cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GLI1 Directly Regulates the Transcription of AKT Genes in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.

Abstract 2399 Activation of the Hedgehog (Hh)/glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) pathway has been found in a growing number of malignancies. We have provided evidence that canonical Hh signaling is required for cell survival and proliferation of DLBCL cell lines. To confirm the pathogenic role of GLI1 in DLBCL, we established GLI1 knock down DLBCL cell lines (OCI-Ly19, HBL-1 and BJAB) using a lentiviral shRNA system and performed cell viability and apoptosis assays. Cell viability assays demonstrated that GLI1 knockdown DLBCL cells experienced a statistically significantly decrease in the number of viable cells in comparison with control cells harboring scramble shRNA. To examine whether decreases number of cell viability in GLI1 knock down cells were due to apoptosis, we performed annexin V and PI assays. We observed marked increase of apoptosis in GLI1 knock down DLBCL cells versus controls (2.5 fold increase for OCI-Ly10, and 5 fold for HBL1 and BJAB). To investigate the mechanism by which GLI1 regulates tumorigenesis and cell survival, we searched for whole genome GLI1-target genes in DLBCL cells using CHIP sequencing technique and identified AKT genes as potential targets of GLI1. Using pharmacological and silencing approaches, we observed that Hh signaling modulates the expression of AKT genes in DLBCL cells. We further identified two putative binding sites for GLI1 in the AKT1 promoter region and confirmed their functionality using chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter and site-directed mutagenesis assays. To investigate whether there is any correlation between AKT1 and GLI1 mRNA expression in human DLBCL tumors, we performed quantitative real-time PCR analyses in 17 frozen DLBCL specimens including apharesis samples from pleural effusions. The real time PCR analysis revealed a strong Spearmen correlation coefficient (R2=0.9) between GLI1 and AKT1 mRNA expression. In summary, we provide evidence of the role of GLI1 in the pathobiology of DLBCL and demonstrated a cross talk, at the transcriptional level, between Hh signaling and AKT in DLBCL. A link between these 2 pathways at the trasncriptional level was not previoulsy documented. This finding is of clinical interest as AKT has a key role in lymphoma cell survival and constitutive activation of AKT has been described in DLBCL. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Classroom Attentiveness Classification Tool (ClassACT): The system introduction

The Classroom Attentiveness Classification Tool (ClassACT) is a system designed to monitor student attentiveness in a variety of instructional phases within the learning environment: lectures, group work, assessments, etc. By collecting information about the user, the user's environment, and the device itself via the various sensors built in to the tablet, processing the data, and then passing it to a classifier, ClassACT can distinguish between attentive and inattentive behavior. In the case of the formal assessment, which is the first case to be implemented, ClassAct can detect signs of academic dishonesty, as well. The system minimizes the reliance on specialized equipment and plug-n-play sensors, which reduces costs to classrooms, schools or universities wanting to implement ClassACT. Lower costs also makes this system easily extendable to online learning.
Fundamental Characterization of the Micellar Self-Assembly of Sophorolipid Esters.

Surfactants are ubiquitous constituents of commercial and biological systems that function based on complex structure-dependent interactions. Sophorolipid (SL) n-alkyl esters (SL-esters) comprise a group of modified naturally derived glycolipids from Candida bombicola. Herein, micellar self-assembly behavior as a function of SL-ester chain length was studied. Surface tensions as low as 31.2 mN/m and critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) as low as 1.1 μM were attained for diacetylated SL-decyl ester (dASL-DE) and SL-octyl ester, respectively. For deacetylated SL-esters, CMC values reach a lower limit at SL-ester chains above n-butyl (SL-BE, 1–3 μM). This behavior of SL-esters with increasing hydrophobic tail length is unlike other known surfactants. Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and T1 relaxation NMR experiments indicate this behavior is due to a change in intramolecular interactions, which impedes the self-assembly of SL-esters with chain lengths above SL-BE. This hypothesis is supported by micel...
Biophysical interactions in perennial biomass alley cropping systems

Understanding the nature and degree of competition between trees and co-planted crops in agroforestry systems can inform management decisions, future species selection, and system design. We measured variation in herbaceous biomass yield, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil water potential, and residual soil NO3 in alley cropping systems consisting of prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) or an 11-species native grass-forb-legume polyculture planted between rows of shrub willow (Salix purpurea L. ‘Fish Creek’) at two Minnesota sites. At Empire, biomass yield increased with distance from the tree row for both alley crops, as did PAR and NO3 availability. At Granada, no spatial pattern in crop yield was evident, despite reduced PAR and NO3 availability adjacent to tree rows. At both sites, patterns in soil water potential suggested that trees competed with crops for soil water within 2.4 m of tree rows, but had a facilitative effect on crop water use at 4.8 m. Alleys had differing cardinal orientations at the two sites, and light availability was lower in a north–south alley (Empire) than in west–east and northwest-southeast orientations (Granada). At Empire, mixed effects analysis indicated that competition for light and soil water were responsible for reductions in crop yield. For every 100 μmol m−2 s−1 increase in PAR, model estimated herbaceous crop yield increased by 623 kg DM ha−1. For every 20 kPa increase in average daily water potential, crop yield increased by 1038 kg DM ha−1. The relative impact of competition on biomass yield was similar for both crops, though prairie cordgrass had higher average yields at Empire. Similar alley systems should avoid north–south alley orientations to minimize competition for light.
Myocardial Scar Is Prevalent and Associated With Subclinical Myocardial Dysfunction in Women With Suspected Ischemia But No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: From the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation-Coronary Vascular Dysfunction Study

Women with suspected ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) have a high prevalence of coronary microvascular dysfunction1 and an elevated rate of major adverse cardiac events, including nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI).2 Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging accurately visualizes and characterizes myocardial scar, which predicts major adverse cardiac events.3 The prevalence, incidence, and scar pattern in women with INOCA is not well characterized. We evaluated LGE in women with suspected INOCA in the WISE-CVD study (Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation–Coronary Vascular Dysfunction; URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00832702). Participants in the WISE-CVD study included women with suspected INOCA as previously described.4 The study was approved by the site institutional review committees. All participants gave informed consent. Of the 369 total women enrolled, 341 underwent baseline CMR with LGE; 1 was excluded because of inadequate quality. A subset of 145 underwent invasive coronary reactivity testing.5 The SAQ (Seattle Angina Questionnaire) was completed at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Retrospective review included clinical diagnosis of MI, electrocardiogram, and troponin levels. A subset of 200 participants underwent repeat CMR with LGE at 1-year follow-up; 179 were included with baseline CMR and follow-up within 1 year of study completion. All scans were performed on a 1.5T scanner (Magnetom Avanto, Siemens Healthcare) and analyzed by the WISE-CMR core lab.4 A total 0.2 mmol/kg gadolinium-based contrast (Optimark, gadoversetamide) in divided doses was used, and LGE images were …
PLUTONIUM, TRITIUM AND CARBON-14 IN MAN AND THE BIOSPHERE

Abstract The Division of Radiological Health of the Public Health Service has been aware for some time of the need to extend environmental radionuclide measurements to include plutonium, tritium and carbon-14. In 1963, exploratory measurements were begun in various environmental media. In 1964, a formal network was established for the measurement of tritium in 11 major U.S. rivers; in 1965, another network to measure plutonium, tritium and carbon-14 in total diets became operational. Data on the plutonium-239 content of air particulates show concentrations from 0.07 to 0.44 fCi/m3; the content of this same nuclide in precipitation has ranged from 17 to 126 fCi/l. Plutonium concentrations in total diets have ranged from less than 2.0 to 8.5 fCi/kg, but no detectable plutonium has been found in milk. In organs from unexposed humans, the largest concentrations of plutonium were found in liver and in lungs, with no detectable plutonium being observed in bone. The carbon-14 content of total diets has ranged from 19.0 to 22.5 dpm/g of carbon, which corresponds to an enrichment above natural levels of 35 to 60 per cent. There does not appear to be any consistent geographic trend, nor does the concentration in milk differ markedly from that in the total diet. Levels in human organs do not show any great difference from organ to organ, with the possible exception of a lower value in adult brain. Concentrations of tritium in river water have ranged up to 20 nCi/l, the highest levels being downstream from a major nuclear installation. Concentrations of tritium in drinking water averaged about 5 nCi/l and data on milk and total diets indicate concentrations of from 1 to 5 nCi/kg. The tritium concentration of the water fractions resulting from the combustion of various human organs was equivalent to 0.3 to 10 pCi/g of wet tissue.
On-orbit calibration of satellite based imaging sensors

Satellite based imaging sensors are subjected to several factors that may cause the values of the calibration parameters to vary between the time of ground calibration and on-orbit operation. This paper considers the problem of satellite based imaging sensors calibration, while estimating the state of a target of opportunity. The 2D pixel based measurements (estimated location of the target’s image in the Focal Plane Array - (FPA)) generated by these sensors are used to estimate the sensors pointing angle biases. The noisy measurements provided by these sensors are assumed to be perfectly associated, i.e., they belong to the same target. The proposed algorithm leads to a maximum likelihood bias estimator. The evaluation of the corresponding Cramer- Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) on the covariance of the bias estimates, and the statistical tests on the results of simulations show that both the target trajectory and the biases are observable and this method is statistically efficient.
Tau tubulin kinase 2 is required to initiate mammalian ciliogenesis

Despite the critical importance of cilia in development and disease, the biochemical pathways that initiate ciliogenesis at the mother centriole are not well understood. Here we describe the identification of a serine-threonine protein kinase, Ttbk2, as an essential component of the ciliary initiation pathway. The mouse mutant bartleby (bby) was isolated in a genetic screen in our lab based on phenotypes consistent with a severe disruption in Hh signaling, and immunostaining and scanning electron microscopy revealed that bby mutants lack cilia. The bby phenotype is caused by a nonsense mutation in the gene encoding Tau Tubulin Kinase 2 (Ttbk2), truncating the protein within the kinase domain. Independent studies have shown that human mutations in Ttbk2 are associated with the human neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 11. We show that Ttbk2::GFP localizes to the distal mother centriole in cells prior to ciliary axoneme extension, and to the transition zone between the basal body and axoneme in ciliated cells. In Ttbk2bby mutant cells, components of the IFT complexes, such as IFT88 and IFT140, are not recruited to the transition zone. Thus Ttbk2 acts at a step upstream to IFT in the process of cilia formation and is a critical component of a pathway regulating the initiation of ciliogenesis. Although several kinases have roles in ciliogenesis, Ttbk2 is thus far the only kinase found to have an essential role in cilia formation. Moreover, identification of Ttbk2 substrates and upstream regulators has the potential to reveal other regulators of this important step in ciliogenesis.
Eyelid Malposition: Unique Scenarios in Cancer Patients

Eyelid malposition in cancer patients encompasses a variety of conditions, including ectropion, entropion, ptosis, eyelid retraction, and eyelid malposition due to periorbital edema. Ectropion is by far the most commonly encountered form of eyelid malposition in cancer patients. In some situations, the eyelid abnormality is the presenting sign of an underlying malignancy, but most often, it is the result of therapeutic interventions for cancer.
Teachers for Whom? A Study of Teacher Education Practices in Higher Education

This article presents the results of a study of teacher education practices at 80 Catholic colleges and universities. The impetus for this work was the many Church documents in support of Catholic schools and the cooperative work of diocesan superintendents and educational leaders in the matter of teacher education. The goal of the study was to investigate questions fundamental to the role of Catholic higher education in the preparation of teachers: From where will the next generation of teachers to serve Catholic schools come? How does the preparation of teachers in Catholic institutions of higher education relate to the unique opportunities Catholic schools afford their communities? Do these programs serve Catholic schools? Given the dearth of research and professional literature specific to these questions, the study and data analysis were exploratory with the goal of identifying themes and issues for continued research, dialogue, and professional action.
Campylobacter Infections in Children

1. Rebecca G. Same, MD* 2. Pranita D. Tamma, MD, MHS* 1. *Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD * Abbreviations: CDC: : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CIDT: : culture-independent diagnostic testing GBS: : Guillain-Barre syndrome HIV: : human immunodeficiency virus IBD: : inflammatory bowel disease Ig: : immunoglobulin Campylobacter is one of the 2 most common causes of foodborne illness in the United States. It most commonly occurs in children younger than 5 years of age. Campylobacter species can cause a wide range of syndromes, from asymptomatic infections to severe systemic infections. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize that Campylobacter is a common cause of foodborne illness in the United States and internationally. 2. Understand the indications for testing and the treatment of Campylobacter infection. Campylobacter species are an important cause of infection throughout the world, especially in young children. Campylobacter jejuni is the most common Campylobacter species in the United States, where it is 1 of the top 2 causes of foodborne illness. (1) Other important species include Campylobacter upsaliensis , Campylobacter lari , and Campylobacter fetus , which can cause serious systemic infections in all age groups, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Campylobacter species infections cause gastroenteritis and typically present with diarrhea that may or may not be bloody, emesis, and abdominal pain. Campylobacter infection in children can mimic intussusception, appendicitis, or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Immune-mediated complications of Campylobacter infection include reactive arthritis and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Campylobacter infection is a nationally notifiable disease, and confirmed cases should be reported through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network. Most Campylobacter infections are mild and self-limited and require only supportive care, although some may lead to severe dehydration. Serious infection or infections in immunocompromised hosts may benefit from treatment with macrolide antibiotics. Increasing …
Breastfeeding Duration in a Low-Income Sample Is Associated With Child Diet Quality at Age Three.

Background:Little research has focused on breastfeeding and diet quality, particularly in low-income populations at risk for shorter breastfeeding duration and poorer diet quality.Research Aim:The ...
Tax Fairness and Folk Justice: Approaching Tax Fairness

The United States and other mature economies face persistent fiscal problems. The combination of aging populations, increasing demand for health care in the face of rising costs, and commitments toward equality of educational opportunities all outstrip the apparent willingness of the public to levy taxes to pay for these goals. Matching desired expenditures to desired taxation is naturally a difficult political challenge, as it forces the politicians and the public to decide what they really want and what they are willing to sacrifice to obtain it. One should not expect that weighing costs versus benefits in complex settings would ever be easy – or pretty. Making these challenges even more difficult are the questions that swirl around the “fairness” of taxes. Tax fairness embraces a variety of diverse questions and issues: what types of taxes should be levied, who should pay them, how they should be administered, and what processes should be used to make these decisions? It is tempting to think that tax fairness can be analyzed with a separate set of tools and concepts specifically and narrowly tailored to debates about public finance, but the reality is quite different. Philosophers, economists, psychologists, lawyers, and tax theorists have all discussed tax fairness from very different perspectives. What emerges from this vast literature is that tax fairness needs to be seen as part of a broader discussion of fairness and justice. It cannot be relegated simply to questions that narrowly arise in public finance. Complicating the matter even further is that strong views on tax fairness are also held by the general public. These views are often quite distinct from those held by tax policy theorists. Whose views should prevail?
Mechanistic modeling of light-induced chemotactic infiltration of bacteria into leaf stomata

Light is one of the factors that can play a role in bacterial infiltration into leafy greens by keeping stomata open and providing photosynthetic products for microorganisms. We model chemotactic transport of bacteria within a leaf tissue in response to photosynthesis occurring within plant mesophyll. The model includes transport of carbon dioxide, oxygen, bicarbonate, sucrose/glucose, bacteria, and autoinducer-2 within the leaf tissue. Biological processes of carbon fixation in chloroplasts, and respiration in mitochondria of the plant cells, as well as motility, chemotaxis, nutrient consumption and communication in the bacterial community are considered. We show that presence of light is enough to boost bacterial chemotaxis through the stomatal opening and toward photosynthetic products within the leaf tissue. Bacterial chemotactic ability is a major player in infiltration, and plant stomatal defense in closing the stomata as a perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns is an effective way to inhibit the infiltration.
Managed Care and Public Health: Conflict and Collaboration

Achieving the basic public health goal of protecting the public against population health threats for which there are effective medical interventions depends upon a viable working relationship between public health and managed care. The central public policy question in the coming years is whether and under what circumstances the basic characteristics of the modern approach to American medical care delivery and financing will give way to certain basic imperatives in public health.
There is an App for That: Mobile Technology Improves Complication Reporting and Resident Perception of Their Role in Patient Safety.

Morbidity and mortality (M&M) conferences are rooted within the culture of medicine. They serve a role in every training program and have been mandated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education in surgical programs since 1983. Despite the patient safety improvements and educational benefits of these conferences, many adverse events are grossly under-reported. Methods We developed a web-based, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant, M&M reporting mobile application based on Research Electronic Data Capture. The list of possible complications was based on the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery complications list for part II. The interface is accessible through all mobile platforms. All residents were encouraged to use the application for real-time reporting of complications. Using an unpaired T-test, we compared the reporting before and after the implementation of the mobile application. Residents were surveyed using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient Safety Culture Survey before and after implementation to evaluate resident perception of the department's culture of safety. Results The application was launched in August 2017. All reported events were tallied from August 2016 through July 2019. Before the implementation of the application, there were 54 adverse events reported, with a mean of 4.0 per month. In the Post-App cohort, a total of 176 adverse events were reported in year 1, with a mean of 14.76 per month, and 236 adverse events were reported in year 2, with a mean of 19.66 per month. Residents were significantly more likely to feel that their input on patient safety was valued by attendings after the implementation of the app (p = 0.0243). Conclusions An anonymous mobile reporting method for M&M significantly increased the reporting of both major and minor complications and improved resident perception of their role in patient safety efforts. This suggests that traditional methods of M&M reporting may grossly underestimate the complication rates which can negatively affect patient safety and quality improvement efforts and that reducing barriers to the reporting of complication may improve resident engagement in patient safety.
The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is Even More Valid Than We Thought: A New Development in Meta-Analysis and Its Implications for the Validity of the GMAT

Recent research in the field of meta-analysis has provided a procedure of improved accuracy to correct for range restriction, which allows for more accurate calibrations of the validities of variou...
A Review of Liquid Metal Embrittlement: Cracking Open the Disparate Mechanisms

Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) is the term for a collection of phenomena by which the action of a liquid metal in contact with the surface of a solid metal results in the weakening, loss of ductility, or otherwise mechanical degradation of the solid metal. Despite upwards of 100 years of study on this topic (Johnson, Proc R Soc Lond 23(156–163):168–179, 1874 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1874.0024 ), the ability to predict the occurrence or severity of embrittlement in any given liquid–solid metal pair has eluded the community, in no small part due to the lack of an agreed upon mechanism or mechanisms that explain the observed phenomenology. This review will describe the various ways in which metals can fail by LME, the experimentally observed dependencies on environmental and metallurgical factors (Section III), and will briefly cover the various mechanisms that have been proposed to explain behavior.
No Last Name

The author was twelve when he met his father who had driven from Texas with his American wife to bond with his boys. As if time had stood still, the father failed to mention the more than ten years of lost time and abandonment. But the author wanted to believe in the father, find answers to his mother’s silences, take his father’s name, and develop a meaningful father/son relationship. Dad treated the boys to a brief stay in Carmel, good restaurants, and the promise of a possible trip out of state. When he left, the boys called him daily until the phone calls became less and less accessible then the line was disconnected. Through it all the mother’s love stayed strong and weathered the attraction.
Spinning wool on Kihnu Island: The ecology of heritage sheep and textile crafts

Wool crafts are an essential part of cultural heritage and daily life on Kihnu Island in Estonia, and they begin with animal husbandry and wool preparation. People and sheep cooperatively produce wool, maintain the land through conservation grazing, and facilitate heritage activities while external and internal conditions and forces, like changing economic and demographic factors, provide challenges and friction. An ecological study of wool crafts in context requires attention to creative processes, tools, materials, landscapes, and human and other-than-human animals that are engaged in complex flows of activity and meaning with one another. Both ethnographic encounters and autoethnographic reflections on craft practice provide vital insight into these entanglements.
The NOP Receptor System in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Discrepancies, Peculiarities and Clinical Progress in Developing Targeted Therapies

The nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptor and its endogenous ligand nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) are the fourth members of the opioid receptor and opioid peptide families. Although they have considerable sequence homology to the other family members, they are not considered opioid per se because they do not have pharmacological profiles similar to the other family members. The number of NOP receptors in the brain is higher than the other family members, and NOP receptors can be found throughout the brain. Because of the widespread distribution of NOP receptors, N/OFQ and other peptide and small molecule agonists and antagonists have extensive CNS activities. Originally thought to be anti-opioid, NOP receptor agonists block some opioid activities, potentiate others, and modulate other activities not affected by traditional opiates. Because the effect of receptor activation can be dependent upon site of administration, state of the animal, and other variables, the study of NOP receptors has been fraught with contradictions and inconsistencies. In this article, the actions and controversies pertaining to NOP receptor activation and inhibition are discussed with respect to CNS disorders including pain (acute, chronic, and migraine), drug abuse, anxiety and depression. In addition, progress towards clinical use of NOP receptor-directed compounds is discussed.
Review, Is International Law a European Conspiracy?

Reviewing B.S. Chimni, Third World Approaches to International Law: A Manifesto, The Third World and International Order: Law, Politics And Globalization, pp. 47-73, ed. by A. Anghie, B. Chimni, K. Mickelson and O. Okafor (Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004).
Altering the magnetic ordering of Fe3Ga4 via thermal annealing and hydrostatic pressure

Abstract The effects of post-synthesis annealing temperature on arc-melted samples of Fe3Ga4 has been studied to investigate changes in crystallographic and magnetic properties induced by annealing. Results show a significant trend in the evolution of the (incommensurate spin density wave) ISDW-FM (ferromagnetic) transition temperature as a function of the refined unit cell volume in annealed samples. Strikingly, this trend allowed for the tuning of the transition temperature down to room-temperature (300 K) whilst maintaining a sharp transition in temperature, opening the door to the use of Fe3Ga4 in functional devices. Crystallographic analysis through Rietveld refinement of high-resolution x-ray diffraction data has showed that arc-melted stoichiometric Fe3Ga4 is multi-phase regardless of annealing temperature with a minor phase of FeGa3 decreasing in phase fraction at higher annealing temperature. In order to validate the trend in ISDW-FM transition temperature with regard to unit cell volume, high pressure magnetometry was performed. This showed that the FM-ISDW ( ~ 68 K) and ISDW-FM ( ~ 360 K) transition temperatures could be tuned, increased and decreased respectively, linearly with external pressure. Thus, external pressure and the ensuing crystallographic changes minimize the temperature range of the stability of the ISDW pointing toward the importance of structural properties on the mechanism for the formation of the intermediate ISDW phase. These results show how this model system can be tuned as well as highlighting the need for future high-pressure crystallography and related single crystal measurements to understand the mechanism and nature of the intermediate ISDW phase to be exploited in future devices.
“All Things are as They Were Then”: Radio's You are There

Abstract This article analyzes the 1940s radio series You Are There, originally titled CBS Is There. The series illuminates media history in two ways. First, it provides insight into a time of momentous change in the broadcasting industry. Its creative blend of fact and fiction challenged conventional definitions of journalism and documentary at a time when significant changes were sweeping U.S. broadcasting, underscoring the power and authority of audio journalism even as television was starting to eclipse radio as a national medium. Second, You Are There demonstrates how popular culture's depictions of the past typically speak as much to contemporary concerns as they do to those of the past. The series expressed the optimistic liberalism of its producer-director Robert Lewis Shayon in addressing postwar debates over isolationism, prejudice, and freedom of thought. At the same time, You Are There told stories of heroic individualism that celebrated classically American virtues and reproduced consensual, ...
Rendering the Qur'an into Cadenced, Rhyming English Prose: Process and Outcome in a Translation of Sūrat al-Ghāshiya (Q. 88)

Translators of the Qur'an often explain the general principles underlying their translation but rarely, if ever, go into the nitty-gritty of the process and discuss aspects such as specific word choice, word placement, rhyme/non-rhyme, assonance/consonance, and so on. Either they do not think about these dimensions of their translation explicitly, or soundscape and soundshape is not as important to them as ‘meaning’. As a translator who believes that Qur'anic meaning inheres in word placement and word choice, I aim to demonstrate how this can be transferred to the English translation by recording all my choices as I translated Sūrat al-Ghāshiya (Q. 88). Thus, process (the act of translation) is made explicit, and product (translation proper) can be appreciated as the outcome of the process. Another important aim of this discussion is to encourage others translating the Qur'anic text (from single verses for quotation in their own scholarship to longer pieces or, indeed, the whole Qur'an) to appreciate the ...
The effect of predictable and unpredictable motor tasks on postural control after traumatic brain injury

This study examined the effects of environmental predictability on postural control during functional reaching while seated in healthy individuals and patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The postural perturbation used required reaching to the left versus reaching to the right, while seated, under predictable versus unpredictable conditions. Indexes of postural control - trajectory stability and response reach times - were measured using an electromechanical system in ten patients with TBI and ten healthy subjects. In the TBI group, greater trajectory stability and shorter response reach time were recorded under unpredictable conditions when reaching to both the right and left (d-index 0.57-2.3). In the control group, greater trajectory stability and shorter response time were recorded under predictable and unpredictable environments compared with the TBI group (d-index 0.46-0.95). This study refutes the hierarchical, predictable-to-unpredictable-environment model of postural control evaluation and treatment. The relationship between information processing demands and postural skill appears more complex than a simple linear association. Predictable and unpredictable conditions may be used concurrently, not sequentially, in TBI rehabilitation.
Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology: Mineral reactions involving H2O and CO2

INTRODUCTION Most prograde metamorphic reactions involve dehydration or decarbonation. The large increase in entropy that accompanies the liberation of a volatile phase from a mineral ensures that rising metamorphic temperatures will favor reactions that produce a separate vapor phase. The properties of this phase are critical in determining which metamorphic reactions take place and under what conditions they occur. We have already seen in the simple example of the model metamorphic terrane treated in Chapter 18 that very different conclusions about the conditions of metamorphism can be reached depending on the assumptions made about the composition of the fluid phase (Fig. 18.4). The purpose of this chapter is to outline some of the important principles governing metamorphic reactions that involve a volatile phase. The fluid phase in most metamorphic rocks is dominated by H 2 O and CO 2 . Both of these are initially derived almost entirely from the atmosphere (meteoric). Water is incorporated by minerals, such as the clays, during the weathering of rocks or the diagenesis of sediments. Carbon dioxide may also be similarly incorporated with the formation of calcite or dolomite. But the largest amount of CO 2 enters metamorphic rock as calcite of biological origin formed from the shells of organisms. Both H 2 O and CO 2 are trapped directly as pore fluid, but during compaction and diagenesis of sediment most of this is expelled. The fluid phase in metamorphic rocks is therefore derived largely from the breakdown of minerals rather than from the initially trapped pore fluid.
Characterization of human cytomegalovirus UL84 early gene and identification of its putative protein product.

Abstract The DNA sequence and transcription pattern of human cytomegalovirus early gene UL84 were analyzed. This gene was mapped within a 2.6-kb PstI fragment located between 0.534 and 0.545 map unit of the large unique segment of the human cytomegalovirus genome, which is adjacent to the pp65 and pp71 genes. A 2.0-kb mRNA was transcribed from this region in the same leftward direction as the mRNAs of the pp65 and pp71 genes. The message was first detected at 2.5 h postinfection and reached a maximal level between 72 and 96 h postinfection. The nucleotide sequences of the 2.6-kb PstI genomic DNA fragment and the cDNA derived from this region were determined. The resulting data revealed a polyadenylation signal (AATAAA) located 14 nucleotides upstream from the poly(A) tail of the cDNA and a 1,761-bp open reading frame capable of encoding a 65-kDa polypeptide. A potential leucine zipper was found in the N-terminal half of the peptide molecule between amino acids 114 and 135. In addition, a different periodic leucine repeat with leucine at every eighth position was found between amino acids 325 and 373. The transcriptional initiation site of this early gene was determined by primer extension analysis. A putative TATA box (TATTTAA) located 24 bp upstream of the cap site and several inverted repeats were found in the region further upstream of the TATA box. To test whether the open reading frame of this cDNA encodes a virus-specific protein, the cDNA was overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein used to generate antibodies in rabbits. A protein with a molecular size of 65 kDa was detected in the infected-cell extracts harvested at 6 to 72 h postinfection, but not in purified virions, using immunoblot analysis. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic fluorescences were found at late stages of virus infection. From the results obtained, we postulate that UL84 may be a stable, virus-specific, nonstructural protein capable of forming a homo- or heterodimeric molecule.
3D object recognition: Representation and matching

Three-dimensional object recognition entails a number of fundamental problems in computer vision: representation of a 3D object, identification of the object from its image, estimation of its position and orientation, and registration of multiple views of the object for automatic model construction. This paper surveys three of those topics, namely representation, matching, and pose estimation. It also presents an overview of the free-form surface matching problem, and describes COSMOS, our framework for representing and recognizing free-form objects. The COSMOS system recognizes arbitrarily curved 3D rigid objects from a single view using dense surface data. We present both the theoretical aspects and the experimental results of a prototype recognition system based on COSMOS.
RV-only pacing can produce a Q wave in lead 1 and an R wave in V1: implications for biventricular pacing.

Background Biventricular (bi-v) pacing improves congestive heart failure and mortality in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and electrical dyssynchrony. Effective resynchronization must include an LV pacing contribution to the QRS. Leads 1 and V1 are often exclusively used to verify proper biventricular pacing. Methods In 40 patients referred to our cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) optimization clinic, 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) were obtained during bi-v pacing, right ventricular (RV)-only pacing, LV-only pacing, and a range of atrio-ventricular and ventriculo-ventricular intervals. The presenting bi-v QRS morphology was compared to RV and LV pacing, and RV-only pacing was evaluated for the presence of a Q wave in lead 1 and an R wave in V1. Results In 22 patients (55%), RV pacing produced an initial Q wave in lead 1 and/or R wave in V1, mimicking bi-v pacing. In three patients, the presenting bi-v paced ECG looked identical to RV-only pacing. In 28 patients (70%), LV pacing was advanced by a mean of 30 ms after CRT optimization. Using all 12 ECG leads, especially the precordial leads, was necessary to appreciate the QRS changes that occurred when LV pacing meaningfully contributed to electrical activation. Conclusions Because of LV pacing latency, some patients require an earlier LV offset to achieve proper resynchronization pacing. Commonly used ECG criteria cannot verify meaningful LV pacing contribution during biventricular pacing because RV-only pacing often creates a Q wave in lead 1 and/or R wave in V1. The full 12-lead ECG during biventricular pacing should be compared with isolated RV and LV pacing to verify that LV pacing is properly contributing to the QRS.
Latency difference, not spatial extrapolation

The inevitable neural delays involved in processing visual information should cause the perceived location of a moving stimulus to lag significantly behind its actual location. However, Nijhawan1,2,3 has proposed that the visual system corrects the perceived location of the moving stimulus by extrapolating it along the trajectory of motion, so that the stimulus is perceived at its expected actual location. We provide new evidence to the contrary, demonstrating that the visual system does not compensate for neural delays but simply shows a reduced delay for moving stimuli.
The Sociocultural Implications of Learning and Teaching in Cyberspace.

In this chapter, the author uses her own experiences as an adult learner in cyberspace to explore the social and cultural contexts of gender and national origin in adult learning.
Regulation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infectivity by the ERK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway

ERK1 and ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) play a critical role in regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in response to mitogens and other extracellular stimuli. Mitogens and cytokines that activate MAPK in T cells have been shown to activate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Little is known about the signal transduction pathways that activate HIV-1 replication in T cells upon activation by extracellular stimulation. Here, we report that activation of MAPK through the Ras/Raf/MEK signaling pathway enhances the infectivity of HIV-1 virions. Virus infectivity was enhanced by treatment of cells with MAPK stimulators, such as serum and phorbol myristate acetate, as well as by coexpression of constitutively activated Ras, Raf, or MEK (MAPK kinase) in the absence of extracellular stimulation. Treatment of cells with PD 098059, a specific inhibitor of MAPK activation, or with a MAPK antisense oligonucleotide reduced the infectivity of HIV-1 virions without significantly affecting virus production or the levels of virion-associated Gag and Env proteins. MAPK has been shown to regulate HIV-1 infectivity by phosphorylating Vif (X. Yang and D. Gabuzda, J. Biol. Chem. 273:29879-29887, 1998). However, MAPK activation enhanced virus infectivity in some cells lines that do not require Vif function. The HIV-1 Rev, Tat, p17(Gag), and Nef proteins were directly phosphorylated by MAPK in vitro, suggesting that other HIV-1 proteins are potential substrates for MAPK phosphorylation. These results suggest that activation of the ERK MAPK pathway plays a role in HIV-1 replication by enhancing the infectivity of HIV-1 virions through Vif-dependent as well as Vif-independent mechanisms. MAPK activation in producer cells may contribute to the activation of HIV-1 replication when T cells are activated by mitogens and other extracellular stimuli.
Alternative modes of substrate distortion in enzyme and antibody catalyzed ferrochelation reactions.

Both an antibody that catalyzes metal insertion into porphyrins and the corresponding enzyme, ferrochelatase, are shown by resonance Raman spectroscopy to induce distortion in the bound porphyrin substrate. It was found that the enzyme-induced distortion is different from that induced by the antibody; the catalytic antibody produces a distortion which is similar to the one present in the hapten, N-methylmesoporphyrin IX (N-MeMP). Activation of specific out-of-plane vibrational modes reveal that the antibody induces an alternating up-and-down tilting of the pyrrole rings, while ferrochelatase induces tilting of all four pyrrole rings in the same direction (doming). Both distortions are effective in catalyzing metal insertion. The distortion induced in the enzyme is only seen when an inhibitory metal ion is also bound. This observation suggests an allosteric mechanism, in which a conformational change which distorts the porphyrin toward the transition state geometry, is induced by metal binding at an adjace...
A cluster-based computing infrastructure for wide-area multi-modal surveillance networks

Wide-area surveillance networks of diverse sensors present unique challenges for processing the massive amount of data generated. This paper presents a general, flexible computing infrastructure based on free and open-source software components to tackle the problem of quasi-realtime processing of time-sensitive surveillance data. The integration of NIST's SmartFlow system enables the transport of data to a Rocks-based cluster of computers for more CPU-intensive computations. Services, metadata, and events are made available to the network via a central server called the Blackboard. This allows application programmers to access the raw sensor data within a user-settable time-to-live. A general processing framework based on Trolltech's Qt4 signal and slot mechanism hides the complexity of multi-threaded programming and enables users to fully exploit the potential of the SMP machines in the cluster. Case studies are presented for an independent agent detector that uses multiple cameras as well as scalability results and for the processing of massively multi-channel audio data from a microphone array to achieve e.g. sound-source location in near-realtime.
Effects of pressure on amorphous polymers. III. Thermodynamic properties of densified polymethyl methacrylate

Measurements of the temperature dependence of specific heat are presented for polymethyl methacrylate densified in various pressure‐temperature‐time cycles. It is found that treatment in the glass transition region produces samples with higher glassy specific heat (0. 38 vs 0. 35 cal/g °C) and lower heat content (difference in enthalpy of 2 to 5 cal/g) than the original material. The change in thermal properties is directly correlated with increased density and increased resistance to annealing. High‐pressure treatment in the glassy state is found to produce little change in the thermodynamic properties. Samples vitrified by rapid application of high pressure show complex specific‐heat‐temperature curves. The results are related to previously reported data on densification and annealing and are discussed in terms of theories of the glassy state and the glass transition.
An analysis of crania from Tell-Duweir using multiple discriminant functions

Historical and archaelogical evidence suggests that the Iron Age biblical city of Lachish had a multinational population of diverse geographical origins. A multivariate analysis of crania, using canonical discriminant functions and metric variables, tends to confirm this. The approach employed stresses that population discriminant analysis studies should be both biologically and statistically legitimate. An ecological interpretation of the data suggests a research design for analyzing the affinities of cranial series. Similarities probably should be assessed in an analytical space containing the widest possible range of variation.
Polymer thermogravimetric analysis: effects of chain-end and reversible random scission

Abstract A new approach to polymer pyrolysis kinetics is based on moments of a population balance equation describing chain-end and random scission and repolymerization. Two equations for the zero and first moments (moles and mass) are solved for isothermal and nonisothermal (linear T increase) thermogravimetric analysis. The isothermal case is shown to have a simple relationship to an empirical acceleratory model, thus revealing its limitations and approximations. With realistic values of prefactors and activation energies, the new theory compares well with experimental data for polyether–ether–ketone pyrolysis.
Correlates of hypnotizability: the first empirical study

Because all of the effects of suggestion can be obtained without inducing hypnosis, hypnotizability is not the same thing as suggestibility. Hypnotizability is the change in suggestibility produced by inducing hypnosis. However, almost all studies purporting to measure hypnotizability have neglected to control for nonhypnotic (that is, so-called ‘waking’) suggestibility. Thus, they have assessed the relation of suggestibility to various variables, but not the relation of hypnotizability to those variables. The one published study of the correlates of hypnotizability shows that it is predicted by expectancy and motivation, but not by absorption or fantasy proneness. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis