cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The gammaepsilon-c subunit interface in the ATP synthase of Escherichia coli. cross-linking of the epsilon subunit to the c subunit ring does not impair enzyme function, that of gamma to c subunits leads to uncoupling.

Mutants with a cysteine residue in the gamma subunit at position 207 and the epsilon subunit at position 31 were expressed in combination with a c-dimer construct, which contains a single cysteine at position 42 of the second c subunit. These mutants are called gammaY207C/cc'Q42C and epsilonE31C/cc'Q42C, respectively. Cross-linking of epsilon to the c subunit ring was obtained almost to completion without significant effect on any enzyme function, i.e. ATP hydrolysis, ATP synthesis, and ATP hydrolysis-driven proton translocation were all close to that of wild type. The gamma subunit could also be linked to the c subunit ring in more than 90% yield, but this affected coupling. Thus, ATP hydrolysis was increased 2. 5-fold, ATP synthesis was dramatically decreased, and ATP hydrolysis-driven proton translocation was abolished, as measured by the 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridinequenching method. These results for epsilonE31C/cc'Q42C indicate that the c subunit ring rotates with the central stalk element. That the gamma-epsilon cross-linked enzyme retains ATPase activity also argues for a gammaepsilon-c subunit rotor. However, the uncoupling induced by cross-linking of gamma to the c subunit ring points to important conformational changes taking place in the gammaepsilon-c subunit interface during this. Blocking these structural changes by cross-linking leads to a proton leak within the F(0).
Fit and phat: Black college women and their relationship with physical activity, obesity and campus recreation facilities

The purpose of this paper was to recognize factors that contribute to Black female college students adoption of physically active behaviors. In addition, this paper acknowledges the prevalence of obesity in the United States for Black women, and examines the relationship between body mass index, physical activity and use of campus recreation facilities and programs. The study is approached from an intersectionality lens, utilizing a quantitative and qualitative questionnaire to capture and analyze the perceptions and voice of Black female undergraduate students (n � 49) attending a predominantly White institution in the southeast United States. Recognizing the intersectionality of race, gender and class, employing the theoretical frame of Black feminist thought was appropriate to capture the ‘multiple jeopardies’ in their daily experiences. The findings revealed 75.5% of the participants were in accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for physical activity; however, 77.1% utilize the campus recreation facility fewer than two days per week. Moreover, the findings suggest the sociocultural environment as the most influential factor on Black female collegiate students’ relationship with physical activity, obesity awareness and campus recreation facility usage.
OCT image segmentation of the prostate nerves

The cavernous nerves course along the surface of the prostate and are responsible for erectile function. Improvements in identification, imaging, and visualization of the cavernous nerves during prostate cancer surgery may improve nerve preservation and postoperative sexual potency. In this study, 2-D OCT images of the rat prostate were segmented to differentiate the cavernous nerves from the prostate gland. Three image features were employed: Gabor filter, Daubechies wavelet, and Laws filter. The features were segmented using a nearestneighbor classifier. N-ary morphological post-processing was used to remove small voids. The cavernous nerves were differentiated from the prostate gland with a segmentation error rate of only 0.058 ± 0.019.
Functional and histologic changes in vein grafts exposed to crystalloid potassium cardioplegic solution.

A canine external jugular vein to iliac artery interposition model was devised to evaluate the potential deleterious effects of cold potassium cardioplegic solution exposure to saphenous vein grafts during aortocoronary bypass procedures. The right jugular vein was harvested from 11 animals and halved, one segment being perfused with 1 liter of normal saline solution (NS) at 4°C over a period of 31.7 ± 2.5 min at a perfusion pressure of 50.5 ± 2.6 mm Hg, and the other segment perfused with 1 liter of crystalloid potassium cardioplegic solution (CP) at 4°C over a period of 24.8 ± 3.2 min at a perfusion pressure of 53.0 ± 1.5 mm Hg. The measured differences in the perfusion times and pressures were not significant at P 0.05). Gross and histologic study of the grafts revealed no apparent differences between the two groups, and micrometric study of the thickness of the various vein wall layers at three different sites along each graft revealed no significant difference at any site except the media and the total wall thickness in the mid-portion of the grafts, where the CP-treated grafts were thicker (P < 0.05). It is concluded that, in this canine model, exposure of vein grafts to cold potassium cardioplegic solution causes no more deleterious changes than exposure to normal saline solution.
SLW modeling of radiative transfer in multicomponent gas mixtures

Abstract The methods of spectral integration for SLW modeling in the multicomponent gas mixtures are considered. The direct method and the method of convolution are extended to the multicomponent mixtures. Two new methods of spectral integration are proposed: the method of superposition and the multiplication method. A hybrid method based on desirable attributes of the latter two methods is also considered. The validation of the methods is performed by the prediction of radiative transfer in isothermal homogeneous media and in a ternary gas mixture layer with step-wise variation of temperature and species concentrations (water vapor, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide). The HITEMP spectral database is used for evaluation of SLW spectral parameters and line-by-line benchmark solution.
Temporal and spatial changes in an area of the New Jersey Pine Barrens landscape

In order to document the extent of landscape fragmentation for a section of the New Jersey Pine Barrens region, we have used satellite image and spatial analysis to monitor landscape change between 1972 and 1988. Land-cover patterns were quantified by mean, number, and size of patches; and amount of edges between land cover types. During the intervening sixteen year period, fractal dimension, diversity, and contagion generally decreased while dominance, disturbance and edges increased, indicating a trend to a more dissected and disturbed landscape. There was an increase in the number of forest patches and a significant decrease in the average size of forest patches. In contrast, the mean patch size for the non-forest category has increased as a result of a coalescence of patches. The landscape fragmentation is shown by a downward shift in the distribution of forest patches by size class. These changes in landscape pattern have implications for many ecological processes and resources. Management practices need to consider landscape fragmentation in the Pinelands National Reserve in order to preserve the essential character of the Pine Barrens landscape.
Voltage clamping for a utility-scale PV array

Layout of the conductor material in the dc bus of a photovoltaic (PV) array to lower first cost and ohmic losses is reviewed. Six PV materials are characterized for their voltage swings from maximum power point to open circuit. A voltage-clamping shunt switch is proposed and experimentally verified to reduce the range of operating voltage in a utility-scale PV array, further improving its operating economy by reducing installed cost and ohmic losses.
High cycle fatigue behavior of Ti–6Al–4V with simulated foreign object damage

Abstract This study investigated the high cycle fatigue (HCF) behavior of a titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V, after being subjected to simulated foreign object damage (FOD). For this purpose, rectangular specimens were damaged to various depths by steel indenters of different diameters under quasi-static loading to simulate damage found in turbine engine airfoils during service. The fatigue strength of these specimens for 10 7 cycles was measured. Finite element analysis was used to compute the deformation and stress state created by the simulated FOD and to explain the relationship between damage and fatigue strength. The examination of damage mechanisms on the fracture surface near FOD showed a region of either macro bands (in the X-shape) of intense plasticity (i.e. intensely deformed material) having strain levels of 15–20%, shear bands, or shear stress-induced cracks depending upon the indentation depth and indenter diameter. The depth from the specimen edge up to the center of these X-shaped macro bands on the fracture surface had a simple empirical relationship with the reduction in fatigue strength. The residual stresses, introduced from the FOD, caused the effective stress ratio or mean stress in the vicinity of FOD to be different than that applied to the specimen. These modified stress states provided the explanation for reduction in the fatigue strength of the material with FOD.
Inlet temperature influence on the departure from Darcy flow of a fluid with variable viscosity

In this note, the effect of inlet temperature on the departure from linear Darcy flow to quadratic (formdrag dominant) flow regime is studied. By using the results of numerical simulations for poly-alpha-olefin, a synthetic oil, and the M-HDD model [1] the departure from linear to quadratic flow regime (transition) is shown to happen at an earlier global velocity than for the constant viscosity counterpart, when the channel is heated. By performing the simulations within the same parameter (velocity and heat flux) range, the effect of inlet temperature on the shift in transition is revealed. This aspect is of practical importance because most fluids have viscosity non-linearly dependent on temperature. The transition criterion used in this study is based on the ratio of global form-drag and viscous-drag forces along a porous channel with uniform cross-section, given by
Assessing the burden of undeliverable immunization reminder and recall notifications.

Abstract Purpose To assess the completeness and accuracy of parent contact information for the delivery of mailed reminder/recall notices using a statewide immunization information system (IIS). Methods The Michigan Care Improvement Registry (MCIR) was used to generate reminder and recall notifications for children ages 6 months–19 years in Michigan (2008–2009). Mailed notifications were classified as being undeliverable if they were returned to the local health department (LHD) by the US Postal Service. Results 20,377 notifications were mailed and 5182 (26%) were undeliverable. Undeliverable notification increased with age (reference, 6–18 months): 19–35 months (OR = 1.27), 36–71 months (OR = 3.03) and adolescents 11–19 years (OR = 4.94). Children enrolled in Medicaid (OR = 0.76) were less likely to have an undeliverable notification compared to their non-enrolled counterparts, but children who had previously received some (OR = 1.07) or all vaccinations (OR = 2.43) at an LHD were more likely to have an undeliverable notification. Conclusion Undeliverable reminder/recall notifications are most likely among adolescents. Efforts to identify alternate sources of parent contact information may be an important strategy to improve the successful delivery of reminder/recall notifications, especially for adolescents.
Analysis of seasonal and interannual variability in transpacific transport

[1] The purpose of our analysis is both to evaluate the meteorological component of the seasonal and interannual variability of transpacific transport and to identify meteorological features that can be used to estimate transpacific transport. To accomplish this goal, we simulate the transport of nine continental tracers with uniform emissions and two-week lifetimes using the global Model of Ozone and Related Tracers Version 2 (MOZART-2) driven with NCEP reanalysis meteorology from 1991–2001. In addition, we define a transpacific “transport potential,” a measure of the quantity of a tracer transported from a particular region normalized by its total emissions from that region, across a meridional plane in the eastern Pacific at 130°W. We find that at midlatitudes, the east Asian and Indian tracers have the largest transport potentials, particularly in spring. The interannual variability of the transpacific transport potentials of most tracers is relatively high in winter and fall (particularly in February and September) but is low from April to August. At high latitudes the former Soviet Union, east Asian, and European tracers have the largest transpacific transport potentials, especially in late summer and fall, when the lowest interannual variability is observed. We find that El Nino winters are associated with stronger eastward transport of east Asian emissions in the subtropical eastern Pacific. Transport of the east Asian tracer in the central North Pacific is well correlated with the North Pacific Index. However, we find that the interannual variability of transport across the west coast of North America is mostly driven by local meteorology. We therefore created a new index based on meteorology over the eastern Pacific, which we call the Eastern Pacific Index (EPI). The EPI captures most of the interannual variability of transpacific transport at both middle- and high-latitude regions across the west coast of North America.
CALCULATION OF SINGLE-PARTICLE ENERGIES IN THE THEORY OF NUCLEAR MATTER

The rearrangement energy corrections to the singleparticle energies were evaluated, using the procedure of Brueckner and Goldraan. The shift is shown to be due largely to the second- and third-order rearrangement energy diagrams, the corrected energy at the Ferani surface now nearly agreeing with the mean binding energy. The change of the single-particle energies of virtual excitations due to rearrangement effects is also determined and showm to shift the mean binding energy by 1.5 Mev. (auth)
Carbon intensity of electricity generation and CDM baseline: case studies of three Chinese provinces☆

A difficult and persistent issue in the discussion of Clean Development Mechanism is estimating a carbon emissions baseline, against which tradable permits may be certified. This paper examines the proposition of adopting sectoral, as opposed to project level, baselines by conducting case studies of the electricity industry in three Chinese provinces. We find that complicated central planning, financial and institutional factors have been behind the declining trend of carbon intensity in electricity generation and its provincial variations. Government planned electricity development which incorporates many of these factors and the associated industry carbon intensity may serve as a second best baseline. However, the limitation of the baseline we examine in this study plus difficulties numerous studies have revealed in baseline setting suggests that using baselines based on counterfactuals of what would happen will in the end either miss good emission reduction opportunities, or compromise the integrity of the regime.
Evaluation of four reagents for delipidation of serum

Four reagents, Aerosil 380, Freon 113, Dextran sulfate 500-S, and a mixed organic solvent were tested for their abilities to produce optically clear, pooled human serum. Aerosil-380, a silicon dioxide, removed 95% of serum cholesterol and triglycerides, and 80% of the free fatty acids. A mixed organic solvent (n-butanol:diisopropyl ether) was equally effective, but also removed nearly all endogenous alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Freon-113 and Dextran sulfate 500-S removed about half of the serum cholesterol and triglycerides. The serum content of several non-lipid components was unaffected by Aerosil-380, Freon-113, and Dextran sulfate treatments; however, the mixed organic solvent removed 69% of the endogenous calcium. Light scattering data revealed that treatment with all reagents except the mixed organic solvent resulted in optically-clear serum products.
‘Englishness’ on the Imperial Circuit: Mutiny Tours in Colonial South Asia

Dominant analyses of the generative conditions and the particular forms assumed by ‘Englishness’ in the late nineteenth century continue to territorialise its formation within the metropole. This paper seeks to challenge the reified binary topography of metropole/periphery by situating dominant articulations of ‘Englishness’ within the territorial and discursive ground of colonial South Asia. A recognition of the broader, asymmetrically structured field of imperial social relations, I argue, requires a reconceptualization of ‘Englishness’ as an imperial formation. Through a critical analysis of the official historiography on the mutiny, the spatial and discursive practices of mutiny tours, and their constitutive role in shaping the identity of tourists, this paper attempts to show the intersections between ‘Englishness’, England and Empire.
A population-based assessment of blood lead levels in relation to inflammation

Abstract Background Some experimental and observational research suggests that inflammation may be an important mediator of lead toxicity. However, lead-induced inflammation has not been well-studied in non-occupationally exposed populations. Methods Using data for 9,145 individuals ≥40 years of age from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004, we assessed the association between blood lead levels (BLLs) and C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and white blood cell (WBC) count via ordinal logistic regression. We also examined the interaction between BLL and gender in relation to the inflammatory markers. Results No evidence for an association between lead exposure and inflammatory markers was observed with odds ratios around or below the null. Although men but not women appeared to be at increased risk of lead-induced inflammation, no consistent dose-response patterns were observed across BLL quintiles. Conclusion Inflammation does not appear to be an important mediator of lead toxicity.
Electrolyte Balance in Exercising Horses Fed a Control and a Fat-Supplemented Diet

Summary Eight mature Thoroughbred horses were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square experiment to verify the results of a previous study conducted in this laboratory which estimated dietary electrolyte requirements for exercising Miniature Horses, and to evaluate the effect of feeding fat on electrolyte balance. The rations contained concentrations of electrolytes as suggested from the previous study. Horses were exercised at two work loads that increased digestible energy requirements to approximately 145% and 180% of maintenance, and were fed a control diet and a fat-supplemented diet. Each period of the Latin square was 3 weeks. Mineral balance trials were conducted during the last 4 days of each period. During the balance trials, horses were housed in metabolism crates, except while exercising, for total urine and fecal collections. Sweat loss was quantified and sweat samples were collected. Feed, water, fecal, urine, and sweat samples were used to determine electrolyte balances in exercising horses supplemented according to predicted needs. Sweat losses in horses in this study averaged 11.9 g/kg BW at the lowest work load and 15.6 g/kg BW at the highest work load. There were no significant differences in composition of sweat due to work load or diet. Furthermore, there was no effect on electrolyte balance due to diet. Horses were in near electrolyte balance when fed the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride as predicted from a previous study conducted in this laboratory. Thus, to maintain exercising horses in electrolyte balance, diets should contain (per Mcal of DE) approximately 1.3 g sodium, 3.1 g chloride and 4.5 g potassium.
A novel thermal model for HEV/EV battery modeling based on CFD calculation

Battery thermal management for high power applications such as electrical/hybrid vehicles is crucial. Modeling is an indispensible tool to help engineers design better battery cooling systems. An accurate battery thermal model using Foster network is proposed. The parameters in the Foster network including capacitance and resistance are extracted from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) results. The Foster network model is then shown to provide identical results as those from CFD under any transient power inputs. The model can be readily coupled with battery electrical circuit model to form a complete battery system circuit model capable of predicting accurate battery temperature and the impact of temperature on battery electrical transient performance.
Hegel's reception of the sophists

Hegel's treatment of the Sophists challenged the centuries‐old characterization of them as fraudulent intellectuals. Though he “rehabilitated” Protagoras, Gorgias, and others, however, he also domesticated sophistical rhetoric, divesting it of its capacity to shape the public sphere. The effect of Hegel's historical analysis was to characterize Sophistic rhetoric as speculative philosophy. Thus his attempt to “normalize” the Sophists functioned more to render their rhetoric impotent.
Nonparametric estimation of a Markov ‘illness-death’ process from interval-censored observations, with application to diabetes survival data

SUMMARY The nonparametric estimation of the cumulative transition intensity functions in a threestate time-nonhomogeneous Markov process with irreversible transitions, an 'illness-death' model, is considered when times of the intermediate transition, e.g. onset of a disease, are interval-censored. The times of 'death' are assumed to be known exactly or to be rightcensored. In addition the observed process may be left-truncated. Data of this type arise when the process is sampled periodically. For example, when the patients are monitored through periodic examinations the observations on times of change in their disease status will be interval-censored. Under the sampling scheme considered here the Nelson-Aalen estimator (Aalen, 1978) for a cumulative transition intensity is not applicable. In the proposed method the maximum likelihood estimators of some of the transition intensities are derived from the estimators of the corresponding subdistribution functions. The maximum likelihood estimators are shown to have a self-consistency property. The self-consistency algorithm is developed for the computation of the estimators. This approach generalises the results from Turnbull (1976) and Frydman (1992). The methods are illustrated with diabetes survival data.
Women, household and health in Latin America

Abstract Although recent studies have identified some of the links in Latin America between uneven capitalist economic development and health, the impact of development on either the health of women or on household health is still largely unknown. This account identifies several areas of needed research. If focuses on how changing women's roles and patterns of domestic production affect women's reproductive behavior, and the consequences of these changes for the health of women and other members of their households.
Remembering complex sentences

Recall of complex sentences at two retention intervals was examined, using sentences which varied simultaneously in three ways, being either active or passive, of low or high Yngve depth, and predictable or unpredictable. Recall of any particular sentence was cued with either the logical subject, logical object, verb or adverbial phrase noun. In general, unpredictable sentences were recollected better than predictable ones, low Yngve depth sentences were recalled better than high Yngve depth ones, and passive sentences were retained better than active ones. The most effective cue was the object, followed in turn by the subject and the adverbial phrase noun, with the verb being least effective. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Three-dimensional isotropic contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the carotid artery using sensitivity-encoding and random elliptic centric k-space filling: technique optimization

We present a study that helped optimize a three-dimensional isotropic contrast-enhanced MR angiographic (CE-MRA) technique, using sensitivity encoding (SENSE) and random elliptic centric k-space filling. Two-dimensional gradient-echo sequence (TR/TE/flip angle 3.4/0.97/40 degrees ) was used to generate time-intensity curves in porcine carotid arteries for a fixed dose of Gd-DTPA (0.02 mmol/kg) at the following intravenous injection rates: 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 ml/s. The time of contrast arrival and time to peak were recorded. Based on the time-intensity curves, three-dimensional high-resolution isotropic (1 mm3) CE-MRA sequence (TR/TE/flip angle: 4.9/2.4/30 degrees ), using SENSE (reduction factor of 2) and random elliptic centric k-space filling, was initiated twice for each of the above injection rates: first at the time of contrast arrival and second at the time of peak contrast. The three-dimensional CE-MRA images were analyzed for artifacts, signal-to-noise ratio, and venous contamination. For the three-dimensional CE-MRA acquisitions that were initiated at the time of contrast arrival, there was a gradual improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the carotid arteries with increasing injection rate. The same trend was not observed for the acquisitions that were initiated at the time of peak contrast. SENSE combined with random elliptic k-space acquisition in CE-MRA allows for higher SNR with fewer ringing artifacts at faster contrast injection rates.
18O/16O homogenization of the middle crust during anatexis: The Thor-Odin metamorphic core complex, British Columbia

The occurrence of isotopically uniform quartz (δ^(18)O = 12.5‰ ± 0.5‰) and feldspar (10.9‰ ± 0.7‰) throughout different rock types indicates that much of a 6-km-thick section of the mid-crustal Selkirk allochthon underwent internally buffered ^(18)O/^(16)O homogenization during Paleocene melting and decompression as it moved up the Monashee thrust ramp. Areas of uniform δ^(18)O are those with the most leucogranite or those subjected to severe anatexis. Only locally, in the most impermeable (or refractory) zones did ^(18)O exchange among the rocks, leucogranite melts, and aqueous fluids fail to go to completion (i.e., in the deepest parts of the section, in a marble-rich zone, around some thick amphibolites, and in most garnets). Evidence for ^(18)O/^(16)O heterogeneity in the protoliths of these rocks is observed in stratigraphically correlative lower-grade units elsewhere in British Columbia, as well as in garnets that coexist with isotopically homogeneous quartz. In our model, ^(18)O/^(16)O homogenization accompanied muscovite dehydration and partial melting of pelites with only minor influx of external H_2O, followed by release of magmatic H_2O from these melts (triggering further melting of adjacent feldspathic assemblages) as they were uplifted 20 km during thrusting just prior to onset of detachment faulting. Locally, low δ^(18)O in feldspar (down to −3.8) and profound quartz-feldspar ^(18)O/^(16)O disequilibrium were imprinted at shallow levels during meteoric-hydrothermal alteration associated with Eocene detachment faulting.
Differential expression of the maize catalase genes during kernel development: the role of steady-state mRNA levels.

In maize three isozymic forms of catalase, CAT-1, CAT-2, and CAT-3 are encoded by three distinct and unlinked structural genes (Catl, Cat2, and Cat3). Catalase activity profiles and zymogram analysis were used to examine the spatial and temporal expression of the three genes during kernel maturation. Three developmental stages of catalase expression were observed in the growing kernel. During stage 1 (6-12 days after pollination), both Catl and Cat3 were expressed; during stage 2 (15-18 days after pollination) only Cat1 expression was observed; and during stage 3 (21-30 days after pollination), Cat1 and Cat2 were expressed. The major constituent tissues of the kernel were examined to determine their contribution to total kernel catalase expression. Each of the tissues was found to have a unique pattern of catalase gene expression. RNA blot analysis, using catalase gene-specific nucleic acid probes, suggests that the differential expression of the three catalase genes observed in the kernel is regulated by controlling the distribution of steady-state mRNA species for the three genes.
Chinese experiments in urban space: The quest for an agrapolitan China

As dramatic and graphic as the rural scene of China has been, the city has been the source of the majority of the grandeur that we ascribe to China and the Chinese. The intricate network of rice terraces and small reservoirs have rural setting, but the organizational finesse that made the water flow and ebb efficiently was basically urban-based. The massive monuments to human persistence such as The Great Wall, the Grand Canal, and the control of the Min River as it floods onto the Ch’eng-tu Plain were all the product of organizational and military strength that likewise emanated from governmental offices housed in hsien, provincial and imperial urban centers. The countryside has received the geographic coverage, but the city has been the catalyst and agency of initiation for this unparalleled modification of a landscape.
Transcortin: a corticosteroid-binding protein of plasma. X. Cortisol and progesterone interplay and unbound levels of these steroids in pregnancy.

ABSTRACT The concentrations of total cortisol, progesterone and transcortin rise during pregnancy. Unbound cortisol shows a gradual increase during pregnancy, its level rising to about 3 times the concentration in normal plasma and in proportion to the rise of the total cortisol concentration. The level of unbound progesterone rises in the course of pregnancy, approximately in proportion to the total progesterone concentration. Progesterone replaces transcortin-bound cortisol increasingly during pregnancy until, in its later stage, the ratio of transcortin-bound progesterone to transcortinbound cortisol becomes about 0.3. The computed value for the association constant of the cortisol-transcortin complex in pregnancy plasma is about 12 μm−1 and that of the progesteronetranscortin complex is about twice this value.
The messenger RNA sequence in human fibrobtast cells induced with poly rI.rC to produce interferon

Abstract Induction of human fibroblast cells with poly rI.rC induces interferon mRNA which can be translated into interferon precursor in wheat germ cell free system or in Xenopus oocytes into biologically active interferon. The extent of gene expression in the poly rI.rC induced cells was compared to that of the uninduced cells by hybridization of the mRNA to complementary DNA. Homologous template driven hybridization of cDNA revealed the presence of two clearly defined transitions in the total poly A RNA from the induced cells; abundant class and a scarce class comprising approximately 37,000 diverse species of RNA. Heterologus hybridization of the cDNA with total uninduced mRNA showed that the majority of the mRNA sequences are the same in both the induced and uninduced cells. The results of the hybridization using cDNA prepared to the fraction enriched for interferon mRNA, however, showed that about 4% of the sequences present in the interferon enriched fraction are not present in the uninduced cells. These differences may result from the poly rI.rC induced alterations in gene expression.
Vive Les Roses!: The Architecture of Commitment in an Online Pregnancy and Mothering Group

This article presents an ethnographic analysis of an often-overlooked element of social capital—commitment—on Coming up Roses, an online pregnancy and mothering support group. Specifically, it examines the architecture of commitment: the ways in which the site’s social and technical design influences the commitment that members feel toward the site and one another. In so doing, this account illuminates how social life and technical life mutually construct one another in online support environments. It also demonstrates that a site’s social and technical features can produce multiple and even contradictory effects, depending on the social and historical contexts in which users engage it.
Modulation of Dark Conductivity over a 1 × 10−12 to 1 × 10−5 S/cm Range Through Ancillary Group Modification in Amorphous Solids of Ethyne-Bridged (Porphinato)zinc(II) Oligomers

2- and 4-probe dark conductivity (DC) data obtained for thin-film and solid-state samples of undoped PZnn oligomers show that the measured DCs for these species span an impressively wide range. Sterically unencumbered PZnn oligomers enable augmented interchain electronic coupling in the solid state and provide electronically functional thin films via direct spin-casting.
Intraocular Lenses and Experimental Bacterial Endophthalmitis

To determine if an intraocular lens renders bacterial endophthalmitis more resistant to therapy, an animal model was developed. Nine rabbits underwent bilateral extracapsular lens extraction with placement of a Simcoe posterior chamber IOL in one eye. Approximately 170 organisms of Staphylococcus aureus were inoculated into both eyes. The eyes of seven animals were treated with intravitreal and subconjunctival gentamicin after 24 and 48 hours. Vitreous cultures remained sterile in all treated eyes for one week after antibiotic therapy. Two animals that did not receive antibiotics showed persistent infection. There was no difference between aphakic and pseudophakic eyes in terms of clinical response or onset of negative cultures.
Hypernatremia and Hypertonic Syndromes

Hypernatremia is a potentially life-threatening electrolyte disturbance of dogs and cats. It occurs secondary to water loss or sodium gain. Clinical signs are related to the central nervous system and must be recognized. Fluid therapy is critical in these patients but must be used cautiously.
Monads and algebras in the semantics of partial data types

Programming language semantics plays an important role in the development of software technology by providing a coherent approach to the design and implementation of programming languages. Ry avoiding ad hoc techniques, such an approach seeks to provide an environment suitable for the interpretation of powerful yet flexible languages capable of greater modularity and polymorphic behavior. This in turn should lead to greater code reuse, reliability and maintenance so crucial to the future developement of large software systems. Algebraic methods have long provided a plenitude of roles in both defining issues and solving problems in the foundations of programming language semantics. In this paper we focus attention on the use of algebraic structures, particularly categories of algebras and monads, to describe partial data types and their corresponding computations. It has become increasingly evident with the proliferation of semantic categories that no one category is ideal for all purposes. Instead, what is proposed in this paper in the context of partial types is a systematic approach which constructs several categories of algebras and their corresponding adjunctions. The semantic content is then derived not only from the individual categories but from their functorial relationships. Recent attempts at dealing with partial operations on data types have led to the construction of categories of partial maps [ 11, 121. Earlier work had focused on the
Three-dimensional thermal convection in Czochralski melt

Abstract A numerical study of the flow of a low Prandtl number fluid inside an idealized Czochralski crucible has been undertaken. The three-dimensional Navier-Stokes and energy equations, with the Boussinesq approximation, have been discretized by means of a finite volume procedure which employs a second order accurate central difference scheme to treat diffusive and convective fluxes. The only force considered in driving the flow is natural convection, and its analysis is important because unsteady thermal effects are responsible for striations in the final crystal. It is found that axisymmetrically driven free convection is immediately unstable to azimuthal perturbations, which are fed through a process of energy exchange between the radial and the azimuthal directions. The flow maintains its axisymmetric structure because of the imposed radial temperature gradient, but with an aximuthal velocity superimposed to the basic motion. At higher Rayleigh numbers the azimuthal motion persists, and is concentrated close to the axis of the cylinder. The bicellular flow predicted by two-dimensional axisymmetric simulations is recovered. When the Rayleigh number is above a critical value oscillatory convection sets in, and this critical value is close to the one predicted by two dimensional numerical experiments, while the critical frequency is higher.
Effects of thermal-neutron irradiation on amorphous-silicon films☆

Abstract Thin films of vapor-deposited amorphous silicon have been subjected to integrated thermal-neutron fluxes up to 8.3 × 10 18 n/cm 2 . Provided the films had been annealed at 300°C prior to the irradiation, only very small effects on the electrical and optical properties were observed. The results provide some evidence in favor of the predominance of thermally activated hopping conduction in the vicinity of the Fermi energy in such films.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: problems in diagnosis.

1. Goldsmith DF, Shy CM. Respiratory health effects from occupational exposure to wood dusts. Scand J Work Environ Health 1988;14:1-15. 2. Bush RK, Clayton D. Asthma due to Central American walnut (Juglans olanchana) dust. Clin Allergy 1983;13:38994. 3. Malo J-L, Cartier A, Ghetto H, Lafrance M, McCants M, Lehrer SB. Patterns of improvement in spirometry, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and specific IgE levels after cessation of exposure in occupational asthma caused by snowcrab processing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:807-12. 4. Chan-Yeung M, MacLean L, Paggiaro PL. Follow up study of 232 patients with occupational asthma caused by western red cedar. J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL 1987;79:792-6. 5. Gannon PFG, Weir DC, Robertson AS, Sherwood Burge P. Health, employment, and financial outcomes in workers with occupational asthma. Br J Ind Med 1993;50:491-6.
Animal models of steatosis.

The lipid content of hepatocytes is regulated by the integrated activities of cellular enzymes that catalyze lipid uptake, synthesis, oxidation, and export. When "input" of fats into these systems (either because of increased fatty acid delivery, hepatic fatty acid uptake, or fatty acid synthesis) exceeds the capacity for fatty acid oxidation or export (i.e., "output"), then hepatic steatosis occurs. Genetic causes of increased fatty acid input promote excessive hepatic lipogenesis. These include mutations that cause leptin deficiency or leptin receptor inhibition and mutations that induce insulin, insulin-like growth factors, or insulin-responsive transcription factors. Genetic causes of impaired hepatic fatty acid oxidation inhibit the elimination (i.e., output) of fat from the liver. These include mutations that inhibit various components of the peroxisomal and/or mitochondrial pathways for fatty acid beta-oxidation. Environmental factors, such as diets and toxins, can also unbalance hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation. Hepatic lipogenesis is increased by dietary sucrose, fructose, or fats and certain toxins, such as ethanol. Hepatic fatty acid oxidation is inhibited by choline- or methionine-deficient diets and other toxins, such as etomoxir. Animals with genetic or environmental induction of hepatic lipogenesis appear to be useful models for human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in which hyperinsulinemia and defective leptin signaling are conspicuous at early stages of the disease process.
Changes in posterior disc bulging and intervertebral foraminal size associated with flexion-extension movement: a comparison between L4-5 and L5-S1 levels in normal subjects.

Abstract Background context: No previous study has used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate changes of posterior disc bulging and intervertebral foraminal size in the normal spine with flexion-extension movement, comparing L4–5 versus L5–S1 intervertebral levels. Purpose: To determine changes in posterior disc bulging and intervertebral foraminal size with flexion-extension movement, comparing L4–5 versus L5–S1 intervertebral levels. Study design: An in vivo study of magnetic resonance kinematics with spine flexion extension. Methods: Spines of three volunteers with no history of low back pain were scanned in neutral, flexion, and extension positions in a vertically open MRI system. MRI was repeated after 6 hours of normal activity and an additional 4 hours of heavy activity with a weighted vest. Posterior bulging of the intervertebral disc and the size of intervertebral foramen were measured at the L4–5 and L5–S1 levels. Results: With spine flexion, posterior bulging of the discs increased at L4–5 in eight of nine measurements (three different spine-loading states for each of three subjects) and L5–S1 discs in six of nine measurements. In most cases, posterior bulging decreased with extension. No significant difference was noted in the degree of disc bulge between levels. Foraminal size at L4–5 increased with flexion and decreased with extension, and the extent of these changes was greater at the L4–5 level than at L5–S1. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates two distinct behavior characteristics of the normal spine with flexion-extension movement.
The role of vacancies in an unusual anelastic phenomenon

Abstract The internal friction results obtained by Entwistle 1,2 from a number of quench aging Al alloys are re-examined and interpreted. Two transient contributions to the internal friction are observed on aging duralumin near room temperature. The first contribution develops during the initial hardening, and is deduced to be of anelastic origin. It is suggested that this contribution occurs by a stress induced rearrangement of clusters of solute atoms, and at a rate greatly accelerated by the presence of excess vacancies. The second contribution, which develops considerably later in the aging sequence, is also a relaxation phenomenon but with a shorter relaxation time governed by an activation energy of 13.5 kcal/mole and a frequency factor of 10 14 sec /t-1 . This later relaxation is thought to arise from a stress induced rearrangement of small groups of solute atoms containing vacant lattice sites as an integral component of their structure. This model successfully explains the salient experimental results, and leads directly to the interpretation of the activation energy as that for vacancy motion. The observed sequence of changes indicates that the relaxation centers responsible for both contributions occur within the G.P. zones, and that a spontaneous reorganization within the zones is responsible for the changeover from one contribution to the other.
Rotavirus NSP1 Inhibits Expression of Type I Interferon by Antagonizing the Function of Interferon Regulatory Factors IRF3, IRF5, and IRF7

Secretion of interferon (IFN) by virus-infected cells is essential for activating autocrine and paracrine pathways that promote cellular transition to an antiviral state. In most mammalian cells, IFN production is initiated by the activation of constitutively expressed IFN regulatory factor 3, IRF3, which in turn leads to the induction of IRF7, the “master regulator” of IFN type I synthesis (alpha/beta IFN). Previous studies established that rotavirus NSP1 antagonizes IFN signaling by inducing IRF3 degradation. In the present study, we have determined that, in comparison to wild-type rotaviruses, rotaviruses encoding defective NSP1 grow to lower titers in some cell lines and that this poor growth phenotype is due to their failure to suppress IFN expression. Furthermore, we provide evidence that rotaviruses encoding wild-type NSP1 subvert IFN signaling by inducing the degradation of not only IRF3, but also IRF7, with both events occurring through proteasome-dependent processes that proceed with similar efficiencies. The capacity of NSP1 to induce IRF7 degradation may allow rotavirus to move across the gut barrier by enabling the virus to replicate in specialized trafficking cells (dendritic cells and macrophages) that constitutively express IRF7. Along with IRF3 and IRF7, NSP1 was found to induce the degradation of IRF5, a factor that upregulates IFN expression and that is involved in triggering apoptosis during viral infection. Our analysis suggests that NSP1 mediates the degradation of IRF3, IRF5, and IRF7 by recognizing a common element of IRF proteins, thereby allowing NSP1 to act as a broad-spectrum antagonist of IRF function.
Felty's Syndrome as an initial presentation of Rheumatoid Arthritis: a case report

Introduction: Felty's syndrome is an uncommon but severe extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthtitis. Felty's syndrome is characterized by the triad of rheumatoid arthtitis, neutropenia, and splenomegaly. The lifetime risk of Felty's syndrome for a rheumatoid arthtitis patient is less than 1% and there are only few case reports of Felty's syndrome with neutropenia preceded clinical evidence of arthritis. We present a case which is atypical presentation of Felty's syndrome without arthritis. Case presentation: We present a case of 31-year-old man who presented with fever and skin infection, found to have neutropenia. The work up showed splenomegaly and other evidences support Felty's syndrome diagnosis without arthritis presentation. Conclusion: Patients with unexplained, continuous neutropenia without arthristis but with high level of rheumatoid factor and positive antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides should be suspected of developing Felty's syndrome as an initial presentation of rheumatoid arthtitis.
From Vienna to Frankfurt Inside Core-House Type 7: A History of Scarcity through the Modern Kitchen

This paper traces a history of war-induced scarcity through the material and technological properties of household appliances and kitchens from 1914 to 1930. Investigating the Austrian settlement and allotment garden movement, it argues that the practices of users, self-help builders, and inhabitants who reacted to living with limited resources in the state of emergency found their way into the designs of modern homes, and into the works of canonical modern architecture, in particular the famous Frankfurt Kitchen. This paper thus investigates the design and production of the modern kitchen and its transformations, from Vienna to Frankfurt, moving from a cooperative vernacular building movement to one of the largest construction endeavors to standardize and prefabricate modern housing in Germany.