cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 4 Hybrid Pyroelectric-Ferroelectric Bolometer Arrays

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the hybrid pyroelectric approach pioneered by Texas Instruments. The relatively poor thermal isolation of the bump-bonded, hybrid pyroelectric structure is offset by the high thermal response of the ferroelectric material. This approach has also achieved system noise equivalent temperature differences (NETDs) of less than 40mK for 328 x 245 arrays with f / l optics. The chapter explores the physics and applications of a class of uncooled infrared (IR) detectors distinguished by two features: They employ in some manner the pyroelectric properties of ferroelectric materials, and they comprise separate detection and electronic read-out means that are bonded together toward the end of the fabrication process. Hybrid pyroelectric-ferroelectric technology has matured greatly during its 20 years. Thermal isolation structure improvements and reduced detector thicknesses have evolved together to yield performance levels unsurpassed even by detectors having thermal isolation orders of magnitude greater. This highlights the superiority of the pyroelectric-ferroelectric detection mechanism.
Distance education or classroom instruction for continuing education: who retains more knowledge?

Distance education has emerged as a viable alternative for providing educational opportunities to working health professionals [1]. Flexibility in scheduling, elimination of travel expenses, and improved access to the Internet are attracting students who might not otherwise be engaged in lifelong learning activities. Distance education presents new challenges in continuing education for both instructors and students. Instructors must develop innovative teaching strategies for learners who are not physically present, and students must modify their learning behaviors to engage in and absorb the course material. Studies have shown that the teaching environment, be it classroom or distance education, does not influence learning outcomes and knowledge retention as evidenced by examination and course grades [2–4]. Most of the research in this area has focused on comparing distance education with traditional classroom courses in an academic setting. This study will present data comparing distance education and classroom presentation in the context of professional continuing education (CE). Specifically, the authors will examine issues pertaining to knowledge retention as tested through a post-course questionnaire.
Cesarean section and perinatal mortality

Presented is an analysis of experience from July, 1973, through June, 1982, in a teaching institution that served a high-risk urban population. The suggestion is made that improvement in perinatal mortality does not necessarily rely upon an ever-increasing cesarean section rate. During the 9 years encompassed by the study, the total cesarean section rate ranged from a low of 5.8% to a high of 8.2%. The primary cesarean section rate was first recorded separately in 1976, and stayed between 3.2% and 4.9%. During the same span of time, the uncorrected Perinatal Group II mortality rate dropped from 3511,000 to 1811,000. An attempt is made to interpret the various factors involved in accomplishing these results.
Photon event distribution sampling: an image formation technique for scanning microscopes that permits tracking of sub-diffraction particles with high spatial and temporal resolutions.

Summary In photon event distribution sampling, an image formation technique for scanning microscopes, the maximum likelihood position of origin of each detected photon is acquired as a data set rather than binning photons in pixels. Subsequently, an intensity-related probability density function describing the uncertainty associated with the photon position measurement is applied to each position and individual photon intensity distributions are summed to form an image. Compared to pixel-based images, photon event distribution sampling images exhibit increased signal-to-noise and comparable spatial resolution. Photon event distribution sampling is superior to pixel-based image formation in recognizing the presence of structured (non-random) photon distributions at low photon counts and permits use of non-raster scanning patterns. A photon event distribution sampling based method for localizing single particles derived from a multi-variate normal distribution is more precise than statistical (Gaussian) fitting to pixel-based images. Using the multi-variate normal distribution method, non-raster scanning and a typical confocal microscope, localizations with 8 nm precision were achieved at 10 ms sampling rates with acquisition of ∼200 photons per frame. Single nanometre precision was obtained with a greater number of photons per frame. In summary, photon event distribution sampling provides an efficient way to form images when low numbers of photons are involved and permits particle tracking with confocal point-scanning microscopes with nanometre precision deep within specimens.
Antecedents and Consequence of Donors' Trust in Nonprofit Organizations: Effect of Organization Efficiency and Contribution Type

Donors are becoming increasingly concerned about the ability of nonprofit organizations to efficiently use their contributions. Thus, when deciding whether and how much to donate, donors need a certain level of trust in a nonprofit organization. Based on the literature on trust, we predicted donors to develop trust in a nonprofit organization's use of contributions by observing a nonprofit organization's efficiency information. Especially, donors were expected to develop higher trust when the organization's efficiency was high than when the organization's efficiency was low. Also, we predicted donors to develop higher trust when they were asked to make restricted contributions than whey they were not asked to restrict their contributions. Furthermore, trust in a nonprofit organization was expected to positively affect donors' actual cash donations. To test these predictions, we conducted a 2 (Efficiency: Low vs. High) x 2 (Contribution Type: Unrestricted contribution vs. Restricted contribution) experiment. The results of experiments provide support to our predictions. Implications to policymakers, researchers, nonprofit organizations and individual donors were discussed.
Cheap and large CAMs for high performance data-intensive networked systems

We show how to build cheap and large CAMs, or CLAMs, using a combination of DRAM and flash memory. These are targeted at emerging data-intensive networked systems that require massive hash tables running into a hundred GB or more, with items being inserted, updated and looked up at a rapid rate. For such systems, using DRAM to maintain hash tables is quite expensive, while on-disk approaches are too slow. In contrast, CLAMs cost nearly the same as using existing on-disk approaches but offer orders of magnitude better performance. Our design leverages an efficient flash-oriented data-structure called BufferHash that significantly lowers the amortized cost of random hash insertions and updates on flash. BufferHash also supports flexible CLAM eviction policies. We prototype CLAMs using SSDs from two different vendors. We find that they can offer average insert and lookup latencies of 0.006ms and 0.06ms (for a 40% lookup success rate), respectively. We show that using our CLAM prototype significantly improves the speed and effectiveness of WAN optimizers.
Pharmacological in vivo inhibition of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase attenuates bleomycin-induced inflammation and fibrosis

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) characterized by pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation poses a substantial biomedical challenge due to often negative disease outcomes combined with the need to develop better, more effective therapies. We assessed the in vivo effect of administration of a pharmacological inhibitor of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, SPL-334 (4-{[2-[(2-cyanobenzyl)thio]-4-oxothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-3(4H)-yl]methyl}benzoic acid), in a mouse model of ILD induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM). Daily i.p. administration of SPL-334 alone at 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg had no effect on animal body weight, appearance, behavior, total and differential bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell counts, or collagen accumulation in the lungs, showing no toxicity of our investigational compound. Similar administration of SPL-334 for 7 days before and for an additional 14 days after BLM instillation resulted in a preventive protective effect on the BLM challenge-induced decline in total body weight and changes in total and differential BAL cellularity. In the therapeutic treatment regimen, SPL-334 was administered at days 7-21 after BLM challenge. Such treatment attenuated the BLM challenge-induced decline in total body weight, changes in total and differential BAL cellularity, and magnitudes of histologic changes and collagen accumulation in the lungs. These changes were accompanied by an attenuation of BLM-induced elevations in pulmonary levels of profibrotic cytokines interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Experiments in cell cultures of primary normal human lung fibroblast have demonstrated attenuation of TGF-β-induced upregulation in collagen by SPL-334. It was concluded that SPL-334 is a potential therapeutic agent for ILD.
Pathologic features and molecular phenotype by patient age in a large cohort of young women with breast cancer

Prior studies have suggested a higher prevalence of high grade, ER-negative, HER2-positive, and basal-like carcinomas in young women with breast cancer. However, the precise distribution of poor prognostic features in this population remains unclear. We examined the pathologic features and distribution of molecular phenotype in relation to patient age in a large group of young women (≤40 years) with invasive breast cancer. Medical records were reviewed for clinical characteristics, tumor stage, and receptor status. Pathologic features, including those features associated with basal-like carcinomas, were examined by central review. Using tumor grade and biomarker expression, cancers were categorized as luminal A (ER+ and/or PR+ and HER2−, histologic grade 1 or 2); luminal B (ER+ and/or PR+ and HER2+, or ER and/or PR+, HER2− and grade 3); HER2 (ER and PR− and HER2+); and triple negative (ER−, PR−, and HER2−). Among 399 women of ≤40 years, 33% had luminal A tumors, 35% luminal B, 11% HER2 (ER-negative), and 21% triple negative. Compared to published results for all breast cancers, a greater proportion of young women had luminal B tumors, and a lesser proportion had luminal A. There were no significant differences in molecular phenotype, tumor stage or grade among the different age groups of young women. However, this population of young women presented with a different distribution of molecular phenotypes compared to the general population of women with breast cancer. These findings may have implications with regard to the etiology and prognosis of breast cancer in young women.
Sedimentation equilibrium of proteins in density gradients.

The technique of equilibrium density-gradient ultracentrifugation in the analytical ultracentrifuge was first described by Meselson, Stahl, and Vinograd in 1957 (Meselson et al., 1957). The method provides a thermodynamically rigorous procedure for the determination of the buoyant density, hydration, and solvated molecular weight of polymers having molecular weights larger than about 10,000.
Topical Review: Basal Ganglia: Functional Anatomy and Physiology. Part 1:

Advances in knowledge about basal ganglia structure and connectivity from 1925 to date are reviewed. Current concepts about neuronal populations, transmitters, and input and output of each of the b...
Discrimination of geological features using digital and photographic enhancements of Landsat multispectral scanner data

Abstract A variety of techniques for optically and digitally processing the Landsat multispectral scanner data were applied to scence number 1109-07493 of the Gulf of Suez Area. The results of each of these techniques were compared in order to assess the usefulness of each technique in the interpretation of the Landsat images. The best overall results for this scene were achieved using optically enhanced digital images. The high-bandpass color-infrared image was nearly as good. The intensity, hue and saturation images showed increased contrast between the various geological units, but lacked the fine detail necessary for certain aspects of geological interpretation. These results should equally apply to images of similar ground features but will probably differ when the features are significantly different.
A light weight 8-element broadband phased array receiver on Liquid Crystal Polymer

In this paper we present a light weight broadband phased array hybrid receiver module on a multi-layer Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) substrate. The phased array module has 8 channels and is designed to operate in the Ka-band, from 32–37 GHz. A broadband linear tapered slot antenna array with a corporate power combiner, chip-on-board MMICs, and all control chips necessary for beam steering are all integrated on a multi-layered near-hermetic LCP substrate. The phased array antenna has a measured bandwidth of 5 GHz with ±30 degree beam steering capability from boresight, and shows less than 6.75 degree of beam squint across the full bandwidth of operation. The total size of the array is 100 mm × 100 mm with a board thickness of only 16 mils and weighs only 12.3 grams.
CREATIVITY AND VERBAL ABILITY: A DIRECT EXAMINATION OF THEIR RELATIONSHIP

Summary. The threshold concept of the relation between creativity and intelligence implies that measures of creativity begin to differ markedly from measures of IQ only above a certain level of intelligence. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the variance of scores on RAT at different levels of performance on ACT by 292 Nevada students. The hypothesis was not confirmed. A similar finding was got from analysis of the scores of 107 Australian boys.
The dynamics of a swirling flow in a pipe and transition to axisymmetric vortex breakdown

This paper provides a new study of the axisymmetric vortex breakdown phenomenon. Our approach is based on a thorough investigation of the axisymmetric unsteady Euler equations which describe the dynamics of a swirling flow in a finite-length constant-area pipe. We study the stability characteristics as well as the time-asymptotic behaviour of the flow as it relates to the steady-state solutions. The results are established through a rigorous mathematical analysis and provide a solid theoretical understanding of the dynamics of an axisymmetric swirling flow. The stability and steady-state analyses suggest a consistent explanation of the mechanism leading to the axisymmetric vortex breakdown phenomenon in high-Reynolds-number swirling flows in a pipe. It is an evolution from an initial columnar swirling flow to another relatively stable equilibrium state which represents a flow around a separation zone. This evolution is the result of the loss of stability of the base columnar state when the swirl ratio of the incoming flow is near or above the critical level.
Development of an integrated economic and ecological framework for ecosystem-based fisheries management in New England

We present an integrated economic-ecological framework designed to help assess the implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) in New England. We develop the framework by linking a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of a coastal economy to an end-to-end (E2E) model of a marine food web for Georges Bank. We focus on the New England region using coastal county economic data for a restricted set of industry sectors and marine ecological data for three top level trophic feeding guilds: planktivores, benthivores, and piscivores. We undertake numerical simulations to model the welfare effects of changes in alternative combinations of yields from feeding guilds and alternative manifestations of biological productivity. We estimate the economic and distributional effects of these alternative simulations across a range of consumer income levels. This framework could be used to extend existing methodologies for assessing the impacts on human communities of groundfish stock rebuilding strategies, such as those expected through the implementation of the sector management program in the US northeast fishery. We discuss other possible applications of and modifications and limitations to the framework.
Normative Beliefs About Prosocial Behavior in Middle Childhood: What Does It Mean to Be Nice?

Our purpose in the present studies was to discover what types of prosocial behavior children consider to be normative and how systematically varying the gender combinations of the actor and target child impacts those beliefs. Two studies were conducted (n = 468 and = = 393 third-through sixth-grade children) in which participants were asked to describe normative prosocial behaviors in their peer groups. A content analysis of children's responses revealed that relationally inclusive acts (behaviors that initiate and sustain relationships) were cited by children significantly more often than the types of prosocial behaviors typically assessed in past research (e.g., helping, sharing). Further, the kinds of prosocial behaviors cited varied as a function of children's age and the gender of the actor and target.
Death in detension: An analysis of police liability for negligent failure to prevent suicide

This article analyzes recent state court decisions (excluding section 1983 cases) in the United States on police liability for negligent failure to protect detainees from self-inflicted injury and suicide. The general duty of care standard is explained, and the circumtances that must be present for the special duty of care by police officers to exist are explored. Legal theories used by courts to establish a cause of action and the types of police conduct in suicide situations are discussed, focusing on cases in which the police have been held liable. In addition to the elements of negligencetheory which form the basis of a legal-conceptual framework, the factors necessary to establish a viable negligence claim are considered. The article concludes with a restatement of contemporary legal principles on police liability for failure to prevent suicide.
Short-term temperature variability in the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field: an unstable deep-sea environment

Abstract Temperature was measured within the animal communities of the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field with three thermistors that were left in place for a period of 72 h. The highest mean temperature (5.54°C) was measured at a thermistor placed in the central clump of vestimentiferan worms, while the lowest mean value (2.26°C) was recorded over the basaltic substrate. The temperature of the ambient water in the field was 2.07°C. The site with the highest temperature was characterized by extreme variability in the temperature, with minimum values of 2.16°C and maximum values of 14.81°C. The temperature fluctuated over all of the time scales studied from 1 s to 72 h. There was no clear periodicity to the temperature fluctuations, however. These temperature fluctuations must have significant impacts on adaptations, by the animals of the vent community. In fact, the variability in temperature may be more important to the community than the mean temperature value to which they are exposed.
Disordered consciousness: delirium in the intensive care unit

Delirium is a neuropsychiatric syndrome of disordered consciousness and cognition whose hallmark is a gross deficit of attention. A frequent complication in critically ill medical and surgical patients in the general hospital, especially those in the intensive care unit, delirium should be considered a state of acute brain failure, alongside other types of organ failure. It is caused not by geographic assignment to the intensive care unit but by diverse medical and surgical conditions and their treatments. As such, its definitive treatment is reversal of these underlying medical and surgical problems, and minimization or outright discontinuation of offending therapies.
Eliciting Behavior From Interactive Narratives: Isolating the Role of Agency in Connecting With and Modeling Characters

A key component differentiating interactive storytelling from non-interactive media is agency, or control over character choices. A series of experiments show that providing agency over a character increased the user-character connection, which then increased engagement in a character-consistent charitable act. Findings were observed in technologically simple online narratives that controlled for navigation/controller differences, graphics, sounds, lengthy play, and avatar customization. Effects emerged even though users did not practice these acts by making their character behave charitably. Findings were robust across happy and unfortunate endings and across first-, second-, and third-person narrative perspectives. Findings suggest promise for developing inexpensive “storygames” to encourage supportive behaviors.
Simultaneous measurement of thirteen steroid hormones in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and control women using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Background The measurement of adrenal and ovarian androgens in women with PCOS has been difficult based on poor specificity and sensitivity of assays in the female range. Methods Women with PCOS (NIH criteria; n = 52) and control subjects with 25–35 day menstrual cycles, no evidence of hyperandrogenism and matched for BMI (n = 42) underwent morning blood sampling. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to simultaneously measure 13 steroids from a single blood sample to measure adrenal and ovarian steroids. Androgen and progesterone results were compared in the same samples using RIA. Results Testosterone, androstenedione, progesterone and 17OH progesterone levels were higher when measured using RIA compared to LC-MS/MS, although the testosterone RIA demonstrated the best agreement with the LC-MS/MS using a Bland-Altman analysis. Results using LC-MS/MS demonstrated that the concentration of androgens and their precursors were higher in women with PCOS than controls [median (2.5, 97.5th %ile); 1607 (638, 3085) vs. 1143 (511, 4784) ng/dL; p = 0.03]. Women with PCOS had higher testosterone [49 (16, 125) vs. 24 (10, 59) ng/dL], androstenedione [203 (98, 476) vs. 106 (69, 223) ng/dL] and 17OH progesterone levels [80 (17, 176) vs. 44 (17, 142) ng/dL] compared to controls (all P<0.02), but no differences in serum concentrations of the adrenal steroids DHEAS, cortisol, corticosterone and their 11 deoxy precursors. Women with PCOS also had an increase in the product:precursor ratio for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [22% (6, 92) vs. 20% (4, 43); p = 0.009]. Conclusion LC-MS/MS was superior to RIA in measuring androstenedione, progesterone and 17OH progesterone levels, while testosterone measurements were better matched in the two assays. Androgen levels were higher in women with PCOS in the absence of a difference in adrenal-predominant steroids. These data support previous findings that the ovary is an important source for the androgen excess in women with PCOS.
Regulatory, design, and analysis aspects of complex stability studies

Drug stability studies are expensive and time consuming. Multiple batches are studied to ensure that a product will consistently remain within specifications for its entire expiration dating period. Some of these studies involve the same drug products in similar packages or in multiple strengths. Application of sound statistical design principles can reduce the amount of testing required. We extend the principles stated in the Food & Drug Administration's 1987 publication Guideline for Submitting Documentation for the Stability of Human Drugs and Biologics to setting expiration dating periods for more complex situations.
Using FT-IR Spectroscopy to Measure Charge Organization in Ionic Liquids

A major goal in the field of ionic liquids is correlating transport property trends with the underlying liquid structure of the compounds, such as the degree of charge organization among the constituent ions. Traditional techniques for experimentally assessing charge organization are specialized and not readily available for routine measurements. This represents a significant roadblock in elucidating these correlations. We use a combination of transmission and polarized-ATR infrared spectroscopy to measure the degree of charge organization for ionic liquids. The technique is illustrated with a family of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ionic liquids at 30 °C. As expected, the amount of charge organization decreases as the alkyl side chain is lengthened, highlighting the important role of short-range repulsive interactions in defining quasilattice structure. Inherent limitations of the method are identified and discussed. The quantitative measurements of charge organization are then co...
“Twisted Paths of Civilization”: Saint Sara and the Romani

Abstract: In conjunction with veneration for their onomastic patron saints, the Mediterranean town of Les-Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer hosts a yearly festival for a unique saint, Sara. Her effigy housed in the church crypt, Sara is a draw for the Romani (aka “Gypsies”) who venerate her and for the tourist industry, which relies on festival revenue. This article explores Sara’s mythic and historic association with the Romani. It considers how racist thinking has infected Sara’s story; it considers similarities between the Romani’s ancestral Indian rites and today’s Sara festivities. Finally, it suggests an indigenous Camarguaise tradition, pagan, then Christian, similar enough to Roma traditions to provide a framework for the Sara festival as it happens today. The festival may be as recent as the nineteenth century, but it is also as old as archetype.
A proposed method for predicting the phase behavior of v.l.f. radio signals

Abstract A systematic solution to the problem of anticipating the phase behavior of a very-low-frequency (v.l.f.) radio signal emanating from a ground-based source and observed at an arbitrary point on the Earth is proposed. The solution involves the construction of an empirical parameter map over the surface of the Earth. It is suggested that a sufficiently sophisticated map could account for many phenomena whose exact mathematical treatment is highly involved. A general method for finding the map is described, and a simple method is used to obtain a sample map over the equator at equinox. Suggestions for improvement of the parameter map through further experimentation and analysis are included.
Elevated regional sciatic nerve blood flow in hypothermic anesthetized rats

Abstract The effect of corporal hypothermia on regional blood flow in peripheral nerve is unknown. We compared blood flow in resting sciatic nerves of anesthetized, normothermic rats with that of rats whose rectal temperatures had been acutely lowered to 28 to 30°C. Peripheral nerve regional blood flow in normothermic rats in which one hind limb was cooled was also measured, as were simultaneous flow changes in biceps femoris muscle and thigh skin. Flows were quantitated by the fractional distribution of [ 14 C]butanol. Hypothermia was associated with increased peripheral nerve blood flow and a simultaneous decrease in muscle and skin blood flow. Nerve vascular resistance was not consistently altered in hypothermia, but muscle and skin vascular resistances were elevated. Topical cooling of one limb did not affect the tissue blood flows in either limb. The regulation of resting nerve blood flow in hypothermic rats differs appreciably from that in biceps femoris muscle and skin. Nerve blood flow did not increase with local cooling in normothermic rats. Central, neurally mediated mechanisms may be responsible for the increased regional nerve blood flow in hypothermic rats.
The lateral pedunculo-nigral area and visually guided behavior.

Abstract Occipitoreticular fibers have been observed to pass through the lateral pedunculo-nigral area (LPNA). To test whether this fiber system plays a differential role in visually guided behavior, rats trained on both a visual discrimination and an equally difficult nonvisual discrimination sustained lesions to the LPNA and were subsequently tested for retention. While all LPNA-damaged rats relearned the nonvisual problem, most were unable to relearn the visual problem. Occipitopontine fibers, which also pass through the LPNA, do not appear to be significant for visual discrimination performance.
CTL-based cancer preventive/therapeutic vaccines for carcinomas: role of tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens.

In this study, we discuss the use of glycopeptides containing tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) as preventive vaccines for carcinomas. The results of our recent studies suggest that CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are capable of recognizing small TACA in a conventional class I MHC-restricted fashion. TACA-specific T-cell receptors are highly degenerate and their fine specificity includes the glycosylated amino acid linker together with the sugar moiety. TF, a disaccharide and Tn, its immediate precursor, are TACA largely expressed in carcinomas that can be successfully used as vaccines when conjugated to designer peptide backbones with optimal binding affinity for class I MHC molecules.
Corner detection and curve representation using cubic B -spline

We propose to use B-Splines to represent digital curves. We have developed an efficient algorithm to locate corners and at the same time encode curve segments between them using B-Splines. Used in conjunction with our subpixel edge detector [ 1 ], it allows us to obtain accurate position of the corners, as needed in many registration problems such as stereo matching and motion parameter estimation. In addition to corners, we detect points of significant curvature between them. The resulting representation is a good approximation of the original, in the sense that it makes interesting points explicit, and achieves significant data compression.
Carcinogenesis studies of benzene, methyl benzene, and dimethyl benzenes.

The industrial solvents benzene, toluene, and xylenes account for upwards of 25 billion pounds produced each year in the United States: benzene, 10 x lo9 lbs; toluene, 5.8 x lo9 lbs; and xylenes, 10.2 x lo9 1bs.I The aromatic six-member hydrocarbon (benzene),2 the monomethyl derivative ( t o l ~ e n e ) , ~ and the dimethyl derivatives ( ~ y l e n e s ) ~ were nominated and selected for toxicology and carcinogenesis characterization because each met several of the eight criteria of the Chemical Selection Principles established by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in 1978 (TABLE l).5,6 These include considerable production volume, widespread occupational and general population exposure, and lack of adequate longterm studies at the time these chemicals were selected and the experiments were designed. Additionally, long-term studies on these three chemicals would provide some indications of structure-activity associations for benzene and simple alkylbenzenes. This paper summarizes the essence of these three separate studies of structurally related industrial solvents conducted by the NTP; this paper does not review or summarize the studies conducted and reported by others.’-I4 For each chemical, the following information is given: experimental design, results, and interpretative conclusions. The 2-year exposure studies on benzene and xylenes (mixed) have been completed and peer-reviewed in public session by the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors (see Ref. 6), whereas the studies on toluene have not yet completed the NTP three-phase pathology peer reviewIs; thus, no detailed results or conclusions regarding histopathologic findings can be given for toluene.
Results of treatment of patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma

BACKGROUND Information regarding results of treatment and possible prognostic factors in patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma is limited. METHODS Between 1969-1995, 48 consecutive patients presented to the study department for curative treatment of maxillary sinus carcinoma. Tumor classification according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system was T1 in 1 patient, T2 in 6 patients, T3 in 17 patients, and T4 in 24 patients. The N classification was NO in 43 patients, N2a in 1 patient, N2b in 3 patients, and N2c in 1 patient. Treatment to the primary site was comprised of surgery (Sx) and radiation therapy (RT) in 37 patients and RT alone in 11 patients. RESULTS There was a difference in disease free survival between patients who underwent Sx + RT compared with patients who received RT alone; combined therapy results were more favorable. The most common pattern of recurrence was in the primary site, which was found in 22 of 48 patients (45.8%). For patients who underwent Sx + RT, local control at 3 and 5 years was 65.2% and 59.2%, respectively; for patients who received RT alone, local control at both 3 and 5 years was 22.7%. There were 12 late complications found in 8 patients: fistula formation (5 patients), trismus (3 patients), osteonecrosis (1 patient), retinopathy (1 patient), cellulitis (1 patient), and nasal stenosis (1 patient). CONCLUSIONS The type of treatment to the primary site is an important determinant of disease free survival and local control. Failure at the primary site is the main problem in the curative treatment of patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma; efforts to improve survival in these patients should be directed toward improvement of local control. Cancer 1998;83:457-465. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Functional targeting of the MUC1 oncogene in human cancers

The MUC1 oncoprotein is aberrantly expressed at high levels in most human carcinomas and certain hematologic malignancies.1 Estimates are that, of the 1.4 million tumors diagnosed each year in the US, about 900,000 have overexpression of MUC1. MUC1 has thus become a highly attractive target for the development of new anti-cancer agents, including vaccines, antibodies and small molecules. However, there are presently no approved agents that target MUC1, in part because there has been limited information about how MUC1 contributes to the malignant phenotype. Indeed, MUC1 consists of two subunits, and the more recent focus of research on the MUC1 receptor subunit has provided new insights into (i) how MUC1 induces transformation and is of importance to human cancers, and (ii) how to target MUC1 function as an approach for anti-cancer treatment.
Determination and separation of copper in metallurgical products

Abstract Rivot's process for the separation and the determination of copper as cuprous thiocyanatc has been modified. The modified method involves the reduction of cupric ion in nitric acid solution by ascorbic acid and rnaltcs the procedure practicable, since good results may be obtained with rapidity and ease. The method is applied to a wide variety of metallurgical products.
NEIGHBORHOOD EMPOWERMENT AND URBAN MANAGEMENT IN THE 1980s

A variety of forms of neighborhood empowerment have continued to evolve during the 1970s and 1980s. At the most basic level, neighborhood organizations have shown the capability to articulate successfully community interests to both the private and public sectors. Furthermore, these organizations have also shown the capacity to administer neighborhood services and have begun to take on more comprehensive policy making functions. Recent experiences indicate that these efforts have enhanced neighborhood participation, improved the delivery of neighborhood services, and helped resolve conflicts. While the current urban fiscal crisis provides some political opportunities for extending these neighborhood efforts, neighborhood groups will have to avoid vigilantly the economic and political entrapments present in the current situation.
The behavioral control of obesity: A descriptive analysis of a large‐scale program

Evaluated a behavoiral treatment program for 147 obese patients in a Weight Control Clinic. Weight losses during treatment averaged 11.01 pounds with large inter-S variability. Unlike past studies, patients continued to lose weight during a 6-month follow-up period. Weight loss was associated with age and initial degree of obesity, but other demographic and psychological variables failed to predict success in treatment. A critical examination of the attrition problem was carried out to determine the relationship between patient variables and the propensity to terminate treatment prematurely. Results demonstrate the utility of bahvioral treatment procedures for obesity, yet further research is needed to reduce attrition and to facilitate long-term maintenance of weight loss.
Compassion or Control Intervention in Cases of Wife Abuse

Family disturbance calls, many of which involve violence between spouses, constitute the single largest category of calls received by the police each year. In the last few years, the method of police intervention has changed from apparent indifference or compassionate mediation to firmer control and mandatory arrest. The change has occurred even though there are but two empirical studies that indicate that control strategies might be effective in reducing wife beating and there have been no formal evaluations of the theory underlying the alternative approaches police might use to intervene in cases of wife abuse. This article examines the change in intervention strategies. We critically analyze the reasons for the change to controlling interventions and then examine the assumptions, goals, advantages, and disadvantages of each alternative approach. Finally, we develop the theoretical aspects of each strategy.
Impact of a Quality Assessment Program on Radiologist Performance in Ultrasound-Guided Renal Transplant Biopsy

Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of a quality assessment (QA) program on radiologist performance in ultrasound-guided renal transplant biopsy. Methods The numbers of glomeruli and small arteries obtained during ultrasound-guided renal transplant biopsy of all consecutive patients performed by any of 8 radiologists in an ultrasound section between September 1, 2007, and May 31, 2010, were recorded. Procedural success was assessed using Banff 97 criteria. Two subgroups were defined on the basis of each radiologist's approximate fractional full-time equivalent effort in the section, with 2 radiologists who were engaged 100% of their clinical noncall time in the ultrasound section constituting the primary ultrasound subgroup and 6 radiologists who were engaged Results Of 339 biopsies in the pre-QA period, 90.5% were successful. Of 1,063 biopsies in the post-QA period, 96.0% were successful ( P P = .005). The secondary ultrasound subgroup success rate increased from 85.7% to 93.8% ( P = .004). Conclusions A renal transplant biopsy QA program improves operator performance.
Stylet penetration behavior of Myzus persicae related to transmission of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus

The direct current electrical penetration graph (DC-EPG) technique was used to identify stylet penetration behaviors of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) that are related to successful acquisition and inoculation of the non-persistently transmitted potyvirus, Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), to melon, Cucurbita pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae). Stylet penetration behaviors of two sources of M. persicae that differ in their ZYMV transmission efficiency were examined to determine if behavioral differences were related to their differing ZYMV transmission efficiencies. Successful acquisition of ZYMV by M. persicae was significantly related to longer total time in intracellular subphase II-3 of potential drops. Successful inoculation of ZYMV by M. persicae was related to a greater number of intracellular punctures, shorter durations of intracellular punctures, and longer total time in intracellular subphase II-1. Of these variables that were related to ZYMV transmission, the two aphid sources differed in the total time spent in subphases II-1 and II-3. These results suggest that the differences in ZYMV transmission efficiencies between the aphids may be at least partially caused by behavioral differences during stylet penetrations of the host plant tissue, specifically behaviors that occur during intracellular punctures.
Vitamin A intake and the risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study

Excessive intake of vitamin A is postulated to have a detrimental effect on bone by inducing osteoporosis. This may lead to an increased risk of fracture, particularly in persons who are already at risk of osteoporosis. However, few studies have specifically examined the association of vitamin A intake through diet and supplement use, with fractures in a cohort of older, community-dwelling women. We prospectively followed a cohort of 34,703 postmenopausal women from the Iowa Women's Health Study to determine if high levels of vitamin A and retinol intake through food and supplement use were associated with an increased risk of hip or all fractures. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to obtain the participants' baseline vitamin A and retinol intake. Participants were followed for a mean duration of 9.5 years for incident self-reported hip and nonhip fractures. After multivariate adjustment, it was revealed that users of supplements containing vitamin A had a 1.18-fold increased risk of incident hip fracture (n = 525) compared with nonusers (95% CI, 0.99 to 1.41), but there was no evidence of an increased risk of all fractures (n = 6,502) among supplement users. There was also no evidence of a dose-response relationship in hip fracture risk with increasing amounts of vitamin A or retinol from supplements. Furthermore, our results showed no association between vitamin A or retinol intake from food and supplements, or food only, and the risk of hip or all fractures. In conclusion, we found little evidence of an increased risk of hip or all fractures with higher intakes of vitamin A or retinol among a cohort of older, postmenopausal women.
Decreased µ-opioid receptor binding in the globus pallidus of rats treated with chronic haloperidol

Rationale: Chronic neuroleptic treatment produces a movement disorder in rats characterized by vacuous chewing movements (VCMs). Neuroleptics also produce a variety of changes in opioid neurotransmission in several regions of the basal ganglia. Rats with the VCM syndrome show elevated mRNA for enkephalin in striatopallidal neurons, suggesting a possible role for enkephalin in the pathophysiology of VCMs. Objective: This study investigated the role of µ-opioid receptor density in the basal ganglia on the expression of VCMs. Methods: Rats were treated with haloperidol for 24 weeks and withdrawn for 9 weeks. Mu (µ) receptors were labeled with [3H]-DAMGO. Results: Haloperidol treatment produced a significant reduction in µ-receptor binding in the globus pallidus (P<0.05). There was, however, no relationship between µ-opioid receptor density and VCMs in this or any other region of the basal ganglia. Conclusion: These results replicate prior findings of a neuroleptic-induced reduction in [3H]-DAMGO binding in the globus pallidus. The lack of association between VCMs and [3H]-DAMGO binding in the globus pallidus or any other region suggests that prior reports of enkephalinergic mRNA changes in the striatum are not accompanied by compensatory changes in postsynaptic neurons.
Brugia pahangi: Quantitative Analysis of Infection in Several Inbred Rat Strains

Abstract Bell, R. G., Adams, L., Coleman, S., Negrao-Correa, D., and Klei, T. 1999. Brugia pahangi: Quantitative analysis of infection in several inbred rat strains. Experimental Parasitology92, 120–130. We report a comprehensive study of the infectivity of Brugia pahangi in male and female rats of eight different inbred strains. A single infection of any inbred rat strain will produce rats that become microfilaremic, have occult infection, or clear the primary infection. The proportion belonging to any category is determined by the basic susceptibility level of that strain. Patency rates (blood microfilaria+) ranged from 24% (AO rats) to 73% (WKA rats). The period for which microfilaria were in the circulation was directly related to microfilarial burden, with rats carrying less than 50 mf/ml of blood patent for 11.8 weeks ± 12.2; for 50–499 mf/ml it was 37.6 ± 14.8 and for 500+ mf/ml it was 63.3 ± 34.2 weeks. Suckling rats were resistant to infection (0 patent) and weanlings were intermediate in resistance between suckling and adult rats. Female rats were highly resistant to infection. Approximately half of amicrofilaremic rats have occult infections. A high proportion of patent infections involve the testes or testicular lymphatics. In the most susceptible rat strains, more than 95% of the administered L3 or developing L4 parasites were killed within 28 days. During the course of the first 6 months, the ratio of males to females fell significantly, suggesting a shorter life span in male worms. The features of the infectivity/patency patterns in rats are compared with recognized patterns obtaining in human populations. We conclude that rats provide a valuable and underutilized model for the experimental analysis of filarial infections.
Control of Ca2+ in rod outer segment disks by light and cyclic GMP.

Photons absorbed in vertebrate rods and cones probably cause electrochemical changes at the photoreceptor plasma membrane by changing the cytoplasmic concentration of a diffusible transmitter substance, reducing the Na+ current flowing into the outer segment of the cell in the dark, to produce the observed membrane hyperpolarization that is the initial excitatory response1–4. Cyclic GMP has been proposed as the transmitter because a light-activated cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) has been found in rod disk membranes5,6 and because intracellularly injected cyclic GMP7 reduces rod membrane potentials. Free Ca2+ has also been proposed because increasing external [Ca2+] quickly and reversibly reduces the dark current and divalent cationophores increase the Ca2+ sensitivity8. Ca2+ efflux from rod outer segments (ROS) of intact retinas occurs simultaneously with light responses9,10. Vesicles prepared from ROS disk membranes become more permeable on illumination, releasing trapped ions or molecules11–13, but intact outer segment disks have not previously been found to store sufficient Ca2+ in darkness and to release enough in light to meet the theoretical requirements for control of the dark current by varying cytoplasmic Ca2+ (refs 14–18). We now report experiments that show the required Ca2+ storage and release from rod disk membranes suspended in media containing high-energy phosphate esters and electrolytes approximating the cytoplasmic composition of live rod cells. Cyclic GMP stimulates Ca2+ uptake by ROS disks in such media.
Fiber-optic biosensor with fluorescence detection based on immobilized alkaline phosphatase

Abstract A method for quantifying the concentration of an enzymatic substrate has been demonstrated that is based on competition between two substrates for the active site of an enzyme. This was accomplished by fixing the concentration of a substrate whose reaction can be monitored optically, and observing the effect of the addition of a second substrate whose concentration was to be determined. The model enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, was immobilized on a nylon mesh, which was placed in front of a bifurcated fiber-optic bundle. The concentration of 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate in the sample solution was fixed. This substrate of alkaline phosphatase becomes a highly fluorescent molecule upon hydrolysis of the phosphate ester. The rate of fluorescence production as a result of this reaction was monitored. The addition of a second substrate caused a decrease in the rate of fluorescence production and, therefore, an apparent inhibition of the enzyme. This method was demonstrated for two different substrates of alkaline phosphatase.