cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aircraft validation of Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer retrievals of HDO / H 2 O

Abstract. The EOS (Earth Observing System) Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) retrieves the atmospheric HDO / H2O ratio in the mid-to-lower troposphere as well as the planetary boundary layer. TES observations of water vapor and the HDO isotopologue have been compared with nearly coincident in situ airborne measurements for direct validation of the TES products. The field measurements were made with a commercially available Picarro L1115-i isotopic water analyzer on aircraft over the Alaskan interior boreal forest during the three summers of 2011 to 2013. TES special observations were utilized in these comparisons. The TES averaging kernels and a priori constraints have been applied to the in situ data, using version 5 (V005) of the TES data. TES calculated errors are compared with the standard deviation (1σ) of scan-to-scan variability to check consistency with the TES observation error. Spatial and temporal variations are assessed from the in situ aircraft measurements. It is found that the standard deviation of scan-to-scan variability of TES δD is ±34.1‰ in the boundary layer and ± 26.5‰ in the free troposphere. This scan-to-scan variability is consistent with the TES estimated error (observation error) of 10–18‰ after accounting for the atmospheric variations along the TES track of ±16‰ in the boundary layer, increasing to ±30‰ in the free troposphere observed by the aircraft in situ measurements. We estimate that TES V005 δD is biased high by an amount that decreases with pressure: approximately +123‰ at 1000 hPa, +98‰ in the boundary layer and +37‰ in the free troposphere. The uncertainty in this bias estimate is ±20‰. A correction for this bias has been applied to the TES HDO Lite Product data set. After bias correction, we show that TES has accurate sensitivity to water vapor isotopologues in the boundary layer.
Is This What Equality Looks Like

Using the Netherlands as a case study, this article explores how increased social acceptance of and legal protections for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people impact their lives. The author draws on in-depth interviews with nine LGBT people to argue that the danger of acceptance is invisibility for those who assimilate and marginalization for those who do not conform to assimilationist discourses, such as transgender individuals and other gender nonconformers. Utilizing Butler’s theories of normalization and Goffman’s theories of stigmatization, the findings also show that assimilating into homonormativity can generate feelings of shame and fear. The author concludes that new approaches in dismantling heteronormativity and seeking equality are needed in order to achieve genuine acceptance for LGBT people.
Terminyzer: An Automatic Non-termination Analyzer for Large Logic Programs

There have been many studies on termination analysis of logic programs but little has been done to analyze their non-termination, an even more important task, in our opinion. Non-termination analysis examines program execution history when non-termination is suspected and attempts to inform the programmer about possible ways to fix the problem. This paper attempts to fill in the void. We study the problem of non-termination in tabled logic engines with subgoal abstraction, such as XSB, and propose a suite of algorithms, called non-Termination Analyzer, Terminyzer , for automatic detection of non-termination and explaining it to the user. Terminyzer includes several non-termination analysis approaches of different computational complexity. These approaches are all based on analyzing forest logging traces and supply sequences of tabled calls that are likely causes of non-terminating cycles. It also provides the sequences of functors that are applied repeatedly to generate infinitely many answers and thus helps programmers debug large programs by focusing on much smaller subsets of rules. Terminyzer is included in both XSB and ${\cal F}$ lora -2, and all examples used in this paper are available online.
Moving Least Squares Regression for High-Dimensional Stochastic Simulation Metamodeling

Simulation metamodeling is building a statistical model based on simulation output as an approximation to the system performance measure being estimated by the simulation model. In high-dimensional metamodeling problems, larger numbers of design points are needed to build an accurate and precise metamodel. Metamodeling techniques that are functions of all of these design points experience difficulties because of numerical instabilities and high computation times. We introduce a procedure to implement a local smoothing method called Moving Least Squares (MLS) regression in high-dimensional stochastic simulation metamodeling problems. Although MLS regression is known to work well when there are a very large number of design points, current procedures are focused on two- and three-dimensional cases. Furthermore, our procedure accounts for the fact that we can make replications and control the placement of design points in stochastic simulation. We provide a bound on the expected approximation error, show that the MLS predictor is consistent under certain conditions, and test the procedure with two examples that demonstrate better results than other existing simulation metamodeling techniques.
Safety and Efficacy of Ureteral Stent Placement at the Bedside Using Local Anesthesia

Purpose: Ureteral stent placement for decompressing renal units obstructed by calculi is safe and can be potentially lifesaving in the prompt resolution of the sequelae of renal obstruction, infection and an obstructing stone. At many institutions there can be prolonged delay in getting patients to the operating room for stent placement. We hypothesized that it is safe and efficacious to attempt ureteral stent placement using local anesthesia at the bedside without live fluoroscopic guidance.Materials and Methods: Patients presenting with symptomatic, obstructing ureteral calculi were given the option of bedside ureteral stent placement. Viscous lidocaine was placed into the urethra before flexible cystoscopic examination. A 260 cm Glidewire® was used as initial access with only 1 attempt at passage. All stent placements were confirmed with immediate post-procedure radiograph. Prospectively collected data were retrospectively analyzed for all patients who underwent attempted bedside ureteral stent placeme...
Digital reference management : A Penn State case study

The Penn State University Libraries is engaged in expanding its Web-based user services, including digital reference, to meet the changing needs of its large and diverse user population. In 2002, t...
Mean-Life Indifference Pricing for Quantity Purchases

Abstract Traditionally, consumers pay a fixed price for a quantity of items based on a presumed mean life. In many cases (i.e., federal government procurement) a sample of items is pretested to determine mean life and hence conformance to the contract. This paper suggests an alternative scheme based on a price indifference curve h(φ) which specifies the unit cost given mean life φ, which is estimated based on the actual performance of the first r items that fail. The paper develops a specific form for the indifference function and a procedure for estimating both φ and h(φ) and presents an example.
Abstract 28: Characterization of SNPs associated with prostate cancer in men of Ashkenazic descent from the set of GWAS identified SNPs: Impact of cancer family history.

Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several SNPs that are independently associated with prostate cancer (PrCa) in Caucasian men. Population isolates with unique allele frequencies are likely to have different sets of risk alleles for PrCa constituting personalized population risk stratification in addition to individual risk profiles. Methods: To test this hypothesis, we examined associations between 31 GWAS SNPs and PrCa among 979 cases and 1,251 controls of Ashkenazic descent. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for each SNP using logistic regression models adjusted for age. We also investigated risk in strata by age at diagnosis, pathological features of PrCa, as well as family history of PrCa and other cancers. Results: Of 31 SNPs, 19 (62%) were associated with PrCa at p<0.05 in one or more genetic risk models. The strongest associations with PrCa were for rs6983267 at 8q24 (OR=1.78, p=5.7 x 10−7;comparison of GG vs. TT genotype), and rs1465618 at 2p21 (OR=2.19; p=0.003; AA vs. AG/GG). Six SNPs were associated with aggressive PrCa, while six others with less aggressive cancer. Four SNPs showed statistically significant interactions between PrCa and family history of PrCa (rs8102476 at 19q13), lung cancer (rs17021918 at 4q22), colorectal cancer (rs6983267 at 8q24), and breast cancer (rs10896449 at 11q13). Conclusion: These data define a specific set of risk alleles associated with PrCa in Ashkenazic men. Results demonstrate differences between men of European and Ashkenazic ancestry in relation to genetic susceptibility of PrCa. Interactions of genetic variants with family history of specific cancers indicate a complex network of inherited cancer risk syndromes still to be defined. Use of genetic markers to identify men at higher risk of PrCa will provide an opportunity for personalized care of PrCa prevention through screening of high-risk individuals, independent of family history information. Citation Format: Ilir Agalliu, Zhaoming Wang, Anne Dunn, Hemang Parikh, Timothy Myers, Robert Burk, Laufey Amundadottir. Characterization of SNPs associated with prostate cancer in men of Ashkenazic descent from the set of GWAS identified SNPs: Impact of cancer family history. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Post-GWAS Horizons in Molecular Epidemiology: Digging Deeper into the Environment; 2012 Nov 11-14; Hollywood, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(11 Suppl):Abstract nr 28.
Aroma profile of subprimals from beef carcasses decontaminated with chlorine and lactic acid

Aroma notes of chuck rolls from decontaminated beef carcasses were evaluated. Carcasses were spray-treated with either water, 200 ppm chlorine or 3% lactic acid immediately after inspection and again after spray chilling. Following fabrication, each chuck roll was divided into four pieces; vacuum-packaged; and stored for 10, 40, 80 or 120 days at 4°C. At different storage times, a six-member, professional, sensory panel evaluated beefy, bloody, sour, grassy, spoiled and metallic aromatic impressions on cooked patties made from ground chuck roll pieces using a 15-point attribute scale. Psychrotrophic bacterial counts were conducted on raw, ground samples. Principal component statistical analysis showed that the first principal component described 96% of the data and, therefore, it was used as an average acceptability score that explained all aroma descriptors. Chucks from chlorine-treated carcasses tended to have higher (P = 0.08) acceptability scores, followed by lactic acid - and water-treated counterparts. The rate of change in aroma occurred faster between 10 and 40 days for lactic acid - and water-treated samples and between 40 and 80 days for chlorine-treated samples. Bacterial counts increased during storage up to 80 days; however, treatments were not different (P >0.05).
If at First You Don't Succeed: The Role of Evidence in Preschoolers' and Infants' Persistence.

Perseverance, above and beyond IQ, predicts academic outcomes in school age children. Yet, little is known about how very young children learn the contexts in which persistence is valuable (or not). Here, we explore how young children and infants learn about the rational deployment of effort through observing adults’ persistent behavior. Results from Experiments 1 and 2 indicate that preschoolers persist more after watching an adult persist, but only if the adult is successful at reaching their goal. Experiment 3 extends these findings, showing that even infants use adult models to modulate their persistence, and can generalize this inference to novel situations. Thus, both preschoolers and infants are sensitive to adult persistence and use it to calibrate their own tenacity.
Connectors in Maker Kits: Investigating Children's Motor Abilities in Making

The study of Making to support children's cognitive or social needs is gaining prominence rapidly. However, little research in Making focuses on children's motor skills and abilities, especially at younger ages. Arguing that Making provides greater benefits when introduced at elementary school-aged, this paper contributes to the understanding of how children aged 8 to 11 manipulate connectors, a key component of Maker kits. We present a review of connectors used in prior work, a theoretical foundation based on the mediated action theory of affordances, and an empirical study of children using 6 different types of connectors with various affordances. Based on quantitative analysis and qualitative video analysis, we present themes that may guide the design of components in future Maker kits for children, with a view towards usability aligned with children's capabilities and mental models.
Don’t Do As I Do, Do As I Say? Evidence on the Inter-Generational Transmission of Financial Attitudes

This study explores further the intergenerational transmission of financial attitudes in several new directions. We examine a broad range of financial attitudes that impact future financial health and consider a host of family characteristics that affect the process of socialization in the transmission of attitudes from parents to children in predominantly low-income Hispanic families. We find a strong link between the financial attitudes of parents and their children, but the socialization process differs among financial attitudes. Interestingly, it is not parents’ actual saving behavior but rather what they say about their financial behavior that is associated with children’s attitudes toward saving.
Sliding-scale environmental service payments and non-financial incentives: Results of a survey of landowner interest in Costa Rica

Abstract This study presents the results from a survey of landowner interest in a propositional payment modality for Costa Rica's Pagos por Servicios Ambientales (PSA) program that is based on a sliding-scale payment scheme. This payment scheme would transition from higher monetary payments per hectare per year for the first units of land invested, to lower payments per hectare per year for additional units of land invested; however, as payments per hectare decrease, monetary payments would be supplemented with non-financial rewards. This program structure is designed to 1) offer higher per-hectare financial incentives to smaller-scale landowners, who would otherwise face steep trade-off costs by transitioning to conservation-based land-use, and 2) offer greater non-financial incentives to larger-scale landowners, who face less sharp trade-off costs, and who might be more interested in prestige- and status-based non-financial incentives than the currently meager PSA payments. I found support for the proposed program modality across all classes of landowners. Interest in PSA participation by small- and medium-scale landowners showed sensitivity to proposed payments, with landowners indicating a strong desire to participate in conservation land-use as soon as the proposed financial incentives were sufficient to cover their opportunity costs. Large-scale landowners showed little sensitivity to payment size, and in general—with mode=10 and median=7 responses on a 10 point Likert-scale—indicated strong willingness to participate in the PSA program under the proposed structure, even if financial incentives per hectare were decreased significantly for large investments of land, but prestige- and status-based awards were introduced. These results are discussed in the context of an emerging literature on signaling theory, conspicuous conservation, and the interaction of financial incentives and social norms.
Introduction: Sociology Reads the Movies—Enduring Salience of the Founders' Paradigms

The bulk of academic literature addressing film has not been produced by sociologists. The multidisciplinary world of film theory has been described as “a dense, interlocking set of texts full of a...
Tactile Sensor System Processing Based on K-means Clustering

Development of a touch-sensitive (sensate) skin for robotic manipulators would provide tactile feedback for fine-grained dexterous control of robots interacting with objects in their environments, a capability that has largely been missing with robotic systems developed to date. A sensate skin for robots would require integration of hundreds or thousands of minute force or pressure sensors, each producing a localized response. Interpretation and extraction of useful information from the sensate skin presents a key technical challenge. In this paper we present a technique for analyzing data from tactile sensor arrays based on K-means clustering. Using a simplified contact model, the procedure estimates both magnitude and location for impacts on the sensate skin surface. Furthermore, it robustly accommodates a variety of sensor array densities by interpolating across areas of sensor response, providing accurate results even between sensing elements.
In the footsteps of Anne Frank, The Beatles and Vincent Van Gogh: a review and discussion of personal legacy trails

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on a review and discussion of personal legacy trails. A detailed analysis and reconstruction of tourism in the footsteps of Anne Frank and the management of the involved sites form the main case study here. The short life of Anne Frank in perilous times has attracted the attention of millions of readers as well as visitors to the places closely associated with her life path: Frankfurt, her birth place in 1929, Aachen, Amsterdam (including her place in hiding 1942–1944), Transit Camp Westerbork, Concentration Camp Auschwitz and at last Concentration Camp Bergen-Belsen, where she and her sister Margot died in March 1945. A general discussion of the importance of personal legacy trails follows in the last third of the paper. This section examines cases of the popularized legacy of well-known artists and musicians in local/regional settings, such as The Beatles in Liverpool, and tourism in the search of Van Gogh’s Provence. Finally, the commonalities in the personal legacy trails ...
Effect of proteolysis during Cheddar cheese aging on the detection of milk protein residues by ELISA

Cow milk is a common allergenic food, and cow milk-derived cheese retains an appreciable level of allergenicity. The specific and sensitive detection of milk protein residues in foods is needed to protect milk-allergic consumers from exposure to undeclared milk protein residues contained in foods made with milk or milk-derived ingredients or made on shared equipment or in shared facilities with milk or milk-derived ingredients. However, during cheese ripening, milk proteins are degraded by chymosin and milk-derived and bacterial proteases. Commercial allergen-detection methods are not validated for the detection of residues in fermented or hydrolyzed products. The objective of this research was to evaluate commercially available milk ELISA kits for their capability to detect milk protein residues in aged Cheddar cheese. Cheddar cheese was manufactured at a local dairy plant and was aged at 5°C for 24 mo, with samples removed at various time points throughout aging. Milk protein residues and protein profiles were measured using 4 commercial milk ELISA kits and sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE. The ELISA data revealed a 90% loss of milk protein residue signal between the youngest and oldest Cheddar cheese samples (0.5 and 24 mo, respectively). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE analysis showed protein degradation throughout aging, with the highest level of proteolysis observed at 24 mo. Results suggest that current commercial milk ELISA methods can detect milk protein residues in young Cheddar cheese, but the detection signal dramatically decreases during aging. The 4 evaluated ELISA kits were not capable of detecting trace levels of milk protein residues in aged cheese. Reliable detection of allergen residues in fermented food products is critical for upholding allergen-control programs, maintaining product safety, and protecting allergic consumers. Furthermore, this research suggests a novel use of ELISA kits to monitor protein degradation as an indication of cheese ripening.
Active Use of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and Personal Health Records (PHRs) for Epidemiologic Research: Sample Representativeness and Nonresponse Bias in a Study of Women During Pregnancy.

Introduction: With the growing use of electronic medical records, electronic health records (EHRs), and personal health records (PHRs) for health care delivery, new opportunities have arisen for population health researchers. Our objective was to characterize PHR users and examine sample representativeness and nonresponse bias in a study of pregnant women recruited via the PHR. Design: Demographic characteristics were examined for PHR users and nonusers. Enrolled study participants (responders, n=187) were then compared with nonresponders and a representative sample of the target population. Results: PHR patient portal users (34 percent of eligible persons) were older and more likely to be White, have private health insurance, and develop gestational diabetes than nonusers. Of eligible persons (all PHR users), 11 percent (187/1,713) completed a self-administered PHR‑based questionnaire. Participants in the research study were more likely to be non-Hispanic White (90 percent versus 79 percent) and married (85 percent versus 77 percent), and were less likely to be Non-Hispanic Black (3 percent versus 12 percent) or Hispanic (3 percent versus 6 percent). Responders and nonresponders were similar regarding age distribution, employment status, and health insurance status. Demographic characteristics were similar between responders and nonresponders. Discussion: Demographic characteristics of the study population differed from the general population, consistent with patterns seen in traditional population-based studies. The PHR may be an efficient method for recruiting and conducting observational research with additional benefits of efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
Due Process in Islamic Criminal Law

Rules and principles of due process in criminal law--how to, and how not to, investigate crime and criminal suspects, prosecute the accused, adjudicate criminal cases, and punish the convicted--appear in the traditional sources of Islamic law: the Quran, the Sunna, and classical jurisprudence. But few of these rules and principles are followed in the modern-day practice of Islamic criminal law. Rather, states that claim to practice Islamic criminal law today mostly follow laws and practices of criminal procedure that were adopted from European nations in the twentieth century, without reference to the constraints and protections of Islamic law itself. To enforce Islam's criminal prohibitions and punishments without recognizing and heeding its own procedural rules and principles is to prosecute and punish unjustly. What constitutes criminal due process from an Islamic perspective must therefore be identified, articulated, and enforced. The result would be greater compliance with both Islamic norms and international standards of human rights.
White-Coat Effect Is Uncommon in Patients With Refractory Hypertension.

Refractory hypertension is a recently described phenotype of antihypertensive treatment failure defined as uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) despite the use of ≥5 different antihypertensive agents, including chlorthalidone and spironolactone. Recent studies indicate that refractory hypertension is uncommon, with a prevalence of ≈5% to 10% of patients referred to a hypertension specialty clinic for uncontrolled hypertension. The prevalence of white-coat effect, that is, uncontrolled automated office BP ≥135/85 mm Hg and controlled out-of-office BP
Penetrating Injuries and IOFBs

Penetrating and IOFB injuries have a lot in common (see Chap. 1.1), but they must be distinguished because of the retained FB’s unique management implications. Even though both of these injury types have better prognosis than ruptures, the treatment can be very challenging and the outcome is ultimately determined by the expertise of the surgeon.
Evaluation and Management Documentation, Billing, and Coding

Correct evaluation and management (E & M) coding and billing is a core system-based practice competency. Yet, most residents feel unprepared when they have to start documenting and billing on their own. Poor understanding of E & M coding leads to defensive billing, costing practices, and academic institutions untold amounts of money. It also leads to physicians overdocumenting in hopes to justify a higher charge. Worst-case scenario, inappropriate billing can lead to criminal or civil penalty. Unfortunately, poor billing practices often start with staff doctor educators who themselves do not properly understand the billing system. This chapter informs the reader that current E & M coding is straightforward. Written in a tongue and cheek style, the author hopes to keep the reader’s attention and demonstrate that understanding of the current billing system has many unexpected benefits in addition to increased practice revenue. Trainee competency in E & M documentation, billing, and coding should be a cornerstone of all surgical residency and fellowship training programs.
Propensity matched comparative analysis of survival following chemoradiation or radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer

OBJECTIVE To compare survival outcome between chemoradiation therapy (CRT) and radical cystectomy (RC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with MIBC (≥cT2, N0, M0) in the National Cancer Database (2004-2013). CRT was defined as a radiation dose of ≥40 Gy and chemotherapy within 90 days of radiation. Descriptive statistics were used to compare groups. RC and CRT patients were propensity matched. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare overall survival (OS). Multivariable Cox regression was used to determine predictors of survival. RESULTS In all, 8 379 (6 606 RC and 1 773 CRT) patients met the inclusion criteria and 1 683 patients in each group were propensity matched. On multivariable extended Cox analysis, significant predictors of decreased OS were age, Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity score of 1, Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity score of 2, stage cT3-4, and urothelial histology. CRT was associated with decreased mortality at year 1 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74-0.96; P = 0.01), but at 2 years (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.6; P < 0.001) and 3 years onward (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-1.8; P < 0.001) CRT was associated with increased mortality. The 5-year OS was greater for RC than for CRT (38% vs 30%, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Initially after treatment for MIBC the risk of mortality is lower with CRT compared to RC. However, at ≥2 years after treatment the mortality risk favours RC. Patients who are suitable surgical candidates, with a low risk of morbidity, may be better served by RC.
A note on immersion minors and planarity

Abstract Graph minors play an important role in graph theory. The focus of this paper is on immersion minors and their relationship to planarity. In general, planar graphs can have non-planar immersion minors. This paper shows that by placing a simple restriction on the immersion-minor operations, all immersion minors of a planar graph are planar. This then allows one to easily obtain a characterization of planar graphs using immersion minors. A dual form of this characterization, as well as an extension to binary matroids, are also considered.
Prevalence and Correlates of DSM-5-Defined Eating Disorders in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Adults

Abstract Background Few population-based data on the prevalence of eating disorders exist, and such data are especially needed because of changes to diagnoses in the DSM-5. This study aimed to provide lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of DSM-5–defined anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge-eating disorder (BED) from the 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Methods A national sample of 36,306 U.S. adults completed structured diagnostic interviews (Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5). Results Prevalence estimates of lifetime AN, BN, and BED were 0.80% (SE 0.07%), 0.28% (SE 0.03%), and 0.85% (SE 0.05%), respectively. Twelve-month estimates for AN, BN, and BED were 0.05% (SE 0.02%), 0.14% (SE 0.02%), and 0.44% (SE 0.04%). The odds of lifetime and 12-month diagnoses of all three eating disorders were significantly greater for women than for men after adjusting for age, race and/or ethnicity, education, and income. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of lifetime AN diagnosis were significantly lower for non-Hispanic black and Hispanic respondents than for white respondents. AORs of lifetime and 12-month BN diagnoses did not differ significantly by race and/or ethnicity. The AOR of lifetime, but not 12-month, BED diagnosis was significantly lower for non-Hispanic black respondents relative to that of non-Hispanic white respondents; AORs of BED for Hispanic and non-Hispanic white respondents did not differ significantly. AN, BN, and BED were characterized by significant differences in age of onset, persistence and duration of episodes, and rates of current obesity and psychosocial impairment. Conclusions These findings for DSM-5–defined eating disorders, based on the largest national sample of U.S. adults studied to date, indicate some important similarities to and differences from earlier, smaller nationally representative studies.
Toward A General Theory of Genetic Recombination in Dna

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses genetic recombination in various systems that has exhibited the same manifestations among others, Creation of new linked marker arrays representing, apparently reciprocal rearrangements of the arrays pre-existing in the parental genomes, Such rearrangement within a single genetic locus, resulting in the production of new allelic phenotypes representing that locus, the occurrence of fine structural recombinations as above with either expected, or excessively increased or reduced numbers of associated recombinations of adjacent markers, excessive recombination rates between certain mutant sites, nonreciprocal exchanges giving in single events exclusively one recombinant product, or producing it more often than its reciprocal, and apparently nonreciprocal recoveries of excessive copies of one parental allele compared to another. The chapter highlights that number of surviving DNA fragments in such asymmetric exchanges as transformation, transduction, or mating may be affected in unknown degree by degradation, elimination, and repair. Reference markers are basically needed to reveal the number and the regularity of the events or populations from which the recombinant progeny are being derived.
The Uses of Intestine in Urology (A “Gut Reaction,” for W. W. S.)

The various uses of intestine in urological surgery make up one of the most fascinating chapters in surgical history because of the many variations in technique and results. There is an immense literature on the subject, and I shall here, chiefly, refer to some of my own contributions, each of which has its own bibliography.
UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS WITH HIGH CONTENT OF MAST CELLS

We report nine cases of uterine leiomyomas with an average of more than 10 mast cells per high-power field. The clinical presentation and morphological features of the tumors did not differ from those of conventional leiomyomas. Two cases also showed eosinophilia. The adjacent myometrium did not show an increased number of mast cells. Mast cells are frequently numerous in leiomyomas, but the significance of this finding is unknown.
Where the stakeholders are: tapping into social media during value-sensitive design research

Social media use is pervasive and demographically diverse; thus, researchers can investigate the social media behavior of a target population to extract its values as expressed in a web-based network. This article posits that social media is a relatively untapped resource for researchers engaged in value sensitive design. It proposes methods and ethical considerations for researchers during value sensitive design conceptual, technical, and empirical investigations.
Self-Th eories and Motivation: Students’ Beliefs About Intelligence

For some students, school is a struggle from the beginning. How can we keep these students motivated and prevent them from giving up? Should we praise them whenever we can, assure them of their intelligence, and, in these ways, try to build their confi dence? Other students may achieve success early on, but then encounter diffi culties aft er the transition to junior high school. Th is transition can be very demanding for students, due to many diff erences in the school environment that can lead to disengagement (Eccles et al., 1993). In elementary school, parents and teachers may constantly praise these children for how well they do, how smart they are, how quickly they learn. It might seem that these early successes would lay the foundation for a life of self-confi dence and high academic achievement. Yet, many of these students struggle when they reach junior high school, and their grades begin to show a downward trajectory (Blackwell, Trzesniewski, & Dweck, 2007). Suddenly classes are challenging, and hard work is necessary for success. How do students respond when the going gets tough? Do they remind themselves that they are intelligent and capable, roll up their sleeves, and get down to work? Unfortunately, many of them do not. Instead many choose to give up, to take the easy way out, and try to get by with the minimum amount of eff ort. Why does this happen and what can educators do?
A new correlation for bivariate time series with a higher order of integration

A new correlation coefficient for a bivariate time series that takes into account the first differences of the data has recently been proposed. They have made use of extensive simulations to show t...
Interprofessional education telephone simulation for campus-based pharmacy students and distance-learning family nurse practitioner students.

Abstract Background Interprofessional education (IPE) is an essential component of healthcare professions’ curriculum but is often difficult to provide due to scheduling issues, cost, different learning formats, and lack of access to other health care professions. To meet the school of pharmacy's need to have IPE with prescribers and the school of nursing's need to provide IPE to distance-learning students, a telephone-based IPE activity was created. The goals of the simulation activity were to provide students a forum to practice communication skills, work to maintain a climate of mutual respect, and forge interdependent relationships with another profession. Interprofessional activity Each student in a team completed a survey rating the other professional students and qualitative data was collected. Individual care plans were evaluated for appropriateness of therapy, monitoring, and follow-up recommendations. Achievement of the effective communication outcome was evaluated through student survey data, qualitative comments, and concordance of care plans among team members. Concordance was determined based on whether the team was in complete agreement. Discussion Qualitative data revealed the goals of mutual respect and interdependent relationships between professions were achieved. The majority of students agreed that effective communication was achieved; however, discordance of the patient care plans between team members suggested ineffective communication. Implications The simulation activity met IPE accreditation needs of both pharmacy and nursing profession in a creative method to address barriers of location, cost, scheduling, and lack of access to other healthcare professions.
‘Stop calling it graffiti’: The visual rhetoric of contamination, consumption and colonization:

Municipal graffiti abatement approaches in North America have shaped the stories we tell ourselves about ourselves upon these city walls. This article examines how the City of Ottawa (Canada) manag...
Reply to Mortazavi, "Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Exposed to Simulated Microgravity: Possible Role of Other Space Stressors and Adaptive Responses".

We thank Dr. Mortazavi for pointing out the role of radiation as an important factor under microgravity conditions (1) while referring to our paper (2). We agree with Dr. Mortazavi that radiation is an important component when it comes to assessment of bacterial response to the space environment. We have previously published papers on radiation-resistant spore-producing Bacillus strains isolated from spacecraft cleanroom facilities that are of planetary protection concern …
Systematic bias in evaluating chemical transport models with maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) surface ozone for air quality applications

Abstract. Chemical transport models typically evaluate their simulation of surface ozone with observations of the maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) concentration, which is the standard air quality policy metric. This requires successful simulation of the surface ozone diurnal cycle including nighttime depletion, but models are generally biased high at night because of difficulty in resolving the stratified conditions near the surface. We quantify the problem with the GEOS-Chem model for the Southeast US during the NASA SEAC4RS aircraft campaign in August–September 2013. The model is unbiased relative to the daytime mixed layer aircraft observations but has a +5 ppb bias relative to MDA8 surface ozone observations. The model also does not capture observed occurrences of
Transcriptional versus metabolic control of cell fitness during cell competition

The maintenance of tissue homeostasis and health relies on the efficient removal of damaged or otherwise suboptimal cells. One way this is achieved is through cell competition, a fitness quality control mechanism that eliminates cells that are less fit than their neighbours. Through this process, cell competition has been shown to play diverse roles in development and in the adult, including in homeostasis and tumour suppression. However, over the last few years it has also become apparent that certain oncogenic mutations can provide cells with a competitive advantage that promotes their expansion via the elimination of surrounding wild-type cells. Thus, understanding how this process is initiated and regulated will provide important insights with relevance to a number of different research areas. A key question in cell competition is what determines the competitive fitness of a cell. Here, we will review what is known about this question by focussing on two non-mutually exclusive possibilities; first, that the activity of a subset of transcription factors determines competitive fitness, and second, that the outcome of cell competition is determined by the relative cellular metabolic status.
Peer Observation of Language Teaching: A Reflective Approach to Teaching

Peer observation of teaching has increasingly been considered as a means of promoting reflective practice for language teachers. An interactive model is critical to the success of the observation process as it is structured, supportive and emphasises choice, control and observation between equals. The insistence on an information flow aimed at the observed helps reaffirm the idea that observation is not an administrative exercise but a beneficial process for the teacher and learner. If peer observation can uncover some of the assumptions teachers use to shape language teaching, including the resistance to teaching as an open practice, an improvement of existing approaches to language teaching may be within reach.
Targeting the Non-catalytic RVxF Site of Protein Phosphatase-1 With Small Molecules for Ebola Virus Inhibition

Ebola virus (EBOV) is a non-segmented negative-sense RNA virus that causes a severe human disease. The ongoing EBOV outbreak in the Eastern part of Democratic Republic of the Congo has resulted to date in over 2500 confirmed cases including over 1500 deaths. Difficulties with vaccine administration indicate the necessity for development of new general drugs and therapeutic strategies against EBOV. Host Ser/Thr protein phosphatases, particularly PP1 and PP2A, facilitate EBOV transcription by dephosphorylating the EBOV VP30 protein and switching activity of the polymerase complex toward replication. Previously, we developed small molecule 1E7-03 that targeted host protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and induces phosphorylation of EBOV VP30 protein thus shifting transcription-replication balance and inhibiting EBOV replication. Here, we developed a new EBOV inhibitor, 1E7-07, that potently inhibits EBOV replication and displays significantly improved metabolic stability when compared to previously described 1E7-03. Proteome analysis of VP30 shows that 1E7-07 increases its phosphorylation on Thr-119 and Ser-124 over 3-fold with p < 0.001, which likely contributes to EBOV inhibition. We analyzed 1E7-07 binding to PP1 using a mass spectrometry-based protein painting approach. Combined with computational docking, protein painting shows that 1E7-07 binds to several PP1 sites including the RVxF site, C-terminal groove and NIPP1-helix binding pocket. Further analysis using surface plasmon resonance and a split NanoBiT system demonstrates that 1E7-07 binds primarily to the RVxF site. Together, detailed analysis of 1E7-07 binding to PP1 and identification of the RVxF site as the main binding site opens up an opportunity for future development of PP1-targeting EBOV inhibitors.
A Tour of the Basic Reproductive Number and the Next Generation of Researchers

The Mathematical and Theoretical Biology Institute (MTBI) is a national award winning Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) that has been running every summer since 1996. Since 1997, students have developed and proposed their own research questions and derived their research projects from them as the keystone of the program. Because MTBI’s mentors have no control over what students are interested in, we need to introduce a suite of flexible techniques that can be applied to a broad variety of interests. In this paper, we walk through examples of some of the most popular techniques at MTBI: epidemiological or contagion modeling and reproductive number analysis. We include an overview of the next generation matrix method of finding the basic reproductive number, sensitivity analysis as a technique for investigating the effect of parameters on the reproductive number, and recommendations for interpreting the results. Lastly, we provide some advice to mentors who are looking to advise student-led research projects. All examples are taken from actual student projects that are generally available through the MTBI website.
New Data-Driven Gated PET/CT Free of Misregistration Artifacts

Purpose We developed a new data-driven gated (DDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) to improve the registration of CT and DDG PET. Methods We acquired 10 repeat PET/CT and 35 cine CT scans for the mitigation of misregistration between CT and PET data. We also derived end-expiration phase CT as DDG CT for attenuation correction of DDG PET. Radiation exposure, body mass index (BMI), scan coverage, and effective radiation dose were compared between repeat PET/CT and cine CT. Of the 35 cine CT patients, 14 (capturing 59 total tumors) were compared among average PET/CT (baseline PET attenuation correction by average CT), DDG PET (DDG PET attenuation correction by baseline CT), and DDG PET/CT (DDG PET attenuation correction by DDG CT) for registration and quantification without increasing the scan time for DDG PET. Results Compared with repeat PET/CT, cine CT had significantly lower scan coverage (32.5 ± 11.5 cm vs 15.4 ± 4.7 cm; P .1). Cine CT saved the scan time for not needing a repeat PET. The SUV ratios of average PET/CT, DDG PET, and DDG PET/CT to baseline PET/CT were 1.14 ± 0.28, 1.28 ± 0.20, and 1.63 ± 0.64, respectively (P Conclusion Our new DDG PET/CT approach alleviates misregistration artifacts and, compared with DDG PET, improves quantification and registration. The use of cine CT in our DDG PET/CT method also reduces the effective radiation dose and scan coverage compared with repeat CT.
Ulnar Neuropathy at the Elbow

Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) is the second most commonly encountered entrapment neuropathy after carpal tunnel syndrome. The term “cubital tunnel” syndrome is sometimes used to refer to UNE, but this is misleading as the term accurately describes only compression of the ulnar nerve as it passes beneath the aponeurotic arch of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCU). Because the ulnar nerve may also be compressed in the ulnar (condylar or retrocondylar) groove behind the medial epicondyle, the term UNE is more encompassing of the range of pathophysiological processes that may lead to ulnar nerve injury in the vicinity of the elbow. Compressive lesions of the ulnar nerve as it passes across the elbow may selectively affect some nerve fascicles more than others, which may cause some difficulty in localizing an ulnar nerve lesion to the elbow. What then are the typical clinical features of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow and how accurate are the various electrophysiologic tests for the diagnosis of UNE? What is the natural history of UNE if left untreated and how do conservative and surgical measures impact this prognosis? These and other questions are the subject of this chapter.
Conceptualizing the use of the term financial risk by non-academics and academics using twitter messages and ScienceDirect paper abstracts.

A text mining technique, based on an Application Programming Interface (API) request—using narrative data from Twitter™ and ScienceDirect™—was used to identify how non-academics and academics conceptualize and evaluate sentiment indicators associated with the term financial risk in their communications. It was determined that unlike the day-to-day uses of the term—all of which tend to focus predominately on the business and technology aspects of risk taking—the academic definition of the term is expressed broadly. It was also determined that the term was mainly associated with negative emotions in daily conversations, whereas the term tended to be used in a positive way in research paper abstracts. Results from this study suggest that the way financial risk is conceptualized and applied in real-life settings primarily represents negative emotional contexts, while academic papers tend to represent positive emotional contexts. Information presented in this paper can help educators, researchers, and policy makers better understand the way non-academics objectively and subjectively evaluate and describe financial risk. This information may help lead to better investor educational interventions and decision outcomes.