cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variability in the disposition of chlorzoxazone

Chlorzoxazone is 6-hydroxylated by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP 2E1), which bioactivates many toxic and carcinogenic molecules. Seventeen volunteers of varying age, ethnicity, and gender received a 250 mg tablet of chlorzoxazone and their blood and urine were sampled frequently for 8 h. V/F = 42 ± 21 L and CL/F = 412 ± 120 mL min−1. Comparison of these values with a study by other investigators using a suspension dosage form suggested that relative Ftablet ± 0.7. The fraction excreted in the urine as 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (f2,6-OH) was 0.39 ± 0.20 and that portion of the total CL accounted for by CYP 2E1-mediated metabolism (CL6-OH) was 163 ± 95 mL min−1. Thus, while V/F and CL/F varied by factors of less than five, fe,6-OH varied 16-fold and CL6-OH varied 28-fold. These results suggested that there was considerable inter-individual variability in the metabolism of chlorzoxazone to 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone. This variability will significantly affect the construction of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models that use the 6-hydroxylation of chlorzoxazone as a marker for an individual's CYP 2E1 phenotype.
Abstract: Polarization Energy on a Cluster of Multicores

We have implemented distributed-memory and distributed-shared-memory parallel octree based algorithms for approximating polarization energy of protein molecules by extending prior work of Chowdhury et al. (2010) for shared-memory architectures. This is an octree-based hierarchical algorithm, built on Greengard-Rokhlin type near and far decomposition of data points (i.e., atoms and points sampled from the molecular surface) which calculates the polarization energy of protein molecules using the r^6 approximation of Generalized Born radii of atoms. We have shown that our implementations outperform state-of-the-art polarization energy implementations available in Amber-12, Gromacs-5.4.3, Tinker-6.0 and GBr6. Using approximations and efficient load-balancing scheme, we have achieved a speedup factor of about 34k w.r.t. the naive exact algorithm with less than 1% error using as few as 144 cores (i.e., 12 compute nodes with 12 cores each) for molecules with half a million of atoms.
Assessing Class-Wide Consistency and Randomness in Responses to True or False Questions Administered Online

We have developed simple data-mining algorithms to assess the consistency and the randomness of student responses to problems consisting of multiple true or false statements. In this paper we describe the algorithms and use them to analyze data from introductory physics courses. We investigate statements that emerge as outliers because the class has a preference for the incorrect answer and also those that emerge as outliers because the students are randomly changing their responses. These outliers are found to include several statements that are known in the literature to expose student misconceptions. Combining this fact with comments made by students and results of complementary assessments provides evidence that the tendency of a group of students to change their answer to a true or false statement or to remain consistent can serve as indicators of whether the class has understood the relevant concept. Our algorithms enable teachers to employ problems of the type described as a tool to identify specific aspects of a course that require improvement. They also enable researchers to employ such problems in experiments designed to probe aspects of students' thought processes and behavior. Additionally, our results demonstrate that at least one category of research-inspired problems (ranking tasks) can be adapted to the linked true or false format and productively used as an assessment tool in an online setting.
Glass formation and properties in the gallia-calcia system

The critical cooling rate for glass formation was measured for five compositions in the Ga2O3-CaO system and varied from a low of (315 + or - 85) C/s for a eutectic melt containing 37.5 mol pct Ga2O3 to a high of (840 + or - 60) C/s for a melt containing 52 mol pct Ga2O3. The density and refractive index both increased with increasing Ga2O3 content, but the crystallization temperature and microhardness varied only slightly. The IR spectra of these glasses suggest that both GaO4 tetrahedra and GaO6 octahedra are present.
Measurement of excited-state charge exchange reactions

A microwave-resonance optical detection technique has been used to study the charge exchange reaction in which 49-keV protons incident on nitrogen and hydrogen molecules form hydrogen atoms in the $n=3$ state. Hydrogen atoms formed in the $n=3$ state in the charge exchange cell pass through a radio-frequency field, and the Balmer-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ light emitted by the atoms is monitored. Measurements are made with the microwave electric field both perpendicular and parallel to the direction of the proton beam and for light polarized both parallel and perpendicular to the beam direction. Through a detailed analysis of the observed resonances, the partial cross sections for capture into each of the angular momentum states ($L$ and ${M}_{L}$) are determined. The population of any state in the $n=3$ manifold can be calculated from these cross sections.
Neocortical Posttraumatic Epileptogenesis

Development of new excitatory connectivity and decreases in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibition are mechanisms underlying posttraumatic epileptogenesis in animal models. Experimental strategies that interfere with these processes, applied between the trauma and seizure onset, are antiepileptogenic in the laboratory, and have promise for prophylaxis of epileptogenesis after cortical injury in humans. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado-Escueta AV, eds) National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/books).
Localization of 92-kDa type IV collagenase in human skin tumors: comparison with normal human fetal and adult skin.

To investigate the role of secreted metalloproteinases in the behavior of skin tumors we have studied immunoreactivity for 92-kDa type IV collagenase (92T4Cl) in benign tumors of sweat glands, basal cell carcinomas (BCC), baso-squamous cell carcinomas (BSCC), and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). In all tumors, the enzyme was found in stromal cells, but not in tumor epithelium. 92T4C1-positive cells contained the common leukocyte antigen HLe-1 (CD45) and the polymorphonuclear leukocyte – specific antigen PMN-8C7. Only a few 92T4C1-positive cells expressed either macrophage-specific Leu-M5 or eosinophil-specific cationic protein antigens. In benign sweat gland tumors, and in the majority of nodulocystic and adenoid BCCs, 92T4Cl-positives cells were relatively rare and no extracellular deposition of the enzyme was found. In the more aggressive tumors examined, SCCs, BSCC, recurrent, infiltrative, and morpheaform BCCs, 92T4Cl-positive cells were very abundant. In addition, a significant quantity of extracellular enzyme was deposited both within the extracellular matrix adjacent to the tumor nests and in their basement membrane zone. In normal adult skin only a few scattered 92T4Cl-containing Cells were found in the dermis whereas in fetal skin, groups of 92T4Cl-positive, HLe- 1 – negative cells were present in the upper dermis. These observations suggest that in cutaneous tumors, extensive infiltration of 92T4C1 containing polyrnorphonuclear leukocytes and the extracellular deposition of the enzyme in the basement membrane zone are signs of more aggressive tumor behavior.
Postoperative massive tongue edema in craniosynostotic children

Abstract Objective Although rarely encountered in the clinical setting, massive tongue edema is a known phenomenon that can occur in craniosynostotic children in the postoperative period. In 1998, Kunhert described an encounter with an adolescent patient with Crouzon syndrome who required craniectomy for complications associated with Chairi malformation [1] . Following her procedure she had rapid tongue edema which was felt to be secondary to obstruction of the venous drainage of the tongue. Despite extensive workup and unsuccessful medical attempts to reduce the swelling, she was extubated with rapid resolution of the tongue edema [1] . Methods and results In our facility, two children with underlying craniofacial diagnoses underwent elective surgical procedures. During their postoperative course, they encountered postoperative massive tongue swelling which ultimately required tracheotomy to relieve the compression and upper airway obstruction. Conclusion We describe the clinical manifestations, treatment, and postoperative outcomes identified in these two cases.
Tetrodotoxin and tetrodotoxin-like compounds from the eggs of the Costa Rican frog, Atelopus Chiriquiensis

Abstract Tetrodotoxin and tetrodotoxin-like compounds from the eggs of the Costa Rican frog, Atelopus chiriquiensis. Toxicon15, 135–139. 1977.—A mixture of the potent neurotoxins tetrodotoxin and chiriquitoxin was isolated from the eggs of gravid female Atelopus chiriquiensis frogs from Costa Rica. These toxins must occur in the eggs in a bound form, since they were not extracted by homogenization with water but were extracted into 3% acetic acid. Apparently, the dilute acid releases these toxins from their water-insoluble native state in the eggs. This finding may be important with respect to the question of how these frogs and other tetrodotoxin-containing species can tolerate the high concentration of tetrodotoxin in their bodies.
Design observations for interagency collaboration

Abstract We present 14 design observations for public safety networks (PSNs) and describe how they may apply more broadly to a wider range of inter-organizational systems within the public sector. A PSN is an interagency collaboration focused on developing and using information systems in support of information sharing and functional interoperability among public safety organizations engaged in law enforcement, criminal justice, and emergency response. We base our design observations upon an analysis of an extensive survey of 80 PSNs plus 6 in-depth case studies. The design observations identify commonalities that can guide agencies participating in interagency collaborations in addressing the interlocking issues they face. Our goal in presenting this set of design observations is to: (1) encourage improved PSN systems design and (2) draw attention to the importance of jointly addressing governance and technological considerations when designing PSNs.
Chromosomal interchanges induced by radiation in spermatogonial cells and leukocytes of mouse and Chinese hamster.

A CONSIDERABLE amount of quantitative data has accumulated on the production by ionizing radiation of chromosome rearrangements in somatic cells of several mammalian species1,2. Although there is evidence3 that somatic and spermatogonial cells are not radically different in their sensitivity to this effect, if somatic cell aberration rates are to be used for predicting hazards to subsequent generations, a direct comparison of aberration rates in the somatic cells most commonly used in human studies and the germ cells that are usually cytologically analysed must be made in the same organism.
Morphology of the retina and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in dark-reared monkeys (Macaca nemestrina).

Abstract Nine infant monkeys were reared in continuous darkness from 2 weeks to 1, 3 and 6 months of age. One monkey was dark-reared from 3 to 7 months after birth. Light microscopic morphological studies of retina and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) were done on animals sacrificed immediately after emerging from darkness and others that were tested behaviorally before sacrifice. Neither retina nor dLGN showed any obvious changes in cell number, size or staining characteristics when compared to light-reared, age-matched controls. Autoradiographic tracing of labeled retinal ganglion cell synaptic terminals indicated a normal distribution for dark-reared animals.
Animated Biofeedback Yields More Rapid Results Than Nonanimated Biofeedback in the Treatment of Dysfunctional Voiding in Girls

Purpose: Biofeedback is known to effect symptomatic and objective cure in children with dysfunctional voiding. While some authors advocate animation assisted biofeedback to achieve success, we previously demonstrated similar success without animation. We recently used animated biofeedback aimed at simplifying muscle isolation and encouraging patient interest. We compared the efficacy of biofeedback with and without animation in treating dysfunctional voiding, and its concomitant urinary symptoms.Materials and Methods: We compared our experience with the last 60 cases of biofeedback using electromyography tracing alone (nonanimated) with our first 60 cases using the Urostym™ Pediflow program (animated). All 120 girls presented with urinary complaints and exhibited dysfunctional voiding on electromyography uroflow. Post-void residual measurements were made by ultrasound. We compared the 2 groups with respect to time to resolution of symptoms and dysfunctional voiding, and improvement in post-void residual v...
Chronic dependence with a sustained ethanol release implant in mice

Abstract A new parenteral form of chronic ethanol exposure to mice is described. The Sustained Ethanol Release Tube (SERT) is a simple, inexpensive, easily-constructed silastic tube which is implanted under the skin of the animal's back. Release characteristics of the tube for 95% v/v ethanol are ideal for maintaining blood alcohol levels initiated by low ip. loading doses of ethanol. With SERT refills every 12 hr and appropriate booster doses, mice can be made physically dependent upon ethanol in 4 days. There is no tissue damage around the SERT or in the peritoneum, and weight loss in the treated mice is minimal, compared to control isolated and saline-exposed mice. The device may be useful for studying the release of other solvents, and may be adaptable for use in larger animals.
Ultramicro method for nonconjugated 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in one-half milliliter of monkey or human plasma

Abstract A procedure based on the Porter-Silber reaction and capable of measuring 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) in 0.50 ml or less of monkey or human plasma is described. This procedure has been in routine use for 5 years in studies on the monkey, and has been found to yield values similar to those given by other, frequently used, Porter-Silber based methods. The method also agreed with other 17-OHCS methods in values obtained on a lyophilized normal human plasma. In addition, a comparison with values obtained by a double-isotope derivative procedure indicated for monkey plasma an average 82% of the 17-OHCS value to be accounted for as cortisol (specificity). Furthermore, the standard deviation around true cortisol values of cortisol estimates calculated from the 17-OHCS values by a least-squares linear regression equation was ±14% (accuracy). These data provide one of the most complete quantitative statements to date establishing the specificity and accuracy for cortisol of a Porter-Silber based method.
Deformation of compliant fault zones induced by nearby earthquakes: Theoretical investigations in two dimensions

[1] Using spontaneous rupture models with off-fault elastoplastic material response, we investigate the deformation of compliant fault zones induced by nearby earthquake ruptures in a two-dimensional plane-strain framework. We find that dynamic stresses from nearby ruptures can produce inelastic strain along some portions of a fault zone that experience dilatational stress changes, if the fault zone rock is close to failure in the prestress field. Accumulation of inelastic strain causes dramatic variations in particle velocity across the fault zone, reversing the sense of fault-parallel relative motion from retrograde (opposite to the long-term geologic slip) to sympathetic (consistent with the long-term slip) during the dynamic process. In the static displacement field of a roughly parallel strike-slip fault system, the inelastic response of a fault zone results in sympathetic motion, while the elastic response generally gives rise to retrograde motion. Our theoretical investigations reveal that some deficiencies may exist in applying an elastic inhomogeneity model to infer fault zone properties in previous studies, including the assumption of negligible fault-normal motion and ignorance of changes in some components of the stress tensor. These deficiencies and possible constraints on the in situ stress state by inelastic strain signals in the static displacement field call for a reexamination of existing observations of fault zone deformation induced by recent large earthquakes.
PAVLOV: an information retrieval program for the analysis of learning data.

This paper describes the features of an information retrieval program designed to analyze in depth the results of learning studies or other experimentation involving repeated measures that can be dichotomized. The program efficiently searches the data and summarizes the pertinent facts about Ss' learning history and the effects of the items. The paper also suggests some potential gains from a more careful scrutiny of the data.
RUNX 3, apoptosis 0: a new gastric tumour suppressor

There is convincing evidence that Runx 3 is a new and important tumour suppressor in gastric cancer In comparison with our knowledge of the detailed sequence of somatic genetic changes occurring during colon carcinogenesis, relatively few tumour suppressors or oncogenes have been commonly implicated during the multistage progression to cancer in the stomach. Now, in a collaborative venture reminiscent of their countries’ successful co-management of the 2002 World Cup, Li and 26 colleagues from South Korea and Japan have convincingly identified Runx 3 as a new and important tumour suppressor in gastric cancer. Li QL, Ito K, Sakakura C, et al . Causal relationship between the loss of RUNX3 expression and gastric cancer. Cell2002;109:113–24. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Runx3/Pebp2alphaC null mouse gastric mucosa exhibits hyperplasias due to stimulated proliferation and suppressed apoptosis in epithelial cells, and the cells are resistant to growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing action of TGF-beta, indicating that Runx3 is a major growth regulator of gastric epithelial cells. Between 45% and 60% of human gastric cancer cells do not significantly express RUNX3 due to hemizygous deletion and hypermethylation of the RUNX3 promoter region. Tumorigenicity of human gastric cancer cell lines in nude mice was inversely related to their level of RUNX3 expression, and a mutation (R122C) occurring within the conserved Runt domain abolished … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.stitle%253DCell%26rft.aulast%253DLi%26rft.auinit1%253DQ.%2BL.%26rft.volume%253D109%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D113%26rft.epage%253D124%26rft.atitle%253DCausal%2Brelationship%2Bbetween%2Bthe%2Bloss%2Bof%2BRUNX3%2Bexpression%2Band%2Bgastric%2Bcancer.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0092-8674%252802%252900690-6%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11955451%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00690-6&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=11955451&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F52%2F1%2F12.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000174888300013&link_type=ISI
22.1: Invited Paper: Challenges and Requirements of Power Saving Techniques on Mobile Platforms

This paper summarizes power consumption and saving scenarios on mobile platforms, especially associated with refresh rate controls such as PSR and variable frame rate controls, various challenges on video timing synchronizations during PSR exit, and additional requirements to be considered for seamless refresh rate switching and flicker-free driving at low frame rate. In addition, power reduction mechanism on host side including CPU/GPU will also be discussed.
New options for the treatment of invasive fungal infections

Fungal infections continue to plague patients undergoing treatment of malignancies. In fact, the incidence as well as the types of fungal species causing serious invasive fungal infections is increasing. Candida infections have become the fourth leading cause of nosocomial blood stream infections. Moreover, in addition to Aspergillus, non-Aspergillus species have emerged as etiologic agents of mold infections in cancer patients. Recently, there have been new and much needed re-enforcements to the antifungal armamentarium. These include the broader triazole antifungal agents that are in clinical trials (posaconazole) or have been recently approved (voriconazole) and the echinocandins, a new antifungal class of which the first approved agent caspofungin is now available. We review the clinical data, side effects, drug interactions, and unique spectrum of activity of these newer antifungal agents against both Candida and clinically relevant mold species.
Theoretical Energy Analysis of Reconnecting Twisted Magnetic Flux Tubes

It has been shown that twisted magnetic flux tubes reconnect in a number of different ways: either bouncing, tunneling, slingshotting, or merging. Here we present an analytical theory to predict under what conditions the bounce, tunnel, and slingshot will occur. This theory calculates the energy of the reconnected state relative to that of the initial state, subject to the restriction that helicity is conserved during the interaction. Comparison of this energy change for each of these interactions then indicates which is most energetically favorable. In addition to providing potentially important predictive capabilities, for example, for solar or magnetospheric flux-tube reconnection, this also provides an intuitive explanation for why the tunnel interaction occurs.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Boron Nitride Nanosheets on Metallic Substrates via Decaborane/Ammonia Reactions

A simple CVD method, employing the thermally induced reactions of ammonia with decaborane, has been found to generate boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) on polycrystalline nickel and copper foils. Most of the BNNS deposited on Ni were two- or three-layered; however, some regions were thicker, containing up to six BN layers.
Environmental and endocrine factors influencing annual changes in sexual potency in primates.

Abstract (1) Available data on breeding seasonality in primates are summarized. (2) When intact female rhesus monkeys, whose Fallopian tubes had been ligated to prevent pregnancy, were paired with intact males in a laboratory in London, the timing of the annual increase (autumn) in mating activity was closely similar to that in India. (3) When ovariectomized, estrogentreated females were paired with intact males in a laboratory in Atlanta, where the photoperiod was strictly controlled, the annual increase in mating activity persisted during the first year, although it was less well-circumscribed. (4) During the second year in a fixed photoperiod, in a sham-castrated group, the annual increase in sexual activity virtually disappeared. (5) During the second year in a fixed photoperiod, however, in a castrated, testosterone-treated group, a brief increase in sexual activity occurred at the expected time. (6) When ovariectomized, estrogen-treated female rhesus monkeys were paired with castrated, testosterone-treated males in a laboratory in London, the seasonal increase in sexual activity occurred at the expected time, indicating that it was not entirely dependent upon pituitary activation of the gonads. (7) Seasonal factors operating in the female are also considered.
Discovery and Biological Evaluation of a New Family of Potent Inhibitors of the Dual Specificity Protein Phosphatase CDC25.

The Cdc25 dual specificity phosphatases have central roles in coordinating cellular signaling processes and cell proliferation, but potent and selective inhibitors are lacking. We experimentally examined the 1990 compound National Cancer Institute Diversity Set and then computationally selected from their 140 000 compound repository 30 quinolinediones of which 8 had in vitro mean inhibitory concentrations <1 microM. The most potent was 6-chloro-7-(2-morpholin-4-ylethylamino)quinoline-5,8-dione (NSC 663284), which was 20- and 450-fold more selective against Cdc25B(2) as compared with VHR or PTP1B phosphatases, respectively. NSC 663284 exhibited mixed competitive kinetics against Cdc25A, Cdc25B(2), and Cdc25C with K(i) values of 29, 95, and 89 nM, respectively. As compared with NSC 663284, the regioisomer 7-chloro-6-(2-morpholin-4-ylethylamino)quinoline-5,8-dione was 3-fold less active against Cdc25B(2) in vitro and less potent as a growth inhibitor of human breast cancer cells. Computational electrostatic potential mapping suggested the need for an electron-deficient 7-position for maximal inhibitor activity. Using a chemical complementation assay, we found that NSC 663284 blocked cellular Erk dephosphorylation caused by ectopic Cdc25A expression.
Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of grain-aligned oxygen-deficient Y1Ba2Cu3Ox (6.46⪕x⪕6.98)

Abstract The anisotropic susceptibility of YBa 2 Cu 3 O x (6.46⪕ x ⪕6.98) has been measured as a function of oxygen composition. Samples were prepared by a high temperature zirconium-getter annealing technique followed by magnetic orientation in epoxy. The normal state magnetic susceptibility was found to be weakly dependent on temperature. The room temperature values of the susceptibility decrease linearly as the oxygen composition decreases, whereas the difference in susceptibilities for magnetic fields parallel and perpendicular to the c -axis is nearly constant. This suggests that in this range of oxygen composition the susceptibility anisotropy comes mostly from the anisotropic part of the Van Vleck susceptibility and the spin susceptibility remains nearly isotropic. Neutron diffraction results show a significant oxygen occupancy at the O(5) site. Nuclear quadrupolar and magnetic resonance spectra of the plane copper indicate a marked degree of electronic disorder, confirming that there are microscopic structural effects from the high temperature zirconium-getter annealing procedure.
ClpP of Streptococcus mutans Differentially Regulates Expression of Genomic Islands, Mutacin Production, and Antibiotic Tolerance

Streptococcus mutans is the primary etiological agent of human dental caries and, at times, of infective endocarditis. Within the oral cavity, the pathogen is subjected to conditions of stress. A well-conserved protein complex named ClpP (caseinolytic protease) plays a vital role in adaptation under stress conditions. To gain a better understanding of the global role of the ClpP protease in cellular homeostasis, a transcriptome analysis was performed using a ΔclpP mutant strain. The expression levels of more than 100 genes were up- or downregulated in the ΔclpP mutant compared to the wild type. Notably, the expression of genes in several genomic islands, such as TnSmu1 and TnSmu2, was differentially modulated in the ΔclpP mutant strain. ClpP deficiency also increased the expression of genes associated with a putative CRISPR locus. Furthermore, several stress-related genes and genes encoding bacteriocin-related peptides and many transcription factors were also found to be altered in the ΔclpP mutant strain. A comparative analysis of the two-dimensional protein profile of the wild type and the ΔclpP mutant strains showed altered protein profiles. Comparison of the transcriptome data with the proteomic data identified four common gene products, suggesting that the observed altered protein expression of these genes could be due to altered transcription. The results presented here indicate that ClpP-mediated proteolysis plays an important global role in the regulation of several important traits in this pathogen.
Quark Confinement, Rising Trajectories and Asymptotic Behavior of Form-Factors

Several long-range force models of quark confinement are considered, with particular emphasis on gluon exchange analogous to linear and harmonic potentials. First, the nonrelativistic case is discussed and the connection between the rise of the Regge trajectories and the power of the potential is derived. Then semirelativistic and relativistic equations are considered. It is shown that in each case the rising trajectories result from large quark-gluon coupling constants. It is also shown that an asymptotic power decrease of bound-state form factors follows only if the interaction contains an additional Coulomb- or Yukawa-type part, and only in the spacelike or the timelike domain. The significance of infrared cutoffs is examined, violations of unitarity are pointed out, and the behavior in the static limit is discussed.
A syndrome featuring defects of the heart, sternum, diaphragm, and anterior abdominal wall.

Three patients featuring a syndrome of defects of the heart, sternum, diaphragm, and anterior abdominal wall are presented. The striking similarity of the anomalies manifested by the 3 cases posed a question whether or not a recognized syndrome previously existed. In order to determine this, a search was made to find other such cases, and an attempt was made to establish a common embryologic pathogenesis. Review of the literature as well as extensive personal communication was carried out. Embryology of the involved organs was considered in order to determine a specific phase of defective development.
STORMing towards a clear picture of the cytoskeleton in neurons

Super-resolution microscopy has shed new light on the formation of the actin-spectrin network in neurons.
Antenatal detection of intrauterine growth restriction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Ž . Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE has been associated with intrauterine growth restriction Ž . IUGR . Between 1987 and 1997, 44 patients were followed by rheumatology and maternal] fetal medicine at the Johns Hopkins Lupus Pregnancy Center with serial ultrasound evaluations. Lupus activity was assessed by the physician’s global assessment, the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index, the lupus activity index, C3 levels, C4 levels, anti DNA antibody levels, modified Russell Viper venom time, anticardiolipin antibody titer and urinary protein. Basic lupus therapy included 80 mg aspirinrday and prednisone in a dose titrated to the disease activity. Other medications included hydrochloroquine and azathioprine which were used as needed. All disease activity increases were treated aggressively. Ultrasound estimates of fetal weights were calw x culated by the method of Hadlock 1 . Fetal weight
Review of the roles of temporal and place coding of frequency in speech discrimination

Numerous studies have demonstrated that the frequency spectrum of sounds is represented in the neural code of single auditory nerve fibres both spatially and temporally, but few experiments have been designed to test which of these two representations of frequency is used in the discrimination of complex sounds such as speech and music. This paper reviews the roles of place and temporal coding of frequency in the nervous system as a basis for frequency discrimination of complex sounds such as those in speech. Animal studies based on frequency analysis in the cochlea have shown that the place code changes systematically as a function of sound intensity and therefore lacks the robustness required to explain pitch perception (in humans), which is nearly independent of sound intensity. Further indication that the place principle plays a minor role in discrimination of speech comes from observations that signs of impairment of the spectral analysis in the cochlea in some individuals are not associated with impairments in speech discrimination. The importance of temporal coding is supported by the observation that injuries to the auditory nerve, assumed to impair temporal coherence of the discharges of auditory nerve fibres, are associated with grave impairments in speech discrimination. These observations indicate that temporal coding of sounds is more important for discrimination of speech than place coding. The implications of these findings for the design of prostheses such as cochlear implants are discussed.
Comparison of Field Performance of Multiple Soil Moisture Sensors in a Semi‐Arid Rangeland1

Automated electronic soil moisture sensors, such as time domain reflectometry (TDR) and capaci- tance probes are being used extensively to monitor and measure soil moisture in a variety of scientific and land management applications. These sensors are often used for a wide range of soil moisture applications such as drought forage prediction or validation of large-scale remote sensing instruments. The convergence of three dif- ferent research projects facilitated the evaluation and comparison of three commercially available electronic soil moisture probes under field application conditions. The sensors are all installed in shallow soil profiles in a well instrumented small semi-arid shrub covered subwatershed in Southeastern Arizona. The sensors use either a TDR or a capacitance technique; both of which indirectly measure the soil dielectric constant to determine the soil moisture content. Sensors are evaluated over a range of conditions during three seasons comparing responses to natural wetting and drying sequences and using water balance and infiltration simulation models. Each of the sensors responded to the majority of precipitation events; however, they varied greatly in response time and magnitude from each other. Measured profile soil moisture storage compared better to water balance estimates when soil moisture in deeper layers was accounted for in the calculations. No distinct or consistent trend was detected when comparing the responses from the sensors or the infiltration model to individual pre- cipitation events. The results underscore the need to understand how the sensors respond under field applica- tion and recognize the limitations of soil moisture sensors and the factors that can affect their accuracy in predicting soil moisture in situ. (KEY TERMS: soil moisture; instrumentation; rangelands; capacitance probe; time domain reflectometry; infil- tration model.)
Students engaging in diversity: blogging to learn the history of jazz

This study examined discursive choices made by the instructor of a Black Studies course in constructing what counted as blogging and the history of jazz; how students showed evidence of meeting the course requirements, and how particular students engaged with issues of race and diversity in their blogs. The instructor required blogging to enable an interactional form of learning that supported development of a writing voice, criticality, and thinking in interdisciplinary ways. Students entered the course having different prior experiences and understandings of jazz and the class format allowed students to move from whatever path they were on to embrace the positive nature of diversity in the creation of culture.
Detection of ultra-low levels of pathologic prion protein in scrapie infected hamster brain homogenates using real-time immuno-PCR☆

Abstract Pathologic prion protein (PrPSc), implicated in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, is detected by antibody-based tests or bioassays to confirm the diagnosis of prion diseases. Presently, the Western blot or an ELISA is officially used to screen the brain stem in cattle for the presence of PrPSc. The immuno-polymerase chain reaction (IPCR), a technique whereby the exponential amplification ability of PCR is coupled to the detection of proteins by antibodies in an ELISA format, was applied in a modified real-time IPCR method to detect ultra-low levels of prion protein. Using IPCR, recombinant hamster PrPC was consistently detected at 1 fg/mL and proteinase K (PK)-digested scrapie infected hamster brain homogenates diluted to 10−8 (approximately 10–100 infectious units) was detected with a semi-quantitative dose response. This level of detection is 1 million-fold more sensitive than the levels detected by Western blot or ELISA and poises IPCR as a method capable of detecting PrPSc in the pre-clinical phase of infection. Further, the data indicate that unless complete PK digestion of PrPC in biological materials is verified, ultrasensitive assays such as IPCR may inaccurately classify a sample as positive.
The Arab ‘demonstration’ effect and the revival of Arab unity in the Arab Spring

The remarkable pan-Arab response to the outbreaks of the anti-regime protests in Tunisia and Egypt in early 2011 is well known and has been widely commented on, not the least for the way that it ha...
Constitutive activation of AKT pathway inhibits TNF-induced apoptosis in mitochondrial DNA-deficient human myelogenous leukemia ML-1a

TNF plus protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide-induced apoptosis in human myelogenous leukemia ML-1a but not in C19, respiration minus mitochondrial DNA-deficient C19 cells, derived from ML-1a. To investigate how mitochondrial DNA depletion inhibits apoptosis, we investigated AKT. Both AKT and its phosphorylated form were observed only in C19, indicating that depletion of mtDNA increased protein and the active form of AKT. Treatment of C19 with LY294002, which inhibits PI-3 kinase and inhibits AKT, significantly increased apoptosis induction by TNF plus cycloheximide and eliminated phosphorylation of AKT. These results indicate that AKT activation was induced by the depletion of mtDNA and inhibited TNF-induced apoptosis.
Sample Size Requirements for Feedforward Neural Networks

We estimate the number of training samples required to ensure that the performance of a neural network on its training data matches that obtained when fresh data is applied to the network. Existing estimates are higher by orders of magnitude than practice indicates. This work seeks to narrow the gap between theory and practice by transforming the problem into determining the distribution of the supremum of a random field in the space of weight vectors, which in turn is attacked by application of a recent technique called the Poisson clumping heuristic.
Faster walking speeds increase local instability among people with peripheral neuropathy

Individuals with peripheral neuropathy (PN) may compensate for decreased somatosensation by reducing walking speed. Predisposition to falls may therefore arise from an inability to adapt to challenging walking speeds. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of PN on the magnitude of variability and local instability on walking at different speeds. Twelve individuals with PN and 12 controls completed a 6-min walk test to determine fast walking speed (FWS). Sagittal plane hip, knee, and ankle joint angles were then calculated during 3 min of treadmill walking at 100%, 80%, and 60% FWS. The magnitudes of stride duration variability (SDvar), joint angle variability (JTvar), and both short- and long-term Lyapunov exponents (used to estimate local instability) were calculated. The PN group walked slower than the control group (p<.001). With groups combined, walking faster led to increased local instability and increased variability (p<.001). The PN group exhibited increased variability (SDvar, p=.02; JTvar, p=.01) over all speeds, and exaggerated local instability (p<.05) when walking at the fastest speed. PN leads to increased walking variability and local instability, particularly when walking at challenging speeds. These results are important to consider in future patient education and rehabilitation programs.
Theater of the Holy: Performative Elements of Late Ancient Hymnography

A script is merely an artifact until a performer brings it to life; a text is a starting point, despite the fact that its finality suggests a destination. With works that were meant to be performed in some fashion (however generously understood “performance” may be), the dynamic relationship between performer and audience shapes and even defines their reception; such works, fully expressed, are visual, auditory, and kinetic. The written word may mediate this relationship, shaping the arc of the narrative and the words of the characters, but it is performance that gives the narrative life and the characters voices and bodies.
The ADA Prima Facie Plaintiff: A Critical Overview of Eighth Circuit Case Law

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 was passed to address grave prejudices and discrimination against individuals with disabilities. This overview considers the primary elements to proving a case for discrimination under the ADA with reference to published district court and appellate court decisions from the Eighth Circuit.
A fast algorithm for computing the quartet distance for large sets of evolutionary trees

We present the QuickQuartet algorithm for computing the all-to-all quartet distance for large evolutionary tree collections. By leveraging the relationship between bipartitions and quartets, our approach significantly improves upon the performance of existing quartet distance algorithms. To explore QuickQuartet's performance, sets of biological data containing 20,000 and 33,306 trees over 150 taxa and 567 taxa, respectively are analyzed. Experimental results show that QuickQuartet is up to 100 times faster than existing methods. With the availability of QuickQuartet, the use of quartet distance as a tool for analysis of evolutionary relationships becomes a practical tool for biologists to use in order to gain new insights regarding their large tree collections.
Case report: Hybrid endovascular and open surgical approach to a chronic, traumatic arteriovenous fistula

The incidence of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) formation among all vascular injuries is 2.3% to 3.5%. Many of the smaller fistulae close spontaneously while others persist. These chronic fistulae are not always obvious, and when left to progress, they may result in cardiac, aneurysmal, and venolymphatic sequelae. Many approaches have been described using open surgical, endovascular, and hybrid techniques for treatment. We describe a case of a 53 year-old male with a symptomatic, chronic, traumatic AVF from a penetrating trauma 33 years ago, and its treatment by hybrid surgical technique.
Pronounced Surface Sensitivity of Hydroxylamine Oxidation on Gold Single-Crystal Electrodes in Acidic and Neutral Aqueous Solutions

The oxidation of hydroxylamine on the three low index faces of Au single crystal has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry in buffered aqueous solutions in the pH range 1–7 under quiescent condit...
Sensory Setae of the First Tarsi and Palps of the Mite Macrocheles muscaedomesticae

By scanning and transmission electron microscopy, blunt-peg type of sensilla (sensilla basiconica) were found on the tarsus of the 1st leg of Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli). The changes in number, size, and position were determined for each life stage. The number of blunt pegs in the larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult stages were 6, 7, 8, and 8, respectively. Similar sensilla were not found on the terminal segment of the palps.
THE FIRST AMENDMENT ISSUE OF OBSCENITY: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

(1984). THE FIRST AMENDMENT ISSUE OF OBSCENITY: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 30-41.
Deemphasize dogma: consider the local control-overall survival link.

Authors Winkfield and Harris kindly submit to the reader an article that reemphasizes the link between local control (LC) and overall survival (OS).
Transjurisdictional Ethics in International Commercial Arbitration

The proliferation of ethical standards at multiple levels of governance has altered the broader legal landscape for international commercial arbitration in ways that may not have been intended or foreseen. This Article describes how different polities maintain control in regulating arbitrator misconduct in the international business world. The result of the variety of ethical standards particularly among U.S. states has led to ethical forum shopping that is destructive to the credibility of the international commercial arbitration system. Despite the arbitral emphasis on individual choice, the same principles behind the case law that discourages U.S. litigants from forum shopping should be applied to the ethical standards for international commercial arbitration by way of comprehensive federal legislation with uniform and exclusive guidelines for conduct.
Collective Partitioning and Remapping for Multiple Loop Nests

Methods for compile-time partitioning of iterative data-parallel loops have been developed in the previous three chapters for a restricted class of array access methods and loop structures. These methods have been restricted to an analysis of a set of nested data-parallel loops1, updating a single global array. In order for these methods to be applicable to a wide range of parallel applications, they must be capable of optimizing multiple data-parallel loops accessing many different arrays with varying access patterns. Toward that end, we have developed the CPR algorithm for the automatic partitioning of multiple data-parallel loops.
Neoantigens in immunotherapy and personalized vaccines: Implications for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

The recent success of immunotherapies has demonstrated the potency of tumor-specific immune cells in mediating tumor rejection and generating durable tumor immunity. Our understanding of the scientific basis of these responses results from the confluence of a better comprehension of the cancer immunoediting process and the revolution in next generation sequencing of cancer genomes. Recent evidence suggests that T cell specificity for cancer cell expressed mutant proteins – termed neoantigens – is an important component of immune mediated tumor rejection. Improved neoantigen prediction algorithms have made it possible to predict and monitor immune responses to checkpoint inhibitors and adoptively transferred autologous lymphocytes and have enabled the development of tumor-specific therapeutic vaccines. Herein, we review the current research on cancer neoantigens in immunotherapies and its implications for the future of head and neck cancer management.
The use of transparent aqueous gels for observing and recording cavitation activity produced by high intensity focused ultrasound

Low gelling temperature agarose gels are exceptionally clear and owe their rigidity to the formation of a homogenous lattice of polymer molecules. We have observed cavitation bubbles moving though these gels leaving visible tunnel-like tracks whose walls can be visualized at high magnification, especially with phase contrast illumination. These tracks provide a record of the limits of each individual bubble's dynamic behavior and demonstrate a wide range of bubble activities including coalescence, fragmentation and bubble-bubble interactions. A HIFU transducer with 3.75 cm radius of curvature was operated at 0.78 MHz using tone burst signals from a gated oscillator and power amplifier. Agarose gels (1% to 8% w/v in saline)were cast as 1/spl times/1/spl times/3 cm blocks or 2.5 cm diameter discs, 2-3 mm thick. Bubble motion within the gel was achieved either by initiating cavitation in the water bath directed toward the uncovered surface of the agar, or by embedding a gas microbubble contrast agent (Optison/spl reg/) within the agar and interposing a thin plastic film between the gel and the water bath. Various water bath configurations were used to expose the gels to ultrasound under free-field and reflecting conditions while simultaneously viewing the focal volume. The tunnels formed following nucleation in the water bath were liquid-filled, and when the gel was dried slightly, these tunnels filled with air. However, tunnels formed entirely within the gel from embedded nuclei could not be drained. Analysis of high speed video recordings made during exposure assisted in the interpretation of the tunnel formation. The diameter of the tunnels tended to increase with increasing pressure amplitude, and the length increased with both pressure amplitude and exposure duration. For example, tunnels formed during 2 MPa exposure for 200 ms were 50 - 100 microns in diameter and up to several 100 microns long.