cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autonomous distributed secondary loads for sole frequency regulation in high penetration wind-diesel microgrids

Remote islanded microgrids are frequently powered by combinations of diesel electric and wind power generation. In such grids excess wind power can be curtailed, dumped or used to provide space heat or domestic hot water. Use of electric thermal storage (ETS) devices provides a means for conversion of electrical energy to distributed heat and subsequently frequency regulation as autonomous distributed secondary loads (ASDL). The present study offers a means of using ETS units to inherit sole frequency regulation responsibility from the diesel generator while keeping the diesel engine at its minimal optimal loading. Numerical modelling of system dynamics with active ADSLs is conducted using a SIMULINK® wind-diesel hybrid test bed model with the capability to disengage the diesel engine during periods when wind power output is greater than system demand. It is shown that the ADSLs can maintain frequency regulation in high penetration wind-diesel and wind-only modes.
Predictors of Durability of Radiological Response in Patients With Small Bowel Crohn’s Disease

Background The long-term significance of radiological transmural response (TR) as a treatment goal at the first follow-up scan in small bowel Crohn's disease (CD) has been previously shown. We examined the durability of a long-term strategy of treating to a target of radiological TR and the influence of baseline predictors on the maintenance of TR. Methods Small bowel CD patients between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2014, were identified with serial computed tomography enterography (CTE)/magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) before and after initiation of therapy or on maintenance therapy. Overall TR (inflammatory lesions with/without strictures) w1as characterized by abdominal radiologists in up to 5 small bowel lesions per patient at each serial scan until last follow-up or small bowel resection, as response, partial response, or nonresponse. The rate of conversion between TR states and transition to surgery, including the effect of baseline patient/disease characteristics, was examined using a multistate model (mstate R-package). Results CD patients (n = 150, 705 CTE/MRE) with a median of 4 CTE/MRE during 4.6 years of follow-up, 49% with ileal-only distribution, had 260 examined bowel segments. Conversion from response to partial response/nonresponse was 37.4% per year of follow-up with no transitions seen directly from response to surgery. Current smoking status (hazard ratio [HR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-4.3) and internal penetrating disease at baseline scan (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-4.1) were associated with a 2-fold increased risk of transition from partial response/nonresponse to surgery. Conclusions Achievement and maintenance of radiological response is associated with avoidance of small bowel surgery. Continued follow-up with CTE/MRE is recommended to identify loss of response, especially in current smokers and patients with internal penetrating disease at baseline CTE/MRE.
LCA robustly reveals subtle diversity in large-scale single-cell RNA-seq data

Single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for characterizing the cell-to-cell variation and dynamics. We present Latent Cellular Analysis (LCA), a machine learning-based analytical pipeline that features a dual-space model search with inference of latent cellular states, control of technical variations, cosine similarity measurement, and spectral clustering. LCA has proved to be robust, accurate, scalable, and powerful in revealing subtle diversity in cell populations.
Four contexts of institutional oppression: Examining the experiences of Blacks in education, criminal justice and child welfare

Institutions are key sites of oppression. Institutional oppression is defined as the mistreatment of people of a particular group that is enforced by society and its institutions. It is a system of...
A Sensitivity Study on the Damage Potential of a Liquid-Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Core Disassembly

In a core disruptive accident in a liquid-metal fast breeder reactor, rearrangement of core materials may lead to a prompt critical excursion. Damage to the primary containment, especially the head seals and head bolts, caused by the subsequent core disassembly is a primary concern of hypothetical accident analysis. A systematic study has been performed to evaluate the sensitivity of that damage in a commercial size reactor to various uncertainties. The damage is very insensitive to the equation-of-state of the fuel but highly sensitive to the reactivity ramp rate through prompt critical. From the point of view of vessel damage calculations, these results indicate that there is little incentive to improve our equation-of-state data on unirradiated mixed-oxide fuel.
Some Common Errors

Most of us are prone to making certain mistakes, or certain kinds of mistakes, over and over again. Some people always mix up the minus sign when they differentiate sinx and cosx. Others multiply when they should divide, as in ∫x 2 dx = 3x 3 + C. Personally, I tend to make mistakes in addition, such as in adding up students’ test scores: 88 + 72 + 81 + 83=314, 320 being the cut-off for a B.*
Illustrations of the HIV Life Cycle

Open image in new window Illustrations of the HIV Life Cycle. The illustrations include proteins, nucleic acids and membranes; small molecules and water are omitted for clarity. Host cell molecules are shown in shades of blue and green and blood plasma proteins are shown in shades of tan and brown. HIV proteins are shown in red and magenta, HIV RNA is in yellow and HIV DNA is in yellow-green. The 3D model of the mature virion was generated using CellPACK by Graham Johnson Illustrations of the major steps of HIV life cycle are presented that integrate information from structural and biophysical studies. The illustrations depict HIV and its interaction with its cellular host at a magnification that reveals all macromolecules. This report describes the sources of scientific support for the structures and processes shown in the illustrations.
Impact of a Metoprolol Extended Release Shortage on Post-Myocardial Infarction β-Blocker Utilization, Adherence, and Rehospitalization.

Background: Shortages of chronic medications are an increasingly common problem, yet little is known about their impact on drug utilization and clinical outcomes. We evaluated the population-level ...
An Empirical Study on Similar Changes in Evolving Software

Oftentimes, refactoring can eliminate problems of code clones, however, that is not always the case as refactoring does not always work due to the limitation of the Java Programming language. There have been numerous studies which focus on the evolution of code clones including their impacts on software systems, their lifetimes, and their transformations. Yet, some of code clone's properties still remain a mystery. In this study, we focus on how clone groups evolve from one version to the next by manually inspecting the similar changes from clone groups in the older version and comparing it with clone groups in the newer version. We will also be looking for any special relationship between the similar changes clone groups and projects growth.
The role of thoracoscopic pneumonectomy in the management of non–small cell lung cancer: A multicenter study

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) approach on the outcomes of patients who underwent pneumonectomy. Methods The effect of the surgical approach on perioperative complications and survival in patients who underwent pneumonectomy for nonmetastatic non–small cell lung cancer across 3 institutions (2000-2016) was assessed using multivariable logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards analysis, and propensity-score matching. Completion pneumonectomies were excluded from this study, and an "intent-to-treat" analysis was performed. Results During the study period, 359 patients met inclusion criteria and underwent pneumonectomy for nonmetastatic non–small cell lung cancer; 124 (35%) underwent pneumonectomy via VATS and 235 (65%) via thoracotomy. Perioperative mortality (VATS, 7% [n = 9] vs open, 8% [n = 19]; P = .75) and morbidity (VATS, 28% [n = 35] vs open, 28% [n = 65]; P = .91) were similar between the groups, even after multivariable adjustment. VATS showed similar 5-year survival when compared with thoracotomy in unadjusted analysis (47% [95% confidence interval (CI), 36-56] vs 33% [95% CI, 27-40]; P = .19), even after multivariable adjustment (hazard ratio, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.50-1.18]; P = .23). In a propensity score–matched analysis that balanced patient characteristics, there were no significant differences found in overall survival between the 2 groups (P = .69). Conclusions Although the role of VATS pneumonectomy will likely become clearer as more surgeons report results, this multicenter study suggests that the VATS approach for pneumonectomy can be performed safely, with at least equivalent oncologic outcomes when compared with thoracotomy.
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

The incidence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF] is rapidly increasing, yet many physicians may feel less knowledgeable about HFpEF when compared with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF]. The purpose of this review is to discuss the incidence, pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with HFpEF. Despite an increasing understanding of the pathophysiology and nature of HFpEF, there has been little advancement in therapies. Despite similar clinical presentations and treatments for HFpEF when compared to HFrEF, there are marked differences in the underlying pathophysiology. More research is needed in order to improve morbidity and mortality for patients with HFpEF.
Nickel induced transcriptional changes persist post exposure through epigenetic reprograming

Abstract Nickel is an occupational and environmental toxicant associated with a number of diseases in humans including pulmonary fibrosis, bronchitis and lung and nasal cancers. Our earlier studies showed that the nickel-exposure-induced genome-wide transcriptional changes, which persist even after the termination of exposure may underlie nickel pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms that drive nickel-induced persistent changes to the transcriptome remain elusive. To elucidate the mechanisms that underlie nickel induced long-term transcriptional changes, in this study, we examined the transcriptome and the epigenome of human lung epithelial cells during nickel exposure and after the termination of exposure. We identified two categories of persistently differentially expressed genes based on the timing of expression changes: i) the genes that were differentially expressed during nickel exposure; and ii) the genes that were differentially expressed only after the termination of nickel exposure. Interestingly, the majority of nickel-induced transcriptional changes occurred only after the termination of exposure. We found robust genome-wide alterations to the activating histone modification, H3K4me3, after the termination of nickel exposure, which coincided with the post-exposure gene expression changes. In addition, we found significant post-exposure alterations to the repressive histone modification, H3K27me3. By uncovering a new category of transcriptional and epigenetic changes, which occur only after the termination of exposure, this study sheds new light on the post-exposure effects of nickel and provides a novel understanding of the long-term deleterious consequences of nickel exposure on human health.
Cargo coding developments in military blood bank logistics.

Abstract : The findings in the study point out that the same degree of efficacy prevailing in good blood processing laboratories must also prevail in the minds of those who process the blood shipments at various shipping terminals. Specific problems are cited which can only be resolved by a coding system designed for shipment of blood, blood components, and human tissues for transplant procedures. A highly successful technic for packaging frozen components (fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate), which are extremely fragile, is illustrated in a supplement to the report.
Physical health and mental health functional status during and following hospitalization for an acute respiratory illness

Abstract Background Influenza is a serious respiratory illness causing thousands of hospitalizations annually. This study used the Short Form 12 (SF-12) to evaluate physical and mental health status during and post hospitalization for an acute respiratory illness (ARI). Methods Adults ≥18 years of age enrolled in the Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network study – Pittsburgh site in the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 influenza seasons with an ARI with cough of ≤10 days’ duration were eligible. Enrollees were included regardless of respiratory pathogen identified by respiratory viral panel testing of nasopharyngeal specimens. Respondents completed the SF-12 at enrollment and 3–14 weeks later. Respondents were grouped using discriminant cluster analysis based on SF-12 individual scores and age. Linear regression was used to predict convalescent physical and mental health composite scores. Results Of 72 enrollees who completed both surveys, 35 were grouped as the high functioning group (HFG), 12 as the low functioning group (LFG) and 25 as the medium functioning group (MFG). At enrollment, the LFG more frequently reported body aches and confusion, lower pre-illness physical activity levels and other measures of physical function than the HFG (P Conclusions Although their enrollment and convalescent SF-12 scores were higher, HFG reported larger losses in mental function during an ARI hospitalization than groups with lower enrollment SF-12 scores.
Non-Therapeutic Laser Retinal Injury.

Background: As lasers have become an increasingly important component of commercial, industrial, military, and medical applications, reported incidents of non-therapeutic laser eye injuries have increased. The retina is particularly vulnerable due to the focusing power and optical transparency of the eye. Continued innovations in laser technology will likely mean that lasers will play an increasingly important and ubiquitous role throughout the world. Critical evaluation should thus be paid to ensure that non-therapeutic injuries are minimized, recognized, and treated appropriately. Methods: A comprehensive literature review on the PubMed database was conducted to present case reports and case series representative of the variety of laser eye injuries in different injury circumstances, tissue types, and biological damage mechanisms. Results: A general summary of non-therapeutic laser retina injuries is presented, including information about growth of the industry, increasingly accessible online markets, inconsistent international regulation, laser classifications, laser wavelengths, and laser power, mechanisms of tissue injury, and a demonstration of the variety of settings in which injury may occur. Finally, 68 cases found in the literature are summarized to illustrate the presentations and outcomes of these patients. Conclusions: As non-therapeutic laser eye injuries increase in frequency, there is a greater need for public health, policy, diagnosis, and treatment of these types of injuries.
C1 Esterase Inhibitor for Ace-Inhibitor Angioedema: A Case Series and Literature Review

Abstract Background Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a commonly prescribed and effective medication to treat hypertension. Although generally well tolerated, about 1% of patients will experience angioedema, a potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction. This reaction is thought to be mediated via a buildup of bradykinin and does not typically respond to epinephrine, corticosteroids, or antihistamines. Alternative treatment strategies have been investigated, the bulk of which surround the use of therapies approved for hereditary angioedema. Objective Utilization of C1 esterase inhibitors at our institution was reviewed between 2016 and 2018 for treatment of ACE inhibitor–induced angioedema. We describe the clinical course of case series, along with a review of current literature. Discussion Utilization of C1 esterase inhibitors for treating ACE inhibitor–induced angioedema is an uncommon therapy and has limited efficacy in our case series. Treatment did not result in rapid improvement of swelling, prevention of intubation, or prevention of intensive care unit admission. Conclusions Based on our case series, C1 esterase therapy should not be utilized routinely for ACE inhibitor–induced angioedema and is not expected to prevent intubation in severe cases.
Demystify the Merchandising Strategy for “Made in the USA” Apparel in the U.S. Retail Market

This study intends to investigate retailers’ product assortment and pricing practices for “Made in the USA” apparel in the U.S. retail market. The findings concur with the view that “Made in the USA” apparel are still relevant today. The findings also reveal the close interconnection between retailers’ sourcing and merchandising strategies. Particularly, with apparel sourcing increasingly requiring speed to market and flexibility other than low cost, it is hopeful that “Made in the USA” apparel will continue to have its unique role to play in U.S. fashion brands and retailers’ sourcing portfolios.
Risk and protective factors for insomnia among Asian, Black, and Latinx adult immigrants in the United States: A socioecological analysis

Abstract We used a socioecological framework to conduct a systematic review on the state of science on the prevalence, risk, and protective factors of insomnia and sleep quality among Asian, Black, and Latinx immigrants in the United States. Of 482 eligible articles, 6.22% met inclusion criteria, and 1.87% included US immigrant only samples. Articles with immigrant only samples focused on Latinx immigrants (20%) and Asian immigrants (16.7%). None focused on Black immigrants. Most articles did not report the country of origin differences or effects by intersecting social identities. Individual-level factors such as depression were among the most widely documented risk factors for insomnia across socioecological levels and immigrant groups, followed by acculturation and migration-related factors, and macro-level factors (e.g., housing and neighborhood), which had mixed findings. Our results suggest the need to expand traditional treatment models for insomnia to include socioecological factors beyond the individual level, particularly for US immigrants.
Enabling Higher Order Lamb Wave Acoustic Devices With Complementarily Oriented Piezoelectric Thin Films

In this work, we present a new paradigm for enabling gigahertz higher-order Lamb wave acoustic devices using complementarily oriented piezoelectric (COP) thin films. Acoustic characteristics are first theoretically explored with COP lithium niobate (LiNbO3) thin films, showing their excellent frequency scalability, low loss, and high electromechanical coupling ( $k^{2}$ ). Acoustic resonators and delay lines are then designed and implemented, targeting efficient excitation of higher-order Lamb waves with record-breaking low loss. The fabricated resonator shows a $2^{\mathbf {nd}}$ -order symmetric (S2) resonance at 3.05 GHz with a high quality factor ( $Q$ ) of 657, and a large $k^{2}$ of 21.5% and a $6^{\mathbf {th}}$ -order symmetric (S6) resonance at 9.05 GHz with a high $Q$ of 636 and a $k^{2}$ of 3.71%, both among the highest demonstrated for higher-order Lamb wave devices. The delay lines show an average insertion loss (IL) of 7.5 dB and the lowest reported propagation loss of 0.014 dB/ $\mu \text{m}$ at 4.4 GHz for S2. Notable acoustic passbands up to 15.1 GHz are identified. Upon further optimizations, the proposed COP platform can lead to gigahertz low-loss wideband acoustic components. [2020-0127]
Cathodic Protection for Above Ground Storage Tank Bottom Using Data Acquisition

Impressed current cathodic protection controlled by computer gives the ideal solution to the changes in environmental factors and long term coating degradation. The protection potential distribution achieved and the current demand on the anode can be regulated to protection criteria, to achieve the effective protection for the system. In this paper, cathodic protection problem of above ground steel storage tank was investigated by an impressed current of cathodic protection with controlled potential of electrical system to manage the variation in soil resistivity. Corrosion controller has been implemented for above ground tank in LabView where tank's bottom potential to soil was manipulated to the desired set point (protection criterion 850 mV). National Instruments Data Acquisition (NI-DAQ) and PC controllers for tank corrosion control system provides quick response to achieve steady state condition for any kind of disturbances.
Development of a method for revertable CRISPR/Cas9-based mutagenesis in cell culture

Abstract CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis is a revolutionary tool for genetics in organismal and cell culture systems. One notable caveat with this system is the potential for phenotype-inducing off-target/background mutations. There has been considerable success in modifying the methodology to minimize these potential confounds. Here we have developed a tool to functionally demonstrate that a targeted mutation of interest is responsible for the phenotype observed. This approach creates revertable mutations in cell culture systems using CRISPR/Cas9-induced homology-directed repair (HDR) to insert a LoxP-flanked transcriptional stop sequence into an early intron of a target gene. This method has the potential to be used in multiplexed and inducible scenarios to restore gene function within a given experiment.
Behavioral planning: Improving behavioral design with "roughly right" foresight

Many challenges emerging from the current COVID-19 pandemic are behavioral in nature, which has prompted the field of behavioral design to propose solutions for issues as wide-ranging as hand-washing, wearing masks, and the adoption of new norms for staying and working from home. However, on the whole these behavioral interventions have been somewhat underwhelming, exposing an inherent brittleness that comes from three common "errors of projection" in current behavioral design methodology: Projected stability, which fails to recognize that interventions often function within inherently unstable systems;projected persistence, which neglects to account for changes in those system conditions over time;and projected value, which assumes that definitions of success are universally shared across contexts. Borrowing from strategic design and futures thinking, a new proposed strategic foresight model-behavioral planning-allows practitioners to better address these system-level, anticipatory, and contextual weaknesses by more systematically identifying potential forces that may impact behavioral interventions before they have been implemented. Behavioral planning will help designers more effectively elicit signals indicating the emergence of forces that may deform behavioral interventions in emergent COVID-19 contexts, and promote "roughly right" directional solutions at earlier stages in solution development to better address system shifts. © 2021 Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. All rights reserved.
The Heavy Nuclei Explorer (HNX) Mission

The Heavy Nuclei eXplorer (HNX) mission was recently selected by NASA for a Small Explorer (SMEX) Mission Concept Study to begin in 2001. The primary scientific objectives of HNX are to measure the age of the galactic cosmic rays (GCR) since nucleosynthesis, determine the injection mechanism for the GCR accelerator (Volatility or FIP), and study the mix of nucleosynthetic processes that contribute to the source of GCRs. The experimental goal of HNX is to measure the elemental abundances of all individual stable nuclei from neon through the actinides and possibly beyond. HNX is composed of two instruments: ECCO, which measures elemental abundances of nuclei with Z(sup 3)72, and ENTICE, which measures elemental abundances of nuclei with 10(f)Z(f)82. We will discuss the mission and the science that can be addressed by HNX.
Chemical Bonding and the Sulfur K X-Ray Spectrum

An investigation has been made of the relative K β intensities in different chemical states of the sulfur atom using the K α lines, with appropriate corrections, to provide the intensity standards. Both inorganic and organic compounds were included in the study. The data for each compound appear to be reliable to about ± 0.5%, while the whole series of compounds shows a variation greater than 20% in the corrected K β/K α ratios. Energies were also measured, particularly the K α energies, and their shifts were studied relative to the K β intensity shifts. The work was done with a plane, single-crystal, helium-path spectrometer with proportional counter and pulse-height analysis for detection. The results are indicative of the usefulness of the method both in clarifying an uncertain chemical state and in studying the electronic structure of the bonded atom.
A model for functional reasoning in design

Abstract : A model of the design process is developed in two stages, corresponding to the task environment of design and the activity of posing and solving design problems. Use of the model with top-down and bottom-up disciplines is discussed. An example of the design of an object using a semi-automated design system based on the model is presented. Several issues raised by the model's qualitative aspects, its suitability to automated design, and lines for further development are discussed. (Author)
On Variation Diminishing Spline Approximation Methods

Let the function f(x) be defined in [0,1] and let us approximate it by a piece-wise linear function S l (x) obtained as follows: l being a natural number, we divide [0, 1] into l equal parts and denote by S l (x) the continuous function which is linear in each subinterval ((i − 1)/l, i/il) while interpolating f(x) at its end points. Denoting by N j (x) the broken linear functions such that $$N_j \left( {\frac{i} {l}} \right) = \delta _{ij} ,\,\left( {i,\,j = 0,\, \ldots ,\,l} \right),$$ we may represent the approximation in the form $$S_i \left( x \right) = \sum\limits_{j = 0}^l {f\left( {\frac{j} {l}} \right)N_j \left( x \right)} .$$ (1)
Cortical abnormalities and association with symptom dimensions across the depressive spectrum

Background Few studies have investigated the relationship between structural brain abnormalities and dimensions of depressive symptomatology.
Software-quality improvement using reliability-growth models

In the traditional software development model, the system test phase is the last stage where the reliability, capability, performance and other important dimensions of the quality of a system can be evaluated. During this stage, a point is eventually reached where a decision must be made to either continue or stop testing. This is a crucial task that requires an objective assessment of the benefits and costs associated with each alternative. This paper outlines a methodology that improves the effectiveness of management decisions by providing estimates of the total number of errors to be found through testing, the number of remaining errors, the additional testing time needed to achieve reliability goals and the impact of these parameters on product quality, project cost and project duration.
Adamantinoma, osteofibrous dysplasia and differentiated adamantinoma

For just over 100 years, adamantinoma has been recognized as a primary bone tumor with epithelial characteristics and predominantly involving the tibia. Osteofibrous dysplasia is a fibro-osseous lesion also predominantly confined to the tibia with radiologic features similar to those of adamantinoma. This lesion has been shown by immunohistochemical studies to frequently contain cytokeratin-positive epithelial cells. More recently, a third group of cases with clinical and radiologic features similar to those of osteofibrous dysplasia have demonstrated more overt strands of epithelial cells within a fibro-osseous background and have been categorized as "differentiated", "regressive", "juvenile intracortical" or "osteofibrous dysplasia-like" adamantinoma. Cytokeratin subset immunohistochemical stains and cytogenetic studies performed in recent years suggest a common histogenesis for these three entities. This article reviews the clinical, radiologic and pathologic features of these entities as well as their prognostic significance. It also reviews the results of the immunohistochemical and cytogenetic studies which establish a common histogenetic relationship.
Comment: On the different approaches of Rayleigh optical depth determination

Abstract Srivastava et al. (2009) presented Rayleigh scattering cross-sections and optical depths for Earth’s atmosphere that are approximately 3% smaller than previously accepted. Their analysis was based on quantum-mechanical theory for anisotropic scattering in the Cabannes line published in papers that seem to have introduced some confusion about determining the anisotropy and King factors. This comment clarifies these factors and shows that including the frequency-shifted rotational Raman lines gives the traditional King factor and the correct Rayleigh scattering for the optical depth.
THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED CYLINDERS AND PLATES

The dynamic thermoelastic response of functionally graded cylinders and plates is studied. Thermomechanical coupling is included in the formulation, and a finite element model of the formulation is developed. The heat conduction and the thermoelastic equations are solved for a functionally graded axisymmetric cylinder subjected to thermal loading. In addition, a thermoelastic boundary value problem using the first-order shear deformation plate theory (FSDT) that accounts for the transverse shear strains and the rotations, coupled with a three-dimensional heat conduction equation, is formulated for a functionally graded plate. Both problems are studied by varying the volume fraction of a ceramic and a metal using a power law distribution.
High-Salt Diet Increases Sensitivity to NO and eNOS Expression But Not NO Production in THALs

L-Arginine inhibits thick ascending limb (THAL) NaCl absorption by activating endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and increasing NO production. Inhibition of renal NO production combined with a high-salt diet produces hypertension, and the THAL has been implicated in salt-sensitive hypertension. We hypothesized that a high-salt diet enhances the inhibitory action of L-arginine on NaCl absorption by THALs because of increased eNOS expression and NO production. To test this, we used isolated THALs from rats on a normal-salt (NS) or high-salt diet (HS) for 7 to 10 days. L-Arginine (1 mmol/L) decreased chloride absorption by 56+/-10% in THALs from rats on a HS diet, but only 29+/-3% in THALs from rats on a NS diet. eNOS expression in isolated THALs from rats on a HS diet was increased by 3.9-fold compared with NS (P<0.03). However, L-arginine increased NO levels to the same extent in THALs from both groups, as measured with DAF-2 DA or a NO-sensitive electrode. To determine whether a HS diet increases the sensitivity of the THAL to NO, we tested the effects of the NO donor spermine NONOate on chloride absorption. In THALs from rats on a HS diet, 1 and 5 micromol/L spermine NONOate reduced chloride absorption by 35+/-5% and 58+/-6%, respectively. In contrast, these same concentrations of spermine NONOate reduced chloride absorption by 4+/-4% (P<0.03 versus HS diet) and 43+/-9% in THALs from rats on a NS diet. We conclude that a HS diet enhances the effect of NO in the THAL. L-Arginine-stimulated NO production was not enhanced by a HS diet, despite increased eNOS protein.
Thrust nozzle optimization including boundary-layer effects

An optimization analysis employing the calculus of variations and a numerical relaxation scheme for applying the results are presented for the design of axisymmetric, maximumthrust nozzle contours including boundary-layer effects. The method is illustrated by comparison with a known solution without boundary-layer effects. A parametric study of boundary-layer effects for a range of parameters typical of scramjet thrust nozzles is presented.
Purification of a specific antibody to rat liver malic enzyme by affinity chromatography and application of the antibody as a quantitative reagent.

Abstract A specific antibody to rat liver malic enzyme has been obtained by means of affinity chromatography of immune serum or gamma globulins after covalently linking the antigen to an agarose gel. The radioiodinated antibody has been used as a quantitative reagent for the estimation of malic enzyme in rat liver. The excellent correlation between the radioactive method and the assay of enzyme activity has shown that the increased activity of malic enzyme observed during protein deprivation is the result of an increase in the steady-state level of the enzyme protein.
Adult Care Transitioning for Adolescents with Special Health Care Needs: A Pivotal Role for Family Centered Care

To examine the relationship between having a usual source of care, family centered care, and transition counseling for adolescents with special health care needs. Data are from 18,198 parents/guardians, of youth aged 12–17 years, who participated in the 2005–2006 National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs. Linear and logistic regression models were used to define relationships between parent report of identification of a usual place and provider of medical care for their child and counseling on four transition issues: transfer to adult providers, review of future health needs, maintaining health insurance in adulthood, and youth taking responsibility for care. The direct mediating effect of family centered care was evaluated. Youth having a usual source of care (vs. not) were more likely to receive counseling on future health needs (47.4 vs. 33.6%, P < 0.001) and taking responsibility for their own care (79.3 vs. 64.4%, P < 0.001). Having a high level of family centered care (vs. low) was also associated with high rates of discussing future health needs (56.3 vs. 39.6%, P < 0.001) and encouragement to take responsibility for care (91.2 vs. 70.3%, P < 0.001). Family centered care mediated 39.1% of the effect of a usual source of care on discussion of future health needs and 94.9% of the effect of a usual source of care on encouragement to take responsibility for care. Study findings support the development of health care delivery models focusing on family centered care to the same degree as other health care access issues.
Reconciling contradictory findings of herbivore impacts on spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) growth and reproduction

Substantial controversy surrounds the efficacy of biological control insects to reduce densities of Centaurea stoebe, a widespread, aggressive invasive plant in North America. We developed a graphical model to conceptualize the conditions required to explain the current contradictory findings, and then employed a series of manipulations to evaluate C. stoebe responses to herbivores. We manipulated soil nitrogen and competition in a field population and measured attack rates of a foliage and seed feeder (Larinus minutus), two gall flies (Urophora spp.), and a root feeder (Cyphocleonus achates), as well as their effects on the growth and reproduction of C. stoebe. Nitrogen limitation and competing vegetation greatly reduced C. stoebe growth. L. minutus most intensively reduced seed production in low-nitrogen soils, and removal of neighboring vegetation increased Larinus numbers per flower head and the percentage of flowers attacked by 15% and 11%, respectively. Cyphocleonus reduced flower production and aboveground biomass over two years, regardless of resources or competition. Our results, in conjunction with other published studies, demonstrate that positive, neutral, and negative plant growth responses to herbivory can be generated. However, under realistic field conditions and in the presence of multiple herbivores, our work repudiates earlier studies that indicate insect herbivores increase C. stoebe dominance.
Entactin: A possible auto-antigen in the pathogenesis of non-Goodpasture anti-GBM nephritis

Entactin: A possible auto-antigen in the pathogenesis of non-Goodpasture anti-GBM nephritis. It has recently been demonstrated that many patients with various types of glomerulonephritis have antibodies to the 6M guanidine-HCl extract of glomerular basement membrane (Bygren et al, Nephrol Dial Transplant 4:254–261, 1989). In the present study a 150K protein was isolated from the guanidine extract of bovine glomerular basement membrane utilizing ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographic procedures. Amino acid analysis and size of the isolated protein revealed similarity to that of entactin/nidogen. The identity of this protein as entactin/nidogen was further suggested by its precipitation with two different antibodies in a radioimmunoassay and by its reaction with four different antibodies in a sandwich ELISA. Inhibition of the antibodies to 150K by bovine entactin, which was isolated separately and sequenced for amino acids, confirmed the identity of the 150K protein as entactin/nidogen. Furthermore, it was shown that about one third of those patients who show antibodies to the crude guanidine extract have circulating antibodies directed against entactin. This was further confirmed by the competitive inhibition of antibodies to the crude guanidine extract in one of the positive serum by entactin in an ELISA inhibition and by immunoblotting experiments. These observations propose entactin as a possible non-Goodpasture glomerular basement membrane antigen that could be involved in the pathogenesis of certain forms of autoimmune glomerulonephritis (non-Goodpasture anti-GBM glomerulonephritis) in man. Most of these patients have a granular pattern of the immunoglobulin deposition along the glomerular basement membrane. This suggests the possibility that anti-GBM glomerulonephritis in human beings can have non-linear immunoglobulin deposits along the GBM.
Conceptual role semantics and the explanatory role of content

I've tried to argue that there is more to representational content than CRS can acknowledge. CRS is attractive, I think, because of its rejection of atomism, and because it is a plausible theory of targets. But those are philosopher's concerns. Someone interested in building a person needs to understand representation, because, as AI researchers have urged for some time, good representation is the secret of good performance. I have just gestured in the direction I think a viable theory of representation must take. I hope, however, to have created some advance sympathy for the gesture by distinguishing the problem of representation from the problem of targets on the one hand, and from the problem truth-conditions for the attitudes on the other.
Laryngoscope Illuminance in a Tertiary Children’s Hospital: Implications for Quality Laryngoscopy

Importance Laryngoscopes are used by otolaryngologists in a variety of hospital emergency and critical care settings. However, only rarely have quality-related aspects of laryngoscope function and application been studied. Objectives To compare the illuminance of laryngoscopes commonly used in a hospital setting to established standards and to assess the potential effects of maintenance practices on laryngoscope illuminance. Design, Setting, and Participants Observational study of laryngoscope light output and cross-sectional survey of individuals charged with laryngoscope maintenance in a tertiary care children’s hospital. Interventions Illuminance was chosen as the unit of measurement (lux). Laryngoscopes in the operating room, emergency department, and pediatric intensive care unit were tested according to a standard technique. Illuminance standards for laryngoscopes, published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (500 lux) and in the medical literature (867 lux) were used as benchmarks. Main Outcomes and Measures Mean laryngoscope illuminance by type of laryngoscope and light source and percentage of laryngoscopes with illuminance below established standards as well as nonfunctioning units. Maintenance practices were evaluated as a secondary outcome. Results A total of 319 laryngoscopes were tested; 283 were incandescent bulb units used by anesthesiologists, emergency physicians, and intensivists and 36 were xenon light units used by otolaryngologists. Mean (SD) illuminance was 1330 (1160) lux in the incandescent group and 16 600 (13 000) lux in the xenon group ( P Conclusions and Relevance At our facility, approximately one-third of incandescent laryngoscopes exhibited substandard light output. On the basis of these findings, our hospital has converted all of its incandescent laryngoscopes to light-emitting diode (LED) devices. Such changes, as well as the institution of a quality-control program including scheduled laryngoscope inspection and battery and bulb replacement for incandescent laryngoscopes, may reduce adverse events associated with poor-quality direct laryngoscopy.
Metabolic acidosis stimulates intestinal glutamine absorption

Glutamine is an essential nutrient for cell integrity during acidotic states such as shock, but the effect of extracellular pH on intestinal mucosal cell glutamine uptake is poorly understood. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the intracellular signaling pathways involved in controlling intestinal glutamine transport during acidosis. Lowering the pH in the cell culture medium resulted in an increase in glutamine transport activity in a time- and pH-dependent fashion. Chronic acidosis (pH 6.6 for 48 hours) resulted in a twofold increase in glutamine transport activity (1.63 ± 0.25 nmole/mg protein/ minute in acidosis vs. 0.78 ± 0.11 nmole/mg protein/minute in control) and a threefold increase in glutamine transport gene ATB messenger RNA levels. This acidosis-induced increase in glutamine transport activity was due to a stimulation of transporter maximal transport capacity (Vmax 13.6 ± 0.73 nmole/mg protein/minute in acidosis vs. 6.3 ± 0.46 nmole/mg protein/minute in control) rather than a change in transporter affinity (Km = 0.23 ± 0.02 mmol/L glutamine in acidosis vs. 0.19 ± 0.02 mmol/ L glutamine in control). This acidosis-stimulated glutamine transport activity was blocked by actinomycin-D or cycloheximide. Cellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) MEK1/2 and p42/44 levels were elevated in acidotic cells, and the acidosis-induced glutamine transport activity was blocked by the MAPK MEK 1 inhibitor PD 98059. Acidosis stimulates glutamine transport in Caco-2 cells via signaling pathways that lead to transcription of the glutamine transporter gene and translation of functional transporters. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are key intracellular regulators involved in this signal transduction cascade. An increased availability of glutamine to cells subjected to redox stress may help in maintaining cellular integrity.
Homotopy, simple homotopy and compacta

Question 1 is related to a series of questions which have been studied over the past 30 yr. Thus, in 1950 J.H.C. Whitehead proved that such a space is homotopy equivalent to an infinite dimensional CW complex. He also asked ([21, p. 1081) whether such a space necessarily had the homotopy type of a finite dimensional CW complex. In 1957, Milnor ([15], p. 273) asked whether an arbitrary space which is homotopy dominated by a finite CW complex must be homotopy equivalent to some finite complex. In 1%5 Whitehead’s question was answered affirmatively by Mather[l2] and by Wa11[19]. Wall went on to produce counterexamples to Milnor’s question. In more controlled geometric situations, positive results were obtained. In 1969, Kirby and Siebenmann[ 101 proved that compact TOP manifolds have the homotopy types of finite polyhedra, and in 1974 West [20], building on work of Chapman [ 11 and Miller [ 131, proved that compact ANRs have the homotopy types (actually, preferred simple homotopy types) of finite polyhedra. In 1975 Edwards and Geoghegan produced compacta shape dominated by finite CW complexes which are not shape equivalent to finite CW complexes. Siebenmann’s 1965 thesis is also relevant to this problem. We will answer Question 1 by proving the following general theorem:
Synthesis and Charge-Transfer Dynamics in a Ferrocene-Containing Organoboryl aza-BODIPY Donor–Acceptor Triad with Boron as the Hub

A N,N'-bis(ferroceneacetylene)boryl complex of 3,3'-diphenylazadiisoindolylmethene was synthesized by the reaction of an N,N'-difluoroboryl complex of 3,3'-diphenylazadiisoindolylmethene and ferroceneacetylene magnesium bromide. The novel diiron complex was characterized by a variety of spectroscopic techniques, electrochemistry, and ultrafast time-resolved methods. Spectroscopy and redox behavior was correlated with the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations. An unexpected degree of coupling between the two Fc ligands was observed. Despite a lack of conjugation between the donor and acceptor, the complex undergoes very rapid (τ = 1.7 ± 0.1 ps) photoinduced intramolecular charge separation followed by subpicosecond charge recombination to form a triplet state with a lifetime of 4.8 ± 0.1 μs.
Analysis of protein self-association by combined calorimetric and molecular sieve studies: Application to β-lactoglobulin A☆

Abstract The application of isothermal calorimetry to the study of self-association reactions between identical protein subunits has been explored to assess the types of information obtainable from heat of dilution curves (i.e., the molar heat of dilution as a function of total solute concentration). Relationships between the heat of dilution, subunit association constants, and enthalpies of formation for the various association complexes in a self-associating system have been formulated. A method is described for constructing heat of dilution curves from sequential step-wise dilution experiments in a batch-type calorimeter. The relationship between calorimetric and van't Hoff enthalpies is formulated for systems undergoing self-association reactions. Comparison between the two is shown by numerical simulation to provide a very sensitive test for the presence of intermediate species. Calorimetric measurements were made on the self-association of β−lactoglobulin-A at 5.0 °C, pH 4.65, in 0.1 m NaCl and in 0.1 m acetate. Heat of dilution curves constructed from these data were used to estimate the equilibrium constant and enthalpy of formation, assuming a monomer-tetramer association process. Values of 31 ± 4 kcal/mole tetramer for the enthalpy and 1.3 ± 1.0 × 1011 liter3/mole3 for the constant of tetramerization were determined from the calorimetric measurements in NaCl. The corresponding values for calorimetric measurements in acetate were 33 ± 4 kcal/mole and 1.6 ± 1.0 × 1011 liter3/mole3. The calorimetric results were compared with thermodynamic information obtained from association data between 5 and 25 °C in 0.1 m acetate using molecular sieve chromatography. Within experimental error, the molecular sieve data at 5 °C could be fit to a monomer-tetramer association reaction with a monomer molecular weight of 36,000. From these studies a van't Hoff enthalpy of 38 ± 4 kcal/mole tetramer and an equilibrium constant of 4.6 ± 1.0 × 1011 liter3 mole3 at 5 °C were obtained. Comparison between calorimetric and van't Hoff enthalpies indicates that the self-association of β-lactoglobulin-A under these conditions can be adequately described by a monomer-tetramer reaction. The results suggest that, a small fraction (e.g., 5–10%) of species having intermediate states of aggregation may be present, but preclude the presence of large fractions of intermediate species having appreciable enthalpies of association.