cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PrODACT: Prefetch-Obfuscator to Defend Against Cache Timing Channels

Cache timing channels operate stealthily through modulating the cache access latencies, and exfiltrate sensitive information to malicious adversaries. Among several forms of such timing channels, covert channels are especially dangerous since they involve two colluding processes (namely, the trojan and spy), and are often difficult to stop or prevent. In this article, we propose and demonstrate PrODACT, a low-cost mitigation mechanism using hardware prefetchers to defend against cache-based timing channels. Our detection mechanism first identifies the target cache sets that are being exploited by the adversaries, and then the counterattack mechanism fetches cache blocks to obliterate the pattern of cache accesses (misses and hits) created to construct timing channel between the trojan and the spy. We evaluate PrODACT on different classes of cache timing channel protocols that use different numbers of cache block groups for covert communication in a round-robin or parallel fashion. We observe that the cache timing channels suffer an average 50% bit error rate (with a minimum of at least 30%) which makes it very difficult or impossible for spy to decipher any useful information.
Intraductal Carcinoma of Salivary Glands Harboring TRIM27 - RET Fusion with Mixed Low Grade and Apocrine Types

Intraductal carcinomas (IDCs) of salivary gland are rare neoplasms. Here, we report a case of IDCs harboring TRIM27-RET fusion with mixed low grade and apocrine types. A 79-year-old male presented with slowly-growing left parotid mass for 2.5 years. Histologically, the tumor demonstrated two distinct morphologies; a classic intercalated duct and low grade apocrine component. The intercalated duct component was positive for S100, SOX10 and vimentin, and negative for DOG-1 and HER2. The apocrine component was positive for androgen receptor (AR) and focally positive for HER2. The tumor harbored a TRIM27-RET fusion by FISH, and was negative for ETV6 and PLAG1 rearrangements. This case is unusual in that it displays two true phenotypically distinct components, which has only rarely been reported. This is the first report of intraductal carcinoma with two true phenotypically distinct components composed of low-grade and apocrine types with RET rearrangement and TRIM27-RET fusion.
A qualitative study on usability and acceptability of Yubico security key

Individual concerns about account takeover and subversion are well-documented. Surveys indicate that concerns for the privacy and security of online accounts are widely shared. Adopting Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) is an action that individuals can take to secure their own accounts, including many popular consumer-facing services. Given that, why is two-factor hardware not more widely adopted? What usability and acceptability factors drive the adoption, or lack of adoption of 2FA in the form of trusted hardware? Passwords are inherently misaligned with human cognition, and hardware keys designed for ease of use are readily available in the marketplace. Yet passwords remain the dominant online authentication method. In order to better understand relevant issues driving or impinging adoption of Two-Factor Authentication, we implemented a two-phase study of the Yubico FIDO U2F security key.The Yubico security key is a 2FA device designed to be user friendly. We examined the usability of the device by implementing a think-aloud protocol, and documented the halt and confusion points. We provided this analysis to Yubico, who implemented many of the recommended changes. We then repeated the study in the same context; noting significant improvements in usability. However, increase in usability did not affect the acceptability of the device, affecting the prolonged usage of the device. In both phases we interviewed the study participants about the acceptability of the device, finding similar concerns about lack of benefits and the invisibility of risk. A source of opposition to adoption is the concern for loss of access, with participants prioritizing availability over confidentiality. Another concern is that these do not lessen or simplify interaction with services as passwords are still required. We close with open questions for additional research, and further recommendations to encourage online safety through the adoption of 2FA.
Good on paper: sociological critique, pragmatism, and secularization theory

Recent years have seen numerous sociological disagreements devolve into heated debates, with scholars openly accusing their peers of being both empirically wrong and morally misguided. While social scientists routinely reflect on the ethical implications of certain research assumptions and data collection methods, the sociology of knowledge production has said little about how moral debates over scholarship shape subsequent research trajectories. Drawing on the new French pragmatic sociology, this article examines how sociologists respond to criticisms of the moral worth of their research. The article outlines three typical responses: (1) accepting the criticism and changing direction completely; (2) accepting the criticism but changing discursive framing to incorporate existing research without being subject to critique; and (3) navigating through the debate by devising new research directions that do not trigger such criticism. To demonstrate, the article looks at how sociologists of religion responded, in their published scholarship, to criticisms of secularization theory as depreciating religious people and spiritual experience. Across the responses, we show that sociologists have included moral considerations in their empirical investigations, and have switched among several diverse moral justifications to address—and also avoid—criticism. We conclude by demonstrating that this model can be extended to other domains of sociological inquiry, including the study of gender-based wage inequality and methodological nationalism. The article highlights the importance of mapping the moral frameworks sociologists use for the sociology of knowledge and the sociology of morality.
Reconsidering Organizational Habitus in Schools: One Neighborhood, Two Distinct Approaches to Advanced Placement

Rigorous learning opportunities at high schools in low-income neighborhoods are limited and ineffective, and in these settings the Advanced Placement (AP) program has mostly eluded successful imple...
Mary Seacole and the Virtual Nation

Mary Seacole, the so-called “Jamaican Nightingale” and proprietress of the “British Hotel,” was valorized for tending to injured British soldiers stationed in the Crimea. This period of her life, described in her travelogue, The Amazing Adventures of Mrs. Seacole, has been the focus of ample critical inquiry. 1 She was at once a British colonial subject and yet a national icon, a “yellow woman” and yet adoptive “mother” to countless white soldier-sons. Before her career in the Crimea, however, Seacole spent years in another borderlands area, the circum-Caribbean region of Panama. Here, the expansionist threat came not from the Russians but from the Americans, who wished to achieve strategic position in shortening trade routes, especially to the East. It was here that the British Hotel was first founded and where Seacole first became unofficial cultural ambassador of British values. Her table d’hote became a kind of virtual Britain, dispensing British comforts to a clientele that was overwhelmingly American. This article argues that it was among the Americans in Panama, rather than among the British in Crimea, that Seacole first developed a sense of British nationhood.
Distal renal tubular acidosis and severe hypokalemia: a case report and review of the literature

Distal renal tubular acidosis is a relatively infrequent condition with complex pathophysiology that can present with life-threatening electrolyte abnormalities. We describe a case of a 57-year-old Caucasian woman with previous episodes of hypokalemia, severe muscle weakness, and fatigue. Upon further questioning, symptoms of dry eye and dry mouth became evident. Initial evaluation revealed hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, severe hypokalemia, persistent alkaline urine, and a positive urinary anion gap, suggestive of distal renal tubular acidosis. Additional laboratory workup and renal biopsy led to the diagnosis of primary Sjogren’s syndrome with associated acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. After potassium and bicarbonate supplementation, immunomodulatory therapy with hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, and prednisone was started. Nonetheless, her renal function failed to improve and remained steady with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 42 ml/min/1.73 m2. The literature on this topic was reviewed. Cases of renal tubular acidosis should be carefully evaluated to prevent adverse complications, uncover a potentially treatable condition, and prevent the progression to chronic kidney disease. Repeated episodes of unexplained hypokalemia could be an important clue for diagnosis.
Undergraduate Course Variations in Precalculus through Calculus 2.

Precalculus and single-variable calculus courses are a critical early juncture for the success of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students in the United States (US). The de...
Immunological biomarkers of postpartum depression

Abstract This chapter reviews the current evidence concerning immunological biomarkers of postpartum depression (PPD). It offers a comprehensive overview of early research on immune dysregulation in PPD, which focused primarily on the cross-sectional studies of peripheral cytokines. It also offers a more detailed analysis of recent efforts to provide more sophisticated analyses of immune dysregulation, including longitudinal studies of within-woman changes; studies using summary inflammation variables; and studies connecting immune dysregulation to other systems (such as the HPA axis). While no single biomarker has been identified to date, the chapter concludes by reviewing promising future directions in the search for biomarkers.
Community-based Disparities in the Treatment and Outcomes of Early-stage Non-small-cell Carcinoma.

Introduction Lung cancer is the most common malignancy in men and women combined. It is also the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US. The objective of this study is to report the treatment and survival outcomes for early-stage non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) when stratified by urban versus rural geography. Methods A dataset of 62,213 patients, all aged 60 years or above, with stage-1 NSCLC, who underwent treatment from 2004 to 2012 was retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Patients were divided into metropolitan, urban, or rural (in descending order of population density) based on their location of cancer treatment using the US Rural-Urban Continuum Code Definitions for 2003. Patient characteristics were compared using the chi-square test, and survival statistics were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Results Rural or urban stage-1 NSCLC patients are more likely to be white, young, male, poor, and uninsured or Medicaid-dependent. They generally have squamous histology and receive radiation therapy when compared to metropolitan counterparts [probability value (p): <0.0001]. Median overall survival was shorter for rural and urban patients than metropolitan patients (41, 41, and 52 months respectively; p: <0.0001). Conclusion Tertiary care centers in metropolitan areas continue to demonstrate superior outcomes in the treatment of stage-1 NSCLC. This is presumably due to the existing disparities in patient access to care. Rural and urban stage-1 NSCLC patients (who tend to be younger, poorer, and more likely to be treated with radiation than surgery) are likely to be disproportionately impacted by changes in health policy.
Interictal scalp fast ripple occurrence and high frequency oscillation slow wave coupling in epileptic spasms

Abstract Objective Intracranial high frequency oscillation (HFO) occurrence rate (OR) and slow wave activity (SWA) coupling are potential markers of epileptogenicity in epileptic spasms (ES). Scalp ripple (R) detection and SWA coupling have been described in ES; however, the feasibility of scalp fast ripple (FR) detection and measurement of scalp FR coupling to SWA is not known. We evaluated interictal scalp R and FR OR and SWA coupling in pre-treatment EEG in children with short-term treatment-refractory ES compared to short-term treatment non-refractory ES. Methods We retrospectively identified children with ES and identified HFOs using a semi-automated HFO detector on pre-treatment scalp EEG during sleep. We evaluated HFO OR and event-triggered modulation index (MI) to quantify R (100–250 Hz) and FR (250–600 Hz) coupling strength with different SWA passbands (0.5–1, 1–2, 2–3, 3–4, and 4–8 Hz). We used HFO phasor transform and circular statistics to evaluate phase coupling angle distributions. Results We identified 15 children with ES with pre-treatment EEG recorded at 2000 Hz. Thirteen out of 15 patients had HFOs and were included for analysis. There were six treatment responders and seven nonresponders three months after treatment initiation. Responders and nonresponders were similar in age (6.1 vs 7.2 mo), ES diagnosis duration (0.7 vs 2.6 mo), and HFO OR (R: 1.07 vs 2.30/min, FR: 0.43 vs 1.96/min). No differences between responders and nonresponders were seen in HFO MI at different SWA. Coupling of R and FR to 2–3 Hz SWA demonstrated increased incidence rate ratio in nonresponders relative to responders at distinct phase coupling angle distributions. Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of interictal scalp R and FR detection and quantification of scalp R and FR coupling to SWA in ES. Significance HFO phase coupling with SWA may be useful as a marker of potential treatment refractoriness in patients with ES.
A Curriculum to Promote a Culture of Wellness Among Medical Students and Faculty.

Introduction Self-care has not been traditionally taught in medical education, but the epidemic of burnout among health professionals necessitates a change in culture, and consequently a change in curriculum. Burnout begins early in training and negatively impacts health professionals, patients, and institutions. Interventions that prevent and avert burnout are necessary at all stages of a doctor's career to assure well-being over a lifetime. Evidence-based strategies supporting both personal and system wellness have begun to emerge, but more research is needed. Methods We present a collaborative and comprehensive wellness program: "A Culture of Wellness." We offered this pilot jointly for first-year medical students and faculty volunteers at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. We gave participants the following: (1) time-60 minutes per week for 8 weeks; (2) tools-weekly cases highlighting evidence-based wellness strategies; and (3) permission-opportunities to discuss and apply the strategies personally and within their community. Results Pre- and postsurvey results show that dedicated time combined with student-faculty collaboration and application of strategies was associated with significantly lower levels of burnout and perceived stress and higher levels of mindfulness and quality of life in participants. Components of the curriculum were reported by all to add value to personal well-being. Conclusions This pilot presents a feasible and promising model that can be reproduced at other medical schools and disseminated to enhance personal health and promote a culture of well-being among medical students and faculty.
Part-time by Gender, Not Choice: The Gender Gap in Involuntary Part-time Work:

Gender inequality in the labor market is a key focus of stratification research. Increasingly, variation in hours worked separates men and women’s employment experiences. Though women often volunta...
Coping with darkness: The adaptive response of marine picocyanobacteria to repeated light energy deprivation

Abstract The picocyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are found throughout the ocean’s euphotic zone, where the daily light:dark cycle drives their physiology. Periodic deep mixing events can, however, move cells below this zone, depriving them of light for extended periods of time. Here we demonstrate that Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus can adapt to tolerate repeated periods of light energy deprivation. Cyanobacterial cultures kept in the dark for 3 days and then returned to the light initially required 18-26 days to resume growth, but after multiple rounds of dark exposure the strains began to regrow after only 1-2 days. This dark-tolerant phenotype was stable and heritable; cultures retained the trait across at least 18-21 generations even when grown in a standard 13:11 light:dark cycle. We found no genetic differences between the dark-tolerant and parental strains of Prochlorococcus NATL2A, indicating that an epigenetic change is responsible for the adaptation. To begin to explore this possibility, we asked whether DNA methylation – an epigenetic mechanism in bacteria – occurs in Prochlorococcus. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that while DNA methylations, including 6mA and 5mC, are found in some other Prochlorococcus strains, no methylations were detected in either the parental or dark-tolerant strain used in our experiments –i.e. the NATL2A strain. These findings suggest that Prochlorococcus utilizes a yet-to-be-determined epigenetic mechanism to adapt to the stress of extended light energy deprivation.
Pensions in the Trenches: How Pension Spending Is Affecting U.S. Local Government:

Some experts claim that U.S. local governments are experiencing dramatic increases in pension expenditures and that pension spending is crowding out government services. Others maintain that seriou...
Generalized rational zeta series for ζ(2n) and ζ(2n+1)

In this paper, we find rational zeta series with ζ(2n) in terms of ζ(2k+1) and β(2k), the Dirichlet beta function. We then develop a certain family of generalized rational zeta series using the gen...
Optimal Transparency in a Dealer Market with Application to Foreign Exchange

This paper addresses a fundamental tradeoff in the design of multiple-dealer markets. Namely, though greater transparency can accelerate revelation of information in price, it can also impede dealer risk management. If dealers could choose the transparency regime ex-ante, which regime would they choose? We show that dealers prefer incomplete transparency (meaning marketwide order-flow is observed with noise). Slower price adjustment provides time for non-dealers to trade, thereby sharing risk otherwise borne by dealers. At some point, however, further reduction in transparency impedes risk sharing: too noisy a public signal provides non-dealers too little information to induce them to trade.
Apolipoprotein E4 Reduction with Antisense Oligonucleotides Decreases Neurodegeneration in a Tauopathy Model.

OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, with the e4 allele increasing risk in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition to ApoE4 playing a crucial role in amyloid-β deposition, recent evidence suggests that it also plays an important role in tau pathology and tau-mediated neurodegeneration. It is not known, however, whether therapeutic reduction of ApoE4 would exert protective effects on tau-mediated neurodegeneration. METHODS Herein, we used antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) against human APOE to reduce ApoE4 levels in the P301S/ApoE4 mouse model of tauopathy. We treated P301S/ApoE4 mice with ApoE or control ASOs via intracerebroventricular injection at 6 and 7.5 months of age and performed brain pathological assessments at 9 months of age. RESULTS Our results indicate that treatment with ApoE ASOs reduced ApoE4 protein levels by ~50%, significantly protected against tau pathology and associated neurodegeneration, decreased neuroinflammation, and preserved synaptic density. These data were also corroborated by a significant reduction in levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) protein in plasma of ASO-treated mice. INTERPRETATION We conclude that reducing ApoE4 levels should be explored further as a therapeutic approach for APOE4 carriers with tauopathy including Alzheimer's disease. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:952-966.
A Novel and Flexible Microplasma Discharge Device for Inactivating Pathogens Suspended in Fluids

A flexible microplasma discharge device (MDD) was successfully developed for inactivating a gram-negative pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, under ambient operating conditions. The MDD was fabricated by sandwiching a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film as the dielectric layer, between copper based top and bottom electrodes. The top and bottom electrodes, which consists of copper tapes were patterned in a honeycomb and circular design respectively, using laser ablation. The efficacy of the MDD to inactivate P. aeruginosa cells in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was investigated by testing the effect of varying treatment times ranging from 1 minute to 10 minutes. An 8log10 reduction in bacterial viability was achieved when the MDD was activated for 8.5 minutes at an input voltage of 10 V. The flexibility of the device was also tested by bending the MDD on surfaces with a radius of curvature of 25 mm and 50 mm. The calculated power density of the MDD in bent condition was compared with the power density in its unbent state. The performance of the MDD is analyzed and presented in this paper.
Factors Associated With Mask Use in New York City Neighborhood Parks During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Observational Study

Background: Mask use is a cost-effective measure to decrease COVID-19 transmission. Mask mandates and guideline intend to increase mask compliance but are often ambiguous when it comes to public outdoor spaces, such as parks. Methods: We used an observational study to examine mask use in New York City neighborhood parks during COVID-19. 1453 park visitors were observed in 13 parks during July-August 2020 using a modified and validated park use audit tool (SOPARC) that included items on general and proper mask use (i.e., mask covering both nose and mouth). GEE regression was used to determine the association between proper mask use and demographic (sex and age) and behavioral (physical and social activity) variables, while adjusting for community-level covariates. Findings: Overall, 39·0% of park visitors used masks (24·4% properly, 14·6% improperly). Females (p = 0·023), adults (p = 0·025), and seniors (p = 0·006) showed higher rates of proper mask use compared to males and younger visitors. Physical and social activity were not significantly associated with proper mask use. Interpretation: Continuing mask use is important despite the rollout of vaccines. There is a need for improved messaging regarding the proper use of masks, particularly among males and younger people. Future research should focus on developing and evaluating targeted public health messages regarding proper mask use. Funding Information: Funded in part by the National Cancer Institute (R01CA206877), New York State Health Foundation (#16-04236), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (E4A Program Grant #76473), Bryant Park Corporation, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U48DP006396). Declaration of Interests: We declare no conflict of interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The PARCS study received approval from the Institutional Review Board of the City University of New York. However, SOPARC audits are based on field observations in public spaces and are thus not considered human subject research. As the SOPARC data used were collected by the city and shared with the authors of this paper for research, the current paper is considered secondary data analysis in nature.
Overview of Coronaviruses in Veterinary Medicine.

Coronaviruses infect humans and a wide range of animals, causing predominantly respiratory and intestinal infections. Thisreview provides background on the taxonomy of coronaviruses, the functions of viral proteins, and the life cycle of coronaviruses.In addition, the review focuses on coronaviral diseases in several agriculturally important, companion, and laboratoryanimal species (cats, cattle, chickens, dogs, mice, rats and swine) and briefly reviews human coronaviruses and their origins.
Moral behavior in games: A review and call for additional research

Abstract The current review has been completed with several specific aims. First, it seeks to acknowledge, and detail, a new and growing body of research, that associates moral judgments with behavior in social dilemmas and economic games. Second, it seeks to address how a study of moral behavior is advantaged over past research that exclusively measured morality by asking about moral judgment or belief. In an analysis of these advantages, it is argued that additional research, that associates moral judgments with behavior, is better equipped to answer debates within the field, such as whether sacrificial judgments do reflect a concern for the greater good and if utilitarianism (or other moral theories) are better suited to solve certain collective action problems (like tragedies of the commons). To this end, future researchers should use methods that require participants to make decisions with real-world behavioral consequences.
Source of Income Discrimination and the Housing Choice Voucher Program

Source of income (SOI) housing policies prohibit discrimination against prospective renters on the basis of the source of income they report on rental applications. Such policies, which have been implemented in 20 states and more than 100 local jurisdictions as of 2021, are primarily intended to prevent discrimination against applicants receiving public assistance, but these policies vary in terms of the particular sources of income they cover. In this paper, I examine the effects of SOI policies which explicitly protect housing choice vouchers as a protected source of income. Using county- and housing agency-level data, I exploit time-variation in the implementation of SOI policies across jurisdictions to identify the effects of these policies on renters using housing choice vouchers and the local housing agencies that administer the voucher program. I find that such policies are associated with reductions in average wait times prior to moving into rental units for voucher recipients. Additionally, I provide evidence that SOI policies increase the fraction of vouchers under lease for housing agencies with lower average utilization rates. These findings are robust to the implementation of alternative estimation strategies proposed in light of recent concerns about the internal validity of the traditional OLS with two-way fixed effects approach to estimation for difference-in-differences research designs.
Properties of Threonine Deaminase From a Bacterium Able to Use Threonine as Sole Source of Carbon

A threonine deaminase susceptible to inhibition by isoleucine was purified over 3,000-fold from extracts of Pseudomonas multivorans, a bacterium able to use threonine or alpha-ketobutyrate as sole source of carbon and energy. The enzyme was characterized with respect to molecular weight, dissociation to subunits, and apparent affinities for threonine, isoleucine, and several other ligands. Certain features of the enzyme including its reversible dissociation to subunits, its high constitutive activity, its marked stability, and high apparent orders of binding for threonine and isoleucine were unusual compared to those of isoleucine-inhibitable enzymes from other bacteria. These findings suggested some relationship between properties of the enzyme and the ability of P. multivorans to use threonine as sole carbon source. However, mutant studies ruled out a direct role of the enzyme in threonine catabolism and indicated that another enzyme, threonine dehydrogenase, is essential for growth on threonine.
Spatiotemporal progression of cell death in the zone of ischemia surrounding burns.

Burns are dynamic injuries, characterized by progressive death of surrounding tissue over time. Although central to an understanding of burn injury progression, the spatiotemporal degrees and rates of cellular necrosis and apoptosis in the zone of ischemia surrounding burns are not well characterized. Using a validated porcine hot comb model, we probed periburn tissue at 1, 4, and 24 hours after injury for high-mobility group box 1 as a marker of necrosis and activated cleaved caspase-3 as a marker of apoptosis, followed by spatiotemporal morphometric analysis. We found that necrosis was the most prominent mechanism of cell death in burn injury progression, with significant progression between 1 and 4 hours postburn. Apoptosis appeared not to play a role in early burn injury progression but was observed in cells at the interface of necrotic and viable tissue at 24 hours postburn. Our findings imply that intervention within the first 4 hours following injury is likely necessary to limit burn injury progression. Additionally, based on high-mobility group box 1 staining patterns, we define distinct early, intermediate, and late pathological signs of cell necrosis that may facilitate delineation of causal mechanistic relationships of burn injury progression in vivo.
Airbreathing Hypersonic Vision-Operational-Vehicles Design Matrix

This paper presents the status of the airbreathing hypersonic airplane and space-access vision-operational-vehicle design matrix, with emphasis on horizontal takeoff and landing systems being studied at Langley; it reflects the synergies and issues, and indicates the thrust of the effort to resolve the design matrix including Mach 5 to 10 airplanes with global-reach potential, pop-up and dual-role transatmospheric vehicles and airbreathing launch systems. The convergence of several critical systems/technologies across the vehicle matrix is indicated. This is particularly true for the low speed propulsion system for large unassisted horizontal takeoff vehicles which favor turbines and/or perhaps pulse detonation engines that do not require LOX which imposes loading concerns and mission flexibility restraints.
Pain and folk theory

Pain is not a primitive sensory event but rather a complexperception and a process by which a person interacts with theinternal and external environments, constructs meaning, andengages in action. Because folk beliefs are central to meaning,folk concepts of pain play multiple causal roles in a painpatient's interaction with health care providers and others.In every case, the notion of pain is linked to a goal-directedbehavior that is useful to the person. The wide variation inconcepts of pain across individuals suffering with painunderscores the richness and complexity of the pain experience.In some cases involving chronic pain, the patient may form amaladaptive cluster of behaviors around the concept of pain.Patient beliefs and expectations are an important part of manychronic pain syndromes, and patients can benefit fromintervention directed at revising the individual's folk model of pain. Memetics offers a framework for identifying the memesthat patients hold and determining whether patient memes fitor clash with provider memes.
Dance of the Chromosomes: A Kinetic Learning Approach to Mitosis and Meiosis.

Understanding mitosis and meiosis is fundamental to understanding the basics of Mendelian inheritance, yet many students find these concepts challenging or confusing. Here we present a visually and physically stimulating activity using minimal supplies to supplement traditional instruction in order to engage the students and facilitate understanding and retention of these concepts. This kinesthetic activity has students modeling the events of mitosis and meiosis by acting as human chromosomes. This exercise has been used in a sophomore level genetics class at a state university, but it should also be suitable for high school and introductory college classes. An on-line survey was used as an assessment of transfer of knowledge, and this also allowed students the opportunity to comment on this exercise as a learning experience. While it was difficult to be quantitative in our evaluation of learning, student responses to the survey overwhelmingly characterized the exercise as advancing their ability to understand or visualize the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
An invariant based approach to the design of hybrid control systems containing clocks

The class of hybrid control systems considered here contain a discrete event system controller and a continuous-time plant modeled as an integrator, x = c, c ∈ Rn, c ≠ 0. A design procedure based on the natural invariants of the plant, which was developed for a more general class of hybrid systems, is applied to this more tractable class. It is shown that the invariant based approach provides a straightforward procedure for designing an interface and controller for this class of hybrid systems.
Unsteady Separation According to the Boundary-Layer Equation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that separation in a steady boundary layer is directly associated with flow reversal, which in turn implies vanishing shear at the wall. Observations seem to support that an adverse pressure gradient is indeed a prerequisite to separation. For the steady, two-dimensional boundary-layer equation, a mathematical analysis with an adverse pressure gradient over fixed wall and in the vicinity of the point of flow reversal is also explored in this chapter. The problem of the flow structure near the steady separation point, capable of getting around the Goldstein singularity and penetrating further downstream into the wake region, has attracted many investigators. The direct approach of unraveling the flow structure including the unknown pressure modification near the separation point requires a more refined boundary-layer theory. The chapter reviews the recent studies of unsteady boundary-layer equation relevant to the separation problem: the asymptotic approach to separation is aimed at the prediction of separation without the boundary-layer details that must be obtained by accurate stepwise integration. Attention is only focused on the behavior of the u-component boundary-layer velocity at the outer edge of the boundary layer.
Thermodynamic Treatment of Bacteriophage T4B Adsorption Kinetics

Abstract The activation energy was measured for the reaction of inactive phage becoming active in the presence and in the absence of l-tryptophan and was found to be about 50% lower in the former case.
The copolymerization of acrylonitrile with unsaturated derivatives of hydrazion‐s‐triazine

Substituted hydrazino-s-triazines have been synthesized as intermediates by two methods and their benzal derivatives prepared. A possible mechanism for the formation of hydrazino-s-triazines is proposed. Two new monomers, 2,4-dimethoxy-6-(β-itaconylhydrazino)-s-triazine and 2,6-diphenoxy-6-(β-itaconylhydrazino)-sytriazine, prepared from these intermediates were copolymerized with acrylonitrile and the monomer reactivity ratios were determined. The copolymers were found to be readily dyeable with methylene blue. Die Synthese von substituierten Hydrazino-s-Triazinen auf zwei verschiedene Weisen sowie der entsprechenden Benzyliden-Verbindungen wird beschrieben. Ein Reaktionsmechanismus fur die Bildung dieser Hydrazino-s-Triazine wird vorgeschlagen. Ausgehend von diesen Zwischenverbindungen wurden zwei neue Monomere, namlich 2,4-Dimethoxy-6-(β-itaconylhydrazino)-s-triazin und 2,6-Diphenoxy-6-(β-itaconylhydrazino)-s-triazin dargestellt. Diese Monomere wurden mit Acrylnitril copolymerisiert und die Reaktionsfahigkeit der Monomeren bestimmt. Die Copolymere liesen sich leicht mit Methylenblau farben.
The role of neural mechanisms in the regulation of intraocular pressure in the cat.

Abstract The afferent activity evoked by intraocular pressure changes, the effects of stimulation of retrobulbar nerves on the intraocular pressure, and the evidence of the occurrence of central integration were examined in cats over short periods. Afferent activity was recorded from the long ciliary nerves of isolated preparations as well as preparations in situ . Spontaneous activity which could be related to resting pressure levels was not observed in any preparation. An increase of intraocular pressure elicited a discharge of impulses, the frequency of which was directly related to the pressure level. Preparations in situ were generally more stable and yielded more reproducible results. The temporal pattern of the pressure-evoked activity was different from that of activity elicited by mechanical stimulation of the cornea or the iris. Stretching of the nerve endings located in the outer coats of the eye appears to initiate the impulses evoked by raising the intraocular pressure. Stimulation of the ciliary ganglion or its motor root, of isolated perfused eyes or eyes in situ caused a fall in the intraocular pressure. A small increase in the intraocular pressure was observed in the eye without circulation, due to increased inward tension of the chorioid during ciliary muscle contraction. Stimulation of the long ciliary nerves produced a small fall in pressure due to sympathetic nerve activity. This fall is masked in the intact eye due to stimulation of the extraocular structures. Efferent activity recorded from either the long or short ciliary nerves could not be modulated by pressure changes. Retrobulbar injection of lidocaine did not affect the resting intraocular pressure in the cat nor did it affect the rat at which the pressure returned to normal after imposed changes. These observations are discussed in relation to the postulated neural control of the intraocular pressure.
Enhancement of Oxygen Transfer in Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic by Natural Convection

This article presents numerical analysis of natural convection and oxygen transfer of low-Prandtl-number (∼0.02) lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) for testing and calibrating oxygen sensors. This analysis is done on the two-dimensional coordinates in a rectangular container, when the fluid movement is laminar for the purpose of sensor test and calibration. The oxygen supply is from the bottom of the container. Natural convection and mass transfer are examined under several temperature boundary conditions: a) If heated from the lower part and cooled from the upper part of the sidewalls, there are four convective circulation cells. This will not benefit oxygen transfer from the bottom to the top of the container. b) If heated from the sidewalls and cooled from the top and the bottom of the container, there are two convective circulation cells side by side. This will lead to a weak oxygen transfer between left and right parts of the container. c) If one sidewall heated and the opposing wall cooled, there is a single convective circulation cell. This will produce intensive convective motion in the whole flow field. The simulation results show that the most efficient way to enhance oxygen transfer by natural convection is condition c). Under this condition, it takes about 12 minutes for the oxygen concentration in the whole field to reach ∼95% of the input oxygen concentration from the bottom, instead of ∼70,000 hours by pure diffusion.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Laser Light Scattering Evidence for a Common Wormlike Growth Structure of Mixed Micelles in Bile Salt− and Straight-Chain Detergent−Phosphatidylcholine Aqueous Systems: Relevance to the Micellar Structure of Bile†

We employed quasielastic and static light scattering to measure apparent values of the mean hydrodynamic radii (Rh)app, molecular weights (Mapp), and radii of gyration (Rg)app in solutions containing mixed micelles composed of bile salts (cholate and taurochenodeoxycholate, both cholanoyl derivatives) and the glycoacyl chain detergent, octyl glucoside, with egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC) as functions of total lipid concentration (0.1-10 g/dL), EYPC/detergent molar ratio (0-1.2), and ionic strength (0.15-0.4 M NaCl) at 20 degreesC and 1 atm. As the mixed micellar phase boundaries were approached by dilution, (Rh)app, Mapp, and (Rg)app values increased markedly by up to 20-fold. For each micellar system, the scaling ratios (Rh)app/Mapp1/2 and (Rg)app/(Rh)app remained essentially constant at 0.018 nm/(g/mol)1/2 and 1.5 (dimensionless), respectively, despite large variations in total lipid concentration, detergent molecular species, and ionic strength. Refined data analysis is inconsistent with a flat "mixed-disc" model for bile salt-EYPC micelles [Mazer, N. A., Benedek, G. B., and Carey, M. C. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 601] and octyl glucoside-EYPC micelles principally because the numerical value of (Rh)app/Mapp1/2 corresponds to a hypothetical disk thickness of approximately 1 nm, which is 4-fold smaller than the bimolecular width of EYPC molecules, and for a disk, (Rg)app/(Rh)app ratios should be close to 1 at low total lipid concentrations. Assuming disc-shaped micelles, we show that intermicellar excluded volume interactions would have only a minor effect on Mapp and cannot account for the unrealistic disk thickness. Instead, locally cylindrical, semiflexible wormlike micelles of diameter d = 4 nm and persistence length xip = 17 nm in solution are compatible with the observed (Rh)app/Mapp1/2 and (Rg)app/(Rh)app values when intermicellar excluded-volume interactions are considered. With EYPC/taurochenodeoxycholate = 0.6 and EYPC/cholate = 1.0 in 0.15 M NaCl, independent micelles grow upon dilution and use of the second virial coefficient [Egelhaaf, S. U., and Schurtenberger, P. (1994) J. Phys. Chem. 98, 8560] is adequate for estimating micellar weights. The systems EYPC/cholate = 1.0 in 0.4 M NaCl, EYPC/cholate = 1.2 in 0.15 M NaCl, and EYPC/octyl glucoside = 0.13 in 0.15 M NaCl all form highly overlapping, semidilute polymer solutions, which mimic the observed scaling ratios. In such semidilute systems, use of the second virial coefficient alone to account for intermicellar interactions is inadequate for estimating micellar weights. The results of the present study, in combination with locations of known phase boundaries of the ternary bile salt-EYPC-water phase diagram at high dilution, suggest that elongation, as well as entanglement of wormlike mixed micelles may occur at concentrations approaching the micellar phase limit.
Designing dynamic web pages and persistence in the WYSIWYG interface

WebSheets is a programming in the WYSIWYG interface tool for building dynamic web pages that access and modify databases. Without programming, designers can specify not only the presentation of a page, but the dynamic content as well. This capability is facilitated through a novel application of Programming by Example (PBE), Query by Example (QBE), and spreadsheet formulas within the WYSIWYG HTML editor environment.
Laser-assisted liposuction using a novel blend of lipid- and water-selective wavelengths

Background and Objectives Potential benefits of laser-assisted liposuction include enhanced body shaping and skin tightening with reduced patient downtime. In this clinical study, we investigate whether additional safety and efficacy are achieved with a diode laser system that includes a novel 924 nm lipid-selective wavelength. Study Design/Materials and Methods Clinical subjects were treated with a continuous-wave (CW) power 924/975 nm diode laser system in the submental area, abdomen, thighs and flanks. Side effects were documented. Efficacy evaluation included investigator-assessed improvements and subject self-assessments. Results Study investigators observed good to excellent improvement across all subjects (n = 19) by 3 months post-treatment in all four categories evaluated. Facility of tip advancement was rated as “extremely easy” or “easy” in 83% of rated treatments. “Good” to “excellent” skin textural improvement was observed in 83% of rated subjects. Additional benefits included reduced operator fatigue and uniformity of treatment. Patients tolerated the procedure well with minimal and transient side effects. Immediate side effects of erythema, bruising and edema were graded as mild or trace. No long-term side effects were observed. Seventy-eight percent of all subjects were extremely satisfied with the procedure and 89% would do the procedure again. Eighty-nine percent of subjects felt their appearance of unwanted fat was significantly improved with smoother and tighter skin (72%), and 94% would recommend the treatment to family and friends. Conclusion These clinical findings demonstrate that the 924/975 nm diode laser system provides safe and efficacious body shaping, fat reduction and enhanced skin tightening. Ease of movement through the tissue of both the laser system treatment tip and the aspiration cannula resulted in reduced fatigue for the treating physician. Patient benefits included high patient satisfaction, significant reductions in fat, and smoother and tighter skin with minimal downtime. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:760–766, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gasification of wood char and effects of intraparticle transport

Abstract Kinetic parameters for gasification of hybrid poplar spp. char have been measured. A differential reactor was used to obtain rate data for catalytic and non-catalytic reactions of small wood char particles (1–2 mm in size) at 100 kPa for temperatures in the range 400–700 °C, steam partial pressures between 45–100 kPa, and space velocities in the range 2.0–7.3 s −1 During pyrolysis of wood without the addition of either K 2 CO 3 or Na 2 CO 3 , the cellular structure of the wood was preserved. Additionally, this cellular structure remained intact during most of the gasification process. Addition of K 2 CO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 before pyrolysis caused a degradation of the regular cellular structure and an increase in the rate of gasification of the resulting char. Effectiveness factor calculations were made for particles of various sizes and results indicate that diffusion control of the gasification reaction becomes important for particles larger than 0.5 CM.
Über den charakter der katalytischen Reaktion, die bei der katodischen Reduktion einiger anorganischer Oxo-Verbindungen an oxidbedeckter Platinoberfläche beobachtet wird

Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen uber die beschleunigende Wirkung von Pt-Oberflachenoxiden auf die Geschwindigkeit der kathodischen Reduktionsprozesse von H2O2, IO2−OH, ClO− werden zu der Aussage verallgemeinert, dass die heterogenkatalytische Wirkung von Platinoberflachenoxiden in der katalytischen Sprengung bzw. Lockerung der bei der elektrochemischen Reduktion zu spaltenden X-OH-Bindung besteht. Diese Aussage wurde an Hand der Untersuchung der Reduktionsreaktionen von HNO2 und H3N+−OH gepruft und bestatigt gefunden.
Temperature and ionic strength effects on the chlorosome light-harvesting antenna complex.

Chlorosomes, the peripheral light-harvesting antenna complex from green photosynthetic bacteria, are the largest and one of the most efficient light-harvesting antenna complexes found in nature. In contrast to other light-harvesting antennas, chlorosomes are constructed from more than 150 000 self-assembled bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) and contain relatively few proteins that play secondary roles. These unique properties have led to chlorosomes as an attractive candidate for developing biohybrid solar cell devices. In this article, we investigate the temperature and ionic strength effects on the viability of chlorosomes from the photosynthetic green bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus using small-angle neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering. Our studies indicate that chlorosomes remain intact up to 75 °C and that salt induces the formation of large aggregates of chlorosomes. No internal structural changes are observed for the aggregates. The salt-induced aggregation, which is a reversible process,...