cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Product-assisted catalysis in base-excision DNA repair

Most spontaneous damage to bases in DNA is corrected through the action of the base-excision DNA repair pathway. Base excision repair is initiated by DNA glycosylases, lesion-specific enzymes that intercept aberrant bases in DNA and catalyze their excision. How such proteins accomplish the feat of catalyzing no fewer than five sequential reaction steps using a single active site has been unknown. To help answer this, we report the structure of a trapped catalytic intermediate in DNA repair by human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase. This structure and supporting biochemical results reveal that the enzyme sequesters the excised lesion base and exploits it as a cofactor to participate in catalysis. To our knowledge, the present example represents the first documented case of product-assisted catalysis in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
Optical Properties of Nickel Oxide

The absorption spectrum of single crystal NiO has been measured in the 0.1 to 6 ev range and its reflectivity spectrum from 0.025 to 10 ev. The absorption spectrum shows a series of lines from 1 to 3.5 ev arising from internal transitions of the Ni ion. A continuous background absorption occurs in the range from 0.1 to 3.5 ev whose magnitude increases with impurity concentration. The absorption coefficient rises steeply above 3.5 ev and reaches a value of ${10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at and above 4 ev. An absorption line at 0.24 ev is found to be temperature sensitive in both intensity and frequency in the range above 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Its behavior suggests that it is connected with the antiferromagnetic ordering. The reststrahlen spectrum was observed with the following parameters: high- and low-frequency dielectric constants 5.4 and 12, respectively; energies of longitudinal and transverse optical mode vibrations are 0.076 and 0.044 ev, respectively.
LXIII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—XVII

(1913). LXIII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—LV. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 12, No. 72, pp. 505-514.
Characteristics of Preheated Bio-Oil Sprays Produced by an Air-Blast Injector

In this study the vegetable oil (VO) is preheated to reduce the kinematic viscosity, and thus, improve atomization. A commercial air-blast atomizer is used to produce the VO spray at ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. Characteristics of the resulting spray are measured using a laser sheet visualization system and a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer system. Experiments are conducted for VO temperatures varying from 40 C to 100 C and air to liquid mass ratio (ALR) of 2.0 and 4.0. Results show a decrease in Sauter Mean Diameter with an increase in VO temperature, regardless of the ALR. Radial profiles show larger droplets migrating towards the edge of the spray and smaller droplets in the interior spray region. Results show a significant difference in distributions of mean and root mean square axial velocity profiles as the VO inlet temperature is increased for a fixed ALR. Higher VO inlet temperature and higher ALR produced a narrower spray with smaller diameter droplets and higher peak axial velocities. Overall, this study has shown that preheating VO improves atomization by producing spray with smaller diameter droplets.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Rapid and Efficient Conversion of Integration-Free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to GMP-Grade Culture Conditions

Data suggest that clinical applications of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) will be realized. Nonetheless, clinical applications will require hiPSCs that are free of exogenous DNA and that can be manufactured through Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). Optimally, derivation of hiPSCs should be rapid and efficient in order to minimize manipulations, reduce potential for accumulation of mutations and minimize financial costs. Previous studies reported the use of modified synthetic mRNAs to reprogram fibroblasts to a pluripotent state. Here, we provide an optimized, fully chemically defined and feeder-free protocol for the derivation of hiPSCs using synthetic mRNAs. The protocol results in derivation of fully reprogrammed hiPSC lines from adult dermal fibroblasts in less than two weeks. The hiPSC lines were successfully tested for their identity, purity, stability and safety at a GMP facility and cryopreserved. To our knowledge, as a proof of principle, these are the first integration-free iPSCs lines that were reproducibly generated through synthetic mRNA reprogramming that could be putatively used for clinical purposes.
Controlling the climate in your classroom.

Professors balance making chemistry a "hot" subject while controlling the chilly climate felt by women and minority students.
Educational Reform in Science and Mathematics: An Anthropological Perspective

This study illustrates the role of practicing anthropologists who seek to promote critical educational reform based on anthropological theory and ethnographic research. The analytic context is PRISM (Partnerships for Reform in Science and Mathematics), an initiative designed to improve the scientific and mathematical literacy of K-16 students in the state of Georgia. The unit of analysis is "Strategy 10," a dimension of PRISM also referred to as "The Reward Structure Committee," of which I am a member. The Committee's charge was to construct a new policy and reward structure that would advocate for and reward science and math faculty in the University System of Georgia (USG), whose work improves primary and secondary education in their respective disciplines.
Co(II)-substituted Haemophilus influenzae β-Carbonic Anhydrase: Spectral Evidence for Allosteric Regulation by pH and Bicarbonate Ion

Cobalt(II)-substituted Haemophilus influenzae β-carbonic anhydrase (HICA) has been produced by overexpression in minimal media supplemented with CoCl(2), enabling kinetic, structural, and spectroscopic characterization. Co(II)-substituted HICA (Co-HICA) has comparable catalytic activity to that of wild-type enzyme with k(cat)=82±19 ms(-1) (120% of wild-type). The X-ray crystal structure of Co-HICA was determined to 2.5A resolution, and is similar to the zinc enzyme. The absorption spectrum of Co-HICA is consistent with four-coordinate geometry. pH-dependent changes in the absorption spectrum of Co-HICA, including an increase in molar absorptivity and a red shift of a 580 nm peak with decreasing pH, correlate with the pH dependence of k(cat)/K(m). The absence of isosbestic points in the pH-dependent absorption spectra suggest that more than two absorbing species are present. The addition of bicarbonate ion at pH 8.0 triggers spectral changes in the metal coordination sphere that mimic that of lowering pH, supporting its hypothesized role as an allosteric inhibitor of HICA. Homogeneously (99±1% Co) and heterogeneously (52±5% Co) substituted Co-HICA have distinctly different colors and absorption spectra, suggesting that the metal ions in the active sites in the allosteric dimer of Co-HICA engage in intersubunit communication.
Effects of partial sleep deprivation on food consumption and food choice

Sleep deprivation alters food consumption in animals; however, little is known of the effects of partial sleep deprivation on food consumption and choice in humans. We examined 50 undergraduate students who recorded sleep quality, food consumption, and food choice in daily diaries for four days. On the second night of the study, participants were instructed to sleep for 4 h or less, which served as a partial sleep deprivation manipulation. Following sleep loss, participants reported consuming fewer calories. They also reported altering food choice following deprivation, choosing foods less for health and weight concerns. The results provide initial evidence that sleep deprivation impacts food consumption and choice, which may have subsequent health implications.
A code of ethics for robotics engineers

The future of robotics engineering is in the hands of engineers and must be handled to ensure the safety of all people and the reputation of the field. We are in the process of developing a code of ethics for professional robotics engineers to serve as a guideline for the ethical development of the field. This document contains the current version of this code and describes the methodology used in developing it.
Planning and the Self-Organization of Marketplaces:

The number of marketplaces in the United States is growing rapidly. This growth belies the long history of marketplaces and signals their reemergence as tools of planning practice. This article examines ways to plan marketplaces and how those strategies can help achieve various direct and indirect objectives of merchants, planners, and other professionals. The empirical case involves Chicago’s Maxwell Street Market and how merchants in this large, ethnically heterogeneous public market self-organized the allocation of vending space. The article concludes with implications for public participation in public service provision, planning, and community economic development.
Threshold energies for production of CH2(3B1) and CH2(1A1) from ketene photolysis. The CH2(3B1) ↔ CH2(1A1) energy splitting

Abstract By measuring the relative CO quantum yields from ketene photolysis as a function of photolysis wavelength we have determined the threshold energy at 25° for CH2CO(1A1) → CH2(3B1) + CO(1Σ+) to be 75.7 ± 1.0 kcal/mole. This corresponds to a value of 90.7 ± 1.0 kcal/mole for ΔHf2980[CH2(3B1)]. By measuring the relative ratio of CH2(1A1)/CH2(3B1) from ketene photolysis as a function of photolysis wavelength we have determined the threshold energy at 25°C for CH2CO(1A1) → CH2(1A1) + CO(1Σ+) to be 84.0 ± 0.6 kcal/mole. This corresponds to a value of 99.0 ± 0.6 kcal/mole for ΔHf2980[CH2(1A1)]. Thus a value for the CH2(3B1) ↔ CH2(1A1) energy splitting of 8.3 ± 1 kcal/mole is determined, which agrees with three other recent independent experimental estimates and the most recent quantum theoretical calculations.
Inferring invasion patterns of Lonicera maackii (Rupr) Herder (Caprifoliaceae) from the genetic structure of 41 naturalized populations in a recently invaded area

We studied the genetic structure of populations of the invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) in 41 woodlots in an agricultural landscape in a recently invaded area in southwest Ohio. Using six polymorphic microsatellite loci, we found high allelic diversity and high heterozygosity in all populations and low to moderate levels of genetic differentiation among populations. We also found significant positive correlations between geographic distance and (1) Nei’s genetic distance and (2) the coefficient of genetic differentiation (FST/(1 − FST) among all possible pairs of populations. These relationships were stronger when we tested the correlations of each of five putative source populations against the remaining non-source populations; and were especially strong when only the populations located within 30 km of each putative source were included in the analyses. Genetic analysis also revealed the existence of four distinct clusters that were not equally distributed across the study area, with high levels of admixture within populations. In particular, our findings indicate that the individuals present in six newly established populations in Darke county are made up of individuals belonging to multiple clusters, suggesting that these new populations were colonized from multiple nearby source populations. From these findings, we infer that the genetic structure of these L. maackii populations is determined by a combination of long-distance dispersal events and shorter distance diffusion from neighboring uninvaded woodlots, as well a history of multiple introductions into Ohio, and a predominantly outcrossing mating system.
Free mucosal grafts for vestibuloplasty.

Abstract Free mucosal grafts for vestibuloplasty were performed on seven dogs of mixed breed. Macroscopic and microscopic findings demonstrated that the grafts were well tolerated and that by the seventeenth day all inflammatory changes had subsided. Vascularization of the graft was complete by the tenth day. Regression was not seen in dogs observed for up to 6 months.
PATH Innovative Research on ITS Technologies and Methodologies for Multimodal Transportation Solutions

Not long after the California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) program was established, the program founders determined that a sustainable transportation system should embrace multimodal applications of ITS technologies. The PATH transit research program, benefiting from PATH'S heritage of leading research on ITS and advanced vehicle control and safety systems, investigates a wide range of advanced technologies and methodologies for improving public transportation systems. This paper provides an overview of the PATH transit research program through example projects showing the depth and breath of the program and the contributions PATH research has made to advancing state of the art transit technologies
STUDIES ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF THE SULFONAMIDE DRUGS : I. THE RELATION OFp-AMINOBENZOIC ACID TO THE MECHANISM OF BACTERIOSTASIS.

The following observations have been made which substantiate the theory that the sulfonamide drugs used in the treatment of bacterial infections exert their bacteriostatic effect by competing with the essential metabolite, p-amino-benzoic acid, for an important enzyme site on the bacterial cell. 1. p-Aminobenzoic acid was shown to nullify the bacteriostatic effect of all of the six sulfonamide compounds studied even though the drugs exhibited marked differences in chemical structure. 2. The bacteriostatic potency of each sulfonamide drug was found to be directly proportional to its ability to counteract the antibacteriostatic action of p-aminobenzoic acid. 3. In the case of each drug tested over a wide range of concentrations the minimum amount of p-aminobenzoic acid needed to prevent bacteriostasis was such that the ratio of p-aminobenzoic acid to drug was constant. 4. The linear relationship between p-aminobenzoic acid and drug was interpreted as indicating the competitive inhibition of an essential enzyme reaction by a substance chemically related to the substrate. This interpretation was supported by the fact that the equation derived on purely theoretical grounds relating drug and acid expressed the same linear relationship as that observed experimentally.
Emerging Treatment Options for B-Cell Lymphomas

As targeted therapy in B-cell lymphomas rapidly expands beyond anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, many newer types of agents are in various stages of development. During his presentation at the NCCN 20th Annual Conference, Dr. Andrew D. Zelenetz explored many of them, including the newer immunoconjugates, the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib, agents targeting apoptosis such as venetoclax (ABT-199), the immunomodulator lenalidomide, and novel immune checkpoint inhibitors such as nivolumab. To improve outcomes in patients with B-cell lymphomas, these therapies either target the tumor cells and their pathways or focus on the microenvironment and immune modulation.
Models for reasoning under uncertainty

Abstract As applied to expert systems, two models for reasoning under uncertainty (the well-known MYCIN model and a probability-based model) are described and compared. It is proven not only that the probabilistic assumptions for the probability-based model are weaker and there fore more intuitively appealing than those for MYCIN but also that, when two rules argue for the same conclusion, the combinatoric method in the probability-based model yields a higher combined certainty than that in the MYCIN model.
Effect of Additives on the Regeneration of a Dilute Absorbent

Combined heat and mass transfer processes that occur when a liquid desiccant is regenerated in an opencycle system have been investigated. The experimental setup consists of a channel where an absorbent solution flows over a heated plate and a stream of air flows over the liquid film in a counterflow arrangement. Additives were introduced to a liquid desiccant, a lithium chloride solution, and their effects on the transfer rates were studied using a two-wavelength fiber-optic holographic interferometer to determine the local heat and mass transfer coefficients from the air-liquid interface. The additives selected in this study were a surfactant, anionic sodium lauryl sulfate, and a polymer, anionic poly aery lamide. Nomenclature at = mass fraction of the /th component b = fringe thickness CA — concentration of water vapor C*A — dimensionless concentration of water vapor DAR — binary mass diffusion coefficient, m2/s D,, = hydraulic diameter, m hmx = local convection mass transfer coefficient, m/s /zv = local convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2-K
Modification of histidine at the active site of spinach ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase.

Abstract Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from spinach was rapidly inactivated by diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) at pH 7.0 and 30°C. The inactivation showed saturation kinetics with a half-inactivation time at saturating DEP equal to 0.1 minutes and KDEP = 7.4 mM. One substrate, ribulose bisphosphate, the product 3-phosphoglycerate and two competitive inhibitors protected against inactivation, thereby indicating that DEP modifies the active site. DEP-modified enzyme showed an increased absorption at 240 nm which was lost upon treatment with 0.4 M hydroxylamine. Most of the activity lost by DEP modification could be restored after treatment with 0.4 M hydroxylamine at 4°C. The results suggest that DEP modified 2 to 3 histidine residues per 70,000-dalton combination of large and small subunits. These residues are essential to catalysis by the carboxylase activity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.
Magnetoresistor linear position sensor for automotive applications

Magnetoresistors (MRs) are semiconductor devices that exhibit a change in resistance in the presence of magnetic field. Recently sensors utilizing MR devices are gaining more interest for a variety of automotive applications. This paper presents magnetic design optimization of a magnetoresistor linear position sensor. The output of the sensor is an analog voltage proportional to the linear movement of a sensed ferromagnetic target. The sensor magnetic circuit was optimized for maximum sensitivity and linearity using two-dimensional finite element analysis. The sensor final design was built and tested. A comparison between the measured and calculated performance to verify the model indicated good agreement. >
The methodology of visual field testing with frequency doubling technology in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2006.

Purpose: To describe the frequency doubling technology (FDT) methodology to measure visual field loss in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and to evaluate data reliability.Methods: Participants aged 40 years and older were eligible (n = 2,529) for 2 visual field tests per eye performed with the Humphrey Matrix N-30-5 screening test. Visual field loss was determined using a 2-2-1 algorithm requiring 2 complete tests per eye, with at least 2 abnormal field results in each test, and 1 common abnormal field.Results: Response rate was 86.2%. Time constraints were the main reason for no exam (55.6%). Median times were: single test, 37 seconds; entire exam, 9.1 minutes. When defining reliability based on ≤ 1/3 blind spots, ≤ 1/3 false positive tests, and technician noted proper fixation, 80.1% of examined adults had 2 reliable tests for both eyes; an additional 13.4% had 2 reliable tests for 1 eye. Increasing age, decreasing visual acuity, and the presence of self-reported glaucoma resulted in...
Cell mechanics: mechanical response, cell adhesion, and molecular deformation.

▪ Abstract As the basic unit of life, the cell is a biologically complex system, the understanding of which requires a combination of various approaches including biomechanics. With recent progress in cell and molecular biology, the field of cell mechanics has grown rapidly over the last few years. This review synthesizes some of these recent developments to foster new concepts and approaches, and it emphasizes molecular-level understanding. The focuses are on the common themes and interconnections in three related areas: (a) the responses of cells to mechanical forces, (b) the mechanics and kinetics of cell adhesion, and (c) the deformation of biomolecules. Specific examples are also given to illustrate the quantitative modeling used in analyzing biological processes and physiological functions.
Reliability of Multicenter Pediatric Echocardiographic Measurements of Left Ventricular Structure and Function The Prospective P2C2 HIV Study

Background To assess the reliability of pediatric echocardiographic measurements, we compared local measurements with those made at a central facility. Methods and Results The comparison was based on the first echocardiographic recording obtained on 735 children of HIV-infected mothers at 10 clinical sites focusing on measurements of left ventricular (LV) dimension, wall thicknesses, and fractional shortening. The recordings were measured locally and then remeasured at a central facility. The highest agreement expressed as an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC=0.97) was noted for LV dimension, with much lower agreement for posterior wall thickness (ICC=0.65), fractional shortening (ICC=0.64), and septal wall thickness (ICC=0.50). The mean dimension was 0.03 cm smaller in central measurements (95% prediction interval [PI], −0.32 to 0.25 cm) for which 95% PI reflects the magnitude of differences between local and central measurements. Mean posterior wall thickness was 0.02 cm larger in central measurem...
Differential reinforcement of latency (DRL) in phenylketonuric monkeys.

Fifteen rhesus monkeys with induced phenylketonuria (PKU) were compared with 12 controls in a 6-sec DRL task that was preceded by continuously reinforced (CRF) training in half of each group and followed by reward magnitude variations. No differences were found in the acquisition of the CRF or DRL behavior in the subgroups having no prior training, but PKUs that were shifted from CRF to DRL conditions persisted in making incorrect short-latency responses on the early trials of DRL sessions. This effect and a subsequent finding of inferior DRL performance by PKUs when reward magnitude was reduced were interpreted in terms of current frustration theory.
Reactive-Templated Grain Growth of Bi1/2(Na,K)1/2TiO3: Effects of Formulation on Texture Development

In this paper we report the effects of formulation on texture development for the “reactive-templated grain growth” (RTGG) of Bi1/2(Na,K)1/2TiO3 (BNKT). The solids formulation for BNKT was systematically varied by prereacting to well—defined alkali and bismuth titanates (Na2Ti3O7 (N2T3), K2Ti2O5 (K2T2), and Bi2Ti4O11 (B2T4)). Use of these precursors in different BNKT formulations determined that the amount of expansion associated with reacting dry-pressed compacts at 600−800°C could be influenced by formulation. Lotgering factors (F00l) derived from Θ/2Θ X-ray diffraction scans indicated that the formulation route strongly affected the {00l} texture development in tape-cast and sintered specimens. Prereacting alkali carbonates with TiO2 to form N2T3 and K2T2 inhibited texture development in RTGG-processsed BNKT. However, when Bi2O3 was prereacted to form B2T4, the measured F00l increased from 0.5 to 0.7.
The Future of Animal Wildlife and Its Habitat in Botswana

To conserve its wildlife, Botswana has set aside more than 17% of its total land area as game reserves, national parks, and wildlife management areas. Despite this generous allocation to wildlife, the fauna of the country is declining in both absolute numbers and species diversity. Lack of permanent water-sources in some game reserves, obstruction of fauna migration routes by cattle fences, and a poorly-developed tourist industry, are partly responsible for this decline.In a developing country such as Botswana, tourism should yield sufficient funds for the maintenance of game reserves and national parks. But currently the tourist industry accounts for less than 2% of the gross national product. Unless the industry is encouraged to flourish and expand into dormant reserves such as the Gemsbok National Park and Mabuasehube Game Reserve, animals in those sanctuaries are likely to be driven by drought into South Africa.
Data collection and restoration for heterogenenous process migration

This study presents a practical solution for data collection and restoration to migrate a process written in high-level stack-based languages such as C and Fortran over a network of heterogeneous computers. We first introduce a logical data model, namely the Memory Space Representation (MSR) model, to recognize complex data structures in process address space. Then, novel methods are developed to incorporate the MSR model into a process, and to collect and restore data efficiently. We have implemented prototype software and performed experiments on different programs. Experimental and analytical results show that: (1) a user-level process can be migrated across different computing platforms; (2) semantic information of data structures in the process's memory space can be correctly collected and restored; (3) costs of data collection and restoration depend on the complexity of the MSR graph in the memory space and the amount of data involved; and (4) the implantation of the MSR model into the process is not a decisive factor of incurring execution overheads. With appropriate program analysis, we can practically achieve low overhead.
Preparation of residents for death pronouncement: a sensitive and supportive method.

Objective: To identify factors associated with internal medicine interns' self-assessed competency in death pronouncement and to evaluate the effectiveness of a 10-minute death pronouncement module and pocket card guidelines.Methods: In June 2003 at the Birmingham VAMC, Alabama, 48 internal medicine interns completed a survey of medical school education, training, and experience in death pronouncement and a self-assessment of death pronouncement competency. In September 2003, 33 of the 48 interns completed a follow-up training/education survey and rated their post-intervention competency. Using chi-square and paired t-tests, we identified factors associated with variations among baseline and post-intervention variables and examined pre-post changes in self-assessed competency levels.Results: At baseline, less than 30% of the interns had medical school instruction in the process of death pronouncement. More than 70% reported needing basic instruction/close supervision. Post-intervention, close to 90% interns needed minimal or no assistance. Over 50% reported using pocket card guidelines. We found significant pre-post increases in mean rankings in each of the 5 self-assessed competencies (p < .001). Factors associated with differences in baseline and post-intervention assessments included medical school training/experience and use of the pocket card guidelines.Significance of results: When interns began training, most had no instruction in death pronouncement and felt unprepared for this task. With brief instruction, pocket card guidelines, and 3-months experience, the majority of interns reported needing minimal/no assistance in pronouncing death. A larger sample from multiple sites is needed to confirm these findings.
Teacher practices and perspectives for developing academic language

This study investigates the ways in which middle school teachers in the USA develop academic language in intermediate-level English learners who attend mainstream content classes. Analysis of field notes, transcripts, and student work show that (a) academic language and higher-order thinking skills are closely linked, and (b) classroom discourse patterns and activities both develop and impede language growth. The teachers used four principle communication strategies: questioning, gestures, connecting to background knowledge with examples and analogies, and personifying. The results suggest that students, despite growth in certain dimensions of cognition and language, also learn counter-productive "rules of school". This research is intended to benefit the millions of 'non-mainstream' students worldwide who struggle in schools that have been created and shaped to serve mainstream purposes.
A two‐part incentive scheme to implement productive efficiency over time

Under rate-of-return regulation the firm is not induced to minimize cost. All the incentive regulatory schemes thus far suggested in the literature have the desirable feature of inducing the firm to do so, but they either require the regulator to have full information about demand or take a number of periods to induce the firm to converge to the optimal output level. Hence they do not work well in the dynamic situation where demand and/or cost changes. In this paper a two-part negative price incentive scheme is suggested whereby the regulator will implement the subsidy scheme only if the firm charges a price higher than its unit expenditure. This scheme (1) requires limited information for implementation; (2) induces the firm to minimize costs; and (3) under certain situations leads to optimal behavior in one period. More importantly, it will continue to have the above features over time.
Bayesian Chemical Mass Balance Method for Surface Water Contaminant Source Apportionment

AbstractA Bayesian chemical mass balance (CMB) source apportionment method is developed using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach. Compared with deterministic approaches, the Bayesian method is capable of accounting for the measurement errors and the impact of variability of the source elemental compositions resulting from the heterogeneities and estimate the uncertainties associated with the estimated source contributions. The method estimates the joint probability densities and consequently, the credible intervals and correlation matrices of source contributions of various sources into a receiving water using observed elemental profiles of samples from both potential sources and the receiving surface waters. The model is applied to samples collected from possible sources and runoff and stream flow from two stream crossing sites along Highway 89 in the Lake Tahoe Basin. The contributing sources of total dissolved nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus concentrations, and microparticles (<20 μm) f...
Oligarchies in Amazonian tree communities: a ten‐year review

Th is paper revisits various hypotheses about oligarchic patterns in Amazonian tree communities put forward by Pitman et al. (2001). Together, these hypotheses predict that most lowland sites in the Amazon are located within large patches of relatively homogeneous edaphic and other environmental conditions, where an oligarchy of common, frequent tree species accounts for a majority of trees. To assess the degree to which these hypotheses have been corroborated or refuted over the last ten years, we reviewed � 200 studies published since 2001. We found overwhelming support for the hypothesis that large-scale oligarchies of common and frequent species are a common feature of Amazonian tree communities. At least 22 studies have documented oligarchies in Amazonian woody plant communities to date, and no studies have looked for oligarchies as defi ned by Pitman et al. (2001) and failed to fi nd them. We argue that six publications that off er critiques of the oligarchy hypothesis do not constitute valid tests. Th e other hypotheses in Pitman et al. (2001) – one regarding the specifi c oligarchic taxa that dominate forests near the eastern base of the Andes and one that attempts to explain why oligarchic species exist – are less well supported by the literature, in large part because they have not been subjected to many tests. We discuss links between these hypotheses and other well-known patterns and hypotheses in ecology (the abundance – occupancy relationship, the Janzen – Connell hypothesis, the niche-environment hypothesis, and the niche breadth hypothesis), and provide additional detail to facilitate rigorous tests in the future. Th e paper concludes by presenting remote sensing evidence that large patches of relatively homogeneous environmental conditions account for most of the upland forest landscape across Amazonian Peru.
Pythium Species and Isolate Diversity Influence Inhibition by the Biological Control Agent Streptomyces lydicus

Abstract Disease control of soilborne pathogens by biological control agents (BCAs) is often inconsistent under field conditions. This inconsistency may be partly influenced by pathogen diversity if there is a differential response among pathogen species and isolates to selected BCAs. The responses of 148 Pythium isolates obtained from soil at three forest nurseries and representative of 16 Pythium spp. were evaluated in the presence of Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC108 in an in vitro assay. Percent growth inhibition, inhibition zone distance, mortality, and growth rate were recorded for each isolate, and data were analyzed for effects of species and isolate. Responses of three Pythium spp. (Pythium irregulare, P. sylvaticum, and P. ultimum) were further analyzed for a location (nursery) effect. Although S. lydicus inhibited all Pythium isolates, differences in percent growth inhibition, inhibition zone distance, and mortality were observed among Pythium spp. and isolates. Small but significant location...
Aluminum mirror coatings for UVOIR telescope optics including the far UV

NASA Cosmic Origins (COR) Program identified the development of high reflectivity mirror coatings for large astronomical telescopes particularly for the far ultra violet (FUV) part of the spectrum as a key technology requiring significant materials research and process development. In this paper we describe the challenges and accomplishments in producing stable high reflectance aluminum mirror coatings with conventional evaporation and advanced Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) techniques. We present the current status of process development with reflectance of ~ 55 to 80% in the FUV achieved with little or no degradation over a year.
Rotational imaging optical coherence tomography for full-body mouse embryonic imaging

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been widely used to study mammalian embryonic development with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolutions and without the need for any contrast enhancement probes. However, the limited imaging depth of traditional OCT might prohibit visualization of the full embryonic body. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a new methodology to enhance the imaging range of OCT in embryonic day (E) 9.5 and 10.5 mouse embryos using rotational imaging. Rotational imaging OCT (RI-OCT) enables full-body imaging of mouse embryos by performing multiangle imaging. A series of postprocessing procedures was performed on each cross-section image, resulting in the final composited image. The results demonstrate that RI-OCT is able to improve the visualization of internal mouse embryo structures as compared to conventional OCT.
Parental care is beneficial for offspring, costly for mothers, and limited by family size in an egg-feeding frog

Care that parents provide to offspring often comes at the cost of other reproductive opportunities, generating parent–offspring conflict and sibling rivalry whenever there are resource shortfalls. Although these family dynamics are most often studied in birds, convergent family structures can be found in diverse lineages, including in frogs that feed their developing young with unfertilized trophic eggs. We used observations in a captive colony of the strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) to test the hypothesis that parental care is a limiting resource within families of this egg-feeding frog, and thus could generate conflicts of interest. We found that maternal provisioning was valuable to offspring: Trophic egg provisioning was positively associated with larval survival, size at metamorphosis, and postmetamorphic survival. Maternal care came at the cost of other reproductive opportunities: Females produced fewer reproductive clutches when caring for tadpoles than when dependent young were absent. Even under presumably benign captive conditions, resources were limited within reproductive cycles. Tadpoles in larger broods received smaller meals, and although survival increased across brood sizes of 1–3 tadpoles, the largest broods (4 tadpoles) suffered reduced survival. Finally, older tadpoles received larger meals, a pattern consistent with the prediction that females would favor their most valuable offspring. These results suggest that relationships within O. pumilio families are constrained by resource limitation. Because of a convergent family structure coupled with substantial metabolic and natural history differences, egg-feeding frogs will provide an excellent complement to birds when addressing the causes and consequences of conflicts of interest within families.
Surgical Guidance via Multiplexed Molecular Imaging of Fresh Tissues Labeled With SERS-Coded Nanoparticles

The imaging of dysregulated cell-surface receptors (or biomarkers) is a potential means of identifying the presence of cancer with high sensitivity and specificity. However, due to heterogeneities in the expression of protein biomarkers in tumors, molecular imaging technologies should ideally be capable of visualizing a multiplexed panel of cancer biomarkers. Recently, surface-enhanced Raman-scattering (SERS) nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted wide interest due to their potential for sensitive and multiplexed biomarker detection. In this review, we focus on the most recent advances in tumor imaging using SERS-coded NPs. A brief introduction of the structure and optical properties of SERS NPs is provided, followed by a detailed discussion of key imaging issues such as the administration of NPs in tissue (topical versus systemic), the optical configuration and imaging approach of Raman imaging systems, spectral demultiplexing methods for quantifying NP concentrations, and the disambiguation of specific versus nonspecific sources of contrast through ratiometric imaging of targeted and untargeted (control) NP pairs. Finally, future challenges and directions are briefly outlined.
Carbon isotopic composition, gas exchange, and growth of three populations of ponderosa pine differing in drought tolerance

Effects of water supply on gas exchange, carbon isotopic composition, and relative growth rate were compared among seedlings from three populations of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) grown in a controlled environment chamber. The three populations were chosen to represent high, moderate and low drought tolerance. There was no indication that drought tolerance was related to high water-use efficiency. Populations differed (P 0.10) in gas exchange variables or carbon isotope ratio (delta(13)C). Well-watered seedlings had significantly higher RGR, xylem pressure potential (Psi(xpp)), net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance to water vapor (g), and lower delta(13)C and instantaneous water-use efficiency than water-stressed seedlings. With decreasing Psi(xpp), A decreased linearly, whereas g decreased exponentially. Seedlings of the highly drought-tolerant population were more sensitive to water availability than seedlings from the other populations; they used water quickly when water was available, but closed their stomata in response to water stress. We conclude that, in ponderosa pine, the drought avoidance mechanism is more important for survival and growth in arid and semiarid environments than the efficient use of water.
Plasma prolactin and progesterone during the estrous cycle in the mouse.

SummaryThe concentrations of prolactin and progesterone in plasma of Line C mice during different stages of the estrous cycle were measured by radioimmunoassay. During the afternoon of proestrus, prolactin rose to a peak concentration at 1900 hr. The pattern of progesterone consisted of two major surges, beginning during the late afternoon of proestrus and the morning of metestrus.The author is indebted to Mr. Jerome J. Cymerman for assistance with the vaginal smears and to Dr. Y. N. Sinha for providing the materials for the radioimmunoassay of mouse prolactin.
FLECAINIDE TOXICITY MIMICKING INCESSANT VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

Flecainide is a Vaughan-Williams Class 1c antiarrhythmic drug indicated for use in pharmacologic cardioversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation and other supraventricular tachycardias in patients without structural heart disease. However, flecainide has a narrow therapeutic
Termites Modify Building Codes

Forty-two species of termites are widely distributed throughout the United States and, due to the fact that the untreated woodwork of buildings is often directly in contact with the ground, termite damage to buildings throughout Eastern United States, the Gulf States, Southwest, Central West and Pacific Coast is serious. The only effective permanent preventive and remedy is the proper construction of buildings. Insulation of all untreated woodwork from contact with the ground and termite shields will protect against subterranean termites, whereas against the nonsubterranean termites the interior woodwork and furniture must be impregnated with chemical preservatives. In Honolulu, Hawaii, a million dollars is the annual damage to buildings done by termites. This city has recently adopted a building code containing 14 points relating to termite control; 80% of the frame buildings in New Orleans have been damaged by termites and 50% of the business buildings at Pasadena, Calif., some dangerously. Slightly modified building codes for the entire west coast, from Seattle to San Diego, are being considered. The aim of the Bureau of Entomology is standardized, uniform, modified building codes for all the regions where termite damage is serious.
Analysis of physical meaning of reactive power and apparent power

The physical meaning of apparent power and reactive power is studied and analyzed though they are reasonably defined in sinusoidal conditions.It is pointed out that,even in sinusoidal conditions,their common physical interpretation is quite confusing and misleading.Its influence should be banished from the field of electrical engineering.
Analysis of epidemiological status and risk factors of diabetes mellitus among floating population in Hainan Province

Objective To know the prevalence of diabetes and its risk factors in floating population in Hainan Province.Methods Multistage stratified cluster sampling method was adopted to investigate the incidence of diabetes mellitus amongfloating population working in manufacturing,wholesale and retail,accommodation and catering,social services,constructionand others six major occupations in Meilan and Ding'an countries. 600 participants were surveyed by the questionnaire,physical examination and laboratory testing and the investigated data. The data was analyzed by SPSS17.0. Results Theincidence of diabetes among floating population in Hainan Province was 9.8%. The rates of abnormal blood lipid,overweightand obesity were 56.5%,18.7% and 6.0%. The rates of current smoking,drinking,excessive intake of meat,deficiency intakeof fresh vegetable and fresh fruit in recent one years were 30.0%,51.2%,72.3%,21.0% and 27.2%. The average daily static-behavior time was 4.8 hours. There was no significant difference in the incidence among floating population in differentprofessional,and different educational level. The prevalence rate of diabetes increased with age,and the incidence amongfloating population from other provinces was higher than those from Hainan Province. Static work,excessive intake of meat,deficiency intake of fresh vegetable,overweight and obesity might be the risk factors fro diabetes among floating population.Conclusion The incidence and exposure levels of risk factors of diabetes among floating population had been significantlyhigher than that of permanent residens in Hainan Province,so much attention be paid to prevention and control of the diabetes work among floating population.
Engagement with empire as norm and in practice in Kazakh nomadic political culture (1820s–1830s)

ABSTRACTThis article offers an analysis of the Kazakh nomadic political culture of the 1820s–30s with focus on two issues: (1) service and loyalty as elements of Kazakh engagement with the Russian Empire; and (2) the place in local political practice of the regional administrative offices (diwans) created for Middle Horde Kazakh nomads in 1822. While Russia’s goal was ‘bureaucratization’ and creation of ‘order’ in the steppe, in part through directing nomads to engage with the diwan and its elected Kazakh officials, Kazakh political actors variously embraced and rejected formal structures, and continued to define relevant norms and practices of governance. The analysis challenges both statist and nationalist narratives of nineteenth-century Kazakh steppe history by acknowledging the complexities of the Kazakh nomadic experience of empire-building. The ultimate purpose is to suggest new approaches for interpreting historical change throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth.
Conceptualization and Pilot Testing of a Core Competency-Based Training Workshop in Suicide Risk Assessment and Management: Notes From the Field

OBJECTIVES: As professional psychology training programs and continuing education have moved toward competency based approaches, it has become equally important to develop uniform, evidence-based approaches for suicide risk assessment and management. The present article presents a workshop curriculum based on established core competencies in suicide risk assessment and management. METHOD: Drawing on theories suicide risk formation, the workshop features an integration of didactic, process, and experiential components. We present pilot data from 2 small group workshops (n = 17): 1 from a clinical psychology doctoral program and 1 from a university counseling center. RESULTS: Workshop participation yielded increases in (a) the ability to recognize appropriate clinician responses to suicidal client statements, (b) self-perceptions of general capacity to interface with suicidal patients and mastery of the 10 core competencies, (c) factual knowledge concerning suicide risk assessment and management, and (d) the self-rated ability to assess and manage a suicidal patient. CONCLUSION: We discuss statistical and generalizability limitations as well as implications for future modification, implementation, and provision of this training method.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en