cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An inhibitory pull–push circuit in frontal cortex

Push-pull is a canonical computation of excitatory cortical circuits. By contrast, we identify a pull-push inhibitory circuit in frontal cortex that originates in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-expressing interneurons. During arousal, VIP cells rapidly and directly inhibit pyramidal neurons; VIP cells also indirectly excite these pyramidal neurons via parallel disinhibition. Thus, arousal exerts a feedback pull-push influence on excitatory neurons-an inversion of the canonical push-pull of feedforward input.
Evaluation of Quantitative Electron Microprobe Analyses of Multiphase Microcrystalline Refractory Materials

An appropriate test for homogeneity of composition of standards and of unknown samples is an analysis of variance of the intensity ratios of the components within the grains opposed to the variance between the grains under conditions of constant beam current capacitor change. Replication of analyses is necessary to distinguish inherent instrumental variation from actual chemical inhomogeneities present in the samples. This replication permits an estimate of the imprecision caused by inhomogeneities and the statistical variation of X-ray quanta. The total uncertainty of an analysis is the sum of systematic error—primarily reference standard uncertainty—and the imprecision. For multiphase mixtures of microcrystalline refractory oxide material, an uncertainty of ± 2% of the amount of oxide component present in a given phase should be considered a good analysis. This value is based on experimental work in the system MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2.
Do Work-Family Conflict and Resiliency Mediate Police Stress and Burnout: a Study of State Police Officers

Occupational stress and burnout have long been recognized as common hazards among police officers. The present study examines whether demographic characteristics and assignment affect police officers’ work-family conflict (WFC), resiliency, stress and burnout, and whether WFC and resiliency mediate the stress and burnout of police officers. The data were collected from a Mid-Atlantic state police agency in the United States of America through a web-based survey. Regression results revealed that minority officers tended to have lower levels of WFC and burnout and better educated officers reported lower degrees of WFC and stress. WFC was positively related to stress and burnout, while resilience was inversely linked to stress and burnout. The effects of race and education disappeared when WFC and resiliency entered the regression, suggesting that their impact was largely mediated by WFC and resiliency. Lastly, stress was found to be positively associated with burnout. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
Comorbid pathological gambling, mental health, and substance use disorders: Health-care services provision by clinician specialty.

Background and aimsPathological gambling (PG) is an impulse control disorder. This study assessed the burden of co-occurring behavioral addictions and mental health disorders in treatment-seeking patients and estimated the likelihood of receiving care for these disorders by clinician specialty.MethodsStudy data were derived from the Massachusetts All-Payer Claims Database, a representative database, for the period 2009–2013. The sample included commercially insured adult residents of Massachusetts. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to estimate the likelihood of provision of care by clinician specialty adjusting for patient’s demographic characteristics and level of care. Bonferroni correction was applied to adjust for multiple testing.ResultsThe study sample included 869 patients. Treatment-seeking patients who had a diagnosis of PG were mostly males (71%), aged 45–54 years (26.7%) and enrolled in a health maintenance organization (47%). The most prevalent co-occurring disorders a...
A feasibility study of using advanced external beam techniques to create a vaginal cuff brachytherapy-like endometrial boost plan.

The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of using advanced external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) planning techniques for creating plans that could be used as a possible alternative for high-dose rate (HDR) vaginal cuff brachytherapy (VCBT) boost in treating endometrial cancer. The computed tomography (CT) images of a total of 4 female patients who had endometrial cancer treated with HDR-VCBT were selected for this study. A typical HDR-VCBT target volume, 0.5-cm-thick shell volume around the cylinder applicator in the prescribed treatment length was contoured and used as the planning target volume (PTV) in both the HDR VCBT and the EBRT VCBT-like plans. HDR-VCBT plans were made based on the clinical protocol, 6 Gy given at the cylinder surface. The EBRT plans were generated using either a 7-field intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or a 2-arc volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) techniques for different cylinder sizes and treatment lengths, with the prescription dose of 5 Gy. Organs at risk (OARs) such as bladder, femoral heads, rectum, and sigmoid were also contoured and used in dosimetric evaluations. Dose-to-target metrics included mean dose, the dose covering 90% of target volume (D90) and the percentage of target volume covered by 90% of prescription dose (V90 or V13.5 Gy). Dose to OAR metrics included the maximum dose received by 0.1 cc (D0.1cc), 1.0 cc (D1.0cc), and 2.0 cc (D2.0cc) of OARs. These metrics were calculated and compared between all techniques. After the EBRT plans were normalized to achieve a comparable mean dose to target as HDR-VCBT, the EBRT plans were found to have superior target coverage and increased dose homogeneity compared with HDR-VCBT. V90s of EBRT plans were 95%, compared with 50% to 58% of the HDR plans. However, D0.1cc, D1.0cc, and D2.0cc of OARs were 2% to 38% lower in HDR-VCBT than in EBRT. Although HDR-VCBT plans demonstrated superior normal tissue sparing, both EBRT and HDR-VCBT plans produce plans that met clinical dose constraints on normal tissues. Advanced EBRT techniques such as IMRT and VMAT are capable of making plans, which closely resemble HDR-VCBT. Although the doses of OARs are greater in EBRT than in HDR-VCBT, the prescription dose coverage and dose homogeneity of the EBRT plans are greater than that of HDR-VCBT plans at the similar mean dose, and the OAR dose is still acceptable with EBRT plans. The detailed dosimetric approaches are provided in the study.
Structure of a Thermobifida fusca lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and mutagenesis of key residues

Auxiliary activity (AA) enzymes are produced by numerous bacterial and fungal species to assist in the degradation of biomass. These enzymes are abundant but have yet to be fully characterized. Here, we report the X-ray structure of Thermobifida fusca AA10A (TfAA10A), investigate mutational characterization of key surface residues near its active site, and explore the importance of the various domains of Thermobifida fusca AA10B (TfAA10B). The structure of TfAA10A is similar to other bacterial LPMOs (lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases), including signs of photo-reduction and a distorted active site, with mixed features showing both type I and II copper coordination. The point mutation experiments of TfAA10A show that Trp82 and Asn83 are needed for binding, but only Trp82 affects activity. The TfAA10B domain truncation mutants reveal that CBM2 is crucial for the binding of substrate, but that the X1 module does not affect binding or activity. In TfAA10A, Trp82 and Asn83 are needed for binding, but only Trp82 affects activity. The TfAA10B domain truncation mutants reveal that CBM2 is crucial for substrate binding, but that the X1 module does not affect binding or activity. The structure of TfAA10A is similar to other bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with mixed features showing both type I and II copper coordination. The role of LPMOs and the variability of abundance in genomes are not fully explored. LPMOs likely perform initial attacks into crystalline cellulose to allow larger processive cellulases to bind and attack, but the precise nature of their synergistic behavior remains to be definitively characterized.
Modulating Neurotrophin Receptor Signaling as a Therapeutic Strategy for Huntington's Disease.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG repeat expansions in the IT15 gene which encodes the huntingtin (HTT) protein. Currently, no treatments capable of preventing or slowing disease progression exist. Disease modifying therapeutics for HD would be expected to target a comprehensive set of degenerative processes given the diverse mechanisms contributing to HD pathogenesis including neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, and transcription dysregulation. A major contributor to HD-related degeneration is mutant HTT-induced loss of neurotrophic support. Thus, neurotrophin (NT) receptors have emerged as therapeutic targets in HD. The considerable overlap between NT signaling networks and those dysregulated by mutant HTT provides strong theoretical support for this approach. This review will focus on the contributions of disrupted NT signaling in HD-related neurodegeneration and how targeting NT receptors to augment pro-survival signaling and/or to inhibit degenerative signaling may combat HD pathologies. Therapeutic strategies involving NT delivery, peptidomimetics, and the targeting of specific NT receptors (e.g., Trks or p75NTR), particularly with small molecule ligands, are discussed.
Analytic Activism and Its Limitations

Some of the most important impacts of social media on social movement organizations come not through the new forms of speech that are created but through new forms of listening. This article discus...
Changes in urban plant phenology in the Pacific Northwest from 1959 to 2016: anthropogenic warming and natural oscillation.

In the Pacific Northwest of the USA, winter and spring temperature vary with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, making effects of anthropogenic warming difficult to detect. We sought to detect community-level signals of anthropogenic change in a legacy plant phenology dataset. We analyzed both incomplete data from 1959 to 2016 on spring phenology of 115 species and more complete 1996–2016 data on spring and fall events for 607 plant species. We used ordination of the long-term dataset to identify two major axes of community-level change in phenology among years, with the first being a trend toward earlier spring phenology in more recent years. In contrast, for the short-term dataset, variation in spring phenology was mostly PDO-driven and did not reveal a strong trend over time. At both time scales, a second axis of phenological variation reflected summer and fall events, especially earlier appearance of fall color in recent years. In univariate analysis, more than 80% of individual species’ leaf out dates and first flower dates occurred earlier over time, for an average advance across all species of 2.5 days per decade from 1959 to 2016. While most events did not advance in the period 1996–2016, fall color advanced by 10.6 days per decade, suggesting that intensification of summer drought has continued regardless of the PDO cycle. While estimates of slope over time depended strongly on the time window chosen for the analysis, estimates of slope versus temperature were consistently negative regardless of time window, averaging 5–7 days per 1 °C for spring events.
Intracavity far-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy of van der Waals complexes in supersonic free jets

The spectrum of the lowest perpendicular bending vibration-rotation band in Ar-HCl, occurring near 35 cm−1, has been obtained with this new technique with SNRs in excess of 104 and resolution of nuclear hyperfine structure. Eighty Stark hyperfine components of the R(0), Q(1), and Q(2) vibration-rotation lines of Ar–H35Cl and eighty-four Stark hyperfine components of the R(0), Q(1), and Q(2) vibration-rotation lines of Ar–H37 Cl have been measured with a precision of <1 MHz and analyzed by least-squares techniques to obtain precise values for the vibrational band origin, the dipole moment, the effective rotational constant, the I-type doubling constant, and the chlorine nuclear quadrupole coupling constants in the excited perpendicular bending state.
Developmental Aspects of Bile Acid Metabolism and Hepatic Function

Bile acids represent the major solid constituents in bile. They are essential for bile formation due principally to their unique chemical and structural characteristics which permit the solubilization and secretion of nonpolar lipids and potentially toxic compounds into bile. In the fetus and developing infant, major changes in the structural and functional characteristics of the hepatocytes and in the organization of the liver occur. In turn, biliary lipid secretion, the distribution and size of the bile acid pool and the functional capacity of the infant to excrete organic anions and absorb essential lipophilic nutrients are markedly altered.
Automatic classification of cochlear implant electrode cavity positioning.

Cochlear Implants (CIs) restore hearing using an electrode array that is surgically implanted into the intra-cochlear cavities. Research has indicated that each electrode can lie in one of several cavities and that location is significantly associated with hearing outcomes. However, comprehensive analysis of this phenomenon has not been possible because the cavities are not directly visible in clinical CT images and because existing methods to estimate cavity location are not accurate enough, labor intensive, or their accuracy has not been validated. In this work, a novel graph-based search is presented to automatically identify the cavity in which each electrode is located. We test our approach on CT scans from a set of 34 implanted temporal bone specimens. High resolution µCT scans of the specimens, where cavities are visible, show our method to have 98% cavity classification accuracy. These results indicate that our methods could be used on a large scale to study the link between electrode placement and outcome, which could lead to advances that improve hearing outcomes for CI users.
Nonlinear Adaptive Control of Quadrotor Multi-Flipping Maneuvers in the Presence of Time-Varying Torque Latency

The dynamics of quadrotors are affected by time-varying torque latency, which can greatly alter the stability robustness and performance of the closed-loop control schemes employed for flight; this issue is especially relevant during the execution of aerobatic maneuvers such as high-speed multi-flips. To address this problem, we propose two controller synthesis methods associated with two different modeling approaches. In the first approach, we describe torque latency with a linear time-invariant (LTI)model, identified through ground experiments, which is then used to design a backstepping-based nonlinear controller. In the second approach, we employ an improved linear time-varying (LTV)model with a priori unknown parameters, which is used to synthesize and implement a novel nonlinear adaptive control scheme updated in real time using the recursive least-squares (RLS)algorithm. Empirical observations suggest that the torque delay affecting the system depends on the time-varying angular speed of the flyer and its derivative. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that the aerodynamic forces produced by, and acting on, the rotating propellers vary with the local velocity of the incident flows. Hence, in the proposed adaptive structure, we define the parameters of the LTV latency model as linear functions of the angular speed reference and its derivative. Experimental results compellingly demonstrate the efficacy of the methods introduced in this paper; compared to the highperformance linear controller in [1]–[3], the backstepping-based control scheme and adaptive controller decrease the average root mean square (RMS)value of the control error by 17.82 % and 38.42 %, respectively.
The Functional and Molecular Effects of Doxycycline Treatment on Borrelia burgdorferi Phenotype

Recent studies have shown that Borrelia burgdorferi can form antibiotic-tolerant persisters in the presence of microbiostatic drugs such as doxycycline. Precisely how this occurs is yet unknown. Our goal was to examine gene transcription by B. burgdorferi following doxycycline treatment in an effort to identify both persister-associated genes and possible targets for antimicrobial intervention. To do so, we performed next-generation RNA sequencing on doxycycline-treated spirochetes and treated spirochetes following regrowth, comparing them to untreated B. burgdorferi. A number of genes were perturbed and most of those which were statistically significant were down-regulated in the treated versus the untreated or treated/re-grown. Genes upregulated in the treated B. burgdorferi included a number of Erp genes and rplU, a 50S ribosomal protein. Among those genes associated with post-treatment regrowth were bba74 (Oms28), bba03, several peptide ABC transporters, ospA, ospB, ospC, dbpA and bba62. Studies are underway to determine if these same genes are perturbed in B. burgdorferi treated with doxycycline in a host environment.
Neuroimaging of acute and chronic unilateral and bilateral thalamic lesions

The thalami are bilateral ovoid grey matter cerebral structures bordering the third ventricle on both sides, which participate in functions such as relaying of sensory and motor signals, regulation of consciousness, and alertness. Pathologies affecting the thalami can be of neoplastic, infectious, vascular, toxic, metabolic, or congenital origin.The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive approach to the thalamus focusing on its anatomy, the main pathologies affecting this structure and their radiological semiology on CT and MRI. We will also illustrate the importance of multimodal MR imaging (morphologic sequences, diffusion-weighted imaging, perfusion, spectroscopy) for the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
Single-shot Multispectral Color Imaging Through Scattering Media

Memory effect (ME) imaging forms high-fidelity, diffraction-limited images through scatter without any prior knowledge. Here we demonstrate compressive ME imaging by extracting a color image of a scatter-obscured object from a single coded monochrome exposure.
GREEN ORGANIZATIONS: A PRIMER

Green organizations infuse as many of their operations as possible with green strategies which are appropriate for the organizations, their customers, and community. To them, going green makes economic, environmental, and productive sense. Although the concept of a green organization has already gained some traction, there are no direct regulatory and consumer constraints in operation. Popular ccompanies are transforming their business practices into green ones. This paper provides a brief introduction to green organizations.
Tacit Knowledge Origins and Team Performance: The Role of External Team Shared Experience

The literature on team tacit knowledge suggests that lessons learned from team shared experience are context specific and sensitive to its origin. However, ample evidence in the organizational lear...
Dynamic Brillouin microscopy imaging

Brillouin microscopy is an emerging imaging modality in a broad area of biomedical research and clinical applications. Over the past decade, a significance progress has been achieved in developing better, more accurate and more user-friendly instrumentation for Brillouin microscopy and in fundamental understanding of the imaging contrast affordable in Brillouin microscopy. In this report, we report on our progress on developing advanced Brillouin microscopy imaging for imaging of dynamic biological processes.
Automatic Calibration, Acquisition, and Analysis for Color Experiments

This article is presenting a device for color experiments with automatic setup. The device is designed to carry on measurements of color of semi-homogenous objects. The light conditions are controlled by mikroPc and standardized for the experiments. The capturing camera setup and calibrations are done automatically using Gray World theory for white balance and defined background. The calibration is adjusted by brightness and contrast calibration, and difference between black and white versus light and dark. The device is connected with the software for automatic color analysis. The object is segmented from the background and transformed into several color space representations. The color channel distributions are statistically evaluated.
Visual Culture of Control.

Current discussions regarding the notion of visual culture in art educational practice center the actions of the viewer as participant within the networks of visuality common in many contemporary societies. Surveillance technologies and techniques shift this notion of participation from active to passive, from seeing to being seen. This article explores the relationship between the gaze as structured by art educational practice and contemporary forms of surveillance, looking to theoreticians who analyze power as it is formed within complex visual networks. Visual culture is becoming a common term within the field of art education. Wliile the term is increasingly familiar, the parameters of prac tices informed by and responding to visual culture are far from agreed upon. WTien researchers in the field discuss visual culture, they might be discussing television broadcasts (Freedman, 2003), professional wrestling (Duncum, 2002), clothing stores (Tavin, Lovelace, Stabler, & Maxam 2003), tourism (Ballengee-Morris, 2002), or any number of related socio cultural activities. Although each of these activities is quite diverse, one similarity is that individuals who participate in these activities can relate to them; they are not relegated to the realm of 'high culture.' They are common, understood through direct processes of engagement, based in "practices of everyday life" (de Certeau, 1984). Media theorist Nicholas Mirzoeff (1993, 2005) has written widely on the topic of visual culture, defining it not as the products of consumer and/or high culture, but rather as a cultural tendency towards employing visual information as the privileged mode of representation and compre hension. In comparison to societies based in oral traditions or text-based media, many contemporary cultures communicate through and under stand each other primarily through images. This distinction is important, for two reasons: First, it affirms the importance for addressing visual culture-based approaches in art educational practice, as this is a field that is relevant to life in the 21st century. Second, it situates artistic production as generative, specifically pointing towards the role of the art educator as participant in the creation and understanding of contemporary forms of visuality. These forms of visuality are currently being formed, transmitted, absorbed, and repurposed at a rapid pace. The terrorist attacks of September 11th stand as one recent event that has dramatically shifted the landscape of contemporary visual culture. The real-time broadcast of the attacks on the World Trade Center twin towers have generated a variety of visual responses, from online art exhibitions presented as a forum for
Collaboration with non-emergency care specialists and other emergency care providers: A research primer for low- and middle-income countries.

Abstract As emergency and acute care systems develop, the ability to broadly engage key stakeholders becomes paramount for success. Collaborating with emergency medicine clinicians as well as other providers who have already developed their specialties, administrative leadership, as well as networking locally and regionally would maximise the success of developing a sustainable emergency care system.
A Modular Pad Design compatible with SAE J2954 for Dynamic Inductive Power Transfer

Electric vehicle OEMs are utilizing Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) as a solution to charge Electric Vehicles (EVs). Dynamic IPT systems enable in motion charging of EVs hence reducing the range anxiety with operating an EV. Constant power delivery in dynamic IPT systems is a challenge due to the coupling variation between the ground assemblies (GAs) and the vehicle assembly (VA). Typically magnetic coupling decreases when the VA is located between two GAs resulting in reduced power transfer. This paper proposes a new GA geometry to reduce magnetic coupling variations during pad transitions. The proposed GA (Booster Coil) is designed to transfer 10 KW to a SAE J2954 WPT3Z3 VA and 30KW to a newly designed VA, respectively. The Booster coil GA offers modularity and compatibility with SAE J2954 WPt3Z3 VA.
The Oath Doesn't Require Originalist Judges

The "Oath Argument" purports to show that judges should be originalists. This short paper shows that nothing about the Oath to uphold the Constitution requires that judges decide Constitutional questions as originalists, even if we grant that the Constitution's meaning is determined by its original public meaning.
The utility of hereditary thrombophilia testing among patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism

INTRODUCTION Hereditary-thrombophilia (HT) testing is often sent during the evaluation of patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism (VTE). This remains a frequent practice even though the results of such testing are often of unclear practical significance. METHODS We conducted a multicenter retrospective study to assess whether HT is associated with risk of recurrent VTE among patients who discontinue anticoagulation (AC) following an unprovoked VTE. RESULTS A total of 528 adult patients were included, 28% of whom (N = 110) tested positive for HT. Median follow-up was 55 months (IQR 40-66 months) following AC discontinuation. One hundred and twenty-four patients (23%) had a recurrent VTE during follow-up, including 29/110 with HT (26%) and 95/418 without HT (23%). Risk of recurrent VTE over time was similar between the two groups (logrank P = .47). The HR for recurrence among patients with HT was 1.17 (95% CI 0.76 to 1.81). On multivariable analysis, HT was not associated with recurrence of VTE (HR with HT = 1.07 (95% CI 0.69-1.65), P = .74). The only factor significantly associated with risk of VTE recurrence on multivariable analysis was presence of PE (as opposed to DVT alone) (HR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.02-2.30, P = .035). CONCLUSION The presence of HT was not associated with risk of recurrent VTE in this cohort of patients. These findings underscore the questionable clinical utility of routine thrombophilia testing among patient with unprovoked VTE and suggest that such testing should not be routinely pursued.
Greater Collagen-Induced Platelet Aggregation Following Cyclooxygenase 1 Inhibition Predicts Incident Acute Coronary Syndromes

Greater ex vivo platelet aggregation to agonists may identify individuals at risk of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, increased aggregation to a specific agonist may be masked by inherent variability in other activation pathways. In this study, we inhibited the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1) pathway with 2-week aspirin therapy and measured residual aggregation to collagen and ADP to determine whether increased aggregation in a non-COX1 pathway is associated with incident ACS. We assessed ex vivo whole blood platelet aggregation in 1,699 healthy individuals with a family history of early-onset coronary artery disease followed for 6±1.2 years. Incident ACS events were observed in 22 subjects. Baseline aggregation was not associated with ACS. After COX1 pathway inhibition, collagen-induced aggregation was significantly greater in participants with ACS compared with those without (29.0 vs. 23.6 ohms, p < 0.001). In Cox proportional hazards models, this association remained significant after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors (HR = 1.10, 95%CI = 1.06-1.15; p < 0.001). In contrast, ADP-induced aggregation after COX1 inhibition was not associated with ACS. After COX1 pathway inhibition, subjects with greater collagen-induced platelet aggregation demonstrated a significant excess risk of incident ACS. These data suggest that platelet activation related to collagen may play an important role in the risk of ACS.
Molecular tools to support metabolic and immune function research in the Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris).

Guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris) production as an alternative source of meat and poultry has shown potential for economic viability. However, there has been little progress in characterizing the transcriptome of the guinea fowl. In this study RNA-sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly of several Guinea fowl tissues (pancreas, hypothalamus, liver, bone marrow and bursa) which play key roles in regulating feed intake, satiety, and immune function was performed using Illumina’s Hi-Seq 2000. 74 million sequences were generated and assembled into 96,492 contigs using the Trinity software suite. Over 39,000 of these transcripts were found to have in silico translated protein sequences that are homologous to chicken protein sequences. Gene ontology analysis uncovered 416 transcripts with metabolic functions and 703 with immune function. The transcriptome information presented here will support the development of molecular approaches to improve production efficiency of the guinea fowl and other avian species.
An introduction to producing surrealistic visualizations for physics, math, and computer science

In this workshop, a lecture will be presented along with a demonstration of the basics of producing surrealistic visualization for instruction in Physics, Math, and Computer Science. The approach to be demonstrated involves use of a combination of software packages which are readily available, although not free. Topics to be covered include insertion of objects, shading of objects, formula morphing, text insertion, scene insertion and how to use a physics engine in order to provide active animation for the visualization. Rendering of constructed scenes into a completed movie file and compression into a format for efficient internet delivery will be shown.
On the Comparison of Additive‐Free HfBrSiC Ceramics Sintered by Reactive Hot‐Pressing and Spark Plasma Sintering

Ultra-high-temperature HfB 2 -SiC ceramics were produced by reactive hot-pressing (RHP) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) successfully. In the former case, a mixture of Hf/Si/B 4 C, mechanically mixed in molar ratio 2.2/0.8/1, was "in-situ" converted into HfB 2 and SiC, and then directly hot-pressed until full density was achieved. In the SPS case, a powder mixture of HfB 2 + 30vol% SiC was fully densified at 2,100°C, 100°C/min heating rate and 2 min dwell time. The microstructure in both the materials consisted of faceted diboride grains, finer in the RHP case, with SiC particles evenly distributed intergranularly. The combination of some thermo-mechanical properties was of considerable significance. Flexural strength of the RHP fabricated material measured at 25 °C and 1,500 °C in ambient air was 770′35 and 310′15 MPa, respectively. A relevant merit characterized fracture toughness and flexural strength of the material produced by SPS: the values measured at room temperature (3.9′0.3 MPa.m and 590′50 MPa, respectively) did not decrease appreciably at 1500 °C (4.0′0.1 MPa.m and 600′15 MPa, respectively).
Drosophila Embryo: Homeotic Genes in Specification of the Anterior–Posterior Axis

The products of the homeotic genes of Drosophila melanogaster are a set of transcription factors, each with its own unique expression pattern and battery of target genes. It is the combination of these two features by which, as a group, the homeotic genes are capable of specifying the collections of cell types characteristic of different regions of the animal body. Keywords: embryogenesis; homeotic; homeodomain; segmental identity
ENIAC/spl minus/a problem solver

This article provides a firsthand perspective on the use of ENIAC as a problem solver during its 10 years of successful operation as a working computer from November 1945 until October 1955. It provides a view of ENIAC's place in history as well as information covering the people, the operation, the reliability, and aspects of the problem-preparation process. An appendix covers the complete range of problems handled by ENIAC. >
Gene-Locus Mutation Assays in Diploid Human Lymphoblast Lines

Our primary reasons for using diploid human lymphoblast lines in studies of mutagenesis are that they can be grown in free suspension; they appear to be genetically stable for chromosome number, as well as immortal; and they are readily derived from humans of different genetic backgrounds and possibly different sensitivities to mutagenic agents. Of these properties, the most important in assessing the mutagenicity of a large number of suspect chemicals is the lymphoblasts' ability to grow in suspension culture. This characteristic offers the potential for preprogrammed, automatic handling, which probably could not be achieved with anchorage-dependent cells. In this chapter, we will introduce the basics of lymphoblast husbandry and some protocols (tricks) that we have used to facilitate their use in studying genetic change.
Beyond Pleasure and Pain: How Motivation Works

Part I: Introduction and Background Chapter 1: Motivation Beyond Pleasure and Pain Chapter 2: What is Motivation? Chapter 3: Value, Truth & Control: Ways of Being Effective Part II: Ways of Being Effective Chapter 4: Value: Having Desired Results Chapter 5: Truth: Establishing What's Real Chapter 6: Control: Managing What Happens Part III: Motivations Working Together Chapter 7: Value-Truth Relations: Creating Commitment Chapter 8: Value-Control Relations: It's the Fit that Counts Chapter 9: Truth-Control Relations: Going in the Right Direction Chapter 10: Value-Truth-Control Relations: Organization of Motives Part IV: Implications of Motivations Working Together Chapter 11: Personality & Culture: Ways of Seeing & Coping With the World Chapter 12: Managing Motives Effectively: Working Backwards from What You Want Chapter 13: What is the Good Life?: Well-Being from Being Effective
Dual-Level Metal (DLM) method for fabricating thin film wiring structures

This paper describes a fabrication method for multilevel, thin film wiring in which each wiring level and a solid via or stud to the level below, are formed as one integral unit. The processing scheme described makes use of a photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) for defining the wiring channels and a non-photosensitive polyimide for the vias. The via opening in the non-photosensitive polyimide is formed by laser ablation while the wiring channels are formed in the PSPI layer by photolithography. The via hole and the channels in the PSPI are filled in the same metallization step consisting of electroplating copper over a sputtered seed layer. The wiring pattern is finally delineated when a planarization step removes the excess plated copper. This processing method, which we refer to as the Dual Layer Metallization (DLM) method, is found to be very economical, in terms of the number of process steps involved, for forming multilevel, polyimide-copper wiring structures. >
Cooling Rates and the Depth of Detachment Faulting at Oceanic Core Complexes: Evidence from Zircon Pb/U and (U-Th)/He Ages

Oceanic detachment faulting represents a distinct mode of seafloor spreading at slow spreading mid-ocean ridges, but many questions persist about the thermal evolution and depth of faulting. We present new Pb/U and (U-Th)/He zircon ages and combine them with magnetic anomaly ages to define the cooling histories of gabbroic crust exposed by oceanic detachment faults at three sites along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) holes 1270D and 1275D near the 15°20′N Transform, and Atlantis Massif at 30°N). Closure temperatures for the Pb/U (∼800°C–850°C) and (U-Th)/He (∼210°C) isotopic systems in zircon bracket acquisition of magnetic remanence, collectively providing a temperature-time history during faulting. Results indicate cooling to ∼200°C in 0.3–0.5 Myr after zircon crystallization, recording time-averaged cooling rates of ∼1000°C–2000°C/Myr. Assuming the footwalls were denuded along single continuous faults, differences in Pb/U and (U-Th)/He zircon ages together with independently determined slip rates allow the distance between the ∼850°C and ∼200°C isotherms along the fault plane to be estimated. Calculated distances are 8.4 ± 4.2 km and 5.0 ± 2.1 km from holes 1275D and 1270D and 8.4 ± 1.4 km at Atlantis Massif. Estimating an initial subsurface fault dip of 50° and a depth of 1.5 km to the 200°C isotherm leads to the prediction that the ∼850°C isotherm lies ∼5–7 km below seafloor at the time of faulting. These depth estimates for active fault systems are consistent with depths of microseismicity observed beneath the hypothesized detachment fault at the TAG hydrothermal field and high-temperature fault rocks recovered from many oceanic detachment faults.
Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol. 2. The 4-Chlorocatechol Pathway

The TiO2-mediated photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorocatechol is studied as a branch of the degradation of 4-chlorophenol. In addition to some basic kinetic studies, the identities of many of the cyclic and acyclic intermediates, verified in most cases with authentic samples, are reported. From 4-chlorocatechol, the major product is hydroxylation to form 5-chloro-1,2,4-benzenetriol. A small amount of 4-chloropyrogallol is also produced. Substitution to give 1,2,4-benzenetriol is observed as is oxidative cleavage of the C1−C2 bond to give the diacid. The major products of all of the triols are those of oxidative cleavages, occurring mainly between ortho hydroxy-substituted carbons to give diacids but also between one hydroxy and one unsubstituted carbon to give acid-aldehydes. Many smaller intermediates in the degradations are identified, and pathways are proposed for the larger compounds.
Health-related quality of life for veterans with spinal cord injury

Study design: Cross-sectional. Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the association between the characteristics of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Setting: The United States. Methods: Questions from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey were sent to veterans with SCI. The analyses included 2302 respondents. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between subject characteristics and the following four measures of HRQoL: frequent physical distress (FPD), frequent mental distress (FMD), frequent depressive symptoms (FDS) and poor or fair self-reported health. Results: Approximately 19% of the respondents reported FMD, 27% reported FPD, 17% reported FDS and 29% reported poor or fair health. Veterans who self-reported chronic illnesses, had higher odds of reporting FPD, FMD, FDS and poor or fair health than veterans who did not report chronic illnesses. Smoking was significantly associated with decreased HRQoL. Older veterans had higher odds of reporting poor or fair health and FPD than younger veterans. Higher levels of education were associated with lower odds of FMD, FDS and poor or fair health. Conclusions: Chronic illnesses and smoking have a substantial effect on HRQoL for persons with SCI, suggesting the importance of continued efforts to improve smoking cessation methods and to treat and prevent chronic conditions.
Nearest neighbor phase synchronization as a measure to detect seizure activity from scalp EEG recordings.

The author presents results from the application of a particular measure for synchronization between brain areas (i.e., phase synchronization) in its behavior to detect epileptic seizure activity from scalp EEG recordings. The primary motivation for the current study was to contribute to the development of physiologic measures that both transform the EEG to a visual domain that allows a more intuitive interpretation of the interictal and ictal EEG and allows automated analysis, both relevant for real-time monitoring. EEGs from 16 patients experiencing temporal lobe and generalized seizures were analyzed. Nearest neighbor phase synchronization (NNPS) values for several frequency bands were determined. Additional analysis of the NNPS in the delta band, using different thresholds, allows construction of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for each EEG analyzed. The common value for the sensitivity and the specificity, Q*, was used as a measure for the test accuracy, with values of Q* near 1.0, indicating ROC curves with sensitivity and specificity both approaching 1.0. It was found that Q* = 0.48 to 0.87, depending on the EEG analyzed, indicating that the proposed method allows seizure detection in a significant portion of the EEGs studied. Nearest neighbor phase synchronization was typically increased during seizure activity and seems to be a promising method to detect seizure activity from scalp EEG recordings. The proposed visualization allows an intuitive interpretation of the EEG and may assist in real-time monitoring.
Preparing special educators to teach reading and use curriculum-based assessments

Preparing special educators who are knowledgeable about evidence-based interventions for teaching reading to students with reading difficulties and who are capable of using curriculum-based assessments to monitor student progress and differentiate interventions is vital to the success of current school reform efforts. The primary purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the effect of tutoring and using assessment to monitor the progress of struggling readers on preservice teachers’ (PSTs’) knowledge and preparedness to teach reading. Also of interest was whether reading scores of tutored students improved. PSTs (n = 18) in an undergraduate reading methods course tutored at-risk second graders using an evidence-based intervention and monitored students’ progress weekly. PSTs made significant growth on a measure of teacher knowledge about the structure of language and on a survey of their preparedness to teach reading. A qualitative analysis of PSTs’ weekly reflections and final reports revealed that the majority used curriculum-based assessment data to describe students’ response to tutoring and were beginning to use that data to make instructional decisions. On average, tutored students improved reading fluency, but did not demonstrate significant growth in reading relative to national norms. Implications and limitations of the study are described and directions for future research are discussed.
Positron Lifetime Spectra in the Noble Gases

Positron lifetime spectra have been measured in helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon at pressures of a few atmospheres. The annihilation rates of the free positrons are found to be time-dependent. Physical reasons, based on the strong correlation between energy and age of a positron, are suggested for this time dependence. Three parameters describing the main features of the free-positron spectrum are separated from the data, for each gas, and tabulated.
A comparison between numerical calculations and experimental measurements of the structure of a counterflow diffusion flame burning diluted methane in diluted air

Results of a theoretical and experimental study of the structure of a counterflow diffusion flame burning diluted methane in diluted air are reported. Concentration profiles of the stable species were measured using gas sampling techniques with quartz microprobes. The samples were analyzed with a gas chromatograph. Temperature profiles were measured using coated thermocouples. Numerical calculations of the structure of the flame were performed with an adaptive nonlinear boundary value method at conditions identical to those used in the experiment. The results are compared using both the physical coordinate and the mixture fraction as the independent variable. Excellent agreement is obtained for concentration profiles of CH4, O2, N2, CO2 and H2O and for the peak value of the temperature. The complete temperature profile and the H2 and CO profiles are not in as good agreement and the differences are attributed to the neglect of C2 chemistry in the numerical calculations.
Estimation of exponential random graph models for large social networks via graph limits

Analyzing and modeling network data have become increasingly important in a wide range of scientific fields. Among popular models, exponential random graph models (ERGM) have been developed to study these complex networks. For large networks, however, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of parameters in these models can be very difficult, due to the unknown normalizing constant. Alternative strategies based on Markov chain Monte Carlo draw samples to approximate the likelihood, which is then maximized to obtain the MLE. These strategies have poor convergence due to model degeneracy issues. Chatterjee and Diaconis [1] propose a new theoretical framework for estimating the parameters of ERGM by approximating the normalizing constant using the emerging tools in graph theory---graph limits. In this paper, we construct a complete computational procedure built upon their results with practical innovations. More specifically, we evaluate the likelihood via simple function approximation of the corresponding ERGM's graph limit and iteratively maximize the likelihood to obtain the MLE. We also propose a new matching method to find a starting point for our iterative algorithm. Through simulation study and real data analysis of two large social networks, we show that our new method outperforms the MCMC-based method, especially when the network size is large (more than 100 nodes).
Abstract 1061A: Role of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPH1 in breast cancer

Tyrosine phosphorylation, which is controlled by the balanced action of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), regulates critical cellular processes including proliferation and malignant transformation. While PTKs have a well-established role in breast cancer, the contribution of PTPs remains mostly unknown. Our recent studies demonstrated that the PTPH1 tyrosine phosphatase promotes K-Ras-dependent colon cancer growth through binding and dephosphorylating p38γ MAPK, and here we showed that PTPH1 increases breast cancer growth through the nuclear receptor VDR (vitamin D receptor). PTPH1 was shown to be over-expressed in about 50% of primary breast tumors and importantly its expression levels are significantly higher in HER-2 positive breast cancers. PTPH-forced expression increases breast cancer growth independent of its phosphatase activity and its oncogenic activity was further established by a growth inhibitory response through shRNA-mediated PTPH1 depletion. Mechanistically, PTPH1 was found to specifically induce the nuclear receptor VDR but not ER or PR expression and inhibition of endogenous VDR expression by shRNA or the genetic knockout completely blocks PTPH1-induced growth stimulation, which couples with an altered intracellular VDR localization. These results reveal a promoting role of a novel tyrosine phosphtase PTPH1 in breast cancer growth through signaling cross-talk with VDR, which may be a new target for breast cancer control. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1061A.