cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Water Treatment on Foliar Damage of Landscape Trees Sprinkle Irrigated with Reuse Water

Abstract An experiment was conducted on four container-grown tree species placed under five different irrigation reuse water treatments to determine the extent of foliar damage after a 14.5-month period. The tree species included Heritage oak (Quercus virginiana Mill. ‘Heritage’), desert willow (Chilopsis linearis (Cav.)/Sweet), flowering plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh ‘Atropurpurea’), and Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis Bunge). Plant response and an index of visual damage (IVD) were assessed at different times throughout the experiment. Ion concentrations in the leaf tissue were different for species (S) (p < 0.001), treatment (T) (Na, K, SO4, p < 0.05) and by a species by treatment interaction (S × T) (Na, Ca, Mg, K and SO4, p < 0.05). SPAD measurements varied by S (p < 0.001), T (p < 0.001) and by an S × T interaction (p < 0.045). SPAD measurements decreased as the leaf tissue Na concentration increased (SPAD = 47.49 – 12.46(Na), r2 = 0.38, p < 0.01). The IVD varied by S (p < 0.001), T (p < 0.001) a...
Preliminary report: double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in depressed alcoholics.

Abstract The selective serotonergic agonist fluoxetine has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of depression and has possible efficacy in the treatment of nondepressed and depressed alcoholics. However, no double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with any selective serotonergic medication have been reported in patients who have both major depression and alcoholism. In this study, 21 patients with DSM-III-R diagnoses of both major depressive disorder and alcohol dependence were randomized to fluoxetine or placebo in a 12-week, double-blind, parallel group trial. The patients reported a high level of current episode (52.4%), prior episode (61.9%), and lifetime (76.2%) suicidal behavior. Total alcohol consumption during the 12-week treatment course was significantly lower in the fluoxetine group than the placebo group, after controlling for baseline differences in consumption. The fluoxetine group demonstrated a four-fold greater improvement in depressive symptoms, but this difference did not reach statistical significance in this small sample. These preliminary findings suggest that fluoxetine has potential for treating the excessive alcohol ingestion of depressed alcoholics and may have potential for treating the depressive symptoms of these patients as well.
New Phases for the Orientational Ordering of Quantum Rotors: H2 on Hexagonal BN

The phase diagram for the orientational ordering of 2D films of ortho–para H 2 mixtures has been explored for both commensurate and incommensurate monolayer coverages on hexagonal BN. NMR techniques were used to study ortho concentrations 0.30<x<0.74and temperatures 0.05 <T<4.2. Three distinctly different classes of line shapes were observed and we interpret these in terms of the different phases predicted for the orientational ordering in 2D. At high concentrations a Pake doublet line shape was observed which is characteristic of the pinwheel (PW) ordering predicted by Harris and Berlinsky. For intermediate concentrations a distinctive helmet shaped NMR line is observed which is the signature of a quadrupolar glass state. This line shape was seen only for commensurate coverages. At low concentrations (x<0.45) a new very sharply defined Pake doublet shape is seen which corresponds to a very narrow distribution of order parameters. We interpret this latter phase as a herringbone (HB) ordering.
Serum diazepam concentrations in overdose. Their significance

Total serum benzodiazepine concentrations were correlated with clinical manifestations in 93 cases of diazepam overdose. Diazepam and nordiazepam were also each separately determined in 101 serum specimens from cases of diazepam overdose, including 27 cases from the aforementioned clinical correlation study. In addition, serum nordiazepam concentrations were measured in five cases of chlorazepate overdose. Concentrations of total benzodiazepine ranged from 1 to 22 microgram/ml. All patients survived with supportive therapy only. Each of the 25 patients who had ingested only diazepam was awake or in grade 0 coma, even when drug concentrations were ten-fold greater than the accepted upper limit of the therapeutic range. None of the patients who had ingested only diazepam needed hospitalization; all were discharged from acute medical care after a period of emergency room observation. The ratios of parent drug to N-desmethyl metabolite (nordiazepam) in those overdose specimens analyzed by gas chromatography averaged 3:1. This high ratio may be useful in differentiating acute overdose from high concentrations resulting from chronic therapy. Although determination of diazepam concentrations aid in establishing that an overdose has occurred, when more than grade I or II coma is present, other drugs or an alternative explanation should be sought, regardless of the drug concentration.
Substrate Supply and Utilization in Various Conditions

The main substances which can be directly utilized as a source of energy in mammalian tissues are (Krebs, 1972): (1) Glucose (fructose, galactose). (2) Fatty acids, including acetate. (3) Ketone bodies derived from fatty acids. (4) Amino acids. (5) Lactate derived from glucose by glycolysis.
Alcohol and Suicide Risk: Examining the Role of Meaning-Making.

Objective: Conceptual understandings of meaning-making suggest that it may have protective value in regard to alcohol misuse and suicidal behavior. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to examine...
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Injections for the Treatment of Perianal Crohn's Disease: Progress Made and Future Directions.

BACKGROUND:There has been a surge in clinical trials studying the safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of perianal Crohn’s disease.OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this work was to systematically review the literature to determine safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells for
Pressure-dependent phase transition of 2D layered silicon telluride (Si 2 Te 3 ) and manganese intercalated silicon telluride

Two-dimensional (2D) layered silicon telluride (Si2Te3) nanocrystals were compressed to 12 GPa using diamond anvil cell techniques. Optical measurements show a color change from transparent red to opaque black indicating a semiconductor-to-metal phase transition. Raman scattering was used to observe the stiffening of the crystal lattice and subsequent phase behavior. A possible phase transition was observed at 9.5 ± 0.5 GPa evidenced by the disappearance of the A1g stretching mode. Si2Te3 was intercalated with elemental manganese to ∼ 1 at.%. Intercalation lowers the pressure of the proposed phase transition to 7.5 ± 1 GPa. Raman modes show both phonon stiffening and phonon softening, suggesting negative linear compressibility. These results provide fundamental insight into the high-pressure optical phonon behavior of silicon telluride and illuminate how a specific electron-donating intercalant can chemically alter pressure-dependent optical phonon behavior.
Fascia Iliaca Block, History, Technique, and Efficacy in Clinical Practice

The facsia iliaca block (FIB) is a relatively new regional technique where local anesthetic is delivered within the fascia iliaca region. Indications for a FIB include surgical anesthesia to the lower extremity after knee, femoral shaft, hip surgery, management of cancer pain or pain secondary to inflammatory conditions of the lumbar plexus, as well as treatment of acute pain in the setting of trauma, fracture, or burns. The FIB may be performed using either a loss of resistance technique or an ultrasound (US)-guided technique; however, the use of US has become commonplace and resulted in improved femoral nerve and obturator nerve motor blocks. The main targets of the FIB are the predominant nerves contained in the fascia iliaca compartment (FIC), namely the femoral nerve and the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. The FIB US guided technique is beneficial to patients and the possibility to perform FIB should be discussed and coordinated with surgical staff appropriately, considering its superiority to general or epidural anesthesia.
Is well-being prior to receiving rehabilitation services associated with postrehabilitation mental health and functioning?

AbstractObjectives: Millions of older adults receive rehabilitation services every year, which aim to restore, maintain, or limit decline in functioning. We examine whether lower reported well-bein...
Epac1 inhibition ameliorates pathological angiogenesis through coordinated activation of Notch and suppression of VEGF signaling

In this study, we investigated the roles of Epac1 in pathological angiogenesis and its potential as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of vasoproliferative diseases. Genetic deletion of Epac1 ameliorated pathological angiogenesis in mouse models of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and carotid artery ligation. Moreover, genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Epac1 suppressed microvessel sprouting from ex vivo aortic ring explants. Mechanistic studies revealed that Epac1 acted as a previously unidentified inhibitor of the γ-secretase/Notch signaling pathway via interacting with γ-secretase and regulating its intracellular trafficking while enhancing vascular endothelial growth factor signaling to promote pathological angiogenesis. Pharmacological administration of an Epac-specific inhibitor suppressed OIR-induced neovascularization in wild-type mice, recapitulating the phenotype of genetic Epac1 knockout. Our results demonstrate that Epac1 signaling is critical for the progression of pathological angiogenesis but not for physiological angiogenesis and that the newly developed Epac-specific inhibitors are effective in combating proliferative retinopathy.
The Utility of Plasma Vascular Biomarkers in Systemic Sclerosis: A Prospective Longitudinal Analysis

Objective In cross-sectional studies, pulmonary hypertension (PH) and ischemic digital lesions are 2 scleroderma vascular outcomes associated with abnormalities in biomarkers of angiogenesis. The clinical usefulness of these biomarkers is unknown, in part due to lack of data on longitudinal measurement. This prospective longitudinal study was undertaken to evaluate vascular biomarker measurements in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) over time. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of 300 patients with SSc who were followed up for at least a 5-year period and lacked evidence of PH and/or active ischemic digital lesions at enrollment. Levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1), soluble endoglin, endostatin, and placental growth factor (PLGF) were obtained at multiple time points and assessed for their ability to predict the development of PH/ischemic digital lesions. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. Results Forty-six patients (15%) developed PH and 69 patients (23%) developed an ischemic digital lesion. In time-to-event analyses, the following 3 biomarkers measured at cohort entry were found to be significantly associated with the development of PH: HGF (HR 1.99 [95% CI 1.24-3.17], P = 0.004), sFlt-1 (HR 3.04 [95% CI 1.29-7.14], P = 0.011), and PLGF (HR 2.74 [95% CI 1.32-5.69], P = 0.007). As time approaching PH diagnosis decreased, there was no corresponding increase in any biomarker level. Upon converting each continuous vascular biomarker into a binary variable, a dose-response relationship was observed for the number of elevated biomarkers at cohort entry and the risk of developing PH. With each additional elevated biomarker at cohort entry, there was a 78% increase in the risk of developing PH (HR 1.78 [95% CI 1.2-2.6], P = 0.004). Conclusion These data suggest that molecules involved in angiogenesis reflect vascular perturbation, and that elevations in these biomarkers at first encounter can indicate patients who are at risk of PH development.
Mastering Electrocardiogram Interpretation Skills Through a Perceptual and Adaptive Learning Module.

Although accurate interpretation of the standard 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is fundamental to diagnosing heart disease, several prior studies report low accuracy rates among medical students, residents, and practicing physicians. The objective of this study was to determine if an online ECG Perceptual and Adaptive Learning Module (ECG PALM) is an efficient instrument to teach ECG interpretation. The ECG PALM consists of 415 unique ECG tracings with associated pretest, posttest, and delayed tests, each using 30 additional ECGs to gauge the effectiveness and durability of training. Between 2013 and 2015, a total of 113 third‐year and 156 fourth‐year medical students and 34 first‐year, 41 second‐year, and 37 third‐year emergency medicine residents completed the PALM and associated tests. We measured two mastery criteria: accuracy, the percentage of correct interpretations, and fluency, the percentage of images interpreted accurately within 15 seconds. The ECG PALM produced statistically significant improvements (0.0001 < p < 0.0045) in student and resident performance for both accuracy (effect size = 0.9 to 3.2) and fluency (effect size = 2.5 to 3.1) following training ranging from 46 ± 24 minutes (R3s) to 88 ± 32 minutes (third‐year medical students). Medical students and residents performed significantly better on a test the year following training (delayed test) than those without prior ECG PALM training (pretest). The fluency of R3 residents in classifying the 15 diagnostic categories was less than 60% for nine of the 15 diagnoses and greater than 80% for only one. Following PALM training, fluency was higher than 80% for seven of the 15 categories and less than 60% for only two categories. Accuracy in recognizing ST‐elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs) was high both before and after PALM training for R3s, but fluency was only 64% for anterior STEMIs on the pretest, increasing to 93% following PALM training. These observations suggest that the ECG PALM is an effective and durable supplemental tool for developing mastery in interpreting common ECG abnormalities.
Chapter 11 – Network Support: The Radio Environment Map

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the motivation and the important role of network support in cognitive radios. It introduces the radio environment map (REM) and explains how the REM can provide network support to cognitive radios for various applications. The chapter addresses the important role of network support in developing cognitive radios for various application scenarios, including infrastructure-based as well as infrastructure-less ad hoc networks. As a vehicle to providing network support to cognitive radios, the REM is proposed to be an integrated database that consists of multi-domain information, such as geographical features, available services, spectral regulations, locations and activities of radios, policies of the user and/or service provider, and past experience. A cognitive engine to enhance or achieve most cognitive functionalities, such as reasoning, learning, planning, and decision support, can exploit REM. Leveraging both internal and external network support through global and local REMs presents a sensible approach to implement cognitive radios in a reliable, flexible, and cost-effective way. The REM presents a smooth evolutionary path from the legacy radio to the cognitive radio. The REM can be viewed as a natural, but major evolution of radio resource management used in today's commercial wireless networks.
Large-eddy simulation of flow turbulence in clarification systems

Prediction of turbulent flow is required for design and assessment of clarifier systems that have been implemented throughout history to treat water in the urban water cycle through physical clarification. Yet, turbulent flow modeling is a relatively new tool that has not existed until the last half-century and can be, and often is, a tenuous component in a computational fluid dynamics simulation of unit operations and processes. Common Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation (RANS) approaches can be inadequate to obtain consistent and accurate flow solutions. In contrast, this study presents an application of large-eddy simulations (LES) for a clarification system with a high-order spectral element method employing 48 million degrees of freedom. Turbulent and unsteady flow characteristics are investigated, and statistics are examined for such a system. Simulation results are compared with laser Doppler anemometry measurements for mean flow velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, and Reynolds shear stress. LES results agree well with measurements, and the differences between LES and measurements are generally less than the reported measurement error. LES results capture the transition behavior from a jet-like flow at the near-inlet region to an open-channel flow at the downstream end of the system. Furthermore, LES results reveal that the widely adopted log-law of a classical turbulent boundary layer is not established in the system even at the most downstream location. Preliminary examination of commonly used RANS models identifies the challenges in application of RANS to such systems. The results from this study provide a benchmark for turbulence modeling of common water clarification systems.
Breast cancer patients' insurance status and residence zip code correlate with early discontinuation of endocrine therapy: An analysis of the ECOG-ACRIN TAILORx trial.

BACKGROUND: Early discontinuation is a substantial barrier to the delivery of endocrine therapies (ETs) and may influence recurrence and survival. The authors investigated the association between early discontinuation of ET and social determinants of health, including insurance coverage and the neighborhood deprivation index (NDI), which was measured on the basis of patients' zip codes, in breast cancer. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis of a prospective randomized clinical trial (Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment), women with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer who started ET within a year of study entry were included. Early discontinuation was calculated as stopping ET within 4 years of its start for reasons other than distant recurrence or death via Kaplan-Meier estimates. A Cox proportional hazards joint model was used to analyze the association between early discontinuation of ET and factors such as the study-entry insurance and NDI, with adjustments made for other variables. RESULTS: Of the included 9475 women (mean age, 55.6 years; White race, 84%), 58.0% had private insurance, whereas 11.7% had Medicare, 5.8% had Medicaid, 3.8% were self-pay, and 19.1% were treated at international sites. The early discontinuation rate was 12.3%. Compared with those with private insurance, patients with Medicaid (hazard ratio [HR], 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.92) and self-pay patients (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.25-2.17) had higher early discontinuation. Participants with a first-quartile NDI (highest deprivation) had a higher probability of discontinuation than those with a fourth-quartile NDI (lowest deprivation; HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.11-1.62). CONCLUSIONS: Patients' insurance and zip code at study entry play roles in adherence to ET, with uninsured and underinsured patients having a high rate of treatment nonadherence. Early identification of patients at risk may improve adherence to therapy. LAY SUMMARY: In this retrospective analysis of 9475 women with breast cancer participating in a clinical trial (Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment), Medicaid and self-pay patients (compared with those with private insurance) and those in the highest quartile of neighborhood deprivation scores (compared with those in the lowest quartile) had a higher probability of early discontinuation of endocrine therapy. These social determinants of health assume larger importance with the expected increase in unemployment rates and loss of insurance coverage in the aftermath of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Early identification of patients at risk and enrollment in insurance optimization programs may improve the persistence of therapy.
The Time has Come for All States to Measure Racial Discrimination: A Call to Action for the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS).

Racial/ethnic inequities in preterm birth (PTB) are well documented. Most of this research has focused on maternal behavioral and socio-demographic characteristics. However, the full magnitude of the racial/ethnic gap remains inadequately understood. Studies now point to the role of racial discrimination in producing PTB inequities, but limitations exist, namely the use of a single, dichotomous item to measures discrimination and the limited generalizability of most studies which have been conducted in single cities or states. In this commentary we briefly review extant research on explanations for racial/ethnic inequities in PTB, and the role of racial discrimination in producing the racial/ethnic gap in adverse birth outcomes such as PTB. The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), a state-level, population-based survey, annually collects data from 51 states and cities (“states”) on maternal behaviors and experiences in the perinatal period. The questionnaire consists of mandatory “Core” questions, and optional “Standard” questions. Currently 22 states include a “Standard” question on discrimination; 29 do not. PRAMS offers a unique opportunity to systematically assess discrimination among a diverse, population-based sample across the US. We urge PRAMS to at least include the current measure of discrimination as a mandatory "Core" question. Ideally, PRAMS should include a validated discrimination scale as a "Core" question. The time has come to name and assess the impact of discrimination on adverse birth outcomes. PRAMS can play a vital role in helping to close the racial/ethnic gap in PTB.
Innate Immune Dysregulation in Sjögren’s Syndrome

Primary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune dysfunction that occurs within exocrine gland tissue and systemically. While adaptive immunity is clearly dysregulated in pSS, the innate immune response also mediates disease pathogenesis in both pSS mouse models and patients. Moreover, studies in mice suggest that activation of innate immunity precedes the adaptive. Many different cell types that contribute to innate immune defense are shown to play pivotal roles in pSS, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and salivary gland epithelial cells. Moreover, diverse innate immune pathways are implicated in disease, including those activated by both exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns. This chapter will provide an overview of the innate immune pathways that are dysregulated in pSS. Of note, toll-like receptor signaling, inflammasome activation, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-mediated cytokine production drive activation of innate immunity in pSS. While the underlying causes of innate immune dysregulation are incompletely understood, genetics, sex hormones, infections, and alterations in both the gut and salivary microbiome likely contribute to disease susceptibility. We will examine the putative causes of innate immune activation and explore established and emerging therapeutics that target innate immunity in pSS.
Is It Cost Effective to Obtain Fungal and Acid-Fast Bacillus Cultures during Spine Debridement?

Study design Retrospective study. Purpose To identify the rate of positive acid-fast bacillus (AFB) and fungal cultures during spine debridement, determine whether these infections are more common in certain spine segments, identify comorbidities associated with these infections, and determine whether the universal performance of fungal and AFB cultures during spine debridement is cost effective. Overview of literature Spine infections are associated with significant morbidity and costs. Spine fungal and AFB infections are rare, but their incidence has not been well documented. As such, guidance regarding sample procurement for AFB and fungal cultures is lacking. Methods A retrospective review of medical record data from patients undergoing spine irrigation and debridement (ID 95% confidence interval, 1.33-23.75) of positive fungal or AFB cultures. Although not significant, patients undergoing multiple I&D procedures had higher rates of positive fungal cultures during each subsequent I&D. Over a 10-year period, if fungal cultures are obtained for each patient, it would cost our healthcare system $12,151.58. This is compared to an average cost of $177,297.64 per missed fungal infection requiring subsequent treatment. Conclusions Spine fungal infections occur infrequently at a rate of 4%. Physicians should strongly consider obtaining samples for fungal cultures in patients undergoing spine I&D, especially those using steroids and those undergoing multiple I&Ds. Our AFB culture rates mirror the false positive rates seen in previous orthopedic literature. It is unlikely to be cost effective to send for AFB cultures in areas with low endemic rates of AFB.
Review of dental tribology: Current status and challenges

Abstract The demand for high performance and customizable oral care products requires addressing technical challenges in dentistry, including tribology. The existing literature on dental tribology is scattered and existing clinical and laboratory testing methods for evaluation of tooth damage and wear are conflicting. Thus, a clear scientific understanding of tooth wear is absent and render it difficult to develop effective mitigation strategies. This work provides a review of tribological aspects of human teeth, including dental materials, friction, wear, lubrication of human dental tissues and restorative materials, and dental tissue properties. It attempts to provide a holistic state-of-the-art understanding of oral lubrication mechanisms, from a tribological perspective, and an understanding of the effects of daily hygiene practices on dental care.
HYDRODYNAMIC TRENDS FROM A GENERALIZED DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR FULLY CAVITATING HYDROFOIL SECTIONS

An extended design procedure for fully cavitating hydrofoils is based upon a linearized inverse theory of two-dimensional cavity flows at arbitrary cavitation number. The cavity surfaces are assumed to originate at the leading and trailing edges of the wetted surface. This paper completes the basic theory and gives detailed examples obtained from the resulting parametric design technique. In this procedure, one specifies the design lift coefficient, the cavitation number and the upper cavity thickness at two points along the profile chord. A prescribed pressure distribution shape is also selected. These quantities determine the profile design, which consists of the upper cavity and wetted surface contours, the design angle of attack, the cavity length, the drag coefficient, the moment coefficient and the lift-to-drag ratio. The method also includes off-degign calculations in accordance with the direct theory of cavity flows, which determines the flow states for which interference can occur between the upper surface of the cavity and the upper nonwetted surface of the profile. The hydrodynamic performance of specific "point designs" is also given by these direct calculations. The chief new feature of the generalized design procedure is that it gives a designer the ability to prescribe two points on the cavity surface instead of one as heretofore. Although certain constraints must be observed by the designer when specifying these two values of cavity thickness, the third procedure is found to be more general and more flexible than design procedures studied previously. The necessary constraints are incorporated in the computer logic for the method. The fact that linearized theory is used tends to limit the applicability of the method to conceptual design and feasibility studies. The computer program for the procedure has been found to be economical and well suited for its intended purpose.
Hybrid Semiconductor-Molecular Integrated Circuits for Digital Electronics: CMOL Approach

This chapter describes architectures of digital circuits including memories, general-purpose, and application-specific reconfigurable Boolean logic circuits for the prospective hybrid CMOS/nanowire/nanodevice (“CMOL”) technology. The basic idea of CMOL circuits is to combine the advantages of CMOS technology (including its flexibility and high fabrication yield) with those of molecular-scale nanodevices. Two-terminal nanodevices would be naturally incorporated into nanowire crossbar fabric, enabling very high function density at acceptable fabrication costs. In order to overcome the CMOS/nanodevice interface problem, in CMOL circuits the interface is provided by sharp-tipped pins that are distributed all over the circuit area, on top of the CMOS stack. We show that CMOL memories with a nano/CMOS pitch ratio close to 10 may be far superior to the densest semiconductor memories by providing, e.g., 1 Tbit/cm\(^2\) density even for the plausible defect fraction of 2%. Even greater defect tolerance (more than 20% for 99% circuit yield) can be achieved in both types of programmable Boolean logic CMOL circuits. In such circuits, two-terminal nanodevices provide programmable diode functionality for logic circuit operation, and allow circuit mapping and reconfiguration around defective nanodevices, while CMOS subsystem is used for signal restoration and latching. Using custom-developed design automation tools we have successfully mapped on reconfigurable general-purpose logic fabric (“CMOL FPGA”) the well-known Toronto 20 benchmark circuits and estimated their performance. The results have shown that, in addition to high defect tolerance, CMOL FPGA circuits may have extremely high density (more than two orders of magnitude higher that that of usual CMOS FPGA with the same CMOS design rules) while operating at higher speed at acceptable power consumption. Finally, our estimates indicate that reconfigurable application-specific (“CMOL DSP”) circuits may increase the speed of low-level image processing tasks by more than two orders of magnitude as compared to the fastest CMOS DSP chips implemented with the same CMOS design rules at the same area and power consumption.
The Effect of Audit Costs on Taxpayer Decisions Under Uncertainty: Evidence from the Laboratory

This paper reports on an experiment designed to provide evidence of whether a change in the level of uncertainty about potential deductions influences the amounts that taxpayers take as deductions, and whether the effects of this change depend on the magnitude of the costs associated with defending the deductions, if challenged by the taxing authority. The results indicate that when the degree of uncertainty surrounding a deduction increases, taxpayers sometimes become more conservative in their choices, but at other times become more aggressive. In the early and middle rounds of the experiment, greater uncertainty resulted in lower deductions. However, in the late rounds this result reversed, with greater uncertainty leading to more aggressive reporting overall. In addition, this effect was much stronger when the cost of being audited was high. On one hand, these results are consistent with prior research in which experiments using larger penalties tend to provide stronger support for theoretical predictions. On the other hand, the aggressive reporting in response to increases in uncertainty documented in this experiment has not been demonstrated in other tax-reporting work, and likely suggests uncertainty does not have a clear, uniform effect on taxpayer behavior, but rather its effect depends on the specific nature of the decision-problem.
X‐ray Line Emission in Swift XRT Spectra?

We report initial results from an automated XRT spectral pipeline running at Berkeley. The data are fit in near real time and searched for emission lines. For the period between GRBs 050401 and 051117B, there are nearly 12 Msec of XRT data, which can be divided into 67 spectra each with > 500 cts. We discuss limits on Fe line emission for the bursts with measured redshifts. We find no highly significant emission lines as outliers in the overall population. However, there are interesting outliers in terms of the continuum fit parameters. From this we find evidence for thermal emission components in some of the bright XRT flares. Our automated software performs a blind search for emission lines and appears to also trigger on these regions of particularly soft spectra. This may indicate that some of the soft flare emission is in the form of lines.
Fluoroscopically guided supraglenoid tubercle steroid injections for the management of biceps tendonitis.

Background: The management of bicipital tendonitis can be challenging to the clinician. Traditionally, blind injections near the bicipital groove have been performed by clinicians with risk of bicipital tendon rupture or atrophy. Because of the inaccuracy and risk associated with blind bicipital tendon steroid injections, we sought to ascertain whether a fluoroscopically guided steroid injection into the region of the origin of the long head of the bicipital tendon (supraglenoid tubercle) was efficacious. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 6 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of bicipital tendonitis was performed. All patients underwent a fluoroscopically guided steroid/anesthetic injection into the supraglenoid tubercle of the shoulder. The main outcome measure was post-procedure change in visual analog pain scale; the secondary outcome was the physical examination (presence of a Speed's test). Results: Ten cases were identified, but only 6 had complete data and were included in the analysis. Five of the 6 patients experienced a reduction in pain by 50% at follow-up. Discussion: A fluoroscopically guided block injected into the supraglenoid tubercle may be effective in the management of bicipital tendonitis.
Alcohol Policies and Alcoholic Cirrhosis Mortality in the United States

Introduction Stronger alcohol policies predict decreased alcohol consumption and binge drinking in the United States. We examined the relationship between the strength of states' alcohol policies and alcoholic cirrhosis mortality rates. Methods We used the Alcohol Policy Scale (APS), a validated assessment of policies of the 50 US states and Washington DC, to quantify the efficacy and implementation of 29 policies. State APS scores (theoretical range, 0-100) for each year from 1999 through 2008 were compared with age-adjusted alcoholic cirrhosis death rates that occurred 3 years later. We used Poisson regression accounting for state-level clustering and adjusting for race/ethnicity, college education, insurance status, household income, religiosity, policing rates, and urbanization. Results Age-adjusted alcoholic cirrhosis mortality rates varied significantly across states; they were highest among males, among residents in states in the West census region, and in states with a high proportion of American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). Higher APS scores were associated with lower mortality rates among females (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.91 per 10-point increase in APS score; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.84-0.99) but not among males (adjusted IRR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.90-1.04). Among non-AI/AN decedents, higher APS scores were also associated with lower alcoholic cirrhosis mortality rates among both sexes combined (adjusted IRR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82-0.97). Policies were more strongly associated with lower mortality rates among those living in the Northeast and West census regions than in other regions. Conclusions Stronger alcohol policy environments are associated with lower alcoholic cirrhosis mortality rates. Future studies should identify underlying reasons for racial/ethnic and regional differences in this relationship.
Exposure to Television Portrayals of Latinos: The Implications of Aversive Racism and Social Identity Theory

Although research suggests that manifestations of blatant racism are on the decline, findings additionally demonstrate that subtle racism remains prevalent when contexts provide sufficient ambiguity for the expressions to go unnoticed. Notably, studies examining these outcomes have typically been confined to intergroup contexts, despite the fact that mediated contact may yield parallel responses. The present investigation examines this relationship by applying aversive racism and social identity theory assumptions to assess the influence of exposure to television depictions of Latinos, on White viewers’ judgments. Results cautiously reveal that racial identification and media ambiguity affect both viewers’ evaluations of target racial/ethnic out-group members as well as in-group esteem.
Water use, growth and rubber yields of four guayule selections as related to irrigation regimes

There has been renewed interest in cultivating guayule (Parthenium argentatum G.) for rubber production. Water use, growth and rubber yields of four guayule selections (593, 11.591, 11 646 and 4265 XF) were evaluated for two years in nonweighing field lysimeters at El Paso, TX. Four irrigation treatments were evaluated; these involved irrigation when about 40, 60 or 90% of available water was depleted, and the fourth treatment was irrigated at 60% depletion using saline water containing 3,300 mg of dissolved salts per liter. Water use for the two year period for these treatments amounted to 219, 147, 96 and 132 cm, respectively, plus biennial rainfall of 32 cm. Shrub and resin yields increased linearly with increasing irrigation, while rubber contents generally decreased with irrigation. Resultant rubber yields were highest under the lowest stress treatment, yielding about 840 kg/ha. Rubber yields with other treatments averaged 560 kg/ha with no significant yield differences among the tested selections. The salt treatment increased rubber contents of the shrubs, but caused reductions in shrub and rubber yields. Guayule plants survived well under low soil moisture, but water requirement to produce unit quantities of biomass was high (about 15 cm to produce one ton of dry shrub per ha). Guayule should not be regarded as a low water consuming crop if high yields per land area are to be achieved.
Grazing-incidence x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy from multilayer media: Oxidized GaAs(100) as a case study

At the energies of interest in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), total external reflection of the x-ray beam occurs from a smooth surface at small incidence angles. The penetration of the x rays into the material is strongly attenuated at these angles and surface sensitivity is enhanced in the XPS yields. As the incidence angle is increased, the x rays penetrate more deeply into the material and the XPS signal contains a larger contribution from the bulk. By exploiting this angle-dependent x-ray penetration depth, it is possible to obtain depth-dependent XPS spectra from which the concentration profiles of the photoelectron-emitting atoms can be inferred. In this paper we develop a general formalism for calculating grazing-incidence XPS (GIXPS) yields from multilayer media. A quantitative analysis of GIXPS spectra acquired from an oxidized GaAs(100) surface that was annealed to remove oxidized As will be discussed. The results show that this annealed oxide is composed of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and that the oxide-GaAs substrate interface is rough.
Bridging the innovation divide: The Brazilian experience

The purpose of this article is to discuss the Brazilian innovation environment. It addresses the challenges, promises, bottlenecks, and opportunities by examining the country's quest to bridge the innovation divide. In addition, it applies the main dimensions of the “innovation diamond model” to assess how the country is faring in its journey toward competitiveness. The article analyzes Brazil's main innovation policies and agencies. Its companies and policymakers have recently understood that, without a dynamic and rich innovation environment, it will not be able to design long-term economic development strategies and engage in long-term sustainable growth. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Innovative Research of Integrating Electromagnetic Shield into Three-Dimensional Circuit

The word "innovative" in title is the new thought to measure the electromagnetic shielding capability level of circuit. Circuits were classified into non-shielding circuits, semi-shielding circuits and shielding circuits. What's more, a circuit was really produced and was tested in different shielding levels, and the result was analyzed. It was obvious, and proved that it was important to design the structure and configuration of the electromagnetic shield for delicate circuit, to design the three-dimensional configuration of circuit, to emplace three-dimensional positions of circuit components, to tightly pack circuit with electromagnetic shield. And nowadays, the electromagnetic circumstances are becoming more and more complicated. Hence the application of shielding circuit will play a significant role in the stability improvement of the circuit, especially of the highly subtle circuit.
Mesoscale physical sedimentary structures and trace fossils in Holocene carbonate eolianites from San Salvador Island, Bahamas

Abstract Carbonate eolianites, less than 10,000 years old, are well exposed in sea cliffs and on rocky shore platforms along the northeast coast of San Salvador Island. These deposits formed when easterly trade winds blew carbonate sands landward from the beach zone as sea level rose over a previously exposed shelf during the Holocene transgression. Small, lobate, parabolic-like dunes coalesced laterally to form an elongate, transverse dune ridge oriented perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. Detailed observations of small-scale sedimentary structures and laminations permit the distinction of sands deposited as climbing wind ripples, lee-side grainfalls, and lee-side sandflows. Micrite crusts and associated plant trace fossils characteristic of the dunal environment are common in the Rice Bay Formation, and these can be compared directly with identical features and plants found in modern carbonate dunes on San Salvador. Some eolian laminations dip into the present-day subtidal zone, confirming a post-depositional rise in sea level along this tectonically stable coast. The rocks are lithified sufficiently by freshwater, vadose, low Mg-calcite cement to form wave-resistant sea cliffs. A distinctive feature of these terrestrial carbonate rocks is the occurrence of a variety of animal trace fossils. Skolithos linearis burrows, up to 30 cm in length and 0.5 cm in diameter, are quite common. Comparison with traces found in modern carbonate dunes suggests that these trace fossils were made by burrowing insects or spiders. The most abundant and widespread trace fossil consists of closely spaced, irregular, small burrows up to 20 cm long in the horizontal plane and with uniform diameters of 0.3–0.4 cm. These burrows also extended downward as much as 3 cm into the sediments, and created a mottled texture in places. This trace fossil has been found only in lee-side sandflow and grainfall deposits. Such burrows probably were produced by insects or insect larvae, which favored the protected lee-side environment. The most unusual trace fossil in these Holocene eolianites is composed of a cluster of vertically oriented burrows. Each cluster consists of up to several hundred shafts, each with a diameter of 1–2 cm, that diverge upward from an approximately common point of origin. These structures can be 1.4 m or more high and greater than 1 m in transverse section across the circular shape produced by the upwardly radiating burrow cluster. These trace fossils probably represent the escape pathways of the hatchlings of an infaunal insect or similar invertebrate.
What can a woman do about her risk of dying of breast cancer

Abstract Every day, American woman are told that one in ten will develop breast cancer, and some groups perceive their risk to be so high as to justify immediate bilateral mastectomy. Many associations with breast cancer have been identified, including a history of benign breast diseases, in situ carcinoma, a family history of breast cancer, prolonged menstruation as a result of early menarche or delayed menopause, few or late pregnancies, excessive alcohol intake, obesity, and possibly the use of estrogens as oral contraceptives or postmenopausal replacement therapy. In spite of these associations, our understanding of either the cause(s) of breast cancer or the sequence of events leading to a diagnosis of breast cancer is still inadequate to make global public health recommendations regarding life style—or even to initiate well-designed studies. The epidemiologic evidence strongly suggests, however, that events relatively early in a woman's life are more important than later events, even though most of the risk of developing breast cancer will be expressed after the age of 75. Possibly one of the greatest contributions we can make to our patients' welfare is to share the knowledge that the risk of dying of breast cancer is considerably smaller than the risk of developing breast cancer; that the risk of early death from breast cancer rarely exceeds 10% in even the highest risk groups; and that the life styles most likely to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and other scourges of woman-kind are also those most likely to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
A normative account of dangerous climate change

The central objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) “is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. . . ”1 Unless global energy policy is to pursue the evidently impossible, namely the avoidance of all climate change, we must distinguish climate change that is dangerous from that which is not. Climate scientists concerned that international policy be intelligently guided have sought to assess the dangers of climate change, most often by discussing the risks associated with different warming scenarios. In this paper I argue that such efforts are important for a proper account of dangerous climate change but ultimately insufficient. In the next section I defend a provisional understanding of dangerous as too risky and I argue that the judgment that an action or policy is too risky involves more than an empirical estimation of the risks involved. It rests on normative considerations. In the third section I distinguish the present account from relativism to which the account in Section 2 bears a superficial resemblance. The fourth section argues that the identification of climate change as dangerous involves both procedural and substantive considerations. In Section 5 I consider and reject alternative normative accounts of dangerous climate change. The sixth section amends the provisional understanding of dangerous to incorporate uncertainty and discusses the necessary role of precautionary thinking in the identification of climate change as dangerous. I conclude in Section 7 with very brief remarks on the practical upshot of this account of dangerous climate change.
Accurate calculation of atomic resonances near surfaces

Abstract We present first results of new accurate calculations for atomic resonances near an Al surface. We employ large-scale matrix diagonalization involving ≥ 1000 basis states and realistic effective single-particle potentials. We implement two complementary techniques — the complex rotation method and the stabilization method. We also investigate strongly perturbed atomic wave functions near the surface and relate their evolution as a function of the distance, d, to the Wigner-von-Neumann non-crossing rule. The distance dependence of the resonance parameters can be analyzed in terms of semiclassical mechanics.