cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal Factors in Psychoacoustics

The goal of psychoacoustics is to provide a mechanistic description of the listener’s auditory processes. Because any such process operates in time, it is clear that temporal factors must play a role in their description. Some simple, first-order questions might concern how quickly a certain mechanism can operate, or, on the other hand, what is the longest time over which it can integrate or combine acoustic information. Other sorts of information concerning the temporal scale are relevant in other investigations. Because of the diverse nature of the different studies in this field, there is hardly one answer to the variety of questions that one can ask about temporal phenomena.
CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF TIC DURING PLASMA SPRAYING

Titanium carbide coatings are of considerable interest in various fields of engineering. However, the physical properties of this material are strongly related to its purity and stoechiometry. In this study, changes in chemical composition of TiC plasma sprayed in air and in inert atmosphere are reported.
Approximate Engineering Theory for the Twisting of Compliant Leaded Circuit Card/Module Systems

Twisting is a favorite method of product assurance testing agencies for verification of robustness. The geometry of flexure is simpler, and structural analysis benefits from the symmetries. This chapter will introduce the basic problems involved in the twisting of circuit cards, and an approximate solution will be shown for a single module attached to a card. This approximate treatment, while useful in defining some concepts, also produces acceptable results for relatively widely spaced stiff leads in plastic modules. (The reader may skip to the next chapter for an analytical theory, confirmed by finite element analysis.) The procedure is extended to the analysis of module groups.
A metabolic strategy to reverse fibrosis

Fibrosis is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) production relative to catabolism. A new study shows that the fuel choice of fibroblasts impacts this balance, with glycolysis promoting ECM synthesis and fatty acid oxidation stimulating ECM degradation.
Dosimetry of Urinary Bladder Cells at Risk in Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals

471 Objectives: For many diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals the most highly irradiated tissue of the body is the urinary bladder. While the dynamics of the filling and voiding of urine within the bladder is addressed no consideration is given to the cells at radiogenic risk. While radiation protection has addressed the cells at risk within epithelial tissues of the skin, respiratory tract, and alimentary tract those of urinary bladder epithelium has not been addressed despite the fact that at least nine out of ten urinary bladder cancers arise within the epithelium. The epithelium of the bladder, referred to as a transitional epithelium, as the shape of its surface cells depends on the degree of stretching as the bladder fills. The epithelium is supported by basal cells that lay above a basement membrane separating the epithelium from the stroma comprising the bladder wall. The depth of the basal cell at radiogenic risk depends on the urine content of the bladder. In this work dosimetric data are derived for the basal cells of urinary bladder at radiogenic risk and applied to radiopharmaceuticals. Method: The main function of the urinary bladder is the short-term storage of urine. Structurally the urinary bladder must store a variable volume of urine while maintaining a minimum ratio of epithelial surface area to urine volume to limit movement of substances between the urine and body fluids. The parameters defining a spherical urinary bladder model are a function of its urine content. In the adult, the mass of the bladder wall is 50 g and the masses of the transitional epithelium and the basal cell layer are 3.2 and 1.2 g, respectively. The depth of the basal cell layer ranges from about 300 to 65 µm for urine volumes ranging from 50 to 500 ml. Monte Carlo simulation of the energy deposition within the basal cell layer were performed for mono-energetic alpha, electron, and photon emissions. The specific absorbed fractions within the basal cell layer were tabulated for emissions within both the urine and bladder wall. Results: The Monte Carlo derived electron SAF data show little variation in basal cell specific absorbed fraction (SAF) at energies less than 80 keV. At higher energies the SAF dependence on the urine content can vary by an order of magnitude. Photon SAF varies with urine content by about a factor of five. For alpha particles the depth of the basal cells is sufficient to shield the cells at alpha energies less than 8 MeV. Conclusion: In this work, the basal cells the transitional epithelium are addressed as the urinary bladder cells at risk. Current dosimetry approaches fails to address these cells and thus overestimate the radiation dose to the urinary bladder. The dynamics of urine elimination not only impacts the magnitude of emissions within the bladder but also the absorbed energy within the basal cells. The overestimates of current approaches can have a negative impact on the diagnostic and potential therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals; particular for possible Auger and alpha emitters.
Family-wide Annotation of Enzymatic Pathways by Parallel In Vivo Metabolomics.

Summary Enzymes catalyze fundamental biochemical reactions that control cellular and organismal homeostasis. Here we present an approach for de novo biochemical pathway discovery across entire mammalian enzyme families using parallel viral transduction in mice and untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Applying this method to the M20 peptidases uncovers both known pathways of amino acid metabolism as well as a previously unknown CNDP2-regulated pathway for threonyl dipeptide catabolism. Ablation of CNDP2 in mice elevates threonyl dipeptides across multiple tissues, establishing the physiologic relevance of our biochemical assignments. Taken together, these data underscore the utility of parallel in vivo metabolomics for the family-wide discovery of enzymatic pathways.
Activated Circulating T Follicular Helper Cells with Increased Function during Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation

Abstract T follicular helper cells (TFH) interact with B cells in the germinal center to support B cell proliferation, differentiation and immunoglobulin class switch. Previous studies have demonstrated that donor B cells contribute to the immune pathology of chronic GVHD (cGVHD) and studies in murine models of cGVHD have suggested that TFH play a central role in this process. Although TFH are located primarily within germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs, TFH can also be found in the peripheral blood and are identified as a subset of memory CD4 T cells expressing CXCR5. Circulating TFH (cTFH) share functional and phenotypic characteristics of TFH including the ability to interact with B cells and provide helper signals. To examine the potential role of cTFH in the pathogenesis of cGVHD we monitored the reconstitution of cTFH (CD4+CD45RA-CXCR5+ T cells) in fresh blood samples obtained at different times after allogeneic HSCT. Recovery of cTFH mirrored the recovery of CD4 T cells and absolute numbers of cTFH gradually increased over time, reaching a plateau at 24 months post-HSCT in the range of normal values. Within the CD4 T cell population, the frequency of cTFH was low initially, but reached normal levels 6-9 months post-HSCT. Detailed phenotypic and functional analysis of cTFH was undertaken in a cohort of 66 adult patients (>9 months post-HSCT): 16 had no cGVHD, 12 had resolved cGVHD, and 38 had active cGVHD (mild = 15, moderate = 14, severe = 9). Results were compared to 22 healthy donors (HD). Overall, the frequency of cTFH was significantly reduced in HSCT patients compared to HD (median: 9.87 vs. 13.65 % of CD4+ T-cells, respectively, p =0.0003). cTFH frequency was lower in active cGVHD compared to no cGVHD patients (median: 9.44 vs. 11.65 % of CD4+ T-cells, p = 0.029); while cTFH in patients with resolved cGVHD was similar to patients without cGVHD (Figure 1). CXCL13 chemokine facilitates T-B interaction, thus promoting the GC reaction. CXCL13 levels were increased in active cGVHD compared to no cGVHD (137.7 pg/mL vs. 33.74 pg/mL, p These results indicate that active cGVHD is characterized by phenotypic and functional abnormalities of cTFH. In cGVHD, cTFH show high levels of activation, proliferation and switch toward Th2 and Th17 phenotype. These changes enhance cTFH function, promoting GC reactions and B cell differentiation. These data support the involvement of cTFH in the immune pathology of human cGVHD, suggesting the investigation of novel therapies targeting the GC reaction. Download : Download high-res image (76KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Armand: Merck: Consultancy, Research Funding; Infinity Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding. Antin: Gentium S.p.A.: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
Blood vessel effects in quantitative ultrasound attenuation and backscatter

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Current diagnosis relies on invasive biopsy. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) may provide a noninvasive alternative, using parameters such as attenuation (AC) and backscatter (BSC) coefficients. This study examines how exclusion of larger blood vessels from fields of interest (FOI) affects AC and BSC measurements in NAFLD patient livers. 201 total participants with known or suspected NAFLD underwent liver right lobe QUS. Of these, 84 underwent a second QUS exam on the same day and 172 patients had contemporaneous MRI with computation of proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF). AC and BSC were calculated from FOIs drawn on reconstructed B-mode images in two ways: FOIs that included as much of the liver as possible including blood vessels and FOIs modified manually to exclude larger blood vessels. Compared to blood vessel-exclusive FOIs, blood vessel-inclusive FOIs provided higher (<0.005) between-exam ICCs (AC, 0.71...
Role of Dairying in Diversification of Indian Agriculture

This chapter argues that diversification of agriculture is imperative to ensure, among others, nutritional security and smooth flow of rural income stream. While value of agriculture output is highly volatile, value of livestock output in general and value of milk output in particular is steady and stable. Dairy sector is one of the main drivers of growth of Indian agriculture. The importance of this sector cannot be over-emphasised in the context of diversification of agriculture. Demand-led white revolution made rapid strides in majority of Indian states but largely by-passed eastern region. While most of the states registered shift in the composition of livestock in favour of dairy stock, the eastern states did not witness perceptible shift in its composition. The study brings to the fore that preponderance of low yielding indigenous cattle in dairy herd has adversely influenced the participation of this region in white revolution. Inadequate infrastructure has also caused untold damage to the growth of dairy sector and consequently non-diversification of agriculture. However, limited yet satisfactory induction of crossbreeding programme of cattle in the region indicates huge growth potential for dairy development. It does without saying that upgradation of indigenous cattle if not the exotic crossbreeding programme in a big way will place dairy sector on fast growth trajectory and go a long way in diversification on agriculture in the region.
Challenges Associated with Managing a Multicenter Clinical Trial in Severe Burns

Managing multicenter clinical trials (MCTs) is demanding and complex. The Randomized controlled Evaluation of high-volume hemofiltration in adult burn patients with Septic shoCk and acUte kidnEy injury (RESCUE) trial was a prospective, MCT involving the impact of high-volume hemofiltration continuous renal replacement therapy on patients experiencing acute kidney injury and septic shock. Ten clinical burn centers from across the United States were recruited to enroll a target sample size of 120 subjects. This manuscripts reviews some of the obstacles and knowledge gained while coordinating the RESCUE trial. The first subject was enrolled in February 2012, 22 months after initial IRB approval and 29 months from the time the grant was awarded. The RESCUE team consisted of personnel at each site, including the lead site, a data coordination center, data safety monitoring board, steering committees, and the sponsor. Seven clinical sites had enrolled 37 subjects when enrollment stopped in February 2016. Obstacles included changes in institutional review boards, multiple layers of review, staffing changes, creation and amendment of study documents and procedures, and finalization of contracts. Successful completion of a MCT requires a highly functional research team with sufficient patient population, expertise, and research infrastructure. Additionally, realistic timelines must be established with strategies to overcome challenges. Inevitable obstacles should be discussed in the pretrial phase and continuous correspondence must be maintained with all relevant research parties throughout all phases of study.
Deformation at Elevated Temperatures and Creep Strength

This chapter focuses on deformation at elevated temperatures and creep strength. The modes of straining at elevated temperatures evoke distinctive mechanical properties and distinctive micro structural changes and present the same problem of relating the two. The metal aluminum provides a useful starting point. It is convenient to use, as it does not oxidize unduly, but its main attraction is that its microstructure readily reveals various dislocation processes that appear to underlie high-temperature deformation, in general. The chapter further discusses distinctive mechanical properties. The property most clearly distinguishing the modes of straining discussed earlier was strain-hardening. Hardening by deformation at elevated temperatures is distinguished by a high sensitivity to rate of strain, one where a metal hardens more slowly as it is strained more slowly and where, if it is strained slowly enough, it may not harden at all.
Total Energy Intake and Self-Selected Macronutrient Distribution During Wildland Fire Suppression

Introduction Wildland firefighters (WLFF) work long hours in extreme environments, resulting in high daily total energy expenditure. Increasing work-shift eating episodes and/or providing rations that promote convenient eating has shown augmented self-selected work output, as has regular carbohydrate (CHO) consumption. It remains unclear how current WLFF feeding strategies compare to more frequent nutrient delivery. Our aim was to determine WLFFs' self-selected field total energy intake (TEI), composition, and feeding patterns during wildland fire suppression shifts. Methods WLFF were deployed to fire incidents across the United States throughout the 2018 fire season. Preshift food inventories collected at basecamp provided item-specific nutrient content (kilocalories, CHO, fat, protein). Work shift consumption (TEI, feeding frequency, episodic composition) was monitored in real time by field researchers on fireline via observational data capture using mobile tablets. Shift work output was also quantified via actigraph accelerometry. Results Eighty-six WLFF (27.5±6.4 y; 16 female, 70 male) worked 14.0±1.1 h shifts, with a TEI of 6.3±2.5 MJ (1494±592 kcal) (51±10, 37±9, 13±4% for CHO, fat, and protein, respectively). WLFF averaged 4.3±1.6 eating episodes (1.4±1.3 MJ [345±306 kcal] and 44±38 g CHO·episode-1). WLFF who consumed >20 kcal·kg-1 averaged less sedentary activity than those consuming Conclusions Not including fire camp meals (breakfast, dinner), the present work-shift TEI approximates 33% of previously determined WLFF total energy expenditure and demonstrates that current WLFF consumption patterns may not deliver adequate nutrients for occupational demands.
Social Annotation and an Inclusive Praxis for Open Pedagogy in the College Classroom

Open social annotation, while offering opportunities for the creation of new knowledge, empowerment, and dynamic dialogue for learning, also contains inherent risk of safety for marginalized student populations navigating open knowledge practices. In this paper, we will explore both the opportunities for subverting traditional knowledge structures offered by open social annotation, while also bringing to the surface the critical tensions that may make engaging in social annotation more dangerous or ineffective for students from historically marginalized backgrounds. Finally, we will offer a framework for constructing social annotation assignments for the college classroom that functions to maximize the potential for equity while taking into account ways to minimize harm in the inevitable tensions of an inherently unsafe online environment. Critical social annotation will be explored as an alternative pedagogical approach.
#Biguys and #Biboys: The Discursive Production of Bisexual Men through Instagram’s Homonormative Visual Culture

Bisexual men operate within a paradox of social stereotypes and public invisibility. Despite the prevalence of bi-erasure and the difficulties surrounding bisexual visualization, men’s bisexuality ...
The Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) in the Preoperative Assessment of Patients for Hepatico-Pancreatic-Biliary (HPB) Surgery and Liver Transplantation (LT)

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is an established method for the objective assessment of functional status prior to undergoing major surgery. It integrates cardiac, respiratory and metabolic functions to give a dynamic assessment of the cardiorespiratory system at rest and during exercise. This is a brief introduction to the theory and practical aspects of CPET in patients awaiting hepatico-pancreatic-biliary (HPB) surgery and liver transplantation (LT), which are both associated with high morbidity rates. In recent years there has been an increasing interest and utilisation of CPET pre-operatively for collaborative decision making to guide prehabilitation and plan perioperative care. This chapter will describe normal exercise physiology and a systematic approach to CPET interpretation, which can help to identify physiological limitations and common patterns seen in patients awaiting HPB and LT surgery. The evidence base for its use in risk prediction of post-operative morbidity and mortality will be discussed along with evidence for its use in other aspects of perioperative care.
Shift in Computation – Tangible to Intangible

The design industry is dominated by ocularcentric culture – visualization and formal generation are generally regarded as the goal of production, focusing on transform intangible message into tangible visual forms. When computational tools intervene the process, we habitually use them as shortcut to complex forms, ignoring other potentials. There should be a shift in computation, realizing multi-sense in space for human. The shift is a transition from ocularcentric to all-sense culture. It challenges the singular process of “visualization” and “generative form”, by integrating two-way transformation between tangible message and intangible message. We should re-consider the process and result of computation – how do we transform tangible visual system into a source of intangible messages serving all senses? Meanwhile, we are in an era of interactivity. As emerging interactive mediums such as game engine, VR/AR devices extend the border of interaction, allowing real-time transmission of complex behavior and spatial information. The shift requires reflection on design thinking and our roles. When computation relates to space, the shift of computation is also the shift of space, in which architect will be a key role of constructing complex spatial system and human-space interaction. The shift addresses interdisciplinary and multi-sensory integration, aiming at diversity of spatial experiences and value of individuals, as thus inclusive and humanistic space can be built, to serve everyone.
Evolutionary Aeroelastic Design of Flying-Wing Cross Section

The uniform distribution of stresses in flying-wing aircraft improves the aeroelastic flight envelope. In this paper, we document the effect of wing cross-section configuration on the stress distri...
Microsoft's protocol documentation program: a success story for model-based testing

Microsoft is producing interoperability documentation for Windows client-server and server-server protocols. The Winterop team in the Windows organization is responsible for verifying the documentation to ensure its quality. Various test-driven methods are being applied including, when appropriate, a model- based approach. This talk describes core aspects of the quality assurance process and tools that were put in place, and specifically focuses on model-based testing (MBT), using Microsoft’s Spec Explorer technology. Though MBT has been applied successfully to features and products before, this is the first attempt to use it in such a large scale and in the context of a business-critical area within Microsoft, and to the best of the author’s knowledge throughout the whole industry. Empirical results confirm that MBT not only works and that it scales, provided it is accompanied by good tool support and clear methodological guidance, but also that it delivers significant productivity gains when compared to traditional testing in a similar domain and with the same people resources. The method to measure this is based on the effort per end-to-end tested requirement (including not only test design, but also test harnessing and test execution), over a probe of 9,844 requirements in test suites using MBT and 8,728 requirements in non-MBT test suites, with an average effort of 1.39 person days for MBT-tested requirement, and 2.37 person days for traditionally-tested requirement, documenting a productivity gain of 42%. A detailed account of this work is scheduled to appear in the journal for Software Testing and Verification (STVR) under the title Model-based Quality Assurance of Protocol Documentation: Tools and Methodology.
Conditional Quantile Estimation for GARCH Models

Conditional quantile estimation is an essential ingredient in modern risk management. Although GARCH processes have proven highly successful in modeling financial data it is generally recognized that it would be useful to consider a broader class of processes capable of representing more flexibly both asymmetry and tail behavior of conditional returns distributions. In this paper, we study estimation of conditional quantiles for GARCH models using quantile regression. Quantile regression estimation of GARCH models is highly nonlinear; we propose a simple and effective two-step approach of quantile regression estimation for linear GARCH time series. In the first step, we employ a quan- tile autoregression sieve approximation for the GARCH model by combining information over different quantiles; second stage estimation for the GARCH model is then carried out based on the first stage minimum distance estimation of the scale process of the time series. Asymptotic properties of the sieve approximation, the minimum distance estimators, and the final quantile regression estimators employing generated regressors are studied. These results are of independent interest and have applications in other quantile regression settings. Monte Carlo and empirical application results indicate that the proposed estimation methods outperform some existing conditional quantile estimation methods.
Characterizing the capability of a rear-end crash avoidance system

This paper presents a framework for characterizing the capability of an automotive rear-end crash avoidance system that integrates forward crash warning and adaptive cruise control functionalities. This system characterization describes the operational performance of the system and its main components in the driving environment, based on the data to be collected from instrumented vehicles driven by volunteer subjects as their own vehicles under real-world conditions. This characterization is pursuing a number of objectives dealing with the capability of system components including the forward-looking sensor suite, alter logic, automatic vehicle controls, and driver-vehicle interface. A number of subobjectives and concomitant measures are delineated. Examples are provided in order to illustrate the analysis process of this framework based on the recently collected data from system verification tests.
Decision Making in Nursing Home Placement

ABSTRACT This manuscript reports the results of an ethnographic study to describe the process rural families used to make nursing home placement decisions. A total of 16 rural family and elder interviews revealed that 3/4 of the decision makers and care givers were women, making decisions for (or with) elder parents or parents-in-law. It was a major life decision, often made in a crisis. Variables of greatest concern were whether the elder could get the care they needed, cleanliness of the nursing home, proximity of the home to the family, and the elder's agreement. Variables of little concern included cost and sources of reimbursement. Family dynamics were described as positive and strong, possibly stronger after placement. Variables affecting the elders' adjustment included whether the stay was permanent or temporary and the extent to which the elder agreed with the decision. Health professionals need to recognize the crisis the family may be in, offer information and referral, be futuristic with famili...
Oncological applications of FDG PET imaging.

echnical considerations, normal distributions of FDG and applications of FDG imaging using PET for brain tumors, colorectal cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, lung can cer and head and neck cancer have been addressed previ ously. This article focuses on applications of FDG PET imaging for breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and other body tumors.
Semiconductor-Based Implantable Prosthetic Devices

Semiconductor-based Implantable Prosthetic Devices are artificial devices embedded into the body to replace/rectify a functionality of a part of the body. The devices function as prosthetic devices by the operation of electronics, which is their core. This chapter describes such devices with specific emphasis to the design and functioning of the electronics. The chapter begins with an overview of existing implantable devices, both commercialized and those under development. The components of a generic implantable prosthetic device are described leading to a detailed discussion of the major components in the continuing sections. Design examples will be presented from an implantable retinal prosthetic device under development for replacing lost vision. The concluding section of the chapter presents a discussion on the challenges and future direction of these implantable devices. Keywords: implantable devices; prosthesis; retinal prosthesis; functional electrical stimulation (FES)
Test generation for BiCMOS circuits

Stuck-ON faults in BiCMOS devices result in an enhanced I/sub DDQ/. Stuck-OPEN faults exhibit both sequential behavior and delay faults. Test generation is considered for stuck-ON and stuck-OPEN faults in BiCMOS circuits. A procedure for obtaining test vectors/sequences for testing of faults manifesting as enhanced I/sub DDQ/ delay faults and sequential behavior is presented. The procedure involves activating a conduction path to obtain test vectors/sequences. The resulting test vectors obtained for single stuck-ON faults are also applicable to multiple stuck-ON faults. The scheme provides robust test sequences with unity Hamming distance for testing of delay faults and sequential behavior in BiCMOS circuits. >
Identification of Members of the Family Enterobacteriaceae by the R-B System

The R-B system was evaluated in parallel with conventional bacteriological procedures for the identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae by using bacterial strains from a variety of clinical specimens and from stock cultures. The R-B tests found to be reliable were, in decreasing order, the reactions for phenylalanine deaminase, hydrogen sulfide, and indole, the production of gas from glucose, and the decarboxylation of ornithine. The reactions in the R-B system found to be unreliable were motility, the decarboxylation of lysine, and the fermentation of both glucose and lactose. In addition, the reactions of the R-B system were more difficult to read and interpret than those of the conventional system. On the basis of this evaluation, it was concluded that the R-B system is not an acceptable alternative to the conventional methods in the identification of the Enterobacteriaceae.
Modeling recirculating conveyors with blocking

Abstract Recirculating conveyors provide both a delivery mechanism and a buffer for queueing behavior. Although these systems are commonly found in flexible manufacturing systems and assembly systems, accurate analytical models for performance evaluation have not been available. We present a new analytical model for such systems that provides virtually the same information as obtained from simulation models. This model uses processing times and travel times having an exponential distribution and allows for blocking and recirculation of loads and can be extended to large conveying systems with multiple servers.
Nutritional evaluation of three underexploited andean tubers:Oxalis tuberosa (Oxalidaceae),Ullucus tuberosus (Basellaceae), andTropaeolum tuberosum (Tropaeolaceae)

Three species of edible tubers endemic to and domesticated in the Andes were studied for their nutritional value. Collected samples ofOxalis tuberosa, Ullucus tuberosus, andTropaeolum tuberosum show a high amount of variation in both percent protein and quality of essential amino acids. A protein difference of120% is present amongT. tuberosum cultivars and a protein difference of 300% is present among the three species. The data indicate that previous published Andean tuber crop food values may need revision. The introduction of "improved" crop varieties and less nutritious foodstuffs threatens the base ofcultivar diversity that has been selected by Andean agriculturists over centuries. This rapid erosion of Andean tuber diversity indicates the importance of identifying and conserving Andean tuber cul-tivars throughout the Andes.
Use of clinical toxicology resources by emergency physicians and its impact on poison control centers

Study objective: The need for clinical toxicology resources by emergency physicians is unclear and may have implications for future training and resource availability. This study was designed to assess current emergency physician use of available resources. Design: Prospective evaluation by mail using a 49-item questionnaire. Type of participants: All 170 emergency physicians in Utah. Interventions: None. Results: The response rate was 75.3% (128 of 170). Resources "outside their own fund of knowledge" were consulted "occasionally" to "frequently" by 98.3%. They used the following resources "occasionally" to "frequently" : poison control center (PCC) (93.7%), toxicology textbook (77.6%), "expert colleague" (34.0%), and "in-house POISINDEX ® " (23.9%). They often contacted the PCC for toxicity information (93.7%) and management recommendations (87.3%) and for acute, symptomatic overdose cases (88.3%). They "almost never" contacted the PCC for adverse drug reactions (76.6%), pill identification (70.2%), consultation with physician toxicologist (68.1%), asymptomatic exposures (62.9%), chronic toxicity (50.4%), or solely to report the case to the American Association of Poison Control Centers data base (90.2%). Those who had access to in-house POISINDEX ® often did not consult the PCC (82.6%). Of those who did not have in-house POISINDEX ® , 42.8% contacted the PCC to access it. Providing access to physician toxicologist consultations was thought to be an important role for the PCC by 86.7%, but only 32% of physicians were using this option. Conclusion: The vast majority of emergency physicians in Utah consult the PCC only for acute, symptomatic overdoses. They view access to physician toxicologist consultation as an important role for the PCC but seldom use it. The availability of in-house POISINDEX ® decreases the likelihood of PCC consultations from emergency departments. The frequency of emergency physician consultation with the PCC may decrease as POISINDEX ® becomes available at more hospitals.
Rise in U.S. Share of World Textile Trade

PRIOR TO THE WAR, the greater part of the world's exports of textiles came from Western European exporters, including well over one third from the United Kingdom and about 40 per cent from continental Western European sources. Japan was the only major source of supply outside Europe, and U.S. textile exports accounted for only a minor fraction of world trade. The postwar pattern is different: the share of Japan, in spite of rapid recovery in recent years, is still hardly more than half of what it was before the war; the share of the United Kingdom has declined to little more than one fourth of world exports; and the United States has become a major exporter, contributing, in 1951, 15 per cent to the trade of the main exporting areas, against only 5 per cent in 1937 (Table 1).
Depth and width of cured lines in photopolymerizable ceramic suspensions

Abstract When a photopolymerizable ceramic suspension is illuminated, the cured region is characterized by the cure width and cure depth. The cure depth follows a semilogarithmic behavior with increasing energy dose, as expected for Beer–Lambert absorption, and is described by the depth sensitivity (Sd) and depth critical energy dose (Ed). The excess cure width, which is the cured width beyond the incident illumination width, is also found to increase with the logarithm of energy dose. This quasi-Beer–Lambert behavior can be described by a width sensitivity (Sw) and width critical energy dose (Ew). The semilogarithmic dose dependence is demonstrated for ceramic suspensions containing silica, mullite, alumina, and zircon powders. Broadening can be quantified by the broadening depth (Db), which is the cure depth at which broadening begins to occur. It is shown that the broadening depth decreases with the logarithm of the normalized refractive index contrast between the powder and monomer solution.
Input protection for the laboratory computer

Circuit details are given for building protective interfaces between laboratory instruments and a computer’s analog and digital inputs. The protective interfaces will not only protect the computer and its input interfaces from a misconnection, but they will themselves withstand misconnection with no damage.
Synthesis, structure and bonding of a digold complex with bridging triphenylstannyl ligands

Abstract The reaction of Au(PPh3)Ph with HSnPh3 yielded the new digold–ditin complex, [Au(PPh3)(μ–SnPh3)]2, 6 in 52% yield. Benzene was also formed. Sn2Ph6 is a major coproduct that was formed by the degradation of 6. Compound 6 was characterized structurally by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The molecule contains two Au(PPh3) groups that are joined by a strong Au–Au bond (2.5590(5) A in length) that is bridged by two SnPh3 groups. The metal–metal bonding was analyzed by DFT Mo calculations. The Au–Sn bonding is represented by the HOMO which is a four center: two electron bond.
Palaeoclimatology: Archaean palaeosols and Archaean air

Arising from: H. Ohmoto, Y. Watanabe & K. Kumazawa Nature 429, 395–399 (2004); see also communication from J. F. Kasting ; H. Ohmoto & Y. Watanabe reply Ferrous carbonate, as the mineral siderite, occurs in Archaean palaeosols (ancient soils). Ohmoto et al.1 contend that siderite was not in equilibrium with the oxygen in Archaean air and that its presence in palaeosols provides little constraint on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in Archaean air. But their argument is invalid because it fails to distinguish the different behaviours of the trivial component oxygen and the significant component carbon dioxide in the partly closed system of soil waters. The presence or absence of siderite in ancient soils is a valid constraint on the carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) in ancient atmospheres.
Movements and Survival of Molt Migrant Canada Geese From Southern Michigan

Abstract We studied movements and survival of 250 female giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) marked during incubation with either satellite-monitored platform transmitting terminals or very high frequency radiotransmitters at 27 capture areas in southern Michigan, USA, in 2000–2003. We destroyed nests of 168 radiomarked females by removing eggs after day 14 of incubation, and we left nests of 82 incubating hens undisturbed after capture and marking. Of females whose nests we experimentally destroyed, 80% subsequently migrated from breeding areas to molt remiges in Canada. Among 82 nests left undisturbed, 37 failed due to natural causes and 51% of those females departed. Migration incidence of birds that nested in urban parks was low (23%) compared with migration incidence of birds that nested in other classes of land use (87%). Departure of females from their breeding areas began during the second and third weeks of May, and most females departed during the last week of May and first week of Jun...
Some Reactions of Vinyl Isocyanate and Its Copolymers

Abstract Linear, soluble copolymers of vinyl isocyanate with styrene and methyl methacrylate were obtained when the comonomer:vinyl isocyanate ratio in the copolymer was greater than 9:1. When the comonomer to isocyanate ratio was less than 2:1, the copolymers were insoluble. Infrared evidence indicated that spontaneous cross-linking through the isocyanate function occurred by a mechanism similar to the known reaction by which isocyanates undergo dimerization and trimerization. The soluble copolymers retained the reactive isocyanate moeity as was shown by their reactivity with n-butylamine and ethanol to produce, respectively, the corresponding polyurea and polycarbamate, and with ethylenediamine and water to produce cross-linked polymers. The intrinsic viscosity [η] for the 9:1 methyl methacrylate: vinyl isocyanate copolymer was 0.22 dl/g while that for the corresponding ethyl carbamate was 0.24 dl/g.
Effect of Client-Therapist Gender Match on the Therapeutic Relationship: An Exploratory Analysis:

Matching clients and counselors on the basis of heuristics, such as gender, is common in clinical practice. Considerable research has examined the effect of gender matching on the therapeutic alliance with equivocal results. Researchers have offered various hypotheses to explain these findings without consensus. This study sought to examine gender matching in a naturalistic setting and proposed that gender matching varies in importance depending upon the stage of the therapeutic relationship. It was hypothesized that gender matching affects the therapeutic alliance initially and then becomes less important as other factors come into play. Results did not support the hypothesis but showed a general "female effect." Across all stages of therapy, female clients matched with female therapists reported therapeutic alliance ratings higher than dyads with a male therapist. Dyads with a female therapist and male client also reported alliance higher than male gender matched dyads. Implications of these results, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Intra-coronary arterial injection of mesenchymal stromal cells and microinfarction in dogs

Summary Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have the potential to treat many myocardial diseases. We investigated whether these multipotent stem cells derived from bone marrow could be administered safely into the coronary circulation of healthy dogs. We injected about 0·5 million cells per kg bodyweight of early passage autologous MSCs into the left circumflex coronary artery of anaesthetised dogs. During administration, we noted ST segment elevation and T wave changes characteristic of acute myocardial ischaemia. 7 days later, macroscopic and microscopic evidence of myocardial infarction was noted. Histological sections of myocardium showed several scattered regions of dense fibroplasia accompanied by macrophage infiltrates only in areas where the MSCs were observed. We also noted raised plasma concentrations of cardiac troponin I and collagen fibril deposition in the lesions. These findings show acute myocardial ischaemia and subacute myocardial microinfarction after intracoronary arterial injection of MSCs into dogs. Published online March 2, 2004 http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03let12261web.pdf
Effect of carbonated beverages and of an antiemetic containing carbohydrate and phosphoric acid on riboflavin bioavailability and salicylamide biotransformation in humans

Two carbohydrate-phosphoric acid solutions, one a widely used beverage (Solution C) and the other a pharmaceutical product used as an antiemetic (Solution E), administered together with riboflavin-5'-phosphate or salicylamide to healthy human adults, significantly increased the bioavailability of riboflavin and appreciably altered the metabolic fate of salicylamide (increased conversion to the sulfate and decreased formation of the glucuronide). A beverage containing phosphoric acid but no carbohydrates (Solution T) also increased the bioavailability of riboflavin but not as much as Solution C. These effects are attributed to a decrease of the gastric emptying rate caused by carbohydrates and phosphoric acid, consistent with the empirical use of Solution C syrup and Solution E as antinauseants and antiemetics. The results demonstrate also that the choice of beverage to be taken with medication can affect the bioavailability and/or metabolic fate of medicinals with saturable absorption and/or biotransformation characteristics.
Effects of imipramine, chlorimipramine, and fluoxetine on cataplexy in dogs.

Abstract Four narcoleptic dogs with cataplexy were given trials with the serotonin uptake blockers imipramine and chlorimipramine (known to be effective in treating cataplexy in humans). An even more selective serotonin uptake blocker, fluoxetine, was also tested. Injections of placebo, test compound, and placebo were given respectively on 3 successive days. Anticataplectic effects were measured approximately 30 min, 3 hr, and 6 hr postinjection by recording elapsed time and number of cataplectic episodes during the dog's attempts to eat ten pieces of a desired food presented in a standard fashion. Imipramine (1 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg) significantly improved performance, while chlorimipramine (0.5–5 mg/kg) had no clear effect. Data were not totally consistent with the notion that serotonin uptake blockers improve cataplexy in dogs, since chlorimipramine was not effective in these animals.
Bimaterial interface fracture: A discrete dislocation model

The influence of mode mixity on crack growth and failure at a metal/ceramic bimaterial interface is examined within the discrete dislocation (DD) plasticity framework. Plasticity occurs via the motion of dislocations embedded in a linearly elastic medium with physically based rules governing dislocation nucleation, motion and annihilation. The numerical procedure uses a new superposition technique, developed specifically to allow the efficient solution of DD problems containing elastic inhomogeneities. The existence of an interface crack in the unloaded configuration is assumed and the remote loading is given by the elastic bimaterial crack solution, in accordance with the small scale yielding assumption. A mode-independent cohesive zone law characterizes the interface ahead of the initial crack tip, with a small amount of viscous damping added to the interface constitutive description to avoid convergence problems. The model predicts crack growth with a resistance curve and an increasing fracture toughness with mode mixity, qualitatively similar to recent continuum plasticity calculations but much smaller in magnitude. The quantitative differences arise from the large opening stresses induced by dislocations which drives separation in cases where continuum plasticity can not. Crack tip blunting and shielding, the existence of preferential slip planes, localized regions of large deformation and competition between ductile and brittle fracture all emerge naturally from the boundary value problem solution and provide insight into the observed toughness trends.
Deliberate Change in Spatial Systems: Goals, Strategies and Their Evaluation

Abstract In the paper the fundamentally different choices among alternative futures that flow from the selection of one policy-making style as opposed to another are discussed, and examples given of the likely divergencies in the future determinants of the form and dynamics of spatial systems from one society to another. The effect is to suggest that productive insights into spatial dynamics in the future are less likely to flow from analysis of the past processes that have generated current spatial patterns than they are from evaluating the nature and impacts of salient decisions largely made in the public sector.
A Skin Tracking Radar Experiment Involving the COURIER Satellite

Range measurements are a very powerful type of tracking data for spacecraft operating at interplanetary distances. As a step in the development of a technique for making such measurements, an experimental system was devised in which the technique was adapted to the radar tracking of artificial Earth satellites. The system was tried out by tracking the Echo balloon and, after modifications, proven by tracking the Courier satellite. This paper describes the system that was used and the experiments that were conducted. Evaluation of the range data was made by comparing it with angle and Doppler data. The comparison was made by computing an orbit from angle and Doppler data obtained on three successive passes. The range was computed from the orbit for comparison with the measured range. The ranges measured were between 1,900,000 and 2,500,000 meters, and the largest disagreement between the measured and computed range during these three passes was 36 meters which is only about twice the estimated uncertainty in the range measurement. The average disagreement was approximately 20 meters or one part in 105. At the present it is not possible to state what part of the disagreement should be attributed to the ranging system and what part should be attributed to the orbit computation. The direction to be taken by further investigation is given.
Direct time-domain soil profile reconstruction for one-dimensional semi-infinite domains

We discuss the inverse medium problem associated with the reconstruction of the heterogeneous material profile of a semi-infinite (layered) soil medium, directly in the time domain, based on the complete waveform response of the medium to interrogating waves. To tackle the inversion process, we use a partial-differential-equation-constrained optimization approach, supplemented with a time-dependent regularization scheme. We introduce an absorbing boundary to truncate the semi-infinite extent of the physical domain, and propose two schemes to refine the reconstructed profiles: the first is based on iteratively re-positioning the truncation boundary until convergence, and the second is based on optimizing the observation period, so as to exclude records with information beyond the truncation boundary. We present numerical results that attest to the efficacy of the proposed schemes in reconstructing sharp profiles of semi-infinite soil domains using both noise-free and noisy data, while in the presence of absorbing boundaries.