cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Realistic and responsive network traffic generation

This paper presents Swing, a closed-loop, network-responsive traffic generator that accurately captures the packet interactions of a range of applications using a simple structural model. Starting from observed traffic at a single point in the network, Swing automatically extracts distributions for user, application, and network behavior. It then generates live traffic corresponding to the underlying models in a network emulation environment running commodity network protocol stacks. We find that the generated traces are statistically similar to the original traces. Further, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to reproduce burstiness in traffic across a range of timescales using a model applicable to a variety of network settings. An initial sensitivity analysis reveals the importance of capturing and recreating user, application, and network characteristics to accurately reproduce such burstiness. Finally, we explore Swing's ability to vary user characteristics, application properties, and wide-area network conditions to project traffic characteristics into alternate scenarios.
New technology for transfusion safety

Hemovigilance programs from around the world document that the greatest risk to recipients of blood transfusion is human error, resulting in transfusion of the incorrect blood component. Errors in transfusion care have strong parallels with errors in medication administration. Errors often result from 'lapse' or 'slip' mistakes in which details of patient identification are overlooked. Three areas of transfusion are focal points for improved care: the labelling of the patient's pre-transfusion sample, the decision to transfuse and the final bedside check designed to prevent mis-transfusion. Both barcodes and radio-frequency identification technology, each ideally suited to matching alpha-numeric identifiers, are being implemented in order to improve performance sample labelling and the bedside check. The decision to transfuse should ultimately be enhanced through the use of nanotechnology sensors, computerised order entry and decision support systems. Obstacles to the deployment of new technology include resistance to change, confusion regarding the best technology, and uncertainty regarding the return-on-investment. By focusing on overall transfusion safety, deploying validated systems appropriate for both medication and blood administration, thoughtful integration of technology into bedside practice and demonstration of improved performance, the application of new technologies will improve care for patients in need of transfusion therapy.
Women and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness

Several studies over the years have demonstrated that sleep complaints in general, and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), in particular, tend to be more prevalent among women. The 2007 Sleep in America poll of women age 40–60 years old found that 20% reported sleepiness that interfered with daily life (Chasens et al., Behav Sleep Med 8(3):157–71, 2010). This chapter discusses EDS due to primary sleep disorders other than Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) including Narcolepsy, Recurrent Hypersomnia, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, Behaviorally Induced Insufficient Sleep Syndrome as well as Hypersomnia Due to Medical condition and Hypersomnia Due to Drug or Substance. Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by the tetrad of EDS, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic/hypnapompic hallucinations. Recurrent hypersomnia is characterized by recurrent episodes of hypersomnia often associated with other symptoms that typically last weeks or months apart. Episodes usually last a few days to several weeks and appear one to ten times a year. Sleep and general behavior must be normal between episodes. Kleine-Levin Syndrome (KLS) and Menstrual-related hypersomnia are two distinct clinical subtypes of recurrent hypersomnia. Idiopathic hypersomnia is characterized by constant and severe excessive sleepiness. Naps are typically unrefreshing and post-awakening confusion (sleep drunkenness) is often reported. EDS is a very prevalent problem in developed societies. Women tend to complain more of EDS than men. This prevalence may partially be due to greater sleep deprivation, hormonal factors, and the higher incidence of some primary and secondary sleep disorders in women.
Observation of simultaneous fast and slow light

We present a microresonator-based system capable of simultaneously producing time-advanced and timedelayed pulses. The effect is based on the combination of a sharp spectral feature with two orthogonallypolarized propagating waveguide modes. We include an experimental proof-of-concept implementation using a silica microsphere coupled to a tapered optical fiber and use a time-domain picture to interpret the observed delays. We also discuss potential applications for future all-optical networks. Increasing bandwidth demands are pushing for the development of all-optical circuitry that will be able to quickly and reliably transmit and process vast amounts of data. Precise control of light propagation, such as the ability to advance, delay, or store a pulse transmitted through a waveguide, is a requisite ingredient for optical data processing in photonic circuits 1. Remarkably, exotic optical phenomena occurring in the presence of strong spectral dispersion such as slow 2 and fast 3 light have been found very useful for achieving these goals, generating a surge of experimental activities aimed at realizing fast or slow light in different media: atomic vapors 2‐4, crystals 5, semiconductors 6,7, and microresonators 8‐11. These demonstrations have shown either fast or slow light for a given configuration. Here we introduce a microresonator-based system that is capable of simultaneously producing time-advanced and time-delayed pulses, including an experimental proof-ofconcept implementation. The ability to simultaneously slow and advance pulses of light brings about a new perspective on photonics: one can easily envision applications involving all-optical processing of data headers and data packets where both fast and slow light may be desirable. Time-advanced signals can be used to compensate time delays inevitable in any complex opticalprocessing network 12. The appeal of strong spectral dispersion is not limited to the linear properties of light: the resulting high optical energy compression may lead to extraordinary enhancement of nonlinear effects and, one day, to
Model Checking Aspect-Oriented Design Specification

Aspects can be used in a harmful way that invalidates desired properties. Rigorous specification and analysis of aspect design is thus highly desirable. This paper presents an approach to model-checking state-based specification of aspect-oriented design. It is based on a rigorous formalism for capturing crosscutting concerns with respect to the design-level state models of classes. An aspect model not only encapsulates pointcuts and advice, but also supports inter-model declarations, aspect precedence, and references to the behaviors of other classes in advice models. For verification purposes, we convert the aspect-oriented state model of a system into woven models and further transform the woven models and the non-base class models into FSP processes. The generated FSP processes are checked by the LTSA model checker against the desired system properties. We have applied our approach to the modeling and verification of a non-trivial aspect-oriented cruise control system. A total of 21 properties that provide a comprehensive coverage of the system requirements are successfully formalized and verified.
Tobacco smoke exposure and chronic conditions of childhood.

Two remarkable articles by Kwok et al1 and Brion et al2 in this month's Pediatrics tighten the evidence around tobacco smoke exposure and chronic conditions of childhood. Their work adds to previous research findings that demonstrated associations between tobacco smoke exposure and various childhood morbidities and mortality (Table 1).3 Indeed, 3 important categories of chronic conditions of childhood (asthma, obesity, and mental health disorders) have small-to-moderate independent associations with tobacco smoke exposure either during pregnancy or in the postnatal period. Dental caries are one of the most common chronic conditions of childhood, and a moderate independent association with tobacco smoke exposure has been described.4 View this table: TABLE 1 Specific Health Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke Following a large Hong Kong birth cohort, Kwok et al1 found an association between tobacco smoke exposure of pregnant mothers and subsequent child overweight. The study is methodologically important, because it examined this effect among mothers who themselves did not smoke but were exposed by the father. That … Address correspondence to Jonathan P. Winickoff, MD, MPH, Center for Child and Adolescent Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 50 Staniford St, Suite 901, Boston, MA 02114. E-mail: jwinickoff{at}partners.org
Excess burden of depression among HIV-infected persons receiving medical care in the united states: data from the medical monitoring project and the behavioral risk factor surveillance system.

Background: With increased life expectancy for HIV-infected persons, there is concern regarding comorbid depression because of its common occurrence and association with behaviors that may facilitate HIV transmission. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of current depression among HIV-infected persons receiving care and assess the burden of major depression, relative to that in the general population. Methods and Findings: We used data from the Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) and the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System (BRFSS). The eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used to identify depression. To assess the burden of major depression among HIV-infected persons receiving care, we compared the prevalence of current major depression between the MMP and BRFSS populations using stratified analyses that simultaneously controlled for gender and, in turn, each of the potentially confounding demographic factors of age, race/ethnicity, education, and income. Each unadjusted comparison was summarized as a prevalence ratio (PR), and each of the adjusted comparisons was summarized as a standardized prevalence ratio (SPR). Among HIV-infected persons receiving care, the prevalence of a current episode of major depression and other depression, respectively, was 12.4% (95% CI: 11.2, 13.7) and 13.2% (95% CI: 12.0%, 14.4%). Overall, the PR comparing the prevalence of current major depression between HIV-infected persons receiving care and the general population was 3.1. When controlling for gender and each of the factors age, race/ethnicity, and education, the SPR (3.3, 3.0, and 2.9, respectively) was similar to the PR. However, when controlling for gender and annual household income, the SPR decreased to 1.5.
Nomenclatural and Taxonomic Notes on the Pteridophytes of Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, III

Abstract The new species Hypolepis rubiginopilosula and Polypodium chirripoense are described, the new combinations Blechnum loxense var. stenophyllum, B. l'herminieri subsp. lehmannii, Diplazium ribae, Lastreopsis squamifera, Lomariopsis salicifolia, Pteridium caudatum subsp. arachnoideum, and Tectaria ×micheleriana are made, and three lectotypes are chosen for tropical American ferns.
Isolation and Normlessness: Attitudinal Comparisons of Adolescent Sex Offenders, Juvenile Offenders, and Nondelinquents

The authors explored attitudinal differences among adolescent male sex offenders, juvenile delinquents, and nondelinquent youth based on three variables drawn from integrated delinquency theory: conventional attitudes, normlessness, and social isolation. Consistent with previous juvenile delinquency studies, the results indicate no differences among the three groups on conventional attitudes. With respect to normlessness, both the sex offenders and juvenile delinquent groups demonstrated more school normlessness than did nondelinquent youths, and adolescent sex offenders showed greater peer normlessness than did either nondelinquent youths or juvenile delinquents. Examination of perceived social isolation among the three groups indicates that sex offenders consistently perceived themselves as more isolated than other youths with their families, in their school, and among their peers. These results suggest that interpersonal factors, in addition to a lack of social controls and normlessness, are associated...
Laboratory evaluation of Boric acid-sugar solutions as baits for management of German cockroach infestations

Boric acid dust has a long history as an insecticide in urban pest management, and it has been shown to be an effective alternative to conventional neurotoxic insecticides. However, dust formulations require specialized equipment and are difÞcult to apply, whereas gel and paste formu- lations contain large amounts of boric acid and tend to be less efÞcacious than other insecticide baits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of borate solutions as baits against the German cockroach. Several borate-sugar combinations were evaluated in choice and no-choice assays in the laboratory. Mortality was recorded for 15 d and expressed as lethal time90, the time taken to kill 90% of the cockroaches. Results showed that boric acid was more effective than sodium tetraborate or disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and that aqueous solutions containing mixtures of 0.5Ð2% boric acid and any of several inexpensive sugars, including fructose, glucose, maltose, and sucrose as a phagostimulant, at molar concentrations of 0.05Ð1.0, can provide rapid and effective kill of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.).
Liabilities of the Firm, Member Guaranties, and the at Risk Rules: Some Practical and Policy Considerations

Start-up ventures commonly borrow to fund operations and often incur tax losses in their initial years. If a venture is organized as a firm that is subject to subchapter K or subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code, such as a limited partnership, limited liability company, or subchapter S corporation, then the firm's members are generally able to offset their share of the firm's losses against income from other sources. One limitation on this ability is that a member can utilize her share of the firm's loss against income from other sources only to the extent she is considered at risk in the firm's activity at the close of the taxable year. A member is generally considered at risk for the amount of any cash and the adjusted basis of any property she contributes to the firm and, in addition, for any amounts borrowed in connection with the firm's activity for which she is subject to personal liability. This Article considers the extent to which firm members who are entitled to limited liability under state law, but who personally guarantee a liability of the firm, are considered at risk by virtue of the guarantee. The Article discusses the judicial and administrative development of the law as to when a limited partner is considered at risk as a result of guaranteeing a partnership liability and applies the general principles derived from this discussion to guaranties by members of other business organizations. The Article demonstrates that, despite a significant amount of litigation between taxpayers and the government, ambiguity remains with respect to very basic issues concerning when a firm member's guarantee will increase the member's amount at risk. The Article offers guidance on structuring guarantees and concludes with some observations on the many policy questions raised by the at risk rules.
Distributed estimation for spacecraft formations over time-varying sensing topologies

In this paper we present the analysis and design of distributed estimators for formation flying spacecraft with time-varying sensing topologies. We first develop a discrete-time, switched linear model of the formation translational dynamics in which the the measurement vector is characterized in terms of the edge matrix of a graph associated with the sensing topology. Then a switched, linear estimator is developed, called a l-estimator, for a general class of discrete-time, switched linear systems. This estimator is replicated on each spacecraft to estimate the entire relative translational state of a formation, and estimator gain switching occurs as a function of the instantaneous sensing topology. These estimators guarantee that the mean of the estimation error decays to the origin with a prescribed decay rate and that the error covariance decays to an ultimate bound, also with a prescribed decay rate. In addition, linear matrix inequality-based design procedures are developed for l-estimators. It is proven that a stable formation l-estimator exists if all of the possible sensing topologies describe connected graphs. This observation leads to the design of opportunistic l-estimators for formations switching among connected sensing topologies in which more sensing links are available than considered in estimator design.
European Markets and American Business

* About the Authors. Stanley V. Malcuit is a staff economist with the Aluminum Company of America. He received his A.B. from Wittenberg College in 1943, his M.Litt. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1957, and is currently working on his doctorate degree. He has written more than fifty trade-journal articles on various phases of the aluminum industry and is the author of an educational monograph entitled The Aluminum Industry (Bellman, 1946). Reuben E. Slesinger, Professor of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh, received his B.S., M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from that school in 1936, 1938, and 1940 respectively. He has had numerous articles published in professional and business journals and is co-author with F. R. Fairchild and N. S. Buck of Principles of Economics (Macmillan, 1954), with A. Isaacs and C. W. McKee of Readings in Modern Economics (Dryden, 1951), and with A. Isaacs of Business and Government (University of Pittsburgh, 1958). nomically weak nations. Through its various aid and assistance programs the United States was instrumental in generating economic reconstruction in most of the free nations of Europe. Soon it became apparent that some type of economic union on the Continent would be essential if these nations were to raise
Influenza and tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccinations during pregnancy.

UNLABELLED Vaccinations in pregnancy are an important aspect of prenatal care and of improving not only maternal health but also neonatal outcomes. Only 2 vaccines are specifically recommended during pregnancy: influenza and tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap). Because influenza illness disproportionately affects pregnant women compared with other populations, annual prevention of influenza illness is recommended for all women who will be pregnant during influenza season (October to May). Influenza vaccination has been recently reported to also result in decreased febrile respiratory illnesses in the newborn, likely through passive antibody transfer. Pertussis infection rates are rising in the United States as vaccine-induced immunity wanes, with the mortality burden primarily seen in infants aged 20 weeks) or third trimester with the intent to both protect the pregnant woman and provide passive antibody to the infant before vaccination at 2 months of age. Provider support for these recommendations regarding both annual influenza vaccination and postpartum Tdap vaccination during pregnancy is critical to ensuring vaccine delivery and improving both maternal and fetal health. The article reviews the epidemiology and clinical aspects of influenza and pertussis infection with particular attention to pregnancy and recommendations for vaccination in these women. TARGET AUDIENCE Obstetricians and gynecologists, ophthalmologists, neurologists, family physicians, emergency room physicians LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completing this CME activity, obstetricians and gynecologists should be better able to analyze how influenza infection disproportionally affects pregnant women. Assess how influenza vaccination improves maternal and likely neonatal outcomes. Evaluate pertussis infection and immunity in adults, and counsel pregnant women as to the benefits of Tdap vaccination, particularly for the infant.
Comparing One- and Two-Dimensional Heteronanostructures As Silicon-Based Lithium Ion Battery Anode Materials

The performance of advanced energy conversion and storage devices, such as solar cells, supercapacitors, and lithium (Li) ion batteries, is intimately connected to the electrode design at the nanoscale. To enable significant developments in these research fields, we need detailed information about how the properties of the electrode materials depend on their dimensions and morphologies. This information is currently unavailable, as previous studies have mostly focused on understanding one type of morphology at a time. Here, we report a systematic study to compare the performance of nanostructures enabled by two platforms, one-dimensional nanowires and two-dimensional nanonets. The nanowires and nanonets shared the same composition (titanium disilicide) and similar sizes. Within the framework of Li ion battery applications, they exhibited different stabilities upon lithiation and delithiation (at a rate of 6 A/g), the nanonets-based nanostructures maintaining 90% and the nanowires-based ones 80% of their initial stable capacities after 100 cycles of repeated charge and discharge. The superior stability of the nanonets was ascribed to the two-dimensional connectivity, which afforded better structural stability than nanowires. Information generated by this study should contribute to the design of electrode materials and thereby enable broader applications of complex nanostructures for energy conversion and storage.
Wind Tunnel Test of Subscale Ringsail and Disk-Gap-Band Parachutes

A subsonic wind tunnel test was conducted to determine the drag and static aerodynamic coefficients, as well as to capture the dynamic motions of a new Supersonic Ringsail parachute developed by the Low Density Supersonic Decelerator Project. To provide a comparison against current Mars parachute technology, the Mars Science Laboratory's Disk-Gap-Band parachute was also included in the test. To account for the effect of fabric permeability, two fabrics ("low" and "standard" permeability) were used to fabricate each parachute canopy type, creating four combinations of canopy type and fabric material. A wide range of test conditions were covered during the test, spanning Mach numbers from 0.09 to 0.5, and static pressures from 103 to 2116 pounds per square inch (psf) (nominal values). The fabric permeability is shown to have a first-order effect on the aerodynamic coefficients and dynamic motions of the parachutes. For example, for a given parachute type and test condition, models fabricated from "low" permeability fabric always have a larger drag coefficient than models fabricated from "standard" permeability material. This paper describes the test setup and conditions, how the results were analyzed, and presents and discusses a sample of the results. The data collected during this test is being used to create and improve parachute aerodynamic databases for use in flight dynamics simulations for missions to Mars.
Improv(ing) the Academy: Applied Improvisation as a Strategy for Educational Development.

Improvisational theater training (or “improv”) is a strategy employed by many business leaders and educators to cultivate creativity and collaboration amid change. Drawing on improv principles such as “Yes, And…” and “Make your scene partners look good,” we explore the ways in which educational developers might apply principles of improv in 3 contexts: teaching and building classroom community, organizational development, and research collaboration. Faculty developers who successfully engage the principles of improv have the potential to help colleges and universities respond more effectively to complex problems and to manage the uncertainty of the future. By highlighting successful applications of improvisation principles across higher education, we hope to spark further discussion and research on how applied improvisation might be a strategy for overcoming resistance to change and encouraging an environment where innovation is valued.
Multidisciplinary Minor in Forensics in a Small Liberal Arts University

Cyber security is an issue that has become important very quickly and that touches many different disciplines. Yet, many college students in non- technical fields lack the fundamentals of network security, cybercrime, and digital forensics concepts. There are many institutions that offer undergraduate and graduate programs in Forensics and Computer Security and there are many institutions that offer interdisciplinary minors in Forensics Studies. We have developed a multidisciplinary minor in Forensics that brings together the fields of Biology, Chemistry, Criminal Justice and Computer Science. This minor can be completed as a complement to a science or criminal justice degree or as a stand-alone minor. The minor introduces students to the multifaceted nature of criminal investigations. Students will gain knowledge in several disciplines that contribute to the forensic sciences.
Turn Initiators in Spoken English: A Corpus-Based Approach to Interaction and Grammar

Recent studies in interaction and grammar have demonstrated the importance of examining conversation turn structure for understanding features of grammar. Turn beginnings and endings are seen as particularly important loci for investigation (Schegloff 1996). This study examines two corpora of spoken English to investigate the grammar of turn beginnings in English. A turn initiator is broadly defined as the very first form with which a speaker starts a new turn in conversation. It is found that turn-initial elements in English are overwhelmingly lexical in nature, a result confirming Schegloff’s (1996) hypothesis. Moreover, the data shows that not only are these turn initiators lexical, they also tend to be syntactically independent. It is thus suggested that one of the designing features of the grammar of turns in English involves a short free form of some sort, and English can be considered a turn-initial language in grammaticalizing turn signals. Conversational interactive functions of turn initiators are considered and subcategories suggested. This study also demonstrates some of the advantages of taking a corpus-based approach to language use and looking at turn structure, as exemplified in characterizing the use of some common discourse particles (‘and’, ‘yeah’ and ‘yes’, and ‘this’ and ‘that’).
In Situ Electrochemically Derived Nanoporous Oxides from Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Active Oxygen Evolution Catalysts

Transition metal dichalcogenides have been widely studied as active electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions. However, their properties as oxygen evolution reaction catalysts have not been fully explored. In this study, we systematically investigate a family of transition metal dichalcogenides (MX, M = Co, Ni, Fe; X = S, Se, Te) as candidates for water oxidation. It reveals that the transition metal dichalcogenides are easily oxidized in strong alkaline media via an in situ electrochemical oxidation process, producing nanoporous transition metal oxides toward much enhanced water oxidation activity due to their increased surface area and more exposed electroactive sites. The optimal cobalt nickel iron oxides that derived from their sulfides and selenides demonstrate a low overpotential of 232 mV at current density of 10 mA cm–2, a small Tafel slope of 35 mV per decade, and negligible degradation of electrochemical activity over 200 h of electrolysis. This study represents the discovery of nanoporo...
High Cost and Low Yield: The Diagnostic Evaluation of Rumination Syndrome in Pediatrics

Objective To document the use of diagnostic testing in adolescents who ultimately were diagnosed with rumination syndrome, a functional gastrointestinal disorder. We examined the diagnostic yield of each test as well as the associated costs, and we determined if any demographic or illness-related variables impacted the magnitude of the work-up. Study design A retrospective chart review was conducted for 68 patients with rumination syndrome admitted to our inpatient treatment program. The cost and findings of patients' diagnostic investigations were gathered, as well as demographic and illness-related variables to determine factors that may be related to evaluation size. Results The most commonly used tests in the evaluation of rumination syndrome included esophagogastroduodenoscopy, gastric emptying, antroduodenal manometry, upper gastrointestinal series, and abdominal ultrasound scan. Each patient underwent an average of 8.8 tests, with the average cost for each patient's diagnostic work-up being US $19 795. Few tests were found to be beneficial in the diagnosis of rumination syndrome, and few demographic or illness variables were found to be related to the overall extent of the investigation. Conclusions Extensive testing for rumination syndrome in adolescents is common in clinical practice, and comes at a high financial cost with low yield, likely delaying diagnosis and treatment. Symptom-based criteria should be used to make the diagnosis of rumination syndrome.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Human Autonomy Teaming

We examined two metrics for assessing Human-Autonomy-Teaming (HAT) performance, subjective workload and eye-gaze durations, in a simulation of dispatcher flight following while interacting with the HAT features of an Autonomous Constrained Flight Planner. Operator workload was lower in the HAT condition and decreased with time in the scenario. However, participants took more time to uplink flight plan changes in this condition.
Adsorptive recovery of neodymium and dysprosium in phosphorous functionalized nanoporous carbon

Abstract Phosphorus functionalized nanoporous carbon was synthesized from lignin by periodical reactions with potassium hydroxide and triphenylphosphine. It has the BET surface area of 837 m 2 /g and total pore volume 0.41 cm 3 /g along with 0.9 atom% phosphorus. The adsorption of neodymium (Nd (III)) and dysprosium (Dy(III)) were in the range of 335–344 mg/g upto their initial concentration of 500 ppm in water and such adsorption amount is higher than that of majority of the adsorbents reported in literature. The adsorption capacity showed negligible dependency on the solution pH. The distribution coefficients for Nd(III) and Dy(III) were within 1000 to 10,000 mL/g. The adsorption capacity of iron (Fe(III)) under the similar conditions was one order of magnitude lower and it suggests a possible separation of these rare earth elements from iron. The maximum selectivity of separation of Nd(III) and Dy(III) from iron was ca. 32 to 61. Kinetic study revealed that the adsorption of Dy was faster than that of Nd(III). The results of kinetic study were better fit with pseudosecond order kinetics. XPS studies on both Nd(III) and Dy(III)-adsorbed carbons revealed a small shift in the P 2p 3/2 energy level of phosphorus towards higher energy level hereby suggesting a possible formation of metallic phosphates. Additionally, Similar studies on Nd(III) and Dy(III)-adsorbed carbon indicated small amounts carbonates and oxides of rare earth elements that might have also been formed. The overall results suggest that this carbon can be used as a potential sorbent for enrichment and separation of Nd(III) and Dy(III).
Prevalence and Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance in a Vertically Integrated Veal Calf Production System

Transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from animal production systems to humans through the food supply is a public health concern. Currently, little is known about the prevalence of AMR among veal calves in the United States. Therefore, the objective of this prospective cohort study was to estimate the prevalence of AMR and multidrug resistance (MDR) among Escherichia coli within a vertically integrated production system. In addition, this study aimed to identify genes associated with phenotypic resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins (3GC and 4GC). Calves from four veal cohorts were randomly sampled resulting in a total of 166 farm fecal samples, 159 harvest fecal swabs, 164 preevisceration swabs, and 122 final carcass swabs. The prevalence of MDR among random-pick E. coli isolates recovered from the respective samples was 97% (161/166), 35% (55/159), 61% (51/84), and 24% (5/21). A selective isolation protocol found cefotaxime (a 3GC)-resistant isolates in 91% (127/140) of farm fecal samples, 34% (55/164) of preevisceration swabs, and 19% (23/122) of final carcass swabs tested. Isolates resistant to cefepime, a 4GC, were found among 24% (33/140), 6.7% (11/164), and 0.8% (1/122) of the same, respective samples. Isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, were recovered from 75% (73/98) of farm fecal samples, 23% (38/164) of preevisceration swabs, and 6.6% (8/122) of final carcass swabs. The blaCMY-2 and blaCTX-M resistance genes were found in 89% (93/105) and 100% (42/42) of tested subsets of 3GC- and 4GC-resistant isolates, respectively. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis conducted on 3GC- and fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates showed three indistinguishable PFGE patterns from cefotaxime-resistant isolates recovered at farm and from two preevisceration carcass swabs. Although the prevalence of resistance declined between initial farm fecal samples and final carcass swabs, resistant bacteria recovered from carcasses illustrate the potential transmission of AMR to the human food supply.
Tool use produces a size illusion revealing action-specific perceptual mechanisms.

Abstract In four experiments, participants estimated the sizes of target objects that were either out of reach, or that could be reached by a tool (a stylus or laser pointer). Objects reachable with the aid of a tool were perceived to be smaller than identical objects without a tool. Participants' responses to questioning rule out demand characteristics as an explanation. This new size illusion may reflect a direct impact of tool use on perceived size, or it may stem from the effects of tool use on perceived distance. Both possibilities support action specific accounts of perception.
Sediment transport, ripple dynamics and object burial under shoaling waves

A comprehensive study is being conducted with emphasis on establishing laboratory-based physical model for predicting ripple dynamics and scour, burial behavior of bottom objects in oceanic coastal environments. A brief description of this study as well as salient observations and quantitative parameterizations on ripples, scour and burial that resulted from it are presented. Comparisons with field data are also given. The results have important coastal engineering and naval applications related to sediment transport and coastal morphodynamics under shoaling waves that are typical of coastal zone.
Total Synthesis of Strychnos Alkaloids Akuammicine, Strychnine, and Leuconicines A and B

Abstract Described herein is an account of my laboratory’s entry into the magnificent field of complex alkaloid total synthesis, spanning the development of novel methods for quickly assembling polycyclic frameworks through the total synthesis of various members of the Strychnos alkaloids. A discussion of the prior art related to our approach to these alkaloids in addition to strategic decisions and reasoning made en route to targets akuammicine ( 1 ), strychnine ( 2 ), and leuconicines A ( 3 ) and B ( 4 ) is carefully detailed. Finally, we present the retrosynthetic analyses of the aforementioned targets and respective total syntheses thereof (including asymmetric variants).
Unhealthy foods taste better among children with lower self-control.

Abstract Self-control is important for healthy eating. Achieving and maintaining healthy eating behaviors can be challenging for children. Susceptibility to palatable unhealthy foods with high sugar, fat, and/or salt is a biologically predisposed, dominant response that can hinder healthy eating decisions. Self-control can help adults to build automatized strategies for resisting susceptibility to unhealthy foods. Likewise, if self-control helps children to learn strategies for resisting susceptibility to unhealthy foods, susceptibility to unhealthy foods would be demonstrated in children with low self-control. Specifically, the association between unhealthiness and tastiness (i.e., unhealthy foods taste better) is one of the important mechanisms underlying susceptibility to unhealthy foods. We expected susceptibility to unhealthy foods to be indicated by the association between unhealthiness and tastiness, as well as better taste perception of unhealthy foods and unhealthy food preferences. In our study, fifty-nine children aged 8–13 years reported their perceived self-control, and completed computerized food rating tasks measuring their healthiness, taste, and preference ratings on 30 healthy and 30 unhealthy foods. Results showed that children with lower self-control demonstrated heightened susceptibility to unhealthy foods, but children with higher self-control did not. Our findings suggested that higher levels of self-control would help children to develop healthy eating strategies for regulating dispositional susceptibility to unhealthy foods.
Folk tort law

The negligence standard of reasonable care is based on a largely undefined normative decision, making it the most important example of a substantive tort rule that is largely determined by folk law or the understanding that jurors as lay individuals have about the legal obligation. In order to be adequately determinate, the folk law of reasonable care must be based on a widely shared metanorm that jurors use to evaluate more particularized norms of behavior in concrete cases. Studies of jury decision-making in tort cases assume that there is such a metanorm without identifying it. These studies, like tort scholarship more generally, have not accounted for the substantial body of evidence showing that individuals are guided by a metanorm of reciprocity that can motivate them to sanction others for norm violations that are themselves based on reciprocity. By applying this metanorm to the case at hand, jurors enforce behavioral obligations that map into the modern tort rules of negligence and strict liability. A metanorm of reciprocity quite plausibly defines folk tort law, although it is a separate question why the legal system chooses to enforce this social norm. Folk tort law is not fully capable of answering this question, but as an important component of modern tort law, it should be accounted for by any persuasive interpretation of the practice.
Microscopic modeling of transverse non-equilibrium dynamics in mode-locked VECSELs

Mode-locked vertical external-cavity surface emitting lasers are promising compact sources for high-power, ultrafast pulses with excellent beam quality and the flexibility offered by an external cavity. Classical models of these lasers use either phenomenological approaches, which rely heavily on experimentally observed macroscopic parameters, or are based on quasi-equilibrium conditions. Although these models enjoy widespread success, they cannot capture the underlying charge carrier dynamics, shown to be critical components of pulse formation and propagation. The Maxwell Semiconductor Bloch Equations capture these dynamics through a coupling of pulse propagation to the field induced polarization within an active semiconductor quantum well. We utilize a transverse implementation of this model to microscopically investigate fundamental Gaussian pulse formation as well as destabilizing effects of pump parameters. These behaviors are directly linked to the underlying charge carrier dynamics. Excess carriers around the pulse's spatial or spectral centers destabilizes the pulse and are shown to lead to the formation of higher order transverse modes and secondary pulses within the cavity.
Effect of fruit maturity on volatiles and sensory descriptors of four mandarin hybrids

Mandarins (or tangerines) are mainly consumed as fresh fruits due to the ease of peeling and desirable flavor. Sweetness, acidity, and flavor of mandarin are the most important criteria for consumer preference. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of harvest date on sensory and chemical components of four mandarin cultivars (Murcott, 411, Temple, and 'LB8-9' Sugar Belle®). Volatiles were extracted from the headspace of juice samples with solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimum harvest window for eating quality of 411 was late January to mid-February (soluble solids content [SSC]/titratable acidity [TA]: 11.3 to 14.0), Sugar Belle® fruits were best tasted when harvested from mid- to end of January (SSC/TA: 14.1 to 16.1), and February was the best month for harvesting Murcott (SSC/TA: 13.10 to 18.0) and Temple (SSC/TA:10.3 to 12.50). Sensory perception of sweetness, ripeness, and juiciness increased as SSC/TA increased while sourness and bitterness decreased. Pumpkin flavor, an indicator of overripe fruit, was mainly noticed late in the season. Tangerine flavor tended to decrease, whereas fruity-noncitrus flavor tended to increase with fruit maturity. Monoterpenes were the most abundant volatiles and tended to decrease with fruit maturity, whereas alcohols, esters, and aldehydes increase. Aldehydes, esters, and alcohols were positively correlated with sweetness, ripeness, juiciness, and fruity characteristics, and negatively with sourness and bitterness. On the other hand, monoterpenes were positively correlated with bitterness and tangerine flavor, and negatively correlated with sweetness and fruity-noncitrus flavor. The highest number of esters was found in Temple, whereas Murcott and 411 were high in aldehydes.
Are We There Yet? Progress in Depicting Diverse Images of Beauty in Instagram's Body Positivity Movement

As the literature on the narrowly defined standards of beauty portrayed in social media has increased, a newer focus on body positivity messages has also emerged. Body positivity challenges the unrealistic standards of beauty present in the media by the promotion and acceptance of diverse body sizes and appearances. In an effort to further understand the messages of body positivity in social media, this study examined the content of 246 body positive posts from the broad Instagram community. Results demonstrated an inclusion and appreciation of diverse physical appearances, as well as themes consistent with messages promoting body positivity. In contrast to content on popular body positivity accounts, several of the posts from the broader Instagram community did, however, contain contradictory messages, such as the promotion of weight loss or the praise of extreme thinness. Future research examining such contradictory messages in body positivity posts and their effects on body image and other related domains is warranted.
Racial Identity Profiles Among Suicidal Black Women: A Replication and Extension Study:

Despite increasing rates of suicidality among African American women, relatively little is known about culturally-specific factors relevant to their suicidality. Thus, our objectives were to: (1) d...
Theoretical Convergence of Multi-Step Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning

As a popular meta-learning approach, the model-agnostic meta-learning (MAML) algorithm has been widely used due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, the convergence of the general multi-step MAML still remains unexplored. In this paper, we develop a new theoretical framework to provide such convergence guarantee for two types of objective functions that are of interest in practice: (a) resampling case (e.g., reinforcement learning), where loss functions take the form in expectation and new data are sampled as the algorithm runs; and (b) finite-sum case (e.g., supervised learning), where loss functions take the finite-sum form with given samples. For both cases, we characterize the convergence rate and the computational complexity to attain an $\epsilon$-accurate solution for multi-step MAML in the general nonconvex setting. In particular, our results suggest that an inner-stage stepsize needs to be chosen inversely proportional to the number $N$ of inner-stage steps in order for $N$-step MAML to have guaranteed convergence. From the technical perspective, we develop novel techniques to deal with the nested structure of the meta gradient for multi-step MAML, which can be of independent interest.
Head-to-Head Evaluation of 18F-FES and 18F-FDG PET/CT in Metastatic Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer.

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) demonstrates lower conspicuity on 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) PET than the more common invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Other molecular imaging methods may be needed for evaluation of this malignancy. As ILC is nearly always (95%) estrogen receptor (ER) positive, ER-targeting PET tracers such as 16α-[18F]-fluoroestradiol ([18F]FES) may have value. We reviewed prospective trials at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) utilizing [18F]FES PET/CT to evaluate metastatic ILC patients with synchronous [18F]FDG and [18F]FES PET/CT imaging, which allowed a head-to-head comparison of these two PET tracers. Methods: Six prospective clinical trials utilizing [18F]FES PET/CT in patients with metastatic breast cancer were performed at MSK from 2008-2019. These trials included 92 patients, of which 14 (15%) were of ILC histology. Seven of 14 patients with ILC had an [18F]FDG PET/CT performed within 5 weeks of the research [18F]FES PET/CT and no intervening change in management. For these 7 patients, the [18F]FES and [18F]FDG PET/CT studies were analyzed to determine the total number of tracer avid lesions, organ systems of involvement, and SUVmax of each organ system for both tracers. Results: In the seven comparable pairs of scans, there were a total of 254 [18F]FES-avid lesions (SUVmax 2.6 to 17.9) and 111 [18F]FDG-avid lesions (SUVmax 3.3 to 9.9) suspicious for malignancy. For 5 of 7 (71%) of ILC patients, [18F]FES PET/CT detected more metastatic lesions than [18F]FDG PET/CT. In the same 5 of 7 patients, the SUVmax of [18F]FES-avid lesions was greater than the SUVmax of [18F]FDG-avid lesions. One patient had [18F]FES avid metastases with no corresponding [18F]FDG avid metastases. There were no patients with [18F]FDG avid distant metastases without [18F]FES avid distant metastases, although in one patient liver metastases were evident on [18F]FDG but not [18F]FES PET. Conclusion: [18F]FES PET/CT compared favorably with [18F]FDG PET/CT for detection of metastases in patients with metastatic ILC. Larger prospective trials of [18F]FES PET/CT in ILC should be considered to evaluate ER-targeted imaging for clinical value in patients with this histology of breast cancer.