cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bench surgery and renal autotransplantation in the pediatric patient.

S URGERY at the work bench has developed as a by-product of the ex­ tensive experience in renal homotransplantation. A basic tenet of the transplant operation is organ survival outside the human body for a finite pe­ riod. Recent refinements in kidney preservation have extended the permissible ex vivo period to several days. Consequently, extracorporeal procedures have become highly feasible and a practical adjunct for operative renal surgery. Bench surgery and autotransplantation thus far have been underexploited in pediatric surgery despite potential applicability in a significant number of childhood lesions. At the University of Colorado Medical Center, 14 patients have been treated by extracorporeal renal surgery and have been reported in part. 1-3 The purpose of this comm unication is to review the technical aspects of this new operative procedure, present two case reports, and discuss the po­ tential role of extracorporeal surgery and renal autotransplantation as it per­ tains to the pediatric patient. PATIENT MATERIAL The clinical experience with extracorporeal renal surgery and autotransplantation is shown in Table 1. There has been no mortality. Autotransplantation failed in one patient (Patient 4).4 Although partially described earlier,I,2 Patients 7 and I are presented in detail to illustrate several specific indications and technical points in management.
Policy Continuity and Change

The abrupt shifts in U.S. policy associated with President Reagan's administration raise fundamental questions. How are new policies instituted? Why do some policies survive and even expand? Why do others shrivel and die, and why are some reversed? We have seen many attempts to change U.S. domestic and foreign policy in the last 30 years, but not all of them have been successful. Likewise, many efforts to sustain and continue policies have failed. Explanations of these developments should go beyond images of swinging pendulums, ladders of progress, or turning wheels. To shed light on the making and unmaking of social policy, I will compare cases of major changes and continuities in two different areas: U. S. relations with the U.S.S.R. and federal efforts to reduce poverty. These areas are particularly useful for a comparative analysis of policy shifts. They include familiar and significant issues. Each of us is likely to be favorably predisposed to some of the policy changes and continuities in these areas but not to others. This challenges us to find common explanations, not easily shaped by our particular moral and ideological inclinations. Furthermore, the differences between these areas force us to seek explanations that cut across specific policy areas. My analysis of these cases will stress three sets of factors that underlie such long-term, largescale changes and continuities. After outlining my analytical framework, I will examine the course of U.S. governmental policy toward the Soviet Union and toward poverty in the U.S. over the past two decades. In the final section of the paper I will draw implications from this analysis for a general understanding of policy continuity and change.
The Changing Place of Cultural Production: The Location of Social Networks in a Digital Media Industry

This article examines the role of place and placemaking within cultural industries in the digital era. The data for this article are drawn from a data set of attendance at more than nine hundred social networking events over a six-year period in New York City’s Internet, or “new media,” industry. These data confirm that place became more,not less,important to cultural production over this period. Networking, or the processes of the formation of social network ties, is concentrated in activities within narrow geographic clusters. This study suggests that the networking events within the industry—cocktail parties, seminars, ceremonies, and the like—mediate access to crucial resources within the industry.
Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Oncoprotein Suppression of Multilineage Hematopoiesis of CD34+ Cells In Vitro

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 are highly related viruses that differ in disease manifestation. HTLV-1 is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma, an aggressive clonal malignancy of human CD4-bearing T lymphocytes. Infection with HTLV-2 has not been conclusively linked to lymphoproliferative disorders. We previously showed that human hematopoietic progenitor (CD34+) cells can be infected by HTLV-1 and that proviral sequences were maintained after differentiation of infected CD34+ cells in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the role of the Tax oncoprotein of HTLV on hematopoiesis, bicistronic lentiviral vectors were constructed encoding the HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 tax genes (Tax1 and Tax2, respectively) and the green fluorescent protein marker gene. Human hematopoietic progenitor (CD34+) cells were infected with lentivirus vectors, and transduced cells were cultured in a semisolid medium permissive for the development of erythroid, myeloid, and primitive progenitor colonies. Tax1-transduced CD34+ cells displayed a two- to fivefold reduction in the total number of hematopoietic clonogenic colonies that arose in vitro, in contrast to Tax2-transduced cells, which showed no perturbation of hematopoiesis. The ratio of colony types that developed from Tax1-transduced CD34+ cells remained unaffected, suggesting that Tax1 inhibited the maturation of relatively early, uncommitted hematopoietic stem cells. Since previous reports have linked Tax1 expression with initiation of apoptosis, lentiviral vector-mediated transduction of Tax1 or Tax2 was investigated in CEM and Jurkat T-cell lines. Ectopic expression of either Tax1 or Tax2 failed to induce apoptosis in T-cell lines. These data demonstrate that Tax1 expression perturbs development and maturation of pluripotent hematopoietic progenitor cells, an activity that is not displayed by Tax2, and that the suppression of hematopoiesis is not attributable to induction of apoptosis. Since hematopoietic progenitor cells may serve as a latently infected reservoir for HTLV infection in vivo, the different abilities of HTLV-1 and -2 Tax to suppress hematopoiesis may play a role in the respective clinical outcomes after infection with HTLV-1 or -2.
Ultrabright Fluorescent Silica Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Control of Particle Size and Dye Loading

The synthesis of ultrabright fl uorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles (UFSNPs) of various sizes loaded with different amounts of fldye (Rhodamine 6G) is reported here. The dye is physically entrapped inside the nanochannels of the silica matrix created during templated sol‐gel self assembly. Due to the specifi c nanoenvironment, the fl uorescence of the encapsulated dye molecules remains unquenched up to very high concentrations, which results in relatively high fl uorescence. The particle size (ranging from 20‐50 nm) and dye loading (0.8‐9.3 mg dye per g particles) are controlled by the timing of the synthesis and the concentration of several organotriethoxysilanes, which are coprecursors of silica. The quantum yields of the encapsulated dye range from 0.65 to 1.0. The relative brightness of a single particle is equivalent to the fl uorescence of 30‐770 free nondimerized R6G dye molecules in water, or to that of 1.5‐39 CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. Despite the presence of some hydrophobic groups on the particles’ surfaces, colloidal suspensions of the particles are relatively stable (as monitored for 120 days).
Whole‐Leaf Wash Improves Chlorine Efficacy for Microbial Reduction and Prevents Pathogen Cross‐Contamination during Fresh‐Cut Lettuce Processing

Currently, most fresh-cut processing facilities in the United States use chlorinated water or other sanitizer solutions for microbial reduction after lettuce is cut. Freshly cut lettuce releases significant amounts of organic matter that negatively impacts the effectiveness of chlorine or other sanitizers for microbial reduction. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether a sanitizer wash before cutting improves microbial reduction efficacy compared to a traditional postcutting sanitizer wash. Romaine lettuce leaves were quantitatively inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 strains and washed in chlorinated water before or after cutting, and E. coli O157:H7 cells that survived the washing process were enumerated to determine the effectiveness of microbial reduction for the 2 cutting and washing sequences. Whole-leaf washing in chlorinated water improved pathogen reduction by approximately 1 log unit over traditional cut-leaf sanitization. Similar improvement in the reduction of background microflora was also observed. Inoculated "Lollo Rossa" red lettuce leaves were mixed with noninoculated Green-Leaf lettuce leaves to evaluate pathogen cross-contamination during processing. High level (96.7% subsamples, average MPN 0.6 log CFU/g) of cross-contamination of noninoculated green leaves by inoculated red leaves was observed when mixed lettuce leaves were cut prior to washing in chlorinated water. In contrast, cross-contamination of noninoculated green leaves was significantly reduced (3.3% of subsamples, average MPN ≤− 0.3 log CFU/g) when the mixed leaves were washed in chlorinated water before cutting. This result suggests that whole-leaf sanitizing washes could be a practical strategy for enhancing the efficacy of chlorine washes for pathogen reduction and cross-contamination prevention.
A c-Myc and Surface CD19 Signaling Amplification Loop Promotes B Cell Lymphoma Development and Progression in Mice

Malignant B cells responding to external stimuli are likely to gain a growth advantage in vivo. These cells may therefore maintain surface CD19 expression to amplify transmembrane signals and promote their expansion and survival. To determine whether CD19 expression influences this process, Eμ-Myc transgenic (c-Myc Tg ) mice that develop aggressive and lethal B cell lymphomas were made CD19 deficient (c-Myc Tg CD19 −/− ). Compared with c-Myc Tg and c-Myc Tg CD19 +/− littermates, the median life span of c-Myc Tg CD19 −/− mice was prolonged by 81–83% ( p Tg CD19 −/− mice also lived 42% longer than c-Myc Tg littermates following lymphoma detection ( p Tg and c-Myc Tg CD19 −/− mice were B lineage derived, had a similar phenotype with a large blastlike appearance, invaded multiple lymphoid tissues, and were lethal when adoptively transferred into normal recipient mice. Importantly, reduced lymphomagenesis in c-Myc Tg CD19 −/− mice was not due to reductions in early B cell numbers prior to disease onset. In mechanistic studies, constitutive c-Myc expression enhanced CD19 expression and phosphorylation on active sites. Reciprocally, CD19 expression in c-Myc Tg B cells enhanced c-Myc phosphorylation at regulatory sites, sustained higher c-Myc protein levels, and maintained a balance of cyclin D2 expression over that of cyclin D3. These findings define a new and novel c-Myc:CD19 regulatory loop that positively influences B cell transformation and lymphoma progression.
Mapping Russian twitter

Drawing from a corpus of over 50 million Russian-language tweets collected between for a year until March 2011, this US paper creates a network map of 10,285 users comprising the ‘discussion core,’ and clustered them based on a combination of network features. The resulting segmentation revealed key online constituencies active in Russian Twitter The major topical groupings in Russian Twitter include: Political, Instrumental, CIS Regional, Technology, and Music. There are also several clusters centered on Russian regions, which is significant given the limited reach of the Internet in the regions outside of Moscow and St. Petersburg Russian Twitter features a great deal of activity generated by marketing campaigns and search engine optimization (SEO) initiatives, including both automated and coordinated human actors. After our initial mapping resulted in a network dominated by these ‘instrumental’ actors, we constructed a filter to limit their presence in the network and discover relationships among a wider variety of ‘organic’ actors. Similar to the Russian blogosphere, the Twitter network includes a democratic opposition cluster associated with Gary Kasparov and the opposition Solidarity movement. In other respects the political clusters identified in Weblog and Twitter networks display interesting variation. Nationalists, who are very active in Russian blogs, do not appear to be organized in Russian Twitter (at least as of March 2011). Conversely, pro-Putin youth groups like the Young Guards and Nashi, and elected officials allied with them, have a distinct Twitter footprint.
Müller glial cells of the goldfish retina are phagocytic in vitro but not in vivo.

The role of Muller glial cells in the process of degeneration and regeneration of the goldfish retina is poorly understood. One potential role is phagocytosis of neuronal debris in degenerating retinas. We investigated the phagocytic capacity of Muller glial cells of the goldfish retina both in vitro and in vivo. Muller glial cells from primary or first passage cultures were incubated with latex beads to assess their phagocytic ability, and acridine orange staining was used to identify phagolysosomes in living Muller glial cells. These experiments showed that Muller glial cells are phagocytic in culture. Cell identity was verified with an antibody raised against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). For the in vivo experiments fluorescent latex beads alone or in combination with the metabolic poison ouabain were injected into the posterior chamber. At various intervals (4 days to 8 weeks) after injection the retinas were prepared for immunocytochemistry. Polyclonal anti-GFAP and NN-1, a monoclonal antibody which recognizes macrophages and microglia within the goldfish retina, were used to identify the phagocytic cells. When the beads were injected into the eye, they were phagocytosed by macrophages/microglia cells but not by Muller cells.
Transducers: an emerging probabilistic framework for modeling indels on trees

When it comes to dealing with indels, molecular evolution lags heuristic bioinformatics by decades. Sophisticated alignment algorithms have been widely known since the 1960s (and in bioinformatics since 1970), but we are still struggling to understand the corresponding phylogenetic models. Big ideas drive change: as we dream of reconstructing ancestral genotypes, it is ever clearer that indels cannot be ignored. We need to develop a robust understanding of probabilistic indel analysis and its relationship to alignment. We believe that a suitable foundation for such analysis already exists, where evolutionary models meet automata theory: the framework of finite-state transducers. This framework links Hidden Markov Models (Brown et al., 1993; Churchill, 1992), sequence alignment algorithms (Gotoh, 1982; Miller andMyers, 1988; Needleman and Wunsch, 1970; Smith and Waterman, 1981), finite-state machines and Chomsky grammars (Durbin et al., 1998) and molecular phylogenetics (Miklos et al., 2004; Thorne et al., 1991). In this letter we outline this framework, also describing a preliminary analysis of one recent algorithm— Indelign—for reconstructing ancestral indel histories (Kim and Sinha, 2007). Below, we briefly review the theory of transducers, concentrating not on the details of individual algorithms but rather on their unifying qualitative character. We show that Indelign, which reconstructs maximum-likelihood indel histories, is implicitly based on a transducer model. Thus, we can compare the computational complexity of Indelign to other transducerframed algorithms, with reference to alignment data from recent comparative genomics projects in Drosophila and Eutheria (ENCODE). Finally, we discuss several programs, algorithms and resources available for working with transducers, offering an outlook on areas of bioinformatics that may benefit from this theory. 1.1 Theory of finite-state transducers
Turn-Taking for Human-Robot Interaction

Applications in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) in the not-so-distant future include robots that collaborate with factory workers or serve us as caregivers or waitstaff. When offering customized functionality in these dynamic environments, robots need to engage in real-time exchanges with humans. Robots thus need to be capable of participating in smooth turn-taking interactions. The research goal in HRI of unstructured dialogic interaction would allow communication with robots that is as natural as communication with other humans. Turn-taking is the framework that provides structure for human communication. Consciously or subconsciously, humans are able to communicate their understanding and control of the turn structure to a conversation partner by using syntax, semantics, paralinguistic cues, eye gaze, and body language in a socially intelligent way. Our research aims to show that by implementing these turn-taking cues within a interaction architecture that is designed fundamentally for turn-taking, a robot becomes easier and more efficient for a human to interact with. This paper outlines our approach and initial pilot study into this line of research.
The accretion and cooling of pre‐heated gas in dark matter haloes

We use a one-dimensional (1D) hydrodynamical code to investigate the effects of pre-heating on gas accretion and cooling in cold dark matter (CDM) haloes. In the absence of radiative cooling, pre-heating reduces the amount of gas that can be accreted into a halo, and the accreted gas fraction is determined by the ratio of the initial specific entropy of the gas to the virial entropy of the halo, S ph /S v . In the presence of radiative cooling, pre-heating affects the gas fraction that can cool in two different ways. For small haloes with masses M 1013 h -1 M ⊙ , but has little effect on smaller haloes. We suggest that this may be the reason why the stellar mass function of galaxies breaks sharply at the massive end. Such pre-heating also helps create the hot diffused haloes within which the 'radio mode' feedback of AGNs can act effectively. In the second case, the intergalactic medium is assumed to be warm. Here, the total amount of gas that can cool in a halo scales with halo mass as ∝ M 2 , as would be required to match the observed stellar- and H I-mass functions in the current CDM model at the small mass end. Since the accretion in a CDM universe is expected to be lumpy, we discuss the limitation of our model due to the assumption of smooth mass accretion.
Being attractive, advantage or disadvantage? Performance-based evaluations and recommended personnel actions as a function of appearance, sex, and job type.

Abstract Prompted by a concern with the effects of appearance on how individuals and their work are regarded and how rewards are allocated in work settings, an experiment was conducted to determine whether physical attractiveness differentially affects the performance evaluations and recommended personnel actions for men and women holding managerial and nonmanagerial jobs. As predicted, attractiveness proved to be advantageous for women in nonmanagerial positions and disadvantageous for women in managerial ones. Unexpectedly, however, appearance had no effects whatsoever on reactions to men. Additional results indicated that attractiveness enhanced the perceived femininity of our female stimulus people, but did not enhance the perceived masculinity of those who were male. These data were interpreted as supportive of the idea that the differential effects of appearance in work settings are mediated by gender characterizations, and that fluctuations in the perceived person-job fit are key to understanding the seemingly inconsistent reactions to attractive and unattractive women in employment situations. The theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed.
The effects of rerouting aircraft around the arctic circle on arctic and global climate

Climate data suggest greater warming over the Arctic than lower latitudes, and the most abundant direct source of black carbon and other climate-relevant pollutants over the Arctic is cross-polar flights by international aviation. A relevant question is whether rerouting cross-polar flights to circumnavigate the Arctic Circle reduces or enhances such warming. To study this issue, a model accounting for subgrid exhaust plumes from each individual commercial flight worldwide was used with 2006 global aircraft emission inventories that treated cross-polar flights and flights rerouted around the Arctic Circle (66.56083 °N), respectively. Rerouting increased fuel use by 0.056 % in the global average, mostly right outside the Arctic Circle, but most of the associated black carbon and other emissions were removed faster because they were now over latitudes of greater precipitation and lesser stability. Rerouting also reduced fuel use and emissions within the Arctic Circle by 83 % and delayed pollutant transport to the Arctic. The Arctic reduction in pollutants, particularly of black carbon, decreased Arctic and global temperature and increased Arctic sea ice over 22 years. Although the slight increase in total CO2 emissions due to rerouting may dampen the benefit of rerouting over more decades, rerouting or even partial rerouting (allowing cross-polar flights during polar night only) may delay the elimination of Arctic sea ice, which will otherwise likely occur within the next 2–3 decades due to global warming in general. Rerouting may increase worldwide fuel plus operational costs by only ~$99 million/yr, 47–55 times less than an estimated 2025 U.S.-alone cost savings due to the global warming reduction from rerouting.
Carnitine Alters Binding of Aflatoxin to DNA and Proteins in Rat Hepatocytes and Cell-Free Systems

The objective of this study was to determine effects of L-carnitine on aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1))-DNA adduct formation in isolated rat hepatocytes, its dose response, specificity and mode of action. All experiments were conducted in either freshly isolated rat hepatocytes or cell-free systems. There was negative linear correlation between the dosage of carnitine and formation of [(3)H]AFB(1)-DNA adducts in the hepatocytes; however, the partitioning of AFB(1) into cellular compartments was not affected by carnitine. The attenuating effect of carnitine on AFB(1)-DNA adduct formation was also present in a cell-free system, but there was lack of specificity because acetylcarnitine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were equally effective. Carnitine appears to interfere with bioactivation of AFB(1) and binding of AFB(1)-epoxide to DNA. On the contrary, carnitine enhanced the binding of AFB(1) and its epoxide to microsomal proteins, plasma proteins and bovine serum albumin. These results indicate that carnitine diverts AFB(1)-epoxide away from DNA by promoting binding to proteins. We conclude that modulation of AFB(1) binding to proteins and DNA by carnitine alters the carcinogenic and hepatotoxic potential of AFB(1) and poses concerns about the human AFB(1)-exposure data based on the AFB(1)-albumin adduct concentrations as a biomarker.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Smoking Cessation

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major and increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. Cigarette smoking is the most important risk factor for COPD, and smoking cessation is, in m...
Media use and relational closeness in long-term friendships: interpreting patterns of multimodality:

Although most friendships use a variety of media to stay in touch, many studies have ignored the multimodality of social life. This study uses media niche theory to consider: changes in patterns of media use across time, which modalities tend to be used in association with other modalities; and the association between specific modalities and relational closeness. Data assessing modality usage and degree of friendship closeness were collected on best friendship pairs in 1987 and 2002. The results suggest that postal mail use has declined between 1987 and 2002, telephone contact has become a particularly potent predictor of relational closeness, and face-to-face contact is a less stable indicator of closeness. Intimacy and efficiency or convenience emerge as two potentially important constructs for understanding how modalities are used for maintaining relational closeness.
EGFR SIGNALING IS REQUIRED FOR THE DIFFERENTIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF NEURAL PROGENITORS ALONG THE DORSAL MIDLINE OF THE DROSOPHILA EMBRYONIC HEAD

EGFR signaling has been shown in recent years to be involved in the determination, differentiation and maintenance of neural and epidermal cells of the ventral midline (mesectoderm and ventromedial ectoderm). Localized activation of the TGFalpha homolog Spitz (Spi) in the mesectoderm is achieved by the products of the genes rhomboid and Star. Spi binds to its receptor, the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor homolog (Egfr), and triggers the Ras pathway which is needed for the survival and differentiation of ventral midline cells. The results reported here indicate that EGFR signaling is also required in a narrow medial domain of the head ectoderm (called 'head midline' in the following) that includes the anlagen of the medial brain, the visual system (optic lobe, larval eye) and the stomatogastric nervous system (SNS). We document that genes involved in EGFR signaling are expressed in the head midline. Loss of EGFR signaling results in an almost total absence of optic lobe and larval eye, as well as severe reduction of SNS and medial brain. The cellular mechanism by which this phenotype arises is a failure of neurectodermal cells to differentiate combined with apoptotic cell death. Overactivity of EGFR signaling, as achieved by heat-shock-driven activation of a wild-type rhomboid (rho) construct, or by loss of function of argos (aos) or yan, results in an hyperplasia and deformity of the head midline structures. We show that, beside their requirement for EGFR signaling, head and ventral midline structures share several morphogenetic and molecular properties.
A cardiac myocyte-restricted Lin28/let-7 regulatory axis promotes hypoxia-mediated apoptosis by inducing the AKT signaling suppressor PIK3IP1.

Rationale The let-7 family of microRNAs (miRs) regulates critical cell functions, including survival signaling, differentiation, metabolic control and glucose utilization. These functions may be important during myocardial ischemia. MiR-let-7 expression is under tight temporal and spatial control through multiple redundant mechanisms that may be stage-, isoform- and tissue-specific.
Investigation of rotating detonation combustor operation with H2-Air mixtures

Abstract The operating range and wave speed performance of a Rotating Detonation Combustor (RDC) is characterized for hydrogen-air mixtures for three fuel injection schemes and two air injection schemes. The fuel injection scheme is altered by changing the total number of injection orifices and the individual orifice area, while maintaining the same fuel mass flux across the three schemes. The operability, performance and combustion-induced pressure rise due to the addition of a back-pressurizing convergent nozzle is also characterized. While the operating range is largely unaffected by changes in the length-to-diameter ratio of the fuel injector orifices, higher length-to-diameter ratios correspond to a lower number of transitional RDC operation where there is a sudden abatement of the continuously propagating detonation wave, once established inside the combustor. Increased air injection area diminishes the operability, while producing high stochasticity in the performance of the RDC. The length-to-diameter ratio of the fuel orifices has a significant impact on the number of detonation waves that can exist in the chamber. For the highest length-to-diameter ratio of the fuel orifices, and at the highest air flow rates, the RDC supports multiple detonation waves inside the chamber. Without the convergent nozzle attachment, 80% of Chapman–Jouguet (C–J) detonation speed is achieved for all three fuel injection schemes. C–J detonation wave speed is achieved in the annulus when the RDC is back-pressurized using the nozzle. The ratio of reactant fill-height to the detonation cell-width tapers at the lean and rich operating conditions, while peaking at an equivalence ratio of around 1.2. The detonation-induced static pressure rise produced in the RDC is found to be dependent on the air flow rate and the equivalence ratio of the reactants.
House Opera | Opera House

?Que valor puede generar la arquitectura cuando ya no hay valor de mercado? Luego de que la crisis del 2008 hiciera caer los precios de las viviendas en Detroit a niveles inusuales, este proyecto logra transformar una casa desocupada en una infraestructura de cultura comunitaria. Entendida como una opera, la casa no solo pasa a ser una obra en si misma, sino tambien una estrategia urbana para la reconsideracion de lo que habitualmente entendemos como el drama del deterioro y la ruina.
Developing the Cultural Awareness Skills of Behavior Analysts

All individuals are a part of at least one culture. These cultural contingencies shape behavior, behavior that may or may not be acceptable or familiar to behavior analysts from another culture. To better serve individuals, assessments and interventions should be selected with a consideration of cultural factors, including cultural preferences and norms. The purpose of this paper is to provide suggestions to serve as a starting point for developing behavior analysts’ cultural awareness skills. We present strategies for understanding behavior analysts’ personal cultural values and contingencies and those of their clients, integrating cultural awareness practices into service delivery, supervision, and professional development, and becoming culturally aware in everyday practice.
Organellar tRNAs: Biosynthesis and Function

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own systems for the biosynthesis of proteins coded by the organelle genome. It had generally been thought that tRNAs participating in organelle protein synthesis were coded by the organelle genome. This genetic diversity of tRNAs makes the subject of organelle tRNA biosynthesis more complex than it would be if all tRNAs were made in the organelle. tRNA genes in organelle DNAs are scattered around the genome and intermixed with mRNA and rRNA genes. tRNAs are transcribed with rRNAs and mRNAs. In mammalian mitochondria, the entire genome is transcribed and, subsequently, the tRNAs are processed out of the large primary transcript. This review focuses on the organelle tRNAs that are coded by mitochondrial or chloroplast DNA and on the structure of precursor tRNAs and the enzymes necessary for their processing. In addition, it considers organelle aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases as well as mutant organelle tRNAs.
Methionine-selenomethionine parallels in E. coli polypeptide chain initiation and synthesis.

SummaryUsing a cell-free synthesizing system and natural messenger (f2 viral RNA), we observed that selenomethionyl-tRNA participated in polypeptide synthesis to about the same extent as methionyl-tRNA. Studies on the role of Se Met in the initiation of protein synthesis indicated that N-formyl Se Met-tRNA can function as an initiator of protein synthesis as it has been established for N-formyl Met-tRNA. It is concluded that in E. coli Se Met is incorporated into polypeptides via the Met pathway, including the initiation mechanism involving the N-formylated aminoacyl-tRNA.Acknowledgement is made to Dr. J. C. Rabinowitz for crystalline formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase [J. Biol. Chem. 237, 2898 (1962)].
Buffers in the range of pH 6.5 to 9.6.

In the pH range between 6.5 and 9.6, the buffers generally used have been phosphate, barbital,1 ammonium salts and carbonate.2 Among these, phosphate and carbonate are incompatible with Ca salts; ammonium salt buffers are not entirely stable; barbital, on account of its low solubility, can be prepared in low concentrations only and, in addition, inhibits certain enzyme systems.3 Mertz and Owen4 have suggested the use of imidazole as a buffer in the physiologic pH range, compatible with Ca; however, its high cost is almost prohibitive.Three new buffers: 2,4,6-collidine, tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane and 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, are suggested for the use in the pH range between 6.5 and 9.6. They are quite soluble, do not precipitate Ca salts, and are low in price. They were found to be stable at room temperature for a period of over 3 months. Collidine and Tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane, to be used in the pH ranges between 6.5 and 8.3, andb between 7.2 and 9.0, respectively, were tested by Dr...
Körpergedächtnis jenseits von sensomotorischer Routine und nur subjektiver Bedeutsamkeit

Der Beitrag erweitert den Blick auf das Korpergedachtnis, indem er vor dem Hintergrund praxistheoretischer und wissenssoziologischer Uberlegungen den Korper-Geist-Dualismus problematisiert und die korperliche Fundierung des prozeduralen und des episodischen Gedachtnisses herausarbeitet. Dabei rucken einerseits die gesellschaftliche Formierung sensomotorischer Fahigkeiten, der sinnlichen Wahrnehmung und einer Intelligenz des Korpers, die zwischen den herkommlichen Unterscheidungen von korperlich und geistig, bewusst und unbewusst liegt, in den Vordergrund. Auf der anderen Seite werden die korperliche Fundierung sprachlicher Kommunikation und die Rolle des Geschichtenerzahlens fur das Erkennen und Begreifen der Welt analysiert.
Preclinical safety assessment of vaccines

Vaccines are applied to large numbers of healthy people,predominantly to healthy children.Therefore,their safety should be emphasized.Preclinical safety assessment is an important step in new vaccine development.Center for drug evaluation of State Food and Drug Administration has proposed Guidelines on preclinical evaluation of vaccines for reviewers in 2005,which is the first guideline for the reviewers in the center for drug evaluation in reviewing preclinical safety of vaccines.Based on the guideline and the review experience of the author,the necessity of performing preclinical safety assessment,major toxicological concerns,related regulatory guidelines,and outline of the toxicology studies were reviewed in this article.
Ergogenic effect of glycine and niacin separately and in combination

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the ergogenic value of glycine, niacin, and a combination thereof. The effect of these substances upon systolic blood pressure was also investigated. Muscular endurance was tested with an arm ergometer and a bicycle ergometer. A continuous systolic monitor was used to measure systolic blood pressure. The 86 subjects received medication according to the group rotation pattern of the experimental design, and the data were analyzed by the correlated means method of analysis of variance. Neither muscular endurance nor systolic blood pressure demonstrated a statistically significant difference after the ingestion of glycine, niacin, a combination thereof, and a placebo.
The Socioeconomic Impact of Morbid Obesity and Factors Affecting Access to Obesity Surgery

Bariatric surgery has been shown in many studies to be the most effective long-term treatment for severe obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Economic analysis has demonstrated cost-effectiveness as well as cost-savings in select subgroups of patients. Despite the health and economic benefits of bariatric surgery, relatively few eligible patients receive this treatment. This disparity in access to care must be addressed by health policy decision-makers.
Harmonics-based steady-state mathematical model of bidirectional inductive wireless power transfer system in V2G applications

Mobility, continuity and safety are crucial in charging and discharging system of electric vehicles (EV) in smart grid applications. Bidirectional inductive wireless power transfer (BIWPT) system is ideal choice for these services. With accurate and efficient system models in hand, the circuit designers can predict and optimize the system performance. In this paper, an accurate, intuitive, and comprehensive steady-state theoretical model is proposed and implemented in MatLab environment. This model is generalized and can be used for any magnetic design of BIWPT system with the same compensation topology. The model is able to predict the system currents, voltages, power, power factor and equivalent impedance. The proposed model is used to evaluate two different designs for LCL compensation topology based on impedance frequency response analysis. Also, general considerations for the filters design parameters are stated and verified in this paper. A Simulink MatLab model for 1 kW BIWPT system is built to verify the proposed theoretical analysis.
Loss of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Promotes p25 Generation and Tau Phosphorylation in a Murine Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease has an unknown pathogenesis; however, cardiovascular risk factors are associated with a higher incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. A defining feature of endothelial dysfunction induced by cardiovascular risk factors is reduced bioavailable endothelial nitric oxide (NO). We previously demonstrated that endothelial NO acts as an important signaling molecule in neuronal tissue. Objective: We sought to determine the relationship between the loss of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and tau phosphorylation in neuronal tissue. Methods and Results: We used eNOS knockout ( −/− ) mice as well as an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model, amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PSEN1dE9 +/− (PS1) that lacked eNOS (APP/PS1/eNOS −/− ) to examine expression of tau kinases and tau phosphorylation. Brain tissue from eNOS −/− mice had statistically higher ratios of p25/p35, indicative of increased cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activity as compared with wild-type (n=8, P −/− mice ( P >0.05). Next, we determined the role of NO in tau pathology in APP/PS1/eNOS −/− . These mice had significantly higher levels of p25, a higher p25/p35 ratio (n=12–14; P P −/− mice also had significantly increased tau phosphorylation (n=4–6; P −/− mice as compared with APP/PS1 mice. Conclusions: Our data suggests that loss of endothelial NO plays an important role in the generation of p25 and resulting tau phosphorylation in neuronal tissue. These findings provide important new insights into the molecular mechanisms linking endothelial dysfunction with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.
Rotman lens-fed aperture coupled array antenna at millimeter wave

This paper presents a Rotman lens-fed array antenna operating at 60 GHz. The lens-fed array antenna is a combination of a microstrip Rotman lens and an aperture coupled patch array antenna for millimeter wave applications. The phase and amplitude distributions of the lens are simulated to verify the design parameters. The beam directions radiated from the aperture coupled array antenna are +30°, − 30°, and 0° in a frequency range from 58 GHz to 61 GHz (V-band).
What does variation in primate behavior mean

Interest in intraspecific behavioral variation has grown with concerns about the ability of primates to adapt to the rapidly changing ecological and demographic conditions that threaten their survival. Now, in addition to identifying the causes and phylogenetic distribution of normative, species-specific behavior patterns for interspecific comparisons, there is widespread recognition of the need to incorporate intraspecific variation. This variation is evident across groups and populations of the same species as well over the long histories of single groups of long-lived, socially complex animals with overlapping generations. Yet, analyses of both cross-sectional and longitudinal data require explicit criteria about how to classify and interpret behavioral variation, and must be sensitive to the limitations of space-for-time substitutions in these comparisons. Current approaches have made great advances, but there remains an urgent challenge of understanding intraspecific variation in a way that will facilitate the development of new predictive models to assess population resilience and extinction risks in the face of climate change and other anthropogenic influences.
A Systematic Approach to Discussing Active Surveillance with Patients with Low-risk Prostate Cancer

Abstract Background Physicians report difficulty convincing patients with prostate cancer about the merits of active surveillance (AS); as a result, a majority of patients unnecessarily choose to undergo radical treatment. Objective To develop and evaluate a systematic approach for physicians to counsel patients with low-risk prostate cancer to increase acceptance of AS. Design, setting, and participants A systematic counseling approach was developed and piloted in one clinic. Then five surgeons participated in a 1-h training session in which they learned about the approach. A total of 1003 patients with Gleason 3+3 prostate cancer were included in the study. We compared AS rates for 761 patients who were counseled over a 24-mo period before the training intervention with AS rates for 242 patients who were counseled over a 12-mo period afterwards, controlling for temporal trends and case mix. Intervention A systematic approach for communicating the merits of AS using appropriate framing techniques derived from principles studied by negotiation scholars. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The rate of AS acceptance by patients for management of low-risk prostate cancer. Results and limitations In the pilot phase, 81 of 86 patients (94%) accepted AS after counseling by the physician who developed the counseling approach. In the subsequent study, the cohort for the training intervention comprised 1003 consecutive patients, 80% of whom met the Epstein criteria for very low-risk disease. The proportion of patients who selected AS increased from 69% before the training intervention to 81% afterwards. After adjusting for time trends and case mix, the rate of AS after the intervention was 9.1% higher (95% confidence interval −0.4% to 19.4%) than expected, a relative reduction of approximately 30% in the risk of unnecessary curative treatment. Conclusions A systematic approach to counseling can be taught to physicians in a 1-h lecture. We found evidence that even this minimal intervention can decrease overtreatment. Our novel approach offers a framework to help address cancer screening–related overtreatment that occurs across medicine. Patient summary In this study, we evaluated the impact of teaching physicians how to better communicate the benefits and risks of prostate cancer treatments on the willingness of patients to choose active surveillance. Decisions related to cancer are often guided by emotions and biases that lead most patients to seek radical treatment; however, we demonstrated that if discussions are framed differently, these biases can be overcome and more patients will choose active surveillance.
The effects of sternal and intravenous vasopressin administration on pharmacokinetics.

Objective: Purposes of this study were to compare intravenous (IV) and sternal intraosseous (SIO) administration of vasopressin relative to concentration maximum (Cmax), time to maximum concentration (Tmax), and mean concentration in a cardiac arrest model. Design: Prospective, between subjects, randomized experimental design. Setting: Vivarium. Subjects: Yorkshire-cross swine (N = 16) Intervention: Swine were anesthetized, placed into cardiac arrest, and after 2 minutes, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated. After additional 2 minutes, 40 units of vasopressin was administered either by SIO or IV route. Blood samples were collected over 4 minutes. Cmax and means were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Main outcome Measurements: Cmax, Tmax, and mean plasma concentrations. Results: There were no significant differences in the SIO and IV groups in Cmax (p = 0.96) or Tmax (p = 0.27). The IV and SIO group had a mean Cmax of 68,151 ± SD 21,534 and 69,034 ± SD 40,169 pg / mL, respectively. The IV and SIO vasopressin groups had a mean Tmax of 105 ± SD 39 and 80 ± SD 41 seconds, respectively. Conclusion: A multivariate analyses of variance indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in pretest data, Cmax, and Tmax; a repeated analyses of variance indicated that there were no significant differences between the groups relative to mean concentrations of serum vasopressin over time (p > 0.05). Conclusion: When a patient is in cardiac arrest, it is essential to establish rapid and reliable access to blood vessels so that life-saving drugs can be administered and the SIO provides such a route.
Appetite for Innovation: Creativity and Change at elBulli

If you are looking for a book about the food or techniques employed by Ferran Adria at elBulli, this is not that book. However, if you are looking for a sociological analysis concerning the organiz...
Magee Equation 3 predicts pathologic response to neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy in estrogen receptor positive, HER2 negative/equivocal breast tumors

Magee Equations were derived as an inexpensive, rapid alternative to Oncotype DX. The Magee Equation 3 utilizes immunohistochemical and FISH data for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2 and Ki-67 for its calculation (24.30812+ERIHC × (-0.02177)+PRIHC × (-0.02884)+(0 for HER2 negative, 1.46495 for equivocal, 12.75525 for HER2 positive)+Ki-67 × 0.18649). We hypothesize that Magee Equation 3 scores from pre-therapy core biopsy can predict response to neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy. A prospectively-maintained database of patients who received neoadjuvant systemic therapy from 2010 to 2014 at a single institution was retrospectively reviewed. Pathologic complete response was defined as absence of invasive tumor in the breast and regional lymph nodes. Of the 614 cases, tumors with missing immunohistochemical results and those that were ER negative or HER2 positive were excluded. This resulted in 237 ER positive, HER2 negative/equivocal tumors that formed the basis of this study. Magee Equation 3 scores were divided into 3 categories similar to Oncotype DX, ie, 0 to <18 (low), 18 to <31 (intermediate), and 31 or higher (high) scores. The pathologic complete response rate for low, intermediate and high Magee Equation 3 scores was 0%, 4%, and 36%, respectively. Patients with high Magee Equation 3 scores were 13 times more likely to achieve pathologic complete response compared to those with Magee Equation 3 scores less than 31 (95% CI 5.09-32.87, P<0.0001). For patients that did not achieve pathologic complete response, high Magee Equation 3 correlated with higher recurrence rate, with the majority occurring in patients with positive lymph nodes in the resection specimen. Magee Equation 3 score ≥31 predicts pathologic complete response in the neoadjuvant setting and for tumor recurrence, when pathologic complete response is not achieved. These results show the utility of Magee Equation 3 in predicting patients who will benefit from chemotherapy but warrant prospective multi-institutional validation.
Patient with ESRD with vascular calcifications and ischaemic complications.

The prevalence of vascular calcification in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) is very high.1 It is thought that calciphylaxis and vascular calcification are a continuum of extraskeletal osteogenesis and the clinical manifestations depend on the location of the affected artery.2 3 Calciphylaxis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It commonly involves legs, abdomen and gluteal region, and rarely locations such as breast4 and penis. Sodium thiosulfate therapy is frequently used for the treatment of calciphylaxis. However, the response rate is relatively low with only about 27% of patients showing complete resolution, and 1 year mortality remaining high at ~35% despite …