cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Parenchymatous Organs Produced by Artificially Induced Fever

The purpose of this experimental study has not been to investigate the pathological changes which could be produced by lethal doses of artificially induced fever, as has been done previously by Hartman, Jacobsen and Hosoi, Baldwin and Nelson, and a few others,1 but to make a quantitative comparison between the organ changes occurring in fatal and non-fatal doses of fever, and to investigate the fate of these changes after recovery of the animal. In our series of experiments male adult rabbits of a healthy standard breed were used. Nine animals died after a rapid high rise of temperature induced by the diatherm or radiotherm in a short period of 30 minutes (Group A); 9 animals succumbed to a fever of 108° to 109° in a time interval from 8 to 9 hours (Group B); 5 animals were kept at a temperature of 107° until death occurred after an estimated time of about 40 hours (Group C); and 5 animals were exposed once a week 6 times and killed by air embolus one week after the last exposure. Twelve animals served as...
Reactive Transport Mechanism for Organic Oxidation during Electrochemical Filtration: Mass-Transfer, Physical Adsorption, and Electron-Transfer

An electrochemical carbon nanotube (CNT) filter has been reported to be effective for the adsorptive removal and oxidation of aqueous organic compounds. Here, we complete a detailed investigation of the aqueous dye oxidation reactive transport mechanism during electrochemical filtration. Similar to batch electrolysis, mass transfer, physical adsorption, and electron transfer are found to be three primary steps in the overall electrochemical filtration organic oxidation mechanism. Mass transfer was quantitatively examined by chronoamperometry and normal pulse voltammetry and determined to be increased 6-fold during electrochemical filtration as compared to batch electrochemistry. Convection-enhanced mass transfer to the electrode surface is determined to be the primary factor for increased current density and organic oxidation during electrochemical filtration. Physical adsorption of the organics onto the CNTs was evaluated using temperature-dependent batch adsorption and electrochemical filtration experim...
Labyrinthine concussion following gunshot injury: A case report

Objective: Labyrinthine concussion due to a postauricular gunshot wound has not been well reported. Design: Retrospective chart review. Study sample: We describe an otherwise healthy 22-year-old male who received a gunshot wound to the left mastoid and subsequently reported hearing loss and rotational vertigo. Results: Audiometric testing demonstrated significant inverted scoop shaped sensorineural hearing loss. Vestibular diagnostic testing indicated a significant uncompensated left peripheral vestibulopathy. Imaging demonstrated no structural changes to the middle ear or labyrinth, suggesting that the auditory and vestibular losses noted on diagnostic examination were likely due to labyrinthine concussion. Conclusions: Labyrinthine concussion may lead to reduced vestibular reflex pathway following gunshot wounds to the temporal bone. Clinical presentation is likely to vary significantly among cases.
Undergraduate journal club as an intervention to improve student development in applying the scientific process

Active learning improves student performance in STEM courses. Exposure to active learning environments generally occurs through traditional laboratory courses and independent research, both of which require access to resources that are limited at many universities. A previously reported active learning-based undergraduate journal club improved student achievement in communicating science. Here, we expanded on this previous journal club to improve student performance in the process of science. We developed and implemented a series of workshops and seminars referred to as "CASL Club," an undergraduate journal club targeted at improving student development in applying the scientific process. Students were surveyed before and after CASL club about their confidence in accessing, analyzing, and reporting scientific research. Post-CASL club, the students reported increases in confidence in their abilities to access and present scientific articles and write scientific abstracts. Additionally, the students reported improved confidence and performance in their courses. Compared to the previous journal club study, the majority of sampled journal club participants were not exposed to primary literature as part of their general coursework. Our results illustrate active-learning based undergraduate journal clubs as a way to expose students to primary literature and improve students' ability to apply scientific process in an active-learning environment at resource-limited universities.
Acute Blood Pressure Management After Ischemic Stroke

Although the long-term treatment of hypertension is effective for secondary stroke prevention, the optimal management of blood pressure in the setting of acute ischemic stroke has been controversial. This chapter discusses the available evidence and current guidelines supporting the management of blood pressure in the setting of acute ischemic stroke. For patients that are candidates for thrombolysis, reduction and maintenance of the BP within the current guidelines is indicated as it likely reduces the risk of hemorrhagic complications. For all other patients, there is no clear benefit and potentially harm for acute blood pressure reduction.
“The Enemy Has Never Ceased to Be Victorious”: Anne Frank and Neutral Milk Hotel

Here I argue that the affective content of music can usefully combine with utopian longings embodied by the technological wish image. My exemplar is Neutral Milk Hotel’s album, In the Aeroplane over the Sea. This startling requiem for Anne Frank contains a potentially affective charge that derives from its perverse eroticization of Frank, a charge that is capable of bringing repressed utopian longings about history into the open. Especially longed for is the redemption of past hopes that have been dashed by an “enemy [who] has never ceased to be victorious.” However, through a discussion of songwriter Jeff Mangum’s surprise performance in Zuccotti Park during Occupy Wall Street, I discuss enduring resistances to repressed wishful images that prevent the wish image from being realized or made real.
Reseña de Juan Manuel Gauger, «Autoridad jesuita y saber universal. La polémica cometaria entre Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora y Eusebio Francisco Kino», Nueva York, IDEA, 2015, 176 pp. Colección Batihoja, 17. ISBN 978-1-938795-05-3

Review of Juan Manuel Gauger, Autoridad jesuita y saber universal. La polemica cometaria entre Carlos de Siguenza y Gongora y Eusebio Francisco Kino , Nueva York, IDEA, 2015, 176 pp. Coleccion Batihoja, 17. ISBN 978-1-938795-05-3
Low angle radiation from HF antennas

The influence of the ground on the fields of antennas has been discussed sporadically in the literature for many years. In most propagation calculations, it is assumed that the transmitting antenna has a fixed di-pole moment and the ground is taken to be a perfect conductor or possibly a homogeneous imperfectly conducting half-space. In practice, however, some kind of ground system is employed. Usually this takes the form of a metal screen or radial wire system which is on the surface of the ground, above it, or lightly buried. The design of such systems has been typically empirical. Apparently, the first analytical approach was carried out by Brown et a 1 [1]. Later works [2, 3] have dealt mainly with the influence of the ground system on the impedance. In most cases, it has been assumed that the radiated field, for a given current, was not appreciably inflenced by the presence of the ground screen. Infact, an analysis was presented previously by Wait and Pope[4] which is suitable for estimating the dependence of the ground wave on the size of a circular ground screen. Caleulations[5]based on this work supported the contention that a screen has only a small effect on the radiated field provided the radius of the screen is of the order of a wavelength or less. Very similar conclusion have been arrived at by British workers [6,7].
Defining the Scope of Fiduciary Liability

This essay highlights and pays tribute to Justice Thomas Cromwell’s contributions to Canadian fiduciary jurisprudence on the occasion of his retirement from the Supreme Court of Canada. The essay situates these contributions in the context of points of uncertainty in the Court’s earlier fiduciary jurisprudence. Justice Cromwell has left the Court with a much-improved conception of the nature of fiduciary relationships and, in turn, a principled method for defining the scope of fiduciary liability. The net result is a body of law that is more stable and predictable yet also dynamic and adaptive. In reviewing Justice Cromwell’s contributions, I highlight three particularly important advancements: first, his clarification of the definitive properties of fiduciary relationships; second, his emphasis on mandates in defining the scope of fiduciary relationships; and third, his explanation of conditions requisite to the formation of fiduciary relationships.
Coping with Sexual Identity Stigma in the U.S. Military: An Examination of Identity Management Practices Prior to and After the Repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”

ABSTRACTThis study assesses the identity management strategies employed by gays, lesbians, and bisexuals in the U.S. military prior to and after the repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.” In-depth interviews were conducted with gay, lesbian, and bisexual service members and veterans. Data were analyzed using constant comparative analysis. Findings revealed that these service members made thoughtful and deliberate decisions about whether or not, and to whom, they would reveal their sexual identities. Identity concealment was practiced most often, even after the repeal, which was found to incite feelings of self-reproach, isolation, and stress. However, several new identity management strategies emerged after the repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (i.e., strategies of openness) that stimulated positive self-feelings. By engaging in some level of openness, participants in this study were able to overcome some of the adverse effects of their minority stress.
Double plication for spring-mediated intestinal lengthening of a defunctionalized Roux limb

Abstract Background Spring-mediated distraction enterogenesis has been shown to increase the length of an intestinal segment. The goal of this study is to use suture plication to confine a spring within an intestinal segment while maintaining luminal patency to the rest of the intestine. Methods Juvenile mini-Yucatan pigs underwent placement of nitinol springs within a defunctionalized Roux limb of jejunum. A 20 French catheter was passed temporarily, and sutures were used to plicate the intestinal wall around the catheter at both ends of the encapsulated spring. Uncompressed springs placed in plicated segments and springs placed in nonplicated segments served as controls. The intestine was examined approximately 3 weeks after spring placement. Results In the absence of plication, springs passed through the intestine within a week. Double plication allowed the spring to stay within the Roux limb for 3 weeks. Compared to uncompressed springs that showed no change in the length of plicated segments, compressed springs caused a significant 1.7-fold increase in the length of plicated segments. Conclusions Intestinal plication is an effective method to confine endoluminal springs. The confined springs could lengthen intestine that maintains luminal patency. This approach may be useful to lengthen intestine in patients with short bowel syndrome. Level of Evidence Level I Experimental Study.
Sibling Relationship Quality and Adjustment: Considerations of Family, Genetics, Cultural Expectations and Disability Type

Abstract Much of the extant literature on siblings and developmental disability fails to take into account methodological variations, syndrome specific characteristics of a disorder, or constellation variables (such as gender or birth order). In addition, the target child is usually the typically developing sibling; little consideration has been given to the impact of a typically developing child on the brother or sister with a disability. In this chapter, we review research related to the development of sibling relationship quality and identify factors that impact sibling outcomes, such as social skills or behavior, for both siblings without disabilities and those with intellectual disability (ID) or neuro-developmental disorders such as autism. In doing so, we propose a conceptual model that considers main effects and moderators (such as genetic influences, family functioning, or cultural expectations) of the target child's adjustment.
Advanced Monitoring and Control of Redox Potential in Wine Fermentation

The reduction-oxidation potential, or redox potential, in a fermenting juice may influence the reactions in the juice and within the yeast cells during wine fermentations. The ability to monitor and control the redox potential at a chosen value by adding air during a red wine fermentation was demonstrated in triplicate at the 100-L scale. The Brix curves and redox potential patterns in the controlled fermentations were compared to those in the un-aerated fermentations. The redox control system consisted of a commercial pH meter with a reduction-oxidation electrode and a custom-designed electronic controller. The study showed the redox potential could be controlled at 215 mV, well above its natural level throughout the fermentation. Control of the redox potential resulted in faster peak fermentation rates and earlier completion of the wine fermentations. Analysis of these fermentation curves using a mathematical model indicated that yeast cell viability and the specific maintenance rate of the viable cells were significantly increased by controlling the redox potential during the fermentation.
Chapter 18 Bone Health in Women with Epilepsy: Clinical Features and Potential Mechanisms

Bone disease is recognized as an important pathologic process to identify and treat in women. Women are at greater risk than men secondary to multiple factors including estrogen loss in menopause. The most important consequence of bone disease is fracture. Fracture rates are higher in persons with epilepsy treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Increased bone turnover secondary to AED exposure, higher rates of osteoporosis, adverse effects on bone quality, seizures, and impaired coordination may all contribute. There is a differential effect of AEDs on bone. Although results are mixed for some AEDs, phenytoin use is consistently associated with lower bone mineral density (BMD). As most evidence associates cytochrome P450 enzyme‐inducing AEDs with abnormalities in bone, the induction of these enzymes has been proposed as the main mechanism to describe this effect. However, data suggest that this theory does not explain all findings. Many therapies are available for the treatment of bone disease, but there is limited study in persons with epilepsy. All patients should receive at least the recommended daily allowance of calcium and vitamin D and obtain vitamin D status screening. For prolonged AED exposure, BMD screening is available, particularly if the patient has other risk factors.
Variational Methods for Analysis of Stability of Interacting Cracks

ABSTRACT Variational methods are used to formulate the problem of the growth and stability of periodically spaced straight cracks in an elastic brittle solid, where the crack growth is governed by a strain-controlled mechanism. Necessary and sufficient conditions for spontaneous crack growth and crack closure are established. In addition, a variational formulation is given for the noncollinear (curved or branching) growth of a single crack in plane strain.
Gynecologic evaluation of the first female soldiers enrolled in the Gulf War Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation Program at Tripler Army Medical Center.

Tripler Army Medical Center initiated the Department of De-fense's Persian Gulf Illness Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation Program (CCEP) on June 15, 1994. In the first 5 months, 100 patients enrolled in this program. Sixteen (16%) were women who served in the Persian Gulf during Desert Shield/ Desert Storm, and 1 (1%) was the dependent wife of a Gulf War veteran who is experiencing illness that may be related to the Persian Gulf War. All 17 women enrolled in the CCEP were evaluated in the Tripler Army Medical Center Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic between June 17 and November 10, 1994. Each patient underwent gynecologic history, pelvic exam, Pap smear, and screen for fecal occult blood. Ten patients underwent baseline mammograms and 13 patients underwent urogenital and cervical cultures for aerobic bacteria, chlamydia and herpes simplex. The 1 patient with an abnormal Pap smear underwent cervical and endocervical biopsies and colposcopy (histology demonstrated no dysplasia or neoplasia). Half of the 16 Gulf War veterans experienced gynecologic problems while serving in the Gulf and 43% admitted gynecologic problems since returning in 1991. Of 6 patients who became pregnant after returning, 5 had normal pregnancies and 1 suffered four miscarriages.
Chronic Carpometacarpal Dislocation of the Thumb: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

CASE We report a case of a chronic, irreducible carpometacarpal (CMC) dislocation of the thumb, which was managed with a trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis. CONCLUSION This case demonstrates that arthrodesis is a suitable salvage procedure for chronic, irreducible CMC dislocations of the thumb.
Intermediate Filaments in Striated Muscle

In this chapter we will review the results and conclusions of ultrastructural and immunofluorescent studies of intermediate filament proteins in striated muscle. The majority of presently available publications on the structure of striated muscle are concerned either with the contractile elements of the myofibrils or with the membranous systems. We consider the evidence that striated muscle contains filaments that have average diameters intermediate between those of actin and myosin and that are neither thick (myosin) filaments nor thin (actin) filaments. The intermediate filaments have also been designated by the term 10-nm filaments on the basis of their average diameter, but it is important to remember that their diameters range from 8 to 13 nm.
Are Emergency Medicine Physicians Able to Determine the Need for Computed Tomography and Specialist Consultation in Odontogenic Maxillofacial Infections

Purpose Pain and swelling from a necrotic tooth is a common complaint in emergency departments. These patients impose substantial burdens on hospital budgets and provider time. The initial triage of odontogenic infections can be difficult without advanced knowledge and training in head and neck anatomy and odontogenic disease pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency with which emergency medicine physicians correctly determine the need for computed tomography (CT) and specialist consultation in patients with odontogenic infections. Materials and Methods A retrospective case series was designed. Patients older than 18 years with an odontogenic infection presenting to the emergency department from August 1, 2012 to April 30, 2015 were eligible for inclusion in the study. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data were recorded, with special attention paid to the hospital service consulted and imaging ordered. The location of the abscess and the clinical presentation of the patient were used to determine the necessity for the imaging and consultation. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results Seventy-two patients met the inclusion criteria (52.9% women; mean age, 40.0 yr). The decision to order CT was made by emergency medicine physicians for 61.7% of patients with infections that did not require CT. Likewise, oral and maxillofacial surgery was consulted for 77.8% of patients with infections that did not require a specialist consultation. Conclusion In this study, emergency medicine physicians misinterpreted the clinical needs of a large percentage of patients with odontogenic infections. Better education, interdepartmental collaboration, and conducting and disseminating peer-reviewed research are several ways to increase efficiency of care in patients with odontogenic infections.
Relative Cost Effectiveness of In-Person and Internet Interventions for Relationship Distress.

While the efficacy of couple therapy has been repeatedly demonstrated, most distressed couples do not seek treatment. To improve reach and overcome barriers to therapy, Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT) was translated into a web-based program, OurRelationship (OR). While both IBCT and OR have been shown to improve relationship and individual functioning, the goal of the present study was to compare the relative cost effectiveness of these two treatment modalities. In IBCT, 74% of couples experienced reliable improvement, compared to 55% of couples in OR. Within-group Cohen's d effect sizes during treatment for relationship satisfaction were d = 0.87 for IBCT and d = 0.96 for OR. Relative cost effectiveness analyses revealed that even at the highest expense estimates for OR and the lowest expense estimates for IBCT, OR was more cost effective in creating reliable improvement once at least 229 couples were served and was more cost effective in creating large-size effects once at least 153 couples were served. Cost-effectiveness increases for both IBCT and OR as more couples are served; however, this cost savings occurs at a much more rapid rate for OR. These findings demonstrate that despite higher initial development costs, Internet programs are a cost-effective option for dissemination either as a stand-alone service or as an initial intervention in a stepped care model with more intensive in-person services.
Mortality-to-incidence ratios by US Congressional District: Implications for epidemiologic, dissemination and implementation research, and public health policy.

The mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) can be computed from readily accessible, public-use data on cancer incidence and mortality, and a high MIR value is an indicator of poor survival relative to incidence. Newly available data on congressional district-specific cancer incidence and mortality from the U.S. Cancer Statistics (USCS) database from 2011 to 2015 were used to compute MIR values for overall (all types combined), breast, cervix, colorectal, esophagus, lung, oral, pancreas, and prostate cancer. Congressional districts in the South and Midwest, including MS, AL, and KY, had higher (worse) MIR values for all cancer types combined than for the U.S. as a whole. For all cancers combined, there was a positive correlation between each district's percent of rural residents and the MIR (r = 0.47; p < .001). The MIR for all cancer types combined was lower in districts within states that expanded Medicaid vs. those states that did not expand Medicaid (0.36 vs. 0.38; p < .001). A positive correlation was seen between the proportion of non-Hispanic Black residents and MIR (r = 0.15; p < .01 for all cancers). Lower MIRs were observed in districts in New England and in states that expanded Medicaid. However, there also were some interesting departures from this rule (e.g., Wyoming, South Dakota, parts of Wisconsin and Florida). Rural congressional districts have generally higher MIRs than more urban districts. There is some concern that poorer, more rural states that did not expand Medicaid may experience greater disparities in MIRs relative to Medicaid expansion states in the future.
Arterial Duplex and Palmar Acceleration Time in an Upper Extremity Trauma Case

Subclavian and axillary arterial injuries are uncommon and in the setting of scapulothoracic dissociation present difficulties in diagnosis, assessment, and reconstruction. We present a case of sub...
Therapeutically‐Rational Exchange (T‐REX) of Gerbich‐Negative Red Blood Cells Can be Evaluated in Papua New Guinea as “a Rescue Adjunct” for Patients with Plasmodium falciparum Malaria

"Conventional exchange transfusion"-that delivers nondescript "standard issue" units of red blood cells (RBCs)-is used worldwide to rescue dying Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria patients. Recently, exchanging special malaria-resistant RBCs (T-REX) has been recommended to prevent random delivery of malaria-susceptible RBCs that promote Pf infection. Fortunately, Papua New Guinea (PNG) is well positioned to help optimize exchange as "a rescue adjunct" because (a) Gerbich-negative (GN) RBCs that resist Pf invasion are prevalent in PNG; (b) with international support, PNG has conducted outstanding malaria research; (c) PNG's scientists feel studies of GN RBCs can advance malaria therapeutics; and (d) with blood-bank support, evaluating exchange of GN RBCs is feasible in PNG. An exchange-transfusion study of GN RBCs might attract international sponsorship given the threat of expanding drug-resistance as well as growing recognition that advancing transfusion medicine and expanding blood donation could especially help Pf-infected children-immediately.
Abstract 6388: MERTK and ROCK inhibitors mediate synergistic AML cell death and enhance therapeutic activity in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy

Survival rates are suboptimal for adult and pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Cytotoxic chemotherapies have short and long-term side effects and are often contraindicated for elderly patients. Targeted agents can reduce toxicity compared to chemotherapy; however, resistance to single-agents often develops, thus combination therapies may provide more durable responses. To increase efficacy and reduce exposure to cytotoxic agents, a targeted combination therapy (MERTK/ROCKi) was utilized alone and with doxorubicin or etoposide, frontline cytotoxic chemotherapeutics routinely used for AML treatment. MERTK is aberrantly expressed in >80% of AML patient samples and MERTK inhibitors are in clinical development. Both MERTK and rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinases 1 and 2 (ROCK1/2) regulate actin/microtubule dynamics and cell cycle progression and shMERTK or siROCK1 knockdown induces apoptosis in AML cells. Here, analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database revealed poorer overall survival in patients with higher levels of ROCK1 mRNA (p Citation Format: Dawn E. Barnes, Xiaodong Wang, Stephen V. Frye, H. Shelton Earp, Deborah DeRyckere, Douglas K. Barnes. MERTK and ROCK inhibitors mediate synergistic AML cell death and enhance therapeutic activity in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6388.
Participation Shopping in Environmental Justice: Advocates Compete to Capture Legitimacy from the “Black Lives Matter” Movement

Little existing research addresses the impact of the increasing popularity of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement on environmental justice (EJ) organizing. Critical Environmental Justice is embra...
An Efficient Video Prediction Recurrent Network using Focal Loss and Decomposed Tensor Train for Imbalance Dataset

Nowadays, from companies to academics, researchers across the world are interested in developing recurrent neural networks due to their incredible feats in various applications, such as speech recognition, video detection, predictions, and machine translation. However, the advantages of recurrent neural networks accompanied by high computational and power demands, which are a major design constraint for electronic devices with limited resources used in such network implementations. Optimizing the recurrent neural networks, such as model compression, is crucial to ensure the broad deployment of recurrent neural networks and promote recurrent neural networks for implementing most resource-constrained scenarios. Among many techniques, tensor train (TT) decomposition is considered an up-and-coming technology. Although our previous efforts have achieved 1) expanding limits of many multiplications within eliminating all redundant computations; and 2) decomposing into multi-stage processing to reduce memory traffic, this work still faces some limitations. In particular, current TT decomposition on recurrent neural networks leads to a complex computation sensitive to the quality of training datasets. In this paper, we investigate a new method for TT decomposition on recurrent neural networks for constructing an efficient model within imbalance datasets to overcome this issue. Experimental results show that the proposed new training method can achieve significant improvements in accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, False Negative Rate (FNR), and False Omission Rate (FOR).
Top Tens in 2017: Patent, Trademark, Copyright and Trade Secret Cases

The Supreme Court loosened the grip of patentees on their products, holding that contractual restrictions on patented product are ineffective to preserve patent rights. The Court also loosened the grip of the Eastern District of Texas on patent cases, announcing a narrower standard that will send more cases to Delaware. The Federal Circuit cases piled up on applying the Alice standard to filter nonpatentable abstract ideas from patentable inventions. Meanwhile, even as the constitutionality of the Patent Trial and Appeals Board pends before the Supreme Court, hundreds of PTAB decisions on the validity of patents move onward to the Federal Circuit. Other notable patent cases concerned sovereign immunity (such as transferring patents to avoid PTAB proceedings), the doctrine of assignor estoppel, the scope of prior art, and patent rights to the gene-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9. In trademark, the Court held the bar against disparaging marks was an invalid restraint on freedom of expression. Lower courts addressed a number of issues in the same area, such as the rights to use marks in titles of work and other expressive purposes. Courts also addressed whether such terms as “google,” “tequila,” and “Universal” have become generic. In copyright, the Supreme Court gave some guidance on the line between copyrightable expression and nonprotected functional matter. Other notable cases addressed the copyrightability of standards and the meaning of “noncommercial” in open source licenses, along with fair use in new settings. In trade secret, courts looked at such key issues as the scope of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the intersection between trade secret and international trade, and protection for data bases.
An Exploratory Study of a Novel Approach to Improve Readiness for a Rural Family Medicine Residency.

Background and Objectives Transitioning from medical school to residency is challenging, especially in rural training programs where a comprehensive scope of practice is needed to address rural health disparities. Oregon Health & Science University partnered with Cascades East Family Medicine Residency in Klamath Falls, Oregon to create an integrated fourth-year medical student experience (Oregon Family medicine Integrated Rural Student Training (Oregon FIRST). Participants may then enter this residency to complete their training with the intention to practice in rural underresourced settings. Methods In this exploratory study, we conducted key informant interviews with 9 of ten Oregon FIRST participants to determine how Oregon FIRST contributed both to their readiness for residency training and their choice to practice in rural underserved locations. Interviews were conducted between June 10, 2020 and July 8, 2020. We analyzed field notes taken during interviews for emergent themes using classical content analysis. Results Emergent themes included logistical ease, relationship development, key curricular elements, and commitment to rural practice. Overwhelmingly, Oregon FIRST participants reported the experience had many challenging and demanding components because they served as subinterns for their entire fourth year of medical school, but this prepared them very well for internship. When asked if they would choose to enroll in Oregon FIRST again, given what they now know about physician training and patient care, all nine (100%) said they would. Conclusions This study demonstrated that Oregon FIRST students felt better prepared for the rigors of residency and are committed to practicing in rural areas.
Nuclear Economics and the Problem of Externalities

The considerations of the previous chapters have made it clear that the debate over nuclear energy provides an excellent instance of the age-old tension between the ethical principle of equity and the economic principle of expediency or efficiency. The distinguished economist, Arthur Okun, describes this classic conflict as a controversy over whether democratic political systems or market relations shall govern social processes.1
SU-E-T-179: Clinical Impact of IMRT Failure Modes at Or Near TG-142 Tolerance Criteria Levels

Purpose: Quantitatively assess the clinical impact of 11 critical IMRT dose delivery failure modes. Methods: Eleven step-and-shoot IMRT failure modes (FMs) were introduced into twelve Pinnacle v9.8 treatment plans. One standard and one highly modulated plan on the IROC IMRT phantom and ten previous H&N patient treatment plans were used. FMs included physics components covered by basic QA near tolerance criteria levels (TG-142) such as beam energy, MLC positioning, and MLC modeling. Resultant DVHs were compared to those of failure-free plans and the severity of plan degradation was assessed considering PTV coverage and OAR and normal tissue tolerances and used for FMEA severity scoring. Six of these FMs were physically simulated and phantom irradiations performed. TLD and radiochromic film results are used for comparison to treatment planning studies. Results: Based on treatment planning studies, the largest clinical impact from the phantom cases was induced by 2 mm systematic MLC shift in one bank with the combination of a D95% target under dose near 16% and OAR overdose near 8%. Cord overdoses of 5%–11% occurred with gantry angle, collimator angle, couch angle, MLC leaf end modeling, and MLC transmission and leakage modeling FMs. PTV coverage and/or OAR sparing was compromised in all FMs introduced in phantom plans with the exception of CT number to electron density tables, MU linearity, and MLC tongue-and-groove modeling. Physical measurements did not entirely agree with treatment planning results. For example, symmetry errors resulted in the largest physically measured discrepancies of up to 3% in the PTVs while a maximum of 0.5% deviation was seen in the treatment planning studies. Patient treatment plan study results are under analysis. Conclusion: Even in the simplistic anatomy of the IROC phantom, some basic physics FMs, just outside of TG-142 tolerance criteria, appear to have the potential for large clinical implications.
Losing Control of Company Information in the Recruitment Process: The Impact of LinkedIn on Organizational Attraction

Social media provides access to diverse and potentially conflicting information about organizations to potential job candidates. However, little is known about the impact of conflicting information between social media and corporate websites for recruitment and attraction. Using an experimental design, we exposed participants to a fictitious company website promoting an employer brand of diversity. Participants were then randomly shown a fictitious Linked In employee search result page depicting high-or low-employee diversity. Using the instrumental-symbolic framework and warranting theory, we posit that consistent information from Linked In will result in more positive image perceptions of organizations, ultimately leading to higher organizational attraction. Results show that participants who were exposed to information consistent with the organizational website promoting diversity rated that organization higher in agreeableness, and perceived agreeableness fully mediated the relationship between the experimental condition and organizational attractiveness.
Use-Perspective Unit Documentation

Introductory software engineering students working on larger projects commonly encounter difficulty in group decision-making and architectural design. A use-perspective documentation framework is taught to students which is structured to overcome these two problems. Projects to which this framework is applied can be decomposed into a main unit, which requires input of the entire group, and subunits, which can be designed and coded by individual group members. A document is produced for each of the units concerning external behavior, required setup and usage of the unit. Creation of this document fosters communication and decision-making skills and requires students to engage in architectural design.
Globalization, states, and the health of indigenous peoples.

The consequences of globalization are mixed and for the indigenous peoples of poor countries globalization has potentially important benefits. These are the result not of participation in the global economy but of participation in global networks of other indigenous peoples environmental activists and nongovernmental organizations. Since World War II nonstate actors such as these have gained standing in international forums. It is indigenous peoples growing visibility and ability to mobilize international support against the policies of their own national governments that has contributed in some important instances to their improved chances of survival. (authors)
SOURCE CODE ANALYSIS AS TECHNICAL ART HISTORY

AbstractAs part of its program to conserve software-based artworks, the Museum of Modern Art undertook a risk analysis of 13 works that use a variety of software programs, programming languages, and code libraries. Risks assessed in this study include the potential impact due to changes and upgrades to hardware, operating systems, and programming languages that would render the software obsolete. The assessment made clear that one of the museum's primary conservation strategies should be building technical documentation about the artworks. Consequently, the museum undertook a second project to build documentation about the software and hardware dependencies for 13 software-based works. While analyzing artist-rendered source code, the researchers in some cases discovered hidden information about the working methods of the artists and their programmers. This information includes the development of aesthetic properties such as color, movement, and sound. The discovery of these clues to the artists’ concerns ...
CPR[TM]: Adopting an Out-of-Discipline Innovation.

Calibrated Peer Review™ (CPR) is a web-based instructional tool that encourages “writing gain for students” without adding “grading pain for the instructor!” The use of CPR provides students frequent opportunities to hone both writing as well as peer review skills in a guided environment. And once an assignment is authored, instructors have little to do beside monitor progress and arbitrate possible grading complaints! The four phase process of the Calibrated Peer Review™ reinforces learning of the content material and provides immediate assessment feedback. Students access the assignment by logging into CPR. Phase one involves the preparation and submission of the student’s text response to the writing assignment. During phase two the student evaluates three instructor written calibrations (high quality, mid quality and low quality) of the same assignment using pre-specified rubrics assessing content and style. An unsuccessful outcome prompts a return to the calibrations and a retry. A successful outcome moves the student forward into phase three. The software randomly selects three anonymous peer assignments. Using the same evaluation criteria the student assesses each assignment. At phase four, the student is presented his/her own assignment for self-review. Time limits at each phase insure timely completion of the assignment in full. The CPR tool provides immediate feedback on student performance at each phase. At the conclusion the CPR tool produces a complete set of results corresponding to performance at each phase; a score for the text entry, a score for the three calibrations, a score for the three peer reviews, a self-assessment score and concluding overall score. To bypass problems commonly associated with students reviewing student work, CPR has built in a set of “weighting” factors based on standard deviations which are reflected in the student’s own scores. Given its discipline-independent nature, Calibrated Peer Review™ makes an excellent instructional management tool to encourage students to read for content, master the content, write-to-learn, as well as, critically review writing.
Characterization of macrofaunal assemblages associated with sponges and tunicates collected off the southeastern United States

Abstract. Sponges can serve as hosts to invertebrate assemblages that live and reproduce within them. Sponges also constitute a major part of the benthic epifaunal community on the continental shelf of the southeastern United States; however, little is known about these sponges and the assemblages they harbor. In this study, the associated fauna from a variety of sponges and one species of tunicate collected by submersible from the continental shelf and slope of the southeastern United States at depths in the range 18–875 m were examined. Seventeen sponges, comprising eight species (Ircinia campana, Topsentia sp., Geodia sp., Characella sp., Erylus sp., Apylsina archeri, Cliona sp., and Pheronema carpenteri), and three tunicate colonies (Didemnidae) were fully dissected and all associated organisms were identified and counted. Additionally, the sponges Pheronema annae (951 m) and P. carpenteri (770 m) represent new records for the region. The diversity (H′) and density of associates varied considerably among hosts; the densities of associates ranged 0.4–11,684 per 1 L of host volume. Polychaete worms were the most common organisms found, with one species, Haplosyllis spongicola, being especially abundant in I. campana, Topsentia sp., and Cliona sp. The amphipods Ericthonius punctatus and Leucothoe cf. spinicarpa, as well as decapods such as snapping shrimp (Synalpheus sp.) and crabs (e.g., Pilumnus floridana, Micropanope urinator), were also common. The number of symbiont taxa did not significantly increase as the sponge size increased. However, weak positive trends were found between the diversity of associates and increasing canal diameter. Sponges and tunicates were judged to represent legitimate ecological communities harboring a complete food web as well as gravid and juvenile individuals.
Phenotypic variations in NF1-associated low grade astrocytomas: possible role for increased mTOR activation in a subset.

Low grade astrocytomas are the most common CNS tumors in neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1) patients. While most are classic pilocytic astrocytomas (PA), some are difficult to classify, and have been termed “low grade astrocytoma subtype indeterminate” (LGSI). Some of these tumors exhibit peculiar morphologies, including plump cytoplasmic processes and macronucleoli. In the current study we performed electron microscopy, followed by gene expression, immunohistochemicai and western blot analyses in an effort to identify biological differences underlying phenotypic variation in NF1-associated low grade astrocytoma. Electron microscopy demonstrated intermediate filaments and frequent Rosenthal fiber material in both PA and LGSI. Dense core granules and/or aligned microtubules were present in the LGSI group (2 of 3 cases) and in the PA group (1 of 10 cases). Analysis of global gene expression data obtained using Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus2.0 chips (5 PA, 1 LGSI), and western blot analysis for phospho-S6 (1 LGSI, 2 PA) demonstrated a gene expression profile reflecting “neuronal differentiation” and increased phospho-S6 immunoreactivity consistent with mTOR activation in the LGSI compared with PA. These findings were confirmed by immunohistochemistry for neuronal markers, as well as combined phospho-S6/ phospho-p70S6K immunoreactivity in 4 (of 4) LGSI vs. 5 (of 13) NF1-associated PA (p=0.02), and 13 (of 39) sporadic PA. Phospho-ERK immunoreactivity was uniformly present in PA and LGSI groups, while BRAF duplication was absent by FISH in 8 NF1-associated low grade astrocytomas. In summary, differential expression of neuronal-related genes and increased mTOR activation may underlie phenotypic variations in NF1-associated low grade astrocytomas.
Epidermal growth factor and angiotensin II stimulate formation of inositol 1,4,5- and inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate in hepatocytes. Differential inhibition by pertussis toxin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate.

Abstract The ability of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and angiotensin II to stimulate production of inositol trisphosphate and mobilize intracellular Ca2+ in hepatocytes was compared using quin2 fluorescence to monitor changes in Ca2+ levels and high performance liquid chromatography to resolve the inositol trisphosphate (InsP3) isomers. Both EGF and angiotensin II stimulated an increase in free intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) as well as a rapid increase in the production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3). Concentrations of angiotensin II which gave a rise in [Ca2+]i equivalent to that seen with maximal doses of EGF produced an equivalent increase in Ins(1,4,5)P3 formation. Both EGF and angiotensin II stimulated the formation of the Ins(1,3,4)P3 and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate isomers. The formation of the Ins(1,3,4)P3 isomer lagged behind production of Ins(1,4,5)P3 but eventually reached higher levels in the cell. The initial rise in [Ca2+]i and InsP3 levels stimulated by EGF and angiotensin II was not affected by reducing the external Ca2+ concentration below 30 nM with an excess of [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)] tetraacetic acid. Treatment of hepatocytes for 30-180 s with 1 micrograms/ml phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate prior to the addition of EGF blocked the EGF-stimulated production of Ins(1,4,5)P3 and the increase in [Ca2+]i. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate attenuated the production of Ins(1,4,5)P3 generated by angiotensin II over the concentration range of 10(-10) to 10(-8) M; however, the Ca2+ signal was only inhibited at the 10(-10) M dose of angiotensin II. Treatment of rats with pertussis toxin for 72 h prior to isolating hepatocytes blocked the ability of EGF to increase Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4)P3 but did not inhibit the ability of any concentration of angiotensin II to stimulate formation of InsP3 or inositol tetrakisphosphate. The observation that pertussis toxin selectively abolishes EGF-stimulated inositol lipid breakdown suggests that EGF and angiotensin II use different mechanisms to activate phospholipase C in hepatocytes.
Human resource development, organization development, organizational learning, and organizational effectiveness: all needed more than ever

Tim L. Reynolds is currently Vice President of Talent and Organizational Effectiveness for Whirlpool Corporation and is responsible for talent acquisition, succession planning, entry-level intake/d...
Photometric Monitoring: Accuracy, Homogeneity and Precision in Existing Long-Term Projects

Long-term monitoring requires all observations to be reduced to a common basis. The long-term stability of instrumentation is inferior to the precision available during a single observing run. Because the transformation from instrumental to standard system changes with time, standard stars must be measured in every observing run. Thus, one must in fact do “all- sky” photometry, even if local comparison and check stars are used to monitor extinction and zero-point changes. The balance between extinction and transformation errors is discussed, with recommendations for scheduling telescope time most efficiently. The accuracy, and thus the homogeneity, that can be reached depends on how well the standard passbands can be matched. Manufacturing tolerances on filters and detectors are so large that good matching is possible only numerically, after the observations have been made. Then, to synthesize good approximations to the required passbands, we need instrumental passbands that overlap.