cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast Velocity Analysis By Wavepath Migration: a 2-D Field Data Example

Iterative migration velocity analysis is computationally expensive, where most of the computation time is used for generating prestack depth images. By using a reduced form of Kirchhoff migration (KM), denoted as wavepath migration (WM), we can significantly speed up the depth imaging process, and reduce the entire velocity analysis expense accordingly. Our results with 2-D field data show that wavepath migration velocity analysis (WMVA) can efficiently improve the velocity model, and the WMVA updated velocity correlates well with that from the Kirchhoff migration velocity analysis (KMVA). The CPU comparison shows that, for a 2-D marine data set, WMVA is 6 times faster than KMVA. This efficiency should be even greater for 3-D data.
Magnetization in MSMA: 2D modeling and experimental characterization

Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys (MSMAs) are a type of smart material that exhibit a large amount of recoverable strain when subjected to an applied compressive stress in the presence of a magnetic field or an applied magnetic field in the presence of a compressive stress. These macroscopic recoverable strains are the result of the reorientation of tetragonal martensite variants. Potential applications for MSMAs include power harvesters, sensors, and actuators. For these applications, the stress is assumed to be applied only in the axial direction, and the magnetic field is assumed to be applied only in the transverse direction. To realize the full potential of MSMA and optimize designs, a mathematical model that can predict the material response under all potential loading conditions is needed. Keifer and Lagoudas [1, 2] developed a phenomenological model that characterizes the response of the MSMA to axial compressive stress and transversely applied magnetic field based on thermodynamic principles. In this paper, a similar thermodynamic framework is used. However, a simpler hardening function is proposed based on the observation that the reorientation phenomenon is the same in both forward and reverse loading, as well as under both magnetic and mechanical loading. The magnetic domains are redefined to more accurately reflect the magnetic field measured experimentally [3]. This revised model is shown to adequately predict the magneto-mechanical response of the MSMA in 2D loading, i.e. axial compressive stress and transversely applied magnetic field.
Pulmonary IgG4+ Rosai-Dorfman disease

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare non-malignant proliferation of histiocytes of unknown aetiology that mainly affects lymph nodes. Here we report a case of RDD that presented a diagnostic dilemma due to its atypical presentation and the overlap with IgG4 disease. Our case presented with interstitial lung involvement without lymphadenopathy. Open lung biopsy suggested the diagnosis of RDD. However, the predominant IgG4 positive plasma cells together with the absence of lymphadenopathy were not typical of RDD. Within 1 year, the patient developed diffuse lymphadenopathy and immunohistochemical staining of lymph node aspirates confirmed the diagnosis. Despite trials of corticosteroid therapy, the disease progressed.
Student “burnout” as a mediator of the stress-outcome relationship

One hundred thirty-six graduate social work students participated in a questionnaire study designed to test the mediating influence of student burnout (strain) in the impact of student-specific stress on negative consequences. Consistent with the proposed stress→strain (burnout)→outcome model, burnout was significantly related to each of three stress indicators and to two outcome measures (intention to quit school and physical and psychological symptoms). In five of six tests, thedirect stress-to-outcome relationship was small and nonsignificant, consistent with the crucial mediating role of burnout. Contrary to previous model tests involving parenting, work, and student stress, there was only very limited evidence for a buffering influence of social support. Implications were drawn for stress theory and for policy focusing on assessment of student burnout and benefits arising from its alleviation.
Restricted Omniscience and Ways of Knowing

Recently, several philosophers have moved from a classical account of divine omniscience according to which God knows all truths to a restricted account of divine omniscience according to which God knows all knowable truths. But an important objection offered by Alexander Pruss threatens to show that if God knows all knowable truths, God must also know all truths. In this paper, I show that there is a way out of Pruss’s objection for the advocate of restricted omniscience if she will define her view in terms of ways of knowing rather than in terms of logical possibilities.
Designing messages with high sensation value: when activation meets reactance.

Objective: Based on two theoretical models – activation model of information exposure and psychological reactance theory – this study examined the individual and combined effects of message sensation value (MSV) and controlling language on young adults’ information processing.Method: Two experimental studies on anti-drunken driving and anti-smoking public service announcements were conducted that were conceptual replications of one another. The measures included perceived threat to freedom, sensation seeking, perceived ad effectiveness and state reactance (anger).Results: Across the two studies, MSV was found to advance the perceived ad effectiveness, and controlling language contributed to anger. A consistent interaction was revealed, such that participants responded positively to the high sensation value messages when presented with low controlling language. The effect of high sensation value anti-smoking ads to advance persuasiveness particularly under the condition of low controlling language was more...
Trimers, molecules, and polarons in mass-imbalanced atomic Fermi gases.

We consider the ground state of a single ``spin-down'' impurity atom interacting attractively with a ``spin-up'' atomic Fermi gas. By constructing variational wave functions for polarons, molecules, and trimers, we perform a detailed study of the transitions between these dressed bound states as a function of mass ratio $r={m}_{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}/{m}_{\ensuremath{\downarrow}}$ and interaction strength. Crucially, we find that the presence of a Fermi sea enhances the stability of the $p$-wave trimer, which can be viewed as a Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov molecule that has bound an additional majority atom. For sufficiently large $r$, we find that the transitions lie outside the region of phase separation of the imbalanced Fermi gas and should thus be observable in experiment, unlike the well-studied equal-mass case.
Minimum sample sizes for estimating reliable Highway Safety Manual (HSM) calibration factors

ABSTRACTThe Highway Safety Manual (HSM) assists state and local agencies in improving highway safety by moving toward statistically proven quantitative analyses. The manual recommends using Empirical Bayes (EB) method with locally derived calibration factors to predict the agency's safety performance. It recommends deriving calibration factors using randomly selected 30 to 50 roadway sites that experienced a minimum of 100 crashes per year. Given the fact that the minimum sample size is a function of sample variance, this recommendation is clearly questionable as roadway characteristics of different roadway types are likely to have different levels of homogeneity. This research used Florida data to determine the minimum sample sizes to estimate reliable calibration factors for the following three facility types: rural two-lane roads, rural multilane highways, and urban and suburban arterials. The analysis was based on the data collected from more than 7,000 miles of segments and more than 1,000 intersecti...
Reliability and short-term intra-individual variability of telomere length measurement using monochrome multiplexing quantitative PCR.

Background Studies examining the association between telomere length and cancer risk have often relied on measurement of telomere length from a single blood draw using a real-time PCR technique. We examined the reliability of telomere length measurement using sequential samples collected over a 9-month period. Methods and Findings Relative telomere length in peripheral blood was estimated using a single tube monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR assay in blood DNA samples from 27 non-pregnant adult women (aged 35 to 74 years) collected in 7 visits over a 9-month period. A linear mixed model was used to estimate the components of variance for telomere length measurements attributed to variation among women and variation between time points within women. Mean telomere length measurement at any single visit was not significantly different from the average of 7 visits. Plates had a significant systematic influence on telomere length measurements, although measurements between different plates were highly correlated. After controlling for plate effects, 64% of the remaining variance was estimated to be accounted for by variance due to subject. Variance explained by time of visit within a subject was minor, contributing 5% of the remaining variance. Conclusion Our data demonstrate good short-term reliability of telomere length measurement using blood from a single draw. However, the existence of technical variability, particularly plate effects, reinforces the need for technical replicates and balancing of case and control samples across plates.
Bacteriological study of salivary contamination of the dental contra-angle and handpiece.

The problems associated with the care and maintenance of dental handpieces have become increasingly significant with the use of higher operating speeds.1,2 With the use of conventional operating speeds and instruments, the sterilization or disinfection phase of handpiece care presents some difficulty due either to resid­ ual lubricant from the hot oil baths, or to rust and corrosion from boiling water, steam, or water-soluble disinfectants. These problems apparently have resulted in a haphazard and sometimes ineffectual disinfection program for dental hand­ pieces, or the discontinuation of such procedures altogether.3,4 In order to plan an adequate and practical sterilization or disinfection program, it was thought de­ sirable to know to what extent the in­ ternal parts of the contra-angles and handpieces become contaminated with salivary organisms during routine operat­ ing conditions. This study was under­ taken to establish some basic data on which a rational program might be founded.
On the Manufacture of Lightweight Alloy Tubes via Friction Stir Back Extrusion: Process Evaluation and Material Performance

A new manufacturing approach in which the friction stirring phenomenon is used as a vehicle for facilitating the deformation of bulk lightweight materials into manufactured components has been recently introduced under the general concept of “bulk friction stir forming”. In a preliminary work, the concept was applied to the back extrusion process, in what was referred to as “friction stir back extrusion” or FSBE; it was shown that the concept is practically valid and FSBE is capable of producing lightweight tubular specimens. Nevertheless, the FSBE process was claimed to have several merits over conventional processes, mainly: (i) unique process capabilities and energy efficiency (ii) significant grain refinement, and thus (iii) favorable mechanical properties in the formed tubes. None of these claims were adequately addressed nor quantified in earlier work. Therefore, this work presents a comprehensive study that aims to reveal the true merits of FSBE, validate the claims, and quantify its effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the deformed material. The outcomes of the study are presented in three major parts, each addressing one of the abovementioned claims. Force, torque and power measurements during FSBE experiments are used to address the first claim. Detailed optical microscopy and electron back scatter diffraction work is carried out in the second part to quantify the changes to the grain structure and texture of the material. Finally, the third part presents detailed mechanical characterization using digital image correlation to quantify the effects of FSBE on the performance of the produced tubes.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Cryobiology as viewed by the botanist

Cryobiologist,s can be roughly divided into two groups-those interested in natural freezing resistance and those interested in artificial freezing preservation. A line drawn between these two groups will leave mainly botanists in the first group and zoologists in the second, although there are, of course, exceptions. In spite of this separation, the cryozoologist and cryobotanist have much to learn from each other, for the common ground where both freezing preservation and freezing resistance meet is the probl’em of freezing injury. As a botanist, I shall approach this common ground from the point of view of freezing resistance. Freezing resistance can be of two kinds.” First, an organism can resist freezing in the sense of preventing ice formation in its tissues. This kind of resistance is called avoidance. Second, it can resist freezing injury by permitt,ing ice formation in its tissues without suffering any injury. This kind of resistance is called tolerance. Tolerance of freezing is the rule among plants native to regions with freezing temperatures, but it is the exception in the case of the native animals. Paradoxically, it is not the zoologist but the botanist who has long been concerned with freezing injury, in spite of the extreme tolerance developed by the native plants. This is because many of the economically important plants in temperate regions have been introduced from milder climates and therefore possess insufficient freezing tolerance, resuhing frequently in crop losses. This ready availability of both tolerant and intolerant plants has given the botanist a golden opportunit’y for investigating the problem; the practical importance of the problem affords a flawless motive. As in all science, the first investigations were purely descriptive. The first aim was to answer the simple question: Do living plants freeze? Surprisingly to the modern observer, this ques-
Membrane activity of biomimetic facially amphiphilic antibiotics

Membranes are a central feature of all biological systems, and their ability to control many cellular processes is critically important. As a result, a better understanding of how molecules bind to and select between biological membranes is an active area of research. Antimicrobial host defense peptides are known to be membrane-active and, in many cases, exhibit discrimination between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The design of synthetic molecules that capture the biological activity of these natural peptides has been shown. In this report, the interaction between our biomimetic structures and different biological membranes is reported using both model vesicle and in vitro bacterial cell experiments. Compound 1 induces 12% leakage at 20 microg/mL against phosphatidylglycerol (PG)-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) vesicles vs only 3% leakage at 200 microg/mL against phosphatidyl-L-serine (PS)-phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles. Similarly, a 40% reduction in fluorescence is measured in lipid movement experiments for PG-PE compared to 10% for PS-PC at 600 s. A 30 degrees C increase in the phase transition of stearoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylserine is observed in the presence of 1. These results show that lipid composition is more important for selectivity than overall net charge. Additionally, the overall concentration of a given lipid is another important factor. An effort is made to connect model vesicle studies with in vitro data and naturally occurring lipid compositions.
Comparison and Contrast Between Belief System Theory and Cognitive Theory

ABSTRACT This article contrasts how belief system theory and specific cognitive theories view the process of stability and change in the human organism, comparing the writings of major theorists in the fields of psychology and sociology. With a focus on cognitive structure, and particularly the relation of such structure to the emotional disorders, each theory is presented along with coinciding techniques for behavior change. The theories are compared and it is clear that similarities far outweigh differences; both could grow through an integration of thinking and focus.
Activation of NKCC1 by hyperosmotic stress in human tracheal epithelial cells involves PKC-δ and ERK

Abstract Hyperosmotic stress activates Na + -K + -2Cl − cotransport (NKCC1) in secretory epithelia of the airways. NKCC1 activation was studied as uptake of 36 Cl or 86 Rb in human tracheal epithelial cells (HTEC). Application of hypertonic sucrose or NaCl increased bumetanide-sensitive ion uptake but did not affect Na + /H + and Cl − /OH − (HCO 3 − ) exchange carriers. Hyperosmolarity decreased intracellular volume ( V i ) after 10 min from 7.8 to 5.4 μl/mg protein and increased intracellular Cl − (Cl − i ) from 353 to 532 nmol/mg protein. Treatment with an α-adrenergic agent rapidly increased Cl − i and V i in a bumetanide-sensitive manner, indicating uptake of ions by NKCC1 followed by osmotically obligated water. These results indicate that HTEC act as osmometers but lose intracellular water slowly. Hyperosmotic stress also increased the activity of PKC-δ and of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK subgroup of the MAPK family. Activity of stress-activated protein kinase JNK was not affected by hyperosmolarity. PD-98059, an inhibitor of the ERK cascade, reduced ERK activity and bumetanide-sensitive 36 Cl uptake. PKC inhibitors blocked activation of ERK indicating that PKC may be a downstream activator of ERK. The results indicate that hyperosmotic stress activates NKCC1 and this activation is regulated by PKC-δ and ERK.
Chemical synthesis and biological screening of 2-aminoimidazole-based bacterial and fungal antibiofilm agents

A collection of 2-aminoimidazole/triazole amides has been synthesized and screened for antibiofilm activity. This class of small molecules was found to modulate the biofilm activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a multidrug-resistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB), a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Rhodospirillum salexigens, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Vibrio vulnificus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium as well as the yeast Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Furthermore, lead compounds were found to not lyse red blood cells at active concentrations.
IAPs are functionally non-equivalent and regulate effector caspases through distinct mechanisms

Some members of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family suppress apoptosis by neutralizing caspases. The current model suggests that all caspase-regulatory IAPs function as direct enzyme inhibitors, blocking effector caspases by binding to their catalytically active pockets. Here we show that IAPs are functionally non-equivalent and regulate effector caspases through distinct mechanisms. Whereas XIAP binds directly to the active-site pockets of effector caspases, we find that regulation of effector caspases by Drosophila IAP1 (DIAP1) requires an evolutionarily conserved IAP-binding motif (IBM) at the neo-amino terminus of the large caspase subunit. Remarkably, unlike XIAP, DIAP1-sequestered effector caspases remain catalytically active, suggesting that DIAP1 does not function as a bona fide enzyme inhibitor. Moreover, we demonstrate that the mammalian IAP c-IAP1 interacts with caspase-7 in an exclusively IBM-dependent, but active site pocket-independent, manner that is mechanistically similar to DIAP1. The importance of IBM-mediated regulation of effector-caspases in vivo is substantiated by the enhanced apoptotic potency of IBM-mutant versions of drICE, DCP-1 and caspase-7.
Stereoselective and controlled polymerization of D,L-lactide using indium(III) trichloride

Indium trichloride, benzyl alcohol, and triethylamine (without an added ‘directing’ multidentate ligand) generate a catalystin situ for the room temperature polymerization of D,L-lactide affording highly heterotactic polylactide of controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution.
Design and implementation of a card reader based on build-in camera

With the availability of high-resolution cameras and increased computation power, it becomes possible to implement OCR applications such as business card readers in the mobile device. In this paper, we introduced the design and implementation of a business card reader based on a built-in camera. In order to deal with the challenge of limited resources in a mobile device, we proposed a new method based on multi-resolution analysis of document images. This method improves computation speed and reduces memory requirement of the image-processing step by detecting the text areas in the downscaled image and then analyzing each detected area in the original image. For the OCR engine, we used a two-layer classifier to improve speed. Our experiment gives a satisfactory result.
Necessity of High Physical Resolution in the Development of Flexible Coarse-Grained Protein Models

The Martini force field is a one of the most widely used coarse-grained (CG) model. An important strength of the Martini force field is that it includes explicit, microscopic representation of solvent, which allows proper description of the context-dependence of protein-protein interactions. However, in the Martini force field the secondary structures of the protein are fixed, which makes it is unsuitable for simulating dynamic processes such as protein folding and membrane insertion. In this work, we examine the possibility of developing a flexible protein model within the Martini CG framework, such as by supplementing the force field with Go-like potentials. It was found the current Martini CG representation of proteins was insufficient to support a flexible model. The model does not provide a sufficient resolution to properly describe the volume and packing of protein backbone and sidechains. The interior voids resulting from improper packing would lead to excessive structural collapse in absence of structural restraints. Along this line, we further examined the PACE model, where an atomistic protein model is deployed in the Martini solvent. The results suggest that, while atomistic protein representation does dramatically improve the ability to describe specific protein-protein interactions, the low physical resolution of the Martini water molecules does not allow sufficient discrimination of various open and compact conformational states. As a result, PACE is not capable of describing context dependent protein structure transition, such as helical transition induced by membrane absorption and/or insertion. In conclusion, high physical resolution is likely necessary for developing flexible protein models and the coarse-graining needs to focus on exploiting possible simplification of interaction potentials.
Observation of coherence-related phenomena in experiments with surface plasmon polaritons excited by fluorescence

Abstract We describe experiments using a plasmon-coupled leakage radiation microscope where Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPP) were excited by spontaneous emission of dye molecules. We report the seemingly contradictory observation of various coherence-related phenomena in these experiments and present a detailed explanation of our findings. We show that the apparent discrepancy between the incoherent character of the fluorescence and the coherent nature of the observed phenomena can be simply explained by recognizing that the short coherence length of the fluorescence is comparable to the propagation length of the excited SPPs. Our analysis then demonstrates that SPPs excited by fluorescence can be considered as a coherent illumination source in SPP microscopy.
Cerebral Blood Flow Restoration and Reperfusion Injury After Ultraviolet Laser–Facilitated Middle Cerebral Artery Recanalization in Rat Thrombotic Stroke

Background and Purpose— A reversible model of focal thrombotic stroke was developed in the rat and examined for histological evidence of reperfusion injury after clinically relevant times of recanalization. Methods— The distal middle cerebral artery of 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats was occluded by 562-nm laser-driven photothrombosis for 0.5, 2, and 3 hours or permanently (each n=7) and was recanalized by 355-nm UV laser irradiation. Occlusive material was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Cortical cerebral blood flow was monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Brain infarcts were examined histologically at 3 days. Results— After occlusion, cortical cerebral blood flow was reduced to 33±4% of baseline for all groups and was restored to 82±9%, 75±3%, and 93±7% of baseline for the 0.5-, 2-, and 3-hour groups, respectively, following recanalization after 29±8, 38±20, and 70±33 minutes of UV laser irradiation. The thrombotic occlusion contained compactly aggregated platelets but no fibrin, with length ...
Adrenocorticotropin-dependent particulate guanylate cyclase in rat adrenal and adrenocortical carcinoma: Comparison of its properties with soluble guanylate cyclase and its relationship with ACTH-induced steroidogenesis

Abstract Previously we described the ACTH-dependent particulate guanylate cyclase from rat adrenal gland and from the rat adrenocortical carcinoma that was distinct from the soluble enzyme [ P. Nambi and R. K. Sharma (1981) Endocrinology 108 , 2025–2027 ; P. Nambi and R. K. Sharma (1981) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 100 , 508–514 ]. Herein, we report the detailed kinetic and functional differences between the two enzymes. (i) The particulate guanylate cyclase was stimulated by low concentrations of ACTH 1–39 (10 −11 m ) and ACTH 1–24 (10 −13 m ). The ACTH-antagonist (ACTH 7–38 ) and 4-methyl-4-aza-5α-cholestane, the compounds that competitively inhibit the steroidogenic activity of ACTH, inhibited the hormonally dependent guanylate cyclase. In contrast, the soluble cyclase was not stimulated by ACTH. (ii) The particulate enzyme was not stimulated by sodium azide, sodium nitroprusside, excess Mn 2+ , dithiothreitol (1 mm), and N -ethylmaleimide. On the other hand, all these agents stimulated the soluble enzyme. (iii) The 1 2 V of the soluble enzyme is achieved at 0.06 m m MnGTP whereas the particulate enzyme is not saturable up to 2 m m MnGTP. (iv) Cd 2+ did not affect the particulate enzyme but inhibited the soluble enzyme. (v) Tuftsin (10 −6 –10 −5 m ) did not stimulate the membrane enzyme, whereas it strongly stimulated the soluble enzyme. These results favor the concept that the adrenal particulate and soluble guanylate cyclases are functionally different and may also be two structurally independent entities.
NECESSITY FOR CHANGES IN THE VENTILATION LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES.

THE ATMOSPHERE has long been considered by man as the source of both good and evil. In the Middle Ages plagues of various kinds were supposed to have been transmitted through the air and miasms and malaria as names bear evidence of the ideas of man regarding the part played by the atmosphere in the causation of disease. The rise of chemistry in the 17th century and the culmination and crystallization, during the last quarter of the 18th century, of the knowledge of the chemical nature of the air by the work of Lavoisier, served as a true beginning for the study of the physiology of respiration, and with it the subject of ventilation. Lavoisier clearly showed the relation between oxygen and carbon dioxide in respiration and, realizing the production of large amounts of carbon dioxide by the process of respiration, he concluded that the malaise experienced by people in large assemblies is not due to the diminution of the proportion of oxygen present but to the action, more or less prolonged, of carbon dioxide in amounts insufficient to cause asphyxiation. Little of historical note in the field of ventilation was published during the next 75 years but in the year 1862-3, Max von Pettenkofer published the results of studies which indicated that neither the increase of carbon dioxide, the decrease of oxygen, the alteration of the tempera-
Are Newspapers Steering Potential Hybrid Drivers Off Course? An Analysis of U.S. Newspaper Coverage of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This study examines newspaper coverage of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) by reviewing a random sample of 153 articles about these vehicles published in the U.S.A. between November 2002 and 2003. Articles were more likely to mention environmental attributes of HEVs (47%) than other attributes important to potential consumers such as reliability (0%), performance (8%), and safety (3%). Promoting the latter attributes is important to expand the market for HEVs beyond those who are excited about HEVs' environmental benefits or new technology.
On a class of renewal risk models with a constant dividend barrier

Abstract We consider a compound renewal (Sparre Andersen) risk process in the presence of a constant dividend barrier in which the claim waiting times are generalized Erlang( n ) distributed (i.e., convolution of n exponential distributions with possibly different parameters). An integro-differential equation with certain boundary conditions for the Gerber–Shiu function is derived and solved. Its solution can be expressed as the Gerber–Shiu function in the corresponding Sparre Andersen risk model without a barrier plus a linear combination of n linearly independent solutions to the associated homogeneous integro-differential equation. Finally, explicit results are given when the claim sizes are exponentially distributed.
Pressure signal reflection at free liquid surfaces and other non-standard boundaries in liquid reservoir testing

Abstract The presence of a free liquid surface in a liquid dominated reservoir generates a special type of boundary condition that is of the convolution type. The mathematical aspects of the pressure signal reflection by this kind of boundary condition is discussed in some detail. We conclude that with regard to short-term effects the free surface boundary can be approximated by a rigid boundary.
HIGH ENERGY RADIATION FROM GEMINGA (1E0630+178)

Geminga is one of the brightest gamma-ray sources in the sky but its nature was a mystery for almost two decades. In this article we review the discovery of Geminga and the attempts to identify its nature as a radio-quiet pulsar. We will discuss some of the interpretations and implications.
Women Gave Birth to the Stethoscope: Laennec's Introduction of the Art of Auscultation of the Lung

the heart (i.e., applying the ear directly to the patient's chest wall to listen for sounds from the organ) while studying under Corvisart (1755-1821), the personal physician to Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Laennec stated, "I had been in the habit of using this method for a long time, in obscure cases, and where it was practicable-which lead me to the discovery of one much better" [ 1]. The "much better" method that Laennec referred to is that of
Mechanical properties of post and core systems.

Abstract Single-rooted extracted teeth stored in water were prepared by crown removal and standard endodontic technique to provide 10 mm of post room. Specimens of prepared teeth were replicated with dental elastomer and examined by SEM, 30 roots were randomly assigned to 5 post systems: Radix (R), Kurer (K), Dentatus (D) Parapost (P), and Getz (G) which were cemented with ZOP. For R and K, SEM examination was performed to characterize morphology of the tapped dentin. Tensile strengths for 5 specimens of each system were obtained under a load rate of. 1 inch/min. Strengths varied from 654 MPa for R to 114 MPa for G. Statistical analysis allowed for discrimination among systems. In compression fatigue at 1–2 Hz all systems survived 10,000 cycles in the load range 25–150 Ibs after each additional 100 cycles. K and R withstood forces up to 450 lbs, D survived to 225 lbs, and G survived to 200 lbs. K and R systems displayed the greatest strength due to close approximation of post and root due to tapping. Tensile failure of tooth occurred before failure of R and K systems. D, P and G systems rely on cement retention and failure was adhesive or cohesive in cement. There was no microscopic evidence to show that instrumentation or tapping produced microflaws in the dentin. This study was supported by Teledyne-Getz Corp.
Evaluation of real time adaptive noise cancelling algorithms as implemented using a digital signal processor chip

Adaptive lattice noise cancelling algorithms have features that make them appear attractive for the realisation of realtime adaptive noise cancellers with single chip digital signal processors. Two popular adaptive lattice noise cancelling algorithms have been evaluated for this application. Considered are stochastic gradient lattice and least squares lattice algorithms. For the purpose of comparison, the stochastic gradient transversal algorithm is also evaluated. Their performances under a variety of signal and noise excitations are summarised and compared in terms of operating rates and misadjustments.
Client attachment and the working alliance

The relationship between four dimensions of client attachment (secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing) and client ratings of four dimensions of the working alliance (goals, tasks, bonds, and global) was examined in a sample of first-time clients (n = 63) seeking services through a university-based counselling clinic. Significant relationships were found between secure and fearful attachment and the bond component of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI). Secure attachment was also significantly associated with the WAI goals subscale as well as global WAI ratings. Implications of these findings for counselling practice and future research are discussed.
Emulation Performance Study of Traffic-Aware Policy Enforcement in Software Defined Networks

Modern networks require robust traffic handling policies in order to minimize unwanted traffic and maximize performance. These policies are enforced by the placement of rules on network devices such as routers and switches. For high-speed processing, the rules are stored in Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) [3]. Because it is expensive, there is only a limited amount of TCAM on each network device. Software Defined Networking (SDN) [2] and the OpenFlow [1] protocol provide the capability to control the way rules are generated and placed within a network. This allows researchers to design algorithms that control TCAM usage while optimizing performance. The goal of this project is to develop a test bed for researchers to easily implement and evaluate their performance-optimizing algorithms. In this paper, we describe a test bed that emulates SDN activity and captures network performance data for rule placement algorithm evaluation.
Brain stem localization of vagal preganglionic neurons

The central distribution of vagal preganglionic neurons has been examined using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In 27 adult cats, the entire vagus nerve was exposed to HRP. In 13 other cats we examined the brain stem following microinjections of HRP (10 microliter) into individual visceral organs - lung, heart and stomach. Comparison of individual cases led to the conclusion that different patterns exist for each visceral organ. The preganglionic (parasympathetic) innervation of the entire vagus nerve arises from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (dmnX), nucleus ambiguus (nA), nucleus retroambigualis (nRA), nucleus dorso-medialis (ndm), spinal nucleus of the accessory (nspA) and from the reticular formation between the dmnX and nA. Axons arising from the nA do not traverse the medulla laterally; rather they are initially directed dorso-medially toward the dmnX where they bend at right angles and accompany axons of neurons in the dmnX. The motor nuclei innervating the lungs, heart and stomach are dmnX, the nA and nRA: the dmnX contributes fibers to the heart, lungs and stomach from a region of 10 mm of medulla rostrocaudally; the nA contributes efferents to the 3 viscera studied from the entire 6 mm contributing vagal efferents; the nRA contributes efferents to the stomach in addition to providing innervation to the larynx and trachea (see 19). The area postrema (ap) receives afferent input from the lungs, heart and stomach, as indicated by extraperikaryal grains of HRP reaction product resulting from transganglionically transported HRP (through the ganglion nodosum). Sensory terminal labeling in the various subnuclei of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (nTS) was also examined and it was found that no specific region of the medulla is devoted to receiving input from any one visceral organ; rather the rostro-caudal extent of vagal afferent terminals in the medulla spans the entire length of the medulla. Differences between the central representation of different viscera seemed to lie within the organization of the nuclear subgroups of the nTS.
Form and variations in negative political advertising

Using a sample of 99 political advertisements from 1990 statewide and federal elections, a content analysis was employed to test whether negative political advertisements exhibited a normative style. Results indicated that negative political advertisements were remarkably similar in substance and style, indicating a normative advertising form. The authors suggest that negative advertisements are used more to “blunt” an opponent's chance of winning the election than to promote the sponsoring candidate's own images or characteristics with their constituency.
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Luminescent InP Quantum Dots

As a potential biological imaging probe with a long-wavelength of emission, InP quantum dots were prepared via a high-temperature organic solution approach, and successfully transferred into an aqueous system through a ligand-exchange process using various functional surfactants. Photoluminescence and X-ray characterizations confirmed the desired properties of the InP quantum dots. The cytotoxicity of the water-soluble InP quantum dots against phaeochromocytoma PC12 cells as evaluated by the MTS cell viability assay was low relative to a positive control, poly(ethyleneimine). This study suggests a bright potential for this new type of InP quantum dots in bioimaging applications.
The electronic absorption spectra of n-diazirine, N115-diazirine, d1-diazirine, and d2-diazirine

Abstract Electronic absorption spectra of n -diazirine, N 1 15 -diazirine, d 1 -diazirine, and d 2 -diazirine have been obtained. An analysis is given based upon the splitting of the degeneracy in the electronic spectrum resulting from perturbation of the two nitrogen atoms lone pair electron orbitals. Two electronic systems separated by about 220 cm −1 are observed. CN (ring) vibrations are the prominent bands observed in the excited state.
Estimating Relevance for the Emergency Electronic Brake Light Application

In this paper, we compare two methods of estimating relevance for the emergency electronic brake light application: One method uses an analytically derived formula based on the minimum safety gap that is required to avoid a collision, whereas the other method uses a machine learning approach. The application works by disseminating reports about vehicles that perform emergency deceleration in an effort to warn drivers about the need to perform emergency braking. Vehicles that receive such reports have to decide on whether the information contained in the report is relevant to the driver and warn the driver if that is the case. Common ways of determining relevance are based on the lane or direction information, but using only these attributes can lead to many false warnings, which can desensitize the driver. Desensitized drivers may ignore warnings or completely turn off the system, thus eliminating any safety benefits of the application. We show that the machine learning method, compared with the analytically derived formula, can significantly reduce the number of false warnings by learning from the actions that drivers take after receiving a report. The methods were compared using simulated experiments with a range of traffic and communication parameters.
Inflammatory stress response in A549 cells as a result of exposure to coal: evidence for the role of pyrite in coal workers' pneumoconiosis pathogenesis.

Abstract On the basis of a recent epidemiological study it is hypothesized that pyrite content in coal is an important factor in coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) pathogenesis. While the role of pyrite in pathogenesis remains to be resolved, the ability of the mineral to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through various mechanisms is likely a contributing factor. The aim of this study was to elucidate the importance of the pyrite content of coal in generating an inflammatory stress response (ISR), which is defined as the upregulation of ROS normalized by cell viability. The ISR of A549 human lung epithelial cells in the presence of natural coal samples with variable pyrite contents was measured. Normalized to surface area, five particle loadings for each coal reference standard were analyzed systematically for a total of 24 h. The ISR generated by coals containing 0.00, 0.01, and 0.49 wt.% pyritic sulfur is comparable to,though less than, the ISR generated by inert glass beads (299% of the control). The coals containing 0.52 and 1.15 wt.% pyritic sulfur generated the greatest ISR (798% and 1426% of the control, respectively). Conclusions While ISR does not increase proportionally to pyrite content in coal, the two coals with the highest pyritic sulfur and available iron contents generate the greatest ISR. Therefore, the present study indicates that coals with elevated pyrite contents are likely to induce a significant health burden by stimulating inflammation within the lungs, and may contribute to the development of CWP.
Photosynthesis in flashing light.

Abstract Kinetic studies of photosynthesis, made in flashing and continuous light, led to the following conclusions: If short, sufficiently bright flashes are alternated with long dark periods, the flash yield attains a finite, temperature-independent maximum value of one oxygen molecule per 1, 500–4,000 chlorophyll molecules. From measurements in which both intensity and length of dark period were varied we concluded that during a short flash a long-living intermediate is formed photochemically in a one-quantum process. Extension of the flash period initially yields a marked, temperature-dependent increase of the flash yield, which indicates the formation of an additional intermediate between light and oxygen. Its concentration was of the same order of magnitude as that of the primary photochemical product, formed in the very first moment of the flash. If the flash period is increased beyond ∼ 0.03 sec, the flash yield increases with the rate observed in strong continuous light.
The child as informant: eliciting linguistic intuitions from young children

In this paper we report an interview technique we have developed to elicit judgments from young children about the well-formedness and referential properties of sentences. Judgments are compared with act-out responses of a group of 20 children ranging in age from 3 years 9 months to 5 years 4 months. We argue that judgment data are more revealing of children's grammars than are traditional performance tasks.
NITROGEN MANAGEMENT AND THE FUTURE OF FOOD : LESSONS FROM THE MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY AND CARBON

The food system dominates anthropogenic disruption of the nitrogen cycle by generating excess fixed nitrogen. Excess fixed nitrogen, in various guises, augments the greenhouse effect, diminishes stratospheric ozone, promotes smog, contaminates drinking water, acidifies rain, eutrophies bays and estuaries, and stresses ecosystems. Yet, to date, regulatory efforts to limit these disruptions largely ignore the food system. There are many parallels between food and energy. Food is to nitrogen as energy is to carbon. Nitrogen fertilizer is analogous to fossil fuel. Organic agriculture and agricultural biotechnology play roles analogous to renewable energy and nuclear power in political discourse. Nutrition research resembles energy end-use analysis. Meat is the electricity of food. As the agriculture and food system evolves to contain its impacts on the nitrogen cycle, several lessons can be extracted from energy and carbon: (i) set the goal of ecosystem stabilization; (ii) search the entire production and consumption system (grain, livestock, food distribution, and diet) for opportunities to improve efficiency; (iii) implement cap-and-trade systems for fixed nitrogen; (iv) expand research at the intersection of agriculture and ecology, and (v) focus on the food choices of the prosperous. There are important nitrogen-carbon links. The global increase in fixed nitrogen may be fertilizing the Earth, transferring significant amounts of carbon from the atmosphere to the biosphere, and mitigating global warming. A modern biofuels industry someday may produce biofuels from crop residues or dedicated energy crops, reducing the rate of fossil fuel use, while losses of nitrogen and other nutrients are minimized.
Two-factor avoidance theory: The role of negative affect in the maintenance of substance use and substance use disorder

A brief overview of several current models describing the influence of negative affect in substance use disorders is provided. We then review in detail one set of models, drug conditioning models, that have provided the theoretical underpinnings for cue exposure research. Although the models may differ, one explanation, common to several models, is that negative affective states serve as conditioned stimuli (CS) that are capable of eliciting conditioned drug responses (CRs). These conditioned responses are assumed to provide the motivation to engage in substance use. In this paper we present the two-factor theory of emotional conditioning and avoidance learning, and then use this model to extend existing drug conditioning frameworks. This extension implies that cue exposure treatment should go further than extinction of conditioned drug responses only and should include exposure to the conditioned stimuli associated with past aversive conditioning experiences. Implications for treatment and research of the substance use disorders are discussed.
Can Producing and Marketing Healthy Foods Create a Healthy Economy

Does producing and marketing healthy foods help create a healthy economy? The findings show that producing and marketing healthy agricultural products can substantially benefit a state's economy. While producing crops that could make the population healthier, these products also generate significant economic activity across business sectors, create jobs and labor income, and create incremental business taxes. Additionally, impact dollars and incremental wages create demand for goods and services both within and outside of the agricultural economic sector, thereby touching nearly every aspect of resident and business life.