cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Security, Capital Punishment, and East Asian Democracies

The primary goal of global human security policy is not only to prevent and stop war but also to eliminate the economic, social, environmental, and political conditions that generate threats to the security of people. Since the end of World War II, the death penalty has become a major issue on the international human rights and human security agenda, and the movement to abolish it has gained significant international support. In East Asia, however, retention of the death penalty rather than abolition is the norm, despite the great variance between countries in their abolition movement. This chapter addresses the domestic variables that help explain varying stages of the anti–death penalty movement among major democracies in East Asia. Focusing on the role of domestic political conditions and institutions, this chapter seeks to address whether particular domestic factors are likely to help or hinder the norm’s effectiveness.
Short-term comparative outcomes associated with the use of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists in patients undergoing coronary intervention.

Background:Platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists reduce the occurrence of death, myocardial infarction (MI) and urgent revascularization among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Despite a similar mechanism of platelet inhibition, the three currently approved agents vary widely in cost. Purpose: The purpose of this prospectively designed, retrospective analysis was to determine clinical outcomes for patients receiving abciximab, tirofiban or eptifibatide as adjunctive therapy during PCI at a single center. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in outcomes during hospitalization following PCI in patients receiving tirofiban or eptifibatide compared with those patients who received abciximab. Outcomes examined included in-hospital mortality, hemorrhagic procedural complications, need for recatheterization, peak creatine kinase following intervention and length of hospital stay (LOS). Results: Two hundred and sixty seven consecutive patients in whom GP IIb/IIIa antagonist therapy was initiated in the catheterization laboratory for PCI were analyzed. Abciximab-treated patients were more likely to be undergoing primary (p<0.001) and rescue (p=0.022) PCI and to have received fibrinolytic therapy (p=0.013) when compared to patients receiving tirofiban or eptifibatide. There were no significant differences between abciximab- and non abciximab-treated patients in either the primary PCI or non primary PCI groups in any of the studied endpoints. In patients undergoing primary PCI, abciximab-treated patients when compared with non abciximab-treated patients exhibited a trend toward an increase in hospital LOS (7.8±7.0 d vs 6.2±3.9, p=0.19) and in the frequency of hemmorhagic complications (22.1% vs 5.3%, p=0.11). In patients not receiving fibrinolytic therapy, abciximab-treated patients experienced a trend toward increased hemmorhagic complications following PCI when compared to non abciximab-treated patients (10.2% vs 6.0%, p=0.28). Complications distant from the vascular access site comprised 62.5% of hemmorhagic complications in the abciximab-treated group, but only 20% of the complications in the non-abciximab treated population (p<0.001). These data suggest no differences in acute outcomes between groups of patients receiving abciximab or other approved GP IIb/IIIa antagonists highlighting a potential significant cost saving. These data will require interpretation following the publication of comparative trials.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF BILE: LIPID SOLUBILITY

Bile is a weakly alkaline, transparent, single-phase liquid, admixed with a highly hydrated glycoprotein gel, colored by a variety of lipopigments and containing substantial quantities of organic as well as inorganic solutes in both colloidal and true solution. Notwithstanding the pivotal role played by bile in the hepatic excretory function of both soluble and sparingly soluble lipids our knowledge of the physical-chemistry of natural bile remains miniscule (1). Recent advances in our understanding of lipid solubility in bile has resulted entirely from systematic phase equilibria studies of model bile systems composed of the principal lipids, bile salts, lecithin and cholesterol in aqueous solvent (2–5). These investigations have clearly established that the micellar behavior of mixtures of three major biliary lipids is central to the mechanism of cholesterol and lecithin solubility in bile (5–7) and to the formation of cholesterol gallstones (5–8).
The Role of Landscape Boundaries in the Management and Restoration of Changing Environments: Introduction

Much previous ecological research has dealt with processes within relatively homogeneous landscape units or even the collective characteristics of a composite landscape. Now, however, there is an appreciation that abiotic and biotic components move through heterogeneous landscapes and that the boundaries between these landscape units take on important control functions in such dynamic spatial systems. Also, landscape boundaries (ecotones) are important for satisfying life-cycle needs of many organisms, and generally are characterized by high biological diversity. This symposium, building on two small conferences in 1988, includes presentations on the characteristics of ecotones, how ecotones respond to environmental change, and the ways in which ecotones can be most appropriately managed.
K + Decay in Flight

From a sample of ${10}^{5}$ ${K}^{+}$ decays in flight the following branching ratios were obtained: ${K}_{\ensuremath{\mu}2}=(63.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.44)%$, ${K}_{\ensuremath{\pi}2}=(21.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.28)%$, $\ensuremath{\tau}({K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})=(5.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20)%$, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{'}}({K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})=(1.84\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06)%$, ${K}_{\ensuremath{\mu}3}(3.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16)%$, and ${K}_{e3}=(4.86\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10)%$. The phase-space distributions for three-body semileptonic modes were studied in detail from a second sample of ${10}^{5}$ decays. For 4017 ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{e}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}$ events, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{+}=0.029\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.011$. Limits on scalar and tensor form factors of $|\frac{{f}_{S}}{{f}_{+}}|l0.13$ and $|\frac{{f}_{T}}{{f}_{+}}|l0.75$ (90% confidence) were obtained. For ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}$ a parametrized fit to 3900 events assuming ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{+}={\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{-}}=+0.030$ gave $\ensuremath{\xi}=\ensuremath{-}0.09\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.28$.
Proficiency-based training and credentialing can improve patient outcomes and decrease cost to a hospital system

Abstract Background While proficiency-based robotic training has been shown to enhance skill acquisition, no studies have shown that training leads to improved outcomes or quality measures. Methods Board-certified general surgeons participated in an optional proficiency-based robotic training curriculum and outcomes from robotic hernia cases were analyzed. Multivariable analysis was performed for operative times to adjust for patient and surgical variables. Results Six out of 16 (38%) surgeons completed training and 210 robotic hernia cases were analyzed. Longer operative times were associated with bilateral repairs (observed-to-expected operative time ratio [OTR] = 1.41, p Conclusions A structured proficiency-based robotics training curriculum is an effective way to reduce operative times and costs.
Psychiatric, Epigenetic, Legal, and Public Health Challenges Facing Refugee Children: An Integrated Approach

This article is a companion to the March 23, 2018, Quinnipiac Law Review symposium of the same title. Both article and symposium assess epigenetic inheritance in the context of the refugee experience and posit legal, social, and clinical responses to this potentially multi-generational crisis. Part I of this article contextualizes the worldwide refugee crisis. Part II assesses the legal challenges facing refugee children. Part III discusses the neurological challenges facing refugee children and the potential for epigenetic inheritance. Part IV discusses the mental health needs of refugee children and suggests clinical Interventions for the children and families. Part V offers concluding observations.
BLoc: CSI-based accurate localization for BLE tags

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) tags have become very prevalent over the last decade for tracking applications in homes as well as businesses. These tags are used to track objects, navigate people, and deliver contextual advertisements. However, in spite of the wide interest in tracking BLE tags, the primary methods of tracking them are based on signal strength (RSSI) measurements. Past work has shown that such methods are inaccurate, and prone to multipath and dynamic environments. As a result, localization using Wi-Fi has moved to Channel State Information (CSI, includes both signal strength and signal phase) based localization methods. In this paper, we seek to investigate what are the challenges that prevent BLE from adopting CSI based localization methods. We identify fundamental differences at the PHY layer between BLE and Wi-Fi, that make it challenging to extend CSI based localization to BLE. We present our system, BLoc, that incorporates novel, BLE-compatible algorithms to overcome these challenges and enable an accurate, multipath-resistant localization system. Our empirical evaluation shows that BLoc can achieve a localization accuracy of 86 cm with BLE tags, a 3X improvement over a state-of-the-art baseline.
Genome-Wide Screening for Enteric Colonization Factors in Carbapenem-Resistant ST258 Klebsiella pneumoniae.

ABSTRACT A diverse, antibiotic-naive microbiota prevents highly antibiotic-resistant microbes, including carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-Kp), from achieving dense colonization of the intestinal lumen. Antibiotic-mediated destruction of the microbiota leads to expansion of CR-Kp in the gut, markedly increasing the risk of bacteremia in vulnerable patients. While preventing dense colonization represents a rational approach to reduce intra- and interpatient dissemination of CR-Kp, little is known about pathogen-associated factors that enable dense growth and persistence in the intestinal lumen. To identify genetic factors essential for dense colonization of the gut by CR-Kp, we constructed a highly saturated transposon mutant library with >150,000 unique mutations in an ST258 strain of CR-Kp and screened for in vitro growth and in vivo intestinal colonization in antibiotic-treated mice. Stochastic and partially reversible fluctuations in the representation of different mutations during dense colonization revealed the dynamic nature of intestinal microbial populations. We identified genes that are crucial for early and late stages of dense gut colonization and confirmed their role by testing isogenic mutants in in vivo competition assays with wild-type CR-Kp. Screening of the transposon library also identified mutations that enhanced in vivo CR-Kp growth. These newly identified colonization factors may provide novel therapeutic opportunities to reduce intestinal colonization by CR-Kp. IMPORTANCEKlebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of bloodstream infections in immunocompromised and hospitalized patients, and over the last 2 decades, some strains have acquired resistance to nearly all available antibiotics, including broad-spectrum carbapenems. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has listed carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CR-Kp) as an urgent public health threat. Dense colonization of the intestine by CR-Kp and other antibiotic-resistant bacteria is associated with an increased risk of bacteremia. Reducing the density of gut colonization by CR-Kp is likely to reduce their transmission from patient to patient in health care facilities as well as systemic infections. How CR-Kp expands and persists in the gut lumen, however, is poorly understood. Herein, we generated a highly saturated mutant library in a multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae strain and identified genetic factors that are associated with dense gut colonization by K. pneumoniae. This study sheds light on host colonization by K. pneumoniae and identifies potential colonization factors that contribute to high-density persistence of K. pneumoniae in the intestine.
Science and Art for Visually Handicapped Children.

Describes the design, adaptation, and evaluation of a special program of Laboratory Science, Art, and Music for elementary school blind children. The program lends itself to educating blind childre...
Responding to Intimate Partner Violence: Urban Women's Decisions About Getting Personal Protection Orders When Other Resources are Scarce

Intimate partner violence continues to be a widespread and serious problem. African American women experience a high lifetime prevalence of physical intimate partner violence, but resources for them are often scarce. This mixed-methods analysis of telephone survey responses found that women who were African American, had less education, and were dissatisfied with criminal justice responses to an abusive incident were less likely to seek personal protection orders (PPOs). The qualitative analysis showed that many women did not seek POs because their assessment of their partners indicated it was not needed or increased risk. Practical obstacles in obtaining orders were noteworthy.
Quantitative proteome analysis of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma by laser capture microdissection, stable isotope labeling and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

400 Quantitative proteome analysis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma was performed by using laser capture microdissection (LCM) and mass spectrometry. LCM allowed for the one-step procurement of homogeneous populations of normal/tumor epithelial cells from tissue sections. The protein expression profiles of dissected normal/cancer cells were examined using a quantitative proteomics approach based on stable isotope labeling and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Both protein extracts were reduced, alkylated and digested with trypsin. The resulting peptides were labeled with iTRAQ 114 and 117 reagents, respectively. Both labeled peptides were then combined and analyzed simultaneously by nanoflow LC-QTOF MS for protein identification and quantitation. A total of 115 proteins were found to be differentially expressed, including 37 up-regulated (1.2-3 fold change) and 78 down-regulated (1.2-4 fold change) proteins in human tongue cancer tissue. A number of proteins altered at their expression levels were found to be tumor- or cell cycle-associated. Additional normal/cancer subjects are currently being examined to search for proteins that are significantly differentially expressed. These tumor-related proteins hold the potential to be diagnostic biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets of this specific cancer. Supported by PHS grants RO1-DE15970 and UO1- DE016275.
Kinetically Controlled Low-Temperature Solid-StateMetathesis of Manganese Nitride Mn 3 N 2

The synthesis of inorganic metal nitrides poses a challenge due to the low reactivity of N2 gas at low temperatures, yet entropy driven formation of N2 gas at high temperatures. In contrast, synthe...
Achromatic Metalenses Based on Inverse-Designed Random Meta-Atoms

We present a new type of achromatic metalenses consisting of inversely designed random-shaped meta-atoms. The inverse design algorithm makes the designs not limited to human cognitive capabilities.
Chemical Gardens as Electrochemical Systems: In Situ Characterization of Simulated Prebiotic Hydrothermal Vents by Impedance Spectroscopy.

In an early earth or planetary chimney systems, hydrothermal fluid chemistry and flow durations play a large role in the chimney's ability to drive electrochemical reactions for the origin of life. We performed continuous electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) characterization on inorganic membranes representing prebiotic hydrothermal chimney vents in natural seafloor systems, by incorporating an electrode array into a chimney growth experiment. Localized potential and capacitances profiles in the chimney reveal a dynamic system where redox processes are driven by transport phenomena, increasing rapidly due to disequilibrium until achieving equilibrium at about 100 mV and 1000 μF/cm2 . The impedance in the chimney interior is three orders of magnitude lower (100 Ohms/cm2 vs 100 KOhms/cm2 ) than at the ocean or the ocean/chimney interface. The calculated peak dissipation factor (DF) values are more than ten times higher (40.0 vs 3.0) and also confirm the elevated chemical reactivity in the chimney interior.
“If You Can Read, You Can Write, or Can You, Really?”

The popular literary culture that emerged in the late 1990 s depended on a number of interdependent factors that formed a unique media ecology—book clubs (actual, online, televisual) literary bestsellers, Amazon.com, high-concept adaptation films, “superstore” bookstore chains, etc. The reading cultures generated by that media ecology were unified by certain overarching values, none more significant than the empowerment of amateur readers who were driven by the conviction that passionate reading was equal, if not superior to the bloodless close reading of professionalized readers. While the latter required a long apprenticeship, the former was guided by a self-imaging process that was fueled by a reading advice industry that provided confidence-building measures to validate that reading. The empowerment of readers depended on knowing where to look for both expertise and validation. Or, to put it another way, quality reading depended less on native intelligence, or a university education, and more on the ability to search and filter. Many of the factors that led to a fundamental recalibration of the relationship between amateur and professionalized reading have also changed the relationship between amateur and professional writing. I want to focus on the deeply conflicted perspectives concerning how the craft of writing is taught, or even can be taught, that have emerged over the past year in North American Literary cultures, in three contemporary novels, Tommy Orange’s There There (2018), Sigrid Nunez’s The Friend (2018) and Ocean Vuong’s On Earth We are Briefly Gorgeous (2019).
Natural Language Processing of Clinical Notes to Identify Mental Illness and Substance Use Among People Living with HIV: Retrospective Cohort Study

Background: Mental illness and substance use are prevalent among people living with HIV and often lead to poor health outcomes. Electronic medical record (EMR) data are increasingly being utilized for HIV-related clinical research and care, but mental illness and substance use are often underdocumented in structured EMR fields. Natural language processing (NLP) of unstructured text of clinical notes in the EMR may more accurately identify mental illness and substance use among people living with HIV than structured EMR fields alone. Objective: The aim of this study was to utilize NLP of clinical notes to detect mental illness and substance use among people living with HIV and to determine how often these factors are documented in structured EMR fields. Methods: We collected both structured EMR data (diagnosis codes, social history, Problem List) as well as the unstructured text of clinical HIV care notes for adults living with HIV. We developed NLP algorithms to identify words and phrases associated with mental illness and substance use in the clinical notes. The algorithms were validated based on chart review. We compared numbers of patients with documentation of mental illness or substance use identified by structured EMR fields with those identified by the NLP algorithms. Results: The NLP algorithm for detecting mental illness had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 98% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 98%. The NLP algorithm for detecting substance use had a PPV of 92% and an NPV of 98%. The NLP algorithm for mental illness identified 54.0% (420/778) of patients as having documentation of mental illness in the text of clinical notes. Among the patients with mental illness detected by NLP, 58.6% (246/420) had documentation of mental illness in at least one structured EMR field. Sixty-three patients had documentation of mental illness in structured EMR fields that was not detected by NLP of clinical notes. The NLP algorithm for substance use detected substance use in the text of clinical notes in 18.1% (141/778) of patients. Among patients with substance use detected by NLP, 73.8% (104/141) had documentation of substance use in at least one structured EMR field. Seventy-six patients had documentation of substance use in structured EMR fields that was not detected by NLP of clinical notes. Conclusions: Among patients in an urban HIV care clinic, NLP of clinical notes identified high rates of mental illness and substance use that were often not documented in structured EMR fields. This finding has important implications for epidemiologic research and clinical care for people living with HIV.
Reduced rank multinomial logistic regression in Markov chains with application to cognitive data.

Finite Markov chains are useful tools for studying transitions among health states; these chains can be complex consisting of a mix of transient and absorbing states. The transition probabilities, which are often affected by covariates, can be difficult to estimate due to the presence of many covariates and/or a subset of transitions that are rarely observed. The purpose of this article is to show how to estimate the effect of a subset of covariates of interest after adjusting for the presence of multiple other covariates by applying multidimensional dimension reduction to the latter. The case in which transitions within each row of the one-step transition probability matrix are estimated by multinomial logistic regression is discussed in detail. Dimension reduction for the adjustment covariates involves estimating the effect of the covariates by a product of matrices iteratively; at each iteration one matrix in the product is fixed while the second is estimated using either standard software or nonlinear estimation, depending on which of the matrices in the product is fixed. The algorithm is illustrated by an application where the effect of at least one Apolipoprotein-E (APOE) gene ϵ 4 allele on transition probability is estimated in a Markov Chain that includes adjustment for eight covariates and focuses on transitions from normal cognition to several forms of mild cognitive impairment, with possible absorption into dementia. Data were drawn from annual cognitive assessments of 649 participants enrolled in the BRAiNS cohort at the University of Kentucky's Alzheimer's Disease Research Center.
Wind Resource Assessment and Wind Turbine Selection in Islands of South China Sea

According to the demand of the development of wind power and the development and construction of islands in South China Sea,the meteorological observation data of 6 islands were investigated for the wind resource assessment and wind turbine selection,including Dongsha Islands,Xisha Islands,Nansha Islands,etc. The two-parameter Weibull distribution was utilized to assess wind power resource for each station. The capacity factors of wind turbines were estimated according to the wind pow er output characteristics curves of several small wind turbines. Combined with the Peak over threshold approach based on generalized Pareto extreme value distribution model,this paper estimated the extreme wind speed of 50-year recurrence interval,w ith using maximum likelihood estimation method. The analysis results show that: both the wind resource and extreme wind speed have obvious regional features in South China Sea. The wind resource of Dongsha Islands and Renjuntang are the highest while the wind resources in Yongxing,Shanhu,Taiping,and Nanzi Islands are much poorer. In addition,since tropical cyclones tend to occur in the higher latitude,the extreme wind speed of 50-year recurrence interval in Renjuntang Island in the southern of South China Sea is 35 m / s and much lower than that of other Islands.
Contextualizing dispersoid evolution within the microstructure of MA956 using ion irradiation

Abstract Determining the microstructure evolution of oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloys is important for predicting the safety and structural integrity of fast reactors. In particular, understanding the co-evolution of dispersoids with the dislocation loops and network is critical for a comprehensive understanding of the microstructure response to radiation. Ion irradiations were performed on oxide dispersion strengthened MA956 with 5 MeV Fe++ ions from 400 to 500 °C at doses ranging from 50 to 200 dpa. Characterization was performed primarily with scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to investigate the Y-Al-O dispersoids, voids and dislocations. Regardless of temperature, the dispersoids increased in diameter and decreased in number density, which was attributed to an Ostwald coarsening mechanism supported by calculations of the radiation enhanced diffusion and ballistic dissolution. MA956 demonstrated excellent void swelling resistance and did not form voids except at 450 °C, 200 dpa where voids nucleated upon dispersoids. The dislocation loop diameter was highest at 500 °C followed by 400 °C then 450 °C while number density tended to decrease with dose. The dislocation behavior was explained as a function of the evolving defect kinetics, utilizing rate theory to calculate point defect concentrations and the increasing diffusivity of vacancies. At 400 °C, the interstitials had high enough diffusivity to nucleate new loops but vacancies remained relatively immobile. At 450 °C, vacancies are able to annihilate interstitials due to non-negligible mutual recombination causing the decreased number density of loops. At 500 °C, vacancy and interstitials are both mobile where the interstitials coalesce to form larger loops and vacancies provide a pathway for solutes diffusing to and from dispersoids.
Mammalian smooth muscle differentiation: origins, markers and transcriptional control.

Three principal muscle types have evolved in essentially all vertebrate species to carry out functions related to cellular contraction. Traditionally, the three muscle types — cardiac, skeletal and smooth — have been distinguished by their unique structural and functional attributes. In recent years, great strides have been made with respect to the molecular characteristics of each muscle type and the regulatory pathways and factors governing muscle cell lineage determination and differentiation. This is especially true with skeletal and cardiac muscle where several transcription factors have been assigned critical roles in orchestrating developmental programmes unique to these two sarcomeric muscle types. The myogenic regulatory factors in skeletal muscle (myf5, MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4) have, indeed, formed the basis of a paradigm of cellular differentiation (Olson 1990). This paradigm has subsequently been extended to cardiac muscle where related transcription factors (e.g., dHAND) have been cloned and shown, through genetic means, to be essential for normal cardiogenesis (Olson and Srivastava 1996). The relative ease in which progress has been made with the two sarcomeric muscle types probably reflects their wellcircumscribed points of origin and their terminal differentiation.
Development of a ReaxFF reactive force field for Si/Ge/H systems and application to atomic hydrogen bombardment of Si, Ge, and SiGe (100) surfaces

Abstract A new reactive force field was developed for use in molecular dynamics simulations of chemical systems composed of silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), and hydrogen (H) with the ReaxFF code. The development incorporated Ge into the ReaxFF family of reactive potentials by fitting against a diverse training set of DFT data that pertain to Si/Ge/H bonding environments. The predictive capacity of the force field was manifested in molecular dynamics simulations of the H atom bombardment of the (100) surface of c-Si, c-Ge, and c-SiGe crystalline solid slabs in order to simulate the effects of the H-plasma semiconductor cleaning process in the near-surface region. Phenomena related to surface and subsurface H adsorption, H2 generation, and surface etching were described and compared in relation to material composition and the kinetic energy of the impinging atoms.
The Governance of the IMF: The Need for Comprehensive Reform

This article argues that IMF's current governance arrangements suffer from being non responsive to key stakeholders, lack of accountability, non-representative decision making, lack of transparency, and poorly defined relations with other international organizations. These deficiencies have arisen because the IMF has failed to adapt its decision-making structure and procedures to its changing functions and role in the global economy. They have caused distortions in the IMF's relations with its member states, with non-state actors, and with other international organizations and problems with some of the IMF's interpretations of its articles. The article argues that the IMF cannot perform effectively until it corrects these problems in its governance and these distortions in its relations with its key stakeholders. It also includes a set of short, medium and long term reform proposals that, if adopted by the IMF, would make its decision-making procedures more compatible with its current functions and changed relations with its member states. They will also ensure that the IMF's own governance and decision making arrangements conform to the principle of good governance-transparency, predictability, participation, reasoned decision making, and accountability - that are applicable to all public institutions at both the national and international level.
A hybrid FDTD-transfer matrix method applicable to adiabatic photonic simulation

This paper reports on an algorithm that permits the efficient optical simulation of adiabatic photonic structures with the accuracy of FDTD1. Using a transfer matrix method we divide the simulation window into modular blocks, which can then be cascaded yielding the final result. Sequential time-domain simulation of each block provides a linear speed-up as well as a memory advantage when compared to performing an FDTD simulation for the entire device. Furthermore, the method also allows for temporal parallelization in addition to the spatial parallelizability inherent to FDTD.
Targeting the Distal Lung in Asthma

Inflammation of the distal lung, which consists of the small airways (internal diameter <2mm) and alveolar tissue, is an important feature of the asthma clinical syndrome comprising airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness and bronchodilator-responsive expiratory airflow limitation. Support for this assertion is derived from histologic studies which have demonstrated evidence of inflammation in this anatomic compartment, along with additional studies, which have elucidated the radiologic and physiologic correlates of distal lung inflammation. Delivering inhaled drugs to this area is challenging and is dependent on a number of drug-and delivery device-related factors, as well as on a patient’s inhaler technique and bronchial anatomy. Newer chlorofluorocarbon-free formulations of inhaled corticosteroids such as hydrofluoroalkane propelled metered-dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers appear to have certain advantages with regard to drug delivery that facilitate improved drug delivery to the distal lung. Mounting evidence indicates that recognition and treatment of distal lung inflammation may be key components of appropriate asthma pharmacotherapy.
A Jeffersonian Republic by Hamiltonian Means: Values, Constraints & Finance in an Authentic American Ownership Society

This article, the second in a trilogy, interprets American ownership-spreading programs past and present under the aspect of a comprehensive theory of "the American ownership society" (OS) developed in its predecessor article, titled Whose Ownership? Which Society? It also identifies what appears to be a significant gap in our efforts to become a comprehensive OS thus far. By early in the 20th century, we had developed and implemented a number of highly innovative and successful programs dedicated to the task of spreading human and nonhuman capital (in the form of arable land in particular) quite broadly. Since about the 1930s, however, small-parceled land has receded in importance as a form of nonhuman capital such as can underwrite productive autonomy; and we now lack the land to dole out in that fashion in any event. To complete our OS in the manner that we began to do seriously in the late 19th century, we must turn to the prospect of spreading the ownership of business firms. Our home-spreading and education-spreading programs have modernized over the course of the later 20th and early 21st centuries in tandem with the modernization of finance technologies. Our share-spreading programs have not. The article accordingly surveys and preliminarily assesses some early proposals to spread shares in firms by means analogous to those employed to spread homes and educations. In doing so it also looks ahead to its sequel, which is devoted to updating those early proposals in a manner more sober than that of the earlier proposers.
Consent and Discipline in Ecuador: How to Avoid Raising an Antisocial Child

Abstract The fear that children may grow up to become “antisocial,” or deviant, directs mothers' behaviors in Ecuador. Mothers teach children about appropriate involvement in society through their continuous engagements. Based on fieldwork with urban, middle-class mothers in Ecuador's largest city, Guayaquil, I document discipline achieved through expressions of disappointment that arise from the removal of usual reinforcements. A previously established set of positive experiences within the child's social milieu provides comparisons that make a mother's rewards or withdrawal of rewards notable to the child. This comparative frame is established through a balance between disciplining and “consenting,” where mothers acquiesce to children's demands to demonstrate the consideration one must have for others. When mothers give in to children's requests this practice itself exemplifies a positive orientation to others intended to prevent future antisocial behavior. Using ethnographic analysis I reveal the subtle dynamics that shape children's socialization in Ecuador to advance understanding of how cultural ideologies guide mothers' behaviors. With this step I offer a reconsideration of existing developmental theory on discipline. [mothering, children, socialization, practice, Ecuador]
Automated detection of EEG artifacts during sleep: Preprocessing for all-night spectral analysis

Abstract This paper describes a simple artifact detection algorithm which can be used when large amounts of EEG data are to be automatically processed via spectral analysis techniques in a general purpose digital computer, and visual inspection of each EEG epoch becomes an impossible task. The technique is based on a chi-square (χ2) goodness-of-fit test to a Gaussian distribution (CSQ), and it was applied to EEG epochs each 30 sec long. This test proved to be very sensitive to non-stationarities in the EEG amplitude distribution for a particular epoch, and it produced a large value for the χ2 coefficient when an artifact was present. EEG epochs that gave rise to χ2 coefficients of value larger than a heuristically determined minimum were discarded from further analysis. The above technique enabled efficient data reduction and reliable automatic off-line processing of 50 nights of sleep EEG via spectral techniques.
Misrepresenting the Accomplishments of Treatment.

The term “chronic relapsing disorder/disease” is viewed as an unfortunate shorthand expression that does an injustice to the accomplishments of treatment patients and treatment providers, and inadequately describes the findings from treatment evaluation research. Studies are reported that make clear relapse is not an inevitable consequence of substance abuse treatment, while substantial reductions in drug use and crime are routinely obtained consequent to treatment. It is past time to retire a term whose only virtue is brevity, and whose vices risk harm to a treatment population that is already stigmatized and a treatment system that is under frequent pressure. Thus, retiring this term provides the important benefit of recognizing the real achievements in behavior change obtained by treatment clients in conjunction with their service providers.
Designing a new employee orientation (NEO) system

Modern computing-intensive universities often provide a variety of computing resources to employees, ranging from simple email to complex database and development services. Each of these services demands employee knowledge and varies between institutes. Universities struggle not only to familiarize new employees with their information system services, but also to acquaint them with resources like helpdesk, web sites, and training classes that inform them about those services. We conceived a web-based New Employee Orientation (NEO) system, designed to manage the introduction of new employees to online resources. This system does not itself provide resources, but tells new employees: 1. the purpose and value of each resource, 2. Contact information and web url(s) for accessing that resource, and 3. checkboxes to show whether tasks have been completed or not. It does not direct or sequence new employee orientation, as a formal teaching course might, but supports each individual's familiarization initiatives.A pilot NEO system was developed at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), and new employees were asked to comment on its value. Over 80% of the participants found it very or extremely useful, and were definite that the system should be implemented. Having a single web-based point to manage their orientation led to a smoother and more pleasant transition to their new work environment.Many colleges and universities may be encountering similar issues in inducting new employees to the increasing variety of computing resources on their campus. The NEO approach suggests a new way to facilitate new employee orientation.
[U3(μ3‐Cl)2(μ1,η2‐AlCl4)3(η6‐C6Me6)3(][AlCl4] – ein dreikerniger UIII‐Arenkomplex

Synthese a partir de UCl 4 , AlCl 3 , C 6 Me 6 et Al par une reaction Friedel-Crafts modifiee. Chaque atome U est coordine par 6 atomes Cl et C 6 Me 6
Impact of Binge Eating on Metabolic and Leptin Dynamics in Normal Young Women

Well defined eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia are associated with significant known health risks. Although binge eating behavior is increased in unsuccessfully dieting obese women, other health implications of this common eating pattern are unknown. We hypothesized that ingestion of an entire day's calories at one time in the evening, a common eating practice among Americans, would lead to disruptions in glucose, insulin, and leptin metabolism and in menstrual cyclicity, even in healthy young women. Seven lean women without a history of eating disorders were studied on two occasions separated by one or two menstrual cycles. During one admission, they ate three regular meals plus a snack on each of 3 days. On the other admission, they ate the same number of calories, macronutrient matched to the normal diet, in a single evening meal. Glucose, insulin, and leptin were measured frequently for 12-14 h beginning at 0800 h on the third day of each diet, and an insulin tolerance test was performed while the subjects were fasting on the fourth day. Daily blood samples were obtained until ovulation was documented to assess any impact on menstrual function. Ingestion of an entire day's calories at dinner resulted in a significant increase in fasting glucose levels and a dramatic increase in insulin responses to the evening meal. The diurnal pattern of leptin secretion was altered, such that the gradual rise in leptin from 0800 h observed during the normal diet was abolished, and leptin did not begin to rise during the binge diet until at least 2 h after the evening meal. No changes were demonstrated in insulin sensitivity, follicular growth, or ovulation between the two diets. We conclude that 1) ingestion of a large number of calories at one time (binge eating) impacts metabolic parameters even when total calories and macronutrients are appropriate for weight; 2) the timing of energy intake is an independent determinant of the diurnal rhythm of leptin secretion, indicating a relatively acute affect of energy balance on leptin dynamics; 3) the mechanism of exaggerated insulin secretion after a binge meal remains to be determined, but may be related to the altered diurnal pattern of leptin secretion; and 4) as most binge eating episodes in the population are associated with the ingestion of excess calories, it is hypothesized that binge eating behavior is associated with even greater metabolic dysfunction than that described herein.
Infant visual attentiveness in relation to caregiver-infant interaction and developmental outcome

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of infant attentiveness, measured by duration of fixation of two-dimensional stimuli, to caregiver—infant interaction in the subsequent month and to future developmental status. Preterm infants who showed long fixation durations at expected date of birth were involved in less interaction with their caregivers one month later. For the female infants, verbal and social interactions were fewer and duration of visual fixation was negatively related to scores on the Bayley Mental Scale at 18 and 25 months. Male infants displaying long fixations were held responsively for less time and stressed more. For full-term neonates, who showed markedly shorter fixations, the relationship between fixation time and subsequent interaction was opposite to that for preterm infants. In summary, caregivers respond differentially to infants who vary in their sustained attention to stimuli, but this differentiation depends on the sex and birth condition of the infant.
The use of exercise testing in children to evaluate abnormalities of pacemaker function not apparent at rest.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of exercise testing in identifying abnormalities of pacemaker function and in confirming set parameters not apparent at rest in children with implanted atrial synchronous physiologic pacemakers. Maximal exercise tests were performed on 24 children (15 boys, 9 girls) from 4.5 to 18 years of age (median =15) with physiologic pacemakers. The lower rule limit was observed before or following testing in 19 of 24 cases. In each case this correlated with the set lower rate limit. The upper rate limit was readied in 10 of 24 cases and was found to be lower than that programmed in one case in which a long atrial refractory period had limited the upper rate limit. Six children reached the maximum upper rate limit to which their pacemaker could be programmed. No abnormalities of atrial capture or ventricular capture occurred during exercise testing. Ventricular sensing was normal in each case. Atrial sensing was observed to be normal in 15 of the 24 cases. Two patients had decreased atrial sensing with exercise. Reversion to the “noise rate” due to myopotential inhibition was found in seven other cases. Subsequent tests on two of these children showed normal sensing. We conclude that: (1) maximal exercise testing identifies aspects of pacemaker function not apparent at rest; decreased atrial sensing and myopotential inhibition are the problems most commonly observed; (2) maximal exercise testing is of value in confirming programmed pacemaker parameters in a population of children with physiologic pacemakers; and (3) because six children reached the maximum upper rate limit of the pacemaker, higher upper rate limits than those currently available may be optimal for pacing in children. Exercise testing is recommended in follow-up of the child with a physiologic pacemaker.
In-line UV spectroscopy of YBa2Cu3O7 MOCVD precursors

Abstract Real-time UV absorbance of YBCO MOCVD precursors was monitored in-line at the bubbler effluent using a remote fiber-optic based dual-wavelength detection scheme. A S N of 50:1 was obtained by signal averaging detector response over a one second interval. This technique provided a chemical specific measurement of extremely dilute concentrations of MOCVD source materials. In addition, several concentration transients were observed. Multi-wavelength detection (PDA/spectrograph) provided full spectral information. Bubbler efficiency of Y(thd)3 was shown to improve as system pressure was increased.
A uniqueness theorem in scattering theory

Abstract The surface of a finite not necessarily convex or connected body is uniquely defined by the scattering amplitude ƒ(k 0 , ν 0 , n) known at a fixed frequency k 0 for a fixed direction ν 0 of the incident wave and for all directions n of the scattered wave in a solid angle. This is the first uniqueness theorem with two-dimensional data for the inverse diffraction problem. Earlier the uniqueness theorem was established for the data ƒ(k, ν 0 , n) known for a ⩽ k ⩽ b , b > a , and n in a solid angle.
Microstructure control for sputter-deposited ZrO2, ZrO2·CaO and ZrO2·Y2O3

Abstract The microstructure of pure and oxide-stabilized cubic ZrO 2 has been determined as a function of the principal deposition conditions for coatings prepared by r.f. diode reactive sputtering. Broad control of crystal structure, phase composition, grain size and crystallographic orientation is obtained by appropriate selection of the target composition, substrate bias and substrate temperature. The crystal structure and phase composition obtained for coatings are compared with predictions based on the equilibrium phase diagrams. The microstructural control demonstrated in this work should make possible rapid, efficient and systematic optimization of ZrO 2 coatings for future engineering applications.