cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deciphering the dynamics of inorganic carbon export from intertidal salt marshes using high-frequency measurements

Abstract The lateral export of carbon from coastal marshes via tidal exchange is a key component of the marsh carbon budget and coastal carbon cycles. However, the magnitude of this export has been difficult to accurately quantify due to complex tidal dynamics and seasonal cycling of carbon. In this study, we use in situ , high-frequency measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and water fluxes to estimate lateral DIC fluxes from a U.S. northeastern salt marsh. DIC was measured by a CHANnelized Optical Sensor (CHANOS) that provided an in situ concentration measurement at 15-min intervals, during periods in summer (July – August) and late fall (December). Seasonal changes in the marsh had strong effects on DIC concentrations, while tidally-driven water fluxes were the fundamental vehicle of marsh carbon export. Episodic events, such as groundwater discharge and mean sea water level changes, can impact DIC flux through altered DIC concentrations and water flow. Variability between individual tides within each season was comparable to mean variability between the two seasons. Estimated mean DIC fluxes based on a multiple linear regression (MLR) model of DIC concentrations and high-frequency water fluxes agreed reasonably well with those derived from CHANOS DIC measurements for both study periods, indicating that high-frequency, modeled DIC concentrations, coupled with continuous water flux measurements and a hydrodynamic model, provide a robust estimate of DIC flux. Additionally, an analysis of sampling strategies revealed that DIC fluxes calculated using conventional sampling frequencies (hourly to two-hourly) of a single tidal cycle are unlikely to capture a representative mean DIC flux compared to longer-term measurements across multiple tidal cycles with sampling frequency on the order of tens of minutes. This results from a disproportionately large amount of the net DIC flux occurring over a small number of tidal cycles, while most tides have a near-zero DIC export. Thus, high-frequency measurements (on the order of tens of minutes or better) over the time period of interest are necessary to accurately quantify tidal exports of carbon species from salt marshes.
Head Start educators’ beliefs about bilingualism, dual language development, and bilingual education

This study employed survey methodology to examine the beliefs of Head Start educators about bilingualism, dual language development, and bilingual education and explored relationships between demog...
Noggin inhibition of mouse dentinogenesis.

Abstract Objectives The Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) direct tooth development and still express in the adult tooth. We hypothesized that inhibition of BMP function would therefore disrupt dentinogenesis by differentiated odontoblasts. Methods We generated mice overexpressing the BMP-inhibitory protein Noggin in differentiated odontoblasts and osteocytes under control of a Dmp1 promoter-driven cre transgene. We compared the dentin phenotype in these mice with that in WT littermates and in mice with a Smad4 odontoblast/osteocyte knockout mediated by the same cre and therefore lacking all BMP and Tgfβ signaling in the same tissues. Results Three-month-old first molars from both Noggin-expressing and Smad4-deleted mice showed decreased dentin volume with enlarged pulp cavities, and both displayed less organized and mineralized dentinal tubules compared to WT. The Smad4-ablated phenotype was more severe. While dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) were decreased in the dentin of both lines, dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) was sharply increased in Noggin-expressing teeth. Conclusions The phenotypes we observed in Noggin-overexpressing and Smad4-conditional knockout teeth resemble the phenotype of Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DGI) type III. Our results show that BMPs regulate post-natal dentinogenesis and that BMP-inhibitory proteins like Noggin play a role in that regulation. The increased severity of the Smad4 phenotype indicates that Tgfβ ligands, in addition to BMPs, play a crucial role in post-developmental dentinogenesis.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR A SUPERSONIC COMBUSTION FACILITY AND DISCUSSION OF PERTINENT RESEARCH AREAS

Abstract Extensive space exploration will be a major project in the decades to follow. In order to make this feasible, the concept of reusable boosters has been considered promising. Because of the high specific impulse, hypersonic air breathing engines may prove to be the most desirable propulsion system for such boosters. In these, supersonic combustion will be necessary to maintain reasonable efficiencies. Various schemes have been considered to sustain supersonic combustion. Broadly, they may be classified into three categories : (1) Use of the mixing processes between air and fuel streams to sustain and control combustion. (2) Use of temperature and pressure increases across a shock to initiate and anchor supersonic combustion. (3) Use of various flame holding devices, including pilot flames to anchor and sustain combustion. The various schemes are discussed in the paper. Design parameters are given for a Mach. 1.5–4 combustion facility which corresponds to various flight corridors. The necessary air temperature and pressure ranges are presented for non-premixed gaseous injection. In addition to the specific facility design, three areas of basic research are discussed where investigations are of importance for supersonic ramjet design because systematic data are lacking at the present time: mixing processes in the “near” region coupled with combustion; injection of propellants and their interaction with supersonic flow fields; limits of flammability in turbulent flows.
Vent-Lock: A 3D Printed Ventilator Multiplexer to Enhance the Capacity of Treating Patients with COVID-19

ABSTRACT Mechanical ventilators are essential to patients who become critically ill from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and shortages have been reported due to the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We utilized cost-effective, on-demand 3D printing (3DP) technology to produce critical components for a novel ventilator multiplexer system, Vent-Lock, to split one ventilator or anesthesia gas machine between two patients. FloRest, a novel 3DP flow restrictor, provides clinicians control of tidal volumes and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), using the 3DP manometer adaptor to monitor pressures. We tested the ventilator splitter circuit in simulation centers between artificial lungs and used an anesthesia gas machine to successfully ventilate two swines. As one of the first studies to demonstrate splitting one anesthesia gas machine between two swines, we present proof-of-concept of a de novo, closed, multiplexing system, with flow restriction for individualized patient therapy. Our studies underscore that while possible, ventilator multiplexing is a complicated synergy between machine settings, circuit modification, and patient monitoring. Consequently, ventilator multiplexing is reserved only as a last emergency resource, by trained clinicians and respiratory therapists with ventilator operative experience.
Impact of Predefined Angles and a Revised APPLES Mnemonic on Accuracy and Performance Time for Simulated Ultrasound-Guided Injections.

OBJECTIVES Our objective was to determine whether predefined angles would improve performance time and accuracy of ultrasound-guided procedures by novice operators and whether a revised APPLES (approach, position, perpendicular, lift, entry, sweep) mnemonic was a helpful guide for performing the procedure. METHODS Participants attempted to hit targets in-plane and out-of-plane at different depths with a needle under ultrasound guidance with and without predefined angles. Participants were then asked if they thought that the mnemonic would be helpful when learning both methods for ultrasound-guided procedures. RESULTS There were 120 participants all of whom had performed fewer than six ultrasound guided procedures. Accuracy increased in all groups when angles were provided; however, only the 3-cm in-plane approach achieved statistical significance. Performance time also achieved statistical significance in two of the four groups. Ninety-five percent of participants thought that the revised APPLES mnemonic would be helpful for learning and performing ultrasound-guided procedures in the future. CONCLUSIONS Predefined angles seem to positively impact procedure time and accuracy for some target depths, and the APPLES mnemonic could be a helpful mental checklist for many novice operators. These may be useful tools to facilitate safe and efficient ultrasound-guided procedures in the clinical space.
A Pilot Study of Human Papillomavirus Detection in Urine Using a Novel Nucleic Acid Amplification Test.

INTRODUCTION Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is the standard-of-care for cervical cancer screening globally. Urine is a promising alternative to collecting a cervical specimen during a pelvic exam for HPV testing. There are no studies to date of HPV testing of urine using the Xpert HPV test. METHODS We conducted a pilot study of 40 women; 30 women undergoing colposcopy because of a previous abnormality and 10 undergoing routine screening, to evaluate HPV detection in urine by the Xpert HPV test on the GeneXpert platform. Xpert HPV testing of urine was done according to the manufacturer's instructions for testing cervical specimens. These results were compared to a reference of combined results of 2 research HPV genotyping tests conducted on cervical specimens and to repeat Xpert HPV testing of urine. RESULTS Analytic sensitivity and specificity of Xpert testing of urine for any high-risk HPV versus the cervical sample, categorized as HPV positive if at least 1 test was positive, were 64.3% (95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 42.1-76.1%) and 100% (97.5%CI = 71.5-100%), respectively. Analytic sensitivity and specificity of Xpert testing of urine for any high-risk HPV versus the cervical sample, categorized as positive if both tests were positive, were 66.7% (95%CI = 44.7-84.4%) and 86.7% (95%CI = 59.5-98.3%), respectively. Kappa values for first vs. second and first vs. third testing of urine by Xpert were 0.89 (95%CI = 0.79-1.00) and 0.90 (95%CI = 0.81-1.00), respectively. DISCUSSION Given the call for global elimination of cervical cancer and widespread availability of GeneXpert, optimizing Xpert HPV testing of urine may be warranted.
Introducing Mammalian Cell Colony Formation in the Undergraduate Biology Laboratory.

Clonogenic assays are a simple and robust method that allow researchers to characterize mammalian cell line features, including the ability of a single cell to grow into a colony. We have used this assay as a tool in the undergraduate biology laboratory, exposing students to a more specialized form of mammalian cell culture and helping them refine scientific research skills and knowledge. In this article, we share an easy and undergraduate-friendly method of using HeLa cells to carry out clonogenic assays. The methods described include the introduction of different treatments to assess their effect in HeLa cell colony formation. In this laboratory exercise, undergraduate students utilize different cell culture techniques such as growing, harvesting, counting, diluting, staining, and imaging cells.
Abstract 16093: Cardiology Clinic Integration Into a Primary Care Practice: Improving Access and Time to Testing

Introduction: The demand for cardiovascular care has been increasing but there are numerous barriers to accessing care. No-show rates are higher for specialist visits and place an economic burden o...
Validating Habitual and Goal-Directed Decision-Making Performance Online in Healthy Older Adults

Everyday decision-making is supported by a dual-system of control comprised of parallel goal-directed and habitual systems. Over the past decade, the two-stage Markov decision task has become popularized for its ability to dissociate between goal-directed and habitual decision-making. While a handful of studies have implemented decision-making tasks online, only one study has validated the task by comparing in-person and web-based performance on the two-stage task in children and young adults. To date, no study has validated the dissociation of goal-directed and habitual behaviors in older adults online. Here, we implemented and validated a web-based version of the two-stage Markov task using parameter simulation and recovery and compared behavioral results from online and in-person participation on the two-stage task in both young and healthy older adults. We found no differences in estimated free parameters between online and in-person participation on the two-stage task. Further, we replicate previous findings that young adults are more goal-directed than older adults both in-person and online. Overall, this work demonstrates that the implementation and use of the two-stage Markov decision task for remote participation is feasible in the older adult demographic, which would allow for the study of decision-making with larger and more diverse samples.
Why the Buffet Stock Market Valuation Indicator is Wrong

This paper shows that the Warren Buffet Indicator (BI) about stock market valuation, measured as the overall stock market value divided by GDP, contains an upward bias and not a proper indicator for three main reasons. Primarily, over 40% of the SP both reasons shifts the balance between public vs private companies. For example, the Uber IPO add new business (transportation) to the stock market cap; was not before. Another example, if Apple the largest company decided to be private, then the Buffet Indicator will show that the market is undervalue. Thus, the BI turn to be a trend and since 2013, the BI is higher than the 2000 valuation. Possibly, the BI measures the fraction of the US GDP produced public companies. Instead, we offer the Bonaparte Valuation Indicator (BVI), which is measured as the current price earnings ratio divided by the forward GDP. It is imperative the forward looking to be included, since stock market is several quarters ahead. Altogether, despite the simplicity of the Buffet Indicator, it is no longer can play a role of this dynamic financial market, instead we offer the Bonaparte Indicator that accounts for earnings with forward looking.
Climate Change and Mental Health: Implications for the Psychiatric Workforce.

Climate change is a major global public mental health crisis that is expected to increase the need for mental health services. Psychiatrists and other mental health care providers must address work...
#presidentspartingwords at a Critical Juncture: Reclaiming the Autonomous Subject in Social Media Discourse on Coronavirus in Belarus:

This study explores #presidentspartingwords, a viral hashtag that accompanied the eulogy-like posts that social media users created about themselves in spring 2020 by satirically emulating presiden...
Plasminogen-Directed Phenotypes in Mice

While the major physiological function of the fibrinolytic system is maintaining vascular patency, a number of in vitro and in vivo observations have implicated this proteolytic pathway in diverse nonhemostatic functions from embryogenesis to cancer. With the development of mice with specific gene deletions of the fibrinolytic system, more direct approaches to further delineate its regulatory capacity in physiological and pathophysiological events have evolved.
Probing the covariance matrix

By drawing an analogy between the logarithm of a probability distribution and a physical potential, it is natural to ask the question, “what is the effect of applying an external force on model parameters?” In Bayesian inference, parameters are frequently estimated as those that maximize the posterior, yielding the maximum a posteriori (MAP) solution, which corresponds to minimizing φ = −log(posterior). The uncertainty in the estimated parameters is typically summarized by the covariance matrix for the posterior distribution, C. I describe a novel approach to estimating specified elements of C in which one adds to φ a term proportional to a force, f, that is hypothetically applied to the parameters. After minimizing the augmented φ, the change in the parameters is proportional to Cf. By selecting the appropriate force, the analyst can estimate the variance in a quantity of special interest, as well as its covariance relative to other quantities. This technique allows one to replace a stochastic MCMC calcu...
Modeling Space-Time Data Using Stochastic Differential Equations

This paper demonstrates the use and value of stochastic difierential equations for modeling space-time data in two common settings. The flrst consists of point-referenced or geostatistical data where observations are collected at flxed locations and times. The second considers random point pattern data where the emergence of locations and times is random. For both cases, we employ stochas- tic difierential equations to describe a latent process within a hierarchical model for the data. The intent is to view this latent process mechanistically and endow it with appropriate simple features and interpretable parameters. A motivating problem for the second setting is to model urban development through observed locations and times of new home construction; this gives rise to a space-time point pattern. We show that a spatio-temporal Cox process whose intensity is driven by a stochastic logistic equation is a viable mechanistic model that afiords mean- ingful interpretation for the results of statistical inference. Other applications of stochastic logistic difierential equations with space-time varying parameters in- clude modeling population growth and product difiusion, which motivate our flrst, point-referenced data application. We propose a method to discretize both time and space in order to flt the model. We demonstrate the inference for the geosta- tistical model through a simulated dataset. Then, we flt the Cox process model to a real dataset taken from the greater Dallas metropolitan area.
Radiative Entropy Production—Heat Lost to Entropy

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with entropy production resulting from temperature differences. This thermal conduction energy is the lost heat that goes into entropy production. All forms of entropy production result from dissipative processes involving mass, species, momentum, heat transfer, and electromagnetic or nuclear transport. It is observed that the dissipation can have a diffusive or hysteretic origin, the diffusion being directional and the hysteresis being cyclic. The majority of dissipative processes, including the dissipation of radiation, are diffusive in nature. The chapter explores the thermodynamic foundations of entropy production and briefly reviews radiative stress and develops the local entropy production in terms of this stress. Further, the chapter illustrates entropy production in a stagnant gas and develops a qualitative understanding of radiative heat transfer. It also discusses the relation between entropy production and heat transfer, and the maximum entropy production at flame quenching. The microscales of turbulence and radiation-affected turbulence are presented.
Analysis of a frequency selective surface (FSS) radome located in closed proximity of a phased array antenna

In this paper, we present an analysis of a truncated frequency selective surface (FSS) radome located in close proximity to a finite-sized phased array antenna. The effect of the metal frame surrounding the truncated FSS radome is included in the analysis. The influence of the radome on the radiation pattern of the array is investigated in the study.
A DES ASIC Suitable for Network Encryption at 10 Gbps and Beyond

The Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Data Encryption Standard (DES) Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) is the fastest known implementation of the DES algorithm as defined in the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Publication 46-2. DES is used for protecting data by cryptographic means. The SNL DES ASIC, over 10 times faster than other currently available DES chips, is a high-speed, fully pipelined implementation offering encryption, decryption, unique key input, or algorithm bypassing on each clock cycle. Operating beyond 105 MHz on 64 bit words, this device is capable of data throughputs greater than 6.7 Billion bits per second (tester limited). Simulations predict proper operation up to 9.28 Billion bits per second. In low frequency, low data rate applications, the ASIC consumes less that one milliwatt of power. The device has features for passing control signals synchronized to throughput data. Three SNL DES ASICs may be easily cascaded to provide the much greater security of triple-key, triple-DES.
Identification of Novel Superior Polycationic Vectors for Gene Delivery by High-throughput Synthesis and Screening of a Combinatorial Library

Purpose Low efficiency and toxicity are two major drawbacks of current non-viral gene delivery vectors. Since DNA delivery to mammalian cells is a multi-step process, generating and searching combinatorial libraries of vectors employing high-throughput synthesis and screening methods is an attractive strategy for the development of new improved vectors because it increases the chance of identifying the most overall optimized vectors.
Effect of meliaceous seed extracts on growth and survival ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)

Hexane and ethanol extracts of seeds from 10 plant species (including neem-Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) of the family Meliaceae were incorporated into artificial diet at various doses and fed to fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] larvae in nochoice tests. All produced significant mortality, reduced larval growth rate, increased time to pupation, or all three, at some concentration. The two highest doses of all of the ethanol extracts caused 100% mortality before pupation, but the hexane extracts tended to be less effective.Aglaia cordata Hiern. ethanol extract was as potent as the comparable neem seed extract at virtually all levels, and its hexane extract was active at much lower concentrations than the neem extract was. The sublethal effects (slower growth and increased time to pupation) were usually detectable at lower doses of extract than mortality was.
Nonpeptide glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors. 12. Potent and orally active centrally constrained thieno[2,3-c]pyridones

Abstract A series of potent, orally active thieno[2,3-c]pyridone GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors featuring β-alanine C-2 sulfonamide substitution is described.
Wavelength Dependence of the Beam Radius in Anderson Localized Optical Fibers

We show that the beam radius of the localized beam in Anderson localized optical fibers is smaller for shorter wavelengths and report on the reversal of this scaling in some fibers due to boundary effects.
Pure optical photoacoustic microscopy

The concept of pure optical photoacoustic microscopy(POPAM) was proposed based on optical rastering of a focused excitation beam and optically sensing the photoacoustic signal using a microring resonator fabricated by a nanoimprinting technique. After the refinements of the microring’s working wavelength and in the resonator structure and mold fabrication, an ultrahigh Q factor of 3.0×105 was achieved which provided high sensitivity with a noise equivalent detectable pressure(NEDP) value of 29Pa. This NEDP is much lower than the hundreds of Pascals achieved with existing optical resonant structures such as etalons, fiber gratings and dielectric multilayer interference filters available for acoustic measurement. The featured high sensitivity allowed the microring resonator to detect the weak photoacoustic signals from micro- or submicroscale objects. The inherent superbroad bandwidth of the optical microring resonator combined with an optically focused scanning beam provided POPAM with high resolution in the axial as well as both lateral directions while the axial resolution of conventional photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) suffers from the limited bandwidth of PZT detectors. Furthermore, the broadband microring resonator showed similar sensitivity to that of our most sensitive PZT detector. The current POPAM system provides a lateral resolution of 5 μm and an axial resolution of 8 μm, comparable to that achieved by optical microscopy while presenting the unique contrast of optical absorption and functional information complementing other optical modalities. The 3D structure of microvasculature, including capillary networks, and even individual red blood cells have been discerned successfully in the proof-of-concept experiments on mouse bladders ex vivo and mouse ears in vivo. The potential of approximately GHz bandwidth of the microring resonator also might allow much higher resolution than shown here in microscopy of optical absorption and acoustic propagation properties at depths in unfrozen tissue specimens or thicker tissue sections, which is not now imageable with current optical or acoustic microscopes of comparable resolution.
Altruism, happiness, and health: it’s good to be good

Altruistic (other-regarding) emotions and behaviors are associated with greater well-being, health, and longevity. This article presents a summary and assessment of existing research data on altruism and its relation to mental and physical health. It suggests several complimentary interpretive frameworks, including evolutionary biology, physiological models, and positive psychology. Potential public health implications of this research are discussed, as well as directions for future studies. The article concludes, with some caveats, that a strong correlation exists between the well-being, happiness, health, and longevity of people who are emotionally and behaviorally compassionate, so long as they are not overwhelmed by helping tasks.
Retrieval of multi-wavelength aerosol lidar ratio profiles using Raman scattering and Mie backscattering signals

Abstract We advance a novel retrieval technique that combines a Raman and multi-wavelength elastic backscattered signals to retrieve multi-wavelength lidar ratio profiles of aerosol. With profile of backscatter coefficients at 355 nm retrieved from elastic backscatter signal at 355 nm and Raman scattering signal at 387 nm, lidar ratio profiles can be calculated at 532 nm and 1064 nm from the elastic backscatter signals at these wavelengths, taking advantage that the 532 nm/355 nm and 1064 nm/355 nm backscatter ratios are generally approximately equal for two neighboring range bins. This technique has been tested using numerical simulations and applied to lidar measurements at the Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia.
Extracting Intrinsic Synchronous Fluorescence for Spectral Imaging

A ratio-metric method was proposed to extract intrinsic fluorescence from synchronous fluorescence spectra distorted by absorption and scattering. Its applicable range was investigated using Monte Carlo simulations and the accuracy was tested with phantom experiments.
Identifying news videos' ideological perspectives using emphatic patterns of visual concepts

Television news has become the predominant way of understanding the world around us, but individual news broadcasters can frame or mislead an audience's understanding of political and social issues. We are developing a computer system that can automatically identify highly biased television news and encourage audiences to seek news stories from contrasting viewpoints. But can computers identify the ideological perspective from which a news video was produced? We propose a method based on an empathic pattern of visual concepts: news broadcasters holding contrasting ideological beliefs appear to emphasize different subsets of visual concepts. We formalize the emphatic patterns and propose a statistical model. We evaluate the proposed model on a large broadcast news video archive with promising experimental results.
Penetrating Ocular Injuries: Types of Injuries and Visual Results

The authors studied the hospital records of 453 patients who underwent primary surgical repair of penetrating ocular injuries at the Wilmer Institute from January 1970 through December 1981. The injury was due to blunt force in 22%, a sharp laceration in 37%, and a missile in 41%. The following factors correlated with the final visual outcome: (1) initial visual acuity after the injury, (2) presence of an afferent pupillary defect, (3) type of injury, (4) location and extent of the penetrating wound, (5) type of lens damage, (6) presence and severity of vitreous hemorrhage, and (7) type of intraocular foreign body. This study emphasizes that the prognosis after a penetrating injury is strongly influenced by the nature of the injury and the extent of initial damage.
Production of atomic oxygen following flash photolysis of ClONO2

Abstract The photodissociation of ClONO2 using a broad-band ultraviolet photolysis source has been investigated using time-resolved atomic absorption spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet. The predominant atomic photolysis product is O(3PJ), the quantum yield for Cl(2PJ) production being less than 4%.
Preoperative pulmonary evaluation. Identifying patients at increased risk for complications.

PreviewPreoperative pulmonary evaluation is a critical step in the surgical process that is often the responsibility of primary care physicians. Therefore, familiarity with recent developments in assessment techniques is important. In this article, Drs Mohr and Lavender discuss risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications and ways such complications can be avoided.
Convective heat transfer research using a cryogenic environment

Abstract It is difficult to experimentally study the convective heat exchange from large objects with reduced scale models in a controlled laboratory environment because it is not possible to generate the large Reynolds and Grashof numbers which are required. Furthermore, the convective heat exchange is difficult to separate from the radiative heat transfer in many investigations. In this paper, the use of a cryogenic wind tunnel is shown to be a viable means of performing such investigations. The many advantages of using a cryogenic environment are established and a variable ambient temperature cryogenic heat transfer tunnel, which was constructed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, is described. Representative experimental results are also presented.
Biochemistry and Physiology of Alligator Metabolism in vivo

Synopsis. The metabolic rate of the alligator is a direct function of the volume of blood flowing through the capillaries/unit time/unit weight, which in turn, is determined by the heart rate and the stroke volume. For an animal with such a low metabolic rate, the heart rate is relatively rapid, in part because the heart is relatively small. Metabolic rate of the smallest alligator exceeds that of the largest by about 25 to 1. Lowering the temperature decreases blood flow without decreasing the oxygen and substrate extracted from each liter. Metabolic rate (oxygen consumption) is expressed by the equation M.R. = F(A - V), where F is the blood flow and A ? V is the oxygen A ? V difference. For the catabolism of compounds in which oxygen is not directly involved, the expression is V = KF[S], where V is the velocity of the reaction, F is the blood flow, and [S] is the concentration of the substrate. K is a constant, differing for each catabolite, but having about the same value for any one catabolite in vertebrates, cold- or warm-blooded. Enzyme kinetics in a live vertebrate has little in common with that determined in the usual exper? iments in vitro. A 70 kg alligator at 28?C has a blood flow of 0.2 liters/min, a stroke volume of 6.3 ml, a circulation time of 27 min, and it produces about 72 kcal/day, or about 4% of that of a man of equal size.
Nucleon spin-flavor structure in the SU(3)-breaking chiral quark model

The SU(3) symmetric chiral quark model, which describes interactions between quarks, gluons, and the Goldstone bosons, explains reasonably well many aspects of the flavor and spin structure of the proton, except for the values of f{sub 3}/f{sub 8} and {Delta}{sub 3}/{Delta}{sub 8}. Introducing the SU(3)-breaking effect suggested by the mass difference between the strange and nonstrange quarks, we find that this discrepancy can be removed and better overall agreement obtained. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Alternative views of the money transmission mechanism: what difference do they make for monetary policy?

This paper examines how alternative views of the monetary transmission mechanism affect the choice of a monetary policy rule. The main finding is that many different structural models indicate that the same simple monetary policy rule—one in which the central bank's target short-term interest rate reacts to inflation and to real output—would perform well. Such rules work well even in models where the monetary transmission mechanism has a relatively strong exchange rate channel. The models differ, however, in their implications for more complex monetary rules. Prepared for the Oxford Review of Economic Policy. This paper is an updated, revised, and shortened version of an earlier paper entitled, "The Monetary Transmission Mechanism and The Evaluation of Monetary Policy Rules," presented at the Central Bank of Chile in September 20-21, 1999. I am grateful to David Vines for very helpful comments.
Frequency and citations of published authors in two community psychology journals

The current study examined the development of community psychology through publications in the main journals of the field, the American Journal of Community Psychology (AJCP) and Journal of Community Psychology (JCP). The investigation assessed which individuals played a major role in shaping the field through their publications by recording information from every citation in AJCP and JCP since the journals started in 1973 through 2004. Each author and the year of publication were documented. In addition, the number of times each article was cited by other researchers was also documented as an approximation of the impact of the article. To document trends over time, three periods (1973–1983; 1984–1994; 1995–2004) were assessed. The relative contribution of authors to the field's literature is presented by rank orders of productivity and influence. Historical trends are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Difference Effect of Wavelet Transforms and Gaussian Filter in Multi-Resolution Optical Flow

Multi-resolution optical flow is the main trends of the current optical flow calculation. Wavelet transform and Gaussian filter are widely used to build multi-resolution structure of the image. In this paper, LK optical flow method mixed with pyramid was used to study the optical flow field. The different effects of wavelet transform and Gaussian filter in the flow distribution was also discussed. Experimental results show that the selected image decomposition method has a significant role in optical flow field calculation.
Deactivation of the sympathetic nervous system in patients with chronic congestive heart failure.

In this article, we review the basic biology, signal transduction pathways, and clinical pharmacology associated with cardiac β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) in the context of the use of β-blocking agents in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Adrenergic receptors, particularly the β-AR subtypes (β1-AR and β2-AR), are known to play a critical role in the modulation of cardiac function, providing for both "adaptive" and "maladaptive" compensatory changes. In the context of exercise or self-preservation, the adrenergic nervous system, acting via β-ARs permits an appropriately rapid, highly-dynamic increase in cardiac function. Conversely, in individuals with chronic congestive heart failure, the sustained, heightened activation of adrenergic nervous system, as manifested by increases in circulating catecholamines, results in downregulation and desensitization of myocardial β-ARs, and potentially, significant myocardial damage. A number of recent clinical trials have demonstrated a marked mortality benefit from using β-blocking agents such as metoprolol and carvedilol in patients with heart failure. The pharmacologic properties of several of these drugs and some of the specifics of their usefulness and limitations are discussed herein.
Proposed Intracortical vision prosthesis system for phosphene mapping and psychophysical studies

Progress in the research and development of the proposed intracortical vision prosthesis towards human implantation brings an increased need to evaluate the ability of an implanted volunteer to utilize prosthetic vision for daily tasks. Simulations of prosthetic vision, in sighted individuals, can help assess the usability of artificial vision for the visual tasks in unsighted users. The proposed intracortical vision prosthesis will acquire an image, and process the image in realtime to generate stimulation patterns to be eventually delivered to the implanted microelectrodes. In order to evaluate the simulated prosthetic vision by psychophysical and phosphene mapping studies, a new platform is proposed for image processing in the intracortical vision prosthesis system. The image processor system will be designed to be portable, lightweight, and have low power consumption, to allow continuous wearablility by the user. The throughput performance of the processor is identified as an important criterion in the selection of an optimal image processor. In this paper we demonstrate the preliminary image processing tests performed on an ARM-based processor as a first step towards the development of a continuously wearable image processor of the intracortical vision prosthesis system.
Altered dermatan sulfate structure and reduced heparin cofactor II-stimulating activity of biglycan and decorin from human atherosclerotic plaque.

Biglycan and decorin are small dermatan sulfate-containing proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of the artery wall. The dermatan sulfate chains are known to stimulate thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II (HCII), a plasma proteinase inhibitor that has been detected within the artery wall. The purpose of this study was to analyze the HCII-stimulatory activity of biglycan and decorin isolated from normal human aorta and atherosclerotic lesions type II through VI and to correlate activity with dermatan sulfate chain composition and structure. Biglycan and decorin from plaque exhibited a 24–75% and 38–79% loss of activity, respectively, in thrombin-HCII inhibition assays relative to proteoglycan from normal aorta. A significant negative linear relationship was observed between lesion severity and HCII stimulatory activity (r = 0.79, biglycan; r = 0.63, decorin; p
Effect of intermetallic formation on electromigration reliability of TSV-microbump joints in 3D interconnect

In this study, electromigration (EM) reliability of TSV-microbump (μ-bump) joints was investigated. Sn-based μ-bumps with three different schemes of metallization were tested under current stressing at elevated temperatures. EM-stressed μ-bumps, together with thermal anneal-only μ-bumps and as-received controls, were cross-sectioned and characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersed x-ray (EDX) and focused ion beam (FIB). Intermetallic compound (IMC) growth kinetics under EM for the three types of metallization were obtained, and compared with those subjected to thermal annealing only. Results showed good EM performance of the TSV μ-bump joints, indicating that IMC formation plays an important role in improving the EM reliability of μ-bump joints. However, non-EM related voids were observed in the μ-bumps, and the voiding mechanisms were discussed.
Studies on the partially uncoupled oxidation of tetrahydropterins by phenylalanine hydroxylase

The uncoupled portion of the partially uncoupled oxidation of tetrahydropterins by phenylalanine hydroxylase can be described by the same model as we have recently derived for the fully uncoupled reaction (Davis, M.D. and Kaufman, S. (1989) J. Biol. Chem.264, 8585–8596). Although essentially no hydrogen peroxide is formed during the fully coupled oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin or 6-methyltetrahydropterin by phenylalanine hydroxylase when phenylalanine is the amino acid substrate, significant amounts of hydrogen peroxide are formed during the partially uncoupled oxidation of 6-methyltetrahydropterin whenpara-fluorophenylalanine orpara-chlorophenylalanine are used in place of phenylalanine. Similarly, during the partially uncoupled oxidation of the unsubstituted pterin, tetrahydropterin, even in the presence of phenylalanine, hydrogen peroxide formation is detected. The 4a-carbinolamine tetrahydropterin intermediate has been observed during the fully uncoupled tyrosine-dependent oxidations of tetrahydropterin and 6-methyltetrahydropterin by lysolecithin-activated phenylalanine hydroxylase, suggesting that this species is also a common intermediate for uncoupled oxidations by this enzyme.
A support for affinity chromatography that covalently binds amino groups via a cleavable connector arm.

Abstract The preparation of a new succinimidyl ester agarose derivative (SEPE-Agarose) is described. This agarose derivative can be used for covalently linking proteins and other ligands containing amino groups to agarose via phenyl ester linkages that can later be broken under mild conditions which should not alter other groups which may be present in proteins such as cystinyl residues and glycosyl residues. SEPE-Agarose is prepared by the reaction of bis[4-[2-( N -succinimidoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phenyl]succinate with an aminoethylcarbamylmethyl derivative of agarose. Studies of the covalent binding and release of trypsin and myoglobin to SEPE-Agarose indicate that gels containing 0.1 to 0.6 μmol protein/ml of gel are obtained by reacting protein (0.5–5 mg/ml) with the N -succinimidyl ester groups in SEPE-Agarose. Protein-linked gel is reasonably stable in dilute phosphate buffers (pH ≤ 7.4, ≤ 25 °C). Protein is released from the gel, however, by treatment at 25 °C with solutions containing nucleophiles such as 1 m imidazole-glycine, pH 7.4, for 4 h, or 1 m hydroxylamine, pH 7, for 10 min. Protein is also released from the gel by treatment with 1 m Tris pH 8.2 for 24 h. SEPE-Agarose should prove useful in affinity chromatography and immunoabsorption when it is difficult or impractical to elute material bound to conventional affinity supports.
Evidence for involvement of TRPA1 in the detection of vibrations by hair bundle mechanoreceptors in sea anemones

A homolog of TRPA1 was identified in the genome of the anemone, Nematostella vectensis (nv-TRPA1a), and predicted to possess six ankyrin repeat domains at the N-terminus and an ion channel domain near the C-terminus. Transmembrane segments of the ion channel domain are well conserved among several known TRPA1 polypeptides. Inhibitors of TRPA1 including ruthenium red decrease vibration-dependent discharge of nematocysts in N. vectensis and Haliplanella luciae. Activators of TRPA1 including URB-597 and polygodial increase nematocyst discharge in the absence of vibrations. Co-immunoprecipitation yields a band on SDS-PAGE gels at the predicted mass of the nv-TRPA1a polypeptide among other bands. Co-immunoprecipitation performed in the presence of antigenic peptide decreases the yield of this and several other polypeptides. In untreated controls, anti-nv-TRPA1a primarily labels the base of the hair bundle with some labeling also distributed along the length of stereocilia. Tissue immunolabeled in the presence of the antigenic peptide exhibits reduced labeling. Activating chemoreceptors for N-acetylated sugars induce immunolabel to distribute distally in stereocilia. In anemones, activating chemoreceptors for N-acetylated sugars induce hair bundles to elongate among several other structural and functional changes. Taken together, these results are consistent with the possibility that nv-TRPA1a participates in signal transduction of anemone hair bundles.
Organ-cultured chick embryonic hearts of various ages. I. Electrophysiology.

Abstract Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-insensitive slow Na + channels are converted or replaced by TTX-sensitive fast Na + channels during normal embryonic development of the chick heart, and rapid reversion occurs in monolayer cell culture (denervated). Fast Na + channels first appear at 4 to 5 days, which is about the time of innervation. Studies were done to determine whether changes in cation channels will occur while hearts are in organ culture. To test whether fast Na + channels will develop in the absence of innervation, hearts from chick embryos 2 to 3 days old were placed into culture for 6 to 8 days. Although the resting potentials of the ventricular cells were about the same as those obtained from fresh 8 to 10 day old hearts, the maximum rate of rise of the action potentials ( + V max ) did not reach the high value (about 80 V/s) expected from the calendar age. Instead + V max remained at about the same value (12 V/s) that the hearts had when placed into culture. The action potentials were completely insensitive to TTX. The slow channels admit primarily Na + and not Ca 2+ because Mn 2+ (1 m m ) and lowering [Ca 2+ ] 0 to nearly zero by EGTA did not diminish + V max . To test whether the fast Na + channels disappear in organ culture, hearts from embryos 15 to 19 days old were cultured as whole hearts or minced hearts. The whole hearts survived well for 1 to 6 days; the + V max values remained high (∼ 100 V/s), and TTX completely blocked the action potentials. The minced hearts had variable + V max values, depending on the piece. Those pieces which had a low + V max were insensitive to TTX, and those which had a high or intermediate + V max , were reduced to 5 to 20 V/s by TTX; these persisting responses in TTX were not blocked by Mn 2+ or zero [Ca 2+ ] 0 . The results suggest that, while in organ culture, young hearts do not gain fast Na + channels or lose the slow Na + channels that would normally occur in situ . Organ-cultured old hearts left intact do not lose their fast Na + channels. Thus, young or old hearts retain the channels that they originally possessed when placed into culture. Mincing initiates a gain of slow Na + channels, and in some pieces, a partial loss of fast Na + channels.
Water and Lipid Content Measurements Using Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy and MRI in Emulsion Phantoms

We present a quantitative comparison of lipid and water signals obtained from broadband Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (DOS) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of emulsion tissue phantoms.