cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diisopropylfluorophosphate-interacting proteinases of nuclei of rat testis cells

Abstract Nuclei and chromatin of seminiferous epithelial cells of rat testis contain acid-extractable and non-extractable proteins which interact readily with [ 3 H]DFP (diisopropylfluorophosphate). Proteinase activity is closely associated with these DFP-interacting proteins, and the proteinase activities are inhibited by DFP and PMSF. DFP-interacting proteins of testis chromatin increase greatly in amount at 26–32 days after birth when spermatids are appearing in increasing numbers. In nuclei separated by zonal centrifugation on sucrose gradients, the DFP-labeled proteins are highest in activity in the elongated spermatids at the stage in spermiogenesis at which histones are being replaced by testis-specific proteins and protamines. Electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels reveals the presence of three species of DFP-interacting proteins in nuclei of seminiferous epithelial cells of the testis. The chromatin of epididymal spermatozoa of the rat contains three or four species of DFP-interacting proteins by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and some of these labeled proteins co-migrate with two of the three basic proteins which are observed during electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in Triton-urea.
Statistical classification of seismic amplitude for saturation and net-to-gross estimates

Inverting geophysical data for reservoir properties of interest requires linking the underlying geology to the observed data. In order to do so, the geologic heterogeneity needs to be modeled to examine how it controls the reservoir properties and affects any geophysical measurements. This task becomes exceedingly complex because of the infinite number of possible geologic models that could be constructed even though most of them are unreasonable from a geologic standpoint. If seismic data are used to constrain that modeling process, then the ambiguity in the problem may be reduced. Two reservoir parameters of interest for both fluid-flow and geologic modeling are saturation (Sw) and net-to-gross (N/G). Rock-physics trends indicate that the elastic and seismic responses of these two properties typically overlap one another. In seismic applications, therefore, a change in one property can be easily misinterpreted as a variation in the other. Within a reservoir-modeling scenario, how can these two parameter...
Scientific Writing and Communication Papers, Proposals, and Presentations (Hofmann, A. H.; 2010) [Book Review]

This book is written as a text for a scientific research writing course but could also be used as a reference book to support a research methods course or be a useful companion for a student in the thesis stage of his or her program. In addition, this book would remain as a useful reference for researchers through their careers. The most appropriate place to locate this book as a text for students pursuing a program involving a research project would depend on the division of subject areas into courses in the particular program.
Reaction Intermediates in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx over Fe/ZSM-5

Abstract For the selective catalytic reduction of NO x with alkanes to N 2 over Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts, prepared by sublimation, we had previously shown that NO is oxidized over Fe–oxo ions to NO 2 which forms chemisorbed NO y complexes. Subsequent reaction of the NO y groups with alkanes results in N-containing deposits that react with different adsorbed NO 2 molecules to form N 2 . At low temperature, the reactivity of n-butane exceeds that of i-butane . Quantitative evaluation of the reaction kinetics for the deposits from not only propane and butanes but also adsorbed model compounds, including ammonia, amines, nitriles, and isocyanates, provide information on the reaction steps on the catalyst surface. Reaction of NO 2 with the catalyst deposit follows Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics. The primary intermediates which contain N atoms at a high valence state have to be transformed into deposits containing amino groups. Nitrogen–nitrogen bonds are formed when these groups react with adsorbed NO 2 . The chemical reactions, transforming the primary intermediate into a deposit containing N atoms in a low oxidation state, are easy if an H atom is available in the α position with respect to the NO 2 group; the absence of such H atoms in the primary product from i -butane is the cause for its lower reactivity.
Adipose tissue and metabolic factors associated with steatosis in HIV/HCV coinfection: Histology versus magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Background: Hepatic steatosis is common in persons with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV); yet biopsy measurement of steatosis is prone to sampling error. We compared magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measurement of steatosis to histology in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients and explored the associated adipose tissue and metabolic factors. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 42 HIV/HCV-coinfected men and women. Logistic regression analysis identified factors (MRI-measured visceral adipose tissue and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and Homeostasis Model Assessment-estimated insulin resistance) associated with histologic steatosis (≥5% of hepatocytes with fat) and MRS steatosis (≥5% of hepatic fat). Results: MRS steatosis was strongly associated with histologic steatosis, when measured continuously (odds ratio: 10.2 per doubling of MRS-measured hepatic fat; 95% confidence interval: 2.9 to 69.3) and dichotomously (Kappa coefficient = 0.52; P = 0.0007). Four of the 10 with MRS-measured steatosis did not have histologic steatosis; 3 of 9 with histologic steatosis did not have MRS-measured steatosis (67% sensitivity; 88% specificity). Associations of visceral adipose tissue and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue were associated with both histologic and MRS-measured steatosis. Insulin resistance was also associated with both. Conclusions: When compared with histology, MRS was similarly associated with adipose tissue and metabolic factors. MRS is a useful noninvasive alternative to biopsy in HIV/HCV coinfection.
N-soliton solutions for shallow water waves equations in (1 + 1) and (2 + 1) dimensions

Abstract A variety of shallow water waves equations in (1 + 1) and (2 + 1) dimensions are investigated. We first show that these models are completely integrable. We next determine multiple-soliton solutions for each equation. The simplified Hirota’s bilinear method developed by Hereman will be employed to achieve this goal. A comparison between dispersion relations and the phase shifts will be conducted. (But possess the same coefficients for the polynomials of exponentials.)
A unified constitutive model for strain-rate and temperature dependent behavior of molybdenum

Abstract In this paper, a constitutive model proposed by Cheng and Nemat-Nasser [Acta Mater. 48 (2000) 3131] is extended to describe both the dynamic and quasi-static stress–strain response of a commercially pure molybdenum over the temperature range 300–1100 K. Experimental results of Nemat-Nasser et al. [Acta Mater. 47 (1999) 3705; Scripta Mater. 40 (1999) 859] suggest that molybdenum behaves plastically differently at high and low strain rates. Within the framework of the classical theory of thermally activated dislocation motion, different models and model parameters must be used for high and low strain-rate deformations, indicating that different rate-controlling deformation mechanisms may be involved. In the present paper, a unified constitutive description of the mechanical behavior of molybdenum is developed. The activation energy and the maximum strength of the local barriers to the dislocation motion, change gradually with the changing strain-rate and temperature, due to the increased solute mobility with increasing temperature. Therefore, no change in the deformation mechanism is actually included. Only the configuration of the local obstacles is assumed to change because of the change in the solute mobility. The model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Effect of stretching path on the course of polymerizations: Applications to idealized unpremixed reactors

Abstract The influence of stretching history on unpremixed polymerizations is evaluated by studying concurrent mixing, diffusion and reaction in shear and elongational flow fields. A lamellar model is used in conjunction with both a lumped competitive-parallel kinetic scheme and a polymerization kinetic scheme based on a moment method to model the diffusion-reaction process. Two case studies are presented and analysed in detail. Although the evolution of the polymerization is very different for the two stretching histories, many of the final properties (gross concentration profiles, average molecular weight, etc.) are similar. Other properties, such as the maximum molecular weight, are strongly path dependent.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND NATIONAL HEALTH OBJECTIVES FOR THE YEAR 2000

Industrial hygiene can have a powerful effect on family, community, and environmental health in addition to its effect on occupational health. Contemporary industrial hygiene begins in the workplace, but its impact can spread and improve the health status of the nation in several ways. Thirteen objectives for industrial hygiene are presented in this report. Industrial hygienists should know what the objectives are, how the objectives are useful to their practice, and how they can help to achieve them to improve the health of Americans.
Alcoholism Treatment: A Model of Abstinence-Oriented Care

Alcohol is the United States' foremost drug of abuse. Although a significant portion of the population continues to identify alcoholism with moral weakness, society embraces treatment as the primary mode of dealing with this disease. Treatment stressing ongoing abstinence from alcohol is the most universally accepted method of therapy. Following initial intervention and referral, treatment of the alcoholic includes detoxification; intensive early treatment, using either outpatient or inpatient treatment settings; and long-term support for recovery. Aftercare programs often require continuing attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, recovery support groups, and psychotherapy. In addition, recovering individuals may receive continued health care supervision from a physician knowledgeable about alcoholism. Family therapy is stressed as a component of recovery.
Potentiation of dimethylhydrazine bowel carcinogenesis in rats.

An animal model of organ-specific chemical carcinogenesis has been used to study environmental effects on the incidence of human colorectal adenocarcinoma. Wistar/Furth weanling rats underwent connection of their urinary and fecal streams (ureterosigmoidostomy), connection of their urinary and fecal streams with proximal fecal diversion (rectal bladder), or sham operations. Age-matched, unoperated control and operated animals then received either no carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) 20 mg/kg body weight, s.c. once weekly for 16 weeks, N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolylformamide (FANFT) 0.2% of the feed for 16 weeks, or DMH + FANFT concurrently. Thirty-three weeks after carcinogen exposure, surviving animals were killed and examined for bowel and urinary bladder tumors. The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the colon adjacent to the junction between bladder and bowel was significantly higher in animals after ureterosigmoidostomy compared with animals whose fecal stream had been proximally diverted (14/22 vs. 0/34, P less than 0.001). This effect was not dependent upon chemical carcinogen exposure. Nonexposed animals still developed a significantly higher incidence of colon adenocarcinomas adjacent to their bladder-bowel junctions as compared with animals with proximal fecal diversion (5/8 vs. 0/13, P less than 0.01). In unoperated or sham operated animals, adenocarcinomas of the bowel occurred in 33% of DMH-treated animals and transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder in 33% of the FANFT-treated animals. After concurrent exposure to both carcinogens, no increased incidence of bladder tumors was noted when compared with FANFT treatment alone. However, the number of animals with one or more adenocarcinomas of the bowel (22/30 vs. 17/50, P less than 0.001), the mean number of tumors per animal (2.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.1, P less than 0.01), and the invasiveness of the tumors were all increased after DMH + FANFT as compared with DMH exposure alone. The carcinogenic potential of direct bladder to bowel connection with intact fecal and urinary streams, and the potentiation by FANFT of DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis may have implications in the genesis of human colorectal cancer.
Urine dipstick readings ≥ 1+ had limited sensitivity but high specificity for detecting albuminuria in adults

Source Citation White SL, Yu R, Craig JC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipsticks for detection of albuminuria in the general community. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58:19-28. 21411199
Evidence for α-1 adrenergic receptor regulation of atriopeptin release from the isolated rat heart

Abstract Atrial myocardium is the source of a recently described peptide hormone termed atriopeptin. Atriopeptin is thought to have a role in the regulation of systemic arterial pressure, fluid balance and plasma electrolyte homeostasis. Isolated rat hearts release atriopeptin into the coronary effluent, and we have found that this release is stimulated by the administration of norepinephrine, a compound with α and β adrenergic properties. Infusion of the pure β-receptor agonist, isoproterenol, failed to stimulate the release; however, the α-1 receptor agonist phenylephrine induced the release in a dose-dependent manner. The stimulation of atriopeptin release by norepinephrine and phenylephrine was inhibited by α-blockade with phentolamine. Administration of BHT-920, a selective α-2 agonist, had no effect on atriopeptin release. We conclude that atriopeptin secretion by the atrial myocyte is stimulated by activation of the α-1 adrenergic receptor. This finding suggests an involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in the physiologic regulation of the secretion of this hormone.
Identity of liver glucose 6-phosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatase: Effects of growth hormone, fasting and aging

Abstract Glucose 6-Phosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatase were assayed in homogenates prepared from livers obtained at autopsy from 19 children and 18 adults. There was a remarkably good correlation between these two enzyme activities. Both activities were significantly higher in children than adults. Experiments with rats indicated that fasting increased both activities, that actinomycin D administration did not reduce the effect of fasting, that fasting hypophysectomized rats did not increase either activity, and that long-term growth hormone administration reduced both enzyme activities in hypophysectomized rats. These data support the concept that both human and rat liver glucose 6-phosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatase are two activities of the same enzyme.
The conflict perspective, symbolic interactionism, and the status characteristics hypothesis

Though recent theorists acknowledge the dual theoretical foundation of the labeling perspective, they limit their focus in discussions of the status characteristics hypothesis of labeling to the influence of the conflict perspective, to the relative neglect of symbolic interactionism. In view of the acknowledged influence of the conflict perspective on the status characteristics hypothesis, this paper demonstrates the importance of symbolic interactionism to the status characteristics hypothesis in three ways: by demonstrating the limits of the conflict perspective in predicting variations in reaction, especially at the level of informal reaction; by demonstrating the contribution of symbolic interactionism; and by empirically testing hypotheses derived from the theoretical work concerning the determinants of parents' reactions that label their children delinquent. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for the labeling perspective.
Adenocarcinomas arising from primary retroperitoneal mature teratomas: CT and MR imaging

An adenocarcinoma arising from mature teratoma is one form of teratoma with malignant transformation. It is extremely rare but highly malignant. The authors report two patients with adenocarcinomas arising from primary retroperitoneal teratomas. The CT and MRI findings of the tumors are presented with emphasis on imaging features implying the presence of malignant transformation and differing from those of pure benign mature teratoma. Correct diagnosis of the presence of malignant transformation from a benign mature teratoma can be made as early as possible by awareness of the imaging features.
Angiotensin II Increases Macrophage-mediated Modification of Low Density Lipoprotein via a Lipoxygenase-dependent Pathway

Abstract The molecular and cellular mechanisms by which hypertension enhances atherosclerosis are poorly understood. Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been implicated in the regulation of cellular lipoxygenases (LO), which are thought to play a role in atherogenesis by inducing oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL). We sought to test the hypothesis that Ang II would stimulate murine macrophage LO activity (which has both 12- and 15-LO activity). Competitive binding studies revealed the presence of Ang II AT1 receptors on mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) and J-774 cells, but not on the RAW cell line. Valsartan, a specific AT1 receptor antagonist inhibited Ang II binding, whereas PD 123319, an AT2 receptor antagonist did not. Incubation of MPM or J-774 cells with Ang II (10 pm to 1 μm) for 24 h led to a 2.5–3.5-fold increase in LO activity, measured as generated 13-HODE or 12(S)-HETE. This stimulation was inhibited by valsartan, but not by PD 123319. In contrast, Ang II did not stimulate LO activity in RAW macrophages. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed a 2–3-fold increase in LO mRNA in MPM, but not in RAW cells after treatment with Ang II. Ang II also induced an increase in 12-LO protein. In addition, pretreatment of J-774 cells with Ang II increased in a dose-dependent manner the ability of the cells to modify LDL, resulting in greater chemotactic activity for monocytes, typical of minimally modified LDL. This stimulation was inhibited by AT1 receptor blockade. In summary, these data suggest that Ang II increases macrophage LO activity via AT1 receptor-mediated mechanisms and this further increases the ability of the cells to generate minimally oxidized LDL. These studies provide a link between hypertension and the associated increased atherosclerosis observed in hypertensive patients.
Novel Nanomicellar Formulation Approaches for Anterior and Posterior Segment Ocular Drug Delivery

One of the most challenging areas of pharmaceutical research is ocular drug delivery. The unique anatomy and physiology of the eye impedes drug permeation to deeper ocular tissues. Nanosized carrier systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, suspensions, dendrimers, and nanomicelles are being explored for ocular drug delivery. In this review, we have focused on application of emerging nanomicellar carrier systems in ocular drug delivery. Nanomicelles are nanosized vesicular carriers formed from amphiphilic monomer units. Surfactant and polymeric micellar nanocarriers provide an amenable means to improve drug solubilization, develop clear aqueous formulations and deliver drugs to anterior and posterior ocular tissues. Nanomicelles due to their amphiphilic nature encapsulate hydrophobic drugs and aid in drug delivery. Various methods are employed to develop nanosized micellar formulations depending upon the physicochemical properties of the drug. Nanomicellar carriers appear to be promising vehicles with potential applications in ocular drug delivery. In this review, we attempted to discuss about the progress in ocular drug delivery research using nanomicelles as carriers from the published literature and issued patents. Also, with regards to ocular static and dynamic barriers which prevent drug permeation, a brief discussion about nanomicelles, types of nanomicelles, their methods of preparation and micellar strategy to overcome ocular barriers, delivering therapeutic levels of drugs to anterior and posterior ocular tissues are discussed.
Science as fiction: Technology in prime time television

Science fiction programs created for prime time television present images of future society and the relationship between technological and social progress. This article argues that television convention mitigates against depictions of technology as socially destructive. It also argues that the presentation of science as television fiction is a conservative act. In this way, television reinforces the socially constructed technological imperative of industrial societies, effacing its own role in the preservation of the technological society.
Improving Service Quality in Primary Care

A framework for improving health care service quality was implemented at a 12-provider family medicine practice in 2010. A national patient satisfaction research vendor conducted weekly telephone surveys of 840 patients served by that practice: 280 patients served in 2009, and 560 served during 2010 and 2011. After the framework was implemented, the proportion of "excellent" ratings of provider service (the highest rating on a 5-point scale) increased by 5% to 9%, most notably thoroughness (P = .04), listening (P = .04), and explaining (P = .04). Other improvements included prompt test result notification and telephone staff courtesy (each by 10%, P = .02), as well as teamwork (by 8%, P = .04). Overall quality increased by 10% (P = .01), moving the practice from the 68th to the 91st percentile of medical practices in the research vendor's database. Improvements in patient satisfaction suggest that this framework may be useful in value-based payment models.
Insights into the role of infection in atherogenesis and in plaque rupture

The potential contribution of infection to the induction and progression of atherosclerosis has been characterized by profound controversy, continuing to the present time. Controversy also surrounds the concept that infection can precipitate plaque rupture, an event complicating the course of atherosclerosis and clinically characterized by acute myocardial infarction and death. The purpose of this article is (1) to review what we believe are the most compelling data that either are compatible with or refute the concept that infection plays a role in atherogenesis or plaque rupture; (2) to present the mechanisms that may contribute to such effects; and (3) to discuss the impact on the infection/atherosclerosis paradigm of the recent negative therapeutic trials examining the effects of macrolide antibiotics on cardiovascular end points in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Although anecdotal information existed for many years suggesting that acute infection can trigger an acute myocardial infarction,1,2 it was the groundbreaking work by Minick and Fabricant and their coworkers3,4 in the1970s that began the serious scientific exploration of the relation between infection and atherosclerosis. These investigators demonstrated that Marek’s disease virus, an avian herpesvirus, caused atherosclerotic-like lesions in multiple arteries of chickens and that infection of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with the virus in vitro caused cholesterol accumulation. Evidence was subsequently published extending the infection/atherosclerosis paradigm to humans. Thus, pathogens were found to reside in human atherosclerotic vessels,5–8 and seroepidemiological studies demonstrated an association between pathogen-specific antibodies and atherosclerosis. Such associations were found with multiple pathogens, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, Chlamydia pneumonia , Helicobacter pylori , and hepatitis A virus, as well as periodontal pathogens.9–16 However, other studies failed to show such associations,17,18 leading to discussions of the limitations of seroepidemiological studies in evaluating a causal role between …
Antioxidant Activity of Proteins and Peptides

Proteins can inhibit lipid oxidation by biologically designed mechanisms (e.g. antioxidant enzymes and iron-binding proteins) or by nonspecific mechanisms. Both of these types of antioxidative proteins contribute to the endogenous antioxidant capacity of foods. Proteins also have excellent potential as antioxidant additives in foods because they can inhibit lipid oxidation through multiple pathways including inactivation of reactive oxygen species, scavenging free radicals, chelation of prooxidative transition metals, reduction of hydroperoxides, and alteration of the physical properties of food systems. A protein's overall antioxidant activity can be increased by disruption of its tertiary structure to increase the solvent accessibility of amino acid residues that can scavenge free radicals and chelate prooxidative metals. The production of peptides through hydrolytic reactions seems to be the most promising technique to form proteinaceous antioxidants since peptides have substantially higher antioxidant activity than intact proteins. While proteins and peptides have excellent potential as food antioxidants, issues such as allergenicity and bitter off-flavors as well as their ability to alter food texture and color need to be addressed.
Effect of discontinuous boundary conditions on finite-difference solutions

If one is solving a Laplace differential equation by the standard 5-point or 9-point difference approximation, a discontinuity of the boundary values will cause the approximate solution to be in error in the interior. The amount and nature of these errors is discussed, and it is shown that a properly chosen 9-point approximation yields greater accuracy than a 5-point approximation for certain problems of this type.
Effect of non-traditional rib-profiles on heat transfer and friction in turbulent channel flows

AIAA, Thermophysics Conference, 31st, New Orleans, LA, June 17-20, 1996 An experimental study with computational verification of wall heat transfer and friction characteristics of a fully-developed turbulent air flow in a rectangular channel with transverse ribs of non-traditional profiles is reported. Tests were performed for Reynolds numbers ranging from 14,000 to 90,000. The pitch-to-rib height ratio was kept at 10 and the rib height-to-channel hydraulic diameter ratio was kept at 0.125. The channel length-to-hydraulic diameter ratio was 20. The heat transfer coefficient and friction factor values were enhanced using turbulators of different shapes: square, circular, triangular, slant edged, and semicircular. The channel with square ribs produces the highest heat transfer augmentation and pressure drop. The friction roughness function was almost constant over the entire range of tests performed and was within comparable limits of previously published data. The heat transfer roughness function also compared well with previous work. The computational analysis was in close agreement with experimental results and prior computational work. Results of this investigation could be used in various applications of channel turbulent flows involving different shape rib-profiles on roughened walls. (Author)
Assessing the quality of clinical teaching: a preliminary study.

Medical Education 2010:44: 379–386 Objectives Evaluations in the clinical arena are fraught with problems. Current assessments of clinical teaching typically measure attributes of clinical teachers in overly broad terms, are often subjective and often succumb to the halo effect. This is in contradistinction to measurements of lectures, workshops or online educational content, which can more readily be assessed using objective criteria. As a result, clinical evaluations are often insufficient to provide focused feedback, guide faculty development or identify specific areas for clinical teachers to implement change and improvement. The aim of our study was to offset these limitations. Methods We developed a structured, 15-item objective structured clinical examination (OSCE)-type checklist of discrete teaching behaviours intended to be: (i) observable; (ii) applicable to multiple disciplines, and (iii) reliably identifiable. Our goal was to test and utilise this checklist as an objective assessment of clinical teaching across a range of in-patient teaching rounds experiences. During 2007–2008, pairs of external raters on two separate occasions observed nine attending physicians during actual in-patient paediatrics and internal medicine ward rounds at a large, academic medical centre. Observers documented the extent to which specific teaching behaviours did or did not occur. Results The internal consistency of the 15-item checklist was good (α = 0.85). A two-facet, partially nested G study found the generalisability of ratings to be generally acceptable, but inter-rater reliability varied greatly between occasions and across individual checklist items. Conclusions Despite attempts to identify discrete and observable target behaviours, placing observers on rounds to detect these behaviours may not be as straightforward as it would seem. Clinical teaching may be a more inherently subjective process, based on different teaching styles of faculty staff. However, a set of objective checklist items to be completed by trained observers on teaching rounds holds promise as a potentially viable means of identifying strengths and weaknesses of clinical instruction. Further research is needed to define what constitutes quality clinical teaching, as well as the most reliable method for assessing it.
How stereotypes impair women’s careers in science

Women outnumber men in undergraduate enrollments, but they are much less likely than men to major in mathematics or science or to choose a profession in these fields. This outcome often is attributed to the effects of negative sex-based stereotypes. We studied the effect of such stereotypes in an experimental market, where subjects were hired to perform an arithmetic task that, on average, both genders perform equally well. We find that without any information other than a candidate's appearance (which makes sex clear), both male and female subjects are twice more likely to hire a man than a woman. The discrimination survives if performance on the arithmetic task is self-reported, because men tend to boast about their performance, whereas women generally underreport it. The discrimination is reduced, but not eliminated, by providing full information about previous performance on the task. By using the Implicit Association Test, we show that implicit stereotypes are responsible for the initial average bias in sex-related beliefs and for a bias in updating expectations when performance information is self-reported. That is, employers biased against women are less likely to take into account the fact that men, on average, boast more than women about their future performance, leading to suboptimal hiring choices that remain biased in favor of men.
Confirmation that offspring from families with alcohol-dependent individuals have greater hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation induced by naloxone compared with offspring without a family history of alcohol dependence.

Background: This study was designed to confirm our previous findings that nonalcoholic offspring from families with alcohol-dependent individuals have greater hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation induced by opioid blockade compared with nonalcoholic subjects without a family history of alcohol dependence. Methods: Sixty-four nonalcoholic subjects aged 18 to 25 years were enrolled in the protocol. Twenty-seven subjects were offspring from families with alcohol dependence and were designated as family history–positive subjects (FHP). Thirty-seven subjects were biological offspring of non–alcohol-dependent parents and were designated as family history–negative subjects (FHN). Subjects received naloxone hydrochloride (0, 50, 125, 375, and 500 μg/kg) in double-blind, randomized order; adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol were monitored over 120 min. Results: No hormone differences at baseline or during placebo administration were identified between FHP and FHN subjects. FHP subjects had greater ACTH and cortisol response to opioid receptor blockade induced by naloxone hydrochloride compared with FHN subjects. Conclusions: These observations confirm previous findings that differences in ACTH and cortisol dynamics between FHP and FHN subjects can be unmasked by opioid receptor blockade.
Approximate formulas for the amplitude and the phase of the infrared reflectance of a conductor

Approximate formulas are derived for the amplitude and the phase of the specular-reflection coefficient at normal incidence of infrared light from a conductor. The nature and the accuracy of the approximations are established.
Row-placed fertilizer for maize grown with an in-row crop residue management system in southern Wisconsin.

Refinements of high residue cropping practices are needed to provide crop producers viable systems that are both economically and environmentally sound. Several tillage treatments in combination with row-placed fertilizer were evaluated in a 3 year study on maize (Zea mays L.) on a Luvic Phaeozem in southern Wisconsin, USA. Tillage treatments included fall chisel, fall and spring in-row residue management (I-RRM) using planter mounted finger coulters, and no-till. Row fertilizer treatments consisting of none, fall surface strip, fall subsurface band, and subsurface band at planting were superimposed over tillage treatments. Early season in-row soil temperatures in the fall I-RRM treatment were usually similar to those found in the chisel system and were typically 3‐58 warmer than those under no-till. The gravimetric water content of the no-till treatment was 20‐40 g kg ˇ1 higher than those of the chisel and fall I-RRM, which were usually similar. In-row residue management resulted in residue levels of about 30‐50% in the row and 80‐90% in the inter-row. Residue in chisel and no-till were relatively uniform across the row, averaging 26 and 89%, respectively. Early season crop growth and silking progress were significantly delayed in no-till and were only slightly reduced in the I-RRM treatments when compared to chisel. Grain yield averaged over 3 years was not significantly affected by tillage treatment; however, fall I-RRM was 0.4 Mg ha ˇ1 higher than spring I-RRM in the first year. Row fertilizer at planting increased in early mass and silking progressed 50% in the second year. When averaged over 3 years, row fertilizer reduced grain water content 10 g kg ˇ1 and increased yield 0.5 Mg ha ˇ1 when compared to the control. A significant interactive effect showed a positive grain yield response to row fertilizer in all tillage treatments except chisel. This research demonstrates that I-RRM, in combination with row fertilizer, offers a high residue alternative to full-width tillage in regions with limited growing season. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Brake system requirements for platooning on an automated highway

To date, brake actuation has presented an obstacle to experimental demonstration of constant-spacing laws for automated vehicle following. Such difficulties can be traced to the lack of a unique actuation strategy and the strict, though not well defined, demands of platooning. This paper presents the results of a simulation study to examine the effects of brake dynamics within the multiple surface sliding control strategy proposed for platoon control. From these results, critical interactions among brake dynamics, spacing and passenger comfort are identified. Such analysis indicates that a brake system for platooning should bypass the vacuum booster, incorporate torque feedback and minimize delays in the time response.
The inclusion of patient testimonials in decision aids: effects on treatment choices.

Background. Decision aids often provide statistical information and patient testimonials to guide treatment choices. This raises the possibility that the testimonials will overwhelm the statistical information. Methods. Prospective jurors in Philadelphia County were presented with hypothetical statistical information about the percentage of angina patients who benefit from angioplasty and bypass surgery (50% and 75%, respectively). They were also given written testimonials from hypothetical patients who had benefited or not benefited from each of the two treatments. The numbers of patients benefiting and not benefiting were varied to be either proportionate to the statistical information or disproportionate. In study 1, all participants received 1 testimonial from a patient who had benefited from angioplasty and 1 from a patient who had not. Participants receiving the proportionate questionnaire version were also given 3 testimonials from patients who benefited from bypass surgery and 1 from a patient who...
Cell Stress and Aging: New Emphasis on Multiplex Resistance Mechanisms

Work, initially in Caenorhabditis elegans and then more recently in fruit flies and mice, has suggested that anti-aging mutations extend life span by simultaneous activation of pathways that protect cells from multiple forms of injury. This “multiplex stress resistance” theory suggests a number of new avenues for investigation of the genetic and cellular controls that influence organismic longevity within and among species, and that might lead to the development of pharmaceuticals that retard the aging process and, therefore, the entire panoply of age-dependent diseases and disabilities.
A multisource approach to improving epidemiologic estimates: application to global B-cell malignancies.

The compilation of comprehensive, worldwide epidemiologic data can inform hypotheses on cancer etiology and guide future drug development. These statistics are reported by a multitude of sources using varying methods; thus, compiling a complete database of these statistics is a challenge. To this end, this paper examined the usefulness of a novel, multisource approach—extracting data from the peer-reviewed literature, online reports, and query systems from cancer registries and health agencies and directly contacting cancer registry personnel—for building a comprehensive, multinational epidemiologic cancer database. The major B-cell malignancies were chosen as the cancer subtype to test this approach largely because their epidemiology has not been well characterized in the peer-reviewed literature. We found that a multisource approach yields a more comprehensive epidemiologic database than what would have been possible with the use of literature searches alone. In addition, our paper revealed that cancer registries vary considerably in their methodology, comprehensiveness, and ability to gather information on specific B-cell malignancy subtypes. Collectively, this paper demonstrates the feasibility and value of a multisource approach to gathering epidemiologic data.
The Dryad data repository: a Singapore framework metadata architecture in a DSpace environment

This report presents recent metadata developments for Dryad, a digital repository hosting datasets underlying publications in the field of evolutionary biology. We review our efforts to bring the Dryad application profile into conformance with the Singapore Framework and discuss practical issues underlying the application profile implementation in a DSpace environment. The report concludes by outlining the next steps planned as Dryad moves into the next phase of development.
Air-coupled ultrasonic measurements in composites

Air-coupled ultrasound is a non-contact technique and has clear advantages over water-coupled testing. This work aims at gaining quantitative understanding of the principles underlining air-coupled ultrasonic measurement. The transmission of air-coupled ultrasonic energy through a plate is measured experimentally; model calculation of the transmission coefficient, taking into account the real transducer characteristics, is compared with the experimental results. The occurrence of "Poisson bright spot" in the flaw images of thin laminates and honeycomb composites were investigated; A qualitative comparison with a model based on the Fresnel's wave theory of light is discussed. Through transmission C-scans at 120 and 400 kHz using focused transmitter and receiver were studied.
Realising IT value: post adoptive IS usage and performance impacts at individual level

We propose an integrated model that explains performance impacts of information systems IS at the individual level. We incorporate nature of IS use along with task-technology-fit and IS use as determinants of performance impacts of IS at the individual level. Empirically validation of our model indicates that it explains nearly 60% of the variance in performance impacts of IS compared to 16% for the technology-to-performance chain model. These results confirm that the integrated model provides a fuller understanding of performance impacts of IS at individual level by including both task-technology-fit and nature of IS use, an aspect not addressed in the extant IS literature. The theoretical contribution of this research lies in the development of a model for performance impacts of IS that has significantly higher explanatory power than the existing models. We provide managerial implications of our research findings by discussing how to leverage the value of information systems at the individual level.
Slow Search: Information Retrieval without Time Constraints

Significant time and effort has been devoted to reducing the time between query receipt and search engine response, and for good reason. Research suggests that even slightly higher retrieval latency by Web search engines can lead to dramatic decreases in users' perceptions of result quality and engagement with the search results. While users have come to expect rapid responses from search engines, recent advances in our understanding of how people find information suggest that there are scenarios where a search engine could take significantly longer than a fraction of a second to return relevant content. This raises the important question: What would search look like if search engines were not constrained by existing expectations for speed? In this paper, we explore slow search, a class of search where traditional speed requirements are relaxed in favor of a high quality search experience. Via large-scale log analysis and user surveys, we examine how individuals value time when searching. We confirm that speed is important, but also show that there are many search situations where result quality is more important. This highlights intriguing opportunities for search systems to support new search experiences with high quality result content that takes time to identify. Slow search has the potential to change the search experience as we know it.
An Observation of the Correlation Between ACEI and ARB Medications and Chronic Pain Medication Utilization in a Community Pharmacy.

Background. Bradykinin has shown to affect pain hypersensitivity via reducing the pain threshold when it binds to bradykinin B1 receptors. Bradykinin B1 receptors are upregulated following tissue i...
Nuclear ProliferationThe Israeli Case

Recent judgments on the likelihood and/or desirability of open nuclear weapons status for Israel tend to overstate the case. Application of prescriptive strategic analysis leads to the conclusion that the most plausible objectives of a nuclear weapons program, in Israel's case, are met by an ambiguous public posture, with the actual development of weapons capability highly dependent on technical problems often glossed over in the literature. Available empirical evidence is insufficient to confirm this conclusion positively, but it does create a presumption in its favor. The "lessons" of the Israeli case are that greater attention should be paid to conventional military balances that can still affect nuclear decisions, the ambiguities of "near-nuclear" status, and the problems of isolated "pariah" states in antiproliferation strategy.
FRACTIONAL-ORDER SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION USING COMPLEX ORDER-DISTRIBUTIONS

Abstract This paper discusses the identification of fractional systems using the concepts of complex order-distribution. Based on the ability to define systems using complex order-distributions, it is shown that system identification in the frequency domain using a least-squares approach can be performed. Four examples are presented to show the utility of the identification method.
Integrating early palliative care for patients with HIV: provider and patient perceptions of symptoms and need for services.

Increasingly clinicians are using palliative care to address the symptomatic and psychosocial effects of disease often missed by routine clinical care, termed “early” palliative care. Within an inner-city medical center, we began a program to integrate early palliative care into HIV inpatient care. Patient symptom burden and desired services were assessed and compared to provider perceptions of patient’s needs. From 2010-2012, 10 patients, with a median CD4+ T-cell count of 32.5 cells/μL, and 34 providers completed the survey. Providers ranked their patients’ fatigue, sadness, anxiety, sexual dysfunction, and body image significantly higher than patients it for themselves. Patients ranked medical care, pharmacy, social work, physical therapy, and housing as significantly more important to them than providers estimated them to be. These differences may reflect the fact that physicians often overlook patients’ unmet basic needs. Early palliative care may narrow this gap between providers’ and patients’ perc...
Response to 'fists of furry: at what point did human fists part company with the rest of the hominid lineage?'.

Although it is true that hands do sometimes suffer serious injury when humans fight, epidemiology of interpersonal violence does not support the suggestion by King ([King, 2013][1]) that the fist is a fragile and ineffective weapon. In modern societies, interpersonal violence is the most frequent
Efficient THz Emission from the Acoustic Surface Plasmons in InAs Nanowires

We observe efficient THz emission from an ensemble of free-standing InAs nanowires. The emitted spectrum is consistent with the presence of low-energy acoustic surface plasmons. The predicted electron concentration agrees with separate transconductance measurements.
Analysis on Dielectric Withstand Cascaded DC High-Voltage Generator for ±1100 kV UHVDC Converter Valve Test

To make the dielectric test on ±1 100 kV UHVDC converter valve in laboratory environment,it is necessary to analyze whether the dielectric withstand of cascaded DC high-voltage(HV) generator used in the test can be met.Based on the principle of the cascaded DC HV generator,its topological model is established by ANSOFT SIMPLORER,and above earth potentials at different positions of metal shield cases of silicon rectifier stacks and those at the tops of insulative posts of the HV generator are obtained;the three-dimensional simulation analysis on the distribution of electric field strength of the generator is performed by FEM software ANSOFT MAXWELL.Simulation results show that the maximum electric field strength around the HV generator is 22.62 kV/cm that is close to 25 kV/cm,the breakdown field strength of air,and such a result conforms to the case that the air gap between the top of the HV generator and the top steel beam of the laboratory was broken down while the output of the HV generator was 1 843 kV.To decrease the electric field strength in the air,optimization analysis on HV generator is performed and the result shows that the maximum electric field strength should be 20.66 kV/cm that is lower than the breakdown field strength of air.Therefore,without considering the impacts of humidity and temperature of air,it is feasible to conduct the dielectric withstand test of ±1 100 kV UHVDC converter valve under existing laboratory condition.