cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BÖLL'S WAR: CATHOLIC INNER EMIGRATION, APOCALYPTIC DYSTOPIA, AND ‘STUNDE NULL’

Heinrich Boll's stature in the canon of West German postwar literature grew out of his association with the so-called cultural ‘Stunde Null’. Recent scholarship has questioned this commonplace paradigm, which suggests problematic distinctions between literature written before and after 1945 and inside and outside of the Third Reich. The posthumous publication of Boll's prewar juvenilia and wartime correspondence allows for new perspectives on his literary formation. This article demonstrates Boll's intellectual dependence on pan-European interwar Catholic culture, in particular key German writers who became Christian ‘inner emigrants’ in the Third Reich. The motifs of this body of thought course through his wartime correspondence, so much so that his early postwar work deserves classification both as ‘Trummerliteratur’ and as a continuation of the inner emigration. This continuity between Boll's pre- and post-1945 thought contributes not just to our re-reading of his oeuvre but also to a revision in inner emigration studies. The term deserves extension to include both writers who wrote against the grain of Nazi literary politics and their readers, with whom they formed a coherent interpretive community. Out of this shared discourse, Boll crafts a narrative of survival, foreseeing a kind of perpetual inner emigration in a dystopian and apostate postwar Germany. Heinrich Bolls Rang in der Nachkriegsliteratur der BRD grundete sich anfanglich auf seine Verbindung zur sogenannten kulturellen ‘Stunde Null’. Neue Studien haben dieses veraltete Paradigma wegen seiner problematischen Unterscheidungen zwischen der Literatur, die vor oder nach 1945, bzw. innerhalb oder auserhalb des Dritten Reichs geschrieben worden war, in Frage gestellt. Die posthume Veroffentlichung von Bolls Vorkriegsjugendwerken und Kriegsbriefen ermoglichen es, neue Einblicke in seine literarische Bildung zu gewinnen. Dieser Artikel zeigt, dass Boll von der paneuropaischen katholischen Kultur der Zwischenkriegszeit intellektuell abhangig war, insbesondere von Schlusselfiguren des deutschen renouveau catholique, die bald zu Protagonisten der christlichen ‘Inneren Emigration’ wurden. Eine Wiederbegegnung mit Bolls Werk und mit der katholischen inneren Emigration insgesamt wird durch diese Kontinuitat zwischen seiner Vorstellungswelt vor und nach 1945 ermoglicht. Der Begriff der ‘inneren Emigration’ soll erweitert werden, um sowohl die gegen den Strich der NS-Literaturpolitik schreibenden Schriftsteller als auch ihre Leser (wie Boll) einzuschliesen. Zusammen bildeten Schriftsteller und Leser eine koharente Interpretationsgemeinschaft. Aus diesem gemeinsamen Diskurs stellt sich Boll seine Rolle im Nachkriegsdeutschland als eine Art von fortwahrender innerer Emigration in einem dystopischen und vom Glauben abgefallenen Land vor.
A critical period for the specification of motor pools in the chick lumbosacral spinal cord

When 3–4 segments of the chick lumbosacral neural tube are reversed in the anterior-posterior axis at stage 15 (embryonic day 2.5), the spinal cord develops with a reversed organization of motoneurons projecting to individual muscles in the limb (C. Lance-Jones and L. Landmesser (1980) J. Physiol. 302, 581–602). This finding indicated that motoneuron precursors or components of their local environment were specified with respect to target by stage 15. To identify the timing of this event, we have now assessed motoneuron projections after equivalent neural tube reversals at earlier stages of development. Lumbosacral neural tube segments 1–3 (+/− one segment cranial or caudal) were reversed in the anterior-posterior axis at stages 13 and 14 (embryonic day 2). The locations of motoneurons innervating two thigh muscles, the sartorius and femorotibialis, were mapped via retrograde horseradish peroxidase labeling at stages 35–36 (embryonic days 9–10). In a sample of embryos, counts were made of the total number of motoneurons in the lateral motor columns of reversed segments. The majority of motoneurons projecting to the sartorius and femorotibialis were in a normal position within the spinal cord. Segmental differences in motor column size were also similar to normal. These observations indicate that positional cues external to the LS neural tube can affect motoneuron commitment and number at stages 13–14. Since these observations stand in contrast to results following stage 15 reversals, we conclude that regional differences related to motoneuron target identity are normally specified or stabilized within the anterior LS neural tube between stages 14 and 15. To examine the role of the notochord in this process, neural tube reversals were performed at stages 13–14 as described above, except that the underlying notochord was also reversed. Projections to the sartorius and femorotibialis muscles did not differ significantly from those in embryos with neural tube reversals alone, indicating that the notochord is not the source of cues for target identity at stages 13–14.
Spatial coherence function of partially coherent Gaussian beams in atmospheric turbulence.

We introduce a new method of estimating the coherence function of a Gaussian–Schell model beam in the inertial subrange of atmospheric turbulence. It is compared with the previously published methods based on either the quadratic approximation of the parabolic equation or an assumed independence between the source’s randomness and the atmosphere using effective beam parameters. This new method, which combines the results of the previous two methods to account for any random source/atmospheric coupling, was shown to more accurately estimate both the coherence radius and coherence functional shape across much of the relevant parameter space. The regions of the parameter space where one method or another is the most accurate in estimating the coherence radius are identified along with the maximum absolute estimation error in each region. By selecting the appropriate estimation method for a given set of conditions, the absolute estimation error can generally be kept to less than 5%, with a maximum error of 7%. We also show that the true coherence function is more Gaussian than expected, with the exponential power tending toward 9/5 rather than the theoretical value of 5/3 in very strong turbulence regardless of the nature of the source coherence.
Variable expression of Dkc1 mutations in mice

In humans mutations in DKC1, cause the rare bone marrow failure syndrome dyskeratosis congenita. We have used gene targeting to produce mouse ES cells with Dkc1 mutations that cause DC when in humans. The mutation A353V, the most common human mutation, causes typical DC to very severe DC in humans. Male chimeric mice carrying this mutation do not pass the mutated allele to their offspring. The mutation G402E accounts for a single typical case of DC in a human family. The allele carrying this mutation was transmitted to the offspring with high efficiency. Expression of RNA and protein was reduced compared to wild type animals, but no abnormalities of growth and development or in blood values were found in mutant mice. Thus Dkc1 mutations have variable expression inmice, as in humans. genesis 47:366–373, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus mRNA Capping Machinery Requires Specific cis-Acting Signals in the RNA

Many viruses of eukaryotes that use mRNA cap-dependent translation strategies have evolved alternate mechanisms to generate the mRNA cap compared to their hosts. The most divergent of these mechanisms are those used by nonsegmented negative-sense (NNS) RNA viruses, which evolved a capping enzyme that transfers RNA onto GDP, rather than GMP onto the 5' end of the RNA. Working with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a prototype of the NNS RNA viruses, we show that mRNA cap formation is further distinct, requiring a specific cis-acting signal in the RNA. Using recombinant VSV, we determined the function of the eight conserved positions of the gene-start sequence in mRNA initiation and cap formation. Alterations to this sequence compromised mRNA initiation and separately formation of the GpppA cap structure. These studies provide genetic and biochemical evidence that the mRNA capping apparatus of VSV evolved an RNA capping machinery that functions in a sequence-specific manner.
The growth arrest-specific gene product Gas6 promotes the survival of human oligodendrocytes via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway.

Microarray analysis revealed that transcripts for the Axl and Mer receptor tyrosine kinases are expressed at high levels in O4+-immunopanned oligodendrocytes isolated from second trimester human fetal spinal cord. In humans the sole known ligand for the Axl/Rse/Mer kinases is growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6), which in the CNS is secreted by neurons and endothelial cells. We hypothesized that Gas6 is a survival factor for oligodendrocytes and receptor activation signals downstream to the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase/Akt pathway to increase cell survival in the absence of cell proliferation. To test this hypothesis, we grew enriched human oligodendrocytes for 6 d on a monolayer of NIH3T3 cells stably expressing Gas6. CNP+ oligodendrocytes on Gas6-secreting 3T3 cells had more primary processes and arborizations than those plated solely on 3T3 cells. Also, a twofold increase in CNP+ and MBP+ oligodendrocytes was observed when they were plated on the Gas6-secreting cells. The effect was abolished in the presence of Axl-Fc but remained unchanged in the presence of the irrelevant receptor fusion molecule TrkA-Fc. A significant decrease in CNP+/TUNEL+ oligodendrocytes was observed when recombinant human Gas6 (rhGas6) was administered to oligodendrocytes plated on poly-l-lysine, supporting a role for Gas6 signaling in oligodendrocyte survival during a period of active myelination in human fetal spinal cord development. PI3-kinase inhibitors blocked the anti-apoptotic effect of rhGas6, whereas a MEK/ERK inhibitor had no effect. Thus Gas6 sustains human fetal oligodendrocyte viability by receptor activation and downstream signaling via the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway.
Mechanism of Death in Syrian Hamsters Gavaged Potato Sprout Material

ABSTRAC~ Greened or sprouted potatoes contain increased concentrations of steroidal alkaloids that have caused intoxication and death in a wide variety of animal species, however, the cause of death in these animals has not been determined. Potato alkaloids can cause death when parenterally administered, and is attributed to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of solanine and chaconine. To determine the cause of death in animals ingesting potato sprout material, 40 Syrian hamsters were divided into 4 equal groups and gavaged once on day 0 either water, 300 mg of potato sprout material, 400 mg of potato sprout material, or 500 mg of potato sprout material. Tissues were examined grossly and microscopically at 72 hr post-gavaging and brain acetylcholinesterase activity of each hamster was measured. The 300-mg dose group had increased mean acetylcholinesterase activity compared with control hamster mean activity, and the 400-mg and 500mg dose groups had 90% and 84% of the mean acetylcholinesterase activity of the control hamster mean activity. There was severe gastric and proximal small intestinal mucosal necrosis in those hamsters which died prior to euthanasia. Additionally, several hamsters had valvular endocarditis and infarcts. Death could not be attributed to the slight acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the 2 higher dose hamster groups and was related to the severe gastrointestinal necrosis which occurred in hamsters of these groups.
Reformulation of the family life-cycle concept: implications for residential mobility.

The conventional concept of linear progression through a traditional life cycle underlies much of social science theory. The utility of retaining the traditional life-cycle framework has declined rapidly as patterns of family and nonfamily structure and behavior have become more diversified. A more comprehensive framework which encompasses these new household types is suggested. The utility of this expanded life-cycle model is explored, with particular reference to single-headed family households and primary households.
1,1,1‐Trifluoroacetone

[421-50-1] C3H3F3O (MW 112.05) InChI = 1S/C3H3F3O/c1-2(7)3(4,5)6/h1H3 InChIKey = FHUDAMLDXFJHJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1,1,1-trifluoroisopropanol precursor; precursor of methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane for the oxidations of various organic compounds; a valuable trifluoromethyl-containing building block for the syntheses of various fluoroorganics) Alternate Names: α,α,α-trifluoroacetone; 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone; methyl trifluoromethyl ketone. Physical Data: bp 21.5–22.5 °C; d20 1.282 g mL−1. Solubility: sol in water, ether, CHCl3, and other organic solvents. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; commercially available. Purification: by distillation. Preparative Methods: can be prepared by several synthetic routes. The compound was first prepared through the decarboxylation of ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanoate (CF3COCH2CO2Et).1 It was reported that α,α,α-trifluoroacetone (CF3COCH3) can be obtained in 56% yield by treating trifluoroacetic acid (CF3CO2H) with an excess amount of methylmagnesium iodide (MeMgI, 3 equiv).2 Utilizing the Ruppert–Prakash reagent (TMSCF3),3 alternatively, CF3COCH3 was obtained in 86% yield through the reaction between TMSCF3 and ethyl acetate in the presence of cesium fluoride (CsF).4 In addition to the above-mentioned approaches, CF3COCH3 was also obtained in a moderate yield via a Cu(I)-catalyzed reaction between sodium trifluoroacetate (CF3CO2Na) and acetyl chloride (CH3COCl).5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment and keep away from sources of ignition. Keep container tightly sealed in a dry and well-ventilated fume hood. Recommended to store at 2–8 °C. Pressure may accumulate over time causing containers to burst.
Two-Wheel Self-Balancing of a Four-Wheeled Vehicle [Applications of Control]

Cars and trucks are susceptible to accidents due to rollover. In the United States in 2005, 21.1% of a total of 54,718 deaths in vehicle crashes were caused by rollover [1]. Significant research has therefore been de voted to detecting and preventing rollover through active control. Numerous approaches attempt to detect or pre dict wheel liftoff using onboard sensing and a combina tion of automatic steering and braking to keep the wheels on the ground [2]-[4]. Rather than focusing on how to keep the wheels on the ground, it is also useful to under stand how to control a vehicle while two wheels are in the air. This understanding may enable the design of control laws that can safely return the vehicle to the ground after inadvertent tip-up.
Specific neurotrophic interactions between cortical and subcortical visual structures in developing rat in vitro studies

We investigated the influence of different subcortical structures on the survival of specific populations of occipital cortex neurons developing in vitro. Explants of embryonic day 14–15 (E14–15) rat cortex were cultured for 5 days with explants of either diencephalon or optic tectum or another occipital cortex explant. Stereological analysis of the explants revealed that after 5 days in vitro (5 DIV) all the cortical explants contained equal proportions of healthy neurons, glia, neuropil, and degenerating profiles, regardless of the culturing conditions. In order to determine if different neuronal populations survived preferentially in the cortical explants as a result of the presence of potential target or afferent structures, we used HRP filling and 3H-thymidine labeling techniques. Specific differences in the morphology of the cells and their time of origin are found in the cortical explants. In the cortical explants cocultured with diencephalon (Cx+D) the cortical cells that survive tend to be round with small cross-sectional areas and have few neurites. These cells are generated late in the culturing period. The surviving cortical neurons in the cortex plus tectum (Cx + T) cultures are larger-many with a pyramidal-shaped soma and several neurites. These cells are generated earlier in vitro. The cortex cultured with other cortex (Cx+Cx) gives values intermediate to the Cx+D and Cx+T cultures. The results of these experiments suggest that there are diffusible trophic factors that arise from subcortical structures that selectively support the survival of neuron populations in the developing neocortex.
Children's Moral Reasoning Regarding Physical and Relational Aggression

Elementary school children's moral reasoning concerning physical and relational aggression was explored. Fourth and fifth graders rated physical aggression as more wrong and harmful than relational aggression but tended to adopt a moral orientation about both forms of aggression. Gender differences in moral judgments of aggression were observed, with girls rating physical and relational aggression as more wrong and relational aggression as more harmful than boys. In addition, girls were more likely to adopt a moral orientation when judging physical and relational aggression and girls more often judged relational aggression than physical aggression from the moral domain. Finally, moral reasoning about aggression was associated with physically and relationally aggressive behavior. Considered together, the results indicate that children tend to adopt a moral orientation about aggression, but that they nonetheless differentiate between physical and relational aggression in their moral judgments.
Application of networking concepts to optoelectronic multiprocessor architectures

This paper describes an approach to creating highspeed multiprocessor architectures involving free-space optical interconnects using knowledge gained from the analysis of traditional network topologies. Development of an architectural specification through identification of the components of a functional description and mapping them to an appropriate network model is presented. By applying these techniques, the designer has the advantage of field tested solutions to the problems that occur in the development of complex, hybrid, hierarchical, optoelectronic multiprocessor architectures, and protocols.
The development of lead-free printed circuit assembly technology in Hewlett-Packard: our strategy and experience

In this paper, we first describe the technical feasibility of candidate lead-free printed circuit assemblies (PCA) solutions. This discussion focuses on the two major classes of lead-free solders: high temperature, with alloy melting temperatures above that of conventional 63Sn-37Pb, and low temperature, with alloy melting temperatures below that of 63Sn-37Pb. Next, we review HP's goals for producing lead-free products and strategies for meeting these goals. We then present the current status of our investigations, and finally our key technical and business learnings and recommendations.
Theoretical small-signal performance of Si/SiGe/Si HBT

Application of the Monte Carlo technique to analyze electron and hole transport in bulk Si/sub 0.8/Ge/sub 0.2/ and strained Si/sub 0.8/Ge/sub 0.2//Si is discussed. The computed minority- and majority-carrier transport properties were used in a comprehensive small-signal model to evaluate the high-frequency performance of a state-of-the-art n-p-n heterostructure bipolar transistors (HBT) fabricated with SiGe as the base material. The valence band discontinuity of a SiGe-base HBT reverses the degradation in emitter injection efficiency caused by bandgap narrowing in the base, and permits a higher ratio of base doping to emitter doping than would be practical for a bipolar transistor. Any degradative effect of increased base doping on electron and hole mobilities is offset by improved transport in the strained SiGe base, resulting in a marked decrease in the base resistance and base transit time. Compared to the Si BJT, the use of Si/sub 0.8/Ge/sub 0.2/ for the base region of an HBT leads to significant improvements in low-frequency common emitter current gain, low-frequency unilateral power gain, and maximum oscillation frequency. >
Rapid Induction of Regulatory and Transporter Genes in Response to Phosphorus, Potassium, and Iron Deficiencies in Tomato Roots. Evidence for Cross Talk and Root/Rhizosphere-Mediated Signals

Mineral nutrient deficiencies constitute major limitations for plant growth on agricultural soils around the world. To identify genes that possibly play roles in plant mineral nutrition, we recently generated a high-density array consisting of 1,280 genes from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) roots for expression profiling in nitrogen (N) nutrition. In the current study, we used the same array to search for genes induced by phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), and iron (Fe) deficiencies. RNA gel-blot analysis was conducted to study the time-dependent kinetics for expression of these genes in response to withholding P, K, or Fe. Genes previously not associated with P, K, and Fe nutrition were identified, such as transcription factor, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, MAP kinase kinase, and 14-3-3 proteins. Many of these genes were induced within 1 h after withholding the specific nutrient from roots of intact plants; thus, RNA gel-blot analysis was repeated for specific genes (transcription factor and MAP kinase) in roots of decapitated plants to investigate the tissue-specific location of the signal triggering gene induction. Both genes were induced just as rapidly in decapitated plants, suggesting that the rapid response to the absence of P, K, or Fe in the root-bathing medium is triggered either by a root-localized signal or because of root sensing of the mineral environment surrounding the roots. We also show that expression of Pi, K, and Fe transporter genes were up-regulated by all three treatments, suggesting coordination and coregulation of the uptake of these three essential mineral nutrients.
Resource-freeing attacks: improve your cloud performance (at your neighbor's expense)

Cloud computing promises great efficiencies by multiplexing resources among disparate customers. For example, Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Microsoft Azure, Google's Compute Engine, and Rack-space Hosting all offer Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) solutions that pack multiple customer virtual machines (VMs) onto the same physical server.The gained efficiencies have some cost: past work has shown that the performance of one customer's VM can suffer due to interference from another. In experiments on a local testbed, we found that the performance of a cache-sensitive benchmark can degrade by more than 80% because of interference from another VM.This interference incentivizes a new class of attacks, that we call resource-freeing attacks (RFAs). The goal is to modify the workload of a victim VM in a way that frees up resources for the attacker's VM. We explore in depth a particular example of an RFA. Counter-intuitively, by adding load to a co-resident victim, the attack speeds up a class of cache-bound workloads. In a controlled lab setting we show that this can improve performance of synthetic benchmarks by up to 60% over not running the attack. In the noisier setting of Amazon's EC2, we still show improvements of up to 13%.
Numerical Study of Hypersonic Flow Over an Isolated Roughness with a High-Order Cut-Cell Method

Results are presented for direct numerical simulations of hypersonic flow over an isolated roughness element located on a flat plate. The simulations were performed on a Cartesian grid with the roughness geometry imposed by a third-order cut-cell method. The simulations also utilize a fifth-order WENO scheme to capture any steep gradients in the flow created by the roughness. The combination results in a globally fourth-order scheme. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional test cases show very good agreement with results obtained from a body-fitted grid simulation. Preliminary results for Mach 6 flow over a k/� = 0.75 cylindrical roughness are reported. In addition, results from a series of simulations of Mach 6 flow over a three-dimensional Gaussian roughness performed with a body-fitted grid are presented.
Taxes and the Choice of Issuing Preferred Stock vs. Debt

This study provides descriptive evidence on the link between a firm's expected marginal tax rate and its use of preferred stock as an alternative to financing with long‐term debt. Regressions are estimated on a sample of industrial firms that issued preferred stock and a control group, matched on industry and size, that contemporaneously issued long‐term debt. Substantial tax effects are found for a full sample of firms that issued any type of preferred stock, as well as a large subsample that issued only convertible preferred stock, frequently used to facilitate mergers and acquisitions. For the typical firm, a decrease in its expected marginal tax rate from the 75th to the 25th percentile is associated with a 33 percent increase in the likelihood it will issue preferred stock. This financing behavior is consistent with a goal of enhancing tax benefits.
"Floating Fibula" Secondary to Traumatic Dislocation of the Ankle Joint, Ankle Syndesmosis, and the Proximal Tibiofibular Joint: A Case Report.

The Maisonneuve fracture, described by Dr. Jules Germain Francois Maisonneuve in 18401, is a fracture of the proximal part of the fibula that is associated with an injury to the ankle. This is also known as a pronation-external rotation injury to the ankle that disrupts the medial ankle structures initially and propagates along the syndesmotic ligaments and interosseous membrane and then exits, with a resultant fracture in the proximal part of the fibula2. Many authors have described variations of this injury3-5. Levy et al. described a single case report of a medial malleolar avulsion injury that did not have a proximal fibular fracture, but there was disruption of the ankle syndesmosis and proximal tibiofibular dislocation4. We report a case of traumatic ankle dislocation, syndesmosis disruption, and dislocation of the proximal tibiofibular joint, without fracture of the tibia or fibula. To our knowledge, this type of injury has not been previously reported. We also highlight some of the challenges faced while managing this interesting injury. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he provided verbal consent. A twenty-two-year-old motorcyclist, struck on the right side by a car, was knocked to the ground and sustained an open dislocation of the left ankle. There was a 7-cm open wound over the medial aspect of the ankle communicating with the ankle joint (Fig. 1), and a 2-cm wound over the lateral aspect of the ankle (Fig. 2). A third medial wound, measuring 10 cm, with an extensive degloving component was located on the proximal part of the leg. This wound was not communicating with the knee joint or the proximal tibiofibular joint. There was no neurovascular deficit in the left lower limb. Radiographs showed a complete …
Development and Validation of a Farmers’ Market Audit Tool in Rural and Urban Communities

The number of farmers’ markets in the United States is growing. Although there are tools to analyze food availability at grocery stores, corner stores, and convenience stores, little research exist...
Growth regulators, Rhizobium and nodulation in peas : Indole-3-acetic acid from the culture medium of nodulating and non-nodulating strains of R. leguminosarum.

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) has been identified in the culture medium of nodulating and non-nodulating strains of Rhizobium lebuminosarum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The levels of IAA produced by the different strains have been quantified using multiple ion monitoring and a deuterated internal standard. Indole-3-acetic acid is produced in the absence of exogenous tryptophan in all strains but its level is greatly stimulated by applied tryptophan. No correlation has been established between the ability to nodulate peas and the ability to produce IAA.
Comparative study of multimodal intra-subject image registration methods on a publicly available database

This work reports on a comparative study between five manual and automated methods for intra-subject pair-wise registration of images from different modalities. The study includes a variety of inter-modal image registrations (MR-CT, PET-CT, PET-MR) utilizing different methods including two manual point-based techniques using rigid and similarity transformations, one automated point-based approach based on Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm, and two automated intensity-based methods using mutual information (MI) and normalized mutual information (NMI). These techniques were employed for inter-modal registration of brain images of 9 subjects from a publicly available dataset, and the results were evaluated qualitatively via checkerboard images and quantitatively using root mean square error and MI criteria. In addition, for each inter-modal registration, a paired t-test was performed on the quantitative results in order to find any significant difference between the results of the studied registration techniques.
Mechanistic Insights into C−S Cross-Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Nickel Bis(phosphinite) Pincer Complexes

Nickel bis(phosphinite) pincer complexes [2,6-(R2PO)2C6H3]NiCl (R = Ph, 1a; R = Me, 1b; R = iPr, 1c; R = tBu, 1d) show catalytic activity in cross-coupling of aryl iodides and aryl thiols. The optimal catalytic conditions involve 1 mol % of 1a and 2 equiv of KOH (with respect to aryl thiols) in DMF at 80 °C and tolerate a variety of functional groups in the substrates. The potential intermediates in these catalytic reactions, such as nickel thiolate complexes [2,6-(Ph2PO)2C6H3]NiSAr (Ar = Ph, 2a; Ar = p-MeC6H4, 3a; Ar = p-MeOC6H4, 4a), have been synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. The reaction between 2a and PhI in DMF-d7 is slow enough to argue against 2a being directly involved in the C−S bond-forming step. NMR studies suggest that the pincer ligand framework in complexes 1a, 3a, and 4a is destroyed by KOH via the cleavage of P−O bonds to release Ph2POK, and further decomposition leads to Ph3P and other phosphorus-containing products. The cross-coupling reactions are more effectively cataly...
Enhancing care of older adults in the emergency department: Old problems and new solutions

The dramatic increase in the number of older adults in our society is creating greater demand for age-appropriate health care services. Because older adults use proportionally more emergency services than any other age group, it is important to address problems and find solutions to emergency care for this vulnerable population. Older adults often need specialized care to meet complex physical and psychological needs in an emergency department (ED). A new focus on establishing geriatric EDs holds promise for reducing barriers to ED access and decreasing suboptimal outcomes. Recently published geriatric ED guidelines provide health care professionals with recommendations to systematically improve emergency care for older adults.
Biological Control of the Egyptian Alfalfa Weevil in California and Arizona

Inadequate biological control of the Egyptian alfalfa weevil, Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman), by Bathyplectes curcutionis (Thomson) has led to continued parasite importations. Of several species introduced from the Near East from ]960 to 62, only Dibrachoides druso (Walker) has been recovered in southern California. The recently established European parasites of the alfalfa weevil H. postica (Gyllenhal), in the eastern United States Tetrastihus incertus (Ratzeburg), Microctonus aethiops (Nees), and Bathyplectes anurus (Thomson)-were also propagated on H. brunneipennis at Riverside. Releases in southern California and Arizona during 1964–67 totaled 40,683 T. incertus , 5918 M. aethiops , and 67 B. anurus . Although a few T. incertus were recovered each year, there is yet no evidence that any of these parasites are permanently established.
Brake Reaction Time After Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement and Labral Tear

Purpose To determine if a difference exists in brake reaction time (BRT) before and after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and labral tear compared with age- and gender-matched controls. Methods Consecutive adult subjects undergoing primary hip arthroscopy were eligible for this prospective investigation. Individuals with symptomatic FAI and labral tear that underwent hip arthroscopy with minimum 8 weeks follow-up were included. BRT was measured using the RT-2S reaction time tester a maximum of 6 weeks preoperatively and every 2 weeks postoperatively for 8 weeks. Sit-to-stand test (STST) was measured at each BRT testing session. An age- and gender-matched control group without hip or lower extremity symptoms were selected and completed both BRT and STST. Continuous pre- and postoperative BRT values were compared with Mann-Whitney and analyses of variance. Association of BRT and STST tests was performed with Spearman correlation. An a priori sample size calculation determined that minimally 18 subjects per group (surgery group vs control group) were necessary to detect, with 80% power (difference of 0.2 seconds in BRT). Results Nineteen subjects (age 37.1 ± 12.7 years, 10 women, 11 right hip) were analyzed. All subjects underwent arthroscopic labral repair and FAI correction. There was no difference between preoperative (604 ± 148 milliseconds [ms]) and postoperative (608 ms 2 weeks; 566 ms 4 weeks; 559 ms 6 weeks; 595 ms 8 weeks) BRT. There was no difference between controls and subjects at any time point. There was a strong negative correlation between BRT and STST preoperatively and at 4 and 6 weeks postoperatively and a moderate negative correlation at 2 weeks postoperatively. Conclusions After hip arthroscopy for FAI and labral tear, BRT is not different from preoperative values or that of controls. In addition, BRT had a significant correlation with STST in the first 6 weeks after surgery. Level of Evidence Level II, diagnostic, prospective.
Consistent evaluation of an ultrasound-guided surgical navigation system by utilizing an active validation platform

An ultrasound image-guided needle tracking systems have been widely used due to their cost-effectiveness and nonionizing radiation properties. Various surgical navigation systems have been developed by utilizing state-of-the-art sensor technologies. However, ultrasound transmission beam thickness causes unfair initial evaluation conditions due to inconsistent placement of the target with respect to the ultrasound probe. This inconsistency also brings high uncertainty and results in large standard deviations for each measurement when we compare accuracy with and without the guidance. To resolve this problem, we designed a complete evaluation platform by utilizing our mid-plane detection and time of flight measurement systems. The evaluating system uses a PZT element target and an ultrasound transmitting needle. In this paper, we evaluated an optical tracker-based surgical ultrasound-guided navigation system whereby the optical tracker tracks marker frames attached on the ultrasound probe and the needle. We performed ten needle trials of guidance experiment with a mid-plane adjustment algorithm and with a B-mode segmentation method. With the midplane adjustment, the result showed a mean error of 1.62±0.72mm. The mean error increased to 3.58±2.07mm without the mid-plane adjustment. Our evaluation system can reduce the effect of the beam-thickness problem, and measure ultrasound image-guided technologies consistently with a minimal standard deviation. Using our novel evaluation system, ultrasound image-guided technologies can be compared under equal initial conditions. Therefore, the error can be evaluated more accurately, and the system provides better analysis on the error sources such as ultrasound beam thickness.
Factors associated with changes in fruit intake during young adulthood: a classification and regression tree analysis of longitudinal data.

Abstract Objective To examine whether distinct participant groupings for changes in fruit intake (FI) levels between ages 23 and 31 years are identifiable based on both time-varying and time-invariant sociodemographic and behavioral variables. Methods Data were derived from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth–1997, US. Change in FI frequency constituted the dependent variable. For 21 variables, changes and averages in 2007–2011 were calculated. Classification and regression tree analysis was conducted using Generalized, Unbiased, Interaction Detection, and Estimation software. Results Analysis isolated 5 variables (changes in smoking, drinking alcohol, and television viewing, plus 5-year mean of income-to-poverty ratio and computer use) and associated cutoff values to identify 7 groups of participants with differing degrees of FI change. Conclusions and Implications Multiple groupings existed within upper social strata; a majority maintained healthy behaviors whereas some adopted substance use stress-coping mechanisms. Some low-income individuals demonstrated a capacity to adopt healthy behaviors. Dietary interventions could identify behavioral clustering, with emphasis on drinking, smoking, and screen time.
Correlates of Reduced Misconduct Among Adolescents Facing Adversity

This study examines the association between engagement in daily challenges and school misconduct in a sample of adolescents. Engagement is assessed by the amount of time spent in challenging activities and in terms of subjective ratings of success in daily challenges. Analyses employ data from a study in which adolescents provided self-reports of their immediate experience over the course of 1 week in response to signals generated at random times by alarm wristwatches. Analyses also test whether the number of opportunities for engagement in school activities is associated with misconduct. Because adolescents who face substantial adversity at home or at school are at particular risk for increased misconduct, associations are tested separately for high- and low-adversity adolescents. Results indicate that both time in daily challenge and perceived success in daily challenge are independently associated with reduced misconduct, and that these associations are slightly more pronounced for high (as compared to low) adversity adolescents. Extracurricular opportunities were shown to be associated with reductions in misconduct for high- but not low-adversity adolescents. Among high adversity adolescents, opportunity for engagement and perceived success in daily challenge were not only associated with reduced misconduct in cross-sectional analyses but also were predictive of reductions in misconduct over time.
Meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature characterizing auditory mismatch negativity in individuals with autism

A number of past studies have used mismatch negativity (MMN) to identify auditory processing deficits in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our meta-analysis compared MMN responses for individuals with ASD and typically developing controls (TD). We analyzed 67 experiments across 22 publications that employed passive, auditory-based MMN paradigms with ASD and TD participants. Most studies lacked design characteristics that would lead to an accurate description of the MMN. Variability between experiments measuring MMN amplitude was smaller when limited to studies that counterbalanced stimuli. Reduced MMN amplitude was found among young children with ASD compared to controls and in experiments that used nonspeech sounds. Still, few studies included adolescents or those with below-average verbal IQ. Most studies suffered from small sample sizes, and aggregating these data did not reveal significant group differences. This analysis points to a need for research focused specifically on understudied ASD samples using carefully designed MMN experiments. Study of individual differences in MMN may provide further insights into distinct subgroups within the heterogeneous ASD population.
#Radiology: A 7-Year Analysis of Radiology-Associated Hashtags

Purpose To describe the radiology-related Twitter network through the analysis of the most commonly used radiology-associated hashtags. Materials and Methods A total of 959,366 tweets containing the hashtags from the 9 most commonly used radiology-associated hashtags composed by 66,568 Twitter users from October 13, 2010 to February 22, 2018 were analyzed. Twitter activity metrics, engagement, user characteristics, content analysis, and network analysis were obtained using the health care social media analytics platform, Symplur Signals. Results The number of tweets containing the most commonly used radiology hashtags increased by 198% during 2011. Regarding tweet content, 246,949 (46.9%) tweets were related to patients, 140,562 (26.7%) tweets were cancer related, 47,704 (9.1%) tweets were related to research, and 26,994 (5.1%) tweets were related to radiation. As for engagement, there were 374,082 retweets (39%), 512,919 mentions (53.5%), and 12,919 replies (1.3%). Health care organizations not directly involved with patient care, physicians, and patients authored 283,698 (29.6%), 217,152 (22.6%), and 27,595 (2.9%) tweets, respectively. Network analysis demonstrated health care organizations not directly involved with patient care, physicians, media organizations, and individuals working in the health care industry in nonclinical roles to be the users most active on the radiology-related hashtags on Twitter. Conclusion Radiology-related hashtag use has grown substantially over the years, with a majority of the discussions involving physicians and health care organizations not directly involved with patient care.
Combined piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects in resonant dynamics of nanocantilevers

We establish and analyze an analytical framework by accounting for both the piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects in bimorph cantilevers. The focus is placed on the development of governing elect...
Elliptic relaxation model for stably stratified turbulence

Abstract The article presents a new elliptic relaxation procedure for Second Moment Closure (SMC) turbulence modeling of wall-bounded, stably stratified flows. Specifically, it directly introduces buoyancy effects in the elliptic relaxation equation. The new formulation results in an additional length scale that produces a coupled set of Helmholtz equations. The study then extends the new technique to Reynolds scalar fluxes. Furthermore, it examines the budgets of the different terms of their transport equations near the wall and systematically derives the relevant boundary conditions. Comparison of model predictions with Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data for stably stratified plane channel flows available in the literature rounds off this paper.
You say you want a (Rose) Revolution? The effects of Georgia's 2004 market reforms

After Georgia declared its independence from the Soviet Union, it experienced civil war and strife for more than a decade. In late 2003, the peaceful Rose Revolution installed a new government that began a series of radical market‐liberal reforms. However, the effectiveness of these reforms was controversial. We offer a rigorous evaluation of these reforms via the synthetic control method which creates a credible counterfactual. Compared to the synthetic controls, we find that the reforms enacted after the Rose Revolution led to significant improvements in Georgia's social and economic development, albeit with temporary side effects and argue that this case provides some support for the effectiveness of rapid, multidimensional reform.
Polyethylene and biodegradable plastic mulches improve growth, yield, and weed management in floricane red raspberry

Abstract Polyethylene (PE) mulch and biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs) have been used in annual vegetable and strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) production systems for several decades due to their ability to suppress weeds, modify soil temperature and moisture, and promote earlier and greater yields. However, there are only a few studies that have explored mulch use in perennial production systems. The overall objective of this study was to compare PE mulch and BDMs to growers’ standard practice of bare ground (BG) cultivation in a floricane red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) production system in northwestern Washington, USA. Cumulative weed growth, root lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev and Schuurmans Stekhoven; RLN] population densities, soil temperature and moisture, cumulative plant growth, and fruit yield were evaluated in a ‘Wake™Field’ red raspberry field in 2017 and 2018. Compared to the BG control, PE mulch and BDMs suppressed weeds and generally increased soil temperature. Root lesion nematode population densities were greater in soil covered with PE mulch than Novamont 0.5, and were greater in raspberry roots from plots treated with PE mulch than BASF 0.6 and the BG control. Primocane height and number were higher for plants grown with mulches relative to the BG control in 2017. Average fruit yield of plants from the mulched treatments was 34% greater than the BG control. Overall, this research demonstrated that PE mulch and BDMs improved raspberry plant growth and yield. These findings demonstrate the potential benefits of using PE mulch and BDMs for improving establishment in perennial crops.
Understanding of Brain Death Among Health-Care Professionals at a Transplant Center.

Introduction:There is considerable variation in brain death understanding and policies between medical institutions, however, studies have not yet compared different health-care professionals worki...
Racial and health insurance disparities in pediatric acute kidney injury in the USA

Acute kidney injury (AKI) significantly increases morbidity and mortality for hospitalized children, yet sociodemographic risk factors for pediatric AKI are poorly described. We examined sociodemographic differences in pediatric AKI amongst a national cohort of hospitalized children. Secondary analysis of the most recent (2012) Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Study sample weights were used to obtain national estimates of AKI (defined by administrative data). KID is a nationally representative sample of pediatric discharges throughout the USA. Linear risk regression models were used to assess the relationship between our primary exposures (race/ethnicity, health insurance, household urbanization, gender, and age) and the diagnosis of AKI, adjusting for comorbidities. A total of 1,699,841 hospitalizations met our study criteria. In 2012, AKI occurred in approximately 12.3/1000 pediatric hospitalizations, which translates to almost 30,000 children nationally. Asian/Pacific Islander, African-American, and Hispanic children were at slightly increased risk for AKI compared to Caucasian children (adjusted risk difference (RD) 4.5 per 1000 hospitalizations, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9–6.0; 2.5/1000 hospitalizations, 95% CI 1.7–3.3; and 1.7/1000 hospitalizations, 95% CI 0.9–2.5, respectively). Uninsured children were more likely to suffer AKI compared to children with any health insurance (e.g., no insurance versus Medicaid: adjusted RD 14.4/1000 hospitalizations, 95% CI 12.7–16.2). Based on these national estimates, one episode of AKI might be prevented if 70 (95% CI 62–79) hospitalized children without insurance were provided with Medicaid. Pediatric AKI occurs more frequently in racial minority and uninsured children, factors linked to lower socioeconomic status.
Truth-Telling and Compassion: Balancing Autonomy and Nonmaleficence Utilizing the Army-Baylor 7-Step Method of Analysis

Physicians are charged with providing vital medical information to their patients. Medical students are trained to communicate difficult news to their patients. This poster examines how physicians ...