cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Collaborative Use of Information Technology: End-User Participation and Systems Success

User participation seems especially important in the development of collaborative work systems where the technology is used by a work group to coordinate its joint activities. Users rather than systems analysts are often the best source of information on how they will use information technology to collaborate. It is almost an axiom of systems development that end users should participate in a broad range of activities/decisions, and that they should be permitted to participate in these decisions as much as they want. Despite these widely held beliefs, research has not focused on the differential efficacy of user participation in collaborative versus non-collaborative applications. Building upon the work of behavioral scientists who study participative decision making, Doll and Torkzadeh 1991 present a congruence construct of participation that measures whether end users participate as much as they want in key systems analysis decisions. Using a sample of 163 collaborative and 239 non-collaborative applications, this research focuses on three research questions: 1 Is user participation more effective in collaborative applications? 2 What specific decision issues enhance user satisfaction and productivity? and 3 Can permitting end-users to participate as much as they want on some issues be ineffective or even dysfunctional? The results indicate that user participation is more effective in collaborative applications. Of the four decision issues tested, only participation in information needs analysis predicts end-user satisfaction and task productivity. Encouraging end users to participate as much as they want on a broad range of systems analysis issues such as project initiation, information flow analysis, and format design appears to be, at best, a waste of time and, perhaps, even harmful. These findings should help managers and analysts make better decisions about how to focus participatory efforts and whether end users should participate as much as they want in the design of collaborative systems.
Do breast milk derived hormones play a role in neonatal development

Abstract Many hormones and several growth factors are present in significant concentrations in breast milk. That these substances are of physiologic significance has been suggested by many investigators. This review summarizes the biological roels of thyroid hormones and epidermal growth factor (EGF) derived from breast milk in a variety of developing mammals.
Expectant treatment with curative intent in the prostate-specific antigen era: Triggers for definitive therapy

Expectant treatment with curative intent for treatment of low-risk prostate cancer faces 3 challenges in the PSA era: (1) appropriate patient selection, (2) adequate surveillance strategies, and (3) identification of triggers for definitive intervention when cure is still possible. Men 65 years or older with T1c disease, prostate-specific antigen density <0.15 ng/ml/cm3, and favorable biopsy characteristics per the Epstein criteria currently appear to be the safest candidates for expectant treatment. Changes in biopsy characteristics are the most objective trigger for definitive therapy currently in use. Outcomes data are still required to determine the safety of expectant treatment for localized disease.
Attenuation of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice as evidence for the bioavailability of the cysteine in D-glucose-L-cysteine in vivo.

A substantial fraction of the cysteine added to total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions is converted to the corresponding thiazolidine derivative, while in solution with relatively large concentrations of glucose typical of TPN (700 mM and higher). It was recently reported (Roberts et al. (1987) J. Med. Chem. 30, 1891–1896)thatthis thiazolidine, d-glucose-l-cysteine (DGC), offered no significant protection against the hepatic injury caused by 5 mmolkg of acetaminophen in mice, suggesting that the cysteine present as DGC is poorly bioavailable in vivo. In the present study, fasted male ICR mice given 1.6 or 2.6 mmolkg of acetaminophen sustained hepatic injury, estimated by elevations in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. Administration of 2.5 mmolkg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 1 h before acetaminophen given i.p. prevented the rise in plasma ALT activities, apparently through support of glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Administration of 2.5 mmolkg of DGC prior to acetaminophen resulted in slightly lower mean plasma ALT activities than were observed in animals given saline before acetaminophen, but the effect was not statistically significant. When DGC was given 1 h before p.o. administration of 1.6 or 2.6 mmolkg of acetaminophen, the protective effects of DGC were statistically significant (P < 0.01, 0.025, respectively), although NAC afforded significantly greater protection than did DGC at the higher dose of acetaminophen. Given 4 h before acetaminophen, DGC attenuated acetaminophen-induced increases in plasma ALT activities significantly, whereas NAC was without effect. These results indicate that the cysteine in DGC is at least partially bioavailable in vivo and, further, that DGC may function as a slow release formulation of cysteine.
Digital alloy growth in mixed As/Sb heterostructures

We consider the digital alloy growth of mixed As/Sb layers by molecular beam epitaxy. Using the (InAs)n(GaSb)3n superlattice as an example, we determine an acceptable upper limit to the modulation period before significant deviation from the In0.25Ga0.75As0.25Sb0.75 bandgap occurs. We then consider the digital alloy growth of In0.2Ga0.8AsySb1� y layers on GaSb, and find that the digital alloying technique provides protection against compositional drift in the growth direction due to reduced sensitivity to variations in arsenic-flux and substrate temperature. r 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Thromboprophylaxis in Ambulatory Lung Cancer Treatment

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, are common problems experienced by patients with lung cancer that can impact treatment plans, prognoses, and survival. Patients with lung cancer are at greatest risk for development of VTE in the ambulatory care treatment setting. Literature does exist on VTE management for medical and surgical oncology inpatients, as well as clinical guidelines for inpatient prophylaxis; however, published evidence is lacking on outpatient risk and thromboprophylaxis in medical oncology outpatients, particularly patients with lung cancer. Because patients with lung cancer treated in the ambulatory setting have established risks for VTE, they may benefit from thromboprophylaxis. Clinical guidelines for outpatient thromboprophylaxis direct the clinical practice for thromboprophylaxis in lung cancer treatment. The purpose of the current article is to explore the VTE risks associated with ambulatory lung cancer treatment and to review the recommended guidelines for thromboprophylaxis to guide clinical decision making for patients with lung cancer.
Modeling effects of nonmetallic inclusions on LCF in DS nickel-base superalloys

Abstract Inclusions often play a dominant role in limiting fatigue life in both cast and wrought alloys under nominally elastic cyclic loading conditions. The hierarchical scales of fatigue crack formation and their correspondence to strain–life relations were considered for cast A356-T6 Al in recent work by McDowell and co-workers using a microstructure-property framework that related cyclic plasticity near debonded silicon particle and large casting pores to formation and early growth of microstructurally and physically small fatigue cracks. In this paper, we turn our attention to the analogous role of carbides, oxides or other hard ceramic particles in fatigue crack formation in nickel-base superalloys. Cyclic plasticity of a directionally solidified (DS) nickel-base superalloy is evaluated in the [0 0 1] orientation. The effects of loading parameters (strain amplitude, R-ratio) and microstructural parameters (nonmetallic inclusion shape, spacing, etc.) on local cyclic plasticity at microstructure-scale notches are evaluated. The effect of neighboring grain orientation on intensification of plastic strain around inclusions is analyzed, and functions are determined for relating applied strain to cyclic plastic shear strain near the inclusion/matrix debond (micronotch) that contributes to LCF crack formation. Use of such a framework for predicting microstructure-dependence of fatigue crack initiation life and its variability are discussed, as are additional mechanisms of microfracture associated with cumulative plastic deformation.
Explaining Gender Differences in Concern about Environmental Problems in the United States

We examine theoretical arguments explaining gender differences in environmental concern using data from six Gallup surveys in the 2000s. Using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, we examine the direct and indirect effects of gender and other key variables on two factors of environmental concern: worry about health-related environmental problems and worry about global environmental problems. We find weak but consistent support for the safety concerns hypothesis, which expects that women are more concerned than are men about health-related environmental problems. Our results offer no support for various arguments that men's and women's differential performance of key social roles in society account for gender differences in environmental concern. We find consistent support for the claim that risk perception mediates the direct effect of gender on environmental concern. We end with a discussion of fruitful avenues for future research on gender differences in environmental concern.
Does transfusion using a syringe infusion pump and small‐gauge needle cause hemolysis?

Hemolysis of two- and nine-day-stored sedimented red blood cells (hematocrit 65%), infused by a constant-rate syringe delivery pump through a 25-gauge needle was investigated. Fifteen-ml aliquots of blood were pumped through the system at flow rates of 10.6, 20.5, and 70 ml/hour. Plasma-free hemoglobin and potassium were measured and compared to controls. Significant red blood cell hemolysis occurred during passage through this infusion system, and the amount of hemolysis was greater with nine-day-stored cells. These cells showed more hemolysis with slower flow rates, but the two-day-stored cells were not affected by rate of flow.
The reduction of saccadic latency by prior offset of the fixation point: an analysis of the gap effect.

The latency to initiate a saccade (saccadic reaction time) to an eccentric target is reduced by extinguishing the fixation stimulus prior to the target onset. Various accounts have attributed this latency reduction (referred to as thegap effect) to facilitated sensory processing, oculomotor readiness, or attentional processes. Two experiments were performed to explore the relative contributions of these factors to the gap effect. Experiment 1 demonstrates that the reduction in saccadic reaction time (RT) produced by fixation point offset is additive with the effect of target luminance. Experiment 2 indicates that the gap effect is specific for saccades directed toward a peripheral target and does not influence saccades directed away from the target (i.e., antisaccades) or choice-manual RT. The results are consistent with an interpretation of the gap effect in terms of facilitated premotor processing in the superior colliculus.
Differentiation of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias.

Summary o 1. Problems encountered in the differential diagnosis of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias are reviewed and exemplified by representative electrocardiograms. 2. In supraventricular, as well as in ventricular, types of rapid ectopic rhythms, the action of the ventricles may be very rapid or only moderately accelerated, regular or irregular, the QRS duration may be normal or prolonged, and the atria may beat independently or follow the action of the ventricles. Clinical and electrocardiographic criteria based on one or several of these aspects are, therefore, inconclusive and deceptive. 3. When an ectopic tachycardia presents abnormal and/or prolonged QRS complexes, its supraventricular or ventricular origin can be established, though not in every instance, on the basis of: (a) a comparison with single conducted (supraventricular) impulses, or single premature beats, recorded before, after, or during the tachycardia; (b) the occurrence of ventricular fusion beats and (c) a consideration of the type of QRS widening and the mode of its onset and/or disappearance.
Influence of phosphorus and potassium on alfalfa yield, taproot C and N pools, and transcript levels of key genes after defoliation.

Fertilization with K and P impacts alfalfa (Medi- cago sativa L.) yield, but how these nutrients influence taproot reserves and gene expression is unknown. Our objectives were to determine how P and K impact (i) alfalfa yield and yield components, (ii) accumulation and use of taproot carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools, and (iii) transcript levels for β-amylase, sucrose synthase, and the high molecular weight vegetative storage protein in alfalfa taproots. Yield and yield components were determined at 30-d intervals beginning in late May. Roots were sampled after the late June harvest (Day 0) and 1, 3, 6, 10, 14, 21, and 30 d thereafter. Addition of P and K increased forage yield by enhancing mass per shoot. High P resulted in rapid starch use, while taproots of plants fertilized with K had low sugar concentrations. Transcripts decline by Day 6 and by Day 10 were below detection limits. Transcripts for β-amylase and sucrose synthase accumulated rapidly after Day 10 in taproots of plants fertilized with both P and K. Balanced P and K nutrition resulted in the accumulation and effective utilization of C and N reserves and in improved alfalfa adaptation to defoliation.
Modeling of Fixed-Exit Porous Bleed Systems for Supersonic Inlets

A model has been developed to simulate porous bleed systems with fixed-area plenum exits in supersonic inlets. The fixed-exit bleed model computes the bleed plenum static pressure and bleed rates according to local flow conditions and the fixed-exit characteristics of the bleed system. The model was implemented into the Wind-US computational fluid dynamics code. The behavior of the model was demonstrated through computational fluid dynamics simulations of the flow through a Mach 3.0 axisymmetric, mixed-compression inlet. The model was able to capture the variation of bleed rates across a bleed region, especially variations due to shocks interacting with the bleed region. The model was able to accurately indicate the characteristic cane curves showing the variation of the engine-face total pressure recovery with respect to the total bleed rate or the engine-face flow ratio, which varied with the level of inlet backpressure. The fixed-exit model provided a more realistic simulation of the onset of inlet unstart than the existing bleed model, which assumed constant plenum pressures. The fixed-exit bleed model was less accurate in determining plenum pressures and indicated higher plenum pressures than observed in the inlet wind-tunnel test. The results highlight aspects of porous bleed models that require further research.
Seasonal Emergence-Time Effects on Adult Longevity, Fecundity, and Egg Viability of Northern and Western Corn Rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Seasonal emergence time was studied to determine its influence on adult vigor and reproductive fitness of field-collected Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence and D. virgifera virgifera LeConte. Time of emergence was divided into six 2-wk intervals (lots; pooled from beetles collected every 2 d from onset to end of seasonal emergence cycle), which served as treatments. Beetles were maintained in single-insect oviposition chambers on a natural diet and were provided soil as an oviposition substrate. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 10 replicates. Female D. barberi survived on natural diet for averages of up to 89 d within lots. Earliest emerging (lot 1) beetles of both species lived significantly longer than those from later lots, thus suggesting reduced fitness as the season advanced. Lot fecundity means ranged from 133 to 312 eggs (maximum 1,036) and 357 to 736 (maximum 1,864) eggs per female for D. barberi and D. virgifera , respectively. Corresponding with greater longevity, increased fecundity was also observed with early-emerging females of both species. Beetles emerging during the first part of the growing season appeared to be generally healthier and more reproductively fit than their latter-emerging counterparts. These findings may warrant further evaluations to determine possible effects on late-season management efforts in adult corn rootworm suppression programs. Methodologies associated with insect maintenance and assessment of reproductive biology proved suitable for both species. Additionally, these findings may offer valuable insight needed to refine procedures for laboratory rearing and egg production from D. barberi .
Pancreatic cancer: Presentation of the disease, diagnosis and surgical management

About 25,000 new cases of pancreatic cancer occur each year. After tumors of the lung and colon, pancreatic carcinoma is the third leading cause of death due to cancer in men between ages 35 and 54. It occurs with increased frequency in cigarette smokers and women with diabetes mellitus. The peak incidence is in the fifth and sixth decades. In two-thirds of cases, the tumor is located in the head of the gland; the remainder occur in the body or tail. Ductal adenocarcinoma, mainly of poorly differentiated cell pattern, accounts for 80% of cancers; the remainder are islet cell tumors and cystadenocarcinomas. The adenocarcinoma is characterized by early local extension to contiguous structures and metastases to regional lymph nodes and the liver. Pulmonary, peritoneal, and distant nodal metastases occur later.
Mixed Inoculations with Effective and Ineffective Strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum

An ineffective Rhizobium leguminosarum strain capable of forming green nodules of similar size and number as normally effective strains was tested for its ability to compete with an effective strain in nodule formation on the pea. The ineffective strain was found to be more competitive and influenced the pattern of nodulation by the effective strain on the same root system. Nodules containing both strains were pink and able to reduce acetylene.
Trauma and the Stimulus Barrier

(1985). Trauma and the Stimulus Barrier. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 5, Knowing and not Knowing the Holocaust, pp. 131-161.
Breast and Ovarian Cancer in Relatives of Cancer Patients, with and without BRCA Mutations

Background: First-degree relatives of patients with breast or ovarian cancer have increased risks for these cancers. Little is known about how their risks vary with the patient's cancer site, carrier status for predisposing genetic mutations, or age at cancer diagnosis. Methods: We evaluated breast and ovarian cancer incidence in 2,935 female first-degree relatives of non-Hispanic White female patients with incident invasive cancers of the breast ( n = 669) or ovary ( n = 339) who were recruited from a population-based cancer registry in northern California. Breast cancer patients were tested for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Ovarian cancer patients were tested for BRCA1 mutations. We estimated standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for breast and ovarian cancer among the relatives according to the patient's mutation status, cancer site, and age at cancer diagnosis. Results: In families of patients who were negative or untested for BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, risks were elevated only for the patient's cancer site. The breast cancer SIR was 1.5 (95% CI, 1.2-1.8) for relatives of breast cancer patients, compared with 1.1 (95% CI, 0.8-1.6) for relatives of ovarian cancer patients ( P = 0.12 for difference by patient's cancer site). The ovarian cancer SIR was 0.9 (95% CI, 0.5-1.4) for relatives of breast cancer patients, compared with 1.9 (95% CI, 1.0-4.0) for relatives of ovarian cancer patients ( P = 0.04 for difference by site). In families of BRCA1-positive patients, relatives' risks also correlated with the patient's cancer site. The breast cancer SIR was 10.6 (95% CI, 5.2-21.6) for relatives of breast cancer patients, compared with 3.3 (95% CI, 1.4-7.3) for relatives of ovarian cancer patients (two-sided P = 0.02 for difference by site). The ovarian cancer SIR was 7.9 (95% CI, 1.2-53.0) for relatives of breast cancer patients, compared with 11.3 (3.6-35.9) for relatives of ovarian cancer patients (two-sided P = 0.37 for difference by site). Relatives' risks were independent of patients' ages at diagnosis, with one exception: In families ascertained through a breast cancer patient without BRCA mutations, breast cancer risks were higher if the patient had been diagnosed before age 40 years. Conclusion: In families of patients with and without BRCA1 mutations, breast and ovarian cancer risks correlate with the patient's cancer site. Moreover, in families of breast cancer patients without BRCA mutations, breast cancer risk depends on the patient's age at diagnosis. These patterns support the presence of genes that modify risk specific to cancer site, in both carriers and noncarriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(2):359–63)
Witnessed aggression: influence of an observer's sex and values on aggressive responding.

Two experiments investigated the effects of the presence of an observer on aggressive responding. In one experiment, male subjects observed by a male aggressed more than those observed by a female. When the male observer was removed from the situation, subjects' level of aggressiveness more closely matched the level manifested by the opponent. The removal of the female observer had little effect on the subjects' behavior. In the second experiment, the male or female observer of the subject's behavior was disguised as a member of an organization with explicit values (aggressive or pacifistic) regarding the use of aggression. In this case, significant differences in aggression were associated with the observer's values but not the observer's sex. Following the departure of the observer, the shock settings of subjects in the two aggressive-value observer groups showed a signifcant decrease. The average shock setting of subjects in the two pacifistic-value observer groups remained at about the same level. In sum, the results indicated that the subjects' aggressive behavior was apparently a function of their expectations of approval for such behavior, based on the inferred or explicit values of the observer. The results were further discussed in terms of social learning theory. Language: en
Mode-locking theory for ultra-short few-femtosecond laser pulses

We propose a new model which is valid for ultra-fast pulse propagation in a mode-locked laser cavity in the few femtosecond to hundreds of attoseconds pulse regime, thus deriving the equivalent of the master mode-locking equation for ultra-short pulses that has dominated mode-locking theory for two decades. The short pulse equation with dissipative gain and loss terms allows for the generation of stable ultra-short optical pulses from initial white-noise,thus providing the first theoretical framework for quantifying the pulse dynamics and stability as pulseswidths approach the attosecond regime.
Combined Use of Tricyclic Antidepressants and Neuroleptics in the Management of Terminally 111 Children: A Report on Three Cases

Three children with terminal cancer, ages 7, 9, and 14 years, who exhibited severe symptoms of depression and anxiety, were treated with a combination of low dose amitriptyline (1–2 mg/kg/24 hours) and haloperidol (0.05–0.10 mg/kg/24 hours). Anxiety decreased, mood improved, vegetative symptoms were alleviated, and requirements for narcotic analgesia decreased within 1 week of inception of pharmacotherapy. Symptoms reemerged in two patients when the medications were discontinued. Importantly, the psychopharmaco-logic interventions allowed the patients and their families to deal with the dynamic issues involved in chronic illness and death and dying.
Scatter correction for x-ray conebeam CT using one-dimensional primary modulation

Recently, we developed an efficient scatter correction method for x-ray imaging using primary modulation. A two-dimensional (2D) primary modulator with spatially variant attenuating materials is inserted between the x-ray source and the object to separate primary and scatter signals in the Fourier domain. Due to the high modulation frequency in both directions, the 2D primary modulator has a strong scatter correction capability for objects with arbitrary geometries. However, signal processing on the modulated projection data requires knowledge of the modulator position and attenuation. In practical systems, mainly due to system gantry vibration, beam hardening effects and the ramp-filtering in the reconstruction, the insertion of the 2D primary modulator results in artifacts such as rings in the CT images, if no post-processing is applied. In this work, we eliminate the source of artifacts in the primary modulation method by using a one-dimensional (1D) modulator. The modulator is aligned parallel to the ramp-filtering direction to avoid error magnification, while sufficient primary modulation is still achieved for scatter correction on a quasicylindrical object, such as a human body. The scatter correction algorithm is also greatly simplified for the convenience and stability in practical implementations. The method is evaluated on a clinical CBCT system using the Catphan© 600 phantom. The result shows effective scatter suppression without introducing additional artifacts. In the selected regions of interest, the reconstruction error is reduced from 187.2HU to 10.0HU if the proposed method is used.
Spinal antinociception mediated by a cocaine-sensitive dopaminergic supraspinal mechanism

The role of dopaminergic descending supraspinal processes in mediating the antinociccptive action of cocaine was studied in the rat using a combination of extracellular neuronal recording and behavioral techniques. Neurons in the superficial laminae (I-II) of the spinal dorsal horn with receptive fields on the tail were recorded in anesthetized rats using insulated metal microelectrodes. Stimulation of the receptive field with either high intensity transcutaneous electrical pulses or with an infrared CO 2 laser beam produced a biphasic increase in dorsal horn unit discharge. Conduction velocity estimates indicated that the early discharge corresponded to activity in A~ whereas the late response corresponded to activity in C afferent fibers. Cumulative doses of cocaine (0.1-3.1 mg/kg i.v.) inhibited the late response to either electrical or laser stimulation in a dose-related manner. The early response to laser, but not electrical, stimulation was also suppressed by cocaine. Neurons in the spinal dorsal horn with receptive fields on the ipsilateral hindpaw were activated by natural noxious (pinch) or innocuous (tap) somatic stimulation. Cocaine selectively suppressed nociceptively evoked dorsal horn unit discharge. This antinociceptive effect was dose-related (0.3-3.1 mg/kg, i.v.) and antagonized by eticlopride (0.05-0.1 mg/kg, i.v.), a selective D2 dopamine receptor blocker. The same doses of cocaine failed to inhibit the responses of dorsal horn neurons to low threshold innocuous stimulation. Complete thoracic spinal cord transection eliminated the antinociceptive effect of cocaine on dorsal horn neurons and also eliminated the cocaine-induced attenuation of the tail-flick reflex. These data demonstrate that cocaine selectively inhibits nociceptive spinal reflexes and the nociceptive responses of dorsal horn neurons primarily by means of a D2 dopaminergic receptor mechanism. This antinociceptive effect of cocaine is independent of its local anesthetic activity and requires the integrity of the thoracic spinal cord, suggesting that the drug potentiates or activates supraspinal dopaminergic projections to the dorsal horn.
Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation in the Presence of Paramagnetic Ions

The influence of independent processes of relaxation of paramagnetic ions on nuclear magnetic relaxation in the presence of these ions is discussed theoretically, using the Kubo and Tomita method. The nuclei are assumed to relax as a result of their contact with the ions through the usual dipole-dipole mechanism and this irteraction is, in turn, considered to be of negligible influence on the ionic relaxation. Following a suggestion by Abragam, the ionic interactions are described as a coupling of the ionic spins to an effective local field varying randomly in time; this coupling is finally expressed in terms of experimentally more accessible parameters such as the ionic correlation and relaxation times. All dissipative interactions are approximated by autocorrelatlon functions with simple exponentially decaying time dependence, thereby limiting the applicability of this calculation to liquids and to liquid- like solids. The second-order terms in the perturbation expansion of the relaxation tensor yield contributions to the Bloch relaxation times of the system of nuclear spins that agree with previous calculations. The fourth-order terms describing ionic relaxation yield a contribution to the nuclear relaxation times with a narrowing influence, except in the limit of strong fields when a broadening is produced. (auth)
Origin of the Disturbed Belt in Northwestern Montana

The northern part of the disturbed belt in Montana is a northwesterly trending zone of closely spaced westerly dipping thrust faults, many folds, and some longitudinal normal faults and transverse faults. The theory of vertical uplift that results in gravitational gliding is a reasonable explanation of the origin of the disturbed belt of northwestern Montana. The outcropping sedimentary rocks range in age from Precambrian (Belt Supergroup) to Tertiary. All Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic stratigraphic rock units thin markedly to the east. Westernmost Montana was a slowly subsiding geosynclme during Precambrian (Belt) sedimentation and a miogeosyncline during much of Paleozoic sedimentation. The miogeosynclinal area was uplifted into a highland during the Jurassic and Cretaceous, and sediment from the highland was deposited in a basin to the east. Periodic uplift and erosion continued through Cretaceous and very early Tertiary. I believe that a decollement was established, in the easterly tilted sediments, and the mass moved eastward under the influence of gravity across the small Mesozoic basin. The decollement migrated upsection to the east. East of the slide mass the rocks were folded, marking the east edge of the northern part of the disturbed belt in Montana. This edge was probably controlled by the erosional edge of the Precambrian (Belt) rocks and the west side of the craton. Additional uplift continued to produce sliding that piled one fault block upon another. The minimum amount of shortening of this upper part of the crust by thrust faulting and folding computed along one line of section is more than 29 miles. The amount of uplift to the west very likely exceeded 45,000 ft during the period from very Late Cretaceous to late Eocene. The main decollement was under an overburden of as much as 25,000 ft of strata—a thickness that would probably permit abnormal fluid pressures to develop in mudstone. The slope of the strata and glide surface by the end of uplift may have been as much as 8.5°. Large Basin-and-Range-type normal faults developed, after thrusting, between the area of maximum uplift and the thrust fault belt. The westernmost of these faults formed the graben and horsts in the Rocky Mountain trench. The total amount of displacement of the normal faults along one line of section is about 43,000 ft. The total thickness of strata eroded from the area of maximum uplift is about 45,000 ft. The theory of vertical uplift and gravitational sliding may also be applicable to the disturbed belt in Alberta and British Columbia. The disturbed belt, Rocky Mountain trench, and areas of uplift are continuous from northwestern Montana to northern British Columbia. Much of the geologic history of western Alberta and eastern British Columbia is like that of northwestern Montana.
Neuropathic Pain: The Global Challenge

Neuropathic pain conditions cause suffering and disability in many millions of our global citizenry. Nutritional deficiency syndromes, environmental toxicities, AIDS, and other infectious scourges dominate the prevalence pattern of neuropathic pain in many economically challenged parts of the world. More developed parts of the world face a different spectrum of neuropathic pain disorders. In these countries, better prevention and control of many formerly fatal diseases in middle age (e.g., gastrointestinal and pulmonary infections, tuberculosis, heart disease, and certain cancers) create aging populations that accrue risk for chronic conditions associated with neuropathic pain, such as diabetes and cancer. Ironically, in the case of can-cer, even when biomedical treatment successfully remits or cures the disease, these same treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, often damage nervous tissue, causing chronic neuropathic pain. Hence, the thrill of cure may be obliterated by the enduring agony of a life preserved in chronic pain. Fortunately, the growing incidence of neuropathic pain is concomitant with an explosion of knowledge about the neurophysiology of pain, the phenomenology and pathophysiology of neuropathic pain as a disease, and the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of a rapidly growing armamentarium of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for …
Unilateral cerebral cortical and basal ganglia enhancement following overdosage of nonionic contrast media

A 69-year-old woman developed seizures after cerebral angiography immediately preceded by coronary angiography. The preceding coronary angiography resulted in hyperconcentration, hyperosmolar loading, and overdosing of the nonionic contrast medium. A CT examination demonstrated gyriform enhancement throughout the left cortex and the left basal ganglia. Preloading with contrast material, as in this case, predisposes to disruption of the blood-brain barrier during selective common carotid or vertebral artery injection with nonionic contrast.
Multiplicative calculus and student projects

ABSTRACT Multiplicative calculus is based on a multiplicative rate of change, as the usual calculus is based on an additive rate of change. Some student investigations into the multiplicative calculus are described, including an original student idea about a multiplicative Euler's Method.
A simple wheat germ diet for studying the nutrient requirements of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)☆

Indian meal moth infestation of processed cereal products during storage could be managed with little or no use of conventional pesticides if there was a greater recognition and use of the moth's innate vulnerabilities. Slowing the growth rate of the infesting larvae is a simple strategy that can decrease the amount of damage and decrease the frequency of pesticide intervention. The growth rates of Indian meal moths on different cereal products varies widely indicating product-related differences in nutrient availability for the insects. Nutrient availability depends upon both the amounts of nutrients available in the cereal product and upon physical characteristics of the product that restrict the assimilation of nutrients. The development of control strategies for protecting processed cereal products based upon nutrient availability requires a simple, palatable test diet of known composition. Wheat germ mixed with 30% glycerol (w/w) provides a suitable growth medium for the Indian meal moth whose nutrients have been largely identified and quantified. Our studies indicate that dietary glycerol augments Indian meal moth growth and development on wheat germ by moisturizing the diet and probably provides a source of carbon and energy for larval growth.
Measurement of socially responsible consumption: Lecompte’s scale Spanish version validation

The social and ethical issues arising from the purchase of products and services are increasingly taken into account in the consumption environment. This is what is called Social Responsible Consumption. In order to give consumers a better option, the analysis of this behavior should be of interest to companies which aim to connect with their values. One of the main problems to accomplish this goal is the complex nature of measurement and study of this matter. The aim of this essay is to justify and validate a Spanish version of Lecompte’s scale which aim is to offer a multidimensional measure of the construct. With appropriate adjustments and modifications, this scale will be validated, and, its multidimensional scope will be corroborated.
Risk and direct protective factors for youth violence: results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

Background The majority of studies on youth violence have focused on factors that increase the risk for youth violence. Purpose To assess whether determinants of violence operate as risk factors, direct protective factors, or both during adolescence and young adulthood. Methods Data from participants in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, aged 13 years at Wave 1, were analyzed. Individual, family, school, peer, and community factors during adolescence (Wave 1 [1995]; age 13 years) were examined as predictors of violence involvement during adolescence (Wave 2 [1996]; age 14 years) and in young adulthood (Wave 3 [2001–2002]; ages 18–20 years). Results Twelve percent of participants aged 14 years and 8% of participants aged 18–20 years reported serious violence involvement during the past 12 months. Bivariate analyses revealed risk and direct protective factors for violence at both time points. Risk for violence at age 14 years was increased by earlier attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, low school connectedness, low grade-point average, and high peer delinquency. Direct protective factors for youth violence at age 14 years included low ADHD symptoms, low emotional distress, high educational aspirations, and high grade-point averages. Bivariate analyses showed a lower risk of violence among youth aged 18–20 years who reported low peer delinquency at age 13 years. Multiple logistic regression analyses predicting violence involvement showed direct protective effects for low ADHD symptoms and low emotional distress at age 14 years, and a direct protective effect for low peer delinquency at ages 18–20 years, after controlling for demographic characteristics. Conclusions Findings suggest that violence involvement remains difficult to predict but indicate the importance of assessing both risk and direct protective factors for understanding violent behavior.
HPD Administration By Infra-Tumor Injection: Distribution, Photodynamic Effect And Utilities

In this study, we explore the possible utility of injecting hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) directly into the tumor as a more effective means of porphyrin administration for photodynamic therapy. A subcutaneously implanted mouse bladder tumor was used as the model. Initially, we compared the tissue distribution of HPD in animals with HPD administered intraperitoneally (I.P.; 20 mg/kg. b.w.) and by direct intratumor injection (I.T., 0.4 mg/cm3 tumor). The concentrations of HPD in tumor and tissues were analyzed at various times after the injection, by 3H-HPD method and by a fluorometric method after dye extraction. Results indicated that at 3 to 96 hours after the administration, HPD levels in tumors were 3 to 15 times higher by I.T. than by I.P. injection, while the concentrations in skin and other tissues were 1.3 to 10 times lower. Consequently, ratios between tumor to skin HPD were up to 100 times higher for I.T. than I.P. injection. Subsequently, the photodynamic effect on tumors treated with I.T. injection of HPD was examined. Tumor cell killing, measured by cell survival, was observed in both the I.T. and I.P. groups to about the same extent, and was dependent on fluence and HPD dosage. There was no significant enhancement of cell killing observed in the I.T. injected tumors, despite 5 to 10 times higher porphyrin levels in these tumors. Histological examination of the effect of PDT on the blood vessels indicated that while cell death accompanied severe hemorrhage in the I.P. injected tumors, in the I.T. tumors there was much less hemorrhage and intact blood vessels remained. This observation suggests that with I.T. administration, direct photodynamic action may play a significant role in the tumor cell killing, in contrast to systemic administration, in which destruction of the blood vessels is believed to be the main cause of tumor destruction. This method of sensitizer administration may have utilities in the treatment of most single lesions that are accessible for direct injections as well as an experimental model for evaluating potencies of new photosensitizers and studying mechanisms involved in photo-destruction of tumors.
Applications of fuzzy logic in genomics

Advances in techniques for high throughput data gathering such as microarrays and DNA sequencing machines have opened up new research avenues in genomics. Large-scale biological research such as genome projects are now producing enormous quantities of genomic data using these rapidly growing technologies. Transforming the massive data to useful biological knowledge is the present challenge. Different analysis tools are being developed in order to detect and understand the phenomena of gene regulation and physiological functions and assessing the quality of a genomic sequence. Fuzzy systems are suitable for uncertain or approximate reasoning when systems are difficult to describe with a mathematical model. They allow problem solving and decision making with incomplete or uncertain information. This unique feature makes them an ideal tool for analyzing complex genomic data. This paper presents application of fuzzy systems in (1) developing a confidence measure to assess the accuracy of bases called by a DNA basecalling algorithm, and (2) building a gene interaction model that identifies triplets of activators, repressors, and targets in gene expression data. It is shown that applying appropriate fuzzy conjunction and aggregation rule increases the resilience of the fuzzy gene interaction model to noise.
Evaluation of a One-Page Report to Aid in Detecting Glaucomatous Damage.

Purpose We assessed the use of a customized, one-page structure + function report for aiding in detection of glaucomatous damage. Methods Two individuals (report specialists), experienced in analyzing optical coherent tomography (OCT) and visual field (VF) results, examined a customized one-page report for 50 eyes from 50 patients who either had glaucoma or were glaucoma suspects. The report contained key features of OCT scans with VF information. All patients had 24-2 VFs with a mean deviation (MD) better than -6 dB. The report specialists classified each hemifield and eye as either glaucomatous or nonglaucomatous based upon only the customized report, either without (phase 1) or with (phase 2) 24-2 VF information included on the report. Their results were compared to the classifications made by 3 ophthalmologists (glaucoma specialists) based upon traditional measures, namely stereo photographs, 24-2 VFs, and a commercially available, OCT disc scan report. Results The two report specialists agreed on all but one eye and four hemifields in phase 1, and on all eyes and all but one hemifield in phase 2. In phase 2, they judged 31 eyes abnormal. Of these 31 eyes, 30 were judged abnormal by all three glaucoma specialists and the 31st by two of the three. Without the VF information (phase 1), one report specialist classified 1, and the other 2, of these 31 "abnormal" eyes as normal. Conclusions When using the one-page report, the experienced readers showed excellent inter-rater repeatability and diagnostic ability relative to glaucoma specialists. Translational relevance This condensed report may help the clinician assess glaucomatous damage.
Value of plug-in vehicle grid support operation

Plug-in electric hybrids will soon be introduced by several auto manufacturers. While the initial volume of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles will only constitute a very small fraction of total automobiles sold, “clustered” purchasing patterns for these vehicles may result in large localized loads on the power distribution network. Additionally, high-penetration deployment of variable generation sources will decrease flexibility in the power system. Previous research has indicated that plug-ins may be used as grid resources with no significant impact on fuel consumption. Deterministic 1- and 2-way communication architectures were modeled to show how real-time vehicle-grid interactions might occur. This analysis uses GPS travel survey data, grid-wide load data, and distribution-system load data to determine the effective power and energy storage capacity of a charging plug-in fleet, given actual driver behavior. The power utility controls vehicle charging rates based on the area control error and distribution transformer overheating. The cost of regulation and distribution transformer wear was calculated to determine the value potential of different data communication methods controlling a fleet of plug-in hybrids.
A state of mind.

This essay traces the personal odyssey of a pediatric neurosurgeon from the time of the `second generation' of subspecialty (the 1960s) to the present. The capture and appreciation of the ethos of the neurosurgical care of children is described and emphasized. It is not possible to overstate the importance of certain role models in this process, a process that does, indeed, induce a lasting `state of mind.' Concerns for some current trends are raised.
Theory of Time-Dependent Scattering for Multichannel Processes

The existing time-dependent formal theory of scattering is valid only for the simplest case. The theory is extended to the general case of rearrangement collisions including the case where all or some particles are indistinguishable.The outstanding feature of the scattering process is the existence of asymptotically constant observables. The formal expression of this fact is the existence of a set of basis functions ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{n}$ such that, if the Schr\"odinger state is written as a linear combination $\ensuremath{\int}c(n, t)\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}i{E}_{n}t){\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{n}\mathrm{dn}$, the coefficients $c$ have time-independent limits ${c}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}(n)$ for $t=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\infty}$, the squares of which are observed probabilities. While in the simplest case the ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{n}'\mathrm{s}$ are eigenfunctions of the unperturbed Hamiltonian, they form in general a nonorthogonal and linearly not-independent set which can be explicitly given, but there exists no linear operator of which they are eigenfunctions. As a consequence, it is impossible to define an interaction representation in which the states have asymptotic limits, and no linear $S$-operator exists. An $S$-matrix is defined, and it is shown to be connected with cross sections in the usual manner. An expression for the $S$-matrix in terms of time-independent solutions is given and shown to reduce to the usual one in the simplest case, but not in general. An integral equation for the scattering amplitude is given which is nonlinear. It has, however, the advantage of exhibiting directly the contribution of bound states in addition to Born's approximation. Unitarity and reciprocity relations for the general case are derived.