cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ optical and structural studies of H 2 chemisorption in C 8 K

Results of in situ optical (reflectance, Raman scattering) and 00l x-ray diffraction studies of hydrogen chemisorption in Grafoil-based stage 1 C8K intercalation compounds are presented. Upon hydrogen uptake, stage 2 KC8H2/3 was found to coexist with C8K forming first in the optical skin depth. The intensities of the 00l x-ray diffraction peaks show quantitatively that the reaction C8K + 1/2xH2 ⇉ (1 − 3/2x)C8K + 3/2xC8KH2/3 occurs for x>0.4 in the bulk. The effects of the surface morphology of Grafoil on the near-normal incidence reflectance was investigated and found to be described by an energy (E) dependent function S(E) = exp[−aE n], such that the corrected spectrum R c = SR, where R is the Grafoil reflectance. In this manner, reflectance spectra of C8K-Grafoil and C8KH2/3-Grafoil were quantitatively analyzed to determine the free carrier contribution. The free carrier lifetimes were found to be a factor of 2 shorter in Grafoil-based hosts, compared to highly oriented pyrolytic graphite-based hosts. The optical results for C8KH2/3 indicate the H(ls) band is full (or very nearly full).
Analyzing the functional organization of a novel restriction modification system, the BcgI system.

BcgI is a novel, multi-subunit, restriction-modification (R-M) system that differs from all the other types of R-M system in its genetic and functional organization. The holoenzyme contains two different subunits, BcgI A and BcgI B. Both are required for endonuclease and methyltransferase activities. Here, we show that the endonuclease activity is mediated by the N-terminal portion of the A subunit. We made this assignment by mutational analysis. The analytic strategy involved three steps. First, the methyltransferase activity was inactivated by site-directed mutagenesis of a conserved methyltransferase motif also found in the A subunit. One of the R+M- mutants could not methylate DNA but was still able to cleave it, therefore expression of this mutant gene was lethal to the host. This lethal phenotype allowed the selective isolation of cleavage-deficient (R-) mutations in a second round of random mutagenesis in this mutant background. The R- mutations were all located in the N-terminal portion of the A subunit. There are five potential endonuclease motifs within this region. Conserved acidic residues in each of these motifs were substituted with alanine by site-directed mutagenesis of the wild-type A gene. The results identified one motif, P52E53-(X)12-E66D67K68, as the probable endonuclease active-site. Further support for this assignment was obtained by another round of site-directed mutagenesis directed to residues surrounding this motif. The results showed that DNA cleavage activity was mediated by the predicted, conserved residues, and not any of the surrounding non-conserved residues. One mutant protein, BcgI-E53A, with a single amino acid substitution decreased the DNA cleavage activity at least 700-fold. Our present model for the functional organization of BcgI locates both endonuclease and methyltransferase domains in the A subunit, with the target recognition domain located in the B subunit.
Variability in mitotic figures in serial sections of thin melanomas

Background T1 melanoma staging is significantly affected by tissue sampling approaches, which have not been well characterized. Objective We sought to characterize presence of mitotic figures across a minimum of 5 sequential sections of T1 melanomas. Methods A cohort of T1 melanomas with either 5 (single section per slide) or 10 (2 sections per slide) sequential sections (5-μm thickness) per case were prepared and examined for mitotic figures. Results In all, 44 of 82 T1 melanomas (54%) were classified as T1b. The number of sections with a mitotic figure present ranged from only 1 of 5 sections (n = 5 of 44 cases, 11.4%) to all 5 (n = 20 of 44 cases, 45.5%). A sequential approach versus a nonsequential approach did not appear to matter. Limitation Cases were taken from a single pathology practice in the Pacific Northwest, which may not generalize to other populations in the United States. Conclusion The variation in the presence of mitotic figures within sequential sections supports reviewing 3 to 5 sections to fulfill American Joint Committee on Cancer recommendations. The prognostic significance of a T1b melanoma with a rare mitotic figure on a single section versus a T1b melanoma with mitotic figures on multiple sections deserves more attention to see if further subclassification is possible or even necessary.
Development of an invariant display strategy for spectral imagery

There is currently no standard method to map high-dimensional spectral data into a pseudocolor representation. A number of methods have been developed for particular applications, but the results are often difficult to predict when the strategy is applied in other circumstances. A talented analyst can almost always create a color representation that highlights the specific feature of interest, but there is a need for a default strategy which can provide a reliable first look at the data in an unsupervised manner. In this paper, we introduce a principal components based mapping strategy that is built on the principles of human color vision. Orthogonal image information is mapped into orthogonal color processing channels, providing an ergonomic representation that more closely resembles scenes that human visual systems are trained to process. The specific transformation discussed in this paper is optimized for to the data set analyzed, but it provides a first step in the development of an invariant strategy for initial display of spectral data.
An empirical analysis of market and institutional mechanisms for alleviating information asymmetry in the municipal bond market

This article examines how various market and institutional mechanisms resolve information asymmetry problems in the municipal bond market in the U.S. Information asymmetry exists in this market since a significant percentage of the investors are individuals on one side and many of the issuers are infrequent and relatively small ones on the other side. Using a two-stage switching regression model, we find that these mechanisms, including self-certification, method of sale, underwriter certification, and underlying credit ratings for insured municipal bonds, all help resolve information asymmetry problems and thus reduce borrowing cost for the issuers. (JEL G14)
Accuracy of elastomeric impressions disinfected by immersion

This study evaluates the accuracy and surface quality of stone dies made from impressions that had been placed in disinfectants. Results indicated that selection of the type of impression material is more important than selection of the disinfectant. Addition silicone and polysulfide impressions were disinfected without a loss in accuracy, whereas polyether impressions were adversely affected. The surface quality of dies was acceptable with disinfection and one disinfectant contributed to an improvement in surface quality compared with the control.
Characterization of recombinant E. coli ATCC 11303 (pLOI 297) in the conversion of cellulose and xylose to ethanol.

This work describes the characterization of recombinantEsherichia coli ATCC 11303 (pLOI 297) in the production of ethanol from cellulose and xylose. We have examined the fermentation of glucose and xylose, both individually and in mixtures, and the selectivity of ethanol production under various conditions of operation. Xylose metabolism was strongly inhibited by the presence of glucose. Ethanol was a strong inhibitor of both glucose and xylose fermentations; the maximum ethanol levels achieved at 37°C and 42°C were about 50 g/l and 25 g/l respectively. Simmultaneous sacharification and fermentation of cellulose with recombinantE. coli and exogenous cellulose showed a high ethanol yield (84% of theoretical) in the hydrolysis regime of pH 5.0 and 37°C. The selectivity of organic acid formation relative to that of ethanol increased at extreme levels of initial glucose concentration; production of succinic and acetic acids increased at low levels of glucose ( <1 g/l), and lactic acid production increased when initial glucose was higher than 100 g/l.
Completely fair SFE and coalition-safe cheap talk

Secure function evaluation (SFE) enables a group of players, by themselves, to evaluate a function on private inputs as securely as if a trusted third party had done it for them. A completely fair SFE is a protocol in which, conceptually, the function values are learned atomically.We provide a completely fair SFE protocol which is secure for any number of malicious players, using a novel combination of computational and physical channel assumptions.We also show how completely fair SFE has striking applications togame theory. In particular, it enables "cheap-talk" protocol that(a) achieve correlated-equilibrium payoffs in any game,(b) are the first protocols which provably give no additional power to any coalition of players, and(c) are exponentially more efficient than prior counterparts.
Vertebrates That Never Sleep: Implications For Sleep’s Basic Function

A major activity of the brain of most vertebrates during waking behavior is the processing of sensory information, preponderantly visual. This processing is not fully compatible with the brain's spontaneous oscillatory activity that maintains (refreshes) infrequently used circuits that store inherited and experiential information (memories). Great reduction in sensory input and processing during sleep permits the refreshment of memory circuits to occur unimpededly. Accordingly, sleep may have evolved as ever augmenting needs for processing visual information during waking behavior by brains of great complexity conflicted increasingly with needs to refresh memory circuits. The lack of a need for sleep by genetically blind fishes that live in caves, and sighted fishes that swim continuously, is consistent with this thesis, as their needs for processing of sensory information, predominantly visual, are either greatly reduced or nil. Reduced requirements for processing sensory information by continuously swimming fishes owe to the following aspects of their behavior and ecology: (1) visual input is greatly reduced or absent during lengthy periods of nocturnal activity; (2) schooling greatly reduces needs for sensory information, particularly visual; (3) being maintained through frequent use, circuitry for most inherited memories needs no refreshment; and (4) inasmuch as they lead a comparatively routine existence in essentially featureless, open waters, pelagic species acquire, and have need to refresh, relatively few experiential memories. Analogous circumstances could account for the ability of migrating birds to fly for days without rest or sleep.
Protecting the objectivity, fairness, and integrity of neuropsychological evaluations in litigation. A privilege second to none?

Consider a 27-year-old, college-educated man who suffered a 20-second loss of consciousness after an aircraft cargo door struck his head in a work related injury. 1 At deposition, an expert present...
MS clinical trial design for the future.

The Clinical Outcomes Task Force has been challenged to develop new easily administered composite outcomes that are more sensitive, highly reliable, properly validated, and measure more effectively...
The minimum gap‐opening planet mass in an irradiated circumstellar accretion disc

We consider the minimum mass planet, as a function of radius, that is capable of opening a gap in an �-accretion disk. We estimate that a half Jupiter mass planet can open a gap in a disk with accretion rate u M . 10 −8 M⊙/yr for viscosity parameter � = 0.01, and Solar mass and luminosity. The minimum mass is approximately proportional to u M 0.48 � 0.8 M 0.42 ∗ L −0.08 ∗ . This estimate can be used to rule out the presence of massive planets in gapless accretion disks. We identify two radii at which an inwardly migrating planet may become able to open a gap and so slow its migration; the radius at which the heating from viscous dissipation is similar to that from stellar radiation in a flared disk, and the radius at which the disk has optical depth order 1 in a self-shadowed disk. If a gap opening planet cuts off disk accretion allowing the formation of a central hole or clearing in the disk then we would estimate that the clearing radius would approximately be proportional to the stellar mass.
Modification of tumor and normal tissue radioresponse in mice by N-methylformamide

Abstract The effects of the differentiation-inducing agent N-methylformamide (NMF) on the in vivo response of the murine tumor FSA and its pulmonary metastases to ionizing radiation were investigated. In addition, the radioresponse of acutely responding normal tissues was determined in mice receiving systemic NMF. A dosage of 300 mg/kg administered for 8 days had little effect on the FSA tumor growth, yet enhanced the growth inhibitory actions of ionizing radiation with dose enhancement factors ranging from 1.5 to 1.7. Administration of NMF also enhanced the radiation response of FSA micrometastases. The response to irradiation of hematopoietic tissue, jejunum, and testes in mice receiving NMF was also investigated. NMF administered before or before and after radiation enhanced the formation of endogenous spleen colonies, yet did not influence the LD5030 for radiation. Jejunal crypt cell survival after radiation was slightly increased in mice receiving NMF, but the survival of spermatogonia after radiation was not affected. These data indicate that NMF administration results in an increase in the radiosensitivity of the FSA tumor and its metastases with no concomitant increase in the radiation response of the normal tissue tested. Thus, at least in this model system, a therapeutic gain is achieved through the combination of NMF and ionizing radiation.
Perspective: pitfalls in the psychotherapy of borderline personality or the triumph of faith over fact.

In the current era recommendations about the psychotherapy of patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) have come to rely increasingly on detailed manuals and on the randomized controlled study (RCS). The suggestions that derive from these sources are further bolstered by followup studies, particularly those of a prospective design. The latter offers promise of observations and results whose accuracy is greater than what the retrospective studies of a generation ago could achieve. Despite the advantages of these newer approaches, the formulation of an ideal psychotherapeutic method remains elusive—like the desert-mirage that eternally recedes as you rush toward it. There are several reasons for this paradox. To begin with, borderline patients, as with all personality-disordered patients, are unique individuals whose particularities can be grasped only by attention to a myriad of variables, bewildering in their complexity. In this respect, they are very different from the patients with pneumococcal pneumonia who, largely independent of their demographic differences, tend uniformly to respond well to penicillin. A similar claim can be made for the bulk of patients with, say, acute psychotic mania—for whom an initial neuroleptic, and a moodstabilizer over the long term will usually save the day, independent of whether the practitioner were a “follower” of Ronald Fieve, Thomas Insel, Frederick Goodwin, or some other prestigious expert in the field of mania. In an RCS of borderline patients, however, the huge array of pertinent
Design, fabrication, and characterization of antenna-coupled metal-oxide-metal diodes for dual-band detection

Two designs for antenna-coupled Ni-NiO-Ni diodes are fabricated and tested for dual-band detection in the millimeter-wave (MMW), 94-GHz, and infrared (IR), 28.3-THz, frequencies. The detector noise, antenna receiving properties, and noise equivalent power (NEP) are measured. The simultaneous dual-band response is verified.
P2P directory search: Signature Array Hash Table

Bloom filters are a well known data structure for approximate set membership. Bloom filters are space efficient but require many independent hashes and consecutive memory accesses for an element test. In this paper, we develop a hash table data structure that stores string signatures in an array. This new signature array hash table (SAHT) supports faster element testing than a bloom filter and requires less memory than a standard hash table that uses linked-list chains. The SAHT also supports removal of elements (which a Bloom filter does not) and addition of elements at the expense of requiring about 1.5x more memory than a bloom filter with same false positive rate.
Two-Stage Repair of Truncus Arteriosus Associated With Interrupted Aortic Arch in Critically Ill Patients:

This report describes 2 newborns with truncus arteriosus associated with an interrupted aortic arch who underwent a 2-stage repair due to poor preoperative condition. A repair of the interrupted aortic arch and ventricular-to-pulmonary artery conduit with a 6-mm Gore-Tex tube was performed as a first stage. Closure of a ventricular septal defect and placement of a right ventricular-to-pulmonary artery homograft conduit were performed electively at 8 months of age.
Glia: novel counter-regulators of opioid analgesia

Development of analgesic tolerance and withdrawal-induced pain enhancement present serious difficulties for the use of opioids for pain control. Although neuronal mechanisms to account for these phenomena have been sought for many decades, their bases remain unresolved. Within the past four years, a novel non-neuronal candidate has been uncovered that opposes acute opioid analgesia and contributes to development of opioid tolerance and tolerance-associated pain enhancement. This novel candidate is spinal cord glia. Glia are important contributors to the creation of enhanced pain states via the release of neuroexcitatory substances. New data suggest that glia also release neuroexcitatory substances in response to morphine, thereby opposing its effects. Controlling glial activation could therefore increase the clinical utility of analgesic drugs.
Revising the Daily Values May Affect Food Fortification and in Turn Nutrient Intake Adequacy

The Nutrition Facts panel on food labels in the United States currently displays Daily Values (DVs) that are based on outdated RDAs. The FDA has indicated that it plans to update the DVs based on the newer Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), but there is controversy regarding the best method for calculating new DVs from the DRIs. To better understand the implications of DV revisions, assuming that manufacturers choose to maintain current label claims for micronutrients from voluntarily fortified foods, we modeled intake of 8 micronutrients using NHANES 2007–2008 data and 2 potential methods for calculating DVs: the population-weighted Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and the population-coverage RDA. In each scenario, levels of fortified nutrients were adjusted to maintain the current %DV. Usual nutrient intakes and percentages with usual intakes less than the EAR were estimated for the U.S. population and subpopulations aged ≥4 y (n = 7976). For most nutrients, estimates of the percentage of the U.S. population with intakes below the EAR were similar regardless of whether the DV corresponded to the population-weighted EAR or the population-coverage RDA. Potential decreases were observed in adequacy of nutrients of concern for women of childbearing age, namely iron and folate (up to 9% and 3%, respectively), adequacy of calcium among children (up to 6%), and adequacy of vitamin A intakes in the total population (5%) assuming use of the population-weighted EAR compared with the population-coverage RDA for setting the DV. Results of this modeling exercise will help to inform decisions in revising the DVs.
Local convergence properties of a cobweb model with rationally heterogeneous expectations

Abstract This paper gives local stability conditions for convergence of the price dynamics in a cobweb model with rationally heterogeneous expectations, generalizing the example of Brock and Hommes (1997). When agents choose between rational, naive, and adaptive beliefs, the steady state may be locally asymptotically stable if the adaptive predictor places enough weight on past prices and is costless. If adaptive expectations are sufficiently more costly than naive expectations the steady state will be an unstable saddle point. Our results imply that adding a choice can stabilize a system which is unstable under the Brock and Hommes model. These results illustrate how the critical parameter that governs stability is dependent on the array of available predictors.
Compact representation of spatial modes of phase-sensitive image amplifier

We compute eigenmodes of spatially-broadband optical parametric amplifier with elliptical Gaussian pump and find compact representation of well-amplified modes by the space of the first few Laguerre- or Hermite-Gaussian modes of appropriate waist.
The PAR Framework Proof of Concept: Initial Findings from a Multi-Institutional Analysis of Federated Postsecondary Data

Despite high enrollment numbers, postsecondary completion rates have generally remained unchanged for the past 30 years and half of these students do not attain a degree within six years of initial enrollment. Although online learning has provided students with a convenient alternative to face-to-face instruction, there remain significant questions regarding online learning program quality, particularly when considering patterns of student retention and progression. By aggregating student and course data into one dataset, six postsecondary institutions worked together toward determining factors that contribute to retention, progression, and completion of online learners with specific purposes: (1) to reach consensus on a common set of variables among the six institutions that inform student retention, progression and completion; (2) to explore advantages and/or disadvantages of particular statistical and methodological approaches to assessing factors related to retention, progression and completion. In the relatively short timeframe of the study, 33 convenience variables informing retention, progression, and completion were identified and defined by the six participating institutions. This initiative, named the Predictive Analytics Reporting Framework (PAR) and the initial statistical analyses utilized are described in this paper.
Sediment Transport and Dispersal Across the Deep Fore-Reef and Island Slope (-55 m to -305 m), Discovery Bay, Jamaica

ABSTRACT Observations and samples taken during submersible operations on the deep fore-reef and island slope (-55 m to -305 m) off Discovery Bay, north Jamaica, revealed a surprising lack of reef-derived sediments on the deeper parts of the island slope as a result of the barrier effect of sill reefs at the top of the deep fore-reef. In those areas where sill reefs are absent such as the area immediately above the Discovery Bay submarine canyon, compositional and textural data, together with bulk carbon-14 age dates that range from 900 to 3,530 years BP, indicate occasional catastrophic movement of discrete sediment masses down the axis of the canyon, separated by long periods of suspended sediment addition and biologic mixing. During the present sedimentologic regimen, the coarse reef-derived debris found in the canyon does not continue down-slope into the adjacent deep basin (Cayman-Bartlett trench), but seems to be restricted to the island slope above 800 m. The green alga, Halimeda, is a major reef-sediment source, particularly in the deep fore-reef where it was found alive and growing in significant quantities to depths as great as 100 m. The various species of Halimeda can be useful sediment tracers, with H. goreauii and H. opuntia being characteristic of fore-reef slope environments and H. cryptica essentially restricted to the deep fore-reef. The present study confirms that boring sponges particularly Cliona sp. generate significant quantities of easily recognizable silt-sized detritus as a result of their boring activity. More than 5% of the total volume of the island slope sediment samples can be attributed to the boring activity of the clionid sponges with a mean of 24% of the silt fraction being composed of clionid debris. Where sponge chips contain microscopic algal borings from the original substrate, clionid debris may serve as a powerful sediment tracer from shallow to deep water. The submersible NEKTON Gamma made possible direct observation and sampling of a hitherto unknown, highly complex environment. These observations, and the data generated from these samples, have significantly reshaped our understanding of fore-reef sediment transport and deposition.
The Identification of Two Arabinosyltransferases from Tomato Reveals Functional Equivalency of Xyloglucan Side Chain Substituents

Xyloglucan (XyG) is the dominant hemicellulose present in the primary cell walls of dicotyledonous plants. Unlike Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) XyG, which contains galactosyl and fucosyl substituents, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) XyG contains arabinofuranosyl residues. To investigate the biological function of these differing substituents, we used a functional complementation approach. Candidate glycosyltransferases were identified from tomato by using comparative genomics with known XyG galactosyltransferase genes from Arabidopsis. These candidate genes were expressed in an Arabidopsis mutant lacking XyG galactosylation, and two of them resulted in the production of arabinosylated XyG, a structure not previously found in this plant species. These genes may therefore encode XyG arabinofuranosyltransferases. Moreover, the addition of arabinofuranosyl residues to the XyG of this Arabidopsis mutant rescued a growth and cell wall biomechanics phenotype, demonstrating that the function of XyG in plant growth, development, and mechanics has considerable flexibility in terms of the specific residues in the side chains. These experiments also highlight the potential of reengineering the sugar substituents on plant wall polysaccharides without compromising growth or viability.
Location and growth of epaxial myotome precursor cells

The skeletal muscle progenitor cells of the vertebrate body originate in the dermomyotome epithelium of the embryonic somites. To precisely locate myotome precursor cells, fluorescent vital dyes were iontophoretically injected at specific sites in the dermomyotome in ovo and the fates of dye-labeled cells monitored by confocal microscopy. Dye-labeled myotome myofibers were generated from cells injected along the entire medial boundary and the medial portion of the cranial boundary of the dermomyotome, regions in close proximity to the dorsal region of the neural tube where myogenic-inducing factors are thought to be produced. Other injected regions of the dermomyotome did not give rise to myotome fibers. Analysis of nascent myotome fibers showed that they elongate along the embryonic axis in cranial and caudal directions, or in both directions simultaneously, until they reach the margins of the dermomyotome. Finally, deposition of myotome fibers and expansion of the dermomyotome epithelium occurs in a lateral-to-medial direction. This new model for early myotome formation has implications for myogenic specification and for growth of the epaxial domain during early embryonic development.
Expansion Rates and Recruitment Frequency of Exotic Smooth Cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora (Loisel), Colonizing Unvegetated Littoral Flats in Willapa Bay, Washington

We estimated lateral growth rates of nonindigenous Spartina alterniflora patches in Willapa Bay, Washington, over three intervals between 1970 and 1990, to reconstruct recruitment frequency since S. alterniflora was initially introduced c. 1890. Black and white aerial photographs (1∶24,000 scale) of four representative sites where S. alterniflora has invaded were analyzed. Individual patches were digitized on a computer, and diameter and area were computed for each patch for all years and sites sampled using CAD software. Lateral growth rates of individual. S. alterniflora patches increased linearly at 79.3 (± 1.674 SE) cm yr−1. Back calculations of origin dates for individual patches based on mean lateral growth rates indicate that recruitment of new patches has been episodic and increasing in frequency since initial introduction. Environmental factors such as sea surface temperature, sea level, and precipitation may account for some of this recruitment variability. These data may be useful in existing and future models of S. alterniflora expansion in Pacific Northwest estuaries.
Design considerations, of differential inductors in CMOS technology for RFIC

The differential (symmetric) inductor is useful for its higher Q factor and smaller area than a single-end inductor in silicon-based RFIC. The limitations are the inductance value and the inductor track width. Large inductance or track width often results in too high overall capacitances and too large an area. This paper addresses the issues of present differential inductor limitations and discusses a new type of differential inductor using multi-layer inter-leaf windings to overcome the present limitations. Significant area reduction is found. The designs based on the full-wave integral-equation simulation are intended for a six-metal layer 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, but it is also applicable to other silicon-base technologies. New compact high-performance differential inductors are fabricated and tested to validate the designs.
QRS width and mechanical dyssynchrony for selection of patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy: one can't do without the other.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with therapy-resistant, symptomatic heart failure in the setting of reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and wide QRS complex provides symptom relief, induces reverse remodeling, and improves survival ([1–3][1]). Because approximately
Black Women Maryland State Legislators and Anti-Domestic Violence Legislation

Domestic violence occurs across all races and classes. However, women of color have a unique relationship to anti-violence programs and politics. Communities of color often tell women to keep silent about sexual and domestic violence to maintain a united front against racism. Unfortunately, racial justice organizing has generally focused on racism as it affects men and has often ignored the forms of racism and sexism that women of color face. By exploring select anti-domestic violence legislation proposed in the 2009 legislative session of the Maryland state legislature this paper examines how Black women state legislators combine descriptive and substantive representation in their policy preferences of their minority women constituents.
The Virtue of an All-Volunteer Force

Last January, Rep. Charles Rangel (D, N.Y.) introduced the "National Service Act of 2003" to reinstate compulsory service for U.S. citizens. According to Rangel, the nation's defense should not be "the sole responsibility of paid volunteers," and "the sacrifice must be equally shared" among all demographic groups. Rangel admitted that the legislation was motivated, in part, by his opposition to war with Iraq. But, putting that aside, is the nation's defense better provided by compulsory service or by an all-volunteer force?
Finding supply chain talent: an outreach strategy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify when students choose their major and when students become interested in a career field, to devise a supply chain management (SCM) talent outreach strategy. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was administered to undergraduate students in SCM classes, and the responses were explored through multinomial logistic regression analyses. Findings – The paper revealed that interest in the career field is a major factor in choosing a college degree, among other factors. The timing of when a student chooses a major is influenced by interest in the field and whether or not the student lived abroad. The career field chosen is influenced by race, by whether or not the student lived abroad and by prior experience. Outreach strategies to attract new talent to supply chain-related fields should start prior to a student entering college. Research limitations/implications – Results are based on a survey research with a limited geographic coverage, and the research is li...
A Burkean Rhetoric for Satire

This article applies the four levels of language use from Kenneth Burke to explain how satire works rhetorically.
Supervision Training, Practices, and Interests of California Site Supervisors.

In this descriptive study, the authors surveyed 220 California school counselor site supervisors of interns about supervision training, practices, and interests. Respondents overwhelmingly (71%) felt unprepared for this role and identified the need for more formal training and support. Results indicate a crucial leadership and advocacy role for counselor education programs.
Hypoxia and the arterial surface: changes in the linear folds of the intima under scanning electron microscopy.

Adult rabbits were exposed to reduced oxygen environments (12% to 14%) for 72 hours by dilution of room air with compressed nitrogen. Aortic surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Control animals were similiarly processed at normal levels of oxygen. Patterns of linear folds running in the direction of blood flow were observed in control animals, with endothelial cells tightly attached to the underlying internal elastic membrane. Hypoxic arterial surfaces showed grossly distorted linear folds, with swollen and convoluted endothelial surfaces which obscured the spaces between the folds while preserving the plicate organization. These changes resemble the reported effects of moderate carbon monoxide exposure. Accumulation of subendothelial fluid appeared to channel the length of the fold, and to present a swollen endothelial surface susceptible to injury by the pulsatile blood flow.
Reduction of glutamic pyruvic transaminase in pyridoxine deficiency in liver disease.

Summary and ConclusionsHepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity is decreased in diet induced B6 deficiency and so prevents or diminishes increases in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase following liver cell necrosis. Pyridoxine treatment restores normal tissue and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity in uncomplicated vitamin B6 deficiency; in contrast, low enzyme activity may persist in severe liver injury, despite pyridoxine administration.
Studies on StaphylococciII. Identification of Staphylococcus Aureus Strains by Means of Bacteriophage

ble by the usual serologic procedures. A suitable collection of phages should therefore provide a sensitive method of differentiating culture strains. Craigie and Yen' devised a useful system of typing cultures of Eberthella typhi by means of phage. They noted the specificity of V form typhoid phages for cultures possessing Vi antigen and that one such phage adapted itself readily to certain culture strains. The latter characteristic made it possible to divide cultures of E. typhi into 18 types according to their reaction to a critical test dilution of the adapted phages. Phage typing of typhoid cultures has been employed quite extensively in Canada as an aid in tracing the origin of typhoid fever outbreaks and was used success-
Family partnership and education interventions to reduce dietary sodium by patients with heart failure differ by family functioning

Abstract Objectives Determine if family functioning influences response to family-focused interventions aimed at reducing dietary sodium by heart failure (HF) patients. Background Lowering dietary sodium by HF patients often occurs within the home and family context. Methods Secondary analysis of 117 dyads randomized to patient and family education (PFE), family partnership intervention (FPI) or usual care (UC). Dietary sodium measures were obtained from 3-day food record and 24-h urine samples. Results In the poor family functioning groups, FPI and PFE had lower mean urine sodium than UC (p Conclusion Optimizing family-focused interventions into HF clinical care maybe indicated.
Recovery and Rehabilitation after Intracerebral Hemorrhage

About half of patients survive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but most are left with significant disability. Rehabilitation after ICH is the mainstay of treatment to reduce impairment, improve independence in activities, and return patients to meaningful participation in the community. The authors discuss the neuroplastic mechanisms underlying recovery in ICH, preclinical and clinical interventional studies to augment recovery, and the rehabilitative and medical management of post-ICH patients.
Nuclear Remodeling Assay in Xenopus Egg Extract

Xenopus egg extract is an ideal material to identify nuclear remodeling activities important for nuclear cloning. Since the protocol for egg extract preparation was established more than 20 yr ago, egg extract has been widely used as a source for the purification of factors associated with a number of physiological activities. The eggs are large, easily obtained in large quantities, and are abundant in a variety of bioactive proteins. Many aspects of somatic nuclear remodeling observed in nuclear cloning are recapitulated in somatic nuclei incubated in egg extract. Our in vitro nuclear remodeling assay has proven effective for the purification of two novel nuclear remodeling activities, ISWI, a key player in the dissociation of TATA binding protein from chromatin, and FRGY2a and FRGY2b, two proteins capable of nucleolar disassembly. Here we outline our protocol of egg extract preparation and in vitro nuclear remodeling assay, as well as the purification method for FRGY2a and FRGY2b. Our in vitro nuclear remodeling assay in combination with egg extract will serve as a powerful tool with which to biochemically uncover molecular events involved in nuclear cloning.
Teaching a Multihandicapped Adult Manual Signs Using a Constant Time Delay Procedure

A 31-year-old severely hearing impaired young man, with mild to moderate retardation and cerebral palsy, was taught to sign labels manually for six photographs of people, places, and objects found in his work environment. A constant 4-second time delay procedure was used as well as a multiple probe design across manual signs. Generalization probes were conducted: (1) to measure the extent to which the worker could successfully comprehend these same signs after expressive sign training, although no direct receptive sign training was provided and (2) to test whether he could identify actual people, places, and objects in his work environment. The worker learned to produce all six manual signs in near-errorless fashion. In addition, after reaching criterion on sign production, he was able (1) to label actual people, places, and objects found in his work environment and (2) to comprehend these same signs. The constant time delay transfer of stimulus control procedure proved to be both an effective and efficie...
Mechanics of Ocean Waves

This chapter reviews mechanics of water waves and wave–body interactions pertaining to ocean and coastal engineering based on linear and weakly nonlinear wave theories. Numerical methods based on Green’s theorem and mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation for fully nonlinear wave and wave–body interaction problems are also discussed. The discussion also covers methods to determine the wave forces on fixed and floating structures, including the viscous drag force.
Tributyl Phosphate Aggregation in the Presence of Metals: An Assessment Using Diffusion NMR Spectroscopy.

Diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to find the interaggregate interactions and sizes of tributyl phosphate (TBP) aggregates containing varying concentrations of uranium or zirconium and HNO3 in an n-dodecane diluent. The average diffusion coefficients of TBP species were measured using a pulsed-field gradient stimulated echo experiment with a longitudinal eddy-current delay (STE-LED). Interaggregate interactions were determined by measuring the diffusion coefficient of TBP in a sample after a series of dilutions with n-dodecane. The interaction-independent infinite dilution diffusion coefficient was also calculated from these measurements. The sizes of TBP aggregates were calculated from the infinite dilution diffusion coefficient using the Wilke–Chang equation. Interactions between TBP aggregates were observed to correspond to a hard sphere potential with a repulsive component. Aggregate sizes found by NMR were comparable to literature values found using small-angle neutron ...
Radiation Oncology Considerations in the Management of Mutation Carriers with Breast Cancer

BRCA mutation status has significant implications for local-regional management of breast cancer. Given the strong association of BRCA1-associated breast cancer with TNBC, present guidelines for genetic screening suggest that all TNBC patients younger than 60 years, irrespective of family history, should be considered for genetic testing. Though genetic status will ultimately guide in the local treatment management decisions, the long-term implications with the use of radiation therapy with breast conservation or in the post-mastectomy setting remains unclear in BRCA-associated cancers. The cellular pathways of the BRCA genes are shared with other critical repair pathways may have potential implications for increased toxicity or sensitivity to radiation in BRCA carriers. This chapter reviews the clinical and radiobiologic treatment concepts of radiation therapy, reviews local-regional management principles with breast conservation therapy versus mastectomy in hereditary breast cancers, and provides an overview of the theories and implications of radiation therapy delivery in BRCA mutation carriers.
Garbology: a study of how Java objects die

In this paper we present a study of how Java programs dispose of objects. Unlike prior work on object demographics and lifetime patterns, our goal is to precisely characterize the actions that cause objects to become unreachable. We use a recently-developed tracing tool, called Elephant Tracks, which can localize object deaths within a specific method and tell us the proximal cause. Our analysis centers around garbage clusters: groups of connected objects that become unreachable at precisely the same time due to a single program action. We classify these clusters using traditional features, such as size, allocation site, and lifetime, and using new ones, such as death site and cause of death. We then use this knowledge about garbage clusters in a new GC algorithm: the Cluster Aware Garbage Collection (CAGC) algorithm. We present results for a set of standard benchmarks including SPECJVM98, SPECjbb, and DaCapo. We identify several patterns that could inform the design of new collectors or tuning of existing systems. Most garbage clusters are small, suggesting that these programs almost always dispose of large structures in a piecemeal fashion. In addition, most clusters die in one of only a dozen or so places in the program. Furthermore, these death sites are much more stable and predictable than object lifetimes. Finally we show that the CAGC algorithm can in certain cases improve GC performance.
A KRAS wild type mutational status confers a survival advantage in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Background: The KRAS oncogene is a driver mutation and is present in greater than 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). A subset of these tumors, however, do not harbor mutations in KRAS (wild type KRAS ). Studies have shown that patients with mutated KRAS have a poorer survival on first- line gemcitabine-based chemotherapy compared to wild type KRAS . In this study, we examined a cohort of patients with PDAC at our institution who were either wild type or mutant for the KRAS gene and assessed for differences in survival and response to different chemotherapeutic regimens. Methods: We examined clinical records of patients treated at the Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania from 2013 to 2017. Patients with a pancreatic mass and a histologic diagnosis of pancreatic or pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinoma were identi ed. Thirty-nine patients with PDAC who underwent tumor sequencing at Penn Medicine’s Center for Personalized Diagnostics (CPD) were selected for further study. Twelve patients were identi ed whose tumors were KRAS wild type. Twenty-seven patients with PDAC whose tumors harbored KRAS mutations were selected as controls ( KRAS mutant). Results: We noted a longer overall survival (OS) among KRAS wild type patients compared to KRAS mutant patients (P=0.026). This was independent of the age at diagnosis, patient gender, stage of diagnosis, tumor morphology, mismatch repair (MMR) status, and chemotherapeutic regimen. Conclusions: Similar to previously reported studies, PDAC with a KRAS wild type mutational profile has a better prognosis with a longer OS. This improved prognosis is independent of the protocol utilized in therapy for these patients. Our ndings suggest that future clinical trials in pancreatic cancer should take into consideration the presence of KRAS mutations in their pre-planned analysis when assessing the ef cacy of a novel therapeutic approach. This may be a crucial factor in trial concepts and outcomes.
On the Use of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Immersion Technique for Measuring Real Attenuation

A verification of the fundamental assumption used in ultrasonic pulse echo attenuation measurements through the immersion technique was carried out. The method assumes that a perfectly bonded interface exists between specimen and surrounding liquid. Experiments on hydrophobic polymers show that the assumption is broken and the common procedure to calculate real attenuation is no longer valid since reflection coefficients cannot be determined by means of the basic elastic wave propagation theory. For some cases the technique looses its cogency since no echoes can be received. Available methods using direct contact transducers only offer a partial solution to the problem. For cases where echoes are received, an alternative method of measuring both the reflection and attenuation coefficients is proposed in order to properly apply the immersion technique.
A review of seismic geophysical testing in Iran for building near-surface velocity models

Abstract It has long been understood that the near-surface structure of the earth affects several aspects of civil engineering practice, particularly in seismic applications. Therefore, the implementation of a competent subsurface exploration program not only addresses the need for comprehensive site characterization but also reduces the devastating consequences of seismic activities. Typical geotechnical practice for subsurface exploration has often relied on a combination of drilling, in situ testing such as standard penetration testing and cone penetration testing, and laboratory testing of field samples. However, geophysical techniques have been developed over the years to evaluate near-surface velocity models as a proxy for subsurface stiffness in seismic applications. In this regard, seismic geophysical methods such as refraction, reflection, downhole and crosshole testing, spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW), and multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) have continued to receive increase...