cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of Raman and pyrometry dynamic temperature measurements of shocked cyclohexane

Optical pyrometry is a well-developed, broadly applicable method to determine temperature in dynamic compression experiments. However, it measures radiation from only the skin depth of the radiant material, is highly susceptible to spurious backgrounds, and requires an often-unmeasurable free parameter—the sample dynamic emissivity. Raman spectroscopy offers a method to determine temperature directly from fundamental theory, but it is practically limited in applications to a small subset of shock experiments. In this work, we describe an experiment allowing simultaneous application of Raman and pyrometric temperature techniques to benchmark a specific instance of pyrometry. We attempted both measurements on multiple experiments and compare the successful temperature results between the separate but highly repeatable shots. We find that dynamic shock temperatures inferred from Raman spectroscopy and pyrometry generally agree within the uncertainties of each measurement, although those uncertainties are larger than typical for a specially designed pyrometry experiment on a shocked metal sample.
Zoning by a Thousand Cuts: The Prevalence and Nature of Incremental Regulatory Constraints on Housing

For a century, zoning—the local-government regulation of land use, structures, and lots through the assignment of lots to distinctly regulated districts—has dictated how and where we live. As zoning enters its second century, there is a strong drumbeat for reform. Reformers have most explicitly targeted the elimination of single-family zoning, pointing to research showing that single-family zoning drives up development costs, degrades the environment, and makes communities too homogenous. While these negative effects are real, simply lifting bans on multi-family housing may not actually create more housing options, because zoning is far more complex than the number-of-units measure alone. Process requirements like mandatory public hearings and substantive requirements involving lot configuration, building size, and occupancy, among other things, play a significant role in determining whether and what residential development occurs. Understanding how all of these aspects of zoning codes affect the supply of housing is needed to truly understand what to advocate for. Yet high-quality, reliable data that could drive activism in general, and the most impactful types of reform more specifically, is missing. This Article’s central claim is that our simplistic approach to zoning reform results in part from the lack of sophisticated empirical data documenting about the many hidden constraints on housing embedded in zoning codes across jurisdictions. The Article exposes how both legal scholars and economists have drawn conclusions from unreliable or incomplete data. As a result, current zoning research cannot be relied upon to inform broad policy choices at any scale. Using a dataset that overcomes the reliability and comprehensiveness flaws of prior research, this Article shows how zoning kills housing by a thousand cuts in Connecticut. Mining this dataset, then replicating it elsewhere, will help us more definitively illuminate the effects of zoning nationally. This Article closes by reinforcing calls for a national dataset tracking how zoning codes treat housing, using the Connecticut methods and data collected as a starting point. Ultimately, this Article seeks to expose the hidden levers of zoning and to encourage both scholars and reformers to document and quantify the requirements that incrementally strangle the national supply of housing.
Designing an AI Expert System

Expert systems technology, as a category of computer based artificial intelligence, offers a number of possibilities for further automation and improvements in managing office documents. Because of its potential, expert systems represent an interesting subject for study and implementation. To design and develop an expert system application is a challenge. Different expert systems are already being applied in many areas of human activity. Classification of different subject domains is one of the popular targets of expert systems. Yet, there are not many expert systems developed for office document management. In the book, "Artificial Intelligence--Programming Techniques in Basic," an elementary expert system is described as "one of the easiest computer programs to develop from a programming standpoint."(1) When developing an expert system, it is only necessary to ask a series of questions; input the answers; have a series of IF-THEN statements to eliminate any conclusions that do not fit the data provided; and print the conclusions that were not eliminated. This knowledge, combined with some skill with the QUICKBASIC programming language, coupled with the author's understanding of the scheme for classification of office documents in the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), gave impetus to the project. It was named a Classification of Office Documents Expert System, abbreviated as CLOD-X. The project became more than just a design and development of a single application. It became a means to learn and understand expert systems technology as a category of artificial intelligence. It also became a gateway to the exploration of possibilities for wider use of what expert systems can offer to records and document management within the contemporary office environment.
Two-dimensional MoS2 2H, 1T, and 1T' crystalline phases with incorporated adatoms: theoretical investigation of electronic and optical properties.

Although there has been progress in studying the electronic and optical properties of monolayer and near-monolayer (two-dimensional, 2D) MoS2 upon adatom adsorption and intercalation, understanding the underlying atomic-level behavior is lacking, particularly as related to the optical response. Alkali atom intercalation in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is relevant to chemical exfoliation methods that are expected to enable large scale production. In this work, focusing on prototypical 2D MoS2, the adsorption and intercalation of Li, Na, K, and Ca adatoms were investigated for the 2H, 1T, and 1T′ phases of the TMD by the first principles density functional theory in comparison to experimental characterization of 2H and 1T 2D MoS2 films. Our electronic structure calculations demonstrate significant charge transfer, influencing work function reductions of 1–1.5 eV. Furthermore, electrical conductivity calculations confirm the semiconducting versus metallic behavior. Calculations of the optical spectra, including excitonic effects using a many-body theoretical approach, indicate enhancement of the optical transmission upon phase change. Encouragingly, this is corroborated, in part, by the experimental measurements for the 2H and 1T phases having semiconducting and metallic behavior, respectively, thus motivating further experimental exploration. Overall, our calculations emphasize the potential impact of synthesis-relevant adatom incorporation in 2D MoS2 on the electronic and optical responses that comprise important considerations toward the development of devices such as photodetectors or the miniaturization of electroabsorption modulator components.
Low-Temperature Limits of Microbial Growth and Metabolism

Depending on wind speed and direction, microbes are swept up from diverse terrestrial and oceanic environments and blown onto glacial ice. The activation energy for survival metabolism turns out to be ~110 kJ, but with an ~106-fold smaller preexponential factor than for unlimited growth. The arrival rates of bacteria and nonmicrobial dust blown from African desert sources to an air collector on Barbados showed similar patterns of seasonal and daily. In seeking to interpret the rapid decrease in fluorescence intensities of tryptophan (Trp) in the top 120 m of ice and the flattening of intensity values at greater depth, researchers carried out ground-truth measurements of cell concentrations in ice from several sites in Antarctica and Greenland. The main conclusion is that the depth dependence of cell concentration seen with epifluorescence microscopy is far weaker than the ~20-fold decrease with depth of the chlorophyll (Chl) and Trp fluorescence shown. The weak decrease in microbial concentration with depth suggests that both psychrophiles and nonpsychrophiles are equally able to adapt to the lower temperatures, lower nutrient availability, and immobility in ice than in oceans and soil. By using new techniques of single-cell genomics, it should be possible to track changes in their genome as a function of depth in the ice and thus to infer their mutation rates in the ocean before they reached the ice.
Reading Images Critically: Toward a Postmodern Pedagogy.

Modernity is interpreted as both the best and worst of things. It has been characterized in terms of progressive advances over premodern, or traditional, societies, and as a motor of innovation, creativity, change, and progress. Modernity has been identified with individuality, enlightenment, science and technology, the industrial and political revolutions, and thus with democracy and freedom (Berman, 1982; Cahoone, 1988; Habermas, 1987; Kolb, 1986). More negative postmodern critiques, however, associate modernity with repression, homogeneity, and a totalitarian domination which has epistemological, sexual, political, and cultural dimensions. Postmodern theorists, such as Jean Baudrillard, Jean-Francois Lyotard, Arthur Kroker, and David Cook, claim that we have left modernity behind for a new postmodern condition or scene. An extreme version of postmodern theory (Baudrillard, Kroker/Cook) claims that postmodernity constitutes a fundamental break or rupture in history which forms an entirely new society, while Lyotard, Michel Foucault, and others simply recommend new ways of knowing, doing, and being which Lyotard characterizes as postmodern knowledge, or a "postmodern condition."1 These theorists recommend postmodern positions over modern ones and thus positively valorize the discourse of the postmodern, while it is presented in more negative terms and images in the pessimistic writings of Baudrillard and some of his followers.
The interaction of gestational and postnatal ethanol experience on the adolescent and adult odor-mediated responses to ethanol in observer and demonstrator rats.

Background: Gestational ethanol exposure enhances the adolescent reflexive sniffing response to ethanol odor. Postnatal exposures of naive animals as either an observer (i.e., conspecific) or demonstrator (i.e., intoxicated peer) using a social transmission of food odor preference paradigm also yields enhanced odor-mediated responses. Studies on the interaction of fetal and postnatal exposures using the social transmission paradigm have been limited to the responses of observers. When combined, the enhanced response is greater than either form of exposure alone and, in observer females, yields adult persistence. The absence of a male effect is noteworthy, given that chemosensory mechanisms are suggested to be an important antecedent factor in the progression of ethanol preference. Observers gain odor information on the breath of the demonstrator through social interaction. Demonstrators experience the pharmacologic properties of ethanol along with retronasal and hematogenic olfaction. Thus, we tested whether augmentation of the fetal ethanol-induced behavioral response with postnatal exposure as a demonstrator differed from that as an observer. We also examined whether re-exposure as a demonstrator yields persistence in both sexes. Methods: Pregnant dams were fed an ethanol containing or control liquid diet throughout gestation. Progeny received four ethanol or water exposures: one every 48 hours through either intragastric infusion or social interaction with the infused peer beginning on P29. The reflexive behavioral sniffing response to ethanol odor was tested at postnatal (P) day 37 or P90, using whole-body plethysmography. Results: When tested in either adolescence or adulthood - fetal ethanol exposed adolescent ethanol observers and demonstrators significantly differed in their odor-mediated response to ethanol odor both between themselves and from their respective water controls. Nonetheless, adolescent ethanol re-exposure as a demonstrator, like an observer, enhanced the reflexive sniffing response to ethanol odor at both testing ages by augmenting the known effects of prior fetal ethanol experience. At each age, the magnitude of the enhanced odor response in demonstrators was similar to that of observers. Interestingly, only re-exposure as a demonstrator resulted in persistence of the behavioral response into adulthood in both sexes. Conclusions: The method of ethanol re-exposure plays an important role in prolonging the odor-mediated effects of fetal exposure. While ethanol odor-specific exposure through social interaction is important, additional factors such as the pairing of retronasal and hematogenic olfaction with ethanol’s intoxicating properties appear necessary to achieve persistence in both sexes.
The Credibility of Accounting Classification: Determinants and Consequences

In this study we report the results of a laboratory experiment in which we examine whether the credibility of management's balance-sheet classification of hybrid securities as liabilities or equity is a joint function of (1) the level of classification discretion in the reporting environment, (2) whether management's classification choice is consistent or inconsistent with reporting incentives, and (3) management's reporting reputation. Our results suggest that when classification is mandated, credibility is unrelated to management's reporting reputation and whether management's classification choice is consistent or inconsistent with incentives. When classification is discretionary, financial report users consider management's classification choice more credible when it is inconsistent with incentives. Users are sensitive to management's reporting reputation only when classification is discretionary and management's classification choice is consistent with incentives. We also find that the association between the credibility of management's classification choice and user assessments of financial performance depends upon whether the classification is consistent or inconsistent with incentives. Finally, our results suggest that a good reporting reputation leads to higher financial performance assessments in both mandated and discretionary reporting environments. Implications, limitations, and future research are also discussed.
Three Decades of Satellite Oceanography: The View From on High

ABSTRACT The evolution of satellite oceanography is presented from an American perspective spanning the time from the first glimmerings that information on the sea might be derived from space, and going on through the third generation of satellites designed specifically for observations of the ocean. Examples of the historical data are given and are compared with their recent equivalents. It has now been over 30 years since the first steps in the U.S. were taken toward developing the capability to observe the oceans from space. Much has been accomplished during that time, more in fact than even the visionaries of the 1960s could have foreseen. Going on the advice that he who studies not history will be forced to relive it, a short description of the genesis of satellite oceanography is given. It is easy to claim that the results achieved were essentially the inexorable consequence of the march of technology, but this view gives short shrift to many innovative developments made during the space program. The perspective is distinctly American, since until recently, Soviet space programs were relatively well insulated from outside examination. A history of satellite oceanography in the former USSR would be of considerable interest. The narrative is mainly personal and incomplete, since the time needed to prepare a comprehensive review of the subject is prohibitive, and no single individual could have been aware of all of the developments that have led us to the present state. Nevertheless, it is told from the standpoint of someone who, while not Present at the Creation, was an active participant in many of the early phases of satellite oceanography, especially the development of spacecraft carrying active microwave sensors.
Oxygen-independent antimicrobial mechanisms of pmn

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the categories of polypeptides/proteins with antimicrobial properties that are recognized as constituents of phagocytes. While the focus is on the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) that among the professional phagocytes are the most prominent source of these antimicrobial polypeptides, it is now clear that many epithelia also produce similar agents that may contribute to their role as barriers against microbial invaders. The isolation and characterization during the past two decades of many other cytotoxic proteins and peptides from phagocytes, mainly the PMN, has given rise to new concepts of host-defense against infectious agents. The description and classification of these polypeptides rests on their molecular properties, their location within the cell and the spectrum of their cytotoxic activities. The order of presentation of the various categories is inevitably arbitrary. In this chapter the order is based on what is known about the cytoplasmic granules of the PMN, the intracellular sites where most of the antimicrobial polypeptides are stored. Much has been learned about the assembly of these intracellular organelles during myeloid differentiation. Progress is also being made in the analysis of their contents and the roles these constituents play in cellular and extracellular events during various forms of inflammation.
The Effect of pH and Nitrite Concentration from Celery Juice Concentrate in Ham Slices on the Antimicrobial Impact and Ham Quality Effects of Celery Juice Concentrate Compared with Conventional Sodium Nitrite

The impact of pH and nitrite from celery juice concentrate (CJ) on the growth of L. monocytogenes on ham slices, and quality attributes of the ham were evaluated. The pH of the ham was increased by addition of CJ. The CJ treatments at both 100 and 200 mg/kg of nitrite resulted in growth of L. monocytogenes (p>0.05) similar to that of conventional nitrite at the same concentrations. Reducing the pH of CJ before addition to the ham had greater impact on L. monocytogenes growth at 200 mg/kg nitrite than at 100 mg/kg. Consequently, celery juice concentrate can increase meat product pH which has implications for the antimicrobial impact of nitrite in some products.
A simple, rapid, inexpensive assay for toxic chemicals using a bacterial indicator

Abstract A simple test for toxic chemicals has been developed. Rhizobium meliloti is combined with the toxic chemical. A tetrazolium dye, MTT (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl] 2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) is added. The bacterium reduces this dye causing the optical absorbance to increase dramatically. The increase can be determined with a simple spectrophotometer. Toxic chemicals and minerals inhibit the reduction of the dye. Presumably the dye serves as a terminal electron acceptor for electron transport. Toxic substances presumably damage the electron transport system. The assay compares favorably with published results of tests using the Microtox TM and Polytox TM assays, two methods using microbial indicators that are available commercially. This assay, using R. meliloti , offers another method to determine the toxicity of compounds, a method that is simple, rapid, and inexpensive. It requires no special equipment. Personnel need no special training. It should be possible to use this assay in a third world situation.
A Psycholinguistic Model of Syntactic Complexity

Previously developed psycholinguistic notions of syntactic complexity, involving depth, degree of nesting and node/terminal node ratio are reviewed. The authors' own system, based on transformational generative grammar, is presented. This system employs a quantitative unit measurement based on the fundamental logical operations underlying phrase- and transformation-rules. Each rule is thus seen to comprise a given number of units, and any English sentence can be quantitatively " measured " in this way. Evidence is cited to support the contentions (1) that this system provides hypotheses which have been testable in experimental language performance tasks and (2) that it comes closer to common-sense notions of complexity than the three other approaches. Problems germane to both theoretical foundations and practical application of the system are listed and discussed. These include the total number of transformations, usage, depth, degree of nesting, non-syntactic variables and the question of linearity.
Mechanotransduction in primary human osteoarthritic chondrocytes is mediated by metabolism of energy, lipids, and amino acids

Chondrocytes are the sole cell type found in articular cartilage and are repeatedly subjected to mechanical loading in vivo. We hypothesized that physiological dynamic compression results in changes in energy metabolism to produce proteins for maintenance of the pericellular and extracellular matrices. The objective of this study was to develop an in-depth understanding for the short term (<30min) chondrocyte response to sub-injurious, physiological compression by analyzing metabolomic profiles for human chondrocytes harvested from femoral heads of osteoarthritic donors. Cell-seeded agarose constructs were randomly assigned to experimental groups, and dynamic compression was applied for 0, 15, or 30min. Following dynamic compression, metabolites were extracted and detected by HPLC-MS. Untargeted analyzes examined changes in global metabolomics profiles and targeted analysis examined the expression of specific metabolites related to central energy metabolism. We identified hundreds of metabolites that were regulated by applied compression, and we report the detection of 16 molecules not found in existing metabolite databases. We observed patient-specific mechanotransduction with aging dependence. Targeted studies found a transient increase in the ratio of NADP+ to NADPH and an initial decrease in the ratio of GDP to GTP, suggesting a flux of energy into the TCA cycle. By characterizing metabolomics profiles of primary chondrocytes in response to applied dynamic compression, this study provides insight into how OA chondrocytes respond to mechanical load. These results are consistent with increases in glycolytic energy utilization by mechanically induced signaling, and add substantial new data to a complex picture of how chondrocytes transduce mechanical loads.
ADAPTIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEAF WATER REPELLENCY, STOMATAL DISTRIBUTION, AND GAS EXCHANGE

Although numerous studies have considered the functional significance of the terrestrial plant leaf surface, the importance of water repulsion for enhancing photosynthetic carbon uptake (CO,) has not been recognized and appears to involve an array of structural adaptations. The large majority of species tested had leaf surfaces that repelled water to such an extent that varying degrees of water-bead formation occurred. On more wettable leaves, the formation of a water surface film (dewfall) severely curtailed photosynthetic CO, uptake in the field, most likely because CO, diffuses 104 times slower in water than air. Water bead formation not only enabled maintenance of high photosynthetic rates but also increased water use efficiency several fold. In 3 of 5 species tested in the field, water bead formation after artificial wetting resulted in greater stomatal opening and increases in photosynthesis of up to 34%. The most nonwettable leaf surface on a given leaf also had all or the majority of the leaf's stomata in 50 of the 57 species tested, indicating a potentially strong adaptive relationship between leaf surface wettability, stomatal occurrence, and photosynthetic performance. MOST GEOGRAPHIC locations experience some form of predictable precipitation that wets terrestrial plant leaves for substantial periods. This precipitation may come as rainfall, dew, ground fog, or cloud mist. Although there are numerous studies considering the importance of leaf surface wetness to pathogen invasion and chemical exchange (Martin and Juniper, 1970; Blakeman, 1980; Juniper and Jeffree, 1983), plus a continuing interest in the possibility of
Stock market volatility and regime shifts in returns

Abstract This paper relates variation in stock market volatility to regime shifts in stock market returns. We apply a Markov switching model to market returns and examine the variation in volatility in different return regimes. We find that stock returns are best characterized by a model containing six regimes with significantly different volatility across the regimes. Volatility is higher when returns are either above or below the normal regime—the further returns deviate from the normal regime, the higher the volatility. Furthermore, volatility is higher in negative return regimes than in positive return regimes. These observations lead us to conclude that return and volatility are related nonlinearly and that the relationship is asymmetric.
The Relationship Between Anticipation and Consistency of Stuttered Words

A group of 30 stutterers read a passage aloud five times. Prior to the oral reading task each subject rated, on a five-point scale, his expectation of stuttering for each word. Analysis of the data...
Incorporating bicycle and pedestrian topics in university transportation courses: a national scan.

The focus on context-sensitive design in roadway planning, increased support for addressing public health objectives through transportation and land use planning, and concerns about oil dependence and global warming are growing. Combined, these factors have raised expectations for transportation engineering and planning practitioners to possess more knowledge and skills related to pedestrian and bicycle planning and design. This demand requires more education on these topics. This paper reports on the findings of a survey of 86 university faculty members about the inclusion of bicycle and pedestrian topics in their transportation courses. Of the 134 transportation courses taught by respondents, 59% included bicycle or pedestrian topics, or both. However, because of potential response bias, the findings might be an optimistic assessment of the coverage of bicycle and pedestrian topics in current curricula. Just over half (52%) of the civil engineering courses included only 1 to 2 h of class time on the topics, whereas all of the courses in planning programs offered at least 3 h on the topics. The topics covered most often were pedestrian safety, pedestrian and bicycle planning, and pedestrian and bicycle facility design. At least 43% of the faculty were interested in course materials on pedestrian and bicycle topics that they could incorporate into existing courses. PowerPoint and lecture materials were the most commonly requested types of materials.
Elderly pain assessment and pain management knowledge of long-term care nurses

The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge base of long-term care nurses regarding pain assessment and management in the elderly. Three specific themes related to long-term care nurses were investigated: personal beliefs regarding patients' self-reports of pain, documentation of patients' self-reports of pain, and choice of pain medication and dose. Eighty-nine long-term care nurses, from 6 rural counties in California, responded to a questionnaire that consisted of 2 patient scenarios. The scenarios portrayed 1 patient as smiling and showing no objective signs of pain and the other patient as grimacing. Three questions followed up the scenarios related to elder pain assessment and management. Nurses were asked to indicate their pain assessment on a 0 to 10 scale and to choose the correct pain medication and dose. Frequencies and means were used to analyze demographic data; frequencies, t tests, and chi 2 testing compared nurse responses with the different questions. Results indicated that nurses were more likely to believe and document the grimacing patient's self-report of pain than the smiling patient. Older nurses with more experience were less likely to believe or document their patient's self-report of pain than younger nurses with fewer years of experience. Less than half of the nurses would increase the analgesic dose for either patient scenario. Nursing implications include the importance of ongoing pain assessment and management education tailored to the geriatric population and long-term care.
Dynamic programming solution to distributed storage operation and design

Energy storage provides an important way to average temporal variability of intermittent energy generation. Grid level distributed storage enables additional spatial averaging effect by sending stored energy through the network. However, the problem of optimal storage operation in the network, coupling storage and network constraints with randomness of renewable generation, is challenging. An efficient solution method to this problem based on dynamic programming is presented in this paper. This approach also leads to analytical expressions for the expected system cost and the optimal control parametrized by dual variables, which can be computed by solving a simple deterministic convex program. These analytical expressions simplify tasks such as network storage system design. The approach is illustrated with numerical examples.
Optimal speedup for backtrack search on a butterfly network

We present a generic algorithm for implementing backtrack search on anN processor butterfly network. For a backtrack search tree havingM nodes the heighth, our algorithm requires timeO(M/N +h) with high probability. This is optimal and is obtained without making assumptions about the shape of the tree being searched.
Concurrent phencyclidine and saccharin access: presentation of an alternative reinforcer reduces drug intake.

Abstract Six monkeys self-administered orally delivered phencyclidine ("angel dust") and saccharin under concurrent fixed-ratio 16 schedules during daily three-hour sessions. Liquid deliveries were contingent upon lip-contact responses on solenoid-operated drinking spouts. Three saccharin concentrations (0.003%, 0.03% and 0.3%, wt/vol) were tested in a nonsystematic order. For each saccharin concentration, the following series of phencyclidine concentrations (mg/ml) was presented: 0.25, 0.5, 1, 0.25 (retest), 0.125, 0.0625, 0.0312, 0.25 (retest) and 0 (water with stimuli signaling phencyclidine). As the saccharin concentration increased, the number of drug deliveries decreased, and the peaks of the concentration-response functions were shifted to the right. The lowest saccharin concentration (0.003%, wt/vol) maintained responding in excess of phencyclidine levels in only one monkey. The two higher saccharin concentrations maintained behavior far in excess of phencyclidine, but saccharin deliveries decreased in some monkeys as phencyclidine concentration and intake (mg/kg) increased. The time course and patterns of phencyclidine-reinforced responding were also altered when saccharin was concurrently available. The results are discussed in terms of strategies to reduce drug-reinforced behavior, preference between different reinforcers, and measures of reinforcing efficacy.
A comparison of dream content in laboratory dream reports of schizophrenic and depressive patient groups

Abstract We have been attracted to studying the dream for two different but interrelated reasons. In the usual clinical tradition, we have been drawn to study the dream for the insights it may provide into the personality of the dreamer. From a more theoretical point of view, we have been interested in the psychology of dreaming, especially in searching for evidence of a possible function that dreaming serves. We have pursued a series of studies of dream reports of schizophrenic and depressed patients both for the contribution they could make to our understanding of the personality of the dreamer and to elucidate possible functions of the dream. In a study of the spontaneously recalled dream reports of depressed, schizophrenic, and medical patients, we were able to distinguish among them based on the systematic analysis of the content of their dream reports. 1 The content differences, such as the most frequent character in the depressed being a family member, in the schizophrenic a stranger, and in the medical patient a friend, did indeed provide potentially valuable insights into the personality of the dreamer. In our studies of collected dream reports (REM dreams from the laboratory) of schizophrenic 2 and depressed patients 3 before treatment and after significant improvement, we were able to show content differences which suggested that the collected dream report was reflective of the current emotional state of the patient. This supports the possibility that the dream may play some adaptational role in the psychic economy of the patient. The current report, which compares the content of REM-dream reports of depressed and schizophrenic patients, addresses itself both to the clinical problem, i.e., the light that dream reports may shed on the personality of depressed and schizophrenic patients, and to the psychology of dreaming, i.e., the possible functional significance of the dream.
Diffusion of distance education in Turkish higher education

In this paper, Rogers's diffusion theory was used to analyze the acceptance and implementation of the innovation of distance education in higher education in Turkey. Distance education was not successfully adopted between 1970 and 1980 in Turkey because of organizational problems. Distance education was effectively and efficiently diffused in Turkey after 1982. Thousands of students today earn university diplomas studying at a distance. On the other hand, problems of organization, technology, and perceptions remain to be addressed. It is to be hoped that in the future the OEF will be independent or have more autonomy. This will help it deliver instruction to its students.
Alternative Perspectives on Late Industrialization in East Asia: A Critical Survey

Abstract This paper evaluates the five most popular analytical approaches to the East Asian “miracle” economies: neoliberal, structural-institutional, “flying geese,” Greater China, and dependency perspectives. Distinguishing between national and regional development visions, we specify the key forces that each approach sees driving industrialization and growth, as well as the most likely barriers each sees to continued growth and development in East Asia. In pointing out the main analytical shortcomings of the five perspectives in light of the East Asian crisis, we sketch some key elements of a Marxist framework capable of overcoming these difficulties in a politically useful way.
Alpha Lactose and Crystallization Rate

Abstract The effect of α - and β -lactose on crystal growth was measured by weight gain of crystal aggregates in solutions differing in alpha-beta content. Solutions were prepared from stable anhydrous alpha-lactose; the beta content was controlled by direct addition and by muta-rotation. In 5-h tests, aggregates of alpha-hydrate crystals grew more if β -lactose was present whereas for short test periods (5min) β -lactose made no difference. The growth of regular α -hydrate crystals depended on the amount of α -lactose in solution and was independent of the amount of beta. Growth in α -stable solutions slows rapidly because of the rapid decrease in α -lactose by mutarotation. Conversely, increased supersaturation of the solution increased the rate of crystal growth because the increased alpha was not decreased by mutarotation but was sustained. It also explains why large amounts of β -lactose in highly supersaturated solutions do not slow crystallization. Nucleation and growth of needle crystals were inhibited by β -lactose. Thus, the effect of beta on growth rate depended on the type of alpha-hydrate crystal being produced in the solution. We suggest that beta influences the type of crystal normally formed. Inhibiting the growth of the needle or prism form allows mutarotation time to reduce the amount of α -lactose, thereby reducing the crystallization pressure and allowing the more commonly observed lactose crystal types to develop.
Impact of the Diurnal Cycle of Solar Radiation on Intraseasonal SST Variability in the Western Equatorial Pacific

Abstract The mechanism by which the diurnal cycle of solar radiation modulates intraseasonal SST variability in the western Pacific warm pool is investigated using a one-dimensional mixed layer model. SSTs in the model experiments forced with hourly surface fluxes during the calm–sunny phase of intraseasonal oscillation are significantly warmer than those with daily mean surface fluxes. The difference in two experiments is explained by upper-ocean mixing processes during nighttime. Surface warming during daytime creates a shallow diurnal warm layer near the surface (0–3 m), which can be easily eroded by surface cooling during nighttime. Further cooling, however, requires a substantial amount of energy because deeper waters need to be entrained into the mixed layer. Since the shallow diurnal layer is not formed in the experiment with daily mean surface fluxes, the SST for the hourly forcing case is warmer most of the time due to the diurnally varying solar radiation. Sensitivity of the intraseasonal SST va...
An assessment of access and use rights for licensed scholarly digital resources

This research in progress investigates how what types of technological protection measures are being used on collections of licensed scholarly resources. It seeks to ascertain the range and variation in access and rights restrictions, and whether observed restrictions were described in acceptable use statements and resource licenses.
Granular media filtration : old process, new thoughts

The design of granular media filters has evolved over many years so that modern filters have larger media sizes and higher filtration velocities than in earlier times. The fundamental understanding of filtration has also improved over time, with current models that account reasonably for all characteristics of the media, the suspension and the filter operation. The methodology for design, however, has not kept pace with these improvements; current designs are based on pilot plants, past experience, or a simple guideline (the ratio of the bed depth to media grain size). We propose that design should be based universally on a characteristic removal length, with the provision of a bed depth that is some multiple of that characteristic length. This characteristic removal length is calculated using the most recent (and most complete) fundamental model and is based on the particle size with the minimum removal efficiency in a filter. The multiple of the characteristic length that yields the required bed depth has been calibrated to existing, successful filters.
Lack of Effect of Estrogen on Rest and Treadmill Exercise in Postmenopausal Women Without Known Cardiac Disease

To assess the peripheral vascular effects of estrogen in women without coronary disease, normal postmenopausal women (mean age 56 +/- 8 years) participated in a randomized, crossover trial using treadmill exercise echocardiography, and received oral conjugated estrogen, 0.625 mg/day or underwent a drug-free period. There was no significant effect on heart rate, blood pressure, double product, left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters, or electrocardiographic measures after estrogen. In contrast to the profound effects reported in patients with cardiac disease, oral estrogen in normal women does not bestow significant benefit on treadmill exercise echocardiographic variables at rest or during modest levels of exercise.
Progress on large-area polarization grating fabrication

Over the last several years, we have pioneered liquid crystal polarization gratings (PGs), in both switchable and polymer versions. We have also introduced their use in many applications, including mechanical/non-mechanical laser beam steering and polarization imaging/sensing. Until now, conventional holographic congurations were used to create PGs where the diameter of the active area was limited to 1-2 inches. In this paper, we discuss a new holography setup to fabricate large area PGs using spherical waves as the diverging coherent beams. Various design parameters of this setup are examined for impact on the quality of the recorded PG profile. Using this setup, we demonstrate a large area polymer PG with approximately 66 inch square area, and present detailed characterization.
Investigating the relative effects of persons, items, sections, and languages on TOEIC score dependability

This study applied generalizability theory to investigate the contributions of persons, items, sections, and language backgrounds to the score dependability of the Test of English for International...
Cost-utility analysis of biologic treatments for moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease.

tudy Objective To compare the cost versus utility of four guideline-recommended biologic treatments—infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, and natalizumab—for the treatment of Crohn's disease from a United States payer perspective. Design Cost-utility decision analytic model using a Monte Carlo simulation of 10,000 cases. Data Source Published primary and tertiary literature. Patients Patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease, as categorized by the Crohn's Disease Activity Index, that failed to respond to standard therapy and who were treatment naive to biologics. Measurements and Main Results The decision analytic model base case was a 35-year-old patient weighing 70 kg with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease. Therapeutic efficacy data were obtained from published clinical trials. Online prescription drug, hospitalization data, and Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to estimate cost. Utility measures were estimated using published data obtained from patients with Crohn's disease. The time end point used for the model was 54 weeks. The analysis demonstrated considerable overlap in quality-adjusted life years gained with the four agents (i.e., mean values across four treatments 0.79‒0.80). Although infliximab had the lowest median cost, there was overlap in the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) compared with the other three biologic products: mean (95% CI) cost for infliximab $22,663 ($19,105‒26,433), adalimumab $27,515 ($23,796‒31,584), certolizumab pegol $29,062 ($24,952‒33,882), and natalizumab $31,166 ($25,915‒37,195). However, the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve demonstrated that infliximab had the most scenarios (95.2%) when it was the most cost-effective biologic therapy using a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/quality-adjusted life years gained. Conclusion Patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease that failed to respond to standard treatment should preferentially receive infliximab as their initial biologic treatment, since this agent had the highest probability of being the most cost-effective therapy compared with the other biologic treatment options.
SU‐FF‐I‐85: Optimization of Image Quality and Minimization of Radiation Dose for Chest Computed Radiography

Purpose: To investigate the effects of x‐ray exposure parameters and added beam filtration on patient dose and image quality for optimization of chest computed radiography(CR). Method and Materials: A chest x‐ray phantom (CardinalHealth Model 76‐211) was used to simulate a patient of standard size. To achieve a small or a large patient size, one sheet of 25‐mm acrylic was removed or added, respectively. Pre‐ and post‐patient x‐ray spectra were measured using a CdTe x‐ray spectrometer at various exposure conditions and added filters. kVp stations of 80, 100, and 120 were selected. An Al plate of 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mm or a Cu plate of 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mm was placed at the tube exit window for each exposure setting. Patient entrance exposure was measured using a Radcal ion chamber under automatic exposure control at each exposure condition. Corresponding CRimages were acquired at above conditions using a contrast‐detail phantom (CDRAD) placed between acrylic plates of the chest phantom for evaluating image quality. The same protocol for processing of CRimage plate was used throughout. Both printed films and digital images were archived. Reading sessions were conducted to interpret the 72 CRimages. Results: CDRAD images were ranked based on image quality. Corresponding patient dose and x‐ray spectrum were analyzed. Beam effective energy and spectrum information were evaluated. Optimal imaging condition was determined. In general, with increased beam filtration and effective energy, image quality decreased with dose saving as expected. However, at certain conditions of patient size, filtration, and kVp, image quality actually appeared improved with reduced or comparable patient dose. Conclusion: Proper use of pre‐patient filtration can improve CR chest image quality while maintaining or reducing patient dose at carefully selected kVp setting for a patient. Optional filters should be made available for digital chest radiography.
Preparation and properties of poly(ethylene oxide) star polymers

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) star polymers were prepared by anionic polymerization of methacryloyl chloride and glyceryl trimethacrylate with sec-butyllithium in cyclohexane. The ensuing polymers were grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) of molecular weight 400. The final product was washed with methylene chloride and analyzed with infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry. Star polymers of PEO were also prepared by anionic polymerization of glycidol with sec-butyllithium in cyclohexane. The initiator was chosen so as to yield a polymer of 10,000 molecular weight. The resulting polymers were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 322–327, 2003
Resource allocation under uncertainty

Rarely is the informational data required for the analysis of resource allocation decisions known with precision; uncertainty in such data is the rule, and not the exception. The conventional approach relying on data averaging, even when coupled with sensitivity analysis, limits the insights obtainable. Concepts of decision analysis under uncertainty are applied here to a controllable, Markov resource-allocative model. Proper application of these concepts provide the preferred framework for resolving informational data uncertainties.
Thrombopoietin signal transduction: studies from cell lines and primary cells

Thrombopoietin (TPO) and its receptor Mpl support all of the developmental step necessary for megakaryocytopoiesis. In the past few years, the signaling pathways utilized by this member of the cytokine receptor family have been extensively studied, especially JAK/STAT, Ras/MAP kinase, Shc, and other adapter molecules. Many if not most of the secondary signaling pathways activated by thrombopoietin have also been identified upon binding of other hematopoietic growth factors to their cognate receptors, making the study of Mpl signaling representative of the field in general. However, identifying unique molecules or combinations of signals that direct megakaryocyte development has been an elusive goal and has led some investigators to conclude that there is little specificity during Mpl signal transduction. In this article we review the data regarding Mpl signaling with particular attention to the methods employed and critical interpretation of the data generated. Future studies will have to focus on primary bone marrow cells and intact animal models rather than transformed cell lines. Furthermore, it is likely that a comprehensive, integrative analysis of the many pathways activated by ligand binding will be necessary to understand the physiology of cytokine signaling.
Quantitative cerebral blood flow measurement of ischemic stroke in mice with Multi Exposure Speckle Imaging

We show that changes in cerebral blood flow can be accurately estimated using the new Multi Exposure Speckle Imaging instrument. We also show that these estimates are unaffected by the presence of thin skull.