cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joint Parsing and Alignment with Weakly Synchronized Grammars

Syntactic machine translation systems extract rules from bilingual, word-aligned, syntactically parsed text, but current systems for parsing and word alignment are at best cascaded and at worst totally independent of one another. This work presents a unified joint model for simultaneous parsing and word alignment. To flexibly model syntactic divergence, we develop a discriminative log-linear model over two parse trees and an ITG derivation which is encouraged but not forced to synchronize with the parses. Our model gives absolute improvements of 3.3 F1 for English parsing, 2.1 F1 for Chinese parsing, and 5.5 F1 for word alignment over each task's independent baseline, giving the best reported results for both Chinese-English word alignment and joint parsing on the parallel portion of the Chinese treebank. We also show an improvement of 1.2 BLEU in downstream MT evaluation over basic HMM alignments.
Fronto-parietal Cortical Circuits Encode Accumulated Evidence with a Diversity of Timescales

Summary Decision-making in dynamic environments often involves accumulation of evidence, in which new information is used to update beliefs and select future actions. Using in vivo cellular resolution imaging in voluntarily head-restrained rats, we examined the responses of neurons in frontal and parietal cortices during a pulse-based accumulation of evidence task. Neurons exhibited activity that predicted the animal's upcoming choice, previous choice, and graded responses that reflected the strength of the accumulated evidence. The pulsatile nature of the stimuli enabled characterization of the responses of neurons to a single quantum (pulse) of evidence. Across the population, individual neurons displayed extensive heterogeneity in the dynamics of responses to pulses. The diversity of responses was sufficiently rich to form a temporal basis for accumulated evidence estimated from a latent variable model. These results suggest that heterogeneous, often transient sensory responses distributed across the fronto-parietal cortex may support working memory on behavioral timescales. Video Abstract
Satellite Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Temperatures

The measurement of the surface temperature of the ocean from satellite imaging instruments is presented, including the physics of the measurement and the characteristics of the most important infrared and microwave radiometers. Examples of applications of the satellite-derived sea-surface temperatures are given, and the future outlook is discussed, giving the anticipated instrument developments and satellite launches in the next decade.
Complementation of a metK-deficient E. coli strain with heterologous AdoMet synthetase genes

S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet) is an essential metabolite, playing a wide variety of metabolic roles. The enzyme that produces AdoMet from l-methionine and ATP (methionine adenosyltransferase, MAT) is thus an attractive target for anti-cancer and antimicrobial agents. It would be very useful to have a system that allows rapid identification of species-specific inhibitors of this essential enzyme. A previously generated E. coli strain, lacking MAT (∆metK) but containing a heterologous AdoMet transporter, was successfully complemented with heterologous metK genes from several bacterial pathogens, as well as with MAT genes from a fungal pathogen and Homo sapiens. The nine tested genes, which vary in both sequence and kinetic properties, all complemented strain MOB1490 well in rich medium. When these strains were grown in glucose minimal medium, growth delays or defects were observed with some specific metK genes, defects that were dramatically reduced if l-methionine was added to the medium.
Assessing an integrated biological and chemical control strategy for managing hemlock woolly adelgid in southern Appalachian forests

Abstract In the eastern United States, hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) is considered an invasive pest of eastern hemlocks; an ecologically foundational tree species. Current management of HWA focuses on chemical and biological controls, with recent research suggesting that these two tactics could be integrated successfully. The approach is to protect a subset of hemlocks with systemic insecticides while releasing predatory insects onto adjacent, unprotected trees. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of chemical and biological control tactics, alone and in combination, on hemlock health and HWA densities at three southern Appalachian sites (KY, WV, and TN) from 2010 to 2016. Although insecticide applications were effective at protecting individual trees, none of the overall treatments (chemical, biological, or combined) had a significant effect on tree health or HWA population index values relative to untreated plots. Tree health generally declined at all sites over time. HWA populations were highly variable over time and were likely more strongly influenced by extremely low, winter temperatures than by the treatments. Cross-correlation analysis of tree health and HWA population indicated a time-lag effect. At two of the three sites, recovery of tree health lagged 0 – 3 years behind decline in HWA population, and decline in HWA populations lagged approximately 0 – 1 years behind decline in tree health. The predatory beetle, Laricobius nigrinus, was recovered two-years, post-release at the KY and WV sites in 2012 and 2013, but was not recovered from the TN site. The lack of sustained recovery of L. nigrinus may be attributable to the occurrence of extremely low, winter temperatures in 2014 and 2015, which produced subsequent crashes in the HWA populations. In TN, the L. nigrinus population may have been unrecoverable due to a decline in the HWA population shortly after initial release.
The efficacy of a literacy intervention for incarcerated adolescents

This randomized trial with repeated measures investigated the efficacy of a literacy intervention for low-performing readers in a juvenile corrections setting over a 31-month period. Students were ...
It’s not magic – Hsp90 and its effects on genetic and epigenetic variation

Canalization, or phenotypic robustness in the face of environmental and genetic perturbation, is an emergent property of living systems. Although this phenomenon has long been recognized, its molecular underpinnings have remained enigmatic until recently. Here, we review the contributions of the molecular chaperone Hsp90, a protein that facilitates the folding of many key regulators of growth and development, to canalization of phenotype - and de-canalization in times of stress - drawing on studies in eukaryotes as diverse as baker's yeast, mouse ear cress, and blind Mexican cavefish. Hsp90 is a hub of hubs that interacts with many so-called 'client proteins,' which affect virtually every aspect of cell signaling and physiology. As Hsp90 facilitates client folding and stability, it can epistatically suppress or enable the expression of genetic variants in its clients and other proteins that acquire client status through mutation. Hsp90's vast interaction network explains the breadth of its phenotypic reach, including Hsp90-dependent de novo mutations and epigenetic effects on gene regulation. Intrinsic links between environmental stress and Hsp90 function thus endow living systems with phenotypic plasticity in fluctuating environments. As environmental perturbations alter Hsp90 function, they also alter Hsp90's interaction with its client proteins, thereby re-wiring networks that determine the genotype-to-phenotype map. Ensuing de-canalization of phenotype creates phenotypic diversity that is not simply stochastic, but often has an underlying genetic basis. Thus, extreme phenotypes can be selected, and assimilated so that they no longer require environmental stress to manifest. In addition to acting on standing genetic variation, Hsp90 perturbation has also been linked to increased frequency of de novo variation and several epigenetic phenomena, all with the potential to generate heritable phenotypic change. Here, we aim to clarify and discuss the multiple means by which Hsp90 can affect phenotype and possibly evolutionary change, and identify their underlying common feature: at its core, Hsp90 interacts epistatically through its chaperone function with many other genes and their gene products. Its influence on phenotypic diversification is thus not magic but rather a fundamental property of genetics.
Use of Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli Surrogates as Predictors of the Survival of Nontyphoidal Salmonella, non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli, and Escherichia coli O157 Populations after High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing.

ABSTRACT Validated surrogates are a useful tool for studying the response of pathogens to food safety interventions, but better surrogates are needed for studies using high pressure processing. Ground beef (85% lean, 15% fat) was inoculated separately with mixed cultures of Escherichia coli O157, non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and nonpathogenic E. coli surrogate bacteria. The inoculated ground beef was subjected to high hydrostatic pressures of 200, 400, and 600 MPa for 4, 6, and 8 min at each pressure. High pressure processing at 200 MPa reduced the inoculated populations of the pathogenic bacteria by 0.9 to 1.8 log CFU/g, 400 MPa reduced the inoculated populations by 2.5 to 3.6 log CFU/g, and 600 MPa reduced the inoculated populations by 4.5 to 5.6 log CFU/g. The nonpathogenic E. coli surrogates were more resistant to the effects of high pressure processing than were the inoculated pathogen populations. This finding suggests that the nonpathogenic E. coli surrogates cou...
Fetal Developmental Animal Model of Schizophrenia with Dopamine, Acetylcholine, and Nitric Oxide Perspectives

The interest in finding an animal model of schizophrenia began with the report of Mednick et al. (1988), that schizophrenia risk for the offspring was doubled by maternal exposure to a viral epidemic in the second trimester of pregnancy (Barr et al., 1990). Additional evidence suggests that not only viral exposure, but also emotional trauma in the pregnant mother, or exposure to intense radioactivity may have a similar effect (Huttunen and Niskanen, 1978; Otake and Shull, 1984). The common feature in all these cases is that the changes almost certainly have been initiated during the fetal stages of brain growth and in particular during the last part of the first trimester or in the second trimester (Gilles et al., 1983).
A scientific collaboration tool built on the facebook platform.

We describe an application (“Medline Publications”) written for the Facebook platform that allows users to maintain and publish a list of their own Medline-indexed publications, as well as easily access their contacts’ lists. The system is semi-automatic in that it interfaces directly with the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database to find and retrieve citation data. Furthermore, the system has the capability to present the user with sets of other users with similar publication profiles. As of July 2008, Medline Publications has attracted approximately 759 users, 624 of which have listed a total of 5,193 unique publications.
Electron impact mass spectroscopy for identification of phencyclidine.

The electron impact mass spectrum of phencyclidine (PCP) was studied using both deuterium-labeled analogs and high-resolution mass spectroscopy. The deuterium-labeled compounds used were d5.PCP having 5 deuterium atoms on the phenyl ring, d10.PCP having 10 deuterium atoms on the cyclohexyl ring, and d15.PCP having deuterium atoms on both the phenyl and cyclohexyl rings. The identities of some major fragments and some possible pathways for their formation are shown. Electron impact mass spectroscopy is shown to be a definitive test for the identification of PCP.
On Location of Sample Points for Interpolation by Bivariate C1 Quadratic Splines

Let V be a vector space of continuous functions in a region D in RS, s ≥ 1, with dimension N, and AN = {x1,…, xN} be a set of N distinct points in D.
Removal of Al (III) and Fe (III) from binary system and industrial effluent using chitosan films.

Abstract Adsorption of Al (III) and Fe (III) onto chitosan films from individual and binary systems were investigated. The matrix effect was evaluated using an industrial effluent of the scrubber of gases from the production process of Al2(SO4)3. The adsorption study was carried out by response surface methodology to optimize the adsorption operation as a function of pH (3, 4.5 and 6) and film dosage (FD) (100, 200 and 300 mg L−1).The possible interactions film-ions were investigated by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and dispersive energy X-ray spectroscopy. The more suitable conditions for all experimental designs were the FD values in 100 mg L−1and pH 4.5.The adsorption capacity of Fe (III) in the individual and binary systems were 140.2 mg g−1 and 132.3 mg g−1 respectively; however, in the experiment conducted on the real effluent, the adsorption capacity was reduced to 66.30 mg g−1.Already to Al (III), the adsorption capacities in the individual and binary systems were 665.5 mg g−1 to 621.2 mg g−1 respectively, and when the operation was performed using real effluent the adsorption capacity was reduced to 275.7 mg g−1.
Distributed sensing with free space optics

A distributed sensing system utilizes multiple geographically separated sensors to observe the world. The sensor systems can process data and then transmit it, receive data and then process it, or some combination of the two. For this chapter, we will examine a distributed radio frequency (RF) sensor system set on mobile platforms. The main challenges of any distributed system are localization, synchronization, and processing capabilities. This paper presents a novel solution that utilized a free space optical (FSO) link for communication between nodes. The FSO link will aid in localization and synchronization while also providing a high-speed communications path between sensor units to allow maximum flexibility in processing optimization. An example of FSO communication link between unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) is given to show the viability of establishing multi-Gbit/s optical communication links in presence of atmospheric turbulence. Optical communication offers the advantages of sensor information exchanges at high data rates as well as secure communications needed for a number of tactical applications. Before we discuss about the distributed system, a brief introduction into signals, systems, and signal processing is provided.
Evaluating Networks for Collaborative Planning and Management

Collaboration is used to address a range of complex problems, but there is less research on ongoing collaboration networks. We use interviews, document analysis, focus groups, and a survey to evalu...
Socio-hydrology with hydrosocial theory: two sides of the same coin?

This paper reviews socio-hydrology and hydrosocial research, finding a sophisticated relationship with emergent syntheses. We examined 419 papers by topic, region of study, theories implemented, jo...
Administration of tranexamic acid during total shoulder arthroplasty is not associated with increased risk of complications in patients with a history of thrombotic events.

Introduction Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to reduce blood loss and transfusion risk in various orthopedic surgeries including shoulder arthroplasty. However, concerns still exist regarding its use in patients with a history of thrombotic events. Using national claims data, we aimed to study the safety of TXA administration in shoulder arthroplasty patients with a history of thrombotic events. Methods We used retrospective national claims data (Premier Healthcare) on 71,174 patients who underwent a total or reverse shoulder arthroplasty between 2010 and 2016. TXA use was evaluated specifically within a subgroup of patients with a history of thrombotic events such as myocardial infarction, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, transient ischemic attack, or ischemic stroke. Studied outcomes were blood transfusion need, complications (including acute renal failure, new onset myocardial infarction, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, transient ischemic attack, or ischemic stroke), and cost and length of hospitalization. Mixed-effects models measured the association between TXA use and outcomes, separately in patients with and without a history of thrombotic events. Odds ratios (OR) or percent change for continuous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Results Overall, TXA was used in 13.7% (n = 9735) of patients, whereas 10.5% (n = 7475) of patients had a history of a thrombotic event. After adjustment for relevant covariates, TXA use (compared with no TXA use) in patients without a history of thrombotic events was associated with decreased odds of blood transfusions (OR, 0.48; CI, 0.24-0.98; P = .0444), whereas no increased odds for complications were observed (OR, 0.83; CI, 0.40-1.76; P = .6354). Similar results were observed in patients with a history of thrombotic events. Moreover, in this subgroup, TXA use was associated with a slight reduction in hospitalization cost (−8.9% CI: −13.1%; −4.6%; P Conclusions Among shoulder arthroplasty patients, TXA use was not associated with increased complication odds, independent of a history of thrombotic events. These findings are in support of wider TXA use.
Oral Health Knowledge, Practices, and Awareness of Oral Health Guidelines and Dental Coverage Policies among Midwives.

Introduction Good oral health during the prenatal period translates into better oral and overall health for women and their infants. Although the importance of oral health during pregnancy is well established, oral health assessments are not routinely included in prenatal care visits. The purpose of this study was to explore prenatal care providers' practices regarding oral health assessments and identify reasons for the gap in oral health integration in prenatal care. Data were gathered from midwives in Virginia, United States. Information on midwives' knowledge about oral health, education, practices, and awareness of oral health guidelines and the pregnancy-related Medicaid dental benefit policy in Virginia was collected. Methods An online survey was distributed to midwives practicing in Virginia through their state-level professional organization. The data were collected online, and descriptive data analyses were conducted. Results A total of 30 midwives (mean age 51.9 years) participated in the survey for an overall response rate of 13.6%. Among survey participants, knowledge of oral health was high (score of 4.69 out of 5). Nearly 20% of participants reported receiving no education about oral health during professional training, and 72.4% reported no receipt of continuing education about oral health in the past year. Although 86% of the participants reported discussing oral health in clinical practice, only 10.3% reported conducting oral health assessments. Awareness of Virginia's Medicaid dental benefit policy was high (75.9%), but less than half of the participants were aware of oral health guidelines (44.1%). Although many midwives did not conduct oral health assessments, 79.3% reported that they provided oral health referrals to pregnant patients. Discussion Enhancing and integrating education about oral health in the academic curriculum for midwives and providing them with opportunities for continuing education about oral health can improve their engagement with oral health. Sharing of evidence-based guidelines through organizational newsletters, meetings, and other venues can be ways to increase awareness of new guidelines and health coverage benefits among midwives.
Improving End-of-Life Care for Persons Living With Dementia: Bereaved Caregivers' Observations and Recommendations.

Abstract Context Dementia is a terminal diagnosis that requires significant caregiving support across the trajectory of decline through to death. Experiences and perspectives from bereaved caregivers can help identify ways to improve the end-of-life care experience of persons dying with dementia. Objectives This exploratory study sought to assess satisfaction with, and elicit recommendations for improving end-of-life care experiences of decedents with dementia from the perspective of bereaved caregivers. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with caregivers of decedents with dementia (n = 53), from the San Francisco Bay Area, California. Multiple choice and open-ended questions were asked regarding end-of-life care discussions and decisions and respecting and honoring end-of-life needs and wishes. The Satisfaction with Care at the End of Life in Dementia instrument was adapted for the survey. Results While approximately 75% of caregivers were satisfied with their person living with dementia's (PLWD) end-of-life care, 25% felt better care was needed. Qualitative findings revealed that gaps persist regarding communication with providers about disease progression, care continuity and coordination, and honoring death in a preferred location. While most caregivers felt ready to discuss end-of-life decisions with providers when their PLWD was near death, with retrospection, the majority would recommend that providers discuss end-of-life decisions with them during earlier stages of the disease. Conclusion End-of-life care for PLWD has significant room for improvement. Efforts to train healthcare providers should focus on helping them meet the complex informational, emotional, and social support needs of PLWD and their caregivers across the trajectory of decline.
Emotional Reactions to Loss and Recovery of a Smartphone: Implications for Habituation

The present research is based on a qualitative exploration of 58 on campus intercept interviews with undergraduate young adult respondents and their behavioral and emotional reactions to a common phenomenon of smartphone ownership: losing, damaging, or misplacing and subsequently recovering one’s smartphone. The focus of this study is recalling situations where respondents’ smartphones have been lost and recovered and their range of emotional reactions in response to these events. The authors coded transcripts, extracting all references to emotions in response to losing or recovering one’s smartphone and identifying themes among respondents’ discussion of these feelings. Findings suggest that high-frequency smartphone use generates strong emotional reactions to the loss and recovery of a smartphone. Respondent reactions offer a window into how smartphone habituation may take shape and the humanness of digital seduction. When a smartphone connection is severed, emotional distress occurs. When it is recovered or replaced, joy ensues, and the potential for continued habituation resurfaces.
Detuning Axis Pulsed Spectroscopy of Valley-Orbital States in Si / Si - Ge Quantum Dots

Silicon-quantum-dot qubits must contend with low-lying valley excited states that are sensitive functions of the quantum-well heterostructure and disorder; quantifying and maximizing the energies of these states are critical to improving device performance. We describe a spectroscopic method for probing excited states in isolated $\mathrm{Si}$/$\mathrm{Si}$-$\mathrm{Ge}$ double quantum dots using standard baseband pulsing techniques, easing the extraction of energy spectra in multiple-dot devices. We use this method to measure dozens of valley excited-state energies spanning multiple wafers, quantum dots, and orbital states, which are crucial for evaluating the dependence of valley splitting on quantum well width and other epitaxial conditions. Our results suggest that narrower wells can be beneficial for increasing valley splittings, but this effect can be confounded by variations in growth and fabrication conditions. These results underscore the importance of valley-splitting measurements for guiding the development of $\mathrm{Si}$ qubits.
Role of antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infection management: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Background Urinary tract infections and recurrent urinary tract infections pose substantial burdens on patients and healthcare systems. Testing and treatment strategies are increasingly important in the age of antibiotic resistance and stewardship. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the cost effectiveness of urinary tract infection testing and treatment strategies with a focus on antibiotic resistance. Study Design We designed a decision tree to model the following 4 strategies for managing urinary tract infections: (1) empirical antibiotics first, followed by culture-directed antibiotics if symptoms persist; (2) urine culture first, followed by culture-directed antibiotics; (3) urine culture at the same time as empirical antibiotics, followed by culture-directed antibiotics, if symptoms persist; and (4) symptomatic treatment first, followed by culture-directed antibiotics, if symptoms persist. To model both patient- and society-level concerns, we built 3 versions of this model with different outcome measures: quality-adjusted life-years, symptom-free days, and antibiotic courses given. Societal cost of antibiotic resistance was modeled for each course of antibiotics given. The probability of urinary tract infection and the level of antibiotic resistance were modeled from 0% to 100%. We also extended the model to account for patients requiring catheterization for urine specimen collection. Results In our model, the antibiotic resistance rate was based either on the local antibiotic resistance patterns for patients presenting with sporadic urinary tract infections or on rate of resistance from prior urine cultures for patients with recurrent urinary tract infections. With the base case assumption of 20% antibiotic resistance, urine culture at the same time as empirical antibiotics was the most cost-effective strategy and maximized symptom-free days. However, empirical antibiotics was the most cost-effective strategy when antibiotic resistance was below 6%, whereas symptomatic treatment was the most cost-effective strategy when antibiotic resistance was above 80%. To minimize antibiotic use, symptomatic treatment first was always the best strategy followed by urine culture first. Sensitivity analyses with other input parameters did not affect the cost-effectiveness results. When we extended the model to include an office visit for catheterized urine specimens, empirical antibiotics became the most cost-effective option. Conclusion We developed models for urinary tract infection management strategies that can be interpreted for patients initially presenting with urinary tract infections or those with recurrent urinary tract infections. Our results suggest that, in most cases, urine culture at the same time as empirical antibiotics is the most cost-effective strategy and maximizes symptom-free days. Empirical antibiotics first should only be considered if the expected antibiotic resistance is very low. If antibiotic resistance is expected to be very high, symptomatic treatment is the best strategy and minimizes antibiotic use.
Mi Conexión Cultural al Ambiente Educativo: Cultural Congruity as a Mediator within a Psychosociocultural Examination of Californian Latinx High School Students’ Coping:

As California is one of the primary states with the highest influx of Latinxs, the rise of Latinx enrollment in California high schools calls to the importance of understanding methods to increase ...
RAG-Mediated DNA Breaks Attenuate PU.1 Activity in Early B Cells Through Activation of a SPIC-BCLAF1 Complex

Early B cell development is regulated by stage-specific transcription factors. PU.1, an ETS family transcription factor, is essential for coordination of early B cell maturation and immunoglobulin gene (Ig) rearrangement. Here we show that RAG DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated during Ig light chain gene (Igl) rearrangement in pre-B cells induce global changes in PU.1 chromatin binding. RAG DSBs activate a SPIC/BCLAF1 transcription factor complex that displaces PU.1 throughout the genome and regulates broad transcriptional changes. SPIC uniquely recruits BCLAF1 to gene regulatory elements that control expression of key B cell developmental genes. The SPIC/BCLAF1 complex suppresses expression of the SYK tyrosine kinase and enforces the transition from large to small pre-B cells. These studies reveal that RAG DSBs direct genome-wide changes in ETS transcription factor activity to promote early B cell development.
JUE Insight: The geographic spread of COVID-19 correlates with the structure of social networks as measured by Facebook

Abstract We use aggregated data from Facebook to show that COVID-19 is more likely to spread between regions with stronger social network connections. Areas with more social ties to two early COVID-19 “hotspots” (Westchester County, NY, in the U.S. and Lodi province in Italy) generally had more confirmed COVID-19 cases by the end of March. These relationships hold after controlling for geographic distance to the hotspots as well as the population density and demographics of the regions. As the pandemic progressed in the U.S., a county’s social proximity to recent COVID-19 cases and deaths predicts future outbreaks over and above physical proximity and demographics. In part due to its broad coverage, social connectedness data provides additional predictive power to measures based on smartphone location or online search data. These results suggest that data from online social networks can be useful to epidemiologists and others hoping to forecast the spread of communicable diseases such as COVID-19.
Scintigraphy Demonstrates High Rate of False-positive Results From Glucose Breath Tests for Small Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth

Background & Aims Breath tests for hydrogen and/or methane are used to detect small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO), but false-positive results can arise from clinical conditions that accelerate small bowel transit and deliver unabsorbed glucose to the colon. We investigated the prevalence of false-positive results from glucose breath tests by also evaluating patients with scintigraphy. Methods In a retrospective study, we reviewed data from glucose breath tests performed with concurrent scintigraphy on 139 patients with suspected SBBO at the Medical College of Wisconsin from January 2003 through July 2013. Results from breath tests were considered abnormal (positive) if there was an increasing curve of hydrogen or methane by >15 parts per million above baseline within 90 minutes. Scintigraphy was used to determine whether this increase occurred before or after the glucose bolus arrived at the cecum. Data from a subset of 45 patients with prior upper gastrointestinal surgery were analyzed separately. Results Forty-six of the patients (33%) had abnormal results from breath tests. On the basis of scintigraphy findings, 22 of these patients (48%) had false-positive results, which were caused by colon fermentation of unabsorbed glucose. Colon fermentation caused false-positive results in 65% of patients who had undergone upper gastrointestinal surgery and 13% of patients without prior surgery. Patients with false-positive results caused by colonic fermentation had shorter mean oro-cecal transit times (18 minutes) compared with patients with positive breath-test results because of SBBO (79 minutes) or negative results (86 minutes). Conclusions Almost half of positive results from glucose breath tests are false because of colonic fermentation. All patients with abnormal results from breath tests should be considered for confirmatory repeat breath testing with concurrent scintigraphy to distinguish SBBO from colonic fermentation. Most patients who have undergone upper gastrointestinal surgery have abnormal results from breath tests and should be assessed by using concurrent scintigraphy with the initial breath test.
A comparison of teaching two methods of physical education with grade one pupils.

(1967). A Comparison of Teaching Two Methods of Physical Education with Grade One Pupils. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 151-154.
High current photoconductive semiconductor switches

It is shown that Si photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSSs) can be used to switch high voltages (up to 123 kV), high fields (up to 82 kV/cm) and high currents (2.8 kA). The ability of the samples to withstand this type of high-voltage, high-current switching depends on the way in which the current penetrates the semiconductor. The appropriate use of water or contacts greatly improves the switching capability. It is also shown that the wafers can support large currents (4.0 kA for GaAs and 2.8 kA for Si) and large linear current densities (3.2 kA/cm for GaAs and 1.4 kA/cm for Si). For GaAs, this linear current density corresponds to about 1 MA/cm/sup 2/, given a penetration depth of about 10/sup -3/ cm. It is determined that the lock-on phenomenon can be triggered with light of varying photon energy to reach a lock-on field that is both impurity-concentration and sample-temperature dependent. >
Squares: A Public Place Design Guide for Urbanists by Mark C. Childs

Mark C. Childs. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006. xxi and 208 pp., photos, charts, diagrams, bibliog., and index. $45.00 hardcover (ISBN 0-8263-3003-7); $25.95 paper (ISBN 0-8263-3...
Purification and characterization of a soybean cotyledon aminopeptidase

Abstract An aminopeptidase has been purified from expanded cotyledons of Glycine max [Merr.] cv. Hobbit. The time course for development of aminopeptidase activity correlates with protein loss during seedling growth. Aminopeptidase activity was very low in dry seeds and increased to a maximum 6–8 days after inhibition. Histochemically, a zone of activity with migration identical to the purified enzyme was detected in cotyledon extracts only 2 days after sowing. The enzyme was purified from extracts of 8-day-old cotyledons by ion-exchange, affinity and gel permeation chromatography. The enzyme is a monomer of approximately 85 000 Da and apparently requires free sulfhydryl groups for activity. Fluorometric measurements indicated that the enzyme has high affinity for hydrophobic aminoacylnaphthylamide substrates. Hydrolysis of amino-terminal blocked peptides and large proteins was not detected. The purified aminopeptidase is similar to aminopeptidase characterized from other plant seeds; however, differences exist in substrate specificities and in the time course of the appearance of enzyme activity.
Max Brake Force as a Measure of Perceived Urgency in a Driving Context

Participants drove a simulated vehicle while completing an n-back task of high or low cognitive demand. Concurrently, they responded via brake press to signals presented in either a single modality (auditory, visual or tactile) or a bimodal combination. Participants were asked to indicate the perceived urgency of each signal by adjusting the force applied in their brake response. Signals were designed to be of “high” or “low” urgency based on previous research for both unimodal and bimodal combinations. Participants were capable of subjectively judging perceived urgency independent of response time and responded to bimodal (relative to unimodal) and high (relative to low) urgency stimuli with significantly greater brake force. However, both factors interacted with cognitive demand indicating that the magnitude of these differential responses was reduced under high demand. Implications for warning evaluation in an in-vehicle driving context are discussed.
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 induces skin fibrosis: A novel murine model for dermal fibrosis.

Objective To determine the role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5) in the development of skin fibrosis in vivo, by examining the effect of overexpression of IGFBP-5 in mouse skin. Methods Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were injected subcutaneously with replication-deficient serotype 5 adenovirus expressing human IGFBP-3 (Ad3), IGFBP-5 (Ad5), or no complementary DNA (cAd). Mice were killed 3, 8, or 22 days postinjection. The dermal thickness and dermal collagen bundle thickness in skin sections were measured. The deposition of collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM) was quantified using the Sircol assay. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and fibronectin, as determined by immunohistochemical analysis, was used to evaluate fibroblast activation, and vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were used to evaluate the fibroblast phenotype. Results Adenovirally expressed IGFBP was detected in dermal fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and muscle bundles in Ad3- and Ad5-injected mice. Increased collagen deposition, denser dermal connective tissue, and increased collagen bundle thickness were observed in IGFBP-5–overexpressing mice. Dermal thickness and collagen bundle thickness were significantly increased in Ad5-injected mice compared with cAd- and Ad3-injected mice. Treatment with Ad5 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in dermal and collagen bundle thickness. Increased deposition of collagen and fibronectin, increased numbers of PCNA-positive fibroblasts, as well as increased numbers of vimentin– and α-SMA–double-positive fibroblasts were detected in the dermis of IGFBP-5–overexpressing mouse skin. Conclusion IGFBP-5 is a key mediator of fibrosis. IGFBP-5 mediates its profibrotic effects through fibroblast activation, increased ECM deposition, and myofibroblastic transformation of dermal fibroblasts. Overexpression of IGFBP-5 provides a novel model for studying the pathogenesis of skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis.
Phosphoprotein phosphatase activity of Novikoff hepatoma nucleoli

Abstract Nucleoli from Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells contain phosphatase activity that acts upon 32 P-labeled nucleolar protein substrates. The activity is optimal near pH 7.0 and is inhibited by increasing concentrations of NaCl. The divalent cations CaCl 2 , MnCl 2 and CoCl 2 at 6 mM inhibited phosphatase activity from 30–60%. ZnCl 2 completely inhibited the activity above 2 mM while EDTA and MgCl 2 had little effect. The activity was stimulated by dithiothreitol and inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide indicating a requirement for free sulfhydryl groups.
The Future of Online Instruction, Part 2

Part two of a two-part series describes how educational and instructional technologies of the past 100 years have come full circle to form the architectural basis for so-called new adaptive e-learning systems. "The Future of Online Instruction, Part 1" can be found at DOI 10.1109/MC.2014.106.
Analysis of time scales pertinent to dioxin/furan formation on fly ash surfaces in municipal solid waste incinerators

Abstract Formation of polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) in municipal solid waste incinerators has been reported extensively in the literature. Of specific interest are potential heterogeneous pathways: low temperature catalytic formation over fly ash in air pollution control devices (APCDs'). An intuitive analysis of APCDs identifies at least two different particle residence times: short and long time scales. Therefore, the PCDD/F measured in the stack gases may include contributions from formation on both time scales. During the residence of particles in the system, a sequence of mass transfer, precursor adsorption and surface reaction should take place to form PCDD/F. An analysis suggests that the mass transfer of precursors (chlorobenzenes/chlorophenols) may not be limiting for high reaction selectivities (> 10%) while chemisorption is the more probable adsorption mechanism. Time scale estimates for surface reaction mechanisms indicate that both Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanisms are possible on the fly ash surface. In determining the relevance of each mechanism to incinerator conditions, several parameters, such as the degree of desorption of PCDD/F, extent of reentrainment of collected particles, particle collection efficiency, etc., play a key role; an approach to quantitative treatment of such parameters is the content of this communication.
Linear unit-response functions as indicators of recharge areas for large karst springs

Abstract The delineation of groundwater recharge areas for karst springs is important for estimating groundwater supplies and for identifying sources and directions of contaminant movement. This paper suggests the potential utility of spring discharge kernel functions (analogous to instantaneous unit hydrographs for surface runoff) in the identification of the recharge areas of large springs. Examples from southeastern Missouri, U.S.A., show that when consistent methods are used for baseflow separation and excess precipitation determinations, derived linear kernels are most physically realistic and have the least fitting error when the assumed spring recharge area is consistent with tracer study results.
Totally Endoscopic Quadruple Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Is Feasible Using Robotic Technology

Multivessel robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting is currently under development. Quadruple totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass has so far not been reported. A 75-year-old patient with multivessel coronary artery disease underwent daVinci Si–assisted completely endoscopic placement of a left internal mammary artery bypass to the left anterior descending artery and construction of a right internal mammary artery Y-graft off the left internal mammary artery to the posterior descending artery. The left internal mammary artery was also connected to a diagonal branch as a sequential graft. The obtuse marginal branch was revascularized using an endoscopically harvested vein graft originating from the left axillary artery.
Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols and Trace Gases by Means of Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer. Part I: Retrieval Algorithm

Abstract A retrieval algorithm for processing multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) data from clear and partially cloudy days is described and validated. This method, while complementary to the Langley approach, uses consistency between the direct normal and diffuse horizontal measurements combined with a regression technique to simultaneously retrieve daily time series of column mean aerosol particle size, aerosol optical depth, NO2, and ozone amounts along with the instrument's calibration constants. Comparison with the traditional Langley calibration method demonstrates two advantages of the approach described here: greater calibration stability and a decreased sensitivity of retrievals to calibration errors.
Risk factors associated with short-term post-treatment outcomes of clinical mastitis

Abstract The objectives of this study were to characterize 60-d outcomes after treatment of mild (abnormal milk) and moderate (abnormal milk and abnormal udder) cases of clinical mastitis (CM) occurring in a single quarter of cows on Wisconsin farms (n=4) and to determine risk factors associated with those outcomes. Duplicate milk samples were collected from the affected quarter of each cow for microbiological analysis at the onset of CM (PRE) and 21 d later (POST). Cows were treated only in the affected quarter using an intramammary product containing 125mg of ceftiofur. Bacteriological cure was defined as absence of pathogens in the POST sample obtained from the enrolled quarter. Recurrence was defined for the cow when CM occurred after the milk-withholding period for the enrolled case of CM. Retention in the herd was defined when a cow was retained within the herd for the 60-d follow-up period. Somatic cell count reduction (SCCR) was defined at the cow level as somatic cell count (SCC) below 200,000 cells/mL at the Dairy Herd Improvement Association test day occurring between 21 to 55 d post-treatment. The effects of farm, days in milk, parity, severity, microbiological diagnosis at PRE, previous milk yield, previous SCC, previous occurrence of CM and treatment duration on selected post-treatment outcomes were assessed using Chi-squared analysis and logistic regression. Microbiological results at PRE were distributed as: Escherichia coli (n=14), Klebsiella spp. (n=11), Enterobacter spp. (n=8), Serratia spp. (n=7), other gram-negative species (n=3), Streptococcus spp. (n=25), coagulase-negative staphylococci (n=4); Staphylococcus aureus (n=1); Streptococcus agalactiae (n=1), other gram-positive species (n=9), and culture negative (n=60). Treated quarters were more likely to experience bacteriological cure when the cow experienced CM for the first time in the lactation and when no pathogen was recovered from PRE milk samples obtained from the enrolled quarter. Parity and bacteriological cure were associated with the probability of recurrence. Greater milk yield at previous Dairy Herd Improvement test was the most important predictor for retention within the herd. When SCC before CM was >200,000 cells/mL the probability of having SCCR after treatment was decreased. When the case experienced bacteriological cure, the cow was less likely to experience recurrent cases and was more likely to have SCCR below 200,000 cells/mL. Post-treatment outcomes, such as recurrence and SCCR, are strongly associated with bacteriological cure and, when monitored, can be used to help determine if a treatment has been successful. Information about the etiology of CM, history of clinical and subclinical mastitis, and parity are useful to review when making strategic treatment decisions.
Investigation of fusion reactions in palladium and titanium tritide using galvanostatic, coulometric, and hydrogen permeation techniques

We describe several electrochemical methods used to investigate the possibility of cold fusion phenomena in palladium and titanium tritide cathodes. We performed long-term (up to 77 days) electrolysis experiments with electrochemical cells of the University of Utah type at current densities as high as 1 A/cm2, while monitoring neutron and tritium levels. With some cells, we pulsed the current to determine if neutron bursts would result. In another cell, we used titanium tritide as the cathode to determine if D-T reactions yielding neutrons would occur. In no instance were levels of neutrons or tritium significantly above background except in the titanium tritide cell where isotopic exchange, occcurring between the electrode and the electrolyte, resulted in significant tritium levels. We also combined x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical hydrogen permeation experiments to determine the effectiveness of various Pd surface treatment procedures on the resultant electrochemical hydrogen absorption efficiency. Electroanalytical and thermal desorption/gas analysis techniques indicated the maximum loading of H in Pd was to a ratio of H∶Pd=0.8.