cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transitional justice and 'local' justice

Justice is a complex, elusive and essentially contested concept intimately bound up with context-specific history and culture, finding a diversity of forms and expressions across the globe. Yet that diversity has not always been readily apparent in transitional justice initiatives intended to address legacies of large-scale human rights abuses. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the possibilities of using ‘local,’ ‘traditional,’ or ‘non-Western’ modalities of dispute resolution, reconciliation, truth telling and retributive justice to address legacies of abuse. While the use of these tradition-based initiatives has at times been innovative and held out some promise of increased effectiveness and perceived legitimacy, it has also generated many controversies. For example, local or traditional justice and reconciliation practices may clash with international human rights standards; they may be ill adapted for the context of mass atrocities that spill over porous borders of culture and the nation state; they may be imposed on local communities much like any other post-conflict justice initiative; and they are often filtered through the prism of local politics and historic power disparities, creating the potential to be more repressive than emancipatory. This chapter will explore the general promises and pitfalls of such tradition-based initiatives, using experiences from Rwanda, Uganda and East Timor as examples. I argue that we must be careful not to romanticize local justice; yet at the same time, transitional justice scholars, practitioners, and policy makers ignore local preferences and conceptions of justice at their own peril. While greater use of local modalities of justice will require a fairly robust ‘margin of appreciation’ and acceptance of a degree of legal pluralism that may make some international human rights lawyers uncomfortable, striking a better balance between global and local modalities of justice is ultimately required if we are to make transitional justice into more of a true global project.
Modeling energy technology choices: Which investment analysis tools are appropriate?

Abstract A variety of tools from modern investment theory appear to hold promise for unraveling observed energy technology investment behavior that often appears anomalous when analyzed using traditional investment analysis methods. This paper reviews the assumptions and important insights of the investment theories most commonly suggested as candidates for explaining the apparent ‘energy technology investment paradox’. The applicability of each theory is considered in the light of important aspects of energy technology investment problems, such as sunk costs, uncertainty and imperfect information. The theories addressed include the capital asset pricing model, the arbitrage pricing theory, and the theory of irreversible investment. Enhanced net present value methods are also considered. The relevance of the capital asset pricing model and the arbitrage pricing theory, given the special characteristics of energy technology investment decisions, appears limited to the value of the theories' conceptual insights. In contrast, the theory of irreversible investment and enhanced net present value are found to provide more useful modeling and analysis methods, each capable of providing important insights into the ‘energy technology investment paradox’.
Racial variation in follow-through of a positive screening test for prostate cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO)

Introduction African-American (AA) men are at increased risk for adverse outcomes of prostate cancer (PCa). One potential source of variation in outcome is follow-through on physician recommendations after a positive screening test. We undertook an ad hoc analysis of data from the PLCO screening trial to identify racial variation in the follow-through of a positive screening test (PSA > 4). Methods We included men in the screening arm who had a PSA > 4 at least once. Follow-through, defined as any additional evaluation within 9 months of a PSA > 4, was compared across racial groups using logistic regression, controlling for age, education, PSA, DRE status, family history of prostate cancer, history of prostate cancer screening, prior prostate biopsy, accrual center and prior prostate health problems. Results 6,294 participants met criteria for inclusion: 5,546 White (88.1%), 349 AA (5.5%) and 399 Other (6.3%). Follow-through was high overall (80.4%), but was lower among AA men than Whites (age-adjusted OR 0.72, 95% CI [0.56, 0.93]). Controlling for other patient characteristics, screening history and screening center attenuated this effect (OR 0.87 [0.64, 1.19]). Adding individual covariates to the base model demonstrated that screening center was the only factor that nullified the effect of race on follow-through. Conclusions Among PLCO participants, race group was not an independent predictor of follow-through. Other demographic factors, PCa risk factors, and accrual center explained the racial variation observed on univariate analysis. Further work should focus on how local health services delivery influences racial variation in follow-through of a positive screening test.
Rotational alignment of magnetic microdisks in composites for high frequency applications

In this work, we present an experimental and theoretical investigation of the alignment dynamics of disk-shaped magnetic particles in a Newtonian fluid under the influence of a rotating magnetic field. This work is motivated by the need for developing soft magnetic composite materials, with aligned particles, for high frequency inductor and antenna applications. Composite materials, consisting of soft magnetic particles embedded in a non-magnetic insulating matrix, have great potential for such high frequency applications: the dielectric and magnetic properties can be tailored by the choice of matrix as well as particle composition, size and concentration. Further, magnetic anisotropy in the composite can be engineered by controlling orientation of anisotropic particles within the matrix [1, 2]. In previous work, we have shown that the alignment of disk-shaped particles in a composite results in planar anisotropy, increasing both the ferromagnetic resonance frequency and in-plane permeability as desirable for high frequency applications [3].
Persistent monitoring of digital ICs to verify hardware trust

The specialization of the semiconductor industry has resulted in a global Integrated Circuit (IC) supply chain that is susceptible to hardware Trojans – malicious circuitry that is embedded into the chip during the design cycle. This nefarious attack could compromise the missioncritical systems which implement these devices. While a trusted domestic IC supply chain exists with resources such as the Trusted Foundry Program, it’s highly desirable to utilize the high yield, fast turn-around time, low cost, and leading-edge technology of the global IC supply chain. Research into the verification of hardware trust has made significant progress in recent years but is still far from a single, comprehensive solution. Most proposed solutions are one-time implementable methods that attempt to detect hardware Trojans during the verification stage of the IC development process. While this is a desirable solution, it’s not realistic given the current limitations of hardware Trojan detection techniques. We propose a more comprehensive solution that involves the persistent verification of hardware trust in the field, in addition to several one-time methods implemented during IC verification. We define a persistent verification framework that involves the use of a few ICs from a secure process flow to persistently monitor and verify the operation of several untrusted ICs from the global supply chain. This allows the system integrator to realize the benefits of the global IC supply chain while maintaining the integrity of the system. We develop a system monitor which filters the IO of untrusted digital ICs for a set of patterns, which we refer to as digital signal signatures, to verify the operation of the devices.
Genetic and environmental components of variation of site index in inland Douglas-fir.

(...) An index to genetic variation, based on 3-year seedling height in provenance tests, accounted for approximately 40% of the variation in both 50-year and 100-year dominant height (i.e., site index) among 135 natural stands in northern Idaho and western Montana. Combining the genetic index and simple environmental variables (elevation, habitat series, latitude, longitude) accounted for nearly half the variation in site index. Path analyses estimated a strong correlation (0.76) between genotype and environment, reflecting the steep adaptive clines that are well known for this species. (...)
Conceptual Mathematics: The algebra of composition

We investigate the analogy: If composition of maps is like multiplication of numbers, what is like division of numbers? The answers shed light on a great variety of problems, including (in Session 10) ‘continuous’ problems.
TAR CONTENT OF CIGARETTES IN RELATION TO LUNG CANCER

Although it is generally considered established that the risk of lung cancer is directly related to the tar content of cigarettes, an examination of the results of previous studies does not yield conclusive evidence in favor of the hypothesis. The authors evaluated this issue in a study of 881 cases of lung cancer and 2,570 hospital controls who were 40 to 69 years of age; data were collected by interview in hospitals in the United States and Canada from November 1981 to June 1986. For each year of smoking, cigarette brands were classified according to their tar content as published in regular Federal Trade Commission reports (from 1967 to 1985) or the Reader's Digest (from 1957 to 1966). Tar values for years for which there was no published information were estimated by interpolation. Smokers were divided, according to the tar content of their cigarette brands averaged over a specified period, into low (less than 22 mg/cigarette), medium (22-28 mg/cigarette), and high (greater than or equal to 29 mg/cigarette) tar smokers. When the average tar content was based on cigarettes smoked at least 10 years previously, the relative risk estimates for medium and high tar smokers compared with low tar smokers were 3.0 and 4.0 after control for potentially confounding factors, including the number of cigarettes smoked per day. The trend was significant (p = 0.002). The tendency for the risk of lung cancer to increase with increasing tar content was consistent among men and women. The results provide further support for the hypothesis that the tar content of cigarettes is directly related to lung cancer risk. However, the data were limited in that there were very few subjects whose lifetime tar exposure averaged less than 10 mg/cigarette.
Laser perforation of aluminum alloy sheet

Recent advances in the design of gain modules for diode-pumped solid-state lasers have allowed the manufacture of high-powered Q-switched products. The high available pulse energy and good mode quality enable highly efficient harmonic conversion, enabling the generation of several hundred watts of average power at a wavelength of 532nm. Among the applications for which this class of product may be suited is the rapid drilling of small-diameter holes in aluminum sheet. To investigate this application, plates of several aluminum alloys were drilled under a variety of conditions. The drilled plates were sectioned and subjected to analysis by optical metallography. The initial results indicate ways in which the process may be optimized.
Effects of laboratory data exchange in the care of patients with HIV

Background Electronic health record (EHR) systems are often modified through the addition of new features over time. Few studies have examined the specific effects of such changes. We examined whether implementation of a bidirectional laboratory interface for order entry and data reporting within an existing ambulatory EHR would result in more prompt responses to laboratory indications for antiretroviral therapy (ART) changes or in improved communication with HIV+ patients about relevant laboratory results.
Simultaneous Determination of Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids in Soil Solution by Ion Chromatography

A simple and precise ion chromatographic (IC) method for determination of citric, malonic, succinic, formic, acetic and propionic acids in soil solution was developed. It requires a prior cleanup to the soil solution samples by anion exchange resin (AG1-X8) and determination of organic acids using a Dionex Model 2010i IC. Separation of organic acids by IC permitted their quantitation by conductivity measurements, following suppression of background conductivity by a fiber suppressor. A high degree of precision was achieved in the quantitation of organic acids studied. With the IC method, citric, malonic, succinic, formic, acetic and propionic acids can be determined simultaneously in 16 min. A single operator can analyze about 30 samples in a single working day. Zur ionenchromatographischen Bestimmung niedermolekularer organischer Sauren in Bodenlosungen Vorgestellt wird eine einfache ionenchromatographische (IC) Methode zur Bestimmung von Citronen-, Malon-, Bernstein-, Ameisen-, Essig-und Propionsaure in Bodenlosungen. Erforderlich ist die Vorreinigung der Losungen mittels Anionenaustauscherharz AG1-X8. Die Trennung der Sauren erfolgt am IC (Modell Dionex 2010i) mil Leitfahigkeitsdetektion. Zur Quantifizierung mus die „Hintergrundleitfahigkeit” mit Hilfe eines Faserunterdruckers eliminiert werden. Diese Methode erlaubt die prazise gleichzeitige Bestimmung der oben genannten Sauren in nur 16 Minuten. Pro Arbeitstag konnen bis zu 30 Bodenlosungs-Proben bearbeitet werden.
Transport properties of boron and aluminum

Transport cross sections and collision integrals are tabulated for a wide range of energies and temperatures for the interactions B–B and Al–Al. For aluminum, a semiclassical approximation was used to determine the scattering phase shifts from which the transport cross sections were calculated. For boron, the smaller reduced mass and the deep potential wells required the phase shifts at lower energies to be determined from a numerical solution of the time-independent Schroedinger equation; the semiclassical approximation was used at higher energies where the two methods agree. The variations of the collision integrals for viscosity and diffusion are presented graphically as a function of temperature. The results are applied to estimate the transport properties of gallium.
Germanium selenide as a negative inorganic resist for ion beam microfabrication

The ion beam exposure characteristics of an inorganic negative resist, silver sensitised a-Ge0.25Se0.75, was studied. It was found that by increasing the angle of incidence of deposition, the lithographic sensitivity was considerably enhanced. The increase for 60 keV protons was from 1.4×10−5 C/cm2 to 1.4×10−6 C/cm2 for vapor beam inclinations of 0° to 80° with respect to the normal. The applicability of this resist for pattern duplication using a'see-through' mask was investigated. The results are presented showing replicated mask patterns with 0.5 μm features that were exposed in this resist by irradiating the mask with a proton beam from a conventional ion implantation system. In the ion exposed and developed patterns, the concentration of silver was found to be less along the edges than in the interior of the remaining resist. The ion beam enhanced silver dissolution mechanism is discussed.
Connecting Multicultural Education Theories With Practice: A Case Study of an Intervention Course Using the Realistic Approach in Teacher Education

Abstract This paper reports on a 2-year-long research conducted under a qualitative research design. The study investigated the effectiveness of an immersion course that followed a realistic approach on preservice teachers' deconstruction of negative and preconceived notions held about culturally and linguistically diverse students. Specifically, the study involved White female preservice teachers shadowing culturally and linguistically diverse students for a semester and reflecting on the experience. The study provides persuasive accounts by the participant preservice teachers on the positive effects the course's approach had on both their multicultural perceptions and their ability to connect theory with practice.
Using sequential self-calibration method to estimate a correlation length of a log-conductivity field conditioned upon a tracer test and limited measured data

A gradient-based inverse method, the sequential self-calibrated method (SSC), has been developed to identify a parameter for the statistical distribution function of a conductivity field, a correlation length. The identification is based on a tracer test data and some conductivity measurements. Correlation length is an important parameter for geostatistical description of a conductivity distribution. It is generally difficult to obtain from limited field measurements, especially in the horizontal direction, because the measurement in this direction is generally limited and sparsely populated. When the SSC method is used to estimate conductivity statistical distribution conditioned upon tracer test data, the closer the chosen correlation length to the real value, the faster the convergence rate, which is the basis of the identification method proposed in this study. The study results indicate the correlation length can be well determined by the tracer data and some conductivity measurements. In comparison with the identification of correlation length with only conductivity measurement, with tracer test data, much less measurement is required.
The Effects of Exercise on Markers of Lipid Peroxidation in Renal Dialysis Patients Compared with Control Subjects

ABSTRACT Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the susceptibility to exercise-induced lipid peroxidation of patients on chronic maintenance dialysis (CMD) and non-CMD control subjects. Design Cross-sectional comparison of exercise-induced changes in breath ethane and pentane flux between patients on CMD (group A) and an age-, gender-, medical diagnosis-, smoking-, and ethanol consumption-matched comparison group (group B). Breath ethane and pentane were measured at rest before exercise, during cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing (CPX) at lactic acidosis threshold ( V o 2 lat) , and 5 minutes after CPX. Results Group comparisons of clinical characteristics reveal that the groups were similar in terms of age, ethnicity, comorbid diagnoses, prevalence of medication use, BMI, measurements of aerobic exercise capacity, cigarette smoking and ethanol consumption behaviors. All subjects successfully completed the CPX protocol achieving V o 2 lat. There were significant differences in breath ethane flux between group A and B subjects, with greater pre-exercise, V o 2 lat , and postexercise ethane levels in group A compared with group B subjects, and significant group differences, with lower breath ethane/pentane flux ratios at rest, V o 2 lat , and recovery with lower ratios in group B than group A subjects. Discussion/Conclusions This study shows that patients on CMD have greater lipid peroxidation compared with control subjects at rest and during and after physical exercise. In addition, compared with control subjects, patients on CMD preferentially peroxidize n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids at rest and during physical exercise and recovery. The lipid peroxidation profile may result in an unfavorable endoperoxide shift and should be evaluated further, along with modalities to reduce oxidative stress among patients on CMD.
Overexpression of glut1 and glut3 in stage I nonsmall cell lung carcinoma is Associated with poor survival

BACKGROUND Increased expression of Glut1 and Glut3 has been reported in many human cancers, including nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The aim of this study was to determine the biologic significance of Glut1 and Glut3 overexpression in Stage I NSCLC. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry and polyclonal anti-Glut1 and anti-Glut3 antibodies, the authors immunostained sections of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues from 289 Stage I NSCLCs. The Kaplan-Meier survival method, the log rank test, and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Of the 289 cases, 49 (17%) were negative for both Glut1 and Glut3, 239 (83%) were Glut1 positive, 61 (21%) were Glut3 positive, 179 (62%) were positive for Glut1 but negative for Glut3, 1 (0.3%) was positive for Glut3 but negative for Glut1, and 60 (21%) were positive for both Glut1 and Glut3. Only 1 of 50 Glut1 negative tumors (2%) was positive for Glut3, whereas 60 of 239 Glut1 positive tumors (25%) were positive for Glut3 (P < 0.0001). Glut1 or Glut3 were detected more often in poorly differentiated and undifferentiated tumors (P <0.0001 and P = 0.0008, respectively). Overexpression of Glut1 and/or Glut3 was associated with poorer survival (P = 0.0133), especially in patients with well-differentiated and moderately differentiated tumors (P = 0.0017). CONCLUSIONS In Stage I NSCLC, Glut3 overexpression likely occurs after Glut1 overexpression. The appearance of Glut1 positive clones is associated with aggressive biologic behavior, which is worsened by the emergence of Glut3 positive clones. Glut1 and Glut3 are significant of poor prognosis indicators in cases of NSCLC. Cancer 1997; 80:1046-51. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Behavior Engineering Proposals: 3. Effects on Drivers and Passengers of a Mandatory Use Law for Safety Belts:

The rate of safety belt use for drivers and front-seat passengers was examined by direct behavioral observation during the warning and enforcement phases of a mandatory use law in North Carolina. A substantial increase was noted in belt use for both groups once enforcement was initiated but has slowly eroded over time. Both drivers and passengers exhibited much higher rates of use when the other front seat occupant was also using a safety belt, suggesting the importance of behavior modeling.
Fate and dynamics of recently fixed C in pasture plant–soil system under field conditions

The flow of photosynthetically fixed C from plants to selected soil C pools was studied after 13CO2 pulse labeling of pasture plants under field conditions, dynamics of root-derived C in soil was assessed and turnover times of the soil C pools were estimated. The transport of the fixed C from shoots to the roots and into the soil was very fast. During 27 h, net C belowground allocation reached more than 10% of the fixed C and most of the C was already found in soil. Soil microbial biomass (CMIC) was the major sink of the fixed C within soil C pools (ca 40–70% of soil 13C depending on sampling time). Significant amounts of 13C were also found in other labile soil C pools connected with microbial activity, in soluble organic C and C associated with microbial biomass (hot-water extract from the soil residue after chloroform fumigation-extraction) and the 13C dynamics of all these pools followed that of the shoots. When the labelling (2 h) finished, the fixed 13C was exponentially lost from the plant–soil system. The loss had two phases; the first rapid phase corresponded to the immediate respiration of 13C during the first 24 h and the second slower loss was attributable to the turnover of 13C assimilated in CMIC. The corresponding turnover times for CMIC were 1.1 days and 3.4 days respectively. Such short turnover times are comparable to those measured by growth kinetics after the substrate amendment in other studies, which indicates that microbial growth in the rhizosphere is probably not limited by substrate availability. Our results further confirmed the main role of the soil microbial community in the transformation of recently fixed C, short turnover time of the easily degradable C in the rhizosphere, and its negligible contribution to more stable soil C storage.
Effect of shock pressure, pulse duration, and grain size on shock-deformation twinning in molybdenum

Abstract Deformation twins associated with {112} have been observed in shock-loaded molybdenum by transmission electron microscopy. The occurrence of twins and the residual volume fraction was observed to depend upon peak pressure, P, pulse duration, Δt, and the average grain size of the initial sheet material, D. An empirical expression was deduced from multi-dimensional plots of these parameters of the form (T%) =[ (PΔt) D−A ] 2 exp − PΔtB D where T% is the twin volume fraction and A and B are arbitrary constants. These results suggest that initial grain size can have important effects on the residual microstructure and mechanical properties of shock-loaded metals and alloys, and it is essential that pressure, pulse duration, and average grain size be specified when evaluating shock deformation phenomena.
Is anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy effective in reducing uveitis flares in patients with spondyloarthropathies?

Is anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy effective in reducing uveitis flares in patients with spondyloarthropathies?
Pituitary-Adrenocortical Function in Chronic Renal Failure: Studies of Episodic Secretion of Cortisol and Dexamethasone Suppressibility

Pituitary-adrenocortical function was studied in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and compared with that in normal subjects. All CRF patients were on chronic hemodialysis. The mean morning plasma total and free (nonprotein bound) cortisol levels were higher in patients with CRF. Episodic secretion of cortisol was studied in plasma sampled every 20 min for 24 h. CRF patients demonstrated normal circadian rhythmicity, as evidenced by times of peak secretory activity and number of peaks per 24 h. Mean 24-h plasma total cortisol levels were twice the normal levels in CRF patients. Nine of 10 patients with CRF did not suppress plasma total cortisol levels with 1 mg dexamethasone. Four of 10 patients with CRF suppressed with 2 mg dexamethasone orally for 2 days, 5 patients suppressed after 8 mg dexamethasone administration, and 1 patient with CRF resisted suppression. Hemodialysis did not alter mean 24-h cortisol levels or numbers of secretory episodes but produced a shift of secretory activity into th...
KP solutions generated from KdV by “rank 2” transference

Abstract A sequence of geometric Darboux transformations gives a direct link between any KdV Lax operator and any solution of the KP hierarchy whose associated Burchnall-Chaundy ring is ranked 2 and corresponds to a cuspidal or nodal cubic. This gives a geometric explanation for the Backlund transformation that relates KdV to the singular Krichever-Novikov (s-KN) equation. Explicit formulas are developed and applied to the example of the Adler-Moser KdV solutions. to produce s-KN and KP solutions of (fake) rank 2. together with their associated Schur partitions.
A continuum damage model for linear viscoelastic composite materials

Abstract This paper presents a constitutive model for linear viscoelastic orthotropic solids containing a fixed level of distributed cracks. The model is formulated in a continuum damage mechanics framework using internal variables taken as second rank tensors. Use is made of the correspondence principle for linear viscoelastic solids to define a pseudo strain energy function in the Laplace domain. This function is then expressed as a polynomial in transformed strain and tensorial damage variables using the integrity bases restricted by the initial orthotropic symmetry of the material. The constitutive relationships derived in the Laplace domain are then converted to the time domain by using the inverse Laplace transform. The model is applied to the specific case of cross-ply laminates with transverse matrix cracks. The material coefficient functions appearing in the model are determined by a numerical (finite element) method for one cross-ply laminate configuration at one damage level. Predictions of the viscoelastic response are then made for the same laminate at other damage levels and for other cross-ply laminate configurations at different damage levels. These predictions agree well with independently determined time variations of properties by an analytic method (Kumar and Talreja, 2001, Linear viscoelastic behavior of matrix cracked cross-ply laminates. Mechanics of Materials 33 (3), 139–154) as well as with the numerically calculated values. Extension of the model to incorporate effects of transient temperature, physical aging and moisture is outlined.
The acidulation effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on selected chemical and microbiological properties of soil

Abstract The acidulation effects of the prolonged use of nitrogenous fertilizers on selected chemical and microbiological properties of a silt loam soil (Typic Ochraqualf) were assessed. Soil samples were collected from experimental plots initially established in 1971 that were annually treated with ten N fertilizer treatments and planted to corn. Residual soil acidity found to be associated with 9 annual applications of the N fertilizers was of the order: (NH4)2 SO4 > NH4C1 > anhydrous NH3 (at 300 kg N/ha) = NH4NO3 > urea = ureaform = anhydrous NH3 (at 150 kg N/ha) > Ca(NO3)2 NaNO3. Extractable P, Fe, Mn and Al followed a pattern of increasing availability with a decrease in soil pH. Exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were significantly higher in those treatments that did not show a significant decrease in soil pH over the 9‐year duration. Significant differences by N treatment among selected microbial groups were also determined. The annual mean counts of soil fungi were significantly higher for the most and...
Variation in Cell Content of Milk Associated with Time of Sample Collection. I. Diurnal Variation

Abstract Data were analyzed to delineate the diurnal variation in body cell content of quarter-milk samples. Frequent foremilk samplings indicate that cell counts are lowest just prior to milking, rise sharply in the strippings, remain high during the next 4 hr, then decrease progressively to a minimum value near the end of the intermilking period. The body cell level and the magnitude of cyclic change varied widely between groups of cows, cows within group, and to a lesser degree between quarters of a cow. These results emphasize the necessity for care in selecting the optimum time of sampling according to the type of information desired in research or routine health surveys. Variation in time of sampling can introduce real uncertainty in the interpretation of cell count data.
Presence of connections between follicles in juvenile mouse ovaries.

Ovaries of 1 to 12 day-old mice contain multilaminar follicles connected by tubular formations of granulosal cells. Conjoined follicles appear to be at synchronized stages of maturation. It is probable that the development of these interfollicular connections, which form during fetal stages of ovarian morphogenesis, is related to the presence of intercellular bridges between primordial germ cells.
Optimal Stock/Flow Panels

Abstract A stock/flow panel is a way of sampling a population of agents moving through a collection of discrete states. The scheme is to form separate samples of the residents of each state — the stocks — and of those moving between states — the flows. We calculate optimal stock/flow sampling schemes and provide efficient estimators of the transition intensities in the particular case of an alternating Poisson process. We also compute the efficiency gains compared to randomly sampled panels.
Ca2+ transport activity in mitochondria from some plant tissues

Abstract Mitochondria isolated from some 14 different higher plants and fungi were examined for their capacity to carry out respiration-dependent accumulation of Ca2+. Additions of Ca2+ give little or no stimulation of state 4 respiration of plant mitochondria, although the added Ca2+ was largely accumulated. Accumulation of Ca2+ required phosphate and, in most cases, was stimulated by Mg2+ and ADP or ATP. Ca2+ uptake was abolished by respiratory inhibitors and uncoupling agents. The ratio of Ca2+ ions taken up per pair of electrons per energy-conserving site was normal at about 2.0 for mitochondria from sweet potato and white potato; mitochondria from other plants showed somewhat lower ratios. Accumulated Ca2+ was only very slowly released from previously loaded plant mitochondria. Respiration-inhibited sweet potato mitochondria show both high-affinity and low-affinity Ca2+ binding sites sensitive to uncouplers, La3+, and ruthenium red and thus resemble animal mitochondria. Most other plant mitochondria lack high affinity sites. In general, mitochondria from sweet potato and white potato tubers resemble those from animal tissues, but mitochondria from carrots, beets, turnips, onions, cabbage, artichokes, cauliflower, avocados, mung bean and corn seedlings, and mushrooms show rather low affinity and activity in accumulation of Ca2+, probably due to lack of a specific Ca2+ carrier.
Fabrication and characterization of fiber loop ringdown evanescent field sensors

The evanescent field (EF) sensing mechanism has been widely implemented in the development of fiber optic sensors (FOSs). Challenges in the development of EF-FOSs include the enhancement of the sensor's sensitivity and implementing high precision control in the fabrication of a sensor head to allow the desired strength of the EF to be excited in the interface. We combine the EF sensing mechanism with the fiber loop ringdown (FLRD) sensing scheme to create FLRD-EF sensors. The multi-pass nature of the ringdown technique enables the detection sensitivity of the FLRD-EF sensors to be enhanced by more than ten-fold. The EF sensor heads are fabricated by etching the cladding of the single-mode fiber, and the process is monitored by the FLRD technique in real-time, on-line, and with a control precision of 0.1 µs in terms of ringdown time, which corresponds to a 0.5 µm precision in etched fiber diameters. Multiple evanescent field sensor heads consisting of various etched fiber diameters and fiber lengths are fabricated to form different FLRD-EF sensor units. The effect of the sensor head dimensions on the sensors' response time and detection sensitivity are investigated. New FLRD-EF scattering sensors based on index difference are demonstrated for the detection of water at 1515.25 nm.
Searching the Chemical Literature via Three On-Line Vendors: A Comparison.

Nine chemistry searches were statistically selected to be run on three commercial data-base vendor files: SDC, BRS, and LRS. Each vendor has the CACon file, but software used for access and the method of loading the files differ. Only LRS has CASIA, the controlled vocabulary portion of the CA machine-readable file. Performance was not markedly different for general-subject searches, but costs varied. When the chemical registry number was used in the CASIA file for specific chemical compound searches, more relevant citations were retrieved, but at increased cost and with lower precision.
CHARACTERISTICS OF INSOLUBLE PROTEIN OF TOOTH AND BONE. I. FLUORESCENCE OF SOME ACIDIC HYDROLYTIC FRAGMENTS.

Abstract Peptides were prepared by partial acid hydrolysis of insoluble protein of tooth and bone. Cellulose column electrophoresis was employed to separate major fluorescing peptides. Using parent gelatins, peptide mixtures, and major peptides fractions of the calcified proteins the following measurements were taken: u.v. absorption and fluorescent excitation and emission spectra, extinction coefficients and total fluorescence. There is evidence that tryptophan and tyrosine contribute to the material of parent gelatin which absorbs at 280 mμ, and are partially responsible for the fluorescence of the preparations studied here. The total fluorescence of calcified proteins occurs as a combination of excitation of three or more fluorescing molecules, tyrosine and tryptophan to the extent of their absolute concentration and another fluorophoric group(s) presently unidentified.
CTH17-4: Outage Performance of Cognitive Wireless Relay Networks

In this paper, we investigate the outage performance of cognitive wireless relay networks where source nodes communicate to their destinations via multiple hops facilitated by intermediate cognitive nodes able to acquire spectrum holes. Specifically, we consider a model that consists of a source node, a destination node, and a group of network clusters each consisting of a number of cognitive (unlicensed) relay nodes and a primary (licensed) node. Cognitive nodes relay information from the source depending on their geographical proximity and their ability to acquire the spectrum hole successfully. We investigate the high SNR approximation of the outage probability of the resulting two-hop system to obtain the diversity order. We show that full diversity is achieved only if each relay node successfully identifies the spectrum hole unoccupied by the corresponding primary node in the cluster, and that the diversity order can be significantly less for imperfect spectrum acquisition. Thus, we set out to improve the outage performance by incorporating a specific intracluster cooperation scheme where neighboring cognitive relay nodes in a cluster collaborate with a desired cognitive relay node. We show that the combination of this intra-cluster cooperation along with the system level cooperation via relaying through cognitive nodes improves the outage performance significantly, and the full diversity can be achieved if the proper number of neighboring relay nodes participate in the intra-cluster cooperation.
Synthesis under uncertainty with simulators

Abstract Synthesis capabilities based on conventional mathematical programming techniques such as MINLP algorithms can pose certain difficulties, especially with black-box, sequential modular simulators (SMS). Further, since commercial simulators are based on a deterministic framework, synthesis of processes under uncertainty is not possible. This paper presents a generalized synthesis capability built around the public version of the ASPEN Process Simulator based on stochastic annealing — a new algorithm for synthesis under uncertainty. It is complementary to MINLP synthesis capabilities in ASPEN, and provides an automated approach to stochastic synthesis. Further, it achieves the trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency, by selecting the optimal number of samples. The implementation of this new synthesis capability in ASPEN is illustrated by synthesizing a bench-mark process in chemical synthesis — the HDA process. The results show that stochastic annealing, which overcomes many of the problems associated with a MINLP approach in a simulation environment, can be a potential tool for stochastic synthesis with deterministic, black-box simulators.
The Curvature Effect on the Heat Transfer at the End of a Bayonet Tube With Laminar Flows

Bayonet tubes, simple refluent heat exchangers, are widely used to heat or cool a media when the heating/cooling agent is readily accessible from one side only. Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the heat transfer performance of bayonet tubes. The majority of these studies focus on the heat transfer in the annular section and little on the end surface. This paper presents a numerical simulation of the laminar flow and heat transfer in a bayonet tube. The simulation is first validated by the experimental data in the literature. The flow and heat transfer in bayonet tubes are then investigated with both flat and curved end surfaces. Both local and average Nusselt number on the end surfaces are calculated under various Re and geometry conditions. Effect of the end surface curvature is studied by comparing the performances of the flat and curved ended bayonet tubes.© 2004 ASME
Reliability of DSM-III vs. DSM-II in Child Psychopathology

A comparative evaluation of the reliability of DSM-III vs. DSM-II diagnoses was conducted by having geographic random samples of child psychiatrists and clinical child psychologists utilize either system to diagnose 27 child and adolescent case histories. The overall reliabilities of Axes I and II of DSM-III were found to be similar to those of DSM-II, although certain specific categories in DSM-III obtained higher reliabilities than corresponding ones in DSM-II. Axis V had the highest reliability among all DSM-III axes, while Axis IV had the lowest. No significant differences in reliability were noted between psychologists and psychiatrists.
Ontology for MicroRNA Target prediction in human cancer

The identification and characterization of important roles microRNAs (miRNAs) played in human cancer is an increasingly active area in medical informatics, and the prediction of miRNA target genes remains a challenging task to cancer researchers. We propose an innovative computing framework based on the Ontology for MicroRNA Target (OMIT) to facilitate knowledge acquisition from existing sources. The project aims to assist biologists in unraveling important roles of miRNAs in human cancer, and thus to help clinicians in making sound decisions when treating cancer patients.
Field Effect Transport Measurements on Single Grains of Sexithiophene: Role of the Contacts

This paper presents a study of the contact properties of field effect transistors (FETs) based on single grains of the organic semiconductor sexithiophene (‘6T', Egap ∼ 2.3 eV). The FETs are constr...
The effects of actinomycin D and puromycin on the formation of ribosomes in HeLa cells

Abstract The effects of actinomycin D and puromycin on ribosome formation in HeLa cells were studied by gradient centrifugation of ribosomal particles in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions or whole cells treated with sodium deoxycholate. The simultaneous addition of actinomycin D (0.5 μg/ml) or a prior addition (5–30 min) of puromycin (20 μg/ml) completely blocked ribosomal labeling with [ 14 C]guanine. However, if actinomycin D was added to a culture which had been pre-labeled for a short time (15–30 min) a limited, but significant amount of [ 14 C]guanine was incorporated into nuclear ribosomes in the presence of actinomycin D. This actinomycin D-insensitive labeling of nuclear ribosomes was decreased to 50 % by puromycin added simultaneously with [ 14 C]guanine, but no inhibitory effect was observed if puromycin was added with actinomycin D at the end of the preincubation period. These data were interpreted to indicate the existence of a ribonucleoprotein intermediate which contains a heavy, precursor RNA (45 S) and some new protein and can be converted to nuclear ribosomes in the absence of further synthesis of RNA and protein. Since the actinomycin D-insensitive ribosomal labeling was almost confined to the nucleus it was suggested that the transfer of nuclear ribosomes to the cytoplasm required a continuous supply of new RNA.
On Generating Vectors for Accurate Post-Silicon Delay Characterization

In this paper, we propose a new method to generate vectors for post-silicon delay characterization, especially for exposing delay marginalities during post-silicon validation and speed binning during testing. Our method generates vectors that are guaranteed to excite the worst-case delays of fabricated chips without introducing any pessimism. It embodies several innovations, including a resilient gate delay model that captures multiple input switching effects and process variations, new conditions that vectors must satisfy to invoke the maximum delay of a target path, and a new approach to generate multiple vectors (vector-spaces) that are collectively guaranteed to invoke the worst-case delay of the target path. We present experimental results for benchmark circuits to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for post-silicon validation and describe how the generated vectors can be adapted for speed binning.
Generalized Objective Performance Assessment of a New High-Sensitivity Microangiographic Fluoroscopic (HSMAF) Imaging System

The objective performance evaluation metrics, termed Generalized Modulation Transfer Function (GMTF), Generalized Noise Power Spectrum (GNPS), Generalized Noise Equivalent Quanta (GNEQ), and Generalized Detective Quantum Efficiency (GDQE), have been developed to assess total imaging-system performance by including the effects of geometric unsharpness due to the finite size of the focal spot and scattered radiation in addition to the detector properties. These metrics were used to evaluate the performance of the HSMAF, a custom-built, high-resolution, real-time-acquisition detector with 35-μm pixels, in simulated neurovascular angiographic conditions using a uniform head-equivalent phantom. The HSMAF consists of a 300-μm-thick CsI(Tl) scintillator coupled to a 4 cm diameter, variable-gain, Gen2 light image intensifier with dual-stage microchannel plate, followed by direct fiber-optic coupling to a 30-fps CCD camera, and is capable of both fluoroscopy and angiography. Effects of focal-spot size, geometric magnification, irradiation field-of-view, and air-gap between the phantom and the detector were evaluated. The resulting plots of GMTF and GDQE showed that geometric blurring is the more dominant image degradation factor at high spatial frequencies, whereas scatter dominates at low spatial frequencies. For the standard image-geometry and scatter conditions used here, the HSMAF maintains substantial system imaging capabilities (GDQE>5%) at frequencies above 4 cycles/mm where conventional detectors cannot operate. The loss in image SNR due to scatter or focal-spot unsharpness could be compensated by increasing the exposure by a factor of 2 to 3. This generalized evaluation method may be used to more realistically evaluate and compare total system performance leading to improved system designs.
The birthline for low-mass stars

Using the results of protostar theory, the locus in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is found where pre-main-sequence stars of subsolar mass should begin their quasi-static contraction phase and first appear as visible objects. This 'birthline' is in striking agreement with observations of T Tauri stars, providing a strong confirmation of the fact that these stars are indeed contracting along Hayashi tracks. The assumption that most T Tauri stars first appear along this line forces a recalibration of their ages. This recalibration removes the puzzling dip in present-day star formation seen in age histograms of several cloud complexes. Since the underlying protostar calculation assumes that the parent cloud was only thermally supported prior to its collapse, the observed location of the birthline places severe restrictions on the degree of extrathermal support provided by rotation, magnetic fields, or turbulence. In addition, the hypothesis that the collapse from thermally supported clouds to low-mass stars proceeds through protostellar disks appears untenable, since the disk accretion process almost certainly produces pre-main-sequence stars with radii well below the observed birthline.
Human Papillomavirus-Related Diseases: Oropharynx Cancers and Potential Implications for Adolescent HPV Vaccination

Molecular and epidemiological data now support an etiologic role for oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral cancers in women and men. Recent studies have demonstrated an increase in the incidence of HPV-associated oral cancers in the United States. Moreover, the incidence rates for these cancers are higher in men than women. Oral HPV infections acquired through oral sex appear to be the principal risk factor for HPV-associated oral cancers. Despite reports in the popular press that the prevalence of oral sexual behaviors is increasing in the adolescent population, trends in these behaviors over time are largely unavailable. However, data indicate that oral-genital contact is frequently practiced among adolescents; adolescents do not typically consider this a risky behavior. The majority of oral cancers (approximately 90%) caused by HPV are identified as HPV 16 positive. Therefore, HPV-associated oral cancers could be prevented by a prophylactic vaccine if the vaccine were demonstrated to be capable of preventing oral HPV 16 infection. These findings have created new potential opportunities for the primary prevention of oral cancers.