cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Semi-Continuous Memoryless Channel

The semi-continuous memoryless channel (s.c.m.c.) differs from the d.m.c. only in that the output alphabet may be infinite. (The name “semi-continuous” is of engineering origin.) Without any essential loss of generality we take the space of the output alphabet to be the real line. This is done only to avoid ponderousness, and the extension to the case where the space of the output alphabet is any space on which is defined a σ-algebra of sets is trivial.
New Responsibilities for the Health Educator

(1974). New Responsibilities for the Health Educator. School Health Review: Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 22-23.
Interaction of maternal and neonatal obesity.

Maternal weight and height before pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy were recorded for each of 109 mothers who were delivered of normal infants after gestations of 37 to 43 weeks. Infant parameters obtained included gestational age, birth weight, bilateral mid-arm circumference, and eight skin fold thickness measurements. The eight skin fold thicknesses were summed (SSFT) for each infant. Infants with SSFTs greater than 40 mm (N = 8) for the group were classified as "fatter" infants. All of the fatter infants were large for gestational age (LGA), but accounted for only one third of the LGA infants in the study. Birth weight, length, and cross-sectional mid-arm fat area were significantly increased in the fatter LGA group when compared to other LGA infants. Cross-sectional mid-arm muscle area was not significantly different for the fatter LGA infants compared to the other LGA group. Mothers were defined as obese or nonobese according to pregnant weight for height. Obese mothers had infants with significantly increased SSFTs when compared with infants of nonobese mothers. Multiple regression analysis showed that both prepregnant weight for height and weight gain during pregnancy were associated with increased subcutaneous fat in the neonate. Weight gain during pregnancy was associated with increased neonatal fatness and length, while prepregnant weight for height was associated with neonatal fatness independent of neonatal length.
Gut mucosal healing: is the science relevant?

Address reprint requests to Dr. Marc Basson, Chief, Surgical Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, 4646 John R. Street, Detroit, MI 48201-1932. E-mail: .vog.av.dem@nossab.cram Supported in part by NIH R01DK60771 and a VA Merit Award.
Void marker motion during electromigration in SnIn thin films

Abstract A simple electromigration experiment is described in thin pure Sn film stripes alloyed with In over a small central region. At the cathode interface between the pure Sn and the SnIn alloy regions, voids form and serve as a convenient marker. Similarly at the anode interface hillocks form. With time the void marker front extends into the alloy region with a constant velocity equal to ∼ 1.8 × 10 −8 cm/sec at room temperature. The results are interpreted in terms of a model involving mass transport across a moving boundary and exact time-dependent solutions are derived. Provided drift in the electric field is larger than transport by chemical diffusion, the marker velocity is predicted to be constant. Depending upon whether D II Z II ∗ ϱ II D I Z I ∗ ϱ I or the reverse, voids will form either at the cathode interface (as observed in SnIn) or at the anode interface (as in AlCu) respectively. Regions I and II refer to the pure and alloy regions while D i , Z ∗ , and ϱ i refer to the appropriate vacancy diffusivities, effective valences and lattice resistivities. It is unfortunately impossible to disentangle unambiguously the effects of alloying on D i and Z i ∗ separately by merely noting the position of the marker front.
ENANTIOSELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION OF VERAPAMIL AND NORVERAPAMIL INTO HUMAN AND RAT ERYTHROCYTES: THE ROLE OF PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING

In this in vitro study, the distribution of the enantiomers of verapamil (VER) and its active metabolite, norverapamil (NOR), into the red blood cells (RBCs) of humans and rats was investigated using a chiral liquid chromatographic assay. When plasma was replaced with buffer, the distribution of VER and NOR enantiomers into both human and rat RBCs was substantial (RBC:blood concentration ratios, 1.39-1.79), non-stereoselective, concentration (125-1000 ng mL-1) linear, and species independent. However, in the presence of plasma, the RBC distribution of VER and NOR was stereoselective, with opposite stereoselectivity for human (S > R) and rat (R > S) blood. Additionally, the presence of plasma caused a reduction in the extent of RBC distribution for both VER and NOR enantiomers and in some cases resulted in nonlinearity in the RBC distribution of the enantiomers. Plasma protein binding studies revealed opposite stereoselectivity in the free fractions in human (S > R) and rat (R > S) plasma for both VER and NOR. These data suggest that the stereoselective protein binding is responsible for the apparent stereoselectivity in the RBC distribution of VER and NOR. The data are also in agreement with the opposite stereoselectivity in the plasma concentrations of VER observed in vivo in rats and humans.
The spectrum of the kinematic dynamo operator for an ideally conducting fluid

The spectrum of the kinematic dynamo operator for an ideally conducting fluid and the spectrum of the corresponding group acting in the space of continuous divergence free vector fields on a compact Riemannian manifold are described. We prove that the spectrum of the kinematic dynamo operator is exactly one vertical strip whose boundaries can be determined in terms of the Lyapunov-Oseledets exponents with respect to all ergodic measures for the Eulerian flow. Also, we prove that the spectrum of the corresponding group is obtained from the spectrum of its generator by exponentiation. In particular, the growth bound for the group coincides with the spectral bound for the generator.
Big names or big ideas: Do peer-review panels select the best science proposals?

This paper examines the success of peer-review panels in predicting the future quality of proposed research. We construct new data to track publication, citation, and patenting outcomes associated with more than 130,000 research project (R01) grants funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health from 1980 to 2008. We find that better peer-review scores are consistently associated with better research outcomes and that this relationship persists even when we include detailed controls for an investigator's publication history, grant history, institutional affiliations, career stage, and degree types. A one-standard deviation worse peer-review score among awarded grants is associated with 15% fewer citations, 7% fewer publications, 19% fewer high-impact publications, and 14% fewer follow-on patents.
Sex Difference in Serum Calcitonin Level in Rats as Related to Feeding, Fasting, and Age

Serum calcitonin (CT) was measured in male and female Fischer fasted and fed rats from 1–24 months of age. Previous findings by ourselves and others that serum CT rises with advancing age and is higher in females than in males were confirmed and extended. The effects of feeding were examined with the use of three different protocols, overnight fasting then feeding for 1 h, feeding ad libitum, and feeding rats for 2 h after they had been on a fixed feeding schedule for 4 weeks. At 1 month of age, serum CT was too low to measure in either sex, fed or fasted. From 2†24 months of age, feeding increased serum immunoreactive CT much more in females than in males. The increase in serum CT was accompanied by a slight decrease in serum calcium. We concluded that the release of CT in rats after eating is sex related.
First seizure management--reconsidered. Response III.

This article is in response to a recent CONTROVERSIES IN NEUROLOGY 1 dealing with the question of the appropriate treatment of a person who has a single seizure. Although considerable epidemiologic information was given in the original series of articles, I would like to propose a different risk/ benefit analysis to the situation and outline one epileptologist's approach to the problem. When a person presents to the doctor after having had a "spell," it is incumbent on the physician to arrive at the appropriate diagnosis. In diagnosing a seizure and/or epilepsy, I refer to the International Classification of Seizures 2 and a recently published classification of epilepsy 3 as a guideline. The history of the event obtained from the patient and an observer will produce an accurate diagnosis 95% of the time. The occurrence of a single primarily generalized convulsive seizure may be due to exogenous events such as
Characterization of the Structures of Diene Polymers by NMR

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) has become a very powerful tool for characterizing the structures of elastomers, providing information about their compositions and the arrangements of their constituents along their chains. Elastomers derived from diene monomers by homopolymerization or copolymerization can be very difficult to characterize because of the large number of structural features that may be present. Dienes can be incorporated as 1,2, 3,4, cis-1,4, or trans-1,4 units, and also as cis-4,1 or trans-4,1 units in some cases, for example. This leads to the possibility of head-head and tail-tail linkages as well as head-tail linkages and to the possibility of several stereochemical arrangements existing between pairs of 1,2-units. In spite of this difficulty, quantitative information about the structural characteristics of polymers derived from dienes can be obtained from their NMR spectra, and this information has been very useful in studies on polymerization mechanisms and ela...
Solar chromospheric modeling based on submillimeter limb brightness profile

A method of modeling the solar chromosphere is developed, based on submillimeter continuum observations of the solar limb. Submillimeter radiation from the solar limb emanates from the chromosphere in local thermodynamic equilibrium, making it an important chromospheric diagnostic. Also, the use of high-resolution limb profiles allows for atmospheric modeling independent of gravitational hydrostatic equilibrium. The chromospheric model is constructed to match high-resolution solar limb profiles at 30, 50, 100, and 200 microns, determined by an occultation of the solar limb observed from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory during the total solar eclipse of July 31, 1981. This matching is achieved by 'stretching' the solar model atmosphere of Vernazza, Avrett, and Loesser (1981) vertically out of hydrostatic equilibrium, while maintainingn its vertical temperature-optical depth profile.
Malin Decreases Glycogen Accumulation by Promoting the Degradation of Protein Targeting to Glycogen (PTG)

Lafora disease (LD) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease that results in progressive myoclonus epilepsy and death. LD is caused by mutations in either the E3 ubiquitin ligase malin or the dual specificity phosphatase laforin. A hallmark of LD is the accumulation of insoluble glycogen in the cytoplasm of cells from most tissues. Glycogen metabolism is regulated by phosphorylation of key metabolic enzymes. One regulator of this phosphorylation is protein targeting to glycogen (PTG/R5), a scaffold protein that binds both glycogen and many of the enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis, including protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), glycogen synthase, phosphorylase, and laforin. Overexpression of PTG markedly increases glycogen accumulation, and decreased PTG expression decreases glycogen stores. To investigate if malin and laforin play a role in glycogen metabolism, we overexpressed PTG, malin, and laforin in tissue culture cells. We found that expression of malin or laforin decreased PTG-stimulated glycogen accumulation by 25%, and co-expression of malin and laforin abolished PTG-stimulated glycogen accumulation. Consistent with this result, we found that malin ubiquitinates PTG in a laforin-dependent manner, both in vivo and in vitro, and targets PTG for proteasome-dependent degradation. These results suggest an additional mechanism, involving laforin and malin, in regulating glycogen metabolism.
The collapse of surfactant monolayers at the air—water interface

Abstract The collapse pressures and collapse rates of nine different surfactant monolayers: oleic, myristic and stearic acid, methyl stearate, heptadecanol, octadecanol, nonadecanol, eicosanol, and dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL), are determined experimentally using a Langmuir trough-Wilhelmy balance apparatus. All solid surfactants but DPL are found to collapse at rates consistent with a model of homogeneous nucleation and subsequent growth of bulk surfactant fragments. DPL films appear to collapse only by a fracture process. Oleic acid, the only liquid studied, collapses instantaneously at its equilibrium spreading pressure.
Calcemic and phosphaturic response to parathyroid hormone in normal and chronically uremic dogs

Calcemic and phosphaturic response to parathyroid hormone in normal and chronically uremic dogs. It is well established that the calcemic response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) is blunted in chronic uremia and is corrected partially by 1,25(OH) 2 D treatment. Recent evidence suggests that PTH(1-34) and not PTH(1-84) may be the actual calcemic fragment. Equivalent doses of both peptides were infused into five normal dogs (GFR = 51 ml/min) and eight dogs with a remnant kidney and chronic renal insufficiency (GFR = 15 ml/min). Both the calcemic and phosphaturic responses were studied. Remnant dogs had a blunted calcemic response to bPTH(1-84). The increase in fractional phosphate excretion was similar. In contrast, the calcemic response to bPTH(1-34) was equivalent in remnant and normal dogs. Treatment of uremic dogs with 400ng 1,25(OH) 2 D daily for 3 days restored the effect of bPTH(1-84) on serum calcium and increased the control value for tubular phosphate reabsorption from 28 ± 3 µg/ml GFR to 37 ± 4 µg/ml GFR (P 2 D may be involved in metabolism of PTH(1-84). In addition, the effect of PTH on fractional phosphate excretion is not magnified in nonparathyroidectomized uremic dogs. Reponses calcemiques et phosphaturiques a l'hormone parathyroidienne chez des chiens normaux et uremiques chroniques. Il est bien connu que la reponse calcemique a l'hormone parathyroidienne (PTH) est diminuee lors de l'uremie chronique, et est partiellement corrigee par un traitement avec de la 1,25(OH) 2 D. Des resultats recents suggerent que la PTH (1-34) et non la PTH (1-84), pourrait etre le veritable fragment hypercalcemiant. Des doses equivalentes des deux peptides etaient perfuse chez cinq chiens normaux (GFR = 51 ml/min) et chez huit chiens ayant un rein restant reduit, et une insuffisance renale chronique (GFR = 15 ml/min). Les reponses calcemiques et phosphaturiques etaient etudiees. Les chiens insuffisants renaux avaient une diminution de la reponse calcemique a la bPTH (1-84). L'augmentation de l'excretion fractionnelle des phosphates etait identique. Au contraire, la reponse calcemique a la bPTH (1-34) etait equivalente chez les chiens normaux et uremiques. Le traitement des chiens uremiques avec 400ng de 1,25(OH) 2 D chaque jour pendant 3 jours a restaure l'effet de la bPTH (1-84) sur la calcemie et a augmente la valeur controle de la reabsorption tubulaire des phosphates de 28 ± 3 µg/ml GFR a 37 ± 4 µg/ml GFR (P 2 D pourrait etre impliquee dans le metabolisme de la PTH (1-84). En outre, l'effet de la PTH sur l'excretion fractionnelle des phosphates n'est pas amplifie chez les chiens uremiques non parathyroidectomises.
Reduction of Cl2Sn[Fe(CO)2(η5-C5H5)]2 with lithium to form {:Sn[Fe(CO)2(η5-C5H5)]2}

Abstract The reduction of Cl2Sn[Fe(CO)2(η5-C5H5)]2 (1) with lithium has been investigated. A species with one tin-tin bond, as shown by119Sn NMR spectroscopy, believed to be [(η5-C5H5)(CO)2Fe]ClSn SnCl[Fe(CO)2(η5-C5H5) (2), is formed as an intermediate. Further reduction results in the formation of {:Sn[Fe(CO)2(η5-C5H5)]2} (3), which has been characterized by spectroscopic and analytical methods and is monomeric in benzene solution, as determined by cryoscopic molecular weight determination. The reactivity of2 and3 are discussed.
A Problem of our own Making: Roth on Historical Explanation

Roth claims that in constituting the sorts of events they want to connect, historians conceive matters that may not correlate with any inventory of elements eligible for admission by natural science. Given “the liabilities incurred by the very questions historians choose to ask,” the question of historical explanation is a problem of our own making. “Previous challenges to the epistemic legitimacy of historical explanations lose their point,” for no one can ask what kind of science or what kind of explanation history is, since it is none! This is, unsurprisingly, an unacceptable outcome for me. A case can be made for intersubjective assertability of a historical interpretation and the contestation of it – however tentatively, fallibly, partially – without a complete collapse into the aesthetics of form or the politics of the formulator. The task of the philosophy of history is to work out the reconciliation of the performative with the constative in historical writing and in historical appraisal.
Fluoroquinolone resistance during 2000–2005 : An observational study

Moxifloxacin is a respiratory fluoroquinolone with a community acquired pneumonia indication. Unlike other fluoroquinolones used in our healthcare system, moxifloxacin's urinary excretion is low and thus we hypothesized that increased use of moxifloxacin is associated with an increase in fluoroquinolone resistance amongst gram negative uropathogens. All antibiograms for Gram negative bacteria were obtained for 2000 to 2005. The defined daily dose (DDD) for each fluoroquinolone was computed according to World Health Organization criteria. To account for fluctuation in patient volume, DDD/1000 bed days was computed for each year of study. Association between DDD/1000 bed days for each fluoroquinolone and the susceptibility of Gram negative bacteria to ciprofloxacin was assessed using Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, r. During the study period, there were 48,261 antibiograms, 347,931 DDD of fluoroquinolones, and 1,943,338 bed days. Use of fluoroquinolones among inpatients decreased from 237.2 DDD/1000 bed days in 2000 to 115.2 DDD/1000 bed days in 2005. With the exception of Enterobacter aerogenes, moxifloxacin use was negatively correlated with sensitivity among all 13 Gram negative species evaluated (r = -0.07 to -0.97). When the sensitivities of all Gram negative organisms were aggregated, all fluoroquinolones except moxifloxacin were associated with increased sensitivity (r = 0.486 to 1.000) while moxifloxacin was associated with decreased sensitivity (r = -0.464). Moxifloxacin, while indicated for empiric treatment of community acquired pneumonia, may have important negative influence on local antibiotic sensitivities amongst Gram negative organisms. This effect was not shared by other commonly used members of the fluoroquinolone class.
The nature of anterograde and retrograde memory impairment after damage to the medial temporal lobe

The study of anterograde and retrograde amnesia (AA and RA) in the laboratory and the clinic has provided important information about the structure and organization of memory. The severity of AA is usually correlated with the severity of RA. Nevertheless, variations in the expression of AA and RA have been reported, which presumably reflect variation in the locus and extent of brain damage. The relationship between AA and RA has rarely been described quantitatively in groups of patients where detailed anatomical information is available. We have quantified the severity of AA and RA for factual information in 11 memory-impaired patients with bilateral medial temporal lobe lesions, including 5 for whom detailed post-mortem neurohistological information was available. The findings describe an orderly relationship between AA and RA, such that patients with more severe AA also had more extensive RA. In addition, RA was measurable only after AA reached a substantial level of severity. This relationship between AA and RA in patients with identified medial temporal lobe lesions appears to describe a general principle, which applies to a range of etiologies, including traumatic amnesia, where the locus and extent of brain damage is less well understood. Whenever patients deviate substantially from the relationship described here, one should be alert to the likelihood that significant damage has occurred outside or in addition to the structures in the medial temporal lobe.
Fetal stem vessel endothelial changes in placentae from normal and abnormal pregnancies.

: Areas of immunocytochemically defined immunopathology are common in placentae from secondary recurrent spontaneous aborters. Endothelial cells of affected villi were found to be negative for the thrombomodulin natural anticoagulant pathway, and these cells were reactive with monoclonal antibodies to tissue factor and fibrin. Endothelial cells of normal villi adjacent to affected villi also were negative for thrombomodulin and positive for tissue factor and fibrin, but endothelium of normal villi distant to affected villi were thrombomodulin-positive, tissue factor-negative, and did not contain deposits of fibrin. These findings indicate that a loss of endothelial anticoagulant activity precedes the onset of immunopathology. This observation, coupled with the findings that fetal stem vessels normally lack the heparan sulfate proteoglycan-antithrombin III natural anticoagulant pathway and that normal cord blood contains a heparin-like anticoagulant, suggest that a failure of endothelial anticoagulation may be a primary event in the development of placental immunopathology.
UV Melting and Footprinting Studies of Three Structures of an RNA Aptamer with the Same Sequence

Using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), we have previously selected a class of competitive RNA aptamers against the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. One aptamer in this class was found to have a minimal, functional sequence of 58 nucleotides. In vitro transcription generates two RNA transcripts with the same sequence (M1 and M2), both of which are required to act together to inhibit the AMPA receptors. Although the M1 and M2 species have the same sequence, they cannot be inter-converted through the unfolding/refolding processes. To probe the secondary structures and the stabilities of these species, we carried out UV melting and RNA footprinting experiments. In these experiments, we used chemically synthesized AN58 (sAN58) as our control. sAN58 is a potent inhibitor by itself and possesses a different structure from either M1 or M2 (which are likely caused by co-transcriptional folding). Specifically, we have examined the effects of salt and urea on the melting profiles of the aptamers. All three RNA species had clearly distinct melting profiles with multiple melting transitions. M1, for instance, is found to have the highest melting temperature and the largest number of transitions. On the other hand, the melting profile of M2 is more similar to the sAN58 profile. These results suggest that all three RNA species have different structures, with M1 appearing to be the most stable of the three. Footprinting was also used to probe the secondary structure of the RNAs and to identify the nucleotides that interact with the S1S2 AMPA receptor ligand core.
How Much Can Be Read from the Electrocardiogram? Applications of the Solid Angle Theory to the Abnormal ECG Waveforms of Myocardial Infarction

The concept of the solid angle theory was first conceived in the 1680s by Sir Isaac Newton and in the 19th century was fully developed by Karl F. Gauss and James C. Maxwell to compute the strength and direction of magnetism at any field points away from its source. Subsequently, its applicability to various electrocardiographic waveform abnormalities including those recorded from acute myocardial infarct has been qualitatively and quantitatively validated by many researchers, mostly of the US and Japan.In this lecture, the solid angle theory will be applied to the following clinically pertinent issues; the ST elevation or depression consisting of two discordant components, i.e. TQ deflection and ST deflection; TQ-ST deflections vs. the size and shape of acute myocardial infarcts; the electrophysical bases for the difference in the ECG waveforms of transmural and subendocardial infarcts, both acute and old; the size of Q wave vs. the size and shape of myocardial infarcts; the electrophysical determinants of the depth and width of infarct Q wave; localizing the infarct borders from precordial ECGs, both acute and old infarcts; electrophysical bases for the evolutionary ECG pattern of myocardial infarction.
Rhizomorph Production by Armillaria mellea Induced by Ethanol and Related Compounds

Armillaria mellea produced abundant rhizomorphs when grown on a chemically defined medium containing ethanol at concentrations as low as 50 parts per million. In the absence of ethanol no rhizomorphs were formed. Rhizomorph production was also stimulated by I-propanol, isopropanol, and 1-butanol as well as by acetaldehyde (to a lesser extent). Potassium acetate had very slight stimulating effect, and methanol was completely ineffective.
Practical Food Safety Interventions for Dairy Production

Abstract Consumers are increasingly concerned about the safety of their food and uncertain about food production practices. Potential threats to human health related to dairy products and dairy farming include errors in pasteurization, consumption of raw milk products, contamination of milk products by emerging heat-resistant pathogens, emergence of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic pathogens, chemical adulteration of milk, transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans through animal contact, and foodborne disease related to cull dairy cows. Most dairy farmers feel responsible for the safety of milk and beef that originate on their farms, but linkage between farm production practices and the quality of processed products have been weak. The safety of dairy products can be enhanced by adoption of a number of management practices. Sources of microbial contamination of milk must be minimized by adoption of hygienic standards that can be easily evaluated. Uniform adoption of milking practices that reduce microbial contamination of milk should be emphasized. The diagnosis of salmonellosis or listeriosis on a dairy farm should be regarded as an indication that other potentially infected animals may be present in the herd. Coliform counts on bulk tank milk should be routinely performed as an indicator of fecal contamination. A reduction in the national regulatory limit for somatic cells in bulk tank milk should be considered based on potential enhancements in milk safety. Dairy farmers must take responsibility for the market cattle leaving their farms. The inappropriate or prophylactic use of antimicrobial agents must be minimized to ensure that antimicrobial resistance does not develop in animal pathogens. Consumers can have confidence in food safety programs on dairy farms that promote awareness and accountability for the products that are produced.
Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumours

Apoptosis is a genetically encoded programme of cell death that can be activated under physiological conditions and may be an important safeguard against tumour development. Regions of low oxygen (hypoxia) and necrosis are common features of solid tumours. Here we report that hypoxia induces apoptosis in oncogenically transformed cells and that further genetic alterations, such as loss of the p53 tumour-suppressor gene or overexpression of the apoptosis-inhibitor protein Bcl-2, substantially reduce hypoxia-induced cell death. Hypoxia also selects for cells with defects in apoptosis, because small numbers of transformed cells lacking p53 overtake similar cells expressing wild-type p53 when treated with hypoxia. Furthermore, highly apoptotic regions strongly correlate with hypoxic regions in transplanted tumours expressing wild-type p53, whereas little apoptosis occurs in hypoxic regions of p53-deficient tumours. We propose that hypoxia provides a physiological selective pressure in tumours for the expansion of variants that have lost their apoptotic potential, and in particular for cells acquiring p53 mutations.
Chemical properties of the bis-(2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2'-pyridyl) pyrazine)-iron(II) complex

Abstract 2,3,5,6-Tetrakis(2'-pyridyl)pyrazine forms an iron(II) complex containing 2 moles of ligand for each mole of iron. In aqueous solution, the wavelength of maximum absorbance shifts from 575 nm to 590 nm when the complex solution is treated with strong acid. Both the protonated and non-protonated forms of the complex obey Beer's law over the range 8.95·10-6-5.37·10-5M, the molar absorptivities of the protonated and non-protonated complexes being 16,700 and 19,210 respectively. The overall stability constant of the iron complex was found to be 8.5 ± 0.3. There are 3 protons per molecule in the protonated form.
Extended Modified Liquid Drop−Dynamical Nucleation Theory (EMLD−DNT) Approach to Nucleation: A New Theory†

We present a new phenomenological approach to nucleation, based on the combination of the “extended modified liquid drop” (EMLD) model and dynamical nucleation theory (DNT). The new model proposes ...
Generation of Ci-Brachyury-GFP stable transgenic lines in the ascidian Ciona savignyi.

Summary: We report generation of stable transgenic lines of the ascidian Ciona savignyi carrying a Ciona intestinalis-Brachyury-promoter/Green Fluorescent Protein-reporter (Ci-Bra-GFP) construct. The transgenic lines were made using a technique in which the endonuclease I-SceI was coinjected into fertilized eggs with a transgene construct containing flanking recognition sites for I-SceI. Two founder animals, out of 12 F0 adults tested, were found to transmit the transgene to their offspring (F1s) at frequencies of 42% and 23%. The transgene was further inherited by the F2 in a Mendelian fashion and displayed nonmosaic expression, indicating integration into the genome. The Mendelian inheritance and the absence of mosaicism persisted through the F3 and F4 generations. Southern blot analyses showed that the transgene was organized in tandem arrays of no more than 10 copies. Using these Ci-Bra-GFP transgenics, we describe cellular movements and shape changes involved in notochord morphogenesis in both wildtype and mutant embryos. genesis 35:248–259, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On Being an Editor

I've always loved being considered a teacher. I love to see that "lightbulb goes on" moment when the learner sees or understands what I am trying to get across, often not as eloquently or meaningfully as I would wish. But, reflecting on such moments helps me to improve. The moments are like the deep connexional moments that Suchman and Matthews [1] described with patients when all of a sudden you realize you are on the same page, that you understand each other. These moments are deeply pleasurable, a state that the psychologist and writer Mihaly Czikszentmihaly calls "flow" [2] when one's task and skill set perfectly line up. These moments are like the ones when the olympic skier hits the "sweet spot" and legs, body, mind, equipment and mountain become one, "in the zone" so to speak. These moments happen very often when we get outside ourselves to notice them and there are so many of these in a typical day and most importantly, in our work. They keep us coming back for more and help get us out of bed each day. So too with the position of editor. I love to experience those connexional moments with the authors or the readers. I wish I could do more of these in person, but I save e mails and treasure phone conversations and imagine smiles and think about lives that have been improved by words written in this journal. My greatest editor's joy is to help someone publish their first ever paper. A close second is the genuine thankfulness from an author appreciating a review well done and how what has been said helps to strengthen the paper they have poured their heart into. It's even a joy to watch authors defend what they have tried to say from a reviewer's slings and arrows. I've made friends all over the world...probably enemies too.... as we reject someone's hard work. I am constantly amazed how the world of cancer education is filled with such good souls..... passionate about making a difference and lessening the burden of suffering from cancer through effective education. What follows is a job description for the next editor of the Journal. I think we've reached a good place....thanks to Springer we've got a great system of on-line submissions, reviews, publications and we've elimated our backlog or at least got it to a reasonable level. Plus the Springer folks couldn't be better to work together with. I'm astounded at the quality of the work coming in...from all over. I'm deeply appreciative of the hard work our reviewers and editorial board members put in. I do think the Journal has "done some good'. I've heard from folks who adopted some of the things they've read on articles, gotten grants, gotten promoted, gotten new positions......and much more. I'll always treasure the foundation Dick Bakemeir built as founding editor and the mentorship he gave me on the journey. I promise to do the same, but also to let the next editor thrive and build their own ideas into the next phase for JCE. So...apply. It's fun (really) and does provide enough of those moments that make you know you are making a difference. That will get you out of bed each morning!
Magnetic Clouds at/near the 2007 – 2009 Solar Minimum: Frequency of Occurrence and Some Unusual Properties

Magnetic clouds (MCs) have been identified for the period 2007 – 2009 (at/near the recent solar minimum) from Wind data, then confirmed through MC parameter fitting using a force-free model. A dramatic increase in the frequency of occurrence of these events took place from the two early years of 2007 (with five MCs) and 2008 (one MC) compared to 2009 (12 MCs). This pattern approximately mirrors the occurrence-frequency profile that was observed over a three-year interval 12 years earlier, with eight events in 1995, four in 1996, and 17 in 1997, but decreased overall by a factor of 0.62 in number. However, the average estimated axial field strength [〈|B O|〉] taken over all of the 18 events of 2007 – 2009 (called the “recent period” here) was only 11.0 nT, whereas 〈|B O|〉 for the 29 events of 1995 – 1997 (called the “earlier period”) was 16.5 nT. This 33% average drop in 〈|B O|〉 is more or less consistent with the decreased three-year average interplanetary magnetic field intensity between these two periods, which shows a 23% drop. In the earlier period, the MCs were clearly of mixed types but predominantly of the South-to-North type, whereas those in the recent period are almost exclusively the North-to-South type; this change is consistent with global solar field changes predicted by Bothmer and Rust (Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 99, 139, 1997). As we have argued in earlier work (Lepping and Wu, J. Geophys. Res. 112, A10103, 2007), this change should make it possible to carry out (accurate short-term) magnetic storm forecasting by predicting the latter part of an MC from the earlier part, using a good MC parameter-fitting model with real-time data from a spacecraft at L1, for example. The recent set’s average duration is 15.2 hours, which is a 27% decrease compared to that of the earlier set, which had an average duration of 20.9 hours. In fact, all physical aspects of the recent MC set are shown to drop with respect to the earlier set; e.g., as well as the average internal magnetic field drop, the recent set had a somewhat low average speed of 379 km s−1 (5% drop), and the average diameter had a 24% drop. Hence, compared to the earlier set, the recent set consists of events that are smaller, slightly slower, and weaker in every respect (and fewer in number), but in a relative sense the two three-year sets have similar frequency-of-occurrence profiles. It is also interesting that the two sets have almost the same average axial inclinations, i.e., axial latitude ≈31° (in GSE). These MC characteristics are compared to relevant solar features and their changes. A preliminary assessment of the statistics on possible shocks and pressure pulses upstream of these recent MCs yields the following: About 28% of the MCs, at most, had shocks, and 33% had shocks and/or pressure pulses. These are low values, since typically the percentage of cases with shocks is about 50%, and the percentage with shocks and/or pressure pulses is usually about 75%.
Characterization of the molecular and structural properties of the transformed and nuclear aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor complexes by proteolytic digestion

Ligand-dependent differences in the molecular properties of the transformed cytosolic and nuclear aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) were investigated using the proteolytic clipping band shift assay. AhR complexes were incubated with [32P]dioxin responsive element (DRE) (26-mer) or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-DRE and the resulting protein-DNA or crosslinked protein-DNA complexes were treated with trypsin or V8 protease and analyzed by electrophoresis. The results showed that for several different AhR ligands including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, 1,2,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran and α-naphthoflavone, the pattern of degraded protein-DNA products were similar using transformed cytosolic or nuclear AhR complexes. In contrast, the proteolytic clipping band shift assay showed that there were significant differences in the pattern of degraded protein-DNA products using nuclear AhR complexes derived from mouse Hepa 1c1c7 cells treated with TCDD or 6-methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran (MCDF). The differences detected in this in vitro assay parallel the in vivo and in vitro activities of these compounds in which TCDD is a potent AhR agonist whereas MCDF is a partial AhR agonist and antagonist.
A phosphoryl group acceptor attached to the microsomal fraction of muscle.

Abstract Microsomal vesicles isolated from skeletal muscle, catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphocreatine (or phosphoenolpyruvate) in the presence of the respective kinase without the addition of extraneous nucleotides. Thus a phosphoryl group acceptor is presumed to be attached to the particles. Calcium is taken up by the vesicles from the medium in amounts equivalent to that of the phosphocreatine split. Among other methods, passage of native microsomes through a Chelex column dissociates the acceptor from the matrix. The depleted particles no longer possess the ability to bind calcium, and they also exhibit a greatly increased adenosinetriphosphatase activity.
Independent-particle theory of the Franz-Keldysh effect including interband coupling: Application to calculation of electroabsorption in GaAs

We calculate the linear optical absorption spectrum for a semiconductor in the presence of a strong constant (dc) electric field (the Franz-Keldysh effect). An independent particle theory is developed that treats the dc field nonperturbatively and the optical field perturbatively. Results are presented from a calculation using a 14-band $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ model for the band structure of GaAs that includes remote band effects to order ${k}^{2}$. We also include remote band effects in the matrix elements for consistency. Coupling between nearly degenerate bands due to the dc field plays an important role, both near the valence band degeneracy in the center of the Brillouin zone and along lines where spin-split bands become degenerate. We calculate the electroabsorption spectrum with a dc field pointing along various crystal directions and predict experimentally accessible effects due to band warping. Calculations using the 14-band model show a change in the absorption spectrum that depends on the sign of the electric field, reflecting the lack of a center of inversion symmetry in GaAs. The theoretical framework presented can be easily extended to nonlinear absorption.
Crises of Commitment: Ethics of Intimacy, Kin, and Confinement in Global Psychiatry

This article addresses the challenges inherent to framing an ethical language around the issue of patient "abandonment" in psychiatric hospitals. It describes the situations of divorced women in a north Indian private clinic to ask how a Foucaultian understanding of "the family" as a site of discipline, and the ethical languages that emerge from this critique, cannot account for the complexities of kin life in these women's lives and the multiple legal domains that shape them as subjects.
Cellobiose hydrolysis using organic–inorganic hybrid mesoporous silica catalysts

Abstract The hydrolysis of cellobiose, a model system for oligosaccharide hydrolysis, was examined using organic–inorganic hybrid mesoporous catalysts. The activity of butylcarboxylic acid, propylsulfonic acid and arenesulfonic acid functionalized silicas were determined for cellobiose hydrolysis as well as glucose degradation. The hydrolysis rate constants for the three catalyst types were proportional to their pH values at ambient temperature and the apparent activation energies for the hydrolysis reaction were the same suggesting that hydrated protons were the catalytic species in the reaction. The apparent activation energy for glucose degradation was the same for each of the catalysts and was lower than that found for the hydrolysis reaction. As such, higher reaction temperature improved the selectivity of the hydrolysis reaction relative to the degradation reaction. The desirability of high reaction temperatures made the organic–inorganic hybrid materials preferable to polymer-based catalysts.
Basic linear theory of handling and stability of automobiles

AbstractThe directional response and stability characteristics of the motor vehicle are examined by considering the automobile to be a mechanical system which is described by linear differential eq...
A remark on the regularity of the div-curl system

As a limiting case of the classical Calderon-Zygmund theory, in this note we study the Besov regularity of differential forms u for which du and δu have absolutely integrable coefficients in R n .
A finite difference scheme for time-dependent spherical radiation hydrodynamics problems

Abstract This paper describes a fast and simple computational procedure for a class of time-dependent radiation transport hydrodynamics problems with spherical symmetry. Local thermodynamic equilibrium is assumed, and effects of time-of-flight retardation of photons are not considered. A two-stream assumption is used wherein the monochromatic intensity function at each given point has one value for directions falling within a prescribed cone and another value for directions outside of that cone. A use of the method is illustrated in a computation of the growth of a nuclear fireball.
The effect of prostaglandin F2α on trabecular outflow facility in cynomolgus monkeys

Abstract Cynomolgus monkeys were treated topically in one eye with 2 μg of prostaglandin F 2α -I-isopropylester (PGF 2α -IE) twice daily. On day 4, 3 hr after the seventh dose, intraocular pressure (IOP) was 8·1±0·7 mmHg lower in the treated than in the control eyes. On day 5, after the ninth PGF 2α dose, gross facility was measured in both eyes by determining the rate of fluid flow from an external reservoir into the eye at two different IOP levels. Simultaneously, trabecular facility was measured by determining the rate of accumulation of intracamerally infused radioiodinated albumin in the general circulation. Gross facility was 40–60% higher in PGF 2α treated than in control eyes, but there was no difference in trabecular facility. The increase in gross facility sometimes reported following PGF 2α probably represents increased pseudofacility or uveoscleral facility, rather than true facility of outflow through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's cannal.
Cavity-backed slot antenna loaded with non-Foster negative inductors

We have demonstrated a high-gain, shallow-cavity, low-frequency, cavity-backed slot antenna (CBSA) by loading its cavity with an active artificial magnetic conductor (AAMC) enabled with non-Foster negative inductors. The AAMC is mounted 1.27 cm below the cavity ceiling. The non-Foster circuit (NFC) allows the AMC resonant frequency to be tuned to as low as 200 MHz with ±90° bandwidth as high as 90%. As a result, the AMC enhances the CBSA's gain by 15 dB when radiating in its fundamental mode at ~300 MHz.
Rank and maceral effects on coal dust generation

Abstract Particulate comminution during the sumping stage of a continuous miner is considered as a batch grinding process, which is characterized by the selection-for-breakage and the breakage distribution functions. The selection-for-breakage function is defined as the fraction by weight of particles of size x which are broken per revolution of a grinding machine. The distribution breakage function is defined as the fraction by weight of the broken material which is reduced to less than size y from the original size x (y ≤ x) . The size-weight distribution of a batch ground material can be computed from these two functions at any stage of a size reduction process. Experimental work on 21 coal samples of different petrographic and chemical properties ground in a Hardgrove grindability machine to simulate the mechanism of dust generation during the sumping stage of a continuous miner is presented. The experimental data were statistically analyzed to find the effect of macerals and rank of coal on respirable dust generation. There is a significant effect of rank on Hardgrove grindability index. Low and medium volatile coals were found to have high values for the specific rate of breakage distribution. There is also a positive correlation between Hardgrove grindability index and selection-for-breakage function for 16 × 20 U.S. mesh size interval. Results of this study suggest that the continuous miner cutter head characteristics may have to be modified for different coals in order to reduce dust production during the sumping stage.
Domain-general mechanisms of complex working memory span

A new fMRI complex working memory span paradigm was used to identify brain regions making domain-general contributions to working memory task performance. For both verbal and spatial versions of the task, complex working memory span performance increased the activity in lateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices during the Encoding, Maintenance, and Coordination phase of task performance. Meanwhile, overlapping activity in anterior prefrontal and medial temporal lobe regions was associated with both verbal and spatial recall from working memory. These findings help to adjudicate several contested issues regarding the executive mechanisms of working memory, the separability of short-term and working memory in the verbal and spatial domains, and the relative contribution of short-term and long-term memory mechanisms to working memory capacity. The study also provides a vital bridge between psychometric and neuroimaging approaches to working memory, and constrains our understanding of how working memory may contribute to the broader landscape of cognitive performance.