cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-style training for robust isolated-word speech recognition

A new training procedure called multi-style training has been developed to improve performance when a recognizer is used under stress or in high noise but cannot be trained in these conditions. Instead of speaking normally during training, talkers use different, easily produced, talking styles. This technique was tested using a speech data base that included stress speech produced during a workload task and when intense noise was presented through earphones. A continuous-distribution talker-dependent Hidden Markov Model (HMM) recognizer was trained both normally (5 normally spoken tokens) and with multi-style training (one token each from normal, fast, clear, loud, and question-pitch talking styles). The average error rate under stress and normal conditions fell by more than a factor of two with multi-style training and the average error rate under conditions sampled during training fell by a factor of four.
Structural and functional dissection of the Abp1 ADFH actin-binding domain reveals versatile in vivo adapter functions.

Abp1 is a multidomain protein that regulates the Arp2/3 complex and links proteins involved in endocytosis to the actin cytoskeleton. All of the proposed cellular functions of Abp1 involve actin filament binding, yet the actin binding site(s) on Abp1 have not been identified, nor has the importance of actin binding for Abp1 localization and function in vivo been tested. Here, we report the crystal structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Abp1 actin-binding actin depolymerizing factor homology (ADFH) domain and dissect its activities by mutagenesis. Abp1-ADFH domain and ADF/cofilin structures are similar, and they use conserved surfaces to bind actin; however, there are also key differences that help explain their differential effects on actin dynamics. Using point mutations, we demonstrate that actin binding is required for localization of Abp1 in vivo, the lethality caused by Abp1 overexpression, and the ability of Abp1 to activate Arp2/3 complex. Furthermore, we genetically uncouple ABP1 functions that overlap with SAC6, SLA1, and SLA2, showing they require distinct combinations of activities and interactions. Together, our data provide the first structural and functional view of the Abp1–actin interaction and show that Abp1 has distinct cellular roles as an adapter, linking different sets of ligands for each function.
Dominant Charge association

We had the opportunity to examine eight individuals in four generations of a family with dominant Charge association. In three generations there were five affected individuals. The 25-year old male proband had coloboma of the iris, retina and optic disc, mental retardation, hypogonadism, malformed ears, and mixed hearing loss. His 19-year old sister had colobomas of the retina, choroid, and disc, mental retardation and malformed ears. The mother of these two individuals had coloboma of the retina, choroid, and optic disc, dull mentality, and mixed hearing loss. The proband's maternal grandmother had peripapillary staphylomatous changes of the disc, mixed hearing loss, and malformed protruding ears. The proband's maternal uncle had mental retardation, hypogonadism, mixed hearing loss, protruding ears, but no colobomas. All of the affected individuals had a distinct configuration to the midface, including malar hypoplasia, prominent nasal columnella and a long nasal philtrum. The inheritance of the Charge a...
EXPLAINING RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN SERIOUS ADOLESCENT VIOLENT BEHAVIOR

This study explains racial/ethnic differences in serious adolescent violent behavior using a contextual model derived from prior urban, developmental, and criminological theory. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, we compare involvement in serious violence among Asians, blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and whites. Results indicate that statistical differences between whites and minority groups are explained by variation in community disadvantage (for blacks), involvement in gangs (for Hispanics), social bonds (for Native Americans), and situational variables (for Asians). The lesser involvement in violence among Asians compared to blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans is accounted for by similar factors. Differences in violent behavior among the latter three minority groups are not significant. Theoretical and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Target enhanced 2D similarity search by using explicit biological activity annotations and profiles

The enriched biological activity information of compounds in large and freely-accessible chemical databases like the PubChem Bioassay Database has become a powerful research resource for the scientific research community. Currently, 2D fingerprint based conventional similarity search (CSS) is the most common widely used approach for database screening, but it does not typically incorporate the relative importance of fingerprint bits to biological activity. In this study, a large-scale similarity search investigation has been carried out on 208 well-defined compound activity classes extracted from PubChem Bioassay Database. An analysis was performed to compare the search performance of three types of 2D similarity search approaches: 2D fingerprint based conventional similarity search approach (CSS), iterative similarity search approach with multiple active compounds as references (ISS), and fingerprint based iterative similarity search with classification (ISC), which can be regarded as the combination of iterative similarity search with active references and a reversed iterative similarity search with inactive references. Compared to the search results returned by CSS, ISS improves recall but not precision. Although ISC causes the false rejection of active hits, it improves the precision with statistical significance, and outperforms both ISS and CSS. In a second part of this study, we introduce the profile concept into the three types of searches. We find that the profile based non-iterative search can significantly improve the search performance by increasing the recall rate. We also find that profile based ISS (PBISS) and profile based ISC (PBISC) significantly decreases ISS search time without sacrificing search performance. On the basis of our large-scale investigation directed against a wide spectrum of pharmaceutical targets, we conclude that ISC and ISS searches perform better than 2D fingerprint similarity searching and that profile based versions of these algorithms do nearly as well in less time. We also suggest that the profile version of the iterative similarity searches are both better performing and potentially quicker than the standard algorithm.
Carotid Endarterectomy: Outcome of “Old-Fashioned” Approach

Abstract The purpose of this study is to assess the 30-day postoperative incidence of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, wound complication, and cranial nerve damage after carotid endarterectomy using induced hypertension (systolic pressure ≥160 mmHg), selective shunting, and primary closure. We retrospectively analyzed the records of 206 patients who underwent a total of 239 carotid endarterectomy surgeries between January 2002 and August 2009 to identify the impact of selective shunting and primary closure on morbidity and mortality. Two hundred thirty-nine surgeries were performed on 206 patients. The study population was 55% men and 45% women with average age of 67 years (range 33–85 years). Of these patients, 181 had hypertension (88%), 82 had diabetes (40%), 73 had peripheral vascular disease (35%), 107 had coronary artery disease (52%), 142 had tobacco abuse (69%), and 146 had dyslipidemia (71%). Twenty-six patients (13%) presented with history of stroke, 77 (37%) with transient ischemic attack ...
Grid Quality and Resolution Effects for Aerodynamic Modeling of Ram-Air Parachutes

This work provides an overview of the grid quality and resolution effects on the aerodynamic modeling of ram-air parachute canopies. The computational-fluid-dynamics simulations of this work were performed using the Cobalt flow solver, which is a three-dimensional code, but it was run in a two-dimensional mode for canopy sections with open and closed inlets. Previous simulation results of these geometries showed that grid independence is achieved for the closed and open airfoils with grids containing around half a million and 2 million cells, respectively. Previous grids were either hybrid with prismatic layers near the walls or multiblock structured using algebraic grid generators. The results presented in this work show that grid independence of both geometries can be achieved with much coarser grids. These grids, however, were generated with good smoothness, wall orthogonality, and skewness qualities. The results show that the grid quality value is mainly related to the grid smoothness and does not dep...
Lax Pair for the Free-Fermion Eight-Vertex Model

An explicit result on the quantum Lax pair for the eight-vertex free-fermion model with external fields in both directions is exhibited. Its relation to the quantum spectral transform and its corresponding Hamiltonian—the XY model with a transverse field—is discussed. The Yang-Baxter relation is computed, and the equations of motion are solved.
Diversification in Resource Allocation and Minimization of Income Variability

IVERSIFICATION is one of the precautions which resource adjD ministrators or managers can use in adjusting to an uncertainty situation. The logic inherent in this production procedure has application in any situation where choice must be made in respect to a future characterized by imperfect knowledge. It applies not only to individual farm management but also to administration of an agricultural economics department, an army, or other economic units which employ resources and must make decisions about the future.
Differential regulation of the anti-crossover and replication fork regression activities of Mph1 by Mte1

We identified Mte1 (Mph1-associated telomere maintenance protein 1) as a multifunctional regulator of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mph1, a member of the FANCM family of DNA motor proteins important for DNA replication fork repair and crossover suppression during homologous recombination. We show that Mte1 interacts with Mph1 and DNA species that resemble a DNA replication fork and the D loop formed during recombination. Biochemically, Mte1 stimulates Mph1-mediated DNA replication fork regression and branch migration in a model substrate. Consistent with this activity, genetic analysis reveals that Mte1 functions with Mph1 and the associated MHF complex in replication fork repair. Surprisingly, Mte1 antagonizes the D-loop-dissociative activity of Mph1-MHF and exerts a procrossover role in mitotic recombination. We further show that the influence of Mte1 on Mph1 activities requires its binding to Mph1 and DNA. Thus, Mte1 differentially regulates Mph1 activities to achieve distinct outcomes in recombination and replication fork repair.
Neubestimmung der Gitterparameter, Dichten und thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten von Silber und Gold, und Vollkommenheit der Struktur

Die neu bestimmten Gitterparameter des Ag und Au sinda 25=4,08626±0,00004 (Ag) bzw. 4,07894±0,00005 A (Au), die Brechungskorrektur+0,00035 einbezogen. Die Dichten beider Metalle sindd 25=10,4976±0,0003 (Ag) bzw. 19,2779±0,0018 (Au) g cm−3. Die thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten sind αAg=18.73·10-6 and αAu=13.4·10-6°C-1 zwischen 10 und 65°. Beide Metalle weisen einen vollkommenen Aufbau (innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen) auf. Die vollstandige Erholung der reinen, 99,999proz. Metalle von den Folgen der Kaltbearbeitung (Feilen) erfolgt sogar bei Zimmertemperatur: Ag-in ungefahr 24 Stdn., Au-in 5 Tagen. Die Verschiebung (Platzwechsel) der Atome wird stark durch Verunreinigungen verzogert. Der dicht unter dem Schmelzpunkt abgeschreckte Silberkristall zeigte eine geringe Dichte, die beim Tempern zunahm, was durch das “Herausdiffundieren” von Leerstellen erklart werden kann.
Tableware Disinfection Status in Universities and Its Surrounding Restaurants

[Objective]To ensure the food safety of college students,and prevent foodborne diseases from unsanitary tableware. [Methods]24 catering units were randomly selected yearly during 2007-2009 from 3 universities and its surrounding restaurants in zhenjiang City to test tableware disinfection and quality of dishwashing detergent. [Results]ABS retention rate,passing rate of coliform and the total qualified rate of tableware were 83.33%,78.47%,79.69%,respectively,university restaurant small restaurants street food stalls,P0.01.The qualified rate of latter 2 increased annually,P0.01.The qualified rate of dishwashing detergent was 58.33%,the excessive colony count was the main reason for disqualification. [Conclusion]Small restaurants and mobile food stalls will be the focus of supervision of food hygiene in the university area.
Urachal Carcinoma Shares Genomic Alterations with Colorectal Carcinoma and May Respond to Epidermal Growth Factor Inhibition

Abstract Metastatic urachal carcinoma is a rare, understudied, and aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options. Histologically, urachal carcinomas resemble enteric adenocarcinomas and anecdotally respond to systemic therapies utilized in colorectal cancer. Targeted exome sequencing of archival primary tumor tissue from a patient with metastatic urachal cancer revealed EGFR amplification and wild-type KRAS . The patient was treated with cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody directed against EGFR, as a single agent, and achieved a response lasting more than 8 mo. Subsequent whole-exome sequencing revealed no additional alterations likely to be associated with cetuximab sensitivity. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from nine additional urachal cancers were subjected to targeted exome sequencing. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway mutations were found in four of the nine samples, but no EGFR amplification was detected. Importantly, APC mutations were detected in two of the nine patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a response to single-agent cetuximab in a patient with metastatic urachal cancer and of molecular analysis to probe the basis for sensitivity. On the basis of these findings and the histologic, and now genomic, similarities with colorectal cancer, monoclonal antibodies directed at EGFR could be used in the treatment of metastatic urachal cancer. Patient summary Urachal cancers are morphologically and genomically similar to colon adenocarcinomas and may respond to drugs targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Language Liquidation versus Language Appropriation: Tracing the Trajectory of Linguistic Death and Unease in Unaccustomed Earth by Jhumpa Lahiri

Jhumpa Lahiri’s collection of short stories, Unaccustomed Earth, explores the trajectory of linguistic loss in diasporic Bengali communities situated in the United States. While this collection successfully chronicles the linguistic price of i mmigration—the loss of mother-tongues—realized in Lahiri’s stories as an inability, or character refusal to speak Bengali, Lahiri successfully overshadows this linguistic concern with a prominent spotlighting of the theme of linguistic appropriation—the over-eager adoption of alternative codes in lieu of lost languages, and what her second-generation, semispeakers of Bengali (Skutnabb-Kangas and Toukomaa 1976) deem as more useful tenders of linguistic capital—codes such as English, or, as in the case of the protagonists in her final trilogy of short stories: Italian.
Addressing the Issue of PRA Quality

In 1995, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued a Policy Statement [1] on the use of probabilistic risk analysis (PRA), encouraging its use in all regulatory matters. The Policy Statement states that “…the use of PRA technology should be increased to the extent supported by the state of the art in PRA methods and data and in a manner that complements the NRC’s deterministic approachI’ Since that time, many uses have been implemented or undertaken, including modification of NRC’s reactor safety inspection program and initiation of work to modify reactor safety regulations. Consequently, confidence in the information derived from a PRA is an important issue: the accuracy of the technical content must be sufficient to justify the specific results and insights that are used to support the decision under consideration.
The (Im)Materiality of Race: The Representation and Circulation of Brownness in the Liberal Media and Domingo Martinez’s The Boy Kings of Texas

“Twenty-first Century Literary Border Formations: Neoliberalism and Domingo Martinez’s The Boy Kings of Texas,” Magda Garcia, University of California, Santa Barbara.
Enhancing Appropriate Use of Adaptive/Assistive Technology

Many individuals with physical disabilities or chronic illnesses benefit from the use of adaptive and assistive technology devices. This chapter defines these products and presents sources for founding out about them and making the most appropriate match of person and device.
The new world of data: Four provocations on the Internet of Things

The development and deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly emerging as the next major step in the ongoing evolution of the digital society and economy. To gain better insight and foresight into key characteristics that will differentiate this more intensely connected future from the present, we shift the focus of attention in this paper from the Internet of ‘things’ per se , to the data that the Internet of Things will generate. We put forward four provocations about IoT data that pose what we argue will be the most critical questions about business models, privacy, economic geography, and security. The next phase of Internet development will raise new challenges — in particular, around risk, governance, and responsibility — that we articulate here as a forward-looking research and action agenda aimed at maximizing the upside potential of IoT over the next decade.
Distributed Algorithm with Inherent Intelligence for Multi-cloud Resource Provisioning

Dynamic distributed algorithm for provisioning of resources has been proposed to support heterogeneous multi-cloud environment. Multi-cloud infrastructure heterogeneity implies the presence of more diverse sets of resources and constraints that aggravate competition among providers. Sigmoidal and logarithmic functions have been used as the utility functions to meet the indicated constraints in the Service Level Agreement (SLA). Spot instances as the elastic tasks can be supported with Logarithmic functions while the algorithm always guaranteed Sigmoidal functions have the priority over the Logarithmic functions. The model uses diverse sets of resources scheduled in a multi-clouds environment by the proposed Ranked Method (RM) in a time window “slice”. To maximize the revenue and diminish cost of services in the pooled aggregated resources of multi-cloud environment, the multi-dimensional self-optimization problem in distributed autonomic computing systems is proposed.
Joint associations of β-amyloidosis and cortical thickness with cognition.

In 1164 cognitively unimpaired persons, aged 50-95 years, from the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, we examined the relationships of baseline cognition and cognitive changes across the full range of cortical thickness of an Alzheimer signature region of interest and global β-amyloid levels measured by Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography (PIB PET) standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR). In machine-learning models accounting for both biomarkers simultaneously, worsening biomarker values were additive and associated with lower baseline global cognition and greater subsequent decline in global cognition. Associations between Alzheimer's disease signature cortical thickness or PIB PET β-amyloid SUVR and baseline cognition were mainly linear. Lower Alzheimer's disease signature cortical thickness values across the entire range of thickness predicted future decline in global cognitive scores, demonstrating its close relationship to cognitive functioning. PIB PET β-amyloid SUVR also predicted cognitive decline across its full range, even when cortical thickness was accounted for. PIB PET β-amyloid's relationship to cognitive decline was nonlinear, more prominent at lower β-amyloid levels and less prominent at higher β-amyloid levels.
Reflections on Practice, Teaching/Learning, Video, and Theorizing

If social interaction is the site of learning and of teaching practice, how might we better conceive of “interaction” and “practice”? This chapter argues that studies of learning, as situated in interaction, have suffered from inadequate theorizing concerning the nature of interaction itself. The chapter begins with a brief overview of the sixty year intellectual history of an “interaction revolution” that parallels the “cognitive revolution” reviewed by McDermott in his chapter. Special attention is given to the perspective developed through the pioneering “Natural History of an Interview” (NHI) research group whose work began in 1956–the first to have studied both verbal and nonverbal aspects of social interaction together in an attempt at a unified analysis–and its successors in an approach called “context analysis.” The chapter continues by documenting the patterns of reference to specific video examples that are apparent in the major papers and commentaries on them that appear in this volume. Reference to video examples differed markedly across authors, both in the particular strips of interaction that were chosen for purposes of illustration and in the ways those strips were discussed across the various chapters, suggesting that the affordances of the video corpus that was made available to authors were not fully taken advantage of in the discussions the authors produced. The chapter concludes by revisiting the need for better theorizing concerning the nature of social interaction itself, as a foundation for attempts to understand learning and teaching as an interactionally situated process.
APPLICATION OF THE DESIGN PROCESS TO A REHABILITATION ENGINEERING PROJECT: A WHEELCHAIR ADAPTATION

The design process is a well established sequence of events that must occur to achieve an optimal design. The ideas behind this process have been successfully applied to problems in many fields. This paper will describe the application of the design process to a wheelchair adaptation for a cerebral palsied child.
Medicolegal and Ethical Dilemmas

The ethical and legal challenges that face colorectal surgeons are the same challenges that have faced all physicians throughout history. The contemporary legal environment presents special challenges to the practicing physician. In this chapter, we consider those medicolegal and ethical challenges that colorectal surgeons in practice are most likely to face.
In Reply: Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Series of 60 Cases

Background Chronic subdural hematoma (SDH) is a particularly challenging pathology due to high recurrence rates (2%-37%) and complex medical comorbidities that tend to afflict the patient population. Recently, there have been several case series published describing the use of middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization as an alternative to surgery for treatment of new or recurrent chronic SDH. Objective To describe our first 60 cases of MMA embolization for chronic SDH. Methods MMA embolization was performed using angiography, selective microcatheterization of the MMA, and infusion of polyvinyl alcohol particles. Outcomes were assessed clinically and with interval imaging studies at 1 d, 2 wk, and 6 wk postprocedure, and additional intervals as indicated. Results MMA embolization was performed successfully on 60 total SDHs in 49 patients. This includes upfront treatment for new (not previously treated) SDH in 42, for recurrence in 8, and prophylaxis (soon after surgical evacuation) in 10. There were 3 mortalities (unrelated to the procedure), and no procedural complications. Of the 50 nonprophylactic cases, there were 4 (8.9%) cases of recurrence requiring surgical evacuation, and 31 (68.9%) that had resolution or reduction in size >50% of SDH at longest follow-up. Overall, 41 (91.1%) were stable or decreased in size and able to avoid surgery. Conclusion MMA embolization may represent a minimally-invasive alternative to surgery for new or recurrent chronic SDH, or as prophylaxis to reduce the risk of recurrence after surgery. Given our encouraging results with a 91% long-term success rate, a large scale clinical trial is warranted.
Improving Online Algorithms via ML Predictions

In this work we study the problem of using machine-learned predictions to improve performance of online algorithms. We consider two classical problems, ski rental and non-clairvoyant job scheduling, and obtain new online algorithms that use predictions to make their decisions. These algorithms are oblivious to the performance of the predictor, improve with better predictions, but do not degrade much if the predictions are poor.
Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Other

While primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma leg type is the prototype of primary cutaneous high-grade B-cell lymphoma, there are rare forms with unusual features. This chapter covers cutaneous intravascular large B-cell lymphoma and cutaneous plasmablastic lymphoma.
Listening to Sexual Minorities: A Study of Faith and Sexual Identity on Christian College Campuses: , by Mark A. Yarhouse, Janet B. Dean, Stephen P. Stratton, and Michael Lastoria, Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2018, 326 pp., $24.60 (paperback), ISBN: 978-0-8308-2862-3 (print); ISBN: 978-0-8308-8657-9 (digital)

Christian higher education institutions (CHEIs) have long championed holistically educating their students. From comprehensive faith development opportunities to intentional residence life programs...
Investigation of Retinal Position with Converging Lines of Sight

Meissner (23) was the first to investigate the cyclorotary position of the retinas with different and especially with symmetrical convergence positions. He began with the observation that if one fixates a point behind or in front of the plane, a line in the median plane and vertical to the fixation surface appears in parallel double images only at a quite specific tilt of the fixation plane to the head. If the fixation plane is relatively higher, the double images diverge upward, and if they are crossed, the fixation plane lies relatively lower and the crossed double images converge upward. One can make the double images parallel by tilting the observation line with its upper end away from the head in the first case or toward the head in the latter case. From the acute angle which the observation line makes with the fixation plane, and from the convergence angle of the lines of sight, Meissner then sought to calculate the angle between the vertical dividing line and the fixation plane. This method is useful in principle, but the way in which Meissner used it contains several sources of error which I have specified earlier (17).
Increase in Superficial Dose in Whole-Breast Irradiation With Halcyon Straight-Through Linac Compared With Traditional C-arm Linac With Flattening Filter: In vivo Dosimetry and Planning Study.

Abstract Purpose Superficial dose is an important parameter in breast cancer radiation therapy. When treated with conventional linacs, bolus is commonly applied to improve target coverage near the surface while also managing the risk of severe skin reactions and negative cosmesis. With the introduction of modern linacs with 6X flattening filter free (FFF) photon beams, the effect on superficial dose and the need for bolus must be evaluated. Methods and Materials In vivo measurements of superficial dose were made with optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters on 11 breast cancer patients treated with the Halcyon 6X FFF linac (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). Additionally, measurements were made with the Halycon 6X FFF beam and a 6X beam with flattening filter (FF) delivered to an anthropomorphic phantom. A planning study was carried out in which 14 patients treated on the Halcyon were replanned with a conventional linac to determine the difference in superficial dose predicted by the treatment planning system. Measures were taken to increase the accuracy of the treatment planning system superficial dose. Results The use of the Halcyon 6X FFF beam led to higher superficial dose compared with 6X FF beams. The in vivo measurements show an average superficial dose of 83.8% ± 0.6%, which is an increase of approximately 10% compared with published measurements for a 6X FF linac. Comparison of superficial dose for 6X FF and 6X FFF beams in the phantom measurements show an increase from 70% ± 1.3% to 84% ± 1.3%, which is consistent with the in vivo measurements. The planning comparison shows an increase in V70%Rx from 62% ± 4.4% to 81% ± 2.2% for the superficial breast tissue for the Halcyon 6X FFF beam compared with a standard C-arm linac with FF. Conclusions The use of the Halcyon 6X FFF beam was associated with higher superficial dose which may obviate the use of bolus.
Protecting location privacy from untrusted wireless service providers

Access to mobile wireless networks has become critical for day-to-day life. However, it also inherently requires that a user's geographic location is continuously tracked by the service provider. It is challenging to maintain location privacy, especially from the provider itself. To do so, a user can switch through a series of identifiers, and even go offline between each one, though it sacrifices utility. This strategy can make it difficult for an adversary to perform location profiling and trajectory linking attacks that match observed behavior to a known user. In this paper, we model and quantify the trade-off between utility and location privacy. We quantify the privacy available to a community of users that are provided wireless service by an untrusted provider. We first formalize two important user traits that derive from their geographic behavior: predictability and mixing, which underpin the attainable privacy and utility against both profiling and trajectory linking attacks. Second, we study the prevalence of these traits in two real-world datasets with user mobility. Finally, we simulate and evaluate the efficacy of a model protocol, which we call Zipphone, in a real-world community of hundreds of users protecting themselves from their ISP. We demonstrate that users can improve their privacy by up to 45% by abstaining minimally (e.g., by sacrificing at most 5% of their uptime). We discuss how a privacy-preserving protocol similar to our model can be deployed in a modern cellular network.
Analytical Modelling of Energy Geostructures

Over the past twenty years, a substantial amount of research has been performed to expand the understanding and modelling capabilities of energy geostructures: innovative earth-contact structures that provide combined structural support and renewable energy supply. The numerical modelling of energy geostructures has been progressively improved in capabilities and effectiveness, representing a critical solution for any comprehensive analysis and design of such geostructures. However, despite the observed rise in computational capabilities, the numerical modelling of energy geostructures remains daunting, especially for the engineering practice. In this context, analytical solutions based on sound theoretical principles and validated through experimental evidence represent paramount tools for the analysis and design of energy geostructures. This paper summarises the only analytical solutions currently available for the analytical modelling of a key problem in the analysis and design of all energy geostructures: the response of such geostructures to the thermal and mechanical actions that are applied as a consequence of their structural support and energy supply. Cylindrical and plane energy geostructures, such as energy piles and walls (or slabs) are considered, respectively.
FGF23 and neurocognitive disorders

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a pleiotropic hormone known to have Klotho-dependent and Klotho-independent effects. FGF23 effects on cardiac and vascular functioning are fairly well understood, but its effects on the brain are less so. Studies of people known to have elevated FGF23, such as those with chronic kidney disease, have demonstrated poor brain aging outcomes. This chapter reviews the literature on FGF23 and its relation to poor brain aging outcomes, such as stroke and cognitive impairment, to better understand whether FGF23 is a biomarker of, or may play a causal role in, said outcomes. While the current literature is limited, findings suggest that poor brain aging outcomes in patients with elevated FGF23 levels may be related to its effects on cardiac and vascular tissues.
Meta-Analysis: Functional Outcome of ORIF Versus Primary Subtalar Arthrodesis of Sanders Type II and Type III Calcaneal Fractures.

ABSTRACT The choice of treatment for Sanders Type II and Type III calcaneal fractures remains controversial with unclear patient functional outcomes. A meta-analysis was done to compare the functional outcome of ORIF vs primary subtalar arthrodesis (PSA) according to American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS) hindfoot-ankle scores. The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library Databases were searched by two independent evaluators. Fourteen studies met the eligible criteria. ORIF of 501 Type II and Type III fractures was compared to primary subtalar arthrodesis treatment of 57 Type II and Type III fractures. AOFAS for a mixed ORIF group of “Type II and III” fractures was 82.16 ± 1.58 at average follow-up of 25.3 months. For a mixed PSA group of “Type II and III” fractures, the AOFAS was 74.22 ± 2.45 at average follow-up of 28.0 months. This showed a difference between ORIF and primary subtalar arthrodesis of 7.94 points (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.75–7.98; p value .004) favoring ORIF when adjusting for minimally invasive and percutaneous methods. Without adjustment, there was a difference of 6.54 points favoring ORIF (95% CI = 6.22–6.46; p value .017). In conclusion, while high-quality randomized controlled trials comparing ORIF to primary subtalar arthrodesis for Type II and Type III fractures would further elucidate superior treatment outcomes, this meta-analysis of available data shows a tendency for ORIF of Type II and Type III Sanders calcaneal fractures to have a better functional outcome at approximately 2 years postoperatively compared to primary subtalar arthrodesis.
Multi-detector CT Scan

Pancreatic cancer accounts for the third most common cause of all cancer-related deaths. The 5-year survival rate ranges from 3%, in patients with metastatic disease, to 37%, in patients with localized tumor without regional disease. Therefore, staging is critical for the management of pancreatic cancer, as surgery is the only curative option. While management of pancreatic cancer requires multidisciplinary approach, imaging plays a critical role in appropriate stratification of patients. This chapter discusses CT imaging, the primary modality for staging.
Comparison of Black and white individuals who report diagnoses of schizophrenia in a national sample of US adults: Discrimination and service use.

Abstract Background While there is increasing recognition of disparities in healthcare for Black Americans, there have been no comparisons in a nationally representative U.S. sample of Black and White adults with clinical diagnoses of schizophrenia. Methods Using nationally representative survey data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III, we compared Black (n = 240, 36.2%) and White (n = 423, 63.8%) adults who report having been told by a physician that they have schizophrenia. Due to the large sample size, effect sizes (risk ratios and Cohen's d), rather than p-values, were used to identify the magnitude of differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, including experiences of discrimination and service use. Multivariate analyses were used to identify independent factors. Results Black individuals with diagnoses of schizophrenia reported multiple sociodemographic disadvantages, including lower rates of employment, educational attainment, income, marriage, and social support, with little difference in incarceration, violent behavior, and quality of life. They reported much higher scores on a general lifetime discrimination scale (Cohen's d = 0.75) and subscales representing job discrimination (d = 0.85), health system discrimination (d = 0.70), and public race-based abuse (d = 0.55) along with higher rates of past year alcohol and drug use disorders, but lower rates of co-morbid psychiatric disorders. Multivariable-adjusted regression analyses highlighted the independent association of Black race with measures of discrimination and religious service attendance; less likelihood of receiving psychiatric treatment (p = 0.02) but no difference in substance use treatment. Conclusion Black adults with schizophrenia report numerous social disadvantages, especially discrimination, but religious service attendance may be an important social asset.
Applying the Skills Assessment to Entrepreneurship Education

In this chapter, we will take up the application of the clinical assessment tool called the RISE to the education of students of entrepreneurship. We will pick up on the discussion of the current model of entrepreneurship education begun in Chapter 1, exploring learning theory, both curriculum and co-curricular activities, and where the RISE might fit into this flow. We will look at the application of outcomes management principles to skill building efforts in entrepreneurship education. Finally, we will examine how the RISE has been modified and extended over the course of its development and the implications of this for its use in the entrepreneurship education arena.
Osteoporosis: Common Side Effect

For osteoporosis, standards of care are based on emerging evidence-based practice.nOsteopenia, bone density that is lower than normal, is a less severe form of bone loss than osteoporosis.nOsteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease, characterized by low mineral bone mass and microdeterioration of bone tissue.
Living the High Life in Minsk: Russian Energy Rents, Domestic Populism and Belarus' Impending Crisis

List of Tables, Graphs and Figures Preface and Acknowledgements Sources and Transliteration Introduction Belarus: Between Russia and the West and at the Very Core of the Soviet System The "High Years": Energy and Russian-Belarusian relations, 1994-2004 Nomenklatura Players, Energy Corruption, and Belarus' "Energy-Political Model," The "Low Years": Energy and Russian-Belarusian relations, 2004-2009 Energy and the Run-up to the 2010 Elections Conclusion Map Bibliography Index
Introduction: The Role of Data Fusion in Sensory Systems

Living organisms are distinguished by their information gathering abilities. Much effort has been expended by biologists and other scientists in determining by what means organisms obtain and process information. Recently, scientists interested in the computational aspects of information processing have looked towards these studies in search of clues as to how machines can be made to gather and process information. In this book we focus on an important aspect of sensory information processing, that of fusing separate sources of sensory information.
The Comparative Enzymology of Creatine Kinases I. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION FROM CHICKEN AND RABBIT TISSUES

Abstract The two chicken creatine kinases from brain and from muscle have been purified as well as the chicken hybrid enzyme. The brain and muscle enzymes from the rabbit have also been purified and compared to the chicken enzymes. There are significant differences in amino acid composition between the brain and muscle types; the hybrid enzyme has an intermediate composition. Peptide maps of the muscle and brain types further indicate that the sequences of the two types are considerably different. Antibodies prepared against the chicken muscle type enzyme do not cross-react, as measured by complement fixation methods or by Ouchterlony tests, with the chicken brain type enzymes; antibodies against the purified brain type enzyme do not react with the muscle type enzyme. However, the hybrid enzyme reacts with both antibodies, although quantitatively less than with the pure enzymes. The two brain type enzymes from the chicken and rabbit, or the two muscle enzymes, are more similar in their properties than are the brain and muscle forms of one species.
An Investigation of the Electrical Short Circuit Characteristics of Tin Whiskers

Existing risk simulations make the assumption that when a free tin whisker has bridged two adjacent exposed electrical conductors, the result is an electrical short circuit. This conservative assumption is made because shorting is a random event that has a currently unknown probability associated with it. Due to contact resistance electrical shorts may not occur at lower voltage levels. In this experiment, we study the effect of varying voltage on the breakdown of the contact resistance which leads to a short circuit. From this data we can estimate the probability of an electrical short, as a function of voltage, given that a free tin whisker has bridged two adjacent exposed electrical conductors. Also, three tin whiskers grown from the same Space Shuttle Orbiter card guide used in the aforementioned experiment were cross-sectioned and studied using a focused ion beam (FIB). The rare polycrystalline structure seen in the FIB cross section was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FIB was also used to cross section two card guides to facilitate the measurement of the grain size to determine that the tin plating on the card guides had a bright finish.
Free flight simulated on ground with the Apollo Saturn V space vehicle.

Hydraulic support system for free flight simulation with Saturn V-Apollo vehicle, discussing stability requirements, upper bounds of system design, conversion from nonlinear to linear model, etc
Army tactical satellite communications

It is pointed out that Army AirLand Operations require a different communications architecture from the current ATCCS SIGMA STAR. Assured access, anti-jam, mobile communications throughout the dispersed and dynamic battlefield is imperative. UHF, SHF, EHF, and commercial satellite communications have an integral place in this architecture. Innovative and cost-effective technology advancements must occur to make this a reality. >
Strong interaction between electrons and collective excitations in the multiband superconductor MgB2

We use a tunable laser angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to study the electronic properties of the prototypical multiband BCS superconductor ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$. Our data reveal a strong renormalization of the dispersion (kink) at $\ensuremath{\sim}65\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$, which is caused by the coupling of electrons to the ${E}_{2g}$ phonon mode. In contrast to cuprates, the 65 meV kink in ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ does not change significantly across ${T}_{c}$. More interestingly, we observe strong coupling to a second, lower energy collective mode at a binding energy of 10 meV. This excitation vanishes above ${T}_{c}$ and is likely a signature of the elusive Leggett mode.
Utility of genetically modified mice for understanding the neurobiology of substance use disorders.

Advances in our ability to modify the mouse genome have enhanced our understanding of the genetic and neurobiological mechanisms contributing to addiction-related behaviors underlying substance use and abuse. These experimentally induced manipulations permit greater spatial and temporal specificity for modification of gene expression within specific cellular populations and during select developmental time periods. In this review, we consider the current mouse genetic model systems that have been employed to understand aspects of addiction and highlight significant conceptual advances achieved related to substance use and abuse. The mouse models reviewed herein include conventional knockout and knockin, conditional knockout, transgenic, inducible transgenic, mice suitable for optogenetic control of discrete neuronal populations, and phenotype-selected mice. By establishing a reciprocal investigatory relationship between genetic findings in humans and genomic manipulations in mice, a far better understanding of the discrete neuromechanisms underlying addiction can be achieved, which is likely to provide a strong foundation for developing and validating novel therapeutics for the treatment of substance abuse disorders.
Autism as a biomedical platform for sex differences research

Autism has become a ‘biomedical platform’ for sex differences research in fields such as genetics, endocrinology and neuroscience. Increasingly, researchers in these fields pose the male prevalence of autism as a model for investigating sex differences in the brain, and offer basic research on sex differences in the brain as a resource for understanding the etiology of autism. The use of autism as a biomedical platform for sex differences research obscures empirical and interpretive contestations surrounding claims about the male prevalence of autism. We argue that the uncritical use of this research platform across many fields stands to distort scientific research on autism and contribute to harmful gender stereotypes.
Asymptotic behavior of the solution of heat equation driven by fractional white noise

Abstract This note deals with the asymptotic behavior of a weak solution of the multidimensional stochastic heat equation with a multiplicative fractional Brownian sheet. We study the solution given by the Feynman–Kac formula by the method of moments.
Correction of precursor and product ion relative abundances in order to standardize CID spectra and improve Ecom50 accuracy for non-targeted metabolomics.

Quantitative biases in the abundance of precursor and product ions due to mass discrimination in RF-only ion guides results in inaccurate collision induced dissociation (CID) spectra. We evaluated the effects of collision cell RF voltage and collision energy on CID spectra using ten singly protonated compounds (46–854 Da) in an orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The relative ion transfer efficiency, i.e. the relative amount of ions transferred through the ion guide at any particular RF voltage was shown to be dependent on the ion’s m/z. We developed an algorithm to correct for the mass discriminating effects of RF voltage on CID spectra. The algorithm was tested for both precursor and product ions at multiple RF voltages and collision energies in order to ensure reliability. Our results suggest that compounds that generate major product ions with m/z values <150 have peak intensities that deviate substantially from their actual abundance. This has implications for small molecule metabolomics research, particularly for studies that rely on CID spectra matching methods for structure identification.
Electron Localization in Molecules and Solids: The Meaning of ELF

The orbital underpinnings of the electron localization function (ELF), devised by Becke and Edgecombe, are explored in terms of an interpretation of the dominant term in this expression, ρ-5/3∑i|∇ψ...
Realizing symmetries of a shift

All subshifts of finite type are known to appear as basic parts of the non-wandering sets of Smale diffeomorphisms in dimensions three or more. This paper concerns the symmetries of subshifts of finite type; that is, the homeomorphisms of the shift space which commute with the shift. The group of symmetries is known to be very large for aperiodic shifts. For certain (structually stable) Smale diffeomorphisms of the sphere of dimension five or more, we show each symmetry can be extended to a homeomorphism of the sphere commuting with the diffeomorphism on the whole sphere.