cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voigt equivalent widths and spectral-bin single-line transmittances: Exact expansions and the MODTRAN®5 implementation

Abstract Exact expansions for Voigt line-shape total, line-tail and spectral bin equivalent widths and for Voigt finite spectral bin single-line transmittances have been derived in terms of optical depth dependent exponentially-scaled modified Bessel functions of integer order and optical depth independent Fourier integral coefficients. The series are convergent for the full range of Voigt line-shapes, from pure Doppler to pure Lorentzian. In the Lorentz limit, the expansion reduces to the Ladenburg and Reiche function for the total equivalent width. Analytic expressions are derived for the first 8 Fourier coefficients for pure Lorentzian lines, for pure Doppler lines and for Voigt lines with at most moderate Doppler dependence. A strong-line limit sum rule on the Fourier coefficients is enforced to define an additional Fourier coefficient and to optimize convergence of the truncated expansion. The moderate Doppler dependence scenario is applicable to and has been implemented in the MODTRAN5 atmospheric band model radiative transfer software. Finite-bin transmittances computed with the truncated expansions reduce transmittance residuals compared to the former Rodgers-Williams equivalent width based approach by ∼2 orders of magnitude.
Antibody neutralization and escape by HIV-1

Neutralizing antibodies (Nab) are a principal component of an effective human immune response to many pathogens, yet their role in HIV-1 infection is unclear. To gain a better understanding of this role, we examined plasma from patients with acute HIV infection. Here we report the detection of autologous Nab as early as 52 days after detection of HIV-specific antibodies. The viral inhibitory activity of Nab resulted in complete replacement of neutralization-sensitive virus by successive populations of resistant virus. Escape virus contained mutations in the env gene that were unexpectedly sparse, did not map generally to known neutralization epitopes, and involved primarily changes in N-linked glycosylation. This pattern of escape, and the exceptional density of HIV-1 envelope glycosylation generally, led us to postulate an evolving 'glycan shield' mechanism of neutralization escape whereby selected changes in glycan packing prevent Nab binding but not receptor binding. Direct support for this model was obtained by mutational substitution showing that Nab-selected alterations in glycosylation conferred escape from both autologous antibody and epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies. The evolving glycan shield thus represents a new mechanism contributing to HIV-1 persistence in the face of an evolving antibody repertoire.
Double‐hump H+ velocity distribution in the polar wind

The polar wind is an ambipolar plasma outflow from the terrestrial ionosphere at high latitudes. As the ions drift upward along geomagnetic flux tubes, they move from collision-dominated to collisionless regions. A transition layer is embedded between these two regions where the ion characteristics change rapidly. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to study the steady-state flow of H{sup +} ions through a background of O{sup +} ions. The simulation domain covered the collision-dominated, transition, and collisionless regions. The model properly accounted for the divergence of magnetic field lines, the gravitational force, the electrostatic field, and H{sup +}-O{sup +} collisions. The H{sup +} velocity distribution, f(H{sup +}), was found to be very close to Maxwellian at low altitudes. As the ions drifted to higher altitudes, f(H{sup +}) formed an upward tail. In the transition layer, the upward tail evolved into a second peak with a kidney bean shape, and hence, f(H{sup +}) developed a double-humped shape. The second peak grew with altitude and eventually became dominant as the ions reached the exosphere. This behavior is due to the interplay between the electrostatic force and the velocity-dependent Coulomb collisions. Moreover, the H{sup +} heat flux, q(H{sup +}), was found to changemore » rapidly with altitude in the transition layer form a positive maximum to a negative minimum. This remarkable feature of q(H{sup +}) is closely related to the coincident formation of the double-humped structure of f(H{sup +}). The double-hump distribution might destabilize the plasma or, at least, cause enhanced thermal fluctuations. The double-hump f(H{sup +}), and the associated wave turbulence, have several consequences with regard to our understanding of the polar wind and similar space physics problems. 13 refs., 3 figs.« less
A LOCAL FOURIER APPROXIMATION METHOD FOR IRREGULAR WAVE KINEMATICS

Abstract Significant predictive difficulties have been encountered in the estimation of crest and near-surface kinematics in irregular waves. A review of existing global approximation leads to a recognition of the central role of the free surface boundary conditions in the prediction of the near-surface kinematics. Local approximations that focus on a somewhat smaller segment of the record generally place more emphasis on the free surface boundary conditions and do not compromise local fidelity in the global interest. A local Fourier approximation method for irregular wave kinematics is introduced. The method is rational and not empirical, in that it seeks to exactly satisfy the free surface boundary conditions in a moving local window. Comparisons with predictions from steady wave theory and with laboratory measurements are excellent.
4-(phenylsulfonyl)-4H-furo[3,4-b]indole - A stable synthetic analogue of indole-2,3-quinodimethane

Abstract The N-phenylsulfonyl derivative ( 2 ) of the previously unknown fused heterocycle 4H-furo[3,4-b]indole is synthesized from indole-3-carboxaldehyde ( 3 ) in 28% yield and undergoes a Diels-Alder reaction with benzyne to give 5H-benzo[b]carbazole ( 11 ) in 33% yield after deoxygenation and deprotection.
What do patients with migraine want from acute migraine treatment

Migraine is a common chronic condition with an ever-expanding therapeutic armamentarium. As therapeutic options multiply, it is increasingly important to understand patients' attitudes and preferences regarding various treatment characteristics. Several strategies have evolved to establish treatment priorities in migraine and rationalize and prioritize end points and outcomes to meet the needs of patients. A survey of a population-based sample of migraineurs indicated that an overwhelming majority of patients consider complete relief of head pain, no recurrence, and rapid onset of action as important or very important attributes of acute migraine therapy. An analysis of the relationship between clinical end points and satisfaction found that more than 90% of patients who were pain-free at 2 hours were at least somewhat satisfied with treatment, but satisfaction was dependent on relatively rapid relief. Using a "willingness-to-pay" approach, results indicated that while patients will pay more for migraine treatment that produces rapid, consistent relief without adverse effects or recurrence, speed of complete relief is the most valued attribute. By assessing physician preferences and practices, degree of pain relief and rapid onset were identified as the most important attributes of acute therapy. Based on results from preference studies of triptans, 50% of patients cited more rapid pain relief as the most important determinant of treatment preference. Based on these various approaches, the consensus view is that both clinicians and patients desire a broad range of positive migraine treatment attributes, but rapid onset of complete pain relief is a particularly important priority.
Frontotemporal dementias: clinical features and management.

This 2-part review of the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) begins with an outline of clinical features, which differentiate FTLD from Alzheimer's disease, the more common cause of dementia. The second part describes interventions for FTLD. Although there is currently no disease-modifying therapeutic agent, symptomatic pharmacotherapy helps to control the marked mood and behavioral disturbances that may distinguish this syndrome from other causes of dementia.
Recognition of esophageal disc battery on roentgenogram.

Pediatric esophageal foreign bodies (FBs) that involve disc batteries are increasingly common.Emergentretrievalmayminimizepotentiallyavoidablemorbidities,suchasesophageal perforation, tracheoesophageal fistula, and death. Management strategies for removalofpediatricesophagealbatteriesdifferfromthoseforretrievalofcoins,forexample, where serial imaging during a period of observation may be appropriate. Emergency physicians who also practice FB retrieval or advancement in the emergency department setting must be certain that the object is not a disc battery. Patient history may not include a witnessed ingestion, and the physical examination cannot distinguish coins from batteries. A chest roentgenogram establishes the diagnosis and location of an esophageal FB, while an important finding is oftenoverlooked.Thatis,theappearanceof a disc battery is unique on roentgenogram and must be recognized. The patients with esophageal disc battery ingestion require emergent FB retrieval in the operating room.
Termination of an Established Needle-Exchange: A Study of Claims and Their Impact

Despite the wealth of scientific findings showing that needle-exchange programs reduce unsafe injection practices, and that these practices are the direct or indirect cause of one third of new HIV infections in the United States, the future of needle-exchange in this country remains uncertain. The federal government continues to ban the use of federal funds to support needle-exchange programs. In many cities with large numbers of HIV-positive drug injectors, local and state officials continue to oppose the implementation of exchange services. Needle-exchange staff members also continue to risk arrest, prosecution and imprisonment. Whereas previous studies have focused on the effectiveness of needle-exchange programs, we offer an analysis of a unique event, the closure of a well-established needle-exchange. The study consists of two parts. The first analyses examines the claimsmaking that succeeded in defining the needle-exchange as a public health hazard and a social problem, causing it to be closed after several years of operation. In the second part, based on initial and follow-up interviews with needle-exchange clients, surveys of public drug-using sites, and ethnographic interviews, we present an impact analysis of the exchange's closure. The analysis provides a case study showing how a community's demonstrably effective HIV prevention efforts can be quickly eroded by the termination of a key harm-reduction service.
The effects of chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, and caffeine, administered orally, on performance of the albino rat measured by an operant conditioning and a cognitive task

This experiment investigated the effects of chlorpromazine (Thorazine), trifluoperazine (Stela-zine), and caffeine on acquisition of an operant conditioning task and on the learning of a cognitive T-maze task. Thirsty rats conditioned to press a lever for water in the Skinner box were given daily oral dosages of Thorazine (3 mg/kg), Stelazine (10 mg/kg), and caffeine (25 mg/kg). Subjects demonstrated a marked decrease in response rate after administration of Thorazine and Stelazine. Subjects on caffeine demonstrated a mild increase in response rate. Subjects run on a T-maze showed that Thorazine, Stelazine, and caffeine all decreased performance on the cognitive task. All experimental subjects showed approximately 60% weight loss.
Effect of altitude training on serum creatine kinase activity and serum cortisol concentration in triathletes

In this investigation we evaluated the effect of a 5-week training program at 1860 m on serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and serum cortisol concentration in national-caliber triathletes for the purpose of monitoring the response to training in a hypobaric hypoxic environment. Subjects included 16 junior-level female (n = 8) and male (n = 8) triathletes who were training for the International Triathlon Union (ITU) World Championships. After an initial acclimatization period, training intensity and/or volume were increased progressively during the 5-week altitude training camp. Resting venous blood samples were drawn at 0700 hours following a 12-h overnight fast and were analyzed for serum CK activity and serum cortisol concentration. Subjects were evaluated before [7-10 days pre-altitude (SL 1)] and after [7-10 days post-altitude (SL 2)] the 5-week training camp at 1860 m. At altitude, subjects were evaluated within 24-36 h after arrival (ALT 1), 7 days after arrival (ALT 2), 18 days after arrival (ALT 3), and 24-36 h prior to leaving the altitude training camp (ALT 4). A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences over time from SL 1 to SL 2. Compared to SL 1, serum CK activity increased approximately threefold (P < 0.05) within the initial 24-36 h at altitude (ALT 1), and increased by an additional 70% (P < 0.05) after the 1st week of altitude training (ALT 2). Serum CK activity remained significantly elevated over the duration of the experimental period compared to pre-altitude baseline levels. Serum cortisol concentration was increased (P < 0.05) at the end of the 5-week altitude training period (ALT 4) relative to SL 1, ALT 1 and ALT 3. These data suggest that: (1) the initial increase in serum CK activity observed in the first 24-36 h at altitude was due primarily to acute altitude exposure and was independent of increased training intensity and/or training volume, (2) the subsequent increases in serum CK activity observed over the duration of the 5-week altitude camp were probably due to the combined effects of altitude exposure and increased training load, and (3) the increase in serum cortisol concentration observed at the end of the altitude training camp reflects the additive effect of 5 weeks of altitude exposure in combination with a progressively increased training intensity and/or volume.
The Use of Similarity Concepts to Represent Subgrid Variability in Land Surface Models: Case Study in a Snowmelt-Dominated Watershed

This paper develops a multivariate mosaic subgrid approach to represent subgrid variability in land surface models (LSMs). Thek-meansclustering isusedtotakeanarbitrarynumber ofinput descriptors and objectively determine areas of similarity within a catchment or mesoscale model grid box. Two different classifications of hydrologic similarity are compared: an a priori classification, where clusters are based solely on known physiographic information, and an a posteriori classification, where clusters are defined based on high-resolution LSM simulations. Simulations from these clustering approaches are compared to high-resolution gridded simulations, as well as to three common mosaic approaches used in LSMs: the ‘‘lumped’’ approach (no subgrid variability), disaggregation by elevation bands, and disaggregation by vegetation types in two subcatchments. All watershed disaggregation methods are incorporated in the Noah Multi-Physics (Noah-MP) LSM and applied to snowmelt-dominated subcatchments within the Reynolds Creek watershed in Idaho. Results demonstrate that the a priori clustering method is able to capture the aggregate impact of finescale spatial variability with O(10) simulation points, which is practical for implementation into an LSM scheme for coupled predictions on continental‐global scales. The multivariate a priori approach better represents snow cover and depth variability than the univariate mosaic approaches, critical in snowmelt-dominated areas. Catchment-averaged energy fluxes are generally within 10%‐15% for the high-resolution and a priori simulations, while displaying more subgrid variability than the univariate mosaic methods. Examination of observed and simulated streamflow time series shows that the a priori method generally reproduces hydrograph characteristics better than the simple disaggregation approaches.
TH‐B‐224A‐01: QA for Linacs and MLC Used for IMRT

Intensity‐modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) has become a part of our routine treatment for external beam radiotherapy. Most quality assurance procedures set for linear accelerators and multi‐leaf collimators(MLC) have been designed for conventional external beam radiotherapy. With IMRT, radiation portals are often irregular, small, off‐center, and abutting in the middle of the target volumes, which require specific IMRT QA for the linear accelerators and MLCs. Some of the QA issues are related to the specific IMRT delivery method, and the specific treatment planning system. This review course will discuss (1) the characteristics of three major MLCcollimators and the specific QA related to the unique MLC design; (2) additional QA for linear accelerators pertinent to the small MU and small field sizes used in IMRT; (3) tools often used to perform these QA tasks; (4) specific QA issues for different IMRT delivery methods, step and shoot vs sliding window. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the characteristics of three major MLC systems. 2. Understand different IMRT delivery methods and their specific QA issues. 3. Understand effect of QA on the IMRT delivery accuracy.
Simulation of rotating stall by the vortex method

The vortex method, coupled to a boundary-layer solver, is applied to the numerical simulation of high Reynolds number incompressible flow in two-dimensional cascades. Periodic conditions are imposed along the plane of the cascade, with several blades per period. Good agreement is found with two finite-difference methods for a single-blade case. When a staggered cascade is treated with five independent blades, the simulation predicts rotating stall, for a range of angles of attack and stagger, and the essential features of the flow are correct. The stall cell steadily propagates along the cascade. The sensitivity of this phenomenon to two parameters is studied, and the stall boundary is found. Quantitative results and visualizations are presented.
Cell biology: infectious Alzheimer's disease?

Accumulation of organized, self-polymerizing protein aggregates is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and infectious prion diseases. The similarities between these conditions may be even closer than that.
A demonstration-based model transformation approach to automate model scalability

An important aspect during software development is the ability to evolve and scale software models in order to handle design forces, such as enlarging and upgrading system features, or allocating more resources to handle additional users. Model scalability is the ability to refactor a base model, by adding or replicating the base model elements, connections or substructures, in order to build a larger and more complex model to satisfy new design requirements. Although a number of modeling tools have been developed to create and edit models for different purposes, mechanisms to scale models have not been well supported. In most situations, models are manually scaled using the basic point-and-click editing operations provided by the modeling environment. Manual model scaling is often tedious and error-prone, especially when the model to be scaled has hundreds or thousands of elements and the scaling process involves entirely manual operations. Although model scaling tasks can be automated by using model transformation languages, writing model transformation rules requires learning a model transformation language, as well as possessing a great deal of knowledge about the metamodel. Model transformation languages and metamodel concepts are often difficult for domain experts to understand. This requirement to learn a complex model transformation language exerts a negative influence on the usage of models by domain experts in software development. For instance, domain experts may be prevented from contributing to model scalability tasks from which they have significant domain experience. This paper presents a demonstration-based approach to automate model scaling. Instead of writing model transformation rules explicitly, users demonstrate how to scale models by directly editing the concrete model instances and simulate the model replication processes. By recording a user's operations, an inference engine analyzes the user's demonstration and generalizes model transformation patterns automatically, which can be reused to scale up other model instances. Using this approach, users are able to automate scaling tasks without learning a complex model transformation language. In addition, because the demonstration is performed on model instances, users are isolated from the underlying abstract metamodel definitions.
VisFlowConnect: netflow visualizations of link relationships for security situational awareness

We present a visualization design to enhance the ability of an administrator to detect and investigate anomalous traffic between a local network and external domains. Central to the design is a parallel axes view which displays NetFlow records as links between two machines or domains while employing a variety of visual cues to assist the user. We describe several filtering options that can be employed to hide uninteresting or innocuous traffic such that the user can focus his or her attention on the more unusual network flows.This design is implemented in the form of VisFlowConnect, a prototype application which we used to study the effectiveness of our visualization approach. Using VisFlowConnect, we were able to discover a variety of interesting network traffic patterns. Some of these were harmless, normal behavior, but some were malicious attacks against machines on the network.
Long-term maintenance of infant memory

The present experiments with human infants asked whether periodic nonverbal reminders could maintain a memory established at 2 months of age over a substantial period of development. In Experiment 1, a reactivation reminder recovered infants' forgotten memory after 3 weeks, but a reinstatement reminder did not. In Experiment 2, 2-month-olds received a reminder every 3 weeks through 6½ months of age and a final test at 7¼ months of age. A preliminary retention test preceded each reminder; which type of reminder (reinstatement or reactivation) infants received depended on performance during this test. Infants exhibited significant retention 4½ months later, and most remembered 5¼ months later, when infants outgrew the task. Untrained controls exhibited no retention after any delay. These data confirm that periodic reminders can maintain early memories over significant periods of development and challenge popular claims that preverbal human infants cannot maintain memories over the long term because of neural immaturity or an inability to rehearse experiences by talking about them. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 35: 91–102, 1999
The Battle for Christmas: A Social and Cultural History of Christmas That Shows How It Was Transformed from an Unruly Carnival Season into the Quintessential American Family Holiday. By Stephen Nissenbaum ( New York , Alfred A. Knopf , 1997 ) 381 pp. $30.00

begs the question of what moves political elites in the United States. Another minor failing appears in her diffuse writing style, which makes her argument sometimes hard to follow. But her wide-ranging commentary provides a useful recapitulation of suffrage historiography, and the detail that she offers about the Colorado campaign persuasively explains this early success, helpfully closing a historiographical gap.
Molecular weight distribution and environmental stress cracking of linear polyethylene

Molecular weight distributions of both Phillips and Zieglertype high density polyethylenes were determined following fractionation of the polymer samples using a column elution technique. The Wesslau log normal distribution function was used to describe the distributions of the resins investigated. Resistance to environmental stress rupture of speciments cut from compression molded plaques of these samples was measured by the constant tensile loading procedure. Data are presented showing annealed resins with “broad” molecular weight distributions, characterized particularly by a quantity of low molecular weigt material and a high molecular weight “tail,” to have poorer stress crack resistance than samples having a “narrow” molecular weight distribution. Stress crack resistance of specimens quenched from the melt, however, tends to improve for “broad” distribution resins, while decrasing for those polyethylenes having a “narrow” molecualar weigt distribution. Differences in crystal structure are used to explain the physical bassis for these effects.
Insulin antagonism of dexamethasone-induced stimulation of cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase in fetal rat lung in organ culture.

We have studied the antagonism between insulin and dexamethasone on phosphatidylcholine synthesis in fetal rat lung in organ culture. Explants from 18-day fetal rat lungs were cultured in serum-free medium in the presence of 10−6 M dexamethasone phosphate, 1 U/ml bovine insulin or both hormones for 48 h. Control explants were similarly cultured in the absence of hormones. Dexamethasone alone stimulated the activity of cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase by 134% while insulin alone had no effect. When insulin was added together with dexamethasone, however, the stimulation was reduced to 72%. These data suggest that antagonism by insulin of dexamethasone-induced stimulation of fetal lung phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis may be at least partially expressed at the level of cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase.
Rigorous analysis of transient radiation mechanism of small Multi Sector Monopole Yagi-Uda array antenna using FDTD method

The Multi Sector Monopole Yagi–Uda Antenna (MS-MPYA) can be used to realize low profile, multi-sector antennas. The MS-MPYA has an interesting feature; we can sharpen the beams by using the adjacent array effect if we set metallic fins between the arrays so as to hide the excitors. Otherwise, without the fins, undesired radiation from the adjacent arrays causes beam division. This paper shows the radiation mechanism by using transient solutions in the time domain calculated by the FDTD method to examine how electromagnetic waves interact with the directors, adjacent arrays, and fins in real time. We introduce the transient solutions for three types of MS-MPYA: with adjacent array and with fins, without adjacent array but with fins, and with adjacent arrays but without fins. The transient solutions show that the adjacent array's action is changed by the existence of the fins and caused beam division. Without fins, the adjacent arrays act as directors of the active array and cause beam division. With fins, the adjacent arrays reflect the wave coming from the main array and sharpen the beam. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A re-evaluation of the risk of microbial keratitis from overnight contact lens wear compared with other life risks.

Purpose: In 1995, Myers and Weiss published an article comparing the risk of ulcerative keratitis related to low oxygen permeability (Dk) extended contact lens wear to other life risks. This article updates the risks associated with silicone hydrogel (SH) extended wear contact lens use and some comparative life risks, to provide a current perspective within the hierarchy of life risks. Methods: A comparative ratio was defined as the incidence of microbial keratitis in a population of SH extended wear contact lens users divided by the incidence of other disease or occurrence in a given population at risk. Results: The risk of SH lens-related microbial keratitis is about 1.5 to 16 times less risky than certain nonfatal disruptive occurrences in the general population, and about the same as the risk of developing breast cancer. Compared with other ocular conditions, the risk of microbial keratitis with SH lenses is about the same as developing late-stage age-related macular degeneration or retinal detachment after cataract extraction on an annual basis; it is over 200 times greater than developing eye or orbit cancer; it is about 7, 20, or more than 30 times less than proceeding to penetrating keratoplasty in keratoconus, developing nuclear cataract, or experiencing a corneal inflammatory event during low-Dk extended wear, respectively. Conclusions: Although the risk of microbial keratitis with modern day SH contact lens extended wear has not changed since the 1980s, when put in perspective with other life risks, it is a relatively rare occurrence.
The interaction between two fluctuating phospholipid bilayers

The dependence of the interaction force between two undulating phospholipid bilayers and of the root-mean-square fluctuation of their separation distances on the average separation can be determined once the distribution of the intermembrane separation is known as a function of the applied pressure. However, most of the present theories for interacting membranes start by assuming that the distance distribution is symmetric, a hypothesis invalidated by Monte Carlo simulations. Here we present an approach to calculate the distribution of the intermembrane separation for any arbitrary interaction potential and applied pressure. The procedure is applied to a realistic interaction potential between neutral lipid bilayers in water, involving the hydration repulsion and van der Waals attraction. A comparison with existing experiments is provided.
Sustained effectiveness of minoxidil in heart failure after development of tolerance to other vasodilator drugs

Abstract Although a variety of vasodilator drugs produce acute hemodynamic Improvement in patients with severe chronic heart failure, long-term treatment with these agents may be associated with the development of drug tolerance and loss of initial beneficial effects. Five serial right heart catheterlzations in a 78 year old man with severe chronic heart failure due to idiopathic cardlomyopathy documented the development of hemodynamic and clinical tolerance to oral hydralazine and oral captopril after Initial responses were observed to both agents. However, sustained hemodynamic and clinical improvement by invasive testing was noted with minoxidil (20 mg orally twice daily) after 4 and 9 weeks of continuous therapy. These observations indicate that pharmacologic tolerance may occur with a variety of vasodilator drugs and may account for the failure of some patients to improve clinically with long-term therapy despite initial favorable hemodynamic effects. However, such tolerance seems to be drug-specific and, hence, its recognition in an individual patient does not preclude responsiveness to other vasodilator agents.
A study of order to order phase transition

Abstract In this paper we construct a coupled two-dimensional harmonic oscillator lattice, and show how to generate a continous crystalline phase transition of a plane square lattice into a plane hexagonal lattice of the same substance in terms of a mapping generator θ. By fitting the numerical results of the generator as a function of temperature to a chosen theta function regarded as an order parameter we determine the appropriate critical temperature and exponent for the phase transition from square to hexagonal for a specific potential form, and compare the critical exponent to those from some experimental results as well as some well-known theoretical models.
Report of committee on geophysical and geological study of oceanic basins

The Committee on Geophysical and Geological Study of Oceanic Basins was appointed at the last annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union, April 21 and 28, 1932, for the purpose of promoting, and aiding in every possible way, the study of structural and stratigraphic problems relating to oceanic basins, continental margins, and oceanic islands, especially those forming island-arcs. This Committee is primarily concerned, therefore, with oceanographic problems such as are of paramount interest both to geologists and to those geophysicists whose methods, formulas, apparatus, and techniques are particularly susceptible of adaptation, with or without modification, to an attack upon marine structural and stratigraphic problems. Some of the scientific problems faced by this Committee necessarily border on, or are directly connected with, problems which are of especial interest to the marine biologist and the oceanographer. Thus data concerning the temperature and salinity of sea-water, currents, tides, marine sedimentation, and ecology, together with such phases of oceanography and oceanology as have a bearing on the subject of paleo-geography and paleo-oceanology, are also of direct importance to the stratigrapher and structural geologist.
Finite size, fermion mass and Nf systematics in computer simulations of quantum electrodynamics

Non-compact Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) with zero or two species of fermions (Nf = 0.2) is simulated on a 104 lattice with high statistics. Three bare fermion masses (0.04, 0.03 and 0.02) are considered to study the chiral limit of the condensate 〈ψψ〉 by various extrapolation methods. 〈ψψ〉 is found to be sensitive to the extrapolation method in both cases, but the Nf = 0 and 2 systematics are very similar. The Nf = 2 theory is simulated by the hybrid algorithm while the Nf = 0 case is studied by generating independent gauge configurations populating momentum space with photons appropriately. These results are contrasted with Nf = 8 simulations which indicate that this theory is free. The systematics of the Nf = 4 theory in three dimensions and the SU(2) theory with Nf = 4 in four dimensions are also discussed and compared to the Nf = 0 and 2 simulations presented here. We discuss the progress in simulating QED with Nf = 2 on a dedicated array processor.
Electric Bedding Use in Southwestern Virginia: Energy, Comfort, Safety, And the Consumer

Operating characteristics of electric bedding, consumer use of and attitudes to ward electric bedding, and hazards of electric bedding were investigated. The goal was to evaluate the utility of electric bedding for improving thermal comfort of persons attempting to sleep in houses with nighttime temperature settings lowered to 55°F; if universally adopted, this setback could save about one percent of total U.S. energy consumption. Electric blankets and electric mattress pads provide ample heat at “a few pennies a night” with the pads using about half the electrical energy of the blankets. If turned on several minutes before retiring, they prewarm a bed. Most users of electric bedding appreciated the product and followed manufacturers' precautions to improve electrical safety. A major excep tion was the tendency for most electric blanket users to add a warm top cover over the blanket. Some nonusers of electric bedding over-estimate the cost of operation; others fear shock or fire hazard. Consumer Product Safety Commission data on accidents, investigations, and deaths associated with electric bedding and other consumer products show that electric bedding does present some fire hazard. Current efforts by manufacturers and Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. are intended to reduce the existing level of hazard.
Size and Morphological Differences among the Larvae of Two Predacious Species and their Hybrids (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Larvae of 2 closely related species of predators, a generalist, Chrysopa quadripunctata Burmeister, and a specialist, Chrysopa slossonae Banks. differed significantly in most of 14 morphological traits. In all instances the specialist predator had the larger structures (head width, mandible length and width, prothoracic sclerites, and tibial length). The pattern of variation among the F 2 progeny (parental genotypes and the primary and secondary hybrids) showed that most of the species-specific differences are polygenically based. Moreover, at least 2 of the traits are geographically variable in the generalist. We propose that the evolutionary diversification of generalist anti specialist larval morphology occurred largely as a consequence of adaptation to prey.
The Feasibility of Differential Flow Velocity Dividing Working Areas in a Cleanroom

The possibility of dividing working areas by airflow velocity differences in a cleanroom with fan-filter unit (FFU) systems was investigated. Without physical partitions, the cleanroom area was divided into working and non-working areas defined by the FFU exit flow velocities, which were maintained at constant value in the working areas and reduced in the non-working areas. As uniform micro-sized particles were released from a particle generator in the non-working area, the concentrations of particles in the working area were monitored by a particle counter. The results showed that high downward flow velocity in the working area can effectively prevent particles from spreading. The results also suggested an optimum velocity ratio of 20% between adjacent flow regions, in terms of the balance between energy savings and the effective partition insulation.
Continuous unlearning in neural networks

An algorithm is described that improves the performance of Hopfield neural networks. This algorithm involves a continuous unlearning of spurious memories that goes together with the learning of the memories to be stored. The proposed algorithm is a variant of the Hebbian learning rule.
Δ20-categoricity in Boolean algebras and linear orderings

We characterize Δ20-categoricity in Boolean algebras and linear orderings under some extra effectiveness conditions. We begin with a study of the relativized notion in these structures.
Disconnected in a connected world: knowledge and understanding of Web 2.0 tools at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center.

Abstract This article outlines five Web 2.0 resources and looks at the use of these tools among medical and nursing professionals and students at the Hospital, Medical School, and Nursing School of the University of Pennsylvania. Questionnaires showed that a majority of the individuals surveyed were unfamiliar with Web 2.0 resources. Additional respondents recognized the tools but did not use them in a medical or nursing context, with a minimal number using any tools to expand their medical or nursing knowledge. A lack of time to set up and use the resources, difficulty of set-up and use, skepticism about the quality of user-generated medical content, and a lack of perceived need for Web 2.0 resources contributed substantially to non-use. The University of Pennsylvania Biomedical Library is responding by increasing the availability of basic, quick, and easy-to-use instructional materials for selected Web 2.0 resources.
Acute Non-Q Wave Cocaine-related Myocardial Infarction

Since our initial report in 1984 of six patients with AMI temporally related to cocaine use, we have observed 19 additional patients in whom ischemic chest pain syndromes occurred shortly after intranasal or IV use of cocaine or after smoking the drug. Seventeen patients (89 percent) developed non-Q wave infarction and two had Q-wave infarction. One patient manifested angina with striking ST-segment elevation. None of the patients had diabetes or hypertension, and all but one were cigarette smokers. The serum cholesterol level was 162 ±7 mg/dl. Four of the five patients who consented to coronary angiographic studies displayed normal coronary arteries, and one showed proximal stenosis of the right coronary artery. The cold pressor test was performed in seven patients; none had angina or ECC changes induced by cold stimulation. We conclude that T-wave infarction is a common form of an acute cardiac event related to cocaine abuse, and its pathogenesis may involve that of the cocaine-induced coronary vasospasm.
The clinical and electrodiagnostic characteristics of Pompe disease with post-enzyme replacement therapy findings.

Abstract Objective Pompe disease is a neuromuscular disorder that was progressive and fatal prior to enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). The advent of treatment has made early recognition imperative. Electrodiagnostic (EDx) studies represent a valuable diagnostic tool in Pompe disease, but there has been little contemporary data. Methods The records of 29 patients with Pompe disease who had undergone EDx evaluation at Duke University Medical Center from 1999 to 2010 were reviewed. Results Seventeen children and twelve adults comprised the group. The clinical characteristics of both groups did not differ from expected. Needle electromyography demonstrated spontaneous activity (SA) in 80% of children and 83% of adults. Myotonic discharges were found in 53% of children and 72% of adults, often isolated to the paraspinal muscles in adults. Eight patients had EDx studies performed after ERT with 3 showing improvement after therapy, despite clinical improvement in 6 of 8. Conclusions EDx studies remain a helpful tool in diagnosing Pompe disease, but do not appear to be sensitive for monitoring response to ERT based upon this limited sample. Significance Paraspinal examination is necessary in adults with symptoms suggestive of Pompe disease, as abnormalities may be isolated to this region. Standard EDx studies are not sufficient to monitor early response to ERT and further research on potential biomarkers is needed.
Squeaking with a sliding joint: mechanics and motor control of sound production in palinurid lobsters.

The origin of arthropod sound-producing morphology typically involves modification of two translating body surfaces, such as the legs and thorax. In an unusual structural rearrangement, I show that one lineage of palinurid lobsters lost an antennal joint articulation, which transformed this joint from moving with one degree of freedom into a sliding joint with multiple degrees of freedom. With this sliding joint, ‘stick-and-slip’ sounds are produced by rubbing the base of each antenna against the antennular plate. To understand the musculo-skeletal changes that occurred during the origin and evolutionary variation of this sound-producing mechanism, I examined joint morphology and antennal muscle anatomy across sound-producing and non-sound-producing palinurids. Plectrum movement and antennal muscle activity were measured in a sound-producing species, Panulirus argus. The promotor muscle pulls the plectrum over the file during sound-producing and non-sound-producing movements; a higher intensity of muscle activity is associated with sound production. The promotor muscle is larger and attaches more medially in sound-producing palinurids than in non-sound producers. In Panulirus argus, each shingle on the file has an additional ridge; in Palinurus elephas, the shingle surfaces are smooth. These differences in shingle surface features suggest variation in the stick-and-slip properties of the system. Translational motion permitted by the sliding joint is necessary for sound production; hence, the construction of a sliding joint is a key modification in the origin of this soundproducing mechanism.
Camera based mixed-lingual card reader for mobile device

With the availability of high-resolution cameras and increased computation power, it becomes possible to implement OCR applications such as business card reader in the mobile device. In this paper we introduced the design and implementation of a mixed-lingual business card reader based on built-in camera. It has the capability to recognize business cards with Chinese or English characters. In order to deal with the challenge of limited resource in mobile device, we proposed some new methods to reduce the resource requirement of the image processing and the Chinese OCR engine. Our experiment gives satisfactory result.
Species Delimitation Using a Combined Coalescent and Information-Theoretic Approach: An Example from North American Myotis Bats

Coalescent model-based methods for phylogeny estimation force systematists to confront issues related to the identification of species boundaries. Unlike conventional phylogenetic analysis, where species membership can be assessed qualitatively after the phylogeny is estimated, the phylogenies that are estimated under a coalescent model treat aggregates of individuals as the operational taxonomic units and thus require a priori definition of these sets because the models assume that the alleles in a given lineage are sampled from a single panmictic population. Fortunately, the use of coalescent model-based approaches allows systematists to conduct probabilistic tests of species limits by calculating the probability of competing models of lineage composition. Here, we conduct the first exploration of the issues related to applying such tests to a complex empirical system. Sequence data from multiple loci were used to assess species limits and phylogeny in a clade of North American Myotis bats. After estimating gene trees at each locus, the likelihood of models representing all hierarchical permutations of lineage composition was calculated and Akaike information criterion scores were computed. Metrics borrowed from information theory suggest that there is strong support for several models that include multiple evolutionary lineages within the currently described species Myotis lucifugus and M. evotis. Although these results are preliminary, they illustrate the practical importance of coupled species delimitation and phylogeny estimation.
Self-fulfilling Prophecies: Mechanisms, Power, and Links to Social Problems

A core theme of social psychology is that perceivers can shape targets’ future behaviors through self-fulfilling prophecies. Self-fulfilling prophecies occur when perceivers’ false beliefs about targets initiate a sequence of events that ultimately cause targets to exhibit expectancy-consistent behaviors, thereby causing perceivers’ initially false beliefs to become true. This article reviews theory and research relevant to self-fulfilling prophecies with particular foci on the underlying mechanisms that produce self-fulfilling prophecies, the power of self-fulfilling prophecies to alter behavior, and the extent to which self-fulfilling prophecies contribute to social problems. Psychology has long emphasized the power of beliefs to shape reality (e.g., Klein & Snyder, 2003; Merton, 1948; Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968; Snyder, 1984, 1992; Snyder & Stukas, 1999). The emphasis on the construction of social reality has roots in New Look in Perception research of the 1940s and 1950s which promoted the idea that perception is heavily influenced by people’s goals, needs, fears, and motives. The self-fulfilling prophecy is central to this theoretical perspective because it involves the behavioral confirmation of false beliefs (Merton, 1948). In this article, we discuss the self-fulfilling prophecy, beginning first with its definition followed by a brief discussion of its history within the social sciences. We then discuss three issues that have driven much of the research in the area. These issues pertain to underlying mechanisms of self-fulfilling prophecies, the power of self-fulfilling prophecies to alter behavior, and the extent to which self-fulfilling prophecies contribute to social problems.
A SPICE model of flexible transition metal dichalcogenide field-effect transistors

This paper presents the first SPICE model of the transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) field-effect transistor (FET), which is a promising candidate for flexible electronics. The model supports different transistor design parameters such as width, length, oxide thickness, and various channel materials (MoS 2 , WSe 2 , etc.), as well as the applied strain, which enables the evaluation of transistor- and circuit-level behavior under process variation and different levels of bending. We performed SPICE simulations on digital logic gates to explore the design space of both MoS 2 - and WSe 2 -based transistors, and to evaluate the projected performance of these circuits under applied strain. Our simulations show that WSe 2 circuits outperform MoS 2 and Si-based CMOS in terms of energy-delay product (EDP) by up to 1 order of magnitude, depending on applications. Finally, we investigate TMDFET's behavior under process variation.