cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure-induced correlation field splitting of vibrational modes: structural and dynamic properties in lipid bilayers and biomembranes

Correlation field splittings of the vibrational modes of methylene chains in lipid bilayers, isolated lipid molecules in perdeuterated lipid bilayers, crystalline lipid, and interdigitated lipid bilayers have been investigated by pressure-tuning Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The correlation field splittings of these modes are originating from the vibrational coupling interactions between the fully extended methylene chains with different site symmetry along each bilayer leaflet. The interchain-interactions of the methylene chains with the same site symmetry only contribute to frequency shift of the vibrational modes. The magnitude of the correlation field splitting is a measure of the strength of the interchain-interactions, and the relative intensities of the correlation field component bands provide information concerning the relative orientation of the zig-zag planes of the interacting methylene chains. It has been demonstrated in the present work that the correlation field splitting of the CH2 bending and rocking modes commonly observed in the vibrational spectra of lipid bilayers is the result of the intermolecular interchain-interactions among the methylene chains of the neighboring molecules. The intramolecular interchain-interactions between the sn-1 and sn-2 methylene chains within each molecule are weak. The correlation field splitting resulting from the intramolecular interchain-interactions exhibits a much smaller magnitude than that from the intermolecular interchain-interactions and is observed only at very high pressure. Interdigitation of the opposing bilayer leaflets disturbs significantly the intermolecular interchain-interactions and results in dramatic changes in the pressure profiles of the correlation field component bands of both the CH2 bending and rocking modes. The relative intensities of the correlation field component bands of these modes and the magnitude of the splitting are also altered significantly. These results provide further evidence that the correlation field splitting of the CH2 bending and rocking modes in the vibrational spectra of lipid bilayers is due to the intermolecular interchain-interactions. The present work has also demonstrated that the correlation field splitting of the vibrational modes in lipid bilayers is mainly contributed by the intermolecular interchain-interactions among the nearest neighboring molecules and that the long-range correlation interactions beyond the second neighboring molecules are insignificant.
Life History Correlates Of a Career Commitment To School Counseling

This study sought to explore the use of the scored life history as a predictive index of a career commitment to school counseling. Hypotheses concerning the relationship between life history data and a career commitment to teaching and administration were also investigated. Multiple regression analysis was used to obtain validity coefficients estimating the relationship between weighted linear combinations of life history data and the career commitment criteria. The regression weights obtained for the most promising biographical predictors were used to predict current occupational titles for a cross-validation sample. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that selected and empirically weighted life history materials are valid indices of counselor career commitment. For practical purposes, life history data for teaching and administration demonstrated a lack of consistent predictive power. The content of the most promising predictors for the three occupational groups was logically examined.
The impact of the internal medicine sub-internship on medical student career choice.

Background Medical student interest in internal medicine is decreasing. Whether the internal medicine sub-internship affects intent to pursue internal medicine is unknown.
Measures of subproblem criticality in decomposition algorithms for shop scheduling

Work centre-based decomposition approaches, especially variants of the Shifting Bottleneck algorithm, have been very successful in solving job-shop-scheduling problems. These methods decompose the problem into subproblems involving a single work centre (usually a single machine), which they solve sequentially. We propose new measures of subproblem criticality and show via computational experiments that several of these provide solutions comparable in quality with those obtained from previous work in substantially less central processing unit time.
Kondo lattice behavior in the ordered dilute magnetic semiconductor Yb 14-x La x MnSb 11

We report Hall, magnetic, heat capacity, and doping studies from single crystals of ${\mathrm{Yb}}_{14}{\mathrm{MnSb}}_{11}$ and ${\mathrm{Yb}}_{13.3}{\mathrm{La}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{MnSb}}_{11}$. These heavily doped semiconducting compounds are ferromagnetic below 53 and 39 K, respectively. The renormalization of the carrier mass from $2{m}_{e}$ near room temperature to $20{m}_{e}$ at 5 K, plus the magnetic evidence for partial screening of the Mn magnetic moments suggest that these compounds represent rare examples of an underscreened Kondo lattice with ${T}_{K}\ensuremath{\approx}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}285\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$.
Error Sensitivities in Satellite Ascent and Orbital Transfer

Equations are derived by relating variations in the state of a vehicle at the end of an elliptical transfer to the variations in the state at the start of the transfer. Simplified sets of equations are presented for the more important special cases of transfer orbits. Some of the results are presented in the form of curves tha t are easily applied for estimating quickly the transfer errors for ascent and orbital transfers. These results are applicable in particular for rendezvous conditions, where time in orbit is important.
Special feature: Windows NT security: Kudos, concerns, and prescriptions

Whether or not Microsoft's Windows NT's security capabilities are adequate is the basis for considerable controversy. Windows NT is built on a defensible security model. It also offers many security-related capabilities such as the NT File System's (NTFS's) granular permissions, the User Manager for Domains' Account Policy settings that allow control over password length, bad logon limit, and so forth, multi-tiered privilege assignment, challenge-response authentication, reasonably sophisticated auditing and others. Detractors on the other hand point to the large number of security-related vulnerabilities that have emerged in relatively few years and complain about problems such as an outdated security model, weak out-of-the-box security, weaknesses in implementation of network services and protocols, immaturity, and so forth. Rather than directly addressing this fascinating controversy, this paper enumerates areas in which improvement in security capabilities is most needed. It then recommends a strategic direction for Windows NT security, presenting suggestions such as stabilizing one release, fixing the security-related problems due to Windows NT's backward compatibility capabilities, addressing the weaknesses in networking, adhering to accepted standards more often, and others. Ultimately, however, the user community will drive whether needed changes will or will not be incorporated into future releases ofWindows NT.
UNILATERAL LESIONS OF THE RETROTRAPEZOID NUCLEUS (RTN) DECREASE THE VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO CO 2 IN AWAKE RATS. † 2285

UNILATERAL LESIONS OF THE RETROTRAPEZOID NUCLEUS (RTN) DECREASE THE VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO CO 2 IN AWAKE RATS. † 2285
First Report of Schistocephalus sp. (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) in Slimy Sculpin, Cottus cognatus Richardson, 1836, from Lake Michigan, U.S.A

Abstract Plerocercoids of Schistocephalus sp. (Diphyllobothriidae) were found in the body cavities of 2 (0.9%) of 209 slimy sculpins, Cottus cognatus, collected in September 2003 from Lake Michigan, south of Manistique, Michigan, U.S.A. Mean intensity was 1. The mean lengths and weights of these 2 thawed, relaxed plerocercoids were 67 and 72 mm and 427 and 554 mg, respectively. The number of segments in each plerocercoid was 113, and both plerocercoids showed upturned edges of the first segment. The identification of these plerocercoids to species is discussed, and the occurrence of Schistocephalus sp. in fish from the Great Lakes is summarized. This is the first report of Schistocephalus in slimy sculpin from Lake Michigan and the second report of Schistocephalus infecting fish from this lake.
A first course on Network Science

We report on our experience teaching an undergraduate network science class. We discuss software and texts, the topics covered, and the semester project. The class's success is in large part due to strategic use of visualization and active learning.
Teaching Students about Civil Rights Using Print Material and Photographs.

The author describes teaching eighth-grade students about the civil rights movement. Teachers used photographs of students in the 1950s as a central theme of their unit about the U.S. civil rights movement. Using these photographs as a learning tool inspired the students to be engaged in history. At the end of the unit, students were able to compare and contrast the state of civil rights and racism in the 1950s and today. Teachers also used local history as a context to teach the national civil rights movement. The author provides a sample lesson plan, classroom resources, and rubrics.
Improvement in adequacy of delivered dialysis for adult in-center hemodialysis patients in the United States, 1993 to 1995

The objective of this review is to describe the adequacy of delivered dialysis provided to in-center hemodialysis patients in the United States and to compare the findings with published guidelines. The medical records of random samples of 6,138, 6,919, and 6,861 patients in hemodialysis facilities were studied from all Medicare-eligible adult in-center hemodialysis patients alive on December 31, 1993, 1994, and 1995, respectively. The main clinical measure used was the urea reduction ratio (URR), the mean of which was 0.63 in 1993, 0.64 in 1994, and 0.66 in 1995. The proportion of patients with URR ≥ 0.65, as recommended by the Renal Physicians Association and a National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement, increased from 43% in 1993 to 49% in 1994 and 59% in 1995. In each of these 3 years, women were more likely than men to have a URR ≥ 0.65 (1993: 54% v 31%, odds ratio 2.6; 1994: 61% v 38%, odds ratio 2.5; and 1995: 70% v 50%, odds ratio 2.4), as were older patients (65+ years) compared with younger patients (18 to 44 years) (1993: 47% v 37%, odds ratio 1.4; 1994: 54% v 45%, odds ratio 1.5; and 1995: 65% v 53%, odds ratio 1.6) and white patients compared with black patients (1993: 46% v 36%, odds ratio 1.5; 1994: 53% v 43%, odds ratio 1.5; and 1995: 63% v 54%, odds ratio 1.4). There was also substantial geographic variation in the proportion of patients receiving hemodialysis with a URR ≥ 0.65. In conclusion, marked differences existed in 1993, 1994, and 1995 between observed practice and consensus guidelines for the delivery of adequate dialysis. Nevertheless, notable improvement occurred during this time period. A system to monitor further improvements in hemodialysis care in the United States is in place.
New Findings on Older People’s Life Expectancies Confirm Gompertz Law: The Impact on the Value of Securitized Life Settlements

Recent findings using records from the U.S. Social Security Administration’s Death Master File discredit the late life mortality deceleration theory and confirm that life expectancies follow the Gompertz law not only until the age of 80, but for many years after. The authors show how these findings have major implications on the valuation of senior life settlements and securities backed by life settlements. They illustrate the sensitivity of valuation to the incorporation of the results of recent research regarding longevity risk.
Pharmacology of [3H]apomorphine binding to bovine brain tissue

Abstract Activity against high-affinity (nM), and over 80 per cent dopamine (DA)-agonist-displaceable binding of [3H]apomorphine (APO) to a “subsynaptosomal” membrane fraction of bovine caudate nucleus was evaluated using amino-6,7-dihydroxytetralin (ADTN) as a blank. Aporphines with 10,11-catechol and small N-alkyl groups were potent inhibitors ( IC 50 nM ) with parallel inhibition curves (nh = 0.8 to 1.0). For phenethylamines, catechol and amine moieties were important structural requirements; α or β substitution markedly reduced potency. Thus, epinephrine and isoproterenol were weak while DA and its N-methylated congeners were potent; (− )norepinephrine (NE) and fluoro-DAs were intermediate in potency and ( + )NE, other catechols and hydroxylated phenethylamines were virtually inactive; m-tyramine, while weak, was more active than p-tyramine. Other DA agonists [ADTN > lergotrile >N-n-propyl-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-piperidine (3-PPP) > bromocriptine] were active. Neuroleptics competed relatively weakly, with imperfect correspondence to in vivo activities. Stereoselectivity was found with several aporphines, phenethylamines, and antipsychotic drugs. Many other neuropharmacologically active agents, including inhibitors of amine uptake and adrenergic receptors, were inactive. These characteristics strongly suggest that APO interacts with a DA agonist binding site in mammalian brain tissue.
Communication networks: An experimental reevaluation

Abstract Communication-network studies have been marked by inconclusive and inconsistent findings. Two experiments were designed in an attempt to resolve these inconsistencies. It was determined that group problem-solving under two rather extreme networks, the Circle and the Wheel, exhibits a substantial transition period marked by an acceleration in the solution rate leading to a steady state. It also was determined that contingencies of reinforcement and punishment significantly altered the groups' solution and error rates, respectively. There was an orderly progression toward smaller differences between the networks. While differences in problem-solving rates did exist between the two networks during their initial acquisition phases, these differences were reduced when reinforcement was employed. Differences were still smaller when the groups were allowed to pass through the acquisition period to a steady state. And, finally, when reinforcement was added to the steady-state period, performance differences between the two structures vanished.
Fully discrete approximation methods for the estimation of parabolic systems and boundary parameters

A spatially and temporally discrete numerical approximation scheme is developed for the identification of a class of semilinear parabolic systems with unknown boundary parameters. The identification problem is formulated as a least squares fit to data subject to an equivalent representation for the dynamics in the form of an abstract evolution equation. Finite-dimensional difference equation state approximations are constructed using a cubic spline-based, Galerkin method and the Pade rational function approximations to the exponential. A sequence of approximating identification problems result, the solutions of which are shown to exist and, in a certain sense, approximate solutions to the original identification problem. Numerical results for two examples, one involving the modeling of biological mixing in deep sea sediment cores, and the other, the estimation of transport parameters for indoor mixing, are discussed. In both examples, the identification is based upon actual experimental data.
Auf der Suche nach neuen Materialien: Kristallzucht von quaternären und höherwertigen Oxiden in Flussmitteln

Dieser Aufsatz behandelt die explorative Kristallzucht in Hochtemperaturlosungen als eine Methode zur Entdeckung von komplexen Oxidmaterialien. Er gibt eine Ubersicht uber das Verfahren der Kristallzucht in der Schmelze (Flux- oder Flussmittelzuchtung) und kann als Leitfaden fur die Anwendung dieser Technik dienen. Die am haufigsten eingesetzten Schmelzen werden hinsichtlich ihres Losungsvermogens fur spezifische Elemente diskutiert, und typische Reaktionsbedingungen werden zusammengestellt. Um das Leistungsvermogen der Fluxmethode zu demonstrieren, werden verschiedene kurzlich hergestellte quaternare und hohere Oxide vorgestellt, die fur das Zuchten von Oxidkristallen aus spezifischen Elementen geeignet sind.
Motor Development during Infancy and Early Childhood: Overview and Suggested Directions for Research

The development of motor competence during infancy and childhood is dependent upon and influenced by the growth and maturity characteristics of the child interacting with the environment in which a child is reared. Environmental opportunities and restraints for movement interact with the biological substrates of growth and maturation to determine the motor repertoire of the child. This paper provides a brief overview of motor development during infancy and early childhood and then highlights several specific areas and/or questions: critical evaluation of stages for specific movement patterns; extension of the dynamical systems framework; genotypic contributions to motor development; metabolic and physiological correlates of motor development; relationship of motor development to the growth of the brain, status at birth and early postnatal growth; and social contexts of motor development.
Surgical strategies for managing foraminal nerve sheath tumors: the emerging role of CyberKnife ablation

Sixteen Stanford University Medical Center (SUMC) patients with foraminal nerve sheath tumors had charts reviewed. CyberKnife radiosurgery was innovative in management. Parameters were evaluated for 16 foraminal nerve sheath tumors undergoing surgery, some with CyberKnife. Three neurofibromas had associated neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Eleven patients had one resection; others had CyberKnife after one (two) and two (three) operations. The malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) had prior field-radiation and adds another case. Approaches included laminotomy and laminectomies with partial (three) or total (two) facetectomies/fusions. Two cases each had supraclavicular, lateral extracavitary, retroperitoneal and Wiltze and costotransversectomy/thoracotomy procedures. Two underwent a laminectomy/partial facetectomy, then CyberKnife. Pre-CyberKnife, one of two others had a laminectomy/partial facetectomy, then total facetectomy/fusion and the other, two supraclavicular approaches. The MPNST had a hemi-laminotomy then laminectomy/total facetectomy/fusion, followed by CyberKnife. Roots were preserved, except in two. Of 11 single-operation-peripheral nerve sheath tumors, the asymptomatic case remained stable, nine (92%) improved and one (9%) worsened. Examinations remained intact in three (27%) and improved in seven (64%). Two having a single operation then CyberKnife had improvement after both. Of two undergoing two operations, one had symptom resolution post-operatively, worsened 4 years post-CyberKnife then has remained unchanged after re-operation. The other such patient improved post-operatively, had no change after re-operation and improved post-CyberKnife. The MPNST had presentation improvement after the first operation, worsened and after the second surgery \and CyberKnife, the patient expired from tumor spread. In conclusion, surgery is beneficial for pain relief and function preservation in foraminal nerve sheath tumors. Open surgery with CyberKnife is an innovation in these tumors’ management.
The CYGNSS ground segment; innovative mission operations concepts to support a micro-satellite constellation

Hurricane track forecasts have improved in accuracy by ∼50% since 1990, while in that same period there has been essentially no improvement in the accuracy of intensity prediction. One of the main problems in addressing intensity occurs because the rapidly evolving stages of the tropical cyclone (TC) life cycle are poorly sampled in time by conventional polar-orbiting, wide-swath surface wind imagers. NASA's most recently awarded Earth science mission, the NASA EV-2 Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) has been designed to address this deficiency by using a constellation of micro-satellite-class Observatories designed to provide improved sampling of the TC during its life cycle. Managing a constellation of Observatories has classically resulted in an increased load on the ground operations team as they work to create and maintain schedules and command loads for multiple Observatories. Using modern tools and technologies at the Mission Operations Center (MOC) in conjunction with key components implemented in the flight system and an innovative strategy for pass execution coordinated with the ground network operator, the CYGNSS mission reduces the burden of constellation operations to a level commensurate with the low-cost mission concept. This paper focuses on the concept of operations for the CYGNSS constellation as planned for implementation at the CYGNSS MOC in conjunction with the selected ground network operator.
The role of saturation of fat depots in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is the earliest observable abnormality in individuals who are predisposed to, and who later develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. We hypothesize that saturation of the subcutaneous fat depot is the primary event in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance in the majority of patients and postulate that this seminal event may lead to the development of hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and depressed HDL levels (i.e., the metabolic syndrome). Our hypothesis has the following clinical implications: (1) differing responses to weight loss may be seen with regards to insulin resistance depending on the size of the fat depot; individuals with small fat depots having to maintain an extremely low body mass to preserve an insulin sensitive phenotype while individuals with a large fat depot may become insulin sensitive even when still clinically obese with some amount of weight loss; (2) peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonists, such as thiazoledinediones which expand the subcutaneous fat depot, may be especially useful in improving insulin resistance in individuals with small fat depots; (3) expanding alternate storage sites for triglycerides by a variety of techniques, such as resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy, may also improve insulin resistance; (4) drugs, such as beta 3 adrenergic receptor agonists which promote lipolysis and have been suggested as possible agents in the treatment of obesity may actually increase insulin resistance by releasing free fatty acids into the circulation. Similarly, inhibitors of the beta oxidation of free fatty acids (e.g., carnitine palmitoyl transferase inhibitors) may also actually cause insulin resistance by sparing fat from oxidation and thus worsening fat depot saturation and (5) liposuction, by reducing the size of the subcutaneous fat depot may actually worsen insulin resistance, thus increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Gain equalization by mitigating self-filtering effect in a chain of cascaded EDFA's for WDM transmissions

A simple method of alternatively using high-inversion and moderate-inversion erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's) in an optical amplifier chain is presented to mitigate the self-filtering effect and equalize both signal power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of multiple wavelength channels in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmission systems. The performance of the compensated system with alternatively used high- and moderate-inversion amplifiers is compared with the uncompensated ones where only moderate- or high-inversion amplifiers are employed. The result shows that the compensated system has a flatter gain profile, a lesser signal power spread, and SNR degradation.
Multiscale nonlinearity in a time series of weekly alcohol intake

Several authors have discussed the possibility that nonlinear dynamics might clarify substance abuse and chemical dependence. Nonlinear dynamical structure implies the possibility of oscillatory dy...
Variability of Total and Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus Densities in Northern Gulf of Mexico Water and Oysters

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is indigenous to coastal environments and a frequent cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis in the United States, primarily due to raw-oyster consumption. Previous seasonal-cycle studies of V. parahaemolyticus have identified water temperature as the strongest environmental predictor. Salinity has also been identified, although it is evident that its effect on annual variation is not as pronounced. The effects of other environmental factors, both with respect to the seasonal cycle and intraseasonal variation, are uncertain. This study investigated intraseasonal variations of densities of total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus organisms in oysters and overlying waters during the summer of 2004 at two sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Regression analyses indicated significant associations (P < 0.001) between total V. parahaemolyticus densities and salinity, as well as turbidity in water and in oysters at the Mississippi site but not at the Alabama site. Pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus organisms in Mississippi oyster and water samples were detected in 56% (9 out of 16) and 78% (43 out of 55) of samples, respectively. In contrast, 44% (7 out of 16) of oyster samples and 30% (14 out of 47) of water samples from Alabama were positive. At both sites, there was greater sample-to-sample variability in pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus densities than in total V. parahaemolyticus densities. These data suggest that, although total V. parahaemolyticus densities may be very informative, there is greater uncertainty when total V. parahaemolyticus densities are used to predict the risk of infection by pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus than previously recognized.
Eventrations Avec Prothese Composix® Retromusculaire

La procedure effectuee pour ce cas consiste a placer une grande prothese derriere le muscle grand droit.
Efficient detection with arrays in the presence of angular spreading

The spatial channel in applications such as radar, sonar, and wireless communications is typically characterized by complex signal scattering leading to multiple signal components arriving at the array from a spread of angles. This multipath angle spread is well known to lead to loss of spatial signal coherence, requiring complicated combining schemes to achieve optimal performance, particularly when the signal is partially coherent across the receiving array. We show that the discrete Fourier transform serves as an efficient, robust, and asymptotically optimal spatial combiner for uniform linear arrays (ULAs) in multipath channels. In addition, the proposed spatial processing allows for convenient integration of conventional frequency-domain methods for angle-of-arrival searches. Simulation results show that the proposed combining scheme provides near-optimal performance at significantly less computation, even for arrays of moderate size.
Silicon profile transformation and sidewall roughness reduction using hydrogen annealing

We report on a comprehensive study of the 3D profile transformation process for microstructures on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates. Using hydrogen annealing, single crystalline microspheres (1 /spl mu/m radius), micropillars, and circular cantilever beams have been successfully demonstrated. The annealed Si exhibits a surface roughness of 0.26 nm. A theoretical model is presented for the mass transport process, and the parametric dependence on temperature and pressure is characterized. We have used this process to fabricate submicrometer single mode optical waveguides on SOI and achieved a very low optical loss of 0.2 cm/sup -1/.
Psychiatric Symptoms and Medical Utilization in Primary Care Patients

In two studies, the authors evaluated the impact of psychiatric disorders on medical care utilization in a primary care setting. In the first study, 526 consecutive patients in a teaching hospital primary care practice completed the 18-item RAND Mental Health Inventory to identify clinically significant depression and/or anxiety and a questionnaire about the use of psychiatric treatment and psychoactive medications. The medical utilization of those patients defined as depressed and/ or anxious was compared with those defined as not depressed and/or anxious. Patients identified as depressed and/or anxious reported significantly increased medical utilization, but this was not confirmed by the hospital's computerized record system. In the second study, the authors analyzed medical care utilization for the years before and after the first outpatient psychiatry appointment of a sample of 91 patients referred from the same primary care practice to the hospital's outpatient psychiatry clinic over a 1-year period. In both studies there was not a statistically significant difference in medical utilization among those patients receiving psychiatric treatment. The findings demonstrate the difficulties in examining cost offset in a primary care population and raise questions about it as a realistic outcome measure of the effect of psychiatric treatment.
An on-demand routing protocol with flow control for mobile backbone networks

We have recently introduced a mobile backbone network (MBN) based architecture to support applications for ad hoc wireless networks. In the MBN, a group of backbone capable nodes are elected as backbone nodes to constitute a mobile backbone. The paper introduces a so-called mobile backbone network routing with flow control (MBNR-FC). By selectively flooding route discovery messages solely across the mobile backbone, MBNR-FC significantly reduces routing control overhead, leading to a highly scalable and robust mobile ad hoc network operation. We show that under high traffic loading, the MBNR-FC yields much better throughput and delay jitter performance than that exhibited by generic on-demand routing protocols. A flow control algorithm is designed and embedded in the MBNR-FC to guide admitted traffic to traverse areas that are less congested. Our study shows that the MBNR-FC method significantly improves network throughput as well as packet delay, delay jitter, and loss ratio performance.
Architecture of vasa recta in the renal inner medulla of the desert rodent Dipodomys merriami: potential impact on the urine concentrating mechanism.

We hypothesize that the inner medulla of the kangaroo rat Dipodomys merriami, a desert rodent that concentrates its urine to over 6,000 mosmol/kg H2O, provides unique examples of architectural feat...
Objective and subjective socioeconomic status and susceptibility to the common cold.

Objective: We ask whether subjective socioeconomic status (SES) predicts who develops a common cold when exposed to a cold virus. Design: 193 healthy men and women ages 21-55 years were assessed for subjective (perceived rank) and objective SES, cognitive, affective and social dispositions, and health practices. Subsequently, they were exposed by nasal drops to a rhinovirus or influenza virus and monitored in quarantine for objective signs of illness and self-reported symptoms. Main Outcome Measures: Infection, signs and symptoms of the common cold, and clinical illness (infection and significant objective signs of illness). Results: Increased subjective SES was associated with decreased risk for developing a cold for both viruses. This association was independent of objective SES and of cognitive, affective and social disposition that might provide alternative spurious (third factor) explanations for the association. Poorer sleep among those with lesser subjective SES may partly mediate the association between subjective SES and colds. Conclusions: Increased Subjective SES is associated with less susceptibility to upper respiratory infection, and this association is independent of objective SES, suggesting the importance of perceived relative rank to health.
Profound Muscle Weakness and Pain after One Dose of Actonel

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines osteopenia as a bone density between 1 and 2.5 standard deviation (SD) below the bone density of a normal young adult Iqbal 2000. Osteoporosis is defined as 2.5 SD or more below that reference point Iqbal 2000. Bisphosphonates are a group of medications used to treat osteoporosis, Padget's disease of bone, and osteopenia. We report a woman who developed profound muscle weakness and pain after one dose of Risedronate (Actonel).
Naive human T cells are activated and proliferate in response to the heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor tin mesoporphyrin.

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and its catabolic by-products have potent anti-inflammatory activity in many models of disease. It is not known, however, if HO-1 also plays a role in the homeostatic control of T cell activation and proliferation. We demonstrate here that the HO-1 inhibitor tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP) induces activation, proliferation, and maturation of naive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells via interactions with CD14 + monocytes in vitro. This response is dependent upon interactions of T cells with MHC class I and II on the surface of CD14 + monocytes. Furthermore, CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + regulatory T cells were able to suppress this proliferation, even though their suppressive activity was itself impaired by SnMP. Given the magnitude of the Ag-independent T cell response induced by SnMP, we speculate that HO-1 plays an important role in dampening nonspecific T cell activation. Based on these findings, we propose a potential role for HO-1 in the control of naive T cell homeostatic proliferation.
Genomic signal processing: the salient issues

This paper considers key issues in the emerging field of genomic signal processing and its relationship to functional genomics. It focuses on some of the biological mechanisms driving the development of genomic signal processing, in addition to their manifestation in gene-expression-based classification and genetic network modeling. Certain problems are inherent. For instance, small-sample error estimation, variable selection, and model complexity are important issues for both phenotype classification and expression prediction used in network inference. A long-term goal is to develop intervention strategies to drive network behavior, which is briefly discussed. It is hoped that this nontechnical paper demonstrates that the field of signal processing has the potential to impact and help drive genomics research.
Metabolic cartography: experimental quantification of metabolic fluxes from isotopic labelling studies

For the past decade, flux maps have provided researchers with an in-depth perspective on plant metabolism. As a rapidly developing field, significant headway has been made recently in computation, experimentation, and overall understanding of metabolic flux analysis. These advances are particularly applicable to the study of plant metabolism. New dynamic computational methods such as non-stationary metabolic flux analysis are finding their place in the toolbox of metabolic engineering, allowing more organisms to be studied and decreasing the time necessary for experimentation, thereby opening new avenues by which to explore the vast diversity of plant metabolism. Also, improved methods of metabolite detection and measurement have been developed, enabling increasingly greater resolution of flux measurements and the analysis of a greater number of the multitude of plant metabolic pathways. Methods to deconvolute organelle-specific metabolism are employed with increasing effectiveness, elucidating the compartmental specificity inherent in plant metabolism. Advances in metabolite measurements have also enabled new types of experiments, such as the calculation of metabolic fluxes based on 13 CO2 dynamic labelling data, and will continue to direct plant metabolic engineering. Newly calculated metabolic flux maps reveal surprising and useful information about plant metabolism, guiding future genetic engineering of crops to higher yields. Due to the significant level of complexity in plants, these methods in combination with other systems biology measurements are necessary to guide plant metabolic engineering in the future.
Atrial Fibrillation After Lung Transplantation: Incidence, Predictors and Long-Term Implications

Background: Little is known about the frequency of, risk factors predisposing to, and long-term impact of post-operative atrial fibrillation (AF) after lung transplantation. Methods: A prospectively collected registry of 167 consecutive patients who underwent single or bilateral lung transplantation at the University of Minnesota Medical Center from January 1st, 2004 to December 30th, 2008 was reviewed. Post-operative AF was confirmed by review of electrocardiograms by two cardiologists. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed to determine the impact of new onset AF on long-term survival. Results: The mean age (±SD) of the population was 55 ± 11 years and 52% were male. A total of 48 patients (28%) developed AF in the postoperative period. Predictors of postoperative AF in multivariate analysis included: age (per decade) Odds Ratio (OR): 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-2.34, p=0.01, postoperative thromboembolic disease OR: 9.73 (95% CI: 2.16-43.81, p<0.01, and postoperative pericarditis OR: 3.57, (95% CI: 1.38-9.22, p < 0.01). Of the 48 patients who developed post-operative AF, 41 were discharged in sinus rhythm (SR). Survival among patients who were discharged in AF was significantly lower when compared to patients discharged in SR (HR: 0.08; 0.01-0.43, p<0.05). Conclusions: Postoperative AF is common after lung transplant. Increased age, postoperative thromboembolic disease, and pericarditis are independent predictors of postoperative AF. Persistence of AF at the time of discharge is an identifier of decreased survival.
The roles of the shikimate pathway genes, aroA and aroB, in virulence, growth and UV tolerance of Burkholderia glumae strain 411gr-6.

Summary Burkholderia glumae is the major causal agent of bacterial panicle blight of rice, which is a growing disease problem for rice growers worldwide. In our previous study, some B. glumae strains showed pigmentation phenotypes producing at least two (yellow–green and purple) pigment compounds in casein–peptone–glucose agar medium. The B. glumae strains LSUPB114 and LSUPB116 are pigment-deficient mutant derivatives of the virulent and pigment-proficient strain 411gr-6, having mini-Tn5gus insertions in aroA encoding 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase and aroB encoding 3-dehydroquinate synthase, respectively. Both enzymes are known to be involved in the shikimate pathway, which leads to the synthesis of aromatic amino acids. Here, we demonstrate that aroA and aroB are required for normal virulence in rice and onion, growth in M9 minimal medium and tolerance to UV light, but are dispensable for the production of the phytotoxin toxoflavin. These results suggest that the shikimate pathway is involved in bacterial pathogenesis by B. glumae without a significant role in the production of toxoflavin, a major virulence factor of this pathogen.
Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumor: Ultrastructural Studies May Aid in Discrimination from Cellular Neurothekeoma

Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor is a low-grade soft tissue malignancy that can at times be difficult to differentiate from the less biologically aggressive cellular neurothekeoma. The two entities, which may display identical clinical and histological features, cannot be distinguished by immunohistochemical or molecular diagnostic means. Electron microscopy may enable the accurate identification of problematic examples and thus aid in resolving these occasionally occurring diagnostic dilemmas. To illustrate typical variations in the ultrastructural appearance of plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor, the authors present two diagnostically noncontroversial examples, and to demonstrate the potential diagnostic utility of electron microscopy in this setting, they present an example of plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor that could not otherwise have been distinguished from cellular neurothekeoma.
Visual Perception and Awareness

The study of visual processing and abnormalities due to lesions of cortical structures sheds light on visual awareness/consciousness and may help us to better understand consciousness. We report on clinical observations and psychophysical testing of achromatopsia/prosopagnosia, visual agnosia, and blindsight. Achromatopsia and prosopagnosia reveal that visual cortices have functionally specialized processing systems for color, face perception, and their awareness, and that furthermore these systems operate independently. Dysfunction is limited to some aspects of visual perception; someone with achromatopsia, although not conscious of color, is aware of the objects’ form, motion, and their relationship with sound and other sensory percepts. Perceptual awareness is modular, with neuronal correlates represented by multiple separate specialized structures or modules. Visual agnosia shows that awareness of a complete visual percept is absent, though the subject is aware of single visual features such as edges,...
Centers for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Defining a Collaborative Vision

Background—Recognizing the value of outcomes research to understand and bridge translational gaps, to establish evidence in clinical practice and delivery of medicine, and to generate new hypotheses on ongoing questions of treatment and care, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health established the Centers for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research program in 2010. Methods and Results—The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute funded 3 centers and a research coordinating unit. Each center has an independent project focus, including (1) characterizing care transition and predicting clinical events and quality of life for patients discharged after an acute coronary syndrome; (2) identifying center and regional factors associated with better patient outcomes across several cardiovascular conditions and procedures; and (3) examining the impact of healthcare reform in Massachusetts on overall and disparate care and outcomes for several cardiovascular conditions and venous...
Internal and tectonic evolution of Mercury

Mercury’s geological and internal evolution presents an interesting enigma: are there conditions that allow for both apparently limited radial contraction over the last 4 billion years and sufficiently rapid core cooling at present to permit a hydromagnetic dynamo? To address this question, we simulate the coupled thermal, magmatic, and tectonic evolution of Mercury for a range of parameters (e.g., mantle rheology, internal heat production, core sulfur content) in order to outline the set of assumptions most consistent with these two conditions. We find that among the models tested, the only ones strictly consistent with f1–2 km of radial contraction since 4 Ga and a modern magnetic field generated by a core dynamo are those with a dry-olivine mantle rheology, heat production provided primarily by Th (negligible U or K), and a bulk core sulfur content >6.5 wt%. However, because of the limited coverage and resolution of Mariner 10 imaging and derived topography, the tectonic history of an entire hemisphere is unknown. The potential for other mechanisms (e.g., long-wavelength lithospheric folds) to accommodate contraction remains untested, limiting the ability to restrict models on the basis of accumulated strain. Furthermore, Mercury’s magnetic field may be a consequence of a thermoelectric dynamo or even crustal remanence; neither hypothesis places strong constraints on current heat flux from the core. Spacecraft observations of Mercury are needed to elucidate further the internal structure and evolution of the planet. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Detection of pineapple closterovirus in pineapple plants and mealybugs using monoclonal antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced to the pineapple closterovirus (PCV) in Hawaii. These antibodies were shown to be specific for PCV by decoration of the virus particles in immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Several methods of ELISA were compared. An indirect DAS ELISA using a polyclonal antibody to trap virus particles followed by reaction with monoclonal antibody was shown to be the method of choice for detecting PCV in pineapple plants. Pineapple root tissue was found to be most suitable for detecting PCV in crude samples by indirect ELISA. PCV was detected in symptomatic and asymptomatic pineapple plants collected from Oahu and Maui, and pineapple collections in the USDA/ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository, but was not detected from pineapple plants grown from seed. At least two serotypes of PCV were detected. In addition. PCV was detected from mealybugs collected from wilted pineapple plants, but not from mealybugs of the same species collected from a colony reared on squash. The role of PCV in mealybug wilt of pineapple is being investigated.
Adrenergic and serotonergic receptors in aged monkey neocortex

Autoradiography was employed to compare the distribution and density of adrenergic (α1, α2, and β) and serotonergic (5-HT1) and 5-HT2) receptors in the neocortex of young adult (3 to 10 years of age) and aged (>20 years of age) rhesus monkeys. The age-related changes in the density of adrenergic and serotonergic sites were area and layer specific. A decrease in the density of α1 receptors occurred only in the superficial layers of the somatosensory cortex, whereas the density of α2 receptors declined in layer 1 of the prefrontal cortex and in most layers of the motor and somatosensory regions. The increase in β receptors was largely confined to the deep layers of the motor and somatosensory areas. The density of 5-HT1 sites decreased in most layers of the somatosensory cortex, while 5-HT2 receptors declined in the deep layers of the motor cortex and middle strata of the visual cortex. Overall, adrenergic and serotonergic receptors were least affected in the prefrontal cortex and most compromised in the motor and somatosensory cortex of aged primates.
Infiltrating and Embedding Tissues with Mixtures of Polyethylene Glycols and Polyvinylacetate Resins

The use of water-soluble polyethylene glycol polymers (Carbowax, Hydrowax) as embedding media can be extended and facilitated by incorporating a water insoluble polyvinylacetate resin, AYAF (Union Carbide Co.). A combination of 7.5% resin added by heating to a 3:1 mixture of polyethylene glycols 1540 and 4000 gives blocks which may be cut at 2-3 μ. Sections can be floated and properly expanded on an ordinary water bath in a manner which may be impossible with Carbowax alone because of section fragility. This may require judicious adjustment of surface tension by the prior addition of minute quantities of the wax. On water, polyethylene glycol dissolves out of tissues, which remain supported by the resin. After attachment to albumen-coated slides, residual resin may, at option, be removed by a 1-2 min immersion in methyl alcohol without visible impairment of fat content. Abopon is used for mounting. The method appears suitable for the study of intracellular lipids, particularly in tissues which cannot be c...