cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature and specific anion effects in photo-induced intermolecular electron-transfer reactions

The rate constants for the bimolecular oxidative quenching of *Ru(bpy) 3 2+ by methylviologen (k q ) and the electron-transfer recombination (k rec ) reaction of the redox products were determined as a function of the ionic strength and temperature in aqueous solution. At 25°C for Na+ salts at constantμ, k q andk rec are in the order H2PO 4 − <CH3CO 2 − ∼HPO 4 2− ∼SO 4 2− ≪ClO 4 − ; activation energies are independent of μ and the anion (∼16kJ/mol), except for ClO 4 − , whereE a is ∼30% lower. The trends ink q andk rec are attributed to the existence of ion-paired aggregates of the cationic reactants and anions; correlations with the sizes and hydration enthalpies of the anions can be made. It is suggested that ClO 4 − , with the smallest hydration radius and the least negative hydration enthalpy, is more closely ion-paired within the Ru(bpy) 3 2+ (or Ru(bpy) 3 3+ ) interligand pockets, “tethering” the MV2+ (or MV.+) into closer proximity, thereby lowering the activation barrier and increasing the rate of electron transfer.
Rates of Mortality in Cervical Spine Surgical Procedures and Factors Associated With Its Occurrence Over a 10-Year Period: A Study of 342 477 Patients on the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

ABSTRACT Background Risk of death is important in counseling patients and improving quality of care. Incidence of death in cervical surgery is not firmly established due to its rarity and limited sample sizes, particularly in the context of different surgeries, demographics, and risk factors. Particularly, different patient risk profiles may have varying degrees of risk in terms of surgeries, comorbidities, and demographics. This study aims to use a large patient cohort available on a national database to study the prevalence of death associated with cervical spine surgery. Methods This study was a retrospective review of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) years 2003–2012. A total of 342 477 patients were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes undergoing spinal fusion or decompression for disc degeneration, stenosis, spondylosis, myelopathy, postlaminectomy syndrome, scoliosis, or neck pain associated with the cervical region. Patients with malignancy were excluded from analysis. Incidence of mortality was assessed by χ2 tests across different patient demographics and comorbidities, procedures performed, and concurrent in-hospital complications. Binary logistic regression identified significant increases or decreases in risk of death while controlling for comorbidities, race, sex, and Mirza invasiveness. Significance was defined as P Results The study analyzed 342 477 patients with an overall mortality rate of 0.32%. A total of 231 977 simple fusions (single approach and Conclusion In 342 477 cervical spine surgery patients an overall mortality rate of 0.32% was reported. The rate was 3.91% in a cohort of 5933 patients with congestive heart failure and 3.79% in a cohort of 6947 patients with paraplegia. These findings are consistent with previous estimates and may help counsel patients and improve in-hospital safety. Level of Evidence 3
Interest rate risk and other determinants of post-WWII US government Debt/GDP dynamics

This paper uses a sequence of government budget constraints to motivate estimates of returns on the US Federal government debt. Our estimates differ conceptually and quantitatively from the interest payments reported by the US government. We use our estimates to account for contributions to the evolution of the debt-GDP ratio made by inflation, growth, and nominal returns paid on debts of different maturities. (JEL E23, E31, E43, G12, H63) paper shows contributions that nominal returns, the maturity composition of the debt, inflation, and growth in real gross domestic product (GDP) have made to the evolution of the US debt-GDP ratio since World War II. Among the questions we answer are the following. Did the United States inflate away much of the debt by using inflation to pay negative real rates of return? Occasionally, but not usually. Did high net-of-interest deficits propel the debt-GDP ratio upward? Considerably during World War II, but not too much after that. How much did growth in GDP contribute to holding down the debt-GDP ratio? A lot. How much did variations in returns across maturities affect the evolution of the debt-GDP ratio? At times substantially, but, on average, not much since the end of World War II. Of necessity, our answers to these questions rely on our own estimates of returns on government debt, not the series for interest payments reported by the US government.1 The government budget constraint determines the evolution of the ratio of government debt to GDP. We propose an accounting scheme that emerges from a decomposition of the government's period-by-period budget constraint, to be described and justified in Section I. We use prices of indexed and nominal debt of each maturity to construct one-period holding period returns on government IOU's of various maturities. Multiplying the vector of returns by the vector of quantities
An integrated subsystem for basement flood detection

Disaster Management accords with the response to the management of resources and property. It is the exigency in today’s world. Flooding has become a global pervasive in the past decades which hampers economic and social development. This project endeavors an integrated flood risk management system employing a magnetic reed switch interfaced with microprocessor Arduino UNO using microcontroller 328p. The build-out in the architecture of the buildings into apartments and complexes have made a requisite for basements. This device is hence installed in the parking lot and basement of apartments, malls and corporate buildings as the water reach a particular level the reed switch gets closed generating an alert.T he residents of the apartment or the authorities of the building get an SMS through GSM module followed by an alarm. Now once excess water starts accumulating, water suction motor is used to remove water to prevent the rapid rise of water. Thus the reed switch is interfaced with Arduino for flood detection and the rising water level in the basement of buildings and alert people for easy evacuation. The comparison of the reed switch and the previously used sensors is done and the results are obtained.
Tuning oxygen electrocatalysis via strain on LaNiO3(001).

The slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution (OER) and oxygen reduction (ORR) reactions hamper the development of renewable energy storage and conversion technologies. Transition-metal oxides (TMOs) are cost-effective replacements to conventional noble metal catalysts for driving these electrochemical systems. Strain is known to greatly affect the electronic structure of TMO surfaces, leading to significant changes in their electrocatalytic activities. In this study, we explore the influence of strain on the OER and ORR mechanisms on the LaNiO3(001) surface using density functional theory (DFT). Through a comparison of the overpotential and the largest change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) in the reaction pathway, we determined that the OER activity on the LaNiO3 surface is directly related to the desorption of –H from the surface, which can be tuned as a function of strain. Moreover, tensile strain shuts off the reaction pathway to forming the –O2H intermediate state, due to the dissociation of –O2H into –O2 and –H. This is largely a consequence of the strong binding of H to the surface O, leading to a significant increase in the largest ΔG for the ORR on the tensile-strained surfaces by promoting an alternative reaction pathway. Overall, our results show that tensile strain on LaNiO3(001) leads to a decrease in both OER and ORR activities. Interestingly, in both cases, we find that the reaction is driven by the interactions with surface O ions, thus calling for a reinterpretation of the role that Ni eg orbital polarization plays in defining the OER and ORR catalytic activity on the TMO surfaces. Here, it is an indirect measure of changes in Ni–O hybridization, which controls the binding of –H species to the surface. As such, these results highlight the importance of surface O ions; particularly as it relates to defining molecule–surface interactions that ultimately tune and enhance the electrocatalytic efficiency of perovskite materials through the modulation of strains.
Sonic Publics| Convening Technologies: Blockchain and the Music Industry

This article traces the debates occurring in the music industry where blockchain technology surged as an ideal solution for long-standing disagreements over distribution, publishing, licensing, sales, streaming, and listening. The projections (in conferences, media, opinion pieces, and academic reports) started as techno-utopian, but over time the discourse shifted from “radical” to “incorporative” goals. The technological dreams were scaled back as the scope of social challenges to technological solutions became clearer. Borrowing from Clive Barnett’s theory of convening publics, we argue that the role of the blockchain in this environment was not necessarily as a technological solution, but rather as a “convening” force that brought disparate actors together. Nonetheless, we still have to ask, who is invited to convene, and who is left out?
Factors Associated with New Uptake of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives Since the Affordable Care Act Among Privately Insured Women in Pennsylvania.

Abstract Background The Affordable Care Act eliminated out-of-pocket costs for contraceptives, including highly effective long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), for most insured women. Patient characteristics associated with new LARC uptake after the Affordable Care Act have not been well-studied. We hypothesized that awareness of no-cost intrauterine device (IUD) coverage would be associated with new LARC use. Methods Data included were from 883 women not using a LARC at baseline who participated in the MyNewOptions study, a 2-year study of privately insured women in Pennsylvania. Multivariable analysis assessed whether the following baseline characteristics predicted new LARC use over 2 years: awareness of no-cost IUD coverage, future pregnancy intention, baseline contraceptive use, contraceptive attitudes, and sociodemographic characteristics. Results At baseline, 54.4% of participants were using prescription methods; 21.1% nonprescription methods; 12.1% natural family planning, withdrawal, or spermicide alone; and 12.5% no method. A minority (7.2%) was aware of no-cost coverage for IUDs. Over 2 years, 7.2% of participants became new LARC users, but awareness of no-cost coverage for IUDs was not associated with new LARC use (adjusted odds ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.27–2.55). New LARC use was associated with already using prescription methods, not intending pregnancy within the next 5 years, prior unintended pregnancy, and desire to change method if cost were not a factor. Conclusions Among privately insured women, wanting to switch methods if cost were not a factor was associated with new LARC uptake, although awareness of no-cost IUD coverage was not. Providing women with information about their contraceptive coverage benefits may help women to seek and obtain the methods better aligned with their personal needs.
Design and Experimental Study of Underwater Inflatable Co-prime Sonar Array (UICSA)

Underwater Inflatable Co-prime Sonar Array (UICSA) is a compact array assembly, which upon deployment in the ocean expands to its predetermined length and acquires sensing data. The UICSA employs an inflatable array support structure, which can be compressed into a compact package. The employed the sparse array configuration – co-prime array also reduces the number of sensors typically required for a uniform linear configuration. With the “two-way compression”, storing, handling, and transporting the compactly designed UICSA system is convenient, particularly for the autonomous vehicles with limited payload space. In this paper, we propose four designs of UICSA based on different support structure constructions. We fabricated the prototypes and deployed them in an acoustic test tank. The experimental data were analyzed to evaluate the system performance. The results validate the capability of the UICSA for direction finding and also reveal that the underwater inflatable structure as a platform can have broad prospects in the ocean-related applications.
The Surgical Treatment of Portal Hypertension.

A century and a half later, who has benefitted from the enormous amount of work done in portal hypertension? Clearly, the greatest beneficiaries have been patients: the progress generation over generation has been monumental, with outcomes achieved that could not have been imagined by the preceding generation. The groundwork laid by these pioneers has led to evidence‐based approaches to patients with portal hypertension today. This has allowed minimally invasive options for patients who are not candidates for transplant, as well as for those who need a bridge to transplant. Although the classic operative approaches to portal hypertension are uncommon today,52 the principles outlined through the current review have permitted advanced operative approaches for certain cancer resections and in other highly selected patients. We salute all of the pioneers in this field.
Evaluation of angiogenic factors in the decision to admit women with suspected preeclampsia.

Abstract Objective To compare outcomes, specifically development of preeclampsia with severe features (sPE), between angiogenic biomarker-based admission and admission based on routine clinical care. Study Design This secondary analysis of a prospective study evaluated soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt1)/placental growth factor (PlGF) ratio in women presenting to triage for preeclampsia evaluation. Biomarkers levels were measured in samples collected from triage and analyzed retrospectively after outcomes were achieved. For this analysis patients would be hypothetically assigned to ‘discharged’ with a sFlt1/PlGF ratio ≤ 38 and ‘admitted’ with a sFlt1/PlGF ratio > 85. Development of sPE and other outcomes were then compared using the biomarker and clinical criteria for admission. Results 459 patients were included in this analysis. Using biomarker criteria, a larger proportion of patients were hypothetically discharged (67.8% vs 51.0%, p Conclusion Assessment of angiogenic biomarkes that ’discharges‘ patients with a low sFlt1/PlGF ratio and ’admits’ patients with high ratio could result in reduced admissions and increased admission of patients at risk for developing sPE. Randomized trials are needed to determine the effectiveness of angiogenic biomarker use in decision making in a triage setting among women with suspected preeclampsia.
Variable Selection for Time-to-Event Data

With the increasing availability of large scale biomedical and -omics data, researchers are offered with unprecedented opportunities to discover novel biomarkers for clinical outcomes. At the same time, they are also faced with great challenges to accurately identify important biomarkers from numerous candidates. Many novel statistical methodologies have been developed to tackle these challenges in the last couple of decades. When the clinical outcome is time-to-event data, special statistical methods are needed to analyze this type of data due to the presence of censoring. In this article, we review some of the most commonly used modern statistical methodologies for variable selection for time-to-event data. The reviewed methods are classified into three large categories: filter-test based method, penalized regression method, and machine learning method.
The Power of Chemists Is in What They Can Learn, Not What They Already Know.

In this viewpoint, the concepts that chemistry transcends the laboratory into the clinic and beyond is explored from the perspective of a single individual who began strictly within synthetic chemistry. They learned through their training that in reality, chemists are capable of anything, requiring mentorship, open discussion, and some frontend work to learn something new.
A Novel Participant-Empowered Pedagogical Approach to Engage and Retain Control Group Participants in Arts-Based Randomized Controlled Trials:

The overall purpose of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to examine the effect of arts classes (ballroom dance and ukulele) on older adults’ well-being compared with a social conversation ...
Adaptive sampling and energy-efficient navigation in time-varying flows

This chapter presents a strategy to enable a team of mobile robots to adaptively sample and track a dynamic spatiotemporal process. We propose a distributed strategy where robots collect sparse sensor measurements, create a reduced -order model (ROM) of the spatiotemporal process, and use this model to estimate field values for areas without sensor measurements of the dynamic process. The robots then use these estimates of the field, or inferences about the process, to adapt the model and reconfigure their sensing locations. We use this method to obtain an estimate for the underlying fl ow field and use that to plan optimal energy paths for robots to travel between sensing locations. We show that the errors due to the reduced -order modeling scheme are bounded, and we illustrate the application of the proposed solution in simulation and compare it to centralized and global approaches. We then test our approach with physical marine robots sampling a spatially nonuniform time -varying process in a water tank.
Fertility-Preserving, Surgical Management of a Cesarean Section Scar Ectopic Pregnancy.

Objective To demonstrate techniques used for fertility-preserving, surgical management of a cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. Design A narrated video case report demonstrating techniques and surgical approach. Setting With the increasing number of cesarean sections being performed, cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies (CSEP) have an increasing incidence affecting approximately 1 in 2000 pregnancies. CSEPs can be associated with serious complications which include maternal hemorrhage, uterine rupture and even maternal death. This video highlights a case presentation of a 28 year old G6P4014 with a history of four prior cesarean sections who presented with a persistent cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy that had failed prior medical management. Interventions This video highlights techniques which allow for fertility-preservation with restoration of normal anatomy as well as minimizing blood loss with a potentially morbid procedure. Techniques used to allow for fertility preservation with restoration of normal anatomy: 1. Utilization of avascular spaces and identification of critical structures to restore anatomy which is often distorted by the CSEP 2. Limited use of electrosurgery to allow for adequate postoperative healing 3. Identification of the endometrial cavity to allow for complete removal of the CSEP and isthmocele repair Techniques used to minimize blood loss: 1. Intra-cervical injection of dilute vasopressin 2. Intrauterine injection of dilute vasopressin (20U in 60cc of injectable saline) 3. Temporary occlusion of bilateral gonadal vessels using surgical clips Conclusions The surgical techniques highlighted in this video allow for the surgical removal of a cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy with concurrent repair of the uterine defect, allowing for restoration of normal anatomy. This is a safe and feasible fertility preserving option which can be performed using a minimally-invasive approach.
Preventive Medication Adherence in African American and Caucasian Headache Patients

(Headache 2011;51:520-532) Study Objectives.— To examine race-related differences in adherence to preventive medication agents in headache patients and identify factors predictive of medication adherence in Caucasian and African American headache patients. Methods.— Using a longitudinal naturalistic study design, data from 77 Caucasian and 32 African American headache patients were collected through (1) 30-day daily diaries that assessed medication adherence, headache frequency, and headache episode severity; (2) self-administered surveys that assessed headache management self-efficacy; and (3) telephone-administered psychiatric interviews that yielded psychiatric diagnoses. Using daily diary adherence data, patients' adherence to preventive agents was dichotomized as “Inconsistent” (ie, adhered fewer than 80% of days) or “Consistent” (ie, adhered ≥80% of days during the past month). Results.— The proportion of adherent African American patients (69%) did not differ significantly from the proportion of adherent Caucasian patients (82%). Exploratory univariate logistic regression analyses found that preventive medication adherence levels of 80% or less were associated with being diagnosed with major depressive disorder and lower levels of headache management self-efficacy. Conclusions.— Future research should test if interventions that reduce depressive symptoms and increase patients' levels of headache management self-efficacy can produce concomitant increases in adherence to preventive headache agents.
Granular Materials and the Risks They Pose for Success on the Moon and Mars

Working with soil, sand, powders, ores, cement and sintered bricks, excavating, grading construction sites, driving off‐road, transporting granules in chutes and pipes, sifting gravel, separating solids from gases, and using hoppers are so routine that it seems straightforward to do it on the Moon and Mars as we do it on Earth. This paper brings to the fore how little these processes are understood and the millennia‐long trial‐and‐error practices that lead to today’s massive over‐design, high failure rate, and extensive incremental scaling up of industrial processes because of the inadequate predictive tools for design. We present a number of pragmatic scenarios where granular materials play a role, the risks involved, and what understanding is needed to greatly reduce the risks.
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF POWER FADE PHENOMENA AND CALENDAR LIFE REDUCTION IN HIGH-POWER LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF POWER FADE PHENOMENA AND CALENDAR LIFE REDUCTION IN HIGH-POWER LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES Robert Kostecki and Frank McLarnon Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Abstract High-power Li-ion cells with graphite anodes and LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 cathodes that were cycled and stored at elevated temperatures showed a significant impedance rise and capacity fade, which were associated primarily with the LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 cathode. A combination of electrochemical, physical, and chemical diagnostic techniques, including Raman, SEM, and current-sensing AFM, was used to characterize the cathodes from these cells in order to produce a clear picture of the mechanism for cell degradation. Systematic Raman mapping of 50 x 80 μm areas at 0.9 μm spatial resolution produced semi-quantitative composition maps of cathode surfaces. Raman microscopy surface composition maps and SEM images of cathodes from tested cells revealed that cell cycling or storage at elevated temperatures led to significant changes in the LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 /elemental-carbon surface concentration ratio. The loss of conductive carbon correlated with the power and capacity fade of the tested cathodes and the loss of surface electronic conductivity. Key words: Li-ion battery, cathode, carbon retreat, conductivity, Raman, AFM Introduction Lithium-ion batteries are being seriously considered for application in all-electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV’s) because of their high power and energy densities [1,2]. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Technology Development (ATD) Program supports the development of high-power LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 /EC-EMC, 1.2 M LiPF 6 /graphite batteries for hybrid electric vehicle applications [3]. A major
Assessing Statistical Competencies in Clinical and Translational Science Education: One Size Does Not Fit All

Introduction Statistics is an essential training component for a career in clinical and translational science (CTS). Given the increasing complexity of statistics, learners may have difficulty selecting appropriate courses. Our question was: what depth of statistical knowledge do different CTS learners require? Methods For three types of CTS learners (principal investigator, co-investigator, informed reader of the literature), each with different backgrounds in research (no previous research experience, reader of the research literature, previous research experience), 18 experts in biostatistics, epidemiology, and research design proposed levels for 21 statistical competencies. Results Statistical competencies were categorized as fundamental, intermediate, or specialized. CTS learners who intend to become independent principal investigators require more specialized training, while those intending to become informed consumers of the medical literature require more fundamental education. For most competencies, less training was proposed for those with more research background. Discussion When selecting statistical coursework, the learner's research background and career goal should guide the decision. Some statistical competencies are considered to be more important than others. Baseline knowledge assessments may help learners identify appropriate coursework. Conclusion Rather than one size fits all, tailoring education to baseline knowledge, learner background, and future goals increases learning potential while minimizing classroom time.
Keynes and Marx, Duncan and Me

This paper was originally prepared for the New School celebration of Duncan Foley’s career. It attempts to place his work in the context of the evolution of economics as a discipline and of the MIT Economics Department in the last forty years, and in particular the place of Marx and Keynes as catalytic thinkers in that process.
Colombia: Del espejismo del desarrollo a la crisis política y social

Desde una perspectiva historica discute la paradoja de un crecimiento sostenido y mejoras en los indicadores sociales en medio de una escalada en los niveles de violencia y corrupcion, para lo cual toma como referencia los planes de desarrollo y la politica economica de los ultimos treinta anos. En la dinamica del crecimiento economico reciente se hacen presentes factores de naturaleza institucional: la carencia dentro de la ciudadania de un sentido de pertenencia a la Nacion y a la comunidad, el desarrollo del clientelismo politico, la avidez de rentas, y la creciente incapacidad del Estado para desempenar algunas de sus funciones mas fundamentales como proporcionar seguridad personal, hacer cumplir contratos, y garantizar derechos de propiedad, entre otras. De esta manera se han aumentado los costos de hacer negocios en Colombia, llevando a que se dediquen importantes recursos a proteger privadamente la propiedad y promoviendo un alto nivel de criminalidad y de violencia, con un efecto negativo significativo sobre el crecimiento economico.
Evaluation of an Automated Creatininase Creatinine Procedure

We have evaluated an automated method for determining serum creatinine by use of the enzyme creatininase. The method has been adapted to the Beckman DSA-560 and measures the Jaffe-positive chromogens present in serum before and after enzymatic hydrolysis of creatinine. The precision and linearity of the method are acceptable, and the results correlate well with those obtained by other accepted techniques. The method offers the advantages of automation, enhanced specificity, micro-scale sample volume, and direct serum analysis.
Cadmium Chemical Pneumonitis

Metal fume exposures are common to a number of trades and may result in the self-limited acute toxic syndrome of metal fume fever. Acute inhalational cadmium toxicity may mimic metal fume fever on initial presentation, but may have a markedly different clinical course. We report a case of cadmium-induced chemical pneumonitis in a welder who, over four years, has shown persistent pulmonary function abnormalities. The potential for acute cadmium toxicity needs to be considered in any patient suspected of having metal fume fever.
Resveratrol suppresses IGF-1 induced human colon cancer cell proliferation and elevates apoptosis via suppression of IGF-1R/Wnt and activation of p53 signaling pathways

Background Obesity is a global phenomenon and is associated with various types of cancer, including colon cancer. There is a growing interest for safe and effective bioactive compounds that suppress the risk for obesity-promoted colon cancer. Resveratrol (trans-3, 4', 5,-trihydroxystilbene), a stilbenoid found in the skin of red grapes and peanuts suppresses many types of cancers by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis through a variety of mechanisms, however, resveratrol effects on obesity-promoted colon cancer are not clearly established.
THE CEMETERIES OF CHICAGO: A PHASE OF LAND UTILIZATION

(1955). THE CEMETERIES OF CHICAGO: A PHASE OF LAND UTILIZATION. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 245-253.
Comment on “Effect of Overtraining on Subsequent Learning of Incidental CUES”

Church (3) has recently reported a set of experiments designed to test the conditions under which animals, while making discriminations on the basis of one set of cues, will pick up information about newly introduced incidental cues that later may be used to guide discriminative choice when the original cues are removed from the situation. Like Blum and Blum (1) and Bruner, Matter, and Papanek (2), he found that rats do indeed learn something about such incidental cues while operating on previously established cue-discrimination habits. The heart of the issue about which I wish to comment briefly has to do with a hypothesis introduced by Bruner, Matter, and Papanek (2 ) and tested by Church (3 ). It is that if the animal is highly overtrained in his response to the original cue to which he is responding and is highly motivated, there will be less likelihood of his picking up the incidental cue when it is introduced into the situation. By highly motivated, we can mean the 36-hr. food deprivation used by Bruner, et nl. or the 22-hr. water deprivation used by Church. Overlearning of a cue is a matter of 200 to 300 trials of practice with the original cue before introduction of the incidental cue which can also be used to guide behavior in the situation. The general hypothesis proposed by Bruner, et nl. was that when behavior becomes mechanized with overlearning, the organism ceases to elaborate cue-goal cognitive maps or expectancies. Church in his ingenious experiments introduces an interesting and worthwhile distinction concerning incidental cues of the type under discussion. The distinction is between new cues that are introduced and previously irrelevant cues that are made relevant at a given point in the progress of overlearning. Bruner, et ul. used the latter procedure, Church the former. In the first of these experiments, rats were responding to black or white doors in a four unit T-maze, with position of the doors randomized. After a certain amount of overlearning, the correct doors were always arranged in an LRLR or RLRL sequence and. finally, the color cue was removed and animals tested for their mastery of single alternation. In short, a previously irrelevant cue suddenly became relevant and we ask under what conditions the animals '.notice3' that the cue has become relevant. In Church's first experiment, a newr cue was introduced after a period of overlearning. Rats went either to one or I!?? other arm of a single-unit T-maze, depending on whether a black or n hit? card cue was present on the side. The incidental cue added after over
Motor behaviors of neonatal rhesus monkeys: measurement techniques and early development.

Development of newborn monkeys was assessed by 2 techniques. The 1st was a film analysis measuring aspects of walking, climbing, and jumping in mother-reared infants. The 2nd used a “Baby-Spin” apparatus consisting of a cloth covered bag which rotated in the vertical plane through 360°, 2 sec spins. Mother-reared monkeys walked and climbed on Week 1 but did not jump until Week 3. The duration of arm and leg movements was constant, but because distance of movements changed the speed of limb movement increased over Weeks 1–5. Clasping and grasping responses were in synchrony from the first week of life. Clasping pressure to initial acceleration increased over the first 3 weeks, with greatest pressures at head-down angles on Weeks 1 and 2, and a double-peaked function, appearing on Weeks 3 and 4 with pressure maxima at both head-down and head-up angles. Developmental changes in clasping could be seen in longitudinal or cross-sectional comparisons, or in comparisons confounded by effects of prior test experience.
Electrocardiographic changes in carbon monoxide poisoning

Abstract In 10 patients with severe carbon monoxide toxicity, electrocardiograms were abnormal in 9. In the 3 patients reported in detail, electrocardiographic changes consisted of arrhythmias (auricular fibrillation), ischemic changes and probable subendocardial infarction. In 2 severely ill patients the electrocardiographic pattern did not return to normal for four weeks, and the clinical course was compatible with moderately severe coronary artery insufficiency and myocardial damage. Anoxia, toxic changes and true coronary ischemia secondary to shock may all play a part in carbon monoxide poisoning, depending on concentration, duration of exposure and presence or absence of shock.
Effectiveness analysis of energy reclamation from partially depleted batteries

Abstract This paper presents the study of energy reclamation from partially depleted primary batteries using secondary battery cells as temporary energy repositories. A DC/DC power converter is interposed between the two types of batteries to control the discharging of the primary battery as well as the charging of the secondary battery. The energy reclamation process is simulated and verified in the virtual test bed (VTB) computational environment using pre-validated battery models. Energy transferring and power losses among components are quantificationally studied. For an example system including a lithium sulfur dioxide primary battery with an initial state-of-charge of 0.3 at 296 K, an aggregated total of 216 kJ of energy is reclaimed and 82.87% of the energy (179 kJ) is stored in a 10-cell lithium-ion battery pack. A simple application scenario is used to show the potentially significant benefit of performing this energy reclamation technology. The study results demonstrate that 8.3% of weight and 10% of cost are saved. The main factors affecting the system performance are varied and the effects are analyzed. The results show that battery energy reclamation can be improved by: (1) appropriately increasing the battery operating temperature, (2) using relatively low discharging current, and (3) improving the power converter efficiency at the user-specified discharging current level.
Device Specific Aortic Outflow Cannula Jets Studied Using 2D PIV and High-Performance 3D CFD Simulation

In the US, approximately 1 in 100 children are born with a clinically significant congenital heart defect (CHD). The palliative repair of these defects requires complex biventricular and univentricular surgical operations in newborns often smaller than 2 kg. However, recovery after neonatal intervention remains suboptimal 1. A major component of these surgeries is the cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB) procedure which if prolonged can potentially lead to neurological complications and developmental defects in a young patient. During CPB, tiny aortic cannulae (2–3 mm inner diameter), with micro-scale blood-wetting features transport relatively large blood volumes (0.3 to 1.0 L/min) resulting in high blood flow velocities. Our recent 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of jet flows in device specific cannulae 2 have indicated that the turbulent jet wake at high physiological neonatal extracorporeal life support (ECLS) circuit blood flow rates can potentially have damaging hemolytic effects, when evaluated in a cuboidal flow domain, as well as in in-silico aortic insertion configurations. Such severe flow conditions can result in platelet activation, vascular injuries and blood damage. Despite these risks, cannulation methods have received little attention compared to the effort expended to assure the safety and efficacy of the mechanical circulatory support blood pumps. Qui et al 3 report that cannula problems are the second most frequently reported mechanical complication in ECLS therapy for respiratory cases and the third most frequent complication in cardiac cases. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the jet wake region of two popular 8FR pediatric cannulae, DLP Medtronic 77008 and RMI FEM II – 008 – AT (inner diameter ∼1850 microns), using stereo particle image velocimetry (PIV) to validate numerically computed flow fields.© 2012 ASME
The absence of zinc in the mitochondrial and supernatant forms of malate dehydrogenase.

Abstract The malate dehydrogenase enzyme system from porcine heart ( l -malate:NAD) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) has previously been shown to be a multiple enzyme system 1 . This discussion is limited to a consideration of the two basic systems; i.e. enzyme isolated from the cytoplasm or supernatant form and enzyme of a mitochondrial origin. No consideration is made at this time of the microheterogeneity observed in each major type. An efficient method for the purification of the supernatant form of the enzyme in tandem with a previously reported procedure for the mitochondrial enzyme is described. The possibility that either or both enzymes are zinc metalloenzymes has been investigated. Although instantaneous inhibition by known metal-chelating reagents was observed, atomic absorption analysis of samples of highly purified enzyme of both types failed to indicate the presence of a stoichiometric amount of zinc. Inhibition of both enzymes has been observed in the presence of a non-chelating analogue of 1,10-phenanthroline, (1,7-phenanthroline). This information coupled with the analytical data indicating the absence of intrinsic metal ions in either enzyme system has suggested that the inhibition by metal-chelating agents observed by these authors and others was the result of hydrophobic interaction of the chelating agents at or near the enzymatic active center, and not due to the specific chelating properties of the reagents employed.
Microsurgical Studies on Human Cells and Cloning of HeLa Cells

This article describes the equipment and microsurgical procedures requisite to dissecting, injecting or otherwise altering human cells of normal or malignant origin. These procedures, amenable to automation, are also requisite to the isolation and cloning of solitary, operated HeLa cells.
DOSI: Training artificial neural networks using overlapping swarm intelligence with local credit assignment

A novel swarm-based algorithm is proposed for the training of artificial neural networks. Training of such networks is a difficult problem that requires an effective search algorithm to find optimal weight values. While gradient-based methods, such as backpropagation, are frequently used to train multilayer feedforward neural networks, such methods may not yield a globally optimal solution. To overcome the limitations of gradient-based methods, evolutionary algorithms have been used to train these networks with some success. This paper proposes an overlapping swarm intelligence algorithm for training neural networks in which a particle swarm is assigned to each neuron to search for that neuron's weights. Unlike similar architectures, our approach does not require a shared global network for fitness evaluation. Thus the approach discussed in this paper localizes the credit assignment process by first focusing on updating weights within local swarms and then evaluating the fitness of the particles using a localized network. This has the advantage of enabling our algorithm's learning process to be fully distributed.
The limitations of risk factors as prognostic tools.

Research has shown that a risk factor must have a much stronger association with the disease outcome than we ordinarily see in etiologic research if it is to provide a basis for early diagnosis or prediction in individual patients. James Ware explains the statistics behind this problem.
Cytogenetic analysis of lymphocytes from rats following formaldehyde inhalation.

Abstract Male and female Fischer-344 rats were exposed to target concentrations of 0.5, 6, or 15 ppm formaldehyde by inhalation for 6 h/day for 5 days. Blood was removed by cardiac puncture within 1 h following termination of exposures and cultured in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) (4 μM) for analyses of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome breakage. Formaldehyde did not cause a statistically significant increase in either SCE frequency or in the number of metaphases displaying chromosome aberrations.
Phase-conjugated distortion by degenerate four-wave mixing

Abstract An analytic solution for the phase-conjugated distortion in degenerate four-wave mixing with imperfect plane wavefront is derived. From the distortion calculation, the relations among the conjugated wavefront and others are presented in detail.
Comparison of the gas-phase basicities and relative methylation nucleophilicities of carbonyl-containing compounds

The gas-phase basicities and relative methylation nucleophilicities of a series of simple cyclic carbonyl-containing compounds were evaluated in order to understand the low reactivities of some barbiturates and anti-convulsants in the gas phase. The gas-phase basicities were determined by the bracketing method, and the relative methylation nucleophilicities were characterized by monitoring ion-molecule reactions with CH3OCH2+ ions from dimethyl ether. Heats of formation were calculated for the protonated and methylated structures in order to estimate the favored sites of protonation and methylation. As shown in this paper, the positions of the carbonyl groups have a striking effect on the relative gas-phase basicities and methylation rates within a related series of compounds. For those compounds with two carbonyl groups in 1,2 positions, the methylation efficiency is enhanced by a factor of 100 over those compounds with two carbonyl groups in the 1,3 or 1,4 positions. This large difference is attributed to the variation in molecular dipole moments of the three cyclohexanediones and the relative positions of the two carbonyl groups. Cyclohexane-1,2-dione has the greatest dipole moment, leading to the highest interaction energy with the CH3OCH2+ reactant, and has the capability for cooperative interaction during the attack on CH3OCH2+ and subsequent rapid methyl cation transfer between the two carbonyl groups, thus enhancing the reaction rate and product stability. The order of gas-phase basicities is also strongly influenced by the number and positions of the carbonyl groups and the presence of a nitrogen atom in the ring. For example, glutarimide, which has two carbonyl groups surrounding a nitrogen atom in the ring, has a gas-phase basicity that is about 10 kcal mol-1 less than that of cyclohexane-1,3-dione. This result is attributed to the restriction of partial hydrogen-bond formation between the two carbonyl groups in glutarimide because of increased planarity of the ring due to the nitrogen atom.
Similarity renormalization group for nucleon-nucleon interactions

The similarity renormalization group (SRG) is based on unitary transformations that suppress off-diagonal matrix elements, forcing the Hamiltonian toward a band-diagonal form. A simple SRG transformation applied to nucleon-nucleon interactions leads to greatly improved convergence properties while preserving observables and provides a method to consistently evolve many-body potentials and other operators.
Value Bases in Social Work Education

SUMMARY In this paper the two values of social justice and personal caring are identified as key ideologies within social work education. Their presence is traced within a historical ebb and flow of theory and practice and it is argued that this dialectic is embedded in social and individual systems. Based on fieldwork research with social work lecturers and practice teachers, it is argued that anti-oppressive social work needs a reflexive theory/practice model to provide an understanding of how structural power affects all aspects of an individual. This demands a working synthesis of the two values of Personal Caring and Social Justice within an understanding of a multiple approach. At a time when social work faces change and challenge at every tum— proposals for a General Social Care Council in England and equivalents
Issues in mathematical modeling of piezoelectric energy harvesters

The idea of vibration-to-electric energy conversion for powering small electronic components by using the ambient vibration energy has been investigated by researchers from different disciplines in the last decade. Among the possible transduction mechanisms, piezoelectric transduction has received the most attention for converting ambient vibrations to useful electrical energy. In the last five years, there have been a considerable number of publications using various models for the electromechanical behavior of piezoelectric energy harvester beams. The models used in the literature range from elementary single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) models to approximate distributed parameter models as well as analytical distributed parameter solution attempts. Because of the diverse nature of researchers working in energy harvesting (including electrical, mechanical and materials engineers), several oversimplified and incorrect physical assumptions have been propagated in the literature. Issues of the correct formulation for piezoelectric coupling, correct physical modeling, use of low fidelity models, incorrect base motion modeling, and the use of static expressions in a fundamentally dynamic problem are discussed and clarified here. These common indiscretions, which have been repeated in the existing piezoelectric energy harvesting literature, are addressed and clarified with improved models, and examples are provided. This paper aims to provide corrections and necessary clarifications for researchers from different engineering disciplines interested in electromechanical modeling of piezoelectric energy harvesters.
A Two-Dimensional Approach to Study Amyloid β-Peptide Fragment (25−35)

The neuritic plaques formed by amyloid /?-peptide (Aβ) play a seminal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ sequence 25-35 (GSNKGAIIGLM) is among the most frequently studied Aβ derivatives for the reason that it possesses the structural characteristic of Aβ and remains neurotoxic. Aβ(25-35) was modified with an aliphatic chain (C 18 ) at the N-terminal of the peptide for the study of the Langmuir monolayer at the air-water interface. The main advantage of the 2D approach is the self-assembly of the peptide moiety in the subphase, and therefore the aggregation process of the peptidolipid Aβ(25-35) was monitored by surface pressure and surface potential-area isotherms. The real-time epifluorescence microscopy was utilized to observe the topography of the domains formed, whereas polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) provided the information on the structural features of the domains at the air-water interface. Langmuir-Blodgett films were prepared to examine by circular dichroism (CD) the conformation of the peptidolipid film in the domains.