cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Lives Became Lists and Scientific Papers Became Data: Cataloguing Authorship during the Nineteenth Century - Corrigendum.

The Catalogue of Scientific Papers, published by the Royal Society of London beginning in 1867, projected back to the beginning of the nineteenth century a novel vision of the history of science in which knowledge was built up out of discrete papers each connected to an author. Its construction was an act of canon formation that helped naturalize the idea that scientific publishing consisted of special kinds of texts and authors that were set apart from the wider landscape of publishing. By recovering the decisions and struggles through which the Catalogue was assembled, this essay aims to contribute to current efforts to denaturalize the scientific paper as the dominant genre of scientific life. By privileging a specific representation of the course of a scientific life as a list of papers, the Catalogue helped shape underlying assumptions about the most valuable fruits of a scientific career. Its enumerated lists of authors' periodical publications were quickly put to use as a means of measuring scientific productivity and reputation, as well as by writers of biography and history. Although it was first conceived as a search technology, this essay locates the Catalogue's most consequential legacy in its uses as a technology of valuation.
Abstract A25: Sensing stress in cancer: a novel therapy targeting protein synthesis through the unfolded protein response in prostate cancer development

Distinct oncogenic lesions within components of the Myc or PI3K pathways hijack the translation machinery, to establish an aberrant “cancer proteome”, that drives cancer cell growth and tumor development. Invariably, however, increases in the protein synthesis capacity of cancer cells impose a cellular stress that requires an adaptive or evasive response in order for cancer cells to survive and continue proliferating. One of the key cytoprotective stress response pathways is known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is engaged when an excess of unfolded/misfolded proteins accumulate within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. How the specific arms of UPR are coupled to increased protein synthesis in cancer etiology and drug response is still poorly understood. In this study we established a new genetic mouse model to address the role of protein synthesis-dependent activation of the UPR in prostate cancer initiation and maintenance promoted by loss of the PTEN tumor suppressor and overexpression of the Myc oncogene. We show that in this epithelial cancer model, Myc hyperactivation and PTEN loss synergize to dramatically stimulate PERK and IRE-1α activity, two major signaling arms of the UPR pathway. Distinct mechanisms transduce adaptive signals under conditions of ER stress: PERK control of protein synthesis through phosphorylation of the key translation initiation factor eIF2α and IRE1α-mediated splicing of the XBP-1 mRNA to produce an active and stable XBP1 transcription factor (XBP1s). Importantly, we observed that UPR activation is associated with formation of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and invasive carcinoma. Strikingly, the pharmacologic inhibition of eIF2α phosphorylation leads to tumor inhibition. We have further established patient derived xenograft (PDX) models from primary and metastatic human prostate tumors to extend the role of UPR in specific steps of human tumor development. We have also developed a series of novel mouse and human prostate cancer cell culture systems to define the role of localized translation of ER-associated ribosomes during oncogenic transformation. Together this work provides critical insight into a fundamental mechanism by which the augmented protein synthesis requirement of cancer cells is coupled to an adaptation of ER cellular stress, reflecting a new cancer-specific vulnerability that is targetable. Citation Format: Crystal S. Conn, Hao G. Nguyen, Yae Kye, John T. Cunningham, Charles Truillet, Michael Evans, Tony L. Huynh, Peter Walters, Davide Ruggero. Sensing stress in cancer: a novel therapy targeting protein synthesis through the unfolded protein response in prostate cancer development. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translational Control of Cancer: A New Frontier in Cancer Biology and Therapy; 2016 Oct 27-30; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(6 Suppl):Abstract nr A25.
Click Chemistry-Facilitated Structural Diversification of Nitrothiazoles, Nitrofurans, and Nitropyrroles Enhances Antimicrobial Activity against Giardia lamblia.

ABSTRACT Giardia lamblia is an important and ubiquitous cause of diarrheal disease. The primary agents in the treatment of giardiasis are nitroheterocyclic drugs, particularly the imidazoles metronidazole and tinidazole and the thiazole nitazoxanide. Although these drugs are generally effective, treatment failures occur in up to 20% of cases, and resistance has been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Prior work had suggested that side chain modifications of the imidazole core can lead to new effective 5-nitroimidazole drugs that can combat nitro drug resistance, but the full potential of nitroheterocycles other than imidazole to yield effective new antigiardial agents has not been explored. Here, we generated derivatives of two clinically utilized nitroheterocycles, nitrothiazole and nitrofuran, as well as a third heterocycle, nitropyrrole, which is related to nitroimidazole but has not been systematically investigated as an antimicrobial drug scaffold. Click chemistry was employed to synthesize 442 novel nitroheterocyclic compounds with extensive side chain modifications. Screening of this library against representative G. lamblia strains showed a wide spectrum of in vitro activities, with many of the compounds exhibiting superior activity relative to reference drugs and several showing >100-fold increase in potency and the ability to overcome existing forms of metronidazole resistance. The majority of new compounds displayed no cytotoxicity against human cells, and several compounds were orally active against murine giardiasis in vivo. These findings provide additional impetus for the systematic development of nitroheterocyclic compounds with nonimidazole cores as alternative and improved agents for the treatment of giardiasis and potentially other infectious agents.
Imaging of the high-risk carotid plaque: magnetic resonance imaging

The emergence of the concept of high-risk atherosclerotic plaque has led to considerable interest in noninvasive imaging techniques to identify high-risk features before clinical sequelae. For plaques in the carotid arteries, magnetic resonance imaging has undergone considerable histologic validation to link imaging features to indicators of plaque instability, including plaque burden, intraplaque hemorrhage, fibrous cap disruption, lipid rich necrotic core, and calcification. Recently introduced imaging technologies, especially those focused on three-dimensional imaging sequences, are now poised for integration into the clinical workup of patients with suspected carotid atherosclerosis. The purpose of this article is to review the carotid plaque magnetic resonance imaging techniques that are most ready for integration into the clinic.
Divine Revelation in Africa: Challeneges of Intercultural Hermeneutics and Inculturation Theology

This essay argues that for divine revelation to be understood in Africa, it is necessary to adopt and use intercultural hermeneutics in enhancing inculturation theology as a practical theology in an African setting. Intercultural hermeneutics understood analogically is a conversation between people who speak different languages. In order to understand themselves, both will get into the world of the other. This involves moving from one culture to another, and so, the interpretation of divine revelation in Africa is not just a matter of simple translation of texts but it means placing what is learnt in another culture in a different cultural context. For God's revelation to be real to Africans, such communication must take place in African languages and cultural symbols but not in mere transliteration of texts. The basic question is: How then does God reveal Godself to different people in different experiences while remaining basically the same with the same message?
Cotorsion and Tor Pairs and Finitistic Dimensions over Commutative Rings

Some of the most familiar cotorsion and Tor pairs on integral domains do not extend to rings R with divisors of zero. A closer look shows that for some of them the validity hinges on the strength of torsion-freeness in R which in turn is closely related to one of the finitistic projective and weak dimensions of the classical ring Q of quotients of R. This interesting fact was observed by Bazzoni–Herbera; in their paper (Bazzoni and Herbera, Isr J Math 174:119–160, 2009) a number of important results of this kind can be found, explicitly or implicitly. We not only complement some of them with new results, but we also give different proofs for most of them, restricted to commutative rings. We consider three distinct versions of torsion-freeness, three finitistic dimensions of Q, and investigate their influence on some cotorsion and Tor pairs of major interest.
Ethanol Mediated Inhibition of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling at Amygdala Glutamate Synapses Is Dependent upon Munc13-2.

Chronic exposure to alcohol produces adaptations within the basolateral amygdala (BLA) that are associated with the development of anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal. In part, these adaptations are mediated by plasticity in glutamatergic synapses occurring through an AMPA receptor mediated form of postsynaptic facilitation in addition to a unique form of presynaptic facilitation. In comparison to the postsynaptic compartment, relatively less is understood about the mechanisms involved in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol in the presynaptic terminal. Previous research has demonstrated that glutamatergic terminals in the mouse BLA are sensitive to ethanol mediated inhibition of synaptic vesicle recycling in a strain-dependent fashion. Importantly, the strain-dependent differences in presynaptic ethanol sensitivity are in accordance with known strain-dependent differences in ethanol/anxiety interactions. In the present study, we have used a short-hairpin RNA to knockdown the expression of the presynaptic Munc13-2 protein in C57BL/6J mice, whose BLA glutamate terminals are normally ethanol-insensitive. We injected this shRNA, or a scrambled control virus, into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) which sends dense projections to the BLA. Accordingly, this knockdown strategy reduces the expression of the Munc13-2 isoform in mPFC terminals within the BLA and alters presynaptic terminal function in C57BL/6J mice in a manner that phenocopies DBA/2J glutamate terminals which are normally ethanol-sensitive. Here, we provide evidence that manipulation of this single protein, Munc13-2, renders C57BL/6J terminals sensitive to ethanol mediated inhibition of synaptic vesicle recycling and post-tetanic potentiation. Furthermore, we found that this ethanol inhibition was dose dependent. Considering the important role of Munc13 proteins in synaptic plasticity, this study potentially identifies a molecular mechanism regulating the acute presynaptic effects of ethanol to the long lasting adaptations in the BLA that occur during chronic ethanol exposure.
Abstract 2887: Macrophage conditioned medium promotes colon cancer stem cell phenotype via the hedgehog signaling pathway

Background: Contradicting studies have shown that increased macrophages infiltration in colorectal cancer (CRC) could either result in anti-tumoral or in pro-tumoral effects. Because of these inconsistencies, we sought to determine the role of conditioned medium from macrophages, in particular classically activated macrophages, on the development of the CSC phenotype in CRC cells, which is believed to mediate tumor growth and chemoresistance. Methods: Murine (CT26) and human (HCP-1) CRC cell lines were treated with conditioned media (CM) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophages. Viability studies were performed using the MTT assay, annexin V-FITC assay, and Western blot analysis. The CSC population was assessed using the sphere-forming assay and aldehyde dehydrogenase assay. Results: The results showed that 1) murine LPS-activated macrophage CM induced apoptosis in murine and human CRC cells, 2) murine and human LPS-activated macrophage CM secreted paracrine factors that promoted the CSC phenotype in murine and human CRC cells via the Sonic hedgehog (SHH)-Gli signaling pathway, which is known to drive self-renewal and 3) these effects were blocked by depletion of SHH in macrophage CM. Conclusions: Our data show that LPS-activated macrophages play an active role in promoting the CSC phenotype through activation of the SHH-Gli signaling pathway. Citation Format: Fan Fan, Rui Wang, Delphine R. Boulbes, Huiyuan Zhang, Stephanie S. Watowich, Rajat Bhattacharya, Ling Xia, Xiang-Cang Ye, Lee M. Ellis. Macrophage conditioned medium promotes colon cancer stem cell phenotype via the hedgehog signaling pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2887. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2887
Integrating an aerobic/anoxic osmotic membrane bioreactor with membrane distillation for potable reuse

Abstract A novel osmotic membrane bioreactor-membrane distillation (OMBR-MD) system was designed and fabricated to treat wastewater for potable reuse. Before longer-term operation to evaluate water flux and biological treatment of the pilot-scale OMBR subsystem, two forward osmosis (FO) membranes were evaluated at the bench-scale. There was no statistical difference between cellulose triacetate and thin-film composite membrane performance for activated sludge feed solution. Also, FO water flux during long-term operation was the same for 20 and 35 g/L NaCl draw solutions; however, the 35 g/L NaCl draw solution resulted in greater reverse salt flux and higher conductivity in the bioreactor. The OMBR subsystem was integrated with an MD subsystem to reconcentrate the draw solution and produce high quality product water. Results from long-term testing using a high-strength wastewater showed 98.4% COD removal and 90.2% NH4+-N could be achieved with a single bioreactor by alternating aeration on/off cycles to control the redox environment. An automated dosing and transfer system was developed to maintain constant FO draw solution concentration and prevent heat from being transferred to the bioreactor, which is critical for maintaining biological nitrogen removal.
Empirical Pseudopotential Method for the Band Structure Calculation of Strained-Silicon Germanium Materials

The band structure of strained-silicon germanium (Si1 − xGex) is calculated as a preliminary step in developing a full band Monte Carlo (FBMC) simulator. The band structure for the alloy is calculated using the empirical pseudopotential method (EPM) within the virtual crystal approximation (VCA). Spin-orbit interaction is included into the calculation via the Lowdin quasi-degenerate perturbation theory, which significantly reduces the computation time. Furthermore, strain is included by utilizing basic elastic theory. Ultimately, the band structure for strained Si1 − xGex is calculated at various germanium concentrations.
The Lake Poets and Professional Identity: Introduction: Professionalism and the Lake School of Poetry

When William Wordsworth, Robert Southey, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge – the Lake school – formulated their earliest descriptions of the role of the poet, two models of vocational identity exerted special pressure on their thinking. One was the idea of the professional gentleman. In their association of literary composition with socially useful action, their conviction that the judgment of the poet should control the literary marketplace, and their efforts to correlate personal status with the poet's special training, the Lake writers modified a progressive version of intellectual labor that was linked, if sometimes problematically, to developments in the established professions of medicine, church, and law. In short, they attempted to write poetry as though writing poetry could duplicate the functions of the professions. The other model, and it is related to the first, is literary. Like the Lake poets, earlier eighteenth-century authors had been stimulated, if occasionally frustrated, by the puzzle of how to write poetry in the face of changing conceptions of intellectual work. While ideals of medical, legal, and theological effectiveness that measured “technique” were competing with those that emphasized “character,” literary production was moving (more slowly and less completely than is sometimes thought) from a patronage- to a market-based model. Eighteenth-century writers developed a body of figural resources such as the poetic wanderer that responded to new constructions of experience, merit, and evaluation, and the Lake writers seized on these resources in order to describe their own professional situation.
Split-Plot Experimentation for Process and Quality Improvement

Industrial experiments often involve certain factors which are harder to change than others. For example, many process use furnaces, which take a significant amount of time to reach thermal equilibrium after a change in the temperature conditions. Thus, the thermal condition of the furnace is an example of a hard-tochange factor. A natural way to accommodate such a factor is through a split-plot experiment.
Structure and Function of the Nuclear Pore Complex Revealed by High-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are large macromolecular gateways that serve to regulate the transport of various molecules to and from the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. NPCs mediate the nuclear export of key endogenous cargoes such as mRNA, and pre-ribosomal subunits as well as allow for the nuclear import of nuclear proteins. Remarkably, other particles that are not qualified for nucleocytoplasmic transport are blocked from transport. Recently, advances in fluorescence microscopy enable live-cell and/or real-time detection of the structure and function of NPCs with high spatial and temporal resolutions. This chapter serves to summarize the advances in fluorescence microscopy techniques that have been applied to study NPC structure as well as the nucleocytoplasmic transport mechanism.
Pacing Strategy of a Full Ironman Overall Female Winner on a Course With Major Elevation Changes.

The purpose of this study was to use a mixed-methods design to describe the pacing strategy of the overall female winner of a 226.3-km Ironman triathlon. During the race, the triathlete wore a global positioning system and heart rate (HR)-enabled watch and rode a bike outfitted with a power and cadence meter. High-frequency (every km) analyses of mean values, mean absolute percent error (MAPE), and normalized graded running pace and power (accounting for changes in elevation) were calculated. During the bike, velocity, power, cadence, and HR averaged 35.6 km·h-1, 199 W, 84 rpm, and 155 b·min-1, respectively, with minimal variation except for velocity (measurement unit variation [MAPE]: 7.4 km·h-1 [20.3%], 11.8 W [7.0%], 3.6 rpm [4.6%], 3 b·min-1 [2.3%], respectively). During the run, velocity and HR averaged 13.8 km·h-1 and 154 b·min-1, respectively, with velocity varying four-fold more than HR (MAPE: 4.8% vs. 1.2%). Accounting for elevation changes, power and running pace were less variable (raw [MAPE] vs. normalized [MAPE]: 199 [7.0%] vs. 204 W [2.7%]; 4:29 [4.8%] vs. 4:24 min·km-1 [3.6%], respectively). Consistent with her planned pre-race pacing strategy, the triathlete minimized fluctuations in HR and watts during the bike and run, whereas velocity varied with changes in elevation. This case report provides observational evidence supporting the utility of a pacing strategy that allows for an oscillating velocity that sustains a consistent physiological effort in full Ironman races.
Interplay Effect of Target Motion and Pencil-Beam Scanning in Proton Therapy for Pediatric Patients

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the effect of interplay between spot-scanning proton beams and respiration-induced tumor motion on internal target volume coverage for pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: Photon treatments for 10 children with representative tumor motions (1–13 mm superior-inferior) were replanned to simulate single-field uniform dose–optimized proton therapy. Static plans were designed by using average computed tomography (CT) data sets created from 4D CT data to obtain nominal dose distributions. The motion interplay effect was simulated by assigning each spot in the static plan delivery sequence to 1 of 10 respiratory-phase CTs, using the actual patient breathing trace and specifications of a synchrotron-based proton system. Dose distributions for individual phases were deformed onto the space of the average CT and summed to produce the accumulated dose distribution, whose dose-volume histogram was compared with the one from the static plan. Results: Tumor motion had minimal impa...
Exit Interviews in Criminal Justice: A Research Note

Although exit interviews are common in business and educational contexts, they are utilized less frequently in the criminal justice system. This is unfortunate, however, as exit interviews can aler...
Capacitive Coupling in T-Shape Related EMI Filters: Mechanism, Effects, and Mitigation

Attenuation performance of an EMI filter can be significantly degraded by coupling, parasitics, and frequency-dependent nonlinearity of magnetic cores. In this paper, the effect due to mutual capacitive coupling in filter structures with T-shape joint is identified and investigated. Its mechanism indicates that this coupling is the dominant cause of performance degradation in T-shape filters. PCB slits and grounded shielding are proposed as two effective mitigation solutions, respectively, and are further combined to improve filter transfer gain up to 40 dB along the high frequency range. Experimental results obtained from a three-phase LCL common-mode (CM) filter verify the significant impact of this coupling and the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation methods.
Learnful L2 Gaming

This chapter focuses on the worldwide social practice of gaming, to ground the book in practice, as a base from which to explore further. Just as digital gaming has both fans and critics, using games for L2TL has supporters and skeptics too. Unwitting to these debates, however, millions of people play vernacular digital games not designed for L2 learning in an L2, sometimes learning the L2 informally. After an exploration of the practices and critiques of digital gaming, the chapter examines the practice of gaming in other languages and the concept of games as cultural artifacts, with implications for gameful L2TL practice. The third section is a grounded analysis of several Internet discussions about using digital games for informal, intentional L2 learning. The collective Internet wisdom of how one should play digital games informally to learn another language, at least the wisdom gleaned from the analysis, is remarkably sound and aligned with SLA best practices, offering useful implications for gameful L2TL practice.
Type-V Median Nerve Entrapment in a Pediatric Medial Condyle Fracture: A Case Report.

Case A 30-month-old boy with a displaced medial condyle fracture and no history of an elbow dislocation was found to have an entrapped median nerve. Conclusion Entrapment of the median nerve is a potential consequence of a displaced medial condyle fracture, even when there are no neurologic deficits on presentation. This provides additional support for open reduction of these fractures rather than percutaneous treatment or nonoperative management. Prompt identification and extraction of an interposed ulnar or median nerve is imperative to prevent the catastrophic consequences of an upper-extremity nerve palsy in children, as well as to optimize fracture-healing and elbow growth and development.
Widespread and Persistent Deposition of Iron Formations for Two Billion Years

See also "Widespread and persistent deposition of iron formations for two billion years: Compilation Dataset" https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/data/concern/data_sets/ft848q626 (10.7302/vfer-6744) for the associated data.
Talk or Walk? Gait Speed over Self-Report in Association with Cognitive Speed in Healthy Older Adults

Abstract. This study explores the relative value of both subjectively reported cognitive speed and gait speed in association with objectively derived cognitive speed. It also explores how these fac...
Stenosis and Pseudostenosis of the Upper Extremity Arteries in Large‐Vessel Vasculitis

Objective Pseudostenosis is a magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) artifact that mimics arterial stenosis. The study objective was to compare imaging and clinical aspects of stenosis and pseudostenosis in a cohort of large-vessel vasculitis (LVV), including giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu's arteritis (TAK). Methods Patients with LVV and comparator conditions (healthy or vasculopathies) underwent MRA of the aortic arch vessels. The subclavian and axillary arteries were systematically assessed for presence of stenosis and pseudostenosis by two independent readers. Serial and delayed imaging and clinical assessments were used to confirm suspected pseudostenoses. Multivariable regression analyses were used to identify associations between angiographic pathology and clinical findings. Results 184 MRA scans were analyzed from patients with GCA (n=36), TAK (n=47), and comparators (n=25). Pseudostenoses were frequently observed (48/184 scans, 26%) in the distal subclavian artery only on the side of injection and were shorter in length compared to true stenoses (25 mm vs 78 mm, p<0.01). There was no difference in prevalence of pseudostenosis by diagnosis (GCA=33%, TAK=23%, comparator=20%, p=0.44), disease activity status (p=0.31), or treatment status (p=1.00). Percent and length of true stenosis was independently associated with pulse and blood pressure abnormalities in the upper extremity. Adjusting for length and stenosis degree, absence of collateral arteries was associated with arm claudication (odds ratio=2.37, p=0.03). Conclusion While a pseudostenosis could be falsely interpreted an arterial stenosis, radiographic and associated clinical features can help distinguish true disease from arterial susceptibility artifacts. In addition, the peripheral vascular examination can help to confirm a suspected true stenosis, as specific aspects of angiographic pathology are associated with vascular examination abnormalities in large-vessel vasculitis.
Global Climatic Changes and Geopolitics: Pressures on Developed and Developing Countries

Large-scale climatic changes may lead to international frictions and resource competition between both developed and developing countries for three principal reasons: the major responsibility for the production of greenhouse gases lies with the industrialized countries; the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of climatic changes will be far more equally distributed; and there are major differences in the ability of countries to respond or adapt to climatic impacts. These inequities may complicate the possibility of negotiating international agreements to prevent or slow the greenhouse effect. This paper discusses these three issues, the principal vulnerabilities of both developed countries and developing countries to climatic changes, and mechanisms for improving international cooperation.
Flow curvature effects on the parallel velocity shear driven instability: MHD simulations

ABSTRACTThis paper presents results of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of flow curvature effects on the parallel velocity shear (PVS) driven instability in a magnetized plasma. Three flow pro...
Cultural and Philosophical Resistance to Ritual in Contemporary Culture

According to modernity, it is by eschewing full participation in norm governed institutional settings like rituals, I am able to take back my life and make it my own. However, this chapter argues that participation in the very norm-governed practices eschewed by the fans of authenticity increases the repertoire of actions open to us and facilitates our ability to perform many important actions and to inculcate appropriate moral attitudes and virtues in our fellows. Many in contemporary culture would find it inconceivable that by subjecting ourselves to the authority of rituals and other norm-governed social practices, that we can actually gain in power and in the range of actions open to us. That this is the case seems to follow from a careful examination of the nature of ritual and its relation to human action.
Conceptual and historical evolution of psychiatric nosology.

Psychiatric taxonomies exist within conceptual frameworks which presuppose certain conceptions of psychiatric distress and offer guiding principles. This article provides an overview of the histori...
“Interpolated Factored Green Function” method for accelerated solution of scattering problems

Abstract This paper presents a novel Interpolated Factored Green Function method (IFGF) for the accelerated evaluation of the integral operators in scattering theory and other areas. Like existing acceleration methods in these fields, the IFGF algorithm evaluates the action of Green function-based integral operators at a cost of O ( N log ⁡ N ) operations for an N-point surface mesh. The IFGF strategy, which leads to an extremely simple algorithm, capitalizes on slow variations inherent in a certain Green function analytic factor, which is analytic up to and including infinity, and which therefore allows for accelerated evaluation of fields produced by groups of sources on the basis of a recursive application of classical interpolation methods. Unlike other approaches, the IFGF method does not utilize the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and is thus better suited than other methods for efficient parallelization in distributed-memory computer systems. Only a serial implementation of the algorithm is considered in this paper, however, whose efficiency in terms of memory and speed is illustrated by means of a variety of numerical experiments—including a 43 min., single-core operator evaluation (on 10 GB of peak memory), with a relative error of 1.5 × 10 − 2 , for a problem of acoustic size of 512 wavelengths.
Studies on the Efficacy, Potential Cardiotoxicity and Monkey Pharmacokinetics of GLP-26 as a Potent Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Modulator.

While treatment options are available for hepatitis B virus (HBV), there is currently no cure. Anti-HBV nucleoside analogs and interferon-alpha 2b rarely clear HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), requiring lifelong treatment. Recently, we identified GLP-26, a glyoxamide derivative which modulates HBV capsid assembly. The impact of GLP-26 on viral replication and integrated DNA was assessed in an HBV nude mouse model bearing HBV transfected AD38 xenografts. At day 45 post-infection, GLP-26 reduced HBV titers by 2.3–3 log10 versus infected placebo-treated mice. Combination therapy with GLP-26 and entecavir reduced HBV log10 titers by 4.6-fold versus placebo. Next, we examined the pharmacokinetics (PK) in cynomolgus monkeys administered GLP-26 via IV (1 mg/kg) or PO (5 mg/kg). GLP-26 was found to have 34% oral bioavailability, with a mean input time of 3.17 h. The oral dose produced a mean peak plasma concentration of 380.7 ng/mL, observed 0.67 h after administration (~30-fold > in vitro EC90 corrected for protein binding), with a mean terminal elimination half-life of 2.4 h and a mean area under the plasma concentration versus time curve of 1660 ng·hr/mL. GLP-26 was 86.7% bound in monkey plasma. Lastly, GLP-26 demonstrated a favorable toxicity profile confirmed in primary human cardiomyocytes. Thus, GLP-26 warrants further preclinical development as an add on to treatment for HBV infection.
Unexpected absence of aphasia following left temporal hemorrhage: a case study with functional neuroimaging to characterize the nature of atypical language localization.

Unexpected absence of aphasia after left-hemisphere perisylvian damage is often assumed to reflect right-hemisphere language lateralization, but other potential explanations include bilateral langu...
Thermodynamics of the Lu2O3 – SiO2 system and comparison to other rare earth silicates

Abstract Environmental barrier coatings are necessary to protect SiC based ceramics and composites from water vapor degradation in harsh engine environments. Currently, rare earth (RE) silicates are the most promising systems to protect SiC based ceramics and composites. This protection is largely based on reduced silica activity in these rare earth silicates which results in a lowered reactivity with water vapor. To that end, previous Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry (KEMS) studies have explored RE = Yb, Y silicates to measure the reduced silica activity and subsequent water vapor reactivity. Similarly, this work employs the KEMS technique to measure the SiO(g) vapor pressure in Lu containing RE silicates to calculate the activity of silica within the monosilicate [log(a(SiO2)) = -2351.1*1/T-1.6731] and the disilicate (log(a(SiO2)) = -4884.0*1/T + 2.2208) as a function of temperature. The enthalpies of formation for Lu monosilicate from the oxides and the elements were calculated to be −45 ± 3 kJ/mol at 1550 K and −2831.1 ± 12 kJ/mol at 298 K, respectively. The measured enthalpy of formation and those found in literature are compared to modeled values from density functional theory and those estimated using electronegativity.
Use of a Fecal PCR Assay on Environmental Samples for Detection of Dairy Cattle Herds Infected with Johne's Disease

The goal of this study was to evaluate the application of fecal PCR assay for diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in environmental samples and to determine its sensitivity for detection of dairy cattle herds infected with JD
Soil Moisture Retrievals Using CYGNSS Data in a Time-Series Ratio Method: Progress Update and Error Analysis

A previously reported time-series ratio method for retrieving soil moisture information from Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) measurements is updated to improve the algorithm used for excluding CYGNSS measurements from the time series, thereby improving the algorithm's computational efficiency while eliminating the requirement for contemporary soil moisture information from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP). Daily CYGNSS soil moisture estimates are retrieved and presented on a 36-km grid over the 27-month period January 2018-May 2020 and show an overall root mean square error ≈4.46%, an overall correlation for all attempted retrievals of ≈80.53%, and an average correlation for individual pixels of 48.61% relative to SMAP using the updated time-series algorithm. An analysis of the errors of the updated algorithm is also provided as a function of surface properties.
The impact of circadian timing on energy balance: an extension of the energy balance model

A significant proportion of the population is classified as having overweight or obesity. One framework which has attempted to explain biobehavioral mechanisms influencing the development of overweight and obesity is the energy balance model. According to this model, the body continually attempts to balance energy intake with energy expenditure. When energy intake and energy expenditure become imbalanced, there is an increase in homeostatic and allostatic pressure, generally to either increase energy intake or decrease energy expenditure, so as to restore energy homeostasis.Recent research has indicated that circadian aspects of energy intake and energy expenditure may influence energy balance. This paper provides a narrative review of existing evidence of the role of circadian timing on components of energy balance. Research on the timing of food intake, physical activity, and sleep indicates that unhealthy timing is likely to increase risk of weight gain. Public health guidelines focus on how much individuals eat and sleep, what foods are consumed, and the type and frequency of exercise, but the field of circadian science has begun to demonstrate that when these behaviors occur may also influence overweight and obesity prevention and treatment efforts.
Genome-Derived Classification Signature for Ampullary Adenocarcinoma to Improve Clinical Cancer Care

Purpose The clinical behavior of ampullary adenocarcinoma varies widely. Targeted tumor sequencing may better define biologically distinct subtypes to improve diagnosis and management. Experimental design The hidden-genome algorithm, a multilevel meta-feature regression model, was trained on a prospectively sequenced cohort of 3,411 patients (1,001 pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 165 distal bile-duct adenocarcinoma, 2,245 colorectal adenocarcinoma) and subsequently applied to targeted panel DNA-sequencing data from ampullary adenocarcinomas. Genomic classification (i.e., colorectal vs. pancreatic) was correlated with standard histologic classification [i.e., intestinal (INT) vs. pancreatobiliary (PB)] and clinical outcome. Results Colorectal genomic subtype prediction was primarily influenced by mutations in APC and PIK3CA, tumor mutational burden, and DNA mismatch repair (MMR)-deficiency signature. Pancreatic genomic-subtype prediction was dictated by KRAS gene alterations, particularly KRAS G12D, KRAS G12R, and KRAS G12V. Distal bile-duct adenocarcinoma genomic subtype was most influenced by copy-number gains in the MDM2 gene. Despite high (73%) concordance between immunomorphologic subtype and genomic category, there was significant genomic heterogeneity within both histologic subtypes. Genomic scores with higher colorectal probability were associated with greater survival compared with those with a higher pancreatic probability. Conclusions The genomic classifier provides insight into the heterogeneity of ampullary adenocarcinoma and improves stratification, which is dictated by the proportion of colorectal and pancreatic genomic alterations. This approach is reproducible with available molecular testing and obviates subjective histologic interpretation.
Impacts on Clinical and Surgical Volume after Development of a Gynecology Gender Health Program at a Rural Tertiary Care Center

Study Objective To evaluate changes in clinical and surgical volume pre- and post- establishment of a dedicated Gynecology Gender Health Program at a rural academic medical center. Design We conducted a retrospective chart review of transgender and gender diverse individuals who sought care and/or underwent gender affirming gynecologic surgery at our institution. Setting Rural academic medical center. Patients or Participants We included patients who identify as transgender or gender diverse presenting for gender care (including surgery) at the generalist outpatient gynecology clinic from 2017-2018 compared to the dedicated Gynecology Gender Health Program from 2019-2020. Interventions A dedicated Gynecology Gender Health Program was started in 2019 providing evidence-based multidisciplinary gender care including minimally invasive gender affirming hysterectomies and other surgeries. Measurements and Main Results In this retrospective chart review, we used descriptive statistics to assess total number of patients served (new patients and total encounters) and surgical volume for gender affirming hysterectomies in the two years before and after the creation of a dedicated program. Total patient numbers increased by 3.86 times (from 15 to 58 patients) and new patients per year increased five-fold (from 9 to 46 patients). Hysterectomies performed increased four-fold. Of the 20 surgeries performed over the last two years, 18 were laparoscopic total hysterectomies, while two were vaginal approach. Eighty percent of patients underwent concomitant salpingo-oophorectomy, while two patients underwent concomitant laparoscopic upper vaginectomy. Conclusion The development of a Gynecology Gender Health Program has led to an increase in clinical and surgical volume over the last two years, improving access to care for this often medically underserved, rural population. Our data demonstrates demand for specialized care even in rural communities once these programs are established. We anticipate continued growth at our institution, with our primary means of new patient recruitment through word of mouth as well as internet searches.
An Overview of Decriminalization Efforts in Regard to Psychedelic Plants in the United States, 2019-2020

This paper examines the recent developments made in psychedelic-related drug policy in the United States. The paper gives an overview of the decriminalization efforts made at the state and local levels. The paper also looks at the historical, cultural, political, and public health factors that have shaped psychedelic policy throughout American history and into the current day. Lastly, the paper shares some concerns about discrimination and unequal access present in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.
A Notch-dependent transcriptional mechanism controls expression of temporal patterning factors in Drosophila medulla

Temporal patterning is an important mechanism for generating a great diversity of neuron subtypes from a seemingly homogenous progenitor pool in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Drosophila neuroblasts have been shown to be temporally patterned by sequentially expressed Temporal Transcription Factors (TTFs). These TTFs are proposed to form a transcriptional cascade based on mutant phenotypes, although direct transcriptional regulation between TTFs has not been verified in most cases. Furthermore, it is not known how the temporal transitions are coupled with generation of the appropriate number of neurons at each stage. We use neuroblasts of the Drosophila optic lobe medulla to address these questions, and show that the expression of TTFs Sloppy-paired 1/ 2 (Slp1/2) is regulated at transcriptional level directly by two other TTFs and the cell-cycle dependent Notch signaling through two cis-regulatory elements. We also show that supplying transcriptional active Notch can rescue the delayed transition into the Slp stage in cell cycle arrested neuroblasts. Our findings reveal how an interplay between temporal patterning, the neuroblast cell cycle and key signaling pathways such as Notch achieves precise regulation of patterning transcription factor gene expression that is characteristic of these programs.
Cosmopolitan Perspectives on Suffering

This chapter illuminates the use of cosmopolitan identity frames in response to suffering caused by the 9/11/01 attacks in the U.S. Drawing on empirical data from Brazilian, French, and American digital discourse spaces, the analysis reveals the use of cosmopolitan and transnational identity frames to identify with those suffering. To do so, individuals redefine and expand identity boundaries to include those suffering through discourses bridging the distance between observer and sufferer. The most universalistic form of cosmopolitanism comes from those participants on the Brazilian forum who embrace all of humanity as worthy of empathy. In the French forum, individuals are more likely to adopt more circumscribed versions of cosmopolitanism based on perceived transnational similarities. In the American forum, we see nationalism, transnational cosmopolitanism, and universalistic cosmopolitanism side by side, albeit produced by different constituencies. While all cosmopolitans erase boundaries between themselves and those suffering, the Brazilian case offers the most vibrant example of universalistic cosmopolitan identity work. The Brazilians show how empathy may be extended to those suffering as members of humanity regardless of any other identity category. Finally, the case studies of cosmopolitan identity work presented point to the potential of inclusionary identity work in which the suffering of others is shared by strangers. As the Brazilian case shows, when such thinking predominates, humanity becomes the primary identity category of importance.
Language Maintenance and Language Death: The Decline of Texas Alsatian

This book provides the first extensive description of Texas Alsatian, a critically-endangered Texas German dialect, as spoken in Medina County in the 21 st century. The dialect was brought to Texas in the 1840s by colonists recruited by French entrepreneur Henri Castro and has been preserved with minimal change for six generations. Texas Alsatian has maintained lexical, phonological, and morphosyntactic features which differentiate it from the prevalent standard-near varieties of Texas German. This study both describes its grammatical features and discusses extra-linguistic factors contributing to the dialect’s preservation or accelerating its decline, e.g., social, historical, political, and economic factors, and speaker attitudes and ideologies linked to cultural identity. The work’s multi-faceted approach makes its relevant to a broad range of scholars such as dialectologists, historical linguists, sociolinguists, ethnographers, and anthropologists interested in language variation and change, language and identity, immigrant dialects, and language maintenance and death.
Equity and Equality as Sociohistorical Principles of Justice

To understand a psychological principle as a sociohistorical principle is to engage in a striking transformation of that understanding. The bases for this change in perspective were beginning to emerge from the empirical investigation examined in the preceding chapter.
A Bayesian method for identifying missing enzymes in predicted metabolic pathway databases

Background: The PathoLogic program constructs Pathway/Genome databases by using a genome's annotation to predict the set of metabolic pathways present in an organism. PathoLogic determines the set of reactions composing those pathways from the enzymes annotated in the organism's genome. Most annotation efforts fail to assign function to 40–60% of sequences. In addition, large numbers of sequences may have non-specific annotations (e.g., thiolase family protein). Pathway holes occur when a genome appears to lack the enzymes needed to catalyze reactions in a pathway. If a protein has not been assigned a specific function during the annotation process, any reaction catalyzed by that protein will appear as a missing enzyme or pathway hole in a Pathway/Genome database. Results: We have developed a method that efficiently combines homology and pathway-based evidence to identify candidates for filling pathway holes in Pathway/Genome databases. Our program not only identifies potential candidate sequences for pathway holes, but combines data from multiple, heterogeneous sources to assess the likelihood that a candidate has the required function. Our algorithm emulates the manual sequence annotation process, considering not only evidence from homology searches, but also considering evidence from genomic context (i.e., is the gene part of an operon?) and functional context (e.g., are there functionally-related genes nearby in the genome?) to determine the posterior belief that a candidate has the required function. The method can be applied across an entire metabolic pathway network and is generally applicable to any pathway database. The program uses a set of sequences encoding the required activity in other genomes to identify candidate proteins in the genome of interest, and then evaluates each candidate by using a simple Bayes classifier to determine the probability that the candidate has the desired function. We achieved 71% precision at a probability threshold of 0.9 during cross-validation using known reactions in computationally-predicted pathway databases. After applying our method to 513 pathway holes in 333 pathways from three Pathway/Genome databases, we increased the number of complete pathways by 42%. We made putative assignments to 46% of the holes, including annotation of 17 sequences of previously unknown function. Conclusions: Our pathway hole filler can be used not only to increase the utility of Pathway/ Genome databases to both experimental and computational researchers, but also to improve predictions of protein function.