cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic integral representation of the $L^2$ modulus of Brownian local time and a central limit theorem

The purpose of this note is to prove a central limit theorem for the $L^2$-modulus of continuity of the Brownian local time obtained in [3], using techniques of stochastic analysis. The main ingredients of the proof are an asymptotic version of Knight's theorem and the Clark-Ocone formula for the $L^2$-modulus of the Brownian local time
The trouble with the Local Bubble

The model of a Local Hot Bubble has been widely accepted as providing a framework that can explain the ubiq- uitous presence of the soft X-ray background diffuse emis- sion. We summarize the current knowledge on this local in- terstellar region, paying particular reference to observations that sample emission from the presumed local million de- gree K hot plasma. However, we have listed numerous ob- servations that are seemingly in conflict with the concept of a hot Local Bubble. In particular, the discovery of solar wind charge exchange that can generate an appreciable soft X-ray background signal within the heliosphere, has led to a re- assessment of the generally accepted model that requires a hot local plasma. In order to explain the majority of observations of the local plasma, we forward two new speculative models that describe the physical state of the local interstellar gas. One possible scenario is similar to the present widely accepted model of the Local Hot Bubble, except that it accounts for only 50% of the soft X-ray emission currently detected in the galactic plane, has a lower thermal pressure than pre- viously thought, and its hot plasma is not as hot as previ- ously believed. Although such a model can solve several difficulties with the traditional hot Local Bubble model, a heating mechanism for the dimmer and cooler gas remains to be found. The second possible explanation is that of the 'Hot Top' model, in which the Local Cavity is an old su-
Assessing Renal Function From Creatinine Measurements in Adults With Chronic Renal Failure

Abstract Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) following the injection of one of several suitable marker substances remains the best method to determine the severity of renal insufficiency as well as its rate of progression. However, the expense of these procedures continues to restrict their use. A second alternative is the determination of creatinine clearance (CCr) after oral administration of cimetidine. This drug blocks tubular secretion of creatinine almost completely, and CCr measured under these conditions is reported to be nearly identical to GFR in mild or severe renal failure. The optimal dose and timing of cimetidine for this purpose is still uncertain, but a single 1,200-mg dose 2 hours before beginning urine collection is probably suitable. A third alternative is simply the measurement of serum or plasma creatinine (PCr) concentration. However, it is well established that substantial reductions in renal function may occur before PCr becomes abnormal. GFR in adults with chronic renal failure can be approximately estimated from PCr, provided it is greater than 2 mg/dL, with the aid of additional demographic and biochemical variables. Gender, height, weight, age, and race should be taken into account. Further study is needed to derive the best formula for predicting GFR from PCr and other variables. Finally, CCr (without cimetidine) is still in use. This is unfortunate because it has been established that rather than improving on the estimation of GFR from PCr, CCr (determined from urinary creatinine measurements as well as PCr) is a less reliable guide to GFR than PCr alone. The CCr/GFR ratio is almost always greater than unity and increases with decreasing GFR to a maximum of approximately 1.7 at a GFR of approximately 20 mL/min. Furthermore, the variability of CCr is greater than that of PCr. Measurement of CCr (without cimetidine) is an anachronism and should be abandoned. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Jul;32(1):23-31)
Single-Electron Transport in Ropes of Carbon Nanotubes

The electrical properties of individual bundles, or “ropes,” of single-walled carbon nanotubes have been measured. Below about 10 kelvin, the low-bias conductance was suppressed for voltages less than a few millivolts. In addition, dramatic peaks were observed in the conductance as a function of a gate voltage that modulated the number of electrons in the rope. These results are interpreted in terms of single-electron charging and resonant tunneling through the quantized energy levels of the nanotubes composing the rope.
Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Dengue fever, a very old disease, has reemerged in the past 20 years with an expanded geographic distribution of both the viruses and the mosquito vectors, increased epidemic activity, the development of hyperendemicity (the cocirculation of multiple serotypes), and the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in new geographic regions. In 1998 this mosquito-borne disease is the most important tropical infectious disease after malaria, with an estimated 100 million cases of dengue fever, 500,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever, and 25,000 deaths annually. The reasons for this resurgence and emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the waning years of the 20th century are complex and not fully understood, but demographic, societal, and public health infrastructure changes in the past 30 years have contributed greatly. This paper reviews the changing epidemiology of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever by geographic region, the natural history and transmission cycles, clinical diagnosis of both dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, serologic and virologic laboratory diagnoses, pathogenesis, surveillance, prevention, and control. A major challenge for public health officials in all tropical areas of the world is to devleop and implement sustainable prevention and control programs that will reverse the trend of emergent dengue hemorrhagic fever.
First Total Synthesis of (±)-Stemonamide and (±)-Isostemonamide

The total synthesis of the tetracyclic alkaloids stemonamide (1) and isostemonamide (2) is presented. The key step is the reaction between a silyloxyfuran and an N-acyliminium ion. The second quaternary center is created by an intramolecular aldol spirocyclization. After 1,4-addition of an appropriate side chain, the methyl and double bond are installed by Mannich reaction. The seven-membered ring is closed by intramolecular nucleophilic displacement.
Atomistic Potentials for the Molybdenum-Silicon System

Using a modified version of the Embedded Atom Method (EAM) that includes angular forces, potentials are developed for the Mo/Si system. Previously developed potentials for Mo and Si are used. The cross potential is fit to properties of MoSi2, Mo3Si, and Mo5Si3. Predictions are presented for phase stability, lattice constants, elastic constants, and point and planar defect energies. In general the agreement with experiment is good, but the predicted lattice constants are somewhat greater than experiment.
Active Vibration Absorption Using Delayed Resonator With Relative Position Measurement

A novel active vibration absorption technique, the Delayed Resonator, has been introduced recently as a unique way of suppressing undesired oscillations. It suggests a control force on a mass-spring-damper absorber in the form of a proportional position feedback with a time delay. Its strengths consist of extremely simple implementation of the control algorithm, total vibration suppression of the primary structure against a harmonic force excitation and full effectiveness of the absorber in a semi-infinite range of disturbance frequency, achieved by real-time tuning. All this development work was done using the absolute displacements of the absorber in the feedback. These measurements, however, may be difficult to obtain and for some applications impossible. This paper deals with the operating and design repercussions caused by the substituting of an easier measurement: the relative motion of the absorber with respect to the primary structure. Although the proposition sounds like a trivial extension to the prior work it gives rise to important concerns such as system stability. Theoretical foundations for the Delayed Resonator (DR) are briefly recapitulated and its implementation on a single-degree-of-freedom primary structure disturbed by a harmonic force is discussed utilizing both absolute and relative position measurement of absorber mass. Methods for stability range analysis and transient behavior are presented as design tools. Properties observed for the same system with these two different feedbacks are compared. Another important advantage of the relative position feature is is to decouple the operation of the absorber from the primary structure entirely.
Gravitational‐wave background of neutron star–white dwarf binaries

We discuss the stochastic background of gravitational waves from ultra-compact neutron star-white dwarf (NS-WD) binaries at cosmological distances. Under the assumption that accreting neutron stars and donor white dwarf stars form most of the low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), our calculation makes use of recent results related to the luminosity function determined from X-ray observations. Even after accounting for detached NS-WD binaries not captured in X-ray data, the NS-WD background is at least an order of magnitude below that due to extragalactic white dwarf-white dwarf binaries and below the detectability level of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) at frequencies between 10 -5 and 10 -1 Hz. While the extragalactic background is unlikely to be detected, we suggest that around one to 10 galactic NS-WD binaries may be resolved with LISA such that their positions are determined to an accuracy of several degrees on the sky.
The Generalized Asymptotic Equipartition Property: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

Suppose a string X1 n = (X1, X2,...,Xn) generated by a memoryless source (Xn)n ges 1 with distribution P is to be compressed with distortion no greater than D ges 0, using a memoryless random codebook with distribution Q. The compression performance is determined by the "generalized asymptotic equipartition property" (AEP), which states that the probability of finding a D-close match between X1 n and any given codeword Y1 n, is approximately 2-nR(P, Q, D), where the rate function R(P, Q, D) can be expressed as an infimum of relative entropies. The main purpose here is to remove various restrictive assumptions on the validity of this result that have appeared in the recent literature. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the generalized AEP are provided in the general setting of abstract alphabets and unbounded distortion measures. All possible distortion levels D ges 0 are considered; the source (Xn)n ges 1 can be stationary and ergodic; and the codebook distribution can have memory. Moreover, the behavior of the matching probability is precisely characterized, even when the generalized AEP is not valid. Natural characterizations of the rate function R(P, Q, D) are established under equally general conditions.
Mapping Of Micro Data Flow Computations Onto Parallel Microarchitectures

This paper presents a method for mapping computation algorithms to parallel machines architectures. The approach is based on a fine grain mapping system, FGMS, whose basic rationale is to achieve better matchings between computations and architectures. FGMS consists of four stages, i.e., data flow graph generation, vertical mapping into fine grain graphs, horizontal mapping across interconnected processors and instruction or microcode generation for individual processors.
Global Methods for Nonlinear Complementarity Problems

Global methods for nonlinear complementarity problems formulate the problem as a system of nonsmooth nonlinear equations, or use continuation to trace a path defined by a smooth system of nonlinear equations. We formulate the nonlinear complementarity problem as a bound-constrained nonlinear least squares problem. Algorithms based on this formulation are applicable to general nonlinear complementarity problems, can be started from any nonnegative starting point, and each iteration only requires the solution of systems of linear equations. Convergence to a solution of the nonlinear complementarity problem is guaranteed under reasonable regularity assumptions. The converge rate is Q-linear, Q-superlinear, or Q-quadratic, depending on the tolerances used to solve the subproblems.
Development and characterization of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP)

Studies on human erythropoietin (EPO) demonstrated that there is a direct relationship between the sialic acid-containing carbohydrate content of the molecule and its serum half-life and in vivo biological activity, but an inverse relationship with its receptor binding affinity. These observations led to the hypothesis that increasing the carbohydrate content, beyond that found naturally, would lead to a molecule with enhanced biological activity. Hyperglycosylated recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) analogues were developed to test this hypothesis. Darbepoetin alfa (novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein, NESP), which was engineered to contain five N-linked carbohydrate chains (two more than rHuEPO), has been evaluated in preclinical animal studies. Due to its increased sialic acid-containing carbohydrate content, NESP is biochemically distinct from rHuEPO, having an increased molecular weight and greater negative charge. Compared with rHuEPO, it has an approximately 3-fold longer serum half-life, greater in vivo potency, and can be administered less frequently to obtain the same biological response. NESP is currently being evaluated in human clinical trials for treatment of anaemia and reduction in its incidence.
The linearity of the Wesenheit function for the Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheids

There is strong evidence that the period-luminosity (PL) relation for the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) Cepheids shows a break at a period around 10 d. Because the LMC PL relation is extensively used in distance scale studies, the non-linearity of the LMC PL relation may affect the results based on this LMC calibrated relation. In this paper we show that this problem can be remedied by using the Wesenheit function in obtaining Cepheid distances. This is because the Wesenheit function is linear, although recent data suggest that the PL and the period-colour (PC) relations that make up the Wesenheit function are not. We test the linearity of the Wesenheit function and find strong evidence that the LMC Wesenheit function is indeed linear. This is because the non-linearity of the PL and PC relations cancel out when the Wesenheit function is constructed. We discuss this result in the context of distance scale applications. We also compare the distance moduli obtained from μ 0 = μ V - R(μ V - μ I ) (equivalent to Wesenheit functions) constructed with the linear and the broken LMC PL relations, and we find that the typical difference in distance moduli is ∼ +0.03 mag. Hence, the broken LMC PL relation does not seriously affect current distance scale applications. We also discuss the random error calculated with equation μ 0 = μ V - R(μ V - μ I ), and show that there is a correlation term that exists from the calculation of the random error. The calculated random error will be larger if this correlation term is ignored.
How Climate Model Complexity Influences Sea Ice Stability

AbstractRecord lows in Arctic sea ice extent have been making frequent headlines in recent years. The change in albedo when sea ice is replaced by open water introduces a nonlinearity that has sparked an ongoing debate about the stability of the Arctic sea ice cover and the possibility of Arctic “tipping points.” Previous studies identified instabilities for a shrinking ice cover in two types of idealized climate models: (i) annual-mean latitudinally varying diffusive energy balance models (EBMs) and (ii) seasonally varying single-column models (SCMs). The instabilities in these low-order models stand in contrast with results from comprehensive global climate models (GCMs), which typically do not simulate any such instability. To help bridge the gap between low-order models and GCMs, an idealized model is developed that includes both latitudinal and seasonal variations. The model reduces to a standard EBM or SCM as limiting cases in the parameter space, thus reconciling the two previous lines of research....
Consumer responses to new food quality information: are some consumers more sensitive than others?

Missing information prevails in consumer purchase decisions and studies on consumer preferences. Previous research ignores the relationship between consumer types and their responses to new quality attribute information. In this article, consumer responses to new attribute information are compared across consumer groups. Results show that single households with low income are more responsive to new information than married households with high income. Both groups respond to new information more intensively when a cue attribute, Certified U.S. Product, is presented to consumers.
Optimal remapping in dynamic bulk synchronous computations via a stochastic control approach

A bulk synchronous computation proceeds in phases that are separated by barrier synchronization. For dynamic bulk synchronous computations that exhibit varying phase-wise computational requirements, remapping at runtime is an effective approach to ensure parallel efficiency. The paper introduces a novel remapping strategy for computations whose workload changes can be modeled as a Markov chain. The use of a Markovian model allows us to treat statistical dependence and more complex structure than the usual independent identically distributed random variable assumptions. Our models are quite general and we do not need to impose conditions on the dynamics of the underlying process other than the transition probability matrix. It is shown that optimal remapping can be formulated as a binary decision process: remap or not at a given synchronizing instant. The optimal strategy is then developed for long lasting computations by employing optimal stopping rules in a stochastic control framework. The existence of optimal controls is established. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimality are obtained. Furthermore, a policy iteration algorithm is devised to reduce computational complexity and enhance fast convergence to the desired optimal control.
Ambivalent reactivity modes of β-chlorovinyl ketones: electrophilic lithium [3]cumulenolates from soft vinyl enolization strategy.

Treatment of β-chlorovinyl ketones with NEt3 and LiClO4 or LiBr results in formation of electrophilic lithium cumulenolates which smoothly react with nucleophiles such as another cumulenolate or ketimines to afford vinyl allenones like (II) or pyrrolidines of type (IV)/(VII) in a stereoselective manner.
A Study of Coordinated Dynamic Market-Based Task Assignment in Massively Multi-Agent Systems

This paper studies market-based mechanisms for coordinated dynamic task assignmentin large-scale agent systems carrying out search and rescue missions. Specifically, the effect of different auction mechanisms and swapping are studied. The paper describes results from a large number of simulations.The information available to agents and their bidding strategies are used as simulation parameters. The simulations provide insight about the interaction between the strategy of individual agents and the market mechanism. Performance is evaluated using several metrics. Some of the results include: limiting information may improve performance, different utility functions may affect the performance in non-uniform ways, and swapping may help improve the efficiency of assignments in dynamic environments.
Electromagnetic scattering from microwave absorbers: Laboratory verification of the coupled wave theory

Laboratory W-band measurements of the bistatic scattering function of some common microwave absorbing structures have been made. The structures investigated include periodic wedge-type and pyramid-type iron-epoxy calibration loads and flat carbon-foam 'Echosorb' samples. Measurements were made using an HP 8510 network analyzer interfaced with a focused-lens scattering range. The test set provided a dynamic range of approximately 55 dB. Swept frequency measurements over the 75-100-GHz band have revealed specular and Bragg reflection characteristics in the measured data. >
A distributed algorithmic framework for coverage problems in wireless sensor networks

One of the key challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is that of extending the lifetime of the network while meeting some coverage requirements. In this paper, we present a distributed algorithmic framework to enable sensors to determine their sleep-sense cycles based on specific coverage goals. The framework is based on our earlier work on the target coverage problem. We give a general version of the framework that can be used to solve network/graph optimisation problems for which melding compatible neighbouring local solutions directly yields globally feasible solutions such as the maximal independent set problem. We also apply this framework to several variations of the coverage problem, namely, target coverage, area coverage and k-coverage problems, to demonstrate its general applicability. Each sensor constructs minimal cover sets for its local coverage objective. The framework entails each sensor prioritising these local cover sets and then negotiating with its neighbours for satisfying mutual constraints. We employ a dependency graph model that can capture the interdependencies among the cover sets. Detailed simulations are carried out to further demonstrate the resulting performance improvements and effectiveness of the framework. These show an improvement of between 10 and 20% over existing algorithms.
The Salpeter plasma correction for solar fusion reactions

We describe five different ways of obtaining the Salpeter formula for the plasma corrections to fusion rates; this formula is valid at the center of the sun with insignificant errors (~percent). Several recent papers have obtained a variety of answers in conflict with this result. We analyse the arguments of these papers, identifying sources of the discrepancies in some cases, and pointing out internal inconsistencies in the arguments given in other cases.
Mixed aggregates of lithium tetramethylpiperidide with butyllithium: Stereoselectivity of ketone enolization

Abstract The enolization stereoselectivity of 3-pentanone by lithium tetramethylpiperidide mixed aggregates with butyllithium was studied and the results were compared to those obtained using lithium tetramethylpiperidide alone. The mixed aggregate resulted in a slightly higher stereoselectivity, and the selectivity increased with decreasing percent conversion of the lithium base. Ab initio and semiempirical PM3 calculations were performed to determine the activation enthalpies for the enolization reactions and the calculations were compared to the experimental results.
Ambiguity in Processing Boolean Queries on TDMS Tree Structures: A Study of Four Different Philosophies

This paper defines and demonstrates four philosophies for processing queries on tree structures; shows that the data semantics of queries shuld be described by designating sets of nodes from which v values for attnbutes may be returned to the data consumer; shows that the data semantics of database processing can be specified totally independent of any madhine, file structure, or implementation; shows that set theory is a natural and effective vehicle for analyzing the semantics of queries on tree structures; and finally, shows that Bolts is an adequate formalism for conveying the semantics of tree structure processing.
REDISTRIBUTION, PORK AND ELECTIONS

Why might citizens vote against redistributive policies from which they would seem to benefit? Many scholars focus on ‘wedge’ issues such as religion or race, but another explanation might be geographically-based patronage—or pork. We examine the tension between redistribution and patronage with a model that combines partisan elections across multiple districts with legislation in spatial and divide-the-dollar environments. The model yields a unique equilibrium that describes the circumstances under which poor voters support right-wing parties that favor low taxes and redistribution, and under which rich voters support left-wing parties that favor high taxes and redistribution. The model suggests that one reason standard tax and transfer models of redistribution often do not capture empirical reality is that redistributive transfers are a less efficient tool for attracting votes than are more targeted policy programs. The model also underlines the central importance of party discipline during legislative bargaining in shaping the importance of redistribution in voter behavior, and it describes why right-wing parties should have an advantage over left-wing ones in majoritarian systems.
Data structures for maintaining set partitions

Efficiently maintaining the partition induced by a set of features is an important problem in building decision-tree classifiers. In order to identify a small set of discriminating features, we need the capability of efficiently adding and removing specific features and determining the effect of these changes on the induced classification or partition. In this paper we introduce a variety of randomized and deterministic data structures to support these operations on both general and geometrically induced set partitions. We give both Monte Carlo and Las Vegas data structures that realize near-optimal time bounds and are practical to implement. We then provide a faster solution to this problem in the geometric setting. Finally, we present a data structure that efficiently estimates the number of partitions separating elements.
Conducting metallopolymers: the roles of molecular architecture and redox matching

Recent reports of highly conductive metallopolymers are reviewed. This literature is classified into one of two categories (inner or outer sphere) depending on the mode of interaction between the transition metal centers with each other and the conducting polymer backbone. The critical nature of charge transport is discussed in the context of the relative energies of the organic polymer-based and metal-centered redox processes. Also included are recent advances in the development of functional materials based on metal-containing conducting polymers.
Self-Enforcing Voting in International Organizations

Some international organizations are governed by unanimity rule, some others by a majority system. Still others have moved from one system to the other over time. The existing voting models have a difficult time explaining the observed variation in governance mode, and in particular the widespread occurrence of the unanimity system. We present a model whose main departure from standard voting models is that there is no external enforcement mechanism: each country is sovereign and cannot be forced to follow the collective decision, or in other words, the voting system must be self-enforcing. The model yields unanimity as the optimal system for a wide range of parameters, and delivers rich predictions on the variation in the mode of governance, both across organizations and over time. ∗ We thank James Anderson, Matt Jackson, Francois Maniquet, Guido Tabellini and Jean Tirole for very helpful comments. Arnaud Costinot provided excellent research assistance. We also bene
Control of LQG systems under communication constraints

We consider the control performance of an LQG system with a noisy analog feedback channel between the state-observation and the controller. To bound the performance, we use the sequential rate distortion function and the assumption of equi-memory. We then discuss the trade-offs between control and communication costs and how to relax the equi-memory assumption.
Characterization of Compactness of the Commutators of Bilinear Fractional Integral Operators

The compactness of the commutators of bilinear fractional integral operators and point-wise multiplication, acting on products of Lebesgue spaces, is characterized in terms of appropriate mean oscillation properties of their symbols. The compactness of the commutators when acting on product of weighted Lebesgue spaces is also studied.
MULTIPLICATIVE PROPERTIES OF ATIYAH DUALITY

Let M n be a closed, connected n-manifold. Let M i? denote the Thom spectrum of its stable normal bundle. A well known theorem of Atiyah states that M i? is homotopy equivalent to the Spanier-Whitehead dual of M with a disjoint basepoint, M+. This dual can be viewed as the function spectrum, F(M;S), where S is the sphere spectrum. F(M;S) has the structure of a commutative, symmetric ring spectrum in the sense of [7], [12] [9]. In this paper we prove that M i? also has a natural, geometrically defined, structure of a commutative, symmetric ring spectrum, in such a way that the classical duality maps of Alexander, Spanier-Whitehead, and Atiyah define an equivalence of symmetric ring spectra, fi : M i? ! F(M;S). We discuss applications of this to Hochschild cohomology representations of the Chas-Sullivan loop product in the homology of the free loop space of M.
On Co-Hopfian Nilpotent Groups

Co-Hopfian finitely generated torsion-free nilpotent groups are characterized in this paper in terms of their Lie algebra automorphisms. Many examples of such groups are also constructed.
Speed and Sparsity of Regularized Boosting

Boosting algorithms withl1-regularization are of interest becausel1 regularization leads to sparser composite classifiers. Moreover, Rosset et al. have shown that for separable data, standard lpregularized loss minimization results in a margin maximizing classifier in the limit as regularization is relaxed. For the case p = 1, we extend these results by obtaining explicit convergence bounds on the regularization required to yield a margin within prescribed accuracy of the maximum achievable margin. We derive similar rates of convergence for the"-AdaBoost algorithm, in the process providing a new proof that "-AdaBoost is margin maximizing as" converges to 0. Because both of these known algorithms are computationally expensive, we introduce a new hybrid algorithm, AdaBoost+L1, that combines the virtues of AdaBoost with the sparsity of l1regularization in a computationally efficient fashion. We prove that the algorithm is margin maximizing and empirically examine its performance on five datasets.
The Cosmological Tests

Recent observational advances have considerably improved the cosmological tests, adding to the lines of evidence, and showing that some issues under discussion just a few years ago may now be considered resolved or irrelevant. Other issues remain, however, and await resolution before the great program of testing the relativistic Friedmann–Lemaitre model, that commenced in the 1930s, may at last be considered complete.
OPTIMAL INATTENTION TO THE STOCK MARKET WITH INFORMATION COSTS AND TRANSACTIONS COSTS

Recurrent intervals of inattention to the stock market are optimal if consumers incur a utility cost to observe asset values. When consumers observe the value of their wealth, they decide whether to transfer funds between a transactions account from which consumption must be financed and an investment portfolio of equity and riskless bonds. Transfers of funds are subject to a transactions cost that reduces wealth and consists of two components: one is proportional to the amount of assets transferred, and the other is a fixed resource cost. Because it is costly to transfer funds, the consumer may choose not to transfer any funds on a particular observation date. In general, the optimal adjustment rule—including the size and direction of transfers, and the time of the next observation—is state-dependent. Surprisingly, unless the fixed resource cost of transferring funds is large, the consumer’s optimal behavior eventually evolves to a situation with a purely time-dependent rule with a constant interval of time between observations. This interval of time can be substantial even for tiny observation costs. When this situation is attained, the standard consumption Euler equation holds between observation dates if the consumer is sufficiently risk averse.
Compression Performance Study of Oil-less Helical Compressor

Helical compression mechanism is the newly developed one that can compress gas by using helical components. As helical shape has uneven pitch, the volume of each chamber becomes smaller along the rotation, and the gas is transferred and compressed continuously. This mechanism was designed in 1987, and the compressors with lubricant were developed and manufactured for refrigerators first in the world in 2000. And oil-less air compressors using helical mechanism were also developed and manufactured in 2003. This oil-less helical compressor doesn't contain oil at all. To achieve high performance and reliability in oil-less compressor, gas sealing, wear durability, and cooling are usually major problems, because contribution of oil to these functions can not be expected. This study focuses on the performance related to these problems, and investigates flow performance at variable motor speed, and compression process of oil-less helical compressor by measuring P-V diagram.
A Principal-Agent Model of Contracting in Major League Baseball

Traditional economic analyses of the reserve clause in major league baseball view it as having arisen from the superior bargaining of owners compared to players. This article interprets it instead as promoting efficient investment by teams in player development, given the transferability of player skills to other teams. Using a principal-agent framework, the article shows that limited player mobility emerges as part of the optimal contract between players (principals) and teams (agents).
Monetary Policy and Long-term Interest Rates

This paper documents some new empirical results about the monetary policy and long-term interest rates in the United States. It shows that changes in the monetary policy stance are more predictable to the bond market in the 1990s than in the 1970s. This shift in the predictability of the monetary policy actions aects the policy’s impact on long-term interest rates as well as the forecasting power of the yield spread for the future changes in short-term interest rates.
Optimizing Flight Departure Delay and Route Selection Under En Route Convective Weather

*† ‡ This paper presents a linear Integer Programming model for managing air traffic flow in the United States. The decision variables in the model are departure delays and predeparture reroutes of aircraft whose trajectories are predicted to cross weather-impacted regions of the National Airspace System. The model assigns delays to a set of flights while ensuring their trajectories are free of any conflicts with weather. In a deterministic setting, there is no airborne holding due to unexpected weather incursion in a flight’s path. The model is applied to solve a large-scale traffic flow management problem with realistic weather data and flight schedules. Experimental results indicate that allowing rerouting can reduce departure delays by nearly 57%, but it is associated with an increase in total airborne time due to longer routes flown by aircraft. The computation times to solve this problem were significantly lower than those reported in the earlier studies.
Impact of thermal boundary resistance on laser inclusion damage

The present work rigorously analyzes the effect of thermal boundary resistance (TBR) on laser heating of an inclusion embedded in a nonabsorbing optical medium. The TBR impedes the flow of heat across the inclusion/ medium interface, enhances the inclusion heating rate, and reduces the laser damage threshold. The results indicate that in some cases the damage threshold is only half of that predicted when the boundary resistance is neglected. Both an exact solution and approximate scaling relations are developed that incorporate the TBR. The scaling relations show that when the TBR is considered, the damage threshold can have a stronger dependence on the pulse width than previously predicted. l Many novel applications exist for these lasers including laser material pro- cessing, high temporal and spatial resolution measurements, and laser fusion. One of the biggest obstacles in the appli- cation of these lasers is radiation damage incurred by optical components (windows, prisms, etc.) in the laser system. One laser damage mechanism is the so called inclusion-induced damage model. Essentially, inclusions—physical impurities in an otherwise pure optical component material—absorb high-intensity electromagnetic radiation and convert this ra- diation to thermal energy, causing the inclusion to heat up. As the inclusion temperature increases, the surrounding (host) material attempts to conduct the thermal energy away. If the host material cannot adequately conduct away this thermal energy, and the host or inclusion temperature exceeds some threshold temperature—e.g., the melting temperature of the host material, the vaporization temperature of the particle, or a particle temperature that causes fracture in the host— then permanent damage to the optical component can re- sult.2"4 Inclusion-dominated damage is particularly prevalent in thin film applications where the inclusion density is much higher than that of the bulk film material.3 In the following, particle refers to the absorbing inclusion embedded within the nonabsorbing (i.e., dielectric) host optical material, which is called the medium. To quantify the damage process, damage thresholds are assigned to optical components that characterize the laser radiation limits the component can safely tolerate without sustaining damage. This work is unique in that the thermal boundary resistance (TBR) between the particle and host medium is incorporated in a laser damage model that predicts the damage threshold of optical media. The TBR increases the heating rate of the inclusion and reduces the damage threshold of the optical material. Also, the TBR effect in-
Diversity synthesis using the complimentary reactivity of rhodium(II)- and palladium(II)-catalyzed reactions.

Rhodium(II)-catalyzed reactions of aryldiazoacetates can be conducted in the presence of iodide, triflate, organoboron, and organostannane functionality, resulting in the formation of a variety of cyclopropanes or C−H insertion products with high stereoselectivity. The combination of the rhodium(II)-catalyzed reaction with a subsequent palladium(II)-catalyzed Suzuki coupling offers a novel strategy for diversity synthesis.
A Nanoparticle-Based Combination Chemotherapy Delivery System for Enhanced Tumor Killing by Dynamic Rewiring of Signaling Pathways

Exposure to the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) inhibitor erlotinib promotes the dynamic rewiring of apoptotic pathways, which sensitizes cells within a specific period to subsequent exposure to the DNA-damaging agent doxorubicin. A critical challenge for translating this therapeutic network rewiring into clinical practice is the design of optimal drug delivery systems. We report the generation of a nanoparticle delivery vehicle that contained more than one therapeutic agent and produced a controlled sequence of drug release. Liposomes, representing the first clinically approved nanomedicine systems, are well-characterized, simple, and versatile platforms for the manufacture of functional and tunable drug carriers. Using the hydrophobic and hydrophilic compartments of liposomes, we effectively incorporated both hydrophobic (erlotinib) and hydrophilic (doxorubicin) small molecules, through which we achieved the desired time sequence of drug release. We also coated the liposomes with folate to facilitate targeting to cancer cells. When compared to the time-staggered application of individual drugs, staggered release from tumor-targeted single liposomal particles enhanced dynamic rewiring of apoptotic signaling pathways, resulting in improved tumor cell killing in culture and tumor shrinkage in animal models.
Nearby Lagrangians with vanishing Maslov class are homotopy equivalent

We prove that the inclusion of every closed exact Lagrangian with vanishing Maslov class in a cotangent bundle is a homotopy equivalence. We start by adapting an idea of Fukaya-Seidel-Smith to prove that such a Lagrangian is equivalent to the zero section in the Fukaya category with integral coefficients. We then study an extension of the Fukaya category in which Lagrangians equipped with local systems of arbitrary dimension are admitted as objects, and prove that this extension is generated, in the appropriate sense, by local systems over a cotangent fibre. Whenever the cotangent bundle is simply connected, this generation statement is used to prove that every closed exact Lagrangian of vanishing Maslov index is simply connected. Finally, we borrow ideas from coarse geometry to develop a Fukaya category associated to the universal cover, allowing us to prove the result in the general case.
The Chemistry of the Antibody Molecule

Immunochemistry has traditionally focused on understanding the molecular basis of antibody binding affinity and specificity. In the last 20 years a major shift has occurred in the field. We are now asking how we can exploit the remarkable properties of the antibody molecule and the immune response in chemistry-from testing basic theories of enzymatic catalysis to the synthesis of new catalysts. Moreover, the concept of molecular diversity, which underlies these experiments, is now being applied to a large number of other problems-from libraries of biopolymers to libraries of solid-state materials. Importantly, theses studies are providing fundamental molecular insights into many biological, chemical, and physical phenomena, as well as changing the way we approach the synthesis of new molecular function.
A DISK CENSUS FOR THE NEAREST GROUP OF YOUNG STARS: MID-INFRARED OBSERVATIONS OF THE TW HYDRAE ASSOCIATION

A group of young, active stars in the vicinity of TW Hydrae has recently been identified as a possible physical association with a common origin. Given its proximity (»50 pc), age (»10 Myr), and abundance of binary systems, the TW Hya association is ideally suited to studies of the diversity and evolution of circumstellar disks. Here we present mid-infrared observations of 15 candidate members of the group, 11 of which have no previous flux measurements at wavelengths longer than 2 mm. We report the discovery of a possible 10 mm excess in CD 23377795, which may be due to a circumstellar disk or a faint and as yet undetected binary companion. Of the other stars, only TW Hya, HD 98800, Hen 3-600A, and HR 4796A—all of which were detected by IRAS—show excess thermal emission. Our 10 mm flux measurements for the remaining members of the association are consistent with photospheric emission, allowing us to rule out dusty inner disks. In light of these findings, we discuss the origin and age of the TW Hya association as well as the implications for disk evolution timescales. Subject headings: accretion, accretion disks — binaries: general — circumstellar matter — open clusters and associations: individual (TW Hydrae) — stars: pre‐main-sequence
Transient Thermal Response Measurements of Power Transistors

Differences between the measured thermal impedance of power transistors when determined by the pulsed heating curve and cooling curve techniques are discussed. These differences are shown to result primarily because the power density distributions of these devices change as devicesheat; as a result of these changes the heating curve and the cooling curve are not conjugate. It is shown that the cooling curve technique, when the cooling curve is initiated from the most non-uniform steady-state thermal, distribution, (maximum voltage, maximum power) will indicate a larger value for the thermal impedance than will the pulsed heating curve technique, even for pulses in excess of the dc power level. A one-dimensional model for power transistor cooling is described. The theoretical predictions of the model are shown to be in good agreement for practical applications with three-dimensional computer simulations and experimental results. Using this model, it is possible to estimate an average junction temperature and the area of power generation at steady-state. Both TO-66 and TO-3 encased devices of mesa and planar structures were included in this study.
Should you turn yourself in? The consequences of environmental self-policing

Facilities that self-police under the Environmental Protection Agency's Audit Policy are eligible for reduced penalties on disclosed violations. This paper investigates whether self-policing has additional consequences; in particular, whether self-policing reduces future enforcement activity. Using data on U.S. hazardous waste enforcement and disclosures, I find that facilities that self-police are rewarded with a lower probability of inspection in the future, although facilities with good compliance records receive a smaller benefit than facilities with poor records. Additionally, facilities that are inspected frequently are more likely to disclose than facilities that face a low probability of inspection. The results suggest that facilities may be able to strategically disclose in order to decrease future enforcement. © 2007 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Forming a primordial star in a relic HII region

There has been considerable theoretical debate over whether photoionization and supernova feedback from the first Population III stars facilitate or suppress the formation of the next generation of stars. We present results from an Eulerian adaptive mesh refinement simulation demonstrating the formation of a primordial star within a region ionized by an earlier nearby star. Despite the higher temperatures of the ionized gas and its flow out of the dark matter potential wells, this second star formed within 23 million years of its neighbor's death. The enhanced electron fraction within the HII region catalyzes rapid molecular hydrogen formation that leads to faster cooling in the subsequent star forming halos than in the first halos. This ''second generation'' primordial protostar has a much lower accretion rate because, unlike the first protostar, it forms in a rotationally supported disk of {approx} 10-100 M{center_dot}. In contrast to unpreprocessed regions, such configurations may allow binaries or multiple systems of lower mass stars to form. These first high resolution calculations offer insight into the impact of feedback upon subsequent populations of stars and clearly demonstrate how primordial chemistry promotes the formation of subsequent generations of stars even in the presence of the entropy injected bymore » the first stars into the IGM.« less
Metallocene/carbon hybrids prepared by a solution process for supercapacitor applications

Efficient and scalable solution-based processes are not generally available to integrate well-studied pseudocapacitive materials (i.e., metal oxides and conducting polymers) with other components such as porous carbon, mainly because these classes of pseudocapacitive systems have poor solubilities in solvents and exhibit no specific interactions with the other component. Here we report, for the first time, the integration of a metallocene polymer, polyvinylferrocene (PVF), with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via a simple solution process for supercapacitor applications. The solution processability of the PVF/CNT hybrid is due to the high solubilities of PVF in organic solvents and the unique ability of the metallocene/carbon system to form stable dispersions through the π–π stacking interactions between the two components. The nanostructure and electrochemical properties of the hybrid can be manipulated systematically by adjusting the composition of the dispersion. The hybrid with the optimized composition exhibits unusually high capacitance (1452 F g−1) and energy density (79.5 W h kg−1) obtained in a standard two-electrode configuration, outperforming previously reported pseudocapacitive materials.