cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tackling Loopholes in Experimental Tests of Bell's Inequality

Bell's inequality sets a strict threshold for how strongly correlated the outcomes of measurements on two or more particles can be, if the outcomes of each measurement are independent of actions undertaken at arbitrarily distant locations. Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, predicts that measurements on particles in entangled states can be more strongly correlated than Bell's inequality would allow. Whereas experimental tests conducted over the past half-century have consistently measured violations of Bell's inequality---consistent with the predictions of quantum mechanics---the experiments have been subject to one or more "loopholes," by means of which certain alternatives to quantum theory could remain consistent with the experimental results. This chapter reviews three of the most significant loopholes, often dubbed the "locality," "fair-sampling," and "freedom-of-choice" loopholes, and describes how recent experiments have addressed them.
CRADLE: Combined RF/Acoustic Detection and Localization of Passive Tags

We introduce CRADLE, or combined RF/acoustic detection and localization, for the remote parametric ranging of passive tags. In this approach, a tag consists of an RF antenna connected to an ultrasonic transducer via a passive electrical network. A reader looks for tags by transmitting both continuous-wave RF and pulsed ultrasound into a region of interest; when a tag is within that region, the ultrasound incident on the tag transducer varies the transducer capacitance, creating a time-varying load for the tag antenna and thus parametrically modulating the RF waves reradiated from the tag. The reader localizes the tag by demodulating the received signal to recover the acoustic time of flight. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept CRADLE system, describing the design of a custom tag and reader. The results of our localization experiments show that we can achieve sub-decimeter accuracy at reader-tag distances of up to 6 m using the proposed system; future improvements in the design of the tag and reader can result in localization of centimeter-sized tags with sub-centimeter accuracy out to distances of several meters.
Physical and Numerical Simulation Research on Swirling Flow Tundish

By water model experiments and numerical simulation of a swirling flow tundish for continuous casting of steels,the influences of swirling chamber dimensions and liquid flowrate on the flowing behavior in the chamber and the whole tundish were examined.The variations of flow pattern,tracer concentration and rotational velocity vector in the chamber were determined,and the motion of an inclusion particle was analyzed.The numerical simulation results agree well with the physical modeling results.The rotational speed aroused by introducing the swirling chamber is comparable with that of centrifugal tundish by electromagnetism.This affords a foundation for optimization design of a swirling flow tundish.
Reliable Power Rating of Perovskite PV Modules

As the perovskite technology is ramping up into commercialization, reliable and accurate power rating of large-size perovskite modules becomes a prominent aspect for its future deployment in the PV market. It is known that the performance calibration of perovskite PV devices is very challenging due to its complex dynamic response during a conventional current-voltage (IV) measurement. PV researchers have previously proposed several steady-state performance calibration methods to reliably extract PV efficiencies, but mostly focus on small area research-type cells. In this paper, we emphasize the importance of reliable performance calibration on large-size perovskite modules. Extending the NREL Cell and Module Performance (CMP) group’s steady-state performance calibration protocol (i.e., Asymptotic P MAX Scan) for perovskite cells to modules, we justify the necessity of reporting steady-state efficiencies for perovskite cells and discuss the challenges of applying this protocol to modules. We also present our protocol for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), which is a technique often used for performance calibration of perovskite cells and modules, and show a comparison between MPPT and Asymptotic P MAX . Using MPPT we demonstrate the interplay between metastability and degradation in perovskite modules, and emphasize the necessity to develop preconditioning protocols for stabilizing these devices. Our aim is to promote development of consensus protocols for performance calibration of perovskite modules, and to advance their credible power ratings, which will be beneficial to the growth of perovskite technology in the PV market.
CORE management: The reality principle.

Responsible science is mandatory for every research institution. As economic challenges, fast evolving technologies and competitiveness impact drastically the scientific productivity and quality, i...
Governing the Tap: Special District Governance and the New Local Politics of Water

More than ever, Americans rely on independent special districts to provide public services. The special district--which can be as small as a low-budget mosquito abatement district or as vast as the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey--has become the most common form of local governance in the United States. In Governing the Tap, Megan Mullin examines the consequences of specialization and the fragmentation of policymaking authority through the lens of local drinking-water policy. Directly comparing specific conservation, land use, and contracting policies enacted by different forms of local government, Mullin investigates the capacity of special districts to engage in responsive and collaborative decision making that promotes sustainable use of water resources. She concludes that the effect of specialization is conditional on the structure of institutions and the severity of the policy problem, with specialization offering the most benefit on policy problems that are least severe. Mullin presents a political theory of specialized governance that is relevant to any of the variety of functions special districts perform. Governing the Tap offers not only the first study of how the new decentralized politics of water is taking shape in American communities, but also new and important findings about the influence of institutional structures on local policymaking.
Cholinergic and serotonergic systems in the brain and spinal cord: anatomic organization, role in intercellular communication processes, and interactive mechanisms.

Publisher Summary The study of chemical neuroanatomy has benefited greatly from the recent explosion in the use of correlative electrophysiologic, immunohistochemical, traditional histochemical, and retrograde and anterograde tracing procedures. In addition to creating a cornucopia of new information about the neurochemical organization of the brain, however, these same techniques have generated data that necessitate re-evaluation of the basic vocabulary neuroscientists employ to communicate with one another, as well as re-assessment of several cherished neurobiologic doctrines, such as the role of synapses in interneuronal communication processes and the one-neuron, one-transmitter formulation attributed to Sir Henry Dale. This chapter examines some of these issues and focuses on two neurochemicals, acetylcholine (ACh) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), thought to be important for information flow in the nervous system.
First Aid Refresher

This will get us through the morning, you promise. The interminable morning before us, when we remember all the ways the body dies. Stopped breath, the heart in fibrillation. Uncontrollable hemorrhage, shock. I've packed us brown-bag sandwiches to chew and swallow while the video reviews suctioning of airways. Then will come the afternoon slide down the spine of injury: burns, the needle impaled in the eye. Finally, the written test, to see if we've truly learned how frail the air
Learning to Avoid Dangerous Habitat Types by Aquatic Salamanders, Eurycea tynerensis

There should be intense selection for predation avoidance mechanisms when prey live in close proximity to their predators. Prey individuals that can learn to associate habitat features with high levels of predation risk should experience increased survival if they subsequently avoid those habitats. We tested whether or not habitat learning occurred in a benthic stream community consisting of adult Oklahoma salamander (Eurycea tynerensis) prey and a syntopic predatory fish, the banded sculpin (Cottus carolinae). We exposed individual salamanders to chemical stimuli from sculpin, non-predatory tadpoles, or a blank control in training tanks containing either rocks or grass. Two days later, the salamanders were tested in tanks that offered a choice of rocks or grass. Salamanders showed significant avoidance of the habitat where they had previously encountered chemical cues from sculpin in comparison to the non-predatory controls. Learning to avoid dangerous habitats may be particularly important for prey whose predators are visually cryptic ambush foragers, such as sculpin.
Sheet Pile Interlock Tension-Probabilistic Design

A design method based on probability theory is particularly appropriate for a cellular sheet pile-type structure in which an isolated low strength interlock can cause catastrophic failure. A probabilistic approach provides for a more consistent balance between safety and economics than does the conventional method in that it properly apportions the relative uncertainties in the design parameters for each particular problem. In this study interlock strength data were combined with probability distributions representative of uncertainty in the coefficient of earth pressure and in the cell fill unit weight. Failure probabilities for a wide range of field conditions were determined through Monte Carlo simulation. Multiple regression curve fitting techniques were then used to develop the results in a nondimensional form suitable for rapid design or analysis. A design example is given and comparisons are made with results based on the conventional approach.
Perceived risk mediates the impact of mood on the effectiveness of health PSAs: Implications for public health marketing

Purpose – The aim of the paper is to investigate the impact of pre‐existing audience mood on responses to health public service advertisements (PSAs). The paper also aims to show the practical and theoretical importance of mood as a variable in health communication.Design/methodology/approach – Hypotheses regarding the impact of audience mood on the outcome of health PSAs were tested experimentally using health PSAs about vaccination and virus detection behaviors.Findings – The influence of pre‐existing mood was mediated by the perceived risk of contracting the illness mentioned in the health advertisement. Personal estimations of risk mediated the impact of audience mood on behavioral intent and actual behavior. The more negative one's mood, the higher the perceived risk of contracting the disease mentioned in the message, and the more likely one was to adopt the precautionary behavior recommended by the PSA. Positive mood had opposite effects.Practical implications – The findings suggest a novel media p...
DNA typing of isolates associated with the 1988 sporotrichosis epidemic.

DNA typing techniques were used to examine selected clinical and environmental isolates of Sporothorix spp. recovered from the 1988 sporotrichosis epidemic in multiple states of the United States. Previous studies indicated that isolates in one of the six morphologically or physiologically distinct groups (group I) obtained from environmental sources were Sporothrix schenckii and were the possible etiologic agents responsible for the epidemic. To assess this hypothesis at the genetic level, whole-cell DNA was extracted from selected clinical isolates and representative members of each of the six environmental groups subjected to endonuclease digestion and then analyzed by gel electrophresis. DNA types were assigned on the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns. One DNA type was common to clinical and group I isolates but was dissimilar from the DNA types exhibited by groups II to VI. In contrast, a variety of DNA types were associated with isolates in groups II to VI. The latter groups appeared to make up a heterogeneous collection of fungi, with some members of the same group having different DNA types but with others from different groups possessing identical DNA types. Thus, DNA typing studies confirmed that group I environmental isolates are indistinguishable from clinical isolates and that group II to VI isolates represent a complex of related fungi with similar Sporothrix anamorphs. Images
Chaos, dynamics, and fractals : an algorithmic approach to deterministic chaos

This book develops deterministic chaos and fractals from the standpoint of iterated maps, but the emphasis makes it very different from all other books in the field. It provides the reader with an introduction to more recent developments, such as weak universality, multifractals, and shadowing, as well as to older subjects like universal critical exponents, devil's staircases and the Farey tree. The author uses a fully discrete method, a 'theoretical computer arithmetic', because finite (but not fixed) precision cannot be avoided in computation or experiment. This leads to a more general formulation in terms of symbolic dynamics and to the idea of weak universality. The connection is made with Turing's ideas of computable numbers and it is explained why the continuum approach leads to predictions that are not necessarily realized in computation or in nature, whereas the discrete approach yields all possible histograms that can be observed or computed.
Methodologies for Combined Loads Tests Using a Multi-Actuator Test Machine

The NASA Langley COmbined Loads Test System (COLTS) Facility was designed to accommodate a range of fuselage structures and wing sections and subject them to both quasistatic and cyclic loading conditions. Structural tests have been conducted in COLTS that address structural integrity issues of metallic and fiber reinforced composite aerospace structures in support of NASA Programs (i.e. the Aircraft Structural Integrity (ASIP) Program, High-Speed-Research program and the Supersonic Project, NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) Composite Crew Module Project, and the Environmentally Responsible Aviation Program). This paper presents experimental results for curved panels subjected to mechanical and internal pressure loads using a D-box test fixture. Also, results are presented that describe use of a checkout beam for development of testing procedures for a combined mechanical and pressure loading test of a Multi-bay box. The Multi-bay box test will be used to experimentally verify the structural performance of the Multi-bay box in support of the Environmentally Responsible Aviation Project at NASA Langley.
Pathobiology of tobacco smoking and neurovascular disorders: untied strings and alternative products

Tobacco smoke (TS) is the leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide. In addition to a host of well characterized diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, oral and peripheral cancers and cardiovascular complications, epidemiological evidence suggests that chronic smokers are at equal risk to develop neurological and neurovascular complications such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, vascular dementia and small vessel ischemic disease (SVID). Unfortunately, few direct neurotoxicology studies of tobacco smoking and its pathogenic pathways have been produced so far. A major link between TS and CNS disorders is the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In this review article, we summarize the current understanding of the toxicological impact of TS on BBB physiology and function and major compensatory mechanisms such as nrf2- ARE signaling and anti-inflammatory pathways activated by TS. In the same context, we discuss the controversial role of antioxidant supplementation as a prophylactic and/or therapeutic approach in delaying or decreasing the disease complications in smokers. Further, we cover a number of toxicological studies associated with “reduced exposure” cigarette products including electronic cigarettes. Finally, we provide insights on possible avenues for future research including mechanistic studies using direct inhalation rodent models.
An evaluation of choice on instructional efficacy and individual preferences among children with autism

The current study compared the differential effects of choice and no-choice reinforcement conditions on skill acquisition. In addition, we assessed preference for choice-making opportunities with 3 children with autism, using a modified concurrent-chains procedure. We replicated the experiment with 2 participants. The results indicated that choice-making opportunities increased treatment efficacy for 2 of the 3 participants, and all 3 participants demonstrated a preference for choice-making opportunities.
Missed slipped capital femoral epiphysis: Illustrative cases and a review

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a fairly common condition affecting older children and adolescents, and has the potential for long-term, crippling sequelae. Early recognition is the single most important controllable factor, but the diagnosis is often missed or delayed, resulting in progression of the slip. A SCFE should be suspected and promptly evaluated in any older child or adolescent presenting with a limp or complaints of hip, groin, thigh, or knee pain, especially if the patient is overweight. The diagnosis is usually made by anteroposterior and frog-leg lateral radiographs of the hips. Common errors at initial presentation include: not obtaining hip radiographs (due to either no hip pain or the lack of an impressive history and physical findings); misreading hip radiographs (the findings can be subtle); and lack of timely referral. Early involvement of and treatment by an orthopedic surgeon can greatly reduce the potential complications. We present three cases of SCFE that highlight common errors made at initial presentation, and a discussion that includes the differential diagnosis of an older child or adolescent with a painful limp.
Computationally efficient multi-time-step method for partitioned time integration of highly nonlinear structural dynamics

An efficient and accurate method for solving large-scale problems in non-linear structural dynamics is presented. The method uses dual-Schur domain decomposition to divide a large finite element mesh into a number of smaller subdomains, which are solved independently using a suitable mesh-size and time-step to capture the local spatial and temporal scales of the problem. Continuity of the solution between subdomains is enforced by Lagrange multipliers. It is shown that the proposed method is stable, accurate and computationally more efficient than using a uniform time-step for the entire mesh. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate and corroborate these properties.
A retrospect of recent rhetoric at Louisiana state university

Language is Sermonic: Richard M. Weaver on the Nature of Rhetoric, eds. Richard L. Johannesen, Rennard Strickland, and Ralph T. Eubanks. Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 1970. Rhetorical Dimensions in Criticism, Donald C. Bryant. Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 1973. Rhetoric and Criticism, Marie Hochmuth Nichols. Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 1967.
A technique for obtaining spatial kinematic parameters of segments of biomechanical systems from cinematographic data

Abstract This paper describes a technique for establishing the three-dimensional kinematic parameters of a body using only the basic cinematographic equipment available in most biomechanics laboratories. Parameters can be determined using only one camera, but accuracy is improved by utilizing data from two or more simultaneous, synchronized film strips. In general, at least 3 points of known location must be available on each body. More points can be utilized to obtain a better solution in a least squares sense. Fewer than 3 points on each body are needed when the bodies are coupled by joints with known characteristics as in a machine or approximately in biomechanical systems. The parameters needed for biomechanical analysis via matrix methods are obtainable directly. The accuracy of the method is explored by means of a controlled experiment using a three-dimensional mechanical linkage. In addition, the data was utilized to investigate the accuracy of several smoothing and differentiation techniques.
Fabrication strategies for magnetic tunnel junctions with magnetoelectronic applications

In this paper, two lithographic fabrication processes for magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with different mask designs and etching technologies are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of both processes are compared. The crucial steps to protect the oxide insulating barriers and avoid side-wall redepositions (which may lead to short circuits) are developed, and important design considerations of the mask patterns and the device geometric structures are elaborated. We show that implementing the strategies developed greatly increases the successful manufacturing yield of MTJ magnetoelectronics devices.
Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions

In community-based alcoholism and drug abuse treatment programs, the vast majority of interventions are delivered in a group therapy context. In turn, treatment providers and funding agencies have called for more research on interventions delivered in groups in an effort to make the emerging empirical literature on the treatment of substance abuse more ecologically valid. Unfortunately, the complexity of data structures derived from therapy groups (due to member interdependence and changing membership over time) and the present lack of statistically valid and generally accepted approaches to analyze these data have had a significant stifling effect on group therapy research. The purpose of this article is to (a) describe the analytic challenges inherent in data generated from therapy groups, (b) outline common (but flawed) analytic and design approaches investigators often use to address these issues (e.g., ignoring group-level nesting, treating data from therapy groups with changing membership as fully hierarchical), and (c) provide recommendations for handling data from therapy groups using presently available methods In addition, promising data analytic frameworks that may eventually serve as foundations for the development of more appropriate analytic methods for data from group therapy research (i.e., non-hierarchical data modeling, pattern mixture approaches) are also briefly described. Although there are other substantial obstacles that impede rigorous research on therapy groups (e.g., evaluation and measurement of group process, limited control over treatment delivery ingredients), addressing data analytic problems is critical for improving the accuracy of statistical inferences made from research on ecologically-valid group-based substance abuse interventions.
The nucleic acid and protein content of root tip cells of Vicia faba and Allium cepa.

Abstract The DNA, RNA, and protein content of the cells of the first two millimeters of Allium cepa (onion) and the first three millimeters of Vicia faba (broad bean) was determined. The data indicate that a group of cells, usually termed the apical initials or general meristem, are not dividing or dividing at a very slow rate. The value of DNA, RNA, and protein per cell for this group of cells is the lowest found in the root and it is believed that this DNA value represents that of the 2n nucleus. Basal to this area divisions occur frequently and the DNA value per cell doubles. The cells immediately basal to the apical initials enlarge radially and increase threefold in protein and RNA per cell. As radial enlargement ceases elongation begins and a leveling of RNA content per cell occurs. In A. cepa protein content per cell also levels while in V. faba there is a decrease in protein per cell. It is believed, however, that in both cases there is a second increase in protein associated with maximal elongation although that stage is not included in the work reported here.
Deactivation of the Vanadia Catalyst in the Selective Catalytic Reduction Process

Results are summarized of a comprehensive study of the effects on the SCR process of all major possible poisons encountered in the combustion gases from U.S. coals. A general rule evolved from this study Is that the effect of the additive on the catalyst activity Is directly related to the basicity of the additive; poisoning Is caused by the basicity. Quantitative effects are presented, while a qualitative summary is given as follows: strong poisons-alkali metal oxides; weak poisons-oxides of alkaline earth metals, arsenic, lead phosphorus and chlorides of strong alkaline metals. SO2 is a promoter due to its acidity. HCI, although acidic, reacts with both NH3 (forming NH4CI) and V2O5 (forming VCI2 and VCI3) and consequently strongly deactivates the SCR reaction. A summary is also given for a theoretical and experimental study of the monolithic honeycomb reactor using both undoped and poison-doped catalysts. The results showed that the reactor performance can be predicted directly from the intrinsic cataly...
Labelled precedence parsing

Precendece techniques have been widely used in the past in the construction of parsers. However, the restrictions imposed by them on the grammars were hard to meet. Thus, alteration of the rules of the grammar was necessary in order to make them acceptable to the parser. We have shown that, by keeping track of the possible set of rules that could be applied at any one time, one can enlarge the class of grammars considered. The possible set of rules to be considered is obtained directly from the information given by a labelled set of precedence relations. Thus, the parsers are easily obtained. Compared to the precedence parsers, this new method gives a considerable increase in the class of parsable grammars, as well as an improvement in error detection. An interesting consequence of this approach is a new decomposition technique for LR parsers.
The effects of a calcium deficient diet on the mechanical properties and morphology of goose bone

Abstract A control group of geese (Anser anser) on a normal calcium diet for egg laying poultry was compared to egg laying geese on a calcium deficient diet. The ultimate compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of femoral cortical bone from each group were determined by compressing right circular cylinders which were 2.4 mm in height and 0.8 mm in diameter. The bending strength and bending modulus of elasticity of tibial cortical bone were determined by three point bend tests on rectangular prisms which were approximately 25 mm by 0.8 mm by 0.8 mm. Bone calcium content and eggshell calcium content were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Blood samples were analyzed for free calcium ion concentration. Histological observations included studies of cross-sectional microradiographs, examinations of cross sections stained by a modified Masson's technique, and a determination of fractional area of voids by quantitative microscopy. The average compressive modulus for the control birds was 12.0 GPa (S.D.: 6.2 GPa) while the ultimate compressive strength was 165 MPa (S.D.: 27 MPa). Calcium deprived birds showed slight, but not statistically significant, decreases in both the compressive modulus and compressive strength. The tibial three point bending modulus for the control birds was 16.5 GPa (S.D.: 2.6 GPa) while the ultimate bending strength was 256 MPa (S.D.: 58 MPa). Once again, slight though not statistically significant decreases in the bending modulus and strength were seen in the geese on the calcium deficient diet. The average calcium content (wt%) of the femora of the control birds was 20.5% (S.D.: 4.3%) and 20.6% (S.D.: 4.8%) for the tibiae. No significant differences were noted in the calcium deprived birds. The average fractional void area for the control bird femoral bone was 12.0% (S.D.: 2.6%) and 9.8% (S.D.: 1.8%) for the tibial bone. Significantly greater fractional void areas were noted in the calcium deficient birds as were profound changes in the macrocellular structure of these bones.
Charge dynamics for holographic gratings in photorefractive materials

Charge dynamics in photorefractive materials for the case in which an index grating is written by interfering light beams is investigated. Of particular interest is the case in which the Debye screening length is not too large. Solutions to the band transport model are found without any assumption of steady state for either the ionized donors or the photocarriers. These results show that the photorefractive grating dynamics are described by a double exponential decay with a fast relaxation rate and a slow relaxation rate. These results are compared with the quasi-steady-state approximation of Kukhtarev. It is shown that, while for barium titanate the quasi-steady-state solution and the non-steady-state solution agree, for bismuth silicon oxide the slow rate can differ by more than 25% relative to the quasi-steady state.
A blind GLRT-based approach for OFDM spectrum sensing in the presence of I/Q imbalance

We investigate the problem of blind spectrum sensing at a secondary user of an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing primary signal impaired by transmit I/Q imbalance. We derive a simple closed-form expression for the generalized likelihood ratio test as a function of the received signal only, i.e. without requiring any knowledge of the channel response, noise statistics, or I/Q imbalance parameters. Our results demonstrate that the primary signal's correlation properties introduced by transmit I/Q imbalance can be exploited in a blind fashion at the secondary user to enhance the detection probability compared to the conventional energy detector.
Influence of temperature and cell size on the division rate and chemical content of the diatom Chaetoceros curvisetum Cleve

Abstract Cell size and temperature influenced the division rate and chemical content of the diatom Chaetoceros curvisetum Cleve when grown at 15, 20 and 25°C in nutrient replete media. Cell-size dependent trends of division rate in individual clones changed with temperature in a complex fashion. Considerable interclonal variability in division rate within a restricted range of cell sizes was also found. Cellular levels of carbon, nitrogen, protein, chlorophyll a , and silicon were linearly related to cell size. Cellular levels of carbon and chlorophyll per unit volume and silicon per unit surface area changed with temperature. No temperature effect on cellular levels of nitrogen and protein was found.
A New Incremental Learning Technique For Decision Trees With Thresholds

This paper presents some basic algorithms for manipulating decision trees with thresholds. The algorithms are based on discrete decision theory. This algebraic approach to discrete decision theory, in particular, provides syntactic techniques for reducing the size of decision trees. If one takes the view that the object of a learning algorithm is to give an economical representation of the observations then this reduction technique provides the key to a method of learning. The basic algorithms to support the incremental learning of decision trees are discussed together with the modifications required to perform reasonable learning when threshold decisions are present. The main algorithm discussed is an incremental learning algorithm which works by maintaining an association irreducible tree representing the observations. At each iteration a new observation is added and an efficient reduction of the tree enlarged by that example is undertaken. The results of some simple experiments are discussed which suggest that this method of learning holds promise and may in some situations out perform standard heuristic techniques.
Laserspray Ionization (LSI) Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) Mass Spectrometry

A simple device is described for desolvation of highly charged matrix/analyte clusters produced by laser ablation leading to multiply charged ions that are analyzed by ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. Thus, for example, highly charged ions of ubiquitin and lysozyme are cleanly separated in the gas phase according to size and mass (shape and molecular weight) as well as charge using Tri-Wave ion mobility technology coupled to mass spectrometry. This contribution confirms the mechanistic argument that desolvation is necessary to produce multiply charged matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ions and points to how these ions can be routinely formed on any atmospheric pressure mass spectrometer.
BATSE Observations and Orbit Determination of the Be/X-Ray Transient EXO 2030+375

The Be/X-ray binary transient pulsar EXO 2030+375 (P(sub s) approx equal 42 s) has been observed with the large area detectors (LADs) of the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO). Beginning in May 1991, twenty-two outbursts were observed over four years. Thirteen outbursts between February 1992 and August 1993 occurred consecutively at intervals of approx equal 46 days, close to the orbital period determined by Parmar et al. (1989) using EXOSAT data. The pulse profiles from the BATSE data are double-peaked and show no significant energy or luminosity dependence, unlike the EXOSAT observations of May-August 1985. An exponential model was used to fit the observed hard X-ray energy spectra from the thirteen consecutive outbursts. When EXOSAT discovered this pulsar during a giant outburst in May 1985, the X-ray luminosity peaked at L(sub x) = 1.0 x 10(esp 38) erg/ s (1-20 keV), assuming a 5 kpc distance to the source. The BATSE outbursts are found to be weaker 0.3 x 10(exp 37) less than or equal to L(sub x)(I-20 keV) less than or equal to 3.0 x 10(exp 37) erg/ s after extrapolating the observed flux (20-50 keV) to the EXOSAT energy band. Pulse phases derived from the thirteen outbursts were fit to two different models to determine a binary orbit. The new orbit is used to estimate 95% confidence limits for the mean peak spin frequency change during the out- bursts observed with BATSE. This, and the mean peak flux, are compared to the spin-up rates and fluxes determined by EXOSAT from the 1985 giant outburst, where disk accretion was thought to have occurred. It is unclear if these normal outbursts were driven by wind or disk accretion.
Human breast milk stimulates prostaglandin synthesis in cultured human skin fibroblasts.

Effect of human breast milk or its fractions on prostaglandin synthesis was investigated in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Prostaglandins released into the media were measured by radioimmunoassay. Incorporation of breast milk (2% level) into 10% fetal calf serum media (for 48 hours) stimulated the synthesis of 6-keto-PGF1α (stable product of prostacyclin) by 800%. This stimulating effect of milk persisted after cold acetone extraction to remove phospholipids and potentiated further after dialysis. Stimulation by one of the commercial formulas (Similac) was less than 50% of the milk effect. Milk also stimulated PGE2 synthesis, although to a much lesser degree. These studies show for the first time that a) human breast milk contains potent factor(s) capable of influencing prostaglandin synthesis and suggest that b) these factors might have a role in the development of lipid synthetic pathways during early life.
Association Rule Mining Based HotSpot Analysis on SEER Lung Cancer Data

The authors analyze the lung cancer data available from the SEER program with the aim of identifying hotspots using association rule mining techniques. A subset of 13 patient attributes from the SEER data were recently linked with the survival outcome using prediction models, which is used in this study for segmentation. The goal here is to identify characteristics of patient segments where average survival is significantly higher/lower than average survival across the entire dataset. Automated association rule mining techniques resulted in hundreds of rules, from which many redundant rules were manually removed based on domain knowledge. Further, association rule mining based hotspot analysis was also conducted for conditional survival patient data, i.e., in cases where patients have already survived for a year after diagnosis. The resulting rules conform with existing biomedical knowledge and provide interesting insights into lung cancer survival.
Unsteady-state air-thermocatalytic regneration of zeolites in treatment of waste gases

This paper studies the features of zeolite regeneration by air and means of accelerating this regeneration as one of the basic stages in the adsorption thermocatalytic treatment of waste gas. In the experiments, air-thermocatalytic regeneration was modeled in application to a short-cycle adsorption process with a limited-time regeneration under unsteady-state conditions. These studies show that the regeneration process can be accelerated by the addition of 10% (wt.) AP-56 platinized alumina catalyst to the adsorbent charge.
Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Water and Total Nitrogen Contents in Poultry Litter

Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers advantages over gravimetric water content and dry combustion nitrogen determinations that could be significant for routine laboratory operations. Water content in ground and blended poultry litter samples was successfully estimated by NIRS, but total nitrogen predictions differed significantly from measured ones. The failure to predict total nitrogen could be related to the unspecific nature of the relation and to the quality of the data used for calibration. Additionally, a model was established that permits the estimation of water content in poultry litter in its original state from that measured after grinding and blending.
The development of breast carcinoma in women with thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Breast carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma are two malignancies that occur most commonly in women. An association between the incidence rates of thyroid and breast carcinoma in women after a diagnosis of the other malignancy has been suggested in a retrospective analysis of a single institution's tumor registry. In that study, an increased incidence of breast carcinoma in premenopausal women previously treated for thyroid carcinoma was observed. METHODS The purpose of this study was to investigate further this relation utilizing a large database, the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. The SEER database is maintained by the National Cancer Institute, and it represents 11 population-based cancer registries covering approximately 14% of the United States population. The study was a population-based retrospective cohort analysis using external comparisons. From 1973 to 1994, 365 women in the SEER database were identified as having both thyroid and breast carcinomas. The SEER database from 1973 to 1994 was utilized to calculate age specific and calendar year specific incidence rates for each year for thyroid and breast carcinomas. The expected number of second cancers for each age group, calendar year, and follow-up period were determined by multiplying these incidence rates by the age specific and calendar year specific number of person-years at risk. The risk ratio (RR) was calculated by dividing the observed by the expected number of second cancers. Statistical significance was determined by the Poisson test. RESULTS A total of 1,333,115 person-years were available for analysis. One hundred thirteen thyroid carcinoma cases were diagnosed after breast carcinoma cases (RR, 0.99; P = 0.576). Two hundred fifty-two breast carcinoma cases were diagnosed after thyroid carcinoma cases (RR, 1.18; P = 0.007). Premenopausal women (age 20–49 years) with an index thyroid carcinoma have a significantly increased risk of developing subsequent breast carcinoma (RR, 1.42; P = 0.001). Black premenopausal women with an index thyroid carcinoma do not have an increased risk of developing breast carcinoma, but the statistical power is lower due to low numbers. No women with index breast carcinoma have an increased risk of developing thyroid carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Women with a history of thyroid carcinoma have a greater than expected risk of developing breast carcinoma. This risk is most pronounced in premenopausal white women. The implications of this observation with respect to breast carcinoma screening guidelines and thyroid carcinoma treatment guidelines deserve further investigation. Cancer 2001;92:225–31. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942. By Ian W. Toll. (New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2011. Pp. xxxvi, 544. $32.95.)

Few battles have proven as decisive in maritime warfare as the Battle of Midway. In this new volume, Ian W. Toll examines the initial six months of the war between Japan and the United States throu...
Simulation of fatigue crack growth at plastically mismatched bi-material interfaces

Abstract The present paper reports the results of a study on fatigue crack growth in a system with an interface between two elastic–plastic solids of different yield strength. Fatigue crack growth analysis is conducted by the use of a cohesive zone model. Irreversibility of material separation processes is introduced through the load history dependent degradation of the cohesive strength. Fatigue crack growth is considered to occur along the direction perpendicular to the interface and along the interface. Crack growth rate acceleration, deceleration or arrest, as well as crack bifurcation at the interface are predicted in dependence of the plastic property mismatch of the two solids and the interface properties. The outcome of the simulations is in very good agreement with trends of published experimental data.
The influence of reaction conditions on the derivatization of carbidopa by β-dicarbonyl compounds for enhanced optical rotation

Abstract Enhancement of the optical rotation of carbidopa by reaction of the hydrazine moiety with β-dicarbonyl compounds has been reported. The influence of reaction conditions on the extent and rate of pyrazole formation by the carbidopa reaction with 2,4-pentadione, 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentadione or malondialdehyde was investigated. The reaction was found to be sensitive to pH temperature, ionic strength and the p K a of the β-dicarbonyl compound. The extent of optical rotation enhancement was dependent on pH and the wavelength used in the polarimetric analysis. Recommendations for reaction conditions are given.
Characterization of a norepinephrine binding site in bovine hypothalamus.

Abstract A norepinephrine binding site in bovine hypothalamic crude synaptosomal fractions has been identified and characterized. [3H](−)norepinephrine binding, conducted in the presence of EDTA to eliminate norepinephrine oxidation, was complete in 6 min, had a T 1 2 for dissociation of less than 15 sec, was dependent on protein concentration, and was distinct from binding to bovine serum albumin. (−)Norepinephrine (P
Do Rights Make Fights

Fighting for Rights: From Holy Wars to Humanitarian Military Interventions. By Tal Dingott Alkopher. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Press, 2013. 209 pp., $94.95 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-1-40944-539-5). Tal Dingott Alkopher's 2013 book, Fighting for Rights , provides an interesting glimpse into three periods of international relations to help uncover the social context underpinning the use of force. From a constructivist standpoint, the book argues successfully that rights have been redefined over the ages and asserts (less successfully) that rights are the basis for war over time and space. As a post-positivist account that deliberately eschews causation, the book will disappoint those trying to find insights into patterns for why wars take place. As a constructivist account that provides insights into how legitimate force is understood across different time periods, the book satisfies the hunch that the justification for (if not cause of) violence has changed throughout history. Alkopher's thesis is that the definition of rights in different periods provides the basis for wars in the form of a “chance…to defend” rights that are perceived to be violated (pp. 28, 40). Alkopher's argument is that “people's expectations of what they can and should do [are] largely shaped by their ideas of rights” (pp. 1–2) and that actions such as war are based on perceived violations to such rights. The key to this claim centers on the definition of rights: “that which grants a right-holder positive power” of benefits and “negative power” in terms of responsibility and obligations “toward those …
THE MARKET AS ARENA FOR CHANGE IN KELANTAN, MALAYSIA1

Pasir Mas is one of the eight subdistricts (daerah) into which the state of Kelantan is divided. The town center (bandar) of the district is also called Pasir Mas and is the second largest town in Kelantan, with about 10,000 inhabitants. Pasir Mas sits just across the river Kelantan from the state capital, Kota Bharu, and is second in importance only to the state capital as a market, administrative, religious, and political center. The town deviates only slightly from the population density, ethnic composition, and occupational specialities of the state of Kelantan as a whole: Its population density is higher than the 88 persons per square mile throughout the remainder of the rice plain of the Kelantan delta; it has more Chinese and Indians than the rural
Aortoiliac Intervention with Distal Protection to Salvage a Heterotopic Renal Transplant

A case of substantial debris captured by an embolic protection device placed in a patient's transplanted renal artery during common iliac artery angioplasty and stent placement is presented. To the authors knowledge, no previous literature exists pertaining to renal artery protection in patients with a history of a heterotopic renal transplant undergoing aortoiliac endovascular interventions.
Airborne spectranomics: mapping canopy chemical and taxonomic diversity in tropical forests

Tree canopies play an enormous role in the maintenance of tropical forest diversity and ecosystem function, and are therefore central to conservation, management, and resource policy development in tropical regions. However, high-resolution mapping of tropical forest canopies is very difficult, because traditional field, airborne, and satellite measurements cannot resolve the number of canopy species, or particular species of interest, over the large regional scales commensurate with conservation goals and strategies. Newer technologies, such as imaging spectroscopy and light detection and ranging (lidar), are just now reaching performance levels that will allow monitoring of tropical forest diversity from the air, but the methods for applying these technologies are not yet ready. Here, we present concepts that combine chemical and spectral remote sensing perspectives to facilitate canopy diversity mapping. Using examples from our ongoing work in the Hawaiian Islands, we demonstrate how a new “airborne sp...