cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airborne SARS-CoV-2 Is Rapidly Inactivated by Simulated Sunlight.

Aerosols represent a potential transmission route of COVID-19. This study examined effect of simulated sunlight, relative humidity, and suspension matrix on stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols. Simulated sunlight and matrix significantly affected decay rate of the virus. Relative humidity alone did not affect the decay rate; however, minor interactions between relative humidity and other factors were observed. Mean decay rates (± SD) in simulated saliva, under simulated sunlight levels representative of late winter/early fall and summer were 0.121â ±â 0.017 min-1 (90% loss, 19 minutes) and 0.306â ±â 0.097 min-1 (90% loss, 8 minutes), respectively. Mean decay rate without simulated sunlight across all relative humidity levels was 0.008â ±â 0.011 min-1 (90% loss, 286 minutes). These results suggest that the potential for aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may be dependent on environmental conditions, particularly sunlight. These data may be useful to inform mitigation strategies to minimize the potential for aerosol transmission.
Analytical Solutions for Heat Transfer in Saturated Soil with Effective Porosity

AbstractClosed-form analytical solutions are presented for one-dimensional heat transfer through saturated soil with effective porosity and steady fluid flow. The solutions yield distributions of t...
Effect of heat treatment on the grain size control, superplasticity, internal friction, and mechanical properties of zirconium-bearing aluminum-based alloy

Abstract The mechanical properties of Zr-bearing aluminum-based alloys directly depend on heat treatment that yields precipitation of the L12-Al3Zr phase. Choosing an effective treatment leads to high density of nanoscale dispersoids and improves the strengthening effect of zirconium. The precipitation effect, recrystallization behavior, internal friction, mechanical properties, and superplasticity were studied in an Al-3wt.%Mg-0.25 wt%Zr alloy subjected to different heat treatment regimes. Temperature dependence internal friction was used to accurately estimate the recrystallization kinetics in the samples. The study revealed a strong influence of the annealing regime on the parameters of L12-structured nanoprecipitates and recovery/recrystallization behavior. Due to the high-density distribution of nanoprecipitates, an increased recrystallization resistance, enhanced strength, and superplasticity were achieved in pre-annealed sheets in a two-step regime with a long-time low-temperature step. The contributions of various strengthening mechanisms were estimated .
Restaging Transurethral Resection of HG Ta Bladder Tumors: A Risk-Adapted Approach

Introduction The AUA and EAU Guidelines recommend patients with high grade (HG) Ta bladder tumors undergo restaging transurethral resection (reTUR) if categorized as ‘High Risk’ or in the absence of muscle in the specimen, respectively. These statements were generated from a paucity of data. We investigated the role of reTUR in BCG response to create a risk-adapted approach to the management of HG Ta lesions. Methods Review of patients with HG Ta bladder cancer at index transurethral resection (TUR) who received induction BCG at our institution from 2000-2018 was performed. Patients were stratified by (1) presence of residual disease on reTUR and (2) use of AUA Guideline-driven reTUR. Results Of the 209 patients with primary HG Ta bladder cancer who received BCG, 95 underwent reTUR which identified residual disease in 42 patients (44%). Factors associated with residual disease on reTUR included tumor multifocality (67% in residual disease group vs. 38% in no residual disease, P=0.004) and carcinoma in situ (CIS, 47% vs. 15%, P=0.001). Index TUR performed at our institution and use of peri-operative chemotherapy were both associated with no residual disease on reTUR (14% vs. 34%, P=0.024; 5% vs. 25%, P=0.009, respectively). Higher EORTC nomogram scores and AUA risk stratification were associated with residual disease on reTUR, but the CUETO risk score was not predictive. When comparing patients categorized as AUA Hight Risk with HG Ta tumors, those who underwent guideline-based reTUR (n=66) had similar outcomes compared to those who did not (n=75). When evaluating for BCG response, we found no difference in recurrence-free survival or progression-free survival between patients who underwent reTUR vs. those who did not, nor between those who had residual disease at reTUR vs. those who did not. Conclusions We identified risk factors predicting presence of residual disease at reTUR for HG Ta lesions. However, neither the presence of residual disease on reTUR nor the omission of reTUR in High Risk lesions resulted in adverse response to BCG. We propose that routine reTUR in HGTa patients may be omitted for the sake of cost and morbidity savings without detriment to oncologic outcome in selected patients receiving adequate induction BCG.
GEOMETRIA ANALÍTICA, INVESTIGAÇÃO MATEMÁTICA E MATERIAIS MANIPULÁVEIS: Possibilidades de abordagem

Este trabalho apresenta compreensoes a partir de uma Oficina de Matematicadesenvolvida com alunos do 3° ano do Ensino Medio de uma escola federal,enquanto acao do Programa Residencia Pedagogica. Para tanto, a Oficina abordouconceitos de circunferencia, em especifico: historia, equacao reduzida e geral eposicao relativa entre circunferencias por meio de material manipulavel einvestigacoes matematicas. Como resultados da investigacao, ponderamos que osalunos se colocaram como construtores de seu conhecimento, deduzindo asrelacoes matematicas que relacionavam as distâncias entre centros e raios de duascircunferencias, o que so foi possivel pois utilizamos material manipulavel einvestigacoes.
The Evolving International Investment Law and Policy Regime: Ways Forward. Synthesis of the Policy Options

The policy options presented in this synthesis are the result of a collective process involving all members of the E15 Task Force on Investment Policy. It draws on the active engagement of these eminent experts in discussions over multiple meetings as well as an overview paper and think pieces commissioned by the E15Initiative and authored by group members and external contributors. Karl P. Sauvant was the author of the report. While a serious attempt has been made on the part of the author to take the perspectives of all group members into account, it has not been possible to do justice to the variety of views; in fact, views within the Task Force on a number of issues discussed in the paper varied widely. The analysis and policy recommendations should therefore not be considered to represent consensus; they remain the responsibility of the author. The list of group members and E15 papers are referenced.The full volume of policy options papers covering all topics examined by the E15Initiative, jointly published by ICTSD and the World Economic Forum, and launched at the Forum’s Annual Meeting at Davos-Klosters in 2016, is complemented with a monograph that consolidates the options into overarching recommendations for the international trade and investment system for the next decade.
Ramp ADC Speed-up Techniques for CMOS Image Sensors with New Image Quality Metric

Ramp analog-to-digital converters (ADC) used in column parallel complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) image sensors (CIS) trade conversion speed with size, power, and complexity to achieve optimal performance. Single slope look-ahead ramp (SSLAR) ADC was introduced to solve the speed problem of ramp ADCs used in CIS trading image quality. An enhancement technique for SSLAR speed is introduced in this paper. It uses accelerated ramp based on shot noise limitations to replace SSLAR linear ramp generator for better speed performance and image quality. Moreover, a new image quality metric is proposed to be used as a reference of performance comparison of different CIS ADCs. This metric called conversion complexity metric (CCM). Accelerated SSLAR ADC technique (A-SSLAR) provides speed improvement up to average of two times (2x) of SSLAR for same CCM and threshold.
Data Privacy - The Ethical, Sociological, and Philosophical Effects of Cambridge Analytica

In today’s world, “[t]he threat of conventional warfare has changed, and we have to recognize that information can be a weapon (SCL, 2020)”. How can information serve as a weapon one might ask? What if data mining and analysis combined with targeted messaging were used as weapons and could influence politics globally? The Cambridge Analytica scandal not only answers this question but illustrates this concept. The Cambridge Analytica data breach was a data leak whereby millions of Facebook users' personal data was harvested without consent and used for political advertising (Chan, 2020). This paper will explore the details of the Cambridge Analytica scandal, the role of social media giant Facebook in the incident, and the impact to privacy and associated privacy principles. Additionally, the paper will explore the concept of privacy and its ethical, sociological, and philosophical underpinnings.
Regional Cultures and Mortality in America

Part I. The National Perspective: 1. Institutions, income, and mortality in the United States 2. Institutions and the mortality of African Americans, Hispanics, and American Indians 3. Regional patterns of urban African American mortality Part II. Local Studies: 4. Extremes of mortality in the poorest states 5. Regional differences in American Indian mortality 6. Hispanic mortality in New Mexico 7. Conclusion.
Uncertainty Modeling for Structural Control Analysis and Synthesis

The development of an accurate model of uncertainties for the control of structures that undergo a change in operational environment, based solely on modeling and experimentation in the original environment is studied. The application used throughout this work is the development of an on-orbit uncertainty model based on ground modeling and experimentation. A ground based uncertainty model consisting of mean errors and bounds on critical structural parameters is developed. The uncertainty model is created using multiple data sets to observe all relevant uncertainties in the system. The Discrete Extended Kalman Filter is used as an identification/parameter estimation method for each data set, in addition to providing a covariance matrix which aids in the development of the uncertainty model. Once ground based modal uncertainties have been developed, they are localized to specific degrees of freedom in the form of mass and stiffness uncertainties. Two techniques are presented: a matrix method which develops the mass and stiffness uncertainties in a mathematical manner; and a sensitivity method which assumes a form for the mass and stiffness uncertainties in macroelements and scaling factors. This form allows the derivation of mass and stiffness uncertainties in a more physical manner. The mass and stiffness uncertainties of the ground based system are then mapped onto the on-orbit system, and projected to create an analogous on-orbit uncertainty model in the form of mean errors and bounds on critical parameters. The Middeck Active Control Experiment is introduced as experimental verification for the localization and projection methods developed. In addition, closed loop results from on-orbit operations of the experiment verify the use of the uncertainty model for control analysis and synthesis in space.
Use of the acousto-optic tunable filter for optical spectrum analysis and EDFA power equalization in WDM systems

Summary form only given. In order to use a cascade of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system, the power output of the signal channels must be equalized. We demonstrate a system for power equalization that consists of two single-stage acousto-optical tunable filters (AOTFs). To our knowledge, this is the first use of the AOTF as an optical spectrum analyzer in a WDM system.
A QoS multicast routing protocol for resource-intensive groups

The emergence of new multimedia group-based applications drives the need for efficient network support for quality of service (QoS) multicasting. In the core based tree (CBT) multicast distribution model, when a new receiver joins the group, it always attempts to establish a path to the core node of the multicast tree, making the core the hot spot node in the network. The situation becomes even worse when many groups have the same node as their core. Hence, the network resources around the core become the bottleneck for future join requests. Thus, the CBT-based protocols suffer from the problem of "hot spot traffic concentration" around the core. We propose a single-probe multi-destination (SPMD) protocol for QoS multicasting, which aims at alleviating the traffic concentration around the core. In our protocol, a receiver joining an existing multicast session establishes a path by performing a single path search towards multiple members of the multicast tree, rather than to the core node alone as in the case of CBT. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed SPMD routing protocol through extensive simulation studies by evaluating its performance in terms of average call acceptance rate (ACAR) and average call setup time (ACST). Our studies show that the proposed protocol performs better than the single-destination multicast routing protocols (in terms of ACAR), especially when the groups are resource-intensive, such as high bandwidth groups.
A forest structure model that determines crown layers and partitions growth and mortality rates for landscape-scale applications of tropical forests

Summary 1. We present a model to quantify tropical forest structure and explain variance in dynamic rates (growth and mortality) that is computationally simple and can be applied to landscape-scale forest inventory and, potentially, remote sensing-derived data. 2. The model is a modification of the perfect plasticity approximation (PPA) based on tree allometry, tree locations and sizes. The model quantifies crown area index (CAI) (number of crowns per unit ground area) and assigns trees to crown layers, which determines the expected number of crowns above each tree and thus its light environment. 3. The structural model, parameterized and tested for the Barro Colorado Island, Panama 50-ha forest dynamics plot using data from forest inventories and stereo aerial photographs, reproduces most canopy and understorey structural and dynamic properties. The PPA model worked as well or better than a computationally intensive, spatially explicit model. A single allometry for all trees worked equally well as functional group or species allometries. Models of growth and mortality were always improved by adding crown layers as defined by the PPA model. 4. The mean CAI of the 50-ha plot was 3.1 with low variance. The observed variance was lower than when tree locations were randomized, which drastically lowered the variance in tree density per plot, indicating that there are regulating forces towards a small range of crown area indices. 5. Synthesis. A number of simplifying characteristics in structure were uncovered with the PPA structural model applied to a tropical forest: species allometries were not needed despite the high species diversity in the forest; the model worked on a range of plot sizes; and the variance in CAI was surprisingly low, suggesting regulatory mechanisms. The PPA structural model can be used to develop a fully dynamic simulation model for tropical forests. The ability of the simulation model to predict temporal changes in landscape patterns of biomass, dynamic rates, and species and/or functional group composition will provide validation for the partitioning of dynamic rates by crown layers in the PPA structural model.
Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression during primary granuloma formation induced by eggs of Schistosoma mansoni.

Granulomas induced by parasite eggs are the primary lesions in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Temporal analysis of cytokine mRNA expression in lung tissue containing synchronized granulomas demonstrated a Th0-like pattern of lymphokine expression. IFN-gamma, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 were the primary cytokines induced by day 1 in developing lung granulomas initiated by i.v. egg injection. These changes were followed by increases in expression of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 mRNA on day 3 and TNF-alpha and IL-5 mRNA on day 6. Nearly all cytokine mRNA reached maximal levels by day 6, which preceded the peak in granuloma size seen on day 14. In vivo treatment of egg-injected mice with either anti-IL-2 or anti-IL-4 antibodies significantly diminished the size of circumoval granulomas in the lungs. Both groups of antibody-treated animals displayed a marked reduction in IL-4 as well as IL-5 mRNA expression, although IFN-gamma and IL-2 mRNA levels were unchanged or slightly increased. These findings confirm previous observations suggesting a role for IL-2 in egg-induced pathology via the generation of Th2-associated responses, and also indicate a primary function for IL-4 in granuloma formation. Analysis of responses after injection of eggs into nude mice demonstrated that only the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 are exclusively dependent on T cells for their induction. Taken together, these data suggest that Th2 cells producing IL-4 play a major role in egg granuloma formation, and that the induction and ultimate down-modulation of Th2-like responses may be influenced by non-T-cell-derived cytokines.
Ethylene Acrylic Elastomers

Ethylene acrylic elastomers have been successfully used in automotive underhood applications where heat and oil resistance are required. Additionally, ethylene acrylic elastomers offer excellent compressive stress relaxation, dynamic fatigue resistance, vibration dampening, and resistance to acid condensates, making it suitable for demanding applications including seals, gaskets, hoses, and torsional dampers. New products with improved properties are introduced to further enhance the performance range to meet future needs for improved fuel efficiency and higher exhaust gas emission standards. Keywords: Elethylene Acrylic Elastomer; Vamac®; Heat Resistance; Oil Resistance; Compressive Stress Relaxation
The genetic structure of swarms and the timing of their production in the queen cycles of neotropical wasps

Kin selection theory has received some of its strongest support from analyses of within-colony conflicts between workers and queens in social insects. One of these conflicts involves the timing of queen production. In neotropical wasps, new queens are only produced by colonies with just one queen while males are produced by colonies with more queens, a pattern favoured by worker interests. We now show that new colonies, or swarms, have few queens and variable within-colony relatednesses which means that their production is not tied to new queen production. The queens in these swarms are seldom the mothers of the workers in the swarm. Therefore, either colonies producing swarms have very many queens, or queens joining daughter swarms are reproductive losers on the original colonies. As new colony production is not linked to queen production, it can occur at the ecologically optimum time, i.e. the rainy season. This disassociation between queen production and new colony production allows worker interests in sex ratios to prevail without hampering new colony production at the most favourable season, an uncoupling that may contribute to the ecological success of the Epiponini.
Northwestern African continental shelf sediments

Abstract An investigation of the gravel, sand, silt, and clay components and carbonate content of the bottom surface sediments on the northwestern African shelf and upper slope reveals that sand, composed of biogenic material, quartz, and glauconite, is the most common sediment type. This sand is primarily of biogenic origin between Ifni and Cape Blanc (21°N) and immediately south of Cape Verde (15°N) whereas the wide Guinea shelf is covered with low carbonate quartz sand. Glauconite is common on the outer shelf and upper slope. Modern mid-shelf silt facies occur immediately south of the Strait of Gibraltar, on the south side of Cape Ghir (30°N), between the Gambia and Geba rivers, and along the narrow Sierra Leone-Liberian shelf. Generally, illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite are present in these facies with kaolinite predominant in the tropical areas. Modern mid-shelf facies are found where the shelf is narrow and the sediment supply is ample. Apparently bottom turbulence and current action are not sufficient to keep the outer shelf free of fine sediment accumulation. Where the shelf is wide, modern fine sediments are being deposited in estuaries and on the inner shelf. Also, a calcareous sediment type is found where the shelf has been tectonically stable and the sediment supply inadequate. Finally, carbonate values, less than 50%, occur where a modern shelf facies is being deposited or where clastic sediments were distributed during Pleistocene low sea levels.
How Plausible is Using Averaged NAEP Values to Examine Student Achievement

Abstract Software limitations and difficulty of use have led to some using averaged values instead of plausible values. This study compared the results of plausible values using AM Statistical Software with averaged values using SPSS for descriptive statistics multiple regressions using the 2009 4th and 8th grade math and reading National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) for the total sample in addition to a subsample of Native American students. Gender and poverty and absenteeism and enjoyment of the subject material were used in separate equations to predict achievement. The subgroup means were almost identical, but differences were evident in the standard deviations. The regressions yielded similar results for both approaches. The results suggested that averaged values might present a viable, although not ideal, approach to plausible values.
Characterization of IgG1 conformation and conformational dynamics by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry.

Protein function is dictated by protein conformation. For the protein biopharmaceutical industry, therefore, it is important to have analytical tools that can detect changes in protein conformation rapidly, accurately, and with high sensitivity. In this paper we show that hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (H/DX-MS) can play an important role in fulfilling this need within the industry. H/DX-MS was used to assess both global and local conformational behavior of a recombinant monoclonal IgG1 antibody, a major class of biopharmaceuticals. Analysis of exchange into the intact, glycosylated IgG1 (and the Fab and Fc regions thereof) showed that the molecule was folded, highly stable, and highly amenable to analysis by this method using less than a nanomole of material. With improved chromatographic methods, peptide identification algorithms and data-processing steps, the analysis of deuterium levels in peptic peptides produced after labeling was accomplished in 1−2 days. On the basis of peptic pepti...
Growth kinetics of small cell carcinoma of the lung

Abstract Tumor volumes prior to initial therapy for 33 patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung were determined from serially measurable roentgenographic lesions. Tumor doubling times were calculated for 20 patients who had two or more serial measurements. Pretreatment tumor volumes ranged from 5 to 485 cm 3 , with a median of 87 cm 3 , a log mean of 61 cm 3 , and an arithmetic mean of 103 cm 3 . The tumor doubling times (DT) ranged between 12 and 209 days, with a median of 53 days , a log mean of 59 days , and an arithmetic mean of 79 days . The tumor growth rate, expressed by tumor doubling time, was correlated with the tumor volume ( r = −0.533, P 79 days had a median duration of survival of 15 months , which was significantly longer ( P = 0.046) than the median survival of 8 months for patients with DT > 79 days .
READING WITHIN THE LINES: NATURALLY PROCESSED PEPTIDES DISPLAYED BY MHC CLASS I MOLECULES

A typical mammalian cell contains tens of thousands of different gene products. Snippets of this genetic information are displayed on the cell surface by MHC class I molecules as short peptides for immune surveillance by CD8+ T lymphocytes. Genetic and biochemical analysis of these peptides is revealing novel sources and mechanisms by which these peptide/MHC class I complexes arise.
A neural network approach to the classification problem

Abstract The task of classifying observations into known groups is a common problem in decision making. A wealth of statistical approaches, commencing with Fisher's linear discriminant function, and including variations to accomodate a variety of modeling assumptions, have been proposed. In addition, nonparametric approaches based on various mathematical programming models have also been proposed as solutions. All of these proposed aolutions have performed well when conditions favorable to the specific model are present. The modeler, therefore, can usually be assured of a good solution to his problem of he chooses a model which fits his situation. In this paper, the performance of a neural network as a classifier is evaluated. It is found that the performance of the neural network is comparable to the best of otheother methods under a wide variety of modeling assumptions. The use of neural networks as classifiers thus relieves the modeler of testing assumptions which would otherwise be critical to the performance of the usual classification techniques.
Monocrotaline induced pulmonary vascular lesions in non-human primates

Alterations in the pulmonary vasculature of infant Macaca arctoides (stumptail) monkeys were induced by subcutaneous injection of the toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline. At necropsy these animals exhibited myocardial hypertrophy and a marked dilatation of the right ventricle. Light microscopically, partial to complete obliteration of pulmonary vessels due to enlargement of the endothelium and hypertrophy of the medial musculature was observed. Ultrastructural features of the lung included the presence of numerous fibrin and platelet thrombi within interalveolar capillaries and swelling of endothelial cells. Lesions observed in human infants with vasoconstrictive primary pulmonary hypertension correlate closely with those seen in this study, and it is suggested that monocrotaline-intoxicated non-human primates provide a suitable experimental model with which to study this malady.
Sweet's syndrome: a neutrophilic dermatosis classically associated with acute onset and fever.

Sweet’s syndrome was originally described as an “acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis.”1,2 Pyrexia, elevated neutrophil count, painful red papules, nodules, and plaques, and an infiltrate consisting predominantly of mature neutrophils that are diffusely distributed in the upper dermis are the salient features of this condition. In addition, the dermatosis may be recurrent, and both the symptoms and mucocutaneous lesions promptly resolve after systemic corticosteroid therapy has been initiated. Sweet’s syndrome presents in three clinical settings: (1) classical or idiopathic Sweet’s syndrome, which may be associated with either infection (upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal tract), inflammatory bowel disease, or pregnancy; (2) malignancy-associated or paraneoplastic Sweet’s syndrome, in which either the onset and/or recurrence of the dermatosis is temporally associated with the presence of cancer; and (3) druginduced Sweet’s syndrome, which most frequently occurs in patients who are receiving granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) yet may also develop once treatment with antibiotics (minocycline, nitrofurantoin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), antiepileptics, antihypertensives, oral contraceptives or retinoids has been initiated (Table 1).3,4 The signs and symptoms of Sweet’s syndrome may eventually resolve without therapeutic intervention in patients with classic Sweet’s syndrome, may clear following successful treatment of an underlying and disease-associated malignancy, or improve after discontinuation of a causative medication; however, the therapeutic mainstay for Sweet’s syndrome is systemic corticosteroids. Symptoms begin to improve within 24 to 48 hours; clearing of the skin lesions frequently requires a week. Other effective medications include potassium iodide, colchicine, and indomethacin. Several dermatoses mimic Sweet’s syndrome either clinically, histologically, or both. Although a definitive mechanism of pathogenesis for the development of Sweet’s syndrome symptoms and lesions still remains to be determined, it is possible that cytokines—directly or indirectly—have an important role in the etiology of this condition.3–10
A randomized controlled trial to improve health among women receiving welfare in the U.S.: The relationship between employment outcomes and the economic recession

The high prevalence of health conditions among U.S. women receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF, or 'welfare') impedes the ability of many in this group to move from 'welfare-to-work', and the economic recession has likely exacerbated this problem. Despite this, few interventions have been developed to improve employment outcomes by addressing the health needs of women receiving TANF, and little is known about the impact of economic downturns on the employment trajectory of this group. Using data from a recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) that tested the efficacy of a public health nursing (PHN) intervention to address the chronic health condition needs of 432 American women receiving TANF, we examine the effect of the intervention and of recession exposure on employment. We further explore whether intervention effects were modified by select sociodemographic and health characteristics. Both marginal and more robust intervention effects were noted for employment-entry outcomes (any employment, p = 0.05 and time-to-employment, p = 0.01). There were significant effects for recession exposure on employment-entry (any employment, p = 0.002 and time-to-employment, p < 0.001). Neither the intervention nor recession exposure influenced longer-term employment outcomes (employment rate or maximum continuous employment). Intervention effects were not modified by age, education, prior TANF receipt, functional status, or recession exposure, suggesting the intervention was equally effective in improving employment-entry across a fairly heterogeneous group both before and after the recession onset. These findings advance our understanding of the health and employment dynamics among this group of disadvantaged women under variable macroeconomic conditions, and have implications for guiding health and TANF-related policy.
cAMP Response Element-binding Protein (CREB) Interacts with Transcription Factors IIB and IID

cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) participates in both constitutive and cAMP-induced transcription of cAMP-responsive genes. CREB-mediated constitutive transcription requires only CREB-binding sites and a minimal promoter region (containing the TATA through start sequences), indicating that CREB interacts directly with components of the general transcription machinery. In this study, a coimmunoprecipitation assay was used to test for interaction of CREB with the general transcription factors (TF) TFIIB and TFIID and the core component of TFIID, TATA-binding protein (TBP). Human TFIIB and TBP, tagged with distinct epitopes (eTFIIB and eTBP), were expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli, and holo-eTFIID, containing eTBP, was obtained from the HeLa cell line LTRα3. 35S-Labeled CREB, synthesized in vitro and incubated with eTFIIB, was coimmunoprecipitated with antibody recognizing eTFIIB, indicating that CREB specifically binds to TFIIB. 35S-CREB was coimmunoprecipitated with antibody against eTBP, but only when incubated with the holo-eTFIID complex, not with eTBP alone. TFIIB interacted with TBP, but CREB was not coprecipitated with the eTBP antibody when incubated with eTBP plus TFIIB, so CREB did not form a stable ternary complex with TFIIB and TBP. Conversely, depletion of TFIIB from the holo-TFIID preparation did not diminish the level of interaction between CREB and TFIID. Thus, CREB interacts independently with TFIIB and TFIID, but not directly with TBP. A protein kinase A phosphorylation site mutant of CREB and wild-type CREB exhibited equivalent interaction with TFIIB, indicating that this phosphorylation is not required. Consistent with the role of CREB in promoting constitutive or basal transcription, the constitutive activation domain of CREB was sufficient for interaction with both TFIIB and TFIID.
Fractal Measures for Parabolic IFS

Abstract Let h be the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set of a conformal parabolic iterated function system in dimension d ⩾2. In case the system of maps is finite, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the h -dimensional Hausdorff measure to be positive and finite and also, assuming the strong open set condition holds, characterize when the h -dimensional packing measure of the limit set is positive and finite. We also prove that the upper ball (box)-counting dimension and the Hausdorff dimension of this limit set coincide. As a byproduct we include a compact analysis of the behaviour of parabolic conformal diffeomorphisms in dimension 2 and separately in any dimension greater than or equal to 3.
Estimating Ultrasound Propagation Velocity in Tissues from Unwrapped Phase Spectra

Abstract A digital computer-based technique for estimating the velocity of sound in tissue is proposed. The technique utilizes the unwrapped phase spectra of fullband reference and attenuated ultrasonic pulses normally used in attenuation measurements. In addition, it does not require explicit measurement of pulse-transit-times. The accuracy of the technique was tested on several computer simulated models, on specimens of known velocities (aluminum and plexiglass), and on formalin-fixed rabbit kidneys. The results indicate that the technique has an accuracy comparable to the pulse-transit-time method.
Effect of enzyme digestion on the permeability barrier in keratinizing and non-keratinizing epithelia

Summary In an attempt to characterize the permeability barrier of the oral mucosa and skin, small pieces of keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelia and epidermis were digested with specific enzymes. These enzymes were selected for their effect on carbohydrate-protein, or carbohydrate-lipid compounds and phospholipids. The effect of the enzyme treatment was monitored by exposing the digested tissue to horseradish peroxidase. Electron microscopic examination of tissue treated with phospholipases revealed considerable damage to membrane structures but not to the integrity of the permeability barrier. Hyaluronidase and neuraminidase caused less structural damage but did not impair barrier function; this was only seen after treatment with chondroitinase ABC. This enzyme may degrade certain of the polar molecules thought to be necessary to stabilize the neutral lipid bilayers of the intercellular barrier and thus disrupt its barrier properties.
Hydrodynamic coastal processes in the North Adriatic investigated with a 3D finite element model

This paper deals with the interaction and small-scale processes occurring around the inlets that connect the Venice Lagoon with the Northern Adriatic Sea. In a previous paper, barotropic processes have been investigated, whereas here, the focus is on the baroclinic processes. The hydrodynamics of the area are studied by means of a 3D shallow water hydrodynamic finite-element model, suitable to describe areas of complex morphology such as the coasts and the interaction channels. This is the first work that models the 3D interaction between the Venice Lagoon and the Adriatic Sea. Three different sets of simulations have been carried out to identify the physics behind the small-scale processes and the influence of the main forcings on the study area. The first imposes different idealized forcings, such as tides, wind, and river runoff. The vorticity maps of the first two layers show the predominance of wind forcing in the coastal area and tidal forcing in the three inlets of the Lagoon. Bora wind acts homogeneously, increasing the littoral currents, while Sirocco wind mainly impacts near Chioggia inlet, with a coastal current reversal, inducing its detachment offshore. Freshwater patterns are present along the coast, near the river mouths. Rivers do not directly influence the circulation close to the coast in front of the Venice Lagoon, except for the area near Chioggia inlet, where the Brenta river action can be seen. The second set of simulations deals with a sensitivity analysis to define the importance of the advection and of the baroclinic pressure gradient terms in the creation of persistent structures, such as small-scale coastal vortices seen along the littoral very close to the inlets. This analysis shows how advection is the main physical process responsible for the persistence of the positive vorticity structures close to the coast between the inlets, while the negative vorticity structures, also seen by the HF Radar, are due to the baroclinic-advective interaction. Finally, a real case, year 2004, has been simulated both to validate the model with observations and to identify the occurrence during the year of the characteristic hydrodynamic features attributable to the main forcings. The action of Bora wind characterizes the surface current patterns of February and November 2004, while Sirocco influences the month of May 2004. During periods of weak wind, the model reproduces the small-scale vortical structures close to the littoral.
The effect of remineralization on artificial caries-like lesions and their crystal content

Abstract Exposure of both small carious lesions and artificial caries-like lesions to a synthetic calcifying fluid in vitro produced a significant degree of remineralization of the lesion. Changing the calcium concentration of the calcifying fluid had a marked effect on the degree of remineralization produced. Only the apatite phase was supersaturated in the 1 mM Ca calcifying fluid while the 3 mM Ca calcifying fluid was supersaturated with respect to several more acidic calcium phosphate phases. With the 3 mM Ca calcifying fluid the higher supersaturation allowed the formation of precursor phases which blocked surface pores limiting penetration. This was confirmed by the appearance of clusters of plate-like crystals in the immediate surface layer, a feature not found with the 1 mM Ca calcifying fluid. With the 3 mM Ca calcifying fluid the mean reduction in area of the body of the lesion was 20 per cent, brought about by a mean increase in orientated mineral of 17%. When the 1 mM Ca calcifying fluid was employed, remineralization occured throughout the entire depth of the lesion. Under these conditions, a mean reduction of 69 per cent in area of the body of the lesion occurred with a mean increase of 40% in orientated mineral. Scanning electron microscopy showed that crystal diameters for sound enamel were in the range 35–40 nm. In the body of the lesion crystal diameters were reduced and found to be in the range 10–30 nm. In lesions remineralized with the high Ca calcifying fluid crystal diameters of 50 nm were found. When the low Ca calcifying fluid was used, remineralized lesions showed crystal diameters in the range 50–150 nm with a small number having diameters of 200 nm.
Performative Auto/biography in Ruth Klüger's Still Alive: A Holocaust Girlhood Remembered

(2011). Performative Auto/biography in Ruth Kluger's Still Alive: A Holocaust Girlhood Remembered. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 238-264.
Pick's theorem-what's the big deal?

(2003). Pick's Theorem—What's the Big Deal? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 110, No. 1, pp. 36-45.
FATE OF OVA ACCELERATED IN THEIR RATE OF PASSAGE THROUGH THE FALLOPIAN TUBES OF MICE BY MASSIVE INJECTIONS OF PROGYNON-B1

It has been shown (1) that injections of 100 to 500 R.U. of an estrogen, progynon-B in oil, causes acceleration of the rate of passage of ova through the fallopian tubes of mice. This paper is concerned with the fate of such accelerated ova. Experiments here reported show that the uterine environment in these experimental animals produces disintegration of the eggs so that pregnancy is prevented.
Simultaneous (non-epidermoid) neoplasms involving the head and neck.

The phenomenon of multiple primary malignant neoplasms involving the head and neck is well documented. Epidermoid carcinomas constitute the majority of these neoplasms. Case reports are made of two patients with simultaneously occurring chronic reticuloendothelial malignancies and non-epidermoid tumors involving the head and neck. The first case is one of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and metastatic primary retro-peritoneal extragonadal seminoma, while the second is one of lymphocytic lymphoma (LL) and a carotid body tumor (CBT). The head and neck manifestations of metastatic seminoma, CBT, and CLL and LL are discussed. A review of the literature of the association of each of these entities to other tumors is presented. Also presented is the evidence for an increased incidence of malignancies associated with CLL and LL and the complicating factors introduced when reticuloendothelial malignancies occur simultaneously with head and neck neoplasms.
Crystallization and preliminary X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the excisionase–DNA complex from bacteriophage λ

Bacteriophage λ uses an elegantly regulated and highly directional site-specific DNA-recombination reaction to integrate and excise its genome. A critical regulator of this process is the phage-encoded excisionase (Xis) protein, which dramatically stimulates excision by orchestrating the assembly of a higher order nucleoprotein structure that excises the prophage. The Xis protein stabilizes this recombination intermediate by substantially altering the trajectory of viral DNA and by cooperatively interacting with the λ integrase (Int) protein. In an attempt to understand how Xis controls the directionality of bacteriophage λ recombination, co-crystals of the DNA-binding domain of Xis in complex with its binding site within the P-arm of the phage have been obtained using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. Using sodium acetate as a precipitating reagent, the Xis–DNA complex crystallizes in space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 80.2, b = 72.7, c = 38.8 A, β = 104.1°. These crystals diffract beyond 1.5 A resolution and are well suited for structural analysis using X-ray crystallography.
Cognitive conflict between persons: Application of the “lens model” paradigm

Abstract Three empirical examples of the application of the lens model paradigm for studying cognitive conflict between persons are provided. These studies concerned the effect of (1) early vs. late confrontation of large cognitive differences between pairs, (2) different types of verbal interchange, and (3) differences in cognitive complexity induced in the subjects. The results are to be taken as indicative rather than definitive.
Using collaboration to counteract inertia in a small library

SUMMARY A decentralized, flat-structured and sparsely staffed academic library is the working reality for many librarians. Burnout, confusion and frustration quickly become the modus operandi as these librarians struggle to find solutions for difficult questions. Julia Dickinson and Sarah George at Illinois Wesleyan University's Ames Library wrestled unsatisfactorily with questions surrounding e-journal management for several years. The formal group structures traditionally used to handle such issues did not seem to produce effective answers. The librarians took a creative approach to finding solutions to their problems through the formation of a working “hot group.” Others faced with similar circumstances might easily adapt this working model.
Placebo effect in canine epilepsy trials.

Background The placebo effect is a well-recognized phenomenon in human medicine; in contrast, little information exists on the effect of placebo administration in veterinary patients. Hypothesis Nonpharmacologic therapeutic effects play a role in response rates identified in canine epilepsy trials. Animals Thirty-four dogs with epilepsy. Methods Meta-analysis of the 3 known prospective, placebo-controlled canine epilepsy trials. The number of seizures per week was compiled for each dog throughout their participation in the trial. Log-linear models were developed to evaluate seizure frequency during treatment and placebo relative to baseline. Results Twenty-two of 28 (79%) dogs in the study that received placebo demonstrated a decrease in seizure frequency compared with baseline, and 8 (29%) could be considered responders, with a 50% or greater reduction in seizures. For the 3 trials evaluated, the average reduction in seizures during placebo administration relative to baseline was 26% (P = .0018), 29% (P = .17), and 46% (P = .01). Conclusions and clinical importance A positive response to placebo administration, manifesting as a decrease in seizure frequency, can be observed in epileptic dogs. This is of importance when evaluating open label studies in dogs that aim to assess efficacy of antiepileptic drugs, as the reported results might be overstated. Findings from this study highlight the need for more placebo-controlled trials in veterinary medicine.
Computation of vortex-dominated flow for a delta wing undergoing pitching oscillation

The conservative, unsteady Euler equations for the flow relative to a moving frame of reference are used to solve for the three-dimensional steady and unsteady flows around a sharp-edged delta wing. The resulting equations are solved by using an implicit, approximately factored, finite-volume scheme. Implicit second-order and explicit second- and fourth-order dissipations are added to the scheme. The boundary conditions are explicitly satisfied. The grid is generated by locally using a modified Joukowski transformation in crossflow planes at the grid-chord stations. The computational applications cover a steady flow around a delta wing, whose results serve as the initial conditions for the unsteady flow around a pitching delta wing at a large mean angle of attack. The steady results are compared with the experimental data, and the unsteady results are compared with results of a flux-difference splitting scheme.
Limit to the Electric Dipole Moment of the Neutron

A neutron-beam magnetic resonance experiment with very slow neutrons (as low as 60 m/sec) has been used to set a limit to the neutron electric dipole moment that is more than 100 times lower than the previous limit set by Smith, Purcell, and Ramsey. The value found for the neutron electric dipole moment divided by the proton charge is $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{e}}{e}=(\ensuremath{-}2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}22}$ cm. This value is lower than the predictions of many of the time-reversal-noninvariant theories which account for the ${{K}_{2}}^{0}$ decay.
THz microscopy measurements on inhibitor dependence of protein intramolecular modes

We use a rapid data acquisition technique to test reproducibility and inhibitor binding sensitivity of the recently reported narrow band resonances for lysozyme protein crystals using THz microscopy. The spectra are reproducible, and change dramatically with inhibitor binding. The results indicate the resonances arise from intramolecular modes.