cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drug—Botanical Interactions: A Review of the Laboratory, Animal, and Human Data for 8 Common Botanicals:

Many Americans use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to prevent or alleviate common illnesses, and these medicines are commonly used by individuals with cancer.These medicines or botanicals share the same metabolic and transport proteins, including cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP), glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and P-glycoprotein (Pgp), with over-the-counter and prescription medicines increasing the likelihood of drug-botanical interactions.This review provides a brief description of the different proteins, such as CYPs, UGTs, and Pgp.The potential effects of drug-botanical interactions on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug or botanical and a summary of the more common models used to study drug metabolism are described.The remaining portion of this review summarizes the data extracted from several laboratory, animal, and clinical studies that describe the metabolism, transport, and potential interactions of 8 selected botanicals. The 8 botanicals include black cohosh, Echinacea, garlic, Gingko biloba, green tea, kava, milk thistle, and St John's wort; these botanicals are among some of the more common botanicals taken by individuals with cancer.These examples are included to demonstrate how to interpret the different studies and how to use these data to predict the likelihood of a clinically significant drug-botanical interaction.
A denotational semantics for shared-memory parallelism and nondeterminism

It is first shown how to construct a continuation from a deterministic Vienna Definition Language control tree. This construction is then applied to nondeterministic control trees. The result is a denotational but not quite continuation semantics for arbitrary shared-memory nondeterminism and parallelism. The implications of this result are discussed.
The Evolution of Psychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease: A Natural History Study

OBJECTIVE To characterize the natural history of Alzheimer's Disease (AD); in particular, to determine the prevalence and time of onset of psychiatric symptoms. DESIGN Retrospective medical records review. SETTING Regional brain bank operated by a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS One hundred randomly selected autopsy-confirmed AD patients. MEASUREMENTS The presence of psychiatric symptoms (e.g., anxiety, wandering, agitation) was documented, and the time of onset relative to diagnosis was measured. RESULTS Irritability, agitation, and aggression were documented in 81 patients (81%) an average of 10 months after diagnosis. A total of 72% of patients experienced depression, changes in mood, social withdrawal, and suicidal ideation more than 2 years before diagnosis (26.4 months). Hallucinations, paranoia, accusatory behavior, and delusions were documented around the time of diagnosis (0.1 months after diagnosis) in 45% of patients. Patients with early-onset disease, more years of formal education, and male gender experienced psychiatric symptoms later, relative to diagnosis, than their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatric manifestations of depression may herald a diagnosis of AD, as such behaviors occurred more than 2 years before diagnosis, on average, in this cohort. Psychotic symptoms manifested around the time of diagnosis, perhaps even prompting diagnosis, whereas agitative symptoms occurred in the first year after diagnosis. The evolution of psychiatric symptoms in this cohort differed according to age at onset of disease, years of formal education, and gender.
A Simulation Study Comparison of Bayesian Estimation with Conventional Methods for Estimating Unknown Change Points.

The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance of a Bayesian approach for estimating unknown change points using Monte Carlo simulations. The univariate and bivariate unknown change point mixed models were presented and the basic idea of the Bayesian approach for estimating the models was discussed. The performance of Bayesian estimation was evaluated using simulation studies of longitudinal data with different sample sizes, varying change point values, different levels of Level-1 variances, and univariate versus bivariate outcomes. The numerical results compared the performance of the Bayesian methods with the first-order Taylor expansion method and the adaptive Gaussian quadrature method implemented in SAS PROC NLMIXED. These simulation results showed that the first-order Taylor expansion method and the adaptive Gaussian quadrature method were sensitive to the initial values, making the results somewhat unreliable. In contrast, these simulation results showed that Bayesian estimation w...
Environmental performance of an elliptical core polarization maintaining optical fiber for fiber-optic gyro applications

Corning has introduced a new polarization-maintaining optical fiber to satisfy customer requirements for a range of commercial and military FOG applications. This fiber has an elliptical core, matched-clad design, and is intended for operation in the 780 to 850 nm wavelength region. The fiber has a beat length less than 1.5 mm, attenuation rate less than 10 dB/km, and a typical coiled h-parameter less than 1.5 X 10-4 m-1 in the designated operating wavelength range. It has a cladding diameter of 80 micrometers and a coating diameter of 185 micrometers . The coating is an acrylate system, similar to that used in telecommunications optical fibers. We report on the performance of this elliptical core fiber for a variety of environmental exposures representative of an automotive application.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
CALIBRATION OF PAVEMENT DESIGN MODELS USING FIELD DATA

This paper provides a framework for the development of Weibull reliability factors (since they describe “length of life” or endurance over time) for joint faulting models using field data from the Strategic Highway Research Program's Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) database. There is a need to address pavement design in a manner that will incorporate such factors as climatic conditions, soil conditions, and load transfer conditions on a comparative basis. In order to maximize the utility of the calibration process it is important for the pavement designer to understand the underlying mechanism(s) relative to a particular distress manifestation. It is in this light that field joint faulting data were analyzed and calibration factors developed on the basis of distress mechanism(s).
Can the APT be a theory of Multiple Grammars and a minimal theory of parsing

This essay by Truscott and Sharwood-Smith is a valiant attempt with a laudable goal. It seeks to show how different perspectives and disciplines can capture what is happening in acquisition and notably in L2 acquisition. Nonetheless, I think that the results are much closer to an elaborated grammatical theory than an elaborated processing theory (thus it seems less important to me than to the authors to choose one label over the other). Their essential, sensible idea is that where different grammars provide independent analyses of constructions, both are computed (even where the lexical items belong to only one grammar). Therefore conflict is experienced which produces computational demands. However this is pure grammar – just a more sophisticated situation where, as I like to argue, the L2 person has Multiple Grammars (Roeper, 1999), creating more computational work as well. In this respect, the situation is no different from L1 acquisition, where the course of acquisition involves generation and maintenance of multiple grammars, some of which are shed and some retained in the Final State.
Chromosomal synapsis and the meiotic process in male mesquite lizards, Sceloporus grammicus complex.

Meiosis in males of the F5 cytotype of Sceloporus grammicus was examined through the analysis of synaptonemal complexes (SCs), diakinetic (metaphase I) nuclei, and secondary spermatocytes (metaphase II configurations). These data allowed the establishment of criteria for substaging of zygonema and pachynema, morphological characterization of the SC complement, and comparison of the orientation and segregation of the autosomes and sex chromosomes. The analysis of nuclei from all stages of meiotic prophase I (leptonema through diakinesis) provided a useful means of partitioning the temporal sequence of early meiotic events. Three substages of zygonema (Z1–Z3) were established, based on the extent of synapsis of the microchromosomal and macrochromosomal elements. Synaptic initiation of the autosomes and sex chromosomes was synchronous. Two patterns of macrochromosomal synapsis were observed. Whereas synapsis of the biarmed elements was biterminal (i.e., progressing from both ends of the homologs), synapsis o...
Detection filters for visible high-resolution imagery

We consider new distortion-invariant filters (DIFs) to detect objects in high-resolution Electro-Optical (EO) visible imagery. EO data is a difficult detection problem, because only primitive features such as edges and corners are useful. No hot spots (present in IR data) or bright reflectors (present in SAR data) exist in EO data. We thus expect many false alarms when we try to detect objects in EO data. We use new eigen-detection filters because they are shift-invariant, require only few filters and can handle multiple target classes. Initial results show that our filters, when using zero-mean data, perform well on EO data.
Role of different factors in predicting movie success

Due to rapid digitization and emergence of social media the movie industry is growing by leaps and bounds. The average number of movies produced per year is greater than 1000. So to make the movie profitable, it becomes a matter of concern that the movie succeeds. Given the low success rate, models and mechanisms to predict reliably the ranking and or box office collections of a movie can help de-risk the business significantly and increase average returns. The current predictive models available are based on various factors for assessment of the movie. These include the classical factors such as cast, producer, director etc. or the social factors in form of response of the society on various online platforms. This methodology lacks to harvest the required accuracy level. Our paper suggests that the integration of both the classical and the social factors (anticipation and user feedback) and the study of interrelation among the classical factors will lead to more accuracy.
From monolithics to tethers to freeflyers: the spectrum of large aperture sensing from space

As part of The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) endeavor to push the envelope and go where we have never been before, the Space Science Enterprise has laid out a vision which includes several missions that revolutionize the collection of scientific data from space. Many of the missions designed to meet the objectives of these programs depend heavily on the ability to perform space-based interferometry, which has recently become a rapidly growing field of investigation for both the scientific and engineering communities. While scientists are faced with the challenges of designing high fidelity optical systems capable of making detailed observations, engineers wrestle with the problem of providing space-based platforms that can permit this data gathering to occur. Observational data gathering is desired at a variety of spectral wavelengths and resolutions, calling for interferometers with a range of baseline requirements. Approaches to configuration design are as varied as the missions themselves from large monolithic spacecraft to multiple free-flying small spacecraft and everything in between. As will be discussed, no one approach provides a ?panacea? of solutions rather each has its place in terms of the mission requirements. The purpose here is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches, to discuss the driving factors in design selection and determine the relative range of applicability of each design approach.
Conformational and Structural Analysis of a ter‐Cyclopentane Scaffold for Molecular Recognition

Well-defined oligomers of cycloalkanes comprise a relatively unstudied class of organic compounds, and may have general utility in the development of receptors for biologically relevant molecules. We have investigated the solution structure of a ter-cyclopentane member of this class by molecular modeling and by NMR spectroscopy. We find that the molecular ensembles derived from conformational searches incorporating NMR-derived restraints are in excellent qualitative agreement with unrestrained molecular mechanics conformation searches. The ter-cyclopentane scaffold adopts an extended rigid conformation, with inter-ring torsion angles preferentially at 180°. These experiments demonstrate that conformational hypotheses developed in the course of designing ter-cyclopentane scaffolds for lipid A recognition are accurate, and furthermore provide support to the broader use of this class of compounds as scaffolds in molecular recognition. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in 120 infants treated consecutively with permissive hypercapnea/spontaneous respiration/elective repair.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Poor prognosis (approximately 50% survival rate and significant morbidity) traditionally has been associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). The authors reviewed a single institution experience and challenged conventional wisdom in the context of a care strategy based on permissive hypercapnea/spontaneous respiration/elective repair. Methods: From August 1992 through February 2000, all infants with CDH and (1) respiratory distress requiring mechanical ventilation, (2) in-born or (3) transferred preoperatively within hours of birth are reported. All respiratory care strategy used permissive hypercapnea/spontaneous respiration and combined with elective repair. Arterial blood gas values and concomitant ventilator support were recorded. Outcome markers were (1) need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO, (2) discharge to home, (3) supplemental oxygen need at discharge, and (4) influence of non-ECMO ancillary therapies (surfactant, nitric oxide, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation). Results: One hundred twenty consecutive infants were reviewed. Overall survival rate was 75.8%, but, excluding 18 of 120 not treated (6 lethal anomalies, 10 overwhelming pulmonary hypoplasia, 3 prerepair ECMO-related neurocomplications), 84.4% survived to discharge. A total of 67/120 were inborn. Non-ECMO ancillary treatments had no impact on survival rate. ECMO was used in 13.3%. Surgery was transabdominal; prosthetics were used in 7%. Tube thoracostomy was rare. Every inborn patient (n = 11) requiring a chest tube for pneumothorax died. Respiratory support before surgery was peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), 22, FIO 2 , .43 with PaO 2 , 66 torr; PaCO 2 , 41 torr; and pH, 7.32. The survivors discharged on oxygen (n = 2) died at 4 and 7 months. Conclusions: The majority of infants with life-threatening CDH treated with permissive hypercapnea/spontaneous respiration/elective surgery survive to discharge with minimal pulmonary morbidity.
1-dimensional splines as building blocks for improving accuracy of risk outcomes models

Transformation of both the response variable and the predictors is commonly used in fitting regression models. However, these transformation methods do not always provide the maximum linear correlation between the response variable and the predictors, especially when there are non-linear relationships between predictors and the response such as the medical data set used in this study. A spline based transformation method is proposed that is second order smooth, continuous, and minimizes the mean squared error between the response and each predictor. Since the computation time for generating this spline is O(n), the processing time is reasonable with massive data sets. In contrast to cubic smoothing splines, the resulting transformation equations also display a high level of efficiency for scoring. Data used for predicting health outcomes contains an abundance of non-linear relationships between predictors and the outcomes requiring an algorithm for modeling them accurately. Thus, a transformation that fits an adaptive cubic spline to each of a set of variables is proposed. These curves are used as a set of transformation functions on the predictors. A case study of how the transformed variables can be fed into a simple linear regression model to predict risk outcomes is presented. The results show significant improvement over the performance of the original variables in both linear and non-linear models.
3D surface defect analysis and evaluation

A method is proposed for surface defect analysis and evaluation. Good 3D point clouds can now be obtained through a variety of surface profiling methods such as stylus tracers, structured light, or interferometry. In order to inspect a surface for defects, first a reference surface that represents the surface without any defects needs to be identified. This reference surface can then be fit to the point cloud. The algorithm we present finds the least square solution for the overdetermined equation set to obtain the parameters of the reference surface mathematical description. The distance between each point within the point cloud and the reference surface is then calculated using to the derived reference surface equation. For analysis of the data, the user can preset a threshold distance value. If the calculated distance is bigger than the threshold value, the corresponding point is marked as a defect point. The software then generates a color-coded map of the measured surface. Defect points that are connected together are formed into a defect-clustering domain. Each defect-clustering domain is treated as one defect area. We then use a clustering domain searching algorithm to auto-search all the defect areas in the point cloud. The different critical parameters used for evaluating the defect status of a point cloud that can be calculated are described as: P-Depth,a peak depth of all defects; Defect Number, the number of surface defects; Defects/Area, the defect number in unit area; and Defect Coverage Ratio which is a ratio of the defect area to the region of interest.
Physical linkage and transcriptional orientation of the tdc operon on the Escherichia coli chromosome

The physical and genetic structure of 37 kilobases of DNA encopassing the tdc region at 68.3 min of the Escherichia coli chromosome was determined by DNA sequence analysis and restriction mapping. Reexamination of new data concerning the direction of transcription of the tdc operon revealed that in strain W3110 the tdc region is located on a transposable segment of DNA.
AGE EFFECTS ON THE HOST AND TISSUE RESPONSE TO ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS (RSV).

The age factor was found to exert significant effects on the response of embryos to Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and on tumor formation in chick embryo tissue exposed to this virus and subsequently transplanted to the rat brain. Tumors and hemorrhagic blebs developed with high frequency in 7- and 8 day old embryos inoculated intra-allantoically or into the yolk sac. Older embryos showed fewer lesions. This decrease in frequency of response was not seen when the virus was administered intravenously. These observations were interpreted as signifying an alteration in extra-embryonic tissues. On the other hand, the failure of the large majority of three day old embryos to respond to the virusin ovo and the low frequency of transformations of three day old tissues used in the heterologous transplantation experiments indicated a low capacity of tumor formation on the part of the immature tissues. In the transplantation experiments, eight and nine day old embryo tissues showed the maximum degree of malignant transformation. Somewhat fewer transformations were obtained in transplants of tissues from 15 day old embryos. Tissues of hatched chicks responded with a very low frequency of conversions.
Redesign of substrate specificity and identification of the aminoglycoside binding residues of Eis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The upsurge in drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is an emerging global problem. The increased expression of the enhanced intracellular survival (Eis) protein is responsible for the clinical resistance to aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eis from M. tuberculosis (Eis_Mtb) and M. smegmatis (Eis_Msm) function as acetyltransferases capable of acetylating multiple amines of many AGs; however, these Eis homologues differ in AG substrate preference and in the number of acetylated amine groups per AG. The AG binding cavity of Eis_Mtb is divided into two narrow channels, whereas Eis_Msm contains one large cavity. Five bulky residues lining one of the AG binding channels of Eis_Mtb, His119, Ile268, Trp289, Gln291, and Glu401, have significantly smaller counterparts in Eis_Msm, Thr119, Gly266, Ala287, Ala289, and Gly401, respectively. To identify the residue(s) responsible for AG binding in Eis_Mtb and for the functional differences from Eis_Msm, we have generated single, double, triple,...
Troubling Silences in Therapy Groups

Although group and member silences can be constructive in some instances, there are silences that are not constructive, and can lead to difficulties. Presented in this article are descriptions for troubling silences, the roles they play, and possible reasons, both individual and group as a whole silence. These silences can produce negative effects on the group and for its members, and group leaders need to intervene to prevent and resolve difficulties. Suggested prevention and intervention strategies are described.
Moderators of Ratings by Significant other and Self

Summary.-Moderators of disagreement bemeen 190 patients' ratings of themselves and significant others' ratings' of them on dimensions of marital adiusrment, self help, and social adjustment were analyzed. Disagreement was reliably predicted by the social status of the patient and for married patients whether the spouse and patient lived together. These results have implications for the assessment of outcome in psychotherapy. In several factor analyses of various instruments purporting to measure the outcome of psychotherapy via the assessment of symptomatology or social adjustment (Leinsohn & Nichols, 1967; Nichols & Beck, 1960) the most frequent finding is that factors are instrument specific. One of the skeptical conclusions from these results is that the number of factors is as numerous as the number of instruments utilized to measure the criteria. The question of agreement between patient and observer, whether the observer is the therapist, supervisor or significant other, is extremely important from the view of evaluating outcome of psychotherapy (Garfield, Prager, & Bergin, 1974; Leve, 1974). More specifically these authors, referring to the low correlations among global ratings of outcome, recommend that the parameters of agreement and disagreement be assessed. One way to accomplish this is by using the concept of the moderator variable (Ghiselli, 1956). Essentially. a moderator is a variable which correlates with the difference between (in this case) patient's and observer's ratings. The present study sought to examine potential moderator variables between the patient's ratings of his performance and a significant other's ratings of the patient's performance for the same time interval. While no specific a priori hypotheses were advanced, the 'variables chosen for study as potential moderators were those which a clinician might recommend.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new jasplakinolide (jaspamide) analogs

Synthesis and biological evaluation of jasplakinolide analogs are described. The synthesis of analogs utilized a diastereoselective syn-aldol reaction and an orthoester Claisen rearrangement as key steps. All synthetic analogs were evaluated for their ability to disrupt the actin cytoskeleton. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 essentially displayed similar activity to jasplakinolide.
Social-class bias in clinical judgment and recommendation for treatment using the biographical vignette technique.

Summary.-An autobiographical vignerte technique was used with 14 mental hospital attendants and 14 college students rating the severity of emotional problems and recommending various forms of treatment for fictitious individuals. A social-class bias was observed; the lower-class individuals were seen as having a greater need for help than the middle-class individuals, particularly when both were given descriptions of psychotic behavior. However, the recommendation of treatment was not affected by the social class of the individuals. The results are not consistent with chose of a recent study by Routh and King which showed middle-class individuals were rated as having a greater need for help than lower-class individuals using a similar vignette technique. Hollingshead and Redlich ( 1958) suggest that a person's social class has an important effect upon his perceived need for help. Szasz (1961, 1967) has also proposed that middle-class psychiatrists can easily find indications of mental illness in lower-class individuals because of the differing rules of conduct between social classes. An extension of this proposal has been the "homophilic hypothesis" (Kandel, 1966; Rowden, Michel, Dillehay, & Martin, 1970) which suggests that ueatment method and success of psychotherapy ate determined by the degree of similarity in socialization experiences and communication patterns between the cherapist and patient. Recently, the degree of similarity in values has been shown of perhaps greater importance in the therapist-patient relationship (Marx & Spray, 1972). Jacobs, Charles, Jacobs, Weinstein, and Mann (1972) have been somewhat successful at reducing social distance between psychiatric residents and lower-class patients through a pre-therapy orientation program for both residents and patients. Similar successful efforts have been reported by Lorion ( 1973). Experimental evidence for social-dass bias in the formation of diagnosis and prognosis has been limited, but consistent with the observations of Hollingshead and Redlich (1958) and Szasz (1961, 1967). Stein, Green, and Stone (1972 ) found that psychiatric residents rating patient vignettes gave lower-class subjects a poorer prognosis and were less desirous of creating them in psychotherapy than middle-class subjects. Lee and Temerlin ( 1970) also have found that psychiauic residents noted more indications of serious disturbance and gave poorer prognoses for the lower-class than for middle-class and upper-class in
Distribution of foraminifera in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, over the past century

Foraminiferal and radionuclide data have been used to investigate environmental change that has occurred within Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, over the last century. Environmental conditions were evaluated for three time slices; (1) the modern environment as determined by surficial (0–1 cm) sediments, (2) short-core intervals representing approximately 40 years BP, as determined by 137 Cs activity, and (3) short-core intervals representing approximately 120 years BP, as determined by 210 Pb activity. Cluster analysis distinguished four foraminiferal assemblages at the surface (0–1 cm): (1) Marsh Biofacies, (2) Estuarine Biofacies A, (3) Estuarine Biofacies B, and (4) Marine Biofacies. The Marsh Biofacies is characterized by typical marsh foraminifera such as Tiphotrocha comprimata, Trochammina inflata, Miliammina fusca and Haplophragmoides wilberti . Estuarine Biofacies A is distinguished from Estuarine Biofacies B by the greater relative abundance of the agglutinated species Ammotium salsum and Ammobaculites crassus in the former and the greater relative abundance of Elphidium excavatum in the latter. The Marine Biofacies is comprised completely of calcareous foraminifera (e.g., Elphidium excavatum, Hanzawaia strattoni, Cibicides lobatulus, Elphidium subarcticum, Quinqueloculina seminula and Elphidium galvestonense ) and is restricted to tidal inlets. Down-core foraminiferal data indicate that approximately 120 years BP, Pamlico Sound was dominated by Estuarine Biofacies A, which is indicative of brackish conditions. Up-core in the 40 years BP and modern time slices, Estuarine Biofacies B is the more prominent assemblage within Pamlico Sound; this is indicative of increased salinity over time. Lowered salinity conditions 120 years BP may be the result of high hurricane activity over a several year period.
Audit Uncertainty, Bayesian Updating, and Tax Evasion

We extend the standard, one-period model of tax evasion to an inter-temporal framework in which an expected-utility-maximizing taxpayer updates expectations about the probability of a future audit based on past audit experience. This framework provides a theoretical grounding for the empirical evidence indicating that tax evasion is affected by taxpayers' perceptions of audit probabilities and is influenced by taxpayers' prior audit experience. We show that for a variety of risk preferences, Bayesian updating increases present and expected future tax evasion and reduces tax payments, inclusive of expected fines. These findings call into question the usefulness of Internal Revenue Service secrecy about audit probabilities for raising taxpayer compliance and expected tax revenue.
Techniques for video indexing

A data model for long objects (such as video files) is introduced, to support general referencing structures, along with various system implementation strategies. Based on the data model, various indexing techniques for video are then introduced. A set of basic functionalities is described, including all the frame level control, indexing, and video clip editing. We show how the techniques can be used to automatically index video files based on closed captions with a typical video capture card, for both compressed and uncompressed video files. Applications are presented using those indexing techniques in security control and viewers' rating choice, general video search (from laser discs, CD ROMs, and regular disks), training videos, and video based user or system manuals.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Parent–Daughter Communication About Abortion Among Nonpregnant African-American Adolescent Females

Abstract Purpose To identify correlates of parent–daughter communication about abortion among nonpregnant adolescents. Methods Nonpregnant African-American females aged 14–17 years attending one of three charter schools on Chicago's South Side were recruited and surveyed regarding parental relationship quality, attitudes toward sexual health, and communication about sexual health. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for ever discussing abortion using multivariable logistic regression. Results Of the 265 adolescents, 43.0% had ever discussed abortion with a parent. While 72.3% would voluntarily tell a parent about an abortion plan, 19.2% feared a parent would physically hurt her, punish her, or evict her. Ever communicating about abortion was significantly associated with having a mother who had a teen pregnancy (OR, 1.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–3.78); having a prochoice abortion attitude (OR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.29–8.25); having discussed sexually transmitted infections (OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.13–7.77) or birth control (OR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.35–6.47) with a parent; and perceived parental approval of adolescent sexual activity (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.20–7.88). Ever communicating about abortion was inversely related to being sexually experienced (OR, .48; 95% CI, .23–.99) or anticipating supportive parental reactions to an abortion decision (OR, .31; 95% CI, .13–.75). Conclusions Although almost half of our sample was sexually active, the majority had never talked to their parents about abortion. Some reported fears of harm should the situation arise. Public policy should focus on promoting parent–daughter communication before an unwanted pregnancy rather than forcing communication after it occurs.
Benzo(B)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid: calcium uptake and cyclic AMP production in isolated bone cells.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of action on bone of Benzo(B)Thiophene-2-Carboxylic Acid (BL-5583). BL-5583, at a dose range of 0.01–100 µg/ml, inhibited spontaneous as well as A23187 and PTH-induced bone resorption in tissue culture. This compound also decreased calcium uptake in both osteoclastic and osteoblastic enriched bone cell populations obtained by sequential collagenase digestion of 1–2 day newborn rat calvariae. The decrease occurred after a 5 min. incubation with45Ca and BL-5583. The effective dose range was 0.01–100 µg/ml. No effect on leucine incorporation or lactic acid production by bone cells was observed. BL-5583 also induced a transient decrease in calcium uptake in skin cells isolated from fetal rats by collagenase digestion, suggesting a lack of tissue specificity for this compound. No effect on cyclic AMP in isolated bone cells was observed with the same dose range that produced a calcium effect.
Versatile signaling through NKG2D.

Receptors in the immune system usually specialize in transmitting specific types of signals. However, by associating with two different signaling subunits, the receptor NKG2D can transmit distinct signals for either costimulation or full-fledged activation.
Timing of menarche, preparation, and initial menstrual experience: Replication and further analyses in a prospective study.

The goals of this study were to assess the significance of two timing variables (objective timing of menarche and subjective timing, i.e., the belief-not necessarily true-about one's status as early, average, or late maturing) and two cognitive variables (preparation for menstruation and ego functioning) as predictors of the experience of menarche. Subjects were 92 girls who changed from pre- to postmenarcheal between two test occasions, six months apart. Findings were that subjective timing of menarche and preparation were significant predictors of menarcheal experience, while objective timing and ego functioning were not. The results replicated earlier findings based on cross-sectional analyses. Interpretation of the results suggested some directions for further exploration of determinants of initial menstrual experience.
Organizing Chaos: Student Workforce Management Tools

To successfully manage a student workforce, one must make sense of all of the interconnected elements involved, including hiring, scheduling (both initially and for changes), monitoring attendance, timesheets and payroll, and more. There are many tools available to address these needs, some specialized and some Swiss Army knives. I will discuss common managerial needs and how specific tools meet those needs, giving summaries of the tools and needs as implemented at a few institutions. There will be a specific focus on the tools we use at the University at Albany, what works well, and where there are opportunities for growth and adjustment.
Diffusional separation in ternary systems

Determination experimentale des coefficients de diffusion dans deux systemes ternaires (KCl-NaCl-eau et glycerine-KCl-eau), l'une des especes etant sous saturee et l'une etant sursaturee. Etude experimentale de l'utilisation des differences de coefficient de diffusion comme methode de separation possible
Is routine pouchogram prior to ileostomy closure in colonic J-pouch really necessary?

Colonic J-pouch with coloanal anastomosis has gained popularity in the surgical treatment of middle and lower rectal pathologies. If a diverting ileostomy is performed, a pouchogram is frequently performed prior to ileostomy closure. The aim of this study was to assess the routine use of pouchogram prior to ileostomy closure in patients with colonic J pouch-anal anastomosis.
Effects of high temperatures on fine roots of mature red pine (Pinus resinosa) trees

Abstract The goals of this project were to measure and describe the fine-root dynamics of red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) following a low-intensity prescribed fire and to determine the thermal death point of fine roots of mature trees in the field by using a new technique. During the single low-intensity backing fire temperatures in the lethal range (>60 °C) were reached only at the surface of the mineral soil. Largely as a result the fire had no significant effect on the fine root system to a depth of 25 cm, as determined by a combination of video imaging in minirhizotrons and soil coring. To understand better the susceptibility of roots to injury by fire, individual fine roots of red pine trees were exposed to high-temperature (45–62.5 °C) water for 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 min. Root death was assessed 1, 2 and 3 weeks following exposure to high temperatures. Heat-induced mortality of fine roots was apparent within 1 week of exposure to temperatures of approximately 52.5 °C and higher, the amount of mortality directly relating to exposure time. The effect of exposure time was minimal below this temperature after 1 week. Two weeks after exposure there was a general decrease in root survival with increased time of exposure, even at the lowest treatment temperature. Because non-treated roots also began dying 3 weeks after the study began, effects of heat exposure must be evaluated before other causes of root mortality become significant. The technique helped define the time–temperature relationship of heat-induced mortality of red pine roots in an ecological context. Low intensity fires with a short residence time—e.g., our experimental fire—do not produce the necessary combination of high temperature and time of exposure to induce significant root injury in red pine.
Recall for confirming events: Memory processes and the maintenance of social stereotypes ☆

Abstract To examine the effects of stereotypic expectancies on memory for behavioral events that confirm or disconfirm these expectancies, subjects were all presented with the same set of 50 behavior descriptions, where each behavior was associated with the name of one member of a group of 50 men. The 50 items consisted of 17 intelligent, 17 friendly, 3 nonintelligent, 3 unfriendly, and 10 unrelated behaviors. Half of the subjects were led to believe that the group was intellectual and half that the group was friendly. In addition, to assess whether superior memory for confirming or disconfirming events could be localized in the retrieval or encoding process, approximately half of the subjects were given the expectancy prior to presentation of the behaviors, while the other half received the expectancy afterward. Subjects exhibited superior recall and higher frequency estimates for behaviors confirming the stereotype when the expectancy was induced prior to presentation of the behaviors; no such effects were observed for expectancies induced after the behaviors were presented. It was concluded that subjects' superior recall of expectancy-confirming events may account for the selfperpetuating character of social stereotypes, and that memory effects were not due solely to the selective retrieval of behavioral events.
Effect of crystal phase composition on the reductive and oxidative abilities of TiO2 nanotubes under UV and visible light

Abstract Titania nanotube arrays synthesized by the electrochemical oxidation of titanium foils have generated considerable interest as photocatalysts for their ordered nature and large surface area. Mixed-phase materials combining the anatase and rutile crystal phases of TiO 2 , however, have been much more widely studied due to their enhanced reactivity in comparison to pure phase materials. In this study, we seek to integrate these two lines of research and investigate the reductive and oxidative reactivity of TiO 2 nanotube arrays (anatase phase) supported on TiO 2 films of varying crystal phase composition. A series of TiO 2 nanotubes 1.2 μm in length was synthesized, annealed at varying temperatures to control their crystallinity, and characterized by various physical techniques (e.g. XRD, diffuse reflectance, SEM). Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction and acetaldehyde oxidation reactions were performed in the gas phase under UV and visible wavelengths. For CO 2 reduction, reaction rates decreased with increasing rutile phase under UV. Rates increased with rutile phase ratio under visible and near visible light. For oxidation, the mixed-phase samples showed enhanced reactivity, with a maximum acetaldehyde destruction rate achieved at a 79:21 ratio of anatase to rutile. The samples were substantially less active under visible light, except for the 620 °C composite (77% rutile) which showed a slight rate increase. Nanotubes annealed at 680 °C collapsed to a random porous structure, but showed comparable reductive ability to the non-collapsed samples despite the loss of surface area. This is attributed to the creation of additional anatase–rutile crystallite interfacial area leading to the formation of unique active sites. Control of crystal phase composition through anneal temperature is found to be a simple way to tune the reactivity of these materials and enhance their ability to absorb visible light.
Photochemical oxidation of 2-aminofluorene: correlation between the induction of direct-acting mutagenicity and the formation of nitro and nitroso aromatics.

Abstract The kinetics of near ultraviolet light-mediated phototransformation of 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) was studied using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the Ames/Salmonella mutagenicity bioassay. Employing tester strains TA98, TA1538, and the nitroreductase-deficient TA98NR without the addition of exogenous metabolic enzymes, we were able to detect and discriminate between the UVA exposure-dependent formation of two stable photoproducts, 2-nitrosofluorene (2-NOF) and 2-nitrofluorene (2-NO 2 F). Mutagenicity of irradiated 2-AF solutions (using dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent) in the various tester strains indicates the rapid formation of the photo-labile 2-NOF, after which 2-NO 2 F accounts for the preponderance of mutagenic activity. Continued UVA irradiation (> 72 h at 6.8 J/m 2 /s) of 2-AF results in the formation of > 30 photoproducts resolvable on HPLC, several of which, in addition to 2-NOF and 2-NO 2 F, are mutagenic on Salmonella but are chemically undefined to date. Prolonged irradiation ultimately destroys the photo-induced mutagenicity of 2-AF. However, UVA-induced 2-AF photoproducts are stable for several weeks when stored in sealed vials in the dark. Light potentiated oxidation of aromatic amines constitutes an alternative mechanism for the transformation of aromatic amines into proximate mutagens/carcinogens.
Simulation and evaluation of an experimental rural medical care delivery system

Abstract A simulation model is developed for evaluating recommended changes in the operational configuration of a rural medical care delivery system. The model imitates the processing of patients at a rural clinic staffed by midlevel health personnel and linked by a communications system to supervisory physicians at an urban medical center. An explicit description of the patient-nurse practitioner-physician interactions which are relevant to system performance have been modeled. Simulated results of four experiments reflecting the influence of alternative operational policies are presented in a comparative framework.
Inhibition of neurons in the amygdala by dorsal raphe stimulation: Mediation through a direct serotonergic pathway

This study presents data showing that the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has a marked inhibitory influence upon neurons in the amygdala and that this inhibitory effect is mediated by a direct DRN-amygdala serotonergic pathway. The evidence may be briefly summarized as follows:(1) on the same amygdaloid cells, both iontophoresis of serotonin (5-HT) and electrical stimulation of the DRN markedly inhibited spontaneous single unit activities; (2) the latency of DRN-induced inhibition was relatively short and is compatible with the conduction velocities (which were determined by antidromic activation of the 5-HT pathway) of unmyelinated 5-HT fibers; (3) destruction of 5-HT projections by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or pharmacological depletion of 5-HT by parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) prevented the inhibitory responsed to DRN stimulation in the great majority of cells studied; (4) in PCPA-pretreated animals, injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) reversed the PCPA effect, restoring the responses of amygdaloid cells to DRN stimulation. In the amygdala, the presumptive 5-HT antagonists which we tested did not block the inhibitory effects of 5-HT except that intravenously administered LSD blocked the inhibitory responses produced by submaximal DRN stimulation. The implications of these results for the possible functions of 5-HT in the amygdala is discussed.
Self And Body: Sydney Shoemaker

A major objection to the view that the relation of persons to human animals is coincidence rather than identity is that on this view the human animal will share the coincident person’s physical properties, and so should (contrary to the view) share its mental properties. But while the same physical predicates are true of the person and the human animal, the difference in the persistence conditions of these entities implies that there will be a difference in the properties ascribed by these predicates, with the result that the physical properties that determine the person’s mental states will belong to the person and not to the human animal.
A Novel Simultaneous HPLC Assay for Serum Paracetamol and Sulfapyridine as Markers of Gastric Emptying and Orocecal Transit

AbstractA simple high-peqormance liquid chromatography method is described for the simultaneous determination of two marker drugs, namely paracetamol and sulfapyridine, in serum. indirectly indicative of gastric emptying and orocecal transit, respectively. Extraction of the drugs from serum was achieved with chloroform:isopropyl alcohol (7:3). Analysis was peqormed with a mobile phase comprising 1.9% tetrahydrofuran in 0.01 M sodium acetate bufSer adjusted to pH 4.5, through a YMC-Packed C18 column at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. The detection limit is approximately 0.2 μg/ml for paracetamol and 0.1 μg/ml for sulfapyridine. This method is applicable to monitoring gastric emptying and orocecal transit following oral administration of paracetamol and sulfasalazine, the latter being hydrolyzed in the large bowel and absorbed as sulfapyridine.
Teaching Augustine’s Confessions in the Context of Mercer’s Great Books Program

Students in Mercer University’s Great Books program read Augustine’s Confessions in the third semester of a seven-semester sequence. Their previous reading of Greek and Roman epics and philosophical treatises as well as Biblical material equips them with a solid foundation for reading and discussing Augustine. This essay reflects on that preparation and models ways that instructors can use opening discussion questions related to those earlier readings to guide students into substantive reflection on the Confessions.