cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal multicarrier phase-coded waveform design for detection of extended targets

We design a parametric multicarrier phase-coded (MCPC) waveform that achieves the optimal performance in detecting an extended target in the presence of signal-dependent interference. Traditional waveform design techniques provide only the optimal energy spectral density of the transmit waveform and suffer a performance loss in the synthesis process of the time-domain signal. Therefore, we opt for directly designing an MCPC waveform in terms of its time-frequency codes to obtain the optimal detection performance. First, we describe the modeling assumptions considering an extended target buried within the signal-dependent clutter with known power spectral density, and deduce the performance characteristics of the optimal detector. Then, considering an MCPC signal transmission, we express the detection characteristics in terms of phase-codes of the MCPC waveform and propose to optimally design the MCPC signal by maximizing the detection probability. Our numerical results demonstrate that the designed MCPC signal attains the optimal detection performance and requires a lesser computational time than the other parametric waveform design approach.
The Effect of α‐Amanitin on Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos

It has been hypothesized that multiple forms of RNA polymerase may play a role in the control of development and differentiation in eukaryotic organisms. For this to be true, three criteria must be met. First, multiple forms of RNA polymerase must be demonstrated. Second, the relative proportion of the enzyme forms must be shown to change with development or differentiation. And third, the types of RNA synthesized must correlate with the types of RNA polymerase present at each developmental stage. We have previously reported data satisfying the first two criteria for preimplantation mouse embryos. The present paper probes the third criterion in this differentiating system. It was found that although the proportion of the RNA polymerase enzyme forms changes from the 8-cell to the blastocyst stage of development, the types of newly synthesized nucleic acids at each of these stages were similar. Furthermore, inhibition of rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA, by α-amanitin, was identical for 8-cell and blastocyst embryos. The only difference between these two stages was that DNA synthesis in blastocysts was more sensitive to inhibition by α-amanitin than DNA synthesis in 8-cell embryos. We conclude that the synthesis of different classes of RNA by preimplantation mouse embryos is not simply controlled by changes in the levels of the multiple forms of RNA polymerase.
Pion-nucleon phase shifts for intermediate energies

Abstract The pion-nucleon scattering at 150, 170, 220, and 307 Mev is analyzed into S and P state phase shifts. The best Fermi type solutions are found, and the statistically plausible ranges of the phase shifts are obtained. At 150 and 170 Mev it is found that (δ13–δ31) > 3°. At 220 and 307 Mev three optimal Fermi type solutions are found, one corresponding to a continuation of the lower energy solutions. The other two solutions are not both continuous with those below resonance nor do they satisfy both the available recoil proton polarization data and the dispersion relations. Data at other energies are consistent with the interpolated or extrapolated phase shifts. The continuous set of phase shifts is consistent with a k3 variation of the small p wave phase shifts. δ1 shows a tendency to increase less than linearly by 220 Mev. A Chew-Low plot of δ33 fits a straight line up to 220 Mev with f2 = 0.08 and the resonance at 195 ± 4 Mev.
Facile hydrolysis and formation of amide bonds by N-hydroxyethylation of α-amino acids

Abstract The C-terminal amides of α-amino acids are readily hydrolyzed at 25° and pH 7 when the N-terminus is N-hydroxyethylated, with one or two hydroxyethyl groups. The reaction proceeds via cyclization to a morpholinolactone (2) which is rapidly hydrolyzed by water. In the presence of equimolar amounts of amines or amino acid derivatives, 2 reacts in H2O without condensing agents to form a new peptide bond.
Effect of proximal duodenal acidification upon gastric secretion in the Shay rat.

1. The effects of proximal duodenal acidification on basal unstimulated, maximal histamine-stimulated, and maximal insulin-stimulated gastric secretion in the 2-hr, pylorus-ligated male Sprague-Dawley rat (250–300 gm.) has been determined.
A fundamental frequency investigation of children ages 6–10 years old

The fundamental frequency characteristics of 30 children between the ages of 6 and 10 years were investigated in a variety of speech tasks. The results indicated that average fundamental frequency across tasks for the boys is approximately 262 Hz, and for girls approximately 281 Hz. Statistical analysis indicated that there was no significant difference in the fundamental frequency of boys and girls in this age range. High vowels were found to have higher fundamental frequency values than low vowels. Sustained vowels had higher fundamental frequency values than either spontaneous speech or reading for both groups of speakers. The results of this investigation are discussed in terms of maturational processes, and in comparison to corresponding adult information.
Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony

Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in. Colony. Rudolph Mrazek. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. 368 pp.
Entorhinal cortex volume is associated with episodic memory related brain activation in normal aging and amnesic mild cognitive impairment

The present study examined the relationship between entorhinal cortex and hippocampal volume with fMRI activation during episodic memory function in elderly controls with no cognitive impairment and individuals with amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Both groups displayed limited evidence for a relationship between hippocampal volume and fMRI activation. Smaller right entorhinal cortex volume was correlated with reduced activation in left and right medial frontal cortex (BA 8) during incidental encoding for both aMCI and elderly controls. However, during recognition, smaller left entorhinal cortex volume correlated with reduced activation in right BA 8 for the control group, but greater activation for the aMCI group. There was no significant relationship between entorhinal cortex volume and activation during intentional encoding in either group. The recognition-related dissociation in structure/function relationships in aMCI paralleled our behavioral findings, where individuals with aMCI displayed poorer performance relative to controls during recognition, but not encoding. Taken together, these results suggest that the relationship between entorhinal cortex volume and fMRI activation during episodic memory function is altered in individuals with aMCI.
Mosquito Phenoloxidase and Defensin Colocalize in Melanization Innate Immune Responses

Mosquitoes mount strong humoral and cellular immune responses against foreign organisms. Two components of the mosquito immune response that have received much attention are the phenoloxidase cascade that leads to melanization and antimicrobial peptides. The purpose of the current study was to use immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy to identify the location of the melanization rate-limiting enzyme phenoloxidase and the antimicrobial peptide defensin in innate immune reactions against Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Our results show that both phenoloxidase and defensin are present at the sites of melanin biosynthesis in immune reactions against bacteria. Furthermore, both proteins are often present inside the same melanotic capsules. When hemocytes were analyzed, phenoloxidase was present in the cytosol of oenocytoids, but no significant amounts of defensin were detected inside any hemocytes. In summary, these data show that phenoloxidase and defensin colocalize in melanization reactions against bacteria and argue for further studies into the potential role of defensin in phenoloxidase-based melanization innate immune responses in mosquitoes.
Comparative life cycle assessment of Insulating Concrete Forms with traditional residential wall sections

Sustainable building materials offer energy efficiency and environmental performance. One possible sustainable building product is insulating concrete forms (ICF). An ICF wall section consists of expanded polystyrene and concrete with polyethylene ties. One difference between a “normal” construction and ICF construction is that the forms stay in place after concrete has cured. The forms and concrete act as insulation material and have the potential for reducing energy consumption in buildings. The goal of this research is to conduct a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of the wall sections comprised of ICF and traditional wood-framed for the life cycle phases of raw materials, manufacturing, construction, use and end of life. Preliminary results comparing ICF and wood frame in the manufacturing phase for above grade construction are presented. To investigate the use phase, an energy modeling tool eQuest will be utilized, along with discussing the development of the LCA residential model.
Egocentric Responses in Normal and Behavior Problem Children

(1950). Egocentric Responses in Normal and Behavior Problem Children. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 259-261.
Structural learning with time-varying components: tracking the cross-section of financial time series

Summary. When modelling multivariate financial data, the problem of structural learning is compounded by the fact that the covariance structure changes with time. Previous work has focused on modelling those changes by using multivariate stochastic volatility models. We present an alternative to these models that focuses instead on the latent graphical structure that is related to the precision matrix. We develop a graphical model for sequences of Gaussian random vectors when changes in the underlying graph occur at random times, and a new block of data is created with the addition or deletion of an edge. We show how a Bayesian hierarchical model incorporates both the uncertainty about that graph and the time variation thereof.
Results of the double switch operation in the current era

Background. In patients with atrioventricular and arterioventricular discordance congenitally corrected transposition, the morphologically right ventricle may progressively deteriorate while functioning in the systemic circuit. The double switch operation has been proposed to limit this functional deterioration. Methods. From October 1993 to August 1998, the records of 27 patients with congenitally corrected transposition were reviewed. Age at operation ranged from 3 months to 55 years. Associated defects included ventricular septal defects in 18, pulmonary atresia in 7, and pulmonary stenosis in 11 patients. Twenty-two patients had double switch operations (10 arterial switch plus Senning procedures and 12 Rastelli plus Senning procedures). Five patients were not candidates for the double switch. Before the double switch, 6 patients required pulmonary artery banding and 10 had functioning systemic to pulmonary artery or cavopulmonary shunts. Results. There was no early or late mortality. Two patients required pacemaker implantation, both later regained normal sinus rhythm. Tricuspid valve function improved in all patients except one. Moderate left ventricular dysfunction developed 5 months postoperatively in 1 patient. Conclusions. The double switch operation can be performed in selected patients with minimal early morbidity and mortality. Longer follow-up is necessary to determine whether this complex approach is indeed warranted.
Failure mechanism of brittle solder joint fracture in the presence of electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) interface

Electroless nickel and immersion gold (ENIG) plating has been successfully used for many electronic products as an alternative metal finish on printed circuit board (PCB). Brittle, interfacial solder joint fracture of solder joints on an ENIG metallization presents a problem despite major initiatives by electronics industry consortia and individual companies to study the interfacial fracture phenomena. The current studies will focus primarily on the failure mechanism of the brittle fracture of ENIG plating on the BGA and PCB type packages. The details of this failure mechanism will be discussed using results obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), focused ion beam (FIB), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction analyses. The current studies have successfully identified the failure mechanism for the brittle solder joint fracture with ENIG plating process and Sn/Pb solder balls. Kirkendall voids are formed during solder reflow.
Higher Order Multipole Magnet Tolerances

Due to field impurities in the magnets in a storage ring or circular accelerator the values of the betatron frequencies for a given particle in a beam are dependent upon the energy and betatron amplitude of the particle as well as the values of the energy dispersion and betatron functions at the magnets. A method has been developed for finding the values of the betatron frequencies for any particle with given field impurities. This method has been used to study the quality of several preliminary designs of some of the quadrupole magnets in PEP by comparing the variations of the betatron frequencies over the maximum expected range of values of the particle energy and betatron amplitude. The expressions for the values of betatron frequencies as functions of the various beam and machine parameters are derived. Some of the results for the evaluation of two types of the PEP magnets are also presented. A discussion of these results is given as well. 3 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.
Dependence of wine sensory attributes on vine water status

The dependence of wine sensory attributes on the water status of the source vines was determined following vineyard irrigation treatments which included early and late season water deficits and continually irrigated vines. In both seasons, the experimental wines made from the different irrigation treatments did not differ in the concentration of residual sugar or ethanol, titratable acidity, or pH. The concentrations of anthocyanins and total soluble phenolics in the wines were greater from water deficit treatments than from continually irrigated vines. For sensory evaluation, a novel protocol for paired comparisons was developed to test separately for differences in wine appearance, flavour, taste and aroma; differences were detected for each wine comparison. In both seasons, continually irrigated wine differed from early and late season water deficit wine, and early season water deficit wine differed from late season water deficit wine in appearance, flavour, taste and aroma. The sensory differences were not attributable to differences in vine yield or fruit maturity. When professional wine tasters were sampled using similar tests, a majority was able to detect visual but not flavour differences between a selected pair of wines. It is concluded that, where vine water status can be altered, irrigation offers a means to manipulate wine sensory characteristics in the vineyard.
Policy Design and the Development of Policy Indicators

There is a clear need for prospective indicators which are useful to government policymakers faced with problems of gauging the future social impacts of science and technology. Prospective indicators may be developed by applying a design approach to science policymaking, an approach that incorporates models of causation, instrumentation, and evaluation. Prospective impact indicators seek to establish causal linkages between future policy outcomes and the instruments available for government intervention. Prospective indicators also seek to broaden the range of evaluative criteria beyond those typically used to assess science (e.g., peer review) as well as science policy (e.g., economic analysis). Policy design is central to the development of policy relevant impact indicators (Dunn et al., this volume) that are causal, relational, and normative.
False negatives in the assessment of lifetime alcohol use disorders: a serious but unappreciated problem.

Objective:Some individuals will not meet criteria for a lifetime alcohol use disorder (AUD) at a baseline assessment but will at a follow-up measurement, but not because the disorder began after the initial evaluation. Despite several research implications, this type of unreliability of lifetime AUD estimates has not been studied extensively. The present study investigated the extent of false negatives in the assessment of lifetime AUDs using longitudinal data.Method:A prospective cohort of college freshmen (baseline N = 489) were assessed seven times between ages 18 and 34 years using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Individuals were categorized as false negatives at the index assessment using a retrospective (using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition [DSM-III], and DSM-IV data), a prospective (using DSM-III data only), and a combined approach (using DSM-III data only).Results:For DSM-IV, of the 29 ostensible new onsets at a follow-up 5 years later (age approximately 34...
Outcome following treatment of soft tissue and visceral extraskeletal osteosarcoma in 33 dogs: 2008–2013

Abstract Extraskeletal osteosarcoma (EOS) is a rare, highly malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from viscera or soft tissues characterised by the formation of osteoid in the absence of bone involvement. Owing to the rarity of these neoplasms very little information exists on treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to describe the outcome following surgical treatment of non-mammary and non-thyroidal soft tissue and visceral EOS in dogs. Thirty-three dogs were identified; the most common primary tumour site was the spleen. Dogs that had wide or radical tumour excision had longer survival times compared with dogs that had only marginal tumour excision performed [median survival time of 90 days (range: 0-458 days) versus median survival time of 13 days (range: 0-20 days)]. The use of surgery should be considered in the management of dogs with non-mammary and non-thyroidal soft tissue and visceral EOS.
Design and implementation of high frequency ultrasound pulsed-wave Doppler using FPGA

The development of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based pulsed-wave Doppler processing approach in pure digital domain is reported in this paper. After the ultrasound signals are digitized, directional Doppler frequency shifts are obtained with a digital-down converter followed by a low-pass filter. A Doppler spectrum is then calculated using the complex fast Fourier transform core inside the FPGA. In this approach, a pulsed-wave Doppler implementation core with reconfigurable and real-time processing capability is achieved.
Liquid Metal Loop and Heat Pipe Radiator for Space Reactor Power Systems

This paper presents four radiator configurations that could be stowed in the launch bay of the DELTA-IV Heavy vehicle and have effective areas of 69.1 to 350 m 2 . The radiator for a space reactor power system with a lithium-cooled sectored compact reactor and thermoelectric converters has an effective area of 203 m 2 and lowest specific mass. The sectored compact reactor and thermoelectric converters system generates ∼114 kWe for 7-10 years. The radiator consists of six panels, each having a forward, fixed segment and two rear, deployable segments, and rejects heat into space using rubidium heat pipes with carbon-carbon armor and fins. The D-shaped heat pipes operate below 50 % of the prevailing sonic or capillary limit. The radiator operates at a constant pressure drop of 12 kPa and inlet and exit temperatures of 780 and 755 K. Investigated are the effects on the radiator's specific mass and lithium inventory of 1) tapering and changing width of coolant channels, 2) thermal-hydraulically coupling the panel segments in parallel, and 3) using perforated dividers between inlet- and exit-channels. The radiator with perforated dividers has a wet specific mass of 6.82 kg/m 2 , a liquid-lithium inventory of 179.3 liters, and a stowed height of 8 m.
Crystal structure of the YjeE protein from Haemophilus influenzae: a putative Atpase involved in cell wall synthesis.

A hypothetical protein encoded by the gene YjeE of Haemophilus influenzae was selected as part of a structural genomics project for X-ray analysis to assist with the functional assignment. The protein is considered essential to bacteria because the gene is present in virtually all bacterial genomes but not in those of archaea or eukaryotes. The amino acid sequence shows no homology to other proteins except for the presence of the Walker A motif G-X-X-X-X-G-K-T that indicates the possibility of a nucleotide-binding protein. The YjeE protein was cloned, expressed, and the crystal structure determined by the MAD method at 1.7-A resolution. The protein has a nucleotide-binding fold with a four-stranded parallel β-sheet flanked by antiparallel β-strands on each side. The topology of the β-sheet is unique among P-loop proteins and has features of different families of enzymes. Crystallization of YjeE in the presence of ATP and Mg2+ resulted in the structure with ADP bound in the P-loop. The ATPase activity of YjeE was confirmed by kinetic measurements. The distribution of conserved residues suggests that the protein may work as a “molecular switch” triggered by ATP hydrolysis. The phylogenetic pattern of YjeE suggests its involvement in cell wall biosynthesis. Proteins 2002;48:220–226. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Real-time centralized spectrum monitoring: Feasibility, architecture, and latency

This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of a real-time, centralized spectrum monitoring and alert system. Such a system can be used to support emerging spectrum sharing solutions that use a centralized controller to mediate tiered access to spectrum. These controllers rely on realtime awareness of spectrum activity. In addition to describing the architecture and prototype implementation of this real-time monitoring system, we propose a test method to measure the latency of detecting a spectrum occupancy event. This latency is measured as the time from when the event (e.g., a signal transmission) begins to when an alert of that event is delivered to a subscribed client. We used this test method to measure the latency of two different sensor implementations in conjunction with our spectrum occupancy server and found the 95th percentile of latency to be under 80 ms in both cases, plus the network transmission delays of any wide area network involved.
Advocacy in Nonprofit Organizations: A Leadership Perspective

The influence of nonprofit leaders in organizational advocacy strategies and outcomes has not been fully explored in the literature, despite the recognition that political or policy entrepreneurs a...
Current trends in laser blepharoplasty : results of a survey

background The use of lasers in cosmetic surgery has been expanded fairly recently to include blepharoplasties. Controversy exists as to the efficacy of this procedure. This survey is designed to gain an understanding of the efficacy of blepharoplasty performed by laser versus conventional scalpel techniques. methods A group of surgeons who perform the procedure were questioned. Over 4,000 cases of upper and lower lid laser blepharoplasty were reported by the responding physicians. results The results of this survey indicate that carbon dioxide is by far the most common laser used in laser blepharoplasty (96%). A laser is used as a sole cutting tool by 70% of the responders and as a sole hemostasis tool by 88% of surgeons. Overall, both the intraoperative time and postoperative recovery period were reported as significantly reduced when blepharoplasty is performed by laser as compared with scalpel. In general, the incidences of edema, ecchymosis, and postoperative pain were reported as less severe with laser. No serious complications related to the laser were documented by the survey responders. conclusions This study confirms that laser blepharoplasty techniques can be safe and effective in skilled hands and may even have some potential advantages over conventional blepharoplasty.
A Notable Aggregation of Collembola

In general, podurid and entomobryid springtails and oribatid mites are the most abundant arthropods in the litter of the forest floor and are important in the overall formation of organic soil (Allee, Emerson, Park, Park and Schmidt, 1949). On occasion, certain species of springtails have been reported as forming aggregations of almost incredible numbers of individuals. Elton (1927, p. 109), for example, states that swarms of collembolans are said to have held up a Swiss train, the minute insects covering the rails so heavily that the driving-wheels of the locomotive revolved ineffectually.
A premature acrosome reaction is programmed by mouse t haplotypes during sperm differentiation and could play a role in transmission ratio distortion.

Mouse t haplotypes are variant forms of chromosome 17 that can be transmitted at non-Mendelian ratios by heterozygous +/t males. The accumulated genetic data indicate that ‘+-sperm’ and ‘t-sperm’ are produced in equal numbers but that most ‘+-sperm’ are rendered dysfunctional, so that ‘t-sperm’ have a relative advantage at fertilization. To date, the basis for this t-induced sperm dysfunction has remained unknown. Here we demonstrate that a high proportion of sperm obtained from certain strains of +/t mice undergo a premature acrosome reaction under in vitro capacitation conditions. The simplest interpretation of these data, in conjunction with previous results, is that developing ‘+-spermatids’ are preprogrammed by ‘t-spermatids’ to undergo this premature reaction. Since acrosome-reacted sperm are unable to participate in the process of fertilization, this defect could account for the extreme distortion of transmission ratio observed from mice heterozygous for a class of complete t haplotypes.
Scalable Vector Graphics Application in Electric Power Dispatching Automation

Based on the research of CCAPI Common Graphics Exchange Request for Proposal, SVG standards and the developing experiences of EMS Graphics interface, a new EMS graphics interface according to CCAPI Common Graphics Exchange standards is developed in this project. The object-oriented technique is adopted in the research work. CC-2000 graphics, including background graphics, database linkers, elements topology, can be exported to SVG files and exchanged to other EMS vendors. Moreover, the interface has applied successfully in a project named "EMS system interface platform based on CCAPI international standard". A new interface satisfying the international standards was provided in order to permit the graphics files developed by the third supply to plug in. This supplies an available way to exchange graphics information among different EMS vendors.
The Thermoelectric Power (TEP) Study of Interstitial-free (IF) Steel Sheet before and after Galvanizing

This paper deals with the thermoelectric power (TEP) characteristics of an interstitial free (IF) steel sheet before and after the galvanizng processing Recrystallization of the matrix increases the TEP value, and formation of the coating decreases the TEP value TEP values of the IF steel sheet reflect the anisotropy present in the sheet These are related to the changes in sheet texture
Has Confidence in the Government of the United States Changed Over the Years? A Longitudinal Study

Confidence in the federal government of the United States has been very low in recent years. The reasons for the low regard with which American politicians and institutions are held is apparent from reading the front page of every major newspaper in America. The constant lies by politicians, the various scandals in Washington and elsewhere, mass murders by federal government officials going back to Waco, Ruby Ridge, and even Wounded Knee have destroyed whatever trust and confidence Americans once had in their government.Various cover-ups, such as the IRS scandal where IRS employees targeted conservative groups, disappearing emails, both by IRS officials and Hillary Clinton, the suspected murders of enemies of the Clintons, President Johnson and others, the Nixon Watergate scandal, annual deficits that are out of control regardless of which party is in power, military invasions of countries that pose no threat to the United States, and so forth, have all chipped away at the integrity of government officials and institutions. Many people are starting to think of secession as a viable option to the status quo.This paper uses the data gathered from the various World Values Survey for the United States going back to 1995. The sample sizes for those surveys ranged from 1183 to 2184. The study found that overall confidence for the period was low, and that it had fluctuated for the period under study. This paper is part of a series that examines confidence in government. Other studies in the series include a study of the United States that examines various demographic variables and a study of confidence in 60 countries.
Pathology Resident Perspectives on Feedback and a Proposed Trainee Curriculum on Giving Feedback.

Objectives: Receiving and reflecting on feedback is a critical skill in medicine. Learning how to provide effective feedback is important in assessment and engendering performance improvement. Methods: We outline a curriculum for laboratory medicine trainees on providing effective feedback. A group of trainees (26/30 attendees) was surveyed regarding their perspectives on effective feedback and impressions of an educational session focused on how to give effective feedback. Results: The curriculum involved a 1-hour session focused on how to provide useful feedback. The two presenters used role-plays, group discussion, and didactic talk to present the material. Most attendees (n = 22/26) indicated that regular or frequent effective feedback was important to their learning. When asked, “What makes feedback effective for you?” the most frequent responses were being specific (n = 11) and being balanced (ie, presenting both positives and negative) (n = 10). On a Likert scale (1 = poor; 7 = excellent), attendees rated their ability to give feedback higher after the session (mean, 5.2) vs before the session (mean, 3.8). Conclusions: Feedback is an important component of assessment and reflective practice. Pathology trainees believe that being specific and balanced were characteristics of effective feedback. It is important to provide training on giving effective feedback to pathology trainees.
Nanomedicine as a non-invasive strategy for drug delivery across the blood brain barrier

The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle to drug delivery for diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). This brief review highlights the current invasive and non-invasive technologies available to address this problem. In particular, nanomedicine has shown much promise as a non-invasive strategy due to its drug loading capabilities, ease of targeting to the BBB, and small size. The versatility of this technology in terms of type of drug and imaging agent, carrier material, and targeting mechanism is highlighted in this review. The recent inclusion of imaging agents in the nanocarriers has important consequences for the field of theranostics.
Forward Genetics in Setaria viridis

Forward genetics is a powerful approach to identify mutations and genes underlying traits of interest. Typically, screens begin with chemical mutagenesis of seed or pollen to generate a collection of novel alleles. Dominant or semidominant mutants can be identified in screens of M1 plants and recessive mutants identified in screens of M2 families following self-pollination of the M1. During the last few years, the low cost of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled mapping by sequencing, greatly accelerating the process of gene discovery. As an alternative to mutagenesis, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are powerful tools to explore natural variation. In this chapter, we describe the development of a Setaria viridis NMU-mutagenized population using the sequenced reference line A10.1. Strategies for screening mutant populations are described as techniques using bulked segregant analysis by sequencing or direct sequencing of the mutant lines to identify causative lesions underlying mutant phenotypes. We will also discuss strategies to develop recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and MAGIC mapping populations in Setaria viridis.
Drug markets, violence, and the need to incorporate the role of race

While race has proven to be a critical variable in the sociological understanding of multiple social outcomes, scholars have yet to fully appreciate the nature by which it shapes drug-related violence. Empirical responses to the 1980s urban proliferation of illicit drugs generally relied on systemic explanations of drug market violence and how participants, by virtue of social positioning, are unable to use the criminal justice system to address grievances. Contrarily, the contingent causation hypothesis suggests that drug markets engender violence in settings where socioeconomic conditions are already favorable for violence. In spite of the contributions of these two themes, we argue that both represent oversimplifications of the complex ways by which race structures drug-related violence. To truly understand drug market violence, the dominant narrative of emerging research must contextualize the proliferation of illicit drugs within the socio-historical context of race and institutional racism. Only if and when that happens will the field move towards realistic solutions to ameliorate this social problem. Language: en
Targeting microenvironment-mediated resistance in leukemias: Phase I trial of mobilization and elimination of FLT3-ITD+ acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) stem/progenitor cells by plerixafor/g-CSF/sorafenib.

TPS6635 Background: FLT3-ITD AML are associated with poor prognosis. We identified Sorafenib (S) as potent inhibitor of FLT3-ITD (Zhang W, JNCI, 2008; Borthakur G., Haematologica, 2010). FLT3-ITD i...
NIH's ineffective funding policies

On 2 May, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director Francis Collins announced a new policy to limit the amount of research grant funding per investigator ([ 1 ][1]). The policy was warranted and long overdue ([ 2 ][2]), but was abandoned by 8 June ([ 3 ][3]). However, the problems that triggered
Thorium fuel cycle research and literature: Trends and insights from eight decades of diverse projects and evolving priorities

Abstract Literature on the thorium fuel cycle spanning eight decades from the 1940s to the 2010s is identified, categorized, and analyzed. The publications are divided among twelve topical categories, and overall thorium literature trends are evaluated using database analysis techniques. In total, 1449 publications are identified, with the most prevalent topics being Reprocessing and Waste Management, Molten Salt Reactors, Fuels, and Light Water Reactors. In aggregate, reactor-oriented categories (five in all) comprise 45.5% of publications. The US is the most dominant thorium-publishing nation with 916 publications, followed next by India with 82 and then eight other countries having 25 publications or more. National laboratories have contributed 45% of thorium publications, with roughly equal shares of the balance split between government agencies, universities, and corporations/companies. Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the US accounts for more than a quarter of all publications. Specialized criteria are developed and applied to identify some of the most important, or “keystone”, publications for each category. Across the different categories, and for the study of thorium fuel cycles overall, published research reached an intermediate peak in the 1970s followed by a sharp decline in the 1980s and 1990s; however, interest has been revived moving into the 21st century.
Ecology and Expression

People should be free to contribute to the expressive ecosystem, and that ecosystem should be expected to flourish, because of possessory rights, the value of autonomy, the link between expression and flourishing, the instrumental worth of expressive acts, the nature of legally cognizable injury, and reasons to be suspicious of state actors.
Nutritional concerns in the alcoholic.

Alcohol is an energy source; it is a toxin; and, in a special sense, it is an anti-nutrient.
Identification of mammalian sperm surface antigens. I. Production of monoclonal anti-mouse sperm antibodies *

Surface antigens of mammalian sperm were studied by use of monoclonal antibodies (MAs). Six hybridoma cell lines were obtained by fusion of mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from rats immunized with unwashed, epididymal sperm from C3H mice. Quantitative assessment of antibody binding, using a solid phase, antibody-protein A assay, indicated that four MAs bound to integral, sperm surface antigens; two others bound to nonintegral sperm antigens or epididymal fluid components. Immunofluorescence studies showed specific binding of individual MAs to localized regions: acrosome, midpiece, and midpiece and tail. All of these MAs inhibited sperm-egg binding, and those to the midpiece and/or tail immobilized sperm cells. The monoclonal antibodies provide probes for immunochemical characterization of sperm antigens and for elucidation of the role of the antigens in sperm function.
Genetic Algorithms for Manufacturing Process Planning

Process planning has been defined as the systematic determination of the machining methods (operations, machine, tool, fixture) by which a product is to be manufactured economically and competitively. A process plan describes the manufacturing processes for transforming a raw material to a completed part, within the available machining resources. This chapter presents the application of genetic algorithms (GAs) in computer aided process planning (CAPP), and the development of a CAPP system based on a GA. The key to successfully applying GAs to a real-world application such as process planning is to model the problem from an optimization perspective, and to design a special representation mechanism, operators, and constraints to introduce the domain knowledge into the algorithms. These steps are discussed in great detail to show how evolutionary algorithms such as GAs can be used to solve a difficult real-world problem along with their advantages.
Listeria monocytogenes Infection of the Brain

Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that is frequently associated with food-borne infection. The ability of L. monocytogenes to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is concerning as it can lead to life-threatening meningitis and encephalitis. The BBB protects the brain microenvironment from various toxic metabolites and microbial pathogens found in the blood following infection, and therefore supports brain homeostasis. The mechanisms by which L. monocytogenes present in the bloodstream cross the BBB to cause brain infections are not fully understood and there is also a lack of a robust model system to study brain infections by L. monocytogenes. Here, we present a simple mouse infection model to determine whether bacteria have crossed the BBB and to quantitate the burden of bacteria that have colonized the brain in vivo. In this method, animals were infected intravenously with L. monocytogenes and were humanely euthanized by exposure to CO2 followed by cervical dislocation. Cardiac perfusion of the animals was performed prior to harvesting infected organs. Blood was collected before perfusion and the number of bacteria per organ or mL of blood was determined by plating dilutions of the blood or organ homogenates on agar plates and counting the number of colonies formed. This method can be used to study novel receptor-ligand interactions that enhance infection of the brain by L. monocytogenes and can be easily adapted for the study of multiple bacterial pathogens.
Computer Tomography Based Structure Characterization of Expanded Intumescent Coatings for Fire Protection

Intumescent coatings are used to protect structural steel from fires. In this study, morphological characteristics of expanded and charred intumescent coatings, which is a key factor of its thermal insulating mechanisms, have been studied using a computer tomography (CT)-based analysis method. Specimens of the charred materials are prepared by a laboratory-scale mass-loss cone heating method for measuring thermal insulation performance. Three types of coatings are exposed to three constant incident heat fluxes (25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2) for 2 h. The micro-CT scanning technology is applied on the charred materials to generate 3D reconstructed images with 20 µm resolution by ImageJ software. By using an image processing technique, the central region of each scanned 3D model is divided into three horizontal layers at different depths: top, middle and bottom. The morphological structure varies significantly with the type of coatings, the incident heat flux, and the depth in the char, but the median value of pore size (i.e. equivalent diameter) for all tested samples varies within a narrow range (0.352 mm to 0.424 mm). The qualitative morphological observations as well as the quantitative pore properties (i.e., 3D porosity, size distributions, and sphericity) are obtained. The present non-destructive structure analyses method is useful to assist in new formulation developments and to advance numerical modeling.
Solid Organ Transplant

Solid organ transplant recipients may undergo successful surgery for procedures unrelated to their transplant. The perioperative medicine consultant should be aware of the unique aspects of care of these patients, including taking a thorough transplant history, assessing the transplanted organ, understanding and planning for the risks of immunosuppression and corticosteroid use, and managing immunosuppressant medications in patients with fluctuating enteral intake. Working with the transplant specialist is recommended for complex surgical cases.
Folding of a layered viscoelastic medium derived from an exact stability theory of a continuum under initial stress

A layer of viscoelastic material embedded in an infinite medium also viscoelastic tends to fold through instability when the system is compressed in a direction parallel with the layer. This phenomenon which was treated previously by using an approximate plate theory, (l, 21, is analyzed here by using an exact theory for the deformation of a continuum under prestress (3, 4, 5, 61. The effect of the compressive prestress in the embedding medium is taken into account, and it is found that although it is not always negligible, it tends to be very small under conditions where the instability of the layer is strong. The same conclusion holds for the error involved in the use of a plate theory for the layer instead of the exact equations for a prestressed continuum. In the course of the analysis we have also treated the problem of a semi-infinite visco- elastic half space subject to a uniform internal compression parallel with the boundary and a surface load normal to this boundary. The compressive load produces an increase of the surface deflection under the normal load. This effect appears through an ampli- fication factor which is evaluated numerically for the particular example of an elastic body. It is shown that under certain conditions the free surface of the compressed semi- infinite medium may become unstable and will tend to wrinkle. This is suggested as a probable explanation for the wrinkles which appear on the surface of a body subjected to a plastic compression. 1. Introduction. We consider a layer of viscoelastic material surrounded by an un- bounded medium also viscoelastic, the whole system being subject to compressive stresses parallel with the direction of the layer. Such stresses may be set up for instance if the whole system is subject to a uniform compressive strain parallel with the layer.
Emy Nelson Decker and Seth M. Porter. Engaging Design: Creating Libraries for Modern Users . Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited, 2018. 159p. Paper, $70.00 (ISBN 978-1-4408-5612-9).

In this new release from Libraries Unlimited, the authors coin the phrase “engaging design.” Engaging design incorporates pieces of aesthetics, design thinking, and service design. The authors’ aim is to “parse [design] theories and make them understandable, easy to incorporate, and worthwhile to the reader.” The book is designed to be readable and usable by anyone working in academic, public, K–12, and/or special libraries.
Venus and leadership: women hospitality leaders.

The authors report on a survey of 234 women executives in the hospitality industry using factor analysis to discover the seven underlying dimensions of women leaders: perseverance, trust, inner values, responsibility, stewardship, communication, and vision. This article is available in Hospitality Review: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/hospitalityreview/vol20/iss1/1 Venus and leadership: Women hospitality leaders by Bonnie J. Knutson, Raymond S. Schmidgall and Ronald F. Cichy The authots report on a survey of 234 women executives in the hospitality industw using factor analysis to discover the seven underlying dimensions of women leaders: perseverance, trust, inner values, responsibil@ stewardship, communication, and vision. I f a thousand people were asked to deline a leader, chances are there would be a thousand answers. How individuals respond to that question primarily depends on three factors. First, one's personal understanding or definition of leaders and leadership comes from reading about the accomplishments of prominent people. But it's hard to extract the essence of leadership &om these writings, or films, or other media.' Secondly, one's direct and indirect experiences with people who are thought of as leaders color the perception. Finally, one's view of leadership depends on the context in which the leader operates." For example, the president of the U.S. is oRen referred to as the "leader of the free world." A young Girl Scout might think of her troop leader. Soldiers in the Persian Gulf War probably thought of General Colin Powell or General Norman Schwartzkoff. Even the dictionary doesn't agree on the definition of leadership. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language defines a leader as a person who, by force of example, talents, or qualities of leadership, plays a directing role, wields commanding influence, or has a following in any sphere of activity or thought. In other words, i t defines leadership as that ingredient of personality that causes others to follow.3 Another edition of Webster's simply says that a leader is a directing, commanding, or guiding head of a group or activity.' Leaders defined While there is likewise widespread variance in how business, in Knutson, Schmidgall and Cichy 1
CHAPTER TWELVE – Costs and the Supply of Goods

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights costs and supply of goods within an economy. In The Wall Street Journal on December 20, 1911, Thomas Edison wrote an article titled On Average and Marginal Cost. In the article, he stated that he was the first manufacturer in the United States to adopt the idea of dumping surplus goods upon the foreign market. However, his balance sheet showed that he was not making much money. His manufacturing plant was not running to its full capacity. He could not find a market for his products. Then, Edison suggested that he and his associates undertake to run their plant on full capacity and sell the surplus products in foreign markets at less than the cost of production. Every one of Edison's associates opposed Edison. Edison had his experts figure out how much it would add to the cost of operating the plant if Edison and his associates increased this production 25%. The figures showed that they could increase the production 25% at an increased cost of only about 2%.