cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical and Toxicological Characterization of Produced Water Freon Extracts

Chemical characterizations and toxicity determinations were performed on produced water Freon extracts from three Gulf of Mexico offshore oil production platforms. The purpose of the study was to: 1) chemically characterize produced water Freon extracts prepared according to EPA Method 413.1, and additionally characterize Freon extracts after a standard silica gel cleanup (Standard Method 5520 F), and 2) determine the toxicity to Mysidopsis bahia of produced water and produced water Freon extracts. A comparison of oil and grease residue weights determined by both standard methods revealed that 79 to 98% of the material in the Freon extracts was polar (i.e., removed by silica gel treatment). The chemical composition of the polar organic fraction was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and was found to vary from one produced water sample to another, but all samples contained a complex mixture of straight chained, branched, unsaturated and cyclic fatty acids as well as smaller amounts of aromatic acids and phenols. Although the whole produced waters were acutely toxic to mysids, the base-soluble polar material isolated from Freon extracts was not acutely toxic to mysids (LC50 23%). The toxicity results indicate that the polar acid organic compounds in produced water do not contribute significantly to its toxicity.
Structured Modeling Language for Automated Modeling in Causal Networks

The paper presents a structured modeling language (SML) and a relational database framework for specification and automated generation of causal models. The framework describes a relational database scheme for encoding a library of causal network templates modeling the basic components in a modeling domain. SML provides a formal language for specifying models as structured components that can be composed from the basic components. The language enables specification of models as parameterized relational queries that can be instantiated for specific model instances. The paper describes an algorithm that, given a library and a specification, computes a causal model in time and space linear in the number of basic components. The algorithm enables model reuse by combining model fragments from the template library to compose new models. The present automated modeling approach has been implemented using the structured query language (SQL) and a relational database environment. The approach has been successfully used for modeling an automated work-cell in a real-life digital manufacturing application.
Surgical treatment of congenital hyperinsulinism: Results from 500 pancreatectomies in neonates and children

Abstract Background Congenital Hyperinsulinism (HI) causes severe hypoglycemia in neonates and children. We reviewed our experience with pancreatectomy for the various types of HI. Methods From 1998 to 2018, 500 patients with HI underwent pancreatectomy: 246 for focal HI, 202 for diffuse HI, 37 for atypical HI (16 for Localized Islet Nuclear Enlargement [LINE], 21 for Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome), and 15 for insulinoma. Focal HI neonates were treated with partial pancreatectomy. Patients with diffuse HI who failed medical management underwent near-total (98%) pancreatectomy. Atypical HI patients had pancreatectomies tailored to the PET scan and biopsy findings. Results The vast majority of pancreatectomies for focal HI were Conclusions Our approach to patients with focal HI can distinguish focal from diffuse HI, localize focal lesions, and permit partial pancreatectomy with cure in almost all focal patients. Surgery does not cure diffuse disease but can help prevent severe hypoglycemia and brain damage. Surgery can be curative for insulinoma and for some cases of atypical HI. Level of evidence Level IV.
A Primer on Alcohol and Adolescent Brain Development: Implications for Prevention

Research conducted over the last few decades forced a paradigm shift in how we view human brain development. Far from being completed by the end of childhood, brain development enters a complex phase of gene- and experience-driven remodeling beginning early in the second decade of life and continuing into the third. These changes involve a shift in control over behavior from limbic regions generating emotions to frontal lobe structures regulating emotional expression, impulse control, complex social interactions, and future-focused decisions. Brain plasticity helps ensure that each individual is molded and shaped in preparation for adulthood in accordance with the contingencies of their unique environments. Considerable research suggests that alcohol can disrupt adolescent neurodevelopment, damage neuronal circuits, interfere with myelination, suppress neurogenesis, induce neuroinflammation, cause lingering deficits in memory and attention, and increase the risk of developing alcohol-use disorders. In this chapter, we explore the changes that unfold in the brain during the second decade of life and examine the potential impact of alcohol on brain development and behavior during adolescence and beyond.
Space-time modulated programmable metamaterial beam for nonreciprocal control of flexural waves (Conference Presentation)

Reciprocity is a fundamental principle in acoustics, posing constraints on the way we process acoustic signals. Breaking reciprocity with spatiotemporal modulations provides an opportunity to design compact, low-energy, integrated non-reciprocal acoustic devices. Here, we design and experimentally demonstrate a space-time modulated programmable metamaterial beam with electromagnet resonators controlled by currents. A numerical approach based on the finite element method is developed for wave dispersion calculations of space-time modulated programmable metamaterials with complex geometries. Unidirectional band gaps are demonstrated experimentally and numerically in a good agreement. We quantify effects of the modulation amplitude and material damping in terms of band gap width and attenuation factor of the unidirectional band gaps in the space-time modulated metamaterial beam. Lastly, the unidirectional band gaps due to the second-order mode coupling caused by strong modulations are identified and examined numerically. Our design as well as the numerical approach provide a practical solution for the applications of non-reciprocal acoustic devices with spatiotemporal modulations.
Wireless Charging System for an Electric Autonomous Micro-transit Transportation Vehicle

This paper details the design, testing and implementation of a wireless charging system for an autonomous micro-transit transportation (AMT) vehicle. Specifically, the paper covers the topology, controls, preliminary experimental results and integration approach within the Ecological personal transport (EcoPRT) autonomous vehicle. The SAE J2954 standard was used as a guideline for the systems overall mechanical and electrical design. The described system layout and methodology may be used in other autonomous charging applications in which power usage is high and frequent charging is required. Examples of this include autonomous vehicles used for both transportation and industrial applications. Experimental results of a scaled down lab set up are reported, detailing closed loop control of the constant current charging process and zero voltage switching behavior of the inverter output.
Ranging and light field imaging with transparent photodetectors

The core of any optical imaging system is a photodetector. Whether it is film or a semiconductor chip in a camera, or indeed the retina in an eye, conventional photodetectors are designed to absorb most of the incident light and record a projected two-dimensional (2D) distribution of light from a scene. The intensity distribution of light from 3D objects, however, can be described by a 4D light field, so optical imaging systems that can acquire higher dimensions of optical information are highly desirable1–3. Here, we report a proof-of-concept light field imaging scheme using transparent graphene photodetector stacks. On a transparent substrate we fabricate a photodetector using graphene as the light-sensing layer, the conducting channel layer, the gate layer and interconnects, enabling sensitive light detection and high transparency at the same time. This technology opens up the possibility of developing sensor arrays that can be stacked along the light path, enabling entirely new configurations of optical imaging devices. We experimentally demonstrate depth ranging using a double stack of transparent detectors and develop a method for computational reconstruction of a 4D light field from a single exposure that can be applied following the successful fabrication of dense 2D transparent sensor arrays. A highly transparent photodetector using graphene as the light-sensing layer, conducting channel layer, gate layer and interconnects enables new approaches for light field photodetection and imaging involving simultaneous detection across multiple focal planes.
Can machine learning account for human visual object shape similarity judgments

We describe and analyze the performance of metric learning systems, including deep neural networks (DNNs), on a new dataset of human visual object shape similarity judgments of naturalistic, part-based objects known as "Fribbles". In contrast to previous studies which asked participants to judge similarity when objects or scenes were rendered from a single viewpoint, we rendered Fribbles from multiple viewpoints and asked participants to judge shape similarity in a viewpoint-invariant manner. Metrics trained using pixel-based or DNN-based representations fail to explain our experimental data, but a metric trained with a viewpoint-invariant, part-based representation produces a good fit. We also find that although neural networks can learn to extract the part-based representation-and therefore should be capable of learning to model our data-networks trained with a "triplet loss" function based on similarity judgments do not perform well. We analyze this failure, providing a mathematical description of the relationship between the metric learning objective function and the triplet loss function. The poor performance of neural networks appears to be due to the nonconvexity of the optimization problem in network weight space. We conclude that viewpoint insensitivity is a critical aspect of human visual shape perception, and that neural network and other machine learning methods will need to learn viewpoint-insensitive representations in order to account for people's visual object shape similarity judgments.
A tracer method for measuring rate of urea synthesis in normal and cirrhotic subjects.

Urea is synthesized only in the liver, at a rate dependent on nitrogen intake. Several investigators have reported impaired urea synthesis in cirrhotics during nitrogen loading, but heretofore only indirect methods have been used to measure this process. We have now investigated urea synthesis in 5 normals and 8 cirrhotics with a kinetic tracer method. Urea synthesis was stimulated by infusion for 12 hr of a 5% solution of crystalline amino acids at 115 mg amino acid nitrogen/kg ideal body wt3/4/hr. Simultaneously, urea kinetics were studied with a constant infusion of [14C]urea. Plasma urea and urea specific activity were monitored hourly and plasma alphaamino nitrogen was measured every 3 hr. Because specific activity stabilized 6-8 hr after the infusion began, rate of urea synthesis during hours 8-12 could be calculated as [14C]urea infusion rate divided by •urea specific activity. In normals, alpha-amino nitrogen reached a plateau by 6 hr at about 12 mg/dl and average urea synthesis rate during hours 8-12 was 95 mg urea nitrogen/kg ideal body wt3/4/hr, range 81-107. In 6 cirrhotics, average alpha-amino nitrogen level increased to 20 mg/dl by the 12th hr, and average urea synthesis rate during hours 8-12 was 68 mg urea nitrogen/kg ideal body wt3/4/hr, range 60-82. The present study thus confirmed that the urea synthesis response to a load of amino acids is impaired in cirrhotic patients. In normals, synthesis rate of urea nitrogen approached infusion rate of amino acid nitrogen; hence, their maximal rate is probably greater than 107 mg urea nitrogen/kg ideal body wt3/4/hr. Whether the rates of 60-80 in cirrhotics represent maxima for these patients can be determined only by additional experiments at a higher infusion rate.
Using Regression Analysis to Establish the Relationship between Home Environment and Reading Achievement: A Case of Zimbabwe.

In this study, we report results of a study examining the relationship between home environment factors and reading achievement in Zimbabwe. The study utilised data collected by the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ). The data were submitted to linear regression analysis through structural equation modelling using AMOS 4.0. In our results, we showed that a proxy for SES was the strongest predictor of reading achievement. Zimbabwe, reading achievement, home environment, linear regression, structural equation modelling
A Destructive Tumor of the Proximal Tibia and Fibula: A Case Report Highlighting Challenging Diagnosis and Treatment of a Locally Advanced, Non-recurrent Chondroblastoma in 16 Years Old Patient

Introduction Chondroblastoma is a rare, cartilaginous primary bone tumor, which presents predominantly in children and young adults. These tumors represent 1% of all primary bone tumors. Patients tend to complain of progressive joint pain which usually aids in early diagnosis. However, early diagnosis has made the understanding of the untreated, progressive course of chondroblastoma quite difficult. This case report highlights a patient who was first encountered with locally advanced chondroblastoma and discusses the challenges of diagnosis and treatment with a focus on the natural progression of this disease. Case Report We report the case of a 16-year-old male encountered during relief efforts after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, who was found to have a massive, expansile, and destructive mass of the proximal left tibia and fibula. Radiographic appearance was concerning for a malignant bone forming process. However, biopsy revealed features most consistent with chondroblastoma with secondary aneurysmal bone cyst formation. Marginal resection was considered, but the degree of soft tissue and neurovascular invasion made it impossible to salvage the leg and thus an above-the-knee amputation was performed. Conclusion This report reviews the challenging diagnosis of a massive chondroblastoma with locally aggressive features which required ablative surgery. This may provide insight into the untreated, natural course of this pathology.
The Intel® Mote platform: a Bluetooth-based sensor network for industrial monitoring

The Intel Mote is a new sensor node platform motivated by several design goals: increased CPU performance, improved radio bandwidth and reliability, and the usage of commercial off-the-shelf components in order to maintain cost-effectiveness. This new platform is built around an integrated wireless microcontroller consisting of an ARM*7 core, a Bluetooth radio, SRAM and FLASH memory, as well as various I/O options. The Intel Mote software architecture is based on an ARM port of TinyOS. Networking and routing layers have been created on top of the TinyOS base to provide Bluetooth-based multi-hop functionality. The network is self-organizing on startup and has mechanisms to repair failed links and circumvent failed nodes. A reliable high bandwidth streaming transport layer has also been created.The Intel Mote was deployed in an equipment monitoring application using industrial vibration sensors. This application was chosen since it benefits from the increased platform capabilities and network bandwidth of the Intel Mote platform. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the observed network operation, packet transfer rates, and power consumption.
Synthesis of End-Functionalized Poly(norbornenes) and Poly(ethylidene norbornenes) Using a Pd(II) Catalyst in Combination with Chain Transfer Agents

Synthesis of end-functionalized poly(norbornenes) (PNBs) and poly(ethylidenenorbornenes) (PENBs) were prepared using the palladium catalyst tBu3PPdMeCl/NaBArf in combination with the chain transfer...
SARS-CoV-2 infects human corneal epithelium and elicits an antiviral immune response

Purpose : We recently reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, Spike, and Envelope proteins in the corneas of COVID-19 donors. However, the presence of viral RNA and antigens does not necessarily equate to infection. In this study, using RNA-seq of COVID-19 corneal tissue, and SARS-CoV-2 infection of human corneal epithelial cultures, we now examined whether SARS-CoV-2 could replicate in the cornea and elicits an innate immune response. Methods : Eyes from healthy and COVID-19 donors were from the Eversight eye bank. The corneal tissue was used for IHC detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RNA-FISH. In another experiment, total RNA was extracted from corneas for RNA-seq analysis to identify genes/ pathways altered by infection. In vitro studies were performed by infecting primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) from normal and diabetic donor corneas with SARS-CoV-2. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to determine the differential gene expression. qPCR was used to assess the expression of innate inflammatory and antiviral genes and to confirm RNA-seq data in corneal tissue and cells. Results : RNA-FISH analysis showed the presence of both positive and negative strands of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in the epithelium of COVID-19 donor corneas. This coincided with infiltration of CD45+ cells in the stroma and induced expression of inflammatory (IL-6, IL1β) and antiviral (ISG15, OAS2) genes. RNA-seq analysis revealed significant upregulation of genes involved in the viral response, inflammation, and injury along with induction of lncRNA XIST and TSIX involved in modulation of the immune response. The primary HCECs were found permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection, as evidenced by increase viral replication which peaked at day 3 p.i. along with an induction of p-STAT1. Interestingly, HCECs from diabetic cornea had higher viral RNA on day 1 p.i. compared to non-diabetic cells. SARSCoV-2 infected HCECs also exhibited induced expression of antiviral innate response genes, which was elevated in diabetic donor cornea cells. Conclusions : Our study confirms the presence of replicating SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and antigen in the cornea of COVID-19 affected donors resulting in the production of inflammatory mediators and recruitment of CD45+ immune cells to the cornea. Moreover, HCECs from diabetic corneas had increased SARS-CoV-2 replication and immune response, suggesting that diabetes is a potential risk for ocular transmission of COVID-19.
The Spatiotemporal Evolution of Temperature During Transient Heating of Nanoparticle Arrays

Nanoparticle (NP) are promising agents to absorb external energy excitation and generate heat. Cluster of NPs or NP array heating have found essential roles for biomedical applications, diagnostic techniques and chemical catalysis. Various studies have shed light on the heat transfer of nanostructures and greatly advanced our understanding of NP array heating. However, there is a lack of analytical tools and dimensionless parameters to describe the transient heating of NP arrays. Here we demonstrate a comprehensive analysis of the transient NP array heating. Firstly, we developed analytical solution for the NP array heating and provide a useful mathematical description of the spatial-temporal evolution of temperature for 2D, 3D and spherical NP array heating. Based on this, we proposed the idea of thermal resolution that quantifies the relationship between minimal heating time, NP array size, energy intensity and target temperature. Lastly, we define a dimensionless parameter that characterize the transition from confined heating to delocalized heating. This study advances the in-depth understanding of nanomaterials heating and provides guidance for rationally designing innovative approaches for NP array heating.
AVALANCHES IN A SHORT-MEMORY EXCITABLE NETWORK.

We study propagation of avalanches in a certain excitable network. The model is a particular case of the one introduced by Larremore et al. (Phys. Rev. E, 2012) and is mathematically equivalent to an endemic variation of the Reed–Frost epidemic model introduced by Longini (Math. Biosci., 1980). Two types of heuristic approximation are frequently used for models of this type in applications: a branching process for avalanches of a small size at the beginning of the process and a deterministic dynamical system once the avalanche spreads to a significant fraction of a large network. In this paper we prove several results concerning the exact relation between the avalanche model and these limits, including rates of convergence and rigorous bounds for common characteristics of the model.
An optically induced and detected Bell-like state in a single quantum dot

Summary form only given. A single quantum dot (QD) exciton is considered as a basic unit capable of carrying one bit of quantum information (qubit). Reference has demonstrated exciton Rabi oscillations in single QD's that are equivalent to single-bit rotations. To realize two-bit quantum logic operations in the next step, it is essential to identify and coherently manipulate two interacting single QD excitons. Our earlier work shows that two-exciton entangled states not involving the biexciton can be optically induced. This paper extends the entanglement to include the biexciton and show that all four basis states of the two-exciton system can be coherently manipulated based on a coherent nonlinear optical spectroscopy technique.
Cognitive interference avoidance in 4 th generation GPS

GPS systems have revolutionized the way people and social networks in society interact. As GPS becomes more ubiquitous in road transportation, energy, or autonomous delivery drones, there is increasing opportunity for adversaries and malicious attackers to exploit GPS infrastructure so as to hijack or damage position-sensitive systems. We propose the development of a precise positioning system that can be implemented in terrestrial metropolitan networks that is also capable of interference avoidance, hi-jack prevention, and operational in GPS denied environments. The significant contribution of this work is the development of cognitive GPS system that utilizes a novel anti-jamming algorithm to dynamically allocate signal power so as to avoid interference. We also propose a resource elements encryption algorithm to prevent hi-jacking and GPS spoofing.
Measurement and Analysis of Plane-Strain Work Hardening

A new technique for measurement of plane-strain work hardening has been developed which uses tensile loading and computer analysis for interpretation, and which eliminates the experimental uncertainties of large strain gradients, friction, and out-of-plane bending inherent in the usual plane-strain deformation modes. Plane-strain and tensile work-hardening curves have been measured for 2036-T4 aluminum alloy using several types of sheet specimens. The work-hardening rate in plane strain is lower than that in uniaxial tension. In each case a Voce-type empirical work hardening law represents the data well. Hill’s theories cannot account for these data because the isotropic hardening assumption is violated. A method of analysis was introduced to determine Hill’s newm parameter as a function of strain andm was found to vary from 1.6 to 2.0 in the strain range 0.02 ≤ e ≤ 0.18.
Positive technetium-99m-red blood cell gastrointestinal bleeding scan after barium small-bowel study.

A 53-yr-old man with hepatic insufficiency and portal hypertension was hospitalized and underwent a work-up for gastrointestinal bleeding requiring multiple transfusions. The initial evaluation included a negative upper and lower endoscopy and a barium exam of the small bowel. Both studies failed to demonstrate any pathology to explain the bleeding. Immediately following the barium study, the patient had active bleeding. Because of the significant amount of intestinal barium, angiography was deferred. Technetium-99m-red blood cell (RBC) scintigraphy was undertaken to identify the site of bleeding. Despite intestinal barium, the 99m Tc-RBC scan demonstrated an active bleeding site in the small bowel in the left abdomen. Therefore, 99m Tc-RBC scintigraphy can be of clinical utility for identification of gastrointestinal bleeding, despite the presence of intestinal barium.
Multi-Institutional Analysis of Robotic Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer: Perioperative Outcomes and Complications in 227 Patients

Abstract Purpose: Recently, some surgeons have begun to describe single-institution case series with less invasive surgical approaches to bladder cancer such as laparoscopic or robotic-assisted techniques. We report on a multi-institutional, multi-surgeon experience with robotic radical cystectomy with regard to operative and pathologic outcomes and complications to evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of this technique in a large cohort of patients. Subjects and Methods: Two hundred twenty-seven patients (178 males and 49 females) underwent a robotic cystectomy and urinary diversion at one of four institutions. Operative outcomes, pathological results, and complications of this combined case series are herein reported. Results: Mean age of this cohort was 67.1 years (range, 33–86 years) with a mean American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 2.7 (range, 2–4). One hundred sixty-eight patients (74%) underwent ileal conduit diversion, 58 (26%) underwent orthotopic ileal neobladder, and 1 patient ...
Management of concurrency in interpolation based grid file organization and its performance

Abstract The mathematical structure of the interpolation based grid file organization provides a suitable platform for supporting a high degree of concurrency under a concurrency control mechanism. To demonstrate this capability, we first identified its useful properties for designing a concurrency control mechanism and then developed a deadlock-free two-phase locking based mechanism using dynamic attributes of transactions. To establish the usefulness of our system (concurrency control and the file organization), we measured its performance through simulation modeling. We show that our system handles a number of different types of workloads efficiently and the directory overhead does not strictly depend on the type of workload.
Predicting survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma

The relationship between pretreatment clinical features and survival was studied from patients treated on clinical trials for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The primary analysis was performed on 670 patients treated with cytokines or chemotherapy, from which a multivariate model was derived to predict survival. Studies which followed addressed: (1) the survival of patients given interferon-α as first-line therapy; (2) a comparison of survival for patients treated with chemotherapy versus cytokine therapy; and (3) survival of patients with non-clear cell histology. Prospective identification of patients more likely to benefit from cytokine therapy is important as a stratification factor in phase III trials, and in risk-directed therapy.
Memory and "Consciousness" in an Evolving Brazilian Possession Religion

Participants in Northern Brazilian Tambor de Mina dance and spirit possession rituals demonstrate three principal discourses concerning memory and states of consciousness during possession. Most dancers claim, as "unconscious" mediums, to remember essentially nothing of their trance experiences. Many, however, speak of "faked" or incomplete forms of possession. In fact, my research eventually revealed that some experienced mediums and religious leaders regard, if secretly, "conscious" possession to be a more—not less—advanced form of mediumship. I consider some potential implications of the apparent growth, particularly due to the influence of European origin Kardecist and other spiritist movements, of conscious mediumship in this Afro-Brazilian tradition.
Theory of rejecting superior, new technologies

Discusses several propositions on the causes and realized strategies that are likely to be found in different industrial marketing‐purchasing situations involving rejecting versus accepting superior technological innovations ‐ innovations independently verified to provide superior operating characteristics and lower total costs compared to currently used products and manufacturing processes. Develops a theory of customer rejection of superior manufacturing technologies and product‐service innovations as a vehicle for summarizing a set of related propositions explaining such behavior. Reviews suggestions for empirical research to test the theory.
Implant dentistry: the significance of a team approach.

Summary The predictability of osseointegrated dental implants has revolutionized the combined surgical and prosthodontic care for the partially and totally edentulate patient. Nevertheless, with the proliferation of various types of implant systems, discretion becomes significant. The coordination and communication of the treatment objectives described will provide optimum results. Although the Branemark endosseous implant has been used as the role model, 1–7 the principles outlined apply to any dental implant system.
Color stability and tenderness variations within the gluteus medius from beef top sirloin butts.

Abstract Beef top sirloin butts (n = 48) from USDA quality grade (QG; upper 2/3 US Choice vs. US Select) and yield grade categories (YG; 1 and 2 vs. 4 and 5) were aged 14 days, GM steaks were cut, with 2 steaks removed from the anterior (ANT), middle (MID) and posterior (POST) sections of the GM. One steak from each section was cut into lateral (LAT), central (CENT) and medial (MED) portions, packaged aerobically, and displayed for 7 days, whereas the second steaks were cooked to 71 °C for WBSF. Top Choice-steaks were redder and more yellow (P
Neurological surgery during the Great War: the influence of Colonel Cushing.

Despite von Bergmann's work in the Franco-Prussian War and Makins' experiences in the Boer conflict, military surgeons in World War I were unprepared for the nature and extent of intracranial injuries. Poor triage, disorganized transportation, incomplete surgery, and sepsis resulted in a mortality of over 50%. In 1915, as a volunteer to the Ambulance Americaine near Paris, Harvey Cushing spent 5 weeks observing the Allied medical system. He quickly recognized the technical importance of early, definitive intracranial surgery and the logistical requirements for a unified triage system located along the main lines of traffic. Cushing returned to France in 1917 as director of Base Hospital #5, known as the Harvard Unit. Immediately detached to the British Expeditionary Force, he operated at a smaller casualty clearing station close to the Belgian front. The patients treated during the third battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) formed the basis of his technical reports. He standardized intracranial injuries into nine categories with separate mortality rates. In addition, he recommended the surgical techniques of en bloc bone resection under local anesthesia with suction debridement and primary two-layer closure. Shell fragments were removed by magnets when possible; dichloramine-T was used as an antiseptic. By reducing infection and secondary complications, Cushing halved the earlier mortality rates. In September 1918, as senior consultant to the American Expeditionary Force, Cushing was in charge of organizing the neurosurgical care for the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. His instruction of individual surgeons in operative techniques and the creation of identified hospital centers with suitable equipment and trained personnel helped to establish neurological surgery as a military specialty.
New Experiments for an Undivided Genetics

There used to be a broad split within the experimental genetics research community between those who did mechanistic research using homozygous laboratory strains and those who studied patterns of genetic variation in wild populations. The former benefited from the advantage of reproducible experiments, but faced difficulties of interpretation given possible genomic and evolutionary complexities. The latter research approach featured readily interpreted evolutionary and genomic contexts, particularly phylogeny, but was poor at determining functional significance. Such burgeoning experimental strategies as genome-wide analysis of quantitative trait loci, genotype–phenotype associations, and the products of experimental evolution are now fostering a unification of experimental genetic research that strengthens its scientific power.
Translational Control of Cyclin B1 mRNA during Meiotic Maturation: Coordinated Repression and Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation

Abstract Translational control is prominent during meiotic maturation and early development. In this report, we investigate a mode of translational repression in Xenopus laevis oocytes, focusing on the mRNA encoding cyclin B1. Translation of cyclin B1 mRNA is relatively inactive in the oocyte and increases dramatically during meiotic maturation. We show, by injection of synthetic mRNAs, that the cis-acting sequences responsible for repression of cyclin B1 mRNA reside within its 3′UTR. Repression can be saturated by increasing the concentration of reporter mRNA injected, suggesting that the cyclin B1 3′UTR sequences provide a binding site for a trans-acting repressor. The sequences that direct repression overlap and include cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements (CPEs), sequences known to promote cytoplasmic polyadenylation. However, the presence of a CPE per se appears insufficient to cause repression, as other mRNAs that contain CPEs are not translationally repressed. We demonstrate that relief of repression and cytoplasmic polyadenylation are intimately linked. Repressing elements do not override the stimulatory effect of a long poly(A) tail, and polyadenylation of cyclin B1 mRNA is required for its translational recruitment. Our results suggest that translational recruitment of endogenous cyclin B1 mRNA is a collaborative effect of derepression and poly(A) addition. We discuss several molecular mechanisms that might underlie this collaboration.
The Role of Asylum States in Promoting Safe and Peaceful Repatriation under the Dayton Agreements

Among the greatest difficulties presented by the peace plan for Bosnia-Herzegovina negotiated in Dayton last fall will be the repatriation and reintegration of refugees and displaced persons scattered throughout Bosnia-Herzegovina, neighbouring states, and other European countries. The challenge is two-fold: first, to conduct repatriation in a manner that does not subject returnees to renewed threats of persecution or otherwise violate their rights under the Dayton Agreements' and international law; second, to ensure that repatriation does not undermine the peace, but rather maximizes the chance that it will prove lasting. While these responsibilities will obviously fall heavily on the shoulders of the parties to the Dayton Agreements themselves, the present analysis focuses on the role to be played by the western European countries currently playing host to hundreds of thousands of refugees. Specifically, it is the intent of this analysis to underscore the dangers of western European plans to pursue swift repatriation early in the peace process. Such plans threaten the rights of displaced persons, including rights acquired under the Dayton Agreements that are not only important to the individual returnees but also to efforts to obtain enduring peace and stability in the region.
Automatic interpretation of electroencephalograms by means of an expert system

An overview is presented of an expert system approach to the automatic interpretation of recordings of the electrical activity of the brain (electroencephalogram, or EEG). The method consists of a quantification module and a rule-based expert system. Quantification is done by means of autoregressive spectral estimation. It was found that the rule-based system correctly classified 93% of EEGs taken from renal patients, and a 70% agree-ment was found between the system and an electroencephalographer in an experiment aimed at determining the depth of sleep in normal subjects. An indication of how this approach may be used for spectral pattern recognition concludes this paper.
Flavonoids and phylogenetic reconstruction

Flavonoids have been used successfully for interpreting evolutionary relationships in many groups of angiosperms. These interpretations often have been presented in narrative fashion without specific indications of the kinds of relationships expressed. In this paper a method of phylogeny reconstruction with flavonoid data showing cladistic, patristic, and phenetic relationships is presented. Such a phylogram contains maximal information about flavonoid evolution. As an example, relationships in the North American species ofCoreopsis (Compositae), containing 46 species in 11 sections, are analyzed by this approach. A phylogeny of sections of the genus from previous morphological, chromosomal and hybridization data is compared with that from data on anthochlors (chalcones and aurones). Strong correspondence of these evolutionary interpretations gives support to the hypothesized evolutionary trends within the group.
Defective in vitro binding of histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid to feedback resistant phosphoribosyl transferase of Salmonella typhlmurium

We previously proposed that the first enzyme for histidine biosynthesis in Salmonellatyphimurium plays a role in regulating expression of the histidine operon and that in order to play this role the enzyme must form a complex with histidyl-tRNA. Among the many observations that led to these conclusions were 1) that regulation of the histidine operon is defective in strains carrying a mutation in the gene for the first enzyme that renders the enzyme resistant to inhibition by histidine; and 2) that the enzyme purified from the wild type strain interacts specifically, and with high affinity, with histidyl-tRNA. The present study was carried out to test the prediction that the enzyme purified from the mutant strain described above would display a defect in its interaction with histidyl-tRNA. This prediction was fulfilled by the finding that purified histidine-insensitive enzyme does not bind histidyl-tRNA. Our results therefore suggest that the capacity of the enzyme to bind histidyl-tRNA invitro is a reflection of its regulatory function invivo.
Ethylene production from ozone injured plants

Abstract Tomato, tobacco, and bean plants treated with ozone had increased rates of ethylene production. Ethylene accumulation from ozone injured plants kept in a closed atmosphere reached physiologically active concentrations after 2 to 4 hours. These results indicate that some responses of plant tissue to ozone fumigation may be due to active production of ethylene by the injured tissue.
Comrades!: A History of World Communism – By Robert Service

The author of this study describes a world communism that was born of the “bright hopes of Marxism” and tried to become totalitarian but could not due to the strength of preexisting social and cult...
Activation rates in bistable systems in the presence of correlated noise

In the case of telegraphic noise ${F}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}(t)$, the activation rates for bistable flows of the type $x=f(x)+g(x){F}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}(t)$ can be calculated exactly. For a noise ${F}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}(t)$ of constant intensity, the activation rates are enhanced exponentially with decreasing correlation time $\ensuremath{\tau}=\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\nu}}$.
Neonatal rats with outstanding values of brain and body parameters

Abstract “Outstanding” newborn rats, with parameter values more than two standard deviations above the mean (OH) or below the mean (OL), were identified in a normal population of 720 animals and were studied for correlations between these parameters: body weight, brain weight, brain DNA (cell number) and brain protein. The animals OH on any one of these parameters were also higher than average on all the others, and some of these animals came from OH litters. The animals OL on one parameter tended to be OL on all the others, and correlations between parameters were higher in this group than in the entire population. Such findings may facilitate the search for OH or OL individuals. The correlations among the OH parameters were not the same as the correlations among the OL. The causes of the occurrence of OH and OL animals are more likely to be environmental than genetic.
Microdetermination of citric acid in nervous tissue.

The separation on a Dowex-1-acetate column of glutamic, aspartic, lactic, succinic, and malic acids was described. The “citric acid” (citric, cisaconitic and isocitric acids), fumaric, and oxaloacetic acids were separated. A new method for microdetermination of citric acid was described also. TPNH in the presence of purified aconitase, and isocitric dehydrogenase, is measured fluorometrically. The method permits the determination of 1 mμmole citric acid. The citric acid content of peripheral nerve and brain was measured by this method.
The simultaneous retrieval of hyperspectral IR emissivity spectrum along with temperature and moisture profiles from AIRS

Surface emissivity plays an important role in the retrievals of surface and atmospheric parameters from satellite IR measurements. In this research, a physical algorithm has been developed to retrieve hyperspectral IR emissivity spectrum simultaneously with temperature and moisture profiles as well as surface skin temperature. To retrieve the hyperspectral IR emissivity, the emissivity spectrum is represented by the eigenvectors, derived from the laboratory measured hyperspectral emissivity database, in the retrieval process. Simulations are carried out with profiles over different land surface properties and results show that simultaneous retrieval of emissivity spectrum can improve the surface skin temperature as well as temperature and moisture profiles retrievals, particularly for the boundary layer moisture. The algorithm has further been applied to the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) radiance measurements, which covers a diversity of land surface types. The retrievals have then been compared with the ECMWF analyses and radiosonde observations, and shown a very good agreement.
Approaches to Drug Abuse Prevention: Crusade vs. Fact of Life

This paper presents some suggestions for dealing with the problem of adequately utilizing the educational resources available in preparing students to cope with the problems they will face in a drug oriented society.The problem of drug education is discussed by answering two major questions: should drug education be dealt with as a crusade? or should drug education treat drug abuse as a fact of life?The author concludes that in order to deal adequately with major social problems such as drug abuse, school systems must decide what true education really is, utilize the resources available at colleges and universities, reduce or eliminate the cultural lag by integrating all aspects of a changing society into the educational process, and discriminate between educational fads and sound educational changes in producing realistic drug abuse prevention programs.
Performance evaluation of throughput in optical burst switching

Optical burst switching (OBS) provides a promising solution to utilize the huge terahertz bandwidth of optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission technology. To exploit this bandwidth, several reservation schemes have been proposed that include just-in-time (JIT) signaling, just-enough-time (JET) signaling and burst segmentation (BS). It is necessary to investigate the performance of these schemes under the same constraints for a prescribed OBS application. Accordingly, in this paper, we analyzed and compared the performance of JIT, JET and BS techniques under various scenarios such as network size, delay variation and load variation in an OBS network using various performance metrics, such as the offset time and switch configuration time. Also, the performance of the network under various switching delays was also investigated. The modified BS reservation scheme has been found to yield significantly better performance and better throughput compared with the JIT and JET reservation schemes. Test results show that the effect of varying loads as well as delays significantly impacts the performance of the OBS network. The results presented in this paper are expected to lead further performance improvements in OBS networks using the BS reservation scheme. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (In this paper, it is shown that the performance of an OBS node can be significantly improved using the BS reservation scheme. Although at some specific number of wavelengths, the BS slightly underperforms, it significantly improves the overall performance when compared to the JIT, JET reservation schemes. Simulation results show that the overall performance of the network under BS is significantly better than the alternate schemes.)
Magnets for the proton storage ring at Los Alamos

The Proton Storage Ring at Los Alamos will store 800-MeV protons from the LAMPF accelerator. The magnets are mostly dc excited, of high quality. Special features include construction of a curved 36/sup 0/ laminated dipole core on a straight reference bar, septum magnets with sol-gel glassy insulation, and a high-gradient dipole to strip H/sup -/ to H/sup 0/ for injection.
Effect of Staphylococcus epidermidis on adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and gentamicin‐containing PMMA

The goals of this study were to determine 1) effect of Staphylococcus epidermidis adherence and biofilm production on adherence of the opportunistic pathogens Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); 2) if the biofilm killed by autoclaving altered adherence of other organisms; 3) if adherence of S. epidermidis to gentamicin-containing PMMA altered adherence of the opportunistic pathogens P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa to gentamicin-containing PMMA. Results show that biofilms formed by S. epidermidis, whether alive or dead, significantly increased adherence of Pseudomonas. Adherence of Proteus was significantly increased on dead biofilms and increased, but not significantly (p = less than 0.1), on live ones. Greatest adherence seen in the study was to autoclaved biofilms. Significant adherence of Proteus and Pseudomonas was found on gentamicin-containing PMMA specimens, which were preincubated with S. epidermidis for formation on the biofilm. These results indicate that a biofilm is formed on PMMA-gentamicin specimens and this may impair the ability of gentamicin to kill other organisms.
The accuracy of statistical estimates in genetic studies of aging can be significantly improved

The sample size of the data used in genetic studies is often a factor limiting the accuracy of statistical estimates. In this paper we suggest a new approach to evaluation of genetic influence on risk of development of aging-related health disorders. The approach results in substantial improvement of the accuracy of statistical estimates without an increase in the size of the genetic sample. The approach is based on the joint analysis of data from the genetic samples and easily accessible non-genetic data, such as data collected in epidemiological, demographic, and longitudinal studies of human aging and aging-related pathologies.