cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive genetic potential and plasticity of trait variation in the foundation prairie grass Andropogon gerardii across the US Great Plains’ climate gradient: Implications for climate change and restoration

Plant response to climate depends on a species' adaptive potential. To address this, we used reciprocal gardens to detect genetic and environmental plasticity effects on phenotypic variation and combined with genetic analyses. Four reciprocal garden sites were planted with three regional ecotypes of Andropogon gerardii, a dominant Great Plains prairie grass, using dry, mesic, and wet ecotypes originating from western KS to Illinois that span 500-1,200 mm rainfall/year. We aimed to answer: (a) What is the relative role of genetic constraints and phenotypic plasticity in controlling phenotypes? (b) When planted in the homesite, is there a trait syndrome for each ecotype? (c) How are genotypes and phenotypes structured by climate? and (d) What are implications of these results for response to climate change and use of ecotypes for restoration? Surprisingly, we did not detect consistent local adaptation. Rather, we detected co-gradient variation primarily for most vegetative responses. All ecotypes were stunted in western KS. Eastward, the wet ecotype was increasingly robust relative to other ecotypes. In contrast, fitness showed evidence for local adaptation in wet and dry ecotypes with wet and mesic ecotypes producing little seed in western KS. Earlier flowering time in the dry ecotype suggests adaptation to end of season drought. Considering ecotype traits in homesite, the dry ecotype was characterized by reduced canopy area and diameter, short plants, and low vegetative biomass and putatively adapted to water limitation. The wet ecotype was robust, tall with high biomass, and wide leaves putatively adapted for the highly competitive, light-limited Eastern Great Plains. Ecotype differentiation was supported by random forest classification and PCA. We detected genetic differentiation and outlier genes associated with primarily precipitation. We identified candidate gene GA1 for which allele frequency associated with plant height. Sourcing of climate adapted ecotypes should be considered for restoration.
Expectations Puzzle, Time-varying Risk Premia, and Dynamic Models of the Term Structure

Though linear projections of returns on the slope of the yield curve have contradicted the implications of the traditional "expectations theory," we show that these findings are not puzzling relative to a large class of richer dynamic term structure models. Specifically, we are able to match all of the key empirical findings reported by Fama and Bliss and Campbell and Shiller, among others, within large subclasses of affine and quadratic-Gaussian term structure models. Key to this matching are parameterizations of the market prices of risk that let us separately "control" the shape of the mean yield curve and the correlation structure of excess returns with the slope of the yield curve. The risk premiums have a simple form consistent with Fama's findings on the predictability of forward rates, and are shown to also be consistent with interest rate, feedback rules used by a monetary authority in setting monetary policy.
Trends in Internal Medicine Faculty by Sex and Race/Ethnicity, 1980-2018.

Importance Increasing diversity in the physician workforce is a fulcrum for reducing health disparities. Efforts to increase the diversity in the internal medicine (IM) workforce may improve health equity among an increasingly diverse population with increasing prevalence of chronic disease. Objectives To assess diversity trends in the academic IM workforce and evaluate how well these trends reflected medical student diversity and the changing demographic composition of the general population. Design, Setting, and Participants This secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study analyzed data from January 1, 1980, to December 31, 2018, from the Association of American Medical Colleges Faculty Roster and Applicant Matriculant File, which capture full-time US medical school faculty and matriculants, respectively, and population data through 2017 from the US Census Bureau. Main Outcomes and Measures The study calculated the proportions of women and individuals from racial/ethnic groups that are traditionally underrepresented in medicine (URM) among IM faculty and faculty in all other clinical departments. These data were compared with the proportions of female and URM matriculants in US medical schools and the proportions of women and individuals from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups in the population. The analysis was stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, and intersections of sex and race/ethnicity. Results From 1980 to 2018, the absolute number of full-time IM faculty increased from 10 964 to 42 547. Although IM was the department classification with the most women faculty, in 2018 it continued to have a lower proportion of women (n = 17 165 [40.3%]) compared with all other clinical departments (n = 48 936 [43.2%]). Among IM faculty, the percentage of URM faculty members more than doubled during the study period (from 4.1% to 9.7%) but still made up only a small portion of faculty members. The percentage of female matriculants among medical school matriculants increased steadily (from 28.7% in 1980 to 51.6% in 2018) and was nearly identical to their population representation in 2017 (50.7% compared with 50.8%). Although the percentage of URM matriculants had nearly doubled since 1980 (from 11.3% to 18.1%), it still lagged far behind the proportion of individuals in the US population who are members of underrepresented racial/ethnic groups (18.1% vs 31.5% in 2017). Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional study found that progress has been made in diversifying academic IM faculty; however, it does not yet reflect the diversity of medical students or the US population. Continued efforts to increase the diversity of the academic IM workforce are needed.
Multiport Power Management Method with Partial Power Processing in a MV Solid-State Transformer for PV, Storage, and Fast-Charging EV Integration

This paper presents a control method to enable partial power processing (PPP) for increased efficiency of a multiport solid-state transformer (SST). Multiport SSTs are promising in integrating multiple LV DC/AC sources/loads such as photovoltaic (PV), storage, and electric vehicles (EV) into the grid without bulky line-frequency transformers. However, considering ~98.5% efficient line-frequency transformers, efficiency is one major challenge of the SST. For multiport MVLV SSTs, it is revealed in this paper that enabling direct energy exchange between two LV ports is more efficient than circulating power from one LV port into the transformer and back to another LV port. With the PPP, most power exchange between LV ports is processed by only part of the converter. This paper describes a modulation and control scheme for PPP of a current-source SST. The fundamental idea is to select appropriate space vectors that enable direct LV ports power exchange. With the proposed PPP control, the converter efficiency can increase by ~0.37%-1.28% in a wide-range of operating points in this paper. Simulation and experimental results verify the proposed PPP control scheme.
Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Caregivers and Children with Hydrocephalus.

Objective Hydrocephalus is a disorder of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, traditionally treated by placement of a ventricular shunt. Shunts are effective but imperfect as they fail in an unpredictable pattern, and the patient's well-being is dependent on adequate shunt function. The omnipresent threat of shunt failure along with the potential need for invasive investigations can be stressful for patients and caregivers. Our objective was to measure post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in children with hydrocephalus and their caregivers. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of children with hydrocephalus and their caregivers was conducted. Caregivers completed a measure of their own PTSS (the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders−V) and resilience (the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale). Pediatric patients rated their own PTSS and resilience using the Acute Stress Checklist for Kids and Connor Davidson Resilience Scale. Results Ninety-one caregivers completed the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders−V. Mean score was 17.0 (standard deviation 15.7; median 13.0). Fourteen percent scored above 33, the threshold suggestive of a preliminary diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. There was a statistically significant association between caregiver post-traumatic stress and marital status, child's race, and caregiver education. More than half (52%) of caregivers reported their child's hydrocephalus as the most significant source of their PTSS. Children did not have markedly elevated levels of PTSS. Forty-one percent of caregivers and 60% of children scored in the lowest resilience quartile compared with the general population. Conclusions Results from this study suggest that post-traumatic stress affects caregivers with hydrocephalus, yet levels of resilience for caregivers and pediatric patients are low.
Utilizing Cognitive Load Theory and Evidence-Centered Design to Inform the Design of Game-Based Learning Environments:

Digital game-based learning (DGBL) environments are increasingly utilized to facilitate classroom instruction. For the game in our study, a formative stealth assessment tool, in the form of an inte...
Interpersonal Trauma Exposure and Interpersonal Problems in Adolescent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Traumatic experiences have been differentiated as interpersonal (i.e., the direct result of actions by other people) or noninterpersonal (i.e., other life-threatening events, such as severe accidents). Interpersonal trauma exposure generally has been shown to be associated with more severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms than noninterpersonal trauma exposure. Interpersonal problems also tend to be associated with trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms, but it is unclear whether a mediating association exists between trauma type, interpersonal problems, and PTSD symptoms. A clinical sample of 4,275 adolescents (age range: 12-18 years) from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set were classified as having experienced interpersonal trauma, noninterpersonal trauma, or both. Interpersonal problems were operationalized by social problem behaviors (e.g., immature and dependent behaviors) and aggressive behaviors on the Child Behavior Checklist. The results of path analyses showed that cumulative interpersonal trauma exposure was both directly and indirectly associated with PTSD symptoms via social problem behaviors but not aggressive behaviors, total effect β = .20, 95% CI [.17, .23]. In a second model, path analyses showed that cumulative interpersonal trauma exposure was associated directly and indirectly via PTSD symptoms with social problem behaviors, total effect β = .15, 95% CI [.11, .18], and aggressive behaviors, total effect β = .13, 95% CI [.09, .17]. These findings suggest that during adolescence, interpersonal problems play an important role in the association between interpersonal trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms.
An autoregressive cross-lagged model unraveling co-occurring stimulant use and HIV: Results from a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background Evidence-based interventions are needed to address the use of stimulants such as methamphetamine as a driver of onward HIV transmission and faster clinical HIV progression among sexual minority men. Prior randomized controlled trials with people living with HIV who use substances indicate that financial incentives provided during contingency management (CM) are effective for achieving short-term reductions in stimulant use and HIV viral load. However, the benefits of CM are often not maintained after financial incentives for behavior change end. Purpose Data from a recently completed randomized controlled trial with 110 sexual minority men living with HIV who use methamphetamine was leveraged to examine mediators of the efficacy of a positive affect intervention for extending the benefits of CM. Methods An autoregressive cross-lagged model was fit to determine if reductions in HIV viral load were mediated by intervention-related increases in positive affect and decreases in stimulant use measured in four waves over 15 months. Results Higher baseline positive affect predicted significantly lower self-reported stimulant use immediately following the 3-month CM intervention period, even after controlling for self-reported stimulant use at baseline. Moreover, decreased stimulant use emerged as an independent predictor of long-term reductions HIV viral load at 15 months, even after adjusting for HIV viral load at baseline and the residual effect of the positive affect intervention. Conclusions Findings underscore the importance of durable reductions in stimulant use as a primary intervention target that is essential for optimizing the clinical and public health benefits of HIV treatment as prevention.
Bioreactors and Perfusion

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Support System Design 3 Bioreactor Design Criteria 4 Is There an Optimal Design? 5 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Organoboranes : XIX. The preparation and some unusual chemistry of b-allyl derivatives of 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]Nonane

Abstract Several B-allyl derivatives of 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) were prepared either by the allylation of B-methoxy-9-BBN with allylic aluminum re-agents or by the monohydroboration of certain dienes and allenes with 9-BBN. The 1H NMR spectra of these derivatives were examined at various temperatures, revealing the presence of either permanent allylic rearrangements or cistrans isomerizations about the allylic double bond. The protonolyses of both B-allyl- and B-crotyl-9-BBN occur readily, giving propene in the former case and 1-butene in the latter, presumably via allylic rearrangement. Bromination of B-allyl-9-BBN leads to the formation of allyl bromide and B-bromo-9-BBN. Three mechanistic schemes are offered for this reaction. The hydroboration-oxidations of B-allyl- and B-crotyl-9-BBN were studied. The allyl derivative affords only 1,3-propanediol, while the crotyl isomer gives mostly 1,3-butanediol.
The BB1 Monoclonal Antibody Recognizes Both Cell Surface CD74 (MHC Class II-Associated Invariant Chain) as Well as B7-1 (CD80), Resolving the Question Regarding a Third CD28/CTLA-4 Counterreceptor

The identification of all CD28/CTLA-4 counterreceptors is critical to our understanding of this pivotal pathway of T cell activation. Clouding our understanding has been the reported discrepancies in expression and function of the B7-1 (CD80) molecule based upon the use of the BB1 vs other anti-B7-1 mAbs. To resolve this issue, we have cloned a BB1-binding molecule from the BB1+B7-1(-) NALM-6 pre-B cell line. Here, we demonstrate that this BB1-binding molecule is identical to the cell surface form of CD74 (MHC class II-associated invariant chain). CD74-transfected cells bound the BB1 mAb but not other anti-CD80 mAbs, CD28-Ig, or CTLA4Ig. Absorption and blocking experiments confirmed the reactivity of BB1 mAb with CD74. A region of weak homology was identified between CD74 and the region of B7-1 encoding the BB1 epitope. Therefore, the BB1 mAb binds to a protein distinct from B7-1, and this epitope is also present on the B7-1 protein. Many of the puzzling observations in the literature concerning the expression of human B7-1 are resolved by an understanding that BB1 staining is the summation of CD74 plus B7-1 expression. This observation requires the field to reconsider studies using BB1 mAb in the analysis of CD80 expression and function.
Prevalence of Alcohol and Other Drugs in Fatally Injured Drivers

AIMS: This study aims to examine the prevalence of alcohol and/or other drugs (AOD) in a large sample of fatally injured drivers. DESIGN: Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System for 2005-2009, the authors examined the prevalence of AOD detected in fatally injured drivers in the United States. SETTING: Fatal motor vehicle crashes occurring on public roads. PARTICIPANTS: Drivers who died within one hour of the crash in 14 states that performed toxicological testing on more than 80% of these drivers. MEASUREMENTS: Prevalence of AOD and multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). FINDINGS: Of the 20,150 fatally injured drivers studied, 57.3% tested positive for AOD, including 19.9% being positive for two or more substances. Alcohol was the most commonly detected substance, present in 40.2% of the fatally injured drivers, followed by cannabinols (10.5%), stimulants (9.0%), narcotics (5.7%), and depressants (4.0%). Multivariable analysis revealed that AOD was significantly more prevalent among drivers who died in single-vehicle crashes [aPR 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62-1.76], or nighttime crashes (aPR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.39-1.47), or who had a driving-while-intoxicated conviction within the past three years (aPR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.35-1.47), and less prevalent among drivers who were 65 years or older (aPR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.42-0.49), Asian (aPR 0.47, 95% CI 0.41-0.53), or female (aPR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.85-0.91), or who were operating a motor carrier (aPR 0.41, 95% CI 0.34-0.48). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of fatally injured drivers in the United States had been using AOD and approximately 20% had been using polydrugs. The prevalence of AOD use varies significantly with driver and crash characteristics. Language: en
Encoding compressive sensing measurements with Golomb-Rice codes

Under the compressive sensing theoretical framework a sparse signal can be acquired using few random measurements. This result implies that an analog signal can be compressed while it is being acquired. However, compressive sensing does not yet achieve the high compression rates obtained with standard data compression techniques. To improve the compression performance of compressive sensing, the measurements can be further encoded exploiting their statistical structure. This work explores the concept of encoding compressive sensing measurements using a low-complexity entropy encoder such as the Golomb-Rice encoder. It is found, through system-level numerical simulations, that a Golomb-Rice encoder can reduce the bitrate of compressive sensing by more than 1 bps. Balanced and unbalanced sensing matrices were used in the simulations. Balanced sensing matrices resulted in a slightly better average SNR and CR performance.
Scratch My Back, and I'll Scratch Yours: Scratching the Surface of the Duty of Care in Cross Sector Collaborations -- Are For-Profits Obligated to Ensure the Sustainability of Their Partner Nonprofits?

The cross-sector interactions between Nonprofit and For-profit institutions create rich opportunities to explore new and varied corporate dynamism through collaboration on the path to a philanthropic goal (the “Collaboration”). Each organization offers opportunities to the other collaborating entity from which to gain. In this way, a Nonprofit can benefit from collaborating in a cross-sector Collaboration from, among other things, access to funds, resource and time donations, availability of new ideas, learning and expertise, developing new contacts and business avenues, and broadening the Nonprofit's market. In turn, For-profits may benefit from the Collaboration by improving good will and respectability of the corporate image, engendering trust, accessing new learning, creating new markets, and attracting new employees. To accomplish effective implementation and continuation of the Collaboration, both entities should be aware of the possible corporate governance issues posed by the Collaboration and the corresponding options for the business. Too frequently the legal issues, such as corporate governance, are marginalized by management in favor of the business issues. The legalities can affect the business' viability and productivity depending on the information known and decisions made, and therefore, should be an integral part of management decision making.
Glp2r is required for postprandial glycemic control (1114.3)

Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is secreted from enteroendocrine L cells and proposed as a key promoter of intestinal metabolic reprogramming and tissue regeneration, contributing to improving gluc...
Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility (B-2) at the Lewis Research Center, Plum Brook Station

The B-2 facility is designed to hot fire rocket engines or upper stage launch vehicles with up to 890,000 N thrust, after environmental conditioning of the test article in a simulated thermal vaccum space environment. The facility can handle cryogenic fuels and oxidizers. A steam ejector system maintains vacuum around the test article and on the engine discharge during the test firing. Two high speed computer systems control the test, monitor critical parameters and record all of the desired data.
Recent Theory in Highland New Guinea

Identity Work: Constructing Pacific Lives. Pamela J. Stewart and Andrew Strathern. eds. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. 216 pp. Arrow Talk: Transaction, Transition, and Contradiction in New Guinea Highlands History. Andrew Strathern and Pamela J. Stewart. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2000. 216 pp. Humors and Substances: Ideas of the Body in New Guinea. Pamela J. Stewart and Andrew Strathern. with contributions by Ien Courtens and Dianne van Oosterhout. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 2001. 156 pp.
Pyridoxine-5′-β-D-Glucoside: Metabolic Utilization in Rats during Pregnancy and Availability to the Fetus

Pyridoxine-5'-beta-D-glucoside (PNG), which is abundant in various plant-derived food products, has been shown to be poorly utilized in male rats and adult men. To assess the metabolic utilization of PNG during pregnancy and the availability to the fetus, [3H]PNG and [14C]pyridoxine (PN) were orally administered to 15-d pregnant rats for direct assessment of the intestinal absorption, tissue distribution, and urinary excretion of the radioisotopes. The level of 3H was significantly greater in the liver, and urinary excretion of 3H tended to be lower than that of 14C. The relative distribution of 3H among the groups of B-6 vitamers within the liver was similar to that for 14C. There was greater uptake by the fetus of 3H than of 14C. There was no difference in the relative concentrations of 3H and 14C among the groups of B-6 vitamers within the fetus. Results of this study suggest that the metabolic utilization of PNG is similar to that of PN during pregnancy. Therefore, the availability of vitamin B-6 derived from maternal PNG seems to be similar to that of vitamin B-6 derived from maternal PN.
Review of Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man

It is always a pleasure to review a new edition of a book that you have used before. Baselt's first-rate reference is now available in its fifth edition. Because of the increase in new drug entities, it is larger and the addendum to the book signals the rebirth and renewed therapeutic interest in natural supplements. Calling a drug a food supplement gets around many regulations placed on prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drug products. Because of globalization and harmonization of drug standards, many changes are occurring in the U.S. that will allow many drug substances in their natural form to be sold as food supplements. Baselt has added an entry in the addendum on Melatonin! More will come in the sixth edition.
A basic education program for sterile processing

ISSUE: After a serious breakdown in sterile procedure, leadership targeted ensuring uniform education and training of a culturally diverse central sterile/sterile processing (CS/SP) staff. Some staff members spoke English as a second language, some were transfers from nonclinical areas, and some had been “grandfathered” into their positions. The competency of these employees required monitoring, assessment, and improvement. PROJECT: System quality management (QM) prioritized an initiative to develop uniform sterilization policies and procedures and to create a basic education program that established a minimum standard of competency. The workgroup included QM, infection control, materials management, and CS/SP staff from all of the system's hospitals. Although registration/certification is ideal to determine standard of competency, it is not always practical. Based on national, local, and system standards, a uniform educational program was approved by hospital leadership that includes six educational modules: infection control, decontamination and disinfection, sterile packing and storage, instrumentation, sterilization and quality monitoring. An objective assessment (exam) and a skills checklist are used to evaluate the learner's knowledge of each module and require a passing score of 85%. Managers tailor the program to individual needs such as offering verbal or written testing. Over 75% of system CS/SP staff are currently registered or certified by a nationally recognized organization (IAHCSM/NICHSPDP) or credentialed through the system. RESULTS: The workgroup developed a standardized system policy and procedure manual. Successful completion of the basic education program assures competency of staff involved in the sterilization process. Staff without clinical or advanced education now express pride and confidence in their jobs and are able to transfer within system hospitals with their certificates of completion. LESSONS LEARNED: The varying educational needs of employees must be addressed to ensure competency and patient safety. Many long-standing employees may not have received proper education to perform their jobs. A creative approach to staff education that is sensitive to the educational background and language competencies of staff addresses these issues. A centralized approach to employee education is being developed through the system's center for learning and innovation. The sterilization committee is developing a tool to define and uniformly track sterilization occurrences.
Chloride Metathesis and Dimethylamide Transfer in the Reaction of TaCl(NMe2)4 with ZnMe2 and MeMgCl: Spectroscopic Studies and X-ray Diffraction Structures of TaCl(Me)(NMe2)3 and ZnCl2(NHMe2)2

Treatment of TaCl(NMe2)4 with ZnMe2 in pentane furnishes a mixture of TaCl(Me)(NMe2)3, TaMe(NMe2)4, and Ta(NMe2)5 as the principal reaction products based on 1H NMR spectroscopy. Depending upon the work-up conditions employed, the compounds TaCl(Me)(NMe2)3 and ZnCl2(NHMe2)2 have been isolated and their molecular structures established by X-ray crystallography. TaCl(Me)(NMe2)3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21, a = 13.644(4) A, b = 12.934(4) A, c = 6.992(2) A, V = 1233.9(7) A3, Z = 4, and d calc = 1.958 Mg/m3; R = 0.0316 and wR 2 = 0.0707 for 2630 reflections with I > 2σ(I). The molecular structure of TaCl(Me)(NMe2)3 consists of a trigonal bipyramidal core and contains axial and equatorial chlorine and methyl groups, respectively. ZnCl2(NHMe2)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121, a = 5.759(1) A, b = 10.810(2) A, c = 15.174(3) A, V = 944.1(3) A3, Z = 4, d calc = 1.593 Mg/m3; R = 0.0213 and wR 2 = 0.0494 for 1872 reflections with I > 2σ(I). ZnCl2(NHMe2)2 exhibits a tetrahedral motif and represents the first reported four-coordinate zinc(II) compound containing acyclic monodentate secondary amine groups. The reaction between TaCl(NMe2)4 and MeMgCl afforded a mixture of tantalum products, of which TaCl(Me)(NMe2)3 and Ta(NMe2)5 were found as the major products by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The reaction of TaCl(NMe2)4 with ZnMe2 in hydrocarbon solvent has been examined and found to give a mixture of TaCl(Me)(NMe2)3, TaMe(NMe2)4, and Ta(NMe2)5 by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Depending upon the work-up conditions employed, the compounds TaCl(Me)(NMe2)3 and ZnCl2(NHMe2)2 have been isolated and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. TaCl(NMe2)4 reacts with MeMgCl is a similar fashion and affords TaCl(Me)(NMe2)3 and Ta(NMe2)5 as the principal reaction products.
The organisation of emotional experience: Creating links among emotion, thinking, language, and intentional action

Abstract This paper discusses how emotional experience is interpreted, understood, and represented. Changes in the status of valued goals, and whether or not these goals can be attained or maintained are key conditions in determining the occurrence of an emotional experience. In addition, assessing the certainty with which goals can be maintained is critical as to which emotion is experienced. This small set of dimensions can be used to identify, and differentiate emotions that are considered to be basic. Basic emotion categories share features, and their elicitation is contingent on a number of components coming into conjunction with one another simultaneously. Thus, for any one basic emotion to be elicited, at least three converging components need to be activated. This view of the conditions for emotion is discussed with reference to componential theories of emotion, and to its developmental and cross-cultural implications.
Modification of the phase stability of polymer blends by fillers

Abstract We investigate the influence of filler particles on the phase stability of a model blend of polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB). The upper critical solution temperature cloud point curve of a PS:PB blend is “destabilized” (upward shift of cloud point temperature) by the addition of untreated fumed silica filler particles. Preliminary cloud point measurements on surface-functionalized fumed silica particles were also performed. A small downward shift of the cloud point temperature was observed by functionalizing the filler particles with grafted polystyrene chains, while grafting with a silane coupling agent resulted in a large apparent “stabilization” effect or a decrease of the cloud point temperature. (Further measurements on surface-functionalized filler particles over a range of polymer compositions are required to determine the filler concentration dependence of the shift of the blend critical temperature.) Surface treatments were selected to demonstrate that modifying the filler particle surface chemistry can alter the blend phase boundary. These phase boundary shifts have significance in commercial blends containing dispersions of filler particles.
From Duverger to Cox, and beyond: The State-of-the-Art in Electoral Law Studies

Prior to its publication, Gary Cox's Making Votes Count was widely and eagerly anticipated. (Indeed, some years ago, I received a referee report dismissing my submission as unnecessary because superior analysis would eventually appear in Cox's then forthcoming manuscript.) Upon its release in 1998, the book was instantly lauded: it collected multiple awards, including the prestigious Woodrow Wilson prize for best book published on government, politics, or international affairs. This acclaim was scarcely surprising – Cox has been one of the foremost scholars of elections and legislatures for the whole of his professional career. He is responsible for an impressive body of work spanning multiple research topics, nations, and methods of analysis. This book is testimony to his breadth, as it catalogs the key electoral features of virtually the whole set of modern democracies (more than 70), and makes frequent forays into diverse nations in search of empirical support for novel theoretical findings. In brief, Cox's project is to bring together a large formal, deductive literature on voting rules and social choice with an equally voluminous empirical, inductive literature on elections and party systems in the world's democracies. The prizes it garnered are one measure of the book's success at this merger; a large boost in Cox's swelling citation count will doubtless follow, reiterating the judgement that this is the major work on electoral law and voting to date.
Fungal otitis externa--its association with fluoroquinolone eardrops.

To the Editor .— The value of ototopical antimicrobials in the treatment of otorrhea has been debated for years.1 Several recent articles have suggested that fluoroquinolone eardrops have the correct antimicrobial profile to treat posttympanostomy tube otorrhea and otitis externa in children.2 Studies showing a lack of ototoxicity and efficacy similar to oral amoxicillin-clavulanate led the Food and Drug Administration to approve ofloxacin for treatment of otitis externa and tube otorrhea in children. Several authors have advocated the use of fluoroquinolone drops as first-line therapy for these indications,3 …
Complex soil electrical impedivity signatures

ABSTRACT Measurements in dry desert soils have shown signicant complex resistivity (or impedivity) variations across thefrequency range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The impedivity of various soils are measured in-situ in eld experimentsusing a custom apparatus, consisting of a probe head and accompanying custom electronics. Four galvanicelectrodes are xed in the probe head, and arranged in a Wenner array, such that the geometric factor is1.00 m. In this way, impedance measurements (in ) are easily converted to estimates of impedivity (in ·m).Field measurements made in-situ are important for obtaining accurate re sults, because impedance measurementstypically changevalue signicantlyonce soilsamples are extractedfromtheir naturalenvironment. These changesare due to changes in the grain boundaries, as well as changes in moisture, temperature, etc. Soil impedivitysignatures collected on a variety of soils in the south west region of the USA over the frequency band up to 1MHz are presented.Keywords: soil, impedivity, complex resistivity, impedance spectroscopy, geological materials, signatures
Cornea and ocular lens visualized with three-dimensional confocal microscopy

This paper demonstrates the advantages of three-dimensional reconstruction of the cornea and the ocular crystalline lens by confocal microscopy and volume rendering computer techniques. The advantages of noninvasive observation of ocular structures in living, unstained, unfixed tissue include the following: the tissue is in a natural living state without the artifacts of fixation, mechanical sectioning, and staining; the three-dimensional structure can be observed from any view point and quantitatively analyzed; the dynamics of morphological changes can be studied; and the use of confocal microscopic observation results in a reduction of the number of animals required for ocular morphometric studies. The main advantage is that the dynamic morphology of ocular structures can be investigated in living ocular tissue. A laser scanning confocal microscope was used in the reflected light mode to obtain the two- dimensional images from the cornea and the ocular lens of a freshly enucleated rabbit eye. The light source was an argon ion laser with 488 nm wavelength. The microscope objective was a Leitz 25X, NA 0.6 water immersion lens. The 400 micron thick cornea was optically sectioned into 133, three micron sections. The semi-transparent cornea and the in-situ ocular lens was visualized as high resolution, high contrast two-dimensional images. The under sampling resulted in a three-dimensional visualization rendering in which the corneal thickness (z-axis) is compressed. The structures observed in the cornea include: superficial epithelial cells and their nuclei, basal epithelial cells and their `beaded' cell borders, basal lamina, nerve plexus, nerve fibers, free nerve endings in the basal epithelial cells, nuclei of stromal keratocytes, and endothelial cells. The structures observed in the in-situ ocular lens include: lens capsule, lens epithelial cells, and individual lens fibers.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
COMPARING OPTIMISM AND PESSIMISM OF STUDENTS IN DISTANCE-LEARNING AND ON CAMPUS

To assess whether distance-learning students scored more optimistic or less pessimistic than students on campus the Optimism and Pessimism scale was given to 73 distance-learning and 75 graduate students on campus. The mean differences between groups on both subscales were significant on a t test.
The effect of H1 and H2 blockade on cutaneous histamine response in man

Abstract Histamine-induced cutaneous wheal responses were measured in 10 healthy subjects. The effect of the potent H 1 blocker, hydroxyzine HCl, the H 2 blocker, cimetidine, and the two drugs in combination was determined. The H 1 blocker alone produced a mean wheal suppression of 75% (p 1 plus H 2 blocker produced 84% suppression. The augmented suppression of H 1 plus H 2 blocker vs H 1 blocker was statistically significant (p 2 blocker alone produced suppression that was not statistically significant. The results provide additional evidence that H 2 receptors are present in the human cutaneous microcirculation, and add support to the clinical observation of therapeutic efficacy of H 1 plus H 2 blockers seen in some patients with chronic urticaria.
Purification by cibacron blue F3GA dye affinity chromatography and comparison of NAD(P)H:quinone reductase (E.C.1.6.99.2) from rat liver cytosol and microsomes

Abstract The dicoumarol-sensitive NAD(P)H:quinone reductase (E.C.1.6.99.2), often referred to as DT-diaphorase, has been purified from both the cytosolic and microsomal fractions from rat liver using a novel, highly efficient, two-step purification procedure utilizing immobilized Cibacron Blue F3GA dye affinity chromatography as the principal step. Under the conditions reported here, this dye affinity resin, generally recognized as preferentially binding nucleotide-dependent proteins, was highly selective in the recovery of up to 95% of the NAD(P)H:quinone reductase directly from the cytosol as a preparation which was often greater than 90% pure. Further purification by gel exclusion chromatography resulted in pure protein preparations with final recoveries approaching 80%. Similar results were obtained during the purification of this quinone reductase activity from microsomal extracts. Evidence is presented which suggests that the enzymes isolated from each cellular fraction are highly homologous, if not identical; data are consistent with genetic evidence.
Determining critical open science questions regarding biosphere‐atmosphere interactions

[1] Measuring and Modeling at the Interface of Air Quality and Climate to Understand Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions; New Brunswick, New Jersey, 26–27 May 2011 The southeastern United States has not warmed like other U.S. regions in response to global climate change. This anomaly may be related to aerosols derived from biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and the related aerosol direct and indirect radiative effects. To understand the causal relationships that result in this trend, the scientific community must ask, What sources and processes control the fate of biogenic compounds in anthropogenically influenced environments? What are the climate-relevant properties and air quality impacts? Approximately 30 atmospheric scientists with experimental (field and laboratory) and modeling backgrounds met to discern the most critical open science questions regarding biosphere-atmosphere interactions. An objective of the meeting was to formulate targeted science questions and broadly discuss the tools, approaches, and measurements needed to answer them.
Evaluation of current pharmacotherapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a severe chronic respiratory condition characterised by progressive, irreversible airflow limitation. It is common, affecting more than 16 million people in the United States and is the fourth highest cause of death. The worldwide incidence of COPD is increasing and, in parallel, the economic and social burden the disease incurs. The treatment of COPD is symptomatic, with no drugs currently available to halt the relentless progression of airflow obstruction. However, with a better understanding of the pathological features of the airway inflammation and alveolar destruction that characterises COPD, new therapeutic strategies are being developed. This article provides a critical evaluation of current pharmacotherapy in COPD, essentially bronchodilators (anticholinergics, 2-adrenoceptor agonists and theophylline) and corticosteroids, and an overview of international recommendations for their use.
Detection of Patterns in Water Distribution Pipe Breakage Using Spatial Scan Statistics for Point Events in a Physical Network

Infrastructure systems of many U.S. cities are in poor condition, with many assets reaching the end of their service life and requiring significant capital investments. One primary requirement to optimize the allocation of investments in such systems is an effective assessment of the physical condition of assets. This paper addresses the physical condition assessment of drinking water distribution systems by analyzing pipe breakage data as the main source of evidence about the current physical condition of water distribution pipes over space. From this spatial perspective, the primary questions are whether data sets present unexpected clustering of pipe breaks, and where those break clusters are located if they do exist. This paper presents a novel approach that aims to detect and locate clusters of break points in a water distribution network. The proposed approach extends existing spatial scan statistic approaches, which are commonly used for detection of disease outbreaks in a two-dimensional spatial framework, to data collected from networked infrastructure systems. This proposed approach is described and tested in a data set that consists of 491 breaks that occurred over six years in a 160-mi water distribution network. The results presented in this paper indicate that the adapted spatial scan statistic approach applied to points in physical networks is able to detect clusters of noncompact shapes, and that these clusters present significantly higher than expected breakage rates even after accounting for pipe age and diameter. Several possible hypotheses are explored for potential causes of these clusters.
A conserved histidine in human DNLZ/HEP is required for stimulation of HSPA9 ATPase activity

The DNL-type zinc-finger protein DNLZ regulates the activity and solubility of the human mitochondrial chaperone HSPA9. To identify DNLZ residues that are critical for chaperone regulation, we carried out an alanine mutagenesis scan of charged residues in a W115I mutant of human DNLZ and assessed the effect of each mutation on interactions with HSPA9. All mutants analyzed promote the solubility of HSPA9 upon expression in Escherichia coli. However, binding studies examining the effect of DNLZ mutants on chaperone tryptophan fluorescence identified three mutations (R81A, H107A, and D111A) that decrease DNLZ binding affinity for nucleotide-free chaperone. In addition, ATPase measurements revealed that DNLZ-R81A and DNLZ-D111A both stimulate the catalytic activity HSPA9, whereas DNLZ-H107A does not elicit an increase in activity even when present at a concentration that is 10-fold higher than the level required for half-maximal stimulation by DNLZ. These findings implicate a conserved histidine as critical for DNLZ regulation of mitochondrial HSPA9 catalytic activity.
Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes and Food Intake of Low-Socio-Economic Status Pregnant Adolescents

Abstract Adolescent pregnancy introduces a multitude of concerns for both the mother and fetus, one of which is nutritional risk. Good nutrition is vital for optimum outcome of the mother and child. Adolescents are known to have irregular eating patterns, poor food preferences, and high snacking habits which make this population vulnerable to an overall poor nutritional quality diet. Many of these young mothers' emotional state and understanding of appropriate diet may compromise intake. Therefore the purpose of this study was to provide more baseline data regarding pregnant adolescents' nutrition knowledge, perceptions of nutrition, and intake so better nutrition intervention may be provided. Adolescent teens at three clinics were requested to participate in completing a questionnaire measuring nutrition knowledge, perceptions of nutrition and pregnancy, previous nutrition education, and food intake. Fifty girls with a mean age of 17 years (range = 14 to 19) participated in the study. The mean score for the nutrition knowledge test was 65% with scores indicating little knowledge regarding... In general the food intake records indicated adequate intake of... and limited intake in ... The participants' perceptions of the importance nutrition and pregnancy was high (mean score=40 out of a possible 50). Nutrition education did not significantly influence perceptions, food intake, or knowledge. This study suggests that if nutrition education does not moderate intake, more information must be discovered to assist the adolescent pregnant girl.
The City: Centre of Economic Reflexivity

Each of the four main theories developed in recent years to explain contemporary urbanisation - the ‘global city’, the ‘world city’, the ‘informational city’ and the ‘post-fordist city’ - has important theoretical and empirical lacunae. Instead, the raison d’etre of the city in an economy increasingly liberated from the frictions of distance is as a centre of economic activity which relies on reflexive human action. The activities which can be defined as reflexive cut across the normal categories of activity ascribed to cities (services, informational, high technology, advanced services), including parts of these activities and parts of other sectors. This analysis calls for new categories of analysis and measurement of contemporary urbanisation.
Hidden symmetries of the Kerr metric and Goldstone’s theorem

Perturbations of the Kerr metric admit a spectrum of massless excitations, which we interpret as Goldstone modes coming from the metric’s broken spherical symmetry. The zero-frequency mode is related to the conformal Yano–Killing tensor which encodes Carter’s constant and the Killing vectors of the spacetime. The modes are described by a conformal field theory, which becomes two-dimensional Liouville theory in the near-horizon limit. Directly counting the quantum microstates of this theory reproduces the Bekenstein–Hawking area law.
Antibiotic treatment of community acquired bacterial meningitis

Community acquired meningitis is predominantly caused by three agents: Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis Four physical properties of available drugs--molecular size, protein binding, lipid solubility and ionization--affect drug entry to the central nervous system (CNS). These factors, coupled with acute changes in blood-brain barriers and intrinsic bactericidal activity, have a bearing on the success of treatment with all agents. Third generation cephalosporins have largely supplanted older regimens due to their intrinsic qualities of greater bactericidal activity, optimal cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics, and low toxicity. The pharmacological principles of treatment of CNS bacterial infections, pharmacology of available drugs, and current treatment recommendations are reviewed.