cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibrational spectroscopy of uranium tetrafluoride hydrates

Abstract Uranium tetrafluoride (UF4) is an important intermediate in the production of UF6 and nuclear fuel. Historical characterization of UF4 with Raman spectroscopy was plagued with ambiguity until the first accurate Raman spectrum was published by our group in 2016. Although generally considered to be relatively stable, UF4 can hydrolyze to form numerous UF4 hydrates that may play a role in future uranium waste forms. In contrast to anhydrous UF4, the hydrates, with their OH stretch and HOH bending modes, can be spectroscopically characterized by the type and degree of water bonding in the crystal lattice, which can yield additional information about their crystal structure. Herein, vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and infrared) was used to characterize three different UF4 hydrates: UF4(H2O)0.33, U3F12(H2O), and UF4(H2O)2.5. Spectra show the different hydrates vary in the number of observed bands, full-width half-maximum of the bands, and band intensity. These differences are due to varying interactions between the OH stretch and HOH bending modes with UF4 and the polymeric UF4 structure in the crystal lattice. These vibrational data, in combination with spectral fitting and crystallographic structures measured with powder X-ray diffraction and single crystal X-ray diffraction, provide unique details on the location of water molecules in the crystal lattice of hydrated UF4, and provide an interesting contrast to the vibrational spectra of anhydrous UF4.
Litigation on Accommodating Teachers With Disabilities

Qualified employees with disabilities are entitled to reasonable accommodations under Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act. The demanding nature of the teaching profession presents a part...
Near-Perfect Relation Extraction from Family Books

Precise sequence constraints are proposed to accelerate information extraction from a class of “semi-structured” documents that includes hundreds of thousands of digitized genealogical records. While Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Named Relation Recognition (NRR) on free-running text lack universally applicable solutions, under these constraints generalized template-matching can accomplish both. Interactive information extraction is demonstrated on three digitized books. The book-text tokens are first labeled according to their role (e.g. Head, Spouse, or Birthdate), then pairs of labeled entities are combined into labeled relations (e.g. , or ). Accurate NRR is ensured by high-precision (>99%) NER. On semi-structured text the proposed NRR algorithm produces only valid relations from correctly labeled entities. About three hours of user interaction and a few minutes of laptop run time suffice to produce database- or ontology-ready input from a new book.
A Reply to a Replication of “Weathering Corruption” ( Journal of Law and Economics, 2008): Different Data Produce Different Results:

Cordis and Milyo replicate our study, which found a positive relationship between FEMA-provided disaster relief and public corruption in the US states. Our study used the corruption data that virtu...
A shape-adjusted ellipse approach corrects for varied axonal dispersion angles and myelination in primate nerve roots

Segmentation of axons in light and electron micrographs allows for quantitative high-resolution analysis of nervous tissues, but varied axonal dispersion angles result in over-estimates of fiber sizes. To overcome this technical challenge, we developed a novel shape-adjusted ellipse (SAE) determination of axonal size and myelination as an all-inclusive and non-biased tool to correct for oblique nerve fiber presentations. Our new resource was validated by light and electron microscopy against traditional methods of determining nerve fiber size and myelination in rhesus macaques as a model system. We performed detailed segmental mapping and characterized the morphological signatures of autonomic and motor fibers in primate lumbosacral ventral roots (VRs). An en bloc inter-subject variability for the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers within the L7-S2 VRs was determined. The SAE approach allows for morphological ground truth data collection and assignment of individual axons to functional phenotypes with direct implications for fiber mapping and neuromodulation studies.
Science, Non-Science and Pseudoscience

Science is under attack from those who believe that truth is relative and from those who reject the critical standards of science in favor of comforting pseudoscientific beliefs. Be prepared to defend science by understanding the philosophy of science so that you can marshal your arguments against pseudoscience.
Embracing Technology and the Challenges of Complexity

Advances in new digital platforms, innovative applications, and the convergence of computer, information, and communication technologies are transforming our everyday lives. ICTs have consequences for governance, community, work, information, knowledge, human communication, and well being, to name only a few. We live in a world where change is a constant, where interdependencies are multiple, heterogeneous, and increasingly fragile, and where uncertainty, ambiguity, incomplete information, and unanticipated consequences are the norm. The outcomes of our engagement with technology are complex and unpredictable. They defy simple conclusions because they are historical, temporal, situational, and embedded. Moreover, they are problematic and surprising: inconsistent, paradoxical, disorderly, contradictory, and contingent. In this talk I want to examine some of the empirical evidence about the complexity of our technological landscape and suggest ways to make sense of what is happening through theoretical frameworks drawn from different disciplinary traditions. Following Nobel Laureate in Economics Elinor Ostrom, our aim should be to “dissect and harness complexity rather than eliminate it” so that we can create responsive and resilient systems.
Flow Control: A New Approach for Anonymity Control in Electronic Cash Systems

Anonymity features of electronic payment systems are important for protecting privacy in an electronic world. However, complete anonymity prevents monitoring financial transactions and following the money trail, which are important tools for fighting serious crimes. To solve these type of problems several "escrowed cash" systems, that allow a "Trustee" to trace electronic money, were suggested. In this paper we suggest a completely different approach to anonymity control based on the fact that law enforcement is mainly concerned with large anonymous electronic payments. We describe a payment system that effectively limits the amount of money a user can spend anonymously in a given time frame. To achieve this we describe a technique to make electronic money strongly non-transferable. Our payment system protects the privacy of the honest user who plays by the rules, while introducing significant hurdles for several criminal abuses of the system.
The False Promise of One Share, One Vote

Shareholder democracy has blossomed. The once moribund shareholder franchise is now critical in takeover contests, merger decisions, and board oversight. However, the mechanisms of this vote remain largely undertheorized. In this Article, we use voting rights and social choice theory to develop a new approach to the corporate franchise. Political democracies typically tie the right to vote to the level of a person's interest in the outcome of the election. Corporate democracies, on the other hand, tend to define the requisite institutional interest quite narrowly, and thus restrict the right to vote to shareholders alone. This restriction has found its justification in the assumption that shareholders have a homogeneous interest in corporate wealth maximization. Such homogeneity, it is argued, maximizes efficient preference satisfaction. This assumption of shareholder homogeneity is false. It is becoming increasing clear, for example, that shareholders have many different types of interests in a corporation. In addition, stakeholders such as employees, consumers, and creditors also have interests in corporate governance that are not currently captured through existing contractual regimes. Moreover, many of the conclusions drawn from the assumption of shareholder homogeneity are either based on dated understandings of Arrow's Theorem or, in some cases, are flat out inconsistent with the standard economic theory that they purport to embody. As a result, corporate voting schemes are sterile reflections of their more robust political counterparts. The Article argues that corporate law scholars should acknowledge the weaknesses of shareholder voting theory and should examine new ways of translating the preferences of corporate participants into a governance structure.
Data Mining for Intrusion Detection

Data Mining Techniques have been successfully applied in many different fields including marketing, manufacturing, fraud detection and network management. Over the past years there is a lot of interest in security technologies such as intrusion detection, cryptography. authentication and firewalls. This chapter discusses the application of Data Mining techniques to computer security. Conclusions are drawn and directions for future research are suggested.
Fructolysis in Human Spermatozoa Under Normal and Pathological Conditions

Anaerobic fructolysis was studied in human spermatozoa from 1) normal, 2) oligospermic, and 3) necrospermic semen, as well as 4) in normal spermatozoa irreversibly immobilized with a spermicidal agent (lipid peroxide); the rate of fructolysis was determined by measuring the amount of L-(+)-lactic acid produced during anaerobic incubation in fructose-supplemented sperm suspensions with identical concentrations of spermatozoa and fructose. Motile spermatozoa from normal semen produced lactic acid at a steady rate for at least 2 hours at 37 C, but when immobilized with peroxidized linoleic acid they lost rapidly and irreversibly all fructolytic ability. There was no substantial difference in the rates of anaerobic fructolysis between sperm suspensions prepared 1) from six individual specimens of normal semen and 2) from pooled ejaculates of ten oligospermic patients. In three of a group of four infertile men diagnosed as necrospermic, the immotile spermatozoa failed to produce lactic acid from fructose. In the fourth individual, the spermatozoa, although immotile at the time of testing, were able to convert fructose to lactic acid, but at a reduced rate; this patient's semen has been examined periodically over the last three years and has contained mostly immotile spermatozoa, but a few times motility was definitely observed, especially after treatment with caffeine. The authors conclude from their results that necrospermia may be associated with diverse metabolic defects, one of them being loss of fructolytic ability by human spermatozoa.
A laser-driven source of polarized hydrogen and deuterium

A novel laser-driven polarized source of hydrogen and deuterium which operates on the principle of spin-exchange optical pumping is being developed. This source is designed to operate as an internal target in an electron storage ring for fundamental studies of spin-dependent structure of nuclei. It has the potential to exceed the flux from existing conventional sources (3 /times/ 10/sup 16//s) by an order of magnitude. Currently, the source delivers hydrogen at a flux of 8 /times/ 10/sup 16/ atoms/s with an atomic polarization of 24% and deuterium at 6 /times/ 10/sup 16/ atoms/s with a polarization of 29%. Technical obstacles which have been overcome, with varying degrees of success are complete Doppler-coverage in the optical-pumping stage without the use of a buffer gas, wall-induced depolarization and radiation-trapping. Future improvements should allow achievement of the design goals of 4 /times/ 10/sup 17/ atoms/s with a polarization of 50%. 8 refs., 2 figs.
Reconstructing vertebrate phylogenetic trees

Within the last three decades, the methodology underlying vertebrate phylogenetic analysis, including the dating of speciation events, has grown from the use of morphological characters in living organisms and fossils to an increased emphasis on molecular phylogenetics. Here, we use a selected set of examples to give a brief survey of how these approaches have been used together to resolve some interesting and difficult questions regarding both lower- and higher-level relationships of vertebrate species. Keywords: timescale; molecular evolution; phylogenetic inference; mammals; birds
Neuropathology of Degenerative Cell Death in Caenorhabditis elegans

In Caenorhabditis elegans necrosis-like neuronal death is induced by gain-of-function (gf) mutations in two genes, mec-4 and deg-1, that encode proteins similar to subunits of the vertebrate amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channel. We have determined the progress of cellular pathology in dying neurons via light and electron microscopy. The first detectable abnormality is an infolding of the plasma membrane and the production of small electron-dense whorls. Later, cytoplasmic vacuoles and larger membranous whorls form, and the cell swells. More slowly, chromatin aggregates and the nucleus invaginates. Mitochondria and Golgi are not dramatically affected until the final stages of cell death when organelles, and sometimes the cells themselves, lyse. Certain cells, including some muscle cells in deg-1 animals, express the abnormal gene products and display a few membrane abnormalities but do not die. These cells either express the mutant genes at lower levels, lack other proteins needed to form inappropriately functioning channels, or are better able to compensate for the toxic effects of the channels. Overall, the ultrastructural changes in these deaths suggest that enhanced membrane cycling precedes vacuolation and cell swelling. The pathology of mec-4(gf) and deg-1(gf) cells shares features with that of genetic disorders with alterations in channel subunits, such as hypokalemic periodic paralysis in humans and the weaver mouse, and with degenerative conditions, e.g., acute excitotoxic death. The initial pathology in all of these conditions may reflect attempts by affected cells to compensate for abnormal membrane proteins or functions.
Submicromolar Aβ42 reduces hippocampal glutamate receptors and presynaptic markers in an aggregation-dependent manner

Synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease brains is thought to involve soluble Aβ42 peptide. Here, sterile incubation in PBS caused small Aβ42 oligomer formation as well as heterogeneous, 6E10-immunopositive aggregates of 80-100kDa. The high molecular weight aggregates (H-agg) formed in a time-dependent manner over an extended 30-day period. Interestingly, an inverse relationship between dimeric and H-agg formation was more evident when incubations were performed at 37°C as compared to 23°C, thus providing an experimental strategy with which to address synaptic compromise produced by the different Aβ aggregates. H-agg species formed faster and to higher levels at 37°C compared to 23°C, and the two aggregate preparations were evaluated in hippocampal slice cultures, a sensitive system for monitoring synaptic integrity. Applied daily at 80-600nM for 7days, the Aβ42 preparations caused dose-dependent and aggregation-dependent declines in α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits as well as in presynaptic components. Unlike the synaptic effects, Aβ42 induced only trace cellular degeneration that was CA1 specific. The 37°C preparation was less effective at decreasing synaptic markers, corresponding with its reduced levels of Aβ42 monomers and dimers. Aβ42 dimers decayed significantly faster at 37°C than 23°C, and more rapidly than monomers at either temperature. These findings indicate that Aβ42 can self-aggregate into potent synaptotoxic oligomers as well as into larger aggregates that may serve to neutralize the toxic formations. These results will add to the growing debate concerning whether high molecular weight Aβ complexes that form amyloid plaques are protective through the sequestration of oligomeric species.
Thermomechanics of the interface between a body and its environment

We formulate integral statements of force balance, energy balance, and entropy imbalance for an interface between a body and its environment. These statements account for interfacial energy, entropy, and stress but neglect the inertia of the interface. Our final results consist of boundary conditions describing thermomechanical interactions between the body and its environment. In their most general forms, these results are partial differential equations that account for dissipation and encompass as special cases Navier’s slip law, Newton’s law of cooling, and Kirchhoff’s law of radiation. When dissipation is neglected, our results reduce to the well-known zero-slip, free-surface, zero-shear, prescribed temperature, and flux-free conditions.
Dynamics and gravitational interaction of waves in nonuniform media.

We derive the generally covariant equations describing the propagation of waves with an arbitrary dispersion relation in a nonuniform, nondissipative medium. The back-reaction of the waves on the medium is expressed in terms of the wave energy-momentum tensor. The formalism is based on variations of the Lagrangian of the system with respect to the wave amplitude and phase and the particle orbits. The Lagrangian approach is considered in detail in the context of a cold, unmagnetized plasma. It is shown that the "inertial" mass of a photon in a plasma, namely the plasma frequency, is also its gravitational mass. Extremely precise experiments are needed to measure the gravitational "free fall" of phonons, plasmons, or photons in laboratory media. Finally, we indicate how the formalism can be extended to hot magnetized plasmas.
Perforated Meckel's diverticulum.

A 72-year-old woman had abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. An appendectomy had been performed 50 years earlier. Physical examination was notable only for periumbilical pain and abdominal rigidity. No abdominal mass or vascular sounds were noted. The white blood cell count was 21,000. Liver function studies and urinalysis were normal. An abdominal ultrasound showed no sign Perforated Meckel’s diverticulum
Investigation of the crystallization process in 2 nm CdSe quantum dots

Investigation of the growth of CdSe nanocrystals ( approximately 160 atoms) to the uniquely stable size of 2 nm allows the monitoring of the crystallization process in semiconductor quantum dots. By using a combination of optical techniques, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD), new phenomena were explored during the CdSe nanocrystal growth process, which involved significant morphological reconstruction and crystallization of the initially formed amorphous nanoparticles. During the crystallization, the absorption onset of the CdSe quantum dots blue shifted toward higher energies at 3 eV (414 nm), while the photoluminescence red shifted to lower energies. Furthermore, an apparent increasing Stokes shift was observed during the formation of small CdSe nanoparticles. On the other hand, the photoluminescence excitation spectra showed constant features over the reaction time. Additionally, results from HRTEM and XRD studies show that the CdSe nanoparticles were amorphous at early reaction stages and became better crystallized after longer reaction times, while the particle size remained the same during the crystallization process. These observations demonstrate the important role of the surface on the optical properties of small CdSe quantum dots and facilitated the spectroscopic monitoring of the crystallization process in quantum dots.
Preservice Science Teachers' Beliefs About Teaching and Learning: The Influence of K-12 Field Experiences

Teaching is a complex task shaped by many external and internal influences, including the beliefs held by individual teachers. This study sought an understanding of the impact of field experiences on the beliefs developed by preservice science teachers. The participants were students in an undergraduate science education methods course that involved observation and teaching experiences in K-12 classrooms. The data used in this qualitative study included drawings representing beliefs and in-depth interviews with selected participants. The findings indicate that beliefs focused on two key dualities: learning through experience and transmission and student-centered and teacher-centered instruction. The findings also suggest that field experiences both reinforce and challenge the beliefs held by preservice science teachers.
Closed chest model of intracoronary occlusion for study of regional cardiac function

Abstract A new closed chest animal technique permits selective intracoronary balloon occlusion and measurement of hemodynamic and regional metabolic function before and during occlusion and reperfusion. The distal end of the double lumen balloon catheter provides information about the nature and extent of flow distal to the occlusion and permits blood sampling or administration of pharmacologic agents directly into the ischemic zone. Independent blood sampling from the great cardiac vein by means of a specially designed balloon catheter and from the coronary sinus by cannula allows simultaneous biochemical and regional blood flow measurements from the occluded and nonoccluded segments of the heart. Simultaneous intracoronary epicardial electrocardiograms permit electrophysiologic correlation with regional hemodynamic and metabolic events. The administration of oxygen by tracheal airway can increase partial oxygen tension in the circulation distal to coronary occlusion. When intracoronary pressures distal to occlusion are markedly reduced, the frequency of ventricular fibrillation is much greater.
Long-Term Stable, Sub-Femtosecond Balanced Optical-Microwave Phase Detector

We achieved a sub-fs thermal-noise-limited noise floor in a balanced optical-microwave phase detector and demonstrated long-term stable RF extraction with <1 fs RMS drift and <7 fs pk-pk for over 10 hours of continuous operation.
Control of beta globin genes

The developmental changes in expression of the beta like genes from embryonic to adult stages of human life are controlled at least partially at the level of the promoter sequences of these genes and their binding factors, and competition for promoter specific interactions with the locus control region (LCR). In recent years, the control of beta globin genes has also been investigated at the level of chromatin structure involving the chemical modification of histones and their remodelling by DNA dependent ATPases (SMARCA) containing protein complexes. The role of intergenic RNA is also being investigated with renewed interest. Although a wealth of information on the structure/function relationship of the LCR and globin promoters has been gathered over more than two decades, the fundamental nature of the control of these genes at the molecular level is still not completely understood. In the following pages, we intend to briefly describe the progress made in the field and discuss future directions.
Sibling aggregation of blood pressure: nature or nurture?

Abstract The finding of sibling aggregation of blood pressure has been extended to include young children. At the Specialized Center of Research, University of Miami School of Medicine, we have demonstrated this tendency among a group of sibships each of which contains a 1-month-old infant. In another study, we have demonstrated higher correlations between blood pressures of full siblings than half-siblings. These findings, taken together, are most compatible with the existence of genetic determinants of the tendency toward sibling aggregation of blood pressure.
Infrared analysis of flame-generated PAH samples

Data from infrared analyses are presented on the functional groups present in dichloromethane-soluble polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) material sampled from sooting flames as a function of height above the burner. The trends in the data indicate that PAH become progressively more aromatic (and less aliphatic) in nature as they grow up to the point of soot nucleation. At the soot nucleation point, the aromatic-to-aliphatic ratio drops dramatically. These changes are occurring in a zone of the flame in which the temperature is rapidly rising. A hypothesis is presented in which the cleavage of aliphatic groups or loss of aliphatic hydrogens from PAH coincides with the reactive coagulation of PAH to form soot nuclei.
Resolution of multiple endosomal compartments associated with the internalization of epidermal growth factor and transferrin.

Abstract Morphological studies have indicated divergent pathways for the endocytosis of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transferrin (Tf). In order to obtain biochemical evidence for the pathways associated with the endocytosis of EGF and Tf, a series of Percoll density gradients were employed to separate individual cellular components. Subcellular fractionation of murine fibroblasts exposed to a 2-min pulse of either 125I-Tf or 125I-EGF results in the detection of a total of six cellular compartments related to the internalization process of these ligands. The results of kinetic analysis of the entry of EGF into five membranous fractions is consistent with a model in which ligand is transferred sequentially from the plasma membrane through three distinct prelysosomal environments prior to reaching secondary lysosomes. Each prelysosomal compartment exhibits distinct density and temporal properties in a Percoll density gradient and may represent preexisting endocytic vesicles and/or specific domains of a continuous tubular structure, vesicularized during the process of cell disruption. In addition, the observed differential migration on Percoll density gradients of Tf and EGF containing compartments indicates that the majority of cell bound Tf segregates from EGF and enters a compartment lacking EGF within 5 min of internalization.
Brief report: plasma leptin levels are elevated in autism: association with early onset phenotype?

There is evidence of both immune dysregulation and autoimmune phenomena in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We examined the hormone/cytokine leptin in 70 children diagnosed with autism (including 37 with regression) compared with 99 age-matched controls including 50 typically developing (TD) controls, 26 siblings without autism, and 23 children with developmental disabilities (DD). Children with autism had significantly higher plasma leptin levels compared with TD controls (p < .006). When further sub-classified into regression or early onset autism, children with early onset autism had significantly higher plasma leptin levels compared with children with regressive autism (p < .042), TD controls (p < .0015), and DD controls (p < .004). We demonstrated an increase in leptin levels in autism, a finding driven by the early onset group.
Controlling the Performance of a Three-Terminal Molecular Transistor: Conformational versus Conventional Gating

The effect of conformational changes in the gate arm of a three-terminal device is investigated. In the ground state, the gate (triphenyl) arm is nonplanar, where the middle phenyl ring is approximately 30° out-of-plane relative to other two rings. At this geometry, the calculated tunnel current (Id) as a function of external bias (Vds) across the two D−A substituted arms exhibits a typical insulator-semiconductor behavior. Similar Id−Vds characteristics is calculated when planarity of the triphenyl arm is restored. However, a significant increase, by more than an order of magnitude, and a distinct variation in the current are predicted in its operational mode (Vds > 1.5 V) when additional nonplanarity is induced in the triphenyl chain. Analysis of the results suggest that, unlike in "voltage" gating, neither the HOMO−LUMO gap nor the dipole moment of the system undergo significant changes due to pure conformational gating, as observed in this study. Instead, the observed conformational gating affects the current via localization/delocalization of the electronic wave function in the conduction channel. Furthermore, the tunneling current corresponding to conformational gating in two different directions appears to exhibit oscillatory nature with a phase factor of π/2 in the presence of the gate field. The current modulation is found to reach its maximum only under exclusive effect of voltage or conformational gating and diminishes when both of them are present.
Decreased fibroblast cell density on chemically degraded poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid, polyurethane, and polycaprolactone.

Abstract Select prolonged functions of fibroblasts leading to extensive fibrous tissue encapsulation can be detrimental to numerous implant applications, including materials designed for the bladder, vasculature, and bone. Specifically, overextended functions of fibroblasts at the tissue–implant interface for orthopedic applications lead to callus formation, fibrous encapsulation events, and ultimately soft (not desirable hard-bony) tissue juxtaposition. Such events result in insufficient regeneration of bone and compromise the overall success of the implant. The objective of the present in vitro study was to determine, for the first time, fibroblast densities on NaOH-treated poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid co-polymers (PLGA), HNO 3 -treated polyurethane (PU), and NaOH-treated polycaprolactone (PCL). Previous studies have demonstrated increased bladder, vascular, and bone cell densities on chemically treated compared to unaltered PLGA, PU, and PCL films. Results of this study provided evidence of decreased fibroblast numbers on chemically treated PLGA, PU, and PCL after time periods of up to 5 days. Examination of these substrates revealed that all chemically modified polymers possessed a high degree of nanometer surface roughness compared to their respective unaltered polymers. In contrast, other material properties (such as chemistry and wettability) were different when comparing chemically treated PLGA, PU, and PCL films. Since fibroblasts are anchorage-dependent cells whose adhesion is a critical prerequisite to the prolonged, extensive formation of a fibrous-tissue containing extracellular matrix, the present in vitro results of decreased fibroblast densities on chemically degraded PLGA, PU, and PCL suggest that these materials may be suitable materials for numerous tissue-engineering applications and, thus, deserve further investigation.
Transposable elements of Halobacterium halobium

Five different DNA insertions (ISH1, ISH2, ISH23, ISH24, and ISH25) are found in or upstream of the bacterio-opsin (bop) gene in Bop mutants of H. halobium. These insertions have been cloned and characterized. They range in size from 520–3,000 bp, and four of the five insertions have structural features similar to known transposable elements. Two of the elements (ISH1 and ISH2) are found in the majority of Bop mutants. The former integrates at a preferred target site, while the latter integrates at numerous sites. The copy number of each insertion element was determined along with its distribution in the 68% G+C (FI), 58% G+C (FII) and cccDNA fractions of the H. halobium genome. There are eight copies of ISH2, one copy in FI and seven in the cccDNA. There are two copies of each of the other three insertion elements and one copy of ISH25. ISH25 does not seem to have the usual structural features of a transposable element. Most of the copies of these insertion elements are located in the cccDNA. Vacuole, ruberin and purple membrane mutants of H. halobium occur at high spontaneous frequencies. Rearrangements, insertions and deletions occur concurrently in the FII and cccDNA of these mutants including insertions of these five elements. Although the bacterio-opsin gene incurs insertions frequently, the 40 kb of flanking FI DNA remains conserved in mutant derivatives of H. halobium and in a number of related species.
Control by Iron of Chlorophyll Formation and Growth in Euglena gracilis.

21. ZELITCH, I. 1958. The role of glycolic acid oxidase in the respiration of leaves. J. Biol. Chem. 233: 1299-303. 22. ZELITCH, I. 1959. The relationship of glycolic acid to respiration and photosynthesis in tobacco leaves. J. Biol. Chem. 234: 3077-81. 23. ZELITCH, I. 1961. Biochemical control of stomatal opening in leaves. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 47: 1423-33. 24. ZELITCH, I. 1963. The control and mechanism of stomatal movement. In: Stomata and Water Relations in Plants. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 664. 25. ZELITCH, I. 1964. Reduction of transpiration of leaves through stomatal closure induced by alkenylsuccinic acids. Science 143: 692-93. 26. ZELITCH, I. AND A. M. Gorro. 1962. Properties of a new glyoxylate reductase from leaves. Biochem. J. 84: 541-46. 27. ZELITCH, I. AND P. E. WAGGONER. 1962. Effect of chemical control of stomata on transpiration and photosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 48: 1101-08. 28. ZELITCH, I. AND P. E. WAGGONER. 1962. Effect of chemical control of stomata on transpiration of intact plants. Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. U. S. 48: 1297-99.
Troubling Notions of Risk: Dissensus, Dissonance, and Making Sense of Students and Learning.

This article troubles constructions of ‘at-risk students.’ Utilizing Ranciere's discussion of dissensus, the author first argues that what is at risk are not students but contemporary common sense notions of schooling. From this perspective, students' labeled as ‘at risk’ ways of knowing and being that interrupt ideas and ideals about the purpose and function of schooling. In order to make this argument, the author links Ranciere and others' discussions of the importance of dissensus to questions of sense-making, the dangers of resonance in consensus, and the possibilities in the dissonance of dissensus. These assertions are then further complicated by the assertion that education is a necessarily risky endeavor and that all students should be placed at risk of learning. Understanding all students as at risk is significant as it simultaneously provides a space for students' complex constellations of identity to be treated with dignity in learning experiences and creates a less punitive context in which di...
Exploring deep parametric embeddings for breast CADx

Computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) involves training supervised classifiers using labeled ("truth-known") data. Often, training data consists of high-dimensional feature vectors extracted from medical images. Unfortunately, very large data sets may be required to train robust classifiers for high-dimensional inputs. To mitigate the risk of classifier over-fitting, CADx schemes may employ feature selection or dimension reduction (DR), for example, principal component analysis (PCA). Recently, a number of novel "structure-preserving" DR methods have been proposed1. Such methods are attractive for use in CADx schemes for two main reasons. First, by providing visualization of highdimensional data structure, and second, since DR can be unsupervised or semi-supervised, unlabeled ("truth-unknown") data may be incorporated2. However, the practical application of state-of-the-art DR techniques such as, t-SNE3, to breast CADx were inhibited by the inability to retain a parametric embedding function capable of mapping new input data to the reduced representation. Deep (more than one hidden layer) neural networks can be used to learn such parametric DR embeddings. We explored the feasibility of such methods for use in CADx by conducting a variety of experiments using simulated feature data, including models based on breast CADx features. Specifically, we investigated the unsupervised parametric t-SNE4 (pt-SNE), the supervised deep t-distributed MCML5 (dt-MCML), and hybrid semi-supervised modifications combining the two.
Bootstrapped migration for Linux OS

Modern virtualization technologies have a powerful ability to move a virtual machine (VM) from one physical machine to another, which enables unprecedented flexibility for system fault tolerance and load balancing. However, for physical machines there is no similar capability. This paper describes the detailed design of migrating a physical machine's state from one physical Linux machine to another. This BOotstrapped Migration for Linux OS (BOMLO) capability avoids scheduled shut-down for the maintenance of non-virtualized physical machine and therefore greatly decreases the service disruption time. BOMLO is more challenging than VM migration because there is no separate piece of software to perform the state migration, e.g., the hypervisor in the case of VM migration. In this paper, we adapted the Linux's hibernation facility to develop 3 schemes for BOMLO: swap disk-based, memory-to-memory, and iterative memory-to-memory migration.
Short note: Leveraging Anderson Acceleration for improved convergence of iterative solutions to transport systems

In this note we demonstrate that using Anderson Acceleration (AA) in place of a standard Picard iteration can not only increase the convergence rate but also make the iteration more robust for two transport applications. We also compare the convergence acceleration provided by AA to that provided by moment-based acceleration methods. Additionally, we demonstrate that those two acceleration methods can be used together in a nested fashion. We begin by describing the AA algorithm. At this point, we will describe two application problems, one from neutronics and one from plasma physics, on which we will apply AA. We provide computational results which highlight the benefits of using AA, namely that we can compute solutions using fewer function evaluations, larger time-steps, and achieve a more robust iteration.
Embryonic and postnatal expression of four gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter mRNAs in the mouse brain and leptomeninges.

The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter mRNAs (mGATs) was studied in mouse brain during embryonic and postnatal development using in situ hybridization with radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes. Mouse GATs 1 and 4 were present in the ventricular and subventricular zones of the lateral ventricle from gestational day 13. During postnatal development, mGAT1 mRNA was distributed diffusely throughout the brain and spinal cord, with the highest expression present in the olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, and cerebellar cortex. The mGAT4 message was densely distributed throughout the central nervous system during postnatal week 1; however, the hybridization signal in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus decreased during postnatal weeks 2 and 3, and in adults, mGAT4 labeling was restricted largely to the olfactory bulbs, midbrain, deep cerebellar nuclei, medulla, and spinal cord. Mouse GAT2 mRNA was expressed only in proliferating and migrating cerebellar granule cells, whereas mGAT3 mRNA was absent from the brain and spinal cord throughout development. Each of the four mGATs was present to some degree in the leptomeninges. The expression of mGATs 2 and 3 was almost entirely restricted to the pia-arachnoid, whereas mGATs 1 and 4 were present only in specific regions of the membrane. Although mGATs 1 and 4 may subserve the classical purpose of terminating inhibitory GABAergic transmission through neuronal and glial uptake mechanisms, GABA transporters in the pia-arachnoid may help to regulate the amount of GABA available to proliferating and migrating neurons at the sub-pial surface during perinatal development. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Co-localization of corticotropin-releasing hormone with glutamate decarboxylase and calcium-binding proteins in infant rat neocortical interneurons.

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) has been localized to interneurons of the mammalian cerebral cortex, but these neurons have not been fully characterized. The present study determined the extent of co-localization of CRH with glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and calcium-binding proteins in the infant rat neocortex using immunocytochemistry. CRH-immunoreactive (ir) neurons were classified into two major groups. The first group was larger and consisted of densely CRH-immunostained small bipolar cells, predominantly localized to layers II and III. The second group of CRH-ir cells was lightly labeled and included multipolar neurons mainly found in deep cortical layers. Co-localization studies indicated that the vast majority of CRH-ir neurons, including both bipolar and multipolar types, was co-immunolabeled for GAD-65 and GAD-67. Most multipolar, but only some bipolar, CRH-ir neurons also contained parvalbumin, while CRH-ir neurons rarely contained calbindin or calretinin. These results indicate that virtually all CRH-ir neurons in the rat cerebral cortex are GABAergic. Furthermore, since parvalbumin is expressed by cortical basket and chandelier cells, the colocalization of CRH and parvalbumin suggests that some cortical CRH-ir neurons may belong to these two cell types.
What do we know about the viscosity of QCD matter

Abstract This article provides an overview over the current state of knowledge regarding the viscosity of QCD matter and on its extraction via ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider.
Aging Through Buddhist Eyes

Buddhist teachings in general have been widely rnisunderstood as being pessimistic in nature. This paper examines the Buddhist teachings on aging by presenting representative depicfions of aging mainly from the Tibetan Buddhist literature. While on the surface they may present aging in a negative way, the context in which they are to be understood and practiced needs to be considered. Buddhist depictions of aging are meant to be powerful antidotes to the conceit of youth and act as spurs to spiritual growth and realization.
Introduction to symposium on transvenous vena cava interruption.

This Symposium comprises papers presented at the combined breakfast meeting of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter, on June 18, 1983, as part of the yearly scientific program. The invited speakers were asked to deal with selected subjects of immediate clinical importance. The emphasis in the presentations, therefore, was not so much on originality and completeness as on practical applicability of information.
Influence of percussion trauma on expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by human cerebral microvascular endothelium.

Objectives : Brain injury is associated with the production of oxygen free radicals (OFR) and the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) at the site of injury, both of which may be involved in the evolution of secondary cerebral injury. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is responsible for adherence of PMNs. We sought to determine whether percussion trauma altered the expression of ICAM-1 and to determine the effect of OFR scavengers on ICAM-1 expression after percussion trauma. Design : Prospective controlled laboratory research using passage 2 human cerebral microvascular endothelium (HCME). Materials and Methods : Cell lysates were collected over 24 hours and analyzed for ICAM-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after trauma or incubation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. OFR scavengers were added immediately after trauma with or without previous incubation with TNF-α. Measurements and Main Results : Sublethal percussion trauma did not alter ICAM-1 expression by HCME. TNF-α upregulated ICAM-1 in percussed and nonpercussed cells with maximal ICAM-1 expression at 24 hours (p < 0.01, ANOVA). However, percussion trauma significantly blunted the response of HCME to TNF-α. The addition of OFR scavengers after percussion trauma alone had no effect on ICAM-1 expression at 24 hours, but restored the response of percussed HCME to TNF-α. Conclusions : Percussion trauma alters the response of HCME to cytokine-induced ICAM-1 upregulation, and the normal response is restored by OFR scavengers. This suggests that HCME become dysfunctional after percussion trauma and this dysfunction may be mediated by OFR.
The genomic organization of HeT-A retroposons in Drosophila melanogaster

Members of theDrosophila HeT-A family of transposable elements are LINE-like retroposons that are found at telomeres and in centric heterochromatin. We recently characterized an active HeT-A element that had transposed to a broken chromosome end fewer than mine generations before it was isolated. The sequence arerangement of this element, called 9D4, most likely represents the organization of an actively transposing member of the HeT-A family. Here we assess the degree of divergence among members of the HeT-A family and test a model of telomere length maintenance based on HeT-A transposition. The region containing the single open reading frame of this element appears to be more highly conserved than the non-coding regions. The HeT-A element has been implicated in theDrosophila telomere elongation process, because frequent transpositions to chromosome ends are sufficient to counter-balance nucleotide loss due to incomplete DNA replication. The proposed elongation model and the hypothetical mechanism of HeT-A transposition predict a predominant orientation of HeT-A elements with their oligo (A) tails facing proximally at chromosome ends, as well as the existence of irregular tandem arrays of HeT-A elements at chromosome ends resulting from transposition of new HeT-A elements onto chromosome ends with existing elements. Twenty-nine different HeT-A fragments were isolated from directional libraries that were enriched in terminal DNA fragments. Sequence analyses of these fragments and comparisons with the organization of the HeT-A element, 9D4, fit these two predictions and support the model ofDrosophila telomere elongation by transposition of HeT-A elements.
Gene networks have a predictive long-term fitness

Using a model of evolved gene regulatory networks, we illustrate several quantitative metrics relating to the long-term evolution of lineages. The k-generation fitness and k-generation survivability measure the evolutionary success of lineages. An entropy measure is used to quantify the predictability of lineage evolution. The metrics are readily applied to any system in which lineage membership can be periodically counted, and provide a quantitative characterization of the genetic landscape, genotype-phenotype map, and fitness landscape. Evolution is shown to be surprisingly predictable in gene networks: only a small number of the possible outcomes are ever observed in multiple replicate experiments. We emphasize the view that the lineage (not the individual, or the genotype) is the evolving entity over the long term. Notably, the long-term fitness is distinct from the short-term fitness. Since evolution is repeatable over the long-term, this implies long-term selection on lineages is possible; the evolutionary process need not be "short-sighted". If we wish to evolve very complex artifacts, it will be expedient to promote the long-term evolution of the genetic architecture by tailoring our models to emphasize long-term selection.
HIV/AIDS in West Africa: analysis of professional caregivers in Lomé, Togo

Attempts to address the gap in literature on the experiences of HIV/AIDS care workers in Africa through studies of professional care givers in Lome, Togo. Uses a pilot study of 30 care givers and examines the roles, services and coping mechanisms of these individuals. Presents the demographics characteristics of the care givers and the type of services provided. Discusses how they cope with stress and their feeling regarding the prevention of HIV. Concludes they face enormous demands which may affect their own health and families. Suggests that a support network would be helpful.