cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of prismatic joint inertia on dynamics of kinematic chains

Abstract In this paper the effect of prismatic joint inertia on dynamics of planar kinematic chains with friction is investigated. The mathematical model of a planar kinematic chain consisting of a prismatic joint sliding along a link that is connected to a revolute joint is developed using Lagrange’s equations. The influence of the slider inertia on the position of the application point of the joint forces is analyzed. The influence of the slider link inertia on the dynamic response of a spatial robot arm with feedback control is analyzed using Kane’s formulation. Larger values of the initial condition response characteristics are observed for larger values of the slider link inertia. Also, the effect of the prismatic joint inertia on the dynamic parameters of a planar mechanism is exemplified using inverse dynamics based on the Newton–Euler method. Numerical results are obtained and compared for zero and larger values of the prismatic joint inertia at different speeds. The numerical simulations reveal that the effect of slider inertia may be negligible at low speeds, but becomes significant at high speeds.
Antitrust as a Multidisciplinary Field: Introduction and Overview of the Symposium:

The focus of antitrust is competition. For over a century, the mandate of antitrust has been to evaluate aggressive commercial conduct and then judge its purposes and effects to determine whether to permit or forbid such conduct as procompetitive or anticompetitive. In this capacity, like all law, antitrust has evolved over time, responding to new insights and understanding regarding competition and competitive conduct. This symposium in the Antitrust Bulletin, Antitrust as a Multidisciplinary Field, takes stock of this evolution by focusing on new insights from economics and existing insights from the business disciplines for shaping the intellectual foundations of antitrust.
An antineutron detection system

Abstract An arrangement of scintillation counters has been constructed to detect antineutrons in the momentum range 2 GeV/c to 4 GeV/c. The system was used in a region of high background radiation. It detects pions produced when antineutrons annihilate. The efficiency of the system has been measured for antineutrons, antiprotons and charged pions.
Modeling and simulation of single nanobelt SnO2 gas sensors with FET structure

Individual tin dioxide nanobelts were used to fabricate field-effect transistor (FET) devices. The output characteristics of these devices have been measured under various ambient conditions, and modeled with a modified drift-diffusion model in which quantum mechanical effects are taken into consideration using the density-gradient model. It is shown that the saturation of the output curves (drain current versus drain-to-source voltage) in air is not due to channel pinch-off, but rather to the saturation of the reversed-biased current of the Schottky-like contact. In this case the source and drain contacts behave like rectifying diodes and can be modeled as two Schottky diodes connected back-to-back with a series resistance from the nanobelt separating the diodes. In the presence of hydrogen the rectifying behavior of the two contacts disappears and the current through the device is limited by the resistance of the nanobelt that can be modulated efficiently by using a gate electrode.
Investigations of the butylcholinesterase-containing cells of the adenohypophysis of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii.

In the adenohypophysis of Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii two types of cells with butylcholinesterase(BuChE) activity can be demonstrated histochemically. Type I occurs in the cephalic lobe of the pars distalis and in the pars tuberalis; it consists of oval and round cells. It is a distinctive cell type that is identical with the amphophilic cells described by Matsuo, Vitums, King and Farner (1969). Whereas castration or inhibition of thyroid gland activity causes only minor changes in these cells, blocking of adrenal cortex activity, or adrenalectomy, causes conspicuous hyperplasia and hypertrophy suggesting that these cells are involved in the production or release of ACTH. The second type, which occurs in both cephalic and caudal lobes, consists mostly of irregularly formed cells. Various observations indicate that it is a composite group, consisting, at least in part, of degenerating cells.
Abiraterone acetate for the treatment of prostate cancer.

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States. The disease is driven by androgen receptor (AR) signaling, and the majority of patients initially respond to androgen deprivation therapies. The lethal form of this disease occurs when metastatic lesions progress in the setting of low testosterone levels, in what is conventionally referred to as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Recent insights suggest that CRPC continues to rely on an active AR pathway for cell survival and growth. Areas covered: This review summarizes the rationale, mechanism of action and relevant clinical data of abiraterone acetate, an oral androgen biosynthesis inhibitor, in the management of CRPC. Expert opinion: Abiraterone acetate is an oral, well-tolerated drug that targets a newly elucidated paradigm of continued AR activation in CRPC. Abiraterone acetate is approved in CRPC patients who have received docetaxel, and recent data suggest that the drug will also be eff...
Issues of medication administration and control in Iowa schools

Who is responsible for medication administration at school? To answer this question, a descriptive, self-administered survey was mailed to a random sample of 850 school principals in Iowa. The eight-page, 57-item, anonymous survey was mailed first class, and a follow-up reminder post card was mailed two weeks later. Descriptive analyses were conducted, with type of respondent (principal versus school nurse), grade level, and size of school examined to explore differences. A 46.6% response rate was obtained; 97% of respondents indicated their schools had written guidelines for medication administration. Principals (41%) and school nurses (34%) reported that they have the ultimate legal responsibility for medication administration. Policies for medication administration on field trips were available in schools of 73.6% of respondents. High schools were more likely to allow self-medication than other grade levels. "Missed dose" was the most common medication error. The main reasons contributing to medication administration errors included poor communication among school, family, and healthcare providers, and the increased number of students on medication. It remains unclear who holds ultimate responsibility for medication administration in schools. Written policies typically exist for medication administration at school, but not field trips. Communicating medication changes to schools, and ensuring medications are available at school, likely can reduce medication administration errors.
Aspiring to zero tuberculosis deaths among southern Africa's miners: is there a way forward?

Tuberculosis notification rates among South African miners range from 4,000 to 7,000 per 100,000 people. These rates far exceed national tuberculosis notification rates for the general population. Tuberculosis mortality also surpasses deaths caused by mining accidents. These extraordinarily high rates of disease are unambiguously linked to a series of contributing factors, including exposure to silica dust, HIV infection, and poor working and living conditions. We argue that the only way to stop the transmission of this airborne disease is to treat the mine and its living quarters as one should any other congregate setting with individuals who have high rates of infection with drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis. This means implementing interventions that have been demonstrated to stop the spread of tuberculosis over the last 60 years: immediate treatment of active tuberculosis, concurrent treatment of latent tuberculosis disease to reduce the burden of active cases, and appropriat...
Black and White men younger than 50 years of age demonstrate similar outcomes after radical prostatectomy

Black men with prostate cancer are diagnosed at a younger age, present with more aggressive disease, and experience higher mortality. We sought to assess pathological features and biochemical recurrence (BCR) in young men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) to determine if there is a difference between black and white men closer to the time of disease initiation. We identified 551 white and 99 black men at a tertiary cancer center who underwent RP at ≤50 years of age. Baseline and pathological features were compared between the two groups. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to examine the association of race and BCR, and Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to determine biochemical recurrence-free survival (bRFS). There were no differences in median age at surgery, biopsy Gleason score, or comorbidity. Black men had higher preoperative PSA (6.1 ng/ml vs 4.7 ng/ml, p = 0.004), but a greater percentage were cT1c (78% vs 63%), compared to white men. On multivariate analysis, black men demonstrated significantly lower odds of non-organ confined disease (OR 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.81; p = 0.01) and extracapsular extension (ECE) (OR 0.38; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.81, p = 0.01), and had no difference in Gleason score upgrading and seminal vesicle invasion compared to white men. There was no significant difference in bRFS in men with organ-confined disease; however, among men with locally advanced disease black men trended towards greater BCR (p = 0.052). Black men had 2-year bRFS of 56% vs 75% in white men. In this single institution study, there does not appear to be a racial disparity in outcomes among younger men who receive RP for prostate cancer. Black and white men in our cohort demonstrate similar bRFS with pathologically confirmed organ-confined disease. There may be greater risk of BCR among black men locally advanced disease compared to white men, suggesting that locally advanced disease is biologically more aggressive in black men.
Chronokinetics of active biliary ampicillin secretion in rats

The existence of temporal variation in biliary excretion has been demonstrated for dibromosulfophthalein and ampicillin (AMP). This study was performed to investigate if the 24h rhythm of active AMP biliary secretion could be attributed to circadian rhythms in the capacity and/or binding affinity of the active secretion mechanism. In this study, 12 Sprague-Dawley rats, housed under a 12h light/12h dark environment, were used. Each rat four lh infusions of incremental doses of AMP during either the active (24: 00 group) or rest phase (12: 00 group) under pentobarbital anesthesia. High doses of AMP were administered to saturate the biliary secretion of AMP via the anion carrier system. Bile and plasma were collected at steady stale for each infusion and analyzed by a microbiological assay. The systemic clearance of AMP was increased approximately twofold during the active phase (24: 00 group) compared to the resting phase (12: 00 group). Plots of bile excretion rate versus plasma concentration indicated sat...
Impact of Medicare denials on noninvasive vascular diagnostic testing.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of Medicare coverage limitations and claim denials on noninvasive vascular diagnostic testing. Methods: All Medicare claims for noninvasive vascular diagnostic studies from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 1999, were identified from the hospital billing database according to Current Procedural Terminology codes for carotid artery duplex ultrasound scan, venous duplex ultrasound scan, and lower-extremity arterial Doppler scan. Reasons for Medicare denial of payment for these tests were reviewed and a cost analysis was performed. Results: During the 1-year period, there were 1096 noninvasive vascular diagnostic studies performed on Medicare patients. Of these 1096 tests, 176 (16.1%) were denied by Medicare (19.6% of 408 carotid duplex ultrasound scans, 16.8% of 345 venous duplex ultrasound scans, and 11.1% of 343 lower-extremity arterial Doppler scans). Of the noninvasive vascular tests denied by Medicare, an abnormal result was present in 72.5% of carotid duplex ultrasound scans, 32.8% of venous duplex ultrasound scans, and 78.9% of lower-extremity arterial Doppler scans. Overall, 88.1% of all initially denied claims (N = 176) were ultimately reimbursed by Medicare after resubmission, including 77.1% of the 118 claims denied based on compliance rules for "medical necessity." Conclusion: Because of coverage limitations, Medicare denials of noninvasive vascular diagnostic tests can lead to potential uncompensated physician and hospital technical fees if denied claims are unrecognized. Vascular laboratories performing these tests need to review compliance with Medicare guidelines. Improvements may need to be made at both the provider and Medicare carrier levels in obtaining reimbursement for appropriately ordered noninvasive vascular diagnostic studies. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:846-53.)
A case-control follow-up study for disease-specific mortality.

Les etudes cas-temoins comparent souvent les declarations des sujets a propos de leurs antecedents (depistage, exposition,...). Chez les cas, cette information est generalement recueillie apres la survenue de l'evenement d'interet. Cela pose probleme dans les etudes de survie puisque les sujets decedes ne peuvent fournir l'information recherchee. Pour eviter cette difficulte. Weiss et Lazovich (1996, American Journal of Epidemiology)proposent de recueillir l'information sur l'exposition ou le depistage chez des cas potentiels, c'est-a-dire chez des cas diagnostiques, a la date du depistage et chez des sujets de reference. Le protocole peut etre considere comme un nouveau schema d'echantillonnage emboite dans une cohorte. J'utilise titi nouvelle factorisation pour presenter l'estimation des effets d'un depistage ou d'une exposition variant avec le temps. Je montre ensuite sous quelles conditions d'ignorabilite cette factorisation conduit a des estimations valides. Memelorsque la fraction d'echantillonnage des sujets bien portants est inconnue, les risques relatifs causaux sont estimables a condition que le diagnostic reste rare dans la cohorte.
Theoretically efficient pricing for commercial uses of public land resources

Abstract Assuming free entry of firms to public lands and the consequent diminishment of their value as pure wilderness, there is an administered price per acre that fosters the theoretically efficient level of commercial use, such as mining, grazing or logging. That price equals households' marginal willingness to pay to preserve the public land as wilderness. It also equals the efficient price of private land times the ratio of the marginal commercial productivities of public to private land. The exceptions are the corner solutions in which the administered price either equals the marginal willingness to pay for wilderness, but exceeds the marginal revenue product of the land, in which case none of the land is used commercially, or else equals the marginal revenue product, but exceeds the marginal willingness to pay, in which case all of the land is used commercially.
Molecular approaches to p- and n-nanoscale doping of Ge1−ySny semiconductors: Structural, electrical and transport properties

We report the development of practical doping protocols via designer molecular sources to create n- and p-type doped Ge 1-y Sn y layers grown directly upon Si(100). These materials will have applications in the fabrication of advanced PIN devices that are intended to extend the infrared optical response beyond that of Ge by utilizing the Sn composition as an additional design parameter. Highly controlled and efficient n-doping of single-layer structures is achieved using custom built P(GeH 3 ) 3 and As(GeH 3 ) 3 , precursors containing preformed Ge-As and Ge-P near-tetrahedral bonding arrangements compatible with the structure of the host Ge-Sn lattice. Facile substitution and complete activation of the P and As atoms at levels∼10 17 -10 19 cm -3 is obtained via in situ depositions at low temperatures (350°C). Acceptor doping is readily achieved using conventional diborane yielding carrier concentrations between 10 17 -10 19 cm -3 under similar growth conditions. Full activation of the as-grown dopant concentrations is demonstrated by combined SIMS and Hall experiments, and corroborated using a contactless spectroscopic ellipsometry approach. RTA processing of the samples leads to a significant increase in carrier mobility comparable to that of bulk Ge containing similar doping levels. The alloy scattering contribution appears to be negligible for electron carrier concentrations beyond 10 19 cm -3 in n-type samples and hole concentrations beyond 10 18 cm -3 in p-type samples. A comparative study using the classical lower-order hydrides PH 3 and AsH 3 produced n-doped films with carrier densities (up to 9 x 10 19 cm -3 ) similar to those afforded by P(GeH 3 ) 3 and As(GeH 3 ) 3 . However, early results indicate that the simpler PH 3 and AsH 3 sources yield materials with inferior morphology and microstructure. Calculations of surface energetics using bond enthalpies suggest that the latter massive compounds bind to the surface via strong Ge-Ge bonds and likely act as "retardants" that moderate surface diffusion of the reactions species, thereby promoting layer-by-layer growth leading to thick, atomically smooth films, particularly in the case of P(GeH 3 ) 3 . Furthermore, the intact incorporation of the Ge 3 P and Ge 3 As molecular cores results in highly uniform compositional, strain and doping profiles at the atomic level.
Targets for laser-driven opacity measurements

Abstract Special laser targets have been designed and fabricated which allow the opacity of materials to be experimentally determined at elevated temperatures ( kT ≤ 200 eV). A general description of the technique is presented, as well as the fabrication steps necessary to produce the targets. A uniform high temperature environment is provided by the use of small millimeter-sized hohlraums driven by the Nova laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The material sample is placed within the hohlraum and is further illuminated by the X-rays produced by one or two of the Nova beams incident on a second material known as a back lighter. Thus far, silver and niobium opacity samples have been used, and each has required a different fabrication technique.
Experimental Test of a Two-Layer Model Characterizing Emission-Line Profiles

Deuterium Lyman alpha line profiles generated from microwave powered lamp for experimental testing of two layer model characterizing emission line profiles
Sexuality Education and HIV Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Young Adults.

ABSTRACT This exploratory study measured the sexuality education and HIV knowledge, attitudes, and risk behaviors of young adults (n = 410), ages 18–21, who recently graduated from public high schools in a midwestern state. Based on the participants’ responses to specific questions, students were placed into one of three groups: students who received no sexuality education; students who received abstinence-only sexuality education; and students who received abstinence-based sexuality education. Students who reported having completed an abstinence-based sexuality education scored significantly higher on HIV knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors than those who reported receiving an abstinence-only sexuality education (p < .001). The mean scores on the HIV risk behavior scale were also significantly higher in the no sexuality education group when compared to the abstinence-only group (a higher score represented less risk–avoidance of risk behaviors).
Substrate interactions with human ferrochelatase

Ferrochelatase, the terminal enzyme in heme biosynthesis, catalyzes the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to form protoheme IX. Human ferrochelatase is a homodimeric, inner mitochondrial membrane-associated enzyme that possesses an essential [2Fe-2S] cluster. In this work, we report the crystal structure of human ferrochelatase with the substrate protoporphyrin IX bound as well as a higher resolution structure of the R115L variant without bound substrate. The data presented reveal that the porphyrin substrate is bound deep within an enclosed pocket. When compared with the location of N-methylmesoporphyrin in the Bacillus subtilis ferrochelatase, the porphyrin is rotated by ≈100° and is buried an additional 4.5 A deeper within the active site. The propionate groups of the substrate do not protrude into solvent and are bound in a manner similar to what has been observed in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Furthermore, in the substrate-bound form, the jaws of the active site mouth are closed so that the porphyrin substrate is completely engulfed in the pocket. These data provide insights that will aid in the determination of the mechanism for ferrochelatase.
Short-line railroad managers discuss their industry

In the United States, the 1980 Staggers Rail Act created a positive regulatory environment for the creation of new short-line railroads. At present there are about 450 of these railroads that have less than 250 miles of trackage. This study asked managers/owners of these railroads two basic questions. First, what do you believe is the single most important trend that is currently taking place in your industry. The most frequently noted trend was the frustration of working with the larger Class 1 railroads. Five additional trends were also identified by the respondents. The second question asked the respondents if they thought the short-line sector of the rail industry will become more or less important in the next ten years and why. About 70% of the owner/managers believed their industry would become more important in the next decade. The most commonly expressed reason for this position is that the Class 1 railroads will increasingly specialize in mainline service only. Three other rationales were also enumerated. For the managers that thought their industry would become less important, the most noted reason was their trackage would not safely transport the newer very heavy bulk commodity freight cars.
Alkaline Degradation of Oligosaccharides Coupled with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry: A Method for Sequencing Oligosaccharides

A new technique for determining sequence and linkage information of underivatized oligosaccharides is developed using alkaline degradation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS). Alkaline degradation (also known as the “peeling” reaction) is a chemical degradation technique that only cleaves the glycosidic bond at the reducing end by β-elimination to yield a new reducing end. The reaction products are sampled directly with minimal cleanup and monitored by MALDI-FTMS to elucidate the oligosaccharide sequence. Linkage information is provided by cross-ring cleavage fragmentation of the new reducing ends, created by either MALDI source fragmentation or sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation. This method is illustrated by the successful sequence and linkage determination of neutral, branched, fucosylated, and sialylated oligosaccharides. Experiments on differently linked disaccharides are also performed to determine the speci...
Growth factor withdrawal and apoptosis: the middle game

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Maurer et al. (2006) detail molecular events that trigger apoptosis following growth factor withdrawal, linking irreversible mitochondrial permeabilization to activation of GSK-3 and subsequent phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, and degradation of the antiapoptotic BCL-2 family member MCL-1.
Leiomyoma of the Adrenal Gland Presenting as a Non-Functioning Adrenal Incidentaloma: Case Report and Review of the Literature

A 31-year-old woman was incidentally found to have a large right adrenal mass by computed tomography imaging and underwent a workup that included endocrinological evaluation and positron emission tomography imaging. Laboratory results revealed the mass to be non-functioning. Imaging studies revealed a 9-cm heterogeneous mass that was not FDG avid. Because of concern for adrenal cortical carcinoma, the patient underwent a successful right adrenalectomy. Pathology examination demonstrated an 11-cm circumscribed mass consisting of uniform spindle cells without nuclear pleomorphism, necrosis, or mitotic activity. The diagnosis of leiomyoma was supported by a panel of immunohistochemical stains. Adrenal leiomyomas have been reported in the literature, although most are small and not preoperatively suspicious for malignancy. This case illustrates that benign tumors such as leiomyomas, when large and heterogeneous on imaging, can clinically mimic adrenal cortical carcinomas and should be included in the differential diagnosis of adrenal incidentalomas.
Linguistic characteristics of eating disorder questions on Yahoo! Answers - content, style, and emotion

Social Q&A provides the possibility of looking into how people verbally express their information needs in natural language. In this study, we analyzed linguistic properties of different types of questions on the topic of eating disorders in Yahoo! Answers. Using term frequency analysis, Part-of-Speech (POS) analysis, and sentiment analysis, we examined linguistic content, linguistic style, and emotional expressions in two broad categories of eating disorder questions from Yahoo! Answers -- socio-emotional questions and informational questions. Overall, the results of this study show that the language used in these two categories of questions are substantially different, suggesting the different nature of the needs that underlie these questions. Socio-emotional questions take similar characteristics to personal narratives, focusing on past experiences and emotions. The heavy use of negative emotion words in this question type, along with other distinct linguistic characteristics, suggests that a key motivation of users asking this type of question is to work through their emotions related to the given health issue (eating disorders). On the other hand, informational questions show traits of relatively complex, precise, and objective writing, and reflect much varied interests with regard to the topic of eating disorders. All in all, this study demonstrates that the combination of simple text analytic techniques reveals much about the linguistic characteristics associated with different kinds of questions, and thereby shed lights on the nature of the needs underneath the questions.
Management of Retrograde Peri-Implantitis by Apical Resection and Guided Bone Regeneration in Adjacent Maxillary Implants

Introduction: Retrograde peri-implantitis (RPI) is defined as a clinically symptomatic periapical lesion that develops shortly after implant insertion while the coronal portion of the implant sustains a normal bone-to-implant interface. The etiology of RPI is unclear and may be attributed to several causes. Regardless of etiology, the management of RPI has been attempted by either resective or regenerative techniques. Case Presentation: A 61-year-old male was screened and evaluated for three maxillary anterior implants placed 10 years previously. Evaluation included a thorough periodontal and dental exam, radiographs, and cone-beam computed tomography. Probing depths around all implants ranged from 2 to 4 mm with no bleeding on probing/mobility. The apices of implants #8 and #9 exhibited radiolucencies, and a draining fistula was associated with implant #8. Treatment consisted of sectioning and removal of the affected portion of the implants and collection of a specimen for histopathologic examination. Demineralized bone matrix putty was placed in the residual bony defects and covered with a collagen barrier. At 1 year, radiographs revealed both lesions around implants #8 and #9 appeared to be resolving. The lesion associated with implant #9 had a more remarkable radiographic change, because it was smaller than the lesion around implant #8. Both implants continued to function with no recurrence of fistula formation. Histopathologic analysis was consistent with the diagnosis of a periapical granuloma. Conclusion: Resection of the apical portion of implants is a viable treatment modality in the management of RPI. Clin Adv Periodontics 2012;2:250-255.
Color and perceptual variation revisited: Unknown facts, alien modalities, and perfect psychosemantics

An adequate ontology of color must face the empirical facts about perceptual variation. In this paper I begin by reviewing a range of data about perceptual variation, and showing how they tell against color physicalism and motivate color relationalism. Next I consider a series of objections to the argument from perceptual variation, and argue that they are unpersuasive. My conclusion will be that the argument remains a powerful obstacle for color physicalism, and a powerful reason to believe in color relationalism instead.
Stretch sensitive reflexes as an adaptive mechanism for maintaining limb stability.

The often studied stretch reflex is fundamental to the involuntary control of posture and movement. Nevertheless, there remains controversy regarding its functional role. Many studies have demonstrated that stretch reflexes can be modulated in a task appropriate manner. This review focuses on modulation of the long latency stretch reflex, thought to be mediated, at least in part, by supraspinal pathways. For example, this component of the stretch reflex increases in magnitude during interactions with compliant environments, relative to the sensitivity during interactions with rigid environments. This suggests that reflex sensitivity increases to augment limb stability when that stability is not provided by the environment. However, not all results support the stabilizing role of stretch reflexes. Some studies have demonstrated that involuntary responses within the time period corresponding to the long latency reflex can destabilize limb posture. We propose that this debate stems from the fact that multiple perturbation-sensitive pathways can contribute to the long latency stretch reflex and that these pathways have separate functional roles. The presented studies suggest that neural activity occurring within the period normally ascribed to the long latency stretch reflex is highly adaptable to current task demands and possibly should be considered more intelligent than “reflexive.”
Helical Crystalline SiC/SiO2 Core−Shell Nanowires

Helical crystalline silicon carbide nanowires covered with a silicon oxide sheath (SiC/SiO2) have been synthesized by a chemical vapor deposition technique. The SiC core typically has diameters of 10-40 nm with a helical periodicity of 40-80 nm and is covered by a uniform layer of 30-60 nm thick amorphous SiO2. A screw-dislocation-driven growth process is proposed for the formation of this novel structure based on detailed structural characterizations. The helical nanostructures may find applications as building blocks in nanomechanical or nanoelectronic devices. The screw-dislocation-induced growth mechanism suggests that similar helical nanostructures of a wide range of materials may be synthesized.
On channel segmentation design for row-based FPGAs

The channel segmentation design problem for row-based FPGAs is to design a segmented channel to maximize the probability of successful routing. In this pa- per, we present an algorithm which takes an arbitrary net distribution and an integer K (specifying the maximum number of segments allowed in routing a net) as inputs, and automatically generates a segmented channel which is most suitable for K-segment channel routing. Our algo- rithm was tested extensively over various net distributions. We also present a new algorithm for segmented channel routing based on reducing the problem to the maximum independent set problem for undirected graphs.
Informing haptic feedback design for gait retraining

Gait retraining, a promising treatment for knee osteoarthritis, requires the modification of three separate joint motions. In this paper we present the results of three studies to inform the design of a wearable haptic feedback system for this application. The first study motivates our choice of feedback modality for each of the motions. The latter two studies explore how to present haptic feedback to train three different motions concurrently. When feedback is presented simultaneously, subjects have poor perception of three or more haptic cues, tend to focus on only one motion at a time, and require several steps to modify all three motions. These findings suggest that vibrational feedback should be presented one joint at a time for haptic gait retraining.
Information Equity, Public Understanding of Science, and the Biotechnology Debate

Contrary to common assumptions within the scientific community, media effects are largely long-term and indirect, coverage does not always overrepresent fringe positions, and messages are interpreted actively by audience members. Lay publics associate more risk with science and technology in their social context than with the underlying science itself, and general attitudes toward science influence the degree of risk associated with particular new developments. Biotechnology, new and highly complex, is used as a case to further explore media effects issues for science. The range of issues that surfaces when nonscientists are asked to evaluate risks is not easily influenced by the narrow, source-dominated coverage characteristic of this topic. The interests of the scientific community would be better served by news addressing the full range of ethical, social, economic, and policy issues with which the public is concerned.
A high performance test of differential gene expression for oligonucleotide arrays

Logit-t employs a logit-transformation for normalization followed by statistical testing at the probe-level. Using four publicly-available datasets, together providing 2,710 known positive incidences of differential expression and 2,913,813 known negative incidences, performance of statistical tests were: Logit-t provided 75% positive-predictive value, compared with 5% for Affymetrix Microarray Suite 5, 6% for dChip perfect match (PM)-only, and 9% for Robust Multi-array Analysis at the p < 0.01 threshold. Logit-t provided 70% sensitivity, Microarray Suite 5 provided 46%, dChip provided 53% and Robust Multi-array Analysis provided 63%.
Phosphorus digestibility and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in corn, corn coproducts, and bakery meal fed to growing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P and the concentration of DE and ME in corn, hominy feed, bakery meal, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, and corn germ meal fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 84 barrows (initial BW: 13.7 ± 2.3 kg) were placed in metabolism cages and allotted to 14 diets with 6 replicate pigs per diet in a randomized complete block design. Seven diets were formulated to contain corn, hominy feed, bakery meal, DDGS, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, or corn germ meal as the sole source of P. Seven additional diets were similar to the initial 7 diets with the exception that 600 units of microbial phytase was included in each diet. The STTD of P was greater (P < 0.05) in DDGS, corn gluten meal, and corn gluten feed than in corn, hominy feed, bakery meal, and corn germ meal, and the STTD of P was also greater (P < 0.05) in bakery meal than in corn and hominy feed. Addition of phytase increased (P < 0.05) the STTD of P in corn, hominy feed, bakery meal, and corn germ meal but not in corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, or DDGS. In Exp. 2, 56 barrows (initial BW: 14.6 ± 2.2 kg) were placed in metabolism cages and allotted to 7 diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet in a randomized complete block design. A corn-based diet consisting of 97.5% corn and vitamins and minerals was formulated. Four additional diets were formulated by mixing corn and DDGS, corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, or corn germ meal, and 2 diets were based on hominy feed or bakery meal. The concentration of ME was 3,891, 3,675, 3,655, 3,694, 4,400, 3,169, and 3,150 kcal/kg DM in corn, hominy feed, bakery meal, DDGS, corn gluten meal, corn glu- ten feed, and corn germ meal, respectively. The ME (DM basis) in corn was greater (P < 0.05) than in hom- iny feed, bakery meal, corn gluten feed, and corn germ meal, but less (P < 0.05) than in corn gluten meal, and the ME in hominy feed, bakery meal, and DDGS was greater (P < 0.05) than in corn gluten feed and corn germ meal. In conclusion, DDGS, corn gluten meal, and corn gluten feed have a greater STTD of P than corn, hominy feed, bakery meal, and corn germ meal, but phytase can be included in diets containing corn, hominy feed, bak- ery meal, and corn germ meal to improve P digestibility. The ME in corn gluten meal is greater than in bakery meal, corn, and other corn coproducts.
Preface to On a Paradox of Traffic Planning

This article is a preface to the translation by Braess, Nagurney, and Wakolbinger of the 1968 paper by Braess, "ii¾ber ein Paradoxon aus der Verkehrsplanung" (Unternehmensforschung12 258-268).
Relationship of Variation to Rate of Growth

ABSTRACT UNIFORMITY of performance is highly desirable in commercial animal production. Unfavorable nutritional and environmental conditions appear to increase the variability in a given population. Factors which correct such conditions increase rate of growth. Thus, there should be a relationship between variability and rate of growth. Observations supporting this assumption have been made by several workers. Went (1953) concluded from work with tomatoes and peas that “the more optimal growing conditions are, the smaller is phenotypic variability.” Searle (1954) studied the influence of maternal diet on variation of skeletal measurements in mice. Poor diets increased variation and the frequency of anomalies. McLaren and Michie (1956) measured responses to a narcotic drug in mice of various genetic and environmental origins. They conclude that the variability of such traits, which are affected during growth and development by environmental influences or which are physiologically correlated with fitness, will be increased by adverse conditions of . . .
Reconstitution of Steroid 17,20-Lyase Activity after Separation and Purification of Cytochrome P-450 and Its Reductase from Rat Testis Microsomes*

The testicular enzyme, 17,20-lyase, catalyzes the removal of the C-17 side chain from steroids in the synthesis of androgens. This activity employs cytochrome P-450 as an oxygen donor. Attempts to purify the cytochrome and its reductase from testis microsomes have previously been unsuccessful due to the low concentrations of these components (2–5% that of liver).The cytochrome and reductase were solubilized from rat testis microsomes using a mixture of sodium cholate and Emulgen 913. The components were then separated by DEAE chromatography. The cytochrome was further purified by chromatographyusing hydroxylapatite for an 8.5-fold enrichment. The reductase was further purified by hydroxylapatite and affinity chromatography. An 84-fold enrichment was achieved. 17,20-Lyase activitycould be partially restored by mixing the cytochrome and reductase in the presence of phospholipid.
Improving dynamic cluster assignment for clustered trace cache processors

This work examines dynamic cluster assignment for a clustered trace cache processor (CTCP). Previously proposed cluster assignment techniques run into unique problems as issue width and cluster count increase. Realistic design conditions, such as variable data forwarding latencies between clusters and a heavily partitioned instruction window, increase the degree of difficulty for effective cluster assignment.In this work, the trace cache and fill unit are used to perform dynamic cluster assignment. The retire-time fill unit analysis is aided by a dynamic profiling mechanism embedded within the trace cache. This mechanism provides information about inter-trace data dependencies, an element absent in previous retire-time CTCP cluster assignment work. The strategy proposed in this work leads to more intra-cluster data forwarding and shorter data forwarding distances. In addition, performing cluster assignment at retire time reduces issue-time complexity and eliminates early pipeline stages. This increases overall performance for integer programs by 11.5% over our base CTCP architecture. This speedup is significantly higher than a previously proposed retire-time CTCP assignment strategy. Dynamic cluster assignment is also evaluated for several alternate cluster designs as well as for media benchmarks.
Psychotherapy Integration: A Postmodern Critique

This article critiques major trends in the psychotherapy integration movement from the postmodern perspectives of contextualism and pluralism. A contextualist position asserts that psychotherapeutic concepts and interventions can be understood only within the linguistic, theoretical, and ideological frameworks in which they are embedded. Therefore, they take on new meanings when extracted from their original context and are incorporated into an eclectic therapy. Pluralism holds that there is no single theoretical, epistemological, or methodological approach that is preeminent and no one, correct integrative system toward which the field of psychotherapy is evolving. In light of this critique, we argue that the goal of the integration movement should be to maintain an ongoing dialogue among proponents of different theories and world views, thereby allowing for the clarification of differences as well as the judicious Integration of alternative perspectives and techniques. The article also spells out the implications of contextualism and pluralism for psychotherapy theory, practice, and research.
Beyond the peak of the anterior glenoid rim: A cadaveric study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify the width of bone beyond the peak of the anterior glenoid rim and to determine if this anatomic region of the glenoid significantly affects measurement of the anteroposterior glenoid diameter. Materials and Methods: 19 cadaveric scapulae were examined and the width of bone beyond the peak of the anterior glenoid rim was measured. The percent width of this region relative to the anteroposterior diameter of the glenoid was evaluated. Male and female specimens were compared. Measurements of the anteroposterior diameter of the glenoid, both including and excluding this region, were compared. Results: The mean width of bone beyond the peak of the anterior glenoid rim was 3.2 ± 0.7 mm, corresponding to 10.5% of the anteroposterior glenoid diameter. This anatomic region is of similar relative size in males and females (11% vs 10% of the glenoid diameter). Measurement of the anteroposterior diameter of the glenoid is significantly different depending on whether this region is included or not ( P = 0.0064). Conclusions: There exists a portion of the anterior glenoid that is beyond the peak of the anterior rim, and is not part of the concave articular surface. The width of this anatomic area comprises a significant percent of the anteroposterior glenoid diameter, and should be understood when quantifying and describing anterior glenoid bone loss in cases of glenohumeral instability. Clinical Relevance: Understanding of anterior glenoid anatomy is important in the evaluation of glenohumeral instability. The portion of glenoid bone beyond the anterior rim peak is likely important for its soft tissue attachments, but its contribution to bony stability may be misunderstood.
The Influence of Stratification on the Wind-Driven Cross-Shelf Circulation over the North Carolina Shelf

Abstract Wind-driven, cross-shelf circulation is studied using current observations spanning the 90 km wide North Carolina shelf. Most of the shelf is less than 40 m deep. Current measurements were made at five sites within 16 km of the coast from August through October or early December 1994 and at mid- and outer-shelf sites from February 1992 through February 1994. In both studies the water column was stratified in summer and often unstratified during fall and winter. The presence or absence of stratification had a profound influence on the wind-driven, cross-shelf circulation over this shallow shelf. When the water column was stratified, the wind-driven cross-shelf circulation was consistent with a two-dimensional upwelling/downwelling response. Over the mid and outer shelf, near-surface and near-bottom cross-shelf transports had similar magnitudes but opposite directions and were approximately equal to the Ekman transports associated with the alongshelf wind stress and bottom stress, respectively. Win...
Continuously tuning the spectral response of chiral plasmonic patchy particles through galvanic replacement reaction

We demonstrate the continuous tuning of the circular dichroism spectra of chiral patchy particle structures fabricated by dynamic shadowing growth (DSG) using the galvanic replacement reaction (GRR), which is a wet chemical process where Au ions in solution are gradually replaced by Ag atoms in a support. It is found that the unpolarized and circular polarization optical responses generally shift to longer wavelengths as a function of reaction time. The red-shifts in the spectra are attributed to changes in the ambient refractive index, chiral patch morphology, and material composition. For reaction times less than 4 minutes, the circular dichroism spectra can be adjusted over a wide range of wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared region with only slight reductions in magnitude. Thus, the combination of dry (DSG) and wet (GRR) nanofabrication techniques offers a route to dynamically tune the spectral response of chiral plasmonic thin films.
Detecting Off-Topic Pages in Web Archives

Web archives have become a significant repository of our recent history and cultural heritage. Archival integrity and accuracy is a precondition for future cultural research. Currently, there are no quantitative or content-based tools that allow archivists to judge the quality of the Web archive captures. In this paper, we address the problems of detecting off-topic pages in Web archive collections. We evaluate six different methods to detect when the page has gone off-topic through subsequent captures. Those predicted off-topic pages will be presented to the collection’s curator for possible elimination from the collection or cessation of crawling. We created a gold standard data set from three Archive-It collections to evaluate the proposed methods at different thresholds. We found that combining cosine similarity at threshold 0.10 and change in size using word count at threshold \(-\)0.85 performs the best with accuracy = 0.987, \(F_{1}\) score = 0.906, and AUC = 0.968. We evaluated the performance of the proposed method on several Archive-It collections. The average precision of detecting the off-topic pages is 0.92.
Effect of synthetic lysine polypeptides on rabbit blood coagulation.

SummarySynthetic polypeptides were investigated for their effects on rabbit blood coagulation in vitro and in vivo. The basic L-lysine polypeptides prolonged whole blood clotting time, increased prothrombin time and neutralized the effect of heparin. A synthetic L-glutamic acid polypeptide inhibited these effects of polylysine and protamine. In mice, guinea pigs and rabbits the lysine polypeptides-produced anaphylactoid symptoms which closely resembled those of protamine toxicity, A mechanism involving a combination of the basic polypeptides with acidic protein surfaces; or with heparin is discussed to explain some of these results.