cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluoxetine gradually increases [125I]DOI-labelled 5-HT2A/2C receptors in the hypothalamus without changing the levels of Gq- and G11-proteins

The time course of fluoxetine-induced supersensitivity of hypothalamic 5-HT2A/2C receptors was examined. Daily injections of fluoxetine (7 or 14 days) significantly increased agonist ([125I]DOI)-labeled high-affinity-state 5-HT2A/2C receptors in the hypothalamus, but not frontal cortex. No change was observed in the density of [3H]ketanscrin-labeled 5-HT2A receptors in either brain region. The levels of Gq- and G11- proteins in the hypothalamus and cortex were not altered by fluoxetine. These results suggest that fluoxetine gradually increases the G-protein coupling of 5-HT2A/2C receptors without altering the levels of Gq- or G11-proteins.
Practical approaches to the treatment of severe pediatric obesity.

Pediatric obesity is a major public health threat. Obese children and adolescents are at increased risk for many medical and surgical conditions. These conditions may affect their quality of life and life expectancy. The rapidly progressive nature of type 2 diabetes mellitus within the first 5 years of obesity diagnosis is particularly concerning. Because health risk increases with degree of obesity, adolescents who may be eligible for more aggressive obesity treatment should be identified and counseled.
Matryoshka: A New Floral Mutant in Wild Potato

A population of the wild potato S. stoloniferum form fendleri (PI 660270) was collected as botanical seeds in the Santa Rita Mountains near Green Valley, Arizona, USA in fall 2010. Original seeds planted for multiplication at the genebank produced two plants with extra whorls of petals, sometimes fused with anthers, and, most remarkably, successive whorls of petals, anthers and carpels nested inside the primary carpel. This mutant was named matryoshka after the similarly nested Russian dolls. Floral morphology of mutants varies. It can have nearly normal male and female fertility in some individuals. Crossing studies indicate that the mutant form is dominant. Expression of the mutant may vary over the flowering cycle of the plant, with earlier flowers appearing mutant and later flowers appearing normal. Tests for pathogens were negative. Flower development mutants are of interest considering the potential for manipulating interspecific crossability, apomixis, and virus elimination in potato, and their usefulness may be extended to the important closely-related fruit crops of tomato, pepper, and eggplant. Matryoshka could also be useful in studies of potato adaptation in the wild: For example, seedless matryoshka fruit may serve as decoys to suppress the seed-eating larvae of Odenicarena fruit flies and Cecidomyiid gall flies which are especially prevalent in the geographic area where the mutant originates.
Clinical Experience Using the Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability for Identification of Patients at Risk for Aspiration in a Mixed-Disease Population

Purpose To determine the clinical performance characteristics of the Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA) for predicting aspiration (determined by videofluoroscopic swallowing study [VFSS])...
Beta-carotene: Digestion, Microencapsulation, and In Vitro Bioavailability

Beta-carotene is an important nutrient for human health, but its low absorption from natural sources has led to the development of microencapsulation methods to improve stability and bioavailability. To properly design a gastrointestinal delivery system for beta-carotene, the processes occurring during digestion from mastication to absorption must first be understood. This review provides an overview of beta-carotene digestion and microencapsulation methods, with an emphasis placed on spray-drying and gelation. Given the lack of a standardized in vitro model to study the bioavailability of beta-carotene, important parameters that have been shown to affect bioavailability of beta-carotene (i.e., pH, enzyme concentration, type of model) are discussed to ensure measurements are made using physiologically relevant conditions. Current quantitative methods to measure beta-carotene after digestion are evaluated to ensure accuracy and precision of measurements. This study contributes to the knowledge concerning beta-carotene digestion, release, and absorption and provides guidelines for developing microencapsulation methods and in vitro digestion protocols to accurately measure in vitro bioavailability.
A comparison of turbulent dimethyl ether and methane non-premixed flame structure

Abstract We report new results using laser-based imaging techniques (CH2O PLIF and Mie scattering) to understand the structure of turbulent dimethyl ether-based flames in comparison to well-studied methane-based flames. Specifically, the paper introduces a new set of potential target flames using DME fuel. The new DME-based flames are formulated with the specific intention of directly comparing non-intrusive laser-based measurements with the DLR A and B flames, which serve as target cases within the TNF workshop. The new DME-based flames are operated at equivalent Reynolds numbers and have an identical stoichiometric mixture fraction as the DLR flames, thus attempting to isolate kinetic effects and turbulence-chemistry interaction from flowfield and mixing effects. In this paper, we examine the CH2O field using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and laser Mie scattering of fuel–seeded oil droplets which yield an approximate marker of the 700–800 K isotherms. Results from laminar flame calculations indicate that large amounts of CH2O are formed in DME-based flames as compared to CH4-based flames due to very rapid DME pyrolysis. Additionally, the calculations suggest significant differences in the topology of the CH2O distribution. Consistent with the laminar flame calculations, the measured CH2O PLIF signals from the turbulent DME-based flames are approximately two orders of magnitude higher than the DLR flames. Furthermore, instantaneous, average, and RMS images from the turbulent flames are used to highlight qualitative differences in the CH2O field for the DME-based flames in comparison with the methane-based DLR flames.
Characterization and surgical ablation of atrial flutter after the classic fontan repair

Background Atrial flutter (AFL) is a frequent postoperative complication of the classic Fontan operation, which uses an atriopulmonary connection. We hypothesized that the suture lines alone, in the absence of any hemodynamic alterations, provide the necessary electrophysiologic substrates for AFL. The objectives of this study were to determine if the Fontan suture lines alone are sufficient to permit sustained AFL in an acute canine model and to characterize any resulting reentrant circuits to surgically ablate the AFL. Methods After cardiopulmonary bypass, adult dogs ( n = 18) underwent a simulated classic Fontan operation. This included a longitudinal right atriotomy and an incision from the base of the right atrial appendage toward the dome of the left atrium, representing the atriopulmonary connection. In 6 of 18 dogs, an atrial septal defect was created at the level of the fossa ovalis. Unipolar 253-point biatrial endocardial mapping electrodes were placed via bilateral ventriculotomies. Induction of AFL was attempted by atrial burst pacing. If AFL could not be induced, isoproterenol was administered and pacing repeated. Activation sequence maps of the pathways of atrial reentry were generated. In 8 dogs with inducible AFL, an incision was made from the atriotomy to the atriopulmonary connection and burst pacing repeated. Results Sustained AFL could not be induced after bypass alone in any case. After the simulated Fontan operation, sustained AFL was reproducibly induced in all 18 dogs, 6 of which required isoproterenol. The mean cycle length of all cases was 177 ± 20 ms. During AFL, atrial activation sequence maps demonstrated lines of conduction block created by both the atriotomy and the atriopulmonary connection. The isthmus of tissue between these two lines of block was essential for propagation of the reentrant wavefront. Interruption of this isthmus with an incision successfully terminated AFL in 8 of 8 dogs. Conclusions In an acute canine model, the Fontan suture lines alone, in the absence of atrial hypertension or stretch, permit the induction of AFL. An essential electrophysiologic substrate is an isthmus of myocardium between the atriotomy and the atriopulmonary connection. Interruption of conduction through this isthmus terminates the AFL in this model and suggests a technique for ablation of AFL in patients who have undergone a classic Fontan operation.
Norms and Naturalism: Comments on Miriam Solomon's Social Empiricism

Miriam Solomon's social empiricism is marked by emphasis on community level rationality in science and the refusal to impose a distinction between the epistemic and the non-epistemic character of factors (“decision vectors”) that incline scientists for or against a theory. While she attempts to derive some norms from the analysis of cases, her insistent naturalism undermines her effort to articulate norms for the (appropriate) distribution of decision vectors.
Development of a Comprehensive Falls Prevention Model in a Long-Term Care Facility

This article discusses the development of a comprehensive falls prevention and injury reduction model in a large long-term care facility. The model, appropriately named the S.A.F.E. program, was adopted from another Veterans Administration medical center and significantly revised to meet the specific needs of our patient population. The importance of carefully selecting a fall risk screening tool to identify those residents that have a high probability of falling is discussed. Intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors are briefly reviewed based on the current literature. High-risk residents should be referred to the appropriate discipline for in-depth assessment. Evidenced-based interventions that address these risk factors are discussed. Interventions are preventative or reactive in nature and specifically designed to prevent falls or to reduce the degree of injury respectively. The value of continuous quality improvement measures is reviewed. A clinical falls algorithm is discussed along with the S.A.F.E. mo...
Control of the medial neurosecretory cells by the corpus allatum in Calliphora erythrocephala.

Abstract The nuclei and nucleoli of the medial neurosecretory cells (MNC) undergo cyclic changes in volume: just after emergence, while feeding on a “maintenance diet” of sugar, and again, while feeding on a “reproductive diet” of meat. Changes in MNC nuclear volume are correlated with changes in the quantity of neurosecretory granules observed in the MNC perikarya. Allatectomy prevents the normal increase in MNC nuclear volume, and implanted corpora allata (CA) stimulate small nuclei to enlarge. Therefore, one function of the CA is the control of synthesis of neurosecretory material by the MNC.
Effects of mass diffusion on the burning rate of non-dilute mixtures

Diffusion effects on the burning rate of a combustible mixture have been examined on the basis of multicomponent diffusion laws. Explicit dependencies of the burning rates on the Lewis numbers, corresponding to the various binary diffusion coefficients, are established in terms of “effective” Lewis numbers. For all practical purposes the nearstoichiometric behavior of a non-dilute mixture is found to be the same as that of a mixture whose reactants are dilute in an inert (provided that, in the absence of any inert, the product is used in calculating Lewis numbers). Motivation comes from the experimental finding that the burning rate invariably has its maximum slightly on the fuel-rich side of stoichiometry, both in the presence and absence of dissociation (cool flames). The authors have previously explained the phenomenon purely on the basis of diffusion (in contrast to the current reliance on dissociation, which excludes cool flames), but used a dilute-mixture theory. That defect is here removed.
Purification of antigenized immunoglobulins derivatized with monomethoxypolyethylene glycol

Abstract Genetically engineered immunoglobulins (Igs) carrying viral B or T cell peptides in the CDR3 loop, function as efficient delivery system of the defined viral epitopes. Two of these antigenized Igs (AIgs) were derivatized with 2-O-monomethoxypolyethylene glycol-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine (mPEG). Herein, we describe a two-step strategy to purify mPEG-derivatized AIgs (AIgs-mPEG). Unr chromatography using ammonium hydrogencarbonate as a buffer system. Mildly PEGylated AIgs were isolated from free and highly derivatized AIgs by anion-exchange chromatography. Electrophoretic analysis indicated that the AIgs-mPEG preparation contained less than 4·10−4 M unreacted mPEG. This strategy may be applied to other mPEG-derivatized monoclonal antibodies.
Human Tripeptidyl Peptidase II: A Gentle Giant

Molecular structures can serve to either validate or rule out existing hypotheses, and they can also spawn new, deeper proposals about biochemical mechanism. In this issue of Structure , Schonegge et al. use single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and flexible docking to examine the function of human tripeptidyl peptidase II, including the role of conformational changes in enzyme activation.
Two-point spin-1/2-spin-1/2s s^l(2,ℂ) conformal Kac-Moody blocks on the torus and their monodromies

Two issues of the SU(2) Wess-Zumino-Witten model are examined here, namely the computation of the untwisted conformal Kac-Moody blocks on the torus and their monodromy representations. Using the free field representation developed by Bernard and Felder, an integral representation of the twisted two point spin-1/2-spin-1/2 conformal Kac-Moody blocks on the torus is computed. From this, an integral representation of the untwisted blocks is computed after careful removal of infinities. Finally, the untwisted blocks are used to get a representation of the Braid Group on the torus on two strings, in terms of quantum group q-numbers.
SETS WITH UNIQUE FARTHEST POINTS

If a certain set in ℝ n has the property, that in some unsymmetric norm each point in ℝ n has a unique farthest point in this set, then it consists of exactly one point.
Factors controlling quantitative supercritical fluid extraction of environmental samples

The development of quantitative supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods for the recovery of organic pollutants from environmental samples requires three steps: quantitative partitioning of the analytes from the sample into the extraction fluid, quantitative removal from the extraction vessel, and quantitative collection of the extracted analytes. While spike recovery studies are an excellent method to develop the final two steps, they are often not valid for determining extraction efficiencies from complex real-world samples such as soils and sediments, exchaust particulates, and sludges. SFE conditions that yield quantitative recoveries of spiked analytes may recover < 10% of the same analytes from real-world samples, because spiked pollutants are not exposed to the same active sites as the native pollutants. Because of the heterogeneous nature of environmental samples, the partitioning step may be controlled by analyte solubility in the extraction fluid, kinetic limitations, and/or the ability of the extraction fluid to interrupt matrix-analyte interactions. While the interactions that control SFE rates from heterogenous environmental samples are not well understood, a generalized scheme for developing quantitative SFE methods is proposed based on interactive considerations of the collection efficiencies after SFE, fluid flow parameters in the extraction cell, analyte solubility, extraction kinetics, and analyte-matrix-extraction fluid interactions. The proposed development scheme includes increasing SFE extraction rates by the use of more polar fluids than CO2 such as CHClF2, the addition of organic modifiers to CO 2, and the use of high temperature extractions with pure CO2. Validation of quantitative extractions based on multiple extraction methods (SFE followed by liquid solvent extractions) is also described.
Adsorption of O2 on the SrTiO3 (100)−(1 × 1) surface

Abstract Electron energy-loss spectra (ELS) of the SrTiO 3 (100)−(1 × 1) surface have been obtained in UHV and in 5 × 10 −6 Torr O 2 . The most prominent peaks in UHV are at 5.3, 6.8, 10.4 and 13.8 eV. O 2 exposure shifts the 6.8 eV peak to 7.5 eV. It is inferred that the peak shift results from O 2 adsorption near surface strontium ions. Formation of peroxide ions (O 2− 2 ) is consistent with these data and with reflectance and UV photoemission results.
Exposure to a comprehensive school intervention increases vegetable consumption.

Purpose The current epidemic of childhood overweight has launched a variety of school-based efforts to address the issue. This study reports on the first 2 years of a 3-year evaluation of one school district's comprehensive intervention to transform school foodservices and dining experiences, offer cooking and gardening programs, and integrate nutrition and food systems concepts into the academic curriculum. Methods This 3-year prospective study enrolled 327 4th and 5th graders in a mid-sized school district in California, and followed them into middle school. Intervention exposure was determined through interviews with school staff and student surveys. Student knowledge and attitudes were assessed annually by questionnaire, and student behavior was assessed annually by 3-day food diary. Household information was gathered by parent questionnaire. Changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior were compared by level of intervention exposure using analysis of covariance; pairwise differences were evaluated using Bonferroni's test at a procedure-wise error rate of 5%. Results After controlling for family sociodemographic background, students most exposed to the intervention increased their consumption of fruits and vegetables by nearly 0.5 cups (one standard serving), whereas students least exposed decreased their consumption by 0.3 cups ( p p Conclusions Future research is needed to better understand the relative importance of the different components of such a program, and their cost-benefits as well as health impacts.
The genetics of intermale aggressive behavior in mice: recent research and alternative strategies.

Abstract Recent behavior genetic research on intermale aggression in mice is reviewed. Discrepancies among the data and the hypotheses which have been proposed are presented, and variables pertinent to the resolution of these contradictions are discussed. An alternative approach for evaluating the contribution of the genotype to the expression of aggressive behavior, which emphasizes the use of environmental equivalents rather than environmental constants, is proposed.
The validity of behavioral data reported by injection drug users on a clinical risk assessment.

The validity of drug and sexual behavior data collected by drug user treatment staff using a short clinical risk assessment among 387 injection drug users is evaluated using indepth, confidential interview process. Moderate to high agreement levels were found for most, but not all, variables. Participants consistently reported less risky behaviors on the clinical risk assessment than on the indepth interview. More easily recalled information can be accurately gathered through a short clinical risk assessment. However, indepth, confidential interviewing is important when gathering selfreports of the frequency of drug and sexual behaviors.
New developments in treating children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

A number of new developments in the management of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus have occurred in the past several years. Primary care providers including pediatric nurse practitioners need to be aware of these developments so that they can work effectively with specialty providers in caring for children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. This article discusses the implications of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial for children and adolescents, the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type I, and several other recent developments in caring for children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Identification of Polychlorinated Pyrenes and Pyrene-Addition Products Using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques are used to determine the chlorination pattern on a number of chlorinated pyrenes and pyrene-addition products. Determining chemical shifts, couplings, and longitudinal relaxation rates makes the unequivocal assignment of these molecules possible. Chlorination under the conditions described here were found to follow the normal orientation rules for pyrene. Spectral parameters obtained from these molecules are consistent enough to allow further application to unknown compounds. This should simplify assigning NMR spectra to other chlorinated pyrene standards.
Experimental Investigation on Using Phase Mask in Spectral-Phase-Encoded O-CDMA for Security Enhancement

This paper experimentally investigates the plausibility of a phase masking scheme for SPECTS O-CDMA security enhancement. Implementation of the phase mask is demonstrated with experimental results showing the improvement in security.
The development of a dual fluidized-bed reactor system for the conversion of hydrogen chloride to chlorine

Abstract This paper describes the development of a novel laboratory reactor system consisting of two interconnected fluidized beds. This system has been utilized, over the last three years, for the study of the catalytic oxidation of HCl to chlorine. During operation a stream of HCl in O 2 and N 2 is continuously supplied to one of the fluidized-bed reactors, defined as the “oxidizer,” working in the temperature range of 340–400°C. In this reactor HCl is converted to chlorine and water vapor. The exit stream from the oxidizer is then fed into the second reactor, defined as the “chlorinator”, operating in the temperature range of 180–200°C. There, all HCl that was left unreacted in the oxidizer reacts with the catalyst present, thus resulting in a HCl-free chlorinator exit stream. The catalyst in the chlorinator, after reacting with the HCl, is subsequently recirculated into the oxidizer, where it is “regenerated” in the presence of oxygen. The as prepared fresh catalyst consists principally of equimolar amounts of copper and sodium chloride supported on a zeolite carrier, which has good fluidization characteristics. Prior studies by our group had focused on the behavior of each individual reactor, and have helped to develop the dual fluidized-bed reactor system discussed here. Our current study focuses on the behavior of this combined system. Of particular interest was to determine the optimal range of operating conditions, which result in over 99.5% conversion of the HCl to Cl 2 . Reactor parameters that we have investigated in detail include the oxidizer and chlorinator temperatures, the catalyst circulation rate and its residence time in each fluidized bed reactor, the HCl/O 2 ratio in the oxidizer feed, and the fluid velocities in both reactors.
Treatment of nonhemodynamic compromising rejection: conventional approaches vs individualization/new immunosuppressive drugs.

Summary Mild rejection may be treated with an increase in oral CyA, but most centers give no therapy and perform a follow-up endomyocardial biopsy within 2 weeks of rejection. Focal moderate rejection is treated similarly to mild rejection; however, there is controversy as to whether focal moderate rejection exists. Asymptomatic moderate rejection is usually treated with an increase in steroids, either IV or oral. The therapy for asymptomatic moderate rejection is quite variable and dependent on cardiac hemodynamics, the degree of lymphocytic infiltrates, the interval after heart transplantation, and clinical findings. Symptomatic moderate rejection or severe rejection should be treated with a combination of increased steroids and cytolytic therapy. Other forms of therapy under study may provide more effective methods of treating rejection in the future.
Hazardous Waste Remediation: A 21st Century Problem

The United Stales, both the private and the public sector, is currently spending approximately $10 billion annually on environmental cleanup. In 1991. the Waste Management Research and Educational Institute at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville completed an exhaustive study that estimated if we continue to pursue current policies the total cost of the cleanup will be approximately $750 billion — in 1990 dollars. This suggests that given current technology and the current rate of expenditure, cleanup will take 75 years - well into the latter half of the next century. The legacy of environmental problems associated with our weapons complex is enormous. The Tennessee group estimated that one-third of the total cost of cleanup — approximately $240 billion — will be borne by the Department of Energy (DOR). Currently, approximately one-half of the annual expenditures for cleanup conies from DOE —$5 billion, one-third of the DOE budget. In contrast, the amount of funds for basic research on environmental cleanup problems is small. The federal government spends less than $100 million annually for basic research — less than 1 percent of the total annual expenditure of $10 billion. This level of funding for basic research seems shortsighted given the current status of cleanup technologies and the expected long duration of the problem.
Challenges and opportunities for efficient computing with FAWN

This paper presents the architecture and motivation for a clusterbased, many-core computing architecture for energy-efficient, dataintensive computing. FAWN, a Fast Array of Wimpy Nodes, consists of a large number of slower but efficient nodes coupled with low-power storage. We present the computing trends that motivate a FAWN-like approach, for CPU, memory, and storage. We follow with a set of microbenchmarks to explore under what workloads these FAWN nodes perform well (or perform poorly), and briefly examine scenarios in which both code and algorithms may need to be re-designed or optimized to perform well on an efficient platform. We conclude with an outline of the longer-term implications of FAWN that lead us to select a tightly integrated stacked chip and-memory architecture for future FAWN development.
Biomechanical evaluation of postures assumed when harvesting from bush crops

Abstract The objectives of this research were to explore the changes in the low back biomechanical responses during a harvesting task as a function of different harvesting techniques/postures and to explore the effects of an ergonomic intervention designed to reduce the low back stress during this work activity. Nine participants performed a series of simulated harvesting activities in a laboratory setting using four different harvesting techniques: full kneeling posture, squatting posture, stooping posture and kneeling on a knee support device (the intervention). As they performed these tasks the activity of muscles of the torso and thighs was captured using electromyography and trunk kinematics were captured using the lumbar motion monitor and a magnetic field-based motion tracking system. The results showed that (1) three postures – knee support, squatting, and stooping – required high flexion of low back (more than 60°) and (2) squatting and stooping postures showed significantly higher passive tissue moment compared with two kneeling postures. The results also indicate that the beneficial aspects of the knee support intervention appear to be outweighed by reduced productivity and the high degree of trunk flexion and that the current strategy used by these workers of alternating between the various harvesting postures may be the best strategy available. Relevance to industry Understanding how changes in harvesting technique affect lumbar biomechanics can help ergonomists design effective interventions for the prevention of back injury in farm workers.
A GRADABLE APPROACH TO DISPOSITIONS

Previous theories of the relationship between dispositions and conditional.! are unable to account for the fact that dispositions come in degrees. We propose a fix for this problem which has the added benefit of avoiding the familiar problems of finks and masks.
Kinetics of psycho-motor stimulant drug action

Abstract Time-response curves have been constructed of the psycho-motor stimulant drugs dexamphetamine and pseudonorephedrine studied in the rat and provide a basis for estimating the biological half-lives (t 1 2 ) of these drugs. The determination of t 1 2 requires the construction of at least two time-response curves following administration of two or more dose levels of the same drug. The t 1 2 for dexamphetamine in the rat was found to be same irrespective its route of adminsitration (i.p. or i.m.).
Gender differences in factors influencing alcohol use and drinking progression among adolescents

While prevalence rates for alcohol use and related disorders differ widely between adult men and women, male and female adolescents do not exhibit the same disparity in alcohol consumption. Previous research and reviews do not address the emergence of differences in drinking patterns that occur during late adolescence. Therefore, a developmental perspective is presented for understanding how various risk and protective factors associated with problematic drinking affect diverging alcohol trajectories as youth move into young adulthood. This review examines factors associated with risk for developing an alcohol use disorder in adolescent girls and boys separately. Findings indicate that certain biological (i.e., genetic risk, neurological abnormalities associated with P300 amplitudes) and psychosocial (i.e., impact of positive drinking expectancies, personality characteristics, and deviance proneness) factors appear to impact boys and girls similarly. In contrast, physiological and social changes particular to adolescence appear to differentially affect boys and girls as they transition into adulthood. Specifically, boys begin to manifest a constellation of factors that place them at greater risk for disruptive drinking: low response to alcohol, later maturation in brain structures and executive function, greater estimates of perceived peer alcohol use, and socialization into traditional gender roles. On an individual level, interventions which challenge media-driven stereotypes of gender roles while simultaneously reinforcing personal values are suggested as a way to strengthen adolescent autonomy in terms of healthy drinking decisions. Moreover, parents and schools must improve consistency in rules and consequences regarding teen drinking across gender to avoid mixed messages about acceptable alcohol use for boys and girls.
THE RELATION BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND THE PEDAL RHYTHM OF BALANUS.

1. The relation of temperature to the pedal rhythm of Balanus balanoides L. has been studied under otherwise constant conditions. 2. The frequency of movement increases with temperature, showing three groups of thermal increments and three critical temperatures. Five animals yielded micro = 5,700 above 14.5 degrees C. and 12,100 below; 3 gave micro = 7,800 above 9.3 degrees and 22,500 below; while 9 showed micro = 9,500 above 8.1 degrees and 22,100 below. 3. The upper critical temperatures, above which different effects appeared in different animals were 23.4 degrees , 26.0 degrees , and 27.0 degrees . Above 27.0 degrees none of the valves remained open. 4. Excepting the values 5,700 and 9,500, the increments are similar to those previously found to be associated with respiratory and with neuromuscular activities. 5. Dilution of the sea water with from 3 to 4 per cent fresh water decreases the rate without altering the increments. More than 4 per cent dilution causes irregularity.
Surgeon's role in diagnostic advances

Surgeons have never intervened in the life of a sick patient merely when technical expertise is required. The unique anatomic, physiologic, and oncologic perspectives the surgeon possesses mandates that he/she play a major role in diagnostic advances and the management of most forms of cancer, especially colorectal cancer. This article briefly outlines the historical posture of surgeons in pursuing diagnostic advances in medicine and particularly colorectal cancer. It also emphasizes that the modern surgical investigator, in collaboration with the basic scientist, should form a critical core of a team of investigators in the pursuit of diagnostic advances.
A Factor Analysis of Readiness Tests

Scores on the Metropolitan Readiness Tests and the Rutgers Drawing Test were submitted to factor analyses. Two factors, Verbal Comprehension, and Visual-Motor Capacity were identified. The number readiness factor which is presumed in the Numbers subtests of the Metropolitan failed to appear as a distinct factor but was subsumed under the second factor in this study. Assessment of number readiness is recommended for the possible isolation of this factor. The hypothesis that the number factor evolves from earlier perceptual and verbal abstract factors should also be tested in further research.
Direct synthesis of the antitumor agent erythro-α-amino-3-bromo-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-acetic acid

Generation of bromonitrile oxide in the presence of vinylglycine leads to the formation of the title compound 2 and its threo isomer in good yield.
Interaction of Angiotensin II with Dispersed Cells from the Anterior Pituitary of the Male Rat

Membranes from 6-week-old male rat anterior pituitaries possess saturable binding sites for angiotensin II (All; Kd = ∼2 × 10−9m). The binding is specific since it can be competed for with [Sar1,Leu8]AII and is unaffected by the presence of insulin or cholecystokinin octapeptide at nanomolar concentrations. To find out which cell types specifically interact with All, rat anterior pituitaries were enzymatically dispersed and exposed to [125I]iodo-AII (2 nm) in the absence or presence of [Sar1,Leu8]AII (400 nm). The cells were then washed free of unbound ligand and processed for light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Distribution of autoradiographic grains revealed that three cell types were specifically labeled with [126I]iodo-AII, namely mammotrophs, corticotrophs, and presumptive thyrotrophs. These cells were all labeled in the presence of [125I]iodo-AII alone (experimentals), whereas only 10–30% of them were labeled when 400 nm [Sar1,Leu8]AII was included in the binding reaction (controls). The...
Study on Flexible HVDC Transmission System Based on PSO-ADRC

This paper expounds the control principle of active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC). The traditional flexible HVDC transmission system has a lot of disturbance factors and uncertainty,so Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) algorithm is proposed to optimize the theory of ADRC which is used to design out-loop control system of flexible HVDC.The simulation results prove that control performance of system has been effectively improved .
Noncontact measurement of crystallization behavior, specific volume, and viscosity of bulk glass-forming Zr-Al-Co-(Cu) alloys

Crystallization behavior, specific volume, and viscosity are investigated using the noncontact electrostatic levitation technique for metallic glass-forming alloys in the Zr-Al-Co-(Cu) system. The compositions investigated are ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{55}{\mathrm{Al}}_{20}{\mathrm{Co}}_{25}$, ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{55}{\mathrm{Al}}_{22.5}{\mathrm{Co}}_{22.5}$, and ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{55}{\mathrm{Al}}_{19}{\mathrm{Co}}_{19}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{7}$. Free radiative cooling in the electrostatic levitator could vitrify all the three alloys. This allowed, for the first time, the determination of time-temperature-transformation (TTT) curves for ternary metallic alloys by isothermal annealing over a wide temperature range between the liquidus and glass transition temperatures. While the TTT curve for ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{55}{\mathrm{Al}}_{22.5}{\mathrm{Co}}_{22.5}$ shows the expected ``C'' shape with a single ``nose,'' the TTT curves for the other two alloys show two noses. X-ray diffraction study shows that the double-nose structure for ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{55}{\mathrm{Al}}_{20}{\mathrm{Co}}_{25}$ and ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{55}{\mathrm{Al}}_{19}{\mathrm{Co}}_{19}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{7}$ is caused by the overlap of TTT curves for two different crystalline phases. For ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{55}{\mathrm{Al}}_{22.5}{\mathrm{Co}}_{22.5}$, however, the same crystalline phases are formed over the temperature range of the entire TTT curve, which is supported by the single nose. The average critical cooling rate for glass formation of the Zr-Al-Co-(Cu) alloys estimated from the measured TTT curves is about $17\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}∕\mathrm{s}$. This value of critical cooling rate is supported by the trends in specific volume and dynamic viscosity of these alloys compared to other bulk metallic glass-forming alloys.
A bivariate zero-inflated count data regression model with unrestricted correlation

Abstract This paper proposes a computationally simple bivariate zero-inflated count data regression model with an unrestricted correlation pattern. An application to data with excess of zeros on the demand for health services is given.
Direct measurement of the quality factor in a two-dimensional photonic-crystal microcavity.

A new microcavity design is proposed and structures are realized with a two-dimensional photonic-crystal slab. The cavity consists of seven defect holes that encompass a hexagon and is designed to reduce vertical light leakage. From a direct transmission measurement, a Q value of 816+/-30 is achieved at lambda =1.55 mum . This high- Q cavity will permit the realistic realization of spontaneous-emission modification and on-off optical switches.
An SN1–SN2 Lesson in an Organic Chemistry Lab Using a Studio-Based Approach

A novel SN1–SN2 studio-based lab module that incorporates inquiry-based learning was designed and implemented. The studio module was taught in a newly renovated lab space designed with an integrated classroom. The students were divided into two groups for the lesson with one group conducting a studio-module lab and the second group running the experiments in an expository lab format. The performance of each group is compared.
Lariat Ether Carboxylic Acids as Ionizable Hosts in the Second Coordination Sphere of the Siderophore Ferrioxamine B in Chloroform

A new series of lariat ether carboxylic acids (LnCOOH) was synthesized with different lengths of side arm (6, 9, and 12 atom spacers between the benzo-18-crown-6 crown ether ring and the carboxylic acid functional group). These lariat ethers were used as neutral and anionic hosts for the molecular recognition of the cationic siderophore, ferrioxamine B. Lariat ether pKa values were determined by potentiometric titration in 50% methanol (v/v) to be in the range 5.23−5.32. Molecular recognition of ferrioxamine B occurs through second-sphere complexation of the pendant protonated amine (−(CH2)5NH3+) by the lariat ether cavity, utilizing an ion−dipole host−guest interaction to form a supramolecular assembly in wet chloroform. At conditions where the pendant carboxylic acid side arm is not ionized (pH = 3.2), the lariat ethers behave as the parent unsubstituted crown ether structure, benzo-18-crown-6 (B18C6). At pH conditions well above their pKa values, the lariat ether carboxylic acids function both as a hos...
Attitudes and responses of parents to pre-adolescent masturbation.

As part of a larger study of parental roles in sex education, a stratified probability sample of 1482 parents of three- to eleven-year-old children were interviewed about their knowledge, attitudes, and practices with reference to “masturbation” on the part of their children. A large majority of parents accepted the fact that children did masturbate, a smaller majority agreed that masturbation among children was alright, but less than half wanted their children as adolescents to have a positive attitude toward masturbation. Identified events of masturbation were reported to be more common among boys than girls, with mothers reporting higher incidences for both boys and girls than fathers reported. Parents with higher levels of education and liberal sexual attitudes were more positive on most attitudinal items about masturbation and reported a higher incidence of such conduct among their children. Parents who attended church more frequently were less likely to report positive views and conduct. Parents who reported they had masturbated as children were most likely to report positive views and a high incidence of masturbation on the part of their children. In general mothers played a more important role than fathers in transmitting knowledge and were more liberal in their attitudes. Negative information and attitudes toward masturbation remains a common response of parents when they are confronted with children's masturbation.
What is the optimal treatment for children with primary hyperparathyroidism

Abstract Purpose Little information exists regarding the optimal surgical treatment of pediatric primary hyperparathyroidism. We hypothesized that primary hyperparathyroidism in children, in the absence of a family history, is caused by single-gland disease and is amenable to minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP). Methods We reviewed the records of individuals younger than 25 years who underwent parathyroidectomy in a prospectively collected database at a single tertiary hospital from 2003 to 2009. Results Twenty-five patients were identified, with a mean (SD) age of 19 (3.7) years. Sixty percent had single-gland disease (n = 15). Familial disease was present in 6 patients. All of the children younger than 18 years without a family history of disease (9/9) were found to have a single-gland disease ( P Conclusions Primary hyperparathyroidism in patients younger than 18 years without a family history was uniformly caused by single-gland disease. Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy was successful in these patients and avoided the morbidity of bilateral exploration. We recommend MIP be used in pediatric patients at large referral centers with prior successful institutional experience with the technique.
Polystyrene latex particles as size standards in quantitative agarose gel electrophoresis: Application to three plant viruses

Negatively charged polystyrene latex particles with electron microscopically determined radii of 22.4, 26.9, 27.6, 43.5, 44.2 and 59.4 nm (nominal radii provided by the manufacturer of 28.5 to 75 nm) were found to be applicable as size standards for the quantitative agarose gel electrophoresis of viruses and cellular particles in that size range. In electrophoresis at pH 6.5, 0.03 M ionic strength in presence of 10 mM 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate (CHAPS), the polystyrene particles exhibit non-linear, reproducibly convex-sigmoidal Ferguson plots. This curve shape is compatible with a model specifying a dependence of gel fiber dimensions and of particle size on the gel concentration. Based on a standardization of the agarose fiber by the polystyrene latex particles, computer simulation methods were used to determine the effective radii (without added Ca++) of turnip crinkle virus (TCV), hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV) and pelargonium flowerbreak virus (PFBV) as 29.4, 24.2 and 22.1 nm, and their net charges as free mobilities, μo of 9.89, 10.87 and 16.20 · 10−5 cm2/s/V, respectively. Within the size range of the standards, a simplified procedure for determination of particle size from curved Ferguson plots appears applicable as a first approximation (Zwaan method). When electrophoresis was conducted in the presence of 5 mM Ca++, the effective particle radii of TCV, HCRSV and PFBV were reduced to 12.8, 20.3 and 18.3 nm, respectively. This compares with previous electron microscopic estimates of approximately 15 nm for TCV, HCRSV and PFBV. The observed increase of effective particle radii in the absence of Ca++ corroborates the particle swelling and/or shape change at pH's ≥ 5.5 in the absence of Ca++ which is known to occur with other plant viruses.
Beaming circularly polarized photons from quantum dots coupled with plasmonic spiral antenna

Coupling nanoscale emitters via optical antennas enables comprehensive control of photon emission in terms of intensity, directivity and polarization. In this work we report highly directional emission of circularly polarized photons from quantum dots coupled to a spiral optical antenna. The structural chirality of the spiral antenna imprints spin state to the emitted photons. Experimental results reveal that a circular polarization extinction ratio of 10 is obtainable. Furthermore, increasing the number of turns of the spiral gives rise to higher antenna gain and directivity, leading to higher field intensity and narrower angular width of emission pattern in the far field. For a five-turn Archimedes’ spiral antenna, field intensity increase up to 70-fold simultaneously with antenna directivity of 11.7 dB has been measured in the experiment. The highly directional circularly polarized photon emission from such optically coupled spiral antenna may find important applications in single molecule sensing, quantum optics information processing and integrated photonic circuits as a nanoscale spin photon source.
Complete Carton-13 Assignments of the Sesquiterpene Lactone 11,13,-Dihydroparthenolide Using 2D-Inadequate

Abstract The complete 13C NMR resonances for the sesquiterpene lactone 11,13-dihydroparthenolide were established by the application of 2D-INADEQUATE.
Portable Chest Radiographs Identify Mechanical Ventilator-associated Hyperinflation

Objective: Portable chest radiographs (CRs) are obtained routinely in mechanically ventilated patients, but little is known about relationships between CR findings and ventilator parameters. It is unclear whether radiographically apparent hyperinflation correlates with tidal volume (VT), body weight (BW), V T /kg, or levels of peak airway pressure (PAP), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), or pressure support (PS). Design: Prospective comparison of CR and ventilator parameters in 62 mechanically ventilated patients in surgical and medical intensive care units of a university hospital. Patient selection: All mechanically ventilated adults with portable CR on four separate dates. Methods: Chest radiographs were classified by subjective assessments as hyperinflated (H+) or nonhyperinflated (H–), independent of knowledge of patients or their mechanical ventilation. Chest radiographs were reclassified independently as H+, H–, or indeterminate by a radiologist using objective criteria. Ventilator parameters recorded at the time of the CR were obtained and compared. Results: Patients with CRs classified subjectively as H+ compared with patients with CRs classified as H– had a larger VT/kg (12.0 ± 0.4 ml/kg [mean±SEM] vs 10.2 ± 0.4; p=0.004), lower BW (70.8 ± 2.9 kg vs 81.5 ± 3.8; p=0.03), higher PEEP (6.5 ± 0.5 cm H 2 O vs 5.0 ± 0.4; p=0.01), and higher PAP (38.2 ± 2.1 cm H 2 O vs. 33.4 ± 1.8; p=0.06). Using objective CR classifications, patients with H+ CRs had a VT/kg of 12.6 ± 0.4, larger than in the indeterminate (11.1 ± 0.8) and H– (9.9 ± 0.3) groups (p Conclusions: In mechanically ventilated patients, hyperinflation seen on portable CR is associated with higher VT, VT/kg, and lower BW, and may help predict subsequent barotrauma.
Automated Extraction of Model Parameters for Noise Coupling Analysis in Silicon Substrates

An automated process, requiring the fabrication of only a few simple test structures, can efficiently characterize a silicon substrate by extracting the process constants of a Z-parameter based macromodel. The resulting model is used to generate a resistive substrate network that can be used in noise coupling simulations. This process has been integrated into the Cadence DFII environment to provide a seamless substrate noise simulation package which alleviates the need for pre-characterized libraries.