cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The encapsulin from Thermotoga maritima is a flavoprotein with a symmetry matched ferritin-like cargo protein.

Bacterial nanocompartments, also known as encapsulins, are an emerging class of protein-based ‘organelles’ found in bacteria and archaea. Encapsulins are virus-like icosahedral particles comprising a ~ 25–50 nm shell surrounding a specific cargo enzyme. Compartmentalization is thought to create a unique chemical environment to facilitate catalysis and isolate toxic intermediates. Many questions regarding nanocompartment structure–function remain unanswered, including how shell symmetry dictates cargo loading and to what extent the shell facilitates enzymatic activity. Here, we explore these questions using the model Thermotoga maritima nanocompartment known to encapsulate a redox-active ferritin-like protein. Biochemical analysis revealed the encapsulin shell to possess a flavin binding site located at the interface between capsomere subunits, suggesting the shell may play a direct and active role in the function of the encapsulated cargo. Furthermore, we used cryo-EM to show that cargo proteins use a form of symmetry-matching to facilitate encapsulation and define stoichiometry. In the case of the Thermotoga maritima encapsulin, the decameric cargo protein with fivefold symmetry preferentially binds to the pentameric-axis of the icosahedral shell. Taken together, these observations suggest the shell is not simply a passive barrier—it also plays a significant role in the structure and function of the cargo enzyme.
Aesthetics and Ethics: Essays at the Intersection

Acknowledgements List of contributors 1. Introduction: aesthetics and ethics Jerrold Levinson 2. Three versions of objectivity: moral, aesthetic, and scientific Richard W. Miller 3. Aesthetic value, moral value, and the ambitions of naturalism Peter Railton 4. About consistency in one's personal aesthetics Ted Cohen 5. Art, narrative, and moral understanding Noel Carroll 6. Realism of character and the value of fiction Gregory Currie 7. The ethical criticism of art Berys Gaut 8. How bad can good art be? Karen Hanson 9. Beauty and evil: the case of Leni Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will Mary Devereaux 10. The naked truth Arthur C. Danto 11. Aesthetic derogation: hate speech, pornography, and the aesthetic contexts Lynne Tirrell Bibliography Index of names and titles.
An Assessment of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s Contribution to the Financial Crisis of 2008

Some observers contend that the housing government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, were responsible for the financial crisis due to their financial support for the subprime mortgage market. This paper reviews the available evidence and concludes that while Fannie and Freddie played a role in the propagation of the financial crisis, they were hardly the main culprits. Between 2003 and 2007 the mortgage market shifted away from traditional mortgages purchased and securitized by the GSEs. The GSEs responded by purchasing the AAA pieces of subprime asset-backed securities (ABS) and later purchased large quantities of Alt-A loans. However, the GSEs’ mortgage loan portfolios performed much better than the national average and the losses that nearly brought down the financial system were on instruments wholly unrelated to the GSEs. Moreover, critics of the GSEs focused on interest rate risk while the problems that ultimately led to their insolvency related to market and credit risk.
NASA Missions to Study Star Formation and Evolution

This paper briefly describes several planned NASA missions with important capabilities for studying star formation problems. These missions have the ability to observe in the infrared or near-infrared, the far ultraviolet, and the X-Ray portions of the spectrum. A number of other NASA missions, (for example, IHST and EUVE) will surely influence future research in this area, but cannot be included in this short review.
Probing Portland Cement Concrete Pavement for Thickness Determination in Wisconsin: Statistical Review

The Wisconsin Department of Transportation (DOT) has used probing of fresh concrete to determine the thickness of portland cement concrete pavements since 1998. Two earlier studies that compared the results from probing and coring in Wisconsin DOT projects concluded that probing did provide an acceptable measure of pavement thickness, but it was recommended that an annual coring program be instituted to verify the probing results. This paper compares core depths with probe measurements for all the projects conducted by the Wisconsin DOT from 2006 to 2011 where both core and probe data were available. A total of 32 projects were analyzed, representing more than 6,600 probes and 1,200 cores. A statistical analysis was done to determine if the core and probe measurements gave the same results. A simulation model was developed to analyze the power of the t-test to predict whether the two measurements are the same and to develop sample sizes needed to ensure that the two measurements differ only by a preselect...
Stress‐induced assortative mating and the evolution of stress resistance

We show with a model that variation in environmental stress between generations facilitates the evolution of stress resistance through assortative mating. Stress induces delayed maturation of susceptible phenotypes, segregating their fertile period from resistant phenotypes. Assortment of mates enhances the responsiveness of populations to natural selection by inflating genetic variance. Thus, positive selection and inflated genetic variance in stressful environments can cause a strong evolutionary increase in resistance. By contrast, benign environments do not segregate phenotypes, and the random mating among phenotypes deflates genetic variance, leading to a weaker response to selection against resistance, assuming that resistance is costly. When environments vary randomly from benign to stressful, populations respond asymmetrically to negative and positive selection. This asymmetry (1) accelerates fixation of a resistance allele if resistance is generally favoured (stressful generations more frequent) but delays the loss of the allele if it is generally disfavoured (benign generations more frequent), and (2) it can push a resistance allele to fixation even when long-term costs modestly exceed benefits. When resistance alleles pleiotropically delay mating, stress-induced random mating has complementary effects. Serial autocorrelation in the stressor amplifies these effects. These results suggest a novel mechanism for the persistence of resistance polymorphisms.
Weights and substitution degree in multidimensional well-being in China

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to combine multidimensional welfare analysis and entropy metrics to derive not only the best relative weights but also substitution degree among different attributes to construct multidimensional indices of well-being with Chinese Household Income Project Survey 2002 data. Design/methodology/approach – The authors follow Maasoumi’s two-step measures of multivariate inequality to calculate the inequality for three social groups in China, urban residents, migrants, and rural residents. The two-step approach provides an aggregation formula which is numerically identified in this paper based on a metric entropy distance measure between the distribution of the aggregate well-being functions, on the one hand, and the distribution of the self-reported “happiness” indicator. The authors compare the differences in relative weights and substitution degree for the three groups, and link them to some institutional factors. Findings – The authors find that incorporating substitut...
Computation of Approximate Polynomial GCDs and an Extension

Computation of approximate polynomial greatest common divisors (GCDs) is important both theoretically and due to its applications to control linear systems, network theory, and computer-aided design. We study two approaches to the solution so far omitted by the researchers, despite intensive recent work in this area. Correlation to numerical Pade approximation enabled us to improve computations for both problems (GCDs and Pade). Reduction to the approximation of polynomial zeros enabled us to obtain a new insight into the GCD problem and to devise effective solution algorithms. In particular, unlike the known algorithms, we estimate the degree of approximate GCDs at a low computational cost, and this enables us to obtain certified correct solution for a large class of input polynomials. We also restate the problem in terms of the norm of the perturbation of the zeros (rather than the coefficients) of the input polynomials, which leads us to the fast certified solution for any pair of input polynomials via the computation of their roots and the maximum matchings or connected components in the associated bipartite graph.
Applications of Confocal Endomicroscopy in Colon Polyps

Abstract Confocal endomicroscopy is a new technique which provides real-time histological imaging of mucosa during endoscopy. Intravenous fluorescein is typically used to provide contrast. It distributes quickly within all compartments of the tissue and enables endomicroscopy within seconds of injection. This video describes the application of confocal endomicroscopy in the detection of suspicious lesions as well as sites where, previously, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) was done. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Comprehension of object permanence and single transposition in gibbons

Gibbons have been historically overlooked in the field of comparative social and physical cognition. This study investigated the cognitive abilities of lesser apes in two object permanence tasks. Five gibbons (two Symphalangus syndactylus and three Hyloblates leucogenys) participated in an object permanence task and a single transposition task. The first experiment consisted of a simple visible displacement object permanence task, in which the experimenter placed a food reward under one of three cups placed on a board while the subject observed. The cups were flipped over the food reward and the subject was then asked to gesture towards the correctly baited cup. The second experiment was similar to the first, only a single transposition condition was added. The food reward was placed under one of three cups placed on the same board while the subject observed. The experimenter then switched the cup containing the food reward with one of the two empty cups. The experimenter did not touch the third cup. Once the cups were moved, the subject was asked to gesture towards the correctly baited cup. All gibbons performed significantly above chance in both tasks. There was some variability across subjects in a learning effect and side bias, however, all demonstrated they were capable of identifying an object once unseen and able to track that object once unseen.
Design analysis of composite laminate structures for light-weight armored vehicle by homogenization method

Abstract This project is in support of the US Army TACOM Composite Armored Vehicle (CAV) program and in collaboration with the University of Michigan to verify and build confidence on the homogenization analysis method of composite laminates for armored vehicles. The standard homogenization method is modified by applying the weighted material constants of the laminae of a laminate in order to reflect the nature of bending, when it is applied to form an equivalent homogenized laminate model with a single lamina. The weighting procedure is applied to the material constants through the thickness direction in which the periodic condition for the standard homogenization method is not assumed. This procedure makes appropriate change in the global stiffness of the two-dimensional homogenized single layer laminate in bending, while the unit cell model for the homogenization method is a three-dimensional. In this work, we shall describe a formulation of the weighted homogenization method together with several numerical examples to examine the validity of the present method with respect to the classical lamination theory, the first-order shear deformation theory, and the full three-dimensional elasticity.
THE SUBJECTIVITY OF THE FASB'S CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: A COMMENTARY ON BRYER

Abstract Bryer argues that the FASB's conceptual framework is inherently subjective because it is based on the concept of leconomic valuer, or the anticipated net cash inflows attributable to presently owned assets. By contrast, Marxist economics is based on objective facts that can be measured to a lsocially required level of accuracyr. The objective facts of a Marxist conceptual framework rest on the theory that capital circulates in three forms: money, commodities to be sold, and commodities to be used in production. Capital, and, therefore assets, are essentially physical (or technical) in nature rather than monetary in nature. Measurement of assets is objective because Marxist theory emphasizes management stewardship and requires historical cost and a strict realization criterion for recognition of revenue. Bryer's argument that the FASB's conceptual framework is lunacceptably subjectiver because it is based on leconomic valuer is misplaced. A careful reading of the FASB's concepts statements suggests that assets represent service-potential, or luse-valuer in Marxist terms, and that economic-value is never advocated as a conceptual basis for the measurement of assets. The reason the FASB's conceptual framework is lsubjective and vaguer is that the FASB lacked the political will to advocate a conceptual preference for any particular measurement method.
The Day That the START Triage System Came to a STOP: Observations from the World Trade Center Disaster

The Fire Department of the City of New York--Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Operations is one of the largest EMS systems in the country. On a daily basis, this system responds to approximately 3,000 to 3,500 calls for ambulance requests. This equates to 1.2 to 1.5 million calls annually. As part of its response, EMS deals on a daily basis with multiple casualty and disaster-type situations. The magnitude of the attacks on the World Trade Center, however, was on a scale not previously seen by any system. This article is a case report of the September 11, 2001, incident. Language: en
A prospective randomized trial comparing standard pancreatoduodenectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy in resectable pancreatic head adenocarcinoma.

Background To compare operative morbidity, mortality, quality of life, and survival after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) versus pancreatoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy (PD/ELND) in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. Methods From May 1997 to July 2003 there were 132 patients with biopsy examination–proven or suspected adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head who agreed to participate in a single-institution, prospective, randomized trial. If resectable at operation, patients then were randomized to standard PD (40 patients) or PD/ELND (39 patients). Quality of life was assessed by using the Functional Assessment of Response to Cancer Therapy specific to the pancreas. Morbidity, mortality, and survival were analyzed. Results Demographics and pathologic characteristics for both groups were similar. When comparing PD/ELND with standard PD, the median operating time was greater for the PD/ELND group (7.6 h vs 6.2 h, P Conclusions Although a much larger study would have more power to compare statistically the survival between groups, both the decrement in quality of life and similar studies showing no survival difference make PD/ELND unattractive for further prospective investigation.
Cultivating Healthy Growth and Nutrition through the Gut Microbiota

Microbiota assembly is perturbed in children with undernutrition, resulting in persistent microbiota immaturity that is not rescued by current nutritional interventions. Evidence is accumulating that this immaturity is causally related to the pathogenesis of undernutrition and its lingering sequelae. Preclinical models in which human gut communities are replicated in gnotobiotic mice have provided an opportunity to identify and predict the effects of different dietary ingredients on microbiota structure, expressed functions, and host biology. This capacity sets the stage for proof-of-concept tests designed to deliberately shape the developmental trajectory and configurations of microbiota in children representing different geographies, cultural traditions, and states of health. Developing these capabilities for microbial stewardship is timely given the global health burden of childhood undernutrition, the effects of changing eating practices brought about by globalization, and the realization that affordable nutritious foods need to be developed to enhance our capacity to cultivate healthier microbiota in populations at risk for poor nutrition.
Resolution and noise in xeromammography.

The resolution and noise characteristics of the xeromammographic image are analyzed by means of a multistage model which considers the exposure, toner deposition, and toner transfer steps. A frequency‐dependent theory of xeromammographic noise is developed and comparison is made with experimental results. Central to this theory is the concept of a toner electrode formed in the immediate vicinity of the Se layer. Comparison is also made between the imaging capabilities of xeromammography and screen/film systems. The paper concludes by addressing the question of normalization of the transfer function in an electrostatic system.
Normal zone propagation in adiabatic superconducting magnets over the temperature range 4.2-80 K

Abstract A theoretical analysis of operating temperature dependent normal zone propagation (NZP) has been performed in an adiabatic superconducting magnet over the temperature range 4.2–80 K. Because of the inverse dependence of NZP velocity on winding heat capacity, which increases sharply with temperature, above ≈ 20 K the normal zone hardly grows beyond its initial size and the hot spot temperature reaches well above 300 K. A computer simulation of NZP was applied to a small, two-coil solenoid system that was assumed to operate at any temperature between 4.2 and 80 K. The results corroborate the conclusion of the analysis: that the solenoid system is self-protecting for operating temperatures up to ≈ 20 K. This ‘operational critical temperature’ up to which an adiabatic magnet is self-protecting depends also on matrix current density and magnet size.
Covalent linkage of recombinant hirudin to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Dacron): creation of a novel antithrombin surface

Abstract Thrombus formation and intimal hyperplasia on the surface of implantable biomaterials such as poly(ethylene terepthalate) (Dacron) vascular grafts are major concerns when utilizing these materials in the clinical setting. Thrombin, a pivotal enzyme in the blood coagulation cascade primarily responsible for thrombus formation and smooth muscle cell activation, has been the target of numerous strategies to prevent this phenomenon from occurring. The purpose of this study was to covalently immobilize the potent, specific antithrombin agent recombinant hirudin (rHir) to a modified Dacron surface and characterize the in vitro efficacy of thrombin inhibition by this novel biomaterial surface. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), which was selected as the ‘basecoat’ protein, was reacted with various molar ratios of the cross-linker sulphosuccinimidyl 4-( N -maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulpho-SMCC; 1:5-1:50). These BSA-SMCC complexes were then covalently linked to sodium hydroxide-hydrolysed Dacron (HD) segments via the cross-linker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). Covalent linkage of these complexes to HD (HD-BSA-SMCC) was not affected by any of the sulpho-SMCC cross-linker ratios assayed. rHir, which was initially reacted with 2-iminothiolane hydrochloride (Traut's reagent) in order to create sulphydryl groups, was then covalently bound to these HD-BSA-SMCC surfaces (HD-BSA-SMCC-S-rHir). The 1:50 (BSA: sulpho-SMCC) HD-BSA-SMCC-S-rHir segments bound 22-fold more rHir (111 ng per mg Dacron) compared to control segments and also possessed the greatest thrombin inhibition of the segments evaluated using a chromogenic substrate assay for thrombin. Further characterization of the HD-BSA-SMCC-S-rHir segments demonstrated that maximum thrombin inhibition was 20.43 NIHU, 14.6-fold greater inhibition than control segments (1.4 NIHU). Thrombin inhibition results were confirmed by 125 L-thrombin binding experiments, which demonstrated that the 1:50 HD-BSA-SMCC-S-rHir segments had significantly greater specific thrombin adhesion compared to control segments. Non-specific 125 I-thrombin binding to and release from the 1:50 HD-BSA-SMCC-S-rHir segments was also significantly less than the control segments. Thus, these results demonstrate that rHir can be covalently bound to a clinically utilized biomaterial (Dacron) while still maintaining its ability to bind and inhibit thrombin.
Ion beam deposited protective films

Single or dual ion beam sources were used to deposit thin films for different applications. Metal and metal oxide films were evaluated as protective coatings for the materials. Film adherence was measured and the most promising films were then tested under environments similar to operating conditions. It was shown that some materials do protect die material (H-13 steel) and do reduce thermal fatigue. Diamondlike films have many useful applications. A series of experiments were conducted to define and optimize new approaches to the manufacture of such films. A dual beam system using argon and methane gases was developed to generate these films.
Type VI secretion system effectors: poisons with a purpose

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) mediates interactions between a broad range of Gram-negative bacterial species. Recent studies have led to a substantial increase in the number of characterized T6SS effector proteins and a more complete and nuanced view of the adaptive importance of the system. Although the T6SS is most often implicated in antagonism, in this Review, we consider the case for its involvement in both antagonistic and non-antagonistic behaviours. Clarifying the roles that type VI secretion has in microbial communities will contribute to broader efforts to understand the importance of microbial interactions in maintaining human and environmental health, and will inform efforts to manipulate these interactions for therapeutic or environmental benefit.
Teaching, digression, and implicit curriculum.

Background: Although medicine resides within contexts that have historical, cultural, and societal determinants, these are rarely addressed explicitly in current medical teaching. Summary: The article describes a method of teaching in which mainstream biomedical learning is linked to digressions, which serve as the medium for considering the contexts of medicine, unmasking hidden messages, and broadening the scope of medical instruction. Conclusion: Teaching by digression encourages students to learn core clinical science while considering such otherwise neglected areas such as medical values, contexts, habits, and history. Integrating this consideration of the hidden assumptions of medical practice into mainstream medical learning allows students to understand modern biomedicine as a system that is historically, culturally, and socially conditioned.
Pulmonary hypertension attributable to neoplastic emboli: An autopsy study of 20 cases and a review of literature

Abstract Twenty cases of pulmonary hypertension attributable to neoplastic emboli were the subject of this retrospective autopsy study (1951–1990) at the Mayo Clinic. Fourteen patients were women, and ages ranged from 18 to 82 years (mean 49). In three patients, tumor was clinically occult, and in only one case was the diagnosis of neoplastic pulmonary hypertension considered clinically. The mean interval between diagnosis of malignancy and development of respiratory symptoms was 14 months, but the mean interval between respiratory symptoms and death was only one month. At autopsy, the three most common primary sites for neoplasm were breast (40%), stomach (15%), and lung (10%). All 20 cases revealed subacute changes of pulmonary hypertension, either with medial hypertrophy of muscular pulmonary arteries (70%) or with right ventricular hypertrophy (45%) or dilatation (40%). However, three subgroups were identified based on microscopic and gross features: (i) 6 patients with predominantly neoplastic microemboli, (ii) 10 patients with mixed neoplastic and thrombotic microemboli, and (iii) 4 cases with both neoplastic microemboli and large, fatal tumor emboli (primary tumors in kidney, femur, cervix, and thyroid). In conclusion, neoplastic pulmonary hypertension is most commonly associated with carcinoma of the breast, accounting for the observed female preponderance. It is generally associated with a rapid clinical course once respiratory symptoms develop, and large, fatal, acute neoplastic emboli account for a substantial number of deaths (20% in the present series).
Computational and experimental investigations of rarefied flows in small nozzles

Detailed numerical and experimental studies are presented for unheated flows of hydrogen and nitrogen through a small nozzle. The nozzle geometry and flow conditions considered provide rarefied flows that are representative of resistojet thrusters employed on spacecraft for control. Computational results are obtained with the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. Experimental data are obtained using two different techniques. Measurements of axial velocity and translational temperature of hydrogen are performed using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Data are taken along the nozzle axis and in the exit plane of the nozzle. Measurements of thrust are obtained using a thrust stand for pure hydrogen, pure nitrogen, and for mixtures of the two. In all cases, the numerical predictions and experimental measurements are in excellent agreement.
Educating toward Communion: The Traditional Italian "Festa" as a Means of Christian Religious Education.

Abstract This article examines popular religion and its potential as a means of Christian religious education. In particular, it studies the traditional Italian Festa and the manner in which communities may use this and similar traditions as a means of fashioning a people and as a context in which to educate toward communion. The article argues that the Festa tradition can be a fruitful expression of the educational vision of various noted educators. In demonstrating this potential, the article reports research conducted at the 118th Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Brooklyn, New York. The experiences and observations of the author are evaluated in light of the work of contemporary religious educators and church documents. Visitors from outside the festa of Our Lady of Mount Carmel over the years have not always recognized what they saw and see there … as religious. What was taking place at the festa [was] the integration of young people into the traditional values, the communal reaffirmation of these...
An inventory model with search for best ordering price

This paper presents a single-item inventory model with deterministic demand where the buyer is allowed to search for the most favorable price before deciding on the order quantity. In the beginning of each period, a sequential random sample can be taken from a known distribution and there is a fixed cost per search. The decision maker is faced with the task of deciding when to initiate and when to stop the search process, as well as determining the optimal order quantity once the search process is terminated. The objective is to minimize total expected costs while satisfying all demands on time. We demonstrate that a set of critical numbers determine the optimal stopping and ordering strategies. We present recursive expressions yielding the critical numbers, as well as the minimal expected cost from the beginning of every period to the end of the horizon.
On Application of Growth Curve Techniques to Time Series Data

Abstract Techniques well established for the analysis of growth and dose response curves should provide useful tools for the analysis of time series data. After transforming the data to discrete Fourier transform coefficients, rather than to polynomial coefficients, as characterizes most growth curve techniques, further analysis is essentially the same. The circadian rhythm example reported by Ware and Bowden (1977) is reanalyzed, resulting in substantial reduction in width of simultaneous confidence intervals for the phase and amplitude parameters.
Conduction ESR of vapor grown carbon fibers

Abstract Conduction electron spin resonance (CESR) spectra have been obtained for vapor-grown carbon fibers. Large diameter fibers annealed at temperatures between 2300 and 3025 K exhibit broad “two-dimensional” powder patterns when the fiber axis is perpendicular to the magnetic field. The CESR of fibers heat treated at 3175 K and having diameters less than 40 μm show a collapse of the two-dimensional powder pattern into a relatively sharp line at the isotropic value. This narrowing results from the diffusion of the electron in the basal planes. The r.m.s. migration of the electron on the ESR timescale must be on the order of the fiber diameter for motional narrowing to occur. Electron migration is limited by electron-phonon scattering at room temperature. Products of the electron mean free paths and Fermi velocities are determined from the narrowing of the ESR signals. They are found to increase with increasing annealing temperatures. For all fibers this product is less than that estimated for pure graphite.
Inadmissible Testimony, Instructions to Disregard, and the Jury: Substantive Versus Procedural Considerations:

The present study tested the hypothesis that jurors comply selectively with instructions to disregard inadmissible evidence. A total of 81 mock jurors read a murder trial summary in which a wiretap was ruled admissible, inadmissible because it was not reliable, or inadmissible because it was illegally obtained (there was also a no-wiretap control group). As predicted, participants were more likely to vote guilty and interpret subsequent evidence as more incriminating in the admissible and inadmissible/due-process conditions than in the admissible/unreliable and control groups. These results suggest that jurors are influenced not by the judge's ruling per se but by the causal basis for that ruling. Conceptual and practical implications are discussed.
VARIATION IN PACIFIC SALMON REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIES, SEX AND LEVELS OF COMPETITION

Male and female Pacific salmon compete for different resources; females for suitable spawning sites and males for access to ripe females. Aggression should thus be primarily intra-sexual rather than inter-sexual. When different species are sympatric, males should primarily attack conspecifics whereas females should attack all females, regardless of species because they all compete for the same resource-space. The level of aggression should be a function of density, being relatively low at low densities and peaking at either intermediate or high densities. These predictions were supported in most respects by data collected on the behaviour of adult sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka), chum (O. keta) and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon in a large, relatively homogeneous spawning channel. Males almost exclusively attacked other males, especially conspecifics. Females were more likely to attack female heterospecifics than males but still tended to attack conspecifics most often, and also directed many attacks at males. Male aggression and digging, apparently a form of intra-sexual display, were related to density of male conspecifics in the local area, and the intensity of competition from satellite males courting the female.
Hi-tech for home and office

Abstract High technology is having an increasing impact on the day-to-day lives of all Americans. However the building industry has been somewhat reluctant to embrace the full range of HiTech possibilities available, both during the construction process and during the in-service operational stage. Possible HiTech ensembles for construction and operation of home and office buildings are described, with particular emphasis being placed on technology that is essentially commercial already.
Abstract 3723: Tangeretin enhances sensitivity of human pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine through targeting the reprogramming of stemness.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Background: As a single agent, gemcitabine (2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine) has shown only a modest improvement in survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our recent studies found CCN1 (a member of CCN family of growth factor) as an important factor in determining PDAC aggressiveness as it promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition, tumor stemness, migration and tumorigenicity in xenograft model, possibly through the regulation of multiple miRNAs that are known to link with the progression of cancers and survival and the maintenance of cancer stem cells. Targeting CCN1 may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for human cancers. Here, we examined the effects of tangeretin, a polymethoxylated flavonoid compound produced by citrus fruits in combination of gemcitabine on CCN1-sonic hedgehog (SHh) signaling in pancreatic cancer cells, and assessed the therapeutic potential of tangeretin with gemcitabine for the treatment and/or prevention of pancreatic cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings: Cell viability and apoptosis were measured by crystal violet staining assay and annexinV/PI staining assay, respectively. Gene and protein expressions were measured by Western blot analysis, respectively. We found that tangeretin in combination with gemcitabine significantly decreased cell survival, clonogenicity, wound-healing capacity, sphere-forming capacity (pancreatospheres) in pancreatic cell lines. Tangeretin also decreased the expression of cancer stem cells (CSC) markers, CD44, Notch-1, Nanog, Oct-4, ABCG2, SHh and CCN1. Conclusions: Collectively, these studies clearly suggest that tangeretin helps in sensitizing pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine by reprogramming the CSC-specific markers. Thus tangeretin could be useful for overcoming therapeutic resistance of pancreatic cancer cells. Citation Format: Inamul Haque, Sushanta K. Banerjee, Snigdha Banerjee. Tangeretin enhances sensitivity of human pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine through targeting the reprogramming of stemness. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3723. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3723
Delayed plastic flowing in certain polyamide films

Abstract Configurations of flow markings (generalized Luders bands) are observed to form prior to the development of local necking (plastic shock waves) in polymeric films subjected to dead weight loading. Initially, the markings appear “bound” to free edges, or internal imperfections. Subsequent elapse of time under load allows further “growth” of the markings. Several typical types of development are illustrated, including “reflection” from a free edge. Repeated loading experiments suggest that the time interval during which the flow marking is “bound” is less than about 10 sec. in commercial polyamide film, at 3500 lb./in. 2 initial stress. When loadings for this duration are followed by sufficiently long rest periods, the effect of the initial localization disappears, and the specimen behaves on subsequent loading as a previously unloaded specimen. Time intervals under load greater than 10 sec., even when followed by reasonable “rest” periods, appear to induce irreversible localizations, which, after a sufficient number of repetitions, lead to the formation of plastic shocks. In these cases the total time under load prior to shock formation is essentially the same as the delay time for shock formations under uninterrupted dead weight loading.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flows Using Parallel Computers

A parallel computing methodology is presented for the direct numerical simulation of turbulent flows induced by pressure gradients and induction forces in channels. The numerical algorithm is based on the high-order-finite-difference (HOFD) scheme, which has been shown to possess the spectral-like accuracy but with superior computational efficiency and thus is ideally suited for computationally intensive numerical studies such as direct numerical simulation of turbulence. The computational efficiency is further enhanced using parallel computers. The parallel implementation and computational performance are discussed and numerical results using the parallel algorithms for direct numerical simulation of pressure gradient driven in parallel-plate channels and magnetically driven turbulent flows in induction channels are presented.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
An effector site that stimulates G-protein GTPase in photoreceptors.

Heterotrimeric G-proteins mediate between receptors and effectors, acting as molecular clocks. G-protein interactions with activated receptors catalyze the replacement of GDP bound to the α-subunit with GTP. α-Subunits then modulate the activity of downstream effectors until the bound GTP is hydrolyzed. In several signal transduction pathways, including the cGMP cascade of photoreceptor cells, the relatively slow GTPase activity of heterotrimeric G-proteins can be significantly accelerated when they are complexed with corresponding effectors. In the phototransduction cascade the GTPase activity of photoreceptor G-protein, transducin, is substantially accelerated in a complex with its effector, cGMP phosphodiesterase. Here we characterize the stimulation of transducin GTPase by a set of 23 mutant phosphodiesterase γ-subunits (PDEγ) containing single alanine substitutions within a stretch of the 25 C-terminal amino acid residues known to be primarily responsible for the GTPase regulation. The substitution of tryptophan at position 70 completely abolished the acceleration of GTP hydrolysis by transducin in a complex with this mutant. This mutation also resulted in a reduction of PDEγ affinity for transducin, but did not affect PDEγ interactions with the phosphodiesterase catalytic subunits. Single substitutions of 7 other hydrophobic amino acids resulted in a 50-70% reduction in the ability of PDEγ to stimulate transducin GTPase, while substitutions of charged and polar amino acids had little or no effect. These observations suggest that the role of PDEγ in activation of the transducin GTPase rate may be based on multiple hydrophobic interactions between these molecules.
Surgical repair of double-orifice of the mitral valve in cases with an atrioventricular canal defects

Objective: A Double-orifice in the mitral valve is an uncommon congenital cardiac lesion which occurs as an isolated anomaly or in association with other cardiac malformation. This report deals with our surgical experience of a double-orifice of the mitral valve in cases with an atrioventricular canal defect.Patients and Methods: From 1991 through 1999, ten patients were diagnosed to have a double-orifice of the mitral valve at Shizuoka Children’s Hospital. Each patient had associated major cardiac malformations, among which atrioventricular canal defect underwent surgical management, with five of these undergoing complete correction with or without previous pulmonary artery banding. Of these 10, the five cases were enrolled in this study. Two of these had a complete type, and the other three had a partial type. The cleft in the left-sided atrioventricular valve was closed partially in four and left untouched in one. Bridging tissue, when present, was left intact. There was no regurgitation from any accessory orifice and no repair for an accessory orifice was needed.Result: There was no late death and no replacement of the valve with prosthesis. During follow-up ranging from 1 to 4 years, none of the patients developed severe stenosis or progressive regurgitation in the left-sided atrioventricular valve.Conclusion: Meticulous surgical management of a double-orifice in the mitral valve in association with atrioventricular canal defect can achieve an acceptable midterm result without developing severe dysfunction in the left-sided atrioventricular valve.
Evaluating student employee performance

At Indiana University, we supervise large numbers of student employees who work independently in remote computer lab locations. We employ a small support staff to travel among the labs to monitor consultant performance and lab environments. Compiling data gathered throughout the semester and providing evaluation input on performance was a laborious task completed in the scurry of end of semester activity. There had to be a better way! What to do? First, identify our priorities for customer service and consultant performance. Then, develop a method to gather and organize performance input. An online performance record was the answer -- digital, real-time, cumulative and full disclosure. No more waiting until the end of the semester to identify strengths, weaknesses, and goals, or document recognition. Create an evaluation system that works hand-in-hand with our already active mentoring system. See how it all came together.
Use of highly-ordered TiO(2) nanotube arrays in dye-sensitized solar cells.

We describe the use of highly ordered transparent TiO2 nanotube arrays in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Highly ordered nanotube arrays of 46-nm pore diameter, 17-nm wall thickness, and 360-nm ...
Two questions concerning covering systems

Ever since Erdős introduced the concept of a covering system in 1950, many questions have arisen regarding the existence of certain types of covering systems. Two of the most famous questions regarding covering systems are the odd covering problem and the minimum modulus problem. In the current paper, we ask two questions that are related to these famous questions and provide results for each.
Initiating polarity inversion in GaN growth using an AlN interlayer

In this work, we show that the polarity of GaN grown on N-polar material can be controlled through a combination of surface conditioning and introduction of a non-Mg inversion layer (IL). The IL we use is a thin, low-temperature AlN layer deposited by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The subsequent inverted films are Ga-polar that do not contain inversion domain boundaries and with crystal quality similar to MOCVD films grown on sapphire. The polarity inversion technique is enhanced by the addition of an etching step prior to AlN deposition.
Pancreatic metallothionein: protection against cadmium-induced inhibition of insulin secretory activity.

Abstract Mouse liver and pancreatic concentrations of metallothionein were determined by gel filtration at several intervals after the ip administration of cadmium acetate. Hepatic concentrations of the protein reached peak values 48 hr after the injection, whereas the pancreatic concentrations were highest at 6 hr. The exposure of mouse isolated pancreatic islets to a concentration of 1 × 10 −6 m cadmium significantly reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. When mice were administered cadmium 6 hr prior to islet isolation, the time required for peak concentrations of metallothionein to develop in the pancreas, subsequent exposure to the metal did not reduce glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The results suggest that the pancreas synthesizes metallothionein and that the protein serves a protective role against the acute effects of cadmium.
EFFECT of STABILIZERS and PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OILS ON the STABILITY and QUALITY of FILLED MILK1

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of stabilizers and emulsifiers on the stability and sensory quality of vegetable oils in filled milk. Four formulations selected in a preliminary study from a total of 31 different combinations were pasteurized using a high-temperature short-time pasteurizer and evaluated for stability and sensory quality during storage at 2C. Results suggest that the four formulations were stable during storage and any of the four formulations could be used effectively for replacing the coconut oil-based formulation. However, the formulation with Sunflower HB 95/Stabilizer A possessed the best sensory characteristics after one week, whereas the formulation with Canola/Stabilizer B retained the best flavor and least off-flavor during three weeks of storage. In addition, the latter formulation was similar in flavor quality to coconut oil-based filled milk.
Spontaneous reversion of novel Lesch-Nyhan mutation by HPRT gene rearrangement.

Molecular analysis of an unusual patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome has suggested that the mutation is due to a partial HPRTgene duplication. We now report the cloning and sequencing of the mutant HPRTcDNA which shows the precise duplication of exons 2 and 3. This mutation is the result of an internal duplication of 16–20 kilobases of the gene. The structure of the mutant gene suggests that the duplication was not generated by a single unequal crossing-over event between two normal HPRTalleles. Growth of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblasts from this patient in selective medium has permitted isolation of spontaneous HPRT+ revertants of this mutation. The reversion event involves a second major HPRTgene rearrangement where most or all of the duplicated portion of the mutant gene is deleted. The original mutation therefore has the potential for spontaneous somatic reversion. This may explain the relatively mild symptoms of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome exhibited by this patient.
EFFECT OF PRIOR PAVLOVIAN DISCRIMINATION TRAINING UPON LEARNING AN OPERANT DISCRIMINATION.

The effect of Pavlovian discrimination training with two stimuli upon subsequent learning of an operant discrimination involving those stimuli was studied. After preliminary lever press training, the lever was removed and thirsty rats received noncontingent pairings between S1 (a tone or a clicker) and water reinforcements, whereas S2 (a clicker or a tone) occurred always without reinforcement. This procedure presumably established S1 as a positive CS for respondent behavior, whereas S2 was established as an inhibitory CS. Following this training, the lever was reintroduced and the rats were trained on an operant (lever pressing) discrimination involving S1 and S2. For the Consistent Ss, S1 was the SD and S2 the SΔ in the operant discrimination; for the Reversed Ss, S2 served as SD and S1 as SΔ. The Consistent Ss learned the operant discrimination significantly faster than did the Reversed Ss. The result emphasizes the importance of respondents, conditioned to SD and SΔ, which modulate operant performance to these stimuli.
Dynamic magnetomechanical properties of [112]-oriented Terfenol-D/epoxy 1–3 magnetostrictive particulate composites

The dynamic magnetomechanical properties of a Terfenol-D/epoxy 1–3 magnetostrictive particulate composite fabricated using 49% volume fraction of needle-shaped, [112]-oriented Terfenol-D particles were investigated as a function of magnetic bias field (HBias). A nonoriented composite with 51% volume fraction of irregular-shaped, ball-milled Terfenol-D particles was also prepared and characterized for comparison. It was found that the composites exhibit a similar qualitative trend in dynamic strain coefficient (d33) and dynamic susceptibility (χ33) with the oriented type possessing much higher values than the nonoriented type for all HBias. Data for the ratio d33/χ33 indicated that these increments in d33 and χ33 in the oriented composite are mainly attributed to [112] particulate crystallographic orientation.