cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing the Landscape: Collegiate Organizations' Chemistry Outreach Practices

Little scholarly investigation of chemistry outreach carried out by undergraduate students in schools and communities has occurred despite widespread practice and monetary investment by large national and international organizations. This study provides the first investigation of these fairly uncharted waters by characterizing expected outcomes of outreach events, the types of activities and chemistry content widely practiced, and how outreach practitioners evaluate the success of events. Results from an open-ended survey deployed nationally to college students and faculty/staff members involved with collegiate chapters of the American Chemical Society and Alpha Chi Sigma are presented. Students and faculty/staff members reported that the most prevalent purposes of chemistry outreach are learning and having fun as a result of attending events, and that events typically involve demonstrations using liquid nitrogen, making slime, and the elephant toothpaste reaction. Differences between students and faculty...
Saturation diving as a submarine rescue tool.

The U.S. Navy Submarine Rescue Diving and Recompression System (SRDRS) uses saturation diving to provide human intervention at the hatch of a disabled submarine. The system incorporates the basic elements of traditional saturation diving platforms to provide life support to divers at the worksite as well as in a decompression chamber in between work assignments. The demands of the submarine rescue mission require that the system provide quick response to an emergency virtually anywhere in the world. To answer these demands, SRDRS uses a mixture of state-of-the-art diving technologies and traditional approaches to life support in a quickly mobilized, easily transportable diving system capable of operating in extremely harsh environments. Language: en
Teaching recursion using recursion graphs

Teaching recursion to undergraduate students is a challenging task. In this paper, a Recursion Graph is proposed to help students understand the process of recursion. Specifically, it provides a visual aid to illustrate the concept of recursion.
A CURIOUS CASE OF LOEFFLER ENDOCARDITIS

Loeffler Endocarditis (LE) is a rare & interesting diagnosis, first described in 1936 as ‘fibroplastic endocarditis with blood eosinophilia’ classified as restrictive cardiomyopathy. A 57 year old Vietnamese female presented with SOB, flu-like symptoms & atypical CP. Initial ECG with
Factors Associated With Poor Sleep in Older Women Diagnosed With Breast Cancer

Objectives To determine the relationship among gait, grip strength, cognition, depression, pain, and fatigue, and to identify which variables are most predictive of poor sleep. Sample & setting 60 women with breast cancer aged 69 years or older who were receiving treatment in the Senior Adult Oncology Program at the James Cancer Hospital at the Ohio State University. Methods & variables The variables were gait and grip strength (functional domains), cognition, depression, pain, and fatigue. Patients were tested using the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer, Mini-Cog, Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Brief Fatigue Inventory, Geriatric Depression Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Pearson correlation coefficients and logistic regression models were used. Results The mean age of the sample was 78 years. Pain and fatigue, depression and pain, and depression and fatigue each were positively related, and grip strength and TUG scores were negatively related. Fatigue was the strongest predictor of poor sleep. Implications for nursing These findings are important to the comprehensive care of older women diagnosed with breast cancer. Understanding symptoms associated with poor sleep helps nurses develop comprehensive care plans for older adults with breast cancer.
Spectroscopic properties and Judd–Ofelt analysis of BaY_2F_8:Sm^3+

Optical spectroscopy and Judd–Ofelt analysis were performed on a BaY2F8:Sm3+ crystal and used to guide the potential application of BaY2F8:Sm3+ as a laser material. Crystals were characterized by polarized absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence emission, and fluorescence lifetime measurements. The H69/2 and H67/2 manifolds are of most interest for visible lasers. This investigation seeks to capture the behavior of the samarium ion in a barium–yttrium–fluoride host from the UV–vis into the near-infrared wavelength regions.
Antimicrobial proteins and peptides of blood: templates for novel antimicrobial agents

The innate immune system provides rapid and effective host defense against microbial invasion in a manner that is independent of prior exposure to a given pathogen.1 It has long been appreciated that the blood contains important elements that mediate rapid responses to infection. Thus, anatomic compartments with ample blood supply are less frequently infected and recover more readily once infected, whereas regions with poor perfusion are prone to severe infection and may require surgical debridement. Blood-borne innate immune mediators are either carried in circulating blood cells (ie, leukocytes and platelets) or in plasma after release from blood cells or on secretion by the liver.
Epidemiology and Discrimination in Obesity

Obesity is a growing epidemic, with 33 % of the world’s population being overweight or obese. The epidemic is posing great economic and social challenges to many countries and is already a major political factor. Through a comprehensive review of the literature and global statistics, we describe the obesity epidemic, the dynamics responsible, and the associated disparities and discrimination. Only through a better understanding of the scope and forces behind this global health burden can we better guide the necessary prevention and treatment.
PERCEIVED CONTROL, RELIGIOSITY, AND SUBJECTIVE WELLBEING IN LATE ADULTHOOD: CHANGES OVER A TEN-YEAR SPAN

Despite the heightened benefits of perceived control in old age, empirical evidence suggests that there are declines in perceived control in later adulthood. With the loss of control beliefs, it is important to investigate mechanisms that may buffer the negative effects of such losses on well-being. Of particular interest here is the role of religiousness/spirituality in this process. Specifically, how do changes in control beliefs in late-midlife and old age transform aspects of religiousness and spirituality (i.e., religious beliefs, religious practices, and faith) that in turn produce modifications in subjective well-being? Using Proc Mixed, a Multilevel Longitudinal Moderated Mediation analysis was conducted on nine yearly waves of data from 851 participants from The Notre Dame Study of Health & Well-being (Mage=61.75, 58.8% female). Our results showed increases in perceived control were associated with increases in religious beliefs (β ^ =0.70, p<.0001), religious practices (β ^ =0.27, p=.0003), and faith (β ^ =0.45, p<.0001); only increases in religious beliefs and faith were related to increases in subjective well-being, β ^=0.03, p<.0001 and β ^ =0.02, p<0.0001, respectively. Additionally, religious beliefs partially mediated the relationship between perceived control and subjective well-being (95% CI [0.02, 0.05]). Only initial level differences, as opposed to rates of change, could be accounted for by demographic variables (i.e., age, gender, education, income)—suggesting no moderation of the mediating effect. Our results underlie one potential pathway through which changes in perceived control influences wellbeing in later adulthood. Explanations of these relationships and directions for future research will be discussed.
Journey to the unexplored world: an English Learner’s L2 reader-response journals

ABSTRACTThis study examines the reader-response journals of an English learner (EL) who read two works of historical fiction in his English Language Development class at a public high school in California. Locating this study within the tradition of research on reader response, it investigates how the EL constructs his own individualized meaning by reflecting on his personal history in interacting with the literature and how he reconciles multiple perspectives on the historical events described in the novels vis-a-vis his prior knowledge. The findings suggest that the journals written in English functioned as a window into the EL’s experiences and as an avenue toward understanding various perspectives. The study exemplifies how reader-response journals, in conjunction with literary course materials, can facilitate the process of ELs’ language learning and deepen the ways in which they view and read the world. Thus, reader-response journals serve as a cultivating force to help ELs constitute their identiti...
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ATTACHMENT AND CONTINUANCE

An important task in Information Systems research is to understand factors that influence the continuous use of information technology (IT). This study extends the literature by conceptualizing a construct called IT attachment to explain the phenomenon. Drawing upon the attachment theory in developmental and social psychology, it suggests that IT attachment, defined as an affective bond of the IT users to IT, is a determinant of the users’ satisfaction with IT and its continuance intention. Factors that influence the development of IT attachment are also analyzed, including IT confirmation, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and IT playfulness.
Existence of a solution for generalized Forchheimer flow in porous media with minimal regularity conditions

This paper is focused on the generalized Forchheimer flows for slightly compressible fluids, described as a system of two nonlinear degenerating partial differential equations of first order. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the Dirichlet problem for the stationary case. The technique of semidiscretization in time is used to prove the existence for the time-dependent case.
Anesthetic Efficacy of MS-222 in White's Tree Frogs (Litoria caerulea)

Abstract Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) is a bath anesthetic agent commonly used in amphibians, but few studies have demonstrated its efficacy in a wide variety of anuran species. In this study...
Children's Creativity

Abstract Creativity is traditionally defined as the ability to produce something that is original and valued. However, this definition applies to Big-C (domain-changing) creativity (e.g., Darwin's theory of evolution, Picasso and Braque's invention of cubism). Children are by definition little-c creators, since they have not mastered a domain sufficiently to challenge it. We distinguish here between creativity and intelligence, and argue for creativity as domain-specific. We discuss the decline in children's creativity with age, along with the major methods of assessing children's creativity. We conclude by considering factors that impede as well as enhance children's creativity.
Estimation of distributions via multilevel Monte Carlo with stratified sampling

Abstract We design and implement a novel algorithm for computing a multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) estimator of the joint cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a vector-valued quantity of interest in problems with random input parameters or initial conditions. Our approach combines MLMC with stratified sampling of the input sample space by replacing standard Monte Carlo at each level with stratified Monte Carlo initialized with proportionally allocated samples. We show that the resulting stratified MLMC (sMLMC) algorithm is more efficient than its standard MLMC counterpart due to the additional variance reduction provided by the stratification of the random parameter's domain, especially at the coarsest levels. Additional computational cost savings are obtained by smoothing the indicator function with a Gaussian kernel, which proves to be an efficient and robust alternative to recently developed polynomial-based techniques.
Risk of invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms

5823 Introuction: Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN) is a pancreatic intraductal tumor characterized by papillary proliferation of mucin-producing epithelial cells with or without mucin hypersecretion. IPMNs are classified as adenoma, borderline, or malignant (invasive or non-invasive) tumors based upon the degree of epithelial dysplasia. Invasive IPMNs have a very different prognostic profile than all other classifications, yet very little is know about the risk factors associated with invasive malignant IPMN. Methods: We conducted a case-case analysis of 150 IPMNs identified at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN from 1997 to 2004 to identify factors associated with invasive IPMN. All information was abstracted from patient questionnaires and medical records. A single GI pathologist reviewed all cases. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The 150 IPMN cases included 54 with a component of invasive adenocarcinoma, 20 with carcinoma in situ, 23 borderline, and 53 with adenoma. For these analyses the latter 3 categories were compared to the 54 with invasive adenocarcinoma. The IPMN patients were 50% (N=75) males, 80 ever-smokers and 70 never smokers. Ninety-one (61%) reported drinking alcohol, 58 (38%) reported no alcohol and 1 had unknown status. 78 (52%) reported a family history of any cancer, 13 (9%) reported a familiy history of pancreatic cancer. In multivariate analyses, men were at increased risk of invasive malignant IPMN (OR=2.5, 1.2-5.5). However, risk was significantly decreased for those reporting a positive family history of any cancer (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2-0.95) or having a history of cigarette smoking (OR=0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.9). Risk was also decreased, albeit non-significantly, for those patients with a family history of pancreatic cancer (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.09-2.3) or being a current user of alcohol (OR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.3-1.2). Conclusion: These analyses suggest that risk of invasive pancreatic carcinoma in the setting of IPMN is increased by being male, but decreased by cigarette smoking and having a family history of any cancer. Further, it suggests that there is no increased risk of invasive IPMN from using alcohol or reporting a family history of pancreatic cancer.
Severe post-sars-cov2 multisystem inflammatory syndrome mimicking kawasaki disease shock syndrome in a young adult

Introduction: Long term sequelae of SARS-CoV2 infections are currently being investigated. Previously described long term sequelae include cerebral vascular accidents, liver and kidney disease, and psychological disease, albeit without a consistent pattern of presentation. Recently, several cases have been published regarding multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children following known SARS-CoV2 infection. There has been one reported case of post-infectious Kawasaki-like illness in an adult. We present a patient with a similar multisystem inflammatory reaction, giving support for a Kawasaki-like disease in adults post-SARS-CoV2. Case description: A 27-year-old male with history of mild SARS-CoV2 infection one month prior without respiratory distress presented with fevers, abdominal pain, vomiting, and headache. Physical exam revealed injected bilateral conjunctiva, cheilitis, cervical lymphadenopathy, nuchal rigidity, a morbilliform rash on chest and hands, bilateral hand edema, and suprapubic tenderness. An abdominal CT scan suggested pyelonephritis and prostatitis. Hepatocellular and cholestatic markers were elevated without serological evidence of viral hepatitis. ESR, CRP, ferritin, LDH, d-dimer, and IL-6 were all elevated. SARS-CoV2 PCR was negative but IgG was positive. Blood, urine, and lumbar puncture studies were negative for bacterial, fungal, viral, and tick-borne evidence of infection. Rheumatologic workup was unremarkable. He developed hypotension requiring vasopressor support. ECG was notable for new-onset atrial fibrillation and echocardiogram showed systolic dysfunction with global hypokinesis with an ejection fraction of 45-50%. Cardiac MRI did not show evidence of myocarditis or infiltrative disease. Morning cortisol was low consistent with adrenal insufficiency and started on hydrocortisone. All his symptoms began to resolve with steroid therapy. One month after discharge, he was found to be in normal sinus rhythm. He experienced full resolution of his symptoms other than visual field disturbances with occasional floaters deemed to be of unknown etiology following complete neurologic and ophthalmologic workup. Repeat echocardiogram continued to show global systolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction of 40-45%. The patient continued on goal directed medical therapy and hydrocortisone therapy. Discussion: Post inflammatory conditions secondary to SARS-CoV2 have not been well described in adults. We present a patient whose post SARS-CoV2 inflammatory syndrome mimics the known pediatric post-inflammatory state, including characteristic timing, exam and laboratory findings, and resolution with steroid therapy. Further description of similar presentations is needed to better gauge the incidence of this inflammatory syndrome in young adults.
Machine Gun Politics: Why Politicians Cooperate with Criminal Groups

Why do politicians cooperate with organized criminal groups? Existing accounts explore such groups’ incentives to cooperate, but largely treat politicians as either victims of violence or passive bribe takers. This paper considers why politicians may seek criminals’ help to get votes. I argue that some politicians win by using an electoral strategy called criminal clientelism. Politicians hire criminal groups as brokers to deliver votes through two mechanisms: (1) corralling mobilizes groups of residents to the polls and (2) gatekeeping prevents rival candidates from accessing voters. I use a natural experiment that leverages exogenous variation in voter assignment to ballot boxes and a novel dataset on criminal governance to test my theory in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. I show that corralling increases turnout and influences vote choice, and gatekeeping restricts the candidate pool. Together, the mechanisms underpinning criminal clientelism decrease competitiveness and increase the probability of victory for criminally allied candidates.
Cancer: Mutant p53 and chromatin regulation

The finding that genes encoding enzymes that modify histone proteins are among the targets of certain mutant forms of the p53 protein sheds light on how these mutations cause cancer beyond p53 inactivation. See Article p.206 Wild-type p53 is a tumour suppressor, but mutation of p53 can promote cancer and certain oncogenic forms are gain-of-function (GOF) mutants. Shelley Berger and colleagues compare the genomic binding patterns of wild- type and gain-of-function mutant p53 using ChIP-seq analysis and find that the p53 mutants bind distinct sets of genes compared to the wild-type protein, with key targets including the histone methyltransferases MLL1 and MLL2, as well as other chromatin modifying enzymes. Gain-of-function p53 mutant cells are highly dependent on the MLL pathway for growth and are sensitive to small molecule inhibitors of MLL function, indicating a novel therapeutic avenue for cancers with these p53 mutations.
Non-convulsive seizures in children with infection-related altered mental status

Background In the intensive care unit, the use of continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) in children with altered mental status often results in the detection of non-convulsive seizures (NCS). Children with influenza can occasionally display altered mental status, but the prevalence of NCS in children with influenza with altered mental status is yet to be determined. This study determined the prevalence of NCS in pediatric patients with altered mental status associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Methods We retrospectively reviewed admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit between September 2009 and February 2010 and confirmed the presence of NCS on cEEG in children with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and with altered mental status. Results Of the 15 patients (aged 41−159 months old), NCS was identified on cEEG in five children (33%). Conclusions Approximately one-third of the children infected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 with altered mental status had NCS. Further research is needed to determine if the detection and management of NCS improve outcome in these children.
Debris from Comets: The Evolution of Meteor Streams

The evolution of meteor streams is controlled basically by: (a) the initial velocities with which the particles were ejected from the parent body; (b) gravitational perturbations by the planets; (c) radiation forces; and (d) collisions. This review focuses mainly on recent numerical modelling dealing with (b) and (a).
Release of Biologically Active Peptides from Escherichia coli at Subzero Temperatures

Moss, C. Wayne (North Carolina State University, Raleigh), and M. L. Speck. Release of biologically active peptides from Escherichia coli at subzero temperatures. J. Bacteriol. 91:1105–1111. 1966.—Freezing and storage of Escherichia coli at −20 C in phosphate buffer resulted in loss of cell viability and a pronounced leakage of cellular material which had maximal absorption at 260 mμ. Greater loss in cell viability occurred when cells were frozen in distilled water, but only small amounts of 260 mμ absorbing material were detected. Unfrozen cells stored at 2 and 22 C in each menstruum showed little loss in viability, but cells in phosphate buffer released significant amounts of material during storage. Leakage material from cells in phosphate buffer contained greater amounts of ribonucleic acid and amino acids than did material from cells in distilled water. Leakage material from frozen cells contained protein in the form of peptides of relatively small molecular weight; this was not observed for unfrozen cells. These compounds protected a dilute cell suspension from the lethal effects of freezing, and also possessed biological activity for the recovery of cells which had been “injured” by freezing. Direct cell counts indicated that the material released was not a result of cell lysis.
The Civic Mission of Higher Education at a Time of Democratic Discontent

Peter Levine Abstract: Despite serious weaknesses in the political culture of the United States today, three promising developments are evident: a renaissance of political theory, reforms of colleges and universities that connect them better to their surrounding communities, and widespread civic innovation outside of academia. The true civic mission of higher education is to bring together political theory and practice, academia and grassroots civic renewal in order to spawn the social and intellectual movements that are capable of reviving American democracy.
A case history of the application of social judgment theory to policy formulation

Social judgment theory provides (1) a theoretical framework for understanding the origin of policy quarrels and (2) methods for their resolution. Social judgment theory asserts that differences in policy are often cognitive in origin. Such cognitive differences are produced by the highly interdependent aspects of the more or less unreliable environments within which policies are made. Discussion alone is often insufficient for resolving policy differences because the covert, inconsistent nature of human judgment prevents individuals from accurately describing their cognitive processes. Consequently, judgmental aids, such as computer graphics technology and input-output analysis, are necessary in order to externalize and thus to clarify the causes of disagreement. Social judgment theory, computer graphics technology, and input-output analysis were successfully employed both in formulating an agency-wide policy as well as specifying how this policy would be implemented. Empirical support for the theoretical position was thus obtained.
Renal epithelial cell‐derived monocyte colony stimulating factor as a local informant of renal injury and means of monocyte activation

Monocyte accumulation in renal allografts is associated with allograft dysfunction. As monocyte influx occurs acutely following reperfusion, we investigated the effect of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) on monocyte colony stimulating factor (m-CSF), a key cytokine in monocyte recruitment. We hypothesized that renal tubule epithelial cells (RTECs) could produce m-CSF in response to IRI, which could in turn promote monocyte activation. Real time PCR was used to measure levels of intragraft m-CSF transcripts in patients during IRI and clinical rejection. Also, m-CSF production by RTECs following IRI simulation in vitro was measured using ELISA. Monocyte expression of CD40 and CD80 was then analyzed using flow cytometry following co-culture with supernatants of RTECs after IRI. Monocyte expression of CD40, CD80 and HLA-DR was then examined following treatment with rh-m-CSF (10, 36, and 100 ng/ml), as was monocyte size and granularity. We found that intragraft m-CSF transcription was significantly increased postreperfusion (P = 0.002) and during clinical rejection (P = 0.002). We also found that RTECs produced m-CSF in response to IRI in vitro (P = 0.036). Monocytes co-cultured with the supernatants of postischemic RTECs became activated as evidenced by increased expression of CD40 and CD80. Also, monocytes treated with recombinant m-CSF assumed an activated phenotype exhibiting increased size, granularity and expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR, and demonstrating enhanced phagocytic activity. Taken together, we suggest that renal tubular cell derived m-CSF is a stimulus for monocyte activation and may be an important target for control of IRI-associated immune activation.
Possible regulation of microtubules through destabilization of tubulin

Chaperones and folding cofactors are known to mediate posttranslational folding of nascent tubulin, thus forming functional dimers. Based on sequence likeness, a novel protein similar to cofactor E, E-like protein (El), was identified. In overexpression experiments El, similar to a subset of folding factors (i.e. cofactors D and E), appears to disrupt functional dimers and target them for destruction by the proteasome. El apparently does not interact with microtubules directly and has no function in the tubulin folding pathway. Suppression of El expression seems to increase the cellular content of stable, posttranslationally modified microtubules by an unknown mechanism. Degradation of functional tubulin dimers as well as the alteration of the cellular content of stable microtubules through El might regulate the distribution and organization of organelles in vivo.
Food-web structure and network theory: The role of connectance and size.

Networks from a wide range of physical, biological, and social systems have been recently described as “small-world” and “scale-free.” However, studies disagree whether ecological networks called food webs possess the characteristic path lengths, clustering coefficients, and degree distributions required for membership in these classes of networks. Our analysis suggests that the disagreements are based on selective use of relatively few food webs, as well as analytical decisions that obscure important variability in the data. We analyze a broad range of 16 high-quality food webs, with 25–172 nodes, from a variety of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Food webs generally have much higher complexity, measured as connectance (the fraction of all possible links that are realized in a network), and much smaller size than other networks studied, which have important implications for network topology. Our results resolve prior conflicts by demonstrating that although some food webs have small-world and scale-free structure, most do not if they exceed a relatively low level of connectance. Although food-web degree distributions do not display a universal functional form, observed distributions are systematically related to network connectance and size. Also, although food webs often lack small-world structure because of low clustering, we identify a continuum of real-world networks including food webs whose ratios of observed to random clustering coefficients increase as a power–law function of network size over 7 orders of magnitude. Although food webs are generally not small-world, scale-free networks, food-web topology is consistent with patterns found within those classes of networks.
Important messages in the ‘post’: recent discoveries in 5-HT neurone feedback control

The neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) mediates important brain functions and contributes to the pathophysiology and successful drug treatment of many common psychiatric disorders, especially depression. It is established that a key mechanism involved in the control of 5-HT neurones is feedback inhibition by presynaptic 5-HT autoreceptors, which are located on 5-HT cell bodies and nerve terminals. However, recent experiments have discovered an unexpected complexity of 5-HT neurone control, specifically in the form of postsynaptic 5-HT feedback mechanisms. These mechanisms have the physiological effects of 5-HT autoreceptors but use additional 5-HT receptor subtypes and operate through neural inputs to 5-HT neurones. A postsynaptic feedback system that excites 5-HT neurones has also been reported. This article discusses current knowledge of the pharmacology and physiology of these new found 5-HT feedback mechanisms and considers their possible contribution to depression pathophysiology and utility as a resource of novel antidepressant drug strategies.
VideoQ: an automated content based video search system using visual cues

The rapidity with which digitat information, particularly video, is being generated, has necessitated the development of tools for efficient search of these media. Content based visual queries have been primarily focussed on still image retrieval. In this papel; we propose a novel, real-time, interactive system on the Web, based on the visual paradigm, with spatio-temporal attributesplaying a key role in video retrieval. We have developed algorithms for automated video object segmentation and tracking and use real-time video editing techniques while responding to user queries. The resulting system pe$orms well, with the user being able to retrieve complex video clips such as those of skiers, baseball players, with ease.
Incentive finance for industry

Not everybody agrees with the concept of industrial financial incentives. Detractors fall into two camps: those who say that they don't work and those who accept their effectiveness but insist that they offer unfair advantages over the competition. Incentives take many forms, including grants, soft loans, fiscal and social security concessions, local rates waivers, job premiums, equity participation and contingent guarantees. This article concentrates on grants and loans, which are by far the most common forms of inducement to the private sector. The article looks at such incentives in R&D, demonstration programmes, and continuing vocational training.
Particulate sulfur and chlorine in Arctic aerosols, spring 1983

Abstract In each of 10 flights of the AGASP Arctic program, particulate sulfur and chlorine were determined by PIXE analysis of eight cascade impactor fractions from 16 μm aerodynamic diameter (μmad). S occurred mainly in fine aerosol sizes of
Representations of the body surface in cortical areas 3b and 1 of squirrel monkeys: Comparisons with other primates

Microelectrode multiunit mapping techniques were used to determine the somatotopic organization of postceritral parietal cortex in the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciurus. Recordings were largely confined to architectonic areas 3b and 1. Results were compared to those from similar studies of owl (Merzenich et al., '78) and macaque (Nelson et al., '80) monkeys. As in these previous investigations, separate representations of the body surface were found in areas 3b and 1 of squirrel monkeys. These representations were organized in parallel, so that both proceeded from the tail on the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere, to the lips and oral cavity on the lateral margin of these areas along the sylvian fissure. The representations were also roughly mirror images of each other so that whatever skin surface was represented rostrally in area 3b was represented caudally in area 1, and similar skin surfaces were represented along the common border. However, the representations were not identical. For example, the split representations of the leg differed so that the distal leg was represented in cortex lateral to that devoted to the foot in area 1 and medial to the foot in area 3b. Remarkably, the representations of some body parts were reversed in orientation in both area 3b and area 1 in squirrel monkeys as compared to owl and macaque monkeys. The face, arm, trunk, and leg representations were all reversed in squirrel monkeys, while the orientations of the hand and foot representations were the same. For example, the dorsal trunk is represented rostrally in area 3b and caudally in area 1 and the ventral trunk is represented at the 3b/l border in owl and macaque monkeys, while the ventral trunk is represented rostrally in area 3b and caudally in area 1 and the dorsal trunk is represented at the 3b/1 border in squirrel monkeys. These reversals of somatotopic organization in part but not all of the representations in areas 3b and 1 suggest that both fields are divided into sectors where the basic somatotopic orientation is independently determined, that the orientation of some of these sectors is subject to reversal in evolution, and that matching sectors in areas 3b and 1 are not independent in somatotopic organization.
The correspondence between thermospheric neutral densities and broadband measurements of the total solar soft X-ray flux

[1] While it is accepted that neutral densities in the thermosphere have a significant dependence on the solar soft X-ray fluxes, until recently the only coincident measurements available for an extended time period were from the AE-E satellite in the late 1970's. However, the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) satellite began measuring the solar soft X-ray flux (full disk) in March of 1998. Photometers on SNOE measured the solar flux in broad bands from 2 to 20 nm, rather than having high spectral resolution like the AE-E measurements. The SNOE measurements are coincident with high precision satellite orbit measurements, from which total neutral densities near 350 km can be derived, for the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) satellite. The GFZ data ended on 1 June, 1999. A quantitative assessment of the relationship between densities and broad band measurements of solar soft X-rays, such as those from SNOE, is needed to determine the usefulness of broad band solar measurements for space weather applications. We have conducted such an assessment for geomagnetically undisturbed times and find correlations of ∼0.74 between the daily variations in total neutral density and the soft X-rays measured by SNOE. The correlation seen between F10.7 and the neutral densities is significantly lower, ∼0.60. These results indicate that broadband solar soft X-ray measurements could significantly improve the specification and prediction of neutral densities in the Earth's space environment.
A probabilistic method of predicting landslides

Heavy rainfall events can lead to devastating landslides, but predicting when rainfall will cause a landslide is challenging. Most current landslide prediction methods consider past rainfall events that resulted in landslides, and then use that as input to provide a deterministic rainfall threshold for a landslide to occur. These methods simply predict either a landslide or no landslide for given rainfall conditions. In a new study, Berti et al. developed a probabilistic approach that returns a probability, from 0 to 1, of a landslide occurring for a given rainfall amount. They tested their approach on historical rainfall and landslide data from the Emilia-Romagna Region of Italy.
Vitamin A Toxicity and Its Effect on Liver Nucleic Acids, Protein and Lipids in the Chick

Abstract OLSEN et al. (1959) and Stoewsand and Scott (1961) have shown that as dietary protein levels increased vitamin A storage in the liver decreased, indicating an interaction between these dietary essentials. In a previous study from our laboratories (Squibb, 1961) on the relationship of nutrition to avian virus disease, chicks were given varying levels of vitamin A ranging from minimum to near toxic. Since present studies in our laboratories are concerned with the effect of avian viruses on protein metabolism (Squibb, 1963), the experiments reported here with 3 to 5 week old chicks were designed to 1) re-examine tolerance for vitamin A and 2) observe the effects of daily injections of high levels of vitamin A on liver protein, nucleic acids and lipids. METHODS Day-old White Leghorn cockerels were housed in all-wire batteries in an air-conditioned room and given feed and water ad libitum. The vitamin A deficient diet employed…
Methodology for the optimal design of PEV charging systems with multiple chargers and distributed resources

Increased penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) will necessitate deployment of numerous PEV chargers. Pairing these chargers with renewable distributed generation (DG) and storage can potentially alleviate negative impacts on the distribution grid and help meet renewable portfolio goals. The optimal design of such integrated charging systems depends on many factors, including geographic location and charging profiles. This paper presents an optimization methodology for designing integrated PEV charging systems with multiple chargers and distributed resources. This methodology is used to investigate optimal designs for charging systems at a retail business and on a university campus. When PEV charging can introduce a demand charge, it is shown that the optimal design depends on the time of charging and the level of existing load. When non-negligible distribution system losses exist between charger locations, it is shown that the optimal size and location of DG and storage depends on the charging profile of the different chargers and the distribution efficiency.
Vulnerability Beliefs, Symptom Experiences, and the Processing of Health Threat Information: A Self‐Regulatory Perspective

This study used a self-regulation model of health behavior to explore the impact of risk perceptions and disease-risk symptoms on responses to health messages. Undergraduates with beliefs of high or low vulnerability to heart disease participated in a task that either did or did not induce disease-risk symptoms. Participants were then given a threatening or reassuring message about heart disease prevention, or no message. Participants with high-vulnerability beliefs reported higher exercise intentions only after the reassuring message, and then only in the absence of risk symptoms. However, their exercise rates were increased by both messages and by the symptoms. Participants with preexisting beliefs of low vulnerability reported higher risk perceptions after experiencing the symptoms; only the threat message enhanced their exercise rates.
A Theoretical Model of the Holistic Health of United Methodist Clergy

Culturally competent health interventions require an understanding of the population’s beliefs and the pressures they experience. Research to date on the health-related beliefs and experiences of clergy lacks a comprehensive data-driven model of clergy health. Eleven focus groups with 59 United Methodist Church (UMC) pastors and 29 UMC District Superintendents were conducted in 2008. Participants discussed their conceptualization of health and barriers to, and facilitators of, health promotion. Audiotape transcriptions were coded by two people each and analyzed using grounded theory methodology. A model of health for UMC clergy is proposed that categorizes 42 moderators of health into each of five levels drawn from the Socioecological Framework: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Congregational, United Methodist Institutional, and Civic Community. Clergy health is mediated by stress and self-care and coping practices. Implications for future research and clergy health interventions are discussed.
A case of luteinizing thecoma with sclerosing peritonitis: revisiting a link with anti-epileptic drugs.

Luteinizing thecoma with sclerosing peritonitis (LTSP) is a rare ovarian tumor of unclear etiology and pathogenesis. The diagnostic entity was proposed in 1994, but a number of earlier reports described possible cases, and some suggested an association with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). In presenting a new case we review the literature of previous cases to evaluate the possibility of such a link. When cases in reproductively immature patients are considered, evidence for an association between LTSP and AEDs is strongly suggested despite the rarity of the condition. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:470–472. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stability of a gas-liquid interface and its relation to weld pool stability

In the present work the results of a theoretical analysis of the interfacial stability of a gas jet impinging on a free liquid surface are used to study the stability of weld pools. Use of experimental observations on the plasma flow inside high-current arcs allows a critical arc current, for which the weld pool becomes unstable, to be calculated. This critical current depends upon the surface tension between molten metal and arc gas, the geometry of the cathode, and the difference in density between molten metal and arc gas. Observations on tungsten-inert-gas welding support the theory.
Inactivation of γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase by l-3-chloroalanine hydroxamate

The mechanism of inactivation of gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT) by L-3-chloroalanine hydroxamate (1) was investigated. Inactivation of [3H]PLP-reconstituted GABA-AT with 1 followed by denaturation gave no PMP or enamine adduct to the PLP; however, a new unknown metabolite was observed which was identical to the metabolite formed upon inactivation of GABA-AT by L-cycloserine. Time-dependent inactivation occurs, but the kinetics are second order; the rate of inactivation increases with time. After inactivation occurs the addition of fresh enzyme results in a faster rate of inactivation than prior to the initial inactivation. This indicates that the actual inactivator is generated from L-3-chloroalanine hydroxamate, and is not L-3-chloroalanine hydroxamate itself. Added gabaculine-inactivated enzyme to fresh enzyme does not increase the rate of inactivation, suggesting that the conversion of L-3-chloroalanine hydroxamate to the active form is not catalyzed by peripheral amino acid residues. L-3-Chloroalanine hydroxamate was shown to undergo buffer-catalyzed cyclization to L-cycloserine, which is the actual inactivator of GABA-AT.
Density Functional Theory of Homogeneous States.

We consider the weighted density approximation of the density functional description of systems in thermal equilibrium. We show that knowledge of the intermolecular potential puts constraints on the theory which take the form of a small number of nonlinear integral equations of unusual type. We show that for homogeneous states of systems with purely repulsive potentials these equations are sufficient to determine the free energy functional completely, at least at densities where the virial expansion of the theory converges. We have not been able to find either analytic or numerical solutions of these equations at arbitrary densities. We have solved the equations in the density expansion to the lowest order in which it disagrees with the exact virial expansion of the system. This extended weighted density approximation (EWDA) gives the exact virial expansion of the pressure to third order and the pair distribution function to first order in the density, as do the other standard integral equation theories. In the next order the EWDA is not exact, but it gives very good numerical results for the pressure and pair distribution and for both hard and soft repulsive potentials. In addition, the difference between the pressure and the compressibility equations of state is numerically very small, indicating a high degree of thermodynamic consistency. Were these properties to persist at higher densities, the EWDA would be clearly preferred to the usual integral approach, at least for repulsive potentials. For potentials with an attractive part the EWDA becomes singular at low temperatures in a way that suggests there is a structural flaw in the assumed form of the free energy functional.
Selection of Patients with Colorectal/Liver Metastases for Surgical Intervention: Current Issues and Challenges

Resection of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) represents the best chance for cure, but appropriate selection of patients can present challenging clinical scenarios. The PubMed database was searched for articles relevant to CRLM published between 1990 and December 2013. The ability to safely achieve curative resection depends heavily on the adequacy of the future liver remnant (FLR). The FLR volume can be improved through several techniques including portal vein embolization and surgical portal vein ligation with in situ liver split (ALPPS). Disappearing liver metastases (DLM) may develop as a result of robust response to chemotherapy. Concordance between radiographic DLM and true pathologic response is poor and up to 85 % of DLM that undergo resection will demonstrate viable tumor on pathological examination. The rate of true pathologic response for lesions treated with hepatic artery infusion may be higher. Modern chemotherapeutics and techniques to improve the FLR have increased the number of patients who are candidates for potentially curative resection. In cases of DLM, curative resection should aim to include all sites of disease present prior to systemic chemotherapy if possible.
Tagging and migration of the American lobster Homarus americanus

Abstract Three types of tags, external, internal, and sonic, have been used to study migration of the American lobster Homarus americanus. Tag loss and interpretation of returned tag data are serious problems associated with internal and external tags. Lobster tracking using sonic tags is still in the pilot stage. Lobster migration is redefined to include horizontal and vertical displacements. Depth of displacement is a more reasonable measurement of lobster migration than horizontal distance traveled. Two distinct lobster populations are discernable based on their ecological habitation and migratory behavior. Evidence in this review suggests that the deep‐sea lobster migrates, whereas the coastal lobster may move within a limited range.
The specificity and polyvalency of binding of a monoclonal rheumatoid factor.

Abstract The binding of a human IgM monoclonal rheumatoid factor (RF) to human IgG was measured by two techniques. In a radioimmjne assay, polyvalent interactions were found to enhance RF binding to aggregated IgG by a factor of greater than 10 6 . In the analytical ultracentrifuge, univalent Fab fragments from the RF were found to bind equally well to monomeric and polymeric (aggregated) IgG. It was concluded that the enhanced interaction of this RF with IgG that has been aggregated is due entirely to multiple bonds between individual antigen and antibofy molecules. There was no evidence for any increased specificity of single antibody active sites for new antigenic determinants revealed on the IgG by the process of aggregation.
Internal Hernia After Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Background The goal of this study was to determine the impact of mesenteric defect closure and Roux limb position on the rate of internal hernia after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB).