cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence That Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Response to Endotoxin Is Augmented in Atherosclerotic Rabbits

Atherosclerotic lesions contain monocytes/macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells and thus may have an increased capacity for generation of nitric oxide by inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS). We used three approaches (contractile responses, generation of L-citrulline from L-arginine, and staining with NADPH-diaphorase) to test the hypothesis that after administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo, generation of nitric oxide by inducible NOS is augmented in atherosclerotic arteries. New Zealand White (normal, n = 18) and Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (atherosclerotic, n = 21) rabbits were anesthetized and injected intravenously with vehicle or LPS. Contractile responsiveness of aortic segments was examined in vitro 4 hours after injection of LPS in vivo. There was a substantial (approximately fivefold) decrease in contractile sensitivity of aortas from LPS-treated atherosclerotic rabbits and a small (approximately twofold) decrease in normal rabbits. Incubation of aortic segments with aminoguanidine, which inhibits inducible NOS, restored contractile responsiveness after LPS treatment. In vitro assay of conversion of [14C]L-arginine to [14C]L-citrulline by aortic segments demonstrated marked (approximately fivefold) increase in calcium-independent conversion of [14C]L-arginine by LPS-treated atherosclerotic, but not normal, aortas. NADPH-diaphorase staining demonstrated positive cells only in the endothelium of normal rabbits and in the lesions and media of the atherosclerotic aortas in both vehicle- and LPS-treated rabbits. The general distribution of these NADPH-diaphorase-positive cells resembled that of smooth muscle cells and not macrophages. Thus, impairment of contractile responses, generation of L-citrulline, and staining with NADPH-diaphorase suggest that atherosclerotic arteries have increased capacity for generation of nitric oxide by inducible NOS.
Fetoplacental Steroid Metabolism in Prolonged Pregnancy and Postmaturity Syndrome

Previous work from this laboratory (Pediat. Res. 14:1367, 1980) showed that post-term infants (>42 wk. gestation) with postmaturity syndrome had normal umbilical venous dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) levels, but low unconjugated estriol (E3) levels, as compared to post-term infants with no evidence of dysmaturity. To investigate further whether placental conversion of neutral steroids to estrogens is more limiting for E3 production than fetal adrenal DHAS secretion, we studied 14 women with prolonged prognancy (>42 wk) and 9 control 39-41 wk gestation women by 50 mg I.V. DHAS infusions 1-3 days before delivery. The DHAS T½ was longer in post-term pregnancies than in controls (3.46 ± 1.13 hr vs. 2.79 ± 1.05 hr, p <0.01), and the estrone (E1) increases at 2 and 3 hr., and estradiol-17β (E2) increases at 2 and 4 hr. (p<0.05) were less in post-term than control pregnancies. These findings indicate diminished placental aromatizing function in prolonged pregnancy. However, no differences between pregnancies with and without post-mature fetuses could be found. In contrast, E1, E2 and DHAS levels in umbilical venous blood levels were similar, and E3 levels were lower (p<0.05), in postmature newborns when compared to controls. These cord blood values indicate that fetal hepatic 16α-hydroxylase may be the limiting step in fetoplacental E3 production in some postmature fetuses.
Multidimensional Analysis: A Management Tool for Monitoring HIPAA Compliance and Departmental Performance

Most RIS and PACS systems include extensive auditing capabilities as part of their security model, but inspecting those audit logs to obtain useful information can be a daunting task. Manual analysis of audit trails, though cumbersome, is often resorted to because of the difficulty to construct queries to extract complex information from the audit logs. The approach proposed by the authors uses standard off-the-shelf multidimensional analysis software tools to assist the PACS/RIS administrator and/or security officer in analyzing those audit logs to identify and scrutinize suspicious events. Large amounts of data can be quickly reviewed and graphical analysis tools help explore system utilization. While additional efforts are required to fully satisfy the demands of the ever-increasing security and confidentiality pressures, multidimensional analysis tools are a practical step toward actually using the information that is already being captured in the systems’ audit logs. In addition, once the work is performed to capture and manipulate the audit logs into a viable format for the multidimensional analysis tool, it is relatively easy to extend the system to incorporate other pertinent data, thereby enabling the ongoing analysis of other aspects of the department’s workflow.
Knotless closure of the collecting system and renal parenchyma with a novel barbed suture during laparoscopic porcine partial nephrectomy.

Introduction Closure of the urinary collecting system and renal parenchyma is a technically challenging aspect of laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery and an obstacle to its more widespread use. A novel barbed polydioxanone suture material Quill self-retaining suture (SRS) (Angiotech Pharmaceuticals) has been introduced for knot-free tissue approximation. We compared the outcomes of Quill SRS versus a conventional technique for kidney and collecting system closure during laparoscopic porcine partial nephrectomy. Methods After approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, 10 female pigs underwent bilateral transperitoneal laparoscopic lower pole heminephrectomy. Closure of the collecting system and approximation of the renal parenchyma was performed in two layers using continuous knotless barbed suture for one kidney (Quill SRS) and polyglactin (Vicryl) with absorbable polydioxanone clips (LapraTy; Ethicon) on the contralateral kidney. For both techniques, the collecting system was closed with 2-0 suture and renal parenchyma with #1 suture. Warm ischemia and suturing time were recorded, and resected tissue was weighed. All animals were sacrificed 1 week after surgery. Serum hemoglobin and visual inspection at necropsy were used to assess for bleeding; visual inspection of the peritoneum and bilateral retrograde pyelography were used to assess for urinary fistula. Results Mean (+/-standard deviation [SD]) weight of resected tissue (barbed, 34 +/- 13 g; clips, 34 +/- 11 g; p = 0.6), mean (+/-SD) ischemia time (barbed, 34 +/- 8 minutes; clips, 34 +/- 10 minutes; p = 0.7), and mean (+/-SD) suturing time (barbed, 21 +/- 4 minutes; clips, 22 +/- 7 minutes; p = 0.7) were similar between groups. No animal had a visible hematoma or urinoma at necropsy. On retrograde pyelography, a small urinary leak was found in two kidneys in each group (p = 0.6). Conclusions In a porcine laparoscopic partial nephrectomy model, it appears that knotless barbed suture is as effective, efficient, and safe as a conventional technique. Further evaluation in humans is warranted and required.
A comparison of various fracture toughness testing methods

Abstract A comparative study of the various fracture toughness test methods and estimation procedures has been carried out. The fracture toughness of AISI 4340 steel has been determined by several methods, i.e. (i) J R curve, (ii) δ R curve, (iii) K R curve, (iv) stretch zone size measurements (v) non-linear energy method of Poulose et al . and by (vi) a new procedure proposed recently by Banerjee. Compact tension specimens with TL orientation have been used. All the specimens used satisfied the ASTM E813 test size requirements. Applicability of various fracture toughness estimation procedures like (i) Hanhn and Rosenfield, (ii) Rolfe and Barsom and (iii) equivalent energy rate method of Bucci et al . have been examined. These values have been compared with true fracture toughness of the material obtained by ASTM E399 test procedure. Comparison of various conventional test methods indicate multiple specimen δ R curve method gives most consistent results and these values are within +15% of the true fracture toughness value. Out of all estimation procedures Rolfe and Barsom's method appears to be best, giving K IC number within +8% of the true fracture toughness value. Non-linear energy method was found to give a fracture toughness value consistent with true fracture toughness of the material.
Uric acid nephrolithiasis and acute renal failure secondary to streptozotocin nephrotoxicity

Uric acid nephrolithiasis developed in a 75-year-old man who had received a large cumulative dose of streptozotocin for treatment of metastatic islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Oligoanuric renal failure mediated by massive intraureteral uric acid deposits occurred despite normal serum concentrations of uric acid. This case implicates the uricosuric effects of streptozotocin in the pathogenesis of uric acid nephropathy and suggests that renal uric acid excretion should be monitored routinely in patients receiving large cumulative doses of this drug.
The effect of 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone on ovulation and ovarian weight in female rats

Abstract 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone (200 mg./kg. body weight) when administered to 27 day old PMS treated (on day 30) intact female rats for 6 days brought about a significant decrease in ovarian weight and the number of ova per ovulating rat. This effect was not observed on a 3 day (day 27–29) treatment. A highly significant decrease in ovarian weight and number of ova per ovulating rat was also observed in PMS treated phenobarbital blocked rats stimulated with LH when 17α-methy1-B-nortes tosterone was administered for 6 days. The number of ova per ovulating rat was also decreased significantly when a single dose of 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone was administered near the critical period of ovulation on day 32 in PMS treated, phenobarbital blocked, rats stimulated with LH. These findings confirm our earlier observations of weak antigonadotropic activity of 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone. Further confirmation of the antigonadotropic activity was obtained by a significant decrease in the ovarian weight, number of rats ovulating, and the number of ova per ovulating rat when 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone was administered to hypophysectomized rats treated with PMS and LH to induce ovulation.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES OF PLANTS EXPOSED TO LOW TEMPERATURES

A B S T R A C T Effects of low temperatures on cell ultrastructures of three grass species were studied. Secale cereale L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., and Paspalum notatum Flugge seedlings were given treatments of -5, 0, 10, or 25 C for 3 days and then evaluated for cellular response. Electron micrographs showed chloroplasts to be the most sensitive organelle in all three species, with the temperate Secale plastids responding differently than plastids from the subtropical and tropical species. Rough endoplasmic reticulum increased, but dictyosome numbers decreased in all species as treatment temperatures were lowered to 0 C. Mitochondria expanded slightly at reduced temperatures, but with little difference detected between species. The study indicated that the various cellular components of these species responded differently to reduced temperatures, with the species differing mainly in degree of response.
Results of a trial of combined propamidine isethionate and neomycin therapy for acanthamoeba keratitis

Abstract Purpose To characterize patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of propamidine isethionate 0.1% ophthalmic solution (Brolene) when administered concomitantly with neomycin-polymyxin B-gramicidin ophthalmic solution (Neotricin) in the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Design Prospective, noncomparative case series. Methods The authors report the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients who entered this multicentered, open-label, clinical trial. Eighty-three patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis representing 87 infected eyes entered the trial. Results Sixty (69%) of the 87 eyes enrolled had data analyzed for treatment efficacy and safety. Of these 60 eyes, 50 (83%) experienced treatment success. Thirty (60%) patients successfully treated adhered to treatment protocol guidelines. Patients who broke protocol had disease exacerbation during the maintenance therapy phase. The only eyes lost/enucleated were 7 of 17 in which penetrating keratoplasty was performed before eradication of the infectious agent. Conclusion Propamidine isethionate and neomycin are an effective treatment for Acanthamoeba keratitis. Penetrating keratoplasty should be performed only for visual rehabilitation and not to "debulk" an active infection. The authors advocate treating patients with topical medications, mainly Brolene, until all organisms are eradicated. There should be no signs of infection for at least 3 months in the patients not receiving antiamebic medications before penetrating keratoplasty is performed.
Construction of Status and Referential Structures

Beliefs about diverse status characteristics have a common core content of performance capacities and qualities made up of two features: hierarchy (superior/inferior capacities) and role-differentiation (instrumental/expressive qualities). Whatever the status characteristic, its more-valued state tends to be defined as superior and instrumental, and the less-valued state tends to be defined as inferior but expressive. We account for this in terms of the typification of differences in behavioral inequalities and profiles that emerge in task oriented social interaction. Status construction theory argues that new configurations of the states of a nonvalued discriminating characteristic, status values, and status typifications of actors possessing these states arise from a similar process. The theory we present here makes new predictions on the construction and institutionalization of status characteristics and generalized beliefs about the relation of status characteristics to social rewards, called referential structures. This theory, we argue, integrates micro and macro elements in a way that may be applicable to explaining the social construction of cultural objects more generally.
The vascular actions of insulin control its delivery to muscle and regulate the rate-limiting step in skeletal muscle insulin action

Evidence suggests that insulin delivery to skeletal muscle interstitium is the rate-limiting step in insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake and that this process is impaired by insulin resistance. In this review we examine the basis for the hypothesis that insulin acts on the vasculature at three discrete steps to enhance its own delivery to muscle: (1) relaxation of resistance vessels to increase total blood flow; (2) relaxation of pre-capillary arterioles to increase the microvascular exchange surface perfused within skeletal muscle (microvascular recruitment); and (3) the trans-endothelial transport (TET) of insulin. Insulin can relax resistance vessels and increase blood flow to skeletal muscle. However, there is controversy as to whether this occurs at physiological concentrations of, and exposure times to, insulin. The microvasculature is recruited more quickly and at lower insulin concentrations than are needed to increase total blood flow, a finding consistent with a physiological role for insulin in muscle insulin delivery. Microvascular recruitment is impaired by obesity, diabetes and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Insulin TET is a third potential site for regulating insulin delivery. This is underscored by the consistent finding that steady-state insulin concentrations in plasma are approximately twice those in muscle interstitium. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that insulin traverses the vascular endothelium via a trans-cellular, receptor-mediated pathway, and emerging data indicate that insulin acts on the endothelium to facilitate its own TET. Thus, muscle insulin delivery, which is rate-limiting for its metabolic action, is itself regulated by insulin at multiple steps. These findings highlight the need to further understand the role of the vascular actions of insulin in metabolic regulation.
Gender Regulation as a Source of Religious Schism

This paper adds to the growing body of literature concerned with the connection between gender issues and religious conflict by reporting a case of religious schism in which issues surrounding gender regulation were at the center of the struggle. For decades there had only been one synagogue in Northweston, Washington. However, in the early 1990s, this congregation experienced in-fighting and a complete schismatic rift, largely over issues involving women's role and status within the synagogue. Based upon data collected through participant observation and in-depth interviews with 29 informants, this paper explores the importance gender regulation plays in contemporary religious life, and describes the potential for controversy and division when issues of gender regulation are faced by American Jewish communities. This paper explores a case of religious schism in which a struggle over gender
National Organizing Principles of Work and the Erstwhile Dominance of the American Multinational Corporation

Did American development of the largest corporations in the world drive its dominance of world markets in the first three-quarters of this century? The evolution of the large diversified firm and the internationalization of the firm across national borders clearly rank as two of the most important economic developments in the twentieth century. To many, these two developments are linked. In the influential and seminal works of Chandler, the modern corporation arose to exploit fully the new technologies of transport and communication. In his most recent study Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (1990), Chandler develops the thesis that entrepreneurs gave way to the professional management of firms which succeeded in building, as first movers, three interrelated sets of investments: production, distribution, and management to achieve advantages of scale, scope, or both.
Cross‐language study of perception of the oral–nasal distinction

To investigate the effect of linguistic experience on the perception of the oral–nasal distinction in vowels, Hindi and American English speakers were tested on identification and discrimination of four speechlike series generated by articulatory synthesis. In experiment I, no language‐group differences were found in the discrimination of either a consonant series, [ba–ma] (a phonemic contrast in both languages), or a vowel series, [ba–ba] (phonemic only for the Hindi speakers). The vowel results were due to floor effects which obscured differences across language groups. Experiment II examined perception of two modified vowel series, one which increased the interval between members of discrimination pairs and one that extended the range of velar port opening. Cross‐language differences in discrimination were found. Hindi perception of the oral–nasal distinction was categorical. English speakers’ perception of the vowel series was more continuous. They accurately discriminated differences not only across categories, but also within the oral category. These findings indicate that linguistic experience can influence listeners’ perception of vowels, but the effect is different from that shown for consonants.
Metal matrix composites – From science to technological significance

Abstract Over the past two decades – a period coinciding with publication of Composites Science and Technology – metal matrix composites (MMCs) have been transformed from a topic of scientific and intellectual interest to a material of broad technological and commercial significance. The worldwide MMC markets in 1999 accounted for 2500 metric tons valued at over $100M. Important MMC applications in the ground transportation (auto and rail), thermal management, aerospace, industrial, recreational and infrastructure industries have been enabled by functional properties that include high structural efficiency, excellent wear resistance, and attractive thermal and electrical characteristics. A suite of challenging technical issues has been overcome, including affordable primary and secondary processing, material design and development methodologies, and characterization and control of interfacial properties. This article describes the technological features that characterize the MMC industry. Matrix/reinforcement systems and primary and secondary processes of commercial significance will be broadly described. Several metrics that underscore the growing maturity of the MMC industry will be discussed, including the emergence of a second tier support industry and the growth of standardized materials and methods. MMC applications in the major markets of ground transportation, thermal management, aerospace, industrial, recreational and infrastructure will be described. Successful commercialization strategies will be discussed and insights for achieving expanded MMC applications will be given. A forward look at candidate approaches for the next generation of MMCs will be provided, including projections of new MMC paradigms.
Linearized Vortex Flows

Steady vortex flows driven by a radial convection of angular momentum are considered. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are linearized by considering perturbations about both simple, nonrotating flows and strongly rotating flows, i.e., the equations are expanded for large and small Rossby numbers. Axial variations in a swirl superimposed upon a stagnation-point flow (with radial inflow) are considered for large Rossby numbers. An analytic solution is found for the axial decay of a given swirl. By considering flows for small Rossby numbers, it is found that, in flows dominated by rotation, the fluid motion is forced to be two-dimensional except in thin shear regions where necessary adjustments imposed by boundary conditions are made. The properties of these different shear layers are dependent on the gradient of the basic circulation of the flow as well as the Reynolds number.
Echocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy: the Framingham heart study

Of 6,148 original cohort and offspring subjects of the Framingham Heart Study who underwent routine evaluation, a healthy group of 347 men (aged 42 ± 12 years) and 517 women (aged 43 ± 12 years) was identified to develop echocardiographic criteria for left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. Healthy subjects were defined as normotensive, receiving no cardiac or antihypertensive medications, nonobese and free of cardiopulmonary disease. Echocardiographic criteria (in accordance with the American Society of Echocardiography convention) for LV hypertrophy, based on mean plus 2 standard deviations for LV mass, LV mass corrected for body surface area and LV mass corrected for height in this healthy sample are, respectively: 294 g, 150 g/m2 and 163 g/m In men and 198 g, 120 g/m2 and 121 g/m in women. Criteria based on LV mass/height result in higher prevalence rates of LV hypertrophy than LV mass/body surface area while still correctIng for body size. The prevalence of LV hypertrophy in the entire study population (using LV mass/height criteria) is 16% in men and 19% in women. Until outcome guided criteria for LV hypertrophy are developed, application of sex-specific criteria based on a healthy population distribution of LV mass offer the best approach to echocardiographic diagnosis of LV hypertrophy.
Aliskiren: An Overview of the First Direct Renin Inhibitor

Optimal blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a key goal of pharmacotherapy in cardiovascular (CV) and renal disease. Aliskiren, the first commercially available direct renin inhibitor, constitutes a new target in RAAS blockade. Since renin-catalyzed conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of angiotensin II (AII), it has been suggested that renin inhibition may have comparable or superior clinical efficacy to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). Aliskiren, which was approved by the FDA in 2007 for the treatment of hypertension, has a high specificity for renin and blocks the binding of angiotensinogen. It has a bioavailability of 2.6%, a serum peak at 2–4 h, and a halflife of 24–36 h. An analysis of seven randomized multicenter studies showed that overall incidence of adverse events with aliskiren monotherapy was similar to placebo, and an increased risk of diarrhea was associated only with patients receiving a supratherapeutic dosage of aliskiren, 600 mg daily [1].
“Inheritance”: An influence on the particle size of pyroclastic deposits

The size distribution of particles in pyroclastic fall deposits has been interpreted as a strong indication of efficiency of the fragmentation process during the parent explosions. Fall deposits, however, contain two distinct populations of pyroclasts: juvenile, i.e., magmatic clasts fragmented from the magma, and wall-rock particles derived from walls of the vent and volcanic conduit. While sizes and shapes of the former are always sensitive indicators of eruptive processes, properties of the wall-rock population may reflect various external influences. Here we describe how the wall-rock component of a powerful historical eruption largely inherited its size distribution from properties of the host rocks, and how this, in turn, strongly biases the entire deposit grain size distribution of the near-vent deposits. The use of wall-rock particles to infer style of fragmentation and eruption must always be coupled with other independent lines of evidence. © 2010 Geological Society of America.
Comparative immunohistochemical distributions of carboxy terminus epitopes from the mu-opioid receptor splice variants MOR-1D, MOR-1 and MOR-1C in the mouse and rat CNS

Abstract The present study examined immunohistochemically the CNS distributions of a splice variant of the mu-opioid receptor, MOR-1D, in both rats and mice. In MOR-1D, exon 4 of MOR-1 is replaced by two additional exons that code for seven amino acids. Using rabbit antisera, we compared immunohistochemically the regional distribution of a C-terminal epitope of MOR-1D to that of a C-terminal epitope from MOR-1 and a C-terminal epitope from another splice variant, MOR-1C. The general distribution of MOR-1D-like immunoreactivity was similar in both mouse and rat. MOR-1D-like immunoreactivity was seen in the dentate gyrus and in the mossy fibers of the hippocampal formation, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the area postrema, the inferior olivary nucleus, the nucleus ambiguous, the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the spinal cord. MOR-1D-like immunoreactivity was not observed in some regions containing dense MOR-1-like immunoreactivity, such as the striatum or the locus coeruleus. In regions containing MOR-1, MOR-1C and MOR-1D, the pattern of each variant was unique. MOR-1D and MOR-1C are splice variants of the cloned mu-opioid receptor MOR-1. Although they differ only at the tip of the carboxy terminus, they show marked differences in their regional distributions, as determined immunohistochemically by epitopes in their unique carboxy termini. Since the splice variants are derived from the same gene, these differences in regional distribution imply region-specific messenger RNA processing.
Current treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Tremendous advances have been made in understanding the pathogenesis of atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (aHUS), an extremely rare disease. Insights into the molecular biology of aHUS resulted in rapid advances in treatment with eculizumab (Soliris®, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc.). Historically, aHUS was associated with very high rates of mortality and morbidity. Prior therapies included plasma therapy and/or liver transplantation. Although often life saving, these were imperfect and had many complications. We review the conditions included under the rubric of aHUS: S. pneumoniae HUS (SpHUS), inborn errors of metabolism, and disorders of complement regulation, emphasizing their differences and similarities. We focus on the clinical features, diagnosis, and pathogenesis, and treatment of aHUS that results from mutations in genes encoding alternative complement regulators, SpHUS and HUS associated with inborn errors of metabolism. Mutations in complement genes, or antibodies to their protein products, result in unregulated activity of the alternate complement pathway, endothelial injury, and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Eculizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits the production of the terminal complement components C5a and the membrane attack complex (C5b-9) by binding to complement protein C5a. This blocks the proinflammatory and cytolytic effects of terminal complement activation. Eculizumab use has been reported in many case reports, and retrospective and prospective clinical trials in aHUS. There have been few serious side effects and no reports of tachphylaxis or drug resistance. The results are very encouraging and eculizumab is now recognized as the treatment of choice for aHUS.
Immunoglobulin classes and subclasses in alloantisera to mouse thymocyte surface antigens

A variety of cytotoxic alloantisera directed against murine cell surface components were analyzed for their content of specific IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibodies by radioimmunoassay, and specific IgM antibodies by 2-mercaptoethanol inhibition of cytotoxicity. Results indicate: (1) that the IgM and IgG subclass content of specific antibodies in anti-Lyt antisera produced at M.I.T. and Sloan-Kettering using the same donor and recipient strains are similar; (2) that specific antibodies produced concurrently in the same mice against at least two different alloantigens (Lyt-3.1 and H-2k) can differ in IgG subclass content; and (3) that preparation of alloantisera against a given antigen (Lyt-3.1) using different combinations of donor and recipient strains can yield specific antibodies which differ in IgG subclass and cytotoxic IgM content. Thus, it appears that humoral immune responses to cell surface alloantigens are not random, but reflect both the antigens being recognized and the strains employed for the immunization.
Sex differences in risk taking and its attribution.

In the original Kogan-Wallach Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire (CDQ), an oftused measure of risk-taking disposition, the central character in the majority of items is male. For this study, a revised 10-item CDQ was constructed with content appropriate for both sexes. Two forms were employed, identical in all respects except for the use of a male or female name to identify the central protagonist in each CDQ item. When the two forms were administered to male and female undergraduates, the female form elicited somewhat higher levels of risk taking. This effect was especially pronounced in the male subjects. When asked to specify how their peers would respond to each of the CDQ items, subjects attributed greater caution to female than to male peers relative to their own preferred risk level. The outcomes suggest that subjects (especially males) find highly achieving women in the CDQ items more “exceptional” than their male counterparts, and hence able to tolerate more risk. In striking contrast, subjects' female peers are considered a rather cautious lot.
Nucleotide sequence of the split tRNAleu(UAA) gene from Sorghum bicolor chloroplasts

The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the split tRNAleu(UAA) gene and 328 nt of its flanking regions from sorghum chloroplasts (cp) has been determined. This gene is located in the BamHI-6 fragment in a map position very similar to that of maize. The exon of sorghum tRNAleu gene has an identical nt sequence to its counterpart in maize. Although the 450 nt of intron in sorghum is 8 nt shorter than that of maize, the nt sequence between them shows 97% homology. Like maize and broad bean, the intron from sorghum cp tRNAleu gene could be folded into a secondary structure which is similar to the postulated structure of the intron from the auto-spliceable rRNA precursor of Tetrahymena. Both introns from sorghum and maize contain open reading frames (ORFs) which are conserved at the N terminus. The putative AUG initiation codon for both ORFs is located in the stem region of a 12-bp secondary structure of highly A + T-rich sequences.
Characterization of a vaccinia virus-encoded double-stranded RNA-binding protein that may be involved in inhibition of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase.

Abstract The work described in this article identifies a vaccinia virus-encoded protein that may be involved in inhibition of the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. Extracts prepared from vaccinia virus (WR strain)-infected cells contain an inhibitor of this kinase. Inhibition was reduced in extracts from which dsRNA-binding proteins had been removed by preadsorption to poly(rl) · poly(rQ-Sepharose, suggesting that a dsRNA-binding protein may be involved in kinase inhibition. A single major virus-specific polypeptide of Mr = 25,000 (p25) bound to the poly(rl) · poly(rC)-Sepharose. p25 was synthesized in a coupled in vitro transcription/translation system programmed with vaccinia cores, indicating that it is a vaccinia-encoded protein. Synthesis of p25 was detected at early times, by 2 hr post infection, peaked at 5 hours postinfection, and decreased during the late phase of virus replication. In the presence of cytosine arabinoside p25 synthesis did not decrease at late times postinfection. Kinase inhibitory activity accumulated with similar kinetics to p25, both in the presence and absence of cytosine arabinoside. Kinase inhibitory activity copurified with p25, through gel filtration, and Cibacron blue-affinity chromatography. Removal of p25 by precipitation with antiserum to p25 decreased kinase inhibitory activity in extracts prepared from vaccinia virus-infected cells. These results suggest that p25 may be necessary for the specific kinase inhibitory activity detected in vaccinia virus-infected cells.
A stochastic model of human reproduction accomodating conjugal histories

Abstract Most stochastic models of human reproduction ignore, apart from age of marriage, many social phenomena that may affect population growth. In this paper steps are taken toward the development of a model of conjugal histories with respect to the states single, married, divorced, and widowed. The most novel feature of the paper is the development of a computational formula for the mean of the potential birth process in the presence of conjugal changes, which, among other things, may be applied in the study of the impact of illegitimacy on population growth.
Surviving the firing line: As the shakeout in the computer industry intensifies, many EEs are unexpectedly losing their jobs. Be prepared, in case you're caught in the line of fire

There are many ways to be fired, and just as many reasons. An employer may tell you that “it isn't working out,” that “you are being given a chance to resign,” or that “you are being given notice.” On the gentler side, you may be told that the company needs to reduce the workforce and that “you're on the list,” or that “you have been selected as one of those to be released.”
Combinatorial Synthesis and Multidimensional NMR Spectroscopy: An Approach to Understanding Protein–Ligand Interactions

Combinatorial chemistry is a laboratory emulation of natural recombination and selection processes. Strategies in this developing discipline involve the generation of diverse, molecular libraries through combinatorial synthesis and the selection of compounds that possess a desired property. Such approaches can facilitate the identification of ligands that bind to biological receptors, promoting our chemical understanding of cellular processes. This article illustrates that the coupling of combinatorial synthesis, multidimensional NMR spectroscopy, and biochemical methods has enhanced our understanding of a protein receptor used commonly in signal transduction, the Src Homology 3 (SH3) domain. This novel approach to studying molecular recognition has revealed a set of rules that govern SH3–ligand interactions, allowing models of receptor–ligand complexes to be constructed with only a knowledge of the polypeptide sequences. Combining combinatorial synthesis with structural methods provides a powerful new approach to understanding how proteins bind their ligands in general.
Measuring the President's Professional Reputation:

Professional reputation, unlike other components of Neustadt's presidential power, has received little scholarly attention. The president's professional reputation is the assessment of his performance in office by the Washington community. According to Neustadt, president's professional reputation can be determined by reviewing judgments of his performance by those who collect, synthesize, and disseminate elite opinion. We measure professional reputation based on the length and valence of nearly 3,600 editorials and opinion-editorials in The New York Times from 1961 to 1992. We compare these measures to previous operationalizations of the concept and test for convergent and discriminant criterion validity. This method provides a valid operationalization of Neustadt's concept of professional reputation, thus allowing for its inclusion in more fully specified models of presidential power.
LDA + U and Hybrid Functional Calculations for Defects in ZnO, SnO2, and TiO2

We describe and compare defect calculations based on density functional theory within the local density approximation (LDA), the orbital-dependent LDA + U, and using hybrid functionals. Limitations of the LDA in describing defect formation energies and transition levels are discussed, followed by corrections based on the LDA + U, and the use of the hybrid functional of Heyd, Scuseria, and Ernzerhof (HSE). The band-gap error in LDA leads to large uncertainties not only in defect transition levels but also in formation energies. LDA + U provides a partial correction to the band gap and, when combined with LDA, provides an accurate method for predicting transition levels. Formation energies obtained from the LDA + U/LDA approach depend on the ability of LDA + U to correctly describe the position of the band edges on an absolute energy scale. Although computationally demanding, HSE is demonstrated to be a reliable method for predicting structure and electronic properties of semiconductors, including transition levels and formation energies of defects.
P03-158 Violence and psychosis; treating the untreatable (novel pharmacological approaches)

Often the final pathway for psychosis is the forensic services. In many other cases the only options are prison or no care at all. Despite much research into the psychopharmacological approach many patients are either unresponsive or unable or unwilling to take medication. Many clinicians would support the early use of clozapine for these patients but despite the availability of clozapine in Europe for nearly 20 years the numbers who are treatment resistant are still highly significant. This affects patients, carers and indeed potential victims and staff who are increasingly vulnerable. The eclipse of the typical anti-psychotics and the fear of extra-pyramidal side effects has led to many patients being prescribed oral atypical agents which they do not actually take. The result of, in many cases years, of untreated or part treated psychosis is severe cognitive damage. This then contributes to difficulty in managing the patient and lack of engagement in the therapy process. The emergence of new depot preparations may be the answer but the degree of D2 blockade may still not be sufficient and the addition of 5HT blockade may be also useful. In the forensic settings there is much made of risk assessment but the most efficient predictor of future risk is a stable patient on an effective treatment regime. Several options are described including double depot, high dose olanzapine and clozapine enhancement.
Dual-mode composite-right/left-handed transmission line ring resonator

The phase response of composite right/left-handed transmission lines is used in the design of a dual-mode ring resonator. The phase can be designed to change the spacing of the resonant modes. Simulation and measured results for a dual-mode ring demonstrate this technique. The designed structure exhibits the elimination of the singlemode resonance at the second harmonic.
Electron microscope studies of Fasciola hepatica. VI. The ultrastructural localization of phosphatases.

Abstract The localization of acid and alkaline phosphatases in Fasciola hepatica has been studied by electron microscopy. The study confirms the presence of acid phosphatase in cells of the intestine, tegument, and parenchyma and of alkaline phosphatase in the small excretory ducts. In addition, the presence of acid phosphatase in the excretory system and of alkaline in the parenchyma has been demonstrated for the first time. In the majority of tissues the enzymes are either in lysosome-like bodies or intimately associated with plasma membranes. The possible role of membrane-related phosphatases and membrane transport is discussed. It is suggested that phophatases function to dephosphorylate substances after they enter the organism from the environment, or to dephosphorylate substances before or after they leave cells and are transported to adjacent cells within the organism.
The regulation of hepatic acetate-1-C14 metabolism by short-chain fatty acids.

Abstract Propionate, isobutyrate, and caproate inhibited all phases of acetate-1-C 14 metabolism studied. Butyrate suppressed acetate utilization and oxidation without affecting the incorporation of acetate-1-C 14 into fatty acids. This evidence suggests that butyrate increases lipogenesis from acetyl groups. It is proposed that fatty acids exert a regulatory action on acetyl metabolism.
Electrodeless electrohydrodynamic printing of personalized medicines

We report on a method for drop-on-demand printing of personalized medicines. A fluid is infused into an electrically insulating nozzle to form a pendant drop that will serve as a floating electrode that is capacitively coupled to external electrodes during a voltage pulse. An electric force is directly applied to the pendant drop to produce a sessile drop on an insulating polymer film. Versatility is proved on fluids spanning over three orders of magnitude in viscosity and conductivity. Scaling analysis captures the essential physics of drop dynamics and provides critical design guideline.
Dimensionless Parameters for Microstructural Pathways in Sintering

Dimensionless parameters have been developed to study microstructural pathways for the sintering of powders. These parameters are designed to facilitate the comparison of microstructural paths for any sintering experiments, independent of the characteristic length scales in the microstructures. Microstructural pathways constructed with the dimensionless parameters are found to be similar for three different alumina ceramics. The systematic differences between the experimental results and the predictions of models based on simplifying geometric assumptions are explained in terms of the packing disruptions in the green microstructures.
Palivizumab in congenital heart disease: should international guidelines be revised?

Palivizumab has reduced the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization in infants and children with congenital heart disease by 45%. Although the mortality rate of children with congenital heart disease hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection has declined from 37% to ∼ 3% over the past 3 decades, palivizumab has not been shown to improve mortality. There has been considerable controversy over the cost-effectiveness of administering palivizumab according to international guidelines, including children with congenital heart disease. In particular, the number of children that need to be treated with palivizumab to prevent one respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization increases dramatically in children > 12 months of age. As a result, the authors recommend that countries re-examine their recommendations for providing palivizumab up to age 24 months in children with congenital heart disease.
Remanufacturing of turbine blades by laser direct deposition with its energy and environmental impact analysis

Abstract Laser direct deposition provides an attractive and cost effective means for repairing or remanufacturing high value engineering components. This study demonstrates the successful repair of defective voids in turbine airfoils based on a new semi-automated geometric reconstruction algorithm and a laser direct deposition process. A Boolean difference between the original defective model and the final reconstructed model yields a parameterized geometric representation of the repair volume. The experimental results of this method demonstrate the effectiveness of laser direct deposition in remanufacturing and its potential to adapt to a wide range of part defects. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on the energy and environmental impacts by remanufacturing is also presented.
FUZZY MEALY MACHINES: HOMOMORPHISMS, ADMISSIBLE RELATIONS AND MINIMAL MACHINES

Homomorphisms and admissible relations of fuzzy Mealy machines are studied. Admissible relations play a role similar to normal subgroups in group theory. The kernel of a homomorphism is shown to be an admissible relation. Conversely, corresponding to an admissible relation, there exists a homomorphism. The fundamental theorem on homomorphisms; and the existence and uniqueness of minimal machines are also presented.
TPH2 polymorphisms and expression in Prader-Willi syndrome subjects with differing genetic subtypes

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic imprinting disease that causes developmental and behavioral disturbances resulting from loss of expression of genes from the paternal chromosome 15q11-q13 region. In about 70% of subjects, this portion of the paternal chromosome is deleted, while 25% have two copies of the maternal chromosome 15, or uniparental maternal disomy (UPD; the remaining subjects have imprinting center defects. There are several documented physical and behavioral differences between the two major PWS genetic subtypes (deletion and UPD) indicating the genetic subtype plays a role in clinical presentation. Serotonin is known to be disturbed in PWS and affects both eating behavior and compulsion, which are reported to be abnormal in PWS. We investigated the tryptophan hydroxylase gene (TPH2), the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of brain serotonin, by analyzing three different TPH2 gene polymorphisms, transcript expression, and correlation with PWS genetic subtype. DNA and RNA from lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from 12 PWS and 12 comparison subjects were used for the determination of genetic subtype, TPH2 polymorphisms and quantitative RT-PCR analysis. A similar frequency of TPH2 polymorphisms was seen in the PWS and comparison subjects with PWS deletion subjects showing increased expression with one or more TPH2 polymorphism. Both PWS deletion and PWS UPD subjects had significantly lower TPH2 expression than control subjects and PWS deletion subjects had significantly lower TPH2 expression compared with PWS UPD subjects. PWS subjects with 15q11-q13 deletions had lower TPH2 expression compared with PWS UPD or control subjects, requiring replication and further studies to identify the cause including identification of disturbed gene interactions resulting from the deletion process.
HYDROPS FETALIS, HYDRAMNIOS AND HEPATIC VASCULAR MALFORMATION ASSOCIATED WITH CUTANEOUS HEMANGIOMA AND CHORIOANGIOMA

. A premature baby presented with severe hydrops fetalis due to a multifocal angiomatous malformation of the liver. There were two other small vascular tumors: hemangioma of the skin and chorioangioma. Hydramnios and placental edema were also present. The association of severe hydrops fetalis and hydramnios with angiomatous malformation of the liver was not found in reviewing the literature.