cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The contagious Poisson distribution of Rorschach scores

Abstract Rorschach scores show frequency distributions that are neither normal nor Poisson. Their generating equation may be a formula for a “contagious Poisson” distribution developed by Coleman for use in social psychology. Data from the Harvard Student Study and from a sample of residents and interns both show good fit to the Coleman formula for nearly all Rorschach variables. Scores associated with abnormal mental states do not show good fit, however. The mathematical model may represent contagion once a type of response has occurred, or individual differences in response proneness, or perhaps an emission process. The corresponding urn model is one in which when one black ball is drawn, two are replaced.
Towards a Nitinol Actuator for an Active Surgical Needle

Surgical needles, for safe and accurate percutaneaous interventions, need to be navigated accurately through the tissue and placed precisely at the targets. A novel active needle, using Nitinol wires as actuators, has been proposed to navigate the needle within the tissue. In this design, when temperature of Nitinol wire was increased by Joule heating, the material undergoes a phase transformation that produces relatively large actuating forces and strains. Using both experimental and numerical simulations, the force-temperature response of the Nitinol wires were characterized. The results indicate that increasing the applied current decreases the response time to reach maximum force, but increases the maximum temperature reached. Therefore, the chosen applied current should be high enough to produce sufficient actuation force and shorter response time, but not too high such that the lower actuator temperatures are maintained to minimize tissue damage.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
On the Third Superharmonic Resonance in the Duffing Oscillator

Abstract The third order superharmonic resonance in two versions of a harmonically excited Duffing oscillator is investigated by analytical and numerical methods. It is shown that even in situations for which a non-linear oscillator may be thought a priori to satisfy the "small perturbation" requirements, the analytical results obtained by the amplitude-expansion method of perturbation analysis may lead to incomplete and/or erroneous results. For harmonically excited, non-linear oscillators, equivalence of the approximate solutions obtained by two fundamentally different perturbation schemes is questioned: and for the Duffing-Ueda oscillator, it is shown that a sudden transition into chaos is the result of a saddle-node bifurcation of the third superharmonic response; and a sudden transition out of chaos is the result of a boundary crisis.
Hypotensive activity of S-α-methyldopa during long-term (steady-state) intravenous infusions

Screening for antihypertensive drugs usually involves the use of anesthetized, hypertensive animals and often does not employ a dosage regimen that would be used in clinical practice (i.e., small, repeated doses leading to steady-state concentrations). We reasoned that it may be more convenient and effective to study drugs in normotensive, unanesthetized animals under steadystate conditions. Therefore, we have examined the blood pressure effects of the antihypertensive agent S-α-methyldopa {α-MD}) in normotensive unanesthetized, restrained rhesus monkeys before, during, and after slow (1 ml/hr for 48hr) intravenous infusions of drug at various doses. Each infusion was followed by a 5-day recovery period. In the three animals studied, a highly significant (P < 0.05) correlation was observed between the decrease (21 mm Hg, maximum) in the mean systolic blood pressure and the steady-state blood levels of a-MD achieved (2–15 μg/ml) at the doses studied (16–128 mg/kgJday). These results suggest that the biochemical events responsible for the antihypertensive activity of α-MD are operative in normotensive rhesus monkeys and that blood levels of the parent drug at steady state bear a quantitative relationship to the agonist activity of the active species at the site of action.
Cosmology with a dynamically screened scalar interaction in the dark sector

Motivated in part by string theory, we consider a modification of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}$ cosmological model in which the dark matter has a long-range scalar force screened by light particles. Scalar forces can have interesting effects on structure formation: the main example presented here is the expulsion of dark matter halos from low density regions, or voids, in the galaxy distribution.
Investigating the Unit of Study Approach as a Way to Teach Writing to Early Childhood Education Preservice Teachers

The purpose of this study was to better understand the learning opportunities within a university writing methods course centering on a unit of study experience. Specifically, we wanted to investigate what early childhood education preservice teachers (PSTs) learn about poetry and the writing process when engaged in a poetry unit of study. Our findings revealed that a unit of study format: (a) served as a vehicle to deconstruct and develop new genre awareness; (b) helped PSTs live process aspects of writing instruction; and (c) supported PSTs in developing genre-specific knowledge through the use of mentor texts.
Women of Color in Society and Sport

This article reviews literature that discusses parallels between women of color in society and sport. Although special emphasis is placed on African American women's social, historical, and sport traditions, information on other ethnic groups' socioeconomic status and participation in sport is included. The discussion focuses on the absence or silence of diverse ethnic women within the mainstream of society, sport, and scholarship and summarizes literature that highlights intersections of gender, race, and socioeconomic class. Research completed on women of color in sport is reviewed using Douglas's analysis of the levels of research. A call is made for more scholarship on women of color from diverse ethnic backgrounds and different social realities in order to have more inclusive womanist/feminist scholarship and race-relations theory.
Evaluating Hunter Support for Black Bear Restoration in East Texas

Hunters are an influential interest group in wildlife management. Little is known, however, about variation in attitudes toward species restoration among hunters in regard to either specific hunting interests or restoration of black bear. We surveyed 1,006 East Texas residents to assess hunter support for restoration of black bear populations in East Texas and hunter interest in hunting black bears. Because we defined hunters broadly, our study included hunters who were demographically dissimilar to those in other studies. Sixty-one percent of hunters supported black bear restoration. Among hunters, restoration support was twice as great among those interested versus not interested in hunting black bears. Our results highlight the importance of measurement differences in determining the boundaries of particular stakeholder groups and reinforce the importance of hunting specialization in influencing management attitudes.
THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THREE DISTINCT DESOXYRIBONUCLEASES OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

Group A streptococci were found to produce three different desoxyribonucleases, designated here as A, B, and C. These enzymes migrated separately on analysis with starch zone electrophoresis, were immunologically distinct, and showed certain differences in inhibition by citrate and in optimal pH of activity. The relative amount of each enzyme produced was a function of strain variation.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides: purification and characterization.

Abstract A TPN + -specific isocitrate dehydrogenase has been isolated in an apparent state of homogeneity from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas spheroides . The purified enzyme has a specific activity of between 40 and 50 enzyme units per milligram protein. Equilibrium centrifugation data indicate that the enzyme has a molecular weight of 105,000. Sedimentation velocity experiments yield an s 0 20 w value of 5.75. Electrophoresis of the enzyme on acrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate yields a major protein component with a molecular weight of approximately 50,000 and a minor component of molecular weight of approximately 100,000. The purified enzyme is stable in phosphate buffers but rapidly loses activity in Tris or imidazole buffers. The loss in activity in Tris buffers is accompanied by a change in sedimentation behavior on sucrose gradients. The Michaelis constants for TPN + and d -isocitrate are 7.0 × 10 −6 and 8.7 × 10 −6 m , respectively, at pH 7.0 in 0.05 m potassium phosphate buffer. Hill plots of the initial velocity data show no evidence for cooperativity. The enzyme, at low magnesium ion concentrations is activated by TPNH but not by TPN + , α-ketoglutarate, isocitrate or DPNH. It has been suggested that the enzyme may exist in two forms which are interconvertible in the presence of magnesium ions. Like other isocitrate dehydrogenases the enzyme is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. Titration with p -hydroxymercuribenzoate indicates that 80% of activity is lost after titration of only two or 10 sulfhydryl residues.
Odor-guided behavior in mammals.

Abstract The odor-guided behaviors selected for presentation in this paper encompass the major areas of animal behavior, and illustrate the important principal that complex relations exist between odor-guided behaviors, hormonal state, and experiential factors. Clearly, experiences with odors at several life stages results in profound influences upon later behaviors, including those related to eating, mating, fighting, and nesting. Interestingly, only brief social encounters are needed in rats to induce such phenomena as ultrasonic calling to conspecific estrous females or their odors, preferences for estrous over non-estrous odors, and the short-term modification of feeding behaviors. Although the mechanisms behind these intriguing phenomena are poorly understood, it is noteworthy that rats can learn relatively complex concepts on the basis of odors, rivaling even the ability of our own species to learn analogous tasks by visual cues. Despite the fact that close relationships can be demonstrated between odor-guided behaviors and variables such as endocrine state and sexual experience, caution is warranted in assuming that simple causal relations exist between such variables. In normally cycling women, for example, the correlation between olfactory sensitivity and plasma levels of estradiol during the menstrual cycle is relatively high; however, attenuation of the cyclical estradiol fluctuations by oral contraceptives does not eliminate the olfactory fluctuations, suggesting the relation is not causal. In house mice, social experience can override hormonal factors in their odor-guided urine marking and submissive behaviors. Thus, even though androgen titer usually correlates with such measures, a mouse made subordinant in a social encounter will not exhibit scent marking even when its circulating testosterone is maintained at a high level by a silastic implant. Further reason for caution comes from studies that suggest olfactory input influences the endocrine systems of sexually experienced and sexually inexperienced animals in different ways. For example, in sexually experienced male rats, anosmia decreases testosterone and estradiol levels and increases corticosterone levels, whereas in sexually inexperienced ones it has no significant influence on the levels of these steroids. Taken together, such observations suggest that the causal bases of a number of the odor-guided behaviors described in this paper are complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Sonolytic Degradation of CCl4: Intermediates and Byproducts

The sonolytic degradation of aqueous carbon tetrachloride is investigated at a sound frequency of 20 kHz and 135 W (112.5 W cm^(-2)) of power. The observed first-order degradation rate constant in an Ar-saturated solution is 3.3 × 10^(-3) s^(-1) when the initial CCl_4 concentration, [CCl_4]_i, is 1.95 × 10^(-4) mol L^(-1) and increases slightly to 3.9 × 10^(-3) s^(-1) when [CCl_4]_i = 1.95 × 10^(-5) mol L^(-1). Low concentrations (10^(-8)−10^(-7) mol L^(-1)) of the organic byproducts, hexachloroethane and tetrachloroethylene, are detected, as well as the inorganic products chloride ion and hypochlorous acid. The chlorine mass balance after sonolysis is determined to be >70%. The reactive intermediate, dichlorocarbene, is identified and quantified by means of trapping with 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene. The presence of ozone in the sonicated solution does not significantly effect the rate of degradation of carbon tetrachloride; however, O_3 inhibits the accumulation of hexachloroethane and tetrachloroethylene. Ultrasonic irradiation of an aqueous mixture of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) and carbon tetrachloride results in the acceleration of the sonochemical degradation of p-NP. The sonolytic rate of degradation of p-NP appears to be enhanced by the presence of hypochlorous acid, which results from the sonolysis of CCl_4.
Comment on "Synthesis of 5,5-Diphenyl-4-penten-2-one: A Variation on a Classic Organic Synthesis Laboratory"

Comments are given on a recently published organic chemistry experiment that is intended to replace a classical procedure. A few changes to the classical procedure are noted that correct the problems that the authors have encountered and retain useful pedagogical features of the original preparation.
Particle Flocculation and Filtration by High-Gradient Magnetic Fields

Abstract Flocculation and filtration of micrometer-sized particles in a high-gradient magnetic field (HGMF) were investigated. Experiments were conducted using a cryogenic magnet of 6 Tesla maximum strength. Hematite particles were used for flocculation and filtration experiments. A new approach of using magnetic fields to enhance separation of weakly magnetic particles was also investigated. This approach is based on magnetic seeding which involves flocculation of existing nonmagnetic particles with injected paramagnetic particles. A particle-flocculation model was developed based on trajectory analysis. External forces due to gravity and magnetism, and interparticle forces such as electrostatic, hydrodynamic, magnetic dipole, and van der Waals forces, were taken into consideration in these models. * This research was supported by the Division of Chemical Sciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, the AR&TD program of Fossil Energy, and the Efficient Separations and Processing Crosscutting Program, Offic...
Studies with Corn-Soya Laying Diets 2. Optimum Combinations of Corn and Soybean Protein

Abstract CORN and soybean oil meal are the major sources of amino acids in high energy laying diets. When the protein level of such diets is altered, the amino acid pattern is altered simultaneously due to the shift in the relative amounts of protein originating from corn and soybean oil meal. For this reason data regarding the optimum combination of corn and soybean protein would be pertinent to the interpretation of experiments concerned with levels of protein. Almquist and Grau (1944) fed graded combinations of soybean and sesame protein to chicks in isonitrogenous diets and found that a sesame-soybean protein ration of 7:13 maximized growth. Following a preliminary experiment, this technique was used in two experiments reported herein in which graded combinations of corn and soybean protein were fed to laying pullets in isonitrogenous diets at suboptimal protein levels. The combination which maximized performance was considered to have provided the best …
Persistence of malathion and methyl parathion when applied as ultra-low-volume and emulsifiable concentrate sprays.

Application of ultra-low-volume (ULV) sprays of malathion and methyl parathion to cotton plants yielded more persistent residues than when the compounds were applied as emulsifiable concentrates. Half-life values for ULV malathion on plants held at 29.4°C and 40.6°C were 21 and 15 hours, respectively. With emulsifiable concentrate (EC) malathion, the half-life values were approximately ½ those for ULV. Although comparable formulations of methyl parathion dissipated at least twice as fast as malathion, the persistence of EC malathion was equaled when methyl parathion was applied as ULV.
The TSI Radiometer Facility: absolute calibrations for total solar irradiance instruments

The total solar irradiance (TSI) climate data record includes overlapping measurements from 10 spaceborne radiometers. The continuity of this climate data record is essential for detecting potential long-term solar fluctuations, as offsets between different instruments generally exceed the stated instrument uncertainties. The risk of loss of continuity in this nearly 30-year record drives the need for future instruments with <0.01% uncertainty on a absolute scale. No facility currently exists to calibrate a TSI instrument end-to-end for irradiance at solar power levels to these needed accuracy levels. The new TSI Radiometer Facility (TRF) is intended to provide such calibrations. Based on a cryogenic radiometer with a uniform input light source of solar irradiance power levels, the TRF allows direct comparisons between a TSI instrument and a reference cryogenic radiometer viewing the same light beam in a common vacuum system. We describe here the details of this facility designed to achieve 0.01% absolute accuracy.
On asymmetric (0, 1)-matrices with given row and column sum vectors

A condition is provided which ensures that a class of (0, 1)-matrices with given row and column sum vectors must contain an asymmetric matrix.
The nature of time effects in solid polymeric systems

The time-dependent mechanical behavior of solid polymers can be classified into linear viscoelastic, nonlinear viscoelastic and rheological types. The linear viscoelastic theory has now been worked out in detail, and applies with particular success to amorphous polymers above their glass transition temperature. Examples of systems falling outside this category are principally discussed, including glassy, composite, and crystalline materials. These systems are characterized by the fact that structure and structural changes are playing a major role in the mechanical behavior. Specific theories must be developed in the future which adequately treat this type of behavior.
Arthroscopic roofplasty : A method for correcting an extension deficit caused by roof impingement of an anterior cruciate ligament graft

Abstract Intercondylar roof impingement should be suspected in any patient having difficulty regaining knee extension following an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. An arthroscopically performed roofplasty can eliminate the clinical complaints. The extent of bone removal can be planted from studying a lateral radiograph taken with the knee in terminal extension. Extension exercises or passive extension devices should not be used in patients with extension deficits caused by roof impingement because they may further damage the graft.
Egyptian Bronze Jugs from Crete and Lefkandi

John Boardman has pointed to the squat bronze jugs with lotus handles from early Iron Age contexts in Crete and at Lefkandi on Euboia as Egyptian imports ‘certainly straight from Egypt itself with no eastern intermediaries’. On close inspection, however, the Egyptian antecedents of these jugs pose a chronological, and even a philosophical, puzzle; whatever the solution, the jugs found in Crete and at Lefkandi surely do not furnish convincing evidence for early direct connections between Egypt and the Aegean.
A note on color magnetism models and the electroproduction of the Δ(1232)

Abstract In this work the author discusses the experimental consequences of the use of the color magnetism concept in nonrelativistic quark models of the nucleon and its resonances. It is found that recent prescriptions used by some authors to apply this model to calculate amplitudes for the photoproduction and electroproduction of the Δ(1232) resonance do not give satisfactory agreement with well-established experimental results for the γN → Δ or γvN → Δ processes. Some of the reasons for the disagreement are considered and an alternative approach is suggested.
Macrosegregation induced sedimentation in liquid phase sintered Ni-W alloys

Abstract In this study, liquid phase sintering of Ni–W alloys containing a low W solid volume fraction was conducted. A solid-plus-liquid (mushy) zone forms at the compact bottom. A liquid head above this zone demonstrates macrosegregation. With increasing sintering time, macrosegregation is reduced concurrent with a decrease in the volume fraction of W particles and mushy-zone sedimentation.
“This is the only tour that sells”: tourism, disaster, and national identity in New Orleans

For many, New Orleans, LA, USA, was an ideal vacation destination, with the commercial tourist industry providing one-third of the municipal budget. This changed on 29 August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina made landfall and, due to a series of events, the majority of the city was submerged underwater. In December 2005, the multinational tour operator, Gray Line, announced that its business in New Orleans would re-launch featuring “Katrina tours.” Controversy immediately arose, particularly as neighborhoods previously outside commercial tourist imaginaries now were on tourists' itineraries. Drawing on secondary debates and participant observation of the tour performances, the author argues that tourist practices at sites of disaster offer a compelling mode to negotiate the social drama of nationhood through challenging tourist imaginaries of space and belonging. Although exploitation, catharsis, and mourning can occur, touring extreme calamity also offers opportunities for education, civic identification, an...
Some generalizations of Menger's theorem concerning arc-connected digraphs

It is proved that, if D is a k-arc-connected digraph, then (i) for any k distinct arcs fi = xiyi, i = 1, ? ,k, D ? fi, ? ,fk contains k arc-disjoint spanning arborescences T1, ? , Tk such that Ti is rooted at yi for each i, and (ii) for any k triples (x1, f1, y1), ? , (xk,fk,yk), where x1 , ? , xk, y1, ? , yk ? V(D) (not necessarily distinct) and f1, ? , fk are distinct arcs with fi ? E+ (xi), i = 1, ? , k(resp. fi ? E?(yi), i = 1, ? , k), there exist in Dk arc-distinct xi ? yi paths Pi such that fi ? E(Pi), i = 1, ? , k.
The nanoworld: chances and challenges

We are on the verge of a new scientific and technological era, the standard of which is the nanometer. Initially sustained by progress made in miniaturization, this new development will focus on assembling functional units of increasing complexity out of tiny building blocks. The chances and challenges of this new age are how to best exploit the new possibilities engendered by the nanometer dimensions, to interface the nano- with the macro-world, as well as how to develop new methods and concepts for handling large numbers of nano-objects in order to solve complex problems for a sustainable development.
Comparison of the pulmonary vasculature in newborns and stillborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

The purpose of this study was to compare structural changes in the pulmonary vasculature in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) complicated by persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH) and stillborns with CDH. Victorian blue van Gieson (VVG) staining and immunostaining with anti-alpha smooth-muscle actin (ASMA) was performed on lung tissue obtained at autopsy from 23 newborns with CDH complicated by PPH, 7 stillborns with CDH, and 11 age-matched controls with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The degrees of adventitial and medial thickness and area were measured in pulmonary arteries with an external diameter (ED) of 500 μm by image analyzer and compared statistically. The degrees of adventitial and medial thickness and area were measured in pulmonary veins with an ED of 200 μm by image analyzer and compared statistically. In order to determine whether the characteristic structural changes were size-related, each was related to ED. There was a significant increase in adventitial thickness and area in arteries of all sizes in both newborns and stillborns with CDH compared to SIDS patients (P < 0.05). The degree of medial thickness in newborns and stillborns with CDH was significantly increased compared to SIDS patients (P < 0.01). The degree of medial area was significantly increased for arteries with ED less than 100 μm (P < 0.05) in newborns and stillborns with CDH compared with SIDS patients. There was a significant increase in adventitial thickness and area in veins of all sizes in newborns with CDH compared to stillborns with CDH and SIDS (P < 0.05). The degree of adventitial thickness and area of pulmonary veins were similar in stillborns with CDH and SIDS. There were no significant differences in medial thickness of veins between the three groups. The presence of abnormally thick-walled pulmonary arteries in stillborns with CDH suggests that the intrapulmonary arteries in CDH may become excessively muscularized during fetal life, becoming unable to adapt normally at birth. The absence of structural changes in pulmonary veins in stillborns with CDH suggests that the pulmonary venous changes observed in newborns with CDH complicated by PPH occur after birth as a result of increases in transvascular pressure or a response to release of peptide growth factors.
Quality and accessibility of visual working memory during cognitive control of attentional guidance: A Bayesian model comparison approach

Working memory (WM) can guide visual attention toward memory-matching objects. This influence of WM on attention can be modulated by cognitive control, such that attentional guidance is strategically suppressed or enhanced depending on whether WM contents are reliably hurtful or helpful for the current task. Cognitive control over memory-based guidance has been hypothesized to operate via some modulation of the WM representation itself, but it is unclear whether this modulation affects representational quality (i.e., how precise is it?) or accessibility of WM content (i.e., how easily is it remembered or forgotten?). Using probabilistic model fitting and Bayesian model comparison techniques, we show that cognitive control over memory-based guidance impacts the probability of remembering, but not the precision of, items in WM. These findings suggest that the WM-attention interaction may depend on distinct functional states in WM, which are in turn characterized by how easily an item is remembered or forgotten.
A new approach in construction of nasal septal obturators

Nasal septal obturators are used to mechanically close nasal septal defects. The use of an impression of the nasal septal defect in the construction of nasal septal obturators is mandatory. A heat-cured, highly polished acrylic resin button constructed from an accurate impression is less likely to induce crusting and bleeding, or to be dislodged, than a Silastic button.
Effects of enalapril on T and B cell function in rats after myocardial infarction

The cellular mechanisms following myocardial infarction remain poorly characterized. It is believed that an inflammatory and immunologic process may be involved and that the beneficial effects of enalapril on remodeling may, in part, work through an immune mechanism. To characterize the effect of enalapril on immune alterations in the late phase of ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction, rats underwent left coronary artery ligation followed by 6 weeks of either enalapril or placebo treatment. Infarct sizes, heart weights, and volumes were compared. Peripheral and splenic leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets, along with T cell blastogenesis, were quantified in enalapril treated rats 6 weeks after coronary ligation and compared to untreated control rats. Additionally, antibody production to a de novo antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, was assessed with and without treatment. Average infarct size was equivalent among enalapril-treated myocardial infarction rats and untreated infarct rats. There was, however, less left and right ventricular hypertrophy in the enalapril treated group. Enalapril completely prevented the 42% increase in white blood count, the 88% increase in neutrophils, and the 28% increase in lymphocyte count seen in untreated infarct rats. Both untreated and enalapril treated rats tended toward a decrease in T helper:suppressor ratio. All rats treated with enalapril, however, had a significant increase in the T helper:suppressor ratio versus untreated control rats (F = 3.6, P = .018). Blastogenesis was markedly increased in T cells from infarcted animals. This was mitigated by treatment with enalapril. Additionally, immunoglobulin G antibody production was significantly lessened in rats treated with enalapril. The results of this study suggest that alterations in immunoregulatory cell type and function occurs following myocardial infarction. The beneficial effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril may be, in part, due to its mitigating effects on immune cell release and activation following myocardial infarction.
Causal Basis of Gravity Stimulus Nullification by Clinostat Rotation

Using appropriate clinostat rotation methods, it has been shown that increases in root growth and geotropic curvature of oat coleoptiles are related to and explained (within the limits of auxin economy) by increased rates of plant respiration imparted by nullification of the gravitational stimulus. Increased respiration with decreased gravitational stimulus, in turn, is explained by increased uniformity in intracellular distribution of metabolically active graviprecipitable particles.Oat seedlings grown with nullification of the gravitational stimulus show a more uniform distribution of graviprecipitable protoplasmic inclusions. Respiration involves reactions between particles of sufficient mass to be precipitated in 1 x g unidirectional force field and particles of such size that they are distributed throughout the protoplasm due to thermal energy. When plants are grown without nullification of the gravitational stimulus, graviprecipitable protoplasmic inclusions tend to accumulate in the lower portions of the cells. Respiration rates are consequently limited due to a relatively low concentration of the smaller particles in the region of high concentration of the larger particles. Distribution of the larger particles throughout the protoplasm negates the reaction rate limiting effects of these intracellular concentration gradients.It has been shown using starch particles to index graviprecipitation of intracellular particles that enhancement of respiration by nullification of the gravitational stimulus may be induced, maintained, discontinued, and reinduced by treatments which concomitantly result in the more uniform distribution of graviprecipitable protoplasmic inclusions, the maintenance of this uniform distribution, the discontinuation of this uniform distribution and its reinduction.The degree of uniformity of intracellular particle distribution in response to treatments only partially nullifying the gravitational stimulus is shown wholly consonant with growth responses of roots and coleoptiles when the growth is measured as the expression of increased respiration in the absence of auxin limitation.The findings collectively indicate that gravity sensing by plants is broadly based on the physicochemical relationship between particle distribution and the expression of respiratory metabolism as growth.
Signal-specialized parametrization

To reduce memory requirements for texture mapping a model, we build a surface parametrization specialized to its signal (such as color or normal). Intuitively, we want to allocate more texture samples in regions with greater signal detail. Our approach is to minimize signal approximation error --- the difference between the original surface signal and its reconstruction from the sampled texture. Specifically, our signal-stretch parametrization metric is derived from a Taylor expansion of signal error. For fast evaluation, this metric is pre-integrated over the surface as a metric tensor. We minimize this nonlinear metric using a novel coarse-to-fine hierarchical solver, further accelerated with a fine-to-coarse propagation of the integrated metric tensor. Use of metric tensors permits anisotropic squashing of the parametrization along directions of low signal gradient. Texture area can often be reduced by a factor of 4 for a desired signal accuracy compared to non-specialized parametrizations.
THE DIVINE SANCTION OF SOCIAL ORDER: RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS OF THE SOUTHERN SLAVEHOLDERS' WORLD VIEW

For the southern slaveholders any social order worthy of the name, and therefore its appropriate social relations, had to be grounded in divine sanction. In this conviction they did not depart radically from their contemporaries in the North and in Europe, or indeed from their predecessors and successors in the Western tradition, but they did differ significantly from others in their views of the appropriate relation of the human to the divine and of the legitimate relations among people. For, during the portentous century in which the western tradition as a whole was repudiating its own long-standing acceptance of unfree labor, especially slave labor, southern slaveholders not merely persisted in the defense of slavery, they purposefully raised it to an abstract model of necessary social order.' The slaveholders cohered as a ruling class on the basis of their ownership of human beings. From an opportunistic reliance upon slaves as the most convenient laborers available during the seventeenth century, they progressed to a commitment to slavery as a social system. Their intellectual hegira led from the acceptance of slavery as a necessary evil to the defense of slavery as a positive good, which ultimately led to a defense of slavery in the abstract-to a defense of slavery as the best possible bulwark against the corrosive and un-Christian Elizabeth Fox-Genovese is Professor of History and Director of Women's Studies at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322. Eugene D. Genovese is currently a Guggenheim Fellow at the National Humanities Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27514.
The reproductive advantages of fat in women

Abstract Many hypotheses have been proposed for the evolution of fat deposition in women. Here we examine the empirical basis of the deceptive fat hypothesis. The available evidence suggests that body fat has direct effects on reproduction in women regardless of whether or not it is a signal of condition.
Get with the program : common fallacies in critiques of computer-aided architectural design

This paper introduces four common fallacies that are often developed explicitly or implied when approaches toward computer-aided architectural design are criticized from a broader 'philosophical' perspective. It contains suggestions of what the author considers more fruitful directions for research in connection with the issues raised. The first two fallacies are very general. The first of these treats design as a monolithic, indivisible process that cannot be decomposed and thus partially supported. The second one insists that computer aids support current practice as it stands and rejects approaches that challenge that practice. The last two fallacies are very specific. The first of these occurs when shape grammars and related mechanisms are criticized for being based on a 'linguistic analogy'. The last one deals with a specific version of appeals to authority that treats Heidegger as the ultimate arbiter in resolving philosophical issues in connection with computer-aided architectural design.
ESL: The Regular Classroom Teacher's Perspective

who had LEP students in their classrooms but who had had no training in ESL. A content analysis of the responses revealed five broad categories of concern: programmatic setting and instruction, training needs, LEP students and their parents, peer interaction, and the role of the ESL teacher. The responses indicate the difficulties which regular classroom teachers encounter in integrating LEP students socially and academically into the regular setting. Accordingly, it is recommended that ESL teachers and teacher training programs devote greater attention to preparing the regular classroom teacher for dealing more adequately with the educational needs of LEP students. Despite the increase in the number of trained ESL specialists over the past 10 years or so, it is no secret that vast numbers of limited English proficient (LEP) students still spend either all or large portions of their academic life with regular or content classroom teachers. (The term regular teacher is used here instead of mainstream teacher to avoid a connotation that many find offensive and misleading. The regular classroom refers to a setting in which subject matter and literacy skills are taught entirely in English and the majority of the students are native speakers of English.) In most cases, these teachers have no training in how to deal with LEP students. The 1980-81 Teachers Language Skills Survey of public school teachers in the United States revealed that although half of all public school teachers had current or previous experience with
Abnormal beta-adrenergic responsiveness in allergic subjects: II. The role of selective beta2-adrenergic hyporeactivity

Isoproterenol increases systolic blood pressure by increasing cardiac output through beta 1-adrenergic stimulation and lowers diastolic pressure by reducing peripheral resistance, which is a beta 2-adrenergic response. It was therefore possible to compare beta 1 and beta 2 responsiveness of allergic subjects to determine whether asthmatics behaved differently than did rhinitis patients or even "preallergic" subjects, who have positive skin tests in the absence of symptoms. All the allergic subjects required significantly more isoproterenol to increase their pulse pressure 22 mm Hg or greater as compared with normal subjects. Analysis of the beta 1 and beta 2 components of the pulse pressure change revealed normal beta 1 responses (systolic increase) and abnormal beta 2 responses (diastolic decrease) in all allergic groups. Moreover, even at the point where the pulse pressure was driven to increase by 22 mm Hg or more, the allergic subjects had a reduced diastolic (beta 2) component. These studies demonstrate beta-adrenergic abnormalities in allergic subjects who were well controlled for concomitant drug administration, thereby extending and confirming the results of many earlier studies. In addition, this study extends the selective beta 2-adrenergic defect to all allergic subjects, not just asthmatics, as was suspected earlier.
Gender differences in subjective distress to emotional and sexual infidelity: Evolutionary or logical inference explanation?

Men and women were asked to imagine a romantic partner being sexually unfaithful and/or emotionally unfaithful. Three hypotheses regarding gender differences in subjective distress to sexual and emotional infidelity, and in the inferences linking the infidelities were tested. The results indicated that more men than women were distressed by imagining a partner enjoying passionate sexual intercourse with another person, and more women than men were distressed by imagining a partner forming a deep emotional attachment to another person. Asking another group of women and men to imagine a partner committing both infidelities at the same time, and then to indicate which component of the combined infidelity was the most distressing, produced the same sexual asymmetries. The prediction that men will infer from a partner's sexual infidelity the co-occurrence of emotional infidelity and that women will infer from a partner’s emotional infidelity the co-occurrence of sexual infidelity was not supported. An evolutionary perspective, rather than an alternative analysis emphasizing the different inferences men and women draw from sex and love, provided a satisfactory explanation of the sexual asymmetries in the cues to jealousy.
Progress towards narrowing health disparities: first steps in sorting out infant mortality trend improvements among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) in the Pacific Northwest, 1984-1997.

Background Most AI/AN infant mortality rates (IMRs) remain higher than white rates. The Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board (NPAIHB), serving 43 tribes, CDC and the Washington, Oregon, and Idaho health departments investigated AI/AN infant survival. Methods NPAIHB completed linking computerized birth certificate and birth-death files. We used death and birth cohorts, StatXact and SAS to compare 3-state resident, single and multi-year IMRs, basing infant race on mother’s race, regardless of Hispanic origin. We used CDC’s National Infant Mortality Surveillance ICD-9 categories for cause-specific rates. Results From 1984 to 1997, about 2100–2800 AI/AN births occurred annually. From 1984 to 1990, AI/AN IMRs were 1.8–2.4 fold higher than white rates. Then aggregate-year IMRs significantly declined from 16.3 in 1984–1987 to 6.7 in 1994–1997 (P < 0.0001), approaching the 5.6 1994–1997 white rate. In 1998 the AI/AN IMR rate increased to 10.3. AI/AN SIDS and respiratory distress syndrome rates decreased significantly, respectively, from 8.1 in between 1984–1987 to 2.3 in 1994–1996 and from 1.8 in 1984–1987 to 0.3 in 1991–1993, then leveled off. Significant rate declines occurred among most demographic, risk behavior, birthweight, gestational-age, reproductive risk, birth spacing, and labor/delivery sub-groups. Among others, AI/AN residents in Idaho as well as those who received no prenatal care and who had 0–5 month birth spacing experienced no improvements. Conclusions These uncommon rate declines imply multi-factorial improvements among Northwest AI/ANs. Community-level surveillance and interventions before conception through post-partum may further improve health. Collaborative efforts need to be maintained to continue to monitor changes in AI/AN infant health and maternal characteristics.
The Photoluminescence of Flames

Effect of light on the intensity of the flame spectra of Li, Na, Ca, and Sr.---The salted flame of an air-hydrogen blast lamp was illuminated with the full light from a tungsten lamp, a carbon arc, a mercury arc and an iron spark, and the intensity of the bands or lines emitted, as determined by a photometric balance method in connection with a spectrometer, was found to be increased in all cases. The iron spark was most effective, the increases being over 10 per cent for Ca and Sr. Not only the ultra-violet beyond.3\ensuremath{\mu} is effective but also light above.43\ensuremath{\mu}. Red or yellow light of the wave-length absorbed by the flame, however, had a quenching effect, reducing the intensity 2 or 3 per cent and decreasing the effect of the spark alone by half. No change in the distribution of intensity in the spectra seems to be produced, all bands being equally affected. That true luminescence is produced is shown by the fact that the intensity is the same in all directions.
Tomographic image via background subtraction using an x-ray projection image and a priori computed tomography

Kilovoltage x-ray projection images (kV images for brevity) are increasingly available in image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for patient positioning. These images are two-dimensional (2D) projections of a three-dimensional (3D) object along the x-ray beam direction. Projecting a 3D object onto a plane may lead to ambiguities in the identification of anatomical structures and to poor contrast in kV images. Therefore, the use of kV images in IGRT is mainly limited to bony landmark alignments. This work proposes a novel subtraction technique that isolates a slice of interest (SOI) from a kV image with the assistance of a priori information from a previous CT scan. The method separates structural information within a preselected SOI by suppressing contributions to the unprocessed projection from out-of-SOI-plane structures. Up to a five-fold increase in the contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) was observed in selected regions of the isolated SOI, when compared to the original unprocessed kV image. The tomographic image via background subtraction (TIBS) technique aims to provide a quick snapshot of the slice of interest with greatly enhanced image contrast over conventional kV x-ray projections for fast and accurate image guidance of radiation therapy. With further refinements, TIBS could, in principle, provide real-time tumor localization usingmore » gantry-mounted x-ray imaging systems without the need for implanted markers.« less
Longitudinal ECG changes in cocaine users during extended abstinence

Background Cocaine lengthens electrocardiographic QTc, QRS and PR intervals through blockade of sodium and potassium channels, but changes during withdrawal have not been well studied.
English and American Culture Appeal in Russian Advertising

The article proposes that Russian advertising discourse offers prospective for examining the changes in Russian language and culture in the context of globalization. It focuses on the use of English in Russian advertising with an analysis of code-mixed samples drawn from recent print, Internet and TV advertisements. Strong evidence emerges that the main source of creativity in Russian advertisements is the mixing of English and Russian. English–Russian language mix is presented in abundance on the levels of words, sentences and phrases in the structural components of Russian advertisements. The proportion of English in advertisements is in alignment with gender and modernity. Nativization and assimilation of English also manifests itself in using Cyrillic script for language transfer. The English usage in the advertisements can be explained by utilitarian reasons, as the brand names and logo in English are promoted all over the world, and by social reasons, as English is a sign of high-quality products, n...
Precipitating Factors, Prognosis, and Demography of Cerebrovascular Disease in an Indiana Community: A Review of All Patients Hospitalized from 1963 to 1965 With Neurologica Examination of Survivors

As an initial step in studying the characteristics of cerebrovascular disease in a geographically limited segment of population, the hospital records of 285 patients coded as "CNS vascular" in the Elkhart General Hospital (Indiana) were reviewed for the years 1963, 1964 and 1965 by a team of neurology residents, under the supervision of the author. Information from examination of almost half the group by a team of neurologists and data from relatives, family physicians, hospital records and death certificates concerning the remainder led to the conclusion that the original diagnosis of "CNS vascular" could not be substantiated in 25 patients (9%), was cerebral infarction in 125 (53%), cerebral hemorrhage in 40 patients (14%), subarachnoid hemorrhage in 21 patients (7%), generalized atherosclerosis in 24 patients (8%), and transient focal cerebral ischemic attacks in 25 patients (9%). Disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, myocardial infarction, auricular fibrillation and genitourinary disease were significantly more frequent in patients with cerebral infarction than in a group of similar age and sex patients collected from the same hospital in an attempt to form a "contrast group." However, hypertension was the only disorder significantly more often associated with cerebral hemorrhage. Cigarette consumption was increased at a highly significant level in the males who had infarction and the prognosis was, in general, unfavorably affected by older age, further cerebrovascular events, and abnormal electrocardiograms. Eighty-three percent of the patients with cerebral hemorrhage died during initial hospitalization.