cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schwannoma of the tongue: two case reports and review of the literature

The aim of this study was to describe clinicopathologic and radiographic features of two cases of schwannoma involving the oral tongue and to review the literature of this unusual clinical entity. Case reports with review of the pathologic, radiologic and clinical data for two patients with schwannoma of the tongue are reported. Review of the literature of case reports of schwannomas (neurilemmomas) of the tongue from 1955 to 2006 with analysis of the patient’s age, gender, presenting symptom(s), tumor size, and surgical approach was undertaken. The two patients in our series presented with painless swelling of the tongue. Transoral excision was performed and pathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of schwannoma in both the cases. A total of 126 cases of schwannoma of the tongue have been reported in the English literature over the past 51 years. Schwannomas of the tongue typically present in the third decade of life (33%), display no gender predilection (52.8% female; 47.2% male) and often present as a painless mass (69.6%). Schwannomas are likely to elicit distressing symptoms when they occur in the posterior one-third of the tongue (63.2 vs. 13.5%) or approach 3 cm in greatest dimension (33.0 vs. 18.2 mm). The vast majority of cases have been treated with transoral excision (94.8%). Recurrence after surgical excision has not been reported. Schwannoma of the tongue is a relatively rare tumor of the head and neck. Transoral resection allows for removal of this tumor in a manner that precludes recurrence, avoids causing morbidity of tongue function, and remains the standard approach for the treatment of the vast majority of these tumors.
Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Suicidal Behavior

ABSTRACT These guidelines review what is known about the epidemiology, causes, management, and prevention of suicide and attempted suicide in young people. Detailed guidelines are provided concerning the assessment and emergency management of the children and adolescents who present with suicidal behavior. The guidelines also present suggestions on how the clinician may interface with the community. Crisis hotlines, method restriction, educational programs, and screening/ case-finding suicide prevention strategies are examined, and the clinician is advised on media counseling. Intervention in the community after a suicide, minimization of suicide contagion or imitation, and the training of primary care physicians and other gatekeepers to recognize and refer the potentially suicidal child and adolescent are discussed.
Hierarchial relationships among formal cognitive structures and their relationship to principled moral reasoning

Measurements of formal reasoning and principled moral reasoning ability were obtained from a sample of 99 tenth grade students. Specific modes of formal reasoning (proportional reasoning, controlling variables, probabilistic, correlational, and combinatorial reasoning) were first examined. Findings support the notion of hierarchical relationships which exist among those variables. Further results from factor analysis provide evidence that the variables represent specific cognitive structures that are interdependent with each other and precede operations in development. Finally, significant relationships were found to exist between the different modes of formal reasoning and principled moral reasoning. Combinatorial and correlational reasoning were found to significantly account for 22% of the variance in principled moral reasoning. Theoretical and educational implications are discussed.
Gender in the Welfare State

Gender relations—embodied in the sexual division of labor, compulsory heterosexuality, gendered forms of citizenship and political participation, ideologies of masculinity and femininity, and the like—profoundly shape the character of welfare states. Likewise, the institutions of social provision—the set of social assistance and social insurance programs and universal citizenship entitlements to which we refer as “the welfare state” —affect gender relations. Until recently, two broad approaches to gender relations and welfare states predominated: one which saw states contributing to the social reproduction of gender hierarchies, and a second which saw states having an ameliorative impact on gender inequality. More recently, two new strands of research have emerged emphasizing the variation in the effects of social policies on gender.
Surface chemistry reactions of α‐terpineol [(R)‐2‐(4‐methyl‐3‐cyclohexenyl)isopropanol] with ozone and air on a glass and a vinyl tile

UNLABELLED The surface-phase reaction products of alpha-terpineol [(R)-2-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexenyl)isopropanol] with ozone (O(3)), air or nitrogen (N(2)) on both a glass and vinyl flooring tile were investigated using the recently published FLEC Automation and Control System (FACS). The FACS was used to deliver O(3) (100 ppb), air or N(2) to the surface at a specified flow rate (300 ml/min) and relative humidity (50%) after application of a 1.6%alpha-terpineol solution in methanol. Oxidation products were detected using the derivatization agents: O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine and N,O-bis(trimethysilyl)trifluoroacetamide. The positively identified reaction products were glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 4-oxopentanal. The proposed oxidation products based on previously published VOC/O(3) reaction mechanisms were: 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one, 6-hydroxyhept-en-2-one, 3-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-6-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one) and one surface-enhanced reaction product: 5-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one. Though similar products were observed in gas-phase alpha-terpineol/O(3) reactions, the ratio of the reaction products were different suggesting stabilization of larger molecular weight species by the surface. Emission profiles of these oxidation products over 72 h are also reported. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can interact with indoor initiators [such as hydroxyl radicals (OH*), ozone and nitrate radicals (NO(3)*)] to form a number of oxygenated by-products in the gas-phase. However, when VOCs are applied to or are present on the surface, heterogeneous chemistry with indoor initiators can also occur. The surface can influence the reaction mechanism to produce new surface reaction products. The work, described here, shows the interaction of alpha-terpineol (major component of pine oil) with ozone and air on both glass and vinyl flooring. These results demonstrated emissions of oxygenated organic compounds as a result of reaction and that further investigations of this chemistry are required to accurately estimate indoor occupant exposures.
Improvement of the oral bioavailability of naltrexone in dogs: a prodrug approach

In an effort to improve the oral bioavailability of naltrexone [17-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4,5α-epoxy-3,14-dihydroxymorphinan-6-one;1], a number of prodrug esters on the 3-hydroxyl group were prepared: the anthranilate (2), acetylsalicylate (3), benzoate (4), and pivalate (5). The oral bioavailability of these prodrugs was determined in dogs. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited the greatest enhancement of naltrexone bioavailability (45 and 28 times greater than 1, respectively). No correlation was found between the rates of plasma hydrolysis and bioavailability. Naltrexone-3-acetylsalicylate hydrolyzed in human and dog plasma with a fast deacetylation step to naltrexone salicylate followed by a slower hydrolysis step to naltrexone.
Human-computer interaction: interdisciplinary roots and trends

Abstract Methodology, theory, and practice in the field of Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) all share the goal of producing interactive software that can be used efficiently, effectively, safely, and with satisfaction. HCI is cross-disciplinary in its conduct and multidisciplinary in its roots. The central concept of HCI is usability, ease of use plus usefulness. Achieving good usability requires attention to both product and development process, particularly for the user interaction design, which should serve as requirements for the user interface software component. This paper reviews some of the theory and modeling supporting the practice of HCI, development life cycles and activities, and much of the practice that constitutes “usability engineering”. Future application areas of interest in HCI include new interaction styles, virtual environments, the World Wide Web, information visualization, and wearable computing.
Externally modulated theranostic nanoparticles

Externally modulated nanoparticles comprise a rapidly advancing class of cancer nanotherapeutics, which combine the favorable tumor accumulation of nanoparticles, with external spatio-temporal control on therapy delivery via optical, magnetic, or ultrasound modalities. The local control on therapy enables higher tumor treatment efficacy, while simultaneously reducing off-target effects. The nanoparticle interactions with external fields have an additional advantage of frequently generating an imaging signal, and thus such agents provide theranostic (both diagnostic and therapeutic) capabilities. In this review, we classify the emerging externally modulated theranostic nanoparticles according to the mode of external control and describe the physiochemical mechanisms underlying the external control of therapy, and illustrate the major embodiments of nanoparticles in each class with proven biological efficacy: (I) electromagnetic radiation in visible and nearinfrared range is being exploited for gold based and carbon nanostructures with tunable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT) of cancer, photochemistry based manipulations are employed for light sensitive liposomes and porphyrin based nanoparticles; (II) Magnetic field based manipulations are being developed for iron-oxide based nanostructures for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetothermal therapy; (III) ultrasound based methods are primarily being employed to increase delivery of conventional drugs and nanotherapeutics to tumor sites.
High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy

The search for gamma radiation with energy greater than 50 Mev from extraterrestrial sources has resulted in some of the most interesting and most difficult balloon and spacecraft experiments. The present status of this search is reviewed. The first attempt to detect this radiation from solar flares resulted in no increase of the counting rate above background intensity. An upper limit of 1.0 × 10-2 photons cm-2 sec-1 in the type 2 flare of March 13, 1962, and an upper limit of 1.2 × 10-2 photons cm-2 sec-1 in the type 3 flare of March 22, 1962, was determined for the gammaray flux. The upper limit to the flux from the quiet sun was 1.0 × 10-2 photons cm-2 sec-1. These results represent a partial reduction of the data from the first Orbiting Solar Observatory. Of all methods used in gathering information about the nature of the universe, that of detecting and analyzing the electromagnetic wave spectrum provides the most direct and useful data. One of the most interesting and perhaps the most difficult region of the spectrum to explore is high-energy gamma radiation, which consists of photons of energy greater than 50 million electron volts. This paper will review the present status of gamma-ray astronomy and report some of the preliminary results obtained from the Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO-I).
Examining the Relationships Between Monitoring and Incentives in Corporate Governance

Agency theory focuses on monitoring and incentives as two solutions to agency problems. Prior research suggests that monitoring and incentives may act either as substitutes or as complements, and that the context of the agency relationship plays a major role in determining the direction of the relationship between them. In a corporate governance setting, we contend that board information and boards' usage of CEO control mechanisms are best viewed as complements. Thus, we hypothesize that boards' information gathering behaviour will be positively related to boards' usage of CEO control mechanisms. Using primary and secondary data from 149 US firms, we find that increases in boards' information gathering are associated with increases in boards' usage of managerial controls. These findings suggest that information and managerial control mechanisms act as complements in the governance context, and that boards take a variety of actions to protect the interests of shareholders.
Free Amino Acids and Protein in Rete Testis Fluid, Vas Deferens Plasma, Accesory Sex Gland Fluid, and Seminal Plasma of the Conscious Bull

Abstract Fluids and spermatozoa were collected by cannulae in the rete testis and vas deferens, by ejaculation of these bulls prior to surgery, and by ejaculation of bilaterally vasoligated bulls. Sixteen free amino acids were identified in each of the sperm-free fluids: rete testis fluid, vas deferens plasma, accessory sex gland fluid, and seminal plasma. Glutamate was the predominant amino acid in rete testis fluid, 1.12 µmoles (37%); vas deferens, 24.88 µmoles (56%); and seminal plasma, 1.01 µmoles per milliliter (38%). However, in accessory sex gland fluid the predominant amino acid was alanine, 0.32 µmoles per milliliter (26%). Glutamate, glycine, alanine, serine, aspartate, and threonine together accounted for at least 73% of the free amino acids in each fluid. The concentration of the combined free amino acid pool in vas deferens plasma was greater (P
Material Knowing: The Scaffolding of Human Knowledgeability

In this paper, I want to argue for the importance of considering materiality in our studies of knowledge in organizations. In particular, I want to make the case that our understanding of organizat...
Father Involvement in Early Intervention Programs

he purpose of this article is to present the pertinent literature which supports the hypothesis that fathers of children with special needs should be encouraged to be active participants in early intervention programs. The literature related to the father's role in a normal child's development; the impact of a child's handicap of the parents in general, and the father in particular; and early intervention strategies will be discussed.
Photoimpulsive dispersive relaxation of the effective chi((2)) in binary lead-silicate glasses: errata.

We have performed a detailed investigation of the readout decay of optically encoded second-harmonic generation in bulk lead-silicate glasses. The data show that over several decades of readout pulses, the relaxation is a stretched exponential in the pulse number. A new photoimpulsive dispersive transport model, in which the experimental data on the order of the optical process and the depth of the trap distribution below the mobility edge have been included, is used to explain the results.
The 1-Carbamoyl-2-oxo-4,5-dihydroxyimidazolidine Component of ROS-Induced DNA Damage in White Blood Cells

The 1-carbamoyl-2-oxo-4,5-dihydroxyimidazolidine modification of cytosine is a known base modification produced in vitro by oxidative stress. However, the presence of this modification in vivo has not been established. In this study the introduction of this base modification into dinucleoside monophosphates was accomplished using the Fenton reaction. Subsequently, the modification was produced in short isotopically labeled oligomers. Labeled tetramers bearing the lesion were used as internal standards for LC-MS/MS determinations of the base modification in the DNA of white blood cells from healthy donors. The background level of the 1-carbamoyl-2-oxo-4,5-dihydroxyimidazolidine modification of cytosine was found to be larger than the levels of the formamide and thymine glycol base modifications.
Evolvability and Robustness in Color Displays: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Data

Evolution of diet-derived sexual orna- ments—some of the most spectacular and diverse traits in the living world—highlights the gap between modern evo- lutionary theory and empirical data on the origin and inheritance of complex environment-dependent traits. Spe- cifically, current theory offers little insight into how strong environmental contingency of diet-dependent color bio- synthesis and environmental variability in precursor supply can be reconciled with extensive evolutionary elaboration, diversification, and convergence of diet-dependent displays among animal taxa. Moreover, biosynthetic pathways of diet-derived displays combine seemingly irreconcilable robustness, lability, and modularity to facilitate elaboration under variable environmental conditions. Here I show that an ontogenetic decrease in the predictability of an associa- tion between organismal and environmental components of color biosynthesis and the corresponding evolutionary transition from short-term epigenetic inheritance of peripheral biosynthetic components to genetic inheritance of the most reliable upstream components link the causes of developmental variation with the causes of inheritance in diet-derived displays. Using carotenoid-based colors as an empirical model, I outline general principles of a testable evolutionary framework of diversification and functional robustness of diet-derived displays, and suggest that such a framework provides insight into the foundational question of evolutionary biology—how to connect causes of within- generation developmental variation with causes of among- generation and among-taxa variation and thus with causes of evolution?
Predicting Faults from Cached History

We analyze the version history of 7 software systems to predict the most fault prone entities and files. The basic assumption is that faults do not occur in isolation, but rather in bursts of several related faults. Therefore, we cache locations that are likely to have faults: starting from the location of a known (fixed) fault, we cache the location itself, any locations changed together with the fault, recently added locations, and recently changed locations. By consulting the cache at the moment a fault is fixed, a developer can detect likely fault-prone locations. This is useful for prioritizing verification and validation resources on the most fault prone files or entities. In our evaluation of seven open source projects with more than 200,000 revisions, the cache selects 10% of the source code files; these files account for 73%-95% of faults - a significant advance beyond the state of the art.
Will earlier projects plus a disciplined process enforce SE principles throughout the CS curriculum

This paper discusses two related challenges faced by software engineering instructors. First, assuming that projects are necessary to produce successful computer science majors, what should be the role of projects and how best do we integrate theory and application? Second, what life cycle models and associated processes should students have the opportunity to experience, and where in the curriculum should a disciplined process first appear? We review several curriculum plans that have been employed to address these problems. We also offer recommendations based on our experiences both with undergraduate computer science majors and with high school students in project Tri-P-LETS, where beginning programming students are taught to develop games and software simulations following a process.
A Secure Key Management Scheme in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a rapid deployed, self organized and multi-hop wireless network. The wireless and distributed natures of WMNs make them subject to various kinds of attacks, which raise a great challenge in securing these networks. Most existing security mechanisms are based on cryptographic keys where a high degree key management services are in demand. In this paper, we present an effective key management scheme which seeks an encryption key assignment such that the induced network is connected and well protected against potential eavesdropping attacks. Compared with previous work, our scheme assigns the available encryption keys among all the nodes in the network. The simulation results show that our scheme out performs previous schemes through providing a network that is resistant against malicious eavesdropping attack.
IMMUNOLOGIC EFFECTS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION

Blood transfusion is associated with numerous clinical phenomena attributable to immune suppression. Homologous blood transfusion is associated with declines in lymphocyte numbers and inhibition of lymphocyte function. In dialysis patients this immune suppression is accompanied by prolongation of survival of subsequently transplanted allografts. For patients undergoing surgical procedures, the receipt of homologous blood increases the risk of postoperative infectious complications. Patients with malignancies have significantly increased recurrence and mortality rates when removal of their tumor is accompanied by the administration of blood. The clinical course of Crohn's disease may be beneficially influenced by transfusion at the time of resection of diseased bowel. Women suffering recurrent abortion may carry to term following transfusion of spouse leukocytes. Experimental studies, in addition to replicating the clinical studies, have documented that transfusion inhibits wound healing. Blood transfusion, the oldest form of transplantation, causes profound and prolonged alterations in immune function which result in clinical phenomena which can be either beneficial or detrimental to the recipient.
Model-based iterative reconstruction versus adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction and filtered back projection in liver 64-MDCT: focal lesion detection, lesion conspicuity, and image noise.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to compare three CT image reconstruction algorithms for liver lesion detection and appearance, subjective lesion conspicuity, and measured noise. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty-six patients with known liver lesions were scanned with a routine clinical three-phase CT protocol using a weight-based noise index of 30 or 36. Image data from each phase were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP), adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR), and model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR). Randomized images were presented to two independent blinded reviewers to detect and categorize the appearance of lesions and to score lesion conspicuity. Lesion size, lesion density (in Hounsfield units), adjacent liver density (in Hounsfield units), and image noise were measured. Two different unblinded truth readers established the number, appearance, and location of lesions. RESULTS. Fifty-one focal lesions were detected by truth readers. For blinded reviewers compa...
Physical properties of yogurt fortified with various commercial whey protein concentrates

The effects of whey protein concentrates on physical and rheological properties of yogurt were studied. Five commercial whey protein concentrates (340gkg −1 protein nominal) were used to fortify milk to 45g protein kg −1 . Fermentation was performed with two different starters (ropy and non-ropy). Resulting yogurts were compared with a control yogurt enriched with skim milk powder. The water- holding capacity of the yogurt fortified with skim milk powder was 500gkg −1 and ranged from 600 to 638gkg −1 when fortified with whey protein concentrates. Significant rheological differences have been noticed between the yogurts fortified with different whey protein concentrates, independent of the starter used. Three whey protein concentrates generated yogurts with a behavior similar to the control. The two others produced yogurt with lower firmness (15g compared with 17g), lower Brookfield viscosity (6Pa s compared with 9Pa s), lower yield stress (2Pa compared with 4Pa), lower complex viscosity (13Pa s compared with 26Pa s), and lower apparent viscosity (0.4Pa s compared with 1Pa s) than the control, respectively. The yogurts with the lowest firmness and viscosity were produced with concentrates which contained the highest amount of non-protein nitrogen fraction (160gkg −1 versus 126gkg −1 of the total nitrogen), and the highest amount of denaturation of the whey protein (262 versus 200gkg −1 of the total nitrogen).  2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Fast-Start Resistance of Trout

SUMMARY Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) with a body mass of 268 ± 36 g were used to determine the acceleration resistance of a fish during fast-starts. The mass of the fish was increased by mass loads of 75, 150, 225 and 335 g. The loads were made from nesting horseshoe-shaped brass saddles which fitted snugly over the fish so that the extra mass was equally distributed in all planes about the stretched-straight body centre of mass. The weight of the saddles was taken up by a 291 cm line attached to the dorsal surface of the fish above its centre of mass. The other end of the line was attached to the ceiling. The performance of the fish with and without saddles was measured during fast-starts, initiated by a 1 v.cm" 1 d.c. electric shock. Performance was determined in terms of the distance travelled with time, measured from high speed movie films (240 frames s" 1 ). The relationships between distance travelled and time were described by power functions for fish with and without mass loads. Exponents were not significantly different for the fish with various mass loads showing that frictional and form drag made negligible contributions to acceleration resistance in a fast-start. The resistance of the fish in a fast-start, due to fish mass and a resistance component of added water mass (apparent mass), was calculated using hydromechanical theory for representative fast-start sequences. The apparent mass was estimated at 320 g, which is 1-2 x fish body mass.
Relationship of age, gender, race, and body size to infrarenal aortic diameter

Abstract Purpose: To assess the effects of age, gender, race, and body size on infrarenal aortic diameter (IAD) and to determine expected values for IAD on the basis of these factors. Methods: Veterans aged 50 to 79 years at 15 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers were invited to undergo ultrasound measurement of IAD and complete a prescreening questionnaire. We report here on 69,905 subjects who had no previous history of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and no ultrasound evidence of AAA (defined as IAD ≥ 3.0 cm). Results: Although age, gender, black race, height, weight, body mass index, and body surface area were associated with IAD by multivariate linear regression (all p 2 in body mass index, and 0.35 m 2 in body surface area. Nearly all height-weight groups were within 0.1 cm of the gender means, and the unadjusted gender means differed by only 0.23 cm. The variation among medical centers had more influence on IAD than did the combination of age, gender, race, and body size. Conclusions: Age, gender, race, and body size have statistically significant but small effects on IAD. Use of these parameters to define AAA may not offer sufficient advantage over simpler definitions (such as an IAD ≥3.0 cm) to be warranted. (J Vasc Surg 1997;26:595-601.)
The epistemic representation of information flow security in probabilistic systems

We set out a logic for reasoning about multilevel security of probabilistic systems. This logic includes modalities for time, knowledge, and probability. In earlier work we gave syntactic definitions of multilevel security and showed that their semantic interpretations are equivalent to independently motivated information-theoretic definitions. This paper builds on that earlier work in two ways. First, it substantially recasts the language and model of computation into the more standard Halpern-Tuttle framework for reasoning about knowledge and probability. Second, it brings together two distinct characterizations of security from that work. One was equivalent to the information-theoretic security criterion for a system to be free of covert channels but was difficult to prove. The other was a verification condition that implied the first; it was more easily provable but was too strong. This paper presents a characterization that is syntactically very similar to our previous verification condition but is proven to be semantically equivalent to the security criterion. The new characterization also means that our security criterion is expressible in a simpler logic and model.
"I Am Chelsea Manning": Comparison of Gendered Representation of Private Manning in U.S. and International News Media.

On August 22, 2013, Bradley Manning released a statement requesting to be referred to as female. In the following days, the news media discussed whether language should shift toward a female repres...
Catalogue and typifications of new taxa of vascular plants described by Finnish botanist Harald Lindberg (1871–1963)

As a taxonomist Harald Lindberg mainly worked on North European and Mediterranean vascular plants. He published about 420 valid names of new taxa and in addition numerous invalid names or nomina nuda . In the present catalogue all the new names except those published under the apomictic genera Hieracium and Taraxacum , or names of mosses, are listed. Most of the North European new taxa are based on material collected by himself or others in Finland or adjacent Russia, rarely from Estonia or Sweden. The Mediterranean taxa are mostly based on the collections by his own hand from Croatia, Cyprus, Italy, Morocco, Spain or Tunisia, rarely from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Egypt, Hungary, Montenegro or Tunisia. Lindberg had no concept of type specimens and therefore all his taxa needed lectotypification. Most of the lectotypifications are performed in the present catalogue. Lindberg’s main collections are preserved in the Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Finland (H). Numerous types are represented in the exsiccata series Plantae Finlandiae Exsiccatae (nos. 1–2081) that Lindberg edited and distributed to other herbaria in 42 fascicules. His Mediterranean types specimens are frequently duplicated in the herbaria of Kew (K), Lund (LD) and/or Montpellier (MPU). Many of the names provided by Lindberg were validated by other authors, especially by I. Hiitonen in his Suomen Kasvio (1933). Many of the new taxa by Lindberg describe forms and varieties that are nowadays rarely recognized even though they are usually not based on obvious environmental modifications. In total, Lindberg described 321 vascular plant names Hieracium (34 taxa) and Taraxacum excluded (65). With these genera the total number is 420.
Not There Yet: Evaluating Clinical Ethics Consultation in an Accountability Culture

It is about time our field made headway on evaluating clinical ethicists' consultative skills and activities. For years, evaluation efforts have been marred by inertia, controversy, and implementat...
Treating Low Vitamin D Levels Is Ineffective in Postmenopausal Women.

It is hard to figure out what to do with these results. On the one hand, steroid injection did not provide a significant benefit compared with placebo injection in patients with radicular pain or spinal stenosis. However, part of the reason for this may be the significant and sustained improvement of pain scores seen with the placebo injection.
Multilevel Corpectomy With Anterior Column Reconstruction and Plating for Subaxial Cervical Osteomyelitis.

Study design A retrospective case series. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate patients with cervical spine osteomyelitis who underwent multilevel (≥2) subaxial corpectomies and anterior column reconstruction and plating. Summary of background data Neglected multilevel subaxial cervical osteomyelitis is a potentially dangerous disease. As it is rare, early radiographic and clinical outcomes after multilevel anterior corpectomy and reconstruction for subaxial cervical osteomyelitis are incompletely defined. Methods Adults who underwent multilevel corpectomy and anterior plating/reconstruction for subaxial cervical osteomyelitis at two institutions were reviewed. Analysis of patient demographics, operative details, and radiographic cervical alignment parameters [segmental kyphosis, cervical lordosis, C2-7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA)] was performed. Results Nineteen patients [15 males, four females; average age 48 years (20-81 yrs)] met inclusion criteria. The majority had pre-operative neurologic deficits or was immunosuppressed. All were treated with ≥6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics following operation. All had anterior plating/reconstruction with titanium cages (expandable-6; mesh-6) or structural bone graft (fibular allogaft-6; tricortical iliac crest-1). The average number of corpectomies was 2.4 (2-4). The average numbers of levels fused anteriorly was 4.4 (4-6) and posteriorly was 6.3 (4-9). The majority of patients (74%) was treated with an anterior/posterior approach. Average follow-up was 16 ± 9 months. There was significant improvement in all cervical alignment parameters (segmental kyphosis, C2-7 SVA, cervical lordosis). No intraoperative complications occurred and no patient deteriorated neurologically postoperatively. Postoperative complications included anterior cage/graft dislodgement (n = 2), recurrent neck hematomas requiring revision (n = 1), epidural hematoma (n = 1), and wound infection (n = 1). Sixty percent of patients had persistent neurologic dysfunction at final follow-up. None required reoperation for recurrent infection or pseudarthrosis. Conclusion Although overall prognosis and neurologic recovery are guarded in medically fragile patients with multilevel subaxial cervical osteomyelitis, reconstruction with multilevel (≥2) corpectomy and anterior reconstruction/plating results in excellent restoration of cervical alignment and low rates of recurrent infection and pseudarthrosis. Level of evidence 4.
Topical scopes of digital and data curation curricula

We analyzed topical scopes of two digital and two data curation curricula offered as (post)graduate certificates or specializations. We investigated a question of what the topical similarities and differences are between the curricula. To address this question: first, we identified topics from individual course and curriculum descriptions; second, we compared the topics from curriculum descriptions with each other; and third, we compared the topics from course descriptions that are part of a curriculum. We found several topics which were acting as least common denominators between two digital curation and between two data curation curricula. Such topics illustrated the fundamental components within the same type of curricula. The two common topics among all curricula were 'standards' and 'management.' This may indicate the importance of following the standards in preparation of digital (data) objects and in curatorial processes, as well as the importance of continued management of such resources in a repository. Our approach may be applicable to other types of educational opportunities such as workshops, MOOCs, and webinars. As we analyze more curation curricula, we may be able to develop a more accurate and comprehensive topical framework for the domain of digital and data curation, further enhancing the education for future digital and data curators.
The God of the Gaps, Natural Theology and Intelligent Design

The “God of the gaps” critique is one of the most common arguments against design arguments in biology, but is also increasingly used as a critique of other natural theological arguments. In this paper, I analyze four different critiques of God of the gaps arguments and explore the relationship between gaps arguments and similar limit arguments. I conclude that the critique of the God of the gaps is substantially weaker than is commonly assumed, and dismissing ID´s biological arguments should rather be based on criticizing the premises of these arguments.
Numerical Analysis for EMP Having Different Polarization Direction Coupling to a Computer Case

The finite-difference time-domain method is used to study the coupling of the electromagnetic pulse to the computer case through slots or holes on it.EMP with different incident directions and different polarization direction coupled into computer case is discussed respectively.Some conclusions can be obtained from simulation:(1) The energy coupled into the computer case mainly comes from the slots on cabinet's front panel;(2) The EM wave can more easily transmit down inside the computer case and energy is much more in the middle of it when EMP is oblique incidence down from above of the computer case's front panel compared with perpendicular incidence to the front panel;(3) The coupled energy when EMP's polarization direction is perpendicular to the slots is much more than that when it is parallel to the slots.
Three-dimensional numerical simulation of single bubble movement in different topography and different inflows

To simulate a single three-dimensional gas bubble rising in liquid with a free surface and different bottom topography and inflows,the VOF/PLIC method was adopted.The results show that the bubble rise is independent of the inlet flow velocity or the static initial flow field with a horizontal bottom,that the coupling study of the different topography with different inflow velocities displays that as the most influential situation,the coupling of some large inflow with left-lower-right-higher inclined slope bottom can effectively increase the bubble rise height and velocity greatly and make the deformation of the bubble more obvious,and that the larger the slope value or the inflow velocity,the larger the corresponding increase of the rise height and velocity,and the more obvious the deformation.
Revealing Hearing Loss: A Survey of How People Verbally Disclose Their Hearing Loss

Objective Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit and congenital anomaly, yet the decision-making processes involved in disclosing hearing loss have been little studied. To address this issue, we have explored the phrases that adults with hearing loss use to disclose their hearing loss. Design Since self-disclosure research has not focused on hearing loss-specific issues, we created a 15-question survey about verbally disclosing hearing loss. English speaking adults (>18 years old) with hearing loss of any etiology were recruited from otology clinics in a major referral hospital. Three hundred and thirty-seven participants completed the survey instrument. Participants' phrase(s) used to tell people they have hearing loss were compared across objective characteristics (age; sex; type, degree, and laterality of hearing loss; word recognition scores) and self-reported characteristics (degree of hearing loss; age of onset and years lived with hearing loss; use of technology; hearing handicap score). Results Participants' responses revealed three strategies to address hearing loss: Multipurpose disclosure (phrases that disclose hearing loss and provide information to facilitate communication), Basic disclosure (phrases that disclose hearing loss through the term, a label, or details about the condition), or nondisclosure (phrases that do not disclose hearing loss). Variables were compared between patients who used and who did not use each disclosure strategy using χ or Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Multipurpose disclosers were mostly female (p = 0.002); had experienced reactions of help, support, and accommodation after disclosing (p = 0.008); and had experienced reactions of being overly helpful after disclosing (p=0.039). Basic disclosers were predominantly male (p = 0.004); reported feeling somewhat more comfortable disclosing their hearing loss over time (p = 0.009); had not experienced reactions of being treated unfairly or discriminated against (p = 0.021); and were diagnosed with mixed hearing loss (p = 0.004). Nondisclosers tended not to disclose in a group setting (p = 0.002) and were diagnosed with bilateral hearing loss (p = 0.005). In addition, all of the variables were examined to build logistic regression models to predict the use of each disclosure strategy. Conclusions Our results reveal three simple strategies for verbally addressing hearing loss that can be used in a variety of contexts. We recommend educating people with hearing loss about these strategies-this could improve the experience of disclosing hearing loss, and could educate society at large about how to interact with those who have a hearing loss.
Association of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome with Clinical Outcomes of Pediatric Patients with Pneumonia.

OBJECTIVES Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) may complicate pneumonia. When present, it suggests that the patient's pneumonia is more severe. As such, recognition of SIRS among patients with pneumonia may be helpful in identifying those requiring more careful evaluation. Our objective was to examine the relation between the presence of SIRS and adverse clinical outcomes among children with pneumonia seen in the emergency department (ED). METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on children diagnosed as having community-acquired pneumonia who presented to a children's hospital ED during a 3-month period. SIRS was determined by using a modification of the International Consensus Conference on Pediatric Sepsis criteria. Specifically, the SIRS criteria require an abnormal temperature-corrected heart rate or respiratory rate and either an abnormal temperature or white blood cell count. The threshold for abnormal vital signs and white blood cell counts used to determine SIRS was adjusted based on the patient's age. Morbidity endpoints included progression to inpatient or observation status or subsequent return to the ED for pneumonia, need for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, and total hospital length of stay as measured from ED triage assessment to final discharge from the hospital (ED, observation, or inpatient), and the need for mechanical ventilation. RESULTS A total of 276 children were included in the analysis. Pneumonia patients with SIRS (n = 38) had a greater rate of hospital admission or ED return compared with SIRS-negative patients (n = 238; 79% vs 34.5%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Children with SIRS-positive pneumonia were at greater risk of requiring video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (18.4% vs 0.8%; P < 0.0001). In addition, pneumonia patients with SIRS had a significantly longer median length of stay compared with pneumonia patients without SIRS (2.7 vs 0.19 days, P < 0.0001) and also had a significantly higher risk of mechanical ventilation (10.5% vs 0.8%). CONCLUSIONS SIRS in children with community-acquired pneumonia is associated with a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing a more adverse outcome. Based on these observations, a sepsis screening tool in the ED that identifies SIRS in children with pneumonia has the potential to identify those children needing more intense monitoring and treatment.
Atomistic simulations of aromatic polyurea and polyamide for capacitive energy storage

Materials for capacitive energy storage with high energy density and low loss are desired in many fields. We investigate several polymers with urea and amide functional groups using density functional theory and classical molecular dynamics simulations. For aromatic polyurea (APU) and para-aramid (PA), we find several nearly energetically degenerate ordered structures, while meta-aromatic polyurea (mAPU) tends to be rotationally disordered along the polymer chains. Simulated annealing of APU and PA structures results in the formation of hydrogen-bonded sheets, highlighting the importance of dipole-dipole interactions. In contrast, hydrogen bonding does not play a significant role in mAPU, hence the propensity to disorder. We find that the disordered structures with misaligned chains have significantly larger dielectric constants, due to significant increase in the free volume, which leads to easier reorientation of dipolar groups in the presence of an electric field. Large segment motion is still not allowed below the glass transition temperature, which explains the experimentally observed very low loss at high field and elevated temperature. However, the degree of disorder needs to be controlled, because highly entangled structures diminish the free dipoles and decrease permittivity. Among the considered materials, mAPU is the most promising dielectric for capacitive energy storage, but the concept of increasing permittivity while maintaining low loss through disorder-induced free volume increase is generally applicable and provides an alternative pathway for the design of high-performance dielectrics for capacitive energy storage.
Reconstructing diagenetic conditions of bone at the Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee, USA

Abstract The preservation of vertebrate fossils requires transformation of the original bioapatite mineral matrix, predominantly hydroxylapatite, during diagenesis into a thermodynamically more stable phase. Fossil bone geochemistry and structure provides a wealth of information on the conditions present during diagenesis, including site redox and pH, and about sedimentation rates during burial. The Gray Fossil Site preserves Late Neogene lacustrine deposits that serve as one of a few records of North American paleoclimate during a critical period of the Cenozoic. Despite having > 40 vertebrate species and diverse plant assemblages, none of the prior studies used bone composition to understand what paleoenvironmental and diagenetic conditions must have been like to facilitate bone preservation and fossilization. Alligator sp. phalanges were examined using multiple geochemical tools, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analyses. Evidence of bioerosion within thin cortical and isolated trabecular regions of bone suggests biotic utilization of organics (collagen) and/or the mineral(s) following deposition. Chemically zoned and laminated cortical Alligator bone is interpreted as preserved lines of arrested growth that developed during life, and supports previous interpretations of a regional seasonal climate. Lastly, the Alligator bones are mineralogically heterogeneous as fluorinated and iron-containing apatite phases. Compared to modern bone, iron concentrations were high, at up to 3 wt%. The uptake of Fe by the Alligator bones examined in this study suggests that fluids present during diagenesis that led to bone preservation within the lacustrine sediment at the Gray Fossil Site were likely acidic, anoxic, and reducing.
Use of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and Birth Outcomes in Women Conceiving through In Vitro Fertilization

Background Despite questionable evidence of benefits over conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) use has markedly increased in recent decades among couples without male factor infertility. We assessed the frequency of ICSI use and its effect on birth outcomes. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 141 030 women conceiving through IVF using 2006–2010 data from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART). Results Between 2006 and 2010, overall ICSI use in women conceiving through IVF increased from 68.9% to 73.1%. This increase was greater among women without male factor infertility (53.0–59.2%) than in women with male factor infertility (92.0–93.4%). Women conceiving through IVF with and without ICSI had similar rates of multiple pregnancy, preterm delivery, stillbirth, and neonatal death. However, ICSI pregnancies were associated with an increased risk of birth defects over conventional IVF (3.0% for ICSI vs. 2.5% for conventional IVF; adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2, 1.3). These increases were observed in both women conceiving through ICSI with male factor infertility (3.2% vs. 2.5%; OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3, 1.5) and without male factor infertility (2.7% vs. 2.5%; OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.1, 1.2). Conclusions Higher rates of birth defects were observed among women conceiving through ICSI. Since approximately half of all ICSI procedures are performed in couples without male factor infertility, ICSI may be overused in practice.