cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIV infection among incarcerated women: epidemic behind bars

Approximately 1 in 109 adult women was under the care, custody, or control of adult criminal justice authorities on any given day in 1998, the year for which the most recent statistics on women in correctional institutions are available. Of the 84,400 women who were in prison in 1998, a large percentage--37% in state facilities and 72% in federal prisons--were charged with drug-related offenses. Besides drug use, an additional determinant of HIV infection among incarcerated women may be prior exposure to physical and sexual abuse. Linkages among histories of childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, drug use, and sex work are believed to explain the disproportionately high prevalence of HIV infection among incarcerated women. Historically, HIV services have had to compete with other demands on correctional budgets for funding and personnel time, even though the correctional health care unit is a unique and highly cost-effective access point for providing HIV prevention and care for high-risk populations of women. Coalition building between correctional staff and medical staff (and, in some cases, departments of public health) has enabled some correctional institutions for women to establish outstanding programs for HIV-infected women. By diagnosing HIV and instituting a plan for treatment, correctional facilities for women can play a critically important role in the reduction of morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected women in high-risk populations.
Lymphatic Contractility and Oxidative Stress 92

The lymphatic system plays a vital role in the maintenance of fluid and macromolecule homeostasis, lipid absorption, and immune cell trafficking. All of these functions cannot be performed effectively without proper contractile function of lymphatic vessels. Authors provide a summary of the basic principles of regulation of lymphatic contractility and available data related to the influence of oxidative stress on the contractile function of lymphatic vessels in adulthood and the elderly.
Variation in fluoroquinolone pharmacodynamic parameter values among isolates of two bacterial pathogens of bovine respiratory disease

To design an antimicrobial treatment regimen for a bacterial disease, data on the drug pharmacodynamics (PD) against selected drug-susceptible strains of the pathogen are used. The regimen is applied across such strains in the field, assuming the PD parameter values remain the same. We used time-kill experiments and PD modeling to investigate the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin PD against different isolates of two bovine respiratory disease pathogens: four Mannheimia haemolytica and three Pasteurella multocida isolates. The models were fitted as mixed-effects non-linear regression; the fixed-effects PD parameter values were estimated after accounting for random variation among experimental replicates. There was both inter- and intra- bacterial species variability in the PD parameters Hill-coefficient and Emax (maximal decline of bacterial growth rate), with more variable PD responses among M. haemolytica than among P. multocida isolates. Moreover, the Hill-coefficient was correlated to the isolate's maximal population growth rate in the absence of antimicrobial exposure (a.k.a. specific growth rate; Spearman's ρ = 0.98, p-value = 0.003, n = 6 isolates excluding one outlier). Thus, the strain's properties such as growth potential may impact its PD responses. This variability can have clinical implications. Modifying the treatment regimen depending on phenotypic properties of the pathogen strain causing disease may be a precision medicine approach.
Active Surveillance Versus Nephron-Sparing Surgery for a Bosniak IIF or III Renal Cyst: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of active surveillance (AS) versus nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) in patients with a Bosniak IIF or III renal cyst. MATER...
Temperate Nut Crops: Chestnut, Hazelnut, Pecan, Pistachio, and Walnut

Pecan is the only major nut crop native to North America; however, many important wild relative species of nut crops, including chestnut, hazelnut, pecan, pistachio, and walnut, are native to North America and are important sources of useful genes. This chapter briefly covers the history and use of temperate nut crops and more thoroughly discusses the occurrence, potential usefulness, and conservation status of North American crop wild species that have potential value in nut crop improvement.
Evaluation and Treatment of Severe Rhabdomyolysis in a Patient with Legionnaires' Disease.

A 53-year-old man with alcoholism and a three-day history of diarrhea and abdominal pain was hospitalized with mild acute kidney injury (AKI) and rhabdomyolysis after a fall where he was down for a short duration. Subsequent testing revealed patchy right lower lobe infiltrates on chest X-ray and a positive urinary Legionella antigen test. Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) peaked at 85,780 U/L (normal 0-250) on hospital day two and remained markedly elevated for five days despite aggressive intravenous (IV) hydration and appropriate antibiotic treatment. When the patient defervesced and showed clinical signs of resolution of pneumonia, the CPK level declined rapidly, and renal function returned to baseline. Rhabdomyolysis with AKI is a rare but serious complication of Legionella pneumonia, with most patients requiring dialysis. Our patient's complete recovery without renal replacement therapy can probably be attributed to his normal baseline renal function, timely diagnosis of his Legionella-associated rhabdomyolysis, and prompt treatment with aggressive IV hydration and appropriate antibiotics. Legionella infection should be considered in acutely ill patients with rhabdomyolysis of unclear etiology.
Introductory Comments: Abscisic Acid in the Physiology of Plants

Research on abscisic acid had its beginnings in widely separated investigations that detected an acidic growth inhibitor in extracts and diffusates from such diverse sources as potato skins, dormant buds, autumn leaves, and aborting fruit. From those modest origins, an extensive body of knowledge has emerged, and abscisic acid is now recognized as one of the central endogenous regulators of higher plants with important hormonal functions.
Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the gallbladder: A rare form of gallbladder cancer:

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the gallbladder or gallbladder carcinosarcoma is an exceedingly rare malignancy. Unfortunately, patients typically present with advanced disease at diagnosis. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, jaundice, anorexia, nausea, weight loss, and a palpable abdominal mass. This malignant tumor has a poor prognosis, and treatment options include surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. We detail the case of a 57-year-old male who presented with diffuse abdominal pain and jaundice. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed a large mass within the gallbladder, intrahepatic ductal dilation, gastrohepatic lymph node enlargement, and liver lesions concerning for metastatic disease. A core needle biopsy from one of the liver lesions revealed poorly differentiated sarcomatoid carcinoma of the gallbladder. He was assessed to have stage IV disease and deemed not to be a surgical candidate. Palliative chemotherapy was planned; however, treatment was never started due to the development of cholangitis with sepsis. The patient ultimately opted for hospice care and passed away shortly thereafter.
Realizing the Potential of Autonomous Vehicles

The rapid development of autonomous vehicle technologies has led to widespread interest in how and when they will affect mobility, lifestyles and the built environment. Despite the potential for br...
Disciplined Ophthalmologists Excluded From Federally Funded Medical Programs

Abstract The vast majority of ophthalmologists excluded from federally funded medical programs were male and older than 50. Ophthalmologists with international medical degrees were also overrepresented. The most common infraction resulting in exclusion was financial misconduct.
Standardization of thyroid fine needle aspiration procedure and outcomes within an endocrine surgery department.

Background Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is an essential procedure for thyroid nodules. Although, the efficacy of surgeon-performed thyroid FNA biopsies has been demonstrated in the literature, there are insufficient data regarding how to establish an efficient program with a low insufficiency rate within a group practice. Methods An endocrine surgery thyroid FNA biopsy program was established in 2000 by one surgeon, with training of additional partners during fellowship and upon recruitment. The results within 18 years were analyzed. The FNA biopsies were performed by endocrine surgeons under ultrasound guidance without on-site pathologist review. Results A total of 5,469 FNA biopsies were performed by 7 surgeons. The total number of FNA biopsies performed by each surgeon varied between 291-1,378. FNA biopsies were performed in 2 passes using 22-gauge needles under constant suction. The overall insufficiency rate was 4.3%, with individual surgeon rates ranging between 2.7% and 7.2%. The insufficiency rate for the whole team ranged between 3.3% and 5% when examined in 5-year blocks. Conclusions This study shows that an establishment of a highly efficient thyroid FNA biopsy program within a group practice is possible with a structured endocrine surgical training and adoption of a standard technique.
Preferences, Selection, and the Structure of Teacher Compensation

Human capital shapes income, inequality, and growth. In the public sphere, human-capital formation depends largely on the selection and retention of teachers. To understand selection and retention, I use a discrete-choice experiment to estimate teacher preferences for compensation structure, working conditions, and contracts. High-performing teachers have stronger preferences for schools offering performance pay, which implies it promotes positive selection. Under a variety of school objectives, schools appear to underpay in salary and performance pay while overpaying in retirement. The results suggest significant efficiency gains from restructuring compensation: teacher welfare and student achievement can be simultaneously improved.
Modeling the Impact of Vaccine Delivery on the 2018-2019 North Kivu & Ituri Ebola Outbreak

Background: The reemergence of Ebola in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has developed into the largest and most challenging Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in the country's history. Violence has hindered response efforts, including the administration of the investigational EVD vaccine, rVSV-ZEBOV. During a crisis of this magnitude, decision-makers often look to predictive models to inform operational strategy. Methods: We used an agent-based model to forecast the additional EVD case burden in North Kivu & Ituri health zones, by the end of July 2019, at different levels of vaccine administration and contact-finding. Our model incorporated countermeasure strategies like social distancing, school closure, hospital isolation, and ring vaccination, while varying rates of contact-finding and vaccine administration to generate case incidence estimates. Findings: Our model estimated that if the response continues as-is, approximately 1,039 additional cases will occur between May 20th and July 31st, for a cumulative total of 2,688 EVD cases by the end of July. If vaccine administration were discontinued, we estimated a 13.4% higher incidence of EVD cases by the end of July. Increased contact-finding and vaccination administration resulted in 10.3% fewer additional EVD cases. Interpretation: Near real-time forecasting can generate potential outbreak trajectories dependent on the magnitude and success of public health response efforts. Although the ongoing vaccination campaign has reduced the overall number of EVD cases that would be expected in the ongoing outbreak, simultaneous delivery of other countermeasures at high rates is necessary to bring the outbreak to a close. While our projections should be interpreted cautiously due to evolving outbreak dynamics, the estimated magnitude can be used to inform public health response planning for the international community. Funding Statement: This study was funded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency's (DTRA) Technical Reachback contract, (HDTRA1-09-D-0009-0003) and the contract to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (HDTRA1-17-D-0023-0001). Declaration of Interests: All authors declare they have nothing to disclose.
Evaluating the use of a recommender system for selecting optimal messages for smoking cessation: patterns and effects of user-system engagement.

Motivational messaging is a frequently used digital intervention to promote positive health behavior changes, including smoking cessation. Typically, motivational messaging systems have not actively sought feedback on each message, preventing a closer examination of the user-system engagement. This study assessed the granular user-system engagement around a recommender system (a new system that actively sought user feedback on each message to improve message selection) for promoting smoking cessation and the impact of engagement on cessation outcome. We prospectively followed a cohort of current smokers enrolled to use the recommender system for 6 months. The system sent participants motivational messages to support smoking cessation every 3 days and used machine learning to incorporate user feedback (i.e., user’s rating on the perceived influence of each message, collected on a 5-point Likert scale with 1 indicating strong disagreement and 5 indicating strong agreement on perceiving the influence on quitting smoking) to improve the selection of the following message. We assessed user-system engagement by various metrics, including user response rate (i.e., the percent of times a user rated the messages) and the perceived influence of messages. We compared retention rates across different levels of user-system engagement and assessed the association between engagement and the 7-day point prevalence abstinence (missing outcome = smoking) by using multiple logistic regression. We analyzed data from 731 participants (13% Black; 73% women). The user response rate was 0.24 (SD = 0.34) and user-perceived influence was 3.76 (SD = 0.84). The retention rate positively increased with the user response rate (trend test P < 0.001). Compared with non-response, six-month cessation increased with the levels of response rates: low response rate (odds ratio [OR] = 1.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–3.23), moderate response rate (OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.36–3.88), high response rate (OR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.58–4.58). The association between perceived message influence and the outcome showed a similar pattern. High user-system engagement was positively associated with both high retention rate and smoking cessation, suggesting that investigation of methods to increase engagement may be crucial to increase the impact of the recommender system for smoking cessation. Registration Identifier: NCT03224520 . Registration date: July 21, 2017.
Cavity resonance effect on a coaxial vircator

Traditionally, the radiated microwave frequency in a coaxial vircator is considered to be determined primarily by the virtual cathode oscillation frequency and the electron reflection frequency. However, some experiments at TTU show that the interaction between the virtual cathode oscillation and the cavity is a key in determining the microwave frequency and propagating mode. Particularly, we observe that the E-beam plays an important role in the cavity formation. Some possible explanations, including a virtual cavity concept, are proposed. The cavity resonance effect on a coaxial virtual cathode oscillator has been investigated in detail. The understanding of the E-beam characteristics is critical in optimizing the design of the cylindrical diode to avoid the microwave frequency shifting and mode competition.
A Performance Based Multi‐Process Cost Model for Sofcs

Cost effective manufacturing is a major concern for the development and commercialization of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Costs are frequently compared for layer structures that differ in materials selection, manufacturing processes, and cell design. A meaningful cost model needs to consider all time parameters when deriving manufacturing cost estimates. Modeling tools are needed to aid in the selection of the appropriate process combination prior to making expensive investment decisions. This paper describes the development of a performance based multi-process cost model. This model permits the comparison of manufacturing cost for different processing combinations and various materials while at the same time considering the effect of power density and operating temperature. The model consists of three parts: a performance model, a process yield model, and a process based cost model. The results are summarized in cost performance maps. These maps indicate cost regimes for combinations of operating temperature and power density. The results show that SECA cost targets can be met for a judicious selection of performance and process parameters.
Modular stellarator reactor conceptual design study

A conceptual design study of the Modular Stellarator Reactor is summarized. The physics basis of the approach is elucidated with emphasis on magnetics performance optimization. Key engineering features of the fusion power core are described. Comparisons with an analogous continuous-helical-coil (torsatron) system are made as the basis of a technical and economic assessment.
Unbiased bilinear equation error system identification

In a variety of nonlinear system identification applications, a bilinear model form is suitable to model the dynamics of the system. In such situations, parameter estimates are biased when an equation error framework under the least squares (LS) performance criterion is used in the presence of output measurement noise. In this paper an iterative approach to bilinear system adaptation is considered that yields unbiased parameter estimates in certain signal environments. The unbiasedness is achieved by using a mixed LS-total least squares (TLS) criterion and applying an algorithm recently developed by the authors. The performance is illustrated via simulation.
Development and simulation of a 4080-point Winograd fast Fourier transform processor

By using the Good-Thomas prime factor algorithm, 15-, 16-, and 17-point Winograd algorithm fast Fourier transform (FFT) processors are combined to perform 4080-point FFTs. The circuits are analyzed in VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL), simulated, and laid out in MAGIC for fabrication through MOSIS. The VHDL simulation includes behavioral modeling and the simulation of 15-, 16-, 17-, and 4080-point FFT problems. Two of the three FFT processors are submitted for fabrication using a 1.2- mu m CMOS process. >
Giant and Pygmy Resonances in A = 3, 5, 11, 13, 15 and 17 Nuclei

We have carried out a two particle-one hole shell model calculation for the giant and pygmy resonance region of 5He, 13C and 17O, and a corresponding two hole-one particle calculation for 3He, 11B and 15N, and have also calculated the electron scattering form factors for the resulting states.
PLCγ-1 and c-Src mediate epidermal growth factor receptor stimulated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma invasion

3519 Most head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumors rapidly invade the surrounding normal stroma and metastasize to regional and distant lymph nodes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the highly invasive nature of HNSCC tumors is vital in developing effective strategies to manage this disease. We previously reported that PLCγ-1 is a mediator of cellular migration and invasion downstream of EGFR where PLCγ-1 modulates HNSCC cell motility but does not affect cell proliferation indicating specificity of function. In addition, we also reported that c-Src plays a role in HNSCC invasion downstream of EGFR. However, the mechanisms whereby EGFR mediates HNSCC invasion via PLCγ-1 and c-Src activation are incompletely understood. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that levels of PLCγ-1 and c-Src are elevated in metastatic tumor compared with levels in primary tumor, we used matched tissues derived from metastatic and primary HNSCC tumors. We found that the expression levels of PLCγ-1 and c-Src were increased in metastatic tumors compared to levels in primary tumors. To test the hypothesis that inhibition of PLCγ-1 or c-Src activation abrogates EGF stimulated HNSCC cell invasion, we used HNSCC cells expressing a dominant-negative PLCγ-1 or c-Src construct for their response to EGF stimulation in Matrigel coated invasion chambers. We found that inhibition of PLCγ-1 or c-Src abrogated EGF stimulated invasion in these cells. To determine the interaction between PLCγ-1 and c-Src in HNSCC cells stimulated with EGF, we carried out immunoprecipitation of PLCγ-1 from EGF stimulated or unstimulated cells followed by immunoblotting for c-Src and PLCγ-1. EGF stimulation increased the association between PLCγ-1 and c-Src in HNSCC cells. Combined inhibition of PLCγ-1 and c-Src resulted in further abrogation of HNSCC cell invasion, using the PLC inhibitor (U73122) and the c-Src family inhibitor (AZD0530). These cumulative results suggest that PLCγ-1 and c-Src activation contribute to HNSCC invasion, interact with each other on EGF stimulation, and combined targeting of both these molecules inhibit HNSCC invasion.
Formal development of a clock synchronization circuit

This talk presents the latest stage in formal development of a fault-tolerant clock synchronization circuit. The development spans from a high level specification of the required properties to a circuit realizing the core function of the system. An abstract description of an algorithm has been verified to satisfy the high-level properties using the mechanical verification system EHDM. This abstract description is recast as a behavioral specification input to the Digital Design Derivation system (DDD) developed at Indiana University. DDD provides a formal design algebra for developing correct digital hardware. Using DDD as the principle design environment, a core circuit implementing the clock synchronization algorithm was developed. The design process consisted of standard DDD transformations augmented with an ad hoc refinement justified using the Prototype Verification System (PVS) from SRI International. Subsequent to the above development, Wilfredo Torres-Pomales discovered an area-efficient realization of the same function. Establishing correctness of this optimization requires reasoning in arithmetic, so a general verification is outside the domain of both DDD transformations and model-checking techniques. DDD represents digital hardware by systems of mutually recursive stream equations. A collection of PVS theories was developed to aid in reasoning about DDD-style streams. These theories include a combinator for defining streams that satisfy stream equations, and a means for proving stream equivalence by exhibiting a stream bisimulation. DDD was used to isolate the sub-system involved in Torres-Pomales' optimization. The equivalence between the original design and the optimized verified was verified in PVS by exhibiting a suitable bisimulation. The verification depended upon type constraints on the input streams and made extensive use of the PVS type system. The dependent types in PVS provided a useful mechanism for defining an appropriate bisimulation.
Utilization of a six-state track filter within a weapon delivery system

The objective is to show that a lock-on-after-launch air-to-air missile fired from an aircraft can be successfully delivered to within seeker acquisition range of a passively tracked, nonmaneuvering air target by means of a track filter augmented with a missile acceleration profile. The algorithm used to track both the target and missile is a six-state Cartesian-domain extended Kalman filter. A Monte Carlo analysis technique was used to demonstrate that, embedded within a weapon delivery system, the filter outputs can be utilized to accurately point the missile seeker at the target. >
A Non-Contacting Tunable Waveguide Backshort for Terahertz Applications

A new non-contacting tunable backshort for terahertz applications is presented. In addition to improving the coupling between terahertz rectangular waveguide and planar microstrip feed structures, the new design addresses issues associated with the strict fabrication tolerance required for fixed backshorts operating at submillimeter wavelengths. The proposed backshort structure consists of periodic conducting patches supported by a dielectric substrate and its planar configuration is amenable to fabrication using standard photolithographic processing. Simulation results are presented for a 1.6 THz design and a scaled model of the backshort operating at V-band (50-75 GHz) is demonstrated and characterized to verify its operation.
RESPONSE OF HUMAN TROPHOBLAST TO HYPOXIA: MORPHOLOGY, GLUCOSE TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM, ENDOCRINE SYNTHESIS. † 1230

RESPONSE OF HUMAN TROPHOBLAST TO HYPOXIA: MORPHOLOGY, GLUCOSE TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM, ENDOCRINE SYNTHESIS. † 1230
Transforming Growth Factor-β-Dependent and -Independent Pathways of Induction of Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis in β6−/− Mice

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are key mediators in kidney fibrosis. Integrin αvβ6, a heterodimeric matrix receptor expressed in epithelia, binds and activates latent TGF-β1. We used β6 integrin-null mice (β6−/−) to determine the role of local TGF-β1 activation in renal fibrosis in the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. Obstructed kidneys from β6−/− mice showed less injury than obstructed kidneys from wild-type (WT) mice, associated with lower collagen I, collagen III, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), and TGF-β1 mRNA levels and lower collagen content. Infusion with either angiotensin II (Ang II) or aldosterone (Aldo) or combination in β6−/− UUO mice significantly increased collagen contents to levels comparable to those in identically treated WT. Active TGF-β protein expression in β6−/− mice was less in UUO kidneys with or without Ang II infusion compared to matched WT mice. Activated Smad 2 levels in β6−/− obstructed kidneys were lower than in WT UUO mice, and did not increase when fibrosis was induced in β6−/− UUO mice by Ang II infusion. Anti-TGF-β antibody only partially decreased this Ang II-stimulated fibrosis in β6−/− UUO kidneys. In situ hybridization and immunostaining showed low expression of PAI-1 mRNA and protein in tubular epithelium in β6−/− UUO kidneys, with increased PAI-1 expression in response to Ang II, Aldo, or both. Our results indicate that interruption of αvβ6-mediated activation of TGF-β1 can protect against tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Further, the robust induction of tubulointerstitial fibrosis without increase in activated Smad 2 levels in obstructed β6−/− mice by Ang II suggests the existence of a TGF-β1-independent pathway of induction of fibrosis through angiotensin.
Microbathymetric Mapping from Underwater Vehicles in the Deep Ocean

In this paper we present a methodology for very high resolution acoustic mapping from an underwater vehicle. Based on the navigation, attitude, and bathymetric sensors that currently exist we show that the major issues for underwater mapping involve modeling sonar-specific artefacts due to beam pattern effects, calibration offsets of attitude sensors, and estimation and correction of tidal influences. We present an algorithm for modeling the beam pattern and for estimating calibration errors based upon specific vehicle maneuvers. Using a 675-kHz mechanically scanned pencil-beam sonar mounted on the Jason ROV, mapping results from an archaeological site at water depth 800 m in the Mediterranean are presented that are seen to be consistent and independently verifiable.
A Miniaturized Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna With Single Bias, Dual Varactor Tuning

Frequency reconfigurable antenna designs often suffer from limited tuning ranges and complex bias networks. This paper describes a dual varactor-tuned miniaturized antenna with a single bias introduced through the RF feed that addresses these challenges. The dual varactors provide a large tuning range (410–990 MHz, 2.1–3.5 GHz; ${\bf{VSWR}} = {\bf{2:1}}$ ), while the single bias voltage applied to both varactors greatly simplifies the bias network. The introduction of the bias through the RF feed eliminates the need for separate bias lines. As a result, when the electrical size of the antenna is decreased through tuning, undesired bias line coupling and radiation effects are nonexistent. The design highlights the radiation efficiency limitations associated with the desirable planar topology for electrically small antennas with very wide tuning range requirements. An overview of the antenna’s geometry and operation is presented along with detailed measurements to characterize its performance.
Abstract LB-131: Peptide vaccine therapy for childhood gliomas: interim results of a pilot study

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Introduction: Malignant astrocytomas of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres and multiply recurrent low-grade gliomas carry a poor prognosis despite current treatments, and new therapeutic approaches are needed. Having gained significant experience with immunotherapy for adult gliomas, we extended these insights to childhood gliomas, based on our observations regarding their profiles of glioma-associated antigen (GAA) expression. Methodology: We initiated a pilot trial of subcutaneous vaccinations with peptides for GAA epitopes emulsified in Montanide-ISA-51 given every 3 weeks for 8 courses along with intramuscular injections of poly-ICLC in HLA-A2+ children with newly diagnosed brainstem gliomas (BSG), cerebral high-grade gliomas (HGG), or recurrent gliomas. GAAs were EphA2, IL13Rα2, and survivin. Primary endpoints were safety and T cell responses against vaccine-targeted GAAs, assessed by ELISPOT and tetramer analysis. Treatment response was evaluated clinically and by MR imaging. Results: To date, 24 children have been enrolled, 13 with newly diagnosed BSG, 5 with newly diagnosed HGG, and 6 with recurrent gliomas. No dose-limiting non-CNS toxicity has been encountered. One child with a BSG had transient tumor enlargement in association with acute neurological deterioration 4 months after beginning vaccination that later regressed and culminated in a sustained partial response (PR), consistent with pseudoprogression. Two other children with BSG had symptomatic pseudoprogression, with transient neurological deterioration and tumor enlargement followed by stabilization on decreasing steroid doses. Among 22 patients evaluable for response, 4 had rapidly progressive disease, 14 had stable disease for > 3 months, 2 had PRs, 1 had an MR, and 1 had prolonged disease-free status after surgery. ELISPOT analysis, completed in seven children, showed response to IL13Rα2 in 5, EphA2 in 3, and survivin in 3. Conclusion: Peptide vaccination in children with gliomas is generally well tolerated, and has preliminary evidence of both immunological and clinical activity. Pseudoprogression can initially be difficult to distinguish from true tumor progression and aggressive management may be warranted. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-131. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-131
Keck laser guide star adaptive optics: science verification results

In this paper we describe the operational strategy and performance of the Keck Observatory laser guidestar adaptive optics system, and showcase some early science verification images and results. Being the first laser guidestar system on an 8-10 m class telescope, the Keck laser guidestar adaptive optics system serves as a testbed for observing techniques and control algorithms. We highlight the techniques used for controlling the telescope focus and wavefront sensor reference centroids, and a wavefront reconstructor optimized for use with an elongated guidestar. We also present the current error budget and performance of the system on tip-tilt stars to magnitude R=17. The capability of the system to perform astronomical observations is finally demonstrated through multi-wavelength imaging of the Egg proto-planetary nebula (CRL 2688).
Differentiating Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia From Junctional Tachycardia Conflicting Reponses?

Typical atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common supraventricular tachycardia; however, junctional tachycardia (JT) is rare and occurs mostly in children or during infusion of isoproterenol.1,2 Distinguishing between these arrhythmias can often be challenging during electrophysiology testing. They share many common characteristics, including similar intracardiac activation patterns, similar sites of earliest activation, and typical occurrence of a His bundle deflection before the atrial and ventricular electrograms. Slow pathway (SP) modification has evolved as the first-line treatment for AVNRT with acute success rates of 95% to 98%3,4; however, catheter ablation of JT has lower success rates and a higher rate of atrioventricular block.5 Previous studies have suggested that premature atrial contractions (PACs) or atrial overdrive pacing can rapidly differentiate AVNRT from JT.2,6 Editor’s Perspective see p 236 A 72-year-old woman with a history of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia that was refractory to medical therapy underwent catheter ablation. During the procedure, baseline AA interval during sinus rhythm, AH interval, and HV interval were 610, 80, and 38 ms (Figure 1A), respectively. Narrow QRS tachycardia was induced by atrial burst pacing (320 ms; Figure 1B), which was felt to be most consistent with slow/fast AVNRT (cycle length, 380 ms; AH, 340 ms; HA, 40 ms) based on the characteristics of induction with a critically long AH interval and the response to right ventricular overdrive pacing (Figure 1B and 1C). SP modification was performed and guided by intracardiac electrograms and fluoroscopic landmarks. After SP modification, a tachycardia spontaneously initiated during infusion of isoproterenol …
Taking a Razor to Dark Matter Parameter Space at the LHC

Dark matter (DM) has been searched for at colliders in a largely model-independent fashion by looking for an excess number of events involving a single jet, or photon, and missing energy. We investigate the possibility of looking for excesses in more inclusive jet channels. Events with multiple jets contain more information and thus more handles to increase the signal-to-background ratio. In particular, we adapt the recent CMS ``razor'' analysis from a search for supersymmetry (SUSY) to a search for DM and estimate the potential reach. The region of razor variables which are most sensitive to dark matter are not covered by the current SUSY search. We consider simplified models where DM is a Dirac fermion that couples to the quarks of the standard model (SM) through exchange of vector or axial-vector mediators or to gluons through scalar exchange. We consider both light and heavy (leading to effective contact interactions) mediators. Since the razor analysis requires multiple jets in the final state, the data set is complementary to that used for the monojet search and thus the bounds can be combined.
Forecasting Earnings: Controlling for Differences Across Industries

Accounting studies have attempted to forecast future attributes of firms' financial statements, primarily earnings. These studies typically adopt a cross‐sectional approach in estimating forecasting models, combining firms from different industries in the same model. This cross‐sectional approach implicitly assumes the relations between earnings and the explanatory variables are consistent across industries.
Growth Expectations for Low‐Achieving Students: A Reply to Yen

Yen states that “Phillips and Clarizio (1988) make a serious error in concluding that developmental standard score scales produce unrealistic expectations for growth of low-achieving students.” The reply that follows argues that Yen's response is justified only if low-achieving students are tested in an inappropriate way.
Dynamic and static violations of Hering's law of equal innervation.

ABSTRACTHering's Law of Equal Innervation treats the double eye as a single organ. Normal humans often execute saccadic eye movements that are dynamic violations of Hering's Law. These infractions are produced by differences in the neural controller signals sent to each eye and are exemplified by mo
Synthesis of estolide esters from cis-9-octadecenoic acid estolides

Oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid) was converted in excellent yield to the estolide, which was then esterified with 2,2-dimethypropan-1-ol (neopentyl alcohol), cis-9-octadence-1-ol (oleyl alcohol), and 2-propanol to generate the corresponding estolide esters. Higher-formula mass estolide esters were synthesized by reaction of the parent estolide with 1,3-propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, and 1,5-pentanediol to give the corresponding diesters of oleic estolide, thus doubling the molecular size of the parent estolide. Pour points and viscosities were determined in order to evaluate these products for possible industrial application.
Complement-Mediated Cytotoxic Activity of Anti-Heart Antibodies Present in the Sera of Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A microcytotoxicity assay has been used to determine the cytotoxic activity of anti-heart antibodies which we have previously shown to be present with greater frequencies and reactivities in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) than in patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Serum samples from 45 patients with DCM and 43 patients with IHD were screened against W1, a transformed human fetal cardiac cell line and also against EA.hy 926, an endothelial and IBR3, a fibroblast cell line. In the presence of complement, sera from 28 (62%) DCM patients showed killing of the W1 cell line as compared to sera from 13 (30%) of IHD patients (p < 0.005) and 3 (15%) of normal individuals. In contrast, only 1 patient with DCM showed killing of the endothelial cell line and 1 patient with IHD showed killing of the fibroblast cell line. These results provide evidence for a complement-dependent, antibody-mediated mechanism of damage to cardiac myocytes which may contribute to the pathogenesis of DCM.
Expression and Secretion of Human Proinsulin-B10 from Mouse Salivary Glands: Implications for the Treatment of Type I Diabetes Mellitus

Adenovirus (Ad) mediated expression of therapeutic proteins from salivary glands can result in the delivery of biologically active proteins into the circulation where they impart their physiological function. In recent years, Ad vector delivery to salivary glands (SGs) has emerged as a viable option for gene therapy. Here, we engineered a variant of human proinsulin (hProinsulin-B10) into an Ad vector and demonstrated its ability to transduce cell lines, and express a bioactive protein that induces the phosphorylation of AKT, a key insulin signaling molecule. We also examined its expression in mice following delivery of the vector to the parotid gland (PTG), the submandibular gland (SMG) or to the liver via the tail vein and assessed transgenic protein expression and vector containment for each delivery method. In all cases, hProinsulin-B10 was expressed and secreted into the circulation. Lower levels of circulating hProinsulin-B10 were obtained from the PTG while higher levels were obtained from the tail vein and the SMG; however, vector particle containment was best when delivered to the SMG. Expression of hProinsulin-B10 in the SMG of chemically induced diabetic mice prevented excessive hyperglycemia observed in untreated mice. These results demonstrate that hProinsulin-B10 can be expressed and secreted into the circulation from SGs and can function physiologically in vivo. The ability to remediate a diabetic phenotype in a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus is the first step in an effort that may lead to a possible therapy for diabetes.
Fhit, a putative tumor suppressor in humans, is a dinucleoside 5',5"'-P1,P3-triphosphate hydrolase.

Human Fhit (fragile histidine triad) protein, encoded by the FHIT putative tumor suppressor gene, is a typical dinucleoside 5‘,5‘ ‘‘-P1,P3-triphosphate (Ap3A) hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.29) on the basis of its enzymatic properties we report here. Ap3A is the preferred substrate among ApnA (n = 3−6), and AMP is always one of the reaction products. Mn2+ and Mg2+ are equally stimulatory, while Zn2+ is inhibitory with Ap3A as the substrate. Values of the Km for Ap3A and Ap4A are 1.3 and 4.6 μM, respectively. Values of the specificity constant, kcat/Km, for Ap3A and Ap4A are 2.0 × 106 and 6.7 × 103 s-1 M-1, respectively, for a glutathione S-transferase (GST)−Fhit fusion protein. Site-directed mutagenesis of FHIT demonstrated that all four conserved histidines are required for full activity, and the central histidine of the triad is absolutely essential for Ap3A hydrolase activity. This putative tumor suppressor is the first evidence for a connection between dinucleotide oligophosphate metabolism and tumorigenesis. Al...
Monte Carlo simulation of instrument response for direct geometry time-of-flight spectrometers

A full Monte Carlo simulation of sample scattering and the final flight path for direct geometry time-of-flight spectrometers has been developed. This allows the scattering from systems with both realistic and complex scattering geometries as well as realistic scattering functions to be modeled. This simulation, PULSCAT, interfaces with commonly available ray tracing programs, such as VITESS, that simulate the incident beam. Spectra with elastic and inelastic features resulting from scattering from isotropic scattering systems in addition to multiple scattering for amorphous scattering systems can be modeled with PULSCAT. The sample geometry used in the simulation is entered through a GUI interface. Due to the large flexibility in the input parameters for the sample, sample environment equipment can be included in the simulations allowing for scattering from ancillary equipment (such as from a standard orange cryostat) to be modeled. This makes PULSCAT a powerful tool for simulating systems and investigating spurious effects present in collected spectra.
Farm-scale recovery and filtration characteristics of sunflower oil for use in diesel engines

The “Hander,” new Type 52 oil expeller was evaluated to determine its performance in expressing sunflower oil for use in diesel engines. Strain gauges were mounted on the barrel of the expeller and were used to give a relative indication of barrel pressure. Relative barrel pressure was then used as the independent variable in determining performance. Filterability of four commercial sunflower oils and blends of these oils with No. 2 diesel fuel were determined at various temperatures and pressures. Oil extraction efficiency ranged from ca. 56% to 84% at low and high relative barrel pressures, respectively. The greatest oil extraction rate was 12.3 kg/hr at a feed rate of 40 kg/hr with an extraction efficiency of ca. 80%. Dewaxed sunflower oils and blends filtered much better than nondewaxed oils and their blends. Increasing temperature, pressure and percentage of diesel fuel in the blends increased filterability of dewaxed sunflower oil.
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation after Administration of High-Dose Busulfan in Murine Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy (the Twitcher Mouse)

ABSTRACT: We evaluated the effectiveness of administration of high-dose busulfan (BU), an alkylating agent with substantial myeloablative but negligible immunosuppressive properties, on the engraftment of congenic normal bone marrow and spleen cells (hematopoietic cell transplantation; HCT) in murine galactosylceramidase deficiency (the twitcher mouse), a model of human sphingolipid storage disease. Untreated mice died with extensive demyelbtatioa and failure to thrive at a median age of 40 d (range, 28–47; n = 51). The life-span of twitcher mice given HCT at age 10 d after 100 mg/kg BU was significantly prolonged (median, 94 d; range, 55–140; n = 17); these animals did not develop the hindlimb paralysis seen in untreated twitchers. Histologic examination of twitcher sciatic nerves after HCT showed remyelinated areas and decreased globoid cell inclusions. Animals given HCT after conditioning with BU had both lymphoid and hematopoietic repopulation with donor cells by 90 d after HCT, as documented by presence of donor glucose phosphate isomerase-1A activity in blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. After BU and HCT, galactosylceramidase activity in livers and spleens of twitcher mice reached 45 and 80% of control, respectively; only modest elevations were observed in kidneys and lymph nodes. Hydrolase activity rose to 20% in the brains and exceeded control values in the sciatic nerves of transplanted twitcher mice, indicating entry of at least some donor-derived cells and/or hydrolase across the blood-brain and blood-nerve barriers after BU and HCT. These observations suggest that, in gene-replacement therapy for human lysosomal storage diseases, administration of BU alone may be sufficient for sustained engraftment of autologous marrow cells into which the specific hydrolase gene has been inserted.
Chromosomal localization and genomic organization of genes encoding guanylyl cyclase receptors expressed in olfactory sensory neurons and retina.

Abstract We recently cloned three membrane guanylyl cyclases, designated GC-D, GC-E, and GC-F, from rat olfactory tissue and eye. Amino acid sequence homology suggests that they may compose a new gene subfamily of guanylyl cyclase receptors specifically expressed in sensory tissues. Their chromosomal localization was determined by mouse interspecific backcross analysis. The GC-D, GC-E, and GC-F genes (Gucy2d, Gucy2e,andGucy2f) are dispersed through the mouse genome in that they map to chromosomes 7, 11, and X, respectively. Close proximity of the mouse GC-D gene toOmp(olfactory marker protein) andHbb(hemoglobin β-chain complex) suggests that the human homolog gene maps to 11p15.4 or 11q13.4–q14.1. The human GC-F gene was localized to the long arm of chromosome Xq22 by fluorescencein situhybridization. The genomic organization of the mouse GC-E gene was determined and compared to other guanylyl cyclase genes. The mouse GC-D, GC-E, and GC-F genomic clones contain identical exon–intron boundaries within their extracellular and cytoplasmic domains, demonstrating the conservation of the gene structures. With respect to human genetic diseases, GC-E mapped to mouse chromosome 11 within a syntenic region on human chromosome 17p13 that has been linked with loci for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis. No apparent disease loci have been yet linked to the locations of the GC-D or GC-F genes.
High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry with solvent vapor addition: a potential greener bioanalytical technique

Green chemistry is a way to avoid threats to human health and the environment in chemical processes, including analytical methodology. According to the 12 principles provided by ACS Green Chemistry Institute, first described by Anastas and Warner, prevention of waste generation should be first considered as an alternative to ways of treating waste. Therefore, analytical techniques that may reduce solvent waste are of great interest towards greener analysis. High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) utilizes electrical fields to achieve separation, post an ionization source, and could provide an alternative method for separation and reduce solvent use in comparison with traditional HPLC methodologies. In this article, the operational principles and developments of FAIMS will be discussed, including the advantages of adding solvent vapor to the carrier gas. In addition, applications and challenges of implementing FAIMS technology will also be discussed.