cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of smokeless tobacco cessation among telephone quitline participants.

Background The prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in the U.S. is increasing and its use is a risk factor for a number of adverse health outcomes. Currently, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of quitlines for tobacco cessation among smokeless tobacco users. Purpose To examine factors related to tobacco abstinence among exclusive smokeless tobacco users registering for services with the Oklahoma Tobacco Helpline. Methods Participants included 959 male exclusive smokeless tobacco users registering with the Helpline between 2004 and 2012; a total of 374 completed a follow-up survey 7 months post-registration. Data were collected between 2004 and 2013 and included baseline data at Helpline registration, services received, and 7-month follow-up for 30-day point-prevalence for tobacco abstinence. Univariate and multiple logistic regression examined associations between abstinence and participant characteristics, intensity of Helpline intervention, and behavioral factors. ORs and 95% CIs were reported. Analyses were completed in 2013. Results At the 7-month follow-up, 43% of the participants reported 30-day abstinence from tobacco. Each additional completed Helpline call increased the likelihood of tobacco cessation by 20% (OR=1.20, 95% CI=1.05, 1.38). Smokeless tobacco users with higher levels of motivation to quit at baseline were twice as likely to be abstinent than those with low or moderate levels of motivation (OR=2.05, 95% CI=1.25, 3.35). Use of nicotine replacement therapy was not associated with abstinence when adjusted for Helpline calls, income, and level of motivation. Conclusions Tobacco quitlines offer an effective intervention to increase smokeless tobacco abstinence.
Sleep and Headache

Headache has been linked to a wide range of sleep disorders that may impact headache management. There are no evidence-based guidelines, but the authors believe that literature supports the following clinical recommendations:
On ‘the Solar Flare Myth’ postulated by Gosling

The ‘Solar Flare Myth’ postulated by Gosling (1993) is a misunderstanding. It is true that most sources of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) cannot be classified as flares in the common old sense of that word. However, just for this reason the term ‘eruptive flare’ has been introduced for all solar active phenomena in which an opening of field lines is involved and which lead to magnetic-field and mass ejections resulting in a CME. The process is essentially the same in all events, irrespective of' whether only adisparition brusque without any chromospheric brightening or a major two-ribbon flare is involved in it; the only difference is the different strength of the magnetic field in which the process was accomplished. The major two-ribbon (cosmic-ray) flares clearly represent the most energetic events of this kind, and, therefore, it is very misleading to claim that solar flares in general are phenomena with very little importance for solar-terrestrial physics.
Condensation-Induced Water Hammer in Horizontal Refrigerant Pipe With Warm Gas Entry

Careful experiments have been conducted for the purpose of investigating the phenomenon of condensation-induced waterhammer in an ammonia refrigeration system. To initiate a waterhammer event warm ammonia gas was introduced over static subcooled ammonia liquid placed in a horizontal 146.3 mm diameter carbon steel pipe 6.0 m in length. By means of fast response piezoelectric pressure transducers and a high speed data acquisition system rapid dynamic pressures were recorded whenever a shock event occurred. The occurrence of condensation-induced waterhammer depended upon three major variables; namely, (1) initial liquid depth, (2) liquid temperature, and (3) mass flow rate of warm gas. For given liquid depth and temperature, once the warm gas threshold conditions were exceeded shocks occurred with greater magnitude as the mass flow rate of gas input was increased. With adequate subcooling condensation-induced waterhammer occurred for initial liquid depths ranging from 25% to 95% of internal pipe diameter. The threshold mass flow rate of warm gas necessary to initiate waterhammer was greater as the initial liquid was lowered.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Denaturation: an example of a catastrophe. II. Two-state transitions.

Abstract In this paper statistical arguments are used within the framework of catastrophe theory to provide a quantitative description of protein transconformation reactions. For a protein-denaturant system, the accessible states (native and denatured) are characterized in terms of approximating Gaussian distributions. The possible transformations between the states of the system upon varying the experimental constraints are studied by assuming that the system is governed by a potential function (in the sense of Thom). The transitions observed to occur are modeled using the theory of singularities of stable mappings. Existing experimental data is used to construct model governing potential functions for proteins undergoing two-state transistions. The examples treated are ribonuclease subject to ( T , pH), ichthyocol collagen subject to ( T , CaCl 2 ), and lysozyme subject to ( T , pH). Once the potential function has been identified for a given protein-denaturant system it may be used to predict: (i) transition curves for values of the constraints intermediate between those reported in the literature; (ii) transition curves for experiments in which the constraints are varied in an arbitrary manner, e.g., variable pH studies under isothermal conditions; (iii) estimates of difference in thermodynamic potential (i.e., free energy) between the states involved in a transition.
Tire Damping Effect on Ride Quality of Vehicles With Active Control Suspensions

This paper studies the tire damping effect on the ride performance of a vehicle equipped with active suspension. Instead of first-order equation, a second-order approach is used for controller design. Both full-state and velocity-feedback concepts are considered in the system. Although a different control algorithm is used, however, simulation results are found similar to those obtained by previous research, which verifies the positive effect of tire damping on improving ride quality.
Grading Medical Students in a Psychiatry Clerkship: Correlation With the NBME Subject Examination Scores and Its Implications

Background/Objective The author analyzed and compared various assessment methods for assessment of medical students; these methods included clinical assessment and the standardized National Board of Medical Education (NBME) subject examination.
Sport and exercise-induced migraines

Sport and exercise-induced migraines are difficult to distinguish from benign exertional headaches and other headache syndromes. Exertion can be the sole cause, or may be among multiple triggers for an individual’s headache. Because approximately 10% of these headaches have an organic origin, a careful history and physical examination is necessary. The hallmark of treatment for exercise-induced migraines tends to be proper warmup before exercise, minimization of environmental risks, proper sleep hygiene, and good nutrition and hydration; however, in many cases, the pharmacologic solutions that are applied to other types of headaches may also be necessary. Because there is a lack of large trial studies on the athletic headache population, more research on the topic is needed in the future to help clarify the mechanisms, classification, and treatments of these headaches.
Evaluation of the codling moth granulovirus and spinosad for codling moth control and impact on non-target species in pear orchards

Abstract We compared the efficacy of a commercial preparation of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., granulovirus, CpGV (Cyd-X®) and spinosad (Entrust®) at operational rates for codling moth control in 2004 and 2005. Concurrently we monitored the impact of treatments on populations of non-target arthropods. Spinosad was effective at protecting fruit, with ⩽1.6% codling moth injury in experimental plots, compared with up to 37% injury in the untreated plots at harvest. Mid-season outbreaks of the pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster, were also reduced in spinosad plots. Spinosad was safe for several predators, notably the psylla predator Deraeocoris brevis Uhler, but reduced the abundance of hymenopteran parasitoids by 24% and 40% and non-target Diptera by 49% and 35%, respectively in 2004 and 2005. We found no evidence that spinosad disrupted natural control leading to increased densities of secondary pests including aphids and phytophagous mites. CpGV was less effective than spinosad at protecting fruit, with percentage of fruits attacked similar to controls, but killed the majority (67–71%) of neonate coding moth larvae and did not harm non-target species. Additional observations were conducted in commercial orchards (mixed pear and apple) where CpGV and spinosad were used operationally against existing codling moth infestations. In pear, two spray programs applied in replicated 0.4 ha blocks (i.e. CpGV followed by spinosad against the first and second larval generations, respectively and vice versa) reduced fruit injury at harvest and decreased orchard pheromone monitoring trap catches by 74% over two years. In apple, CpGV was less effective at protecting fruit in the first larval generation compared with spinosad, although population suppression was effective early in the season. Spinosad caused no disruptions of beneficial species or secondary pest outbreaks were observed in the commercial orchards. Our results suggest CpGV and spinosad can be effectively used in integrated pest management for codling moth.
Thermally induced biological effects caused by once-through cooling systems: A rationale for evaluation

The thermally induced biological effects of power plants with once-through cooling systems can be evaluated in a logical, scientifically defensible manner. First, we combined a near-field integral model (the Shirazi-Davis model) with a far-field model (the Okubo-Pritchard model) to predict the fields of excess temperature and velocity associated with a hypothetical power plant sited on a river and an estuary, and to establish the time-excess temperature exposure histories resulting from the interaction of an assumed distribution of organisms with these fields. Next, we developed a new thermal response model to assess the thermal effects of these exposures on these organisms. Our thermal response model can be used with data from existing and proposed power plants to estimate what fraction of plankton in waters contiguous to the plant will be exposed to thermal doses greater than those that cause death at any stated level. The model can also be used to aid in the design of once-through cooling systems to keep the mortality rate caused by thermal stresses below any designated threshold. The inputs to the model are the frequency distribution of time-excess temperature histories experienced by particular plankton (the Representative Important Species), thermal resistance curves for those organisms, and the spatial and temporal variations of the natural temperature of the receiving waters. To illustrate, we applied our thermal response model to three important aquatic environments of New York State, Long Island Sound, the lower Hudson River, and Lake Ontario. The Representative Important Species were identified for each of these environments and the thermal resistance data for their early (entrainable) life stages were reviewed. Fromall of the thermal resistance data available for any of the entrainable species composing these three communities, we constructed “community thermal resistance curves” and showed how they could be combined in graphic form with the distribution of thermal doses computed from the physical models and an assumed distribution of organisms in the receiving waters. For each community it appeared that the most sensitive organisms were the ichthyoplankton and juvenile fish; therefore, protection of these organisms from thermal stress should protect the entrainable populations as a whole. Finally, we made several recommendations for future research so that the full management potential of our approach can be achieved.
New encounters with the Sphinx.

Novel approaches in tissue engineering and wound repair close the gap between tissue injury and the shortage of donor tissues for transplant
Displacement detection of silicon nanowires by polarization-enhanced fiber-optic interferometry

We describe the displacement detection of freestanding silicon [111] nanowires by fiber-optic interferometry. We observe approximately a 50-fold enhancement in the scattered intensity for nanowires 40–60nm in diameter for incident light polarized parallel to the nanowire axis, as compared to perpendicular polarization. This enhancement enables us to achieve a displacement sensitivity of 0.5pm∕Hz for 15μW of light incident on the nanowire. The nanowires exhibit ultralow mechanical dissipation in the range of (2×10−15)–(2×10−14)kg∕s and could be used as mechanical sensors for ultrasensitive scanning probe force measurements.
Enhanced detection of nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesion-induced spatial learning deficit in rats by modification of training regimen.

Abstract Bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) in the rat cause deficits in the water maze, a spatial memory paradigm. Previous investigations aimed at reversing the water maze performance deficit with anticholinesterase treatments have been unable to demonstrate a consistent drug effect due to the relatively good acquisition of the task seen following NBM lesions. The present investigation tested three different water maze training regimens designed to separate the learning curves. F-344 rats received bilateral NBM injections of ibotenic acid; sham-operated rats served as controls. The animals were tested in three groups in the water maze as follows: (1) four trials per day with no intertrial interval (standard paradigm), (2) four trials per day with a 10-minute intertrial interval, and (3) two trials per day with no intertrial interval. Each group was tested in the water maze for five consecutive days, followed by two days of rest, and then tested for an additional five days. The two-trial per day paradigm was more difficult than the standard paradigm for both lesions and controls and yielded the most difference between lesions and controls as compared to the other two testing regimens. The 10-min intertrial interval schedule was more difficult than the standard paradigm for lesioned animals but acquisition was not affected in control rats. These data demonstrate that the nucleus basalis lesions cause a deficit in the water maze task regardless of training parameters. Further, while all rats showed some acquisition of the water maze task, training schedule affected the level of learning of both lesioned and control rats. The two-trial per day paradigm appears to be most suitable for experiments utilizing putative ameliorative treatments.
Aliens, globalization, and biodiversity

Peruse the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List, and you will discover that invasive alien species show up again and again as a responsible agent for many species extinctions. Invasive alien species, however, do more than drive native species to extinction: they change ecosystem processes and structure, alter genetic diversity, and reduce local biodiversity. They also tend to cost society serious amounts of money, up to billions of dollars annually [1]. Species introductions are largely a consequence of global trade and represent a ‘weakest link public good’ (where the level of protection hinges on the least effort by a single entity [2]).
Experimental Evaluation of Myocardial Preservation Techniques: V. A Membrane-Stabilizing Agent, Procaine Hydrochloride

Abstract The protective effects of procaine hydrochloride on the anoxic heart were investigated using the papillary muscle contractility of an isolated, blood-perfused rabbit heart as an index of myocardial function. Fifty-four experiments were divided into nine groups of six experiments each, in which anoxic periods (30, 45, 60 minutes) and concentration of procaine (solution 1 or control, no procaine; solution 2, 0.03%; and solution 3, 0.3%) were the variables. The hearts arrested significantly faster with solution 3 compared with solution 2 or 1 ( p This study indicated that procaine per se has a protective effect on the anoxic hearts and that although high concentration (0.3%) of procaine arrests the heart rapidly, it delays the recovery of contractions. We recommend the use of 0.03% procaine in cardioplegic solution.
Effects of stimulus material on the dichotic listening performance of aphasic patients.

Sixteen aphasic patients were given five different verbal dichotic listening tests. The differences among results obtained on digit test, a high-contrast word test (perception of either vocalic or ...
Super-Resolution Imaging of the Nucleoid-Associated Protein HU in Caulobacter crescentus

Little is known about the structure and function of most nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) in bacteria. One reason for this is that the distribution and structure of the proteins is obfuscated by the diffraction limit in standard wide-field and confocal fluorescence imaging. In particular, the distribution of HU, which is the most abundant NAP, has received little attention. In this study, we investigate the distribution of HU in Caulobacter crescentus using a combination of super-resolution fluorescence imaging and spatial point statistics. By simply increasing the laser power, single molecules of the fluorescent protein fusion HU2-eYFP can be made to blink on and off to achieve super-resolution imaging with a single excitation source. Through quantification by Ripley's K-test and comparison with Monte Carlo simulations, we find the protein is slightly clustered within a mostly uniform distribution throughout the swarmer and stalked stages of the cell cycle but more highly clustered in predivisional cells. The methods presented in this letter should be of broad applicability in the future study of prokaryotic NAPs.
Vicissitudes of Children's Mathematical Knowledge: Implications of Developmental Research for Early Childhood Mathematics Education

Hachey's (2013) article celebrates a revolution that is taking place in early childhood mathematics education, fueled in part by developmental research demonstrating the mathematical capabilities o...
Assessing the Learning Environment

School psychology has a history of struggle with the barriers imposed by the limitations of diagnostic methods and instruments. As new directions in psychological service to schools emerge, new dia...
Electrophoretic Deposition and Characterization of Micrometer-Scale BaTiO3 Based X7R Dielectric Thick Films

Uniform and relatively dense BaTiO3 thick films of 1–5 μm were prepared by an electrophoretic deposition process using submicrometer BaTiO3 powders (mean particle size: ∼0.2 μm). Two different BaTiO3 powders and solvent media were used to investigate the film quality and thickness control. The surface charge mechanism of BaTiO3 particles was explained according to the observed results. The microstructures were examined by means of SEM. The experimental results show that the thickness could be controlled independently of suspension concentration by keeping a constant applied voltage and a constant current drop in a given suspension. BaTiO3 thick films have good insulation resistance and dielectric properties such as a dielectric constant and a dissipation factor that are compatible with the data from conventional tape-cast BaTiO3 thin layers.
The primitive acts of conceptual dependency

How should a proposition appear in memory? It simply cannot be stored in a form that bears a strong relationship to the original form of the input in natural language. Since it is possible to say .the same thing in any number of different ways, it is unreasonable to suppose that people are constantly checking to see if a proposition that they have stored one way in memory is the same as another they have stored somewhere else in a different form. What is far more likely is that people have developed a kind of canonical form. No two propositions in memory can be equivalent in this view, since the canonical form for their meaning forces them to be represented in the same way and thus stored and treated in the same way by memory.
The chronic effects of mechanical trauma to the skin: a review of the literature.

This paper summarizes the findings of a NIOSH reported entitled "The Chronic Effects of Repeated Mechanical Trauma to the Skin: A Description of the Problem in the Workplace" (the Trauma Report). Medical literature and U.S. health statistics (population surveys and occupational health reports) were reviewed to determine the long-range impact of repeated mechanical trauma sustained in the workplace. Trauma was rarely recognized as contributing to dermatological disorders. Conventional sources of information were found to be inadequate for precise estimation of costs. A minimal estimate of the annual cost of cutaneous disorders resulting from repeated mechanical trauma to the skin is $15 million.
Ezekiel and the Covenant of Friendship

The slippery idea of "spirituality" might, with care, be put to use by biblical exegetes. Spirituality is defined in this paper as the social enactment of religious ideas. Four categories are offered to analyze the biblical witness as a record of spirituality. These categories are, first, an ultimate end; second, an ideal self-image by which this end might be achieved; third, an encoding of teachings in Scripture by which the self-image can be realized or understood; and fourth, a proposal for a way of life that makes achievement of the ultimate end a practical possibility. Accordingly, Ezekiel's "spirituality" may be understood to have, on one hand, an ultimate end of a return of the people to the land with the presence of God; and on the other, an ideal self-image of conversion of the community toward this ultimate end. Then it encodes, in oracles of judgment and deliverance, teachings that enable adherents to form the ideal self-image, and finally, as a way of life that puts these teachings into practi...
Health outcomes of children receiving EPSDT checkups: a pilot study.

This pilot study used medical records to examine the health outcomes of children receiving care in Medicaid's Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT) program. Medical records from 76 children seen for EPSDT visits during a 6-month period were reviewed to assess whether health problems were identified and whther treatment, follow-up, or referral care was provided. Health problems were identified for 43% of the children; 22% received treatment, and 18% were referred for specialty care. Checkups uncovered fewer problems than would be expected in a poor, largely minority population. Almost one third of the children referred for specialty care apparently did not receive such care. The study verified the need for further research and provides direction for future study.
Teaching digital logic design using a tape recorder simulator

This paper describes two implementations of a tape recorder simulator. One is based on hard-wired logic and the other on microcomputer programmed logic approach. Both implementations are compared and evaluated for such points as flexibility, speed, power and space requirements, and cost. The purpose of this paper is to introduce students of digital logic design to the problems of selecting a suitable implementation based on software and hardware requirements, and system constraints. This is to teach students how to recognize which problem should be implemented in hardware and which problem should be implemented in software, or when and how to split between hardware and software. By implementing both methods themselves, students get a hands-on experience in several hardware design techniques such as asynchronous state machine (ASM), EPROM programming, address decoding, and input/output port interfacing.
Art Education and a Democratic Citizenry

The first purpose of Art Education in public schools, articulated in the eighteenth century, was the ability to shape an imaginatively responsible, empathetic, democratic citizenry; this remains an aim for today, which is hard to achieve. This article explores the continuing tension between this original goal and other versions of Art Education, particularly Artistic Education, focusing on professional skills and techniques, and Aesthetic Education that focuses on appreciation of objects. After reviewing Friedrich Schiller's historic contribution to theorising aesthetics as empathy and as experienced through play, and Johan Pestalozzi's practical application in a first curriculum, the article demonstrates Schiller's influence on contemporary theorists Jacques Ranciere and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak who also insist that art must remain unproductive in order to defy cultural commodification. In their view, Art Education must be deviant to utility and retain an essential uselessness. A current case study demonstrates the difficulties in facilitating authentic democratic action within the utilitarian demands on today's schools. By developing wide-awakeness in students, spaces develop where silenced individuals might be heard. Art Education curricula should form the mindful habit of an informed citizenry that fashions an art of living by constructively re-imagining new possibilities of democratic community and empathetic understanding.
The electrical and optical properties of a four-terminal top back gate FET

A novel four-terminal device, the top back gate FET (TBGFET) grown by MBE is fabricated. A n+Sn-doped GaAs buried-contact layer is grown on Cr-doped SI first, and an undoped Al 0.4 - Ga 0.6 As insulating layer and Sn-doped GaAs channel are grown subsequently. Nonselective mesa etch is used for device isolation and selective etch is adopted to open the back-gate contact window. TBGFET Works as a MESFET and MISFET with a common channel, but can be separately controlled by the top gate and the back gate. We can adjust the transconductance and current level at room temperature as we wish by properly applying negative bias to the back gate or top gate. The top-gate threshold voltag V_{t} = -1.6 V and back-gate threshold voltage V bt from -0.5 to -10 V are obtained under different insulator thickness and trap density. If a proper criterion is satisfied, either top-gate threshold voltage V t or back-gate threshold voltage V bt can be independently chosen without influencing each other. The decoupling of V t and V bt are well explained by the Lampert's law of the trap-fill-limited carrier injection in semi-insulator. The device interaction with light is also investigated. It is foUnd that the back-gate threshold voltage shift as well as the conduction current enhancement is caused principally by photon-induced detrapping in the semi-insulated AlGaAs layer. Photon generated e-h pairs in the device channel play a minor role either in current enhancement or in back-gate threshold voltage shift. Both \Delta V_{bt} and \Delta I_{ds} are increased with the light intensity and tend to saturate at some fixed values. Based on the above properties, a number of applications of TBGFET in digital and microwave circuit are proposed.
Development of positron diffraction and holography at LLNL

Abstract A low-energy positron diffraction and holography spectrometer is currently being constructed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to study surfaces and adsorbed structures. This instrument will operate in conjunction with the LLNL intense positron beam produced by the 100 MeV LINAC allowing data to be acquired in minutes rather than days. Positron diffraction possesses certain advantages over electron diffraction which are discussed. Details of the instrument based on that of low-energy electron diffraction are described.
My First E-Reader

For the modern reader, which option offers the best reading experience--print or digital?For the modern reader, which option offers the best reading experience--print or digital?
Vulvar Ulcers in Young Women With an Antecedent History of Viral Infection

mixed findings regarding the impact of oral contraceptives (OCs) on adolescent bone development. Methods: In order to clarify the relationship between OCs and bone mineral density in adolescents, we designed this preliminary study that involved randomizing girls, between the ages of 12 and 18, to receive either an OC with 20 mg ethinyl estradiol and 1.0 mg norethrindone acetate (Loestrin ) or an OC with 35 mg ethinyl estradiol and 1.0mg norethrindone (Ortho Novum 1/35 ). Study participants were recruited from a hospital-based adolescent clinic located in the urban Midwest and were followed with semi-annual testing at the lumbar spine with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA, Hologic QD 4500, Waltham, MA). Results: Mean age for the Loestrin group (n 5 5) was 15.2 ( 0.45 SD) and 15.6 ( 1.27 SD) for the Ortho Novum group (n 5 7). Racial background was 50% non-Hispanic black and 62% non-Hispanic black for the Loestrin and Ortho Novum groups, respectively. Mean percent change in bone mineral density in the Loestrin group was þ0.74% ( 2.17 SD) compared with Ortho Novum 1/35 group þ1.97% ( 1.50 SD), p 5 0.25. Power analysis indicated that we would need 38 study participants in each group to detect statistical significance at p!.05. Conclusion: Impaired bone mass acquisition associated with certain OCs may be a ‘‘hidden’’ public health problem. Further research is needed to define the relevant issues and develop clinical case guidelines to best utilize the adolescent years to optimize peak bone mass as primary prevention against osteoporosis later in life.
A swimming test for assessing effects of drugs upon motor performance in the guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus).

Abstract A swimming test was developed to provide a method for assessing gross motor behaviour in the guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus). The simplicity of the procedure enables a large number of animals to be tested in a short time. Learning was not required of the animals, thereby simplifying the interpretation of the effects of drugs. Control animals were highly motivated to complete the task and the variability in swimming times was small. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor sarin significantly increased swimming time in a doserelated manner and did not affect ‘turning behaviour’ during the swim. Alcohol, diazepam and amphetamine increased swimming time but only in the larger doses tested. Diazepam also increased turning behaviour. The suitability of the test for measuring effects of drugs upon gross motor behaviour in the guinea-pig is discussed.
8-quinolinol-5-sulphonic acid as both indicator and masking agent--II: titration of phosphate with La(III).

Abstract The use of 8-quinolinol-5-sulphonic acid as both masking agent and indicator in the titration of phosphate with La(III) has been investigated. The reagent forms complexes with most cations in preference to the formation of their phosphate precipitates at pH 7, but the reverse is the case for the rare earths, which permits the precipitation reaction to be carried out in the presence of these other cations. Amounts of P of the order of 5 μg have been determined at a concentration of 5 ppm.
THE ABSORPTION AND FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA OF TWO RED MARINE ALGAE

The problem as to whether or not there are pigments other than chlorophyll which can participate directly in photosynthesis by acting as photocatalysts has been discussed for many years. One of the earliest pieces of quantitative evidence for this possibility was the work of Warburg and Negelein which showed that the light absorbed by carotinoids was probably at least partially active in photosynthesis. Definite evidence for the participation of the carotinoid, fucoxanthin, as a light absorbing pigment for photosynthesis was provided by Dutton and Manning (1). It was later shown by Dutton, Manning and Duggar (2) that the light absorbed by fucoxanthin was in some way transferred to chlorophyll rather than itself acting directly upon the remainder of the photosynthesis mechanism. This was established by showing that the fluorescence of chlorophyll was excited equally well by red light which is primarily absorbed by chlorophyll and by blue-green light which is primarily absorbed by fucoxanthin. Phycocyanin was found by Emerson and Lewis (4) to be a photosynthetic pigment. It has not yet been established whether phycocyanin acts directly in the same way as does chlorophyll, or whether phycocyanin like fucoxanthin first transfers its energy to chlorophyll. Recently, Haxo and Blinks (8) have reported that green light which is absorbed largely by the pigment phycoerythrin is several times as effective as is red light in photosynthesis of several red marine algae. The question arises as to whether the extra photosynthesis given by green light is due to a stronger absorption of light in this region by the algae or if this greater effectiveness of green light is due specifically to greater efficiency of phycoerythrin in photosynthesis. If the latter is the case, is phycoerythrin a pigment which acts by transferring absorbed light to chlorophyll or does it take part directly in the photosynthetic mechanism without the intermediate assistance of chlorophyll? Our measurements show only slightly greater absorption of green than of red light in two species of red algae. We have studied various aspects of the absorption and fluorescence of the pigments of red marine algae which are fundamental to the investigation of the question of the means by which phycoerythrin participates in photosynthesis. 1 Present address : Carnegie Institution of Washington, Division of Plant Biology, Stanford, California.
Modeling of a 3-D tunable photonic crystal for camouflage coating

Photoresponsive polymers undergo structural changes (expansion or contraction) upon photoirradiation[1]. This group of polymers when polymerized with arrays of colloidal particles self-assembled into a crystalline colloidal array (CCA) forming a polymerized CCA (PCCA). The functionality of the CCA is enhanced by polymerizing it, due to the inclusion of specific properties of the polymer. Combining the properties of both, significant change in the lattice size is observed under external stimuli resulting in an optical response of the PCCA (either a blue or red shift of the spectrum)[2],[3]. Novel tunable nanophotonic devices that enable a camouflage behavior could be realized using this technique. Camouflage behavior is achieved when an object blends into the environment, making it indiscernible from its surroundings. One approach to achieving such behavior in an object is to reflect only the wavelength that is predominant in the range of wavelengths incident from its surroundings. In this work we model and simulate a 3D polymerized photonic crystal structure which has the potential to exhibit this behavior. Simulations are performed to model the dynamic band gap tuning of the 3-D photonic crystal using the MIT Photonic Bands (MPB) and OptiFDTD optical modeling tools. These results lend a key understanding to the design of PhC's that exhibit dynamic band gap tuning, and how they can be applied in device designs.
Grain-scale imaging and compositional characterization of cryo-preserved India NGHP 01 gas-hydrate-bearing cores

Abstract We report on grain-scale characteristics and gas analyses of gas-hydrate-bearing samples retrieved by NGHP Expedition 01 as part of a large-scale effort to study gas hydrate occurrences off the eastern-Indian Peninsula and along the Andaman convergent margin. Using cryogenic scanning electron microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, and gas chromatography, we investigated gas hydrate grain morphology and distribution within sediments, gas hydrate composition, and methane isotopic composition of samples from Krishna–Godavari (KG) basin and Andaman back-arc basin borehole sites from depths ranging 26 to 525 mbsf. Gas hydrate in KG-basin samples commonly occurs as nodules or coarse veins with typical hydrate grain size of 30–80 μm, as small pods or thin veins 50 to several hundred microns in width, or disseminated in sediment. Nodules contain abundant and commonly isolated macropores, in some places suggesting the original presence of a free gas phase. Gas hydrate also occurs as faceted crystals lining the interiors of cavities. While these vug-like structures constitute a relatively minor mode of gas hydrate occurrence, they were observed in near-seafloor KG-basin samples as well as in those of deeper origin (>100 mbsf) and may be original formation features. Other samples exhibit gas hydrate grains rimmed by NaCl-bearing material, presumably produced by salt exclusion during original hydrate formation. Well-preserved microfossil and other biogenic detritus are also found within several samples, most abundantly in Andaman core material where gas hydrate fills microfossil crevices. The range of gas hydrate modes of occurrence observed in the full suite of samples suggests a range of formation processes were involved, as influenced by local in situ conditions. The hydrate-forming gas is predominantly methane with trace quantities of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons of primarily microbial origin. The composition indicates the gas hydrate is Structure I.
Ethical analyses of vaccines grown in human cell strains derived from abortion: arguments and Internet search

The fact that certain vaccines are grown in cell strains derived decades ago from an aborted fetus is a concern for some. To understand such concerns, a standardized search identified internet sites discussing vaccines and abortion. Ethical concerns raised include autonomy, conscience, coherence, and immoral material complicity. Two strategies to analyse moral complicity show that vaccination is ethical: the abortions were past events separated in time, agency, and purpose from vaccine production. Rubella disease during pregnancy results in many miscarriages and malformations. Altruism, the burden of rubella disease, and protection by herd immunity argue for widespread vaccination although autonomous decisions and personal conscience should be respected.
Public Databases Supporting Computational Toxicology

A major goal of the emerging field of computational toxicology is the development of screening-level models that predict potential toxicity of chemicals from a combination of mechanistic in vitro assay data and chemical structure descriptors. In order to build these models, researchers need quantitative in vitro and ideally in vivo data for large numbers of chemicals for common sets of assays and endpoints. A number of groups are compiling such data sets into publicly available web-based databases. This article (1) reviews some of the underlying challenges to the development of the databases, (2) describes key technologies used (relational databases, ontologies, and knowledgebases), and (3) summarizes several major database efforts that are widely used in the computational toxicology field.
Position displacement, not velocity, is the cue to motion detection of second-order stimuli

Motion detection can be achieved either with mechanisms sensitive to a target’s velocity, or sensitive to change in a target’s position. Using a procedure to dissociate these two provided by Nakayama and Tyler (Vis Res 1981;21:427‐433), we explored detection of first-order (luminance-based) and various second-order (texture-based and stereo-based) motion. In the first experiment, observers viewed annular gratings oscillating in rotational motion at various rates. For each oscillation temporal frequency, we determined the minimum displacement of the pattern for which observers could reliably see motion. For first-order motion, these motion detection thresholds decreased with increasing temporal frequency, and thus were determined by a minimum velocity. In contrast, motion detection thresholds for second-order motion remained roughly constant across temporal frequency, and thus were determined by a minimum displacement. In Experiment 2, luminance-based gratings of different contrasts were tested to show that the velocity-dependence was not an artifact of pattern visibility. In the remaining experiments, results similar to Experiment 1 were obtained with a central presentation of a linear grating, instead of an annular grating (Experiment 3), and with a motion discrimination (phase discrimination) rather than motion detection task (Experiment 4). We conclude that, within the ranges tested here, second-order motion is more readily detected with a mechanism which tracks the change of position of features over time. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Rapid RNA Exchange in Aqueous Two-Phase System and Coacervate Droplets

Compartmentalization in a prebiotic setting is an important aspect of early cell formation and is crucial for the development of an artificial protocell system that effectively couples genotype and phenotype. Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) and complex coacer- vates are phase separation phenomena that lead to the selective partitioning of biomolecules and have recently been proposed as membrane-free protocell models. We show in this study through fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) microscopy that despite the ability of such systems to effectively concentrate RNA, there is a high rate of RNA exchange between phases in dextran/polyethylene glycol ATPS and ATP/poly-L-lysine coacervate droplets. In contrast to fatty acid vesicles, these systems would not allow effective segregation and consequent evolution of RNA, thus rendering these systems ineffective as model protocells.
Randomized Study Comparing a Basal-Bolus With a Basal Plus Correction Insulin Regimen for the Hospital Management of Medical and Surgical Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Basal Plus Trial

OBJECTIVE Effective and easily implemented insulin regimens are needed to facilitate hospital glycemic control in general medical and surgical patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This multicenter trial randomized 375 patients with T2D treated with diet, oral antidiabetic agents, or low-dose insulin (≤0.4 units/kg/day) to receive a basal bolus regimen with glargine once daily and glulisine before meals, a basal plus regimen with glargine once daily and supplemental doses of glulisine, and sliding scale regular insulin (SSI). RESULTS Improvement in mean daily blood glucose (BG) after the first day of therapy was similar between basal bolus and basal plus groups ( P = 0.16), and both regimens resulted in a lower mean daily BG than did SSI ( P = 0.04). In addition, treatment with basal bolus and basal plus regimens resulted in less treatment failure (defined as >2 consecutive BG >240 mg/dL or a mean daily BG >240 mg/dL) than did treatment with SSI (0 vs. 2 vs. 19%, respectively; P P = 0.02). There was no difference among the groups in the frequency of severe hypoglycemia ( P = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS The use of a basal plus regimen with glargine once daily plus corrective doses with glulisine insulin before meals resulted in glycemic control similar to a standard basal bolus regimen. The basal plus approach is an effective alternative to the use of a basal bolus regimen in general medical and surgical patients with T2D.
Power Visualization, Analysis, and Optimization Tools for FPGAs

This paper introduces the Low-Power Intelligent Tool Environment (LITE), an object oriented tool set designed for power visualization, analysis, and optimization. These tools leverage an established FPGA design environment, JHDL, that allows design logic and power utilization to be displayed, analyzed, and cross-probed simultaneously at a level of abstraction close to the design entry point. Circuit logic, FPGA architecture and power information are correlated to create accurate power prediction and estimation models. These models and power analysis tools can then be used to create power optimization algorithms. Power optimization algorithm development is supported through the use of tools to query and sort circuit characteristics and drop in COTS CAD tool compliant constraints. These constraints can be used to guide the COTS placement and routing tools to optimize for power.
Conditional entropy-constrained vector quantization: high-rate theory and design algorithms

The performance of optimum vector quantizers subject to a conditional entropy constraint is studied. This new class of vector quantizers was originally suggested by Chou and Lookabaugh (1990). A locally optimal design of this kind of vector quantizer can be accomplished through a generalization of the well-known entropy-constrained vector quantizer (ECVQ) algorithm. This generalization of the ECVQ algorithm to a conditional entropy-constrained is called CECVQ, i.e., conditional ECVQ. Furthermore, we have extended the high-rate quantization theory to this new class of quantizers to obtain a new high-rate performance bound. The new performance bound is compared and shown to be consistent with bounds derived through conditional rate-distortion theory. A new algorithm for designing entropy-constrained vector quantizers was introduced by Garrido, Pearlman, and Finamore (see IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol.5, no.2, p.83-95, 1995), and is named entropy-constrained pairwise nearest neighbor (ECPNN). The algorithm is basically an entropy-constrained version of the pairwise nearest neighbor (ECPNN) clustering algorithm of Equitz (1989). By a natural extension of the ECPNN algorithm we develop another algorithm, called CECPNN, that designs conditional entropy-constrained vector quantizers. Through simulation results on synthetic sources, we show that CECPNN and CECVQ have very close distortion-rate performance. >
X-RAY INDUCED SEX-LINKED LETHAL AND DETRIMENTAL MUTATIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE VIABILITY OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.

Tests were made on 2520 irradiated X chromosomes taken from Drosophila laboratory stocks of Basc and Carton-S strains. Estimates were made on the proportions of lethals and the genetic load of lethals and detrimentals induced. The Basc chromosome is about 50% more responsive to radioinduced lethal mutation than the Canton-S chromosome. It was found that the lethals induced in the + chromosome compared favorably with those tested by other workers, producing an average frequency of about 2.5% per 1000 r, The ratio of the load due to detrimental mutants to that for lethals was 0.125. This is where the load is the product of the frequency and the average effect on viability. This is a considerably lower value than was obtained in earlier experiments but is in general agreement with a recent study by Kafer. Possible reasons for the different results are discussed. (auth)