cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural basis of rhythmic timing networks in the human brain.

: The study of rhythmicity provides insights into the understanding of temporal coding of music and temporal information processing in the human brain. Auditory rhythms rapidly entrain motor responses into stable steady synchronization states below and above conscious perception thresholds. Studying the neural dynamics of entrainment by measuring brain wave responses (MEG) we found nonlinear scaling of M100 amplitudes generated in primary auditory cortex relative to changes in the period of the rhythmic interval during subliminal and supraliminal tempo modulations. In recent brain imaging studies we have described the neural networks involved in motor synchronization to auditory rhythm. Activated regions include primary sensorimotor and cingulate areas, bilateral opercular premotor areas, bilateral SII, ventral prefrontal cortex, and, subcortically, anterior insula, putamen, and thalamus. Within the cerebellum, vermal regions and anterior hemispheres ipsilateral to the movement became significantly activated. Tracking temporal modulations additionally activated predominantly right prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and intraparietal regions as well as posterior cerebellar hemispheres. Furthermore, strong evidence exists for the substantial benefits of rhythmic stimuli in rehabilitation training with motor disorders.
Silent subjects in Chinese descriptive clauses

Abstract This paper argues that the silent subject (SS) in Chinese descriptive clauses (DC) cannot be identified as either NP-trace, or PRO or pro, but is best analysed as a variable as defined in Chomsky (1982). The DC is a special structure different from commonly recognized relatives in Chinese; the head of the clause is invariably the indefinite object in the preceding matrix clause. First of all, the SS cannot be NP-trace, since it lacks the feature [+ana] and there is no movement involved in deriving the SS. Also, since the DC is a finite clause as evidenced by the presence of AUX elements, the SS cannot be identified as PRO, which always occurs in non-finite clauses. Moreover, the possibility of the SS being a pro can be ruled on the grounds (i) that the SS is always coindexed with the object, not the subject, of the preceding matrix clause; and (ii) that the SS behaves differently from pro in terms of reference distribution. On the other hand, analysing the SS as a variable proves to be most desirable. There is evidence showing that the SS is A'-bound by a null operator. Also, the SS is subject to subjacency, specifically CNPC. Moreover, the Chinese subject – object asymmetry, which provides the basis for analysing the SS as pro and the silent object as variable, disappears in the descriptive clause; both the SS and the SO exhibit subjacency effects. Therefore, the SS as well as the SO in Chinese can be variables.
Use of multiple exemplars in object concept training: How many are sufficient?*

In recent years, concern has developed regarding the degree to which training with a limited set of objects will result in generalized responding to novel objects of the same category. The purpose of this study was to expand our understanding of the benefits of training with multiple exemplars. Specifically, training with five as opposed to three good examples was investigated. The difference in the averaged correct response to novel objects between conditions was not significant (p = .08); however the arithmetic difference between the two conditions indicated higher levels of generalization following training with five examples for five of the six subjects. The results are discussed in reference to implications for teaching and for further research regarding the benefit of using multiple exemplars when teaching natural object categories.
Definition and construction of free algebras revisited

We give below a rather concrete and intuitively motivated definition and construction of a free algebra which make the latter more comprehendible than when it is defined and constructed according to the manner usually given in the literature. Let A = {a, b} and M = {m, n, p} be algebras each with one binary operation, say, multiplication (which, as usual, we omit to denote) defined by their respective multiplication tables :
Unobservability Subspaces For Continuous-time Markovian Jump Systems with Application to Fault Diagnosis

Abstract This paper introduces the notion of unobservability subspaces for continuous-time Markovian Jump System (MJS) with irreducible Markov process. First a geometric property related to the unobservable subspace of a Markovian jump system is presented. A new approach for determining the conditions for weak-observability of MJS systems is then developed. The concept of an unobservability subspace is presented and an algorithm for obtaining it is described. The necessary and sufficient conditions for solvability of the fundamental problem of residual generation (FPRG) for MJS systems are derived by utilizing our introduced unobservability subspaces.
Properties and computation of interval availability of system

Abstract In this paper, we study the interval availability A w ( t ) of a repairable system through an integral equation. We proved initial monotonicity of the interval availability, and derived lower bounds to A w ( t ) and average availability. The limit of the interval availability is also obtained. A Block-by-Block algorithm for numerically computing A w ( t ) is proposed. Various examples show the high accuracy and efficiency of this algorithm.
Solvent solute interactions probed by picosecond transient Raman spectroscopy: S 1 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene in the linear alkanes

We present theS 1 Raman spectra of 1,4-DiPhenyl-1,3-Butadiene (DPB) in a series of linear alkanes (pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, decane, and dodecane). Bands assignable to both the 11 B u and 21 A g states are present, suggesting that the state we are observing in solution is a mixed state with both 11 B u and 21 A g character. The relative intensities of several bands associated with Co∔Co stretching motions in the 21 A g and 11 B u states change systematically through the solvent series. The relative intensity changes reflect a changing distribution ofs-trans conformers inS 1 DPB as the solvent is varied. We suggest that the distribution ofs-trans conformers inS 1 DPB controls the nature of the mixing between the 21 A g and 11 B u states and that the distribution of conformers is controlled by the solvent viscosity. Changes in the peak position and bandwidth of the phenyl C=C stretch with delay reflect vibrational relaxation processes inS 1 DPB. We observe anomolous behavior in pentane that we attribute to the effect of the solvent structure on the ability of DPB to exchange energy with pentane.
Dihydrochalcones from Uvaria angolensis

An investigation of the roots of Uvaria angolensis has led to the isolation and identification of two new dihydrochalcones, angoletin and uvangoletin, and the known C-benzyldihydrochalcones, uvaretin and isouvaretin. The structures were established from 13C NMR comparisons with known dihydrochalcones.
Algebraic techniques in design and design evaluation

Using algebraic techniques 1) we show how to design unity-feedback control systems with stable rectangular plant, 2) we exhibit the necessary and sufficient condition that an unstable multiplicative plant perturbation must satisfy in order not to upset the System stability. Finally, we generalize to a purely algebraic setting.
Broadband parametric multicasting via four-mode phase-sensitive interaction

Optical frequency multicasting with significantly enhanced signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) is demonstrated over wide wavelength range. High-fidelity multicasting relies on a four-mode phase-sensitive (PS) parametric process. Four-mode seeding was used to drive dual-pump, multistage mixer and achieve high-efficiency frequency comb generation and signal replication assisted by field interference. New PS mixer was measured to possess near 12-dB of spectrally uniform optical SNR advantage over conventional, phase-insensitive (PI) parametric multicaster. In signal attenuation regime, PS operation was measured with better than 10dB over the entire mixer band, indicating highly controllable PS interference. The role of the new PS mixer in near-noiseless signal replication is elaborated.
The Theory of Investment and Production

I. Introduction, contributions to investment theory, 61. — II. Capital inputs in production theory, 62. — III. Production, using capital goods, with a fixed replacement policy, 66. — IV. Replacement theory, 72. — V. A theory of investment, replacement, and production, 77. — VI. "Overcapacity" and the dynamics of production, 80.— VII. Investment demand and the "acceleration principle," 83. — VIII. Summary, 86.
Principal-component analysis of sea-ice motion from satellite data

The two-dimensional wavelet transform is a highly efficient band-pass filter, which can be used to track features in satellite images from sequential paths. Wavelet analysis of NASA scatterometer and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager data has been used to obtain daily sea-ice drift information for the Arctic region. Comparison with ice motion derived from ocean buoys shows good quantitive agreement. Furthermore, the scatterometer results definitely complement passive-microwave radiometer results when there are cloud or surface effects. This outcome allows three sets of sea-ice-drift daily results from scatterometer, radiometer and buoy data to be merged as a composite map by data-fusion techniques. Based on the composite maps, the ice-flow streamlines are highly correlated with surface air-pressure contours. In order to quantify the wind effects on ice motion, empirical orthogonal functions are used in the principal-component analysis to isolate generalized patterns inherent in 6 months (fall/winter) of daily sea-ice motion data. It is found that 30% of sea-ice motion is highly correlated with 50% of the pressure field in modes 1 and 2. For the higher modes, sea-ice motion is also affected by ocean current, bathymetry and coastal boundary and therefore is not highly correlated with the wind field.
Traps identification in Copper-Indium-Gallium-Sulfur-Selenide solar cells completed with various buffer layers by deep level transient spectroscopy

Abstract Current–voltage characteristics of thin-film semiconductor devices are greatly affected by surface and interface defects. Deep level transient spectroscopy has been used in this work to reveal information about defect levels in CuInGaSSe based solar cells. The defect spectra varied significantly from sample to sample. Majority and minority carrier traps were identified for each cell. An effort was made to correlate the traps with the chemical nature of defects. In particular, cells were investigated that had three different buffer layers namely CdS, ZnO and ZnS. In the case of ZnO and ZnS buffer layer devices cells with high and low efficiencies were studied. The lower efficiency cells were characterized by deeper trap levels.
Molecular analysis of no-on-transient A, a gene required for normal vision in Drosophila.

Abstract Mutation of the Drosophila melanogaster gene no-ontransient A (nonA) results in reduced visual acuity, behavior abnormalities, and an elect rophysiologicaI defect for which the mutant is named. We mapped the nonA gene genetically to a 20 kb interval within the 14C1,2 region of the X chromosome, isolated this chromosomal region, and used P element-mediated transformation to delimit the nonA gene to a 9 kb region. Analysis of cDNA clones indicates that this region encodes alternatively spliced transcripts encoding protein products of ∼77 kd that differ only in their C-terminal 35 amino acids. Analysis of mutations generated in vitro in this transcription unit confirm that these transcripts are the products of the nonA gene.
Low energy p-Be nuclear reactions for depth-profiling Be in alloys

Abstract Beryllium distributions within the first mun of the surface of nickel- or copper-based alloys were investigated with a 300 keV proton probe utilizing low energy nuclear reactions. In the case of the Ni specimens, segregation of Be was induced by point defect flows to the surface of the specimen during Ni-ion bombardment at elevated temperatures. The nuclear reactions used for the detection of Be are 9 Be(p, d) 8 Be with a Q value of 0.56 MeV and 9 Be(p, α ) 6 Li with a Q value of 2.12 MeV. The deuteron and alpha groups are simultaneously observable using a standard surface barrier detector. Observations were made at a 150° scattering angle with and without a 2.5 μm mylar filter in front of the detector. This filter was found necessary for observing the deuteron yields since pulse pile-up from backscattered protons would otherwise mask the deuteron signal. The alpha group may be observed with or without the filter depending on whether counting statistics or energy resolution are the more important constraints. Significant Be segregation toward the surface was observed in specimens after irradiation at 625°C to 23 dpa with 3.2 MeV Ni ions. Concentrations of Be were nearly doubled within 500 A of the surface and a region depleted of Be extended below the surface layer to a depth of about 3000 A. These results are in reasonable agreement with predictions from computer calculations of alloy segregation induced by defect fluxes to free surfaces during irradiation at elevated temperatures.
Distributed neutron sources in a semi-infinite medium

In this paper a novel application of the numerical Laplace transform inversion to the solution of the one-group neutron transport equation in a half-space with a distributed source is presented. Embedded isotropic sources are considered as well as distributed beam sources. The simplicity of the method in generating numerical results is demonstrated.
Preparation and characterization of SixSe1−x glasses and determination of the equilibrium phase diagram

Glasses in the Si/sub x/Se/sub 1-x/ 0.0 < x < 0.40 alloy system have been prepared and characterized by bulk glass density and glass transition temperature measurements. Systematic changes in molar volume vs. concentration indicate the onset of major structural changes at xapprox. =0.22 and x=0.33. The first determination of the equilibrium phase diagram for the Se-rich region of the Si-Se alloy system is presented.
Evidence of the Validity of the PPST for Non-Traditional College Students:

Correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination were calculated for PPST subtest scores for three age groups of college students. PPST reading, math, and writing scores from a sample of 800 university students in teacher education were used for the analysis. In general, correlation coefficients were higher for students 23 years or younger. Coefficients were much lower for students 30 years of age or older. Coefficients of determination suggested that the PPST reading and writing subtest scores account for a sizable about of variation in college GPA for students 23 and younger (.21 and .22), but PPST reading and math accounted for relatively little variation in GPA for students 30 years or older (.06 and .04). The authors suggest that universities with large enrollments of older, non-traditional students in teacher education programs further examine the validity of using some subtests of the PPST in the decision-making process.
Rigid-Plastic Analysis of a Simply Supported Circular Plate Due to Dynamic Circular Loading

Abstract The object of this paper is to determine the behavior of a thin simply supported circular plate when subject to a dynamic transverse load uniformly distributed over a central circular region. The plate is made of a rigid-ideally plastic material that obeys Tresca's yield condition and the associated flow rule. The load is brought on suddenly, held constant for a period of time, and then suddenly removed.
Adhesion of Pressure Sensitive Adhesives with Applications in Transdermal Drug Delivery

The development and implementation of successful transdermal devices for drug delivery requires an understanding of the adhesion occurring between the device and the soft dermal layer. This study utilizes a mechanics approach to quantify the adhesive properties of representative pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) used as the adhesive layer in these systems. Debonding of PSAs is accompanied by cavitation in the PSA and the formation of an extensive cohesive zone behind the debond tip. The presence of such large-scale bridging provides significant energy dissipation and increased resistance to delamination. The strain energy release rate (G) during debonding of a cantilever-beam sample, containing at its midline a thin layer of PSA, was utilized to quantify the adhesion of the PSA. The analysis accounts for both the work of adhesion as well as the viscoelastic constitutive behavior of the soft adhesive layer. Effects of strain rate, physiological environment, and permeation-enhancement additions are considered. The resistance of human stratum corneum to debonding between corneocyte layers is also presented, as knowledge of this parameter is essential for developing techniques to test the fracture resistance of the PSA-stratum corneum interface present in the clinical use of these transdermal devices.
Internal Fissuring of Wheat due to Weathering

RADIOGRAPHIC technique developed at this Station for the determination of internal or hidden insect infestation in stored grain1 has proved to be useful for the detection of other physical anomalies in grains. Practical applications of this sort include the detection of cracked or broken kernels in rough rice (paddy) prior to milling2 as well as the extent of internal fracturing of certain grains such as maize due to uneven stresses arising from severe drying conditions. This communication deals with a condition of internal fissuring occurring in wheat due to weathering of the ripened grain in the field.
A control-process perspective on anxiety

A view of certain consequences of anxiety is presented in which anxiety causes an interruption in ongoing self-regulation, leading to an assessment of outcome or coping expectancy. In this theory, people with favorable expectancies return to the interrupted activity, whereas people with unfavorable expectancies experience an impulse to disengage from further efforts. Our view differs from other attentional theories of anxiety in the following way: we argue, with the support of research evidence, that both the renewed effort and the disengagement (and its consequent performance impairment) are exaggerated by subsequent self-focused attention.
Body temperature and sleep architecture in response to a mild cold stress in women

Six women participated in a seven consecutive night polygraphic sleep study during which both 24-hour rectal, body temperature and wrist activity were continuously sampled and stored at one-minute intervals. The study was designed to investigate the effects of a mild nocturnal cold stress on thermoregulation and sleep. On nights 4 and 5, subjects slept naked, without any bedcovers (mild cold stress) in a warm (26.7-28.3 degrees C) room. The daily mean rectal temperature and the daily nadir (low point) of the circadian temperature rhythm (CTR) showed a significant decrease between the baseline and cold stress conditions. The lowered nadir resulted in a significant amplitude increase in the daily CTR between the baseline and cold stress conditions. There were no significant changes in activity levels across experimental conditions. The ability to maintain a sleep state was significantly impaired during the cold stress. Stage 4 slow wave sleep increased, while Stage 3 decreased in response to the cold stress condition, and there was an associated lengthening of the first NREM period. These data suggest that challenges to the thermoregulatory system can be used as a vehicle to systematically alter sleep architecture in humans.
The timing of RNA synthesis for spermiogenesis in organ cultures ofDrosophila melanogaster testes.

A method for the organ culture ofDrosophila testes is described which supports the differentiation of primary spermatocytes through the meiotic divisions to elongating spermatids. Autoradiographic and inhibitor studies reveal no evidence for RNA synthesis by developing spermatids ofDrosophila melanogaster; most, if not all, of the RNA required for the differentiation and elongation of sperm is synthesized earlier in the primary spermatocytes. Primary spermatocytes will differentiate into elongating spermatids in organ culture, despite severe (96–98%) inhibition of3H-uridine incorporation into RNA effected by 50 μg/ml 3′-deoxyadenosine. Protein synthesis in spermatids continues to be active in the presence of 3′-deoxyadenosine, but that in growing spermatocytes is severely inhibited.
Consumer processing of bundled prices: when do discounts matter?

Although bundles of products or services are typically offered at retail prices that are less than their components, some bundles offer little or no discount. One explanation for why consumers would purchase of such bundles lies in how consumers process item price information. When circumstances favor a piecemeal processing approach – as in previous bundling research – discounts play an important part in the evaluation of bundles. However, when circumstances favor a more holistic processing approach, discounts have little effect. This paper reports the results of an experiment that indicates that the effect of discount size on bundle choice is moderated by the extent of piecemeal processing, which is instantiated by factors that make the item prices easier to process. Specifically, we consider the amount of a price discount and the salience of price information on bundle choice. The findings have theoretical implications in regard to the processing of bundled information and practical implications for retail bundle pricing and consumer welfare.
Evaluation of Upper Esophageal Sphincter Function

Under normal circumstances, the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) serves as an important gatekeeper, regulating antegrade and retrograde bolus movement through the upper aerodigestive tract. Dysfunc...
SPP tomography: a simple wide-field nanoscope.

Summary: We explore the wide-field optical nanoimaging capabilities of the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) tomography technique. We show that nanofeatures with lateral dimensions smaller than λ/20 can be observed in the surface emission (SE) images of plasmonic crystals with a period of 300 nm. Moreover,asaproof-of-concept,wedemonstratethat SPP tomography permits to resolve two single objectswithacenter-to-centerseparationof200nmand edge-to-edge separation as small as λ/7. We present a comprehensive discussion about the nanoimaging capabilitiesoftheSPPtomographytechnique.Incontrast to other optical subwavelength resolution techniques, in our approach for imaging nanosize features, enhanced evanescent waves are coupled to the far-field via leakage radiation associated with SPPs excited by near-field fluorescence; therefore widefield images, which are not out-of-plane diffractionlimited, are formed directly in the microscope’s camera. We also discuss additional imaging processing capabilities associated with the fact that SPP tomography SE images are formed by the microscope lenses
Beliefs and Practices Regarding Autism in Indian Families Now Settled Abroad An Internet Survey

Beliefs and practices regarding autism were explored in Indian families living outside India. Parents (N = 24) of children (3 to 15 years) with an autism spectrum disorder wrote open-ended answers ...
Collocated AAR: Augmenting After Action Review with Mixed Reality

This paper proposes collocated after action review (AAR) of training experiences. Through mixed reality (MR), collocated AAR allows users to review past training experiences in situ with the userpsilas current, real-world experience. MR enables a user-controlled egocentric viewpoint, a visual overlay of virtual information, and playback of recorded training experiences collocated with the userpsilas current experience. Collocated AAR presents novel challenges for MR, such as collocating time, interactions, and visualizations of previous and current experiences. We created a collocated AAR system for anesthesia education, the augmented anesthesia machine visualization and interactive debriefing system (AAMVID). The system was evaluated in two studies by students (n=19) and educators (n=3). The results demonstrate how collocated AAR systems such as AAMVID can: (1) effectively direct student attention and interaction during AAR and (2) provide novel visualizations of aggregate student performance and insight into student understanding for educators.
Acute acidosis-induced alteration in bone bicarbonate and phosphate

During an acute fall in systemic pH due to a decrease in the concentration of serum bicarbonate ([HCO 3 − ]), metabolic acidosis, there is an influx of hydrogen ions into the mineral phase of bone,...
Regulation of anaphase chromosome motion in Tradescantia stamen hair cells by calcium and related signaling agents.

Several lines of evidence support the idea that increases in the intracellular free calcium concentration [( Ca2+]i) regulate chromosome motion. To directly test this we have iontophoretically injected Ca2+ or related signaling agents into Tradescantia stamen hair cells during anaphase and measured their effect on chromosome motion and on the Ca2+ levels. Ca2+ at (+)1 nA for 10 s (approximately 1 microM) causes a transient (20 s) twofold increase in the rate of chromosome motion, while at higher levels it slows or completely stops motion. Ca2+ buffers, EGTA, and 5,59-dibromo-1,2- bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N9,N9-tetraacetic acid, which transiently suppress the ion level, also momentarily stop motion. Injection of K+, Cl-, or Mg2+, as controls, have no effect on motion. The injection of GTP gamma S, and to a lesser extent GTP, enhances motion similarly to a low level of Ca2+. However, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, ATP gamma S, ATP, and GDP beta S have no effect. Measurement of the [Ca2+]i with indo-1 reveals that the direct injections of Ca2+ produce the expected increases. GTP gamma S, on the other hand, causes only a small [Ca2+]i rise, which by itself is insufficient to increase the rate of chromosome motion. Further studies reveal that any negative ion injection, presumably through hyperpolarization of the membrane potential, generates a similar small pulse of Ca2+, yet these agents have no effect on motion. Two major conclusions from these studies are as follows. (a) Increased [Ca2+]i can enhance the rate of motion, if administered in a narrow physiological window around 1 microM; concentrations above 1 microM or below the physiological resting level will slow or stop chromosomes. (b) GTP gamma S enhances motion by a mechanism that does not cause a sustained uniform rise of [Ca2+]i in the spindle; this effect may be mediated through very localized [Ca2+]i changes or Ca2(+)-independent effectors.
Wireless Sensor and Mobile Application of an Agriculture Security System

This study uses wireless sensor and mobile APP technologies to plan and build an agriculture security system to prevent farmers’ losses. This security system consists of a variety of different sensor functions. The data collected will be analyzed and judged through the Arduino microprocessor and the information is sent to the control end by the ZigBee wireless transmission module. The control end will activate all buzzers and the searchlight if an invasion has been confirmed. Also, the installation of the CCD camera will activate when suspicious activity occurs and will thus take clear and definite photos as evidence and send an email to notify the user. Using the mobile APP program developed by ourselves, when the smart phone APP detects new photos being stored in the cloud database, it sends an alert message to the user to remind him/her to check the new photo.
The value of corporate voting rights and control: A cross-country analysis

This paper measures the value of corporate voting rights, specifically of the control block of votes, in a sample of 661 dual-class firms in 18 countries, in 1997. A consistent measure across countries is proposed. The measure is adjusted for takeover probability, block-holding costs, and dividend and liquidity differences between the share classes. The value of controlblock votes varies widely across countries. It is close to half of firm market value in South Korea, andclose to zero in Finland. The value of control-block votes is interpretedas a lower bound for actual private benefits of the controlling shareholder. The legal environment, law enforcement, investor protection, takeover regulations, andpower-concentrating corporate charter provisions explain 68% of the cross-country variation in the value of control-block votes.
Role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Degradation in Cisplatin-Induced Cytotoxicity in Head and Neck Cancer

Cisplatin and its analogues are the most commonly used agents in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In this study, we investigated a possible role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation and degradation in cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Cisplatin treatment led to an increase in initial EGFR phosphorylation at Y1045, the binding site of ubiquitin ligase, Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl), followed by ubiquitination in the relatively cisplatin-sensitive cell lines. However, cisplatin-resistant cell lines underwent minimal EGFR phosphorylation at the Y1045 site and minimal ubiquitination. We found that EGFR degradation in response to cisplatin was highly correlated with cytotoxicity in seven head and neck cancer cell lines. Pretreatment with EGF enhanced cisplatin-induced EGFR degradation and cytotoxicity, whereas erlotinib pretreatment blocked EGFR phosphorylation, degradation, and cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Expression of a mutant Y1045F EGFR, which is relatively resistant to c-Cbl-mediated degradation, in Chinese hamster ovary cells and the UMSCC11B human head and neck cancer cell line protected EGFR from cisplatin-induced degradation and enhanced cell survival compared with wild-type (WT) EGFR. Transfection of WT c-Cbl enhanced EGFR degradation and cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity compared with control vector. These results show that cisplatin-induced EGFR phosphorylation and subsequent ubiquitination and degradation is an important determinant of cisplatin sensitivity. Our findings suggest that treatment with an EGFR inhibitor before cisplatin would be antagonistic, as EGFR inhibition would protect EGFR from cisplatin-mediated phosphorylation and subsequent ubiquitination and degradation, which may explain the negative results of several recent clinical trials. Furthermore, they suggest that EGFR degradation is worth exploring as an early biomarker of response and as a target to improve outcome.
Sensitization of the Trigeminovascular Pathway: Perspective and Implications to Migraine Pathophysiology

Migraine headache is commonly associated with signs of exaggerated intracranial and extracranial mechanical sensitivities. Patients exhibiting signs of intracranial hypersensitivity testify that their headache throbs and that mundane physical activities that increase intracranial pressure (such as bending over or coughing) intensify the pain. Patients exhibiting signs of extracranial hypersensitivity testify that during migraine their facial skin hurts in response to otherwise innocuous activities such as combing, shaving, letting water run over their face in the shower, or wearing glasses or earrings (termed here cephalic cutaneous allodynia). Such patients often testify that during migraine their bodily skin is hypersensitive and that wearing tight cloth, bracelets, rings, necklaces and socks or using a heavy blanket can be uncomfortable and/or painful (termed her extracephalic cutaneous allodynia). This review summarizes the evidence that support the view that activation of the trigeminovascular pathway contribute to the headache phase of a migraine attack, that the development of throbbing in the initial phase of migraine is mediated by sensitization of peripheral trigeminovascular neurons that innervate the meninges, that the development of cephalic allodynia is propelled by sensitization of second-order trigeminovascular neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus which receive converging sensory input from the meninges as well as from the scalp and facial skin, and that the development of extracephalic allodynia is mediated by sensitization of third-order trigeminovascular neurons in the posterior thalamic nuclei which receive converging sensory input from the meninges, facial and body skin.
Voter Turnout in Africa's Multiparty Regimes:

Many people consider voting the most important form of political participation in a democracy. To this point, no aggregate-level, cross-national studies have been done on the factors that affect vo...
Modal Identities for Elastic Bodies, With Application to Vehicle Dynamics and Control

It is a standard procedure to analyze a flexible vehicle in terms of its vibration frequencies and mode shapes. However, the entire mode shape is not needed per se, but two integrals of the mode shape, pi and hi, which correspond to the momentum and angular momentum in Mode i. Together with the natural frequencies omega-i, these modal parameters satisfy several important identities, 25 of which are derived in this paper. Expansions in terms of both constrained and unconstrained modes are considered. A simple illustrative example is included. The paper concludes with some remarks on the theoretical and practical utility of these results, and several potential extensions to the theory are suggested.
Shoreline Mapping Techniques

Numerous coastal mapping techniques have been developed over the last twenty-seven years (STAFFORD, 1971; DOLAN et al., 1978; FISHER and SIMPSON, 1979; LEATHERMAN, 1983; McBRIDE et al., 1991; THIELER and DANFORTH, 1994a, OVERTON et al., 1996). These techniques, used to measure shoreline erosion, barrier island migration, and dune erosion, vary in approach, accuracy, expense and training/time requirements. Some of the more recent coastal mapping techniques apply advances in cartography and photogrammetry providing high-resolution measurements with less error than manual methods that use a photographic comparator or stereo zoom transfer scope. However, such techniques are expensive, require extensive training, and may take longer than manual methods. While many coastal mapping studies would benefit from these advanced techniques, not all studies require the high resolution these more recent techniques offer. When beginning a coastal mapping project or choosing to upgrade laboratory facilities, researching established coastal mapping techniques before choosing from among them requires extensive literature review. To assist researchers, engineers and planners who wish to undertake a coastal mapping project, this paper provides an overview of the errors associated with shoreline mapping, and a discussion of factors to be considered when selecting a coastal mapping technique.
Antiretroviral Pharmacology: Special Issues Regarding Pregnant Women and Neonates

Antiretrovirals may be used in pregnant women infected with the HIV and their newborns both for treatment of maternal HIV disease and for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. More than 25 antiretroviral agents in 5 classes have been approved, with new drugs and classes in development. This article reviews current knowledge of the pharmacology of these drugs during pregnancy and in the newborn period, highlighting those pharmacologic issues critical to the safe and effective use of antiretrovirals in these populations.
Importin α: A multipurpose nuclear-transport receptor

The importin α/β heterodimer targets hundreds of proteins to the nuclear-pore complex (NPC) and facilitates their translocation across the nuclear envelope. Importin α binds to classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS)-containing proteins and links them to importin β, the karyopherin that ferries the ternary complex through the NPC. A second karyopherin, the exportin CAS, recycles importin α back to the cytoplasm. In this article, we discuss control mechanisms that importin α exerts over the assembly and disassembly of the ternary complex and we describe how new groups of importin α genes arose during the evolution of metazoan animals to function in development and differentiation. We also describe activities of importin α that seem to be distinct from its housekeeping functions in nuclear transport.
Numerical Simulation of Fully Coupled Fluid-Flow/Geomechanical Deformation in Hydraulically Fractured Reservoirs

A fully-coupled geomechanics/fluid-flow simulation model has been developed to study the behavior of the pore pressure and stress distribution in a hydraulically fractured wellreservoir system. The 3D finite difference, fully implicit model takes into account the non-linear poroelastic deformation of the reservoir rock. The numerical model incorporates a local grid refinement around the perforation depth. Equations that govern fluid flow are coupled with the equations that govern rock deformation in the fracture and the reservoir, then the resulting equations are solved numerically under different reservoir-fracture conditions. The initial and boundary conditions used in the solution of the equations are defined as follows: (i) Zero incremental pressure and displacements at initial conditions and (ii) Closed system for the fluid flow model, non-deformable boundaries. A laboratory-derived stress-dependent permeability correlation is introduced to compute the permeability in both the rock without fracture and the fractured rock. The use of this correlation avoids the need to have initial permeability values and these values are computed using the effective stress acting on the rock. Simulator is applied to selected simulation examples to show the effects of isotropic and anisotropic stress states on the fracture shape and distributions of fluid pressure and vertical and horizontal stresses.
Product design patterns for agent-based modeling

Since they were first introduced by architect Christopher Alexander in his classic book The Timeless Way of Building, design patterns have offered a powerful yet simple way to conceptualize and communicate designs in many disciplines. Design patterns became widely used for software development by the 1990's. These software design patterns have subsequently been shown to be of great value in improving the reliability and reducing the cost of software. Given that virtually all large-scale agent-based models are ultimately implemented in software, there is great potential for software design patterns to improve the practice of agent-based modeling. Several authors have discussed the use of patterns for agent-based modeling or agent-oriented software. This paper's contribution is that it provides an extensive set of both existing and new agent-based modeling design patterns, each of which is substantiated with at least three successful published example uses in models or modeling platforms.
Promoter deletion analysis and identification of putative CIS-elements of MUTE in Arabidopsis

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES viii CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1 LITERATURE CITED 11 CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERIZATION OF PROMOTER-DELETED EXPRESSION VECTORS OF MUTE IN A.THALIANA 15 METHODS 21 RESULTS 31 DISCUSSION 42 LITERATURE CITED 43 CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF THE MUTE ORTHOLOGS, ITS PROMOTER, AND SITE-DIRECTED MUTATGENES 47 METHODS 52 RESULTS 60 DISCUSSION 69 LITERATURE CITED 73 APPENDIX A 79
Security, Privacy, and Trust in Ubiquitous Computing: New Trends and Applications

This book addresses the integration of new devices (such as the iPhone), new technologies (such as cloud computing and green computing), and new software systems in pervasive and ubiquitous computing from the point of view of security, trust, and privacy (STP). It provides an overview of recent progress in ubiquitous and pervasive computing, examining current practices, trends, and challenges. The book covers theoretical approaches, mathematical models, empirical research, practical implementations, and diverse application areas, along with a rich and useful presentation of strategies for security issues in different computing areas.
Examining STEM Bachelor’s Degree Completion for Students With Differing Propensities at College Entry:

The study utilized data from the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/09) to examine factors that affect 4-year college students’ likelihoods of completing a science, technol...
Complement contributes to the rejection of complete and class I major histocompatibility complex--incompatible cardiac allografts.

Background: We have demonstrated previously that the terminal complement component C6 contributes to the acute rejection of ACI cardiac allografts by PVG recipients. ACI rats differ from PVG rats at major and minor histocompatibility antigens and ACI cardiac allografts stimulate vigorous alloantibody responses in PVG rats. We have now bred the C6 deficiency onto four PVG congenic rat strains to determine the effects of C6 on cardiac allograft survival across individual donor-recipient major histocompatibility complex (MHC) disparities. Methods: Hearts from C6-deficient PVG.1A (RT1 a ) donors were transplanted heterotopically to fully MHC-incompatible C6-sufficient and C6-deficient PVG.1L (RT1 l ) recipients, as well as from C6-deficient PVG.R8 (RT1.A a B u ) donors to MHC class I incompatible C6-sufficient and C6-deficient PVG.1U (RT1.A u B u ) recipients. Results: Hearts from PVG.1A (C6-) female donors were rejected acutely (7 to 9 days; n = 5) by fully MHC disparate female PVG.1L (C6+) recipients, but they survived significantly longer in female PVG.1L (C6-) recipients (13 to >50 days; n = 6). Slightly better survival resulted in male PVG.1L (C6-) heart transplant recipients of male PVG.1A (C6-) hearts (19 to >50 days [n = 5] vs 6 to 9 days for C6+ male PVG.1L recipients [n = 10]). The C6 deficiency had an even greater effect in PVG.1U recipients of class I MHC disparate PVG.R8 hearts (>50 day survival in C6-PVG.1U recipients [n = 5] vs 6 to 7 days in C6+ recipients [n = 8]). The cardiac allografts elicited similarly vigorous immunoglobulin M and G alloantibody responses in the C6-and C6+ recipients as measured by flow cytometry. At the time of acute rejection, the hearts in the C6+ recipients demonstrated extensive vascular endothelial destruction. In contrast, rejection of hearts by C6- recipients was characterized by endothelialitis, but there was little destruction of the endothelium and limited proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the intima. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the terminal complement component C6 can contribute to the rejection of class I or complete MHC-incompatible hearts in rats that have been characterized as high alloantibody responders. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998;17:470-8.
The Theory of Collective Memory and the 1953 Short Creek Arizona Polygamous Raid

A key question in collective memory research is how such memories are created and shared over time. This study consisted of a qualitative content analysis of documentary artifacts to determine whether there is a collective memory of the 1953 Arizona Short Creek Raid and, if so, how it developed and contributes to an ongoing sense of identity for some Fundamentalist Mormons. The study found the 1953 Short Creek Raid is the basis for a collective memory. That memory was solidified during a “myth-making” period and is reinforced through family and community activities to perpetuate a common group identity among some present-day Fundamentalist Mormons.
Optical crossbar based interconnection network for scalable symmetric multiprocessors

Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) systems may be limited not by processor speed but by interconnection network capabilities. This paper proposes an optical implementation of a class of Scalable Optical Crossbar Networks (SOCN) for symmetric multiprocessing computers. The SOCN class network allows high bandwidth, low latency interconnections between SMP clusters.
Effect of Electrically Induced Convulsions on Vago-Insulin and Sympathetico-Adrenal Systems.∗

SummaryElectrically induced convulsions produce a hyperglycemia in the normal, a hypoglycemia in the adrenalectomized rat, and no change in blood sugar in adrenalectomized-vagotomized animals. This is interpreted to mean that the convulsions excite both the sympathetico-adrenal and vago-insulin systems. The effect on the former predominates over that on the latter. If a normal animal the vagi are cut below the diaphragm and therefore the secretion of insulin can no longer be controlled by the vagus, it is found that the hyperglycemic response is greater than in control animals in which the vagi are intact.
Molecular Mechanisms of Apical and Basolateral Sorting in Polarized Epithelial Cells

The proper localization of ion channels and transporters to the apical or basolateral membrane domains is essential for correct ion transport through epithelia. Polarized sorting is achieved through elaborate intracellular sorting pathways encompassing the trans-Golgi network, early endosomes, and recycling endosomes that are fine-tuned for epithelial function and thus different from the secretory and endocytic systems in non-polarized cells. Polarized cells express epithelial cell-specific molecules, including sorting adaptors like the cytosolic clathrin adaptor AP-1B, that are required for efficient segregation and targeting of proteins to specific plasma membrane domains. In this book chapter, we will first discuss the various sorting stations in the cells followed by a review of apical and basolateral sorting signals and their interpretation at different compartments. Specific emphasis is placed on the trafficking of ion transporters.
Behaviour of Honeybees Foraging on Male and Female Flowers of Cucumis Sativus

SummaryThe diurnal pattern of honeybee visits to cucumber flowers showed a peak at 11–12 h EST. The great majority of visits occurred between 9 and 14 h. Foraging bees exhibited floral preferences which changed during the day. Staminate flowers were relatively more attractive than pistillate for the greater part of most days, and this is probably related to the higher sugar concentration found in the nectar of staminate flowers. Bees spent almost twice as long per visit on a pistillate flower as on a staminate flower, which is correlated with the amount of nectar available. Except in early morning and late afternoon, the average time a bee spent on a flower decreased throughout the day. The average, 11.4 sec per flower visit, corresponds to a foraging rate of 5.3 flowers per min. This information is useful in determining the optimal ratio between numbers of staminate and pistillate flowers for most efficient pollination and maximum yield of cucumbers.