cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron Spin Resonance and Electron Spin Echo Modulation Studies on the Formation and Adsorbate Interactions of Ni(Ι) in Synthetic Clinoptilolite

Electron spin resonance (ESR) and electron spin echo modulation (ESEM) spectroscopies were used to study the formation of Ni(Ι) by various reduction methods and various adsorbate interactions of Ni(Ι) in synthetic clinoptilolite, in which Ni(ΙΙ) was ion-exchanged into extraframework sites of clinoptilolite. Thermal reduction by dehydration at 573 K shows a single species assigned to Ni(Ι) ions. Two isolated Ni(Ι) ions are observed after hydrogen reduction at 623 K. Adsorption of methanol on hydrogen-reduced NiNaK−Clino forms a Ni(Ι)−(CD3OH)n complex resulting from the interaction of methanol with one of the isolated Ni(Ι) ions. Adsorption of ammonia on hydrogen-reduced NiNaK−Clino produces a prominent Ni(Ι)−(ND3)n complex by interaction with both Ni(Ι) ions. The 13C hyperfine structure and ESEM analysis parameters after 13CO adsorption indicate that Ni(Ι) interacts with one CO molecule and forms a Ni(Ι)−(CO)1 complex. Two Ni(Ι)−(C2D4)n complexes are generated after adsorption of ethylene on dehydrated Ni(...
Phase Distribution Mechanisms in Turbulent Two-Phase Flow in Channels of Arbitrary Cross Section

The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for the detailed understanding of two-phase flow multidimensional void distribution mechanisms from the point of view of momentum conservation, and thus to provide a basis with which experimental data can be compared and interpreted. An analytical model for the phase distribution mechanisms in fully developed turbulent two-phase flow in channels of arbitrary cross sections is derived. The model has been applied to the special case of cylindrical pipe flow, and compared with existing data. 7 refs.
Temperature preference and acclimation in the Jonah Crab, Cancer borealis

Abstract Temperature indisputably affects the physiology of poikilotherms. The role of temperature and its impacts on crustacean heart rate, internal pH and nervous system activity, have been characterized. Whether a species acts to seek or avoid particular temperatures to optimize a particular physiological character is less well understood. This study addresses the thermoregulatory behavior of the Jonah crab ( Cancer borealis ), a decapod crustacean that is economically valuable as an emerging fishery and also of importance as both a key species in intertidal and subtidal communities and a model organism for rhythmic pattern generating nervous systems. Using acclimation to temperatures within the range of those normally inhabited in summer months (11 °C, 14.5 °C, 20 °C) and then conducting behavioral assays in a thermal gradient tank, this experiment characterized the thermotactic responses of the Jonah crab. Results indicate Cancer borealis will behaviorally thermoregulate and adjust the direction and magnitude of its movements towards a preferred temperature range. Moreover, the preferred temperature ranges of this species are significantly impacted by previous acclimation temperature.
Computing optimal assignments for residual network reliability

Abstract We study the problem of assigning given failure probabilities to the nodes of a network so as to optimize its reliability. The measure used is the residual node connectedness reliability of the network, which is defined as the probability that the operating nodes are connected. In this paper, we show how optimal assignments can be found in polynomial time for paths, cycles, threshold graphs, and complete graphs minus a matching. On the other hand, the problem is shown to be NP-hard even for complete bipartite graphs.
Interrogating the Westermarck Hypothesis: Limitations, Problems, and Alternatives

Westermarck’s Hypothesis (WH) is widely accepted by evolutionary scientists as the best explanation for human incest avoidance. However, its explanatory shortcomings have been largely ignored and it has never been pitted against alternative biological hypotheses. Although WH may account for incest avoidance between co-reared kin, it cannot explain other forms of incest avoidance, and cannot account for the differential incidence of sibling-sibling, mother-son, father-daughter and other forms of incest. WH also faces problems adequately addressing phenomena within its explanatory domain. Neither of the studies generally considered to corroborate WH provides a genuine test of it, and the results of experiments thought to confirm WH are vitiated by methodological problems. The present article considers two alternatives to WH: the shared mother hypothesis (SMH) and the maternal phenotype-matching hypothesis (MPMH). SMH states that human infants imprint on their mother, and then treat as kin those individuals toward whom their mother behaves in akin-like or mate-like manner. MPMH states that humans unconsciously use the maternal phenotype as a visual template for estimating coefficients of relatedness, and that these estimates regulate altruistic and mating behavior. Both SMH and MPMH are able to account for the kibbutz and simpua marriage data, and entail additional epidemiological and experimental predictions. SMH and MPMH have greater explanatory power than WH.
Imaging of congenital cystic lung lesions.

Congenital cystic lung lesions are a rare but clinically significant group of anomalies, including congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM), pulmonary sequestration, congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) and bronchogenic cysts. These conditions can all present on imaging studies as air or fluid filled cysts. Widespread use of antenatal ultrasound has led to increased detection of infants with congenital thoracic abnormalities in utero, resulting in a better understanding of the natural history of many of these lesions and also allowing provision to be made for delivery and postnatal management. More recently antenatal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has provided further information on the nature of many of these lesions and helped to differentiate them from extrathoracic abnormalities such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), which is important in parental counselling. Many children with congenital cystic lung lesions will present with symptoms resulting in the need for prompt diagnosis and treatment and imaging has an essential role in the management of these children. Some congenital lung lesions are treated surgically, whilst others are managed conservatively.
INCIDENCE AND PREDICTORS OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN COMMUNITY-BASED HEART FAILURE PATIENTS WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION: THE MINNESOTA HEART SURVEY

Whereas sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a well-studied mode of death in patients (pts) with heart failure (HF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), little is known about the risk of SCD in pts with HF and preserved EF (HFpEF). The objective of this study was to compare the incidence and predictors
Influence of testing protocol on ventilatory thresholds and cycling performance.

AMANN, M., A. SUBUDHI, and C. FOSTER. Influence of Testing Protocol on Ventilatory Thresholds and Cycling Performance.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 613– 622, 2004. Purpose: To compare the ventilatory response of two incremental exercise tests and determine their predictive validity on 40-km cycle time trial (40K) mean power output (40Kavgwatts). Methods: Fifteen male cyclists performed two incremental exercise tests (T50x3:100 W 50 W·3 min 1 ,T 25x1:20 W 25 W·min 1 ) and a 40K over an 8-d period. Key variable was power at ventilatory threshold (VT). For VT determination during each test we used: V u E/V u O2 method, first clear breakpoint on the V u E/V u CO2 plot, V-slope method, RER 1, and RER 0.95. Results: V u O2max during T50x3 and T25x1 was not different (66.6 vs 67.6 mL·kg 1 ·min 1 ), although T25x1 peak power output (MaxT25x1; 402 W) was significantly higher than MaxT50x3 (363 W). T50x3 and T25x1 VT power outputs indicated that the power output at T25x1:RER 1 and T25x1:RER 0.95 were significantly higher compared with T50x3 (324 vs 304 W and 282 vs 264 W, respectively). Regression analyses between T50x3 variables and 40Kavgwatts were significant for T50x3:V-slope (R 2 0.37; SEE 20.2 W), T50x3:V u E/V u O2 (R 2 0.64; SEE 15.3 W), T50x3:RER 0.95 (R 2 0.42; SEE 19.4 W), T50x3:RER 1( R 2 0.45; SEE 18.8 W), and MaxT50x3 (R 2 0.51; SEE 17.8 W). Regression analyses between T25x1 variables and 40Kavgwatts were significant for T25x1:V-slope (R 2 0.63; SEE 15.4 W), T25x1:V u E/V u O2 (R 2 0.64; SEE 15.2 W), T25x1:RER 0.95 (R 2 0.53; SEE 17.4 W), T25x1:RER 1( R 2 0.57; SEE 16.7 W), and MaxT25x1 (R 2 0.65; SEE 15.0 W). There was no significant difference between 40Kavgwatts (282 W) and power outputs at T50x3:V u E/V u O2 (277 W), T50x3:V-slope (289 W), T25x1:V u E/V u O2 (276 W), and T25x1:RER 0.95 (282 W). Conclusion: Generally, T25x1 based VT variables were superior to T50x3 variables regarding the prediction of 40Kavgwatts. We conclude that the V u E/V u O2 method is protocol independent and a valid
An Antibody-Immobilized Capillary Column as a Bioseparator/Bioreactor for Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 with Absorbance Measurement

A capillary-column-based bioseparator/bioreactor was developed for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by chemically immobilizing anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibodies onto the inner wall of the column, forming the “sandwich” immunocomplexes (immobilized antibody−E. coli O157:H7-enzyme-labeled antibody) after the sample and the enzyme-labeled antibody passed through the column and detecting the absorbance of the product in the bioreactor with an optical detector. The effects of the blocking agent, flow rate of samples and substrates, buffer, MgCl2, and pH on the detection of E. coli O157:H7 were investigated. The parameters, 2% BSA in 1.0 × 10-2 M, pH 7.4, PBS as the blocking agent, 0.5 mL/h as the sample flow rate, 1.0 × 10-2 M MgCl2, and 2.0 × 10-4 M p-nitrophenyl phosphate in 1.0 M, pH 9.0 Tris buffer as the substrate for the enzymatic reaction, and 1.0 mL/h as the substrate flow rate, were used in the bioseparator/bioreactor system for detection of E. coli O157:H7. The selectivity of the system was checke...
Feed Intake, Weight Gain, and Behavioral Activity of Heifers on an Electronic or a Tie-Up Feeding System

Abstract Feed intakes, weight changes, and behavioral activity of heifers on either an electronically controlled or tie-stall feeding system were compared in two trials with 16 heifers in each trial. Eight heifers per trial were fed individually by one of the two systems. Trial 1 was for 6 wk; trial 2 for 18 wk. Behavioral activity was observed directly and by closed circuit television. Daily intakes of feed were not different for heifers on electronic doors from those on tie-stall feeding during trial 1. During trial 2 heifers on a switchback experiment consumed more feeding with electronic doors than on tie-stall feeding (10.8 versus 9.9 kg daily). A large interaction of group by treatment indicated higher intake by some heifers on tie-stall feeding. Average daily gain was not measured during trial 1 but was .49 kg for heifers on electronic feeding and .67 in tie stalls during trial 2. The correlation between average daily gain and feed consumption was −.18. Heifers fed electronically spent more time feeding and standing but less time lying down than heifers on tie-stall feeding during trial 1. Television surveillance of heifers on electronic control during trial 2 revealed considerable individuality in feeding habits. Heifers ate alone 47% of the observed feeding time. Feeding with electronic doors can be a useful innovation with monitoring and repair.
Ranking Rank Behaviors A Comprehensive Situation-Based Definition of Dishonesty

Using ethical theory often applied by business ethicists, this article develops a threshold definition of honesty that incorporates specific situational factors (act, actor, person affected, intention, and result) in the definition: Dishonesty occurs when a responsible actor voluntarily and intentionally violates some convention of the transfer of information or of property, and, in so doing, potentially harms a valued being. The article then further refines this definition to differentiate among various categories of dishonesty, such as theft and deceit. Ways to use the definition in research and teaching are discussed.
Effectiveness of commodity BCI devices as means to control an immersive virtual environment

This poster focuses on research investigating the control of an immersive virtual environment using the Emotiv EPOC, a consumer-grade brain computer interface. The primary emphasis of the work is to determine the feasibility of the Emotiv EPOC at manipulating elements of an interactive virtual environment. We have developed a system utilizing the Emotiv EPOC as the main interface to a custom testing environment comprised of the Blender Game Engine, Python, and a VRPN system. A series of experiments that measure response time, reliability, and accuracy have been developed and the current results are described.Our poster presents the current state of the project including preliminary efforts in piloting the experiments. These findings provide insight into potential results from experimentation with active subjects and prove to be promising.
One more way to calculate generalized Reed-Muller expansions of boolean functions

A new algorithm is given that converts disjoint cube representation of boolean functions into fixed-polarity generalized Reed-Muller expansions (GRME). Since the known fast algorithm that generates the GRME based on the factorization of the Reed-Muller transform matrix always starts from the truth table (minterms) of a boolean function, the method described has the advantages that come from requiring a smaller computer memory. Moreover, for the boolean functions described by only a few disjoint cubes, the method is much more efficient than the fast algorithm. The algorithm allows either the calculation of only selected Reed-Muller coefficients, or all the coefficients can be calculated in parallel.
A branch-and-bound algorithm for a two-stage hybrid flowshop scheduling problem minimizing total tardiness

A two-stage hybrid flowshop-scheduling problem is considered with the objective of minimizing total tardiness of jobs. In the hybrid flowshop, there is one machine at the first stage and multiple identical parallel machines at the second stage. Dominance properties and lower bounds are developed for the problem and a branch-and-bound algorithm is suggested using them. Results of computational experiments show that the suggested algorithm can find optimal solutions for problems with up to 15 jobs in a reasonable amount of central processing unit time.
Hepatic steatosis in response to acute alcohol exposure in zebrafish requires sterol regulatory element binding protein activation

Steatosis is the most common consequence of acute alcohol abuse and may predispose to more severe hepatic disease. Increased lipogenesis driven by the sterol response element binding protein (SREBP) transcription factors is essential for steatosis associated with chronic alcohol ingestion, but the mechanisms underlying steatosis following acute alcohol exposure are unknown. Zebrafish larvae represent an attractive vertebrate model for studying alcoholic liver disease (ALD), because they possess the pathways to metabolize alcohol, the liver is mature by 4 days post-fertilization (dpf), and alcohol can be simply added to their water. Exposing 4 dpf zebrafish larvae to 2% ethanol (EtOH) for 32 hours achieves ∼80 mM intracellular EtOH and up-regulation of hepatic cyp2e1, sod, and bip, indicating that EtOH is metabolized and provokes oxidant stress. EtOH-treated larvae develop hepatomegaly and steatosis accompanied by changes in the expression of genes required for hepatic lipid metabolism. Based on the importance of SREBPs in chronic ALD, we explored the role of Srebps in this model of acute ALD. Srebp activation was prevented in gonzo larvae, which harbor a mutation in the membrane-bound transcription factor protease 1 (mbtps1) gene, and in embryos injected with a morpholino to knock down Srebp cleavage activating protein (scap). Both gonzo mutants and scap morphants were resistant to steatosis in response to 2% EtOH, and the expression of many Srebp target genes are down-regulated in gonzo mutant livers. Conclusion: Zebrafish larvae develop signs of acute ALD, including steatosis. Srebp activation is required for steatosis in this model. The tractability of zebrafish genetics provides a valuable tool for dissecting the molecular pathogenesis of acute ALD. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Stereotypes and the Generation of Compensatory and Noncompensatory Expectancies of Group Members

Three studies investigated the role of schemata and stereotypes in generating expectations about the future behavior of group members. Subjects were exposed to behaviors that violated their schema-based expectancies and were asked to make estimates about the probable actions of the individual responsible for the actions (target) or another member of the stereo"ped group. Results showed that subjects often expected (or predicted) these targets to engage in future compensatory behavior Results also suggested that, under conditions of excessive inconsistent, subjects ceased expecting compensatory behavior and based their estimates on their recent observations of the target's behavior. However, subjects continued to expect compensatory behavior from another member of the target's social group. A mechanism for stereotype maintenance that accounts for these findings is proposed. In addition, implications of this analysis for self concept maintenance and social judgments were discussed.
Contribution of olfactory neural stem cells to tissue maintenance and regeneration

The olfactory neuroepithelium undergoes continual neurogenesis and, after extensive lesions, fully regenerates to maintain sensory function. The stem cell population underlying this regenerative capacity remains elusive. Here we show that mouse horizontal basal cells (HBCs) function as adult olfactory neuroepithelium neural stem cells and examine their distinct dynamics in olfactory neuroepithelium maintenance and regeneration. Fate-mapping analysis after olfactory neuroepithelium lesioning shows that HBCs are competent to regenerate both neuronal and non-neuronal olfactory neuroepithelium lineages. HBCs serve as a reservoir of long-lived progenitors that remain largely quiescent during normal neuronal turnover or even after acute, selective loss of mature neurons. Under these conditions, previously identified progenitors are largely responsible for tissue maintenance. Yet after extensive injuries that deplete resident neuronal precursors, HBCs transiently proliferate and their progeny fully reconstitute the neuroepithelium. Our data support a new model of adult neurogenesis in which distinct cell populations mediate normal neuronal turnover and neuronal replacement upon traumatic injury.
Unger's Advocates: Assessing the Possibilities for Law Practice as a Transformative Vocation

. This article focuses on a critical interpretation of the work of Unger. It is argued that Unger's view is less revolutionary than he depicts it and that American law often develops as Unger describes it, though this is absolutely no revolution. The authors further show what the possibilities and the limits of a transformative vocation at the bar can be.
Signal transduction in plants: Evidence for the involvement of calcium and turnover of inositol phospholipids

Abstract Involvement of calcium and turnover of inositol phospholipids in signal transduction was investigated using roots of a variety of corn ( Zea mays L., cv. Merit) which require light to develop gravitropic sensitivity. Depletion of calcium in root tips by EGTA plus calcium ionophore A23187 prior to light treatment resulted in the loss of light-dependent gravisensitivity. Replenishment of calcium to depleted roots restored the light-dependent gravisensitivity. Light treatment of dark-grown roots resulted in an increased level of inositol trisphosphate as compared to controls. Furthermore, 5-hydroxytryptamine, which is known to promote the hydrolysis of phosphoinositides, sensitized dark-grown roots to gravity and increased inositol trisphosphate levels. These results support the hypothesis that calcium and inositol phospholipid turnover play a role in signal transduction in plants.
Yttrium, an Isoelectric Donor in α ‐ Al2O3

Measurements of dc electrical conductivity and emf of single crystal and polycrystalline α-Al2O3 doped, respectively, with 100 and 300 ppm yttrium show that yttrium, although isoelectronic with aluminum, is a donor. The electronic energy level of the donor is attributed to O2- next to Y3+, its level being forced up as a result of the large size of the yttrium ion. The donor activity of Y supports the view that the favorable effect of Y on the oxidation of super alloys is due to reduced diffusion of Al in the bulk through a reduced concentration of Ali… without a marked increase in the concentration of V…Al.
Biofilm Formation Enhances Fomite Survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes

Both Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae are widely thought to rapidly die outside the human host, losing infectivity following desiccation in the environment. However, to date, all literature investigating the infectivity of desiccated streptococci has used broth-grown, planktonic populations. In this study, we examined the impact of biofilm formation on environmental survival of clinical and laboratory isolates of S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae as both organisms are thought to colonize the human host as biofilms. Results clearly demonstrate that while planktonic cells that are desiccated rapidly lose viability both on hands and abiotic surfaces, such as plastic, biofilm bacteria remain viable over extended periods of time outside the host and remain infectious in a murine colonization model. To explore the level and extent of streptococcal fomite contamination that children might be exposed to naturally, direct bacteriologic cultures of items in a day care center were conducted, which demonstrated high levels of viable streptococci of both species. These findings raise the possibility that streptococci may survive in the environment and be transferred from person to person via fomites contaminated with oropharyngeal secretions containing biofilm streptococci.
Analysis of Stopout Behavior at a Public Research University: The Multi-Spell Discrete-Time Approach.

Existing applications of event history modeling in attrition research typically focused on the first departure. This study extends the scope of existing applications by dividing each student’s enrollment history into periods of enrollment and non-enrollment (spells). The findings indicate that departure is strongly associated with poor college grade performance and part-time enrollment. Students receiving financial aid are more likely to persist. The probability of return is higher for students whose parents attended college, those with higher SAT scores and coming from nearby areas. The duration of previous spells has a positive impact on the probability of return and a negative impact on the probability of departure.
Neural Network Control of a Robot Interacting With an Uncertain Viscoelastic Environment

A continuous controller is developed for a robot that moves in free space, undergoes a collision with a viscoelastic environment, and then regulates the new coupled dynamic system to a desired setpoint. Since the model for the viscoelastic surface contains uncertainties that do not satisfy the linear-in-the-parameters assumption, the model is approximated by a neural network feedforward term, which is combined with a continuous feedback term to guarantee uniformly ultimately bounded regulation of the system despite parametric uncertainties in the robot and the viscoelastic environment. Experimental results of a two-link robot interacting with a human tissue phantom demonstrate the performance of the proposed controller.
Purposeful Preparation: Longitudinally Exploring Inclusion Attitudes of General and Special Education Pre-Service Teachers

General and special education teachers are increasingly challenged by the prospect of collaborating in inclusive classrooms to meet the needs of all students. Unfortunately, few are prepared for su...
Neurochemical characterization of the tree shrew dorsal striatum.

The striatum is a major component of the basal ganglia and is associated with motor and cognitive functions. Striatal pathologies have been linked to several disorders, including Huntington’s, Tourette’s syndrome, obsessive–compulsive disorders, and schizophrenia. For the study of these striatal pathologies different animal models have been used, including rodents and non-human primates. Rodents lack on morphological complexity (for example, the lack of well defined caudate and putamen nuclei), which makes it difficult to translate data to the human paradigm. Primates, and especially higher primates, are the closest model to humans, but there are ever-increasing restrictions to the use of these animals for research. In our search for a non-primate animal model with a striatum that anatomically (and perhaps functionally) can resemble that of humans, we turned our attention to the tree shrew. Evolutionary genetic studies have provided strong data supporting that the tree shrews (Scadentia) are one of the closest groups to primates, although their brain anatomy has only been studied in detail for specific brain areas. Morphologically, the tree shrew striatum resembles the primate striatum with the presence of an internal capsule separating the caudate and putamen, but little is known about its neurochemical composition. Here we analyzed the expression of calcium-binding proteins, the presence and distribution of the striosome and matrix compartments (by the use of calbindin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and acetylcholinesterase immunohistochemistry), and the GABAergic system by immunohistochemistry against glutamic acid decarboxylase and Golgi impregnation. In summary, our results show that when compared to primates, the tree shrew dorsal striatum presents striking similarities in the distribution of most of the markers studied, while presenting some marked divergences when compared to the rodent striatum.
Power and Interdependence revisited

Ten years ago we published Power and Interdependence. 1 The passage of a decade makes this an appropriate time to reread and reevaluate that book, and to take stock of the research program to which it contributed. In doing this, we hope to deepen and enrich scholarly understanding of the politics of interdependence and to stimulate reflection on directions for the field of international relations over the next decade.2 Such a reappraisal seems particularly opportune given the changes in world politics, and especially in American policy, that have marked the intervening years. Stanley J. Michalak commented in 1979 that the authors "may cringe from the analogy but Power and Interdependence may well become the Politics Among Nations of the 1970s."3 But from the perspective of the late 1980s, the world may look different: while the 1970s were seen as the decade of interdependence, many observers regard the use of force and concern for security as characteristic of the 1980s. Indeed, the view is widespread in some circles that the 1980s resemble the 1950s more than the 1970s, and that Hans J. Morgenthau's work is more relevant to contemporary issues of world politics than Power and Interdependence.
Criteria for testing exception-handling constructs in Java programs

Exception-handling constructs provide a mechanism for mixing exceptions and a facility for designating protected code by attaching exception handlers to blocks of code. Despite the frequency of their occurrences, the behavior of exception-handling constructs is often the least understood and poorly tested part of a program. The presence of such constructs introduces new structural elements, such as control-flow paths, in a program. To adequately test such programs, these new structural elements must be considered for coverage during structural testing. In this paper, we describe a class of adequacy criteria that can be used to test the behavior of exception-handling constructs. We present a subsumption hierarchy of the criteria, and illustrate the relationship of the criteria to those found in traditional subsumption hierarchies. We describe techniques for generating the testing requirements for the criteria using our control-flow representations. We also describe a methodology for applying the criteria to unit and integration testing of programs that contain exception-handling constructs.
A two-stage model of peer influence in adolescent substance use: individual and relationship-specific differences in susceptibility to influence.

A two-stage model of peer influence was proposed. The model served as a framework for examining individual and relationship-specific differences in susceptibility to influence. The two stages are (1) The acquisition of a peer context and (2) conforming to the behavior of a peer. Data from a four-wave longitudinal study were used to assess (1) the initial selection of cigarette- and alcoholusing peers and (2) influence from peers. Relationship factors and variables identified as risk factors for substance use were hypothesized to increase susceptibility to peer influence. The results indicated that adolescents who did not value school achievement or spending time with parents were more apt than others to choose friends who smoked cigarettes more than they did. Adolescents who chose friends who drank more than they did not differ from other adolescents on any of the risk factors. Thus, low-risk adolescents were as likely to acquire a friend context where drinking was likely to occur as were adolescents who had more risk factors. When the second stage was examined, only high peer acceptance and high friendship quality resulted in adolescents being more apt to conform to their friend’s substance-use behaviors. D 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
A Fault-Tolerant Backbone Network Architecture Targeting Time-Critical Communication for Avionic WDM LANs

In this paper, we focus on the design and analysis of a torus-based backbone architecture which targets to meet both the low delay and high reliability requirements of avionic time-critical communications. Reliable optical connection between arbitrary source-destination pairs is proposed by enabling four non-overlapping lightpaths between the source and destination, which makes the network tolerant to at least three arbitrary link failures without losing connectivity. A greedy algorithm is introduced to set up the four non-overlapping lightpaths with the aim of maximizing two-terminal reliability (TTR), as well as minimizing signal attenuation and propagation delay. A wavelength assignment and reuse (WAR) method is used to reduce by half the wavelength requirement for all-to-all communication in a case study of 4×4 torus. Both probabilistic analysis and a packet-level simulation reveal that the proposed architecture can provide efficient communication with a 3-fault reliability guarantee.
Proactive Use of Shared L3 Caches to Enhance Cache Communications in Multi-Core Processors

The software and hardware techniques to exploit the potential of multi-core processors are falling behind, even though the number of cores and cache levels per chip is increasing rapidly. There is no explicit communications support available, and hence inter-core communications depend on cache coherence protocols, resulting in demand-based cache line transfers with their inherent latency and overhead. In this paper, we present software controlled eviction (SCE) to improve the performance of multithreaded applications running on multi-core processors by moving shared data to shared cache levels before it is demanded from remote private caches. Simulation results show that SCE offers significant performance improvement (8-28%) and reduces L3 cache misses by 88-98%.
Psychiatric disorders among bereaved persons: the role of perceived circumstances of death and preparedness for death.

The authors evaluated the association between bereaved persons' perceptions of the death (e.g., extent of suffering) and preparedness for the death and psychiatric disorders. The sample was 122 persons who received a baseline interview at approximately 4 months post-loss and a follow-up interview 5 months later, at approximately 9 months post-loss. In addition to bivariate associations between perceptions of circumstances of death and psychiatric outcomes, authors used multivariate logistic-regression models to determine the extent to which perceptions of the death were associated with the likelihood of psychiatric disorders in survivors at baseline and follow-up. Perception of the death as more violent was associated with major depressive disorder at baseline. Perception of lack of preparedness for the death was associated with complicated grief at baseline and at follow-up. These preliminary results suggest that perceptions of the death and feelings of lack of preparedness for it may be indicators of persons at risk of developing psychiatric morbidity secondary to bereavement. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Review of capture–recapture methods applicable to noninvasive genetic sampling

The use of noninvasive genetic sampling to identify individual animals for capture–recapture studies has become widespread in the past decade. Strong emphasis has been placed on the field protocols and genetic analyses with fruitful results. Little attention has been paid to the capture–recapture application for this specific type of data beyond stating the effects of assumption violations. Here, we review the broad class of capture–recapture methods that are available for use with DNA-based capture–recapture data, noting the array of biologically interesting parameters such as survival, emigration rates, state transition rates and the finite rate of population change that can be estimated from such data. We highlight recent developments in capture–recapture theory specifically designed for noninvasive genetic sampling data.
Systems biology for identifying liver toxicity pathways

Drug-induced liver toxicity is one of the leading causes of acute liver failure in the United States, exceeding all other causes combined. The objective of this paper is to describe systems biology methods for identifying pathways involved in liver toxicity induced by free fatty acids (FFA) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in human hepatoblastoma cells (HepG2/C3A). Systems biology approaches were developed to integrate multi-level data, i.e., gene expression, metabolite profile, toxicity measurements and a priori knowledge to identify gene targets for modulating liver toxicity. Targets that modulate liver toxicity, in vitro, were computationally predicted and some targets were experimentally validated.
Problem solving as reinforcement in adolescent drug use: Implications for theory and policy

The problem of adolescent drug use received a great deal of attention both in criminological theory and public policy. Predominant among theories was Akers’ social learning theory which examined the role of learning through a process of imitation, modeling, and reinforcement. Public policy led to the development of programs such as Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) that aimed to warn youths of the dangers of drug use. In line with research findings, both theory and policy gave a central role to peers in understanding adolescent drug use. Less attention was given to another important finding in the literature, that those who used drugs often perceived the drugs as solutions to problems. Using social learning theory, the role of perceptions of drug use as an effective problem solver was examined. Results indicated that a more explicit recognition of the use of drugs to deal with problems might inform both theory and policy. D 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
"Well, We're Going to Kindergarten, so We're Gonna Need Business Cards!": A Story of Preschool Emergent Readers and Writers and the Transformation of Identity.

Teacher research yields a plethora of insights about creating a meaningful curriculum for children. In this article, we describe the experience of preschool children who participated in Kindergarte...
Groundwater Flow Modeling in the Shallow Aquifer of Buffalo Creek, Greensboro

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency categorized Buffalo Creek as one of the impaired waters in Cape Fear River Basin, North Carolina, due to high concentrations of metals and pathogens. These contaminants originate from effluents discharged from industries and agricultural activities. This study used a numerical groundwater flow modeling approach to investigate the surface and groundwater interaction in the Buffalo Creek watershed for the fate and transport of contaminants. The movement of groundwater flow was simulated using MODFLOW while the particle tracking was analyzed by the MT3D model. MODFLOW solves groundwater flow equation using the finite-difference approximation. The flow region which covers both North and South Buffalo Creek was subdivided into blocks or cells in which the medium properties were assumed to be uniform. The cells are made from a grid of mutually perpendicular lines that are variably spaced depending upon the location. Spatial locations and distributions of stream networks, elevations, boundary conditions (no flow and constant, variable head zones), existing well locations, and industrial as well as wastewater effluent discharge locations were developed within ArcGIS environment. The modeling tasks of this study are domain characterization (database for surface elevation and stream network), modeling setup, and calibration and validation of the model using observed data. The observed data for baseflow was obtained using the baseflow filter algorithm, which basically separates baseflow from streamflow based on nature of the hydrograph. The modeling setup and initial calibration results for the steady-state simulation are presented in this chapter.
Navigating the ‘other’ world: cyberspace, popular culture and the realm of the Otherkin

Cyberspace offers religious practitioners, especially those who are interested in esoteric expressions of belief, a unique environment where global connections can be made instantaneously, knitting together members of the occultic milieu with each other in a way which was unthinkable in the recent past. Followers of minority spiritualties can locate fellow believers and form effective networks while drawing on what was once stigmatised knowledge. One such group consists of those who call themselves the Otherkin. Otherkin have redefined common understandings of what it means to be human and identify themselves as essentially non-human along a loosely defined spectrum. This study examines self-understanding within the Otherkin and explores their own cyberspace to gain an insight into their spiritual practice, which is usually based on the fantasy genres of literature and film.
Dynamic Instability of a Deep Spherical Shell

Axisymmetrical snapping of a thin elastic deep spherical shell under a suddenly applied constant dynamic loading distributed uniformly over the surface of the shell is considered on the basis of finite-deformation theory. Based on a first approximation of deflections, qualitative results are obtained by using a phase-plane method. It is found that the critical dynamic pressure of such a shell can be considerably lower than the static critical pressure predicted by classic linear theory. In addition, there is the possibility of the occurrence of a jump at an applied pressure even lower than the critical value because of finite disturbance. It is suggested that the dynamic buckling pressure be found statistically based on experimental results.
Runaway Evaporative Cooling to Bose-Einstein Condensation of Cesium Atoms in Optical Traps

We demonstrate a simple scheme to achieve fast, runaway evaporative cooling to Bose-Einstein condensation with ~105optically trapped cesium atoms in 2~4 seconds by tilting an optical potential with a magnetic field gradient.
Naphthalene and anthracene cobaltates(1-): Useful storable sources of an atomic cobalt anion

Reductions of CoBr2 or cobaltocene by 3 equiv of potassium anthracene radical anion in tetrahydrofuran (THF) afford 60–80% yields of bis(anthracene)cobaltate(1−) (1), of interest as a readily accessible and quite labile source of spin-paired atomic Co–. Although the unsolvated potassium salt of 1 is thermally unstable at 20 °C, the [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2]+ salt of 1 functions as a useful storable crystalline reagent for Co– in several reactions. Previously known classic cobaltates, [CoL4]−, for L = 1/2 (1,3-butadiene) (2), PF3 (3), and P(OiPr)3 (5), were obtained directly from 1 and structurally characterized for the first time. Anion 3 is noteworthy because it appears to possess the shortest known Co–P distance, av = 2.012(4) A. Although the naphthalene analogue of 1 is not yet available as a pure substance, low-temperature reductions of CoBr2 or cobaltocene by naphthalene radical anion in the presence of 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) afford variable yields (80–90% from CoCp2) of (naphthalene)(COD)cobaltate(1−)...
GILA WOODPECKER AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR

Agonistic behavior of Gila Woodpeckers, including vocalizations, visual displays, and other related behaviors, is described. Interactions with both con- and heterospecifics were analyzed by stochastic processes, and it is shown that the timing of aggression toward a species coincided with the time during which that species was searching for nest sites or cavities. The behavior shown toward Flickers and Starlings appears to fulfill criteria for interspecific territorial- ity, and evidence is presented to support the contention that the function of this behavior is protection of nest sites and nest holes from competitors. The effects of intra- and interspecific territoriality on the distribution of the species involved were found to be significantly different. GILA Woodpeckers (Melanerpes uropygialis), which are commonly associated with the giant cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) of Arizona's desert lowland, inhabit cottonwood (Populus deltoides) groves along the Gila River in southwest New Mexico. While the behavior of its congeners, the Golden-fronted (M. aurifrons) and Red-bellied (M. carolinus) Woodpeckers have been studied thoroughly (Kilham 1958, 1961, 1963, Selander and Giller 1959, Stickel 1965), details of Gila Woodpecker behavior in the lit- erature are limited to largely anecdotal accounts. The most striking feature of these reports is that Gila Woodpeckers are consistently described as being highly aggressive toward both conspecifics and a broad range of other species including Bronzed Cow- birds (Tangavius aeneus) and thrashers (Toxostoma spp.) (Gilman 1915, Bent 1939). My preliminary observations indicated that they are distinctly more aggressive than other species in the region they inhabit. The main purpose of this study was to determine the ecological functions of Gila Woodpeckers' agonistic behavior. Apparently they are territorial toward con- specifics, Common Flickers (Colaptes auratus), and Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Several lines of evidence suggest that protection of nest sites and nest holes from competitors is the main function of their interspecific aggression. In this paper de- scriptions of agonistic behaviors are presented first. Then stochastic processes, which have proved useful in demonstrating changes in behavior over time (Stokes 1962), are used to describe changes in levels of agonistic behavior shown toward other pairs of conspecifics and members of other species over the course of the breeding season. Following this quantitative analysis, details of intra- and interspecific territoriality are presented. The functions of Gila Woodpecker territoriality are considered next. The hypothesis that species toward which they are territorial should overlap more in their use of nest sites than other species, is tested and confirmed by comparing nest sites for those species. Direct evidence of competition for nest holes is also presented. Finally the effects of intra- and interspecific territoriality on the distribution of the species involved are compared by examining distances between Gila Woodpecker nest cavities and their nearest conspecific and Flicker nest cavities.
Postoperative Medical Management of Crohn's Disease: Prevention and Surveillance Strategies.

Postoperative Crohn’s disease recurrence can be defined as histologic, endoscopic, radiographic, clinical, or surgical. Recurrence rates may also vary according to the methodology of the individual study, for example randomized controlled trial versus observational and referral center experience versus a population-based cohort. Clinical and endoscopic recurrence rates are the most commonly reported postoperative Crohn’s disease measures. Clinical recurrence is defined by symptoms, such as diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain. A variety symptom scores have been adapted to postoperative Crohn’s disease and include, the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire or the Crohn’s disease activity index or Harvey-Bradshaw Index. The subjective nature of these symptom-based scores lends to a large variability of clinical recurrence rates across studies. Endoscopic recurrence that is defined at or above the ileocolonic anastomosis by ileocolonoscopy is a more objective measure. Endoscopic recurrence, defined by the Rutgeerts score, predicts subsequent clinical and surgical recurrence.5 The Rutgeerts score defines ileal lesions within 10 cm of the ileocolonic anastomosis as follows: i0: no lesions; i1: ≤5 apthous lesions; i2: >5 apthous lesions with normal mucosa between lesions, or skip areas of larger lesions, or lesions confined to the ileocolonic anastomosis <1 cm in length; i3: diffuse apthous ileitis with diffusely inflamed mucosa, and; i4: diffuse inflammation with already larger ulcers, nodules, or narrowing. At 3 years of follow-up, i0 and i1, i2, i3, and i4 scores are associated with 90 % likelihood of clinical recurrence, respectively.5 A recent comprehensive review looked at the incidence of endoscopic and clinical recurrence.6 These authors reported overall 5-year endoscopic recurrence rates of 89 and 58 % in patients from referral centers and population-based cohorts, respectively, and 5-year clinical recurrence rates of 41 and 30 %, respectively. Surgical recurrence generally follows clinical recurrence, and the surgical recurrence rates in population-based studies have decreased over time according to a recent review.7 Investigations conducted after 1980 demonstrated a 10-year surgical recurrence rate of 33 % [95 % confidence interval (CI): 31–35 %] compared to earlier studies that reported a rate of 45 % (95 % CI: 38–53 %). The enhancement of medication efficacy, employment of prophylactic medical therapy, and initiation of endoscopy-stimulated treatment likely influenced this reduction. The strongest predictors of postoperative recurrence are active cigarette smoking,6,8 penetrating disease behavior, and recurrent resectional surgery for Crohn’s disease. Other risk factors include perianal disease, extensive (>50 cm) small bowel disease, and early onset, aggressive disease.6
On-demand multipath distance vector routing in ad hoc networks

We develop an on-demand multipath distance vector protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Specifically, we propose multipath extensions to a well-studied single path routing protocol known as ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV). The resulting protocol is referred to as ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV). The protocol computes multiple loop-free and link-disjoint paths. Loop-freedom is guaranteed by using a notion of "advertised hopcount". Link-disjointness of multiple paths is achieved by using a particular property of flooding. Performance comparison of AOMDV with AODV using ns-2 simulations shows that AOMDV is able to achieve a remarkable improvement in the end-to-end delay-often more than a factor of two, and is also able to reduce routing overheads by about 20%.