cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mestizaje, Córdoba's patria chica: beyond the myth of black disappearance in Argentina

This article examines the ‘disappearance of the black population’ by moving beyond the more traditional explanation of the blanqueamiento (whitening) movement at the end of the nineteenth century. In shifting the temporal framework to the republican period, 1820–1853, a more colorful explanation arises to address how the black population was first lightened which would lead to it being whitened during the second half of the nineteenth century. Ultimately because of mestizaje (racial mixture), blacks and other castas (a person who was not a Spaniard and often of a mixed racial heritage) became pardos. Pardos at first included those of mixed heritage with an elite status among other castas in the colonial period. As Cordoba joined the nation-building process, pardo encompassed all people of color, especially the growing, free black population. In order to explain this process, I traced African descendants who were originally labeled negro and changed to pardo in the 1813, 1822, and 1832 city censuses
Distribution of collagen cross-links in normal human trabecular bone.

Infrared imaging analysis of normal human iliac crest biopsy specimens shows a characteristic spatial variation in the nonreducible:reducible collagen cross-links at trabecular surfaces, depending on the surfaces' metabolic status. Introduction: Bone is a composite material consisting of mineral, collagen, non-collagenous proteins, and lipids. Bone collagen, mainly type I, provides the scaffold on which mineral is deposited and imparts specific mechanical properties, determined in part by the amount of collagen present, its orientation and fibril diameter, and the distribution of its cross-links. Materials and Methods: In this study, the technique of Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI) was used to determine the ratio of nonreducible:reducible cross-links, in 2- to 4-μm-thick sections from human iliac crest biopsy specimens (N = 14) at trabecular surfaces as a function of surface activity (forming versus resorbing), with an ∼6.3-mm spatial resolution. The biopsy specimens were obtained from patients devoid of any metabolic bone disease based on histomorphometric and bone densitometric parameters. Results and Conclusions: Distributions of collagen cross-links within the first 50 mm at forming trabecular surfaces demonstrated a progressive increase in the nonreducible:reducible collagen cross-link ratio, unlike in the case of resorbing surfaces, in which the collagen cross-links ratio (as defined for the purposes of the present report) was relatively constant.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYTOPLANKTON DETERMINED BY CELL CYCLE PROTEINS: PCNA IMMUNOSTAINING OF DUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

By immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence methods, we observed that the analog of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher (Chlorophyceae) was exclusively located in the nucleus. Among positively stained cells, PCNA abundance varied, being highest in S-phase cells, lower in others, and undetectable in early G1- or late M-phase cells. In exponentially growing and partially synchronized cultures, the percentage of PCNA-stained cells (% PCNA-stained cells) oscillated in the photocycle (12:12 h LD). It increased during the light period and reached a peak (75%) before the onset of the dark period when the culture was mainly (71%) in the S phase of the cell cycle. The DNA synthesis inhibitor, hydroxyurea, depressed PCNA abundance, whereas no effect was detected for the mitosis inhibitor colchicine. We conclude that PCNA in D. tertiolecta is associated with the S phase of the cell cycle where it is accumulated and functioning. PCNA was used to characterize the growth pattern of cultures grown in different media, temperatures, and growth stages. The time lag between the PCNA-stained phase and the M phase was very short in a continuous culture grown in reduced f/2 medium at 22°C and was considerably longer in the cultures grown in f/2 at 15°C. When an exponentially growing culture grew older, % PCNA-stained cells decreased. In a late stationary culture where there was no net growth, a small number of cells were still cycling through the PCNA-stained phase and cell division. In the continuous culture grown at 22°C, the duration of the PCNA-stained phase (Ts) was 13 h. Calculations with this Ts and % PCNA-stained cells yielded a growth rate of 0.77 d−1, which was close to that obtained by cell counts (0.69 d−1). Taken together, the results suggest that PCNA is a useful indicator of growth status and a promising cell cycle marker for estimation of species-specific growth rate.
A Universally Particular Psychology? A Feminist Practical Theological Exploration of Indigenous and Cultural Psychology

The newly published volume, “Indigenous and Cultural Psychology: Understanding People in Context” (2006) seeks to further understandings of human behavior with an indigenous psychology that places culture and context in the foreground of its methods, practices, and analysis. As such it represents a significant development in its field, and is important to practical theologians with their attention to context, culture, and the lived religious practices of persons and communities. This article offers a critical review of the book from the standpoint of feminist practical theology, in an effort to further and support the agenda of indigenous psychology. After describing the importance of indigenous psychology for the work of practical theologians, I consider the volume’s chapter on indigenous Filipino psychology (chapter five by Rogelia Pe-Pua) as paradigmatic of the strengths of an indigenous approach put forward in the larger volume. Last, I critically consider two key paradoxical tensions present in the volume’s articulation of indigenous psychology: the tension between universality and particularity, and the tension between indigeneity and critical gender analysis.
The Regioselective Synthesis of Halophenols.

Abstract The reactions of borates and borinates with zirconocene complexes of substituted benzynes lead regioselectively to heterodimetallic compounds which were, without isolation, converted to the corresponding halophenols.
Determining Effective Insulin Analog Therapy Based on the Individualized Needs of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

To manage patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus effectively and delay the onset of diabetes-related complications, therapeutic targets for glycemic control, as recommended by the American Diabetes Association and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, should be implemented in clinical practice. Initiation of treatment with insulin is a critical step in achieving target glycemic levels. A variety of insulin formulations are available in the United States that can be matched to meet the diverse needs and lifestyles of patients with type 2 diabetes. In particular, insulin analogs have more predictable profiles of action and thus are able to more closely mimic physiologic insulin action. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the use of different types of insulin analogs in various situations as supported by data from clinical trials. The needs of the individual patient are considered in terms of his or her particular preferences, medical history, and adjustments for lifestyle concerns. The involvement of pharmacists in this individualized therapy is critical in order to enhance patients' understanding of their disease and their most effective treatment options.
Change in serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin after abortion with methotrexate and misoprostol

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the normal β -human chorionic gonadotropin change within 24 hours after a medical abortion. Because a medical abortion creates a "miscarriage," these data can represent the serum β -human chorionic gonadotropin changes that would occur with a complete spontaneous abortion. Knowledge of normal β -human chorionic gonadotropin changes after a spontaneous abortion may help to differentiate within a 24-hour period a complete from an incomplete spontaneous abortion or an ectopic pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Data from recent trials that used methotrexate and misoprostol for abortion at ≤ 56 days' gestation were reviewed. Patients from each of four trials were included in this analysis if (1) they received both methotrexate intramuscularly and misoprostol vaginally and (2) they had serum β -human chorionic gonadotropin levels drawn on both the day of misoprostol administration and the next day. RESULTS: The change in serum β -human chorionic gonadotropin was evaluated in 86 patients. Subjects who had a complete abortion after receiving methotrexate and a single dose of misoprostol had a decline in serum β -human chorionic gonadotropin of 66% ± 8%. All other subjects had a decline of 25% ± 19% ( p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: An aborting pregnancy, if the abortion has occurred, should have a β -human chorionic gonadotropin decrease of at least 48% within approximately 24 hours. This decline, however, does not guarantee that the abortion is complete. A patient with a serum β -human chorionic gonadotropin level that has not declined by a minimum of approximately 50% over 24 hours is unlikely to have a complete abortion. (AM J OBSTET GYNECOL 1996;174:776-8.)
A factorial study of the multiphasic, strong, kuder, and bell inventories using a population of adult males

In a centroid factor analysis of the Multiphasic, Strong, Kuder, and Bell inventories using a population of 400 adult males, eight common factors dealing with aspects of personality as measured by these instruments were isolated. Seven of the factors were meaningful and one was a residual. This study indicates little overlap between the two personality and the two interest inventories. It would appear that factors found in these instruments measuring aspects of personality are dichotomous in nature and are not common to the two types of instruments included in this study. That is, two of the factors were common to the two personality inventories, and five of the factors were common to the two interest inventories.
EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTION ON ELEMENTARY-AGE STUDENTS' PRODUCTIVE THINKING

52 pupils from Grades 5 and 6 were given the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking as pretests and posttests to measure the effect of instruction in creativity on the productive thinking skills of these subjects. For 14 the Purdue Creative Thinking Program was used to stimulate the taught group's thinking. Trained subjects made significantly higher scores than the control group on the figural subtests.
Designing SAA applications and user interfaces

This paper describes a framework for developing applications that conform to Systems Application Architecture (SAA). The paper shows a high-level approach to creating a design; it gives examples of early modeling work with the user interface; and it appraises SAA through the eyes of several system designers. The usability of user interfaces has been evaluated through the modeling of office tasks. That experience is described, showing the influence of the SAA Common User Access (CUA) on the model and the influence of the model on CUA. Discussed is a design for distributed applications that fit within the SAA framework and the influence of SAA on the design of integrated distributed applications.
Invariance of edges and corners under mean-curvature diffusions of images

We have recently proposed the use of geometry in image processing by representing an image as a surface in 3-space. The linear variations in intensity (edges) were shown to have a nondivergent surface normal. Exploiting this feature we introduced a nonlinear adaptive filter that only averages the divergence in the direction of the surface normal. This led to an inhomogeneous diffusion (ID) that averages the mean curvature of the surface, rendering edges invariant while removing noise. This mean curvature diffusion (MCD) when applied to an isolated edge imbedded in additive Gaussian noise results in complete noise removal and edge enhancement with the edge location left intact. In this paper we introduce a new filter that will render corners (two intersecting edges), as well as edges, invariant to the diffusion process. Because many edges in images are not isolated the corner model better represents the image than the edge model. For this reason, this new filtering technique, while encompassing MCD, also outperforms it when applied to images. Many applications will benefit from this geometrical interpretation of image processing, and those discussed in this paper include image noise removal, edge and/or corner detection and enhancement, and perceptually transparent coding.
Understanding the effects of atmospheric circulation in the relationships between water vapor and temperature through theoretical analyses

Theoretical analyses are provided to understand the effects of the atmospheric circulation in the relationships between water vapor and temperature. Relative humidity (r) analysis indicates that when temperature variation range ΔT ≡ T 2 - T 1 is larger than D r ≡ 13 ln(r 1 /r 2 ), a measure of the decrease of r over the temperature range, strong positive correlations can be expected between water vapor and temperature. Dynamic process analysis reveals, with expressing the change of water vapor as Δ W= fΔT + B ( f> 0 and B represents atmospheric dynamic effect), the dual effects of the atmospheric circulation in the water vapor-temperature relationships. When AT is large so that fΔT> |B|, the thermodynamic effect of the earth-atmosphere is more important; the thermally induced atmospheric circulation and the evaporation tend to establish strong positive correlations between water vapor and temperature. When AT is small so that fΔT < |B|, the dynamic effect of the atmosphere is more important; the dynamic water vapor convergence and divergence make water vapor and temperature have weak correlations.
Complete Rations for Dairy Cattle. VIII. Effect of Percent and Source of Protein on Milk Yield and Ration Digestibility

Abstract Two experiments evaluated 13.5 and 16.3% protein (dry basis) for effects on milk yield, milk composition, feed intake, and digestibility of organic matter of the ration. The first experiment used cottonseed meal, and the second experiment had cottonseed, soybean, and peanut meals to substitute for corn to vary protein. Addition of fungal cellulases to rations of Experiment 1 had no effect on milk yield, feed intake, or digestibility of organic matter but did lower ammonia of rumen, increase disappearance of organic matter from rumen, decrease disappearance of organic matter from lower tract, and interact with protein to increase milk fat percent in 13.5% protein diet. Feed intake and milk yields of cows were higher from 16.3% than 13.5% protein diets. In Experiment 2, 13.5% protein with soybean meal appeared equal to 16.3% with cottonseed meal. Digestibilities of organic matter of ration in Experiment 2 were affected by both percent and source of protein; 16.3% diets were digested more than 13.5% diets, and soybean and peanut meal diets more than cottonseed meal. Digestibility of organic matter was affected less by protein percent in Holsteins than Jerseys. Data from 13 experiments with soybean meal in complete rations and comparing two or more percents of supplementation were used to show responses of milk yield and feed intake to varied protein percent of ration (third degree polynomial). Marginal returns and feed costs to incremental increases in ration protein percent were generated. For one economic situation, optimum protein percent with soybean meal was 14.0% of total dry matter of the ration.
Inducible hyaluronan production reveals differential effects on prostate tumor cell growth and tumor angiogenesis

Prostate cancer progression can be predicted in human tumor biopsies by abundant hyaluronan (HA) and its processing enzyme, the hyaluronidase HYAL1. Accumulation of HA is dictated by the balance between expression levels of HA synthases, the enzymes that produce HA polymers, and hyaluronidases, which process polymers to oligosaccharides. Aggressive prostate tumor cells express 20-fold higher levels of the hyaluronan synthase HAS3, but the mechanistic relevance of this correlation has not been determined. We stably overexpressed HAS3 in prostate tumor cells. Adhesion to extracellular matrix and cellular growth kinetics in vitro were significantly reduced. Slow growth in culture was restored either by exogenous addition of hyaluronidase or by stable HYAL1 coexpression. Coexpression did not improve comparably slow growth in mice, however, suggesting that excess hyaluronan production by HAS3 may alter the balance required for induced tumor growth. To address this, we used a tetracycline-inducible HAS3 expression system in which hyaluronan production could be experimentally controlled. Adjusting temporal parameters of hyaluronan production directly affected growth rate of the cells. Relief from growth suppression in vitro but not in vivo by enzymatic removal of HA effectively uncoupled the respective roles of hyaluronan in growth and angiogenesis, suggesting that growth mediation is less critical to establishment of the tumor than early vascular development. Collectively results also imply that HA processing by elevated HYAL1 expression in invasive prostate cancer is a requirement for progression.
Effects of hydrogen peroxide upon nicotinamide nucleotide metabolism in Escherichia coli: changes in enzyme levels and nicotinamide nucleotide pools and studies of the oxidation of NAD(P)H by Fe(III).

DNA is damaged in vivo by the Fenton reaction mediated by Fe2+ and cellular reductants such as NADH, which reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ and allow the recycling of iron. To study the response of Escherichia coli to such cycling, the activities of several enzymes involved in nicotinamide nucleotide metabolism were measured following an H2O2 challenge. NADPH-dependent peroxidase, NADH/NADP+ transhydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were most strongly induced, increasing 2.5-3-fold. In addition, the cellular ratios of NADPH to NADH increased 6- or 92-fold 15 min after exposure to 0.5 or 5 mm H2O2, respectively. In vitro, NADH was oxidized by Fe3+ up to 16-fold faster than NADPH, despite their identical reduction potentials. To understand this rate difference, the interactions of Fe3+ and Ga3+ with NAD(P)H were examined by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Association with NADH occurred primarily with adenine at N7 and the amino group, but for NADPH, strong metal interactions also occurred at the 2'-phosphate group. Interaction of M3+ (Fe3+ or Ga3+) with the adenine ring would bring it into close proximity to the redox-active nicotinamide ring in the folded form of NAD(P)H, but interaction of M3+ with the 2'-phosphate group would avoid this close contact. In addition, as determined by absorbance spectroscopy, the energy of the charge-transfer species was significantly higher for the Fe3+.NADPH complex than for the Fe3+.NADH complex. We therefore suggest that upon exposure to H2O2 the NADH pool is depleted, and NADPH, which is less reactive with Fe3+, functions as the major nicotinamide nucleotide reductant.
Drinking motives mediate the negative associations between mindfulness facets and alcohol outcomes among college students

Mindfulness and drinking motives have both been linked to affect regulation, yet the relationship between mindfulness and drinking motives is poorly understood. The present study examined whether drinking motives, particularly mood regulatory motives, mediated the associations between facets of mindfulness and alcohol-related outcomes among college students (N = 297). We found 3 specific facets of mindfulness (describing, nonjudging of inner experience, and acting with awareness) to have negative associations with alcohol outcomes. Importantly, specific drinking motives mediated these associations such that lower levels of mindfulness were associated with drinking for distinct reasons (enhancement, coping, conformity), which in turn predicted alcohol use and/or alcohol problems. Our findings suggest that drinking motives, especially mood regulatory and negative reinforcement motives, are important to examine when studying the role of mindfulness in college student drinking behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Assurance and evaluation: what next?

This talk presents some observations on the nature of system security and security assurance, and on processes that attempt to evaluate assurance. Over the past forty years, approaches to assuring software security have evolved from "penetrate and patch" through attempts to prove security to application of automated tools that help developers detect and remove potential vulnerabilities. A review of that evolution leads to some observations on the effectiveness and practicality of various approaches and to the conclusion that the most theoretically appealing approaches may not be the most practical or likely to succeed.The talk then considers the processes by which user organizations, primarily governments, have attempted to evaluate product security. A review of historic approaches to evaluation supports the conclusion that past evaluation regimes have achieved limited success. The talk suggests some attributes of approaches to evaluation better suited to the realities of processes that achieve security assurance and more likely to provide valuable information to end users.
Consumers’ inference-dynamics about healthy menu promotions in a bundle context

Abstract A ‘healthy menu’ has become a key concept for the survival and prosperity of restaurant businesses. Despites active practices in promoting healthier options in quick service restaurants, limited efforts have been made in the academic field to understand consumers’ perceptions of healthiness regarding healthy menu promotions. This study attempted to fill this research niche by investigating whether health claims and menu composition influence consumers’ perceptions of healthiness for menu items in a bundle context. This study also examined the moderating role of calorie framing. The results of this study suggest that the position of a healthy menu item in a bundle (anchor or tie-in) significantly influences the level of perceived healthiness, and calorie framing (integrated or segregated) moderates the effect of health claims on the perceived healthiness of the bundled menu items. However, the presence of a health claim in a promotion alone does not affect perceived healthiness. Further implications are discussed in the main text.
The ternary systems: CrAlC, VAlC, and TiAlC and the behavior of H-phases (M2AlC)

Abstract Phase relationships in the ternary systems Cr Al C, V Al C, and Ti Al C have been investigated. All previously reported ternary H-phaseMe2AlC(Me =Cr, V, Ti) and the perovskite phase Ti3AlC are confirmed. No new ternary phase was found. At 1000°C Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC are coexistent. In addition, the H-phase was found in equilibrium with TiC1−x, TiAl3, and TiAl; the perovskite with TiC1−x, Ti3Al, and Ti (solid solution with Al). TiC1−x coexists with Al(l) at temperatures above 800°C. V2AlC coexists at 1000°C with Al4C3, Al(1), Al3V, V7Al8, V (solid solution with Al), V2C, ζ-VC1−x, and VC1−x (including V8C7). At 1000°C Cr2AlC is in equilibrium with Al4C3, γ-Cr5Al8, Cr (solid solution with Al), Cr7C3, and Cr3C2. At 800°C Cr2AlC coexists also with graphite and β-Cr2Al. V2AlC forms a complete series of solid solutions with Cr2AlC and Ti2AlC. At about 1000°C the solid solution series Ti2AlC Cr2AlC exhibits a miscibility gap.
Interaction of H2S with high defect density TiO2(110) surfaces

Abstract The interaction of H2S with high defect density TiO2(110) surfaces has been studied by using ultraviolet and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Two distinct phases in the adsorption of H2S on this surface were observed. The first phase, which occurs at exposures ⩽ 1 L (1 L = 1 langmuir = 10−6 Torrs), was identified as dissociative adsorption of H2S; the second phase, which occurs for exposures ⩾ 1 L, is tentatively identified as molecular H2S adsorption. Subsequent exposure to O2 of the high defect density TiO2(110) surface that had been exposed to H2S indicated that the presence of the sulfur species produced by the adsorption of H2S significantly inhibits O2 adsorption. The decrease in the oxidation rate of high defect density TiO2(110) when exposed to O2 occurs despite the existence of a large amount of charge in the Tid states at EF. These results are discussed in the context of previously obtained data on the reaction of SO2 on both high defect density TiO2(110) and nearly perfect Ti2O3(1012) surfaces.
Molecular Dynamics for Polymeric Fluids Using Discontinuous Potentials

Molecular dynamics simulation techniques for systems interacting with discontinuous potentials are discussed. Optimization and efficiency techniques are summarized for performing discontinuous molecular dynamics on serial computers with direct application to polymer-like fluids. Comparisons are presented for two algorithms: (1) single-event scheduling, and (2) multiple-event scheduling. The single-event scheduling algorithm is approximately 75% faster than the multiple-event scheduling algorithm for molecular fluids but yields equivalent performance for atomic fluids. For the single-event scheduling method, a combination of link lists and neighbor lists are used when searching for possible particle interactions. The combination of efficiency techniques permits multibillion time step simulations for relatively large systems on desktop workstations. Both discontinuous molecular dynamics codes for single and multiple-event scheduling algorithms are available on the Internet. The utility of the method is demonstrated for entangled chains, tethered chains, and heteronuclear chain mixtures.
Failure to hear binaural beats below threshold

The ability to hear binaural beats at 200 and 500 Hz was assessed using a tone presented at 20 dB SL to one ear and a tone presented at a variable level ranging from −20 to 20 dB SL in steps of 10 dB to the other ear. A two‐alternative forced‐choice test was used to measure the listener’s ability to detect the beats. In the ‘‘beating’’ interval, the frequencies of the tones at the two ears differed by 6 Hz. In the ‘‘nonbeating’’ interval, the tones at the two ears had the same frequency. Special care was taken to avoid a potential pitch cue by randomly presenting one of four paired frequencies to the two ears. The experiment was conducted in ‘‘burst’’ and ‘‘fringed’’ condition. There was no evidence to suggest that binaural beats were detectable when the intensity of the variable‐level tone was below 0 dB SL. These data fail to replicate a result reported by Groen [Acta Oto‐Laryngol. 57, 224–230 (1964)]. [Work supported by NIH.]
"Sometime" is sometimes "not never": on the temporal logic of programs

Pnueli [15] has recently introduced the idea of using temporal logic [18] as the logical basis for proving correctness properties of concurrent programs. This has permitted an elegant unifying formulation of previous proof methods. In this paper, we attempt to clarify the logical foundations of the application of temporal logic to concurrent programs. In doing so, we will also clarify the relation between concurrency and nondeterminism, and identify some problems for further research.In this paper, we consider logics containing the temporal operators "henceforth" (or "always") and "eventually" (or "sometime"). We define the semantics of such a temporal logic in terms of an underlying model that abstracts the fundamental concepts common to almost all the models of computation which have been used. We are concerned mainly with the semantics of temporal logic, and will not discuss in any detail the actual rules for deducing theorems.We will describe two different temporal logics for reasoning about a computational model. The same formulas appear in both logics, but they are interpreted differently. The two interpretations correspond to two different ways of viewing time: as a continually branching set of possibilities, or as a single linear sequence of actual events. The temporal concepts of "sometime" and "not never" ("not always not") are equivalent in the theory of linear time, but not in the theory of branching time -- hence, our title. We will argue that the logic of linear time is better for reasoning about concurrent programs, and the logic of branching time is better for reasoning about nondeterministic programs.The logic of linear time was used by Pnueli in [15], while the logic of branching time seems to be the one used by most computer scientists for reasoning about temporal concepts. We have found this to cause some confusion among our colleagues, so one of our goals has been to clarify the formal foundations of Pnueli's work.The following section gives an intuitive discussion of temporal logic, and Section 3 formally defines the semantics of the two temporal logics. In Section 4, we prove that the two temporal logics are not equivalent, and discuss their differences. Section 5 discusses the problems of validity and completeness for the temporal logics. In Section 6, we show that there are some important properties of the computational model that cannot be expressed with the temporal operators "henceforth" and "eventually", and define more general operators.
Association Among an Ornithine Decarboxylase Polymorphism, Androgen Receptor Gene (CAG) Repeat Length and Prostate Cancer Risk

ABSTRACTPurpose: A single nucleotide substitution of guanine to adenine (A) at base +316 in the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene may be associated with greater ODC expression and increased tumor growth. ODC is induced by androgens in human prostatic epithelial cells, presumably via transcriptional activation of androgen receptor (AR) and also by nicotine. A nested case-control study was done to examine the association between this ODC genotype and prostate cancer risk, and whether it varies by AR gene CAG repeat length and smoking.Materials and Methods: A total of 164 cases were matched to 2 controls each from a community based cohort. ODC and AR genotyping was performed using a TaqMan (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California) based assay and automated fragment analysis, respectively. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the OR and 95% CI.Results: The presence of the ODC A allele was not significantly associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.90 to 1....
Sestamibi parathyroid imaging.

Since the introduction of technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) sestamibi (hexakis-2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile) as a parathyroid imaging agent in 1989, many investigators using several different imaging protocols have reported uniformly excellent results for localization of parathyroid adenomas. Exact localization of hyperplastic parathyroid glands has not met with as much success. However, the results of multiple comparative studies suggest that the diagnostic utility of sestamibi protocols equals or exceeds other noninvasive, nonscintigraphic imaging strategies, including high-resolution ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Two different, but not necessarily mutually exclusive imaging strategies have been used: subtraction imaging using iodine-123 ( 123 I) or 99m Tc sodium pertechnetate as the thyroid agent and sestamibi as a thyroid-parathyroid agent, and sestamibi dual-phase imaging, which takes advantage of differential washout of sestamibi from thyroid and parathyroid tissue. Sestamibi subtraction imaging has been shown to have greater sensitivity for abnormal parathyroid glands compared with thallium-201 subtraction imaging using pooled data, 87% versus 71%, respectively. Dual-phase sestamibi imaging protocols are much more variable in their conduct and have a much greater variability in sensitivity, 43% to 91%, but with a pooled sensitivity of 73%. Data suggest that dual phase techniques are at least as sensitive, and in optimized protocols, superior to, thallium-201 subtraction techniques. This superiority is attributed to the favorable washout kinetics of sestamibi and the superior imaging characteristics of the 99m Tc label. Specificity and positive predictive value for both sestamibi techniques are very high, typically greater than 90% and at least equal to thallium-subtraction protocols, although specificity may be slightly lower for sestamibi subtraction techniques. Therefore, sestamibi protocols are the scintigraphic procedure of choice for parathyroid imaging. Dual-phase sestamibi protocols are more robust and lend themselves to single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) imaging, and may be followed sequentially by subtraction techniques if results are inconclusive. Despite the excellent results of sestamibi parathyroid imaging, it is unclear whether this accuracy can compete with the even better success of an experienced surgeon in initial surgeries for hyperparathyroidism, and routine preoperative imaging before initial surgery is still controversial. However, sestamibi parathyroid imaging is an excellent addition to a correlative imaging approach in reoperations for persistent and recurrent hyperparathyroidism.
Two roads diverged: the structure of hydroxymandelate synthase from Amycolatopsis orientalis in complex with 4-hydroxymandelate.

The crystal structure of the hydroxymandelate synthase (HMS)·Co2+·hydroxymandelate (HMA) complex determined to a resolution of 2.3 A reveals an overall fold that consists of two similar β-barrel do...
Comparing Children's Rights: Introducing the Children's Rights Index

Children's rights continue to be subject of international debates. Moving past these debates can be facilitated with an international measure of children's rights. This article introduces the Children's Rights Index, an international measure of children's rights for over 190 countries. The Children's Rights Index consists of two civil rights, two political rights, two social rights, and two economic rights. This article presents country scores on the Children's Rights Index, then examines whether children's rights vary by region and other differences, such as country wealth. It is hoped that the Children's Rights Index will provide evidence on children's rights important to the work of governments and nongovernmental organizations, as well as scholars and others concerned about children's welfare.
A New Type of Steady and Stable, Laminar, Premixed Flame in Ultra-Lean, Hydrogen-Air Combustion

Ultra-lean, hydrogen-air mixtures are found to support another kind of laminar flame that is steady and stable beside flat flames and flame balls. Direct numerical simulations are performed of flames that develop into steadily and stably propagating cells. These cells were the original meaning of the word"flamelet'' when they were observed in lean flammability studies conducted early in the development of combustion science. Several aspects of these two-dimensional flame cells are identified and are contrasted with the properties of one-dimensional flame balls and flat flames. Although lean hydrogen-air flames are subject to thermo-diffusive effects, in this case the result is to stabilize the flame rather than to render it unstable. The flame cells may be useful as basic components of engineering models for premixed combustion when the other types of idealized flames are inapplicable.
Sivers function in the quasiclassical approximation

We calculate the Sivers function in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) and in the Drell-Yan process (DY) by employing the quasiclassical Glauber-Mueller/McLerran-Venugopalan approximation. Modeling the hadron as a large ``nucleus'' with nonzero orbital angular momentum (OAM), we find that its Sivers function receives two dominant contributions: one contribution is due to the OAM, while another one is due to the local Sivers function density in the nucleus. While the latter mechanism, being due to the ``lensing'' interactions, dominates at large transverse momentum of the produced hadron in SIDIS or of the dilepton pair in DY, the former (OAM) mechanism is leading in saturation power counting and dominates when the above transverse momenta become of the order of the saturation scale. We show that the OAM channel allows for a particularly simple and intuitive interpretation of the celebrated sign flip between the Sivers functions in SIDIS and DY.
Excitation collision strengths for iron ions calculated with a distorted wave method

Collision strengths have been calculated for electron impact excitation of many iron ions, using a distorted wave method. The ions studied were Fe X, and Fe XV to Fe XXVI. Tabulations are provided of (1) collision strength vs energy; (2) mixing coefficients needed to define the initial and final states; and (3) fit parameters for the collision strengths, to be applied in the calculation of excitation rate coefficients.
Attenuation of isoproterenol-mediated myocardial injury in rat by an inhibitor of polyamine synthesis.

Abstract Objective: Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is an initial rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) that play a role in cell growth and differentiation. Recent studies have shown that spermidine and spermine cause injury to a variety of cells including myocytes in vitro. In this investigation, we used α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a specific and irreversible inhibitor of ODC activity and polyamine synthesis to test the hypothesis that polyamines contribute to myocardial injury in rat. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with (i) saline (0.2 ml/day, s.c.), (ii) isoproterenol (ISO) (5 mg/kg/day for 8 days, s.c.) to produce necrotizing myocardial injury, or with (iii) DFMO + ISO. DFMO was started 2 days before the initiation of ISO and both ISO and DFMO were continued until the end of the experimental period. Myocardial injury was assessed by determining the increased release of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the plasma, and by morphometric analysis of the lesion area in heart sections stained with Gomori trichrome. Results: ISO induced the release of CPK and LDH by 6 hr and 24 hr, respectively, and produced subendocardial necrosis, which was both acute and resolving following 8 days of ISO. DFMO treatment inhibited ISO-induced increases in (i) ODC activity and putrescine and spermidine levels in heart, (ii) CPK and LDH activity in plasma, and (iii) the area of subendocardial lesions. Conclusions: These observations suggest that polyamines are one of the intracellular factors that contribute to ISO-mediated cardiac injury in the rat.
Development, characterization, and technical applications of a fish lysozyme-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb M24-2)

Lysozyme is one of several humoral and cellular factors associated with front line, innate immunity in all vertebrates. Historically, circulating lysozyme has been quantified in teleosts by measuring enzymatic activity against heat-killed Mycococcus lysodieticus using whole serum or plasma at a low pH. However, the amount of serum or plasma required for standard lysozyme activity exceeds that which can be easily acquired from small fish, thus making lysozyme a difficult endpoint to measure in limited sample volumes. Moreover, while circulating lysozyme is considered to be an indicator of proinflammatory phagocyte activity, the cellular source of this protein is not easily detected in fish. While several antibodies against lysozyme are commercially available for use in higher vertebrates, neither reacts with lysozyme in fish. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) for detecting and quantifying lysozyme was developed from mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, myeloid cells that also recognizes hen egg lysozyme (HEL), then tested for cross-reactivity in different species of teleosts. A single protein of ≈14-15 kDa mass was identified by the mAb in fish cell lysates and plasma samples, as well as denatured HEL. Total circulating lysozyme protein was compared to lysozyme activity using standard ELISA procedures and was found to correlate with enzymatic activity. Using mAb M24-2, intracellular lysozyme protein was detected in formalin-fixed and permeabilized lymphoid cells adhered to glass cover slips. Moreover, mAb M24-2 localizes lysozyme to myeloid cells. Finally, it was demonstrated that mAb M24-2 is suitable for immunohistochemistry in that lysozyme could be detected in plastic-embedded lymphoid tissues.
High-energy Needs and Capabilities to Study Multiscale Phenomena in Crystalline Materials

High-energy synchrotron X-rays are well suited to study engineering (structural) materials due to their small wavelength, adjustable energy and beam size, high flux, and ability to penetrate bulk polycrystalline samples up to centimeters in thickness. Recent advances in the use of high-speed, high-resolution detectors are making it possible to characterize microstructures at both the single grain and ensemble levels and to characterize the micromechanical responses of polycrystalline aggregates in three dimensions. These capabilities open new avenues of “in-situ” research that augments traditional forensic evidence with real-time data on functioning, evolving systems. X-ray scattering data are extremely rich, but taking the best advantage requires a continued refinement of experimental methods and analysis and a closer coupling of material models to detected intensities.
Commentary on Front and backstages of the diminished routinization of innovations, An entrepreneurial perspective on the firm‐environment relationship, and Cross‐boundary disruptors

The papers by Bartunek, Trullen, Immediato, and Schneider (Front and backstages of the diminished routinization of innovations: what innovation research makes public and organizational research finds behind the scenes), Smith and Cao (An entrepreneurial perspective on the firm-environment relationship), and Burgelman and Grove (Cross-boundary disruptors: powerful interindustry entrepreneurial change agents) address the topic of change. The specific foci of these papers are quite different. While commonalities among the papers are certainly identifiable, highlighting the value of these writings is perhaps better achieved by focusing on their unique contributions to the change literature rather than by seeking to identify points of theoretical overlap within the broad domain of change. With this belief in mind, this commentary reviews several of the principal contributions of the three papers to the change literature. Promising research directions pertaining to the topic of change that build directly on observations made in the papers are then discussed. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.
Could an autonomous syntax module have evolved

Darwinian evolution necessitates a contribution to reproductive fitness. Recent studies of aphasia and Parkinson's disease show that functional syntactic ability involves neural structures that also are involved in speech motor control and nonlinguistic cognition. The evolution or presence of an autonomous syntax module is, therefore, implausible.
Free vibrations of a piezoelectric body

We present a systematic analysis of the eigenvalue problem associated with free vibrations of a finite piezoelectric body. The analysis is based on an abstract formulation of the three-dimensional theory of piezoelectricity. A series of fundamental properties of free vibrations of a piezoelectric body are proved concisely. The problem of free vibrations of a piezoelectric plate governed by the two-dimensional plate equations due to Mindlin is treated in a similar manner.
A Statistical Description of the Vertical and Horizontal Structure of Eddy Variability on the Edge of the Gulf Stream Recirculation

Abstract The vertical structure of eddy variability on the southern edge of the Gulf Stream recirculation is presented as a number of different forms of empirical orthogonal modes. The velocity dot-product modes show more barotropic eddy variability than the MODE experiment which was 300 km to the south. Temperature modes are consistent with the velocity modes and indicate a rapid decrease in energy with increasing model index. The empirical modes describing the variability within the lowest frequency bands that the measurements resolved (covering periods from 580 to 32 days) are consistent with simple wave dynamics. The dominant velocity component and temperature for the lowest frequency band are nearly in quadrature. The band that includes periods from 64 to 32 days has a barotropic velocity structure consistent with the topographic Rossby wave description deduced from SOFAR floats, but with a significant velocity-temperature coherence in the thermocline. Time-averaged horizontal correlation functions o...
Focus Issue: Plant Communication

This week’s issues of Science and Science’ s STKE focus on plant signaling with an emphasis on volatile organic compounds. Science emphasizes the chemistry of and information encoded by plant volatiles and how plants, plant pathogens, or humans utilize this aromatic information. Articles and resources at STKE highlight the evolution of olfactory signal transduction, describe the biosynthetic and signaling pathways of the plant hormone jasmonate, and provide an animated overview of how the plant hormone auxin regulates gene expression.
Communicating serum chemical concentrations to study participants: follow up survey.

Background A considerable literature now supports the importance of effective communication with study participants, including how best to develop communication plans focusing on the uncertainty of health risks associated with particular environmental exposures. Strategies for communicating individual concentrations of environmental chemicals in human biological samples in the absence of clearly established safe or hazardous levels have been discussed from a conceptual basis and to a lesser extent from an empirical basis. We designed and evaluated an empirically based communication strategy for women of reproductive age who previously participated in a prospective study focusing on persistent environmental chemicals and reproductive outcomes.
Item-writing rules: Collective wisdom

Abstract In student assessment, teachers place the greatest weight on tests they have constructed themselves and have an equally great interest in the quality of those tests. To increase the validity of teacher-made tests, many item-writing rules-of-thumb are available in the literature, but few rules have been tested experimentally. In light of the paucity of empirical studies, the validity of any given guideline might best be established by relying on experts. This study analyzed twenty classroom assessment textbooks to identify a consensus list of item-writing rules. Forty rules for which there was agreement among textbook authors are presented. The rules address four different validity concerns—potentially confusing wording or ambiguous requirements, the problem of guessing, test-taking efficiency, and controlling for testwiseness.