cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethanol promotes new vessel growth in remote nonischemic myocardium

Abstract Background Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that daily low to moderate alcohol consumption is cardioprotective as compared with abstainers and high alcohol consumption. Our group reported that alcohol consumption improves angiogenesis in chronically ischemic myocardium. We developed a clinically relevant follow-up study to assess the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on new vessel growth in normal myocardium remote from an ischemic territory in a swine model. Materials and methods Fourteen male Yorkshire swine underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor to induce chronic myocardial ischemia. Postoperatively, animals were supplemented with either 90 mL of ethanol daily (ETOH) or 80 g of sucrose (SUC) of equal caloric value. Seven weeks after ameroid placement, myocardial tissue from a territory remote from the ischemia was harvested for analysis. Results Both groups had similar microvascular relaxation to endothelial dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilators. Also, both groups had similar myocardial perfusion at rest and with demand pacing. The ETOH group had significantly increased arteriolar and capillary density in the nonischemic myocardium compared with the SUC group. ETOH supplementation also increased expression of pro-angiogenesis proteins vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial cadherin, and decreased expression of anti-angiogenesis proteins angiostatin and endostatin. Conclusions ETOH supplementation increased capillary and arteriolar density, upregulated pro-angiogenesis and pro-survival proteins, and downregulated anti-angiogenesis protein expression. These findings suggest that at moderate doses, ETOH directly promotes new vessel growth in the nonischemic myocardium remote from chronic ischemia.
Comparative genetic analysis of PP2A-Cdc55 regulators in budding yeast

Cdc55, a regulatory B subunit of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) complex, plays various functions during mitosis. Sequestration of Cdc55 from the nucleus by Zds1 and Zds2 is important for robust activation of mitotic Cdk1 and mitotic progression in budding yeast. However, Zds1-family proteins are found only in fungi but not in higher eukaryotes. In animal cells, highly conserved ENSA/ARPP-19 family proteins bind and inhibit PP2A–B55 activity for mitotic entry. In this study, we compared the relative contribution of Zds1/Zds2 and ENSA-family proteins Igo1/Igo2 on Cdc55 functions in budding yeast mitosis. We confirmed that Igo1/Igo2 can inhibit Cdc55 in early mitosis, but their contribution to Cdc55 regulation is relatively minor compared with the role of Zds1/Zds2. In contrast to Zds1, which primarily localized to the sites of cell polarity and in the cytoplasm, Igo1 is localized in the nucleus, suggesting that Igo1/Igo2 inhibit Cdc55 in a manner distinct from Zds1/Zds2. Our analysis confirmed an evolutionarily conserved function of ENSA-family proteins in inhibiting PP2A-Cdc55, and we propose that Zds1-dependent sequestration of PP2A-Cdc55 from the nucleus is uniquely evolved to facilitate closed mitosis in fungal species.
Optical Waveguides for Laser Gyro Applications

The use of light in inertial rotation sensing requires the path of a light beam to enclose an area, so that clockwise and counter-clockwise degeneracy is lifted by an inertial rotation. This is presently done in laser gyros with carefully aligned mirrors. This paper reviews the way in which guided waves may be used to eliminate the use of carefully aligned mirrors and discrete optical components. The advantages of guided wave devices will be increased stability and rigidity, as well as potential decreased fabricational costs. Disadvantages are possible increases in scattering and absorption losses.
A Testbed for Investigating the UAV Swarm Command and Control Problem Using DDDAS

Abstract Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) may become the future of military aviation as technology advances, especially sensors and miniaturization techniques. Currently, however, UAVs are controlled individually and require many resources, including ground-based pilots, to function. In our project, we attempt to explore how to remedy this using a Dynamic Data-Driven Application System (DDDAS) to control a group, or swarm, of UAVs. DDDAS takes real data and injects it into a running simulation, as well as allowing the running simulation to influence what real data is gathered, and as such is an ideal system to control real UAVs. We describe here how we created a testbed system that allowed two simulations to communicate data to one another using DDDAS principles, as well as the beginnings of incorporating commercially-available UAVs into the system.
Surface characterization of Pt electrodes using underpotential deposition of H and Cu: V. Characterization of BD Pt catalyst surface

Abstract The cyclic voltammetric characterization of commercial platinum catalysts is discussed with regard to experimental variables such as nature and concentration of electrolyte and choice of sweep rate. Information available from electrochemical experiments such as surface area and distribution of hydrogen adsorption sites is obtained for BD Pt, a commercial platinum catalyst. The distribution of hydrogen adsorption sites at BD Pt is shown to be similar to that at smooth polycrystalline Pt. Also, underpotential deposition of copper is shown to be useful for surface area measurements under the proper conditions. A maximum copper coverage of 417 μC per real cm 2 is obtained at BD Pt.
Preparation of monodispersed silica particles coated with ceria and control of coating thickness using sol-type precursor

Abstract Monodispersed silica particles coated with ceria were prepared using a peptized ceria sol as coating precursor. The ceria coating precursor was synthesized by alkoxide method, which employs ethanol as solvent. The resulting particles were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and zeta potential measurements. It was found that crystalline ceria coating was formed on the surface of silica particles at temperature of 60 °C without requirement for the post-heat treatment. The thickness of ceria coating was controlled by changing the concentration of the coating precursor. The influence of solution pH on the formation of ceria coating was investigated in terms of electrostatic attraction mechanism. The apparent surface coverage was estimated using an isoelectric point (IEP) data.
When is it coevolution

Abstract This paper evaluates the differences between Norgaard's and Winder et al.'s approach to socio–environmental coevolution. Winder et al. emphasize the evolutionary dynamics of coevolutionary change. These were omnipresent in Norgaard's work but they have not been adequately explored by other ecological economists. I argue that Winder et al.'s definition of coevolution is in essence the same as Norgaard's and that their real differences are, how they see coevolution applied and how far they are willing to draw a priori a line between evolutionary and non-evolutionary socio–environmental dynamics. My thesis is that at this stage a more open approach to evolutionary dynamics and coevolution a la Norgaard is a wiser strategy than Winder et al.'s narrower approach.
A note on unary deterministic time-delayed OL systems

Abstract We point out an error in Wood [1] and show how to modify the particular theorem in question.
Isolation of labile multi-protein complexes by in vivo controlled cellular cross-linking and immuno-magnetic affinity chromatography.

The dynamic nature of cellular machineries is frequently built on transient and/or weak protein associations. These low affinity interactions preclude stringent methods for the isolation and identification of protein networks around a protein of interest. The use of chemical crosslinkers allows the selective stabilization of labile interactions, thus bypassing biochemical limitations for purification. Here we present a protocol amenable for cells in culture that uses a homobifunctional crosslinker with a spacer arm of 12 A, dithiobis-(succinimidyl proprionate) (DSP). DSP is cleaved by reduction of a disulphide bond present in the molecule. Cross-linking combined with immunoaffinity chromatography of proteins of interest with magnetic beads allows the isolation of protein complexes that otherwise would not withstand purification. This protocol is compatible with regular western blot techniques and it can be scaled up for protein identification by mass spectrometry1. Stephanie A. Zlatic and Pearl V. Ryder contributed equally to this work.
Getting Back to Basics

Abstract In developing a Library Orientation Tour, it is important to be perceptive about the needs of a college population. At Queensborough Community College the student population is a mix of traditional and non-traditional students from diversified backgrounds. The initial contact with the Library, and its resources, may be overwhelming for students based on language barriers, lack of familiarity with information technology, and lack of library research skills. A Library Tour can be the students' introduction to information literacy. Library tours can plant the seed for life-long learning by providing students with a basic orientation which supports them in their transition to college integration and foster academic success.
An Acoustic Telemetry System Implemented for Real-Time Monitoring of the Gulf Stream with Inverted Echo Sounders

Abstract From August 1989 until August 1990, a simple acoustic telemetry system was used for obtaining real-time data from four inverted echo sounders (IESs) deployed in the Synoptic Ocean Prediction Experiment (SYNOP) inlet array in the Gulf Stream east of Cape Hatteras. The telemetry system is based on encoding data as a time-delayed broadcast acoustic signal: the delay of the time of broadcast of the signal, with respect to a reference time, is proportional to the data value. The changes in delay time, from one broadcast signal to the next, are recorded at a remote receiving station. Moored near the sea floor, IESs are designed to emit high-frequency (10 kHz) acoustic pings toward the sea surface and receive the reflected signal. In the Gulf Stream region, the round-trip travel time of the emitted signal is proportional to the depth of the main thermocline. As the Gulf Stream meanders back and forth over the instrument, its position can be tracked with the thermocline depth changes. Every 24 h, each AE...
Stat6-deficient mice develop airway hyperresponsiveness and peribronchial fibrosis during chronic fungal asthma

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6) is critical for Th2-mediated responses during allergic airway disease. To investigate the role of Stat6 in fungus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling, Stat6-deficient (Stat6-/-) and Stat6-wildtype (Stat6+/+) mice were sensitized to Aspergillus fumigatus and airway disease was subsequently assessed in both groups at days 21, 30, 38, and 44 after an intratracheal challenge with live A. fumigatus conidia. At all times after conidia, histological analysis revealed an absence of goblet cell hyperplasia and markedly diminished peribronchial inflammation in Stat6-/- mice in contrast to Stat6+/+ mice. Airway hyperresponsiveness and peribronchial fibrosis in Stat6-/- mice were significantly reduced at day 21 after conidia compared with Stat6+/+ mice, but both groups exhibited significant, similar increases in these parameters at all subsequent times after conidia. In separate experiments, IL-13-responsive cells in Stat6-/- mice were targeted via the daily intranasal administration of 200 ng of IL-13-PE38QQR (IL13-PE), comprised of human IL-13 and a derivative of Pseudomonas exotoxin, from days 38 to 44 after the conidia challenge. IL13-PE treatment abolished airway hyperresponsiveness, but not peribronchial fibrosis in Stat6-/- mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the chronic development of airway hyperresponsiveness during fungal asthma is IL-13-dependent but Stat6-independent.
Multiple autophosphorylation is essential for the formation of the active and stable homodimer of heme-regulated eIF2alpha kinase.

In heme-deficient reticulocytes, protein synthesis is inhibited due to the activation of heme-regulated eIF2α kinase (HRI). Activation of HRI is accompanied by its phosphorylation. We have investigated the role of autophosphorylation in the formation of active and stable HRI. Two autophosphorylated species of recombinant HRI expressed in Escherichia coli were resolved by SDS−PAGE. Both species of HRI were multiply autophosphorylated on serine, threonine, and to a lesser degree also tyrosine residues. Species II HRI exhibited a much higher extent of autophosphorylation and thus migrates slower in SDS−PAGE than species I HRI. Similarly, HRI naturally present in reticulocytes also exhibited these species with different degrees of phosphorylation. Importantly, in heme-deficient intact reticulocytes, inactive species I HRI was converted completely into species II. We further separated and characterized these two species biochemically. We found that species I was inactive and had a tendency to aggregate while t...
Exploring structural analysis of place networks using check-in signals

The huge amount of check-in data obtained through location-based social networks (LBSNs) provides a great opportunity to learn the characteristics of a geographic area through the users' collective check-in behavior. In this paper, we explore structure analysis of place networks, in which vertices are geographic places while the links between places are formed based on the user's check-in history. Specifically, we apply Louvain community detection algorithm on the place networks to obtain a set of place clusters (or communities). We found that these communities can be used to discover geographic layouts in the city and can uncover interesting patterns by analyzing geographically distant places within the same community. These results suggest that structural analysis of place networks is a promising approach for urban computing and has many implications of mobile networking, urban planning, user profiling and travel recommendations.
Leucocytic infiltration into the hypoglossal nucleus following injury to the hypoglossal nerve.

Tritiated thymidine was injected into adult female A/J mice at 24, 20, and 16 hours before transection of the left hypoglossal nerve. These animals and uninjured controls that received the same sequence of tritiated thymidine injections were sacrificed by perfusion fixation at either 4, 8, 16 or 35 days after the time of the injury. At all time intervals after injury there were several times more labeled cells in the nucleus of the injured nerve than were found in the right hypoglossal nucleus of the same animals. However, the right hypoglossal nucleus of the injured animals had significantly more labeled cells than were found in the hypoglossal nuclei of the uninjured control animals. Labeled mitotic figures were present in the nucleus of the injured nerve on the fourth day after injury. Since no tritiated thymidine should have been available at the time of injury or afterward to label cells that proliferated in response to the injury, the difference in the number of labeled cells between the injured animals and the controls is attributed to an infiltration of labeled mononuclear leucocytes.
Volumetric Features for Video Event Detection

Real-world actions occur often in crowded, dynamic environments. This poses a difficult challenge for current approaches to video event detection because it is difficult to segment the actor from the background due to distracting motion from other objects in the scene. We propose a technique for event recognition in crowded videos that reliably identifies actions in the presence of partial occlusion and background clutter. Our approach is based on three key ideas: (1) we efficiently match the volumetric representation of an event against oversegmented spatio-temporal video volumes; (2) we augment our shape-based features using flow; (3) rather than treating an event template as an atomic entity, we separately match by parts (both in space and time), enabling robustness against occlusions and actor variability. Our experiments on human actions, such as picking up a dropped object or waving in a crowd show reliable detection with few false positives.
Responses of midbrain cells to blur

The effects of induced blur were studied on the response efficiencies of cells of the midbrain, Although a small minority of cells exhibited little change in response pattern with either hyperopic or myopic blur, the response efficiencies of most (some 86%) of the cells studied were markedly reduced, but often selectively, i.e., one trigger feature being more vulnerable then the others.
Recent developments in perovskite-based oxide ion conductors

Recent advances in the study of oxygen-deficient perovskites and brownmillerite phases as oxygen ion conductors are reviewed. The structures of these phases containing oxygen vacancies are surveyed and the role of the oxygen vacancies with respect to the ionic conductivity in these materials is discussed in detail.
The first report on specific binding mode of diethylmalonate acting as a bridging ligand between ruthenium (II) ions stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds

Abstract Typically 2,2-diethylmalonate (dem) acts as a chelating ligand and binds to the metal in a η2 (dem-O, O′) mode. However, when cis,fac-[RuCl2(TMSO-S)4] is treated with K2(dem), it prefers to bind in an unusual bridging mode (μ-dem-O, O′) with the ruthenium (II) cation containing coordinated water, forming a strong hydrogen bond with the non-coordinated oxygen atoms of the 2,2-diethylmalonate ligand. The reaction products of cis,fac-[RuCl2(TMSO-S)4] (1) and cis,fac-[RuCl2(DMSO-S)3(DMSO-O)] (2) with dem are the dinuclear species with two bridging dem units, fac-[Ru(TMSO-S)3(H2O)(μ2-dem-O, O′)]2 (3) and fac-[Ru(DMSO-S)3(H2O)(μ2-dem-O, O′)]2 (4), respectively. The complex 3 was characterized by X-ray crystallography in which water ligands occupy anti positions with respect to each other. The NMR and X-ray study support each other with respect to dinuclear structure of 3 and 4, indicating that the dinuclear structure observed in the solid state is preserved in solution as well. The mononuclear anionic complex with chelating dem unit, K{fac-[RuCl(η2-dem-O, O′)(TMSO-S)3} (5), was also isolated from the reaction of 1 and K2(dem) demonstrating that 5 is an intermediate in the formation of 3.
Understanding behavior makes it more normal.

Meehl (1973) has informally observed that clinicians will perceive a patient as being more normal if they can understand the patient’s behaviors. In Experiment 1, undergraduate participants received descriptions of 10 people, each with three characteristics (e.g.,frequently suffers from insomnia) taken from theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). When the characteristics formed a plausible causal chain, adding a causal explanation increased perceived normality; but when a causal chain was implausible, perceived normality decreased. In Experiments 2 and 3, a negative life event (e.g.,is very stressed out due to her workload) was added as an explanation for the first characteristic in a three-characteristic causal chain. Undergraduates, graduate students in clinical psychology, and expert clinicians all reliably perceived the patients as being more normal with these explanations than without them, confirming Meehl’s prediction.
Seclusion rates and patient census in a maximum security hospital

Seclusion incidents were studied irr an undercrowded maximum security hospital where seclusion is used in response to episodes of violent or disruptive behavior. Population-based seclusion rates for days with an above-mean census were compared with those for days with a below-mean census. Contrary to expectations derived from studies of overcrowded prisons, the total seclusion rate was higher under low census conditions. Although the seclusion rate for parasuicide incidents was higher under high census conditions, seclusion rates for battery, assault, and disorderly conduct incidents were each higher under low census conditions. These findings are interpreted as indicating that correctional officers observe a smaller proportion of battery, assault, and disorderly conduct incidents under high census conditions. Such underdetection must be taken into account, along with underreporting, in studies of intrainstitutional incidents.
Biogeography of Indo-Pacific larger foraminifera and scleractinian corals: A probabilistic approach to estimating taxonomic diversity, faunal similarity, and sampling bias

Abstract The eastward decline in the diversity of Indo-Pacific scleractinian corals and larger foraminifera is due primarily to the shallowing of the thermocline and significant cooling of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the eastern Pacific. The coral larvae carried eastward across the Pacific encounter temperatures below 18°C; which is lower than the optimum for the long-term survival of reef-building corals. This thermal barrier to dispersal of the Indo-Pacific fauna is particularly effective in an area within 2000 km west of the Galapagos Islands. Nevertheless, trend-surface analysis of faunal similarity based on the probabilistic index of Raup and Crick (1979) suggests that the modern scleractinian fauna of the eastern Pacific region exhibits a high degree of similarity to that of the Indo-Pacific region. The newly assembled data on the generic occurrence of larger foraminifera and the results of the probabilistic analysis based on the method of Henderson and Heron (1977) indicate that the observed diversity of a fauna constituted, on average, 65% of the true diversity; the remaining 35% can be viewed as a measure of the sampling bias. Last, the maximum north-south range of a genus belonging to modern scleractinian corals or larger foraminifera is 70° ± 5° and its east-west range never exceeds the distance that is four times the north-south range. The reason for a correspondence between the maximum latitudinal and longitudinal ranges of genera belonging to these two unrelated groups is believed to lie in the similarity of their dispersal capabilities, which were largely controlled by temperature.
Functional Properties of Turkey Salt‐Soluble Proteins

The functional properties of salt-soluble proteins (SSP) extracted from turkey breast and thigh were determined. Breast and thigh SSP extracts were comprised of similar proteins and there was no difference in the effect of pH and NaCl concentration on solubility. Gels formed in a pH 6.0, 0.5M NaCl phosphate buffer were stable to centrifugation and had the greatest rigidity. Gels formed at pH 7.0 with breast SSP were stable to centrifugation, whereas pH 7.0 thigh SSP gels were not consistently stable. Uniaxial compression was used to determine failure shear stress, failure shear strain and hardness of gels. Breast SSP at 25 mg/mL and 35 mg/mL formed gels suitable for compression analysis, whereas thigh SSP gels of similar concentration were too frail for analysis. Breast SSP had more favorable gelation properties than thigh SSP.
Synthesis of 6'-O-lissamine-rhodamine B-glucosamine as a novel probe for fluorescence imaging of lysosomes in breast tumors

Lysosomes contain multiple proteases, which play a crucial role in breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Noninvasive labeling of lysosomes in breast cancer cells and solid breast tumor models is therefore useful to study lysosomal trafficking and its role in invasion. We have synthesized a novel compound, 6'-O-lissamine-rhodamine B-glucosamine, to fluorescently label lysosomes, and evaluated the compound in human breast cancer cells in cell culture or in orthotopic human breast cancer models. We demonstrated that this novel compound biosynthetically labeled lysosomal proteins following addition to cell culture medium or following intravenous injection into mouse models of breast cancer. Fluorescence from 6'-O-lissamine-rhodamine B-glucosamine colocalized with several well-established lysosomal markers, such as lysosome-associated proteins 1 and 2 (LAMP-1 and -2) and CD63. We also demonstrated the feasibility of performing in vivo fluorescence imaging of 6'-O-lissamine-rhodamine B-glucosamine to image lysosomes in human breast cancer models.
‘Green’ composites Part 2: Characterization of flax yarn and glutaraldehyde/poly(vinyl alcohol) modified soy protein concentrate composites

In the present research, soy protein concentrate (SPC) was modified using glutaraldehyde (GA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The modified resin allowed to process soy protein polymer without any plasticizer. The modified resin also showed increased tensile properties, improved thermal stability and reduced moisture resistance as compared to SPC resin. Besides the tensile and thermal properties, modified SPC resin was also characterized for its dynamic mechanical properties.
Undergraduates and research: Motivations, challenges, and the path forward

At last year's conference, we organized a panel “Involving Undergraduates in Research: Motivations and Challenges” which was a great success with many interesting discussions. This has motivated us to develop a second iteration of this panel with an additional dimension - the Path Forward. We expect to have more discussions on how to extend what we have already learned from the past experiences to further enhance the way we involve undergraduates in doing research. Panelists will deliver a 5-minute overview of their research experiences with undergraduate students, including challenges they faced, lessons learned, and areas for improvement. The floor will then be opened for audience members to voice any concerns, questions, or comments. Student panel attendees will be given special consideration when presenting observations from their own perspective.
The Symbolic Growth Experience A Chronicle of Heuristic Inquiry and a Quest for Synthesis

In this article I present a special example of the process of heuristic inquiry as I have experienced it in my several years of research on the Symbolic Growth Experience. I outline a chronology of...
Fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue during exercise

By far the largest energy reserve in the human body is adipose tissue triglycerides, and these reserves are an important source of fuel during prolonged endurance exercise. To use this rich source of potential energy during exercise, adipose tissue triglycerides must first be hydrolyzed and the resultant fatty acids delivered to the working muscles. The aims of this review are to describe how exercise alters lipid mobilization from adipose tissue, to identify alternative sources of lipids and to discuss some of the key factors regulating fatty acid mobilization, uptake and oxidation during exercise. The impact of understanding factors involved in the coordinated regulation of lipid mobilization and oxidation during exercise goes far beyond its relevance for endurance exercise performance. A better understanding of the regulation of these processes will facilitate the development of more effective treatment modalities for obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation for the Three Parameter Weibull Distribution Based on Censored Samples

This study develops maximum likelihood estimators for the three parameter Weibull distribution based on various left, and right, censored data situations. For the case of single censoring from the left and progressive censoring from the right, the developed estimation procedure involves the simultaneous solution of two iterative equations compared to the arduous task of solving three simultaneous iterative equations as outlined by Harter and Moore [6]. For the two parameter Weibull [4], the above case results in an estimation procedure involving only one iterative equation. The asymptotic variance-covariance matrix of the estimators is given. Pivotal functions are provided whose distributions can be used for confidence interval estimation and for tests of hypotheses. An example is included which illustrates the estimation procedure involving left censored samples.
Structural biology: Trimeric ion-channel design

Cavernous chambers, intricate passages, a gate with a curious lock — the structure of an ATP-activated ion channel reveals its architecture. And this intriguing interior design is found in another type of ion channel too. P2X receptors are ATP-gated non-selective cation channels involved in nociception and inflammatory responses, whose structures were unknown. Kawate et al. now present the crystal structure of the zebrafish P2X4 receptor in a closed state. The trimeric structure reveals some of the molecular underpinnings of ligand-binding, cation entry and channel gating. A related paper presents the structure of chicken acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1) in a desensitized state. Like P2X receptors, ASICs are trimeric, but they belong to an entirely different family of ion channels. The structure determination of ASIC1 shows how ion permeation and desensitization may occur, and comparison of ASIC and P2X structures suggests that these functionally distinct channels employ similar mechanistic principles.
Heat resistance of certain pathogenic bacteria in milk using a commercial plate heat exchanger.

Abstract This investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of rapid heating and cooling of milk, with very short holding time, on the thermal resistance of certain organisms important to milk pasteurization. Suspensions of strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Salmonella typhosa, and Shigella dysenteriae were inoculated into milk which subsequently was processed at varying temperatures with a commercial plate pasteurizer. The pasteurizer was modified slightly to reduce resident heating, holding, and cooling times to a minimum. D values were determined from recovery data for each strain of organisms, and were used to calculate theoretical lethalities by an arbitrary standard of 15 D being equivalent to unit lethality. From these data, it was calculated that a temperature of 82.2C would adequately, pasteurize milk. Milk can be pasteurized successfully by faster rates of heating and cooling, without an intended holding time at temperatures attainable with commercial heat exchangers. However, consideration must be given to rates of heating and cooling milk by individual pasteurizers and to controlling instrument responses in establishing standards.
Anti-tumor immunity induced by an anti-idiotype antibody mimicking human Her-2/neu

Our goal is to apply an anti-idiotype (Id) antibody based vaccine approach for the treatment of Her-2/neu-positive human cancer. Amplification and/or over-expression of Her-2/neu occur in multiple human malignancies and are associated with poor prognosis. Her-2/neu proto-oncogene is a suitable target for cancer immunotherapy. We have developed and characterized a murine monoclonal anti-Id antibody, 6D12 that mimics a specific epitope of Her-2/neu and can be used as a surrogate antigen for Her-2/neu. In this study, the efficacy of 6D12 as a tumor vaccine was evaluated in a murine tumor model. Immunization of immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice with 6D12 conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and mixed with Freund's adjuvant or 6D12 combined with the adjuvant QS21 induced anti-6D12 as well as anti-Her-2/neu immunity. Her-2/neu-positive human breast carcinoma cells, SK-BR-3 reacted with immunized mice sera as determined by ELISA and flow cytometry. Flow cytometry analysis also demonstrated strong reactivity of immunized mice sera with human Her-2/neu transfected EL4 cells (EL4-Her-2), but no reactivity with nontransfected parental EL4 cells. Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity against EL4-Her-2 cells was also observed in presence of immune sera. Mice immunized with 6D12 were protected against a challenge with lethal doses of EL4-Her-2 cells, whereas no protection was observed against parental EL4 cells or when mice were immunized with an unrelated anti-Id antibody and challenged with EL4-Her-2 cells. These data suggest that anti-Id 6D12 vaccine can induce protective Her-2/neu specific antitumor immunity and may serve as a potential network antigen for the treatment of patients with Her-2/neu-positive tumors.
Role of microtubules in pigment granule migration in teleost retinal pigment epithelial cells

In cells of the teleost retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), melanin pigment granules migrate in response to changes in environmental light conditions. Melanin granules disperse into the RPE cell's long apical projections in response to the onset of light, and aggregate towards the base of the RPE cell in response to the onset of darkness. The RPE cells possess numerous microtubules and actin filaments, which in the apical projections are aligned longitudinally. Previous cytochalasin studies have shown that intact actin filaments are required for pigment granule dispersion and maintenance of the dispersed state (Burnside, Adler and O'Connor (1983). Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 24, 1). We report here that pigment granule aggregation is strongly inhibited when the highly stable microtubules of RPE apical projections are disrupted by a combination of cold and nocodazole treatments. Pigment dispersion and maintenance of the dispersed and aggregated states are unaffected by microtubule disruption. These results indicate that microtubules are required for RPE pigment aggregation but not for dispersion.
Predicting Desire for Institutional Placement Among Racially Diverse Dementia Family Caregivers: The Role of Quality of Care

Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (ADRD) are a major risk factor for nursing home institutionalization (Gallagher-Thompson et al., 2011). By 5 years after diagnosis, nearly 50% of ADRD patients are institutionalized (Luppa, Luck, Brahler, Konig, & Riedel-Heller, 2008). Moreover, patients with ADRD cost Medicaid nine times more on average when compared with patients without ADRD (Alzheimer’s Association, 2011). Stress associated with the caregiving role including daily care burden (e.g., bathing and feeding; Habermann, Cooper, Katona, & Livingston, 2009), bother associated with behavioral problems (e.g., wandering, repetitive questions; Banaszak-Holl et al., 2004), and more global indicators of caregiver (CG) burden (e.g., reduced self-care, constantly feeling “on duty”; de Vugt et al., 2005) are all associated with nursing home placement. Research has found that ADRD CGs tend to consider future institutionalization earlier than families providing care for other illnesses (Gallagher-Thompson et al., 2011). This endorsement of thinking and planning for institutional care has been termed “desire for institutionalization” (Morycz, 1985) and has emerged as a powerful, prognostic indicator of future nursing home admission (McCaskill, Burgio, DeCoster, & Roff, 2011). Approximately 80% of the care for more than 5 million individuals with ADRD in the United States is provided by families in the home (Alzheimer’s Association, 2011). However, little direct research attention has focused on the dynamic, dyadic impact of CG stress and emotional experience on the quality of care of the care recipient (CR) and concomitant CG desire to institutionalize the CR. To inform future research, the purpose of this article is to examine associations between CG and CR characteristics, quality of informal dementia care, and CG desire to institutionalize (DTI) the CR. Better understanding of the factors associated with informal care quality among diverse CGs may inform future interventions that directly target improving informal care or, potentially, identify families most in need of assistance preparing for institutional placement.
Innovation With Experience Using Implantable Left Ventricular Assist Devices

The National Institutes of Health’s artificial heart program, initiated in 1964, has generated sustained and coordinated efforts by industry and academic engineers and investigators to create and develop mechanical circulatory support devices to prolong and enhance the lives of patients with advanced heart failure. These efforts have been supported by a combination of federal, industry, and philanthropic funding. By the mid 1990s, left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), the direct offspring of the program, received Food and Drug Administration marketing approval to support patients awaiting cardiac transplantation. Favorable results in this bridge to transplant population encouraged the design of the multicenter REMATCH (Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive Heart failure) trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of long-term LVAD support in patients with chronic end-stage heart failure (stage D).1 Compared with optimal medical management (n=61), LVAD implantation (n=68) doubled the 1-year survival (from 25% to 51%) in a terminally ill, transplant-ineligible population. Moreover, these patients had a significant improvement in quality of life and functional status compared with their medical counterparts. On the basis of these results, the Food and Drug Administration allowed initial commercialization of LVADs as a “destination therapy” (DT) in late 2002, and the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services approved the therapy for coverage and reimbursement in 2003. In addition to proving the concept that LVADs could improve survival and quality of life of a defined severely ill population, REMATCH documented an array of limitations in device performance, durability, and clinical management. The concerns raised have resulted in limited adoption of DT clinically, although efforts are refocused toward developing improved selection and clinical management of device recipients and a new generation of devices. Article see p …
Tissue motion analysis of digitized B-scan images of breast tumors

Palpated tissue motion in patients with both benign and malignant breast disease was quantified from ultrasound B-mode video images using ultrasonic speckle tracking. The displacement response of tissues surrounding benign and malignant breast lesions was compared taking advantage of the altered mechanical properties and thus motion signatures of many tumors relative to their host tissue. Preliminary results indicate that malignant masses drag surrounding tissues when palpated, suggesting infiltration by the tumor into surrounding tissues. Benign breast masses however, exhibited no such dragging. Sample results taken from 8 patients with sonographically apparent breast masses are used to demonstrate the method.
A simple and sensitive assay for eflornithine quantification in rat brain using pre-column derivatization and UPLC-MS/MS detection.

Eflornithine (α-difluoromethylornithine) has been used to treat second-stage (or meningoencephalitic-stage) human African trypanosomiasis and currently is under clinical development for cancer prevention. In this study, a new ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)-based assay was developed and validated for the quantification of eflornithine in rat brain. To improve chromatographic retention and MS detection, eflornithine was derivatized with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate for 5 min at room temperature prior to injection. Derivatized eflornithine was separated on a reverse-phase C18 UPLC column with a 6-min gradient; elution occurred at approximately 1.5 min. Prior to derivatization, eflornithine was reproducibly extracted from rat brain homogenate by methanol protein precipitation (~70% recovery). Derivatized eflornithine was stable in the autosampler (6 °C) for at least 24 h. This new assay had acceptable intra- and interday accuracy and precision over a wide dynamic range (5000-fold) and excellent sensitivity with a lower limit of quantification of 0.1 µm (18 ng/mL) using only 10 μL of rat brain homogenate. The validated eflornithine assay was applied successfully to determine eflornithine distribution in different regions of rat brain in an in situ rat brain perfusion study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can You See Me Now? Audience and Disclosure Regulation in Online Social Network Sites

The prevailing paradigm in Internet privacy literature, treating privacy within a context merely of rights and violations, is inadequate for studying the Internet as a social realm. Following Goffm...
Public Education Cost Frontier Models: Theory and An Application

We examine the cost structure of public schools in this paper, using frontier cost models that enable us to estimate sources of inefficiency. A two equation stochastic frontier model is presented that can be used to explain both cost and the sources of inefficiency. Using that model and data for public schools in Nebraska over the period 1989-92, we estimate cost frontiers for the districts. Estimated cost frontier information is then used in estimating school district need for purposes of computing state aid, illustrating an important potential application of such information.
AIDS-Related Risk Behavior among Female Prisoners with Histories of Mental Impairment

This article highlights the need for correctional policy to address health education and self-efficacy training, as well as treatment of chemical dependence, among female prisoners with histories of psychological impairments and high-risk HIV-related behaviors. The authors examine the substance abuse and high-risk behavior histories of a group of 80 newly incarcerated women in Texas prisons with histories of varying degrees of mental impairment. In addition, the authors analyze the risk-taking behavior of a subset of 29 of these women who report histories of prostitution. This study's findings indicate that the majority of these 80 female inmates have histories of sustained use of alcohol and illicit drugs, recognize a current need for substance abuse and/or psychiatric treatment, and have recent histories of numerous high-risk behaviors for the transmission of AIDS. Yet, their self-perception of chances of contracting HIV is low.
Mislocalization of phosphotransferase as a cause of mucolipidosis III αβ

The lysosomal storage disorder mucolipidosis III αβ is caused by mutations in the αβ subunits of UDP-GlcNAc:lysosomal enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (phosphotransferase). This Golgi-localized enzyme mediates the first step in the synthesis of the mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker on lysosomal acid hydrolases, and loss of function results in impaired lysosomal targeting of these acid hydrolases and decreased lysosomal degradation. Here we show that two patient missense mutations, Lys4Gln and Ser15Tyr, in the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail of the α subunit of phosphotransferase impair retention of the catalytically active enzyme in the Golgi complex. This results in mistargeting of the mutant phosphotransferases to lysosomes, where they are degraded, or to the cell surface and release into the medium. The finding that mislocalization of active phosphotransferase is the basis for mucolipidosis III αβ in a subset of patients shows the importance of single residues in the cytoplasmic tail of a Golgi-resident protein for localization to this compartment.
Improving solid oxide fuel cells with yttria-doped ceria interlayers by atomic layer deposition

The performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) was significantly enhanced through surface modification of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte by doped ceria interlayers. Ultra-thin yttria-doped-ceria (YDC) layers were fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The doping concentrations of Y2O3 were finely tuned by changing the Ce : Y pulsing ratios. YDC layers were inserted between bulk YSZ electrolyte and a porous Pt cathode. The performance of SOFCs with different doping concentrations of YDC interlayers was measured using the linear sweep voltammetry method at operating temperatures between 300 and 500 °C. The fuel cell performance was enhanced by a factor of 2–3.6 within the Y2O3 doping range of 12–17 M%. The enhanced performance was attributed to an increased oxide ion incorporation rate at the electrode/electrolyte interface.
Robust speech recognition using multiple prior models for speech reconstruction

Prior models of speech have been used in robust automatic speech recognition to enhance noisy speech. Typically, a single prior model is trained by pooling the entire training data. In this paper we propose to train multiple prior models of speech instead of a single prior model. The prior models can be trained based on distinct characteristics of speech. In this study, they are trained based on voicing characteristics. The trained prior models are then used to reconstruct noisy speech. Significant improvements are obtained on the Aurora-4 robust speech recognition task when multiple priors are used; in conjunction with an uncertainty transform technique, multiple priors yield a 13.7% absolute improvement in the average word error rate over directly recognizing noisy speech.
Femoral nerve blocks

Abstract Peripheral nerve blocks can provide high-quality anesthesia and analgesia after unilateral lower-extremity surgery. Lower-extremity nerve blocks, though underused, have significant advantages to central neuraxial techniques, especially in the ambulatory setting. Femoral nerve blocks are easy to perform, have few side effects, and a low incidence of complications. Despite these advantages, thorough knowledge of the pertinent anatomy is required to consistently perform these blocks successfully. This article reviews relevant femoral nerve anatomy. Techniques for single injection, as well as continuous blockade of the femoral nerve, are discussed. Also considered in this article is the efficacy of femoral nerve blocks and some of the shown improvements in patient outcome. This review also focuses on improved catheter technology and the accessibility of novel disposable infusion pumps that have enabled the use of continuous femoral nerve blocks on a larger scale. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Supplementation strategy during late gestation alters steer progeny health in the feedlot without affecting cow performance

a b s t r a c t Implementation of minimal supplemental strategies during late gestation has been reported to potentially increase post-weaning progeny health in the feedlot. Therefore, to investigate the effects of nutritional management strategies during late gestation on cow and subsequent steer progeny performance, 103 gestating cows grazing dormant win- ter range were utilized at Corona Range and Livestock Research Center, Corona, NM. Cows were supplemented with (1) a 36% crude protein (CP) supplement (CSM) fed 3×/wk at a rate of 454 g cow−1 d−1, (2) self-fed supplement comprised of 50% corn gluten meal and 50% mineral (SMP; 28% CP), or (3) cows fed no protein supplement during late gestation (NS). Cows were supplemented for 60 d from December until 2 wk prior to calving. Supplement consumption was 0.45, 0.17, and 0.00 kg/d for CSM, SMP, and NS. After weaning, steers were preconditioned for 45 d and were received and treated as custom-fed commercial cattle at a feedlot in mid-November. Cow BW and BCS were not influenced (P≥0.55) by late gestation management strategy throughout the study. Prepartum supplementation strate- gies did not influence (P=0.75) subsequent pregnancy rates. Calf BW at weaning, during the feedlot phase, and HCW were not different (P≥0.52) among dam prepartum treatments. A