cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zebrafish spinal cord oligodendrocyte formation requires boc function

Abstract The axis of the vertebrate neural tube is patterned, in part, by a ventral to dorsal gradient of Shh signaling. In the ventral spinal cord, Shh induces concentration-dependent expression of transcription factors, subdividing neural progenitors into distinct domains that subsequently produce distinct neuronal and glial subtypes. In particular, progenitors of the pMN domain express the bHLH transcription factor Olig2 and produce motor neurons followed by oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glial cell type of the central nervous system. In addition to its role in patterning ventral progenitors, Shh signaling must be maintained through development to specify pMN progenitors for oligodendrocyte fate. Using a forward genetic screen in zebrafish for mutations that disrupt development of oligodendrocytes, we identified a new mutant allele of boc, which encodes a type I transmembrane protein that functions as a coreceptor for Shh. Embryos homozygous for the bocco25 allele, which creates a missense mutation in a Fibronectin type III domain that binds Shh, have normally patterned spinal cords but fail to maintain pMN progenitors, resulting in a deficit of oligodendrocytes. Using a sensitive fluorescent detection method for in situ RNA hybridization, we found that spinal cord cells express boc in a graded fashion that is inverse to the gradient of Shh signaling activity and that boc function is necessary to maintain pMN progenitors by shaping the Shh signaling gradient.
Innovative Instruction Using Field Surveys, Interactive Maps, Dashboards, and Infographics.

Teaching and learning about geographic concepts and perspectives in an effective, engaging manner is enriched through the use of web mapping tools and spatial data. These tools are enabled by geogr...
Health Justice for Unjust Combatants

Are field medics morally permitted to treat unjust combatants? I distinguish between two kinds of enemy combatants: reactivated ones who will rejoin the fight, and deactivated ones who will not rej...
Hybrid Computational-Experimental Data-Driven Design of Self-Assembling Pi-Conjugated Peptides

Biocompatible molecules with electronic functionality provide a promising substrate for biocompatible electronic devices and electronic interfacing with biological systems. Synthetic oligopeptides composed of an aromatic pi-core flanked by oligopeptide wings are a class of molecules that can self-assemble in aqueous environments into supramolecular nanoaggregates with emergent optical and electronic activity. We present an integrated computational-experimental pipeline employing all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and experimental UV-visible spectroscopy within an active learning workflow using deep representational learning and Bayesian optimization to design pi-conjugated peptides programmed to self-assemble into elongated pseudo-1D nanoaggregtes with a high degree of H-type co-facial stacking of the pi-cores. We consider as our design space the 694,982 unique pi-conjugated peptides comprising a quaterthtiophene pi-core flanked by symmetric oligopeptide wings up to five amino acids in length. After sampling only 1181 molecules (~0.17% of the design space) by computation and 28 (~0.004%) by experiment, we identify and experimentally validate a diversity of previously unknown high-performing molecules and extract interpretable design rules linking peptide sequence to emergent supramolecular structure and properties.
Age- and sex-matched comparison of diet quality in patients with heart failure to similarly aged healthy older adults.

The aims of this study were to (1) compare diet quality between patients with heart failure (HF) and age- and sex-matched community-dwelling healthy older adults and (2) determine whether having HF was associated with a lower Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) score and risk of micronutrient deficiency. The HEI-2015 and macro- and micronutrient intakes of patients with HF were compared with healthy older adults (N 102; 55-92 years old; 53 % female). A paired t-test or Wilcoxon singed-rank test, McNemar's test, and conditional logistic regression were used to assess the association between diet quality and HF status. Median values for HEI-2015 and the number of micronutrient deficiency were used to dichotomise into groups in the conditional logistic regression. There was no significant between-group difference in the HEI-2015 total score (P 0⋅059), whereas the whole grain component was lower in patients with HF than in healthy older adults (3⋅1 ± 3⋅5 v. 4⋅5 ± 3⋅1, P 0⋅037; respectively). Total caloric intake was lower in patients with HF than in healthy older adults (1683 ± 595 v. 2104 ± 670 kcal; P < 0⋅001). Patients with HF had a higher average number of micronutrient deficiencies than healthy older adults (4[2, 6] v. 1[0, 4], respectively, P < 0⋅001). Patients with HF had four times higher odds of being in a high micronutrient deficiency group than healthy older adults, controlling for socio-demographics and body mass index (adjusted odds ratio [95 % confidence interval]: 4⋅04[1⋅06, 15⋅41]). Our findings demonstrate that diet quality measured by nutritional intake identifies patients with HF with lower caloric intake and higher micronutrient deficiencies compared with age- and sex-matched healthy older adults.
Social Justice Educators

This chapter provides an in-depth introduction to social justice educators who participated in the study. It delineates works accomplished by participants toward social justice education and provides rationale as why the participants were selected to participate in the study. The chapter answers the questions: Is there a certain disposition to social justice education? What made these social justice educators choose to do the work they do? What are the paths they have taken that led them to social justice work? Most importantly, it shows the diversity of participants’ backgrounds which reveals that social justice education is for everyone, not a select few. Reflection questions at the end of the chapter engage the reader in thinking about his or her own journey in education
Sputtering of Metal Surfaces by Ion Bombardment

The emission of target particles under the impact of neutral or charged particles on metal targets has been the subject of investigation for more than a century. Thus it was realized several decades ago that the sputtering process played an important role in gas discharges. As seen from the excellent survey of the field, up to 1955, given by Wehner [760], most of the older data are more qualitative in character because of inadequate control of experimental conditions (as explained in section 10.2). However since the appearance of Wehner’s summary*, numerous studies under more controlled conditions have been conducted. These have led to significant new quantitative results which revise many of the conclusions drawn from qualitative older data. The astonishingly rapid increase of interest in sputtering phenomena over the last few years may be explained by the increased recognition of the important role the sputtering process plays in such fields of activity as thermo nuclear fusion plasmas (e.g., sputtered wall particles may cause unde sirable cooling effects in the plasma), the corrosion of surfaces of satellites and ion-propulsion electrodes, ion getter pumps, the controlled deposi tion of thin films of almost any material, and surface cleaning.
The Origins of the Remote Future Formatives in Kinyarwanda, Kirundi and Giha (J61)

Among the interlacustrine languages of eastern Africa Kinyarwanda, Kirundi and Giha have been classified in Bastin [1978] as dialects of the same language, identified in the zone classification system as J61. While it is certainly debatable whether or not they should be considered to constitute a single language, this classificaiton clearly reflects the high degree of similarity and mutual intelligibility found among these three languages. Given the very close correspondences that we do find, in particular among the basic tense formatives and their meanings, it is of special interest that the remote future formatives in these languages differ as much as they do in phonological form: -za:- in Kinyarwanda, zo:- in Kirundi, and -ro- in Giha. Just as perplexing is the apparent lack in these languages of a future formative of the general form -li-, a form characteristic of nearly every other language in zone J. My objective in this paper is to describe and trace the probable development of these various forms of the remote future marker and, in so doing, demonstrate that they do originate in the same source as the more common form -Ji-.
The Bangladeshi Genocide of 1971

A major genocide occurred in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) in 1971. The genocide took place during Bangladesh's War of National Liberation. This essay places the Bangladeshi genocide in the context of the Bengali people's quest for political and economy autonomy during the Pakistan regime.
A Cell-free Investigation of the Relationship between Myoglobin Expression, Globin Stability and Heme Affinity

We have successfully developed a wheat germ extract cell-free assay to analyze the relationship between myoglobin (Mb) expression levels and both globin stability and heme affinity. A major advantage of this assay over measurements of Mb production in E. coli is the decoupling of cellular homeostasis with protein expression. Mb variants were selected to include highly stable Mbs of deep diving mammals, unstable Mbs of terrestrial mammals, and Mb mutants with apolar mutations in the heme pocket. Based on our in vitro assay, there is a strong linear correlation between the quantified in vitro expression levels of fully folded Mb variants and their corresponding apoMb unfolding parameters measured independently with purified proteins. ApoMb stability was more critical for holoMb expression than heme affinity. Higher expression levels were observed for Mb mutants with heme pocket apolar mutations that significantly increase apoMb stability but decrease heme affinity. These results confirm previous qualitative...
Identification of Surface Contaminants Using Infrared Micro-Profiling

Infrared micro-profiling is the combination of infrared microspectroscopy with precise microscope stage movements. It can provide molecular and spatial information for a variety of samples as small as 10 μn in diameter. To illustrate the technique, different contaminant materials, including a cellulose acetate fiber, oils deposited from a fingerprint, and a thin film of solder flux residue, were infrared micro-profiled. An integrated absorbance data reduction technique commonly used in gas chromatography/FT-IR applications was applied to the micro-profiling data. This technique organizes the vast amount of data generated, enabling the user to plot the results in 3-dimensional projections, allowing extraction of relevant spatial information. A method of coadding spectra from different pixel elements is presented, providing higher quality spectra without increasing data acquisition time. This procedure improves spectral signal-to-noise which aids in the identification of unknown contaminants.
Power interference cancellation for dual-band transcutaneous bio-implant systems

An integrated circuit structure for a dual-band transcutaneous bio-implant system that can remove the problematic power interference coupled into the weak data telemetry signal is presented. The unwanted effect of coupled power interference is efficiently suppressed through a feedback cancellation that directly annihilates the interference with an optimally tuned fraction of the received power signal by the implanted power receiver.
Perfectionism Affects Blood Pressure in Response to Repeated Exposure to Stress

This pilot study examined the effects of perfectionism on blood pressure (BP) in response to repeated exposure to mental arithmetic stressors. College students (N = 30) in a laboratory setting were administered a series of challenging mathematical tasks. BP was measured at baseline and after each task. Multilevel modelling analyses revealed that BP tended to decline over the course of the mathematical tasks. However, higher levels of performance standards predicted relatively stable levels of systolic BP, whereas moderate and lower levels of standards predicted declines in systolic BP. Higher levels of self-critical perfectionism predicted generally sustained levels of diastolic BP, with moderate and low self-criticism predicting declines in diastolic BP during the repeated stressors. These preliminary results suggest that students with higher levels of perfectionism may be at risk for physiological problems associated with stress reactivity, perhaps especially so in situations in which they experience persistent stress. Although results were qualified by a relatively small sample size, effects were statistically significant and supported the importance of examining the short-term and long-term implications of the effects of perfectionism on cardiovascular function and the different implications of elevations in systolic and diastolic BP. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lactantius’s Power Struggle

During the Diocletianic Persecution and at the dawn of Constantine’s rise to power, Lactantius penned Book V of the Divine Institutes, in which he offers a striking account of Church-state relations. For Lactantius, imperial power is at odds with the Christian “course of life.” To be a people of virtue, Christians must perform justice from below, under the rule of a secular state whose gaze is fixed on its self-preservation at all costs. Lactantius makes clear that if Christians collude with the power of the state, exercising power from above, justice becomes an impracticable virtue. Not only would Christianity’s transition to the imperial seat alter the material conditions which best form Christians in virtue, it would, in Lactantius’s view, cultivate lives of vice and alienation from God. This essay contends that in Book V of the Divine Institutes, Lactantius employs Christian reasoning to demonstrate how secular politics are antithetical to Christian discipleship.
A case report of intraoperative retroorbital fluid dissection after frontal mini-trephine placement.

Objectives/Hypothesis We report a case of a 24-year-old male with a history of allergic fungal sinusitis, who experienced an intraoperative retro-orbital fluid dissection after frontal mini-trephine placement. Although mini-trephination of the frontal sinus is a useful technique that is frequently employed during endoscopic sinus surgery, it has potential complications. The purpose of this report is to discuss a previously unreported complication of frontal mini-trephination and its management. Laryngoscope, 123:2969–2971, 2013
Does an increase in serum creatinine always reflect renal injury? The case of Stribild®

Single tablet, once-daily HIV treatment regimens offer patient convenience, the potential for increased adherence, and fewer patient-related dosing errors[1] . Stribild® (manufactured and marketed by Gilead Sciences; referred to as "applicant" in this report), a 4-drug fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet, is approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in treatment-naive adult patients. Stribild® contains elvitegravir (an integrase strand transfer inhibitor), cobicistat (an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes), and the nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF).
Tick Size and Adverse Selection: Spurious Effects Arising from Serial Correlation

In this paper, we demonstrate using a simple model that reducing tick size may either reduce or increase adverse selection. Therefore, the effect of tick size on adverse selection is an important empirical question. At the same time, we demonstrate that the standard asymmetric information models used to estimate effects of informed trading rely on econometric techniques that may give spurious results. Using simulations from an equilibrium model with no asymmetric information but endogenously determined market orders, we demonstrate that standard techniques may generate a positive asymmetric information component even when the true one is zero, and that this upward bias in the adverse selection component is affected by tick size. This bias occurs in part from serial correlation of order flow that may increase under sufficiently small tick sizes due to orders being split.
Field Characterization of Potential Reference Sediments in the Gulf of Mexico: Chemical and Biological Quality

Baseline information on the chemical and biological quality of sediments is provided for six coastal locations in the northern Gulf of Mexico, which were considered possible candidates for regional reference areas. Chemical quality, toxicity and benthic community composition were determined for sediments collected three times from each of 12 sites during an approximate one-year period. Potential contaminants in the usually sand-dominated sediments exceeded individual threshold effects level guidelines proposed for Florida coastal areas in approximately 31% of the samples collected from 8 of 12 sites. No probable effects level guidelines were exceeded. Acute toxicity occurred in 16% or less of the sediment samples and no significant chronic toxicity was observed to the infaunal amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus. Approximately, 11% and 17% of the sediments were classified as poor or marginal, based on low benthic taxa abundance and diversity index values, respectively. Sediment quality at many sites was les...
Chemical, structural, and transport properties of Na 1 − x CoO 2

We report measurements of room-temperature compressibility, thermal expansion, thermoelectric power \ensuremath{\alpha}(T) at various pressures $Pl~20\mathrm{kbar},$ basal-plane resistivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{ab}}(T),$ magnetic susceptibility, and thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T)$ taken on single-crystal or cold-pressed ${\mathrm{Na}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2},$ $(1\ensuremath{-}x)\ensuremath{\approx}0.57.$ Whereas the c-axis thermal expansion is large, the basal-plane thermal expansion remains negligible for all temperatures $Tl300\mathrm{K}.$ We propose here that pinning of the nominal Co(IV)/Co(III) redox couple at the top of the ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}{:2p}^{6}$ bands, and a schematic location of the ${a}_{1}^{T}$ and ${e}^{T}$ antibonding bands of this couple with respect to the Fermi energy are responsible for the large thermoelectric power found in this compound. On the other hand, the phonon contribution to the thermal conductivity measured on a dense cold-pressed ceramic sample is not as small as previously reported.
Correlates of misperceptions in HIV knowledge and attitude towards People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) among in-school and out- of-school adolescents in Ghana.

Background: A quarter century into the HIV pandemic, knowledge about sexual transmission and sharing of needles remain high just as misperceptions relating to casual contact. Objectives: To assess HIV knowledge, misperceptions, and attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) among adolescents. Methods: A cross sectional quantitative and qualitative study was conducted among adolescents aged 10-19 (n = 483; mean age, 16.6) in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Results: Knowledge score ranged 0 to 38 (mean = 26.64; sd ± 6.74). To prevent AIDS, 78.1% mentioned sexual abstinence, condom use (72.7%), fidelity to partner (72.5%), not sharing needles (76.4%), and reducing sexual partners (56.7%). Statistically significant associations were found in high misperception scores and having negative attitude towards PLWHAs (0.001 < p < 0.009). Out-ofschool adolescents were less likely to be willing to take care of HIV/AIDS relatives (p = 0.004); allow PLWHAs conceal their status (p < 0.001); allow PLWHAs to work with others (p = 0.007); more likely to let PLWHAs have less healthcare (p = 0.026); and indicate that PLWHAs should be isolated (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Out-of-school adolescents constitute hard-to-reach population and mechanisms should be developed to reach them to reduce misperceptions which may fuel stigma and discrimination. African Health Sciences 2009: 9(2):82-91
Atomic Scale Monte-Carlo Studies of Entropic Elasticity Properties of Polymer Chain Molecules

This chapter describes atomic scale Monte — Carlo studies of entropic elasticity properties of individual polymer chain molecules. An efficient numerical Monte — Carlo sampling approach is outlined and used to evaluate the entropic contribution to the total elastic force. Specific load-extension curves are obtained numerically for a group of molecules with degenerate potential energy profiles. Results of the atomistic modeling are compared with the limiting continuum model of the same type of polymers. The extent of the linear and nonlinear elastic regimes and dependence on the molecular weight and geometric parameters of the molecules are discussed.
Unsupervised Calibration for Multi-beam Lasers

Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) sensors have become increasingly common in both industrial and robotic applications. LIDAR sensors are particularly desirable for their direct distance measurements and high accuracy, but traditionally have been configured with only a single rotating beam. However, recent technological progress has spawned a new generation of LIDAR sensors equipped with many simultaneous rotating beams at varying angles, providing at least an order of magnitude more data than single-beam LIDARs and enabling new applications in mapping [6], object detection and recognition [15], scene understanding [16], and SLAM [9].
Canonical models for determining the effect of decoupling capacitors on computer packages

We develop simple models that can be handled by existing electromagnetic analysis tools, and use them to answer some of the basic questions on decoupling and provide parameters for more complete models of the computer package.
The Unknowability of God in Al-Ghazali

The main lines of this exploration are quite simply drawn. That the God whom Jews, Christians, and Muslims worship outstrips our capacities for characterization, and hence must be unknowable, will be presumed as uncontested. The reason that God is unknowable stems from our shared confession that ‘the Holy One, blessed be He’, and ‘the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth’, and certainly ‘Allah, the merciful One’ is one; and just why God's oneness entails God's being unknowable deserves discussion, though that will occur as we move along. The issue facing us is the one which preoccupied al-Ghazali: how does a seeker respond to that unknowability?The root meaning of the Arabic word for ‘student’ (tawlib) means ‘seeker’, and that attitude of ‘seeking the face of God’, along with the indescribability of the face, will be presumed throughout our discussion. That's why we are struck with the clumsy term ‘unknowable’ rather than its more euphonious Greek form ‘agnostic’. For Western agnostics are such largely because they cannot find God sufficiently compelling, while they ‘would not have the impudence to claim to be atheists’ – as one contemporary seeker puts it. So theologians feel it necessary to enclose the term in quotation marks when discussing, say, Aquinas' ‘agnosticism’ regarding divinity. Yet a genuine unknowing does lie at the heart of the inquiry of the Jew, Christian or Muslim seeking after God; indeed, it is the unknowing which distinguishes a search for God from lusting after idols. So let us follow al-Ghazali in an effort to discover the lineaments of both search and seeker after an unknowable God.
Effects of chondroitinase‐ABC on proteoglycans and swelling properties of fibrocartilage in bovine flexor tendon

Fibrocartilaginous regions of bovine deep flexor tendon were treated with chondroitinase-ABC and trypsin in order to extract proteoglycans from the extracellular matrix and thereby investigate the contribution of proteoglycan and collagen organization to tissue material properties. Chondroitinase-ABC digestion of tendon specimens for 24 h resulted in extraction of 60% of tissue glycosaminoglycan and leaching of the degraded large proteoglycan from the tissue residue. The totally degraded core protein of the small dermatan sulfate proteoglycan remained with the tissue residue, indicating that it is specifically associated with the tissue residue and that this association is not dependent on the glycosaminoglycan chains. Treatment of residues with trypsin after chondroitinase-ABC digestion depleted the specimens of proteoglycan. Bulk swelling tests on enzyme-extracted specimens showed that the distinct swelling properties of the fibrocartilaginous regions of the distal flexor tendon could be partially accounted for by elevated levels of proteoglycan. Swelling tests also showed that the distinct collagen organization of this region contributes significantly to the tissue's material properties. These results suggest that the fibrocartilaginous organization and composition of the articulating layer of distal tendon are adapted for mechanical requirements unique to this site, which receives compressive and frictional loads in addition to tensile loads.
Computationally efficient algorithms for a one-time pad scheme

The use of cryptography for data protection has received a great deal of attention in recent years. This paper presents computationally efficient algorithms for the implementation of a one-time pad scheme. The algorithms to encipher and decipher text were implemented on aPDP-11 computer using the programming languageC. To study the behavior of the keys used to encipher and decipher text, we used the chi-square method, and the test results of two runs are presented with some statistical analysis.
Erratum to: Dihedral manifold approximate fibrations over the circle

The original publication of the article has been published with an incorrect proof of Theorem 8.1 in [1]. Specifically, we know neither how to verify nor disprove the claim that the homeomorphism J1 : W → W satisfies the dihedral relation. Thus, we retract Theorem 8.1. Consequently, the assertion that (3) implies (4) in Theorem 1.1 is unproven. The remaining implications in the proof of Theorem 1.1 hold. Theorems 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 are independent of Theorem 8.1 and remain valid. In particular, the material in Sects. 2–7 holds (as well as Lemma 8.2).
Useful Antagonists: Transatlantic Influence, Sectionalism, and Whitman's Nationalist Project

Argues that, “faced with a splintering American nation and the possibility of a militarized Mason-Dixon line, the antebellum Whitman conceived of the Atlantic as the single relevant national border,” leading him—“in an improbable bid to exchange sectionalism for Anglophobia”—to attack “the obstacles of sectionalism and transatlantic influence by treating them as part of the same problem, building his reputation as an authentically American writer through a strategic conflation of sectionalist and transatlantic pressures”; examines how Whitman’s antislavery writings “pass over the South as the primary object of criticism, and . . . draw the transatlantic scene from the periphery to the center of the narrative of American slavery”; and reads a number of Whitman’s poems, including “A Boston Ballad,” in the context of Whitman’s attempt to use British contempt for the United States as a spur for pulling the nation together.
A review of the role of the biliary system in atrophic arthritis

1. The biliary system is related to the mechanism of atrophic arthritis in some patients. 2. The mechanism of this interrelationship has not been fully analyzed. 3. There are two probable interrelationships (1) bacterial, (2) metabolic. 4. Atrophic arthritis is a universal disease existing both in man and beast, both wild and domesticated, carnivorous and herbivorous, civilized and primitive, extinct and extant; hence any approach to the problem must be along broad biologic lines. Cholecysti disease is likewise a broad biologic problem. 5. The etiology of atrophie arthritis is unknown today, although it is commonly considered to be an infection originating in foci elsewhere in the body; yet focal infection alone does not produce atrophic arthritis. 6. Bacteriologic studies of the bile and gall bladder in cholecystic disease show that about one third of these yield pathogenic bacteria. 7. The mechanism of the beneficial effects of jaundice on arthritis is unknown and requires study.
Renal medullary carcinoma: an aggressive neoplasm in patients with sickle cell trait

Renal medullary carcinoma is a recently described tumor that occurs exclusively in patients with sickle cell trait. Although extremely rare, the distinctive demographic, clinical, and radiologic findings should suggest the diagnosis of this aggressive neoplasm.
Efficient full-chip QA Tool for design to mask (D2M) feature variability verification

Techniques to control Across Chip CD Variation are very important in IC design, since it directly impacts the electrical timing and functionality of the designs. VLSI designs today include a rich variety of electrical devices (different gate oxide thicknesses, different threshold voltages, etc.) to provide the much needed flexibility to the chip designer. These devices occur at different proximities and different densities on a full chip design. In this paper, we describe a method for improving and ensuring design-to-mask (D2M) quality via a quantitative relationship between design specification and full chip tapeout results. This is done by applying a layout profiling technique with the aim of capturing comprehensive representation of the design space, this method ensures the quality of design-to-mask flow prior to release OPC data to mask house.
Dynamics of Golf Ball-Hole Interactions: Rolling Around the Rim

A previous study of a golf ball rolling o the rim of a cup neglected the spin of the ball about a line perpendicular to the plane of contact. The capture process is studied here by numerically solving the equations for rolling without slipping on the rim. The boundary in the velocity-impact parameter space separating roll-in and roll-out trajectories corresponds to initial conditions for a set of near quasi-equilibrium trajectories. Stability of the equilibrium trajectories is investigated using symbolic linearization of perturbation solutions from them. Although the locally unstable equilibrium trajectories themselves are not attainable from the two-space of pure rolling initial conditions, the boundary is nevertheless a barrier' in that it corresponds to long contact times and large roll around angles.
Using Play to Build the Social Competence of Young Children with Language Delays: Practical Guidelines for Teachers.

Social competence and social communication development can be concurrently supported through intentional thought and planning on the part of the early childhood special educator. In this article, we present suggestions for how teachers can effectively plan for and implement interventions to support these two areas, all within the context of play. The levels of play, awareness, exploration, and problem solving can be utilized by teachers to provide experiences for children, specifically those with language delays, to enhance and refine their social competence skills, while also furthering their language development. It is important for teachers to provide, to the extent possible, an environment that is arranged to allow for multiple opportunities to practice these skills, while also keeping in mind the child’s preferences and interests. Implementation of the suggested strategies can support children with language delays, as well as their peers, in becoming more successful with using their social communication skills to appropriately navigate social situations within the context of play.
Inductive Top-Down Theorizing: A Source of New Theories of Organization

Building on coherence theory and a pragmatist tradition, we offer an inductive model of top-down theorizing that can be a source of new theories of organization. We explain how an initial hypothesis is refined to enhance its potential contribution (consistent with abduction). But, unlike abduction, we explain how inquiry begins— how research tensions are carved out of the flux of the vast literature—and how constant comparison facilitates an abductive process.
Mapping techniques for document processing

An information retrieval system should provide references to the set of documents the user must evaluate in order to satisfy his/her information requirements. A major concern in this evaluation process is whether or not a document meets the user's needs. In many document retrieval systems there is no relevant information regarding the content of the documents. This makes it very difficult to evaluate if a document is relevant to the user's initial query. This suggests the need for a method to compare the documents on a word by word basis. Fully automated methods are too complex and difficult to generalize upon. A semiautomated user driven method for document mapping is described in this paper. It should decrease the amount of time required to validate the information content of a query.
A General Class of Parametric Models for Recurrent Event Data

The general class of models proposed by Pena and Hollander for recurrent event data is considered under a fully parametric specification of the baseline hazard rate function and under the two cases where the model does and does not incorporate frailty components. Estimators of model parameters are presented, and their finite and asymptotic properties are ascertained. For the asymptotic properties, the results of Borgan concerning maximum likelihood estimators in counting process models are used to obtain weak convergence to Gaussian distributions of estimators. However, the required regularity conditions are reformulated into conditions involving gap times, which make it more feasible to obtain explicit theoretical expressions of asymptotic covariances. The procedures are applied to fit the general class of models with a parametric baseline hazard rate function to a dataset on hydraulic subsystems of “load-haul-dump” machines in mining.
Reflector Horizons and Paleobathymetric History, Eastern Panama

Basement rocks of eastern Panama, exposed around the Golfo de San Miguel, include dense well-preserved pillow basalt and diabase which are overlain by deformed chert and thin-bedded siliceous radiolarian-rich abyssal oceanic sedimentary rocks of Late Cretaceous (in part, early Campanian) age. This basalt-chert relation of the Late Cretaceous is approximately correlative with the lower reflector horizon of the deep oceans. A second abyssal volcanic phase with radiolarian-rich sediments occurs in the lower and middle parts of the Morti Tuffs, early to middle Eocene in age, which represents the equivalent of the upper reflector horizon in the deep oceans. A third abyssal volcanic phase associated with radiolarian-rich tuffaceous sediments, with some chert and agglomerate, occurs in the middle Oligocene to lower Miocene formations; this sequence has not been identified as a specific reflector in deep-sea sections. A deep-marine erosional or nondepositional interval occurs between the Late Cretaceous basement rocks and the Eocene Morti Tuffs; a second hiatus separates the Morti Tuffs from the overlying middle Oligocene to lower Miocene Pacific Tuffs and Clarita Limestone. In eastern Panama, the development of a Panamanian ridge or block is shown by the progressively shallower water facies during the middle and later Neogene, leading to paralic and nonmarine facies of the Pliocene-Pleistocene. Cessation of interoceanic communication occurred gradually during this phase, terminating finally in the Pliocene-Pleistocene. This paleobathymetric development is likely similar to that for nearby northwestern Colombia; it is in distinct contrast to the developmental history of the Canal Zone region where deep-ocean sedimentation was terminated in the middle Eocene. These middle Eocene shallower water facies of the Canal Zone may have been the source for displaced shallower water facies that are intermixed in some cases with deep-water Eocene facies of eastern Panama.
Proceed with Caution: On Teaching and Therapy*

The importance of awareness as to the motivation of the leader or teacher who is involved in affective group process is elaborated in this article. Differentiations are made between manipulation and teaching and therapy and education. The importance of “allowing” as a ground rule for groups is described along with a rationale for this which includes factors such as readiness and motivation. The integration of the affective and cognitive domains in the curriculum (confluent education) is touched on in relationship to the conscious use of affective process in the classroom. Finally, the existential condition of the “Now” is described as a significant factor for guiding the behavior of the leader or teacher.
Reexamination of the specific heat of an extreme type-II classical superconductor versus temperature and magnetic field near Tc

We have reexamined the accurate specific heat data of Barnes and Hake on the extreme type-II classical superconducting alloy Ti--16 at. % Mo to see if the effects of fluctuations can be seen. We show that the zero-magnetic-field data near ${T}_{c}$ can be described by a singular term of the form \ensuremath{\Vert}${T}_{c}$-T${\ensuremath{\Vert}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$. This is the same result found for the Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor and that expected from a model involving Gaussian fluctuations considered by Thouless and by Aslamazov and Larkin. Also we find that, above a certain magnetic field defined by Landau and Lifshitz, the data scale according to relations derived by Douglass.
My Gray is Golden: Thoughts About Aging From the Perspective of Adults With Neurologically Based Communication Impairments

Aging with disability may follow several trajectories, depending on the nature of the disability, the age of onset, the individual differences in the person, and the support systems available. This article will discuss theories of aging and loss together with various neurological diagnoses, where the two conditions (aging and neurological condition) lead to individual differences in coping, compensation, and outcome.
Luminescence lifetimes of rhodium(III) halopentaammines in aqueous solution. Direct comparison of excited state lifetimes with photoaquation quantum yields

Abstract Luminescence lifetimes and photoaquation quantum yields of RhA 5 X 2+ (A = NH 3 or ND 3 , X − = Cl − or Br − ) measured in aqueous solution indicate that emission and aquation are competitive processes of the same ligand field excited state. Lifetimes are 10–30 ns with the longer lived perdeuterio complexes also displaying larger photoreaction quantum yields.
Enhanced active cross-bridges during diastole: molecular pathogenesis of tropomyosin's HCM mutations.

Three HCM-causing tropomyosin (Tm) mutants (V95A, D175N, and E180G) were examined using the thin-filament extraction and reconstitution technique. The effects of Ca2+, ATP, phosphate, and ADP concentrations on cross-bridge kinetics in myocardium reconstituted with each of these mutants were studied at 25°C, and compared to wild-type (WT) Tm at physiological ionic strength (200 mM). All three mutants showed significantly higher (2–3.5 fold) low Ca2+ tension (TLC) and stiffness than WT at pCa 8.0. High Ca2+ tension (THC) was significantly higher for E180G than that for WT, whereas THC of V95A and D175N was similar to WT; high Ca2+ stiffness (YHC) had the same trend. The Ca2+ sensitivity of isometric force was significantly greater for V95A and E180G than for WT, whereas that of D175N remained the same as for WT; for all mutants, cooperativity was lower than for WT. Nine kinetic constants and the cross-bridge distribution were deduced using sinusoidal analysis. The number of force-generating cross bridges was similar among the D175N, E180G, and WT Tm forms, but it was significantly larger in the case of V95A than WT. We conclude that the increased number of actively cycling cross bridges at pCa 8 is the major cause of Tm mutation-related HCM pathogenesis, which may result in diastolic dysfunction. Decreased contractility (Tact) in V95A and D175N may further contribute to the severity of myocyte hypertrophy and related prognosis of the disease.
Effective conductivity of suspensions of overlapping spheres

An accurate first‐passage simulation technique formulated by the authors [J. Appl. Phys. 68, 3892 (1990)] is employed to compute the effective conductivity σe of distributions of penetrable (or overlapping) spheres of conductivity σ2 in a matrix of conductivity σ1. Clustering of particles in this model results in a generally intricate topology for virtually the entire range of sphere volume fractions φ2 (i.e., 0≤φ2≤1). Results for the effective conductivity σe are presented for several values of the conductivity ratio α=σ2/σ1, including superconducting spheres (α=∞) and perfectly insulating spheres (α=0), and for a wide range of volume fractions. The data are shown to lie between rigorous three‐point bounds on σe for the same model. Consistent with the general observations of Torquato [J. Appl. Phys. 58, 3790 (1985)] regarding the utility of rigorous bounds, one of the bounds provides a good estimate of the effective conductivity, even in the extreme contrast cases (α≫1 or α≂0), depending upon whether the system is below or above the percolation threshold.
Making responsible decisions. An interpretive ethic for genetic decisionmaking.

It is widely thought that genetic counselors should work with parents “nondirectively”: they should keep parents informed and support their decisions. But this view misconceives human decisionmaking by failing to recognize that value choices are constructed within and constrained by a community. Acknowledging that decisions involve interaction with and responsibility toward others leads to a “dialogical” model of counseling, in which genetic counselors may question and guide parents’ decisions.
Initial impact of low stocking density of grass carp on aquatic macrophytes

Abstract Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) stocked at a low density (29 kg ha−1) to one of two small ponds significantly reduced the biomass of aquatic macrophytes (especially of the filamentous alga Cladophora globulina Kutz.) and changed the species composition of the higher aquatic plant community. After grass carp stocking (in 1999), Myriophyllum spicatum L., Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Lemnaceae species replaced the species present originally: Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. et Schult., Potamogeton pusillus L. and P. pectinatus L., which were dominant in 1998.
Libraries in National Literacy Education Programmes in Africa South of the Sahara: The state-of-the-art

Etude de la participation des bibliotheques publiques et de village dans les programmes d'alphabetisation au cours des deux dernieres decennies: definition et etendue de l'illettrisme en Afrique noire; population touchee par les programmes d'alphabetisation; services et activites des bibliotheques dans ces programmes; materiel et equipement mis en œuvre; financement; personnel; cooperation entre bibliotheques et avec autres structures
Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America. By Paul Frymer. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. 214p. $16.95 paper.

The multiracial extravaganza staged at the 2000 Republican convention reminds us of the centrality of race in our national politics. In a work that effectively challenges cher- ished notions of how the political system functions, Paul Frymer argues that through most of U.S. history the major parties have lacked incentives to promote the interests of African Americans.
Tests of allocative efficiency in regulated multi-product firms

Abstract In this paper a shadow normalized restricted profit function is used to test for allocative efficiency with respect to both inputs and outputs in regulated firms producing multiple outputs. The efficiency of input choices is tested by examining the relationship between marginal rates of technical substitution and input price ratios, while the efficiency of output pricing is tested by examining the relationship between the price and marginal cost of each output. Observation specific estimates of deviations from efficient behavior are obtained by specifying the shadow prices of outputs and variable inputs as functions of variables that are causally related to the sources of inefficiency. The model is estimated with data for privately-owned electric utilities in the United States. The results indicate that the price of residential output is less than its marginal cost and the price of commercial-industrial output is greater than its marginal cost. Utilities subject to fuel adjustment clauses are found to use more than the cost-minimizing amount of fuel relative to labor.
Joint AGU and Lunar Science Conference

For the past 3 years there has been increasing concern about the duplication of papers on lunar and planetary sciences between the meetings of various societies and the annual meeting at the Johnson Space Center, Clear Lake, Texas. In addition to the costs for travel and accommodation (approximately $400–$800 per conference for most attendees from the United States) there is the time spent on airplanes and sitting in sessions. I argue that a potential saving of at least $300,000 per year justifies a reduction of meetings on lunar and planetary sciences. We must find money for young scientists and new ideas.
Portfolio Risk Measurement: A Review of Value at Risk

While the traditional VaR approach has not typically been focused on alternative investment strategies (especially those with pricing or liquidity concerns), VaR remains a focal point of asset risk management approaches. This article provides, for the mathematically adept, examples of both parametric and non-parametric approaches. The article also reflects the increased sophistication necessary to adequately monitor and manage today9s portfolios. Perhaps it is that very sophistication that makes it the necessary response to the spread of today9s asset management and control.
Nearshore current pattern off south texas: an interpretation from aerial photographs

Abstract Current patterns in a 4-km-wide zone along the south Texas coast were interpreted from patterns of water turbidity visible in aerial photographs taken during a winter day of moderate northerly winds. Features of the turbidity pattern remained recognizable on photographs taken 25 min apart. Currents measured from the movements of these features were southward and nearly parallel to shore, increasing from about 17 cm/sec in an offshore zone to about 40 cm/sec at the line of breaking waves. The shoreward increase in velocity was probably a manifestation of wave-driven longshore currents. Rip-current plumes were drifting with this longshore current and during their drift were deformed by the horizontal shear of the current. As a result of the shear, the plume axes trended seaward in an obliquely updrift direction. Much of the turbidity visible in the photographs was caused by suspended sediment apparently supplied to the Gulf of Mexico through Aransas Pass, a tidal inlet from which a large ebb-tidal plume of turbid water was issuing at the time of the photography. Another discrete mass of turbid water along the coast to the south was probably the preceding ebb-tidal plume, which had become separated from the inlet and was drifting with the shore-parallel shelf current. Still farther south, a linear pattern of turbid and less turbid bands in the offshore zone suggested the development of Langmoir circulation having cell axes parallel to the shelf current. The turbid bands probably marked the zones of surface divergence and upwelling of the Langmuir circulation. The spacing between the turbid bands averaged about ten times the water depth, and thus the cells were much flatter than Langmuir cells that have been observed in deeper water.