cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct electrosynthesis of pure aqueous H 2 O 2 solutions up to 20% by weight using a solid electrolyte

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesis generally requires substantial postreaction purification. Here, we report a direct electrosynthesis strategy that delivers separate hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) streams to an anode and cathode separated by a porous solid electrolyte, wherein the electrochemically generated H+ and HO2– recombine to form pure aqueous H2O2 solutions. By optimizing a functionalized carbon black catalyst for two-electron oxygen reduction, we achieved >90% selectivity for pure H2O2 at current densities up to 200 milliamperes per square centimeter, which represents an H2O2 productivity of 3.4 millimoles per square centimeter per hour (3660 moles per kilogram of catalyst per hour). A wide range of concentrations of pure H2O2 solutions up to 20 weight % could be obtained by tuning the water flow rate through the solid electrolyte, and the catalyst retained activity and selectivity for 100 hours.
Tears of Volcano

The designer of the Tears of Volcano was astonished by the destructive power of nature and inspired to create an apparel design in admiration and awe of nature. Thus, the goal of this design, Tears of Volcano, was to represent the rare scene of the Kilauea Volcanic eruption and the magnificence of nature. The challenge of this design was to aesthetically illustrate volcano eruption and lava via textile designs and a wearable art piece utilizing digital textile printing, laser cutting, and handcraftsmanship.
A Review of Journal Impact Metrics and Characteristics to Assist Emergency Medicine Investigators with Manuscript Submission Decisions.

Author(s): Rodriguez, Robert M.; Chan, Virginia; Wong, Angela H.K.; Montoy, Juan Carlos C. | Abstract: Introduction: A crucial, yet subjective and non-evidence-based, decision for researchers is where to submit their original research manuscripts. The approach of submitting to journals in descending order of impact factor (IF) is a common but imperfect strategy. The validity of the IF as a measure of journal quality and significance is suspect, and a number of other journal impact scores have emerged, such that no one scale is universally accepted. Furthermore, practical considerations, such as likelihood of manuscript acceptance rates and times for decisions, may influence how authors prioritize journals. In this report, we sought to 1) review emergency medicine (EM) journal impact metrics, and 2) provide a comprehensive list of pertinent journal characteristics that may influence researchers’ choice of submission.Methods: We systematically reviewed five impact metrics (IF, H Index, CiteScore, Source-Normalized Impact per Paper, and SCImago Journal Rank) and other relevant characteristics of 20 EM journals.Results: We found good to excellent agreement in ordinal rankings of four of the journal impact metrics, as measured by the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The median acceptance rate for original research manuscripts in the EM category was 25% (interquartile range [IQR] 18, 31%), and the median initial decision time was 33 days (IQR 18, 56 days). Fourteen EM journals (70%) accepted brief reports, and 15 (75%) accepted case reports/images.Conclusion: We recommend replication, expansion, and formalization of this repository of information for EM investigators in a continuously updated, open-access forum sponsored by an independent organization.
A Feasibility Analysis of a Variable Mass Multiple Asteroid Retrieval Mission

This paper aims to analyze the feasibility of a space-mining operation by estimating the expenses of hardware acquisition and refueling operations for a 30-year Multiple Asteroid Retrieval Mission (MARM). The study builds on previous work on possible Near-Earth Asteroids (NEA) capable of being captured using upcoming rocketry for space-based mining. It combines the re-usability of rocket architecture with refueling capabilities to reduce costs. Furthermore, it expands the mission requirements to include a variable retrieval mass, whereas previous work only considered missions that allowed for the entirety of an asteroid to be retrieved. This paper developed a high-level point of view of the mining industry, which proposes to constrain the operation under an estimated amount of investment and logistical cost. Asteroid Retrieval Missions (ARMs) depart from L2 Halo orbit. The time window for the space mining operation is proposed to be three decades starting in 2030. The logistics of fuel from the Earth's surface to L2 Halo is proposed to refueled each ARM. Previously developed data mining online tool that searches for Near-Earth Asteroids (NEA) close approach database from JPL and the small body database from NASA was used as a dataset for possible candidates. The final solution was the retrieval of 60,430 metric tons with the cost per kg of USD 333.44. It reflects an 87.62% reduction in cost per kg compared to previous work.
On President Trump’s Psychological and Political Fitness for Office

Chapter 7 directly takes up the question of Trump’s supposed psychological and political “unfitness” for office noting the diverse ways Trump critics have used it. The chapter then examines efforts to bypass the Goldwater Rule prohibitions against armchair psychiatric diagnosis by focusing on Trump’s supposed “dangerousness” rather than his “mental illness.” In terms of conceptual reliability and validity a focus on “dangerousness” is no improvement. Analyzing the fiasco that gave rise to Goldwater Rule makes it clear that the ethical and conceptual dangers of unprofessional and substantively unanchored psychological characterizations remain a clear and present danger for virulent anti-Trump speculations.
Should FDA Try to Move Smokers to E-Cigarettes and Other Less-Harmful Tobacco Products and, If So, How?

The emergence of e-cigarettes has produced major changes in the tobacco industry and to adult and youth tobacco use patterns. But there are sharp disagreements about the extent to which e-cigarettes might be helping or hurting efforts to reduce public health harms from smoking and other tobacco-nicotine use. There are also active disputes among tobacco control researchers and other experts about exactly how much less harmful e-cigarettes might be compared to smoking and about how e-cigarettes and their marketing might be affecting youth and adult initiation, cessation, switching, and relapse. Without trying to resolve these disputes, this article offers recommendations for specific United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) actions that would produce large public health gains by shifting smokers to using less harmful e-cigarettes without creating any significant risk of delaying total cessation, increasing youth initiation, or prompting any other health-harming e-cigarette use. Based on a Food & Drug Law Journal Symposium panel that offered diverse tobacco control and tobacco industry viewpoints, this article offers recommendations designed to make sense not just for the public health but for FDA, the industry, and the White House — regardless of who is right or wrong in the ongoing debates about e-cigarette harmfulness and current impacts.
Quine's Individuals

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the Quine's individuals. Professor Quine has suggested that in relation to the theories of membership, it can be possible to allow for the existence of nonclasses or individuals by interpreting the formula “x Є y” as synonymous with “x = y”—in the case that y is an individual. The fact that the situation did not arise in the course of one particular development is not a conclusive argument. However, it seems clear that Professor Quine does not imagine such a deduction is possible nor would anyone else believe this. Nothing supports belief like proof, and it will be the purpose of this chapter to demonstrate that if Quine's axioms are consistent. For these purposes, the chapter imagines NF formulated in first-order logic with identity and with the descriptive operator. The proof given in the chapter for NF is finitary and in no doubt a similar argument can be applied to ML.
Organization of Photosystem II Core and Light-Harvesting Complexes

Genetic, biophysical, and biochemical characterizations of a wide variety of photosynthetic organisms have made it clear that each photosystem (PS) is composed of two parts: 1) a core complex (CC) which contains the fewest subunits necessary for a stable and fully functional electron donor/acceptor complex in vivo; and 2) a light-harvesting complex (LHC) where most of the antenna pigments are organized (1,2). Studies of the composition of higher plant PS II have led to the following observations: 1) the core complex is composed of five different protein subunits, at least two of which bind pigments, CC 11α and CC 11β (1) and 2) the light-harvesting complex contains at least two different pigment-proteins (1).
Yield Curve Smoothing Models of the Term Structure

This paper surveys methodologies on the statistical approach to term structure estimation, also known as yield curve smoothing models. Specifically, term structure estimation methods are reviewed to determine the effects of the assumed functional form of the interpolating function and whether the methods' primary assumptions and estimation technique focus on the spot rate function, forward rate function, or discount function. To this end, we discuss the estimation of spot rates from on-the-run Treasuries, the estimation of spot rates, forward rates, and discount factors from all Treasuries, and the estimation of discount factors from Treasury STRIPS. The central papers under each section are described and their results are summarized. Different methodologies on the use of Treasury data are also discussed. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Demo abstract: Inviz: Low-power personalized gesture recognition using wearable textile capacitive sensor arrays

This demonstration presents Inviz, a low-cost gesture recognition system that uses flexible textile-based capacitive sensors. Gestures are recognized using proximity-based movement detection using flexible capacitive sensor arrays that can be built into the environment or placed on to the body or be integrated into clothing. Inviz provides an innovative interface to home automation systems to simplify environmental control for individuals with limited-mobility resulting from paralysis, paresis, and degenerative diseases. Proximity-based sensing obviates the need for physical contact which can result in skin abrasion which is particularly deleterious to people with limited-to-no sensitivity in their extremities. A custom-designed wireless module maintains a small form factor facilitating placement based on an individual's needs. Our system leverages a hierarchical sensing technique which facilitates learning gestures based on the individual and placement of the sensors. Classification uses just-in-time embedded computational resources to provide accurate responses while maintaining a low average power consumption, in turn reducing the impact of batteries on the form factor. To illustrate the use of Inviz in a smart home environment, we demonstrate an end-to-end home automation system that controls small appliances. We will interface our system with a home automation gateway to demonstrate a subset of potential applications. This interactive demonstration highlights the intuitiveness and extensibility of the Inviz prototype.
MESH, MATCH OR BLEND

Buster Keaton and Jimmy Durante did three films together at MGM between 1932 and 1933. Although the films' reviews emphasize Durante's fresh comic approach, the different formats and the way those formats accommodated Keaton's performance style, complicate the conventional view that his star steadily declined as Durante's rose. Their final film, What! No Beer? (1933), about the timely subject of the end of Prohibition, is the most painful to watch since Keaton is obviously in bad shape, but their first together, The Passionate Plumber (1932), part of a trend in early Hollywood to exploit the novelty of talking pictures by putting plays on screen, contains some memorable Keaton moments in spite of an over‐reliance on verbal gags. Speak Easily (1932), their middle film, a backstage story that exploited the popularity of revues and musicals, offered a format that allowed each performer his own numbers, creating an integration of performance styles and an effective tension between cultural and counter‐cultura...
What is Theory? Puzzles and Maps as Metaphors in Communication Theory

Many handbooks, books, and articles in communication studies offer definitions of theory, as well as approaches to what are the features of theory or what makes a good theory and to what are the functions of theory or what makes a theory useful. In this essay, we configure a taxonomy of definitions of and approaches to theory through a cross-disciplinary perspective, by reflecting on the different views on theory in the discipline of communication in the broader context of views on theory at the intersection of the physical sciences, social sciences, and humanities. We argue that a preeminent tendency, theory as puzzle-solving or map-reading, with its varieties science and investigation, is predominant in communication studies, based on a subject-object schism and on the preexistence of the object to the subject. We also argue that a counteracting tendency, theory as puzzle-making or map-making, with its varieties interpretation and inquiry, has been posited as an alternative in communication studies, based on a subject-object communion and on the creation of objects by subjects.
Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Social Network Data via Conditional Uniform Graph Quantiles

Many basic questions in the social network literature center on the distribution of aggregate structural properties within and across populations of networks. Such questions are of increasing relevance given the growing availability of network data suitable for meta-analytic studies, as well as the rise of study designs that involve the collection of data on multiple networks drawn from a larger population. Despite this, little work has been done on model-based inference for the properties of graph populations, or on methods for comparing such populations. Here, we attempt to rectify this gap by introducing a family of techniques that combines an existing approach to the identification of structural biases in network data (the use of conditional uniform graph quantiles) with strategies drawn from nonparametric Bayesian analysis. Conditional uniform graph quantiles are the quantiles of an observed structural property in the reference distribution produced by evaluating that property over all graphs with certain fixed characteristics (e.g., size or density). These quantiles have long been used to measure the extent to which a property of interest on a single network deviates from what would be expected given that network’s other characteristics. The methods introduced here employ such quantile information to allow for principled inference regarding the distribution of structural biases within (and comparison across) populations of networks, given data sampled at the network level. The data requirements of these methods are minimal, thus making them well-suited to meta-analytic applications for which complete network data (as opposed to summary statistics) are often unavailable. The structural biases inferred using these methods can be expressed in terms of posterior predictives for familiar and easily communicated quantities, such as p-values. In addition to the methods themselves, we present algorithms for posterior simulation from this model class, illustrating their use with applications to the analysis of social structure within urban communes and radio communications among emergency personnel. We also discuss how this approach may applied to quantiles arising from other reference distributions, such as those obtained using general exponential-family random graph models.
Power Processing Units for High Power Solar Electric Propulsion

An evaluation of high-power processing units (PPUs) for multimegawatt solar electric propulsion (SEP) vehicles using advanced ion thrusters is presented. Significant savings of scale are possible for PPUs used to supply power to ion thrusters operating at 0.1 to 1.5 MWe per thruster. The PPU specific mass is found to be strongly sensitive to variations in the ion thruster's power per thruster and moderately sensitive to variations in the thruster's screen voltage due to varying the I(sp) of the thruster. Each PPU consists of a dc-to-dc converter to increase the voltage from the 500 V dc of the photovoltaic power system to the 5 to 13 kV dc required by the ion thrusters.
Calcium, Phosphorus and Human Bone Development

Calcium intakes by girls and adult females should approximate or exceed the Recommended Dietary Allowances so that peak bone mass can be achieved during early adulthood and bone mass can be maintained thereafter until the menopause. Investigations of the relationship between dietary calcium consumption and measurements of bone mass or density strongly support the contention that adequate intakes of calcium by females contribute to greater values of bone mass through adolescence and into adulthood. Prospective studies have especially been robust in support of this relationship. Inadequate calcium intakes early in life may lead to low bone mass because of several possibilities. Three potential mechanisms for the development of low bone mass are proposed, and in all a role for elevated parathyroid hormone is emphasized. A likely mechanism contributing to low bone mass in the United States involves a low calcium:high phosphorus intake ratio, but this possibility has not been adequately tested with a prospective design. Future investigations are needed to address the etiologic risk factors influencing less than optimal development of bone mass in females living in affluent nations.
Clinical Assessment of a Radioimmunoassay for Free Thyroxine Using a Modified Tracer

A radioimmunoassay for measuring free thyroxine in plasma was introduced by Amersham using a I-125-labeled T4 derivative that does not bind significantly to the thyroxine-binding proteins. We evaluated this RIA for its clinical utility in assessing 278 patients with thyroid and nonthyroidal diseases. The precision of the Amerlex free T4 assay, expressed as coefficient of variation, was 20% at 0.16 ng/dl, 6.9% at 0.55 ng/dl, 4.2% at 1.08 ng/dl, 5.3% at 2.29 ng/dl, and 6.3% at 3.18 ng/dl. A reference range for free T4 was established as 0.68-1.8 ng/dl, n = 171. The correlation coefficients (r) of a dialysis method and a free thyroxine index were 0.871 and 0.911, respectively. Free T4 correctly classified 98% euthyroid, 92% hypothyroid, 100% hyperthyroid, 100% euthyroid with elevated TBG, and 87% of phenytoin patients. In addition, 80 patients with acute nonthyroidal illness were studied. Most of these patients have normal to low free T4, very low T3, and elevated rT3. We found this free T4 assay to be precise, easy to perform, and reliable in classifying thyroid status in most patients.
Congenital cystic eye: recurrence after initial surgical removal

Congenital cystic eye arises from failure of invagination of the primary optic vesicle. The cyst lacks the usual intraocular structures and contains only abortive derivatives of the anterior and posterior portions of the primary optic vesicle. Because the cystic eye usually occupies a large portion of the orbit and distends the upper eyelid, surgical excision is often carried out.We report a case of congenital cystic eye in which an initial attempt at excision was followed in three months by recurrence of the cyst in the orbit. A second excision appears to have eliminated the cyst since no recurrence has become evident in the ensuing two years. The pathology of the cyst from both excision specimens suggests that the pigmented cells from the posterior portion of the cyst were not included in the first resection. Based on this experience, we conclude that every effort should be made to excise all of the congenital cystic eye when surgical removal is undertaken.
Nitric Oxide Evokes an Adaptive Response to Oxidative Stress by Arresting Respiration

Aerobic metabolism generates biologically challenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the endogenous autooxidation of components of the electron transport chain (ETC). Basal levels of oxidative stress can dramatically rise upon activation of the NADPH oxidase-dependent respiratory burst. To minimize ROS toxicity, prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms express a battery of low-molecular-weight thiol scavengers, a legion of detoxifying catalases, peroxidases, and superoxide dismutases, as well as a variety of repair systems. We present herein blockage of bacterial respiration as a novel strategy that helps the intracellular pathogen Salmonella survive extreme oxidative stress conditions. A Salmonella strain bearing mutations in complex I NADH dehydrogenases is refractory to the early NADPH oxidase-dependent antimicrobial activity of IFNγ-activated macrophages. The ability of NADH-rich, complex I-deficient Salmonella to survive oxidative stress is associated with resistance to peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Inhibition of respiration with nitric oxide (NO) also triggered a protective adaptive response against oxidative stress. Expression of the NDH-II dehydrogenase decreases NADH levels, thereby abrogating resistance of NO-adapted Salmonella to H2O2. NADH antagonizes the hydroxyl radical (OH·) generated in classical Fenton chemistry or spontaneous decomposition of peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH), while fueling AhpCF alkylhydroperoxidase. Together, these findings identify the accumulation of NADH following the NO-mediated inhibition of Salmonella's ETC as a novel antioxidant strategy. NO-dependent respiratory arrest may help mitochondria and a plethora of organisms cope with oxidative stress engendered in situations as diverse as aerobic respiration, ischemia reperfusion, and inflammation.
Accumulation of α-ketoglutaric acid in yeast mutants requiring lysine☆

Accumulation of a-ketoglutaric acid in two nonallelic yeast mutants (Ly7 and Ly4) requiring lysine has been demonstrated. In addition to α-ketoglutarate, Ly7 accumulates homocitrate, and Ly4 accumulates both homocitrate and cis-homoaconitate. The cell-free preparations of Ly4 lack homoacunitase activity, but Ly7 has homocitrate synthetase and homoaconitase activities. The mutants that fail to accumulate homoisocitrate have so far been found to accumulate α-ketoglutarate, which is not accumulated in wild-type culture. The accumulation of α-ketoglutarate has been confirmed in radioactive and nonradioactive experiments, and the mutant product has been identified by various Chromatographic and chemical procedures. The accumulation data for these mutants as well as for Ly12 suggest that there are two different enzymic steps to convert homocitrate to homisocitrate. The accumulation of α-ketoglutarate has been found in mutants which are blocked at steps preceding the synthesis of homoisocitrate.
Inhibition of interferon-inducible gene expression by adenovirus E1A proteins: block in transcriptional complex formation.

Abstract Infection with wild-type adenovirus 5, but not with a mutant lacking the E1A gene, prevented the induction by interferon (IFN) alpha of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in HeLaM cell lines that had been permanently transfected with chimeric CAT reporter genes driven by the transcriptional regulatory regions of the IFN-responsive genes 561 and 6-16. Similar inhibition of IFN-inducible CAT activity was observed in cells that were cotransfected with the same reporter genes and plasmids expressing either the E1A 289- or 243-amino acid protein. These proteins also prevented the induction of CAT activity by IFN-gamma from a cotransfected HLA-DR alpha-CAT gene. Experiments with E1A mutants mapped the inhibitory activity to amino acid residues 38-65 of these proteins. In a HeLa cell line permanently expressing the E1A 289-amino acid protein, the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus and encephalomyocarditis virus was not inhibited by IFN-alpha, suggesting a global blockade of IFN responses. In accord with this theory, induction of 561, 1-8, and (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase mRNAs by IFN was blocked in these cells at the transcriptional level. The observed transcriptional inhibition could be attributed to the lack of formation of the crucial IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) transcriptional complex. As shown by mobility shift assays, this complex was not formed in the nuclear extracts of IFN-treated adenovirus-infected cells or IFN-treated E1A-producing cells. These nuclear extracts were deficient in both ISGF3 alpha and ISGF3 gamma subunits. However, they did not block the formation of ISGF3 complex from exogenously added components.
Hypoxia-induced expression of VEGF splice variants and protein in four retinal cell types.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypoxia-induced Vegf120, Vegf164 and Vegf188 mRNA expression profiles in rat Muller cells (MC), astrocytes, retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE) and retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMEC) and correlate these findings to VEGF secreted protein. Cultured cells were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia. Total RNA was isolated from cell lysates and Vegf splice variant mRNA copy numbers were assayed by a validated qRT-PCR external calibration curve method. mRNA copy numbers were normalized to input total RNA. Conditioned medium was collected from cells and assayed for total VEGF protein by ELISA. Hypoxia increased total Vegf mRNA and secreted protein in all the retinal cell types, with the highest levels observed in MC and astrocytes ranking second. Total Vegf mRNA levels in hypoxic RPE and RMEC were comparable; however, the greatest hypoxic induction of each Vegf splice variant mRNA was observed in RMEC. RPE and RMEC ranked 3rd and 4th respectively, in terms of secreted total VEGF protein in hypoxia. The Vegf120, Vegf164 and Vegf188 mRNA splice variants were all increased in hypoxic cells compared to normoxic controls. In normoxia, the relative Vegf splice variant mRNA levels ranked from highest to lowest for each cell type were Vegf164 > Vegf120 > Vegf188. Hypoxic induction did not alter this ranking, although it did favor an increased stoichiometry of Vegf164 mRNA over the other two splice variants. MC and astrocytes are likely to be the major sources of total Vegf, Vegf164 splice variant mRNAs, and VEGF protein in retinal hypoxia.
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance: understanding opioid side effects

Opioid-induced pain or opioid tolerance should be considered when opioid therapy fails to provide expected analgesic effects or when there is unexplainable pain exacerbation following opioid treatment. As a result, an increase in the opioid dosage may not be the solution to ineffective opioid therapy for chronic pain management. A decrease in the opioid mass may actually provide pain relief in many instances. At one time, it was anticipated that opioid-induced pain was related to upregulation of NMDA receptors with a downregulation of mu receptors. However, there is growing evidence to suggest the opioid receptor-based hyperalgesic mechanism may be directly modulated by the NMDA receptor. Furthermore, the mechanism that causes opioid tolerance may be the same mechanism that causes opioid-induced pain. Current evidence suggests that opioid-induced pain sensitivity could be prevented by interrupting the cellular and molecular changes associated with the development of opioid tolerance. Continued research ma...
Monomeric molybdenum(V) complexes. 4. The structure of tetraphenylarsonium oxodichloro(N-2-oxophenylsalicylideniminato)molybdate(V), [Ph4As] [MoOCl2(SalphO)]

The structure of [Ph 4 As] [MoOCl 2 (SalphO)], where SalphO is N-2-oxophenylsalicylideniminate dianion, has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 /n with a = 11.829(2), b = 16.149(3), c = 17.410(3) A, β = 97.485(15)° and Z = 4. The calculated and observed densities and 1.566 and 1.573(10) g cm −3 , respectively. Block-diagonal least-squares refinement of the structure using 4722 independent reflections with I ⩾ 3σ(I) converged at R = 0.0345 and R w = 0.0484. The crystal contains [Ph 4 As] + cations and [MoOCl 2 (SalphO)] − anions. The Mo atom in the anion is in a distorted octahedral coordination environment. A planar terdentate Schiff base ligand occupies meridional positions with the N atom trans to the terminal oxo group (O t ). Two Cl atoms are cis to the O t atom. The Mo atom is displaced by 0.33 A from the equatorial plane toward the O t atom. The MoO t distance is 1.673(3) A. The MoN bond trans to the O t atom is 2.298(4) A. The two MoCl bond lengths are 2.371(1) and 2.408(1) A. The difference of 0.037 A is significant (30 σ). Preparations of the title complex and the related complexes are also described.
A simulated annealing approach to police district design

This paper considers the problem of redistricting or redrawing police command boundaries. We model this problem as a constrained graph-partitioning problem involving the partitioning of a police jurisdiction into command districts subject to constraints of contiguity, compactness, convexity and size. Since the districting affects urban emergency services, there also exist quality-of-service constraints, which limit the response time (queue time plus travel time) to calls for service. Confronted with the combinatorial challenge of the districting problem, we propose a simulated annealing algorithm to search for a "good" partitioning of the police jurisdiction. At each iteration of the algorithm, we employ a variant of the well-known PCAM model to optimally assign the patrol cars and assess the "goodness" of a particular district design with respect to some prescribed performance measures. This approach differs from the well-known Hypercube queuing model, which simply evaluates the performance of a user-specified district design and allocation. A computational case study using data from the Buffalo, New York, Police Department reveals the merits of this approach.
Population aggregation, residential storage and socioeconomic inequality at Early Bronze Age Numayra, Jordan

Abstract One of the critical questions related to population aggregation and the development of urbanism centers on how and why people came together to form and maintain large settlements, overcoming challenges of feeding, organizing, and governing large populations. As one key component of life in large communities, storage practices represent a crucial building block and one of, if not the, most important economic and social foundations for population aggregation and urbanism in all areas of the world. Archaeologists have assumed that small-scale urbanism required enhanced social, economic, and political complexity, often reflected in non-residential storage practices. Focusing on the Near Eastern Bronze Age, this paper offers a detailed assessment of residential storage practices at Numayra, a fortified settlement inhabited from c. 2850–2550 Cal. BC during the southern Levantine Early Bronze Age III. The southern Levantine Early Bronze Age was a small-scale urban society that emerged with population aggregation, some civic administration, and varying degrees of political and economic inequality. Drawing upon detailed evidence for residential storage at the site, we evaluate arguments for social, political and economic inequality at the site and more broadly in the region. This paper examines residential storage practices at Numayra, where 192 storage features and well-preserved artifactual materials suggest that people might have used storage practices simultaneously as both leveling and competitive mechanisms. Numayra’s storage evidence demonstrates that the ways in which people stored and shared food and other storable goods changed over the course of the settlement’s history, providing a nuanced and localized micro-history of storage behaviors in a small, fortified community. This research contributes a detailed understanding of the dynamic relationship between population aggregation and socioeconomic inequality, and explores how we can understand the pathways to and mechanics of population aggregation and urban lifeways at any scale.
Topographic and seismic effects of long-term coupling between the subducting and overriding plates beneath Northeast Japan

Abstract For at least five million years, the motion of the subducting Pacific plate has been steady in a direction approximately perpendicular to the strike of the island arc in northeast Japan. We have shown that the present-day topography, gravity and seismicity patterns can be modeled successfully by assuming an approximately steady tectonic compressive driving force and a plausible crustal rheology and by using a finite element modeling code which allows stick-slip faulting, erosion/deposition and time-dependent loading. In this paper we show how the strength of interplate coupling with depth and along strike is constrained by the observed topography and gravity, and we examine the correlation of coupling with observed interplate and intraplate seismicity. Topography and the gravity residual anomaly in the eastern coastal area are significantly higher in region 1 (the Kitakami range and off Sanriku) than in region 2 (off Miyagi). In order to match the observed topography and gravity, the strength of interplate coupling in region 1 is about two to four times greater than in region 2, and there is about twice as strong a coupling at greater depths. Coupling in region 1 and region 2 are considered as two extreme cases. In region 3 (the Abukuma range and off Fukushima), the coupling strength is between that of region 1 and region 2. The model predicts a higher potential for earthquakes in the crust and mantle wedge apex for the region with stronger coupling, region 1, which is consistent with the observed intraplate seismicity. Observed patterns of interplate seismicity are also consistent with differences in interplate coupling; the weaker coupling in region 2 indicates a lack of seismogenic potential which leads to a low probability for large earthquakes in that region.
Kinetics of the aqueous-phase hydrogenation of L-alanine to L-alaninol

The kinetics of the aqueous-phase, stereoretentive hydrogenation of alanine to alaninol over 5 wt % Ru/C catalyst in a three-phase stirred batch reactor is presented. Alanine readily undergoes hydrogenation when in the carboxylic acid form (−COOH), a condition that can be achieved by acidifying the reaction solution with phosphoric acid. The conversion rate is not limited by mass-transport resistances over the ranges of temperature (353−398 K), hydrogen pressure (1.7−13.8 MPa), alanine feed concentration (0.22−0.46 M), and phosphoric acid concentration (0−1.2M) investigated. A Langmuir−Hinshelwood (L−H) kinetic model is presented in which protonated alanine and undissociated phosphoric acid compete for one set of surface sites and H2 dissociatively adsorbs on a second type of site. The average error between the experimental and predicted conversions over all data collected was 8%.
Local Derivative-Free Approximation of Computationally Expensive Posterior Densities

Bayesian inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is computationally prohibitive when the posterior density of interest, π, is computationally expensive to evaluate. We develop a derivative-free algorithm GRIMA to accurately approximate π by interpolation over its high-probability density (HPD) region, which is initially unknown. Our local approach reduces the waste of computational budget on approximation of π in the low-probability region, which is inherent in global experimental designs. However, estimation of the HPD region is nontrivial when derivatives of π are not available or are not informative about the shape of the HPD region. Without relying on derivatives, GRIMA iterates (a) sequential knot selection over the estimated HPD region of π to refine the surrogate posterior and (b) re-estimation of the HPD region using an MCMC sample from the updated surrogate density, which is inexpensive to obtain. GRIMA is applicable to approximation of general unnormalized posterior densities. To determine the range of tractable problem dimensions, we conduct simulation experiments on test densities with linear and nonlinear component-wise dependence, skewness, kurtosis and multimodality. Subsequently, we use GRIMA in a case study to calibrate a computationally intensive nonlinear regression model to real data from the Town Brook watershed. Supplemental materials for this article are available online.
Average velocity distribution measurements of target debris from a laser-produced plasma

Measurements of the velocity and particulate size distributions as well as calculations of ejected mass have been made on solid Sn and Au laser-produced plasma (LPP) targets. The experiments were conducted under conditions associated with soft x-ray projection lithography (SXPL). Results indicate that small particulates, less than 1 - 2 micrometers in diameter, with speeds in excess of 9000 cm/s, are the dominant constituents of the debris.
Who will perform my autopsy

When I was a resident pathologist at The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, from 1965 to 1969, we were taught that it was a privilege to perform an autopsy on another physician and particularly on another pathologist. I learned this particularly from Max Robinowitz, my chief resident, with whom I performed my first adult autopsy; a 71 year old physician with thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis whose proximate cause of death was bronchopneumonia.
Fuzzy logic-base tool breakage detecting system in end milling operations

Abstract A decision-making system working with intelligent sensors in end milling operations proposed to form an inprocess detecting tool breakage system (IDTBS) is the focus of this paper. In an unmanned flexible manufacturing system (UFMS), because of the absence of human operators, the machining process monitoring function must be performed by sensors associated with decision-making systems. Two concepts will be introduced: 1) the fuzzy logic inference used as a decision-making system to detect tool breakage; and 2) multiple tools with the same cutting pattern but different fracture degrees were selected to execute the experiment. The fuzzy logic inference was used to integrate cutting force data and machining parameters to compare with the fuzzy if-then rule-bank and make a decision regarding tool conditions.
Fatigue of composites-fatigue modulus concept and life prediction

Fatigue behavior of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite materials has been studied analytically. A new concept called "fatigue modulus," which is defined as a slope of applied stress and resultant strain at a specific cycle is introduced. Fatigue modulus degradation is studied using an assumption that the fatigue modulus degrada tion rate follows a power function of fatigue cycle. Theoretical equation for predicting fatigue life is formulated using the fatigue modulus and its degradation rate. This rela tion is simplified by strain failure criterion for the practical application. It is proved that the final formula predicts the fatigue life of a glass fiber epoxy composite material better than S-N curve or Basquin's relation. An attempt is made to find the relation ship between fatigue modulus and elastic modulus by the geometric relation from stress-strain curve under the cyclic loading.
Gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of reperfused myocardium : identification of the myocardial bed at risk

Gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA)-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging can be useful in the identification of reperfused myocardium. However, the effects of dose and the time of administration and the relation of the extent of the region of enhancement to the myocardial bed at risk have not been evaluated. In this study, dogs were given Gd-DTPA (0.1 mM/kg body weight [n = 21] or 0.34 mM/kg [n = 7]) or saline solution (n = 5) after various periods of occlusion and reperfusion. Twenty-five dogs were killed after 1 or 2 h of reperfusion and the excised hearts were imaged. Images were analyzed for presence, intensity and extent of a region of increased signal. All images in dogs given Gd-DTPA had easily identifiable regions of increased signal in the distribution of the reperfused myocardial bed. Analysis of the extent of these regions in spin-echo images of excised hearts when Gd-DTPA was administered after 5 min of reperfusion demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.72 with the bed at risk as determined postmortem with a dye perfusion technique. These images consistently overestimated the infarct size. Signal intensity of the reperfused myocardium increased to a maximum of 1.67 times control (p less than 0.05) in spin-lattice relaxation time (T1)-weighted sequences as the dose of Gd-DTPA increased. This was due to a higher concentration of Gd-DTPA in the reperfused myocardium with resultant shortening of the T1 relaxation time. When Gd-DTPA was given after 90 min of reperfusion, NMR images did not identify the bed at risk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Types of magnetically ordered configurations on simple lattices

Abstract A scheme for enumerating possible magnetically ordered configurations on simple lattices is described, and a system of nomenclature descriptive of the arrangement is proposed. Examples of the method as applied to simple cubic, face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and hexagonal layer lattices are given. Magnetic structure amplitudes for configurations based on the above lattices are tabulated.
Epilepsy in Children—When Should We Think Neurometabolic Disease?:

Seizures are often the first manifestation of central nervous system dysfunction and are common in many inborn errors of metabolism, especially in neonates, infants, and children. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose inborn errors of metabolism as the cause of seizures. It is also important to recognize these metabolic disorders early, as specific disease-modifying treatments are available for some with favorable long-term outcomes. This review discusses the classification of metabolic disorders as a cause of seizures based on pathogenesis and age and proposes a tiered approach for cost-effective diagnosis of metabolic disorders.
On the existence and computation of rank-revealing LU factorizations

Abstract By exploring properties of Schur complements, this paper presents bounds on the existence of rank-revealing LU factorizations that are comparable with those of rank-revealing QR factorizations. The new bounds provide substantial improvement over previously derived bounds. This paper also proposes two algorithms using Gaussian elimination with a “block pivoting” strategy to select a subset of columns from a given matrix which has a guaranteed relatively large smallest singular value. Each of these two algorithms is faster than its orthogonal counterpart for dense matrices. If implemented appropriately, these algorithms are faster than the corresponding rank-revealing QR methods, even when the orthogonal matrices are not explicitly updated. Based on these two algorithms, an algorithm using only Gaussian elimination for computing rank-revealing LU factorizations is introduced.
E.S.R. Spectra of the Cyclobutanesemidiones Derived from Three Tricyclo[4. 4. 2. 01,6,]Dodecane-11-OL-12-Ones

Abstract The semidione radical anions derived from a variety of alicyclic ketones and α-hydroxyketones have been extensively investigated via esr by Russell and co-workers.1Studies of the chemistry and spectra of the 1, 2-cyclobutanediones derived from the tricyclo[4. 4. 2. 01,6] dodecane-11-o1-12-one system2suggested that an examination of the esr spectra of the related semidiones would be of considerable interest. The recent reports on the esr spectra of cyclobutanes emidione1cand several substituted cyclo-butanes emidiones1bfurther prompt this communication.
Hurthle cell thyroid tumors. An immunohistochemical study

Twenty-three Hurthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid were analyzed immunohistochemically for thyroglobulin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and for immunoreactivity with a monoclonal antibody to p21 ras oncogene product. Both benign and malignant tumors defined by the presence or absence of invasion and metastasis stained positively for thyroglobulin. Most tumors expressed both CEA and p21 ras oncogene product. Clinicopathologic analysis showed that malignant tumors were larger, occurred in slightly older patients (mean age, 52.8 years), and had an almost equal sex distribution, whereas benign tumors were more common in women and occurred in younger patients (mean age, 44.7 years). These results indicate that both benign and malignant Hurthle cell thyroid tumors produce thyroglobulin and express both CEA and p21 ras oncogene product, whereas adjacent normal thyroid tissues showed weak to absent immunoreactivity for p21 ras oncogene product. Because there are no specific immunohistochemical markers to distinguish between benign and malignant Hurthle cell tumors, one needs to rely on traditional histologic features such as invasion and metastasis to distinguish between benign and malignant Hurthle cell neoplasms.
Linewidth determination using simulated annealing

Using etched quartz as a phase shifter for i-line phase shift masks requires an etched depth of 385 nm referenced from the quartz surface. Recent work shows a direct relationship of focus offset as a function of the phase angle as it deviates from 180 degree(s). Knowing the etched depth and phase in transmission becomes critical to the production and verification of these masks. A method of interferometrically evaluating a phase shift mask is proposed. The method calculates the phase shift from the surface profile imaging system. Results show that errors of less than 5% are obtained for features as small as 1/6th of the optical resolution of the system and less than 2% for features as small as 1/2 of the resolution. When noise is included in the modeling, errors of 5% are obtained for S/N of 10 and less than 2% for S/N of 100.
Changes in Measured Vector Magnetic Fields when Transformed into Heliographic Coordinates

In this paper we investigate the changes that occur in measured magnetic fields when they are transformed into a heliographic coordinate system. To carry out this investigation we took measurements of the vector magnetic field of an active region that was observed at 1/3 the solar radius from disk center and transformed the observed field into heliographic coordinates. We also examined differences in the calculated potential field that occur when the heliographic normal component of the field is used as the boundary condition rather than the observed line-of-sight component. The results of this analysis show (1) that the observed fields of sunspots more closely resemble the generally accepted picture of the distribution of umbral fields if they are displayed in heliographic coordinates, (2) that the differences in the potential calculations are less than 200 G in field strength and 20° in field azimuth outside sunspots, and (3) that differences in the two potential calculations in the sunspot areas are no more than 400 G in field strength but range from 60 to 80° in field azimuth in localized umbral areas.