cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Silent slaughter: how freedom of speech and expression restrictions keep animal abuses hidden and stifle animal welfare activism in Europe and the United States

Billions of animals worldwide are used annually for human consumption. The agricultural industry enjoys a high-level of state protection because of its role in supplying the populace with food, and in turn, supporting the nation’s security. In Europe and the United States, activists make similar challenges to status quo animal industry practices: activists use video cameras to expose animal abuses and share their findings with the public. Several U.S. states with strong animal agricultural industries have passed “ag-gag” laws aimed at outlawing many of these activities, including filming undercover and entering slaughterhouses under false pretenses. Finding these laws restrict free speech and impede efforts to gather evidence for whistling blowing operations, activists have challenged these laws in U.S. federal district courts. This paper examines three of these lawsuits, including two in which activists won rather “easily” under favorable U.S. free speech jurisprudence. Next, I compare these cases to three free speech and expression cases brought by animal activists in Europe. I use this comparison to argue that even well written and strategically crafted “ag-gag” laws are unlikely to withstand judicial scrutiny in the future because U.S. free speech jurisprudence exists to protect against the very purpose of ag-gag laws: government-led silencing of speech at the request of a powerful industry group.
Photon-Added S U (1, 1) Coherent States and their Non-Classical Properties

The photon-added coherent states of Barut-Girardello and Perelomov types are constructed using Holstein-Primakoff realization of the su(1, 1) Lie algebra. Basic properties of the constructed states have been discussed. In addition, their non-classical features have been analyzed by computing photon detection probability distribution, Mandel Q-parameter and quadrature squeezing. It is shown that SU(1, 1) photon-added coherent states may exhibit sub-Poissonian statistics and quadrature squeezing for a chosen set of parameters. Moreover, it has been observed that their non-classical behavior increases as the number of added-photons increases.
The Fuglede Conjecture Holds in

AbstractThe Fuglede conjecture states that a set is spectral if and only if it tiles by translation. The conjecture was disproved by Tao for dimensions 5 and higher by giving a counterexample in Z3...
Citizen participation in the age of contracting: When service delivery trumps democracy

Public involvement is an increasingly common endeavor for the contemporary public manager raising important questions about how administrators should navigate these processes. While these tasks hav...
Conversions to open surgery greatly increase complications: an analysis of the MBSAQIP database.

Abstract Background The Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) database tracks patients, techniques, and outcomes for 30 days. The overwhelming majority of cases reported are performed using a laparoscopic technique. Bariatric surgeons rarely have to convert from laparoscopy to open surgery. Objectives We examined the MBSAQIP to determine the characteristics of patients who underwent conversion and evaluated their short-term outcomes. Settings University program in the United States and nationwide clinical database. Methods The MBSAQIP Public Use File for 2017 was examined for primary bariatric operations. We identified patients who underwent a sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass using a minimally invasive technique. We identified patients who underwent conversion to another operative technique or were converted to open surgery and analyzed preoperative characteristics and postoperative complication rates. Relative risks (RR) were calculated for complications. P value was significant at Results There were 186,962 patients in the entire cohort. Six hundred nine patients underwent conversion from the original surgical approach to either open surgery (n = 457) or to another technique (n = 152). Patients with preoperative oxygen dependency, poor functional status, previous foregut/obesity surgery, preoperative renal insufficiency, and anticoagulation were more likely to undergo conversion. Patients who underwent conversion to the open approach had longer operative times (191 versus 86.6 min [P Conclusions Patients in the MBSAQIP database that undergo conversion to the open surgical approach are at a greatly increased risk for death and complications.
Hurricane Harvey Storm Sedimentation in the San Bernard National Wildlife Refuge, Texas: Fluvial Versus Storm Surge Deposition

Few studies have documented the characteristics of fluvial flooding-induced storm deposits associated with a modern hurricane. Hurricane Harvey (2017) caused extensive flooding in coastal Texas due to a combination of storm surge and heavy precipitation. This study investigates the depositional process associated with Hurricane Harvey by means of loss-on-ignition (LOI) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses of 9 short cores and 17 surface samples collected from the San Bernard National Wildlife Refuge (SBNWR), Texas. Hurricane Harvey caused the largest flood within SBNWR over the last 28 years, and freshwater flooding from the San Bernard River was the predominant cause of this inundation. A distinct washover sand layer is lacking at all coring sites, but the intrusion of seawater can still be detected by a peak in the chlorine/bromine (Cl/Br) ratio of most sediment cores. Our study shows that Cl/Br ratios are higher in coastal environments than in terrestrial environments, thereby confirming that this elemental ratio can be used as a salinity indicator and, as a corollary, evidence of marine intrusion into lower-salinity environments. The ensuing phase of freshwater flooding and fluvial sedimentation is represented by a distinct flood deposit in only three cores, but is absent or indistinct in most cores. The elusiveness of the Harvey fluvial flood deposit can be explained by the relatively low discharge and suspended sediment load of the San Bernard River, the uneven distribution of this event deposit, and its indistinctiveness with the underlying deposits laid down by previous flood events.
Characteristics, Burden, and Necessity of Inpatient Consults for Academic and Private Practice Urologists.

Abstract Objective To compare differences in the characteristics and outcomes of inpatient consults between academic and private practice urologists. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective review of urology consults at a large tertiary-care hospital from June 1st, 2017 to June 30th, 2018. Patient demographics, timing of consult, location of consult, reasons for consult, requesting physicians, and procedures performed were analyzed and compared. Results A total of 613 consults were identified. The most common consults were for a Foley catheter/suprapubic tube (16%), urinary retention (15%), kidney/bladder stones (11%), and hematuria (11%). Seventy-seven percent of the consults were seen in the day time and 79% were seen on the weekdays. One hundred and ten (18%) consults resulted in an operative intervention during the same admission. The others required a Foley catheter placement or suprapubic exchange (17%), bedside procedure (9%), or interventional radiology procedure (4%). The remaining 319 consults (52%) required no intervention and were considered potentially unnecessary. There were no differences in the timing of the consults and the need for intervention between academic and private practice urologists (P = .20). Only 37% of patients followed up as an outpatient. These potentially unnecessary consults resulted an annual loss of 265.8 hours for the urologists and $44,376.09 in excess health care costs. Conclusion Over half of inpatient urologic consultations required no urologic intervention and therefore represented potential overuse of urgent inpatient specialty care. This may contribute towards the growing epidemic of burnout in urology. Further work needs to be done to educate other hospital services and nurses to minimize these unnecessary consults.
Phosphorus fractionation and protein content control chemical phosphorus removal from corn biorefinery streams

The economic viability of corn biorefineries depends heavily on the sale of coproducts as animal feeds, but elevated phosphorus (P) contents can exacerbate manure management issues. Phosphorus removal from light steep water and thin stillage, two concentrated in-process aqueous streams at wet milling and dry-grind corn biorefineries, could simultaneously generate concentrated fertilizer and low-P animal feeds, but little is known regarding how differences in stream composition affect removal. To address this data gap, we show that the solubility of P in light steep filtrate (LSF) and thin stillage filtrate (TSF) exhibits distinct sensitivity to calcium (Ca) and base addition due to differences in P fractionation and protein abundance. In LSF, P was primarily organic, and near-complete removal of P (96%) was observed at pH 8 and a Ca/total P (TP) ratio of 2. In TSF, TP removal was lower (81%), and there was more equal distribution of organic and orthophosphate, indicating that the Ca requirements of inorganic P precipitation were a limiting factor. The C/H/N ratio, elemental characterization, and crude protein analysis of the precipitated solids indicated that coprecipitation of amorphous solids containing Ca, Mg, and K with soluble proteins facilitated removal of P, particularly in LSF. Although the removal mechanisms and solubility limits differed, these results highlighted the magnitude (40-70 mM) and efficacy (80-96%) of P recovery from two biorefinery streams.
Myosin-XVa Controls Both Staircase Architecture and Diameter Gradation of Stereocilia Rows in the Auditory Hair Cell Bundles

Mammalian hair cells develop their mechanosensory bundles through consecutive phases of stereocilia elongation, thickening, and retraction of supernumerary stereocilia. Many molecules involved in stereocilia elongation have been identified, including myosin-XVa. Significantly less is known about molecular mechanisms of stereocilia thickening and retraction. Here, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to quantify postnatal changes in number and diameters of the auditory hair cell stereocilia in shaker-2 mice (Myo15sh2) that lack both “long” and “short” isoforms of myosin-XVa, and in mice lacking only the “long” myosin-XVa isoform (Myo15∆N). Previously, we observed large mechanotransduction current in young postnatal inner (IHC) and outer (OHC) hair cells of both these strains. Stereocilia counts showed nearly identical developmental retraction of supernumerary stereocilia in control heterozygous, Myo15sh2/sh2, and Myo15∆N/∆N mice, suggesting that this retraction is largely unaffected by myosin-XVa deficiency. However, myosin-XVa deficiency does affect stereocilia diameters. In control, the first (tallest) and second row stereocilia grow in diameter simultaneously. However, the third row stereocilia in IHCs grow only until postnatal day 1–2 and then become thinner. In OHCs, they also grow slower than taller stereocilia, forming a stereocilia diameter gradation within a hair bundle. The sh2 mutation disrupts this gradation and makes all stereocilia nearly identical in thickness in both IHCs and OHCs, with only subtle residual diameter differences. All Myo15sh2/sh2 stereocilia grow postnatally including the third row, which is not a part of normal development. Serial sections with focused ion beam (FIB)-SEM confirmed that diameter changes of Myo15sh2/sh2 IHC and OHC stereocilia resulted from corresponding changes of their actin cores. In contrast to Myo15sh2/sh2, Myo15∆N/∆N hair cells develop prominent stereocilia diameter gradation. Thus, besides building the staircase, the short isoform of myosin-XVa is essential for controlling the diameter of the third row stereocilia and formation of the stereocilia diameter gradation in a hair bundle.
A prospective randomized trial comparing liposomal bupivacaine vs standard bupivacaine wound infiltration in open gynecologic surgery on an enhanced recovery pathway.

Background Value in healthcare is reflected by patient-centered outcomes of care per health dollar expended. Although liposomal bupivacaine is more expensive, it has been shown to provide prolonged analgesia (up to 72 hours). Objective This study aimed to evaluate whether the addition of liposomal bupivacaine to standard bupivacaine could decrease opioid intake and improve pain control after laparotomy for gynecologic surgery compared with standard bupivacaine alone in an enhanced recovery after surgery pathway. Study Design A prospective randomized controlled single-blinded trial of wound infiltration with liposomal bupivacaine plus 0.25% bupivacaine (study arm) vs 0.25% bupivacaine (control arm) was performed at a National Cancer Institute–designated tertiary referral cancer center. Participants were patients aged ≥18 years undergoing exploratory laparotomy for a gynecologic indication. All patients were treated on an enhanced recovery pathway including local wound infiltration before closure. In this study, 266 mg of liposomal bupivacaine (free base; equal to 300 mg bupivacaine HCL)+150 mg of bupivacaine mixed in the same syringe was used in the study arm, and 150 mg of bupivacaine was used in the control arm. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who were opioid-free within 48 hours after surgery. Secondary outcomes included number of opioid-free days from postoperative day 0 to postoperative day 3, days to first opioid administration, morphine equivalent daily dose, and patient-reported outcomes collected with the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory. The MD Anderson Symptom Inventory was administered as a preoperative baseline, daily while hospitalized, and at least weekly for 8 weeks after discharge. All outcomes were prespecified before data collection. Results In this study, 102 patients were evaluated. Among them, 16.7% of patients in the study arm received no opioids up to 48 hours compared with 14.8% in the control arm (P=.99). There were no significant differences in the amount of intraoperative opioids administered or days to first opioid use. There was no significant difference between the 2 arms in median cumulative morphine equivalent daily dose (21.3 [study arm] vs 33.8 [control arm]; P=.36) or between the groups in morphine equivalent daily dose per individual day. There were no significant differences in patient-reported pain or interference with walking between the 2 arms or other patient-reported outcomes. Conclusion Within an enhanced recovery after surgery pathway, adding liposomal bupivacaine to 0.25% bupivacaine wound infiltration did not decrease the proportion of patients who were opioid-free within 48 hours after surgery, did not decrease opioid intake, or did not improve patient’s self-reported pain and functional recovery compared with standard bupivacaine.
Microwave and Radiofrequency Processing of Plant-Related Food Products

Abstract Thermal technologies have been employed in food processing for a long time. Application of heat aids in two ways: preserving foods and bringing out the desired texture, flavor and color. A challenge for food manufacturers is the efficient use of the thermal technologies to attain these objectives without damaging the desirable sensory and nutritional qualities. Since 1949, microwave heating of food has existed. In the United States, almost all households possess a domestic microwave oven. Microwave heating provides significant advantages over conventional heating, including reduced heating time, uniform heating, reduced quality losses, absence of solute migration in food material, versatile, simple, and compact equipment, and significant energy saving; but it has a salient shortcoming of low penetration depth, which makes it unsuitable for heating large or thick food materials. Microwave heating can be applied to various food processing operations, namely, drying, baking, roasting, blanching, pasteurization, and sterilization. Combinations of RF heating with microwave heating and other common conductive and convective modes of heating have been gaining momentum because of increased energy throughput. This article offers product and process developers, researchers, and educators with a widespread foundation on microwave heating and processing. Microwave processing is all about complex connections between electromagnetics, dielectric properties, heat and mass transfer, mechanics, rheology, food chemistry, microbiology, and packaging. The chapter aims to link the above-mentioned disciplines and demystifies microwave and radiofrequency heating of food.
Methodology for the Development of Empirical Models Relating 13C NMR Spectral Features to Fuel Properties

Effective formulation of new gasoline or diesel fuels for internal combustion engines would benefit from the development of reliable models for predicting key fuel properties based on a set of mole...
Sexual harassment and gender discrimination in gynecologic oncology

Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence of sexual harassment and perceptions of gender disparities affecting the careers of physicians in gynecologic oncology. Methods We conducted a survey of US physician members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology. Participants were queried about demographics, sexual harassment experiences during training/practice, and perceptions of gender disparities in compensation and career advancement. Responses were categorized as “never” versus “ever” and compared using Fisher's exact test. Results The survey was sent to 1566 members—405 (255 females, 147 males, 3 other) responded (response rate 26%). Sixty-four percent reported having experienced sexual harassment during training/practice. Sexual harassment was experienced by 71% of females and 51% of males. Of these respondents, only 14.5% reported it. Reasons for not reporting included: “incident did not seem important enough” (40%); “did not think anything would be done about it” (37%); and “fear of reprisal” (34%). Female respondents were more likely to report gender affected their career advancement (34% vs. 10%; p ≤ .001) and compensation (64% vs. 19%; p ≤ .001); males were more likely to report no gender income disparity (91% vs. 57%; p ≤ .001). Conclusions Sexual harassment during training/practice appears common among male and female gynecologic oncologists. Although most are aware of how to report an incident, few do so, mostly for fear of reprisal or concern nothing will be done. Despite practicing in a field defined by caring for women, female physicians more often perceive gender influences their compensation and career advancement. Awareness of these issues can lead to their elimination from our specialty.
Transcription Factor-Binding Site Identification and Enrichment Analysis

Transcription factors orchestrate complex regulatory networks of gene expression. A better understanding of the common transcription factors, and their shared interactions, among a set of coregulated or differentially expressed genes can provide powerful insights into the key pathways governing such expression patterns. Critically, such information must also be considered in the context of the frequency in which a transcription factor is present in a properly selected background, and in the context of existing evidence of gene and transcription factor interaction. Given the vast amount of publicly available gene expression data that can be further scrutinized by the user-friendly analysis tools described here, many useful insights are assuredly to be revealed. The proceeding methods for application of the analysis tool CiiiDER for transcription factor-binding site identification, enrichment analysis, and coregulatory factor identification should be applicable to any dataset comparing differential gene expression in response to various stimuli and gene coexpression datasets. These methods should assist the researcher in identifying the most relevant regulators within a gene set, and refining the list of targets for future study to those which may share biologically important regulatory networks.
A chronotype circadian model of charismatic leadership expressions and perceptions

Abstract We investigate the impact of the circadian process (24-h biological cycles that influence sleep/wake periods) and chronotypes (individual differences in the timing of those cycles) in charismatic leadership. We theorize that the expressions of charismatic signals by leaders, and the perceptions of those signals by followers are influenced by the circadian process. Moreover, considering that individuals vary in their sleep awake preferences (larks vs. owls), we argue that chronotype interacts with time of day to influence expressions and perceptions of charismatic leadership. In Study 1, we found that synchrony between leader chronotype and time of day affects expressions of charismatic leadership. In Study 2, we turned our attention to the followers' circadian process and found that synchrony between a follower's chronotype and time of day affects follower's perceptions of charismatic leadership. Our new model highlights how charismatic leadership can be driven by circadian process.
Efficient and wideband acousto-optic modulation on thin-film lithium niobate for microwave-to-photonic conversion

Microwave photonics, a field that crosscuts microwave/millimeter-wave engineering with optoelectronics, has sparked great interest from research and commercial sectors. This multidisciplinary fusion can achieve ultrawide bandwidth and ultrafast speed that were considered impossible in conventional chip-scale microwave/millimeter-wave systems. Conventional microwave-to-photonic converters, based on resonant acousto-optic modulation, produce highly efficient modulation but sacrifice bandwidth and limit their applicability for most real-world microwave signal-processing applications. In this paper, we build highly efficient and wideband microwave-to-photonic modulators using the acousto-optic effect on suspended lithium niobate thin films. A wideband microwave signal is first piezoelectrically transduced using interdigitated electrodes into Lamb acoustic waves, which directly propagates across an optical waveguide and causes refractive index perturbation through the photoelastic effect. This approach is power-efficient, with phase shifts up to 0.0166 rad/√mW over a 45 μm modulation length and with a bandwidth up to 140 MHz at a center frequency of 1.9 GHz. Compared to the state-of-the-art, a 9× more efficient modulation has been achieved by optimizing the acoustic and optical modes and their interactions.
Emergency Care of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and a major cause of long-term disability. Management of acute ischemic stroke in the first hours is critical to patient outcomes. This review provides an overview of acute ischemic stroke management, with a focus on the golden hour. Additional topics discussed include prehospital considerations and initial evaluation of the patient with history, examination, and imaging as well as treatment options, including thrombolysis and endovascular therapy.
Influenza Vaccine Uptake in the Year After Concurrent vs Separate Influenza and Zoster Immunization.

Importance Fewer than half of US adults receive the influenza vaccine each year; many cite concerns about side effects, which occur infrequently. By contrast, the recombinant zoster vaccine causes systemic side effects in a large proportion of patients. Objective To determine whether concurrent administration of the influenza and zoster vaccines was associated with a reduced likelihood of influenza vaccination in the subsequent year. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included patients aged 50 years or older who received the influenza vaccine between August 1, 2018, and March 31, 2019, and received the zoster vaccine on the same day or separately (within the prior 180 days). Data were gathered from a national claims database of patients with commercial insurance and Medicare Advantage plans. Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for baseline demographic characteristics, comorbidities, influenza vaccine month and location (pharmacy vs medical office), and health care use (including influenza vaccination in the prior year). Exposures Concurrent vs separate influenza and zoster vaccine administration. Main Outcomes and Measures Receipt of the influenza vaccine in the subsequent year (August 1, 2019, to March 31, 2020). Results Among 89 237 individuals included in this study, the median age was 72 years (IQR, 67-77 years), 58.3% were women, 70.1% were White, and 85.7% had at least 1 comorbidity. Influenza vaccine uptake in 2019-2020 was lower among 27 161 individuals who received concurrent influenza and zoster vaccines compared with the 62 076 individuals who received the vaccines on separate days (87.3% vs 91.3%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.71-0.78;P Conclusions and Relevance Results of this cohort study suggest that concurrent administration of influenza and zoster vaccines was associated with a reduction in receipt of the influenza vaccine the following year. One possible explanation is that some patients could have misattributed systemic side effects caused by the zoster vaccine to the influenza vaccine. It may be preferable to administer these 2 vaccines separately or enhance patient counseling about expected vaccine side effects.
Air Traffic Demand Assessment through Cluster Analysis

Air traffic flow management seeks to optimize the flow or composite movement of aircraft by controlling aggregates or groups, rather than individual aircraft. An understanding of the aggregation ch...
Biochemical maturation of the central nervous system: I. Lipid changes

Summary Lipid studies have been carried out on rabbit neural tissue at ages 1, 5, 8, 9, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 170 days, and the findings correlated to development. Comparison has been made: (1) between brain and myelin prepared from it; (2) between brain and cord myelins; and (3) between myelins from various species, using our results together with data from the literature. It was found that the consistency of the myelin prepared from brain and cord in the early stage of development — 1, 5, 8, and 9 days — differs greatly from the myelin prepared from adult neural tissue. This ‘immature’ myelin is characterized by high phospholipids and low cholesterol and cerebroside. The greatest changes take place between the 1st and 14th days. There is a 5-fold increase in cholesterol and 12-fold in cerebroside; and after this date, there is an even, but moderate, increase. The total lipid at maturation in the myelin is 73.9%; in the brain, 53.3%. Since the lipid composition of the myelin from cord has not been investigated before, we analyzed the cord myelin at ages 5, 8, 9, 14, and 170 days. The lipid compositions of the myelin from cord and brain during development are not exactly parallel. The cord myelin had a higher phospholipid content during development, although ethanolamine glycerophosphatide at maturity was higher in the brain (difference = 2 mole%). The same applies to cholesterol; on the other hand, cerebroside was higher in the cord. The lipid compositions of the myelin of various species — rabbit, bovine, rat, guinea-pig and human — were compared and found at maturity to be similar.
RBCK1, a Protein Kinase CβI (PKCβI)-interacting Protein, Regulates PKCβ-dependent Function

RBCK1 (RBCC protein interacting with PKC 1) has originally been identified as a protein kinase CbetaI (PKCbetaI)-binding partner by a two-hybrid screen and as one of the gene transcripts that increases during adult cardiac hypertrophy. To address whether RBCK1 and PKCbetaI functions are interconnected, we used cultured neonatal myocytes where we previously found that the activity of PKCbetaI is required for an increase in cell size, also called hypertrophy. In this study, we showed that acute treatment of cardiac myocytes with phenylephrine, a prohypertrophic stimulant, transiently increased the association of RBCK1 with PKCbetaI within 1 min. A prolonged phenylephrine treatment also resulted in an increase of the interaction of the two proteins. Endogenous RBCK1 protein levels increased upon phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy. Further, adenovirus-based RBCK1 overexpression in the absence of phenylephrine increased cardiac cell size. This RBCK1-mediated hypertrophy required PKCbeta activity, since the increase in cell size was inhibited when the RBCK1-expressing cells were treated with PKCbeta-selective antagonists, supporting our previous observation that both PKCbetaI and PKCbetaII are required for hypertrophy. Unexpectedly, RBCK1-induced increased cell size was inhibited by phenylephrine. This effect correlated with a decrease in the level of both PKCbeta isoforms. Most importantly, RNA interference for RBCK1 significantly inhibited the increase in cell size of cardiac myocytes following phenylephrine treatment. Our results suggest that RBCK1 binds PKCbetaI and is a key regulator of PKCbetaI function in cells and that, together with PKCbetaII, the three proteins are essential for developmental hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes.
Noise analysis of correlated double sampling SC-integrators

A noise analysis of SC-integrators employing correlated double sampling is presented. Approximate expressions describing the effect of correlated double sampling on the amplifier noise are derived. It is shown that the parasitic capacitance at the amplifier input mainly determines the attenuation of the low-frequency noise.
Haemophilias: Gene Therapy

Haemophilia A and B are the two most common severe congenital bleeding disorders and each is corrected with infusion of a single plasma protein. Preliminary data from animal models and from clinical trials in humans suggest that gene therapy may be effective in the haemophilias. Advances in vector technology combined with improved trangenes and knowledge of factors VIII and IX secretion in target tissues over the past several years have improved the prospects of gene therapy for the haemophilias. Key Concepts Understand the roles of factors VIII and IX in the intrinsic coagulation cascade. Understand that both haemophilia A and B are caused by single gene mutations inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. Understand the clinical features of haemophilia A and B. Understand that haemophilia A and B are excellent models for gene therapy because of the wide range of protein levels that can be both therapeutic and not toxic. Understand issues that determine target tissue suitability for gene therapy. Understand the importance of efficient transgene transfection and secretion and the role of bioengineered transgenes. Understand the potential for accumulation of unfolded or misfolded protein accumulation with overexpression of a transgene in a target tissue and the possibility of toxicity through induction of the unfolded protein response. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of available vector technologies including: nonviral delivery systems, retroviral vectors, adenoviral vectors and adeno-associated viral vectors. Become familiar with results from gene therapy clinical trials in the haemophilias. Become aware of the ethical and regulatory considerations in haemophilia gene therapy. Keywords: factor VIII; factor IX; immune response; coagulation factors
On the design of wave digital filters with low sensitivity properties

The wave digital filter patterned after doubly terminated maximum available power (MAP) networks by means of the Richard's transformation has been shown to have low-coefficient-sensitivity properties. This paper examines the exact nature of the relationship between the wave-digital-filter structure and the MAP networks and how the sensitivity property arises, which permits implementation of the digital structure with a lower coefficient word length than that possible with the conventional structures. The proper design procedure is specified and the nature of the unique complementary outputs is discussed. Finally, an example is considered which illustrates the wave filter design, the conversion techniques, and the low sensitivity properties.
Double and triple photoionization of Li and Be

We present calculations for the double photoionization (with excitation) and the triple photoionization of Li and Be. We extend and more fully discuss the previous calculations made for Li by Colgan et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 053201 (2004)] and present calculations for Be. The Be triple photoionization cross sections are compared with previous double shake-off model calculations of Kheifets and Bray [J. Phys. B 36, L211 (2003)], and our calculations are found to be significantly lower.
Phase I dose-escalation study of tezacitabine in combination with 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced solid tumors

BACKGROUND Tezacitabine [(E)-2'-deoxy-2'-(fluoromethylene) cytidine; FMdC] is a novel nucleoside analog with potent antiproliferative and antitumor activity in preclinical studies. A tolerable safety profile and clinical activity have been shown in Phase I and Phase II clinical studies. The purpose of the current open-label, Phase I dose-escalation trial was to evaluate the combination of tezacitabine and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors. METHODS Twenty-four patients with a variety of advanced solid tumors for which there was no curative therapy were enrolled. Bolus infusion tezacitabine was administered on Day 1 of a 14-day cycle at escalating doses of 150–350 mg/m2, with continuous infusion 5-FU (CI 5-FU) given on Days 1–7 at a fixed dose of 200 mg/m2 per day. Patients underwent objective tumor evaluation by radiologic methods or clinical examination at baseline and after every fourth treatment cycle. RESULTS The maximum tolerated dose of the combination therapy was determined to be tezacitabine, 200 mg/m2, with CI 5-FU, 200 mg/m2 per day. The toxicities were manageable, the most notable being transient severe (National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria Grade 3 or 4) neutropenia in 23 patients (96%). Eleven (55%) of the 20 assessable patients had partial responses or stabilization of disease. The highest response rate was in patients with primary tumors of esophageal origin. CONCLUSIONS Tezacitabine at a dose of 200 mg/m2 in combination with CI 5-FU at a dose of 200 mg/m2 per day was relatively well tolerated and had clinical activity in patients with advanced solid tumors, particularly in patients with esophageal and other gastrointestinal carcinomas. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Percent Roughage in Corn and Milo Complete Feeds

Abstract Four complete feeds were compared in a balanced incomplete block switch-back design with 24 lactating Holstein cows. The complete feeds were (1) 40% cottonseed hulls plus milo, (2) 40% cottonseed hulls plus corn, (3) 30% cottonseed hulls plus milo, and (4) 30% cottonseed hulls plus corn. The daily means of the respective treatments were feed intake 19.9, 20.5, 20.4, 19.7kg; milk 18.5, 18.9, 19.2, 19.2kg; fat-corrected milk 16.1, 17.0, 16.5, 16.7kg; fat percent 3.17, 3.38, 3.09, 3.16; fat .58, .63, .59, .60kg. Differences between complete feeds were minor, and equal performance may be obtained from them with a slight advantage to the 40% cottonseed hull plus com complete feed.
Comments on lack of interference in the four strand model of crossing over.

Assuming a four strand model and no chromatid interference, lack of chiasma interference is known to be equivalent to the assumption that the formation of chiasmata follows a Poisson process. We prove that lack of chiasma interference is also equivalent to the assumption that a random gamete shows recombination on any given interval of a chromosome independently of recombination on all disjoint intervals. Both assumptions are sufficient, but not necessary, for Haldane's formula relating recombination to map distance to be true, as we demonstrate by specific counterexamples. These issues are discussed in the context of the theory of stochastic point processes.
Promotion of phytotoxic bacteria in rhizospheres of leatherleaf fern by benlate DF

Abstract Foliar damage symptoms to leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis [Forst] Ching) in Florida during widespread use of the fungicide Benlate DF could not be attributed to nutrition, cultural practices, environmental conditions, or new pathogens developing on the crop. The objective of this study was to assess the involvement of rhizosphere bacteria in the damage symptoms using bioassays to detect phytotoxic activity. Rhizosphere bacteria were cultured from rhizospheres of leatherleaf ferns sampled from ferneries where Benlate DF was routinely applied and from check ferneries not receiving the fungicide. Using a lettuce seedling bioassay, the proportion of rhizosphere bacteria that was plant growth‐inhibitory ranged from 7.5% and 11% for isolates from two check ferneries to 70% for those from a fernery previously treated with Benlate DF. Rhizosphere bacteria originating from Benlate DF‐treated leatherleaf ferns caused most severe damage on seedlings with some isolates reducing root growth 70% compar...
Identification of an H-2Db-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope in the matrix protein of respiratory syncytial virus

Abstract Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play a significant role in the clearance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in humans and mice. Identification of class I MHC-restricted CTL epitopes is critical in elucidating mechanisms of CTL responses against viral infections. However, only four H-2 d -restricted epitopes have been reported in mice. Because of the diversity of transgenic and knockout mice available to study immune responses, new epitopes in additional strains of mice must be identified. We therefore attempted to discover novel CTL epitopes in C57Bl/6 mice. Our efforts revealed a new H-2D b -restricted CTL epitope from the RSV M protein, corresponding to aa 187–195 (NAITNAKII). Also, M187–195-specific CTLs were activated with kinetics similar to the immunodominant BALB/c epitope, M2 82–90. This is the first RSV-specific CTL epitope described in a strain of mice other than BALB/c. Furthermore, identification of this H-2 b -restricted CTL epitope provides access to genetically modified H-2 b mice for more detailed studies of CTL mechanisms in RSV infection.
Quantitative Determination of Ca2+ Effects on Endotoxin Removal and Protein Yield in a Two-Stage Ultrafiltration Process

Endotoxin subunits normally aggregate into vesicles with a molecular mass around 1,000,000. Some proteins can bind and disaggregate endotoxin to form protein–endotoxin complexes, which makes endotoxin removal from protein solution more complicated. It is also known that divalent cations such as Ca2+ can act as “bridges” between lipopolysaccharide subunits, causing large vesicles to form. Such a property has potential utility in endotoxin removal from biological solutions. A two-stage ultrafiltration was used in this study during which Ca2+ reaggregated lipopolysaccharide subunits in protein solutions into large vesicles that hence were retained by a 300,000 nominal molecular weight cutoff ultrafiltration membrane. After the reaggregation of lipopolysaccharide subunits, the endotoxin removal efficiency was in the range of 54.78 to 73.10%, meanwhile protein yield was in the range of 71.57 to 89.54% at various protein/endotoxin concentration ratios.
Collective modes in multiband superconductors: Raman scattering in iron selenides

We study Raman scattering in the superconducting state of alkali-intercalated iron selenide materials ${A}_{x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ ($A=\text{K},\text{Rb},\text{Cs}$) in which the Fermi surface has only electron pockets. Theory predicts that both $s$-wave and $d$-wave pairing channels are attractive in this material, and the gap can have either $s$-wave or $d$-wave symmetry, depending on the system parameters. ARPES data favor $s$-wave superconductivity. We present the theory of Raman scattering in ${A}_{x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ assuming that the ground state has s-wave symmetry but $d$ wave is a close second. We argue that Raman profile in $d$-wave ${B}_{2g}$ channel displays two collective modes. One is a particle-hole exciton, another is a Bardasis-Schrieffer-type mode associated with superconducting fluctuations in $d$-wave channel. At a finite damping, the two modes merge into one broad peak. We present Raman data for ${A}_{x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ and compare them with theoretical Raman profile.
Domain names (panel session, abstract only): hierarchy in need of organization

The DARPA Domain Name project is an attempt to move from a centralized naming authority to a distributed one. In essence, the domain system computes a single binding from a character string known as a host name to another string known as the host address (a 32-bit integer). Besides the syntactic changes in names, the chief difference between the old-style names and domain names is that in the old system, a database containing the name-to-address bindings was distributed to each host where bindings were performed locally, while in the domain system computation of the name-to-address binding uses the internet to contact search the hierarchy of domains until a server is found that can perform the binding. Unfortunately, to make the system efficient, servers cache bindings they look up, and clients begin a search by contacting the nearest “leaf” server to avoid searching the hierarchy. If sufficient memory is available, the cache at a server corresponds exactly to old-style host tables.The domain scheme raises other questions. In principle, the hierarchical structure of domain names permits easy delegation of naming authority because it allows names within independent subtrees to be assigned by independent organizations. In practice, however, the hierarchical scheme collects together organizations under fixed top-level domains. Because extremely small organizations cannot afford to maintain a domain name server, they must be supported by (and obey the authority of) a domain server for the subhierarchy under which they lie.A hierarchical organization of names also imposes restrictions on the use of the system. For example, even though domain name servers contain (name, address) pairs, it is impossible to locate the desired binding given only the address.
Genes from Lycopersicon chmielewskii affecting tomato quality during fruit ripening

Three chromosomal segments from the wild tomato, L. chmielewskii, introgressed into the L. esculentum genome have been previously mapped to the middle and terminal regions of chromosome 7 (7M, 7T respectively), and to the terminal region of chromosome 10 (10T). The present study was designed to investigate the physiological mechanisms controlled by the 7M and 7T segments on tomato soluble solids (SS) and pH, and their genetic regulation during fruit development. The effects of 7M and 7T were studied in 64 BC2F5 backcross inbred lines (BILs) developed from a cross between LA 1501 (an L. esculentum line containing the 7M and 7T fragments from L. chmielewskii), and VF145B-7879 (a processing cultivar). BILs were classified into four homozygous genotypes with respect to the introgressed segments based on RFLP analysis, and evaluated for fruit chemical characteristics at different harvest stages. Gene(s) in the 7M fragment reduce fruit water uptake during ripening increasing pH, sugars, and SS concentration. Gene(s) in the 7T fragment were found to be associated with higher mature green fruit starch concentration and red ripe fruit weight. Comparisons between tomatoes ripened on or off the vine suggest that the physiological mechanisms influenced by the L. chmielewskii alleles are dependent on the translocation of photosynthates and water during fruit ripening.
Experimental analysis of stable CuO nanoparticle enhanced lubricants

The tribological properties of a custom-prepared and stable nano-lubricant that consists of CuO nanoparticles (9nm average diameter) suspended in mineral base oil using sodium oleate (SOA) as a surfactant are presented. Nano-lubricants with concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%wt were investigated using a disk-on-disk friction and wear test. It is observed that CuO/SOA nanoparticle additives reduce the friction between the lubricated surfaces in the absence of any other conventional additives. The effect of nanoparticles is more influential at higher loads and concentrations. Also, the steady state temperature of the lubricant is lower in the presence of nanoparticles. Measurements show that the viscosity of the nano-lubricants increases as more nanoparticles are introduced in the lubricant. The Stribeck curve is utilised to generalise the friction, temperature and the viscosity results into a single plot which can help to compare the performance of different nano-lubricants. Wear analysis based on profilom...
Controlling Dispersion and Migration of Particulate Additives with Block Copolymers and Diels−Alder Chemistry

Reversible Diels-Alder chemistry was exploited to develop thermo-responsive polymer films. Here, low molecular weight poly(styrene) (PS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were prepared with furyl and maleimido chain ends, respectively. These polymers were then tethered together to form a thiol-terminated PEG-b-PS diblock copolymer ligand via a Diels-Alder linkage and were employed to randomly disperse 10 nm diameter Au nanoparticles within a matrix of PEG. Thermal treatment caused the Diels-Alder linkages between the polymer blocks to be severed, resulting in controllable surface functionalization due to phase separation. Migration of the Au nanoparticles to the surface of the films was characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, contact angle measurements, and atomic force microscopy.
LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND TEACHING: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES FOR A NEW CENTURY. Sonia Nieto . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002. Pp. xvi + 296. $29.95 paper.

This textbook, the second volume in the Language, culture, and teaching series, is a summary of the current issues of multicultural education in schools. As the demography of schools is rapidly changing, Nieto offers skills and tools necessary to face the challenges that these changes bring to current and future teachers regardless of their ethnic background. The book investigates the connection of language and culture, their sociocultural and sociopolitical framework, and the consequences of diversity to school reforms. The introductory chapter gives the reader a general overview of problems related to language, literacy, and culture as they have been seen through historic shifts and arrives at the realization that in education these ideas are inseparable. We need to learn how they influence individual students' learning to teach them successfully.