cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Copper(I)-bleomycin: structurally unique complex that mediates oxidative DNA strand scission.

Copper(I)-bleomycin [Cu(I) X BLM] was characterized in detail by 13C and 1H NMR. Unequivocal chemical shift assignments for Cu(I) X BLM and Cu(I) X BLM X CO were made by two-dimensional 1H-13C correlated spectroscopy and by utilizing the observation that Cu(I) X BLM was in rapid equilibrium with Cu(I) and metal-free bleomycin, such that individual resonances in the spectra of BLM and Cu(I) X BLM could be correlated. The binding of Cu(I) by bleomycin involves the beta-aminoalaninamide and pyrimidinyl moieties, and possibly the imidazole, but not N alpha of beta-hydroxyhistidine. Although no DNA strand scission by Cu(II) X BLM could be demonstrated in the absence of dithiothreitol, in the presence of this reducing agent substantial degradation of [3H]DNA was observed, as was strand scission of cccDNA. DNA degradation by Cu(I) X BLM was shown not to depend on contaminating Fe(II) and not to result in the formation of thymine propenal; the probable reason(s) for the lack of observed DNA degradation in earlier studies employing Cu(II) X BLM and dithiothreitol was (were) also identified. DNA strand scission was also noted under anaerobic conditions when Cu(II) X BLM and iodosobenzene were employed. If it is assumed that the mechanism of DNA degradation in this case is the same as that under aerobic conditions (i.e., with Cu(I) X BLM + O2 in the presence of dithiothreitol), then Cu X BLM must be capable of functioning as a monooxygenase in its degradation of DNA.
In from the Periphery: American Women in Science, 1830-1880.

Women engaged in scientific work throughout much of the nineteenth century, but they remained on the periphery of the scientific community. Their efforts to participate in and be recognized by that community were cautious and sometimes circuitous, a product of the social and intellectual climate of the times. Disapproval of women considered "too learned" was only one aspect of Victorian notions about women which inhibited their participation. Socialization as helpmates and lack of independent credibility meant that many women assisted male researchers, and they rarely achieved recognition commensurate with their skills. Moreover, the scientific community itself, in its conscious effort to professionalize, to establish an international reputation, and to raise the status of American science, formed national specialized or honorary associations and established journals that were not receptive to women. As the scientific community became more professional, it limited the acceptance of all who presented themselves or were perceived as amateur-like.' Thus, women doing research and writing remained
Communication between surgeons and patients in routine office visits.

Abstract Background: Research conducted in primary care settings has demonstrated that effective communication enhances patient recall of information, compliance, satisfaction, psychologic well-being, and biomedical outcomes. However, surgeons face communication challenges that are unique to the surgical situation. This study provides the first description of routine communication between community-practicing surgeons and their patients. Methods: Audiotapes of 676 routine office visits with 29 general surgeons and 37 orthopedic surgeons were coded for structure and content. Descriptive analysis of quantitative data is supplemented by illustrative examples of dialog selected to represent typical patterns of communication. Results: The mean visit length was 13 minutes. Surgeons talked more than patients, with typical surgical consultations containing relatively high amounts of patient education and counseling. Consultations had a narrow biomedical focus with little discussion of the psychologic aspects of patient problems. The affective tone of visits was generally positive, with few instances of overt criticism or disagreement by either party. However, surgeons infrequently expressed empathy toward patients, and social conversation was brief. Conclusions: The study underscores the differences in both the content and process of routine surgical visits compared with primary care visits. On the basis of this work, it seems particularly important for surgeons to develop skills that enhance patient education and counseling. Further research is needed to understand the influences of surgeons' communication on patient behavioral, psychologic, and biomedical outcomes. (Surgery 1999;125:127-34.)
Impoliteness recycled: Subject ellipsis in Modern Russian complaint discourse

Abstract (Im)politeness is usually discussed in context of an ongoing discourse situation. In this article, I show that relational work is not limited to a single conversation: specifically, the impact of a face attack can carry over to subsequent conversations. During a face attack, one of the options for the hearer is to remain silent, not defending his/her face ( Culpeper, 1996 :354). This option might be used when the offender is significantly more powerful than the hearer; the power differential sharply restricts the hearer's options for defending face ( Culpeper et al., 2003 :1562; Austin, 1990 :279; Bousfield and Locher, 2008 :8–9). However, in some cases the hearer does not simply accept the damage to his/her face. Unable to confront the offender directly, the offended restores face by complaining to peers and soliciting their commiseration and approval. Using Modern Russian data, I show how an offensive conversation between two interlocutors (usually a mother-in-law and a daughter-in-law) is recycled when the offended later complains at an online support group. The complainer often uses a special construction with subject ellipsis to introduce the reported offensive discourse. By using this construction, the offended retroactively and symbolically attacks the offender, thus repairing damage to face.
Prostate Cancer Screening Trends of New York State Men at Least 50 Years of Age, 1994 to 1997☆

Background. Despite the lack of consensus on prostate cancer screening recommendations, men are being screened at high rates in some states. Our objective was to examine the trends in prostate cancer screening awareness and practices from 1994 through 1997 and the relationship among screening practices and demographic characteristics, perceived risk, and family history of prostate cancer. Methods. Data from the New York State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys and questionnaire modules on prostate cancer screening were used for this study, which excluded men younger than 50 years of age and men with a history of prostate cancer. The questionnaires were administered by random-digit-dialed monthly telephone surveys of the civilian, noninstitutionalized adult population in New York State. Results. A total of 295, 336, 273, and 448 men, the vast majority of whom were white, met the study criteria for 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively. Each year the percentage of men who reported having heard of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test increased (test for trend, P < 0.001). Among those who had heard of the PSA test, the percentage who reported having had a PSA test increased steadily from 1994 to 1997. About 30% of the men in each year's study did not have an impression of their risk of getting prostate cancer. Conclusions. Given the increasing rate at which men are reporting being screened for prostate cancer and given their reported perceived risk levels, perhaps more needs to be done to educate men about screening implications and personal risk for prostate cancer.
Redeeming Love:Rousseau and Eighteenth‐Century Moral Philosophy

This essay employs Jean- Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) as a vehicle to explore love in eighteenth-century French moral philosophy and theological ethics. The relation between love of self and love of God was understood variously and produced contrasting models of the relation between the public and the private. Rousseau, perhaps more than any other figure in the eighteenth century, wrestled with the complex, competing traditions of- love, and in doing so he probed and articulated the tension between and the harmony of life alone and life together. Using as ideal types a set of historical models of private and public vice and virtue, the author describes Rousseau's three contradictory proposals for dealing with the corruption of social institutions and the human heart and discloses their underlying cohesion.
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN INFRARED SPATIAL INTERFEROMETER.

An infrared spatial interferometer has been developed to extend the spatial resolution of astronomical observations beyond the diffraction limits of existing telescopes. It is the first such instrument to measure the angular diameters and shapes of circumstellar shells at wavelengths from 2 to 20 AM. As a result, the angular resolution of routine telescopic observations at 10 µm has been extended from ~1 arcsec to ~0.1 arcsec even though observations are often obtained in ~3 arcsec conditions of atmospheric "seeing."
Detector selection for the WFIRST-AFTA coronagraph integral field spectrograph

The coronagraph instrument in the WFIRST-AFTA mission will allow high contrast imaging of exoplanetary systems with the benefit of a 2.4 meter space telescope. The instrument will feature an integral field spectrograph (IFS) capable of measuring spectra from exoplanets. Since the typical exoplanet target will be dimmer than the host star by a factor of ~1e9, and the dispersion of this light into many spectral channels further suppresses the photon rate, the noise requirements on the detector for this instrument will be very tight. From a performance perspective, many parameters are important, including the read noise, the dark current, and the clock induced charge. At the same time, from a functionality perspective, the unique challenges of the space environment, in particular damage from high energy cosmic rays, need to be assessed and mitigated. In this paper we present our recent work in selecting the detector for the WFIRST-AFTA IFS. We also discuss flight operation considerations and risks associated with these detectors as well as their technology readiness level.
Durability of glass fiber reinforced cement composites

The primary concern for glass fiber reinforced cement composites (GFRC) is the durability of glass fibers in the alkaline environment of cement. Despite the use of improved alkaline-resistant glass fibers (AR-glass) and pozzolanic materials such as silica fume and fly ash, durability concerns still exist. This report presents an experimental investigation on the hot-water durability of glass fiber reinforced cement composites. Hot-water durabilities of AR-glass fiber reinforced composites in blended cement matrix were compared for their flexural and tensile performance. The different matrices selected were (a) cement; (b) cement + 25% metakaolin; and (c) cement + 25% silica fume. Specimens after normal curing of 28 days were immersed in a hot water bath at 50°C for up to 84 days and then tested in flexure and tension. The results indicate that the blended cement consisting of synthetic pozzolan metakaolin significantly improves the durability of GFRC composite.
Assembling Carbon Nanotube Films as Thermal Interface Materials

As the feature size of integrated circuits (ICs) decreases and the IC clock frequency and transistor density per chip increase, the power density increases exponentially. As such, heat generation has become a critical issue in advanced high performance ICs in recent years. The current thermal solutions will soon be inadequate for heat dissipation. New thermal management strategies and high thermal conductivity materials are urgently needed for electronic thermal management within the chip and surrounding packaging. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which are reported to be the most thermally conductive material (>3000 W/K.m), are a promising candidate for thermal management in microelectronics. However, several existing technical barriers have restrained their application of CNTs in microelectronic devices. One of the main challenges is that the high temperature required to grow high quality CNTs (>600degC) which is too high to be compatible with back-end microelectronic fabrication processes. Another major obstacle is the poor adhesion between CNTs and substrates, which results in high interface thermal resistance and poor long term reliability. To address these challenges, we proposes to use a novel CNT transfer process, which features separated steps of an in-situ open-ended CNT synthesis and a low-temperature CNT assembly to engineer the well-aligned open-ended CNT architectures for microelectronic thermal management. In-situ growth of high density open-ended CNTs with vertical alignment was first developed in our laboratory. To successfully achieve CNT assembly with good thermal performance, the following issues should be addressed: (1) Appropriate metals/solders should be selected to form good thermal and electrical coupling with CNTs. (2) The wetting of solder metal alloys in CNT channels and on the CNT outer walls by capillary force should be further clarified. (3) An appropriate solder reflow process should be developed to guarantee good wetting on CNTs. Preliminary results show that the transferred open-ended CNT structures can have very strong adhesion to the substrate, which promise to improve the CNT-metal interface properties. Initial thermal measurements of the CNT assembly with CNT height of ~180 mum show that the thermal conductivity and total thermal resistance of the assembly were 81 W/m.K and 0.43 cm2 K/W, respectively. The work on the improvement of thermal performance of the CNT assembly is ongoing, including the interfacial solder layer thickness optimization and material selection, and CNT film quality.
Checkpoint Repair for High-Performance Out-of-Order Execution Machines

Out-or-order execution and branch prediction are two mechanisms that can be used profitably in the design of supercomputers to increase performance. Proper exception handling and branch prediction miss handling in an out-of-order execution machine do require some kind of repair mechanism which can restore the machine to a known previous state. In this paper we present a class of repair mechanisms using the concept of checkpointing. We derive several properties of checkpoint repair mechanisms. In addition, we provide algorithms for performing checkpoint repair that incur little overhead in time and modest cost in hardware. We also note that our algorithms require no additional complexity or time for use with write-back cache memory systems than they do with write-through cache memory systems, contrary to statements made by previous researchers.
AM last page: Health insurance expansion impact on patients, states, and providers.

AM Last Page: Health Insurance Expansion Impact on Patients, States, and Providers Jason Kleinman;Jason Kleinman; Academic Medicine
Lignin Impact on Fiber Degradation: Increased Enzymatic Digestibility of Genetically Engineered Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Stems Reduced in Lignin Content

Cell wall digestibility, lignin content, and lignin composition were analyzed in transgenic tobacco altered in the expression of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic enzymes caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Reduction of COMT activity by antisense technology resulted in reduced lignin content accompanied by an increased syringyl (S)/guaiacyl (G) monomer ratio, as determined by pyrolysis/GC/MS and measurement of lignin methoxyl content by wet chemistry. These results resemble those obtained by reduction of flux of lignin precursors into the phenylpropanoid pathway by PAL suppression, which results in drastically reduced lignin with sharply increased methoxyl content. Enzymatic digestibility of cell walls from stem internodes was improved in the transgenic lines and was highly negatively correlated with lignin concentration (r = −0.97). Although lignin composition was also affected, lignin concentration was the overriding factor influencing cell wall digestibilit...
WATER CLUSTERS : FASCINATING HYDROGEN-BONDING NETWORKS, SOLVATION SHELL STRUCTURES, AND PROTON MOTION

Structure, energetics, and dynamics of protonated water clusters (H2O)nH+ (n = 1,8) are studied with first-principles Born−Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations. Two solvation shell structures...
Structural Changes in Influenza Virus at Low pH Characterized by Cryo-Electron Tomography

Influenza virus enters host cells by endocytosis. The low pH of endosomes triggers conformational changes in hemagglutinin (HA) that mediate fusion of the viral and endosomal membranes. We have used cryo-electron tomography to visualize influenza A virus at pH 4.9, a condition known to induce fusogenicity. After 30 min, when all virions are in the postfusion state, dramatic changes in morphology are apparent: elongated particles are no longer observed, larger particles representing fused virions appear, the HA spikes become conspicuously disorganized, a layer of M1 matrix protein is no longer resolved on most virions, and the ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) coagulate on the interior surface of the virion. To probe for intermediate states, preparations were imaged after 5 min at pH 4.9. These virions could be classified according to their glycoprotein arrays (organized or disorganized) and whether or not they have a resolved M1 layer. Employing subtomogram averaging, we found, in addition to the neutral-pH state of HA, two intermediate conformations that appear to reflect an outwards movement of the fusion peptide and rearrangement of the HA1 subunits, respectively. These changes are reversible. The tomograms also document pH-induced changes affecting the M1 layer that appear to render the envelope more pliable and hence conducive to fusion. However, it appears desirable for productive infection that fusion should proceed before the RNPs become coagulated with matrix protein, as eventually happens at low pH.
Optimal vehicle batching and sequencing to reduce energy consumption and atmospheric emissions in automotive paint shops

Reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions is an important issue to achieve sustainable manufacturing. In automotive assembly plants, the largest amount of energy consumption and atmospheric emissions is in paint shop. Optimising the energy usage to pursue maximum energy savings, and reducing carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are of significant importance in automotive paint shops. Instead of inventing new chemicals, new painting processes or new control systems in painting booths and ovens, our research focuses on developing an optimal batch and scheduling procedure of vehicles to achieve the goal of energy and emission reduction. Specifically, by selecting appropriate batch and sequence policies, the paint quality can be improved and repaints can be reduced so that fewer material and energy will be consumed, and less atmospheric emissions will be generated. It is shown that such scheduling and control method can lead to significant energy savings and emission reduction with no extra investment, nor changes to existing painting processes.
Estimation of the time scale of last chance alpha emission using an ``atomic clock''

The probability of filling a K-vacancy, created on the incoming part of the collision, before \ensuremath{\alpha}-particle emission is used to time the decay of Yb compound nuclei. These nuclei were produced in the fusion reaction 250 MeV $^{60}\mathrm{Ni}$${+}^{100}$Mo. In general the nuclear decays are too fast to be timed by this clock, however, \ensuremath{\alpha}-particle emitting compound nucleus states have lifetimes sufficiently long for this technique to work when both the \ensuremath{\alpha}-particle has low energy and the compound nucleus spin is large. This supports the existence of last, or near last, chance \ensuremath{\alpha}-particle emission in the deexcitation of high spin compound nuclei.
Models for Assessing Energy Management Options

This paper develops models for predicting the effects of energy management technologies on two important system attributes-production cost and the load shape seen by central generation. The models can include arbitrary mixes of central generation, dispersed generation, central storage and dispersed storage. Both direct and indirect control strategies for load management can be accommodated. Facilities for including the effects of load rebound-the dynamic response of a load to direct control strategies-are provided. The models are built around a Transportation Algorithm. This makes them efficient enough to use interactively
Gravity-induced reorientation of the interface between two liquids of different densities flowing laminarly through a microchannel.

This paper experimentally quantifies the reorientation of the liquid–liquid interface between fluids of different densities flowing side-by-side in pressure-driven laminar flow in microchannels. A gravity-induced pressure mismatch at the interface will gradually drive the denser fluid to occupy the lower portion of the microchannel. The rate of this process is expected to depend on the interplay of viscous forces—which tend to dominate at the microscale—and inertial and gravitational forces. A correlation that relates the position of such a liquid–liquid interface to physical variables and channel dimensions was derived. The extent of reorientation of the streams was then related to two dimensionless numbers: Fr, the square root of the ratio of inertial to gravitational forces; and Re/Fr2, the ratio of gravitational to viscous forces. Further analysis showed that the reorientation of the streams depends only on the gravitational and viscous forces, but not inertia. The quantitative description of the position of the interface between liquids of different densities described in this paper aids in the rational design of the rapidly growing number of microchemical systems that utilize multistream laminar flow for performing spatially resolved chemistry and biology inside microfluidic channels.
On the First-Excursion Probability in Stationary Narrow-Band Random Vibration, II

The first-excursion probability of a stationary narrow-band Gaussian process with mean zero has been studied. Within the framework of point process approach, series approximations derived from the theory of random points and approximations based on the maximum entropy principle have been developed. With the aid of numerical examples, merits of the approximations proposed previously as well as of those developed in this paper have been compared. The results indicate that the maximum entropy principle has not produced satisfactory approximations but the approximation based on nonapproaching random points is found to be the best among all the approximations proposed herein. A conclusion drawn from the present and the previous studies is that the point process approach produces a number of useful approximations for the first-excursion probability, particularly those based on the concepts of the Markov process, the clump-size, and the nonapproaching random points.
Quantifying octahedral rotations in strained perovskite oxide films

We have measured the oxygen positions in ${\text{LaNiO}}_{3}$ films to elucidate the coupling between epitaxial strain and oxygen octahedral rotations. The oxygen positions are determined by comparing the measured and calculated intensities of half-order Bragg peaks, arising from the octahedral rotations. Combining ab initio density-functional calculations with these experimental results, we show how strain systematically modifies both bond angles and lengths in this functional perovskite oxide.
On-line optimization of batch processes in the presence of measurable disturbances

Feedforward/state feedback laws are developed for on-line optimization of batch reactors in the presence of measurable disturbances. The degrees of singularity with respect to manipulated input and disturbance input are used to characterize the nature of the feedforward/state feedback laws. Explicit synthesis formulas are derived that relate the optimal manipulated input to the system states and the measurable disturbance. It is shown that when the degree of singularity with respect to the manipulated input is infinite, the end-point optimization problem reduces to a regulation problem in the presence of disturbances. For finite degrees of singularity, the optimal feedforward/state feedback law is, in general, dynamic. The proposed methodology is illustrated through several end-point optimization problems in batch reactors.
Neurotransmitter transporter trafficking: endocytosis, recycling, and regulation

Sodium- and chloride-dependent transporters in the SLC6 gene family are key regulators of extracellular neurotransmitter levels and are required for normal neurotransmission. Copious evidence supports the premise that membrane trafficking dynamically modulates transporter surface expression in response to psychostimulant exposure, receptor activation, and neuronal activity. Recent work from our group and others demonstrates that many SLC6 transporters not only traffic in response to exogenous stimuli, but also constitutively traffic, with exogenous signaling modulating intrinsic transporter trafficking kinetics. This review focuses on what is currently understood about constitutive and regulated transporter trafficking, and poses a model wherein endocytic trafficking dynamically primes transporters for multi-faceted regulatory events.
Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography Compared to Computed Tomography in Evaluation of Pulmonary Vein Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation (ROTEA Study)

Background Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for assessing pulmonary vein (PV) anatomy and stenosis after ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF), but radiation exposure can be a concern. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) provides anatomic and functional assessment of the PVs, although no study has prospectively compared findings on TEE with those on CT. Methods The Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography Compared to Computed Tomography in Evaluation of Pulmonary Vein Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation (ROTEA) study was a prospective, single-blinded observational study of patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF undergoing ablation. TEE and CT were performed immediately before and 3 months after AF ablation. The study included 43 patients (84% men; mean age, 56 ± 11 years). Results In the preprocedural study, TEE identified 98% of PVs with adequate Doppler measurements obtained. After ablation, no moderate or severe PV stenosis was detected on CT, and a 30% to 50% reduction in luminal diameter was seen in 5% of studied veins. Functional PV stenosis by pulsed-wave Doppler was seen in two veins on TEE. PV diameters decreased after ablation by 0.20 ± 0.03 and 0.22 ± 0.03 cm as measured by CT and TEE, respectively ( P Conclusions In the ROTEA study, TEE was feasible in assessing PVs before and after ablation, providing both anatomic and functional information that complemented CT. PV ostial dimensions after ablation can be monitored using either modality, although TEE underestimates PV dimensions, especially for the inferior veins.
Phenobarbital-induced alterations in the activities of the transport and hydrolytic components of the glucose-6-phosphatase system in smooth and rough subfractions of the rat hepatic endoplasmic reticulum

We have examined the influence of the phenobarbital-induced proliferation of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) on the activities of the components of the glucose-6-phosphatase system, i.e., the enzyme, the glucose-6-P translocase (T1), and the phosphate translocase (T2). Young male rats were injected ip twice daily for 4 days with 4 mg/100 g body wt of phenobarbital (PB) or an equivalent volume of saline solution. On the fifth day, the rats were killed and smooth (SER) and rough (RER) fractions of the ER were isolated from liver homogenates. Kinetic constants for glucose-6-P hydrolysis by the system and enzyme were determined and used to calculate the kinetic constants for glucose-6-P transport. T2 activity was approximated by assaying the pyrophosphatase activity at pH 6.0 in intact microsomes. Three times more SER protein was recovered from livers of PB-treated rats. PB-treatment did not alter total liver enzyme activity, but total liver T1 activity was decreased to 59% of the control value. Maximal specific activities of the system, enzyme and T1 were all reduced by PB treatment to 44% of control values in the RER and to 68% of control values in the SER. PB treatment reduced the apparent activity of T2 in RER and SER to 35 and 49% of the respective control values. In the SER from both groups of rats, T1 activity or apparent T2 activity divided by enzyme activity was about 55% of the corresponding ratio in the RER. Our analysis of these data suggests that the lower activities of T1 and T2 in the smooth ER are the results of suppression by some intrinsic component localized in the smooth membrane. Accordingly, the reduction in total liver T1 activity and, therefore, system activity in PB-treated rats reflects the redistribution of the glucose-6-P translocase from the RER to the more abundant SER membrane where it is less active. The possibility is discussed that a higher cholesterol content within the SER membrane is responsible for the lower transport activities.
INTERACTION OF 28-GeV PROTONS WITH URANIUM: CHARGE AND MASS DISTRIBUTION OF RARE-EARTH PRODUCTS.

Independent and cumulative yields of about 50 rare-earth nuclides produced in the interaction of 28-GeV protons with uranium have been measured. Chain yields on the neutron-excess side of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ stability were found to have the same mass dependence as in low-energy fission. Based on the results obtained in the present study and with the aid of the published Cs isotopic distribution, charge-dispersion curves at $A\ensuremath{\approx}147$ and $A\ensuremath{\approx}170$ were constructed. The curve at $A\ensuremath{\approx}147$ has two maxima, one on the neutron-deficient and one on the neutron-excess side of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ stability, separated by a deep valley; the curve at $A\ensuremath{\approx}170$ has a single peak on the neutron-deficient side of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ stability. Corrections were made for feeding and depletion of various mass chains by $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decay. Total isobaric yields were determined for 11 mass numbers between $A=143$ and $A=171$. On the basis of these results and published data at lower masses, a mass-yield curve was constructed. The apparent constancy of the neutron-deficient yields between mass 143 and mass 171 is consistent with the yield pattern of a spallation-like process. Over the mass range $50lAl160$, binary fission and spallation cannot account for all the observed yields. Other processes must be partially responsible for the production of these nuclides, especially at the lower masses.
Empirical Derivation of SVIB-Holland Scales: A Brief Report.

Abstract The Strong Vocational Interest Blank responses of 93 students were used to construct six empirical scales similar to the scales of Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory. Scores on the empirical scales were correlated with actual VPI scores. The resulting correlations were compared to coefficients obtained from correlating the intuitive scales designed by Campbell with actual VPI scores. It was concluded that (1) meaningful estimates of VPI profiles can be obtained by scoring selected items from the SVIB and (2) further work with the empirical scales is needed prior to settling on a SVIB scoring procedure for estimating VPI profiles.
Activation Energy and Distribution Function of the EL2 Defect Level in Si-Implanted GaAs

New measurements are made of the EL2 defect level in liquid-encapsulated-Czochralski (LEC) grown GaAs with Si-implantation. The isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy (ICTS) experiment is performed to capture transient in the temperature range 200 to 380 K at 1 to 2K intervals at 1 MHz frequency for seven samples. The deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) signals and data analysis are carried out by modulating function waveform analysis method developed for it. These results are subsequently organized to predict the density distribution of the defect level EL2 in the energy band gap. Es werden erneut Messungen des EL 2−Defektniveaus in Czochralski-GaAs (LEC) nach Si-Implantation durchgefuhrt. Isotherme Kapazitanz-Transientenspektroskopie (ICTS) wird benutzt, um Transienten im Temperaturbereich von 200 bis 380 K bei (1 bis 2) K-Intervallen bei 1 MHz fur sieben Proben festzuhalten. Die DLTS-Signale und die Datenanalyse werden mit einer dafur entwickelten Wellenformanalysenmethode mittels modulierender Funktionen analysiert. Diese Ergebnisse werden zusammengefast, um die Dichteverteilung des Defektniveaus EL2 in der Bandlucke vorherzusagen.
A critical role of pH in the colloidal synthesis and phase transformation of nano size α-Al2O3 with high surface area

Abstract This paper demonstrates the critical role of pH in the colloidal (i.e. sol-gel) synthesis of nano size α-Al2O3. Investigation, based on X-ray diffraction pattern, indicates that the transformation of α-Al2O3 from gels obtained at high pH⩾7, undergoes via formation of boehmite (gel→AlOOH→γ-Al2O3→α-Al2O3). On the other hand, the transformation of α-Al2O3 at low pH (⩽6) follows the gel→γ-Al2O3 →α-Al2O3 sequence. The transmission electron microscopy reveals that the particle size of the α-Al2O3 decreases from ≈750 to ≈70 nm with decreasing pH from 12 to 2.5, respectively. The α-Al2O3 with large surface area (≈130 m2/g) is obtained when it is processed at low pH (2.5). The true powder density of the α-Al2O3 sample derived at pH=2.5 is observed to be 3.92 g/cm3 after sintering at 1450 °C, due to fine particles. The isoelectric point (iep) and ξ of the α-Al2O3 are found to be 8.7 and 9.2 when synthesized at pH 2.5 and 12, respectively.
Charge-density fluctuations in spectral line broadening

A method for describing the spectral line shapes for radiating atoms immersed in a plasma is developed without neglecting ion-electron interaction and without the static-ion assumption. Both the line center and the wings are investigated, and connection with previous work in these regions is made.
Determination of mean energies and impact parameters characteristic of charge-changing reactions.

Measurements are reported of mean energies of argon recoil ions produced by beams of 23-MeV ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{5+,8+,10+}$ or 19-MeV ${\mathrm{F}}^{9+}$, and of neon recoil ions produced by beams of 22-MeV ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{4+}$, detected in coincidence with the charge-changed outgoing projectile. A screened-elastic-Coulomb-scattering calculation permits estimation of impact parameters characteristic of each pair (q,r) of final projectile- (q) and recoil- (r) ion charge states. The results are found to be in good agreement with impact parameters deduced from measured cross sections and do not require measurement of projectile scattering angle.
Analysis of the pyramidalization of the peptide group nitrogen: Implications for molecular mechanics energy functions

Pyramidalization at the peptide group nitrogen atom is analyzed using N-methylacetamide (NMA) as a model molecule. Mutually orthogonal peptide CN torsion and NH out-of-plane bend coordinates are necessary for a correct description of the energetics of nonplanar deformations of the peptide group. Using such coordinates, ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory show that the energy minimum of the NH out-of-plane bend angle shifts significantly away from zero for nonzero CN torsion angles. Not being due to nonbonded interactions alone, this energy behavior needs to be taken explicitly into account in molecular mechanics force fields. By use of different schemes for calculating potential-derived atomic charges, the charge distribution of NMA was also investigated in connection with the pyramidalization. Large variations in the charges were found as a function of the NH out-of-plane angle. These could not be reproduced only by polarization through the (molecular mechanics) electric field....
The Co-evolution of the Internet and Civil Society in China

Civil society and the Internet energize each other in their co-evolutionary development in China. The Internet facilitates civil society activities by offering new possibilities for citizen participation. Civil society facilitates the development of the Internet by providing the necessary social basis——citizens and citizen groups——for communication and interaction. These arguments are illustrated with an analysis of the discourse in Qiangguo Luntan [Strengthening the Nation Forum] and an ethnographic study of Huaxia Zhiqing [Chinese Educated Youth], .
Simulate_PCR for amplicon prediction and annotation from multiplex, degenerate primers and probes

Pairing up primers to amplify desired targets and avoid undesired cross reactions can be a combinatorial challenge. Effective prediction of specificity and inclusivity from multiplexed primers and TaqMan®/Luminex® probes is a critical step in PCR design. Code is described to identify all primer and probe combinations from a list of unpaired, unordered candidates that should produce a product. It predicts and extracts all amplicon sequences in a large sequence database from a list of primers and probes, allowing degenerate bases and user-specified levels of primer-target mismatch tolerance. Amplicons hit by TaqMan®/Luminex® probes are indicated, and products may be annotated with gene information from NCBI. Fragment length distributions are calculated to predict electrophoretic gel banding patterns. Simulate_PCR is the only freely available software that can be run from the command line for high throughput applications which can calculate all products from large lists of primers and probes compared to a large sequence database such as nt. It requires no prior knowledge of how primers should be paired. Degenerate bases are allowed and entire amplicon sequences are extracted and annotated with gene information. Examples are provided for sets of TaqMan®/Luminex® PCR signatures predicted to amplify all HIV-1 genomes, all Coronaviridae genomes, and a group of antibiotic resistance genes. The software is a command line perl script freely available as open source.
Methodological challenges of comparative effectiveness research in pain: implications for investigators, clinicians, and policy makers.

ABSTRACTThe prevalence and costs of pain in the United States and throughout the world are high. This demonstrates the importance and need for comparative effectiveness research in pain. Comparative effectiveness research has been defined by the Institute of Medicine as evidence that compares the benefits and harms of treatment alternatives. Decision makers and consumers alike need comparative effectiveness data to aid in the decision making process. However, comparative effectiveness research presents many challenges and, in pain, has primarily been conducted in randomized controlled trials. These trials have some limitations that may prevent the application to the general population. Real world studies complement the information from randomized trials, but contain their own challenges and limitations. The International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research has provided guidelines for the use of real world studies in comparative effectiveness research. The purpose of this article is to descr...
Multi-state Modeling of Biomolecules

Multi-state modeling of biomolecules refers to a series of techniques used to represent and compute the behavior of biological molecules or complexes that can adopt a large number of possible functional states. Biological signaling systems often rely on complexes of biological macromolecules that can undergo several functionally significant modifications that are mutually compatible. Thus, they can exist in a very large number of functionally different states. Modeling such multi-state systems poses two problems: the problem of how to describe and specify a multi-state system (the “specification problem”) and the problem of how to use a computer to simulate the progress of the system over time (the “computation problem”). To address the specification problem, modelers have in recent years moved away from explicit specification of all possible states and towards rule-based formalisms that allow for implicit model specification, including the κ-calculus [1], BioNetGen [2]–[5], the Allosteric Network Compiler [6], and others [7], [8]. To tackle the computation problem, they have turned to particle-based methods that have in many cases proved more computationally efficient than population-based methods based on ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, or the Gillespie stochastic simulation algorithm [9], [10]. Given current computing technology, particle-based methods are sometimes the only possible option. Particle-based simulators fall into two further categories: nonspatial simulators, such as StochSim [11], DYNSTOC [12], RuleMonkey [9], [13], and the Network-Free Stochastic Simulator (NFSim) [14], and spatial simulators, including Meredys [15], SRSim [16], [17], and MCell [18]–[20]. Modelers can thus choose from a variety of tools, the best choice depending on the particular problem. Development of faster and more powerful methods is ongoing, promising the ability to simulate ever more complex signaling processes in the future.
Gallepins. Neutral gallium analogues of the tropylium ion: synthesis, structure, and aromaticity.

The synthesis of the first gallepin derivative, the neutral gallium-based analogue of the tropylium ion, is described. The title compound, containing two gallepin moieties linked by a TMEDA unit, was characterized by 1H NMR, elemental analyses, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In addition, computations provide insight into the nature of the bonding and aromaticity of this novel compound.
Evaluation of lidocaine resistance in man using intermittent large-dose infusion techniques

Abstract Twelve patients with stable ventricular ectopic beats, nine with apparent resistance to lidocaine, were each studied with multiple intermittent large-dose lidocaine infusions that were started when ectopic beats were at peak frequencies and discontinued when either suppression or toxicity appeared. Of the nine patients with apparently resistant arrhythmias, three had arrhythmias, that were responsive at blood levels within the usual therapeutic range, four had arrhythmias refractory to lidocaine at usual blood levels but responsive at high blood levels, and two patients manifested toxicity without suppression of arrhythmia. Persisting ventricular arrhythmia during lidocaine therapy most often results from mechanical interference with the intravenous infusion route or from errors in drug administration. When these factors are excluded, there is a spectrum of patients who manifest various degrees of refractoriness to lidocaine.
Coexistent naïve phenotype and higher cycling rate of cord blood T cells as compared to adult peripheral blood

Abstract Objective. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) T cells are predominantly CD45RA + , secrete less cytokines, and have diminished cytotoxicity compared to adult peripheral blood (PB). We hypothesized that the functional impairment of bulk UCB cells results from the relative dominance of immature lymphocyte subsets. In this study we established the physiologic ranges of lymphocyte subsets in UCB, and contrasted those with adult PB. Materials and Methods. Four-color FACS was utilized to characterize surface and intracellular protein expression on lymphocyte subsets from fresh unmanipulated UCB and adult PB. Results. We found that UCB contain significantly higher absolute numbers of T cells, NK cells, and B cells than adult PB ( p + and CD8 + T cells but also among B lymphocytes ( p =0.003). Most UCB T cells are CD45RA + /CD62L + "recent thymic emigrants" with smaller TCRγδ ( p + subsets ( p =0.0068). Fewer UCB T cells display HLA-DR and CCR-5 activation markers ( p + /CD57 + /CD28 − "suppressor," CD8 + /CD45RA + /CD27 − "cytotoxic," and skin homing CLA + T-cell subsets are absent altogether. Compared with adult PB, more cord blood T cells progress through cell cycle ( p p =0.0003). Unlike in adult PB, the majority of proliferating Ki-67 + T cells in UCB retain a CD45RA + /RO − , CD69 − , CD25 − , HLA-DR − "resting" phenotype ( p =0.0002). Conclusion. Most T and B lymphocytes express a naive phenotype in cord blood while "suppressor" and "cytotoxic" T-cell subsets are absent. Cycling UCB T cells retain a naive immunophenotype that may represent homeostatic expansion rather than antigen-driven proliferation.
Cisplatin pharmacokinetics in a child receiving peritoneal dialysis.

Cisplatin is a highly effective and frequently used drug in the chemotherapy of solid tumors in children, but there is currently no information to guide dosing in children requiring dialysis. Here, we present the case of a 2-year-old boy with end-stage renal disease managed with peritoneal dialysis and requiring cisplatin for a newly diagnosed hepatoblastoma. A pharmacokinetic study was performed to personalize the cisplatin dose with the goal of providing adequate cisplatin exposure and avoiding excessive exposure and toxicity. Accordingly, 25% of the standard cisplatin dose was infused intravenously over 4 h. Serial blood and peritoneal fluid samples were obtained, and free cisplatin levels were subjected to noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. The disposition of free cisplatin was significantly altered as compared to that of normal children. Despite a 75% dose reduction, our patient showed a fourfold increase in free cisplatin exposure (AUC = 64.1 h mcg/mL) compared with the AUC observed in children with normal kidney (15 ± 9 h mcg/mL) function. When a subsequent dose was decreased to 8.7% of the standard dose, the free cisplatin AUC measured 29.7 h mcg/mL and more closely approximated the exposure observed in children with normal kidney function.
Self-control in children: A multimethod examination of treatment outcome measures

This investigation consisted of a multimethod evaluation of treatment outcome measures that have been developed to assess self-control in children. Subjects were 132 children from the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades. Each child's homeroom teacher and one other classroom teacher independently completed the Self-Control Rating Scale (SCRS), the Teacher's Self-Control Rating Scale (TSCRS), and the 10-item Conners Teacher Rating Scale (TRS). Parents of 41 children completed the Teacher's Self-Control Rating Scale and the Conners Teacher Rating Scale. Children completed the Children's Perceived Self-Control Scale (CPSC) and were administered the Matching Familiar Figure Test (MFF). Results showed high internal consistency reliability for the TSCRS, SCRS, TRS, and MFF latency scores, CPSCS and MFF error scores demonstrated low reliability13-01=.07).Correlations between rating scales and MFF error scores also were low. The findings suggest that considerable construct confusion does exist between measures designed to assess self-control and impulsivity in children.