cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic keyboard pals : Mentoring the electronic way

In the spring semester 1995 offering of the Technical Services Functions course (LIS 437) at the Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, each student was assigned two practicing technical services librarians to serve as electronic mail mentors. The mentors were available throughout the semester primarily to serve as resource persons for a major course paper. They also provided counsel and guidance related to other aspects of the course's content. Evaluations by both mentors and "mentees" indicated that this was a successful use of this new means of communication.
Geospatial Technologies and Homeland Security: An Overview

In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, homeland security has not only become a top priority of US government policies at all levels (National Governors’ Association 2006; Homeland Security Council 2007), it also has become an emerging field of study (Bullock et al. 2006). Homeland security presents an enormous opportunity but also poses daunting challenges for higher education (National Research Council 2005). Despite the diverse interpretation of the term ‘homeland security,’ existing literature can be grouped in two categories: either narrowly defined as dealing with intentional, human-induced terrorist attacks, or more broadly defined as dealing with any disasters of technological, natural, and human origin. This book takes the broader view. Regardless of how homeland security is defined, the tasks it deals with typically follow more or less the same cycles of response in a typical emergency situation: detection, preparedness, prevention, protection, rescue, relief, recovery, and reconstruction (Cutter 2003). Although data needed in each phase of an emergency response may differ in spatial and temporal scales, government agencies and citizens need access to real-time, multiple types of general information, as well as accurate geospatial information in order to accomplish many of the tasks during an emergency response situation (Briggs et al. 2002; National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States 2004; Patterson and Apostolakis 2007). Geospatial technologies encompass a suite of technologies that deal with where, what, when, and how information can be obtained explicitly covering a particular locale, increasingly on multiple scales. Immediately following the 9/11 attacks, government, industry and academy have recognized the need for a tighter coupling between geospatial technologies and homeland security missions, as the former can provide crucial information for accomplishing most of the tasks of the latter (ESRI 2001; FGDC 2001; Beck 2003; Katoaka 2007). Along with bioand nanotechnology, geospatial technologies are widely regarded as one of the three leading technological areas in the 21st century. Generally speaking, geospatial technologies include,
Family Politics: Negotiating the Family Unit as a Creative Force in Chigozie Obioma’s The Fishermen and Ben Okri’s The Famished Road

This chapter explores the way the family unit acts as a representation of the nation state as explored in two Nigerian novels: Ben Okri’s The Famished Road (1993) and Chigozie Obioma’s The Fishermen (2015). Critical of the politics and development of Nigeria, Okri provides a vision of solidarity and hope in the face of oppression and injustice, while Obioma shows how the influx of individualist ideology into the family drives brother against brother. This chapter both operates within and challenges Frederic Jameson’s reductive claim that all “third-world texts” are “national allegories.” The novels, through the family unit, ultimately depict a nation that is forming and reforming itself, just as transgressive ideologies threaten to tear it apart.
Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Ebola Virus Infection by Human Antibodies Isolated from Survivors

Some monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recovered from survivors of filovirus infections can protect against infection. It is currently unknown whether natural infection also induces some antibodies with the capacity for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). A panel of mAbs obtained from human survivors of filovirus infection caused by Ebola, Bundibugyo, or Marburg viruses was evaluated for their ability to facilitate ADE. ADE was observed readily with all mAbs examined at sub-neutralizing concentrations, and this effect was not restricted to mAbs with a particular epitope specificity, neutralizing capacity, or subclass. Blocking of specific Fcγ receptors reduced but did not abolish ADE that was associated with high-affinity binding antibodies, suggesting that lower-affinity interactions still cause ADE. Mutations of Fc fragments of an mAb that altered its interaction with Fc receptors rendered the antibody partially protective in vivo at a low dose, suggesting that ADE counteracts antibody-mediated protection and facilitates dissemination of filovirus infections.
The effect of thoracic radiation on overall survival and their association with systemic immune therapy in stage IV NSCLC: Findings from the National Cancer Database.

9103Background: The role of thoracic radiation (TRT) is controversial for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A prospective study of 29 patients reported superior progression free survival...
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Regulates Body Composition and Locomotor Activity in a Sex-Dependent Manner in Drosophila melanogaster

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to be a bioactive food component. However, there is limited knowledge on the sex-dependent effects of CLA on energy metabolism. In the present study, Drosophila melanogaster was used to investigate the sex-dependent effects of CLA with respect to body fat, muscle, locomotion, and a key metabolic regulator, AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα). Adult flies were fed a cornmeal-based fly food with 0.5% of CLA oil (50:50 of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers in triacylglycerol (TAG) form), 0.5% safflower oil (high in linoleic acid [LNA] as control), or 0.5% water (as blank) for 5 days. Accumulation of CLA in tissue was verified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CLA-fed flies had reduced TAG and increased locomotor activity when compared to LNA-fed control flies. In addition, CLA increased the muscle content when compared to the blank. Moreover, following CLA supplementation, increased AMPKα activity was observed in females, but not in males. These sex-dependent metabolic effects of CLA may be due to physiological differences in lipid metabolism and nutrient requirements. In conclusion, CLA promoted the body composition and locomotion behavior in D. melanogaster and regulated the sex-specific metabolism in part via AMPKα. As key physiological processes are conserved between fly and human, information obtained from this research could provide valuable insights into sex-dependent responses to CLA in humans.
Ensuring poverty: welfare reform in feminist perspective

More than 20 years have elapsed since the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) that President Bill Clinton proudly declared would “‘end welfare as...
Understand the Emerging Demands of Computing Education for Non-CS Major Students

In this poster, the investigators report their experience in teaching five computer science courses that were developed specifically for non-CS major students. These courses were taught in a four-year period in a public research institution in the South-eastern region of the United States. The whole study demonstrates an emerging demand for computing education from non-CS major students. The investigators collected data from both the students and the instructors in the hope to seek empirical answers to the questions of why there are such emerging demands for computing education, where are the demands coming from, and what non-CS major students are looking for in computer science classes. The answers to these questions can help shed the light on what educators should provide to the students in these courses. Based on the analysis of the data gathered, the investigators proposed a list of four recommendations to help guide fellow educators in the development of non-CS major computer science courses: (a) focus on high-level programming and modeling with low syntactic overhead; (b) broaden the breath of application demonstration to help non-CS major students to apply the knowledge to their specific domain; (c) introduction of computational tools; (d) hands on projects that match students' background and interests.
Reduction of nitrogen-oxygen containing compounds (NOCs) by surface-associated Fe(II) and comparison with soluble Fe(II) complexes

Abstract Both Fe(II) adsorbed onto mineral surfaces and soluble Fe(II) complexes are important natural reductants; however, no research has directly compared their reaction kinetics and mechanisms. In this work, the reduction kinetics of heterogeneous Fe(II)-goethite versus homogeneous Fe(II)-tiron were compared for the first time toward thirteen structurally diverse nitrogen-oxygen containing compounds (NOCs). The reduction of NOCs followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics in Fe(II)-goethite, with the rate constant k varying over a wide range from 8.56 h−1 to
Mining Semantic Knowledge Graphs to Add Explainability to Black Box Recommender Systems

Recommender systems are being increasingly used to predict the preferences of users on online platforms and recommend relevant options that help them cope with information overload. In particular, modern model-based collaborative filtering algorithms, such as latent factor models, are considered state-of-the-art in recommendation systems. Unfortunately, these black box systems lack transparency, as they provide little information about the reasoning behind their predictions. White box systems, in contrast, can, by nature, easily generate explanations. However, their predictions are less accurate than sophisticated black box models. Recent research has demonstrated that explanations are an essential component in bringing the powerful predictions of big data and machine learning methods to a mass audience without compromising trust. Explanations can take a variety of formats, depending on the recommendation domain and the machine learning model used to make predictions. The objective of this work is to build a recommender system that can generate both accurate predictions and semantically rich explanations that justify the predictions. We propose a novel approach to build an explanation generation mechanism into a latent factor-based black box recommendation model. The designed model is trained to learn to make predictions that are accompanied by explanations that are automatically mined from the semantic web. Our evaluation experiments, which carefully study the trade-offs between the quality of predictions and explanations, show that our proposed approach succeeds in producing explainable predictions without a significant sacrifice in prediction accuracy.
The impact of transfused blood products on deceased donor HLA typing

Abstract Accurate deceased donor HLA typing assumes that the blood sample tested contains only DNA from the organ donor. Prior to procurement, many organ donors are transfused at least one unit of red blood cells (RBC). Non-organ donor DNA acquired from transfusions may result in incorrect and/or ambiguous HLA typing. To address this question, we investigated the impact of RBC transfusion on organ donor HLA typing by using different in vitro transfusion models: leukoreduced (LR) and non-LR RBCs. Various quantities of LR and non-LR RBCs were added to normal peripheral blood and HLA typing was performed by real time PCR. Our results show that HLA typing of deceased donors can be impacted dependent upon the type and quantity of transfused RBCs. Importantly, if LR RBCs are given, HLA typing is unlikely to be affected, precluding the need to delay typing and obtain an alternative source of donor DNA.
Magnetic resonance imaging features of small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis

To evaluate the biliary tree and hepatic parenchymal findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis (SD-PSC). Thirty-nine patients with biopsy-proven primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) without any bile duct abnormality on MRCP (n = 15) or ERCP (n = 24) at the time of diagnosis were identified. Follow-up MRCP was available in 36/39 patients (12/15 Baseline MRCP group and 24 Baseline ERCP group). Two radiologists in consensus assessed the MRI/MRCP findings. The baseline MRI/MRCP of 15 SD-PSC patients was compared with MRI/MRCP of 15 normal healthy potential liver donors (Control group). Comparisons were made between SD-PSC patients and the Control group, and between baseline and follow-up MRI/MRCP findings in the SD-PSC patients. In the 15 Baseline MRCP SD-PSC subjects, the biliary tree was normal with a trend of larger bile ducts compared to the Control group. Periductal enhancement (arterial phase: 70%, 7/10; delayed phase: 90%, 9/10), heterogeneous parenchymal signal on T2-weighted (53%, 8/15) and post contrast-enhanced images (70%, 7/10), and enlarged periportal lymph nodes (73%, 11/15) were frequently present in patients with SD-PSC. Eight (33%) of 24 SD-PSC patients who had normal MRCP at baseline MRCP or initial follow-up MRCP after normal baseline ERCP showed large-duct PSC (LD-PSC) features on follow-up and the 10-year cumulative incidence for progression to LD-PSC rate was 8.5%. SD-PSC patients have a normal biliary tree but frequently have peribiliary enhancement, abnormal parenchymal signal intensity, and periportal lymphadenopathy. One-third shows progression to LD-PSC on follow-up.
[Management of occupational health for adverse health effects of beryllium and its compounds in workplaces - Recent trends and issues in Japan].

Objectives Beryllium is primarily used in its metallic form, in alloys, or in beryllium oxide ceramics. Its physical and mechanical properties make it useful for many applications across a range of industries. Because beryllium is recognized as a sensitizing and carcinogenic agent, the management of occupational health for workers who may be occupationally exposed to beryllium has long been an important issue in the world. Under these circumstances, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) had published a rule in January 2017, to prevent the development of chronic beryllium disease and lung cancer. This rule strengthens the regulations governing the use of beryllium and its compounds. With the announcement of the OSHA rule in January 2017, the purpose of this study is to gain insight into the health problems and industrial hygiene associated with the use of beryllium and share the issues related to the management of occupational health for persons working with beryllium in Japan. Methods We collected information regarding the beryllium industry, beryllium exposure, beryllium-induced health disorders, OSHA rule of January 2017, and regulations for beryllium use in Japan. After reviewing them, we discussed the issues concerning occupational health management of workers exposed to beryllium in Japan. Results It has been reconfirmed that in recent years, the most serious health problem due to beryllium exposure is chronic beryllium disease caused by beryllium sensitization. Management of occupational health that emphasizes reduction of beryllium sensitization and early detection of beryllium-sensitized workers is important. Conclusions It was suggested that the following should be considered as the issues of management of occupational health of workers exposed to beryllium in Japan: (1) Collect epidemiologic data on health hazards from beryllium exposure in Japan. (2) Review the diagnostic items of special medical check-ups. (3) Review the definition of beryllium and its compounds in the Ordinance on Prevention of Hazards due to Specified Chemical Substances.
Management of Acute Pain

Principles of acute pain management in substance abuse patients focus on attaining adequate analgesia via a multimodal approach while being vigilant of the surrounding psychosocial and medicolegal issues. An understanding of the pathophysiology of pain is discussed, as it is fundamental to designing a rational multimodal treatment plan. A holistic therapeutic approach should be employed with clear and sustainable exit and entry strategies, with longitudinal follow-up whenever possible. The clinician must be able to identify and treat opioid-induced hyperalgesia as well as treat pain in the setting of patients receiving opioid maintenance therapy.
A single-institutional experience with low dose stereotactic body radiation therapy for liver metastases.

Abstract Aim This study reports a single-institutional experience treating liver metastases with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Materials and methods 107 patients with 169 lesions were assessed to determine factors predictive for local control, radiographic response, and overall survival (OS). Machine learning techniques, univariate analysis, and the Kaplan-Meier method were utilized. Results Patients were treated with a relatively low median dose of 30 Gy in 3 fractions. Fractions were generally delivered once weekly. Median biologically effective dose (BED) was 60 Gy, and the median gross tumor volume (GTV) was 12.16 cc. Median follow-up was 7.36 months. 1-year local control was 75% via the Kaplan-Meier method. On follow-up imaging, 43%, 40%, and 17% of lesions were decreased, stable, and increased in size, respectively. 1-year OS was 46% and varied by primary tumor, with median OS of 34.3, 25.1, 12.5, and 4.6 months for ovarian, breast, colorectal, and lung primary tumors, respectively. Breast and ovarian primary patients had better OS (p Conclusion Relatively low-dose SBRT for liver metastases demonstrated efficacy and minimal toxicity, even for patients with large tumors or multiple lesions. This approach may be useful for patients in whom higher-dose therapy is contraindicated or associated with high risk for toxicity. OS depends largely on the primary tumor.
Effective Potential Improvements, $\epsilon$-expansions, and the Electroweak Phase Transition

Two recently proposed approaches to the study of the electroweak phase transition are discussed.
Tripartite version of the Corrádi-Hajnal theorem

Let G be a tripartite graph with N vertices in each vertex class. If each vertex is adjacent to at least (2/3)N vertices in each of the other classes, then either G contains a subgraph that consists of N vertex-disjoint triangles or G is a specific graph in which each vertex is adjacent to exactly (2/3)N vertices in each of the other classes.
Transgender Individuals and Psychological Intimate Partner Violence: a National Study

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive public health problem in which transgender individuals are at elevated risk. The present study examined associations among IPV, demographics, sex work, and substance use in a national sample of transgender individuals. National data from the 2015 Transgender Survey (n = 27,715) was analyzed. Results indicated that nearly half (48.3%) of transgender individuals had experienced IPV in their lifetime. Lifetime IPV differed significantly based on demographics, sex work and substance use. Individuals at highest risk for lifetime IPV were those who self-identified as a trans man, were 25–64 years old, were Native American/Alaskan Native or Middle-Eastern/North African, had some college or less, had an annual income of $1–$24,999, had been part of a religious/spiritual community, had engaged in sex work and had used substances. Public and community health efforts are needed to address risk factors contributing to transgender involvement in IPV. Primary and secondary preventive measures are needed to effectively combat IPV. Primary prevention strategies should educate individuals regarding IPV, healthy relationships and the adoption of healthy coping and communication skills. Secondary prevention strategies should utilize screening procedures to identify individuals at risk and bolster social connectedness. Treatment programs should be developed to reduce IPV among individuals who use substances. Future research is strongly needed in this area.
Shear-Mediated Platelet Activation is Accompanied by Unique Alterations of Platelet Lipid Profile

Platelet activation by mechanical means such as shear stress, is a vital driver of thrombotic risk in implantable blood-contacting devices used in treatment of heart failure. Lipids are essential in platelets activation and have been studied following biochemical activation. However, little is known regarding lipid alterations occurring with mechanical-shear mediated platelet activation. Here, we determined if shear-activation of platelets induced lipidome changes that differ from those associated with biochemically-mediated platelet activation. We performed high-resolution lipidomic analysis on purified platelets from four healthy human donors. For each donor, we compared the lipidome of platelets that were non-activated or activated by shear, ADP, or thrombin treatment. We found that shear activation altered cell-associated lipids and led to the release of lipids into the extracellular environment. Shear-activated platelets released 21 phospholipids and sphingomyelins at levels statistically higher than platelets activated by biochemical stimulation. Many of the released phospholipids contained an arachidonic acid tail or were phosphatidylserine lipids, which have procoagulant properties. We conclude that shear-mediated activation of platelets alters the basal platelet lipidome. Further, these alterations differ and are unique in comparison to the lipidome of biochemically activated platelets. Our findings suggest that lipids released by shear-activated platelets may contribute to altered thrombosis in patients with implanted cardiovascular therapeutic devices.
Effect Modification of HIV and Malaria on Association Between Pregnancy, Hemoglobin Concentration and Anemia in Sub-Saharan Africa

Background: The prevalence of anemia in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa is high, and is associated with poor maternal and fetal outcomes. Effect modification by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and malaria on anemia in pregnancy is not well studied. The object was to delineate independent factors associated with anemia in women of reproductive age (pregnant and non-pregnant) in sub-Saharan Africa, and to explore effect modification due to HIV and malaria in the association between pregnancy and anemia. Methods: The cross-sectional analysis used data from sub-Saharan Africa Demographic and Health Survey (2014 Ghana, 2012 Mali and 2012 Ivory Coast). This was a population-based study. Data were collected using a multistage stratified sampling procedure that was applied in urban and rural areas, using enumeration area as the primary sampling units. Participants were women aged 15-49 years from selected households were interviewed. The surveys for the analyzed countries had an overall response rate of 97%. The primary outcome was the prevalence of anemia. HIV, malaria and hemoglobin were measured for each participant using ELISA, rapid diagnostic test, and HemoCue analyzer respectively. Results: Of 14373 women aged 15-49 year included, 1412 (10%) were pregnant. The overall anemia prevalence was 16%, higher in pregnant women (59%) than non-pregnant women (12%). Independent factors associated with anemia were pregnancy, OR 11, 95% CI (9.7, 12.41, p<0.0001), malaria infection, OR 1.38, 95% CI (1.25, 1.53, p<0.0001) and HIV sero-positivity, OR 2.29, 95% CI (1.78, 2.91, p<0.0001). The association between pregnancy and anemia was stronger among women with malaria, OR 12.5, 95% CI (10.5, 14.9) than those without malaria, OR 9.8, 95% CI (8.2, 11.7), p for the OR difference = 0.058. This interaction was not observed for HIV infection. Conclusions: Pregnancy, HIV and malaria were associated with higher prevalence of anemia even after adjusting for each other. Pregnancy and anemia association was modified by malaria but not HIV: Association of pregnancy and anemia was stronger in malaria vs non-malaria women. Higher prevalence rates of anemia in pregnancy and the effect modification by malaria, confirm the importance of developing effective prevention and early treatment in the at-risk population.
Gossip over Holonomic Graphs

A gossip process is an iterative process in a multi-agent system where only two neighboring agents communicate at each iteration and update their states. The neighboring condition is by convention described by an undirected graph. In this paper, we consider a general update rule whereby each agent takes an arbitrary weighted average of its and its neighbor's current states. In general, the limit of the gossip process (if it converges) depends on the order of iterations of the gossiping pairs. The main contribution of the paper is to provide a necessary and sufficient condition for convergence of the gossip process that is independent of the order of iterations. This result relies on the introduction of the novel notion of holonomy of local stochastic matrices for the communication graph. We also provide complete characterizations of the limit and the space of holonomic stochastic matrices over the graph.
Blurry Vision: Supply Chain Visibility for Personal Protective Equipment during COVID-19

Abstract We explore supply chain visibility challenges in the context of our contemporary COVID pandemic, and offer insights, models and potential solutions to remove barriers to clear supply chain visibility. In this paper, we describe how visibility and velocity are the two key attributes that are required to enabling critical decision-making accuracy which will in turn increase the ability of local, state and federal healthcare and public health decision-makers to response to shifts in the U.S. system. We describe the problems in current systems due to the lack of visibility of material in global supply chains, which in turn leads to problems such as the lack of PPE that occurred during the COVID pandemic. We conclude with recommendations on how to render inventory more visible for the future.
The Splenic Response to Ischemic Stroke: Neuroinflammation, Immune Cell Migration, and Experimental Approaches to Defining Cellular Mechanisms

The neural sequelae resulting from ischemic stroke involve multiple physiological systems resulting in acute injury followed by delayed cellular degeneration. Clinical studies targeting early neural injury uncovered in animal models of stroke have resulted in poor outcomes. The limited success of these approaches has broadened investigation into the delayed phase of infarct expansion, whereby the penumbral tissue surrounding the initial core infarct can be rescued prior to irreversible injury. Of particular relevance are the neuroimmune mechanisms that are activated from several hours to days following ischemic stroke and eventually lead to permanent infarction that cannot be rescued. New findings from animal studies suggest that the therapeutic window is wider than previously thought, thus allowing for selective targeting of inflammatory processes prior to irreversible injury.
Analysis of NOAA-Generated Tropospheric Refraction Corrections for the Next Generation Nationwide DGPS Service

The U.S. Coast Guard has begun the modernization of its Nationwide Differential GPS (NDGPS) beacon network. One potential component of modernization is to provide the information necessary for long baseline, centimetrelevel, differential carrier phase processing. In order to achieve these results, improved handling of atmospheric refraction of the incoming GPS signals must be achieved. The utility of the NOAA tropospheric delays in position determination was accomplished by supplying the NOAA zenith delay estimates to an in-house ionospheric-free relative GPS processor. Results indicate that the most significant improvement is observed in upcomponent bias reduction of a few centimeters to more than four decimeters.
2'(3')-O-L-(O-methyl-3-phenyllactyl) adenosine. A potential analog of 2'(3')-O-aminoacyl ribonucleosides.

Abstract The title compound and the corresponding diacyl derivative have been prepared by the reaction of 5′-O-(4-methoxytrityl)adenosine with l -(O- methyl -3- phenyl)lactic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in pyridine and subsequent detritylation in 80% acetic acid. Neither compound accepted the N- acetyl- l -phenylalanyl residue from N- acetyl- l -phenylalanyl-tRNA in an Escherichia coli ribosomal system nor did either inhibit the puromycin reaction in the same system.
Radioactive vitamin B12 absorption studies: results of direct measurement of radioactivity in the blood.

A new method for the determination of the absorption of vitamin B12 has been described using measurement of radioactivity in the blood or plasma after the ingestion of physiologic test doses of Co60 labeled vitamin B12. Although doses of 1.0 µc. (0.92 µg. vitamin B12) gave higher counts, equally reliable results were obtained with 0.5 µc. (0.46 µg. vitamin B12). The radioactivity was found in the plasma portion of the blood. With this method it was possible to differentiate between all of nine patients with pernicious anemia and 36 control subjects. In non-pernicious anemia subjects and in pernicious anemia patients given intrinsic factor, there was a relatively delayed rise in the blood or plasma radioactivity until a peak was reached in the 8 to 12 hour interval after the ingestion of the test dose. This absorption curve was quite different from the early rise observed by others after massive oral doses of vitamin B12, indicating a different mode of absorption. Following the peak blood concentration the radioactivity gradually declined and small amounts usually persisted for as long as one week, quite different from the rapid disappearance after parenteral administration previously reported. This method appears valuable in the diagnosis of pernicious anemia and other vitamin B12 malabsorptive states, in the evaluation of intrinsic factor activity, and in studies of various aspects of the metabolism of vitamin B12.
Life Chances and Choices: Assessing Quality of Life among the Homeless

A Weberian lifestyles approach is employed to examine differences in quality of life among the homeless. Using a systematic random sample of 161 homeless people in a mid-sized, Southern metropolitan area, the study focuses on the impact of life chances and social choices on aspects of quality of life in this severely challenged population. Regression results show that a number of life chance and social choice variables affect general and domain-specific well-being. While chances and choices both contribute to these aspects of quality of life, there is only modest evidence of a mediating effect. With the exception of depressive symptoms, life chances appear to play a more important role in quality of life differences than life choices. The specific life chance and choice factors influencing aspects of quality of life vary with each separate well-being outcome. The implications of these findings for general sociology and homeless social policy are explored.
Influence of recombinant hematopoietins and of fetal bovine serum on the globin synthetic pattern of human BFUe.

We have studied the effects of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and/or interleukin-3 (IL-3) on the globin program of adult human erythroid progenitors (BFUe) stimulated to terminal differentiation by erythropoietin under fetal bovine serum (FBS)-supplemented or FBS- deprived culture conditions. Fetal globin production by BFUe-derived erythroblasts was assessed at the protein and mRNA level and its cellular distribution was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Although hemoglobinization and maturation of BFUe-derived erythroblasts was by and large comparable in FBS-replete versus FBS-deprived cultures, the latter had significantly less (up to 20-fold) gamma-globin and gamma- globin mRNA levels. Reduced gamma-globin in serum-deprived cultures was also reflected by a smaller proportion of erythroblasts with detectable gamma-globin by immunofluorescence. Erythroid bursts induced by either GM-CSF or IL-3 produced similar levels of gamma-globin both in FBS- supplemented and in FBS-deprived cultures. These results, obtained even in cultures of highly enriched BFUe, suggest that GM-CSF and IL-3, although they significantly increase the number and size of erythroid bursts, do not by themselves exert a direct influence on the level of fetal globin synthesis. By contrast, factor(s) present in FBS appear to exert a dominant influence on fetal globin synthesis in vitro. Although FBS-deprived conditions appear to largely abrogate the in vitro activation of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) in normal samples, they do support increased Hb F production in samples from patients with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin or from cord blood.
The utility of dynamical systems approaches Comment 3

This is a commentary on the utility of the dynamical systems approach to the understanding of transitional and turbulent flows. After a few initial remarks on the position paper by Holmes, I present a summary of three aspects: Universality in transition to chaos in wake flows, the description and dynamics of intermittent fields in fully turbulent flows, and the nature of vorticity and scalar interfaces in turbulent free shear flows. I will show that novel techniques from low-dimensional chaos and fractal geometry yield new and useful information on quantities of central interest in turbulence. The claim is that the dynamical systems appraoch has made definite contributions, not merely enlarged our vocabulary, but the way ahead vis-a-vis the turbulence problem has remained hazy.
Avicenna’s Naturalized Epistemology and Scientific Method*

This study provides a survey of Avicenna’s theoretical or abstract discussions of the methods of science and the psychological processes laying behind them as they appear in his Kitāb al-Burhān. Since that text has not been studied in-depth, the chapter is primarily exegetical, focusing what might be termed Avicenna’s ‘naturalized epistemology’. The study is divided into two sections. The first treats Avicenna’s theory of demonstrative knowledge, and how Avicenna envisions the relation between logic and science, where it is argued that one of the primary functions of Kitāb al-Burhān is to provide heuristic aids to the scientist in his investigation of the world. The second half concerns Avicenna’s empirical attitude in Kitāb al-Burhān towards acquiring the first principles of a science, where such cognitive processes as abstraction, induction and methodic experience are considered.
Implications of bioactive solute transfer from hosts to parasitic plants

Parasitic plants — which make their living by extracting nutrients and other resources from other plants — are important components of many natural ecosystems; and some parasitic species are also devastating agricultural pests. To date, most research on plant parasitism has focused on nutrient transfer from host to parasite and the impacts of parasites on host plants. Far less work has addressed potential effects of the translocation of bioactive non-nutrient solutes — such as phytohormones, secondary metabolites, RNAs, and proteins — on the development and physiology of parasitic plants and on their subsequent interactions with other organisms such as insect herbivores. A growing number of recent studies document the transfer of such molecules from hosts to parasites and suggest that they may have significant impacts on parasite physiology and ecology. We review this literature and discuss potential implications for management and priorities for future research.
The effect of luteineizing hormone on chicken testis and pineal gland uptake of 32P.

The glandular uptake of radioactive phosphorus (32P), administered carrier-free, was used as an endpoint for the study of the effects of luteinizing hormone (LH) on the testis and pineal gland of 3-, 10- and 13-day-old White Leghorn cockerels. Pineal uptake of32P of the 13-day-old birds decreased and testis uptake of32P increased following LH treatment. Maximum effects were observed when 20 μg LH was administered 4.0 h before autopsy. Although testis uptake of32P increased following LH treatment in 3- and 10-day-old cockerels, pineal uptake of32P remained unchanged.
Cafeteria factors that influence milk-drinking behaviors of elementary school children: grounded theory approach

This study was conducted to identify factors that influenced milk-drinking behaviors of elementary school children in North Texas. Ten focus groups with a total of 41 children aged 6 to 11 years were conducted using a grounded theory approach. Based on the principles of Social Learning Theory, milk preferences and health beliefs were identified as personal factors that influenced drinking. Cafeteria rules, milk flavor, product packaging, modeling by adults, and shared experiences were environmental factors. The data suggest that school cafeterias can capitalize on their unique position to offer milk-drinking opportunities that children can share to combine nutrition education with sensory experience.
Steric and Electronic Effects, Enantiospecificity, and Reactive Orientation in DNA Binding/Cleaving by Substituted Derivatives of [SalenMn(III)](+).

Twenty-six derivatives of [SalenMnIII]+ (1) bearing halogen, nitro, amino, ether, alkyl, or aryl substituents on the aromatic rings and/or at the imine positions or containing 1,3-propylene-, 1,2-p...
Make it like the real world: adolescents' recommendations for the design of a digital HIV prevention game.

Digital games have shown promise in studies focusing on disease prevention and disease self-management in children and young adolescents. The purpose of this study was to gather formative data for the design of an HIV prevention game for adolescents. Qualitative research methods that included focus group sessions with four groups of adolescents were used (N = 38). Content analysis strategies were used to analyze verbatim transcripts and observational notes. Themes emerging from the data included: players’ control, virtual reward systems, immersive action, and the need for tailoring. Findings are being used in the design of a digital game that is responsive to recommendations to “make it like the real world.” HIV prevention strategies could benefit from incorporating emerging technologies that are inherently attractive to many adolescents. Adolescent participants support the use of digital games in HIV prevention and wanted such games to reflect their lives.
Human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, and inflammatory biomarkers in individuals with alcohol problems: a cross-sectional study

Assessing whether hepatitis C (HCV) co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with increased inflammation is complex. The liver, integral to inflammatory biomarker synthesis, is compromised by HCV and alcohol abuse. Using single liver-synthesized biomarkers (e.g. C-reactive protein) to represent inflammation may not be appropriate in HIV/HCV co-infection. We hypothesized that 1) detectable HIV/HCV RNA was independently associated with increased inflammation; 2) a composite inflammation measure describes inflammation differently from single inflammatory biomarkers. We compared inflammation by HIV/HCV group in a cohort of 361 HIV infected participants from the HIV-Longitudinal Interrelationships of Viruses and Ethanol study. Inflammatory biomarkers >75th percentile were considered elevated. Associations between HIV/HCV group and elevated biomarkers were analyzed as a composite measure (inflammatory burden) or individually. We defined inflammatory burden as number of concurrently elevated biomarkers. Biomarkers included interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), cystatin C, serum amyloid-A (SAA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10). Covariates: alcohol, liver fibrosis, comorbidities, CD4 count, antiretroviral therapy, substance use. Detectable HIV and HCV RNA (OR = 2.49; 95% CI = 1.05–5.89) and detectable HCV RNA alone (2.95; 1.08–8.01) were independently associated with increased odds of having a greater inflammatory burden compared to undetectable viremia. Elevated IL-10 (7.79; 1.90–31.97) and TNF-α (7.70; 1.42–41.83) were independently associated with detectable HIV and HCV RNA. Elevated IL-10 was also associated with detectable HCV RNA alone (5.51; 1.17, 25.84). Detectable HIV and HCV replication versus undetectable replication was associated with inflammatory burden and certain inflammatory biomarkers independently of alcohol consumption, liver fibrosis and other comorbidities.
The primary bilayer ruga-phase diagram I: Localizations in ruga evolution

Abstract It has been observed that coexistence of multiple ruga (wrinkle, crease, fold or ridge) phases hinders advancement of nano and soft materials technology to control and manufacture uniform ruga phases in bilayer material systems. In this paper, we construct the primary bilayer (PB) ruga-phase diagram which can guide manipulation of various ruga configurations in bilayer systems. The PB ruga-phase diagram is a generic phase diagram of a bilayer system composed of a thin film on a half-space substrate, both of which are represented as incompressible neo-Hookean solids. On the PB ruga-phase diagram, various phase boundaries represent bifurcation sites of ruga structures caused by lateral compression of the bilayer. We have identified eleven different ruga phases and five triple points of ruga phases on the PB ruga-phase diagram. All the ruga phases eventually evolve to a limit phase of either global crease or global fold localization, depending on the stiffness ratio of the bilayer, when compressed up to the Biot critical strain of 0.456. Another global localization–ridge localization which is principally caused by large substrate pre-stretch (or mismatch strain)–is treated in a sequel paper.
Multiple time step diffusive Langevin dynamics for proteins.

We present an algorithm for simulating the long time scale dynamics of proteins and other macromolecules. Our method applies the concept of multiple time step integration to the diffusive Langevin equation, in which short time scale dynamics are replaced by friction and noise. The macromolecular force field is represented at atomic resolution. Slow motions are modeled by constrained Langevin dynamics with very large time steps, while faster degrees of freedom are kept in local thermal equilibrium. In the limit of a sufficiently large molecule, our algorithm is shown to reduce the CPU time required by two orders of magnitude. We test the algorithm on two systems, alanine dipeptide and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), and find that it accurately calculates a variety of equilibrium and dynamical properties. In the case of BPTI, the CPU time required is reduced by nearly a factor of 60 compared to a conventional, unconstrained Langevin simulation using the same force field. Proteins 30:215–227, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A CONTINUOUS CULTURE STUDY OF PHOSPHATE UPTAKE, GROWTH RATE AND POLYPHOSPHATE IN SCENEDESMUS SP.1

SUMMARY The kinetics of phosphate uptake and growth in Scenedesmus sp. have been studied in continuous culture with particular reference to the shifts in the cellular P compounds as a function of growth rate. Uptake velocity is a function of both internal and external substrate concentrations and can be described by the kinetics of noncompetitive enzyme inhibition. The concentrations of polyphosphates (alkali-extractable or 7-min) can he substituted as inhibitors in the kinetic equation. The apparent half-saturation constant of uptake. Km, is 0.6 μM. The apparent half-saturation concentration for growth is less than Km, by 1 order of magnitude. Growth is a function of cellular P concentrations, and the polyphosphates (alkali-extractable or 7-min) appear to regulate growth rate directly or indirectly. To understand P limitation, therefore, it is necessary to measure both external P and internal polyphosphate levels. Evidence indicates that alkali-extractable polyphosphates, which can be quantitatively determined by a simple method of measuring surplus P, are involved in cell division process find that a maintenance concentration of functional phosphate exists in the form of poly phosphates. Alkaline phosphatase activity has an inversely linear relationship to growth rate and to the reciprocals of both polyphosphates and surplus P. Changes in lipid P, RNA P, and presumably all other forms except DNA are related to changes in growth rate.
Transfer of a Serial Representation between Two Distinct Tasks by Rhesus Macaques

Do animals form task-specific representations, or do those representations take a general form that can be applied to qualitatively different tasks? Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) learned the ordering of stimulus lists using two different serial tasks, in order to test whether prior experience in each task could be transfered to the other, enhancing performance. The simultaneous chaining paradigm delivered rewards only after subjects responded in the correct order to all stimuli displayed on a touch sensitive video monitor. The transitive inference paradigm presented pairs of items and delivered rewards when subjects selected the item with the lower ordinal rank. After learning a list in one paradigm, subjects’ knowledge of that list was tested using the other paradigm. Performance was enhanced from the very start of transfer training. Transitive inference performance was characterized by ‘symbolic distance effects,’ whereby the ordinal distance between stimuli in the implied list ordering was strongly predictive of the probability of a correct response. The patterns of error displayed by subjects in both tasks were best explained by a spatially coded representation of list items, regardless of which task was used to learn the list. Our analysis permits properties of this representation to be investigated without the confound of verbal reasoning.
Electrochemical dechlorination of 4,4'-(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (DDT) at silver cathodes

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential (bulk) electrolysis have been employed to investigate the reduction of 4,4′-(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (DDT) at silver cathodes in dimethylformamide (DMF) containing 0.050 M tetramethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TMABF 4 ). In addition, this work has been extended to the individual reductions of two degradation products, namely 4,4′-(2,2-dichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (DDD) and 4,4′-(ethene-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (DDNU). At a scan rate of 100 mV s −1 , cyclic voltammograms for irreversible reduction of DDT at a silver electrode exhibit four prominent cathodic peaks in DMF and CH 3 CN, and three prominent cathodic peaks in DMSO. On the other hand, reduction of DDD and DDNU at silver in DMF–0.050 M TMABF 4 displays four and two irreversible peaks, respectively. Carbon–chlorine bonds of the –CCl 3 moiety of DDT and of the –CHCl 2 moiety of DDD are reduced more easily at silver than at glassy carbon. Bulk electrolyses of DDT at a silver gauze cathode in DMF–0.050 M TMABF 4 afford a potential-dependent mixture of products that includes DDD, DDNU, 4,4′-(2,2-dichloroethene-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (DDE), 4,4′-(2-chloroethene-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (DDMU), 4,4′-(2-chloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (DDMS), 1-chloro-4-(1-phenylvinyl)benzene (PVB), 1,1′-diphenylethylene (DPE), and 1,1′-ethylidenebisbenzene (EBB). However, at more negative potentials, the principal products are completely dechlorinated DPE and EBB. Dechlorination of DDT at silver appears to proceed via a series of steps involving carbanion intermediates arising from direct reduction of alkyl and aryl carbon–chlorine bonds along with hydroxide-promoted E2 elimination of chloride. When DMF- d 7 was used as solvent, no evidence for deuterium atom incorporation into any product was seen, which indicates that radical intermediates do not play a significant role in the reduction of DDT.
The Value of Pets in Children's Lives

(1986). The Value of Pets in Children's Lives. Childhood Education: Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 85-90.