cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Fu hao,” “fu hao,” “fuHao,” or “fu Hao”? A Cataloger's Navigation of an Ancient Chinese Woman's Name

Chinese language catalogers’ work is not only challenged by the revolution in cataloging standards and principles, but also by ancient Chinese names that emerged in archaeological discoveries and Chinese classic texts, which create a significant impact on bibliographic description and retrieval in terms of consistency and accuracy. This article takes an example of one ancient Chinese lady's name that is inconsistently romanized and described in OCLC to explore the reasons that cause the name variations and to propose an appropriate authorized access point after consulting both Western and Eastern scholarly practices. This article investigates the evolving history of pre-Qin Chinese names that are not addressed or exemplified in the Library of Congress Romanization Table, and recommends a revision of that Table.
Infrared imaging of AP/HTPB laminate propellant flames

Abstract The combustion of ammonium perchlorate (AP), hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) two-dimensional laminate propellants is investigated using simultaneous infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) emission imaging at 1–50 atm. The IR (3300–3900 nm) measurements sense flame presence nominally via HCl rovibrational excitation and the UV (310 nm) measurements via OH electronic excitation, although continuum emission is also present. The following findings are made. (1) The new IR results generally confirm the flame-structure regime map (split vs merged flames) obtained previously from UV observations for both pure and oxygenated fuel-binders. Here “merged” refers to lateral merging of the two diffusion flame branches (one for each fuel–AP interface) as pressure and fuel-layer thickness are reduced. (2) A new finding (not seen previously in the UV) is that for pure binder systems at relatively low pressures ( 15 atm ) , IR imaging clearly shows two stream-wise distinct diffusion flames, which are possibly the primary diffusion flame (PDF) and final diffusion flame (FDF) structures postulated in the BDP model. (3) As pressure increases the PDF and FDF flames observed for pure binder merge stream-wise and become indistinguishable. (4) Oxygenated fuel-binder (75:25 fine-AP/HTPB-binder) laminates do not show distinct PDF and FDF flames. (5) The IR imaging technique improves on the UV in terms of surface definition because of the differences in IR versus UV absorption/emission properties of fuel-rich gaseous species near the burning surface: oxygenated binder surfaces that appear protruding in UV in the split-flame regime are less so in IR. (6) Computational results using just the AP-premixed and final diffusion flames capture the flame-surface structure regime map qualitatively but not quantitatively, further underscoring the importance of the primary diffusion flame.
TOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY AND FEAR OF THE PARANORMAL

Houran, et al.'s model for haunting phenomena predicts that fear of “paranormal phenomena” is associated with intolerance of ambiguity. Consistent with this prediction, ratings by 86 undergraduates (14 men and 72 women) showed a correlation of .33 between the scores on the Anomalous Experiences Inventory and the Rydell-Rosen Ambiguity Tolerance Scale.
Generation of molecular complexity from cyclooctatetraene: synthesis of a protected 2-(3′-carboxy-2′-benzoylcyclopentyl)glycine

Abstract Synthesis of a protected 2-(3′-carboxycyclopentyl)glycine rac-11, possessing four contiguous chiral carbons, was accomplished in six steps (20% yield) from the hydrocarbon cyclooctatetraene.
Object recognition in compressed imagery

Image-based applications can save time and space by operating on compressed data. The problem is that most mid- and high-level image operations, such as object recognition, are formulated as sequences of operations in the image domain. Such methods need direct access to pixel information as a starting point, but the pixel information in a compressed image stream is not immediately accessible. In this paper we show how to perform object recognition directly on compressed images (JPEG) and index frames from video streams (MPEG I-frames) without recovering explicit pixel information. The approach uses eigenvectors constructed from compressed image data. Our performance results show that a five-fold speedup can be gained by using compressed data.
Efficient utilization of the reduced folate carrier in CCRF-CEM human leukemic lymphoblasts by the potent antifolate Nα-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-Nδ-hemiphthaloyl-l-ornithine (PT523) and its B-ring analogues

The potent nonpolyglutamatable dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor N(alpha)-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-N(delta)-hemiphthaloyl-L-o rnithine (PT523) and six of its B-ring (5-deaza, 8-deaza, and 5,8-dideaza) analogues were compared in terms of their ability to: (a) inhibit the growth of CCRF-CEM human leukemic lymphoblasts, and (b) utilize the reduced folate carrier (RFC) in these cells as measured in a competition assay of [(3)H]methotrexate ([(3)H]MTX) influx. The IC(50) values of the hemiphthaloylornithine derivatives against CCRF-CEM cells after 72 hr of drug exposure varied from 0.64 to 1.3 nM as compared with 14 nM for MTX and 4.4 nM for aminopterin (AMT). The K(i) values of these compounds in the [(3)H]MTX influx assay were in the 0.3 to 0.7 microM range as compared with a K(i) of 5.4 microM for AMT and a K(t) of 7.1 microM for MTX. As a group, the affinities of these compounds for the RFC were approximately 10-fold greater than those of their respective glutamate analogues. These results indicate that, in addition to their previously reported tight binding to dihydrofolate reductase, a property contributing to the high potency of PT523 and its B-ring analogs as inhibitors of tumor cell growth is their strong affinity for the RFC.
Hydrogen bonded polymer blends

Abstract Since the publication of our monograph, Specific Interactions and the Miscibility of Polymer Blends in 1991, there have been a number of significant advances in the field of hydrogen bonded polymer blends. This paper is essentially a progress report and we review both theoretical and experimental developments that have occurred over the last three or so years.
Raphe magnus inhibition of primate T1-T4 spinothalamic cells with cardiopulmonary visceral input.

Effects of stimulation of nucleus raphe magnus on upper thoracic spinothalamic tract neurons were determined. Experiments were performed on 15 monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) anesthetized with α-chloralose. Forty-two T1−T4 spinothalamic tract neurons with viscerosomatic inputs were studied. Stimulation of nucleus raphe magnus inhibited activity of all 42 neurons. Thirty-two of these cells had background activity. The magnitude of the inhibition of background activity was related to the raphe magnus stimulus current. Current strengths as low as 300 μA (100 Hz, 0.2 msec duration) completely inhibited most cells. Current thresholds averaged 80 ± 10 μA and were unrelated to the type of somatic or visceral input the cell received, or to the cell location. Conditioning stimuli applied to nucleus raphe magnus inhibited cell responses to electrical stimulation of cardiopulmonary sympathetic Aδ and C afferent fibers. However, in order to demonstrate preferential inhibition of responses to C fiber input it was necessary to use 200 msec trains of raphe stimuli which were concurrent with the cell response to sympathetic afferent stimuli. Twenty-five spinothalamic neurons were tested for responses to intracardiac injections of bradykinin and 17 cells increased their discharge rate. Stimulation of nucleus raphe magnus (280 ± 25 μA) near the peak of the response reduced activity of all 17 cells from 26 ± 3 to 4 ± 1 spikes/sec (P < 0.001). Raphe stimulation inhibited responses of 41 of 41 cells to noxious pinch and responses of 15 of 15 wide dynamic range and the 1 low threshold cell to blowing hair. The results establish the capacity of the raphe-spinal pathway to modulate activity of upper thoracic spinothalamic tract neurons including their response to potentially noxious cardiac stimuli. It is therefore possible that descending inhibitory systems may modulate ascending information related to cardiac pain and perhaps account for myocardial ischemic attacks which occur without pain.
Chiral nematic droplets with parallel surface anchoring

Chiral nematic droplets of various radii $R$ and intrinsic pitch $P$ with parallel boundary conditions have been observed using a polarizing microscope. The visual appearances of the droplets have been compared with computer simulations from model director fields. It is found that the director configuration depends strongly on the ratio $R/P.$ For $PgR,$ the droplets have a twisted bipolar structure. For $PlR,$ the director field takes on the Frank-Pryce structure. For $P\ensuremath{\ll}R,$ the droplet appearance is similar to that of a radial nematic drop, but the director field is still described by the Frank-Pryce model. We present a phase stability diagram for the two structures, and show how the structural transition between them proceeds continuously through intermediate states.
Academic Performance and Satisfaction with Homework Completion among College Students.

Abstract Under the umbrella of the social cognitive theory of self-regulation of learning, we examined the association between homework practices of college students, motivation and self-regulation of learning, and final course grades. Data from one hundred thirty-three college students, who completed measures of help-seeking, self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and homework logs suggested that the relationship between students' beliefs and homework practices are associated with their academic performance, reported use of adaptive help-seeking, and motivational beliefs. Results support the use of homework logs, and the consideration of students' self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and use of help-seeking strategies related to homework completion to help explain the development of self-directed learners.
The effects of alcohol on sensory evoked and spontaneous cerebral potentials in man.

Two experiments were carried out to delimit the action of alcohol, in varying concentrations, on the different components of the SER. Responses evoked by median nerve stimulation were recorded from two scalp locations before alcohol was given and during the ascending and descending limbs of the blood alcohol curve. Following the ingestion of low to moderate doses the initial spike and primary discharge specific to the post-rolandic site were demonstrated to be fairly resistant to the depressive effects of alcohol. In contrast, the late components as well as the vertex slow waves became markedly attenuated. The amplitude of the triphasic vertex response was shown to be extremely sensitive to alcohol, decreasing systematically with the rising concentration of alcohol and returning to normal with the dissipation of alcohol from the blood. In a third experiment, action potentials recorded from the median nerve in the upper arm at high BACs were found to be indistinguishable from those obtained during a control period. In the final experiment an analysis of variance of a number of EEG and ER variables, derived from single pre-stimulus and post-stimulus events, disclosed that the amplitude of both the N1 and P2 vertex components decreased significantly with increasing BACs. The latency variability of the N1 but not the P2 component showed a slight increase at high BACs. Of the EEG parameters measured only the number of theta waves decreased at low BACs but returned to control values at the high dose level.
Fire alarms and siren songs: the role of issues management in the prevention of, and response to, organizational crises:

The focus of this paper is on the interplay between and among issues and crisis management. These linkages have not been previously explored in any depth. This analysis addresses: (1) the process by which issues become crises and suggests specific criteria to evaluate the potential for an issue to become a crisis ; (2) offers reasons why organizations miss the warning signs of impending crises; and (3) offers examples of recent crises and draws lessons from those experiences.
An approach to replacement of maxillary first premolar and lateral incisors in selected cases.

Replacement of a maxillary first premolar or maxillary lateral incisor with a fixed partial denture (FPD) is often a challenge. In many patients, the anterior abutment is conservatively restored or caries free and, in other situations, restoration of the anterior abutment with a complete-coverage retainer could present an esthetic problem. Cantilever FPDs have been advocated in these situations; but the long-term prognosis is questionable because of unfavorable lateral forces that can promote tipping, rotation, and drifting of abutments.‘m3 The following technique has been used successfully to preserve the integrity
Variation in polyandry and its fitness consequences among populations of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum

Female mating with multiple males in a single reproductive period, or polyandry, is a common phenomenon in animals. In this study we investigated variation in female mating behavior and its fitness consequences among three genetic strains of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. We found that the extent of polyandry and its fitness consequences varied significantly among the strains. In the first strain PRUZ, females mated multiply but incurred costs of polyandry in the form of reduced offspring production. Females of the second strain, NDG11, mated readily with multiple partners and benefited because polyandry led to higher offspring quality. Finally, TIW1 females were resistant to multiple mating and polyandry resulted in lower offspring production but improved offspring quality. Thus, in the first population we observed only costs of polyandry, in the second strain only benefits of polyandry whereas in the third we detected both costs and benefits of polyandry. Possible explanations for such a pattern are discussed.
High-fat diet-induced alterations in the feeding suppression of low-dose nisoxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Central noradrenergic pathways are involved in feeding and cardiovascular control, physiological processes altered by obesity. The present studies determined how high-fat feeding and body weight gain alter the sensitivity to the feeding suppression and neural activation to a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, nisoxetine. Acute administration of nisoxetine (saline: 0, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg; IP) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the 24 h refeeding response in male Sprague Dawley rats maintained on standard chow. In a similar fashion, nisoxetine resulted in reductions in blood pressure and a compensatory increase in heart rate. From these studies, the 3 mg/kg dose was subthreshold. In a separate experiment, however, 10 wk exposure to a high-fat diet (60% fat) resulted in weight gain and significant feeding suppression following administration of nisoxetine (3 mg/kg) compared with animals fed a control diet (10% fat). Nisoxetine (3 mg/kg) also resulted in greater neural activation, as measured by c-Fos immunohistochemistry, in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in animals exposed to the high-fat diet. Such data indicate acute nisoxetine doses that suppress food intake can impact cardiovascular measures. It also suggests that the feeding suppression to a low-dose nisoxetine is enhanced as a result of high-fat diet and weight gain.
A note on estimation of percentiles and reliability in the extreme-value distribution

Abstract A method for deriving point estimates of percentiles in the extreme-value distribution conditioned on the ancillary information is given. The resulting conditional median unbiased estimate is the same regardless of the arbitrary choice of equivariant estimators. The conditional median unbiased estimator is also shown to be optimal with respect to Pitman Nearness.
Projective MRI angiography and quantitative flow-volume densitometry

Projective MR images of vascular anatomy and flow are performed at 0.14 T by using phase contrast to suppress the signal contribution of the stationary background. The source of the contrast is the distinctive phase evolution of moving protons under the influence of the read-out gradient of a conventional two-dimensional Fourier transform (2D FT) spin-echo pulse sequence. By using short echo times, small phase shifts may be obtained. When phase shifts are less than about 45 degrees, the phase contrast assumes a simple and useful form. The flow image intensity at any pixel becomes proportional to the net flux or flow volume of protons which cross the corresponding voxel. This proportionality is demonstrated in images of flow phantoms as is the reproducibility of measured flow volume under a variety of transformations of imaging conditions and of the subject. Projective images gated in vivo produce angiographic views of arteries and veins, in systole and diastole, in the neck of a dog and in the lower extremities of a human subject.
Structural and electronic evolution of Cr2O3 on compression to 55 GPa

Abstract Synchrotron single-crystal x-ray diffraction experiments have been performed on corundum-type Cr2O3 up to a pressure of 55 GPa in Ne and He pressure transmitting media. Diffraction experiments were complemented by measurements of optical absorption spectra with single crystal samples up to 60 GPa. Results of the diffraction data analysis rule out the earlier reported monoclinic distortion at 15–30 GPa, but indicate evidence of two discontinuous transitions of electronic or magnetic nature, most likely associated with a change in magnetic ordering and charge transfer. The compression mechanism established from single crystal refinements indicates much smaller distortion of the Cr3+ coordination environment than was previously assumed.
The potassium metal reduction of perylene in tetrahydrofuran: evidence for the perylene dianion

Abstract Reduction of perylene with potassium metal in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature yields the dianion, as determined by potassium metal uptake, by 1H NMR of the anion solution, and by product analysis of a methyl iodide quench. There is no evidence for decomposition of the solvent, either to a butoxy fragment or to an ethyl-ene/enolate mixture, a result which is in contrast to previously reported work on the naphthalene/alkali metal/tetrahydrofuran systems.
POSTNEONATAL CIRCUMCISION WITH LOCAL ANESTHESIA: A COST-EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE

AbstractPurpose: Despite the controversy regarding the need for routine neonatal circumcision, most boys in the United States are circumcised. Physicians are commonly asked to perform circumcision after the neonatal period and are often unaware of the cost factors related to the timing and location of postneonatal circumcision.Materials and Methods: We describe the medical and financial advantages of postneonatal circumcision with local versus general anesthesia.Results: During a 30-month period 245 boys 6 months to 15 years old underwent circumcision under general anesthesia in the operating room. Hospital charges (facility and equipment) averaged $1,555 and anesthesia charges averaged $250. Therefore, the average cost for circumcision in the operating room was $1,805. During the same time period 287 infants 3 days to 9 months old (20% older than 3 months) underwent circumcision under local anesthesia in an office setting. The facility and equipment charge for these office procedures averaged $196. Overa...
Security Enhancements to Routing Protocols for Backbone Networks

The basic problem in enhancing the security of a routing protocol is how to verify the correctness of the information a router exchanges with its peers, i.e., to feasibly protect the authenticity and integrity of the routing traffic and provide the means to verify the authority of the participating routers. In this paper, we present some enhancements to the routing protocols that have been used in large-scale backbone networks. First, by using limited key distribution and double message hashing, the routing protocols have improved computational efficiency and the ability to verify the authenticity and integrity of a routing message. Second, we propose a novel algorithm that can detect Byzantine attacks as well as other internal attacks, by using both message and route redundancy during route discovery. Third, we also propose an optimal routing algorithm with routing metrics combining both requirements on a node's trustworthiness and performance. In this way, each node makes secure routing decision based on its trust on its neighboring nodes and the performance provided by these nodes. The proposed enhancements can be applied to both distance-vector and link-state routing protocols, such as RIP, OSPF and BGP.
Extension of GAMS for complementarity problems arising in applied economic analysis

Abstract This paper introduces new features of the GAMS modeling language which have been developed for solving nonlinear complementarity problems. The paper defines the ‘mixed complementarity problem’ (MCP) and its various manifestations. Complementarity formulations for three economic models are developed, and computational benchmarks are presented for two large-scale MCP solvers. Finally, procedures for local sensitivity analysis are described.
U.S. Immigration Policy at a Crossroads: Should the U.S. Continue Its Family-Friendly Policy?

An ongoing debate is whether the U.S. should continue its familybased admission system, which favors visas for family members of U.S. citizens and residents, or adopt a more skills-based system, replacing family visas with employment-based visas. In many ways, this is a false dichotomy: family-friendly policies attract highly-skilled immigrants regardless of their own visa path, and there are not strong reasons why a loosening of restrictions on employment migrants need be accompanied by new restrictions on family-based immigration. Moreover, it is misleading to think that only employment-based immigrants contribute to the U.S. economy. Recent immigrants, who have mostly entered via kinship ties, are economically productive, a fact hidden by a flawed methodology that underlies most economic analyses of immigrant economic assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Low-Cycle Bending-Fatigue Strength of Steel Bars under Random Excitation. Part I: Behavior

In this study, a series of tests were conducted to investigate the behaviors of low-cycle bending-fatigue on A36 square and rectangular steel bars. It is observed that using the test results of constant cyclic loading to predict the strength of low-cycle bending fatigue under random loadings may introduce large error. In this study, the microstructure of the specimens is further examined after the tests and a physical model is established describing the failure mechanism of the steel bar. It is concluded that the strength of low-cycle bending fatigue of A36 structural steel highly depends on the orientation angles of the grains.
Basic protein visualized histochemically in mucinous secretions.

Abstract Many, but not all, sites containing acid mucopolysaccharides stain red-orange with Biebrich scarlet, in contrast to the usual pink to red coloration with this acid dye. The structures with acid mucins stain thus between pH 9 and 10 but do not combine with the acid dye outside this narrow alkaline interval. Nitrosation, acetylation and exposure to formaldehyde impair or eliminate this characteristic acidophilia of mucosubstances. Some connective tissue fibers stain red-orange in a narrower interval around pH 9.5 particularly after brief exposure to hypertonic solutions. Mast cells although unreactive at pH 6.0 color intensely in the pH range 8.0 to 10.5. Nuclei are the only other histologic structures showing such unique metachromatic acidophilia restricted to the pH range 9 to 10. However, nuclei stain after fixation with various formalin-free alcoholic or mercurial solutions whereas the mucous glands, goblet cells, and mast cells stain only after Carnoy fixation. Calcified cartilage, and bone stain strongly with Biebrich scarlet between pH 8 and 9.5. This acidophilia being resistant to acetylation and blockage with formaldehyde yet readily extractable with acid is presumably attributable to calcium.
GENERALITY AND EQUALITY

One hundred years ago the Supreme Court of the United States decided the case of Plessy v. Ferguson,1 which held, notoriously, that a state mandate of racially separate public facilities (in this case, railroad cars) did not for that reason violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In reaching this conclusion, the Court, even more notoriously, refused to accept the contention that social background conditions might render the superficially equal unequal in reality. “We consider the underlying fallacy of the plaintiff’s argument to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it is not by reason of anything found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put that construction upon it. The argument necessarily assumes that if, as has been more than once the case and is not unlikely to be so again, the colored race should become the dominant power in the state legislature, and should enact a law in precisely similar terms, it would thereby relegate the white race to an inferior position. We imagine that the white race, at least, would not acquiesce in that assumption.”2
Inhibition of GFAP synthesis by antisense RNA in astrocytes.

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) accumulation is a prominent feature of astrocytic gliosis. The inhibition or delay in GFAP synthesis might delay scar formation resulting from an insult such as spinal cord injury or central nervous system (CNS) demyelination. The delay in the formation of a physical barrier might allow the neurons and oligodendrocytes to reestablish a functional environment. We delivered antisense GFAP RNA complexed with LipofectinTM (LF), a cationic liposome, into cerebral astrocytes in culture and tested the feasibility of inhibiting GFAP synthesis. Our results demonstrate that LF facilitated antisense RNA uptake into astrocytes. Astrocytes took up 3H-antisense GFAP RNA alone and reached an equilibrium of 7–8.8 ηg per mg protein after 2.5 hr. When complexed with LF, astrocytes could increase the uptake to 14 ηg per mg protein and the time for reaching this quantity was shortened to 10 min. This uptake level was further enhanced if experiments were carried out in HEPES buffered saline (HBS). All uptake studies were dose- and time-dependent. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dBcAMP) is known to induce an increase of GFAP content in cultured astrocytes. We studied the effect of LF/antisense GFAP RNA on the GFAP content in dBcAMP (0.25 mM)-treated astrocytes. Cultures of astrocytes treated with dBcAMP contained almost twice as much GFAP as untreated cultures after 2 days. Similar cultures treated with LF/antisense RNA in HBS did not show an increase but a 30–40% decrease in GFAP content 2 days after treatment. A similar decrease in GFAP content was obtained in cultures grown in a chemically defined medium, another condition known to induce an increase in GFAP content in cultures. This study has demonstrated that antisense GFAP RNA can inhibit GFAP synthesis in astrocytes and may be useful for regulating astrogliosis immediately following CNS injury.
Aedes albopictus, an Exotic Mosquito Vector in the United States

Excerpt In august 1985,Aedes albopictusmosquitoes (Figure 1) were found breeding in tire dumps in Harris County (Houston), Texas (1). Although lone examples of this Asian species have been found in...
The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase mu, PTPμ, regulates histogenesis of the chick retina

The formation of laminae within the retina requires the coordinate regulation of cell differentiation and migration. The cell adhesion molecule and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase Mu, PTPμ, is expressed in precursor and early, differentiated cells of the prelaminated retina, and later becomes restricted to the inner plexiform, ganglion cell, and optic fiber layers. Since the timing of PTPμ expression correlates with the peak period of retinal lamination, we examined whether this RPTP could be regulating cell adhesion and migration within the retina, and thus influencing retinal development. Chick retinal organ cultures were infected with herpes simplex viruses encoding either an antisense sequence to PTPμ, wild-type PTPμ, or a catalytically inactive mutant form of PTPμ, and homophilic adhesion was blocked by using a function-blocking antibody. All conditions that perturbed PTPμ dramatically disrupted retinal histogenesis. Our findings demonstrate that catalytic activity and adhesion mediated by PTPμ regulate lamination of the retina, emphasizing the importance of adhesion and signaling via receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases in the developing nervous system. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that an Ig superfamily RPTP regulates the lamination of any neural tissue.
Corrosion analysis of NiCu and PdCo thermal seed alloys used as interstitial hyperthermia implants

Ferromagnetic materials with low Curie temperatures are being investigated for use as interstitial implants for fractionated hyperthermia treatment of prostatic disease. Previous investigations of the system have utilized alloys, such as NiCu, with inadequate corrosion resistance, requiring the use of catheters for removal of the implants following treatment or inert surface coatings which may interfere with thermal characteristics of the implants. We are evaluating a palladium-cobalt (PdCo) binary alloy which is very similar to high palladium alloys used in dentistry. Electrochemical corrosion tests and immersion tests at 37 degrees C for both NiCu and PdCo alloy samples in mammalian Ringer's solution were performed. Long-term corrosion rates are 5.8 x 10(-5) microm per year (NiCu) and 7.7 x 10(-8) microm per year (PdCo) from average immersion test results, indicating higher corrosion resistance of PdCo (P < 0.02); immersion corrosion rates were much lower than initial corrosion rates found electrochemically. Both alloys had significantly lower corrosion rates than standard surgical implant rates of 0.04 microm per year (P < 0.001 for both alloys). Scanning electron microscopy illustrates changes in the NiCu alloy surface due to pitting corrosion; no difference is observed for PdCo. The data indicate that the PdCo alloy may be suitable as a long-term implant for use in fractionated hyperthermia.
A network-based decision tool to model uncertainty in supply chain operations

Typical supply chains can be characterised by their complexity and by the inherent uncertainty in their operations. Modelling such supply chains would allow for analysis of the system; however, this is a difficult task both in practice and research. This paper proposes a generalisable network based methodology to model supply chain operations and the uncertainty of system attributes such as lead time and cost. The methodology represents the operation of a supply chain as a high-level network and allows for the inclusion of stochastic variables so that uncertainty in the operation of a supply chain can be modelled and analysed in order to implement changes to improve overall system performance. The use of the methodology is illustrated on an industry application.
Selective modified radical neck dissection for papillary thyroid cancer : Is level I, II and V dissection always necessary?

There is ongoing controversy as to the indications for and extent of lateral cervical lymphadenectomy for patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). While most now agree that prophylactic lymph node dissections (LND) play no role, at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) we limit LND selectively on a level by level basis, and resect only the levels thought to harbor disease or to be at increased risk of metastases. This initial ‚selective LND’ usually includes levels III and IV (due to the well-documented increased likelihood of metastases to these levels) and levels I, II, and V are included when there is clinical or radiological evidence of disease or increased risk of it. A retrospective review of the clinical charts and hospital records of 106 consecutive patients who had metastatic PTC and who underwent at least one lateral cervical LND at UCSF between January 1995 and December 2003 was carried out. Data were collected to assess which patients had levels I, II, and/or V included in their initial ipsilateral and/or contralateral LND and to determine the recurrence rates at these levels if they had previously been excised compared with if they had not. Chi-squared and Fisher exact tests were utilized for statistical comparison, where appropriate. A total of 140 initial lateral LND were performed: 104 ipsilateral and 36 contralateral. In these initial LND, 3.9%, 72.5%, and 18.6% of patients had levels I, II, and V resected on the ipsilateral side, and 2.9%, 60.0%, and 37.1% of patients had levels I, II, and V resected on the contralateral side. Recurrence at levels I and V was uncommon in all patient populations. Recurrence at level II was 19% ipsilaterally and 10% contralaterally when the level was previously resected and 21% ipsilaterally and 14% contralaterally when the level was not previously resected. There was no statistically significant difference in recurrence at level II when the level had previously been resected compared with when it had not. If utilized in the appropriate patient population, a selective approach to lateral cervical LND for PTC can be a successful alternative to the routine modified radical LND. Levels I and V do not require resection unless there is clinical or radiological evidence of disease. Guidelines for which patients may be considered for this less aggressive approach to level II nodal metastases are suggested.
Sin Vergüenza: Addressing Shame with Latino Victims of Child Sexual Abuse and Their Families

This article explores shame issues for Latino children who have been sexually abused and their families. Latino cultural concerns around shame that are associated with sexual abuse include: attributions for the abuse, fatalism, virginity, sexual taboos, predictions of a shameful future, revictimization, machismo, and fears of homosexuality for boy victims, and the intersection of shame from sexual abuse with societal discrimination. Quotes and case material are drawn from the author's research and clinical work. The article includes clinical suggestions.
Defining “quality” in evaluation

Abstract “Evaluation quality” is a human construct capable of multiple definitions. Using the literature in product and service quality as a guide, this paper defines and illustrates three approaches to defining quality: a product-based view, a manufacturing-based view, and a user-based view. The paper discusses advantages and disadvantages of each view and describes five dimensions— performance, conformance, product quality, utility, and perceived quality—comprising a com- prehensive view of quality. The paper argues that the emerging profession of evaluation should articulate a vision of quality for its clients.
Subsidence at Kiska Volcano, Western Aleutians, detected by satellite radar interferometry

[1] Sequential interferometric synthetic aperture radar images of Kiska, the westernmost historically active volcano in the Aleutian arc, show that a circular area about 3 km in diameter centered near the summit subsided by as much as 10 cm from 1995 to 2001, mostly during 1999 and 2000. An elastic Mogi-type deformation model suggests that the source is within 1 km of the surface. Based on the shallow source depth, the copious amounts of steam during recent eruptions, and recent field reports of vigorous steaming and persistent ground shaking near the summit area, we attribute the subsidence to decreased pore-fluid pressure within a shallow hydrothermal system beneath the summit area.
Gender Differences in Formal Care Use in Later Life

This article assesses gender differences in the use of formal versus informal sources of in-home care among impaired elders. Data from the 1984 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation are used in the analysis. The results suggest that married women are more likely to receive formal care than are married men, but this pattern does not hold for the unmarried. This result is consistent with gendered expectations regarding caregiving and receipt within the marital unit.
Introduction to the special issue on the microenvironment of bone metastasis.

Bone metastases occur frequently in patients with advanced cancer. It is estimated that up to 70% of patients with advanced prostate or breast cancer and 15 to 30% of patients with lung, colon, stomach, bladder, uterus, rectum, thyroid, or kidney cancer have bone metastases [1]. While the exact incidence of bone metastasis is not known, it is estimated that 350,000 cancer patients die with bone metastases in the United States annually [2]. The consequences of bone metastases are severe and include pain, hypercalcemia, pathologic fractures, and nerve-compression syndromes. This special issue of Cancer Microenvironment focuses on recent developments in our understanding of the microenvironment of bone metastases and includes articles on the homing of tumor cells to the bone, the roles of hematopoietic stem cell and stromal cell populations in the development of metastatic lesions and a review of the interactions between prostate cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment in the development of bone metastases from prostate cancer. In addition, this issue includes submissions discussing the role of TGF-β in the bone microenvironment of breast cancer and the effect of rigidity on the regulation of genes that stimulate tumor-induced bone disease. Finally, three articles are dedicated to the unique pathophysiology of the bone microenvironment in myeloma bone disease. Myeloma bone disease is distinct from bone disease caused by other tumors that are metastatic to bone as myeloma bone leisons are characterized by severely decreased or absent osteoblast activity in addition to increased osteoclastic bone resorption [3]. This issue includes articles discussing recent progress in the understanding of the mechanisms regulating myeloma bone disease, the angiogenic properties of the myeloma marrow microenvironment, and a summary of our current understanding of osteoblast inhibition in myeloma and the potential therapeutic utility of bone anabolic agents in managing this devastating disease.
Application of positron annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy to the study of surface chemistry

Positron annihilation induced Auger Electron Spectroscopy (PAES), makes use a beam of low energy positrons to excite Auger transitions by annihilating core electrons. This novel mechanism provides PAES with a number of unique features which distinguishes it from other methods of surface analysis. In PAES the very large collisionally induced secondary electron background which is present under the low energy Auger peaks using conventional tecniques can be eliminated by using a positron beam whose energy is below the range of Auger electron energies. In addition, PAES is more surface selective than conventional Auger Spectroscopy because the PAES signal originates almost exclusively from the topmost atomic layer due to the fact that the positrons annihilating with the core electrons are trapped in an image correlation well just outside the surface. In this paper, recent applications of Positron Annihilation Induced Auger Electron Spectroscopy (PAES) to the study of surface structure and surface chemistry will be discussed including studies of the growth, alloying and inter-diffusion of ultrathin layers of metals, metals on semiconductors, and semiconductors on semiconductors. In addition, the possibilities for future application of PAES to the study of catalysis and surface chemistry will be outlined.
[3H]4-(Dimethylamino)-N-[4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl]benzamide, a Selective Radioligand for Dopamine D3 receptors. II. Quantitative Analysis of Dopamine D3 and D2 Receptor Density Ratio in the Caudate-putamen

4-(Dimethylamino)-N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)benzamide (WC-10), a N-phenyl piperazine analog, displays high affinity and moderate selectivity for dopamine D3 receptors versus dopamine D2 receptors (Chu et al. [2005] Bioorg Med Chem 13:77–87). In this study, WC-10 was radiolabeled with tritium (specific activity = 80 Ci/mmol), and quantitative autoradiography studies were conducted using rhesus monkey and Sprague-Dawley rat brain sections. Kd values for the binding of [3H]WC-10 to D3 receptors obtained from quantitative autoradiography with rhesus monkey and rat brain sections are in agreement with Kd values obtained from cloned human and rat receptors (Xu et al. [2009] Synapse 63:717-728). The D2 selective antagonist [3H]raclopride binds with 11-fold higher affinity to human HEK D2L (Kd = 1.6 nM) than HEK D3 (Kd = 18 nM) receptors; [3H]raclopride binds to rat Sf9 rD2L receptors with a Kd of 6.79 nM, a value that is 4-fold lower than binding to human HEK D2L receptors and 2.5-fold higher than binding to rat Sf9 rD3 receptors. In vitro quantitative autoradiography studies with [3H]WC-10 and [3H]raclopride were conducted on adult rat and rhesus monkey brain sections. A mathematical model for calculating the absolute densities of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors based on the in vitro receptor binding data of [3H]WC-10 and [3H]raclopride was developed. Synapse 64:449–459, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Late Quaternary denudation, Death and Panamint Valleys, eastern California

Abstract Late Quaternary denudation rates are constrained from alluvial fans and tributary watersheds in central Death and Panamint Valleys. Preliminary results suggest that the denudation rate is in part a function of the mean watershed elevation. Rainfall increases semi-logarithmically with higher elevation to about 2500 m where it becomes limited by the regional average maximum moisture content of the air mass. The fan volumes show a power-law relation to the watershed areas. The fan volumes ranged from about 250,000 to 4000 km 3 and the watershed areas range from about 60,000 to 2000 km 2 . The upper limit of the denudation rates estimated from small Death Valley fans restricted to the east side of the basin along the Black Mountain frontal scarp range between about 0.03 to 0.18 mm/yr. The maximum is made by assuming most of the clastic accumulation in these fans followed the last highstand of Lake Manly around 24,000 yr which is the least conservative condition. The upper limit of the denudation rates from the Panamint fans range from 0.04 to 0.20 mm/yr assuming the accumulation mainly postdates OIS-4 ∼60,000 yr or OIS-2 ∼20,000 yr based on the presence or absence of inset shorelines from the last glacial–pluvial maximum. The greater denudation rate associated with the higher mean watershed elevations can mainly be attributed to the greater rainfall at higher elevation. Denudation rates are about a third or less of the Neogene dip-slip rates reported from nearby active faults consistent with relief increasing during dryer periods.
vTrain: a novel curriculum for patient surge training in a multi-user virtual environment (MUVE).

Introduction: During a pandemic influenza, emergency departments will be overwhelmed with a large influx of patients seeking care. Although all hospitals should have a written plan for dealing with this surge of health care utilization, most hospitals struggle with ways to educate the staff and practice for potentially catastrophic events. Hypothesis/Problem: To better prepare hospital staff for a patient surge, a novel educational curriculum was developed utilizing an emergency department for a patient surge functional drill. Methods: A multidisciplinary team of medical educators, evaluators, emergency preparedness experts, and technology specialists developed a curriculum to: (1) train novice users to function in their job class in a multi-user virtual environment (MUVE); (2) obtain appropriate pre-drill disaster preparedness training; (3) perform functional team exercises in a MUVE; and (4) reflect on their performance after the drill. Results: A total of 14 students participated in one of two iterations of the pilot training program; seven nurses completed the emergency department triage course, and seven hospital administrators completed the Command Post (CP) course. All participants reported positive experiences in written course evaluations and structured verbal debriefings, and self-reported increase in disaster preparedness knowledge. Students also reported improved team communication, planning, team decision making, and the ability to visualize and reflect on their performance. Conclusion: Data from this pilot program suggest that the immersive, virtual teaching method is well suited to team-based, reflective practice and learning of disaster management skills.
Women, non-governmental organizations, and deforestation: a cross-national study

There have been several cross-national studies published in the world polity theoretical tradition that find a strong correlation between nations with high levels of environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and low levels of various forms of environmental degradation. However, these studies neglect the role that women’s NGOs potentially play in this process. We seek to address this gap by conducting a cross-national study of the association between women’s NGOs and deforestation. We examine this relationship because deforestation often translates into increased household labor, loss of income, and impaired health for women and, as a result, women’s non-governmental organizations have become increasingly involved in dealing with these problems often by protecting forests. We use data from a sample of 61 nations for the period of 1990–2005. We find substantial support for world polity theory that both high levels of women’s and environmental NGOs per capita are associated with lower rates of deforestation. We also find that high levels of debt service and structural adjustment are correlated with higher rates of forest loss. We conclude with a discussion of findings, policy implications, and possible future research directions.
Corrections to Cluster-Radius Scaling for Branched Polymers and Percolation

We report analyses of series enumerations for the mean radius of gyration for isotropic and directed lattice animals and for percolation clusters, in two and three dimensions. We allow for the leading correction to the scaling behaviour and obtain estimates of the leading correction-to-scaling exponent ϑ. We find ν-0.640±0.004 and ϑ=0.87±0.07 for isotropic animals in 2d, and ϑ=0.64±0.06 in 3d. For directed lattice animals we argue that the leading correction hasθ=ν⊥ orθ=ν⊥; we also estimateν∥=0.82±0.01 and 0.69 ±0.01 ind=2, 3 respectively. For percolation clusters at and abovepc, we find ϑ(pc) =0.58±0.06 and ϑ(p>pc)=0.84±0.09 in 2d, and ϑ(pc)=0.42±0.11 and ϑ(p>pc)=0.41 ±0.09 in 3d.
Three Axis Rotational Maneuver and Vibration Stabilization of Elastic Spacecraft

We present a control law for three-axis rotational maneuvers of a spacecraft-beam-tip body configuration based on nonlinear inversion and modal velocity feedback. A decoupling attitude control law is presented such that in the closed-loop system the attitude angles of the spacecraft are independently controlled using the control moments acting on the space vehicle. This controller asymptotically decouples the flexible dynamics from the rigid one and also allows the decomposition of the elastic dynamics into two subsystems representing the transverse deflections of the beam in two orthogonal planes. These low-order sub-systems are used for the derivation of a modal velocity feedback stabilizer using the force and moment actuators at the end body. Simulation results are presented to show the capability of the controller.