cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The formation of the sex glands and germ cells of mammals. V. Germ cells in the ovaries of adult, pregnant, and senile albino rats

Ovaries of adult albino rats were studied, the following phases being considered: Eleven to twenty and one-half days pregnant, shortly after fertilization, oestrus, not pregnant, young sterile, old, and senile. Some new ova are produced from the germinal epithelium during pregnancy and oestrus, but it is in the ovaries of non-pregnant animals between oestrous periods that the germinal epithelium is most active. There can be no question of the formation of new ova during adult life, for there is a correlation between the activity of the germinal epithelium and the number of oocytes and young follicles present in ovaries. Also one can trace the origin of ova in the surface and follow their transformation and movement into the ovary proper. In some sterile young animals little new formation took place, in others a good deal. In old and senile animals the germinal epithelium continued to be active, especially in producing ingrowing cords of cells, but frequently these were anovular. The germinal epithelium may form different types of cells by ingrowth: ova, follicle cells, and interstitial cells, but the formation of anovular follicles at one period does not prevent a later production of normal ova and follicles. Some new ova are produced from the germinal epithelium of ovaries during pregnancy and oestrus, but it is in the ovaries of non-pregnant animals between oestrous periods that the germinal epithelium is most active. There can be no question of the formation of new ova during adult life, for there is a correlation between the activity of the germinal epithelium and the number of oocytes and young follicles present in ovaries. In some sterile young animals little new formation took place; in others, a good deal. In old and senile animals the germinal epithelium continued to be active, especially in producing ingrowing cords of cells, but frequently these were anovular. The germinal epithelium may produce different types of cells by ingrowths—ova, follicle cells, and interstitial cells—but the formation of anovular follicles at one period does not prevent a later production of normal ova.
The effects of prewetting on postsoldering of base metal alloys

Prewetting the surface of a base metal alloy with solder prior to low temperature soldering produced strong, predictable, oxide-free joints similar to precious metal joints. The positive results were obtained whether the prewet base metal was soldered to other prewet base metal or to precious metals. Soldered combinations of non-prewet base metal showed lower strength, less predictability, and more oxide formation than the prewet counterparts. The prewetting concept was described for use with fixed prosthodontics or removable partial dentures.
Increased disturbance rejection in magnetic disk drives by acceleration feedforward control and parameter adaptation

Abstract As the density of data on magnetic disk drives increases, so does the need for more precise position control of the read/write head, especially in the presence of internal and external disturbances. This is achieved by measuring the acceleration of the drive and feeding the sensor information forward to the actuator. By matching the electromechanical impedance between the disturbance and the position error, the feedforward controller can cancel the effects of the disturbance. Two techniques are presented for designing the feedforward controller. The first method is an infinite impulse response filter that is designed off-line, and the second is a finite impulse response filter that is adapted on-line using the filtered-x LMS algorithm. Both techniques are tested through shake-table experiments, resulting in reductions of the position error signal between 50% and 95%.
Complex Craniofacial Changes in Blind Cave-Dwelling Fish Are Mediated by Genetically Symmetric and Asymmetric Loci

The genetic regulators of regressive craniofacial morphologies are poorly understood. To shed light on this problem, we examined the freshwater fish Astyanax mexicanus, a species with surface-dwelling and multiple independent eyeless cave-dwelling forms. Changes affecting the skull in cavefish include morphological alterations to the intramembranous circumorbital bones encircling the eye. Many of these modifications, however, have evolved separately from eye loss, such as fragmentation of the third suborbital bone. To understand the genetic architecture of these eye-independent craniofacial alterations, we developed and scored 33 phenotypes in the context of an F2 hybrid mapping pedigree bred from Pachon cavefish and surface fish. We discovered several individuals exhibiting dramatic left–right differences in bone formation, such as extensive fragmentation on the right side only. This observation, along with well-known eye size asymmetry in natural cave-dwelling animals, led us to further evaluate left–right genetic differences for the craniofacial complex. We discovered three phenotypes, inclusive of bone fragmentation and fusion, which demonstrated a directional heritable basis only on one side. Interestingly, the overall areas of affected bones were genetically symmetric. Phenotypic effect plots of these novel craniofacial QTL revealed that cave alleles are associated with abnormal conditions such as bony fusion and fragmentation. Moreover, many linked loci overlapped with other cave-associated traits, suggesting regressive craniofacial changes may evolve through linkage or as antagonistic pleiotropic consequences of cave-associated adaptations. These novel findings illuminate significant craniofacial changes accompanying evolution in complete darkness and reveal complex changes to the skull differentially influenced by genetic changes affecting the left and right sides.
In-situ growth of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x thin films directly on sapphire by temperature-controlled chemical vapor deposition

Abstract A temperature-controlled chemical vapor deposition (TC-CVD) process was developed for in-situ growth of highly c-axis orientated Y1Ba2Cu3O7+x (YBCO) thin films directly on sapphire substrates. This new CVD process, for th first time, uses programmable temperature controllers to optimize and tailor the qualities of deposited YBCO films by precisely control the temperatures of substrates and source compounds in pre-determined temperature profiles. By employing a substrate temperature (Ts) ramping from Ts (high) of 825°C to Ts (low) of 735°C during deposition, we were able to grow highest Tc and Jc YBCO thin films on sapphire without buffer layer. DC transport four point measurement on the as-deposited films gave a Tc(onset) at 92 K and Tc(zero) at 84 K. Critical current density of 4×104 A/cm2 at 77 K and zero magnetic field was obtained for the films. The as- deposited films were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Simulating impacts of wind farms on local hydrometeorology

Abstract Wind power is one of the fastest growing energy sources in the world, most of the growth being in large wind farms that are often located on agricultural land near residential communities. This study explores the possible impacts of such wind farms on local hydrometeorology using a mesoscale model equipped with a rotor parameterization based on data from a commercial wind turbine. Results show that wind farms significantly affect near-surface air temperature and humidity as well as surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. The signs of the impacts, i.e., increase or decrease, depend on the static stability and total water mixing ratio lapse rates of the atmosphere. The magnitudes of these impacts are not only constrained by the hub-height wind speed but also depend to some extent on the size of the wind farms. Wind farms also affect the hydrometeorology of an area up to 18–23 km downwind. More work is required to conclusively estimate the length-scale of wind farm wakes. This study is one of the first few to provide realistic estimates of possible impacts of wind farms. The model developed and used in this study can help in assessing and addressing the environmental impacts of wind farms thereby ensuring the long-term sustainability of wind power.
Expression of human PKR protein kinase in transgenic mice.

There is a large amount of evidence describing the expression, interaction, and mode of activation of the human interferon (IFN)-mediated double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) gene. St...
Of His Bones are Coral Made: Submerged Cultural Resources, Site Formation Processes, and Multiple Scales of Interpretation in Coastal Ghana

Of His Bones are Coral Made: Submerged Cultural Resources, Site Formation Processes, and Multiple Scales of Interpretation in Coastal Ghana. Syracuse University, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/006...
An alkylation-tolerant, mutator human cell line is deficient in strand-specific mismatch repair.

Abstract The human lymphoblastoid MT1 B-cell line was previously isolated as one of a series of mutant cells able to survive the cytotoxic effects of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). MT1 cells nevertheless remain sensitive to mutagenesis by MNNG and display a mutator phenotype. These phenotypes have been attributed to a single genetic alteration postulated to confer a defect in strand-specific mismatch repair, a proposal that attributes the cytotoxic effect of DNA alkylation in wild-type cells to futile attempts to correct mispairs that arise during replication of alkylated template strands. Our results support this view. MNNG-induced mutations in the HPRT gene of MT1 cells are almost exclusively G.C-->A.T transitions, while spontaneous mutations observed in this mutator cell line are single-nucleotide insertions, transversions, and A.T-->G.C transitions. In vitro assay has demonstrated that the MT1 line is in fact deficient in strand-specific correction of all eight base-base mispairs. This defect, which is manifest at or prior to the excision stage of the reaction, is due to simple deficiency of a required activity because MT1 nuclear extracts can be complemented by a partially purified HeLa fraction to restore in vitro repair. These findings substantiate the idea that strand-specific mismatch repair contributes to alkylation-induced cytotoxicity and imply that this process serves as a barrier to spontaneous transition, transversion, and insertion/deletion mutations in mammalian cells.
Shifts in condition and distribution of eastern North Pacific flatfish along the U.S. west coast (2003–2010)

Abstract Flatfish condition indices and distribution were examined along the U.S. west coast (55–1280 m) in relation to environmental variability and biomass using data from ten frequently occurring species collected in annual groundfish surveys from 2003 to 2010. The study was conducted during a period characterized by a cooling trend in the northern California Current system and by declining biomass for flatfish in general. Annual condition indices for six species (arrowtooth flounder, Dover sole, English sole, Pacific sanddab, petrale sole, and rex sole) were significantly related either to large-scale climatic indices (Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Multivariate El Nino–Southern Oscillation Index, North Pacific Gyre Oscillation) and/or annual biomass levels. Condition was most closely related to environmental effects rather than either biomass alone or both variables, with condition typically higher during cool climatic conditions. A similar analysis revealed that changes in distribution (measured as variation in annual catch-weighted mean latitude, longitude, depth and temperature) tended to be best described by models incorporating environmental effects and biomass rather than either variable alone. Linear trends in the center of distribution along a southeast–northwest axis were significant for seven species (arrowtooth flounder, deepsea sole, Dover sole, flathead sole, Pacific sanddab, petrale sole, and slender sole) with a tendency for flatfish to be displaced towards the southeast as environmental conditions shifted from warm to cooler conditions and biomass declined. A spatial distribution analysis indicated that for the majority of species (80%) the greatest magnitude of displacement (km) occurred when the centers of biomass were compared between environmental phases (average annual displacement 34 km) rather than changing biomass levels (average displacement 24 km). Taken together both approaches revealed that environmental changes and variation in biomass play significant roles in flatfish distribution.
Induction of Multiple Brain Tumours (Gliomata and Leptomeningeal Sarcomata) in Dogs by Rous Sarcoma Virus

Induction of Multiple Brain Tumours (Gliomata and Leptomeningeal Sarcomata) in Dogs by Rous Sarcoma Virus
A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on ADHD and Comorbid Conditions: The Role of Emotion Regulation

Research investigating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and co-occurring disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anxiety, and depression has surged in popularity; however, the developmental relations between ADHD and these comorbid conditions remain poorly understood. The current paper uses a developmental psychopathology perspective to examine conditions commonly comorbid with ADHD during late childhood through adolescence. First, we present evidence for ADHD and comorbid disorders. Next, we discuss emotion regulation and its associations with ADHD. The role of parenting behaviors in the development and maintenance of emotion regulation difficulties and comorbid disorders among children with ADHD is explored. An illustrative example of emotion regulation and parenting over the course of development is provided to demonstrate bidirectional relations among these constructs. We then present an integrated conceptual model of emotion regulation as a shared risk process that may lead to different comorbid conditions among children with ADHD. Implications and directions for future research are presented.
Optimal encoding rules for synthetic genes: the need for a community effort

Mol Syst Biol. 3: 134 A paradigm shift is underway within the methodology of heterologous protein expression. Specifically, researchers are moving away from conventional techniques of cloning genes from cDNA libraries and moving toward the rational design and de novo synthesis of entire protein‐coding sequences from pre‐annealed oligonucleotides (Libertini and Di Donato, 1992; Gustafsson et al , 2004). It was the invention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that allowed efficient construction of synthetic genes. Since then, the steadily increasing accuracy and decreasing cost of oligonucleotide synthesis (now as low as $0.10 per base; Carlson, 2003; Carr et al , 2004; Kong et al , 2007, see Figure 1) has created a research environment in which gene synthesis offers three main advantages over molecular cloning: cost efficiency, scope and flexibility of redesign (Libertini and Di Donato, 1992). As a result, the emerging field of synthetic biology is highly motivated to improve this approach, as it seeks to expand the sophistication of human‐engineered genetic architectures, leading ultimately to the synthesis of entire genomes (Yount et al , 2000; Smith et al , 2003). Figure 1. The cost, per base, of commercial oligonucleotide assembly from 1999 to 2006. The price of gene synthesis has decreased almost 30‐fold in the past 7 years (data for years 1999–2003 are taken from Carlson, 2003). Data for years 2004–2006 reflect the lowest price found in advertisements placed within Science magazine). Current research into synthetic gene construction has focused largely on improving PCR‐based methods. Areas under active investigation include the following: increasing the accuracy of gene products by reducing errors in oligonucleotide construction and PCR synthesis/amplification (Ciccarelli et al , 1991; Young and Dong, 2004), reducing the relatively high cost of post‐synthesis sequencing (Young and Dong, 2004), increasing the length of genes …
Vascularized Scapular Tip Flap in the Reconstruction of the Mandibular Joint Following Ablative Surgery

We describe a novel design and application of the vascularized scapular tip flap in the reconstruction of a temporomandibular joint and mandibular defect.
Layout design of VLSI multichip packaging

The nature of multichip module layout is explored, and several associated fundamental design problems are discussed. In particular, problems of decomposing a three-dimensional layout into a set of single-layer layouts and techniques of incorporating performance requirements into a single-layer layout are studied. >
Current and Emerging Ethical Issues in Counseling: A Delphi Study of Expert Opinions

A Delphi study was conducted to ascertain the opinions of panel experts regarding the most important current and emerging ethical issues facing the counseling profession. Expert opinions on ethical issues in counselor preparation also were sought. Eighteen panelists responded to 3 rounds of data collection interspersed with feedback. Themes that emerged as important ethical issues were ensuring that counselors practice ethically and abide by the American Counseling Association (2005) ACA Code of Ethics, dealing with social justice and diversity issues, strengthening the professional identity of counselors, and ensuring competence in providing services within a climate of change.
Stage I and II Follicular Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Long-Term Follow-Up of No Initial Therapy

Purpose To analyze the outcome of no initial therapy in stage I and II follicular small-cleaved (FSC) and follicular mixed (FM) non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) on overall survival, time to treatment, incidence and course of transformation, and cause of death. Patients and Methods This was a retrospective analysis. Criteria for selection were patients with stage I and IIA FSC and FM (grades 1 and 2) NHL with therapy deferred for at least 3 months after diagnosis and a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Results Forty-three patients were identified (11 stage I, 32 stage II), with a median age of 58 years. Reasons for no initial therapy included: physician choice (n = 20), large abdominal radiation field required (n = 10), advanced age (n = 7), concern for xerostomia (n = 4), or patient refusal (n = 2). At a median follow-up of 86 months, 27 patients (63%) had not been treated. The median time to treatment in the remaining 16 patients was 22 months. Four of 16 patients transformed to a higher-grade lymphoma. Nine pati...
A Software as a Service with Multi-tenancy Support for an Electronic Contract Management Application

In most commercial electronic contract management applications available today, different customized code base has to be developed, deployed and operated to support each tenant. Few advanced commercial electronic contract management applications use a single code base with configuration options to support multi-tenants. However, a separate instance of the code base still has to be deployed and operated for each tenant even in these applications. The business model of having to support a single application instance for each tenant makes an electronic contract management application and other critical business applications out of reach for most small and medium businesses (SMBs), in particular, the very small businesses (SVBs) because of its high development and maintenance cost. Recently, a new business model of a single application instance supporting multi-tenancy based on software as a service (SaaS) has emerged making expensive business applications more affordable for SMBs and SVBs for multi-tenancy [1]. In this paper, we present the first of a kind multi-tenancy SaaS electronic contract management application. We also describe several novel methods used in the metadata, security and shared services, as well as customization and tenant extensions modules to support multi-tenancy SaaS in this application. This multi-tenancy SaaS application has shown to benefit both the application service providers as well as their tenants. This new multi-tenancy SaaS model can reduce the application hosting cost and make the application more affordable to the tenants because of its capabilities in customization and scalability while continuing to support an increasing number of tenants. It furthers benefits tenants by saving their money and time with immediate access to the latest IT innovations and infrastructure improvements on a single application code base. Most end users of tenants have found their productivities increased, the contract transaction time accelerated, contractual errors reduced in using this multi-tenancy SaaS electronic contract management application as demonstrated in several ongoing IBM pilot programs serving more than ten tenants with over 3000 end users.
Abundance and Distribution of Sharks in Northeast Florida Waters and Identification of Potential Nursery Habitat

Abstract Sharks are considered top predators in many marine ecosystems and can play an important role in structuring community ecology. As a result, it is necessary to understand the factors that influence their abundance and distribution. This is particularly important as fishery managers develop management plans for sharks that identify areas that serve as essential fish habitat, especially nursery habitat. However, our understanding of shark habitat use in northeast Florida waters is limited. The goal of this study was to characterize the abundance and distribution of sharks in northeast Florida estuaries and to examine the effect of abiotic factors on shark habitat use. A bottom longline survey conducted from 2009 to 2011 indicated that 11 shark species use the estuarine waters of northeast Florida during the summer months. Atlantic Sharpnose Sharks Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, Blacktip Sharks Carcharhinus limbatus, and Bonnetheads Sphyrna tiburo were the most abundant species and made up 81.4% of the ...
Comparative Fourier Transform Infrared and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopic Analysis of α1-Proteinase Inhibitor and Ovalbumin in Aqueous Solution

Abstract α 1 -Proteinase inhibitor (α 1 Pi) and ovalbumin are both members of the serpin superfamily. They share about a 30% sequence identity and exhibit great similarity in their three-dimensional structures. However, no apparent functional relationship has been found between the two proteins. Unlike α 1 Pi, ovalbumin shows no inhibitory effect to serine proteases. To see whether or not a conformational factor(s) may contribute to the functional difference, we carried out comparative analysis of the two proteins' secondary structure, thermal stability, and H–D exchange using FT-IR and CD spectroscopy. FT-IR analysis reveals significant differences in the amide I spectral patterns of the two proteins. Upon thermal denaturation, both proteins exhibit a strong low-wavenumber β-sheet band at 1624 cm −1 and a weak high-wavenumber β-sheet band at 1694 cm −1 , indicative of intermolecular aggregate formation. However, the midpoint of the thermal-induced transition of α 1 Pi (∼55°C) is 18°C lower than that of ovalbumin (∼73°C). The thermal stability analysis provides new insight into the structural changes associated with denaturation. The result of H–D exchange explains some puzzling spectral differences between the two proteins in D 2 O reported previously.
Geospatial analysis of trauma referrals in a low-resource setting: implications for health system strengthening

INTRODUCTION: Community-based surveillance methods to monitor epidemiological progress in surgery have not yet been employed for surgical capacity building. The goals of this study are twofold: to create a validated survey tool to easily measure surgical disease; and to accurately define the surgical epidemiology of a catchment population for a Partners In Health-supported district hospital in northern Rwanda.
Autonomous Robots as a Generic Teaching Tool

An undergraduate bioengineering laboratory course using small autonomous robots has been developed to demonstrate control theory, learning, and behavior. The lab consists of several modules that demonstrate concepts in classical control theory, fuzzy logic, neural network control, and genetic algorithms. The autonomous agents are easy-to-build, inexpensive kit robots. Each robot functions independently in a real-world environment. Students program and retrieve data wirelessly using handheld computers. The hands-on nature of the lab modules engages students in ways that lectures, readings and software simulations cannot. By interacting with these robots, students directly experience the effects of unexpected environmental factors on designs and deviations from software simulations. The robots are easily adapted for use in many different aspects of two-year college and K-12 STEM education. Students are motivated to understand engineering, math and science principles in order to control the robots. Examples of use of the robots and modules by a local community college are presented.
Exploring memory energy optimizations in smartphones

Recent development of sophisticated smartphones has made them indispensable part of our everyday life. However, advances in battery technology cannot keep up with the demand for longer battery life. Subsequently, energy efficiency has become one of the most important factors in designing smartphones. Multitasking and better multimedia features in the mobile applications continuously push memory requirements further, making energy optimizations for memory critical. Mobile RAM is already optimized for energy efficiency at the hardware level. It also provides power state switching interfaces to the operating system which enables the OS level energy optimizations. Many RAM optimizations have been explored for computer systems and in this paper we explore their applicability to smartphone hardware. In addition, we apply those optimizations to the newly emerging Phase Change Memory and study their energy efficiency and performance. Finally, we propose a hybrid approach to take the advantage of both Mobile RAM and Phase Change Memory. Results show that our hybrid mechanism can save more than 98% of memory energy as compared to the standard smartphone system with negligible impact on user experience.
Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Spine

The article reviews aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine and current diagnostic tests approaches and therapeutic interventions are discussed.
P2 receptors in the regulation of renal transport mechanisms.

Extracellular nucleotides (e.g., ATP) regulate physiological and pathophysiological processes through activation of nucleotide P2 receptors in the plasma membrane. Examples include such diverse pro...
Do negative beliefs about exposure therapy cause its suboptimal delivery? An experimental investigation

Despite its effectiveness, exposure therapy is underutilized and frequently implemented in suboptimal fashion. Research has shown negative beliefs about exposure are related to its underutilization, and these beliefs are held by exposure therapists and may play a causal role in its suboptimal delivery. This study examined the effect of negative beliefs about exposure on treatment delivery. Participants (n=53) received training in basic exposure implementation and were given additional information intended to elicit either positive or negative beliefs about the treatment's safety, tolerability, and ethicality prior to conducting an exposure session with a confederate client. Results indicated that participants with experimentally induced negative beliefs about exposure delivered the treatment more cautiously (e.g. creation of a less ambitious exposure hierarchy, selection of a less anxiety-provoking exposure task, attempts to minimize client anxiety during exposure) compared to participants with positive beliefs who pursued more ambitious delivery of exposure (e.g. encouraging clients' use of oppositional actions). The present findings suggest that therapist reservations about exposure cause suboptimal delivery and may adversely affect client outcomes.
Zeranol and estradiol induce similar lesions in the testes and epididymides of the prepubertal beef bull.

Testes and epididymides of three groups (N = 4) of 6-month-old crossbred beef bulls implanted with a placebo or 150, 300, and 600 mg of estradiol-17β at birth, 2, and 4 months of age, respectively, or 36 mg of zeranol at birth only were examined for histologic changes and development. There was a reduction (p < 0.01) in paired testicular weight and seminiferous tubular diameter (mean ± SE) of zeranol- and estradiol-implanted bulls compared with control bulls, 29.0 ± 1.3, 20.6 ± 1.8 vs 48.1 ± 5.9 g and 70.9 ± 0.6, 73.7 ± 1.2 vs 125.9 ± 2.0 μm, respectively. The basement membranes of seminiferous tubules (mean ± SE) were thicker in zeranol-implanted bulls (3.34 ± 0.07 μm) than those in estradiol-implanted bulls (2.74 ± 0.06 μm), both of which were thicker than those of control bulls (1.05 ± 0.03 μm) (p < 0.01). Supporting cells lining the basement membranes in zeranol- and estradiol-implanted bulls were predominantly undifferentiated whereas most supporting cells had differentiated into Sertoli cells in control bulls. Interstitial cells typical of adult Leydig cells and germinal cells in advanced stages of differentiation were abundant in control bulls, but scarce in both zeranol- and estradiol-implanted bulls. The epididymal epithelium was poorly differentiated, lacked microvilli, and was dysplastic, especially in the cauda epididymidis, in both zeranol- and estradiol-implanted bulls. The epithelium was lower in height (p < 0.01) in both the caput and cauda epididymidis of treated animals than in that of controls. Increase in thickness of the muscular tunic, adenomyosis of the caudal region, and fibroplasia of the interstitium were evident in the epididymides of both treated groups. Both zeranol and estradiol caused retardation of testicular and epididymal development in prepubertal bulls and induced similar histologic lesions.
Interaction between categorical knowledge and episodic memory across domains

Categorical knowledge and episodic memory have traditionally been viewed as separate lines of inquiry. Here, we present a perspective on the interrelatedness of categorical knowledge and reconstruction from memory. We address three underlying questions: What knowledge do people bring to the task of remembering? How do people integrate that knowledge with episodic memory? Is this the optimal way for the memory system to work? In the review of five studies spanning four category domains (discrete, continuous, temporal and linguistic), we evaluate the relative contribution and the structure of influence of categorical knowledge on long-term episodic memory. These studies suggest a robustness of peoples’ knowledge of statistical regularities in the environment, and provide converging evidence of the quality and influence of category knowledge on reconstructive memory. Lastly, we argue that combining categorical knowledge and episodic memory is an efficient strategy of the memory system.
Selective activation of muscle groups in the feline hindlimb through electrical microstimulation of the ventral lumbo-sacral spinal cord

Selective activation of muscle groups in the feline hindlimb by electrical stimulation of the ventral lumbo-sacral spinal cord was investigated. Spinal cord segments L5 to S1 were mapped using a penetrating tungsten needle electrode. Locations that produced isolated contraction of quadriceps, tibialis anterior or triceps surae/plantaris muscles when stimulated with a current of 40 /spl mu/A or less, and in which spread of activity to other muscles was not detected after increasing the stimulus to at least twice the threshold level, were defined as belonging to the target muscle's "activation pool." The quadriceps activation pool was found to extend from the beginning of L5 to the middle of L6. The tibialis anterior activation pool extended from the beginning of L6 to the middle of L7, and the triceps surae/plantaris activation pool extended from the caudal end of L6 to the beginning of S1. The three activation pools were located in Rexed motor lamina IX and their spatial organization was found to correspond well with that of the anatomically defined motor pools innervating the same muscles. The spatial and functional segregation of motor pools manifested at the spinal cord level can have direct applications in the areas of functional electrical stimulation and motor control.
Recovery of Thumb and Finger Extension and Its Relation to Grasp Performance After Stroke

This study investigated how the ability to extend the fingers and thumb recovers early after stroke and how the ability to extend all of the digits affects grasping performance. We studied 24 hemip...
Paths of Carbon Assimilation in Marine Phytoplankton

In 1952, Steemann Nielsen (1) introduced the ‘C-14 technique’ for measuring primary productivity in aquatic systems. The extent to which the technique has been used over the past 28 years bears testimony to its importance. In a real sense, use of the radioisotope provided a very sensitive and convenient method of measuring the rate at which photosynthetic cells, floating in an illuminated layer of water, convert inorganic carbon to cell material.
Screening MRI in Women With a Personal History of Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND Screening MRI is recommended for individuals at high risk for breast cancer, based on genetic risk or family history (GFH); however, there is insufficient evidence to support screening MRI for women with a personal history (PH) of breast cancer. We compared screening MRI performance in women with PH vs GFH of breast cancer. METHODS We analyzed case-series registry data, collected at time of MRI and at 12-month follow-up, from our regional Clinical Oncology Data Integration project. MRI performance was compared in women with PH with those with GFH. Chi-square testing was used to identify associations between age, prior history of MRI, and clinical indication with MRI performance; logistic regression was used to determine the combined contribution of these variables in predicting risk of a false-positive exam. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Of 1521 women who underwent screening MRI from July 2004 to November 2011, 915 had PH and 606 had GFH of breast cancer. Overall, MRI sensitivity was 79.4% for all cancers and 88.5% for invasive cancers. False-positive exams were lower in the PH vs GFH groups (12.3% vs 21.6%, P .99). Age (P < .001), prior MRI (P < .001), and clinical indication (P < .001) were individually associated with initial false-positive rate; age and prior MRI remained statistically significant in multivariable modeling (P = .001 and P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSION MRI performance is superior in women with PH compared with women with GFH. Screening MRI warrants consideration as an adjunct to mammography in women with a PH of breast cancer.
Doping-dependent anisotropic superconducting gap in Na 1 − δ (Fe 1 − x Co x )As from London penetration depth

The London penetration depth was measured in single crystals of self-doped Na${}_{1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$FeAs (from under doping to optimal doping, ${T}_{c}$ from 14 to 27 K) and electron-doped Na(Fe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Co${}_{x}$)As with $x$ ranging from undoped, $x=0$, to overdoped, $x=0.1$. In all samples, the low-temperature variation of the penetration depth exhibits a power-law dependence, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)=A{T}^{n}$, with the exponent that varies in a domelike fashion from $n\ensuremath{\sim}1.1$ in the underdoped, reaching a maximum of $n\ensuremath{\sim}1.9$ in the optimally doped, and decreasing again to $n\ensuremath{\sim}1.3$ on the overdoped side. While the anisotropy of the gap structure follows a universal domelike evolution, the exponent at optimal doping, $n\ensuremath{\sim}1.9$, is lower than in other charge-doped Fe-based superconductors (FeSCs). The full-temperature range superfluid density, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}(T)={\left[\ensuremath{\lambda}(0)/\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)\right]}^{2}$, at optimal doping is also distinctly different from other charge-doped FeSCs but is similar to isovalently substituted BaFe${}_{2}$(As${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$P${}_{x}$)${}_{2}$, believed to be a nodal pnictide at optimal doping. These results suggest that the superconducting gap in Na(Fe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Co${}_{x}$)As is highly anisotropic even at optimal doping.
A Retrospective: On Clinical Studies with 5-Fluorouracil

See related article by Curreri et al., [Cancer Res 1958:18:478–484][1] . Visit the Cancer Research 75th Anniversary [timeline][2]. The 1950s saw the rise of rational drug design to target DNA synthesis in cancer cells. The concept was simple; cancer was replicating uncontrolled compared with
From Funny Features to Entertaining Effects: Connecting Approaches to Political Comedy

This article offers points of intersection and difference across communication research on political comedy. Based on our findings, we argue that political comedy scholarship can be usefully divided into two areas: (1) features and (2) effects. Under features, we find three overlapping but distinct areas of emphasis: political comedy’s rhetorical devices and conventions, its ideological and ethical functions, and its contributions to public culture. Under effects, we construct another four areas, including knowledge and learning, attitudes and opinion, cynicism and engagement, and processing, understanding, and affinity. The essay provides an overview of studies on political comedy’s features and effects, before concluding with five pathways that can bridge these divides and bring conceptual clarity to future research.
Without Peers: A History of Women and Trial by Jury Part One – From the Women's Sphere to Suffrage

This writing will, in two parts, trace the development of Anglo-American law in regard to women and jury service from the early Anglo-Norman jury to the present American system. In this long histor...
Bee Venom Hypersensitivity Update

The following article, by Dr Harry Riches, former member of IBRA Council, elaborates on the lecture given at the Devon Beekeepers' Association/IBRA meeting at Seale-Hayne Agricultural College last year.Dr Harry Riches, currently President of the British Beekeepers' Association, is Senior Consultant Physician at Harefield Hospital, UK. He is the author of many articles on allergy to bee venom, including Hypersensitivity to bee venom, published in Bee World 1982 (IBRA reprint M109 £1.35).
Analysis of the mosquito situation monitor results in 2010 of Mianyang City

obectjve To learn mosquito density and its seasonal decay trend in Mianyang City of Sichuan earthquake area,and to provide the evidence for the prevention and control of mosquito vector-borne diseases.Methods The surveillance sites were set up according to the surveillance project of the vector in the whole country and the 2010 surveillance plan in Mianyang City after earthquake.Da Xi Men district,Train Station district,You Xian district and Gao Shui district had been selected as monitoring points,and the densities of mosquito were investigated by the methods of mosquito lamp method.Results It was observed that average density of mosquito was 1.85 pieces per hour in Mianyang City.Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species,accounting for 83.33%. The mosquito density of cattle shed was higher than other environment and the mosquito density of You Xian district was higher than other district.In July,the mosquito density reach the peak.Conclusion Understood the mosquito density and its seasonal decay trend in Mianyang City of Sichuan earthquake area preliminary,and establish the scientific basis for future prevention and treatment.
Association Between Plasma Genotyping and Outcomes of Treatment With Osimertinib (AZD9291) in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

PurposeThird-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have demonstrated potent activity against TKI resistance mediated by EGFR T790M. We studied whether noninvasive genotyping of cell-free plasma DNA (cfDNA) is a useful biomarker for prediction of outcome from a third-generation EGFR-TKI, osimertinib.MethodsPlasma was collected from all patients in the first-in-man study of osimertinib. Patients who were included had acquired EGFR-TKI resistance and evidence of a common EGFR-sensitizing mutation. Genotyping of cell-free plasma DNA was performed by using BEAMing. Plasma genotyping accuracy was assessed by using tumor genotyping from a central laboratory as reference. Objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed in all T790M-positive or T790M-negative patients.ResultsSensitivity of plasma genotyping for detection of T790M was 70%. Of 58 patients with T790M-negative tumors, T790M was detected in plasma of 18 (31%). ORR and median...
New horizons in research on disc disease.

Summary A superabundance of information regarding the biology of the intervertebral disc is available that permits effective treatment of many patients with spinal disorders. However, a great many patients present perplexing organic problems that cannot currently be explained. The vigor of investigative enterprise along a multiplicity of methodological routes gives reason for optimism about the activities on the horizon, which promise to increase our effectiveness in the management of this difficult group of disorders.
Highlights of the New Neonatal Resuscitation Program Guidelines

In 2015, the neonatal guidelines for resuscitation were published with several new treatment guidelines. Many of these are highlighted in this review. They included changes in the algorithm, timing of cord clamping in the preterm infant, optimizing detection of heart rate after birth, maintaining the premature infant temperature in the delivery room, initiating oxygen use during resuscitation, and using sustained inflation to establish functional residual capacity. In the term infant, changes included management of the nonbreathing infant delivered in the presence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid and consideration for when to continue/discontinue resuscitation in infants with an Apgar score of 0 after 10 minutes of resuscitation.
Evaluation of Intravenous Infusion Systems for Adenosine

Adenosine is used routinely in cardiac perfusion imaging in lieu of exercise stress to enhance coronary blood flow. Since it is a potent drug, intravenous (IV) infusion of adenosine must be carefully controlled to provide optimal pharmacologic effect and minimal adverse effects. There has been particular concern about a sudden increase in adenosine delivery at the time of radiotracer administration which has prompted recommendations for using separate IV infusion sites or double lumen IV catheter sets. To evaluate infusion control, five IV infusion systems were evaluated for their ability to accurately deliver adenosine with co-administration of a radiopharmaceutical, such as thallium-201 (201Tl) into the infusion line. A decrease in adenosine infusion occurred with the Buretrol gravity drip system when201Tl was injected into the infusion line. A temporary, intermittent decrease of adenosine infusion also occurred with the IMED infusion system because of its pumping mechanism. No significant change in adenosine infusion occurred with either the Harvard or Medfusion syringe pumps or with the IVAC infusion pump. No significant increase or bolus effect of adenosine administration occurred with any of the infusion systems.
The Effect of Liquid-Metal Protection Schemes in Inertial Confinement Fusion Reactors

The placement of liquid metals (lithium, lead, and a Pb--Li eutectic Pb/sub 4/Li) between the first wall and the source of neutrons has been considered as a mechanism for extending first wall lifetimes in inertial confinement fusion reactors. This scheme is called the Internal Spectral Shifter and Energy Converter (ISSEC). All three liquid metals have been shown to reduce the radiation damage in the Type 316 stainless-steel structural first wall and thus increase the first wall lifetime. An overall conclusion of the study is that the Pb--Li eutectic ISSEC has better characteristics than both pure lead and lithium ISSECs, and for best results it should be used at thicknesses ranging from 45 to 65 cm.
Effect of carrier lifetime enhancement on the performance of ultra-high voltage 4H-SiC PiN diodes

A long minority carrier lifetime is desirable to improve the on-state performance of ultra-high voltage 4H-SiC bipolar devices. This paper presents a study of lifetime enhancement processes applied to lightly doped, free-standing 4H-SiC substrates. An optimized carbon implantation and annealing process is developed, which resulted in a lifetime of 9.7 µs (increased from 2.1 µs in as-received wafers). PiN diodes were fabricated on these wafers, which show improved on-state performance as compared to diodes fabricated on as-received wafers.
Information as a Tool for Learning

This chapter sets the stage for the rest of the book by providing an overview of theories from information studies and instructional design and development that suggest the key role of information in learning. Reviewing definitions of information from both fields, the chapter shows how the views converge to present information as a network of entities and relationships that is dynamic, complex, multifaceted, and multipurpose. At its core, information consists of facts, concepts, procedures, and metacognitive strategies—the very things that constitute what we learn. Through learning, information is transferred from the environment into human cognitive systems to become the components of our internal knowledge. Drawing on contemporary understandings of learning as an active, self-directed, internal process by which humans make sense of the information we encounter, the chapter explores the parallels between today’s definitions of information and of learning to argue that information itself is our basic tool for authentic learning in the information age and that accessing, evaluating, and using information are the heart of twenty-first-century skills.
On a new hybrid estimator for the central mean space

Existing estimators of the central mean space are known to have uneven performances across different types of link functions. By combining the strength of the ordinary least squares and the principal Hessian directions, the authors propose a new hybrid estimator that successfully recovers the central mean space for a wide range of link functions. Based on the new hybrid estimator, the authors further study the order determination procedure and the marginal coordinate test. The superior performance of the hybrid estimator over existing methods is demonstrated in extensive simulation studies.
2016 Curt Stern Award Address: From Rare to Common Diseases: Translating Genetic Discovery to Therapy1

Receiving the Curt Stern Award and being introduced by my mentor, colleague, and friend Art Beaudet are the greatest honors I could imagine. I attended my first ASHG meeting in 1991, and ASHG is the scientific community in which I grew up. I remember the excitement of discovery at my first meeting because I was a graduate student hot on the trail of cloning the gene for Marfan syndrome, so it is so apt that our ASHG president this year is Hal Dietz, someone whom I have known and admired since that time because of our shared origins in Marfan syndrome.
Theory and Experiments on Robotic Maneuvers

Abstract In this research, a statically-balanced direct-drive manipulator is designed and constructed to achieve improved dynamic behavior for compliance control (Kazerooni, 1986, 1989c, Kazerooni, Waibel and Kim, 1988). The manipulator mechanism, incorporating a four-bar linkage, is designed so that its functional parts are balanced in all positions without the addition of counterweights. The motors are never loaded by gravity. As a result, smaller motors with less torque can be used to achieve higher speed, accuracy, and repeatability in fine manipulation tasks. The robot is powered by high torque AC synchronous motors. The mechanism is comprised of graphite-epoxy and AA7075T6 aluminum materials. The manipulator is controlled by a parallel processor computer.