cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of HIV-1 replication by opiates and cocaine: the cytokine connection.

In recent years, drug abuse has been identified as the most important factor in the spread of the AIDS epidemic (1). In the injection drug use (IDU) population, the sharing of contaminated injection equipment is a major means of transmitting HIV-1 (2, 3), the primary etiologic agent of AIDS. Several reports suggest that the course of HIV-1 infection is accelerated and that the mortality is increased in IDU patients (4–7), although results of some studies are contradictory (8, 9). As in other AIDS risk groups, multiple co-factors have been considered as possible contributors to the development of AIDS in HIV-1-infected drug abusers (10). A special cofactor postulated to be important in this patient group has been drug-induced immunologic disturbances (11, 12). This “co-factor hypothesis” is supported by a large body of evidence from clinical studies, animal models, and in vitro investigations (reviewed in 13–19).
From the CDC: The Prevention for States program: Preventing opioid overdose through evidence-based intervention and innovation.

Abstract Introduction : Since 1999, overdose deaths involving opioids have substantially increased. In 2016, 42,249 opioid-related deaths occurred—a 27.7% increase from the previous year (Hedegaard et al., 2017). As the nation's public health agency, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been actively involved in efforts to prevent opioid misuse, opioid use disorder, and opioid overdose since 2014. One of CDC's three principal opioid overdose prevention programs, the Prevention for States (PfS) program, began funding 16 state partners in August 2015 and then expanded to fund a total of 29 states in March 2016. The PfS program aims to prevent opioid morbidity and mortality by implementing evidence-based strategies such as enhancing and maximizing prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) and implementing community or health systems interventions. Methods: In this article, we will describe the origins of the PfS program, provide an overview of program strategies, and locate PfS strategies in the larger landscape of nation-wide opioid overdose prevention efforts advanced by other partners and stakeholders. To describe the implementation of PfS, we offer an iterative model of using information to inform strategy selection, implementation, and evaluation. This model is a product of our observations of program implementation over time and has emerged, post hoc, as a helpful framework for organizing our insights and reflections on the work. Results: For each step of the model, we provide examples of how CDC has supported funded state partners in these efforts. Lastly, we describe innovative facets of the program and implications for both ongoing and future programs. Practical applications: Opioid overdose morbidity and mortality continues to increase across the United States. Adoption of the strategies and the program implementation paradigm described in this article when implementing prevention activities could improve the ability of public health programs to reverse this trend.
La Unidad Popular y los trabajadores: entre la autonomía y la política

CURY, Marcia. O protagonismo popular. Experiencias de classe e movimentos sociais na construcao do socialismo chileno (1964-1973). Campinas: UNICAMP, 2017. (Traduccion al espanol: El protagonismo popular chileno. Experiencias de clase y movimientos sociales en la construccion del socialismo (1964-1973). Santiago: LOM y Editora UNICAMP, 2018).
Does demand for subway ridership in Manhattan depend on the rainfall events

Abstract The Northeast United States, particularly New York State has experienced an increase in extreme daily precipitation during the past 50 years. Recent events such as Hurricane Irene and Superstorm Sandy, have revealed vulnerability to the intense precipitation within the transportation sector. In the scale of New York City, where transit system is the most dominant mode of transportation and daily mobility of millions of passengers depends on it, any disruption in the transit service would result in gridlocks and massive delays. To assess the impacts of rainfall on the subway ridership, we merged high resolution radar rainfall and subway ridership data to conduct a detailed analysis for each of the 116 subway stations at the borough of Manhattan. The analysis is carried out on both hourly and daily resolution level, where a spatial-temporal Bayesian multi-level regression model is used to capture the underlying dependency between the parameters. The estimation results are obtained through Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling method. The results for daily analysis indicate that during weekdays, transit ridership in the stations located in commercial zones are less sensitive to the rainfall compared to the ones in residential zones.
Characterization of Kapitza resistances of natural grain boundaries in cerium oxide

Abstract In this study, the Kapitza resistances of natural grain boundaries of Cerium Oxide (CeO2) at room temperature was experimentally determined and correlated with the grain misorientation. A spatial-domain thermoreflectance technique (SDTR) was used as the characterization tool and the Kapitza resistances of the target grain boundaries were obtained from solving the inverse heat conduction problem through a multi-parameter fitting process. The measurements were performed at ∼70 different grain boundaries with the size of adjacent grains larger than approximately 100 µm. From more than 50 sets of effective data, the average interfacial thermal resistance is measured as (8.95 ± 0.68) × 10−9 m2K/W, which is consistent with results from other studies. The grain orientations from five selected locations with good data quality were characterized by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). A direct correlation between Kapitza resistances and misorientation angles of high-angle grain boundaries was found.
Low-Loss Waveguides in Y-Cut Thin Film Lithium Niobate for Acousto-Optic Applications

The dependence of waveguide loss on buried oxide thickness in Y-cut lithium niobate on insulator (an ideal platform for acousto-optic devices) was investigated. Waveguide loss of as low as 0.33 dB/cm was measured. © 2019 The Author(s)
Panel Data in Banking: Research Issues and Data Peculiarities

Abstract This chapter outlines the problems encountered when using banking panel data. Workarounds and solutions to these problems are noted. While many of these problems occur when selecting and obtaining a panel data set, others are specific to the topics investigated, such as bank scale and scope economies, technical change, frontier efficiency, competition, and productivity. Illustrative results from published studies on these topics are also reported.
Accurate Determination of Cavitand Binding Free Energies via Unrestrained Advanced Sampling

Calculation of binding free energies, which characterize the stability and specificity of molecular interactions (e.g., drug formulations), has been established as an important application of moder...
A least-squares finite element method based on the Helmholtz decomposition for hyperbolic balance laws

In this paper, a least-squares finite element method for scalar nonlinear hyperbolic balance laws is proposed and studied. The approach is based on a formulation that utilizes an appropriate Helmholtz decomposition of the flux vector and is related to the standard notion of a weak solution. This relationship, together with a corresponding connection to negative-norm least-squares, is described in detail. As a consequence, an important numerical conservation theorem is obtained, similar to the famous Lax-Wendroff theorem. The numerical conservation properties of the method in this paper do not fall precisely in the framework introduced by Lax and Wendroff, but they are similar in spirit as they guarantee that when $L^2$ convergence holds, the resulting approximations approach a weak solution to the hyperbolic problem. The least-squares functional is continuous and coercive in an $H^{-1}$-type norm, but not $L^2$-coercive. Nevertheless, the $L^2$ convergence properties of the method are discussed. Convergence can be obtained either by an explicit regularization of the functional, that provides control of the $L^2$ norm, or by properly choosing the finite element spaces, providing implicit control of the $L^2$ norm. Numerical results for the inviscid Burgers equation with discontinuous source terms are shown, demonstrating the $L^2$ convergence of the obtained approximations to the physically admissible solution. The numerical method utilizes a least-squares functional, minimized on finite element spaces, and a Gauss-Newton technique with nested iteration. We believe that the linear systems encountered with this formulation are amenable to multigrid techniques and combining the method with adaptive mesh refinement would make this approach an efficient tool for solving balance laws (this is the focus of a future study).
Sensors and Psychomotor Metrics: A Unique Opportunity to Close the Gap on Surgical Processes and Outcomes.

Background: The surgical process remains elusive to many. This paper presents two, independent empirical investigations where psychomotor skills metrics were used to quantify elements of the surgic...
The Impact of Retention Systems on Judicial Behavior: a Synthetic Controls Analysis of State Supreme Courts

Judicial selection methods have been reformed in many states over the 20th century. I will show how changing electoral institutions have influenced judicial behavior. To do this, I employ an origin...
The Implications of Value-at-Risk and Short-Selling Restrictions for Portfolio Manager Performance

After the recent financial crisis and the tightening of the regulation processes, portfolio managers regularly face strong restrictions, with complex implications for their performance. This paper provides a framework to analyze the performance of a portfolio manager under a value-at-risk (VaR) constraint, in a Markowitz setup. Using appropriate parameters, we calibrate the model for a manager with private information and compare the effect of VaR and short-selling (SS) constraints on the relationship between the expected portfolio return and the market return. We find that, in a more volatile market, the VaR restriction will have a greater effect on manager performance than the SS restriction. The VaR constraint also strongly affects a manager with high-quality information, while the SS restriction only moderately affects a manager with any level of information quality. Regarding their attitude toward risk, an overly aggressive manager will find their overall performance more affected by the VaR constraint.
Primary Cutaneous Cryptococcosis in a Patient on Fingolimod: A Case Report.

Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis is an uncommon condition. Patients with immunosuppression and those of older age are more susceptible to infection, warranting investigations into underlying systemic disease. We report the case of a 49-year-old male with multiple sclerosis in remission on fingolimod who presented with a non-healing skin lesion on his upper thigh for a duration of two years. Skin biopsy showed dermal parasitized histiocytes, and serum antigens for histoplasmosis and Cryptococcus were negative. Further investigation with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated cutaneous cryptococcal infection, with no associated systemic signs or symptoms. This case report highlights an uncommon presentation of cutaneous cryptococcosis on an unexposed skin surface with successful and rapid improvement following fluconazole therapy without fingolimod discontinuation.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model as Modern Austrian Business Cycle Theory

According to Austrian macroeconomic theory, capital accumulation today generates supply tomorrow. Will that supply match tomorrows demand? In this paper we study this question in a multi-good and risky environment with an efficient financial system. Towards this end we develop a model based on the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), Rational Expectations, and Linear Homogeneous Production Functions. Within this framework we show how the financial system in the form of CAPM allocates resources across the different sectors in the economy so as to maximize the ratio of expected returns to a measure of risk like the standard deviation of returns for some initial time period t=0. In t=1 a Linear Homogeneous Production Function subject to a random productivity shock determines actual output and the structure of production. The link between t=0 and t=1 is Rational Expectations, the assumption that the subjective probability distribution in t=0 on which real investment decision are made is equivalent to the objective distribution generating the actual output/income in t=1. If total output is more (or less) than expected in t=0, we have a cyclical expansion (or recession) the magnitude of which depends on the spread of the subjective probably distribution in t=0. With this model we discuss: 1) monetary policy under a full reserve banking system with Central bank digital accounts for all; 2) an all-inclusive transaction tax to substitute for the U.S. present tax system; 3) the trade-off between economic growth and the cyclical volatility of the economy; and 4) the advantages and disadvantages of trade deficits.
Contact residues and predicted structure of the reovirus type 3-receptor interaction.

Sequence similarity between the reovirus type 3 hemagglutinin (HA3) and a anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody (87.92.6) has been shown to define the site of interaction with a neutralizing (idiotypic) monoclonal antibody (9B.G5) and the cellular receptor for the virus. A synthetic peptide (VL peptide) derived from the anti-idiotypic sequence inhibits viral binding to the receptor. In this study, variants of the VL peptide were utilized to probe specific amino acid residues involved in binding the neutralizing antibody and the receptor. These studies indicate that the--OH groups of several residues are involved in contacting the reovirus type 3 receptor, including Tyr49, Ser50, Ser52, and Thr53 in the anti-idiotypic sequence, corresponding to Tyr326, Ser327, Ser329, and Ser325 in HA3, respectively. In contrast, only Ser50 of the anti-idiotypic sequence, corresponding to Ser327 of HA3, significantly altered neutralizing antibody binding. Additional studies implicate sialic acid as a potential reovirus type 3 receptor on some cells. This includes inhibition of binding of reovirus type 3 and 87.92.6 to L cells by heavily sialylated glycoproteins. Sialic acid was therefore utilized as a candidate receptor to analyze potential interaction schemes with HA3/87.92.6. Sequence similarity to other immunoglobulin structures with similar sequences allowed modeling of the three-dimensional structure of these epitopes. These structures, in combination with peptide studies, allow the development of a model of the interaction of these epitopes with sialic acid, which serves as a reovirus type 3 receptor. These models reveal that similar amino acid residues and side-chain geometries may be utilized by the reovirus type 3 and influenza hemagglutinins in their interactions with cell-surface receptors.
Selective inactivation of transfer ribonucleic acid.

Abstract Horseradish peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide selectively inactivates the amino acid acceptor activity of certain Escherichia coli transfer ribonucleic acids. Lysine acceptor activity was inactivated to the largest extent by the peroxidase treatment. Acceptor activity for isoleucine, tyrosine, histidine, and alanine was also affected, but to a lesser extent. Amino acid acceptor activity of six other amino acids tested was unaffected. The acceptor activity of rat liver transfer ribonucleic acids for all amino acids tested was insensitive to the peroxidase treatment. The peroxidase treatment did not appear to inactivate the functional sites required for lysyl transfer from E. coli transfer ribonucleic acid into polypeptide linkages in the presence of polyadenylic acid and a bacterial ribosomal system. Ultra-violet irradiation, unlike peroxidase treatment, inactivated to different extents various amino acid acceptor activities of cytoplasmic soluble ribonucleic acids from either E. coli or rat liver.
Regular trees in random regular graphs

We investigate the size of the embedded regular tree rooted at a vertex in a d regular random graph. We show that almost always, the size of this tree will be 1 logn, where n is the number of vertices in the graph. We use this to give an asymptotic estimate for Gauss’ Hypergeometric Function.
The Real Numbers

We assume that the reader has some familiarity with the set of real numbers, which we denote by R. We review interval notation, absolute value, rational and irrational numbers, and we say a few things about sequences. The main point of this chapter is to acquaint the reader with two very important properties of R: the Increasing Bounded Sequence Property, and the Nested Interval Property.
The heart muscle and the electrocardiogram in coronary disease: II. Difficulties of description and illustration of ventricular muscle lesions, with a method for their graphic representation in a myocardial map

Abstract With the progress which has been made in clinical and electrocardiographic diagnosis of myocardial damage, the precise localization of lesions at autopsy has become essential. In the first paper of this series the principles of a pathologic technique adequate for clinicopathologic correlation studies have been considered. 1 This second paper is concerned with the organization of the pathologic data once they have been collected. Systematic gross and microscopic scrutiny of the myocardium is only the first step in the study of infarcts and scars. The information gained connot be put to use until it has been adequately recorded in some permanent form. This is not easy. The heart muscle and its lesions are difficult to describe in words or to illustrate in pictures. Indeed, all writing about the myocardium has suffered from the inadequacy of descriptive and illustrative methods. The present study discusses the difficulties of describing myocardial damage verbally, the necessity for resort to pictorial methods of recording, and the reasons why such methods of illustration have been unsatisfactory. A solution to the problem is offered on the basis of a geometric survey of the damaged areas seen in serial slices, which permits graphic representation of lesions and their important anatomic relationships. A convenient schema or myocardial map of the left ventricular and septal muscle and the major coronary branches will then be described for use in the presentation of data in subsequent sections of the report.
Given the Web, What Is Intelligence, Really?

This article argues that existing systems on the Web cannot approach human-level intelligence, as envisioned by Descartes, without being able to achieve genuine problem solving on unseen problems. The article argues that this entails committing to a strong intensional logic. In addition to revising extant arguments in favor of intensional systems, it presents a novel mathematical argument to show why extensional systems can never hope to capture the inherent complexity of natural language. The argument makes its case by focusing on representing, with increasing degrees of complexity, knowledge in a first-order language. Nevertheless, the attempts at representation fail to achieve consistency, making the case for an intensional representation system for natural language clear.
Studies on messenger RNA from Euglena gracilis. I. Techniques of saline fractionation and characterization of messenger RNAs from dividing cells.

Abstract ‘Total RNA’ from Euglena gracilis was fractionated using a saline-extraction technique to isolate a 13–14-S DNA-RNA complex and two RNA fractions with sedimentation values of 15 S and 26 S. All the three fractions were labeled with 32 P i in 30–40 min and were highly active in stimulating amino acid incorporation in a cell-free Escherichia coli system. It was thus inferred that all these three fractions are messenger RNAs. The three messenger fractions possessed different base composition and incorporated the individual amino acids at varied proportions. The in vitro peptides synthesized by the three messenger fractions were also different with respect to their molecular weights and isoelectric points. The DNA-RNA complex made three peptides (all acidic) while the 26-S RNA made four peptides (all acidic). The 15-S RNA made five peptides of which three were basic and two were acidic. It is concluded that the three fractions are different messenger RNAs coding for different proteins.
Two Thomases: Dublin Castle and The Quality of Life in Victorian Ireland

Administration of Ireland in the nineteenth century was carried out, principally, by three senior officials who were appointed by the current Prime Minister in London, and who served at his pleasure. There were two periods, 1835–1840, and 1853–1869, when Ireland was served by two outstanding men, Thomas Drummond and Thomas Larcom. Both men were trained as military engineers, and were well acquainted by both their membership in the Corps of Royal Engineers and by their shared participation in some projects of the civil government. Their paths to high office were different; Drummond distinguished himself by his skill at technology, and Larcom achieved wide recognition through his imaginative service in the mapping of Ireland. In their periods of service, these two Sappers further distinguished themselves by the quality and selflessness of their of their work. Improvement of quality in the life of the Irish people is documented by presentation of social indicators data from the period 1831–1871.
Effectiveness of Motivational Incentives for Adolescent Marijuana Users in a School-Based Intervention

Abstract Purpose This study examined whether adolescents receiving Motivational Interviewing (MI) intervention have different outcomes compared to those receiving Motivational Incentives (Motivational Interviewing combined with Contingency Management; MI+CM). Method A total of 136 adolescents (from a parent study of 220 adolescents) with problematic substance use were recruited from 8 high schools in Washington State, where they completed either 8-weeks of MI or MI+CM. Frequency of marijuana use was assessed at baseline, at the end-of-treatment, and at 16-week follow-up. Results A balanced and matched sample was created using propensity scores, then analyzed using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). Multilevel regression analyses revealed that adolescents who received MI+CM exhibited a greater reduction in use across time ( p d =−.82) compared to MI alone (Cohen's d =−.33), but did not differ at 16-week follow-up. Adolescents receiving MI+CM showed significantly fewer negative consequences of marijuana use at the end-of-treatment ( t 1, 124=2.26, p t 1, 124=3.01, p p F 3, 121=10.20, R 2=.20, p Conclusion These results suggest that the inclusion of contingencies into adolescent marijuana treatment decreases the end-of-treatment frequency of marijuana use and related consequences while increasing the use of coping strategies and the pursuit of additional treatment.
Gene repressive activity of RIP140 through direct interaction with CDK8.

Receptor interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is a coregulator for numerous nuclear receptors and transcription factors and primarily exerts gene-repressive activities on various target genes. We previously identified a spectrum of posttranslational modifications on RIP140 that augment its property and biological activity. In T3-triggered biphasic regulation of cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 (Crabp1) gene along the course of fibroblast-adipocyte differentiation, we found TRAP220(MED1) critical for T3-activated chromatin remodeling whereas RIP140 essential for T3-repressive chromatin remodeling of this gene promoter. In this current study, we aim to examine whether and how RIP140 replaces TRAP220(MED1) on the CrabpI promoter in differentiating adipocyte cultures. We find increasing recruitment of RIP140 to this promoter, with corresponding reduction in TRAP220(MED1) recruitment during the T3-repressive phase. We also uncover direct interaction of RIP140 with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)8 through the amino terminus of RIP140, which is stimulated by lysine acetylation on RIP140. We further validate the biological activity of lysine acetylation-mimetic RIP140, which elicits a stronger repressive effect and more efficiently recruits CDK8 and confirm CDK8's function in recruiting repressive components, such as G9a, to the RIP140 complex on this promoter. This underlies the T3-triggered repression of CrabpI gene. This study illustrates a new gene-repressive mechanism of RIP140 that can affect the transcription machinery by directly interacting with CDK8.
Dosimetric predictors of xerostomia for head-and-neck cancer patients treated with the smart (simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy) boost technique.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the predictors of xerostomia in the treatment of head-and-neck cancers treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), using the simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy (SMART) boost technique. Dosimetric parameters of the parotid glands are correlated to subjective salivary gland function. Methods and materials Between January 1996 and June 2000, 30 patients with at least 6 months follow-up were evaluated for subjective xerostomia after being treated definitively for head-and-neck cancer with the SMART boost technique. Threshold limits for the ipsilateral and contralateral parotid glands were 35 Gy and 25 Gy, respectively. Dosimetric parameters to the parotid glands were evaluated. The median follow-up time was 38.5 months (mean 39.9 months). The results of the dosimetric parameters and questionnaire were statistically correlated. Results Xerostomia was assessed with a 10-question subjective salivary gland function questionnaire. The salivary gland function questionnaire (questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9) correlated significantly with the dosimetric parameters (mean and maximum doses and volume and percent above tolerance) of the parotid glands. These questions related to overall comfort, eating, and abnormal taste. Questions related to thirst, difficulty with speech or sleep, and the need to carry water daily did not correlate statistically with the dosimetric parameters of the parotid glands. Conclusions Questions regarding overall comfort, eating, and abnormal taste correlated significantly with the dosimetric parameters of the parotid glands. Questions related to thirst, difficulty with speech or sleep, and the need to carry water daily did not correlate statistically with the dosimetric parameters of the parotid glands. Dosimetric sparing of the parotid glands improved subjective xerostomia. IMRT in the treatment of head-and-neck cancer can be exploited to preserve the parotid glands and decrease xerostomia. This is feasible even with an accelerated treatment regimen like the SMART boost. More patients need to be evaluated using IMRT to identify relevant dosimetric parameters.
Acetic, Lactic, and Hydrochloric Acid Effects on Staphylococcus aureus 196E Growth Based on a Predictive Model

Mathematical models were developed with a modified Gompertz function to predict Staphylococcus aureus 196E growth, where pH was altered with either acetic, lactic or hydrochloric acid. S. aureus 196E was inoculated into broth formulated with 0.5, 4.5 or 8.5% sodium chloride, adjusted to pH 5.0, 6.0 or 7.0, and incubated aerobically at 12, 20 or 28°C. Each model adequately predicted log growth, and some interactive relationships between independent variables upon population growth were significant (p<0.05). Predictions of growth showed that acetic was generally more inhibitory than lactic or hydrochloric acids.
Self-organization versus Watchmaker: ambiguity of molecular recognition and design charts of cellular circuitry.

A large body of experimental evidence indicates that the specific molecular interactions and/or chemical conversions depicted as links in the conventional diagrams of cellular signal transduction and metabolic pathways are inherently probabilistic, ambiguous and context-dependent. Being the inevitable consequence of the dynamic nature of protein structure in solution, the ambiguity of protein-mediated interactions and conversions challenges the conceptual adequacy and practical usefulness of the mechanistic assumptions and inferences embodied in the design charts of cellular circuitry. It is argued that the reconceptualization of molecular recognition and cellular organization within the emerging interpretational framework of self-organization, which is expanded here to include such concepts as bounded stochasticity, evolutionary memory, and adaptive plasticity offers a significantly more adequate representation of experimental reality than conventional mechanistic conceptions do. Importantly, the expanded framework of self-organization appears to be universal and scale-invariant, providing conceptual continuity across multiple scales of biological organization, from molecules to societies. This new conceptualization of biological phenomena suggests that such attributes of intelligence as adaptive plasticity, decision-making, and memory are enforced by evolution at different scales of biological organization and may represent inherent properties of living matter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of family interaction and adolescent sex role concepts

This study examined the relationship between patterns of family interaction and adolescent development of sex role concepts. Sixty-six families of high school seniors completed a measure of daily family activities and a Plan Something Together Task, used to measure individuation in family communication. Adolescents' responses on the sex roles section of the Ego Identity Interview were coded to reflect Block's theory of the stages of development of sex role concepts. Results indicated gender differences in the development of sex role concepts as related to distinctive patterns of family communication and daily activity with the adolescents' mothers and fathers.
Where Were You? Development of a Time-Geographic Approach for Activity Destination Re-Construction

Abstract With the use of individual-level travel survey datasets describing the detailed activities of households, it is possible to analyze human movements with a high degree of precision. However, travel survey data are not without quality issues. Potential exists for origins and destinations of reported trips not to be geo-referenced, perhaps due to misreported information or inconsistencies in spatial address databases, which can limit the usefulness of the survey data. From an analytical standpoint, this is a serious problem because a single unreferenced stop in a trip record in effect renders that individual’s data useless, especially in cases where analyzing chains of activity locations is of interest. This paper presents a framework and basic computational approach for exploring unlocatable activity locations inherent to travel surveys. Derived from recent work in developing a network-based, probabilistic time geography, the proposed methods are able to estimate the likely locations of missing trip origins and destinations. The methods generate probabilistic potential path trees which are used to visualize and quantify potential locations for the unreferenced destinations. The methods are demonstrated with simulated survey data from a smaller metropolitan area.
Making Chemical Measurements Using the Lab Works Interface and a Handheld Graphing Calculator

The LabWorks learning system is a computer-controlled data acquisition interface that allows students to quickly obtain and analyze chemistry data. This article describes how the LabWorks interface can be controlled with an HP 48G hand-held calculator rather than a personal computer. The calculator provides users with the same automated data acquisition as if a computer were controlling the interface, but it costs less and requires less maintenance and laboratory bench space. The types of measurements made by the system are discussed and a sample experiment described. Student data and comments are also presented.
Circulating Immune Complexes in Henoch‐Schonlein Purpura

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a symptom complex which may involve the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney. Skin involvement occurs in more than 50% of the patients and may appear as erythematous purpuric macules or papules. The skin lesions show histologic features of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Deposits of immunoglobulin and complement may be present in the involved vessel walls. A case of HSP is described where high levels of circulating immune complexes were found. This further suggests the possible involvement of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of HSP.
Differential modulation of sodium channel Nav1.6 by two members of the fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 2 subfamily

FHF2A and FHF2B are two members of the fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 2 (FHF2) subfamily with distinct N termini. Using a generic antibody and electrophysiological methods, we previously showed that FHF2 is expressed in hippocampus and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and is colocalized with sodium channel Nav1.6 at sensory but not motor nodes of Ranvier, and that FHF2B associates with Nav1.6, causing an increase in current density and a small depolarizing shift in availability of channels. Using immunolabeling of adult rat tissue, we demonstrate that FHF2A is present within DRG but not in hippocampal or cerebellar neurons or at nodes of Ranvier in sciatic nerve, and that Nav1.6 and FHF2A are colocalized in nonmyelinated fibers. We also show that FHF2A binds directly to Nav1.6, and that the two proteins coimmunoprecipitate from transfected HEK293 cells. Because Nav1.6 has been associated with rapid firing rates, we examined the possible effects of FHF2B and the sister isoform, FHF2A, on electrophysiological properties of this channel in the DRG-derived ND7/23 cell line. We show that FHF2B inhibits accumulation of inactivation in response to trains of stimulation at high frequencies. In marked contrast, FHF2A causes an accumulation of inactivated channels at all frequencies tested due to a slowing of recovery from inactivation. Thus different FHF2 subfamily members have different functional effects on Nav1.6 and are differentially distributed in DRG neurons and their axons. This suggests that FHF2A and FHF2B may selectively alter firing behaviour of specific neuronal compartments via differential modulation of Nav1.6.
Performance-based variable selection for scoring models

Abstract The performance of a direct marketing scoring model at a particular mailing depth, d , is usually measured by the total amount of revenue generated by sending an offer to the customers with the 100 d % largest scores (predicted values). Commonly used variable selection algorithms optimize some function of model fit (squared difference between training and predicted values). This article (1) discusses issues involved in selecting a mailing depth, d , and (2) proposes a variable selection algorithm that optimizes the performance as the primary objective. The relationship between fit and performance is discussed. The performance-based algorithm is compared with fit-based algorithms using two real direct marketing data sets. These experimental results indicate that performance-based variable selection is 3–4% better than corresponding fit-based models, on average, when the mailing depth is between 20% and 40%.
Developmental Plasticity in Sexual Roles of Butterfly Species Drives Mutual Sexual Ornamentation

Current explanations for why sexual ornaments are found in both sexes include genetic correlation, same sex competition, and mutual mate choice. In this study, we report developmental plasticity in mating behavior as induced by temperature during development in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Males and females reciprocally change their sexual roles depending on their larval rearing temperatures. This switch is correlated with a change in mating benefits to females and costs to males. The discrete seasonal environments, wet season and dry season, are known to produce the two developmental forms and as a consequence impose alternating, symmetrical patterns of sexual selection, one season on male ornaments, the following season on female ornaments. Thus, reciprocal selection through time may result in mutual sexual ornamentation.
Study of a plasticized‐unoriented P(VF2/VF3) (73/27 mol%) copolymer. I. The effects of crystallization conditions on morphology, physical, and thermal properties

The results of a study on the effects of a plasticizer, tricresyl phosphate, on the mechanical and thermal properties of unoriented films of poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene) (VF2/VF3) copolymer (73/27 mol%) are presented. Films were prepared by both quenching and slow-cooling from the melt with plasticizer concentrations of 0, 5, and 10% by weight. For the slow-cooled films, a reduction in crystallinity by 25% was observed for the heavily plasticized films, together with a reduced dynamic mechanical modulus (≈ 58%) and an increased dielectric constant (≈ 200%). For the quenched films, a small increase in crystallinity was observed together with a reduced modulus and an increased dielectric constant. Measurements of the temperature dependence of the modulus and dielectric constant at 10 Hz. were also carried out from −100°C to 100°C. This data showed that for slow-cooled films the glass transition temperature decreased from −28°C to -52°C at the highest doping level. DSC thermal analysis shows a decrease in the Curie transition (≈ 4°C) and melting temperatures (≈ 9°C) for the quenched films, while the slow-cooled films only showed a decrease in melting temperature (≈ 10°C), while the Curie transition temperature was unaffected. In addition, evidence of a two-phase system or a nonferroelectric crystal phase is noted by the presence of two Curie transition temperature peaks. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 19–28, 1999
Coagulation profile changes and safety of epidural analgesia after hepatectomy: a retrospective study.

We aimed to review post-hepatectomy coagulation profile changes, to assess outcomes of epidural catheter placement in post-hepatectomy patients, and to make justifications regarding use of epidural analgesia in patients undergoing hepatectomy. We performed a retrospective study of 141 patients undergoing liver resection at Brigham and Women’s Hospital between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2011. All patients were between 21 and 85 years old, with ASA physical status classification of II or III, and Child-Pugh scores ≤6. Patients undergoing laparoscopy or resection of less than three hepatic segments were excluded. We examined pre-operative hematocrit, platelet count, coagulation studies, and liver function tests, and trended values for 7 post-operative days. We examined frequency of epidural placement, use of peri-operative anticoagulation, and incidence of epidural-related complications. We demonstrated statistically significant decreases in hematocrit and platelet counts, as well as statistically significant increases in prothrombin time and international normalized ratio (INR) values. Thirty-two percent of patients required vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma to achieve an INR ≤1.3. No patient required platelet transfusion to achieve platelets ≥100,000 prior to catheter removal. Changes in post-operative partial thromboplastin time were not significant. Epidural catheters were placed in 90 % of liver resections performed at our institution. We noted no epidural hematomas, even in the 7 % of patients in whom the epidural catheter was inadvertently removed before coagulation criteria were met. The latter group was monitored with hourly neurologic exams for 24 h. Epidural analgesia may be safely used in patients undergoing major hepatic resection, providing that they have normal pre-operative coagulation and catheters are removed only when resection-induced perioperative coagulopathy has resolved or has been corrected.
Further Investigation of the Effect of Elongational Viscosity on Entrance Flow

A new model for strain-rate dependence of elongational viscosity of a polymer is introduced. The proposed model can capture the initial strain thickening, which is followed by a descent in elongational viscosity as the elongation rate is further increased. Effect of the four rheological parameters in the new model on a 4:1 entrance flow is analyzed. It is confirmed that the entrance pressure loss and recirculating vortices in an entrance flow grow significantly as the Trouton ratio is increased. The center-line velocity near the abrupt contraction in a 4:1 entrance flow is found to overshoot its value for a fully developed flow in the downstream channel, if the Trouton ratio has a local minima beyond the Newtonian limit of the polymer.
Solution behavior of ionomers. III. Sulfo‐EPDM‐modified hydrocarbon solutions

The solution viscosity of polymer thickened hydrocarbons normally decreases markedly as temperature is increased. It has been observed that metal sulfonate ionomers, such as sulfonated ethylene propylene terpolymer, or sulfo-EPDM, when dissolved in a mixed solvent behave much differently. Specifically, sulfonated ionomers, dissolved in xylene or paraffinic oils with low levels of a polar cosolvent, can provide solutions whose viscosities are either relatively constant or can actually increase with increasing temperature. This isoviscosity effect can be manifested over broad temperature ranges and is mechanistically different from the behavior of conventional polymer solutions. This unusual behavior is explained on the basis of a simple equilibrium involving solvated ion pairs and is shown to be a specific example of a general phenomenon.
Environmental Justice and the Construction of Scale in Brazilian Agriculture

In Brazil, one of the most pressing issues for environmental justice scholars (and movements) is unequal access to land. Over the past 20 years, people have mobilized collectively to demand both access to resources (distributional equity) and the right to participate in decisions over their distribution (procedural equity). In this article, I analyze the recent development of large-scale soybean production in the Brazilian cerrado. I argue that distributional inequities in the cerrado have been produced through a state-led process of development that favored large farms and modern, agro-industrial development. Popular discourse, however, fetishizes the efficiencies that accrue to large-scale agriculture, naturalizing the comparative advantage of wealthy farmers and erasing the importance of the state and geopolitical context for development in the region.
What regulates secretion of non-stored proteins by eukaryotic cells?

Protein secretion is conventionally viewed as taking place by either of two cellular routes, a regulated pathway, involving external stimuli and secretory granules, and a presumptive ‘constitutive’ pathway, which does not involve hormonal or neuronal stimuli or the production of secretory granules. The evidence reviewed here strongly suggests that there are post-synthesis rate-limiting steps for many proteins released by the ‘constitutive’ pathway and, hence, that regulation in some sense is involved here too. The nature of these rate-limiting determinants and events is discussed.
Dense cluster formation during aggregation and gelation of attractive slippery nanoemulsion droplets.

Using time-resolved small angle neutron scattering, we have measured the wave-number-dependent structure factor $S(q)$ of monodisperse nanoemulsions that aggregate and gel after we suddenly turn on a strong, short-range, slippery attraction between the droplets. At high $q$, peaks in $S(q)$ appear as dense clusters of droplets form, and $S(q)$ increases strongly toward low $q$, as these dense clusters become locked into a rigid gel network, despite the fluidity of the films between the droplets. The long-time high-$q$ structure of nanoemulsion gels formed by slippery diffusion-limited cluster aggregation is universal in shape and remarkably independent of the droplet volume fraction, $\ensuremath{\phi}$.
On the diagnosis of radiative feedback in the presence of unknown radiative forcing

[1] The impact of time-varying radiative forcing on the diagnosis of radiative feedback from satellite observations of the Earth is explored. Phase space plots of variations in global average temperature versus radiative flux reveal linear striations and spiral patterns in both satellite measurements and in output from coupled climate models. A simple forcing-feedback model is used to demonstrate that the linear striations represent radiative feedback upon nonradiatively forced temperature variations, while the spiral patterns are the result of time-varying radiative forcing generated internal to the climate system. Only in the idealized special case of instantaneous and then constant radiative forcing, a situation that probably never occurs either naturally or anthropogenically, can feedback be observed in the presence of unknown radiative forcing. This is true whether the unknown radiative forcing is generated internal or external to the climate system. In the general case, a mixture of both unknown radiative and nonradiative forcings can be expected, and the challenge for feedback diagnosis is to extract the signal of feedback upon nonradiatively forced temperature change in the presence of the noise generated by unknown time-varying radiative forcing. These results underscore the need for more accurate methods of diagnosing feedback from satellite data and for quantitatively relating those feedbacks to long-term climate sensitivity.
Surfaces with parallel normalized mean curvature vector

A surfaceM in a Riemannian manifold is said to have parallel normalized mean curvature vector if the mean curvature vector is nonzero and the unit vector in the direction of the mean curvature vector is parallel in the normal bundle. In this paper, it is proved that every analytic surface in a euclideanm-spaceEm with parallel normalized mean curvature vector must either lies in aE4 or lies in a hypersphere ofEm as a minimal surface. Moreover, it is proved that if a Riemann sphere inEm has parallel normalized mean curvature vector, then it lies either in aE3 or in a hypersphere ofEm as a minimal surfaces. Applications to the classification of surfaces with constant Gauss curvature and with parallel normalized mean curvature vector are also given.
Onchocerciasis control by insecticides and chemotherapy stimulates agricultural development in Central West Africa.

The Onchoverciasis Control Programme (OCP) has been successful in controlling transmission of onchocerciasis in large areas of the savanna and rain forest of Central West Africa. Within the center of the OCP, individual infection levels have declined to zero, children born within the last fifteen years are diseased free and the profession of ocular disease in older members of the population has been halted. Control has been achieved by the application of insecticides to the aquatic breeding sites of the Simulium intermediate host. Control has been maintained despite development in insecticide resistance in certain areas, migration of infected people into the OCP zone, and temporary recolonization by migratory Simulium. Insecticide mediated control is now beginning to be supplemented by mass chemotherapy using ivermectin. Resettlement into oncheocerciasis-free areas, diversification of agricultural practices and enhanced agricultural productivity have been occurring steadily. There now exists a real prospe...