cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Content Analysis of Brief Alcohol Screening Inventories

Qualitative content analysis was conducted on brief alcohol screen inventories including the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Cut down, Annoyed, Guilt, Eye-opener (CAGE), Brief Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (bMAST), Rapid Alcohol Problem Screen–Quantity and Frequency (RAPS4-QF), and the TWEAK. Data were coded and categorized according to key terms and themes emerged via consensus of the research team. Results included six major themes: (a) consequences, (b) consumption, (c) emotions, (d) eye-opener, (e) perceptions, and (f) risks. Findings suggest emergent themes represent core constructs in the assessment of hazardous drinking and alcohol dependence and abuse. Discussion, implications, and recommendations for future research are provided.
Streptococcus anginosus Infections: Crossing Tissue Planes

Streptococcus anginosus has long been recognized to cause invasive pyogenic infections. This holds true for thoracic infections where S. anginosus has a propensity for abscess and empyema formation. Early diagnosis is important given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with thoracic S. anginosus infections. Yet, distinguishing thoracic S. anginosus clinically is difficult. We present three cases of thoracic S. anginosus that demonstrated radiographic extension across tissue planes, including the interlobar fissure, diaphragm, and chest wall. Few infectious etiologies are known to cross tissue planes. Accordingly, we propose S. anginosus be considered among the differential diagnosis of potential infectious etiologies causing radiographic extension across tissue planes.
Feeding increases extracellular serotonin in the lateral hypothalamus of the rat as measured by microdialysis.

Abstract Microdialysis probes inserted into chronically implanted guide shafts allowed the collection of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) from the lateral hypothalamus of rats during feeding behavior. After the collection of baseline samples, animals were offered a palatable diet that they could only see and smell for 60-min, then they were allowed access to the food for an hour. An additional three samples were collected after food was removed. Extracellular serotonin increased during the first half hour of access when the animals actually ate the food, and then returned to baseline level throughout the remainder of the test. 5-HIAA decreased gradually with no increase during feeding. These data suggest that eating a meal of palatable food causes a short-term increase in extracellular serotonin in the lateral hypothalamus. This increased serotonin may play a role in the control of lateral hypothalamic feeding and reward.
Investigation of cascade-induced re-solution from nanometer sized coherent precipitates in dilute Fe–Cu alloys

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to investigate the re-solution of copper atoms from coherent, nanometer-sized copper precipitates in a body-centered cubic iron matrix. The molecular dynamics simulations used Finnis–Sinclair type interatomic potentials to describe the Fe–Cu system. Precipitate diameters of 1, 3 and 5 nm were studied, with primary knock-on atom (PKA) from 1 to 100 keV, although the majority of the cascade simulations and analysis of solute re-solution were performed for cascades of 10 or 20 keV. The simulation results provide an assessment of the re-solution on a per-atom basis as a function of precipitate size, cascade location and energy. Smaller sized precipitates, with a larger surface to volume ratio, experienced larger re-solution on a per-atom basis than larger precipitates. Re-solution was observed to occur predominantly in the initial ballistic stages of the cascades when atomic collisions occur at high kinetic energy. A minimum PKA energy of around 1 keV was required to produce re-solution, and the amount of re-solution appears to saturate for PKA energies above approximately 10 keV, indicating that the MD results are representative of the energy range of interest. A model for prompt, cascade induced solute atom re-solution has been derived, following the approach used to describe fission gas bubble re-solution, and the parameters for describing copper atom re-solution are provided.
Microseepage of C2–C5 alkanes over the Baldwin Hills in Los Angeles

Abstract Microseepage of C 2 –C 5 alkanes from subsurface natural gas and oil reserves was quantified over the Inglewood oil reserve in southern California. Flux measurements were carried out in 2011 and 2012 using chamber samples. Direct positive fluxes were observed for ethane and propane. Observed fluxes collected above known fault zones were no greater than those collected outside of fault zones. The highest observed fluxes were of ethane (65.8 μg m −2 h −1 ) and propane (88.0 μg m −2 h −1 ). The average flux values of all samples collected were 0.9 μg m −2 h −1 for ethane and 0.5 μg m −2 h −1 for propane.
Simulation of diffraction profiles for sagittally bent Laue crystals

The diffraction profiles (or rocking curves) of sagittally bent Laue crystals are known to be significantly wider than those of perfect crystals as a result of the lattice distortion introduced by the sagittal bending. The existing analytical model explains the rocking curve broadening as well as the reflectivity observed. Many theoretical methods were developed for calculating diffraction profiles of meridionally (in the diffraction plane) bent crystals. In this work, we extend these methods to accommodate sagittally bent crystals. The total lattice distortion angle for anisotropic crystals under sagittal bending is adapted into the multi-lamellar approximation using the rotating crystal method, in which the incident angle changes through each lamella. The Penning-Polder theory is examined for bent crystals with the uniform strain gradient. In addition, the Takagi-Taupin equations are solved numerically for sagittally bent Laue crystals. Finally, examples of these simulation results are presented and the merit of each method is discussed.
Neural circuit regulation of prepulse inhibition of startle in the rat: current knowledge and future challenges.

Rationale: Sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex can be assessed across species, using similar stimuli to elicit similar responses. Prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of sensorimotor gating, is reduced in patients with some neuropsychiatric disorders, and in rats after manipulations of limbic cortex, striatum, pallidum or pontine tegmentum ("CSPP" circuitry). Objective: To review the current knowledge of the neural circuit regulation of PPI in rats, and to anticipate the future challenges facing this line of inquiry. Methods: The published literature was reviewed and critically evaluated. Results: Limbic CSPP circuitry has been studied in rats to reveal the neurochemical and neuroanatomical substrates regulating PPI at a high level of resolution. In translational cross-species research, this detailed circuit information is used as a "blueprint" to identify substrates that may lead to PPI deficits in psychiatrically disordered humans. Some human disorders with identifiable, localized lesions in CSPP circuitry may provide direct validation for the contribution of CSPP circuitry to this cross-species model. The rapid collection of experimental data supporting this cross-species PPI circuit "blueprint" has supported continuing advances in the development of theoretical models for understanding how this circuitry normally functions to regulate PPI. Such models are needed for building a conceptual framework for understanding the role of this circuitry in the regulation of sensorimotor gating in normal humans, and in the relative loss of sensorimotor gating, and the resulting clinical consequences, in individuals with particular neuropsychiatric disorders. Conclusions: Our understanding of the neural regulation of PPI has increased tremendously over the past 15 years. Progress has come in "broad strokes", and a number of important details and complex questions remain to be addressed. It is anticipated that this is a "work in progress", and that the precise models for the neural regulation of PPI will evolve substantially in the coming years.
Cardiovascular disease 2005 — the global picture

Although the past twenty years have seen a remarkable decline in the death rates of heart disease and stroke in the United States and several countries of western Europe, a reverse trend is occurring in other parts of the world. This is especially true in sub-Saharan Africa, India, China and Russia. World-wide, deaths from cardiovascular disease exceed those caused by cancer, infectious disease and trauma, constituting a deadly epidemic. Yet, in 1996 the Victoria Declaration stated that the world has the knowledge to eliminate cardiovascular disease as a major illness. Defeating such an initiative are other priorities such as education, housing, transportation, defense, as well as ignorance. The Earth Institute has labeled the needed effort, "A Race Against Time".
Former Soviet Union oil production and GDP decline: Granger causality and the multi-cycle Hubbert curve

Abstract This paper discusses the transition of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) within the context of a 1987–1996 Soviet and FSU oil production decline. The conventional explanation of the break-up is that economic inefficiencies and the Cold War defense build-up caused it. Another possible explanation, one that is examined at length here, is that declining oil production was a contributing factor. The econometric analysis suggests that the fall in Soviet and former Soviet GDP in the 1980s and 1990s did not Granger cause the decline in oil production, but the decline in oil production did Granger cause the fall in GDP. Coal and natural gas to GDP relationships show alternative Granger causalities that we would expect to see with oil, but do not. A multi-cycle Hubbert trend that may be used to forecast future FSU oil production is also shown.
Single Facility Sequencing with Random Execution Times

A single facility sequencing problem where the execution time for each job at the facility is random with known probability distribution, is formulated and solved. The solution is shown to be easily extended to situations where further jobs arrive while the program is in operation. Further extensions are discussed, where a the facility is taken to consist of multiple identical or otherwise units of equipment and, b special priorities are attached to some of the jobs.
The End and the Beginning

OPULAR song titles and personal religious confessions express man's concern about the end of things, and the record of this concern is at least as ancient as Amos and as contemporary as broadcasts of a bomb test. But to speak of an end requires, of logical necessity, the postulation of a beginning. My intention here is to indicate briefly how beginning and end are used as biblical concepts. I am not concerned with either the ontology or the epistemology of time, e.g., with "time" as an a priori form of perception or as a fourth dimension. For present purposes, time is considered to be the recognition of a past, a present, and a future; hence, little attempt is made here to deal with the philosophical presuppositions and consequences involved in such a concept. Further, space does not permit the critical evaluation of biblical texts which would be required if the development of concepts was intended.2
Utilizing hands-on learning to facilitate progression through Bloom's taxonomy within the first semester

Hands-on learning has been utilized in engineering curriculums for several years in order to illustrate theory in a physical way. This paper presents the use of two hands-on learning activities in a first semester, freshman year engineering course designed to introduce basic concepts from mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer engineering. In previous offerings of the course, several disjoint activities have been provided in order to introduce the fundamentals of these disciplines. This paper presents how several weeks worth of material are synthesized in a hands-on activity in order to allow deeper levels of student understanding and to showcase how engineering knowledge from a variety of disciplines can be synthesized in a meaningful way. Through these exercises students are able to understand how computer programs can be used to collect data from sensors, determine the appropriate response to this sensor data, and control circuits that are used to drive mechanical systems based on the sensor data. Through this activity, students are able to escalate through several levels of Bloom's taxonomy by drawing connections between theory and practice from a variety of fields.
Quantum mechanics: A light sounding drum

In the effort to demonstrate quantum behaviour in the motion of macroscopic mechanical objects, strong coupling between the objects and an electromagnetic oscillator is advantageous. Such coupling has now been achieved. See Letter p.204 The drive towards observing quantum effects in macroscopic mechanical systems could lead to new insights in quantum-limited measurements and help to test fundamental questions regarding the impossible consequences of quantum physics at a macroscopic scale. To obtain sufficiently long-lived mechanical states, the usual approach is to couple a mechanical oscillator to an electromagnetic resonance in a cavity. Teufel et al. present a new design for such a system in which a free-standing flexible aluminium membrane (like a drum) is incorporated in a cavity defined by a superconducting circuit, and which demonstrates a coupling strength that is two orders of magnitude higher than that achieved before. The approach shows the way to observing long-lived quantum states that could survive for hundreds of microseconds.
The History and Politics of the Cyprus Conflict

The History and Politics of the Cyprus Conflict Clement Dodd London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010 ISBN: 978-0-23024-211-1 This book is not another recount of the Cyprus problem, full of partisan rehash...
Solubility and stability of liquid-quenched metastable h.c.p. solid solutions

Abstract This paper shows that simple crystal chemical rules may be applied to interpret and predict the solubility limit and phase stability of alloys at nonequilibrium conditions. Twenty-nine liquid-quenched metastable h.c.p. solid solutions containing elements with both b.c.c. and h.c.p. allotropic forms were studied. H.c.p. solid solutions of Group III elements with Ti, Zr and Hf obtained by splat cooling showed that the metastable solubility limits were semiquantitatively correlated to the size factors and c/a ratios. TEM studies indicated that the extended solubilities result from trapping of extra solute in the α′ martensite matrices during the L → β → α′ transformation. H.c.p. intra-rare earth solid solutions were controlled by the structural metastability, e.g., these h.c.p. phases all terminate at c/a ratios near 1.597. Thus, the linear correlation of the c/a deviation from ideality and phase stability proposed by Hodges was demonstrated. The solubility limit and structure stability for liquid-quenched metastable h.c.p. phases, as well as the implication for the equilibrium solubility limits, are discussed.
Optimal Warehouse Bay Configurations

Abstract This paper deals with the determination of warehouse bay configurations which minimize the costs of handling and construction under the assumption of random storage locations. Two specific bay configuration schemes are developed. Under the unrestricted case, adjacent bays are not required to use common columns at bay corners. The restricted case, however, requires the use of common corners. Solution methodologies are developed to evolve optimal configurations for each case and example computational results are presented. The developments presented serve as analytical aids for storage or warehouse design in that they may be used for direct solution or as “benchmarks” for alternative design evaluation.
BEER BITTERNESS DETECTION: TESTING THURSTONIAN AND SEQUENTIAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS MODELS FOR TRIAD AND TETRAD METHODS

Thurstonian modeling predictions were tested and confirmed for 3-AFC and triangle test methods, as well as for different versions of the tetrad test method, using judges who were required to discriminate bitterness in beer. Sequential Sensitivity Analysis predictions were also confirmed for 3-AFC/triangular methods but not for the tetrad method. It is hypothesized that memory effects might have interfered with the later prediction.
Marijuana: effects on deep and surface electroencephalograms of rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Six rhesus monkeys prepared with electrodes implanted into numerous specific subcortical brain sites and over the brain surface under the skull were exposed to smoke of marijuana containing a significant quantity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Electroencephalograms were obtained before, during, and after exposure to the marijuana smoke, which was delivered to the monkeys by use of a specially designed head chamber. Control agents for the study were inert marijuana of low delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol content, tobacco, alcohol and methamphetamine. Exposure to smoke of active marijuana consistently induced distinct recording changes in the septal region, occasionally accompanied by changes in recordings from the cerebellum, postero ventral lateral thalamus, hippocampus, and orbital and temporal cortices. Only generalized electroencephalographic changes, consisting of slight shifts in the dominant frequency, were obtained in association with the other agents used in the study.
PROGRESS REPORT: THE OBJECT OF PLANNING

(1987). PROGRESS REPORT: THE OBJECT OF PLANNING. Urban Geography: Vol. 8, Socialist City I, pp. 367-373.
Hydrogen-bonded DeUG x DAN heterocomplex: structure and stability and a scalable synthesis of DeUG with reactive functionality.

A convenient, scalable synthesis of the supramolecular building block 7-deazaguanine-based urea (DeUG) is reported. Incorporation of reactive moieties (DeUG azide 10 and alkyne 11 for copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions, “click chemistry”) and a demonstration of transesterification (DeUG glycol, 12) highlights the versatility. X-ray structures of DeUG and a DeUG·DAN heterocomplex were obtained. Kassoc for the 1·2 heterocomplex was estimated to be 2 × 108 M−1 in chloroform.
ENERGY LOSS AND STRAGGLING OF ELECTRONS

The energy-straggling distribution and the most probable energy loss for 15.7-Mev electrons in Cu is calculated. Corrections for the resonance effect, bremsstrahlung, the polarization effect, and multiple scattering are included. The results are in very satisfactory agreement with recent experiments. The discrepancy in the most probable energy loss in Au is also discussed.
Covalent binding of estrogen metabolites to hamster liver microsomal proteins: inhibition by ascorbic acid and catechol-O-methyl transferase

We have studied the irreversible binding of [14C]estradiol to hamster liver and kidney microsomes of castrated hamsters. The binding of estradiol metabolites to kidney microsomes was approximately 25 times lower than seen for liver microsomes, and was not affected by increases in protein or substrate concentration. Our results indicate that this irreversible binding, covalent in nature, is dependent on the metabolism of estrogens to catechols since the absence of NADPH markedly reduces this binding. The irreversible binding was inhibited nearly 70% by addition of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Ascorbic acid also inhibited the binding to 85% in a dose-dependent manner. Utilizing a displacement assay to assess the relative covalent binding of different stilbene and steroidal estrogens with homologous radiolabeled hormones, we found that only indenestrol B exhibited greater ability than diethylstilbestrol (DES) to displace [14C]DES from hepatic microsomal proteins. Except for hydroxypropiophenone and beta-dienestrol, all of the stilbene estrogens studied displaced the radioactive DES binding from these liver proteins to a greater extent than estradiol at comparable concentrations. A marked difference was observed in the ability of alpha- and beta-dienestrol to displace [14C]DES. Using radioinert steroidal estrogens to displace [14C]estradiol, we observed that both estriol and deoxoestrone were significantly less effective in displacing radiolabeled estradiol from liver microsomal proteins. Only ethinyl estradiol and 2-hydroxyestradiol displaced greater than 50% of the radioactive hormone at 1-fold excess concentrations. Interestingly, 11 beta-methoxyethinyl estradiol (Moxestrol) exhibited essentially the same ability to bind liver microsomal proteins as estradiol. When estrone and 2,4-dibromoestradiol were used as substrates together, we found the latter compound to be inactive as a substrate for estrogen hydroxylase (ESH) and additionally inhibited the metabolism of estrone to form the catechol metabolite. Data presented herein suggest that the chemically reactive estrogen metabolites responsible for covalent binding of both stilbene and steroidal estrogens are quinoids derived from catechols formed earlier in metabolism. Except for ethinyl estradiol which is a good substrate for liver, but not kidney microsomal ESH, the carcinogenicity data for the hamster kidney with respect to these estrogens is consistent with the covalent binding data presented.
Psychophysiological Coherence as a Function of Mental Imagery Practice

In this experimental study, we explored effects of mental imagery practice on psychophysiological coherence, measured as heart rhythm coherence. A total of 82 undergraduates participated in the stu...
An additive tax and subsidy for controlling automobile pollution

It is well known that a unit tax on the emissions of polluting firms and an equal unit subsidy for emissions abated are not symmetrical instruments. However, when no entry-exit conditions are at stake, as in the case of polluting households, the tax and subsidy are equivalent. Moreover, any combination of the two, summing to marginal pollution damage, is also efficient. This strong result is applied to the case of an economy in which each household owns an automobile. It also extends to the case in which some households rely on mass-transit or car-pooling, provided that such households also receive the subsidy.
Recent results on S-particles

To the present time, 40 examples of S-particles have been photographed with the M.I.T. multiplate cloud chamber. Examination of the pictures has yielded the following results. In three cases the charged secondary particles were found to have ranges of the order of 100 g cm−2 of lead. In three additional cases the secondary particles traversed more than 70 g cm−2 of lead before leaving the chamber. Shorter ranges were also found but, in interpreting these observations, one must consider the possibility of anomalous energy losses by nuclear collisions. In 9 cases an electron cascade appears to be associated with the decay of an S-particle. It is possible to interpret these events as two-body decay processes into a neutral and a charged π-meson. Such a decay scheme, however, cannot explain all observed S-events.
Effects of chlorine and its cresylate byproducts on brain and lung performance.

Chlorine and potassium cresylate spilled from a train wreck forced evacuation of nearly 1000 people in and near the town of Alberton, Montana, in 1996. Because respiratory and other symptoms persisted in this population, neurobehavioral and pulmonary functions were evaluated in a cohort of exposed vs. unexposed individuals. Ninety-seven subjects were tested 7 wk after exposure. Three years later, 36 of the original subjects were retested, along with 21 new patients exposed in the same incident. These 57 were compared with 22 unexposed individuals. Twenty-six neurobehavioral functions were tested, and spirometry was performed on each subject. At 7 wk postexposure, patients showed significant differences in 5 neurobehavioral functions (i.e., balance, simple reaction time, abnormal visual quadrants, vocabulary, and information), compared with the unexposed individuals recruited in 1999. Patients' Profile of Mood States scores and frequencies of 35 symptoms were also elevated, compared with the unexposed group. At 3 yr postexposure, patients exhibited differences in 7 additional neurobehavioral functions (i.e., choice reaction time, balance with eyes open, color errors, visual fields, Culture Fair, and verbal recall). Respiratory symptoms were increased, but pulmonary functions did not change. Exposure to chlorine and potassium cresylate produced neurobehavioral impairments that have been observed to increase across 3 yr. Spills in heavily populated areas could injure thousands, overwhelming medical facilities.
Connecting Atlantic temperature variability and biological cycling in two earth system models

Abstract Connections between the interdecadal variability in North Atlantic temperatures and biological cycling have been widely hypothesized. However, it is unclear whether such connections are due to small changes in basin-averaged temperatures indicated by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) Index, or whether both biological cycling and the AMO index are causally linked to changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). We examine interdecadal variability in the annual and month-by-month diatom biomass in two Earth System Models with the same formulations of atmospheric, land, sea ice and ocean biogeochemical dynamics but different formulations of ocean physics and thus different AMOC structures and variability. In the isopycnal-layered ESM2G, strong interdecadal changes in surface salinity associated with changes in AMOC produce spatially heterogeneous variability in convection, nutrient supply and thus diatom biomass. These changes also produce changes in ice cover, shortwave absorption and temperature and hence the AMO Index. Off West Greenland, these changes are consistent with observed changes in fisheries and support climate as a causal driver. In the level-coordinate ESM2M, nutrient supply is much higher and interdecadal changes in diatom biomass are much smaller in amplitude and not strongly linked to the AMO index.
Sagnac Interferometer for Two-Dimensional Femtosecond Spectroscopy in the Pump-Probe Geometry

An intrinsically phase-stable Sagnac interferometer is introduced for enhanced sensitivity detection in partially collinear two-dimensional spectroscopy in the short-wave IR. The sensitivity and phase accuracy of the apparatus are demonstrated on the dye IR-26.
Configurational Equilibria in Amido and Lithioamido Complexes of Formulas (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PAr3)(N̈HCHRR‘) and (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PAr3)(N̈LiR‘‘): Epimerization Occurs at Rhenium via Phosphine Dissociation

The diastereometrically and enantiomerically pure amido complex (SR)-({eta}{sup 5}-C{sub 5}H{sub 5})Re(NO)(PPh{sub 3})(NHCH(CH{sub 3}) Ph) ((SR)-5) converts to (RR)-5 (inversion at rhenium, retention at carbon) in THF-d{sub 8} at 49.4{degree}C with k{sub 1} = 2.34 x 10{sup -4}s{sup -1} and k{sub -1} = 0.90 x 10{sup -4} s{sup -1}. Similarly, (SS)-5 converts to (RS)-5 with k{sub 1} = 0.90 x 10{sup -4}s{sup -1} and k{sub -1} = 2.30 x 10{sup -4}s{sup -1}. Both epimerizations give equilibrium ratios (RR/SR or SS/RS) of 70:30. Enantiomeric purities and absolute configurations are assayed by chiral NMR shift reagents and (-)-menthyl chloroformate derivatives, respectively, establishing configurations of epimerized 5. The results are best modeled by mechanisms involving initial and rate determining PPh{sub 3} dissociation, with anchimeric assistance by the amido lone pair, to give an intermediate that is trigonal planar at rhenium and combines with PAr{sub 3} without significant diastereoselectivity. Reactions of n-BuLi with 5 and related complexes give NLiR species from which PPh{sub 3} is lost at lower temperatures, and are presumed to be much less configurationally stable. 40 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.
LXXXIX. The K X-ray absorption edge of iron

(1928). LXXXIX. The K X-ray absorption edge of iron. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 6, Supplement, pp. 910-920.
Linkage of genes for sodium channel and cytochrome P450 (CYP6B10) in Heliothis virescens.

Genetic linkage of hscp (heliothis sodium channel protein) and CYP6B10 was discovered in Heliothis virescens. The hscp gene encodes the sodium channel target of pyrethroid insecticides and cytochrome P450 genes encode important enzymes involved in detoxication of various pesticides. Previously, two mechanisms, nerve insensitivity due to sodium channel and synergism by propynyl aryl ethers, were observed in pyrethroid-resistant H virescens and were not separated by repeated back-crossing. We hypothesized genetic linkage of target site insensitivity and monooxygenase-mediated detoxication. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were discovered in IIS6 of hscp; Hpy of hscp and CYP6B10. Segregation of these and other markers was tested in backcrosses. We observed co-segregation of hscp to CYP6B10, but both genes assorted independently of y, ye and sex. Genes y and ye assorted independently of each other. This was the first observation of linkage between genes controlling detoxication and sodium ion channel insensitivity in a species known to express high levels of pyrethroid resistance. Linkage was not likely because this species has 31 chromosomes; therefore, we will investigate the possibility of a resistance cassette. We expect similar linkage in other noctuid pests. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Ion conductors derived from cholic acid and spermine: importance of facial hydrophilicity on NA(+) transport and membrane selectivity.

A series of ion conductors have been synthesized in which the degree of facial hydrophilicity has been systematically varied. Specifically, conjugates have been prepared from cholic acid and spermine in which the hydrophilic face of each sterol bears methoxy (1), hydroxy (2), carbamate (3), or sulfate groups (4). The ability of these conjugates to promote the transport of Na+ across phosphatidylcholine membranes of varying thickness has been investigated by 23Na NMR spectroscopy. Examination of observed activities in three different phosphatidylcholine membranes has provided evidence for membrane-spanning dimers as the transport-active species. In the thinnest membranes investigated, made from 1,2-dimyristoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C14), Na+-transport activity was found to increase, substantially, with increasing facial hydrophilicity. In thicker membranes, made from 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C18), observed activities were found to decrease with increasing facial hydrophilicity; w...
Protein phosphatases decrease sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content by stimulating calcium release in cardiac myocytes.

Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of Ca2+ transport proteins by cellular kinases and phosphatases plays an important role in regulation of cardiac excitation−contraction coupling; furthermore abnormal protein kinase and phosphatase activities have been implicated in heart failure. However, the precise mechanisms of action of these enzymes on intracellular Ca2+ handling in normal and diseased hearts remains poorly understood. We have investigated the effects of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A on spontaneous Ca2+ sparks and SR Ca2+ load in myocytes permeabilized with saponin. Exposure of myocytes to PP1 or PP2A caused a dramatic increase in frequency of Ca2+ sparks followed by a nearly complete disappearance of events. These effects were accompanied by depletion of the SR Ca2+ stores, as determined by application of caffeine. These changes in Ca2+ release and SR Ca2+ load could be prevented by the inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A phosphatase activities okadaic acid and calyculin A. At the single channel level, PP1 increased the open probability of RyRs incorporated into lipid bilayers. PP1-medited RyR dephosphorylation in our permeabilized myocytes preparations was confirmed biochemically by quantitative immunoblotting using a phosphospecific anti-RyR antibody. Our results suggest that increased intracellular phosphatase activity stimulates RyR-mediated SR Ca2+ release leading to depleted SR Ca2+ stores in cardiac myocytes.
The Correlated Appearance of Prolamellar Bodies, Protochlorophyll(ide) Species, and the Shibata Shift during Development of Bean Etioplasts in the Dark.

The structure and physiology of the etioplast was investigated in developing primary leaves of 3- to 9-day-old dark-grown bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Red Kidney) seedlings. Increase in total protochlorophyll(ide) content followed that of leaf fresh weight. In 3- to 4-day-old bean leaves more than 50% of the protochlorophyll(ide) is in the form of protochlorophyll(ide) 628, which is nontransformable by light. Most of the transformable pigment is protochlorophyll(ide) 635, with smaller amounts of protochlorophyll(ide) 650. During leaf development from the 3rd to the 7th day phototransformable protochlorophyll(ide) with an absorbance maximum at 650 nm accumulates faster than nontransformable protochlorophyll(ide) or protochlorophyll(ide) 635. This increase in protochlorophyll(ide) 650 is correlated with the formation and enlargement of prolamellar bodies. The transformable protochlorophyll(ide) is converted by light directly to chlorophyll(ide) 672 in young leaves which do not yet have prolamellar bodies, and chlorophyll(ide) 672 may arise largely from the protochlorophyll(ide) 635. In older leaves the protochlorophyll(ide), largely protochlorophyll(ide) 650, is converted to chlorophyll(ide) 683, and a Shibata shift results in a change in the wavelength of absorption to 672 nm. The increase in protochlorophyll(ide) 650, the formation of prolamellar bodies, and the presence of the Shibata shift appear to be closely correlated. A model is briefly presented to provide a unified interpretation of these findings, including certain similarities between dark-grown Euglena cells and 3- to 4-day-old etiolated bean leaves.
Effects of a Legislated Mandate: "The Comprehensive School Improvement Process and Middle-Level Gifted and Talented Programming".

This descriptive study investigated two areas: (a) perceived changes in gifted and talented (G/T) programming in Iowa from the time a state mandate was implemented to the time of the study, and (b) perceived effects of the mandate on G/T programming in Iowa. Perceptions of middle‐level teachers of gifted and talented students (n = 111) were compared with middle‐level principals (n = 104). Results revealed statistically significant perceived changes (p <. 05) for all provisions of the mandate, indicating changes in G/T programming. The respondents perceived the mandate strengthened G/T programming or did no harm. Some group differences were found in perceived Levels of Use (LoU) of Implementation, but no differences were found concerning perceived effects.
Contributions to the lichen flora of North Carolina: A preliminary checklist of the lichens of Gorges State Park

Here we present a preliminary checklist of the lichens of Gorges State Park, North Carolina, and describe Gyalectidium appendiculatum, a foliicolous lichen species new to science. Gorges State Park and the surrounding region encompasses a series of north- to south-facing drainages characterized by steep slopes and abrupt elevational changes, high levels of rainfall, and year-round moderate temperatures. The gorges harbor several rare and endemic taxa. This survey represents the first attempt to describe the lichen diversity of this region. We collected 441 specimens that yielded a total of 218 species. Using Jaccard indices, we calculated species composition similarities between Gorges State Park and three additional sites in North Carolina (two other mountain checklists and one coastal plain). Comparisons among the three mountain sites resulted in the highest similarity indices. However, Gorges State Park had more affinities to the coastal plain flora than did either of the other two mountain sites. These data contribute new information about eastern North American lichens as well as add to the growing documentation of the extraordinary and unique biological composition of the western North Carolina gorges. Future research on the lichen flora of Gorges State Park will undoubtedly lead to new discoveries.
“So Much Sin”: The Decline of Religious Discipline and The “Tidal Wave of Crime”

Historians agree that churches played an important role in policing society in colonial America. Church discipline fell into disuse at different times in different regions. In their studies of Massachusetts, David Konig and William E. Nelson found that law replaced religion before the Revolution. Randolph Roth documented the survival of church discipline in Vermont well into the nineteenth century. In the South church discipline hung on even longer. As Edward Ayers wrote, "The churches maintained their role as police and courts of first resort throughout the nineteenth century."1 An examination of criminal prosecutions in churches as well as secular courts in Trigg County, Kentucky, and the surrounding agricultural region known as the Black Patch (for the dark type of tobacco grown there) indicates that the prosecution of crime in the late 1800s intensified because prosecutions shifted from church courts to secular courts, as the old church-based system of keeping order broke down. For a society used to religious discipline, civil courts seemed inadequate. Not long after religious discipline declined in the Black Patch vigilantism broke out. Church discipline survived in the South longer than in the North in part because of the nature of southern crime. David Konig attributed the decline of religious discipline in Puritan Massachusetts to an influx of commercial activity. However, the nature of crime is not just a function of urbanization. Even in cities like New Orleans and Charleston southerners resorted to personal assault more often than northerners.2 In his study of law and lawlessness in Massachusetts and South Carolina, Michael Hindus argued that South Carolinians committed crimes of violence while Massachusetts criminals preferred to commit crimes against property.3 Southern crime grew out of personal relationships and emo? tional lapses; in the North, crime was less personal. Churches could more effectively counsel and police a wayward member of the community than a professional criminal.4 As historian Randolph Roth has noted, deciphering why church discipline fell into disuse when it did is a difficult task. No one advocated ending discipline. The public's mood shifted. Changes in something so nebulous as the "national mood" are almost impossible to document.5 However, several historians have written that a rise of "sentimentalism," replacing the harshly judgmental Calvinism previously dominant, flourished at least by the 1850s.6 Popular literature (including Uncle Tom's Cabin) promoted sentimentalism, which was also a reaction against urban anomie.7 Sentimentalists exposed middle-class readers to the poor and degraded the same people Calvinists had condemned as unworthy of sympathy. One sentimental novelist wrote, "My purpose is to bring to the view of my
Center-specific differences in mortality: Preliminary analyses using the Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1) method

Abstract Objective: We sought to explore the usefulness of the Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery method (designated RACHS-1) of adjusting for case-mix differences when comparing institutional mortality after surgery for congenital heart disease. Methods: By using 1996 hospital discharge data from 6 states, centers performing at least 100 operations for congenital heart disease (patient age Results: Among 109 centers performing 7177 operations for congenital heart disease, 22 performed at least 100 cases (72.3% of total operations). Unadjusted mortality rates ranged from 2.5% to 11.4%. A total of 4318 cases could be placed into 1 of the 6 risk categories. Few deaths occurred in risk category 1, and few institutions performed procedures in risk categories 5 and 6, making institutional comparisons in these categories uninformative. Considering mortality rates in categories 2 through 4, institutions displayed either relatively consistent ranks, a threshold increase in mortality as higher-risk procedures were performed, or a threshold decrease in mortality. Standardized mortality ratios indicated which institutions performed better or worse than expected on the basis of their case mix. Conclusions: The RACHS-1 method can be used to judge relative institutional performance, either by evaluating within-risk-category differences or by comparisons of observed and expected mortality rates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;124:97-104
Analysis of Orthologous Retrovirus-Like Elements in the White-Footed Mouse, Peromyscus leucopus

Three loci in the genome of the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, were examined for the presence or absence of orthologous copies of the retrovirus-like element mys using polymerase chain reaction. We examined these loci in 28 mice collected throughout the P. leucopus species range. Mys insertions were present in only one of the individuals examined at the mys-1 and mys-7 loci. Conversely, the mys-6 element was found in several individuals, but the presence of this element was limited to northern latitudes. Because the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of a given element are expected to be identical at the time of retrotransposition into the genome, and to accumulate changes over evolutionary time, within-element LTR sequence comparisons can be used to estimate the relative age of insertions. Within-element LTR differences are greater in mys-6 than in mys-1 or mys-7. The LTRs from orthologous mys-6 elements of six mice were sequenced. The alignment revealed 13 of the 22 differences between the right and left LTRs that were shared by all orthologous mys-6 sites, suggesting that relative to its time of insertion into the genome, mys-6 has only recently spread across the northern part of the species range.
Screen display and timing synchronization on the Apple IIe and Apple Ilgs

The logic of the vertical blanking interval (VBL) Softswitch in the Apple Ilgs is the reverse of the logic of the VBL in the Apple IIe. Programs written for the Apple IIe that synchronize the videoscan with the experiment control program timing by sensing the VBL pulse will therefore function incorrectly when run on an Apple Ilgs. Procedures for modifying existing synchronization routines are discussed. A flexible alternative program that senses the type of computer on which it is running and accordingly adjusts the logic of the synchronization routine is described.
The Role of Aspartic Acid 143 in E. coli tRNA-Guanine Transglycosylase: Insights from Mutagenesis Studies and Computational Modeling

tRNA guanine transglycosylase (TGT) is a tRNA-modifying enzyme which catalyzes the posttranscriptional exchange of guanine in position 34 of tRNA Y,H,N,D with the modified base queuine in eukaryotes or its precursor, preQ1 base, in eubacteria. Thus, TGT must recognize the guanine in tRNA and the free base queuine or preQ1 to catalyze this exchange. The crystal structure of Zymomonas mobilis TGT with preQ1 bound suggests that a key aspartate is critically involved in substrate recognition. To explore this, a series of site-directed mutants of D143 in Escherichia coli TGT were made and characterized to investigate heterocyclic substrate recognition. Our data confirm that D143 has significant impact on KM of guanine; however, the trend in the KM data (D143A , D143N , D143S , D143T) is unexpected. Computational studies were used to further elucidate the interactions between guanine and the D143 mutants. A homology model of E. coli TGT was created, and the role of D143 was investigated by molecular dynamic simulations of guanine bound to the wild-type and D143-mutant TGTs. To validate the model systems against our kinetic data, free energies of binding were fit using the linear interaction energy (LIE) method. This is a unique application of the LIE method because the same ligand is bound to several mutant proteins rather than one protein binding several ligands. The atomic detail gained from the simulations provided a better understanding of the binding affinities of guanine with the mutant TGTs, revealing that water molecules enter the active site and hydrogen bond to the ligand and compensate for lost protein-ligand interactions. The trend of binding affinity for wild-type . D143A. D143N. D143S. D143T appears to be directly related to the degree of hydrogen bonding available to guanine in the binding site.
Electronic circuit analysis with on-line graphs via a time-sharing terminal

A description is given of a circuit analysis program which was modified specifically for operation in a conversational time-sharing environment.Program features which facilitate communication and interaction between the engineer and the computer include:1) Input from a remote terminal with complete language checking routines which allow input errors to be detected and corrected immediately, without aborting the run.2) Automatic tab to column 7 by means of an asterisk (*).3) File management capability within the program, permitting automatic storage of correct input cards for future runs. Input from a previously written and stored file is also possible.4) Editing capability: the data in a file may be listed, changed, or deleted line by line.5) Selective output capability, permitting selection of up to 12 random branch or node output variables.Furthermore, graphical output is available both “on-ilne”, or on the line printer for “batch” jobs.The program will handle circuits up to 40 nodes and 120 branches; it requires 22,000 24-bit words of memory (66K Bytes) when segmented into five links.An on-line demonstration will be presented at the conference site using a “2741” terminal, with Data-Phone connected to the Perkin-Elmer Time-Sharing Computer in Norwalk, Connecticut.
The effect of H2O and D2O on colloidal properties of surfactant solutions and microemulsions

Abstract The effects of hydration on solubilization and colloidal phenomena have been studied by comparing the differences between two oil-brine-surfactant-alcohol systems containing H2O or D2O. The H2O system was significantly more hydrophilic than the D2O system in relation to coacervation of aqueous surfactant solutions, formation of middle phase microemulsions, surfactant partitioning in oil and brine, and solubilization capacity of brine in oil-external microemulsions. The two oil-brine-surfactant-alcohol systems appeared to be macroscopically similar if the salinity of the D2O system was decreased by about 0.3% NaCl. Electrical resistance and dielectric relaxation measurements showed that the surface charge density of H2O-in-oil microemulsions was three times higher than that of the corresponding D2O-in-oil microemulsions. The higher surface charge density of the H2O system caused its higher interfacial alcohol concentration, which was confirmed by alcohol titration measurements. It is interesting to note that the interfacial alcohol concentration of the two systems can have similar values if the salinity of D2O is decreased by about 0.3% NaCl. The higher surface charge density of the H2O system can be explained by the lower (more negative) free energy of hydration of surfactant ions and counterions in H2O than in D2O, which leads to a higher degree of dissociation of the surfactant polar groups in the H2O system. An expression is given to estimate the free energy of transfer (from H2O to D2O) of interfacial surfactant anions from surface charge density measurements.
Near-infrared spectrophotometry of Titan

Several unusual features in the near-IR spectrum of Titan are examined. Observations during four apparitions establish the reality of the S(1) absorption at 8150.7 A, but the existence of the S(O) absorption at 8272.7 A will require further sightings to become definitively established. These two features are particularly important, as they bear on the abundance of H2 in Titan's atmosphere.