cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The microstructure of dislocated martensitic steel: Theory

Abstract Recent experimental studies of the microstructure of dislocated martensite in low-carbon steel have shown that its superficially complex microstructure is, in fact, a simple hierarchical pattern whose basic element is a composite block containing two Kurdjumov–Sachs variants of the α′ phase that share the same Bain axis. The blocks are plates with interfaces generally parallel to {0 1 1} α planes that can be stacked into four crystallographically distinguishable packets. When the prior austenite grain contains all four packets its transformation can be a simple dilatation that involves no net shear. In the present paper we use the crystallographic theory of dislocated martensite to show that the stackable composite martensite plate is the simplest transformed plate that can be constructed that preserves a close-packed plane ({0 1 1} α ||{1 1 1} γ ) and has an invariant {1 1 1} γ habit plane, as the experimental results require. The 12 distinct variants of this plate can be configured into a microstructure that duplicates the patterns and pole figures found experimentally. The results suggest that there is no single-variant martensite plate that can be stacked in this way without substantial strain, though the theory does predict the single-variant plates with {5 5 7} α habit planes and Greninger–Troiano orientation relations that are found in alloys with large fractions of retained austenite.
Research in matrix-converter based three-phase power-electronic transformers

This paper presents a review of the current research in the area of ac/ac power conversion with power electronic transformer. The topologies considered have the following features: 1) generation of adjustable frequency and magnitude PWM ac voltage waveform from a balanced three-phase ac voltage source with a high frequency ac link, 2) bidirectional power flow capability, and 3) single stage power conversion without any storage elements. All of these topologies provide power factor correction. Based on the operation and control, these topologies have been classified into three groups. The operation, advantages and drawbacks of each of these topologies have been presented along with a comparison of their performance in the presence of leakage inductance, complexity to control and reliability.
Sharing Information with Less Risk

The paper discusses rights management and its services. Windows RMS workflow is also presented. Also different rights management service (RMS) certificates and licenses are described in the paper.
Professional Development Scholarships Increase Qualifications of Diverse Providers.

Efforts to improve school readiness call for improvements in the professional qualifications of the early childhood workforce. It is critically important that these efforts are inclusive of a diverse workforce. Providers from diverse ethnic and linguistic backgrounds make up a sizable portion of the early childhood workforce, yet diversity continues to be disproportionally concentrated among providers with lower qualifications. This study examines the effect of a state-wide scholarship program on increasing qualifications for nondegree-seeking providers from diverse groups caring for children in early childhood settings. Data from two components of Oregon’s Quality Rating and Improvement System for early care and education were linked with individual provider identification numbers (N = 1,783): the Oregon Child Care Professional Development Registry (PD Registry) and the state-wide Betty Gray Scholarship Program. Findings revealed that providers from ethnic and linguistic minority backgrounds had lower qu...
Fiddler Crabs: Ecosystems-Organisms-Molecules

Organisms live in a complex environ? ment which consists of numerous abiotic and biotic factors. To survive and flourish, organisms must be functionally adapted to respond to any of these factors acting inde? pendently or in combination with one or more other factors. Simplistically, this rela? tionship between organisms and their environment is represented in Figure 1. Responses to a given set of environmental factors may be grouped into two general categories: zone of lethality and zone of compatibility. The dividing line between these two zones is not always easy to char? acterize, but it can be defined as the envi? ronmental complex which enables 50% of a population sample to survive indefinitely at a prolonged exposure; this definition is a slight modification of Fry's (1964) defi? nition of thermal lethal limits.
Re-evaluation of Potassium Fertilization of Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, Ponds

An experiment consisting of eight potassium fertilization rates ranging from 0 to 60 kg K2O/ha was conducted in earthen ponds stocked with bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, at Auburn University in Alabama. Each pond also received nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization at 6 kg N and 3 kg P2O5/ha per application. After 11 fertilizer applications for over 7 mo, potassium concentrations in pond water ranged from 3.3 mg/L in control ponds to 38.9 mg/L in the pond receiving 60 kg K2O/ha. The coefficients of determination (R2) between potassium fertilization rate and bluegill production and between potassium concentration in pond water and bluegill production were 0.039 and 0.071, respectively. Potassium fertilization appears unnecessary in bluegill ponds where water contains more than 2 mg/L of potassium.
Complications at the End of Life in Ovarian Cancer

Women dying of ovarian cancer vary considerably in their complications and in the types of health care they receive. The objective of this study was to describe the complications of ovarian cancer, other than pain, and their treatment at the end of life. This study used a cohort of 421 enrollees in three nonprofit managed-care organizations who died with ovarian cancer during 1995-2000. Data were collected from abstraction of paper and electronic medical records. Proportions of women experiencing complications and undergoing treatments were calculated. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of patient characteristics with the probability of receiving an intervention for complications. The most common complications recorded in the medical record were fatigue or weakness (75%), nausea or vomiting (71%), constipation (49%), edema of the extremities (44%), and anemia (34%). The prevalence of major complications was as follows: ascites, 28%; bowel obstruction, 12%; pleural effusion, 10%; bladder obstruction, 3%; and disordered nutrition that required support with parenteral nutrition, 9%. Patients may not always have received interventions for major complications; for example, pleural effusion apparently was left untreated in almost half of the women with this problem. After adjustment, women who died at younger ages were more likely to receive an intervention, compared to older women (odds ratio for each decade of age, 0.71, 95% confidence interval=0.53, 0.94, P for trend=0.02). The study, which preceded the establishment of palliative care programs, suggests that care given to ovarian cancer patients at the end of life may be inadequate.
Dynamic Analysis of Grids

In Chapter 15 consideration was given to the dynamic analysis of the plane frame when subjected to forces acting on the plane of the structure. When the planar structural system is subjected to loads applied normally to its plane, the structure is referred to as a grid. This structure can also be treated as a special case of the three-dimensional frame to be presented in Chapter 17. The reason for considering the planar frame, whether loaded in its plane or normal to its plane, as a special case, is the immediate reduction of unknown nodal coordinates for a beam element, hence a considerable reduction in the number of unknown displacements for the structural system.
Temporal Gene Expression Variation Associated with Eyespot Size Plasticity in Bicyclus anynana

Seasonal polyphenism demonstrates an organism's ability to respond to predictable environmental variation with alternative phenotypes, each presumably better suited to its respective environment. However, the molecular mechanisms linking environmental variation to alternative phenotypes via shifts in development remain relatively unknown. Here we investigate temporal gene expression variation in the seasonally polyphenic butterfly Bicyclus anynana. This species shows drastic changes in eyespot size depending on the temperature experienced during larval development. The wet season form (larvae reared over 24°C) has large ventral wing eyespots while the dry season form (larvae reared under 19°C) has much smaller eyespots. We compared the expression of three proteins, Notch, Engrailed, and Distal-less, in the future eyespot centers of the two forms to determine if eyespot size variation is associated with heterochronic shifts in the onset of their expression. For two of these proteins, Notch and Engrailed, expression in eyespot centers occurred earlier in dry season than in wet season larvae, while Distal-less showed no temporal difference between the two forms. These results suggest that differences between dry and wet season adult wings could be due to a delay in the onset of expression of these eyespot-associated genes. Early in eyespot development, Notch and Engrailed may be functioning as repressors rather than activators of the eyespot gene network. Alternatively, temporal variation in the onset of early expressed genes between forms may have no functional consequences to eyespot size regulation and may indicate the presence of an 'hourglass' model of development in butterfly eyespots.
On impact testing of subsize Charpy V-notch type specimens

The potential for using subsize specimens to determine the actual properties of reactor pressure vessel steels is receiving increasing attention for improved vessel condition monitoring that could be beneficial for light-water reactor plant-life extension. This potential is made conditional upon, on the one hand, by the possibility of cutting samples of small volume from the internal surface of the pressure vessel for determination of actual properties of the operating pressure vessel. The plant-life extension will require supplemental surveillance data that cannot be provided by the existing surveillance programs. Testing of subsize specimens manufactured from broken halves of previously tested surveillance Charpy V-notch (CVN) specimens offers an attractive means of extending existing surveillance programs. Using subsize CVN type specimens requires the establishment of a specimen geometry that is adequate to obtain a ductile-to-brittle transition curve similar to that obtained from full-size specimens. This requires the development of a correlation of transition temperature and upper-shelf toughness between subsize and full-size specimens. The present study was conducted under the Heavy-Section Steel Irradiation Program. Different published approaches to the use of subsize specimens were analyzed and five different geometries of subsize specimens were selected for testing and evaluation. The specimens were made from several types of pressure vessel steels with a wide range of yield strengths, transition temperatures, and upper-shelf energies (USEs). Effects of specimen dimensions, including depth, angle, and radius of notch have been studied. The correlation of transition temperature determined from different types of subsize specimens and the full-size specimen is presented. A new procedure for transforming data from subsize specimens was developed and is presented.
Exoantigen test for the rapid identification of Exophiala spinifera

Exophiala spinifera, one of the etiologic agents of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, may be wrongly identified as Exophiala jeanselmei because of the morphologic similarity of the two species. A reagent containing a precipitin specific for E. spinifera was produced by absorbing antiserum to E. spinifera with E. jeanselmei serotype 1 antigen. Using this absorbed antiserum, we were able to correctly identify isolates of E. spinifera and differentiate them from those of Exophiala alcalophila, E. jeanselmei (serotypes 1, 2 and 3), Exophiala moniliae, Exophiala pisciphila, Exophiala salmonis, Phaeoannellomyces werneckii and Wangiella dermatitidis.
Creating unique identifiers on field programmable gate arrays using natural processing variations

In this paper, we proposes the concept of creating a circuit identifier, or digital fingerprint, for field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The digital fingerprint is a function of the natural variations in the semiconductor manufacturing process that cannot be duplicated or forged. The proposed digital fingerprint allows the use of any arbitrary of nodes internal to the circuit or the circuit outputs as monitoring locations. Changes in the signal on a selected node or output can be quantified digitally over a period of time or at a specific instance of time. Two monitoring methods are proposed, one using cumulative observation of the nodes and the other samples the nodes based on a signal transition. Two monitoring methods were validated on a small sample of twenty Xilinxreg Virtex-II Pro FPGAs, where both methods successfully created unique identifiers for each FPGA.
RELATION BETWEEN PERCEPTUAL AND CONCEPTUAL OPERATIONS: NUMERICAL DISTANCE AND VISUAL EXTENT.

This study deals with the problem of interaction of conceptual (number) and perceptual (extent) processes. The general hypothesis was tested that if an extent is demarcated by two numbers (from 1 to 9), the perception of extent varies depending on the numerical interval used. It was found that a visual extent demarcated by a smaller numerical interval appeared equal to a visual extent demarcated by a greater numerical interval when the former extent was physically smaller relative to the latter.
Commentary on the Editor’s Introductory Observations

In its premier issue, Health Promotion Practice featured a thoughtful compendium by R. Brick Lancaster and Kathleen Roe of the progress toward more effective collaboration between health education practitioners and researchers during the 1990s. It is gratifying to see how much has been done toward addressing Lancaster’s insightful 1992 recommendations, and it makes the inauguration of this new journal particularly welcomed as a continuation of that progress.
Architectures for efficient electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting devices

We discuss several device architectures leading to high-efficiency organic electrophosphorescent (EP) light emission. An external electroluminescence efficiency (/spl eta//sub ext/) of (10.0 /spl plusmn/ 0.5) % was realized by doping fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium (Ir(ppy)/sub 3/) into a 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenenthroline (BCP) electron transport layer. Direct exciton formation on the phosphor dopant avoids exciplex formation at the interface of unipolar hole and electron transport layers. Further, triplet exciton and carrier dynamics in a double heterostructure were investigated to determine the location and width of the exciton formation zone. High-efficiency EP is also demonstrated in a simplified two layer architecture using a 4,4'-N, N'-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP) ambipolar carrier transport host.
Orbital and CO2 forcing of late Paleozoic continental ice sheets

[1] Contrasting views of the size, duration, and history of the Gondwanan continental ice sheets have been proposed from late Paleozoic glaciological and sedimentological evidence. To evaluate these differing views, a coupled ice sheet-climate model is used to simulate continental ice sheets under a wide range of late Paleozoic orbital and pCO2 conditions. The model experiments indicate that orbital variations at pCO2 concentrations below 2X pre-industrial atmospheric levels (PAL; 280 ppm) produce large changes in late Paleozoic ice volume (∼1.3 × 108 km3) and sea level (∼20 to 245 m). Between 2 and 8X PAL Gondwana continental ice is simulated only under the most extreme Southern Hemisphere cold summer orbit, but still produces significant ice volumes (∼8–12 × 107 km3). Our results highlight the important role of atmospheric CO2 in determining the distribution, volume, and stability of late Paleozoic ice sheets, factors that ultimately impacted sea level, cyclothem deposition, and global climate, and reconcile disparate views of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age.
Secular trends in storm-level geomagnetic activity

Abstract. Analysis is made of K-index data from groups of ground-based geomagnetic observatories in Germany, Britain, and Australia, 1868.0–2009.0, solar cycles 11–23. Methods include nonparametric measures of trends and statistical significance used by the hydrological and climatological research communities. Among the three observatory groups, German K data systematically record the highest disturbance levels, followed by the British and, then, the Australian data. Signals consistently seen in K data from all three observatory groups can be reasonably interpreted as physically meaninginful: (1) geomagnetic activity has generally increased over the past 141 years. However, the detailed secular evolution of geomagnetic activity is not well characterized by either a linear trend nor, even, a monotonic trend. Therefore, simple, phenomenological extrapolations of past trends in solar and geomagnetic activity levels are unlikely to be useful for making quantitative predictions of future trends lasting longer than a solar cycle or so. (2) The well-known tendency for magnetic storms to occur during the declining phase of a sunspot-solar cycles is clearly seen for cycles 14–23; it is not, however, clearly seen for cycles 11–13. Therefore, in addition to an increase in geomagnetic activity, the nature of solar-terrestrial interaction has also apparently changed over the past 141 years.
Involvement of Apoptosis in Disruption of Developmental Competence of Bovine Oocytes by Heat Shock During Maturation

Various pathological stimuli such as radiation, environmental toxicants, oxidative stress, and heat shock can initiate apoptosis in mammalian oocytes. Experiments were performed to examine whether apoptosis mediated by group II caspases is the cause for disruption of oocyte function by heat shock applied during maturation in cattle. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured at 38.5, 40, or 418C for the first 12 h of maturation. Incubation during the last 10 h of maturation, fertilization, and embryonic development were at 38.58C and 5% (v/v) CO2 for all treatments. In the first experiment, exposure of COCs to thermal stress during the first 12 h of maturation reduced cleavage rate and the number of oocytes developing to the blastocyst stage. In the second experiment, a higher percentage of TUNEL-positive oocytes was noted at the end of maturation for oocytes matured at 40 and 418C than for those at 38.58C. In addition, the distribution of oocytes classified as having high (.25 intensity units), medium (15‐25 intensity units), and low (,15 intensity units) caspase activity was affected by treatment, with a greater proportion of heat-shocked oocytes having medium or high activity. In the third experiment, COCs were placed in maturation medium with vehicle (0.5% [v/v] DMSO) or 200 nM z-DEVD-fmk, an inhibitor of group II caspases. The COCs were matured at 38.5 or 418C, fertilized and cultured for 8 days. The inhibitor blocked the effect of heat shock on cleavage rate and the percentage of oocytes and cleaved embryos developing to the blastocyst stage. In conclusion, heat shock during oocyte maturation can promote an apoptotic response mediated by group II caspases, which, in turn, leads to disruption of the oocyte’s capacity to support early embryonic development following fertilization. apoptosis, environment, oocyte development
Subsurface Deformation in Surface Mechanical Attrition Processes

A modified expanding cavity model (M-ECM) is developed to describe subsurface deformation for strain-hardening materials loaded in unit deformation configurations occurring in surface mechanical attrition. The predictive results of this model are validated by comparison with unit deformation experiments in a model material, oxygen free high conductivity copper, using a custom designed plane strain deformation setup. Subsurface displacement and strain fields are characterized using in-situ digital image correlation. It is shown that conventional analytical models used to describe plastic response in strain-hardening metals are not able to predict important characteristics of the morphology of the plastic zone, including evolution of the dead metal zone (DMZ), especially at large plastic depths. The M-ECM developed in the present study provides an accurate prediction of the strain distribution obtained in experiment and is of utility as a component in multi-stage process models of the final surface state in surface mechanical attrition.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Importance of Business Anthropology: Its Unique Contributions

When I entered the field of business anthropology in the 1980s, it was an exciting and new development in anthropology, although anthropologists had been in business since the 1930s. What we experienced in the 1980s was actually a revival of a field that had been for the most part inactive for decades. Since the 1980s, the importance of business anthropology has exploded both inside the discipline and outside of it in the world of public life. The reasons for this explosion are complex but at the heart of them is the importance of what anthropologists bring to business. We bring a special way of looking and of thinking and consequently we come to conclusions not reached by others.
Hydrodeoxygenation of prairie cordgrass bio-oil over Ni based activated carbon synergistic catalysts combined with different metals

Bio-oil can be upgraded through hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). Low-cost and effective catalysts are crucial for the HDO process. In this study, four inexpensive combinations of Ni based activated carbon synergistic catalysts including Ni/AC, Ni-Fe/AC, Ni-Mo/AC and Ni-Cu/AC were evaluated for HDO of prairie cordgrass (PCG) bio-oil. The tests were carried out in the autoclave under mild operating conditions with 500psig of H2 pressure and 350°C temperature. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that all synergistic catalysts had significant improvements on the physicochemical properties (water content, pH, oxygen content, higher heating value and chemical compositions) of the upgraded PCG bio-oil. The higher heating value of the upgraded bio-oil (ranging from 29.65MJ/kg to 31.61MJ/kg) improved significantly in comparison with the raw bio-oil (11.33MJ/kg), while the oxygen content reduced to only 21.70-25.88% from 68.81% of the raw bio-oil. Compared to raw bio-oil (8.78% hydrocarbons and no alkyl-phenols), the Ni/AC catalysts produced the highest content of gasoline range hydrocarbons (C6-C12) at 32.63% in the upgraded bio-oil, while Ni-Mo/AC generated the upgraded bio-oil with the highest content of gasoline blending alkyl-phenols at 38.41%.
Conclusion: Final Thoughts from the Editors

Much has changed since the first edition of the Handbook of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings was published more than 20 years ago. Radical changes in telehealth and health information technology have resulted in electronic, medical, and patient health records that facilitate collaborative health care among the patient and their health care team. Social media, smartphone applications, video conferencing, and webinars not only make it easier for patients to gain important health care information and support but also allow more efficient and effective dissemination of evidence-based care. These advances can also support enhanced access to specialist care for patients and consultation roles with other professionals. However, despite these advances and the potential for greater reach, significant health disparities remain with too many Americans not receiving adequate care and not reaching important disease management milestones.
Analyzing multiple risk factors in patients with sarcomas. A case-control study.

Context: Sarcomas are a rare group of malignancies. Very little is known about their risk factors. Aims: The aim was to evaluate different risk factors in patients with sarcomas and to determine the median age at diagnosis, differences in race, gender, histological grades and staging in sarcoma patients. Settings And Design: A retrospective case-control study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in the USA. This included patients diagnosed with sarcomas from year 2000 to 2010. Materials And Methods: Data were extracted with the help of electronic medical records using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth revision codes. Healthy, matched controls were randomly selected from the same tertiary care hospital database. Statistical Analysis: Univariate comparisons between cases and controls were done using a two-group independent t-test for age and using Chi-square tests for the categorical variables. In order to identify possible independent predictors of sarcomas, a multiple logistic regression model was constructed using sarcoma status as the dependent variable and using, initially, all variables with a univariate P < 0.2 as independent variables. Variables were reduced in a manual stepwise manner to arrive at a final model. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. All analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results: A total of 425 sarcoma patients and 429 age, sex and race matched healthy controls were analyzed in this study. We found that a history of smoking and alcoholism was significantly associated with sarcomas. We also found that the history of cancer in first-degree relatives had a significant relationship. In addition, patients with sarcomas are more likely to have a history of another malignancy when compared with controls. Conclusions: Smoking and alcohol are potential risk factors for sarcomas. In addition, a history of cancer in the first-degree relative is also a potential risk factor. Patients with sarcomas are likely to have a history of another malignancy when compared with controls.
The Association between Deliberate Self-harm and College Student Subjective Quality of Life.

OBJECTIVES: The association between deliberate self-harm (DSH) and domain-based life satisfaction reports and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was explored simultaneously among college students. METHODS: Randomly selected participants (N = 723) completed an online survey. Relationships among DSH, 7 life satisfaction domains, and HRQOL (as assessed by mean good physical and mental health days, GHDs) were examined through correlational and general linear modeling procedures with post hoc analyses. RESULTS: DSH was a significant predictor for all life satisfaction domains, overall life satisfaction, and mean GHDs, even after controlling for covariates (p CONCLUSIONS: Those engaging in DSH report greatest dissatisfaction with friendships and selves compared to those not engaging in DSH. Surprisingly, DSH was only weakly associated with satisfaction with family, and behind that of satisfaction with physical appearance, school, and romantic relationships. Lastly, those engaging in DSH experience on average 60 fewer GHDs each year than those not engaging in DSH. Language: en
Amine distribution and carbon dioxide sorption performance of amine coated silica aerogel sorbents: Effect of synthesis methods.

Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) modified silica aerogel CO2 adsorbents were prepared by two methods: evaporative precipitation and wet-impregnation. The distribution of amine on the support and CO2 adsorption performance of these sorbents were studied by nitrogen porosimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and CO2 gravimetric adsorption analysis to understand the synthesis-structure-CO2 adsorption property relationships of the silica aerogel supported amine sorbents. The sorbents prepared by evaporative precipitation showed slightly better distributions of TEPA and adsorption performance relative to the wet impregnated analogues. The enhancements observed, however, were unexpectedly small suggesting that the two methods of amine immobilization result in similar TEPA distributions. It appears that the thermodynamic limitation toward lowering the free energy of the system is causing the TEPA to consolidate inside the aerogel network, suggesting that methods of impregnation are o...
Solvent Processible Composite Carbon Nanotube Cathode for Polymer LED Applications

Composites of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and conductive polymers were studied as potential cathode materials for application in polymer light emitting devices. A new conductive poly(2,7-9,9 (di(oxy-2,5,8-trioxadecane))fluorene) (PFO) possessing surfactant properties was used to stabilize SWNTs in solutions. The rigid PFO backbones act as a template while the ethyleneoxide side chains appear to wrap around the SWNTs. Up to 0.02% (by weight) of SWNTs are stabilized in the solution phase. The current vs. voltage behavior of the SWNT/PFO composite film (2% SWNT in PFO by weight) shows that most of the current is carried by SWNTs.
Free and bound amino acids in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius.

Amino acids produced in vitro by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Glutamic acid was the major component (21%) of the amino acids in the total and bound pools during the exponential phase of growth. Alanine was the major component (35%) in the free pool during the acceleration phase and in the early days of the exponential phase (33%), but subsequently decreased rapidly. Arginine, an ornithine-cycle intermediate, was present in substantial amounts (-7) in the total and bound pools during the exponential phase, but decreased in the free pool during the exponential phase. Citrulline and ornithine, also ornithine-cycle intermediates, were present in all fractions. The pattern of free ammonia production suggested urease activity resulting from the reduction of arginine. The pattern of amino-acid synthesis exhibited by P. tinctorius suggests that alanine as well as glutamic acid may be a route by which amino compounds are formed from inorganic nitrogen. The presence of arginine, citrulline, ornithine, and free ammonia in the free pool may be an indication that the ornithine cycle is operative in this fungus. It is not possible to conclude whether the presence of small or large concentrations of ornithine-cycle intermediates, especially arginine, in ectomycorrhizal fungi is critical for the enhancement of nitrogen uptake in ectomycorrhizae.
Experiential learning exercises to enhance learning in a university nutrition course

ABSTRACT Two projects were conducted in a University of California–Davis undergraduate animal nutrition class as experiential learning experiences to reinforce concepts taught in the lectures. The objectives of the experiential learning exercises were to (1) reinforce the nutritional concepts that were presented in the lectures, (2) provide hands-on experiences with animals as well as analytical wet chemistry methods, (3) study fiber digestion and lipid metabolism as they relate to digestive systems, and (4) inspire students to learn more about nutrition. Students participated in project 1 to study the digestibility of NDF in sheep, horses, and rabbits and project 2 to study dietary lipid digestion and metabolism in mice. Both projects required participation outside of normal class time. Students were involved in collecting and analyzing samples, recording and analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting their findings. Project 1 concluded with graded written and oral reports, whereas project 2 concluded with summarization of findings. Students were asked at the end of the class to rate both projects on a scale from 1 to 5, with 5 being the best rating. Project 1 received an average of 4.4, and project 2 received an average of 3.7.
Evaluation on new rice germplasm“Longjing 10”bred with anther culture in cold region

Using Longhua84-106、Tengxi138 and Xueguang as parents,Longjing10 was selected with good quality,resistance to disease and high yeild.The result showed that the choice of good parental materials,the combination of coventional methods and anther culture,and intensive identification of traits were necessary and effective ways in rice breeding.
Fetal cells in the maternal circulation. Technical considerations for practical application to prenatal diagnosis.

SUMMARY Recent advances in cell separation technology and DNA analytic techniques leave little doubt as to the presence of fetal cells in the maternal circulation. The potential of using these cells for genetic analysis is compelling. The practical aspects of establishing a universal method utilizing the new capabilities in clinical practice have not been addressed to date. The major hurdles that still need to be traversed before this technology is universally adopted include the identification of appropriate sampling and separation methods yielding fetal cells amenable to genetic analysis by rapid DNA technologies, clinical studies of appropriate statistical power to validate and compare this approach to current genetic testing, and comparison of this approach to other noninvasive paradigms such as triple screening. Despite the tremendous value of noninvasive genetic screening, the rigorous course required to progress from description of scientific capability to validation of a clinical test must not be ignored or rushed for financial considerations.
Treatment of benign tumors of the skin.

Common benign tumors of the skin have been described, insofar as their clinical characteristics are concerned, and a suggested form of treatment outlined. Benign tumors of the skin have been classified as to whether therapy is necessary because of the possible development of malignancy or for untoward reactions, whether treatment is desirable for cosmetic reasons, and those for which treatment is unnecessary or may be unsuccessful.
Cathodic Voltammetric Behavior of Pillar[5]quinone in Nonaqueous Media. Symmetry Effects on the Electron Uptake Sequence

The cathodic voltammetric behavior of pillar[5]quinone was investigated in dichloromethane solution. Our data show that the symmetry of the macrocycle has a pronounced effect on the electron uptake sequence. The uptake of the first five electrons follows a 2-1-2 pattern, and only a total of eight electrons could be injected into the macrocycle under our experimental conditions.
High-Throughput Nuclease-Mediated Probing of RNA Secondary Structure in Plant Transcriptomes

Empirical measurement of RNA secondary structure is an invaluable tool that has provided a more complete understanding of the RNA life cycle and functionality of this extremely important molecule. In general, methods for probing structural information involve treating RNA with either a chemical or an enzyme that preferentially targets regions of the RNA in a single- or double-stranded conformation (ssRNA and dsRNA, respectively). Here, we describe an approach that utilizes a combination of ssRNA- and dsRNA-specific nuclease (ss- and dsRNase, respectively) treatments along with high-throughput sequencing technology to provide comprehensive and robust measurements of RNA secondary structure across entire plant transcriptomes.
The role of the English learner facilitator in developing teacher capacity for the instruction of English learners

AbstractAs a field, we have a limited understanding and a dearth of empirical research concerning the role of high school instructional coaches focused on English learners (ELs). This paper examines one EL facilitator’s work as an instructional coach and resource for supporting mainstream content teachers as they learn to meet the needs of adolescent ELs in one high school. This analysis is grounded within an examination of the influence of school structure and organization on the EL facilitator’s work and her role as a resource. Drawing on sociocultural learning theory, as well as literature on teacher leadership and instructional coaching, case study data from a year-long qualitative research project are analyzed. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.
Computerizing Your Mineral Collection

(1989). Computerizing Your Mineral Collection. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 128-133.
Twenty years of ModelDB and beyond: building essential modeling tools for the future of neuroscience

Neuron modeling may be said to have originated with the Hodgkin and Huxley action potential model in 1952 and Rall's models of integrative activity of dendrites in 1964. Over the ensuing decades, these approaches have led to a massive development of increasingly accurate and complex data-based models of neurons and neuronal circuits. ModelDB was founded in 1996 to support this new field and enhance the scientific credibility and utility of computational neuroscience models by providing a convenient venue for sharing them. It has grown to include over 1100 published models covering more than 130 research topics. It is actively curated and developed to help researchers discover and understand models of interest. ModelDB also provides mechanisms to assist running models both locally and remotely, and has a graphical tool that enables users to explore the anatomical and biophysical properties that are represented in a model. Each of its capabilities is undergoing continued refinement and improvement in response to user experience. Large research groups (Allen Brain Institute, EU Human Brain Project, etc.) are emerging that collect data across multiple scales and integrate that data into many complex models, presenting new challenges of scale. We end by predicting a future for neuroscience increasingly fueled by new technology and high performance computation, and increasingly in need of comprehensive user-friendly databases such as ModelDB to provide the means to integrate the data for deeper insights into brain function in health and disease.
Human ribonuclease variants with broad anti-cancer activity

2175 Destroying RNA in cells disrupts the process of translation and transcription, precluding proteins from being made and ultimately resulting in cell death. Accomplishing this disruption in a cell-selective manner would provide a new means to kill cancer cells. Ribonucleases are ubiquitous enzymes that perform a variety of functions. Perhaps the most widely studied ribonuclease is bovine ribonuclease A (RNase A). RNase A is rendered inactive inside cells due to the presence of the cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI). Previous work has demonstrated that variants of bovine RNase A can be produced that have diminished binding to RI while maintaining ribonucleolytic function. These variants have been used to kill cancer cells in vitro and in vivo . The primary objective of this study is to demonstrate that a variant of the human pancreatic ribonuclease I can be developed with a safety and efficacy profile supportive of advancing a candidate into pre-clinical studies. Variants of RNases with diminished binding to RI are called EVade ™ RNases. Safety data (including clinical pathology) as well as efficacy in xenograft models will be presented for EVade ™ RNases, with an emphasis on the lead candidate selected for IND-enabling studies. The RNases presented here are expressed in inclusion bodies in E. coli and purified by column chromatography. The enzymatic activity is determined using a FRET-based assay. The substrate is a mixed oligonucleotide with quenching fluorophores at either end. The enzymatic activity assay has been adapted measure binding of the ribonucleases to RI. The engineered RNases are tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of human tumors implanted in the flanks of nude mice (xenografts). Clinical chemistry and complete blood count for EVade ™ RNases will be provided. QBI-119 is a variant of human RNase I that retains 94% sequence identity with the native protein. QBI-119 has been studied in the following xenograft models: prostate (DU145 cell line), pancreas (Bx-PC-3), lung (A549), and ovarian (SKOV-3) cancer. The efficacy of QBI-119 at optimized doses consistently results in significant tumor growth inhibition. The efficacy of EVade ™ RNases has been compared to standard chemotherapy agents, including docetaxel (prostate) and cisplatin (lung), as well as newer therapies such as erlotinib (lung) and gemcitabine (pancreatic). QBI-119 demonstrates efficacy similar to these agents with less gross toxicity to the animals. EVade ™ RNases have potent anti-tumor activity in vivo compared to standard therapies and another RNase. EVade ™ RNases based on the human pancreatic RNase I are showing similar efficacy. These data suggest that the engineered ribonucleases are candidates for development as therapeutic agents.
The Impact of Territorial and Relational Belonging on Member Retention in Social Networking Sites

With the growth in social networking and the highly competitive nature of the social networking market, it is important to understand the factors that influence social network site SNS member retention. In order to better understand continuation intention among SNS members, the authors propose and empirically test a model built upon the IS continuance model, motivation theory, and two belongingness constructs drawn from social psychology. Results of this study indicate that positive confirmation, perceived usefulness, and perceived enjoyment influence user satisfaction, which in turn has a strong impact on continuance intention. In addition, the member's sense of territorial belonging to the SNS has a positive influence on both continuance intention and perceived enjoyment. The member's sense of belonging stemming from relationships with others within the community has a positive influence on both perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment, but appears to be insignificant with respect to a direct influence on continuance intention.
Anglers’ Perceptions and Fish Consumption Risks in the Lower Tisza River Basin

This study identifies risk perception and actual health risks from exposure to metals in fish from the Tisza River Basin of central Europe. Mining in the region has chronically introduced metals; however, two major mine-tailings spill in 2000 contributed an estimated 240,000 m3 of wastewater and tailings contaminated with cyanide and metals to the system. In 2013 and 2014, water and fish (N = 99) collected from the lower Tisza River Basin were analyzed for cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. Concurrently, surveys (N = 45) collected near sampling sites assessed fish-consumption patterns and risk perception. Metals in water exceeded regulatory criteria at multiple sites; however, metals are not bioaccumulating to a degree of undue concern in fish as bioaccumulation factors were below 1. Average concentrations of metals in fish fillets (µg g−1 wet weight) in decreasing order were zinc (8.8) > copper (0.14) > nickel (0.06) > lead (0.02) > cadmium (0.004). Fillets were within European Food Safety Authority recommendations; however, the Target Hazard Quotient for lead was elevated at 1.5 for average consumers and 3.5 for people who consume fish twice weekly. The majority of survey participants were unconcerned with local fish consumption (87 %), citing the “clean” appearance of fishing locations. Participants also reported relatively low fish consumption, with most (76 %) eating basin fish once a week or less. While our study indicates fish are generally safe for human consumption, waters are polluted, suggesting that local fishing populations may be at risk from unseen pollutants and highlighting the need for monitoring and notification systems.
Injury severity, sex, and transfusion volume, but not transfusion ratio, predict inflammatory complications after traumatic injury.

Abstract Background Blood component (packed red blood cells [PRBC], fresh frozen plasma [FFP], platelets [PLT]) ratios transfused in a 1:1:1 fashion are associated with survival after trauma; the relationship among blood component ratios and inflammatory complications after trauma is not fully understood. Objectives To evaluate the relationship among blood component ratios (1:1 vs other for PRBC:FFP and PRBC:PLT) and inflammatory complications (primary outcome) in patients with major trauma. Methods Secondary analysis of a multi-institution database (N = 1538). Survival methods were used to determine the relationship among blood component ratios and inflammatory complications. Results Patients were primarily male (68%), Caucasians (89%), aged 39 ± 14 years, involved in a motor vehicle collision (53%). Eighty-six percent of patients developed an inflammatory complication; 76% developed organ failure, 27% ventilator-associated pneumonia, and 24% acute respiratory distress syndrome. Injury severity, sex, and total PRBC transfusion volume, not blood component ratio, predicted inflammatory complications. Conclusions Increased understanding of factors associated with inflammation after trauma and PRBC transfusion is needed.
The relationship between smoking intensity and subclinical cardiovascular injury: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Abstract Background and aims Modern tobacco regulatory science requires an understanding of which biomarkers of cardiovascular injury are most sensitive to cigarette smoking exposure. Methods We studied self-reported current smokers from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Smoking intensity was defined by number of cigarettes/day and urinary cotinine levels. Subclinical cardiovascular injury was assessed using markers of inflammation [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin 6 & 2 (IL-2 & IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)], thrombosis (fibrinogen, D-dimer, homocysteine), myocardial injury (troponin T; TnT), endothelial damage (albumin: creatinine ratio), and vascular function [aortic & carotid distensibility, flow-mediated dilation (FMD)]. Biomarkers were modeled as absolute and percent change using multivariable-adjusted linear regression models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors and smoking duration. Results Among 843 current smokers, mean age was 58 (9) years, 53% were men, 39% were African American, mean number of cigarettes per day was 13 (10), and median smoking duration was 39 (15) years. Cigarette count was significantly associated with higher hsCRP, IL-6 and fibrinogen (β coefficients: 0.013, 0.011, 0.60 respectively), while ln-transformed cotinine was associated with the same biomarkers (β coefficients: 0.12, 0.04, 5.3 respectively) and inversely associated with aortic distensibility (β coefficient: −0.13). There was a limited association between smoking intensity and homocysteine, D-dimer, and albumin:creatinine ratio in partially adjusted models only, while there was no association with IL-2, TNF-α, carotid distensibility, FMD, or TnT in any model. In percent change analyses, relationships were strongest with hsCRP. Conclusions Smoking intensity was associated with early biomarkers of CVD, particularly, markers of systemic inflammation. Of these, hsCRP may be the most sensitive.