cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Release of cyclooxygenase products from primary cultures of tracheal epithelia of dog and human

Release of cyclooxygenase products from primary cultures of dog or human tracheal epithelium was measured by radioimmunoassay. In both species, bradykinin, platelet-activating factor (PAF), and A23187 (a calcium ionophore) caused increases in the rate of release of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and smaller increases in PGF2 alpha, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and thromboxane B2 output. Isoproterenol, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), methacholine, and leukotrienes C4 and D4 had no effect on release of these cyclooxygenase products. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the ratio of PGE2 to PGD2 released from dog cells by A23187 was 30:1. Short-circuit current across dog cells was stimulated by bradykinin, A23187, PAF, VIP, methacholine, and isoproterenol. Only the responses to bradykinin and A23187 were reduced by pretreatment with indomethacin.
Medical management of subarachnoid hemorrhage

The medical management of the subarachnoid hemorrhage patient has changed considerably over the past two decades. The widespread acceptance of early aneurysm obliteration allows the aggressive prophylaxis and treatment of many of the serious complications of this condition. Recognition of cerebral vasospasm and the prevention of the delayed ischemic deficits it can produce are the cornerstones of critical care for these patients. Analysis of their fluid and electrolyte disturbances is complex, but important for the optimization of intravascular volume and consequent cerebral blood flow. Recognition of the numerous infectious and other medical complications that can befall these patients aids in the attempt to restore them to as normal a functional capacity as is possible.
In Situ Preservation Without Traditional Hypothermia

The shortage of organs for transplantation has lead to an expansion of the donor pool into the nonheartbeating cadaver (NHBCAD) population. The ability to in situ preserve organs from NHBCAD at warm temperatures could present the opportunity to perform in situ flushing without the current use of extreme hypothermia with solutions containing high K+ concentrations. We have developed a preservation solution which can be used to preserve kidneys without traditional hypothermia. The perfusate consists of a modified tissue culture medium and is supplemented with a perfluorochemical emulsion (PFOB, Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp.). We evaluated if the perfusate could be used to in situ preserve renal auto-and allografts at near physiologic temperatures. METHODS-Model 1: An in situ model was developed which provided for kidney preservation while allowing for animal survivaL The limitation to the model was that the aorta and vena cava below the renal vessels would be ischemic. Therefore, this in situ model could be used for only three hours of in situ preservation. Using an abdominal approach, two dogs were anesthetized and cannulas were placed in the aorta and vena cava. The vasculature above and below the kidneys was occluded. The vasculature was flushed with the new perfusate until the hematocrit was <1%. The perfusate was then recirculated during the period of in situ preservation at 37oC using a pulsatile pump. The cannulas were then removed and the blood vessels were repaired. Model 2: To extend the period of in situ preservation past three hours, an allotransplant model was used. The allotransplant model involved in situ preservation of the kidneys in two euthanized dogs. Following a period of six hours, one kidney from each was allotransplanted into a canine recipient. This involved an additional 30 minutes of warm ischemia without perfusion during reanastomosis. The native kidneys were nephrectomized at the time of allotransplantation. The control experiment entailed two hours of warm ischemia at normothermia without in situ perfusion. RESULTS-Diuresis continued throughout the in situ preservation in all four test dogs. The results with both models demonstrated excellent renal function following three and six hours of in situ preservation. A control kidney experiencing two hours of warm ischemia, without perfusion, was irreversibly damaged.
Dynamic Production Models

Dynamic production models are the topic of this section. These models allow a decision in one period to influence the outcomes in other periods. This time interdependence, which we also recognized in Chapter 5, is the essence of a dynamic model.
Debating China’s Economic Reform

Dramatic transformation has occurred in China since the economic reforms launched by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. It was under his leadership that China undertook the ambitious economic reforms that have transformed China’s economy from an economic backwater into the second-largest economy in the world. But with the rapid growth has come new challenges: rampant corruption, increasing social unrest, rising levels of inequalities, the yearning for democracy, and the spread of ideas foreign and inimical to the perceived interests of the communist state. Although the outcome of the political transformation in China cannot be forecasted precisely, what has hitherto occurred is already significant enough to warrant a careful analysis of its dilemmas and dynamics.
Raman Pulse Characterisation

With the MOT and Raman systems in place, we are able to realise two-level, velocity-sensitive manipulation of cold rubidium-85 atoms.
Approaches to Intraspecies Dose Extrapolation

In recent years, as the serious long-range health hazards of environmental toxicants have become recognized, the need has arisen for quantitative estimates of their effects on humans exposed to low levels. Often inherent in this estimation procedure is the necessity to extrapolate evidence observed under one set of conditions in one population group or biological system to arrive at an estimate of the effects expected in the population of interest under another set of conditions.
Virus-Like Particle and Nanoparticle Vaccines

Abstract Atomic-level structural information and advances in synthetic biology and nanotechnology have created new opportunities for generating vaccines in a way that has not been possible using traditional methods. These novel approaches to recombinant vaccine design are opening doors to the development of vaccines against challenging targets. In this chapter, we discuss the exceptional humoral immunogenicity of virus-like particles (VLPs) and related nanoparticles and their application to vaccine development. The emergence of this new category of vaccine platforms is based on recent insights from multiple fields of study, including immunology, virology, nanotechnology, structural biology, synthetic biology, and bioengineering. The multidisciplinary work on VLP and nanoparticle immunogens is already yielding dividends for public health, but is also likely to result in safer, more potent and broadly protective vaccines against a wide variety of human and animal pathogens, as well as target host proteins of interest.
On the Wang-Uhlenbeck Problem in Discrete Velocity Space

The arguably simplest model for dynamics in phase space is the one where the velocity can jump between only two discrete values, ±v with rate constant k. For this model, which is the continuous-space version of a persistent random walk, analytic expressions are found for the first passage time distributions to the origin. Since the evolution equation of this model can be regarded as the two-state finite-difference approximation in velocity space of the Kramers–Klein equation, this work constitutes a solution of the simplest version of the Wang–Uhlenbeck problem. Formal solution (in Laplace space) of generalizations where the velocity can assume an arbitrary number of discrete states that mimic the Maxwell distribution is also provided.
Methodology of Developing A Combined Environmental Stress Schedule for Reliability Growth Testing: Part I. Determining the Environmental Stresses from an Operational Mode Summary/Mission Profile (OMS/MP)

This article, the first of a three-part series, describes how to develop an environmental test schedule for military, groundmobile equipment installed on a tracked vehicle based on the user's mission profile. The test schedules combine both operational and storage environmental stresses. Part I describes the equipment to be tested, provides a general overview of its mission profiles, and identifies appropriate climatic conditions. Part II discusses the complexities of the tracked-vehicle vibration environment, including research conducted in the Arizona desert and the Alaskan arctic. Part III compares test profiles based on excluding benign environmental phases with profiles that include benign stress conditions.
Meaning Making with Picturebooks: Young Children's Use of Semiotic Resources.

ABSTRACTAs part of a year-long, classroom-based research study examining literacy instruction and development, the research team observed emerging decoders draw from a range of semiotic resources while reading picturebooks. Utilizing a case study approach, the researchers selected eight first graders to act as a representative case, and examined their interactions with multimodal picturebooks. Analysis of students’ interactions led to the development of a typology of semiotic resources that students used to make meaning with picturebooks including typographical features, paralinguistic features, design features, illustrations, and background knowledge. Analysis also revealed that students articulated meaning in three distinct ways: explicitly, inferentially, and performatively. Findings suggests that traditional ways of assessing emerging decoders may not fully represent their meaning making practices.
Synthesis of iron aluminide-Al2O3 composites by in-situ displacement reactions

Abstract Composites consisting of an iron aluminide matrix with ceramic particle reinforcements, such as alumina, could improve the high temperature strength without compromising the oxidation resistance. In this paper, the feasibility of processing Fe–Al alloy/Al2O3 composites by an in-situ displacement reaction between Fe–40at.%Al and iron oxide, Fe2O3, is investigated. Simple powder metallurgical processing was performed without resorting to any externally applied pressures or deformations during the high temperature processing step. The microstructural features of the composites are rationalized based on results from diffusion couples. Preliminary mechanical properties such as fracture toughness, yield strength and hardness are determined and compared with the values obtained for monolithic iron aluminide–Fe–28at.%Al. Results suggest that a significant improvement in the properties is needed and further avenues for modifications, such as changes in the interface strength and externally applied forces during processing, are suggested.
Cellular computational generalized neuron network with cooperative PSO for power systems

To enhance the reliability of the power system, newer technologies are being incorporated day by day. Predictions of different states can significantly increase the reliability of the system. To predict the frequency, a cellular computational generalized neuron network (CCGNN) that is trained with particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed recently. However, with the size of the system, the dimension of PSO grows that in turn, increases the complexity of the training. To solve the problem, a special version of PSO named cooperative PSO (CPSO) is applied for training the CCGNN in this paper. Through simulation on a 68-dimensional problem of a two-area four-machine system, it is shown that the CPSO performs significantly better than the canonical one.
The Impact of LO Phase Noise in N-Path Filters

As passive mixers (N-path filters) are being used more frequently and in more applications, it becomes increasingly important to understand how various non-idealities affect the performance of passive mixer circuits. One such non-ideality is perturbations in the local oscillator (LO), including phase noise. Here, we consider a basic N-path filter and develop a preliminary model to analyze the effects of LO phase perturbations in shunting N-path filters. We do so by developing a transfer function from phase perturbations in the LO to voltage perturbations on a strong RF signal at the mixer’s RF port. We find that LO phase noise is suppressed where it is strongest (i.e., for small offset frequencies). As a result the RF spectrum’s noise peak does not appear around the signal tone, but rather around the LO frequency, due to the bandpass characteristic generated by a typical capacitive baseband load. These analytical results are verified using numerical and schematic simulation in custom software and Cadence, and they are further confirmed by measurement of a frequency-scaled, board-level implementation of an N-path filter.
A simulation study comparing slope model with mixed-model repeated measure to assess cognitive data in clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Introduction In clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease, a mixed-model repeated measure approach often serves as the primary analysis when evaluating disease progression; a slope model may be secondary. Methods Longitudinal change from baseline (14-item version of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale) was simulated for treatment/placebo from multivariate normal distributions with the variance-covariance matrix estimated from solanezumab trial data. Type I error, power, and bias were based on 18-month treatment contrast. Sample sizes included 500 and 1000 patients/arm. Results The slope model was more powerful in most scenarios. Mixed-model repeated measure was relatively unbiased in parameter estimation. The slope model yielded unbiased estimates whenever the underlying trajectory was not detectably different from linear. Both methods led to similar type I error. Discussion In clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease, mixed-model repeated measure analysis with relaxed assumptions on disease progression seems to be preferred. The slope model might be more powerful if the trajectory has little departure from linearity.
A Nitrous-Oxide Pioneer Peddles His Own Dentifrice: “Dr Colton's Vegetable Dentonic”

Abstract During the latter half of the six-year long "Panic of 1873," nitrous-oxide pioneer G.Q. Colton developed, advertised, and sold his dentifrice, "Dr Colton's Vegetable Dentonic" to supplement his dental anesthetic enterprise.
A New Empirical Intermolecular Potential Energy Function for Hydrogen Bonding: Application to the Gas Phase and Solid State of Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols

An empirical intermolecular potential energy function for carboxylic acids and alcohols has been derived for use in conformational energy calculations. The atom-atom interactions across the hydrogen bond include contributions from coulombic, dispersion, induction, polarization, repulsion, and a hydrogen bond shape function. The data used to refine the variable coefficients include electron diffraction structure of dimers of acetic and formic acids, intermolecular vibrational frequencies of dimers, gas-phase dipole moments, X-ray structures of crystalline carboxylic acids, thermodynamic dimerization and crystal lattice energy, and partial atomic charges from molecular orbital studies. Account is taken of charge migration upon formation of the hydrogen bond.
Gene Therapy for Hyperbilirubinemia

The term “gene therapy” is used to designate a process in which viruses are used to carry specific genetic information into a cell, thereby transducing the cells’ function. In\the case of the Crigler–Najjar syndrome, and the Gunn rat, the absence of the bilirubin-conjugating enzyme glucuronosyl transferase can be corrected in cells infected by the modified viral vectors. Overall the numbers of inborn errors of metabolism susceptible to treatment with gene therapy, as well as the potential treatment of other types of disorders will be highly significant.
Relationships between Substance Abuse and Psychopathology

My interest in the relationship and role of substance abuse in psycho-pathology developed over the course of a number of years as I became aware and sensitized to findings from diverse lines of inquiry implicating substance abuse in psychopathology. Some of the findings that suggested this relationship are noted immediately below. For example, McLellan and his colleagues found a high incidence of substance abuse in psychiatric inpatients and demonstrated that the choice of drug(s) by these patients was related to their psychiatric diagnoses (McLellan & Druley, 1977). A subsequent paper by this investigator (McLellan, Woody, & O’Brien, 1979) provided some evidence for the development of schizophrenia in chronic stimulant abusers. My own research has revealed a relatively high incidence of alcohol or drug abuse in schizophrenic inpatients and numerous behavioral, treatment, management, and medical problems associated with such illicit drug use (Alterman & Erdlen, 1983; Alterman, Erdlen, LaPorte, & Erdlen, 1982; Alterman, Erdlen, McLellan, & Mann, 1980; Alterman, Erdlen, & Murphy, 1981).
Intermittent Flow of Material and Force-Based Defect Detection During Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloys

The cost limitations of post-weld inspection have driven the need for in situ process monitoring of subsurface defects. Subsurface defects are believed to be formed due to a breakdown in the intermittent flow of material around the friction stir tool once per revolution. This work examines the intermittent flow of material and its relation to defect formation. In addition, advances have been made in a force-based defect detection model that links changes in process forces to the formation and size of defects. A range of aluminum alloys has been examined, showing that softer aluminum alloys produce less distinct changes in process forces during defect formation and harder aluminum alloys produce more distinct changes when using the same tool geometry.
The Social Value of Reflection

In this chapter, I argue that reflection in the relevant sense is best understood as metacognitive activity, i.e. as thinking about our own beliefs, desires, goals, and other mental states. In short, reflection is best understood as thinking about one’s own thinking. Next, I argue against a prominent account of the value of reflection—that it is required for knowledge. On the contrary, I argue, metacognitive requirements on knowledge are unmotivated, and threaten to make knowledge impossible. Rather, the primary value of metacognitive activity is social. Specifically, thinking about our own thinking underwrites our ability to cooperate intellectually and practically; to plan, coordinate, execute and evaluate cooperative activity.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound Diagnosis of Pneumoperitoneum in the Emergency Department.

Prompt and accurate diagnostic evaluation of the nontraumatic acute abdomen in the emergency department (ED) is crucial to lessen mortality burden. In patients with perforated viscus and pneumoperitoneum, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) can assist the emergency physician (EP) in the rapid bedside diagnosis. This report describes a case in which EP-performed POCUS led to the early detection and timely management of an atypical presentation of pneumoperitoneum.
Family History in Chiari Malformation Type I: Presentation and Outcome.

Background Some patients with Chiari malformation type I (CM-1) present with a positive family history of CM-1, the significance of which remains unknown. We aimed to study whether family history affects the clinical presentation characteristics and surgical outcome of adult patients with CM-1. Methods A database of adult patients with CM-1 presenting between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2018 was used. Presenting characteristics were compared between patients with and without a family history (first, second, or third degree) of CM-1. Among surgically treated patients, perioperative and long-term outcomes, with favorable outcome defined as a Chiari Outcome Scale score ≥14, were compared between patients with and without CM-1 family history. All patients completed at least 6 months of postoperative follow-up. Results The database consisted of 233 adult patients with CM-1, 14 of whom (6%) had a positive family history. Presenting characteristics were comparable between patients with and without a positive family history. A total of 150 patients underwent suboccipital decompression, 12 of whom (8%) had a positive family history. After a mean follow-up of 1.9 years, patients with a family history of CM-1 were significantly less likely to achieve a favorable outcome (odds ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.06–0.78; P = 0.019) while controlling for several covariates. Post hoc analysis showed that the difference was most significant when looking at pain symptoms. Conclusions Presentation characteristics are comparable between patients with and without a family history of CM-1. Patients with a positive family history may be less likely to respond favorably to suboccipital decompression.
Advancing Visual Specification of Code Requirements for Graphs

Researchers in the humanities are among the many who are now exploring the world of big data. They have begun to use programming languages like Python or R and their corresponding libraries to manipulate large data sets and discover brand new insights. One of the major hurdles that still exists is incorporating visualizations of this data into their projects. Visualization libraries can be difficult to learn how to use, even for those with formal training. Yet these visualizations are crucial for recognizing themes and communicating results to not only other researchers, but also the general public. This paper focuses on producing meaningful visualizations of data using machine learning. We allow the user to visually specify their code requirements in order to lower the barrier for humanities researchers to learn how to program visualizations. We use a hybrid model, combining a neural network and optical character recognition to generate the code to create the visualization.
Procedural development for chemical separation of cotton/polyester blends for textile recycling

The apparel and textiles industries negatively impact the environment along each phase of a textile's lifecycle - from fiber production to product disposal. While use of recycled textiles are becoming more desirable, separation of blended textiles for recycling poses a great challenge for the industry to become more sustainable. The purpose of this study was to explore solvents and percentages needed to chemically separate blended textiles into single-fiber solutions. For this experiment, three different percentages of cotton/polyester textiles were tested: 75/25%, 50/50%, and 25/75%. Chemical processing was performed following AATCC TM20A-2004. A mixture of dichloromethane/trifluoracetic acid (DCM/TFA) was used to chemically separate the fibers. It was concluded that the more polyester present in the original textile, the more successful the separation of fibers occurred, suggesting strong recycling potential. Future research may explore the electrospinning process for recycling, including equipment settings, time, and molecular adjustments to create a high-performance fiber-web recycled textile.
Interdisciplinary Approaches to Survivorship with a Focus on the Low-grade and Benign Brain Tumor Populations

“Brain tumor is a bump in the road.” Sheryl Crow a famous singer was quoted talking about her meningioma, a benign brain tumor that caused her to forget her lyrics. In this review, we focus on low-grade gliomas in adults and benign brain tumors, such as meningiomas, vestibular schwannomas, and pituitary tumors, since these individuals survive a long time and morbidity is a major issue. As per the NCI dictionary definition, cancer survivorship focuses on the health and well-being of a person with cancer from the time of diagnosis until the end of life. This includes the physical, mental, emotional, social, and financial effects of cancer that begin at diagnosis and continue through treatment and beyond. The survivorship experience also includes issues related to follow-up care (including regular health and wellness checkups), late effects of treatment, cancer recurrence, second cancers, and quality of life. Family members, friends, and caregivers are also considered part of the survivorship experience (NCI Dictionary: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms ).
Metropolitan Landscape Culture: Journeys Toward the Tropical Botanical City

Tropical botanical landscapes are ancestral, alive, and didactic; there, events and emotions are knowledge; there you do not feel paralyzed by nostalgia; you take enthusiastic empowering action towards the future. This journey begins at the Botanical Garden of Maracaibo (JBM), Venezuela, conceived by the Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx and the Venezuelan botanist Leandro Aristeguieta, together with Jose Tabacow, Haroushi Ono, and Ernesto Foldats. The JBM opened in 1983 to preserve the tropical dry forest and as the First School of Horticulture in Latin America. This article discusses three lessons learned during the restoration and reopening of the garden (2009–2018), after 20 years of closure. The first lesson discusses the ancestral values embedded in the JBM capable of establishing relationships across scales and time and through urban components. The second section questions the performative essence of the JBM, where scientific and artistic knowledge production co-occurs. The third part focuses on preservation as a transformation that, over time, moves towards the expansion of the immaterial pedagogical mission of the case study to the larger tropical scale. Finally, the article discusses the preservation of the JBM beyond the garden’s walls and towards the tropical metropolitan landscapes.
Edaravone Utilization and Outcomes within a Nationally Integrated Health System (1199)

Objective: This is a pharmacovigilance surveillance initiative to evaluate the patient characteristics, utilization, safety and effectiveness of edaravone use. Background: The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides care for over 4,000 Veteran patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Given limited real-world data, the VA initiated a surveillance effort to monitor the safe and appropriate use of edaravone. Design/Methods: Retrospective, matched cohort (edaravone vs. riluzole) analysis. Veteran patients with a diagnosis of ALS with a prescription of edaravone or riluzole between 8/1/2017 to 12/31/2018. Results: Mortality (acutely and among chronic users) was similar between cohorts. Both acute and long-term discontinuation events were more common within the riluzole cohort compared to within the edaravone cohort. More acute all-cause hospitalization events, with shorter time to hospitalization, occurred in the edaravone cohort compared to the riluzole cohort. Conclusions: Preliminary trends show increased risk of acute and long term ALS associated hospitalization and PEG placement with edaravone compared to riluzole. Discontinuation, both acute and long-term were greater with riluzole compared to edaravone, potentially related to greater ALS progression with riluzole. Disclosure: Dr. Tortorice has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wei has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dong has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hur has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zacher has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cunningham has nothing to disclose. Dr. Glassman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Good has nothing to disclose.
Laser Consolidation: A Novel Additive Manufacturing Process for Making Net-Shape Functional Metallic Components for Gas Turbine Applications

Laser consolidation (LC) is a novel additive manufacturing process being developed by the National Research Council Canada (NRC) at its London facility. LC offers unique capabilities in the production of net-shape functional metallic parts requiring no further post-machining. NRC’s LC technology has achieved dimensional accuracy of up to +/−0.05 mm with a surface finish up to 1 μm Ra (depending on the materials used in the manufacturing process). The LC process differs from other additive manufacturing technologies by its high precision deposition system that can build functional parts or features on top of existing parts using various high performance materials and alloys. In this paper, laser consolidation of various high performance materials (such as Ni-base super alloys and Ti-6Al-4V alloy) will be discussed and the examples will be given on building complex functional components and repairing parts otherwise unrepairable for gas turbine and other applications.Copyright © 2015 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada
Say Anything: A Demonstration of Open Domain Interactive Digital Storytelling

Say Anything is a text-based interactive digital storytelling application that differs from other systems in its emphasis on the ability of users to create a narrative in any domain that they wish. The user and computer take turns in writing sentences in an emerging fictional narrative where sentences contributed by the computer are selected from a collection of millions of personal stories extracted from Internet weblogs. In this demonstration, we will present the latest version of the Say Anything application and allow conference participants to author their own original stories using the system.
Glycosidase susceptibility: a probe for the distribution of glycoprotein oligosaccharides in Sindbis virus

Intact Sindbis virus and Triton-solubilized viral glycoprotein were treated with alpha-mannosidase and with a preparation of mixed glycosidases from Diplococcus pneumoniae to probe the accesibility of carbohydrate units on the viral surface. The products of glycosidase attack on Triton-solubilized virus showed that mose carbohydrate units of the glycoproteins are good substrates for these enzymes. The relative resistance of most of the viral oligosaccharides in intact virus particles showed that much of the carbohydrate is not accessible to glycosidases, probably because it is not exposed at the viral surface. The only completely accessible carbohydrate units on Sindbis glycoproteins were the type A oligosaccharides of E2. This differential accessibility of Sindbis oligosaccharides is discussed in relation to the organization of the viral surface.
Optimal cDNA microarray design using expressed sequence tags for organisms with limited genomic information

Background Expression microarrays are increasingly used to characterize environmental responses and host-parasite interactions for many different organisms. Probe selection for cDNA microarrays using expressed sequence tags (ESTs) is challenging due to high sequence redundancy and potential cross-hybridization between paralogous genes. In organisms with limited genomic information, like marine organisms, this challenge is even greater due to annotation uncertainty. No general tool is available for cDNA microarray probe selection for these organisms. Therefore, the goal of the design procedure described here is to select a subset of ESTs that will minimize sequence redundancy and characterize potential cross-hybridization while providing functionally representative probes.
Multiple signaling pathways of histamine H2 receptors. Identification of an H2 receptor-dependent Ca2+ mobilization pathway in human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells.

In order to analyze the complex activities of histamine H2 receptor activation on neutrophils, human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells were differentiated into neutrophils by incubation with dimethyl sufoxide, loaded with the Ca2+-sensitive indicator dyes, indo-1 or fura-2, and the levels of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) measured in a fluorescent-activated cell sorter and fluorimeter, respectively. Histamine increased [Ca2+]i in a dose-dependent manner with a half-maximal concentration (EC50) of approximately 10−6 to 10−5 M, which exhibited H2 receptor specificity. Prostaglandin E2 and isoproterenol also induced [Ca2+]i mobilization in HL-60 cells, whereas the cell permeable form of cAMP and forskolin failed to increase [Ca2+]i. Since H2-receptor mediated [Ca2+]i mobilization was not inhibited by reducing the concentration of extracellular Ca2+ nor by the addition of Ca2+ channel antagonists, LaCl3 and nifedipine, [Ca2+]i mobilization is due to the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Furthermore, both 10−4 M histamine and 10−6 M fMet-Leu-Phe increased the levels of 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate. However, histamine-induced mobilization of [Ca2+]i was inhibited by cholera toxin but not by pertussis toxin, whereas the action of fMet-Leu-Phe was inhibited by pertussis toxin but not by cholera toxin. These data suggest that H2 receptors on HL-60 cells are coupled to two different cholera toxin-sensitive G-proteins and activate adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C simultaneously.
Lessons from a Purblind World

This paper was an experiment presented on the “Organizing Care” panel of the 2014 conference of the North American Society for the Study of Romanticism. It deals with a variety of kinds of blindness, not least those of the literary critic. It reflects upon an overlooked episode in the annals of British medical history, illustrating substantive changes in the understanding of eye disease and eye care, as well as the discrepancy in visual health between rural areas and the metropolis. Additionally, the episode raises important questions about seeing and its relationship to reading – or what we care to read. The partial or “pur”-blindness of readers haunts literary criticism. In advocating “surface reading,” for instance, Stephen Best and Sharon Marcus suggest “that what lies in plain sight has been overlooked or cannot easily be seen” by scholars of literature. The oral presentation of this paper shifted the terms from visual to aural: sections of the audience heard distinctly different papers and understoo...
Stem Cells in the Adult Brain: Their Identification and Role in Neurogenesis

The adult brain continues generating new neurons. This discovery has dramatically changed our view of brain plasticity, and has also revealed previously unsuspected mechanisms of neuronal birth, migration, and replacement. In this chapter, we focus on the mechanism of neuronal birth and discuss recent data on how these new findings have changed concepts on the origin of neurons and glial cells in the adult, and developing central nervous system (CNS). Adult neurogenesis has been demonstrated in the forebrain of songbirds, and in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb (OB) of adult mammals, suggesting that neural stem cell are retained in the adult brain. These primary precursors have now been identified and shown to reside in specialized germinal niches. The composition and organization of these niches is discussed. Surprisingly, the primary precursor of new neurons in the adult brain has been found to be radial glial cells (birds) and astrocytes (mammals), glial cells long considered to be part of a lineage separate from that of neurons. Work in the developing mammalian brain has shown that radial glia are not only precursors of astrocytes, but also of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. Radial glia also serve as the precursors of adult neural stem cells. It is becoming increasingly clear that neural stem cells are contained within the lineage of neuroepithelial cells-radial glia-astrocytes. The identification of primary precursors in the developing and adult brain is fundamental to our understanding of neural development and adult neural replacement. Keywords: Astrocytes; Neural Stem Cells; Neurogenesis; Radial Glia; Subgranular Zone; Subventricular Zone
Esophageal Contraction Pressures Are Not Affected by Normal Menstrual Cycles

Previous studies of lower esophageal sphincter pressures during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy have suggested that the smooth muscle relaxing effect of progesterone depresses sphincter tone. Results, however, have been contradictory and limited to a small number of patients. We studied lower esophageal sphincter and distal peristaltic pressures during the follicular (days 2-8) and luteal (days 20-28) phases of the menstrual cycle. Twenty normal menstruating women (mean age 31 yr) not using oral contraceptives were evaluated. A low compliance pneumohydraulic infusion system was used for all studies. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure was determined by both rapid and station pull-through techniques. Distal peristaltic pressures were recorded 2 and 7 cm above the sphincter in response to 10 wet swallows (5 cc of H2O). Mean amplitude and duration in the distal esophagus were evaluated. Plasma progesterone and estrogen concentrations were obtained and correlated with changes in esophageal pressures. The results were as follows: (a) unlike prior investigations, we found the menstrual cycle had no effect on lower esophageal sphincter pressure and (b) likewise, no change in esophageal contractions in the distal esophagus was found during the cycle. We concluded that changes in female sex hormone concentrations that characterize the menstrual cycle are not associated with changes in parameters of esophageal motor function.
Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization

Chemical reactions induced thermally or by light irradiation in an NMR spectrometer may result in strongly enhanced NMR spectra in emission or absorption, known as chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP). The effects are induced in radical or radical ion pairs by the interplay of pair diffusion, magnetic interactions, and reactivity. The signal directions and intensities of CIDNP effects are governed by the magnetic properties of the radicals or radical ions, the initial spin multiplicity of the pair, and by the mechanism of product formation. The observed effects may be used to probe the spin multiplicity of intermediates involved in a reaction, the spin density distribution and structure of radical or radical ion intermediates, or provide insights into biochemical problems, such as protein structure and folding, photosynthetic reaction centers, and the mechanisms of DNA photorepair. Keywords: nuclear spin polarization; radical (ion) pairs; electron transfer; photochemistry; photosynthetic reaction center; photorepair of DNA; carbene reactivity; spin density distribution in radical cations; radical cation structure; triplet recombination of radical ions
Tutorial on Surrogate Constraint Approaches for Optimization in Graphs

Surrogate constraint methods have been embedded in a variety of mathematical programming applications over the past thirty years, yet their potential uses and underlying principles remain incompletely understood by a large segment of the optimization community. In a number of significant domains of combinatorial optimization, researchers have produced solution strategies without recognizing that they can be derived as special instances of surrogate constraint methods. Once the connection to surrogate constraint ideas is exposed, additional ways to exploit this framework become visible, frequently offering opportunities for improvement. We provide a tutorial on surrogate constraint approaches for optimization in graphs, illustrating the key ideas by reference to independent set and graph coloring problems, including constructions for weighted independent sets which have applications to associated covering and weighted maximum clique problems. In these settings, the surrogate constraints can be generated relative to well-known packing and covering formulations that are convenient for exposing key notions. The surrogate constraint approaches yield widely used heuristics for identifying independent sets as simple special cases, and also afford previously unidentified heuristics that have greater power in these settings. Our tutorial also shows how the use of surrogate constraints can be placed within the context of vocabulary building strategies for independent set and coloring problems, providing a framework for applying surrogate constraints that can be used in other applications. At a higher level, we show how to make use of surrogate constraint information, together with specialized algorithms for solving associated sub-problems, to obtain stronger objective function bounds and improved choice rules for heuristic or exact methods. The theorems that support these developments yield further strategies for exploiting surrogate constraint relaxations, both in graph optimization and integer programming generally.
New Monetarist Economics: Understanding Unconventional Monetary Policy*

This paper focuses on Federal Reserve policy in the United States after the financial crisis. Two key interventions - QE1 and QE2 - are reviewed, and a model is outlined that can be used to help understand some of the consequences of the financial crisis, and the policy responses to the crisis. Liquidity traps play an important role in the analysis, and it is shown how the financial crisis led to an unconventional liquidity shortage, requiring an unconventional policy response.
Growth and Characterization of GaN As(P) for High Efficiency Solar Cells: Final Subcontract Report, 29 July 1999--28 September 2003

This report describes the characterization of GaAs1-xNx and GaP1-xNx alloys using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM). One objective was to understand the origins of the giant bandgap bowing of these compound semiconductor alloys as a function of nitrogen concentration. The STM and BEEM have been used to characterize GaNxAs1-x and GaNxP1-x as a function of composition. The reduction in bandgap has been measured. Detailed studies of the band structure as a function of N composition has led to a basic understanding of the materials system. The major results of this work include: (i) determination of relative contributions of the G- and L-like bands of GaNxAs1-x to the BEEM spectra; (ii) determination of the composition dependence of the Au/ G- and L-like bands of GaNxAs1-x Schottky barrier height; (iii) development of a model to describe the BEEM results at nonepitaxial metal/semiconductor interfaces; and (iv) ballistic electron emission spectroscopy studies of GaNxP1-x samples that demonstrated possible splitting in the degeneracy of the X valley due to the nitrogen. The data were qualitatively described by the recent perturbed host states model of Kent and Zunger.
Multiple complex penetrating cardiac injuries: role of civilian trauma in the education of the combat general surgeon.

ABSTRACTObjectives: To use a case report of a complex cardiac injury case to illustrate how civilian trauma can be used to train combat general surgeons. Case report: We report the case of a 23-year-old man who suffered three penetrating injuries to the left ventricle (LV) after multiple stab wounds to left chest. On hospital arrival he was conversant, hemodynamically stable, oxygenating well, and without signs of cardiac tamponade. He deteriorated and required an urgent exploratory thoracotomy. Intraoperatively, 2-, 3.5-, and 5-cm stellate lacerations were discovered in the LV near the aortic root, of which, two were full thickness. A simple pledgeted horizontal mattress suture was not sufficient to repair the injuries. The repair ultimately required a running polypropylene suture to control the hemorrhage. The patient was awake on postoperative day 0 and discharged on postoperative day 12 without significant complication. Conclusions: This case illustrates several points for the combat surgeon. First, y...
Impact of quality management monitoring and intervention on central venous catheter dysfunction in the outpatient chemotherapy infusion setting.

Purpose To assess the utility of maintaining and analyzing a quality-management database while investigating a subjectively perceived increase in the incidence of tunneled catheter and port dysfunction in a cohort of oncology outpatients. Materials and Methods All 152 patients undergoing lytic therapy (2–4 mg alteplase) of a malfunctioning indwelling central venous catheter (CVC) from January through June 2004 at a single cancer center in the United States were included in a quality-management database. Patients were categorized by time to device failure and the initial method of catheter placement (surgery vs interventional radiology). Data were analyzed after 3 months, and areas of possible improvement were identified and acted upon. Three months of follow-up data were then collected and similarly analyzed. Results In a 6-month period, 152 patients treated for catheter malfunction received a total of 276 doses of lytic therapy. A 3-month interim analysis revealed a disproportionately high rate (34%) of early catheter malfunction (ECM; P P Conclusions Suboptimal positioning was likely responsible for some, but not all, cases of ECM. Maintenance of a quality-management database is a relatively simple intervention that can have a clear and important impact on the quality and cost of patient care.
American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis

This literature review and the recommendations herein were prepared for the American Gastroenterological Association Clinical Practice Committee. The paper was approved by the Committee on May 16, 2004, and by the AGA Governing Board on September 23, 2004.
0005 Comprehensive Analysis of Research and Program-Based Studies on Occupational Health and Safety in the Philippines

Objectives This study looked into the state of occupational health and safety in the country. Specifically, the objectives were 1) to show the current condition of workers, both local and migrant, in terms of their workplace condition and hazard exposures; and 2) to present occupational diseases and illnesses in various industries and occupational groupings in the Philippines. Method The methodology consisted of comprehensive analysis of records and statistics on occupational safety and health, and related variables from various institutions. Data were gathered from reviews of literatures, related research studies, and documentary research at the Occupational Safety and Health Centre. Analysis of data was done through a critical appraisal of the current status of occupational and health safety in the Philippines in terms of occupational diseases, injuries, and accidents, and existing occupational health and safety policies. Results The study showed occupational hazards and health and safety conditions in various industries, occupational settings, and job groupings such as in the industrial sector, manufacturing, mining, agriculture, fishing, and cement manufacturing. It also looked into small scale and informal industries such as tanning, laundry shops, pyrotechnique manufacturing and the like. Special segments of the labour force including the women workers, child labourers and migrant workers were also covered. In all these sectors and industries, the study showed attendant occupational diseases and injuries arising from occupational hazards. Conclusions The study showed more complete data on occupational health and safety in the Philippines considering that there is insufficient collection of OHS data by concerned government agencies.