cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow visualization and estimation of strain and strain-rate during friction stir process

Abstract A soft and ductile aluminum foil is embedded within a workpiece undergoing friction stir processing (FSP) to observe the deformation zone. A whirlpool of material is detected in the stir zone which consumes the foil over time. Among different approaches to estimate material strain, a logarithmic thickness strain is defined and experimentally measured by observing the gradual change in thickness of ductile aluminum foil. Additionally a strain-rate is numerically evaluated from the FSP process parameters and the deformed foil geometry using finite-element analysis. It is believed that this method provides reliable strain-rates in the friction stir process.
Gershgorin Disk Fragments

Eigenvalue inclusion regions for a general complex matrix can be found by forming the Gershgorin disks, centered at the diagonal elements of the matrix. We give a standard proof of Gershgorin's the...
Abstract 745: Role of G-quadruplex structures in the human RET promoter region in the regulation of this gene.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a tumor type characterized by germline point mutations of the RET (REarranged during Transfection) proto-oncogene. Since these mutations are known to induce oncogenic activation of RET tyrosine kinase, various therapeutic strategies interfering with the oncogenic function of RET protein have been developed and tested for treating RET-associated cancers in several preclinical and clinical studies. Our previous study has demonstrated that the G-rich strand in the polypurine/polypyrimidine (pPu/pPy) region of the RET proximal promoter is capable of forming intramolecular G-quadruplex structures in vitro in the presence of K+, which can be further stabilized by a G-quadruplex interactive agents. Thus, the detailed mechanism by which G-quadruplex structures regulate RET transcription has been studied using mutation analysis and promoter reporter assays together with a detailed analysis of transcription factor binding to the RET promoter in vivo. To this end, we have explored the Flp-In cell system using homologous recombination, which allows integration of a single copy of a wild type or G-quadruplex-mutant RET promoter–luciferase construct into a specific genomic recombination locus (FRT site) in a host Flp-In the human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell line. Thus, differences in reporter expression levels from isolated isogenic cell clones can be ascribed more confidently to promoter-specific effects, rather than enhancer/silencer artifacts due to variations in integration sites. Using these isogenic cell lines, we are able to provide strong evidence for G-quadruplex-dependent transcriptional repression of the RET gene in vivo. Citation Format: Daekyu Sun, Yoon-Joo Shin. Role of G-quadruplex structures in the human RET promoter region in the regulation of this gene. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 745. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-745
An unexpected effect of divalent cations on the adenovirus endogenous protein kinase: Alteration in the specificity of phosphorylation

Abstract The adenovirus endogenous protein kinase specifically phosphorylates capsid protein IIIa in the presence of Mg 2+ , utilizing either ATP or GTP as a phosphate donor. When Mn 2+ is substituted for Mg 2+ , in the presence of ATP, phosphorylation of IIIa is enhanced by 2–3 fold. However, in addition to IIIa phosphorylation, the core proteins V and VII are now phosphorylated. A similar finding is made when Co 2+ is used instead of Mg 2+ . Further, when Mn 2+ or Co 2+ is substituted for Mg 2+ , the phosphoamino acid residue profile is changed, viz., instead of only phosphoserine being labeled, phosphothreonine is now extensively labeled. These results are specific for the above endogenous viral proteins, since when the viral protein kinase is used to phosphorylate added exogenous substrates such as casein, no enhancement of phosphorylation nor any change in phosphoamino acid profile is achieved by substituting Mn 2+ for Mg 2+ . It is thus likely that MnATP or CoATP somehow interacts differently with adenovirus structural proteins than does MgATP and this facilitates their accessibility to the enzyme.
A Survey of first-row ternary oxides LiMO2 (M = Sc-Cu)

The literature pertaining to the first-row transition metal ternary oxides of the type LiMO2 with M = Sc-Cu, is reviewed. The series of compounds was studied using DSC, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectrophotometry, and measurements of magnetic susceptibilities and electrical resistivities. A new hexagonal polymorph of LiTiO2 was prepared. LiCuO2 could not be synthesized. LiTiO2, LiCrO2, LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 all undergo weak transitions above 400°C, which appear to be essentially different from the metal-insulator transition in LiVO2. Trends within the series are discussed; the relation of the d-orbital contraction to the intercation separation as the series is traversed appears to be the critical factor in producing the wide variety of magnetic behaviors within the series.
Lack of high-affinity nerve growth factor receptors in aggressive neuroblastomas.

BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma is a malignancy of the sympathetic nervous system. Nerve growth factor, which has a major role in development of the sympathetic nervous system, has high-affinity (gp140TRK-A) and low-affinity (gp75NGFR) cell-surface receptors. We recently reported preliminary study results showing a lack of gp140TRK-A receptors and rapid disease progression in neuroblastomas, particularly those with amplification of the N-myc (also known as MYCN) proto-oncogene. PURPOSE This retrospective study was designed to determine if expression of nerve growth factor receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) was associated with biologic and clinical parameters and with survival in neuroblastoma. METHODS We obtained 80 untreated primary neuroblastomas that had been snap-frozen and stored after surgical excision. To determine expression of gp140TRK-A and gp75NGFR, we performed Northern blot analyses on total RNA from the specimens. Samples from the same specimens were examined for N-myc proto-oncogene amplification, RNA expression, and histologic differentiation, and clinical stage at diagnosis and survival were determined. RESULTS Of the 80 neuroblastomas, 65 (81%) expressed gp140TRK-A RNA. However, three (27%) of the 11 tumors with genomic amplification and high expression of N-myc RNA and 62 (90%) of the 69 without genomic amplification or detectable N-myc RNA expressed gp140TRK-A mRNA. The inverse relationship between gp140TRK-A mRNA and N-myc expression had high statistical significance (P < .0001). Of the 67 tumors assessable for histologic differentiation, the 13 lacking gp140TRK-A mRNA were histologically undifferentiated, whereas 19 (35%) of the 54 expressing it were differentiated (P = .041). Only 10 (53%) of the 19 metastatic (stage IV) tumors expressed gp140TRK-A mRNA, compared with 90% for other stages (P = .0003). Survival 2 years after diagnosis was 92%, 78%, and 14% for patients whose tumors expressed high, intermediate, and no gp140TRK-A mRNA, respectively (P < .0001). Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that N-myc and gp140TRK-A expression of mRNA and clinical staging were independent predictors of survival. Expression of gp75NGFR mRNA did not correlate with gp140TRK-A mRNA expression, histologic differentiation, stage, or survival. CONCLUSIONS The expression of gp140TRK-A mRNA correlates with distinct biologic and clinical subsets of neuroblastoma, which suggests a role for the high-affinity nerve growth factor receptors in determining the phenotype of neuroblastoma. The absence of gp140TRK-A mRNA expression, whether or not the N-myc proto-oncogene is amplified, is associated with tumor progression.
Chemical binding in silicate minerals Part II. Computational methods and approximations for the binding energy of complex silicates

Abstract Methods have been generated and evaluated for the calculation of the electrostatic binding or partial binding energy of silicate minerals. Computational techniques used for finding the Coulomb energy and its derivatives are the Ewald method for lattice sums and differential Fourier synthesis. Computations are carried out for all symmetrically independent atoms in the unit cell. Repulsion energies and their derivatives are calculated using simple exponential repulsion terms. Covalency in the bonds is taken into account by reducing charges on ions for the Coulomb energy terms. By using differentials of energy terms, equations are given for shifting atoms to minimum energy positions.
Advertising time expansion, compression, and cognitive processing influences on consumer acceptance of message and brand

Abstract This article examines the nature of consumer process involvement and cognitive processing of advertising content as mediating variables between commercial message executions (e.g., broadcast time compression and expansion and using broadcast versus print media) on attitude and behavioral intentions. The article proposes a framework that builds on the prior work of Krugman, Wright, and MacInnis and colleagues; the framework includes hypotheses of an advertising execution and processing involvement interaction effect on cognitive processing of commercial messages and a substantial direct effect of cognitive processing on attitude and behavioral intention. The article includes details of an experiment testing hypotheses in the framework. The findings provide strong support of the hypotheses. Implications for advertising strategy include adopting a conservative view on the use of time compression in advertising commercials and nurturing low consumer processing involvement of commercial messages.
Effects of leptonic CP violating phases in the left-right supersymmetric model

We analyze the effects of CP violating phases in a fully left-right extension of the minimal supersymmetric model. These phases appear from both the heavy and light neutrino sectors: two CKM-type phases, and four Majorana phases. We study observable effects of these phases in lepton flavor violating decays, such as the T-odd asymmetry in $\mu^+ \rightarrow e^+e^+e^-$ , as well as in the leptonic electric dipole moments. We impose the experimental constraints from the mixing of light neutrinos and analyze cases in which the heavy and light neutrinos are either degenerate, or hierarchical, and highlight the dominant variables in each case. CP violating phases in both the heavy and light neutrino sectors of the left-right supersymmetric model have unique features which, if tested in the charged lepton sector, may distinguish the model from other supersymmetric scenarios.
Vertebral hemangioma in children

Summary Hemangioma of the bone is not common. It frequently involves the spine.Irradiation is the method of choice. Surgery is recognized in some cases to relieve pressure on the cord. A case is reported showing the favorable results of treatment.
Experimental Species Removal: Demographic Responses by Sigmodon hispidus and Reithrodontomys fulvescens

Experimental species removal was conducted for three years to assess the demographic consequences of interspecific interactions between cotton rats ( Sigmodon hispidus ) and fulvous harvest mice ( Reithrodontomys fulvescens ). Six 1.6-hectare (ha) plots were monitored monthly by live-trapping; two control, two Sigmodon -only, and two Reithrodontomys -only plots were maintained by appropriate species removal. Frequent trapping and habitat discontinuities between plots minimized the effect of interplot movement and maintained the experimental perturbation. Seasonal vegetation analyses were conducted on each field. Density, percent reproduction, and expectation of further life but not survival were significantly lower for both Sigmodon and Reithrodontomys on experimental plots (codominant species removed). Lower density for both species and lower reproduction for Reithrodontomys were significantly correlated to lower abundance of preferred habitat on these plots. Lower expectation of further life reflected increased mobility ( AvD p ) of Sigmodon on experimental plots, thereby contributing to lower densities and decreased reproduction through lower mate contact. Cotton rat mean individual body weight was significantly lower and male harvest mouse mean body weight significantly higher on experimental plots; lower cotton rat body weight reflected immigration onto experimental plots in response to a density gradient. Sigmodon sex ratio was skewed toward males on control plots, whereas Reithrodontomys sex ratio was skewed toward males on both plots; differential movement or trappability by either sex may be responsible for this result. The significantly lower proportion of adults and young adults on Sigmodon experimental plots was due to emigration; there was no between-plot age class difference for Reithrodontomys . Most demographic differences between control and experimental plots are explained by differential movement, survival, or abundance of preferred habitat. However, increased mean body weight of male Reithrodontomys and earlier appearance of Reithrodontomys juveniles on experimental plots remain unexplained. These results suggest interspecific interactions and/or behavioral interactions may be of secondary importance in determining the demographic structure of rodents in this system.
Solar and stellar coronae

A review of the observational facts of the X-ray corona of the sun suggests that the dissipation of waves plays at most a minor role in heating the corona. On the other hand, the random continuous shuffling and mixing of the footpoints of the bipolar magnetic fields, in which the X-ray corona resides, causes the spontaneous appearance of current sheets. Current sheets are highly dissipative, with a tendency to transient bursts of magnetic reconnection. Detailed observations show that the X-ray corona is made up of large numbers of small intense impulsive events of the same magnitude as expected from the bursts of reconnection. It appears, then, that it is the spontaneous current sheets that are the direct cause of the X-ray corona, driven by the continuous motions of the footpoints of the field in the photospheric convection.
Parasites at the origin of life

This paper is concerned with parasitic virus-like particles and their hosts. It is proposed that parasitism must have occurred at an early stage of evolution, soon after the first self-reproducing systems had formed. When chemical building blocks for self-reproducing systems became scarce, current theories envision that some self-reproducing systems evolved the capability to synthesize materials for self-replication from chemical precursors in the environment. It is proposed that at about the same time parasitic systems (phages) arose that replicated at the expense of host systems by diverting host materials to the replication of their own genomes. With the aid of a mathematical model we demonstrate that host and phages can coexist in a stable equilibrium, depending upon the carrying capacity of the environment. If the latter falls below a threshold, then the parasites die out. A parasite that has the capability to integrate into the host genome is replicated along with it and thus escapes extinction during periods of population bottlenecks of the host population. The presence of phages creates evolutionary pressures favoring host defenses against them. Thus, modern bacteria are able to degrade most invading DNA (through restriction enzymes). Defense capabilities require a share of the genome, thus adding to the genetic complexity of organisms.
Approximation of displacement fields using wavefront region grow

Abstract This paper presents a novel approach for the computation of displacement fields along contours which correspond to moving homogeneous regions in an image sequence. Individual frames of the image sequence are treated one at a time by performing segmentation and 2D motion analysis simultaneously. For the first frame, an original segmentation of the image into disjoint regions is assumed to be given in the form of pixel markings and the properties of these regions. The analysis of each new frame consists of (a) finding the new segmentation and (b) a set of displacement vectors that link corresponding points on the original and the new contour. The new region is assumed to overlap with the original region, such that their intersection is not empty. After finding the intersection, wavefront region growing is applied to obtain the new region and to compute a set of tentative displacement vectors. The final approximation is found by using a relaxation-type algorithm which “rotates” the mapping between the original and the new boundary until a correspondence with minimum deformation is found. The proposed algorithm is simple and lends itself to parallel implementation. Various examples are presented to illustrate the approach.
The Impact of Immigration Status on Tobacco Use among Chinese-American Adults in Texas

Objectives This study analyzed the impact of immigration status on current tobacco use among adult Chinese-Americans living in Texas. Methods A survey was administered in Chinese and English in 2004 to assess tobacco use among Chinese-American adults using a stratified probability sample from two large metropolitan areas in Texas. Data were adjusted for unequal probability of selection and weighted to provide state-wide estimates for Chinese-Americans in Texas. Results The study sample was comprised of 1,054 Chinese-American adults. The overall current smoking rate was 11.1% with men’s rates much higher (16.1%) than women’s (6.7%). Lower household income and education increased smoking among males but more educated females had a tendency to smoke more. Although overall smoking rate among Chinese-Americans was significantly lower than the general Texas population (20.6%), smoking rate among recent immigrant men (<5 years in the U.S.) was alarmingly higher (28.0%). U.S.-born Chinese-American men’s smoking rate (25.0%) is similar to that of their U.S.-born counterparts (23.7%). U.S.-born Chinese-American men initiated smoking 4 years earlier (13.8 years) than their immigrant counterparts. Conclusions Although Chinese-Americans in Texas had overall lower smoking rates than the general population, the high smoking rates among recently immigrated men emphasize the need for cessation activities targeting this group.
Low maternal retinol as a risk factor for schizophrenia in adult offspring

Background Prenatal micronutrient deficiency has been linked to later development of schizophrenia among offspring; however, no study has specifically investigated the association between vitamin A and this disorder. Vitamin A is an essential nutrient which is required by the early embryo and fetus for gene expression and regulation, cell differentiation, proliferation and migration. Previous work suggests that vitamin A deficiency in the second trimester may be particularly relevant to the etiopathogenesis of neurobehavioral phenotypes some of which are observed in schizophrenia.
Isotopic 18O exchange between solvent water and aquo molybdenum ions

Abstract Recent applications of 18O transfer and kinetic exchange experiments coupled with X-ray crystal structures has led to the establishment or confirmation of aqueous structures of some aqueous molybdenum ions. The mechanisms by which molybdenum-coordinated OH2, OH− and O2− are exchanged with solvent are not well-understood. Now there are several ions which have been carefully studied and some suggestions as to mechanism can be made. A summary of oxygen transfer and kinetic exchange studies is made for the aquo ions MoO2−4, Mo2O2+4, Mo3O4(OH2)4+9 and several of their complexes. Interpretation of oxygen transfer accompanying reduction to lower oxidation states gives some structural and kinetic information about the reduced ion. Some new data are presented on complexes of these oxidation states which allow an estimate of the rate behavior of oxo and bridged-hydroxo groups in the neutral and basic region not accessible with the uncomplexed aquo ion.
An electrostatic approach to the thermochemistry of fluorocarbons

Abstract The often used predictive schemes, notably bond and group additivites, work well for the prediction of heats of formation of compounds not containing polar groups. However, as halogens are introduced into the molecule, the additivity schemes may be in error by as much as 7–10 kcal mol /t-1 . An electrostatic point charge model will be described which shows marked improvement in the prediction of heats of formation of fluorine and chlorine containing organic molecules. Intrinsic point charges are assigned to each atom at infinite distances. As these charges are brought to molecular dimensions, polarization occurs due to the electric fields generated. The heats of formation are then considered to be the sum of three terms - a bond contribution, an electrostatic work contribution, and a polarization work contribution.
Energetically and Pressure Driven Liquid-Solid Transitions in Molecularly Thin Hydrocarbon Films

In this study we used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structural changes in nanoscopically thin n-octane films confined between smooth solid surfaces as a result of a) increasing solid-methylene unit affinity and b) increasing pressure. Increasing solid-methylene unit energetic affinity resulted in the solidification of the film at a critical value. A similar transition is observed at a critical value of pressure. Bulk n-octane was a liquid in both cases. The transition was signaled by an abrupt increase in the intermolecular order and was facilitated by a precipitous extension of the octane molecules, which adopted almost fully extended configurations. A discontinuous jump in the film density at the critical values of solid affinity and pressure was evident. The characteristics of the transitions showed that it was a mild first order transition from a highly ordered liquid to a poorly organized solid.
NMR and enzymatic investigation of the interaction between elastase and sodium trifluoroacetate.

Abstract At pH 5.5, sodium trifluoroacetate is a potent competitive inhibitor of porcine elastase ( K i = 2.6 mM) and human leukocyte elastase ( i = 9.3 mM). For both enzymes the K i increases with pH. Sodium fluoride is inactive on pancreatic elastase and sodium acetate is a weak inhibitor of this enzyme. Trifluoroethanol inhibits both enzymes but is less active than trifluoroacetate in acidic pH conditions. Bovine trypsin and α-chymotrypsin are restistant to the action of sodium trifluoroacetate and trifluoroethanol. The interaction between sodium trifluoroacetate and pancreatic elastase is also demonstrated by 19 F NMR spectroscopy. Trifluoroacetyltrialanine is able to displace trifluoroacetate from its complex with pancreatic elastase. In addition, a method using turkey ovomucoid for the active site titration of leukocyte and pancreatic elastase is described.
Isoform-Specific Roles of Synaptotagmins in Exocytosis

Adrenal chromaffin cells release hormones and neuropeptides that are essential to the physiological homeostasis of higher organisms. During this process, secretory granules fuse with the plasma membrane to deliver their cargo to the extracellular space. It was classically thought that fusion was the final regulated step in exocytosis, resulting in total release of granule cargo in a uniform manner. More recent evidence argues for non-uniform outcomes after fusion, where cargo is released with variable kinetics and selectivity. The goal of this study was to identify potential factors that contribute to these different outcomes, with a focus on the role of the calcium-sensing synaptotagmin (Syt) proteins. Two Syt isoforms are expressed in chromaffin cells: Syt-1 and Syt-7. We find that overexpressed and endogenous Syt isoforms rarely co-localize on secretory granules and are differentially responsive to weak and strong depolarizing stimuli. In addition, overexpressed Syt-1 and Syt-7 impose isoform-specific effects on fusion pore expansion and granule cargo release. Syt-7 fusion pores usually remain narrow (or reseal), slowing the dispersal of lumenal cargo proteins and granule membrane proteins. On the other hand, Syt-1 diffuses rapidly away from fusion sites and promotes the release of lumenal cargo proteins. These findings suggest one way in which regulation over chromaffin cell cargo release may be achieved is via selective activation of synaptotagmin isoforms.
Terrestrial planet formation surrounding close binary stars

Abstract Most stars reside in binary/multiple star systems; however, previous models of planet formation have studied growth of bodies orbiting an isolated single star. Disk material has been observed around both components of some young close binary star systems. Additionally, it has been shown that if planets form at the right places within such disks, they can remain dynamically stable for very long times. Herein, we numerically simulate the late stages of terrestrial planet growth in circumbinary disks around ‘close’ binary star systems with stellar separations 0.05 AU ⩽ a B ⩽ 0.4 AU and binary eccentricities 0 ⩽ e B ⩽ 0.8 . In each simulation, the sum of the masses of the two stars is 1 M ⊙ , and giant planets are included. The initial disk of planetary embryos is the same as that used for simulating the late stages of terrestrial planet formation within our Solar System by Chambers [Chambers, J.E., 2001. Icarus 152, 205–224], and around each individual component of the α Centauri AB binary star system by Quintana et al. [Quintana, E.V., Lissauer, J.J., Chambers, J.E., Duncan, M.J., 2002. Astrophys. J. 576, 982–996]. Multiple simulations are performed for each binary star system under study, and our results are statistically compared to a set of planet formation simulations in the Sun–Jupiter–Saturn system that begin with essentially the same initial disk of protoplanets. The planetary systems formed around binaries with apastron distances Q B ≡ a B ( 1 + e B ) ≲ 0.2 AU are very similar to those around single stars, whereas those with larger maximum separations tend to be sparcer, with fewer planets, especially interior to 1 AU. We also provide formulae that can be used to scale results of planetary accretion simulations to various systems with different total stellar mass, disk sizes, and planetesimal masses and densities.
SU‐DD‐A4‐05: Characterization of X‐Ray Scatter and Glandular Dose in Digital Tomosynthesis for Breast Imaging Using Monte Carlo Simulations

Purpose: To study the characteristics of x‐ray scatter and glandular dose in digital tomosynthesis for breast imaging.Method and Materials:Monte Carlo simulations of x‐ray transport in breast tomosynthesis were performed using the Geant4 package [Agostinelli et al, Nucl Instrum Meth A 506: 250–303, 2003]. Scatter‐to‐primary ratio (SPR) maps, maximum SPR, scatter point spread functions (PSF) and glandular dose to the breast were computed at several projection angles while varying compressed breast size, thickness, glandularity and x‐ray spectrum. For validation, the SPR and scatter PSF for the planar mammography view (0 degrees) for various setups were compared with published values [Boone et al, Med Phys 27(10): 2408‐16, 2000 and 27(8): 1818–1831, 2000]. Results: SPR maps and PSF show variations with increasing projection angle, with apparent asymmetry appearing at projection angles beyond 10 degrees. When the projection angle is increased from 0 to 21 ‐degrees, while the breast thickness encountered by the central ray increases by 7.1%, the maximum SPR for a semi‐circular 10 cm radius breast increases by 10.1% and 18.8 % for breast thicknesses of 2 cm and 8 cm, respectively. Dose deposition shows a decrease, varying by 3.8–7.6% for the same thicknesses and projection angles. Conclusion: Since the use of an anti‐scatter grid is not easy to implement in tomosynthesisimaging, the development of software‐based post‐acquisition scatter reduction is important, which requires a good understanding of the scatter effects. This work characterizes the scatter signal present in tomosynthesisimages and shows that x‐ray scatter affects each projection angle differently and therefore each projection must be corrected separately, using appropriate prior knowledge. Decreased glandular dose with increasing projection angle must be taken into account when planning a tomosynthesis clinical protocol. Research supported in part by: NIH‐NIBIB Grant RO1‐ EB002123 and the Georgia Cancer Coalition.
Spectral emissivity of rhenium

The spectral emissivity of rhenium has been measured at temperatures between 1537° and 2772°C for wavelengths between 0.35μ and 2.8μ. The emissivity at 0.65μ agrees well with previous measurements for temperatures below 2200°C, and disagrees only slightly above this temperature.The method and equipment used in the measurements are discussed, and the errors are analyzed.The measured emissivities, and the temperature coefficient of emissivity are compared with the predictions of the Hagen-Rubens relation.
Relationship between upstream turbulent boundary-layer velocity fluctuations and separation shock unsteadiness

Particle image velocimetry and high-frequency response wall pressure measurements have been used to investigate the relationship between upstream turbulent boundary-layer properties and the unsteady separation shock behavior in a Mach 5 unswept compression ramp interaction. No correlation is found between variations in the incoming boundary-layer thickness and the separation shock foot position, as has been suggested in earlier work. However, themean velocity proe le, conditioned on theseparation shock foot position, exhibits a subtly fullershape when the shock is downstream than when it is upstream. More signie cantly, a clear correlation is observed between positivestreamwisevelocity e uctuations in thelowerthird of the upstream boundary layer and downstream shock motions, and vice versa. The strongest correlations are found for velocity e uctuations with frequencies of about4‐10 kHz, which is signie cantly lowerthan the frequencies that characterize the large-scale structures in the boundary layer (40 kHz), although spatial limitations in the transducer array may limit the instrument sensitivity to this lower range. These results are qualitatively consistent with the simple physical principle that a fuller velocity proe le imparts increased resistance to separation to the boundary layer and, hence, causes downstream shock motion, whereas a less-full velocity proe le is associated with lower resistance to separation and, hence, upstream shock motion.
The Impact of Bronchiolitis Obliterans on Late Morbidity and Mortality After Single and Bilateral Lung Transplantation for Pulmonary Hypertension

Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a rare cardiovascular disease with a variable course; however, in general, its prognosis is poor. Among the various treatment options available, transplantation (initially heart-lung transplantation, and later isolated single or bilateral lung transplantation) has become an accepted modality. Heart-lung transplantation is necessary only in a minority of patients because right ventricular recovery has been gratifying after isolated lung transplantation. Furthermore, the scarcity of suitable donor organs mandates the achievement of the maximal number of heart and lung transplants from the limited donor pool. Available published data show that both single and bilateral lung transplantation are suitable alternatives for the majority of patients with pulmonary hypertension. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), the main cause of late mortality and morbidity in lung transplant recipients, affects pulmonary hypertensive patients as it does other recipient subgroups. The available data regarding the impact of BOS on single versus bilateral lung recipients with pulmonary hypertension are somewhat scanty. Although some have suggested that BOS is more prevalent among PPH recipients, this is not uniformly supported through the literature. Other reports have documented severe ventilation-perfusion imbalance associated with graft dysfunction secondary to BOS in single lung transplant recipients with PPH. Despite this, there are no available data to document a significant survival benefit for PPH patients receiving bilateral versus single lung transplantation. Our own transplantation experience at Washington University in St. Louis with pulmonary hypertension shows a trend toward better survival in bilateral lung recipients, although this difference is not significant. Ultimately, both single and bilateral lung replacement seem to be satisfactory transplant options in PPH. Both recipient groups are affected by BOS, and longer follow-up of larger numbers of patients may document superior survival and functional outcome with bilateral lung replacement.
Phonological Spelling and Reading Deficits in Children With Spelling Disabilities

Spelling errors in the Wide Range Achievement Test were analyzed for 77 pairs of children, each of which included one older child with spelling disability (SD) and one spelling-level-matched younger child with normal spelling ability from the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center database. Spelling error analysis consisted of a percent graphotactic-accuracy (GA) score based on syllable position and existence in English, and a phonological accuracy score (PA). The SD group scored significantly worse in the PA measure and nonsignificantly better than controls on the GA measure. The Group × Measure interaction was significant. Spelling matched pairs had very similar scores for word recognition and orthographic coding, but the SD group exhibited significant deficits in reading measures of phonological decoding and in language measures of phonological awareness.
Casson's invariant and twisted double knots

Abstract This paper presents a formula for Casson's invariant for branched cyclic covers of degree r = ± 1 mod 6 over S 3 with branch set a twisted double knot DK . Casson's invariant is compared with the signature of a canonical 4-manifold whose boundary is the branched cyclic cover. For r = −1 mod 6, Casson's invariant is shown to depend upon the knot and the degree of the cover while the signature is independent of the knot in question.
A model of the mature hurricane

A schematic picture of the structure of a mature hurricane is hypothesized. The heat and moisture transfer, the boundary-layer dynamics and the overall dynamic and thermodynamic balances are analysed crudely, but sufficiently accurately to provide support for the hypothesis.
Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Elbow

Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of the overhead athlete's elbow has led the medical community to understand that the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the elbow is more commonly injured than originally thought. Injury can result in secondary symptoms and problems in other regions of the elbow. Sports requiring an overhead motion, such as throwing a ball, hitting a ball overhead, or serving a tennis ball, imparts a valgus stress on the elbow that is resisted by the UCL. Throwing sidearm or hitting a forehand in tennis, squash, or racquetball may also impart a valgus stress to the elbow. Repeated or excessive valgus stress places a force on the UCL that may result in injury to the ligament. Injury to the UCL may result in problems in other areas of the elbow, including the ulnar nerve, the flexor-pronator musculotendinous unit, the radiocapitellar joint and the posterior compartment of the elbow, in addition to being a cause of loose bodies within the elbow. This article reviews the anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology of injury to the UCL and injuries to the other structures that result from UCL injury. Also reviewed are patient history, examination techniques, tests that help confirm the diagnosis of UCL injury, and treatment of the injured UCL.
Interaction of Y overlayers with the GaAs(100) surface and oxidation of the Y / GaAs interface

The interaction of yttrium with atomically clean GaAs(100) surface has been studied for yttrium coverages 0 < θ ⩽ 7.5 ML by Auger and X-ray electron spectroscopies. It is found that at these yttrium coverages, the Y/GaAs interface formation follows a two-step mechanism. At low coverage, θ < 2.4 ML, Y deposits on top of the GaAs. At higher yttrium coverage (θ ⩾ 2.4 ML), Ga diffuses through the Y overlayer. Also studied were the effects of Y overlayers on the oxidation of GaAs. Yttrium was found to significantly enhance the oxidation of GaAs with the oxidation products mainly Ga2O3 and As2O3. The oxide layer was found to be composed of three distinct regions.
Dynamic wedge failure reveals anomalous energy radiation of shallow subduction earthquakes

Abstract Dynamically induced Coulomb failure in the overriding wedge significantly affects energy radiation of shallow subduction earthquakes. For a wedge on the verge of failure, extensive fluid-assisted coseismic failure due to updip rupture causes significant seafloor uplift above a shallow dipping basal fault. The large inelastic uplift, greatly enhanced by the presence of free surface, significantly dilates the fault behind the rupture front during the rupture propagation, which reduces the effective normal stress and sliding friction on the fault, and increases the dynamic stress drop and slip velocity. As a result, slip-velocity time histories in the shallow section of the fault tend to have a ‘snail-like’ shape, leading to depletion of high frequencies in the slip velocity field and the resultant source time function. We also show that the failure in the wedge acts as a large energy sink (while contributing to seismic moment), giving rise to distributed heat generation (i.e., small heat flow anomaly across the fault), low moment-scaled radiated energy, slow rupture velocity, and small directivity, which provides a unifying interpretation for nearly all anomalous observations documented for shallow subduction earthquakes.
Slip in explosively shocked magnesium oxide crystals

Abstract The operative slip systems in MgO crystals, shock loaded along 〈110〉, 〈111〉, and 〈100〉 directions, have been studied using optical and electron, metallography. Slip occurs on the {100}, {110}, {111}, and {112} planes along the 〈110〉 direction. In addition, the dislocation density in the slip bands is greater than 2 × 1010/cm2. These results are explained in terms of the multiplication of dislocations and their movement over short distances.
Mode locking, the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, and one-dimensional mappings

Abstract We demonstrate that complex sequences of periodic states such as those observed in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction can be generated by simple one-dimensional maps. Motivated by the experimental data, we construct a map which reproduces most of the complicated devil's staircase observed by Maselko and Swinney as well as chaos and other experimentally observed periodic sequences. An interesting property of the devil's staircase observed here is that it remains complete through a wide range of parameters, in contrast to the devil's staircases observed in critical circle maps. We also comment on a new class of mode-locking sequences.
Persuasive wearable technology design for health and wellness

Given the world's obesity epidemic and battle with chronic illness, there is a growing body of research that suggests that a moderate physical lifestyle has significant impact on psychological and physical health. Wearable computing has the potential to encourage physical activity by increasing health awareness and persuading change through just-in-time feedback. This form of technology could help individuals manage lifestyle related factors and implement healthy routines. In this paper, we explore the benefits and tradeoffs of current wearable health technologies along with the persuasion methods employed by their designers to motivate healthy behavior change. We also discuss the challenges and limitations of implementing wearable technologies and suggest possible improvements.
Diagnosing Warm Frontal Cloud Formation in a GCM: A Novel Approach Using Conditional Subsetting

This study analyzes characteristics of clouds and vertical motion across extratropical cyclone warm fronts in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model. The validity of the modeled clouds is assessed using a combination of satellite observations from CloudSat, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), and the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis. The analysis focuses on developing cyclones, to test the model's ability to generate their initial structure. To begin, the extratropical cyclones and their warm fronts are objectively identified and cyclone-local fields are mapped into a vertical transect centered on the surface warm front. To further isolate specific physics, the cyclones are separated using conditional subsetting based on additional cyclone-local variables, and the differences between the subset means are analyzed. Conditional subsets are created based on 1) the transect clouds and 2) vertical motion; 3) the strength of the temperature gradient along the warm front, as well as the storm-local 4) wind speed and 5) precipitable water (PW). The analysis shows that the model does not generate enough frontal cloud, especially at low altitude. The subsetting results reveal that, compared to the observations, the model exhibits a decoupling between cloud formation at high and low altitudes across warm fronts and a weak sensitivity to moisture. These issues are caused in part by the parameterized convection and assumptions in the stratiform cloud scheme that are valid in the subtropics. On the other hand, the model generates proper covariability of low-altitude vertical motion and cloud at the warm front and a joint dependence of cloudiness on wind and PW.
Renorming c0(Γ)

Abstract An equivalent norm is defined on c0(Γ). A straightforward proof shows that the norm is locally convex and Frechet differentiable.
Involvement of BCL6 in chromosomal aberrations affecting band 3q27 in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Chromosomal band 3q27 exhibits recurring and nonrecurring translocations and other rearrangements in approximately 8% of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) belonging to low-grade as well as diffuse aggressive histologies. The BCL6 gene, which encodes a zinc-finger transcription repressor protein and which maps to chromosomal band 3q27, is deregulated in t(3;14)(q27;q32) and other translocations by substitution of its transcription regulatory sequences by those of genes on the partner chromosomes. To delineate the cytogenetics and investigate the nature and consequence of BCL6 involvement in the spectrum of 3q27 aberrations seen in NHL, we analyzed a panel of 53 NHL tumors with 3q27 aberrations for BCL6 gene rearrangements and a subset of 32 of these for mutations. We identified four new recurring translocations involving 3q27, in addition to the previously recognized t(3;14)(q27;q32) and its variant, t(3;22)(q27;q11). Histologically, the 3q27 breaks were represented by 4% mantle cell lymphomas, 38% follicular center cell lymphomas, and 58% diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Approximately 50% of the tumors exhibited BCL6 rearrangements, whereas 87.5% showed mutations in the 5′ noncoding region which contains the transcription regulatory sequences. These results demonstrate that a substantial proportion of cytogenetically detected 3q27 breaks in NHLs do not represent BCL6-associated translocations. They also suggest alternate breakpoints which may lead to BCL6 deregulation, or involvement of other genes in 3q27 translocations. The frequent BCL6 mutation in these tumors is consistent with our previous observation of hypermutation of the 5′ noncoding region of the gene in lymphomas arising in the germinal-center B-cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 23:323–327, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The activation of bovine factor X by bovine factor Xa.

Abstract A steady-state kinetic analysis of the activation of bovine Factor X, by bovine Factor X a , was undertaken. The activation was found to be dependent on the presence of divalent cations; Ca 2+ showing the greatest stimulatory effect and Mn 2+ exhibiting a lower degree of activity for this reaction. Although Sr 2+ and Mg 2+ were ineffective when present alone, each contributed synergistically to the activation rate at suboptimal levels of Ca 2+ . The effect of phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylserine, 4:1, w:w) on the rate of activation and on the activation pathway was investigated. Phospholipid (PL) concentrations of up to 40 μ m had no effect on the activation rate; whereas, concentrations of 40–180 μ m were slightly inhibitory. In the absence of PL, the major product of the activation was Factor α-X a , while in the presence of PL, lower-molecular-weight forms of Factor X (Factor β-X) and Factor X a (Factor β-X a were produced. At saturating levels of Ca 2+ , the K m app for the activation, at pH 7.4 and 37 °C, in the absence of PL, was found to be 0.6 ± 0.1 μ m and the V was 1.7 ± 0.3 mol Factor X cleaved min −1 mol −1 Factor X a . The corresponding values, in the presence of 90 μ m PL, were 1.4 ± 0.2 μ m and 2.2 ± 0.2 mol Factor X cleaved min −1 mol −1 Factor X a .
Visualization of blob mechanics in flow through porous media

Two fluids are placed inside a porous medium, one in the form of disconnected blobs, or ganglia. Motions of individual blobs are observed by means of a three-dimensional flow visualization arrangement with the refractive indices of solid matrix and continuous liquid matched. Liquid velocities needed to mobilize non-wetting blobs are measured versus blob length and liquid viscosity. Velocities accord with the theory of blob mechanics, as do the critical values of the capillary number μυσ. The latter agree satisfactorily with reported values (ca. 0.005) for virtually complete displacement of residual non-wetting phase. The largest vertical length of stationary blobs is measured versus density difference and also accords with the theory.
A simple image based method for obtaining electron density and atomic number in dual energy CT

The extraction of electron density and atomic number information in computed tomography is possible when image values can be sampled using two different effective energies. The foundation for this extraction lies in the ability to express the linear attenuation coefficient using two basis functions that are dependent on electron density and atomic number over the diagnostic energy range used in CT. Material basis functions separate images into clinically familiar quantities such as 'bone' images and 'soft tissue' images. Physically, all basis function choices represent the expression of the linear attenuation coefficient in terms of a photoelectric and a Compton scattering term. The purpose of this work is to develop a simple dual energy decomposition method that requires no a priori knowledge about the energy characteristics of the imaging system. It is shown that the weighted sum of two basis images yields an electron density image where the weights for each basis image are the electron density of that basis image's basis material. Using the electron density image, effective atomic number information can also be obtained. These methods are performed solely in the image domain and require no spectrum or detector energy response information as required by some other dual energy decomposition methods.
The dc Josephson current in cylindrical junctions

Abstract The dc Josephson current between co-axial cylinders is calculated for arbitrary Josephson penetration depth. The results support the interpretation of recent experiments which determined the magnetic-field dependence of the Josephson critical current density. The interpretation centers on the conclusion that the Josephson current vanishes when the fluxoid quantum number differ.