cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can Psychology Help Save the World? A Model for Conservation Psychology

Summary We began with the provocative question of whether psychology can be usefulin addressing one of our most pressing social issues, that of protecting the naturalenvironment and conserving natural resources. We argue that psychology can bevery useful for promoting conservation, but has been seriously underutilized inconservation policy. By this we do not mean to slight or overlook the importantwork that has been done in this area—on the contrary, we admire this work allthe more for being pathbreaking—but to highlight the fact that this work stilllies outside the mainstream. Thus, psychologists have an opportunity to make adifference, and policymakers have an opportunity to make environmental policymore effective by incorporating psychological principles in its development. Wepresent a social psychological model of behavior, and discuss the implications ofthis model for promoting environmental conservation, using three practical exam-ples. Attention to the social and physical context, existing schemas, and personalmotives that are implicated in specific behaviors should help policymakers designmore effective interventions to promote environmentally sustainable behavior.
A 2400 bps mixed excitation LPC vocoder

The authors present a 2400-b/s speech coder based on a novel linear predicting coding (LPC) vocoder model. This model preserves the low bit rate capabilities of the traditional LPC vocoder, but it features a more flexible parameterization of the LPC excitation signal. This allows the synthesizer to generate more realistic output speech, and it also increases the robustness of the coder to acoustic background noise. The vocoder has been implemented in a real-time system. Formal subjective testing of the coder confirms that it produces natural-sounding speech even in a difficult noise environment. In fact, diagnostic acceptability measure (DAM) test scores show that its performance is close to that of the 4800-b/s Department of Defense CELP (code excited linear prediction) coder. >
Association of BP Variability with Mortality among African Americans with CKD

Summary Background and objectives Increased systolic BP visit-to-visit variability (SBV) may be associated with higher overall mortality and cardiovascular events. However, few studies have examined these associations in patients with CKD, and the relation of SBV with CKD progression and ESRD has not been shown. This study analyzed the association of SBV with overall mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular events, and renal events among individuals enrolled in the African American Study of Kidney Disease (AASK) trial. Design, setting, participants, & measurements This was a prospective observational study of 908 participants during the trial phase of the AASK study, with at least 1 year of BP measurements available and followed for 3–6.4 years. SBV was calculated as the SD of the systolic pressure from five visits occurring 3–12 months after randomization. The association of SBV with risk of overall mortality, cardiovascular mortality, a composite of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, and a composite of renal events was assessed using proportional hazards regression and adjusting for multiple potential confounders. Results Greater SBV was associated with higher overall mortality. The adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) was 2.82 (1.14–6.95) comparing the highest with lowest tertile of SBV. A similar comparison revealed that greater SBV was also associated with cardiovascular mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.91; 1.12–21.50). SBV was associated with both the cardiovascular renal composite endpoints in unadjusted but not adjusted analyses. Conclusions In African Americans with CKD, SBV is strongly and independently associated with overall and cardiovascular mortality.
Season-specific directional movement in migratory Australian butterflies

Large numbers of adults of certain species of butterfly flying in an apparently 'purposeful' manner are often noted by entomologists and the general public. Occasionally, these are recorded in the literature. Using these records we summarise information regarding the direction of movement in Australian butterflies and test whether there are consistent patterns that could account for known seasonal shifts in geographical range. The data were analysed using contingency tables and directionality statistics. Vanessa itea, Vanessa kershawi, Danaus plexippus, Danaus chrysippus and Badamia exclamationis flew predominately south in the spring-summer and north in the autumn-winter. Tirumala hamata has a strong southern component to its flight in spring but, as in Euploea core, appears non-directional in the autumn. For many supposedly known migratory species, the number of literature records are few, particularly in one season (mainly autumn). Thus, for Appias paulina, four of seven records were south in the spring-summer, as were six of nine records for Catopsilia pomona, and three of five for Zizina labradus. For Belenois java, flight records were only available for the spring and these showed geographical differences; predominantly north-west in northern Australia (Queensland) and south-west in southern Australia (Victoria, New South Wales). There were too few records for Papilio demoleus in the literature (four only) to draw any conclusions. Major exceptions to the seasonal trend of south in the spring and north in the autumn were Junonia villida, which showed a predominant north-westward direction in both seasons, and Eurema smilax, with a predominant southern or western flight in both seasons. We discuss these species specific trends in migration direction in relation to seasonal shifts in suitable habitat conditions, possible cues used in orientation and in timing changes in direction.
Regulation of microRNA-mediated gene silencing by microRNA precursors

Processing of microRNAs (miRNAs) from their precursors to their biologically active mature forms is regulated during development and cancer. We show that mouse pri- or pre-miR-151 can bind to and compete with mature miR-151-5p and miR-151-3p for binding sites contained within the complementary regions of the E2f6 mRNA 3' untranslated region (UTR). E2f6 mRNA levels were directly regulated by pri- or pre-miR-151. Conversely, miR-151-mediated repression of ARHGDIA mRNA was dependent on the level of mature miR-151 because only the mature miRNA binds the 3' UTR. Thus, processing of miR-151 can have different effects on separate mRNA targets within a cell. A bioinformatics pipeline revealed additional candidate regions where precursor miRNAs can compete with their mature miRNA counterparts. We validated this experimentally for miR-124 and the SNAI2 3' UTR. Hence, miRNA precursors can serve as post-transcriptional regulators of miRNA activity and are not mere biogenesis intermediates.
A sublinear algorithm for sparse reconstruction with ℓ 2 /ℓ 2 recovery guarantees

Compressed Sensing aims to capture attributes of a sparse signal using very few measurements. Candes and Tao showed that sparse reconstruction is possible if the sensing matrix acts as a near isometry on all k-sparse signals. This property holds with overwhelming probability if the entries of the matrix are generated by an iid Gaussian or Bernoulli process. There has been significant recent interest in an alternative signal processing framework; exploiting deterministic sensing matrices that with overwhelming probability act as a near isometry on k-sparse vectors with uniformly random support, a geometric condition that is called the Statistical Restricted Isometry Property or StRIP. This paper considers a family of deterministic sensing matrices satisfying the StRIP that are based on Delsarte-Goethals Codes codes (binary chirps) and a k-sparse reconstruction algorithm with sublinear complexity. In the presence of stochastic noise in the data domain, this paper derives bounds on the l 2 accuracy of approximation in terms of the l 2 norm of the measurement noise and the accuracy of the best k-sparse approximation, also measured in the l 2 norm. This type of l 2 /l 2 bound is tighter than the standard l 2 /l 1 or l 1 /l 1 bounds.
A First Look at the Role of Domain-General Cognitive and Creative Abilities in Jazz Improvisation

The present study explored the associations among several cognitive and creative abilities and expert ratings of jazz improvisational quality. Ten male undergraduate jazz students (8 performance majors, 2 education majors; 5 winds, 3 strings, 1 piano, and 1 drum) performed a video-recorded improvisation with a trio and completed measures of divergent thinking, working memory, and fluid intelligence. Performances were rated for creative quality by 3 expert raters. Students also answered questions regarding their musical background and subjective experience of improvisation. As expected, cumulative practice hours substantially predicted improvisational creativity. Results for the cognitive variables showed mostly negative correlations with improvisation; however, divergent thinking strongly predicted performance quality. We consider these results in the context of the literature on expertise and creativity.
Choosing and Reading Online News: How Available Choice Affects Cognitive Processing

A within-subjects experiment explored how the number of online, hyperlinked stories available for individuals to choose from affects cognitive processing of a selected story. Participants chose and read unpleasant online news stories from a Web page containing either 5 or 15 headline/photo hyperlinks. Heart rate data indicated more cognitive resources were allocated to reading stories selected from the larger array of hyperlinks. This increased allocation of cognitive resources also led to more accurate story recognition. Results of this study provide insight into information processing of interactive, online news as well as limited suggestions for the design of news Web sites.
Robust channel assignment for link-level resource provision in multi-radio multi-channel wireless networks

In this paper, we investigate the problem of link-level resource provision in multi-radio multi-channel (MR-MC) wireless networks. To quantify robustness of resource provision schemes, we propose the novel concept of interference margin. Using the notion of interference margin, a robust radio and channel assignment problem is formulated that explicitly takes into consideration link-level traffic demands. The key advantage of the proposed formulation is its robustness to channel variability and co-existence of external interference sources. We utilize the generalized Benders decomposition techniques to decouple the radio and channel assignment (combinatorial constraints) and network resource allocation (continuous constraints) so that the problem can be solved efficiently. The proposed algorithm is guaranteed to converge to the optimal solution within a finite number of iterations. We have evaluated our scheme using traces collected from a wireless mesh testbed and simulation studies in Qualnet. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm is superior to existing schemes in providing larger interference margin, and reducing outage and packet loss probabilities.
Predictors of tracheostomy in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

Abstract Background One third of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) require mechanical ventilation; in most, tracheostomy may be necessary. Limited data exist about predictors of tracheostomy in ICH. The aim of our study is to identify predictors of tracheostomy in ICH. Methods We reviewed medical records of patients seen in our institution between 2005 and 2009, using ICD-9 codes for ICH, for admission clinical and radiological parameters. A stepwise logistic regression model was used to identify tracheostomy predictors. Results Ninety patients with ICH were included in the analysis, eleven of which required tracheostomy. Patients requiring a tracheostomy were more likely to have a large hematoma volume (≥30mL) (63.4% vs. 29.1%, p =0.037), intraventricular hemorrhage (81.8% vs. 27.8%, p p p p p =0.003). Stepwise logistic regression yielded admission GCS (OR=80.55, p =0.0003) and intubation days (OR=87.49, p Conclusion We could potentially predict the need for tracheostomy early in the course of ICH based on the admission GCS score; duration of intubation is another predictor for tracheostomy. Early tracheostomy could decrease the time, and therefore risks of prolonged endotracheal intubation and length of hospital stay.
VjControl: an advanced configuration management tool for VR Juggler applications

Virtual reality (VR) installations are often unique; every one is a complex blend of hardware devices, displays and computing resources. The configuration of VR software is therefore a difficult and time-consuming process. VR Juggler, our toolkit for VR application development, addresses these problems with a number of innovations. VR Juggler provides a unique system for organizing the configuration information for a system and minimizing the proliferation of configuration files that many systems suffer. It provides a graphical tool, called VjControl, for editing configurations, which can protect users from many common mistakes. VR Juggler also has advanced capabilities for monitoring and altering the configuration of a running immersive application.
Steady-State Biodiesel Blend Estimation via a Wideband Oxygen Sensor

A substantial opportunity exists to reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, as well as dependence on foreign oil, by developing strategies to cleanly and efficiently use biodiesel, a renewable domestically available alternative diesel fuel. However, biodiesel utilization presents several challenges, including decreased fuel energy density and increased emissions of smog-generating nitrogen oxides (NO x ). These negative aspects can likely be mitigated via closed-loop combustion control provided the properties of the fuel blend can be estimated accurately on-vehicle, in real-time. To this end, this paper presents a method to practically estimate the biodiesel content offuel being used in a diesel engine during steady-state operation. The simple generalizable physically motivated estimation strategy presented utilizes information from a wideband oxygen sensor in the engine's exhaust stream, coupled with knowledge of the air-fuel ratio, to estimate the biodiesel content of the fuel. Experimental validation was performed on a 2007 Cummins 6.7 l ISB series engine. Four fuel blends (0%, 20%, 50%, and 100% biodiesel) were tested at a wide variety of torque-speed conditions. The estimation strategy correctly estimated the biodiesel content of the four fuel blends to within 4.2% of the true biodiesel content. Blends of 0%, 20%, 50%, and 100% were estimated to be 2.5%, 17.1%, 54.2%, and 96.8%, respectively. The results indicate that the estimation strategy presented is capable of accurately estimating the biodiesel content in a diesel engine during steady-state engine operation. This method offers a practical alternative to in-the-fuel type sensors because wideband oxygen sensors are already in widespread production and are in place on some modern diesel vehicles today.
Laser Joining of Continuous Glass Fiber Composite Preforms

A laser fusion joining method is investigated for the purpose of through thickness strengthening of fiber pre-forms used in the vacuum infusion fabrication of thick composite structures. Laser joining is achieved without filler materials to replace adhesives, pins or stitches used in conventional composite fabrication. A two step joining process is developed to fuse fibers within a single bundle and between multiple fiber bundles. Finite element analysis is used to investigate the joint strength with respect to joint morphology. Joint strength is found to be a function of the fiber contact angle and packing density at the joint interface. Tensile tests show that laser joined fiber bundles exhibit higher strength than comparable fastening methods. Lessons learned from the axial joining of fiber bundles are applied to joining in the radial and thickness directions of 3d pre-form architectures. Flow induced joint morphology and densification effects observed in the axial direction indicate the need for a two step joining process in the thickness direction. Fiber compaction effects on joint strength in the axial direction motivate the need for high fiber packing fraction at joint interfaces in the thickness direction.
Familial and temperamental risk factors for social anxiety disorder

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common disorder that can lead to significant impairment. In this chapter, the author provides background on the disorder and reviews hypothesized familial and temperamental risk factors. In particular, it highlights the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Longitudinal Study of Children at Risk for Anxiety, now in its fifteenth year, and describes how this study has identified some factors that contribute to risk for SAD. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Successful Treatment of Primary Cutaneous Mucormycosis Complicating Anti-TNF Therapy with a Combination of Surgical Debridement and Oral Posaconazole

Lipid formulations of amphotericin B remain the first-line antifungal therapy for invasive mucormycosis. Posaconazole is an alternative for salvage therapy, but its use as primary therapy is not recommended due to the paucity of clinical data. Here we describe the case of a 57-year-old diabetic woman receiving etanercept and prednisone for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis who developed primary cutaneous mucormycosis after a minor gardening injury. Infection was successfully treated with aggressive surgical debridement followed by a 6-week course of the new delayed-release tablet formulation of posaconazole and temporary withholding of anti-TNF treatment. Primary antifungal therapy with posaconazole can be considered in selected cases of cutaneous mucormycosis.
Effects of 3 He impurities on the 4 He solid-liquid interface

Using crystallization waves we have measured the interfacial stiffness, $$\bar \alpha$$ , and the temperature dependence of the growth resistance, (Km)−1, of the4He solid-liquid interface in the presence of3He impurities. For the purest4He sample, (Km)−1 is consistent at the lowest temperatures with the assumption that the growth velocity is limited by the scattering of ballistic phonons from the moving interface. At higher concentrations of3He, we observe that (Km)−1 increases exponentially with temperature below 0.25 K. We observe that $$\bar \alpha$$ decreases with increasing3He concentration.
The Puzzling Unidimensionality of the DSM Substance Use Diagnoses

There is a perennial expert debate about the criteria to be included or excluded for the DSM diagnoses of substance use dependence. Yet analysts routinely report evidence for the unidimensionality of the resulting checklist. If in fact the checklist is unidimensional, the experts are wrong that the criteria are distinct, so either the experts are mistaken or the reported unidimensionality is spurious. I argue for the latter position, and suggest that the traditional reflexive measurement model is inappropriate for the DSM; a formative measurement model would be a more accurate characterization of the bureaucratic way the checklist is created, and a network or causal model would be a more appropriate foundation for a scientifically grounded diagnostic system.
Effects of uterine fluids, and immunoglobulins from semen-immunized rabbits on rabbit embryos cultured in vitro.

SummaryRabbit embryos in the morula stage were cultured in vitro in Ham's F-10 medium containing different serum samples and uterine fluid samples from control and semen-immunized rabbits. The percentage of embryos that blastulated and developed and the average blastocyst size did not differ between control and immune serum samples, whereas immune uterine fluid significantly depressed these parameters in comparison to control uterine fluid. Control and immune uterine fluids were fractionated by gel filtration and ion exchange column chromatography and the two predominant immunoglobulin classes, SIgA and IgG, separated. Of the two classes of immunoglobulins and two other fractions obtained from the gel filtration column, only immune SIgA proved to be embryotoxic. This anti-embryo effect of the immune SIgA was removed by absorption with spermatozoa and goat anti SIgA serum. Use of immunofluorescence also indicated that immune SIgA, but neither uterine nor serum IgG, cross-reacted with embryonic tissue. Thus...
Sunflower Development and Achene Damage Caused by Seed Weevil, Smicronyx fulvus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., was planted on 4 and 28 May and 11 and 25 June 1984 to evaluate sunflower development on achene damage caused by seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte. Weevil populations were highest on sunflower at anthesis substages R5.5 through R5.9 for all planting dates. Sunflower planted on 25 June sustained a higher percentage of damaged achenes than sunflower planted on the other dates. Sunflower planted on 4 May showed the lowest percentage of achene damage. Mean weevil populations were highest on sunflower planted 11 June when averaged over all plant stages.
Applications des concepts biomécaniques à la clinique orthodontique

La comprehension des bases biomecaniques du deplacement dentaire orthodontique permet au clinicien d'adapter le traitement aux besoins individuels du patient. Trois concepts : centre de resistance, centre de rotation, rapport moment/force, sont applicables a toutes les decisions de traitement d'orthodontie. L'application de ces concepts peut aboutir a un traitement plus precis, adapte a des buts specifiques.
The effects of prostaglandin E on fetal pulmonary vascular resistance (38588).

SummaryThe effects of PGE1 on pulmonary vascular resistance were investigated in fetal goats using an isolated perfusion technique on otherwise intact unventilated lobes. PGE1 decreased perfusion pressure in the left pulmonary artery under conditions of controlled flow reflecting a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance by vasodilatation of tonically contracted vascular smooth muscle. In our preparation, intrapulmonary PGE1 infusion did not alter femoral arterial pressure which suggests that PGE1 is inactivated in the fetal lung. Implications for PGE1 in the newborn with respiratory distress and increased pulmonary vascular resistance are discussed.The authors wish to thank J. E. Pike, Upjohn Co., for the kind gift of PGE1; and W. G. Bunnell III and N. L. Murtha for their excellent technical assistance. This research was conducted under the guiding principles in the care and use of animals approved by the Council of the American Physiological Society and the National Institute of Health.
A Kinetic Model for Low-Pressure RF Discharge Etching of Silicon Using SF6

The variation of etch rate with power, pressure and flow is studied using a coupled electron and chemical kinetics model. The electron kinetics model involves a solution of the electron continuity and current continuity equations in conjunction with the Boltzmann equation. The temporal variation of the electric field, electron energy distribution function (EEDF) and electron number density in the bulk of an RF discharge, is calculated using measured current waveforms, and calculated species concentrations. Electron generation through electron-impact ionization, is balanced by attachment and diffusion losses. A time-dependent solution of the Boltzmann equation is employed to investigate the problem of non-equilibrium, between the EEDF and the instantaneous field. Rates for electron impact processes are calculated using the EEDF. Rate equations for the different species are solved to obtain steady state species concentrations. Radicals and ions produced by electron-impact processes are lost through neutral recombination, ion-ion neutralization, diffusion to reactor surfaces and flow losses. The calculated ion number densities far exceed the electron number density. A transport model that considers the diffusion of etchant species to the wafer and subsequent reaction, is used to compute the etch rate.
Engineering Morphology of Surfaces by Oblique Angle Etching

During a typical chemical etching process growth front morphology generally generates an isotropic rough surface. In this work, we show that it is possible to form a rippled surface morphology through a geometrical self-assembly process using a chemical oblique angle etching technique. We observe in our Monte Carlo simulations that obliquely incident reactive species preferentially etch the hills that are exposed to the beam direction due to the shadowing effect. In addition, species with non-unity sticking (etching) coefficients can be re-emitted from the side walls of the hills and etch the valleys, which at the end can lead to the formation of ripples along the direction of the beam. This mechanism is quite different than the previously reported ripple formation during ion-beam bombarded surfaces where the particles have much higher energies, lower incidence angle and ripple formation is mainly due to physical deformation of the surface. We investigate the ripple formation process in our simulated surfaces for a wide range of etching angle and sticking coefficient values.
Adenylate cyclase assembled in vitro: cholera toxin substrates determine different patterns of regulation by isoproterenol and guanosine 5'-triphosphate.

Genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase consists of at least three separable components: hormone receptor (R), a catalytic unit (C) that synthesizes cAMP from ATP, and one or more regulatory factors, which we have termed N, that are required for functional coupling of R and C and also for cyclase stimulation by guanyl nucleotides, NaF, and cholera toxin. The functional absence of N in a S49 lymphoma variant clone, cyc-, allows in vitro assembly of hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase, using cyc- membranes and N components in detergent extracts from membranes of other cells (Ross, E. M. and Gilman, A. G. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 74,3715-3719, 1977). Such cyclase systems, assembled in vitro using N components from wild type S49 cells and turkey erythrocytes, are functionally distinguishable, each resembling—in responses to guanyl nucleotides and isoproterenol—the cyclase system from which the N component was derived. Thus, the N component determines certain functional characteristics of the response to guanine nucleotides and isoproterenol. Human erythrocyte membranes, which are virtually devoid of catalytic adenylate cyclase, also contain the functional N component. Donor extracts of human and turkey erythrocytes and S49 cells contain cholera toxin substrates, by two criteria: 1. The extracts transmit effects of toxin on donor membranes to adenylate cyclase assembled in vitro using cyc- membranes; 2. Incubation with toxin plus [32P]NAD+ specifically radiolabels substrates in each type of membrane, including a peptide of Mr = 42,000, common to all three. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that this peptide participates directly in multiple functions of N.
Adaptive learning for stochastic generalized Nash equilibrium problems

This work examines a stochastic formulation of the generalized Nash equilibrium problem (GNEP) where agents are subject to randomness in the environment of unknown statistical distribution. Three stochastic gradient strategies are developed by relying on a penalty-based approach where the constrained GNEP formulation is replaced by a penalized unconstrained formulation. It is shown that this penalty solution is able to approach the Nash equilibrium in a stable manner within O(p), for small step-size values p. The operation of the algorithms is illustrated by considering the Cournot competition problem.
Examining the Impact of Suicide Attempt Function and Perceived Effectiveness in Predicting Reattempt for Emergency Medicine Patients

While previous studies have examined motivational aspects of self-directed violence, few studies have included specific motivations in predictive models for future suicide attempts. The current study utilized a sample of 160 individuals treated in an acute emergency setting following a suicide attempt who completed an interview battery that included an assessment of functional aspects of the index suicide attempt. A follow-up interview was conducted at 6 months to ascertain subsequent suicide attempts. The functional domains of suicide attempts were labeled as reduction-of-distress, communication, perceived better alternative to living, and self-loathing. Above and beyond other known risk factors, including history and highest lethality of previous self-injury, suicide attempts that served a communication function (OR = 0.18, p = .02, CI = 0.04, 0.73) and higher ratings of clinical dysfunction (OR = 3.41, p = .05, CI = 1.02, 11.36) were associated with a significant reduction in likelihood to engage in a suicide attempt during the 6-month follow-up window. Including the perceived effectiveness of the index suicide attempt in getting one's needs met strengthened the overall model predicting a suicide attempt in the follow-up window and was an independent risk factor above and beyond other variables in the model OR = 1.75, p = .04, CI = 1.02, 3.01). Assessment of functional aspects of suicide attempt is feasible and may improve formulation of risk in a population where typical risk factors for suicide are ubiquitous.
Banknotes from the Underground: Counterfeiting and the International Order in Interwar Europe

In December 1925, a group of Hungarian nationalists were caught trying to put into circulation a large quantity of counterfeit francs in a bid to weaken the French economy and fund irredentist action in Central Europe. This article uses this plot and police investigations to examine the central role of counterfeiting in international crime control and policing in interwar Europe and to make broader claims about interwar internationalism. Earlier Hungarian plots targeting neighboring states’ currencies had paved the way for the founding of the International Criminal Police Commission, today known as Interpol, and prompted European jurists to develop ideas about international criminal law. France initially used its investigations in 1925 as a tool of power politics, hoping to reshape the political order in Central Europe. Once this effort failed, France sought other means to assert authority in Europe, appealing to the League of Nations to draft an international convention on counterfeiting. The resulting c...
Measuring the passage of brain time

The brain's central circadian (near-24-hour) clock exerts a very powerful influence on sleep and wakefulness ( 1 , 2 ), interacting with our increasing drive to sleep as time awake increases ( 3 , 4 ). On page 687 of this issue, Muto et al. ( 5 ) demonstrate that the interaction of the circadian clock with this so-called homeostatic sleep drive—which had been inferred from studies of human performance, sleep propensity, and risk of error or accident ( 3 , 4 , 6 )—is rooted in measurable changes in cortical and subcortical responsiveness. Moreover, the nature of the interaction varies among cortical and subcortical brain regions.
Elemental quantification through gamma-stimulated spectroscopy: An NRF simulation in GEANT4

Since 2008, we have been developing a new method for the quantification of naturally occurring elements in the human body. The technique, called gamma-stimulated spectroscopy (GSS), uses high-energy, tuned gamma-ray beams to stimulate selected energy levels in specific stable isotopes in the body through nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF). Such selective excitation can be used to detect a variety of human disorders that exhibit differences in element concentration between diseased and healthy tissue. In previous work, we have developed a prototype GSS device using the free-electron-laser (FEL) source at Duke University and demonstrated the selective excitation of iron in water. Here we describe the development of a GEANT4 simulation of the GSS system including the modeling of the NRF process. A monochromatic, collimated gamma source, virtual gamma-ray detectors, and an aqueous iron-copper phantom were simulated in GEANT4. The NRF process was modeled by creating a new NRF process class that calculated the interaction cross-section and the nuclear deexcitation data. The simulation was tested at two source energies (846.7 keV and 3448.41 keV) corresponding to excitable energy levels in natural iron. The resulting spectra showed accurate gamma energy response and emission patterns and exhibited excellent correlation between the simulated and the measured iron concentration. Following benchmarking against experimental data, the simulation will provide an accurate tool for modeling NRF processes in GEANT4 and will be used to guide the development of the clinical GSS system.
Calculations of the dominant long-range, spin-independent contributions to the interaction energy between two nonrelativistic Dirac fermions from double-boson exchange of spin-0 and spin-1 bosons with spin-dependent couplings

Various theories beyond the Standard Model predict new particles with masses in the sub-eV range with very weak couplings to ordinary matter which can possess spin-dependent couplings to electrons and nucleons. Present laboratory constraints on exotic spin-dependent interactions with pseudoscalar and axial couplings for exchange boson masses between meV and eV are very poor compared to constraints on spin-independent interactions in the same mass range arising from spin-0 and spin-1 boson exchange. It is therefore interesting to analyze in a general way how one can use the strong experimental bounds on spin-independent interactions to also constrain spin-dependent interactions by considering higher-order exchange processes. The exchange of a pair of bosons between two fermions with spin-dependent couplings will possess contributions which flip spins twice and thereby generate a polarization-independent interaction energy which can add coherently between two unpolarized objects. In this paper we derive the dominant long-range contributions to the interaction energy between two nonrelativistic spin-$1/2$ Dirac fermions from double exchange of spin-0 and spin-1 bosons proportional to couplings of the form ${g}_{P}^{4}$, ${g}_{S}^{2}{g}_{P}^{2}$, and ${g}_{V}^{2}{g}_{A}^{2}$. Our results for ${g}_{P}^{4}$ are in agreement with previous calculations that have appeared in the literature. We demonstrate the usefulness of this analysis to constrain spin-dependent couplings by presenting the results of a reanalysis of data from a short-range gravity experiment to derive an improved constraint on $({g}_{P}^{N}{)}^{2}$, the pseudoscalar coupling for nucleons, in the range between 40 and $200\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ of about a factor of 5 compared to previous limits. We hope that the expressions derived in this work will be employed by other researchers in the future to evaluate whether or not they can constrain exotic spin-dependent interactions from spin-independent measurements. The spin-independent contribution from 2-boson exchange with axial vector couplings of the form ${g}_{A}^{4}$ requires special treatment and will be explored in another paper.
Massive Pulmonary and Coronary Artery Thromboembolism in the Setting of Undetected Patent Foramen Ovale

Invasive surgery brings with it a unique set of post-surgical risks that are directly dependent on various factors including the specific surgical approach used, pre-existing comorbidities and features such as gender and age. Pulmonary thromboembolism is one of the most feared complications following surgery, and diagnosis and treatment of this entity is a challenging task for the clinician. Here we describe a case of massive pulmonary thromboembolism and associated coronary artery thromboemboli status post spinal fusion surgery in a 68 year-old man with an undetected patent foramen ovale (PFO). Although the decedent was managed clinically with proper deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis protocols and physical rehabilitation, he went into cardiorespiratory arrest after experiencing acute oxygen desaturation and newly detected right bundle branch block. PFO can be incidentally found in 25% of the adult population. Several clinical syndromes including stroke, migraine headaches and obstructive sleep apnea have been associated in patients with PFO, the last two from which the decedent suffered. The pathology of this unique case of massive pulmonary thromboembolism resulting in coronary artery thromboemboli in the setting of an undetected PFO is discussed. The discovery of PFO in patients prior to surgery, if detected early, may improve post-surgical outcomes. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Immersed Boundary Smooth Extension (IBSE): A high-order method for solving incompressible flows in arbitrary smooth domains

Abstract The Immersed Boundary method is a simple, efficient, and robust numerical scheme for solving PDE in general domains, yet for fluid problems it only achieves first-order spatial accuracy near embedded boundaries for the velocity field and fails to converge pointwise for elements of the stress tensor. In a previous work we introduced the Immersed Boundary Smooth Extension (IBSE) method, a variation of the IB method that achieves high-order accuracy for elliptic PDE by smoothly extending the unknown solution of the PDE from a given smooth domain to a larger computational domain, enabling the use of simple Cartesian-grid discretizations. In this work, we extend the IBSE method to allow for the imposition of a divergence constraint, and demonstrate high-order convergence for the Stokes and incompressible Navier–Stokes equations: up to third-order pointwise convergence for the velocity field, and second-order pointwise convergence for all elements of the stress tensor. The method is flexible to the underlying discretization: we demonstrate solutions produced using both a Fourier spectral discretization and a standard second-order finite-difference discretization.
Serum vitamin D and sex hormones levels in men and women: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Introduction 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] deficiency has been associated with low testosterone levels in men, but there are conflicting reports of its associations with sex hormones in women. Less is known about whether these associations are independent of adiposity and lifestyle factors, and whether they differ by race/ethnicity.
Survival, Healthcare Utilization, and End-of-life Care Among Older Adults With Malignancy-associated Bowel Obstruction: Comparative Study of Surgery, Venting Gastrostomy, or Medical Management

Objective:To compare survival, readmissions, and end-of-life care after palliative procedures compared with medical management for malignancy-associated bowel obstruction (MBO).Background:MBO is a late complication of intra-abdominal malignancy for which surgeons are frequently consulted. Decisions
Molecular MR Imaging of Myeloperoxidase Distinguishes Steatosis from Steatohepatitis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Purpose To test whether MPO-Gd, an activatable molecular magnetic resonance (MR) imaging agent specific for myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, could detect MPO activity in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse models and human liver biopsy samples. Materials and Methods In this study, 20 leptin receptor-deficient and three MPO knockout mice were injected with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) or fed a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet to induce experimental NASH and underwent MR imaging with MPO-Gd. Saline-injected and control diet-fed leptin receptor-deficient mice were used as respective controls. MPO protein and activity measurements and histologic analyses were performed. Eleven human liver biopsy samples underwent MPO-Gd-enhanced MR imaging ex vivo and subsequent histologic evaluation. Results were compared with Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test. Results With endotoxin, a significantly increased contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was found compared with sham (mean CNR, 1.81 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.53, 2.10] vs 1.02 [95% CI: 0.89, 1.14]; P = .03) at MPO-Gd MR imaging. In the diet-induced NASH model, an increased CNR was also found compared with sham mice (mean CNR, 1.33 [95% CI: 1.27, 1.40] vs 0.98 [95% CI: 0.83, 1.12]; P = .008). Conversely, CNR remained at baseline in NASH mice imaged with gadopentetate dimeglumine and in MPO knockout NASH mice with MPO-Gd, which proves specificity of MPO-Gd. Ex vivo molecular MR imaging of liver biopsy samples from NASH and control patients confirmed results from animal studies (mean CNR for NASH vs control patients, 2.61 [95% CI: 1.48, 3.74] vs 1.29 [95% CI: 1.06, 1.52]; P = .004). Conclusion MPO-Gd showed elevated MPO activity in NAFLD mouse models and human liver biopsy samples. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article. An earlier incorrect version of this article appeared online. This article was corrected on April 6, 2017.
Initial Development of the Teen Screen for Dating Violence: Exploratory Factor Analysis, Rasch Model, and Psychometric Data

ABSTRACTThe Teen Screen for Dating Violence (TSDV) is an assessment that examines adolescent dating violence perpetration and victimization, perception and exposure to violence, and support systems. Through assessment, adolescents who are at high risk could be identified for prevention and early intervention. This article presents the development, exploratory factor analysis, and Rasch analysis of the TSDV. Findings outline the factor structure and initial reliability, and provide evidence of validity.
Dupuytren's Contracture: Current Concepts and Management

Dupuytren's contracture is a benign fibroproliferative disorder of the palmar fascia that may result in disabling finger contractures. While a number of nonsurgical therapies hold promise for the f...
INVASIVE AND NONINVASIVE HEMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT IN ADULTS WITH FONTAN PALLIATION

Although echocardiographic-Doppler cardiac index (CI) assessment is widely used to guide heart failure management in patients with biventricular circulation, this application has not been studied in the Fontan population. The objective of this study was to: (1) determine the correlation between
Assessing uncertainty and risk in an expeditionary military logistics network

Uncertainty is rampant in military expeditionary operations spanning high-intensity combat to humanitarian operations. These missions require rapid planning and decision-support tools to address th...
Disordered eating: Influence of body image, sociocultural attitudes, appearance anxiety and depression - a focus on college males and a gender comparison

This study is the continuation of a broader eating disorder study with a focus on males, which examines the influence of body image, sociocultural attitudes, appearance anxiety, and depression on d...
Quantitative Aspects of Image Intensifier- Television-Based Digital X-Ray Imaging

The utilization of video systems in diagnostic X-ray imaging has been around for quite some time. In addition to the visual diagnostic value of images obtained by such systems, the X-ray video systems also offer the potential for extracting quantitative information from the images. In this chapter we will not deal with quantitative determinations based on distance measurements. Even though the quantitation potential has been under investigation for the past decade,(1–3) it was not until the introduction of digital subtraction angiography (DSA)(4) that it received a concentrated effort. DSA makes it possible to visualize a small amount of radiopaque contrast agent within the vessels by means of various digital image enhancement methods which are discussed elsewhere in this book (Chapters 3, 7). Image processing takes place after the digitization of the video signal. Many users may assume that since the output is digital format, it must be as accurate as the data in computed tomography (CT) systems. Unfortunately, this is not true, and the reason is the existence of some basic differences between the CT and image intensifier—television (IT—TV)-based digital X-ray imaging systems. In digital fluoroscopy (or radiography), one usually uses large-area detectors such as an X-ray II. Due to poor detection geometry, the scattered photons within the patient seriously degrade the information obtained by a digital fluoroscopic system.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with an IgG Cold agglutinin.

Abstract Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening disease eventually caused or reactivated by a viral infection, which can also lead to the production of cold agglutinins (CA). The nature of these autoantibodies is usually an IgM, less frequently an IgA or IgG, they agglutinate red blood cells at low temperatures. They can interfere with hematological parameters causing interpretation difficulties. We report a case of a 4-year-old boy who developed an IgG CA during recurrent HLH reactivated by EBV infection. The purpose of this observation is to underline HLH criteria and to analyze CA interference as well as its biological and clinical characteristics.
Robust Sensor Network Deployment with Priority Based on Failure Centrality

In a wireless sensor network, low-cost sensor nodes monitor nearby physical phenomenon, process the data and communicate with each other wirelessly. This type of network is subject to failures, one of which is caused by dynamic changes in network topologies. To be more resilient to failures, network topologies should have alternative paths for routing protocols to deliver data to sinks. We use the concept of centrality to improve the robustness of sensor network deployment. We introduce failure centrality, a novel centrality index to measure the importance of a sensor node to network connectivity and packet delivery efficiency. A sensor node is important to network deployment if it has high centrality. This node, if fails, can disconnect the network or cause late delivery of packets. By using the centrality index, we can find the most critical nodes and provide backups. We can also trade off deployment cost for network robustness by providing more or less backups depending on our budget.
Aggregation of the nucleic acid-binding protein TDP-43 occurs via distinct routes that are coordinated with stress granule formation.

TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a nucleic acid–binding protein, and its aggregation represents the defining pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and related proteinopathies. Recent studies implicate cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) as hubs that may facilitate TDP-43 aggregation. Here, using cellular fractionation, biochemical analyses, and histological assays, we show that TDP-43 targeted to the cytoplasm has multiple fates. Whereas a TDP-43 subpopulation is indeed recruited to SGs, mature aggregated TDP-43, produced with aggregate-prone TDP-43 variants or exposure to oxidative stress, generates distinct TDP-43 inclusions that are surprisingly devoid of SGs. Consistent with this observation, we found that SG components are predominantly excluded from TDP-43 pathology in motor neurons from individuals with ALS. We generated de novo SGs by expressing the fragile X protein (FMRP) and found that rather than directly engaging TDP-43 aggregates, SGs can sequester the proteostasis factor histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and thereby impede TDP-43 clearance from cells. These findings indicate that SGs form distinct cytoplasmic structures that can indirectly enhance TDP-43 aggregation. Therapeutic approaches that inhibit SG formation may therefore be effective at suppressing TDP-43–mediated toxicity in patients with ALS and related TDP-43 proteinopathies.