cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peridynamic modeling of pitting corrosion damage

Abstract In this paper we introduce a peridynamic model for the evolution of damage from pitting corrosion capable of capturing subsurface damage. We model the anodic reaction in corrosion processes (in which electroplating is negligible) as an effective peridynamic diffusion process in the electrolyte/solid system coupled with a phase-change mechanism that allows for autonomous evolution of the moving interface. In order to simulate creation of subsurface damage, we introduce a corrosion damage model based on a stochastic relationship that connects the concentration in the metal to the damage of peridynamic mechanical-bonds that are superposed onto diffusion-bonds. We study convergence of this formulation for diffusion-dominated stage. The model leads to formation of a subsurface damage layer, seen in experiments. We validate results against experiments on pit growth rate and polarization data for pitting corrosion. We extend the 1D model to the 2D and 3D, and introduce a new damage-dependent corrosion model to account for broken mechanical bonds that enhance the corrosion rate. This coupled model can predict the pit shape and damage profile in materials with microstructural heterogeneities, such as defects, interfaces, inclusions, and grain boundaries.
Diuretics and β-blockers: Is there a risk for dyslipidemia? ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Background Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, particularly in combination with other risk factors such as obesity, smoking, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Effective management of hypertension, even a modest reduction in blood pressure, results in reduced mortality and morbidity from cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease. Methods Data from clinical trials were examined to assess the effect of low-dose diuretics or β-blockers on lipoprotein profile. Results Results of numerous clinical trials demonstrate that low doses of thiazides or cardioselective β-blockers alone or in combination result in minimal changes in lipid profile. Conclusions Low doses of thiazide diuretics or β-blockers are a safe and effective approach to the management of uncomplicated essential hypertension and have the advantage of an association with an evidence-based reduction in morbidity and mortality in long-term clinical trials. There is little or no evidence that the minimal changes in serum lipid profile associated with use of these drugs have resulted in a negation of the beneficial effects of these agents on blood pressure. (Am Heart J 2000;139:174-84.)
Seafloor temperature and conductivity data from Stefansson Sound, Alaska

Abstract Overconsolidated sediments, seasonal seafloor freezing, and ice-bonded permafrost are unique features in shallow arctic coastal waters. They are related to low seawater temperatures and varying salinities. Seabed temperatures can be less than −1.0°C for much of the year, with noticeable warming occurring only during the summer months. Observations from recent deployment of three instruments in Stefansson Sound and data from an earlier deployment, which included sites in Harrison Bay, showed decreasing mean annual seafloor temperatures with increasing water depth, ranging from −0.9°C in 4.4 m of water to −1.6°C in 14 m of water. Salinities also varied seasonally, with noticeable freshening developing during the summer and highly uniform values occurring during the winter. Periodic temperature and salinity measurements at sites in Stefansson Sound, made during August 1987 and August 1989, also helped verify the data obtained with the seabottom instruments. Seasonal freezing of the seabed can begin in late September and may noticeably change its engineering properties. In areas of coarse-grained sediments, ice bonding and strengthening of the seabed can result. In areas of fine-grained sediments it appears that seasonal freezing of the seafloor can cause overconsolidation of the seabed sediments. This densification process can result in a significant permanent increase in strength.
Second polar body retention and gynogenesis induced by thermal shock in pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum)

Insemination of oocytes from six different salmon with irradiated heterospecific sperm combined with thermal shocks 10 min after activation successfully induced gynogenesis in pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum). Biochemical genetic analysis and morphology of larvae con firmed their gynogenetic parentage, Thermal shocks of 26oC beginning 10 min after fertilization and lasting 15-30 min gave high yields of gynogenetic salmon (32% of normal diploid hatching, average of six females; 70% in oocytes from one female treated 20 min): shocks of 28oC lasting 10-16 min also gave high yields (2 5%), Shocks of 30oC lasting 6-12 min gave lesser yields (10%), Female donors varied significantly in the susceptibility of their oocytes to treatment (15-70% range of yield to average best treatment) but females did not interact significantly with heat shock treatment: different heat shocks had relatively the same effect on all females.
Impact of Green Alga, Chiorella ellipsoidea, on Development and Survival of Mosquitoes Breeding in Cemetery Vases

The alga Chlorella ellipsoidea Gerneck caused 85% reduction in the populations of mosquitoes breeding in cemetery vases. Annual mean larval densities of 9 and 61 larvae per vase were observed in algal and nonalgal vases, respectively. The maximum mean larval density of 17 larvae per vase in algal vases was significantly lower than the corresponding maximum (131 larvae per vase) in the nonalgal vases. The low numbers of mosquito larvae prevailing in the algal vases were likely due to the action of toxins produced by C. ellipsoidea . Lower larval densities, “0” and “1–10” larvae per vase, were found in 57 and 24% of the algal vases, respectively, whereas these densities occurred in 22 and 12%, respectively, of the nonalgal vases. The percentages of nonalgal vases supporting the three higher densities (26–50, 51–100, and > 100 larvae per vase) were significantly higher than those of the algal vases. The number of vases with and without algae supporting first- and second-stage larvae was similar, however, the number of vases supporting third- and fourth-stage larvae and pupae was significantly higher in the nonalgal than in the algal vases. The percentage of algal vases containing dead larvae or pupae was significantly higher (ca. 11 times) than that of the nonalgal vases. Studies on algal growth revealed that an overall average of 23% of the vases contained C. ellipsoidea during the study period. The incidence of this alga peaked during May (33% vases with algae) and was lowest in December (7%). No apparent relationship between algal density and mosquito numbers was observed.
Structural developments in supercooled alkali tellurite melts

Brillouin light scattering has been used to determine the high-frequency complex mechanical modulus of alkali tellurite liquids and glasses, as a function of the temperature. In order to adequately describe the temperature dependence of this modulus, a modified Maxwell model for linear viscoelastic systems was developed. Accordingly, the modulus comprises relaxational components and a temperature-dependent static modulus, the magnitudes of which are determined by the equilibrium volume fraction of kinetically arrested domains. In binary alkali tellurites the structure degrades with increasing temperature by means of the dissolution of network rings, which involves the conversion of ${\mathrm{TeO}}_{4}$ trigonal bipyramids into ${\mathrm{TeO}}_{3}$ trigonal pyramids. This decrease in network connectivity is believed to be responsible for the decrease in the elastic modulus and to cause the release of structural components into a viscoelastic state. At high temperatures structural dynamics can be described with a single relaxation time.
Platelet plasma membrane lectin activity.

Abstract The lectin activity of human platelet and erythrocyte membranes was evaluated using trypsinized, formalinized erythrocytes from eight species. Platelet membranes had the greatest lectin activity against cow erythrocytes, but also had significant activity against human, sheep, electric eel, and rabbit erythrocytes. In contrast, erythrocyte membranes only had low lectin activity against electric eel erythrocytes with no activity against the other types of erythrocytes tested. The platelet membrane lectin activity was found to reside in protein molecules on the external surface of the platelet plasma membrane. The lectin activity of platelet membranes was inhibited by amino sugars and some basic amino acids: N-acetylated amino sugars and other neutral sugars were without effect. These results demonstrate that the external surface of the platelet plasma membrane has a specific lectin activity.
Localization and roles of coagulogen and transglutaminase in hemolymph coagulation in decapod crustaceans

Abstract 1. 1. Of several anticoagulants tested, only N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) prevents lysis of shrimp hemocytes and maintains their normal morphology. 2. 2. Coagulogen, the clotting protein, is a plasma protein with molecular mass of ≈400 kDa. 3. 3. Transglutaminase, the enzyme that cross links coagulagen to form a visible clot, is more abundant in the hemocytes than in plasma. 4. 4. Hemocytes can be separated into two bands by differential centrifugation. The upper band is enriched wity hyaline cells, which initiate clot formation, and contains most of the transglutaminase activity. 5. 5. The mechanisms of hemolymph coagulation are discussed.
A search for Kathy's problem

Abstract The steps in making a nursing diagnosis and implementing and evaluating a plan of nursing care to meet a child's particular needs have been demonstrated. The collection of observational data, its analysis and use in day-by-day experiences with a child have been illustrated. Undoubtedly, there were many other factors which had a bearing upon Kathy's behavior both before and after this brief study of Kathy began. Had Kathy not left the hospital, the day after this data had been collected, clearer understanding of the dynamics of her behavior would have been realized. There would have been opportunities to help Kathy's mother understand her behavior as well. Instead of direct help to Mrs. P., a referral to the county nurse was indicated.
A Bacterial Protein Enhances the Release and Efficacy of Liposomal Cancer Drugs

Clostridium novyi-NT is an anaerobic bacterium that can infect hypoxic regions within experimental tumors. Because C. novyi-NT lyses red blood cells, we hypothesized that its membrane-disrupting properties could be exploited to enhance the release of liposome-encapsulated drugs within tumors. Here, we show that treatment of mice bearing large, established tumors with C. novyi-NT plus a single dose of liposomal doxorubicin often led to eradication of the tumors. The bacterial factor responsible for the enhanced drug release was identified as a previously unrecognized protein termed liposomase. This protein could potentially be incorporated into diverse experimental approaches for the specific delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to tumors.
Characterizing the Galicia Bank-Southern Iberia Abyssal Plain rifted margin segment boundary using multichannel seismic and ocean bottom seismometer data

[1] We present multichannel seismic reflection and ocean bottom seismometer reflection/refraction data from ISE-9, a margin-parallel, north–south oriented profile ∼200 km west of the Portuguese coast. ISE-9 images the boundary between two distinct segments of the Iberia nonvolcanic rifted margin: Galicia Bank (GB) and the Southern Iberia Abyssal Plain (SIAP). The bathymetric contrast between GB (2 km depth) and SIAP (4–5 km depth) spans only 25 km. The crustal thickness transition, however, spans 137 km, from 13–18 km thick beneath GB to <2 km thick beneath SIAP. We define this crustal thickness transition as the segment boundary. Crustal structure along the segment boundary, tilted blocks bounded by normal faults, is surprisingly similar to crustal structure observed along orthogonal, east–west profiles of the Iberia margin. The apparent north–south extension is similar in magnitude to previously calculated east–west extension, implying an overall northeast–southwest extension. However, paleoreconstructions and rift basin orientations constrain lithospheric extension to a nearly east–west direction. We speculate that north–south extension is limited to the crust and is caused by large-scale mass wasting sometime between the Tithonian and Valanginian. This rotational slump spans the 137-km-wide modern segment boundary, emplacing GB continental crust directly onto exhumed, serpentinized mantle of SIAP. Palinspastic reconstruction restores the southern edge of the blocks to coincide within <10 km of a steep Moho transition and a near-vertical fault which extends through the slump and offsets Moho. We interpret this location as the preslump segment boundary that accommodated transform motion between the two rifted margin segments.
Morphology and distribution of synapses onto a type of large field ganglion cell in the retina of the goldfish

The morphology and dendritic distribution of terminals that synapse onto a type of large-field ganglion cell in the retina of the goldfish are described. Electron microscopy was combined with retrograde labelling of cells with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Synapses from both amacrine (four types) and bipolar cells contacted the dendrites (all orders) of these cells. In contrast to a recent report describing the synaptic organization of large-field ganglion cells in the catfish (Sakai et al., '86), the synapses were relatively evenly distributed throughout the dendritic arbor, not clustered at discrete sites, and no presynaptic specializations were seen in the dendrites of the ganglion cells.
Maximum likelihood estimation for filtering thresholds

Information filtering systems based on statistical retrieval models usually compute a numeric score indicating how well each document matches each profile. Documents with scores above profile-specificdissemination thresholdsare delivered.An optimal dissemination threshold is one that maximizes a given utility function based on the distributions of the scores of relevant and non-relevant documents. The parameters of the distribution can be estimated using relevance information, but relevance information obtained while filtering isbiased. This paper presents a new method of adjusting dissemination thresholds that explicitly models and compensates for this bias. The new algorithm, which is based on the Maximum Likelihood principle, jointly estimates the parameters of the density distributions for relevant and non-relevant documents and the ratio of the relevant document in the corpus. Experiments with TREC-8 and TREC-9 Filtering Track data demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Jejunocolic Anastomosis for the Surgical Management of Recurrent Cecal Impaction in a Horse

A 5-year-old Thoroughbred gelding with recurrent cecal impaction refractory to medical management was treated with a side-to-side jejunocolic anastomosis. Cecal impaction did not recur after surgery. The horse gained weight and performed successfully for 14 months, but experienced three episodes of mild abdominal pain between 14 and 20 months after surgery. Mild cecal gas distention and firm ingesta in the colon were detected on rectal examination. The horse's feces remained soft after surgery, except during the colic episodes when dry, firm feces were passed.
Kinetics of the bohr effect of menhaden hemoglobin, brevoortia tyrannus

Abstract The kinetics of proton release on ligation of menhaden hemoglobin was studied by flash photolysis over a range of pH. In contrast to all previous kinetic work with human hemoglobin, a nonlinear relationship between proton release and CO binding was found. Proton uptake was also observed in the course of O 2 replacement by CO at low pH. It follows that at least part of the proton release is associated with quaternary rather than tertiary conformational changes i.e. this result is consistent with a two-state model in which L is a function of pH.
Electro-optic response of surface-induced nematic order above the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature

The optical retardation of a liquid crystal above the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{NI}}$ and subjected to planar alignment conditions at the substrate was investigated in the presence of an electric field applied normal to the substrates. The response was found to exhibit ``S''-shaped behavior with electric field, and was larger near ${T}_{\mathrm{NI}}$ than well above ${T}_{\mathrm{NI}}.$ The results were examined in the context of a model that permits both biaxiality and a field-induced tilt of the molecular director. The results suggest that the primary effect of the electric field is to induce biaxiality, and in consequence suppress the order induced by the surface. No clear indication of a Freedericksz-like transition, either experimental or theoretical, was observed.
IN VITRO EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON PRIMATE LUTEAL MEMBRANES: EXPOSURE OF ADDITIONAL GONADOTROPIN RECEPTOR SITES

The presence of 0.8–8.0% (vol/vol) ethanol increased the specific binding of [125I]human luteinizing hormone (hLH) to membrane particulate fractions prepared from the rhesus monkey corpus luteum in a dose-dependent manner. Ethanol increased the number of available gonadotropin binding sites without altering their affinity for LH. These results suggest that (1) there are additional gonadotropin receptors in the macaque corpus luteum which are not detected by conventional in vitro techniques, and (2) ethanol exposes receptors previously unavailable for hormone interaction.
Introduction To Water Resources and Environmental Issues

[1] Water is an essential life-sustaining resource whose existence and availability for human use are often taken for granted. It is often utilized by people who are unaware of where the water originated and what happens to the water following use. Beyond meeting direct human use, water enables all living species to survive and flourish and is a renewable natural resource. The authors' preface frames the context for this book; namely, it is to make the subject of water, water resources, and water's interactions in the environment understandable, approachable, and relevant to a wide range of students.
100,000 protein structures for the biologist

Structural genomics promises to deliver experimentally determined three-dimensional structures for many thousands of protein domains. These domains will be carefully selected, so that the methods of fold assignment and comparative protein structure modeling will result in useful models for most other protein sequences. The impact on biology will be dramatic.
Photochemical degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate). I. Irradiation experiments with the xenon and carbon arc

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) films were irradiated in a carbon-arc Fade-Ometer and in a xenon-arc Weather-Ometer. The changes in tensile properties, intrinsic viscosities, infrared absorption, and fluorescence emission spectra resulting from these irradiations were measured. Quantitative comparisons between changes in surface (ATR) and transmission infrared spectra, in conjunction with the other results obtained, have established the importance of surface reactions in the photodeterioration of poly(ethylene terephthalate).
Sequential Checkpoints Govern Substrate Selection During Cotranslational Protein Targeting

Proper protein localization is essential for all cells. However, the precise mechanism by which high fidelity is achieved is not well understood for any protein-targeting pathway. To address this fundamental question, we investigated the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway in Escherichia coli, which delivers proteins to the bacterial inner membrane through recognition of signal sequences on cargo proteins. Fidelity was thought to arise from the inability of SRP to bind strongly to incorrect cargos. Using biophysical assays, we found that incorrect cargos were also rejected through a series of checkpoints during subsequent steps of targeting. Thus, high fidelity of substrate selection is achieved through the cumulative effect of multiple checkpoints; this principle may be generally applicable to other pathways involving selective signal recognition.
The Role of Communication in Preventing Workplace Sabotage

Motivations for employee sabotage range broadly; however, the consequences can be tragic for an American corporation. The present study warrants the need for public awareness of workplace violence as well as perception, cause, and prevention. Using historical data and a hybrid of the multidimensional scaling technique, the findings were extrapolated to describe and better acquaint employers with effective means of preventing violent behaviors among individual workers. Results of this study suggest that a lack of effective employer/employee exchange of communication is the primary cause for corporate sabotage in the event of major corporate change. The findings empirically validate that communication precludes the potential consequences that employee violence may bring. Discussing ways to improve the workplace together with management may enable employees to discover common ground and to recreate workplace harmony.
Can Leviathan be Democratic? Competitive Elections, Robust Mass Politics, and State Infrastructural Power

Reconciling effective government with accountable government remains an enormous political challenge, especially in the postcolonial world. Can postcolonial states only gain infrastructural power when their rulers enjoy unencumbered despotic power? With their contradictory findings about the influence of democratic parliaments on state autonomy and capacity, the literatures on constitutional states in Western Europe and developmental states in Northeast Asia provide limited guidance on this normatively critical question. As an alternative approach, this essay proposes three causal mechanisms through which competitive national elections can incite the territorial extension of state institutions: (1) catalyzing the construction of mass ruling parties; (2) energizing state registration of marginal populations; and (3) fostering centralized intervention in local authoritarian enclaves. Evidence from Southeast Asia suggests that competitive elections will only have these infrastructural effects when accompanied by robust mass political mobilization. This has intriguing implications for how scholars understand historical patterns of state-building in the West, as well as how policymakers try to build more effective states in the most ungoverned corners of the contemporary world.
Function words in the prosody of fluent reading

This paper exposes how function words and their prosodic features play a part in learning and teaching to read in the early years. It sketches the place that function words have in the grammar of English and describes their phonological features, especially their weak stress and its role in the prosodic quality of sentences. It considers the ways that function words and their prosodic features have a place in promoting fluent reading, taking into account accurate recognition of function words and well-paced phrasing.
A Simple Analysis of Average Mechanical Behavior and Strain Energy Density of Misoriented Grains in a Textured Film

Differences in strain energy density between grains of different orientation within a thin film may drive morphological changes such as abnormal grain growth, hillocking, and sunken grains. Models of these morphological changes generally assume that the behavior of each grain is the same as that of a blanket film of corresponding orientation. In order to investigate this assumption as it applies to the behavior of a (100)-oriented grain within a {111}-fiber textured copper film, simple continuum analytical and finite element models are applied to the case of a film on a rigid substrate subjected to temperature changes. The simple models indicate that the behavior of a misoriented grain does not simply duplicate that of a blanket film of the same orientation; the behavior of the surrounding grains must also be considered. The strain energy density difference between the grain and the surrounding film is less than that predicted by blanket film behavior. An elasticity equation is presented which describes the average stress-temperature behavior of widely dispersed misoriented grains within a textured film.
A 2D dynamic model for fouling performance of plate heat exchangers

Abstract A 2D fouling model for milk pasteurizer using plate heat exchangers (PHEs) was implemented and validated. The model emphasis was placed on fouling prediction based on the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic performances of PHEs in 2D environment. Different types of multichannel PHEs, i.e. 12-channel PHE 1 and 20-channel PHE 2 with both counter-current and co-current flows were applied to validate the model by visualization and quantification of milk deposit developed in the fluid channels. The predicted mass deposit values at each channel were in good agreement with the experimental data with the average prediction error of 0.4 g or 10.9% ( R 2 = 0.98) for PHE 1. The theoretical values of temperature and mass deposit for a plate of PHE 2 were closer to the actual measurements with errors of 1.6 °C or 2.1% and 0.06 g or 6%, respectively. The aggregation rate of unfolded protein was observed to increase exponentially with increasing wall temperature, due to a reduction in flow rate and heat transfer coefficient. The predicted milk deposit distribution on the plate surface is expected to determine the sensor location appropriate for on-line monitoring and furthermore, optimization of the thermal process for minimizing milk fouling.
The fine structure of the parasitic dinoflagellateHaplozoon axiothellae

The multicellular parasitic dinoflagellateHaplozoon axiothellae Siebert was studied with electron microscopy. The trophocyte (attachment cell) bears a suction apparatus with a movable protruding stylet that penetrates the epithelial cell of the host gut. The gonocytes are binucleate and divide frequently. Nuclear structure is similar to the mesokaryotic condition of other dinoflagellates although the chromosomes lack the helically coiled appearance of the DNA fibrils. During nuclear division the nucleus retains its envelope intact and cytoplasmic invaginations develop in which packets of parallel microtubules occur. The microtubules attach to the nuclear envelope opposite the site of chromosome attachment. The chromosomes remain condensed during interphase but the helically coiled DNA fibrils characteristic of the mesokaryotic condition are not evident.
Learning from mistakes. Factors that influence how students and residents learn from medical errors

CONTEXT: Trainees are exposed to medical errors throughout medical school and residency. Little is known about what facilitates and limits learning from these experiences.
Activational and organizational actions of gonadal hormones and the sex-specific effects of prolactin on food intake by rats.

Results of previous studies indicate that there is a sex-specific feeding response to prolactin (PRL) by rats: Only female rats significantly increase their food intake. The possible roles of the activational and/or organizational actions of the gonadal hormones in this sex difference were explored. In the first experiment, activational hormone exposure was manipulated in adult male and female rats. The results suggest that the activational actions of estrogen are not necessary for, and that testosterone does not block, PRL-induced increases in food intake by female rats. In a second experiment, organizational hormone exposure was manipulated in male and female rats during the early postnatal period. Genetic male rats organized as females by postnatal Day-1 castration significantly increased their food intake, while genetic female rats organized as males by postnatal androgen treatment maintained baseline levels of food intake. Overall, these experiments suggest that organizational, but not activational, gonadal hormone exposure plays a critical role in the development of this sex-specific response to PRL. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 35: 61–67, 1999
Family Involvement at the End-of-Life and Receipt of Quality Care

Abstract Context Most patients will lose decision-making capacity at the end of life. Little is known about the quality of care received by patients who have family involved in their care. Objectives To evaluate differences in the receipt of quality end-of-life care for patients who died with and without family involvement. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 34,290 decedents from 146 acute and long-term care Veterans Affairs facilities between 2010 and 2011. Outcomes included: 1) palliative care consult, 2) chaplain visit, and 3) death in an inpatient hospice or palliative care unit. We also assessed "do not resuscitate" (DNR) orders. Family involvement was defined as documented discussions with the health care team in the last month of life. We used logistic regression adjusted for demographics, comorbidity, and clustered by facility. For chaplain visit, hospice or palliative care unit death, and DNR, we additionally adjusted for palliative care consults. Results Mean (SD) age was 74 (±12) years, 98% were men, and 19% were nonwhite. Most decedents (94.2%) had involved family. Veterans with involved family were more likely to have had a palliative care consult, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.31 (95% CI 3.90–4.76); a chaplain visit, AOR 1.18 (95% CI 1.07–1.31); and a DNR order, AOR 4.59 (95% CI 4.08–5.16) but not more likely to die in a hospice or palliative care unit. Conclusion Family involvement at the end of life is associated with receipt of palliative care consultation and a chaplain visit and a higher likelihood of a DNR order. Clinicians should support early advance care planning for vulnerable patients who may lack family or friends.
Predicting pattern formation in coupled reaction—diffusion systems

Abstract Coupled reaction—diffusion equations are known to exhibit a wealth of multiple coexisting stationary solution patterns as the characteristic length of the system grows. We describe and implement a technique which allows us, by studying only stationary solution branches at small lengths, to predict the complex structure of steady-state bifurcations occuring at large system lengths without actually computing this structure. This technique is applicable to arbitrary isothermal or nonisothermal systems of coupled reaction—diffusion equations or no-flux boundary conditions. To illustrate it we use a standard literature example (the Brussellator), where, by computing only the first two solution branches, we accurately predict the steady-state bifurcation structure reported up to much larger system lengths. This technique also provides a compact way of describing and comparing stationary pattern formation in a large class of systems, extending beyond coupled reaction—diffusion equations. We demonstrate this by comparing stationary pattern formation for our test problem (the Brussellator), with the formation of complex surface wave patterns in thin liquid film flow.
Chemisorption Geometry, Vibrational Spectra, and Thermal Desorption of Formic Acid on TiO2(110)

We have used high-energy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and diffraction (XPS/XPD), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) to determine the molecular orientation, long-range order, vibrational frequencies, and desorption temperatures for formic acid and its decomposition products on TiO2(110). Molecular adsorption occurs at coverages approaching one monolayer, producing a weakly ordered (2 × 1) surface structure. High-energy XPD reveals that the formate binds rigidly in a bidentate fashion through the oxygens to Ti cation rows along the [001] direction with an O–C–O bond angle of 126 ± 4°. During TPD some surface protons and formate anions recombine and desorb as formic acid above 250 K. However, most of the decomposition products follow reaction pathways leading to H2O, CO and H2CO desorption. Water is formed in TPD below 500 K via the abstraction of lattice oxygen by deposited acid protons.
New approach for locating multiple targets

The research presented in this paper is focused on the development of mathematical foundations and algorithm for locating multiple targets on film images. A locator algorithm with firm mathematical foundations has been developed to locate multiple targets. The algorithm is based upon the assumption that an image is composed of a mixture of component distributions, stemming from the different background and target regions in the image. Using both a maximum likelihood estimator and iterative clustering algorithm, a locator algorithm was developed to separate the mixture into its major components. Having the components of the mixture, objects are located by classifying the components of mixture and recognizing the targets based upon their size and shape. The algorithm has been tested on a set of images that were selected based upon anticipated difficult situations. The algorithm has demonstrated the ability to locate multiple objects in noisy and cluttered background scenes.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thin-film solar cells: An overview

Abstract Thin-film solar cells offer the most promising options for substantially reducing the cost of photovoltaic systems. A multiplicity of options, in terms of materials and devices, are currently being developed worldwide. Some of the leading contenders are: amorphous and polycrystalline silicon, compound semiconductor thin films such as CuInSe 2 -based alloys, and CdTe thin-film solar cells. Enormous progress in device performance has been made in most of these technologies, and considerable effort is devoted to commercialization of these technologies. Exciting new developments are happening in some relatively new materials and devices.
Excited-state dynamics of the intramolecular proton transfer of 3-hydroxyflavone in the absence of external hydrogen-bonding interactions

Abstract A single exponential risetime is observed for the lautomer fluorescence of 3-hydroxyflavone in the absence of hydrogen-bonding impurities in the temperature range of 298—77 K. The observed risetime in hydrocarbon solvents is less than 8 ps at 298 K, while at 77 K it is 37 ± 6 ps. The discrepancy with other reports is attributed to hydrogen-bonding solvent impurities which inhibit the intramolecular proton transfer process.
Geometric Corrections on Sidescan Sonar Images based on Bathymetry. Application with SeaMARC II and Sea Beam Data

Acoustic backscatter images of the seafloor obtained with sidescan sonar systems are displayed most often using a flat bottom assumption. Whenever this assumption is not valid, pixels are mapped incorrectly in the image frame, yielding distorted representations of the seafloor. Here, such distortions are corrected by using an appropriate representation of the relief, as measured by the sonar that collected the acoustic backscatter information. In addition, all spatial filtering operations required in the pixel relocation process take the sonar geometry into account. Examples of the process are provided by data collected in the Northeastern Pacific over Fieberling Guyot with the SeaMARC II bathymetric sidescan sonar system and the Sea Beam multibeam echo-sounder. The nearly complete (90%) Sea Beam bathymetry coverage of the Guyot serves as a reference to quantify the distortions found in the backscatter images and to evaluate the accuracy of the corrections performed with SeaMARC II bathymetry. As a byproduct, the processed SeaMARC II bathymetry and the Sea Beam bathymetry adapted to the SeaMARC II sonar geometry exhibit a 35m mean-square difference over the entire area surveyed.
Structure of Shope papilloma virus particles

Abstract Shope papilloma virus from warts of cottontail rabbits was partially purified by differential centrifugation and then subjected to rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose or glycerol density gradients where the particles were separated into three bands and a small pellet. The top component consisted of particles that were of characteristic size for papilloma virus but, upon examination in the electron microscope, after treatment with phosphotungstic acid, most of them appeared to be hollow. This fraction also gave a protein-like absorption curve in the ultraviolet, contained very little phosphorus, and was almost noninfectious. By contrast the particles in the middle band appeared completely formed, contained appreciable phosphorus, had a nucleoprotein-like absorption curve, and were highly infectious. It is not known whether the two types of particle are produced as such in the host or are a result of preparation. In all particles a pattern of spots was seen either over the surface or around the periphery. The spots were of uniform size and were arrayed in a definite pattern, suggesting that they represent a subunit structure.
Behavioral effects of prenatal exposure to lidocaine in the rat: effects of dosage and of gestational age at administration.

Abstract Pregnant Long-Evans hooded rats were dosed via injections into the gum with 3, 6, or 9 mg/kg lidocaine, or vehicle, or were uninjected, on gestational day 4 (GD4), GD11, or GD18. Offspring (8–11 litters/group) were tested on a variety of tests of behavioral development and adult behavior. No effects of any dose at any time of administration were found upon maternal weight gain in gestation, litter size, or initial birth weight or weight gain of the pups. Administration at GD4 produced few effects; only footshock sensitivity showed a significant effect of dosing, although there were trends toward dosing effects on spontaneous alternation. For administration on GD11, lidocaine was associated with slight but significant alterations in sex ratios, and a trend toward drug effects on development of spontaneous alternation. Vehicle administration at this age reduced barbiturate sleep time in offspring and slightly altered footshock sensitivity. Lidocaine dosing on GD18 was associated with a number of significant alterations of behavior, including visual discrimination, shuttlebox avoidance, tail flick, and water maze errors; there were also both vehicle and lidocaine effects on water maze latencies. These data reinforce our previous report that lidocaine may be a behavioral teratogen, and suggest that administration in later gestation in the rat may alter a broader range of behaviors than earlier in gestation.
Echocardiographic evaluation of atrioventricular orifice anatomy in children with atrioventricular septal defect.

Abstract In atrioventricular (AV) septal defect, the common AV valve can have a common orifice or can be divided by bridging leaflet tissue into two separate orifices. To determine the accuracy of a two-dimensional echocardiographic technique devised specifically for evaluation of the number of AV valve orifices, all 69 children undergoing surgical repair of AV septal defect from April 1987 to August 1999 were examined prospectively. The presence of bridging leaflet tissue and the number of AV valve orifices were determined with use of a subcostal imaging plane. From a standard subcostal four-chamber view, the plane of sound was rotated 30 ° to 45 ° clockwise until the AV valve was seen en face. The plane of sound was then tilted from a superior to an inferior direction so that cross-sectional views of the AV valve were examined from the inferior margin of the atrial septum to the superior margin of the ventricular septum. Of the 69 patients, 6 (9%) were excluded because the appropriate subcostal images were not obtained (in 3 because of obesity and in 3 as a result of operator failure). The remaining 63 children, ranging in age from 1 day to 13.5 years and in weight from 1 to 55 kg, constituted the study group. Echocardiographic results were compared with surgical observations in 62 patients and with autopsy findings in 1 patient. With the two-dimensional echocardiographic technique, 32 of 33 patients with a common orifice and 28 of 30 patients with two separate AV valve orifices were correctly identified. By chi-square analysis, the echocardiographic technique allowed correct identification of a common orifice valve with 94% sensitivity and 97% specificity. For correct identification of two separate orifices, the echocardiographic technique had 97% sensitivity and 94% specificity. The positive predictive value of the echocardiographic technique was 97% for a common orifices and 93% for two separate orifices. Thus, in patients with AV septal defect, the presence of bridging leaflet tissue and the number of AV valve orifices can be accurately determined with use of a subcostal two-dimensional imaging plane.
Local fields at the surface of noble-metal microspheres

Enhancement of the Raman scattering and fluorescence emission on noble metals (Ag, Cu, and Au) is believed to be caused in part by large local fields at the incident wavelength on the surface of metallic microstructures, such as colloidal suspensions and surface roughness on electrodes and thin films. For metallic spheres immersed in water, calculations are made of the integrated near-field intensity efficiency (${Q}_{\mathrm{NF}}$) and that part associated only with the radial field component as a function of incident wavelength (200- 1200 nm) and sphere radius (0- 300 nm) which exceeds the usual Rayleigh limit and extends well into the Lorenz-Mie region. The calculated wavelength and radius dependencies of ${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{NF}}$ are compared with those for the better-known efficiencies: extinction (${Q}_{\mathrm{E}}$), far-field scattering (${Q}_{\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathrm{sca}}$), and absorption (${Q}_{\mathrm{abs}}$). The peak values of these efficiencies have been evaluated when the incident wavelength is in resonance with dipolar and multipolar surface-plasmon modes of Ag, Cu, and Au spheres of varying radii immersed in water.
Coiled Coil Probes Capture the Mechanical Unfolding Pathway of a Large Protein

Folding behaviors and mechanisms of large, multi-domain proteins remain largely uncharacterized, primarily because of the lack of appropriate research tools. To address these limitations, we develop novel mechanical folding probes that are based on antiparallel coiled-coil polypeptides. Such probes can be conveniently inserted, at the DNA level, at different positions within the protein of interest where they minimally disturb the host protein structure. During single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements, the forced unfolding of the probes captures the progress of the unfolding front through the host protein structure. This novel approach allows unfolding pathways of large proteins to be directly identified. As an example we use this probe in a large multidomain protein with 10 identical ankyrin repeats and we determine, unequivocally and precisely, the unfolding pathway, its direction and order of sequential unfolding. This development facilitates examination of the folding pathways of large proteins that predominate proteasomes of all organisms but have since eluded study because of technical limitations using traditional techniques.
Fallout radionuclides in the Pacific Ocean: Vertical and horizontal distributions, largely from GEOSECS stations

Abstract From GEOSECS stations, largely, the 1974 distributions of Pu and of 137 Cs are described in the Pacific Ocean north of about 20°S latitude. Changes in some of these distributions are described from 1978 cruises by the authors. The Pacific exhibited, everywhere, a shallow subsurface layer of Pu-rich water with its concentration maximum at about 465 m in 1974; over a large portion of the central North Pacific a second layer of Pu-labelled water, less concentrated than the shallow layer, lay just above the bottom. Similar features were not observed in the case of 137 Cs. The inventories of both Pu and 137 Cs in the water column at most 1974 stations are substantially greater than those to be expected from world-wide fallout alone; these inventory excesses appear to be attributable to close-in fallout, but only if the ratio Pu/ 137 Cs in this source was much higher than in world-wide fallout. The North Pacific mean ratio of the inventories is 2.2 times that observed in world-wide fallout. Resolubilization of Pu both from sinking particles and from sediments explains peculiarities of its depth distributions. There is little evidence for tracer movement by sliding downward along density surfaces; 137 Cs appears to have moved to depth by downmixing at the edge of the Kuroshio, and then moved horizontally and upward alongσ t contours. The shallow Pu-rich layer shows no coordination with density, salinity or O 2 isopleths. The deep Pu-rich layer is restricted to a narrow range of O 2 concentrations that confirm its origin in the Aleutian Trench and rapid spread southward and laterally. Near-bottom circulation processes have been much more active than here-to-fore described.
Angelman's syndrome: clinical and electroencephalographic findings

Angelman's syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by developmental delay, craniofacial abnormalities, ataxia, paroxysmal laughter, and seizures. The diagnosis is suspected in infants who have the characteristic clinical features and electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities and is confirmed by the genetic identification of a maternally derived 15q11-13 deletion. We report on 3 patients with genetically confirmed Angelman's syndrome who had the characteristic clinical and EEG features. The EEGs demonstrated high-amplitude 2- to 3-Hz delta activity, with intermittent spike-and-slow-wave discharges maximal in the occipital region in 2 patients and generalized sharp-and-slow-wave discharges, occipital spikes, and electrographic status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep in the other patient. The findings of generalized high-amplitude delta slowing and occipital spike-and-wave discharges, facilitated by eye closure, in children with developmental delay and seizures suggest the diagnosis of Angelman's syndrome and should lead to genetic testing.
Evaluation of instructional software: Design considerations and recommendations

The elements of desirable research design for the evaluation of educational technology are discussed with reference to the context of existing research. Sources of internal invalidity, type of compared educational activity, and outcome measures are considered. Finally, recommendations regarding the direction of evaluation research are made. Research designs that take into account the characteristics of the learner, the software, and the teacher preferably within the framework of a model of the learning process should be adopted.
Determinants of the generosity of pension plans for public school teachers, 1982–2006

All states provide pension plans to their teachers and civil servants; however, these plans vary across the states. We present a history of the development of teacher retirement plans during the twentieth century, describe how teacher plans relate to retirement plans for other state employees, and assess the impact of teachers not being included in Social Security on the benefits they receive from their employer pension plan. Over the past 25 years, public school teacher retirement plans in the United States have increased in generosity as benefit formulas have been increased, salary averaging periods have been reduced, and the normal retirement age has been lowered. We employ data from retirement plans in the states to estimate the impact of social and economic factors on the replacement rates for teachers retiring with 30 years of service.