cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The composition of Permian seawater

Abstract Forty-nine brine inclusions in marine halite from the Ochoan Salado Formation in the Delaware Basin and fifteen inclusions in halite from the Leonardian Wellington Formation in the Kansas Basin were extracted, and their chemical compositions were determined. The brines are of the Na-K-Mg-Cl-SO4 type; their compositions resemble those of evaporated modern seawater. The values of (m Cl − − m Na + ) m Br − and (m Mg 2+ + m Ca 2+ − m SO 4 2− − 1 2 m m HCO 3 − ) m Br − of the inclusion brine from the two formations are equal to or slightly higher than those of modern seawater. The original m Na + m Br − and m Cl − M br − ratios of the inclusion brines were probably equal to or slightly larger than those of modern seawater. The values of m Mg 2+ m Br − of the inclusion brines from the Salado Formation are very close to that of modern seawater; the ratios of inclusion brines from the Wellington Formation are slightly lower, probably due to the formation of dolomite/magnesite. The m Mg 2+ m Br − ratio in the initial seawater was probably close to the parent seawater of the Salado brines. The values of (m SO 4 2− − m Ca 2+ + 1 2 m HCO 3 − ) m Br − of the inclusion brines appear to be reduced by the formation of dolomite/magnesite, and the value of this ratio in Permian seawater was probably similar to that of modern seawater. The m K + M br − ratios of the inclusion brines are variable, but the original ratios are probably close to or slightly larger than that of modern seawater. If the Br− concentration of Permian seawater was equal to that of modern seawater, the composition of Permian seawater can be narrowly constrained; in mmol/kg H2O, 460 ≤ m Na + Cl − Mg 2+ = 54 ± 6, m K + ∼- 11, ( mSO 2− 4 − m Ca 2+ + 1 2 m m HCO 3 − ) ≥ 17, 20 SO 4 2− Ca 2+ and 0.15 Hco 3 − . The composition of Permian seawater was therefore quite similar to that of modern seawater.
Gratuitous language in appellate cases involving gay people: “Queer bating” from the bench

An examination of appellate cases—state and federal—where homosexual behavior is under judicial scrutiny suggests that gay litigants are frequently the targets of gratuitous asides. Such language takes various forms. It also occurs with varying frequency depending on the type of case (criminal, employment discrimination, immigration and naturalization, licensing and incorporation, marriage, or child custody) under examination. The incidence of such language also varies with the level of the court involved (state vs. federal), and it also varies temporally, showing a general decline with the advance of time. The presence of such language is employed as an indicator of the legitimacy accorded gay litigants in the courtroom. Within this context, the impact and efficacy of litigation on behalf of gay people is also assessed.
Simultaneous Intraocular and Orbital Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Background: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the AIDS population has been increasing as the life expectancy of these patients has increased. Nevertheless, intraocular lymphoma, as part of primary central nervous system lymphoma and orbital non-Hodgkin lymphoma, has rarely been reported in patients with AIDS. Co-existent intraocular and orbital lymphoma is exceptionally unusual. The clinical and histopathologic findings are reported in a patient with AIDS who had simultaneous intraocular and orbital non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The clinical funduscopic findings initially were attributed to a viral retinitis. Methods: A left orbital biopsy followed by enucleation of the left eye was performed and studied by light microscopy. Immunophenotyping of the orbital biopsy also was performed. Findings: Simultaneous intraocular and orbital large cell malignant lymphoma was present with neoplastic spread directly along the scleral canal of the ciliary nerve. Massive necrosis involving the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, choroid, and optic nerve, as well as several solid retinal pigment epithelial detachments, were observed. Immunophenotyping of the orbital tumor disclosed positive staining for Leu 4 (T cells, 30%) and Leu 14 (B cells, 60%). Immunostaining for light and heavy chains was precluded by tumor necrosis. Conclusion: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute retinitis, and proptosis in patients with AIDS.
Noble gas retention chronologies for the St Séverin meteorite

Abstract 40 Ar- 39 Ar and 129 Xe- 128 Xe analyses were performed on two lithologies (light and dark) of the St Severin (LL6) chondrite. For the light and dark fractions, respectively, we obtained 40 Ar retention ages of 4.38 and 4.42 AE and 129 Xe retention ages of 8.4 and 15.2 myr after Bjurbole. The two methods give age differences of opposite sense, and by both methods the differences are significant. Both the 40 Ar and the 129 Xe ages are interpreted as dating relaxation of metamorphic conditions. These two chronometers are decoupled, however, and do not date the same events. 40 Ar- 39 Ar reflect chondritic metamorphisrn on a 10 8 yr time scale. The 129 Xe- 128 Xe ages reflect isotopic closure at higher temperatures and earlier times.
The assault on the self: Stages in coping with battering husbands

From interviews with women who have left battering relationships, we learn of their shifting definitions of the situation and their changing responses to their husbands' assaults. While some women may be more at risk for victimization than others, we see that victimization is a gradual process rather than an inherent quality of individual women. The process involves five stages: entering a violent relationship, managing the violence, experiencing a loss of self, re-evaluating the violent relationship, and restructuring the self. As the stages are discussed, variations in the definitional work of these women are also explained.
The Chandra X-ray Center data system: supporting the mission of the Chandra X-ray Observatory

The Chandra X-ray Center Data System provides end-to-end scientific software support for Chandra X-ray Observatory mission operations. The data system includes the following components: (1) observers' science proposal planning tools; (2) science mission planning tools; (3) science data processing, monitoring, and trending pipelines and tools; and (4) data archive and database management. A subset of the science data processing component is ported to multiple platforms and distributed to end-users as a portable data analysis package. Web-based user tools are also available for data archive search and retrieval. We describe the overall architecture of the data system and its component pieces, and consider the design choices and their impacts on maintainability. We discuss the many challenges involved in maintaining a large, mission-critical software system with limited resources. These challenges include managing continually changing software requirements and ensuring the integrity of the data system and resulting data products while being highly responsive to the needs of the project. We describe our use of COTS and OTS software at the subsystem and component levels, our methods for managing multiple release builds, and adapting a large code base to new hardware and software platforms. We review our experiences during the life of the mission so-far, and our approaches for keeping a small, but highly talented, development team engaged during the maintenance phase of a mission.
The Role of Anti-Fibrinolytics, rFVIIa and Other Pro-Coagulants: Prophylactic Versus Rescue?

Patients who have liver disease experience an increased risk for bleeding and resulting complications. Diseases affecting the liver can cause a deficiency of pro-coagulant factors or induce a state of increased clot breakdown. Although traditional tests of coagulation, such as prothrombin time or international normalized ratio (INR), may not accurately measure bleeding risk, many studies have assessed measures used to correct an increased INR and minimize adverse outcomes. This article discusses the use of activated factor VIIa and anti-fibrinolytic agents to treat coagulopathy in the setting of liver disease and the potential advantages and disadvantages of these alternatives, and the limitations of the current literature. This article also compares the limitations, risks, and potential benefits of prophylactic therapy to prevent bleeding before invasive procedures with rescue therapy for spontaneous and postprocedure bleeding, and describes the relative advantages and disadvantages of these two approaches.
Distributed Algorithms for Resource Allocation in Cellular Networks with Coexisting Femto- and Macrocells

This paper introduces two distributed algorithms for resource allocation in cellular networks with coexisting femtocells and macrocells. Network interference in these complex networks is modeled by a random graph to maintain the complexity of the examined networks' interference scenarios while abstracting away details such as node density and propagation characteristics. We propose two distributed algorithms for interference-free resource assignment: An uncoordinated algorithm designed for a case with no communications between base stations, and a coordinated algorithm designed to exploit information sharing between base stations. We assess the two algorithms by comparing their performance against a centralized heuristic algorithm and a centralized genetic algorithm, which together approximate the (computationally intractable) optimal allocation.
NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION INDUCED FORELIMB MOVEMENT IN A RODENT MODEL

Upper extremity neuromuscular electrical stimulation (FNS) has long been utilized as a neuroprosthesis to restore hand-grasp function in individuals with neurological disorders and injuries. More recently, electrical stimulation is being used as a rehabilitative therapy to tap into central nervous system plasticity. Here, we present initial development of a rodent model for neuromuscular stimulation induced forelimb movement that can be used as a platform to investigate stimulation-induced plasticity. The motor points for flexors and extensors of the shoulder, elbow, and digits were identified and implanted with custom-built stimulation electrodes. The strength-duration curves were determined and from these curves the appropriate stimulation parameters required to produce consistent isolated contraction of each muscle with adequate joint movement were determined. Using these parameters and previous locomotor EMG data, stimulation was performed on each joint muscle pair to produce reciprocal flexion/extension movements in the shoulder, elbow, and digits, while 3D joint kinematics were assessed. Additionally, co-stimulation of multiple muscles across multiple forelimb joints was performed to produce stable multi-joint movements similar to those observed during reach-grasp-release movements. Future work will utilize this model to investigate the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of forelimb neuromuscular stimulation therapy to promote recovery and plasticity after neural injury in rodents.
Intramyocardial Injections and Protection Against Myocardial Ischemia An Attempt to Examine the Cardioprotective Actions of Adenosine

Background Although adenosine has been proposed to be a cardioprotective agent, direct examination of such protection is confounded by its short half-life and hemodynamic effects. We attempted to avoid these problems by injecting adenosine directly into cardiac muscle. Methods and Results We gave four adenosine injections (each 0.15 mL, 5 mg·mL−1 saline) into the left ventricular wall of rat hearts before a 60-minute occlusion. Although infarcts were smaller in adenosine-treated hearts (29±6%) than in controls (52±5%; P<.05), injection of saline also reduced infarct size (29±7%). Infarcts in hearts subjected to needle insertion but no fluid injection differed neither from control nor from fluid-treated hearts (38±4%). Adenosine reduced ectopic beats and the incidence of ventricular tachycardia during occlusion. In contrast, saline injection prolonged the duration of arrhythmias. To examine the spatial relationship between protection and the injection site, we gave 18 saline injections (each 0.15 mL) into ...
Enhancing semistructured data mediators with document type definitions

Mediation is an important application of XML. The MIX mediator uses Document Type Definitions (DTDs) to assist the user in query formulation and query processors in running queries more efficiently. We provide an algorithm for inferring the view DTD from the view definition and the source DTDs. We develop a metric of the quality of the inference algorithm's view DTD by formalizing the notions of soundness and tightness. Intuitively, tightness is similar to precision, i.e., it deteriorates when "many" objects described by the view DTD can never appear as content of the view. In addition we show that DTDs have some inherent deficiencies that prevent the development of tight DTDs. We propose "DTDs with specialization" as a way to resolve this problem.
Farmland conversion and residential development in North Central Massachusetts

The conversion of farmland for residential development is a serious environmental concern which results in land degradation. The factors responsible for farmland conversion in Leominster, Massachusetts, were found using simultaneous discriminant analysis. The statistically significant factors determining farmland conversion were relief, distance from the city center and route 190, and farm size. These factors were employed to develop a model for farmland preservation. This model should be used by planning offices to identify the farms likely to be converted to non-farm activities to control urban sprawl. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiovascular effects of alcohol

Epidemiologic studies suggest that moderate consumption of alcohol provides some degree of protection against ischemic heart disease. On the other hand, cerebrovascular accidents and overall mortality are increased at all levels of alcohol intake. Thus, it is inappropriate to advise abstainers to begin to drink alcoholic beverages as a protective measure for coronary artery disease. Acute ingestion of large amounts of alcohol leads to a negative inotropic effect on the myocardium, together with inhibition of a variety of biochemical reactions in subcellular organelles of the heart. Chronic alcoholism is associated with the development of a congestive cardiomyopathy (alcoholic cardiomyopathy), which is independent of vitamin B1 deficiency or other nutritional deficits.
The Religion and Culture of Indian Immigrants in Mauritius and the Effect of Social Change

Mauritius is a British territory in the Indian Ocean 500 miles to the east of Madagascar. It measures 720 square miles and has a population of 700,000 people whose ancestors came from France (the original settlers), Africa (slaves), India (indentured immigrants), and China (shopkeepers). Mauritius was discovered by the Portuguese in the early years of the sixteenth century, and was subsequently occupied and finally abandoned by the Dutch, who exterminated the famous bird the Dodo. It was held by the French from 1715 until 1810 when it was conquered by the British at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
Body shape and composition in HIV-infected women: an urban cohort.

Objectives Alterations in body shape and composition are associated with HIV/AIDS. Wasting remains prevalent; increasingly, lipodystrophy is reported. Obesity is also epidemic in the USA. In this study, we sought to characterize the body changes reported by women attending a US urban clinic, and to evaluate contributing factors using inexpensive methods that are readily available in clinical practice. Methods In an urban Maryland clinic, a cross-section of HIV-infected women were evaluated by self report, anthropomorphic measurements, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and chart review; they were categorized as no change, lipodystrophy, weight loss/wasting or weight gain/obesity. Results One hundred and sixty-one women were evaluated: 144 (89%) were African-American; 100 (62%) had used intravenous drugs and 40 (25%) were actively injecting drugs, while 39 (24%) smoked crack. Ninety-five (59%) were on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for a median period of 11.7 months [interquartile range (IQR)=4.5–24.2]. Since starting current HAART or in the previous year, 12 (7.4%) reported lipodystrophy changes, 85 (52.8%) weight gain, 27 (16.8%) overall weight loss, and 37 (23.0%) no change. Lipodystrophy was associated with higher CD4 percentage (P=0.03), lower frequency of crack use (P=0.04) and higher educational level (P=0.03). Weight loss correlated with longer duration of infection (P=0.01), select BIA results and increased rate of crack use (P=0.005). Weight gain was associated with higher fat mass (P=0.005), higher peak viral load (P=0.02), and lower rate of intravenous drug use (P=0.03). Conclusions Self-reported changes in body shape were common. Obesity and complications of illicit drug use were more prevalent than lipodystrophy in this inner-city population of HIV-positive women.
Vaginal douching among women of reproductive age in the United States: 1988.

BACKGROUND. Vaginal douching has been associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in several epidemiologic studies. METHODS. To determine the extent to which douching is practiced and to describe the population subgroups in which it is most prevalent, we analyzed data from the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth, which is based on a nationally representative sample of 8450 United States women between the ages of 15 and 44 years. RESULTS. Thirty-seven percent of the sample reported douching; 18% douched at least once a week. The variable most strongly and consistently associated with douching was race: two thirds of Black women, but only one third of White women, reported douching. The practice was least frequent among 15- to 19-year-olds (31%) and most frequent among 20- to 24-year-olds (41%). Douching was more common among women who lived in poverty (50%) than among those who did not (28%). Seventy percent of Black women living in poverty reported douching. Women with less than a high school educ...
Evaluation of the ability of essential oils to dissolve gutta-percha†

Eighteen essential oils were compared with chloroform for their ability to dissolve gutta-percha. Only chloroform and rectified turpentine oil dissolved gutta-percha completely.
The significance of bulimia in juvenile anorexia nervosa: An exploration of possible etiologic factors

This paper reports on a study comparing clinical symptomatology, premorbid functioning, family relations, life stress, and parent medical and psychiatric history in two matched groups of juvenile anorexia nervosa patients, one with and one without the syndrome of bulimia. In comparison to nonbulimic anorectics, bulimics evidenced higher levels of core anorectic sympomatology and were more likely to show affective disturbance and alchohol use. Bulimia was more strongly associated with affective instability and other signs of behavioral deviance during childhood. The family environment of bulimics was characterized by significantly greater conflict and negativity, less cohesion, and less structure than the nonbulimic anorectic family, and bulimics experienced more stressful life changes prior to illness onset than did nonbulimic patients. Parents of bulimic anorectics also reported significantly higher levels of marital discord, were rated as more emotionally distant from their daughters, and exhibited greater psychiatric morbidity and physical health problems. Results were consistent with the author's hypothesis that the disposition toward bulimia is rooted in early disturbances in ego functioning, personality adaptation, and other maladaptive factors. Study of the pathological effects of psychological, genetic, and physiological factors on appetite controlling mechanisms in anorectic subgroups deserves further investigation.
A matrix approach to transfer pricing

Abstract Teaching transfer pricing in introductory managerial accounting can be a difficult task. This paper presents a simple matrix approach for covering this material. The matrix identifies the transfer's opportunity cost/benefit to the firm, as well as the range of mutually acceptable transfer prices under conditions of surplus capacity and no surplus capacity in the selling division. This approach allows students to easily verify fundamental transfer pricing relationships. It also can help students relate other types of profit center manager decisions with the transfer pricing decision.
Regional assignment of human amylase (AMY) to p22----p21 of chromosome 1.

A human genomic DNA segment (λhal) which hybridizes with rat pancreatic amylase cDNA was used to regionally assign amylase genes in human-mouse somatic cell hybrids. The assignment of amylase genes to chromosome 1 was confirmed and regionally mapped to the short arm region p22.1→p21 using a cell hybrid retaining a translocation involving chromosome 1 [46,XX,t(1;2)(p21;q37)]. Restriction length polymorphisms at the amylase loci are reported for gene linkage studies.
To Teach or Not to Teach? Comparing the Use of Computer-Based Simulations in Deductive versus Inductive Approaches to Learning with Adults in Science

Two alternative learning strategies, deductive and inductive, were compared as adults learned about the laws of motion using combinations of computer-based tutorials and simulations. Two levels of Tutorial (Yes, No) were crossed with three levels of Simulation (Structured, Unstructured, None). Deductive learning was defined as the tutorial followed by either the structured or unstructured simulation as practice. Inductive learning was defined as either the structured or unstructured simulation given to the subjects without the tutorial. The No Tutorial/No Simulation condition acted as a posttest-only control group. Results indicated that subjects learned as much inductively from the structured simulation as other subjects learned deductively from the tutorial, but not so from the unstructured simulation. Subjects were also very accurate in their ability to monitor their own comprehension in each of the respective instructional conditions. However, response confidence during the posttest was lower for the ...
Quartz crystal microbalance study of superfluid 4He films on gold and porous gold surfaces

The superfluid transition in sub-rnonolayer 4He films was studied using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). We recently improved the QCM technique by replacing the conventional gold electrodes with porous gold, thus increasing the surface area and therefore sensitivity by 40 times. Simugtaneous measurements were taken for QCMs with flat and porous gold electrodes contained within the same copper cell. For both QCMs the superfluid transition temperature was found to be proportional to the 4He film thickness. The superfluid transition temperature at each film coverage was greater for porous gold than for flat gold electrodes.
Interpretable Interval Constraint Solvers in Semantic Tolerance Analysis

A semantic tolerance modeling scheme based on generalized intervals was recently proposed to allow for embedding more tolerancing intents in specifications with a combination of numerical intervals and logical quantifiers. By differentiating a priori and a posteriori tolerances, the logic relationships among variables can be interpreted, which is useful to verify completeness and soundness of numerical estimations in tolerance analysis. In this paper, we present a semantic tolerance analysis approach to estimate tolerance stack-ups. New interpretable linear and nonlinear constraint solvers are developed to ensure interpretability of variation estimations. This new approach enhances traditional numerical analysis methods by preserving logical information during computation such that more semantics can be derived from numerical results.
Altered clearance of free amino acids from plasma of patients with cirrhosis of the liver.

Summary Oral feeding of an egg-protein mixture or infusion of a balanced solution of essential amino acids to well-compensated cirrhotic patients is followed by a significant change in the rate of clearance of several amino acids from the plasma. This pattern is unchanged following portacaval shunt. The increased clearance of branched-chain amino acids and threonine may be secondary to a relative or absolute deficiency of these essential “building blocks” of protein in the cirrhotic patient.
A Review Of Geraldine Jonçich's The Sane Positivist: A Biography Of Edward L. Thorndike.

This book review, unfinished at the author's death, examines in historical context Thorndike's law of effect, his Animal Intelligence monograph of 1898, and related works on learning and behavior.
Arrest Duration Influences Postcardioplegia Electrophysiologic Recovery and Reperfusion Arrhythmias

Abstract Background . This study tests the hypothesis that postcardioplegia electrophysiologic recovery is influenced by the duration of cardioplegic arrest. Methods . Pigs were randomized to various durations of cardioplegic arrest (group I, 15 minutes; group II, 60 minutes; group III, 120 minutes). Electrophysiologic data included limb lead, atrial and ventricular epicardial, and ventricular endocardial electrocardiograms. Variables included times for earliest electrical activity and sinus rhythm; number of defibrillations; mechanism for reperfusion ventricular fibrillation; and time until last ventricular fibrillation. Results . Time to last ventricular fibrillation was 73 ± 8, 134 ± 23, and 238 ± 23 seconds for groups I, II, and III (mean ± standard error of the mean; p p p Conclusions . Electrophysiologic recovery after cardioplegic arrest is influenced by the duration of cardioplegic arrest.
Induced spin currents in alkali films

In sandwiches of FeK and FeCs, the conduction electrons in the alkali metals have a large mean-free path. The experiments suggest that the specular reflection for spin-up and -down electrons is different at the interface, yielding a spin current in the alkali film. The spin current is detected by the anomalous Hall effect of Pb surface impurities.
The impact of reflux burden on Pseudomonas positivity in children with Cystic Fibrosis

Objectives Nonacid gastroesophageal reflux (GER), particularly in patients taking acid suppression, has been implicated as a cause of respiratory infections. We hypothesize that children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and a higher nonacid reflux burden have greater rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) infection than patients with a lower reflux burden. Study Design We reviewed the multichannel intraluminal impedance (pH-MII) tracings of 35 patients with CF between 2003 and 2010. We compared the reflux profiles between those patients who were Pa positive and Pa negative. Results The mean age was 13.5 ± 5.8 years. Twenty-seven patients (76%) were Pa positive. Ninety seven percent of patients were taking proton pump inhibitors during pH-MII testing. The mean percentage of time pH was <4 was 8.5 ± 12%. Pa patients had a significantly higher total, acid and proximal nonacid reflux burden (P < 0.009). There was a negative correlation between nonacid reflux burden and FEV1 (r = −0.397, P = 0.03) and between total number of reflux events and FEV1 (r = −0.474, P = 0.009). After adjusting for age and FEV1, total reflux burden remains significantly associated with Pa positivity (P = 0.055). Conclusions Increased reflux burden may predispose patients to Pa infection and worse lung function. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:582–587. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Internal Circadian Clock Increases Hunger and Appetite in the Evening Independent of Food Intake and Other Behaviors

Objective—Despite the extended overnight fast, paradoxically, people are typically not ravenous in the morning and breakfast is typically the smallest meal of the day. Here we assessed whether this paradox could be explained by an endogenous circadian influence on appetite with a morning trough, while controlling for sleep/wake and fasting/feeding effects. Design and Methods—We studied 12 healthy non-obese adults (6 male; age, 20–42 year) throughout a 13-day laboratory protocol that balanced all behaviors, including eucaloric meals and sleep periods, evenly across the endogenous circadian cycle. Participants rated their appetite and food preferences by visual analog scales. Results—There was a large endogenous circadian rhythm in hunger, with the trough in the biological morning (8 AM) and peak in the biological evening (8 PM; peak-to-trough amplitude=17%; P=0.004). Similarly phased significant endogenous circadian rhythms were present in appetite for sweets, salty and starchy foods, fruits, meats/poultry, food overall, and for estimates of how much food participants could eat (amplitudes 14–25%; all P < 0.05). Conclusions—In people who sleep at night, the intrinsic circadian evening peak in appetite may promote larger meals before the fasting period necessitated by sleep. Furthermore, the circadian decline in hunger across the night would theoretically counteract the fasting-induced hunger increase that could otherwise disrupt sleep.
Intra-Orifice Versus Hydrodistention Implantation Technique in Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Injection for Vesicoureteral Reflux

Purpose: Original implantation procedures used dextranomer/hyaluronic acid to create a volcano-like mound at the orifice. Subsequently the hydrodistention implantation technique was described to coapt the intramural ureteral wall with less emphasis on achieving a mound at the orifice and it was reported to be associated with improved outcomes. We compared the results of intra-orifice injection to establish a mound vs the hydrodistention implantation technique.Materials and Methods: Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to compare results in 96 ureters undergoing intra-orifice injection vs 52 undergoing the hydrodistention implantation technique. We evaluated patient gender and age, reflux grade, injection technique, injected volume and the number of injection sites.Results: Successful reflux resolution was achieved in 124 ureters (84%) with a single implantation, including 83 (86.5%) with intra-orifice injection and 41 (79%) with HIT (p = 0.23). Mean injected volume was signifi...
Regulation of Retinoic Acid Receptor α by Protein Kinase C in B16 Mouse Melanoma Cells

We have previously found that retinoic acid stimulates the expression of protein kinase Cα (PKC) in B16 mouse melanoma cells. Because it has been reported that PKC can phosphorylate retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and alter its function, we determined whether changes in the level and/or activity of PKC could affect the expression or function of the RAR in B16 melanoma. Using in vivo phosphorylation and band shift techniques, we could not demonstrate that altering PKC activity and/or protein level changed thein vivo phosphorylation of RARα. However activation of PKC resulted in increased RARα protein. Increased receptor protein correlated with a phorbol dibutyrate-stimulated increase in receptor activation function-2 (AF-2)-dependent transcriptional activity. Use of enzyme inhibitors and dominant-negative PKCs indicated that enzyme activity was required for elevation in the RARα. The PKC-mediated increase in RARα was due to a 2.5-fold increase in the half-life of this protein. In contrast, the down-regulation of PKC diminished RARα protein half-life and markedly inhibited AF-2-dependent transcriptional activity. The down-regulation of PKC also inhibited the binding of RAR to a retinoic acid response element and the retinoic acid induction of RARβ expression. These findings suggest that PKC can influence retinoic acid signaling by altering the stability of RAR protein without directly phosphorylating this receptor.
How and Why Implicit Attitudes Should Affect Voting

Thisarticle provides a foundation for understanding the role of implicit biases in political behavior, particularly implicit racial attitudes and voting behavior. Although racial attitudes have rarely played a major direct role in American presidential politics until 2008, numerous local, state, and federal elections are held every year in the United States that involve minority candidates. As a result, the implications are considerable. This article connects the cognitive psychological science of memory—specifically implicit memory—to the social psychological study of implicit attitudes, stereotyping, and prejudice, and then to political psychology. The overwhelming evidence from cognitive psychology that memory is associative, and that it can and does operate (i.e., gets stored and retrieved) outside of conscious awareness and control, paired with the social psychological insight that memory activation is influential in person perception, provides the strong theoretical foundation for expecting implicit biases to uniquely predict part of electoral behavior. The social and political psychological extensions of implicit memory to interpersonal and intergroup judgments are theoretically uncontroversial and methodologically rigorous.
Higher Order Improvements for Approximate Estimators

Many modern estimation methods in econometrics approximate an objective function, through simulation or discretization for instance. Approximations typically impart additional bias and variance to the resulting estimator. We here propose three methods to improve the properties of such \approximate" estimators at a low computational cost. The rst method provides an analytical bias adjustment for estimators based on stochastic approximators, such as simulation-based estimators. Our second proposal is based on ideas from the resampling literature; it eliminates the leading bias term for non-stochastic as well as stochastic approximators. Finally, we propose an iterative procedure where we use Newton-Raphson (NR) iterations based on a much ner degree of approximation. The NR step removes much of the additional bias and variance of the initial approximate estimator. A Monte Carlo simulation on the mixed logit model shows that combining these approaches can yield spectacular improvements at a low cost.
Software tools for accessing the GPS Seamless Archive

The Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Center (SOPAC) has completed development for the UNAVCO community of first-generation GPS Seamless Archive (GSAC) software. The GSAC is a virtual archive composed of an assembly of agencies and investigators exchanging information about their respective GPS-related data holdings in a well defined, cohesive manner. The superset of this “published” information is collected and ingested into centralized databases administered currently by two data brokers (“Retailers”), who make the data available to the public in a seamless manner. There are three user interfaces available: the interactive GSAC Wizard, a command-line Unix-style executable called gsac-client, and a front door HTTP service called the GSAC Retailer Service Interface. Each user interface provides access to the data collections of 6 different GPS archives (“GSAC Wholesalers”) in North America. Together these archives have published more than 2 million GPS data files pertaining to over 10,000 different geodetic monuments. These datasets are composed in large part of data collected by US scientists and their collaborators over the period 1986 to the present in Western North America and other tectonically active regions around the globe, as well as the holdings of two IGS global data centers. In this article, we describe how the three GSAC user interfaces provide the community a powerful set of tools for seamlessly mining information and collecting data files from a distributed network of GPS archives.
A hidden Markov filtering approach to multiple change-point models

We describe a hidden Markov modeling approach to multiple change-points that has attractive computational and statistical properties. This approach yields explicit recursive filters and smoothers for estimating the piecewise constant parameters. Applications to array-CGH data analysis in genetic studies of cancer and to on-line detection, estimation and adaptive control of stochastic systems whose parameters may undergo occasional changes are given to illustrate the versatility of the proposed methodology.
Removal of EPI Nyquist ghost artifacts with two-dimensional phase correction

Odd-even echo inconsistencies result in Nyquist ghost artifacts in the reconstructed EPI images. The ghost artifacts reduce the image signal-to-noise ratio and make it difficult to correctly interpret the EPI data. In this article a new 2D phase mapping protocol and a postprocessing algorithm are presented for an effective Nyquist ghost artifacts removal. After an appropriate k-space data regrouping, a 2D map accurately encoding low- and high-order phase errors is derived from two phase-encoded reference scans, which were originally proposed by Hu and Le (Magn Reson Med 36:166-171;1996) for their 1D nonlinear correction method. The measured phase map can be used in the postprocessing algorithm developed to remove ghost artifacts in subsequent EPI experiments. Experimental results from phantom, animal, and human studies suggest that the new technique is more effective than previously reported methods and has a better tolerance to signal intensity differences between reference and actual EPI scans. The proposed method may potentially be applied to repeated EPI measurements without subject movements, such as functional MRI and diffusion coefficient mapping.
Cerebral and Sinus Vein Thrombosis

A blood clot in the veins that drain the blood from the brain is called a sinus or cerebral vein thrombosis. It is an uncommon type of clot, affecting about 1500 people in the United States per year. Normally, blood is transported through arteries into the brain, where it delivers oxygen and nutrients. Once the blood has done its job, it collects into small veins (known as cerebral veins) that drain into large veins, called sinus veins (Figure 1). The sinus veins lead to the jugular veins in the neck, which carry the blood back to the heart. The sinus veins have nothing in common (except for the name sinus) with the sinuses of the face on both sides of the nose and above the eyes, which can get infected, leading to sinusitis. Figure 1. The anatomy and terminology of the cerebral and sinus veins. Reproduced with permission from Clot Connect.1 The obstruction of the blood flow from a clot in veins in the head leads to a back up of blood and increasing blood pressure in the blood vessels just before the obstruction. This is like water in front of a dam. The increased pressure leads to swelling of part of the brain, which results in headaches; the pressure can damage the brain tissue, leading to stroke-like symptoms. The increased pressure can also lead to rupture of the blood vessel and bleeding into the brain (Figure 2 …
Direct observation of counterion organization in F-actin polyelectrolyte bundles

Attractions between like-charged polyelectrolytes have been observed in a variety of systems (W.M. Gelbart, R.F. Bruinsma, P.A. Pincus, V.A. Parsegian, Phys. Today 53, September issue, 38 (2000)). Recent biological examples include DNA, filamentous viruses, and F-actin. Theoretical investigations on idealized systems indicate that counterion correlations play a central role, but no experiments that specifically probe such correlations have been performed. Using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, we have directly observed the organization of multivalent ions on cytoskeletal filamentous actin (a well-defined biological polyelectrolyte) and found an unanticipated symmetry-breaking collective counterion mechanism for generating attractions. Surprisingly, the counterions do not form a lattice that simply follows actin’s helical symmetry; rather, the counterions organize into “frozen” ripples parallel to the actin filaments and form structures reminiscent of charge density waves. Moreover, these 1D counterion charge density waves form a coupled mode with twist deformations of the oppositely charged actin filaments. This counterion organization is not sensitive to thermal fluctuations in temperature range accessible to protein-based polyelectrolyte systems. Moreover, the counterion density waves are “pinned” to the spatial periodicity of charges on the actin filament even if the global filament charge density is varied, indicating the importance of charge periodicity on the polyelectrolyte substrate.
Further suggestions for writing memorable geophysical papers

In an earlier article in Eos (December 21, 1982, p. 1219), I suggested that members of AGU had been seriously remiss in not forming proper author teams in order to write “memorable” geophysical research papers. A number of the original suggestions were rejected either on the grounds of good taste (see the “unabridged” preprint version of the paper, available from the author) or else because of political sensitivity (e.g., “Crooked magnetic field lines” by AGU members Agnew and Nixon). Nonetheless, several examples of what might be done survived censorship and appeared in the Eos article. In summary, it was concluded that geophysicists could be a lot more active in this area.
Probability Distribution of Molecular Evolutionary Trees: A New Method of Phylogenetic Inference

A new method is presented for inferring evolutionary trees using nucleotide sequence data. The birth-death process is used as a model of speciation and extinction to specify the prior distribution of phylogenies and branching times. Nucleotide substitution is modeled by a continuous-time Markov process. Parameters of the branching model and the substitution model are estimated by maximum likelihood. The posterior probabilities of different phylogenies are calculated and the phylogeny with the highest posterior probability is chosen as the best estimate of the evolutionary relationship among species. We refer to this as the maximum posterior probability (MAP) tree. The posterior probability provides a natural measure of the reliability of the estimated phylogeny. Two example data sets are analyzed to infer the phylogenetic relationship of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. The best trees estimated by the new method are the same as those from the maximum likelihood analysis of separate topologies, but the posterior probabilities are quite different from the bootstrap proportions. The results of the method are found to be insensitive to changes in the rate parameter of the branching process.
Theories of Mind in Transition: A Microgenetic Study of the Development of False Belief Understanding

Microgenetic methods were used to document young children's (N = 36; M age = 3;5) acquisition of false belief (FB) understanding and investigate developmental mechanisms. A control group received no experience with FB; 2 other groups received microgenetic sessions designed to promote FB understanding. Over consecutive weeks, microgenetic groups received implicit feedback about their performance on 24 FB tasks and generated explanations for FB events. Only 1 microgenetic group improved. Differences in the schedules of microgenetic experience and in the amount and type of FB explanation children engaged in accounted for these differences. Improving children developed FB understandings gradually and exhibited fluctuating task performance, suggesting slow conceptual restructuring, not sudden insight. This work provides the first microgenetic record of children's transition to a representational theory of mind.
On The Design of Dual Mode Arrays for Imaging and Therapy

Dual Mode Ultrasound Arrays (DMUAs) represent a new paradigm in non‐invasive image‐guided surgery. For therapeutic efficiency, DMUA design is optimized by using large elements and a small number of driving circuits. For accurate imaging, conventional delay‐and‐sum beam forming necessitates a large number of small elements. This investigation aims to ease hardware requirements for continuous wave DMUAs in therapeutic mode while maintaining small element size useful for imaging. A phase and magnitude quantization technique was developed to cluster elements with similar excitations. A set of elements in a cluster is connected in parallel to a single amplifier, which results in significant channel count reduction. The resulting heating fields were simulated and compared to the fields from unquantized arrays. Results indicate that it is possible to reproduce a desired field with high fidelity using a small number of distinct driving signals.
High gradient magnetic capture of cells and ferritin-bound particles

The magnetic retention of biological cells is of interest as a convenient system in which essentially identical particles can be used to study HGMS and, conversely, as an area in which the HGMS technique can be applied to make biologically important cell separations. Previously, red blood cells have provided data which confirmed theoretical predictions concerning the dependence of particle capture on field, flow rate, particle magnetic susceptibility and diameter of wire in the magnetized matrix. In these experiments the technique has been extended to examine the retention of more weakly paramagnetic (ferritin-labelled) particles and the use of weaker magnetic fields. Latex particles with the iron storage protein ferritin attached and a 7 Tesla magnet have been used to model the expected HGMS capture of ferritin-labelled cells. Red cell retention in weak fields was demonstrated using .3 - .45 Tesla permanent magnet assemblies and stainless steel wire of three diameters. A decrease in HGMS capture efficiency for the finest wire was observed.
Granular cells are required for encapsulation of foreign targets by insect haemocytes

Haemocytes play an essential role in defending invertebrates against pathogens and parasites that enter their haemocoel. A primary defense response is encapsulation; a process in which haemocytes attach to the foreign organism and kill it. Whether encapsulation requires cooperation between specific subpopulations of haemocytes is unknown. Using purified subpopulations of haemocytes and an in vitro encapsulation assay, we investigated the process of capsule formation in the insect Pseudoplusia includens. Immunocytochemical staining revealed that capsule formation involves a three step process. Encapsulation began when granular cells attached to the foreign target. This was followed by attachment of multiple layers of plasmatocytes. Termination of capsule formation occurred when a subpopulation of granular cells formed a monolayer around the periphery of the capsule. Neither granular cells nor plasmatocytes were capable of forming a capsule independently. However, plasmatocytes encapsulated targets if granular cells were present or if targets were preincubated in medium conditioned by granular cells. The effect of granular cell-conditioned medium could be blocked by the addition of the cell adhesion recognition sequence, RGDS, but not by RGES. These results demonstrate experimentally that granular cells are required for encapsulation of foreign targets by plasmatocytes in vitro, and that the role of granular cells in this process involves an RGD-dependent cell adhesion mechanism.
Neuropsychiatric Observations on Behavioral Consequences of Corpus Callosum Section for Seizure Control

The epilepsy group at the Medical College of Ohio has been concerned both with the effectiveness of corpus callosum section (CCS) for seizure control and with its repercussions on the patient’s personality and cognitive functions. We have considered the possible effects of the divided state of the brain on the whole person.