cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doublet discrimination in DNA cell-cycle analysis.

Differences in doublet analysis have the potential to alter DNA cell-cycle measurements. The techniques for doublet determination are often used interchangeably without regard for the complexity in cell shapes and sizes of biological specimens. G0/1 doublets were identified and quantitated using fluorescence height versus area and fluorescence width versus area pulse measurements, by enumerating the proportion of G2 1 M cells that lack cyclin B1 immunoreactivity, and modeled in the DNA histograms by software algorithms. These techniques were tested on propidium iodide-stained whole epithelial cells or nuclei from asynchronous cultures, or after exposure to chemotherapeutic agents that induced cell-cycle arrest and were extended to human breast tumor specimens having DNA diploid patterns. G0/1 doublets were easily discernible from G2 1 M singlets in cells or nuclei that are generally homogenous and spherical in shape. Doublet discrimination based on pulse processing or cyclin B1 measurements was nonconcordant in some nonspherical cell types and in cells following cell cycle arrest. Significant differences in G0/1 doublet estimates were observed in breast tumor specimens (n 5 50), with estimates based on pulse width twice those of pulse height and nearly five times greater than computer estimates. Differences between techniques are attributed to difficulties in the separation of the boundaries between G0/1 doublets and G2 1 M singlet populations in biologically heterogeneous specimens. To improve reproducibility and enhance standardization among laboratories performing cell cycle analysis in experimental cell systems and in human breast tumors, doublet discrimination analysis should best be accomplished by computer modeling. Shape and size heterogeneity of tumor and arrested cells using pulse-processing can lead to errors and make interlaboratory comparison difficult. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:296 ‐306, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. †
Plasma flow in the magnetosphere of Ganymede

Galileo Energetic Particles Detector (EPD) measurements indicate that convective flow speeds near Ganymede decrease to less than one-third of rigid corotation well before any significant increase in the magnetic field strength along the trajectory is observed. In an Alfven wing model, such a deceleration implies that the Ganymede magnetosphere is a conducting object. We assess the magnitude of various conductivities and find that closure of the Alfven wing current is attainable only through the body of Ganymede itself. We discuss briefly the planetological implications of this magnetospheric result.
Microbial Reduction of Sulfur Dioxide in Immobilized, Mixed Cultures of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria with Sewage Digest as Carbon and Energy Source* *

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas is one of the most abundant air pollutants emitted in the US. The quantity emitted in the US in 1992 was estimated to be 22.73 million tons (1). About 70% of the total emissions are from fossil fuel combustion. In the atmosphere, SO2reacts photochemically or catalytically with other constituents to form sulfuric acid or acid rain. In this article, we demonstrate a microbial process for the reduction of sulfur dioixde utilizing mixed cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The cost of feed stock and the productivity of bioreactor are identified as key factors for the economic viability of the microbial process. In these regards, we have developed a continuous process of producing sewage digest, an inexpensive carbon and energy source, and have investigated the immobilization of mixed cultures of SRB in order to increase the productivity of the process.
The effect of solubility and hyperlipidemia on perioperative arterial blood gas tensions

Abstract A case is presented to illustrate the need for technical care when handling blood gas samples. The physics of solubility are used to show how samples changed their oxygen tension (pO 2 ) during handling, while investigating a clinical case to show the effect of hyperlipidemia on blood gases. It appeared that inadvertent access to air allowed atmospheric oxygen to equilibrate with the sample. The physical laws predicting the effect of partial pressure and temperature on gas solubility in a liquid are illustrated by the pO 2 levels measured in this case. Effects due to hyperlipidemia were not observed. The calculations are described in detail. Brief suggestions for sample handling to avoid misleading results from such cases are discussed.
Earthquake stress drops and inferred fault strength on the Hayward Fault, east San Francisco Bay, California

We study variations in earthquake stress drop with respect to depth, faulting regime, creeping versus locked fault behavior, and wall-rock geology. We use the P -wave displacement spectra from borehole seismic recordings of M 1.0–4.2 earthquakes in the east San Francisco Bay to estimate stress drop using a stack-and-invert empirical Green’s function method. The median stress drop is 8.7 MPa, and most stress drops are in the range between 0.4 and 130 MPa. An apparent correlation between stress drop and magnitude is entirely an artifact of the limited frequency band of 4–55 Hz. There is a trend of increasing stress drop with depth, with a median stress drop of ∼5 MPa for 1–7 km depth, ∼10 MPa for 7–13 km depth, and ∼50 MPa deeper than 13 km. We use S / P amplitude ratios measured from the borehole records to better constrain the first-motion focal mechanisms. High stress drops are observed for a deep cluster of thrust-faulting earthquakes. The correlation of stress drops with depth and faulting regime implies that stress drop is related to the applied shear stress. We compare the spatial distribution of stress drops on the Hayward fault to a model of creeping versus locked behavior of the fault and find that high stress drops are concentrated around the major locked patch near Oakland. This also suggests a connection between stress drop and applied shear stress, as the locked patch may experience higher applied shear stress as a result of the difference in cumulative slip or the presence of higher-strength material. The stress drops do not directly correlate with the strength of the proposed wall-rock geology at depth, suggesting that the relationship between fault strength and the strength of the wall rock is complex.
Prolegomena to any future study of a great free, just and stable economy and society

The economic science is again in a crisis and a new solution prolegomena to any future study in economics, finance and other social sciences has just been published by the International Institute of Social Economics in care of the MCB University Press in England. The roots of the major financial and economic problems of our time lie in an open conflict between theory and practice. In the 1930s and before the conflict was between classical theory and given realities. In the 1990s the conflict appears between the now prevailing modern, Keynesian theory and the actual realities. In addition during the twentieth century a great argument developed between the two schools of thought, argument which is not yet settled. In one sentence, the prolegomena tried and was successful to solve the conflict between theory and practice and the big doctrinal dispute of the twentieth century. It was a struggle of research and observation over half a century between 1947 and 1997.
The syntax of symbolism in an African religion

My investigations into the symbolism of African religion, published in several monographs and papers, allow me to draw the following tentative conclusions: (1) Symbols, which may be described as the molecules of ritual, have great semantic richness and depth and possess a specific structure. (2) Symbols have three major dimensions of significance— ( a ) the exegetic, ( b ) the operational, and ( c ) the positional. (3) The exegetic dimension consists of the w hole corpus of explanations of a particular symbol’s meaning offered by indigenous informants— the informants must of course be classified according to their social characteristics (age, sex, status, religious role, degree of esoteric knowledge, etc.). (4) In The operational dimension a symbol’s meaning is equated with its use— here we observe what the ritual participants do with it and not only what they say about it. Here, too, we consider not only the symbol but also the structure and composition of the group which handles it or performs mimetic acts with direct reference to it. We further note the affective qualities of these acts, whether they are aggressive, sad, joyful, penitent, derisive, and so forth, in terms of the culture’s interpretations of these expressive acts. We also inquire why certain persons and groups are absent on given ritual occasions, and whether this absence represents deliberate exclusion. (5) In the positional dimension we see the meaning of a symbol as deriving from its relationship to other symbols in a specific cluster or gestalt of symbols whose elements acquire much of their significance from their position in its structure ; (6) In the exegetic dimension the meaning of a symbol is built up by analogy and association on three semantic foundations, which we may call its (a) nominal, (b) substantial, and (c) artifactual semantic bases. (7) The nominal basis consists in the name assigned to the symbol in ritual contexts, in non-ritual contexts, or in both sets of contexts. (8) The substantial basis , in the case of objects used as symbols, consists in their culturally selected natural and material properties. (9) The artifactual basis is represented by the symbolic object after it has been worked upon, fashioned or treated by purposive human activity; in short, when it becomes a cultural artifact.
Expression of the estuarine species minimum in littoral fish assemblages of the lower Chesapeake Bay tributaries

Species richness declines to a minimum (artenminimum) in the oligohaline reach of estuaries and other large bodies of brackish water. To date, observations of this feature in temperate estuaries have been largely restricted to benthic macroinvertebrates. Five years of seine data collected during the summers of 1990–1995 in the major tidal tributaries to the lower Chesapeake Bay were examined to see if this feature arose in estuarine fish assemblages. Estimates of numerical species richness (alpha diversity) and rates of species turnover between sites (beta diversity) were generated via rarefaction and detrended correspondence analysis. Two spatial attributes of the distribution of littoral fish species along salinity gradients in the tributaries of the lower Chesapeake Bay were revealed: (1) a species richness depression in salinities of 8–10% and (2) a peak in the rate of species turnover associated with the tidal freshwater interface (salinities of 0–2%). Expression of the minimum is influenced by the physical length of the salinity gradient and the interaction between a species’ salinity preferences and tendency to make long excursions from favorable habitats.
Image segmentation and discriminant analysis for the identification of land cover units in ecology

The textured nature of most natural land cover units as represented in remotely sensed imagery causes limited results of per-pixel classifications. The segmentation algorithm, iterative mutually optimum region merging (IMORM), is presented and used to partition images into elements that are thereafter classified by linear canonical discriminant analysis and a maximum likelihood allocation rule. This per-segment approach results in much higher accuracy than the conventional per-pixel approach. Furthermore, separability matrices indicate that many land cover categories cannot be correctly defined by per-pixel statistics.
Linkages between childhood emotional abuse and marital satisfaction: The mediating role of empathic accuracy for hostile emotions.

Abstract Research linking childhood emotional abuse (CEA) and adult marital satisfaction has focused on individuals without sufficient attention to couple processes. Less attention has also been paid to the effects of CEA on the ability to read other's emotions, and how this may be related to satisfaction in intimate relationships. In this study, 156 couples reported on histories of CEA, marital satisfaction and empathic accuracy of their partners’ positive and hostile emotions during discussion of conflicts in their relationships. Actor-Partner Interdependence Modeling was used to examine links between CEA and marital satisfaction, with empathic accuracy as a potential mediator. Both men's and women's CEA histories were linked not only with their own lower marital satisfaction but also with their partners’ lower satisfaction. Empathic accuracy for hostile emotions mediated the link between women's CEA and their satisfaction and their partners’ satisfaction in the relationship. Findings suggest that a history of CEA is associated with difficulties with empathic accuracy, and that empathic inaccuracy in part mediates the association between CEA and adult marital dissatisfaction.
Validity and Responsiveness of the Self-Administered Computerized Versions of the Baseline and Transition Dyspnea Indexes

Background Numerous instruments have been developed to examine the impact of activities on breathlessness. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the validity and responsiveness of the self-administered computerized (SAC) versions of the multidimensional baseline dyspnea index (BDI) and the transition dyspnea index (TDI). Methods Sixty-five patients with COPD who complained of exertional breathlessness were evaluated at an initial visit and after receiving standard therapy at two academic medical centers. Dyspnea scores from the SAC versions were compared with those obtained with the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale and with the original interview versions of the BDI and TDI. Results At the initial visit, all three dyspnea instruments showed similar correlations among themselves and with lung function. At the follow-up visit (mean [± SD] time after initial visit, 48 ± 16 days), breathlessness scores were improved on all three instruments. Correlations were consistently higher for both versions of the TDI, and changes in lung function compared with corresponding values for ΔMRC scale. Although 55% of patients reported no change in breathlessness on the MRC scale following treatment, the mean SAC and interview TDI scores were increased by 1.0 ± 2.4 and 1.4 ± 2.5, respectively, in these same patients. Conclusions Both versions of the BDI and the MRC scale showed concurrent validity at the initial visit. The SAC TDI demonstrated responsiveness to standard therapy that was comparable with the findings of the interview TDI, but was better than that recorded with the MRC scale. The advantages of the SAC TDI include a patient-reported score on a continuous scale using computer technology.
Writing a book: some advice for new authors.

The very first step, if you have an idea for a book, is to find a publisher who is interested. In the field of specialist professional books for nurses or others it is almost unheard-of for publishers to accept complete, finished manuscripts which have been written without consultation with them. The publisher already has a good idea of the market what is wanted and what has sold in the past. Very often the publisher has already identified a number of books which would be worth publishing all that is needed is for the right author to come along; it could be you! You can identify suitable publishers by seeing who publishes similar books in the subject; their name and address will always be found at the front of any book. (Do not, by the way, approach more than one publisher at a time; it is unfair to expect a company to spend time and money considering a publishing idea, only to find that another publisher is going ahead with it.) Write to your chosen publishing company outlining your idea for a book. If you can find out the name of the person responsible for nursing books, so much the better. Explain briefly what the book would cover and for whom it would be written; also tell the publisher what your qualifications are for writing it. At this stage you only need to outline your idea very briefly, in order to find out whether or not
ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS WITH FACIAL FRACTURES

One of the most demanding aspects of emergency practice is the management of the patient who has suffered facial trauma. Whenever a maxillofacial injury is sustained, the patient goes abruptly from a normal state to a state of tissue disruption. The abruptness of the injury can cause intense emotional distress even when only minor injuries are present. When an injury is located on or around the face, the perception by the patient or family and their reaction to the trauma can seem out of proportion to the actual degree of injury. The goal of this article is to assist the emergency physician in the diagnosis and initial management of patients who have sustained traumatic facial injuries; there is no attempt to discuss surgical treatment of fractures. Clinicians participating in the initial assessment and management of these patients require a sound understanding of the various types of facial fractures and the principles involved in their initial evaluation and treatment, however. (Injuries to the facial soft tissues or the dental structures are covered elsewhere in this issue.) The authors' intent is to provide the basic fundamentals required to assess the patient with fractures of the facial skeleton confidently and to make an appropriate referral. The outline of the article is perhaps not in keeping with the way patients present. The authors have divided the fractures into discrete locations that are common in clinical practice. When a patient with severe facial fractures presents to the emergency department (ED) however, he or she can present a constellation of findings that encompass signs and symptoms involving all regions of the face. The initial assessment must include components for all facial fractures.
Coherence and radiometry

Recent researches have revealed that there exists an intimate connection between radiometry and the theory of partial coherence. In this paper a review is presented of some of these developments. After a brief discussion of various models for energy transport in optical fields and of some of the basic concepts of the classical theory of optical coherence, the following topics are discussed: the foundations of radiometry, the coherence properties of Lambertian sources, and the relationship between the state of coherence of a source and the directionality of the light that the source generates. Some very recent work is also described which reveals that certain sources that are spatially highly incoherent in a global sense will generate light that is just as directional as a laser beam.
One third of middle ear effusions from children undergoing tympanostomy tube placement had multiple bacterial pathogens

Because previous studies have indicated that otitis media may be a polymicrobial disease, we prospectively analyzed middle ear effusions of children undergoing tympanostomy tube placement with multiplex polymerase chain reaction for four otopathogens. Middle ear effusions from 207 children undergoing routine tympanostomy tube placement were collected and were classified by the surgeon as acute otitis media (AOM) for purulent effusions and as otitis media with effusion (OME) for non-purulent effusions. DNA was isolated from these samples and analyzed with multiplex polymerase chain reaction for Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Alloiococcus otitidis, and Moraxella catarrhalis. 119 (57%) of 207 patients were PCR positive for at least one of these four organisms. 36 (30%) of the positive samples indicated the presence of more than one bacterial species. Patient samples were further separated into 2 groups based on clinical presentation at the time of surgery. Samples were categorized as acute otitis media (AOM) if pus was observed behind the tympanic membrane. If no pus was present, samples were categorized as otitis media with effusion (OME). Bacteria were identified in most of the children with AOM (87%) and half the children with OME (51%, p < 0.001). A single bacterial organism was detected in middle ear effusions from children with AOM more often than those with OME (74% versus 33%, p < 0.001). Haemophilus influenzae was the predominant single organism and caused 58% of all AOM in this study. Alloiococcus otitidis and Moraxella catarrhalis were more frequently identified in middle ear effusions than Streptococcus pneumoniae. Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Alloiococcus otitidis, and Moraxella catarrhalis were identified in the middle ear effusions of some patients with otitis media. Overall, we found AOM is predominantly a single organism infection and most commonly from Haemophilus influenzae. In contrast, OME infections had a more equal distribution of single organisms, polymicrobial entities, and non-bacterial agents.
Influence of tacticity and sorbed water on the material properties of poly(N,N'‐dimethylacrylamide)

The effects of variation in tacticity on the thermal, morphological, stress–strain and stress–relaxation properties (both in the dry state and 140°C, and at a RH of 72% and ambient temperature) were evaluated for a series of homopolymers of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide). In the range of 19 to 23% tacticity (isotactic content), a fundamental change in the level of crystallinity and morphology occurs for this series of polymers which in turn greatly affects the above-mentioned properties. Below 19% tacticity, the polymers are amorphous, but above 23% they are distinctly semicrystalline. Sorbed water plasticizes all these polymers, but the influences of the water on the stress–strain properties is greatest for the amorphous polymers, where the relative sorption of water is also highest.
American Triumphalism and the “Offensive” Defensiveness of the French French as a Foil for English in U.S. Prestige Press Coverage of the Global Hegemony of English

Drawing from a variety of disciplines, this article examines some of the tensions reflected and reproduced by the global hegemony of English. It does so by way of critical interpretation of accounts of the global spread of English published in five American-owned prestige press publications. Part of a 275-text data pool, the texts analyzed in this article wrap the story of the global hegemony of English around Anglo-Franco competition and rivalry. They embrace what the author calls the French Foil narrative, or a story about the global rise of English that pits English against French, the United States against France, and Americans against “the” French. The story told is one in which English is seen as triumphing over French because of its superior status as a popular language. This antielitist plot relies heavily on the consummate antagonist of American populism, the French intellectual.
3-(Methoxycarbonyl)-amino-β-carboline reduces both the sedative and anticonvulsant effects of diazepam

The intrinsic effects of the benzodiazepine receptor ligand beta-CMC (3-(methoxycarbonyl)-amino-beta-carboline) and its interaction with the anticonvulsant and sedative effects of diazepam were assessed. beta-CMC (100 mg/kg i.p.) significantly elevated seizure threshold to bicuculline. beta-CMC (10 mg/kg) failed to alter the anticonvulsant action of diazepam (5 mg/kg i.p.), but significantly attenuated diazepam's sedative effect. A higher dose of beta-CMC (40 mg/kg) did attenuate diazepam's anticonvulsant action. The data suggest that beta-CMC is a partial agonist at benzodiazepine receptors.
An X-ray study of the Centaurus cluster of galaxies using Einstein

Einstein Imaging Proportional Counter observations of the core of the Centaurus Cluster of galaxies have been analyzed to map the 0.5-3.5 keV surface brightness and temperature of the intracluster gas. The emission is centered on NGC 4696, the elliptical galaxy believed to be at or near the dynamical center of the cluster. Because the X-ray-emitting gas responds to the gravitational potential of the cluster, the observations may be used to measure the total mass distribution around the central region. It is shown that the gas is very likely in hydrostatic equilibrium. It is found that surrounding NGC 4696, like M87 at the center of the Virgo Cluster, is a dark, massive halo, with a gravitating mass of about 2 x 10 to the 13th M out to a radius of about 20 arcmin (or 200 kpc for H(o) = 50 km/s Mpc). The elliptical galaxy NGC 4709, at the core of a more distant cluster, is also detected with a luminosity of 2 x 10 to the 40th ergs per sec.
ERCP via gastrostomy vs. double balloon enteroscopy in patients with prior bariatric Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery

Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most common bariatric surgery. The performance of ERCP in bariatric RYGB is challenging due to the long Roux limb. We herein compared the indications and technical outcomes of ERCP via percutaneous gastrostomy (GERCP) and double balloon enteroscopy (DBERCP) for patients with prior bariatric RYGB anatomy.
THE FORMATION AND DISCHARGE OF CARNAUBA WAX ELECTRETS IN NUCLEAR RADIATION FIELDS

Carnauba wax electrets were partially depolarized by gamma-ray bombardment. Electrets were formed by beta irradiation in an electric field; they are called radioelectrets''. The decay current of a radioelectret is compared with these for samples electrified in the absence of radiation at 70 un. Concent 85% C and at room temperature. The residual volume polarizations were also measured for the three kinds of electrets. The similarities between the radioelectrets and thermoelectrets indicate a common mechanism. (D.L.C.)
The composition of eta carbide phase in 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo Steel

The metal-to-carbon ratio in the eta phase in 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel exposed to sodium at 566°C for 26,500 h, and probably under a variety of service conditions, approaches four, rather than six, a fact which may be influenced by the presence of Si, O, and perhaps Cr. Silicon is present in the eta phase, probably on a metal sublattice, while oxygen is probably present on the metalloid sublattice. The observation is supported by both structural and compositional data from the literature.
The Stream of Consciousness: XII. Consciousness and Self-Awareness

Consciousness and self-awareness—how are they mutually related? This contribution to the present series of articles begins to consider replies to this question from the Jamesian perspective of The Principles. First, several relevant senses of consciousness are made explicit. Then, I give attention to James's notion of personal consciousness: How do the basic durational components of a stream of consciousness “cohere” to form a stream, given that, on James's mind—body dualism, they do not have a spatial location? Continuities of content among the components of a single stream is supposed to be the unifying factor; James held bodily feelings are an intrinsic feature of every component of a stream. The diachronic unity of consciousness rests heavily on a kind of self-awareness. Also addressed here are inner awareness, or the immediate awareness that one can have of one's mental-occurrence instances, and whether remembering past experiences requires that one had not only inner awareness of them when they occu...
Evidence of Item Bias in the Verbal Subtests of the WISC-R for Mexican-American Children:

The study investigated cultural bias in the verbal items of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). Six verbal subtests of the WISC-R were administered to 40 Anglo and 40 Mexican-American subjects matched for grade level, sex, and socioeconomic status. The responses of two groups of subjects to individual items comprising verbal subtests were analyzed by log-linear technique using the likelihood ratio chi-square statistic. The findings revealed that the performance of subjects was homogeneous across two cultural groups on the items comprising Arithmetic, Comprehension, and Digit Span subtests. Ten (13%) of the 79 items comprising Information, Similarities, and Vocabulary subtests were, however, found to be biased against Mexican-American subjects. Three of these items are from the Information subtest, two from Similarities, and the remaining five items from Vocabulary. Implications of these findings for the psychoeducational assessment of minority children were discussed.
‘If you're gonna have a hit’: intratextual mixes and edits of pop recordings

This essay reviews alternate mixes and edited versions produced for numerous purposes over the past half-century for stock singles, promotional singles, albums and reissues of all sorts, all evidencing a form of literary intertextuality of uniquely central importance to the record industry that has not previously been covered systematically. These multiple texts resulting from different manipulations of a single tape source exhibit what is termed intratextuality, leading to variations in composition, arranging and engineering. In addition, much of the essay's discussion will document for scholars as well as for fans a number of recordings whose continuing availability has been jeopardized by never having been reissued in CD format.
Changes in Corneal Innervation and Sensitivity and Acetylcholine-Mediated Vascular Relaxation of the Posterior Ciliary Artery in a Type 2 Diabetic Rat

Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes with no known treatment.1 Translation of effective treatments of diabetic animal models has failed in clinical trials.2 This is due in part to endpoints in animal studies that were insensitive when applied in human studies.2 To address this issue, corneal confocal microscopy has emerged as a tool to measure small nerve fiber damage as a surrogate marker for the early detection of diabetic neuropathy.3 Application of this technology has been successful in human studies, but to date few animal studies have been performed.3–8 To address this issue, we have compared the effect of diabetes on standard nerve functional endpoints in a rat model of type 2 diabetes with changes in corneal innervation and sensitivity and vascular reactivity in the posterior ciliary artery. The goal of these studies was to determine whether type 2 diabetes causes changes in corneal innervation and sensitivity and to determine how these changes compare with standard peripheral nerve endpoints. These studies are important for verifying corneal confocal microscopy as a marker of diabetic neuropathy in animal models of diabetes that can be used in preclinical studies for evaluating and developing potential treatments. For these studies we used high-fat-fed/low-dose streptozotocin-treated rats, an animal model for type 2 diabetes.9,10 Rats fed a high-fat diet do not become hyperglycemic, presumably because of compensatory hyperinsulinemia.9 However, treating high-fat-fed rats with a low dose of streptozotocin damages insulin-producing β-cells so that hyperglycemia develops even though insulin levels are similar or even higher than in chow-fed normoglycemic rats.9 The diabetes in these rats is analogous to the development of human type 2 diabetes, when the decline in hyperinsulinemia is not able to compensate for insulin resistance and hyperglycemia occurs.9 In our hands this rat models late-stage type 2 diabetes.11
Stability-indicating capillary gas-liquid chromatographic assay of dicyclomine hydrochloride in some pharmaceutical formulations

Abstract A stability-indicating assay method for some dicyclomine hydrochloride formulations was developed utilizing capillary gas—liquid chromatography. A methanolic extract of the sample, containing phenacetin as internal standard, was chromatographed by temperature programming on a 15 m × 0.524 mm I.D., DB-17 column with nitrogen carrier gas and flame ionization detection (1 · 10 −10 A). The dicyclomine hydrochloride was well resolved from phenacetin with retention times of ca . 9 and 7 min, respectively. Dicyclomine hydrochloride—internal standard peak area ratio was linear over 0.1–1.0 μg of dicyclomine hydrochloride injected ( r  0.999). Under the experimental conditions the limit of detection was 0.025 μg of dicyclomine hydrochloride injected. Validation studies with synthetic capsules, tablets and injectables covering a range of 5–25 mg of dicyclomine hydrochloride per unit gave an overall percent recovery (± relative standard deviation, n  9) of 99.9 ± 1.7%. The method was successfully applied to the assay of commercial formulations. Stability tests indicated that degradation products of dicyclomine, formed upon acid treatment, did not interfere with the dicyclomine and internal standard peaks. They further showed that dicyclomine is fairly stable in base.
Outcome in children receiving continuous venovenous hemofiltration.

Objective. Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) alone or with dialysis (D) has become an important supportive therapy for critically ill children with acute renal failure. Previous reports of pediatric patient outcome either mix CVVH/D with other renal replacement modalities or do not examine severity of illness. The current study examines only outcomes of children receiving CVVH/D using Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) scores to control for severity of illness. Patients. Twenty-one patients (mean age: 8.8 ± 6.3 years; mean weight: 28.3 ± 20.8 kg) received 22 courses of CVVH/D. Outcomes. Nine (42.8%) of 21 patients survived. Nine (75%) of 12 deaths occurred within 25 days of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission. Mean PRISM score at PICU admission and CVVH initiation were 13.1 ± 5.8 and 15.4 ± 8.9, respectively. Mean patient weight, age, PRISM score at PICU admission and at CVVH/D initiation, maximum pressor number, estimated glomerular filtration rate at CVVH/D initiation and change in mean airway pressure did not differ between survivors and nonsurvivors. The degree of fluid overload at CVVH/D initiation was significantly lower in survivors (16.4% ± 13.8%) compared with nonsurvivors (34.0% ± 21.0%), even when controlled for severity of illness by PRISM score. Mean cost of providing CVVH/D accounted for only 1% of total PICU cost per patient. Conclusions. The pattern of early multiorgan system failure and death, minimal relative cost of CVVH/D provision, and potential for improved outcome with initiation of CVVH/D at lesser degrees of fluid overload are factors that may support early initiation of CVVH/D in critically ill children with acute renal failure.
Mountain gorilla reproduction and sexual behavior.

Data on mountain gorilla reproductive behavior, demography, and sexual behavior are reviewed and compared with earlier reviews of reproduction by wild gorillas and with data on captive gorillas. Topics covered include maturation, female transfer patterns and reproductive histories, reproductive intervals, influences on fertility, infant mortality, sex ratios at birth, birth seasonality, copulatory behavior, and estrus cyclicity. Most of the results of the updated analyses presented here corroborate those from previous studies of the same population. Newer information shows that responsibility for the initiation of copulations varies in association with female fertility and sexual state; that infant mortality in the first year is higher than reported earlier; that the sex ratio at birth is 1:1; and that, on a population level, interbirth intervals following the birth of males are the same length as those after female births. Data on reproductive intervals, sexual cyclicity, and copulatory behavior are generally similar to data from many captive situations. Two findings are particularly relevant to the problem of cessation of reproduction by captive females. First, fertility does not obviously decline with age in the wild. Second, a high proportion of females have reproduced in their natal groups and some have had multiple births there.
Some cortical association systems related to auditory functions.

Many observers have considered the peripheral and central portions of the auditory pathways. In the present paper the central connections only, chiefly those of cortical association regions, will be considered. In reference to cortical areas, the nomenclature of Brodmann (’09) is used in all cases. A part of the interest in the auditory system has arisen from the clinical pictures presented in cases of human auditory deficiency. Those resulting from certain cortical lesions which involve auditory association cortex have been particularly striking because, although the patient is not deaf as the result of such a lesion, he is unable to understand spoken language o r the meaning of sounds. The various studies of the auditory projection and association cortices have led to the conclusions that the human auditory projection area is located in areas 41 and 42 and that in this region sounds are recognized as being of a certain pitch. However, area 22 which surrounds the projection area is thought to be the region where sounds become meaningful. This part of the cortex, therefore, is referred to as an “auditory association area.” Studies of human auditory aphasia have been con-
Electron density measurements in an atmospheric pressure air plasma by means of infrared heterodyne interferometry

An infrared heterodyne interferometer has been used to measure the spatial distribution of the electron density in direct current, atmospheric pressure discharges in air. Spatial resolution of the electron density in the high-pressure glow discharge with characteristic dimensions on the order of 100 µm required the use of a CO2 laser at a wavelength of 10.6 µm. For this wavelength and electron densities greater than 1011 cm-3 the index of refraction of the atmospheric air plasma is mainly determined by heavy particles rather than electrons. The electron contribution to the refractive index was separated from that of the heavy particles by taking the different relaxation times of the two particle species into account. With the discharge operated in a repetitive pulsed mode, the initial rapid change of the refractive index was assumed to be due to the increase in electron density, whereas the following slower rise is due to the decrease in gas density caused by gas heating. By reducing the time between pulses, direct current conditions were approached, and the electron density as well as the gas density, and gas temperature, respectively, were obtained through extrapolation. A computation inversion method was used to determine the radial distribution of the plasma parameters in the cylindrical discharge. For a direct-current filamentary discharge in air, at a current of 10 mA, the electron density was found to be 1013 cm-3 in the centre, decreasing to half of this value at a radial distance of 0.21 mm. Gaussian temperature profiles with σ = 1.1 mm and maximum values of 1000-2000 K in the centre were also obtained with, however, larger error margins than for electron densities.
Melt Processability and Foam Suppression of High Molecular Weight Polyethylenes Plasticized with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent CO2 can be used as a processing aid to melt process polyethylenes of higher molecular weight than can be typically melt processed. To assess the ability to melt process high molecular weight polyethylenes with CO2, the viscosity of a 460 000 g/mol high density polyethylene (HDPE) plasticized with various amounts of absorbed CO2 in an extrusion process was determined using a slit die rheometer that was attached to the end of the extruder. A relationship was developed to determine the maximum molecular weight polyethylene that could be processed at a given viscosity reduction due to absorbed CO2. This relationship was tested by using CO2 to process a blend of 40 weight percent ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and the 460 000 g/mol HDPE which lead to an equivalent molecular weight of 720 000 g/mol. The viscosity of the blend with 12 weight percent CO2 was reduced to that of the pure 460 000 g/mol HDPE as predicted by the relat...
Homogenization of systems with unsymmetric damping

Abstract This paper considers the homogenization of a system in which the damping term involves derivatives of the same order as the stiffness term but without the assumption of previous studies that the damping is symmetric.
Quantitative interpretation of Auger sputter profiles of thin layers

Abstract This paper describes a model which quantitatively evaluates the Auger sputter profiles of thin surface layers, whose thickness is similar to the inelastic mean free path of the Auger electrons. In the model, the intensity of an Auger signal is taken as the sum of the signals from each atomic layer, the signal from any one layer being the product of a relative sensitivity factor, an absorption coefficient related to the mean free path of the particular Auger electron, and the elemental concentration in the layer. The statistical nature of the sputtering process is also incorporated in the form of a modified Poisson distribution. Comparisons between the experimental data and predictions from the model are shown for a number of surface layers, i.e., oxide films on Fe and Ni, the electropolish film on Fe-26Cr, and an Fe film electrodeposited onto Ni.
The effect of hypophysectomy on freshwater survial in teleosts of the order atheriniformes

Abstract Ten species of teleosts belonging to three families of Atheriniformes (Poeciliidae, Cyprinodontidae, Goodeidae) have been tested for their ability to survive in fresh water without a pituitary gland. The fish of the current report respond similarly to Atheriniformes previously investigated. Hypophysectomized fish enter into osmotic shock and generally die within three weeks when placed into fresh water but they will survive in dilute sea water (1.2% solution of commercial sea salts). Fish belonging to Poecilia survive for the shortest period. By comparison the mean survival time for Xiphophorus is longer and more variable. No correlation exists between the number of days hypophysectomized fish are held in one third sea water prior to testing and the length of time they survive in fresh water. This is also true for fish challenged a second time after recovering from osmotic shock. Presumably, osmotic difficulty commences upon exposure to fresh water but can be alleviated when fish are returned to dilute sea water. Five hypophysectomized fish survived in fresh water. Each of these exceptional animals had suffered brain damage during surgery. The significance of these observations is discussed as it is related to the natural habitat and salt tolerances of the fish studied.
Self-reported usual care for self-directed violence during the 6 months before emergency department admission

BACKGROUND:: The literature describing the health services individuals receive before and following self-directed violence (SDV) is limited. OBJECTIVES:: This study examines services received for the 6 months preceding admission to an urban county medical center emergency department (ED) for SDV. We predicted that individuals with at least 1 prior act of SDV in the past 6 months would have received more services than those for whom the index admission was their only recent act. METHODS:: Participants were recruited from ED admissions during shifts selected to maximize representativeness. Participants (n=202) were interviewed using the Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Interview, Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Count, Treatment History Interview, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Brief Symptom Index, and SF-12. RESULTS:: The majority of index acts of SDV (79%) were suicide attempts. The participants were characterized by low socioeconomic status, substantial symptomatology, low physical and mental health functioning, and multiple psychiatric diagnoses. In the preceding 6 months, 34% were admitted to a hospital and 56% received crisis services (including 44% in the ED). Although three quarters (76%) had seen an outpatient medical provider and most (70%) received psychotropic medications, less than half of the sample received psychiatric services (40%) or outpatient psychosocial treatment (48%). As predicted, utilization for most types of usual care was higher for those engaging in SDV in the 6 months preceding the index admission. CONCLUSION:: Individuals admitted to this ED for SDV received inadequate outpatient psychosocial and psychiatric services despite severe illness and disability. Language: en
Benzodithiophene and Imide-Based Copolymers for Photovoltaic; Applications

Conjugated alternating copolymers were designed with low optical band gaps for organic photovoltaic (OPV) applications by considering quinoid resonance stabilization. Copolymers of thienoisoindoledione (TID) and benzodithiophene (BDT) had appreciably lower band gaps (by ∼0.4 eV) than copolymers of thienopyrroledione (TPD) and BDT. In addition to intramolecular charge transfer stabilization (i.e., the “push-pull” effect), the former copolymer’s quinoid resonance structure is stabilized by a gain in aromatic resonance energy in the isoindole unit. Additionally, the HOMO levels of the copolymers could be tuned with chemical modifications to the BDT monomer, resulting in open circuit voltages of greater than 1 V in photovoltaic devices. Despite the optimized band gap, TID containing polymers displayed lower photoconductance, as determined by time-resolved microwave conductivity, and decreased device efficiency (2.1% vs 4.8%) as compared with TPD analogues. These results were partially attributed to morphology...
THE SKULL OF NOTHODIPOIDES (CASTORIDAE, RODENTIA) AND THE OCCURRENCE OF FOSSORIAL ADAPTATIONS IN BEAVERS

Abstract The skull and mandible of Nothodipoides Korth are described. There are a number of adaptations present that are shared with other rodents with tooth-digging behavior (procumbent, elongated, and flattened incisors; anteriorly tilted occipital; strongly arched upper diastema). A new tribe of Castoroidinae, Nothodipoidini, is proposed for Nothodipoides and Microdipoides Korth and Stout, based on the fossorial adaptations of the skull, and their generally smaller size. It appears that fossorial adaptations have occurred in castorids at least three times: the Palaeocastorinae (Whitneyan through Arikareean), the primitive beaver Migmacastor (Arikareean), and the Nothodipoidini (late Barstovian through the Clarendonian).
Nasal cardiac myosin peptide treatment and OX40 blockade protect mice from acute and chronic virally-induced myocarditis

Myocarditis poses a severe health problem, can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and death, and is thought to be triggered by infections. Enteroviruses such as Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) have been implicated as a culprit, since they can cause acute and chronic heart disease in susceptible mice. CVB was detected in human cardiac myocytes in some cases, whereas acute CVB infection was thought to have caused death. Here we studied, whether nasal administration of cardiac myosin (CM) major histocompatibility class (MHC) II peptides CM₉₄₇-₉₆₀ and CM₇₃₅-₇₄₇ and OX40 blockade would be able to ameliorate immunopathology and heart disease in BALB/C mice infected with CVB3. We found that nasal CM-peptide prophylactic treatment significantly reduced myocarditis and mortality by enhancing Treg and IL-10 induction and that blockade of OX40 signaling could reduce heart inflammation when administered late during pathogenesis. Altogether, these results chart the way for novel prevention and intervention strategies for viral myocarditis.
The Relationship between Social Support and Parental Adjustment to Low-Birthweight Infants

Twenty-four parents whose children were hospitalized for low birthweight in a neonatal intensive care unit participated in research interviews. Interviewers assessed the availability of social support and the parents' capacity to use these supports during their infant's hospitalization and after discharge. The overall adjustment of parents to their child was then rated. Findings indicate a positive significant relationship between support and adjustment.