cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decreased intake of a liquid diet in nonfood-deprived rats following intra-PVN injections of GLP-1 (7-36) amide

I.c.v. administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) dose dependently suppresses food intake in rats, and induces activation of c-fos within rat paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN). The present study sought to determine whether GLP-1 (7-36) amide may act within the PVN by examining the effects of intra-PVN administration of GLP-1 (7-36) amide on food intake in rats. Adult male rats (n = 11) were prepared with indwelling guide cannulae aimed at the PVN. Rats were allowed access to a palatable liquid diet (Ensure) and water during a daily 60-min test period with intakes measured every 15 min. Intra-PVN administration of GLP-1 (7-36) amide (10, 50, 100 and 200 ng) did not alter latency to feed, but did suppress liquid diet intake over a 1-h testing period, as a function of dose. These results suggest that GLP-1 (7-36) amide may act, in part, to suppress feeding through interactions with cells within the PVN.
Bronchoscopic diagnosis of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis : comparison of cytology, culture, and transbronchial biopsy

Abstract The results of all fiberoptic bronchoscopic examinations that detected Coccidioides immitis at two medical centers in an area endemic for coccidioidomycosis were retrospectively reviewed. Coccidioides immitis was detected by cytologic examination of fluid from either bronchial wash or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in eight (42%) of 19 HIV-infected patients and in 11 (31%) of 35 patients without HIV infection ( P = 0.627). In all cases, the fluid samples grew C. immitis . The median time to positive identification of the fungus was 25 days. Preliminary identification of C. immitis , however, took a median of 3.5 days (range, 2–9 days) in 10 patients on whom these data were available. Transbronchial biopsy was performed simultaneously in eight cases, and C. immitis was identified by morphologic examination in all eight. These results indicate that cytologic examination of bronchial wash or BAL fluid from patients with and without HIV infection is diagnostic in less than half of cases of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Culture of the same fluid appears to be more sensitive than cytologic examination in establishing this diagnosis.
Human breast cancer responsive to androgen in long term tissue culture.

ALTHOUGH a significant role has been established for oestrogen in the growth of some animal1,2 and human3,4 mammary carcinoma, evidence for androgen dependency of human breast cancer has remained equivocal. Although the existence of a mouse mammary carcinoma which shows modest androgen responsiveness5 has supported the notion that some human breast cancer might also be dependent on androgens, no direct proof has been available. We have described our work characterising the oestrogen responsiveness of MCF-7, a human breast cancer cell line maintained in tissue culture for over 3 yr (ref. 6). This cell line was shown to contain oestrogen receptor, to be killed by antioestrogens, and stimulated by physiological concentrations of oestradiol. We now describe further investigations of this cell line which reveal that in addition to oestrogen responsiveness, this cell line shows threefold enhancement of precursor incorporation into macromolecules by androgens using serum-free conditions which preclude stimulatory effects of other trophic hormones. Furthermore, this stimulation by androgens seems to be mediated by interaction with a cytoplasmic androgen receptor protein which is clearly differentiable from the oestrogen receptor also found in these cells. Aside from defining an interesting new system in which the action of androgen can be studied in a human cell line in tissue culture, the present study provides unequivocal evidence for the androgen responsiveness of some human breast cancer at least in vitro.
A test of the integrity of the components of Baddeley's model of working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Background: The integrity of working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was tested within the framework of Baddeley's model. Methods-1: Buffers and rehearsal mechanisms were assessed by presenting children with or without ADHD (ages 8 to 15) with 1–7 target letters and a probe after 2–10 s. They decided if the probe was the same (verbal task) or in the same location (spatial task) as any of the targets. Results-1: There was no interaction between group and delay or memory load in either task. Methods-2: The central executive was assessed on a dual task. Results-2: Although children with ADHD did not differ from controls in simple response time (RT) or in digits recalled, they showed greater decrements in RT when performing the 2 tasks concurrently. Conclusions: Findings suggest that children with ADHD (1) do not have generalized impairments in working memory, (2) rehearse verbal and spatial information in the same manner as healthy children, (3) may have an impairment in the central executive component of working memory, which controls ability to divide attention between two tasks.
The effect of bioterrorism messages on anxiety levels

Public health messages sometimes use graphic language to discourage health-adverse behaviors. However, such messages could provoke adverse stress and anxiety reactions. To assess whether public health messages on bioterrorism might measurably increase stress and anxiety, we conducted a randomized controlled trial in which potent and neutral messages were randomly allocated to 116 graduate students. Pre- and post-message anxiety scores of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), a validated instrument, were recorded, and within- and between-group score changes compared. Reading the potent message significantly (p=.003) elevated STAI anxiety scores, while reading the neutral messages decreased scores (p Language: en
Magnetic properties and thermal ordering of mechanically alloyed Fe–40 at% Al

Abstract A metastable, nanostructured, disordered bcc Fe–40 at% Al solid solution was produced from elemental powders using a high-energy ball mill. The effects of milling and subsequent annealing on (1) the formation of disordered nanocrystals, (2) changes in the lattice parameter and grain size, and (3) the disorder-to-order, ferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic transformations were studied by examination of both the microstructure and magnetic measurements. Oxidation and contamination of the powder during processing may play a significant role in the thermal ordering.
A 31P NMR analysis of the helix to coil transition of natural DNA samples: Evidence for the existence of different conformational states

Abstract The helix to coil transitions of calf thymus and salmon sperm DNA were probed by 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Both the helical and coil forms were observed in the melting region indicating slow exchange between the two forms with an estimated rate of interconversion ⪡ 36 sec −1 at 70°C. At least three different signals were also observed at temperatures significantly above the Tm, suggesting three classes of conformational states. One of these classes has a significantly lower T 1 than the other two indicating considerable residual structure in this form. The four only partially resolved signals indicate that the phosphate residues have very similar chemical shift environments. From the experimentally observed small chemical shift differences between the helical and coil forms, it is concluded that the gauche, gauche, conformation predominates in the coil form as has been found for the helix.
Semi-immersive space mission design and visualization: case study of the "terrestrial planet finder" mission

The paper addresses visualization issues of the Terrestrial Planet Finder Mission (C.A. Beichman et al., 1999). The goal of this mission is to search for chemical signatures of life in distant solar systems using five satellites flying in formation to simulate a large telescope. To design and visually verify such a delicate mission, one has to analyze and interact with many different 3D spacecraft trajectories, which is often difficult in 2D. We employ a novel trajectory design approach using invariant manifold theory, which is best understood and utilized in an immersive setting. The visualization also addresses multi-scale issues related to the vast differences in distance, velocity, and time at different phases of the mission. Additionally, the parameterization and coordinate frames used for numerical simulations may not be suitable for direct visualization. Relative motion presents a more serious problem where the patterns of the trajectories can only be viewed in particular rotating frames. Some of these problems are greatly relieved by using interactive, animated stereo 3D visualization in a semi-immersive environment such as a Responsive Workbench. Others were solved using standard techniques such as a stratify approach with multiple windows to address the multiscale issues, re-parameterizations of trajectories and associated 2D manifolds and relative motion of the camera to "evoke" the desired patterns.
Magnal steroid hormone receptors during egg formation in the domestic hen.

Abstract Levels of magnal estrogen and progesterone receptors during egg formation in the hen were determined. Hens were sacrificed at various times after ovulation and magnal receptor levels were determined by tritiated hormone binding assays. A coincident increase in nuclear estrogen receptor and decrease in cytosol estrogen receptor 2 to 4 h postoviposition was suggestive of in vivo receptor translocation. At 12 h to 16 h postoviposition cytosol progesterone receptor increased 2-fold and subsequently declined during the time of preovulatory progesterone surge (8 h to 6 h prior to expected ovulation). These data suggest that changes in circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone, associated with ovulation, are coordinated with oviductal function. This is reflected by fluxes of their respective oviductal receptors.
Representations and Maximal Subgroups of Finite Groups of Lie Type

Let σ be an endomorphism of a simple, simply connected, algebraic group $$\[\bar G\]$$ over K, where K is the algebraic closure of Fp, and assume the fixed point group G = $$ {\text{G = }}{\overline {\text{G}} _{\sigma }} $$ is finite and quasisimple. Write G = G(q), with q = pa and let V be an irreducible, but not necessarily absolutely irreducible, kG-module, where k denotes K or a finite subfield of K.
Active source electromagnetic methods for marine munitions

The detection of munitions targets obscured in coastal and marine settings has motivated the need for advanced geophysical technologies suited for underwater deployment. Building on conventional marine electromagnetic theory and based on the use of existing electric and magnetic field sensing designs, we analyze the electromagnetic fields emitted from excited targets in the frequency range between 1 kHz and 1 MHz. We present evidence that employing electromagnetic modes that are higher in frequency relative to those typically used in ground-based sensing yields greater range and sensitivity for underwater surveys. We develop potential design strategies for implementing both magnetic (B) and electric (E) field sources and sensors in the marine environment, and determine optimal arrangements for a potential combined E- and B-field sensing system. The implementation of both 1D analytical and 3D numerical simulations yields the primary and secondary field distributions in representative underwater settings for various sourcereceiver arrangements. We study the electromagnetic field distributions from both electric (voltage-fed dipole) and magnetic field (encased and submerged induction coil) active sources. Application of these concepts provide unique and useful information about targets from the addition of electric field sensing alone as well as through the combination of electric and magnetic field sensing.
Restricted clonality of visceral sarcomas in avian sarcoma virus-infected chickens

Experiments were undertaken to analyze proviral DNA in primary (wing web) and visceral sarcomas arising in FP chickens infected with BH-RSV(RAV-2). Using the degree of heterogeneity of BH-RSV proviral integration sites as a measure of the degree of polyclonality of sarcoma tissue, we observed that a high proportion of the visceral sarcomas examined comprised dominant clones, independently of whether these sarcomas were isolated from immune-suppressed or nonsuppressed infected chickens; by contrast, a marked heterogeneity of BH-RSV proviral integration sites was noted with primary sarcoma tissue. Several visceral sarcomas containing dominant clones were characterized by the integration of a deleted form of the BH-RSV provirus. In addition, all of the primary and visceral sarcomas exhibited sequences specific for the RAV-2 provirus, and both types of sarcoma tissue were competent for infectious sarcoma virus production.
Factors affecting critical currents determined by the transformer method for the YBa2Cu3Oy high-Tc superconductors

Abstract Critical current measurements give quantitative information regarding the dissipationless electrical current carrying capability of bulk high- T c materials. We report an improvement of the contactless transformer technique for measuring directly the bulk transport critical currents of superconductors, and report critical currents of bulk high- T c YBa 2 Cu 3 O y -based materials as a function of sample geometry, composition, and preparation conditions. We found that the critical current density of superconductors is not independent of sample geometry, and we propose a supercurrent/magnetic flux pinning field model of the critical current state of superconductors to explain our results.
A new clustering algorithm using message passing and its applications in analyzing microarray data

In this paper, we proposed a new clustering algorithm that employs the concept of message passing to describe parallel and spontaneous biological processes. Inspired by real-life situations in which people in large gatherings form groups by exchanging messages, message passing clustering (MPC) allows data objects to communicate with each other and produces clusters in parallel, thereby making the clustering process intrinsic and improving the clustering performance. We have proved that MPC shares similarity with hierarchical clustering but offers significantly improved performance because it takes into account both local and global structure. MPC can be easily implemented in a parallel computing platform for the purpose of speed-up. To validate the MPC method, we applied MPC to microarray data from the Stanford yeast cell-cycle database. The results show that MPC gave better clustering solutions in terms of homogeneity and separation values than other clustering methods.
Identification and Characterization of the DNA-binding Domain of the Multifunctional PutA Flavoenzyme

The PutA flavoprotein from Escherichia coli is a transcriptional repressor and a bifunctional enzyme that regulates and catalyzes proline oxidation. PutA represses transcription of genes putA and putP by binding to the control DNA region of the put regulon. The objective of this study is to define and characterize the DNA binding domain of PutA. The DNA binding activity of PutA, a 1320 amino acid polypeptide, has been localized to N-terminal residues 1-261. After exploring a potential DNA-binding region and an N-terminal deletion mutant of PutA, residues 1-90 (PutA90) were determined to contain DNA binding activity and stabilize the dimeric structure of PutA. Cell-based transcriptional assays demonstrate that PutA90 functions as a transcriptional repressor in vivo. The dissociation constant of PutA90 with the put control DNA was estimated to be 110 nm, which is slightly higher than that of the PutA-DNA complex (K(d) approximately 45 nm). Primary and secondary structure analysis of PutA90 suggested the presence of a ribbon-helix-helix DNA binding motif in residues 1-47. To test this prediction, we purified and characterized PutA47. PutA47 is shown to purify as an apparent dimer, to exhibit in vivo transcriptional activity, and to bind specifically to the put control DNA. In gel-mobility shift assays, PutA47 was observed to bind cooperatively to the put control DNA with an overall dissociation constant of 15 nm for the PutA47-DNA complex. Thus, N-terminal residues 1-47 are critical for DNA-binding and the dimeric structure of PutA. These results are consistent with the ribbon-helix-helix family of transcription factors.
Principles of Bone Grafting: Non-union, Delayed Union

Abstract Autologous bone grafts or autografts (i.e. grafts taken from the patient's own bone) have been used to treat fracture non-unions and occasionally to treat acute fractures. Traditionally, autologous bone is harvested from the iliac crest through a generous, open incision. This can result in significant pain and morbidity. Nowadays, keyhole approaches to this site are often preferred. Alternatively, allografts (grafts from another person) or synthetic bone substitutes may be used. In situations where rapid incorporation is required, autologous graft remains the treatment of choice. Thus, it remains the ‘gold standard’ in patients with: • poor vascularity • a history of infection • failed attempts at non-union repair • fracture site gaps • unfavourable mechanical circumstances. This contribution will review the current indications, contraindications and techniques of bone grafting, and will briefly mention new techniques of grafting and the use of allografts and bone graft substitutes.
Terrestrial models and global change: challenges for the future

A wide variety of models have illustrated the potential importance of terrestrial biological feedbacks on climate and climate change, yet our ability to make precise predictions is severely limited, due to a high degree of uncertainty. In this paper, after briefly reviewing current models, we present challenges for new terrestrial models and introduce a simple mechanistic approach that may complement existing approaches.
Phase-shifting birefringent scatterplate interferometer

We realized what we believe is a new phase-shifting scatterplate interferometer by exploiting the polarization characteristics of a birefringent scatterplate. The common-path design of the interferometer reduces its sensitivity to environmental effects, and phase shifting allows quick and accurate quantitative measurements of the test surface. A major feature of the birefringent scatterplate approach for phase shifting is that no high-quality optical components are required in the test setup. The theory of the interferometer is presented, the procedure for the fabrication of the birefringent scatterplate is described, and experimental results are shown.
Effects of gap junction conductance on dynamics of sinoatrial node cells: two-cell and large-scale network models

A computational model of single rabbit sinoatrial (SA) node cells has been revised to fit data on regional variation of rabbit SA node cell oscillation properties. The revised model simulates differences in oscillation frequency. Maximum diastolic potential, overshoot potential, and peak upstroke velocity observed in cells from different regions of the node. Dynamic properties of electrically coupled cells, each with different intrinsic oscillation frequency, are studied as a function of coupling conductance. Simulation results demonstrate at least four distinct regimes of behavior as coupling conductance is varied: (a) independent oscillation (G/sub c/ >
Pharmacology for the Physical Therapist, by P. C. Panus, B. Katzung, E. E. Jobst, S. L. Tinsley, S. B. Masters, and A. J. Trevor. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2009, 608 pages, cloth, illustrated, ISBN 13: 978-0-07-146043-9

Pharmacology has become a part of the physical therapy curriculum so that therapists may understand patients' charts, rather than prescribe drugs. Peter Panus and two of his colleagues are both phy...
Image Warping Among Arbitrary Planar Shapes

Image warping refers to the 2D resampling of a source image onto a target image. Despite the variety of techniques proposed, a large class of image warping problems remains inadequately solved: mapping between two images which are delimited by arbitrary, closed, planar curves. Such problems are typified by the requirement to derive a spatial transformation given only boundary correspondence information.
Measurements of the temperature-dependent rate coefficient for the reaction O(3P) + NO2 → NO + O2

Measurements of the absolute rate coefficient for the reaction O( 3 P) + NO2 → NO+O2 were made by the discharge-flow resonance fluorescence technique over the temperature range 216–413 K at pressures between 1 and 2.5 Torr. The measured rate coefficients for atmospherically relevant temperatures can be expressed in Arrhenius form as k(T ) = (5.64 ± 0.12) × 10 −12 exp[(165 ± 10)/T ]c m 3 molecule −1 s −1 , where the quoted uncertainties are 2σ precision. This result is compared with previous measurements of the rate coefficient and implications for the importance of this reaction in the middle atmosphere are discussed. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Changing Minds to Changing the World

The recent explosion in available data sources and data-processing tools has both scientists and artists diving into the world of data visualization. The result is a diverse, interdisciplinary field of practice, in which practitioners cultivate knowledge in other areas: Statisticians are learning about design, while designers are learning about statistics. All of these people are producing visualizations of data—objects of visual communication—but with widely varying intentions and goals for their creations. Several primary goals for visualization—exploratory, informational, and rhetorical—are well-established. But in a field where artists (seeking to produce aesthetic, yet “accurate” work) are learning about science, and scientists (seeking to produce informational, yet “aesthetically appealing” work) are learning about art, how can we delineate between the range of types of intended communications and can those delineations be made in any meaningful way? One of the most exciting aspects of visualization today is the ease with which practitioners from different backgrounds collaborate and engage with each other. By examining the discourse adopted by these practitioners, we can identify what processes they all have in common, and then map where practices overlap and where they diverge.
Adaptive fiber bragg grating sensor network for structural health monitoring: Applications to impact monitoring

A passive structural health monitoring (SHM) system for locating foreign-object impact using a network of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors that monitor high frequency dynamic strains is described. The FBG sensor signals are adaptively demodulated using a two-wave mixing (TWM) spectral demodulator. Strains applied on the FBG sensors are encoded as wavelength shifts of the light reflected by the FBG sensor which are then converted into phase shifts and demodulated by the TWM interferometer. The demodulator adaptively compensates for low frequency drifts caused by large quasi-static strain and temperature drift and allows only high frequency signals to pass through. The FBG sensor network is mounted on a plate, and the structure is subjected to artificial impacts generated by dropping small ball bearings. Owing to the directional sensitivity of the FBG sensors, an FBG sensor-pair configuration is used at each sensing location. The impact signals from multiple FBG sensors are simultaneously acquired at frequ...
A fault tolerant pipelined adaptive filter

A fault tolerant pipelined architecture for high sampling rate adaptive filters is presented. The architecture, which is based on the computational requirements of delayed LMS and adaptive lattice filters, offers robust performance in the presence of single hardware faults, and software faults resulting from numerical instability. The reliability of the proposed system is analyzed and compared to the existing implementations strategies, and methods for fault detection, fault location, and recovery via hardware reconfiguration are discussed. Finally, simulation results illustrating recovery from processor fault are presented. >
CReN: a tool for tracking copy-and-paste code clones and renaming identifiers consistently in the IDE

Programmers often copy and paste code so that they can reuse the existing code to complete a similar task. Many times, modifications to the newly pasted code include renaming all instances of an identifier, such as a variable name, consistently throughout the fragment. When these modifications are done manually, undetected inconsistencies and errors can result in the code, for example, a single instance can be missed and mistakenly not renamed. To help programmers avoid making this type of copy-paste error, we created a tool, named CReN, to provide tracking and identifier renaming support within copy-and-paste clones in an integrated development environment (IDE). CReN tracks the code clones involved when copying and pasting occurs in the IDE and infers a set of rules based on the relationships between the identifiers in these code fragments. These rules capture the programmer's intentions, for example, that a particular group of identifiers should be renamed consistently together. Programmers can also provide feedback to improve the accuracy of the inferred rules by specifying that a particular instance of an identifier is to be renamed separately. We introduce our CReN tool, which is implemented as an Eclipse plug-in in Java.
Smoking Relapse during the First Year after Treatment for Early-Stage Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Background: Non–small-cell lung cancer patients who continue to smoke after cancer diagnosis are more likely to experience disease recurrence, decreased treatment efficacy, and treatment complications. Despite this, many continue to smoke, with estimates ranging from 13% to ∼60%. Methods: Participants were 154 early-stage, non–small-cell lung cancer patients who had smoked within 3 months before surgery. Patients were followed for 12 months after surgery to assess smoking status and duration of continuous abstinence after surgery. Predictors included medical, smoking history, psychosocial, and demographic characteristics. Results: At some point after surgery, 42.9% of patients smoked; at 12 months after surgery, 36.9% were smoking. Sixty percent of patients who lapsed did so during the first 2 months after surgery. Smoking at follow-up was predicted by shorter quit duration before surgery, more intense Appetitive cravings (expectation of pleasure from smoking), lower income, and having a higher level of education. Time until the first smoking lapse was predicted by shorter quit duration before surgery, more intense Appetitive cravings to smoke, and lower income. Among those who lapsed, greater delay before the lapse was associated with abstinence at the 12-month follow-up assessment. Conclusions: Nearly half of non–small-cell lung cancer patients return to smoking after surgery if they have recent smoking histories. Most initial lapses happen within 2 months and occur in response to more recent smoking and more intense cravings. Findings suggest that interventions to prevent relapse should target those who wait until cancer surgery to quit smoking and should be started as soon as possible after treatment. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(12):2370–7)
Black Holes in Social Space: The Occurrence and Effects of Name‐Avoidance in Organizations1

In contemporary organizations, subordinates often address superiors by their first names but are at times reluctant to use first names of more powerful others because of the form's presumption of familiarity. At the same time, the principal alternative–title and last name (e.g., Mr., Ms., Dr.)–is eschewed because of its connotation of deference and formality. The result is name avoidance and awkward silence. This article reports survey findings from 74 working individuals indicating that avoidance occurs, varies by relative power, varies by gender, and is negatively associated with perceptions of communication openness. Evidently, the conflicting strains between egalitarianism and hierarchy within organizational social systems are strong enough to produce a linguistic black hole. Implications for theory and managerial practice are discussed.
The Oceanic Variability Spectrum and Transport Trends

Abstract Oceanic meridional transports evaluated over the width of the Pacific Ocean from altimetric observations become incoherent surprisingly rapidly with meridional separation. Even with 15 years of data, surface slopes show no significant coherence beyond 5° of latitude separation at any frequency. An analysis of the frequency/zonal‐wavenumber spectral density shows a broad continuum of motions at all time and space scales, with significant excess energy along a ‘non‐dispersive’ line extending from the barotropic to the first baroclinic mode Rossby waves. It is speculated that much of that excess energy lies with coupled barotropic and first mode Rossby waves. The statistical significance of apparent oceanic transport trends depends upon the existence of a reliable frequency/wavenumber spectrum for which only a few observational elements currently exist.
The Roberts Court at Dawn: Clarity, Humility, and the Future of Education Law

In a provocative essay in the Stanford Law Review in 2006, U.S. Court of Appeals Judge J. Harvie Wilkinson III described the last years of the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice William Rehnquist as a “split the difference jurisprudence.” At first blush, this approach may seem pragmatic and wise - the ideal approach for a Nation along so many lines. Yet, as Judge Wilkinson persuasively demonstrates, “the Rehnquist Court became progressively unable to distinguish between those occasions that legitimately called for the exercise of judicial wisdom and those that called for the application of law.” Instead, its opinions followed “a narrow, middling course to avoid potentially treacherous extremes, while leaving lower courts to make the initial voyages into largely uncharted waters.” Moreover, it “flirted dangerously with overreach and aggrandizement, declining to recognize that ‘the subjective character, the insecure foundations, of its constitutional jurisprudence’ called for some greater measure of modesty and humility.” If these were the characteristics of the “Rehnquist Court at Twilight,” then the “Roberts Court at Dawn” is its polar opposite. Although any change in the Court’s membership means a change in the Court’s approach to the task of constitutional and judicial interpretations, the addition of Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Alito has made a dramatic difference. The Roberts Court recognizes that the Constitution is distrustful of “any entity exercising power” and will check the exercise of power. These principles apply equally to the federal courts, who because of their life tenure and lack of democratic accountability, face the temptation to become a “bevy of platonic guardians.” Consequently, the Roberts Court practices judicial restraint. In place of ambiguous decisions that reflect a middle course but provide little guidance, the Roberts Court provides a clarity that provides needed guidance and, ultimately, limits the judicial power of the lower courts. Instead of interjecting itself into all aspects of American life and rendering sweeping decisions, the Roberts Court practices judicial humility by refusing to intervene, entertain broad challenges, or overrule precedent. The change from a jurisprudence of “split the difference” to a jurisprudence of clarity and judicial humility has significant implications for all aspects of the law, but particularly for education law.
The United Nations Security Council and the Authorization of Force: Renewing the Council Through Law Reform

In 1999, NATO members used force in the Kosovo Crisis without Security Council authorization. In 2003, the United States led a small coalition against Iraq, again, without Security Council authorization. Some commentators have called these "failures" of the Security Council to act. This article argues they are examples of Security Council success. Using force against Serbia and Montenegro in the Kosovo Crisis and against Iraq was inappropriate. The aftermath of force in both cases makes that apparent. The Council's decision not to authorize force in these cases should lead us to conclude that the Council's design remains sound. If we wish to improve the Council, it is not the design that should be changed but the level of Council adherence to the law of the Charter and general international law. Secretary-General Kofi Annan's High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change has endorsed a view largely compatible with the one advocated here. The Panel wants no change in the role of the Security Council as the sole body to authorize the use of force in cases other than self-defense. The Panel does call for stricter adherence by the Council to such general international law principles as proportionality.
Statistical Language Analysis for Automatic Exfiltration Event Detection

This paper discusses the recent development a statistical approach for the automatic identification of anomalous network activity that is characteristic of exfiltration events. This approach is based on the language processing method eferred to as latent dirichlet allocation (LDA). Cyber security experts currently depend heavily on a rule-based framework for initial detection of suspect network events. The application of the rule set typically results in an extensive list of uspect network events that are then further explored manually for suspicious activity. The ability to identify anomalous network events is heavily dependent on the experience of the security personnel wading through the network log. Limitations f this approach are clear: rule-based systems only apply to exfiltration behavior that has previously been observed, and experienced cyber security personnel are rare commodities. Since the new methodology is not a discrete rule-based pproach, it is more difficult for an insider to disguise the exfiltration events. A further benefit is that the methodology provides a risk-based approach that can be implemented in a continuous, dynamic or evolutionary fashion. This permits uspect network activity to be identified early with a quantifiable risk associated with decision making when responding to suspicious activity.
Simuliidae (Diptera) of Guatemala. Descriptions of Simulium (Dyarella) Ardeni, N. Sp. and Simulium (Lanea) Jacobsi, N. Sp.

The following two species of Simuliidae bring the total number known from Guatemala to forty-one. Descriptions of the larvae, pupae, and adults of all species, their biology, ecology, habits, and relationship to transmission of onchocerciasis in Guatemala will be presented in a future, more inclusive paper.
Changes in Parent-Child Relationship Quality across Early Adolescence: Implications for Engagement in Sexual Behavior.

The present study investigated how changes in specific dimensions of the parent–adolescent relationship predict adolescent engagement in sexual intercourse and oral sex. Longitudinal data from 1,364 participants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were gathered at six time points spanning from first grade to age 15. Latent growth curve modeling was used to investigate whether changes in mother–adolescent and father–adolescent closeness or conflict predicted adolescents’ sexual behavior at age 15. Results indicate that more rapid increase in mother–adolescent conflict predicted engagement in sexual intercourse but not oral sex by age 15, whereas change in mother–adolescent closeness did not predict sexual behaviors. A more rapid decline in father–adolescent closeness and a more rapid increase in father–adolescent conflict predicted more engagement in sexual behaviors by age 15.
Staying the Course: Pynchon 101

Following the format of his earlier Companion to The Crying of Lot 49, J. Kerry Grant tackles Pynchon's first novel in his new offering, similarly targeted to those teaching or studying the novel in undergraduate courses. As Grant notes in his introduction, A Companion to V. is designed primarily to ease the inexperienced reader's first encounter with the daunting aspects of V., "its shifting points of view and its complex narrative structure, its cast of more than 150 characters and its extraordinarily wide range of reference" (xi). That said, Grant's companion will also appeal to a wider audience, for even sophisticated readers will appreciate not having to spend hours tracking down the sources of Pynchon's allusions or looking up critical commentaries about details of the novel. Need a primer on Wittgenstein's Tractatus? A clarification of Freud's psychoanalytic version of the theory of entropy? A brief biography of Mohammed Ahmad Ibn AI-Saiyid Abd Allah? Grant's companion proffers helpful illumination, giving fairly equal attention to frequently cited passages and fleeting details in the novel.
Complications of Artificial Urinary Sphincter Around Intestinal Segments in Reconstructed Exstrophy Patients

Nine patients 15 to 28 years old underwent placement of the artificial urinary sphincter around an internal intestinal urinary reservoir. A total of 15 complications was experienced in 8 patients and 13 secondary procedures were necessary. Eight patients are completely continent and 1 has nighttime enuresis. The most common complication encountered was reduction in bowel luminal circumference underlying the sphincter cuff.
Transurethral prostatic resection in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves.

AbstractTwenty-one patients with prosthetic cardiac valves successfully underwent transurethral prostatic resection at the Mayo Clinic. Temperature elevation in 4 patients was the only postoperative complication; in particular, neither congestive heart failure nor thromboembolic complications developed and there were no operative deaths. Preoperative evaluation and clinical management of potential complications are based on the recognition of the complications that are peculiar to these patients. Particularly important is the proper use of antibiotics and anticoagulants and the avoidance of overloading the circulation with fluid from open prostatic venous sinuses.
Does oil cause revolution

A revolution is an idea which has found its bayonets. – Napoleon Bonaparte This chapter addresses the question of whether oil causes revolutionary government, that is, whether revolutions are more likely to occur in petrostates than in non-petrostates. This question is important because up to this point, I have treated the emergence of a revolutionary government as an independent, exogenous event. If this premise is not true, it could significantly alter our understanding of how oil leads to international conflict. Although a comprehensive investigation into the causes of revolutions is far outside the scope of this book, some exploration of the specific relationship to oil income is well worth the effort. I first consider the question theoretically. I argue that while the idea is plausible, the extant literature does not provide a simple or unambiguous prediction about how oil might affect the incidence of a revolutionary government. The question therefore begs for empirical analysis. I then present the results of an initial investigation using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, to probe whether there is evidence of a causal link. Finding no such evidence, I conclude that oil and revolutionary governments can be treated as variables that are (mostly) independent of each other.
Electric Vehicles Will Save the World

This article provides an updated context of the original article, "PV, EV, and Your Home at Less Than $1 a Gallon," published in the spring 2015 issue of Interface. Since the original article was published, there has been a significant change in the average price of gasoline that has prompted the author to revisit the assumptions underlying the original article and the derivative conclusions. The article explores whether this fall in gasoline prices renders EVs less attractive from an economic perspective, and concludes that it does not.
Épigénétique des maladies du cartilage

Resume Les maladies osteoarticulaires, telles l’arthrite ou l’arthrose, sont des maladies multifactorielles avec une composante genetique sous-jacente, dont l’etude est un defi. Les Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) ont identifie plusieurs loci associes a ces maladies. L’epigenetique est un mecanisme complexe de regulation de la chromatine et des genes, au travers de la methylation de l’ADN, la deacetylation des histones ou des micro-ARN, qui pourrait contribuer a l’heritabilite de la maladie. Nous presentons ici une mise a jour du role joue par ces mecanismes dans les maladies articulaires.
[Epidemiology, prevention and early detection of cervical cancer].

Persistierende Infektionen mit humanen Papillomaviren (HPV) sind die notwendige Ursache des Zervixkarzinoms. Die Entwicklung von HPV-basierten Praventionsverfahren, der HPV-Impfung und der HPV-Testung, fuhrt derzeit zu umfangreichen Veranderungen von Zervixkarzinom-Vorsorgeprogrammen. Eine Dekade nach Einfuhrung der HPV-Imfpung in vielen Landern werden bereits Reduktionen von HPV-Infektionen und Krebsvorstufen bei jungen Frauen beobachtet. Der Fokus liegt jetzt auf der Integration von neuen Testverfahren im Screening von Populationen mit zunehmenden Impfraten. Ein erfolgreiches Zervixkarzinom-Vorsorgeprogramm besteht aus verschiedenen Komponenten, vom primaren Screening uber die Triage zur Kolposkopie mit Biopsie, um Frauen mit Kresbvorstufen zu identifizieren, die eine therapeutische Intervention benotigen. Im primaren Screening wird eine kleine Gruppe von Frauen mit erhohtem Risiko fur eine Krebsvorstufe identifiziert, wahrend die grose Mehrheit kein erhohtes Risiko hat. Je nach primarem Testverfahren werden in im Screening positiv-befundeten Frauen zusatzliche Triage-Tests durchgefuhrt, um zu entscheiden, wer zur Kolposkopie uberwiesen werden sollte. Derzeit gibt es drei verschiedene Ansatze fur das primare Zervixkarzinomscreening: die Zervix-Zytologie, die HPV-Testung, und die HPV-Zytologie-Kotestung. Zahlreiche Triage-Tests fur HPV-positive Frauen werden derzeit untersucht, darunter die Zytologie, HPV-Genotypisierung, p16/Ki-67 Zytologie und diverse Methylierungstests. Die steigende Anzahl an Optionen fur die Fruherkennung des Zervixkarzinoms stellt eine Herausforderung fur klinische Leitlinien dar. Die zunehmende Komplexitat von Vorsorgeprogrammen kann zur Verunsicherung von Arzten und von am Screening teilnehmenden Frauen fuhren. Die Prazisionspravention des Zervixkarzinoms ist eine neuer Ansatz, der umfangreiche Risikodaten, basierend auf der individuellen Vorgeschichte und von Testergebnissen, integriert und einheitliche, risikobasierte Managementempfehlungen gibt.
Students' Attitudes and Knowledge about Genital Herpes

Undergraduate students at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington (n = 451) and the University of Georgia (n = 157) completed the Herpes Attitudes Scale (HAS) and Herpes Knowledge Scale (HKS) to provide normative data on students' knowledge and attitudes about genital herpes. Students were somewhat knowledgeable about genital herpes but expressed many fears and misconceptions about it, especially related to interpersonal interactions. Students who were personally acquainted with at least one genital herpes sufferer were more tolerant and more knowledgeable about the disease than were nonacquaintances. This indicates that familiarity with at least one individual who is living with genital herpes is related to increased acceptance and less fear about herpes. Attitudes about genital herpes and herpes sufferers should become less negatively stereotyped as genital herpes becomes more openly discussed.
Measuring Temporal Integration in Human Vision with Single Photons

We discuss techniques using a heralded single-photon source to study the lower limit of human vision, specifically measuring temporal integration using multi-photon trials, and report preliminary results at the few-photon level.
Adalimumab for the treatment of uveitis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Adalimumab, an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), is the only systemic non-corticosteroid agent which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (F...
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steels in Carbonate Solutions

ABSTRACT Slow strain rate stress corrosion cracking tests have been performed on a high purity 0.02%C steel in ammonium carbonate solutions at 70°C as a function of applied electrochemical potential. A critical potential range for fatal carcking was observed. At potentials slightly active to the critical potential range, transgranular and intergranular fissuring was observed. At potential shifting noble to the critical range intergranular fissuring was observed. Fatigue pre-cracking had no effect on the extent or rate of stress corrosion cracking. These results indicate that IGSCC of carbon steels is the result of a very specific interaction between grain boundary chemistry and the micromechanics of near boundary interactions.
Hip and Groin Injuries in Dancers: A Systematic Review:

Context:Injury data on hip and groin injuries vary, and these injuries are often misrepresented or overlooked for more commonly seen injuries, such as those to the foot and ankle.Objective:To provide a systematic review of the injury rates of hip and groin pathology in dancers and look to establish a better understanding of the occurrence of hip and groin injuries in the dancer population.Data Sources:A literature search was performed using PubMed and CINAHL databases for articles published between 2000 and 2016.Study Selection:Inclusion criteria consisted of (1) documentation of the number of hip and/or groin injuries, (2) study population consisting of dancers whose training included some level of ballet, and (3) studies of levels 1 through 3 evidence.Study Design:Systematic review.Level of Evidence:Level 3.Data Extraction:A single reviewer identified studies that met the inclusion criteria. The number of overall injuries, hip/groin injuries, study participants, injured participants, training hours per ...
Environmental post-processing increases the adhesion strength of mussel byssus adhesive

Marine mussels (Mytilus trossulus) attach to a wide variety of surfaces underwater using a protein adhesive that is cured by the surrounding seawater environment. In this study, the influence of en...
How Can We Make PV Modules Safer?: Preprint

Safety is a prime concern for the photovoltaics (PV) industry. As a technology deployed on residential and commercial buildings, it is critical that PV not cause damage to the buildings nor harm the occupants. Many of the PV systems on buildings are of sufficiently high voltage (300 to 600 Volts dc) that they may present potential hazards. These PV systems must be safe in terms of mechanical damage (nothing falls on someone), shock hazard (no risk of electrical shock when touching an exposed circuit element), and fire (the modules neither cause nor promote a fire). The present safety standards (IEC 61730 and UL 1703) do a good job of providing for design rules and test requirements for mechanical, shock, and spread of flame dangers. However, neither standard addresses the issue of electrical arcing within a module that can cause a fire. To make PV modules, they must be designed, built, and installed with an emphasis on minimizing the potential for open circuits and ground faults. This paper provides recommendations on redundant connection designs, robust mounting methods, and changes to the safety standards to yield safer PV modules.
Design of scanning capacitance microscope

The design and manufacture of a scanning capacitance microscope (SCM) which is compatible with an atomic force microscope (AFM) for imaging of embedded nanostructure is discussed. The goals of the design are to use commercially available conductive AFM tips, and to incorporate it into an existing AFM system developed system.