cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlations between PID and FID Field Analytical Instruments in the Analysis of Soil Contaminated with Diesel Fuel

Research was conducted to determine if there is a correlation between the data gathered by field analytical instruments in analyzing soil contaminated with diesel fuel. One instrument was equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and the other a photoionization detector (PID). The results showed that the concentration readings of the PID and FID displayed a linear relationship for soil recently contaminated with diesel fuel. However, for soil containing weathered diesel fuel in the field, a logarithmic relationship between the PID and FID readings was displayed. It was also determined by laboratory experimentation that the PID and FID readings both exhibited log-linear decreases over time for uncovered diesel fuel-contaminated soil. It was concluded that the PID and FID can both individually be used to evaluate soil contaminated by diesel fuel and might be interchangeable depending on the needs of the researcher.
Isotopic exchange studies of the citrate cleavage reaction.

Abstract The kinetic mechanism of the citrate cleavage enzyme (EC 4.1.3.8) was studied by means of equilibrium isotopic exchange. Techniques were developed for measuring simultaneously the incorporation of label from 1,5-14C-citrate into both acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by means of appropriate chromatographic procedures with DEAE-cellulose paper. Similar methods were devised to separate the products of the exchange between 33P-phosphate and ATP. Experiments in which the levels of MgATP and of acetyl-CoA in a 1:2 ratio were increased from a basal level to 60 times that level revealed that the incorporation rate in all three exchanges increased as a monotonic function of reactant concentration. When the MgATP-Pi pair (1:360) was varied in the exchanges involving labeled citrate, complete inhibition of the exchange rate was seen at the highest level. However, dead-end inhibition by Pi cannot be discounted. All three exchanges were studied as a function of the MgATP-MgADP pair (1:0.4). Partial inhibition was seen in each case. The exchange velocity for citrate into acetyl-CoA was inhibited 85%, whereas both the citrate to oxaloacetate and the Pi to ATP exchanges were inhibited approximately 60%. These data, combined with previous initial velocity work, are consistent with the presence of a general sequence of addition and release of reactants and products (going from ATP to citrate, CoA, Pi, oxaloacetate, and acetyl-CoA) which may be interrupted at several points after ATP addition by the release of ADP.
Borehole-inclusion stressmeter measurements in bedded salt

Sandia purchased borehole-inclusion stressmeters from a commercial supplier to measure in situ stress changes in bedded salt. However, the supplied stressmeters were difficult to set in place and gave erratic results in bedded salt. These problems were overcome with a new extended platen design. Also a straingaged transducer was designed which can be read with a conventional data logger. Due to the nonlinear behavior of bedded salt under uniaxial loading, a new empirical calibration scheme was devised. In essence, the stressmeters are calibrated as force transducers and this calibration curve is then used to determine the relationship between uniaxial stress changes in bedded salt and the gage's output. The stressmeter and calibration procedures have been applied under mine conditions and produced viable results. Future work will involve finite element analysis to calculate the observed behavior of the stressmeters. The response of the stressmeters in bedded salt is neither that of a true stressmeter. However, repeatable calibrations make the gages very useful.
A Ray-Tracing Model of the Vela Magnetosphere

In the relativistic plasma surrounding a pulsar, a subluminal ordinary-mode electromagnetic wave will propagate along a magnetic field line. After some distance, it can break free of the field line and escape the magnetosphere to reach an observer. We apply a simple model of pulsar radio emission based on this scenario to the case of the Vela pulsar and find it reproduces some qualitative characteristics of the observed Vela pulse profile.
Malnutrition: a marker for increased complications, mortality, and length of stay after total shoulder arthroplasty.

Background Malnutrition is an established risk factor for postoperative complications. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the overall prevalence of malnutrition in total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) patients, the differences in prevalence across obesity subgroups, and the overall complication risk of malnourished patients compared with normal patients. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for TSA cases from 2005 to 2013 for this retrospective cohort study. Malnutrition was defined as preoperative albumin concentration of Results We identified 4,655 TSA cases, with preoperative albumin measurements available for 1681 patients (36.1%). Propensity score adjustment successfully reduced selection bias, with adjusted P values of >.05 for demographics, body mass index, and modified Charlson Comorbidity Index. Of the cohort with albumin measurements, 7.6% of patients were malnourished according to our criteria. Bivariate analysis showed malnourished patients had higher rates of pulmonary complications, anemia requiring transfusion, extended length of stay (LOS), and death (all P P Conclusion The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 7.6%. Malnourished patients were at a significantly increased risk for blood transfusion, longer hospital LOS, and death within 30 days of surgery. Multivariable analysis showed TSA patients with preoperative albumin levels of
Effects of danazol on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in healthy women and in women with endometriosis

Previous studies of the effects of danazol on lipid and lipoprotein levels have been conflicting and limited to women with endometriosis. In the present study, plasma levels of lipids and lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides were determined in 25 infertile women with endometriosis and in eight normal women before, during, and after treatment with danazol at daily doses of 200 to 800 mg for 2 to 6 months. Pretreatment values of cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein were within the normal range in all subjects except three (one with type III and two with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia). During treatment, the mean levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides decreased slightly, while no significant changes in low-density and very low-density lipoproteins were seen. However, a marked (40%) reduction in the mean levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides occurred (P less than 0.001) within 4 weeks of therapy in all subjects, which persisted for the duration of the treatment. Patients with pretreatment hyperlipoproteinemia experienced a substantial fall in plasma lipids and lipoprotein and had normal lipoprotein profiles during treatment. Within 4 weeks after danazol was discontinued, all changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels returned to pretreatment levels. These findings have important implications for the atherogenic potential of danazol, a new treatment for hyperlipidemia, and the relationship between gonadal hormones and lipoprotein levels.
Making Mindanao: Cotabato and Davao in the Formation of the Philippine Nation-State

Archaeology of the Near East, a collection of newly commissioned chapters written by experts in the field, seeks to provide an overview of this central area of archaeological research and teaching, and to provide a rich treatment of this fascinating subject.
Buildings: An Open Access Journal for the Built Environment

People are estimated to spend 80–90% of their time in buildings—residences, offices, factories, schools, places of worship, public amenities, recreational facilities, etc. Thus buildings play a very important role in the lives of individuals and societies. However, they are often taken for granted, except for private residences which are dear to people for a variety of reasons. One of the consequences of this is that research into the development of buildings (science, design, materials, etc.) has not advanced at the same pace as other industry sectors. While the automobile and aerospace industries have considerably improved the efficiency of vehicles and aircraft, buildings have only recorded incremental improvements. However, the situation is beginning to change with several initiatives at industry, national and multi-national levels aimed at improving the efficiency of the construction industry and the quality of the buildings that it produces. In many cases, these initiatives and associated research efforts require interdisciplinary collaboration to tackle what is essentially a multi-facetted problem. There is scope to better disseminate the outcomes of these efforts in a coherent, inter-disciplinary journal. [...]
Effect of smoking cessation counseling on recovery from alcoholism: findings from a randomized community intervention trial

Aims. To assess the effects of a smoking cessation program for recovering alcoholics on use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs after discharge from residential treatment. Design and Setting. A randomized community intervention trial design was employed in which 12 residential drug treatment centers in Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska were matched and then randomly assigned to the intervention or control condition. Participants. Approximately 50 adult residents (inpatients) from each site were followed for 12 months after treatment discharge. Intervention. Participating residents in the six intervention centers received a 4-part, individually tailored, smoking cessation program while those in the six control sites received usual care. Findings. Both moderate and heavy drinking rates were reduced in the intervention group. Intervention site participants were significantly more likely than controls to report alcohol abstinence at both the 6-month (OR = 1.59, 95%CI: 1.09-2.35) and 12-month assessment (OR = 1.84, 95%CI:1.28-2.92). Illicit drug use rates were comparable. Effect of the intervention on tobacco quit rates was not statistically significant. Conclusions. Counseling alcoholics in treatment to quit smoking does not jeopardize the alcohol recovery process. However, low-intensity tobacco interventions are unlikely to yield high tobacco quit rates.
Scaling of honeycomb compressive yield stresses

In this study, the compressive yield stresses of phenolic-dipped Nomex® rings were scaled and correlated to honeycomb core. A honeycomb-scaling factor and geometric end constraint factor were found to relate the rings and core through the relative yield stresses and their physical dimensions and properties of the honeycomb materials. The compressive properties of the Nomex rings were also investigated using both a model and a commercial phenolic honeycomb dip resin. The Nomex rings manufactured from the model resin were found to have higher compressive properties. These properties were attributed to the higher fracture toughness of the resin, and both resins were found to accurately scale from rings to core with the honeycomb-scaling factor. Ultimately, this research can be used to innovate and efficiently characterize the compressive properties of different honeycomb webs and dip resins without having to make the significant investment of time and resources associated with large scale honeycomb testing.
Changes in selective effects over time facilitate turnover of enhancer sequences.

Correct gene expression is often critical and consequently stabilizing selection on expression is widespread. Yet few genes possess highly conserved regulatory DNA, and for the few enhancers that have been carefully characterized, substantial functional reorganization has often occurred. Given that natural selection removes mutations of even very small deleterious effect, how can transcription factor binding evolve so readily when it underlies a conserved phenotype? As a first step toward addressing this question, I combine a computational model for regulatory function that incorporates many aspects of our present biological knowledge with a model for the fitness effects of misexpression. I then use this model to study the evolution of enhancers. Several robust behaviors emerge: First, the selective effects of mutations at a site change dramatically over time due to substitutions elsewhere in the enhancer, and even the overall degree of constraint across the enhancer can change considerably. Second, many of the substitutions responsible for changes in binding occur at sites where previously the mutation would have been strongly deleterious, suggesting that fluctuations in selective effects at a site are important for functional turnover. Third, most substitutions contributing to the repatterning of binding and constraint are effectively neutral, highlighting the importance of genetic drift—even for enhancers underlying conserved phenotypes. These findings have important implications for phylogenetic inference of function and for interpretations of selection coefficients estimated for regulatory DNA.
Urban Dynamics and Urban Cycles

Some basic elements of catastrophe theory are discussed insofar as they relate to discontinuities observed in the allocation of economic activities in urban settings. The case of a dynamic model of...
Endosomal pathways for water channel and proton pump recycling in kidney epithelial cells.

SUMMARY The plasma membrane composition of virtually all eukaryotic cells is maintained and continually modified by the recycling of specific protein and lipid components. In the kidney collecting duct, urinary acidification and urinary concentration are physiologically regulated at the cellular level by the shuttling of proton pumps and water channels between intracellular vesicles and the plasma membrane of highly specialized cell types. In the intercalated cell, hydrogen ion secretion into the urine is modulated by the recycling of vesicles carrying a proton pumping ATPase to and from the plasma membrane. In the principal cell, the antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin, induces the insertion of vesicles that contain proteinaceous water channels into the apical cell membrane, thus increasing the permeability to water of the epithelial layer. In both cell types, ‘coated’ carrier vesicles are involved in this process, but whereas clathrin-coated vesicles are involved in the endocytotic phase of water channel recycling, the transporting vesicles in intercalated cells are coated with the cytoplasmic domains of the proton pumping ATPase. By a combination of morphological and functional techniques using FITC-dextran as an endosomal marker, we have shown that recycling endosomes from intercalated cells are acidifying vesicles but that they do not contain water channels. In contrast, principal cell vesicles that recycle water channels do not acidify their lumens in response to ATP. These non-acidic vesicles lack functionally important subunits of the vacuolar proton ATPase, including the 16 kDa proteolipid that forms the transmembrane proton pore. Because these endosomes are directly derived via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, our results indicate that endocytotic clathrin-coated vesicles are non-acidic compartments in principal cells. In contrast, recycling vesicles in intercalated cells contain large numbers of proton pumps, arranged in hexagonally packed arrays on the vesicle membrane. These pumps are inserted into the apical plasma membrane of A-type (acid-secreting) intercalated cells, and the basolateral plasma membrane of B-type (bicarbonate-secreting) cells in the collecting duct. Both apical and basolateral targeting of H + -ATPase-containing vesicles in these cells may be directed by microtubules, because polarized insertion of the pump into both membrane domains is disrupted by microtubule depolymerizing agents. However, the basolateral localization of other transporting proteins in intercalated cells, including the band 3-like anion exchanger and facilitated glucose transporters, is not affected by microtubule disruption.
Adriamycin-induced recall of radiation pneumonitis and epilation in lung and hair follicles of mouse.

The influence of Adriamycin and Actinomycin D on the expression of residual damage following irradiation of mouse thorax was evaluated. Drugs were given i.v. at various times starting on the same day, up to 3 months after irradiation, and the mortality from lung damage up to 160 days or epilation up to 98 days after irradiation were noted. Adriamycin (1.2 mg/kg in two equal doses), which on its own did not cause pneumonitic deaths, did so when combined with doses of local thoracic radiation as small as 6 Gy. The dose effect factor was greater if Adriamycin was given at 1 or 2 months (1.68) rather than on the same day (1.49). A reduction in the latent period to death was also observed with a minimum period of 50-60 days after irradiation rather than the normal 80-160 days. Adriamycin enhanced the epilation response to radiation, but only at or above threshold radiation doses. There was no reduction in the latency. Actinomycin D had no dose-modifying effects on the radiation response of both lung and hair follicles. The interaction between irradiation and Adriamycin seen when the interval between the two modalities is long, as it was in this study, may be mechanistically similar to the "radiation recall" phenomenon described in the clinic.
Evaluation of Initial Participation in Public Reporting of American College of Surgeons NSQIP Surgical Outcomes on Medicare's Hospital Compare Website

Background In October 2012, The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) began publicly reporting American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) surgical outcomes on its public reporting website, Hospital Compare . Participation in this CMS-NSQIP initiative is voluntary. Our objective was to compare CMS-NSQIP participating hospitals with ACS NSQIP hospitals that elected not to participate. Study Design Hospital Compare and American Hospital Association Annual Survey data were merged to compare CMS-NSQIP participants with nonparticipants. Regression models were developed to assess predictors of participation and to assess if hospitals differed on 32 process, 10 patient experience (Hospital Consumer Assessment of HealthCare Providers and Systems [HCAHPS]), and 16 outcomes (Hospital Compare and Agency for Healthcare Research Quality) measures. Additionally, performance on 2 waves of publicly reported ACS NSQIP surgical outcomes measures was compared. Results Of the 452 ACS NSQIP hospitals, 80 (18%) participated in CMS-NSQIP public reporting. Participating hospitals had more beds, admissions, operations, and were more often accredited (Commission on Cancer and the Council of Teaching Hospitals [COTH] [p Conclusions There were few measurable differences between CMS-NSQIP participating and nonparticipating hospitals. The decision to voluntarily publicly report may be related to the hospital's culture of quality improvement and transparency.
Coastal tectonics on the eastern margin of the Pacific Rim: late Quaternary sea-level history and uplift rates, Channel Islands National Park, California, USA

Abstract The Pacific Rim is a region where tectonic processes play a significant role in coastal landscape evolution. Coastal California, on the eastern margin of the Pacific Rim, is very active tectonically and geomorphic expressions of this include uplifted marine terraces. There have been, however, conflicting estimates of the rate of late Quaternary uplift of marine terraces in coastal California, particularly for the northern Channel Islands. In the present study, the terraces on San Miguel Island and Santa Rosa Island were mapped and new age estimates were generated using uranium-series dating of fossil corals and amino acid geochronology of fossil mollusks. Results indicate that the 2nd terrace on both islands is ∼120 ka and the 1st terrace on Santa Rosa Island is ∼80 ka. These ages correspond to two global high-sea stands of the Last Interglacial complex, marine isotope stages (MIS) 5.5 and 5.1, respectively. The age estimates indicate that San Miguel Island and Santa Rosa Island have been tectonically uplifted at rates of 0.12–0.20 m/ka in the late Quaternary, similar to uplift rates inferred from previous studies on neighboring Santa Cruz Island. The newly estimated uplift rates for the northern Channel Islands are, however, an order of magnitude lower than a recent study that generated uplift rates from an offshore terrace dating to the Last Glacial period. The differences between the estimated uplift rates in the present study and the offshore study are explained by the magnitude of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) effects that were not known at the time of the earlier study. Set in the larger context of northeastern Pacific Rim tectonics, Channel Islands uplift rates are higher than those coastal localities on the margin of the East Pacific Rise spreading center, but slightly lower than those of most localities adjacent to the Cascadia subduction zone. The uplift rates reported here for the northern Channel Islands are similar to those reported for most other localities where strike-slip tectonics are dominant, but lower than localities where restraining bends (such as the Big Bend of the San Andreas Fault) result in crustal shortening.
Evolution kinetics in Shape Memory Alloys under arbitrary loading: Experiments and modeling

Abstract An important aspect of modeling Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) behavior is the description of evolution kinetics as a function of thermomechanical driving forces. Due to path dependency in SMA behavior, it is essential to have appropriate memory in the model. This becomes critical during incomplete transformations due to load fluctuations frequently encountered in real world applications. In this work, experiments are conducted on SMA wires to investigate the material behavior under fluctuating thermal and mechanical loads. The nature of memory under such transformation is discussed to motivate the modeling effort. Based on the concept of thermodynamic dissipation function, a suitable memory parameter is introduced to capture the transformation process under fluctuating loads. In the context of phase diagram, the dissipation potential can be mapped to the width of the transformation region in the phase diagram. Hence, inside a transformation zone, the distance of a point on the load path from the finish boundary is used as a measure of dissipation, and hence as a memory parameter. This is used as an additional criterion for evolution. Using the existing cosine based function for the phase fraction, this additional criterion is shown to result in the behavior consistent with the experimental observations. The proposed criterion is used to describe both stabilized and non-stabilized hysteretic behavior and hence is quite general. Numerical simulations are carried out to predict the behavior of SMA under arbitrary thermomechanical loads. The salient differences in the proposed approach vis a vis existing models are highlighted. Predictions from the proposed model are compared with experimentally observed results for typical NiTi based SMAs for arbitrary thermomechanical loading. The proposed models are shown to adequately capture the observed behavior.
A general framework for accurate and fast regression by data summarization in random decision trees

Predicting the values of continuous variable as a function of several independent variables is one of the most important problems for data mining. A very large number of regression methods, both parametric and nonparametric, have been proposed in the past. However, since the list is quite extensive and many of these models make rather explicit, strong yet different assumptions about the type of applicable problems and involve a lot of parameters and options, choosing the appropriate regression methodology and then specifying the parameter values is a none-trivial, sometimes frustrating, task for data mining practitioners. Choosing the inappropriate methodology can have rather disappointing results. This issue is against the general utility of data mining software. For example,linear regression methods are straightforward and well-understood. However, since the linear assumption is very strong, its performance is compromised for complicated non-linear problems. Kernel-based methods perform quite well if the kernel functions are selected correctly. In this paper, we propose a straightforward approach based on summarizing the training data using an ensemble of random decisions trees. It requires very little knowledge from the user, yet is applicable to every type of regression problem that we are currently aware of. We have experimented on a wide range of problems including those that parametric methods performwell, a large selection of benchmark datasets for nonparametric regression, as well as highly non-linear stochastic problems. Our results are either significantly better than or identical to many approaches that are known to perform well on these problems.
Active millimeter-wave and sub-millimeter-wave imaging for security applications

Active imaging at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths has been developed for security applications including concealed weapon detection. The physical properties that affect imaging performance are discussed along with a review of the current state of the art and future potential for security imaging systems.
Serotypes of 'Pasteurella' anatipestifer isolates from poultry in different countries.

Summary ‘Pasteurella’ anatipestifer (PA) isolates from ducks, turkeys and other birds were typed by agglutination tests using antisera against representative strains of existing serotypes. The majority of the isolates were from the USA, but some were from Singapore, England and Germany. Five new serotypes were identified, three from ducks in the USA and two from Singapore. Four isolates received from Germany did not react with any of the available antisera. The representative strain of serotype 4 (H) was excluded from this study because it grew on MacConkey agar and has been reported to have a cell‐protein profile unlike that of other PA isolates. A revised serotype classification was proposed to include existing and new serotypes.
Strategies for promoting technology transfer to the private sector

This article discusses alternative promotion strategies that public policy makers can use to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of technology transfer programs. Three transfer strategies are described; the passive, the role-directed, and the organization-directed strategies. Factors influencing the selection of one of these transfer strategies by policy makers are considered in detail.
Passive sampling of perfluorinated acids and sulfonates using polar organic chemical integrative samplers

The applicability of a polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) for detection and determination of perfluorinated acids and sulfonates in water was studied under field conditions. Standard POCIS configurations (i.e., pharmaceutical and pesticide) were deployed in effluent from a wastewater treatment plant for 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Ten of 15 target compounds were found in POCIS, five of which were quantified in wastewater. Pest-POCIS appeared more effective for the sampling, while Pharm-POCIS had a more rapid uptake kinetic, which leads to faster saturation or equilibrium. The results showed that the pesticide configuration is probably more suitable for the sampling of this class of compounds. Based on average concentration in water over the sampling period and amount of compound adsorbed in the POCIS, we calculated sampling rates for five studied compounds and obtained values of 0.034 to 0.222 L day−1.
MORPHOMETRY OF ORCHID SEEDS. I. PAPHIOPEDILUM AND NATIVE CALIFORNIA AND RELATED SPECIES OF CYPRIPEDIUM

Examination of differences in morphology, size and color between seeds of the genera Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium (family: Orchidaceae; subfamily: Cypripedoideae) and among several Cypripedium species confirm present taxonomic relationships. Additionally, the shape, size and relatively large air volume in the testae (79-96% of available space) provide an explanation for their long flotation periods in the atmosphere, which is an adaptation for dispersal by wind. ORCHID SEEDS are minute, and, therefore, it is difficult to study their structural details with the optical microscope. Numerous photographs and drawings of orchid seeds have been published (for excellent examples of the latter see Beer, 1863), but all lack the details necessary for comparative studies. Such details can be obtained with the scanning electron microscope (SEM); one survey, involving 150 species in 58 genera, has shown that several seed characteristics can be of taxonomically diagnostic value (Barthlott, 1976). These include the size and form of whole seeds and single testa cells as well as anticlinal and periclinal wall structure. Therefore, our study was undertaken to clarify the relationships among native American Cypripedium species and to provide comparisons between the genera Cypripedium and Paphiopedilum, by use of seed dimensions, color and morphology, and features revealed by the SEM as well as information from the literature.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF DIFFERENTIAL ABILITIES IN A SAMPLE OF LOWER THAN AVERAGE ABILITY

Critics of IQ tests often emphasize the importance of non-intellectual components of intelligent behavior. Previous research has identified masculinity-femininity as one factor contributing to the differentiation of people along a dimension of high verbal ability at one end and high mathematical (or other “practical”) ability at the other. However, almost all of this information was derived from the study of groups whose over-all ability was about 1 SD above the population mean. To test the generalizability of these findings the Guilford-Zimmerman personality correlates of differential abilities were investigated in a lower than average ability group. Masculinity was related to the high mathematical-low verbal ability complex for females but not for males. The importance of studying the interaction of sex and type of ability was discussed.
A method of utilizing the subjects' initial caries experience to increase efficiency in caries clinical trials.

A problem which often occurs in caries clinical trials is the existence of an imbalance by group in the initial DMFS scores among subjects completing the study. Four methods of incorporating the study subjects' initial caries experience were identified and compared in six recently conducted clinical trials to see which of the methods was the most efficient in making treatment group comparisons of study subjects' caries increment scores. The consistent method of choice was one which utilized an adaptation of Grainger's caries severity index as a stratification factor in a blocking analysis of caries increments. The results suggest that more information regarding future caries exists in knowing where decay is present in the dentition than in knowing the subjects' total DMFS counts.
Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression of a cDNA encoding an intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTPase-2, from mouse testis and T-cells.

The PTP-2 cDNA encoding an intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase-2) was isolated and sequenced from mouse testis and T-cell cDNA libraries. This PTP-2 cDNA was found to be homologous to human PTP-TC and rat PTP-S, and contained 1,551 nucleotides, including 1,146 nucleotides encoding 382 amino acids as well as 5′ (61 nucleotides) and 3′ (344 nucleotides) non-coding regions. Northern blot analysis indicated that PTP-2 mRNA of 1.9 Kb was most abundant in testis and kidney, although it was also present in spleen, muscle, liver, heart and brain.
A Comment on Consent, Sex, and Rape

During the last 25 years, rape law has undergone a profound transformation, as the articles in this symposium clearly show. To mention just three of the more striking doctrinal reformations: All states have repealed the most egregious aspects of die marital rape exception; most have abandoned the “utmost resistance” requirement; and all have enacted rape shield laws to protect complaining witnesses from intrusive inquiries into their sexual history. All three reforms were the product of feminist agitation, all three were aimed toward the general end of redirecting rape law toward the protection of women's, rather than men's, interests, and all three did, to some degree, broaden and democratize the scope of the law's protection: Wives, prostitutes, promiscuous girls, and women not inclined to risk their deaths by fighting off their rapists “to the utmost” are now protected by the law of rape against sexual assault, at least in theory, and at least to the same degree as non-wives and non-prostitutes, fighters, and virgins. All of this, virtually every contributor to this symposium agrees, is very much to the good.
Learning and executing generalized robot plans

In this paper we describe some major new additions to the STRIPS robot problem-solving system. The first addition is a process for generalizing a plan produced by STRIPS so that problem-specific constants appearing in the plan are replaced by problem-independent parameters. The generalized plan, stored in a convenient format called a triangle table, has two important functions. The more obvious function is as a single macro action that can be used by STRIPS—either in whole or in part—during the solution of a subsequent problem. Perhaps less obviously, the generalized plan also plays a central part in the process that monitors the real-world execution of a plan, and allows the robot to react "intelligently: to unexpected consequences of actions. We conclude with a discussion of experiments with the system on several example problems.
Foreign Language Reading Anxiety

Whereas most discussions of foreign language (FL) anxiety have centered on the difficulties caused by anxiety with respect to oral performance, this article discusses the possibility of anxiety in response to foreign or second language reading. It introduces the construct of FL reading anxiety, offers a scale for its measurement, and reports on a preliminary study of reading anxiety in 30 intact first-semester classes of Spanish, Russian, and Japanese. The study found that contrary to previous teacher intuitions, reading in a FL can be anxiety provoking to some students. Whereas general FL anxiety has been found to be independent of target language, levels of reading anxiety were found to vary by target language and seem to be related to the specific writing systems. In addition, students’ reading anxiety levels increased with their perceptions of the difficulty of reading in their FL, and their grades decreased in conjunction with their levels of reading anxiety and general FL anxiety.
Numerical Modeling of a Line of Towering Cumulus on Day 226 of GATE

Abstract A three-dimensional numerical model with warm rain bulk cloud physics is used to investigate the shallow convection observed on day 226 of GATE. This convection had cloud tops at 3.0 km, cloud bases at 0.4 km and approximately 0.1 cm of rain at the surface. The simulated convection shows a strong sensitivity to the criterion for the onset of autoconversion of cloud water into rain water. The strongest convection occurs for the case in which no rain water forms. This case, however, does not conform to the observed convection, lacking the downdraft below cloud base and the observed strong surface outflow. The primary simulation produces a “finger” of convection propagating to the northeast, perpendicular to the northwest–southeast orientation of the larger-scale line of convection. The orientation and propagation speed of the calculated convection are in excellent agreement with observed radar data. This simulation also has a well-defined leading edge and strong surface outflow as observed. In poor...
DIAGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS OF N- MYC ONCOGENE EXPRESSION AND AMPLIFICATION IN PEDIAIRIC RENAL TUMORS

Molecular and tissue culture techniques were used to characterize unusual bilateral renal tumors from a young boy. The left kidney demonstrated histopathologic and electron microscopic features of both neuroblastoma and Wilms' tumor. The contralateral kidney exhibited multiloculated cystic nephroma (MLCN). In vitro tissue culture of tumor cells induced neurite outgrowth. Hybridization experiments with an N-myc oncogene DNA probe revealed that the left renal neoplasm exhibited greater than ten-fold N-myc gene amplification in clvromosoma 1 DNA; N-myc was not expressed or amplified in the MLCN or in normal kidney tissue, however. While N-myc expression in RNA and histopathologic features could not clearly distinguish between Wilms' tumor and neuroblastoma, neurite outgrowth and gene amplification strongly suggested that this neoplasm would behave as an aggressive neuroblastoma. The diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications of these findings will be discussed.
Global aspects of the matrix Riccati equation

Matrix Riccati equations are interpreted as differential equations on Grassman manifolds. Necessary conditions for the Riccati equation to be a Morse-Smale system are given in the autonomous and periodic cases. Under this condition, the equation is structurally stable and has a unique asymptotically stable equilibrium point or periodic solution.
ADMINISTRATION OF THE PURCHASING FUNCTION IN STATE GOVERNMENT

s of Doctoral Dissertations 493 tion. For example, approximately one-half of the reporting agencies have not prepared a purchasing manual, which is one of the best means of presenting essential information to using agencies and employees in an orderly fashion. In summary it may be said that the survey revealed that there is need for additional application of the principles of administration to the operations of central purchasing agencies. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.132 on Tue, 05 Jul 2016 06:08:08 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Peptide-Membrane and Peptide-Peptide Interactions between Myelin Basic Protein and Myelin-Like Lipids Revealed by Covalently Attached Vibrational Labels

Cyanylation of cysteine reveals the local solvent environment of the modified side chain and the ps-time scale dynamics of membrane-protein interactions via the infrared absorbance of the covalently attached CN probe vibration. Single-cysteine mutants of the primary membrane binding sequence from the myelin basic protein, were synthesized and cyanylated. A combination of transmission and horizontal attenuated total reflectance (HATR) infrared spectra are used to investigate the dynamics of the membrane-peptide interactions. The SCN-labeled side chains report on the geometry of the peptide-membrane binding interface. They also provide information about the reversible aggregation of the peptide, which occurs at high concentration in solution and when in contact with a myelin-like membrane system.
5′ untranslated leader sequences of eukaryotic mRNAs encoding heat shock induced proteins

5' untranslated leaders (5' UTLs) are suggested to play a crucial role in the selective translation of their eukaryotic mRNAs encoding heat shock proteins (HSP) during heat stress conditions. However, the structural features of the HSP mRNAs which cause this effect are mostly unknown. We have compiled the 5' UTLs from about 140 eukaryotic HSP mRNAs including vertebrates, invertebrates, higher and lower plants. A detailed analysis of these sequences according to length, A+T content, context of functional ATGs and presence of upstream non-functional ATGs was made. We observed that all these features were similar to the earlier studies in the literature based on data from HSP as well as non-HSP mRNAs. These observations were reconfirmed by intra-specific comparison of 5' UTLs from HSP and non-HSP genes. Similar to the translation element involved in the selective translation of mRNAs in polioviruses, a search for a short sequence motif complementary to highly conserved 18S rRNA was performed using a HSP mRNA database. The majority of the HSP mRNA sequences (77%) contained one or more small sequence motifs suggesting that they may function as internal ribosome entry sites for selective initiation of translation during heat stress.
Perturbation theory about the symmetry limit and Kl3 form factors

Abstract General properties of form factors associated with a vector current are discussed in the framework of off-mass shell perturbative methods. A number of theorems, valid in the symmetry limit, are first derived. As an illustration, we show that these results, when applied to Kl3 decays in conjunction with the relation of Callan and Treiman, and Mathur, Okubo, and Pandit, lead in a simple manner to the Dashen-Weinstein theorem for the parameter ξ, in the context of a perturbative expansion about the SU3 ⊗ SU3 limit. We also study the effect of SU3 ⊗ SU3 breaking on the mass extrapolation of the Kl3 form factors and discuss a formula involving ξ and other observable quantities with a theoretical error O(ϵ1ϵ2, ϵ22, ϵ2sin2θ, ϵ3). The first-order corrections are then studied in the general framework of relativistic perturbation theory and a field theoretic derivation of the nonrenormalization theorem is obtained. Under the assumption of octet behavior of the symmetry-breaking interaction, we discuss some general symmetry properties of the off- and on-mass shell form factors. These results lead to some relations between the physical electromagnetic and ΔS = 1 weak form factors which are valid for arbitrary momentum transfers, with an error of the second order in the symmetry-breaking interactions. In order to illustrate some assumptions underlying the derivation of the nonrenormalization theorem, we discuss in an Appendix a particular model of symmetry breaking in which the charge algebra is broken and the theorem does not obtain. A necessary and sufficient condition for the validity of this theorem in the case of SU3 is then pointed out.
On the Correlation of Phases of Culture

IN A recent article in this journal, Phillips and Willey (1953:628) proposed an “operational basis for culture-historical integration” which makes use of “two static formal concepts component and phase and … two fluid historical concepts tradition and horizon style.” As Phillips and Willey point out, the first two of these concepts are not likely to arouse much disagreement. Some archeologists will prefer, in particular studies, to concentrate upon artifact types or other elements of culture, but it would seem reasonable to accept components and phases (i.e., the foci of the Midwestern Taxonomic System) as the basic units of archeological research, since these correspond, as Phillips and Willey point out, to the community and society (i.e., tribal group) in ethnology.
Characterization of the δ12 desaturase in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana: the nature of the substrate.

Abstract The cockroach, Periplaneta americana, can convert oleic acid (18:l(n − 9)), to linoleic acid, (18:2(n − 6)), by a microsomal Δ12 desaturase. Most of the desaturase activity was present in the fat body tissue, with lower activity in the epidermis and no detectable activity in the thorax or gut tissue. In incubations of microsomal preparations from fat body tissues with [1−14C]18:1-CoA, increased amounts of [1−14C]18:2 were found with increasing time and protein concentration. The form of the substrate for the Δ12 desaturase was determined to be 18:1-CoA by comparing activity towards [1−14C]18:1-CoA and [1−14C]18:1 transesterified to phospholipid. Ozonolysis of the 18:2 formed from [1−14C]oleoyl-CoA followed by radio-gas-liquid chromatography gave one labeled peak, 9-oxononanoate, which showed that the product of the Δ12 desaturase is the physiologically important isomer, 18:2(n − 6).
Radiative charge-transfer lifetime of the excited state of ( NaCa ) +

New experiments were proposed recently to investigate the regime of cold atomic and molecular ion-atom collision processes in a special hybrid neutral-atom-ion trap under high-vacuum conditions. We study the collisional cooling of laser precooled Ca{sup +} ions by ultracold Na atoms. Modeling this process requires knowledge of the radiative lifetime of the excited singlet A {sup 1}{sigma}{sup +} state of the (NaCa){sup +} molecular system. We calculate the rate coefficient for radiative charge transfer using a semiclassical approach. The dipole radial matrix elements between the ground and the excited states, and the potential curves were calculated using complete active space self-consistent field and Moeller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory with an extended Gaussian basis, 6-311+G (3df). The semiclassical charge-transfer rate coefficient was averaged over a thermal Maxwellian distribution. In addition, we also present elastic collision cross sections and the spin-exchange cross section. The rate coefficient for charge transfer was found to be 2.3x10{sup -16} cm{sup 3}/sec, while those for the elastic and spin-exchange cross sections were found to be several orders of magnitude higher (1.1x10{sup -8} cm{sup 3}/sec and 2.3x10{sup -9} cm{sup 3}/sec, respectively). This confirms our assumption that the milli-Kelvin regime of collisional cooling of calcium ions by sodium atoms ismore » favorable with the respect to low loss of calcium ions due to the charge transfer.« less
Electrical characterization and reliability analysis of Al 2 O 3 /AlGaN/GaN MISH structure

We present here a comprehensive electrical characterization and reliability analysis of Al 2 O 3 /AlGaN/GaN metal insulator semiconductor heterostructure (MISH). MISH capacitors with atomic-layer-deposited Al 2 O 3 dielectrics were characterized using capacitance-voltage (C-V), current-voltage (I-V), constant-current stress and time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) measurements. The experimental results show that 1) a mid-level density of interface states exist at the Al 2 O 3 /AlGaN interface; 2) Poole-Frenkel emission (PFE) and trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) dominate current transport in the medium and high oxide field, respectively; 3) gate voltage drops due to hole trap generation in the oxide under high constant-current stress; 4) a Weibull slope of 2.87 for Al 2 O 3 dielectric is extracted from TDDB test.