cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance metrics and variance partitioning reveal sources of uncertainty in species distribution models

a b s t r a c t Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used in basic and applied ecology, making it important to understand sources and magnitudes of uncertainty in SDM performance and predictions. We analyzed SDM performance and partitioned variance among prediction maps for 15 rare vertebrate species in the southeastern USA using all possible combinations of seven potential sources of uncertainty in SDMs: algorithms, climate datasets, model domain, species presences, variable collinearity, CO2 emissions sce- narios, and general circulation models. The choice of modeling algorithm was the greatest source of uncertainty in SDM performance and prediction maps, with some additional variation in performance associated with the comprehensiveness of the species presences used for modeling. Other sources of uncertainty that have received attention in the SDM literature such as variable collinearity and model domain contributed little to differences in SDM performance or predictions in this study. Predictions from different algorithms tended to be more variable at northern range margins for species with more north- ern distributions, which may complicate conservation planning at the leading edge of species' geographic ranges. The clear message emerging from this work is that researchers should use multiple algorithms for modeling rather than relying on predictions from a single algorithm, invest resources in compiling a comprehensive set of species presences, and explicitly evaluate uncertainty in SDM predictions at leading range margins. © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Time Keeping Ability of Crystal-Free Radios

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) promises one trillion wireless sensors in the next 10 to 15 years. To enable this scale, we present the experimental results on the time-keeping ability of crystal-free radios to lower the cost of the wireless sensors. We propose a network referenced frequency lock loop and demonstrate a one sigma mean frequency accuracy of 47 p/min, post calibration. We also extend this concept to calibrate the on-chip RF local oscillator by exploiting the network time synchronization for frequency calibration. This timing accuracy is sufficient to create a scalable wireless mesh network up to 10 hops deep with a 1 ms guard time interval. The impact of time synchronization on the average power consumption of the wireless sensor node is negligible and especially true for environments with mobility and high data traffic. We envision these emerging microsystems to be embedded into everyday objects and discuss the tradeoff of mobility with the average power consumption.
Meta-analysis reveals multiple drivers of colorectal cancer pathogenesis.

e15601Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer globally. Most cases are not linked with known genetic risk factors but rather with old age and lifestyle. While cancers th...
Inscrutably, actually: hospitality, parasitism, and the silent work of Yoko Ono and Laurel Nakadate

With interest in queer socialities, the author considers Jacques Derrida’s provocation in Of Hospitality to “say yes” as hospitable gesture in order to challenge the gendered and racialized demands...
The Role of Social Support in the Link Between Economic Abuse and Economic Hardship.

More data is needed about the pathways through which intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts the economic well-being of survivors. The current study assesses the moderating influence of social support on the association between economic abuse (EA) and economic hardship. Female participants (n = 435) were recruited to participate in a web-based survey which included standardized measures of EA, other forms of IPV, domains of social support, and economic hardship. Analysis included bivariate and multivariate regression with an investigation into interaction effects.Experiencing EA was significantly correlated with economic hardship, even with extent of physical and emotional IPV controlled. Both tangible and appraisal support had significant negative association with extent of material hardship. Significant interactions between forms of social support and economic abuse were observed. For those at high levels of economic abuse, support had less influence on economic hardship. A mix of direct economic aid, advocacy, education and support could provide a blueprint for addressing the economic hardship experiences of community-dwelling survivors of economic abuse. A comprehensive response to EA requires interventions aimed directly at economically controlling and exploitative tactics, including credit building, individual economic advocacy, and education. Interventions that seek to enhance survivors’ access to social support may be necessary but not sufficient to buffer the impacts of violence on survivors’ economic outcomes.
α5GABAA subunit-containing receptors and sweetened alcohol cue-induced reinstatement and active sweetened alcohol self-administration in male rats

GABAA receptors containing the α5 subunit (i.e., α5GABAA receptors) appear to be critically involved in the reinforcing and subjective effects of alcohol. Their role in alcohol relapse remains unknown. Pharmacological approaches were used to probe the role of α5GABAA receptors in alcohol seeking induced by re-exposure to a sweetened alcohol-paired cue, as well as in alcohol + sucrose vs. sucrose self-administration. For reinstatement studies, rats were trained to self-administer alcohol under a fixed-ratio schedule in which responding was maintained by alcohol + sucrose deliveries and an alcohol-paired stimulus. Sweetened alcohol seeking was extinguished by eliminating solution deliveries and the sweetened alcohol-paired stimulus. During reinstatement tests, animals received pretreatments of an α5GABAA inverse agonist (L-655,708) or an agonist (QH-ii-066) prior to sessions in which presentation of the sweetened alcohol-paired stimulus was restored, but no solution was delivered. For self-administration studies, rats were trained to self-administer alcohol + sucrose or sucrose under a fixed-ratio schedule. Once stable, animals received pretreatments of QH-ii-066, L-655,708, the inverse agonist RY-023, or naltrexone. L-655,708 attenuated reinstatement of sweetened alcohol seeking by alcohol + sucrose-paired cues; whereas sweetened alcohol-seeking behavior was augmented by QH-ii-066, albeit at different doses in different rats. Both L-655,708 and RY-023 selectively reduced alcohol + sucrose vs. sucrose self-administration. In contrast, naltrexone reduced both alcohol + sucrose and sucrose self-administration; whereas QH-ii-066 enhanced sucrose self-administration only. α5GABAA receptors play a key role in the modulation of sweetened alcohol cue-induced reinstatement, as well as in alcohol + sucrose but not sucrose self-administration. Inverse agonist activity at α5GABAA receptors may offer a novel strategy for both the reduction of problematic drinking and the prevention of relapse.
Examining the prevalence, risk and protective factors to family caregiving in China: findings from CHARLS

Based on role theory, this study aims to explore the prevalence of informal caregiving to either a parent/parent-in-law or grandchild in China and to examine the association with depressive symptom...
Evaluating the Impact of Phone Interface Modality on Response Times to Stimuli in Conventional and Semi-automated Vehicles

This study investigates response times to stimuli within a driving environment in the presence of secondary non-driving tasks involving cell-phone usage by the driver. Two interaction modalities are employed for text reply while at the wheel: manual text replies and vocal text replies. The study evaluates the impact of the two modalities on throttle response time after a traffic light turns green (city scenario), as well as steering, braking, and throttle response times in a semi-automated vehicle that transitions from automated driving to manual conventional driving (highway scenario). Both scenarios were tested with the two investigated interfaces in a human-in-the-loop simulator. Moreover, the paper includes an analysis of time-to-reply to message, and analyzes different trends in texting behavior when the two interfaces are employed.
Methane consuming microbial fuel cell based on Methylococcus capsulatus

Abstract Methane is a widely available energy resource that can be obtained biologically as well as via natural gas. However, using methane as a fuel in low-temperature fuel cells has been a challenge due to the high thermodynamic stability of methane. In the current study, the feasibility of utilizing methane in a low-temperature microbial fuel cell (MFC) containing a pure culture of Methylococcus capsulatus without the addition of any supplementary electron mediators was studied. Two salt bridge fuel cell configurations were successfully operated. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic studies showed that the biofilm on the anode took approximately one day to stabilize and continued to operate at full power for 7 test days. This work demonstrates the possibility of generating electricity using methane as the sole carbon source at room temperature with M. capsulatus pure culture as a direct electron-transporting MFC biocatalyst.
Potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on a flight from Singapore to Hangzhou, China: An epidemiological investigation.

Abstract Background Between January 24, 2020 and February 15, 2020, an outbreak of COVID-19 occurred among 335 passengers on a flight from Singapore to Hangzhou in China. This study aimed to investigate the source of the outbreak and assess the risk of transmission of COVID-19 during the flight. Method Using a standardized questionnaire, we collected information on the travelers’ demographic characteristics and illness before, during, and after the flight. We also collected data on factors potentially associated with COVID-19 transmission during the flight. Results A total of 16 COVID-19 patients were diagnosed among all passengers; the overall attack rate was 4.8%. The attack rate among passengers who had departed from Wuhan was significantly higher than that among those who had departed from other places. One passenger without an epidemiological history of exposure before boarding developed COVID-19. During the flight, he was seated near four infected passengers from Wuhan for approximately an hour and did not wear his facemask correctly during the flight. Conclusions COVID-19 transmission may have occurred during the flight. However, the majority of the cases in the flight-associated outbreak could not be attributed to transmission on the flight but were associated with exposure to the virus in Wuhan or to infected members in a single tour group.
INCIDENTAL RADIOLUCENT LESION IN THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

Clinical Presentation A 23-year-old healthy, female with no known medical issues presents to the dental clinic at Indiana University School of Dentistry. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) volume was acquired as part of a dental implant evaluation for the sites of teeth #9 and #10. Upon review, an incidental finding of a well-defined, irregular, nonexpansile, radiolucent lesion along the anteroinferior border in the body of the C2 vertebrae was noted. Differential Diagnosis The working differential of the area included (1) unicameral bone cyst, (2) giant cell tumor, (3) brown tumor, and (4) fibrous dysplasia. These all appear radiolucent, and most do not manifest symptoms and are found incidentally. An evaluation with a physician to assess for neurologic deficits or other related symptoms would be needed. Possible further imaging with contrasted multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and/or blood tests may also be considered. Because of the invasive nature, the possibility of surgical intervention including biopsy, curettage, or bone grafting should be evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon. Diagnosis and Management The patient was notified by the provider to evaluate the lesion, and further dental treatment has been deferred until a diagnosis can be reached. Discussion Incidentally, the provider did not fully read the report. It was through inquiry by the radiologist that the patient’s status was brought to the provider’s attention. This emphasizes how comprehensive evaluation of CBCT can bring to light potentially urgent conditions.
EXPRESS: Functional bias of morphine and oliceridine under conditions of minor injury.

Recent reports suggest pain from surgical injury may influence the risks associated with exposure to opioids. In mice, hind-paw incision attenuates morphine-primed reinstatement due to kappa opioid receptor activation by dynorphin. In this focused group of studies, we examined the hypotheses that kappa-opioid receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens mediates attenuated drug- primed reinstatement after incisional surgery, and the G-protein biased mu-opioid agonist, oliceridine, leads to less priming of the dynorphin effect in comparison to morphine. To address these hypotheses, adult C57BL/6 male mice underwent intracranial cannulation for administration of the selective kappa-opioid antagonist norBNI directly into the nucleus accumbens. After recovery, they were conditioned with morphine or oliceridine after hind-paw incisional injury, then underwent extinction followed by opioid-primed reinstatement. Intra-accumbal administration of norBNI was carried out prior to testing. The nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex were extracted and analyzed for expression of prodynorphin. We observed that animals conditioned with morphine in the setting of incisional injury demonstrated blunted responses to opioid-primed reinstatement, and that the blunted responses were reversed with intra-accumbal norBNI administration. Persistently elevated levels of prodynorphin expression in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens were observed in the incised morphine-treated animals. However, both behavioral and molecular changes were absent in animals with incisional injury conditioned with oliceridine. These findings suggest a role for prodynorphin expression in the nucleus accumbens with exposure to morphine after surgery that may protect individuals from relapse not shared with biased mu- opioid receptor agonists.
ApoA5 lowers triglyceride levels via suppression of ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition.

Abstract Triglyceride (TG) molecules represent the major storage form of fatty acids, and TG metabolism is essential to human health. However, the mechanistic details surrounding TG metabolism are complex and incompletely elucidated. Although it is known that angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) increases TGs through an ANGPTL3/8 complex that inhibits LPL, the mechanism governing ApoA5, which lowers TGs, has remained elusive. Current hypotheses for how ApoA5 acts include direct stimulation of LPL, facilitation of TG-containing particle uptake, and regulation of hepatic TG secretion. Using immunoprecipitation-MS and Western blotting, biolayer interferometry, functional LPL enzymatic assays, and kinetic analyses of LPL activity, we show that ApoA5 associates with ANGPTL3/8 in human serum and most likely decreases TG by suppressing ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition. We also demonstrate that ApoA5 has no direct effect on LPL, nor does it suppress the LPL-inhibitory activities of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, or ANGPTL4/8. Importantly, ApoA5 suppression of ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition occurred at a molar ratio consistent with the circulating concentrations of ApoA5 and ANGPTL3/8. Because liver X receptor (LXR) agonists decrease ApoA5 expression and cause hypertriglyceridemia, we investigated the effect of the prototypical LXR agonist T0901317 on human primary hepatocytes. We observed that T0901317 modestly stimulated hepatocyte ApoA5 release, but markedly stimulated ANGPTL3/8 secretion. Interestingly, the addition of insulin to T0901317 attenuated ApoA5 secretion, but further increased ANGPTL3/8 secretion. Together, these results reveal a novel intersection of ApoA5 and ANGPTL3/8 in the regulation of TG metabolism and provide a possible explanation for LXR agonist-induced hypertriglyceridemia.
HDL and persistent inflammation immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome.

Purpose of review This study reviews the mechanisms of HDL cholesterol immunomodulation in the context of the mechanisms of chronic inflammation and immunosuppression causing persistent inflammation, immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome (PICS) and describes potential therapies and gaps in current research. Recent findings Low HDL cholesterol is predictive of acute sepsis severity and outcome. Recent research has indicated apolipoprotein is a prognostic indicator of long-term outcomes. The pathobiologic mechanisms of PICS have been elucidated in the past several years. Recent research of the interaction of HDL pathways in related chronic inflammatory diseases may provide insights into further mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Summary HDL significantly influences innate and adaptive immune pathways relating to chronic disease and inflammation. Further research is needed to better characterize these interactions in the setting of PICS.
Secondary Cohomology Operations

Review of primary operations Segue to secondary operations Fundamental constructions Secondary cohomology operations Calculations with secondary operations The Hopf invariant The cohomology structure of universal examples Bibliography Index.
Leishmania tropica (Wright 1903) and Leishmania mexicana (Biagi 1953)

The genus Leishmania has been the subject of much current taxonomic and clinical research.1 Through the use of DNA probes, ELISA tests, and differential respirometry, new species and subspecies of Leishmania have been identified and partially characterized.2 Although taxonomy has introduced new species of this genus, from the clinical point of view only three major entities need to be discussed: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniases. Their severity varies with the geographic regions and the strain of the parasite.
Preventing spring freeze injury on grapevines using multiple applications of Amigo Oil and naphthaleneacetic acid

Abstract ‘Edelweiss’ is an important grape cultivar grown in the Midwestern part of the USA. It is one of the earliest cultivars in the vineyard to break bud, making it very susceptible to late spring freezes. ‘Edelweiss’ primary buds produce a significant amount of fruit, while unlike many other hybrids, the secondary and tertiary buds will have little to no yields, thus making it important to protect the primary buds from a late freeze. The objective of this research was to determine if multiple applications of Amigo Oil or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) achieve a greater bud delay when compared to single applications. ‘Edelweiss’ vines were treated in January, January and February or January, February and March. Amigo Oil was applied at 10% (v/v) and NAA at 1000 ppm with a custom built all-terrain vehicle (atv) sprayer. All treatments of oil led to a significant bud break delay ranging from 1 to 8 days as compared to the control. None of the treatments were phytotoxic to buds or negatively affected yield or fruit characteristics. Grape growers in climates with the potential of late spring freezes may consider the use of Amigo Oil or NAA as a potential means to protect their vines from freeze injury.
Charitable Gifts by S Corporations and Their Shareholders: Two Worlds of Law Collide

This comprehensive article analyzes the rules that apply to, and the tax planning strategies for, a charitable gift of S corporation stock. It describes the interaction of the laws governing S corporations and tax-exempt organizations and describes the best ways to solve the challenges posed by each set of laws. The article also addresses additional challenges that can occur when specific types of tax-exempt organizations own S corporation stock, notably private foundations, donor advised funds, supporting organizations and ESOPs.From the perspective of both the donor and the charity, three “bad things" happen when S corporation stock is contributed to a charity: (1) the donor's income tax deduction is usually less than the stock’s appraised value; (2) the charity must pay the unrelated business income tax (UBIT) on its share of S corporation income; and (3) the charity must pay UBIT on its gain when it sells the stock. This is much harsher tax treatment than if the charity had received and sold an ownership interest in an identical closely-held business that had been organized as a C corporation, a limited liability company or a partnership. Professor Hoyt suggests specific legal reforms to make the tax treatment more consistent.The article also identifies the best ways to structure a charitable gift under the existing laws, such as a donation to an intermediary charitable trust. In most cases, though, both the donor and the charity will be better off if the S corporation makes a charitable contribution of some of its assets compared to having a shareholder contribute S corporation stock.
Evaluation of an Integrated Read-Out Layer Prototype

This thesis presents evaluation results of an Integrated Read-out Layer (IRL), a proposed concept in scintillator-based calorimetry intended to meet the exceptional calorimetric requirements of the envisaged International Linear Collider (ILC). This study presents a full characterization of the prototype IRL, including exploration of relevant parameters, calibration performance, and the uniformity of response. The study represents proof of the IRL concept. Finally, proposed design enhancements are presented.
Spatial modeling of land cover change and watershed response using Markovian cellular automata and simulation

[1] A continued challenge in watershed management is information related to future land cover and its impact on watersheds. Changes in land cover can have significant impact on the quality and quantity of water resources, both spatially and temporally. This study evaluates potential implications of land cover change on the hydrology of a regional watershed. Land cover change is evaluated by using Markov Chain analysis and Cellular Automation to assess future land cover based on transitional probabilities and spatial influences. The hydrology of the watershed is simulated using a continuous time simulation model. The land cover change was found to be significant in the watershed with increased urbanization and loss of agricultural and forest cover. Land cover change increased overall surface runoff, stream flow, and sediment loading. Potential land cover changes impact the timing and magnitude of seasonal events. In addition to temporal variation in impacts, spatial impacts varied among subwatersheds and administrative boundaries. Opportunities were identified for mitigating the impacts of land cover change through best management practices and policies that incorporate watershed-scale information to reduce impacts of changing in land cover on water quantity and quality.
The use of pejorative terms to describe patients: "Dirtball" revisited.

Background The use of pejorative terms for patients is well documented. Reasons include frustration and anger in managing certain patients, fostering group solidarity among caregivers under stress, and the alleged “dehumanization” of medical training. Medical students were surveyed to document and understand the phenomenon.
Messages from a Mountain

Mt. St. Helens9 eruption on 18 May 1980 devastated a vast forested area, creating an unprecedented natural laboratory for studying the effects of large disturbances on ecosystems. As Franklin and MacMahon discuss in this Perspective, recovery was found not to follow the expected pattern of "ecological succession" from the edges. Rather, it was found to be highly heterogeneous, with surviving organisms and organic structures such as tree boles and standing dead trees playing a major role. In a related Perspective, Newhall discusses the geological lessons learned from the eruption.
Winter Triticale Variety Test

Thirteen varieties were included in the 2004 winter triticale variety test at Crawfordsville. Each variety was sown in three different plots to average the effects of soil variability. The varieties were planted September 30, 2003, at a rate of 1.5 bushels/acre. The triticale plots were harvested on July 12.
Bifurcations in the Mass Ratio of the Planar Isosceles Three-Body Problem

We study a Poincare map in the planar isosceles three-body problem, but we emphasize the mapping of areas in phase space over few iterations rather than single points over many iterations. This map, with a complementary symbol ic dynamics, l ea ds to global information. We identify a s table fixed poi nt of the mapping wi t h associat ed qu asi- perio dic motionion for sm alle r massss ratios. The invariant KAM region around this fixed point vanishes at an inverse period doubling bifurcation at m 3/m 1 ≅ 2.581. We also find a set on which a horseshoe map completely describes the motion. This simply chaotic set is destroyed at mass ratio m 3/m 1 ≅ 2.662 leading to an interesting global bifurcation. Ranges of the mass ratio are identified on which the dynamics is qualitatively similar in a global sense. We also study the motion at the limiting values of the mass ratio.
Welfare Reform: The Need for Social Empathy

Welfare today is typically regarded as the cash-assistance program of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), which evolved from the 1935 Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) provisions of the Social Security Act. In spite of its very small size, TANF and its predecessor ADC/AFDC have been the focus of welfare reform. The policy discussions and changes regarding cash assistance for the poor are the focus of this discussion on welfare reform. The original design of the ADC program was temporary, as an emergency response to the needs of poor widows and their children in the wake of the Great Depression. It was thought that once the major part of the program, the social insurance provisions that have come to be known as Social Security, had time to take hold, there would no longer be a need for cash assistance to poor women and children. So what happened over the next 60 years? Why, by 1996, were politicians and the public calling for welfare reform to “end the dependence of needy parents on government benefits by promoting job preparation, work and marriage…to enable them to leave the program and become self-sufficient” (P.L. 104-193, sections 401 & 402)? The years from 1935 to 1996, and the more than ten years since the latest experiment in welfare reform, reveal a journey in societal policies and programs that reflect shifting values and beliefs, and now call for a new approach that is truly kinder and gentler, one that reflects social empathy. This chapter reviews the history of welfare in America, and considers a new policy approach to public assistance for poor families that is based on the perspective of social empathy. Keywords: welfare; welfare reform; poverty; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; social empathy; public assistance
Comparison of 6H-SiC and 4H-SiC high voltage planar ACCUFETs

SiC switches are extremely promising for high power applications, such as UPS and motor control, because of extremely low power losses as compared to Si devices. Although very low diffusion coefficients in SiC have motivated the fabrication of UMOSFETs, the performance of these devices has been limited by premature oxide breakdown and low inversion layer mobility. A novel planar vertical MOSFET structure (called ACCUFET), which eliminates both these problems, has been demonstrated by the authors. In this paper, we compare characteristics of ACCUFETs fabricated from 6H-SiC and 4H-SiC polytypes. A room temperature specific on-resistance (R/sub on,sp/) of 18 m/spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ was measured on the best 6H-SiC device (designed for a breakdown voltage of 1500 V) at a logic-level gate drive voltage of only 5 V, which was in excellent agreement with 15 m/spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ obtained in simulations. The R/sup on,sp/ exhibited a positive temperature coefficient. In contrast, the room temperature R/sub on,sp/ for the best 4H-SiC reduced rapidly with increase in temperature to 128 m/spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ at 450 K. At room temperature, the unterminated 6H-SiC and 4H-SiC devices had breakdown voltages (BV) of 350 V and 450 V, respectively, with a leakage current of <100 /spl mu/A. However, a breakdown voltage of 1240 V is obtainable from the epitaxial material on using an Ar implant (amorphization) edge termination.
The A.B.F.O. study of third molar development and its use as an estimator of chronological age.

Radiographs depicting third molars (M3s) have been used to estimate chronological age in juvenile and adult suspects, but accuracy of the method has been in question. This study provides age benchmarks for American whites (age range: 14 to 24 years) based on cases (n = 823) drawn from diplomates of the American Board of Forensic Odontologists in the United States and Canada. Maxillary M3 formation was slightly advanced over mandibular M3s, and root formation occurred earlier in males than females. Mean and median ages for M3 formation are tabled using Demirjian's eight-grade classification. Regression formulas and empirical probabilities are provided relative to the medicolegal question of whether an individual is at least 18 years of age. The M3 is the most variable tooth in the dentition, but situations arise where M3 formation is the only usable datum for age estimation.
Factors Affecting Women's Disclosure of Alcohol Misuse in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study with U.S. Military Veterans.

Abstract Background One in five women veterans screens positive for alcohol misuse. Women may be less likely than men to disclose alcohol use to a primary care provider (PCP), resulting in women being less likely to receive effective interventions. We sought to qualitatively examine factors that may affect women veterans' willingness to disclose alcohol use to a PCP. Methods Between October 2012 and May 2013, in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 women veterans at two Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical facilities. Qualitative data analyses identified common themes representing factors that influence women's decision to disclose alcohol use to a PCP. Findings Nine themes were endorsed by women veterans as influencing their willingness to disclose alcohol use to their PCP. Themes included provider behaviors perceived as encouraging or discouraging disclosure of alcohol misuse, perceived positive relationship with provider, negative emotions such as concerns about being judged or labeled an “alcoholic,” health concerns about drinking, non–health-related concerns about drinking, self-appraisal of drinking behavior, social support, and clinic factors. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the importance of social relationships, comfort with one's provider, and education on the potential harms (especially health related) associated with alcohol in encouraging disclosure of alcohol use in women veterans. Our results also support VA national health care efforts, including the provision of brief alcohol counseling and the use of primary care clinics specializing in the care of women veterans.
Amino acid profiles in Long-Evans rat superior colliculus, visual cortex, and inferior colliculus.

An ultransensitive triple-column ion-exchange/fluorometric method was utilized to measure the levels of over 30 amino acids and related primary amino compounds in Long-Evans rat superior colliculus (SC), visual cortex (VC) and inferior colliculus (IC). Comparison of levels of amino compounds revealed distinctly different profiles for each region. Major constituents were the neurotransmitters and related compounds glutamate, glutamine, GABA, taurine, aspartate and glycine. Glutathione levels were also relatively high in all three regions. SC exhibited a significantly higher level of GABA and β-alanine compared to both VC and IC. VC had significantly higher levels of glutamate and taurine. VC exhibited the lowest level of glycine and IC the highest. A time-course experiment using SC documented that levels of eleven of thirty-four compounds, including GABA, were subject to significant postmortem alteration in vitro. SC GABA stability experiments indicated that significant in vitro increases of free GABA levels between 1 and 4 min postmortem were associated with equimolar decreases of conjugated GABA levels.
Indonesia's international tourism: a shifting industry in Bali.

Abstract International tourism in Indonesia has changed since the increase in the number of direct international flights to Bali. The impressive growth in Ball's international tourism involves a shift in the nationality, orientation and spending of its direct arrivals. Bali is attracting lower-spending tourists who are choosing economy accommodations that are suited to their holiday plans as well as higher-spending visitors. Bali must decide if a two-tiered approach is the best direction for the industry given the overall socio-economic objectives of the Island.
The effect of topical tretinoin on photodamaged facial skin; the Thai experience

Because of the climate in Bangkok, Thailand, a prematurely aged appearance is common in adults beyond 40 years of age. Sixty-one Thai people with moderate to severe signs of dermatoheliosis applied 0.05% tretinoin cream to the face once daily for 6-12 months. Four-mm punch biopsies were obtained from the cheeks before and after treatment. These were formalin-fixed and evaluated histochemically. A surprising degree of photodamage was noted histologically in these dark-skinned people. After 6 months of tretinoin, epidermal atypia and atrophy were largely corrected. There was a great diminution in the density of melanin granules within keratinocytes and corneocytes. Tretinoin did not significantly affect the dermal matrix after 6 months. However, after 12 months, a thin band of new collagen was deposited beneath the epidermis, accompanied by the formation of new vessels (angiogenesis). By global assessment, after 12 months most subjects experienced at least moderate improvement in appearance, especially with regard to hyperpigmented spots and fine wrinkles.
Monitoring reactor biomass

Abstract Reactor biomass cannot be considered as a single parameter of measurement. The efficacy and analytical information provided by a variety of techniques is considered broadly. The measurement of key parameters (cell concentration, culture viability and contamination) appears best served by physical techniques (acoustic, dielectric and laser light scattering) capable of providing direct, non-invasive monitors.
Staurosporine and ent-Staurosporine: The First Total Syntheses, Prospects for a Regioselective Approach, and Activity Profiles1

The total syntheses of staurosporine and ent-staurosporine have been achieved. Both glycosidic bonds were built from glycal precursors. The first was constructed by intermolecular coupling of an indole anion with a 1,2-anhydrosugar derived from an endo-glycal by direct epoxidation. The second bond was assembled from an exo-glycal by intramolecular iodoglycosylation.
The assignment of computational tasks among processors in a distributed system

The flexibility afforded by multiprocessor systems opens the question of how to assign computer program modules among functionally similar processors in a distributed computer network. In the model under consideration, the modules of a program are to be assigned among processors in such a way as to minimize interprocessor communication while taking advantage of affinities of certain modules to particular processors. The problem is formalized as a zero-one quadratic programming problem, and a solution is sought through an iterative technique that performs a series of transformations on an assignment matrix. Convergence to a locally optimum assignment is guaranteed, and an easily testable condition is given for which this local optimum is also a global optimum. An illustration of this algorithm is provided, results of performance experiments are reported, and suggestions are made for further study.
Lack of Rainbow Trout Movement in a Small Stream

Abstract Wild rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were marked and released (N = 470) in Valley Creek, a small stream in east-central Minnesota. Subsequent sampling indicated no significant upstream or downstream movement over 2.5 years. A regression analysis of the transformed and weighted ratios of marked-to-total fish captured against time was used to determine if significant movement occurred. The lack of movement may be a feature of a genetically distinct nonmigratory race, individuals of which may occupy home territories throughout their lifetime.
Columbia University's Axel patents: technology transfer and implications for the Bayh-Dole Act.

Context: The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, which gave federal grantees and contractors the right to patent and license inventions stemming from federally funded research, was intended to encourage commercial dissemination of research that would otherwise languish for want of a patent incentive. The case of Columbia University's Axel patents, which claimed a scientific method to introduce foreign proteins into nucleated cells, illustrates a secondary outcome of the Bayh-Dole Act: the incentive for federal grantees and contractors to pursue royalty revenues from patented research, even for inventions for which commercial use did not require patents. Methods: This article describes oral interviews with two of the three inventors and a former high-ranking administrator at Columbia; correspondence with several faculty members at Columbia to obtain key royalty figures and information about Columbia's licensing strategy; patent searches; examinations of legal records of court proceedings; and analysis of citation trends for the seminal papers disclosing the invention of cotransformation. Findings: Columbia University and the inventors profited handsomely from the Axel patents, earning $790 million in revenues through licensing arrangements that tapped profits from end products made by biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. Columbia's aggressive effort to extend the patent duration also led to considerable legal expenditures and fierce controversy. In particular, obtaining and enforcing a 2002 patent proved costly, politically difficult, and financially fruitless and attracted intense criticism for behavior unbecoming a nonprofit academic institution. Conclusions: This case study raises several important questions about the logic and future revisions of the Bayh-Dole Act: Are revenue generation and financial rewards for inventing valuable technologies legitimate goals for this act? If so, does the federal government need credible mechanisms for oversight of, or checks and balances on, the rights conferred?
Behaviors of children with high-functioning autism when paired with typically developing versus delayed peers: a preliminary study

Children with high-functioning autistic disorder (HAD) in a comprehensive behavioral treatment program (n = 9, age = 5–7 years) alternated between pairings with a typically developing peer and pairings with a peer who had both autism and developmental delay. All pairings took place in a free play setting. The children with HAD displayed much more interactive play and speech (as well as much less self-stimulation) with typically developing peers than with delayed peers. They received frequent cues and consequences for interaction from typically developing peers, but not in sessions with delayed peers. These results suggest that placement with typically developing peers is critical for children with HAD in behavioral treatment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cushing's syndrome and adrenal medullary insufficiency with bilateral adrenal calcification.

ABSTRACT A case study of a 60-yr-old white female with adrenal calcification which preceded the development of Cushing's syndrome is presented. In addition to the extensive medullary calcification, there was evidence for functional medullary insufficiency based on failure of 2-deoxy-d-glucose infusion to produce a rise in urinary catecholamines. Lack of suppression of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids with low dose dexamethasone preceded high dose suppression. Response to metyrapone strongly suggested adrenal hyperplasia producing Cushing's syndrome. After bilateral adrenalectomy, histologic examination of the adrenal glands revealed complete destruction of the medullae with calcium replacing the tissue. The calcific process also involved the cortex but the presence of bilateral cortical hyperplasia was unequivocal. These findings raise the important question of the possible etiologic role of adrenal insufficiency in the development of inappropriate ACTH excess. Pulmonary cryptococcosis was proven by cult...
Parading protest: Orange parades in northern ireland and temperance parades in antebellum america

We present a comparison of two cases of ‘parading protest’ that share roots in a long Anglo-European tradition but unfolded in very different political and social contexts. Both Orangemen in Northern Ireland and Washingtonian temperance activists in the United States made strategic and contentious use of the power of socially-approved meanings attached to parading. These different cases of parading turned to protest as elements of the ceremonial parade were appropriated by working-class groups to challenge authorities and rally others to the cause. We argue that the centrality of symbols and ritual in social movement, their polysemous character, the authority associated with them, and the social psychological processes through which they operate help explain how parades may be appropriated for both orthodox and insurgent purposes.
Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy.

Abstract Murine and canine narcolepsy can be caused by mutations of the hypocretin (Hcrt) (orexin) precursor or Hcrt receptor genes. In contrast to these animal models, most human narcolepsy is not familial, is discordant in identical twins, and has not been linked to mutations of the Hcrt system. Thus, the cause of human narcolepsy remains unknown. Here we show that human narcoleptics have an 85%–95% reduction in the number of Hcrt neurons. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons, which are intermixed with Hcrt cells in the normal brain, are not reduced in number, indicating that cell loss is relatively specific for Hcrt neurons. The presence of gliosis in the hypocretin cell region is consistent with a degenerative process being the cause of the Hcrt cell loss in narcolepsy.
Effects of Placement Type on the Language Developmental Trajectories of Maltreated Children From Infancy to Early Childhood

This study describes the developmental trajectories of language skills in infants with substantiated maltreatment histories over a 5-year period and evaluates the effect of three different custodial placements on their language trajectories over time: in-home (remaining in the care of the biological parent/parents), nonkin foster care, and nonparental kinship care. Participants included 963 infants reported to child protective services prior to their first birthday and whose maltreatment was substantiated. Results from covariate-controlled growth modeling revealed no significant placement effects. Across all groups, children's auditory and expressive communication scores decreased significantly from Wave 1 (intake) in the infants' first year to Wave 4, when children were about 3.5 years of age, then improved to baseline levels by Wave 5, when children were about 6 years old. Despite these fluctuations, children's average language scores in each placement group remained below the population mean at each wave of the study. Language: en
Structural adjustment in East and Southeast Asia: lessons from Latin America

Abstract One of the main responses to the Asian economic crisis, which began in 1997, has been the adoption of structural adjustment programs (SAPs), sponsored by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, economic liberalization and unmediated integration into global economy were largely responsible for the crisis. Further economic liberalization under the auspices of SAPs, while seeming to deal with some of the symptoms of the crisis, is likely to exacerbate inequality and future crisis tendencies. This paper examines the context of the Asian crisis, and the likely impacts of SAPs in Asia by reference to the experience of Latin America, which has undergone substantial “structural adjustment” over the last twenty years. There, outcomes of the process have included dramatically increased income inequality and dependence. Despite contextual differences, similar outcomes are likely in Asia. If the 2000s are not to become a “lost decade” for East and Southeast Asia they must learn from the experience of other regions with structural adjustment.
CHI3L1 plays a role in cancer through enhanced production of pro-inflammatory/pro-tumorigenic and angiogenic factors

Elevated serum levels of a glycoprotein known as chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) have been correlated with poor prognosis and shorter survival of patients with cancer and inflammatory diseases. The biological and physiological functions of CHI3L1 in cancer have not yet been completely elucidated. In this review, we describe the role of CHI3L1 in inducing pro-inflammatory/pro-tumorigenic and angiogenic factors that could promote tumor growth and metastasis.
Compression in Visual Working Memory: Using Statistical Regularities to Form More Efficient Memory Representations.

The information that individuals can hold in working memory is quite limited, but researchers have typically studied this capacity using simple objects or letter strings with no associations between them. However, in the real world there are strong associations and regularities in the input. In an information theoretic sense, regularities introduce redundancies that make the input more compressible. The current study shows that observers can take advantage of these redundancies, enabling them to remember more items in working memory. In 2 experiments, covariance was introduced between colors in a display so that over trials some color pairs were more likely to appear than other color pairs. Observers remembered more items from these displays than from displays where the colors were paired randomly. The improved memory performance cannot be explained by simply guessing the high-probability color pair, suggesting that observers formed more efficient representations to remember more items. Further, as observers learned the regularities, their working memory performance improved in a way that is quantitatively predicted by a Bayesian learning model and optimal encoding scheme. These results suggest that the underlying capacity of the individuals’ working memory is unchanged, but the information they have to remember can be encoded in a more compressed fashion.
Defining responsible ownership: Cross-national persperctives

Abstract As corporate ownership patterns change, institutional investors across the industrialized world are experimenting to find behaviors consistent with the responbibilities of their new ownership roles. Ada Demb and Brenda Richey explore the potential corporate governance role of these investors with a discussion of the major factors affecting both the logic and action of institutional owners. A comprehensive framework for cross national analysis of these issues is developed, with special emphasis on the previously unexplored issue of CEO leadership. The article concludes with a discussion of the practical questions these factors raise for institutional executives and an identification of those factors that present the most promising areas for future inquiry