cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual differences in eating and drinking in the rat

In a sample of four rats, highly reliable individual differences were found on the variables which determine drinking rate and eating rate: the interval between successive licks (p < .001), and the interval between successive contacts with food (p < .005), within bursts of drinking and eating, respectively. Intervals within bursts of eating were longer (p < .01) and more variable than intervals within bursts of drinking. Individual differences accounted for .23 of the variance in the case of drinking, and .03 of the variance in the case of eating.
Lanthanum-139 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of polyaminocarboxylate-lanthanum complexes in aqueous solution

Abstract Several complexes of La(III) with aminocarboxylate and polyaminocarboxylate ligands in aqueous solution have been studied using 139 La chemical-shift and linewidth measurements. The ligand-induced shifts of the 139 La NMR resonance were found to depend, at least to first order, on additive substituent contributions, and were empirically related to the number and type of coordinated oxygen and nitrogen atoms. A previously proposed relationship between the number of coordinated carboxylate oxygen atoms and observed 139 La shifts does not seem to hold for the polyaminocarboxylate complexes and we propose a new empirical relationship which allows an accurate prediction of the number and types of ligand donors in these systems. The 139 La linewidths also provide qualitative information about the symmetry of each La 3+ chelate. The results show that 139 La NMR can be a powerful technique for elucidating the structure and dynamics of lanthanide complexes in solution.
β-Glucosaminidase activity in marine microbes

Activity at acidic pH (4.5) of β-glucosaminidase (βGAM) has been suggested as a quantitative marker for biomass of bacterivorous protists in aquatic ecosystems. βGAM is an enzyme that cleaves peptidoglycan, a major component of bacterial cell walls. Measuring the rate of cleavage of the fluorochrome methylumbelliferone (MUF) from the fluorogenic substrate MUF-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide (MUF-[GlcNAc]) is a simple assay for in situ activity of βGAM. However, this approach is seriously compromised by three characteristics of the enzyme: (1) all classes of marine microbes tested: bacteria, protists, and phytoplankton, exhibit βGAM activity, (2) the pH maximum for activity of βGAM is in the range of 6–8 for all classes of marine microbes, and (3) some species of marine phytoplankton have relatively high cell-specific and volume-specific βGAM activities at pH 4.5 and/or pH 7. Based on these results, enzymatic cleavage of the MUF-[GlcNAc] substrate does not appear to be useful as a specific assay for in situ biomass of heterotrophic protists, although the method could be applied in defined culture experiments.
Limited surgery for lower-segment Hirschsprung's disease.

Objective: To determine if rectal myectomy is an effective treatment for a specific group of patients with Hirschsprung's disease. Design: Retrospective series with follow-up of 6 to 132 months (mean follow-up, 37.1 months). Setting: Children's hospital. Patients: Fourteen children aged 2 to 14 years with chronic constipation and nondiagnostic barium enema contrast study findings. Intervention: Posterior rectal myectomy. Main Outcome Measures: Laxative use, frequency of stools, incidence of soiling or incontinence, and patient's assessment of improvement. Results: The conditions of all 14 patients improved regardless of the presence of ganglion cells in the myectomy specimen; there were six excellent, six good, and two fair assessments. Laxatives were used intermittently by seven of 14 patients. No patients complained of incontinence or soiling. Conclusions: Rectal myectomy is an effective, less-extensive operation that should be considered for older children with Hirschsprung's disease. (Arch Surg. 1994;129:920-925)
Finite element Euler calculations of unsteady transonic cascade flows

A Galerkin finite element procedure incorporating an explicit Runge-Kutta time-stepping scheme has been developed in this work to solve unsteady transonic flow in cascades. The computational domain is discretized by a globally unstructured but locally structured blade-fitted deformable mesh. The Galerkin approximation is applied to the unsteady Euler equations based on a mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian description. The semi-discretized equations are integrated forward in time using a multistage Runge-Kutta scheme. An artificial dissipation operator of the type proposed by Jameson is adapted in the current scheme to capture shocks and suppress nonphysical oscillations. Phase-shifted boundary conditions are used to reduce the computational domain to a single reference passage. Results for both steady and unsteady transonic flows through cascades are presented and compared to existing finite volume solutions.
Development and Response of Materially-Nonlinear, Multi-Layer Synthetic Models of the Human Vocal Folds

The human vocal folds are responsible for sound production during normal speech, and a study of their flow-induced vibrations can lead to improved prevention and treatment of voice disorders. However, studying the vocal folds in vivo or using excised larynges has several disadvantages. Therefore, alternatives exist using either synthetic (physical) and/or computational vocal fold models. In order to be physiologically relevant, the behavior and properties of these models must reasonably match those of the human vocal folds.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Photochemical Elimination of Leaving Groups from Zwitterionic Intermediates Generated via Electrocyclic Ring Closure of α,β-Unsaturated Anilides

Methacrylanilides, ArN(CH3)COC(CH2LG)═CH2, with allylic leaving groups (LG− = BocAla, PhCO2−, PhCH2CO2−, PhO−) undergo photochemical electrocyclic ring closure to produce a zwitterionic intermediate. Further reaction of the intermediate results in expulsion of the leaving group to give an α-methylene lactam as the major product. In addition, a lactam product that retains the leaving group is formed via a 1,5-H shift in the intermediate. Elimination of the leaving group is generally preferred, even for LG− = PhO−, although in benzene as the solvent the lactam retaining the phenolate group becomes the sole photoproduct. The electrocyclic ring closure occurs in the singlet excited-state for the para-COPh-substituted anilide derivative and is not quenched by 0.15 M piperylene or 0.01 M sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate (2-NPS) as triplet quenchers. Comparable concentrations of 2-NPS strongly quench the transient absorption of the triplet excited state observed at 450−700 nm according to laser flash photolysis exp...
Comparison of Yield for Zone Melting and Progressive Freezing

Abstract The conditions under which the yield of purified product is identical for progressive freezing and zone melting have been determined. When the distribution coefficient is less than 1, the yield of progressive freezing is increased by lowering the amount of material rejected after each operation. When the distribution coefficient is greater than 1, however, the usual zone-melting conditions result in a greater yield than is possible with progressive freezing.
Nuclear matter calculations using the separation method

Abstract The convergence of the separation method for calculating the two-body reaction matrix is established for central interactions by comparing the separation method results to those obtained by solving the integral equation numerically. A spin-dependent central well which approximately satisfies two-body data as well as giving reasonable nuclear saturation properties is presented.
Locking lasers to RF in an ultrafast FEL

Using a novel, phase-stabilized RF-over-fiber scheme, we transmit 3GHz over 300m with 27fs RMS error in 250kHz bandwidth over 12 hours, and phase lock a laser to enable ultrafast pump-probe experiments.
Addictive Genes and the Relationship to Obesity and Inflammation

There is increasing evidence that the same brain reward circuits involved in perpetuating drug abuse are involved in the hedonic urges and food cravings observed clinically in overweight and obese subjects. A polymorphism of the D2 dopamine receptor which renders it less sensitive to dopamine stimulation has been proposed to promote self-stimulatory behavior such as consuming alcohol, abusing drugs, or binging on foods. It is important to determine how this polymorphism may interact with other well-known candidate genes for obesity including polymorphisms of the leptin receptor gene and the opiomelanocortin gene. Leptin is a proinflammatory cytokine as well as a long-term signal maintaining body fat. Upper-body obesity stimulates systemic inflammation through the action of multiple cytokines including leptin throughout many organs including the brain. The association of numerous diseases including diabetes mellitus, heart disease, as well as depression with chronic low-grade inflammation due to abdominal obesity has raised the possibility that obesity-associated inflammation affecting the brain may promote addictive behaviors leading to a self-perpetuating cycle that may affect not only foods but addictions to drugs, alcohol, and gambling. This new area of interdisciplinary research holds the promise of developing new approaches to treating drug abuse and obesity.
A clinical prediction rule for perioperative mortality and major morbidity after laparoscopic giant paraesophageal hernia repair.

Objective In the current era, giant paraesophageal hernia repair by experienced minimally invasive surgeons has excellent perioperative outcomes when performed electively. However, nonelective repair is associated with significantly greater morbidity and mortality, even when performed laparoscopically. We hypothesized that clinical prediction tools using pretreatment variables could be developed that would predict patient-specific risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Methods We assessed 980 patients who underwent giant paraesophageal hernia repair (1997-2010; 80% elective and 97% laparoscopic). We assessed the association between clinical predictor covariates, including demographics, comorbidity, and urgency of operation, and risk for in-hospital or 30-day mortality and major morbidity. By using forward stepwise logistic regression, clinical prediction models for mortality and major morbidity were developed. Results Urgency of operation was a significant predictor of mortality (elective 1.1% [9/778] vs nonelective 8% [16/199]; P P Conclusions Predictive models using pretreatment patient characteristics can accurately predict mortality and major morbidity after giant paraesophageal hernia repair. After prospective validation, these models could provide patient-specific risk prediction, tailored for individual patient characteristics, and contribute to decision-making regarding surgical intervention.
RhII−RhII Bond Homolysis in a [(salen)RhII]2 Derivative: Thermodynamic, Kinetic, and Reactivity Studies

The rhodium(II) salen derivative [N,N‘-ethylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldiminato)]rhodium(II) is a dimer, [(ttbs)Rh]2 (1), in the solid state and in tetrahydrofuran solution (250−380K) but is ...
TU‐C‐BRB‐09: In Silico Model of Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment to Predict Radiotherapy Outcome

Purpose: We developed a tumor model for glioblastomas with the aim to study tumor growth, transition from avascular to vascular, oxygenation effects, cell repair, and to predict glioma control or recurrence when the malignancy is treated with ionizing radiation.Methods: Anatomical structures imaged using MRI were contoured and compartmentalized to simulate white matter, grey matter, and vasculature structures proximal to a simulated glioblastoma tumor. The gliomas were modeled using micro compartments to represent groups of tumor cells of the same structure and functionality. The model incorporates the interactions between healthy and tumor tissue using a mechanistic approach based on forces and link strengths between cells and the extra cellular matrix. The evolution and response of the cells to biomolecules, nutrients, and oxygen distribution were modeled through discrete transport and diffusion equations. Cell biology was simulated using parameters that represent nutrient consumption, cell cycle, cell history, and cell oxygenation. The delivered dose was modeled using a probabilistic approach to compute the likelihood of DNA damage and repair. Results: We successfully simulated tumor growth, invasion, and disruption of the local anatomy and tumorcontrol or recurrence under ionizing radiation stress. We modeled tumorradiotherapy under hypoxic and oxic conditions. Results of these numerical experiments show qualitative agreement with observed tumor evolution and response to ionizing radiationtreatment. Transition from an avascular to a vascular tumor and recruitment of blood vessels was also successfully modeled. Spatial resolution of compartments is higher than current imaging devices, making our model a valuable tool to link simulations with anatomical and functional imaging.Conclusions: We developed a micro compartmental model of glioblastoma tumors to evaluate the role of the local anatomy and the microenvironment oxygenation when the malignancy is treated with ionizing radiation. The model can be used to predict glioblastoma growth and response to radiotherapy.
SU‐GG‐I‐87: Inconsistencies in Discrete Space and Continuous Space Lesion Boundary and Area Definitions

Purpose: Measurement of the size of anatomic regions of interest is used to diagnose disease, track growth, and evaluate response to therapy. The discrete nature of medical images allows for both continuous and discrete definitions of region boundary. These definitions may, in turn, support several methods of area calculation that give substantially different values. This study investigated several boundary definitions and area calculation methods to quantify these differences. Method and Materials: Two sets of region boundaries were investigated, one defined in continuous space and one defined in discrete space. A total 1,764 manual lung nodule boundaries were obtained from the LungImageDatabase Consortium (LIDC) database.Lung nodule area was calculated for each of these discrete‐space boundaries based on four area metrics: boundary‐excluded pixel counting, boundary‐included pixel counting, and two variants of Green's Theorem applied to vertices defined by the center of each boundary pixel. Adrenal gland area was calculated for 71 manual continuous‐space adrenal gland boundaries based of four area metrics: Green's Theorem applied to the original continuous boundary, boundary‐excluded pixel counting after direct conversion to discrete space, boundary‐included pixel counting after direct conversion to discrete space, and pixel counting after pixel‐center conversion to discrete space. Results: Based on the same set of adrenal gland boundaries, mean adrenal gland area ranged from 85.1 ± 35.4 pixels to 126.2 ± 42.8 pixels, depending on the method of area calculation. Based on the same set of lung nodule boundaries, mean lung nodule area ranged from 147.0 ± 212.1 pixels to 208.8 ± 251.7 pixels, depending on the method of calculation. Conclusion: Inconsistent application of region boundary definition and area calculation may substantially impact measurement accuracy. Substantial differences exist among the various area calculation methods supporting the necessity, in both the research and clinical settings, to consistently apply boundary definition and area calculation methods.
Two-dimensional spin-flop transition in CoCl 2 -graphite intercalation compounds

Two field-dependent susceptibility anomalies are observed in the quasi-two-dimensional spin system of ${\mathrm{CoCl}}_{2}$-intercalated graphite. These anomalies are explained with use of the Landau free-energy functional applied to the magnetic Hamiltonian of ${\mathrm{CoCl}}_{2}$-intercalated graphite. In the stage-1 compound, the low-field anomaly at ${H}_{\mathrm{AS}(\mathrm{T})\mathrm{\ensuremath{\approxeq}}}$160 Oe is a signature of a two-dimensional antiferromagnetic-spin-flop first-order transition, while the anomaly at a higher field ${H}_{\mathrm{SF}(\mathrm{T})\mathrm{\ensuremath{\approxeq}}}$300 Oe is a signature of a spin-flop-ferromagnetic second-order transition. The low-temperature properties of these three phases are analyzed using the transfer matrix method for their c-axis ordering. A comparison of the model calculation and the experimental data indicates that the antiferromagnetic coupling between ${\mathrm{CoCl}}_{2}$ layers and the sixfold in-plane anisotropy are approximately 160 and 10 Oe, respectively, for the stage-1 compound.
Vibrational assignment and conformational equilibrium for 3-fluoropropene based on ab initio calculations and high resolution far-infrared spectroscopy

Abstract The far-IR spectrum of gaseous 3-fluoropropene, H 2 CCHCH 2 F, has been recorded from 200 to 80 cm −1 at a resolution of 0.008 cm −1 . Asymmetric torsional transitions are observed for both the cis and gauche conformers and the potential function governing this internal rotation is determined. The cis to gauche barrier is determined to be 1164 ± 67 cm −1 (3.33 ± 0.19 kcal mol −1 ) and the gauche to gauche is 573 ± 16 cm −1 (1.64 ± 0.05 kcal mol −1 ) with the cis conformer being more stable than the gauche by 290 ± 35 cm −1 (829 ± 100 cal mol −1 ). The normal vibrations for both the cis and gauche rotamers are calculated by ab initio Hartree—Fock gradient calculations employing the 3-21G basis set and the calculated frequencies compared to those previously reported. Potential surface calculations are carried out employing both the 3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets. The calculated barriers are compared to those obtained experimentally from the asymmetric torsional transitions observed in the far-IR spectrum and the agreement is very good. The force constants obtained from the ab initio calculations are compared to those previously reported from a modified valence force field.
Effects of dilution ratio and seed layer on the crystallinity of microcrystalline silicon thin films deposited by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We deposited microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si) by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) at different thickness and dilution ratio, with and without seed layer. As the dilution ratio increased, we observed an increase in the amount of microcrystalline phase in the film, a change in the structure of the grains and a loss of the (220) preferential orientation. The films deposited over a seed layer had a larger fraction of crystalline phase than films deposited with the same parameters but without a seed layer. For high dilution ratios (R=100), most of the film grows epitaxially at the interface with the Si substrate, but a microcrystalline film slowly replaces the single-crystal phase. For low dilution ratios (R=14), the film starts growing mostly amorphously, but the amount of crystalline phase increases with thickness.
Will expanded ART use reduce the burden of HIV-associated chronic lung disease?

Purpose of reviewThe pulmonary complications of chronic HIV infection have shifted from infectious complications toward noninfectious pulmonary complications, predominantly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although the best-established COPD risk factor is cigarette smoking, emerging dat
On some properties of self-reciprocal polynomials (Corresp.)

Self-reciprocal polynomials (SRP's) are used to generate reversible codes with a read backward property. We characterize all the irreducible SRP's of a given degree r . Furthermore, a method of obtaining a maximal exponent SRP is presented. A short table lists the maximal exponents of SRP's of degree up to r = 34 .
The physics of photons and neutrons with applications of deuterium labeling methods to polymers

Over the past decade small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), has found numerous applications in the fields of biology, polymer science, physical chemistry, materials science, metallurgy, colloids, and solid state physics. A number of excellent references are available which contain basic neutron scattering theory though these text books reflect the origins of the technique and the examples are largely drawn from physics e.g., single crystals, simple liquids, monatomic gases, liquid metals, magnetic materials, etc. in view of the large numbers of nonspecialists who are increasingly using neutron scattering, the need has become apparent for presentations which can provide rapid access to the method without unnecessary detail and mathematical rigor. This article is meant to serve as a general introduction to the symposium ''Scattering Deformation and Fracture in Polymers,'' and is intended to aid potential users who have a general scientific background, but no specialist knowledge of scattering, to apply the technique to provide new information in areas of their own particular interests. In view of space limitations, the general theory will be given in the case for neutron scattering and analogies and differences with photon scattering (x-rays) will be pointed out at the appropriate point. 90 refs., 6 figs.
Sequential Bias: Impact on a Bank Credit Card Concept Test

The growth of product concept testing in the financial services industry raises the issue of recognising and handling bias created by the nature of measurement instruments. Specifically, the ordering, nature and context of questions affects the results obtained by market potential measures. The results of a credit card concept test which was designed and conducted in an experimental form are presented here. Sequential bias can occur in concept tests and does affect the results of market potential measurements, and provides some guidelines for researchers to assist in dealing with this problem.
An Account for Dark Matter and Dark Energy by a Combined Spacetime Four-Manifold

We explain dark matter and dark energy by our previous construct of a combined spacetime 4-manifold "U3," which is the graph of a diffeomorphism from the particle universe "U1" to the wave universe "U2." Dark matter and dark energy exist respectively as standing waves and traveling waves in U2, while ordinary matter and light are "particle waves" in U3. As such, our model is founded upon the wave-particle duality.
Analysis of transient fluid slosh in partly-filled tanks with and without baffles: Part 2 – role of baffles

Baffles tend to suppress the forces and moments caused by fluid slosh in partly filled tank trucks, thus increasing their directional stability limits. The anti-slosh properties of different baffles designs are investigated through transient slosh analysis of a partly-filled 'Reuleaux triangle' cross-section tank. The effectiveness of baffles is evaluated in terms of fundamental slosh frequency, and forces and moments. The results show that the slosh natural frequencies and magnitudes of slosh forces and moments strongly depend upon the baffle design, fill volume and excitation. The longitudinal mode frequency of the baffled tank can be three times that of the unbaffled tank, while baffles could reduce peak longitudinal force by 39%. The partial baffles could be more effective under higher fill levels. Variations in baffle porosity resulted in only minor changes in peak longitudinal slosh force, but significant effect on steady-state pitch moment.
The Impact of Health Service Use on Racial Differences in Mortality among the Elderly

The authors investigated the impact of socioeconomic conditions, patterns of morbidity, and health service use on Black—White differences in rates of mortality, and mortality associated with specific diagnoses. Longitudinal data from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Physician billing data and Medicare Enrollment Database (EDB) were analyzed to assess physician-diagnosed morbidity, health service use, and mortality among the population of Medicare beneficiaries in Tennessee (N = 665,887). Proportional hazards models were used to examine the effects of socioeconomic status, morbidity, and service use on race differences in mortality. Racial differences in physician visits explain the largest portion of mortality differentials between Black Americans and Whites. Race disparities in mortality associated with particular forms of morbidity are also partly a function difference in health service use. Our findings suggest that Black—White mortality differentials could be narrowed by increasing ...
A New GntR Family Transcriptional Regulator in Streptomyces coelicolor Is Required for Morphogenesis and Antibiotic Production and Controls Transcription of an ABC Transporter in Response to Carbon Source

We recently reported the isolation and initial characterization of a transposon-generated mutation that resulted in defects in both morphogenesis and antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor. The insertion identified the SCO7168 open reading frame whose predicted product is a GntR family transcriptional regulator. Here, we show that this gene acts to repress transcription of itself as well as a series of genes immediately adjacent to it on the S. coelicolor chromosome that likely encode an ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type transporter for carbohydrate uptake. Transcription of this transporter is strongly induced by growth on relatively poor carbon sources such as trehalose and melibiose and weakly induced by lactose and glycerol but not glucose, and induction is not repressed by the presence of glucose. Constructed deletions of the ABC transporter itself resulted in the suppression of the original transposon mutation, suggesting that inappropriate expression of the ABC transporter is responsible, at least in part, for the mutant phenotype. Because this transporter responds to the presence of alpha-glucosides and has similarity to two other carbohydrate transporters of this class, we have named the genes of the transporter agl3E, agl3F, and agl3G and the GntR-like protein that regulates transcription of the transporter agl3R in accordance with established nomenclature. We suggest that agl3R is one of a number of homologous proteins in Streptomyces (there are 57 putative GntR family regulators in the S. coelicolor genome) that respond to nutritional and/or environmental signals to control genes that affect morphogenesis and antibiotic production.
Social support and treatment outcome of obsessive compulsive disorder at 9-month follow-up

The present study investigated whether social support and family members' reactions to clients with obsessive compulsive disorder played a significant role in the follow-up outcome of an intensive behavioral treatment program. The roles OCD symptoms, moodstate, social functioning and life events were also assessed. General social support did not predict relapse, but significant others' empathy and positive interactions were associated with maintenance of gains. Negative family interactions (especially criticism and anger) and belief that clients could control their symptoms predicted relapse. Higher levels of post-treatment anxiety and depression and poorer functioning were related to negative outcome, as was distress from life events during follow-up. Results are discussed with respect to possible mechanisms of action and future research needs.
Improved implantation after preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneuploidy

The objective of this study was to assess the improvement in implantation rates after preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of numerical abnormalities for the sole indication of advanced maternal age when compared with a control group. Each PGD patient was matched to a control patient according to several parameters prior to obtaining pregnancy results. The diagnosis was based on the analysis of chromosomes X, Y, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21 and 22 plus a ninth probe (1, 7, 14 or 17) on a single cell per embryo. The results were also analysed in relation to the previous number of IVF cycles and the number of dipronucleated zygotes obtained, when replacing presumptively chromosomally normal embryos on day 4 of development. It was found that women of advanced reproductive age (average age 40 years) had a higher implantation rate (18%) than their matched controls treated with standard IVF (11%) (P < 0.05). This increase was not observed in patients with two or more previous IVF cycles or patients with fewer than eight zygotes. Patients with eight or more 2PN zygotes and one or no previous cycles showed the greatest improvement in implantation rate, from 8.8% in controls to 19.2% in the PGD group (average age 40 years) (P < 0.025).
History‐of‐management‐thought about social responsibility

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to examine the development of the social responsibility (SR) of business concept and related management philosophies through the history‐of‐management‐thought perspective.Design/methodology/approach – The history‐of‐management‐thought approach to social responsibility (SR) is grounded in the paradigm of continuing progress exemplified by the contributions of great management thinkers (e.g. Fayol, Taylor, Follett, Barnard). A historical evolution of the SR concept is provided, together with tracing the development of stakeholder theory in its attempt to depict the relationship between stakeholder management and SR.Findings – Three management philosophies (recognition of the external environment, a need for collaboration, and a need for a shared understanding) emerge from both classical and modern management thinkers. Recent conceptualizations have added depth by clarifying the meaning of social responsibility and in addition, detailing the nature of firm‐stakeholder relat...
MULTIPLE PARASITISM OF ARMORED COCCIDS (HOMOPTERA) BY HOST-REGULATIVE APHELINIDS (HYMENOPTERA); ECTOPARASITES VERSUS ENDOPARASITES

When a host-regulative ectoparasite and a host-regulative endoparasite compete for the same host population (multiple parasitism) the former largely replaces the latter when the host’s density is high, the ectoparasite then being relatively numerous and the endoparasite scarce. However, after the ectoparasite has reduced the host population to a low density the converse is true, the endoparasite being more numerous. This difference is an effect of the endoparasite being able to operate at lower host densities; an essential adaptation if it is to survive competition with a host-regulative ectoparasitic population. The above conclusions are based (1) on the statistical analyses of numerous population samples of ectoparasitic and endoparasitic species of the family Aphelinidae (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera) imported into California while inhabiting host coccids (Diaspididae: Homoptera); (2) on field observations by the writer and the reports of others on the numerical status of such hosts and their specific parasites in gardens and orchards in various countries, those in which the species are indigenous as well as in those where they are exotic; (3) on the principles of multiple parasitism as elucidated by Harry S. Smith; and (4) on multiple parasitism by an ectoparasite and a host-specific endoparasite being characterized by the ectoparasite always destroying the endoparasite when both are attacking the same host individual and the endoparasite replacing the ectoparasite when populations of both are subsisting on a low density host population.
Classification of welding flaw types with fuzzy expert systems

Abstract The fuzzy expert system approach is proposed for the classification of different types of welding flaws. The fuzzy rules are generated from available examples using two different methods. The classification accuracy of fuzzy expert systems using fuzzy rules generated by the two methods is evaluated and compared. In addition, the fuzzy expert system approach is also compared with two other approaches: the fuzzy k-nearest neighbors algorithm and multi-layer perceptron neural networks, based on the bootstrap method. The results indicate that the fuzzy expert system approach outperforms all others in terms of classification accuracy.
Development and validation of assay protocols for use with dried blood spot samples

Dried blood spots (DBS)--drops of capillary whole blood collected from finger stick--represent a minimally invasive alternative to venipuncture that facilitates the collection of blood samples from research participants in naturalistic, field-based research settings. But the number of validated assays for quantifying biomarkers in DBS samples is relatively low in comparison with serum or plasma. The objective of this review is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of DBS sampling, and to outline the steps involved in developing and validating an immunoassay for application to DBS samples. These steps include deciding on reagents, preparing calibration and quality control material, evaluating elution protocols, optimizing sample quantity, and assessing multiple aspects of assay performance, including intra- and interassay variation, lower limit of detection, accuracy, stability, and agreement between results from matched DBS and plasma samples. The broader goal of this "how-to" approach is to encourage investigators to validate, implement, and disseminate assay protocols for DBS samples in order to advance field-based research on human biology.
Thrombolysis for acute central retinal artery occlusion: is it time?

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) typically results in severe and permanent visual loss [1,2]. Even if visual acuity spontaneously improves in up to 22% of patients with nonarteritic CRAO [2], less than 10% of patients report a meaningful recovery of vision [1]. CRAO is a relatively rare disorder with a frequency of approximately one per 10,000 outpatient visits in the United States [3], and the incidence in the general population is probably less than 3.5 per 100,000 [4]. Patients with CRAO are rarely seen acutely, and there is no consensus regarding management. None of the “conservative” treatments classically offered to patients with acute CRAO (such as reducing intra-ocular pressure, ocular massage, vasodilators, hemodilution, hyperbaric oxygen, steroids, heparin, aspirin) has proven effective, and their use is only based on anecdotal reports or small case-series [1]. Thrombolytic agents and mechanical thrombectomy are now routinely used for numerous acute arterial and venous occlusions, including cerebral infarctions [5]. At present, the use of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in cerebral infarction is restricted to selected patients treated within 3 hours of symptom onset (the recommended dose is 0.9 mg/kg (maximum of 90 mg) infused over 60 minutes). Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy delivered during a selective catheter angiogram either by regional or by local infusion directly into the thrombus can be administered up to 6 hours after stroke symptom onset [5]. Intra-arterial approaches have the potential advantages of increased recanalization rates, and perhaps enhanced safety because of a reduction in the total dose of drug administered. Disadvantages include the limited availability of facilities and of personnel who are capable of performing intra-arterial therapy, and the inherent delays in drug administration related to the logistics in assembling an appropriate team and performing an angiogram [5,6,7,8].
Bilingual Education Within the Context of English-Only Policies: Three Districts' Responses to Question 2 in Massachusetts

This article describes three medium-sized districts’responses to the successful passage of an English-only ballot initiative in Massachusetts. Through interviews with bilingual directors and document analysis the study found that programmatic changes as a result of the new law were primarily limited to elementary-level transitional bilingual education programs. Key leaders’detailed knowledge of the law and commitment to bilingual education, and the local context, influenced how the state-mandated policy was translated into practice.
The dependence of cecropia yolk formation in vitro on specific blood proteins.

The capacity of cecropia vitellogenic follicles to form yolk during short-term in vitro incubation in female blood was analyzed by labeling with fluorescein-conjugated serum globulin, tritiated cecropia blood proteins, or tritiated amino acid. As judged by fluorescence microscopy or autoradiography, yolk formation during 3–8 hr in vitro was similar in rate and in protein uptake specificity to that observed in vivo. When follicles were incubated in cecropia male blood, 6% gamma globulin, or cecropia saline, the yolk produced was markedly inferior in quality and quantity to that generated in female blood. Purified preparations of vitellogenin, the primary female blood protein deposited in the yolk, were equivalent to whole female blood in supporting yolk formation; this protein seems, therefore, to have a specific stimulatory role. An enhancement of the rate of pinocytosis at the oocyte surface by vitellogenin is postulated.
Priority assignment optimization for minimization of current surge in high performance power efficient clock-gated microprocessor

We propose an integrated architectural/physical-planning approach named priority assignment optimization to minimize the current surge in high performance power efficient clock-gated microprocessors. The proposed approach balances the current demands across the floorplan by assigning optimized priorities to the functional units (FUs). Two complementary methods -- physical planning with soft modules and issue pattern management - to enhance our proposed approach are also discussed for various applications. Experimental results show that the proposed approach reduces the peak noise by 11.75% and consequently, the decoupling capacitance (Decap) requirement by 24.22% without any degradation in IPC (Instruction Per Cycle). We also show that our approach does not increase the clock period for the 0.18μm technology and beyond.
Evaluation of chelation concentration and cation separation of actinides at ultra-trace levels in urine matrix

The feasibility of measuring picogram levels of actinides in a urine matrix using ion chromatography coupled on-line to an inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometer (IC-Q-ICPMS) was investigated. A chelation column for separation of matrix ions and preconcentration of the actinides was combined with a cation-exchange column for separation of the actinides. Sample preparation required simple addition of ammonium acetate to adjust the pH of the urine matrix. Spike solutions containing 232 Th, 237Np, 238U, 239Pu, and 241Am were added to undiluted urine, diluted urine (1 : 9) and water. Results showed that this approach enhanced the signal sensitivities of all the tested actinides over two orders of magnitude in the water matrix, while certain elements (especially Am) can still be effectively concentrated in undiluted urine.
Measurement of in vivo anterior cruciate ligament strain during dynamic jump landing

Despite recent attention in the literature, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury mechanisms are controversial and incidence rates remain high. One explanation is limited data on in vivo ACL strain during high-risk, dynamic movements. The objective of this study was to quantify ACL strain during jump landing. Marker-based motion analysis techniques were integrated with fluoroscopic and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques to measure dynamic ACL strain non-invasively. First, eight subjects' knees were imaged using MR. From these images, the cortical bone and ACL attachment sites of the tibia and femur were outlined to create 3D models. Subjects underwent motion analysis while jump landing using reflective markers placed directly on the skin around the knee. Next, biplanar fluoroscopic images were taken with the markers in place so that the relative positions of each marker to the underlying bone could be quantified. Numerical optimization allowed jumping kinematics to be superimposed on the knee model, thus reproducing the dynamic in vivo joint motion. ACL length, knee flexion, and ground reaction force were measured. During jump landing, average ACL strain peaked 55±14 ms (mean and 95% confidence interval) prior to ground impact, when knee flexion angles were lowest. The peak ACL strain, measured relative to its length during MR imaging, was 12±7%. The observed trends were consistent with previously described neuromuscular patterns. Unrestricted by field of view or low sampling rate, this novel approach provides a means to measure kinematic patterns that elevate ACL strains and that provide new insights into ACL injury mechanisms.
Grazing Impacts on Rangeland Vegetation: What We Have Learned

Livestock grazing at light-to-moderate intensities can have positive impacts on rangeland vegetation in arid-to-semiarid areas. DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v28i1_holechek
Hypogastric artery disruption associated with acetabular fracture. A report of two cases.

Venous and arterial injuries are well-known complications of major pelvic trauma. They may occur as a result of acute disruption (laceration or rupture) 1-3, an intimal tear leading to vessel thrombosis 4, or late formation of a pseudoaneurysm 3,5,6. Recalcitrant hemorrhage is a leading cause of death following major disruptions of the pelvic ring 7,8, although persistent arterial bleeding has only rarely been associated with acetabular fracture 4,9. We report two cases of disruption of the hypogastric artery in association with displaced both-column fractures of the acetabulum. Percutaneous arteriographic embolization in each patient resulted in control of hemorrhage and restoration of hemodynamic stability. In both cases, the patient (Case 1) or the patient's family (Case 2) was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. Case 1. A twenty-five-year-old woman presented to the Bellevue Hospital Medical Center after falling eight stories and striking a tree prior to impact with the ground. Standard trauma protocol was instituted on arrival at the emergency room. No loss of consciousness was reported, and the Glasgow Coma Score 10 was 15. Vital signs included a blood pressure of 94/60 mm Hg, a pulse of 118 beats/min, a respiratory rate of 22 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation of 98% as measured by transcutaneous pulse oximetry. The patient, who was awake, alert, and cooperative, complained of pain in the right upper extremity, the pelvis, and the lower back. Physical examination revealed normal heart sounds, a clear chest to auscultation, and a soft, nontender abdomen. Crepitation and displacement were noted when gentle stress was applied to the right anterior superior iliac spine. Rectal tone was normal, and the findings were negative on guaiac testing of stool. Radial, popliteal, pedal, and posterior …
Redox Conditions and the Reductive/Oxidativebiodegradation of Chlorinated Ethenes in Groundwater Systems

Chlorinated ethenes are subject to a variety of biodegradation processes including chlororespiration, cometabolic reductive dechlorination, fermentative acetogenesis,aerobic and anaerobic oxidation, and aerobic cometabolism. Due to this metabolic diversity, the behavior of chlorinated ethenes in groundwater systems is often puzzling. The rate and extent of these biodegradation processes depends on predominant redox conditions and on the succession of predominant redox conditions. Thus, an assessment of ambient redox processes can help to explain the fate of chlorinated ethenes in different hydrologic systems. By careful evaluation of the redox conditions in groundwater systems, a clearer understanding of the biodegradation and natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes in the environment can be achieved.
To Stay, to Quit, or to Move Up: Explaining the Growth of Careerism in the House of Representatives, 1878-1940

[enter Abstract Body]One of the most frequently noted historical trends in the study of America's institutional development is the steady growth of careerism in Congress. From the 1850s until the end of the century, the percent of members of the House of Representatives entering the chamber for the first time declined from 60 to 24 percent. Numerous explanations have been proposed to account for this trend including historical events, various incumbency-favoring electoral reforms and even the reinforcing effects of a rapidly evolving, member-friendly work environment in the House. This paper reports current research assessing the evidence for these and other explanations on the career choices of House incumbents. The tentative findings suggest a complex choice environment that varied significantly by region, over time, and according to the alternative career move available to the politician. Paper prepared for presentation to the meetings of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA, August 28-31, 2003. I want to thank Peter Nardulli and Charles Stewart for use of their realignment and committee portfolio data. This research is supported by NSF (SES-0136260). The findings are tentative; please do not quote or cite without permission. Comments and suggestions welcomed.
Design of the NOS Operational Forecast System for San Francisco Bay: Focus on Validation

A review of previous and current modeling studies is presented to support the selection of the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) as the hydrodynamic model driver within the National Ocean Service (NOS) operational forecast system for San Francisco Bay (SFBOFS). This review will also focus on the validation approaches used and available datasets. In addition, the present NOS forecast model construction process is outlined in terms of grid development considering two separate grid regions: 1) San Francisco Bay and the near shelf, and 2) offshore region to include the National Marine Sanctuaries. The specification of the offshore boundary conditions (to enable future couplings to a NOS West Coast shelf model) is discussed along with the development of initial conditions for hindcast validation. Initially, two-month simulation validation plans are presented utilizing the restored joint NOS and USGS 1979-1980 historical circulation survey datasets to calibrate the model for astronomical forcings. Next, extended hindcast plans are discussed to further validate the model for astronomical and complete meteorological forcings. The transition of SFBOFS to formal operations is outlined with plans for additional validation efforts and ongoing skill assessment.
A. Dale Gulledge, M.D., M.S., F.A.P.M. (1932-2015).

From Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States (LG). & 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. was making rounds. I thought to myself: “The staff at our hospital work harder than the house staff!” He rounded late and also early, often with the cardiothoracic surgeons. His hard work paid off. As he established credibility and improved the image of psychiatry, the number of consultation requests increased from a handful to over 3000 annually. In honor of his legacy, 1 of our 3 consultation-liaison teams carries his name: Team Gulledge. Albert Dale Gulledge was born in Lubbock, Texas, on May 30, 1932. His interest in medicine evolved while serving as a U.S. Air Force medical corpsman. After completing an M.S., he graduated
ACUTE MANAGEMENT OF INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTAL HEMATOMA AFTER AN ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN THE SETTING OF RECENT SUBDURAL HEMATOMA

Interventricular septal hematoma is a rare occurrence involving dissection of the myocardium. It can result from myocardial infarction, trauma, surgery, or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Management is not well defined. A 72 year old male presented with chest pain. His medical history was