cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple sphingolipid abnormalities following cerebral microendothelial hypoxia

Hypoxia has been previously shown to inhibit the dihydroceramide (DHC) desaturase, leading to the accumulation of DHC. In this study, we used metabolic labeling with [3H]-palmitate, HPLC/MS/MS analysis, and specific inhibitors to show numerous sphingolipid changes after oxygen deprivation in cerebral microendothelial cells. The increased DHC, particularly long-chain forms, was observed in both whole cells and detergent-resistant membranes. This was reversed by reoxygenation and blocked by the de novo sphingolipid synthesis inhibitor myriocin, but not by the neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor GW-4869. Furthermore, oxygen deprivation of microendothelial cells increased levels of dihydro-sphingosine (DH-Sph), DH-sphingosine1-phosphate (DH-S1P), DH-sphingomyelin (DH-SM), DH-glucosylceramide (DH-GlcCer), and S1P levels. In vitro assays revealed no changes in the activity of sphingomyelinases or sphingomyelin synthase, but resulted in reduced S1P lyase activity and 40% increase in glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) activity, which was reversed by reoxygenation. Inhibition of the de novo sphingolipid pathway (myriocin) or GCS (EtPoD4) induced endothelial barrier dysfunction and increased caspase 3-mediated cell death in response to hypoxia. Our findings suggest that hypoxia induces synthesis of S1P and multiple dihydro-sphingolipids, including DHC, DH-SM, DH-GlcCer, DH-Sph and DH-S1P, which may be involved in ameliorating the effects of stroke . Progressive hypoxia leads to the accumulation of several dihydrosphingolipids in cerebral microendothelial cells. Hypoxia also increases sphingosine-1-phosphate and the activity of glucosylceramide (Glc-Cer) synthase. These changes reverse by inhibiting the de novo sphingolipid synthesis, which worsens hypoxia-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction and apoptosis, suggesting that the identified sphingolipids may be vasculoprotective.
The L3 BGO electromagnetic calorimeter

Abstract The L3 detector at LEP will contain a unique electromagnetic calorimeter, consisting of 11488 scintillating bismuth germanate crystals, with silicon photodiode readout. The expected resolution is less than 1% for energies from 5 GeV to 50 GeV, rising to 5% at 100 MeV. The first part of the final detector (3840 crystals) is being assembled at CERN, and is to be calibrated in a test beam in the summer of 1987. The design of the calorimeter and its large dynamic range electronics are discussed.
The Feasibility of Single-Item Measures in Sport Loyalty Research

Researchers in disciplines other than sport have attempted to make a case for single-item measures of cognitive and affective dimensions in instances when simplicity, brevity, or global measurement is of paramount importance. This study compared and contrasted two separate multiple-item measures to two single-item measures referent to two specified constructs: (1) affective commitment to a team, represented by the Psychological Commitment to Team scale, and (2) team identification represented by the Team Identification Index. Data were collected from 146 college students (72 men and 74 women) at a large American university. It was determined that multiple-item scales had the advantage of breadth of measurement and scale, and that single-item scales had the advantage of simplicity and brevity or ease of use. The study also examined one of the greatest criticisms of single-item measures and one of the greatest advantages of the multiple-item scales: reliability and concurrent validity. The Team Identification Index had better reliability (0.92 vs. 0.83) but explained less variance in behavioural items than its referent single-item measure. The Psychological Commitment to Team had better reliability (0.96 vs. 0.90) and explained more variance than its referent single-item measure. In general, all single-item measures should be tested before use and only used in certain circumstances. Specifically for the Team Identification Index and the Psychological Commitment to Team scale, sport marketers may be able to use the referent single-item measures in certain situations.
This is Your Father’s Paradigm: Government Intrusion and the Case of Qualitative Research in Education

This talk was the Egon Guba Invited Lecture at the American Educational Research Association annual conference, April, 2003, Chicago. This article mobilizes three counterdiscourses to critique the federal government’s incursion into legislating scientific method in the realm of educational research via the “evidence-based” movement of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Foucauldian policy analysis, feminism via Luce Irigaray, and postcolonialism via Stuart Hall are used to situate such scientism as a racialized masculinist backlash against the proliferation of research approaches that characterize the past 20 years of social inquiry. Congressional disdain for educational research is addressed within a context of the Science Wars and the needs of neoliberal states, including conservative restoration.
Transpiration cooling in a laminar boundary layer with solid wall upstream effects.

An analytical model is developed that considers the effect of a run of boundary-layer growth preceding a transpiration surface. The model consists of a laminar, incompressible boundary layer on a flat plate. The solution considers the classical Blasius solution to generate the initial conditions over the solid portion of the boundary layer and is extended into the transpiration region by applying a finite difference technique. It was found that the solid leading edge had a significant effect on the magnitude of the skin-friction coefficient over the transpiration surface. It is clear that further investigations are required for transpiration systems preceded by a run of boundary-layer growth over a solid leading edge.
The effect of stimulus significance on skin conductance recovery

The relationship between skin conductance (SC) recovery time and stimulus meaning was investigated. Previous research has shown that a strong relationship between prestimulus electrodermal activity (prior activity) and recovery time makes it necessary to control prior activity before the relationship of recovery time and stimulus meaning can be evaluated properly. In this study prior activity was controlled by experimental design. We examined the effects of stimulus meaning on skin conductance recovery time and amplitude in 55 teenage and young adult subjects in a continuous performance paradigm. Tones were presented monaurally to left and right ears. Subjects were required to make a pedal press after any tone in the left or right ear that followed a right-ear tone. Recovery time was computed for left-ear and right-ear tones not requiring a press because they had been preceded by a left-ear tone. SC recovery was longer for signal (right-ear) than for nonsignal (left-ear) tones with the effects of prior SC activity and amplitude removed. These findings replicate those of a pilot study (Janes, 1982). We conclude that stimulus significance can affect SC recovery time and that in this paradigm differences in prior SC activity cannot account for the recovery time differences observed.
Enumerative source encoding

Let S be a given subset of binary n-sequences. We provide an explicit scheme for calculating the index of any sequence in S according to its position in the lexicographic ordering of S . A simple inverse algorithm is also given. Particularly nice formulas arise when S is the set of all n -sequences of weight k and also when S is the set of all sequences having a given empirical Markov property. Schalkwijk and Lynch have investigated the former case. The envisioned use of this indexing scheme is to transmit or store the index rather than the sequence, thus resulting in a data compression of (\log\midS\mid)/n .
EFFECT OF METOCLOPRAMIDE ON GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX (GER) IN INFANTS

In adults metoclopramide increases lower esophageal sphincter pressure, shortens gastric emptying time, and is effective in the treatment of reflux esophagitis. To evaluate the efficacy of metoclopramide in infants we recorded esophageal pH continuously in 5 infants, ages 5-8 months, with GER. For each infant data were collected for 120 minutes after each of three sequential apple juice feedings. The first two feedings provided baseline control data. Immediately prior to the third feeding each infant received metoclopramide 0.2 mg/kg IM. After metoclopramide, the frequency of reflux episodes decreased from 10.2 to 9.8 (Not Significant, NS); the mean duration of reflux episodes increased from 4.5 to 6.9 minutes (NS); and the per cent of time pH was <4 increased from 33% to 42% (NS). None of the 5 infants had a 25% or greater reduction in any of the 3 measures. The radionuclide gastric emptying time was prolonged in 2 and normal in 1 of the 3 infants tested. Failure to demonstrate the effectiveness of metoclopramide may be due to a lack of efficacy of metoclopramide in infants, or to small sample size, insensitivity of the test method, inadequate dosage or route of drug administration.
Modeling of External Networks for On-Line Security Analysis

The larger power system control centers of today routinely incorporate functions for on-line security analysis. In the last decade, advancement in the techniques for state estimation and static contingency analysis has made this feasible. However, the modeling of those portions of the network that are unobservable to the state estimator, but affect the contingency analysis results, remains a problem that hinders the usefulness of these functions. In this paper the state of the art for on-line external network modeling is examined. The problems with the existing methods from the point of view of practical implementation are identified. Some short term research directions are suggested to alleviate these modeling problems that introduce errors in the security analysis results.
An evaluation of the relationship between mood and binge eating in the natural environment using ecological momentary assessment

Objective Although many current theories of disordered eating focus on affective mechanisms, relatively little is known about the covariation of mood and eating in peoples' natural environments. This study examined the relationship between mood and binge eating behavior in the natural environment. Method Twenty-seven college students with subclinical binge eating behavior self-monitored their mood on a handheld computer seven times daily for 2 weeks. Results On binge days, participants reported having significantly worse mood than on nonbinge days. When the trajectory of mood around the time of a binge was examined, no significant differences between prebinge and postbinge time were found when the entire binge day was examined. No mood differences were found between just prior to the binge (30–60 min prior to binge) compared with just after the binge (also within 30–60 min). A postbinge report indicated that reported mood immediately after a binge was worse than mood just prior to the binge. Discussion This study provides evidence that the affective experience of binge eating, when assessed in the natural environment, is negative. Furthermore, there was no evidence that binge eating was a response to an immediate or transient negative mood state or that binge eating provided relief from negative mood. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 352–361, 2002.
The value of case reports in human teratology.

Abstract Birth defects caused by human teratogens are an important and potentially preventable cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Case reports provide an initial suggestion that a specific agent may be a human teratogen and provide the basis further study. This review discusses the importance of case reports in human teratology and provides guidance in evaluating new case reports.
Mapping complex fracture systems as termite mounds—a fast-marching approach

Mapping complex fracture systems can be as difficult as mapping termite mounds. An entomologist casts a real 3D model of a termite mound by pumping 600°C aluminum melt into the tunnel system. We use a fast-marching algorithm to simulate the casting process to help the interpretation of the complex geologic features such as fractures and collapse features. In our example, we find that the algorithm is fast, amenable to user interaction, can handle complex geometry, and can implicitly handle bad picks. Our current research suggests good potential to build an interactive tool to map complex 3D surfaces by utilizing volumetric seismic attributes and adapting traditional algorithms of traveltime modeling using the fast-marching method.
Explanation, prediction, description, and information theory

The distinction between explanation and prediction has received much attention in recent literature, but the equally important distinction between explanation and description (or between prediction and description) remains blurred. This latter distinction is particularly important in the social sciences, where probabilistic models (or theories) often play dual roles as explanatory and descriptive devices. The distinction between explanation (or prediction) and description is explicated in the present paper in terms of information theory. The explanatory (or predictive) power of a probabilistic model is identified with information taken from (or transmitted by) the environment (e.g., the independent, experimentally manipulated variables), while the descriptive power of a model reflects additional information taken from (or transmitted by) the data. Although information is usually transmitted by the data in the process of estimating parameters, it turns out that the number of free parameters is not a reliable index of transmitted information. Thus, the common practice of treating parameters as ‘degrees-of-freedom’ in testing probabilistic models is questionable. Finally, this information-theoretic analysis of explanation, prediction, and description suggests ways of resolving some recent controversies surrounding the pragmatic aspects of explanation and the so-called structural identity thesis.
Time-dependent reservoir characterization of the LF sand in the South Eugene Island 330 Field, Gulf of Mexico

One of the most important features of time‐dependent reservoir characterization is the added additional constraints that can be incorporated to update the initial reservoir model. Uncertainty of the model may be gradually reduced as the iteration of time‐dependent reservoir characterization continues.
Effects of Concave Curvature on Boundary Layer Transition Under High Free-Stream Turbulence Conditions

An experimental investigation has been carried out on a transitional boundary layer subject to high (initially 9%) free-stream turbulence, strong acceleration Display FormulaK=ν/Uw2dUw/dxas high as9×10-6, and strong concave curvature (boundary layer thickness between 2% and 5% of the wall radius of curvature). Mean and fluctuating velocity as well as turbulent shear stress are documented and compared to results from equivalent cases on a flat wall and a wall with milder concave curvature. The data show that curvature does have a significant effect, moving the transition location upstream, increasing turbulent transport, and causing skin friction to rise by as much as 40%. Conditional sampling results are presented which show that the curvature effect is present in both the turbulent and non-turbulent zones of the transitional flow.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Singularity in a (2+1)-dimensional AdS scalar black hole

We study the spacetime singularity in a (2+1)-dimensional AdS scalar black hole with circular symmetry using a quasihomogeneous model. We show that this is a spacelike, scalar curvature, deformationally strong singularity.
Behaviour of plate elements based on the first‐order shear deformation theory

A study of the behaviour of shear deformable plate finite elements is carried out to determine why and under what conditions these elements lock, or become overly stiff. A new analytical technique is developed to derive the exact form of the shear constraints which are imposed on an element when its side‐to‐thickness ratio is large. The constraints are expressed in terms of the nodal degrees of freedom, and are interpreted as being either the proper Kirchhoff constraints or spurious locking constraints. To gain a better understanding of locking phenomena, the constraints which arise under full and reduced integration are derived for various plate elements. These include bilinear, biquadratic, eight‐node serendipity and heterosis elements. These analytical findings are compared with numerical results of isotropic and laminated composite plates, verifying the role that shear constraints play in determining the behaviour of thin shear deformable elements. The results of the present study lead to definitive conclusions regarding the origin of locking phenomena and the effect of reduced integration.
Total arch replacement through a midsternotomy for a right-sided aortic arch aneurysm with an aberrant left subclavian artery

this area. In our case the rough zone was totally covered by the lesions. Operatively, the biggest part of the mass looked like an “active volcano,” and the small lesions had a “lava flow” shape (Figure 2). Given this unusual and unexpected diagnosis and the young age of the patient, we opted for exclusive tumor ablation without mitral valve replacement. Although the infiltration of valvular tissue by the PFE is impossible to prove inasmuch as the mitral valve was not extracted, the natural history of this tumor is unknown and preserving the native mitral valve could have been the optimal option. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of invading PFE on the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve reported in the literature. Clinicians should be aware of this PFE presentation to decide how to manage such patients surgically.
Preshock region acceleration of implanted cometary H+ and O+

A self-consistent, three-fluid model of plasma transport and implanted ion acceleration in the unshocked solar wind is presented. The solar wind plasma is depleted by charge exchange with the expanding cometary exosphere, while implanted protons and heavy ions are produced by photoionization and charge transfer and lost by charge exchange. A generalized transport equation describing convection, adiabatic and diffusive velocity change, and the appropriate production terms is used to describe the evolution of the two cometary ion components, while the moments of the Boltzmann equation are used to calculate the solar wind density and pressure. The flow velocity is obtained self-consistently by combining the conservation equations of the three ion species. The results imply that second-order Fermi acceleration can explain the implanted spectra observed in the unshocked solar wind. Comparison of measured and calculated distribution indicates that spatial diffusion of implanted ions probably plays an important role in forming the energetic particle environment in the shock vicinity.
Smoking, substance use, and mental health correlates in urban adolescent girls.

This study examined the associations among smoking tobacco and/or cannabis with alcohol use, depression, disordered eating and healthy behaviors among adolescent girls enrolled in an HIV prevention intervention randomized trial. Baseline self-reported behaviors from 744 sexually active, low-income, urban participants were collected using an audio computer assisted self interview. Girls ranged in age from 15 to 19 years old with a mean age of 16.5. Over 16% of girls reported smoking cigarettes, 41% smoked cannabis and 12% used both substances. Girls who smoked either substance had higher scores for depression symptoms, alcohol use and disordered eating when compared to nonsmokers. Girls who used both substances were at a higher risk for alcohol use, depression symptoms and disordered eating. The association of cannabis and tobacco with the other health related issues differed depending on age, indicating that assessment and targeting of health behavior interventions may differ depending on a girl’s age. Disordered eating, depressive symptoms and cannabis use were higher among these adolescent girls than previously documented in the literature, suggesting that to improve the health of this population multi-focused interventions must target girls before they have engaged in smoking.
Zonal motion and structure in Jupiter's upper troposphere from voyager infrared and imaging observations

Global digital maps of Jupiter's upper-tropospheric temperature have been generated at the 270- and 150-mb pressure levels, together with IR cloud optical depths at 5 and 45 microns and the ammonia abundance near the 680-mb pressure level, on the basis of Voyager IRIS north-south mapping sequences. Attention is given to the 270-mb and 45 micron data; global digital maps are presented for violet and orange reflectivities. The dominant upper tropospheric thermal structures move at a rate far different from that of the cloud indicators, and are noted to remain stationary relative to the planet's bulk rotation. Strong stationary features are found at a zonal wavenumber of 9 near 15 deg N latitude and of 11 near 20 deg latitude.
PALAIOS CELEBRATES ITS 25th ANNIVERSARY

This year SEPM and the sedimentary geology and paleontology community celebrate the 25th anniversary of PALAIOS ! To recognize this achievement, the electronic and paper covers of PALAIOS for 2010 bear a metallic silver band at the top of the new purple cover that proudly announces the 25th anniversary on each issue. The journal began in 1986 after an SEPM membership questionnaire indicated a strong interest in publishing a journal that dealt with topics such as paleoecology and biostratigraphy (Clifton, 2002). Leo Laporte and Esther Magathan were the founding coeditors (1986–1988), and we are indebted to them and to the other individuals who have filled this role since: Leo Laporte (1988–1989), Dave Bottjer (1989–1997), Bob Gastaldo and Chuck Savrda (1997–2002), and Chris Maples (2002–2006). We thank all our predecessors for the superb jobs they did in maintaining the high standards that prevailed when PALAIOS was founded. PALAIOS has evolved during its history through the dedicated work of these editors, the many Associate Editors, reviewers, and contributing authors to become one of the foremost journals in geology and paleontology. Today, PALAIOS is the journal of choice in which to publish innovative research on all aspects of past and present life from which geological, biological, chemical, and atmospheric processes can …
An inhibitor of opiate receptor binding from human erythrocytes identified as a glutathione-copper complex☆

Abstract A “peptide-like” inhibitor of opiate receptor binding and of N-methyltransferase previously purified by us from rabbit brain was also found in human red blood cells. Boiled extracts of erythrocytes were fractionated on Sephadex followed by chromatography of the active fractions on silica gel layers. Both, a migrating ninhydrin-positive spot and a naturally blue substance which did not migrate from the origin coincided with the active fractions. The blue substance was identified as copper and the ninhydrin-positive material was identified as oxidized glutathione. While glutathione per se has no effect, copper and other transition metals are potent inhibitors of opiate receptor binding. A mixture of glutathione and copper plus serum albumin in proportions simulating erythrocyte extracts gave results identical to the latter. Several other laboratories have extracted, from various tissues and body fluids, “opiate-like peptides” which are distinct from the β-LPH derived endorphins. In view of our findings it is possible that metal bound to glutathione or to other peptide ligand may be a complicating factor in some of these studies.
Methodology for recovering and analyzing two-point pair correlation functions in polycrystalline materials

The authors introduce methods for obtaining two-point microstructure pair correlation functions and coherence length in polycrystalline material, using a set of oblique section planes around a fixed axis, and these are illustrated for a sample of alloy 304L stainless steel. A particular tessellation of the fundamental zone of Euler angle space is described; individual orientations of the data set are binned into discrete tesserae. Elementary relationships between the two-point pair correlation functions and coherence length and the grain size distribution are explored. A coherence plateau is evident in the statistical data and is shown to correlate with the magnitude of the invariant measure of the tesserae and the ratio of average grain size to scan length.
Can benign etiologies predict benign outcomes in high-risk syncope patients?

Abstract Background: We previously studied and validated risk factors for adverse outcomes or need for critical intervention in syncope. Objective: To determine whether high-risk patients, diagnosed with benign etiologies of syncope after a normal emergency department (ED) work-up, sustain favorable outcomes. Methods: Prospective, observational cohort of consecutive ED patients aged ≥ 18 years with syncope. Benign etiology was defined as vasovagal syncope or dehydration. Patients were followed up to 30 days to identify adverse outcomes including death, myocardial infarction, dysrhythmia, alterations in antidysrhythmics, percutaneous intervention, pulmonary embolus, stroke, metabolic catastrophe, or significant hemorrhage. Results: Patients presented with benign etiologies in 164/293, 56% (95% confidence interval [CI] 50–62%) of cases. Of these, pathologic conditions were identified during ED evaluation in 11/164, 7% (95% CI 3–11%) of cases. This includes ED findings/treatments of blood transfusion, severe electrolyte disturbance, incarcerated hernia, rhabdomyolysis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, bowel obstruction, dysrhythmia, and transient ischemic attack. The remaining 153 with benign presentations had no adverse outcomes at 30 days, while 57/129 (44%) patients with non-benign etiologies had adverse outcomes in the hospital or within 30 days. Previously, we demonstrated a 48% reduction in admission rate if only patients with risk factors for adverse outcome were admitted. If patients with both benign etiologies and a negative ED work-up were sent home, even if they had risk factors for an adverse outcome, an additional 19% (95% CI 14–25%) reduction in hospital admissions would have occurred. Conclusions: In patients with presentations consistent with a benign etiology of syncope (vasovagal or dehydration) where the ED work-up was normal, we found no patients who would benefit from hospitalization based on risk factors alone.
Electronic journal publishing in mathematics

This paper is part of a larger study on the market for scholarly journals in mathematics. This paper describes the current market trends for mathematics journals, the pricing of electronic journals, and examines electronic publishing alternatives for independent journal publishers in mathematics. Independent journal publishers can either produce an electronic journal in‐house or use the services of Highwire Press, Catchword, or Project MUSE. This paper examines these alternatives and their pricing models.
Response and reinforcement in operant audiometry.

Variable success in audiometric assessment of young children with operant conditioning indicates the need for systematic examination of commonly employed techniques. The current study investigated ...
A Note on the Security-Insecurity Test

(1948). A Note on the Security-Insecurity Test. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 257-261.
The synthesis of 6α- and 6β- fluoro-17β-acetoxyestr- 4-en-3-ones

Abstract The title compounds were obtained by fluorination of 3, 17β-diacetoxyestra-3, 5-diene (1) with perchloryl fluoride. In addition, 6β, 17β-dihydroxyestr-4-en-3-one 17-acetate (1V) was also formed.
Inventory management under random supply disruptions and partial backorders

We explore the management of inventory for stochastic-demand systems, where the product's supply is randomly disrupted for periods of random duration, and demands that arrive when the inventory system is temporarily out of stock become a mix of backorders and lost sales. The stock is managed according to the following modified (s, S) policy: If the inventory level is at or below s and the supply is available, place an order to bring the inventory level up to S. Our analysis yields the optimal values of the policy parameters, and provides insight into the optimal inventory strategy when there are changes in the severity of supply disruptions or in the behavior of unfilled demands. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 45: 687–703, 1998
Antimicrobial activity of dermatomucosal agents.

Dermatomucosal agents act in a local manner on the skin and mucous membranes and are, in general, not regarded as materials which alter the microbial flora of the body. The present study was undertaken to determine whether they are, in fact, microbiologically inert. Nine categories of dermatomucosal agents were established and at least six commonly available products were investigated in each category. Products were evaluated for antimicrobial activity by the “small tube method” and by filter disk zone of inhibition method utilizing 12 organisms representative of the normal aerobic skin flora as substrates. Results indicate a wide range of antimicrobial activity among dermatomucosals with the distinct possibility that such products may, in actual conditions of use, alter normal human skin flora leading either to beneficial or deleterious results.
Creative activity in the context of real life: a response to Csikszentmihalyi

Csikszentmihalyi (1988) argues convincingly that thinking in general and creativity in particular involves more than rational problem solving. He states that “A purely rational model of cognitive processes is inadequate because it does.not represent human thought as it actually occurs in real life” (p. 173). Cognition seems to occur mostly in the context of social, emotional, and personal relationships, often involving ill-formed problems that have no clear resolutions but that beg to be solved. Cognition is frequently in the service of discovering and constructing coherence in a seemingly chaotic world, a world in which knowing what is also necessitates understanding what is meant by what is. Vague problems of importance may require greater efforts after meaning than after verity, although both meaningfulness and truthfulness (in the strict sense) appear necessary for creative acts to take place. Furthermore, it is oftentimes undesirable or impossible to manipulate or correlate factors presumed to influence these fuzzy, real life problems. Unlike most structured problem-solving situations, such real life problems are invested with fundamental personal value. Decoupling cognition, emotion, and motivation by design from the contextual soup of real life is certainly one important strategy when trying to untangle the various effects of person (organic and active) and environmental (efficient and reactive) factors (Medin & Wittenmaker, 1987; Shepard, 1984). However, decoupling does not imply dissociating these genuine relationships. The worry is that efforts aimed at isolating elements of thinking from their related motives and emotions for’ instance, in the case of creativity-without regard for the interdependence of cognition and motivation-may only lead to narrow theories of epiphenomena. The apparent dilemma, and perhaps crux of Csikszentmihalyi’s perspective, is to understand the nature of creativity in terms of both meaning making-in the sense of understanding human intentions-and the discovery of truth as it exists. Creative acts and their outcomes may occur because of the tension caused by efforts to make sense from experience. The views expressed here are sympathetic to those presented by Csikszentmihalyi. This contribution is an attempt to broaden the discussion about the nature
Flow and Thrombosis at Orifices Simulating Mechanical Heart Valve Leakage Regions

BACKGROUND While it is established that mechanical heart valves (MHVs) damage blood elements during leakage and forward flow, the role in thrombus formation of platelet activation by high shear flow geometries remains unclear. In this study, continuously recalcified blood was used to measure the effects of blood flow through orifices, which model MHVs, on the generation of procoagulant thrombin and the resulting formation of thrombus. The contribution of platelets to this process was also assessed. METHOD OF APPROACH 200, 400, 800, and 1200 microm orifices simulated the hinge region of bileaflet MHVs, and 200, 400, and 800 microm wide slits modeled the centerline where the two leaflets meet when the MHV is closed. To assess activation of coagulation during blood recirculation, samples were withdrawn over 0-47 min and the plasmas assayed for thrombin-antithrombin-llI (TAT) levels. Model geometries were also inspected visually. RESULTS The 200 and 400 microm round orifices induced significant TAT generation and thrombosis over the study interval. In contrast, thrombin generation by the slit orifices, and by the 800 and 1200 microm round orifices, was negligible. In additional experiments with nonrecalcified or platelet-depleted blood, TAT levels were markedly reduced versus the studies with fully anticoagulated whole blood (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Using the present method, a significant increase in TAT concentration was found for 200 and 400 microm orifices, but not 800 and 1200 microm orifices, indicating that these flow geometries exhibit a critical threshold for activation of coagulation and resulting formation of thrombus. Markedly lower TAT levels were produced in studies with platelet-depleted blood, documenting a key role for platelets in the thrombotic process.
New 193nm top antireflective coatings for superior swing reduction

Reflectivity caused by topography on wafer stacks is very difficult to reduce with the use of thin antireflective bottom layers. A coating of top antireflective layer, with 1/4n wavelength of exposure source (193nm in this case), will create destructive interference between incident and reflected light. This destructive interference reduces the variation of energy deposited in resist of different thicknesses, which in turns, reduces the CD variation over topography. The optimum refractive index of this TARC layer, when coated over a resist with n value of 1.69, is around 1.3. Most currently available commercial TARCs, which are based on fluoropolymers, have an n value of 1.47 or higher. Even for TARCs with n value in this range, the swing amplitude is still in the >20% range. Besides the required low n value necessary for swing reduction, the TARC also should not affect resist image profiles. In this paper, we will discuss a newly developed TARC system which is different from the traditional approach in new TARC design. This new absorbing TARC system has demonstrated a superior capability of reducing CD swing, to less than 5%, without impacting resist image profile. This TARC system can provide a solution to the concern of CD variation over different topography on a wafer in device manufacturing.
Tectonics and Slumping in the Source Region of the 1998 Papua New Guinea Tsunami from Seismic Reflection Images

In September 1999, we collected seven high resolution seismic reflection profiles along the northern continental margin of Papua New Guinea, which targeted the source region of the 1998 tsunami that inundated Sissano Lagoon. We utilized swath bathymetry collected by the JAMSTEC/SOPAC groups in January 1999. The seismic profiles image several faults, bottom simulating reflectors, and a large rotational slump. The slump has a head scarp of 100 m vertical extent, coinciding with the headwall and tension cracks observed previously by submersible at the southern edge of the amphitheater. The central, back-rotated part of the slump is coherent with parallel reflections. The interpreted basal failure plane has a maximum depth of 760 m below the seafloor, and it crops out at a steep escarpment, about 100 meters high, located 4.5 km north of the head scarp. This escarpment separates the slide toe from a series of seafloor-parallel, coherent reflections that are top-lapped by basin deposits at the foot of the amphitheater to the north. The cross-sectional area of the displaced mass is 2.3 km2. From the bathymetry, the width is approximately 2.5–3 km, yielding a total volume (assuming parabolic shape) of 3.8–4.6 km3. Based on these interpretations, the slump was restored to its undeformed position. This technique yields a center of mass vertical drop of 380 m, horizontal movement of 840 m and slip of 980 m along the slide plane.
Evaluation of hoods for low volume-high velocity exhaust systems

Current practice in the design of exhaust hoods for low volume-high velocity exhaust systems is empirical and evaluation of performance is conducted at the completed installation. A procedure is described for laboratory evaluation of prototype hoods using a simulator in conjunction with a tracer aerosol.
Determination of partition coefficients by headspace gas chromatography

Abstract Air-water partition coefficients of ethylacetate are determined by analysis of the headspace vapor from a closed system containing ethyl acetate and sodium chloride solutions of various concentrations. Knowing the amount of ethyl acetate in the headspace, it is possible to calculate the partition coefficient. This paper describes a simple method of determining these values without gas injection valves or other specialized equipment. The values obtained are within 7% of previously published values.
In vitro response of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) dermal melanophores to cyclic 3, 5′-nucleotides, nucleoside 5′-phosphates and methylxanthines

cAMP, dbcAMP, cCMP, cGMP, theophylline and caffeine caused reversible melanosome dispersion within 5 minutes at 10 mM in the dermal melanophores of the black goldfish, Carassius auratus L. cTMP, cUMP, 5′-AMP, 5′-CMP, 5′-GMP, 5′-TMP, and 5′-UMP did not produce melanosome dispersion or aggregation in this melanophore system. cAMP was the most effective nucleotide in the induction of melanosome dispersion; at 10 mM, cGMP and at 5 mM, dbcAMP were the least effective of those nucleotides inducing melanosome dispersion. At the 10 mM level dbcAMP required 30 minutes to evoke the same degree of melanosome dispersion as 5 minutes cAMP treatment. Theophylline was more effective than caffeine in eliciting melanosome dispersion. At 1 mM, theophylline and caffeine first induced melanosome dispersion which was followed by aggregation in the course of the 30 minute test period. These reactions suggest both a high melanophore phosphodiesterase activity and competitive inhibition of phosphodiesterase by theophylline and caffeine. Induction of melanosome dispersion by several cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotides suggest multi-nucleotide control of melanosome dispersion. These findings also support a proposed mechanism of prostaglandin induced melanosome dispersion as well as the “second messenger” hypothesis.
Meso-α and meso-β network analyses of a severe storm complex during SESAME-AVE-V

Presented in this paper are meso-α and meso-β network analyses of thermodynamics and kinematics related to the formation of a severe storm complex on 20 May 1979 during SESAME-AVE-V. The storm organizes in the mesonetwork by mid-afternoon ahead of a nearly east-west-aligned quasistationary pressure trough. By mid-morning a tongue of high mixing ratios develops south of the trough in northern Texas and southern Oklahoma. In response to strong differential solar heating and the moist tongue, a pronounced low-level ϑe maximum appears in this region. Convective activity to the south of the trough is inhibited by a low-level stable layer in the region. Sinking motion aloft enhances the stable layer. At midday the pressure trough accelerates southward and intensifies, strengthening low-level convergence, which in turn induces a well-defined vertical circulation in the meso-β network. The vertical motion in the circulation pushes the air to its lifting condensation level, and the convective instability is released.
Feasibility of analysing [13C]urea breath tests for Helicobacter pylori by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode

Background: The [13C]urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori is nonradioactive, as well as noninvasive, but few clinical laboratories have the expensive isotope ratio mass spectrometer used for analysis. Methods: To demonstrate the feasibility of analysing [13C]urea breath tests with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer routinely used for drug testing, 13CO2 standards for breath tests and breath samples from patients in a multiple-blind study were analysed. The breath samples were also analysed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry, and the diagnoses were compared with biopsy results. Results: The precision of the enrichment measurements by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was 1.1 parts per thousand, and the calculated differences in enrichment between standard gases equaled the certified values. The sensitivity (94%), specificity (94%), and percentage agreement (94%) for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (n=34) were as high or higher than for analysis of replicate breath samples by isotope ratio mass spectrometry and comparable to the values reported for diagnosis of the bacterium by other currently accepted tests. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer can be used to analyse [13C]urea breath tests, thus potentially lowering the cost of the test and increasing the number of laboratories that can perform the test.
A constant G/sub M/ rail-to-rail opamp with a novel input stage for BiCMOS process

A BiCMOS rail-to-rail operational amplifier capable of operating from supply voltages as low as 2.5 V is presented. A new technique of achieving a rail-to-rail input common mode range using a bipolar input stage is developed. The new technique avoids the use of complementary pairs at the input and thus avoids complicated schemes for monitoring the constant g/sub m/. The resulting variation of the g/sub m/ is within +/-5.64%. The output stage is also rail-to-rail with a class AB control providing 5 mA of current to a 300 ohm resistor in parallel with a 20 pF load. The output stage can swing to within 50 mV of each supply rail. The opamp was realized in a conventional 1.2 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process with a DC gain of 81 dB and a unity gain frequency of 7.9 MHz.
Virchow's contributions to veterinary medicine: celebrated then, forgotten now.

In 1858, Rudolf Virchow, the professor of pathology in Berlin University, published the book "Cellular Pathology". A compendium of his lectures to physicians and medical students, he introduced the use of microscopy for the study of human diseases. To an astonishing extent Rudolf Virchow was helpful to the disciplines of veterinary medicine (and veterinary pathology). Considered a scientific genius in several disciplines, this essay deals exclusively with the devotion of Virchow, a scholarly physician, to the profession of veterinary medicine. He respected veterinary research, supported governmental veterinary education, and provided a role model for the veterinarians who were drafting control legislation of contagious diseases in livestock. Repeatedly, he responded in help when seemingly irretrievable problems arose. Examples of Virchow's activities in the realms of veterinary medicine and pathology are marshalled here to shed light on this pioneer "veterinary pathologist". In celebration of 50 years of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists in 1999, it is timely to remember that Rudolf Virchow, the father of cellular pathology, also fathered veterinary pathology, whose offsprings in Canada and the U.S.A. (Osler, Clement, Williams, Olafson, Jones) had enabled them to form and foster the A.C.V.P.
Annotation and taxonomy of gestures in lecture videos

Human arm and body gestures have long been known to hold significance in communication, especially with respect to teaching. We gather ground truth annotations of gesture appearance using a 27-bit pose vector. We manually annotate and analyze the gestures of two instructors, each in a 75-minute computer science lecture recorded to digital video, finding 866 gestures and identifying 126 fine equivalence classes which could be further clustered into 9 semantic classes. We observe these classes encompassing “pedagogical” gestures of punctuation and encouragement, as well as traditional classes such as deictic and metaphoric. We note that gestures appear to be both highly idiosyncratic and highly repetitive. We introduce a tool to facilitate the manual annotation of gestures in video, and present initial results on their frequencies and co-occurrences; in particular, we find that pointing (deictic) and “spreading” (pedagogical) predominate, and that 5 poses represent 80% of the variation in the annotated ground truth.
Electrical Remodeling of Preoptic GABAergic Neurons Involves the Kv1.5 Subunit

The electrogenic machinery of an excitable cell can adapt in response to changes in input, genetic deficit or in pathological conditions, however the underlying molecular mechanisms are not understood. In cases of genetic deletion it is commonly observed that a channel subunit from the same family replaces the missing one. We have previously reported that Kv4.2-/- preoptic GABAergic neurons display identical firing characteristics to those of wild-type neurons despite having reduced A-type currents, and that, surprisingly, they present a robust upregulation of a delayed rectifier current, the nature of which is unknown. Here, using pharmacology, qPCR and Western blots we report that, although the wild-type neurons express several Kv subunits, the upregulated current is conducted by the Kv1.5 subunit exclusively. Thus, this study reveals the molecular nature of a novel mechanism of electrical remodeling in central neurons.
A Test Statistic to Detect Errors in Sib-Pair Relationships

Several authors have proposed algorithms to detect Mendelian errors in human genetic linkage data. Most currently available methods use likelihood-based methods on multiplex family data to identify typing or pedigree errors. These algorithms cannot be applied in many sib-pair collections, because of lack of parental-genotype information. Nonetheless, misspecifying the relationships between individuals has serious consequences for sib-pair linkage studies: false relationships bias the statistics designed to identify linkage with disease phenotypes. To test the hypothesis that two individuals are sibs, we propose a test statistic based on the summation, over a large number of genetic markers, of the number of alleles shared identical by state by a pair of individuals, for each marker. The test statistic has an approximately normal distribution under the null hypothesis, and extreme negative values correspond to nonsib pairs. Power and significance studies show that the test statistic calculated by use of 50 unlinked markers has 96% power to detect half-sibs and has 100% power to detect unrelated individuals as not full-sib pairs, with a 5% false-positive rate. Furthermore, extreme positive values of the test statistic identify sibs as MZ twins.
Practical use of Ada in a heterogeneous multi-processor computer

Many embedded real time applications can be performed on multiprocessor architectures. For sonar domain, we have designed a multiprocessor based computer named Mark3. For this architecture, and more generally for multiprocessor architecture, we propose programming principles, based on Ada. We have set up a distributed real time layer which allows the application tasks to communicate, without being concerned about task location. We will discuss here the programming principles and run time environment which allow us to develop applications on Mark3 computer.