cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Veridical and nonveridical interpretations to perceived temperature differences by children and adults

This study examined responses of children and adults to a phenomenon reported initially by the philosopher John Locke: namely, that when two hands are immersed in water of a given temperature, one hand can feel warmth and the other cold. We created this effect in children and adults and compared how subjects in each age group interpreted the effect. Adults responded veridically, that is, indicating that the perceived temperature difference did not reflect a real difference in water temperature. Children, on the other hand, tended more frequently to give nonveridical responses, indicating that the felt difference signified a real difference in temperature.
Is risk-taking propensity a familial vulnerability factor for alcohol use? An examination in two independent samples.

Abstract Research indicates that increased risk-taking propensity (RTP) is associated with higher alcohol use. There is also some evidence to suggest that it is not just a state factor or ‘scar,’ but instead a vulnerability factor. If this is the case, increased RTP should be evident in healthy individuals that are at risk for alcohol use. To date, few studies have examined whether RTP is a familial vulnerability factor and thus, the aim of the current study was to test whether RTP aggregates within families and if increased RTP is evident in biological family members at risk for alcohol use. Sample 1 included 87 biological, adult sibling pairs and Sample 2 included 111 biological mother and adolescent dyads (total N = 396). All participants completed a behavioral measure of RTP and were assessed for alcohol use. Results in both samples were strikingly consistent. In Sample 1, RTP was correlated among siblings and greater frequency of proband alcohol use predicted greater sibling RTP, over and above sibling alcohol use. In Sample 2, RTP was correlated among mothers and their offspring and greater maternal alcohol use problems predicted greater adolescent RTP over and above adolescent substance use. Together, these findings suggest that RTP may be a familial vulnerability factor for alcohol use as it aggregates within families and is increased in relatives of individuals with higher levels of alcohol use.
Homogenization of multicoated inclusion-reinforced linear elastic composites with eigenstrains: Application to thermoelastic behavior

A new micromechanical approach for arbitrary multicoated ellipsoidal elastic inclusions with general eigenstrains is developed. We start from the integral equation of the linear elastic medium with eigenstrains adopting the Green's function technique and we apply an ‘(n+1)-phase’ model with a self-consistent condition to determine the homogenized behavior of multicoated inclusion-reinforced composites. The effective elastic moduli and eigenstrains are obtained as well as the residual stresses through the local stress concentration equations. The effective eigenstrains are determined either with the concentration tensors obtained here by the present model, or, more classically, with Levin's formula. In order to assess our micromechanical model, some applications to the isotropic thermoelastic behavior of composites with and without interphase are given. In particular, ‘four-phase’ and ‘three-phase’ models are derived for isotropic homothetic spherical inclusion-reinforced materials, and the results are suc...
Reengineering the Problem Solving Process (Finding Better Solutions Faster)

This article calls for reengineering the problem solving process. The goal is one of finding better solutions faster. This article also sets forth a “reengineered” view of the problem solving process, a “cover-the-bases” approach to solving problems. Included is a logic tree or algorithm that helps determine which bases to emphasize when, and a set of questions for use in covering each of the bases.
The Perception of a Face Is No More Than the Sum of Its Parts

When you see a person’s face, how do you go about combining his or her facial features to make a decision about who that person is? Most current theories of face perception assert that the ability to recognize a human face is not simply the result of an independent analysis of individual features, but instead involves a holistic coding of the relationships among features. This coding is thought to enhance people’s ability to recognize a face beyond what would be expected if each feature were shown in isolation. In the study reported here, we explicitly tested this idea by comparing human performance on facial-feature integration with that of an optimal Bayesian integrator. Contrary to the predictions of most current notions of face perception, our findings showed that human observers integrate facial features in a manner that is no better than would be predicted by their ability to use each individual feature when shown in isolation. That is, a face is perceived no better than the sum of its individual parts.
Attending to Religion and Spirituality in Group Counseling: Counselors' Perceptions and Practices

Although consensus is building that religion and spirituality are important aspects of individual counseling, there has been little exploration of these topics in group counseling. The current online questionnaire study provided a description of how 242 experienced group counselors approach religion and spirituality in group counseling. Interventions that were less active and less directly tied to religious or spiritual practices were viewed as the most appropriate. Spiritual interventions were seen as more appropriate and were used more frequently than corresponding religious interventions. Counselors reported infrequent use of religious and spiritual interventions, even when they were viewed as appropriate. Counselors’ degree of religious commitment and spirituality were positively correlated with appropriateness and use of religious and spiritual interventions. Finally, open-ended comments revealed that many counselors saw therapeutic value in discussing religion and spirituality in group counseling, but also cautioned against the negative interactions and unproductive group work that might occur as a result of such discussions.
Diagnosis of Intravascular Lymphoma by a Novel Biopsy Site

Purpose To report the first known case of intravascular lymphoma (IVL), a rare disease, diagnosed via lacrimal gland biopsy. Design Interventional case report. Participants Single patient case report. Intervention Bedside lacrimal gland biopsy. Main Outcome Measures Clinicopathologic diagnosis of IVL, a neoplasm with only a few prior reports of ophthalmic manifestations, via a novel biopsy site. Results A 70-year-old Chinese man with 6 months of progressive paraplegia complained of blurred vision in both eyes. He had unremarkable cerebrospinal fluid studies and magnetic resonance imaging that showed abnormal thoracic cord signal and periventricular brain white matter changes with a normal pituitary gland and stalk. Dilated fundus examination showed multifocal areas of intra- and subretinal hemorrhage with serous retinal detachment. The workup included serologies and 2 normal bone marrow biopsies but did not reveal the underlying etiology. Because of the continued high suspicion for a malignant process, we performed bedside transconjunctival biopsy of the lacrimal gland. This demonstrated large, atypical CD20-positive B cells confined to the vessel lumina, consistent with IVL, an unusual form of large B-cell lymphoma. Conclusions This case represents the first time that IVL has been detected via lacrimal gland biopsy, which may be a useful way to investigate cryptogenic neurologic processes. Furthermore, it is one of the only reported cases of ophthalmic IVL diagnosed before autopsy. IVL is a rare disease but has protean manifestations involving the central nervous system, skin, bone marrow, liver, and spleen. The eye should also be considered an end organ for involvement.
Rhamnose glycoconjugates for the recruitment of endogenous anti-carbohydrate antibodies to tumor cells.

Immunotherapy is a promising strategy for targeting tumors. One emerging approach is to harness the immune effector functions of natural antibodies to destroy tumor cells. Dinitrophenyl (DNP) and the galactose-α-1,3-galactose (αGal) epitope are two haptens that bind endogenous antibodies. One potential alternative is the deoxysugar L-rhamnose. We compared these candidates using a biosensor assay to evaluate human sera for endogenous antibody concentration, antibody isotype distribution, and longevity of antibody-hapten interactions. Antibodies recognizing α–rhamnose are of equal or greater abundance and affinity as those recognizing αGal. Moreover, both rhamnose and αGal epitopes are more effective than DNP at recruiting the IgG antibody subtype. Exposure of tumor cells to rhamnose-bearing glycolipids and human serum promotes complement-mediated cytotoxicity. These data highlight the utility of α-rhamnose-containing glycoconjugates to direct the immune system to target cells.
Non‐Fickian nonisothermal model for drying of polymer coatings

As a sequel to our study on experimental measurements of trapping skinning in a poly(methyl methacrylate )/acetone coating, a mathematical model of non-Fickian diffusion that predicts trapping skinning is reported here including solvent transport due to a stress gradient that develops because of coating shrinkage. The predicted solvent concentration profile shows a sigmoidal shape and a front that moves into the coating. In the nearly constant rate period, the stress relaxes near the coating surface due to short relaxation times at high coating temperature. The stress relaxation causes negative non-Fickian flux. At higher gas flow rates, the negative non-Fickian flux causes the development of a thinner layer of low solvent concentration near the coating surface and a thicker layer of high solvent concentration inside the coating. Thus, more solvent remains in the coating dried at higher flows and trapping skinning occurs.
Career Anchors of United States Air Force Information Systems Workers: A Turnover Predictor?

Companies throughout the world have been challenged by poor retention and high turnover of their information systems (IS) employees. The United States Air Force (USAF) has experienced the same trend in its IS workforce. This study measured the career anchors, job satisfaction, and turnover intention of USAF IS workers (n = 2,724) to determine if those whose job type and career anchor matched reported higher satisfaction and lower turnover intention than those whose job type and career anchor did not match. Results suggest that USAF IS workers are significantly different than civilian IS workers in what they consider important in a career. Specifically, USAF IS workers appear to place an overriding importance on job security, service, and life-style factors, but do exhibit underlying technical and managerial anchors as was discovered through an analysis of "relative anchors". Finally, results suggest that job type and career anchor compatibility alone may not be an adequate predictor of job satisfaction or turnover intention.
Three-dimensional visualization of Nichols, Hall, and robust-performance diagrams

Three-dimensional models and animations of Nichols charts, Hall charts, and robust-performance diagrams are presented. Using these models, students can visualize the implications and importance of these charts and diagrams. By viewing these animations, students develop better intuition concerning the connection between open-loop gain/phase plots, open-loop polar plots, and closed-loop frequency response.
Behavior observation system for autism: analysis of behaviors among autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children.

Summary.-The Behavior Observation Scale is being developed to objectively differentiate autistic, normal, and mentally retarded children of ages 30 to 60 mo. Operational definitions and procedures are described and frequenq data from I40 children are reported. Of 59 scale items 26 were significantly different among the subject groups. Further statistical analysis showed that to assess the diagnostic significance of a behavior both the frequency of occurrence per subject and the number of children exhibiting it must be considered concurrendy. Methodological problems encountered when attempting to establish objective diagnostic data for the syndrome of autism are discussed.
Virginia’s Iron Industry in the Civil War

Union General George Stoneman’s December 1864 raid cut a wide path of destruction in southwestern Virginia. That attack, intended primarily to disable the salt works, lead mines, and Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, also found and leveled some of the iron-making sites in the Great Valley.
Minimizing transient times in a coupled solid-state laser model†

We consider a system of ordinary differential equations modelling the dynamics of two coupled solid-state lasers. Under the dynamics, this system may execute transitions between in-phase and out-of-phase states. For satellite communications and high-speed data transfer the transition times should be reduced to their shortest possible duration. In this paper, we apply optimal control theory to find the values of various laser parameters (e.g. the amplitude of the injected field, detunings, and coupling constants) which minimize the transient times between out-of-phase and in-phase states. The effect of each parameter is shown to be independent of the other two, and the transient time is shown to be a strictly increasing function of detuning and a strictly decreasing function of the coupling constant and amplitude of the injected field. The effect of initial conditions on transient times is also analysed. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island: Implications for Phytoplankton in Coastal Waters

One indicator of health in estuarine and coastal ecosystems is the ability of local waters to transmit sunlight to planktonic, macrophytic, and other submerged vegetation for photosynthesis. The concentration of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is a primary factor affecting the absorption of incident sunlight in coastal and estuarine waters. In estuaries, CDOM concentrations vary due to changes in salinity gradients, inflows of industrial and domestic effluents, and the production of new dissolved organic matter from marine biologic activity. CDOM absorption data have been collected from a variety of waters. However, there are a limited number of measurements along the US east coast and a general lack of data from New England waters. This study characterized the temporal and spatial variability of CDOM absorption over an annual cycle in Narragansett Bay and Block Island Sound (Rhode Island). Results suggested that, in Narragansett Bay, the magnitude of CDOM absorption is related to the seasonal variability of freshwater input from surrounding watersheds and new CDOM production from in situ biologic activity. The data show that the average CDOM absorption coefficient at 412 nm was 0·45 m 1 and the average spectral slope was 0·020 nm 1 .
Dora-an environment for experimenting with compiler optimizers

The design philosophy behind Dora, an environment for experimenting with compiler optimizers, is discussed. Dora encourages the writing of reusable optimizations by using a single intermediate-language schema to represent programs for all languages, machines, and code levels. Sal, a tree-attribute language, and Tess, a tree-rewrite language, provide support in quickly writing and experimenting with optimizing transformations. The major work completed with Dora to date is described and Dora is compared with related work. >
Real-time detection of illegally parked vehicles using 1-D transformation

With decreasing costs of high quality surveillance systems, human activity detection and tracking has become increasingly practical. Accordingly, automated systems have been designed for numerous detection tasks, but the task of detecting illegally parked vehicles has been left largely to the human operators of surveillance systems. We propose a methodology for detecting this event in realtime by applying a novel image projection that reduces the dimensionality of the image data and thus reduces the computational complexity of the segmentation and tracking processes. After event detection, we invert the transformation to recover the original appearance of the vehicle and to allow for further processing that may require the two dimensional data. The proposed algorithm is able to successfully recognize illegally parked vehicles in real-time in the i-LIDS bag and vehicle detection challenge datasets.
Effects of Phenobarbital-induced Ovulatory Delay on the Follicular Population and Serum Levels of Steroids and Gonadotropins in the Hamster: A Model for Atresia

A model was developed for the study of atresia of preovulatory follicles in the hamster. The effects of ovulatory delay on the ovarian follicular population, number of ova spontaneously ovulated, and serum concentrations of steroids and gonadotropins were assessed. This model was based on earlier observations of Everett and Sawyer (1950) who reported atresia of rat preovulatory follicles after 3 or 4 days of continued postponement of ovulation with sodium pentobarbital. Cyclic hamsters weighing 90-110 g were maintained on a 14L:1OD schedule (lights on at 0500 h). Ilamsters injected s.c. with 6.5 mg phenobarbital (Phen)/100 g BW at 1300 h on proestrus exhibited 1 day of ovulatory delay. Hamsters injected with 6.5 mg Phen at 1300 h on proestrus and also with 13 mg Phen at 1200 h the next day, exhibited a 2-day delay;an additional injection of 19.5 mg Phen at 1200 h on the following day was required for 3 days of ovulatory delay. Histological examination of the ovary revealed that the diameter of antral follicles on proestrus (561 ± 12pm) increased significantly after 1 day of ovulatory delay (680 ± 11 pm). After 2 days of ovulatory delay, no significant alteration of antral follicular diameter was observed; however, on Day 3 of ovulatory delay, the original set of preovulatory follicles exhibited early signs of atresia as evidenced by degenerating granulosa cells and by pyknotic nuclei within the oocytes. Interestingly, on Day 3 of delay a new set of small-diameter antral follicles (527 ± 22 pm) was observed, indicating that as the original set of preovulatory follicles became atretic they were gradually replaced by a new set of antral follicles. Unlike the rat after 3 days of barbiturate administration, the hamster ovulated 1.5 days later. This was due to the rapid recruitment of antral follicles as the original set became atretic. The number of ova shed after 2 (17.9 ± 0.4 ova) and 3 (19.1 ± 0.6 ova) days of delay (but not after 1-day delay, 12.5 ± 0.3 ova) was significantly higher than in untreated cyclic hamsters (11.3 ± 0.7 ova). The higher ovulation rate may have been the result of recruitment of stage V follicles observed only in delayed hamsters. Injections of Phen were required at 1200 h (1 hearlier tban the first injection) to cause 2 and 3
Reversal of the Estrogen Receptor–Negative Phenotype in Breast Cancer and Restoration of Antiestrogen Response

Purpose: In breast cancer, the presence of estrogen receptor α (ER) denotes a better prognosis and response to antiestrogen therapy. Lack of ERα correlates with overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor or c-erbB-2. We have shown that hyperactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) directly represses ERα expression in a reversible manner. In this study, we determine if inhibition of MAPK in established ERα − breast cancer cell lines and tumors results in reexpression of ERα, and further, if reexpression of ERα in these ERα − tumors and cell lines could restore antiestrogen responses. Experimental Design: Established ERα − breast cancer cell lines, ERα − breast tumors, and tumor cell cultures obtained from ERα − tumors were used in this study. Inhibition of hyperactive MAPK was accomplished via the MAPK/ERK kinase 1/2 inhibitor U0126 or via upstream inhibition with Iressa or Herceptin. Western blotting or reverse transcription-PCR for ERα was used to assess the reexpression of ERα in cells treated with U0126. Growth assays with WST-1 were done to assess restoration of antiestrogen sensitivity in these cells. Results: Inhibition of MAPK activity in ERα − breast cancer cell lines results in reexpression of ERα; upstream inhibition via targeting epidermal growth factor receptor or c-erbB-2 is equally effective. Importantly, this reexpressed ERα can now mediate an antiestrogen response in a subset of these ERα − breast cancer cell lines. Treatment of ERα − tumor specimens with MAPK inhibitors results in restoration of ERα mRNA, and similarly in epithelial cultures from ERα − tumors, MAPK inhibition restores both ERα protein and antiestrogen response. Conclusions: These data show both the possibility of restoring ERα expression and antiestrogen responses in ERα − breast cancer and suggest that there exist ERα − breast cancer patients who would benefit from a combined MAPK inhibition/hormonal therapy.
Particle motion near a deformable fluid interface

Abstract The present paper reports on one aspect of our recent studies of the hydrodynamic interactions of two deformable particles in a viscous fluid. This general hydrodynamics problem represents an initial step toward a fundamental invertigation of particle/ drop or droplet/droplet interactions in processes such as coalescence and flotation where both hydrodynamic and colloidal effects may be important. Here we consider only the limiting problem of translation of a rigid sphere with constant velocity normal to the plane of an initially flat interface. The Reynolds number is assumed to be vanishingly small; however, no restriction is imposed on the magnitude of the interface deformation. A primary focus of our research has been the qualitative dependence of the mode of interface deformation on the viscosity ratio, and on appropriate non-dimensional measures of interfacial tension and the density difference across the interface. In some instances, the deformation is relatively small and a so called “film drainage” configuration is attained as the particle passes across the plane of the undeformed interface. In other cases. however, the particle passes well into the domain of the second fluid while still surrounded by a layer of the first fluid that is connected to its original domain by a thin column (or “tail”) of fluid behind the sphere. In these latter cases, the rate of thinning of the tail is greate than the rate of thinning of the fluid layer around the particle; thus suggesting a second mode of particle “breakingthrough”, in addition to that associated with the film drainage configuration.
An Empirical Investigation Of The Impact Of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act Of 2002 On Agency Costs

Drawing upon the long established stream of agency theory literature, this research investigates the effect the impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) on the moderating effect of corporate governance mechanisms on the agency problem. Significant attention has been given to the costs associated with SOX, yet there is no notable research which examines the benefits derived therefrom. The purpose of this research is to fill the void in the current literature and complement its focus on costs with a serious investigation into whether benefits are being realized from this legislation. Investigating domestic, manufacturing firms listed on the New York Stock Exchange, this research illustrates that SOX caused these governance mechanisms to effectively moderate agency conflict in a post-SOX environment for this sample when they did not do so in a pre-SOX environment. Additionally, it concludes that in a model that includes audit fees, SOX improved the effectiveness of these governance mechanisms in the reduction of agency costs more predominantly with more robust results. Therefore, this research is the first to provide evidence that there are measureable benefits that flow from the passage of SOX.
Direct effect of chronic hypoxia in suppressing large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel activity in ovine uterine arteries via increasing oxidative stress.

Key points Chronic hypoxia has a direct effect in down-regulating the BKCa channel β1 subunit and inhibiting the BKCa channel activity in uterine arteries of pregnant sheep. Oxidative stress plays a causal role in hypoxia-mediated suppression of BKCa channel function. The steroid hormone-induced effect on BKCa channels is a target of hypoxia-mediated oxidative stress. Inhibition of oxidative stress ameliorates the adverse effect of hypoxia both ex vivo and in vivo in pregnant sheep exposed to long-term high-altitude hypoxia. Our findings provide novel evidence of a causative role of oxidative stress in hypoxia-mediated inhibition of the BKCa channel activity in uterine arteries and new insights in understanding and alleviating pregnancy complications associated with gestational hypoxia such as pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Abstract Uterine arteries of pregnant sheep acclimatized to long-term high-altitude hypoxia were associated with a decrease in large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel activity. The present study tested the hypothesis that prolonged hypoxia has a direct effect in suppressing BKCa channel activity by increasing oxidative stress. Uterine arteries were isolated from non-pregnant and near-term (∼142 days) pregnant sheep, and were treated ex vivo with 21.0 or 10.5% O2 for 48 h. The hypoxia treatment significantly increased the production of reactive oxygen species in uterine arteries, which was blocked by N-acetylcysteine. In uterine arteries of pregnant sheep, hypoxia significantly inhibited BKCa channel current density, decreased NS1619-induced relaxations and increased pressure-dependent tone, which were annulled by N-acetylcysteine. In accordance, hypoxia resulted in down-regulation of BKCa channel β1 subunit, which was restored in the presence of N-acetylcysteine. In addition, the N-acetylcysteine treatment significantly increased BKCa channel β1 subunit abundance and BKCa channel current density in uterine arteries from pregnant sheep exposed to high-altitude hypoxia (3801 m, PaO2: 60 mmHg) for 110 days. In uterine arteries of non-pregnant animals, hypoxia inhibited steroid hormone-induced up-regulation of BKCa channel current density and NS1619-mediated relaxations, which were reversed by N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, the synthetic superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic EUK-134 also ablated the effects of hypoxia on BKCa channel currents in uterine arteries. The results demonstrate a direct effect of hypoxia in inhibiting the BKCa channel activity in uterine arteries via increased oxidative stress.
The Differentiated Impact of Bridging and Bonding Social Capital on Economic Well-Being: An Individual Level Perspective

Social capital refers to trust, norms, and social networks. One of the most important features of social capital is its claimed capacity of promoting economic well-being. Theorists have assumed that any such effects vary according to the nature of different types of social capital. Using longitudinal data from a nationally representative dataset, this study investigates the differentiated effects of individual bonding and bridging social capital on subsequent personal income and income-to-needs ratios. The analyses demonstrate that bridging capital, indicated by involvement in various voluntary organizations, has small but significant effects on future economic wellbeing. However, bonding capital, indicated by connections with kin and friends as reflected through social activities, various help interactions, and perceived emergency supports, does not show such an impact. These findings lend support to the theoretical assumption Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, March 2011, Volume XXXVIII, Number 1
Energy Levels of Bi 211

The gamma-ray spectrum from the decay of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{211}$ has been studied with NaI crystals (using singles, gamma-gamma coincidence, and sum-coincidence techniques) and with a germanium semiconductor detector. The energies and relative gamma-ray intensities are reported for 16 transitions in ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{211}$. The energy and relative intensity of 5 internal-conversion electron lines were measured with a precision magnetic betaray spectrometer. From the gamma-ray and internal-conversion transition energies and the gamma-gamma coincidence measurements a consistent level diagram for ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{211}$ is proposed which has levels at 404.84\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04, 766.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07, 831.83\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04, 1020\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3, 1076\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3, 1104\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2, 1188\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2, and 1265\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 keV.
THE EFFECTS OF STIMULATION OF THE LUNG STRETCH RECEPTORS ON RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS

Experiments were carried out on dogs anaethetized with pentobarbital sodium. By attaching a syringe on the side tube of the tracheal cannula the lungs were artificially inflated or deflated and the resulting changes of respiratory movements observed. Besides eliciting the familiar Hering-Breuer's reflex,the stretch stimulation of the lungs pro- duced long lasting effects on the respiratory movements:temporary deflation of the lungs produced prolonged increase of the respiratory movements,while inflation usually caused the opposite effects. The stimulating effects of lung deflation was especially evident in those animals whose respiratory center was depressed by narcotics or long experiment.Under such circumstances lung deflation could initiate normal respiratory movements(Fig.3 and 4).The stimulating effect of lung defla- tion was not due to asphyxia and was abolished after vagotomy. In anaethetized animals temporary intermittent interapulmonary negative pressure provided by artificial respiration could stimulate natural respiration or improve depressed respiration and elevate blood pressure,while temporary intermittent interapulmonary positive pressure could depress natural respiration and lower blood pressure(Fig.5). The significance of these results in resuscitation was discussed.
Toward a quantitative understanding of symmetry reduction involved in the seed-mediated growth of Pd nanocrystals.

We report a quantitative analysis of the symmetry reduction phenomenon involved in the seed-mediated growth of Pd nanocrystals under dropwise addition of a precursor solution. In addition to the elimination of self-nucleation, the dropwise approach allows for the formation of a steady state for the number of precursor ions in the growth solution, which only fluctuates in a narrow range defined by experimental parameters such as the initial concentration of precursor solution and the injection rate. We can deterministically control the growth mode (symmetric vs asymmetric) of a seed by tuning these parameters to quantitatively manipulate the reaction kinetics and thus the lower and upper limits that define the steady state. We demonstrate that there exists a correlation between the growth mode and the lower limit of precursor ions in the steady state of a seed-mediated growth process. For the first few drops of precursor solution, the resultant atoms will only be deposited on a limited number of available ...
Progressive and Regressive Equilibria in a Tax Competition Game

This article models interjurisdictional competition over nonlinear taxes on the incomes of mobile individuals. Each individual has exogenous wealth and a location preference that is drawn from a continuous distribution. We find that more concave utility of consumption functions lead to more progressive tax structures, as richer people place less value on marginal consumption relative to location. In the benchmark model, a relative risk aversion coefficient of one is the boundary between progressivity and regressivity. The exercise helps us to understand which types of jurisdictions are more likely to have progressive taxes as their optimal policies.
Gynecologic Pain in Adolescents

Gynecologic pain affects a significant number of adolescents. While the differential diagnosis for such pain is often extensive, the treatment goals are the same—to relieve pain and minimize the effect it has on an adolescent’s daily functioning, and to maximize their future reproductive potential. For management of acute gynecologic pain—such as in cases of adnexal torsion or obstructive anomalies—surgical intervention is often warranted. Pain related to more chronic processes—such as endometriosis—is treated both medically and surgically. Hormonal therapy (either combined estrogen/progestin or progestin-only) is the mainstay of medical therapy. Newer methods, such as the levonorgestrel intrauterine devices (LNG-IUD), show promise as a management option for chronic endometriosis-related pain. The LNG-IUD also provides highly effective long-acting reversible contraception, and is a first-line recommended contraceptive method for adolescents. Other etiologies of gynecologic pain may be infectious and are therefore treated by antibiotics. Providers must perform a thorough history and physical exam—with attention to patient confidentiality. Establishing a good rapport with both patients and their caregivers is crucial. Regular follow-up to assess treatment efficacy is necessary—as certain conditions may require a stepwise progression of treatment modalities for resolution of symptoms. While it is often challenging caring for an adolescent with chronic gynecologic pain, it is also extremely important and rewarding. Optimizing the gynecologic health of adolescent females will allow them to function at their full potential and lead productive, enjoyable lives.
Educating for Critical Democratic Literacy: Integrating Social Studies and Literacy in the Elementary Classroom

In Educating for Critical Democratic Literacy: Integrating Social Studies and Literacy in the Elementary Classroom, Kathryn Obenchain, associate professor of Social Studies Education at Purdue Univ...
Growth of low-loss, single-crystal YAG fiber optics

Single-crystal YAG fibers have been grown by the laser heated pedestal growth technique with losses as low as 0.3 dB/m at 1.06 µm. Scattering losses comprise about 30% of the total loss.
Braking index of isolated pulsars. II. A novel two-dipole model of pulsar magnetism

The magnetic dipole radiation model is currently the best approach we have to explain pulsar radiation. However, a most characteristic parameter of the observed radiation, the braking index ${n}_{\text{obs}}$, shows deviations for all the eight best studied isolated pulsars, from the simple model prediction ${n}_{\text{dip}}=3$. The index depends upon the rotational frequency and its first and second time derivatives but also on the assumption that the magnetic dipole moment and inclination angle and the moment of inertia of the pulsar are constant in time. In a recent paper [Phys. Rev. D 91, 063007 (2015)], we showed conclusively that changes in the moment of inertia with frequency alone cannot explain the observed braking indices. Possible observational evidence for the magnetic dipole moment migrating away from the rotational axis at a rate $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \textperiodcentered \fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}\ensuremath{\sim}0.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ per 100 years over the lifetime of the Crab pulsar has been recently suggested by Lyne et al. In this paper, we explore the magnetic dipole radiation model with constant moment of inertia and magnetic dipole moment but variable inclination angle $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. We first discuss the effect of the variation of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ on the observed braking indices and show they all can be understood. However, no explanation for the origin of the change in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is provided. After discussion of the possible source(s) of magnetism in pulsars, we propose a simple mechanism for the change in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ based on a toy model in which the magnetic structure in pulsars consists of two interacting dipoles. We show that such a system can explain the Crab observation and the measured braking indices.
Numerical Simulation of Cloud Seeding Effects During a Four-Day Storm Period

This paper is a summary of portions of a thesis by Hjermstad (1996) and is done to illustrate the potential for mesoscale models to depict the distribution and changes in precipitation caused by cloud seeding in orographic situations. The thesis covers a four day time period in April 1995. The domain of the numerical model, 320 km by 320 km in the horizontal, covers much of Western South Dakota and some of Eastern Wyoming and is centered on the Black Hills of South Dakota. The four-day storm period illustrates changing atmospheric conditions, from primarily rain generation to snowfall production. The cloud seeding is only effective on the third day of the storm period, which is reported on here.
Evolving new concepts in the assessment of aortic stenosis

Echocardiography has been pivotal in evaluating aortic stenosis (AS) over the past several decades. Recent experience has shown a wide spectrum in the clinical presentation of AS. A better understanding of the underlying hemodynamic principles has resulted in emergence of new subtypes of AS. New treatment modalities have also been introduced, requiring precise evaluation of aortic valve (AV) pathology for implementation of these therapies. This review will discuss new concepts and indices in the use of echocardiography in patients with AS. Specifically, we will address the hemodynamic characteristics, clinical presentation, and management of normal-flow, high-gradient; paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient; and classical low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenoses.
Constructing a Measure of Private-pay Nursing Home Days.

BACKGROUND Nursing home (NH) care is financed through multiple sources. Although Medicaid is the predominant payer for NH care, over 20% of residents pay out-of-pocket for their care. Despite this large percentage, an accepted measure of private-pay NH occupancy has not been established and little is known about the types of facilities and the long-term care markets that cater to this population. OBJECTIVES To describe 2 novel measures of private-pay utilization in the NH setting, including the proportion of privately financed residents and resident days, and examine their construct validity. DESIGN Retrospective descriptive analysis of US NHs in 2007-2009. MEASURES We used Medicare claims, Medicare Enrollment records, and the Minimum Data Set to create measures of private-pay resident prevalence and proportion of privately financed NH days. We compared our estimates of private-pay utilization to payer data collected in the NH annual certification survey and evaluated the relationships of our measures with facility characteristics. RESULTS Our measures of private-pay resident prevalence and private-pay days are highly correlated (r=0.83, P<0.001 and r=0.83, P<0.001, respectively) with the rate of "other payer" reported in the annual certification survey. We also observed a significantly higher proportion of private-pay residents and days in higher quality facilities. CONCLUSIONS This new methodology provides estimates of private-pay resident prevalence and resident days. These measures were correlated with estimates using other data sources and validated against measures of facility quality. These data set the stage for additional work to examine questions related to NH payment, quality of care, and responses to changes in the long-term care market.
Genetics Influence Neurocognitive Performance at Baseline but Not Concussion History in Collegiate Student-Athletes.

Objective:This study investigates 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms [Apolipoprotein E (APOE), APOE promoter, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), and dopamine D2 receptor] that have been implicated in concussion susceptibility and/or cognitive ability in collegiate student-athletes.Design:Cross-sec
The Role ABCG1 in Cellular Cholesterol Efflux: Relevance to Atherosclerosis and Endothelial Function

The ability of HDL to promote the efflux of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells is thought to be central to its antiatherogenic properties. The active transport of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells to plasma HDL or apoA-1 is mediated by ABCG1 or ABCA1, respectively. In most reports, transplantation of ABCG1−/− bone marrow in atherosclerosis-susceptible recipient mice results in unchanged or reduced atherosclerosis, reflecting compensatory upregulation of ABCA1 or increased apoptosis of ABCG1 deficient macrophages. Transplantation of ABCA1−/−ABCG1−/− bone marrow in LDL receptor deficient mice results in dramatic leukocytosis, infiltration of multiple organs with foam cells, and neutrophils and accelerated atherosclerosis. ABCG1 is also highly expressed in endothelial cells and has a major role in efflux of cholesterol and 7-oxysterols. ABCG1−/− mice display markedly impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation, reflecting reduced formation of the active, dimeric form of eNOS. The combined activities of ABCA1 and ABCG1 have important antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory roles, acting in both macrophage foam cells and endothelium.
Endobronchial ultrasound—guidance for interstitial photodynamic therapy of locally advanced lung cancer—a new interventional concept

Recent advances in interventional pulmonology led to a significant expansion of the diagnostic and therapeutic role of endobronchial ultrasound. In this paper, we describe a new concept for using endobronchial ultrasound to guide interstitial photodynamic therapy (PDT). For this purpose, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments using a phantom and animal models, respectively. A new 0.5 mm optical fiber, with cylindrical diffuser end, was used to deliver the therapeutic light through the 21-gauge endobronchial ultrasound needle. The animal experiments were performed under real-time ultrasonography guidance in mice and rabbits’ tumor models. Safe and effective fiber placements and tumor illumination was accomplished. In addition, computer simulation of light propagation suggests that locally advanced lung cancer tumor can be illuminated. This study demonstrates the potential feasibility of this new therapeutic modality approach, justifying further investigation in the treatment of locally advanced lung cancers.
The Phage Nucleus and Tubulin Spindle Are Conserved among Large Pseudomonas Phages

We recently demonstrated that the large Pseudomonas chlororaphis bacteriophage 201φ2-1 assembles a nucleus-like structure that encloses phage DNA and segregates proteins according to function, with DNA processing proteins inside and metabolic enzymes and ribosomes outside the nucleus. Here, we investigate the replication pathway of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages φKZ and φPA3. Bacteriophages φKZ and φPA3 encode a proteinaceous shell that assembles a nucleus-like structure that compartmentalizes proteins and DNA during viral infection. We show that the tubulin-like protein PhuZ encoded by each phage assembles a bipolar spindle that displays dynamic instability and positions the nucleus at midcell. Our results suggest that the phage spindle and nucleus play the same functional role in all three phages, 201φ2-1, φKZ, and φPA3, demonstrating that these key structures are conserved among large Pseudomonas phages.
Suicidal Risk Following the Termination of Romantic Relationships

Abstract. Background: The termination of a romantic relationship is an established predictor of suicide attempt. Severing a relationship with a romantic figure can feel life-ending, based on attachment theory. Aims: The primary goal of this study was to determine if specific risk markers for suicide are related to an individual's commitment level to the romantic relationship prior to its dissolution. Method: The purpose of this study was to examine if commitment and investment are linked with suicidal risk in a sample of adults (n = 208) in the United States ages 18–64 who experienced the break-up of a significant romantic relationship within the past 3 months. Results: A structural equation model analysis revealed a significant association between commitment to the romantic relationship and suicidal risk when mediated by depression. This suggests that high commitment to the previous romantic relationship is indirectly associated with suicidal risk, indicating a need for increased attention to individuals...
Effects of Hypoproteinemia on Serum Lipoprotein Composition of Dogs and Rats

The significance of protein composition of serum in relation to the pattern of serum lipids and lipoproteins has not been clearly elucidated previously. Clinical investigations of protein depleted human beings have included extensive studies of patients with nephrosis and with malnutrition. In hypoproteinemic patients with nephrosis the increased concentration of serum cholesterol and triglyceride is carried in the -S 20–40 and -S40–70 low density (LDL) and -S 70–400 very low density (VLDL) and chylomicron fractions. The concentration of the -S 0–10 high density (HDL) fraction is usually not increased and may be decreased (Lewis, L.A., 1980). Similarly in rats with the experimental nephrotic syndrome, the increased concentration of serum cholesterol is chiefly in the LDL fraction (Lewis and Heyman, 1954). In both species the hypoproteinemia accompanies renal damage with proteinuria. These lipid and lipoprotein changes are in contrast with those reported in individuals with low serum protein levels due to malnutrition. Coward and Whitehead (1972) found in children with protein-calorie malnutrition a decrease in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and β-lipoprotein concentrations. To determine what effect hypoproteinemia not due to renal disease exerts on the serum lipoprotein pattern dogs with normal renal function were depleted of protein reserves by a combination of plasmapheresis and feeding of a protein-free diet, and rats depleted by feeding of a protein-free diet. The serum lipoproteins and cholesterol were studied during the period of depletion and of recovery, when a nutritionally adequate diet was reinstituted.
The Petroleum Revolution and the First Half of the Age of Oil

This chapter will focus on the importance of fossil fuels (coal, gas, and oil) and especially petroleum (meaning natural gas and oil, or sometimes just oil). First we want to ask why petroleum and especially oil. Why has petroleum been so important, and why is it so hard to unhook ourselves from it? To do that we need to look more broadly for a moment at the energy situation that has faced, and that faces, humanity. Solar energy, either directly or as captured by plants, was and is the principal energy available to run the world or the human economy. It is enormous in quantity but diffuse in quality. As we have developed in the previous chapter, the history of human culture can be viewed as the progressive development of new was to exploit that solar energy using various conversion technologies, from spear points to fire to agriculture to, now, the concentrated ancient energy of fossil fuels. Until the past few hundred years, human activity was greatly limited by the diffuse nature of sunlight and its immediate products and because that energy was hard to capture and hard to store. Now fossil fuels are cheap and abundant, and they have increased the comfort, longevity, and affluence of most humans, as well as their population numbers.