cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Capital, Development, and Access to Resources in Highland Ecuador

AbstractBuilding on recent statements calling for greater emphasis on the roles of organized actors and civil society in development research, in this paper we analyze the utility of themes raised in current debates on social capital for pursuing such lines of inquiry. In particular, we develop a framework for linking social capital to discussions of sustainability, resource access, and livelihoods. The framework understands the sustainability of livelihoods and local economies in two dimensions: patterns of access to produced, human, natural, and social capital; and the role of social capital formation at different geographic scales in facilitating rural peoples’ access to other forms of capital, both directly and through engaging with state, market, and other civil society actors. We then use the framework to discuss a case from highland Ecuador. The case study illustrates the ways in which social capital, in the form of community, federated, and national indigenous peoples’ organizations and their inst...
Shame And Guilt In Restorative Justice

In this article, I examine the relevance and desirability of shame and guilt to restorative justice conferences. I argue that a careful study of the psychology of shame and guilt reveals that both emotions possess traits that can be desirable and traits that can be undesirable for restoration. More in particular, having presented the aims of restorative justice, the importance of face-to-face conferences in reaching these aims, the emotional dynamics that take place within such conferences, and the relevant parts of the empirical psychology of shame and guilt, I argue that restorative justice practitioners have to take account of a rather more complex picture than it had hitherto been thought. Restorative conferences are not simply about “shame management,” though practitioners must certainly avoid shaming and humiliation. Given the nature of shame, guilt, and restorative conferences, it is not possible to provide a single concrete precept applicable to all restorative conferences. The successful holding of conferences depends in large part on the cultural and situational specificities at hand. The latter include among others knowledge of the perceived relations standing between victim and offender as well as the affective specificities of the individuals involved.
SU‐E‐T‐135: A Total Imaging Test Sequence to Determine the Isocenter Coordinates of Multi‐Modality Imaging Systems On a Stereotactic Linac Relative to the Radiation Isocenter

Purpose: A simple method is presented to quantify and track position of the imaging isocenters indicated by the ExacTrac kV (Brainlab) and OBI planar kV/CBCT on a Varian Novalis TX treatment unit with respect to the radiation isocenter. Methods: A radio‐opaque sphere is aligned to room lasers. Using a circular collimator and EPID a Winston‐Lutz test is performed for 6 gantry/couch combinations. In Varian offline review the position of the sphere relative to the radiation isocenter for each port is determined to within 0.1 mm. Average position of the sphere for all ports determines laser isocenter relative to radiation isocenter. The sphere is imaged with the ExacTrac, orthogonal kV OBI and CBCT. The Detect Winston‐Lutz Pointer utility in ExacTrac and manual match function in offline review determine the position of the sphere relative to the imaging isocenter for ExacTrac and kV/CBCT respectively. A coordinate transformation in Excel gives each imaging isocenter relative to radiation isocenter in RAS coordinates. Tracking coordinates over time identifies trends. Results: 152 data collection days have been evaluated. A systematic shift was identified in the ExacTrac to laser isocenter of approximately 0.5, 0.3 and 0.2 mm in AP, LAT and VRT respectively. With knowledge of the laser to radiation isocenter the ExacTrac to radiation isocenters were adjusted to within 0.5 mm in all directions. For the kV and CBCT isocenters we are limited by the 1.0 mm precision of the coordinate readout on our Novalis TX. For a Truebeam STX this limitation would not exist and similar results to ExacTrac should be achievable. Conclusion: This method very precisely gives coordinates of each imaging isocenter directly to the radiation isocenter. This eliminates the summation of errors from setting lasers to the radiation isocenter and imaging isocenters to the lasers allowing improved isocenter coincidence for high precision treatments.
Congenital forms of intracranial teratoma

Intracranial teratoma in the newborn is a well-recognized but infrequent entity. We describe two such cases: one with a massive intracranial teratoma replacing the cerebral hemispheres and the other, a smaller tumor extending into the orbit. Forms of congenital intracranial teratoma and theories of pathogenesis and management are briefly discussed.
Language and Identity in Kazakhstan: Formulations in policy documents 1987–1997

Abstract In the twentieth century the identity of Kazakhstan and the Kazakh people has been closely intertwined with the identity of Russia and the Russian people. Since Kazakhstan began to move toward sovereignty in the late 1980s, official republic documents relevant to language have reflected attempts to redefine republic and ethnic identity. This study traces the evolution of images of identity through examination of the title of language laws, legally declared status for Kazakh, Russian, and other languages, linguistic requirements for employment, and differential treatment of Kazakhs and non-Kazakhs. The continuing debate on language demonstrates that even though Kazakhstan is now an independent country, fundamental questions remain about its identity.
The influence of lipid state on the planar distribution of membrane proteins in Acholeplasma laidlawii.

The distribution of surface proteins within the plane of the cell membrane was investigated using a biotin-avidin-ferritin reagent. This reagent reacts specifically, in the case of Acholeplasma laidlawii , with proteins, and permits their visualization in the electron microscope. A. laidlawii membranes were prepared which had different lipid phase transition-temperature ranges as determined by X-ray diffraction. These membranes were labeled at temperatures above, below and in the middle of their transitions, where the states of the lipids were, respectively, smectic, paracrystalline or a mixture of the two phases. In membranes labeled in either the smectic or paracrystalline phase (above or below the transition), the labeled sites were relatively dispersed, whereas in membranes labeled at temperatures in the mixed phase (mid-transition), patches of high and low density of label were found. In all cases, the distribution of the proteins was dependent upon the temperature relative to the lipid transition rather than the absolute temperature. In addition, the patching phenomenon was found to be freely reversible in experiments in which the temperature was shifted after labeling. To explain these observations, a model is proposed which suggests a phase separation of lipid and the preferential association of protein with either the smectic or paracrystalline state. In order that such a change in protein distribution can occur, protein molecules must be mobile through both the paracrystalline and smectic lipid phases over the time-scale of the experiments. These results suggest that temperature-induced changes in the physical state of membrane lipids can cause changes in the relative location of protein components parallel to the membrane surface.
A Lagrangian fractional step method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on a periodic domain

Abstract In the Lagrangian fractional step method introduced in this paper, the fluid velocity and pressure are defined on a collection of N fluid markers. At each time step, these markers are used to generate a Voronoi diagram, and this diagram is used to construct finite-difference operators corresponding to the divergence, gradient, and Laplacian. The splitting of the Navier-Stokes equations leads to discrete Helmholtz and Poisson problems, which we solve using a two-grid method. The nonlinear convection terms are modeled simply by the displacement of the fluid markers. We have implemented this method on a periodic domain in the planee. We describe an efficient algorithm for the numerical construction of periodic Voronoi diagrams, and we report on numerical results which indicate that the fractional step method is convergent of first order. The overall work per time step is proportional to N log N .
Climate change effect on Betula (birch) and Quercus (oak) pollen seasons in the United States

Climatic change is expected to affect the spatiotemporal patterns of airborne allergenic pollen, which has been found to act synergistically with common air pollutants, such as ozone, to cause allergic airway disease (AAD). Observed airborne pollen data from six stations from 1994 to 2011 at Fargo (North Dakota), College Station (Texas), Omaha (Nebraska), Pleasanton (California), Cherry Hill and Newark (New Jersey) in the US were studied to examine climate change effects on trends of annual mean and peak value of daily concentrations, annual production, season start, and season length of Betula (birch) and Quercus (oak) pollen. The growing degree hour (GDH) model was used to establish a relationship between start/end dates and differential temperature sums using observed hourly temperatures from surrounding meteorology stations. Optimum GDH models were then combined with meteorological information from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, and land use land coverage data from the Biogenic Emissions Land use Database, version 3.1 (BELD3.1), to simulate start dates and season lengths of birch and oak pollen for both past and future years across the contiguous US (CONUS). For most of the studied stations, comparison of mean pollen indices between the periods of 1994-2000 and 2001-2011 showed that birch and oak trees were observed to flower 1-2 weeks earlier; annual mean and peak value of daily pollen concentrations tended to increase by 13.6%-248%. The observed pollen season lengths varied for birch and for oak across the different monitoring stations. Optimum initial date, base temperature, and threshold GDH for start date was found to be 1 March, 8 °C, and 1,879 h, respectively, for birch; 1 March, 5 °C, and 4,760 h, respectively, for oak. Simulation results indicated that responses of birch and oak pollen seasons to climate change are expected to vary for different regions.
Preparation and properties of porous metal hydride compacts

Abstract Hydrides of LaNi5 were compacted to form solid porous metallic-matrix hydrides (PMHs). Pellets were obtained and were cycled for preliminary testing. The metal matrix was formed from aluminum, copper, nickel etc.; only PMHs using aluminum were tested. The method of preparation yielded pellets that did not disintegrate after repeated cycling. The pellets rapidly absorbed hydrogen from the first cycle, eliminating the need for activation. The kinetics were very fast and the hydrogen capacity was high. Preliminary metallographical analyses showed the microstructure actually obtained. The thermal conductivity was found to be 32.5 W m−1 K−1.
High-Aspect-Ratio Metal Microfabrication by Nickel Electroplating of Patterned Carbon Nanotube Forests

High-aspect-ratio metallic microstructures have a variety of potential applications in sensing and actuation. However, fabrication remains a challenge. We have fabricated nickel microstructures with over 20:1 aspect ratios by electroplating patterned carbon-coated carbon-nanotube forests using a nickel chloride bath. Pulse plating allows nickel ions to diffuse into the interior of the forest during off portions of the cycle. Done properly, this solves the problem of the formation of an external crust, which otherwise blocks nickel deposition in the interior of the structures. Thus, densities of 86 ± 3% of bulk Ni for the composite structures are achieved. Cantilever structures do not yield under load, but break. Measurements of the material properties of this composite material indicate an elastic modulus of $\sim 42$ GPa and a strength of 400 MPa. We demonstrate the utility of this method with an external field magnetic actuator consisting of a proof mass and two flexures. We achieved 1-mN actuation forces. [2014-0274]
Nucleolar stress is an early response to myocardial damage involving nucleolar proteins nucleostemin and nucleophosmin

Nucleolar stress, characterized by loss of nucleolar integrity, has not been described in the cardiac context. In addition to ribosome biogenesis, nucleoli are critical for control of cell proliferation and stress responses. Our group previously demonstrated induction of the nucleolar protein nucleostemin (NS) in response to cardiac pathological insult. NS interacts with nucleophosmin (NPM), a marker of nucleolar stress with cytoprotective properties. The dynamic behavior of NS and NPM reveal that nucleolar disruption is an early event associated with stress response in cardiac cells. Rapid translocation of NS and NPM to the nucleoplasm and suppression of new preribosomal RNA synthesis occurs in both neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM) and cardiac progenitor cells (CPC) upon exposure to doxorubicin or actinomycin D. Silencing of NS significantly increases cell death resulting from doxorubicin treatment in CPC, whereas NPM knockdown alone induces cell death. Overexpression of either NS or NPM significantly decreases caspase 8 activity in cultured cardiomyocytes challenged with doxorubicin. The presence of altered nucleolar structures resulting from myocardial infarction in mice supports the model of nucleolar stress as a general response to pathological injury. Collectively, these findings serve as the initial description of myocardial nucleolar stress and establish the postulate that nucleoli acts as sensors of stress, regulating the cellular response to pathological insults.
Principles of optical fibre sensing for water industry applications

The underlying principles behind optical sensing techniques and the potential to make a reasoned assessment of their fitness to meeting the purposes of monitoring in the water industry are assessed, with several specific examples given to show how optics is well suited to use in the present climate of the water industry.
Regional Differences in Healthcare Delivery for Gastroparesis

Few studies have examined the effects of various interventions in gastroparesis. The goal of the present study was to determine whether inpatient management and outcomes differed among states across the United States. Using population statistics and the State Inpatient Database (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality), regional differences in admissions for gastroparesis, inpatient mortality, length of stay, nursing home transfers, and rates of endoscopy, gastrostomy placement, and nutritional support were assessed. Admissions for gastroparesis ranged from 24.3 ± 0.8/100,000 in Utah to 117.1 ± 9.7/100,000 in Maryland, with mortality rates similarly varying fourfold from 0.5 ± 0.1/100,000 in Colorado to 2.3 ± 0.1/100,000 in Florida. Intervention rates differed between states (endoscopy: 6.8 ± 0.8 % in Wyoming versus 23.1 ± 0.4 % in Florida; gastrostomy: 0.8 ± 0.1 % in North Carolina versus 3.3 ± 0.8 % in Hawaii; nutritional support: 1.2 ± 0.2 % in West Virginia versus 7.0 ± 0.6 % in New Jersey). Admissions rates were independently predicted by high overall hospitalizations within a state. Higher population density, median incomes and admissions to for-profit hospitals correlated with endoscopy rates. Coexisting heart failure and male gender were associated with higher likelihood of gastrostomy placement, while initiation of nutritional support was predicted by physician supply and insurance status. Age cohort, Medicare coverage, poverty rates and endoscopic testing independently predicted mortality, while length of stay correlated with diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. There is a significant variability in admissions, interventions and outcomes for gastroparesis. While biological factors, such as comorbidities and age, contribute to this variability, the data suggest that socioeconomic variables significantly affect approaches to gastroparesis treatment in the United States.
A one-dimensional free energy surface does not account for two-probe folding kinetics of protein α3D

We present fluorescence-detected measurements of the temperature-jump relaxation kinetics of the designed three-helix bundle protein α3D taken under solvent conditions identical to previous infrared-detected kinetics. The fluorescence-detected rate is similar to the IR-detected rate only at the lowest temperature where we could measure it (326 K). The fluorescence-detected rate decreases by a factor of 3 over the 326–344 K temperature range, whereas the IR-detected rate remains nearly constant over the same range. To investigate this probe dependence, we tested an extensive set of physically reasonable one-dimensional (1D) free energy surfaces by Langevin dynamics simulation. The simulations included coordinate- and temperature-dependent roughness, diffusion coefficients, and IR/fluorescence spectroscopic signatures. None of these can reproduce the IR and fluorescence data simultaneously, forcing us to the conclusion that a 1D free energy surface cannot accurately describe the folding of α3D. This supports the hypothesis that α3D has a multidimensional free energy surface conducive to downhill folding at 326 K, and that it is already an incipient downhill folder with probe-dependent kinetics near its melting point.
Magnetic monopole loop for the Yang-Mills instanton

We investigate {close_quote}t Hooft{endash}Mandelstam monopoles in QCD in the presence of a single classical instanton configuration. The solution to the maximal Abelian projection is found to be a circular monopole trajectory with radius R centered on the instanton. At zero loop radius, there is a marginally stable (or flat) direction for loop formation to O(R{sup 4}lnR). We argue that loops will form, in the semiclassical limit, due to small perturbations such as the dipole interaction between instanton{endash}anti-instanton pairs. As the instanton gas becomes a liquid, the percolation of the monopole loops may, therefore, provide a semiclassical precursor to the confinement mechanism. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Interdigital capacitive strain gauges fabricated by direct-write thermal spray and ultrafast laser micromachining

Abstract There is a growing demand for in situ monitoring of strain in high-temperature, harsh environment systems. Resistive strain gauges, while popular and easy to implement, have several disadvantages when used at high-temperatures. This work presents the design, fabrication, and initial testing of capacitive strain gauges for use in high-temperature, harsh environments. The gauges are fabricated using a direct-write thermal spray technology in which a computer-controlled deposition system is used to fabricate silver gauge patterns onto polymer, composite, and alumina substrates to form the strain gauges. Gauges were also fabricated using ultrafast laser micromachining of blanket NiCr coatings thermal sprayed onto an alumina substrate. The typical gauge capacitance was 4–25 pF. Mechanical measurements performed included gauge factor, linearity, and zero shift. Temperature-based measurements include the temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) and thermal cycling tests. The devices show promise for use in harsh environments and in wireless strain monitoring applications.
Progesterone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the primate corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle: possible regulation by progesterone.

In classical target tissues, progesterone (P) down-regulates its own receptor, yet in the primate corpus luteum, progesterone receptors (PRs) exist within a very high local P milieu. The percentage of luteal cells staining PR-positive by immunocytochemistry is highest at the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle during the period of peak serum P. To investigate the regulation of luteal PRs, we developed a solution hybridization/ribonuclease protection assay for the analysis of PR messenger RNA (mRNA) in macaque corpora lutea (n = 3-4/group). A 332-basepair fragment of the macaque PR complementary DNA corresponding to the hormone-binding region was used as a template for riboprobe production; the specific hybridization of this riboprobe with PR mRNA was confirmed with Northern analysis. P regulation of luteal PR mRNA was investigated by administering trilostane, a 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor, to female rhesus macaques beginning on day 6 or 7 of the luteal phase, which reduced serum P unt...
Productivity Growth and Pollution in State Manufacturing

The directional output distance function (Chambers, Chung, & Fare, 1996) is used to construct a Malmquist-Luenberger index of total factor productivity growth for manufacturing when both good and bad outputs are jointly produced. The index is constructed using information on good and bad output quantities and input quantities, circumventing the problem of recovering shadow price information for the bad output needed for the Fisher or Tornqvist type of productivity indices. Accounting for toxic releases in manufacturing, productivity growth averages 1.4% an-nually during 1988–1994. The findings also suggest that the failure to account for toxic releases in manufacturing results in a significant under-statement of total factor productivity growth.
Serologic analysis of antigen-specific reactivity in patients with systemic candidiasis.

Abstract Antibody responses to candidal polypeptides and mannans were studied in patients with systemic candidiasis, candiduria, and other fungal and bacterial infections, and in healthy laboratory personnel to determine the diagnostic value of these immunologic responses. When tested by immunoblot analysis, sera from 15 patients with systemic candidiasis frequently contained antibodies to three antigens: 15 of 15 sera from patients with invasive disease reacted to a molecular species having a molecular weight (M r of 90–200 kd, 13 of 15 reacted with a 45-kd polypeptide, and 12 of 15 reacted with a 17-kd polypeptide. Lesser reactivity was observed in 11 of 15 sera with a 28-kd candidal antigen and in 9 of 15 to a 57-kd candidal antigen. Quantitation of antibody titers against the 45-kd candidal polypeptide demonstrated much higher immunoreactivity in patients with systemic candidiasis than in patients with superficial candidal infections, bacterial infections, other systemic mycoses, and healthy individuals. Antimannan antibody titers were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and these titers were also higher in patients with systemic candidiasis than in patients in the other categories. These differences, however, were less than those observed with the anti-45-kd polypeptide antibody. Therefore, the ability to detect systemic candidiasis is improved by testing sera for immunoreactivity to polypeptide and to mannan antigens from Candida albicans. Detection of polypeptide antibodies improves the serodiagnosis of systemic candidiasis.
Stereopsis from kinetic and flicker edges

Binocularity seems to appear early in the visual system before any complex form recognition processes take place, The question of the nature of the primitives used for binocular matching is still an issue despite a large number of studies concerned with this problem (e.g., Julesz, 1971; Julesz & Schumer, 1981; Kaufman, 1974). More than a decade ago, Ramachandran, Madhusudhan Rao, and Vidyasagar (1973) argued that a stereoscopic mech~­ ism sensitive to monocularly discriminable contours, Irrespective of the detailed structure of regions bounded by them, is a sufficient-although, as shown by Julesz (1964, 1971), not a necessary-basis for stereopsis. They demonstrated that observers could obtain stereopsis (report the direction of depth of a central patch with respect to i~s surround) by matching of pure texture edges. Stereopsis was also reported under isoluminant conditions using monocularly recognizable stereograms (Comerford, 1974; De Weert, 1979; Ramachandran et al., 1973) and when the matching contours differed in type. For example, Ramachandran et al. found stereopsis in stereograms in which one image contained only texture or color contours and the other only luminance contours. This latter demonstration argues against theories (Frisby & Mayhew, 1977; Mayhew & Frisby, 1976) that try to explain stereopsis in stereograms containing texture contours by a partial point-for-point correspondence in spatial-frequency-tuned luminance-domain channels without any need to involve more complex mechanisms relying on extended monocular processing. In general, results scattered in the literature do seem to suggest that stereopsis can be driven by the results of a rather sophisticated monocular processing based on various edge-detecting mechanisms, that is, primitives mo~e complex than simple zero-crossings or local. extrema In the output of linear filters based on the Laplacian of Gaussian smoothed images (Marr & Poggio, 1979; Mayhew & Frisby, 1981). This conclusion is strengthened by our observation that stereopsis can be achieved in stereograms in which the relevant information is portrayed only by kinetic or flicker edges. Kinetic edges are boundaries defined by motion information alone, without any luminance, texture, or color cues. Our displays were random-dot stereo cinematograms. A set of random-dot stereogram frames was constructed so that two stationary vertical bars were correlated
The genus Pythium in Taiwan, China (1) — a synoptic review

The genus Pythium, with slightly over 280 described species, has been classified traditionally with other filamentous, coenocytic, sporangia-producing fungi as “Phycomyetes”. However, with recent advances in chemical, ultrastructural and molecular studies, Pythium spp. are now considered as “fungus-like organisms” or “pseudo-fungi” and are placed in the Kingdom Chromista or Kingdom Straminopila, distinct from the true fungi of the Kingdom Fungi or Kingdom Mycota. They are widely distributed throughout the world as soil saprophytes or plant pathogens. Because of the warm moist maritime climate, Taiwan, China, is especially rich in Pythium species. To date, 48 species of Pythium have been reported from Taiwan, China, with the dominant species being Py. vexans, Py. spinosum, Py. splendens, Py. aphanidermatum, Py. dissotocum and Py. acanthicum. There is no definite geographical distribution of Pythium spp. in Taiwan, China. Twenty nine species of Pythium have proven to be plant pathogens attacking a wide variety of woody and herbaceous plants primarily causing pre- and post-emergence seedling damping-off, root rot, stem rot and rotting of fruits, tubers and ginger rhizomes, resulting in serious economic losses. The most important plant pathogenic species include Py. aphanidermatum and Py. Myriotylum, which are most active during the hot and wet summer months; whereas Py. splendens, Py. spinosum, Py. ultimum and Py. irregulare cause the greatest damage in the cool winter. Most Pythium spp. are non-specific pathogens, infecting mainly juvenile or succulent tissues. This review attempts to assess the taxonomic position of the genus Pythium and provide details of the historical development of the study of Pythium as pathogens in Taiwan, China, causing diseases of sugarcane, trees, vegetables, fruits, specialty crops and flowering plants, as well as measures to control these diseases. Of special note is the introduction of the S-H mixture which, when used as soil amendment, effectively controls many soil-borne Pythium diseases during the early stages of plant growth. The diversity of Pythium species in Taiwan, China, is discussed in comparison with the situation in the mainland of China and suggestions are made to fully utilize Pythium spp. as agents for biological control, in industry and medicine.
Winter Territoriality and Spatial Behavior of Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) at Two Ecologically Distinct Sites in the Dominican Republic

ABSTRACT. We used radiotelemetry to investigate the spatial behavior of wintering Bicknell's Thrushes (Catharus bicknelli) at a mid-elevation rainforest site and a high-elevation cloud-forest site in the Dominican Republic. We also analyzed blood stable carbon isotopes and fecal samples to compare thrush diets at these two floristically and climatically distinct sites. Birds consumed a primarily fruit-based diet at the mid-elevation site and a primarily arthropod-based diet at the high-elevation site. Despite these dietary differences, individuals at both sites defended and maintained exclusive, minimally overlapping core use areas and home ranges. The mean size of both core use areas and home ranges was similar between males and females and between adults and first-winter birds. Presence of nonterritorial or “floater” individuals was low at both sites (2.7% and 5.6%). Birds at the arthropod-dominated site were observed significantly more often on or within 1 m of the ground than birds at the fruit-heavy ...
Effects of residential instability on Head Start children and their relationships with older siblings: Influences of child emotionality and conflict between family caregivers.

This study examined the influence that residential dislocations have on child behavior problems, depression, peer competence, cognitive competence, and the quality of sibling relations in a sample of 70 Head Start children, aged 32 to 67 months, and their older brothers and sisters, aged 48 to 155 months. This was the first study to investigate the sibling relationship in the context of high residential mobility. Information on child characteristics was obtained from mothers and teachers. Sibling data (warmth/harmony and conflict) were obtained from coding videotaped interactions. Child emotionality was found to be an important moderator of the effects of residential mobility on young, poor children and their siblings; caregiver conflict was a less powerful moderator of these effects. Residential instability seemed to compromise the warmth/harmony of the sibling relationship. It was concluded that the effects of residential instability are complex and cannot be understood without considering child characteristics, such as temperament, and the family context in which the child lives.
The inconsistent mediating effects of psychosocial work characteristics on the education–health relationship

Abstract This study examined the relationship between psychosocial work characteristics and educational disparities in health. Informed by the evidence on the relationship between work pressure and higher education, we suggested reframing the distribution of psychosocial work characteristics in the context of education. We differentiated psychosocial work resources from demands and hypothesized that the inconsistent mediation effects of psychosocial resources and demands are associated with educational status. Using data from the 2008 National Study of Changing Workforce (NSCW), we found that psychosocial work resources and demands had inconsistent mediating effects on the education–health relationship. Higher educated employees were more likely to report autonomy, challenge and schedule control, but they were also more likely to experience overtime hours, job overload and work–family conflict. Work resources appeared to protect higher-educated workers from stress and health problems while work demands put them at risk of less favorable health outcomes. In addition we found that the ‘costs’ of psychosocial work demands were stronger among women, particularly those who were highly educated, suggesting that highly educated women did not reap the full health benefit of high educational attainment. Our findings illustrate that the observed positive associations between education and health mask important heterogeneity in the effects of psychosocial work characteristics. We discuss the implications of this study for health and family-based work policies.
EXAFS studies of CsBr-dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether solutions

Abstract An understanding of the structural binding properties of 137 Cs with ligands is paramount in designing chelates for waste treatment and isolation applications as well as for understanding sorption mechanisms to natural organic and inorganic colloids. We have investigated Cs bonding environments in crown ether complexes by employing 133 Cs as a probe for XAFS studies. Crown ethers represent a good first choice for XAFS structural studies because they have well-defined first and second shell environments. Additionally, the oxygen functional groups and bond distances can be easily manipulated by choice of specific crown ether molecules. The ability of XAFS to elucidate the structural environment of Cs within the crown ether complex will be useful in additional investigations in which the Cs is selectively bound within a cage of electronegative oxygen donors including humic and other organic substances, colloidal clay minerals and ion selective exchange resins used to treat nuclear wastes.
New life in detecting defects

Carrier lifetimes in semiconductors have been recently rediscovered by the silicon IC community. This is an opportune time to discuss this topic since lifetime is emerging as an important parameter for describing material, process, and equipment cleanliness after being ignored for many years. This article tries to shed some light on "lifetimes in semiconductors," which is a topic that has caused much confusion in the past. Various recombination mechanisms are discussed and the concept of recombination and generation lifetime is presented. We will show that surface recombination/generation plays an important role in today's high-purity Si and will become yet more important as bulk impurity densities in Si are reduced further.
Separation of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP from thymidine, electrolytes and polyvalent nucleotides in tissue samples.

Abstract Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP can be separated from thymidine and its possible metabolites, electrolytes, and polyvalent nucleotides using columns of acidic alumina. Electrolytes and thymidine are not adsorbed on acidic alumina at pH 4.4 while cyclic nucleotides and polyvalent nucleotides are adsorbed at this pH. Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP are eluted together from acidic alumina with 0.2 M ammonium formate (pH 6.0) and the polyvalent nucleotides remain adsorbed. The cyclic nucleotides are separated by chromatography on Dowex AG 1 X 8 resin. Recovery is 60–64% for cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP isolated from renal tissue samples. This methodology permits the separation of tritiated thymidine from cyclic nucleotides which are present in tissue preparations used in studies on the role of cyclic nucleotides in cellular growth.
Strategies for Opes's pricing dicisions

Using a model of the world energy mark at that incorporates price expectation and lagged adjustment of demand and supply, we examine the implications of various price-paths that could be selected by OPEC. After demons trating the sensitiyity of the results to change in vunetional spectifications and certain parameter values, we discuss a variety of rule-of-thurob pricing stragegics under which OPEC sets prices in response to available market singals. A strategy that is relatively caustious about further major price increases servces OPEC relatively well in comparison with other strategies, but there exists a real possibility of major, abrupt price increases within the next ten years.
Transcutaneous Oxygen (TcPO2) Estimates Probability of Healing in the Ischemic Extremity

The severity of arterial ischemia is a major variable affecting healing of extremity wounds. By relating risk of failure to severity of ischemia, the probability of wound healing may be stratified along with assessment of general medical risks. Transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2) arterial segmental pressure (ASP), and arterial segmental indices (ASI) were obtained in 204 ischemic lower extremity sites; 63% of the sites were in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), 11% in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), and 37% in patients with neither DM nor CRF (ND). Wounds included 126 amputations and 78 gangrenous ulcerations of the foot or toes. Healing (n = 112) was defined as complete wound closure, without regard to the time required. Failure (n = 92) was defined by the requirement for either arterial reconstruction (n = 45) or proximal amputation (n = 47). Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to assess the relative contribution of each measurement and to predict the probability of healing; TcP02 was superior to ASP and ASI in all categories. TcP02 was the only test meeting the P < 0.05 entry criteria modeled by the regression. An accuracy of 83% was achieved. However, when each test was evaluated by univariate analysis, ASP and ASI did meet the criteria for the ND group. However, the accuracy was 68 and 72%, respectively. Predictive accuracy of TcP02 was unaffected by DM or CRF. ASP and ASI were satisfactory in the ND group, although of slightly reduced accuracy. ASP and ASI were misleading and inaccurate in DM and CRF. Thus, of the noninvasive tests, TcP02 alone is sufficient for objective risk stratification of arterial ischemia in the lower extremity.
A behavioral methodology for assessing non-motoric deficits in the dopamine denervated rat.

Tests of sensory-motor functions in rats with deficits in brain dopamine have generally relied on responses mediated by the dopamine-deficient hemisphere for the expression of the animals' behavioral response to stimulation. The present report demonstrates that in rats with unilateral denervation of dopamine neurons, a lateralized attenuation of behavioral response to nociceptive stimulation can be observed when the indicator response is not mediated by the dopamine-deficient hemisphere. Two readily measured responses to footshock, one unconditioned (i.e. ipsiversive turning) and one conditioned (i.e. passive avoidance), were shown to be attenuated when footshock was applied to the body surface contralateral versus ipsilateral to the dopamine-deficient hemisphere. The paradigm of using responses not mediated by the lesion hemisphere to assess behavioral responses to stimuli applied to a lesion hemisphere provides a behavioral methodology for assessing behavioral deficits in sensory processing that are not confounded with lesion-induced motoric deficits.
Microtubular structures associated with the acrosome during spermiogenesis in the water-strider, Gerris remigis (Say).

The ultrastructural organization of the acrosome during the course of spermiogenesis in the water-strider, Gerris remigis, has been studied in the electron microscope. The acrosome, which in the mid-spermatid is spherical and about 6–8 μ in diameter, becomes extremely elongated, until in the spermatozoon it is an attenuated, tapering rod measuring more than 2.5 mm in length. During this change in form, a system of parallel tubules appears within the acrosome. These acrosomic tubules measure about 130 A in diameter, are present throughout the length of the acrosomal structure, and are probably responsible for its rigidity. A second system of microtubules, which have been preserved only with aldehyde fixatives, surrounds the acrosome. They are about 220 A in diameter, and extend from a point near the insertion of the flagellum to about the midpoint of the acrosome. These cytoplasmic microtubules may also participate in maintaining the rigidity of the acrosome, and may be involved in the transport of newly synthesized protein and polysaccharide.
Scanning Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) Of GaAs

The use of scanning deep level transient spectroscopy (SDLTS) in the investigation of deep level trap distributions in LEC GaAs is described. Technique is based on electron beam induced current transients in a Schottky barrier, allowing approx. 1 micron spatial resolution. Results indicating enhanced hole trap concentrations around dislocation cores and walls are presented.
Incorporation of 4-thiothymidine into DNA by the klenow fragment and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase

Abstract The 5′-triphosphate of 4-thiothymidine (4S–TTP) is an excellent substrate for the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with values of k cat K m within a factor of ∼3 of those for TTP. A large UV change (Δϵ=−9770 M−1 cm−1 at 340 nm) associated with incorporation of 4S–TMP into nucleic acid duplexes makes possible a rapid, continuous spectrophotometric assay of the reaction progress.
Insights into the role of Val45 and Gln182 of Escherichia coli MutY in DNA substrate binding and specificity

Background Escherichia coli MutY (EcMutY) reduces mutagenesis by removing adenines paired with guanines or 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanines (8-oxoG). V45 and Q182 of EcMutY are considered to be the key determinants of adenine specificity. Both residues are spatially close to each other in the active site and are conserved in MutY family proteins but not in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Mig.MthI T/G mismatch DNA glycosylase (A50 and L187 at the corresponding respective positions).
Letter by Brown and Pretorius Regarding Article, “Effect of Sulfaphenazole on Tissue Plasminogen Activator Release in Normotensive Subjects and Hypertensive Patients”

To the Editor: We read with interest the article by Giannarelli et al regarding the effect of sulfaphenazole on tissue plasminogen activator release. 1 As always, the authors’ experimental design is elegant. However, it appears that an important error occurred in the calculation of net tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) release. The authors report on the t-PA balance. On the basis of the units and Methods, this seems to be synonymous with …
A Comparative Review of Petroleum‐Based and Bio‐Based Acrolein Production

Acrolein is an important chemical intermediate for many common industrial chemicals, leading to an array of useful end products. This paper reviews all the synthetic methods, including the former (aldol condensation) and contemporary (partial oxidation of propylene) manufacturing methods, the partial oxidation of propane, and most importantly, the bio-based glycerol-dehydration route. Emphasis is placed on the petroleum-based route from propylene and the bio-based route from glycerol, an abundantly available and relatively inexpensive raw material available from biodiesel production. This review provides technical details and incentives for industrial proyduction that justify a transition toward bio-based acrolein production.
A secure wireless network for roadside surveillance using radio tomographic imaging

This paper proposes and demonstrates the novel application of a secure wireless sensor network for roadside surveillance and vehicular detection using radio tomographic imaging. Network architecture is based on the well-established Zigbee standard and medium access is provided through a time division multiple access scheme. Wireless security vulnerabilities are considered and a four-part security scheme is presented. Field test results are provided to validate both the baseline radio tomographic imaging functionality and the accompanying wireless sensor network security mechanisms.
Electron Capture by Protons and Deuterons

Cross section measurements are reported for electron capture into the 3s state by 20-150 keV protons and deuterons incident on molecular hydrogen and deuterium. Conventional wisdom indicates that these cross sections should be nearly identical at equivalent velocities and researchers routinely use deuteron projectiles to extend proton excitation curves downward in velocity. This practice has been questioned on theoretical grounds and some investigators have reported consistent differences in cross sections for the two isotopes, however, nearly always within the experimental uncertainty of the measurements. We have made a systematic study of the 3s electron capture cross sections described above to check for isotopic effects. These cross sections are then compared to previous measurements reported in the literature.
Biosynthesis and processing of proteinase 3 in U937 cells: Processing pathways are distinct from those of cathepsin G

Proteinase 3 is a human polymorphonuclear leukocyte serine proteinase that degrades elastin in vitro and causes emphysema when administered by intratracheal insufflation into hamsters. Proteinase 3, stored in the azurophilic granules, is expressed in progenitor cells of myeloid origin. In the present study, the biosynthesis, processing, and intracellular transport of the enzyme was investigated in the human myelomonocytic cell line U937. Proteinase 3 is initially identified as a 35-kDa precursor and converted into the 29-kDa mature form within 3 h. By using a combination of techniques including amino-terminal sequencing, we identified the 35-kDa form as a zymogen containing an activation dipeptide but lacking the amino-terminal 25 residues, presumably the result of cleavage by a signal peptidase. Tunicamycin treatment and alkalinization of acidic cell compartments with NH4Cl did not prevent the processing of the proteinase 3 zymogen into the mature form, suggesting that the enzyme is targeted to the cytoplasmic granules by a mechanism other than the mannose 6-phosphate receptor. Brefeldin A inhibited the zymogen processing, suggesting that the dipeptide cleavage occurred in a post-Golgi organelle. The enzyme responsible for the removal of the dipeptide is a cysteine proteinase since E-64d, a class-specific inhibitor, prevented processing. However, treatment of cells with a dipeptidyl peptidase I inhibitor, Gly-Phe-diazomethyl ketone and with the lysosomotropic agents, NH4Cl and chloroquine, did not prevent dipeptide cleavage, indicating that the processing enzyme for proteinase 3 is not dipeptidyl peptidase I. In contrast, Gly-Phe-diazomethyl ketone inhibited cleavage of the dipeptide from cathepsin G. This indicates that processing of proteinase 3 is distinct from that of cathepsin G. Proteinase 3 is also processed at the COOH-terminal extension. Cleavage takes place next to Arg-222, suggesting that a trypsin-like proteinase is involved in the COOH-terminal processing.
Process query systems

Sensors produce large streams of raw events while instrumenting environments such as computer systems, communications networks, physical spaces, and human organizations. Extracting meaningful and actionable information from these events, however, remains a challenge. Process query systems, a new algorithmic and software paradigm, offer a powerful and generic way to address event-processing challenges
Analysis of buoyancy effect on fully developed laminar heat transfer in a rotating tube

Laminar heat transfer is analyzed in a tube rotating about an axis perpendicular to the tube axis. The solution applies for flow that is either radially outward from the axis of rotation, or radially inward toward the axis of rotation. The conditions are fully developed, and there is uniform heat addition at the tube wall. The analysis is performed by expanding velocities and temperature in power series using the Taylor number as a perturbation parameter. Coriolis and buoyancy forces caused by tube rotation are included, and the solution is calculated through second-order terms. The secondary flow induced by the Coriolis terms always tends to increase the heat transfer coefficient; this effect can dominate for small wall heating. For radial inflow, buoyancy also tends to improve heat transfer. For radial outflow, however, buoyancy tends to reduce heat transfer; for large wall heating this effect can dominate, and there is a net reduction in heat transfer coefficient.
Physical basis for parameter identification in magnetic materials

Although Preisach models as originally proposed were phenomenological in nature, they can reveal physical insight into the magnetizing process if interpreted correctly. The classical model has been modified in order to achieve statistical stability, thus improving its predictive ability. The phenomena that these modifications explain include noncongruency of minor loops, accommodation, and rotational properties.