cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current legal approaches to international terrorism

Abstract Most difficulties in achieving international cooperation to suppress “terrorism” reflect failures to take account of the way authority is distributed in the international legal order. Attempts to narrow or abolish the “political offense,” exception to extradition treaties, are seen as either futile or self‐defeating for both political and legal reasons. Five other approaches are analyzed and promise is seen in three of them. The fourth, resting on the extension of national jurisdiction in disregard of the limits inherent in the international legal order, is seen as the one most attractive to the United States, Germany, and Iran, but the one most likely to lead to unmanageable political complications. The fifth, relating to an “international criminal court,” is seen as most attractive to lawyers who would like to rule the world, but is inconsistent with both law and reality. A plea is made to statesmen and lawyers to examine the other three more closely.
Global analysis of gene-level microRNA expression in Arabidopsis using deep sequencing data

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in eukaryotes. Exclusive focus on mature miRNA in most expression profiling efforts has prevented effective measurement of the expression of individual miRNA (MIR) genes. Using three sequenced small RNA libraries, we adapted miRDeep, which employs a probabilistic model of miRNA biogenesis, to analyze the miRNA transcriptome in Arabidopsis. We determined that less than 40% annotated MIR genes are expressed in shoot, root or inflorescence. We found that within paralogous families the expression pattern of individual genes correlates with the phylogenetic distance. Combining novel candidates identified in this study, we deduced the maximal number of expressed MIR genes. We further estimated the sequencing depth necessary to reach a near-saturated detection rate by curve fitting simulation. These results demonstrate that signature distribution of small RNA reads along the miRNA precursor is an effective model to profile MIR gene expression in Arabidopsis.
Proposed Fraunhofer-wavelength atomic filter at 534.9 nm

A new atomic filter is proposed. It operates at 534.9 nm. The new filter offers two important advantages for open-channel laser communications. First, its wavelength matches the output of the frequency-doubled Nd:BEL laser. Second, the filter overlays a solar Fraunhofer line, thereby offering intrinsic sunlight suppression. Ultranarrow-band optical filtering takes place within the singlet manifold of neutral-calcium vapor. Excellent filter properties are deduced from spectroscopic examination of the atomic system. A novel feature of the new filter is the potential for greater-than-unity internal photon conversion.
The Messenger Spacecraft Solar Array Design and Early Mission Performance

The MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging) spacecraft was launched in 2004 and will be inserted into Mercury orbit in March 2011 for one year of orbital operation. The large solar distance variations from 1 AU near Earth to 0.3 AU near Mercury impose severe requirements on the solar array design. The solar cell strings were placed between Optical Solar Reflector (OSR) mirrors with a cell to OSR ratio of 1:2 to reduce the panel absorbance. Thermal control is performed by tilting the panels away from normal incidence with increased solar intensity. To minimize the development cost and risk to the program schedule, the approach taken was to avoid the development of new materials and processes but rather to extend the use of existing proven materials and processes. Extensive cell characterization and panel testing were performed successfully to demonstrate meeting the worst-case predicted environments during the mission.
Color test for detection of 1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile (PCC) in illicit phencyclidine.

(1981). Color Test for Detection of 1 -Piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile (PCC) in Illicit Phencyclidine. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 737-742.
Automated graphic assessment of respiratory activity is superior to pulse oximetry and visual assessment for the detection of early respiratory depression during therapeutic upper endoscopy

Abstract Background: Recommendations from the American Society of Anesthesiologists suggest that monitoring for apnea using the detection of exhaled carbon dioxide (capnography) is a useful adjunct in the assessment of ventilatory status of patients undergoing sedation and analgesia. There are no data on the utility of capnography in GI endoscopy, nor is the frequency of abnormal ventilatory activity during endoscopy known. The aims of this study were to determine the following: (1) the frequency of abnormal ventilatory activity during therapeutic upper endoscopy, (2) the sensitivity of observation and pulse oximetry in the detection of apnea or disordered respiration, and (3) whether capnography provides an improvement over accepted monitoring techniques. Methods: Forty-nine patients undergoing therapeutic upper endoscopy were monitored with standard methods including pulse oximetry, automated blood pressure measurement, and visual assessment. In addition, graphic assessment of respiratory activity with sidestream capnography was performed in all patients. Endoscopy personnel were blinded to capnography data. Episodes of apnea or disordered respiration detected by capnography were documented and compared with the occurrence of hypoxemia, hypercapnea, hypotension, and the recognition of abnormal respiratory activity by endoscopy personnel. Results: Comparison of simultaneous respiratory rate measurements obtained by capnography and by auscultation with a pretracheal stethoscope verified that capnography was an excellent indicator of respiratory rate when compared with the reference standard (auscultation) ( r = 0.967, p p Conclusions: Apnea/disordered respiration occurs commonly during therapeutic upper endoscopy and frequently precedes the development of hypoxemia. Potentially important abnormalities in respiratory activity are undetected with pulse oximetry and visual assessment. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:826-31.)
Atomic Structure of Au Nanoparticles on a Silica Support by an X-ray PDF Study

We investigated the atomic structure of gold nanoparticles with an average size of ∼5 nm in diameter, supported by silica. We used high-energy X-ray diffraction and the atomic pair distribution function (PDF) to probe the local atomic structure. Measurements were performed from 25 to 950 °C. The structure is approximately fcc in average but exhibits small distortions. The structural distortion increases with the temperature and could be related to the catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles. Above 425 °C, rapid particle growth and coalescence were observed.
Investigation of Temperature Driven Gas Flows in 4 nm Channels for Applications of Micro-Scale Compressors at Above Atmospheric Pressure

Based on the rarefied flow phenomenon of thermal creep (or thermal transpiration), the Knudsen Compressor is an unconventional micro/meso-scale compressor or pump. Optimization studies have shown that a Knudsen Compressor operates most efficiently when its membrane’s flow channels are at the transitional flow regime, between continuum and molecular flows; simultaneously it provides a desired mass flow and pressure ratio. At higher pressures (> 1 atm), to maintain membrane channel Knudsen numbers in the transitional regime (Kn ∼ 1), the corresponding membrane channel size needs to be less than about 50 nm. More specifically, at 10 atm, the membrane channel size should be as small as 5 nm to provide the most efficient Knudsen Compressor operation. Prior to this work, there has been no documented experimental investigation of thermal creep measurements through channels less than 5 nm. Phenomena that could be associated with such flows are briefly discussed, and possible selection criteria for thermal creep membranes are included in this study. Apparatus design is discussed. Experimental results are provided for thermal creep flows, within a single stage Knudsen Compressor with 4 nm diameter membrane channels. The maximum pressure increases across the Knudsen Compressor’s thermal creep membrane were measured, over a range of operating pressures from 1 atm to 1.1 atm with Helium or Argon as the working gas. Results showed apparent thermal creep effects across the porous glass membrane, and possibly significant force field effects within the nano-scale channels.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Precision Nova operations

To improve the symmetry of x-ray drive on indirectly driven ICF capsules, we have increased the accuracy of operating procedures and diagnostics on the Nova laser. Precision Nova operations includes routine precision power balance to within 10% rms in the ``foot`` and 5% nns in the peak of shaped pulses, beam synchronization to within 10 ps rms, and pointing of the beams onto targets to within 35 {mu}m rms. We have also added a ``fail-safe chirp`` system to avoid Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) in optical components during high energy shots.
ENERGY COSTS, THE TRANSPORT NETWORK, AND URBAN FORM

The paper examines, through comparative statics, the impact on urban form of changes in the price of energy used for transportation. Two specific models are analyzed within a framework of long-run equilibrium: Model 1 involves households that supply an institutionally fixed number of labor hours, and their choice of residential location is affected by energy costs as the only out-of-pocket transportation cost for the journey to work; and model 2 deals with households that trade off travel time for work time and thus incur a time cost equal to the forgone income from production.The paper shows that in model 1 higher gasoline prices do result in less aggregate demand for gasoline and in less suburbanization of the residential activity. In model 2 higher energy prices do not necessarily result in either less suburbanization or less aggregate demand for gasoline.
All That Glitters Is Not Au0

Despite its famed reluctance to react with molecules such as dioxygen, gold has recently been shown to be an excellent catalyst for many chemical reactions. The catalyst generally consists of gold nanoparticles dispersed on an oxide support. In his Perspective, Davis highlights the report by Fu et al., who show that when the gold nanoparticles are removed, leaving only ionic gold atoms on the surface, their catalyst works just as well as with the nanoparticles. The role of ionic metal species in catalysis may extend beyond gold, providing new routes toward highly active catalysts.
Yeast mating for combinatorial Fab library generation and surface display

Yeast display of antibody fragments has proven to be an efficient and productive means for directed evolution of single chain Fv antibodies for increased affinity and thermal stability, and more recently for the display and screening of a non-immune library. In this paper, we describe an elegant and simple method for constructing large combinatorial Fab libraries for display on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, from modestly sized, and easily constructed, heavy and light chain libraries. To this end, we have constructed a set of yeast strains and a two vector system for heavy chain and light chain surface display of Fab fragments with free native amino termini. Through yeast mating of the haploid libraries, a very large heterodimeric immune Fab library was displayed on the diploids and high affinity antigen specific Fabs were isolated from the library.
Use of placebo control groups in evaluating efficacy of treatment of unipolar major depression.

Double-blind, random-assignment placebo-controlled trials are routinely used in evaluating efficacy of potential antidepressant agents. In recent years concern has risen that placebo response rates in unipolar depression are too high, and this has eroded confidence in both old and new agents. At the same time, the use of placebos has been questioned by patients and their advocates. We review factors that have been commonly explored as associated with placebo response (e.g., length of episode, severity, subtype), as well as issues in methodology (e.g., interrater reliability, statistical artifacts). We discuss possible methods of dealing with the problem of placebo response, emphasizing reconceptualizing effect sizes to design more powerful single trials and a systematic sequence of trials to achieve the right answers.
Perioperative management of outpatients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

Purpose of reviewImplantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are increasingly being placed in patients worldwide. These patients pose significant perioperative challenges and are at an increased risk of complications; the suitability of ambulatory surgery in this patient population remains contro
Unanswerable questions for everyone: reply to Inan

Millianism is the familiar view that some expressions, such as proper names, contribute only their referent to the semantic content of sentences in which they occur. Inan (Philosophical Studies 2010) has recently argued that the Millian is committed to the following odd conclusion: There may be questions that he is able to grasp but that he cannot answer, either affirmatively, negatively, or with a simple “I don’t know”. The Millian is indeed committed to this conclusion. But we intend to show that Inan’s argument generalizes, so that everyone who accepts certain largely uncontroversial principles is committed to the odd conclusion that there may be questions that are graspable but not answerable.
Propagation of neutron de Broglie waves inside the slot cut in a single Si crystal

It was recently proposed (by Dombeck et al) to search for a Neutron Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) by means of the neutron multiple Bragg back-scattering. The dynamical diffraction analysis of the proposed experiment is the subject of this paper. The neutron wave modes were calculated for the case of the infinitely long slot cut inside of a thick Si crystal parallel to the crystallographic planes and placed in a steady magnetic field. The calculated neutron modes have a discrete spectrum of a momenta along the direction of the slot axis. The external magnetic field causes some particular discrete modes to become degenerate. However, the Schwinger and EDM interactions of neutrons with the slot walls break this degeneracy, which in turn leads to the complicated motion of the neutron polarization vector along the slot axis. The spin deviation from the starting direction is accumulated during neutron motion in slot. The energy spectrum of neutrons transmitted through the slot contains several peaks instead of one existing for the case of the ultra back-scattering regime.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
O17. A novel marker for endodermal progenitor cells in tissue repair and transformation

Analysis of tissue renewal and regeneration depends critically on the availability of markers for prospective isolation of stem and progenitor cells. Using the monoclonal antibody GCTM-5, ee have identified a novel cell surface marker whose expression appears to be restricted to human tissues of endodermal origin. This large glycoconjugate is found on putative progenitor cells in the liver and the pancreas. The cells that express this marker in these tissues increase in numbers during tissue regeneration and repair, and in neoplastic transformation. In intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus, GCTM-5 marks cells that appear to be progenitors in the development of metaplasia. The pattern of GCTM-5 reactivity in this condition is consistent with a role for submucosal gland ducts as the origin of the metaplastic process. This marker will be useful in studies of embryonic stem cell differentiation and renewal, repair, and regeneration in tissues of endodermal origin.
Topics in time-frequency representations

We discuss some issues relevant to time-frequency analysis. Among them are, time-frequency spatial/spatial-frequency representations, generalized marginals and generalized characteristic functions. We derive representations that jointly involve the four variables, time, frequency, space, and spatial frequency. We apply these representations to wave packet motion. For the study on generalized marginals we show that there is an inherent difference between the standard methods of transforming variables and in time- frequency analysis. We use the method of generalized characteristic function operator method to generalize Taylor's theorem.
Architecture and optical system design for translucent smart pixel array (TRANSPAR) chips

We present the architecture and optical design for a smart pixel optoelectronic system that performs very high throughput networking and three-dimensional single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) parallel signal processing. The smart pixel chip in the system is called a TRANslucent Smart Pixel Array (TRANSPAR), and it contains a 2-D array of fine-grain processing elements with additional functionality for performing carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMAJCD) networking. This chip is currently being fabricated by Lucent through the DARPA/GMU/CO-OP foundry program in 0.5 micron CMOS with flip-chip bonded multiple quantum well (MQW) optical modulators and detectors (II.
Brain and Vascular Imaging of Acute Stroke

Contemporary imaging technologies permit the rapid and accurate assessment of the acute stroke patient. These studies form the underpinning of all therapeutic approaches. Although unenhanced computed tomography remains the principal diagnostic examination to exclude hemorrhagic stroke, multimodal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can be use to assess cerebral perfusion and may reveal the ischemic penumbra, thus leading to better patient selection for intravenous or intra-arterial reperfusion strategies.
Comparative Test Research on Different Type Energy-Saving Pumping Unit

Beam pumping unit is the uppermost artificial lifting equipment in the oilfield exploitation. In order to reduce its energy consumption and to cut down the oil production costs, many manufacturers have developed a lot of types of the energy-saving pumping unit. With different energy-saving principle, the energy-saving effects are quite different. It is becoming very important how to justly and reasonably evaluate the energy-saving effect of a pumping unit. Hydrodynamic simulated experiment well is used to compare the energy-saving effects of four types of pumping units. In the process of the experiments, water is taken as the medium, offset pumping unit is as the reference body, system efficiency and electricity-saving ratio is as the evaluating goal and all the experiments are executed at the same condition. The relative curves of the lifting height with the system efficiency and the electricity-saving ratio are drawn for the four types of the pumping units. Testing results indicate that the double horse-head pumping unit has the best effect, and then the compound-balanced pumping unit with downward beam balance weight. According to the comparative results, it is put forward the pumping unit selecting suggestions.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Characterization of precipitates in CdTe and Cd(1-x)Zn(x)Te grown by vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger technique

Different polishing solutions were tested for exposing precipitates in CdTe and Cd(0.96)Zn(0.04) single crystals grown by vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger technique. A solution of 5-7% Br2 in methanol and E-solution were both effective. High resolution scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) was employed to characterize those exposed precipitates. Most of the polyhedral-shaped Te precipitates with a size range from 3 to 20 microns had voids inside. Partially dissolved Te precipitates were observed in CdTe samples that had been annealed in Cd vapor at 700 C for 10 min. Isolated areas mis-oriented from the matrix were observed in CdTe and Cd(0.96)Zn(0.04)Te that had been annealed in Cd vapor at 700 C for 20 and 50 h, respectively. Te precipitate images were recorded with EDS. By SEM/EDS, Cd-rich precipitates were observed in some Cd-annealed CdTe. C and Na impurities were detected in some Te precipitates.
Growth exponents with 3.99 walkers.

It is argued that the dielectric-breakdown model has an upper critical {eta}{sub c} equal to 4, for which the clusters become one dimensional. A renormalization group treatment of the model is presented near the critical {eta}.
Statistical models for numbers of implantation sites and embryonic deaths in mice.

Abstract The number of implantation sites and early and late embryonic deaths were recorded for 2131 Charles River mice. Several probability distributions were tried as models to describe the data. The negative binomial distribution was found to be an excellent model for embryonic deaths. None of the models fits the implantation site data precisely, but the normal distribution was found adequate.
MAXIMIZATION OF DAILY CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS : EFFECTS OF HERBIVORY ON OPTIMAL NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION

Abstract Recent models have shown that higher leaf nitrogen concentration per unit area maximizes nitrogen use efficiency with increasing light intensity. As a result, total canopy photosynthesis is maximized when nitrogen concentrations are higher towards the top of a canopy. Expanding upon this previous work, a model of daily canopy photosynthesis was constructed based on distributions of light, leaf nitrogen, and folivory. The model indicates that the optimal distribution of nitrogen depends significantly upon both the severity and location of folivory. Relative to nitrogen distributions that maximized daily canopy photosynthesis without herbivory, the optimal nitrogen distribution shifted towards either more uniform or skewed distributions when herbivores fed on high nitrogen foliage at the top of the canopy or on low nitrogen foliage towards the bottom of the canopy, respectively. These results suggest that, because foliar losses are balanced by increased irradiance of remaining leaves, plants' nitrogen allocation patterns should depend on how severe defoliation is and whether damage is concentrated towards the top or bottom of a canopy. Moreover, the critical importance of nitrogen distribution to photosynthesis implies that plants should not necessarily minimize loss of leaf area to folivores, but should protect the ratio of total nitrogen to leaf area and the distribution of nitrogen within the canopy. As a corollary to the nutrient stress hypothesis of plant defense theory, the model suggests that plants may need to translocate nutrients to maintain an optimal distribution in the canopy following herbivory. The model reinforces the point that leaf area loss alone is a poor indicator of loss of photosynthetic capacity when nitrogen is non-uniformly distributed among leaves. To accurately assess damage to a plant, one must consider not only what resources have been removed, but what resources remain.
Along-track gravity anomalies from Geostat and Seasat altimetry: GEBCO overlays

To provide easy access to the large number of Seastat and Geosat altimeter observations collected over the last decade, we have plotted these satellite altimeter profiles as overlays to the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). Each of the 32 overlays displays along-track gravity anomalies for either ascending (southeast to northwest) or descending (northeast to southwest) altimeter passes. Where Seasat and Geosat profiles coincide, only the more accurate Geosat profiles were plotted. In poorly charted southern ocean areas, satellite altimeter profiles reveal many previously undetected features of the seafloor.
Study of after cavity interaction in a high efficiency 1.5 MW, 110 GHz gyrotron

This paper investigates an experimental study on a high-efficiency, 1.5-MW, 110-GHz gyrotron with a single-stage depressed collector. The experimental results along with the MAGY simulations strongly demonstrate the importance of minimizing the after cavity interaction (ACI) effects in the design of a higher-efficiency, MW-class, high-frequency gyrotron with a depressed collector.
A universal origin for secondary relaxations in supercooled liquids and structural glasses.

In a glassy system, a distribution of relaxation times indicates a system that continues to rearrange itself. Besides the main relaxations involved in the glass transition, there are faster dynamics associated with secondary relaxations, which are predicted to reconfigure structures that are stringy rather than tightly clustered.
Inhibition of growth and squamous‐cell differentiation markers in cultured human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells by β‐all‐trans retinoic acid

Vitamin A and some of its metabolites such as beta-all-trans retinoic acid (RA) have been implicated in the regulation of differentiation of normal and malignant epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro. In the present study the effects of RA on the growth and differentiation of 7 cell lines derived from human head and neck squamous-cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) were examined. RA (greater than 0.01 microM) inhibited the proliferation in monolayer culture of 6 of 7 HNSCC cell lines. One cell line (UMSCC-35) was very sensitive, 5 (UMSCC-10A, -19, -30, -22B and HNSCC 1483) were moderately sensitive, and 1 (HNSCC 183) was insensitive. Three of the cell lines (UMSCC-22B, -30, and HNSCC 1483) were capable of forming colonies in semisolid medium--a capability that was suppressed by RA. The HNSCC cell lines expressed various levels of the squamous-cell differentiation markers type I (particulate, epidermal) transglutaminase (TGase) and cholesterol sulfate (CS). RA treatment (I microM, 6 days) decreased TGase activity by more than 50% in 3 (UMSCC-10A, -22B and 1483) of the 7 cell lines, and the effect on UMSCC-22B was dose-dependent. Type II TGase (soluble, tissue type) activity was detected in 3 cell lines, and after RA treatment its activity increased in HNSCC 1483 and 183 cells and decreased in UMSCC-19. Following RA treatment, CS levels decreased by 20, 25, 70, 76, 89 and 91% in cell lines UMSCC-30, -10A, 183, UMSCC-35, -22B, and HNSCC 1483, respectively. The suppression by RA of CS accumulation in the 1483 cells was dose-dependent. Cholesterol sulfotransferase activity, which is responsible for CS synthesis, was suppressed by 40-97% after RA treatment of UMSCC-19, -22B, and HNSCC 1483. Our results demonstrate that RA inhibits the growth and decreases the level of 2 squamous differentiation markers in HNSCC cells.
Extensive Diversity of Prion Strains Is Defined by Differential Chaperone Interactions and Distinct Amyloidogenic Regions

Amyloidogenic proteins associated with a variety of unrelated diseases are typically capable of forming several distinct self-templating conformers. In prion diseases, these different structures, called prion strains (or variants), confer dramatic variation in disease pathology and transmission. Aggregate stability has been found to be a key determinant of the diverse pathological consequences of different prion strains. Yet, it remains largely unclear what other factors might account for the widespread phenotypic variation seen with aggregation-prone proteins. Here, we examined a set of yeast prion variants of the [RNQ+] prion that differ in their ability to induce the formation of another yeast prion called [PSI+]. Remarkably, we found that the [RNQ+] variants require different, non-contiguous regions of the Rnq1 protein for both prion propagation and [PSI+] induction. This included regions outside of the canonical prion-forming domain of Rnq1. Remarkably, such differences did not result in variation in aggregate stability. Our analysis also revealed a striking difference in the ability of these [RNQ+] variants to interact with the chaperone Sis1. Thus, our work shows that the differential influence of various amyloidogenic regions and interactions with host cofactors are critical determinants of the phenotypic consequences of distinct aggregate structures. This helps reveal the complex interdependent factors that influence how a particular amyloid structure may dictate disease pathology and progression.
Professions and Professional Ideologies in America

In a time when the professions are attracting new scrutiny, these four essays offer new insights into the process of professionalization in American society. The unifying theme is a scepticism concerning existing models of this process, and the authors insist that professional ideologies not be dismissed as mere verbal smoke screens designed to disguise self-interest. The professions need fresh scholarly attention to forge strong links between social and intellectual history.Originally published in 1983.A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
STRATEGIES FOR SERVING PEAK ELEVATOR TRAFFIC

Abstract —Suppose that in an office building of moderate height (5 to 20 floors) elevator traffic during peak periods is predominantly between a lobby floor and various upper floors. We compare the waiting plus riding time and the average number of passengers carried per trip for various strategies. In particular, if two (or more) elevators serve the same group of floors (a common strategy), the waiting plus riding time would typically be (slightly) less if one split the group into two parts and had each elevator serve separate parts of this group. The latter strategy would have considerably fewer passengers per trip. It may also be advantageous to have a single elevator serve different floors on successive trips. Seldom would it be advantageous for an elevator to serve more than 2 or 3 floors on any trip. If elevator systems used more efficient strategies during peak periods, buildings would not need as many elevators.
Letter by Khan and Moukarbel Regarding Article, “Risk for Myocardial Infarction and Stroke After Community-Acquired Bacteremia: A 20-Year Population-Based Cohort Study”

We read with interest the article by Dalager-Pedersen and colleagues1 on the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in community-acquired bacteremia. In this population-based cohort study, the authors found higher incident events of myocardial infarction and stroke within a year of admission for community-acquired bacteremia …
Dissolved phosphorus concentrations in a natural salt-marsh of Delaware

Dissolved phosphorus concentrations, salinity, pH, and related physical parameters were used to evaluate the variations in a natural salt-marsh. Diel, tidal, lunar, and seasonal variations in phosphorus concentrations were evaluated for a three year period in a natural marsh, situated along the southwestern coast of the Delaware Estuary. Seasonal concentrations of dissolved phosphorus reached a maximum during the summer months (150 μg at .l-1) and a minimum during the winter months (10 μg at .l-1). An equation representing the relationship of the measured parameters to the dissolved phosphorus concentrations is presented. Several mechanisms are postulated to explain the seasonal fluctuations in the phosphorus concentrations.
Energetic charged particle yields induced by pions on complex nuclei

The spectra of protons ($60l{E}_{p}l200$ MeV) and deuterons ($80 \mathrm{MeV}l{E}_{d}$) produced by 100- and 220-MeV ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ on Al, Ni, and Ta targets were measured. The shapes of proton spectra are similar for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, with absolute yields in \ensuremath{\sim}3:1 ratio; the yields vary as $\ensuremath{\sim}{A}^{\frac{2}{3}}$. The exception is the forward-angle yield at 100 MeV where the proton spectra with ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ are different in shape from ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, the yield \ensuremath{\sim}5 times as high, and the target dependence is $\ensuremath{\sim}{A}^{\frac{1}{3}}$. This pattern is not readily understood at the present time.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{62}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$, (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}},p$), and (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}},d$). ${E}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=100, 220$ MeV, $\ensuremath{\theta}=45, 94\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$; measured $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}\mathrm{dE}}$ for $50l{E}_{p}l200$ MeV and $80l{E}_{d}l200$ MeV.
Possible function of ecdysteroid-22-O-acyltransferase in the larval gut of tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens

In the larval gut of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens, most ingested ecdysteroids are transformed to ecdysteroid-22-acyl esters by a novel enzyme, ecdysteroid-22-O-acyltransferase. This conversion is different from the normal metabolic pathway in which the compounds are usually transformed to more water-soluble products. Most ecdysteroid-22-O-acyltransferase activity was found in the midgut epithelial-cell membrane and was active only during feeding stages. The activity decreased as the larvae became committed to pupation, and it was not enhanced by feeding ecdysteroids to the fifth-instar larvae. Our preliminary results showed that the esterification was very specific to 22-OH in ecdysteroids. We suggest that detoxification is the major function of ecdysteroid-22-O-acyltransferase.
Cavitation in Large Scale Shear Flows

Cavitation phenomena were studied in the shear layer behind a two-dimensional sharp-edged plate. Observations were made under stroboscopic light and by flash photography. The first traces of cavitation appear as a series of narrow long axial "strings" suggesting that the major contributor to cavitation inception is the longitudinal (axial) secondary shear layer eddy structure. In a more developed state the cavitation takes the form of a spanwise large eddy structure but the axial "strings" are still evident. The local cavitation inception indices based on the local velocity and pressure scatter between 1.0 and 1.4 when the water is saturated with dissolved air and vary between 0.8 and 1.2 when the air content is reduced to about 30 percent of saturation. These results are in good agreement with a collection of other measurements behind sharp-edged disks that display a consistent increase of the inception index with the Reynolds number.
The First-Cycle Electrochemical Lithiation of Crystalline Ge: Dopant and Orientation Dependence and Comparison with Si

We use first principles Density Functional Theory (DFT), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and Raman spectroscopy to investigate the first-cycle electrochemical lithiation of Ge in comparison with Si – both high-capacity anode materials for Li ion batteries. DFT shows a significant difference in the dilute solubility of Li in Si and Ge, despite similarities in their chemical and physical properties. We attribute this difference to electronic, as opposed to elastic, effects. CV and Raman data reveal little dopant dependence in the lithiation onset voltages in Ge, unlike in Si, due to a smaller energy difference between dilute Li insertion in p-type Ge and bulk germanide formation than the corresponding difference in Si. Finally, we show that there is no orientation dependence in lithiation onset voltages in Ge. We conclude that approaches other than microstructuring are needed to fabricate effective electrodes able to take advantage of the higher rate capability of Ge compared to that of Si.
The electronic structure of square-planar nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes

Abstract The polarized single crystal spectra of Ni(DACO) 2 (ClO 4 ) 2 2H 2 O and Cu(DACO)2· 2H 2 O indicate that the d orbital energy level order is d x 2 -y 2 >d xy >d xz , d yz >d z 2 in both cases. The simple vibronic selection rules for D 4h symmetry apply quite well and simple ligand field calculations fit the observed spectra reasonably well. The crystal structure of Ni(DACO) 2 (ClO 4 ) 2 ·2H 2 O has been determined. It crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with a = 8.586(6), b = 9.324(2), c = 16.863(4)A, α = 156.34(2)°, β = 86.80(2)°, γ = 92.86°; V = 540.95A 3 one formula unit per unit cell. The structure was solved and refined by conventional techniques, based on 525 reflections measured with a scintillation counter (Mo Kα radiation); the final R value was 0.087. The coordination of the nickel is strictly planar and square within experimental error. The x axis positions are effectively blocked with no coordination in that direction. Thus the metal is effectively exactly D 4h square planar
Design Study for a Mars Geyser Hopper

The Mars Geyser Hopper is a design reference missions (DRMs) for a Discovery-class spacecraft using Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG) power source. The Geyser Hopper is a mission concept that will investigate the springtime carbon-dioxide geysers found in regions around the south pole of Mars. The Geyser Hopper design uses Phoenix heritage systems and approach, but uses a single ASRG as the power source, rather than twin solar arrays, and is designed to last over a one-year stay on the South Pole. The spacecraft will land at a target landing area near the south pole of Mars, and have the ability to "hop" after a summertime landing to reposition itself close to a geyser site, and wait through the winter until the first sunlight of spring to witness first-hand the geyser phenomenon.
Political Eschatology: A Theology of Antigovernment Extremism

This article explores apocalyptic theology in four American extremist religions: Christian Identity; Nordic Christianity and Odinism; violent, “freewheeling” fundamentalism; and Creatorism. It is argued that violent eschatology interacts with criminology in the sense that politicized religions produce criminal behavior and, at times, terrorism. A brief history of the relationship between religion and racist violence is presented as well as an analysis of the social factors that produce political eschatology. The article concludes with an examination of religious terrorism and technological weapons. Mass destruction is the greatest threat of religiously motivated terrorism.
The isolation and preliminary characterization of a halophilic photosynthetic bacterium.

The isolation of a photosynthetic bacterium which is apparently an obligate halophile is reported. The organism (strain SL-1) grows in a medium with either thiosulfate of sulfide and bicarbonate containing 22% NaCl but not in one containing 4% NaCl. The morphology is abnormal in media with 8% NaCl. Strain SL-1 is an obligate anaerobe. The major carotenoid pigment is spirilloxanthin. The spectrum of the chlorophyllous pigment is very similar to that of bacteriochlorophyll; however, its identity with bacteriochlorophyll has not been demonstrated. Strain SL-1 is a spirillum. Cells possess a single, polar, sheathed flagellum. The ultrastructure of the cells is depicted.
Photothermal mediated transformation of carbon nanoparticles

Irradiating carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) with near-infrared laser beam leads to generation of heat, therefore it has potential to be used in many applications including the destruction of cancer cells. Though pulsed laser beams have been used earlier to transform shapes of metallic and semiconductor nanoparticles, changing shape of CNPs required intense electron beam irradiation. In this paper, we report significant size reduction of CNPs under continuous-wave (cw) near-infrared (NIR) laser beam micro-irradiation which was attributed to melting and vaporization or fragmentation of the carbon nanoparticles. Further, we show that the spherical shape of the CNPs can be transformed into ellipsoidal, by exposure to cw NIR laser microbeam irradiation for a few seconds. In-situ measurements using atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveal the shape and size changes of the CNPs upon laser micro-irradiation. Most importantly, cw NIR laser microbeam irradiation led to ultra-structural phase transformation of CNPs as detected via Raman spectroscopic imaging. While the graphitic CNPs could be changed to diamond-like carbon (DLC), no phase change in DLC nanoparticles was observed. These transformations did not require presence of any special chemical (catalyst, functionalization) or physical (pressure, temperature) arrangement. In-situ control of CNP-size, shape and ultra-structural properties opens new possibilities in multiple nanotechnology adventures.
Is Obama the Anti-Christ? Racial Priming, Extreme Criticisms of Barack Obama, and Attitudes Toward the 2008 US Presidential Candidates

This study investigated the impact of subtle racial priming on the persuasive impact of criticisms of Barack Obama in the month prior to the 2008 presidential election. To prime Black or White race, participants wrote a paragraph about a student with a typical Black or White name. They then read editorials that accused Obama of being unpatriotic or being the Anti-Christ, or that listed his positions on major issues. Participants responded to both criticisms with diminished preferences for and more negative beliefs about Obama, but only when African-American race was primed. Interestingly, the Anti-Christ criticism increased preferences and positive beliefs about Obama in the absence of racial priming, suggesting this criticism may have lacked credibility under neutral conditions.
Modulated-Mueller-matrix photopolarimetry (MMMP): a technique for the study of elastic light scattering by depolarizing temporally modulated media and surfaces.

All 32 elements of the quiescent and modulation components M and ΔM of the Mueller matrix M that describes the elastic scattering of light from a depolarizing sample subjected to time-harmonic modulation of frequency Ω can be simultaneously retrieved from the spectrally separated baseband and modulated-carrier components of a single detected signal by using a photopolarimeter whose polarizing and analyzing optics are modulated at lower frequencies ωk ≪ Ω. Some of the prospective applications of this powerful technique of modulated-Mueller-matrix photopolarimetry (MMMP) are indicated.
The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Robbed: Inequality in U.S. Criminal Victimization, 1974-2000

This paper investigates inequality in criminal victimization in the United States over the past quarter century. By analyzing data from the National Crime Victimization Survey, it shows that the crime drop since the early 1970s has benefited upper-income households much more than the poor, so that criminal victimization has become more concentrated among the poor (particularly in the area of nonstranger violence). The paper then decomposes this trend statistically in order to investigate factors that may explain it. That analysis finds that demographic changes in each quintile explain a significant share of the growing concentration of criminal victimization among the poor.
Free-surface turbulent wake behind towed ship models: experimental measurements, stability analyses and direct numerical simulations

We combine experimental, theoretical and numerical efforts to investigate the turbulent wake far behind a surface ship at model scales. Experimental measurements using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) are performed for the wakes of three towed hulls with beam-to-draught ratios b/d = 1, 2, 6. Based on model speed and beam, the Reynolds and Froude numbers are O(103) and O(10−2) respectively. Distinct surface features associated with persistent surface-normal vorticity have been identified, which are characterized by large-scale meandering structures. Both lateral and longitudinal scales of the meandering are quantified, with the former found to increase as b/d decreases and the latter independent of b/d. Based on measurements at multiple horizontal and vertical planes, profiles of the mean flow and fluctuation intensity for each velocity component are obtained. To understand the turbulence transition mechanism, an Orr–Sommerfeld stability analysis (OS) is formulated for the wake flow with free-surface boundary conditions, and solved by using a fourth-order finite-difference scheme. Unstable modes antisymmetric to the wake centre-plane are identified. Consistent with the experimental results, the growth rates of unstable modes increase substantially as b/d decreases, while the dependence of meandering wavelengths on b/d is found to be weak. Finally, we perform direct numerical simulation (DNS) of Navier–Stokes equations for the wake flow. The growth rates of unstable modes agree well with the predictions by OS analysis. Compared with experiments, DNS accurately captures the surface-normal vorticity signatures, the meandering features, as well as statistics of turbulence intensity. We also obtain from DNS a detailed description of enstrophy, turbulence length scales, and vortex structures for the wake flow.
Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation

A principal component decomposition of monthly sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean demonstrates that nearly all of the linear trends during 1950–2010 are found in two leading patterns. The first SST pattern is strongly related to the canonical El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) pattern. The second pattern shares characteristics with the first pattern and its existence solely depends on the presence of linear trends across the tropical Pacific Ocean. The decomposition also uncovers a third pattern, often referred to as ENSO Modoki, but the linear trend is small and dataset dependent over the full 61-year record and is insignificant within each season. ENSO Modoki is also reflected in the equatorial zonal SST gradient between the Nino-4 region, located in the west-central Pacific, and the Nino-3 region in the eastern Pacific. It is only in this zonal SST gradient that a marginally significant trend arises early in the Northern Hemisphere spring (March–May) during El Nino and La Nina and also in the late summer (July–September) during El Nino. Yet these SST trends in the zonal gradient do not unequivocally represent an ENSO Modoki-like dipole because they are exclusively associated with significant positive SST trends in either the eastern or western Pacific, with no corresponding significant negative trends. Insignificant trends in the zonal SST gradient are evident during the boreal wintertime months when ENSO events typically mature. Given the presence of positive SST trends across much of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, using fixed SST anomaly thresholds to define ENSO events likely needs to be reconsidered.