sector and describes how they differ from other approaches already being tested in Medicare disease management demonstrations. It also discusses some key opportunities and issues to be considered in adapting PDM programs for testing in the FFS Medicare context.
Modeling the Dynamic Response of an Optically-Injected Nanostructure Diode Laser

We reformulate a dimensionless approach to evaluate the operational dynamics of an optically injected nanostructure laser as a function of the injection strength and the detuning frequency to account for the large nonlinear gain component associated with nanostructure lasers through the nonlinear carrier relaxation rate and gain compression coefficient. The large nonlinear carrier relaxation rate and gain compression coefficient are shown to impact the level of stability numerically predicted in the optically injected laser at low injected power levels. The numerical model is verified experimentally by optically injecting a quantum-dash Fabry-Perot laser with an operating wavelength of approximately 1550 nm. The quantum-dash laser's large damping rate, gain compression coefficient, and sufficiently small linewidth enhancement factor are observed to inhibit period-doubling and chaotic operation under zero frequency-detuning conditions. The inclusion of the nonlinear carrier relaxation rate in the simulation is shown to greatly enhance the agreement between the numerical predictions and the experimentally observed dynamics.
Imaging Radiation-Induced Normal Tissue Injury

Technological developments in radiation therapy and other cancer therapies have led to a progressive increase in five-year survival rates over the last few decades. Although acute effects have been largely minimized by both technical advances and medical interventions, late effects remain a concern. Indeed, the need to identify those individuals who will develop radiation-induced late effects, and to develop interventions to prevent or ameliorate these late effects is a critical area of radiobiology research. In the last two decades, preclinical studies have clearly established that late radiation injury can be prevented/ameliorated by pharmacological therapies aimed at modulating the cascade of events leading to the clinical expression of radiation-induced late effects. These insights have been accompanied by significant technological advances in imaging that are moving radiation oncology and normal tissue radiobiology from disciplines driven by anatomy and macrostructure to ones in which important quantitative functional, microstructural, and metabolic data can be noninvasively and serially determined. In the current article, we review use of positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR spectroscopy to generate pathophysiological and functional data in the central nervous system, lung, and heart that offer the promise of, (1) identifying individuals who are at risk of developing radiation-induced late effects, and (2) monitoring the efficacy of interventions to prevent/ameliorate them.
Assessing the Sensory Profiles of Sparkling Wine over Time

Sparkling wine sensory properties are driven by many factors, including the amount of CO2 and pressure in the bottle. We were interested in characterizing the sensory attributes of California blanc de blanc sparkling wine and the sensory impact of various effervescence conditions, such as artificial nucleation points, on the aroma and flavor. Beginning with the effect of effervescence conditions on the aroma and flavor intensity, three different nucleation treatments (air-dried glasses, paper towel-dried glasses, and glasses with an etched nucleation point) were compared. Thirty-three panelists assessed overall aroma and flavor intensity for each treatment in triplicate. No statistically significant differences in aroma and flavor intensity were found. Following this, the sensory profiles of eight Californian blanc de blanc sparkling wines were determined using a generic descriptive analysis. Eleven trained judges used visual, aroma, taste, mouthfeel, and bubble descriptors to characterize the sensory differences among the sparkling wines. The characterization was done at both 1 and 5 min after pouring, using the same descriptors, to assess temporal variation. In addition, the atmospheric pressure of each wine bottle was measured to determine the influence of pressure on taste and aroma over time. Sparkling wines assessed at 1 and 5 min showed a significant difference in all wines. This difference was characterized by a decrease in bubble size and concentration and allowed for greater differences within the sample set; thus, at 5 min there was a greater differentiation among the wines. No correlations between bottle pressure and sensory attributes were found.
Influence of Gang Membership on Negative Affect, Substance Use, and Antisocial Behavior Among Homeless African American Male Youth

The current study examined differences between gang-involved and non-gang-involved homeless African American male youth with regard to negative affect, substance use, and antisocial/violent behavior. A total of 69 homeless African American young men were recruited from community agencies and completed structured face-to-face interviews. Overall, gang members reported higher rates of negative mental and physical health outcomes than did non-gang members, with current gang members reporting higher levels of depression and anxiety, greater levels of antisocial and violent behavior, and higher levels of lifetime alcohol and marijuana use. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that greater levels of gang involvement were associated with more frequent lifetime use of alcohol and marijuana and higher levels of participation in violent behaviors. Implications of these findings for interventions with homeless African American male youth and future research directions are discussed.
EFFECT OF IONIZING RADIATION ON BEEF BOLOGNA CONTAINING SOY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE

Soy protein concentrate (SPC), an extender, is a common additive in ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products. SPC contains antioxidants that could potentially interfere with the ability of ionizing radiation to eliminate Listeria monocytogenes from RTE meat products. When L. monocytogenes was inoculated into cooked beef bologna emulsion containing 0, 1.75, or 3.5% SPC the gamma radiation D 10 values, at radiation doses of 0. 5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3. 0 kGy, were 0.66, 0. 68, and 0. 71kGy, respectively. Soluble antioxidant power, as determined by the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay was 1958, 3572, and 5494 mol in bologna emulsion containing 0, 1.75 and 3.5% SPC, respectively. Soluble antioxidant power was not affected by ionizing radiation. SPC did not prevent ionizing radiation induced lipid oxidation as determined by Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS) assay. Hunter color analysis of both unirradiated and irradiated bologna slices containing SPC indicated decreased a-value as a result of irradiation, while the addition of SPC helped maintain b-value and L-value. The inclusion of SPC did not represent a barrier to ionizing radiation pasteurization of fine emulsion sausages for the parameters examined. Listeria monocytogenes est une bacterie pathogene capable de croitre a des temperatures refrigerees et dans des environnements tres sales. Sa resistance aux irradiations ionisantes peut varier selon les produits. Le concentrat de proteine de soja (SPC) est un additif utilise dans la fabrication de saucisse a emulsion fine et ses proprietes antioxydantes peuvent augmenter la resistance de L. monocytogenes aux radiations. Cette etude repond aux questions suivantes: Quel est l'effet du SPC sur la valeur D 10 de L. monocytogenes inoculee dans une emulsion de mortadelle de boeuf cuite contenant du SPC? Quel sont les effets du SPC, combine avec des irradiations ionisantes, sur le pouvoir antioxydant, sur l'oxydation lipique et sur la couleur de l'emulsion de mortadelle?
Genome Size Scaling through Phenotype Space

† Background and Aims Early observations that genome size was positively correlated with cell size formed the basis of hypothesized consequences of genome size variation at higher phenotypic scales. This scaling was supported by several studies showing a positive relationship between genome size and seed mass, and various metrics of growth and leaf morphology. However, many of these studies were undertaken with limited species sets, and often performed within a single genus. Here we seek to generalize the relationship between genome size and the phenotype by examining eight phenotypic traits using large cross-species comparisons involving diverse assemblages of angiosperm and gymnosperm species. These analyses are presented in order of increasing scale (roughly equating to the number of cells required to produce a particular phenotypic trait), following the order of: cell size (guard cell and epidermal), stomatal density, seed mass, leaf mass per unit area (LMA), wood density, photosynthetic rate and finally maximum plant height. † Scope The results show that genome size is a strong predictor of phenotypic traits at the cellular level (guard cell length and epidermal cell area had significant positive relationships with genome size). Stomatal density decreased with increasing genome size, but this did not lead to decreased photosynthetic rate. At higher phenotypic scales, the predictive power of genome size generally diminishes (genome size had weak predictive power for both LMA and seed mass), except in the interesting case of maximum plant height (tree species tend to have small genomes). There was no relationship with wood density. The general observation that species with larger genome size have larger seed mass was supported; however, species with small genome size can also have large seed masses. All of these analyses involved robust comparative methods that incorporate the phylogenetic relationships of species. † Conclusions Genome size correlations are quite strong at the cellular level but decrease in predictive power with increasing phenotypic scale. Our hope is that these results may lead to new mechanistic hypotheses about why genome size scaling exists at the cellular level, and why nucleotypic consequences diminish at higher phenotypic scales.
Aspects of access: considerations for creating health and medical content for international audiences

Increasingly, health and medical communication involves a global perspective. This perspective now includes coordinating international efforts ranging from treating globally dispersed patients to containing infectious diseases. In many cases, the focus of such information is instructional---content that tells individuals how to perform certain health-or medical-related processes. In such situations, usability is essential to success. That is, individuals must be able to use instructional materials as intended to achieve a particular purpose or objective. Communication designers therefore need to identify approaches that can facilitate the usability of health and medical content in a range of international settings.
Economic Empowerment of Women Throuh Self Help Groups in Kerala

The empowerment of women is crucial for the development of the country. Bringing women into the main stream of development is major concern for the Government of India. That is why the year 2001 has been declared as the "Year of women Empowerment" Women's empowerment is critical to the socio economic progress of the community and bringing women into the main stream of national development has, therefore, been a major concern of the government. The Ministry of Rural Development has special components for women in its programmes and funds are "women component" to ensure flow of adequate resources for the same. One of the major schemes implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development having women's component is the SGSY.
Antibody-Mediated Bacteriolysis: Enhanced Killing of Cyclacillin-Treated Bacteria

SummaryIncubation of Escherichia coli with sublethal concentrations of the semisynthetic penicillins cyclacillin and ampicil-lin substantially increased the susceptibility of the bacteria to subsequent lysis by serum antibody or specifically immunized murine spleen cells in the presence of guinea pig complement. The effect was dependent on the dose of the antibiotic and the length of incubation time and appeared to be due to subtle alterations in the bacterial surface which rendered the organisms more susceptible to immunologic lysis. These results provide a possible mechanism for the greater in vivo efficacy of some antibiotics as compared to their in vitroactivity.
Perilitus coccinellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Parasitization and development in relation to host-stage attacked

The braconid Perilitus coccinellae (Schrank), generally regarded as a parasitoid of adult coccinellids, oriented toward and inserted its ovipositor (stung) into all four larval stages and pupae of Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer). Pupae and fourth instars elicited more responses from female parasitoids than the early larval stages. P. coccinellae successfully parasitized all immature stages, except the first instar. However, there was a direct relationship between the rate of successful parasitization and the maturity (stage) of the host at the time of attack. The egg-larva development time of P. coccinellae was inversely related to the stage of the host attacked. Development (±SE) averaged 17.1 ± 0.4 days when an adult was parasitized and 25.0 ± 3.2 days when a second instar was stung. Rather than solely a parasitoid of adult coccinellids, P. coccinellae may be classified as a “larval/pupal/adult-adult” parasitoid.
ADVANCES IN NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST AND EVALUATION OF MATERIAL DEGRADATION USING NONLINEAR ULTRASOUND

Material degradation is usually preceded by some kind of nonlinear mechanical behavior before significant plastic deformation or material damage occurs. When an ultrasonic wave propagates through the material at this stage, a strong nonlinear effect will be generated and thus higher harmonics will be produced due to the nonlinear elastic properties of that material. In this paper, advances in experimental and theoretical studies of nondestructive test and evaluation (NDT and NDE) of material degradation under fatigue, tension and creep loads using nonlinear ultrasonic waves were reviewed, including advances in experimental and theoretical studies of NDT and NDE of bond strength and mechanical degradation of adhesive joints. Also, further studies in the field of NDT and NDE using nonlinear ultrasound were suggested.
Measurement of the Methanol Permeability of Polybenzimidazole Membrane Electrolytes with Cyclic Voltammetry

A method for measuring the methanol permeability of phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole( PBI) membranes was developed by using cyclic voltammetry( CV). The methanol permeability of PA doped PBI membranes at different acid doping levels was investigated under a voltage range of- 0. 2 ~ 1. 2 V and at a potential sweep rate of 100 m V / s using phosphoric acid solutions as electrolytes. The results indicated that using the PA solution with a suitable concentration as the electrolyte could maintain the acid doping level of the PBI membrane and ensure a precise and reliable result. Compared with that of the pure PBI membrane( 1. 34 ×10- 8cm2/ s),the methanol permeability of acid doped PBI membranes increased,i. e.,3. 2 ×10- 8~ 14 × 10- 8cm2/ s,corresponding to the acid doping level of 2. 5 ~ 3. 2.
Comparison of intermediate-dose purified urinary follicle-stimulating hormone with and without human chorionic gonadotropin for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian disease*

Urinary FSH is capable of inducing ovulation in PCOD. The duration of treatment can be reduced by administering an intermediate dose. However, it appears that prospective monitoring with E2 assays and ultrasound, combined with hCG, is required to optimize outcome and minimize complications. Studies comparing urinary FSH with similar doses of hMG with and without hCG are needed to determine the most effective form of gonadotropin therapy in PCOD.
Heart Rate Feedback-Assisted Reduction in Cardiovascular Reactivity to a Videogame Challenge

To investigate the reduction of cardiovascular responses to a videogame challenge using heart rate (HR) feedback, 20 undergraduate males received either training with HR feedback (plus a score contingency in which game performance was partly dependent upon changes in HR) during videogame presentations or no feedback training during presentation of the same number of games. The group receiving training exhibited lower HR responses and poorer game performance during a posttraining assessment than no-feedback controls.
Effect of Phospholipase A2 on the Responsiveness of the Electrochromic Carotenoids of Rhodobacter sphaeroides Chromatophores

Photosynthetic membrane vesicles (chromatophores) of the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides contain a carotenoid pool which responds to electrical field alterations with a spectral shift. These field-sensing carotenoids are apparently associated with the B800–850 peripheral light-harvesting complex (1) and are more sensitive to phospholipase A2 (PL’ase A2) treatment than the bulk of the carotenoids (2). The B800–850 light-harvesting complex is composed of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) and carotenoid molecules in non-covalent association with heterodimers of α- and β-polypeptides. The electrochromic carotenoid pool has been reported, based on spectral deconvolution, to comprise about one third of the total carotenoids in the membrane (3,4). It has been suggested that the field-sensitive carotenoids are located near the cytoplasmic surface since incubation of R. sphaeroides chromatophores with PL’ase A2 causes the disappearance of the electrochromic response (5). The observed phospholipase effect could reflect either an increase in the permeability of the membrane to ions or a direct effect upon the local environment of the field-sensing carotenoid pool.
Emission thermophotometry: V. Premelting light emission of some nylon polymers

Abstract The premelting light emission (LE) of a series of nylon polymers was determined using the technique of emission thermophotometry (ETP). Light emission can begin at temperatures as low as 80 ° C, in a flowing oxygen atmosphere. The effect of heating rate and sample size on the LE process was determined. Isothermal LE measurements were also recorded at various temperatures.
Plazas and communal space in Nasca: changing patterns of public ritual through the Formative and Early Intermediate periods (800 B.C.– A.D. 650) on the south coast of Peru

Documented plaza use in the southern Nasca region (SNR) has demonstrated that communal spaces were absent at residential sites during the Early Nasca epoch. Indeed, communal rituals and performance...
Thermoregulatory inversion: a novel thermoregulatory paradigm

To maintain core body temperature in mammals, the normal central nervous system (CNS) thermoregulatory reflex networks produce an increase in brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis in response to...
Abstract 21216: Racial Differences for Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: Catheter ablation procedures are utilized for rhythm control of atrial fibrillation (AF) but the utilization of this procedure based on race remains uncertain. Purpose: We investigate...
Catastrophe Risk Management in Developing Countries and the Last Mile

1. The first one is that we have not substantially improved our ability to assess social, economic and political consequences of such events, when they occur. Thereare stillmajoruncertainties inphysicalandsocial vulnerabilitiesof exposed communities. Also the quality of information about the exposure – physical infrastructure as well as demography of population at risk – is quite limited. 2. The second reason is that even if we can estimate social, economic and political consequences, our ability to translate that information into public policy options is very amateurish. Most of the work on phenomenological aspect of catastrophes, exposure and vulnerability analysis and risk assessment is done by science and technology based professionals. They are not qualified to take the information on risk and convert it into public policy because that part of the problem requires a robust understanding of the economics, social and political realities and policy formulations. 3. The final stumbling block in improving catastrophe risk profile of a developing country is the lack of connection between experts and the society at risk. This problem of disconnection is what is referred to in this paper as the problem of ‘The Last Mile’.
Inspection of endoscope instrument channels after reprocessing using a prototype borescope.

Background and Aims Visual inspection of the instrument channel has been proposed as a quality assurance step during endoscope reprocessing. However, the nature and severity of findings in a broad array of endoscopes (gastroscopes, colonoscopes, duodenoscopes, and echoendoscopes) after systemic implementation of an inspection protocol remain unknown. In addition, a study using borescope inspection in upper endoscopes and colonoscopes raised concerns about persistent simethicone residue despite full reprocessing. Methods A pilot inspection study using a prototype borescope (SteriCam Inspection Scope; SteriView Inc, San Rafael, Calif) was performed on routinely used endoscopes after high-level disinfection, manual forced-air dry of the instrument channel, and overnight vertical storage. Video recordings 1.5 to 2 minutes in duration were reviewed for visible moisture, debris, discoloration, scratches, channel shredding (scratches that result in strips or filaments of the channel lining protruding into the lumen), and visible evidence of biofilm or simethicone residue. Results A total of 97 inspections of 59 endoscopes were reviewed. The most common finding was scratches, seen in 51 devices (86%). Channel shredding was found in 35 devices (59%). Intrachannel debris was identified in 22 (23%) of the 97 inspections. No moisture was seen (0%) in the 74 inspections performed after forced-air dry and overnight vertical storage compared with moisture in 5 of 18 inspections (28%) performed after storage alone. No visual evidence of biofilm or simethicone residue was discovered despite its frequent use in our unit. Conclusion Internal defects of the instrument channel appear to occur frequently. Manual forced-air drying of the channel appears to be highly effective in eliminating moisture compared with overnight hang drying alone. Video inspection of the endoscope channel may be useful to audit reprocessing performance and to identify damaged endoscopes.
Brain accumulation of myo-inositol in the trisomy 16 mouse, an animal model of Down's syndrome

myo-Inositol and several other polyols were measured in the tissues of the trisomy 16 mouse (animal model of Down's Syndrome; human trisomy 21) and diploid controls. myo-Inositol was found to be selectively elevated in the brain of the trisomy 16 mouse. However, peripheral tissues showed no elevation. These results are consistent with the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma data reported previously on myo-inositol in Down's Syndrome subjects.
DECOMPOSITIONS OF E3 INTO CELLULAR SETS

This paper is a brief survey of results for countable, cellular u. s. c. decompositions of E3 which are topologically E3.
Transforming STEM Education through Collaborative Leadership at Historically Black Colleges and Universities.

Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) graduate significant numbers of minority students who attain advanced degrees and pursue diverse careers in STEM. Using a collaborative leadersh...
Cardiovascular CT in Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

To discuss the role of cardiovascular computed tomography (CT) in diagnosing and managing a spectrum of cyanotic congenital heart defects before and after repair and to review practical imaging considerations in patients with specific cyanotic lesions. As CT technology has rapidly advanced and radiation doses have dramatically decreased, cardiovascular CT has provided a lower-risk, high-quality alternative to diagnostic cardiac catheterization or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and has been increasingly utilized in nearly every type of cyanotic congenital heart defect. Cardiovascular CT can provide rapid, high-resolution images to aid in preoperative planning and postoperative surveillance of cyanotic heart disease. To optimize each study, protocols should be carefully tailored to specific defects and to each patient’s unique clinical and hemodynamic considerations.
Taking a Strengths-Based Approach to Address Discrimination Experiences in a Clinical Context

This chapter outlines how positive psychological practices can enhance cultural competence in a clinical context. Specifically, the chapter aims to highlight how positive psychological assessments and interventions help clients offset the effects of discrimination in building a culturally informed sense of resilience and well-being. Few traditional forms of treatment offer guidelines to help clinicians acknowledge and address discrimination experiences in a manner honoring a client’s worldview, incorporating a client’s healing traditions, and restoring a client’s sense of cultural dignity. If left unaddressed or inadequately addressed, discrimination experiences may serve as a significant barrier to the therapeutic process. Given the importance of strength-building as a mechanism to encourage and maintain cultural competence, this chapter will offer a set of guidelines, informed by empirically supported positive psychological practices, to appropriately acknowledge and address discrimination experiences in treatment. Initially, we focus on defining multicultural competence with special attention to efforts aimed at reducing the effects of discrimination within a sociocultural framework. Next, we consider different positive psychological practices and how they promote strength and resilience in the face of cultural stressors. In particular, we will focus on positive psychological assessments and how they can be used early in the treatment process to set a foundation for culturally informed strength. We will supplement this discussion by highlighting how narrative and storytelling interventions empower clients to capitalize on their strengths to face cultural stress. Finally, the chapter concludes with a call to action; we encourage mental health professionals to approach challenging discrimination experiences with a mind toward sensitive, holistic, and transformative practices. Overall, the chapter offers a strength-based process whereby clinicians can demonstrate greater multicultural competence in working with the unique identities, needs, and values of their clients.
Developing a Comprehensive and Coherent Shape Compactness Metric for Gerrymandering

Measuring the form and structure of geographic landscapes is fundamental to understanding geospatial phenomena and their dynamics. Shape compactness metrics have been extensively employed in gerrym...
Copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes of the bis{N(3)-substituted thiosemicarbazones} of phenylglyoxal and 1-phenylpropane-1,2-dione

Copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes of phenylglyoxal and phenylpropane-1,2-dione bis{N(3)-methyl-, bis{N(3)-dimethyl-, bis{piperidylthiosemicarbazone} have been prepared and studied spectroscopically. The six bis(thiosemicarbazones) have been characterized by their melting points, as well as i.r., electronic and 1H-n.m.r. spectra. The four-coordinate copper(II) complexes have been studied by e.s.r. spectroscopy, and the copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes by spectroscopic techniques mentioned above. Upon formation of these complexes, the loss of protons from each thiosemicarbazone moiety occurs, and the bis(thiosemicarbazones) coordinate to the metal centres as dianionic, tetradentate N2S2 ligands.
From Dust to dark matter

An exceptional cast continues to make His Dark Materials a spine-chillingly brilliant show. The introduction of a character who studies the secrets of the cosmos is the cherry on top, says Emily Wilson
Evidence of Epstein‐Barr virus heterogeneous gene expression in adult lung transplant recipients with post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a serious complication following lung transplant. The extent to which the presence of EBV in PTLD tissue is associated with survival is uncertain. Moreover, whether the heterogeneity in expression of EBV latency programs is related to the timing of PTLD onset remains unexplored. We retrospectively performed a comprehensive histological evaluation of EBV markers at the tissue level in 34 adult lung transplant recipients with early- and late-onset PTLD. Early-onset PTLD, occurring within the first 12 months posttransplant, had higher odds to express EBV markers. The presence of EBV in PTLD was not associated with a difference in survival relative to EBV-negative tumors. However, we found evidence of heterogeneous expression of EBV latency programs, including type III, IIb, IIa, and 0/I. Our study suggests that the heterogeneous expression of EBV latency programs may represent a mechanism for immune evasion in patients with PLTD after lung transplants. The recognition of multiple EBV latency programs can be used in personalized medicine in patients who are nonresponsive to traditional types of chemotherapy and can be potentially evaluated in other types of solid organ transplants.
Methods for Obtaining Kinetic Data to Analyze Human Motions

Abstract A kinematic and kinetic analysis of the human body in motion is presented. The horizontal and vertical forces may be obtained in any desired plane of any whole body action; however, most movements presented are limited to selected, symmetrical motions in the sagittal plane as seen from the side view. The aim of the study is the development of adequate methods of analysis through a combination of anatomical data-gathering, the obtaining of photographic records, and the proper application of mechanics. The steps necessary to obtain the magnitude of the joint forces and moments of force are presented, and general principles of motion are presented that are applicable to all whole body motions.
Kinetic studies in ethylene polymerization with ZIEGLER type catalysts. III. Transfer and exchange reactions with hydrogen and deuterium in the system Et2AlCl-TiCl4†‡§

The polymerization of ethylene with a catalyst system derived from Et2AlCl and TiCl4 was investigated in the presence of hydrogen and deuterium. Kinetic equations describing the pressure dependence of the rate of polymerization and the methyl content of the polymers are presented. IR analysis revealed the presence of 3 kinds of deuterated groups in the polymer, CH2D groups resulting from transfer reactions, as well as CHD and CD2 groups being caused by an exchange reaction involving the β-hydrogen of the growing polymer chain. From the effect of catalyst ratio on the deuterium content it could be concluded that tetravalent titanium sites, complexed with an aluminium center and probably stabilized by adsorption on the TiCl3 particles, are responsible for the exchange reaction. Die Polymerisation von Athylen mit einem aus Et2AlCl und TiCl4 erhaltenen Katalysatorsystem wurde in Gegenwart von Wasserstoff und Deuterium untersucht. Kinetische Ausdrucke zur Beschreibung der Druckabhangigkeiten von Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und Methylgehalt der Polymeren werden gegeben. Die IR-Analyse zeigte das Vorhandensein dreier verschieden deuterierter Gruppen im Polymeren an, CH2D-Gruppen, die aus Obertragungsreaktionen hervorgingen, sowie CHD-und CD2-Gruppen, deren Gegenwart durch eine Austauschreaktion mit dem β-Wasserstoff der wachsenden Kette verursacht wurde. Aus dem Einflus des Katalysatorverhaltnisses auf den Deuteriumgehalt konnte geschlossen werden, das fur die Austauschreaktion vierwertige Titanzentren in komplexer Bindung mit Aluminiumzentren verantwortlich sind, wobei diese Komplexe moglicherweise durch Adsorption an den TiCl2-Teilchen stabilisiert werden.
Black Belt Coaching and Project Outcomes: An Empirical Investigation

[This abstract is based on the author’s abstract.] The effect of coaching experience on Six Sigma project management outcomes is examined. Data collected from 140 Black Belts and 176 team members in six organizations were analyzed using descriptive stat..
Conditioning Methods, USA

Verbal conditioning as explored by American operant conditioning investigators should not be confused with “semantic conditioning,” a term used by Russian experimenters. Both “semantic conditioning” and “verbal regulation of behavior” are Russian phrases referring to experimental studies using classical rather than operant conditioning methods, and to concepts which are more obviously allied to the problem of “meaning,” or “semantic generalization,” than are present American verbal operant studies. It is clear that the object of study in the Russian laboratories is not meaning per se. Yet the nature of the work, dealing as it does with generalization and discrimination, is such that both methods and results are highly relevant to the issue of meaning as a psychological variable. In addition, the fact that physiological measures are so often used helps to broaden the base for conceptions of meaning in that possible “connections” between stimuli and externalized responses, often assumed but seldom demonstrated, can be more or less directly observed. The implications of this for a theory of meaning will be discussed in more detail in a later section.
Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) Processes

Autoregressive moving average (ARMA) processes {Yt, t = 0, ± 1, …} have played a key role as stationary models for time series observed at regularly spaced times. They constitute a very convenient parametric family, capable of exhibiting a broad range of dependence structures and marginal distributions. Well-established prediction, model-selection, and estimation techniques are also available and the asymptotic properties of the customary estimators are well understood. Continuous-time ARMA (denoted CARMA) processes play an analogous role in continuous time. Although continuous-time data is very rarely available, it is often the case that observations of a time series at discrete times can be fruitfully regarded as sampled values of an underlying continuous-time process. The continuous-time framework is very convenient for the modeling of high-frequency data and for dealing with irregularly spaced discrete-time data. Many of the problems of mathematical finance are formulated most conveniently in a continuous time setting, and in constructing more complex continuous-time models for financial data, CARMA processes also play a role. Although ARMA and CARMA processes with infinite second moments can be defined we restrict our attention here to second-order processes, for which these moments are finite. This article outlines the structure and essential properties of such processes. Keywords: time series; stationary process; ARMA process; CARMA process; discrete time; continuous time
Locating Class Cleavages in Inter-Generational Mobility : Cross-National Commonalities and Variations in Mobility Patterns

Patterns of relative inter-generational mobility among men in 23 industrialized nations are studied, particularly with reference to the Featherman, Jones, and Hauser (1975) hypothesis, which claims that underlying relative rates of mobility in industrialized nations are basically similar. The reigning model of cross-national similarities in the structure of mobility (Erikson and Goldthorpe, 1987a, 1987b) leaves a significant portion of the association between origins and destinations unexplained. This suggests that the model does not adequately tap the location of major class cleavages in some nations. A more inductive approach is adopted by fitting a scaled association model which does not make a priori assumptions about category scalings. The scale values generated by this model allow the comparison, across nations, of relative inter-class distances. Major mobility profiles are identified and shown to account for a substantial portion of the cross-national variation in the structure of association