cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic Treatment of Chronic Tibial Spine Malunion.

Abstract Reports of surgical resection and internal fixation for symptomatic tibial spine malunion are rare, and the reported techniques typically involve an open surgical approach. We present an all-arthroscopic technique of tibial spine malunion treatment, with selective arthroscopic bone resection below the tibial spine, preserving the anterior cruciate ligament attachment, followed by internal fixation of the tibial spine with a hybrid transtibial and suture–bridge construct using knotless anchors and tape sutures.
New fossils of Jurassic ophiurid brittle stars (Ophiuroidea; Ophiurida) provide evidence for early clade evolution in the deep sea

Understanding of the evolutionary history of the ophiuroids, or brittle stars, is hampered by a patchy knowledge of the fossil record. Especially, the stem members of the living clades are poorly k...
Creep properties of advanced austenitic steel 709 determined through short experiments under in-situ neutron diffraction followed by TEM characterization

Abstract In this study, the creep mechanisms at play in Alloy 709 (Fe-20Cr-25Ni) are investigated by performing short-term creep-type tests under in-situ neutron diffraction experiments. Short tests are performed in the temperature range of 500 to 900 °C under constant load with a load ranging from 50 to 150 MPa. The creep exponent and activation energy are determined using the Bird-Mukherjee-Dorn relation and compared to that obtained from conventional longer creep tests from the literature. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) of the post-creep microstructure indicates that interaction of dislocations with precipitates are a dominant mechanism at play. Furthermore, local elemental mapping indicated chemical segregation at grain boundaries and formation of complex precipitates.
Electrical characterization of freestanding complex oxide ferroelectrics: Artifacts and experimental precautions

Recently, freestanding complex oxide ferroelectric materials have gained attention due to their tremendous potential in electronic and mechanical engineering applications. Whether these materials in a freestanding form exhibit intrinsically different behavior than in a strongly bonded as-grown state is a topic of ongoing exploration. Several factors such as circuit configuration, substrates, and electronic measurement conditions can affect probing the intrinsic properties of these materials and complicate the conclusive outcome of such exploration. The importance of maintaining the same experimental conditions for a comparative study of these materials in as-grown and freestanding states is discussed here.
Comparing pyrometry and thermography in ballistic impact experiments

Abstract Thermal analyses of projectile impact and subsequent combustion are investigated for aluminum projectiles using a high-velocity impact ignition system. Temperature measurements are compared using pyrometry and thermography. The implementation of these techniques is discussed, as well as their benefits and limitations in ballistic experiments. Results show pyrometry is best for measuring temperatures in the immediate vicinity surrounding the impact location, while thermography better quantifies temperature dissipation downstream from impact as the combusting debris cloud disperses. Temperatures comparable to the predicted adiabatic flame temperature are observed with the pyrometer. For thermography, emphasis is placed on the treatment of emissivity in temperature calculations. Three combustion stages are identified in the thermography data and attributed to 1) ignition and growth of the combustion front, 2) thermal dissipation due to initial particle burnout, and 3) a slower dissipation stage caused by reduced heat exchange between the burning debris cloud and surroundings.
When Are Local Incentive Constraints Sufficient

We study the question of whether local incentive constraints are sufficient to imply full incentive compatibility in a variety of mechanism design settings, allowing for probabilistic mechanisms. We give a unified approach that covers both continuous and discrete type spaces. On many common preference domains—including any convex domain of cardinal or ordinal preferences, single-peaked ordinal preferences, and successive single-crossing ordinal preferences—local incentive compatibility (suitably defined) implies full incentive compatibility. On domains of cardinal preferences that satisfy a strong nonconvexity condition, local incentive compatibility is not sufficient. Our sufficiency results hold for dominant-strategy and Bayesian Nash solution concepts, and allow for some interdependence in preferences.
Ontological Query Processing and Maintaining Techniques for FAQ Systems

This paper illustrated an Interface Agent which works as an assistant between the users and FAQ systems to retrieve FAQs on the domain of Personal Computer. It can effectively tackle the problems associated with traditional FAQ retrieval systems. Specifically, we addressed how ontology helps interface agents to provide better FAQ services and related algorithms described in details. Our preliminary experimentation demonstrated that user intention and focus of up to eighty percent of the user queries can be correctly understood by the system, and accordingly provided the query solutions with higher user satisfaction.
Coenzyme interactions. IV. Molecular complexes of thiamine with indole derivatives--quantitative aspects.

Abstract Complex formation between thiamine or thiamine pyrophosphate and various indolyl compounds has been studied by observing changes in the nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet spectra of solutions of the complex-forming pairs. The 1:1 stoichiometry of each of the complexes was shown by the linearity of double reciprocal plots relating change in chemical shift or in ultraviolet absorbance and concentration of either of the components. The values of apparent association constant for all of the complexes obtained from such double reciprocal plots, and the values of ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS calculated for the indoleacetate-thiamine complex are typical for weak complexes in solution. The predominant mode of association of the indolyl-thiamine complexes seems to be the π-electron donor-acceptor interaction. This conclusion was based on the following observations: (a) the magnitude of the association constants is decreased by increased ionic strength, (b) there is little difference among the association constants for a series of complexes in which only the net charge of each indolyl compound was different (+, 0, -), (c) the association constants for the complexes involving 5-methoxyindoleacetate and 5-hydroxytryptophan, in which the donor capacity of the indole ring is enhanced by the electronsupplying substituents, are significantly greater than those for all of the other complexes.
Challenges of using metadata in a library setting

AbstractIn late 1998, the Valley Library at Oregon State University embarked on a project to provide access to electronic resources in its catalog. This project, known as CAMEL (Collection And Management of Electronic Links), was started because students and faculty were increasingly relying on Web-based resources, but inadequate access was being provided to these resources. A small team was charged with developing a process that would help achieve the goals of better identifying and providing access to these resources in the online catalog. Because the quantity of information being provided in electronic form is expanding very rapidly, this team also investigated the possibilities of using metadata as well as other tools to reduce the need to manually create records for electronic resources. This paper outlines some of the social, technical, and organizational challenges encountered during the CAMEL project. Further information about CAMEL may be found at http://osu.orst.edu/dept/library/camel/.
The kinetics and equilibria of squirrel-fish hemoglobin. A Root effect hemoglobin complicated by large subunit heterogeneity.

Abstract The functional properties of squirrel-fish hemoglobin have been measured by studying ligand binding equilibria and kinetics. The results show that squirrel-fish hemoglobin has a Root effect with a corresponding stabilization of the low affinity state. The properties of this state are pH dependent even in the absence of cooperativity. The effect of ATP shifts the overall ligand affinity towards the low affinity state and is characteristic of the allosteric effect caused by organic phosphates. Under pH and ATP conditions favoring the low affinity conformational state, a 10-fold difference in the binding kinetics of carbon monoxide to the α and β subunits is observed.
Friendships in Childhood and Adolescence.

Part I. The Nature of Friendship. What Is Friendship? Studying Friendship. Part II. The Normative Experience of Friendship. The Developmental Significance of Friendship in Childhood. The Developmental Significance of Friendship in Adolescence. Part III. Individual Differences in the Experience of Friendship. The Individuals within a Friendship. Friendship Quality. Part IV. Implications and Looking Forward. Friendship and Culture, with Emily C. Jenchura. Friendship Intervention. The Significance of Friendship.
The Fork head transcription factor DAF-16 transduces insulin-like metabolic and longevity signals in C. elegans

3 , accu- mulating large amounts of fat in their intestines and hypodermis. Mutants in DAF-2 (a homologue of the mammalian insulin receptor) and AGE-1 (a homologue of the catalytic subunit of mammalian phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase) arrest develop- ment at the dauer stage 3 . Moreover, animals bearing weak or temperature-sensitive mutations in daf-2 and age-1 can develop reproductively, but nevertheless show increased energy storage and longevity 1,2,4,5
Potential of Rainwater Harvesting in a Thirsty World: A Survey of Ancient and Traditional Rainwater Harvesting Applications

This paper provides a survey of ancient and traditional rainwater harvesting applications as effective climate adaptation strategies. Rainwater harvesting has a more significant past than a present. The fifteen identified ancient and traditional rainwater harvesting practices and the societies that practiced them may provide a key water conservation strategy for the future in vulnerable regions found in the dry-wet, semi-arid, and arid climatic regions. In the past several decades, there has been a call from scientific and non-governmental organization communities to combine modern water systems and old rainwater harvesting methods or to modernize the existing rainwater harvesting knowledge to benefit human settlements facing water scarcity.
Assessing the Molecular Structure of Alkanethiol Monolayers in Hybrid Bilayer Membranes with Vibrational Spectroscopies

Hybrid bilayer membranes (HBMs), consisting of a lipid monolayer covering a self-assembled alkanethiol monolayer on a metal surface, are useful models for studying the structure and function of cell membranes. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) are used to study HBMs with various alkanethiol and lipid components. Together, these two techniques clearly indicate that the lipid forms a well-ordered, non-interdigitated layer on the alkanethiol with the head groups of the lipids oriented away from the metal surface. Both techniques reveal that the formation of an HBM produces small changes in the alkanethiols, which are similar to those caused by a reduction in temperature, indicative of an increase in order. The small magnitude of the perturbations in the alkanethiol monolayer upon addition of the lipid layer will simplify the further study of HBMs.
The regulation of food intake in mammalian hibernators: a review

One of the most profound hallmarks of mammalian hibernation is the dramatic reduction in food intake during the winter months. Several species of hibernator completely cease food intake (aphagia) for nearly 7 months regardless of ambient temperature and in many cases, whether or not food is available to them. Food intake regulation has been studied in mammals that hibernate for over 50 years and still little is known about the physiological mechanisms that control this important behavior in hibernators. It is well known from lesion experiments in non-hibernators that the hypothalamus is the main brain region controlling food intake and therefore body mass. In hibernators, the regulation of food intake and body mass is presumably governed by a circannual rhythm since there is a clear seasonal rhythm to food intake: animals increase food intake in the summer and early autumn, food intake declines in autumn and actually ceases in winter in many species, and resumes again in spring as food becomes available in the environment. Changes in circulating hormones (e.g., leptin, insulin, and ghrelin), nutrients (glucose, and free fatty acids), and cellular enzymes such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) have been shown to determine the activity of neurons involved in the food intake pathway. Thus, it appears likely that the food intake pathway is controlled by a variety of inputs, but is also acted upon by upstream regulators that are presumably rhythmic in nature. Current research examining the molecular mechanisms and integration of environmental signals (e.g., temperature and light) with these molecular mechanisms will hopefully shed light on how animals can turn off food intake and survive without eating for months on end.
Blue Light Inhibition of Tuberization in a Day-Neutral Potato

In tests on the effects of light quality on potato tuberization, continuous blue light was found to consistently inhibit tuberization of tissue-cultured plantlets of Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum cv. ‘Norland’. Other tested cultivars, including sports of ‘Norland’, formed tubers under continuous blue light. Microarrays identified BL, GA7ox, and Nudix genes as exhibiting altered expression in response to blue light treatment. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that GA7ox RNA increased in ‘Norland’ but not in ‘Sangre’ plantlets in blue light compared to darkness. RNA levels of genes identified in the literature as having roles in potato tuberization were also measured using qRT-PCR. Levels of GA20o1x, but not GA2ox, RNA increased in response to blue light in ‘Norland’ plantlets. BEL5 RNA content was greater under blue light compared to darkness for both ‘Norland’ and ‘Sangre’ plants. Levels of FT were not significantly different in blue light compared to dark-treated ‘Norland’ plants, but were low in blue light-treated compared to dark-treated ‘Sangre’ plants. Addition of ancymidol to ‘Norland’ plants exposed to blue light overcame blue light inhibition of tuberization. Ancymidol prevents the oxidation of ent-kaurene to ent-kaurenoic acid, thus inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis. These data suggest that blue light may increase GA accumulation in ‘Norland’ plants, as has been shown to occur in Arabidopsis plants. The novel effect of blue light in inhibiting tuberization of ‘Norland’ plants suggests that this system could be a useful tool in further elucidating the mechanisms of day-neutral potato tuberization.
Thiolate exchange in [TmR]ZnSR' complexes and relevance to the mechanisms of thiolate alkylation reactions involving zinc enzymes and proteins.

Abstract The zinc and cadmium thiolate complexes [ Tm Bu t ] MSCH 2 C ( O ) N ( H ) Ph (M = Zn, Cd) may be obtained via treatment of the respective methyl complex [ Tm Bu t ] MMe with PhN(H)C(O)CH2SH. The molecular structure of [ Tm Bu t ] ZnSCH 2 C ( O ) N ( H ) Ph has been determined by X-ray diffraction, thereby demonstrating the presence of an intramolecular N–H ⋯ S hydrogen bond between the amide N–H group and thiolate sulfur atom. [ Tm Bu t ] ZnSCH 2 C ( O ) N ( H ) Ph mimics the function of the Ada DNA repair protein by undergoing alkylation with MeI to give [ Tm Bu t ] ZnI and MeSCH2C(O)N(H)Ph. A series of crossover experiments and 1H NMR magnetization transfer studies establish that thiolate exchange between [TmR]ZnSR′ derivatives is facile in this system, an observation that supports the previous suggestion that the alkylation of [TmPh]ZnSCH2C(O)N(H)Ph by MeI may proceed via a sequence that involves dissociation of [PhN(H)C(O)CH2S]−.
Relaxing avalanche mode and its relation to TRAPATT, a.r.p. and IMPATT oscillators

A large-signal computer study has been used to examine the initiation of TRAPATT oscillations and the multifrequency nature of TRAPATT amplifiers. A relaxing avalanche mode is observed to lead to trapped-plasma generation below the critical current density qNdvs, merging smoothly to relaxation oscillations without a trapped plasma. The analysis shows that certain diode-circuit-impedance relationships should be met for self-initiation of TRAPATT oscillations and provides an explanation of the TRAPATT amplification mechanism of Prager, Chang and Weisbrod.
Simple CMOS transresistor

A simple highly-linear transresistor is reported. Simulation and experimental results are presented.
Display techniques for integrated data sets

Abstract At Los Alamos National Laboratory, geoscientists have assembled and integrated 30 geological, geophysical, and geochemical data sets with four Landsat bands for the Montrose 1° × 2° quadrangle, Colorado. Three graphical displays were developed to determine if visual analysis of the data facilitated interpretation. Two displays project the data spatially: gray-level maps project values of a single data set, and three-color overlays project the values of three data sets simultaneously. The third display, a three-dimensional plot, graphs three data sets and allows examination of relationships in parameter space. Two examples illustrate the potential applications of the display techniques. Uranium in sediments, uranium in waters, and equivalent uranium each provide unique information about uranium distribution in the quadrangle. However, the combined data convey more information than each data set separately. Copper, lead, and zinc displays allow identification of all the basemetal districts and convey information about the geochemical character of the deposits. Visual displays greatly increase efficiency of analysis and interpretability of diverse geologic data sets.
Experiencing Transformative Education in the “Corridors” of a Nontraditional Doctoral Program:

This article describes an experience of transformative education that was not an official part of a degree program. The author and two other doctoral students formed a peer group that worked together for more than 2 years because of their common interests in the experience of successful groups. All three group members produced dissertations that studied different aspects of that peer-group experience. The author’s dissertation study concluded that the term living learning group best captured their group experience. That study also found two intertwined themes, collaboration and relationship, as central aspects of their group experience.
Effect of Growth of Pseudomonas Putrefaciens on Diacetyl and Flavor of Butter

Summary Observations on both commercial and laboratory samples of butter in which Ps. putrefaciens developed showed that the first apparent stage of decomposition by this organism was a complete loss of typical butter aroma. The butter became flat in odor and flavor. This stage was then followed by development of typical cheesy or putrid flavors. Chemical analyses indicated that during a 7-day storage period at 21.1° C. the diacetyl content of the sterile control butter samples remained fairly constant. More than half the diacetyl was destroyed under the same conditions in similar lots of butter contaminated with Ps. putrefaciens . The diacetyl content of butter prepared with starter and contaminated with Ps. putrefaciens remained relatively stable over a 7-day storage period at 21.1° C, although some destruction of diacetyl occurred. Results and observations indicate that the ability of Ps. putrefaciens and other organisms to produce a flat-flavored butter is perhaps more prevalent than is commonly realized.
Test-retest reliability of the Revised Self-monitoring Scale over a two-year period.

The Revised Self-monitoring Scale of Lennox and Wolfe was administered to 83 staff nurses in 1987 and in 1989 as part of on-going research. Test-retest correlations were: for Factor A, Ability to Modify Self-presentation, .53, for Factor B, Sensitivity to the Expressive Behavior of Others, .52, and for the Total Self-monitoring Score .55. These scores were sufficiently strong to warrant continued, but cautious use of this revised test.
The D Discriminant and Near-Earth Asteroid Streams

A method of separating an association of orbits, a stream, from the local background using the traditional D discriminant is introduced. Applying this procedure to all 708 asteroids with perihelia less than 1.3 AU known on April 22, 1999 suggests that the orbits of Earth-approaching asteroids may be rather organized. By searching the volume around every orbit in the sample space, 14 associations are found with from 4 to 25 members that statistically stand out from the local background. A more traditional search, where orbits are gathered into strings with every orbit connected to at least one other orbit by D<Dc, reveals eight additional three-member strings. Using Poisson statistics seven pairs are identified as having exceptionally similar orbits; three of these pairs are a part of an association or string. On the other hand, comparing the results of a volume search around randomized orbits indicates that perhaps 50 to 75% of these groupings are due to chance, indicating that observational effects may severely affect the background and therefore the reality of the associations that are separated out. The lack of compositional or taxonomic information about most of the 155 asteroids, 22% of the sample, hinders interpretation of the nature of the streams. Of the three associations found in an earlier study (Drummond 1991, Icarus89, 14–25), only one remains intact as a result of the stricter statistical requirements adopted here. Three of four fireball streams (Halliday et al. 1990, Meteoritics25, 93–99), previously found to be related to the old associations, can be loosely associated with three of the new associations, but none of the four recovered meteorites with known orbits can be associated with them. Nevertheless, theoretical meteor radiants are listed, all of which are so large and diffuse, and have such slow geocentric velocities, that it is doubtful if visual meteor showers can be linked to the new streams. However, these associations, strings, and pairs of asteroids are good candidates for meteorite sources, especially where organized falls are recognized, since they generally satisfy the immediate dynamical requirements for delivery, namely, gentle geocentric velocities produced by overtaking the Earth around sunset.
Never Let Me Go and the Horizons of the Novel

This essay examines Kazuo Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go as a metaphor for novel reading. It addresses in particular the main characters' abiding and troubling acceptance of their circumstances. It uses the theories of Jose Ortega y Gasset and Walter Benjamin to build the argument that, by thematizing acceptance, Never Let Me Go demonstrates the reader's own nearly automatic practice of assenting to the created world of a novel.
Studies of Ar photoion charge-state distributions near the K-shell threshold

An ion time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometer was used to measure Ar photoion charge-state distributions near the K-shell threshold (hν=3206.3 eV). When photons interact with argon atoms producing 1s holes, the atoms typically decay by KLL Auger-electron emission so that two holes in the L-shell are created; the atoms can further decay by LMM Auger electron emission. The result is a cascade-like decay process. When cascade decays take place, the final photoion charge-state depends on the decay path. Previous measurements performed by our group and others showed large discrepancies in the lowest and highest charge fractions measured. The measured charge-state fractions, however, are sensitive to several experimental parameters that can adversely affect the values of the charge-state fractions. We therefore performed a quantitative study of the variation of the measured charge-state fractions with the experimental parameters. Branching ratios for several decay processes were obtained from measurements of the photoion charge-state fractions as a function of the photon energy as well as the fluorescence yield, which is now in much better agreement with other determinations than was the case heretofore.
Loss of antibody productivity is highly reproducible in multiple hybridoma subclones.

An immunoglobulin G (IgG(2b)) producing hybridoma cell line (S3H5/gamma2bA2) was cloned and subcloned. Twenty subclones were grown in parallel while being adapted in a stepwise fashion to serum-free medium. Following adaptation to serum-free medium, it was found that 16 of the 20 subclones remained at a relatively constant proportion of nonproducing cells. Three of the remaining subclones transiently deviated from this balance but eventually returned toward this population composition. One subclone continued to lose productivity. A population balance was reached at approximately 8% of the population being nonproducers. The loss of antibody productivity was thus highly reproducible.
Effect of Residential Location and Access to Transportation on Employment Opportunities

Women who have been on public assistance need to obtain and maintain steady employment because they stand to lose their public benefits and also because it is the only way out of poverty. Although the socio-demographic and general economic influences on job retention have been examined in the literature, the effects of transportation and of place of residence in a metropolitan area vis-a-vis entry-level job locations have not been studied systematically. Four sets of factors—transportation, location, sociodemographic, and family effects—are examined for their effect on job retention. In particular, it was found that employment security for female welfare clients or former clients does not come from job retention (i.e., tenure with the same employer) but from "employment retention" (i.e., jobs with different employers, possibly with a trend toward upward mobility). The effects of transportation and location on job and employment retention are complex. Although access to a vehicle is important for increasin...
Flame inhibition activity of phosphorus-containing compounds using laser-induced fluorescence measurements of hydroxyl

Abstract The relative inhibition efficacies of five different phosphorus agents are compared, including dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), trimethyl phosphate (TMP), and three more complex but similar organophosphate compounds. Hydroxyl axial profiles are obtained for these inhibitors using a 30% CH 4 /70% N 2 /air opposed diffusion flame, doped with 0.01 or 0.1% inhibitor by volume in the oxidizer or fuel stream, respectively. An inverse correlation is found between the reduction in total integrated [OH] and the visual extinction concentration when the five phosphorus compounds are doped into the oxidizer stream. Hence, the present study demonstrates that the reduction in total integrated OH number density is a sensitive and effective parameter by which to investigate the inhibition capability of phosphorous-containing compounds.
Policing Protest Events: The Great Strike of 1877 and WTO Protests of 1999

The notion of the police as protecting dominant economic interests is explored by presenting two case studies of direct action social movements occurring nearly 100 years apart. Recent protests in response to a non-state international organization (the World Trade Organization) are compared with a major labor strike of the late 19th century (the Great Strike of 1877). Historical data supports the contention that, despite many changes to contemporary policing strategies, the police are routinely used to protect existing economic structures. These narratives demonstrate how shifts in economic institutions shape formal social control practices. Comparing these events reveals how new technologies have allowed for certain adaptations and innovations for contemporary protesting and protest breaking activities. It is argued that the police institution should not be understood as only charged with responding reactively to criminal violations, but rather as serving more important social functions such as protecting dominant economic structures.
Flipping the on switch: Men who became regularly physically active during middle age

One method to increase physical activity (PA) in ageing adults is through the use of intervention research, and a means to inform designs of PA interventions is to examine the practices of those who are successful in adhering to activity. However, authors of recent review articles suggest that males are underrepresented in intervention research studies. Consequently, this study was designed to use the interpretative phenomenological analysis approach to explore the motivators and practices of three older active males who independently initiated regular PA participation during middle age. Participants discussed the role of mentors and other influences, and their awareness of effort or intensity during activity. Data analysis suggested that these men assertively managed their environments and used internal restraints in order to regulate their PA participation, consistent with some elements of Bandura's social cognitive theory. Activity researchers might consider counselling participants in effective use of...
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in the era of personalized medicine

To review the role of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies in the personalized medicine era. We searched PubMed for prospective clinical trials published through October 2012 of anti-VEGF agents approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. The use of anti-VEGF drugs as single agents or in combination with other targeted or cytotoxic agents was associated with improved response rates and progression-free survival. Anti-VEGF therapy exerts its action by blocking tumor vessel formation and, thus, proliferation. Some investigators demonstrated modest to no improvement in overall survival, although the maintenance of anti-VEGF therapy beyond progression was shown to result in longer overall survival. The use of anti-VEGF therapy was associated with adverse events (i.e., thromboembolism, hemorrhage, myocardial infarction, and hypertension) and transformation to a more invasive phenotype. The development of multikinase targeting agents that include anti-VEGF properties warrants further investigation. The role of anti-VEGF therapy is evolving in the era of personalized medicine, and its use needs to be reassessed in tumor types with effective FDA-approved targeted agents, especially in light of its relatively high cost.
Applications of the Shannon-Hartley theorem to data streams and sparse recovery

The Shannon-Hartley theorem bounds the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted over a Gaussian channel in terms of the ratio of the signal to noise power. We show two unexpected applications of this theorem in computer science: (1) we give a much simpler proof of an Ω(η1−2/ρ) bound on the number of linear measurements required to approximate the p-th frequency moment in a data stream, and show a new distribution which is hard for this problem, (2) we show that the number of measurements needed to solve the k-sparse recovery problem on an n-dimensional vector x with the C-approximate l 2 /l 2 guarantee is Ω(k log(n/k)/log C). We complement this result with an almost matching 0(k log∗ k log(n/k)/log C) upper bound.
PLEISTOCENE PALAEOCLIMATES OF THE KURKUR OASIS, EGYPT

RESUME L'oasis de Kourkour, un petit oued verdoyant, est situe au-dessus d'une cuesta de calcaires cretaces et domine la plaine greseuse de la Nubie Inferieure. L'oued, creuse dans deux glacis de denudation datant de la fin du tertiaire, entrecoupe la nappe aquifere au contact des calcaires et des depots argileux sous-jacents. Un exarnen detaille des materiaux d'âge quaternaire de l'oasis revele l'existence de calcaires d'eau douce tres abondants; ils comprennent des travertins typiques et des tufs organiques correspondant frequemment a des sediments detritiques d'origine strictement fluviatile. Les travertins les plus anciens (Plateau Tufas) forment une nappe de caractere polygenetique, datant probablement du plioceene superieur ou du quaternaire inferieur. Les travertins plus recents appartiennent surtout aux depots fluviatiles (Wadi Tufas). Ils comprennent des terrasses alluviales de facies complexe—sables aux niveaux inferieurs recouverts dans chaque cas de depots de sources. L'auteur identifie quatre stages des Wadis Tufas appartenant a quatre periodes pluvieuses du quaternaire moyen et superieur. Du stage le plus recent on a pu recueillir divers objets indiquant la presence de l'homme au paleolithique moyen ou superieur. L'auteur analyse certains problemes de morphogenese, en particulier celui des calcaires d'eau douce. Il etudie egalement les milieux morphoclimatiques du quaternaire.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE, previously called punch drunk and dementia pugilistica) has a rich history in the medical literature in association with boxing, but has only recently been recognized with other contact sports, such as football and ice hockey, as well as with military blast injuries. CTE is thought to be a neurodegenerative disease associated with repeated concussive and subconcussive blows to the head. There is characteristic gross and microscopic pathology found in the brain, including frontal and temporal atrophy, axonal degeneration, and hyperphosphorylated tau and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 pathology. Clinically, there are characteristic progressive deficits in cognition (memory, executive dysfunction), behavior (explosivity, aggression), mood (depression, suicidality), and motor function (parkinsonism), which correlate with the anatomic distribution of brain pathology. While CTE shares clinical and neuropathological traits with other neurodegenerative diseases, the clinical syndrome and the neuropathology as a whole are distinct from other neurodegenerative diseases. Here we review the CTE literature to date. We also draw on the literature from mild traumatic brain injury and other neurodegenerative dementias, particularly when these studies provide guidance for future CTE research. We conclude by suggesting seven essential areas for future CTE research.
Synthesis and characterization of anisometric cobalt nanoclusters.

Sonication of aqueous Co2+ and hydrazine resulted in the formation of anisometric (disk-shaped) cobalt nanoclusters that averaged about 100 nanometers in width and 15 nanometers in thickness. Electron diffraction from single particles revealed that they were oriented (001) crystals that conformed to a trigonal or hexagonal unit cell four times the size of the cell adopted by bulk α-cobalt. Lorentz microscopy indicated that these were single-magnetic domain particles, with the axis of magnetization located in the (101) plane, offset at some appreciable angle from the (001) axis.
A Method to Estimate Biomechanics and Mechanical Properties of Optic Nerve Head Tissues From Parameters Measurable Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Optic nerve head (ONH) tissue properties and biomechanics remain mostly unmeasurable in the experiment. We hypothesized that these can be estimated numerically from ocular parameters measurable in vivo with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Using parametric models representing human ONHs we simulated acute intraocular pressure (IOP) increases (10 mmHg). Statistical models were fit to predict, from OCT-measurable parameters, 15 outputs, including ONH tissue properties, stresses, and deformations. The calculations were repeated adding parameters that have recently been proposed as potentially measurable with OCT. We evaluated the sensitivity of the predictions to variations in the experimental parameters. Excellent fits were obtained to predict all outputs from the experimental parameters, with cross-validated R2s between 0.957 and 0.998. Incorporating the potentially measurable parameters improved fits significantly. Predictions of tissue stiffness were accurate to within 0.66 MPa for the sclera and 0.24 MPa for the lamina cribrosa. Predictions of strains and stresses were accurate to within 0.62% and 4.9 kPa, respectively. Estimates of ONH biomechanics and tissue properties can be obtained quickly from OCT measurements using an applet that we make freely available. These estimates may improve understanding of the eye sensitivity to IOP and assessment of patient risk for development or progression of glaucoma.
Developmental changes of sarcolemmal Na+−H+ exchange

Abstract We previously demonstrated that the effect of respiratory acidosis on cardiac contractility in the newborn was less than in the adult rabbit [18], and these data suggested a higher [Na+]i and [Na+]i[Ca2+]0 exchange in the newborn as compared to the adult. In this study, we investigated developmental changes of Na+H+ exchange in isolated sarcolemmal vesicles. Sarcolemmal purification for Na+K ATPase was 61.9 and 67.1 fold in the newborn and the adult rabbit heart, respectively. In the presence of an outwardly directed proton gradient across the vesicular membrane, sarcolemmal 22Na uptake rate in the newborn (0.22 ± 0.01 nmol Na+/mg prot/s) was significantly higher than that in the adult (0.16 ± 0.01 nmol Na+/mg prot/s). 1.0 m m amiloride inhibited 22Na uptake by 75% and 80% in the newborn and the adult, respectively. In the absence of a pH gradient, vesicular 22Na uptake in the newborn and the adult were not significantly different. In conclusion, the higher Na+H+ exchange in the newborn may lead to a higher [Na+]i and subsequent calcium influx via Na+Ca2+ exchange as compared with the adult during acidosis. This may explain the greater recovery of mechanical function in the newborn heart as compared to the adult heart during acidosis.
Optical coherence tomography for gastrointestinal endoscopy: clinical update

Current results are presented of ongoing clinical trials of optical coherence tomography for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Preliminary results of imaging in normal organs, Barrett's esophagus and comparison with endoscopic ultrasound indicate strong potential for diagnostic utility.
Chromosomal organization and localization of the human urokinase inhibitor gene: perfect structural conservation with ovalbumin.

Abstract Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) plays an essential role in the regulation of localized extracellular proteolysis by its inactivation of urokinase. Using probes derived from a cDNA we isolated from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human peripheral blood monocytes, we have mapped, isolated, and determined the molecular organization of the gene for PAI-2 ( PLANH2 ). 3 . In situ hybridization of the cDNA to normal metaphase chromosomes has confirmed our prior assignment of the gene for PAI-2 to chromosome 18 and further localized it to the long arm at 18q21.2–18q22. We have isolated nine independent genomic clones, two of which were found to contain the entire PAI-2 transcriptional unit of approximately 16.4 kilobase pairs (kbp). Analysis of the gene organization by restriction enzyme mapping, Southern blotting, and DNA sequencing revealed that the cDNA sequence is divided among eight exons interrupted by seven introns, the junctions of which all conform to the “GT-AG” consensus rule. In common with the arrangement found throughout the serpin superfamily, of which PAI-2 is a member, the first intron is located just 5′ to the initiator methionine residue, and the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) is not interrupted by a splice junction. Determination of the transcription initiation site by primer extension analysis of monocytic mRNA indicated that our PAI-2 cDNA was, at most, only three nucleotides short of full length, yielding a primary PAI-2 transcript with a 66-bp first exon. A promoter “TATAAA box” is located 30 bp upstream of the “cap” site. The intron-exon arrangement of the gene for PAI-2 was found to be identical to that of the chicken ovalbumin and Y genes and distinct from that of other members of the serpin superfamily. This remarkable similarity suggests a common ancestral gene and conservation of structural organization for over 250 million years of evolution.
Molecular beam sampling from high-pressure sources

Abstract The quantitative chemical analysis of species present in high-temperature, high-pressure reacting systems is a continuing task in such research areas as basic chemical kinetics and combustion studies. For example, measurement of the nonequilibrium concentrations of reacting species is an important step in determining the formation chemistry of air pollutants in combustion systems. The present paper treats the development and calibration of a supersonic molecular beam-mass spectrometer sampling system capable of direct sampling and quantitative analysis of gaseous species present in high-pressure reacting systems. Molecular beam sampling systems presently in use have, in general, been designed for continuous sampling from pressures of 1 atm or less. The present system has been designed, with moderate vacuum pumping requirements, to sample continuously from sources at pressures up to 10 atm at room temperature or 100 atm at elevated temperatures. Skimmer interaction effects in sampling such high-pressure sources have been examined with respect to the effects on beam intensity and mass separation. The ability of the system to follow a dynamically varying sample has been experimentally demonstrated. The system has been operated over a wide range of conditions including sample pressure, geometric arrangement of beam forming elements, and various sample compositions.
Single-incision laparoscopy: training, techniques, and safe introduction to clinical practice.

Abstract Background: Single-incision laparoscopy is an emerging technique that brings new challenges to laparoscopy and introduces new skills that a surgeon must learn. The learning needs for single-incision skills acquisition are unknown and no current guidelines exist for training or for its safe adoption. Methods: We developed an approach to adoption of new surgical techniques and applied it to single-incision laparoscopy. It is based on the following principles: a defined training algorithm, dry and wet-laboratory practice, a graded clinical introduction, and careful review of early outcomes. We analyzed its impact in our initial 40 patients. Results: Our training paradigm consisted of the following: attending a formal course, developing a simulation model, and animal laboratory training, followed by graduated clinical adoption. A 20% conversion rate to standard laparoscopy or open surgery occurred. Conclusion: Introducing a new surgical technique may not only offer potential advantages but also prese...
Antimicrobial stewardship programs: mandatory for all ICUs

Antimicrobial stewardship involves a multifaceted approach aimed at combating the emergence of antibiotic resistance, improving patient outcomes, and controlling healthcare costs by optimizing antimicrobial use. Therefore, stewardship is of great importance and relevance in the ICU. The rapid pace of escalating antibiotic resistance and the widespread use of antibiotics in critical care require that stewardship programs be routinely employed in the ICU setting.
Turbulence measurements over complex terrain

Horizontal turbulence measurements obtained from 22 wind sensors located on 9 towers in a mountainous coastal area are described and categorized by stability and terrain. Vector wind time series are high-pass filtered, and lateral and longitudinal wind speed variance is calculated for averaging times ranging from 15 s to 2 h. Parameterizations of the functional dependence of variance on averaging time are discussed, and a modification of Panofsky's (1988) uniform terrain technique applicable to complex terrain is presented. The parameterization is applied to the data and shown to be more realistic than a less complicated power law technique. The parameter values are shown to be different than the flat terrain cases of Kaimal et al. (1972), and are primarily a function of sensor location within the complex terrain. The parameters are also examined in terms of their dependence upon season, stability, marine boundary-layer height, and measurement height.
Program Note: Using UN process indicators to assess needs in emergency obstetric services: Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, and The Gambia

Purpose: We report on assessments of the needs for emergency obstetric care in 3 West African countries. Methods: All (or almost all) medical facilities were visited to determine whether there are sufficient facilities of adequate quality to manage the expected number of obstetric emergencies. Results: Medical facilities able to provide emergency obstetric care were poorly distributed and often were unable to provide needed procedures. Too few obstetricians and other providers, lack of on-the-job training and supervision were among the challenges faced in these countries.
DESIGN OF SHORT AGGREGATE PIERS TO SUPPORT HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS

When new embankments are constructed over soft soils and existing roadways and embankments are widened rapidly, stability and differential settlement problems often result. Past approaches to mitigate these problems include overexcavation and replacement, preloading, lightweight fill, piles and concrete caps, geosynthetic-reinforced soil and pile-supported embankment systems, stone columns, lime-cement columns, and deep soil mixing. The advantages and limitations of these approaches are well documented in the literature. An alternative approach to support highway embankments that is less well documented, but that has seen increased use in recent years, is short aggregate piers. Although the technique has been used to support shallow spread footings, design approaches and parameter values have not been widely available for embankment support applications and are not well known in the field. The engineering properties and an approach used to design short aggregate piers for the support of highway embankments are summarized, and the mechanisms of load-settlement behavior are described. Techniques for evaluating overall stability, control and time rate of settlement, and bearing capacity are summarized. Performance measurements are referenced for embankment support projects recently constructed in Iowa.