cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generative Modeling of Atmospheric Convection

While cloud-resolving models can explicitly simulate the details of small-scale storm formation and morphology, these details are often ignored by climate models for lack of computational resources. Here, we explore the potential of generative modeling to cheaply recreate small-scale storms by designing and implementing a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) that performs structural replication, dimensionality reduction, and clustering of high-resolution vertical velocity fields. Trained on ∼ 6 · 106 samples spanning the globe, the VAE successfully reconstructs the spatial structure of convection, performs unsupervised clustering of convective organization regimes, and identifies anomalous storm activity, confirming the potential of generative modeling to power stochastic parameterizations of convection in climate models.
Chemical Route to Yb14MgSb11 Composites with Nanosized Iron Inclusions for the Reduction of Thermal Conductivity

The rapid rise of atmospheric CO2 has spurred keen research interest in sustainable energy technologies including thermoelectric materials which can reliably and robustly turn heat directly to elec...
Work To Win or Work Not to Lose? Promotion and Prevention Focus in Workaholism

We conceptualize, develop, and validate a multidimensional measure that can explain the underlying motivations of workaholism. Based on regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997), we established the P...
Atom transfer versus catalyst transfer: Deviations from ideal Poisson behavior in controlled polymerizations

Abstract Over the past several years there has been growing interest in a new class of controlled living polymerizations jointly referred to as catalyst-transfer polycondensations (CTPs), in which monomers are coupled by a variety of metal-catalyzed metatheses, such as Grignard metathesis polymerization (GRIM). Interest in these processes is primarily driven by their applicability to the synthesis of conjugated polymers for organic electronics. In this article we use computational modeling of polymerization reactions to identify inherent factors which cause the widely observed deviation of chain length distributions in CTP products from the Poisson distribution expected for ideal living polymerizations. The primary source of these deviations is shown to be related to intermittent deactivation of metathesis pathways which transform the newly added monomer into a chain end capable of further propagation. Maximum departures from ideal behavior are observed when the rates of processes involved in metathesis are comparable with the rate of polymerization.
Best Practices in Care and Treatment of Internationally Adopted Children

Internationally adopted children are at great risk of silent medical conditions regardless of medical documentation acquired in their countries of origin. Additionally, depending upon their country of origin, international adoptees can be exposed to a variety of infectious diseases. After arriving to the United States, children should have a timely comprehensive medical evaluation that includes review of available medical records, complete physical examination and routine diagnostic testing for hematologic, metabolic and infectious diseases. The immunization status of newly adopted children should be determined in a timely manner to prevent becoming infected with vaccine-preventable infections or transmission of such infections to their family members or close contacts.Age-appropriate screens should also be performed including vision, hearing, dental and behavioral/developmental assessments. When warranted, children should be referred to other medical specialists for further evaluation.
Prostaglandin endoperoxide/thromboxane A2 receptor desensitization : cross-talk with adenylate cyclase in human platelets

Platelet activation by the prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2)/thromboxane (Tx) A2 analog, U46619, involves stimulation of phospholipase (PL) C and an increase in intracellular calcium via distinct receptor subtypes. Agents which stimulate adenylate cyclase inhibit platelet function. We demonstrate that PGH2/TxA2 receptor desensitization is associated with enhanced stimulation of platelet cyclic AMP by the prostacyclin analog, iloprost and by forskolin. Sensitization of adenylate cyclase is mediated via the PGH2/TxA2 receptor subtype which activates PLC, as it is blocked by the specific antagonist, GR32191 (Takahara, K., Murray, R., FitzGerald, G. A., and Fitzgerald, D. J. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 6838-6844). This effect is not observed in platelets desensitized with thrombin or platelet activating factor and is not mediated by protein kinase C. Prior exposure of platelets to platelet activating factor results in much greater desensitization of PGH2/TxA2-induced aggregation (mean 64%) compared with calcium stimulation (mean 18%), consistent with selective heterologous desensitization of the PLC-linked PGH2/TxA2 receptor subtype. Platelet activation by PGH2/TxA2 is a tightly regulated process, involving both homologous desensitization of at least two receptor subtypes and sensitization of the platelet adenylase cyclase system.
Caustic waves in galaxy disks produced in collisions with low mass companions

The author lists a few reasons for studying collisions with relatively low mass companions, specifically those that are less than about one third of the mass of the target galaxy. The primary effect of such collisions on a target galaxy with a 'cold' disk component is the generation of waves in the disk. The focus here is on the purely stellar waves in such disks. The example of a ring galaxy case is examined.
Comparison of recharge estimates at a small watershed in east-central Pennsylvania, USA

The common recommendation that recharge should be estimated from multiple methods is sound, but the inherent differences of the methods make it difficult to assess the accuracy of differing results. In this study, four methods for estimating groundwater recharge and two methods for estimating base flow (as a proxy for recharge) are compared at two hydrologic research sites in east-central Pennsylvania, USA. Results from the multiple methods all provided reasonable estimates of groundwater recharge that differed considerably. The estimates of mean annual recharge for the period 1994-2001 ranged from 22.9 to 35.7 cm—about 45% of the mean of all estimates. For individual years, recharge estimates from the multiple methods ranged from 30 to 42% of the mean value during the dry years and 64 to 76% of the mean value during wet years. Comparison of multiple methods was found to be useful for determining the range of plausible recharge rates and highlighting the uncertainty of the estimates.
Critical exponents of graphs

The study of entrywise powers of matrices was originated by Loewner in the pursuit of the Bieberbach conjecture. Since the work of FitzGerald and Horn (1977), it is known that A ? α : = ( a i j α ) is positive semidefinite for every entrywise nonnegative n × n positive semidefinite matrix A = ( a i j ) if and only if α is a positive integer or α ? n - 2 . This surprising result naturally extends the Schur product theorem, and demonstrates the existence of a sharp phase transition in preserving positivity. In this paper, we study when entrywise powers preserve positivity for matrices with structure of zeros encoded by graphs. To each graph is associated an invariant called its critical exponent, beyond which every power preserves positivity. In our main result, we determine the critical exponents of all chordal/decomposable graphs, and relate them to the geometry of the underlying graphs. We then examine the critical exponent of important families of non-chordal graphs such as cycles and bipartite graphs. Surprisingly, large families of dense graphs have small critical exponents that do not depend on the number of vertices of the graphs.
Posture and subjective evaluation at flat and slanted desks.

Back posture was photographed and back, neck, and upper arm electromyograms(EMGs) were recorded for six subjects during reading and writing at flat and slanted (12°, 24°) desk surfaces. In addition, the subjects rated fatigue and back discomfort. Sitting with a backpack, while leaning 45° forward, was used as a preliminary procedure to standardize the back discomfort ratings. Results indicated more erect posture and less back movement (reduced EMG) at the slanted surfaces, while slanting the desks also reduced fatigue and discomfort. The pattern in which the slanted surfaces were significantly better than the flat surface varied with each measurement technique.
Parametric study of flat plate solar collectors

Abstract An analytical program, suitable for use on a digital computer is developed for the purpose of studying the hourly behavior of a flat plate solar collector. The influence of a large variety of collector parameters over the period of a year are shown in the plotted results. The solar energy that arrives at the collector is based on average conditions for the State of Rhode Island. Weather Bureau records and Eppley Laboratory data for the past ten years were studied to determine the ambient temperature, average diffuse radiation on clear days, average cloudiness, and influence of cloudiness on total radiation. These quantities were then put in the form of empirical equations so that they would predict the proper input for a computer program. The results indicate that the energy absorbed by a collector and its daily efficiency are strongly dependent on collector temperature and cloudiness. One must be very careful not to report a collector efficiency without giving the conditions under which a collector operates and the collector geometry. The results presented in this paper show the influence of cloudiness, collector temperature, number of covers, wind velocity, air space heat transfer coefficient, coolant heat transfer coefficient, tube spacing, azimuth angle and slope of surface, and plate absorptivity on collector performance.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Statistical Evaluation Method for Flatness Error

The theoretical and experimental studies of statistical evaluation method for flatness error are conducted thoroughly, and evaluation parameters and corresponding practicable data processing model are provided. Furthermore, a large number of experiments have been done and statistical analysis has been conducted. The results show that the distribution of extract elements of almost 90 percent of the measured planes is accordant with censored normal distribution, which proves that statistical flatness error obeys normal distribution. The characteristic that sample points are random variables is taken full advantage of in the statistic method, and the flatness error can be calculated without the influence of gross error and therefore the rate of waste parts can be reduced effectively.
Efficacy of preoperative autologous blood donation: analysis of blood loss and transfusion practice in total hip replacement.

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the frequency of allogeneic transfusion for total hip replacement (THR) surgery and to examine the efficacy of preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD) under specified, standardized blood transfusion guidelines. Design: Prospective, nonrandomized study. Setting: University medical center. Patients: All ASA physical status I, II, III, and IV patients undergoing single, primary, THR surgery from April 1998 to March 1999. Interventions: All patients received standardized transfusion and anticoagulation therapy. Demographic, blood loss, and transfusion data were collected and compared between all patients participating in PABD (donors) and patients not participating in PABD (nondonors). Overall allogeneic blood exposure was established. Since most anemic patients could not participate in PABD, allogeneic transfusion frequency was also examined in a subset of nonanemic patients (hemoglobin ≥ 12 g/dL) who were potentially able to participate in PABD. Measurements and Main Results: n=231 patients, 142 donors and 89 nondonors. Mean estimated blood volume (EBV) of donors was 4991 ± 1042 mL versus nondonors 4631 ± 1108 mL (p versus nondonors 61/28 (p versus nondonors 33% (29/89) (p versus nondonor EBV and ASA physical status I–II/III–IV were 5074 ± 1019 mL versus 4743 ± 1172 mL and 107/20 versus 48/15 (p = NS); allogeneic transfusion frequency reduced to 13% (16/127) versus 17% (11/63) (p = NS), respectively. Conclusions: Allogeneic blood exposure was >10% despite the use of PABD. The efficacy of PABD has been obscured by the fact that donors of autologous blood tend to be larger and healthier than nondonors. After exclusion of anemic patients, autologous donors and nondonors were clinically comparable and the difference in allogeneic blood exposure was not statistically significant. PABD offers only a modest, if any, benefit for THR surgery.
Estrogenic triarylethylene acetic acids: effect of structural variation on estrogen receptor affinity and estrogenic potency and efficacy in MCF-7 cells.

Triarylethylenecarboxylic acids exemplified by (E,Z)-2-{4-[1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl]-1-butenyl)phenoxyacetic acid (8) are a new class of estrogen receptor (ER) ligands capable of tissue selective estrogen agonist and antagonist effects. We report the syntheses of 8 and of analogues incorporating structural features known or anticipated to facilitate ER affinity in triarylethylenes. These studies revealed that the p-hydroxyphenyl moiety, ethylenic bond, and ether oxygen of 8 were all critical for high ER affinity. Although a 1,1-bisphenolic analogue bearing the p-(oxyacetic acid) moiety on its 2-phenyl ring, 12, had low ER affinity, it exhibited estrogenic potency approaching that of 8 in MCF-7 cells. Unlike 8 which was a partial agonist with weak antagonist potency, 12 was a full agonist. A similar profile of potency/efficacy in MCF-7 cells was seen in 9, an ethylenic bond saturated analogue of 8. Growth-promoting effects of 8, 9, and 12 were fully antagonized by the antiestrogen tamoxifen, suggesting that such effects were mediated solely via ER. Thus, our studies in MCF-7 cells have confirmed the estrogenicity of 8 and have enabled identification of two analogues with favorable estrogenic potency and full estrogen efficacy. On this basis, these three (triarylethylene)acetic acids have been selected for more intensive animal studies of their extrareproductive tract estrogenic effects.
Reverse electrical remodeling of the atria post cardioversion in patients who remain in sinus rhythm assessed by signal averaging of the P-wave.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine whether the signal-averaged electrocardiogram of the P-wave (SAPW) is an independent predictor of recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) post cardioversion (CV), and to assess atrial remodeling using SAPW. BACKGROUND: There are limited electrophysiologic data to predict the recurrence of AF post-CV. The electrical remodeling that occurs post-CV is poorly understood. METHODS: Sixty-four patients with persistent AF undergoing CV were prospectively enrolled. SAPW parameters were measured the day of CV and repeated at 1 month. These SAPW parameters were compared to other baseline indices for the recurrence of AF. RESULTS: Sixty patients (94%) had successful CV. At 1 month, 22 (37%) maintained sinus rhythm (SR). The SAPW total duration decreased significantly in those who remained in SR (159 ms +/- 19 to 146 ms +/- 17; P < 0.0001). Only the duration of AF (46 +/- 50 days vs 147 +/- 227 days, P = 0.03) and the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH, 12% vs 65%, P = 0.0006) were significantly associated with recurrence of AF. Atrial size strongly correlated with the SAPW duration in patients who remained in SR (R(2)= 0.67, P = 0.003) but not in those who returned to AF (R(2)= 0.11, P = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: Atrial electrical reverse remodeling occurs in patients with AF who maintain SR post-CV. This remodeling is likely inversely related to the duration of AF and LVH. SAPW duration does not predict recurrence of AF post-CV.
The U. S. System of Social Security: Emphatically Not a Ponzi Scheme

This article, written by PPP Editor-In-Chief Max J. Skidmore, references information from his and others' research, including quoted information taken from the Security and Exchange Commission's own website to disassociate the U.S. Social Security System from recent allegations that it is a kind of Ponzi or “Pyramid” scheme. It is pointed out that social insurance, unlike Ponzi programs, offers sustainable revenues for contributing patrons and not get-rich-quick scenarios.
Online Genome Analysis Resources for Educators, a Comparative Review

A comparative review of several companies that offer similar kits or services that allow students to isolate DNA (human and others), amplify it by PCR, and in some cases sequence the resulting sample. The companies include: Carolina® Biological Supply Company , Bio-Rad® , Edvotek® Inc. , Hiram Genomics Store, and 23andMe.
The effect of hyperstoichiometric iron on the hydrogen storage properties of ZrMnFe ternary

Abstract The hyperstoichiometric ZrMnFe x system with x = 1.2–1.4 has been studied as a hydrogen storage material. The stoichiometric excess iron exhibits a profound promoting effect on the decomposition pressure of the hydride. The hydrogen capacity was observed to be very sensitive to the hyperstoichiometric iron content. The host metal underwent a 13% lattice expansion with no structural transformation during hydrogenation. The configurational entropy of hydrogen in the hydride phase is similar to that of deuterium in the ZrMn 2 deuteride, suggesting a similar site occupancy situation. The extreme rapidity of hydrogen sorption is attributed to a 3-dimensional network for hydrogen diffusion existing in the hydride lattice.
B(1−x)Nx Alloy Films Prepared by Ion Beam Assisted Deposition

We have produced alloy films of B (1−x) N x (x:0 to 0.5) via ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) measurements show that the stoichiometric films are achieved with a nitrogen to boron atom arrival rate of N/B = 2.55. The film N/B ratio for all measured compositions is fit with a model that predicts that the nitrogen sticking coefficient is 0.36. Measurements of B (1−x) N x film thicknesses with a profilometer confirm the value of this sticking coefficient. The BN film is transparent and has an refractive index that varies between 1.90 and 1.77 in the range 400 nm to 3100 nm. The refractive index data can be fit with the Sellmeier equation. Films 500 run thick with N/B less than 0.6 appear metallic; the index decreases linearly with increasing nitrogen content. The films have two broad absorption peaks, centered at 750 cm −1 and 1370 cm −1 that correspond to BN vibrations. The characteristics of the bands suggest that the films are amorphous or a microcrystalline hexagonal phase. The Knoop microhardness of the films generally decrease with increasing N content. Stoichiometric films have a microhardness of H k = 20 GPa, measured with a 25 gm load.
Plastic Collapse Assessment Method For Unequal Wall Transition Joints in Transmission Pipelines

This paper investigates plastic collapse failure behavior and analytical assessment methods for unequal wall transition joints in transmission pipelines. The objective is to (i) validate the plastic-collapse -based code requirements that were determined by the early lower-strength pipes and (ii) develop an effective method for assessing plastic collapse failure of unequal wall joints involving modem high-strength pipes. Detailed finite element analysis was conducted to evaluate the failure behavior of transition joints and the effects of geometry, including weld taper angle, mismatched diameter and location, and material parameters, including the steel grade, mechanical property, yield-to-tensile strength (Y/T) ratio, and anisotropy. Numerical results show that the wall-thickness mismatch and tensile-strength mismatch are the two first-order parameters that control the plastic collapse failure behavior of unequal wall transition joints. Based on these first-order parameters, an analytic solution is formulated to predict burst pressure at plastic collapse as a function of the pipe geometry, material tensile and hardening properties for both end-opened and end-capped pipes in reference to the plastic instability and finite strain theory. A plastic collapse criterion and the corresponding plastic collapse assessment diagram (PCAD) are then developed as a function of the wall-thickness mismatch and tensile-strength mismatch conditions to ensure that plastic collapse failure would occur in the thinner wall, with higher strength pipe. General procedures to use PCAD for assessing the plastic collapse failure of unequal wail joints are outlined. Application of PCAD indicates that high-strength pipeline grades with high Y/T ratios can be safely used beyond current code limitations on the wall-thickness mismatch of transition joints for a wide range of strength mismatch.
A PCR-based high-throughput screen with multiround sample pooling: application to somatic cell gene targeting

A PCR-based high-throughput screen with multiround sample pooling: application to somatic cell gene targeting
512×512 Infrared cryogenic scene projector arrays

Abstract A mosaic array of resistively heated microbridges offers much flexibility for infrared scene simulations. Dynamic scene simulations are important for the testing of the real-time performance capability of IR camera and seeker systems. The excellent thermal properties of the emitter pixels achieved with thin films and unique thermal isolation structures make it possible to achieve high temperatures at power levels ≈ 1 μW per pixel per degree temperature rise. High radiance and high dynamic range are achieved by having pixels with high emissivity and high fill factors, which operate with the substrate and drive electronics at cryogenic temperatures to achieve low background radiance. The thermal time constants of the pixels are defined by material properties and pixel design and are in the millisecond range, making it possible to achieve dynamic frame rates in excess of 100 Hz. Two types of cryogenic resistor arrays have been fabricated and are described, 512×512 arrays with pixels on a 3.5 mil pitch, and 128×128 arrays with pixels on a 2 mil pitch.
Fe 2+ :ZnSe and graphene Q-switched singly Ho 3+ -doped ZBLAN fiber lasers at 3 μm

3 μm Ho3+-doped ZBLAN fiber lasers passively Q-switched by a Fe2+:ZnSe crystal and graphene saturable absorbers were investigated, respectively. 800 ns pulses at 2.93 µm with an energy of 460 nJ and repetition rate of 105 KHz were obtained when a Fe2+:ZnSe crystal was inserted into a free space collimating and focusing setup. A more compact and reliable Q-switched fiber laser was achieved when a graphene coated fiber mirror was butt-coupled to the angle-cleaved end of the gain fiber. 1.2 μs pulses with an energy of 1 μJ and repetition rate of 100 KHz were achieved. More than 100 mW average output power was obtained at the maximum available pump power. Our experiments demonstrate that both Fe2+:ZnSe crystal and graphene are promising saturable absorbers for pulse generation in the 3 µm wavelength region.
Measurement variation among 12 electronic home blood pressure monitors

Although there are AAMI and BHS standards for accuracy of electronic home electronic blood pressure monitors (HBPM), patient composition differences and differences in manufacturer's algorithm for calculation of the systolic and diastolic measurement may result in measurement differences between monitors. The aim of this study was the measurement of differences among HBPM. Paired comparisons were performed between the Omron 712c electronic home monitor and each of 12 other HBPM (Sunbeam 7654, Sunbeam 7623, Omron 711, Omron 432c, A&D-UA767, Lumiscope 1085M, Omron 725CIC, Assure A30, Lumiscope 1083N, Omron 815, Omron 605, and Assure BD-W20), in addition to comparison to the auscultatory method by trained observers. Measurements were made in normotensive subjects in an ambulatory setting. The main outcome measures were systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements. All of the HBPM, except for the Sunbeam 7654 and the Assure A30/ BD-W20 (wrist) models, demonstrated small differences of <4/4 mm Hg for systolic/diastolic measurements with pulse measurement differences of <3 beats/min. These differences were less than the differences previously reported for office BP auscultation of 6/5-10 mm Hg for systolic/diastolic measurements. The Omron 712c, passing previous AAMI and BHS standards, measured the systolic reading within 2 mm Hg of auscultatory mercury or aneroid measurement and under-measured the diastolic by 6-9 mm Hg. Differences in the patient composition studied could account for the difference. The wrist and finger manometers performed clinically similar to the Omron 712c, except for the Assure BD-W20, which overmeasured the diastolic by 7 mm Hg. It is concluded that the small differences among the various HBPM, which are less than those in clinical office auscultation, should encourage greater use of electronic manometers in the office and at home.
Coronary perfusion pressure during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Systemic blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation may result from alterations in intrapleural pressure (IPP), with the heart serving only as a passive conduit. Chest compression with simultaneous lung inflation (C + SI) or with abdominal binding may also increase vascular pressures and cerebral flow. Our study was done to evaluate the effects of C+SI with and without abdominal binding on coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) during CPR. Micromanometric pressures were recorded in 7 dogs during ventricular fibrillation (VF) and CPR to evaluate CPP (aortic minus right atrial pressure). During chest compression alone, aortic (AoP) and right atrial (RAP) pressures did not differ significantly. During relaxation, AoP (15 ± 4 mm Hg) was greater than RAP (3 ± 2 mm Hg; P
Suppression of Arabidopsis genes by terminator-less transgene constructs

Transgene-mediated gene silencing is an important biotechnological and research tool. There are several RNAi-mediated techniques available for silencing genes in plants. The basis of all these techniques is to generate double-stranded RNA precursors in the cell, which are recognized by the cellular surveillance system, and marked for degradation by the Dicer family RNases into siRNAs. Improperly terminated, unpolyadenylated RNA are precursors of double-stranded RNA, and, therefore, can serve as silencing triggers in plants. Such transcripts can easily be synthesized from transgene constructs lacking transcription-terminator signals (terminator-less constructs). The present study determined the silencing efficiency of terminator-less constructs on six different genes in Arabidopsis: Phytochrome A (PHYA), Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1 (BRI1), Variegated 2 (VAR2), Constans (CO), Apetala 1 (AP1) and Transparent Testa Glabra 1 (TTG1). Expression of terminator-less gene fragments of PHYA, AP1, and VAR2 resulted in a ~90 % decline, and those of BRI1 and CO resulted in a ~70 % decline, in the steady state level of the respective transcript in transgenic lines compared to the wild-type. This suppression was accompanied by phenotypic aberrations in selected transgenic lines. Thus, targeted gene suppression in plants can be initiated by the expression of a simple construct design consisting of a gene fragment lacking transcription terminator signals.
It's Not Just a “Woman Thing:” The Current State of Normative Discontent

This study assessed "normative discontent," the concept that most women experience weight dissatisfaction, as an emerging societal stereotype for women and men (Rodin, Silberstein, & Streigel-Moore, 1984). Participants (N = 472) completed measures of stereotypes, eating disorders, and body image. Normative discontent stereotypes were pervasive for women and men. Endorsing stereotypes varied by sex and participants' own disturbance, with trends towards eating disorder symptomotology being positively correlated with stereotype endorsement. Individuals with higher levels of body image and eating disturbance may normalize their behavior by perceiving that most people share their experiences. Future research needs to test prevention and intervention strategies that incorporate the discrepancies between body image/eating-related stereotypes and reality with focus on preventing normalization of such experiences.
Urea channel inhibitors: a new functional class of aquaretics

Using large-scale small-molecule screening techniques, Li et al. have identified a compound that inhibits the UT-B urea channel. They propose that this or similar compounds could be used as aquaretic agents to increase water excretion without changes in electrolyte excretion. Such compounds would potentially be useful in treatment of hyponatremic disorders. Here we review the physiological basis for the action of urea channel inhibitors in the kidney and assess their clinical potential.
David Pingree (1933–2005)

David Edwin Pingree (2 January 1933–11 November 2005) employed the fifty years of his scholarly career investigating the development of mathematics, astronomy and the related exact sciences from ancient Mesopotamia to early modern Europe and India. He published editions, translations and studies of source texts in Akkadian cuneiform, Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian, on subjects ranging from infinite series and interpolation techniques to astral magic and iconography in astrological texts. He was professionally affiliated with Harvard University as an undergraduate (B.A. in Classics and Sanskrit, 1954), graduate student (Ph.D. in Sanskrit and Indian Studies, 1960), and Junior Fellow (to 1963); the University of Chicago as a faculty member in the Oriental Institute and Departments of History, South Asian Languages, and Near Eastern Languages (1963–1971); and Brown University as a professor in the Departments of Classics and the History of Mathematics (1971–2005). Over the course of his immensely productive career he received many honors, including a Fulbright Scholarship, a Guggenheim Fellowship, and membership in several learned societies, among them the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University. Pingree was awarded the title of “Abhinavavarāhamihira” by the government of Uttar Pradesh in 1979, and in 1981 was one of the first recipients of the MacArthur Fellowship (popularly nicknamed the “Genius Grant”), together with co-honorees including the philosopher Richard Rorty, the paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould, and the computer scientist Stephen Wolfram.
Phonon-mediated indirect interactions between adatoms on surfaces.

A general formulation for the phonon-mediated indirect interaction between adatoms on the surface of a solid is given in terms of the lattice dynamics of the substrate. The result is expressed in terms of the interaction of the adatoms with the rigid substrate and the vibrational Green's functions of the clean surface. Detailed calculations are presented for two model systems: pairs of As dimers on the Si(100) surface and H adatoms on the reconstructed W(100) surface. For Si(100) the Keating model is used for the lattice dynamics, and the interaction of the As dimer with the rigid substrate is extracted from recent pseudopotential calculations. For W(100) a central-force-constant model with forces chosen appropriately for the reconstructed surface is used. It is found that the phonon-mediated interactions on these surfaces can be substantial in magnitude, can vary nonmonotonically as a function of adatom separation, and depend on the direction of the adatom separation with respect to the surface. These features are different from the results of simple elasticity theory.
Monitoring the medications of clients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Abstract Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (type 2) affects 16 million people in the United States. To effectively monitor such clients in the home, a thorough knowledge of the medications used to control hyperglycemia is needed. Primary failure with monotherapy has been studied and found to occur within 6 years. Combinations of two drug classes now are used to control blood glucose levels. The home health care provider must be aware of the mechanism of action of the different classes of hypoglycemic agents to monitor treatment. This article will discuss the different agents, their mechanism of action, and the use of combination therapies.
Measured anisotropy in Pierre Shale

The five elastic coefficients which characterize a transversely isotropic medium have been measured for the Pierre Shale. The first-arrival times deduced from two closely spaced vertical seismic profiles provide values of magnitude and direction of the phase velocity at a given depth for different locations of the sources. From these velocities, we can estimate the five elastic coefficients by assuming that the P- and SV-wave velocities have only a small dependence on the angle of propagation. On the other hand, it is shown that the accuracy in the difference between the directions of propagation and particle motion is not sufficient to determine the anisotropy. This work was industrially sponsored through the Integrated Geophysics Project.
The Chinese Discourse TreeBank: a Chinese corpus annotated with discourse relations

The paper presents the Chinese Discourse TreeBank, a corpus annotated with Penn Discourse TreeBank style discourse relations that take the form of a predicate taking two arguments. We first characterize the syntactic and statistical distributions of Chinese discourse connectives as well as the role of Chinese punctuation marks in discourse annotation, and then describe how we design our annotation strategy procedure based on this characterization. The Chinese-specific features of our annotation strategy include annotating explicit and implicit discourse relations in one single pass, defining the argument labels on semantic, rather than syntactic, grounds, as well as annotating the semantic type of implicit discourse relations directly. We also introduce a flat, 11-valued semantic type classification scheme for discourse relations. We finally demonstrate the feasibility of our approach with evaluation results.
24-Hour cooled storage of equine embryos.

Abstract Equine embryos were collected by transcervical uterine flush 7 d after ovulation. The flush solution was Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with 1% newborn calf serum and penicillin-streptomycin. Each embryo was washed in modified Dulbecco's PBS with 1% newborn calf serum and 0.4% bovine serum albumin, and placed in 4-ml polystyrene test tube containing this same medium. Embryos were packaged in a commercial semen transport container which cooled (−0.3°C/min) and maintained the embryo at 4 to 6°C. After 24 h, 16 embryos were transcervically transferred into recipient mares. Of the 16 embryos, six were detected as vesicles by ultrasonography at 14 d of pregnancy, of which three were carried to term and resulted in live, normal foals. Sixteen control embryos were directly transferred without prior storage and resulted in five foals.
Alternate Input-Output Matrix Updating Formulations

There has been a recent resurgence of interest in biproportional adjustment methods for updating and interpreting change in matrix representations of regional structures, most commonly input-output accounts. Although the biproportional method, commonly called the RAS technique in the input-output literature, has been shown to have a number of theoretically appealing properties, various alternatives do exist. In this paper, we develop and empirically assess a number of alternatives, comparing performance and examining the attributes of these adjustment methods. Two of these are sign-preserving updating methods for use when tables contain both positive and negative entries. One of these is shown to generate less information gain than does a generalized RAS method that Junius & Oosterhaven (2003) formulated to deal with matrices with both positive and negative values. Overall, while the RAS method continues to be commonly used and its choice is often rational, alternative methods can perform as well or bette...
Abstract 2509: Mechanism of anti-proliferative effects of SIRT1 inhibition in melanoma cells: a proteomics approach.

An analysis of the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) program data has suggested that the age-adjusted annual incidence of melanoma in both young men and women has increased over the past 20 years. The current therapeutic options have shown little success in melanoma management. Therefore, novel mechanism and target-based strategies are needed for the management of this disease. The mammalian SIRT1 or sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 1 is a NAD(+)-dependent class III histone deacetylase (HDAC) that has been shown to play important roles in a variety of biological processes and diseases including cancer. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that 1) SIRT1 is overexpressed in human melanoma cells and tissues; 2) SIRT1 inhibition by Tenovin-1 resulted in decreased growth, viability, and clonogenic survival of melanoma cells; 3) Tenovin-1 treatment resulted in decreased level of SIRT1 protein and increased level of the tumor suppressor p53 (In: AACR Annual Meeting: Proceedings; 2012 March 31-April 4, Chicago, IL; Abstract # 4722). In this study we employed a proteomics approach using gel free Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify the downstream molecular targets of SIRT1 in melanoma. The human melanoma G361 cells were treated with Tenovin-1 (25 μM; 48 h) followed by protein extraction. Extracted proteins were precipitated (using 10% TCA and 0.05% DTT), pelleted and washed with acetone and air dried. Samples were re-suspended, labelled, trypsin digested and subjected to LC-MS/MS on a linear trap quadrupole (LTQ) Orbitrap XL. The resultant peptide sequence data were matched against the uniprot_human_FR_CP_090710 database using Mascot (Matrix Sciences, London, UK). Scaffold (version Scaffold_3.6.1, Proteome Software Inc., Portland, OR) was used to validate MS/MS based peptide and protein identifications. Protein identifications were accepted if they could be established at greater than 95% probability and contained at least two identified peptides. The differentially expressed protein data were collected from three different biological replicates. We found 14 proteins (from a total of 1092) which showed +2 fold differential expressions with statistical significance (T-test, p value Citation Format: Chandra K. Singh, Jasmine George, Raj Kumar, Nihal Ahmad. Mechanism of anti-proliferative effects of SIRT1 inhibition in melanoma cells: a proteomics approach. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2509. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2509
A new solid-state process for synthesis of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4−δ spinel

Abstract A new two-step solid-state process was developed for synthesis of a pure phase 4.7 V LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4− δ (LMNO) spinel of good electrochemical properties. This process which was based on formation of stable Ni 1− x Mn 2 O 4− δ ( x ≤ 0.33) spinel followed by subsequent lithiation, demonstrated the emerging of LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4− δ frame work at temperatures of as low as 350 °C. During this lithiation process, migration of metal ions (Ni/Mn) from partially occupied tetrahedral 8a sites (in Ni 0.67 Mn 2 O 4− δ ) toward octahedral 16d site occurred. The resultant spinel material displayed low irreversible loss, a 97% columbic efficiency and 6% loss in discharge capacity after 100 cycles at 60 °C.
Long-Run Money Demand and Inflation in China

Abstract This article reports on the stability of the long-run money demand functions for three definitions of money in China. Using annual data from 1951–1991, I have found that the long-run money demand functions using M0 and M2 exist and are stable throughout the sample period, which includes pre- and post-reform years. Further, it is found that the income elasticities of the real money demands for M0 and M2 are around 1.4–1.5 and 1.8–1.9. The results indicate that to control inflation under 10% in China, the targeted M2 growth rate should not exceed 28–29%.
Remote sensing applied to the detection of heavy metals in potable water sources

High resolution satellite data were used to assess the hazardous heavy metals seeping into potable water sources from refuse resulting from the coal cleaning and refining process. Remote sensing data from different NASA Earth Observing Satellite and instruments aboard these satellites were utilized in developing a three-dimensional visualization (flythrough). These were mapped on the specialized graphics of the West Virginia region to detect metal concentrations in the water bodies around coal impoundments. An integration of EDGE Viewer, ArcView Geological Information Systems (GIS), and Bryce 5 software were used to construct the visualization. The communities surrounding the particular geographical locations will be able to use this tool for posting an alert of unusually high and potentially harmful concentrations of heavy metals in the water reservoir.
Interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor production as the initial stimulants of liver ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Abstract The mechanisms by which polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are recruited by the ischemic and reperfused liver are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and/or interleukin-1α (IL-1) acted as potential mediators for PMN infiltration after liver ischemia and reperfusion. The potential effect of FK 506, a powerful immunosuppressant, was also studied. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 60 and 90 min of total hepatic ischemia, with an extracorporeal portosystemic shunt. FK 506 (0.3 mg/kg) was intravenously administered 4 hr before ischemia (FK 506 group), and control animals received normal saline solution (NS group). Plasma TNF, IL-1 levels, and PMN infiltration in liver tissue were serially examined at the end of ischemia, 5, 30, 60, and 360 min after reperfusion. The degree of liver necrosis was assessed at 360 min following reperfusion. In the NS group, IL-1 and TNF revealed a transient elevation at 30 and 60 min after reperfusion, following 60 min of ischemia. When the ischemia was increased to 90 min, the IL-1 activity had a rapid elevation (330.5 ± 129 pg/ml) at 5 min, which remained at high levels (197.8 ± 70.4 pg/ml) until 6 hr after reperfusion, whereas the TNF activity decreased to normal levels following a similar peak (355 ± 181.9 pg/ml) at 5 min after reperfusion. The time course of IL-1 release in the NS group, with 90 min of ischemia, correlated directly with the PMN infiltration. Irrespective of the ischemic period, the FK 506 group inhibited the elevation of TNF and IL-1 levels, which resulted in amelioration of PMN infiltration and hepatic lesion. It appears then that IL-1, rather than TNF, acted as a continuous stimulant for PMN infiltration following severe liver ischemia and reperfusion.
An Introduction Into X-Ray Micromachining Using Synchrotron Radiation

Micro production technologies are a driving factor in today’s continuous effort of developing new, highly functional products. The need for increased functionality is met by decreasing the size of individual components as well as consequently miniaturizing components for non-electronic properties including optical, mechanical, and fluidic functions. An important factor in this approach his the right material for a given task and the ability to shape it into the desired geometry as well as to combine micro components in a cost-effective way to build more complex modules and micro systems. One micro production technology that meet several of the above mentioned needs is the LIGA process, a combination of three major fabrication processes — x-ray based micromachining or deep x-ray lithography (DXRL), electroplating, and molding. In x-ray lithography the unique properties of synchrotron radiation, especially high intensity of collimated x-ray photons, permit patterning of extremely precise, very tall primary microstructures up to several millimeters in height with micrometer lateral dimensions and sub-micrometer details (so-called High-Aspect Ratio Microstructures, HARM). These microstructures are attractive for mechanical and optical components in MEMS (MicroElectroMechanicalSystems) devices. While x-ray lithography is crucial to achieve a primary microstructure with superior features, the use of synchrotron radiation is limiting the material choice to only a few polymer materials, so-called x-ray resists. Additional processes including electroplating and molding, however, open up a huge selection of engineering materials such as metals, ceramics, and also a large number of polymers and allow MEMS engineers to combine structural and material properties to build the next generation MEMS devices. This paper is primarily focusing on the DXRL process. Process fundamentals including equipment and infrastructure, x-ray masks, resists, typical structure geometries as well as patterning accuracy will be discussed. A few examples will illustrate ongoing efforts of commercializing this technology and also indicate future areas of applications.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Paulo Freire and his Contribution to Multiethnic Churches

Abstract Paulo Freire's educational philosophy encourages conscientization in individuals as a means to overcoming oppression. This approach includes dialogue that leads to critical thinking and problem-posed learning that fosters self-discovery. This article applies this process to a multi-ethnic congregation as it nurtures ethnic equality. In addition, this framework challenges churches to view education dynamically, not statically, by respecting the uniqueness of each individual and situation. As the United States becomes increasingly diverse, it is essential for local churches to implement educational approaches that are sensitive to issues of each ethnic person in order to effectively serve and disciple them.
Regulation of the single-chain urokinase-urokinase receptor complex activity by plasminogen and fibrin: novel mechanism of fibrin specificity

Activation of plasminogen by urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) plays important roles in several physiologic and pathologic conditions. Cells secrete uPA as a single-chain molecule (scuPA). scuPA can be activated by proteolytic cleavage to a 2-chain enzyme (tcuPA). scuPA is also activated when it binds to its receptor (uPAR). The mechanism by which the enzymatic activity of the scuPA/suPAR complex is regulated is only partially understood. We now report that the plasminogen activator activity of the scuPA/suPAR complex is inhibited by Glu- and Lys-plasminogen, but not by mini-plasminogen. In contrast, neither Glunor Lys-plasminogen inhibits the activation of plasminogen by 2-chain uPA. Inhibition of scuPA/suPAR activity was evident at a Glu-plasminogen concentration of approximately 100 nM, and at physiologic plasma concentrations inhibition was nearly complete. A plasminogen fragment containing kringles 1-3 inhibited the enzymatic activity of scuPA/suPAR with an inhibition constant (Ki) equal to 1.9 microM, increased the Michaelis constant (Km) of scuPA/suPAR from 18 nM to 49 nM, and decreased the catalytic constant (Kcat) approximately 3-fold from 0.035 sec(-1) to 0.011 sec(-1). Inhibition of scuPA/suPAR by plasminogen was completely abolished in the presence of fibrin clots. These studies provide insight into the regulation of uPA-mediated plasminogen activation and identify a novel mechanism for its fibrin specificity.