cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 216: Risk of Thrombosis Remains Elevated for 12 Weeks After Labor and Delivery

Background: The risk of arterial and venous thrombosis remains elevated during the conventionally defined 6-week postpartum period, but it is unknown whether heightened risk persists beyond this point. Given the magnitude of postpartum thrombotic risk, we hypothesized that it remains elevated beyond 6 weeks after labor and delivery. Methods: Using administrative claims data from all nonfederal acute care EDs and hospitals in California, we compared the risk of thrombotic events during sequential 6-week periods after delivery. We used validated ICD-9-CM codes to identify women hospitalized for ischemic stroke, acute MI, PE, or DVT; in a sensitivity analysis we included a broader list of thrombosis codes, including cerebral sinus thrombosis. We compared each patient’s likelihood of labor and delivery in the 0-to-6 week period before a thrombotic event (case period) versus a 6-week period exactly 1 year prior (control period). We repeated this case-crossover analysis for the 6-to-12 week, 12-to-18 week, and 18-to-24 week periods before the thrombotic event. Odds ratios for each time period were calculated with conditional logistic regression because each patient was matched to her own control period. Results: Of 648,148 women with a first documented thrombotic event between 2007 and 2011, 1,620 had delivered during the prior 24 weeks. Their mean age was 30 (±7) years; 16% were black and 35% Hispanic. The risk of thrombosis was markedly higher in the 0-to-6 week period after delivery (OR, 6.6; 95% CI, 5.1-8.4) versus 1 year prior. Notably, thrombotic risk remained elevated during the 6-to-12 week period after delivery (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.8-3.1). The risk then essentially normalized in the 12-to-18 week period (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.9-1.6) and fully resolved in the 18-to-24 week period (OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.7-1.2). This pattern was similar in our sensitivity analysis and when we assessed the specific endpoints of stroke, acute MI, and PE or DVT. Conclusions: The risk of thrombosis remains elevated beyond the traditional 6-week postpartum period, and persists for at least 12 weeks after delivery. This should be considered when evaluating postpartum women with symptoms of possible thrombosis, or making recommendations about postpartum thrombosis prophylaxis or treatment.
Neuroendocrine-immune interactions during viral infections.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the physiological and pathophysiological interplay between the immune and neuroendocrine systems and emphasizes the reciprocal regulation that occurs between endogenous adrenal steroids and cytokines during viral infections. On a fundamental level, the usual consequence of a viral infection is the disruption of the normal physiological equilibrium of the host. Restoration of homeostasis in complex hosts (e.g., mammals) requires that multiple organ systems be coordinated through the action of diffusible mediators, such as cytokines, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Glucocorticoids are immunomodulatory steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex under both physiological and pathological conditions. Cortisol is the major endogenous glucocorticoid in humans while corticosterone is its functional equivalent in mice and rats. Interactions between the neuroendocrine and immune systems during viral infection play an important role in immune regulation and maintain a delicate balance between antiviral immune responses and potentially toxic cytokine excesses. Glucocorticoid hormones are induced under the conditions of viral infection and serve to restrain cytokine responses through effects on cytokine gene expression. Consequences of glucocorticoid deficiency during viral infection include increased cytokine messenger RNA and protein and cytokine-mediated toxicity and death.
Movements and Site Fidelity of two Juvenile Fish Species Using Surf Zone Nursery Habitats Along The Southeastern North Carolina Coast

We examined the extent of movements of juvenile Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, and gulf kingfish, Menticirrhus littoralis, along an open ocean beach. Fishes were collected by seine at three sites along Masonboro Island and Carolina Beach, NC between 7 June and 7 July 1995. All specimens 40 mm standard length (SL) were tagged with coded wire tags and released at the capture sites. Between 7 July and 9 August and on 15–16 September Masonboro Island and northern Carolina Beach were surveyed for tagged fish. A controlled tag mortality/retention study was conducted for both species. Overall, 1569 Florida pompano (40–135 mm SL) were tagged. Sixty-one (3.9%) of these were recaptured, and only eight moved away from the original tagging sites. The largest movements by two Florida pompano were 2.1 and 10.5 km. Many fish remained at their original tagging sites for 21–27 days. Of 488 gulf kingfish (36–158 mm SL) tagged, 16 (3.3%) were recaptured. Gulf kingfish also exhibited little movement away from tagging sites during the study, with individuals remaining at original tagging sites up to 21 days. Stock size estimates for Florida pompano ranged from 3354 to 4670 among the tagging sites, with densities ranging from 1.9 to 2.6 fish m−2. The remarkable site fidelity exhibited by these two species suggests that resources were not limiting or that predation pressure was not high enough to cause large scale movements during the study. This implies that local disturbances could impact behavior or survival of juvenile fishes in the surf zone.
Rewriting the Proslogion

An account of Nicholas of Cusa's transformation of Anselm of Canterbury's Proof of the Existence of God
Ethanol and sleep loss: a "dose" comparison of impairing effects.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Studies to assess the risks associated with sleep loss relative to the well-documented risks of alcohol are limited in number and design. This study compared the"dose"-related sedative, performance-impairing, and amnestic effects of sleep loss to those of ethanol ingestion. DESIGN: Mixed-design experiment with random assignment to a sleep loss (n=12) or ethanol (n=20) group, with each participant assessed under 4 conditions. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two healthy normal adult volunteers, aged 21 to 35 years. INTERVENTIONS: In sleep loss, participants had 8, 6, 4, and 0 hours time in bed, producing 0, 2, 4, and 8 hours of sleep loss. For ethanol, participants ingested 0.0 g/kg, 0.3 g/kg, 0.6 g/kg, and 0.9 g/kg ethanol from 8:30 AM to 9:00 AM after 8 hours of time in bed the previous night. Each participant received his or her 4 doses of ethanol or sleep loss in a Latin square design with 3 to 7 days between doses. MEASUREMENTS: All subjects completed the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) at 9:30 AM, 11:30 AM, 1:30 PM, 3:30 PM, and 5:30 PM and a performance battery at 10:00 AM, 12:00 NOON, 2:00 PM, and 4:00 PM consisting of memory, psychomotor vigilance, and divided attention tests. RESULTS: Ethanol and sleep loss reduced the average daily sleep latency on the MSLT, both as a linear function of dose, with sleep loss in hours being 2.7 times more potent than ethanol in grams per kilogram. Ethanol and sleep loss also slowed reaction time on the psychomotor vigilance test in a linear dose-related function with the 2 being equipotent in their impairing effect. On the divided attention test, tracking deviations were increased by both ethanol and sleep loss in an equipotent and linear dose-related function. Memory recall was reduced in a linear dose-related function by both ethanol and sleep loss with ethanol being slightly more potent. Finally, sleep loss doses produced a linear decrease in self-rated quality of performance, while only at the highest ethanol dose was performance rated as poorer. CONCLUSIONS: At the studied doses, sleep loss was more potent than ethanol in its sedative effects but comparable in effects on psychomotor performance. Ethanol produced greater memory deficits, and subjects were less aware of their overall performance impairment. Language: en
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

(2007). The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 73-75.
Load‐Bearing Laminated Composite Structures

This chapter covers the description of the basic terminologies and load-deformation relationships of fiber reinforced laminated composites. The terminologies include laminate coding, lamina and laminate coordinate systems, symmetric and unsymmetrical laminates, balanced and unbalanced laminates, antisymmetric laminate-and quasi-isotropic laminate. The elastic stress/strain relationship of lamina and the laminate constitutive relationship (classical laminated plate theory) are described. Illustrations of computational procedures of lamina stresses and lamina failure prediction in laminated structures are also included. The out-of-plane laminate failure criterion is briefly depicted. The extensional [A], coupling [B] and bending [D] stiffness matrices of laminate are explicitly expressed. The structural response of a laminate due to the components of the A, B and D matrices is also depicted in this article. The characteristics of laminates used in the primary structures for aerospace applications are described. Edge delamination, a unique behavior of load-bearing laminate structures is also explained. Design approaches for laminate strength improvement are also addressed. Keywords: composite material; laminate; laminate analysis; ply failure prediction; free edge stress
In Darkest Hollywood: Cinema and Apartheid/In Darkest Hollywood: Exploring the Jungles of South Africa's Cinema

In Darkest Hollywood: Cinema and Apartheid. 1993. 112 minutes, color. video by Daniel Riesenfeld and Peter Davis. For more information contact Nightingale Films, 5214 N. Lakewood Ave. Chicago, IL 60640. In Darkest Hollywood: Exploring the Jungles of South Africa's Cinema. Peter Davis. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1996.214 pp.
A modular voting architecture (“frog voting”)

This paper presents a new framework–a reference architecture–for voting that we feel has many attractive features. It is not a machine design, but rather a framework that will stimulate innovation and design. It is potentially the standard architecture for all future voting equipment. The ideas expressed here are subject to improvement and further research. An early version of this paper appeared in [2]. This version of the paper is very similar, but contains a postscript (Section 8) providing commentary and discussion of perspectives on this proposal generated during the intervening years between 2001 and 2008.
Genetic algorithm in structural damage detection

Abstract Detection of structural damage is an inverse problem in structural engineering. There are three main questions in the damage detection: the existence, location and extent of the damage. In this study, the problem is formulated as an optimization problem, which is then solved by using genetic algorithm (GA). Static measurements of displacements at few degrees of freedom (DOFs) are used to identify the changes of the characteristic properties of structural members such as Young's modulus and cross-sectional area, which are indicated by the difference of measured and computed responses. In order to avoid structural analyses in fitness evaluation, the displacements at unmeasured DOFs are also determined by GA. Unlike the traditional mathematical methods, which guide the direction of hill climbing by the derivatives of objective functions, GA searches the problem domain by the objective function itself at multiple points. The proposed method is able to detect the approximate location of the damage, even when practical considerations limit the number of on-site measurements to only a few.
A comment on Organ's Reappraisal of the Satisfaction-Causes-Performance Hypothesis

The article discusses a hypothesis presented by Charles N. Greene and Robert E. Craft Jr. and its reappraisal by Dennis W. Organ in an article that was published in the January 1977 issue of “Academy of Management Review.” Greene and Craft focused on the satisfaction-performance (-rewards) controversy. Organ reinterpreted the satisfaction-causes-performance hypothesis with the argument that satisfied people reciprocate their benefactors. There is analytic support for the performance-rewards-satisfaction causal linkage, but Organ identifies some evidence of a satisfaction-causes-performance linkage. The assumptions are that satisfaction causes performance, performance causes satisfaction, and reward is a causal factor.
Building Allies Coalitions: Why Formation Matters

This article describes how formation of the Allies Against Asthma coalitions was influenced by community context, history, leadership, membership, structure, processes, and other factors. Based on member surveys, key informant interviews, and self-assessment tools, results indicate that three coalitions developed from existing coalitions, and four formed in response to funding. The coalitions took an average of 12 months to form and completed 98% of formation tasks. Funding, technical support, and networking among grantees promoted formation. Although cultures, geographies, lead agencies, and years of experience differed, coalitions developed similar structures and processes. Two of three new coalitions took the longest to form, highlighting the need for flexibility and technical assistance when funding new coalitions.
Stability of planar buoyant jets in stratified fluids

We consider the flow structure and stability of a planar saline jet descending into a stable, density-stratified fluid. The jet exhibits a rapid acceleration on release, then deceleration, as it encounters the more dense surrounding fluid, yet retains its slender shape due to the low salt diffusion. As the jet descends it entrains fresher water which as it encounters the increasingly dense ambient fluid returns toward the nozzle forming a recirculation zone. Our numerical simulations agree qualitatively with previous experiments and thus serve as a tool to explain the basic kinematics of the jet. We also use numerical means to capture the three instability modes: an antisymmetric instability in the jet core, a symmetric instability in the jet core, and a symmetric instability in the entrained conduit of less saline water. For the dominant antisymmetric instability we determine the range of parameters that demarcate stable and unstable regions.
Disruption of Cell Adhesion inXenopusEmbryos by Pagliaccio, an Eph-Class Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

Abstract Pagliaccio (Pag) is a receptor tyrosine kinase of the Eph family that is expressed inXenopusembryos in a diverse set of localized tissues. Pag is theXenopushomolog of Hek-8 (human), Sek-1 (mouse), cek8 (chicken), and RTK-1 (zebrafish). We have investigated the function of this protein by injecting RNA encoding an epidermal growth factor receptor–Pag chimera into earlyXenopusembryos. Activation of the chimeric receptor results in a kinase-dependent loss of cell–cell adhesion. This dissociation can be reversed by co-injection of RNA encoding C-cadherin, suggesting that one or more cadherins could be the functional targets for Pag activity.
Preparation and X-ray characterization of superconducting and related Tl2Ba2CuO6 phases

Abstract Polycrystalline oxides of the form Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6 have been synthesized by a solid-state reaction technique. Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6 displays a variety of properties, ranging from superconductivity to semiconductivity depending on the preparation conditions. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that a superconducting Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6 phase with Tc∼20K has a body-centered tetragonal structure similar to those of the Tl 2 Ca 1 Ba 2 Cu 2 O 8 and Tl 2 Ca 2 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 10 high Tc superconductors. The tetragonal unit cell dimensions refined from a high quality powder diffraction pattern are a =3.8632(2) A , c =23.160(1) A , and V =345.7(2) A 3 . The non-superconducting Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6 phase was found to have a face-centered orthorhombic structure with a =5.4451(3) A , b =5.4961(7) A , c =23.152(2) A , and V =692.9(1) A 3 .
Cognitive health benefits of strengthening exercise for community-dwelling older adults

While aerobic exercise has been linked to improved performance on cognitive tasks of executive functioning among older adults, not all older adults can avail themselves of such exercise due to physical limitations. In this study, community-dwelling older adults were evaluated on tasks of executive functioning before and after a month-long strengthening, nonaerobic exercise program. A total of 16 participants who engaged in such exercise showed significantly improved scores on Digits Backward and Stroop C tasks when compared to 16 participants who were on an exercise waiting list. Positive benefits of strengthening exercise on cognition are supported. Additional research is needed to clarify the generalizability of these findings.
Neuronal competition for action potential initiation sites in a circuit controlling simple learning.

Abstract The spatial and temporal patterns of action potential initiations were studied in a behaving leech preparation to determine the basis of increased firing that accompanies sensitization, a form of non-associative learning requiring the S-interneurons. Little is known at the network level about mechanisms of behavioral sensitization. The S-interneurons, one in each ganglion and linked by electrical synapses with both neighbors to form a chain, are interposed between sensory and motor neurons. In sensitized preparations the strength of shortening is related to S-cell firing, which itself is the result of impulses initiating in several S-cells. Because the S-cells, as independent initiation sites, all contribute to activity in the chain, it was hypothesized that during sensitization, increased multi-site activity increased the chain’s firing rate. However, it was found that during sensitization, the single site with the largest initiation rate, the S-cell in the stimulated segment, suppressed initiations in adjacent ganglia. Experiments showed this was both because (1) it received the earliest, greatest input and (2) the delayed synaptic input to the adjacent S-cells coincided with the action potential refractory period. A compartmental model of the S-cell and its inputs showed that a simple, intrinsic mechanism of inexcitability after each action potential may account for suppression of impulse initiations. Thus, a non-synaptic competition between neurons alters synaptic integration in the chain. In one mode, inputs to different sites sum independently, whereas in another, synaptic input to a single site precisely specifies the overall pattern of activity.
The apprenticeship of observation in career contexts: a typology for the role of modeling in teachers’ career paths

This article extends the literature on teachers’ career paths by attending to the experiences of educators when they were students in secondary classrooms. Grounded in the perspective that biography is central to teaching, we investigate undergraduate pre-service teachers’ educational experiences, views on teaching and learning, and professional plans. We draw upon life history interviews with 40 prospective teachers at three institutions across Pennsylvania, USA. We find that past educational experiences are intricately connected with career choice, intended professional path, and pedagogical focus. This paper identifies and discusses three forms of modeling – disciplinary, mentoring, and empowering – which influence pre-service teachers in powerful and enduring ways. These forms of modeling expand our understanding of teachers’ career intentions and apply the apprenticeship of observation to planned career paths.
Purification and properties of human serum carnosinase.

Abstract Carnosinase from human plasma was purified 18000-fold to apparent homogeneity in a four step procedure. The dipeptidase was partially inactivated during DEAE-cellulose chromatography; however, it reactivated slowly when concentrated and stored at 4°C. In the second purification step, hydroxylapatite column chromatography, two forms of the enzyme were separated from one another. Human serum carnosinase was found to be a glycoprotein with a pI of 4.4 and a subunit Mr of 75 000; the active enzyme was a dimer, the two subunits being connected by one or more disulfide bonds. The enzyme was especially active in hydrolyzing carnosine and anserine, preferring dipeptides with histidine in the C-terminal position. In most human tissues, the concentration of serum carnosinase was proportional to the percentage of trapped blood in the sample. However, the brain contained about 9 times more enzyme than expected, based on the amount of trapped blood present. The physiological function of this enzyme seems to be the hydrolysis of homocarnosine in the brain and the splitting of carnosine and anserine in the blood stream. Six higher primates were found to have serum carnosinase. Twelve nonprimate mammals were tested; all were lacking the serum enzyme except for the Golden hamster, which had very high concentrations of a carnosinase having somewhat different properties than the higher primate enzyme.
Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationship of α-Sulfonylhydroxamic Acids as Novel, Orally Active Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-containing endopeptidases that play a key role in both physiological and pathological tissue degradation. These enzymes are strictly regulated by endogenous inhibitors such as tissue inhibitors of MMPs and α2-macroglobulins. Overexpression of these enzymes has been implicated in various pathological disorders such as arthritis, tumor metastasis, cardiovascular diseases, and multiple sclerosis. Developing effective small-molecule inhibitors to modulate MMP activity is one approach to treat these degenerative diseases. The present work focuses on the discovery and SAR of novel N-hydroxy-α-phenylsulfonylacetamide derivatives, which are potent, selective, and orally active MMP inhibitors.
Climate determines upper, but not lower, altitudinal range limits of Pacific Northwest conifers

Does climate determine species' ranges? Rapid rates of anthropogenic warming make this classic ecological question especially relevant. We ask whether climate controls range limits by quantifying relationships between climatic variables (precipitation, temperature) and tree growth across the altitudinal ranges of six Pacific Northwestern conifers on Mt. Rainier, Washington, USA. Results for three species (Abies amabilis, Callitropsis nootkatensis, Tsuga mertensiana) whose upper limits occur at treeline (> 1600 m) imply climatic controls on upper range limits, with low growth in cold and high snowpack years. Annual growth was synchronized among individuals at upper limits for these high-elevation species, further suggesting that stand-level effects such as climate constrain growth more strongly than local processes. By contrast, at lower limits climatic effects on growth were weak for these high-elevation species. Growth-climate relationships for three low-elevation species (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla) were not consistent with expectations of climatic controls on upper limits, which are located within closed-canopy forest (< 1200 m). Annual growth of these species was poorly synchronized among individuals. Our results suggest that climate controls altitudinal range limits at treeline, while local drivers (perhaps biotic interactions) influence growth in closed-canopy forests. Climate-change-induced range shifts in closed-canopy forests will therefore be difficult to predict accurately.
Preoperative use of the Honan intraocular pressure reducer

After administering a retrobulbar injection of anesthesia, we applied the Honan intraocular pressure reducer at a pressure of 30 mm Hg for five minutes to 48 nonglaucomatous eyes and eight glaucomatous eyes undergoing cataract extraction. This technique resulted in mean intraocular pressure reductions of 6.52 mm Hg in the nonglaucomatous eyes (P
Detection by detections: Non-parametric detector adaptation for a video

We propose an approach to improving the detection results of a generic offline trained detector on a specific video. Our method does not leverage visual tracking as most detection by tracking methods do. Instead, the proposed detection by detections approach can serve as a more confident initialization for detection by tracking methods. Different from other supervised detector adaptation methods, we constrain the task to videos and no supervised labels for the target video are required for the adaptation; we intend to fill the gap between detection by tracking and pure detection by frames. As a non-parametric detector adaptation method, confident detections are collected to re-rank and to group other detections. We focus on methods with high precision detection results since it is necessitated in real application. Extensive experiments with two state-of-the-art detectors demonstrate the efficacy of our approach.
Plastic Mulches and Row Covers on Growth and Production of Summer Squash

ABSTRACT Row covers and colored plastic mulch are used routinely throughout the United States to grow vegetables but are rarely used in conjunction to produce a crop. Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), cv. Prelude II, was grown on an Orangeburg sandy loam soil in Shorter, AL. The summer squash was direct seeded in single rows. The experiment consisted of 12 treatments including: (1) black plastic mulch (BPM)+spunbonded row cover (RC), (2) BPM alone, (3) white plastic mulch (WPM)+RC, (4) WPM alone, (5) red plastic mulch (RPM)+RC, (6) RPM alone, (7) bare soil (BS)+RC, (8) BS alone, (9) silver plastic mulch (SPM)+RC, (10) SPM alone, (11) blue plastic mulch (BLUPM)+RC, and (12) BLUPM alone. Year and mulch color affected all variables, row cover affected plant height and stem diameter, and the mulch color × row cover interaction affected yield variables. Mulch color and year significantly affected air and soil temperatures and row cover significantly affected air temperature. Soil temperatures were more than 5...
Size reduction of microstrip patch antennas with left-handed transmission line loading

A procedure for designing an electrically small microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is developed, wherein the length of a side of the MPA is reduced to significantly less than a half-wavelength. The MPA is loaded with a resonant circuit equivalent to that of a left-handed transmission line to artificially increase the effective wavelength of the device, thus creating a resonance equivalent to, but at a lower frequency than the unloaded {10} mode. The field distribution in the loaded MPA remains relatively unperturbed, unlike the {0} mode case that attempts to decrease the size by introducing a shorting-post; consequently, very low cross-polarisation behaviour is observed. The theory to predict the full spectrum of resonant frequencies of the antenna is developed, with finite-difference time-domain simulations used to finalise the antenna design. Finally, an electrically small ((lambda/6)times(lambda/4)) and thin (<lambda/65) antenna is fabricated at 465 MHz using low-temperature co-fired ceramic technology and tested for key figures of merit, including the resonant frequency and radiation pattern. The shortened antenna not only shows performance comparable to a conventional unloaded MPA, but also exhibits good cross-polarisation. The loaded MPA achieved an area reduction of 83% as compared to an unloaded version
Acid rain in an Amazon rainforest

Acid rain is reported from the Amazon territory of Venezuela. The volume weighted average pHwas 4.7 for 70 storms sampled from January 1979 through February 1980. At this location,remote from point sources of industrial pollution, acid rain might result from naturalbiogeochemical processes in the rainforest, from global atmospheric pollution, or from somecombination of natural and polliition processes. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1983.tb00011.x
COMPUTER CODES AND THEIR APPLICATION ALGORITHM FOR QUALITY CONTROL CHARTS FOR VARIABLES USING MICROCOMPUTERS1

Statistical quality control is the term used for the application of statistical methods to quality assurance programs. These methods involve the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data which aid in the maintenance of the acceptable quality of a product (Powers and Rao 1985). One statistical tool used in quality assurance programs are the control charts for variables. These control charts consist of the average-range charts and the average-standard deviation charts. Use of the control charts can help determine whether variability in a product is due to natural variation or assignable causes (Duncan 1952). The objective of this work was to develop a computer algorithm which could accurately calculate and graphically represent the control charts using a microcomputer.
Arterial Venous Blood Levels of Chloropentafluoroethane: Inhalation versus Oral Exposures

The purpose of this work was to correlate a previous 90-day inhalation exposure to chloropentafluoroethane (fluorocarbon 115) with feeding exposures. Whereas 2 to 3 /zg/ml of the fluorocarbon was observed in blood for both 10-minute and 6-hour inhalation exposures at 10% (v/v), a detectable level (>0.06 μg/ml) of the fluorocarbon in the blood was not established for a single 12-gm oral dose of the fluorocarbon. It was concluded that inhalation, of fluorocarbon 115 causes a much higher concentration of fluorocarbon in the blood than that achieved by ingestion.
Amphetamine induces apoptosis of medium spiny striatal projection neurons via the mitochondria-dependent pathway

SPECIFIC AIMSAmphetamine (AMPH) is a psychostimulant whose chronic abuse may cause impairment in attention and memory in humans. These cognitive deficits might be related to neurotoxic effects of the drug. A well-known toxic effect of AMPH is the degeneration of striatal dopamine (DA) terminals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that AMPH might cause neuronal apoptosis via activation of the mitochondria-dependent cell death pathway.PRINCIPAL FINDINGS1. AMPH causes apoptosis and reactive astrocytosis in the striatumTo clarify whether AMPH administration can cause apoptosis in the striatum, we used a TUNEL technique to assay for DNA fragmentation. Very few TUNEL-positive cells were seen in the striata of saline-treated mice. However, administration of the drug (10 mg/kg, 4 times, every 2 h, which causes significant damage to DA terminals) induced increases in TUNEL-positive staining in nondopaminergic cells in the striatum (Fig. 1⤻ A). Quantification of these changes 1–7 days after...
Effect of irradiation on the proliferation kinetics of thyroid follicular cells in infant rats

Changes in the 3H-thymidine labeling index (LI), cell cycle time (TC) and growth fraction (GF) of the thyroid follicular cells were studied in 10 days old rats irradiated in the neck region with a single dose of 3 Gy X-rays. During the first 2 days after irradiation the number of proliferating follicular cells sharply increased, followed between the 2nd and 6th days by a phase of sharp decrease. Later, between the 10th and 16th days again an increase in the LI was observed. During the cell proliferation phase, the cell cycle was shortened from 79 hours in the control animals to 30.9 hours in irradiated animals. The GF was decreased from 40% in the former to 25% in the latter. S-phase duration (TS) was 1.6 hours longer in irradiated animals than in controls. The shortening of the cell cycle of irradiated animals is predominantly a result of diminishing G1-phase duration.
Wheel-Rail Contact Wear, Work, and Lateral Force for Zero Angle of Attack—A Laboratory Study

Most of the wear indices, used in the railroad industry for predicting wheel/rail wear, are functions of angle of attack between wheel and rail. Further, the wear problem has been studied in terms of wear coefficients which relate the wear volume to the work done in the wear process. The wear-work principle, as applicable to wear indices and coefficients, is enunciated and its implications are discussed. An analysis of the wheel/rail interaction as a two point contact problem is presented. To establish the validity of the theory and applicability of the indices, results from a series of four experiments on a quarter scale laboratory rig are reported. The experiments are with “zero angle of attack” and an externally applied lateral load on the wheel, representing the idealized operation of a perfect radial truck. It is observed that contrary to the prediction, based on most of the suggested indices, there is noticeable wear of both wheel and rail even under zero angle of attack. It is concluded that lateral forces should be explicitly included in wear index formulation. Calculated values of wear coefficients, in the range 7.7E-5 to 38.0E-5 for the case of total contact slip and 21.6E-5 to 120.8E-5 for the case of adhesive or micro slip, indicate the effect of plastic flow in the contact when the Holm-Archard relation is assumed valid. Approximate validity of the Derby wear index, based on energy considerations, indicates that indices which are primarily functions of angle of attach are not quite valid for predicting field wheel/rail wear. It is also concluded that the wear-work principle as formulated in the paper can be considered to be reasonably valid.
Right ventricular ischemia and proximal right coronary artery narrowing indicated by exercise ST-segment elevation in lead V1.

Abstract Lead V 1 is rarely given close attention during exercise treadmill testing. Right ventricular (RV) infarction is known to produce transient and often subtle changes in the right precordial leads. Retrospective analysis of 78 patients undergoing exercise treadmill testing and coronary angiography in our hospital during a 12-month period suggested that ST-segment abnormalities of lead V 1 were predictive of proximal right coronary artery (RCA) narrowing.
Stability of education journal characteristics: 1977–1980

Growing interest in the study of the roles of scientific journals in the diffusion and utilization of knowledge has preceded fundamental research on the stability of journal characteristics frequently used in such studies. The results of the current study demonstrate rather high levels of stability for selected journal characteristics and the stability of the relationships among the characteristics over a 4-year period. These findings for education journals are compared to similar results obtained in an earlier study of psychology journals.
Flame Retarding of Polymers with Sulfamates. I. Sulfation of Cotton and Wool

Some results of work carried out on flame retarding of cotton and wool fabrics are reviewed.* Cotton fabrics are rendered flame retardant upon treatment with ammonium sulfamate (AS) with urea or a ...
Comments on "An Onboard, Closed-Loop, Nutation Control System for a Spin-Stabilized Spacecraft"

I the last paragraph of GrasshofFs excellent paper describing the active nutation control system for ATS-D, the statement is made: "Although the control pulse phasing error for the post-apogee boost (low frequency) mode is about 36° for a 5° nutation angle, the low stability of a nearly spherical spacecraft allows sufficient removal per pulse for adequate control." This statement implies that the automatic nutation control (ANC) device is more effective for a moment of inertia ratio near unity. This can be extremely misleading as will be demonstrated. || For small nutation angles the power dissipation is related to the time rate of change in nutation angle 6 by
Effects of behaviorally active doses of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its analog MK-771 on dopaminergic neuronal systems in the brain of the rat.

Abstract The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and an analog of this hormone, MK-771, were determined on body shaking behavior and on biochemical estimates of the activity of dopamine (DA) neurons in the rat. Both compounds elicited dose-related episodes of “wet-dog shakes”. A dose of TRH (20 mg/kg, i.p.) which caused marked shaking behavior did not alter the steady-state concentration of DA in any brain region, but, after an injection of α-methyltyrosine did enhance the rate of decline of DA in the nucleus accumbens, but not in the striatum or olfactory tubercle. The same dose of TRH increased the concentration of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid selectively in the nucleus accumbens, and caused a marked increase in the rate of synthesis of DA (accumulation of DOAP after the administration of a decarboxylase inhibitor) in the nucleus accumbens, and a modest and inconsistent increase in the striatum and olfactory tubercle. A single injection of MK-771 (3–100 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to change the rate of synthesis of DA in any brain region, while two injections of this compound (20 mg/kg, i.p.) slightly increased the rate of synthesis of DA in the striatum. These results suggest that TRH selectively increases the activity od DA neurons which terminate in the nucleus accumbens whereas its synthetic analog, MK-771, lacks this property. Since both compounds elicit similar body shaking behavior, it would appear that this behavior is not causally related to the actions of TRH on mesolimbic DA neurons which terminate in the nucleus accumbens.
Information in the U.S. Treasury Term Structure of Interest Rates

We provide evidence of a significant change in the information content of the U.S. Treasury term structure of interest rates over the last 20 years. We apply a regression approach to measure the information in forward interest rates and introduce both a curve fitting method and an alternative data source. We find more information in the recent U.S. Treasury term structure about future interest rates than about expected holding period returns. These results document a significant departure from prior empirical findings.
Service delivery and pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder in the era of health reform: Data from a national sample of treatment organizations.

ABSTRACTBackground: Although there is a growing literature examining organizational characteristics and medication adoption, little is known about service delivery differences between specialty treatment organizations that have and have not adopted pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study compares adopters and nonadopters across a range of treatment services, including levels of care, availability of tailored services for specific populations, treatment philosophy and counseling orientations, and adoption of comprehensive wraparound services. Methods: In-person interviews were conducted with program leaders from a national sample of 372 organizations that deliver AUD treatment services in the United States. Results: About 23.6% of organizations had adopted at least 1 AUD medication. Organizations offering pharmacotherapy were similar to nonadopters across many measures of levels of care, tailored services, treatment philosophy, and social services. The primary area of difference between ...
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Is Associated with a Decline in Pancreatic Beta Cell (β-Cell) Function.

Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a histological spectrum ranging from benign hepatic steatosis (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NAFLD is closely associated with insulin resistance (IR), and although the role of IR in NAFLD has been an area of intense investigation, there are limited data on pancreatic β-cell function.
Antidepressant effects of AMPA and ketamine combination: role of hippocampal BDNF, synapsin, and mTOR

A number of preclinical and clinical studies suggest that ketamine, a glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, has a rapid and lasting antidepressant effect when administered either acutely or chronically. It has been postulated that this effect is due to stimulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. In this study, we tested whether AMPA alone has an antidepressant effect and if the combination of AMPA and ketamine provides added benefit in Wistar-Kyoto rats, a putative animal model of depression. Chronic AMPA treatment resulted in a dose-dependent antidepressant effect in both the forced swim test and sucrose preference test. Moreover, chronic administration (10–11 days) of combinations of AMPA and ketamine, at doses that were ineffective on their own, resulted in a significant antidepressant effect. The behavioral effects were associated with increases in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor, synapsin, and mammalian target of rapamycin. These findings are the first to provide evidence for an antidepressant effect of AMPA and suggest the usefulness of AMPA–ketamine combination in treatment of depression. Furthermore, these effects appear to be associated with increases in markers of hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, suggesting a mechanism of their action.
Variations in human DEJ scallop size with tooth type.

Objective Recent literature suggests that the scalloped structure of the dentino-enamel junction (DEJ) is critical for DEJ stability. Aim of our study was to see if there are differences in scallop size and shape with tooth type.
Scanning probes as a lithography tool for nanostructures

Abstract The transistor has evolved into the first nanoscale device. The most common form is a simple switch, the field effect transistor (FET). The modern FET qualifies as a nanoscale device since the length of the gate region is only 250 nm. In 4 years time this dimension will be scaled down to 100 nm. There are three million FETs in the Pentium. The next generation will contain ten million. The FET has slowly evolved through improvements in optical lithography. We all await the technology set that will push these devices below the classical limits and on to the world of devices that relies on the quantum behavior of electrons. That transition will take place when the device dimensions are reduced below 50 nm. It is a world beyond the reach for optical lithography. Devices with these dimensions will require a revolutionary change in the fabrication process. It is not yet how these devices will be incorporated into systems but it is clear that we will soon have the new technology set needed to fabricate multiple copies of the nanoscale structures. We will present the case for a new technology set based on the scanning probes. Over the past decade scanning probe microscopes have enjoyed widespread acceptance in many areas of science and technology. It is evident from other discussions in this Conference that the probe microscopes are used to gain new knowledge of surface structure and molecular organization in the fields of physics, chemistry and biology. They have also been used as an essential tool in new forms of devices for hi-density storage of digital data. More recently the probes have been used to fabricate nanoscale structures such as field effect and single electron transistors. We will finish by discussing the research now underway for increasing the throughput. The research is proceeding on two fronts. First, the scanning speed is being improved with new designs for the probe, itself. Second, the number of probes are being increased through the fabrication of multiple probes to form arrays of parallel cantilevers with integrated tips.
Parameter identification of linear systems using nonlinear noninvertible measurements

Several new techniques are developed for identification of linear systems using measurements which are non-linear noninvertible functions of the true plant input and output values. The need for such techniques arises, for example, in applications where power levels rather than amplitude levels are measured, or when transducers must be used for measurement which have even rather than odd transfer characteristics. The analysis, however, is very general and can be directly applied to the identification of any linear plant whose transducer transfer characteristics are decomposable into a finite number of smooth monotonic segments. The development concludes with a recursive identification algorithm and a simple example to demonstrate the method.
Expressions of Gratitude in Disaster Management: An Economic, Social Marketing, and Public Policy Perspective on Post-Katrina Campaigns

response to outside assistance. These assertions are based on results of multiple studies on gratitude from both psychology and marketing that show that expressions of gratitude can offer both economic and social marketing benefits. Evidence demonstrates increased consumer willingness to purchase products produced in the devastated area and intentions to continue prosocial support through volunteerism and financial donations after receiving expressions of gratitude. Evidence also shows that public expressions of gratitude encourage those who did not participate in prior relief/recovery activities to do so in the future. As such, the authors recommend the implementation of a disaster management policy that encourages and rewards private and public groups to partner in similar campaigns. Such a policy leads to both economic and social rewards for the devastated areas and its citizens—and, importantly, the broader society—that outweigh and outlast the expense of the campaign. Specifically, these benefits save those directly affected by a disaster from having to bear the full burden of disaster recovery and rebuilding efforts and could increase the amount of outside economic and social assistance provided.
Exotic matter: Majorana modes materialize.

Condensed-matter physicists are steadily closing in on exotic excitations known as Majorana modes that could advance both fundamental science and quantum computing.
Genetic variation in the brain derived neurotrophic factor gene in Alzheimer's disease.

Genes known to contribute to the genetic predisposition to Alzheimer's disease (AD) are active in pathways of neurodegeneration but explain only a minority of the genetic contribution to AD. A protein of importance in cerebral neurodegeneration is the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Variations in two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the BDNF gene have previously been associated with AD, and one of these SNPs has also been associated with memory loss and affective disorders. We performed a case control study of three BDNF SNPs in 250 neuropathologically confirmed cases of AD and 194 unrelated controls. We did not find a significant association between the three BDNF SNPs studied and AD when evaluated individually or with haplotype analysis. Nor did BDNF genotype appear to affect the APOE e4 association with AD. The three SNPs studied were closely linked (D′ = 0.99 across the region). We discuss possible reasons for our failure to confirm the previously reported associations. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rock Magnetism: Fundamentals and Frontiers

Most observers of the geophysical scene, those involved with plate tectonics and continental drift in particular, are aware of the seminal contributions of rock magnetism and its sister discipline, paleomagnetism, which some have called “applied rock magnetism.” That was in the heady days of the 1960s. As a discipline, however esoteric, rock magnetism goes further back to the 19th century when the Swedish prospectors for iron ores and Italian and German paleomagnetists in search of the history of the geomagnetic field were using rock magnetism as an exciting new tool. The first book on rock magnetism, Der Gesteinsmagnetismus by H. Haalck, was published in 1942, more than a decade before T. Nagata's Rock Magnetism, cited by Dunlop and Ozdemir as the earliest work on the subject. There have been more recent volumes on the subject, including one that I coauthored with Frank Stacey. However, I am not exaggerating when I say that Rock Magnetism: Fundamentals and Frontiers leaves the others in the dust.