cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
War for the Floor: Partisan Theory and Agenda Control In the U.S. House of Representatives

This article extends recent research on partisan agenda control in the U.S. House of Representatives to the issue of procedural control of the legislative agenda via special rules. In particular, we draw out a facet of cartel and conditional party government theories that has not been addressed in prior analyses: the simultaneous interrelationship between positive and negative agenda control. Using roll-call data on two procedural matters—votes to order the previous question on a special rule and votes to adopt a special rule—over the 1953–2002 period, we found that, in the area of procedural control of the floor agenda, the majority party’s amount of agenda control depends to a significant degree upon the party’s homogeneity and power. In recent work, Cox and McCubbins (2002, 2005) have elaborated on their theory of parties in Congress by focusing on the ability of the majority party, as a procedural cartel, to control the floor agenda of the U.S. House of Representatives. In this article, we build upon their efforts by considering the concept of agenda control as it relates to one of the primary mechanisms used to shape the floor agenda: procedural decisions contained in the special rules that govern consideration of bills coming before the House. Prior research has been largely confined to questions surrounding the nature of special rules, while the variation in the use of special rules and changes in party success in this area have received much less attention. To further our understanding of this aspect of legislative organization, and to elaborate the theoretical and empirical relationship between positive and negative agenda control, we take as our starting point two closely related perspectives, cartel theory and conditional party government theory. We posit that, although there are not large-scale conflicts between the two theories, there are some differences between them with regard to procedural control.
Developmental and Psychosoial Considerations in Pediatric Dermatology Practice

Abstract: The psychologic implications of childhood skin disorders have received too little attention. Viewing these conditions in a broader developmental framework could facilitate practice by improving the doctor-patient relationship, increasing compliance rates, and enhancing professional satisfactions. Several key developmental points and concepts are relevant to pediatric dermatologic practice.
First Records of Rare Mesopelagic Fishes from the Gulf of Alaska

Abstract Two brief midwater trawl surveys were conducted at depths of 250–1000 m in the Gulf of Alaska in April 2007 and March 2008, during which several species were recorded for the 1st time from this region. In this report we note the 1st records of Maulisia argipalla, Pachystomias microdon, Lestidiops ringens, and Scopelengys tristis from the Gulf of Alaska, the 1st records of Argyropelecus lychnus and Aristostomias scintillans from the subarctic North Pacific, and the 1st record of the rare alepocephalid Asquamiceps caeruleus from the Pacific Ocean. Meristics, morphometrics, and morphological details are provided in the context of previously reported data for each species. In addition, we provide data for 2 specimens of Caristius macropus encountered for the 1st time in the open waters of the Gulf of Alaska.
fac-Aqua-dichloridotris(tetra-methyl-ene sulfoxide-κS)ruthenium(II).

The title mol­ecule, [RuCl2(C4H8OS)3(H2O)], is the isomer with the two chloride ligands cis and the three S-coordinated tetra­methyl­ene sulfoxide ligands facial relative to the Ru(II) center. The Ru—Cl distances are 2.4161 (7) and 2.4317 (7) A, the Ru—O distance is 2.1540 (19) A, and the Ru—S distances are in the range 2.2254 (8)–2.2657 (7) A, with the shortest being that trans to the aqua ligand. The coordinated water mol­ecule forms inter­molecular hydrogen bonds with Cl and sulfoxide O atoms.
Topographic Measurement of Progressive Addition Lenses

Placido ring-based topographic measurement of the cornea is used extensively to determine the shape of this surface. The technique offers a relatively quick and accurate way of measuring the height (or curvature) of transparent optical surfaces which are typically aspheric and not rotationally symmetric. In this study, the smoothly varying, but irregularly shaped optical surface of a progressive addition lens (PAL) is measured using the Placido target concept and existing image processing and topographic reconstruction algorithms. A topographer has been built to handle the scale of the progressive lenses, and software has been written to reconstruct a surface. This research is preliminary, and meant only to examine the feasibility on implementing such a system. The measurement accuracy of the system has not been examined. The layout of the topographer is shown in Figure 1 below
A modified series resonant DC/DC converter

A modified version of the series resonant DC/DC converter which provides low di/dt and increased turn-off time to its switches is analyzed. A simple dynamic simulation which uses little computer time and a steady-state solution are found. Experimental verification is provided.
Thermal stability of Pt, Pd, and Ni on GaN

The development of reliable Ohmic and Schottky contacts on GaN will require an understanding of the thermal stability and metallurgy of metal-GaN contact structures. The authors investigated the behavior of Pt, Pd, and Ni on GaN as a function of annealing temperature. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the interface and surface behavior. 800{angstrom} thin metal films were deposited by sputtering on 2{micro}m GaN films grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition on sapphire substrates. No reactions occur in the Pt, Pd, and Ni systems with annealing up to 800 C. The Pt film begins to form submicron spheres and islands after annealing above 600 C. The Pd and Ni films begin to island with annealing above 700 C. Below these temperatures no structural changes were observed.
Vitalizing the Still New World

For this special issue of MELUS, we asked four scholars to refl ect briefl y on their experiences of integrating the study of Jews and Jewishness into ethnic and American literature classes. In the responses that follow, they address pedagogical strategies they have used to teach Jewish American texts, authors, and ideas as part of a multi-ethnic curriculum as well as intellectual and institutional challenges posed by the incorporation of Jewishness into such courses. We hope this symposium spurs further conversations about how Jewish texts and contexts—and the rich debates they engender about identity and the nation, representation and marginalization, and cultural traditions and literary aesthetics—can shape the future study and teaching of American and ethnic American literature. —Lori Harrison-Kahan and Josh Lambert
Clinical Problems Associated with the Introduction of PACS

The obvious advantages of PACS relating to the reporting, accessing, storing, and retrieval of images have made the the introduction of electronic imaging inevitable over the next decade. Assuming that the technical problems associated with PACS can be solved, there are several clinical and political problems which must be considered before the introduction of such a system. Initially, the radiologist must be convinced that the images are satisfactory and he must be convinced to change his habits to read from monitors. The hospital administration must be convinced that the efficiency and service provided by such systems justifies their cost even though they are not directly revenue producing. The system should be planned so that it is phased into a department to spread the cost over several years as well as to reduce the shock effect on the staff.
Vero cells stimulate human sperm motility in vitro

Objective To study human sperm motility in a coculture system for in vitro fertilization (IVF). Design We studied the viability and motility (percentage and curvilinear velocity) of human spermatozoa after incubation in: (1) medium 199 supplemented with fetal calf serum (M199/FCS) together with Vero cells; (2) Vero cell conditioned M199/FCS; (3) M199/FCS supplemented with Vero cell extract; and (4) some control media. In a second experiment, FCS was substituted by sera from different IVF patients. Setting Semen samples were obtained from the fertility laboratory of the St. Radboud Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Patients Twelve men of couples with fertility problems. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measure The motility parameters were determined with a computerized motility-analyzing system, after 24 hours' incubation at 37°C and 5% CO 2 . Viability was determined after eosi'n Y staining. Results Sperm viability was the same in all media. In the coincubation system, the Vero cell-conditioned medium, and the experiment with human sera, the sperm motility parameters were higher ( P Conclusions Coincubation has a positive effect on sperm motility and may be beneficial to IVF, intrauterine insemination, and artificial insemination.
Scientific Conduct and Misconduct: What Is Right and Proper, What Is Not, and What Is Somewhere in the Middle

As young children, our parents generally tried to instill in us a sense of what is right and what is wrong. Stealing a toy from a store is wrong, but buying it with money is right; driving through a red light is wrong, but driving through a green is fine; and spreading slanderous lies about some in your class is wrong, but keeping your mouth closed, even though you don’t like them, is right. In most things in life, we understand these limitations and most of us try to abide by them. We don’t always get it right—we are only human after all—but we can usually stay out of trouble without too much difficulty.
The Forces Shaping Organizational Culture: The Status Quo Ante

A central assumption of this study is that culture matters and that the interaction between the existing culture and efforts to change that culture is circular. On the one hand, both changes in the formal systems and the arrival of new staff members can change the culture. On the other hand, cultures tend to be stable and self-protecting, and so they are likely to shape the way the organization reacts to pressures for change. One study of the previous attempt at administrative reform, led by Jacques Santer, concludes that its failure “stem[med] from the inability of the President and his team to change the organizational culture of the Commission” because of “internal resistance to change” (Cini, 2002: 1). The Kinnock reforms, which built upon Santer’s efforts, were explicitly designed to change the management culture of the Commission through reshaping the “systems and structures of work, functional relations, and management” (Kinnock, 2004: 8).
The 10 Attributes that Drive Adoption and Diffusion of Computational Tools in E-Science

As the computational movement gains more traction in the scientific community, there is an increasing need to understand what drives adoption and diffusion of tools. This investigation reveals what makes a computational tool more easily adopted by users within the e-science community. Guided by Rogers's [1] Diffusion of Innovations theory, we set out to identify the innovation attributes of a range of computational tools across domains. Based on 135 interviews with domain scientists, computational technologists, and supercomputer center administrators across the U.S. and a small portion from Europe, systematic analysis revealed 10 key attributes of tools. They are: driven by needs, organized access, trialability, observability, relative advantage, simplicity, compatibility, community-driven, well-documented, and adaptability. We discuss the attributes in the form of questions stakeholders should keep in mind while designing and promoting the tools. We also present diffusion strategies associated with each attribute. The 10 attributes and associated questions can serve as a checklist for e-science projects that aim to promote their computation tools beyond the incubators. This paper is submitted to the "Software and Software Environments" track because it has implications for engagement of user communities.
A model to predict risk of blood transfusion after gynecologic surgery

Background A model that predicts a patient's risk of receiving a blood transfusion may facilitate selective preoperative testing and more efficient perioperative blood management utilization. Objective We sought to construct and validate a model that predicts a patient's risk of receiving a blood transfusion after gynecologic surgery. Study Design In all, 18,319 women who underwent gynecologic surgery at 10 institutions in a single health system by 116 surgeons from January 2010 through June 2014 were analyzed. The data set was split into a model training cohort of 12,219 surgeries performed from January 2010 through December 2012 and a separate validation cohort of 6100 surgeries performed from January 2013 through June 2014. In all, 47 candidate risk factors for transfusion were collected. Multiple logistic models were fit onto the training cohort to predict transfusion within 30 days of surgery. Variables were removed using stepwise backward reduction to find the best parsimonious model. Model discrimination was measured using the concordance index. The model was internally validated using 1000 bootstrapped samples and temporally validated by testing the model's performance in the validation cohort. Calibration and decision curves were plotted to inform clinicians about the accuracy of predicted probabilities and whether the model adds clinical benefit when making decisions. Results The transfusion rate in the training cohort was 2% (95% confidence interval, 1.72–2.22). The model had excellent discrimination and calibration during internal validation (bias-corrected concordance index, 0.906; 95% confidence interval, 0.890–0.928) and maintained accuracy during temporal validation using the separate validation cohort (concordance index, 0.915; 95% confidence interval, 0.872–0.954). Calibration curves demonstrated the model was accurate up to 40% then it began to overpredict risk. The model provides superior net benefit when clinical decision thresholds are between 0-50% predicted risk. Conclusion This model accurately predicts a patient's risk of transfusion after gynecologic surgery facilitating selective preoperative testing and more efficient perioperative blood management utilization.
Development of a “Fission-proxy” Method for the Measurement of 14-MeV Neutron Fission Yields at CAMS

Relative fission yield measurements were made for 50 fission products from 25.6±0.5 MeV alpha-induced fission of Th-232. Quantitative comparison of these experimentally measured fission yields with the evaluated fission yields from 14-MeV neutron-induced fission of U-235 demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed fission-proxy method. This new technique, based on the Bohr-independence hypothesis, permits the measurement of fission yields from an alternate reaction pathway (Th-232 + 25.6 MeV α → U-236* vs. U-235 + 14-MeV n → U-236*) given that the fission process associated with the same compound nucleus is independent of its formation. Other suitable systems that can potentially be investigated in this manner include (but are not limited to) Pu-239 and U-237.
Some Judicial Adjustments to the Rights of Recovery under the Federal Antitrust Laws

The directness requirement for determining causation invites a review of causation by a relatively rigid and structured analysis. The pivotal issue of causation, with regard to the directness test, tends to be one party’s relation to another, with the supposition that in certain listed relationships, there is no causation. The weakness in this approach that is the beginning and end of the inquiry into the question of causation is whether the plaintiff fits a particular mold, such as creditor, lessor, or patentee. These labels, however, carry with them a congeries of facts that may vary widely from case to case. The directness test, when used as a criterion for the resolution of standing questions, engenders confusion by incorporating standards similar to those employed at the trial stage of litigation. Moreover, the directness test provides a poor framework for meaningful analysis of standing issues. It is the inability of the direct cause doctrine to accommodate, with any credible degree of logic, the great variety of fact situations that arise in antitrust litigation that may furnish the underlying reason for the apparently increasing use of the target area limitation. The Ninth Circuit explained the target area limitation as requiring that a plaintiff show “he is within that area of the economy which is endangered by a breakdown of competitive conditions in a particular industry.” The shift by the courts from the directness standard to the target area standard provides a more meaningful inquiry and logically defensible standard. Hopefully this trend will continue.
Endovascular Repair of a Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm With a Patient-Specific Fenestrated-Branched Stent-Graft.

Purpose: To describe the technical aspects of a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair using a patient-specific fenestrated-branched stent-graft. Technique: The technique is demonstrated in...
Unconscious Pleasures and Attitudinal Theories of Pleasure

This article responds to a new objection, due to Ben Bramble, against attitudinal theories of sensory pleasure and pain: the objection from unconscious pleasures and pains. According to the objection, attitudinal theories are unable to accommodate the fact that sometimes we experience pleasures and pains of which we are, at the time, unaware. In response, I distinguish two kinds of unawareness and argue that the subjects in the examples that support the objection are unaware of their sensations in only a weak sense, and this weak sort of unawareness of a sensation does not preclude its being an object of one's attitudes.
Characteristics of Effective Mentorship for Academic Surgeons: A Grounded Theory Model.

Objective The authors sought to describe characteristics of effective mentoring relationships in academic surgery based upon lived experiences of mid-career and senior female academic surgeons. Background Prior qualitative work describes characteristics of successful mentoring relationships. However, no model exists of effective mentorship that is specific to academic surgery. Methods The authors conducted in-depth interviews with mid-career and senior female US academic surgeons about the impact of mentoring on professional development during 2014 and 2015. Purposive selection aimed to maximize institutional, specialty, years in career, and racial diversity. Grounded theory method was used to generate a conceptual model of effective mentoring relationships. Data saturation occurred following 15 interviews. Results Interviewees described the need for multiple mentors over time with each mentor addressing a unique domain. Interviewees suggested that mentees should seek mentors who will serve as strategic advisors, who will be unselfish, and who engage with diverse mentees. Conclusions This study identified a need for multiple mentors across time and disciplines, and identified 3 key characteristics of effective mentoring relationships in academic surgery. Future work in this area should generate an operational definition of mentorship that supports quantitative evaluation of mentor and mentoring panel performance.
How We Make Sense of the World: Information, Map-Making, and the Scientific Narrative

Science is a constructed narrative of the natural world based on information gathering and its subsequent analysis. In this essay, we develop a novel approach to the epistemic foundations of the scientific narrative, as based on our experiential interactions with the natural world. We first review some of the basic aspects of both Bayesian statistics and Shannon’s information theory as applied to the construction of meaningful conceptualization of the natural world. This conceptualization is rendered through the maps we construct of the world based on our limited knowledge of reality. We propose a path from experience to information and physics based on the notion that information is experience that induces change in an Epistemic Agent (EA): the change may be local and focused to a minor aspect of reality or it may be broad and worldview-changing. We illustrate our approach through an analysis of a measure of spatial complexity proposed by one of us called Configuration Entropy (CE), and establish a link between experience at the cognitive level and information content, showing that the CE is a quantitative measure of how much information in spatial-complexity the external world hides from an EA.
Diurnal cloud cycle biases in climate models

Clouds’ efficiency at reflecting solar radiation and trapping the terrestrial radiation is strongly modulated by the diurnal cycle of clouds (DCC). Much attention has been paid to mean cloud properties due to their critical role in climate projections; however, less research has been devoted to the DCC. Here we quantify the mean, amplitude, and phase of the DCC in climate models and compare them with satellite observations and reanalysis data. While the mean appears to be reliable, the amplitude and phase of the DCC show marked inconsistencies, inducing overestimation of radiation in most climate models. In some models, DCC appears slightly shifted over the ocean, likely as a result of tuning and fortuitously compensating the large DCC errors over the land. While this model tuning does not seem to invalidate climate projections because of the limited DCC response to global warming, it may potentially increase the uncertainty of climate predictions. The timing of clouds is critical to the Earth’s energy balance. Here the authors show that in current climate models, clouds over the land tend to peak too early in the morning, reflecting less solar radiation than observed.
The affirmative, the interstitial: Biodun Jeyifo and an inventory of postcolonial theory and criticism

A broad conceptual categorization of the composite field of postcolonial cultural studies using some keywords from the work of Biodun Jeyifo. The article situates Jeyifo's work in that field and pr...
Spatiotemporal distribution of fibrinogen in marmoset and human inflammatory demyelination

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although it has been extensively studied, the proximate trigger of the immune response remains uncertain. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the common marmoset recapitulates many radiological and pathological features of focal multiple sclerosis lesions in the cerebral white matter, unlike traditional experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rodents. This provides an opportunity to investigate how lesions form as well as the relative timing of factors involved in lesion pathogenesis, especially during early stages of the disease. We used MRI to track experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis lesions in vivo to determine their age, stage of development, and location, and we assessed the corresponding histopathology post-mortem. We focused on the plasma protein fibrinogen-a marker for blood-brain barrier leakage that has also been linked to a pathogenic role in inflammatory demyelinating lesion development. We show that fibrinogen has a specific spatiotemporal deposition pattern, apparently deriving from the central vein in early experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis lesions <6 weeks old, and preceding both demyelination and visible gadolinium enhancement on MRI. Thus, fibrinogen leakage is one of the earliest detectable events in lesion pathogenesis. In slightly older lesions, fibrinogen is found inside microglia/macrophages, suggesting rapid phagocytosis. Quantification demonstrates positive correlation of fibrinogen deposition with accumulation of inflammatory cells, including microglia/macrophages and T cells. The peak of fibrinogen deposition coincides with the onset of demyelination and axonal loss. In samples from chronic multiple sclerosis cases, fibrinogen was found at the edge of chronic active lesions, which have ongoing demyelination and inflammation, but not in inactive lesions, suggesting that fibrinogen may play a role in sustained inflammation even in the chronic setting. In summary, our data support the notion that fibrinogen is a key player in the early pathogenesis, as well as sustained inflammation, of inflammatory demyelinating lesions.
Numerical discretization and subgrid-scale model effects on large-eddy simulations of a stable boundary layer

Aspects of a large-eddy simulation (LES) model performance are investigated in simulations of a moderately stable boundary layer. The LES utilizes the constant-coefficient Smagorinsky–Lilly subgrid-scale (SGS) closure. Three model parameters are considered: grid spacing, SGS model constant andorder of accuracy (resolving power) of the advection discretization. Second-, fourth- and sixth-orderfully-conservative non-dissipative advection schemes are examined. All three model parameters consid-ered significantly affect the LES results. Depending on the value of the model constant, two main errorproducing mechanisms are identified. For high values of the model constant spurious turbulence collapse,either during the short period of model spin-up, or for the entire simulation duration, is observed. Even though this spurious model characteristic was previously documented, and perhaps expected for low resolution simulations, it depends on the order of the advection discretization implying a significant dis- cretization and SGS closure interaction. For low values of the model constant, numerical discretization errors dominate, leading to accumulation of energy at small scales and over-prediction of the magni- tude of the surface heat flux. Differences in potential temperature profiles are well correlated with the surface heat flux. Overall, the fourth- and sixth-order schemes perform significantly better than the second-order scheme. The differences between the fourth- and sixth-order schemes are relatively small and the increased computational expense of the sixth-order scheme may not be effective in most ap-plications, at least for the low-order statistics considered in this study. Even though the results of the Smagorinsky–Lilly closure show persistent dependence on all model parameters examined, for several pa- rameter combinations the differences with respect to a reference simulation are small. Thus, in contrast to the conclusions of previous studies, the closure can accurately capture moderately stable flows.
The Graduate Nurse Education Demonstration - Implications for Medicare Policy.

The Graduate Nurse Education Demonstration Although Medicare spends billions of dollars annually on graduate medical education, it spends very little on clinical training for nurse practitioners. T...
Human heart failure: dilated versus familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Heart failure is an increasing public health problem with high morbidity and mortality (Cowie, 1997). The survival rates closely correlate with the severity of the heart disease with 50% of the patients classified as NYHA IV surviving only one year (Calif et al 1997; SOLVD Investigators, 1991). The survivability of heart failure patients correlates with the ejection fraction (Cohn et al 1997). The deficit in ventricular performance in failing hearts is directly related to a power deficit of the contractile apparatus. Power is the rate of doing work and at the cellular level is a mechanical expression of the myocyte’s force velocity relationship (power = force X velocity). The ability of the myocyte to develop force and velocity depends on the characteristics of the molecular motor myosin interacting with actin with the obligatory hydrolysis of ATP and the resulting power stroke. In this review we will describe and compare the mechanical and kinetic characteristics of the mechano-enzyme myosin from heart failure patients with dilated cardiomypathy and familial hypertrophie cardiomyopathy (Alpert et al 2002 Palmiter et al 2000, Hasenfuss et al 1992). The studies on heart tissue from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy take advantage of myothermal techniques for assessing the cross-bridge characteristics. In experiments involving tissues from patients with familial hypertrophie cardiomyopathy we use laser trap techniques for evaluating single molecule mechanics.
“Excuse Me…”: Unsolicited Dermatologic Opinions: Ethical, Moral, and Legal Issues

Virtually all dermatologists are at some point confronted with the dilemma of whether to offer unsolicited dermatologic advice, diagnosis, or opinions when confronted with a worrisome rash or skin lesion. While offering such advice is an act of beneficence, dermatologists do not have an absolute moral obligation to do so. The degree to which the physician is morally obligated to act is affected by the seriousness and urgency of the risk to the individual, the degree of certainty of the diagnosis, and the presumption that the stranger would want the physician’s opinion or intervention. This chapter explores the benefits and risks of offering unsolicited dermatologic advice, the legal aspects, as well as how to do it.
Cell to cell signalling through circulatory feedback: A mathematical model of the mechanism of follicle selection in the mammalian ovary

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a mathematical model of the mechanism of follicle selection in the mammalian ovary. In intact animals, the variance in the ovulation number per cycle is significantly smaller than the mean ovulation number per cycle. Although artificial administration of FSH and LH to hypophysectomized animals can induce follicle development, and ovulation there is, in general, a loss in the control of the number of follicles that ovulate. Not only is there a dosage-dependent change in the mean number of eggs that are released at the time of ovulation but the variance in the number of eggs released is much higher in the hypophysectomized animal even when the change in the mean ovulation number is taken into account. The facts suggest that developing follicles may not grow independently in response to pituitary secretion but instead, may interact by secreting one or more hormones that feedback on the pituitary.
Robust hierarchical model predictive control of graph-based power flow systems

A robust hierarchical model predictive control framework is presented for controlling a linear system of dynamically coupled subsystems. A graph-based modeling framework captures the conservation laws of power flow systems, for which control optimizes the storage and routing of energy to maximize transient and steady-state power throughput. A constructive approach is presented for developing an N-level hierarchical controller, which guarantees satisfaction of state and input constraints in the presence of signal and model uncertainty.
Causal Relations in Visual Perception

What is the relation of visual perception to the measured order of physical objects? Both vision and measurements are sources of information about physical objects, although they provide this information in different ways and with systematic differences of organization. Although vision is our primary source of information about the external world, it does not supply the whole truth unassisted. Perceptual data do not arrange themselves without ambiguity, nor are they transformed automatically into all the information we desire. The various uses we make of visual data shape the form of knowledge, and to a surprising degree they also shape its content.
The Theory of Evolution and Cultural Anthropology

The relationship between cultural anthropology and Darwinism is complex. Contrary to what was once received wisdom, cultural anthropology was not inspired by Darwin’s ideas. Many nineteenth-century anthropological arguments predated Darwinism by a century or more. Yet, Darwinians figured prominently in organized anthropology in late-nineteenth century Britain, and when Darwin wrote The Descent of Man he drew upon the writings of an international population of anthropologists – although his most important sources were British. But cultural anthropology changed dramatically at the end of the nineteenth century, when its practitioners left their armchairs and took to the field – and conceptualized cultural variation in terms of Darwinian biogeography. Arguably, these practitioners, such as Baldwin Spencer, were influenced by the Darwin who wrote On the Origin of Species, not the Darwin who wrote The Descent of Man. And the disciplinary result of their labors was paradoxical: cultural anthropology informed by notions derived from Darwinian biology factored biological elements out of explanations of cultural variation.
Conflict Compensation, Redundancy and Similarity in DataBases Federation

Integration of several databases is a complex process, in which it is needed to specify if two databases with entities and relationship are similar or strong equivalents or weak equivalent. Data bases that are strong equivalent became identical with suitable change of entities without change the relationship. In this situation in the federation of databases we have a lot of strong redundant databases that can be changed in only one prototype. The week equivalence or week redundant databases are more difficult to discover because in the federation of databases change the entities but also the relationship. For example images on the sphere are week equivalent to the projected image that is a locally distortion of the original images. In this paper we give the algorithm to discover the week redundant databases and also how to create the local compensation in a way to transform all the different databases in only one prototype. This is a useful method to solve conflicts among agents as databases.
Modeling three-terminal III- V lSi tandem solar cells

Three-terminal (3T) tandem cells fabricated by combining an interdigitated back contact (IBC) Si device with a wider bandgap top cell have the potential to provide a robust operating mechanism to efficiently capture the solar spectrum without the need to current match sub-cells or fabricate complicated metal interconnects between cells. Here we develop a two dimensional device physics model to study the behavior of IBC Si solar cells operated in a 3T configuration. We investigate how different cell designs impact device performance and discuss the analysis protocol used to understand and optimize power produced from a single junction, 3T device.
A single‐center analysis of early readmission after renal transplantation

Background Thirty-day readmission rates (early hospital readmission, EHR) are an important benchmark for quality improvement. Nationally, patients undergoing renal transplantation incur a 31% EHR rate. While national databases provide useful data, the impact of EHR on individual centers has received little attention. We proposed that an institutional review of EHR after renal transplantation may provide a benchmark for individual transplant programs and identify modifiable program-specific issues to reduce EHR. Methods We reviewed 269 consecutive kidney transplant recipients over a five-year period (2012-2016). Early hospital readmission was modeled using generalized linear modeling assuming a binary distribution. Results About 21% of patients were readmitted within 30 days. Deceased kidney donation (DD), delayed graft functioning (DGF), anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) induction, diabetes, public insurance, weekend discharge, and low glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at discharge were all identified as risk factors for readmission. Early hospital readmission was not correlated with risk of death (5.4% at 44 months: HR 2.2 (95% CI [0.7, 6.6]; P = 0.1473) or graft loss. Conclusions EHR after renal transplantation is common. Certain factors may predict an increased risk for EHR. A multi-disciplinary approach to discharge planning may limit some EHR, but most complications and adverse events are unpredictable and require hospital-level of care.
A case-based approach to integrative medicine for cardiovascular disease prevention

Abstract Cardiovascular disease is commonly encountered in the adult population and has large impacts on morbidity and mortality. The ever-expanding evidence base for the use of integrative medicine in cardiology necessitates providers caring for patients with cardiovascular disease to be familiar with these therapies. However, providers may find it difficult to adequately discuss these therapies in an average office visit. Through a case-based, question-and-answer approach, the authors review some clinically relevant and helpful research that addresses the incorporation of integrative medicine in cardiovascular disease prevention.
Oxidation efficiency of glucose using viologen mediators for glucose fuel cell applications with non-precious anodes

Abstract Glucose is a potential source of energy for fuel cell applications. However, its complete oxidation has been a challenge. Dimethyl viologen, as an electron mediator, has been shown to promote high levels of glucose oxidation under aerobic conditions. Nevertheless, the efficiency of viologen-mediated glucose oxidation has been low in electrochemical experiments. In this study, viologen-mediated oxidation of glucose was investigated under anaerobic electrochemical conditions to understand the factors that impact the oxidation efficiency. Of particular interest was the improvement of electrochemical oxidation for glucose fuel cell applications. An experimental cell was developed to electrochemically reoxidize the mediator as it was homogeneously reduced by glucose under anaerobic conditions. In contrast, the mediator was reoxidized by direct reaction with oxygen under aerobic conditions. The aerobic oxidation efficiency was 75%, three times larger than the maximum efficiency in the electrochemical cell. 13C-NMR results show that the main product formed under aerobic conditions was formic acid, whereas glycolic acid was the principal product formed in the electrochemical cell. Carbonate was only formed under aerobic conditions. Therefore, the use of oxygen to reoxidize the mediator also directly influenced the glucose oxidation pathway. In the electrochemical cell, the oxidation efficiency depended on the electrochemical reaction rate of the mediator and was higher at faster rates. The efficiency also depended on the initial molar ratio of the mediator to glucose. The maximum oxidation efficiency of glucose in the electrochemical cell was approximately 22%, which is about three times larger than the maximum efficiency for precious-metal-based anodes.
Lifestyle Intervention to Prevent Age-Related Hearing Loss: Calorie Restriction

Hearing loss is the third most prevalent chronic health condition and can lead to social isolation and major communication difficulties. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that one-third of persons over 65 years have disabling hearing loss. Currently, 466 million people in the world suffer hearing impairment. WHO projects that it could rise to 630 million by 2030 and over 900 million in 2050. Approximately 48 million Americans have unilateral or bilateral hearing loss, and 45% of adults aged 60–69 have hearing loss. It is well documented that reducing calorie intake or calorie restriction (CR) extends life span in diverse species and delays the onset of a variety of age-related diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease in laboratory animals. Increasing evidence also indicates that CR has beneficial effects on auditory function in rodents and nonhuman primates. This chapter reviews the current literature on interventions for age-related hearing loss (AHL), particularly focusing on a lifestyle-based intervention, CR, and what has been learned about the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of CR on auditory function in laboratory animals and humans.
Religious Charter Schools: Legally Permissible? Constitutionally Required?

All state and federal laws require charter schools to be secular; many prohibit them from being affiliated with religious institutions as well. This paper explores whether faith-based schools are constitutionally permissible, and, if so, whether these legal prohibitions violate the Free Exercise Clause after the US Supreme Court's 2020 decision in Espinoza v. Montana.
27042 Pressure-pain thresholds at baseline and in response to isometric exercise in Achilles tendinopathy

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Baseline presentation in AT (higher upper trapezius PPT with no difference at calf or tendon) may suggest a mechanism for persistent symptoms: with more advantageous central pain processing and no tradeoff peripherally, they may choose to continue their usual activities without regard for further damage to the affected tendon. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Exercise-induced hypoalgesia, a reduction in pain with exercise, is often observed in healthy populations but is not well established in Achilles tendinopathy (AT). The aim was to compare pressure-pain threshold (PPT) at baseline and after fatiguing isometric exercise in AT and healthy controls. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 21 participants were recruited for the study: 7 AT (26.5 ±8.8 yrs), 14 control (22.1 ±3.2 yrs). After a familiarization session, participants completed an experimental session that involved performance of intermittent maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) (2s:2s duty cycle) in a Biodex3 dynamometer (Biodex Medical, Shirley, NY) for 4 minutes. PPT was measured at the medial gastrocnemius (calf), Achilles tendon, and upper trapezius at baseline and immediately following the fatiguing isometric task using a Somedic Algometer (Somedic AB, Sweden). Data are expressed as Mean(SD). Change in PPT is expressed as a percentage of baseline PPT. Units for PPT are kPa. A priori alpha was set to 0.05. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There was no change in tendon or calf PPT following isometric exercise in AT (tendon: p=0.78; calf: p=0.76), while both increased (i.e., exercise-induced hypoalgesia) in controls (tendon: 9.5(17.8), p=0.03; calf: 21.3(22.7), p<0.01). Neither group experienced a post-exercise change in upper trapezius PPT (AT: p=0.35; control: p=0.37). There was no between-group difference in baseline calf (p=0.14) or tendon (p=0.19) PPT. However, baseline and post-exercise upper trapezius PPT were significantly higher in AT (baseline: 335.6(194.8); post-exercise: 321.2(170.1)) than in controls (baseline: 193.7(75.1), p<0.01; post-exercise: 198.1(79.1), p<0.01). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: These findings suggest: (1) in persons with AT, central pain processing is altered at baseline, but unaffected in response to isometric fatiguing exercise; and (2) in persons with AT, peripheral pain processing is unaffected at baseline, but is altered in response to this mode and dosage of fatiguing isometric exercise.
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy January-March 2021 among 18-64 year old US adults by employment and occupation

Abstract Introduction COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy increased among US adults April-December, 2020, and threatens efforts to end the pandemic. Among US adults 18-64 years, we report prevalence of and reasons for vaccine hesitancy, overall and by employment and occupation, during the COVID-19 vaccine rollout. Methods The Delphi Group at Carnegie Mellon University conducted a COVID-19 survey administered by Facebook. In January, February and March, 2021, 791,716, 710,529, and 732,308 Facebook users, respectively, reported age 18-64 years and answered a vaccine acceptance question. Weights matched the sample to the age, gender, and state profile of the US population. Percentages and risk ratios (RR) for vaccine hesitancy were estimated using a weighted Poisson regression; 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using robust standard errors. Results Vaccine hesitancy decreased among adults 18-64 years from January (27.5% [95%CI, 27.3-27.6]) to March (22.1% [95%CI, 21.9-22.2]). Vaccine hesitancy varied widely by occupational category: 9.6%, (95%CI, 8.5-10.7) in life/physical/social sciences to 46.4% (95%CI, 45.1-47.7) in construction/extraction. Almost half (47.9%, 95%, 47.6-48.3) of hesitant participants indicated concern about side effects, and over a third didn’t believe they needed the vaccine, didn’t trust the government, were waiting to see if it was safe, and didn’t trust COVID-19 vaccines (versus 14.5% [95%CI, 14.3-14.8] who didn’t like vaccines in general). Conclusions In this nationally representative survey of adults 18-64 years, vaccine hesitancy decreased to 22.1% by March, 2021. Still, hesitancy, which varies widely by occupation, remains a barrier to pandemic control. Reasons for hesitancy indicate messaging about safety and addressing trust are paramount.
The effect of varenicline on smoking and drinking outcomes among Black and White adults with alcohol use disorder and co-occurring cigarette smoking: A secondary analysis of two clinical trials.

Abstract Introduction Varenicline is an FDA–approved medication for smoking cessation and has demonstrated promise in reducing alcohol use. This study sought to compare the efficacy of varenicline in reducing smoking and drinking among Black and White people seeking alcohol treatment. Methods Linear mixed modeling was conducted using data from two multi-site placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials examining the effects of varenicline for treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD; O’Malley et al., 2018 , Litten et al., 2013 ) among Black and White adults with AUD and co-occurring cigarette smoking. The primary analyses were conducted in a sample of 117 adults (O’Malley trial: 29.1% female, 55.2% Black), and replicated in an independent sample of 73 adults (Litten trial: 23.3% female, 45.2% Black). Results Black participants smoked fewer cigarettes per day compared to White participants (O’Malley trial: F1,116 = 8.95, p = .003; Litten trial: F1,68.9 = 4.74p = .03). Linear mixed models revealed a marginal effect of varenicline on reducing cigarettes smoked per day regardless of race in the O’Malley trial (F1,109 = 3.34, p = .07), which was replicated in the Litten trial (F1,67.1 = 20.77p Conclusions Our adjusted model findings suggest varenicline reduced smoking among Black and White people with AUD and co-occurring cigarette smoking. However, these findings should be replicated in a larger sample.