cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stabilization of the native tertiary structure of yeast tRNALeu3 by cationic metal complexes

Complexes of inert (slowly exchanging) multivalent transition metal cations and neutral ligands were found to effectively replace Mg 2+ as stabilizers of the biologically active “native” form of yeast tRNA Leu 3 . From an analysis of the sigmoidal dependence of the denatured native conformational equilibrium on complex cation concentration at 25°C in 0·15 m -KCl at pH 7·4, it is calculated that about five complex cations must be tightly bound to stabilize the native conformer. Since this number is larger than the three binding sites previously observed for alkaline earth metal ions and polyamines, there must be sites of high negative charge on the tRNA accessible to Mg 2+ and spermidine 3+ but not to the more bulky complex cations. In that case, the complex cations must occupy additional sites in order to stabilize the native conformer. The relative effectiveness with which the cations stabilize the native conformation is: Co(NH 3 ) 6 3+ ≳ Pt(en) 2 (en-H) 3+ > Co(en) 3 3+ > Ir(NH 3 ) 5 Cl 2+ ⋍ Pt(NH 3 ) 4 2+ . This order is consistent with general electrostatic considerations. Hydrogen bonding of the co-ordinated amines to tRNA phosphates could enhance the affinity of Co(NH 3 ) 6 3+ . Since the complex cation-tRNA association constants are even larger than those of the cobalt complexes with multivalent inorganic anions, a cluster of at least three phosphates could constitute the binding site of each tightly bound cation in tRNA.
What's in a Name: Children's Knowledge about the Letters in Their Own Names

Two studies were performed to determine whether children's experiences with their own names boost their knowledge about the components of the name, the letters. The children in Study One showed a significant superiority for the initial letter of their own first name in tests of letter-name, but not letter-sound, knowledge. This pattern was found for Australian first graders (mean age 5 years, 5 months), U.S. kindergartners (mean age 5 years, 8 months), and U.S. preschoolers (mean age 4 years, 10 months). Study Two, with U.S. preschoolers (mean age 4 years, 11 months), again revealed an advantage for the initial letter of a child's first name in knowledge of letter names but not knowledge of letter sounds. Moreover, the children were better at printing the initial letter of their own first name than other letters. The results show that different factors are involved in the learning of letter names and letter sounds. They further suggest that children use letter-based strategies with their own names at a time when they are often considered to be "logographic" readers.
When to Cry Over Spilled Milk: Young Children’s Use of Category Information to Guide Inferences About Ambiguous Behavior

Three studies (N = 171) examined preschool children's tendency to use category information to make inferences about ambiguous behavior. Children heard stories in which category information about story characters was manipulated and behavioral information was held constant. Participants were asked to evaluate, explain, and determine the significance of the behavior in question. Children tended to be harsher judges of the same ambiguous behaviors when performed by (a) humans as compared to animals, (b) boys compared to girls, and (c) older children compared to younger children. Results suggest that young children hold differentiated notions of the mental states and dispositions that underlie behavior and that these notions vary as a function of category membership. These findings support the conclusion that even young children can hold and use multiple folk psychologies.
Microwave promoted Heck reactions using an oligo(ethylene glycol)-bound SCS palladacycle under thermomorphic conditions

Palladium catalyzed Heck couplings utilizing an air-stable, water-soluble oligo(ethylene glycol)-bound SCS palladacycle catalyst and microwave irradiation lead to formation of several cinnamic acid derivatives with reaction times of less than 1 hour. Such couplings of various aryl halides with alkene acceptors occur in an air atmosphere with aqueous and organic solvents are described. Recycling of the catalyst was accomplished using a 10% aqueous DMA–heptane thermomorphic system that was advantageously homogeneous during these microwave promoted reactions and biphasic during the catalyst recovery step.
High-durability plugs for the ladles of continuous steelcasting plant

The “Krasnyi Oktyabr” refractories plant has produced SP-14 and SP-11 type conical chamotte plugs containing 39.77% Al2O3 + TiO2.
Streamer belt structure at solar minima

We present plasma data from IMP 8 and Voyager 2 demonstrating the character of the current (1996) solar minimum and compare the current solar minimum to past solar minima. Voyager 2 data from 50 AU and 16°S heliolatitude show a gradual 130 km/s increase in solar wind velocity which reaches a plateau of 580 km/s for 75 days in late 1996. We suggest that this plateau, from which solar rotation signatures are absent, consists of solar wind which originated at the Sun at the time of solar minimum. We find that the current solar minimum closely resembles that of the 1976 solar minimum; both are characterized by relatively thick streamer belts. During the 1986–87 solar minimum the streamer belt was only half as thick (∼8°) as in 1976 and 1996. This suggests a possible 22-year cycle in solar wind characteristics and we predict that at the next solar minimum in about 2007 the streamer belt will again be very thin.
Direct determination of the stereochemical structure of CH4

The use of the Coulomb-explosion technique combined with a new multiparticle detector, extremely thin targets, and low-excitation ion source has enabled a direct measurement of the complete stereo-chemistry of the C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+}$ molecular ion. Preliminary analysis of the data gives a structure consistent with predictions of the Jahn-Teller-distorted ground state. We outline the techniques by which this method can be generalized to determine directly complex vibrational motions in polyatomic molecules.
An effective C-C double bond formation via Cu(I)-catalyzed dehydrogenation

Abstract A dehydrogenation method using Cu(I) and either N,N-di-tert-butylthiadiaziridine 1,1-dioxide or N,N-di-tert-butyldiaziridinone is reported. The dehydrogenation allows a facile introduction of C–C double bond(s) into various carbocycles and heterocycles such as oxazolines and thiazolines.
Institutional memory and risk management

Software risk management is a critical aspect of software engineering. Software risks based on metrics derived from a large number of similar projects, along with effective statistical methods, can improve risk prediction, assessment, and management.
Effect of hydrogen peroxide treatment on the quality of raw cream.

The effect of hydrogen peroxide on the attributes of raw cream was studied. The samples with 500 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) were compared with an untreated control sample. The results indicated that the addition of hydrogen peroxide prevented, to a great extent, the development of lipolysis, proteolysis and acidity, as well as the growth of psychrotrophic microorganisms. However, the treatment had a negative effect on the oxidative stability of the cream.
Some comments on heterogeneous nucleation from the vapor phase

Abstract Various atomistic and capillarity theories of heterogeneous nucleation from the vapor phase onto a substrate are considered. Entropy contributions are pinpointed as terms which have generally been neglected but which should be included in data analysis. In correlations of experimental results, lack of agreement with the simple forms of theories is attributed to an increased critical role of growth and agglomeration processes in the deposition or to the presence of a spectrum of sites on the substrate with varying catalytic potencies. Results are presented for instances of the latter case. A criterion for indicating whether Ostwald ripening is playing a role in the deposition process is suggested. Finally, a discussion is presented of recent cases where epitaxial deposition occurs over an extremely wide range of substrate temperature and supersaturations. The slight deviations from perfect epitaxy in this nearly ideal case correlate well with nucleation theory.
Method of Correlated Quasiparticles. III. 0 + Particle-Particle Residual Interactions in Odd-Mass Systems

Methods are developed for detemnining the properties of low-lying states in odd-mass systems with a residual interaction of the O/sup +/ particle-particle form. Using matrix elements obtained from a surface-peaked delta interaction, the methods of this paper are applied to an analysis of states in /sup 235/U and / sup 237/U. The results are compared wit h equivalent pairing-force model calcuiations. Substantial differences, on the order of 300 keV, are found in the single-particle energy level spectra deduced from the two residual interactions. (auth)
Prelongitudinal screening of hypothesized developmental sequences for the overhead tennis serve in experienced tennis players 9-19 years of age.

Abstract A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate developmental characteristics within six body component actions for the overhead serve in tennis and to determine if such actions should be validated through longitudinal study. Developmental sequences, hypothesized for two components during the preparatory phase and four components during the force production phase of the overhead tennis serve, were used to classify the videotaped serving actions of 30 male and 30 female tennis players. Sequences hypothesized for the Preparatory Trunk, Elbow, and Forearm/Racket actions met the prelongitudinal screening criteria proposed by Roberton (1978); Roberton, Williams, and Langendorfer (1980); and Langendorfer (1982). Sequences for these component actions should be validated through longitudinal study. Steps within sequences for the Preparatory Backswing, Trunk for Force, and Feet/Legs are apparently misordered or not characteristic of a developmental process. Further cross-sectional study of these comp...
Chain formation and de-chaining in Streptococcus sobrinus SL-1

Regulation of chain length by chain-forming bacteria is believed to depend on wall-associated autolytic activity and environmental conditions. In this study, the chain length of Streptococcus sobrinus SL-1 was determined under various initial culture and pH conditions and NaF concentrations. Crude wall extracts were prepared by dilute alkali treatment of whole cells and were tested for de-chaining activity. The results indicate that S. sobrinus SL-1 grows primarily as short chains under alkaline growth conditions and at high (3.0 mM) medium fluoride levels, and growth as long chains occurs under acidic growth conditions. De-chaining activity was observed following incubation of the longer chain form of the organism with crude wall extracts. The evidence suggests that the chain length of S. sobrinus SL-1 depends on environmental conditions, including pH and fluoride, and that cell wall-associated factors may be active in regulating the chain length of the organism.
The family interactional perspective: a study and examination of the work of Don D. Jackson.

This article presents an overview of the primary contributions of the late Don D. Jackson. It analyzes and attempts to unify the central concepts of what the first referred to as "conjoint family therapy." Emphasis in upon the theoretical components leading to the development of a behaviorally oriented, nontransference, focused-treatment format, labeled by the author as "family interactional psychotherapy."
Blood group antigens I, i, H and HI on monkey, rabbit and guinea pig erythrocytes.

SummaryAnti-I, anti-i, anti-H and anti-HI sera of human origin were used to examine the erythrocytes of rabbits, monkeys, and guinea pigs for the presence of I, i, H, and HI blood substances. In direct agglutination experiments with the four antisera after they had been absorbed with rabbit, monkey, guinea pig, human group OI or human group Oi (cord) red cells, it was evident that the erythrocytes of rabbits possessed I, H, and HI but no i substances. Monkey red cells had i but no I, H, and HI blood group activity. Guinea pigs were shown to have I, H, and HI, antigens but the i-status of their erythrocytes remained equivocal. Further absorption elution experiments revealed unequivocally that guinea pig red cells possessed the i blood group antigen.The authors thank Marie C. Crookston, Division of Haematology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, for her generous gift of the anti-i serum (Hog).
Effect of spin variables and exciton motion on ground-state properties of the "trion"

We solve a quantum three-body problem involving two holes and a single electron ("trion") in a two-band Hubbard model. The particles' spin and the exciton hopping matrix element are all included. We compare the results with those of a previous paper, in which these additional complications were absent, and find broad agreement. There is one novelty: The trion with singlet holes is always mobile, even in one dimension.
Photobrightening and photodarkening in PbS quantum dots

Fluorescence spectroscopy is utilized to investigate photodarkening and photobrightening behaviors in PbS quantum dots (QDs) subjected to various environmental conditions. We are able to separate contributions from charge trapping to a long-lived optically dark state (single particle fluorescence blinking) and irreversible photooxidation to the overall photodarkening behavior. Both processes produce effects that are potentially detrimental for emission-based technological applications. Charge trapping is the dominant mechanism on short time scales (<3 s), exhibits no particle size- or environmental-dependence, is reversible, and is an order of magnitude faster compared to CdSe QDs. Photooxidation is the dominant mechanism on long time scales (50-100 s), is strongly dependent on particle size and environmental atmosphere, and results in irreversible decreases in emission intensity, large blue shifts of emission maximum, and increases in particle size distribution.
Ploidy manipulation and performance

Abstract The chromosome set manipulation techniques of induced polyploidy, gynogenesis and androgenesis are likely to have significant applications in aquaculture. Induced triploidy is valuable for production of sterile individuals and increasing hybrid survival, and may be useful for producing individuals with increased heterozygosity. Gynogenesis (all-maternal inheritance) has considerable potential for rapid generation of inbred lines and can be used to generate all-female populations and in gene-transfer studies. Androgenesis (all-paternal inheritance) might be used for rapid generation of inbred lines, in the recovery of genotypes from cryopreserved sperm and in studying the effects of mitochondrial genotype on performance.
Observation of quasidirect transitions in In1-xGaxP/graded GaP (0.58 <= x <= 0.75) alloys near the Gamma -X1 crossover.

We used room-temperature ellipsometry to study the quasidirect (no-phonon) transitions of disordered ${\mathrm{In}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathit{x}}$P/graded GaP near crossover compositions (0.64\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.75) for the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{1\mathit{c}}$ and ${\mathit{X}}_{1\mathit{c}}$ conduction-band minima. Careful study of sample microstructures by transmission electron microscopy revealed no ordering. We identify the observed transitions at (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{15\mathit{v}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\mathit{X}}_{1\mathit{c}}$), (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{15\mathit{v}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\mathit{L}}_{1\mathit{c}}$), and (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{15\mathit{v}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\mathit{X}}_{3\mathit{c}}$). The enhanced amplitude of the quasidirect transitions is attributed to band mixing between \ensuremath{\Gamma} and L or X points in k space. This observation is corroborated by low-temperature photoluminescence and time-decay experiments. A two-level anticrossing behavior of the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{1\mathit{c}}$ and ${\mathit{X}}_{1\mathit{c}}$ gaps is observed in photoluminescence with \ensuremath{\Gamma}-X mixing energy \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathit{V}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{X}}$\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\approxeq}12 meV induced by random-alloy disorder.
The impact of Medicare Part D on medication treatment of hypertension.

Over half of those aged 60–69 years and three-quarters of those aged 70 and above have hypertension (Agency for Health Care Research and Quality 2007). While many antihypertensive medications effectively treat hypertension, <80 percent of Americans aged 60 years or older with hypertension receive treatment and only 40 percent of those have their blood pressure appropriately controlled (Egan, Zhao, and Axon 2010). Previous studies have shown that restrictions on drug coverage reduce the use of antihypertensive medications and increase the likelihood of emergency room and inpatient visits (Hsu et al. 2006). Furthermore, results from clinical trials have shown antihypertensive therapy reduced major cardiovascular events and mortality (SHEP Cooperative Research Group 1991). The Medicare drug benefit (Part D), which provides outpatient prescription drug coverage for over 26 million Medicare beneficiaries, took effect January 1, 2006. One of Part D's major goals is to reduce cost-related underuse of medications, thereby increasing appropriate drug use and improving beneficiaries' health. No study has evaluated the effect of Part D on medication use among patients with hypertension. Medicare Part D could affect not only the overall use of antihypertensives but also the types of medications used. Previous studies have shown that when drug coverage improved, individuals increased overall medication use (Zhang et al. 2009). Increases in out-of-pocket cost were also associated with substitution of cheaper generic medications for more expensive brand names (Huskamp et al. 2003). Hence, as drug coverage improves, patients might be more likely to initiate or switch to more expensive drug subclasses. Two groups of hypertension treatments that may be substitutes are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACEs) inhibitors and angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs). ACEs and ARBs have no significantly different blood pressure lowering or renal-protective effects (Kunz et al. 2008; Matchar et al. 2008;), yet they differ substantially in cost as ARBs are all brand name without any generic substitutes, whereas ACEs exist widely in generic form at one-eighth of the price (http://drugstore.com prices). While there are differences in the side effect profiles of the two subclasses, examining the substitution between ACEs and ARBs may be the best opportunity among hypertension medications to study whether insurance affects the use of branded versus generic medications that are equally effective but very different in price. In this paper we address the following questions about the effect of Part D on drug use among beneficiaries age 65 and older with hypertension. (1) Did these beneficiaries increase use of antihypertensive medications overall? and (2) Did they increase use of some subclasses of antihypertensive medications more than others; in particular, did beneficiaries shift to newer, more expensive drugs (i.e., ARBs), and away from older, less expensive drugs (ACEs)? We further explore whether the shifting was due to switching from ACEs to ARBs or higher rates of initiating ARBs over ACEs.
Computing in the geosciences kindles interdisciplinary discussion

Researchers from different backgrounds met to share information about large-scale numerical simulations in mantle convection, algorithmic developments, scientific visualization, data-processing, and seismic wave propagation at a special session devoted to high-performance computing in geosciences at the 1994 AGU Spring Meeting. The session sparked discussions between diverse segments of the community and is very timely in view of the high-performance computing activities recently sponsored by the National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, and NASA. As S. Balachandar pointed out, there are three main issues for high-performance computing: efficient and accurate computations, data compression and storage, and interpretation and post-processing of large data sets. The first issue naturally comes to mind when the phrase “high-performance computing” is heard, but data compression and postprocessing present equally important challenges. Storing output from a three-dimensional computation that has 256 nodes along each side with four variables at each node—be it for mantle convection, ocean or atmospheric circulation, or seismic wave modeling—for 5000 time steps requires 2.6 Terrabytes of storage. While computers and algorithms to consider such a grid may exist, storing the results of such a computation are not feasible given the current networking and disk storage infrastructure.
Evolutionary Conservation of the Structure and Expression of Alternatively Spliced Ultrabithorax Isoforms from Drosophila

In Drosophila melanogaster, alternatively spliced mRNAs from the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx) encode a family of structurally distinct homeoprotein isoforms. The developmentally regulated expression patterns of these isoforms suggest that they have specialized stage- and tissue-specific functions. To evaluate the functional importance of UBX isoform diversity and gain clues to the mechanism that regulates processing of Ubx RNAs, we have investigated whether the Ubx RNAs of other insects undergo similar alternative splicing. We have isolated and characterized Ubx cDNA fragments from D. melanogaster, Drosophila pseudoobscura, Drosophila hydei and Drosophila virilis, species separated by as much as 60 million years of evolution, and have found that three aspects of Ubx RNA processing have been conserved. (1) These four species exhibit identical patterns of optional exon use in a region adjacent to the homeodomain. (2) These four species produce the same family of UBX protein isoforms with identical amino acid sequences in the optional exons, even though the common amino-proximal region has undergone substantial divergence. The nucleotide sequences of the optional exons, including third positions of rare codons, have also been conserved strongly, suggesting functional constraints that are not limited to coding potential. (3) The tissue- and stage-specific patterns of expression of different UBX isoforms are identical among these Drosophila species, indicating that the developmental regulation of the alternative splicing events has also been conserved. These findings argue for an important role of alternative splicing in Ubx function. We discuss the implications of these results for models of UBX protein function and the mechanism of alternative splicing.
Nonpharmacological Approaches to the Management of Chronic Pain in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults: A Review of Empirical Evidence

The objective of this literature review is to gain insight into the efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions in chronic pain management in community-dwelling older adults. An extensive search of pertinent databases was performed to identify reports of studies of nonpharmacological (physical and psychosocial) pain interventions. The review identifies intervention studies that used randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and summarizes existing evidence of effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions. A literature search yielded 28 RCT intervention studies (18 for physical interventions and 10 for psychosocial interventions) that met inclusion criteria and are included in this review. Twenty-one studies (75%) identified in this review demonstrated statistically significant differences (P < .05) in pain scores between nonpharmacological interventions and no intervention or sham interventions; the intervention groups showed lower pain intensity. More research is needed to determine the best format, intensity, duration, and content of such treatments, as well as their efficacy in the older adult population. Methodological limitations are identified in many of the studies, such as low statistical power due to sample size and imprecise measurement, lack of reliable sham controls, and inadequate blinding. Future intervention studies of nonpharmacological pain therapies may require larger sample sizes, control for comorbidities, and long-term follow-up.
Strand-specific libraries for high throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) prepared without poly(A) selection

Background High throughput DNA sequencing technology has enabled quantification of all the RNAs in a cell or tissue, a method widely known as RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). However, non-coding RNAs such as rRNA are highly abundant and can consume >70% of sequencing reads. A common approach is to extract only polyadenylated mRNA; however, such approaches are blind to RNAs with short or no poly(A) tails, leading to an incomplete view of the transcriptome. Another challenge of preparing RNA-Seq libraries is to preserve the strand information of the RNAs.
Tumor antigens defined by cloned immunological probes are highly polymorphic and are not detected on autologous normal cells.

We have isolated UV light-induced and spontaneous tumors along with nonmalignant cells and tissues from each host. CD8+ CTL clones generated to a number of highly immunogenic UV-induced tumors did not react with autologous normal fibroblasts nor with autologous second tumors. Using up to 25 independently induced tumors as targets, these CTL clones were found to be uniquely specific for the particular tumor used for immunization even when multiple tumors isolated from the same animals were used as targets. In addition to this extensive antigenic diversity of independently induced tumors, we found that a single cancer cell can express multiple independent antigens that were uniquely expressed on the tumor but were not detectable on autologous nonmalignant fibroblasts. A poorly immunogenic spontaneous tumor was also found to express an antigen that was uniquely specific for the immunizing tumor in that it was absent from any of 25 other tumors tested. This antigen was recognized by a mAb and not detected on autologous nonmalignant fibroblasts or on an autologous second spontaneous tumor. These findings demonstrate that syngeneic CTL clones or mAbs can define unique antigens on UV-induced or spontaneous tumors. The use of autologous nonmalignant fibroblast targets made it unlikely that these antigens were widely expressed on normal cells. The availability of cloned immunological probes to antigens on tumors isolated with autologous normal cells will allow a reliable identification of the genetic origins of unique antigens on experimentally induced and spontaneous tumors and permit a decisive answer to whether these unique antigens are encoded by normal genes or by genes that have undergone somatic mutations; i.e., whether these antigens are truly tumor specific.
Simulation in associate degree nursing education: A literature review

The use of simulation in nursing education is increasing in scope and popularity. Many undergraduate nursing programs have adopted high-fidelity patient simulation as an educational tool. The effect of simulation on teaching and learning is the focus of current research. The aim of this literature review is to synthesize the research findings evaluating simulation specifically in associate degree nursing education. The results of the review identified the following themes: critical thinking, clinical skill performance, knowledge acquisition, student satisfaction, self-confidence, and anxiety. Gaps in the literature are highlighted, implications for nursing education are explored, and recommendations for further research are provided. © 2014NationalOrganization forAssociateDegreeNursing. PublishedbyElsevierInc. Allrightsreserved.
Beyond VCG: frugality of truthful mechanisms

We study truthful mechanisms for auctions in which the auctioneer is trying to hire a team of agents to perform a complex task, and paying them for their work. As common in the field of mechanism design, we assume that the agents are selfish and will act in such a way as to maximize their profit, which in particular may include misrepresenting their true incurred cost. Our first contribution is a new and natural definition of the frugality ratio of a mechanism, measuring the amount by which a mechanism "overpays ", and extending previous definitions to all monopoly-free set systems. After reexamining several known results in light of this new definition, we proceed to study in detail shortest path auctions and 'r-out-of-k sets" auctions. We show that when individual set systems (e.g., graphs) are considered instead of worst cases over all instances, these problems exhibit a rich structure, and the performance of mechanisms may be vastly different. In particular, we show that the well-known VCG mechanism may be far from optimal in these settings, and we propose and analyze a mechanism that is always within a constant factor of optimal.
Structural evidence for specific S8-RNA and S8-protein interactions within the 30S ribosomal subunit: ribosomal protein S8 from Bacillus stearothermophilus at 1.9 A resolution.

Abstract Background Prokaryotic ribosomal protein S8 is an important RNA-binding protein that occupies a central position within the small ribosomal subunit. It interacts extensively with 16S rRNA and is crucial for the correct folding of the central domain of the rRNA. S8 also controls the synthesis of several ribosomal proteins by binding to mRNA. It binds specifically to very similar sites in the two RNA molecules. Results S8 is divided into two tightly associated domains and contains three regions that are proposed to interact with other ribosomal components: two potential RNA-binding sites, and a hydrophobic patch that may interact with a complementary hydrophobic region of S5. The N-terminal domain fold is found in several proteins including two that bind double-stranded DNA. Conclusions These multiple RNA-binding sites are consistent with the role of S8 in organizing the central domain and agree with the latest models of the 16S RNA which show that the S8 location coincides with a region of complicated nucleic-acid structure. The presence in a wide variety of proteins of a region homologous to the N-terminal domain supports the idea that ribosomal proteins must represent some of the earliest protein molecules.
An efficient all-fiber variable optical attenuator via acoustooptic mode coupling

A novel broad-band variable optical attenuator is realized using acoustooptic mode coupling on a cladding etched single-mode fiber. Broad-band coupling bandwidth with low attenuation ripples is achieved by matching both the group index and dispersion parameter between the core and the LP/sub 11//sup cl/ cladding modes. A single-section device exhibits a 10-dB dynamic range with attenuation ripples of 100 nm, a response time of 20 /spl mu/s, an insertion loss of 0.3 dB, and a maximum power consumption of only 3.4 mW. Attenuation of 22 dB is obtained for a cascaded two-section device.
An Intervention Package To Support High School Students with Mental Retardation in General Education Classrooms.

The effects of using a multicomponent intervention package to support the classroom performance of 4 high school students with mental retardation enrolled in general education classes were investigated. Intervention components were (a) modification of teacher-assigned worksheets, (b) instruction in assignment completion, (c) instruction in self-monitoring of classroom performance skills, (d) including students in setting performance goals, and (e) instruction in goal-evaluation. Implementation of the intervention package was associated with improved performance on modified assignments for all participants and higher report card grades for 3 participants. Three of 4 participants also correctly and independently evaluated their performance in relation to their performance goals. Findings are discussed and recommendations made for future research and practice.
Ablation of Major PKA and/or Camkii Phosphorylation Sites in the RyR2 Channel Differentially Affects the Susceptibility of Mice to Vagotonic Atrial Fibrillation

Rationale: To date, three major phosphorylation sites in the cardiac Ca2+ release channel/ryanodine receptor (RyR2) have been determined to undergo phosphorylation in vivo. Ser2808 (mouse nomenclature) is phosphorylated by both CaMKII and PKA, while Ser2814 and Ser2030 appear to be exclusively phosphorylated by CaMKII and PKA, respectively. Independent studies have shown that increased levels of RyR2 phosphorylation at S2808 and/or S2814 increase the vulnerability of mice and other mammals (including humans) to atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the role of S2030 has not been determined yet in experimental animals. Methods: We generated mice with single (S2808A and S2030A) and double (S22808A/S2030A) ablation of PKA sites, and mice with double ablation of CaMKII sites (S2808A/S2814A). Homozygous PKA- and CaMKII-phosphorylation deficient mice were subjected to rapid atrial pacing via an intracardiac catheter and their susceptibility to vagotonic (50 ng/g carbachol) AF was compared against WT littermates. Results: The CaMKII-phosphorylation deficient S2808A/S2414A double mutant mice, but not the single mutant S2808A mice, decreased their propensity to AF compared to WT mice. Surprisingly, the phospho-mutant S2030A mice displayed increased vulnerability to AF and this phenotype was not prevented by altering the phosho-state of S2808, as it was observed in the S2030A/S2808A mice. Interestingly, AF episodes lasting more than 15 min were more frequent in the CaMKII-phosphorylation deficient S2808A/S2814A mice. Conclusions: CaMKII-phosphorylation of S2814 increases significantly the incidence of non-sustained periods of AF, while PKA-phosphorylation of S2030 seems to prevent AF. Finally, the phosphorylation of S2808 does not play an important role in the prevention and/or duration of AF in this model.
A formal approach to requirements-based programming

No significant general-purpose method is currently available to mechanically transform system requirements into a provably equivalent model. The widespread use of such a method represents a necessary step toward high-dependability system engineering for numerous application domains. Current tools and methods that start with a formal model of a system and mechanically produce a provably equivalent implementation are valuable but not sufficient. The "gap" unfilled by such tools and methods is that the formal models cannot be proven to be equivalent to the requirements. We offer a method for mechanically transforming requirements into a provably equivalent formal model that can be used as the basis for code generation and other transformations. This method is unique in offering full mathematical tractability while using notations and techniques that are well known and well trusted. Finally, we describe further application areas we are investigating for use of the approach.
12 Steps for Best Practices in Referral to Mutual Self-Help Groups

While membership is completely voluntary, mutual self-help group participation represents a significant portion of the de facto system of care for substance use disorders in the United States. Clinicians who treat patients with substance use disorders often refer patients to Mutual Self Help Groups (MSHG) and are met with resistance by patients who do not engage in MSHG involvement. A brief historical overview of the original 12-step program, Alcoholics Anonymous, will be provided as well as subsequent derivatives of this program. In addition, this paper will, summarize the existing literature concerning attendance at mutual self-help groups and outcomes, and make recommendations about “best practices” for clinicians contemplating referral. This discussion will be limited to mutual self-help groups that address substance use disorders (AA, NA, CA, etc.), both 12-step and non-12 step.
Adolescents’ Eating, Exercise, and Weight Control Behaviors: Does Peer Crowd Affiliation Play a Role?

Objective To examine the association between peer crowd affiliation (e.g., Jocks, Populars, Burnouts, Brains) and adolescents’ eating, exercise, and weight control behaviors. The roles of gender and ethnicity were also examined. Method Ethnically diverse adolescents (N ¼705; 66% girls) completed the Peer Crowd Questionnaire, eating and exercise items from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, and weight control behaviors from the Eating Attitudes Test-12. Results Controlling for gender and ethnicity, adolescents affiliating with the Burnouts reported more unhealthful eating and more bulimic behaviors than others; adolescents affiliating with the Brains reported more healthful eating, less unhealthful eating, and more dieting; those affiliating with Jocks and Populars reported engaging in more exercise; and Populars also reported more unhealthful eating. In addition, boys exercised more than girls; girls reported more dieting and bulimic behaviors. Black adolescents reported more unhealthful eating and less dieting than other adolescents. Conclusions Along with gender and ethnicity, peer crowd affiliation is related to adolescents’ eating, exercise, and weight control behaviors. Prevention programs should consider adolescent peer crowds in developing health promotion and obesity prevention programs.
Extending Lenski's Schema to Hold Up Both Halves of the Sky- A Theory-Guided Way of Conceptualizing Agrarian Societies that Illuminates a Puzzle about Gender Stratification

This paper suggests that Lenski's classification of agrarian societies into simple versus advanced, based on the use of iron in the latter, obscures important variations in the gender division of labor and the level of gender stratification. In particular, his categories lump the gender egalitarian irrigated rice societies of Southeast Asia with the great majority of agrarian societies, which are strongly patriarchal. Based on my general theory of gender stratification and experience coding and analyzing gender stratification in the ethnographic databases and fieldwork in 39 countries worldwide, I propose a three-category alternative. First, agrarian societies are divided according to the technological criterion of irrigation into dry (rain-fed) and wet (irrigated rice) categories. This distinguishes two gender divisions of labor: a male farming system in dry agrarian and an “everybody works” system in labor-intensive rice cultivation, in which women are important in production. Second, irrigated rice soc...
Transgenic overexpression of a stable Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 variant.

Introduction Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a member of the Serine Protease Inhibitor (SERPIN) gene family and a key regulator of fibrinolysis. PAI-1 is unique among SERPINs in its spontaneous transition to a latent, inactive state, with a half-life of approximately 2 hours under physiologic conditions. The biologic importance of the PAI-1 transition to latency is unknown. This study aimed to engineer transgenic overexpression of a stable murine PAI-1 variant to examine the physiologic effects in vivo from delayed transition of PAI-1 to latency.
Syllable onsets as a factor in stress rules: the case of Mathimathi revisited

Theories of stress assignment commonly assume that syllable onsets do not determine a syllable's ability to attract stress. In the frameworks of McCarthy (1979) and Hayes (1981, 1995), for example, only the rhyme is projected in order to determine the weight of a syllable. In Moraic Tneory (Hyman 1985), onsets do not contribute to the weight of a syllable as a consequence of the Onset Creation rule, by which onsets lose their weightbearing unit. In the framework of Hayes (1989), the rule of Weight-byPosition ensures that only coda consonants can ever be weight-bearing. Yet some researchers have pointed out the existence of a small number of languages in which stress placement does appear to be onset-sensitive. Davis (1985, 1988) reviews such cases, arguing that at least the stress system of Mathimathi, also known as Madimadi, an Australian language formerly spoken in New South Wales, is indeed sensitive to syllable onsets in certain contexts and represents the strongest argument against Moraic Theory. In Mathimathi, as described in Hercus (1969, 1986), stress shifts from a light initial syllable to the second syllable of a word if the second syllable has a coronal consonant in its onset. The purpose of this paper is to show that Mathimathi stress is not in fact sensitive to syllable onsets. Instead, it will be argued that stress in Mathimathi is morphological rather than rhythmic, in the terminology of Hayes (1995). The apparent onsetsensitivity is due to the morphological structure of the data cited by Hercus and Davis on the one hand, and of the typical phonological shape of stems in this language on the other. Specifically, I will show that main stress in Mathimathi falls on the stem-final syllable. The peculiar pattern noticed by Hercus and Davis arises because the medial consonant in disyllabic stems of the shape CVCVC is invariably a coronal consonant.
An automated and efficient substrate noise analysis tool

This paper presents a methodology for the efficient modeling of substrate noise coupling. A closed-form Green's function for nonuniformly doped substrates is employed with the correct singular characteristics. A novel global surface impedance matrix scheme is introduced to efficiently model nonuniformly doped wells, channel stop implants, and buried layers. Layout, device, and netlist extractors are developed so as to integrate our boundary element method (BEM) solver with commercial layout and circuit simulation tools.
Sensitive phonon detection in a spiderweb optomechanical resonator

We report position-squared coupling six orders of magnitude larger than previously demonstrated, allowing measurement of as few as 652 phonons and presenting a practical route toward probing of single-phonon jumps and characterization of phonon statistics.
Turbulence in the Atmosphere: Large-eddy dynamics, the energy cascade, and large-eddy simulation

Introduction As we have seen, the huge range of spatial scales in large- R t turbulent flows makes it impossible to solve their equations of motion numerically. In applications we use ensemble- or space-averaged equations that have a drastically reduced range of scales. In Chapter 3 we saw that this averaging produces new terms involving turbulent fluxes, and in Chapter 5 we discussed the evolution equations for the fluxes produced by ensemble averaging. In this chapter we discuss the space-averaged equations further, present the evolution equations for their fluxes, and discuss the modeling of these fluxes. This modeling is of two broad types depending on the spatial scale Δ of the averaging relative to the size l of the energy-containing eddies. In what we shall call “coarse resolution” applications Δ ≫ l in “fine resolution” ones Δ ≪ l. The first numerical solutions of the averaged equations in meteorology appear to be those of Charney et al . (1950). The domain was a limited area of the earth's surface with 15 × 18 grid squares each 736 km on a side, with only one level in the vertical. The study of Phillips (1955, 1956) soon followed. Its spatial resolution was similarly coarse, but it had two grid levels in the vertical. By the 1970s general circulation models were being used fairly widely, and “mesoscale” or “limited area” models were being used in regional domains. Computer size and speed had grown substantially since the 1950s, but these newer models were still in the coarseresolution category.
Effect of Gravitational Orientation on Flow Boiling of Water in 1054 × 197 µm Parallel Minichannels

Microchannels and minichannels are being considered for high heat flux applications under microgravity environment in space missions. An experimental study is undertaken to determine the effect of gravitational orientation on flow boiling characteristics of water in a set of six parallel minichannels, each 1054 μm wide by 197 μm deep and 63.5 mm long with a hydraulic diameter of 333 μm. Three orientations — horizontal, vertical downflow and vertical upflow — are investigated under identical operating conditions of heat and mass fluxes. High-speed images are obtained to reveal the detailed two-phase flow structure and liquid-vapor interactions. The experimental data and high speed flow visualization indicate that compared to the horizontal case, the flow becomes less chaotic for vertical upflow, while the reversed flow becomes more pronounced in vertical downflow case. The resulting in increase in the back-flow is responsible for channel-to-channel flow maldistribution and heat transfer degradation. From the heat transfer data it is concluded that the performance of the tested channels under microgravity environment will be similar to the horizontal flow case.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Current Questions on National Agricultural Outlook

T HE U.S. Department of Agriculture has carried on an agricultural outlook program and forecasting conference for nearly a half century. Many changes and many improvements have been made during this period, but changes in agriculture have been very rapid. Let us look briefly at the outlook function, changes taking place in agriculture, and some related problems in the national agricultural outlook program.
Aptitude-Treatment Interactions in Educational Research

In education, the study of person-situation interaction translates into research on individual differences in student aptitudes for learning under differing instructional conditions. An old and vast literature in educational psychology attests to the fact that individual differences in learner aptitudes predict learning outcomes. But a substantial new body of literature also now demonstrates that aptitude variables often interact with instructional treatment variables in these predictions. These so-called aptitude-treatment interactions (ATI) have important implications for the development of instructional theory and research and for instructional improvement. They provide a powerful new means of testing the construct validity of aptitude constructs and of focusing task analyses of instructional situations. They suggest a systematic approach to the individualization of instruction. More than this, they signal that theories in educational research require constructs woven from an understanding of individual differences in psychological processes as these are influenced by differing situational demands; they prove the need for the unified psychological science envisioned by Cronbach (1957).