cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Parental Monitoring, Parent–Child Communication, and Parents' Expectation of the Child's Acculturation on the Substance Use Behaviors of Urban, Hispanic Adolescents

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,936 Hispanic adolescents of mean age 14.0 years (standard deviation= 0.4) from seven Los Angeles area schools. The effects of perceived parental monitoring and parent-child communication on the adolescents' self-reported past thirty day cigarette smoking and alcohol and marijuana use behaviors were analyzed. In addition, the relationships between parents' expectations of the child's acculturation and adolescents' drug use behaviors were examined. Parental monitoring and parent-child communication were found to have statistically significant inverse associations with all three drug types when controlling for one another and the demographic variables assessed in the study. Parents' expectation of the child's acculturation to the U.S. was found to be inversely related with alcohol use. Parental monitoring and parent-child communication were not found to mediate the relationship between parents' expectation of the child's acculturation and alcohol use.
On the numerical accuracy of the Fokker-Planck approximation to the hierarchy of master equations

Abstract Many physical processes are described by birth and death phenomena and can generally be treated with either a master equation or Fokker-Planck formulation. We present a numerical study for one such process which describes the agglomeration of atomic clusters on clean surfaces during the early stages of thin film formation. We develop moment equations which describe the evolving size distribution of these clusters during an atom deposition process. These moments are derived from both the hierarchical master equations and the equivalent Fokker-Planck approximation. We limit our treatment to growth and decay mechanisms which occur via single-atom transitions. It is shown that the Fokker-Planck approximation is surprisingly good for sizes down to a few atoms. Analysis of the numerical accuracy of the Fokker-Planck approximation is given by comparing results for the total density of clusters, their average size, and the first four moments of the size distribution function. Results are presented for growth laws associated with two- and three-dimensional cluster shapes.
Molecular Characterization of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Insertions in the Genome of Field and Vaccine Strains of Fowl Poxvirus

Abstract Evidence of the widespread occurrence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) sequence insertions in fowl poxvirus (FPV) genome of field isolates and vaccine strains has increased in recent years. However, only those strains carrying a near intact REV provirus are more likely to cause problems in the field. Detection of the intact provirus or REV protein expression from FPV stocks has proven to be technically difficult. The objective of the present study was to evaluate current and newly developed REV and FPV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect the presence of REV provirus in FPV samples. The second objective was to characterize REV insertions among recent “variant” FPV field isolates and vaccine strains. With REV, FPV, and heterologous REV-FPV primers, five FPV field isolates and four commercial vaccines were analyzed by PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis. Intact and truncated REV 5′ long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences were detected in all FPV field isolates and vaccine strains, ind...
Looking for Evidence of Public Employee Opposition to Privatization: An Empirical Study With Implications for Practice

Contemporary public administration encompasses a wide variety of service delivery options. During the past two decades, privatization has become an increasingly utilized and legitimized approach. The perception that privatization poses a threat to public employment is seemingly widespread. Indeed, public sector unions often challenge the adoption of privatization programs. There is little evidence that individual rank-and-file public employees oppose privatization, however. In this study, the authors develop a multivariate model of support for privatization. Using a large-size public opinion data set from Georgia, the authors test the model and find that an individual’s employment in the public sector is a predictor of opposition to privatization. The authors then discuss the practical implications of public employee opposition to privatization. The authors conclude with a discussion of ways for reducing such opposition.
The Importance of a Source of Sufficient Protein in Postoperative Hypocaloric Partial Parenteral Nutrition Support

A comparison of postoperative metabolic and nutritional responses to different hypocaloric parenteral nutrition supports was performed in 42 patients with various gastric lesions. Sixteen patients (group A) received 3000 mL of a 5% glucose in water or glucose in saline infusion per day after surgery (approximately 10 kcal/kg per day). Another 14 patients (group B) received 2000 mL of 5% glucose in water or saline plus 1000 mL of 5% amino acid solution per day (approximately 10 kcal/kg per day and 1 g of protein per kilogram per day). The other 12 patients (group C) received 2000 mL of 5% glucose in water or saline plus 500 mL of 5% amino acid solution and 500 mL of 10% fat emulsion (approximately 20 kcal/kg per day and 0.5 g of protein per kilogram per day). After 7 days of study, all three groups were found to have a decrease in body weight, mid-arm circumference, triceps skin-fold, and serum albumin level, and the differences among them were not significant. Groups B and C had significantly less negativ...
Growth Rate of Subretinal Neovascularization in Age-related Macular Degeneration

Abstract To determine the growth rate of subretinal neovascularization (SRNV) in age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), 35 pairs of serial fluorescein angiograms from 30 consecutive patients with SRNV who had not been treated with laser photocoagulation were analyzed. The daily growth rate of SRNV measured on consecutive fluorescein angiograms less than 120 days apart ranged from 0 to 74 μm (mean, 18 μm daily). The daily estimated growth rate of SRNV in any one direction ranged from 0 to 37 μm (mean, 9 μm daily). Documented initial slow growth of SRNV in one eye did not preclude a greater subsequent growth rate in the fellow eye. It was not possible to predict reliably the growth rate of SRNV. This reinforces the necessity of prompt evaluation of all subretinal neovascular membranes initially for the purpose of possible laser treatment.
Crystal Structure and Deletion Analysis Show that the Accessory Subunit of Mammalian DNA Polymerase γ, PolγB, Functions as a Homodimer

Abstract Polymerase γ, which replicates and repairs mitochondrial DNA, requires the PolγB subunit for processivity. We determined the crystal structure of mouse PolγB, a core component of the mitochondrial replication machinery. PolγB shows high similarity to glycyl-tRNA synthetase and dimerizes through an unusual intermolecular four-helix bundle. A human PolγB mutant lacking the four-helix bundle failed to dimerize in solution or to stimulate the catalytic subunit PolγA, but retained the ability to bind with PolγA to a primer–template construct, indicating that the functional holoenzyme contains two PolγB molecules. Other mutants retained stimulatory activity but lost the ability to bind folded ssDNA. These results suggest that the PolγB dimer contains distinct sites for PolγA binding, dimerization, and DNA binding.
Effect of Surgery for Endometrioma on Ovarian Function

Endometriosis affects a significant proportion of reproductive-aged women. The impact of the disease on ovarian function is an important consideration when planning treatment in women who want to retain the potential of future childbearing. This review will specifically address the association between endometriomas and diminished ovarian reserve, with a particular focus on the impact of surgical endometrioma resection on ovarian function. The existing literature supports an adverse effect of ovarian endometriomas on spontaneous ovulation rates, markers of ovarian reserve, and response to ovarian stimulation, although data on clinical pregnancy and live birth rates remain inconsistent. Surgical removal of endometriomas may worsen ovarian function by removing healthy ovarian cortex or compromising blood flow to the ovary. It is evident that surgical excision of endometriomas acutely impairs ovarian function as measured by ovarian reserve markers; whether this represents progressive or long term impairment remains the subject of ongoing investigation.
Persistent trigeminal artery in a patient with Sturge-Weber syndrome.

The primitive trigeminal artery is the most common embryonic carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomosis to persist into adulthood. It has been associated with other intracranial vascular alterations, including aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations [1], and has been implicated in a variety of clinical syndromes [2, 3]. Although persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses have been described in association with facial capillary angiomaS [4-6], in only one case has a persistent trigeminal artery been described in a patient with SturgeWeber-Dimitri syndrome [7], a neurocutaneous disorder characterized by facial angiomata and ipsilateral leptomeningeal venous angiomatosis. We present an unusual case of persistent trigeminal artery in a patient with Sturge-Weber-Dimitri syndrome. We discuss persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses in association with other cranial vascular alterations and comment on the clinical and potential embryologic significance.
Extended abstract: Abrogation of cell cycle checkpoint control in preneoplastic cells

Genomic integrity is maintained by a network of cellular activities that assesses the status of the genome at a given point in time and that provides signals to proceed with or to halt cell cycle progression. Recent studies have identified cellular proteins that are the targets for the viral oncoproteins involved in these processes. We demonstrate that the expression of human papilloma virus type 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins in normal mortal cells disrupts the integration of the network of signals that maintain genomic integrity. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Insulin stimulates ecdysteroid production through a conserved signaling cascade in the mosquito Aedes aegypti

Selective activators and inhibitors of insulin signaling cascades in mammalian cells were tested for their effects on insulin stimulated steroidogenesis by ovaries of Aedes aegypti. Bovine insulin in the concentration range of 1.7 microM to 85 microM stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in vitro. Pervanadate, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase phosphatase, stimulated ecdysteroid production at concentrations of 250 microM to 1 microM. Okidaic acid, a serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor, stimulated steroidogenesis with an ED50 of 77.39 nM. A selective inhibitor of tyrosine kinase activity, HNMPA-(AM3), inhibited ecdysteroid production with an IC50 of 14.2 microM. Two selective inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, wortmannin and LY294002, inhibited ecdysteroid production at low concentrations (IC50 = 1.6 nM and 30 nM, respectively). These concentrations are similar to those inhibiting insulin action in mammalian cells. A selective inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase, PD098059, had no effect on ecdysteroid production even up to 100 microM. Thus, insulin stimulation of ecdysteroid production by ovaries in vitro appears to be controlled by the tyrosine kinase activity of the mosquito insulin receptor and the signaling cascade involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B.
Alterations in blood glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids following lateral hypothalamic lesions or parasagittal knife cuts ☆

Abstract The effects of lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions or parasagittal knife cuts placed lateral to the LH on levels of serum glucose, insulin and lipids were examined in 3 separate experiments. The first experiment showed that 24 hr after surgery, free fatty acid (FFA) levels were significantly lower in the knife cut group than in the groups given LH lesions or control operations. However, blood glucose was higher in both the knife cut group and LH lesion group relative to controls. In a second experiment, groups of rats given LH lesions, knife cuts or control operations were allowed 25 days postoperative recovery. The LH lesion group had higher FFA levels, lower triglyceride, insulin, and glucose levels than the knife-cut or normal weight control group. However, FFA, triglyceride and insulin levels for the LH group did not differ from its weight-paired control group. The third experiment demonstrated that LH lesions and knife cuts altered FFA mobilization in response to 2-DG, however, only knife cuts altered the hyperglycemia induced by 2-DG. This suggests that the parasagittal knife cuts uniquely interrupt the sympathetic activation of the adrenal medulla. The results of the present study indicate that although LH lesions and parasagittal knife cuts induce similar patterns of ingestive disorders, the autonomic and metabolic alterations resulting from these two surgical procedures are quite different.
Dopamine receptor alterations in female rats with diet-induced decreased brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): interactions with reproductive status

Decreased tissue levels of n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are implicated in the etiologies of non-puerperal and postpartum depression. This study examined the effects of a diet-induced loss of brain DHA content and concurrent reproductive status on dopaminergic parameters in adult female Long–Evans rats. An α-linolenic acid-deficient diet and breeding protocols were used to produce virgin and parous female rats with cortical phospholipid DHA levels 20–22% lower than those fed a control diet containing adequate α-linolenic acid. Decreased brain DHA produced a significant main effect of decreased density of ventral striatal D2-like receptors. Virgin females with decreased DHA also exhibited higher density of D1-like receptors in the caudate nucleus than virgin females with normal DHA. These receptor alterations are similar to those found in several rodent models of depression, and are consistent with the proposed hypodopaminergic basis for anhedonia and motivational deficits in depression.
Deletion 12p12 Involving SOX5 in Two Children With Developmental Delay and Dysmorphic Features

The SOX5 gene encodes a transcription factor involved in the regulation of nervous system development and chondrogenesis. This article reports on two cases of 12p12.1 deletion involving SOX5 presenting with global developmental delay, intellectual disability, expressive language delay, mild motor impairment, distinct features, and multiorgan involvement. The first case involves a 32-month-old boy with de novo 53-kilobase interstitial deletion at 12p12.1, representing the smallest deletion reported, and presents with severe symptomatology. The second case is a 31-month-old girl with 3.2-megabase deletion at 12p12.2 p12.1 with severe neurodevelopmental disability and minimal organ involvement. These patients bear many of the characteristics previously reported in patients with SOX5 mutations. We propose a neurodevelopmental approach to a novel syndrome with dose- and location-sensitive SOX5 gene expression.
Selenoprotein expression and function—Selenoprotein W

Selenoprotein W (SeW) is a small selenoprotein (85 to 88 amino acids) first identified in sheep suffering from selenium deficiency. The levels are highest in muscle, heart (except rodents) spleen and brain. The deduced amino acid sequence has been obtained for mice, rats, monkeys, humans, sheep, pigs, fish and chickens. The sequences of SeW are identical in rats and mice as well as monkeys and humans. In all eight species of animals cysteine is present at residue number 9 and selenocysteine at residue number 13. Residue number 37 is cysteine in six species of animal with fish and chickens as the exceptions. Of those examined, the rodent SeW is the only one containing four cysteines whereas the others contain only two cysteines. Glutathionylaltion has been shown for SeW from rats and monkeys but has not been confirmed for this selenoprotein from the other six animals. The biological function of SeW has not been definitely identified. Evidence has been obtained that it can serve as an antioxidant, responds to stress, involved in cell immunity, specific target for methylmercury, and has thioredoxin-like function.
Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Renal Angiomyolipoma

ABSTRACTPurpose: We present a comprehensive resource that summarizes contemporary advances relevant to the clinical management of renal angiomyolipoma.Materials and Methods: A MEDLINE search was done using the key words angiomyolipoma, hemangioma or lipoma and kidney neoplasm, and therapeutic embolization. References from these articles were reviewed to identify additional relevant source material. We identified 13 series published since 1986 comprising 336 patients as well as 24 reports of therapeutic embolization for angiomyolipoma, comprising 76 patients. To our knowledge we report the largest compilation series to date.Results: Angiomyolipoma is generally benign, although an uncommon subtype (epithelioid angiomyolipoma) may behave more aggressively. Tuberous sclerosis associated angiomyolipoma tends to be larger, multiple and more likely to cause spontaneous hemorrhage than the sporadic entity. Tumors that hemorrhage tend to be larger. Computerized tomography or magnetic resonance is usually sufficien...
‘Ethnic’ Conflict as Stat–Society Struggle: The Poetics and Politics of Assamese Micro-Nationalism

This paper is an attempt to understand one case of 'ethnic' conflict in India-Assam. By looking closely at this one case I hope we will understand better the phenomenon of India's persistent dilemma of micro-nationalist politics that from time to time seems to be fundamentally at odds with India's macro-nationalist project. To be sure, despite the seriousness of some of these conflicts-say Punjab and Kashmir at present, or Assam until recently-the incidence of micronationalist dissent should be kept in perspective. The Indian state can claim quite a bit of success in its project of 'nation building' -it has been able to incorporate micro-nationalist dissent of a number of peoples by using persuasive and coercive means at its disposal. Moreover, even conflicts that appear stubborn at one time turn out to be surprisingly amenable to negotiated settlement. Irrespective of the Indian state's ability to manage micro-nationalist dissent, the assumption that nationalisms have a telos that inevitably leads to a demand for separation relies on a rather sloppy and lazy naturalist theory of the nature and origins of nations and nation states. What the Indian experience forces us to confront is the fate of nationalism and the nation state as they spread worldwide as a modal form. In the Indian subcontinent these new forms that privilege 'formal boundedness over substantive interelationships,'l come face to face with a civilisation that represents a particularly complex way of ordering diversity.2 In a subcontinent where the historical legacy of
The prosthetic (Teflon) central aortopulmonary shunt for cyanotic infants less than three weeks old: results and long-term follow-up

The expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 4 mm vascular prosthesis has been used to create a central aortopulmonary shunt in 20 critically ill infants less than 3 weeks old. The infants ranged from 1 to 18 days old (5.25 days), and from 1.5 to 4.0 kg (2.9 kg). Conduit length ranged from 2 to 6 cm (4 cm). Sixteen patients had atresia of the tricuspid or pulmonary valve. There were 6 early deaths (30%), only 1 of which was shunt related. The mean preoperative arterial oxygen saturation was 62% (range, 33 to 80%), and mean postoperative saturation was 87% (range, 78 to 90%). There were 5 late deaths, 1 probably caused by shunt failure. Nine long-term survivors have done well. Follow-up ranges from 1 to 36 months (18 months). Factors influencing conduit function are length, technical considerations, and pulmonary vascular resistance. Late restudy in 5 of 9 survivors confirms patency and demonstrates bidirectional pulmonary blood flow. Since PTFE shunt flow capability is fixed, the infant may require repair or a second shunt within 24 months of the initial procedure.
Genetics and evolution of ultraviolet vision in vertebrates

Various vertebrates use ultraviolet (UV) vision for such basic behaviors as mating, foraging, and predation. We have successfully interchanged the color-sensitivities of the mouse UV pigment and the human blue pigment by introducing forward and reverse mutations at five sites. This unveils for the first time the general mechanism of UV vision. Most contemporary UV pigments in vertebrates have maintained their ancestral functions by accumulating no more than one of the five specific amino acid changes. The avian lineage is an exception, where the ancestral pigment lost UV-sensitivity but some descendants regained it by one amino acid replacement at an entirely different site.
Choline transport in Leishmania major promastigotes and its inhibition by choline and phosphocholine analogs

Phosphatidylcholine is the most abundant phospholipid in the membranes of the human parasite Leishmania. The metabolic pathways leading to its biosynthesis are likely to play a critical role in parasite development and survival and may offer a good target for antileishmanial chemotherapy. Phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the CDP-choline pathway requires transport of the choline precursor from the host. Here, we report the first characterization of choline transport in this parasite, which is carrier-mediated and exhibits Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent K(m) value of 2.5 microM for choline. This process is Na(+)-independent and requires an intact proton gradient to be fully functional. Choline transport into Leishmania is highly specific for choline and is inhibited by the choline carrier inhibitor hemicholinium-3, the channel blocker quinacrine, the antimalarial aminoquinolines quinine and quinidine, the antileishmanial phosphocholine analogs, miltefosine and edelfosine, and by choline analogs, most of which have antimalarial activities. Most importantly, choline analogs kill the promastigote form of the parasite in vitro in the low micromolar range. These results set the stage for the use of choline analogs in antileishmanial chemotherapy and shed new lights on the mechanism of action of the leishmanicidal phosphocholine analogs.
Spatially resolved suprathermal x-ray emission from laser-fusion targets

High-resolution images of suprathermal x-ray emission from laser-imploded fusion targets have been recorded. The images show the spatial distribution of the relatively cold pusher material during the early stages of target implosion. There is evidence of an early, asymmetric breakup of the pusher shell.
US research in ice mechanics: 1987–1990

Abstract This compilation of US ice mechanics investigations over 1987–1990 focuses on efforts that support the development of our understanding of sea ice interaction. Both ice-structure and ice-ice interaction studies have been included in hopes that insights from one area will complement developments in the other. The work discussed in the area of ice-structure interaction was intentionally limited to lateral movement of the ice against a vertical structure. It is these results that can be most easily extended to ice-ice interaction events.
Reversible Tumorigenesis by MYC in Hematopoietic Lineages

The targeted repair of mutant protooncogenes or the inactivation of their gene products may be a specific and effective therapy for human neoplasia. To examine this possibility, we have used the tetracycline regulatory system to generate transgenic mice that conditionally express the MYC protooncogene in hematopoietic cells. Sustained expression of the MYC transgene culminated in the formation of malignant T cell lymphomas and acute myleoid leukemias. The subsequent inactivation of the transgene caused regression of established tumors. Tumor regression was associated with rapid proliferative arrest, differentiation and apoptosis of tumor cells, and resumption of normal host hematopoiesis. We conclude that even though tumorigenesis is a multistep process, remediation of a single genetic lesion may be sufficient to reverse malignancy.
From morphologic to molecular: established and emerging molecular diagnostics for breast carcinoma.

Diagnostics in the field of breast carcinoma are constantly evolving. The recent wave of molecular methodologies, both microscope and non-microscope based, have opened new ways to gain insight into this disease process and have moved clinical diagnostics closer to a ‘personalized medicine’ approach. In this review we highlight some of the advancements that laboratory medicine technology is making toward guiding the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy selection for patients affected by breast carcinoma. The content of the article is largely structured by methodology, with a distinct emphasis on both microscope based and non-microscope based diagnostic formats. Where possible, we have attempted to emphasize the potential benefits as well as limitations to each of these technologies. Successful molecular diagnostics, applied in concert within the morphologic context of a patient's tumor, are what will lay the foundation for personalized therapy and allow a more sophisticated approach to clinical trial stratification. The future of breast cancer diagnostics looks challenging, but it is also a field of great opportunity. Never before have there been such a plethora of new tools available for disease investigation or candidate therapy selection.
SMash: secure component model for cross-domain mashups on unmodified browsers

Mashup applications mix and merge content (data and code) from multiple content providers in a user's browser, to provide high-value web applications that can rival the user experience provided by desktop applications. Current browser security models were not designed to support such applications and they are therefore implemented with insecure workarounds. In this paper, we present a secure component model, where components are provided by different trust domains, and can interact using a communication abstraction that allows ease of specification of a security policy. We have developed an implementation of this model that works currently in all major browsers, and addresses challenges of communication integrity and frame-phishing. An evaluation of the performance of our implementation shows that this approach is not just feasible but also practical.
Genetic variation of TP53, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-related exposures, and breast cancer risk among women on Long Island, New York.

p53 participates in cell cycle control, programmed cell death/apoptosis, and DNA repair, all pathways involved in carcinogenesis. TP53 variants may influence p53 function. We evaluated whether three well-characterized TP53 variants—Ex4 + 119 C > G (rs#1042522, Arg72Pro), IVS6 + 62 A > G (rs#1625895), and an IVS3 16 bp insertion/ deletion (INDEL; rs#17878362)—were associated with breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study. Genotypes and haplotypes were determined using long-range PCR in a sample of 578 cases and 390 controls. For the Ex4 + 19 C > G SNP (rs1042522), women with the heterozygous genotype (G/C) had a 32% increase in breast cancer risk. Other variants were not associated with risk. We further examined whether these associations were modified by cigarette smoking status and detection of PAH–DNA adducts in circulating lymphocytes. Among current smokers, each copy of the minor alleles for the IVS6 + 62 A > G SNP (rs1625895) and the IVS3 INDEL polymorphism (rs17878362) was associated with lower breast cancer risk (OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.27–0.90; OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.22–0.78, respectively). However, among former smokers, the homozygous variant genotype for these 2 SNPs was observed among cases (4.1 and 3.2%, respectively) and not controls. Genotype associations were not modified by the presence or absence of DNA adducts in circulating lymphocytes. Three-loci haplotypes were not significantly associated with breast cancer risk. These results should be confirmed in larger studies, but suggest that cigarette smoking may influence breast cancer risk through interaction with p53.
Thermal signatures of the Kondo volume collapse in cerium.

X-ray diffraction measurements of cerium in the vicinity of the isostructural {gamma}-{alpha} transition have been performed with high precision and accuracy from room temperature to almost 800 K. The disputed location of the critical point has been found to occur at 1.5 {+-} 0.1 GPa and 480 {+-} 10 K. The data is well fit by the Kondo volume collapse model plus a quasiharmonic representation of the phonons. The resultant free energy is validated against data for the thermodynamic Grueneisen parameter, and beyond the dominant spin fluctuation contribution, indicates a dramatic change in the lattice Grueneisen parameter across the transition.
Effects of vitamin A-deficiency and inflammation on the conducting airway epithelium of Syrian golden hamsters

The effects of vitamin A-deficiency and inflammation were studied in the conducting airways of Syrian golden hamsters. An important goal of the study was to characterize epithelial changes that occur early in vitamin A-deficiency, that might precede yet predispose to infection, and precipitate inflammatory changes in the lungs. Age-matched vitamin A-replete control and vitamin A-deprived hamsters were killed at 33 days of age (preweight-plateau); at 41 days of age (weight plateau-early weight loss); and at 48–55 days of age (prolonged weight plateau followed by weight loss). A tablet containing bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was implanted subcutaneously into each hamster 7 h before it was killed. No changes were seen in the conducting airway epithelium of vitamin A-deprived hamsters in the preweight plateau. However, labelling of secretory cells for BrdU was reduced 6–7 fold in the epithelium lining the lobar bronchus (p< 0.0002) and the bronchioles (p< 0.0001), and the proportions of ciliated cells were decreased (p<0.0001) at both airway levels in vitamin A-deficient hamsters in the weight plateau-early weight loss stage. Changes in cellular morphology were minimal in the intrapulmonary airway epithelium at this time but a few small focal patches of epidermoid metaplasia were seen in the tracheal epithelium. Small foci of inflammation were closely associated with the airways in the weight plateau, and the inflammation became more widespread when the deficiency was prolonged. The results suggest that the defense of the lungs to infection was impaired initially in the vitamin A-deficient hamsters by a widespread reduction in the numbers of ciliated cells throughout the epithelium of the conducting airways (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles). At the foci of inflammation, labelling of epithelial secretory cells for BrdU was greatly increased at all airway levels. A highly stratified cornifying epidermoid metaplasia developed in the tracheal epithelium, and goblet cell metaplasia developed in the cranial portion of the lobar bronchus, in association with submucosal inflammation. Goblet cell metaplasia appeared to be the only abnormality that wasnot reversed when vitamin A was restored to the diet.
A hemodynamic comparison of essential and renovascular hypertension. Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance: supine and tilted patients.

Systemic hemodynamic measurements were obtained in 15 normal subjects and 30 untreated hypertensive patients (15 with essential hypertension and 15 with fibrosing stenosis of renal arteries). The essential hypertensives were selected from a larger group solely on the basis of matching their mean arterial pressures and ages with those of the patients with renal arterial disease in matched pairs; cardiac index was consistently higher in patients with renovascular hypertension than in those with essential hypertension. The higher cardiac output was maintained in the group with renal arterial disease even when reduced by tilting the subjects to a 50° head-up position. Total peripheral resistance was increased in both hypertensive groups. The low cardiac indices and mean rates of left ventricular ejection found in essential hypertension may also implicate the heart in this form of hypertension. Hence, increased total peripheral resistance, long thought to be the hemodynamic hallmark of hypertension, may not be the sole systemic abnormality; cardiac output may be increased in renal arterial disease and even reduced in essential hypertension.
Enhancing Speech Discrimination through Stimulus Repetition.

Purpose To evaluate the effects of sequential and alternating repetition on speech-sound discrimination. Method Typically hearing adults' discrimination of 3 pairs of speech-sound contrasts was assessed at 3 signal-to-noise ratios using the change/no-change procedure. On change trials, the standard and comparison stimuli differ; on no-change trials, they are identical. Listeners were presented with 5 repetition conditions: 2 and 4 sequential repetitions of the standard followed by sequential repetitions of the comparison; 2 and 4 alternating presentations of the standard and comparison; and 1 repetition of the standard and comparison. Results Both sequential and alternating repetition improved discrimination of the fricative and liquid contrasts, but neither was clearly superior to the other across the conditions. Conclusions The results support previous findings that increasing the number of fricative and liquid stimulus presentations improves discriminability and extends the findings to natural speech s...
Measurement of the diene conjugated form of linoleic acid in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography: A questionable non-invasive assay of free radical activity?

Summary It has been previously reported that the main diene-conjugated fatty acid in human plasma is a non-oxygen containing linoleic acid isomer (PL-9, 11-LA'). It has also been proposed that this isomer can be used as a specific marker of free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in humans. Here we report that the in vitro induction of lipid peroxidation in human and rat blood with either UV irradiation or phenylhydrazine failed to increase the plasma levels of this isomer. The induction of lipid peroxidation in vivo in rats pretreated with either phenylhydrazine or bromotrichloromethane also failed to increase the plasma levels of this isomer. These findings demonstrate that PL-9, 11-LA' cannot be used as an in vivo marker of free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in rats and casts doubts on its validity as a specific marker in humans.
Contribution of the remodeling response to cerebral vasospasm

The authors review the remodeling response of blood vessels that occurs after various injuries to arteries. The role of this response in vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is reviewed. There is some evidence that cerebral arteries remodel after SAH in that they are less compliant and contractile than normal. Evidence for other features, such as alteration of smooth muscle phenotype, proliferation of cells and synthesis of extracellular matrix, is conflicting and requires a further study. A remodeling response probably contributes to vasospasm but the magnitude of its importance, in relation to smooth muscle contraction, which also occurs, also needs to be further defined.
The possible role of oxytocin in stimulating the release of prolactin.

Hypothalamic lesions in the supraoptico-hypophysial tract of lactating rats produceda block of both milk ejection and milk secretion. The defect in milk secretion was correlated with the deficiency in endogenous oxytocin secretion, but there was no correlation between polydipsia and milk ejection or milk secretion. The effective lesions interrupted the supraoptico-hypophysial tract either in the median eminence or in front of this structure. The defect in milk secretion was seen in rats where median eminence, hypophysial portal vessels, and anterior lobe of the pituitary appeared to be essentially normal on histological examination. Pitocin and synthetic oxytocin delayed mammary involution in lactating rats. Pitressin produced a smaller effect. The effect of Pitocin and synthetic oxytocin persisted in rats with hypothalamic lesions. Since a defectin endogenous oxytocin release led to a defect in milk secretion, whereas oxytocin delayed mammaryinvolution, it was postulated that oxytocin may be the neurohum...
LACTATION AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF MARES FED ADDED DIETARY FAT DURING LATE GESTATION AND EARLY LACTATION

Summary Eighteen pregnant mares were randomly allotted to one of two treatment groups. The control group was fed a conventional concentrate and the fat group was fed a concentrate containing 5% feed-grade rendered fat. Both concentrates had the same nutrient:calorie ratio and were fed in amounts required to maintain zero change in percent body fat of the mares. During the study, which began 60 d prior to expected foaling date and ended 60 d postpartum, mares were monitored for feed intake, body weight, rump fat thickness, ration digestibility, plasma glucose and lipid concentrations, milk composition and reproductive efficiency. Birth weight, growth rate, and plasma glucose and lipid concentrations were also measured in foals. Mares fed fat consumed less concentrate (P
Science Discipline Knowledge for Primary Teachers

Abstract Many primary teachers have a limited understanding of science concepts. A recent Australian government review of science teacher education strongly recommended that this problem be addressed in preservice and post‐initial teacher education programs. This paper outlines some approaches that might satisfy this recommendation. Course structure and design are initially considered. Specific techniques are then described which revolve around a constructivist approach to teaming science concepts. Although the importance of science processes is still acknowledged, it is implied that significant time needs to be devoted to reflecting upon and sharing one's own perceptions of science concepts. Some exemplar professional development courses and materials which also address the teacher's own science knowledge are considered briefly. The suggestions and examples draw heavily upon approaches taken by British teacher educators who have had to confront this issue directly because of the nature of their science s...
Carlyle, Freud, and the Great Man Theory more fully considered:

Contemporary surveys of leadership scholarship will occasionally mention the Great Man theory before moving on to more rigorous academic categories. Less a theory than a statement of faith, the Gre...
Diversification Strategies and Managerial Rewards: An Empirical Study

This study examined the relationship between diversification and the design of managerial reward systems in 20 large industrial firms. Interviews with 89 compensation specialists, strategic planner...
Atmosphere carburizing at 927° C (1700° F) for distortion control

A reduction in the magnitude of out-of-round (OOR) and improved flatness of heat treated but unfinished tapered roller bearing components was achieved by carburizing parts at temperatures less than 927°C (1700°F) in a controlled, integral-quench process. Distortion results from this study are compared to conventionally processed components. Reasons for reduced distortion levels achieved are discussed in terms of temperature uniformity, atmosphere control, quenchant temperature, quenchant flow and postquench processing steps, product fixturing, and product orientation in the furnace load.
Susceptibility of DS/FH,M, Binary DPSK to Partial and Full Band Barrage Jamming

Spread spectrum signaling schemes have been proposed to counter unfriendly, electrical jamming threats. In order to establish their effectiveness, such schemes must be analyzed. This work takes a step in this direction by developing the susceptibility equation, or equivalently, the probability of error, of a direct sequence/frequency hopped (DS/FH), binary differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) system when subjected to a barrage jamming signal. Specific system models are established for the receiving system as well as for the jamming signal and the spread spectrum techniques. Both partial and full band jamming strategies are considered. Graphical results are presented with the conclusions summarizing the spread spectrum effectiveness and the deficiencies of the FH processing gain definition.
The revising processes of sixth-grade writers with and without peer feedback.

AbstractThe primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of peer feedback on the quality of student writing and the amount and kind of revision behavior. Ninety-three sixth graders in six intact classrooms wrote and revised six stories, the last one being used as data for this study. Instruction varied across groups in the following manner: RI/PP students received revision instruction and revised stories with a peer; PP students revised stories with a peer but did not receive revision instruction; RI students received revision instruction but revised stories alone; C students had neither revision instruction nor help from peers. Chi-square analysis indicated that revision behavior was influenced by instruction. Quality of writing analysis revealed significant differences across groups on both rough and final drafts. Peer feedback seemed to help students write initially superior rough drafts but was not consistently linked to improvement of content between rough and final drafts. Successful surf...
Tobacco Use: A Chronic Illness?

Tobacco use is a modifiable risk factor that has many characteristics of a chronic illness. We analyzed longitudinal data from participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) and the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) and compared tobacco use to other chronic illnesses to evaluate effects on mortality. We limited our analysis to 20,293 participants aged 45 and older at baseline. We determined smoking status, diabetes status, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and lung disease status at baseline. We developed Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for age, sex and race and all comorbid diseases, to determine the effect of disease on mortality at up to 13 years of follow-up, 3,022 study participants died during the follow-up period. Adjusted proportional hazard models found that the risk of smoking for death had a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8, 2.2). This was similar to the mortality risk for ASCVD (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.7, 2.0), diabetes (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.7, 2.0), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.9, 2.4). The risk in former smokers were significantly less than that of current smokers (HR 1.1, 95% CI 1.01, 1.2). In the adjusted models, current cigarette smoking has a mortality risk that is in the same range of that seen in other “chronic diseases”, whereas the risk in former smokers is greatly reduced. These data suggest that current smoking should be approached as aggressively as other chronic diseases that are amenable to interventions.
SU(4) and SU(8) mass formulas and weak interactions

Mass formulas for SU(4) and SU(8) groups have been obtained and are especially simple for degenerate representations. Also, tensor representations of baryon multiplets are discussed together with some applications to weak decay processes.
Acetylations of strongly basic and nucleophilic enolate anions with N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide

Abstract Efficient acetylation of the multiple anions of poly-β-carbonyl compounds is achieved by the use of N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide.
Passive immunization of mice against D factor blocks lethality and cytokine release during endotoxemia

D factor, also known as leukemia inhibitory factor, is a pleiotropic cytokine whose role during acute injury and inflammation is not known. Intraperitoneal administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin induced D factor gene expression in mice, and passive immunization against D factor protected them from the lethal effects of endotoxin and blocked endotoxin-induced increases in serum levels of interleukin 1 and 6. Peak levels of tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma were not affected. These results indicate that D factor is an essential early mediator of the inflammatory cytokine response and therefore may be important in the pathogenesis of the many inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis, arthritis, allograft rejection, and cancer immunotherapy.
Preparation of Pentamethyldisilanyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate and Some Pentamethyldisilanyi, Ethers

Abstract Pentamethyldisilanyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (PMDT) is synthesized from hexamethyldisilane and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. The pentamethyldisilanyl ethers of some primary, secondary and tertiary allylic alcohols are prepared by the reaction of their lithium alkoxides with PMDT in the presence of hexamethylphosphoramide.
Supporting collaboration in Hypermedia: issues and experiences

Hypermedia is an appropriate medium for supporting collaborative work, as it can represent the work, the discussion about the work, and the discussion about the shared use of the medium. A description is provided of hypermedia systems in general, and the NoteCards hypermedia system in particular. Experiences of collaborators are presented as they develop conventions and routines while using NoteCards for collaborative work. In particular, two tools are described that resulted from the adoption of conventions by collaborators. Problems discovered while using NoteCards for collaboration are discussed, as well as future directions of the tools. © 1989 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Polar perspective of Late-Quaternary climates in the Southern Hemisphere

Late-Quaternary paleoecological and glacial evidence from the higher latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere implies overall uniformity of large-scale glacial and interglacial climatic fluctuations for the past 40,000 yr. Climate of the last glacial maximum, variously dated between 30,000 and 11,000 yr B.P., was relatively cold and dry compared with the warmer, more humid climate of the Holocene and the interstade preceding the last glacial maximum. Conditions were apparently coldest during millennia centered around 20,000 yr B.P. and warmest in the early Holocene. Recorded small-scale fluctuations, frequently variable for any given time interval, are less consistent. A cold late-glacial episode, estimated as occurring between ca. 13,000 and 11,000 yr B.P. in Antarctica, possibly was coeval with the Younger Dryas Stade in northwestern Europe and may be correlative with a climatic episode in southern South America and perhaps in New Zealand and South Georgia; however, there is no evidence for the event in Tasmania. General atmospheric circulation models for the polar latitudes at the time of the last glacial maximum show an intensification of the southern westerlies, apparently a result of the expansion of ice cover in Antarctica and of sea ice in the Southern Ocean.
The effect of enucleation on restoration of the interphase rate of 32P uptake after cell division in Stentor coeruleus

Abstract 32P uptake in Stentor coeruleus undergoes a marked decline during division, which is probably the result of a corresponding decline in vacuole formation by the oral apparatus. This decline in 32P uptake requires the presence of the macronucleus for its reversal at the onset of interphase. The implications of these findings are discussed.