cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A kinetic study of the reaction mechanism of tryptophanase-catalyzed reactions.

Abstract Crystalline tryptophanase from Escherichia coli catalyzes a variety of α,β elimination and β replacement reactions corresponding, respectively, to Equations i and ii. RCH2CHNH2COOH + H2O→CH3COCOOH + RH + NH3 (i) RCH2CHNH2COOH + indole→tryptophan + RH (ii) The initial rates of these reactions were followed spectrophotometrically by measuring pyruvate formation in the presence and absence of indole by use of a coupled system containing reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide and lactate dehydrogenase. The affinity of tryptophanase for a given substrate is the same in Reaction i as in Reaction ii; consequently, association of the enzyme with indole, for which it shows high affinity (Km = 0.01 mm), does not result in any conformational change in the active site that is reflected in its affinity for its other substrates. Unlike indole, even high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide or methylmercaptan do not inhibit pyruvate formation in Reaction i and hence do not replace indole in β replacement reactions analogous to ii, although the corresponding amino acids, cysteine and S-methylcysteine, are excellent substrates for both reactions. These reactions are visualized as occurring by the mechanism outlined in Equations iii to v, where E represents tryptophanase. E + tryptophan (b)/⇌ E·amminoacrylate + indole (iii) E + RCH2CHNH2COOH ⇌ E·RCH2CHNH2COOH (b)/→ E·amminoacrylate + RH (iv) E·amminoacrylate + H2O → E + pyruvate + NH3 (v) Three kinetic cases can be distinguished: (a) the formation of pyruvate from tryptophan (Reactions iii + v), (b) the formation of pyruvate from other substrates (Reactions iv + v), and (c) the formation of tryptophan from other substrates plus indole (Reactions iv and iii in reverse). Rate equations derived for each of the three cases were tested graphically and were satisfied by kinetic data obtained with each of the five substrates (l-tryptophan, l-serine, l-cysteine, S-methyl-l-cysteine, and S-ethyl-l-cysteine) tested. In accordance with the proposed mechanism, an essentially identical value was obtained with all substrates for the kinetic parameter corresponding to the affinity constant of indole for the enzyme-aminoacrylate complex, the common intermediate in Reactions i and ii. This common intermediate decomposes to form tryptophanase, pyruvate, and ammonia at a rate approximately equal to that of dissociation of the enzyme-tryptophan complex. The maximal velocity of pyruvate formation from a given substrate in Reaction i is essentially identical with that of tryptophan synthesis from that same substrate in Reaction ii. Differences in the maximal velocity (Vmax) of Reactions i and ii are observed for different substrates, and these differences, considered in relation to the physical meaning of Vmax in terms of individual rate constants, provide strong kinetic evidence that the rate-determining step in each of the tryptophanase-catalyzed reactions lies in the removal of the β substituent from the substrate (Step b of Reactions iii and iv).
Novel insights into the emergence of pathogens: the case of chestnut blight

Exotic, invasive pathogens have emerged repeatedly and continue to emerge to threaten the world's forests. Ecosystem structure and function can be permanently changed when keystone tree species such as the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) are eliminated from a whole range by disease. The fungal ascomycete pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica is responsible for causing chestnut blight. Once the pathogen was introduced into the Eastern US, where chestnuts were predominant, chestnuts were all but eliminated. This pathogen is currently causing extensive damage in Europe. A study in this issue of Molecular Ecology sheds new light on the pattern and process of emergence of this devastating plant pathogen (Dutech et al. 2012). The authors used microsatellite markers to investigate the evolutionary history of C. parasitica populations introduced into North America and Europe. To infer sources of migrants and the migration events, the authors included putative source populations endemic to China and Japan, inferred potentially unsampled populations and conducted a multivariate population genetic and complex ABC analysis. Cryphonectria parasitica emerges as an example of an introduced pathogen with limited genotypic diversity and some admixture in the invaded ranges, yet repeated invasions into different areas of Europe and the United States. This work sheds new light on the emergence of C. parasitica providing compelling evidence that this pathogen emerged by repeated migration and occasional admixture.
Research With Considerations of Use

Author(s): Huff, CR | Abstract: © 2015 American Society of Criminology. The August Vollmer Award Address is intended to focus on contributions to justice and the recipient's research and policy experiences. This is a story of one person's career focusing mainly on research with "considerations of use." After receiving a formal education in psychology, social work, and sociology, as well as experience as a practitioner, the author's academic career has primarily focused on the link between research and criminal justice policy and practice. This is the story of that journey and how it was aided by events that could not have been foreseen.
Chlamydial infection in women with cervical dysplasia

The prevalence of antibodies to chlamydiae, particularly to TRIC (trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis) agents, was studied in women with cervical dysplasia and in women attending selected clinics (obstetrics, cancer-screening, and gynecology). In addition, attempts were made to isolate TRIC agents and herpesviruses from the cervices of these women. TRIC agent recovery rates 4.1 per cent for women with dysplasia, 5.4 per cent for pregnant women, 7.8 per cent in the women's clinic, and 0.8 per cent in the cancer-screening clinic. Herpesvirus recovery rates were lower, on the order of 1 per cent or less in each clinic. Complement-fixing antibodies to chlamydial group antigen were detected in 21.5 per cent of women with dysplasia. With a more sensitive fluorescent antibody method, 77.6 per cent of the women with dysplasia or cervical cancer were shown to have antibodies to chlamydiae. In general, antichlamydial antibodies were less prevalent in the other clinic populations. The results of this study indicate that women with cervical dysplasia or cancer may have a high prevalence of antibodies to sexually transmitted agents other than herpesvirus type 2.
Examining a curvilinear model of readiness to change and alcohol consumption

Research examining the relationship between readiness to change and alcohol consumption among college students is inconsistent. The purpose of the present study was to extend these findings, using two different measures of readiness to change. We hypothesized a curvilinear effect would occur such that the relationship between readiness to change and alcohol use would be relatively low for students low and high on readiness to change, whereas the relationship would be relatively high for those with moderate levels of readiness to change. Data were collected from two studies: Study 1 consisted of 263 undergraduate students and Study 2 consisted of 245 undergraduates participating in either intercollegiate or recreational athletics at three US universities. In Study 1, we examined the association between both linear and quadratic scores on a readiness to change measure and alcohol use. In Study 2, we examined the relationship between scores on a stage of change measure that included subscales indicative of different levels of readiness to change and alcohol use. The pattern of relationships supported the existence of an effect where the highest levels of alcohol use occurred among those with scores representing moderate levels of readiness to change.
The computerized student examination

Abstract The computerized student examination is low cost and easily administered. Statistical analysis of the examination and questions permits meaningful use of the examination in student evaluation and course evaluation. Utilization of faculty time and secretarial time is improved. A reliable and valid exam insures fairness to the student.
Interleukin-4 induced by measles virus and measles-derived peptides as measured by IL-4 receptor-blocking ELISA

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a signature cytokine for T-helper 2 (Th2) type immune responses in humans. However, data on antigen-specific secretion of IL-4 is limited due to difficulties detecting IL-4. We evaluated an IL-4 receptor-blocking assay for the detection of secreted IL-4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated in vitro with measles virus (MV) and MV-derived nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) peptides. We recruited 20 healthy subjects, previously immunized with two doses of measles-mumps-rubella-II (MMR-II) vaccine. We evaluated the cellular and humoral immune status of these study subjects by an in vitro lymphoproliferation assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. We analyzed the MV-induced and N and P peptide-induced IL-4 levels in PBMC culture supernatants. Using the IL-4 receptor blocking assay, 50% of the subjects were positive for secreted IL-4 in response to MV stimulation, and 5% and 23.1% of study subjects were positive for secreted IL-4 in response to MV-derived N and P peptides, respectively. In contrast, we did not find any positive secreted IL-4 response to MV using conventional ELISA without IL-4 receptor-blocking antibody in our optimization study. Further, we found very low frequencies of IL-4 secreting cells using an alternate ELISpot technique, accounting for only a 5% positive response to MV and no response to P peptide. We propose that the IL-4 receptor-blocking assay is an easy-to-adapt technique for screening antigen-specific immune responses in large-scale population-based studies.
Equational reasoning in Isabelle

Etude de cas realise avec le demonstrateur de theoreme Isabelle. L'objectif est d'etudier le processus d'instantiation d'un systeme generique comme Isabelle a une logique particuliere (ici la logique equationnelle)
A Partition of Contingency? Public Discourse in Bengal, 1946–1947

The historiography on the Partition of Bengal has tended to see it as a culmination of long-term trends of Hindu and Muslim communalism within the province. This essay offers a counter-narrative to the ‘inevitability’ of the Partition by focusing on Bengali public discourse in the months leading up to the Partition. The possibility of a division generated a large-scale debate amongst the educated in Bengal and they articulated their views by sending numerous letters to leading newspapers, district political and civic organizations and sometimes published pamphlets for local consumption. A critical examination of these public debates for and against Partition reveals the countdown to August 1947 as a period of multiple possibilities. Rather than being pre-determined, the stands for a separate or a United Bengal were contingent in nature. Understanding the genesis provides the starting point and the necessary corrective to evaluate India's path to post-colonial nationhood.
A history of intraocular pressure rise with reference to the Nd:YAG laser

Abstract The rise in intraocular pressure after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy is presently thought to be due to laser specific shockwaves and debris. Glaucoma has also been a frequent complication of mechanical discission as shown by a review of 84 cases from 1865–1932. Most authors have ascribed the pressure rise to vitreous or a quality of vitreous. Focusing on the disruption of the barrier between aqueous and vitreous as a common link between knife and laser discission, an attempt is made to combine the historical and recent views. It appears that apart from radiation effects, the Nd:YAG laser functions as a sharp knife and therefore shares the complications of mechanical discission, namely, glaucoma, injury to the vitreous and retinal detachment.
Stimulation of microsomal dimethylnitrosamine-N-demethylase by pretreatment of mice with acetone

Abstract To further investigate the relationship between in vivo microsomal enzyme modifiers and in vitro dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) metabolism, male C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with acetone or Aroclor 1254, two compounds known to influence DMN- N -demethylase activity. Pretreatment with acetone enhanced the in vitro microsomal activity of DMN- N -demethylase, as measured by formaldehyde production from DMN. Accompanying this acetone-enhanced demethylase activity was an increase in the covalent binding of [ 14 C] DMN to RNA, protein, and DNA. Four distinct K m values dependent on the substrate concentration were observed for the N -demethylase present in control microsomes. Only one K m value was observed for the demethylase in microsomes from acetone-treated animals, but it was significantly lower than the lowest K m observed in the control microsomes. At DMN concentrations of 1 and 10 mM, acetone significantly increased N -demethylation of DMN as compared to control, but not at 100 mM DMN. Aroclor 1254 pretreatment repressed DMN- N -demethylase at 1 mM DMN but enhanced it at 100 mM. These results suggest that there may be multiple forms of DMN- N -demethylase which are dependent on DMN concentration and respond differently to modifiers of the microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC INTESTINAL HYPERECHOIC MUCOSAL STRIATIONS IN DOGS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LACTEAL DILATION

In this retrospective study, the medical records of 23 dogs with the sonographic feature of small intestinal hyperechoic mucosal striations and an endoscopic or surgical intestinal biopsy were reviewed. Histopathologic lacteal dilation was present in 96% of dogs with mucosal striations. Sonographic findings associated with mucosal striations included: mild jejunal wall thickening (96%), mild duodenal wall thickening (78%), mucosal speckles (70%), and abdominal effusion (87%). The mucosal striations were diffuse (70%) or multifocal (30%) and did not cause loss of wall layering, except in one dog with a severe mural lipogranuloma. Mesenteric lymphadenopathy was identified in 9% of dogs. Thirteen dogs with endoscopic biopsies had mild to moderate villus lacteal dilation and the nine dogs with surgical biopsies had moderate to severe dilation. Inflammatory infiltrates were mild (61%) or moderate (30%) with variable numbers and combinations of cells, including eosinophils (65%), plasma cells (61%), lymphocytes (57%), and neutrophils (30%); one dog had disseminated villus histiocytic sarcoma. The biochemistry changes and clinical signs were consistent with protein-losing enteropathy in 78% of dogs. Hyperechoic mucosal striations in dogs are associated with lacteal dilation and are frequently associated with mucosal inflammation and protein losing enteropathy.
Comprehensive profiling of circulating microRNA via small RNA sequencing of cDNA libraries reveals biomarker potential and limitations

We profiled microRNAs (miRNAs) in cell-free serum and plasma samples from human volunteers using deep sequencing of barcoded small RNA cDNA libraries. By introducing calibrator synthetic oligonucleotides during library preparation, we were able to calculate the total as well as specific concentrations of circulating miRNA. Studying trios of samples from newborn babies and their parents we detected placental-specific miRNA in both maternal and newborn circulations and quantitated the relative contribution of placental miRNAs to the circulating pool of miRNAs. Furthermore, sequence variation in the placental miRNA profiles could be traced to the specific placenta of origin. These deep sequencing profiles, which may serve as a model for tumor or disease detection, allow us to define the repertoire of miRNA abundance in the circulation and potential uses as biomarkers.
Sputtering-induced surface roughness of metallic thin films

Abstract Changes in surface microtopography which often occur during sputter depth profile analysis can significantly affect the measured depth resolution of interfaces. To understand better the importance of this roughening effect on interface analysis, we have correlated measurements of surface roughness obtained while Auger sputter depth profiling thin metallic multilayered systems (Ni/Cr, Ag/Ni and chromium oxide/Cr) with the observed Auger interface widths. The r.m.s. roughness of these surfaces was measured, in situ , using optical total intergrated scattering (TIS) techniques. We find that the surface roughness increases with sputtered depth as well as with the energy of the impacting ions. The TIS measurements of r.m.s. roughness are in good agreement with the interface widths obtained from the Auger depth profiles and with the predictions of a statistical sputtering model (D. Marton and J. Fine, Thin Solid Films, 151 (1987) 433). At elevated temperatures, 373 and 473 K, a slight decrease is observed in the surface roughness of Ag/Ni thin films, probably as a result of surface diffusion; such materials sputtered at yet higher temperatures (576 and 673 K) become rougher, probably because of recrystallization processes.
Cultivation studies of the solanaceous drugs. II. The effect of nutritional and soil reaction fertilizers on the production yields and total alkaloidal content of Atropa belladonna and Hyoscyamus niger.

In order to clarify some of the contradiction and confusion existing in the literature concerning the value of adjusting pH, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels in solanaceous plants and their alkaloid production, a study was begun with belladonna and hyoscyamus plants growing in controlled variations of these elements and their concentrations. The results of these initial studies were subjected to statistical interpretation to determine their significance.
Donor lung procurement: Assessment and operative technique

Given the relative scarcity of suitable donors and the widespread application of cardiac and pulmonary transplantation, it is imperative that a heart and two lungs be extracted from each donor. From increasing clinical experience and laboratory investigation in lung preservation, more flexible criteria for the assessment of potential lung donors are emerging. In this communication, we present our current criteria of donor lung suitability, and a simple and reliable technique of combined cardiopulmonary extraction that has provided suitable heart and lung grafts with excellent preservation, used in our last 150 donor organ procurements.
Osteoporosis and measurement of bone mass in children and adolescents

Osteoporosis increasingly is recognized as a pediatric concern. Fragility fractures occur in children and adolescents with genetic disorders and those with a variety of chronic diseases. Others may not fracture in childhood but reach adulthood with a reduced peak bone mass and increased lifelong risk of osteoporosis. This article reviews the indications for pediatric bone density testing, the strengths and limitations of densitometry methods, and the challenges of interpreting the results. The goals are to demystify the densitometry report and to clarify the role of bone density tests in assessing and managing skeletal health in children.
Numerical Study of Metal Forming Simulation Using Elasto-Plastic and Rigid-Plastic Meshfree Analysis

In this paper, material processing simulation is carried out using a meshfree method. The domain of the workpiece is discretized using the Lagrangian Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM) where no external meshes are used. The meshfree method is formulated for elasto-plastic material model as well as rigid-plastic model. For elasto-plastic model, a finite plasticity theory is formulated based on the multiplicative decomposition to handle large deformation problems. A rigid-plastic material model is also employed using flow formulation based on the assumption that elastic effects are insignificant in the metal forming operation. A comparative study between elasto-plastic and rigid-plastic RKPM methods was conducted to demonstrate consistency of the results from elasto-plastic and rigid-plastic simulations for a metal forming application.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A partial synthesis of the alstonia bisindole alkaloid villalstonine

Abstract The partial synthesis of villalstonine 1 has been completed by coupling the macroline equivalent 2a with plant-derived (+)-pleiocarpamine 3 in 0.2N aq. hydrochloric acid in the presence of fluoride ion.
Ingestion of Simulated SMAP L3 Soil Moisture Data into Military Maneuver Planning

AbstractThis paper uses simulated SMAP level-3 (L3) soil moisture data to calculate soil strength directly and compares the results against the current Noah Land Information System–based climatology approach. Based on the availability of data, three sites were chosen for the study: Cheorwon, South Korea; Laboue, Lebanon; and Asham, Nigeria. The simulated SMAP satellite data are representative of May conditions. For all three regions, this is best represented by the “average” soil moisture used in the current climatology approach. The cumulative distribution frequency of the two soil moisture sources indicates good agreement at Asham, Nigeria; mixed agreement at Cheorwon, South Korea; and no agreement at Laboue, Lebanon. Soil strengths and resulting vehicle speeds for a High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) M1097 were calculated based on the Harmonized World Soil Database soil types used by the two soil moisture sources, as well as with a finer-resolution National Geospatial-Intelligence Agenc...
Genetically engineered cytoplasmic male sterility

Cytoplasmic male sterility, conditioned by some maternally inherited plant mitochondrial genomes, is the most expedient method to produce uniform populations of pollen-sterile plants on a commercial scale. Plant mitochondrial genomes are not currently amenable to genetic transformation, but genetic manipulation of the plastid genome allows engineering of maternally inherited traits in some species. A recent study has shown that the Acinetobacter β-ketothiolase gene, expressed in the Nicotiana tabacum plastid, conditions maternally inherited male sterility, laying the groundwork for new approaches to control pollen fertility in crop plants.
Species distribution of a phosphoprotein (parafusin) involved in exocytosis.

Abstract A cytosolic phosphoprotein that appears to function in membrane fusion during exocytosis of secretory products has previously been isolated from Paramecium tetraurelia. This phosphoprotein, parafusin, with Mr 63,000, is rapidly dephosphorylated via a Ca2+-dependent process when secretagogues induce exocytosis in competent cells. Dephosphorylation does not occur in exocytosis-incompetent cells. Polyclonal antibodies against purified parafusin have now been used to show that this protein is present in unicellular organisms and cells of metazoan groups of wide evolutionary divergence, such as yeast, insects, and mammals, including humans. These results suggest that parafusin was present early in the history of eukaryotes and that it is of functional importance in the general mechanism of exocytosis and membrane fusion.
A variation on a theme of Sylvester — a smoother road to Göllnitz's (Big) theorem

Abstract Using graphical representation, a simple bijective proof of the following result is given: ‘The number of partitions of a positive integer n into distinct odd parts equals the number of partitions of n into parts ≠ 2 and differing by ⩾ 6, where the inequality is strict if a part is even’. A three-parameter refinement of this result is obtained and shown to be equivalent to a deep partition theorem of Gollnitz.
Modulation of brain and serum glutamatergic concentrations following a switch from conventional neuroleptics to olanzapine

Abstract Background: Recent evidence suggests that effects upon glutamatergic transmission may contribute to the therapeutic action of certain atypical antipsychotic agents. Methods: Glutamate concentrations were measured in serum and were estimated (Glx/Cr) in cingulate cortex by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in schizophrenia patients while they were being treated with conventional neuroleptics and then 8 weeks after switching to olanzapine. Serum glutamate concentrations were obtained from 11 subjects, and MRS estimates of Glx/Cr were available from 10 subjects at both time points. Results: Serum glutamate concentrations significantly increased after the switch from conventional agents to olanzapine; brain glutamate (Glx/Cr) did not change significantly; however, brain glutamate (Glx/Cr) concentrations increased significantly in patients who exhibited an improvement in negative symptoms with olanzapine compared with patients with no change or worsening of negative symptoms. Conclusions: Comparisons performed following the switch from conventional agents to olanzapine are consistent with previous studies of clozapine and provide additional preliminary evidence supporting the hypothesis that effects on excitatory amino acid activity may contribute to olanzapine’s efficacy for treating negative symptoms.
The Ethics of Uncovering Something Else in Histoire(s) du cinema

In lieu of an abstract, here is the essay's opening paragraph: Marguerite Duras prefaces the second edition of Le navire night , from which an excerpt is cited above, by explaining that after writing the story of a man named J.M., everything came too late, including the realization of the film version of Le navire night. Once the event has been written and the common night of history been closed up, did she have the right to flash a light into the darkness to go back and see? The only seeing through cinema that was possible, she continues, was to film the failure, the disaster of the film. But how does one film the failure of realizing a film adaptation of a written text, which itself was transcribed from an oral re-telling of a story, which itself was adapted from memory? The event already took place – writing, “this history here” –, leaving cinema to film what never took place, namely, the film itself. As Jean-Luc Godard confirms in a chapter titled Seul le cinema in Histoire(s) du cinema, not only in the form of his project as a whole but also more explicitly in one shot that positions two close-up photographs of his face with the sound of Paul Hindemith’s “Funeral Music” and this text: “Faire une description precise de ce qui n’a jamais eu lieu est le travail de l’historien.” Describing the rise of the film Le navire night from its disastrous death, Duras writes: “On a mis la camera a l’envers et on a filme ce qui entrait dedans, de la nuit, de l’air, des projecteurs, des routes, des visages aussi.” The camera turned upside-down, or in the other sense, inside-out, Duras films the entrance of the exterior, a sort of a Levinasian visage. The question no longer is one of having the right but of the duty to re-write history, as is insinuated by the reference to “The Critic as Artist” written across one of the photographs mentioned above, which is again a gesture of Godard’s positioning himself as the critic whose role Oscar Wilde defined: “The one duty we owe to history is to rewrite it.”
An inexpensive, reproducible tissue simulator for teaching thoracoscopic lobectomy.

Purpose Simulation is rapidly becoming an integral part of surgical education at all levels including the education of practicing surgeons in new techniques such as thoracoscopic lobectomy. Current thoracoscopic lobectomy simulator models have significant limitations including expense and requirement for specialized facilities. This study describes a novel low-cost, easily reproducible, bench top simulator. Description Tissue blocks consisting of a porcine heart and bilateral lungs with intact pericardium were secured from a commercially available source. The pulmonary artery and veins were statically distended with ketchup to more realistically mimic the technique of dissection and allow for simultaneous identification of technical errors. Evaluation This simulator has been used at seven different industry and society sponsored thoracoscopic lobectomy training programs by more than 100 participants. Qualitative data on the performance of the model was collected from faculty and course participants. Conclusions A low-cost porcine heart-lung block statically perfused with ketchup provides an inexpensive, easily reproducible model for teaching thoracoscopic lobectomy, which reasonably and accurately simulates a clinical experience.
Subcellular SIMS imaging of isotopically labeled amino acids in cryogenically prepared cells

Abstract Ion microscopy is a potentially powerful technique for localization of isotopically labeled molecules. In this study, l -arginine and phenylalanine amino acids labeled with stable isotopes 13 C and 15 N were localized in cultured cells with the ion microscope at 500 nm spatial resolution. Cells were exposed to the labeled amino acids and cryogenically prepared. SIMS analyses were made in fractured freeze-dried cells. A dynamic distribution was observed from labeled arginine-treated LLC-PK1 kidney cells at mass 28 ( 13 C 15 N ) in negative secondaries, revealing cell-to-cell heterogeneity and preferential accumulation of the amino acid (or its metabolite) in the nucleus and nucleolus of some cells. The smaller nucleolus inside the nucleus was clearly resolved in SIMS images and confirmed by correlative light microscopy. The distribution of labeled phenylalanine contrasted with arginine as it was rather homogeneously distributed in T98G human glioblastoma cells. Images of 39 K , 23 Na and 40 Ca were also recorded to confirm the reliability of sample preparation and authenticity of the observed amino acid distributions. These observations indicate that SIMS techniques can provide a valuable technology for subcellular localization of nitrogen-containing molecules in proteomics since nitrogen does not have a radionuclide tracer isotope. Amino acids labeled with stable isotopes can be used as tracers for studying their transport and metabolism in distinct subcellular compartments with SIMS. Further studies of phenylalanine uptake in human glioblastoma cells may have special significance in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) as a boron analogue of phenylalanine, boronophenylalanine is a clinically approved compound for the treatment of brain tumors.
Theory of the airborne sound field generated in a resonant magma conduit

Abstract Explosive sources triggered inside a magma conduit may excite the conduit into acoustic resonance. The acoustic field in the conduit can propagate into the atmosphere through an open vent and ensonify the overlying atmosphere. The character of the airborne sound field is determined by a combination of propagation and source effects: the resonance of the magmatic conduit and the diffraction of the sound field at the volcanic vent are acoustic propagation effects, whereas the explosion pressure signature and the firing rate of the explosions define the source characteristics. For wavelengths larger than the conduit radius, only the longitudinal resonances of the magmatic conduit are relevant, and the open vent radiates like a piston surrounded by an infinite baffle. In this case, the fluid particle velocities are directed along the axis of the conduit and the sound field may propagate into the surrounding bedrock through the conduit wall displacement induced by the fluid overpressure. This coupling may produce seismic signals with banded spectra, such as volcanic tremor and long-period events. The airborne pressure field retains the modal structure of the sound field in the magmatic conduit, which contains information on the conduit geometry and geo-acoustic properties of the magma. The seismic wavefield is driven by the acoustic field in the magma and also contains this information, although it may be filtered by propagation effects in the bedrock. The theoretical sound field in the magma conduit is used to interpret seismic tremor signals recorded at Mt. Spurr Volcano, Alaska. Rapid variations in the acoustic impedance of the magma conduit terminations can create systematic changes in the tremor spectra, which can be used to monitor changes in the magmatic system. The results of the modelling illustrate the difference between source effects and conduit resonance, as well as the value of seismoacoustic measurements in volcanic environments.
Inhibition in "epileptic" neurons.

Abstract The hyperpolarizations which follow depolarization shifts (DS) in neurons of penicillin epileptogenic foci were investigated using techniques of intracellular recording and stimulation. The hyperpolarization following DS could be inverted by hyperpolarizing current pulses or by injection of chloride ions through the micropipette. These data support the conclusion that the hyperpolarizations represent inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP). The IPSP following DS were of higher amplitude and longer duration than other inhibitory potentials in the same cells. It is postulated that the high frequency spike discharges which occur in the majority of the cells of the focus during DS activate inhibitory circuits which in turn inhibit cells in the focus and surrounding cortex. The IPSP following DS were more effective in limiting the frequency of unit spike discharges than the frequency of orthodromically triggered DS. Full-sized DS could often be evoked during the IPSP following DS at times when suprathreshold depolarizing pulses failed to fire the cell because of membrane resistance changes. This evidence suggests that the DS is generated on dentrites remote from the sites of IPSP generation. Widespread IPSP generation in and around the focus could limit the frequency of DS by affecting presynaptic elements which provide the excitatory drive required for DS generation.
Demonstration of QOS using DiffServ in a multiservice network environment

The Global Information Grid (GIG) must provide Quality of Service (QoS) for multiple service classes across several, separately managed IP networks. DiffServ and admission control are used to support QoS needs for a set of real time and elastic services.
Spectral analysis of light emitted during the oxidation of lipids and proteins

Oxidative stress is associated with a variety of pathological processes of clinical relevance. Some of the intermediates generated during the chain reactions associated with oxidation of lipids and proteins are electronically excited and decay emitting photons, which may be detected with the help of sensitive photomultipliers. This technique has been used to monitor oxidative stress in a variety of scenarios including intact organs in vivo or in vitro, and simple models such as proteins and lipids exposed to oxidants. The main drawback of this technique is that the emission of light is extremely weak and it is subjected to substantial interference from spurious sources. In addition, the quantum efficiency of photomultipliers varies with wavelength making it even more difficult to collect reliable data using photomultipliers sensitive to relatively broad spectral ranges. In order to identify the peak emission wavelengths in the visible region, we exposed model systems (proteins, lipids and amino acids) to peroxynitrite and sources of hydroxyl and alcoxyl radicals, analyzing the emission of light with interference filters. The results indicate that the peak emission for most biological models occurs between 450 and 700 nm. The emission at higher wavelengths (lower energy levels) was observed mostly in the presence of less powerful oxidants such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
WE‐B‐BRB‐01: Out of Field Dose from Photon Radiotherapy: Magnitude, Evaluation, and Impact

Dose outside of the target volume is an unavoidable consequence of radiation therapy. This undesirable radiation is clearly a concern for pregnant patients as the fetus is highly radiosensitive. Similarly, out‐of‐field radiation is a concern for patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers or defibrillators as electronic failures may be induced by relatively low doses of radiation. Out‐of‐field dose has also received attention due to its potential for inducing late effects such as second malignant neoplasms,heart disease, or stroke. In recent years patient survival has increased due to more efficacious treatments resulting in more long‐term survivors. These long‐term survivors have an increased risk of developing a radiation induced late effect. Compounding this, modern radiotherapy techniques, such as intensity‐modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) may increase the out‐of‐field dose, increasing the risk per person of developing a late effect. The above concerns surrounding out‐of‐field dose are confounded by the number and complexity of modern radiotherapy delivery techniques, such as IMRT, Tomotherapy, Cyberknife, and Gamma Knife treatments. Out‐of‐field dose is not accurately reported by commercial treatment planning systems and other methods for assessing this dose are necessary. Therefore, measurements or calculations are often performed to evaluate out‐of‐field doses. As there are a variety of measurement and calculational options available, it is worthwhile exploring the strengths and limitations of each, as well as particular cautions that may be required. Monte Carlo calculations may be much more accurate than treatment planning system calculations, but require substantial infrastructure and modeling. Measurements may be a reasonable approach, but it is nevertheless possible to have substantial error in the measurement, particularly with TLD. This presentation will examine the out‐of‐field dose associated with the variety of different treatment modalities that are currently available. The sources and relative importance of head leakage, collimator scatter, and patient scatter will be compared, and parameters that impact the out‐of‐field dose will be examined. The impact of treatment energy will be discussed, particularly in the context of neutron production and the biological potency of neutrons. Finally, approaches to measure and calculate the out‐of‐field dose will be examined, and the limitations and challenges of many such approaches will be explored. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the magnitude of out‐of‐field dose and treatment parameters that affect it 2. Understand the limitations of treatment planning system calculations 3. Understand techniques and challenges of measuring out‐of‐field doses 4. Understand the impact of these doses on patient care
Splittings in the ν6 band of 12CH3D

Utilisation d'un spectrometre a laser a semiconducteur ce qui permet une mesure precise des composantes A 1 et A 2 de la bande ν 6 . Les decompositions mesurees sont en bon accord avec celles prevues anterieurement
Are All Species Equal

Species egalitarianism is the view that all species have equal moral standing. To have moral standing is, at a minimum, to command respect, to be something more than a mere thing. Is there any reason to believe that all species have moral standing in even this most minimal sense? If so — that is, if all species command respect — is there any reason to believe they all command equal respect. The article summarises critical responses to Paul Taylor’s argument for species egalitarianism, then explains why other species command our respect but also why they do not command equal respect. The intuition that we should have respect for nature is part of what motivates people to embrace species egalitarianism, but one need not be a species egalitarian to have respect for nature. The article closes by questioning whether species egalitarianism is even compatible with respect for nature.
On the authenticity of televisual experience: A critical exploration of para‐social closure

This essay argues that critics are caught in the dialectical tension between “technology” and “art” in the study of television. The polar extremes of the dialectic are examined in order to discern how this dialectic informs and constrains examination of television. The claim is made that television critics should draw inferences from practical consideration of everyday televisual experience. To support that claim, “rhetorical aesthetics” is presented as the preferred perspective in the emerging field of television criticism, as it allows for understanding of “television as art” in practice. To illustrate the utility of the preferred perspective, concluding episodes of long‐running American television series broadcast from 1975 to 1985 are analyzed.
Chain scission and mechanical degradation of polystyrene

The extent of molecular degradation of amorphous polystyrene when subjected to mechanical grinding at cryogenic temperature has been investigated using electron spin resonance, infrared spectroscopy, and viscometry. Essentially identical concentrations of chain ruptures in the degraded samples were found from infrared spectroscopic determinations of molecular end group concentrations and by the changes in the viscosity-average molecular weights. The chain-scission concentration was from two to four times the free-radical concentrations, indicating that free-radical-propagation reactions play a much less dominant role in the degree of molecular damage associated with mechanically induced chain scission in glassy polymers. In addition, experiments were carried out as a function of molecular weight and these indicated a virtual independent behavior with molecular weight.
Pulmonary leukostasis as the single worst prognostic factor in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia and hyperleukocytosis

Patients with acute myelocytic leukemia and hyperleukocytosis have a poor prognosis due to vascular leukostasis and infiltration in the central nervous system and lungs. The clinical records of all patients with a new diagnosis of acute myelocytic leukemia and initial white blood cell count greater than 100,000 X 10(9)/liter admitted to the Mount Sinai Medical Center between the years 1974 and 1983 were examined. Forty-three patients were identified, 22 of whom had clinical and/or pathologic evidence of leukostasis of the central nervous system and/or lung. All patients received induction chemotherapy with daunorubicin and a continuous infusion of cytosine arabinoside. Thirty-five patients also underwent therapeutic leukapheresis prior to induction chemotherapy. The overall remission induction rate in these 43 patients was 51 percent. Fifteen patients had lung leukostasis; the remission rate for these patients was 27 percent (three complete remissions, one partial remission), as compared with a remission rate of 64 percent (18 of 28) for those without pulmonary leukostasis (chi 21 = 5.53; p = 0.02). Thirteen patients had central nervous system infiltration; the remission rate for these patients was 46 percent (five complete remissions, one partial remission), as compared with 53 percent (16 of 30) for patients without central nervous system involvement (chi 21 = 0.19; p = 0.67). The median survival of 21 patients without leukostasis was 10.8 months, as compared with 15.4 months for seven patients with central nervous system involvement and no lung leukostasis and 0.2 months for 15 patients with pulmonary leukostasis (chi 22 = 19.9; p less than 0.001). Thus, pulmonary leukostasis was found to be the single worst prognostic factor in this group of patients.
The solution of nonlinear Schrödinger equations using orthogonal spline collocation

Abstract An orthogonal spline collocation semidiscretization, previously applied in the numerical solution of the cubic Schrodinger equation, is extended to the solution of Schrodinger equations which possess general power nonlinearities and nonlinear terms that contain derivatives. The accuracy of the method is examined, as well as its ability to conserve approximations to certain invariants associated with the theoretical solution. The results of numerical experiments are presented in which the integration in time is performed using a routine from a software library. Particular attention is paid to the value and limitations of conservation as an indicator of accuracy.
Congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with epidermolysis bullosa caused by homozygous mutations in PLEC1 and CHRNE

Maselli RA, Arredondo J, Cagney O, Mozaffar T, Skinner S, Yousif S, Davis RR, Gregg JP, Sivak M, Konia TH, Thomas K, Wollmann RL. Congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with epidermolysis bullosa caused by homozygous mutations in PLEC1 and CHRNE. Mutations in the plectin gene (PLEC1) cause epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), which may associate with muscular dystrophy (EBS–MD) or pyloric atresia (EBS–PA). The association of EBS with congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is also suspected to result from PLEC1 mutations. We report here a consanguineous patient with EBS and CMS for whom mutational analysis of PLEC1 revealed a homozygous 36 nucleotide insertion (1506_1507ins36) that results in a reduced expression of PLEC1 mRNA and plectin in the patient muscle. In addition, mutational analysis of CHRNE revealed a homozygous 1293insG, which is a well-known low-expressor receptor mutation. A skin biopsy revealed signs of EBS, and an anconeus muscle biopsy showed signs of a mild myopathy. Endplate studies showed fragmentation of endplates, postsynaptic simplification, and large collections of thread-like mitochondria. Amplitudes of miniature endplate potentials were diminished, but the endplate quantal content was actually increased. The complex phenotype presented here results from mutations in two separate genes. While the skin manifestations are because of the PLEC1 mutation, footprints of mutations in PLEC1 and CHRNE are present at the neuromuscular junction of the patient indicating that abnormalities in both genes contribute to the CMS phenotype.
Geometry of plate accretion

A steady-state model for plate accretion at oceanic ridges, developed using constraints mainly from western Newfoundland ophiolite complexes, involves four main rheological components: (1) a convectively cooling lid accelerating from the ridge axis across a zone of decreasing dike-injection rate and thickening by the addition of extrusive basalts above and gabbro underplating beneath; (2) a wedge-shaped magma chamber with a flat floor; (3) a differentially subsiding wedge of cumulates; and (4) a narrow axial partially melting Iherzolite-derived diapir from which basalts are liberated over a narrow axial welt into the magma chamber and from which residual harzburgites are plated near the axis below the base of the subsiding cumulates. The axial depth of the magma chamber determines the thickness of plated gabbro. The basal width of the magma chamber and the height of the partially melted welt control the thickness of cumulates and the final attitude of cumulate banding.
Nectar and hostplant scarcity limit populations of an endangered Oregon butterfly

As grassland habitats become degraded, declines in juvenile and adult food resources may limit populations of rare insects. Fender's blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi), a species proposed for listing as endangered under the US Endangered Species Act, survives in remnants of upland prairie in western Oregon. We investigated the effects of limited larval hostplants and adult nectar sources on butterfly population size at four sites that encompass a range of resource densities. We used coarse and detailed estimates of resource abundance to test hypotheses relating resource quantity to population size. Coarse estimates of resources (percent cover of hostplant and density of nectar flowers) suggest that butterfly population size is not associated with resource availability. However, more detailed estimates of resources (density of hostplant leaves and quantity of nectar from native nectar sources) suggest that butterfly population size is strongly associated with resource availability. The results of this study suggest that restoring degraded habitat by augmenting adult and larval resources will play an important role in managing populations of this rare butterfly.