cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of pyropheophorbide-a-hexyl ether in the dog.

Background and Objectives Pyropheophorbide-a-hexyl ether (HPPH) is a new compound being investigated for use as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy; however, the pharmacokinetics are not known for any of the target species likely to be treated with this drug. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of this drug prior to institution of a clinical trial in canine patients with various cancers. Study design, Materials and Methods. HPPH (0.3mg/kg I.V.) was administered to 12 dogs and blood samples were drawn at intervals for 24 hours and plasma HPPH concentrations were determined. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for each dog. Results No evidence of toxicity was noted in any dog. The mean half-life was calculated to be 26.98 ± 2.35 hrs. The mean clearance was 5.061 ± 0.214 ml/hr/kg. The mean volume of distribution of the central compartment was 0.069 ± 0.003 L/kg, and the mean steady state volume of distribution was 4.47 ± 0.25 L/kg. Conclusion. The conclusion is that 0.3 mg/kg HPPH injected intravenously resulted in measurable plasma levels for 24 hrs, and resulted in no detectable adverse reactions. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Non-discrete ant colony optimisation (NdACO) to optimise the development cycle time and cost in overlapped product development

In order to expedite the process of introducing a product to market, organisations have shifted their paradigm towards concurrent engineering. This involves the simultaneous execution of successive activities on the basis of information available in rudimentary form. For this, cross-functional teams sporadically communicate to exchange available updated information at the cost of augmented time and money. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present a model-based methodology to estimate the optimal amount of overlapping and communication policy with a view to minimising the product development cycle time at the lowest additional cost. In the first step of the methodology, an objective function comprising the cycle time and the cost of the complete project is formulated mathematically. To reach the optimal solution, a novel meta-heuristic, non-discrete ant colony optimisation, is proposed. The algorithm derives its governing traits from the traditional ant algorithms over a discrete domain, but has been ...
Formaldehyde Characterization Utilizing In-Cylinder Sampling in a Large Bore Natural Gas Engine

This research addresses the growing need to better understand the mechanisms through which engine-out formaldehyde is formed in two-stroke cycle large bore natural gas engines. The investigation is performed using a number of different in-cylinder sampling techniques implemented on a Cooper-Bessemer GMV-4TF four-cylinder two-stroke cycle large bore natural gas engine with a 36-cm (14-in.) bore and a 36-cm (14-in.) stroke. The development and application of various in-cylinder sampling techniques is described. Three different types of valves are utilized, (I) a large sample valve for extracting a significant fraction of the cylinder mass (2) a fast sample valve for crank angle resolution, and (3) check valves. Formaldehyde in-cylinder sampling data are presented that show formaldehyde mole fractions at different times during the engine cycle and at different locations in the engine cylinder. The test results indicate that the latter part of the expansion process is a critical time for engine-out formaldehyde formation. The data show that significant levels of formaldehyde form during piston and end-gas compression. Additionally, formaldehyde is measured during the combustion process at mole fractions five to ten times higher than engine-out formaldehyde mole fractions. Formaldehyde is nearly completely destroyed during the final part of the combustion process. The test results provide insights that advance the current understanding and help direct future work on formaldehyde formation.
Evaluation of Stallion Sperm Morphology

Evaluation of sperm morphology is an important part of stallion breeding soundness evaluation. The objectives of this review are to discuss the pathogenesis of sperm defects and describe some of the sperm abnormalities present in the ejaculate of stallions.
Stereo- and regioselective methods for the synthesis of three consecutive asymmetric units found in many natural products

Abstract Regio- and stereoselective methods are described for the synthesis of compounds possessing the stereochemistry of type 1a , 1b , 1c , and 1d from the aldehyde 2 .
Therapist Focus on Parent Involvement in Community-Based Youth Psychotherapy

Parent involvement in the treatment of childhood disruptive behavior problems is a critical component of effective care. Yet little is known about the amount of time therapists are involving parents in treatment and factors that predict therapists’ efforts to involve parents in routine care. The purpose of this study is to examine therapists’ within-session involvement of parents in community-based outpatient mental health treatment. The data are from a larger longitudinal observational study of psychotherapy for children ages 4–13 with disruptive behavior problems and include videotaped psychotherapy sessions coded for the therapeutic strategies delivered as well as measures of child, parent/family, and therapist characteristics at baseline. Parent involvement is defined as the proportion of time in the session that therapists direct treatment strategies towards parents. Results indicated that therapists directed treatment strategies towards parents an average of 44% of the time within a session. Multilevel modeling was used to examine client-level (child, parent, and family functioning) and provider-level (therapist experience and background) predictors of parent involvement. Therapists involved parents more when the child had higher levels of behavior problems, when the parent reported higher levels of internalized caregiver strain, and when the therapist was more experienced. The results highlight potential areas to target in efforts to increase parent involvement, including training less experienced therapists to increase their focus on directing strategies towards parents.
Solid-phase immunoassay of dog neutrophil elastase.

Abstract A sensitive and reliable method has been developed for the detection of dog neutrophil elastase using the amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Purified neutrophil enzyme, inactivated by diisopropylfluorophosphate was adsorbed noncovalently to polystyrene tubes (11 × 55 mm) and immune rabbit serum was allowed to bind to antigen-sensitized tubes. Bound specific antibody was visualized by goat antirabbit immunoglobulin covalently lined to alkaline phosphatase, using p -nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate. Increasing amounts of purified neutrophil enzyme or crude leukocyte extracts were quantitated by their ability to inhibit specific antibody uptake to polystyrene tubes. By this method, as little as 1 ng of enzyme/ml could be detected with a useful range of 5–100 ng of enzyme levels. Immunoreactive enzyme in a crude leukocyte extract was comparable to the quantily of enzyme as measured by proteolytic activity. The method described can be conveniently used to measure levels of immunoreactive enzymes in biological fluids of animals, with experimentally induced inflammatory conditions.
Chemical Evidence for Transbilayer Movement of Molecular Umbrellas

Chemical evidence has been obtained for transbilayer movement of a di-walled and a tetra-walled molecular umbrella in large unilamellar vesicles (200 nm) derived from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleyol-sn-glycero-3-phoshatidylglycerol (POPG). A di-walled molecular umbrella (1), bearing 2-mercaptopyridine (2-MP) as a “reactive tag”, was synthesized by reaction of N1,N3-spermidinebis[cholic acid amide] (3) with [N-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)one-yl]-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate [BPDP]. An analogous tetra-walled umbrella (2) was also prepared by condensing Fmoc-protected iminodiacetic acid with two molecules of 3, deprotecting the secondary amino group, and coupling the resulting intermediate (4) with BPDP. Reaction of vesicle-bound 1 with external glutathione (GSH) resulted in a rapid and quantitative release of 2-MP. A similar thiolate−disulfide interchange reaction that was carried out between membrane-bound 1 and GSH, which was captured within the aqueous interior of the vesicles, also resulted in rapid and complete rele...
Residual Life Assessment of a Critical Component of a Gas Turbine: Achievements and Challenges

The residual life assessment of a turbine spacer from a gas turbine engine is presented. The spacer has been identified as one of the safety critical components of the engine, therefore the useful life of this component significantly affects economic operation of the fleet.Numerical analyses of fatigue crack propagation at one critical location of the spacer were performed using both three dimensional (3D) finite element based method and the weight function method. These results combined with the material data allowed for basic assessment of the damage tolerance of this component. Experimental validation of the spacer life was performed in a spin rig facility. During this validation, two sets of spacers were tested and the number of cycles to appearance of a detectable crack was recorded. Moreover, a fractographic study was conducted on the fracture surfaces of two spin rig tested spacers using scanning electronic microscopy techniques. It was found that crack nucleation occurred at multiple sites and crack propagation occurred by a mixed mode of striation formation and faceted fracture. Therefore it was concluded that the mixed mode interaction should be considered in predicting the fatigue life of the spacer.Finally, the paper describes the challenges and pitfalls encountered during preparation and execution of the analyses and tests, including availability of engine and operational data and also uncertainties in interpretation of the results.Copyright © 2014 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada
A model for dust cloud autoignition

The paper deals with the problem of autoignition of a cloud of solid particles uniformly dispersed in a gas with one component of which it can react exothermally. Energy equations are derived similar to those of Rumanov and Khaikin (1969) but using methods of a phase-plane representation to describe ignition conditions resulting from these equations.
Characterization of the p22 Subunit of Dynactin Reveals the Localization of Cytoplasmic Dynein and Dynactin to the Midbody of Dividing Cells

Dynactin, a multisubunit complex that binds to the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein, may provide a link between dynein and its cargo. Many subunits of dynactin have been characterized, elucidating the multifunctional nature of this complex. Using a dynein affinity column, p22, the smallest dynactin subunit, was isolated and microsequenced. The peptide sequences were used to clone a full-length human cDNA. Database searches with the predicted amino acid sequence of p22 indicate that this polypeptide is novel. We have characterized p22 as an integral component of dynactin by biochemical and immunocytochemical methods. Affinity chromatography experiments indicate that p22 binds directly to the p150Glued subunit of dynactin. Immunocytochemistry with antibodies to p22 demonstrates that this polypeptide localizes to punctate cytoplasmic structures and to the centrosome during interphase, and to kinetochores and to spindle poles throughout mitosis. Antibodies to p22, as well as to other dynactin subunits, also revealed a novel localization for dynactin to the cleavage furrow and to the midbodies of dividing cells; cytoplasmic dynein was also localized to these structures. We therefore propose that dynein/dynactin complexes may have a novel function during cytokinesis.
On the connection between R&D, selling expenditures, and profitability in the pharmaceutical industry revisited

This paper extends P.S. Koku (2010, RD (2) it examines media coverage as an additional explanatory variable of the stock market's reaction; (3) it more than doubles the sampling period which includes January 1980 through December 2001 instead of 1980 through 1989 in Koku (2010). The results confirm Koku (2010) and show that the market does not react significantly to information on innovations or innovative activities in the pharmaceutical industry (average abnormal returns are − 0.0064 with a t-value of − 0.2201). Furthermore, there is no relationship between excess abnormal returns and annual R&D budgets (coefficient is − 0.0010 with a t-value of − 1.02), and excess abnormal returns and annual advertising budgets (coefficient is 0.0001 with a t-value of ...
Bonding changes during the growth of CdSe nanoparticles in glass

Abstract Thermal treatment of Cd and Se doped borosilicate glass yields CdSe nanoparticles that are interesting for applied and fundamental studies of quantum and size effects in semiconductors. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy at both the Cd and Se K-edges, we have studied the local atomic structure for each of these reactants at several stages of a particle growth. When the doped glass is quenched from 1050 °C, the Cd neighbor is mostly oxygen and the Se neighbor is mostly Zn. With heat treatment at 600–750 °C, the concentration of nearest neighbor Cd–Se bonds increases and becomes dominant while the optical spectrum evolves toward that of a composite containing CdSe.
Strong Room-temperature Negative Transconductance In An Axial Si/Ge Hetero-nanowire Tunneling Field-effect Transistor

We report on room-temperature negative transconductance (NTC) in axial Si/Ge hetero-nanowire tunneling field-effect transistors. The NTC produces a current peak-to-valley ratio >45, a high value for a Si-based device. We characterize the NTC over a range of gate VG and drain VD voltages, finding that NTC persists down to VD = −50 mV. The physical mechanism responsible for the NTC is the VG-induced depletion in the p-Ge section that eventually reduces the maximum electric field that triggers the tunneling ID, as confirmed via three-dimensional (3D) technology computer-aided design simulations.
An Exploration of Feminist Family Therapists' Resistance to and Collusion with Oppression

In this study, we examine how highly informed therapists who identify as feminist: (a) describe how their feminist identities and ideas about feminism have evolved over time; (b) report stories of their own resistance to gender-based oppression; (c) report stories of their own collusion with the oppression of others; and (d) encourage clients to examine oppression and collusion of oppression of others. The following four categories emerged from our constructivist grounded theory analysis of one-on-one interviews: (a) Development of a Feminist Identity, (b) Strategies of a Feminist Family Therapist, (c) Recognizing Oppression and Injustice, and (d) Resisting: Methods and Consequences.
Movement of resident rainbow trout transplanted below a barrier to anadromy

Abstract We tracked the movement of resident coastal rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus that were experimentally transplanted below a migration barrier in a northern California stream. In 2005 and 2006, age-1 and older rainbow trout were captured above a 5-m-high waterfall in Freshwater Creek and individually marked with passive integrated transponder tags. Otolith microchemistry confirmed that the above-barrier trout were the progeny of resident rather than anadromous parents, and genetic analysis indicated that the rainbow trout were introgressed with cutthroat trout O. clarkii. At each of three sampling events, half of the tagged individuals (n = 22 and 43 trout in 2005 and 2006, respectively) were released 5 km downstream from the waterfall (approximately 10 km upstream from tidewater), and an equal number of tagged individuals were released above the barrier. Tagged individuals were subsequently relocated with stationary and mobile antennae or recaptured in downstream migrant traps, or both, u...
First Report of Iris yellow spot virus Infecting Onion in Pennsylvania

Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; genus Tospovirus; family Bunyaviridae) is an economically important pathogen of onion. It is vectored by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) and causes widespread disease of onion in all major onion growing states in the western United States (1). In the eastern United States, IYSV was first reported in Georgia in 2004 (4) and then in New York in 2006 (2). In mid-July of 2010, symptomatic onion (Allium cepa) plants (cv. Candy) were found in New Holland, Pennsylvania, in Lancaster County on a small, diversified commercial farm (40.06°N, 76.06°W). Bleached, elongated lesions with tapered ends occurred on middle-aged leaves on approximately 30% of the 13,760 plants in an area approximately one tenth of an acre. Leaf tissue from five symptomatic plants tested positive for IYSV in a double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA with IYSV-specific serological reagents from Agdia Inc. (Elkhart, IN). A reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay was used to verify the presence of IYSV in a subset ...
Determination of the symmetry of the pair function in YBa2Cu3O7

We have determined that there is no measurable suppression ofT c at a lead-YBa2Cu3O7 junction below that of lead alone and present a qualitative argument that this implies singlet,s-wave pairing in YBa2Cu3O7.
Superposition tridimensionnelle (3-D) sur la base du crâne pour l'évaluation longitudinale des effets de la croissance et du traitement

Pour evaluer les modifications liees a la croissance ou au traitement, il est necessaire de superposer les cephalogrammes successifs sur une structure stable. En cephalometrie bidimensionnelle (2-D), la base du crâne est souvent utilisee pour les superpositions parce que les changements qu'elle subit apres le developpement cerebral sont mineurs. Toutefois, sur les cephalogrammes de profil et de face, les points de repere basicraniens sont peu fiables. Dans cet article, nous presentons une nouvelle methode de superposition tridimensionnelle (3-D) basee sur un enregistrement entierement automatise des intensites de voxels, au niveau de la surface de la base du crâne. Le progiciel utilise permet l'evaluation quantitative des modifications qui apparaissent dans le temps, grâce au calcul de la distance euclidienne entre les surfaces du modele tridimensionnel. Il permet egalement l'appreciation visuelle de l'emplacement et de l'importance des modifications au niveau des maxillaires, grâce a une surimpression graphique. Les modifications sont visualisees par comparaison a des tables de correspondance de couleur. On peut ainsi realiser une etude detaillee des modes d'adaptation chez les patients dont la croissance et/ou le traitement ont provoque des modifications squelettiques cliniquement significatives.
Tropical herpetology: a drop in the bucket

The basic elements of biodiversity are all the ‘kinds’ of organisms that exist. Whereas some of these groups are highly studied (e.g. mammals and birds), many tropical species remain widely uninvestigated and largely unknown. Reptiles and amphibians are two of these common but understudied groups. There are ∼4200 species of amphibians and ∼6300 species of reptiles [1], spanning all continents except Antarctica [2]. Of these, the International Union for the Conservation of Natural Resources (IUCN) World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC) lists 133 amphibians, including 32 endangered, 32 vulnerable, 55 rare and 14 indeterminate [3].
The solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation between two spheres: modified iterative method

We present a modification on the successive overrelaxation (SOR) method and the iteration of the Green's function integral representation for the solution of the (nonlinear) Poisson-Boltzmann equation between two spheres. In comparison with other attempts, which approximate the geometry or the nonlinearity, the computations here are done for the full problem and compared with those done by the finite element method as a typical method for such problems. For the parameters of general interest, while the SOR method does not work, and the iteration of the integral representation is limited in its convergence, our modification to these iterative schemes converge. The modified SOR surpasses both methods in simplicity and speed; it is about 100 times faster than the modified iteration of the integral representation, with the latter being still simpler and faster than the finite element method. These two examples further illustrate the advantage of our recent modification to iterative methods, which is based on an analytical fixed point argument.
From Teosinte to Maize: The Catastrophic Sexual Transmutation

An alternative to the theory that the ear of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) evolved from a slender female ear of a Mexican annual teosinte holds that it was derived from the central spike of a male teosinte inflorescence (tassel) which terminates the primary lateral branches. This alternative hypothesis is more consistent with morphology and explains the anomalous lack of significant genetic and biochemical differences between these taxa. Maize, the only cereal with unisexual inflorescences, evolved through a sudden epigenetic sexual transmutation involving condensation of primary branches, which brought their tassels into the zone of female expression, leading to strong apical dominance and a catastrophic shift in nutrient allocation. Initially, this quantum change may have involved no new mutations, but rather genetic assimilation under human selection of an abnormality, perhaps environmentally triggered.
2H Singularity-Free Momentum Generation with Non-Redundant Single Gimbaled Control Moment Gyroscopes

Two objectives dominate consideration of control moment gyroscopes (CMGs) for spacecraft maneuvers: high torque (equivalently momentum) and singularity-free operations. This paper adds to the significant body of research towards these two goals utilizing a minimal 3-CMG array to provide 646% singularity-free momentum performance increase spherically, compared to the ubiquitous pyramid arrangement skewed at 54.73deg. Spherical 1H (1 CMGs-worth momentum) singularity free momentum is established with birectional 1H and 2H in the third direction in a baseline configuration. Lastly, momentum space reshaping is shown via mixed skew angles. These claims are demonstrated analytically, then heuristically, and finally validated experimentally
Rapid acquisition of a two-drug discrimination: time of day effect upon saline state.

Rats were rapidly trained to discriminate between 0.8 mg/kd d-amphetamine and 6 mg/kg pentobarbital in a two-lever food-motivated operant task by imposing the drug states from the earliest stage of training, i.e., at the initiation of shaping to lever-press. Once trained, rats were administered each of the training drugs and were allowed to lever press without reinforcement until 10 responses were made on the lever that was not their first choice lever selection. By employing this extended schedule of responding in extinction, the amphetamine-induced interoceptive cue was observed to produce equivalent perseverance as that produced by pentobarbital. However, the administration of saline, the non-drugged state, produced significantly more pentobarbital-appropriate responding than amphetamine-appropriate responding when tested during the daytime, whereas it produced random responding when tested during the night. The results suggest that the arousal state of the rat, a nocturnal species, may differentially influence saline tests in the daytime and in the night time.
Induction of synthesis of bacterial protein by excretory product of the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii y-1

MANY examples are known of interspecies relationships between widely different organisms in natural communities1. The benefits that one or more members of a population obtain as a result of their association have been described mainly in terms of the nutritional value of the relationship, measured in terms of growth rate, metabolic activities, or the ability to survive in a selective environment1–3. We have discovered an apparent commensal relationship between the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii y-1 and a bacterium, tentatively identified as a coryneform bacterium. As a result of their association, the synthesis of a single protein is stimulated to a remarkable extent within the bacterial cells, whereas the algal cells apparently obtain neither benefit nor detriment from the relationship.
Uncoupling the effects of convection and diffusion on refractive index gradient detection in high-temperature liquid chromatography

A model based on Poiseuille flow is expanded upon to describe the coupled effects of diffusion and convection on the sensitivity of the radial refractive index gradient (RIG) measurement with the Z-configuration flow cell for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection. Diffusion and convection are shown to affect the radial concentration profile probed by RIG measurements
Fatigue crack growth in fiber reinforced plastics

Fatigue crack growth in fiber composites occurs by such complex modes as to frustrate efforts at developing comprehensive theories and models. Under certain loading conditions and with certain types of reinforcement, simpler modes of fatigue crack growth are observed. These modes are more amenable to modeling efforts, and the fatigue crack growth rate can be predicted in some cases. Thus, a formula for prediction of ligamented mode fatigue crack growth rate is available.
1/f Noise and hot electron effects in variable range hopping conduction

In the course of developing microcalorimeters as detectors for astronomical X-ray spectroscopy, we have undertaken an empirical characterization of non-ideal effects in the doped semiconductor thermometers used with these detectors, which operate at temperatures near 50 mK. We have found three apparently independent categories of such behavior that are apparently intrinsic properties of the variable-range hopping conduction mechanism in these devices: 1/f fluctuations in the resistance, which seems to be a 2D effect; a departure from the ideal coulomb-gap temperature dependence of the resistance at temperatures below T 0 /24; and an electrical nonlinearity that has the time dependence and extra noise that are quantitatively predicted by a simple hot electron model. This work has been done largely with ion-implanted Si:P:B, but similar behaviors have been observed in transmutation doped germanium.
A micro-architecture for binocular disparity and ocular dominance in visual cortex

In invertebrate predators such as the praying mantis and vertebrate predators such as wild cats the ability to detect small differences in inter-ocular retinal disparities is a critical means for accurately determining the depth of moving objects such as prey. In mammals, the first neurons along the visual pathway that encode binocular disparities are found in the visual cortex. However, a precise functional architecture for binocular disparity has never been demonstrated in any species, and coarse maps for disparity have been found in only one primate species. Moreover, the dominant approach for assaying the developmental plasticity of binocular cortical neurons used monocular tests of ocular dominance to infer binocular function. The few studies that examined the relationship between ocular dominance and binocular disparity of individual cells used single-unit recordings and have provided conflicting results regarding whether ocular dominance can predict the selectivity or sensitivity to binocular disparity. We used two-photon calcium imaging to sample the response to monocular and binocular visual stimuli from nearly every adjacent neuron in a small region of the cat visual cortex, area 18. Here we show that local circuits for ocular dominance always have smooth and graded transitions from one apparently monocular functional domain to an adjacent binocular region. Most unexpectedly, we discovered a new map in the cat visual cortex that had a precise functional micro-architecture for binocular disparity selectivity. At the level of single cells, ocular dominance was unrelated to binocular disparity selectivity or sensitivity. When the local maps for ocular dominance and binocular disparity both had measurable gradients at a given cortical site, the two gradient directions were orthogonal to each other. Together, these results indicate that, from the perspective of the spiking activity of individual neurons, ocular dominance cannot predict binocular disparity tuning. However, the precise local arrangement of ocular dominance and binocular disparity maps provide new clues regarding how monocular and binocular depth cues may be combined and decoded.
Noncommutative matrix jordan algebras, cayley-dickson algebras, and schafer's theorem 1

We provide a construction of noncommutative Jordan algebras of degree two. The construction can be iterated, and we show that after the first few iterations no new derivations arise. The relationship between this iterative process and the Cayley-Dickson process is studied, and the result on deriva¬tions is used to obtain a generalization of Schafer's classical theorem on the derivation algebras of Cayley-Dickson algebras.
Can we induce tolerance in rheumatoid arthritis

Oral tolerance (OT) has worked well in numerous laboratory animal models of autoimmune diseases. Humans have been orally tolerized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH); patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) have been orally tolerized to oral type I collagen (CI). However, clinical trials of oral type II collagen (CII) therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have had mixed results. Clinical studies show that compounds (such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and prednisone) that inhibit generation of PGE(2) block OT induction. In murine OT models, the PGE(1) analog, misoprostol, reverses the NSAID OT block. These animal studies suggest that OT to CII or other antigens in patients with RA should be inducible if measures are taken to maintain normal prostaglandin function in the gut- associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). A clinical trial is underway in patients with RA to assess whether withholding NSAIDs and prednisone will allow OT to to be induced, and whether oral CII has meaningful clinical efficacy in this disease.
Tolerance and Efficacy of Enteral Nutrition in Traumatic Brain–Injured Patients Induced Into Barbiturate Coma

Background: There is a paucity of data evaluating the efficacy of nutrition support in traumatic brain–injured patients induced into barbiturate coma for refractory intracranial hypertension. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of enteral nutrition in a select group of trauma patients. Methods: Prospective data were collected on severe traumatic brain–injured patients over a 4-year period. Patients were stratified by whether or not they were induced into a barbiturate coma. Barbiturate coma was defined as per American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) guidelines. All patients were initially fed via the enteral route via a nasogastric feeding tube. Patients who did not tolerate feedings within 48 hours started receiving prokinetic agents. Feeding tolerance was defined as ability to tolerate enteral feedings with 72 hours. Results: Fifty-seven patients were induced into a barbiturate coma. All were victims of blunt-force trauma. Forty-two of 5...
Moral Realism And Program Explanation: A Very Short Symposium 2: Reply To Miller

Miller's reply to Nelson misses the point because it does not attend to the difference between identifying the truth conditions for a proposition and explaining why those conditions are the ones in which the proposition is true.
1855: A Stop-Press Revision

Discovers two variants of line 1118 of the 1855 poem eventually entitled "Song of Myself," indicating that Whitman interrupted the printing of the first edition of Leaves of Grass to make a significant revision.
Inelastic electron scattering from several Ca, Ti and Fe isotopes

Abstract : The differential cross sections for inelastic electron scattering from 40Ca, 42Ca, 44Ca, 46Ti, 48Ti, 50Ti, and 56Fe have been measured. The cross sections for the strangely excited positive 2, negative 3, positive 4, and negative 5 levels have been measured over a range of momentum transfer q of 0.4 - 2.6 (fm sup (-1)). The data have been fitted using two representations for the transition charge, (1) the hydrodynamic liquid drop, and (2) a phenomenological model. (Author)
Inside a maximum-security juvenile training school: Institutional attempts to redefine the American Dream and `normalize' incarcerated youth

The focus of this article is on attempts within a juvenile correctional facility to `normalize' adolescent inmates and to deflate or redirect their goals and aspirations. Many young offenders have ...
Pediatric neuro-oncology: Controversies in current therapy

Current Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors of childhood are reviewed. Combination neurosurgical, radiation treatment and chemotherapy have improved both the quality and duration of life for the affected children. Controversy exists regarding the appropriate adjunctive chemotherapy for newly diagnosed CNS neoplasms but this is being prospectively studied in controlled trials. Major dilemmas persist regarding the management of low-grade gliomas and recurrent CNS neoplasms. Preliminary data on possibly favourable protocols are cited. Future directions for clinical and basic laboratory investigation are also briefly reviewed.
Polyelectrolyte contribution to the persistence length of DNA.

The difference between the theories of Manning, on the one hand, and of Odijk and Skolnick and Fixman, on the other, for the polyelectrolyte contribution to the persistence length of DNA is shown to arise entirely from a subtle geometrical error in the theory of Manning. The corrected theory of Manning predicts a negligible polyelectrolyte contribution in 1.0M NaCl and only 33 A in 0.01M NaCl, thus giving a change in total persistence length by a factor of only 1.07 over that range, in agreement with Odijk. Pertinent data in the literature indicate that the persistence length must change by a factor of ≤ 1.6 between 1.0 and 0.01M NaCl, and very likely by less than a factor of 1.4. Evidently, the intrinsic rigidity of the uncharged double-strand filament dominates the bending rigidity at NaCl concentrations above 0.01M.
On the determination of core and valence electron enhancement factors in positron annihilation studies

A new method is proposed by means of which the core and valence electron enhancement factors can be extracted from experimentally measured positron annihilation angular-correlation curves in conjunction with theoretical calculations. As an example, the method is applied to obtain the average enhancement factors for aluminium. However, the method is generally applicable to all classes of materials.
Some techniques for shading machine renderings of solids

Some applications of computer graphics require a vivid illusion of reality. These include the spatial organization of machine parts, conceptual architectural design, simulation of mechanisms, and industrial design. There has been moderate success in the automatic generation of wire frame, cardboard model, polyhedra, and quadric surface line drawings. The capability of the machine to generate vivid sterographic pictures has been demonstrated. There are, however considerable reasons for developing techniques by which line drawings of solids can be shaded, especially the enhancement of the sense of solidity and depth. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the value of shading and shadow casting in spatial description. In the line drawing there is no clue as to the relative position of the flat plane and the sheet metal console. When shadows are rendered, it is clear that the plane is below and to the rear of the console, and the hollow nature of the sheet metal assembly is emphasized. Shading can specify the tone or color of a surface and the amount of light falling upon that surface from one or more light sources. Shadows when sharply defined tend to suggest another viewpoint and improves surface definition. When controlled, shading can also emphasize particular parts of the drawing. If techniques for the automatic determination of chiaroscuro with good resolution should prove to be competitive with line drawings, and this is a possibility, machine generated photographs might replace line drawings as the principal mode of graphical communication in engineering and architecture.
Pulmonary risk factors of elective abdominal aortic surgery.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively identify risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic surgery via a midline incision. Methods: We reviewed 181 consecutive patients who underwent operation between July 1986 to December 1992. Preoperative factors analyzed included age, sex, diabetes mellitus, history of smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, indication for surgery (aneurysm [126] or aortoiliac occlusive disease [AIOD] [55]), history of coronary artery disease, length of preoperative hospital stay, American Society of Anaesthesiologists class, and pulmonary function tests. Intraoperative factors analyzed included endotracheal tube diameter, percent of inspired oxygen, blood loss, blood and crystalloid replacement, total operative time, epidural analgesia, and stress ulcer prophylaxis. Results: Although the operative mortality rate was only 1.7% (3 of 181), major pulmonary complications occurred in 29 (16%) patients, including two lung-related deaths. Pneumonia occurred in 17 (9%) patients, prolonged intubation greater than 24 hours occurred in nine (5%), and reintubation caused by pulmonary insufficiency occurred in three (2%). On univariate analysis, the following were associated with major pulmonary complications (p
Long-term compliance with nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy of obstructive sleep apnea.

In an attempt to identify predictors of long-term compliance with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), we reviewed the records of 125 patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) referred to our center for nasal CPAP trials. Severity of sleep apnea, sleep staging, daytime hypersomnolence, effectiveness of nasal CPAP, previous palatal surgery, and adverse reactions were compared in compliant and noncompliant patients. Nineteen patients did not tolerate a nasal CPAP trial in the laboratory or refused home nasal CPAP therapy. Ten patients were unavailable for follow-up. Of the remaining 96 patients, 23 (24 percent) had discontinued therapy, while 73 (76 percent) were still using nasal CPAP at 14.5 ± 10.7 months (mean ± SD). There were no statistically significant differences between the compliant and noncompliant patients in baseline apnea plus hypopnea index (AHI), baseline sleep staging, AHI while receiving nasal CPAP, sleep staging while receiving nasal CPAP, or frequency of adverse reactions during therapy. Severe daytime sleepiness was present in 65 of the 73 compliant patients and in 12 of the 23 noncompliant patients (p (Chest 1990; 97:33-38)
A PVT aware accurate statistical logic library for high-κ metal-gate nano-CMOS

The semiconductor industry is headed towards a new era of scaling and uncertainty with new key building blocks for the next-generation chips, the high-κ metal-gate transistor. There is a need for statistical characterization of high-κ metal-gate digital gates as a function of process parameter variations to make them available for designers. In this paper, we present a methodology for PVT aware high-κ metal-gate logic library creation while considering the variability effect in 15 parameters. First, statistical models for GIDL current (iGIDL), offcurrent (ioff) and drive current (iON) are presented at the device level. This is followed by statistical characterization of logic cells at roomtemperature. Data for subthreshold current (isub), iGIDL, dynamic current (idyn) and delay is presented. This is followed by results for PVT aware characterization of logic cells. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first research which provides a PVT aware statistical characterization for high-κ metal-gate nano-CMOS based logic gates.
Clonal diversity in overwintering populations of Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The intergenic spacer region of the rRNA cistron was used as a molecular fingerprinting probe to study clonal diversity in Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). A high degree of clonal diversity was found in overwintering populations on wheat from Kansas, Texas and Oklahoma. Out of 184 individuals tested, 132 unique maternal lineages wereidentified. Overall, clonal diversity of overwintering populations was no less than in spring and summer populations. However, in some fields there were more instances where individuals of the same genotype were identified. By partitioning the total population diversity into various sampling components (fields, counties and states), 93.1% of the total diversity was found among individual S. graminum within fields. Overwintering of many genetically distinct clones as parthenogenetic morphs is one mechanism by which clonal diversity is maintained in populations of S. graminum. The incidence of clonal diversity further substantiates the importance of the S. graminum holocycle for generating genetic heterogeneity in the USA.
Comments on "The confounding effect of class size on the validity of object-oriented metrics"

It has been proposed by El Emam et al. (ibid. vol.27 (7), 2001) that size should be taken into account as a confounding variable when validating object-oriented metrics. We take issue with this perspective since the ability to measure size does not temporally precede the ability to measure many of the object-oriented metrics that have been proposed. Hence, the condition that a confounding variable must occur causally prior to another explanatory variable is not met. In addition, when specifying multivariate models of defects that incorporate object-oriented metrics, entering size as an explanatory variable may result in misspecified models that lack internal consistency. Examples are given where this misspecification occurs.
Preventing Broodiness in Turkey Hens with a Dopamine Receptor Blocking Agent

Pimozide, a dopamine receptor blocking agent, was administered to turkey hens which were judged, on the basis of an increased nesting frequency, to be in transition between the laying and broody phases of a reproductive cycle. Treatment of hens with pimozide, either by subcutaneous injection or oral administration significantly decreased daily nest visits and significantly increased daily egg production compared to control hens. However, when hens were given pimozide twice weekly for 8 weeks without regard to nesting frequency, no treatment effect was discernable. Thus, the efficacy of pimozide's effect on broodiness is related to time of administration during the reproductive cycle.
Unusual Domain Growth Behavior in the Compressible Ising Model

Large scale Monte Carlo simulations have been used to study long-time domain growth behavior in a compressible, two-dimensional Ising model undergoing phase separation. The system is quenched below the transition temperature from a random spin state, and we investigated the late-time domain size growth law, R(t) = A + Btn. For "lattice mismatched" systems, we found n = 0.224 ± 0.004 which deviates significantly from the Lifshitz-Slyozov value of n = 1/3 for late-time growth . For a compressible model with no mismatch, we find only a slight deviation from n = 1/3. These results strongly suggest that we do not yet fully understand domain growth.
Computing connectedness: disconnectedness and discreteness

We consider finite point-set approximations of a manifold or fractal with the goal of determining topological properties of the underlying set. We use the minimal spanning tree of the finite set of points to compute the number and size of its -connected components. By extrapolating the limiting behavior of these quantities as ! 0 we can say whether the underlying set appears to be connected, totally disconnected, or perfect. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques for a number of examples, including a family of fractals related to the Sierpinski triangle, Cantor subsets of the plane, the Henon attractor, and cantori from four-dimensional symplectic sawtooth maps. For zero-measure Cantor sets, we conjecture that the growth rate of the number of -components as ! 0 is equivalent to the box-counting dimension. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Outcomes of the Learn, Share & Live breast cancer education program for older urban women.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed whether the Learn, Share & Live breast cancer education program resulted in favorable, replicable, and sustainable outcomes. METHODS: The program was implemented at index (year 1) and replication (year 2) sites. Baseline interviews (year 1; n = 240) and 2 follow-up telephone interviews (years 2 and 3; n = 337 and 323) were used to assess postintervention changes. RESULTS: From baseline to year 2, mammography adherence and stage of adoption improved at the index site relative to the replication site. Knowledge scores and percentages of respondents reporting that a friend had spoken with them about mammography improved significantly. Improvements were sustained through year 3 (2 years postintervention). In year 3, replication participants showed improvements in regard to knowledge and perceived mammography benefits, and there was a trend toward increased adherence. Site differences in postintervention adherence may have stemmed from respective choices of follow-up activities. CONCLUSIONS: The study outcomes affirm the impact of Learn, Share & Live, indicating a replicated and sustained program effect. Future studies should continue longer follow-up and explore the importance of providing mammography opportunities along with education.
Reducing the soft-error rate of a high-performance microprocessor

Single-bit upsets from transient faults have emerged as a key challenge in microprocessor design. Soft errors will be an increasing burden for microprocessor designers as the number of on-chip transistors continues to grow exponentially. Unlike traditional approaches, which focus on detecting and recovering from faults, this article introduces techniques to reduce the probability that a fault will cause a declared error. The first approach reduces the time instructions sit in vulnerable storage structures. The second avoids declaring errors on benign faults. Applying these techniques to a microprocessor instruction queue significantly reduces its error rate with only minor performance degradation
Joshua A. Fishman (ed.), Can threatened languages be saved? Reversing language shift, revisited: A 21st century perspective. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2001. Pp. xvi, 503. Pb $24.95.

This volume revisits, as its title states, the theory and practice of reversing language shift (RLS) first proposed by Fishman in 1991. A dozen of the original case studies are reanalyzed and several more are added, producing a rich source of detail on some of the specific situations of language shift and efforts to reverse it. Fishman contributes introductory and concluding chapters as well as one of the case studies (Yiddish); other authors cover Navajo, New York Puerto Rican Spanish, Quebec French, Otomi, Quechua, Irish, Frisian, Basque, Catalan, Oko, Andamanese, Ainu, Hebrew, immigrant languages in Australia, indigenous languages in Australia, and Maori. The resulting book provides a wealth of information about language shift and public policy directed toward RLS, but its aims are broader than that.
Closer to the edge? Contractions, pressures, waterfalls and blood flow to contracting skeletal muscle

the mechanical effects ofmuscle contraction on blood flow to the muscle tissue are interesting, complex, and, we believe, important. It is clear that forceful muscle contractions can stop arterial inflow and propel blood rapidly from the veins. Although there is no controversy about vigorous