cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of imploding shocks in the CCW approximation

Analytical and computational techniques are developed to investigate the stability of converging shock Avaves in cylindrical and spherical geometry. The linearized Chester-Chisnell-Whitham (CCW) equations describing the evolution of an arbitrary perturbation about an imploding shock wave in an ideal fluid are solved exactly in the strong-shock limit for a density profile ρ( r ) ∼ r − q . All modes are found to be relatively unstable (i.e. the ratio of perturbation amplitude to shock radius diverges as the latter goes to zero), provided that q is not too large. The nonlinear CCW equations are solved numerically for both moderate and strong shocks. The small-amplitude limit agrees with the analytical results, but some forms of perturbation which are stable at small amplitude become unstable in the nonlinear regime. The results are related to the problem of pellet compression in experiments on inertial confinement fusion.
Prevalence and genetic heterogeneity of porcine group C rotaviruses in nursing and weaned piglets in Ohio, USA and identification of a potential new VP4 genotype

Swine fecal samples collected from seven farms were screened for group C rotaviruses (RVCs) using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. A total of 380 samples were tested and 19.5% were positive. Of the 128 samples collected in 2012, 23.5% from nursing piglets and 8.5% from weaned piglets were RVC positive, with a higher RVC frequency in diarrheic (28.4%) than in non-diarrheic (6.6%) piglets. Two strains (RVC/Pig-wt/USA/RV0104/2011/G3PX and RVC/Pig-wt/USA/RV0143/2012/G6Px) from two different farms were characterized genetically to gain information on virus diversity based on full length sequences of the inner capsid VP6, enterotoxin NSP4 and the outer capsid VP7 and VP4 (partial for RV0104) genes. The VP6 gene of the two strains showed high (99%) nucleotide identity to one another, 84–91% identity to other porcine RVCstrains and 81–82% identity to human and bovine RVC strains. The NSP4 gene analysis revealed that RVC/Pig-wt/USA/RV0104/2011/G3PX and RVC/Pig-wt/USA/RV0143/2012/G6Px strains were not closely related to each other (87% identity), but shared higher identity with prototype RVC/Pig-wt/USA/Cowden/1980/G1Px strain (93% and 89%, respectively) and were more distantly related to human strains (72–76% identity). The VP7 gene analysis indicated that the two strains were distantly related to one another (72% identity). RVC/Pig-wt/USA/RV0143/2012/G6Px was most closely related to porcine RVC G6 strains (82–86% identity), whereas RVC/Pig-wt/USA/RV0104/2011/G3PX was most closely related to porcine HF (G3) strain (94% identity). Analysis of the full length nucleotide sequence of the VP4 gene revealed that RVC/Pig-wt/USA/RV0143/2012/G6Px was distantly related to porcine (75%), bovine (74%) and human (70%) strains. The deduced amino acid identities (69.5–75.6%) of VP4 between RVC/Pig-wt/USA/RV0143/2012/G6Px and other RVCs were low; hence, we propose that this strain comprises a new VP4 genotype. Our results indicate high genetic heterogeneity in RVCs genes and the concurrent co-circulation of different genotypes at the same time. Our findings are useful for the development of more accurate diagnostic tools, for basic research to understand gene function and to provide information for RVC diversity germane to vaccine development.
Dispersal of Amblyseius fallacis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in an apple ecosystem.

Dispersal of the predatory phytoseiid mite Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) within the ground cover, the air beneath the tree canopy, on the tree trunk and on tree foliage of commercial apple orchards during a growing season is described in relation to environmental factors and densities of A. fallacis and its prey Panonychus ulmi (Koch), Tetranychus urticae Koch, and Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa) in the aforenamed habitats. Ambulatory and aerial means of dispersal were involved in initial colonization of trees by A. fallacis coming from the orchard ground cover. A mean total of 261°0 (base 12.2°C) since January 1 plus the presence of predators in the ground cover and prey in excess of one P. ulmi equivalent/apple leaf, i.e., the number of P. ulmi + T. urticae + ( A. schlechtendali /15) on an apple leaf, were prerequisites for tree colonization by A. fallacis . Aspects of density independent and dependent dispersal by A. fallacis from trees to sites within and beyond an orchard in response to prey are also reported.
Computation of the center and diameter of outerplanar graphs

Abstract The center of a graph is the set of vertices with minimum eccentricity. An outerplanar graph is a planar segmentation of a polygon. We define a notion of edge eccentricities for the edges of an outerplanar graph. We present an algorithm which efficiently computes these edge eccentricities. Knowledge of the edge eccentricities allows subsequent linear time computation of the center and diameter of outerplanar graphs. The computation of edge eccentricities is shown to require linear time for certain subclasses of outerplanar graphs.
Appetitive motivational influences on heart rate

Abstract Seven experiments employing monetary incentive (MI) vs performance feedback only (FO) in a continuous motor task demonstrated that heart rate (HR) responds to increases in appetitive motivation. In all experiments HR increases were greater with MI than with FO. Other findings include the following: 1. 1. A graded effect of MI (e.g. 0¢, 2¢, 5¢) on HR was found in two studies. 2. 2. Motor response rates do not account for the HR differences. 3. 3. Eliminating failure feedback does not diminish the effect of MI, suggesting that aversive motivation does not account for the results. 4. 4. Consistent effects of MI over FO have been found with 50, 90 and 100% success conditions, but results with 10% success have been inconsistent. Fifty per cent yields somewhat smaller HR increases than 90%, but the differences are not significant. 5. 5. A response cost paradigm in which subjects start with $6.00 and then lose 5¢/failure feedback yielded results comparable to those for the standard reward paradigm. 6. 6. Type A personality subjects showed a greater response to MI than did Type B subjects, suggesting greater appetitive motivation. Overall, these results suggest that HR may be used to assess excessive and deficient appetitive motivational responses which are central to numerous theories of personality and psychopathology.
On Flame Stretch

Abstract A general invariant expression is derived for the stretch experienced by a flame due either to its motion or to the nonuniform flow of the gas through it. This expression is given in terms of the local fluid velocity and the shape of the flame front. Specific examples in which the flame stretch takes a simplified form are discussed. Some remarks are made regarding the relation between the three distinct properties of flames: stretch, speed and temperature.
A Portrait of an ISO STEP Tolerancing Standard as an Enabler of Smart Manufacturing Systems

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has just completed a major effort on a new standard ISO 10303-242 titled “Managed Model Based 3D Engineering.” It belongs to a family of standards called STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data). ISO 10303-242 is also called the STEP Application Protocol 242 (STEP AP 242, for short). The intent of STEP AP 242 is to support a manufacturing enterprise with a range of standardized information models that flow through a long and wide “digital thread” that makes the manufacturing systems in the enterprise smart. One such standardized information model is that of tolerances specified on a product’s geometry so that the product can be manufactured according to the specifications. This paper describes the attributes of smart manufacturing systems, the capabilities of STEP AP 242 in handling tolerance information associated with product geometry, and how these capabilities enable the manufacturing systems to be smart.
Aggregation, reversed micelles, and microemulsions in liquid-liquid extraction: the tri-n-butyl phosphatediluent-water-electrolyte system

Abstract The experimental evidence (e.g. distribution, viscosity, conductivity, and molecular weight measurements) suggesting the presence of aggregates in TBP extracts is assembled and critically reviewed. A variety of TBP-bascd systems are considered, such as TBP-Diluent, TBP-H2O, TBP-Diluent-H2O, TBP-H2O-Acid, TBP-Diluent-H2O-Acid, TBP- H2O-Acid-Metal Salt, TBP-Diluent-H2O-Acid-Metal Salt, TBP-H2O-Metal Salt, and TBP-Diluent-H2O-Metal Salt. It is demonstrated that aggregation is favored by high acidities and high metal concentrations. Organic extracts derived from highly acidic aqueous solutions and/or highly concentrated metal salt solutions tend to contain ion-pairs or ion-multiplets predominantly. These species possess significant amphiphilic character since they contain both hydrophobic (i.e., trialkyl radicals) and hydrophilic (i.e., P=O(H2O)xMz+ and/or P=O(H2O)xH+) groups. On the basis of current notions of aggregation and solubilization in surfactant solutions, arguments are presented for possible formation of reversed micellar structures and microemulsions in TBP solvent systems.
Radiofrequency Treatment of Hepatic Neoplasms in Patients With Permanent Pacemakers

Clinicians who provide care for patients with implantable devices for rhythm management, ie, pacemakers and internal cardioverter defibrillators, must be aware of sources of interference that could affect device function. Intracardiac radiofrequency is a recognized source of potential interference. However, radiofrequency to extra-cardiac sites that are relatively close to the implanted device has not been investigated thoroughly. We present 2 patients with permanent pacemakers undergoing intrahepatic radiofrequency for the treatment of metastatic disease. No interference was documented in either patient. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to determine definite clinical guidelines for such patients.
Spin-dependent transport in trilayer junctions of doped manganites

Abstract Trilayer junctions of doped manganites provide a model system for the study of spin-polarized transport across a half metallic interface. Novel phenomena observed in these systems include a large low-field magnetoresistance (MR), with nearly an order of magnitude change in junction resistance in 100 Oe at 14 K, and a strong temperature and bias dependence of the junction MR. They also enabled the first demonstration of a spin-angular momentum transfer-induced reversal of a magnetic moment. Systems containing both manganite and transition metal ferromagnetic electrodes demonstrate a complex interface structure between the perovskite oxide such as SrTiO 3 and the transition metal electrode such as Co or Fe. It reveals the important effect this interface has on the magnetotransport property of the junction.
Higher-harmonic adaptation and the detection of squarewave gratings

Adaptation to a high contrast sinewave grating of 1 c/deg spatial frequency causes a large increase in the contrast threshold for a 1 c/deg test grating, but fails to raise the threshold for a squarewave grating of 0.33 c/deg, although the sensitivity of the “channel” tuned to both the third and fifth harmonic components of the squarewave test grating should be thoroughly suppressed. Following sequential adaptation to sinewave gratings of 1 and 3 c/deg spatial frequency, detection of squarewave gratings at 0.33 c/deg likewise remains unaffected. In contrast, after adaptation to a 0.33 c/deg squarewave grating with missing fundamental the contrast threshold for a squarewave test grating of the same frequency is increased by 0.25 log unit, although the higher harmonic component frequencies are less affected than by sequential sinewave adaptation. The results suggest that independent spatial frequency channels detecting harmonic components are not alone sufficient to account for the visibility of low frequency squarewaves.
Groups’ search for meaning: Redemption on the path to intergroup reconciliation

Four studies investigated the utility of finding meaning in past wrongdoing to promote intergroup reconciliation. Studies 1a, 1b, and 2 demonstrated that prompting members of perpetrator groups to engage in redemption narratives increases collective guilt and willingness to make reparations—both important in obtaining victims’ forgiveness. Further, Study 2 suggests that redemption narratives (but not sense-making) increase willingness to reconcile and reduce perceived justification. Study 3 suggests that perpetrators’ redemption, but not simply sense-making, narratives led victims to perceive greater change in the perpetrator group and increased victims’ willingness to reconcile, but not forgive. Taken together, the present work highlights the potential for redemption narratives to serve as an intervention for past intergroup conflict, increasing the chance for intergroup reconciliation.
Effects of elevated CO2 and cyclic drought on potato under varying radiation regimes

Abstract Climate change predictions include increased frequency of episodic drought in many potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) producing regions in the world. Quantitative data on potato response to periodic drought under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) conditions is lacking, but is needed to improve crop modeling tools suitable for investigating adaptation strategies. Two experiments E1 and E2 were conducted in sunlit soil-plant-atmosphere research (SPAR) chambers to evaluate effects of short-term drought cycles at ambient and twice-ambient CO 2 . Experiments were conducted in the same growing season, but at different planting dates in order to further examine effects of variation in solar radiation during the drought periods (daily average photosynthetically active radiation of 43.9 mol m −2 d −1 in E1 and 24.7 mol m −2 d −1 in E2). Drought cycles were applied at post-tuber initiation ( R ) or at both vegetative and post tuber-initiation (VR) stages. While total dry matter in E1 was nearly twice that of E2 as a result of the radiation differences, relative responses to drought and CO 2 were consistent. Total dry matter production was reduced proportionately based on the number of drought cycles, with twice-droughted VR plants producing less biomass than non-droughted controls. Harvest index and the ratio of tuber to total dry matter growth rate increased with drought frequency, suggesting that tuber sink strength was higher for VR plants than R . Harvest index, the ratio of tuber to total plant growth rate, and tuber dry matter for VR and R treated plants were also higher at elevated versus ambient CO 2 . Water use efficiency for water deficient versus water sufficient plants was correlated with harvest index and also increased at the higher CO 2 concentration. As there was also little influence of drought or CO 2 on leaf extension characteristics, differences in dry matter production and allometric responses were assumed to predominantly be a function of assimilation rate and carbon partitioning. These results confirm potato drought sensitivity in terms of yield response is influenced by developmental stage and CO 2 regardless of light environment, and provide necessary data for calibration and testing modeling tools for climate change studies.
A New Formative Assessment Technology for Reading and Writing

Advances in assessment technologies are affording teachers and students new ways to efficiently assess and track achievement while also better promoting learning. WriteToLearn is one such technology, a Web-based tool that integrates practice and assessment in reading comprehension with writing about what is learned. Based on the principle of immediate feedback, WriteToLearn is a combination of summative and formative assessment tools that seeks to encourage, instruct, and reward progress in reading and writing while it is happening. It does this by providing students with instant, computer-generated evaluations of the substantive content and expository quality of writing about what they are learning. Its real-time and long-term reports about student activity and progress give teachers and schools rich information for guiding classroom instruction and curricular decisions. This article discusses the motivation for and design of WriteToLearn, as well as studies of its accuracy, reliability, and effectivenes...
When Writing Well Isn't Good Enough

(1976). When Writing Well Isn't Good Enough. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 8, No. 10, pp. 40-41.
Electromagnetic interference shielding using continuous carbon-fiber carbon-matrix and polymer-matrix composites

A carbon-matrix composite with continuous carbon-fibers was found to be an excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material with shielding effectiveness 124 dB, low surface impedance and high reflectivity in the frequency range from 0.3 MHz to 1.5 GHz. The shielding effectiveness of polymer-matrix composites with continuous carbon-fibers was less and that of polymer-matrix composites with discontinuous fillers was even less. The addition of 2.9 vol.% discontinuous 0.1 μm diameter carbon-filaments between the layers of conventional 7 μm diameter continuous carbon-fibers in a composite degraded the shielding effectiveness. The dominant mechanism of EMI shielding for both carbon-matrix and polymer-matrix continuous carbon-fiber composites is reflection.
Demo of sensor deployment in detecting event's boundary

There are many ways to determine the boundary of an event based on Satellite imaging which does not provide accurate information. In many situations, there may not be enough time to monitor the effect of emergency and the affected area. Moreover, the event region could continuously change in the geographical region and a robust deployment of sensors is desirable that could capture maximum information about the entire event as soon as possible and continue capturing information without a break. These events are not physically accessible and most of the sensor deployments are static to check if they can fully cover an event. We explore these issues in this work and look at dynamic sensor network deployment strategies.
An optimized RAD51 inhibitor that disrupts homologous recombination without requiring michael acceptor reactivity

Homologous recombination (HR) is an essential process in cells that provides repair of DNA double-strand breaks and lesions that block DNA replication. RAD51 is an evolutionarily conserved protein that is central to HR. Overexpression of RAD51 protein is common in cancer cells and represents a potential therapeutic target in oncology. We previously described a chemical inhibitor of RAD51, called RI-1 (referred to as compound 1 in this report). The chloromaleimide group of this compound is thought to act as a Michael acceptor and react with the thiol group on C319 of RAD51, using a conjugate addition–elimination mechanism. In order to reduce the likelihood of off-target effects and to improve compound stability in biological systems, we developed an analogue of compound 1 that lacks maleimide-based reactivity but retains RAD51 inhibitory activity. This compound, 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-morpholino-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, named RI-2 (referred to as compound 7a in this report), appears to b...
Immunodiagnosis of childhood malignancies.

Immunodiagnosis utilizing immunohistochemical techniques is currently the most commonly utilized and readily available method of ancillary diagnosis in pediatric oncopathology. The methodology comprises relatively simple steps, based on straightforward biologic concepts, and the reagents used are generally well characterized and widely used. The principle of cancer immunodiagnosis is based on the determination of neoplastic lineage using detection of proteins typical of cell differentiation pathways. Methodology sensitivity varies and has become greater with each new generation of tests, but technical drawbacks should be considered to avoid excessive background or nonspecific results. Automated instrumentation offers a degree of accuracy and reproducibility not easily attainable by manual methods.
Effects of insulin on food intake and plasma glucose level in fat-fed diabetic rats.

Abstract Schedules of insulin treatment which reliably increased eating in fat-fed diabetic rats were studied for their effect on plasma glucose concentrations. An inverse correlation between intake and plasma glucose was observed in fat-fed diabetics given long-term treatment with protamine-zinc insulin (PZI); however changes in glucose did not account for the differential effect of insulin on food intakes in normal controls or normal and diabetic rats fed a low-fat food. A single injection of 1 U PZI which increased eating in fat-fed diabetics but not normal controls 17–23 hr later did not reduce glucose concentrations from hyperglycemic levels in diabetics during the same time period. Injections of regular insulin increased eating in fat-fed diabetic and normal rats in a comparable fashion, but did not reduce plasma glucose in diabetics as low as in normal animals. The results show that the effect of exogenously administered insulin on food intake in fat-fed diabetics is largely unrelated to changes in circulating glucose levels and suggest that metabolic consequences of insulin treatment other than hypoglycemia may underlie the effect of the hormone on feeding in these animals.
On Surface Plasma Oscillations in Metal Foils

Conditions for the surface plasma osciilations in a planar metal foil bounded on both sides by vacuum are obtained. The conditions are derived by expanding the expressions for the electron density perturbation and the scalar electric potential in Fourier integrals, neglecting externally maintained charges and fields. If collective modes in the system are to exist, the foil must be thick compared with the Debye length in the plasma. (C.E.S.)
Misfolding of Mutant Aquaporin-2 Water Channels in Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

We reported that several aquaporin-2 (AQP2) point mutants that cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of transfected mammalian cells and degraded but can be rescued by chemical chaperones to function as plasma membrane water channels (Tamarappoo, B. K., and Verkman, A. S. (1998) J. Clin. Invest. 101, 2257-2267). To test whether mutant AQP2 proteins are misfolded, AQP2 folding was assessed by comparative detergent extractability and limited proteolysis, and AQP2 degradation kinetics was measured by label-pulse-chase and immunoprecipitation. In ER membranes from transfected CHO cells containing [(35)S]methionine-labeled AQP2, mutants T126M and A147T were remarkably detergent-resistant; for example wild-type AQP2 was >95% solubilized by 0.5% CHAPS whereas T126M was <10% solubilized. E258K, an NDI-causing AQP2 mutant which is retained in the Golgi, is highly detergent soluble like wild-type AQP2. The mutants and wild-type AQP2 were equally susceptible to digestion by trypsin, thermolysin, and proteinase K. Stopped-flow light scattering measurements indicated that T126M AQP2 at the ER was fully functional as a water channel. Pulse-chase studies indicated that the increased degradation rates for T126M (t((1)/(2)) 2.5 h) and A147T (2 h) compared with wild-type AQP2 (4 h) involve a brefeldin A-resistant, ER-dependent degradation mechanism. After growth of cells for 48 h in the chemical chaperone glycerol, AQP2 mutants T126M and A147T became properly targeted and relatively detergent-soluble. These results provide evidence that NDI-causing mutant AQP2 proteins are misfolded, but functional, and that chemical chaperones both correct the trafficking and folding defects. Strategies to facilitate protein folding might thus have therapeutic efficacy in NDI.
Melting metal powder particles in an inductively coupled r.f. plasma torch

A numerical model is developed for the prediction of melting metal powder particles in an inductively coupled r.f. plasma torch. The model is developed for dilute spray conditions where the gas phase flow is not affected by the loading condition. The governing equation for the gas phase flow contains the source terms from the electromagnetic field. The theoretical calculations have shown that particle thermal history and its velocity are greatly affected by the plasma operating conditions (i.e., carrier gas flow rate, injector location, and power level,etc.). Without the proper control of particle trajectories, particles may bounce around the fireball and exit the torch as unmelted or resolidified solid particles. With the insertion of an injector or injecting particles with a high carrier gas flow rate, the predictions show that even relatively small size particles can be directed into the fireball and maintained in the molten state before they impact on the substrate. Consequently, more uniform and dense deposits can be achieved.
Community Long-Term Care Teams: Assessing Team Fitness

Although long-term care is often conceptualized as institutional living, the majority of long-term care is provided in the community through primary care. The BRIGHTEN program (Bridging Resources of an Interdisciplinary Geriatric Health Team via Electronic Networking) provides interdisciplinary care utilizing a “virtual” team model. Highly cohesive and collaborative interactions are required for the success of health care teams. Team functioning thereby was assessed using the Team Fitness Test and Team Development Measure, followed by extensive discussion about identified strengths and weaknesses. The team was found to be “firmly in place” within 6 months of formation. While there were minimal changes in objective measures over time, the process of evaluation was found to be very helpful for the team. Implications of team assessment and development for older adult long-term care are discussed.
Structure of the genes for porcine endometrial secreted and membrane folate binding proteins

The endometrium of the pig produces two types of folate binding proteins (FBP) which, based on their sequences, are likely to be membrane (m) and secreted (s) forms. A clone containing both a gene coding for the sFBP cDNA and a gene coding for the mFBP was isolated from a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library. Each gene was subcloned and sequenced. The gene for sFBP spanned 4.4 kbp and included 5 exons. The mFBP gene spanned 7.0 kbp and also contained 5 exons. Structures of the genes were very similar for the last three exons, and this similarity was shared with other known FBP/folate receptor (FR) gene sequences. Unexpectedly, portions of introns 3 and 4 of both genes were highly homologous, suggesting the possibility that sequences within these introns served some as yet unknown function. In contrast, the structures of the 59 exons differed between the two genes and other known FBP/FR genes. Comparison of putative promoter regions for the two genes with promoter regions for human FBP/FR genes revealed significant sequence homology between sFBP and human gFBP and between mFBP and human aFR. These regions of homology may play a role in control of transcription of each gene. © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Berry's phase in chiral gauge theories

Abstract Berry's phase in chiral gauge theories is computed. The result implies that the anomalous commutator of gauge transformations is the one previously obtained by Faddeev.
Two ZBP1 KH domains facilitate β-actin mRNA localization, granule formation, and cytoskeletal attachment

Chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) localize β-actin mRNA to their lamellae, a process important for the maintenance of cell polarity and motility. The localization of β-actin mRNA requires a cis localization element (zipcode) and involves zipcode binding protein 1 (ZBP1), a protein that specifically binds to the zipcode. Both localize to the lamellipodia of polarized CEFs. ZBP1 and its homologues contain two NH2-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and four COOH-terminal hnRNP K homology (KH) domains. By using ZBP1 truncations fused to GFP in conjunction with in situ hybridization analysis, we have determined that KH domains three and four were responsible for granule formation and cytoskeletal association. When the NH2 terminus was deleted, granules formed by the KH domains alone did not accumulate at the leading edge, suggesting a role for the NH2 terminus in targeting transport granules to their destination. RNA binding studies were used to show that the third and fourth KH domains, not the RRM domains, bind the zipcode of β-actin mRNA. Overexpression of the four KH domains or certain subsets of these domains delocalized β-actin mRNA in CEFs and inhibited fibroblast motility, demonstrating the importance of ZBP1 function in both β-actin mRNA localization and cell motility.
The utilization of humanized mouse models for the study of inhibitors in HTLV-1 infection

The development of novel techniques and systems to study human infectious diseases in both an in vitro and in vivo settings is always in high demand. Ideally, small animal models are the most efficient method of studying human afflictions. This is especially evident in the study of the human retroviruses, HIV-1 and HTLV-1, in that current simian animal models, though robust, are often expensive and difficult to maintain. Recently significant advances have been made to use human stem cells in immunocomprimised animals and follow the course of infection. HTLV-1-infected humanized non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency (HU-NOD/SCID) mice have been shown by inoculation of NOD/SCID mice with CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells (CD34(+) HP/HSCs) infected ex vivo with HTLV-1 [1]. These mice exclusively develop CD4 (+) T-cell lymphomas with characteristics similar to ATL and elevated proliferation of infected human stem cells in the bone marrow were observed in mice developing malignancies. We will discuss the results of a panel of inhibitors against NFkB, cyclin/cdk complexes and Jack/Stat pathway that effectively inhibit HTLV-1 and Tax expression in vivo.
Photoelastic-Modulator Polarimeters In Astronomy

Instruments used to detect polarized light from astronomical objects are briefly compared. Photoelastic-modulator polarimeters, introduced in 1970, have advantages particularly for extreme-sensitivity measurements of linear and circular polarization, down to the levels 0.01% and below. They have made possible several discoveries. Versions of such instruments for the u.v.-visible and for the infrared (1 - 13μ) are described.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
From growth factor dependence to growth factor responsiveness: the genesis of an alveolar macrophage cell line

A rat pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) cell line (NR8383) was initiated in culture in the presence of a gerbil lung cell conditioned medium (GLCM), and has been propagated continuously for over 36 mo. When examined at different times throughout this in vitro period, NR8383 exhibited characteristics typical of macrophages: (a) Zymosan ingestion was seen in 90 to 98% of the cells examined; (b) Pseudomonas aeruginosa phagocytosis in 50 to 80%; (c) Nonspecific esterase activity in greater than 95%. During the first 6 mo., the PAM replicated with doubling times approximating 15 to 20 d. Throughout this period, GLCM dependence was evident. After 27 wk in vitro, NR8383 replication increased markedly, and within 2 wk, the doubling time was less than 48 h. NR8383 was readily monitored by [3H]thymidine (TdR) blastogenesis assay. In the presence of GLCM uptake of [3H]TdR was fivefold greater than in control cultures. Adherence and growth kinetics were effectively controlled by modulation of GLCM or serum content in culture medium. It was demonstrated that PAM growth factor(s) is ubiquitous, not species-specific, and under certain conditions may be derived from "endogenous" sources of persisting non-PAM populations within the parent, uncloned line NR8383. Cloned progeny remain devoid of non-PAM "feeder" cells, but retain macrophage properties, including interleukin-1 secretion, Fc receptors, and H2O2 production.
Simultaneous Measurement of Microtubule Protofilament Number and Bending Stiffness

Microtubules are nanometer-scale cytoskeletal polymers which play a role in cell division, cell structure, and intracellular transport. Each of these functions requires microtubules that are stiff and straight enough to span a significant fraction of the cell diameter. Moreover, microtubules come in a variety of structures characterized by different diameters, or equivalently, different numbers of protofilaments. Previous experiments to characterize the stiffness of microtubules have generally relied on heterogeneous ensembles of microtubules with different structures, complicating the interpretation and comparison of stiffness measurements. We report on a kinesin-driven microtubule gliding experiment that simultaneously determines the stiffness and protofilament number (diameter) of individual microtubules, allowing us to distinguish stiffness for microtubules of 12-14 protofilaments (including two different 14 protofilament lattice structures). The scaling of our stiffness measurements are consistent with previous theories connecting protofilament number to stiffness, but also suggest an alternate correlation between stiffness and protofilament super-helical pitch.
US Wine Exports to México

In this article, information needed for potential US wine exporters to Mexico is provided. The opportunities for US wines in the Mexican market are closely examined in addition to essential facts vital to a US wine producer interested in exporting wines to Mexico. With the increase of wine culture in Mexico, the recovery of the Mexican economy, and the increased demand for US wines in the Mexican market, the potential to increase market share in the Mexican market is enormous. In 1996, responding to a US tariff increase on Mexican brooms, Mexico greatly increased its wine tariffs. The US saw its wine market share in Mexico decrease by more than 50%. However, with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) there will be a zero‐tax on US wines by the year 2003. The substantially lower prices of US wines and the increased demand for wines in Mexico should give US wine producers a very attractive market in Mexico. This article also informs potential exporters about label and packaging requirements needed to export wines into Mexico as well as the wine distribution channels in Mexico.
Antimicrobial characteristics of quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid® at 30:70 ratio) compared to alternative ratios for in vitro testing

Quinupristin/dalfopristin is a new streptogramin combination that occurs at a natural ratio and formulation of 30:70. Rapid metabolism of the dalfopristin component to RP 12536 in vivo puts in question the validity of in vitro test of spectrum with the parent combination. In studies of quinupristin with both dalfopristin and RP 12536, a wide range of ratios (30:70, 50:50, 70:30) were tested by reference MIC and MBC tests. No significant potency differences were observed between combination ratios or metabolic components when testing 256 bacterial strains. Quinupristin/dalfopristin or quinupristin/RP 12536 remained active, by bactericidal action against many staphylococci and Streptococcus ssp. Enterococcus faecium strains were susceptible (MIC90, 2 micrograms/ml; static effect only) to the streptogramin, but E. faecalis, Pasteurella multocida, Pediococcus ssp., Haemophilus influenzae, and Bacteroides fragilis were generally less susceptible (MIC90, > or = 8 micrograms/ml). The log phase inoculum was preferred for MBC and kill-curve tests with this combination. The 30:70 ratio in vitro susceptibility test of quinupristin/dalfopristin as used to date, seems to predict the potency and spectrum of this streptogramin accurately and all clinically important in vivo ratios of the injectable form or its major metabolites. Quinupristin/dalfopristin should be further investigated for clinical use against emerging resistant Gram-positive infections, especially penicillin-resistant streptococci and glycopeptide-resistant E. faecium that exhibit susceptibility in this investigation.
Evaporative cooling in desert heat: Sun and shade; rest and exercise

Abstract 1. 1. For four species of rodent, man, and burro, we measured the rates of evaporation required to maintain homeothermy during exposure to desert heat. 2. 2. Required rates of evaporation for laboratory mice, laboratory rats and men were exponentially related to body weight. Kangaroo rats required a significantly lower amount of evaporation than the laboratory mice and rats. 3. 3. During walks in the open desert, man and burro required a two to three-fold increase in evaporation. 4. 4. When the metabolic cost of walking is expressed as a proportion of resting metabolism where unity equals one met, the evaporative requirement is directly related to the met with a slope of 0.33% body weight evaporated/hr/met. 5. 5. For man, the extreme hourly evaporation rate is 2.9% of the body weight. From this we calculated a limiting value for steady state exercise in desert heat that is about one-half the value sustained by a marathon runner in cool weather.
Premixed flames excited by helical disturbances: flame wrinkling and heat release oscillations

This paper describes an analysis of the response of swirling premixed flames to helical disturbances, i.e., where the flow fluctuations have an azimuthal dependence of the form u^i′∞ exp(imθ) and m denotes the helical mode number. Results elaborate the nature of local flame wrinkling and heat release fluctuations. Significantly, these results show that these different induced fluctuations exhibit very different sensitivities to helical mode number m, swirl strength, and dimensionless frequency. In addition, the degree of axisymmetry of the time averaged flame plays a crucial role in these interactions, particularly in how flow disturbances u^i′ translate into heat release oscillations. Thus, the helical mode m, with the dominant contribution to local flame wrinkling and heat release, m=m0, and spatially integrated heat release fluctuations, m=m1, is generally different. For example, helical mode m, leading to the largest amplitude of local flame wrinkling and heat release in a solid body swirl flowfield, ...
Effects of a high-fat, sucrose diet on serum insulin and related atherosclerotic risk factors in rats

Abstract Hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and obesity are all risk factors for atherosclerosis. The clustering of these risk factors in the same individual greatly increases the risk for atherosclerosis and has been termed ‘Syndrome X’ or ‘The Deadly Quartet’ The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of diet on these risk factors in inbred, female Fischer 344 rats. Animals were raised on ad lib diets consisting of high-fat, sucrose (HFS) or low-fat, complex-carbohydrate (LFCC). After 2 years, the HFS rats were obese (38% ± 1% vs. 15% ± 1% body fat), hypertensive (140 ± 3 vs. 123 ± 3 mmmHg), hyperinsulinemic (439 ± 118 vs. 98 ± 10 pmol/l), and hypertriglyceridemic (1.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.4 ± 0.07 mmol/l). The HFS rats also exhibited enhanced clotting and impaired fibrinolytic response to streptokinase. All these differences between the two groups were statistically significant ( P r = 0.71), triglycerides (= 0.48), and systolic blood pressure ( r = 0.70). Total cholesterol was slightly, but not significantly higher, in the HFS group (2.8 ± 0.3 vs 2.2 ± 0.1 mmol/l) while HDL-cholesterol was unchanged. These results show that many risk factors for atherosclerosis can be induced in inbred rats by feeding a HFS diet. Aggregation of risk factors was found in the HFS group but not in the LFCC group. In fact, most of the rats on the LFCC diet developed no risk factors after 2 years, indicating that the development of risk factors is not an aging phenomenon.
On the neuroendocrine control of ovarian development in the Monarch butterfly

Several methods have been used to examine the role of the neuroendocrine system in the regulation of ovarian development in the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. Ovarian development ceases after neck ligature, removal of the retrocerebral complex, disconnection of the retrocerebral complex from the brain, and after removal of the neurosecretory cells and associated neurons of the medial pars intercerebralis. Removal of the retrocerebral complex causes oocyte resorption in mature females. Normal ovarian development was obtained by injecting material with high juvenile hormone activity into animals lacking the retrocerebral complex, but normal ovarian development was not obtained in neck-ligatured animals injected with the same material. The results suggest that the brain and corpora allata both act to regulate ovarian growth in this species. The brain apparently stimulates posteclosion corpora allata activity. The medial neurosecretory cells of the pars intercerebralis, or some other cephalic center, may produce a hormone requisite for quantitatively normal oogenesis. The corpora allata apparently stimulate vitellogenin synthesis.
A new direction: improved methods for marketing faculty and staff technology training

Ball State University has been diligent in encouraging and assisting faculty and staff to maintain a high level of knowledge and skills through continuous technology training. In an effort to keep pace with the infusion of new technologies in our classrooms, offices, and labs a training survey was administered to faculty and staff to determine the types of training appropriate to meet the needs of the university community. Once the needs were identified marketing methods were developed to increase faculty and staff awareness, to provide practical training courses, and to raise interest level.The challenges are to market the new training options to as many clients as possible, to continuously market the training throughout the year, to collect and evaluate feed back on training sessions, and to model the use of new technologies. In addition to the use of these new technologies in the training lab environment, marketing and modeling the courses through a Web page banner, a video story, brochures, handouts, communication to new faculty, and online valuation are bold new steps for University Computing Services.The proposed session is directed at trainers and anyone interested in promoting training. This session will take the following format:A PowerPoint presentationDemonstration of marketing methods on the WebHandouts of presentation materialsA question and answer discussion period.
On Conway's thrackle conjecture

A thrackle is a graph drawn in the plane so that its edges are represented by Jordan arcs and any two distinct arcs either meet at exactly one common vertex or cross at exactly one point interior to both arcs. About 40 years ago, J. H. Conway conjectured that the number of edges of a thrackle cannot exceed the number of its vertices. We show that a thrackle has at most twice as many edges as vertices. Some related problems and generalizations are also considered.
Toward a post-industrial planning theory

Post-industrial tendencies indicate changes in the composition of the labor force and changes in world-view. Increasingly, next to highly intellectual work and rational ways of thinking can be found work with affective content and existentially based ways of understanding. Rationalism loses effectiveness as a guide to social action because it leads to fragmentation of the experienced world. Existentialism holds out the promise of synthesizing experience into a coherent image. Because planning involves the translation of knowledge into action, these changes in cultural values and ways of understanding call for innovations in planning theory. Challenges to rationalism require creating a new constitution for planning. Synthesis of rationalism and existentialism requires articulation of an existental planning theory. Embracing existing social conflicts is necessary for accomplishing both tasks.
Synthesis of very small diameter silica nanofibers using sound waves

Silica nanofibers of an average diameter ≈30 nm and length ≈100 μm have been synthesized using an unprecedented strategy: sound waves. A new phenomenon, spinning off the nanofibers at silica rod tips, is also observed.
Understanding the role of dysfunctional post-trauma cognitions in the co-occurrence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Two trauma samples☆

This report focuses on the co-occurrence of PTSD-GAD and examines a factor that could operate to maintain both conditions, specifically negative post-trauma cognitions about the self, the world, and self-blame. Two separate help-seeking samples were examined: (a) a mixed gender sample of 301 individuals who had experienced a serious motor vehicle accident (MVA), a single incident, non-interpersonal trauma; and (b) a sample of 157 women who had experienced intimate partner violence (IPV), a recurrent, interpersonal trauma. When examined at the diagnostic level, posttraumatic cognitions for one diagnosis did not vary as a function of whether the other diagnosis was present. In the MVA sample, both diagnosed PTSD and GAD were associated with elevations in negative thoughts about the self. Diagnosed GAD was also significantly associated with negative thoughts about the world. In the IPV sample, diagnosed PTSD was associated with elevations in negative thoughts about the self only. When continuously measured PTSD and GAD were examined, results indicated that negative thoughts about the self showed significant simultaneous associations with PTSD and GAD in both samples. In the MVA sample, negative thoughts about the world and self-blame showed significant associations with PTSD but not with GAD. In the IPV sample, negative thoughts about the world and self-blame were not significantly associated with either PTSD or GAD. Results are discussed in light of current treatment models for these conditions, with emphasis on the potential for addressing transdiagnostic processes as a more effective approach to treating comorbid conditions following trauma.
Modeling Wetland Loss in Coastal Louisiana: Geology, Geography, and Human Modifications

Habitat change in coastal Louisiana from 1955/6 to 1978 was analyzed to determine the influence of geological and man-made changes on landscape patterns within 7.5 min quadrangle maps. Three quantitative analyses were used: principal components anlaysis, multiple regression analysis, and cluster analysis. Regional differences in land loss rates reflect variations in geology and the deltaic growth/decay cycles, man-induced chages in hydrology (principally canal dredging and spoil banking), and land-use changes (principally urbanization and agricultural expansion). The coastal zone is not homogeneous with respect to these variables and the interaction between causal factors leading to wetland loss is therefore locally variable and complex. The relationship between wetland loss, hydrologic changes, and geology can be described with statistically meaningful results, even though these data are insufficient to precisely quantify the relationship. However, these data support the hypothesis that the indirect impacts of man-induced changes (hydrologic and land use) may be as influential as the direct impacts resulting in converting wetlands to open water (canals) or modified (impounded) habitat. Three regions within the Louisiana coastal zone can be defined, based on the potential causal factors used in the analyses. The moderate (mean = 22%) wetland loss rates in region 1 are a result of relatively high canal density and developed area in marshes which overlie sediments of moderate age and depth; local geology acts, in this case, to lessen indirect impacts. On the other hand, wetland loss rates in region 2 are high (mean = 36%), despite fewer man-induced impacts; the potential for increased wetland loss due to both direct and indirect effects of man's activity in these areas is high. Conversely, wetland loss (mean = 20%) in region 3 is apparently least influenced by man's activity in the coastal zone because of sedimentary geology (old, thin sediments), even though these areas have already experienced significant direct habitat alteration and wetland loss.