cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cornell Conference on Representations of Work in France

A conference on "Representations of Work in France: Place, Practice, Organiza tion and Meaning," organized by the Western Societies Program at Cornell Univer isty, took place on April 28-30, 1983 in Ithaca. Papers ranged from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries and discussed changes in the nature of work, changes in societal attitudes towards work, and the relationship between work, group solidar ity, and social protest. Everyone agreed that his was an exciting conference, well-organized and thought fully run. Many interesting papers were presented. Perhaps the most note worthy feature of conference discussion was its pervasive iconoclasm. Shaken or at least challenged were the concepts of ancien regime corporate solidarity, proletarianization, and artisanal labor. The image of ancien regime corporate solid arity was criticized from many directions. Edward Sheppard Jr. demonstrated that eighteenth-century Dijon corporations, far from growing more exclusive and self enclosed as the century wore on, actually became more open to outside entry. Using a comparison of Lyon and Nantes, Cynthia Truant revealed frequent and bitter conflict between journeymen and masters. While Michael Sonnenscher, drawing on the marvelous records of the bureau de placement of Rouen showed the extreme rapidity of job turnover among Rouennais compagnons and suggested that the corporate rituals which symbolized the solidarity of master and compagnon were not produced by shopfloor intimacy but rather were an attempt to ritually offset industrial instability. Much of the discussion that followed the presentation of these papers concerned how the reconsideration of relations between eighteenth-century masters and journeymen affected interpretations of the sans-culottes movements of the French Revolution. Several papers touched upon the topic of proletarianization. Participants generally agreed that an intelligent discussion of proletarianization must draw on labor history, family history, and the history of women. During the discussion it became clear that people were interested in studying proletarianization for a diver sity of reasons, some in order to understand the evolution of social conflict, others in order to understand changes in family roles and gender differences in the division
Acclimation of photosynthesis in Zea mays to low water potentials involves alterations in protoplast volume reduction.

Effects of water-stress treatment of Zea mays L. plants on protoplast volume and photosynthesis in leaf slices exposed to solutions of different osmotic potential (Ψs) were studied. Decreased photosynthetic capacity in the leaf slices at low tissue Ψw was associated with dehydration-induced protoplast-volume reduction. Leaf slices from plants exposed to in-situ water deficits exhibited greater photosynthetic capacity and relative protoplast volume at low water potential (Ψw) invitro than tissue from control plants.
Vive La Difference? Genetic Explanations for Perceived Gender Differences in Nurturance

Investigated genetic explanations for perceived gender differences in nurturance, a gender intensified prescriptive trait, compared to other gendered traits. Based on a nationally representative telephone survey of Black and White Americans (N = 1200), we found perceived gender differences in nurturance were more often attributed to genetics than perceived gender differences math ability or violence. Men were more likely than women to use genetics to explain perceived gender differences in nurturance, but not math or violence. Finally, respondents viewed perceived gender differences as more strongly genetic than individual differences for nurturance, but not math and violence, suggesting such beliefs have ideological roots. We discuss the potential of genetic explanations to reinforce stereotypes and to justify the social hierarchy.
Authoritarianism: there's an app for that

For iPad owners who have grown tired of playing “Angry Birds” or who are all caught up on their Hulu viewing, there's a new app on the market to fill some of that time spent in airport lounges, com...
Radiation Therapy with Concurrent Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Cervical Carcinoma: Outcome Analysis with Emphasis on the Impact of Treatment Duration on Outcome

Objective. To assess the effectiveness and toxicity of carboplatin concurrent with pelvic external beam radiation and low-dose rate brachytherapy and to assess the impact that adherence to the treatment plan has on outcomes. Methods. Retrospective chart review of 56 patients treated from January 2001 to December 2010. Results. Median follow-up was 68 months. Optimal dose of radiation (ORT) was defined as a minimal cervical dose exceeding 70 Gy, point A dose of 80–90 Gy, and duration not exceeding 56 days. Only 50% received ORT. In multivariable analyses we only found ORT to be statistically significant predictor for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) (HR [95% CI] for non-ORT vs. ORT: 2.4 [1.2, 5.1], for PFS and 2.2 [1.1, 4.6], for OS). The 5-year PFS in patients who received ORT was better than that in patients who received non-ORT, 56% vs. 22% (95% CI: [36%, 72%] vs. [9%, 39%]). Patients who received ORT had a better 5-year OS as well (59% vs. 33%; 95% CI: [38%, 75%] vs. [16%, 51%]). Conclusion. Patients with locally advanced cervical cancer treated with weakly carboplatin or cisplatin, teletherapy, and low dose-dose rate brachytherapy have poorer outcomes when treatment duration is prolonged.
Simulation of nanoscale MOSFETs: a scattering theory interpretation

A hypothetical, well-designed 25 nm channel length MOSFET is examined by numerical simulation and the results are interpreted in terms of scattering theory. Even for such short channel lengths and complex channel doping profiles, we show that the effective channel length is a physically well-defined concept and that the beginning of the channel is readily identified. We show that the on-current is controlled by transport near the source end of the channel and that the device delivers about 50% of the upper limit (ballistic) on-current (as do all devices designed according to the conventional scaling paradigm). Finally, we show that standard, widely-used carrier transport models predict significantly different on-currents for devices of this scale.
STARCH GELATINIZATION IN COOKED SPAGHETTI

Thin sections of uncooked and cooked spaghetti were examined using a polarizing micrbscope. The change in spaghetti starch gelatinization with cooking time was followed by observing the loss of starch granule birefringence. Results showed that the rapidity of starch gelatinization was in part a function of protein content and that starch gelatinization was more rapid at relatively lower protein levels. Loss of starch birefringence was complete in all samples after a 15 min cook time regardless of protein level and source of variety.
Exciplex formation with distyrylbenzene derivatives and N,N-dimethylaniline

Exciplex formation between N,N-dimethylaniline and a series of distyrylbenzene derivatives with varying structures was studied by cyclic voltammetry and fluorescence spectroscopy. The frequency of exciplex emission obeys the Weller equation. Increasing the electron affinity of the acceptor red-shifts emission, with a concomitant decrease in fluorescence efficiency. Increasing the conjugation length of the acceptor decreases its excited state singlet energy more quickly than its electron affinity. As a result, exciplex formation is discouraged with increasing conjugation length.
Hybrid PET-CT simulation for radiation treatment planning in head-and-neck cancers: A brief technical report

Purpose To prospectively study the impact on tumor and normal tissue delineation for RT planning by use of hybrid PET-CT simulation for patients with head-and-neck cancer. Methods and materials Twenty-one patients were simulated in treatment position on a hybrid PET-CT scanner. Images were transferred to the Varian Eclipse planning system. Abnormal areas of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake were contoured on PET for the gross tumor volume of primaries (GTVp) and abnormal nodal region of primaries (ABNp) then compared with the same CT gross tumor volumes (GTVc) and abnormal nodal region (ABNc). A statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation of PET and CT volumes. Results Positron emission tomography demonstrated the primary in all cases, whereas CT did not find the primary in 3 cases. In 8 patients, additional areas of disease were seen only in PET. The average ratio of GTVc/GTVp was 3.1 (range, 0.3–23.6), whereas for ABNc/ABNp was 0.7 (range, 0–4). Volumes for the primaries were significantly larger on CT than on PET ( p = 0.002) but not for nodal regions ( p = 0.5). Conclusions Hybrid PET-CT simulation is feasible and provides valuable information that results in greater delineation of normal tissues from tumor bearing areas at high risk for recurrence. This finding may further improve therapeutic window for IMRT for head-and-neck cancers
Sex-Dimorphism in Tail Length of Chicks at Ten Days of Age

Abstract The gene sl or k is a recognized sexlinked recessive that has been studied by many investigators. This gene induces advanced development of wing feathers at hatching time and the replacement of down by feathers in the tail at an early age. Since all of our chicks are examined at ten days for the presence or absence of tail feathers, it was decided in the spring of 1951 to look for sex-dimorphism. Actual length of tail was determined by measuring from the extreme tip of the pygostyle to the end of the longest feather. Available for study were 52 Leghorn-Red hybrid males and 138 Leghorn-Red hybrid females all exhibiting the recessive phenotype. In the Rhode Island Red flock, 119 males and 352 females were examined. Naturally all of the males were homozygous for gene sl and the females were hemizygous. The question may arise as to whether or not one . . .
CLEO and CESR upgrades: Near- and long-term development

The CLEO detector and the CESR collider are both in the midst of a staged upgrade. “Phase II” of this plan is just being completed, enhancing CLEO's tracking capabilities and bringing CESR instantaneous luminosities to 6 · 10 32 cm −2 s −1 . During a shutdown planned for late 1997 CLEO will install a Ring-Imaging Cherenkov system for enhanced particle identification, as well as a new drift chamber and silicon vertex detector. CESR will install superconducting RF cavities at that time, so that peak luminosities will exceed 10 33 cm −2 s −1 .
Formation of CuCl ultrafine particles in silica glass by ion implantation

Abstract Silica glass dispersed with CuCl ultrafine particles is prepared by the implantation of 3 MeV 6 × 10 16 Cl 2+ ions cm −2 and 3 MeV6 × 10 16 Cu 2+ ions cm −2 . It is deduced that the implanted Cu ions form mainly ultrafine Cu metallic particles in the as-implanted silica glass. The ultrafine Cu metallic particles react with Cl atoms to form CuCl ultrafine particles by heating up to 900–1000°C. The number of Cu and Cl ions forming the CuCl ultrafine particles is consistent with the fluence levels of these ions. A large number of CuCl ultrafine particles can be dispersed in silica glass.
Stress and Microstructure Evolution in Compositionally Graded Al1-xGaxN Buffer Layers for GaN Growth on Si

We have studied the evolution of stress and microstructure of compositionally graded Al1-xGaxN (0 ≤ x ≤1) buffer layers on (111) Si substrates with varying thicknesses. In-situ stress measurements reveal a tensile-to-compressive stress transition that occurs near the half-thickness in each buffer layer. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows a significant reduction in threading dislocation (TD) density in the top half of the buffer layer, suggesting that the compressive stress enhances the threading dislocation annihilation. The composition of the buffer layers varies linearly with thickness, as determined by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (XEDS). The composition grading-induced compressive stress offsets the tensile stress introduced by microstructure evolution, thus yielding a tensile-to-compressive stress transition at x ≈ 0.5.
Glutamine Attenuation of Cell Death and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression Following Inflammatory Cytokine-Induced Injury Is Dependent on Heat Shock Factor-1 Expression

Background Glutamine (GLN) has been shown to improve outcome after experimental and clinical models of critical illness. Enhanced expression of heat shock protein (HSP) has been hypothesized to be responsible for this protection. The heat shock response has been shown to inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression and nitric oxide (NO) production. This study tested the hypothesis that GLN-mediated activation of the HSP pathway is responsible for improved survival and attenuation of iNOS expression after an inflammatory cytokine-induced injury. Methods Heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1) wild-type and knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (HSF-1+/+ and HSF-1-/-) were used in all experiments. Cells were treated with 0 mmol/L or 8 mmol/L GLN and cytomix (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, lipopolysaccharide, and interferon-gamma) in a concurrent treatment model once they had reached confluence. Cell viability was assayed with MTS/PMS mixture. Apoptosis and necrosis were assayed via immunohistochemistry. iNOS and HSP-70 expression were detected via Western blotting. NO production was measured using the Griess reagent. Results GLN treatment significantly attenuated inflammatory cytokine-induced cell death and apoptosis in HSF-1+/+ cells vs 0 mmol/L GLN treatment; however, GLN's cellular protection was lost in HSF-1-/- cells. GLN supplementation attenuated cytomix-induced iNOS expression and NO production only in HSF-1+/+ cells. Further, GLN induced HSP-70 expression only in HSF-1+/+ cells. Conclusions This is the first demonstration that GLN-mediated cellular protection after inflammatory cytokine injury is due to HSF-1 expression and cellular capacity to activate an HSP response.
Sleep Disorders in African Americans and Caucasian Americans: A Meta-Analysis

Previous research suggests that ethnic groups differ in the prevalence and severity of disordered sleep symptoms. This study used meta-analysis to determine the magnitude of ethnic differences between African Americans (AAs) and Caucasian Americans (CAs) in insomnia symptoms and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). It also used moderator analyses to explore the variability in these effect sizes. Thirteen studies measuring insomnia symptoms and 10 studies measuring SDB met inclusion criteria and represented thousands of adult AAs and CAs. Results indicate AAs have a higher prevalence and greater severity of SDB, but CAs report more insomnia symptoms. These results indicate a need for a multi-ethnic approach to the assessment and treatment of sleep disorders.
An area within human ventral cortex sensitive to Building stimuli: Evidence and implications

Isolated, ventral brain lesions in humans occasionally produce specific impairments in the ability to use landmarks, particularly buildings, for way-finding. Using functional MRI, we tested the hypothesis that there exists a cortical region specialized for the perception of buildings. Across subjects, a region straddling the right lingual sulcus was identified that possessed the functional correlates predicted for a specialized building area. A series of experiments discounted several alternative explanations for the behavior of this site. These results are discussed in terms of their impact upon our understanding of the functional structure of visual processing, disorders of topographical disorientation, and the influence of environmental conditions upon neural organization.
Three new acetylenes from the Palauan sponge Haliclona sp.

Three acetylenic metabolites 1-3 were isolated from the marine sponge Haliclona sp. from Palau, Western Caroline Islands. The structures were elucidated by interpretation of spectral data, and the absolute configuration of (3R,4E,23Z)-3-hydroxy-1-methylhexacosa-4,23-diene-1,25-diyne (1) was determined using the Mosher method.
α2-containing GABAA receptors: A target for the development of novel treatment strategies for CNS disorders

GABAA receptors have important physiological functions, as revealed by pharmacological studies and experiments involving gene-targeted mouse models, and are the target of widely used drugs such as the benzodiazepines. In this review, we are summarizing current knowledge about the function of α2-containing GABAA receptors, a receptor subtype representing approximately 15–20% of all GABAA receptors. This receptor subtype mediates anxiolytic-like, reward-enhancing, and antihyperalgesic actions of diazepam, and has antidepressant-like properties. Secondary insufficiency of α2-containing GABAA receptors has been postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and may be involved in cognitive impairment in other disorders. Moreover, polymorphisms in the GABRA2 gene encoding the GABAA receptor α2 subunit have been found to be linked to chronic alcohol dependence and to polydrug abuse. Thus, α2-containing GABAA receptors are involved in the regulation and/or modulation of emotional behaviors and of chronic pain, and appear to be a valid target for novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and chronic pain.
Observation of proton-coupled electron transfer by transient absorption spectroscopy in a hydrogen-bonded, porphyrin donor-acceptor assembly.

Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) kinetics of a Zn(II) porphyrin donor noncovalently bound to a naphthalene-diimide acceptor through an amidinium-carboxylate interface have been investigated by time-resolved spectroscopy. The S1 singlet excited-state of a Zn(II) 2-amidinium-5,10,15,20-tetramesitylporphyrin chloride (ZnP-β-AmH+) donor is sufficiently energetic (2.04 eV) to reduce a carboxylate-diimide acceptor (ΔG° = −460 mV, THF). Static quenching of the porphyrin fluorescence is observed and time-resolved measurements reveal more than a 3-fold reduction in the S1 lifetime of the porphyrin upon amidinium-carboxylate formation (THF, 298 K). Picosecond transient absorption spectra of the free ZnP-β-AmH+ in THF reveal the existence of an excited-state isosbestic point between the S1 and T1 states at λprobe = 650 nm, providing an effective ‘zero-kinetics' background on which to observe the formation of PCET photoproducts. Distinct rise and decay kinetics are attributed to the build-up and subsequent los...
Solution conformations of proline rings in proteins studied by NMR spectroscopy

Three different conformations of proline rings in a protein in solution, Up, Down and Twist, have been distinguished, and stereospecific assignments of the pyrrolidine β-, γ- and δ-hydrogens have been made on the basis of 1H-1H vicinal coupling constant patterns and intraresidue NOEs. For all three conformations, interhydrogen distances in the pairs α-β3, β3-γ3, β2-γ2, γ2-δ2, and γ3-δ3 (2.3 A) are shorter than those in the pairs α-β2, β2-γ3, β3-γ2, γ2-δ3, and γ3-δ2 (2.7–3.0 A), resulting in stronger NOESY cross peaks. For the Up conformation, the β3-γ2 and γ2-δ3 spin-spin coupling constants are small (<3 Hz), and weak cross peaks are obtained in a short-mixing-time (10 ms) TOCSY spectrum; all other vicinal coupling constants are in the range 5–12 Hz, and result in medium to strong TOCSY cross peaks. For the Down form, the α-β2, β2-γ3, and γ3-δ2 vicinal coupling constants are small, leading to weak TOCSY cross peaks; all other couplings again are in the range 5–12 Hz, and result in medium to strong TOCSY cross peaks. In the case of a Twist conformation, dynamically averaged coupling constants are anticipated. The procedure has been applied to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and Cucurbita maxima trypsin inhibitor-V, and ring conformations of all prolines in the two proteins have been determined.
Experiencing the Sacred in Dance Education: Wonder, Compassion, Wisdom, and Wholeness in the Classroom.

Abstract This article contributes to a growing educational dialogue about “things of the spirit.” It focuses on four manifestations of human spirituality—wonder, compassion, wisdom, and wholeness. These qualities, when acknowledged and validated within dance learning environments, can sustain students and teachers alike in a world that increasingly values objective assessable reality over the inner reflective experience.
Oxygen Consumption at 30 W of Exercise Is Surrogate for Peak Oxygen Consumption in Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Young-Adult African-American Females

Body mass index (BMI) is negatively correlated with cardiorespiratory fitness, measured by maximal or peak oxygen consumption (). measurements require heavy aerobic exercise to near exhaustion which increases the potential for adverse cardiovascular events. This study tests the hypothesis that measured at a fixed submaximal workload of 30 W is a surrogate for . We studied 42 normotensive African-American female university students, 18–25 years of age. We measured , blood pressure, and at a 30 W exercise workload and computed BMI. We found significant negative correlations between BMI and (, ) and between BMI and at 30 W (, ). Compared to , at 30 W increased the significance of the negative correlation with BMI. The heart rate-systolic pressure product at 30 W was positively correlated with BMI (, ) and negatively correlated with (, ). The positive correlation between BMI and the heart rate-systolic pressure product and the greater negative correlation between and BMI at 30 W of exercise than that at exercise to fatigue suggest that normalized measurements of at the fixed exercise workload of 30 W could be useful surrogates for measurements of .
The rise of a body through a rotating fluid in a container of finite length

The drag on an axisymmetric body rising through a rotating fluid of small viscosity rotating about a vertical axis is calculated on the assumption that there is a Taylor column ahead of and behind the body, in which the geostrophic flow is determined by compatibility conditions on the Ekman boundary-layers on the body and the end surfaces. It is assumed that inertia effects may be neglected. Estimates are given of the conditions for which the theory should be valid.
How coupon and element tests reduce conservativeness in element failure prediction

Abstract Structural elements, such as stiffened panels, are designed by combining material strength data obtained from coupon tests with a failure theory for 3D stress field. Material variability is captured by dozens of coupon tests, but there remains epistemic uncertainty due to error in the failure theory, which can be reduced by element tests. Conservativeness to compensate for the uncertainty in failure prediction (as in the A- or B-basis allowables) results in a weight penalty. A key question, addressed here, is what weight penalty is associated with this conservativeness and how much it can be reduced by using coupon and element tests. In this paper, a probabilistic approach is used to estimate the conservative element failure strength by quantifying uncertainty in the element strength prediction. A convolution integral is used to efficiently combine uncertainty from coupon tests and that from the failure theory. Bayesian inference is then employed to reduce the epistemic uncertainty using element test results. The methodology is examined with typical values of material variability (7%), element test variability (3%), and the error in the failure theory (5%). It is found that the weight penalty associated with no element test is significant (20% heavier than an infinite number of element tests), and it is greatly reduced by more element tests (4.5% for 5 element tests), but the effect of the number of coupon tests is much smaller.
Do Most Planetary Nebulae Derive from Binaries? I. Population Synthesis Model of the Galactic Planetary Nebula Population Produced by Single Stars and Binaries

We present a population synthesis calculation to derive the total number of planetary nebulae (PNs) in the Galaxy that descend from single stars and stars in binary systems. Using the most recent literature results on Galactic and stellar formation and stellar evolution, we predict the total number of Galactic PNs with radii <0.9 pc to be (4.6 ? 1.3) ? 104. We do not claim this to be the complete population, since there can be visible PNs with radii larger than this limit. However, by taking this limit, we make our predicted population inherently comparable to the observationally based value of Peimbert and Jacoby (8000 ? 2000 objects). Our prediction is discrepant with the observations at the 2.9 ? level, a disagreement that we argue is meaningful in view of our specific treatment of the uncertainty. We conclude that it is likely that only a subset of the stars thought to be capable of making a visible PN actually do. In the second paper in this series, an argument will be presented that the bulk of the Galactic PN population might be better explained if only binaries produce PNs. The predicted local PN formation rate density from single stars and binaries is (1.1 ? 0.5) ? 10-12 PNs yr-1 pc-3, lower than recent estimates (2.1 ? 10-12 PNs yr-1 pc-3), which are based on local PN counts and the PN distance scale, but more in line with the white dwarf (WD) birthrate densities [(1.0 ? 0.25) ? 10-12 WDs yr-1 pc-3]. The predicted PN birthrate density will be revised down if we assume that only binaries make PNs, implying that the PN distance scale has to be revised to larger values.
Elastic moduli of particulate composites with graded filler‐matrix interfaces

The elastic response of plane-array models of composites reinforced by particles or aligned fibers having graded interfaces with the matrix is analyzed. Such microstructure is representative of a new class of polymer matrix composite materials in which the filler is nanometer-sized. In such materials, the polymer chains in the matrix are preferentially oriented close to the interface with the relatively rigid fillers, this leading to a graded interfacial layer about each inclusion. The composite elastic moduli are determined based on the properties and geometry of the interfacial graded layer as well as on the moduli of the filler and the matrix, and the volume fraction of filler. Conversion curves are constructed allowing for an equivalence to be established between the present case and that of similar composites without graded interfaces. Based on these conversion curves, standard homogenization algorithms can be applied to determine the overall elastic properties of such composite. The fillers are considered to be stiffer than the matrix, both rigid and of finite stiffness. Results for both sliding and bonded interfaces are presented. The effect of anisotropic material properties in the graded region on the composite moduli is also investigated. The results of the model are compared with published experimental data.
Better Epoxy Resin Embedding for Electron Microscopy at Low Relative Humidity

In the absence of other factors known to influence sectioning properties, high environmental relative humidity is shown to yield poorly embedded tissue. Humidity-related effects are avoided if the following embedding precedure is used; impregnate tissues using the following solutions 1) 70% alcohol - 5 minutes, 2) 95% alcohol - 2 x 15 minutes, 3) absolute alcohol - 3 x 20 minutes, 4) acetone - 2 x 15 minutes, 5) 1:1 mixture of acetone-epoxy resin (DDSA, 63.4 g; Araldite 502, 5.6 g; Epon 812, 39.4 g; DMP-30, 2.6 g) - 1 hour, 6) acetone-epoxy resin 1:3 - 1 hour, 7) epoxy resin - 1 hour; complete the preparation of blocks as follows 8) when tissues have been oriented in epoxy resin in flat embedding molds, place molds in one evacuated vacuum desiccator 10 cm above a 2 cm layer of Drierite for 24 hours at room temperature, 9) raise temperature to 60 C and maintain for 3 days to cure resin.
THE GLOW DISCHARGE AS AN ADVANCED PROPULSION DEVICE

Abstract : The generation of thrust directly from electric power through a gaseous discharge is investigated with a one dimensional model. The thrust consists of 2 parts, the electric pressure and the electric wind. In terms of the ionization constants of gases and of the mobility constants of ions and electrons, both the electric pressure and the electric wind are obtained in simple dimensionless form. At low gas pressures, the thrust contribution from electric pressure is usually much larger than that from electric wind. The latter may be of comparable magnitudes or even much larger at higher (atmospheric) discharge press res and larger inter-electrode distances. The over-all thrust level is proportional to the gas pressure in the discharge (P) squared. For p = 1 mm Hg, the thrust is less than or about equal to 1 dyne/ sq cm. The specific thrust/unit power is no greater than 10 mg wt/kw. Thrust is derived from electric wind at a much larger specific power consumption. The low specific thrust rules out using such a propulsion system as a booster. For application in outer space, it suffers from the limited specific impulse because propellant gas must be carried aboard. The system has other interesting applications such as a positive control device for hypersonic vehicles at an altitude of 100-200 x 10,000 ft.
EQUILOAD: a load balancing policy for clustered web servers

Abstract We present a new strategy for the allocation of requests in clustered web servers, based on the size distribution of the requested documents. This strategy, EquiLoad , manages to achieve a balanced load to each of the back-end servers, and its parameters are obtained from the analysis of a trace’s past data. To study its performance, we use phase-type distribution fittings and solve the resulting models using a new solution method for M/PH/1 queues that only requires solution of linear systems. The results show that EquiLoad greatly outperforms random allocation, performs comparably or better than the Shortest Remaining Processing Time and Join Shortest Queue policies and maximizes cache hits at the back-end servers, therefore behaving similarly to a “locality-aware” allocation policy, but at a very low implementation cost.
Regional heat transfer in two-pass and three-pass passages with 180-deg sharp turns

The heat transfer distributions for flow passing through two-pass (one-turn) and three-pass (two-turn) passages with 180-deg sharp turns are studied by using the analogous naphthalene mass transfer technique. Both passages have square cross section and length-to-height ratio of 8. The passage surface, including top wall, side walls, and partition walls, is divided into 26 segments for the two-pass passage and 40 segments for the three-pass passage. Mass transfer results are presented for each segment along with regional and overall averages. The very nonuniform mass transfer coefficients measured around a sharp 180-deg turn exhibit the effects of flow separation, reattachment, and impingement, in addition to secondary flows. Results for the three-pass passage indicate that heat transfer characteristics around the second turn are virtually the same as those around the first turn. This may imply that, in a multiple-pass passage, heat transfer at the first turn has already reached the thermally developed (periodic) condition. Over the entire two-pass passage, the heat transfer enhancement induced by the single-turn is about 45 to 65% of the fully developed values in a straight channel. Such as heat transfer enhancement decreases with an increase in Reynolds number. In addition, overall heat transfer of three-pass passage ismore » approximately 15% higher than that of the two-pass one. This 15% increase appears to be Reynolds number independent. The pressure loss induced by the sharp turns is found to be very significant. Within the present testing range, the pressure loss coefficient for both passages is Reynolds number dependent.« less
Active-space coupled-cluster methods through connected quadruple excitations

Coupled-cluster methods that include just a subset of all connected triple, quadruple, or both excitation amplitudes, according to the ansatz of and Adamowicz co-workers [Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 12, 339 (1993); J. Chem. Phys. 99, 1875 (1993); 100, 5792 (1994)] and Piecuch et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 110, 6103 (1999)], have been implemented into parallel execution programs. They are applicable to closed- and open-shell species and they take advantage of real Abelian point-group symmetry. A symbol manipulation program has been invoked to automate the implementation. These methods have been applied to the singlet-triplet separations of five triatomic hydrides (CH2, NH2+, SiH2, PH2+, and AsH2+) with consideration of scalar relativistic effects. They have been shown to be remarkably effective with errors arising from the use of a very small subset of higher-order excitations being no more than a few tenths of 1kcal∕mol.
The formation of twinned Widmanstätten austenite

Etude sur Fe-20% poids Ni-5% poids Mn dont la martensite apres vieillissement fait apparaitre des lattes de Widmanstatten d'austenite. Observation par microscopie electronique en transmission
Induced cell surface expression of functional α2β1 integrin during megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 leukemic cells

Abstract The pluripotential hematopoietic cell line K562 was studied as a model of inducible integrin expression accompanying differentiation. Differentiation along the megakaryocytic pathway was induced with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate and differentiation along the erythroid pathway with hemin. Induction of megakaryocytic differentiation was associated with changes in cell morphology and with increased cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion and spreading. Erythroid differentiation was not associated with changes in morphology or adhesion. Cell surface expression of the IIb-IIIa and α 2 β 1 integrins increased markedly with phorbol treatment but decreased with hemin treatment. Phorboltreated K562 cells, but not control cells or hemintreated cells, adhered to collagen substrates in a Mg 2+ -dependent manner which was specifically inhibited by a monoclonal antibody directed against the α 2 β 1 integrin. Northern blot analysis revealed that megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 cells was accompanied by de novo expression of the α 2 integrin mRNA with no change in the level of mRNA for the β 1 subunit. K562 cells provide a model of differentiation-dependent, regulated integrin expression in which expression is up- or down-regulated depending upon the differentiation pathway selected.
Does local access to employment services reduce unemployment? A GIS analysis of One-Stop Career Centers

The paper uses Geographic Information System to investigate (1) the location of One-Stop Career Centers in Southern California, (2) their level of accessibility to unemployed workers of various demographic groups, (3) their proximity to employment opportunities, and (4) the effect of these spatial relations on Census tract unemployment. We build on the non-profit literature on accessibility to social service providers and on spatial mismatch research that emphasizes the gap between places of work and residence. We argue that One-Stops can play an important role in bridging this gap. We find that One-Stops are well positioned to serve the unemployed, although accessibility varies by race/ethnicity, age, and location. Access to One-Stops reduces local unemployment, particularly in neighborhoods with limited employment opportunities. This effect is larger for groups who experience limited mobility due to gender or race, such as black and female job seekers.
MEASURING THE DISPERSAL OF SUBSIDIZED HOUSING IN THREE CITIES

This paper uses the Index of Dissimilarity to measure the degree of dispersal of subsidized housing between 1970 and 1980 in three cities—Chicago, Baltimore, and St. Louis. The data show that subsidized housing has been dispersed in each of the cities, in accordance with federal housing policies of the late 1960s and 1970s. There are differences among the cities, however, in the degree of dispersal and the size of the subsidized housing inventories. The data also show that subsidized housing has been extended to predominantly white census tracts and tracts with incomes higher than the city-wide median incomes. These white, higher-income tracts have lower densities of subsidized housing than poorer tracts with large black populations.
On the spatial instability of piecewise linear free shear layers

The main goal of this paper is to clarify the spatial instability of a piecewise linear free shear flow. This is done by obtaining numerical solutions to the Orr-Sommerfeld equation of high Reynolds numbers. The velocity profile chosen is very much like a piecewise linear one, with the exception that the corners have been rounded so that the entire profile is infinitely differentiable. It is found that the (viscous) spatial instability of this modified profile is virtually identical to the inviscid spatial instability of the piecewise linear profile and agrees qwalitatively with the inviscid results for the tanh profile when the shear layers are convectively unstable. The unphysical features, previously identified for the piecewise linear velocity profile, arise only when the flow is absolutely unstable. It is concluded that there is nothing wrong with the inviscid spatial instability of piecewise linear shear flows.
Inter-particle interactions and magnetism in manganese–zinc ferrite nanoparticles

Manganese–zinc ferrite (MnxZn1−xFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized by reverse micelle technique using two different surfactant media—(1) bis-(2-ethylhexl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) and (2) mix of nonylphenol poly(oxyethylene)5 and nonylphenol poly(oxyethylene)9 (NP) followed by annealing of precursors to remove the surfactant coating and to obtain better crystalline phase. A comparison of the magnetic properties showed distinct differences in blocking temperature, coercivity and saturation magnetization. Radio-frequency (RF) transverse susceptibility (TS) measurements were in agreement with the static magnetization data. Our precise TS measurements further revealed features associated with anisotropy fields that were dependent on the grain size, crystallinity and inter-particle interactions. Overall, we have demonstrated that RF TS is an excellent probe of the dynamic magnetization and influence of effects such as crystallinity and inter-particle interactions in soft ferrite nanoparticles.
New Developments in Potential-Transformer Design

This paper describes certain design ideas applied to potential transformers to accomplish substantial reductions in volume and weight, with improved reliability and with better accuracy than the best requirements of the American Standards. The size of these units is such that they appear mostly as bushings. Perhaps the most striking feature of construction is the arrangement and the insulation of the high-voltage winding. Liquid-impregnated porous paper has been substituted for the combination liquid and solid used in the conventional designs. Another notable improvement incorporated in these transformers is the elimination of all gaskets. The amount of liquid insulation required is extremely small, and therefore premium insulating liquids (such as the Askarels) can be used without much additional expense.
Dietary fish oil increases fat absorption and fecal bile acid content without altering bile acid synthesis in 20-d-old weanling rats following massive ileocecal resection

Dietary fish oil increases fat absorption and fecal bile acid content without altering bile acid synthesis in 20-d-old weanling rats following massive ileocecal resection
The W*-convexity and normal structure in banach spaces

Abstract Let X be a Banach space, S(X) - {x e X : ‖#x02016; = 1} be the unit sphere of X .The parameter, modulus of W * -convexity, W * (e) = inf{ x − y )/2, f x > : x, y ɛ S(X) , ‖ x − y ‖ ≥ e, f x ɛ Δ x }, where 0 ≤ e ≤ 2 and Δ x ⊆ S(X * ) be the set of norm 1 supporting functionals of S(X) at x , is investigated_ The relationship among uniform nonsquareness, uniform normal structure and the parameter W * (e) are studied, and a known result is improved. The main result is that for a Banach space X , if there is e, where 0 W * (1 + e) > e/2 where W ∗ (1 + e) = lim α→e W * (1 + α), then X has normal structure.
Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on somatotrophs in anterior pituitary gland allografts in hypophysectomized, orchidectomized hamsters.

We investigated the influences of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) on the percentage, size, and shape of somatotrophs in ectopic anterior pituitary tissue. Entire pituitary glands removed from 7-week-old male hamsters were placed beneath the renal capsules of 12-week-old hamsters that had been hypophysectomized and castrated 3 weeks previously. Beginning 6 days after each host had received a single allograft, each was injected subcutaneously twice daily with 4 μg GHRH in 100 μl of vehicle or 100 μl of vehicle for 16 days. Six hosts in each group were killed by decapitation on day 17, 16 h after the last injection. Nine normal male hamsters were also decapitated and their pituitary glands were removed. Sections of anterior pituitary tissue were stained for GH and with hematoxylin. The percentage of anterior pituitary cells that stained for growth hormone was similar in the 3 groups. In contrast, somatotrophs in grafts had a smaller mean cross-sectional area than those observed in glands in situ. This effect was reversed by GHRH. Analysis of the shape of somatotrophs in both groups of grafts disclosed that they were less circular in cross-section than those in glands in situ. The results suggest that GHRH may not play a role in maintaining the percentage of somatotrophs among anterior pituitary cells, but that it does play a role in maintaining their size.
Not Just for Trauma Patients: Damage Control Laparotomy in Pancreatic Surgery (Response to Letter to the Editor)

We appreciate your excellent commentary on damage control surgery and particularly the appropriate acknowledgement of the icons of modern trauma surgery. The magnitude of your experience with acute pancreatitis at Indiana is as always impressive. This large volume makes your descriptive data an important contribution to the accurate understanding of this challenging disease. Certainly, much can be learned from your conduct in the management of these ill patients. It is notable that we excluded patients undergoing laparostomy or debridement for severe acute pancreatitis with necrosis from our report on elective pancreas surgery. The inflammatory process is a likely contributor to the physiologic derangements surrounding perioperative events. Presumably, patients with necrotizing pancreatitis are a sicker subgroup of pancreas surgery patients. The trauma literature is robust with helpful guidelines for the institution of damage control surgery, given the large numbers of evaluable patients. The criteria for application of damage control in the previously healthy trauma warrior, however, are potentially quite different from the criteria for its optimal use in a patient with catastrophe while undergoing elective pancreatic surgery, with the attendant metabolic disadvantage of chronic illness (cancer or pancreatitis) and the resultant limited physiologic reserve. Therefore, the appropriate parameters for applying damage control in the pancreas surgery patient are currently uncertain, and the judgment of the experienced pancreatic surgeon remains important. We reported pH as a marker of acidosis. The median base deficit in our series was 11.1 (range 0.4 to 16.6). The interval to abdominal closure in those patients who achieved it was a median of 3 days (range 1 to 3 days). Patient #7 was relegated to damage control due to intraoperative coagulopathy from sepsis. Patient #8 underwent damage control as a result of intraoperative acidosis and coagulopathy also due to sepsis. We greatly appreciate your thoughtful comments and common interest in taking optimal care of the pancreas surgery patient. Given the relatively rare need for damage control in elective pancreas surgery, perhaps more experience or more likely a collaborative effort could help to more precisely define the role of damage control.
44 Ways to Teach Word Meanings

(1985). 44 Ways to Teach Word Meanings. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 218-219.
What Can Research Contribute to Regulatory Decisions about the Health Risks of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity

Abstract Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), which may not be caused by chemicals at all, is a serious medical problem of unknown origin and uncertain etiology that raises many fundamental science and policy questions. Regulators, for example, are confronted with a dilemma: what, if anything, should be done to protect people from the scientifically uncertain health risks of exposures to extremely low levels of environmental chemicals. Regulatory agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, do not have the luxury of waiting until conclusive scientific evidence is available before making a decision; however, our present lack of scientific understanding about MCS is so acute that it is not possible to ascertain whether the cause of MCS-related symptoms is chemical, biological, physical, pyschosocial, or some combination thereof. Nevertheless, many MCS sufferers and advocates for the chemically induced hypothesis are clamoring for regulatory action to reduce putative health risks from very-low-level exposures to chemicals in the environment. Unless steps are taken to improve the quantity and quality of the existing scientific data base, we cannot, with any acceptable degree of certainty, evaluate the extent to which regulatory decisions about MCS are either protective of public health or cost-effective. This article examines how research can strengthen the scientific basis for risk-related decisions about MCS, and proposes a framework for establishing research directions and priorities. It is argued that high-priority research on MCS is distinquishable by four attributes: (1) results are valuable for risk-related decisions; (2) findings significantly advance scientific knowledge and understanding; and the hypothesis being tested is both (3) biologically plausible and (4) readily testable.
Segmental laryngotracheal and tracheal resection for invasive thyroid carcinoma.

Background Laryngotracheal invasion worsens prognosis in patients with thyroid carcinoma. The extent of resection is controversial. Methods We performed a retrospective study of patients with thyroid carcinoma and invasion of the larynx or trachea between 1964 and 2005. Results Eighty-two patients, mean age 64 years and 50% female, underwent segmental airway resection. Differentiated carcinoma was present in 76% (62 of 82 patients), prior tracheal "shave" procedures in 40% (33 of 82 patients), transmural invasion in 58% (48 of 82 patients), and preoperative vocal cord paralysis in 35% (29 of 82 patients). There were 29 tracheal and 40 laryngotracheal resections (reconstruction group: 69 patients); 5 underwent laryngectomy, 7 cervical exenteration, and 1 tracheal resection after exenteration (salvage group: 13 patients). Operative mortality was 1.2% (1 of 82 patients) and anastomotic dehiscence 4.3% (3 of 69 patients). Tracheostomy was permanent in 4.3% (3 of 69 patients). Mean follow-up was 6.1 years. After reconstruction, mean survival was 9.4 years and 10-year survival was 40%; after salvage, these were 5.6 years and 15%, respectively. In differentiated carcinoma, thyroidectomy, immediate shave procedure, and delayed (mean, 67 months) resection of airway recurrence in 15 patients resulted in overall and disease-free survival of 13.1 and 5.1 years, respectively, compared with 17.9 and 14.6 years, respectively, after thyroidectomy and early airway resection in 11 patients. Airway symptoms, metastases at presentation, recurrent disease, and salvage operation were associated with decreased survival; airway resection early after thyroidectomy, complete resection, and well-differentiated tumors were associated with improved prognosis. Conclusions Segmental airway resection for invasive thyroid cancer is safe, preserves the voice, and relieves airway obstruction. Complete resection of laryngeal and tracheal invasion during or early after thyroidectomy is associated with improved survival.