cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency of occurrence of native hapten among enterobacterial species.

Abstract Anacker, R. L. (Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.), W. D. Bickel, W. T. Haskins, K. C. Milner, E. Ribi, and J. A. Rudbach. Frequency of occurrence of native hapten among enterobacterial species. J. Bacteriol. 91:1427–1433. 1966.—Smooth cultures of representative Enterobacteriaceae were screened for the presence of native hapten, a substance previously extracted with trichloroacetic acid from the protoplasmic fraction of one strain each of Escherichia coli O111:B4 and O113. Trichloroacetic acid extracts of protoplasmic fractions of the cells were analyzed for chemical composition, for constituent sugars by paper chromatography, for immunochemical relationship to endotoxin purified by gel filtration, for sedimentation behavior, and for pyrogenicity in rabbits and lethal toxicity in chick embryos. Extracts from two of three additional strains of E. coli O113, all five additional strains of E. coli O111:B4, and one strain each of E. coli O26:B6 and O55:B5 were similar to previously described native hapten in chemical composition, sedimentation properties (S20,w, 3.7 to 5.2), biological potency (usually less than 0.1% that of corresponding endotoxin), and immunochemical relationship to endotoxin. Extracts of one strain each of E. coli O127:B8, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella enteritidis, and of two lipopolysaccharide-deficient mutants of S. enteritidis differed from typical native hapten. The biosynthetic relationship of native hapten to endotoxin has not yet been revealed.
Ionophores and Ion Transport Across Natural Membranes

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an ionophore as a substance that enhances the movement or incorporation of an ion from an aqueous phase into an hydrophobic phase. Ionic dependency for an ionophore implies that the establishment of an ionophore-mediated function is dependent on the presence of a certain ion. Ionic selectivity for an ionophore implies that the ionophore mediates the transport of a certain ion more than other ions. The ion permeability of natural membranes must be mediated by non-lipid membrane components. These artificial membranes have great potential as tools for the study of transmembrane ion transport mediated by non-lipid substances. Two related but distinct uses have been successfully made of artificial membranes in the study of ion transport systems: (1) reconstitution of entire ion transport systems and (2) the study of ionophores isolated from ion transport systems. In the former approach, a protein or protein complex responsible for some ion transport function is isolated from the natural membrane and is inserted as an intact unit into an artificial membrane. The primary advantage of this approach is that provided the protein under study is sufficiently purified, the transport activity that is reconstituted can be unambiguously ascribed to the protein. The approach is similar in principle to removing the clockwork from its case, winding the mainspring, and watching it go to verify that the ticking and hand movement emanate from the complex of springs and gears
An operating system for the home

Network devices for the home such as remotely controllable locks, lights, thermostats, cameras, and motion sensors are now readily available and inexpensive. In theory, this enables scenarios like remotely monitoring cameras from a smartphone or customizing climate control based on occupancy patterns. However, in practice today, such smarthome scenarios are limited to expert hobbyists and the rich because of the high overhead of managing and extending current technology. We present HomeOS, a platform that bridges this gap by presenting users and developers with a PC-like abstraction for technology in the home. It presents network devices as peripherals with abstract interfaces, enables cross-device tasks via applications written against these interfaces, and gives users a management interface designed for the home environment. HomeOS already has tens of applications and supports a wide range of devices. It has been running in 12 real homes for 4-8 months, and 42 students have built new applications and added support for additional devices independent of our efforts.
Evaluation of the Illumina® Beta Version ForenSeq™ DNA Signature Prep Kit for use in genetic profiling

While capillary electrophoresis-based technologies have been the mainstay for human identity typing applications, there are limitations with this methodology's resolution, scalability, and throughput. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) offers the capability to multiplex multiple types of forensically-relevant markers and multiple samples together in one run all at an overall lower cost per nucleotide than traditional capillary electrophoresis-based methods; thus, addressing some of these limitations. MPS also is poised to expand forensic typing capabilities by providing new strategies for mixture deconvolution with the identification of intra-STR allele sequence variants and the potential to generate new types of investigative leads with an increase in the overall number and types of genetic markers being analyzed. The beta version of the Illumina ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep Kit is a MPS library preparation method with a streamlined workflow that allows for targeted amplification and sequencing of 63 STRs and 95 identity SNPs, with the option to include an additional 56 ancestry SNPs and 22 phenotypic SNPs depending on the primer mix chosen for amplification, on the MiSeq desktop sequencer (Illumina). This study was divided into a series of experiments that evaluated reliability, sensitivity of detection, mixture analysis, concordance, and the ability to analyze challenged samples. Genotype accuracy, depth of coverage, and allele balance were used as informative metrics for the quality of the data produced. The ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep Kit produced reliable, reproducible results and obtained full profiles with DNA input amounts of 1ng. Data were found to be concordant with current capillary electrophoresis methods, and mixtures at a 1:19 ratio were resolved accurately. Data from the challenged samples showed concordant results with current DNA typing methods with markers in common and minimal allele drop out from the large number of markers typed on these samples. This set of experiments indicates the beta version of the ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep Kit is a valid tool for forensic DNA typing and warrants full validation studies of this MPS technology.
Bioavailability of the calcium in fortified soy imitation milk, with some observations on method

Background Calcium-fortified soy milk is growing in popularity, particularly among vegetarians, but the bioavailability of its calcium was not previously known. Additionally, the validity of isotopic labeling methods for fortified liquid products had not been established. Objectives The objectives of this study were to compare the bioavailability of the calcium in fortified soy milk with that of calcium in cow milk and to evaluate the method of labeling soy milk for bioavailability testing. Design A within-subject comparison of extrinsically labeled cow milk with intrinsically and extrinsically labeled soy milks was undertaken in 16 healthy men. In all tests, 300-mg Ca loads were given as a part of a light breakfast after an overnight fast. The milks were physically partitioned into liquid and solid phases to enable evaluation of tracer distribution. Results Calcium from intrinsically labeled soy milk was absorbed at only 75% the efficiency of calcium from cow milk. Extrinsic labeling of soy milk did not produce uniform tracer distribution throughout the liquid and solid phases and resulted in a 50% overestimate of true absorbability. Conclusion Calcium-fortified soy milk does not constitute a calcium source comparable to cow milk, and extrinsic labeling of such calcium particulate suspensions does not produce the uniform tracer distribution needed for bioavailability testing. Hence, intrinsic labeling of the fortificant is required for such liquid suspensions.
Implementing psychiatric advance directives: Service provider issues and answers

Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) are an emerging method for adults with serious and persistent mental illness to document treatment preferences in advance of periods of incapacity. This article presents and responds to issues most frequently raised by service providers when planning for implementation of PADs. Issues discussed include access to PADs; competency to execute PADs; the relationship of PADs to standards of care, resource availability, and involuntary treatment; roles of service providers and others in execution of PADs; timeliness and redundancy of PAD information; consumer expectations of PADs; complexity of PADs; revocation and “activation”; legal enforceability of PADs; the role and powers of agents; liability for honoring and not honoring PADs; and use of PADs to consent for release of health care information. Recommendations are made for training staff and consumers, consideration of statute development, and methods to reduce logistical, attitudinal, and system barriers to effective use of PADs.
Replication and infectivity of the single-embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Baculovirus heliothis, in homologous cell lines

Abstract Three cell lines of Heliothis zea and one cell line of Heliothis virescens replicated the singleembedded, nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of H. Zea , (i.e., Baculovirus heliothis ) with concomitant production of polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB). Between 20 and 60% of the H. zea cells produced PIB, whereas only 3% of H. virescens cells were found to produce PIB. The H. zea cell lines produced 10 to 20 times more PIB than did the H. virescens cell line. The PIB from all cell lines produced typical symptoms of an NPV infection when bioassayed against larvae of H. zea . More than 99% of the total viral activity of the final whole culture was due to the PIB.
Foliar Nitrogen Uptake Following Urea Application to Putting Green Turfgrass Species

Foliar fertilization often comprises a significant portion of the total annual N applied to putting greens. This study was initiated to evaluate the efficiency of this practice under field conditions. 15 N-labeled urea was used to quantify seasonal uptake of foliar-applied N by creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. L. palustris (Huds.) Farw. 'Penn A1') and hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy 'Tifeagle') managed as putting greens. Urea was spray-applied monthly, May through September, at rates of 0.5 and 1.25 g N m ―2 . Both species absorbed urea rapidly, with 24 to 67% of the fertilizer N entering the foliage within 1 h following treatment; peak foliar absorption was generally observed at 4 h after treatment. Percentage of foliar uptake was significantly reduced at higher application rates for both species. In addition, absorption of urea-N by foliage of both species was affected by month of application and year. When averaged across all sampling times and N rates, foliar absorption percentages were similar between the two species, ranging from 36 to 69% for creeping bentgrass and 38 to 62% for bermudagrass. Overall, foliar absorption efficiency was variable and there were no consistent seasonal trends associated with these differences.
The association between total and positive lymph node counts, and disease progression in clinically localized prostate cancer.

Purpose: We examined the association between the number of LNs removed, the number of positive LNs and disease progression in patients undergoing pelvic lymph node dissection and radical retropubic prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: We analyzed 5,038 consecutive patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy between 1983 and 2003. Clinicopathological parameters, including the administration of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy, preoperative prostate specific antigen, specimen Gleason score, surgeon and pathological stage, were collected prospectively in our prostate cancer database. We excluded men treated with radiation or chemotherapy before surgery. BCR was defined as 2 postoperative prostate specific antigen increases greater than 0.2 ng/ml. Cox models were used to determine whether the number of nodes removed or the number of positive nodes predicted freedom from BCR after adjustment for prognostic covariates.Results: The 4,611 eligible patients had a me...
Isolation and characterization of the arginase-encoding gene (arg) from Coccidioides immitis

The arginase (ARG)-encoding gene (arg) of Coccidioides immitis, a human fungal pathogen, was cloned and sequenced. Both the genomic and cDNA sequences are provided. The transcription start point and poly(A) sites were confirmed. The arg gene, which was located on chromosome II of C. immitis by Southern hybridization, is a single-copy gene with two introns and a 966-bp ORF which translates a 322-aa protein of 35.1 kDa. The deduced ARG protein showed 44% identity and 68% similarity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARG.
Authority in Early Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka

This paper examines the role of pramāṇa in Jayānanda’s commentary to Candrakīrti’s Madhyamakāvatāra. As the only extant Indian commentary on any of Candrakīrti’s works (available only in Tibetan translation), written in the twelfth century when Candrakīrti’s interpretation of Madhyamaka first became widely valued, Jayānanda’s Madhyamakāvatāraṭīkā is crucial to our understanding of early Prāsaṅgika thought. In the portions of his text examined here, Jayānanda offers a pointed critique of both svatantra inferences and the broader Buddhist epistemological movement. In developing this critique, he cites at length Candrakīrti’s Prasannapadā treatment of svatantra, and so comes to comment on the locus classicus for the Svātantrika-Prāsaṅgika distinction. For Jayānanda, svatantra inferences are emblematic of the Dignāga-Dharmakīrti epistemological tradition, which asserts an unwarranted validity to human cognition. As such, Nāgārjuna’s philosophy admits neither svatantra inference, nor pramāṇa (as “valid cognition”) more generally. Instead, Jayānanda argues for Nāgārjuna’s “authority” (pramāṇa) as our prime means for knowing reality. Jayānanda’s account of authority offers a helpful counterbalance to the current trend of portraying Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka as a form of skepticism.
Large Fractional Pulse Delays in a Hot Rubidium Vapor

Widely tunable large fractional pulse delays are achieved in a hot, Rubidium vapor with a spectrally burned resonance hole. The delay is tunable by both power broadening the resonance and frequency modulating the pump laser.
Excessive hospitalizations and its associated economic burden among people with diabetes in the United States.

Abstract Objectives We conducted this study to estimate the excessive hospital admission among people with diabetes and the associated economic burden in the USA. Methods The study was based on the 2005 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), a nationally representative probability sample conducted annually by the Agency of Health Research and Quality. Nearly 8 million records were sampled from over 1000 community hospitals in the 2005 NIS. Results Excluding childbirth-related admissions, the estimated US hospitalizations numbered approximately 30.8 million; individuals with diabetes accounted for over 6.4 million (20.9%) of these admissions. For every 1000 individuals without diabetes, with type 1 diabetes, and with type 2 diabetes, the numbers of hospitalizations were 89, 418, and 303, respectively. The rates of hospitalization increased greatly by the presence of diabetes for all age groups and sex. During 2005, the national bill of hospital charges and costs for individuals with diabetes exceeded US$171 billion and US$90 billion, respectively. If the prevalence of diabetes increases to 7.5% from 7.0%, the total number of hospitalizations made by individuals with diabetes will be 7.5 million in 2015. Conclusions Although approximately 7% of the population had diabetes in the USA, nearly 20.9% of hospitalizations were made by individuals with this condition. Due to the excessive hospitalizations incurred by patients with diabetes, a small increase in the number of people with diabetes will amplify the number of hospitalizations. Health-care communities should anticipate this possible increased demand of hospitalizations and the associated economic burden.
Emerson and the Fortunes of Godless Religion

Abstract The essay traces Emerson's ideas of “godless religion”; his attraction to and disenchantment with contemporary science; the challenges of 1841–44 as his thought impelled him beyond the terms of his religious synthesis; his efforts thereafter toward a new synthesis; and, when these failed, his retreat to an increasingly rarefied idealism.
Multidisciplinary Approaches to Code Switching edited by ISURIN, LUDMILA, DONALD WINFORD, & KEES DE BOT

The article reviews the book "Multidisciplinary Approaches to Code Switching," edited by Ludmila Isurin, Donald Winford, and Kees De Bot.
Angular distribution of high-order harmonics emitted from rare gases at low density.

We have measured the far-field angular distributions of high harmonics (orders 11--41) generated by a 1-\ensuremath{\mu}m, 1-ps laser pulse [(0.3--3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$] in low-density Ar, Kr, and Xe targets (\ensuremath{\le}1 Torr, 1-mm thick). The far-field harmonic distributions show a narrow central structure surrounded by broad wings that contain approximately 75% of the harmonic energy. Low-density targets and f/70 focusing were used to minimize phase mismatches due to ionization and propagation effects, thereby isolating the single-atom contribution to the response. The wings indicate an intensity-dependent phase of the atomic harmonic emission.
Propagation of non-diffracting intense ultraviolet beams

Ultraviolet pulses of 200 ps duration are focused in vacuum, and launched into the atmosphere through an aerodynamic window. Instead of diffracting, above a threshold of 100 mJ, the beam propagates in a self-induced waveguide in air. The peak electric field and beam profile are consistent with the eigenfunction of a modified nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The evolution of the beam waist with distance is calculated by a combination of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation and an equation for the nonlinear losses.
Decent Daddy, Imperfect Daddy: Black Male Rap Artists’ Views of Fatherhood and the Family

Research examining contemporary African-American male fathers has either presented them as being absent and uninvolved in their children's lives (Moynihan 1965; Anderson 1999) or engaged with their children—despite structural or institutional constraints they face (Edin et al., Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci 621:149-177, 2009; Reynolds, Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci 624:12-28, 2009). Scant scholarship explores the medium that provides black males their own voices—rap music—in regards to their beliefs about the family. This exploratory research examines how black male rappers talk about motherhood, fatherhood, and parenthood. The content analysis of 391 of rap songs from the years 2004 to 2009 revealed that male rappers expressed unwavering love for their mothers, but contempt for the mothers of their children. Furthermore, they conveyed mixed feelings about their own fathers, but actively embraced fatherhood. Thus, many artists partially adhere to Anderson' s( 1999) notion of the "decent daddy," but are "imperfect" because of the fractious relationships with the biological mother of their children.
Evaluation of glutathione metabolic genes on outcomes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients after initial treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: an NCCTG-97-24-51 based study.

Introduction We evaluated the role of glutathione-related genotypes on overall survival, time to progression, adverse events, and quality of life (QOL) in stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer patients who were stable or responding from initial treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy and subsequently randomized to receive daily oral carboxyaminoimidazole or a placebo. Methods Of the 186 total patients, 113 had initial treatment with platinum therapy and DNA samples of whom 46 also had QOL data. These samples were analyzed using six polymorphic DNA markers that encode five important enzymes in the glutathione metabolic pathway. Patient QOL was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung and the UNISCALE QOL questionnaires. A clinically significant decline in QOL was defined as a 10% decrease from baseline to week-8. Multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the association of the genotypes on the four endpoints. Results Patients carrying a GCLC 77 genotype had a worse overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.5, p = 0.05). Patients carrying the GPX1 -CC genotype had a clinically significant decline in the UNISCALE (odds ratio (OR): 7.5; p = 0.04), total Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung score (OR: 11.0; p = 0.04), physical (OR: 7.1; p = 0.03), functional (OR: 5.2; p = 0.04), and emotional well-being constructs (OR: 23.8; p = 0.01). Conclusions Genotypes of glutathione-related enzymes, especially GCLC, may be used as host factors in predicting patients' survival after platinum-based chemotherapy. GPX1 may be an inherited factor in predicting patients' QOL. Further investigation to define and measure the effects of these genes in chemotherapeutic regimens, drug toxicities, disease progression, and QOL are critical.
Restricted and Satiate Feeding of Two Genetically Isolated Strains of Juvenile Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Reared on 28% and 32% Protein Diets

A 10-wk growth comparison trial of two strains of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus was conducted in 40 120-L flow-through aquaria using a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial experiment design. The three factors evaluated were: strain (Norris and NWAC103), dietary protein level (28% and 32%), and feeding rate (restricted and satiate). Average initial weight (f SD) for the Norris strain was 3.0 f 0.08 g/fish, while that of the NWAC103 strain was 4.7 k 0.13 g/fish. The feeding rate for the satiated group was adjusted based on feeding observations. The feeding rate for the restricted group was adjusted to about 2h of the satiate level. For both satiate and restricted feeding regimens, the NWAC103 strain consumed more feed than the Norris strain. Fish of Norris strain fed the 32% protein diet consumed more feed than fish fed the 28% protein diet; however, there were no differences in feed consumption in the NWAClO3 fish fed the two protein diets. Regardless of feeding rate, the NWAC103 fish gained more weight and converted feed more efficiently than the Norris fish. Fillet composition was not affected by fish strain. Fish fed the 28% protein diet had a lower level of fillet protein than fish fed the 32% protein diet. In fifh fed to satiation, a 32% protein diet resulted in a lower fillet fat level than a 28% protein diet, but no differences were observed in fillet fat levels between fish fed the two dietary protein levels for the restricted group. Results from the present study demonstrate that under laboratory conditions, the NWAC103 strain of channel catfish is superior to Norris strain in feed consumption, growth rate, and feed efficiency. Our data also indicate that either a 28% or 32% protein diet can be fed to either strain of channel catfish whether they are fed to satiation or fed a restricted ration with no detrimental effects on growth.
Electric Energy Data Acquisition Communication Power Test Research

Abstract More and more communication is used to realize the intelligent electricity-use and the Chinese smart grid. These communication links will likely bring electromagnetic environmental pollution, affect the electric energy meter performance, induces the waste of electric energy. This paper introduces a kind of electric energy data acquisition communication module power testing method, and the development of test equipment.
Measurement of the light-field amplitude-correlation function through joint photon-count distributions.

When an amplitude-stabilized He-Ne laser beam is scattered by a rotating ground glass with small surface inhomogeneities, the probability density of the instantaneous scattered-wave amplitude is Gaussian. In this paper, we suggest the use of the joint photon-count probability distribution to measure the absolute value of the electric-field amplitude-correlation function for random Gaussian light fields, and report the results of an experiment in which the Gaussian field is produced by scattering a light beam through a rotating ground glass. This procedure offers an alternative to other conventional methods, such as self-beating spectroscopy and irradiance-correlation techniques. The correlation time of the scattered-field amplitude in the present experiment has been measured with an accuracy of approximately 0.8%.
Analysis and synthesis of UHF RFID antennas using the embedded T-match

The T-match structure is commonly used to match an RFID chip's reactive impedance to a dipole. Models that describe T-match are known, but they are neither sufficiently accurate to model antennas nor to synthesize the antenna geometry. Here, we present the embedded T-match circuit model, which is amenable to accurate analysis and synthesis.
The AQP2 water channel: Effect of vasopressin treatment, microtubule disruption, and distribution in neonatal rats

Aquaporin 2 is a collecting duct water channel that is located in apical vesicles and in the apical plasma membrane of collecting duct principal cells. It shares 42% identity with the proximal tubule/thin descending limb water channel, CHIP28. The present study was aimed at addressing three questions concerning the location and behavior of the AQP2 protein under different conditions. First, does the AQP2 channel relocate to the apical membrane after vasopressin treatment? Our results show that AQP2 is diffusely distributed in cytoplasmic vesicles in collecting duct principal cells of homozygous Brattleboro rats that lack vasopressin. In rats injected with exogenous vasopressin, however, AQP2 became concentrated in the apical plasma membrane of principal cells, as determined by immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy. This behavior is consistent with the idea that AQP2 is the vasopressin-sensitive water channel. Second, is the cellular location of AQP2 modified by microtubule disruption? In normal rats, AQP2 has a mainly apical and subapical location in principal cells, but in colchicine-treated rats, it is distributed on vesicles that are scattered throughout the entire cytoplasm. This is consistent with the dependence on microtubules of apical protein targeting in many cell types, and explains the inhibitory effect of microtubule disruption on the hydroosmotic response to vasopressin in sensitive epithelia, including the collecting duct. Third, is AQP2 present in neonatal rat kidneys? We show that AQP2 is abundant in principal cells from neonatal rats at all days after birth. The detection of AQP2 in early neonatal kidneys indicates that a lack of this protein is not responsible for the relatively weak urinary concentrating response to vasopressin seen in neonatal rats.
Mild hypoxemia during initial reperfusion alleviates the severity of secondary energy failure and protects brain in neonatal mice with hypoxic-ischemic injury

Reperfusion triggers an oxidative stress. We hypothesized that mild hypoxemia in reperfusion attenuates oxidative brain injury following hypoxia-ischemia (HI). In neonatal HI-mice, the reperfusion was initiated by reoxygenation with room air (RA) followed by the exposure to 100%, 21%, 18%, 15% oxygen for 60 minutes. Systemic oxygen saturation (SaO2), cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain mitochondrial respiration and permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, markers of oxidative injury, and cerebral infarcts were assessed. Compared with RA-littermates, HI-mice exposed to 18% oxygen exhibited significantly decreased infarct volume, oxidative injury in the brain mitochondria and tissue. This was coupled with improved mitochondrial tolerance to mPTP opening. Oxygen saturation maintained during reperfusion at 85% to 95% was associated (r=0.57) with the best neurologic outcome. Exposure to 100% or 15% oxygen significantly exacerbated brain injury and oxidative stress. Compared with RA-mice, hyperoxia dramatically increased reperfusion CBF, but exposure to 15% oxygen significantly reduced CBF to values observed during the HI-insult. Mild hypoxemia during initial reperfusion alleviates the severity of HI-brain injury by limiting the reperfusion-driven oxidative stress to the mitochondria and mPTP opening. This suggests that at the initial stage of reperfusion, a slightly decreased systemic oxygenation (SaO2 85% to 95%) may be beneficial for infants with birth asphyxia.
Weakly Coupled Dusty Plasma With a High Dust Temperature and Low Thermal Energy Density

Relatively large values of the temperature for the dust component of plasma systems are an area of concern in the understanding of such systems. Dust temperatures are regularly observed to be several orders of magnitude higher than the temperatures of the other plasma components, leading to questions of the validity of the measurements. In order to address such concerns, the phase space distribution was measured for a weakly coupled dusty plasma system. The measurements are used to illustrate the differences between two metrics of the thermal motion of the dust component, namely, the temperature and the thermal energy density. It is shown that, by considering the thermal energy density, instead of the temperature, the energy associated with the random motion of the dust component is comparable to that of the other plasma species.
Community, Ethnicity, and Class in a Changing Rural California Town*

This study investigates how community is constructed, maintained, and contested among diverse residents of a rural town in California's Central Valley. Drawing on observations, interviews, and archival material, I examine the way in which ethnicity and class play a significant role in recasting how community is organized and interpreted by Mexicans and long-term white residents. In my field site, Mexicans have long been involved in (in)formal community-making, yet long-term white residents perceive a ''loss of community'' because social relations are no longer structured around an agrarian culture that at one time reinforced ties through volunteerism and interaction in local mainstream institutions. This article demonstrates the continual significance of place and interaction in defining community, but suggests that immigrants develop communities of need aimed at providing important social, emotional, and political support absent in mainstream society. Finally, this study also speaks of the competition for representation and respectability among rural residents developing a sense of belonging. ''Community'' is never simply the recognition of cultural similarity or social contiguity but a categorical identity that is premised on various forms of exclusion and constructions of otherness (Gupta and Ferguson 1997:13).
Application of high resolution crosswell radar and seismic for mapping flow in the vadose zone

Geophysical imaging in the vadose zone poses unique issues. Groundwater contamination at DOE's Hanford, Washington site needs optimal imaging because extremely high drilling costs make direct characterization quite expensive. We conducted seismic and radar crosswell experiments to help answer basic questions about high resolution geophysical characterization. We acquired time lapse surveys during controlled injections of river water and saline solution. Radar imaging of dielectric changes delineated geological layers and moisture movement with 0.25 m resolution. Seismic velocity measurements delineated lithology at 0.25 m resolution with sensitivity to porosity and density changes in sediments and penetration of over 20 m using two sources of different bandwidths.
Optimal route discovery for soft QOS provisioning in mobile ad hoc multimedia networks

In this paper, we propose an optimal routing discovery algorithm for ad hoc multimedia networks whose resource keeps changing, First, we use stochastic models to measure the network resource availability, based on the information about the location and moving pattern of the nodes, as well as the link conditions between neighboring nodes. Then, for a certain multimedia packet flow to be transmitted from a source to a destination, we formulate the optimal soft-QoS provisioning problem as to find the best route that maximize the probability of satisfying its desired QoS requirements in terms of the maximum delay constraints. Based on the stochastic network resource model, we developed three approaches to solve the formulated problem: A centralized approach serving as the theoretical reference, a distributed approach that is more suitable to practical real-time deployment, and a distributed dynamic approach that utilizes the updated time information to optimize the routing for each individual packet. Examples of numerical results demonstrated that using the route discovered by our distributed algorithm in a changing network environment, multimedia applications could achieve better QoS statistically.
Young Women Presenting with Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia Two Case Reports

Chronic mesenteric ischemia is primarily a disease of the elderly, who have widespread atherosclerosis of the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries. Risk factors include smoking, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, and arterial dissection. Presented here are 2 cases of women under age 50 years burdened with this condition, owing primarily to advanced arteriosclerosis. These cases illustrate a need for increased awareness of mesenteric ischemia as a cause for postprandial abdominal pain in young patients with other stigmata of advanced arterial occlusive disease.
Formation of folds, boudinage, and mullions in non-Newtonian materials

Previous work has suggested that the formation of folds, boudins, and mullions by creep is caused by the same general type of instability. The results of Newtonian flow models of this process compare poorly with observation, however. The study reported here extends the analysis to include a general class of non-Newtonian materials restricted only to being incompressible, anelastic (that is, without memory), isotropic, and homogeneous. Although the material is isotropic, the perturbation flow associated with growing structure is found to obey an anisotropic type of flow law. In a strain-rate softening material undergoing pure shear, resistance to additional normal straining is significantly reduced from the background level, whereas resistance to tangential straining is unchanged. This has a profound effect on the formation of geologic structures, increasing the growth rates and altering the dominant wavelengths. Non-Newtonian behavior turns out to be necessary for the formation of boudins and mullions and plays an important role, but not a necessary one, in the formation of folds.
Stone Tool-Making and Brain Activation: Position Emission Tomography (PET) Studies

This study introduces to archaeology a new experimental technique for examining the relationship between stone tool-making and brain function. The principal focus of this exploratory study was the development of effective methods for the identification and examination of the regions of the modern human brain recruited during the manufacture of simple (Oldowan or Mode I) stone tools. The functional brain imaging technique employed, Positron Emission Tomography (PET), examines task-related brain activity by assessing changes in regional cerebral blood flow during specific tasks. The single-subject study reported here represents a heuristic, initial exploration of this subject. Results indicate that during stone tool-making there was heavy activation of cortical and subcortical regions of the brain associated with motor and somatosensory processing. Especially interesting was the high degree of activation in areas known to be involved with complex spatial cognition requiring integration of diverse sensory inputs (e.g. vision, touch, and proprioception, or sense of body position and motion). Expansion of such higher-order association areas has been particularly important during the course of human evolution. This single-subject pilot study demonstrates the application of the PET brain imaging technique to the study of early stone technologies and suggests hypotheses to be tested in more comprehensive studies in the future.
Mortality and treatment modality of end-stage renal disease

Jaar and colleagues found that patients with end-stage renal disease receiving peritoneal dialysis have a lower risk for death in the first year of dialysis than those receiving hemodialysis. After...
Conservation of Bats in Managed Forests: Use of Roosts by Lasionycteris noctivagans

In large regions of the Pacific Northwest of the United States, harvest of forests has con­ verted old-growth coniferous forests into a mosaic of young patches «90 years old) of differing size and age. We examined the consequences of these changes on the roosting habits of the silver-haired bat, Lasionycteris noctivagans, which preferentially uses older forests in other parts of its range in the Pacific Northwest. Bats were captured using mist nets and harp traps at streams, ponds, and road sites in 1992 and 1993. L. noctivagans was captured only over water. Fifteen of 30 L. noctivagans captured were equipped with radio­ transmitters. A total of 15 roost sites used by 13 individuals was found. All roosts were 30 cm. Height of roost trees ranged from 6.9 to 61.5 m, and estimated height of roosts of bats ranged from 6.1 to 15.2 m. Roost trees were significantly taller than neigh­ boring trees, which may facilitate the location of roosts by bats. Analysis of a 15-m radius plot around each roost tree revealed that roost sites had significantly less closure of over­ story canopy, less understory, and shorter understory vegetation than comparable random plots. Reduced overstory canopy and understory vegetation provide a less-cluttered envi­ ronment for flight of bats, which may be particularly important for newly volant young. Recruitment and retention of snags and the maintenance of structural complexity in forest patches in upland as well as riparian areas are important for the conservation of species of bats in managed forests.
Impact of Podcasts as Professional Learning: Teacher Created, Student Created, and Professional Development Podcasts

Until now, research on podcasting in education mostly examined teacher created podcasts in K-12 and higher education. This paper explores podcasts in professional learning across several genres of podcasts. Using a popular typology of podcasts, teacher created, student created and professional development podcasts (King & Gura, 2007), this paper compares, contrasts and reveals the potential of multiple educational contexts and instructional strategies, formative instructional design, interdisciplinary strategies, formal and informal learning, and effective uses of data gathering methods. The significance of the study extends from not only the extensive reach of the data gathering and production, but also the robust research model, formative and dynamic instructional design for staff development and recommendations for podcasting research strategies.
Study of heterogenetic (Kunin) antibodies in serum of healthy subjects and children with enteric and urinary tract infections

An antigen common to numerous species of enteric gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonellae, Shigellae, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, was discovered by Kunin in 1962. It was found that serum from healthy subjects and commercial gamma globulin obtained from donors in various countries contained the corresponding antibody. Enterobacterial infection in children was shown to engender the formation of this antibody, but the antibody response to the O antigen of the pathogen was of a higher order of magnitude. The serum of several children with chronic pyelonephritis contained this antibody over a period of many months in relatively high titers. Immunization of pregnant women resulted in a minimal increase in heterogenetic antibody titer in approximately one third of the subjects. Heterogenetic antibodies can be transferred to the fetus, although the antibody titer in maternal serum was found to be substantially higher than that in cord blood.
Relation between pulmonary venous flow and pulmonary wedge pressure: Influence of cardiac output

Multiple factors affect the systolic and diastolic components of pulmonary venous flow. It has been suggested that left ventricular function might influence the effects of filling pressures on indexes of pulmonary venous flow. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of the pulmonary wedge pressures, left ventricular function, and cardiac output on the pulmonary vein flow pattern. Forty-five patients undergoing cardiac surgery were included in this study. Pulmonary venous flow and mitral flow variables were obtained by transesophageal echocardiography with hemodynamic variables obtained simultaneously. In the total group, there was no consistent relation between the pulmonary venous flow or the mitral flow parameters and the capillary wedge pressures. When patients were grouped according to normal (>2.2 L/min/m2) or low (<2.2 L/min/m2) cardiac index, a significant and positive relation was found between the systolic component of the pulmonary venous flow and the pulmonary wedge pressure in patients with normal cardiac index (r = 0.69; p = 0.003). Conversely, in patients with low cardiac index there was also a significant although negative correlation between the systolic velocity integral and the pulmonary wedge pressure (r = −0.58; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the systolic component of the pulmonary venous flow correlates closely and significantly with the capillary wedge pressures. The direction of this relation depends to a large extent on the total cardiac output and to a lesser extent on the left ventricular systolic function as assessed by the ejection fraction.
Straight Sex and the Stigma of HIV/AIDS: Support Groups on the Gold Coast

HIV and AIDS in the United States is changing from what has been perceived as a gay man's and intravenous drug user's disease to an epidemic with a profile more characteristic of third world countries. Recent figures released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control show that more heterosexuals, male and female, are being claimed by HIV/AIDS; at least 10 percent of HIV cases and about 7 percent of AIDS cases are now attributed to heterosexual transmission. Additionally, persons afflicted with HIV/AIDS increasingly are poorly educated, low-income, minority women, men, and children.
Constrained pattern matching

Constrained sequences are strings satisfying certain additional structural restrictions (e.g., some patterns are forbidden). They find applications in communication, digital recording, and biology. In this article, we restrict our attention to the so-called (d,k) constrained binary sequences in which any run of zeros must be of length at least d and at most k, where 0l d
Diabetic control affects healing rates in neuropathic and vasculopathic patients.

Diabetic foot ulcers are among the most important complications of diabetes mellitus. In nearly 90% of persons who suffer limb loss from diabetes, ulcers precede amputation, and better and faster healing has been shown to reduce the frequency of amputations (Boulton et al., 2004). Ulcers are also associated with high mortality, and patients who have diabetes and foot ulcers have a 50% greater risk of dying than diabetic patients without a history of foot ulcers (Iversen et al., 2009). Poor healing is often observed in these patients. Therefore, a better understanding of which patients are likely to not heal with standard care and the reasons that these patients do not heal will help identify targets for intervention and indicate which patients may need advanced wound care modalities, such as engineered skin or hyperbaric oxygen. Baseline wound characteristics such as wound size, depth, stage, and duration, as well as 4-week healing rates, have been found to be predictive of the likelihood of complete healing (Margolis et al., 2002). Despite the fact that in vitro studies and animal models suggest that glycemia impairs healing, previous studies have not found hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels to be correlated with healing; however, the study designs may have influenced these results. Using a novel study design, Christman and colleagues (2011, this issue) utilized electronic medical records from an active wound center to assess predictors of healing rates retrospectively. Delineation of wounded patients with diabetes into a “classic” neuropathic foot ulcer group and a complicated-wound group and multivariate analysis revealed that elevated HbA1c levels were associated with slower healing in patients with classic neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers and patients with peripheral vascular disease. Understanding at-risk populations has advantages in many areas, including focusing efforts and health-care dollars, improving treatment compliance, defining patients who need more advanced therapies, and identifying new therapeutic targets. Through the following questions, we examine this paper in greater detail. For brief answers, please refer to the supplementary information online .
A placebo-controlled screening trial of olanzapine, valproate, and coenzyme Q10/L-carnitine for the treatment of cocaine dependence.

Aims To conduct a medication screening trial on the efficacy of olanzapine, valproate or coenzyme Q10/L-carnitine combination versus placebo for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Design A four-arm, modified blinded, parallel group study in an out-patient setting using the Cocaine Rapid Efficacy and Safety Trials (CREST) study design. Setting The study was performed at the New York Medications Development Research Unit (MDRU). Participants All participants met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV) criteria for cocaine dependence and provided at least two urine samples positive for benzoylecgonine (BE) during the 2-week screening period. Sixty-eight participants were enrolled with 39 completing the study. Intervention After a 2-week screening period, 68 subjects were assigned randomly to receive either olanzapine (10 mg/day), valproate (1500 mg/day), coenzyme Q10 (200 mg/day) and L-carnitine (500 mg/day) combination or placebo for an 8-week treatment period. All subjects also received individual cognitive behavioral counseling during treatment. Measurements Primary outcome measures included quantitative urine benzoylecgonine (BE) levels, self-report of drug use, and global impression scores. Secondary outcomes included cocaine craving, study retention and related psychosocial measures. Safety measures included adverse event monitoring, vital signs, and extrapyramidal side-effects tests. Results Study retention was similar across all treatment groups, and all groups showed improvement across most measures of treatment efficacy over the duration of the study. None of the study medications, however, were superior to placebo on any of the primary or secondary outcome measures. Cocaine use, as measured by urine BE levels and self-report, was not significantly lower than placebo in any of the drug treatment groups. All study medications were equally well tolerated, and few medication side effects were observed. Conclusion This pilot study does not support the effectiveness of olanzapine, valproate or coenzyme Q10/ L-carnitine combination for the treatment of cocaine dependence.
Safety-Net Health Plans: A Status Report

ABSTRACT: This paper reports on a national survey of Medicaid managed care plans sponsored by safety-net provider organizations that have a mission of service to low-income populations. We identifi...