cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intergroup Dialogue for a Just and Diverse Democracy

If media attention is any indicator of public trends, then the mid- to late 1990s would have been the age of intergroup dialogue in the United States. But as one steps back from all the media attention, it is important to consider more carefully what is meant by the term “intergroup dialogue,” why this work is important for democracy, and in what ways it addresses issues of social justice. Intergroup dialogue is a positive and powerful process in which different groups come together from various walks of life to build a strong democracy. Democracy is a powerful but fragile political arrangement, requiring careful maintenance, regular nurturance, and continuing advancement and improvement in the areas of social justice and equality. This paper presents a framework for thinking conceptually and pragmatically about intergroup dialogue by (1) exploring the place of intergroup dialogue in creating a just and diverse democracy, (2) examining what does and does not constitute intergroup dialogue, and (3) discussing critical issues in approaches to intergroup dialogue.
Improving Information Access for a Community of Practice Using Business Process as Context

This paper addresses the important problem of finding relevant information in the context of a business process. It presents an information access solution called EIL (enterprise information leverage) which combines information extraction and semantic search to support information needs of professionals selling IT services. EIL leverages structured and unstructured data using novel architecture and special purpose algorithms. Our approach is to organize information around business activities (e.g. a sale), and the system supports semantic concept based information retrieval by utilizing both database query and document search where the relevant business activities act as a contextual constraint. We experimentally show that this approach is promising for reducing noise in search results. EIL is currently under pilot deployment in one of the IBM services sales units.
Toward Understanding How Social Capital Mediates the Impact of Mobility on Mexican American Achievement

This study links the social capital literature with research on student mobility to investigate low test score performance among Mexican origin youth. Specifically, it examines whether Mexican Americans learn less in school than non-Latino Whites, in part because they have limited social capital due to the fact that they are more mobile during their school careers. This study also considers whether different forms of peer social capital, like different kinds of currency, have differential exchange value, and if such differences influence the test-score gap. Findings encourage greater sensitivity to inter- and intra-ethnic distinctions in the socialization process that contribute to group differences in the availability and utility of the resources that inhere in social networks.
An information architecture for integrating real-time process control into enterprise management

A manufacturer is really an extended enterprise that engages itself with other companies and individual customers, as well as its own internal entities, in a widely distributed manner. Even at its mundane level, a manufacturing company is probably operated under different software and hardware systems for its design, production, and administration functions. To do their jobs within this environment, engineers and managers need to have disparate information within each system and function, but also to have access to relevant information across their entire enterprise. Engineers and managers may also want to make changes to this data and have the changes automatically disseminated throughout the entire distributed organization, and have all related processes brought into line with the change instantly. This type of information management, called global query and events control, would enable a widely distributed enterprise to maneuver its entire heterogeneous operation in anticipation of future events within days; and upon encountering adverse conditions, to change that course of action without delay. With such information control, changes made on the shop floor, distribution, or top management level would be registered in real time throughout the entire enterprise structure, eliminating the need for cumbersome communications and management effort.
Mandating Obesity Testing Across the Curriculum: Lessons Learned

In response to the obesity problem that has dramatically increased over the past 30 years, Lincoln University’s HPER faculty petitioned the University faculty to accept a somewhat radical approach: test all entering first year students using Body Mass Indices (BMI) data for placing students in a Fitness for Life class. This class would constitute the intervention for students with BMI scores of 30 or higher (obese rating). This paper describes the chronology of events that unfolded once the placement policy became known beyond the campus green. Arguments both for and against the controversial course are presented. While the placement policy has been modified, the aim of the intervention has not wavered: identify those students who are most at risk for hypokinetic disease and provide them with the appropriate resources to effectively address those amenable lifestyle factors that will rob them of quality and quantity of life.
Rational Decision-Making Process Choosing Fairness Over Monetary Gain as Decision Criteria

Objective: This study tests the hypothesis that the decision-making process in humans is often based on the fairness rather than the monetary gain/loss, when they are confronted with a choice between fairness and monetary gain/loss. Methods: The classical Ultimatum Game (UG) is used as the experimental paradigm to quantify the threshold crossover-point to switch the decision from rejection to acceptance. The fairness stimulus-response function is used for quantifying the decision threshold and the co-variation relationship between fairness and monetary gain/loss. Results: The results show that the level of fairness perception is always 27.5% lower for the rejection decision than the acceptance decision, irrespective of the offer-ratio (i.e., monetary gain/loss) or the baseline level of fairness for that decision. The data also show a co-variation relationship between fairness and offer-ratio (monetary gain/loss), but such proportionality relationship is decoupled at the even-split singularity point. The analysis shows that the decision crossover threshold is located at a slightly unfair perception, indicating tolerance to some unfairness in the decision. This suggests that a rejection decision is made when the unfairness perception threshold is reached. Conclusion: These analyses validated the hypothesis that the decision to accept/reject the monetary offer is logically consistent using the fairness criterion as the threshold for decision along the fairness-axis — even for accepting inequitable offers or rejecting hyper-equitable offers, irrespective of the amount of monetary gain/loss. The apparent decision based on the monetary gain/loss criterion is only a side effect of the co-variation between fairness and monetary gain.
From Pleistocene to trophic rewilding: A wolf in sheep’s clothing

Nearly 10 y ago, we (1) critiqued the idea of Pleistocene rewilding (2), a misguided attempt to resurrect bygone ecosystems. Much has happened to the Earth’s biodiversity over the decade since the term “Pleistocene rewilding” was coined, most of it bad. More than half a billion people have been added to the world’s population, and ecosystems continue to be degraded at an alarming rate. A sixth mass extinction is underway, and poaching of megafauna has increased across sub-Saharan Africa. Unfortunately, one thing that has not happened is any serious attempt to scientifically study Pleistocene rewilding. Despite a number of publicized Pleistocene rewilding projects (Oostvaardersplassen in The Netherlands and Pleistocene Park in Siberia), we have yet to see any quantitative data concerning the impacts of megafauna reintroductions.
Analysis of Demand Side Management Products at Residential Sites: Case of Pacific Northwest U.S.

This paper provides a quantitative approach to determine important product features that are to be included in smart thermostats. This approach is expected to help decision makers manage product design process by utilizing feedback from customer and expert focus groups. Proposed approach is also expected to help managers review competing products in the market and shape future product design specifications. Data used in the assessment model have been gathered by surveying 22 potential customers who have been living in residential areas, and a group of experts who have been working as product design engineers. Significant findings as well as weak points of the proposed approach have been discovered, and future work initiatives have been proposed.
Modulation of Synaptic Transmission by Dopamine and Norepinephrine in Ventral but not Dorsal Striatum

Nicola, Saleem M. and Robert C. Malenka. Modulation of synaptic transmission by dopamine and norepinephrine in ventral but not dorsal striatum. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1768–1776, 1998. Although the ve...
Limited Fibrosis Progression but Significant Mortality in Patients Ineligible for Interferon-Based Hepatitis C Therapy

Background Individuals ineligible for interferon-based hepatitis C therapy may have a worse prognosis than patients who have failed or not received treatment. Aims To provide information about the limitations of medical treatment of hepatitis C in real-world patients. Methods We studied 969 treatment-ineligible patients and 403 treated patients enrolled between 1/1/01 and 6/30/06; data were collected until 3/31/13. Treatment barriers were grouped into five categories and classified as health-related or health-unrelated. Fibrosis stage was assessed initially and at the end of follow-up. Mortality was determined by search of the Social Security database. Death certificates of treatment-ineligible patients were reviewed. Results Initially, 288 individuals had advanced fibrosis and compensated disease; 87 untreated patients developed advanced fibrosis during follow-up. Health-related treatment barriers were more commonly associated with fibrosis progression and worse survival. During follow-up, 247 untreated patients died: 47% of liver-related and 53% of liver-unrelated causes. Patients with significant comorbid illness had the worst five- (70%) and ten-year (50.5%) survival. Despite high mortality (47%) in persons with decompensated liver disease, no treatment barrier was associated with a greater incidence of liver-related death. Only significant comorbid medical illness was an independent predictor of disease progression; however, it was not associated with a greater incidence of liver-related death. Furthermore, treated patients had better 10-year survival than untreated patients on Kaplan–Meier analysis (80.3% vs. 74.5%, P =0.005). Conclusion Many patients with hepatitis C will die of non-liver-related causes and may not be helped by anti-viral treatment.
Adaptive control strategies for vibration suppression in flexible structures

Flexible structural systems are high dimensional and lightly damped, and invariably contain significant uncertainties in their dynamic behavior. Adaptive controllers, which are capable of overcoming such uncertainties and delivering high performance by providing a time-varying compensation on-line, are therefore desirable for such systems. In this paper, we present a new adaptive controller which can globally stabilize a class of flexible structures. This controller is applicable whether position measurements, rate measurements, or combinations thereof are available, as well as for colocated and non-colocated actuator-sensor pairs. The superior performance generated using such controllers is demonstrated using two practical structural systems.
Stimulation of thoracic duct lymph flow by epinephrine and norepinephrine.

SummaryThe effect of 2 pressor amines on rate of thoracic duct lymph flow was studied in conscious dogs. Intravenous epine-phrine and norepinephrine both produced a significant increase in lymph flow. The response was significantly greater for epine-phrine.
Reliability and clinically important improvement thresholds for osteoarthritis pain and function scales: A multicenter study

Objective. To assess the reliability and clinically meaningful thresholds of intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain (ICOAP) score, the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Physical function Short-form (KOOS-PS), the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Physical function Short-form (HOOS-PS), and the Quality of life subscales of HOOS/KOOS (HOOS-QOL/KOOS-QOL) in patients with knee or hip arthritis. Methods. One hundred and ninety-five patients (141 knee, 54 hip) seen at 2 orthopedic outpatient clinics with a diagnosis of knee or hip OA completed patient-reported questionnaires (ICOAP pain scale, KOOS-PS, HOOS-PS, KOOS-QOL, HOOS-QOL) at baseline and 2-week followup. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). We calculated minimum clinically important difference (MCID) and moderate improvement in the subgroup that reported change in the status of their affected joint. Results. The reliability as assessed by ICC was as follows: ICOAP pain scale, 0.63 (0.48, 0.74) in patients with knee arthritis, and 0.86 (0.73, 0.93) for hip arthritis; KOOS-PS, 0.66 (0.52, 0.77); HOOS-PS, 0.82 (0.66, 0.91); KOOS-QOL, 0.79 (0.69, 0.86); and HOOS-QOL, 0.67 (0.42, 0.83). MCID and moderate improvement estimates in patients with knee arthritis were ICOAP pain scale, 18.5 and 26.7; KOOS-PS, 2.2 and 15.0; and KOOS-QOL, 8.0 and 15.6. A smaller sample in patients with hip arthritis precluded MCID and moderate improvement estimates. Conclusion. We found that ICOAP pain and KOOS-PS/HOOS-PS scales were reasonably reliable in patients with hip OA. Reliability of these scales was much lower in patients with knee arthritis. Thresholds for clinically meaningful change in pain or function on these scales were estimated for patients with knee arthritis.
The Interaction of Job Stress and Social Support: A Strong Inference Investigation

A comparative examination was made of three alternative hypotheses (buffer, coping, no interaction) predicting job outcomes by job stress and social support. For role ambiguity, little evidence of ...
Unscheduled bleeding and contraceptive choice: increasing satisfaction and continuation rates

Approximately half (51%) of the 6.6 million pregnancies in the US each year are unintended and half of those pregnancies (54%) occur among women not using contraception. Many women discontinue their contraceptives due to method dissatisfaction. Bothersome unscheduled bleeding is one of the main reasons cited by women for stopping a birth control method. Improving counseling and management of these side effects will aide in increasing satisfaction with contraceptive methods. The following review will discuss the bleeding profiles associated with the contraceptive options available in the US. A valuable resource from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the US Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, will be introduced. Definitions of the types of unscheduled bleeding are included, as well as strategies for treatment for each contraceptive method. The evidence whether or not anticipatory counseling increases continuation rates will also be reviewed.
Cure for CLL

In this issue of Blood, Thompson et al present their exciting long-term results with the use of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) chemoimmunotherapy in patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).1
The formula development and manufacturing processing research in generic drug

The formula development and manufacturing processing research is always one of important parts in generic drug.The international guidelines and regional guidance have illustrated formula development and processing research of generic drug.As we all known,formula and processing research effects drug products quality and stability,and also influences safety and efficacy.In this article,the method of formula development and processing research has overviewed in generic drug.
An overview of flaps for hand and forearm reconstruction.

Selection of flaps for hand and forearm reconstruction should follow careful evaluation of random pattern, axial pattern, myocutaneous, and free flaps, and should include aesthetic as well as functional considerations. The benefits of, potential of, and contraindications to each type of flap are examined.
Anomalous yaw torque generation from passively pitching wings

Small, lightweight micro-aerial vehicles (MAVs) must rely on a limited number of actuators for flight stability and control. A method for six-degree of freedom control in a dual-actuator MAV has been previously proposed which employs stroke amplitude, bias, and split-cycle timing modulation. This control scheme is the basis of actuation for stable, controlled flapping wing flight of the Harvard Robobee. The role of passive wing pitching dynamics are currently unexplored in their effects on yaw-dynamics during free flight. Here we demonstrate in simulation and experiment the critical role wing pitching dynamics play in yaw control of a dual-actuated MAV using the split-cycle control scheme. We find that yaw-authority sensitively depends on the functional form of the wing hinge joint and that pitching dynamics of wing hinges with linear stiffness may compromise yaw control. To solve this we present a design method for laminate based non-linear hinges and demonstrate that non-linear hinge stiffness improves yaw torque generation during split-cycle actuation.
Broadband multi-resonant strong field coherence breaking as a tool for single isomer microwave spectroscopy

Using standard hardware available in chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave (CP-FTMW) spectroscopy, an experimental method is introduced to selectively extract from the microwave spectrum of an otherwise complicated multicomponent mixture a set of transitions due to a single component, thereby speeding spectral assignment. The method operates the broadband chirped-pulse used to excite the sample in the strong-field limit through a combination of high power and control of the sweep rate. A procedure is introduced that leads to selection of three transition frequencies that can be incorporated as a set of resonant sequential single-frequency microwave pulses that follow broadband chirped-pulse excitation, resulting in a reduction in the coherent signal from a set of transitions ascribable to the component of interest. The difference in the CP-FTMW spectrum with and without this set of multi-resonant single-frequency pulses produces a set of transitions that can confidently be assigned to a single component of the mixture, aiding the analysis of its spectrum. The scheme is applied to (i) selectively extract the spectrum of one of five singly 13C-subsituted isotopologues of benzonitrile in natural abundance, (ii) obtain the microwave spectra of the two structural isomers (E)- and (Z)-phenylvinylnitrile, and (iii) obtain conformer-specific microwave spectra of methylbutyrate.
Playing mestizo: festivity, language, and theatre in Yucatán, Mexico

ABSTRACTThis article takes Yucatan’s ‘Monument to Mestizaje’ as the entry point to an analysis of mestizo culture in Yucatan in the 19th and 20th centuries. Providing three genealogies of mestizaje in Yucatan – focused on festivity, language, and theatre – this article takes a historical and performative approach; it focuses neither on the workings of ‘mestizo’ social identity nor on ideologies of mestizaje, but on the performance of mestizo acts in particular historical contexts and in politically charged ways. In festive dances, the speaking of ‘mixed’ Maya, and racial impersonations performed on stages of theatre or politics, Yucatecans enact mestizaje in ways that sometimes ratify hegemonic racial discourses, but other times leave them in pieces.
Critical Dynamics of Gravito-Convective Mixing in Geological Carbon Sequestration

When CO2 is injected in saline aquifers, dissolution causes a local increase in brine density that can cause Rayleigh-Taylor-type gravitational instabilities. Depending on the Rayleigh number, density-driven flow may mix dissolved CO2 throughout the aquifer at fast advective time-scales through convective mixing. Heterogeneity can impact density-driven flow to different degrees. Zones with low effective vertical permeability may suppress fingering and reduce vertical spreading, while potentially increasing transverse mixing. In more complex heterogeneity, arising from the spatial organization of sedimentary facies, finger propagation is reduced in low permeability facies, but may be enhanced through more permeable facies. The connectivity of facies is critical in determining the large-scale transport of CO2-rich brine. We perform high-resolution finite element simulations of advection-diffusion transport of CO2 with a focus on facies-based bimodal heterogeneity. Permeability fields are generated by a Markov Chain approach, which represent facies architecture by commonly observed characteristics such as volume fractions. CO2 dissolution and phase behavior are modeled with the cubic-plus-association equation-of-state. Our results show that the organization of high-permeability facies and their connectivity control the dynamics of gravitationally unstable flow. We discover new flow regimes in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media and present quantitative scaling relations for their temporal evolution.
Diversity of Functionally Permissive Sequences in the Receptor-Binding Site of Influenza Hemagglutinin

Influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) initiates viral entry by engaging host receptor sialylated glycans via its receptor-binding site (RBS). The amino acid sequence of the RBS naturally varies across avian and human influenza virus subtypes and is also evolvable. However, functional sequence diversity in the RBS has not been fully explored. Here, we performed a large-scale mutational analysis of the RBS of A/WSN/33 (H1N1) and A/Hong Kong/1/1968 (H3N2) HAs. Many replication-competent mutants not yet observed in nature were identified, including some that could escape from an RBS-targeted broadly neutralizing antibody. This functional sequence diversity is made possible by pervasive epistasis in the RBS 220-loop and can be buffered by avidity in viral receptor binding. Overall, our study reveals that the HA RBS can accommodate a much greater range of sequence diversity than previously thought, which has significant implications for the complex evolutionary interrelationships between receptor specificity and immune escape.
Seabrook, Nicholas R. Drawing the Lines: Constraints on Partisan Gerrymandering in U. S. Politics: Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017. 160 pages. $49.95 (hardcover).

Redistricting is an issue that once would surface upon, and then quickly submerge beneath, the radars of American scholars, pundits, and commentators decennially in response to the census and the r...
Modeling Coalition Formation in Inessential Probabilistic Games

Single-sex triads in one of two payment conditions played six different probabilistic coalition games under conditions of complete information and open negotiations. Coalitions formed on 96% of the trials and the stronger players generally accepted lower expected values in the coalitions than they would have had playing alone. These results are used to evaluate several normative and descriptive coalition theories. Equal excess model received stronger support than bargaining theory, and both were superior to equality. Relative support for the game-theoretic solution varied with the payment condition. The advantages of qualitative/directional theory tests over quantitative/point prediction tests are discussed and illustrated with these results. A possible parameter estimation/model testing approach is briefly discussed, and recommended for future consideration.
The great woman singer: gender and voice in Puerto Rican music

Something resonates and pulses throughout Licia Fiol-Matta’s The Great Woman Singer: Gender and Voice in Puerto Rican Music. In the introduction, Fiol-Matta riffs off of Puerto Rican singer Lucecit...
Tar Removal from Hot Coke Oven Gas for H 2 Amplification with in Situ CO 2 Capture

A novel sorption-enhanced steam reforming (SESR) process of hot coke oven gas (HCOG) was proposed for tar removal and H2 amplification, and was studied with the comparison of conventional steam reforming (SCR) process. Both of the processes could remove tar effectively and improve the H2 amount in the COG obviously. For CSR process, after the temperature and the S/HCOG ratio reached 700 ℃ and 2.4 respectively, the H2 amplification factor kept 4.30 around, with its concentration less than 75%. However, for SESR process, the H2 amount and concentration get improved further, with the optimal temperature moving toward low temperature. At 600 ℃ and the S/HCOG ratio of 2.4, the H2 amplification factor and concentration could reach 4.91 and 97.55% respectively when the CaO/C ratio was 2.0. Under the respective optimal reforming conditions of the two processes, the energy consumption of the SESR process was lower than that of CSR process.
Situation Based Energy Management Framework on Mobile Devices

With the prevalent usage of mobile phones, energy saving has become a critical issue for manufacturers. Extended battery life with increasing battery capacity is a common solution for hardware-based improvements. However, energy efficient management mechanism has attracted matching attention. In this paper, we present a situation based energy management framework. First, we collect data of activities of daily living (ADL) and apply deep learning for training. Next, Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is used as our forecasting model to predict what a user will do at a certain hour in a certain day. Such prediction model relies on sensor fusion in gesture detection, camera-based facial detection and touch events on LCD screen in dynamic contextual environment. Finally, an inference engine is used to recommend actions to be takes for energy saving by digesting the information gathered on previous two stages, static information collecting and dynamic detection. In order to show the performance of our framework, we make use of external hardware as assistance tool which is suggested by Google developer's website.
Bovine Bladder Compliance Increases with Normal Fetal Development

AbstractIn this study we characterized the elastic properties of the normal bovine bladder throughout fetal life, the newborn period and into adulthood. The elasticity of the bladder was measured with a novel circularly clamped bladder testing system. Pressurization of a circularly clamped bladder tissue sample caused the tissue to deflect upward repetitively in the shape of a spherical cap. If the centerline deflection is much larger than the tissue thickness, the elastic modulus, considered the inverse of compliance, can be determined using linear regression techniques.The results of our analyses showed that the elastic modulus decreases in direct proportion with increasing gestational age. These data suggest that during normal development of the bovine fetal bladder there is a progressive change from a rather stiff noncompliant bladder characterized by a high elastic modulus to a compliant bladder with a lower elastic modulus. Moreover, the increase in compliance appears in the developmental period whe...
New Porous Structures from Layered Phosphonates

Porous compounds were obtained in the formation of zirconium biphenyldiphosphonate, Zr(O3PC6H4-C6H4 PO3). The compounds are layered with an interlayer separation of 13.8A. The layers are cross-linked into a three dimensional structure by virtue of the phosphonic acid bonding across two adjacent layers. It would be expected that this compound would be non-porous since the distance between adjacent organic pillars (crosslinks) along the layers is 5.3A. Three types of products were obtained, those with an average pore radius ≈25A, those containing micropores as well as mesopoers of 20–25A radius and products with only layer mesopores. Surface areas ranged from 100–400m2/g.
LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN CANADA

This paper reviews technical factors and economic potential for low temperature geothermal heating using deep sedimentary resources. It shows the high cost of hydrothermal fluid production and the economic imperative of selecting processes having large heat loads, preferably high load factors and temperature regimes that permit high sensible energy capture from the fluid. Peak load lopping, and short term and seasonal thermal storage techniques are shown to improve the geothermal supply load factor and the unit cost of energy. Four large scale space heating applications offer particular economic potential, namely residential and commercial office complexes, greenhouses and mine ventilation air heating.
Modeling and experimental determination of physical properties of Gex-Gay-Se1-x-y chalcogenide glasses I: Structure and mechanical properties

Abstract A series of ten GexGaySe1-x-y glasses within the topological constraint regime of = 2.3 to 2.8 were processed for physical property testing to compare measured to calculated property values enabling further understanding of structure-related mechanical property evolution. Average bond energies were calculated for each glass to elucidate structure and property relationships. Raman analysis was performed to correlate the topological constraint theory to experimentally determined structural units. Young's modulus and Vickers hardness, respectively, were shown to increase with increasing coordination number from 14.42 GPa and 911 MPa at = 2.4 to 29.44 GPa and 2295 MPa at = 2.8. Poisson’s ratio decreased linearly with increasing coordination number from 0.2996 at = 2.4 for Ge0.15Ga0.05 Se0.85 to 0.2477 at = 2.8 for Ge0.25Ga0.15Se0.60. These properties indicate a strong dependence on the topological network of the glass, in which continued crosslinking and interconnectivity lead to a direct increase or decrease of the respective mechanical property. It was found that theoretical values were in good agreement with measured experiment values, elucidating the impact of the energy required to propagate a crack tip or alter bond lengths and atom positions.
Efficacy of a ML336 derivative against Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis viruses.

Abstract Currently, there are no licensed human vaccines or antivirals for treatment of or prevention from infection with encephalitic alphaviruses. Because epidemics are sporadic and unpredictable, and endemic disease is common but rarely diagnosed, it is difficult to identify all populations requiring vaccination; thus, an effective post-exposure treatment method is needed to interrupt ongoing outbreaks. To address this public health need, we have continued development of ML336 to deliver a molecule with prophylactic and therapeutic potential that could be relevant for use in natural epidemics or deliberate release scenario for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). We report findings from in vitro assessments of four analogs of ML336, and in vivo screening of three of these new derivatives, BDGR-4, BDGR-69 and BDGR-70. The optimal dosing for maximal protection was observed at 12.5 mg/kg/day, twice daily for 8 days. BDGR-4 was tested further for prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in mice challenged with VEEV Trinidad Donkey (TrD). Mice challenged with VEEV TrD showed 100% and 90% protection from lethal disease when treated at 24 and 48 h post-infection, respectively. We also measured 90% protection for BDGR-4 in mice challenged with Eastern equine encephalitis virus. In additional assessments of BDGR-4 in mice alone, we observed no appreciable toxicity as evaluated by clinical chemistry indicators up to a dose of 25 mg/kg/day over 4 days. In these same mice, we observed no induction of interferon. Lastly, the resistance of VEEV to BDGR-4 was evaluated by next-generation sequencing which revealed specific mutations in nsP4, the viral polymerase.
Maternal BMI Change Linked to Child Activity Change in Family-Based Behavioral Interventions for Pediatric Weight Management

Abstract Background: This study investigated whether change in maternal BMI was associated with change in child's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and prolonged sedentary time during t...
Comparative effectiveness of opioid replacement agents for neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

To compare short-term treatment outcomes of opioid pharmacotherapy for neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception through September 30, 2018. Primary outcome was treatment duration (LOT). Secondary outcomes included hospitalization duration (LOS) and rate of adjunct drug needed (RAD). Of 753 publications, 11 studies met inclusion criteria. There was no difference in LOT (WMD −1.39 [−5.79 to –3.01] days, I2 82%) or LOS (WMD −1.48 [−5.75 to –2.79] days, I2 92%) between morphine and methadone. RAD with morphine was higher (RR 1.51 [1.35–1.69], I2 0%). Buprenorphine was associated with shorter LOT (WMD 7.70 [0.88–14.53] days, I2 76%) and LOS (WMD 5.61 [−0.01 to –11.24] days, I2 60%) compared with morphine, in addition to methadone according to two cohort studies. Methadone had superior primary treatment success compared with morphine. Buprenorphine was associated with the shortest overall durations of treatment and hospitalization.
Acute toxicity effect of cypermethrin on common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to assess the acute effect of cypermethrin on common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Evaluation of toxicity effects of cypermethrin on carp was performed on based assessment of hematological profile, antioxidant and oxidative biomarkers and histopathology. METHODS For testing of toxicity was used the commercial product Cyperkill 25 EC - CY, which contains 250 g.L-1 of cypermethrin. Carp were exposed to two concentrations (1CY - 4.57 µg.L-1 and 2CY - 45.7 µg.L-1) of CY and a control for 96 hours. RESULTS Significant reduction (p<0.05) in leukocyte count were in fish exposed to concentration 45.7 µg.L-1 (2CY). The both exposure of CY lead to significant differences (p<0.01) in antioxidants biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione and glutathione S-transferase) and in lipid peroxidation in carp tissues. Many of these changes were observed in liver, gills, muscle, intestine, brain and kidney. Additionally, exposure to CY caused many histological changes in gills, liver and caudal kidney. CONCLUSION Exposure to CY caused hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes in carp. This study provides and complements other important results for evaluating the toxicity effect of pyrethroids on fish.
Silent Data Access Protocol for NVRAM + RDMA Distributed Storage

Recent advances in hardware technologies raise new opportunities for architecting storage systems to exploit emerging NVRAM memory devices, fast remote-memory RDMA networking, and large numbers of processor cores. In this paper, we present Telepathy, a novel data access protocol for a distributed key-value storage system constructed around NVRAM and RDMA. Telepathy supports replicated data storage for fault tolerance and guarantees strong consistency while supporting high-volume concurrent read/write access from multiple client nodes. Our read protocol can perform largely silent consistent reads from any of the replica nodes holding an object, while our write protocol exploits remote atomic and non-volatile buffers to silently perform write contention resolution. Our experiments on an RDMA-enabled cluster using YCSB benchmarks show that Telepathy can achieve microsecond-range reads and writes with small tail latencies, GB-range data access bandwidth with small CPU utilization, and data consistency guarantees.
Focused Changes in Opioid Prescribing Yield Far-reaching Benefits Through Culture Change and Attention to Opioid Minimization.

OBJECTIVE Standardization of prescriptions after specific procedures (laparoscopic appendectomy, cholecystectomy, inguinal/umbilical hernia repair) significantly reduces opioid prescriptions for these targeted procedures. We sought to determine the impact of increased attention to responsible opioid prescribing in the absence of protocolization. DESIGN Prescription practices of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomies and Roux-en-y Gastric Bypasses at a tertiary medical center (October 1, 2016-September 30, 2018) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were grouped into whether surgical intervention took place before or after institution of an unrelated opioid protocol in November 2017. Patients with chronic opioid use or extended hospital stay (>4 days) were excluded. Discharge prescriptions, oral morphine equivalents (OME), and need for repeat prescriptions were compared. SETTING This study was set at Madigan Army Medical Center in Tacoma, Washington. PARTICIPANTS All general surgery residents engaged in clinical duties at our institution during the dates of the study were included. RESULTS Study population included 187 patients, with 91 patients undergoing surgery prior to the protocol and 88 post-protocol. Preprotocol patients were provided an average of 413 OME (SD 103) and 5.5% required repeat opioid prescriptions within 3 months of surgery. The most common opioid prescription was 300 mL of oxycodone elixir (450 OME, 88%). Postprotocol, opioid prescriptions fell 61% to an average of 161 OME (SD 71, p < 0.001). Repeat opioid requirements remained statistically unchanged (8.0%, p = 0.562). The most common opioid prescription postprotocol included 20 oxycodone tablets (150 OME, 76%). CONCLUSIONS Opioid reduction efforts reap benefits beyond those procedures specifically targeted. Focus on responsible opioid prescribing through standardization, even when limited to certain procedures, may result in a hospital culture change with global opioid prescription reduction.
Technical Note: 4D robust optimization in small spot intensity‑modulated proton therapy (IMPT) for distal esophageal carcinoma

Purpose To compare the dosimetric performances of small-spot three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) robustly optimized intensity-modulated proton (IMPT) plans in the presence of uncertainties and interplay effect simultaneously for distal esophageal carcinoma. Method and materials Thirteen (13) patients were selected and re-planned with small-spot ( σ ~ 2-6 mm) 3D and 4D robust optimization in IMPT, respectively. The internal clinical target volumes (CTVhigh3d , CTVlow3d ) were used in 3D robust optimization. Different CTVs (CTVhigh4d , CTVlow4d ) were generated by subtracting an inner margin of the motion amplitudes in three cardinal directions from the internal CTVs and used in 4D robust optimization. All patients were prescribed the same dose to CTVs (50 Gy[RBE] for CTVhigh3d /CTVhigh4d and 45 Gy[RBE] for CTVlow3d /CTVlow4d ). Dose-volume histogram (DVH) indices were calculated to assess plan quality. Comprehensive plan robustness evaluations that consisted of 300 perturbed scenarios (10 different motion patterns to consider irregular motion (sampled from a Gaussian distribution) and 30 different uncertainties scenarios (sampled from a 4D uniform distribution) combined), were performed to quantify robustness to uncertainties and interplay effect simultaneously. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for statistical analysis. Results Compared to 3D robustly optimized plans, 4D robustly optimized plans had statistically improved target coverage and better sparing of lungs and heart (heart Dmean , P = 0.001; heart V30Gy[RBE] , P = 0.001) in the nominal scenario. 4D robustly optimized plans had better robustness in target dose coverage (CTVhigh4d V100% , P = 0.002) and the protection of lungs and heart (heart Dmean , P = 0.001; heart V30Gy[RBE] , P = 0.001) when uncertainties and interplay effect were considered simultaneously. Conclusions Even with small spots in IMPT, 4D robust optimization outperformed 3D robust optimization in terms of normal tissue protection and robustness to uncertainties and interplay effect simultaneously. Our findings support the use of 4D robust optimization to treat distal esophageal carcinoma with small spots in IMPT.
A Snapshot of Financial Aid Practice during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic had a far-reaching impact on community colleges. When many campuses closed, students lost the academic and other resources available to them, including financial aid offices. ...
AS IN LIFE, SO IN DEATH: EMPLOYEE VALUES AND CONTENT PRESERVATION DURING PLATFORM CLOSURE

Despite dominant cultural narratives about platform vitality, whether their immense global penetration or companies’ overwhelming political and economic power, platform history is marked by shutdown and failure. Companies and sites shutter with an understated regularity. As they go, they often delete large swaths of user content, with consequences for the memory practices of both individuals and communities. In turn, this paper examines the ethical approaches that platform employees bring to the process of platform shutdown and user content deletion. This phenomenon is analyzed using 52 interviews with employees from now-shuttered platforms. Drawing on literature on values in technology, technological breakdown and decline, as well as from critical approaches to the study of platforms, this paper articulates the ways that platform employees understand the ethics of social media data deletion, and how these ethics come to shape what remains of these platforms after they close.
Open Resource Allocation for Mobile Code

Mobile code technology leads to a new type of “open systems”: instead of applying openness to a standardization process we now require the running systems to become open for foreign code. The question then is how far this technical openness can go for mobile code. The less constraints we impose on hosts running mobile code, the more can the benefits of mobile code be exploited. However, there must necessarily be basic constraints regarding the utilization of resources which are always finite and most of the time will be operated near the saturation point. In this paper we argue in favor of openness even at the level of resource allocation. We link this topic to (open) market models, describe the mechanisms we developed so far for communication messengers and show how they are used to allocate resources in an open way. Finally we present experimental results of validation runs which help us testing these mechanisms.
H. J. Habing and H. J. G. L. M. Lamers (eds.), Planetary Nebulae, IAU Symposium 180

Planetary nebulae result from the late evolution of stars that are not massive enough to produce supernovae, instead ending their lives as white dwarfs. This volume contains the proceedings of a conference that took place in Leiden on 25–30 August 1996, the latest of an ongoing series held at four to five year intervals to discuss the progress in understanding all phases of these fascinating objects. The emphasis is on progress since the last meeting (July 1992), so familiarity with their basic properties is assumed. Roughly half of the volume is devoted to reviews. The remainder consists of abstracts (usually no more than one page) of contributed papers, probably most useful as aids in searching for papers now published in refereed journals. There has been great progress, especially in observations, including better images; much better spectra of the central stars and nebulae themselves; better studies of planetary nebulae in extragalactic systems. There have been excellent numerical calculations of nebular dynamics. The basic physical processes are probably rather well understood, but there are still major problems with the distances, in spite of a huge amount of work on the subject, and questions such as the origin of the spatial asymmetries. I recommend the volume to those who are seriously interested in these objects.
Erythrocytic Nucleoside Diphosphokinase III. STUDIES WITH FREE AND PHOSPHORYLATED ENZYME AND EVIDENCE FOR AN ESSENTIAL THIOL GROUP

Abstract Continuing studies with erythrocytic nucleoside diphosphokinase suggest that enzyme preparations of specific activity of 100 µM units per mg of protein are near homogeneity, and that the molecular weight of the enzyme is approximately 100,000. Evidence is presented which confirms previous findings that the enzyme becomes phosphorylated by reaction with adenosine triphosphate. The occurrence of one or more essential thiol group(s) in the region of the catalytic site(s) is noted. Inactivation of the thiol(s) may be prevented by the presence of a nucleotide substrate or inhibitor. Nucleoside diphosphokinase inactivated by reaction with mercuribenzoate may be reactivated by incubation with the thiol reagent, dithiothreitol. Erythrocytic nucleoside diphosphokinase catalyzes exchange between ADP and ATP, but not between orthophosphate and ATP.
Public displays of affection: Mothers, children, and requests for junk food

AbstractIncreased consumption of nutrient-poor, high-calorie snack foods is a major contributor to childhood obesity. As mothers play a crucial role in children's food intake, investigating factors that affect their child-feeding decisions is vital in framing a response to the problem. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-one mothers regarding junk food requests from children and the strategies they employed for managing these. Analysis revealed twenty variables that affected decision-making. These were utilized in a survey of fifty additional mothers aimed at measuring the relative importance of each factor on child-feeding decisions. Results highlight social and symbolic aspects of eating, as well as structural influences on mother–child interactions, particularly the demonstration of caring through feeding socially valued “junk,” tension between mother and worker roles, and the influence of peers on child-feeding. Nutritional concerns were rarely central to mothers' calculations, sugge...
Complexity classification of truth maintenance systems

Truth Maintenance (TM) has been an active area of AI research in recent years. This paper addresses the computational foundations of TM and presents the classification of the computational complexity of the basic existing types of Truth Maintenance Systems (TMS's). Our results include the proof of Σ 2 p -completeness of the Clause Maintenance System's computation task. This is the first problem in artificial intelligence proved to be Σ 2 p -complete. It is likely to provide a basis for reductions proving Σ 2 p -completeness of other problems in logic and AI. As part of the proof we prove the Σ 2 p -completeness of the Generalized Node Deletion Problem, one of the first natural graph problems to be complete for any intermediate slot of the polynomial hierarchy. We also prove the equivalence of Boolean Constraint Propagation-based approaches (LTMS's) and the justification-based approaches (JTMS's) to TM.