cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design optimization and performance evaluation of the relaying algorithms, relays and protective systems using advanced testing tools

This paper defines underlying performance quality measures for designing, optimizing, setting and evaluating the protective relaying algorithms and equipment. The paper starts with evaluation of digital measuring algorithms, and gradually introduces the performance indices for the operating principles, relays and protection systems. Multi-objective formal ranking methods based on fuzzy set theory are used to combine diverse measures into composite performance indices enabling evaluating and optimizing various functions of protective equipment.
Mild conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides using halide-based ionic liquids at room temperature.

[reaction--see text] Alcohols were efficiently converted to alkyl halides using 1-n-butyl-3-methylylimidazolium halides (ionic liquids) in the presence of Bronsted acids at room temperature. The alkyl halide products were easily isolated from the reaction mixture via simple decantation or extraction, and the 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation could be recycled for further uses.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage II Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors

Management options for patients who have stage II nonseminomatous germ cell cancer, completely resected at retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), include two cycles of adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy or close surveillance, with chemotherapy reserved for patients who relapse. Both options are associated with cure in an equally high percentage of patients. The choice of options is influenced by the extent of the tumor resected and patient compliance. Surveillance is a strong consideration for patients who have low-volume nodal disease at RPLND because the relapse proportion is 30% or less. In contrast, patients who have high-volume nodal involvement at RPLND have a relapse rate of 50% to 90% with surveillance alone, and adjuvant chemotherapy is the preferable option in this group.
Improving Manufacturing Performance Through Process Change and Knowledge Creation

A model is introduced to guide a profit maximizing firm in its quest to enhance performance through process change. The key benefit sought from process change is a long term increase in effective capacity. However, realizing success from process change is not trivial. First, while process change may increase effective capacity in the long run, the disruptions during implementation typically reduce short term capacity. Second, competitive forces such as decreasing revenue streams and shrinking product life cycles complicate the implementation of process change. Third, while knowledge may enhance the ultimate benefits derived from process change, the correct timing and means of knowledge creation are difficult to discern. Lastly, a variety of trade-offs must be evaluated when selecting the particular process change to pursue. For example, choices range from hardware and software replacements to modification of manufacturing procedures. The model introduced here explicitly considers both the short term loss due to disruption and the long term gain in effective capacity associated with the process change. In addition, investments in the accumulation of knowledge are investigated for their potential to enhance process change effectiveness. Knowledge is generated from investment in preparation and training learning-before-doing and as a by-product of process change learning-by-doing. Analysis of the model provides managerial recommendations for several key decisions relating to process change implementation including: i the selection of an appropriate process change alternative, ii the rate and timing for investment in process change, and iii the rate and timing for investment in preparation and training. New results are reported reflecting the important relationship between process change and knowledge. For example, we show that under certain conditions, a firm should optimally delay investment in process change until sufficient accumulation of knowledge is achieved. More generally, we identify conditions whereby investment in process change occurs at an increasing rate over time. This result is particularly important since it demonstrates a limitation of the existing literature where process change always occurs at a decreasing rate.
Ultrathin Flexible Crystalline Silicon: Microsystems-Enabled Photovoltaics

We present an approach to create ultrathin ( ;15%) and highly flexible photovoltaic (PV) modules should be possible.
Monetary Policy as Financial Stability Regulation

This paper develops a model that speaks to the goals and methods of financialstability policies. There are three main points. First, from a normative perspective, the model defines the fundamental market failure to be addressed, namely that unregulated private money creation can lead to an externality in which intermediaries issue too much short-term debt and leave the system excessively vulnerable to costly financial crises. Second, it shows how in a simple economy where commercial banks are the only lenders, conventional monetary-policy tools such as open-market operations can be used to regulate this externality, while in more advanced economies it may be helpful to supplement monetary policy with other measures. Third, from a positive perspective, the model provides an account of how monetary policy can influence bank lending and real activity, even in a world where prices adjust frictionlessly and there are other transactions media besides bank-created money that are outside the control of the central bank.
A Note on Neglect Defaulting

I introduce the notion of ”neglect defaulting,” which labels the propensity to neglect possibilities which are ordinarily sensibly neglected. In familiar contexts we are well-tuned to recognize when to override the default. But outside the range of familiar experience-here in the artificial context of puzzles-these ordinarily benign defaults can make it difficult for even sophisticated subjects, such as readers of this note, to avoid responses which on reflection will be seen as obviously mistaken. A detail of particular importance is that, although subjects are easily prompted to take one step in the direction of reaching a sound response, the tendency to then neglect to consider that another step may be needed is remarkably strong. In each of the five examples the needed but usually neglected second step is quite trivial. Concluding remarks point to consequences for larger questions outside the range of familiar experience, in politics and other contexts out of scale with everyday experience.
Optimality, identifiability, and sensitivity

Around a solution of an optimization problem, an "identifiable" subset of the feasible region is one containing all nearby solutions after small perturbations to the problem. A quest for only the most essential ingredients of sensitivity analysis leads us to consider identifiable sets that are "minimal". This new notion lays a broad and intuitive variational-analytic foundation for optimality conditions, sensitivity, and active set methods.
Inhomogeneous Lévy Processes in Lie Groups and Homogeneous Spaces

We obtain a representation of an inhomogeneous Levy process in a Lie group or a homogeneous space in terms of a drift, a matrix function and a measure function. Since the stochastic continuity is not assumed, our result generalizes the well-known Levy–Ito representation for stochastic continuous processes with independent increments in ℝd and its extension to Lie groups.
THE SHAPE OF LONG OUTBURSTS IN U GEM TYPE DWARF NOVAE FROM AAVSO DATA

We search the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) archives of the two best studied dwarf novae in an attempt to find light curves for long out bursts that are extremely well-characterized. The systems are U Gem and S8 Cyg. Our goal is to search for embedded precursors such as those that have been found recently in the high fidelity Kepler data for superoutbursts of some members of the 8U UMa subclass of dwarf novae. For the vast majority of AAV80 data, the combination of low data cadence and large errors associated with individual measurements precludes one from making any strong statement about the shape of the long outbursts. However, for a small number of outbursts, extensive long term monitoring with digital photometry yields high fidelity light curves. We report the finding of embedded precursors in two of three candidate long outbursts. This reinforces van Paradijs' finding that long outbursts in dwarf novae above the period gap and superoutbursts in systems below the period gap constitute a unified class. The thermal-tidal instability to account for superoutbursts in the SU UMa stars predicts embedded precursors only for short orbital period dwarf novae, therefore the presence of embedded precursors in long orbital period systems - U Gem and SS Cyg - argues for a more general mechanism to explain long outbursts.
Bootstrapping Lexical Choice via Multiple-Sequence Alignment

An important component of any generation system is the mapping dictionary, a lexicon of elementary semantic expressions and corresponding natural language realizations. Typically, labor-intensive knowledge-based methods are used to construct the dictionary. We instead propose to acquire it automatically via a novel multiple-pass algorithm employing multiple-sequence alignment, a technique commonly used in bioinformatics. Crucially, our method lever-ages latent information contained in multi-parallel corpora --- datasets that supply several verbalizations of the corresponding semantics rather than just one.We used our techniques to generate natural language versions of computer-generated mathematical proofs, with good results on both a per-component and overall-output basis. For example, in evaluations involving a dozen human judges, our system produced output whose readability and faithfulness to the semantic input rivaled that of a traditional generation system.
RETAIL DEMAND FOR GREENHOUSE TOMATOES: DIFFERENTIATED FRESH PRODUCE

Fresh tomatoes are highly differentiated products: greenhouse and on-the-vine tomatoes are the most prominent new kinds of tomatoes. Scanner data were used to estimate a weakly separable, quadratic almost-ideal demand system. Uncompensated elasticities indicate (a) considerable own-price response and (b) substitution of greenhouse and on-the-vine for field-grown tomatoes in several metropolitan areas.
In School and Out of Trouble? The Minimum Dropout Age and Juvenile Crime

This paper examines the relationship between the minimum high school dropout age and juvenile arrest rates by exploiting state-level variation in dropout age laws. County-level arrest data for the period 1980 to 2008 and difference-in-difference-in-difference-type empirical strategy are used to compare the arrest rates over time of various age groups within counties that differ by their state's minimum dropout age. The evidence suggests that minimum dropout age requirements have a significant and negative effect on property and violent crime arrest rates for individuals 16 to 18 years old. The results are consistent with an incapacitation effect of schooling.
Local symmetries in complex networks

Symmetry-invariance to certain operators-is a fundamental concept in many branches of physics. We propose ways to measure symmetric properties of vertices, and their surroundings, in networks. To b ...
The Assignment of Decision Rights in Formal Information Systems

ABSTRACT: Contracting theory presumes an uncontestable report on which to base required payments. We demonstrate the importance of decision rights for this central feature of the theory by examining the optimal assignment of the right to choose from a menu of ex ante identical, but noisy, performance measures. We identify conditions where a principal would strictly prefer to assign these rights to an agent even though the choice is made after the report is realized. What is surprising about the result is that neither individual has a natural advantage in making the choice, and the assignment of rights alleviates problems jointly caused by the agent's risk aversion, the principal's inability to commit to a reporting system, and a measurement system that detects shirking better than working. We also identify conditions for which the principal welcomes a larger menu of performance measures from which the principal or the agent can choose.
Quantum SU(2) faithfully detects mapping class groups modulo center

The Jones-Witten theory gives rise to representations of the (extended) mapping class group of any closed surface Y indexed by a semi-simple Lie group G and a level k. In the case G = SU(2) these representations (denoted VA(Y )) have a particularly simple description in terms of the Kauffman skein modules with parameter A a primitive 4r th
A Positive mass theorem for spaces with asymptotic SUSY compactification

We prove a positive mass theorem for spaces which asymptotically approach a flat Euclidean space times a Calabi-Yau manifold (or any special honolomy manifold except the quaternionic Kahler). This is motivated by the very recent work of Hertog-Horowitz-Maeda [HHM].
New technologies in electron spin resonance.

New electron spin resonance (ESR) technologies have been developed, which have led to new and improved applications. (a) The development of two-dimensional Fourier transform (FT) ESR required spectrometers providing intense π/2 microwave pulses of very short (3–5 ns) duration, wide bandwidths, and very short dead times. It has enabled studies that resolve sophisticated details of molecular dynamics in complex fluids. (b) Methods that produce multiple quantum coherences by pulsed ESR now enable accurate measurements of large distances (>12A). (c) One of the most important advances has been the extension of ESR to high magnetic fields and high frequencies. This has benefited from the utilization of quasi-optical methods, especially above 150 GHz. The greatly improved orientational resolution and the faster “snapshot” of motions that are provided by ESR at high frequencies enhance studies of molecular dynamics. The use of both high and lower frequencies enables one to unravel faster and slower modes from the...
Retailer-Driven Product Bundling in a Distribution Channel

This paper studies product bundling in a distribution channel where a downstream retailer combines component goods produced by separate manufacturers acting independently. Past literature offers deep insights about bundling by a single firm whose unit costs are not impacted by choice of selling strategy. But when the retailer bundles goods from separate manufacturers, unit costs for the bundler (retailer) are, being the prices set by the manufacturers, no longer exogenous. This alters the economic balance with respect to bundling. I show that channel conflicts weaken the case for bundling. Although bundling is better than component selling for the integrated firm, it is no longer so in the decentralized channel. The culprit is a combination of vertical channel conflict (incentive misalignment with respect to bundle versus component sales) and horizontal conflict (each manufacturer wants a higher share of profits from bundle sales), with the latter playing a dominant role. They cause manufacturers to overprice component goods, weakening the retailer's incentives to bundle. The competitive interplay between firms when one (retailer) merges the prices of several (manufacturers) leads to lower profits for all. Price coordination between the firms could partially restore the role of bundling and improve the firms' profits as well as consumer surplus.
Exact analytic solution of the envelope equations for a matched quadrupole-focused beam in the low space charge limit

The Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij equations describe the evolution of the beam envelopes in a periodic system of quadrupole focusing cells and are widely used to help predict the performance of such systems. Being nonlinear, they are usually solved by numerical integration. There have been numerous papers describing approximate solutions with varying degrees of accuracy. We have found an exact solution for a matched beam in the limit of zero space charge. The model is FODO with a full occupancy, piecewise-constant focusing function. Our explicit result for the envelope a(z) is exact for phase advances up to 180deg and all other values except multiples of 180deg. The peak envelope size is minimized at 90deg. The higher stable bands require large, very accurate, field strengths while producing significantly larger envelope excursions.
Low-frequency noise and radiation response of buried oxides in SOI nMOS transistors

The back channel low-frequency noise of 1.2 /spl mu/m/spl times/2.3 /spl mu/m SOI nMOS transistors with a buried oxide thickness of 170 nm was measured as a function of frequency, back gate bias V/sub bg/ and temperature T. For a temperature range of 85/spl les/T/spl les/320 K, noise measurements were performed at frequencies of 0.3/spl les/f/spl les/1 kHz with top gate bias V/sub bg/=0 V and V/sub bg/-V/sub bg-th/=4 V, where V/sub bg-th/ is the back gate threshold voltage. The temperature and frequency dependences of the 1/f noise of back channel SOI nMOS transistors show thermally activated charge exchange between the Si channel and defects in the buried oxide. Comparison is made with the Dutta and Horn model of 1/f noise. Devices on one particular wafer appear to show a mixture of 1/f noise and noise with a higher frequency exponent at low temperatures. Little change is observed in back gate noise with irradiation for the devices and irradiation conditions studied. This is probably due to large preirradiation defect densities in the buried oxides.
Structure of Nanocrystalline Materials with Intrinsic Disorder from Atomic Pair Distribution Function Analysis: The Intercalation Compound AgxMoS2

The full three-dimensional structure of Ag-intercalated molybdenum disulfide has been experimentally determined. The atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis technique has been employed because of the very limited structural coherence in this nanocrystalline material. We found that at the atomic scale, this compound can be well-described as an assembly of anionic MoS2 slabs encapsulating the Ag+ ions. Silver is found in an almost linear coordination of two sulfur atoms at 2.41 and 2.46 A. The molybdenum atoms engage in strong metal−metal bonding giving rise to Mo−Mo zigzag chains within the MoS2 slabs. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of PDF technique in determining the structure of poorly diffracting, heavily disordered, and nanocrystalline materials. The new structural information obtained for AgxMoS2 could not have been obtained by any other currently available technique.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Sarcodictyins.

A new class of potential antitumor agents with a taxol-like mechanism of action is presented by the sarcodictyins 1. Modification of the reported syntheses of sarcodictyins permitted the preparation of additional derivatives, the biological properties of which are highly dependent upon the structure.
Measurement of the stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering instability

The first clear experimental demonstration, to our knowledge, is reported of large amplification of small-scale spatial perturbations by stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering of a cw laser beam propagating through an absorbing medium in a context normally associated with thermal blooming. A single-mode argon-ion laser beam with λ = 488 nm was propagated vertically downward through a 1.2-m cell filled with CCl4 that was doped with an absorber to have optical depths in the range 0.5–2.3. A shear-plate interferometer near the cell input generated the perturbation. Fringe growth was rapid and visually obvious, as was competing growth from dust specks, etc. The measured growth rate is in good agreement with the asymptotic rate from analytic stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering theory.
Best-order streaming model

We study a new model of computation, called best-order stream, for graph problems. Roughly, it is a proof system where a space-limited verifier has to verify a proof sequentially (i.e., it reads the proof as a stream). Moreover, the proof itself is just a specific ordering of the input data. This model is closely related to many models of computation in other areas such as data streams, communication complexity, and proof checking, and could be used in applications such as cloud computing. In this paper we focus on graph problems where the input is a sequence of edges. We show that even under this model, checking some basic graph properties deterministically requires linear space in the number of nodes. We also show that, in contrast with this, randomized verifiers are powerful enough to check many graph properties in polylogarithmic space.
Invariant Manifolds and Their Zero-Viscosity Limits for Navier-Stokes Equations

First we prove a general spectral theorem for the linear Navier- Stokes (NS) operator in both 2D and 3D. The spectral theorem says that the spectrum consists of only eigenvalues which lie in a parabolic region, and the eigenfunctions (and higher order eigenfunctions) form a complete basis in H ' (' = 0,1,2,···). Then we prove the existence of invariant manifolds. We are also interested in a more challenging problem, i.e. studying the zero-viscosity limits ( ! 0 + ) of the invariant manifolds. Under an assumption, we can show that the sizes of the unstable manifold and the center-stable manifold of a steady state are O( p ), while the sizes of the stable manifold, the center manifold, and the center-unstable manifold are O( ), as ! 0+. Finally, we study three examples. The first example is defined on a rectangular periodic domain, and has only one unstable eigenvalue which is real. A complete esti- mate on this eigenvalue is obtained. Existence of an 1D unstable manifold and a codim 1 stable manifold is proved without any assumption. For the other two examples, partial estimates on the eigenvalues are obtained.
Good deflation/bad deflation and Japanese economic recovery

Many economists dismiss the role of positive supply shocks as a cause of Japan’s deflation. Indeed, they sometimes attribute the long delay in Japan’s recovery to the mistaken view that Japan’s deflation reflects an acceleration of technological progress. Whatever the current situation in Japan, however, economic history certainly suggests that technological progress can go hand in hand with general deflation. Conducting a VAR analysis using very detailed information about the components of Japan’s consumer price index, this paper finds that short-run shocks to Japan’s relative price structure persist in the long run. Given this finding, it is possible to conclude that such shocks are real in origin and reflect technological change. As no effort has yet been completed to show the full extent to which technological change is driving short-run relative price change in Japan compared with other factors, and the full extent to which relative price changes are driving aggregate price change compared with other factors, the policy implications of these findings are unclear. What is clear is that it is a mistake to dismiss out of hand the possibility that technological shocks are playing an important role among other forces in Japan’s current deflation.
A Political Economic Analysis of U.S. Rice Export Programs to Japan and South Korea: A Game-Theoretic Approach

The Uruguay Round Agreement on agriculture (UR) has contributed to the increase in U.S. and world rice trade since 1994. Despite this, the Japanese and Korean rice markets continue to be characterized by high levels of trade intervention. This paper attempts to analyze both import markets incorporating econometric estimates and public choice theory in a game theoretic framework. Various scenarios are analyzed. The results show that the overall Nash equilibrium occurs with a 4% tariff reduction for Japan and Korea under the U.S. Market Development Program, which includes the Market Access Program and Foreign Market Development Program.
Why Doesn't Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries? An Empirical Investigation

We examine the empirical role of difierent explanations for the lack of ∞ows of capital from rich to poor countries|the \Lucas Paradox." The theoretical explanations include difierences in fundamentals across countries and capital market imperfections. We show that during 1970i2000 low institutional quality is the leading explanation. For example, improving Peru’s institutional quality to Australia’s level, implies a quadrupling of foreign investment. Recent studies emphasize the role of institutions for achieving higher levels of income, but remain silent on the speciflc mechanisms. Our results indicate that foreign investment might be a channel through which institutions afiect long-run development.
Predictions of Energy and Helicity in Four Major Eruptive Solar Flares

In order to better understand the solar genesis of interplanetary magnetic clouds (MCs), we model the magnetic and topological properties of four large eruptive solar flares and relate them to observations. We use the three-dimensional Minimum Current Corona model (Longcope, 1996, Solar Phys. 169, 91) and observations of pre-flare photospheric magnetic field and flare ribbons to derive values of reconnected magnetic flux, flare energy, flux rope helicity, and orientation of the flux-rope poloidal field. We compare model predictions of those quantities to flare and MC observations, and within the estimated uncertainties of the methods used find the following: The predicted model reconnection fluxes are equal to or lower than the reconnection fluxes inferred from the observed ribbon motions. Both observed and model reconnection fluxes match the MC poloidal fluxes. The predicted flux-rope helicities match the MC helicities. The predicted free energies lie between the observed energies and the estimated total flare luminosities. The direction of the leading edge of the MC’s poloidal field is aligned with the poloidal field of the flux rope in the AR rather than the global dipole field. These findings compel us to believe that magnetic clouds associated with these four solar flares are formed by low-corona magnetic reconnection during the eruption, rather than eruption of pre-existing structures in the corona or formation in the upper corona with participation of the global magnetic field. We also note that since all four flares occurred in active regions without significant pre-flare flux emergence and cancelation, the energy and helicity that we find are stored by shearing and rotating motions, which are sufficient to account for the observed radiative flare energy and MC helicity.
Evolving keepaway soccer players through task decomposition

In some complex control tasks, learning a direct mapping from an agent's sensors to its actuators is very difficult. For such tasks, decomposing the problem into more manageable components can make learning feasible. In this paper, we provide a task decomposition, in the form of a decision tree, for one such task. We investigate two different methods of learning the resulting subtasks. The first approach, layered learning, trains each component sequentially in its own training environment, aggressively constraining the search. The second approach, coevolution, learns all the subtasks simultaneously from the same experiences and puts few restrictions on the learning algorithm. We empirically compare these two training methodologies using neuro-evolution, a machine learning algorithm that evolves neural networks. Our experiments, conducted in the domain of simulated robotic soccer keepaway, indicate that neuro-evolution can learn effective behaviors and that the less constrained coevolutionary approach outperforms the sequential approach. These results provide new evidence of coevolution's utility and suggest that solution spaces should not be over-constrained when supplementing the learning of complex tasks with human knowledge.
Précis of Action In Perception

The main idea of this book is that perceiving is a way of acting. Perception is not something that happens to us, or in us. It is something we do. Think of a blind person taptapping his or her way around a cluttered space, perceiving that space by touch, not all at once, but through time, by skillful probing and movement. This is, or at least ought to be, our paradigm of what perceiving is. The world makes itself available to the perceiver through physical movement and interaction. In this book I argue that all perception is touch-like in this way: perceptual experience acquires content thanks to our possession of bodily skills. What we perceive is determined by what we do (or what we know how to do); it is determined by what we are ready to do. In ways I try to make precise, we enact our perceptual experience; we act it out.
A Comparison of Alternative Approaches to Sup-Norm Goodness of Fit Tests with Estimated Parameters

Goodness of fit tests based on sup-norm statistics of empirical processes have nonstandard limiting distributions when the null hypothesis is composite — that is, when parameters of the null model are estimated. Several solutions to this problem have been suggested, including the calculation of adjusted critical values for these nonstandard distributions and the transformation of the empirical process such that statistics based on the transformed process are asymptotically distribution-free. The approximation methods proposed by Durbin (1985) can be applied to compute appropriate critical values for tests based on sup-norm statistics. The resulting tests have quite accurate size, a fact which has gone unrecognized in the econometrics literature. Some justification for this accuracy lies in the similar features that Durbin’s approximation methods share with the theory of extrema for Gaussian random fields and for Gauss-Markov processes. These adjustment techniques are also related to the transformation methodology proposed by Khmaladze (1981) through the score function of the parametric model. Monte Carlo experiments suggest that these two testing strategies are roughly comparable to one another and more powerful than a simple bootstrap procedure.
Analyzing Scrip Systems.

Scrip systems provide a nonmonetary trade economy for exchange of resources. We model a scrip system as a stochastic game and study system design issues on selection rules to match potential trade partners over time. We show the optimality of one particular rule in terms of maximizing social welfare for a given scrip system that guarantees players' incentives to participate. We also investigate the optimal number of scrips to issue under this rule. In particular, if the time discount factor is close enough to one, or trade benefits one partner much more than it costs the other, the maximum social welfare is always achieved no matter how many scrips are in the system. When the benefit of trade and time discount are not sufficiently large, on the other hand, injecting more scrips in the system hurts most participants; as a result, there is an upper bound on the number of scrips allowed in the system, above which some players may default. We show that this upper bound increases with the discount factor as we...
Equivalence of LP Relaxation and Max-Product for Weighted Matching in General Graphs

Max-product belief propagation is a local, iterative algorithm find the mode/MAP estimate of a probability distribution. While it has been successfully employed in a wide variety of applications, there are relatively few theoretical guarantees of convergence and correctness for general loopy graphs that may have many short cycles. Of these, even fewer provide exact "necessary and sufficient" characterizations. In this paper we investigate the problem of using max-product to find the maximum weight matching in an arbitrary graph with edge weights. This is done by first constructing a probability distribution whose mode corresponds to the optimal matching, and then running max-product. Weighted matching can also be posed as an integer program, for which there is an LP relaxation. This relaxation is not always tight. In this paper we show that 1) If the LP relaxation is tight, then max-product always converges, and that too to the correct answer. 2) If the LP relaxation is loose, then max-product does not converge. This provides an exact, data-dependent characterization of max-product performance, and a precise connection to LP relaxation, which is a well-studied optimization technique. Also, since LP relaxation is known to be tight for bipartite graphs, our results generalize other recent results on using max-product to find weighted matching in bipartite graphs.
Fly ash recycle in dry scrubbing

The paper describes effects of fly ash recycle in dry scrubbing. Previous workers have shown that the recycle of product solids improves the utilization of slaked lime--Ca(OH)/sub 2/--for SO/sub 2/ removal by spray dryers with bag filters. In laboratory-scale experiments with a packed-bed reactor, utilization was increased several-fold when the Ca(OH)/sub 2/ was first slurried with one of several different fly ashes. The enhancement increased with the higher loading of fly ash--g fly ash/g Ca(OH)/sub 2/. Much higher Ca(OH)/sub 2/ utilization was achieved when silicic acid was used instead of fly ash. Scanning electron microscopy supports the explanation that Ca(OH)/sub 2/ and silica dissolve and reprecipitate as a more reactive calcium silicate. Other major constituents of fly ash have less or no effect at all on Ca(OH)/sub 2/ utilization. The amount of calcium in the fly ash did not affect the overall SO/sub 2/ removal after Ca(OH)/sub 2/ was added. Slurrying for longer than 2 hours at higher than 60/sup 0/C can improve the utilization of Ca(OH)/sub 2/ slurried with fly ash.
Cross-coupling and dehalogenation reactions catalyzed by (N-heterocyclic carbene)Pd(allyl)Cl complexes.

A series of well-defined, air- and moisture-stable (NHC)Pd(allyl)Cl (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) complexes has been used in several catalytic reactions: Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling, catalytic dehalogenation of aryl halides, and aryl amination. The scope of the three processes using various substrates was examined. A general system involving the use of (IPr)Pd(allyl)Cl as catalyst and NaOtBu as base has proven to be highly active for the Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling of activated and unactivated aryl chlorides and bromides, for the catalytic dehalogenation of aryl chlorides, and for the catalytic aryl amination of aryl triflates. All reactions proceed in short reaction times and at mild temperatures. The system has also proven to be compatible with the microwave-assisted Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling and catalytic dehalogenation processes, affording yields similar to those of the conventionally heated analogous reactions.
Topological Map Merging

When multiple robots cooperatively explore an environment, maps from individual robots must be merged to produce a single globally consistent map. This is a challenging problem when the robots do not have a common reference frame or global positioning. In this paper, we describe an algorithm for merging embedded topological maps. Topological maps provide a concise description of the navigability of an environment, and, with measurements easily collected during exploration, the vertices of the map can be embedded in a metric space. Our algorithm uses both the structure and the geometry of topological maps to determine the best correspondence between maps with single or multiple overlapping regions. Experiments with simulated and real-world data demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithm.
Photoswitchable enediynes: use of cyclopropenone as photocleavable masking group for the enediyne triple bond

Cyclopropenone 1, 2,3-benzobicyclo[8.1.0]undec-1(10)-en-4-yn-11-one, is a thermally stable compound showing no signs of decomposition after heating at 84 °C for 7 d, UV irradiation of which results in an efficient (Φ300 = 0.45) and quantitative formation of benzannelated enediyne 2, which undergoes Bergman cyclization at the above temperature.
Focus on Formative Feedback

This article reviews the corpus of research on feedback, with a focus on formative feedback—defined as information communicated to the learner that is intended to modify his or her thinking or behavior to improve learning. According to researchers, formative feedback should be nonevaluative, supportive, timely, and specific. Formative feedback is usually presented as information to a learner in response to some action on the learner’s part. It comes in a variety of types (e.g., verification of response accuracy, explanation of the correct answer, hints, worked examples) and can be administered at various times during the learning process (e.g., immediately following an answer, after some time has elapsed). Finally, several variables have been shown to interact with formative feedback’s success at promoting learning (e.g., individual characteristics of the learner and aspects of the task). All of these issues are discussed. This review concludes with guidelines for generating formative feedback.
A Meshless Method for Modeling Convective Heat Transfer

A meshless method is used in a projection-based approach to solve the primitive equations for fluid flow with heat transfer. The method is easy to implement in a matlab format. Radial basis functions are used to solve two benchmark test cases: natural convection in a square enclosure and flow with forced convection over a backward facing step. The results are compared with two popular and widely used commercial codes: comsol, a finite element-based model, and fluent, a finite volume-based model.
Discrete nonparametric algorithms for outlier detection with genomic data

In high-throughput studies involving genetic data such as from gene expression microarrays, differential expression analysis between two or more experimental conditions has been a very common analytical task. Much of the resulting literature on multiple comparisons has paid relatively little attention to the choice of test statistic. In this article, we focus on the issue of choice of test statistic based on a special pattern of differential expression. The approach here is based on recasting multiple-comparison procedures for assessing outlying expression values. A major complication is that the resulting p values are discrete; some theoretical properties of sequential testing procedures in this context are explored. We propose the use of q value estimation procedures in this setting. Data from a gene expression profiling experiment in prostate cancer are used to illustrate the methodology.
Exact solutions to some minimum-time problems and their behavior near inequality state constraints

A heuristic method for generating exact solutions to certain minimum-time problems with inequality state constraints is used to generate solutions to a class of path-planning problems. It is observed that, when the state constraint function has a continuous second derivative, the constraint does not become active for any continuous-time period. Instead, the solution bumps up against the constraint repeatedly at isolated points. The solution method offers some insight into this behavior. It is shown that such a state constraint can become active for a continuous-time period only if the solution path satisfies an overdetermined system of equations. It is argued that the phenomenon is general and will arise in many different optimization problems. >
Productiveness and welfare implications of public infrastructure: a dynamic two-sector general equilibrium analysis

Abstract This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model that provides an internally consistent micro-foundations framework where various effects of infrastructure policy changes can be studied. Devoting additional resources to infrastructure investment can payoff in terms of sizable increases in GDP and private investment. In addition to this, the model also makes predictions concerning changes in the welfare of agents resulting from additional infrastructure investment. Specific policy recommendations that attain highest welfare gains are computed. The recommendation is that on average an additional 4% of GDP per year should be devoted to public investment in the Latin American countries in the sample.
How did the hydrologic cycle respond to the two-phase mystery interval?

Abstract Lake Estancia's transition from a Big Dry episode during the first half of the Mystery Interval to a Big Wet episode during the second half has equivalents in records from across the planet. At the time of this transition, Chinese monsoons experienced pronounced weakening, closed-basin lakes in both the Great Basin of the western United States and in the southern Altiplano of South America underwent a major expansion, mountain glaciers in Southern Hemisphere middle latitudes had retreated, and the rates of increase of CO2 and of δ18O in Antarctic ice underwent a decrease. Finally, the precipitous drop in dust rain over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean terminated as did a similar drop in the 13C to 12C ratio in atmospheric CO2. These changes are consistent with a southward shift of the thermal equator. The cause of such a shift is thought to be an expansion of sea ice caused by a shutdown in deep water production in the northern Atlantic. This creates a dilemma because a similar southward shift is an expected consequence of the Heinrich event #1 which initiated the Mystery Interval.
On Sojourn Times in the M / M /1-PS Model, Conditioned on the Number of Other Users

We consider the M/M/1 queue with processor sharing. We study the conditional sojourn time distribution of an arriving customer, conditioned on the number of other customers present. A new formula is obtained for the conditional sojourn time distribution, using a discrete Green’s function. This is shown to be equivalent to some classic results of Pollaczek and Vaulot from 1946. Then various asymptotic limits are studied, including large time and/or large number of customers present, and heavy traffic, where the arrival rate is only slightly less than the service rate.
Folding Under Pressure or Rising to the Occasion? Perceived Time Pressure and the Moderating Role of Team Temporal Leadership

"Team temporal leadership" orients teams toward managing the time-related aspects of their work. We examine how perceived time pressure affects team processes and subsequent performance under weak versus strong team temporal leadership. The results of our field study of 111 project teams show that the mediated relationship between perceived time pressure and team performance is non-linear. Moreover, this non-linear mediated relationship is moderated by team temporal leadership such that, under strong team temporal leadership, the indirect effect of perceived time pressure on team performance is mostly positive, while, under conditions of weak team temporal leadership, the indirect effect is positive at low levels of perceived time pressure and negative at intermediate to high levels. Implications for current and future time pressure research are also discussed
The Donation Registry

Author(s): Cooter, Robert D. | Abstract: To redistribute income, charitable giving must supplement progressibe taxes. One person can sometimes observe another's donations to specific charities, but one person cannot observe another's total donations to all charities. Consequently, people do not have enough information to know whether each person is doing his fair share of charitable giving. In these circumstances, the social norm concerning how much people ought to give remains inchoate and redistribution is deficient. To remedy this problem, I propose various means to publicize donations, ultimately leading to a donation registry.
Influences of small differences in ballistic coefficient on satellite station keeping

Abstract : This note presents the results of an investigation on the drift distance between two satellites caused by a small difference in ballistic coefficient which might be due to differences in weight, frontal area, geometry, and surface roughness. Other perturbing mechanisms, such as the earth's oblateness, variation of earth's gravity field, the gravity effects of the sun and moon, and magnetic field have secondary effects which apply almost equally to each satellite and will therefore be neglected. The present analysis is also limited to circular orbits at altitudes less than 400 mi where atmospheric drag has the dominating effect on orbit decay, and where the effects of solar radiation pressure are also negligible.
Collaboration in sensor network research: an in-depth longitudinal analysis of assortative mixing patterns

Many investigations of scientific collaboration are based on statistical analyses of large networks constructed from bibliographic repositories. These investigations often rely on a wealth of bibliographic data, but very little or no other information about the individuals in the network, and thus, fail to illustrate the broader social and academic landscape in which collaboration takes place. In this article, we perform an in-depth longitudinal analysis of a relatively small network of scientific collaboration (N = 291) constructed from the bibliographic record of a research centerin the development and application of wireless and sensor network technologies. We perform a preliminary analysis of selected structural properties of the network, computing its range, configuration and topology. We then support our preliminary statistical analysis with an in-depth temporal investigation of the assortative mixing of selected node characteristics, unveiling the researchers’ propensity to collaborate preferentially with others with a similar academic profile. Our qualitative analysis of mixing patterns offers clues as to the nature of the scientific community being modeled in relation to its organizational, disciplinary, institutional, and international arrangements of collaboration.
Market-Based Emissions Regulation and Industry Dynamics

We assess the static and dynamic implications of alternative market-based policies limiting greenhouse gas emissions in the US cement industry. Our results highlight two countervailing market distortions. First, emissions regulation exacerbates distortions associated with the exercise of market power in the domestic cement market. Second, emissions “leakage” in trade-exposed markets offsets domestic emissions reductions. Taken together, these forces can result in social welfare losses under policy regimes that fully internalize the emissions externality. Market-based policies that incorporate design features to mitigate the exercise of market power and emissions leakage deliver welfare gains when damages from carbon emissions are high.
Pattern Avoidance in Ordered Set Partitions

In this paper we consider the enumeration of ordered set partitions avoiding a permutation pattern of length 2 or 3. We provide an exact enumeration for avoiding the permutation 12. We also give exact enumeration for ordered partitions with 3 blocks and ordered partitions with n−1 blocks avoiding a permutation of length 3. We use enumeration schemes to recursively enumerate 123-avoiding ordered partitions with any block sizes. Finally, we give some asymptotic results for the growth rates of the number of ordered set partitions avoiding a single pattern; including a Stanley-Wilf type result that exhibits existence of such growth rates.