cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
d- chiro-Inositol is absorbed but not synthesised in rodents.

d-chiro-inositol (DCI) and pinitol (1d-3-O-methyl-chiro-inositol) are distinctive inositols reported to possess insulin-mimetic properties. DCI-containing compounds are abundant in common laboratory animal feed. By GC–MS of 6 m-HCl hydrolysates, Purina Laboratory Rodent Diet 5001 (diet 5001) contained 0·23 % total DCI by weight with most found in the lucerne and soya meal components. In contrast, only traces of l-chiro-inositol were observed. The DCI moiety was present in a water-soluble non-ionic form of which most was shown to be pinitol. To measure the absorption of dietary inositols, rats were fed diet 5001 in a balance study or given purified pinitol or [2H6]DCI. More than 98 % of the total DCI fed to rats as diet 5001, purified pinitol or [2H6]DCI was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Rats chronically on diet 5001 consumed 921 μmol total DCI/kg body weight per d but excreted less than 5·3 % in the stools and urine, suggesting that the bulk was metabolised. The levels of pinitol or DCI in plasma, stools or urine remained relatively stable in mice fed Purina PicoLab® Rodent Diet 20 5053 over a 5-week period, whereas these values declined to very low levels in mice fed a pinitol/DCI-deficient chemically defined diet. To test whether DCI was synthesised or converted from myo-inositol, mice were treated with heavy water or [2H6]myo-inositol. DCI was neither synthesised endogenously from 2H-labelled water nor converted from [2H6]myo-inositol. DCI and pinitol in rodents appear to be derived solely from the diet.
Robots can teach people how to move their arm

Describes a new theoretical framework for robot-aided training of arm movements. This framework is based on recent studies of motor adaptation in human subjects and on general considerations about adaptive control of artificial and biological systems. The authors propose to take advantage of the adaptive processes through which subjects, when exposed to a perturbing field, develop an internal model of the field as a relation between experienced limb states and forces. The problem of teaching new movements is then reduced to the problem of designing force fields capable of inducing the desired movements as after-effects of the adaptation triggered by prolonged exposure to the fields. This approach is an alternative to more standard training methods based on the explicit specification of the desired movement to the learner. Unlike these methods, the adaptive process does not require explicit awareness of the desired movement as adaptation is uniquely concerned with restoring a preexisting kinematic pattern after a change in dynamical environment.
Application of Data Envelopment Analysis to Evaluate Farm Resource Management of Nigerian Farmers

The present study applied the cost approach constant returns to scale and variable returns to scale data envelopment analysis models to evaluate farm resource management of Nigerian farmers using 393 rural farmers in Benue State. Scale efficiency among the respondents varied substantially ranging between 0.002 and 1.00, with a mean scale efficiency of 0.70. The study showed that some of the decision-making units have scale inef ficiency, suggesting that the decision-making units are not all operating at the optimal scale. Most of the respondents operated very far away from the efficiency frontier. The overall technical inefficiency among the respondents resulted more by scale inef ficiency compared to pure technical inefficiency. Allocative inefficiency is worse than technical inef ficiency, implying that the low level of overall economic efficiency is the result of higher cost (allocative) inef ficiency and scale inefficiency (operating at less than optimal scale size). Solving allocation and scale problems is critical for improving farm resource use ef ficiency of Nigerian farmers.
Control of phosphate transport in flounder renal proximal tubule primary cultures

Unidirectional mucosal-to-serosal (Jm----s) and serosal-to-mucosal (Js----m) transepithelial phosphate fluxes across monolayers of flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) renal proximal tubule cells in primary culture were examined for effects of diacylglycerols, phorbol ester, A23187, forskolin, and extracellular phosphate availability. Tissues were cultured on floating collagen rafts and studied short circuited in Ussing chambers. Transepithelial electrical properties were continuously monitored and were unaffected by any of the treatments compared with paired controls. Under usual conditions (phosphate = 0.4 mM) tissues invariably displayed net phosphate reabsorption [Js----m = 2.3 +/- 0.52; Jm----a = 7.1 +/- 1.77; Jnet = 4.9 +/- 1.45 (SE) nmol.cm-2.h-1]. Acute elevation of bath phosphate concentration above 0.5 mM stimulated net secretion. Exposure to 100 microM 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycerol stimulated net phosphate secretion within 30 min, the result of a fivefold increase in Js----m. Phorbol-12,13-didecanoate stimulated net phosphate secretion by increasing Js----m and decreasing Jm----s. The inactive diacylglycerol, 1,3-didecanoyl-rac-glycerol (100 microM), had no effect on phosphate fluxes. A23187 stimulated net phosphate secretion; Jm----s was reduced almost fourfold while Js----m was increased threefold. Forskolin (10 microM) stimulated net reabsorption more than threefold after a long latency (2 h). These data indicate that renal phosphate secretion and reabsorption may be regulated by several putative intracellular messengers. In addition, extracellular phosphate availability may modulate renal phosphate handling.
Contingent Workers Will Not Benefit from Union Representation

This article considers the role of temp workers in the U.S. workforce and, in particular, the effect federal workplace regulations that increase the cost of labor and that favor organized labor have on firms' desire to hire temp workers.
Experimental Comparison of Axial Turbine Performance Under Pulsed-Air and Pulsed-Detonation Flows

A series of experiments are conducted to compare the effects of pulse parameters on the performance of an axial turbine under both cold pulsed-air flow and combusting pulseddetonation flow. A previously generated steady flow turbine map is used as a basis for comparison to the pulsed flow results. High frequency response probes are implemented to obtain time-resolved thermodynamic quantities across the turbine stage. The entire operating range was mapped for four frequencies under pulsed air flow and compared using multiple averaging approaches and five formulations of efficiency. Portions of the map were retraced with detonating flow in an attempt to reproduce similar performance behavior. Turbine efficiency was found to be a strong function of corrected flow rate, though the corrected flows for detonating operation were insufficient to reproduce trends exhibited by the pulsed air cases.
Synthetic Studies on the Bis-Anthraquinoid Core of the Angelimicins

Bidirectional Hauser and Michael–Dieckmann annulation strategies for the preparation of bis-anthraquinoid framework of the angelimicin family of natural products are explored, using cyclohex-2-enone and biphenyl Michael donors, which are prepared from 1,2,5-trimethoxy-3-methylbenzene. The Hauser annulations are not productive, but the Michael–Dieckmann reactions proceed in 40% yield. Attempts to aromatize these biphenyl cycloadducts proved unsuccessful. This result differs from the success reported in another study of the same reaction. In contrast, aromatization of the related monomeric Michael–Dieckmann cycloadduct proceeds smoothly.
Relationship of Inflammatory Degree and Insulin Function in Children with Critically Ill

Objective To explore the relationship between the inflammatory reaction and insulin function in children with critically ill.Me-thods Ninty-six children with critical disease in Oct.2003 to Oct.2006 were enrolled in the study.Blood sugar,plasma insulin,C-peptide,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,C reactive protein(CRP)were measured in the peak period and convalescence.Results Blood sugar and plasma levels of insulin,C-peptide,TNF-α,CRP were significantly higher in the peak period than those in the convalescence(Pa0.01).And there were correlations between the concentration of TNF-α,CRP and the insulin-sensitivity index.Conclusion Insulin resistance can be found during the peak period of critical diseases,and insulin function may be correlated inversely with inflammatory reaction.
Predictors of cognitive and physical fatigue in post-acute mild–moderate traumatic brain injury

Post-traumatic fatigue (PTF) is a common, disabling, and often chronic symptom following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Yet, the impact of chronic cognitive and physical fatigue and their associations with psychiatric, sleep, cognitive, and psychosocial sequelae in mild-moderate TBI remain poorly understood. Sixty Veterans with a history of mild-moderate TBI and 40 Veteran controls (VC) were administered the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, a validated measure of TBI-related cognitive and physical fatigue as well as measures of neuropsychiatric, psychosocial, sleep, and objective cognitive functioning. Compared to VC, TBI Veterans endorsed significantly greater levels of cognitive and physical fatigue. In TBI, psychiatric symptoms, sleep disturbance, and post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) were associated with both cognitive and physical fatigue, while loss of consciousness (LOC) and poor attention/processing speed were related to elevations in cognitive fatigue only. In regression analyses, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and LOC significantly predicted cognitive fatigue, while only post-traumatic stress symptoms and PTA contributed to physical fatigue. Cognitive and physical fatigue are problematic symptoms following mild-moderate TBI that are differentially associated with specific injury and psychiatric sequelae. Findings provide potential symptom targets for interventions aimed at ameliorating fatigue, and further underscore the importance of assessing and treating fatigue as a multi-dimensional symptom following TBI.
Negotiation Strategies under Sigmoid Preferences

The diminishing returns concept undergirds many economic theories and has led to the common assumption of concave preferences in the negotiation literature. Realizing that in practice negotiating parties are often confronted with very steep disagreements, negotiation researchers have investigated the impact of convex preferences on compromise and logrolling bargaining strategies. This article extends the previous work to the case of sigmoid preferences and examines the resulting possible shapes of the efficient frontier curve in two-party multi-issue negotiations. The implications for compromise and logrolling negotiation strategies are discussed.
Calorie Restriction and Aging

Abstract SCI-2 A prominent manifestation of aging is a reduced ability to respond to environmental stressors, including heat and oxidative stress. Reduced stress tolerance and decreased ability to maintain homeostasis are at least partially responsible for the increased morbidity and mortality that occurs with advancing age. The age-related attenuation of stress pathways and increased expression of stress-response genes with aging are examples of the growing body of evidence linking reduced stress responsiveness to aging. In 1935, McCay and colleagues first reported that reducing the caloric intake of rodents could significantly lengthen their mean and maximal life span, slowing down basic aging processes. The effect of calorie restriction (CR) on delaying aging has been replicated in many animal species including nonhuman primates, although in these, potential life span alterations cannot be ascertained for several more years due to their longevity CR causes a reduction in body weight, tissue growth, blood glucose, insulin levels and body temperature. In addition, CR prevents the age-related decline in tolerance to different stressors such as oxidative and heat, and the age-related reduction in expression of protective heat shock and oxidative stress proteins. While CR is the only intervention that has consistently been shown to increase maximum life span and prevent or delay the onset of age-associated pathophysiological changes in laboratory rodents, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Using calorie restriction (CR) as their benchmark research tool, gerontologists are making progress in identifying dietary and pharmacologic interventions that may be applicable to retarding aging processes in humans. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
LGBTQIA people of color: Utilizing the cultural psychology model as a guide for the mental health assessment and treatment of patients with diverse identities

ABSTRACTLesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, and asexual people of color (LGBTQIA-POC) represent a unique community of individuals with diverse and intersectional identities. Groups such as these serve to remind mental health clinicians of the ever-increasing complexity of identity dynamics within the populations they treat. Unfortunately, the diversity of clinician identities continues to lag behind the general population, leading to frequent cultural mismatching in patient/clinician relationships. When this occurs, the likelihood for miscommunication and subpar treatment increases, worsening the health disparities that already exist between these populations and the dominant cultural groups. When faced with the reality of this dilemma, clinicians may find themselves feeling unprepared to help correct this imbalance in patient care. The goal of this article is to provide education to mental health clinicians regarding strategies and tools which will allow for improved cross-c...
Temperance as Equanimity in Clinical Medicine

The medical clinic provides a unique context of human interaction in which to analyze how temperance and emotion are related in moral deliberation. The uniqueness of the medical clinic derives not only from the presence of desire and fear in the person of the physician, but from a number of other factors as well. With special note toward the virtues in medical practice, the self and others present in the clinic provide a microcosm of the working of the moral virtues. The need for careful, creative, and emotionally salient moral deliberation in the clinic is heightened by the ethical concerns also present. Finally, the unique role that the physician plays in clinical practice provides an individual perspective from which to analyze how temperance helps to engage and incorporate emotion in the physician’s experience. The analysis of clinical interaction in what follows focuses primarily upon the desires and fears that attend clinical practice from the perspective of the physician. Because there is so little said of the practice of temperance among physicians that has direct relevance to my normative view of temperance, I will open a window upon another virtue extolled as important to physicians. Equanimity, I believe, is roughly equivalent to the broad conceptions of temperance set out in this book. Although equanimity has a difficult conceptual past to overcome in clinical medicine, as it is reinterpreted in light of temperance its value to practitioners will become clear.
Estimating transistor channel temperature using time-resolved and time-integrated NIR emission

Spontaneous near infrared (NIR) emission is used for measuring transistor channel temperature in ICs. Emission modeling and data analysis are leveraged to estimate the peak temperature and thermal time constant inside the channel of CMOS transistors. The non-invasive nature of the technique allows one to reliably monitor the temperature of any device on-chip with high spatial and temporal resolution, without the need for circuit modifications or dedicated on-chip sensors. This method can be used to model heat dissipation during early process development, to localize hot spots, to calibrate on-chip sensors, etc. In this paper, temperature is estimated by fitting empirical emission data to an emission model that can be solved for device channel temperature.
Lifecourse Exposures and Socioeconomic Disparities in Child Health

This chapter focuses on what is known about socioeconomic disparities (SES) in child health and different types of exposures during childhood, in utero, and from the previous generation that may contribute to those disparities. SES disparities in child health appear to be substantial, begin at very young ages, persist, and compound over the lifecourse. Few types of exposures specifically during childhood appear to be promising explanations for observed linkages between SES and child health, although neighborhood and city characteristics, environmental toxins, parent behaviors, and children’s epigenetic responses to exposures deserve more scrutiny. An increasing number of studies point to the importance of in utero and intergenerational exposures, suggesting that health disparities emerge earlier than previously thought. Maternal nutrition (in utero, prior to conception, and during the mother’s own fetal development and childhood) is a promising area of research for understanding SES disparities in child health, as are prenatal and preconceptional exposures to toxins through occupations and residential environments. For significant advances to be made in understanding health disparities among both children and adults, we need a better conceptualization of the process leading to health disparities, more knowledge about determinants of health, and better conceptualization and measurement of health, particularly among children.
Pathologies of Renal and Systemic Intracellular Paraprotein Storage: Crystalopathies and Beyond

This chapter provides a brief overview of pathologies associated with intracellular paraproteins, both renal and systemic. The expanding spectrum of intracellular immunoglobulin storage pathologies, including both organized deposits (crystalline, rarely fibrillar) and non-organized deposits, is considered. In the kidney, earlier observations reported an association between Fanconi syndrome and the presence of prominent, kappa light chain restricted crystals in proximal tubular epithelium. However, more recent observations have included also noncrystalline light chain proximal tubulopathy, which may be more prevalent than the crystalline type and tends to be associated predominantly with lambda light chain restriction. To encompass this expanding spectrum of proximal tubular pathology, the term light chain proximal tubulopathy was proposed. In crystal-storing histiocytosis, the histiocytes contain prominent intralysosomal crystalline cytoplasmic immunoglobulin inclusions. However, more recently, noncrystallized forms of immunoglobulin-storing histiocytosis have also been recognized and the term immunoglobulin-storing histiocytosis has been proposed to encompass the expanding pathology. In certain plasma cell dyscrasias/B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, similar crystalline and noncrystalline inclusions can also be seen in the neoplastic plasma/B-cells. Although the lesions discussed in this chapter are relatively rare, awareness of these lesions is important since they represent a useful indicator that can facilitate the early diagnosis of an underlying plasma cell dyscrasia/B-cell lymphoproliferative process and avoid misdiagnosis. While, in many instances, the clinical course may be indolent, significant target organ damage occurs over time. Although there is no consensus with regard to the best treatment options, elimination of the involved clone is associated with a reversal of target organ injury. Therefore, efforts to design effective treatments for these “small but dangerous” clones should continue.
Effects of fetal anemia on PO2 difference between uterine venous and umbilical venous blood

In the fetus, the functional equivalent of the alveolar-arterial blood PO2 difference is the uterine venous-umbilical venous blood PO2 difference. Generally, factors that affect one of the venous blood PO2s produce equivalent effects on the other. We previously showed that fetal anemia produces increases in umbilical venous blood PO2. To determine whether this increase was associated either with equivalent increases in uterine venous blood PO2 or with reductions in the uterine venous-umbilical venous PO2 difference, we studied eight chronically catheterized pregnant sheep and fetal lambs. Measurements of O2 gas tensions and O2 saturations, uterine and umbilical blood flows, and uterine, fetal, and placental O2 consumptions were made in animals with normal fetal hematocrits and during reductions in fetal hematocrit of 35% (moderate fetal anemia) or 60% (severe fetal anemia). Fetal anemia produced reductions in the uterine venous-umbilical venous blood PO2 difference; in some cases the PO2 difference was less than 2 mmHg (compared with normal values of 20 mmHg). The development of both moderate and severe fetal anemia had no effect on uterine and umbilical blood flows or placental O2 consumption but did reduce total uterine and fetal O2 consumption. These data indicate that fetal anemia induces changes in placental gas transport. These changes may be due to improvements in gas diffusion, reductions in perfusion mismatching, or reductions in vascular shunting. Our data further indicate that placental O2 consumption rate, which is high in normal pregnant sheep, plays no role in the maintenance of the uterine venous-umbilical venous blood PO2 difference in pregnant sheep.
Effects of Implementing a Breast Surgery Rotation on ABSITE Scores and Surgical Case Volume.

BACKGROUND Little is known about general surgery trainees' education regarding management of breast problems. We sought to measure the impact of a dedicated breast surgery rotation on American Board of Surgery In-Service Examination (ABSITE) scores and operative volumes. METHODS A breast surgery rotation was implemented at our program in July 2016. We obtained the January 2017 ABSITE scores for postgraduate year (PGY) 1-3 residents, and obtained the case volumes for PGY 1-3 residents during the years 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. RESULTS We compared the performance on total questions and skin, soft tissue, and breast questions between the residents who had the breast rotation before the ABSITE to those that had it after. There was no difference in the average overall percentage (70.2% versus 71.7%, P = 0.55) or in the average skin, soft tissue, and breast percentage (70% versus 71.4%, P = 0.72). A postgraduate year-to-year comparison showed an increase in average total major cases among the PGY-1 residents (93.8 versus 166.8, P = 0.02), and an increase in average breast cases among the PGY-1 (17.8 versus 27 cases, P < 0.01) and PGY-2 (27.3 versus 47.7 cases, P = 0.02) years. There was an increase in the proportion of complex breast cases performed by PGY-3 residents (23.2% versus 33.1%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS A dedicated breast surgery rotation did not detract from the nonbreast general surgery educational experience of junior residents (as measured by ABSITE scores), and it increased the case volume of breast as well as total major cases among junior residents. A breast surgery rotation is valuable for strengthening surgical case volumes.
Transient Joule heating of graphene, nanowires and filaments: Analytical model for current-induced temperature evolution including substrate and end effects

Abstract Transient Joule heating of graphene or nanowires, supported by substrates, is an important and complex heat transfer problem to be solved in the context of nanoscale electronic devices. We formulate here an analytical model that allows the examination of the effects of input power, heat transfer through substrate and the end contacts on the transient temperature evolution. An exact analytical solution is obtained here by the superposition of the Joule heating, the substrate heat transfer and the temperatures at the ends of contacts, within the Fourier formalism, through Laplace transformations. The transient solution explicitly relates temperature profile to the input power, size and the thermal properties of the element, and the heat transfer properties of the substrate. The transient solution naturally reduces to steady state solution. The solutions can be useful for the thermal design of devices made of graphene or nanowires or electrically heated filaments. Experimental steady-state temperature distribution data, obtained by 2D phonon band spectroscopy, are used to confirm the accuracy of the solution. It is found that the time to achieve steady-state temperatures in graphene is of the order of nanoseconds and is a strong function of substrate heat transfer. Further, the maximum temperature and the gradient in steady state profile temperature profile are greatly affected by heat transfer to the substrate.
Physician Utilization of a Universal Psychosocial Screening Protocol in Pediatric Primary Care

This study evaluated physicians’ utilization of a universal psychosocial screening protocol within a pediatric primary care setting. Pediatricians (n = 20) adopted a multitiered screening algorithm...
Surface Fluxes and Remote Sensing of Air-Sea Interactions

As researchers pursue the elusive goals of understanding, modeling, and perhaps influencing the weather and climate on this planet, they frequently are stopped by a lack of knowledge of the interchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. There are two main aspects of the gap in knowledge of the air-sea interaction: theory is inadequate and data are sparse.
A P2P-Dominant Distribution System Architecture

Peer-to-peer interactions between small-scale energy resources exploit distribution network infrastructure as an electricity carrier, but remain financially unaccountable to electric power utilities. This status-quo raises multiple challenges. First, peer-to-peer energy trading reduces the portion of electricity supplied to end-customers by utilities and their revenue streams. Second, utilities must ensure that peer-to-peer transactions comply with distribution network limits. This article proposes a peer-to-peer energy trading architecture, in two configurations, that couples peer-to-peer interactions and distribution network operations. The first configuration assumes that these interactions are settled by the utility in a centralized manner, while the second one is peer-centric and does not involve the utility. Both configurations use distribution locational marginal prices to compute network usage charges that peers must pay to the utility for using the distribution network.
Teaching NeuroImages: Magnetic resonance perfusion and diffusion findings in hemiplegic migraine.

A 6-year-old boy presented with acute onset of left-sided weakness and homonymous hemianopia in the setting of 3 days of severe, unilateral, pulsating headache. MRI 3 hours after symptom onset showed hypoperfusion of the entire right hemisphere, with foci of diffusion restriction predominantly involving the right parietal lobe with apparent diffusion coefficient correlate (figure). He gradually improved and was discharged with no neurologic deficits. He was discovered to have a strong family history of hemiplegic migraine.
The NP vs. DP debate. Why previous arguments are inconclusive and what a good argument could look like. Evidence from agreement with hybrid nouns

The DP-hypothesis as proposed in Abney (1987) is nowadays generally taken for granted in formal syntactic work. In this paper I will show that a surprising number of arguments that have been provided in the literature are not conclusive. Many rest on purely theory-internal premises and thus lose their force given the developments within syntactic theory over the last decades. Others are largely based on presumed parallelisms between the noun phrase and the clause. In practically all cases a reasonable reanalysis within the NP-hypothesis is possible. Similarly, I will show that the few arguments in favor of the NP-hypothesis that there can be found are also inconclusive. Instead I will establish solid criteria for headedness and explore their implications for the NP vs. DP debate. I will show that the fact that the features of the head are present on the maximal projection makes testable predictions when the noun interacts with noun phrase external heads. I will first show that data from selection favor the DP-hypothesis (contrary to previous claims) since one needs to be able to syntactically select both DPs and bare nouns/NPs. Second, I will present a new argument in favor of the DP-hypothesis based on data from hybrid agreement in Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian. The phenomenon crucially requires D-elements to be closer to agreement targets outside the noun phrase than the noun itself. This follows if DP dominates NP but not vice versa.
[Cervical plexus block as an alternative anesthetic approach for type I thyroplasty: a case report].

Abstract Background The role of type I thyroplasty (TIP) is well established as the treatment for glottal insufficiency due to vocal fold paralysis, but the ideal anesthetic management for this procedure is still largely debated. We present the case of a novel anesthetic approach for TIP using combined intermediate and superficial Cervical Plexus Block (CPB) and intermittent mild sedation analgesia. Case report A 51-year-old presenting with left vocal fold paralysis and obstructive sleep apnea was scheduled for TIP. An ultrasound-guided intermediate CPB was performed using the posterior approach, and 15 mL of ropivacaine 0.5% were injected in the posterior cervical space between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the prevertebral fascia. Then, for the superficial CPB, a total of 10 mL 0.5% ropivacaine was injected subcutaneously, adjacently to the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, without penetrating the investing fascia An intermittent sedation analgesia with a target-controlled infusion of remifentanyl (target 0.5 ng.mL-1) was used to facilitate prosthesis insertion and the fiberoptic laryngoscopy. This technique offered a safe anesthetic airway and good operating conditions for the surgeon, as well as feasible voice monitoring and optimal patient comfort. Conclusion The use of a regional technique is a promising method for the anesthetic management in TIP, especially in patients with compromised airway.
Victimization rates and traits of sexual and gender minorities in the United States: Results from the National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017

Do sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) in the United States encounter disproportionate rates of victimization as compared with their cisgender, heterosexual counterparts? Answering this question has proved elusive because nationally representative victimization data have not included victims’ sexual orientation or gender identity. The National Crime Victimization Survey, the nation’s primary source of representative information on criminal victimization, began documenting sexual orientation and gender identity in 2016 and released data publicly for the first time in 2019. We find SGMs disproportionately are victims across a variety of crimes. The rate of violent victimization for SGMs is 71.1 victimizations per 1000 people compared with 19.2 victimizations per 1000 people for those who are not SGMs. SGMs are 2.7 times more likely to be a victim of violent crime than non-SGMs. These findings raise the importance of further considering sexual orientation and gender identity in victimization and interventions.
Proton-Pump Inhibitor Therapy in Patients with Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease

Proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) failure in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) patients has become the main reason for referral of these patients to gastroenterology specialists. It is estimated that 30% of GORD patients requiring a PPI once daily will experience treatment failure. Patients with non-erosive reflux disease are the most common GORD-related group in which once-daily PPI therapy fails. Various mechanisms have been suggested to underlie PPI failure in GORD patients. The most pertinent include weakly acidic reflux, duodenogastro-oesophageal reflux, visceral hyperalgesia, delayed gastric emptying, psychological co-morbidity and concomitant functional bowel disorders, as well as others. Because of the importance of PPI failure as a target for future drug development, further understanding of the most relevant underlying mechanisms is needed.
Being present and thankful: A multi-study investigation of mindfulness, gratitude, and employee helping behavior.

Gratitude plays an integral role in promoting helping behavior at work. Thus, cultivating employees' experiences of gratitude represents an important imperative in modern organizations that rely on teamwork and collaboration to achieve organizational goals. Yet, today's workplace presents a complex array of demands that make it difficult for employees to fully attend to and appreciate the various benefits they receive at work. As such, gratitude is difficult for employers to promote and for employees to experience. Despite these observations, the role of attention and awareness in facilitating employees' feelings of gratitude is largely overlooked in the extant literature. In this study, we examined whether one notable form of present moment attention, mindfulness, may promote helping behavior by stimulating the positive, other-oriented emotion of gratitude. Across two experimental studies, a semiweekly, multisource diary study, and a 10-day experience sampling investigation, we found converging evidence for a serial mediation model in which state mindfulness, via positive affect and perspective taking, prompts greater levels of gratitude, prosocial motivation, and, in turn, helping behavior at work. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our investigation, as well as avenues for the future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
In the post-COVID-19 era, is the illegal wildlife trade the most serious form of trafficking?

Despite the immense impact of wildlife trafficking, comparisons of the profits, costs, and seriousness of crime consistently rank wildlife trafficking lower relative to human trafficking, drug trafficking and weapons trafficking. Using the published literature and current events, we make the case, when properly viewed within the context of COVID-19 and other zoonotic diseases transmitted from wildlife, that wildlife trafficking is the most costly and perhaps the most serious form of trafficking. Our synthesis should raise awareness of the seriousness of wildlife trafficking for humans, thereby inducing strategic policy decisions that boost criminal justice initiatives and resources to combat wildlife trafficking.
Growth After Adenotonsillectomy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Revisited.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To reanalyze the growth trajectory and assess longitudinal changes of children undergoing adenotonsillectomy (AT) versus watchful waiting (WW) enrolled in the Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial (CHAT) study and to determine if an AT increases the risk of obesity in children. STUDY DESIGN Reanalysis of prospective cohort investigation. METHODS The study analyzed publicly available data from CHAT, including 3 months visit data not previously included in a prior publication. Statistical comparisons and mixed-effects modeling were done using age- and sex-specific BMI expressed as a percentage of the 95th percentile (%BMIp95). P .05). Overall for the entire cohort, resolution of OSA was associated with a decreased weight trajectory (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AT compared to WW is not associated with an increased risk of excessive weight gain. Otolaryngologists should be aware of this updated analysis when discussing AT surgical outcomes with families. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Laryngoscope, 2021.
Structural Basis for an Unprecedented Enzymatic Alkylation in Cylindrocyclophane Biosynthesis

The cyanobacterial enzyme CylK assembles the cylindrocyclophane natural products by performing two unusual alkylation reactions, forming new carbon-carbon bonds between aromatic rings and secondary alkyl halide substrates. This transformation is unprecedented in biology and the structure and mechanism of CylK are unknown. Here, we report x-ray crystal structures of CylK, revealing a distinctive fusion of a Ca2+ binding domain and a {beta}-propeller fold. We use a mutagenic screening approach to locate CylKs active site at its domain interface, identifying two residues, Arg105 and Tyr473, that are required for catalysis. Anomalous diffraction datasets collected with bound bromide ions, a product analog, suggest these residues interact with the alkyl halide electrophile. Additional mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations implicates Asp440 and Glu374 in activating the nucleophilic aromatic ring. Bioinformatic analysis of CylK homologs from other cyanobacteria establishes that they conserve these key catalytic amino acids but they are likely associated with divergent reactivity and altered secondary metabolism. By gaining a molecular understanding of this unusual biosynthetic transformation, this work fills a gap in our understanding of how alkyl halides are activated and used by enzymes as biosynthetic intermediates, informing enzyme engineering, catalyst design, and natural product discovery.
Crosby as Foreign Relations Law

This brief essay addresses the Supreme Court's end-of-term decision in Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council, which preempted Massachusetts's law limiting public procurement from companies doing business in Burma. The essay addresses the perception that Crosby was limited in its implications for foreign relations law, and explores the Court's minimalist approach to inescapably constitutional questions - concluding, in the end, that the Court made foreign relations law without professing to do so, and without fully appreciating its consequences or capitalizing on its benefits.
Specimens of urine obtained from young girls by catheter versus voiding; a comparative study of bacterial cultures, gram stains and bacterial counts in paired specimens.

The pertinent literature on bacteriologic study of the urine has been reviewed in brief. Bacteriologic studies, including cultures, Gram stains and colony counts, of catheterized and voided specimens of urine from girls aged 2 to 12 years, were carried out in three groups: Group I: paired specimens (catheter and clean voided). Group II: clean voided specimens. Group III: random non-clean voided specimens. There was a 96.5% positive correlation between catheter and clean voided specimens obtained by a standardized technique from the same patients; the time interval between the two types of examinations was less than 1 hour. Colony counts provide a valid means of differentiating infection from contamination in both clean voided and catheter specimens from female children. The data suggest that urines containing less than 1,000 colonies/ml are indicative of contamination; urines containing between 1,000 and 100,000 colonies/ml are to be suspected of infection, and urines containing more than 100,000 colonies/ml of urine are indicative of infection. Clean voided specimens are valid only if the patient is prepared before collection of the specimen as carefully as for catheterization. Where doubtful results are obtained, the study of more than one specimen of urine is absolutely necessary. In our experience, follow-up studies resolved doubtful findings in every instance. Under certain circumstances, catheterization must remain a necessary procedure in the diagnosis and management of infection of the urinary tract, with the full realization that the use of this instrumentation may involve the risk of introducing infection. Our results confirm previous findings that the presence of organisms in Gram stains in the absence of epithelial cells from catheter or clean voided specimens of urine is of diagnostic significance.
Democracy, Federalism, and the Size of States

We demonstrate that territorial size is intimately linked to the structure of political authority within states. We take an evolutionary approach, arguing that there are certain stable, long-term equilibrium combinations of size and political institutions. Building on a general theory of public goods provision and rent-seeking, we predict that, ceteris paribus, democracies will tend to be smaller than autocracies, since governments in the latter have greater incentives to expand the territory under their control in order to maximize rents; looked at from the other direction, small states are more likely to have democratic institutions than large states, since governments in the latter suffer greater losses in rents from expanding the size of the ruling coalition. Federalism offers an alternative type of equilibrium. We predict that democracies are more likely to adopt federal institutions than are autocracies, since governments in the latter are less inclined to relinquish authority to produce public goods (and hence the capacity to generate rents) to others. In addition, by allowing different public goods to be provided at more optimal scales, federalism increases incentives for democratic governments to expand the size of the state. Overall, we expect that unitary (i.e. non-federal) democracies will tend to be smaller than both autocracies and federal democracies. We find strong support for the hypotheses in a series of cross-sectional empirical investigations.. Theory and evidence indicate that democracy, federalism, and size are closely related to one another.
Experimental Determination of Dynamic Crack Initiation and Propagation Fracture Toughness in Thin Aluminum Sheets

An experimental investigation was undertaken to characterize the dynamic fracture characteristics of 2024-T3 aluminum thin sheets ranging in thickness from 1.63–2.54 mm. Specifically, the critical dynamic stress intensity factor Kdc was determined over a wide range of loading rates ( expressed as the time rate of change of the stress intensity factor KdI ) using both a servo- hydraulic loading frame and a split Hopkinson bar in tension. In addition, the dynamic crack propagation toughness, KD, was measured as a function of crack tip speed using high sensitivity strain gages. A dramatic increase in both Kdc and KD was observed with increasing loading rate and crack tip speed, respectively. These relations were found to be independent of specimen thickness over the range of 1.5 to 2.5 mm.
Experience with a modified posterior approach to the hip joint. A technical note.

Abstract A modified posterior approach to the hip joint is described with particular applicability, of revision or complex primary hip arthroplasty. The procedure involves osteotomy of the posteroir one-third of the greater trochanter with posterior reflection of a full-thickness flap, consisting of the posterior trochanteric fragment, short extemal rotators, joint capsule, and posterior portion of the gluteus, medius. The approach allows for excellent exposure of the acetbulum and femoral canal, with minimal disruption of the gluteral muscle insertions. The majority of the greater trochanter is left intact, enhancing femoral component stability. Closure is accomplished, by suture of soft tissues and reattachment of the posterior trochanteric fragment with bone screws. An intact soft tissue envelope is thereby restered, around the prosthetic components. A limited clinic series has identified no problem referable to this exposure. No loss of reduction or nonunion has been encountered.
Precursor Protein for Newcastle Disease Virus

The course of viral protein synthesis during infection of chicken embryo fibroblasts with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) L. Kansas has been followed by using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of the three major virion polypeptide molecular weight classes, I (78,400 daltons), II (53,500 daltons), and III (37,600 daltons), only II, having the same electrophoretic mobility as nucleocapsid polypeptide, appears to be the cleavage product of a precursor polypeptide PII (64,800 daltons) detected in NDV-infected cells after brief labeling with radioactive amino acids. Nucleocapsids were isolated from NDV-infected cells which had been pulse-labeled with radioactive amino acids or pulse-labeled and further incubated with unlabeled amino acids. Gel electrophoretic analysis of proteins derived from nucleocapsids showed that an increase in the period of incubation with unlabeled amino acids resulted in an increase in the amount of radioactivity in nucleocapsid protein. Polypeptide PII was not detected as a transient component of the isolated nucleocapsid fraction. These results are consistent with two interpretations. The product of PII cleavage is (i) nucleocapsid polypeptide, or (ii) a nonvirion or minor envelope polypeptide having the same electrophoretic mobility as nucleocapsid polypeptide.
Investigation of the buffet characteristics of two supercritical airfoils

The buffet characteristics of two supercritical airfoils were investigated at the high Reynolds number twodimensional test facility of the National Aeronautical Establishment. The design conditions of these two airfoils were quite similar. The thickness-to-chord ratio differed from each other by approximately 35%. The buffet onset boundaries were determined from the divergence of the unsteady balance normal force. They were compared to show the effect of thickness-to-chord ratio on buffet onset. One of the airfoils was instrumented with fast-response pressure transducers on the upper surface. Pressure intensities for shock-induced separation with reattachment as well as fully separated flows were measured. For flow conditions where discrete-frequency shock wave oscillations occurred, ensemble averaging of the unsteady pressure were carried out to determine the propagation of the pressure wave induced by periodic shock motion. Spectral analyzes of the pressure and normal force fluctuations were carried out quite deep into the buffet regime. Broadband convection velocities of the turbulent eddies were measured for fully separated flows.
Determination of Hydrofluoric Acid in Mixed Acids with an Acid Concentration Meter

Abstract A commercial acid concentration meter containing an N-type silicon anode and stainless cathode has been used to selectively measure hydrofluoric acid in mixtures containing nitric, phosphoric and sulfuric acids. At very high weight ratios of acid to HF (> 10:1) a suppression in HF response was noted for all acids examined. At lower ratios or higher HF values only nitric acid influences HF response with a sensitizing or catalytic effect not appreciably dependent on HNO, concentration.
The effect of microscopic turbulence on magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling

The effect of turbulence on the coupling of the magnetosphere and ionosphere has been investigated by including an effective collision frequency in the electron equation of motion. When this term is combined with the continuity equation, the ion equation of motion and Maxwell's equations, a dispersion relation for the kinetic Alfven wave including effective collisions is found. The wave-particle interaction leads to a strong damping of the wave. Inclusion of the effects of plasma sheet kinetics yields a scale size transverse to the magnetic field which corresponds to the size of visual auroral arcs.
Apparent motion confounds early vernier visual evoked potentials

Abstract Human scalp potentials evoked by vernier stimuli have been recorded for offsets less than the diameter of a foveal cone, but always for abruptly moving stimuli. Those evoked potentials were related to the magnitude of vernier offset. Here we report results for stimuli containing no apparent motion confound, using multichannel recordings and multivariate analysis methods which stress the concept of a sampling of the scalp field. We found evidence of cortical activity dependent on the direction of vernier offset, at much shorter latencies (xa. 75 ms) than previously reported, but no evidence of early cortical activity related to the magnitude of offset. Repeating the experiments and analysis using a stimulus containing apparent motion, we found evidence of cortical activity dependent on the magnitude of offset at both 75 and 200 ms, but none related to direction of offset. These findings sugggest that previous studies which contained the apparent motion confound might not have obtained visual evoked potentials entirely due to vernier offset.