cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract IA1: Metastasis and diversity in breast cancer

Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of cancer cells within tumors underlies metastatic progression and therapeutic resistance, thus, it is a major clinical problem. We have characterized intratumor genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity by immunoFISH (iFISH) in primary tumor, lymph node, and distant metastases from the same patient and breast tumor biopsies before and after treatment. We found that distant metastases were highly divergent in some patients and that intratumor diversity associated with tumor subtype and response to treatment. We have also developed preclinical models to assess the functional relevance of intratumor heterogeneity in breast cancer and found cooperative clonal interactions that may promote metastatic progression and contribute to therapeutic resistance. In addition, our analyses of associations between clonal frequency and drivers of tumor growth have revealed some unexpected findings. Our results highlight the importance of exploring and understanding tumors at the single cell level to be able to predict and overcome disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Citation Format: Kornelia Polyak. Metastasis and diversity in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA1.
Prdm1a is necessary for posterior pharyngeal arch development in zebrafish

Multiple tissue interactions and signaling within the pharyngeal arches are required for development of the craniofacial skeleton. Here, we focus on the role of the transcription factor prdm1a in the differentiation of the posterior skeleton. prdm1a is expressed in the presumptive pharyngeal arch region and later in an endodermal pouch, the otic vesicle, and pharyngeal teeth. prdm1a mutants display a reduction in pharyngeal arch markers, a loss of posterior ceratobranchial cartilages, and a reduction in most neural crest–derived dermal bones. This is likely caused by a decrease in the number of proliferating cells but not an increase in cell death. Finally, a reduction in two key developmental signaling pathways, Fgf and retinoic acid, alters prdm1a expression, suggesting that prdm1a expression is mediated by these signaling pathways to pattern the posterior craniofacial skeleton. Together, these results indicate an essential role for prdm1a in the development of the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton. Developmental Dynamics 238:2575–2587, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Sign of the Quadrupole Interaction Energy in Diatomic Molecules

The molecular beam magnetic resonance method has been used to determine the sign (and the magnitude in those cases where it has not been previously measured) of the quadrupole interaction energy of the alkali nuclei in the homonuclear molecules, that of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ in the alkali halides, and that of ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{35}$ and ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{37}$ in KCl. An obstacle is inserted into the path of the beam so that its edge coincides with the position of the undeflected beam. Molecules of either positive or negative total magnetic moment are then removed from the beam which arrives at the detector. Certain maxima in the nuclear resonance spectrum at high magnetic fields ($\mathrm{eqQ}\ensuremath{\ll}{g}_{I}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}H$) arising from the transitions $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{I}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ are suppressed depending on the states removed by the obstacle. It is thus possible to identify the resonance maxima in terms of the transitions which produce them. From this evidence the sign of the quadrupole interaction energy can be deduced. The quadrupole interaction energy, $\mathrm{eqQ}$, is positive for ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ and negative for ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$ in the homonuclear and the halide molecules. These results suggest that the sign of $q$ at a given nucleus is the same in a rather considerable range of diatomic molecules. The interaction constant, $\mathrm{eqQ}$, is positive for ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{133}$ in ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}$, and negative for ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$ in ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ in ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{35}$, ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{37}$ in KCl. The signs of the interaction for ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$, and ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{133}$ in the alkali fluorides, and for ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{35}$, ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{37}$ in TlCl as determined by the molecular beam electrical resonance method are the same as those for the same nucleus in the molecules here considered.
Aftereffects of low and high temperature pretreatment on leaf resistance, transpiration, and leaf temperature in xanthium.

Leaf resistance for water vapor (total diffusion resistance minus boundary layer resistance), transpiration, and leaf temperature were measured in attached leaves of greenhouse-grown Xanthium strumarium L. plants that had been pretreated for 72 hours with high (40 C day, 35 C night), or low (10 C day, 5 C night) air temperatures. Measurements were made in a wind tunnel at light intensity of 1.15 cal cm−2 min−1, air temperatures between 5 and 45 C, and wind speed of 65 cm sec−1. Leaf resistances in low temperature pretreated plants were higher (8 to 27 sec cm−1) than in controls or high temperature pretreated plants (0.5 to 3 sec cm−1) at leaf temperatures between 5 and 25 C. Thus, the pretreatment influenced stomatal aperture.
Determination of parameters for a multiple-source model of megavoltage photon beams using optimization methods

Accurate modelling of the radiation output of a medical linear accelerator is important for radiotherapy treatment planning. The major challenge is the adjustment of the model to a specific treatment unit. One approach is to use a multiple-source model containing a set of physical parameters. In this work, the parameters were derived from standard beam data measurements using optimization methods. The source model used includes sub-sources for bremsstrahlung radiation from the target, extra-focal photon radiation and electron contamination. The cost function includes a gamma error measure between measurements and current dose calculations. The procedure was applied to six beam data sets (6 MV to 23 MV) measured with accelerators from three vendors, but the results focus primarily on Varian accelerators. The obtained average gamma error (1%, 1 mm) between dose calculations and measurements used in optimization was smaller than 0.7 for each studied treatment beam and field size, and a minimum of 83% of measurement points passed the γ < 1 criterion. For experiments made at different SSDs and for asymmetric fields, the average gamma errors were smaller than 1.1. For irregularly shaped MLC apertures, the differences in point doses were smaller than 1.0%. This work demonstrates that the source model parameters can be automatically derived from simple measurements using optimization methods. The developed procedure is applicable to a wide range of accelerators, and has an acceptable accuracy and processing time.
Fiction Criticizing Reality: Abbas Kiarostami and the Cracked Windshield of Cinema

This article argues that Abbas Kiarostami uses documentaries and fiction films to examine the distinction between reality and fiction. Through the use of an arthouse style of filmmaking, the insertion of a surrogate director into the narrative and a recurring breakdown in technology, Kiarostami demonstrates that film’s ability to capture reality is a flawed, sometimes broken, endeavor.
ENHANCEMENT OF PROGRESSIVE‐RATIO PERFORMANCE BY CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE AND PHENOBARBITAL1

The key pecking of two pigeons was reinforced with food on a progressive-ratio schedule, which required an increasing number of responses for each successive reinforcement: 8, 16, 24, 32, etc. When the subject failed to complete the next ratio in the sequence within 60 min, the session terminated. The number of responses in the final completed ratio was defined as the “breaking point”. After the breaking point had stabilized (60 sessions), it served as a baseline to assess the effects of varying doses (5 to 80 mg/kg) of chlordiazepoxide and phenobarbital, administered intramuscularly 30 min before the sessions. Both drugs increased the breaking point. The dose-effect curves were inverted U-shaped, with maximum enhancement of performance occurring at 20 mg/kg for chlordiazepoxide and at 40 mg/kg for phenobarbital. A comparable enhancement was not obtained during a non-drug “probe” session, which was conducted after the subjects' body weights had been temporarily reduced from 80% to 70% of their free-feeding weights. The drug-induced enhancement of breaking point was related to the initial values of the performance and may represent a reduction in the aversiveness of the schedule.
The school psychologist as a source of power and influence

Abstract This essay reviews the historical role of the school psychologist and examines his impact on educational systems. Past influences of the school psychologist in effecting understanding and acceptance of individual differences of children are examined in relationship to the contemporary need to relate this knowledge to appropriate educational planning for a culturally diverse school population.
Fast algorithm for identifying clusters in digitized images

Abstract A fast algorithm for identifying clusters of intense pixels in digitized two-dimensional images is described. Measurements show a decrease by several orders of magnitude over times required by an algorithm by Stoddard.
Scalable and modularized optical random-access memories for optical packet-switching networks

In a packet-switching network, buffer memories are required to resolve the contention problems. Random-access buffer memories can further facilitate the quality of service requirements to prioritize delay-sensitive packets. Among all the reported optical buffer memories, only the WDM type of fiber-loop memory can perform such a function. However, most of the reported WDM buffer memories are very hard to scale up. In this paper, we demonstrate a scalable and modularized random-access fiber-loop memory to facilitate optical-packet-switching networks.
Polyol-based phase-change thermal interface materials

Polyol-based phase-change thermal interface materials that exhibit high thermal contact conductance and thermal stability have been developed for microelectronic cooling. By using a diol (polycaprolactone or polyester diol in the form of 2-oxepanone) of molecular weight 1,000–2,000 amu, along with 4 vol.%-hexagonal boron nitride particles, this work attained thermal contact conductance (at 70°C, across copper surfaces) that is higher than that attained by using paraffin wax, polyether glycol, polyethylene glycol, or tetradecanol (in place of the diol) and that attained by commercial phase-change thermal interface materials. The thermal stability of the diol is superior to the other phase change materials mentioned above, although the heat of fusion is lower. Boron nitride is more effective than carbon black (also 4 vol.%) for enhancing the conductance, but carbon black diminishes the heat of fusion less than does boron nitride.
Etiologic heterogeneity among non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes

Understanding patterns of etiologic commonality and heterogeneity for non-Hodgkin lymphomas may illuminate lymphomagenesis. We present the first systematic comparison of risks by lymphoma subtype for a broad range of putative risk factors in a population-based case-control study, including diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL; N = 416), follicular (N = 318), and marginal zone lymphomas (N = 106), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL; N = 133). We required at least 2 of 3 analyses to support differences in risk: (1) polytomous logistic regression, (2) homogeneity tests, or (3) dichotomous logistic regression, analyzing all 7 possible pairwise comparisons among the subtypes, corresponding to various groupings by clinical behavior, genetic features, and differentiation. Late birth order and high body mass index (≥ 35) kg/m2) increased risk for DLBCL alone. Autoimmune conditions increased risk for marginal zone lymphoma alone. The tumor necrosis factor G-308A polymorphism (rs1800629) increased risks for both DLBCL and marginal zone lymphoma. Exposure to certain dietary heterocyclic amines from meat consumption increased risk for CLL/SLL alone. We observed no significant risk factors for follicular lymphoma alone. These data clearly support both etiologic commonality and heterogeneity for lymphoma subtypes, suggesting that immune dysfunction is of greater etiologic importance for DLBCL and marginal zone lymphoma than for CLL/SLL and follicular lymphoma.
Elastic postbuckling behavior of stiffened and barreled cylindrical shells

Axially stiffened and barreled cylindrical shells elastic postbuckling behavior, considering effects of stringer and load eccentricities
Monoclonal Anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase Antibodies:

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and cytosol fractions from human mammary carcinoma and malignant melanoma cells bind 17 beta-[3H]estradiol with strong affinity. Sucrose density gradients suggested differences between the binding of 17 beta-[3H]estradiol to TH and melanoma cell cytosol compared with the binding of the estrogen to mammary carcinoma. Monoclonal antibodies secreted by cloned cell hybrids which were formed by the fusion of murine myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with purified TH inhibited the enzymatic activity and the binding of 17 beta-[3H]estradiol to TH or to cytosol fractions of melanotic melanoma cells, but had no effect on 17 beta-[3H]estradiol binding to cytosol fractions from various mammary epithelial or carcinoma cell lines. Cultivation of estradiol-responsive melanotic melanoma cells in media supplemented with the TH antibodies produced loss of pigmentation, and the cells became amelanotic and nonresponsive to 17 beta-estradiol. The results indicate that tyrosine hydroxylase of melanotic melanoma cells is an estrogen-binding protein.
Imaging the Water Table by Filtering Self-Potential Profiles

In suitable cases, digital filtering of self-potential anomalies produces images of the water table. Two hypothetical cases and four field examples from New Hampshire yield images in reasonable agreement with known water tables. Filtering for a sheet of dipolar sources (that is, the water table) would be a useful addition to routine interpretation of self-potential data.
Spin-orbit and tensor forces in heavy-quark light-quark mesons: Implications of the new D s state at 2.32 GeV

We consider the spectroscopy of heavy-quark light-quark mesons with a simple model based on the non-relativistic reduction of vector and scalar exchange between fermions. Four forces are induced: the spin-orbit forces on the light and heavy quark spins, the tensor force, and a spin-spin force. If the vector force is Coulombic, the spin-spin force is a contact interaction, and the tensor force and spin-orbit force on the heavy quark to order $1/m_1m_2$ are directly proportional. As a result, just two independent parameters characterize these perturbations. The measurement of the masses of three p-wave states suffices to predict the mass of the fourth. This technique is applied to the $D_s$ system, where the newly discovered state at 2.32 GeV provides the third measured level, and to the $D$ system. The mixing of the two $J^P=1^+$ p-wave states is reflected in their widths and provides additional constraints. The resulting picture is at odds with previous expectations and raises new puzzles.
Identification of a unique B-cell-stimulating factor produced by a cloned dendritic cell

We describe a cloned dendritic cell, clone Den-1, which is a potent accessory cell for some B-cell responses. Clone Den-1 produces a unique lymphokine that induces polyclonal B-cell proliferation in the absence of other costimulators. This clone or factors produced by it also stimulate purified B cells to develop plaque-forming cell responses to type 2 antigens. The effect of this factor(s) on various B-cell populations and its relationship to previously described B-cell-stimulating factors is discussed.
Answering The Borderers in “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”

This essay argues that The Borderers shaped Coleridge’s conception of the Mariner’s moral situation and development in “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.” Both texts were engaged with the idea of Necessity, an idea central to the Godwinian political theory which Wordsworth was still pondering in 1796–1797 and to the Priestleyan Unitarianism which grounded Coleridge’s religious and political attitudes. In The Borderers, Wordsworth presents Rivers as a case study in the moral contingency promoted (in his judgment) by Godwinian Necessity. In “The Ancient Mariner,” Coleridge borrows the moral impasse in which Wordsworth leaves Rivers, and then dramatizes an alternate, One Life version of Necessity accommodating the Mariner to its own providential design. The essay concludes by speculating that Coleridge found The Borderers so brilliantly pertinent to his own case against Godwin because Wordsworth, in conceiving his tragedy, had read and used Coleridge’s early criticisms of Godwin.
Experimental and computational techniques for the analysis of proton beam propagation through a target stack

Abstract Proton beam energy, energy straggling, and intensity in thick stacks of target materials at the Los Alamos Isotope Production Facility were investigated using the foil activation technique and computational simulations. Isotopic yield measurements of irradiated foils from several recent experiments used to determine these quantities were compared with the predictions of MCNP6 and TRIM codes, and with Andersen & Ziegler’s semi-empirical formalism. Differences between code predictions and experimental data were examined. Methods for computational simulation of energy propagation agree well with one another and were able to accurately predict the proton beam’s energy for a limited range. Predictions were accurate when degrading from an initial energy of 100 MeV down to approximately 50 MeV, but struggled to represent measured data well at lower energies.
Adaptation to prismatic displacement as a function of the amount of available information

The amount of information available during a pointing response while wearing displacing prisms was varied by allowing the arm to remain free or by constraining it to a track. There was significant adaptation in both conditions and the adaptation for the unconstrained or high information group was significantly greater.
Sympathetic Ophthalmia Following Vitrectomy for Endophthalmitis After Intravitreal Bevacizumab

Purpose: To describe a case of sympathetic ophthalmia following vitrectomy for endophthalmitis after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Design: Retrospective case report. Methods: An 84-year-old male developed sympathetic ophthalmia 4 months after vitrectomy for endophthalmitis following an intravitreal injection. The inciting blind eye was enucleated. Results: Histopathology demonstrated sympathetic ophthalmia and phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis. Visual acuity improved from 20/200 to 20/30 in the sympathizing eye with a combination of oral prednisone and azathioprine. Conclusions: Sympathetic ophthalmia can develop following exogenous endophthalmitis but has a good visual prognosis with appropriate treatment.
The Effects of Four Different Feeding Programs of Varying Protein Levels on Performance of Brown-Egg-Type Birds

Abstract Four feeding programs were evaluated on brown-egg type birds housed two birds per cage 25.4 cm. wide by 45.7 cm. deep. Three different protein levels were formulated in isocaloric diets and fed to these birds in a 48 week laying experiment. The feed schedules were: Program One, 16% protein Layer; Program Two, 17% protein Layer; Program Three, 18% protein Layer; (all fed from 22 weeks through 70 weeks of age) and Program Four, 18% protein Layer through 39 weeks, decreased to 17% protein Layer from 40th week through 59th week and 16% protein Layer from the 60th week through the end of the experiment. A statistical analysis of hen day egg production results showed a treatment difference at the 5% probability level. Birds on Programs One, Two and Four had 5% greater production than the birds on Program Three. Analysis of the feed data indicated no statistical differences in the feed consumed per dozen eggs between the four feed programs. The birds on Program Three consistently consumed less feed during the entire 48 week test period. There were no statistical differences in egg weight between the four feed programs. The egg weights of the birds on Program One ran slightly higher than the remaining three programs. Results obtained indicate that brown-egg type birds not stressed by crowding in cages and allowed 12.7 cm. of trough space per bird will do equally well on 16% protein, 17% protein or 18, 17, 16% protein laying rations.
Conjugate Cone Characterization of Positive Definite and Semidefinite Matrices.

Abstract Positive definite and semidefinite matrices are characterized in terms of positive definiteness and semidefiniteness on arbitrary closed convex cones in Rn. These results are obtained by generalizing Moreau's polar decomposition to a conjugate decomposition. Some typical results are: The matrix A is positive definite if and only if for some closed convex cone K, A is positive definite on K and (A+AT)−1 exists and is semidefinite on the polar cone K°. The matrix A is positive semidefinite if and only if for some closed convex cone K such that either K is polyhedral or (A+AT)(K) is closed, A is positive semidefinite on both K and the conjugate cone KA={s∣xT(A+ AT)s⩽0∀x∈K}, and (A+AT)x=0 for all x in K such that xTAx=0.
A simple model to assess and improve adherence to iron chelation therapy with deferoxamine in patients with thalassemia.

: Adherence to deferoxamine (DFO) is vital for the long-term survival of patients with thalassemia; however, currently no measure exists to quantify adherence directly. In this study, 90 patients with thalassemia major underwent liver iron concentration (LIC) assessment by SQUID biosusceptometer, were asked to rate their adherence to DFO using a Numerical Likert Scale (NLS), and were educated about complications of iron overload. Of 38% (n= 28) of patients who rated themselves as very compliant, 19 had elevated LIC related to inadequate dosing of DFO and nine reported nonadherence in the past. Adherence improved after counseling and LIC decreased by 25% (7-60%) in eight previously noncompliant patients who returned for subsequent LIC over 15 months. In conclusion, the NLS seems to be a simple but reliable tool to assess patients' adherence to DFO. Education and frequent noninvasive LIC assessments can improve adherence and iron burden. Elevated LIC does not necessarily reflect concurrent noncompliance; however, it can be an indication of nonadherence in the past.
Simulated dynamics of carbon stocks driven by changes in land use, management and climate in a tropical moist ecosystem of Ghana

Sub-Saharan Africa is large and diverse with regions of food insecurity and high vulnerability to climate change. This project quantifies carbon stocks and fluxes in the humid forest zone of Ghana, as a part of an assessment in West Africa. The General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) was used to simulate the responses of natural and managed systems to projected scenarios of changes in climate, land use and cover, and nitrogen fertilization in the Assin district of Ghana. Model inputs included historical land use and cover data, historical climate records and projected climate changes, and national management inventories. Our results show that deforestation for crop production led to a loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) by 33% from 1900 to 2000. The results also show that the trend of carbon emissions from cropland in the 20th century will continue through the 21st century and will be increased under the projected warming and drying scenarios. Nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural systems could offset SOC loss by 6% with 30 kg N ha 1 year 1 and by 11% with 60 kg N ha 1 year 1 . To increase N fertilizer
An assessment of the effect of data collection setting on the prevalence of health risk behaviors among adolescents

Purpose: To examine the effect of data collection setting on the prevalence of priority health risk behaviors among adolescents. Methods: Analyses were conducted using data from two national probability surveys of adolescents, the 1993 national school-based Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and the 1992 household-based National Health Interview Survey (NHIS/YRBS). Forty-two items were worded identically on both surveys. Results: Thirty-nine of the 42 identically worded items (93%) showed that the YRBS produced estimates indicating higher risk than the NHIS. Twenty-four of these comparisons yielded statistically significant differences. The prevalence estimates affected most were those for behaviors that are either illegal or socially stigmatized. Conclusions: School-based surveys produce higher prevalence estimates for adolescent health risk behaviors than do household-based surveys. Each has advantages and disadvantages, and both can play a role in assessing these behaviors.
The measurement of profitability and the diagnosis of market power

This paper develops a model which yields the specification of an empirical test for the difference between price and marginal revenue, which will be significantly positive if a firm exercises market power. The test can be carried out with any of a number of commonly used measures of accounting profitability, and embodies a specific functional form for the consideration of nonconstant returns to scale. The model is estimated for four firms in the medical-surgical supply industry and four firms in the motor vehicle industry. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that product differentiation is an important basis for firm-specific market power; import quotas are shown to increase market power in the motor vehicle industry. Claims that accounting data cannot be used to analyze market power are rejected.
High-order derivative spectroscopy for selecting spectral regions and channels for remote sensing algorithm development

A remote sensing reflectance model, which describes the transfer of irradiant light within a plant canopy or water column has previously been used to simulate the nadir viewing reflectance of vegetation canopies and leaves under solar induced or an artificial light source and the water surface reflectance. Wavelength dependent features such as canopy reflectance leaf absorption and canopy bottom reflectance as well as water absorption and water bottom reflectance have been used to simulate or generate synthetic canopy and water surface reflectance signatures. This paper describes how derivative spectroscopy can be utilized to invert the synthetic or modeled as well as measured reflectance signatures with the goal of selecting the optimal spectral channels or regions of these environmental media. Specifically, in this paper synthetic and measured reflectance signatures are used for selecting vegetative dysfunction variables for different plant species. The measured reflectance signatures as well as model derived or synthetic signatures are processed using extremely fast higher order derivative processing techniques which filter the synthetic/modeled or measured spectra and automatically selects the optimal channels for automatic and direct algorithm application. The higher order derivative filtering technique makes use of a translating and dilating, derivative spectroscopy signal processing (TDDS-SPR) approach based upon remote sensing science and radiative transfer theory. Thus the technique described, unlike other signal processing techniques being developed for hyperspectral signatures and associated imagery, is based upon radiative transfer theory instead of statistical or purely mathematical operational techniques such as wavelets.
Chemical Stability of (Ag,Cu)2Se: a Historical Overview

Recent work on Cu2−xSe has caused strong interest in this material due to its high reported peak zT (1.5) and the reduction of thermal conductivity through the mechanism of liquid-like suppression of heat capacity. In the 1960s, 3M patented Cu1.97Ag0.03Se as “TPM-217.” Over the following decade it was tested and developed by the 3M Corporation, at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Teledyne Energy Systems, and the General Atomics Corporation for use as a next-generation thermoelectric material. During these tests, extreme problems with material loss through Se vaporization and chemical reactions between the material and the device contacts were found. These problems were especially severe while operating under conditions of high \( iL/A. \) As a result, the material system was abandoned. The results of these reports are discussed. A simple test of degradation of Cu2Se under conditions of applied current and thermal gradient was performed and showed results compatible with the work done by General Atomics.
Sample sizes for usability tests: mostly math, not magic

"Really, how many users do you need to test? Three answers, all different."---User Experience, Vol. 4, Issue 4, 2005
Simulating the Hallmarks of Cancer

Cancer can be viewed as the loss of cooperative cell behaviors that normally facilitate multicellularity, including the formation of tissues and organs. Hanahan and Weinberg describe the phenotypic differences between healthy and cancerous cells in an article titled “The Hallmarks of Cancer” (Cell, 100, 57–70, 2000). Here the authors propose six phenotypic changes at the cellular level as the essential hallmarks of cancer. They investigate the dynamics and interactions of these hallmarks in a model known as CancerSim. They describe how CancerSim implements the hallmarks in an agent-based simulation which can help test the hypotheses put forth by Hanahan and Weinberg. Experiments with CancerSim are described that study the interactions of cell phenotype alterations, and in particular, the likely sequences of precancerous mutations, known as pathways. The experiments show that sequencing is an important factor in tumorigenesis, as some mutations have preconditions—they are selectively advantageous only in combination with other mutations. CancerSim enables a modeler to study the dynamics of a developing tumor and simulate how progression can be altered by tuning model parameters.
Advective transport of CO2 in permeable media induced by atmospheric pressure fluctuations: 1. An analytical model

[1] Advective flows within soils and snowpacks caused by pressure fluctuations at the upper surface of either medium can significantly influence the exchange rate of many trace gases from the underlying substrate to the atmosphere. Given the importance of many of these trace gases in understanding biogeochemical cycling and global change, it is crucial to quantify (as much as possible) any impact these flows can have on the transport of these gases. This study (part 1 of 2) details a new model describing the influence that naturally occurring, pressure-driven, oscillatory advective flows have on CO2 profiles within soils and snowpacks and on the associated CO2 fluxes emanating from the underlying source. This model, which consists of two layers with differing permeability and CO2 source strength, is developed for both a dispersive and a nondispersive medium. The pressure forcing and the CO2 response, modeled as plane waves in time and the horizontal direction, have amplitudes that vary in the vertical direction as described by analytical solutions to the diffusion equation (for pressure) and the advective-diffusive and dispersive-diffusive equations (for CO2). In the case of a dispersive medium, the dispersion coefficient is derived in terms of the horizontal wave number and amplitude of the pressure forcing at the upper surface and the vertical structure and dispersivity of the medium. Diffusive flux enhancement factors, developed for the dispersive and nondispersive models, are expressed as functions of the surface amplitude of the pressure forcing, the permeability and cross-sectional shape and dimension of the pore tubes of the medium, and the vertical structure of the medium. Results indicate that advective flows induced by naturally occurring atmospheric pressure fluctuations are likely to enhance diffusive fluxes more in a dispersive medium than a nondispersive medium. However, such pressure forcing can significantly enhance diffusive fluxes in either medium.
Double vision: two questions about the neo-Fregean program

Much of The Reason’s Proper Study is devoted to defending the claim that simply by stipulating an abstraction principle for the “number-of” functor, we can simultaneously fix a meaning for this functor and acquire epistemic entitlement to the stipulated principle. In this paper, I argue that the semantic and epistemological principles Hale and Wright offer in defense of this claim may be too strong for their purposes. For if these principles are correct, it is hard to see why they do not justify platonist strategies that are not in any way “neo-Fregean,” e.g. strategies that treat “the number of Fs” as a Russellian definite description rather than a singular term, or employ axioms that do not have the form of abstraction principles.
A perturbation bound for the generalized polar decomposition

LetA be anm×n complex matrix. A decompositionA=QH is termed ageneralized polar decomposition ofA ifQ is anm×n subunitary matrix (sometimes also called a partial isometry) andH a positive semidefinite Hermitian matrix. It was proved that a nonzero matrixA ∈ ℂ m×n has a unique generalized polar decompositionA=QH with the property ℛ(Q H )=ℛ(H), whereQ H denotes the conjugate transpose ofQ and ℛ(H) the column space ofH. The main result of this note is a perturbation bound forQ whenA is perturbed.
Education and self-care activities among persons with rheumatoid arthritis

Associations between low formal education and increased morbidity and mortality have been well established among persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other conditions. This study attempted to identify a partial explanation for the association between low education and poor outcomes among persons with RA by examining self-care activities performed by persons with different levels of education. Persons with 13+ yr of education were significantly more likely to perform specific self-care activities (e.g., using a heated pool, tub, shower, OR = 2.59; using relaxation methods, OR = 3.00; using stress control methods, OR = 2.41; avoiding certain foods, OR = 1.74). The association between education and performance of self-care activities was not linear. When significant differences were noted, 13 yr of education was usually the point at which performance was significantly different than among lower education groups; individuals with 12 yr of education often exhibited lower frequencies of particular behaviors than did individuals with 9-11 yr of education. The association between higher education and performance of more self-care activities may shed light on previously described associations between education and morbidity. However, low education should not be viewed as the cause of increased morbidity and mortality, but as a proxy for a constellation of factors responsible for poor health outcomes.
SURVEY AND SUMMARY: Spatial organization of RNA polymerase II transcription in the nucleus

In eukaryotic cells, mRNA synthesis is carried out by large, multifunctional complexes that are also involved in coordinating transcription with other nuclear processes. This survey focuses on the distribution and structural arrangement of these complexes within the nucleus, in relationship with the discrete positioning of particular chromosomal loci. To better understand the link between the spatial organization of the nucleus and the regulation of gene expression, it is necessary to combine information from biochemical studies with results from microscopic observations of preserved nuclear structures. Recent experimental approaches have made this possible. The subnuclear locations of specific chromosome loci, RNA transcripts, RNA polymerases, and transcription and pre-mRNA-processing factors can now be observed with computer-assisted microscopy and specific molecular probes. The results indicate that RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription takes place at discrete sites scattered throughout the nucleoplasm, and that these sites are also the locations of pre-mRNA processing. Transcribing polymerases appear to be grouped into clusters at each transcription site. Cell cycle-dependent zones of transcription and processing factors have been identified, and certain subnuclear domains appear specialized for expression or silencing of particular genes. The arrangement of transcription in the nucleus is dynamic and depends on its transcriptional activity, with the RNAPII itself playing a central role in marshalling the large complexes involved in gene expression.
The post-orogenic history of the Adirondack Mountain region: A review

A number of episodes in the post-orogenic history of the Adirondack Mountains and adjacent Paleozoic Lowlands are recognized. A late Hadrynian—early Cambrian tensional episode is suggested by the presence of nonmarine graben facies and extrusive volcanics. The Ottawa-Bonnechere graben was active at the initiation of Paleozoic deposition in the region. Subdued topography of the Adirondack massif had generally minor but locally important influence on early Paleozoic depositional patterns, as did minor basement faulting. Stratigraphic evidence suggests that the entire massif was covered by Cambrian-Ordovician cratonic sedimentary rocks. Following Cambrian-Ordovician sedimentation, a number of minor tectonic events can be recognized. These include renewed block faulting in the Ottawa-Bonnechere trend, normal faulting of pre-Silurian age on the southern Adirondack flank, post-Ordovician lead-zinc mineralization in Cambrian-Ordovician cover rocks, and intrusive activity of Jurassic-Cretaceous age. These later events may be related to either Taconian or Acadian orogenies. There is little evidence to suggest any major shortening of either basement or Paleozoic cover by post-Grenville tectonism in the region. Recent earthquake activity and Tertiary block faulting on the eastern Adirondack flank may be related to renewed uplift in the region.
Morphology of ultradrawn polyethylene strands. II. Nitric acid etching and melting behavior

A transparent, ultraoriented, high-density polyethylene morphology has been produced by solid-state (ultradraw) extrusion in a capillary rheometer. From the perspective of modulus and nitric acid etching behavior, the uniquely high draw ratios (<325) experienced by the polyethylene during extrusion result in a morphology with a high level of chain extension. The effect of nitric acid etching on strand thermal behavior has been determined by DSC. The observed melting points of unetched strands were sensitive to the thermal contact between sample and sample pan. Under conditions ensuring improved contact, strand superheating is reduced to one-third of previously reported values. The negligible shrinkage evidenced by these strands up to 130° is consistent with the presence of a thermally stable component such as extended chain crystals or crystallized tie chains. The single, high-melting peak is gradually replaced by a nonsuperheating, lower melting peak during the initial stages of acid etch. The resultant peak melting temperature is consistent with the value predicted for the peak crystal thickness of the etched polymer. No evidence is found for a higher melting peak attributable to the extended chain crystalline component. A highly constrained morphology produced by the large tie chain content is believed responsible for strand melting behavior. The melting point of the extended chain crystalline component is reduced by defects and a large ratio of lateral to basal surface area.
Resilience in change: Positive perspectives on the dynamics of change in early childhood systems

Change is a central feature of the early care and education landscape today. Much of the research on educational change focuses on the negative or challenging aspects of change. This study employed a critical theory framework from the organizational sciences field, positive organizational scholarship, to offer a new way of thinking about change in the early care and education field. This article examines the positive dynamics of change and collective resilience in the implementation of a new early care and education professional development system in one US state. Data sources included 60 in-depth interviews with professional development providers and state education agency staff, meeting observations, and document review. This positive organizational scholarship lens revealed multiple positive processes, including compassion, mutual support, and participants’ ability to make sense of, adapt to, and positively contribute to change. Furthermore, results show how specific communication structures fostered r...
A Note on Sufficiency in Coherent Models

Partly of an expository nature, this article brings together a number of notions related to sufficiency in an abstract measure theoretic setting. The notion of a coherent statistical model, as introduced by Hasegawa and Perlman (6), is studied in some details. A few results are generalized and their earlier proofs simplified. Among other things, it is shown that a coherent model can be connect- ed in the sense of Basu (2) if and only if no splitting set (Koehn and Thomas, (7)) exists.
A description-experience gap in social interactions: : information about interdependence and its effects on cooperation

In social interactions, decision makers are often unaware of their interdependence with others, precluding the realization of shared long-term benefits. In an experiment, pairs of participants played an Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma under various conditions involving differing levels of interdependence information. Each pair was assigned to one of four conditions: “No-Info” players saw their own actions and outcomes, but were not told that they interacted with another person; “Min-Info” players knew they interacted with another person but still without seeing the other’s actions or outcomes; “Mid-Info” players discovered the other’s actions and outcomes as they were revealed over time; and “Max-Info” players were also shown a complete payoff matrix mapping actions to outcomes from the outset and throughout the game. With higher levels of interdependence information, we found increased individual cooperation and mutual cooperation, driven by increased reciprocating cooperation (in response to a counterpart’s cooperation). Furthermore, joint performance and satisfaction were higher for pairs with more information. We discuss how awareness of interdependence may encourage cooperative behavior in real-world interactions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fractionation of Fe isotopes by soil microbes and organic acids

Small natural variations in Fe isotopes have been attributed to biological cycling. However, without understanding the mechanisms of fractionation, it is impossible to interpret such variations. Here we show that the d 56 Fe of Fe dissolved from a silicate soil mineral by siderophore-producing bacteria is as much as 0.8‰ lighter than bulk Fe in the mineral. A smaller isotopic shift is observed for Fe released abiotically by two chelates, and the magnitude of the shift increases with affinity of the ligand for Fe, consistent with a kinetic isotope effect during hydrolysis of Fe at the mineral surface. Fe dissolved abiotically without chelates shows no isotopic shift. The d 56 Fe of the exchange fraction on soil grains is also lighter by ;0.6‰‐1‰ than Fe from both hornblende and iron oxyhydroxides. The kinetic isotope effect is therefore preserved in open systems such as soils. When recorded in the rock record, Fe isotopic fractionation could document Fe transport by organic molecules or by microbes where such entities were present in the geologic past.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF PREGNANT CATTLE WITH THE VACCINE CANDIDATE BRUCELLA ABORTUS STRAIN RB51 : PATHOLOGIC, BACTERIOLOGIC, AND SEROLOGIC FINDINGS

To determine the placental tropism and abortigenicity of the vaccine candidate Brucella abortus strain RBS 1 (SRBS l), a rough mutant of the virulent strain 2308, ten Polled Hereford heifers were inoculated intravenously in the 6th month of gestation. Heifers were euthanatized and examined at postinoculation week (PIW) 8 (n = 5) or at full term (n = 5). Four of five infected heifers sampled at PIW 8 and three of four infected heifers at term had placentitis, whereas reproductive tissues of three normal cows used for comparison had no placentitis. Numerous macrophages, immunoreactive for SRBS 1 antigen, as well as neutrophils, fibrin, and cell debris filled the arcade zone between chorion and maternal septae. Trophoblastic epithelium of the placentomal arcade zone had intracellular bacteria that were immunoreactive for SRBS 1 antigen. The tips of maternal septa had a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with small multifocal erosions and ulcerations of maternal epithelium. SRBS 1 was cultured from all tissues in which lesions were seen. Placentae of one cow from each group had no placentitis and contained no SRBS 1. In mammae, interstitial lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and suppurative infiltrates within alveoli and intralobular ductules were seen in two of five heifers at PIW 8. SRBS 1 was cultured from liver, spleen, lung, and bronchial lymph nodes in four of five calves at PIW 8 and three of four full-term calves, but no lesions were seen. One near-term heifer had disseminated infection, placentitis, and lymphoplasmacytic endometritis, and delivered a premature weak calf. These results establish that SRBS 1 is less abortifacient than previously published reports with strain 19, in that only one of four heifers delivered prematurely following intravenous inoculation with SRBS 1, whereas intravenous inoculation with strain 19 leads to 100% abortion. However, it also shows that SRB5l can infect the bovine placenta, mammary gland, and fetus, can induce placentitis, and, in some cases, can lead to preterm expulsion of the fetus.
Viability of bifidobacteria in commercial yogurt products in North Carolina during refrigerated storage

Fifty-eight commercial yogurt products of seven brands (which claimed to include bifidobacteria) were obtained from local stores in Greensboro, North Carolina, USA. These products were examined at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks for the viability of bifidobacteria and yogurt starter culture during refrigerated storage at 4°C. Our results showed that bifidobacteria counts were variable, ranging from 0 to 5.5 log cfu/mL. The average yogurt starter culture counts ranged from 5.20 to 8.87 log cfu/mL and 7.51-8.94 log cfu/mL for Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, respectively. Of the 58 products tested, only 44 products (76%) contained viable cultures. Viability of bifidobacteria in yogurt samples remained within the same levels during 3 weeks of storage at 4 °C; however, the bacterial count started to decline during the fourth week. These results suggest optimal beneficial consumption of yogurt foods with live bifidobacteria should occur within 3 weeks of production. Results obtained from this research could be used by the industry to develop new technologies to ensure consumers receive high-quality products.
A Reusable Sandwich Beam Concept for Composite Compression Test

A reusable sandwich beam for compression testing has been developed. Testing was performed to determine the longitudinal compressive modulus and ultimate compressive strength of a Kevlar® /glass intermingled hybrid composite. Results using this test method are reported and compared with results obtained using the IITRI test method.