cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ROCKY INTERTIDAL PREDATOR NUCELLA OSTRINA ALONG AN ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS GRADIENT

To gain insight into suborganismal mechanisms underlying responses of predators to environmental stress, we examined the effects of temperature and food avail- ability on the physiology and feeding activity of the predatory whelk Nucella ostrina (formerly N. ernarginata). Studies were conducted in the mid-low transition zone on rocky reefs at two sites on the Oregon coast: Strawberry Hill (SH) and Boiler Bay (BB). SH is dominated by suspension-feeding invertebrates and their predators, while BB is dominated by macrophytes. In wave-exposed (EX) and wave-protected (PR) habitats at each site, we measured air and water temperatures, whelk body temperatures, and indices of physiological condition (malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities and RNA: DNA ratios) for wild-caught whelks. The influence of food preye) and thermal conditions sheltere) on prey con- sumption, physiological performance (oxygen consumption rate), and response to thermal stress (induction of Hsp7O-class stress proteins) of whelks was determined in field exper- iments. Low-tide air temperatures, whelk body temperatures, and biochemical indices of whelk field condition were consistently different between sites (SH > BB) and wave ex- posures (temperatures: PR > EX, condition: PR < EX). Foraging activity, metabolic rates, and stress protein (Hsp) expression were consistently higher at SH than BB. Respiration rates were lower for all -prey treatments than for +prey treatments; however, whelks in -prey +shade treatments had lower Hsp expression and higher respiration rates (an in- dication of better physiological condition) than whelks in -prey -shade treatments. Most measures of performance suggested that wave-exposed individuals were more physiolog- ically robust than wave-protected individuals. Temporal physiological responses to stress suggested that high levels of heat stress compromise whelk performance later in the summer. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that physiological stress interacts with prey abundance to modify activity of whelks. Detailed studies of the effects of environmental stress on predator-prey interactions are needed to elucidate the relationship between phys- iological stress and predator-prey interactions. However; present evidence suggests that whelks alter activity (behavioral modification) and physiology (biochemical modification) in ways that lead to differential impacts by these predators on prey populations at different sites.
Streamlined life cycle assessment of carbon footprint of a tourist food menu using probabilistic underspecification methodology

We proposed a methodology based on life cycle assessment streamlining techniques to estimate the carbon footprint (CF) of a meal. The methodology was applied to estimate the meal CF of twenty-four people on a 4-days Galapagos Island tour using over three hundred existing Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) results in the food industry. In spite of the abundance of food LCA studies, there were very little food CF studies on food produced in South America or Ecuador. By combining established and novel life cycle assessment streamlining techniques, we demonstrated how to (a) calculate the uncertainty associated with the use of surrogate CF data, (b) carry out a preliminary carbon footprint calculation using surrogate data to identify a subset of components that contributes the greatest CFs to the product, which we called the set of interest (SOI) and, (c) greatly reduce the uncertainty in the CF results using only exact CFs for the SOI in addition to the surrogate CFs of the other food items. In general, this methodology can systematically cut down the time and resources that are needed to collect all the emission data in the production of food in a meal, but to focus on only a small handful of food items that impact the total CF, provided that the surrogate CF database is large enough to include the true CF.
XXXII. On the absorption of light in heterogeneous media

(1913). XXXII. On the absorption of light in heterogeneous media. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 26, No. 153, pp. 423-426.
Can effect of finasteride on prostate-specific antigen be used to decrease repeat prostate biopsy?

Abstract Objectives Patients often undergo multiple prostate biopsies for persistently elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Finasteride decreases serum PSA by approximately 50%. We performed a pilot study to examine the correlation among finasteride, PSA, and PSA density (PSAD) to identify patients who could be excluded from repeat prostate biopsy. Methods We performed a prospective study from 2001 to 2002 on 25 men with elevated PSA levels. These patients had prior negative prostate biopsy findings. At study onset, the patients’ PSA level and PSAD were measured. Patients were instructed to take finasteride 5 mg for 6 months. PSA and PSAD determination and prostate biopsies were repeated at 6 months and the findings compared with the initial results. Results The mean patient age was 67.2 years (median 62). The median PSA level was 8.3 ng/dL at study entry (mean 9.34) and 4.6 ng/dL (mean 5.09) at 6 months. The median PSAD was 0.18 (mean 0.20) at study entry and 0.09 (mean 0.12) at 6 months. Of the 23 patients who completed the study, 6 (26%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer. At study entry, the median PSA level in those with prostate cancer was 9.6 ng/dL and was 5.8 ng/dL at 6 months. Patients without prostate cancer on repeat biopsy had a 44% decrease in PSAD. Patients with prostate cancer had a 5% decrease in PSAD. Conclusions The results of our study have demonstrated that patients without prostate cancer have a greater decrease in PSAD when taking finasteride than those with prostate cancer. This pilot study had a small population with limited power, and a repeat prospective study with a larger population is warranted.
Water intake of hyposalemic anosmic rats

While the olfactory bulbs appear to be important in sodium thirst, animals with olfactory bulbs transected show an increased water intake following sodium depletion which is indistinguishable from unoperated controls.
A new approach to the entropy power inequality, via rearrangements

A new lower bound on the entropy of the sum of independent random vectors is demonstrated in terms of rearrangements. This lower bound is better than that given by the entropy power inequality. In fact, we use it to give a new, independent, and simple proof of the entropy power inequality in the case when the summands are identically distributed. We also give a more involved but new way to recover the full entropy power inequality, without invoking Fisher information, MMSE or any differentiation of information functionals.
Toll receptor agonist therapy of skin cancer and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Purpose of reviewThe use of agents which exhibit the ability to potently activate the innate immune response has gained significant interest as therapeutics to treat cancer. We will review the history and the current applications of these agents to treat skin cancer and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.Rec
Operator splitting methods for Maxwell's equations in dispersive media with orientational polarization

We present two operator splitting schemes for the numerical simulation of Maxwell's equations in dispersive media of Debye type that exhibit orientational polarization (the Maxwell-Debye model). The splitting schemes separate the mechanisms of wave propagation and polarization to create simpler sub-steps that are easier to implement. In addition, dimensional splitting is used to propagate waves in different axial directions. We present a sequential operator splitting scheme and its symmetrized version for the Maxwell-Debye system in two dimensions. The splitting schemes are discretized using implicit finite difference methods that lead to unconditionally stable schemes. We prove that the fully discretized sequential scheme is a first order time perturbation, and the symmetrized scheme is a second order time perturbation of the Crank-Nicolson scheme for discretizing the Maxwell-Debye model. Numerical examples are presented that illustrate our theoretical results.
Hapten inhibition of adsorption: Specificity of the Sophora japonica lectin☆

Since hapten inhibition of precipitation is relatively time consuming, we have developed a hapten inhibition of adsorption assay to explore the sugar binding specificity of the Sophora japonica lectin. Adsorbents were prepared with Sephadex and p-aminophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside using the CNBr procedure. The ability of simple saccharides to inhibit the binding of lectin to the adsorbent was performed employing a fixed amount of adsorption with respect to the logarithm of micromoles of inhibitor yielded sigmoid shaped curves. The quantities of various saccharides required to cause 50% inhibition of the lectin--adsorbent interaction relative to D-galactose were within+/-5% of the relative inhibiting potencies of the sugars in
Synthesis of PtRu5(CO)14(PBut3)(μ-H)2(μ6-C) and Its Reactions with Pt(PBut3)2, HGePh3, and HSnPh3

Reaction of PtRu 5 (CO) 1 5 (PBu t 3 )(C), 3, with hydrogen at 97 °C yielded the new dihydride-containing cluster compound PtRu 5 (CO) 1 4 (PBu t 3 )(μ-H) 2 (μ 6 -C), 5. Compound 5 was characterized crystallographically and was shown to contain an octahedral cluster consisting of one platinum and five ruthenium atoms with a carbido ligand in the center. Two hydrido ligands bridge two oppositely positioned PtRu bonds. Compound 5 reacts with Pt(PBu t 3 ) 2 to yield Pt 2 Ru 5 -(CO) 1 4 (PBu t 3 ) 2 (μ-H) 2 (μ 6 -C), 6, a Pt(PBu t 3 ) adduct of 5, by adding a Pt(PBu t 3 ) group as a bridge across one of the Ru-Ru bonds in the square base of the Ru 5 portion of the cluster. Compound 6 is dynamically active on the NMR time scale by a mechanism that appears to involve a shifting of the Pt(PBu t 3 ) group from one Ru-Ru bond to another. Two new complexes, PtRu 5 (CO) 1 3 (PBu t 3 )(μ-H) 3 (GePh 3 )(μ 5 -C), 7, and PtRu 5 (CO) 1 3 (PBu t 3 )(μ-H) 2 (μ-GePh 2 )-(μ 6 -C), 8, were obtained from the reaction of 5 with HGePh 3 . The cluster of 7 has an open structure in which the Pt(PBu t 3 ) group bridges an edge of the square base of the square pyramidal Ru 5 cluster. Compound 7 also has three bridging hydrido ligands and one terminal GePh 3 ligand. When heated to 97 °C, 7 is slowly converted to 8 by cleavage of a phenyl group from the GePh 3 ligand and elimination of benzene by its combination with one of the hydrido ligands. The PtRu 5 metal cluster of 8 has a closed octahedral shape with a GePh 2 ligand bridging one of the Ru-Ru bonds. Two tin-containing compounds, PtRu 5 (CO) 1 3 (PBu t 3 )(μ-H) 3 (SnPh 3 )(μ 5 -C), 9, and PtRu 5 (CO) 1 3 -(PBut 3 )(μ-H) 2 (μ-SnPh 2 )(μ 6 -C), 10, which are analogous to 7 and 8 were obtained from the reaction of 5 with HSnPh 3 .
4 He liquid-vapor interface below 1 K studied using x-ray reflectivity

The free surface of thin films of liquid helium adsorbed on a solid substrate has been studied using x-ray reflectivity. The film thickness and interfacial profile are extracted from the angular dependence of measured interference between signals reflected from the liquid-vapor and liquid-substrate interfaces. Polished silicon wafers, chemically cleaned and passivated, were used as substrates. Results are reported for measurements for ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ films 35 to 130 \AA{} thick in the temperature range 0.44 to 1.3 K. The 10%/90% interfacial width for temperature $T=0.45$ K varies from $5.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ \AA{} for $36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5$ \AA{} thick films to $6.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ \AA{} for $125\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5$ \AA{} thick films. The profile width at zero temperature should not differ significantly from that measured at $T=0.45$ K. For $T=1.22$ K, the width is $7.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0$ \AA{}.
Quantum trajectories in complex space

Quantum trajectories in complex space in the framework of the quantum Hamilton-Jacobi formalism are investigated. For time-dependent problems, the complex quantum trajectories determined from the exact analytical wave function for the free Gaussian wave packet and the coherent state in the harmonic potential are used to demonstrate that the information transported by the particles in the complex space can be used to synthesize the time-dependent wave function on the real axis. For time-independent problems, the exact complex quantum trajectories for the Eckart potential are obtained by numerically integrating the equations of motion. The unusual structure of the total potential (the sum of the classical and the quantum potentials) for the stationary states for the Eckart potential is pointed out. The variations of the complex-valued kinetic energy, classical potential, and quantum potential along the complex quantum trajectories are analyzed. This paper not only analyzes complex quantum trajectories for time-dependent and time-independent systems but also provides a unified description for complex quantum trajectories for one-dimensional problems in the quantum Hamilton-Jacobi formalism.
Second order singular boundary value problems with integral boundary conditions

Abstract We study the second order singular boundary value problem u ″ + λ f ( t , u ) = 0 , t ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , u ( 0 ) = ∫ 0 1 u ( s ) d ξ ( s ) , u ( 1 ) = ∫ 0 1 u ( s ) d η ( s ) . Sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions. The dependence of positive solutions on the parameter λ is also studied. Moreover, application of our theory to a special problem is discussed. To prove our theorem, we utilize some results from the mixed monotone operator theory.
A Primer in Monte Carlo Integration Using Mathcad

The essentials of Monte Carlo integration are presented for use in an upper-level physical chemistry setting. A Mathcad document that aids in the dissemination and utilization of this information is described and is available in the Supporting Information. A brief outline of Monte Carlo integration is given, along with ideas and pedagogy for optimum use of the Mathcad document in relation to application of this technique to quantum mechanical calculations to which undergraduate chemistry students are typically exposed.
Effects of fluoxetine treatment in young children with idiopathic autism

Thirty-seven children, aged between 2 and 7 years, with idiopathic autism underwent an open-label trial of fluoxetine treatment. All had assessment of diagnosis, developmental status, and family psychiatric history. Independent developmental testing before and after starting fluoxetine permitted quantification of language acquisition in a subgroup. Twenty-two of the 37 children had a beneficial treatment response sustained during continuing treatment for 13 to 33 months (mean 21 months). Eleven had an excellent response and were able to attend mainstream classrooms. Eleven had a good response though they remained identifiably autistic. Fifteen children had no benefit. Responders showed behavioral, language, cognitive, affective, and social improvements. Responders with adequate testing showed marked increases in language acquisition at every stage of development as compared with (1) pretreatment status, (2) responses to other treatments, (3) ability in non-language (matching) tasks, and (4) historical controls from the literature. The response to fluoxetine strongly correlated with a family history of major affective disorder. These preliminary findings implicate serotonergic mechanisms in autistic symptomatology and warrant further study with controlled trials.
Genetic Testing for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer

Genetic testing for hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes is more complex than genetic testing for hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome. This is due to the following: 1) there are many more syndromes to consider in the differential diagnosis, 2) some of the syndromes have considerable phenotypic overlap, 3) many of the syndromes can be caused by mutations in any one of a number of causative genes, and 4) testing for Lynch syndrome (the most common hereditary cause of colorectal cancer) includes a combination of tumor testing and germline genetic testing. As a result, many clinicians find genetic testing for hereditary colorectal cancer to be a challenge. The clinical features of all the various hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes have been reviewed in other chapters in this issue. In addition, genetic counseling, which is a prerequisite for genetic testing to ensure appropriate informed consent, has been reviewed by Aronson. This chapter will focus on genetic testing for hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes.
Acute massive gentamicin intoxication in a patient with end-stage renal disease

A 65-year-old man with end-stage renal disease on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis accidentally received an acute massive overdose of gentamicin as a treatment of peritonitis. The patient developed acute vestibular dysfunction and hearing loss following the overdose. His serum gentamicin had reached the extremely toxic level of 220 microg/mL. To remove the gentamicin, the patient received hemodialysis and hemoperfusion immediately. This was followed by two more courses of hemodialysis during the following 2 days. The gentamicin level was brought down to 10 microg/mL after the third hemodialysis. Moderate and persistent high-frequency hearing loss was documented with serial audiograms. The patient made a gradual but incomplete recovery from the vestibular dysfunction. The complications of gentamicin toxicity and its management are discussed with respect to our patient.
Higher derivations and commutativity in lattice-ordered rings

In 1978 I. N. Herstein proved that a prime ring $$R$$ of characteristic not two with nonzero derivation $$d$$ satisfying $$d(x)d(y)=d(y)d(x)$$ for all $$x,y\in R$$ is commutative, and in 1995 Bell and Daif showed that $$d(xy)=d(yx)$$ implies commutativity. We extend the Bell–Daif theorem to lattice-ordered prime rings with a positive derivation satisfying the property on a one-sided $$L$$ -ideal and interpret these conditions for higher derivations in prime $$d$$ -rings and in semiprime $$f$$ -rings. Our key tool is that every positive derivation nilpotent on a one-sided $$L$$ -ideal of a semiprime $$\ell $$ -ring is zero on that ideal.
xB elements strongly activate gene expression in non-lymphoid cells and function synergistically with NF1 elements

Abstract kappa B elements have been described as lymphoid-specific transcriptional activators. Here we show that kappa B elements are able to stimulate expression from test promoters more than 100-fold in T47D and 3T3 non-lymphoid cells. We also demonstrate that nuclear proteins from T47D cells form two prominent complexes with HIV kappa B sites. Since the complexes formed in nuclear extracts from T47D and PHA/PMA stimulated Jurkat cells comigrate in polyacrylamide gels, we suggest that the respective binding protein in T47D cells is either NF-kappa B or a closely related family member. In addition we provide evidence that NF1 and kappa B elements can act synergistically to further increase transcriptional activity.
Lions and Latour litanies in The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt

This essay draws on Ian Bogost’s invention of ‘Latour litanies’ to argue that Villard’s sketchbook gives us a compendium of vibrant and unpredictable objects, which is particularly true concerning his drawings of lions. Responding to debates over whether these sketches were actually drawn from life – ‘contrefais al vif’ – as Villard claims, I chart an alternate path by arguing that Villard’s lions represent a moment of encounter with a dangerous object, a strange, ultimately unknowable, predatory other.
Calculating carbon mass balance from unsaturated soil columns treated with CaSO4-minerals: Test of soil carbon sequestration

Renewed interest in managing C balance in soils is motivated by increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and consequent climate change. Here, experiments were conducted in soil columns to determine C mass balances with and without addition of CaSO4-minerals (anhydrite and gypsum), which were hypothesized to promote soil organic carbon (SOC) retention and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) precipitation as calcite under slightly alkaline conditions. Changes in C contents in three phases (gas, liquid and solid) were measured in unsaturated soil columns tested for one year and comprehensive C mass balances were determined. The tested soil columns had no C inputs, and only C utilization by microbial activity and C transformations were assumed in the C chemistry. The measurements showed that changes in C inventories occurred through two processes, SOC loss and SIC gain. However, the measured SOC losses in the treated columns were lower than their corresponding control columns, indicating that the amendments promoted SOC retention. The SOC losses resulted mostly from microbial respiration and loss of CO2 to the atmosphere rather than from chemical leaching. Microbial oxidation of SOC appears to have been suppressed by increased Ca(2+) and SO4(2)(-) from dissolution of CaSO4 minerals. For the conditions tested, SIC accumulation per m(2) soil area under CaSO4-treatment ranged from 130 to 260 g C m(-1) infiltrated water (20-120 g C m(-1) infiltrated water as net C benefit). These results demonstrate the potential for increasing C sequestration in slightly alkaline soils via CaSO4-treatment.
A basis-free approach to time-reversal for symmetry groups

We develop a basis-free approach to time-reversal for the quantal angular momentum group,SU2, and apply these methods to the physical symmetrySU2isospin,SU3flavor,SU3nuclear and the nuclear collective symmetry groupSL(3,R) of Gell-Mann and Tomonaga.
Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1991

Abstract The 1991 hurricane season is summarized, including accounts of individual storms. Eight tropical storms were tracked, of which four became hurricanes. Only one tropical cyclone, Hurricane Bob, hit the United States.
Pharmacodynamics of cytarabine alone and in combination with 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) in AML blasts in vitro and during a clinical trial.

Chk1 and Akt signaling facilitate survival of cells treated with nucleoside analogues. Activation of Chk1 in response to cytarabine (ara-C) induced an S-phase checkpoint characterized by the inhibition of Cdk2, cell cycle arrest, no change in constitutively active Akt, or low-stress kinase signaling in ML-1 cells. However, inhibition of Chk1 by UCN-01 in S-phase-arrested cells resulted in an abrogation of the checkpoint, inhibition of Akt, activation of JNK, and a rapid induction of apoptosis. Similarly, primary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) blasts exposed to ara-C and UCN-01 demonstrated a selective loss in cloning potential when compared with normal progenitors. Therefore, we evaluated a pilot clinical trial of ara-C in combination with UCN-01 in patients with relapsed AML. Blasts from some patients demonstrated a previously activated Chk1-Cdk2 DNA damage response pathway that decreased during therapy. Constitutively phosphorylated Akt kinase declined on addition of UCN-01 to the ara-C infusion, an action accompanied by an activation of JNK and reduction in absolute AML blast counts. Thus, use of UCN-01 in combination with ara-C decreases Chk1 phosphorylation, inhibits the Akt survival pathway, and activates JNK during the course of therapy, offering a rationale for the cytotoxic action of this combination during AML treatment. (Blood. 2006;107:2517-2524)
Effects of variable water motion on regeneration of Hemipholis elongata (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea)

. To determine whether increased water motion affects patterns of regeneration in the subtidal burrowing brittlestar Hemipholis elongata (phylum Echinodermata), individuals were subjected to laboratory-controlled turbulence conditions. Half of each replicate aquarium experienced oscillatory (wave-like) turbulence while the other half had no turbulence. Individual brittlestars from which arm-tips had been removed were allowed to burrow and to regenerate. Regenerated arm-tip length and weight were tested for differences between organisms in calm and turbulent conditions. Regenerated arm-tip length differed significantly between control and treatment, but arm-tip dry weight and skeleton/tissue ratio of regenerated arm-tips did not. To quantify plasticity in the skeleton, 15 morphological measurements made on the proximal face of vertebral ossicles (using scanning electron microscopy) were integrated as an index of overall ossicle size. We found a significant difference in the overall size index of the vertebral ossicles between treatments, but could not determine which of the measurements contributed most to the difference. The results indicate that regeneration in H. elongata is a complex process that can be modified by environmental conditions.
Auditory evoked responses and learning and awareness during general anesthesia

BACKGROUND: There is a major distinction between conscious and unconscious learning. Monitoring the mid-latency auditory evoked responses (AER) has been proposed as a measure to ascertain the adequacy of the hypnotic state during surgery. In the present study, we investigated the presence of explicit and implicit memories after anesthesia and examined the relationships of such memories to the AER. METHODS: We studied 180 patients scheduled for elective surgical procedures. After a thiopental induction, one of four anesthetics were studied: Opioid bolus: 7.5 microg x kg(-1) fentanyl, 70% N2O, with 2.5 microg x kg(-1) supplements as needed (n=100); Opioid infusion: Alfentanil 50 microg x kg(-1) bolus, 1-1.5 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) infusion, 70% N2O (n=40); Isoflurane 0.3%: Fentanyl 1 microg x kg(-1), 70% N2O, isoflurane 0.3% expired (n=16); Isoflurane 0.7%: Fentanyl 1 microg x kg(-1), 70% N2O, isoflurane 0.7% expired (n=23). AER were recorded before anesthesia, 5 min after surgical incision and then every 30 min until the end of surgery. A tape of either the story of the "Three Little Pigs" or the "Wizard of Oz" was played continuously between the recordings. Explicit memory was assessed postoperatively by tests of recall and recognition, and implicit memory was assessed by the frequency of story-related free associations to target words from the stories, which were solicited twice during a structured interview. RESULTS: Six patients showed explicit recall of intraoperative events: All received the opioid bolus regimen. About 7% of patients reported dreaming during anesthesia. The incidence of picking the correct story that had been presented during anesthesia averaged 49%, i.e., very close to chance level. Overall, priming occurred only at the second association tests for the opioid bolus regimen, for which the frequency of an association to the presented story among those not giving an association to the control story was 26%, which was double the frequency (13%) of an association to the control story among those not giving an association to the presented story. This was significant by McNemar's test, P=0.02. There were significant associations between awareness, priming and AER, e.g., recall was associated with higher Nb amplitudes during anesthesia and priming was associated with shorter wave latencies. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of awareness in patients anesthetized with nitrous oxide and bolus supplementation was 6%. Thus, this anesthetic technique did not reduce the risk of awareness compared with the use of nitrous oxide alone. Implicit memory occurred during nitrous oxide and bolus supplementation. Recording AER during anesthesia may help to predict awareness and implicit memory, particularly the former. The short contents of most of the dreams which were recalled could hamper future studies in this area.
Parallel Correction and Adaptation Engines for I/Q Mismatch Compensation

We present a low-area implementation of an I/Q mismatch compensation (IQMC) circuit that comprises a correction engine and an adaptation engine. The correction engine performs I/Q mismatch compensation in the data path using a filter whose coefficients are updated after a programmable amount of time by a parallel adaptation engine that performs sample-by-sample off-line adaptation. This scheme allows very fast online adaptation while protecting the receiver data path from the degradations caused by a fast converging algorithm. The proposed scheme has been successfully implemented in 90-nm digital CMOS process for a low-IF quad-band GSM transceiver SoC. A single multiplier is used to perform complex multiplications for both correction and adaptation engines, resulting in a 0.025 mm2 circuit. Image Rejection Ratio in excess of 50 dB is measured that is sufficient for IF frequencies as high as 200 kHz for GSM application.
Coping Socialization in Middle Childhood: Tests of Maternal and Paternal Influences

A theoretical model of parental socialization of children's coping behavior is described and tested with 310 elementary school children (M age = 10.5 years). Mothers and fathers reported on the coping suggestions they made to their children, their own coping strategies, and their perceptions of the family environment. Children reported on their relationships with their parents and on their usual coping behavior. Children's coping efforts were associated with family environment, the quality of the parent-child relationship, parent's own coping, and parent coping suggestions, though these relationships differed by gender and were quite specific. Maternal data were more strongly associated with children's coping than paternal data, and active and support coping were predicted more successfully than avoidance strategies. Analyses supported a model of direct, rather than mediated, effects on children's coping. There was modest support for the interactive effects of maternal coaching and modeling on girls' active coping and boys' avoidant coping.
Multiscale Habitat Selection by Burrowing Owls in Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Colonies

Some populations of western burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) have declined in recent decades. To design and implement effective recovery efforts, we need a better understanding of how distribution and demographic traits are influenced by habitat quality. To this end, we measured spatial patterns of burrowing owl breeding habitat selection within black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies in northeastern Wyoming, USA. We compared burrow-, site-, colony-, and landscape-scale habitat parameters between burrowing owl nest burrows (n = 105) and unoccupied burrows (n = 85). We sampled 4 types of prairie dog colonies: 1) owl-occupied, active with prairie dogs (n = 16); 2) owl-occupied, inactive (n = 13); 3) owl-unoccupied, active (n = 14); and 4) owl-unoccupied, inactive (n = 14). We used an information-theoretic approach to examine a set of candidate models of burrowing owl nest-site selection. The model with the most support included variables at all 4 spatial scales, and results were consistent among the 4 types of prairie dog colonies. Nest burrows had longer tunnels, more available burrows within 30 m, and less shrub cover within 30 m, more prairie dog activity within 100 m, and were closer to water than unoccupied burrows. The model correctly classified 76% of cases, all model coefficients were stable, and the model had high predictive ability. Based on our results, we recommend actions to ensure persistence of the remaining prairie dog colonies as an important management strategy for burrowing owl conservation in the Great Plains of North America.
Error-resilient video compression through the use of multiple states

Video compression enables a number of applications by reducing the required bit rate needed to represent a video sequence, however the compressed video is much more susceptible to errors such as bit errors or packet loss. Conventional video compression standards employ an architecture which we refer to as single-state systems since they have a prediction loop with a single state (e.g. the previous decoded frame) which if lost or corrupted can lead to the loss or severe degradation of all subsequent frames until the state is reinitialized (the prediction is refreshed). We combat this problem of incorrect state and error propagation at the decoder by coding the video into multiple independently decodable streams, each with its own prediction process and state, such that if one stream is lost the other streams can still be used to produce usable video. The correctly received streams provide improved error concealment and, more importantly, enable faster state recovery for the lost stream. This approach is conceptually similar to multiple description coding, however it differs in the representation used for each description as well as its use of state recovery.
Long‐period, low‐amplitude radial velocity variations in the K giant star π Herculis: rotation, substellar companion or non‐radial pulsations?

Precise stellar radial velocity (RV) measurements (σ≈ 20 m s-1 ) spanning more than 2 yr are presented for the K giant star π Herculis. These show variability with a period of 613 ± 57 d and an amplitude of 150 ± 12 m s-1 . Radial pulsations can be excluded as a mechanism for this variability because the observed period is more than an order of magnitude greater than the expected period of the fundamental radial mode. Tenable hypotheses for the RV variability include rotational modulation by surface structure, non-radial pulsations, or a substellar companion of mass at least 27 MJupiter in orbit 3 au from the star. An upper limit of 1400 d to the rotational period for π Herculis is determined using published values of the angular diameter and distance to π Herculis as well as an estimate of the projected rotational velocity. Rotational modulation is thus a viable mechanism for the RV variability. The RV variations were also fitted using two models: (i) a stellar surface covered with cool spots and (ii) non-radial pulsations. Both models could adequately reproduce the RV curve although the spot model predicts photometric variations of Δ V ∼ 0.1 mag. As a result of the long period, non-radial pulsations may be g-mode or r-mode oscillations, which implies that most of the atmospheric motion of the star is in the horizontal direction. If these modes are indeed present then the corresponding photometric amplitude for non-radial pulsations may be quite small. The radial velocity variations were also measured using subsections of the spectral region. Weak spectral lines yielded an RV amplitude of ≈ 140 m s-1 whereas the stronger lines yielded an RV amplitude of ≈ 220 m s-1 with a phase shift of about 60 ° with respect to the weaker lines. This seems to support the pulsation hypothesis as the cause of the RV variability, although an analysis of more lines is needed to confirm this. Also, a period of 90.3 d with an amplitude 50 m s-1 is found in the residual RV measurements after subtracting the 613-d component. The presence of two periods also argues in favour of non-radial pulsations, although at the present time one cannot exclude low-mass companions or surface structure as a cause for at least one of the observed periods. Photometric measurements as well as detailed analysis of the changes in the spectral line shapes using high-resolution data may be required to distinguish between the companion object and non-radial pulsation hypotheses.
Ultrasonic Characterization of Lactose Crystallization in Gelatin Gels

Abstract: Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements (2.25 MHz center frequency) were used to follow bulk crystallization of lactose (43% and 46%) from gelatin (1.5% and 3%) gels at 25 °C, and compared to turbidity (500 nm) and isothermal calorimetric measurements. Ultrasonic velocity decreased slightly (approximately 0.5%) during crystallization while ultrasonic attenuation was low in the absence of lactose crystals and increased progressively during crystallization. The lag time before the onset of crystallization decreased and the maximum rate of increase in attenuation during crystallization increased with increasing lactose supersaturation but was not affected by gelatin concentration (P < 0.05). Similar results were seen in turbidity and isothermal calorimetric measurements. Ultrasonic attenuation measurements have the potential to measure crystallization kinetics in complex food matrices and to be applied on-line. Practical Application: Many foods contain crystals that affect their taste and texture (for example, lactose crystals can give a grainy defect in ice cream). The formation of crystals is often hard to predict so methods to measure the development of crystals inside real foods are useful. In this study, we show that as lactose crystallizes in a gelatin gel the ultrasonic attenuation—capacity to absorb sound—increases and can be related to the amount of crystals present. Ultrasound is easier to apply in real food processing than the existing methodologies.
ANAEROBIC GROWTH OF A “STRICT AEROBE” (BACILLUS SUBTILIS)

There was a long-held belief that the gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis is a strict aerobe. But recent studies have shown that B. subtilis will grow anaerobically, either by using nitrate or nitrite as a terminal electron acceptor, or by fermentation. How B. subtilis alters its metabolic activity according to the availability of oxygen and alternative electron acceptors is but one focus of study. A two-component signal transduction system composed of a sensor kinase, ResE, and a response regulator, ResD, occupies an early stage in the regulatory pathway governing anaerobic respiration. One of the essential roles of ResD and ResE in anaerobic gene regulation is induction of fnr transcription upon oxygen limitation. FNR is a transcriptional activator for anaerobically induced genes, including those for respiratory nitrate reductase, narGHJI.B. subtilis has two distinct nitrate reductases, one for the assimilation of nitrate nitrogen and the other for nitrate respiration. In contrast, one nitrite reductase functions both in nitrite nitrogen assimilation and nitrite respiration. Unlike many anaerobes, which use pyruvate formate lyase, B. subtilis can carry out fermentation in the absence of external electron acceptors wherein pyruvate dehydrogenase is utilized to metabolize pyruvate.
The photo‐electrochemical production of c‐c bonds from carbon dioxide

It is shown that solar light can be used to reduce CO2 to CC bonds with electricity as a by-product.
Comparison of the anti-LH/FSH-RH and anti-ovulatory activities of [p-phe2, d-leu6]-LH-RH and [o-phe2, d-ala6]-LH-RH

The anti-LH/FSH-RH and antiovulatory activities of [D-Phe2, D-Leu6]-LH-RH and [D-Phe2, D-Ala6]-LH-RH were compared in rats. Both peptides inhibited the LH and FSH release induced by LH-RH in immature male rats, but, 4 hr after the injection, [D-Phe2, D-Leu6]-LH-RH still suppressed the LH and FSH release whereas the [D-Phe2, D-Ala6]-LH-RH did not. When the peptides were administered in equal doses on the afternoon of the day of proestrus in 4-day cycling rats, [D-Phe2, D-Leu6]-LH-RH more completely inhibited the ovulation occurring on the following morning than [D-Phe2, D-Ala6]-LH-RH. Thus, the incorporation of D-Leucine into position six of the decapeptide chain gives a more potent inhibitor than that resulting from the insertion of D-Alanine.
Uncritical Acceptance of Combination Treatment of Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor in Nondiabetic Renal Disease Trial Results

To the Editor: We have just read the published editorial in the present issue of Hypertension by Kaplan1 with great interest. We very much agree with his comments and, in particular, share his concerns with respect to an uncritical acceptance …
Personal, private, secret, public [ethics of data privacy]

Although discussions of privacy and technology are often issue centered, some do address fundamental questions such as what a "right to privacy" might entail. This paper proposes to address a still more fundamental question. Arguing that a better understanding of "privacy" hinges on the better understanding of the related terms, "personal," "private," "secret," and "public," this paper first suggests an analysis of the meaning of these terms. Building on this analysis to advance discussion of the topic of privacy and technology, the paper then provides a consistent ethical position, and discusses the consequences of its analysis on the understanding of privacy within the democratic state. Finally, as an example application, the paper revisits the issue of ownership of personal data.
The Tunnel Source (PNPN) n-MOSFET: A Novel High Performance Transistor

As MOSFET is scaled below 90 nm, many daunting challenges arise. Short-channel effects (SCEs; drain-induced barrier lowering and VTHmiddotrolloff), off-state leakage, parasitic capacitance, and resistance severely limit the performance of these transistors. New device innovations are essential to overcome these difficulties. In this paper, we propose the concept of a novel tunnel source (PNPN) n-MOSFET based on the principle of band-to- band tunneling. It is found that the PNPN n-MOSFET has the potential of steep subthreshold swing and improved Ion in addition to immunities against SCEs. Therefore, such a PNPN n-MOSFET can overcome the ever-degrading on-off characteristics of the deeply scaled conventional MOSFET. The design of the PNPN n-MOSFET was extensively examined using simulations. Devices with source-side tunneling junctions were fabricated on bulk substrates using spike anneal, and the experimental data is presented.
Signatures of discrete symmetries in the scalar sector.

I discuss methods to identify the presence of discrete symmetries in the two-Higgs-doublet model by observing the masses and the cubic and quartic interactions of the scalars. The symmetries considered are a ${\mathit{Z}}_{2}$ symmetry under which ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{2}$, and a CP symmetry which enforces real coupling constants in the Higgs potential. Those symmetries are spontaneously broken, and the ${\mathit{Z}}_{2}$ symmetry may also be softly broken. I identify the signatures in the interactions of the scalars that these symmetries leave after their breaking.
Cell type-specific and inflammatory-induced expression of haptoglobin gene in lung.

BACKGROUND : Haptoglobin (HP) is a hemoglobin-binding protein and a major acute phase reactant. Recently, HP has been shown to possess antioxidant and angiogenic properties. HP is known to be produced mainly in the liver. Expression of HP in specific cells of nonhepatic origin including lung cells has not been studied before. The presence of extracellular plasma proteins in lung epithelial fluid has been assumed to be of blood serum origin. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN : To investigate the expression of the HP gene in lung, the presence of HP mRNA and the production of HP protein in the lung were examined by Northern blot analysis and immunoprecipitation, respectively. Cellular expression of HP during development and inflammation were studied by in situ hybridization with lung tissues derived from different gestational stages from baboons and mice and from mice treated with lipopolysaccharide. RESULTS : Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses established a high level of expression of HP in fetal and adult lung tissues, which were confined to the epithelial lining of the airways in mouse and baboon. After inflammation had been induced in vivo, expression of the HP gene rose fourfold in lung, an increase compatible with that observed in normal mouse liver. However, HP mRNA level was not significantly altered in airway epithelium. Instead, HP expression in alveolar epithelial cells, most likely type 2 cells, was strongly increased. CONCLUSIONS : Our data suggest that locally synthesized HP provides a major source of antioxidant and/or antimicrobial activity in the mucus blanket as well as in the alveolar fluid in the lung. The regulation and cell type-specific expression of HP during development and inflammation indicate a protective role for HP in lung and confirm recent reports that HP plays important roles in protecting against infection and in repairing injured tissues.
Personal protection devices: a case for noisemakers.

The author explores alternative methods for preventing and responding to an attempted assault and presents a convincing argument for the use of noisemakers. Language: en
ENEP – A Cost-Effective Alternative for High Reliability Soldering Applications

Electroless nickel / immersion gold (ENIG) has been recognized within the electronics packaging industry as a reliable surface finish for soldering applications. Unlike surface finishes, such as OSP, immersion silver or immersion tin, which produce a Cu-Sn intermetallic upon soldering, the nickel layer of ENIG acts as a barrier to minimize copper dissolution during the soldering application. This function is especially important for assemblies that require multiple reflow steps. However, if not properly controlled, excessive corrosion of the nickel by the immersion gold step can also cause the well documented “black pad” effect, often resulting in solder joint reliability issues, including brittle fracture. As an alternative to ENIG, an electroless pure palladium layer over the electroless nickel (ENEP) provides a solderable surface without the noted risk of damage to the underling nickel layer. By eliminating the corrosive attack of the gold bath, the final layer stack would be suitable for high reliabil...
Retention and release of selected major and minor metals by the Altamaha river marsh ecosystem

The retention and release of two major metals, K and Mg, and two minor metals, Zn and Mn, bySpartina alterniflora andSpartina cynosuroides salt marsh ecosystems along the terminal course of Altamaha river were investigated. The metal content in plant and soil samples collected from the two sites was measured periodically. A rectangular box-model of the ecosystem (1 m × 1 m × 0.5 m) was used to normalize the metal content of all materials in g m−3. The net annual retention or release of the metals in the ecosystem was computed from the periodic changes in the metal content of the live plant, dead tissues and of the soil (HCI extractable). The system populated byS. alterniflora releases 1.53 g m−3 of Mn while that covered byS. cynosuroides delivers 17.18 g m−3 of Mn to the river. Zinc is retained at the annual rate of 0.17 g m−3 by the former system and 1.21 g m−3 by the latter. The annual retention rate of K and Mg byS. alterniflora system is 71.76 g m−3 and 522.08 g m−3 respectively, whileS. cynosuroides system retains annually 171.0 g m−3 of K and 499.54 g m−3 of Mg.
RANS and Very Large Eddy Simulations of a Turbulent Flow in a Lean Direct Injection Hydrogen Combustor

A research Lean Direct Injection (LDI) hydrogen combustor is numerically simulated using RANS and PRNS to assist experimental studies for better understanding the flow physics and combustion processes occurred in a particular configuration of LDI hydrogen combustors. RANS is used to obtain a global picture of turbulent mean flow and flame structures, which can also be used to construct an initial condition for the very large eddy simulation. PRNS is a very large eddy simulation approach that only needs a computer resource comparable to that of RANS. PRNS can reveal the large or very large scales of turbulent fluctuations and their effects on the combustion processes and flame structures. Both RANS and PRNS approaches used in the current simulations are briefly described and referenced. The simulation results are presented in detail.