cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Mass Defect of Helium

If one assumes that the potential energy between protons and neutrons has the shape of a simple potential hole, it is possible from the experimental value of the mass defect of the ${\mathrm{H}}^{2}$, to derive a connection between the mean width and the depth of this curve. This connection proves to be, to a large extent, independent of the finer details of the potential curve. By assuming a certain probable value, obtained from scattering experiments, for the width of the potential hole, it is possible to make calculations on the mass defects of other nuclei. Such computations were carried out for He and yield values which are greater than the mass defect of ${\mathrm{H}}^{2}$ by a rather large factor. This agrees with experiment. For the higher elements, the Pauli principle has to be taken into account and the structure of higher nuclei is discussed on this basis.
CProb: A Computational Tool for Conducting Conditional Probability Analysis

Conditional probability is the probability of observing one event given that another event has occurred. In an environmental context, conditional probability helps to assess the association between an environmental contaminant (i.e., the stressor) and the ecological condition of a resource (i.e., the response). These analyses, when combined with controlled experiments and other methodologies, show great promise in evaluating ecological conditions from observational data and in defining water quality and other environmental criteria. Current applications of conditional probability analysis (CPA) are largely done via scripts or cumbersome spreadsheet routines, which may prove daunting to end-users and do not provide access to the underlying scripts. Combining spreadsheets with scripts eases computation through a familiar interface (i.e., Microsoft Excel) and creates a transparent process through full accessibility to the scripts. With this in mind, we developed a software application, CProb, as an Add-in for Microsoft Excel with R, R(D)com Server, and Visual Basic for Applications. CProb calculates and plots scatterplots, empirical cumulative distribution functions, and conditional probability. In this short communication, we describe CPA, our motivation for developing a CPA tool, and our implementation of CPA as a Microsoft Excel Add-in. Further, we illustrate the use of our software with two examples: a water quality example and a landscape example. CProb is freely available for download at http://www.epa.gov/emap/nca/html/regions/cprob.
Appropriateness measurement: Review, critique and validating studies

The test-taking behaviour of some examinees may be so unusual that their test scores cannot be regarded as appropriate measures of their ability. Appropriateness measurement is a model-based approach to the problem of identifying these test scores. The intuitions and basic theory supporting appropriateness measurement are presented together with a critical review of earlier work and a series of interrelated experiments. We conclude that appropriateness measurement techniques are robust to errors in parameter estimation and robust to the presence of unidentified aberrant examinees in the test norming sample. In addition, the frequently criticized ‘three-parameter logistic’ latent trait model was found to be adequate for the detection of spuriously low scores in actual test data.
Lysis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Via Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity

• We have developed a system in which antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can be consistently demonstrated against squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. Serum samples from patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV) provided antibodies for ADCC. The effector cells were lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of healthy human donors. The SCC cell lines served as targets. Lysis of SCC, as measured by51Cr release, was significantly enhanced by the presence of serum from patients with PV, but not by healthy human serum. Serum alone produced no target cell killing. Nonepithelial cell lines were not affected by the presence of PV antibodies. The results demonstrate that SCC is susceptible to ADCC. Thus, tumor-specific antibodies may have a role in the treatment of cancer of the head and neck. This system can serve as a positive control for further testing of ADCC against SCC. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg1989;115:669-676)
Simultaneous analysis of methionine- and leucine-enkephalin from rat brain: quantification by liquid chromatography-electrochemistry

This study focuses on the application of liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LC-ED) for the analysis of methionine-enkephalin (ME) and leucine-enkephalin (LE) extracted from rat brain regions. The high applied potentials necessary for enkephalin detection required the development of an efficient sample processing protocol. Brain extracts were processed using chromatographic mode sequencing (CMS). The decrease in electroactive interfering substances by CMS improved the chromatographic resolution of ME and LE and the electrode performance. Other qualitative and analytical methods were used to evaluate the enkephalin data obtained by LC-ED for rat brain regions. This study demonstrates that LC-ED provides both the sensitivity and specificity necessary for the analysis of enkephalins from rat brain regions.
To Make the Connections, You Must See the Pieces

The Curious Feminist. By Cynthia Enloe. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 367 pp., $50.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-520-24235-1), $19.95 paper (ISBN: 0-520-24381-1). Readers familiar with Cynthia Enloe's work know to expect both clarity and new insights from it. Enloe, Research Professor at Clark University, helped create the field of feminist studies in international politics while also contributing to feminist theory and to comparative politics more generally. The Curious Feminist , a collection of essays on “searching for women in a new age of empire,” will not disappoint either new readers or long-term followers of Enloe. A number of these essays have been published previously. Fans of Enloe's work will recognize, for example, such classics as “The Globetrotting Sneaker” and “Sneak Attack: The Militarization of US Culture.” But placed in the context of this volume, which argues for the importance of developing a “feminist curiosity,” even these familiar essays offer new perspectives. Moreover, many of the essays included in The Curious Feminist have either not been published before in the United States or have appeared in journals or collections that may be hard to locate. Altogether, then, this volume is a most welcome addition to the Enloe oeuvre (see especially Enloe 1989, 1993, 2000). Enloe has been arguing for some time that those who wish to understand politics need to develop habits of “curiosity” (see especially Enloe 1993)—that is, a willingness to ask questions about things that might seem to be either natural or obvious. In The Curious Feminist , she takes up this call, exploring the multiple dimensions of what it might mean to develop a “feminist curiosity” as we think about politics in general and international relations in particular. As she demonstrates through the essays in this volume, to develop such a curiosity means (1) taking …
GIS for urban travel demand analysis: Requirements and alternatives

Abstract The analytical aspect of GIS has often been used to distinguish it from other spatial data handling systems. Current GIS development, however, is still short of supporting most spatial analysis and modeling applications. In addition to a general review of GIS and spatial analysis functionality, there is a need to examine the practical requirements of integrating specific modeling applications with GIS. This paper examines such requirements for the urban travel demand models. Alternative strategies of integrating these requirements into a GIS are then discussed.
Surgical Decompression is Associated with Decreased Mortality in Patients with Sepsis and Ureteral Calculi

Purpose: The combination of sepsis and ureteral calculus is a urological emergency. Traditional teaching advocates urgent decompression with nephrostomy tube or ureteral stent placement, although published outcomes validating this treatment are lacking. National practice patterns for such scenarios are currently undefined. Using a retrospective study design, we defined the surgical decompression rate in patients admitted to the hospital with severe infection and ureteral calculi. We determined whether a mortality benefit is associated with this intervention.Materials and Methods: Patient demographics and hospital characteristics were extracted from the 2007 to 2009 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. We identified 1,712 patients with ureteral calculi and sepsis. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the association between mortality and surgical decompression.Results: Of the patients 78% underwent surgical decompression. Mortality was higher in those not treated with surgical decompression ...
GIS-based predictive models of hillslope runoff generation processes.

Successful nonpoint source pollution control using best management practice placement is a com- plex process that requires in-depth knowledge of the locations of runoff source areas in a watershed. Currently, very few simulation tools are capable of identifying critical runoff source areas on hillslopes and those available are not directly applicable under all runoff conditions. In this paper, a comparison of two geographic information system (GIS)-based approaches: a topographic index model and a likelihood indicator model is presented, in pre- dicting likely locations of saturation excess and infiltration excess runoff source areas in a hillslope of the Savoy Experimental Watershed located in northwest Arkansas. Based on intensive data collected from a two-year field study, the spatial distributions of hydrologic variables were processed using GIS software to develop the models. The likelihood indicator model was used to produce probability surfaces that indicated the likelihood of location of both saturation and infiltration excess runoff mechanisms on the hillslope. Overall accuracies of the likelihood indicator model predictions varied between 81 and 87% for the infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff locations respectively. On the basis of accuracy of prediction, the likelihood indicator models were found to be superior (accuracy 81-87%) to the predications made by the topographic index model (accuracy 69.5%). By com- bining statistics with GIS, runoff source areas on a hillslope can be identified by incorporating easily determined hydrologic measurements (such as bulk density, porosity, slope, depth to bed rock, depth to water table) and could serve as a watershed management tool for identifying critical runoff source areas in locations where the topographic index or other similar methods do not provide reliable results. (KEY TERMS: binary logistic regression GIS; hillslope; runoff indicator modeling; saturation excess runoff; infiltration excess runoff; topographic index.)
Materials chemistry: Spot-on healing

Rubbery polymers have been made in which damage is healed by exposure to light. The healing mechanism allows localized, on-demand repair, and might help to extend the lifetimes of materials for many applications. See Letter p.334 Smart materials with an in-built ability to repair damage caused by normal wear and tear could prove useful in a wide range of applications. Most healable polymer-based materials so far developed require heating of the damaged area. But Burnworth et al. have now produced materials — in the form of polymer strands linked through metal complexes — that can be mended through exposure to light. The metal complexes in these materials can absorb ultraviolet light that is then converted into heat, which temporarily unlinks the polymer strands for quick and efficient defect healing. In principle, healing can take place in situ and while under load.
Inverse-Based Local Loop Shaping and IIR-Filter Design For Precision Motion Control

Abstract In motion-control problems such as vibration rejection, periodical reference tracking, and harmonic disturbance cancellation, the disturbances/references share a common characteristic of exhibiting concentrated energies at multiple bands of frequencies. In this paper, we discuss a feedback loop-shaping approach to address such a class of control problem. An integration of (inverse) system models is proposed to bring enhanced high-gain control at the required local frequency regions. We show that such servo enhancement can be effectively achieved if good model information is available at the disturbance frequencies, and that a rich class of design tools can be integrated for the controller formulation. The proposed algorithm is verified in simulation and experiments on vibration rejection in hard disk drives and an electrical power steering system in automotive vehicles.
Disruption of the cyanide hydratase gene in Gloeocercospora sorghi increases its sensitivity to the phytoanticipin cyanide but does not affect its pathogenicity on the cyanogenic plant sorghum.

The release of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from preformed cyanogenic compounds in plants such as sorghum is thought to provide a protective barrier against infection by microorganisms. Gloeocercospora sorghi, a fungal pathogen of sorghum, produces the enzyme cyanide hydratase (CHT) which converts HCN to the less toxic compound formamide. There is considerable prior evidence indicating that this mechanism for detoxifying HCN plays an important role in the pathogenicity of G. sorghi on sorghum. In the present study, the CHT gene was made nonfunctional in G. sorghi through transformation-mediated gene disruption. The transformant lacked CHT activity and no reacting polypeptides were detected with CHT-specific antibodies. This CHT mutant was highly sensitive to HCN, confirming that CHT is an HCN detoxifying mechanism, but it retained virulence on sorghum, causing lesions indistinguishable from those caused by the wild-type strain. This result indicates that G. sorghi does not require CHT for pathogenicity on cyanogenic lines of sorghum and suggests that cyanogenic compounds in plants may serve functions other than providing a mechanism of disease resistance.
International experiences with different monetary policy regimes). Any views expressed in this paper are those of the author only and not those of Columbia University or the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Abstract This paper examines the international experiences with four basic types of monetary policy regimes: (1) exchange-rate targeting, (2) monetary targeting, (3) inflation targeting, and (4) monetary policy with an implicit but not an explicit nominal anchor. The basic theme that emerges from this analysis is that transparency and accountability are crucial to constraining discretionary monetary policy so that it produces desirable long-run outcomes. Because the devil is in the details in achieving transparency and accountability, what strategy will work best in a country depends on its political, cultural and economic institutions, as well as on its past history.
Daily ingestion of immunologic components in human milk during the first four months of life.

. The amounts of lactoferrin, lysozyme, SIgA and SIgA antibodies to E. coli somatic antigens in human milk ingested per day and per kg per day by breast-fed infants were determined during the first four months of life. A gradual decline in the amounts of lactoferrin, SIgA, and SIgA antibodies ingested per day or per kg per day was found, whereas the quantities of lysozyme ingested by the infants rose during that period. These data suggest that the production and secretion of these immunologic factors by the mammary gland may be linked to the ontogeny of the production or catabolism of those components at mucosal tissues of the recipient infant.
Mutations in the SUP-PF-1 locus of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii identify a regulatory domain in the beta-dynein heavy chain

We have characterized a group of regulatory mutations that alter the activity of the outer dynein arms. Three mutations were obtained as suppressors of the paralyzed central pair mutant pf6 (Luck, D.J.L., and G. Piperno. 1989. Cell Movement. pp. 49-60), whereas two others were obtained as suppressors of the central pair mutant pfl6. Recombination analysis and complementation tests indicate that all five mutations are alleles at the SUP-PF-1/ODA4 locus and that each allele can restore motility to radial spoke and central pair defective strains. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with a genomic probe for the beta-dynein heavy chain (DHC) gene confirms that this locus is tightly linked to the beta-DHC gene. Although all five mutant sup-pf-1 alleles alter the activity of the outer dynein arm as assayed by measurements of flagellar motility, only two alleles have a discernable polypeptide defect by SDS-PAGE. We have used photolytic and proteolytic cleavage procedures to localize the polypeptide defect to an approximately 100-kD domain downstream from the last putative nucleotide binding site. This region is encoded by approximately 5 kb of genomic DNA (Mitchell, D.R., and K. Brown. 1994. J. Cell Sci. 107:653-644). PCR amplification of wild-type and mutant DNA across this region identified one PCR product that was consistently smaller in the sup-pf-1 DNA. Direct DNA sequencing of the PCR products revealed that two of the sup-pf-1 mutations are distinct, in-frame deletions. These deletions occur within a region that is predicted to encode a small alpha-helical coiled-coil domain of the beta-DHC. This domain may play a role in protein-protein interactions within the outer dynein arm. Since both the size and location of this domain have been conserved in all axonemal and cytoplasmic DHCs sequenced to date, it presumably performs a common function in all dynein isoforms.
The Reduction of Certain Control Problems to an “Ordinary Differential” Type

Reduction of nonstandard problems in mathematical control theory by transformation into equivalent ordinary differential form
Electrokinetic conversion in a fluid-saturated porous rock sample

The energy conversion was discovered in a fluid-filled porous formation. When seismic waves propagate through a fluid-saturated porous formation, a relative flow of the pore fluid to the solid matrix can be generated. The streaming electric current induces electromagnetic wave in the formation. There is an opposite phenomenon, i.e. the conversion of electric energy into acoustic energy in the porous formation. The electroseismics in porous sandstone samples is investigated by ultrasonic experiments in the authors` laboratory. The acoustic waves with water-saturated samples and the excited electric signals on the rock surfaces are measured by an electrode on its surface. The relationship between the electric potential and acoustic wave for the conductivity of water-saturated rocks are compared with those of dry rocks. The electroseismic conversion in rock samples is also investigated. Electroseismics could be an effective means for estimating the fluid-saturated porous formation.
Preconditioned iterative methods for convection diffusion and related boundary value problems

We develop and analyze preconditioners for the iterative solution of the system of equations arising from the discretization of multi-dimensional singularity perturbed boundary value problems. This includes a class of convection diffusion models. The choice of preconditioner is crucial for the efficient solution of the system of equations. In particular, it is necessary to choose a preconditioner that substantially reduces the condition number κ both for small grid size h and for large values of the parameter K multiplying the convection terms. A class of preconditioners is analyzed that is inexpensive to implement and for which κ = 0(1) as h→0 and κ = (1 + K12) as K → ∞ for some convection diffusion problems with positive definite symmetric part. This result is then used to develop an algorithm with work estimate 0(1 + K12as K → ∞ for a more general class of convection diffusion problems including those with indefinite symmetric part. Numerical experiments using a symmetric multigrid preconditioner demonstrate the effectiveness of the numerical method even for large problems.
Optic nerve head infiltration in acute leukemia in children: an indication for emergency optic nerve radiation therapy

Two pediatric patients with acute leukemia who developed optic nerve head leukemic infiltration are presented. In one patient both eyes were involved at diagnosis as well as her central nervous system. Despite systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy she lost her vision within a few weeks. Cranial irradiation at that point could not reverse this outcome. In the second patient optic nerve head infiltration was found a few months after diagnosis, treated promptly with cranial irradiation and her vision was saved. Her central nervous system (CNS) was not involved at any time. It is stressed that ocular complaints including eye pain or blurred vision in the pediatric patient with leukemia should be investigated without delay by an ophthalmologist. In the young child these complaints may be absent and change in the visual behavior should then alert the pediatric oncologist for possible ocular problems. If optic nerve head leukemic infiltration is diagnosed and promptly treated with emergency radiation, vision can be salvaged.
Relationship between ability‐paired interactions and the development of fifth graders' concepts of balance

This study describes the effects of ability-paired student interactions on achievement as fifth graders (10-year-olds) worked on laboratory activities relating to balance. Achievement gains were assessed (n = 83) by analysis of pretest–posttest differences on the lever concept test. Audio recordings and field notes (n = 30) were analyzed for the following laboratory behaviors: number of words spoken, tinkering, block moving, turns speaking, incidence of helping and distracting behavior. Results revealed that: (1) low-ability student achievement is greater when students are paired with high-ability partners; (2) low-ability students speak more words, exhibit less distracting behavior, and move blocks on the lever less when they are paired with a partner of high ability; (3) high-ability students speak more words, take more turns speaking, and exhibit more helping behaviors when they are paired with low-ability students rather than with other high ability students; and (4) there are no achievement differences for high-ability students regardless of the ability level of their partner. These findings suggest that heterogeneous grouping of students in science can be beneficial to low-ability students partnered with high-ability students, without being detrimental to the high-ability partners.
Chemical Modification-Assisted Bisulfite Sequencing (CAB-Seq) for 5-Carboxylcytosine Detection in DNA

5-Methylcytosine (5mC) in DNA can be oxidized stepwise to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) by the TET family proteins. Thymine DNA glycosylase can further remove 5fC and 5caC, connecting 5mC oxidation with active DNA demethylation. Here, we present a chemical modification-assisted bisulfite sequencing (CAB-Seq) that can detect 5caC with single-base resolution in DNA. We optimized 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)-catalyzed amide bond formation between the carboxyl group of 5caC and a primary amine group. We found that the modified 5caC can survive the bisulfite treatment without deamination. Therefore, this chemical labeling coupled with bisulfite treatment provides a base-resolution detection and sequencing method for 5caC.
Corporate social responsibility in host countries: a perspective from American managers

This paper examines the beliefs of 56 US-based senior international business executives regarding the importance of multinational corporations' involvement in the improvement of host countries' human rights, poverty, education, health care and environment. The results of this pilot study suggest that all five areas are considered important, with the environmental responsibilities of MNCs being perceived as the most important of these five areas. Little significant difference was found with regards to the executives' views of importance based on either their having lived overseas or based on the international component of their current job activity, with one exception: those executives with more than 50% of their job involving international activities believed that MNCs had a significantly greater environmental responsibility in host countries than did those with less job-related international activity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Can't sing, can't act, can dance a little: (on choosing the right dancing partners)

The title of my talk comes from a Hollywood executive's comments on Fred Astaire's screen test. Much later, Katherine Hepburn remarking on Fred's eventual success with his most frequent partner said, "Fred gave Ginger [Rogers] class, and Ginger gave Fred sex [appeal]". I was surprised and delighted to win this award, and it started me thinking about how I got to where I am today. In my talk, I'll look back at 36 years of learning and teaching programming, and reflect on my many "dancing" partners. Some were around for a short time, some I dance with still, and some I dance with only in my dreams. In some cases, I led; in other cases I followed. Some dances were as graceful as a waltz, while others were more like an apache dance. During this talk I'll find some time to discuss "a view from the trenches" of four decades of teaching introductory programming, and if I can muster the courage, speculate on the future.
Knowing food and growing food: Beyond the production–consumption debate in the sociology of agriculture

What does the rise of organic food as a social phenomenon mean politically? What political impact does this form of consumption have on society? Is it a small and unimportant “blip” in the overall march of globalized, industrialized food and rationalized consumption systems. Is it even, perhaps, complicit in this process? Or is it a radical break ? The array of answers to these questions forms the “production–consumption debate” currently taking place in the examination of agro–food systems. If agro–food networks are conceptualized as interactive, socio–ecological metabolic circuits linking agricultural nature, social labor, the corporeal and the symbolic, then this paper argues that analytical concern in agrofood studies has focused overwhelmingly on the production ‘moment’ in these circuits. Despite the lessons of numerous ‘food scares’, anti–GMO movements and the mad cow disease pandemic, an asymmetry now holds sway in agro–food studies between production and consumption even though in other fields, as Jackson (1999) notes, consumption has been “duly acknowledged” (p. 95). As this asymmetry is addressed, a contemporary reformulation of the ‘agrarian question’ might investigate the potential for new forms of progressive food politics, ranging from ‘weak’ struggles over the modes of social orderings, such as knowledge systems, to more formal alliances between producers and consumers
Multiscale assessment of methylarsenic reactivity in soil. 2. Distribution and speciation in soil.

Methylated forms of arsenic (As), monomethylarsenate (MMA) and dimethylarsenate (DMA), have historically been used as herbicides and pesticides. Because of their large application to agriculture fields and the toxicity of MMA and DMA, the distribution, speciation, and sorption of methylated As to soils requires investigation. Monomethylarsenate and DMA were reacted with a soil up to one year under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Microsynchrotron based X-ray fluorescence ({mu}-SXRF) mapping studies showed that MMA and DMA were heterogeneously distributed in the soil and were mainly associated with iron oxyhydroxides, e.g., goethite, in the soil. Micro-X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra collected from As hotspots showed MMA and DMA were demethylated to arsenate over one year incubation under aerobic conditions. Monomethylarsenate was methylated to DMA, and DMA was maintained as DMA over a 3 month incubation under anaerobic conditions. Arsenic-iron precipitation, such as the formation of scorodite (FeAsO{sub 4} {center_dot} 2H{sub 2}O), was not observed, indicating that MMA and DMA were mainly associated with Fe-oxyhydroxides as sorption complexes.
An exploratory study of the miscarriage experience.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to begin to specify the significance attached to the miscarriage experience, and to determine how this significance related to subsequent decisions and actions. Two white, middle‐class, married women were subjects. Both had experienced a miscarriage within the previous year. One subject was a primigravida. The other was a multigravida who had experienced a miscarriage with her first pregnancy and again with her most recent pregnancy. All three miscarriage experiences were studied. Subjects were interviewed twice using an open‐ended, subject‐oriented interview technique. The miscarriage experience was described by subjects in the first interview and was clarified and expanded upon in the second interview. Interviews lasted approximately one and one‐half hours and were audiotape recorded. Verbatim transcripts of interviews served as the data for analysis. Dougherty's Model of Cognitive Representation served as the theoretical basis of the study. The analysis process...
Planetary science: The Solar System's extended shelf life.

Simulations show that orbital chaos can lead to collisions between Earth and the inner planets. But Einstein's tweaks to Newton's theory of gravity render these ruinous outcomes unlikely in the next few billion years.
Toxic interaction of fumonisin B1 and fusaric acid measured by injection into fertile chicken egg

Toxic interactions of fusaric acid and fumonisin B1, two mycotoxins produced byFusarium moniliforme, were studied in the chicken embryo. The yolk sacs of fertile White Leghorn eggs were injected before incubation with separate and combined solutions of either fusaric acid and or fumonisin B1. The toxins were administered in either a sterile 10 mM buffered phosphate solution, pH 6.90, which produced a final pH of 6.6 ± 0.2, or sterile distilled water. Toxicity was based on absence of egg pip at the end of the 21-day incubation period. Toxins administered in the phosphate buffer solution were more toxic than those administered in distilled water. When both toxins were combined in equal concentrations and injected into eggs, increased toxicity resulted. Fusaric acid was shown to be a mild toxin to the eggs and when a relatively nontoxic concentration of it was combined with graded doses of fumonisin B1, a synergistic toxic response was obtained. Fusaric acid is only moderately toxic to the chicken egg, however its co-occurrence with other fusaria toxins found on corn and other cereals might present possible antagonisms or synergisms. The results of this egg model suggest that fusaric acid might play a role in enhanced and unpredicted toxicity in mammalian systems if it is consumed with other mycotoxins.
Universal nonsingular controls

Abstract In this note we prove that, for analytical systems satisfying the strong accessibility rank condition, generic inputs produce trajectories along which the linearized system is controllable. Applications to the steering of systems without drift are briefly mentioned.
The Dacha Debate: Household Agriculture and Labor Markets in Post-Socialist Russia*

The paper examines the relationship among household agriculture, wages and household structure using panel data on urban households from 1994-2003. Experts using cross-sectional data differ on whether Russian "dachas" or garden houses are a survival strategy that households use in times of economic difficulty or a hobby of the more affluent. This analysis uses time-series data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (ALMS) to assess the effect of household status on the likelihood of participation in agriculture in subsequent years. These data show that households turn to gardening after the onset of economic uncertainty. Estimates of the value of the harvest from dacha gardens suggest that they are profitable and that households make economic calculations. Finally, the regional labor-market participation rate is modeled as a function of garden land to show that where gardens are more prevalent, labor markets allocate a smaller fraction of the working-age population.
Optical imaging of fibrin deposition to elucidate participation of mast cells in foreign body responses.

Mast cell activation has been shown to be an initiator and a key determinant of foreign body reactions. However, there is no non-invasive method that can quantify the degree of implant-associated mast cell activation. Taking advantage of the fact that fibrin deposition is a hallmark of mast cell activation around biomaterial implants, a near infrared probe was fabricated to have high affinity to fibrin. Subsequent in vitro testing confirmed that this probe has high affinity to fibrin. Using a subcutaneous particle implantation model, we found significant accumulation of fibrin-affinity probes at the implant sites as early as 15 min following particle implantation. The accumulation of fibrin-affinity probes at the implantation sites could also be substantially reduced if anti-coagulant – heparin was administered at the implant sites. Further studies have shown that subcutaneous administration of mast cell activator – compound 48/80 – prompted the accumulation of fibrin-affinity probes. However, implant-associated fibrin-affinity probe accumulation was substantially reduced in mice with mast cell deficiency. The results show that our fibrin-affinity probes may serve as a powerful tool to monitor and measure the extent of biomaterial-mediated fibrin deposition and mast cell activation in vivo.
Squaring units and a comparison with multipliers

Power is becoming a precious resource in modern VLSI design, even more so than area. With large number of applications requiring support of functional units like squares, cubes and other higher order units, it becomes imperative that such functions be implemented in hardware. Implementing those functions using existing general-purpose multipliers in a design may be economical in terms of area but requires more power consumption than is necessary. We propose to use dedicated squaring units to perform squares. We study the tradeoffs of using a dedicated squaring unit compared with a general-purpose multiplier designed with Radix-4 Modified Booth encoding scheme. We compare area and power requirements for different widths. We are able to reduce power consumed per computation by more than 50% with this approach. Moreover, when an application demands a large number of squaring operations compared to multiplies, there is a strong case for using multiple squaring units for performing multiplication.
ATTEMPTS TO EXPAND AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS THROUGH UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT ACTION

The historical rise in importance of United States agricultural exports, and the attempts of government to maintain or expand them, are the main concern of this article. The development of this setting is intended to assist in explaining the present large scale actions used to promote exports through subsidies, special sales, and barter arrangements.
Three-Dimensional Stabilized Finite Elements for Compressible Navier–Stokes

In this paper, a stabilized finite-element approach is used in the development of a high-order flow solver for compressible flows. The streamline/upwind Petrov–Galerkin discretization is used for the Navier–Stokes equations, and a fully implicit methodology is used for advancing the solution at each time step. The order of accuracy is assessed for both inviscid and viscous flows using the method of manufactured solutions. For two-dimensional flow, a mesh-curving strategy is discussed that allows high-aspect-ratio curved elements in viscous flow regions. In addition, the effects of curved elements are evaluated in two dimensions using the method of manufacture solutions. Finally, test cases are presented in two and three dimensions and compared with well-established results and/or experimental data.
Perception of emotional intonation by brain-damaged adults: the influence of task processing levels.

This research examined perception of moods from the tone-of-voice of semantically neutral phrases following unilateral cerebrovascular accident. It was hypothesized that right hemisphere damage (RH...
Growth and tissue abnormalities in young people with cyanotic congenital heart disease receiving systemic-pulmonary artery shunts.

Abstract The effects of systemic-pulmonary artery shunts on growth, body composition, and adipose tissue were studied in 29 children, aged 2 to 16 years, with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Of these, 16 received surgical shunts and 13 were unoperated. Postoperatively, all patients who received shunts were better oxygenated (systemic oxygen saturation 69 ±11% preoperatively and 84 ± 4% postoperatively; mean ± standard error of the mean) and were symptomatically improved. However, the groups were not significantly different in height, weight, lean body mass, total body fat, lean fat ratio, cellular lipid content, or total number of lipid-con-taining fat cells. Age at operation did not seem to influence the effects of surgery. These observations suggest that growth and certain measurements of tissue development were unaffected by surgical systemic-pulmonary artery shunts despite increased oxygenation and symptomatic improvement after operation.
Medicare Part D: opportunities and challenges for pharmacy.

Presented by Mark B. McClellan, MD, PhD, administrator of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid (CMS), at APhA2005, the association’s Annual Meeting & Exposition, Opening General Session, April 2, 2005. Thank you, Dr. John Gans, for that introduction. It’s a pleasure to be here with all of you. I also want to take a minute to thank a few other people who have worked closely with CMS staff over the past year, in particular: Susan Winckler, Kristina Lunner, and Susan Bishop who helped tremendously as we finalized the drug benefit regulation, and Mitch Rothholz who has worked closely with CMS’ Dallas region and central office on immunization issues. Our organizations are working together in so many ways now. And I particularly want to thank all of you, America’s pharmacists who are gathered here as part of APhA, for your work on the front lines of getting better and more affordable drugs to America’s seniors. Your work educating beneficiaries made pharmacists the number one source of enrollment for the more than 6 and a half million beneficiaries in the Medicare drug discount card—a number that continues to grow steadily. And while this transitional program has helped millions of our most vulnerable beneficiaries save billions on the medications they need, we can provide far more help if we can keep working together. Over the next nine months, we need to make sure seniors are aware of Medicare’s new drug coverage and then, in 2006 and beyond, that they get the best possible help in using that coverage. As with the drug card, we know how important—how essential—you all are to this critical public health goal.
National Cancer Data Base survey of breast cancer management for patients from low income zip codes.

BACKGROUND The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), a joint project of the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society, is a cancer management and outcomes data base for health care organizations. It provides a comparative summary of patient care that is used by participating hospitals and communities for self-assessment. The most current (1995–1996) breast cancer data on patients from low income zip codes are described here. METHODS Since 1989, eight Calls for Data have been issued, yielding a total of 191,714 reports of non-Hispanic white patients with breast cancer for the years analyzed, 1995–1996. A total of 1961 hospital cancer registries have participated in at least one of the Calls for Data. RESULTS A diverse range of breast cancer cases was reported from a variety of geographic locations and medical care environments. There were general similarities in the treatment of patients from the different income groups; however, some differences were reported. Among patients from lower income zip codes, 60.7% were age 60 years or older, compared with 55.1% from other income zip code groups. The AJCC stage distribution was reported as less favorable for patients from low income zip codes than for other patients. The percentage of patients from low income zip codes diagnosed as Stage 0 or I was 51.2%, compared with 55.9% of patients from the other income zip codes. Of patients from lower income zip codes, 12.1% were reported to have Stage III or IV disease, compared with 10.0% of patients from other income zip codes. Patients from low income zip codes received less tissue-sparing surgery. Of patients from low income zip codes, 14.9% received partial mastectomy with or without radiation or systemic therapy, compared with 18.3% of patients from other income zip codes. The percentage of patients from low income zip codes who received a partial mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection was 23.3% for patients from other income zip codes, the percentage was 30.5%. Conversely, 49.8% of patients from lower income zip codes received a modified radical mastectomy, compared with 40.5% of patients from other income zip codes. CONCLUSIONS Further improvements in the early diagnosis and surgical treatment of low income patients can probably be achieved. Programmatic activities that further explain or reduce the apparent nonpreferred treatment of some low income patients should be encouraged. Cancer 2000;88:933–45. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Rats’ learning of a new motor skill: Insight into the evolution of motor sequence learning

Recent behavioral and neural evidence has suggested that ethologically relevant sub-movements (movement primitives) are used by primates for more complex motor skill learning. These primitives include extending the hand, grasping an object, and holding food while moving it toward the mouth. In prior experiments with rats performing a reach-to-grasp-food task, we observed that especially during early task learning, rats appeared to have movement primitives similar to those seen in primates. Unlike primates, however, during task learning the rats performed these sub-movements in a disordered manner not seen in humans or macaques, e.g. with the rat chewing before placing the food pellet in its mouth. Here, in two experiments, we tested the hypothesis that for rats, learning this ecologically relevant skill involved learning to concatenate the sub-movements in the correct order. The results confirmed our initial observations, and suggested that several aspects of forepaw/hand use, taken for granted in primate studies, must be learned by rats to perform a logically connected and seemingly ecologically important series of sub-movements. We discuss our results from a comparative and evolutionary perspective.
Site-directed mutagenesis of the spinach acyl carrier protein-I prosthetic group attachment site.

Site-directed mutagenesis was used to change the phosphopantetheine attachment site (Ser38) of spinach acyl carrier protein I (ACP-I) from a serine to a threonine or cysteine residue. 1 Although the native ACP-I is fully phosphopantethenylated when expressed in Escherichia coli, the THACP-I and CY-ACP-I mutants were found to be completely devoid of the phosphopantetheine group. Therefore, the E. coli holoACP synthase requires serine for in vivo phosphopantetheine addition to spinach ACP-I. 2 Spinach holoACP-synthase was completely inactive in vitro with either the TH-ACP-I or CY-ACP-I mutants. In addition, TH-ACP-I and CY-ACP-I were strong inhibitors of spinach holoACP synthase. 3 The mutant ACPs were weak or ineffective as inhibitors of spinach fatty acid synthesis and spinach oleoyl-ACP hydrolase. 4 Compared to holoACP-I, the mutant apoACP-I analogs had: (a) altered mobility in SDS and native gel electrophoresis, (b) altered binding to anti-(spinach ACP-I) antibodies and (c) altered isoelectric points. The combined physical, immunological and enzyme inhibition data indicate that attachment of the phosphopantheine prosthetic group alters ACP conformation.
Cosmic-ray transport and interaction with shocks

This paper reviews selected topics in cosmic-ray transport in the heliosphere, as well as recent insights on the interaction of cosmic rays with shocks. Topics include: (a) recent observations suggesting very long inferred scattering mean-free paths of cosmic rays, (b) recent insights into the diffusion of cosmic rays normal to a magnetic field, (c) the physics of super-diffusion and sub-diffusion, and (e) the interaction of cosmic rays with shocks moving through large-scale irregular magnetic fields.
Historical Perspective on the Etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Modern advances in the medical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have greatly alleviated patients’ symptoms. Development of even more effective remedies could be spurred by discovery of the disease’s etiology, but the cause of RA remains poorly understood and may involve a combination of genetic, environmental and stochastic factors. Clues to the etiology of a disease can potentially be obtained from consideration of its evolution during the development of human civilization. From a historical perspective evidence for the existence of RA in various eras and locations has come from analyses of ancient texts, Renaissance artwork and, more recently, post-mortem remains of hundreds of exhumed skeletons. Unfortunately much of this research has lacked the rigor of investigative scientific principles and its findings remain very controversial. Contributions of historical analyses to the development of a cogent etiological theory of RA have been limited to date. From this variety of research methodologies several competing theories concerning the genesis of RA have emerged. One school of thought is that RA is a disease of the modern era and that its pathogenesis is a result of an environmental or genetic stimulus that did not exist in ancient times. A second theory posits that RA existed amongst our ancient ancestors but had never been definitively characterized. Most recently, a hybrid theory has arisen which holds that RA originally developed in indigenous populations in North America and spread to European populations through the travel of persons and/or goods. We have found that most of the literature on the history of RA can be organized into one of three categories according to which theory it supports, which we have named: the Recent Origin, Ancient Origin, and New World to Old World views. Our aims are to analyze this literature with respect to the types and conclusions of the research that has been conducted, to present the major points of evidence and the conclusions that have been drawn, and to trace the evolution of the three historical theories of RA. We combine a comprehensive overview of paintings and paleopathological investigations (the study of ancient diseases through fossilized remains) with consideration of contemporary immunological and genetic studies.