cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Techniques for unit-delay compiled simulation

Two techniques for compiled unit-delay simulation have been presented. These are a PC-set (the set of potential change times) method and a parallel technique. The PC-set method analyzes a network, determines a set of potential change times for each net, and generates gate simulations for each potential change. The parallel technique, which is based on a concept of parallel fault simulation, is faster and generates less code than the PC-method, but it is less flexible. Benchmark comparisons with an interpreted event-driven simulation show a factor of four improvement for the PC-set method and a factor of ten improvement for the parallel technique. >
Diversity 5.0: A Way Forward

We are at an important time-point in American History where diversity is about to enter its second generation of activity. Diversity 5.0 describes where we are today, and where we need to be to truly emerge as a diverse society in America that values one another.ᅟ
60 GHz antenna integration in a laptop computer base for WPAN applications

60 GHz antennas are embedded in a laptop base to evaluate radiation characteristics from different locations. It is shown that unlike at 2.4 GHz, the base-mounted antenna is very sensitive to small shape deformations from the cover platform, and this is attributed to diffraction from these deformations that are within a wavelength at 60 GHz. Effects of the lid on the base-mounted antenna are also investigated.
National language architecture

A fundamental concern for customers of software products worldwide is the lack of consistent, comprehensive national language support (NLS)' across operating system platforms and across high-level computer languages. This concern has been expressed both by application users who (rightly) feel inadequately supported by the product software and by developers who are frustrated at not being able to respond to customer requirements. The user wants to be able to interact with a product that works according to his language, culture and conventions. The software developer currently does not have the means or flexibility of providing this support cost-effectively; each application must provide its own resources and be reinvented for each target culture.This paper proposes a solution to this problem -- an architected set of interfaces and resources that will provide consistent, comprehensive, cost-effective support for national language. This solution will provide for migration from, and coexistence with, the current development environment. The architecture will also be extensible to permit user customization of preferences at run time.
War Against the People: Killer Cops and Community Terrorism

In the 21st-century USA, increasingly militarized systems of killer cops are the perpetrators of a new episode of state violence, as their increasing murders of unarmed black people demonstrate. Immediately after Ferguson, MO, cop Darren Wilson murdered unarmed 18-year-old Michael Brown on 9 August 2014, and the city’s police mounted a show of militarized power, which represented the rising tide of police-state terrorism in growing numbers of urban communities throughout the United States of America. Treating the community as a war zone, the cops occupied the streets, suggesting that they were protecting the city from the violence of black protestors. Rather, the militarized cop presence in the city of Ferguson only served to exacerbate community anger, outrage, and resentment. Young Brown’s parents, Leslie McSpadden and Michael Brown, Sr., were left to grieve for their son, who was left dead in the street for four hours. Since the murder of Michael Brown, killer cop Darren Wilson has been exonerated by bankrupt and corrupt local and national systems of (in)justice. Moreover, he has gone into hiding, scarcely seen in public. Obviously full of anguish, despair, and frustration, Brown’s parents have announced not only their desire for justice, but also their lack of confidence in the Ferguson, MO, (il)legal system. Significantly, their fears are reasonable, because in past cases of killer cop (or want-to-be cop) murderers of unarmed black and brown people the perpetrators have gone free. Although these slaughters have taken place under different circumstances – for example, Amadou Diallo in New York City in 1999; Sean Bell in Queens, NY, 2006; 7-year-old Aiyama Jones in Detroit, MI, in 2010; Trayvon Martin in Sanford, FL, in 2012; Eric Garner in New York City, in 2015; and too many others – the killer cops (and want-to-be cops) also were exonerated. These occurrences – the cold-blooded murders and exculpation of killer cops – represent the absolute disregard for the sanctity of black humanity. I am outraged by the increasingly common and wanton practice of police violence and murder in this nation’s urban communities, as well as by a bankrupt and corrupt (il)legal system that allows killer cops to walk free. Yet it is striking that American laws are written by, and to protect and serve the interests of, dominant white elites. Hence, I find myself mentally rehearsing why I have come to resent cops and the order of urban community terrorism they enforce. Growing to manhood in Los Angeles during the 1950s, I learned to fear and hate the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). This resulted from a combination of experiences, most notably the
Oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies of a Precambrian granite-rhyolite terrane, St. Francois Mountains, southeastern Missouri

Isotopic analyses were made on whole-rock samples and minerals from 25 granites, 21 rhyolites, and 10 basaltic dikes and sills from the l,500-m.y.-old St. Francois Mountains terrane. The δD of chlorite is relatively uniform at −44 to −65, but the whole-rock and feldspar δ18O values systematically increase from +7 in the northeast to +14 in the southwest, correlating with an increasing intensity of “brick-red” alteration of the K-feldspars. Coexisting quartz and feldspar are typically not in isotopic equilibrium, except in the northeast. The coarser grained (>1 mm) quartz (δ18O = 8.8 to 10.6) is isotopically similar to “normal” igneous quartz, but the δ18O of the finer grained quartz correlates with the whole-rock δ18O pattern. Although the St. Francois terrane is geologically similar to many low-18O Tertiary volcanic-plutonic complexes that have interacted with meteoric-hydrothermal fluids at high temperatures, only a single locality (Stono Mountain) contains low-18O quartz and feldspar (δ18O quartz = 4.6 to 5.4). Even at this locality, the feldspars were later enriched in 18O by the same alteration event that affected the rest of the region. This second stage of hydrothermal activity apparently involved aqueous fluids having δ18O ≈ 0 to −6 and δD = 0 to −25. The temperature of alteration may have been as low as 50° to 100°C in the southwest (upper part of the volcanic section). This event affected some of the basaltic dikes and sills, but others were not altered and must have been intruded afterward. Rb-Sr and K-Ar age data suggest that the regional alteration occurred as late as 1,100 to 1,200 m.y. ago, long after the age of primary igneous activity. The hydrothermal fluids apparently originated as meteoric surface waters, indicating that during late Precambrian time such waters were isotopically similar to present-day meteoric waters in warm climates; this interpretation implies that the late Precambrian oceans must have been isotopically similar to present-day ocean.
MCMC Strategies for Computing Bayesian Predictive Densities for Censored Multivariate Data

Traditional criteria for comparing alternative Bayesian hierarchical models, such as cross-validation sums of squares, are inappropriate for nonstandard data structures. More flexible cross-validation criteria such as predictive densities facilitate effective evaluations across a broader range of data structures, but do so at the expense of introducing computational challenges. This article considers Markov chain Monte Carlo strategies for calculating Bayesian predictive densities for vector measurements subject to differential component-wise censoring. It discusses computational obstacles in Bayesian computations resulting from both the multivariate and incomplete nature of the data, and suggests two Monte Carlo approaches for implementing predictive density calculations. It illustrates the value of the proposed methods in the context of comparing alternative models for joint distributions of contaminant concentration measurements.
Middle Cretaceous Nappe Structures in Puerto Rican Ophiolites and Their Relation to the Tectonic History of the Greater Antilles: Reply

Radiolarian chert, serpentinized peridotite, pillow lava, and metamorphosed tholeiitic rocks form an ophiolite association in southwestern Puerto Rico. These are the oldest rocks in Puerto Rico and apparently represent exposed oceanic crust. Relations between the lithologies are complex; there is an older complex of serpentinized peridotite and metatholeiite 110 m.y. old or older, an intermediate pillow lava and felsite association, and a younger radiolarian chert formation of middle Cretaceous (Albian) or older age. A gravitational nappe structure, showing northward movement probably of Albian or earlier age, is composed of a disharmonically deformed sheet of radiolarian chert. Serpentinite occurs in small lenses along the sole of the nappe and probably served as a lubricant for movement of the nappe. A second nappe is suggested, on less extensive data, to have moved Campanian-Maestrichtian pelagic limestones northward over the older chert nappe. This movement occurred in Maestrichtian or later time and is perhaps synchronous with smaller northward slides of the same formation during the Maestrichtian about 20 km to the north. Other northward slides occurred in early Tertiary time in several places in southern Puerto Rico. Northward gravity transport of the nappes and other slides is opposite to the sense of tectonic transport indicated by northward-dipping axial planes in the volcanic and volcano-sedimentary rocks in central Puerto Rico. Similar relations exist in Cuba where thrust and gravity slides show northward motion toward and into the volcanic pile. Gravity transport may have been from an oceanic ridge northward toward a trench, with volcanism developing between the two structures. Early buckling of lithosphere plates into an oceanic ridge and complementary trench, before rupture and subduction, may provide the necessary relief for gravitational trench-ward slides. A speculative geologic history of the Greater Antilles contains three stages: (1) pre-Albian buckling of the lithosphere into ridge and trench, with gravitational sliding of crustal rocks toward the trench; (2) rupture of the lithosphere and Albian-Campanian (or Maestrichtian) subduction, forming volcanism between ridge and trench; (3) choking of the Benioff zone by continental lithosphere of the northern plate, and further Maestrichtian to Eocene movement resolved along lateral faults with fault-controlled volcanism along an ancestral Cayman trough–Puerto Rico trench trend.
More Effective Living: A Partnership Approach to Health Education Programming:

In September, 1974, the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Center in Santa Clara, California, and the West Valley Community College District entered into cooperative planning for delivery of consumer health education. Two months later, the first five classes commenced with a total enrollment of 53 persons, all of whom were HMO members. Seven years later, this joining HMO-community college health education program entitled More Effective Living (MEL) contains over 50 different class titles, is offered cooperatively by two Kaiser-Permanente facilities and three locally-based community colleges, is scheduled in three academic semester time periods spanning 12 months and, is expected to serve an estimated 760 HMO members and community residents in the Spring 1981 semester. Although this paper addresses the HMO-community college partnership primarily from an administrative perspective, some background information is given to explain the basic concepts of the program design. For health educators, particularly those working in medical care, partnership with a community organization can be an effective way to deliver health education to a target population at minimal cost.
Private creation of Internet "law": overcoming a false intellectual universe

Recent scholarship-legal and otherwise-condemns traditional notions of government and adjudication as being antithetical to the "revolutionary" essence of digital technology. How viable is this position, and what alternative paradigms might be appropriate? It is important to consider what will be gained and lost if law is recast in a digital image. At the same time, we need a dialogue between those who construct the tools of data access, and those charged with legal policy.
REVISED TRAVEL TIMES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Discrepancies of up to 20 per cent between wave velocities calculated from blast records in southern California and those found from earthquakes necessitate a reinterpretation of seismograms of all near-by shocks and a revision of travel-time curves. A combination of findings for S — P intervals as a function of distance in southern California earthquake records with the ratio of mean interval velocities for P and S waves shows (without assumption of origin times) that the mean velocities of the two waves between the source and the surface are about 6.35 and 3.67 km/sec., respectively. This agrees with the results found from blast records. Most revised origin times are between ¾ sec. and 1 1/2 sec. later than those found previously from Formula. The method applied here removes the difference in origin time for longitudinal and transverse waves which was found formerly for earthquakes. Travel-time curves of various phases are revised and reinterpreted. The change in amplitudes with distance of several wave types is discussed.
Promoting Long-Term Relationships Between Individuals With Mental Retardation and People in Their Community: An Agency Self-Evaluation

A descriptive analysis was conducted of data from survey instruments completed by 25 trained volunteers serving for more than one year as companions to people with mental retardation. Factors such as a strong orientation process, adequate support from staff, appropriate matching with the people with mental retardation, positive characteristics of the people with disabilities, and a high perceived degree of reciprocity were characteristic of these stable relationships. Volunteers and their partners participated in a variety of recreational activities together. Although they encountered various logistical barriers to the relationships, respondents reported that these barriers did not impede the relationships.
Electromagnetic scattering from arbitrary shaped conducting bodies coated with lossy materials of arbitrary thickness

A simple and efficient numerical technique is presented to solve the electromagnetic scattering problem of coated conducting bodies of arbitrary shape. The surface equivalence principle is used to formulate the problem in terms of a set of coupled integral equations involving equivalent electric and magnetic surface currents which represent boundary fields. The conducting structures and the dielectric materials are modeled by planar triangular patches, and the method of moments is used to solve the integral equations. Numerical results for scattering cross sections are given for various structures and compared with other available data. These results are proved accurate by a number of representative examples. >
Mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance from the outside in: extracellular matrix, the cytoskeleton, and mitochondria.

Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is a prominent feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The association between mitochondrial changes and insulin resistance is well known. More recently, there is growing evidence of a relationship between inflammation, extracellular remodeling, and insulin resistance. The intent of this review is to propose a potentially novel mechanism for the development of insulin resistance, focusing on the underappreciated connections among inflammation, extracellular remodeling, cytoskeletal interactions, mitochondrial function, and insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle. Several sources of inflammation, including expansion of adipose tissue resulting in increased lipolysis and alterations in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, contribute to the insulin resistance observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes. In the experimental model of lipid oversupply, an inflammatory response in skeletal muscle leads to altered expression extracellular matrix-related genes as well as nuclear encoded mitochondrial genes. A similar pattern also is observed in “naturally” occurring insulin resistance in muscle of obese nondiabetic individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. More recently, alterations in proteins (including α-actinin-2, desmin, proteasomes, and chaperones) involved in muscle structure and function have been observed in insulin-resistant muscle. Some of these cytoskeletal proteins are mechanosignal transducers that allow muscle fibers to sense contractile activity and respond appropriately. The ensuing alterations in expression of genes coding for mitochondrial proteins and cytoskeletal proteins may contribute to the mitochondrial changes observed in insulin-resistant muscle. These changes in turn may lead to a reduction in fat oxidation and an increase in intramyocellular lipid, which contributes to the defects in insulin signaling in insulin resistance.
Avoidant coping: A mediator of maladaptive perfectionism and test anxiety

Evaluative concerns perfectionism, a form of maladaptive perfectionism, is associated with a number of negative outcomes including test anxiety, depression, and poor academic performance. Previous research has found certain variables to mediate the relationship between evaluative concerns perfectionism and distress, such as perceived social support and avoidant coping. We extended previous research by investigating whether avoidant coping is a mediating variable of the relationship between evaluative concerns perfectionism and test anxiety. One hundred and seventy-two college participants completed a battery of scales including the Frost Multidimensional scale, the COPE scale, and the Test Anxiety scale. We found that personal standards perfectionism was related to active coping and inversely related to test anxiety. In addition, evaluative concerns perfectionism was related to test anxiety, and this relationship was mediated by avoidant coping.
LOCAL POPULATION SIZE IN A FLIGHTLESS INSECT: IMPORTANCE OF PATCH STRUCTURE‐DEPENDENT MORTALITY

In spatially heterogeneous systems, utilizing population models to integrate the effects of multiple population rates can yield powerful insights into the relative importance of the component rates. The relative importance of demographic rates and dispersal in shaping the distribution of the western tussock moth (Orgyia vetusta) among patches of its host plant was explored using stage-structured population models. Tussock moth dispersal occurs passively in first-instar larvae and is poor or absent in all other life stages. Spatial surveys suggested, however, that moth distribution is not well explained by passive dispersal; moth populations were greater on small patches and on isolated ones. Further analysis showed that several local demographic rates varied significantly with patch characteristics. Two mortality factors in particular may explain the observed patterns. First, crawler mortality both increased with patch size and was density-dependent. A single-patch difference equation model showed mortality related to patch size is strong enough to overcome the homogenizing effect of density dependence; greater equilibrium densities were predicted for smaller patches. Second, although three rates were found to vary with local patch density, only pupal parasitism by a chalcid wasp could potentially account for higher moth abundances on isolated patches. A spatially explicit simulation model of the multiple-patch system showed that spatial variation in pupal parasitism is indeed strong enough to generate such a pattern. These results demonstrate that habitat spatial structure can affect multiple population processes simultaneously, and even relatively low attack rates imposed on a reproductively valuable life stage of the host can have a dominant effect on population distribution among habitat patches.
High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy‐guided mutagenesis for characterization of membrane‐bound proteins: Experimental designs and applications

High resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for determining the solution structures of peptides and small proteins, and their ligand binding functions. Molecular biology mutagenesis is a widely used and powerful approach for identification of the protein functions. We have developed a strategy integrating NMR experiments with mutagenesis studies to advance and extend the approaches used for structure/function relationship studies of proteins, especially for membrane-bound proteins, which play important roles in physiopathological processes. The procedures include the design of the functional protein domain, identification of the solution structure and intermolecular contacts between the protein segment and its ligand. These determinations are resolved by high-resolution 2D NMR spectroscopy, and followed by site-directed mutagenesis of the residues suggested from the NMR experiment for the membrane-bound proteins. The residues important to the protein functions, identified by the mutagenesis, were further used to re-assign the NMR spectra and finalize the docking of the protein with its ligand. A structural model of the protein/ligand interaction can be constructed at an atomic level based on the NMR spectroscopy and mutagenesis results. As an application, the strategy has enhanced our knowledge in the understanding of the structure/function relationship for a membrane-bound G protein coupling receptor, the thromboxane A2 receptor (TP receptor), interacting with its ligand, and a microsomal P450, prostacyclin synthase (PGIS), docking with its substrate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. In this review, we have summarized the principles and applications for this newly developed technique.
Evaluating Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy as a Non‐Destructive Chert Sourcing Technique

The visual and chemical similarity between some chert types and individual outcrops within the same geologic formation often hinders accurate provenance determination. Fourier Transform Infrared reflectance micro-spectroscopy (FTIR-RM) is a nondestructive method demonstrating potential application in chert sourcing. Prior to analysis of archaeological assemblages, the accuracy of the technique and analytical methodology must be tested. The current pilot study examines a geologic sample database of two visually similar chert types (Dover and Fort Payne) in order to determine the technique's ability to differentiate both inter- and intra-outcrop variation. The analysis of these results gives us an improved understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the FTIR-RM chert provenance technique and associated statistical methodology.
Nitrogen enrichment alters mycorrhizal allocation at five mesic to semiarid grasslands

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are integral components of grasslands because most plants are associated with interconnected networks of AM hyphae. Mycorrhizae generally facilitate plant uptake of nutrients from the soil. However, mycorrhizal associations are known to vary in their mutualistic function, and there is currently no metric that links AM functioning with fungal colonization of roots. Mycorrhizal structures differ in their physiological and ecological functioning, so changes in AM allocation to intraradical (inside roots) and extraradical (in soil) structures may signal shifts in mycorrhizal function. We hypothesize that the functional equilibrium model applies to AM fungi and that fertilization should reduce allocation to arbuscules, coils, and extraradical hyphae, the fungal structures that are directly involved in nutrient acquisition and transfer to plants. This study compared AM responses to experimental N enrichment at five grasslands distributed across North America. Samples were collected from replicated N-enriched (and some P-enriched) and control plots throughout the growing season for three years. Intraradical AM structures were measured in over 1400 root samples, extraradical hyphal density was measured in over 590 soil samples, and spore biovolume was analyzed in over 400 soil samples. There were significant site × N interactions for spore biovolume, extraradical hyphae, intraradical hyphae, and vesicles. Nitrogen enrichment strongly decreased AM structures at Cedar Creek, the site with the lowest soil N:P, and it increased AM structures at Konza Prairie, the site with the highest soil N:P. As predicted by the functional equilibrium model, in soils with sufficient P, relative allocation to arbuscules, coils, and extraradical hyphae was generally reduced by N enrichment. Allocation to spores and hyphae was most sensitive to fertilization. At the mesic sites, this response was associated with a shift in the relative abundance of Gigasporaceae within AM fungal communities. This study demonstrates that N enrichment impacts mycorrhizal allocation across a wide range of grassland ecosystems. Such changes are important because they suggest an alteration in mycorrhizal functioning that, in turn, may impact plant community composition and ecosystem function.
Central 5-HT1A modulation of cardiovascular responses to tibial nerve stimulation-evoked muscle contraction

The effects of administering 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamine) tetralin [8-OH-DPAT, a serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonist] into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) on cardiovascular responses during tibial nerve stimulation-evoked muscle contraction were investigated using anesthetized rats. Stimulation of the tibial nerve (3 times motor threshold, 0.1 ms, 40 Hz) for 30 s increased mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and muscle tension by 25 +/- 3 mmHg, 24 +/- 4 beats/min, and 299 +/- 35 g, respectively. Bilateral microdialysis of 8-OH-DPAT (10 mM) for 30 min attenuated the stimulation-evoked increases in MAP (8 +/- 2 mmHg) and HR (11 +/- 5 beats/min), without a change in muscle tension (292 +/- 30 g). However, administration of 1 mM 8-OH-DPAT had no effect on the cardiovascular responses. Thirty minutes of microdialysis of 8-OH-DPAT (10 mM) into the caudal ventrolateral medulla produced no effect on cardiovascular responses during muscle contraction. Prior administration of 10 mM 1-[2-methoxyphenyl]-4-[4-(2-phthalimido)-butyl]piperazine (NAN-190), a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, for 30 min into the RVLM blocked the attenuating effects of subsequent microdialysis of 8-OH-DPAT (10 mM). Results suggest that activation of 5-HT1A receptors within the RVLM inhibit cardiovascular responses elicited during static muscle contraction.
Discrimination against Queer Women in the U.S. Workforce A Résumé Audit Study

The author reports on the first study to use an audit method to ascertain whether discrimination occurs against queer women (relative to straight women) when they apply to jobs in the United States. A field experiment was conducted in which a pair of fictitious women’s resumes were sent to apply to more than 800 administrative jobs from online job databases advertised by employers across four states. One woman’s resume was randomly assigned leadership experience at a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) student organization to signal queer identity, while the other resume, a control, was assigned experience at another progressive student organization. Results reveal that the women with the LGBT indicator on their resumes were discriminated against compared with the other women, receiving about 30 percent fewer callbacks.
Didymium Iridis Reproductive Systems: Additions and Meiotic Drive

Three heterothallic Mexican isolates (Mex 1, Mex 2, and Mex 3) of Didymium iridis belong to the reproductively isolated A5 mating series of this morphospecies. This was unexpected in that the sole ...
Robot Kinematic Design Studies for Natural Orifice Surgery

This paper presents kinematic aspects of a multifunctional robotic manipulator for use in natural orifice surgery. A literature review of some existing surgical robots is presented. The robot folding configurations for insertion/removal are described. The kinematics and workspace of the robotic manipulator and their application in a space-constrained environment are explored as well. The main goal is to find out the best way to fully utilize limited degrees of freedom in the robot arms local to the surgical site as well as additional motions provided by the hyper-redundant, underactuated articulated drive mechanism, in order to provide the dexterity and workspace required for typical surgical interventions.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Discovering biomedical semantic relations in PubMed queries for information retrieval and database curation

Identifying relevant papers from the literature is a common task in biocuration. Most current biomedical literature search systems primarily rely on matching user keywords. Semantic search, on the other hand, seeks to improve search accuracy by understanding the entities and contextual relations in user keywords. However, past research has mostly focused on semantically identifying biological entities (e.g. chemicals, diseases and genes) with little effort on discovering semantic relations. In this work, we aim to discover biomedical semantic relations in PubMed queries in an automated and unsupervised fashion. Specifically, we focus on extracting and understanding the contextual information (or context patterns) that is used by PubMed users to represent semantic relations between entities such as 'CHEMICAL-1 compared to CHEMICAL-2' With the advances in automatic named entity recognition, we first tag entities in PubMed queries and then use tagged entities as knowledge to recognize pattern semantics. More specifically, we transform PubMed queries into context patterns involving participating entities, which are subsequently projected to latent topics via latent semantic analysis (LSA) to avoid the data sparseness and specificity issues. Finally, we mine semantically similar contextual patterns or semantic relations based on LSA topic distributions. Our two separate evaluation experiments of chemical-chemical (CC) and chemical-disease (CD) relations show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms a baseline method, which simply measures pattern semantics by similarity in participating entities. The highest performance achieved by our approach is nearly 0.9 and 0.85 respectively for the CC and CD task when compared against the ground truth in terms of normalized discounted cumulative gain (nDCG), a standard measure of ranking quality. These results suggest that our approach can effectively identify and return related semantic patterns in a ranked order covering diverse bio-entity relations. To assess the potential utility of our automated top-ranked patterns of a given relation in semantic search, we performed a pilot study on frequently sought semantic relations in PubMed and observed improved literature retrieval effectiveness based on post-hoc human relevance evaluation. Further investigation in larger tests and in real-world scenarios is warranted.
Design Parameters for Multimode Fluoride Fibers: Effects of Coating and Bending on Loss

Numerical calculations of losses due to polymer coatings and macrobending have been made for step index multimode fluoride fibers. To avoid such losses, fiber core and cladding diameters and numerical aperture must be chosen carefully.
Noncommutative differential geometry, quantization, and smooth symmetries of the C*-algebras associated to topological dynamics

Noncommutative differential geometric structures are considered for a class of simple C*-algebras. This structure is defined in terms of smooth Lie group actions on the C*-algebra in question together with a certain quantization mapping motivated directly by the known cohomological obstructions for the quantum mechanical quantization correspondence. We show that such a quantization mapping may be constructed for the C*-algebras associated to antisymmetric bi-characters and for the Cuntz/Cuntz-Krieger C*-algebras associated to topological dynamics. A certain curvature obstruction is defined in terms of the quantization mapping. It is shown that existence of smooth Lie group actions is determined by the curvature obstruction.
SIMULATION OF MINI-MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA PROPULSION (M2P2)

Using a 3-D hybrid pa rticle-in-cell (PIC) model we have presented h ere the interaction o f a plasma stream with an inflated magnetic bubble. When h igh-density thermal plasma is injected into a dipole magnetic field, the plasma gets trapped in the closed magnetic field lines. When the plasma pressures exceeds the local magnetic pressure, the expanding plasma inflates the magnetic field forming a magnetic bubble. Plasma stream resembling solar wind interacts with the magnetic bubble thereby forming a bow-shock structure at t he interaction zone. Plasma stream particles are accumulated at the interaction zone and some of them are reflected also. Eventually, the magnetic inflation comes to a halt and a standoff shock is formed. The original dipole magnetic field, which falls as 3 R , is inflated to the extent that it falls as 1 R .
Competitive Hierarchy in Post-Fire Ascomycetes

Inability to compete directly with other members of the carbonicolous community is examined as a factor contributing to the stratification of fungal sporocarp appearance in a heterotrophic successi...
The Role of Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Disability Status on the Relationship Between Student Perceptions of School and Family Support and Self-Determination:

The role of gender, race/ethnicity, and disability category in the relationship between student perceptions of family support of personal growth and school facilitation of student involvement and t...
Ammonia and bicarbonate transport by thick ascending limb of rat kidney

Ammonia and bicarbonate transport by the thick ascending limb of rat kidney was studied to determine whether this segment contributes to the regulation of renal ammonia and net acid excretion. Cort...
Gene Probes Used in Food Microbiology

DNA probes have been developed for the detection and enumeration of foodborne pathogenic bacteria by using genes for virulence determinants as hybridization target sites. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are also used as targets because of the high copy number and taxonomic specificity of nucleotide sequences of rRNA genes. For example, probes for the enterotoxin genes of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae are used to enumerate pathogenic strains in contaminated foods, and rRNA targeted probes have been developed for Salmonella and Listeria. A probe for Listeria monocytogenes detects strains harboring the hemolysin gene. Enteroinvasive Yersinia enterocolitica strains are identified by probes directed against genes required for invasion of epithelial cells. The availability of nucleotide sequences has made the chemical synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides an important aspect of developing probe-based tests. Several unique hybridization formats and nonradioactive probe labels have been developed; such features will add safety and convenience to these rapid methods. The polymerase chain reaction amplifies specific target segments up to a million-fold, thereby greatly increasing the sensitivity of hybridization methods. The advantages and disadvantages of gene probe methods are compared with other tests.
DNA damage mediated by metal ions with special reference to copper and iron.

This chapter relates to work with copper and iron. The author believes that these metals are good choices for metal-mediated DNA damage because copper and iron are two major transition metals in the biological environment that can catalyze extensive DNA damage in vitro and in vivo. The chapter discusses that DNA lesions created by these metals can be related to clinical conditions, since it is well established that overload of copper or iron in humans or rodents leads to specific diseases associated with oxidative DNA damage and an increased incidence of cancer. The DNA in many human disorders, including xeroderma pigmentosum, ataxia telangiectasia, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria, retinoblastoma, Fanconi's anemia, Bloom's, Cockayne's, and Werner's syndromes, and possibly Down syndrome, show increased sensitivity to the induction of damage. DNA damage also develops as a secondary effect in the course of other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and various inflammatory conditions.
The Potential of Restorative Approaches to Discipline for Narrowing Racial and Gender Disparities

Gregory and Clawson examine restorative practices (RP) for their promise in narrowing racial and gender disparities in school discipline. Their study of two high schools implementing RP finds that fewer discipline referrals for misconduct/defiance are issued to students, yet gender and racial disparities continue to persist. A closer examination of 29 teachers’ RP implementation, however, shows that RP has the potential for increasing equity through classroom practices. Teachers who are perceived by students as frequently using RP tend to issue few referrals for misconduct/defiance to male and female African American and Latino students, and have narrow racial and gender gaps in discipline referrals. This suggests high quality RP implementation across classrooms may be needed for RP to reach its promise as a civil rights remedy.
Google Street View and the Image as Experience

Google Street View (GSV) presents the world as fact, mapped and documented, and reconstituted online: an approximation of the street condition. Google’s fleet takes the built environment as its territory, renders it photographically, and maps it spatially. GSV’s comprehensive coverage makes it useful for daily navigational needs, and its diverse mapped terrain encourages user innovation, experimentation, and exploration. As a spatial representation, it brings together two distinct ways of knowing the world through empirical documentation: mapping and photography. Whereas maps offer visual diagrams of spatial information, photographs offer documents with spatiotemporal specificity. Together, the spatialized image becomes the mode of navigation and exploration. This article draws on the embodied subject, wayfinding, and perception in relation to spatial knowledge formation to consider GSV’s ability to alter existing daily practices. Rather than the sensorial rich primary experience of moving through the wor...
Femtosecond Nonlinear Microscopy of Photodetectors

Diffraction and bandwidth limited pulses from 10 to 100 femtoseconds in the focal plane of microscope objectives are used to perform multiphoton current and luminescence microscopy of nonlinear photodetectors. Information on material parameters and the electric field distribution is obtained.
More than wheezing: incorporating social determinants into public policy to improve asthma outcomes in children

More than wheezing: incorporating social determinants into public policy to improve asthma outcomes in children
Envisioning the Arab Future: Modernization in US-Arab Relations, 1945–1967

Decades before 9/11 and the 'Arab Spring', US and Arab elites contended over the future of the Middle East. Through unprecedented research in Arabic and English, Envisioning the Arab Future details how Americans and Arabs - nationalists, Islamists, and communists - disputed the meaning of modernization within a shared set of Cold War-era concepts. Faith in linear progress, the idea that society functioned as a 'system', and a fascination with speed united officials and intellectuals who were otherwise divided by language and politics. This book assesses the regional implications of US power while examining a range of topics that transcends the Arab-Israeli conflict, including travel, communities, gender, oil, agriculture, Iraqi nationalism, Nasser's Arab Socialism, and hijackings in both the United States and the Middle East. By uncovering a shared history of modernization between Arabs and Americans, Envisioning the Arab Future challenges assumptions about a 'clash of civilizations' and profoundly reinterprets the antecedents of today's crises.
Overuse of organ biopsies in immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL): the consequence of failure of early recognition

AbstractIntroduction: The diagnosis of amyloidosis requires histological confirmation of Congo-red (CR) deposits. The tissue source is preferably fat aspiration and/or bone marrow (BM) biopsy, but at times organ biopsy is required.Methods: We studied 612 patients with systemic immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis to characterise the tissues used to establish the diagnosis.Results: The median number of tissue samples was 3. About 95% of BM biopsies were stained for CR, while 79% of patients had fat aspiration CR-stained. CR stain sensitivity was 69% in BM, 75% in fat aspiration and 89% for both sources combined. In comparison, CR sensitivity was 97–100% for heart, renal and liver biopsies. About 42% of patients with renal involvement, 21% of patients with liver involvement and 13% of patients with heart involvement underwent organ biopsy, when a less invasive biopsy would have established the diagnosis. Predictors for the requirement for organ biopsy were male sex, limited organ involvement and lack of f...
Diluted epinephrine solution for the treatment of priapism.

AbstractWe report our experience with 18 consecutive cases of priapism treated with intracorporeal irrigations of dilute epinephrine solution. Of the 18 patients 16 were treated successfully. The 2 failures had priapism 36 hours and 5 days in duration, respectively.
Atomically Dispersed (AD)Fe-N-C Oxygen Reduction Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Atomically dispersed (AD)Fe-N-C catalysts are the ultimate goal towards achieving Fe catalyst size reduction. Such catalysts are expected to have unique properties that can be exploited for the purpose of developing highly active and durable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts. The biggest challenge during the fabrication of atomically dispersed catalysts is to prevent clustering of atoms on the support during synthesis. In this work we address this challenge by employing metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as the structural precursor for (AD)Fe-N-C catalysts. Specifically, we (i) synthesize Fe-containing MOFs (Fe-MOFs) followed by (ii) heat treatment of the Fe-MOFs to produce (AD)Fe-N-C catalysts. The heat treatment converts Fe-MOFs to N-doped carbons, with the Fe atoms contained in the MOF being uniformly distributed on the N-doped carbons without observable agglomeration. In the approach used, maintaining the initial morphology of MOFs after the heat treatment step is key to taking advantage of the MOF structural features. In a preliminary experiment, we synthesized an Fe-containing nano platelet-shaped MOF support and heat-treated it at 1000 °C in an oxygen-free atmosphere to obtain atomically dispersed Fe atoms anchored on N-doped carbon nano-plates, (AD)Fe-N-Cnano-plates. Figure 1a (high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images)demonstrates that the initial plate-like shape of the MOF, which is typically 30-50 nm wide and up to hundreds of nm long, is successfully maintained during the heat treatment at 1000 °C. Microporosity within the nano-plates is generated during the heat treatment, assuring high accessibility to the Fe atoms within the catalyst. The nitrogen content in the nano-plates measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is ca. 5 at.%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the absence of crystalline particles in (AD)Fe-N-Cnano-plates,, e.g., Fe-rich particles in particular. As shown in Figure 1b, aberration-corrected (AC)-STEM clearly indicates that all of the Fe is atomically dispersed over the N-doped carbon nano-plates (individual white dots in the image). No Fe-rich clusters or particles are observed, corroborating successful synthesis of atomically dispersed Fe-N-Cnano-plates catalysts. Electrochemical and fuel cell performance data will be presented attesting to high ORR activity of the (AD)Fe-N-Cnano-plates catalysts. Figure 1
Effects of Ethanol upon Organ Systems Other than the Central Nervous System

Chronic alcoholism is a multisystem disease that adversely affects all of the organs of the body. Adverse effects on organs such as the gastrointestinal tract can begin immediately following ingestion of alcohol and extend to the liver as well as other organs following absorption. The liver is particularly susceptible to alcohol-associated injury, as it is the site within the body where most of the metabolism of ethanol occurs (see Chapter 3). Until the liver has disposed of the ingested ethanol, however, alcohol is present in the bloodstream and can affect the function of the brain, heart, muscles, and gonads. Ethanol is not only toxic per se but its metabolism may produce toxic metabolites such as acetaldehyde and acetate. In addition, changes in cellular redox potential occurring as a result of ethanol metabolism can disturb cellular intermediary metabolism at multiple sites.
Allelic variation partially regulates galactose-dependent hydrogen peroxide release from circulating hemocytes of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata.

Abstract Freshwater snails are the intermediate hosts for numerous parasitic worms that are detrimental to human and agricultural health. Understanding the immune responses of these snails could be vital for finding ways to block transmission of those parasites. Allelic variation in a recently discovered genomic region in the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata , influences their susceptibility to schistosomes. Here we tested whether genes in that region, termed the Guadeloupe Resistance Complex (GRC), are involved in recognition of common pathogen-associated molecules that have been shown to be stimulants of the hydrogen peroxide defense pathway. We show that hemocytes extracted from individuals with one of the three GRC genotypes released less hydrogen peroxide than the other two genotypes, after stimulation with galactose. This difference was not observed after stimulation with several other microbial-associated carbohydrates, despite those ligands sharing the same putative pathway for hydrogen peroxide release. Therefore, we conclude that allelic variation in the GRC region may influence the recognition of galactose, rather than the conserved downstream steps in the hydrogen peroxide pathway. These results thus are consistent with the hypothesis that proteins produced by this region are involved in pathogen recognition.
Design of highly selective ethanol dehydration nanocatalysts for ethylene production

Rational design of catalysts for selective conversion of alcohols to olefins is key since product selectivity remains an issue due to competing etherification reactions. Using first principles calculations and chemical rules, we designed novel metal-oxide-protected metal nanoclusters (M13X4O12, with M = Cu, Ag, and Au and X = Al, Ga, and In) exhibiting strong Lewis acid sites on their surface, active for the selective formation of olefins from alcohols. These symmetrical nanocatalysts, due to their curvature, show unfavorable etherification chemistries, while favoring the olefin production. Furthermore, we determined that water removal and regeneration of the nanocatalysts is more feasible compared to the equivalent strong acid sites on solid acids used for alcohol dehydration. Our results demonstrate an exceptional stability of these new nanostructures with the most energetically favorable being Cu-based. Thus, the high selectivity and stability of these in-silico-predicted novel nanoclusters (e.g. Cu13Al4O12) make them attractive catalysts for the selective dehydration of alcohols to olefins.