cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Whither relevant arithmetic

Based on the relevant logic R, the system R # was proposed as a relevant Peano arithmetic. R # has many nice properties: the most conspicuous theorems of classical Peano arithmetic PA are readily provable therein; it is readily and effectively shown to be nontrivial; it incorporates both intuitionist and classical proof methods. But it is shown here that R # is properly weaker than PA, in the sense that there is a strictly positive theorem QRF of PA which is unprovable in R # . The reason is interesting: if PA is slightly weakened to a subtheory P + , it admits the complex ring C as a model; thus QRF is chosen to be a theorem of PA but false in C. Inasmuch as all strictly positive theorems of R # are already theorems of P + , this nonconservativity result shows that QRF is also a nontheorem of R # . As a consequence, Ackermann's rule γ is inadmissible in R # . Accordingly, an extension of R # which retains its good features is desired. The system R ## , got by adding an omega-rule, is such an extension. Central question: is there an effectively axiomatizable system intermediate between R # and R # , which does formalize arithmetic on relevant principles, but also admits γ in a natural way?
Nitrate in the atmospheric boundary layer of the tropical South Pacific - Implications regarding sources and transport

Weekly bulk aerosol samples collected at three sites in the tropical South Pacific from 1983 to 1987 are analyzed. The mean nitrate concentrations obtained for the sites range from 0.107 to 0.117 microg/cu m. The results suggest that the region is minimally affected by the transport of soil material and pollutants from the continents. Measurements from sites in the tropical North Pacific show mean nitrate concentrations that are about three times higher than those in the South Pacific, showing that the North Pacific is significantly impacted by the transport of material from Asia and North America. The relationships between the nitrate concentrations to other constituents at American Samoa are discussed, including nonseasalt sulfate, Pb-210, and Be-7.
Remote origins of interannual variability in the Indonesian Throughflow region from data and a global Parallel Ocean Program simulation

[1] The mean and interannual variability of the thermal structure of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) repeat IX1-expendable bathythermograph (XBT) transect between Java and Western Australia were compared statistically for the years 1987–1997 with concurrent, co-located output from a global eddy-permitting configuration of the Parallel Ocean Program (POP) model forced with realistic surface fluxes. Dominant variability at long timescales for both model and data in the southern IX1 region was associated with Pacific El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events; at the northern end it was due to remote equatorial Indian Ocean forcing and Indian Ocean Dipole Mode events. In the Indo-Pacific domain the model reproduced the structure and magnitude of observed low-frequency variability. Event analyses following the warm ENSO phase showed low-frequency off-equatorial Rossby waves interacting with the North Pacific western maritime boundary to reflect onto the equator and excite a coastally trapped response that propagated through the Indonesian seas and along the northwest coast of Australia. In turn, the signal progressively propagated away from this coast as free baroclinic Rossby waves to 90°E. Cross-spectral analyses confirmed that on interannual timescales, both off-equatorial and equatorial signals remotely forced in the Pacific were largely responsible for the strong observed and modeled variability at the southern end of IX1.
Shielded Superconducting Linear Motor for Towed-Grid Studies of Quantum Turbulence

The purpose of ongoing low-temperature quantum turbulence research is to produce turbulence similar to that studied in classical fluids to compare the experimental data and theories. Specifically, in the absence of viscosity, through what path does the turbulence decay? Homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT) is the best characterized classical situation. To produce HIT in a quantum fluid, we must tow a grid through a channel of superfluid helium at 20 mK. A grid motion of 1 cm at a nearly constant speed up to 1 μS is required. To avoid Joule and eddy current heating of the liquid helium, a magnetically shielded superconducting linear motor has been built. The grid is attached to the end of a light insulating armature rod which has two hollow cylindrical niobium cans fixed to it about 26 mm apart. This part of the rod is inside a superconducting solenoid which, when driven with the properly shaped current pulse, produces a magnetic field that accelerates the rod (and grid) in 1 mm, moves the rod and grid at constant speed for 10 mm, and then decelerates it in 1 mm. The motor was built guided by simulations that demonstrated the design and current pulses required are quite reasonable. The simulation and control program is written in Lab View with an embedded C compiler. Using the simulator; various designs of solenoid (with and without shielding) and armature were investigated We compare the simulation and the experimental results. By writing a pulse-generating program in Lab-View, we can apply virtually any pulse shape required to produce the desired motion. This is necessary because of the almost purely inductive (zero resistance) load of the motor circuit. The simulations, design process, and the experimental data demonstrating the functioning motor will be presented.
Automatic tuned MRI RF coil for multinuclear imaging of small animals at 3T.

We have developed an MRI RF coil whose tuning can be adjusted automatically between 120 and 128 MHz for sequential spectroscopic imaging of hydrogen and fluorine nuclei at field strength 3 T. Variable capacitance (varactor) diodes were placed on each rung of an eight-leg low-pass birdcage coil to change the tuning frequency of the coil. The diode junction capacitance can be controlled by the amount of applied reverse bias voltage. Impedance matching was also done automatically by another pair of varactor diodes to obtain the maximum SNR at each frequency. The same bias voltage was applied to the tuning varactors on all rungs to avoid perturbations in the coil. A network analyzer was used to monitor matching and tuning of the coil. A Pentium PC controlled the analyzer through the GPIB bus. A code written in LABVIEW was used to communicate with the network analyzer and adjust the bias voltages of the varactors via D/A converters. Serially programmed D/A converter devices were used to apply the bias voltages to the varactors. Isolation amplifiers were used together with RF choke inductors to provide isolation between the RF coil and the DC bias lines. We acquired proton and fluorine images sequentially from a multicompartment phantom using the designed coil. Good matching and tuning were obtained at both resonance frequencies. The tuning and matching of the coil were changed from one resonance frequency to the other within 60 s.
Children's problems with friends

Children who are seen in clinical settings frequently experience interpersonal difficulties with peers. Because of this, efforts to help children improve their friendships should be an essential aspect of the child treatment process. Accordingly, this article first reviews developmental findings on children's peer acceptance and friendships to provide a framework for understanding children's social functioning. Next, the article describes current approaches to assessing and intervening with children's peer relationship problems. Specific interventions include social skills training, strategies for enhancing peer friendships, and ways to reduce competing behavior problems. Finally, two case examples are provided that illustrate several of the main intervention themes. In general, the purpose of the article is to assist practicing therapists in integrating information on children's social functioning into their everyday clinical practice. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The role of hyaluronic acid in SEB-induced acute lung inflammation

We investigated the role of the extracellular matrix component, hyaluronic acid (HA) in SEB-induced ALI/ARDS. Intranasal exposure of mice to SEB led to a significant increase in the level of soluble hyaluronic acid in the lungs. Similarly, in an endothelial cell/spleen cell co-culture, SEB exposure led to significant increases in soluble levels of hyaluronic acid, cellular proliferation, and cytokine production compared with SEB-exposed spleen cells or endothelial cells alone. Exposure of SEB-activated spleen cells to hyaluronic acid led to increased cellular proliferation and increased cytokine production. SEB-induced cytokine production and proliferation in vitro were significantly reduced by the hyaluronic acid blocking peptide, Pep-1. Finally, treatment of SEB-exposed mice with Pep-1 significantly reduced SEB-induced ALI/ARDS, through reduction of cytokine production and numbers of lung inflammatory cells, compared to mice treated with a control peptide. Together, these results suggest the possibility of targeting HA for the treatment of SEB-induced ALI/ARDS.
Inhibition of mitochondrial gene expression by antisense RNA of mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA)

Mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) plays an important role in regulating the expression of mitochondrial genes. To gain a better understanding of the relationships between mitochondrial gene expression and mtTFA, the mtTFA gene was inserted into a mammalian expression vector, both in the sense orientation and in the antisense orientation. After construction, these plasmids were transfected into COS-7 cells. In antisense-transformed cells, the expression of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and subunit III genes encoded by mitochondrial DNA was inhibited and there was an accompanying reduction of the level of mtTFA protein. These results provide direct evidence that the expression of mitochondrial genes is under the control of mtTFA.
Bond review and rating change announcements: An examination of informational value and market efficiency

This paper examines the impact of announcements of both bond rating reviews and rating changes on equity returns. We find that announcements of review for possible down grading of debt have a significant negative effect on stock prices while subsequent actual downgrades have a negligible impact. Further, we find that press releases convey new information to the market whereas the subsequent reporting of this information in the financial press causes little market reaction. We conclude that extreme care regarding details of the dissemination of financial information must be exercised in any event study.
The Ethics of Qualitative Nursing Research

Nurse researchers conducting qualitative studies need to be acutely aware of the unique ways ethics, both nursing and research ethics, affect all phases of the qualitative research process. Decisions about what to study, which persons will be asked to participate, what methodology will be used, how to achieve truly informed consent, when to terminate or interrupt interviews, when to probe deeply, when therapy or nursing care supersedes research, and what and how case studies should be documented in the published results are all matters for ethical deliberation. This article seeks to examine some of the less obvious, yet very important, ethical concerns that nurses face throughout the research process and build a common core of values that can lead to meaningful process and socially responsible research results.
The separation, identification and characterization of radioactive particles in topsoil

We have developed and used a method of isolating, identifying and characterizing low-level concentrations (in the parts per billion range) of radioactive debris in topsoil samples from Area 13 of the Nevada Nuclear Test Site. This method would be applicable in studies of high-density particles dispersed to such a degree that they are below normal detection levels. We used wet sieving and continuous centrifugal sedimentation in dense liquids to separate the desired particles, monitoring the radioactivity throughout the separation process. The particles were then characterized with the aid of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and analyzed in the SEM by X-ray fluorescence. Elements identified on these particles were as follows (in order of highest to lowest intensity): Si, Al, Fe, Nb, Sn, Ca, I, Ti, K, Cs, In, Zn and Pu.
Radiolabeling lesser cornstalk borer larvae for monitoring movement in soil habitats

A new method to monitor mobility of larvae of Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) in soil by internal radioactive labeling is outlined. 32P was incorporated into a pinto bean diet at 4 µCi/g. The movements of larvae fed this diet were detected in simulations of conventional tillage and no-tillage for 7 days.
Highly stable vesicles composed of a new chain-terminus acetylenic photopolymeric phospholipid.

Abstract Stability, ease of production, and storage convenience were addressed for polymerized vesicles composed of 1,2-bis(trideca-12-ynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The following vesicle properties were investigated before and after polymerization: size, shape, lamellarity, dispersity, degree of polymerization, membrane fluidity, and structural stability. A fairly monodisperse, unilamellar sub-micron vesicle suspension undergoes nearly complete polymerization of the chain-terminus acetylenic to polyacetylenic conversion as monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography provide additional evidence for extensive lipid polymerization. Using differential scanning calorimetry, a gel/liquid transition was not observed for either polymerized or non-polymerized vesicles within the temperature range of 5–65 °C. These polymerized vesicles remained structurally stable and suspended for months at room temperature. However, vesicle size did decrease with increasing degree of polymerization. Polymerized vesicles remained spherical but decreased in size by 15% when subjected to 52 wt.% aqueous ethanol and did not change significantly in size and dispersity after a freeze-dry/resuspend cycle.
Mechanical stress reduction during seated jolt/vibration exposure

The risk of experiencing low back pain is associated with mechanical factors. Anatomic factors, such as advancing pregnancy, can also place extra mechanical stress on the lower back. Mechanical factors, such as those related to the workplace, can be minimized by ergonomic interventions. A constrained, seated posture, in combination with exposure to whole-body, jolt/vibration can impose significant stresses on the posterior intervertebral disc and can lead to back muscle fatigue. Interventions that reduce the jolt/vibration magnitude and duration of exposure will decrease the mechanical work performed on the intervertebral disc. Such interventions range from jolt/vibration isolating seats and vehicle cabs, to decreasing exposure time and maintaining simple supported postures during ingress and egress. Improvements in seat configuration can reduce the intervertebral disc pressure and the strain on the posterior disc.
A monoclonal antibody specific for the phosphorylated epitope of rhodopsin: comparison with other anti-phosphoprotein antibodies

Monoclonal antibody A11-82P has been prepared and shown to recognize the phosphorylated epitope of bovine rhodopsin. Antibody A11-82P is quite specific for phosphorylated rhodopsin; only the 200K n...
The metabolism of dopamine in the median eminence reflects the activity of tuberoinfundibular neurons

The purpose of the present study was to characterize the metabolism of dopamine (DA) in tuberoinfundibular (TI) neurons terminating in the median eminence and to examine the effects of procedures that alter the synthesis and turnover of DA in these neurons on the concentrations of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the median eminence. The DA uptake inhibitor nomifensine (25 mg/kg, i.p.; 30 min) failed to alter median eminence DOPAC concentrations indicating that very little released DA is recaptured and metabolized by TIDA neurons. Within 5 min following the administration of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline (50 mg/kg, i.v.) median eminence DOPAC concentrations declined to 15% of control demonstrating that this metabolite has a high turnover rate and is rapidly removed from the median eminence. Median eminence DOPAC concentrations in diestrous female rats, whose TIDA neuronal activity is higher than in the male, were two-fold greater than in male rats. Prolactin (10 micrograms/rat, i.c.v.; 12 h), which increases TIDA neuronal activity, produced a corresponding increase in median eminence DOPAC concentrations in male rats. Restraint stress (30 min), which decreases TIDA neuronal activity, produced a corresponding decrease in median eminence DOPAC concentrations in diestrous female rats. The results from the present study suggest that DOPAC concentrations in the median eminence can be used as an index of TIDA neuronal activity.
A qualitative study of individuals' attitudes regarding their cryopreserved embryos

Abstract Despite significant debate about appropriate disposition of cryopreserved embryos, information about the attitudes of individuals who will ultimately decide about disposition, namely individuals who underwent IVF to create them, is limited. Our aim was to qualitatively describe the range of attitudes of individuals regarding their cryopreserved embryos. We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 31 women and 7 couples from two reproductive endocrinology clinics who have, have had, or anticipate having cryopreserved embryos as a result of IVF. Thirty-one individuals/couples had from 1 to more than 20 embryos in storage. Many expressed uncertainty about plans for embryo disposition, citing a lack of resources for informed decision-making and concerns about available options. When questioned about potentially acceptable options, 28 specified future attempts at pregnancy, 14 specified donation for research purposes, 9 specified donation to another couple, and 4 specified thawing and discarding spare embryos. These data suggest a wide range of attitudes among individuals regarding disposition of their cryopreserved embryos. Further study is needed to quantify the prevalence of these attitudes and concerns.
CUBIC: Laboratory Testing of "Thin Poly" CCDs

CUBIC, the Cosmic Unresolved X-ray Background Instrument Using CCDs, is designed to make moderate resolution X-ray spectral measurements at spatial scales of a few degrees. While the energy range is nominally 200 eV - 10 keV, the CCDs have been designed to maximize the soft X-ray performance by using novel structures. The CUBIC CCDs, fabricated by Loral Fairchild, are 1024 X 1024 pixels in size, with 18 micrometers X 18 micrometers pixels. The CCDs use a new `thin poly' gate structure designed to maximize low energy quantum efficiency, while still retaining the advantages of front-side illumination and the high Charge Transfer Efficiency of a three-phase device. Being front-side illuminated, the design avoids the surface stability problems of backside illuminated devices. Fabrication of the first lot of CCDs and test structures has been completed, and we report laboratory camera testing of the CCDs at Penn State.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of spinal V1a receptors in regulation of arterial pressure during acute and chronic osmotic stress

Vasopressinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus project to areas in the spinal cord from which sympathetic nerves originate. This pathway is hypothesized to be involved in the regulation of mean arterial pressure (MAP), particularly under various conditions of osmotic stress. Several studies measuring sympathetic nerve activity support this hypothesis. However, the evidence that spinal vasopressin influences MAP under physiological or pathophysiological conditions in conscious animals is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate, in conscious rats, if the increases in MAP during acute or chronic osmotic stimuli are due to activation of spinal vasopressin (V1a) receptors. Three conditions of osmotic stress were examined: acute intravenous hypertonic saline, 24- and 48-h water deprivation, and 4 wk of DOCA-salt treatment. Rats were chronically instrumented with an indwelling catheter for intrathecal injections and a radiotelemeter to measure MAP. In normotensive rats, intrathecal vasopressin and V1a agonist increased MAP, heart rate, and motor activity; these responses were blocked by pretreatment with an intrathecal V1a receptor antagonist. However, when the intrathecal V1a antagonist was given during the three conditions of osmotic stress to investigate the role of “endogenous” vasopressin, the antagonist had no effect on MAP, heart rate, or motor activity. Contrary to the hypothesis suggested by previous studies, these findings indicate that spinal V1a receptors are not required for elevations of MAP under conditions of acute or chronic osmotic stress in conscious rats.
The relationship between chemiluminescence and lipid peroxidation in rat hepatic microsomes

Abstract Studies were carried out to determine the relationship between NADPH- and ascorbate-initiated chemiluminescence (CL) and lipid peroxidation (LP) in rat hepatic microsomes. NADPH-initiated CL and LP become maximal 15 min after addition of NADPH to the microsomes and ascorbate-initiated CL and LP become maximal 90 to 120 min following addition of ascorbate. There are four lines of evidence to indicate that both NADPH- and ascorbate-initiated chemiluminescence are related to lipid peroxidation. (i) The time courses for the increases in CL and in LP are identical. (ii) There is a linear relationship between total (integral) or maximal CL and LP. (iii) Drug substrates which inhibit LP also inhibit CL in a quantitatively similar manner. (iv) Inhibitors of lipid peroxidation, such as Co2+, Mn2+, Hg2+, para-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid, and EDTA, also inhibit chemiluminescence. The results of these experiments indicate that chemiluminescence initiated in hepatic microsomes by either NADPH or ascorbate is directly proportional to lipid peroxidation.
Der Prophet und das Verderben Israels : eine ganzheitliche, historisch-kritische Lektüre von 1 Regum XVII-XIX

En I Rois 17-19, commence le cycle d'Elie avec la grande secheresse et Elie a l'Horeb, la montagne de Dieu ou se passe la rencontre entre Dieu et le prophete. L'A. propose une analyse historico-critique de ce passage et note que le texte se situe apres la catastrophe de Samarie. Le cycle d'Elie est non seulement un traite historique sur la signification de la prophetie du jugement dans le contexte des guerres arameennes, mais egalement une mise en perspective de la catastrophe de Juda
Representations of Romantic Relationships, Romantic Experience and Sexual Behavior in Adolescence

One of Bowlby’s (1969) important ideas was that individuals develop mental representations of their relationships with others. Such representations guide their behavior with others and serve as a basis for predicting and interpreting others’ behavior. The purpose of the present study was to examine how such representations of romantic relationships are related to genital, light and heavy nongenital, and risky sexual behavior in adolescence. Based on behavioral systems theory (Furman & Wehner, 1994), we conceptualized such representations of romantic relationships as expectations regarding intimacy and closeness with respect to the attachment, affiliative, caregiving and sexual/reproductive systems in romantic relationships (Furman & Simon, 1999). This conceptualization resembles attachment theorists’ conceptualization of attachment-related mental representations (see Mikulincer & Shaver, 2008), but incorporates representations regarding affiliation, caretaking, and sexuality, as well as attachment. Representations of these other behavioral systems were incorporated as each of the different behavioral systems are central in romantic relationships (Furman & Wehner, 1994; Hazan & Shaver, 1988); thus, we anticipated that romantic representations would incorporate experiences and interactions relevant to all behavioral systems and not solely the attachment system. Similar to attachment theorists, we characterize individual differences in mental representations in terms of the continuous dimensions of avoidance and anxiety with regard to romantic relationships. Those who are avoidant in romantic relationships are not comfortable with intimacy and prefer self-reliance; thus, they are unlikely to turn to their partners, don’t like being turned to, are not very invested in a relationship, and see sexuality as an opportunity for self-gratification. Those who are anxious regarding romantic relationships may worry about rejection and be overly dependent on others for support and esteem; they may find it difficult to feel comforted by a partner when distressed, be overly concerned about a partner's sexual satisfaction or problems (i.e., compulsive caretaking) and overly invest in relationships in a self-sacrificing manner. As can be seen, the present behavioral systems theory conceptualization of mental representations is relatively similar to attachment theory’s conceptualizations of such representations. In fact, the differences in conceptualization are not particularly pertinent to the present study. We believe that the two theories would use similar theoretical arguments and make the same predictions regarding the links with sexual behavior that are examined here. Moreover, attachment researchers conducted most of the relevant research examining the links between representations and sexual behavior in adults.
Performance of Laying Hens Fed Diets Containing DAS-59122-7 Maize Grain Compared with Diets Containing Nontransgenic Maize Grain

An experiment using 216 Hy-Line W-36 pullets was conducted to evaluate transgenic maize grain containing the cry34Ab1 and cry35Ab1 genes from a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strain and the phosphinothricin ace-tyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes. Expression of the cry34Ab1 and cry35Ab1 genes confers resistance to corn rootworms, and the pat gene confers tolerance to herbicides containing glufosinate-ammonium. Pullets (20 wk of age) were placed in cage lots (3 hens/cage, 2 cages/lot) and were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 corn-soybean meal dietary treatments (12 lots/treatment) formulated with the following maize grains: near-isogenic control (control), conventional maize, and transgenic test corn line 59122 containing event DAS-59122-7. Differences between 59122 and control group means were evaluated with statistical significance at P < 0.05. Body weight and gain, egg production, egg mass, and feed efficiency for hens fed the 59122 corn were not significantly different from the respective values for hens fed diets formulated with control maize grain. Egg component weights, Haugh unit measures, and egg weight class distribution were similar regardless of the corn source. This research indicates that performance of hens fed diets containing 59122 maize grain, as measured by egg production and egg quality, was similar to that of hens fed diets formulated with near-isogenic corn grain.
Systems for multivariate monitoring of behavioral status over time

Decision-theoretic criteria are presented for optimizing the information gathered from a series of interviews over time. It is shown that the optimum interviewing strategy depends strongly on assumptions about the covariation of behavior over time. Standard interviewing strategies, including the major-problem/target-complaints approach, are optimal only under extreme assumptions about behavior. An interviewing strategy based on dynamic programming is presented that will provide optimal information return from a series of interviews under assumptions that are realistic for mental health applications. A system using this approach can tailor its interviewing strategy to adapt to differences in interview content, item importance, and individual response patterns, selecting the optimally informative questions to ask each subject at each point in time. Simulation results show that this approach achieves a 34% reduction in the false negatives obtained with the major-problem/target-complaints method, and, depending on the acceptable error rate, a reduction of 47 % or more in the questions that are needed in standard interviewing.
Postdisaster PTSD over four waves of a panel study of Mexico's 1999 flood

Samples of adults representative of Tezuitlan, Puebla and Villahermosa, Tobasco (combined N = 561), were interviewed 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after the devastating 1999 floods and mudslides in Mexico. Current DSM-IV PTSD and major depressive disorder (MDD) were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. At Wave 1, PTSD was highly prevalent (24% combined), especially in Tezuitlan (46%), which had experienced mass casualties and displacement. Both linear and quadratic effects of time emerged, as PTSD symptoms initially declined but subsequently stabilized. Differences between cities lessened as time passed. Comorbidity between PTSD and MDD was substantial. The findings demonstrate that the international health community needs to be prepared for epidemics of PTSD when disasters strike developing areas of the world.
Biomarker evidence of myocardial cell injury is associated with mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Objective: Although a number of studies have reported elevated levels of markers of myocardial necrosis among critically ill patients, the association between these markers and outcome remains poorly studied in patients with lung injury. We investigated the association of elevated troponin and creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme levels with mortality and organ failure in subjects with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Tertiary academic medical center. Patients: A total of 305 subjects with acute respiratory distress syndrome enrolled in a prospective intensive care unit cohort. Intervention: None. Measurements and Main Results: Cardiac biomarker data were available on 248 of 305 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (81%), of which 89 patients had at least one elevated cardiac marker level (35%). The presence of an elevated cardiac marker was associated with significantly higher mortality (p = .01) and was an independent predictor of mortality (p = .02) among patients with lower severity of illness (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III, <79). Patients with at least one elevated cardiac marker also had significantly more organ system derangement, including noncardiovascular organ system failures (P =.02). Conclusions: Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome have a high prevalence of elevated cardiac markers. The presence of elevated cardiac markers is independently associated with increased 60-day mortality and increased organ failure. This association is most pronounced among patients with lower severity of illness. These results indicate that occult myocardial injury may be an important factor in acute respiratory distress syndrome morbidity and mortality. Further study of the relevant causal relationships and mechanisms is warranted.
Susceptibility to Cold in Newborns of Levodopa-treated Rats

LEVODOPA was developed for treating diseases of late maturrity1,2, but it is now being administered for diseases that occur during the child-bearing age3. Questions have arisen therefore about its effect on offspring. Observations were made on the offspring of rats treated with levodopa before mating or during gestation. Control mothers were treated with saline.
Systemically Induced Vasculitis in Children

Vascular diseases can be quite grave in children. Common diseases in children that cause a generalized vasculitis include Kawasaki disease, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Rheumatic fever, though preventable, is increasing in incidence and may cause arteritis, and therefore is discussed as a vascular disease. Developmental considerations should be considered when providing adequate care. Play therapy is a crucial part of every day in a child's life, even when ill with a vascular illness. Play helps a child gain control over the stress of a serious illness and hospitalization.
Mass, charge, momentum and energy conservation in electrophoretic fractionation systems☆

Abstract Electrophoretic fractionation systems have been used extensively in chemistry, biology, biochemistry and medicine. However, such applications have been confined to analytical-scale systems, with limited extension to preparative or large-scale engineering systems. The major difficulties encountered in the analysis and design of such systems are pointed out, and mass, momentum, energy and charge conservation relationships are derived that incorporate the effects of the composition of the electrolytic solution on the microscopic structure of the electrical double layer and the associated macroscopic concentration, velocity, temperature and electrical potential distributions. Two dimensionless parameters are found in the analysis of electrophoretic fractionation systems: the ratio of mass transport due to the applied electrical force to mass transport due to ordinary diffusion, and the ratio of thermal energy dissipated due to the applied electrical force to thermal energy transport by conduction. These, together with other normally occurring dimensionless transport parameters such as the Reynolds, Schmidt, Froude, Prandtl, Nusselt and Lewis numbers, are essential in establishing theoretical and empirical correlations for analysis and design purposes.
Using fMRI to guide neurosurgery in a combined 1.5Tesla MR operating room

To take advantage of MR-guided surgical procedures performed in a combined MR-OR, we have implemented and validated a practical fMRI scheme for localizing primary motor area and assessing its proximity to a lesion volume. The fMRI scheme consists of a dynamical blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) imaging technique and a motor task paradigm. The functional imaging was based on gradient-echo (GE) echo planar imaging (EPI) (TR/TE equals 3000/50 m sec). The task paradigm involves a periodic finger movement in which subject was instructed to tap his/her thumb on the other four fingers sequentially as well as to alternate between the right and left sides. During the task, a dynamical fMRI was performed concurrently covering the volume of interest. By using the fMRI scheme, we have successfully performed ten fMRI examinations immediately prior to surgery in the combined MR- OR on the same surgical table top to localize the eloquent functional area of interests. Also we have developed methods of detrending and presenting fMRI results to neurosurgeons in an intuitive 3-dimensional surface-rendered display format that closely matches the patient head position under intervention. Representative cases showed that fMRI results helped neurosurgeons making the optimal surgical decisions prior to craniotomy.
Comparison of CT localization radiography and high-kilovoltage chest radiography.

Twenty-five patients had localization radiography before chest computed tomography (CT) for evaluation of pulmonary nodules, staging of lung carcinoma, or suspected metastatic disease. Evaluation of the localization radiograph and the 140 k Vp frontal chest radiograph were performed independently and without history by a CT and chest radiologist, respectively. These interpretations were compared to a reference standard compiled from the full CT and chest radiographic reports. Significant abnormalities in the soft tissues, bones, mediastinum, hila, and pleura were detected with about equal frequency by chest and localization radiography. Chest radiography detected all 16 of the lung nodules greater than 1 cm in diameter, while localization radiography detected 12; however, this was not statistically significant. Both the sensitivity and specificity of nodule detection by chest radiography exceeded that of localization radiography. The performance of localization radiography in the detection of chest abnorm...
School-based substance abuse prevention: a review of the state of the art in curriculum, 1980–1990

Substance use prevention studies published between 1980 and 1990 are reviewed for content, methodology and behavioral outcomes. Studies were classified based on the inclusion of 12 content areas: Information, Decision Making, Pledges, Values Clarification, Goal Setting, Stress Management, Self-Esteem, Resistance Skills Training, Life Skills Training, Norm Setting, Assistance and Alternatives. Six groups of programs (Information/Values Clarification, Affective Education, Social Influence, Comprehensive, Alternatives and Incomplete programs) are identified. Reports are analyzed for two major threats to validity, selection bias and statistical power. Program groups generally have similar selection biases but have important differences in statistical power. Comprehensive and Social Influence programs are found to be most successful in preventing the onset of substance use.
Operational Performance Recovery of SO2-Contaminated Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Airborne sulfur contaminants (SO 2 , H 2 S, and COS) cause the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to degrade because they adsorb to the Pt catalysts and modify reaction sites for oxygen reduction. Electrochemical methods can be used for PEMFC performance recovery by oxidizing adsorbed sulfur species (SO x ) on the Pt catalysts to sulfate (SO 2- 4 ) at high potentials and then removing them as water-soluble anions at low potentials. We examine the effectiveness of five distinct methods for PEMFC performance recovery after 3 h of exposure to 1 ppm SO 2 in air at 60°C and 48.3 kPa g (7 psi) and relative humidity of 100 | 50% (anode | cathode). The methods are tested when the Pt surface is partially covered but not completely saturated with sulfur species. The methods include variations in the cathode potential and gas environment (N 2 or air). In the optimum method, the cells are switched from normal H 2 | air operation to H 2 | N 2 by electrochemically consuming O 2 in the air. The potential is then cycled between 0.09 and 1.1 V. vs the potential at the anode to restore 97% of the platinum catalyst electrochemical surface area. This in situ N 2 cycling method returns the polarization curves of contaminated PEMFCs to their original performance in less than 3 min.
Venous aneurysms: Surgical indications and review of the literature

Background . During the last 20 years we diagnosed five cases of venous aneurysm of the jugular (n=4) and basilic (n=1) veins. The purpose of this report was to determine the natural history and indications for surgery of venous aneurysms. Methods . Our five cases were included in an English-language literature review performed through August 1993. Results . In our series two aneurysms (one external jugular vein, one basilic vein) were excised for cosmetic reasons. Three internal jugular vein aneurysms were followed up for up to 4 years without complications with serial color duplex ultrasonography. Of 32 patients with abdominal venous aneurysms (18 portal, seven inferior vena cava, four superior mesenteric, two splenic, one internal iliac), 13 (41%) had major complications including five deaths. Of 31 patients with deep venous aneurysms of the extremity (29 popliteal, two common femoral), 22 (71%) had deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism and in 17 recurrent deep vein thrombosis or pulmonry embolism developed when patients were treated with anticoagulation alone. Conclusions . Prophylactic surgery is cautiously recommended for low-risk patients with venous aneurysms of the abdomen and strongly recommended for most patients with lower extremity deep venous aneurysms. Other venous aneurysms should be excised only if they are symptomatic, enlarging, or disfiguring.
Shear Fatigue Degradation and Fracture of Random Short-Fiber SMC Composite

Cyclic degradation and fracture of a random short-fiber SMC composite subjected to shear fatigue was studied. Experiments were conducted on double V-notched Iosipescu SMC-R50 specimens under completely reverse cyclic shear loading. Owing to the random microstructure of the SMC-R50 composite, homogeneous fatigue damage was treated in a continuum sense. The cyclic shear stress-strain behavior was studied first. Macroscopic shear stiffness degradation and the rate of damage evolution during the shear fatigue were investigated also. Cyclic shear stiffness reduction up to 25 per cent of its initial value was common in most cases studied. A power-law relationship among the rate of damage, the cyclic shear stress amplitude, and the fatigue loading history was determined. The shear-fatigue fracture, resulted from nonhomogeneous growth of fatigue damage, was well-behaved, and a cyclic shear stress-life diagram was constructed for the SMC-R50 material.
Loss of Gcn5l2 leads to increased apoptosis and mesodermal defects during mouse development.

Histone acetyltransferases regulate transcription, but little is known about the role of these enzymes in developmental processes. Gcn5 (encoded by Gcn5l2) and Pcaf, mouse histone acetyltransferases, share similar sequences and enzymatic activities1. Both interact with p300 and CBP (encoded by Ep300 and Crebbp, respectively), two other histone acetyltransferases that integrate multiple signalling pathways1. Pcaf is thought to participate in many of the cellular processes regulated by p300/CBP (refs 2–8), but the functions of Gcn5 are unknown in mammalian cells. Here we show that the gene Pcaf is dispensable in mice. In contrast, Gcn5l2-null embryos die during embryogenesis. These embryos develop normally to 7.5 days post coitum (d.p.c.), but their growth is severely retarded by 8.5 d.p.c. and they fail to form dorsal mesoderm lineages, including chordamesoderm and paraxial mesoderm. Differentiation of extra-embryonic and cardiac mesoderm seems to be unaffected. Loss of the dorsal mesoderm lineages is due to a high incidence of apoptosis in the Gcn5l2 mutants that begins before the onset of morphological abnormality. Embryos null for both Gcn5l2 and Pcaf show even more severe defects, indicating that these histone acetyltransferases have overlapping functions during embryogenesis. Our studies are the first to demonstrate that specific acetyltransferases are required for cell survival and mesoderm formation during mammalian development.
Surface Mass Spectrometry of Biotinylated Self-Assembled Monolayers

Biotin and biotinylated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold have been investigated using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, direct laser desorption, laser desorption with 193 nm photoionization of ion- and laser-desorbed species, and laser desorption with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV, 118 nm) photoionization. Our results indicate that direct laser desorption and laser desorption combined with 193 nm multiphoton ionization can detect a chromophoric molecule like biotin that is covalently bound to a SAM. However, secondary ion mass spectra were dominated by fragmentation, and ion desorption/193 nm photoionization detected no species related to biotin. The dominant features of the laser desorption/VUV mass spectra were neat and Au-complexed dimers of intact and fragmented biotinylated SAM molecules. Multiphoton and single-photon ionization of laser-desorbed neutrals from biotinylated SAMs both led to the production of ions useful for chemical analysis of the monolayer. Multiphoton ionization wit...
Formation of a covalent complex between methylguanine methyltransferase and DNA via disulfide bond formation between the active site cysteine and a thiol-containing analog of guanine

DNA repair methyltransferases (MTases) remove methyl or other alkyl groups from the O6 position of guanine or the O4 position of thymine by transfering the group to an active site cysteine. In order to trap an MTase-DNA complex via a disulfide bond, 2'-deoxy-6-(cystamine)-2-aminopurine (d6Cys2AP) was synthesized and incorporated into oligonucleotides. d6Cys2AP has a disulfide bond within an alkyl chain linked to the 6 position of 2,6-diaminopurine, which disulfide can be reduced to form a free thiol. Addition of human MTase to reduced oligonucleotide resulted in a protein-DNA complex that was insensitive to denaturation by SDS and high salt, but which readily dissociated in the presence of dithiothreitol. Formation of this complex was prevented by methylation of the active site cysteine. Evidence that the active site cysteine is directly involved in disulfide bond formation was obtained by N-terminal sequencing of peptides that remained associated with DNA after proteolysis of the complex.
Electronic time-focusing of pulsed-source neutron chopper data: binning to minimize effects of proton pulse and chopper opening time variations

Abstract In pulsed-source chopper spectrometer systems, the energy-defining chopper inevitably drifts in phase with respect to the time at which neutrons emerge from the moderator. Without some means to account for it, such an uncontrolled jitter degrades the resolution. Here we describe a method for eliminating or diminishing the effects of the chopper/source pulse timing uncertainty
Octreotide Therapy for Recurrent Refractory Hypoglycemia Due to Sulfonylurea In Diabetes-Related Kidney Failure

Objective: To describe a patient with kidney insufficiency from diabetes treated with glyburide, who presented with prolonged and recurrent hypoglycemia unresponsive to large intravenous doses of g...
EFFECTS OF DIAZEPAM ON SCHEDULE‐CONTROLLED AND SCHEDULE‐INDUCED BEHAVIOR UNDER SIGNALED AND UNSIGNALED SHOCK

Schedule-controlled lever pressing and schedule-induced licking were studied in rats under a multiple fixed-interval fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement upon which was superimposed a multiple variable-time variable-time schedule of electric-shock delivery. Shocks were signaled in one component of the multiple schedule and unsignaled in the other. The effects of diazepam upon the suppression of behavior during the signal (conditioned suppression) and during signaled and unsignaled shock (differential suppression) were studied under several shock intensities (Experiment 1) and at increased body weight (Experiment 2). In each study, diazepam led to dose-dependent increases in the rate of pressing and licking during signaled and unsignaled shock, but had little effect on conditioned suppression. the rate-enhancing effects of diazepam depended upon the intensity of shock, nature of the response, and whether or not shocks were signaled. The data was discussed in terms of (1) implications for understanding the effects of signaled and unsignaled shock on behavior, (2) the effects of diazepam on behavior suppressed by response-independent shock, and (3) comparison between operant and schedule-induced behavior.