cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light and electron microscopy of the photoreceptors in the retina of the red-eared slider, Pseudemys scripta elegans

The six different types of photoreceptor in the retina of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Fresh whole-mount retina, in which the oil droplet colors of the photoreceptors could be seen, was compared with fixed tissue cut in the vertical plane. The red single cone (large red oil droplet) is largest in diameter and, in electron microscopy (EM) views, has the least opaque oil droplet. It also has a vacuolated paraboloid and a cone pedicle that ends at the intermediate level of the outer plexiform layer (OPL). The green single cone (yellow medium-size oil droplet) has a thinner inner segment and uniformly vacuolated paraboloid. Its cone pedicle ends at the same level as that of red cones. The blue cone (small colorless oil droplet) has an obliquely running axon joining cell body to cone pedicle that lies innermost in the OPL. Double cones are recognizable by their adherent cell bodies and inner segments. The accessory member (green cone) lacks an oil droplet but has a distinct large paraboloid while the principal member (red cone) has an oil droplet (orange) lying more distal than oil droplets of other cone types. The axons of the double cones are separated by glia but have closely apposed pedicles ending above those of the single cones in the outermost level of the OPL. Rod photoreceptors have a large outer segment, no oil droplet, and a low-lying cell body continuous with the pedicle, which ends, like those of the double cones, at the outermost level of the OPL.
THE ASSOCIATION OF SKIN-SENSITIZING ANTIBODY WITH THE ß2A-GLOBULINS IN SERA FROM RAGWEED-SENSITIVE PATIENTS

1. The removal of the beta(2)A-globulins from three sera from treated ragweed-sensitive individuals by immune absorption was associated with the loss of all detectable skin-sensitizing antibody activity as demonstrated by Prausnitz-Kustner testing. 2. Gel filtration studies, with sephadex G-200, indicated that the fractions containing only macroglobulins were devoid of all detectable skin-sensitizing antibody activity. 3. The immune absorption of the gamma-globulins from a serum fraction containing beta(2)A-globulins, gamma-globulins, and a trace of beta(2)M-globulins had no detectable influence on the skin-sensitizing antibody activity. 4. The removal of a portion of the albumin from the allergic sera by immune absorption, with retention of the skin-sensitizing activity, indicated that the loss of skin-sensitizing antibody was not due to non-specific absorption on an antigen-antibody precipitate. 5. No inhibition of the Prausnitz-Kustner reaction was observed when sheep serum, normal human serum, or normal human gamma-globulins were tested in concentrations described. 6. We conclude that the skin-sensitizing antibody activities in the three sera from treated ragweed-sensitive individuals studied were associated with the beta(2)A-globulins.
Photosensitization outbreak in shorthorn calves in Missouri.

Photosensitization (PS) occurred in Shorthorn calves from 3 herds in Boone County, Missouri, in late August and early September 1989. In herd 1, 3 calves, 3-4 weeks old, from a herd of 35 cows with calves were mildly photosensitized. The cattle were confined to 37 acres of permanent pasture of mixed grass and red clover undersown in the previous year’s wheat crop. Skin lesions were most conspicuous on sparsely haired areas around the face and ears. According to the owner, these calves had avoided exposure to full sun for the previous 2 weeks. Two of the calves had slightly elevated gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity. Other evidence of mild liver damage was indicated by a slight elevation in bilirubin (Table 1). These calves recovered during the next week. In herd 2, the 8 affected calves were 2-3 weeks old. The calves and dams were kept in a 4-acre pasture of fescue and red clover. On September 1, the owner noticed flaking skin and hair loss on the backs of the ears of several calves. More calves were affected the next day, and hair loss along the dorsal midline was evident. All calves were photophobic, and 6 of the 8 had diarrhea. At clinical examination on September 6, all 8 calves had lesions evident at various locations (8/8 ears, 6/8 head, 5/8 withers, 4/8 back, and 2/8 dewlap). Other signs of moderate PS included lacrimation, erythema, cutaneous edema, fissuring of the epithelium, and scattered crusting of serum on nonpigmented exposed skin. Serum values for aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were within the normal range. Elevated GGT activity was compatible with damage to the biliary tree. Recovery occurred during the next 3 weeks. Photosensitization is the development of hyperreactivity of the skin to sunlight. The photoreactive molecule, synonymous with photosensitizer, functions as an energy transducer to convert light energy into molecular electronic energy in the form of activated chemical species. Specific biochemical and functional effects of PS reactions include formation of photoadducts with DNA and proteins, peroxidation of lipids, photo-oxidation of membrane proteins, inhibition of transport of essential metabolites, and leakage of lysosomal enzymes. Irrespective of the cause, clinical PS resembles a severe sunburn. The progressive clinical manifestation of PS consists of lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, cutaneous edema, fissuring of the epithelium, exudation and crusting of serum, and necrosis and sloughing of nonpigmented exposed skin Corneal edema is also evident in many cases. Additional clinical signs consistent with liver damage commonly seen in secondary PS include icterus, anorexia, and depression.
Nucleation and Growth of Phosphate on Metal Oxide Thin Films

The kinetics of phosphate uptake by hematite, titania, and alumina were examined by exposing freshly prepared thin films to phosphate solutions at incremental times and subsequently analyzing the surfaces by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Thin film hematite exposed to a sodium phosphate solution demonstrated initially rapid phosphate chemisorption during the first 10 min of solution exposure, followed by island growth. For titania and alumina exposed to a calcium phosphate solution, the initially rapid reaction was completed after 1 and 3 h, respectively. Subsequent rapid three-dimensional growth occurred after 3−4 h for titania and 25−30 h for alumina. The trend in the rate of formation of phosphate film on titania and alumina was comparable to those of in-situ studies using the same solutions. AFM data on the 10−20-μm scale did not show distinct changes between clean and phosphate-covered alumina and iron oxide surfaces; how...
Comments on Professor Forrester's“Industrial Dynamics---After The First Decade”

Comments on Forrester, J. W. 1968. Industrial dynamics---After the first decade. Management Sci.147, March 398--415.
A Decomposition and Guided Simulation Methodology for Large-Scale System Design: A Study in QoS-Capable Intranets with Fixed and Mobile Components

Integrated design of a large-scale distributed system is challenging due to multiple conflicting design objectives, a large number of stochastic parameters, and a combinatorially large design space. Current approaches using decomposition and analysis of isolated subproblems could lead to suboptimization. We develop a framework for integrated design that combines analytical modeling with embedded simulations for large-scale infrastructure planning. The framework uses problem decomposition and a guided simulation methodology, which uses concepts of extrinsic and intrinsic guidance. These are integrated in a comprehensive framework and used to interlink the subproblems and guide the design process towards achieving overall objectives concurrently. A case study demonstrates viability of the framework. The methodology is efficient and flexible, and can be adapted for other problems where resource sharing and integrated system design is critical.
Tutorial Angiocardiography - Past And Present

Much remains unknown about the patterns of ventricular contraction. in healthy and dis eased conditions, particularly for man and animals in an awake unanesthetized state. Over the past 80 years roentgenologic methods, particularly fluoroscopic observations, remain. the simplest. and most practical methods for obtaining functional information. about the heart. With advances in radiographic technology, various elaborate methods have been developed to record precise and detailed informa tion about. heart functions utilizing conven tional large-film radiography and roentgen video- and cinematography. (1). Such studies have allowed. for measurement of cardiac chamber volumes and dimensions and for the description, of cardiac function, in hydraulic and mechanical terms (2,3). The portionofthis book dealing with anglocardlography and image processing is divided into three parts: (1) a. discussion. of the available instrumentation, (2) an evaluation of methods for extracting and processing data from radiological images, and (3) an assessment of clinical uses of derived. information. It will be the purpose of this introductory presentation briefly to review the history of angiography and the manner in which it has been used to make qualitative and quantitative measurements of heart and vessel geometry. Resultant. information coll cerning internal cardiac structure and form has added, a new depth to assessment of physio logic function and an improved ability to evaluate cardiac performance duringdiseased states. Automation of measurements is now proceeding. rapidly. As these, methods are proving to be of value they are being applied increasingly to larger sections of the population to assist in cardiac diagnosis and health care.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Saving culture from selection: comment on "An evolutionary framework for cultural change: selectionism versus communal exchange" by L. Gabora.

Most researchers working on evolutionary approaches to culture do so within the Darwinian paradigm, and accept the role of selection in shaping variation. Liane Gabora is an exception, and has been steadfast in articulating the need for an evolutionary but “non-Darwinian” theory of cultural change. In [1] she argues that culture does not meet the definitional requirements to evolve by natural selection, and introduces an alternative process called “communal exchange.” We find her argument that culture cannot be subject to selection deeply flawed. Indeed, it seems to us that Gabora’s primary mission is to “save culture” from being subject to natural selection, by analyzing selection in three ways that allow culture to be excluded from its domain. First, Gabora’s argument is based upon a non-standard account of selection. Few if any geneticists or biologists would recognize genetic inheritance as powered by “self-replicating automata” of the von Neumann type. A “gene” (an incredibly complex concept in its own right [2]) certainly does not code both for the machinery to interpret itself, and for the protein its sequence represents. SRA’s or replicators are not needed for selection [3]. Indeed, while the “replicator” concept was useful in illuminating the “units of selection” problem, employing it as an empirical unit is problematic [3–7]. Second, Gabora adds unnecessary conditions to the requirements for selection [8]. For example, the sequestration of inherited information, as in the isolation of germ-line cells in many animal lineages, is a derived characteristic which evolved quite late in the history of life [9]. Natural selection proceeds handily in many taxa which do not sequester heritable information. Nor is it required that new variation be approximated by a random process [10]. Third, Gabora criticizes the transfer of biological concepts to culture, by confusing theoretical concepts and empirical instances. For example, she claims that “generations” are not applicable to culture. In reality, organismal
Design of a Continuous Flow Water Channel for Fluid Dynamics Research

Water tunnels are used for a variety of research purposes including hydrodynamic and aerodynamic studies. In order to meet the technical needs of the research topics, a water tunnel with a one square meter cross section has been designed to reach one meter per second flow rates in a continuous flow environment. The primary mode for achieving this Re = 106 system is an extremely high flow rate pump combined with an ultra high efficiency flow path. The tunnel will weigh over 24,000 kg and will have a test velocity of 1 m/s. The tunnel is under construction in the University of North Carolina at Charlotte Motorsports Research facility and the expectation is that it will be operational in January of 2009.
Failure of carbon fiber-reinforced polyethylene total knee-replacement components. A report of two cases.

Les deux cas decrits sont secondaires a un defaut du polyethylene moule renforce par des fibres de carbone. Une usure extreme dans un cas et une fracture dans l'autre. Les deux echecs resultent de la mauvaise consolidation entre les fibres de carbone et le polyethylene au moment de la fabrication
Head Injury Deaths — Intracranial, Extracranial: What is Unavoidable Death?

We describe the causes of death in 717 patients entered into the Traumatic Coma Data Bank of the United States. Approximately 40% of all head injury deaths in potentially salvageable survivors could be avoided under ideal circumstances. The role of shock, both in the pre-hospital and in-hospital phase, as well as that of pneumonia, septicemia, and coagulopathy are described. Mechanisms by which these presently potentially catastrophic complications could be avoided or mitigated are discussed and the need for novel approach is emphasized.
The rebirth of interest in renal tubular function

The measurement of glomerular filtration rate by the clearance of inulin or creatinine has evolved over the past 50 years into an estimated value based solely on plasma creatinine concentration. We have examined some of the misconceptions and misunderstandings of the classification of renal disease and its course, which have followed this evolution. Furthermore, renal plasma flow and tubular function, which in the past were estimated by the clearance of the exogenous aryl amine, para-aminohippurate, are no longer measured. Over the past decade, studies in experimental animals with reduced nephron mass and in patients with reduced renal function have identified small gut-derived, protein-bound uremic retention solutes ("uremic toxins") that are poorly filtered but are secreted into the lumen by organic anion transporters (OATs) in the proximal renal tubule. These are not effectively removed by conventional hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Residual renal function, urine produced in patients with advanced renal failure or undergoing dialysis treatment, may represent, at least in part, secretion of fluid and uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate, mediated by proximal tubule OATs and might serve as a useful survival function. In light of this new evidence of the physiological role of proximal tubule OATs, we suggest that measurement of renal tubular function and renal plasma flow may be of considerable value in understanding and managing chronic kidney disease. Data obtained in normal subjects indicate that renal plasma flow and renal tubular function might be measured by the clearance of the endogenous aryl amine, hippurate.
Dielectric characterization of the seeds of invasive Chinese tallow tree.

AbstractBiofuels have the potential to replace a significant portion of the transportation needs of the USA and the world. Low-cost lipid feedstock (i.e. tallow tree seeds) can be used for production of biodiesel, but these seeds need to be dried. Microwave drying is utilized to dry various seeds and grain, but for this process to be most efficient the dielectric properties of the materials need to be known. This study presents, for the first time, the dielectric properties of the seeds of the Chinese tallow tree. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor were determined using a modified free-space method for different moisture contents at frequency ranges centered around 915 and 2450 MHz respectively. The dielectric constant decreased with frequency in those respective ranges, and increased linearly with increasing moisture content, from 1.96 at 0% m.c. to 2.3 at 7% m.c. at 915 MHz, and from 2.08 at 0% m.c. to 2.42 at 7.6% m.c. at 2450 MHz. The dielectric loss factor generally decreased with fre...
Aging in a women's club

This is a case study of the Employed Girls Society, a voluntary association which was organized in 1929 as a training vehicle for young working women and which functions today as an old age support system. A vestige of the past, the EGS is also an omen of the future; current demographic and economic trends portend a time when clubs like the EGS will be required, more and more, to meet the needs of a burgeoning aged population.
Receiver-Operating Characteristics Analysis: A New Approach to Predicting the Presence of Pathogens in Surface Waters

Fecal indicator microbes are used to monitor the public health risks of recreating in surface waters. However, the importance of indicator tests as predictors of waterborne pathogens has been unclear. Numerous studies have also shown that the survival and growth of indicator organisms may depend on location-specific factors that cannot be broadly generalized. We used receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) methods to determine whether fecal indicator species are capable of predicting the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in fresh surface waters in the Chicago area. We also derived recreational water quality criteria specific to our location with respect to this end point. We considered five fecal indicators: enterococci measured by culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Escherichia coli measured by culture, somatic coliphage, and F+ coliphage. All fecal indicators were found to predict the presence and absence of protozoan pathogens. The test for enterococci measured by culture was the poorest predictor of the presence of pathogens. The test for enterococci measured by qPCR was the best predictor of the presence of Giardia, but not an important predictor of the presence of Cryptosporidium. The test for somatic coliphage was a relatively strong predictor of the presence of both pathogens. This analysis supports the use of qPCR-based assays over culture-based assays for predicting the presence of Giardia in fresh surface water. Our criteria were optimized for the prediction of the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in our location and were closely aligned with criteria of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency derived from epidemiological risk assessment. The ROC approach is flexible and can inform location-specific interpretation of water quality monitoring data and decision making.
Distance Analysis in Biology

Goodman, M. M. (Dept. of Statistics, North Carolina State University at Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607) 1972. Distance analysis in biology. Syst Zool., 21:174-186.-The mathematical relationships between generalized distances, Sokal's distances, distances based upon principal components, and C,avalli-Sforza and Edwards' chord distances are discussed, and the biological consequences of these relationships in the case of nontrivial correlation matrices are pointed out. While none of the techniques discussed are wholly satisfactory, a practical solution to the problems encountered in their deployment is suggested which combines two of the techniques (generalized distances and principal components). [Principal components; Sokal distance; generalized distance.] Both numerical and noni-numerical taxoniomists as well as anthropologists and other quantitatively oriented scientists have employed several types of distance analyses based on morphological data (Sokal and Sneath, 1963). More recently similar techniques have also been used in the analyses of human blood group frequencies (CavalliSforza and Edwards, 1967; Pollitizer, 1958, 1969; Pollitzer et al., 1967, 1970; Fitch and Neel, 1969). In addition, principal component analyses are frequently utilized in conjunction with, or as an alternative to, such techniques (Gower, 1966; Morrison, 1967). Certain of these techniques are mathematically related in simple ways which are both biologically important and generally unfamiliar.
Adjacent-Categories Mokken Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments.

Molenaar extended Mokken’s original probabilistic-nonparametric scaling models for use with polytomous data. These polytomous extensions of Mokken’s original scaling procedure have facilitated the use of Mokken scale analysis as an approach to exploring fundamental measurement properties across a variety of domains in which polytomous ratings are used, including rater-mediated educational assessments. Because their underlying item step response functions (i.e., category response functions) are defined using cumulative probabilities, polytomous Mokken models can be classified as cumulative models based on the classifications of polytomous item response theory models proposed by several scholars. In order to permit a closer conceptual alignment with educational performance assessments, this study presents an adjacent-categories variation on the polytomous monotone homogeneity and double monotonicity models. Data from a large-scale rater-mediated writing assessment are used to illustrate the adjacent-categor...
Determination of local rates of 45Ca influx into rat brain by quantitative autoradiography: studies of aging

Calcium homeostasis in brain is altered in many conditions, but there is no method to assay quantitatively local calcium flux into brain in vivo. 45Ca uptake into gross-dissected brain regions was measured and compared with results obtained with a quantitative autoradiographic procedure developed to assay influx of 45Ca into brain. Regional calcium contents, brain-to-plasma distribution ratios for calcium and 45Ca, apparent plasma-to-brain transfer coefficients, and net uptake of 45Ca into gross-dissected regions varied by as much as 80%. Local rates of net uptake of 45Ca into 34 structures determined by autoradiography varied by 12- to 14-fold, and rates of movement of 45Ca down concentrations gradients varied by a factor of 7. Previous studies with gross-dissected brain regions suggested changes in calcium uptake into brain during aging, but the values of all the variables assayed in the present study were similar in young adult, middle-aged, and old male rats. A quantitative autoradiographic procedure to assay levels of 45Ca in brain provides the anatomical resolution required to investigate local calcium flux in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions.
Fracture Failure Analysis on Reverse Gear for Bucket Wheel Machine

The breaking of reverse gear for bucket wheel machine of power plant was investigated by fracture analysis means.The methods of chemical composition analysis,metallographic examination,hardness testing and fracture analysis were carried out to analyze the cracked reverse gear.The results show that gear can’t subject the collision because of the quenching crack in the surface hard coating.According to analytic result,put forward the suggestion.
Efficacy Observation of COFETOL Cough Syrup in Treating Acute Exacerbation COPD Patients

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of COFETOL cough syrup in treating acute exacerbation COPD (AECOPD). Methods hundred patients of AECOPD were randomized to divide into two groups. Fifty patients of AECOPD treatend with COFETOL cough syrup 10ml, po, qd for 7d, in addition to conventional therapy (inhalation of oxygen and anti-infection therapy etc). Other 50 patients served as control were treated with conventional therapy only. Results The total response rate was 96% and 64% for treatment group and comparison group respectively(P0.05). No serious adverse reactions were found in 2 groups. Conclusions COFETOL cough syrup was one of the effective assistant agents in treating AECOPD, because of the role it plays in the improvement of symptoms.
Process-structured architectures to transform information flowing through

It is rapidly becoming possible to build networks of many millions of processors. These massively parallel networks should be capable of perceiving, remembering, and reasoning in real time, even approaching the brain's speed and power — IF we knew how to build them. This paper proposes and explores a promising but largely ignored information-flow approach.
Discrepancies among predictors of desirable weight for black and white obese adolescent girls.

Desirable weights were determined for 26 black and white, postmenarchal girls (11 to 15 years old) with juvenile-onset obesity. Each subject was measured for height, weight, triceps and subscapular fatfolds, and body density by underwater weighing (UWW). Body mass indexes and desirable weights were determined by UWW, from the US National Health Examination Survey (NHES) data, and from the Slaughter fatfold equation to estimate body fat. Desirable weights obtained from NHES growth charts were consistently lower than those obtained from UWW, especially for blacks (P less than .01). Findings from both the Slaughter fatfold equation and percent body fat from UWW indicated that growth charts provide lower-than-appropriate weight goals for both black and white obese girls. Results of our study suggest that health professionals should consider a measurement of body composition or at least increase desirable weights by 10% to 30% when setting weight recommendations from weight-for-height charts for obese adolescent girls.
Treating spinal cord injury via sustained drug delivery from calcium phosphate coatings.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating trauma that leaves approximately 10,000 to 20,000 people paralyzed every year in the United States. The majority of these cases are young people that will live to almost a full life expectancy, however, their quality of life is significantly reduced. After SCI there is loss of both sensory and motor function below the level of injury. Due to this loss of function SCI patients are often unable to care for themselves and rely on friends and family to serve as their primary caregivers. The Christopher Reeve Foundation found that more than 50 million people each year provide this care in the U.S., the value of which is estimated to be $306 billion annually. Along with the financial burden, SCI patients have emotional stress and continued health care problems throughout their lives most predominately renal complications and pressure sores. These facts demonstrate the overwhelming need to restore function after SCI.
Synergism between Inositol Polyphosphates and TOR Kinase Signaling in Nutrient Sensing, Growth Control, and Lipid Metabolism in Chlamydomonas

The networks that govern carbon metabolism and control intracellular carbon partitioning in photosynthetic cells are poorly understood. Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a conserved growth regulator that integrates nutrient signals and modulates cell growth in eukaryotes, though the TOR signaling pathway in plants and algae has yet to be completely elucidated. We screened the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using insertional mutagenesis to find mutants that conferred hypersensitivity to the TOR inhibitor rapamycin. We characterized one mutant, vip1-1, that is predicted to encode a conserved inositol hexakisphosphate kinase from the VIP family that pyrophosphorylates phytic acid (InsP6) to produce the low abundance signaling molecules InsP7 and InsP8. Unexpectedly, the rapamycin hypersensitive growth arrest of vip1-1 cells was dependent on the presence of external acetate, which normally has a growth-stimulatory effect on Chlamydomonas. vip1-1 mutants also constitutively overaccumulated triacylglycerols (TAGs) in a manner that was synergistic with other TAG inducing stimuli such as starvation. vip1-1 cells had reduced InsP7 and InsP8, both of which are dynamically modulated in wild-type cells by TOR kinase activity and the presence of acetate. Our data uncover an interaction between the TOR kinase and inositol polyphosphate signaling systems that we propose governs carbon metabolism and intracellular pathways that lead to storage lipid accumulation.
Late Pleistocene climate drivers of early human migration

On the basis of fossil and archaeological data it has been hypothesized that the exodus of Homo sapiens out of Africa and into Eurasia between ~50-120 thousand years ago occurred in several orbitally paced migration episodes. Crossing vegetated pluvial corridors from northeastern Africa into the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant and expanding further into Eurasia, Australia and the Americas, early H. sapiens experienced massive time-varying climate and sea level conditions on a variety of timescales. Hitherto it has remained difficult to quantify the effect of glacial- and millennial-scale climate variability on early human dispersal and evolution. Here we present results from a numerical human dispersal model, which is forced by spatiotemporal estimates of climate and sea level changes over the past 125 thousand years. The model simulates the overall dispersal of H. sapiens in close agreement with archaeological and fossil data and features prominent glacial migration waves across the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant region around 106-94, 89-73, 59-47 and 45-29 thousand years ago. The findings document that orbital-scale global climate swings played a key role in shaping Late Pleistocene global population distributions, whereas millennial-scale abrupt climate changes, associated with Dansgaard-Oeschger events, had a more limited regional effect.
Combined Effects of Gestational Phthalate Exposure and Zinc Deficiency on Steroid Metabolism and Growth.

Disruption of steroid hormone signaling has been implicated independently in the developmental abnormalities resulting from maternal phthalate plasticizer exposure and developmental zinc deficiency. This study investigated if secondary zinc deficiency may result from dietary exposure to a low level of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) through gestation and if this could be associated with altered steroid metabolism. The interaction between marginal zinc nutrition and DEHP exposure to affect pregnancy outcome, zinc status, and steroid metabolism was also assessed. For this purpose, rats were fed a diet containing an adequate (25 mg/kg) or marginal (10 mg/kg) level of zinc without or with DEHP (300 mg/kg) from gestation day (GD) 0 until GD 19. Steroid profiles were measured in dam liver, plasma, adrenal glands, and in fetal liver by UPLC/MS-MS. In dams fed the adequate zinc diet, DEHP exposure decreased maternal weight gain and led to hepatic acute-phase response and zinc accumulation. The latter could compromise zinc availability to the fetus. DEHP and marginal zinc deficiency caused several adverse effects on the maternal and fetal steroid profiles. Interactions between DEHP exposure and marginal zinc deficient nutrition affected 17OH pregnenolone and corticosterone, while pregnenolone levels were specifically affected by DEHP exposure. Maternal marginal zinc deficiency specifically affected maternal progesterone and aldosterone, and presented evidence of increased androgen aromatization activity in maternal and fetal tissues. Results stress the potential major impact of mild DEHP exposure on maternal/fetal steroid metabolism that can be potentiated by nutritional and chronic disease states leading to zinc deficiency.
Policy and Shocks in the IS-LM World

We put together the behaviors of the IS and LM curves laid out in Chap. 14 to see what predictions the IS-LM model makes about different policy actions and external shocks and how they affect output and interest rates. The goal of policy is defined as keeping actual output close to potential output. Depending on the relative slopes of the two curves, we may be able to say that fiscal policy is particularly effective or, with other slopes, that monetary policy is particularly effective.
Exploiting ER Stress to Eliminate Inhibitor Antibodies in Hemophilia

Abstract Hemophilia is the most common severe bleeding disorder, affecting up to 1 in 5,000 males. The most feared complication for patients with hemophilia A is the development of inhibitor antibodies to infused FVIII, occurring in 30% of patients with hemophilia A. Inhibitor antibodies are produced in large numbers by the professional secretory cells of the immune system, the plasma cells, in response to exposures to FVIII. The development of these professional secretory cells has been shown to cause stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mechanisms of the unfolded protein response (UPR) are integral to the adaptation of these cells. Proteasome inhibitors, such as bortezomib (Velcade), have been shown to increase ER stress and kill plasma cells by inhibiting the destruction of misfolded proteins and inducing proteotoxicity. Current therapeutic strategies for hemophilia patients with inhibitors revolve around inducing tolerance to FVIII by treating patients with large doses of FVIII daily. We believe this therapy induces antibody production, stressing the plasma cells that manufacture the inhibitor antibodies. We have tested the hypothesis that the one-two punch of ER stress directed at the anti-FVIII plasma cells and proteasome inhibiting or CHOP inducing agents will induce apoptosis. To this end we have tested bortezomib in vitro and determined that it does potently induce ER stress and the UPR. Further, we have shown that this induces apoptosis and cell death and that cells lacking ATF6α, an upstream mediator of the UPR, are more sensitive to bortezomib while those lacking CHOP, a pro-apoptotic downstream mediator of UPR, are slightly less sensitive. Additionally we have found that the super-oxide scavenger, tiron, protects cells from bortezomib, suggesting a role for reactive oxygen species upstream of UPR activation by bortezomib. We have studied bortezomib in a mouse model of hemophilia A inhibitors and have found that it can effectively eradicate inhibitor antibody producing cells in this model. In contrast when bortezomib was injected into CHOP knock-out inhibitor mice the inhibitor antibodies were not eradicated, in contrast to the wild type controls in which the inhibitor antibodies were eliminated. This is strong evidence in support of CHOP as a primary mediator of plasma cell death induced by bortezomib and suggests that other CHOP inducing agents may also be promising therapeutics for hemophilia inhibitors. To that end we are investigating agents identified through a cell based, luciferase reporter, high throughput screen of 300,000 compounds for CHOP inhibitors. We hope that this work will identify agents that can be used to eradicate inhibitor antibodies in patients with Hemophilia.
A Dialogic Approach to Pragmatics

This paper focuses on how the limits of pragmatics - as long as it is restricted to the analysis of one utterance at a time - are overcome by including the hearer not only as interpreter who tries to understand the speaker’s utterance but as an interlocutor who tries to come to an understanding with the speaker. The goal of the paper is not to describe and analyze the dialogue approach rather explain what inner developments in the pragmatics paradigm have made it necessary to move in a dialogic direction, specifically emphasizing the importance of evaluating speaker meaning from the perspective of the speaker rather than from the perspective of the hearer and the double role of the interlocutor (speaker-hearer).
New bioactive bone-like microspheres with intrinsic magnetic properties obtained by bio-inspired mineralisation process

A bio-inspired mineralisation process was investigated and applied to develop novel hybrid magnetic materials by heterogeneous nucleation of Fe2+/Fe3+-doped hydroxyapatite nanocrystals onto a biopolymeric matrix made of a Type I collagen-based recombinant peptide (RCP). The effect of the synthesis temperature on the phase composition, crystallinity and magnetic properties of the nucleated inorganic phase was studied. The as-obtained magnetic materials were then engineered, by using a water-in-oil emulsification process, into hybrid magnetic microspheres, which were stabilized by de-hydrothermal treatment yielding cross-linking of the macromolecular matrix. Thorough investigation of the physicochemical, morphological and biological properties of the new hybrid microspheres, as induced by the presence of the inorganic nanophase and controlled iron substitution into hydroxyapatite lattice, revealed bone-like composition, good cytocompatibility, designed shape and size, and tailored magnetization. Such features are interesting and promising for application as new biomaterials with ability of remote activation and control by using external magnetic fields, for smart and personalized applications in medicine, particularly in bone tissue regeneration.
The Relationship Between Infant Facial Expressions and Food Acceptance

Purpose of Review To highlight the range of methodological approaches used to objectively measure hedonic responses to taste stimuli during the first year of life and how these behavioral responses change with experience. Challenges inherent to this type of research are discussed.
Benign Metastasizing Leiomyomas Following Myomectomy and Uterine Artery Embolization

Benign metastasizing leiomyomas (BMLs) are rare sequelae of common uterine leiomyomas and most frequently found in the lungs. Most cases of BMLs occur with a history of prior gynecologic procedures; however, none have yet been reported in association with uterine artery embolization (UAE). This case report highlights the disease course for a 48-yo female with a history of both myomectomy and UAE for uterine fibroids who presented later with bilateral pulmonary BMLs. Though the pathophysiology of BMLs is poorly understood and this case is confounded by prior myomectomy, it does bring into question whether UAE has a role in BML development. Regardless, UAEs have become a routine procedure and interventionalists should be aware of the possibility of BMLs in post-fibroid treatment patient populations.
Theory of Surface Reconstruction

A review is presented of theoretical calculations used to determine surface structure. The focus is on applications of the pseudopotential total energy approach.
Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Relay Heck Arylation of Enelactams: Accessing α,β-Unsaturated δ-Lactams.

In this Communication, we describe the construction of chiral α,β-unsaturated δ-lactams, widely used as pharmacophores, in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities using an oxidative relay Heck arylation reaction. This strategy also allows facile access to 7-substituted α,β-unsaturated e-lactam products and δ-lactams containing a tetrasubstituted nitrogen-bearing stereocenter.
The stem-loop luciferase assay for polyadenylation (SLAP) method for determining CstF-64-dependent polyadenylation activity.

Polyadenylation is an essential cellular process in eukaryotic cells (Edmonds M and Abrams R, J Biol Chem 235, 1142–1149, 1960; Zhao J et al., Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63, 405–445, 1999; Edmonds M, Progr Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 71, 285–389, 2002). For this reason, it has been diffi cult to examine the functions of specifi c polyadenylation proteins in vivo. Here, we describe a cell culture assay that allows structurefunction experiments on CstF-64, a protein that binds to pre-mRNAs downstream of the cleavage site for accurate and effi cient polyadenylation. We also demonstrate that the stem-loop luciferase assay for polyadenylation (SLAP) accurately refl ects CstF-64-dependent polyadenylation. This assay could be easily adapted to the study of other important RNA-binding proteins in polyadenylation.
On Eutocius: A Thesis of J. Mogenet

In an extensive study of the anonymous Introduction (Prolegomena) to Ptolemy’s Syntaxis, J. Mogenet has proposed the thesis that its author was the mathematical commentator Eutocius.1 While the manuscripts of the Introduction bear one or another specific attribution, these are clearly the surmises of later copyists and editors and have been rejected by modern scholars.2 The work consists of about 15 chapters on mathematical topics bearing directly on aspects of Ptolemy’s Book I. While its most impressive section is the sequence of geometric propositions on isoperimetric plane and solid figures,3 most of the Introduction deals with explanations of computational procedures—e.g., multiplication, division, and the extraction of square roots in the sexagesimal system–required for the study of Ptolemy.4
The Primary Category, Derived Categories and Scientific World Pictures

Any cognition in the knowledge-production process is a model of ontological reality and this includes scientific and non-scientific characterization of knowledge where mathematics and symbolic logic occupy different positions. The model of the ontological reality is the epistemic reality. In terms of scientific cognition, Max Planck illustrates the formation of model of primary reality in terms of world pictures. He states: The scientific world picture or the so-called phenomenological world is not final and constant, but is in a process of constant change and improvement [R14.87, p. 90]. The phenomenological world is what is referred to in this monograph as epistemic reality which is defined in the epistemological space. The epistemic reality is the work of information and decision-choice process through cognitive input-output processing machine where information is the input and knowledge is the output.
Review on "Atkins Diabetes Revolution: The Groundbreaking Approach to Preventing and Controlling Type 2 Diabetes" by Mary C. Vernon and Jacqueline A. Eberstein.

Before beginning the review of this book, we had no particular opinion about the role of low carbohydrate diets in diabetes. In order to write a fair and unbiased review, we have done a rather extensive search on the subject. One of the most disturbing findings of our search is the amount of hostility towards low carbohydrate diets that is on the web and in the scientific literature. We found several sites that present no scientific arguments but are, rather, full of ad hominem attacks. This was particularly disturbing in that we are in the midst of a growing epidemic of obesity and diabetes with very alarming figures and projections from all over the world. Any intervention that has the potential for helping curb this dangerous epidemic which claims thousands of lives every day should be looked at with a great deal of objectivity.
Forward genetics using radiation hybrids (deletion mutants) in plants

Identification of the QTL/genes associated with traits of interest determines the successful application of those genes for crop improvement. After identification of QTL, fine mapping and cloning of important QTL can also enhance our understanding of the genetic structure of the underlying genes responsible for the phenotypic variation. Genetic or recombination mapping is the most common approach used to identify, map and clone QTL or genes in plants. However, genetic mapping approach for fine mapping or map-based cloning is associated with many drawbacks including the need of developing a homogenous and large population, the availability of polymorphic markers, and the poor recombination in certain chromosomal regions. In this article, we describe an alternative approach, called radiation hybrid (RH) mapping, for forward genetic studies in plants. This approach has been extensively used in animal system and offer greater prospects for forward genetic studies in plants as well. The RH mapping uses radiation induced chromosomal breaks to map markers, and thus offers many advantages compared to traditionally used genetic mapping approach, particularly for loci located in recombination cold spots and for the traits which lack genetic diversity. Here, we reviewed the progress made in application of RH approach for forward genetics in plants.
Patients' age and discussion with doctors about lung cancer screening; Diminished returns of Blacks.

Background As age is one of the main risk factors for lung cancer, older adults are expected to receive more messages for lung cancer screening (LCS). It is, however, unclear whether age similarly increases patient's chance of discussing LCS across various racial groups. Objective To determine racial differences in the effect of patients' age on patient-physician discussion about LCS. Methods This cross-sectional study borrowed data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 2017) which included 2,277 adults. Patients' demographic factors, socioeconomic characteristics, smoking status, possible LCS indication, and patient-physician discussion about LCS were measured. We ran logistic regression models for data analysis. Results Independent of possible LCS indication, older patients were more likely to have patient-physician discussion about LCS. However, there is a significant interaction between race and age, suggesting a larger effect of age on the likelihood of discussing LCS with doctors for Whites than Blacks. In race-stratified models that controlled for possible LCS indication, higher age increased lung cancer discussion for Whites but not for Blacks. Conclusions Whether age increases the chance of discussing LCS or not depends on the patient's race, with Blacks receiving fewer messages regarding LCS as a result of their aging.
Autoamputation of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans: A Novel and Rare Presentation of a Familiar Entity.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is categorized as a fibrohistiocytic tumor of intermediate malignant potential. It has significant risk for local recurrence and, less commonly, local or dist...
Viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal modeling of texture evolution of ultra-low carbon steel during cold rolling

The viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) polycrystal model, where each grain is regarded as an ellipsoidal inclusion interacting with a homogeneous effective medium represented by the polycrystal has long been successful in explaining the mechanical response and crystallographic texture development during plastic deformation. VPSC has especially been used to model low-symmetry materials such as Mg-alloys, uranium, etc, which could not be addressed by the conventional Taylor model. Although there are several reports on the modeling of steel that successfully reproduce its measured crystallographic texture at specific reductions, few studies have been carried out to reproduce the evolution of the intensity of texture fibers at various rolling reductions. In this study the texture evolution of body-centered-cubic ultra-low carbon steel during cold rolling was calculated using the VPSC model and compared with textures measured at 40%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% reduction. The deformation by cold rolling was accommodated by and slip systems interacting via a Voce hardening law. Addressing a wide range of rolling reductions poses a more severe test on the modeling. It is found that accounting for grain shape, grain interaction with the surroundings, and their evolution with strain, is critical for explaining the experimentally observed evolution of texture intensities. Specifically, the mechanisms of grain-neighbor co-rotation and the role played by the relative plastic stiffness of grain and surrounding medium were explored in this work. The predicted evolution of the main texture components, namely, α fiber (RD//) and γ fiber (ND//) was compared with experimental data measured by x-ray Schultz method, resulting in that the calculated texture evolution using the above models captures well the experimental results which show a gentle ODF intensity increase in the γ fiber and a strong ODF increase near components in the α fiber during cold rolling.