cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Environmental Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting by Large Health Care Organizations

Importance Sustainability practices by large corporations are increasingly important to reduce the environmental and social impacts of the business enterprise. The health care industry represents 18% of the US economy, employs more people than any other economic sector, and is responsible for 10% of US carbon emissions. The engagement of large health care delivery organizations in reporting sustainability efforts has not been previously assessed. Objective To evaluate sustainability reporting by large US health care delivery organizations compared with reporting trends in all other economic sectors. Design, Setting, and Participants Cohort study of 49 large health care organizations (HCOs) by inclusion on one of the following lists in 2015 or 2016: Fortune 500, S&P (Standard & Poor) 500, Forbes 100 Largest Charities, Becker’s Hospital Review of largest HCOs, and 24/7 Wall St’s largest state employers. Each HCO was analyzed for sustainability reporting by reviewing the main corporate website, Google search, and search of publicly available databases. The percentage of sustainability reporting by HCOs on each list was compared with the percentage of sustainability reporting by all corporations on each list as obtained from public reports and publicly available databases. Data analysis was conducted in January 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures The percentages of large health care corporations and other corporations publicly reporting sustainability information. Results Forty-nine large for-profit and nonprofit US HCOs were analyzed (10 appeared on >1 list but were analyzed only once) appearing on the Fortune 500 (8 [16%]), S&P 500 (3 [6%]), Forbes 100 Largest Charities (8 [16%]), largest state employers (14 [29%]), largest for-profit HCOs (11 [22%]), and largest nonprofit HCOs (17 [35%]) by facilities owned for sustainability reporting. Among them, 4 of 8 (50%) on the Fortune 500, 1 of 3 (33%) on the S&P 500, and 6 of all 49 health care corporations (12%) published a sustainability report compared with 389 of 500 (78%) on the Fortune 500 and 410 of 500 (82%) on the S&P 500 reporting by all economic sectors. Conclusions and Relevance The health care delivery sector lags behind other US economic sectors in sustainability reporting. Publicly reporting sustainability activities would provide HCOs with an incentive to quantify and reduce their environmental impacts, lower costs, and protect human health.
Hemp in the United States: A Case Study of Regulatory Path Dependence

The Agricultural Act of 2014 allowed for federally funded research on hemp for the first time since 1937. Since 2014, pro-hemp legislation has received increasingly bipartisan support, culminating with the Hemp Farming Act of 2018, which would remove industrial hemp from its current listing as a Schedule 1 drug, and allow hemp to be treated like any other agricultural commodity. In part because of this legalization, hemp production in the United States has the potential to increase substantially. This study describes what is known about the economic and regulatory considerations of U.S. hemp agriculture through the lens of path dependency. Important questions remain regarding the legal and regulatory landscape of hemp, and are further complicated by its current listing as a Schedule 1 drug.
Position-Dependent Transport of n-p-n Junctions in Axially Doped SiGe Nanowire Transistors

Nanowire transistors are typically undoped devices whose characteristics depend strongly on the injection of carriers from the electrical contacts. In this letter, we fabricate and characterize SiGe nanowire transistors with an n-p-n doping profile and with a top gate covering only the p-doped section of the nanowire. For each device, we locate the p-segment with scanning capacitance microscopy, where the p-segment position varies along the channel due to the stochastic nature of our dropcast fabrication technique. The current–voltage characteristics for a series of transistors with different gate positions reveal that the on/off ratios for electrons is the highest when the gated p-type section is closest to the source contact, whereas the on/off ratios for holes is the highest when the gated p-type section is closest to the drain contact.
A Spectrum Sharing Paradigm for GSO Satellite System and Radio Astronomy System

Geostationary orbit (GSO) satellite communication systems (SCSs) play an important role in nowadays satellite communication. Orbiting in the Clarke Belt, the GSO satellites provide voice, video, Internet access, and other data services to the users all over the world. The GSO SCSs are seeking for more spectrum resource to satisfy the growing demand of high downlink data rate, while the radio astronomy system (RAS) is suffering the inevitable radio-frequency interference (RFI) from the downlink of these GSO satellites. To solve the conflict between the GSO SCSs and the RAS in the spectrum allocation, we propose a spectrum sharing paradigm for the GSO SCS and the RAS with three potential RFI reduction methods. Depending on the radio astronomical observation (RAO) tasks of different observatories, the corresponding appropriate RFI reduction method combination can be chosen. Our analyses show that the proposed paradigm can guarantee most of the telescopes with the sample loss rate lower than 2% in both protected and unprotected RAS bands, while the SCS can obtain up to 13.88% extra average downlink throughput.
Electrically tunable lens integrated with optical coherence tomography angiography for cerebral blood flow imaging in deep cortical layers in mice

We report the use of an electrically tunable lens (ETL) in a 1.3 μm spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system to overcome the depth of focus (DOF) limitation in conventional OCT systems for OCT angiography (OCTA) in a mouse cerebral cortex. The ETL provides fast and dynamic control of the axial focus of the probe beam along the entire range of the mouse cortex, upon which we performed cerebral blood flow imaging of all cortical layers by stitching the OCTA images automatically captured at six focal depths. Capillary vasculature and axial blood flow velocity were revealed in distinctive cortical layers and, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, in white matter. The results have shown the system capability to conveniently investigate the hemodynamics in deep cortical layers in the mouse brain. More importantly, the compact integration of an ETL will benefit the future design of handheld or intra-cavity OCT probes for a wide range of applications in research and clinical fields.
Boys' Adventure Magazines and the Discourse of Adventure, 1860-1885

The meteoric rise in popularity of boys' adventure magazines in the period 1860-1880 can be attributed in part to their common discourse, which they shared with each other and perhaps 6 million boys and girls. That characteristic discourse included a rhetoric that emphasized sensational actions, simple good/evil characters and situations, simple language, colorful slang, jargon, and recurring metaphors (especially sporting and military metaphors) to emphasize action and excitement. Although readership cut across class lines, the common values were gendered male and located in the lower middle and working classes: cleverness, personal honor, strength, generosity, a predilection to violence, respect for physical achievement, and the satisfaction of revenge. This paper examines the discourse in detail and indicates how it filled all elements of the magazines, from advertising to images to articles and stories, and speculates on the role of magazines in spreading these values in popular culture.
Effects of Inertial Load on Sagittal Plane Kinematics of the Lower Extremity During Flywheel-Based Squats.

Worcester, KS, Baker, PA, and Bollinger, LM. Effects of inertial load on sagittal plane kinematics of the lower extremity during flywheel-based squats. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Increasing load increases flexion of lower extremity joints during weighted squats; however, the effects of inertial load on lower extremity kinematics during flywheel-based resistance training (FRT) squats remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate sagittal plane kinematics of lower extremity joints during FRT squats at various inertial loads. Nine recreationally resistance-trained subjects (3M, 6F) completed a bout of FRT squats with inertial loads of 0.050, 0.075, and 0.100 kg·m. Two-dimensional sagittal plane kinematics were monitored with retroreflective markers at a rate of 60 Hz. Joint angles and angular velocities of the knee, trunk + hip, trunk inclination, and ankle were quantified throughout concentric and eccentric actions. Effects of inertial load were determined by repeated-measures analysis of variance with α = 0.05. Average power and average vertical velocity decreased with increasing inertial load, whereas average force increased. Minimal and maximal sagittal plane joint angles of the knee, trunk + hip, trunk inclination, and ankle were not significantly different among inertial loads. However, peak joint angular velocities of the knee and trunk + hip tended to decrease with increasing inertial load. Conversely trunk inclination and ankle dorsiflexion velocities were not significantly different among inertial loads. Increasing inertial load from 0.050 to 0.100 kg·m significantly reduces average power during FRT squats primarily by decreasing movement velocity, which seems to be specific to the knee and hip joints. It is possible that lower concentric energy input at high inertial loads prevents increased joint flexion during FRT squats.
Patellofemoral Arthroplasty Surgical Technique: Lateral or Medial Parapatellar Approach.

Abstract Background Patellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA) is an emerging treatment for patients with isolated patellofemoral compartment osteoarthritis. The medial parapatellar approach is the standard arthrotomy but has been shown in total knee arthroplasty to damage the patellar blood supply and increase postoperative patellar instability. The lateral parapatellar approach is an alternative that may reduce the risk of these outcomes. The purpose of this study is to compare the radiographic measures of patellar tracking and patient-reported outcomes of the medial and lateral parapatellar approaches in PFA. Methods Between 2012 and 2019, a retrospective review was performed of 136 knees undergoing PFA at a single institution. Patients were separated by preoperative congruence angle and then surgical approach into 3 cohorts. Preoperative and postoperative patellar tilt and congruence angle were measured. Preoperative and minimum 6-month postoperative patient-reported outcomes scores were collected. Results There were no significant differences in the mean postoperative congruence angle and postoperative patient-reported outcomes among the 3 cohorts. Mean postoperative patellar tilt was normalized only in the abnormal congruence angle/lateral approach group to 2.80° (standard error, 1.85). Conclusion Congruence angle was improved regardless of surgical approach. Patellar tilt was normalized only for the lateral approach in patients with abnormal preoperative congruence angle. There were no significant differences in preoperative and postoperative scores between groups except for preoperative 12-item Short Form Mental Health Survey scores. This study supports that the lateral approach offers improved postoperative patellar tilt compared to a medial approach for PFA while achieving similar patient-reported outcomes.
Reading frame restoration at the EYS locus, and allele-specific chromosome removal after Cas9 cleavage in human embryos

The correction of disease-causing mutations in human embryos could reduce the burden of inherited genetic disorders in the fetus and newborn, and improve the efficiency of fertility treatments for couples with disease-causing mutations in lieu of embryo selection. Here we evaluate the repair outcomes of a Cas9-induced double-strand break (DSB) introduced on the paternal chromosome at the EYS locus, which carries a frame-shift mutation causing blindness. We show that the most common repair outcome is microhomology-mediated end joining, which occurs during the first cell cycle in the zygote, leading to embryos with non-mosaic restoration of the reading frame. However, about half of the breaks remain unrepaired, resulting in an undetectable paternal allele and, upon entry into mitosis, loss of one or both chromosomal arms. Thus, Cas9 allows for the modification of chromosomal content in human embryos in a targeted manner, which may be useful for the prevention of trisomies.
Up in Smoke: Exploring the Relationship between Bullying Victimization and E-Cigarette Use in Sexual Minority Youths.

E-cigarette use is increasing in popularity for high school students (Singh et al., 2016) and may be accompanied by negative health outcomes (Rankin et al., 2019). Students who identify as sexual m...
Low-rank Characteristic Tensor Density Estimation Part I: Foundations

Effective non-parametric density estimation is a key challenge in high-dimensional multivariate data analysis. In this paper,we propose a novel approach that builds upon tensor factorization tools. Any multivariate density can be represented by its characteristic function, via the Fourier transform. If the sought density is compactly supported, then its characteristic function can be approximated, within controllable error, by a finite tensor of leading Fourier coefficients, whose size de-pends on the smoothness of the underlying density. This tensor can be naturally estimated from observed realizations of the random vector of interest, via sample averaging. In order to circumvent the curse of dimensionality, we introduce a low-rank model of this characteristic tensor, which significantly improves the density estimate especially for high-dimensional data and/or in the sample-starved regime. By virtue of uniqueness of low-rank tensor decomposition, under certain conditions, our method enables learning the true data-generating distribution. We demonstrate the very promising performance of the proposed method using several measured datasets.
Seasonal Increases in Sedentary Behavior and Energy Intake Are Associated With Increases in Percentage Body Fat of Midlife Women: A 1-Year Cohort Study

Objectives Gradual increases in percentage body fat (%BF) across years can lead to overweight in middle-aged women, resulting in greater health risks. Some seasons (fall, winter) may be more likely to result in increased %BF based on changes in energy intake (EI), sedentary activity (Sed), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). This study assessed whether seasonal changes in EI and PA were predictive of changes in %BF from summer to spring.
Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Driven Real Estate World to Buy Properties

It is fascinating to be alive in a time where a brand of Artificial Insight, for example, Expanded Reality (AR) and computer-generated Reality (VR), will, in general, make commendable advances into various parts of human existence. These twin specialists are a realm of the art innovation for superimposing data onto this present reality. Without a bit of uncertainty, AR and VR have shown an apparent degree of effect on the board lately. Nevertheless, this article tries to exhaustively survey the diverse impacts of AR and VR advances in the land. This article subsequently clarifies how computer-generated Reality and Expanded truth are utilized inland, the benefits and weaknesses of both specialists in the Land Business. This article found that AR is used effectively in visits for property buy booking, progress following, laborer preparing, hazard the board, time and cost the executives, and quality and imperfections. VR is adequately utilized as a representation device, Specialist preparation innovation, security of the executive’s apparatus, and quality and deformities of the board instrument. Also, AR and VR are utilized for fostering an organization that permits the chance of having gatherings with the individuals who are topographically far off from one another yet at the same time need to buy properties from precisely where they are. It is explicitly viewed as the various uses of Expanded Reality and how they are utilized in the Land Business to make exchanges smooth and straightforward. This article finished up by endeavoring to peep into the future to investigate the possibilities installed within AR and VR advances which will be released bounteously in the Land business successfully later on schedule to come.
HETEROCLINIC CYCLES IN SYMMETRICALLY COUPLED SYSTEMS

A characteristic feature of symmetric dynamics is the presence of robust heteroclinic cycles. Although this phenomenon was first described by dos Reis in 1978 (see [25]), it only gained wide attention in the dynamics community after the work of Guckenheimer and Holmes [18] on a dynamical system used by Busse and Clever [7] as a model of fluid convection. Robust heteroclinic cycles also occur in models of population dynamics, see [20, 21]. The existence of robust cycles in equivariant dynamics can be viewed as a special instance of the fact that in equivariant dynamical systems intersections of invariant manifolds can be stable under perturbation even though intersections are not transverse [10, 12]. Indeed, this failure of transversality is a prerequisite for a cycle between hyperbolic equilibria since transversality between stable and unstable manifolds of hyperbolic equilibria implies no cycles.
How did households interpret chernobyl?: A bayesian analysis of risk perceptions

Abstract This paper reports the first attempt to apply a Bayesian learning model to explain how households' perceptions of the risks of nuclear power changed after the Chernobyl accident. The analysis includes information on a sample of suburban Boston households' attitudes toward nuclear power plants before and after the accident. It also uses information on their current and retrospective risk perceptions. The results, based on the stated risk perceptions, appear to suggest that households have difficulty distinguishing the probability of these types of infrequent, and potentially large, events from the severity of the outcomes involved.
Regulatory diversity among metazoan co-activator complexes.

Transcription is a stepwise process that involves many specialized proteins and protein complexes, all of which must work together to express a given gene in a spatially and temporally regulated manner. An integral step in this regulatory process is carried out by large, multisubunit co-activator complexes, which have diverse roles in transcriptional control. Their diversity and large size allows for many potential regulatory inputs, but how is the versatility and specificity of these co-activator complexes determined?
THE PSEUDO-ARC

The pseudo-arc is the simplest nondegenerate hereditarily indecomposable continuum. It is, however, also the most important, being homogeneous, having several characterizations, and having a variety of useful mapping properties. The pseudo-arc has appeared in many areas of continuum theory, as well as in several topics in geometric topology, and is beginning to make its appearance in dynamical systems. In this monograph, we give a survey of basic results and examples involving the pseudo-arc. A more complete treatment will be given in a book [133] dedicated to this topic, currently under preparation by this author. We omit formal proofs from this presentation, but do try to give indications of some basic arguments and construction techniques. Our presentation covers the following major topics. 1. Construction 2. Homogeneity 3. Characterizat ions 4. Mapping properties 5. Hyperspaces 6. Homeomorphism groups 7. Continuous decompositions 8. Dynamics
Trends in design automation for mixed analog/digital ASICs

Extensive design tools are available today to develop digital application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), but the analog and mixed analog/digital ASIC arena is lagging behind. This panel will solicit views of tool developers and ASIC designers about the needs and direction of design tools for the development of mixed analog/digital ASIC over the next five years. The availability and usability of automatic/semi-automatic software and hardware for circuit partitioning, circuit simulation, place and route, silicon compilation and testing will be appraised Educational needs of the analog/digital designer will also be included in the discussions.
A variation on the extended Kalman filter

Using the Bayesian probability density update relations for a discrete time nonlinear system and making Gaussian density approximations leads to a variation on the traditional extended Kalman filter (EKF) which permits additional freedom in the filter design. >
Microcontrollers and Microcomputers: Principles of Software and Hardware Engineering

Microcontrollers and Microcomputers: Principles of Software and Hardware Engineering, Second Edition, is an ideal introductory text for an embedded system or microcontroller course. While most texts discuss only one specific microcontroller, this book offers a unique approach by covering the common ground among all microcontrollers in one volume. Since the text does not focus on a particular processor, it can be used with processor-specific material--such as manufacturer's data sheets and reference manuals--or with texts, including author Fredrick M. Cady's Software and Hardware Engineering: Motorola M68HC11 or Software and Hardware Engineering: Motorola M68HC12. Now fully updated, the second edition covers the fundamental operation of standard microcontroller features, including parallel and serial I/O interfaces, interrupts, analog-to-digital conversion, and timers, focusing on the electrical interfaces as needed. It devotes one chapter to showing how a variety of devices can be used, and emphasizes C program software development, design, and debugging.
X-ray lithography, where it is now and where it is going

This paper describes the x-ray lithography (XRL) systems presently developed, including the present state of source, resist, mask technology, and exposure tools. Future directions in mask substrate materials, and alternative x-ray sources will be presented.
Research-Based Teaching Improvement Practices: A Marketing Audit Framework

Education is presently under attack at all levels, with calls for improvement and increased accountability in teaching programs. This article uses the marketing audit concept, coupled with a set of research-based teaching program criteria, to provide a framework for evaluating and improving marketing teaching programs.
Transmission through nonlinear barriers

The transmission characteristics of simple nonlinear barriers are studied as functions of the nonlinearity of the barrier media. Two different types of nonlinear systems are considered. The first system is described by one-dimensional difference equations modeling a photonic crystal waveguide of linear optical media containing a barrier of Kerr nonlinear media. An initial treatment of this was given in Phys. Rev. B 69, 235105 (2004). The second system is a time barrier described by the finite iteration of the logistic mapping. The conditions under which these systems exhibit transmission resonances are investigated. In the Kerr system, resonances are characterized by the excitation of intrinsic localized modes, discrete dark solitonlike excitations, and renormalized Fabry--P\'erot excitations. In the logistic system, other types of modes are observed in connection with barrier resonances.
Pubertal changes in androgen composition of rat rete testis and cauda epididymal fluids.

Abstract The concentrations of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, and 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol were measured by radio-immunoassay in rete testis fluid (RTF) and luminal fluid of the cauda epididy-midis (CLF) in pubertal rats. Fluids were collected prior to and after spermatozoa enter the epididymis (45 and 55 days of age). Testosterone concentrations rose 2.5-fold in RTF and DHT concentrations increased 67% in CLF. These represented the only changes observed and it is proposed that the increase in DHT is an important concomitant to the acquisition of fertility.
Effects of Built Environment on Freight Consumption

Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between built environment and consumption of consumer products. The study uses the data obtained from a series of surveys conducted in Texas to empirically examine the relationship between tons of consumer products per capita delivered to each tract and built environmental variables such as road density, population density, and block size while controlling for socioeconomic characteristics. The finding of this study will contribute toward the interrogation of the broad effect of policies that are often called “smart growth” in terms of effect on the demand for freight.
Arteriolar rarefaction in the conjunctiva of human essential hypertensives

Abstract Hypertension has been shown to have a component of increased vascular resistance. In general, the terms increased resistance and vasoconstriction have been used interchangeably. This study demonstrates that in the bulbar conjunctiva of human essential hypertensives, the decrease in number of arterioles may be just as significant as the arteriolar constriction. When compared to 12 age and sex matched normotensive controls, 12 untreated essential hypertensives had a 20% reduction in arteriolar density and a 5% decrease in arteriolar diameter. Both of these findings were significant at the 5% level. In a calculated “Poiseuille resistance,” the vessel rarefaction and the vessel constriction would contribute approximately equally to the increased resistance. These findings support the contention that microcirculatory density and caliber should be considered in discussions of alterations of vascular resistance.
RISK ANALYSIS FOR CODE CALIBRATION

A procedure has been developed to calibrate safe O' indices for various types of structures. The load model is based on normal approximations of non-normal distributions at the design point. For time varying loads, the basic time intervals are considered, with probabilities of occurrence in each interval and conditional distributions of intensity. Load and resistance factor format and allowable stress design are considered. Computations were carried out for the National Building Code of Canada. Safety indices are presented in charts and tables. The results can be used to determine optimum values of resistance factors and/or safety factors.
Lessons from a "living in a database" graphical query interface

The Living In a Database system (LID) is a user-friendly interface to an entity-relationship database Its underlying ideas are similar to Cattell's PDB [Cattell 80], but its presentation is significantly different LID uses a bit-mapped graphics terminal with mouse pointer to create an attractive interaction environment. Experience from the implementation suggests that dynamic graphic displays --- those which have graphic symbols that change as the data they present change --- are an important feature in user interfaces but are difficult to implement with current technology The implementation also uncovers an important inadequacy in the PDB/LID idea the inability to operate on sets of data instances in the same way as individual data instances An extension to LID is suggested to alleviate the problem.
Dose rate and oxygen consumption rate in mice confined in a small holder during exposure to 2450 MHz microwave radiation.

The average dose rate and oxygen consumption rate of an individual mouse in a small holder during exposure to 2450 MHz CW microwave radiation are determined. The environmental conditions are 24° C temperature, 55% relative humidity, and 78 ml/min airflow. A forward power of 1.7 W resulted in the average dose rates of 31.0 mW/g, and 23.6 mW/g respectively, for the animals irradiated in the small, and the large holders. The results support the hypothesis that previously observed reduction in microwave energy absorption during irradiation is due to the orientation and positioning of the animal's body with respect to the microwave field. Relatively higher rate of oxygen consumption of the tightly confined sham-irradiated animals in comparison to that of the animals in the large holder is observed. Although a decrease in oxygen consumption rate is observed during exposure for the microwave irradiated animals in the small holder, the magnitude of this decrease is not more than that of the animals irradiated in the large holder. Thus the lack of reduction in the absorption of microwave energy is not compensated by a correspondingly large decrease in oxygen consumption, resulting in a larger heat load and perhaps larger stress to animals confined in the small holder.
The Microlithography Symposium and JM3

This PDF file contains the editorial “The Microlithography Symposium and JM3” for JM3 Vol. 2 Issue 04
Ribosomal RNA sequencing of members of the Crypthecodinium cohnii (Dinophyceae) species complex ; comparison with soluble enzyme studies

. Sixty-five members of the Ctypthecodinium cohnii species complex were analyzed for sequence differences within the D2 region of the 23S ribosomal RNA molecule. On the basis of 46 sequence differences the strains fell into 19 distinct ribosets (strains of identical sequence), some with many members. Members of four of the seven major sibling species (widespread breeding groups) were each found within single ribosets. Members of three other major sibling species were each, however, divided into two ribosets by a single sequence difference correlated with geographic separation and with previously reported electrophoretic polymorphisms of soluble enzymes within the sibling species. In addition to members of major sibling species, some ribosets include many minor sibling species (each represented by only one strain). Of 38 minor sibling species, 22 shared sequence with a major sibling species. Of these 22, 14 were identical in soluble enzymes to their related major sibling species or differed by only one of three enzymes. Other minor sibling species appear to have diverged extensively from any others in both rRNA sequence and electrophoretic profile. As a group, major sibling species differ markedly in the number of minor sibling species associated with them, suggesting differences in frequency of sexually isolating events in their past histories. These findings are discussed in the context of the previously proposed model of sympatric speciation.
An operator splitting algorithm for the three-dimensional advection-diffusion equation

Operator splitting algorithms are frequently used for solving the advection-diffusion equation, especially to deal with advection dominated transport problems. An operator splitting algorithm for the three-dimensional advection-diffusion equation is presented. The algorithm represents a second-order-accurate adaptation of the Holly and Preissmann scheme for three-dimensional problems. The governing equation is split into an advection equation and a diffusion equation, and they are solved by a backward method of characteristics and a finite element method, respectively. The Hermite interpolation function is used for interpolation of concentration in the advection step. The spatial gradients of concentration in the Hermite interpolation are obtained by solving equations for concentration gradients in the advection step. To make the composite algorithm efficient, only three equations for first-order concentration derivatives are solved in the diffusion step of computation. The higher-order spatial concentration gradients, necessary to advance the solution in a computational cycle, are obtained by numerical differentiations based on the available information
The Effect of Examiner Ethnicity and Language on the Performance of Bilingual Mexican-American First Graders.

Garcia, Angela B.; Zimmerman, Barry J. The Effects of Examiner Ethnicity and Language on the Performance of Bilingual Mexican-American First Graders. Arizona Univ., Tucson. Arizona Center for Early Childhood Education. Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C. [71] 17p. MF-$0.75 HC-$1.50 PLUS POSTAGE Bilingual Students; *Cultural Factors; *Elementary School Students; Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Studies; Measurement; *Mexican Americans; *Motivation; *Social Reinforcement In this study of 40 disadvantaged Mexican-American first grade children it was hypothesized that praise from a Mexican-American adult would be more reinforcing to a Mexican-American child than praise from an Anglo adult. Further, it was hypothesized that praise in Spanish would be more reinforcing to a Mexican-American child than praise delivered in English. A bar-pressing task was used to assess the child's continued motivation to perform. The results indicate that examiner ethnicity was a much stronger determinant of bar pressing behavior than the language in which praise was given. Mexican-American children responded more to praise from a Mexican-American adult than they did from an Anglo adult. Results are discussed in terms of motivational and reinforcement considerations. (SBT) ARIZONA CENTER FOR EARLY CHILDHOO. EUCATION College of Fduciltton University of A ;zona 1515 East F rst Street Tucson, Arizona 85719 0 4 sz U 5 DEIRimENT OF YE ALEN. EOUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EOSICATION T. DOCLVE NT HAS SEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORi.NIZATPON ORIGIN ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW ON OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OF I CIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EOUCAT.ON POSITION OR POLICY THE EFFECTS OF EXAMINER ETHNICITY AND LANGUAGE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BILINGUAL MEXICAN-AMERICAN FIRST GRA.DS By: Angela B. Garcia
Ethical Principles Governing Research in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

This paper examines the ethical principles governing research in child and adolescent psychiatry. The guidelines for protection of children and adolescents are research subjects are discussed. These include the principle of nonmaleficence and beneficence (the risk-benefit ratio), the principle of autonomy (informed consent and confidentiality), and the principle of justice (fair distribution of benefits and burdens of research). In the light of recent national efforts to help promote responsible research practice, the ethical standards relating to the protection of scientific integrity as well as research advocacy, training, and stewardship are also discussed.
Bromoform and dibromomethane measurements in the seacoast region of New Hampshire, 2002–2004

[1] Atmospheric measurements of bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2) were conducted at two sites, Thompson Farm (TF) in Durham, New Hampshire (summer 2002–2004), and Appledore Island (AI), Maine (summer 2004). Elevated mixing ratios of CHBr3 were frequently observed at both sites, with maxima of 37.9 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) and 47.4 pptv for TF and AI, respectively. Average mixing ratios of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 at TF for all three summers ranged from 5.3–6.3 and 1.3–2.3 pptv, respectively. The average mixing ratios of both gases were higher at AI during 2004, consistent with AI's proximity to sources of these bromocarbons. Strong negative vertical gradients in the atmosphere corroborated local sources of these gases at the surface. At AI, CHBr3 and CH2Br2 mixing ratios increased with wind speed via sea-to-air transfer from supersaturated coastal waters. Large enhancements of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 were observed at both sites from 10 to 14 August 2004, coinciding with the passage of Tropical Storm Bonnie. During this period, fluxes of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 were 52.4 ± 21.0 and 9.1 ± 3.1 nmol m−2 h−1, respectively. The average fluxes of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 during nonevent periods were 18.9 ± 12.3 and 2.6 ± 1.9 nmol m−2 h−1, respectively. Additionally, CHBr3 and CH2Br2 were used as marine tracers in case studies to (1) evaluate the impact of tropical storms on emissions and distributions of marine-derived gases in the coastal region and (2) characterize the transport of air masses during pollution episodes in the northeastern United States.
Raman Analysis of Carbon Nanotube Bundles for Bio-electronic Applications

Three different types of carbon nanotubes being considered for bio-recognition experiments were studied using resonance Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy, taken using several laser excitation energies, has been shown to provide an effective characterization tool for these carbon nanotubes. The technique yields structural information that both complements and corroborates structural information obtained using electron microscopy techniques, such as TEM, SEM, and AFM.
Electronic control of coupled defect and surface states in 2D plasmonic crystals

Terahertz plasmonic crystals of several periods are formed from a GaAs/AlGaAs 2D electron gas. The coupling between defect and crystal surface states known as Tamm states induces a transparency in the plasmonic crystal band gap.
Reversal of dibromothymoquinone inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport by bovine serum albumin.

Abstract Addition of bovine serum albumin to cholorplasts inhibited by prior addition of 1 μ m dibromothymoquinone results in a time- and light-dependent restoration of electron transport activity. The kinetics of this reversal reaction are complex, and indicate that it is controlled by the degree to which the thylakoid membranes are energized. The presence of ADP and inorganic phosphate, or of uncouplers, serves to retard the rate of reversal, whereas an acceleration of reversal is observed if the thylakoid membranes have been intentionally unstacked by exposure to low-salt medium. The reversal reaction reported here is unique to bovine serum albumin, and does not require the function of the free sulfhydryl group on the protein. It is concluded that the site of DBMIB inhibition associated with chloroplast membranes is situated in a position whose access to contact by bovine serum albumin is regulated by the structural changes induced by illumination and energization.
Glaucoma Filtration Surgery: Trabeculectomy or Tube Shunt?

r f t s t W HEN CONFRONTED WITH THE GLAUCOMA PAtient requiring surgical intervention for filtration, the decision between selecting guarded filtration surgery (trabeculectomy) or an aqueous shunting device (tube shunt) is controversial. Trabeculectomy is the most common procedure selected, although the number performed is decreasing. In contrast, the number of tube shunts performed is increasing, but these remain much less frequent than trabeculectomy. Until the Tube Versus rabeculectomy Study (TVT), there was little information omparing the 2 procedures. Previous publications have eported the design and 1-year and 3-year results. With he publication of the 2 articles describing the 5-year esults concerning treatment outcomes and complications, here are now long-term, high-level data comparing these procedures in glaucoma patients. This commentary discusses the possible implications of the TVT in clinical practice. The TVT was a randomized, multicenter clinical trial comparing the safety and efficacy of tube shunt surgery (350 mm Baerveldt) with those of trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (MMC) 0.4 mg/mL for 4 minutes in 212 eyes of 212 glaucoma patients. Included were those with previous trabeculectomy failure, previous cataract surgery, or both. This is a heterogeneous group ranging from those eyes failing a previous trabeculectomy with MMC filter to eyes having undergone only clear cornea phacoemulsification, likely having a different expected response to filtration. However, the cases included are representative of those in which either procedure is potentially a reasonable option. At 5 years, it was reported (1) that there was a higher success rate with tube shunt implantation than trabeculectomy, (2) that there was a higher rate of reoperation for glaucoma in the trabeculectomy group, and (3) that there was no difference in vision loss found between the 2 groups. Intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and the number of supplemental IOP-lowering medications were not found to be different. There were a large number of early postoperative complications, more frequent in the trabecu-
A “Dordtian Philosophe”: Jonathan Edwards, Calvin, and Reformed Orthodoxy

The relationship of the thought of Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) to that of John Calvin and Reformed tradition has been frequently assumed and asserted but seldom detailed. Edwards, the “last American Puritan,” influential theologian of revival, and “Dordtian Philosophe,” worked within a generally Calvinist framework of divine sovereignty but also, within the context of the Enlightenment, experimented with that framework, pushing categories such as love, beauty, and personal affections to the epicenter of Christian life. His innovative conservatism is seen first in his espousal of idealism, as enunciated in aesthetics, the relationality of being, and occasionalism; secondly, in experientialism, involving a “new sense of the heart,” delineation of the signs of grace, typology, and prophecy; and thirdly, through historicism, including millennialism, anti-Catholicism, and an emphasis on revivals, integral to his view of the Work of Redemption through guiding concepts of the “happy fall,” cessationism, and covenantalism.
Pathogenesis of renal injury in obstructive uropathy.

AbstractPurpose of reviewThis review focuses on recent advances in understanding the factors contributing to obstructive nephropathy, the most important cause of renal failure in children. The major focus is on renal cellular and molecular events, with emphasis on those affecting the developing kidn
Parasympathetic control of the pupillary light response in the red-eared slider turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans).

Objective We investigated effects of both vecuronium bromide, a nicotinic cholinergic antagonist, and atropine, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, on the pupil of the turtle to determine whether responses to light are controlled by parasympathetic innervations acting on the iris. Animal studied Three red-eared slider turtles, Pseudemys scripta elegans. Procedure Turtles were secured to immobilize their head movements and then inserted into a light-integrating sphere. Both pupils were monitored through small apertures by digital video cameras. Pupil diameters were measured manually with a digital caliper. During each trial, drugs (0.4%) were topically applied, four times at 15 min intervals, to the corneas of each eye. One eye was randomly selected for treatment of the drug while the other, treated with saline (0.9% NaCl), was used as control. Pupil sizes under adaptation to light were tracked after drug or saline applications. Results Mean pupillary diameters of eyes treated with vercuronium bromide increased by 28%, reaching peak size in 90 min. Onset of response occurred 20 min after drug application and then increased at a rate having a time constant of 26 min. Recovery began at 120 min after initial application. Atropine had no effect on pupil size. No systemic side effects by drugs were observed in turtles. Conclusions Although atropine does not cause mydriasis, vecuronium bromide does. These results suggest that the parasympathetic system in turtles acts through acetylcholine onto nicotinic receptors to stimulate pupillary light constriction.
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of Mo6Cl2−14: Free-energy effects on chemiluminescence reactivity

Abstract Electrogenerated Mo 6 Cl − 14 and Mo 6 Cl 3− 14 react with electroactive donors (D − s) (nitroaromatic radical anions) and acceptors (A + s) (aromatic amine radicals cations), respectively, to produce the luminescent excited state of Mo 6 Cl 2− 14 . The dependence of the electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ecl) reactivity on the free-energy driving force of the Mo 6 Cl 3− 14 -A + and Mo 6 Cl − 14 -D − annihilation reactions has systematically been probed by varying the A +/0 and D 0/− reduction potentials. The Mo 6 Cl 3− 14 -A + reaction exhibits an ecl threshold free energy 0.18 V more positive than that of the Mo 6 Cl − 14 -D − reaction, suggesting that electron transfer between Mo 6 Cl − 14 and D − to produce electronically excited cluster confronts a larger reorganizational barrier than the Mo 6 Cl 3− 14 -A + system.
Geopolitical Reverberations of US Migrant Detention and Deportation: The View from Ecuador

While recent scholarship has paid critical attention to the changing relationship between territory and borders, there remains much to be said about the ways in which borders are being pushed outwards via immigration enforcement. In this paper, I argue that one must look outside the borders of the policymaking state to understand the geopolitical depth and breadth of immigration enforcement policies and practices. I examine ways in which US migrant detention and deportation reverberate in Ecuador. Research in Ecuador with detained migrants' family members and deported migrants shows that the impacts of these policies are far from contained along with the migrant's incarcerated and “removed” body; instead, they extend spatially and temporally beyond US borders, and into local, personal spaces and places in Ecuador. I demonstrate that scrutiny of the extra-border geographies of immigration enforcement policies allows us to identify the uneven, unpredictable, and sometimes violent ways in which these policie...
Opinion Research and the Counter‐Revolution in American Political Science

The identity of political science, its tenuous orthodoxies and continuing divisions, is bound up with its history. The historical subject of this essay is the rise of one particular orthodoxy, the socio-psychological model of opinion research and voting behaviour originally associated with the University of Michigan. This rise helps constitute a conservative defence of American liberal democracy in the early cold war, owing much to the peculiar politics of that era. The contemporary payoff of this historical reconstruction is an identification of the vulnerabilities and invulnerabilities of the model as highlighted by its struggles with the understandings it superseded and the contingent political context of these struggles. The substantial legacy for the discipline as a whole merits careful critical scrutiny, especially given changes in the political context since the 1950s, and the end of the cold war.
Erosion-rate determination from foreland basin geometry

The geometry of foreland basins is controlled by a dynamic balance between thrust-belt migration, flexural subsidence, and fluvial deposition. To improve our ability to quantify the relationships between tectonics, climate, and foreland basin geometry, I developed analytic solutions for basin topography and stratigraphy using a classic two-dimensional mathematical model of foreland basin evolution. Model predictions for basin topography are successfully tested against observed profiles along a humid-to-arid climatic gradient in the central Andes. Using published estimates for the thrust-belt migration rate, flexural parameter, and thrust-front basin depth in this region, I show that basin topographic profiles can be used to estimate the upstream erosion rate at any point along a foreland basin. Basin-averaged erosion rates estimated in this way vary from 0.025 to 0.045 mm/yr in the central Andes, increasing from semiarid to humid climates.
Mitotic organization and force generation by assembly/disassembly of microtubules

The sites and roles of microtubule assembly/disassembly in mitosis are reviewed, together with evidence that microtubule assembly can push, and disassembly can pull, organelles such as the kinetochore on chromosomes which remain attached to the assembling or disassembling end of the microtubule, in vivo and in vitro. Motor proteins with weakened or inhibited transport activity can bind objects to the assembling or disassembling microtubule end, and may be involved in the dynamic attachment of the kinetochore to the spindle microtubules in mitosis.