cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One‐dimensional freezing of nonheaving unsaturated soils: Model formulation and similarity solution

[1] Freezing of unsaturated soils is associated with the formation of a moving freezing zone and liquid water flow toward the zone. An equilibrium thermodynamic formulation of coupled flow and heat transport in variably saturated partially frozen porous media is developed and a self-similar solution is derived for the case of a semi-infinite horizontal porous media column with a constant freezing temperature on one boundary. Solutions to the self-similar equations are derived using a Runge-Kutta solution procedure. The solution is found to yield two possible modes distinguished by zones composed of different combinations of ice, liquid water, and air. One of the modes contains three zones: a frozen zone (WI) with just ice and liquid water; a transition zone (AWI) with ice, liquid water, and air; and an unsaturated zone (AW) with liquid water and air. The second mode contains only the WI zone and the AW zone. It is found that the WI zone is a quintessential part of the solution. The AWI zone is found to exist when the advancement of the freezing zone is relatively fast, while it is absent when the zone advances slowly. Predictions of ice saturation and liquid water saturation with the self-similar solution are compared to published experimental data. Pore pressure is calculated as a linear combination of ice pressure and liquid water pressure, and the calculated figures are used to provide a condition for model limitation in the case of incipient ice lens formation. The developed similarity solution provides insight into the mechanics of liquid water movement and pore filling with ice and the conditions for incipient heaving.
Radio counterparts of galactic gamma-ray sources

64 Introduction 64 Observation I 66 Observations II 67 Results 67 FGll 67 FGIO 73 FG6 76 FG9 76 Discussion 76 Observations of the Thermal Radio Source G6.6-0.1 Positionally Coincident with the W28 SNR 78 Abstract 78 Introduction 78 Observations and data reduction 79 Continuum 79 Line 81 Results and discussion 82 Morphology, flux densities 82 Line data 92 Thermal interpretation 95 Discussion and conclusions 98 Acknowledgement 100 High Frequency Radio Observations of Four Gamma-Ray Fields with the 140' Telescope 100 Introduction 100 Observation and data reduction 101 Results 103 Conclusion 105 CHAPTER 5. RADIO OBSERVATIONS NEAR GAMMA-RAY SOURCES 106 The Full Fields 107 2CG006-00 107 2CG013+00 109 2CG075+00 111 2CG078+01 111 2CG135+01 114 2CG284-00 114 2CG288-00 118 2CG311-01 119 2CG333+01 119 2CG356+00 119 2CG359-00 124 The full fields as a group 126
Cysteine labeling studies of beef heart aconitase containing a 4Fe, a cubane 3Fe, or a linear 3Fe cluster.

Abstract The reactivity of cysteines following cluster destruction by iron chelation was investigated for [4Fe-4S]2+ and cubane [3Fe-4S]+ beef heart aconitase. When the chelator orthobathophenanthroline disulfonate was used, the formation of sulfur-sulfur bonds and the retention of inorganic sulfur from the cluster was observed. For both the 4Fe and 3Fe forms of aconitase, the two cysteines in peptide 7, the cysteine in peptide 3, and the cysteine in peptide 2 were found as the primary constituents of sulfur-sulfur bonds (the peptide sequences and nomenclature are from Plank, D. W., and Howard, J. B. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8184-8189). Three of these four cysteines (peptides 3 and 7) correlated with those proposed to be cluster ligands recently determined by x-ray crystallography (Robbins, A. H. and Stout, C. D. (1989) Proteins, in press; Robbins, A. H., and Stout, C. D.,, (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86, 3639-3643) for pig heart aconitase. A mechanism is proposed whereby the greater affinity of orthobathophenanthroline disulfonate for Fe2+ relative to Fe3+ shifts the equilibrium toward reduction of ferric iron through sulfur-sulfur bond formation at the cluster site. Aconitase which has been oxidized with ferricyanide and from which the cluster iron has been removed by EDTA has been shown to have two di- or polysulfides (Kennedy, M. C., and Beinert, H. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8194-8198). The cysteines found in the sulfur-sulfur bonds generated by this treatment also were predominantly those from peptides 3 and 7. In addition, the putative thiol ligands for the linear [3Fe-4S]+ cluster of aconitase are reported. The four cysteines of peptides 7 and 9 (two in each peptide) were found to be protected by the cluster from alkylation when the protein was denatured. The difference in the ligands between the cubane and linear forms indicates that a specific thiol exchange occurs during the conversion.
DSCRETE: automatic rendering of forensic information from memory images via application logic reuse

State-of-the-art memory forensics involves signature-based scanning of memory images to uncover data structure instances of interest to investigators. A largely unaddressed challenge is that investigators may not be able to interpret the content of data structure fields, even with a deep understanding of the data structure's syntax and semantics. This is very common for data structures with application-specific encoding, such as those representing images, figures, passwords, and formatted file contents. For example, an investigator may know that a buffer field is holding a photo image, but still cannot display (and hence understand) the image. We call this the data structure content reverse engineering challenge. In this paper, we present DSCRETE, a system that enables automatic interpretation and rendering of in-memory data structure contents. DSCRETE is based on the observation that the application in which a data structure is defined usually contains interpretation and rendering logic to generate human-understandable output for that data structure. Hence DSCRETE aims to identify and reuse such logic in the program's binary and create a "scanner+renderer" tool for scanning and rendering instances of the data structure in a memory image. Different from signature-based approaches, DSCRETE avoids reverse engineering data structure signatures. Our evaluation with a wide range of real-world application binaries shows that DSCRETE is able to recover a variety of application data -- e.g., images, figures, screenshots, user accounts, and formatted files and messages -- with high accuracy. The raw contents of such data would otherwise be unfathomable to human investigators.
Utility of supine oblique radiographs in detecting cervical spine injury.

Abstract A retrospective case-control study was performed to determine if the addition of supine oblique radiographs to the routine cervical spine series results in the detection of patients with cervical spine injuries not identified with standard views alone. The cervical spine radiographs of 82 patients with known cervical spine injuries and 180 hospitalized patients without cervical spine injuries were collected. Radiographs of the two patient groups were randomly combined to form the study sample. The radiographs were reviewed independently by a board-certified radiologist and a board-certified emergency physician. During the first phase, each reviewer was provided with standard views of the cervical spine (lateral, anterior-posterior, open-mouth odontoid, and submental views). During the second phase, each reviewer was provided with the standard views and supine obliques. The reviewers were masked to all clinical information and previous radiologic interpretations. The results showed that in the first phase (standard views only), the two physicians had a sensitivity of 81% (95% confidence interval [CI] 74–87%) and a specificity of 93% (95% CI 90–96%). In the second phase (obliques included), the two physicians had a sensitivity of 76% (95% CI 69–83) and specificity of 90% (95% CI 87–93%). In a subset analysis of patients with posterior element (lamina, facet, and pedicle) fractures, the two physicians had a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI 78–95%) with standard radiographs and 86% (95% CI 76–94%) with the addition of oblique radiographs. In conclusion the addition of supine oblique radiographs to the standard trauma cervical spine series did not increase the readers’ sensitivity for detecting patients with cervical spine injuries. Routinely including oblique radiographs in patients undergoing radiographic screening of the cervical spine is not warranted.
Prior individual and couples’ voluntary HIV counseling and testing (CVCT) in couples seeking CVCT in Lusaka, Zambia

Background The majority of new HIV infections in Africa are acquired in marriage, and heterosexual couples represent the largest HIV risk group in sub-Saharan Africa. However, only 15% of Zambians report ever testing for HIV. This study aims to investigate trends in prior individual and couples HIV testing in a cohort of clients who sought couples HIV counseling and testing (CVCT) in Lusaka, Zambia. Methods
Partitioning of rare earth elements between clinopyroxene and silicate melt Crystal-chemical controls

Abstract-This study explores some of the effects of major element compositional variations on the partitioning of trivalent rare earth elements between high-Ca clinopyroxene and silicate melt. Experiments performed in the system CaO-MgO-Al@-Si02 at 1 atm pressure, over a small temperature range, differentiate crystal-chemical controls on mineral/melt partitioning from the effects of pressure and tem- perature. The experimental results demonstrate that the Ca-Tschermakite content of high-Ca clinopyroxene exercises an important control on rare earth element partitioning for pyroxene coexisting with basaltic melt. A comparison of our experimental results with those from two-liquid partitioning and thermal diffusion studies demonstrates that melt structure has only a minor influence on clinopyroxene/melt partitioning for basaltic compositions, but becomes progressively more important as polymerization of the melt increases. Melt structure exercises the dominant control on partitioning for highly polymerized melts such as high- silica rhyolites. Semiempirical expressions developed using equilibrium constants for pyroxene/melt exchange reactions successfully predict the partitioning of Ce3+ and Yb’+ for a broad range of synthetic and natural coexisting melt and clinopyroxene compositions. The ability of our model to predict the par- titioning behavior of trivalent rare earth elements over a wide range of experimental conditions (O.OOOl- 3.0 GPa; 1234- 1430°C) indicates that consideration of the compositions of coexisting clinopyroxene and melt is adequate to account for the effects of varying pressure and temperature.
A practical yet meaningful approach to customer segmentation

This paper introduces the concept of the Customer Value Matrix, a customer segmentation approach that is especially well‐suited for small retail and service businesses. The discussion offers insights into the reasons for the development of this practical approach, a concrete methodology for its implementation, and strategic and tactical applications of the concept. The material is supported with strong evidence from “real‐world” examples featuring a variety of small retail and service businesses. The paper concludes with a discussion of the managerial implications for companies that manage chains of small retail or service businesses as to how they can take advantage of local relationship marketing.
The evolution of molecular ruler analysis for characterizing telomere imbalances: from fluoresence in situ hybridization to array comparative genomic hybridization

Submicroscopic telomere imbalances are a significant cause of mental retardation with or without other phenotypic abnormalities. We previously developed a set of unique telomere clones that identify imbalances in 3% to 5% of children with unexplained mental retardation and a normal karyotype. This targeted screening approach, however, does not provide information about the size or gene content of the imbalance. To enable such comprehensive characterization, a "molecular ruler" clone panel, extending up to 5 Mb proximal to the first telomere clone for each chromosome arm, was developed. This panel of clones was successfully used to delineate the size of unbalanced telomere aberrations in a fluorescence in situ hybridization assay. However, the fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was quite labor-intensive, and for many cases, the imbalance extended beyond our 5-Mb coverage. Therefore, to develop a more efficient and comprehensive method for characterizing telomere imbalances, we developed a custom oligonucleotide microarray consisting of high-density coverage of all telomere regions as well as a whole-genome backbone. Overall, 44 pathogenic imbalances studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization or oligonucleotide array showed a size range of 400 kb to 13.5 Mb. In four of these, the array detected additional interstitial imbalances adjacent to the telomere imbalance, demonstrating the usefulness of added probe coverage. In 10 cases with benign imbalances inherited from a normal parent, the size ranged from 170 kb to 1.6 Mb. These results demonstrate that array comparative genomic hybridization will aid in more efficient and precise characterization of telomere imbalances leading to the development of gene dosage maps at human telomere regions for genotype/phenotype correlations.
Conceptualization and Characterization of Ground-Water Systems Using Geographic Information Systems

Abstract The correlation and synthesis of a variety of two- and three-dimensional data is necessary to conceptualize and characterize ground-water flow systems in regional or site-specific areas. This paper presents an integrated, multi-disciplinary, step-wise approach for conceptualizing, characterizing, and numerically simulating ground-water flow systems using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The method presented involves seven iterative steps that can be accomplished manually or by using GIS: (1) Data gathering and preparation; (2) Field (on-site) conceptualization; (3) Surface characterization; (4) Subsurface characterization; (5) Hydrogeologic model characterization; (6) Hydrologic system characterization; and (7) Numerical model simulation. GIS may be used for: (1) data management, analysis and visualization; (2) the integration of diverse data sources; (3) rapid development, visualization and testing of alternative hydrogeologic and hydrologic system models; (4) the incorporation of contouring, attribute tables, and statistical analysis during data analysis and model development; and (5) the integration of basic and interpreted data bases with numerical modeling for purposes of model design, parameter discretization, statistical evaluation and sensitivity analysis.
Ecological validity of adjunct questions in a college biology course

Abstract To validate their use in a natural environment with realistic learning materials and conditions, the efficacy of adjunct questions was tested in a college biology course with a double-crossover design. Mixed results were obtained. On the one hand, students using adjunct questions during the second half of the course scored significantly higher than control students on a variety of measures obtained on the final examination. Significant indirect as well as direct effects were obtained, and significant effects were demonstrated on comprehension as well as verbatim-recall examination questions. On the other hand, during the first half of the course evidence was also obtained that some students did not follow instructions on the proper use of adjunct questions, and that for those students adjunct questions actually impaired learning. Such vagaries may be common in natural experimental settings as opposed to highly controlled laboratory settings. It is concluded that, rather than requiring all students to use adjunct questions, it would be better to make them optional. Presumably, adjunct questions would be used, under an optional condition, only by students who were motivated to use them properly after receiving strong warnings concerning their possible misuse.
Boundary-spanning activity, role dynamics, and job satisfaction: A longitudinal study

Abstract Boundary-spanning activity and its effects on role conflict and ambiguity and job satisfaction were studied in a large manufacturing organization. Longitudinal data were collected 11 months apart from 132 managerial, engineering, and supervisory employees. A corrected cross-lagged correlational analysis suggests no casual relationships between boundary-spanning activity and role conflict and ambiguity. Causal, positive relationships are suggested, however, between boundary-spanning activity and satisfaction with work, promotions, supervision, co-workers, and overall job satisfaction.
EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED SHAPE FACTORS FOR DEEP PART-THROUGH CRACKS IN A THICK-WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL.

Fracture mechanics shape factors for deep, part-through cracks in thick-walled epoxy pressure vessel were determined experimentally and compared with three theoretical estimates. The agreement was especially good for cracks of depth approximately equal to half the wall thickness. The fracture toughness, K I c , of the epoxy was measured with ½-in. square beams loaded in four-point bending and was found to be 929 psi √in.
Fisher equation with density-dependent diffusion: special solutions

A special family of solutions explicit in the space and time variables is found for the Fisher equation with density-dependent diffusion. The connection with the known travelling wave solution and the initial conditions from which that evolves is also shown.
Predicting Treatment and Follow-up Attrition in Parent–Child Interaction Therapy

Predictors of attrition from individual parent–child interaction therapy were examined for 99 families of preschoolers with disruptive behavior disorders. Seventy-one percent of treatment dropouts were identified by lower SES, more maternal negative talk, and less maternal total praise at pretreatment. Following PCIT, families were randomly assigned to an Assessment-Only or Maintenance Treatment condition. Higher maternal distress predicted 63% of dropouts in the Assessment-Only condition. Lower maternal intellectual functioning predicted 83% of dropouts from Maintenance Treatment. Findings highlight a continuing need for evidence-based retention strategies at various phases of engagement in PCIT.
Hilbert's Tenth Problem for Rings of Algebraic Functions of Characteristic 0

Abstract The author provides Diophantine definitions for rational integers over some rings of algebraic functions of characteristic 0 and resolves Hilbert's Tenth Problem over those rings.
The Heart of the Matter: The Security of Women and the Security of States

Does the security of women influence the security and behavior of states? Existing evidence linking the situation of women to state-level variables such as economic prosperity and growth, health, and corruption is fairly conclusive. Questions remain, however, concerning the degree to which state security and state security-related behavior is linked to the security of women. The “women and peace” thesis draws upon evolutionary biology/psychology for ultimate causes of this linkage, and sociological theories of social diffusion and psychological theories of social learning for more proximate causal mechanisms. Together, a new data resource—the WomanStats Database—and conventional methodology find a robust, positive relationship between the physical security of women and three measures of state security and peacefulness. In addition, a comparison of this proposition to alternative explanations involving level of democracy, level of economic development, and civilizational identity shows that the physical security of women is a better predictor of state security and peacefulness. Although these results are preliminary, it is still possible to conclude that the security of women must not be overlooked in the study of state security, especially given that the research questions to be raised and the policy initiatives to be considered in the promotion of security will differ markedly if the security of women is seriously considered as a significant influence on state security.
526 RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH NOSOCOMIAL ROTAVIRUS INFECTION (RVI) ON AN INFANT WARD

In a prospective study of a single ward for 0-2 yr. old children, 3X/wk stool specimens were obtained during hospitalization from all children admitted for one month in the winter of 1984, and tested for RV by ELISA. In those children who were RV-negative at discharge, a single stool specimen was obtained from those developing symptoms within 1 week. Of 110 children, RVI occurred in 28 (25.1%), 17 of whom were hospital-acquired (HA) occurring ≥ 72 hrs. after admission. RVI developed in 2 of 17 cases after discharge. Nine of 11 community-acquired (CA) and 15 of 17 HA cases manifested symptoms; and in no case did RV positive stools precede the onset of symptoms. Risk factors for HA of RVI included the following: 1) Room contact. RV patients were in contact with other RV cases for 3.8 d in comparison to 1.4 d for controls (72 RV-negative children) (p < .02); 11/17 (65%) patients with RVI in comparison to 23/72 (32%) controls (p < .03) were in multibed rooms. 2) Inadequate isolation of RVI. In spite of hospital policy, enteric precautions were not implemented in 5/11 CA and 11/15 HA cases. 3) Prolonged hospitalization. Whereas the mean duration of hospitalization for controls was 4.7 d, the mean time of RV acquisition for HA cases was 8.1 d. These findings indicate that control of HA RVI necessitates prompt identification and isolation of not only CA but also HA patients with RVI.
Behavioral medicine and the health of our nation: accelerating our impact.

A key goal of this paper is to illustrate the impact of behavioral medicine on the factors that influence population health. A second goal is to consider the delicate balance between relevance and excellence as we bring our science to bear on important social and public health problems. If we are to increase the translation of our evidence and accelerate our impact, we must increase our relevance while maintaining excellence in our scientific methods. What are the pressing questions facing those that we would like to use our work, and how we can increase our relevance to theirs? We must work on the marriage of relevance and excellence—use rigorous methodologies, but be flexible in our approach, using study designs and methods that will get rapid yet rigorous answers to the questions that are facing practice and policy settings. We have the tools and the knowledge to impact the health of our nation.
Examining Theoretical Predicators of Substance Use Among a Sample of Incarcerated Youth

A wide variety of theoretical perspectives have been found to have an association with substance abuse. Most of these studies use data from samples of public school students and thus capture only part of the youth population. Using data from approximately 800 delinquents incarcerated in a Midwestern state, we examine the association between attitudes about drug and alcohol use and use of drugs and four theoretical perspectives: nonsocial reinforcement theory, social learning theory, social control theory, and strain theory. Our findings suggest that nonsocial reinforcement is the best predictor of both preference for and use of illegal substances among this sample, followed closely by social learning theory. Implications for policy and future research are also discussed.
The renin-angiotensin system and vascular hypertrophy

In addition to its vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-stimulating action, angiotensin II also drives cell growth and replication in the cardiovascular system, which may result in myocardial hypertrophy and hypertrophy or hyperplasia of conduit and resistance vessels in certain subjects. These actions are mediated through angiotensin II receptors (subtype AT1), which activate the G protein, phospholipase C, diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate pathway, to increase the expression of certain protooncogenes (c-fos, c-myc and c-jun) and growth factors (platelet-derived growth factor-A-chain, transforming growth factor-beta 1 and basic fibroblast growth factor). The cellular responses to angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle have been shown in different hypertensive vessels to be either hypertrophy alone, hypertrophy and DNA synthesis without cell division (polyploidy) or DNA synthesis with cell division (hyperplasia). In genetic hypertension, the altered structure of small arteries is due to either cellular hyperplasia or remodeling, whereas in renovascular hypertension there is hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells. Angiotensin II also increases synthesis of some matrix components, activates blood monocytes and is thrombogenic. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prevent or reverse vascular hypertrophy in animal models of hypertension; this seems to be a class effect, shared to some extent with calcium channel blocking agents. In human hypertension, ACE inhibitors reduce the increased media/lumen ratio of large and small arteries in hypertension and increase arterial compliance. These properties are also shared by losartan, the first of the new class of angiotensin II receptor (AT1) antagonists. The clinical implications of these findings need to be tested through rigorous and prospective clinical trials.
The specific adsorption of alkaline-earth cations at the rutile/water interface

Abstract The adsorption behavior of alkaline-earth cations at the rutile/water interface was studied by potentiometric titrations and adsorption density determinations. In agreement with electrophoretic mobility behavior, the results show that interaction strength follows the sequence: Ba 2+ > Sr 2+ >/ Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ . Analysis of the ratio of the number of protons released from the interface to the number of cations adsorbed indicates that either a bidentate complex formation or a surface-induced hydrolysis mechanism is the dominant mode of adsorption of these ions at the rutile/water interface. Estimation of the mean distance between the surface plane and the adsorption plane of the cations shows the importance of the bidentate complex formation.
The doctrine of formal discipline

(1914). The Doctrine of Formal Discipline. The Pedagogical Seminary: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 343-393.
A preliminary application of principal components and cluster analysis to internal tongue deformation patterns.

Complex patterns of muscle contractions create gross tongue motion during speech. It is of scientific and medical importance to better understand speech motor strategies and variations due to language or disorders. Dense patterns of tongue motion can be imaged using tagged magnetic resonance imaging, but characterisation of motion strategies is difficult using visualisation alone. This paper explores the use of principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction and cluster analysis for tongue motion categorisation. Velocity fields were acquired and analysed from midsagittal tongue slices during motion from /i/ to /u/ for eight datasets containing multiple languages and a glossectomy patient. The analyses were carried out on the tongue-only and tongue-plus-floor of the mouth regions. The results showed that both the analyses were sensitive to region size and that cluster analysis was harder to interpret. Both the analyses grouped the Japanese speaker with the glossectomy patient, which although expl...
A Comparison of Neural Networks versus Quantum Mechanics for Inorganic Systems

This paper reports what is, to our knowledge, the first direct comparison of neural networks with quantum mechanical techniques for the prediction of molecular properties for inorganic systems. The molecular properties investigated include prototypical structural (equilibrium bond length, re), energetic (bond dissociation energy, De), and vibrational (equilibrium stretching frequency, νe) properties used in evaluating new materials. In general, all three molecular properties are predicted more accurately using neural networks as compared to correlated quantum mechanical calculations. The superiority of the neural network approach applies whether the simulation is used to predict a single property or to predict several properties simultaneously.
Merger of ocean color data from multiple satellite missions within the SIMBIOS project

The purpose of data merger activities undertaken by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's (NASA) Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Studies (SIMBIOS) Project is to create scientific quality ocean color data encompassing measurements from multiple satellite missions. The fusion of data from multiple satellites will improve the quality of ocean color products over single-mission data sets by expanding spatial and temporal coverage of the world's oceans and increasing statistical confidence in generated parameters. The merger will also support a variety of new applications by taking advantage of sensor-varying calibration, spectral, spatial, temporal, and ground coverage characteristics. Leading to the data merger goals, the SIMBIOS Project has established a thorough ocean color validation program and has been cross-comparing and cross-calibrating sensor data with in situ measurements and data among the missions. The SIMBIOS Science Team has been studying data merger algorithms based on spectral data assimilation and spatial interpolation. The SIMBIOS Project Office has implemented statistical objective analysis and regression techniques based on artificial neural networks and support vector machines. The accuracy of the merger methods will be evaluated using in situ data, statistical analyses, and simple chlorophyll means -- the method already implemented within the SIMBIOS Project. This paper defines challenges and suggests solutions for data merger based on the example of daily chlorophyll concentration products from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS).© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Distribution and brainstem origin of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the opossum cerebellum.

In order to determine the distribution of the peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) within the cerebellum and medullary precerebellar nuclei of the adult opossum, sections of these brain regions were processed for peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry. Within the inferior and superior cerebellar peduncles, fine-beaded fibers are evident and a beaded plexus of fibers is present in all the cerebellar nuclei. In the overlying cerebellar cortex, CCK-positive mossy fiber rosettes are present in all lobules, where their morphology varies from simple enlargements to more complex rosettes. However, their distribution varies particularly in vermal lobules II, III, VII, and IX where they are organized in parasagittal bands. Climbing fibers that are positive for CCK are present in very restricted areas of vermal lobules IV, VII, and VIII. After colchicine pretreatment, CCK-positive cell bodies are seen in restricted regions of the posterior interposed and fastigial nuclei as well as within several precerebellar nuclei known to give rise to mossy fibers. Such nuclei include the lateral cuneate nucleus, the nucleus prepositis hypoglossi, the nucleus reticularis latefalis, the nucleus raphe obscurus, the paramedian reticular nucleus, the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, and the medial vestibular nucleus. To localize the brainstem origin(s) of the CCK fibers in the cerebellum, a double-label paradigm employing a retrograde tracer and CCK immunohistochemistry was used. These experiments indicate that CCK mossy fibers originate primarily within the lateral cuneate nucleus, the perihypoglossal complex, and the lateral reticular nucleus. Some also originate within the medial vestibular nucleus and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. In addition, double-labeled cell bodies are present within the caudal medial accessory inferior olive, the likely source of the CCK-positive climbing fibers. These data indicate that specific populations of climbing fibers and mossy fibers may utilize CCK to alter the firing rate of their target neurons.
T cell requirements for the expression of the lipopolysaccharide adjuvant effect in vivo: evidence for a T cell-dependent and a T cell-independent mode of action.

The in vivo adjuvant effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice was investigated with the soluble synthetic polypeptide antigen (T, G)-A–L, the antibody response to which is determined by the Ir-1A gene. With this specific antigen it can be demonstrated that the LPS adjuvant effect has the following modes of action: a) a T cell-independent enhancement of primary and secondary IgM antibody response; b) a T cell-dependent enhancement of IgG secondary antibody response; and c) a T cell-dependent induction of switchover from IgM to IgG antibody in some strains of Ir-1A low responders. Although T cells are necessary for some aspects of the adjuvant effect, these data do not distinguish between a mechanism involving a direct interaction between LPS and T cells or a direct interaction of LPS and B cells with a general requirement for T cells for expression of IgG antibody.
Analysis of a generalized ladenburg-reiche integral

Abstract A generalization of the Ladenburg-Reiche integral arises if one formulates an equivalent width for the asymmetric resonances characteristic of autoionization phenomena occuring in gases in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region. In the following, various analytical expressions are obtained relevant to asymptotic limits of this integral.
The endoscopic management of cubital tunnel syndrome

The overall success rate of surgical interventions for cubital tunnel syndrome is reported to be within 80% to 90% (Szabo, 1999). The discussion, however, whether to perform in situ nerve decompression or anterior transposition continues. In this paper, we present the results of our endoscopic approach to in situ cubital tunnel release, its rationale, clinical and anatomical indications and a detailed description of the technique.
A New Approach to Microbuckling of Fibrous Composites

The fibrous composite is represented by an inhomogeneous two-dimensional continuum with spatial variation in the axial Young's modulus to account for fibers and matrix. The periodicity of the microstructure is taken into account by expanding the axial Young's modulus in a Fourier series with wavelength the average spacing between fibers. The compressive strength is determined by examining the stability of small perturbations superimposed on a uniform applied compressive strain
Surfactant protein A regulates pulmonary surfactant secretion via activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in type II alveolar cells.

Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by the type II alveolar cells of the lung, and this secretion is induced by secretagogues of several types (e.g., ionomycin, phorbol esters, and terbutaline). Secretagogue-induced secretion is inhibited by surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A), which binds to a specific receptor (SPAR) on the surface of type II cells. The mechanism of SP-A-activated SPAR signaling is completely unknown. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 rescued surfactant secretion from inhibition by SP-A. In order to directly demonstrate a role for PI3K in SPAR signaling, PI3K activity was immunoprecipitated from type II cell extracts. PI3K activity increased rapidly after SP-A addition to type II cells. Since many receptors that activate PI3K do so through tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation, antisera to phosphotyrosine, insulin-receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), or SPAR were also examined. These antisera coimmunoprecipitated PI3K activity that was stimulated by SP-A. In addition, the tyrosine-specific protein kinase inhibitors genistein and herbimycin A blocked the action of SP-A on surfactant secretion. We conclude that SP-A signals to regulate surfactant secretion through SPAR, via pathways that involve tyrosine phosphorylation, include IRS-1, and entail activation of PI3K. This activation leads to inhibition of secretagogue-induced secretion of pulmonary surfactant.
Characterisation of linear MOS active attenuator and amplifier

The experimental performance of a linear monolithic MOS active voltage attenuator and a linear finite gain amplifier employing the attenuator in the feedback loop is discussed. Measured DC transfer characteristics, and the signal to harmonic distortion ratios as functions of signal amplitudes, are presented.
Reconnecting the Disconnects: Library Outreach to Faculty as Addressed in the Literature

While academic librarians have always sought to create the best services for college faculty and students, the increasingly self-defined “teacher-librarian” needs more than ever to promote positive relationships and collaboration with classroom faculty. Based on a review of library literature, this article explores the nature of several disconnects between librarians and college or university faculty and examines the ways in which library outreach to faculty in its various forms seeks to bridge those gaps. The author maintains that library outreach addresses the issues between librarians and may result in higher levels of advocacy, collaboration, and collegiality.
High-resolution FISH mapping of β-defensin genes to river buffalo and sheep chromosomes suggests a chromosome discrepancy in cattle standard karyotypes.

High-resolution chromosomal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and R-banding allowed the chromosomal localization of the β-defensin gene cluster (DEFB@) to chromosome band 1p12 in the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis, 2n = 50) and to band 24q13 in sheep (Ovis aries, 2n = 54), according to standard nomenclatures. The localizations permitted the tentative assignment of the entire bovine syntenic group U25 to these chromosomes. A FISH mapping control on cattle chromosomes confirmed the localization of DEFB@ in the homoeologous chromosome and chromosome band. Comparisons were made between river buffalo chromosome 1p and the homoeologous cattle chromosome on standard karyotypes; the results are discussed in light of gene assignments, extensive chromosome band conservation among the Bovidae, and inconsistencies in domestic cattle chromosome nomenclatures.
Wave Interactions in Nonlinear Elastic Strings

We study a system modeling the dynamics of a nonlinear elastic string. This is a 6 × 6 system of hyperbolic conservation laws, which is degenerate in that two wave families have multiplicity two. We construct the wave curves for this problem and solve the Riemann problem. We then give a detailed analysis of elementary wave interactions, leading to a Glimm theorem, and describe features of the system when the total variation is large. There are complicated wave patterns, including infinitely many interactions in finite time, and both three- and four-resonances may be present.
Content Management as a Service—Financial Archive Cloud

As companies are sprinting towards offering enterprise services in the cloud, they are facing the decision of either developing a service from scratch specifically for a cloud infrastructure or taking their existing products and “cloudifying” them for a quicker route to market. In this article we are elaborating on how we addressed “cloudification” challenges during the development of a Content Management as a Service pilot.
Interferon stimulated genes, CXCR4 and immune cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus.

Non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncpBVDV) induces immune responses mediated by chemokines and interferon (IFN) stimulated genes (ISGs). Cultured bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from ncpBVDV-naive cattle were used herein to demonstrate that BVDV infection modulates chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), CXCL12, IFN-I, ISGs and selected immune cell marker (CD4, CD8, CD14) mRNAs, and that these acute responses to viral infection are reflected in PBMC cultured with serum from heifers carrying fetuses persistently infected (PI) with ncpBVDV. Infection of PBMC with ncpBVDV increased IFN-β, ISG15, RIG-I, CXCR4, CXCL12, and CD8 mRNA concentrations after 32 h. Culture of PBMC with uterine vein serum from acutely infected heifers, inoculated with ncpBVDV during early gestation to generate PI fetuses, also increased the concentration of CXCR4, RIG-I and ISG15 mRNAs. In vitro PBMC treatment with ncpBVDV or uterine vein serum from acutely infected pregnant heifers activates chemokine, ISG and immune cell responses.
EFFECT OF LEGITIMIZING SMALL CONTRIBUTIONS AND LABELING POTENTIAL DONORS AS "HELPERS" ON RESPONSES TO A DIRECT MAIL SOLICITATION FOR CHARITY '

S;mrmary.-Residents of a small Vermont town received one of four mail solicitations from a statewide charity drive. In one condition, designed to legitimize small contributions, the recipients were reminded at the end of the written appeal that "even a penny will help." In a second condition, the recipients were told that they, like other residents of their town, were known to be concerned about others and received a small gift to reinforce that "helper" label, a bumper sticker reading "I Help Out." In a second labeling condition, the recipients were told they were known to be proud of their state and received a bumper sticker to reinforce that label. Those in a control condition received a customary direct mail solicitation. Analysis showed that labeling potential donors as "helpers" did not substantially increase donations. Legitimizing small contributions tended to lower contributions, although the finding was not statistically significant. Techniques that work in other contexts to increase help-giving or compliance with requests must be applied cautiously in the context of direct mail fund-raising. Numerous charitable organizations depend heavily on direct mail solicitation of donations to raise funds. Given this, substantial effort has been directed to testing various techniques to motivate the recipient of a letter to take action, including the use of computer-generated "personal" letters, enclosure of smd gifts (e.g., return address labels), and so on (Benn, 1978).
Impact of Na− and K−C π-Interactions on the Structure and Binding of M3(sol)n(BINOLate)3Ln Catalysts

Shibasaki's heterobimetallic complexes M3(THF)n(BINOLate)3Ln [M = Li, Na, K; Ln = lanthanide(III)] are among the most successful asymmetric Lewis acid catalysts. Why does M3(THF)n(BINOLate)3Ln readily bind substrates when M = Li but not when M = Na or K? Structural studies herein indicate Na− and K−C cation−π interactions and alkali metal radius may be more important than even lanthanide radius. Also reported is a novel polymeric [K3(THF)2(BINOLate)3Yb]n structure that provides the first evidence of interactions between M3(THF)n(BINOLate)3Ln complexes.
Theoretical investigations of Fe porphyrins. V. Low‐lying electronic states of bisammineporphinatoiron(III)

Ab initio CI calculations are reported on the lowest doublet, quartet, and sextet states of [FeIII(P)(NH3)2]+. The low-spin ground state is calculated as (dxy2 (dπ)3 with dxy(dπ)4 higher by 0.15 eV. The near-ir bands at ∼1 eV observed in low-spin ferriheme proteins are attributed to (π dπ) transitions. The lowest high-spin state is 6A1g, and the near-ir transitions of the high-spin ferriheme proteins observed at ∼1.2 eV are attributed to higher 6[tripsextet] excited states [i.e., ring triplet, metal sextet]. The 30-ps “triplet” transient populated with low quantum yield observed in laser-flash studies on FeIII(TPP)CI [TPP = tetrapbenylporphyrin] may be an 1[tripsextet] state.
Reynolds stress closure for nonequilibrium effects in turbulent flows

From consideration of turbulence anisotropy dynamics due to spatial or temporal variations in the mean strain rate, a new Reynolds stress closure for nonequilibrium effects in turbulent flows has been developed. This closure, formally derived from the Reynolds stress anisotropy transport equation, results in an effective strain rate tensor that accounts for the strain rate history to which the turbulence has been subjected. In contrast to prior nonequilibrium models that have sought to address nonequilibrium effects via changes in the eddy viscosity, the present approach accounts for nonequilibrium effects in the fundamental relation between the anisotropy tensor and the strain rate tensor. The time-local form of the nonequilibrium closure can be readily implemented in place of the classical equilibrium Boussinesq closure on which most existing computational frameworks are currently based. This new closure is applied here to four substantially different classes of nonequilibrium test problems. Results sho...
Pressure-coupled vaporization and combustion responses of liquid-fuel droplets in high-pressure environments

The dynamic responses of liquid-fuel droplet vaporization and combustion to ambient pressure oscillations are examined. The analysis is based on the complete sets of conservation equations for both gas and liquid phases, and accommodates detailed treatments of finite-rate chemical kinetics and variable properties. With a full account of thermodynamic phase equilibrium at the droplet surface, the model enables a systematic examination of the effects of ambient flow conditions on the droplet behavior. The responses of hydrocarbon fuel droplets in both sub- and super-critical environments are investigated. Results indicate that the droplet gasification and burning mechanisms depend greatly on the ambient pressure. In particular, a rapid enlargement of the vaporization and combustion responses occurs when the droplet surface reaches its critical point, mainly due to the strong variations of latent heat of vaporization and thermophysical properties at the critical state.
Bringing cardiac stem cell therapy into the clinic.

Amit N Patel University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Heart, Lung, & Esophageal Surgery Institute, 200 Lothrop Street – PUH C-700, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Tel.: +1 412 648 6411; Fax: +1 412 647 8681; patelan@upmc.edu ‘The hope that cardiac stem cell therapy will enter the clinical setting is real ... but is overshadowed by media hype and unrealistic expectations of distraught patients...’
Processing of nanostructured zirconia ceramics

The inert gas condensation (IGC) technique was employed to synthesize nonagglomerated nanoparticles of ZrO 2 2 and Y 2 O 3 with different average particle sizes ranging from 4 to 14 nm. High pressure phases were found in the as-prepared powders of both n-Y 2 O 3 and n-ZrO 2 . This has been explained on the basis of Gibbs-Thomson effect. The sintering behaviors (in air and vacuum) of single phase n-ZrO 2 (monoclinic crystal structure) and Y 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 mixture (Y-TZP) were studied in terms of densification rate and final sintering temperature. There was a strong correlation between densification characteristics and properties of the starting powder compacts, such as average particle size, particle and pore size distributions. n-ZrO 2 was sintered to full density in air at temperatures as low as 1125°C (0.47 T m ) and in vacuum at 975°C (0.42 T m ). Although the grain sizes in the fully sintered samples were well below 100 nm, the grains had grown by a factor of at least 10, as compared to the initial particle size. Therefore, pressure-assisted sintering techniques, such as sinter-forging and hot pressing, were employed to further reduce the densification temperature and final grain size. Threshold effects in these processes are also discussed