cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Test Study on Combustion Adjustment for 1 000 MW Ultra Supercritical Boilers

Experiments on combustion optimization and adjustment of a 1 000 MW power boiler were carried out,so as to analyze the influence of following factors on the boiler efficiency,such as the primary air distribution,fineness of pulverized coal,air distribution of burner,oxygen volumetric fraction and over-fire air rate,etc.Results show that for the same layer of burners,the deviation of oxygen volumetric fraction distribution along breadth of furnace caused by wind inlet through both ends of big bellows can be improved by increasing the opening of distribution plates at both ends and middle positions for external secondary air.With the rise of oxygen volumetric fraction,the boiler heat efficiency increases first and reduces later on,which reaches the highest at an oxygen volumetric fraction of 3.0%.With the reduction of over-fire air rate,both the boiler heat efficiency and mass concentration of NOx emission rise gradually.Comprehensively considering the boiler efficiency,NOx emission and metal temperature of platen superheater tubes,it is recommended that the over-fire air rate be kept at about 25% at rated load,when the boiler heat efficiency may reach 93.9%,with a mass concentration of NOx emission at 306.1 mg/m3.
Finding and Producing Probiotic Glycosylases for the Biocatalysis of Ginsenosides: A Mini Review

Various microorganisms have been widely applied in nutraceutical industries for the processing of phytochemical conversion. Specifically, in the Asian food industry and academia, notable attention is paid to the biocatalytic process of ginsenosides (ginseng saponins) using probiotic bacteria that produce high levels of glycosyl-hydrolases. Multiple groups have conducted experiments in order to determine the best conditions to produce more active and stable enzymes, which can be applicable to produce diverse types of ginsenosides for commercial applications. In this sense, there are various reviews that cover the biofunctional effects of multiple types of ginsenosides and the pathways of ginsenoside deglycosylation. However, little work has been published on the production methods of probiotic enzymes, which is a critical component of ginsenoside processing. This review aims to investigate current preparation methods, results on the discovery of new glycosylases, the application potential of probiotic enzymes and their use for biocatalysis of ginsenosides in the nutraceutical industry.
What Makes a Story Great

Now that we’ve (more or less) embraced the idea that we can write ethnography using creative nonfiction, let’s look at what makes for a good story.
Parasites and Infectious Disease: The ‘unholy trinity’ and the geohelminths: an intractable problem?

We have unmistakable proof that throughout all past time, there has been a ceaseless devouring of the weak by the strong. First Principles , Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) Obviously, the ‘unholy trinity’ mentioned in the title of this essay is a play on words. However, when I make the connection between the so-called ‘unholy trinity’ and the geohelminths, any parasitologist would know the three parasites to which I refer. These would include Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura , and the hookworms. Generally, the two species of human hookworms, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus , are lumped together and considered as one, mainly because their biology is so similar, and because the disease they cause is so nearly the same. While their geographic distributions are essentially sympatric in today's world, A. duodenale probably had an Asian origin. Charles Wardell Stiles of the U.S. Bureau of Animal Industry in Beltsville, Maryland, first described Necator americanus in 1906, but its origins are not of the New World. It most likely evolved in Africa and was imported into the western hemisphere, along with malaria, yellow fever, schistosomiasis, and several other diseases, during the slave trade. Estimates regarding the numbers of people infected with the ‘unholy trinity’ vary, but all would agree that these parasites, collectively, have perhaps the greatest impact on DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) on a worldwide basis when it comes to the helminth parasites.
Biocompatible Sol–Gel Based Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Nano-porous SiC

The growth of bone on man-made scaffolds continues to be an important endeavor for biomedical engineers and scientists. The use of porous scaffolds has long been explored for this challenging application, and in this chapter we study the use of nanoporous SiC (np-SiC) for this function. Hydroxyapatite (HA) films of different thicknesses (0.7–4µm) have been synthesized on custom-made and commercially obtained np-SiC comprising nanometer-sized pores (~10, ~16, and ~50nm) using a sol–gel method employing phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O) as precursors. Formation of nanostructured HA with grain sizes matching the dimensions of the pores of the underlying substrate have been identified following heat treatment of the films at temperature of ~500°C in air. A smooth, dense, and crack-free HA film with low porosity has been obtained after sintering the nanostructured HA film at ~900°C in air. The HA film of ~1.4μm thickness showed good cohesive strength between the particles. The cohesive strength, however, decreases with an increase in film thickness above ~2μm. Adhesion of the film to the underlying SiC substrate appears to correlate with the pore size of np-SiC. Cell attachment studies revealed the biocompatibility of the HA films on np-SiC.
Monitoring Treatment Progress and Providing Feedback is Viewed Favorably but Rarely Used in Practice

Numerous trials demonstrate that monitoring client progress and using feedback for clinical decision-making enhances treatment outcomes, but available data suggest these practices are rare in clinical settings and no psychometrically validated measures exist for assessing attitudinal barriers to these practices. This national survey of 504 clinicians collected data on attitudes toward and use of monitoring and feedback. Two new measures were developed and subjected to factor analysis: The monitoring and feedback attitudes scale (MFA), measuring general attitudes toward monitoring and feedback, and the attitudes toward standardized assessment scales-monitoring and feedback (ASA-MF), measuring attitudes toward standardized progress tools. Both measures showed good fit to their final factor solutions, with excellent internal consistency for all subscales. Scores on the MFA subscales (Benefit, Harm) indicated that clinicians hold generally positive attitudes toward monitoring and feedback, but scores on the ASA-MF subscales (Clinical Utility, Treatment Planning, Practicality) were relatively neutral. Providers with cognitive-behavioral theoretical orientations held more positive attitudes. Only 13.9 % of clinicians reported using standardized progress measures at least monthly and 61.5 % never used them. Providers with more positive attitudes reported higher use, providing initial support for the predictive validity of the ASA-MF and MFA. Thus, while clinicians report generally positive attitudes toward monitoring and feedback, routine collection of standardized progress measures remains uncommon. Implications for the dissemination and implementation of monitoring and feedback systems are discussed.
Enabling synergy in IoT

To enable a prosperous Internet of Things (IoT), devices and services must be extensible and adapt to changes in the environment or user interaction patterns. These requirements manifest as a set of design principles for each of the layers in an IoT ecosystem, from hardware to cloud services. This paper gives concrete guidelines learned from implementing and deploying a full-stack synergistic IoT platform. We address hardware design concerns and present a reference platform, Firestorm. Upon this platform, we demonstrate firmware and personal-area networking concerns and solutions. Moving out towards larger scales we address local service discovery and syndication, and show how these principles carry through to global operation where security concerns dominate.
Dermatologic conditions in patients of color who are pregnant

Certain dermatoses that present during pregnancy have a predilection for populations with skin of color (SOC). Additionally, certain systemic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus tend to be more aggressive during pregnancy and confer worse prognoses in women with SOC. The purpose of this review is to highlight the unique implications of selected diseases during pregnancy as it relates to SOC. Dermatologists should be vigilant for the unique clinical variations of dermatological conditions in patients of color who are pregnant to ensure correct diagnoses and optimize treatment outcomes.
Is Cervical Bracing Necessary After One- and Two-Level Instrumented Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion? A Prospective Randomized Study.

Study Design:Prospective randomized control trial.Objective:To investigate the role of cervical collars in postoperative care following 1- and 2-level instrumented anterior cervical discectomy and ...
Adaptive Inference for the Bivariate Mean Function in Functional Data

Inference methods are proposed for the bivariate mean function of a continuous stochastic process with a two-dimensional domain. Nonparametric bivariate estimation is facilitated by thresholded projection estimators. Estimators adapt to the sparsity of the bivariate function. Oracle inequality results are developed to describe the adaptive inference methods. The construction of nonparametric bivariate confidence bands is presented. Implementation results show the applicability of the methods in practice.
Building a collective moral imaginary: Personalist culture and social performance in faith-based community organizing

This study draws on theories of personalist culture and social performance to explain why organizations in the field of faith-based community organizing are able to effectively engage people in collective action on multiple issues across social difference. Using two qualitative datasets, we document the construction and transformation of personal motivations in interactive social movement settings, and show the importance of this process for mobilizing action in pursuit of a multi-issue social justice agenda. Through cultural practices that construct moral meaning in interactive settings, activists learn to internalize a collective moral imaginary – a cultural schema that affirms the importance of individuals’ personal motivations, links these to those of other people, and situates them within a larger social structure. This expands individuals’ understandings of self and community, and thus frames multi-issue social justice activism organized across social difference as a morally compelling and effective means of pursuing personal interests and motivations.
Magnetization reversal in Py/Gd heterostructures

Using a combination of magnetometry and magnetotransport techniques, we studied temperature and magnetic-field behavior of magnetization in Py/Gd heterostructures. It was shown quantitatively that proximity with Py enhances magnetic order of Gd. Micromagnetic simulations demonstrate that a spin-flop transition observed in a Py/Gd bilayer is due to exchange-spring rotation of magnetization in the Gd layer. Transport measurements show that the magnetoresistance of a ${[\mathrm{Py}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}(2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})/\mathrm{Gd}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}(2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})]}_{25}$ multilayer changes sign at the compensation temperature and below 20 K. The positive magnetoresistance above the compensation temperature can be attributed to an in-plane domain wall, which appears because of the structural inhomogeneity of the film over its thickness. By measuring the angular dependence of resistance, we are able to determine the angle between magnetizations in the multilayer and the magnetic field at different temperatures. The measurements reveal that, due to a change in the chemical thickness profile, a noncollinear magnetization configuration is only stable in magnetic fields above 10 kOe.
The Yeast Heterochromatin Protein Sir3 Experienced Functional Changes in the AAA+ Domain After Gene Duplication and Subfunctionalization.

A key unresolved issue in molecular evolution is how paralogs diverge after gene duplication. For multifunctional genes, duplication is often followed by subfunctionalization. Subsequently, new or optimized molecular properties may evolve once the protein is no longer constrained to achieve multiple functions. A potential example of this process is the evolution of the yeast heterochromatin protein Sir3, which arose by duplication from the conserved DNA replication protein Orc1. We previously found that Sir3 subfunctionalized after duplication. In this study, we investigated whether Sir3 evolved new or optimized properties after subfunctionalization . This possibility is supported by our observation that nonduplicated Orc1/Sir3 proteins from three species were unable to complement a sir3Δ mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To identify regions of Sir3 that may have evolved new properties, we created chimeric proteins of ScSir3 and nonduplicated Orc1 from Kluyveromyces lactis. We identified the AAA+ base subdomain of KlOrc1 as insufficient for heterochromatin formation in S. cerevisiae. In Orc1, this subdomain is intimately associated with other ORC subunits, enabling ATP hydrolysis. In Sir3, this subdomain binds Sir4 and perhaps nucleosomes. Our data are inconsistent with the insufficiency of KlOrc1 resulting from its ATPase activity or an inability to bind ScSir4. Thus, once Sir3 was no longer constrained to assemble into the ORC complex, its heterochromatin-forming potential evolved through changes in the AAA+ base subdomain.
Identification of malting quality QTLs in advanced generation breeding germplasm.

Malting quality has been one of the primary foci in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) breeding programs but has been difficult for breeders to manipulate due to the quantitative nature of the traits invo...
Enzyme Design for Nonaqueous Media

Protein engineering and kinetic prediction by linear free energy relationships are tools that can be used to rationally optimize enzyme function in organic solvents. Subtilisin BPN’ from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has been used in a variety of organic solvents. The effect of the solvent and water content on catalytic efficiency has been determined on a number of substrates and kinetc relationships have ben developed. Site-directed mutants of subtilisin have also been studied and improvements in catalytic efficiency in nearly anhydrous polar organic solvents of at least one-order of magnitude have resulted.
Usefulness of 99mTc-labeled RBC scan and SPECT in the diagnosis of head and neck hemangiomas

2106 Objectives There have been various methods to diagnose hemangioma, such as US, CT, MRI and Nuclear Medicine. Due to the development of SPECT imaging, however, the blood-pool scan using 99mTc-labeled RBC scan has been frequently used, since it is non-invasive and the most economical method of all. Therefore, we propose to investigate the head and neck in diagnosing hemangiomas. Methods Scan and SPECT was performed on 6 suspected patients of hemangioma(4-head; 1-neck; 1-another). We prepared a radiopharmaceutical using modified in vivo method. After a bolus injection of tracer, the images of dynamic perfusion flow were acquired. Then, anterior, posterior and both lateral static blood-pool images were obtained at this point, and then 4 hours later again. SPECT was integrated in 64 projections and 30 seconds. Each image was interpreted by physicians, nuclear medicine specialist, and technologist blinded to patient9s data. Results As for 5 suspected patients, there was no change in flow, but increases in blood-pool, delayed and SPECT. So, it was a typical hemangioma finding. The size of lesion was over 2 cm, and it is clearly discriminated when it is compared to the delayed and SPECT imaging. On the other hand, as for the other 1 patient, the radioactivity was increased in blood-pool, not in delayed and SPECT, though. Therefore, it was proved to be not hemangioma. Conclusions We diagnose the hemangiomas in head and neck, as well as, liver, rather non-invasively, economically, and easily. Therefore, it is considered that 99mTc-RBC Scan and SPECT offer more useful information for diagnosis of hemangioma, rather than other imaging.
Expression and Functional Characterization of the β-Isoform of the Folate Receptor on CD34+ Cells

We have investigated the expression and functional competence of folate receptor (FR) isoforms on human hematopoietic cells. Using immunofluorescence and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methodology, we find that a substantial fraction of low-density mononuclear and CD34+ cells express both the β and γ isoforms of FR. The  isoform of FR (the form most commonly found on cancer cells) was surprisingly absent from all hematopoietic cells examined. Compared with KB cells (a human cell line known for its elevated expression of FR-), the abundance of FR-β on CD34+ cell surfaces was relatively low (≈8% of KB cell levels). Because many antifolates and folic acid-linked chemotherapeutic agents enter malignant cells at least partially via FR endocytosis, it was important to evaluate the ability of FR on CD34+ cells to bind folic acid (FA). Based on three FR binding assays, freshly isolated CD34+ cells were found to display no affinity for FA. Thus, regardless of whether steps were taken to remove endogenous folates before receptor binding assays, FR on primitive hematopoietic cells failed to bind 3H-FA, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-linked FA, or FA-derivatized liposomes. In contrast, analogous studies on KB cells showed high levels of receptor binding for all three FR probes. These studies show that although multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells express FR, the receptor does not transport significant amounts of FA. Consequently, antifolates and FA-linked chemotherapeutic agents that can be engineered to enter malignant cells exclusively through the FR should not harm progenitor/stem cell function.
The Impact of New Diffraction Techniques in Zeolite Structural Chemistry

Recent developments both in experimental capabilities and in data analysis techniques promise to have a great impact in the area of zeolite structural characterisation. We consider recent progress in the applications of powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction using conventional sources, and developments in the use of synchrotron X-radiation and powder neutron diffraction. Although we provide a brief overview of these fields, we focus mainly on some recent and representative results of our zeolite characterisation program in each of these areas.
Balancing dynamic tradeoffs drives cellular reprogramming

Although cellular reprogramming continues to generate new cell types, reprogramming remains a rare cellular event. The molecular mechanisms that limit reprogramming, particularly to somatic lineages, remain unclear. By examining fibroblast-to-motor neuron conversion, we identify a previously unappreciated dynamic between transcription and replication that determines reprogramming competency. Transcription factor overexpression forces most cells into states that are refractory to reprogramming and are characterized by either hypertranscription with little cell division, or hyperproliferation with low transcription. We identify genetic and chemical factors that dramatically increase the number of cells capable of both hypertranscription and hyperproliferation. Hypertranscribing, hyperproliferating cells reprogram at 100-fold higher, near-deterministic rates. We demonstrate that elevated topoisomerase expression endows cells with privileged reprogramming capacity, suggesting that biophysical constraints limit cellular reprogramming to rare events.
News Dissemination Gratifies Needs for Social Media Users

Social networking sites (SNS) are increasingly used to disseminate and consume news stories, perhaps at the expense of traditional mass media sources. This manuscript explores how receiving news from social media “friends” may be changing how individuals prefer to consume and interpret news. Data gathered from 508 participants showed that “keeping in touch,” “reading posts,” and “browsing” were top gratifications from SNS. With these possible gratifications a user who posts news stories through social media will provide an interpretive view on the news for their online “friends”. Online practices are discussed how they fit within Uses and Gratifications Theory. Results showed news posted by “friends” online is positively correlated with a user’spersonal social media usage and knowledge of news events. Hierarchical regression analysis used several controls withpersonality factors, social media use, and news consumption. All variables together explain 33% of the variance in news consumption. These results provide insight into how and why users are consuming more news information online.
Effects of nitrogen and sulfur on digestion and nutritive quality of warm-season grass hays for cattle and sheep.

The influence of N and S on the usage of warm-season grasses was examined in two metabolism trials with cattle and sheep. Effects of N fertilization (75 kg N from urea/ha) on digestibility, intake, and ruminal mineral solubilization of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.; SWG) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitm.; BB) hays were determined in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment with mature steers. Effects of N and S applied as urea and sodium sulfate in spray form to SWG hay were estimated in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment using sheep. Dry matter and NDF digestibility was greater (P less than .03) for BB than for SWG, and intake of SWG was 10% greater (P less than .06) than that of BB. Fertilizer N increased DMI (P less than .02) of SWG and BB by cattle by 11.4 and 16.1%, respectively. Fertilization decreased (P less than .04) ruminal turnover times by 9.3 and 18.5% for SWG and BB, respectively. In situ DM degradation rates were faster (P less than .02) for fertilized than for unfertilized forages and were faster (P less than .06) for BB than for SWG. In the sheep trials, levels of CP in SWG diets were 7.2 and 9.5%: levels of S were .12, .20, and .29%, respectively. Urea supplementation increased (P less than .01) hay intake by 9.4% and also increased (P less than .01) digestibility of DM and NDF. Supplemental S had no effect (P greater than .05) on any measurement. There was no effect (P greater than .05) of supplemental N on ruminal retention times, rates of passage, or apparent retention of N and S. The provision of extra N by fertilization or dietary supplementation improved the nutritional quality of the low-protein, warm-season grass hays studied in this experiment, whereas no response to dietary S was detected.
Channel and Interface Management in a Heterogeneous Multi-Channel Multi-Radio Wireless Network

Abstract : As new application scenarios for multi-hop wireless networks emerge, there has been an effort to improve performance in these networks by leveraging available physical layer diversity in the form of multiple channels radio-interfaces, antennas, etc. However, designing cross-layer protocols that are capable of addressing a wide range of heterogeneous hardware characteristics can be very challenging. Theoretical results on scheduling provide a valuable set of tools to understand the structure of good network control algorithms for diverse scenarios but these usually involve highly idealized assumptions that hinder their applicability. In this paper, we present a Layer 2.5 protocol solution for multi-channel multiradio wireless networks with heterogeneous channel and radio-interface characteristics, whose design draws upon known theoretical results, but which takes into account practical concerns that arise in real-world networks. This design provides a proof-of-concept of the possibility of evolving practical cross-layer designs that are rooted in sound theoretical principles.
The Role of Multicultural Information in Experiential Learning.

This paper is based on the author’s empirical experience in assisting cultural immersion programs through developing multicultural collections, promoting diversity resources, and creating a supportive information environment for faculty and students. After summarizing the significance, goals, learning objectives, and program models of cultural immersion, this paper discusses the principles of selecting multicultural materials, cultural immersion information, and practical tips on designing and maintaining web-based sources. This paper also addresses the issues of developing an effective mechanism to build collaboration between librarians and faculty members with respect to cultural immersion curricula and to create an open information environment for disseminating multicultural resources for experiential learning courses.
Acute neurocognitive deficits in active duty service members following subconcussive blast exposure.

Military service members are frequently subjected to subconcussive blast events during training and deployment. Emerging evidence suggests blast exposures of these magnitudes may have long-term consequences for dimensions of cognitive function. Less is known about cognitive sequelae acutely following deployment-related subconcussive blast events. The current study addressed this knowledge gap by assessing the extent to which subconcussive blast exposure affected performance on the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics 4 TBI-MIL (ANAM). Baseline-referenced and normative comparisons of archival ANAM data were analyzed for a cohort of personnel who were exposed to blast (blast group; n = 27) and personnel who were not exposed to blast (no-blast group; n = 36) that were otherwise asymptomatic for a concussion. The blast group exhibited statistically significant lower scores compared to the no-blast group (between-subjects), baseline assessments (within-subjects), and an age-matched normative population. Normative comparisons revealed that the scores for the reaction time subtests (i.e., procedural and both simple reaction time tasks) were outside the range of normal functioning (1 SD) and reliable change indices revealed clinically meaningful change only for simple reaction time. The results highlight covert effects of subconcussive blast exposure that may warrant further monitoring in the immediate aftermath of a blast event.
Analytical Modeling and Experimental Study on Machining of CFRP/Ti Stacks with Submerged Abrasive Waterjet Machining

Abstract The research includes analytical modeling and experimental study on precision machining of hybrid composite stacks with Submerged Abrasive Waterjet Machining (SAWJM) process. The analytical model predicts the rate of material removal during the SAWJM process. An in-house fabricated SAWJM setup is used to machine stacks of Titanium and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP). The study compares critical process parameters including grit size, machined cavity size, stand-off distance, and kerf angle in SAWJM and Abrasive Waterjet Machining (AWJM) processes are evaluated. It was found that SAWJM process has the capability of effectively machining CFRP/Titanium composites with high precision. The machined surface did not show any cracking and delamination about the edges and is free of thermal stresses. In this study, the standoff distance and the size of the abrasive grains have a noteworthy influence on the machining process. The cavities machined on both CFRP and titanium during SAWJM process are smaller and more circular than that produced during AWJM process. Both analytical model predictions and experimental results match within 10 % error. The results of this study provide a deeper insight into the precision machining of hybrid composite stacks.
A Simple Scoring System to Predict Survival after Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Patients undergoing consideration for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) require an immediate risk profile assessment in the setting of incomplete or no information. A retrospective cohort study of 100 patients undergoing VA ECMO placement at three institutions was carried out. Variables strongly associated with survival to discharge were used to calculate a risk stratification score. Indications for VA ECMO support included postcardiotomy shock (24%), ischemic etiologies (33%), nonischemic cardiomyopathy (32%), and other etiologies (11%). Pre-VA ECMO arrest occurred in 69%, and 30% of patients underwent cannulation during arrest. Survival to discharge was 38%. Three variables demonstrated a strong trend toward predicting survival to discharge: lactate >10 mmol/L (p = .054), albumin <3 g/dL (p = .062), and platelet count <180 K/uL (p = .064), and these variables were included in a scoring system. The extremes of age and duration of pre-VA ECMO ventilation were associated with a dismal prognosis and were also included. These five variables were used to construct a mortality prediction score. A score of 0 was associated with 10% expected mortality, whereas a score of 4+ was associated with 100% expected mortality. Mortality increased in a stepwise fashion with increasing scores. The expected mortality closely paralleled the observed mortality. A simple scoring system composed of easily collected variables may help predict mortality. However, it is not intended to replace an experienced clinician's judgment, but to enhance it.
Deactivation of Co-Schiff base catalysts in the oxidation of para-substituted lignin models for the production of benzoquinones

The effect of quinones on the deactivation of four- and five-coordinate Co-Schiff base catalysts used for the oxidation of lignin models is systematically studied. 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone does not affect the catalytic activity of any of the studied Co-Schiff base catalysts, but 1,4-benzoquinone and 2-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone have a strong effect on the catalytic activity. Quinone solubility in the reaction solvent does not correlate with catalyst deactivation, but added pyridine (a basic axial ligand) promotes catalyst deactivation by quinone. The synthesis and characterization of a catalytically inactive Co-Schiff base-quinone complex is presented and preliminary computational analysis of this complex in comparison to a dimeric Co-Schiff base peroxo complex is also discussed. Quinone and the Co-Schiff base redox potentials are found to correlate with catalyst deactivation. Thus, catalysts with a lower redox potential were more susceptible to deactivation, and quinones with a higher redox potential deactivate the catalysts. Based on these results, two mechanisms for deactivation of the catalyst are proposed. The first mechanism describes how the formation a Co-Schiff base-quinone complex prevents formation of the key catalytically active Co-superoxo complex. The second proposed mechanism suggests that quinones inhibit the Co-Schiff base catalyst by scavenging intermediate Co-superoxo radicals.
Residential Segregation: Vouchers and Local Government Monopolists

Professor Schuck has given us a nuanced, thoughtful and provocative view of the controversy over efforts to "open up the suburbs" to people of color and the poor and working classes.1 His in-depth look at the three landmark cases in the controversy New Jersey's Mt. Laurel? Chicago's Gautreaux,3 and Yonkers infamous school and housing segregation fight4 (especially his analysis of the Yonkers litigation) are extremely helpful and ground his recommendations and analyses concretely and practically. Professor Schuck begins by reviewing generally our scheme of land use regulation, pointing out both how concerned housing consumers are about making a wise purchase, and how concerned they remain about protecting the value of their investment. He notes the incredible stew of policies from every level of government that affect the residential housing market, often at crosspurposes.5 He then quickly reviews evidence about the extent of racial and class segregation in our housing patterns, noting that there is some evidence that racial segregation is lessening, and that suburbs are becoming more racially and ethnically diverse.6 In exploring the causes of the racial segregation that still plagues our neighborhoods, he points to the continuing legacy of a history of explicit racism, but he focuses also on three other factors. First, he argues that people choose to cluster with people like them for a variety of reasons "straightforward economic and social reasons, as well as for more elusive psychological ones" so that, even in the absence of discrimination, much residential segregation would occur.7
The Impacts of Contextual Factors on Psychosocial Wellbeing of Syrian Refugees: Findings from Turkey and the United States

Refugees may struggle to overcome not only psychological impacts of pre-resettlement events but also additional living challenges in post-resettlement contexts. This study aims to understand how co...
Conserving Authenticity: Artifact Treatment Choices in Creating the Authentic Environment:

Historic house curators have great responsibility and discretion to create what is perceived as an authentic interior. The curator creates the authentic environment based on a variety of factors in...
Political Aftermath of the ICJ AO on Kosovo

This article will discuss political responses to the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the declaration of independence of Kosovo. Firstly, it analyses how the opinion fitted into competing narratives on the independence of Kosovo. Secondly, it sheds light on the attempt of Serbia – pursued a week after the AO – to insist on the re-opening of the status negotiations with Kosovo through the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). It will show how Serbia made a shift at the last moment to compromise with the EU states for the sake of its EU integrations ambitions. This resulted in the adoption of the UNGA Resolution welcoming the EU-led dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina. Thirdly, the article explores the current state of affairs between Serbia and Kosovo, attempting to understand what were the challenges and incentives that lead process forward. One of the agreements reached by the parties during these negotiations – on regional representation and cooperation – will be discussed in more detail. This is not only due to the fact that it explicitly refers to the ICJ’s AO on Kosovo, but also because its adoption and implementation are indicative of the process of the EU-leg dialogue. It also shows how the position of the parties can solidify or evolve and how potential EU membership dangling in front of the parties influenced the dynamics of their relations.
Estimating the Value of Apartment Buildings

This article is the winner of the Apartments manuscript prize (sponsored by the National Multi Housing Council) presented at the 2002 American Real Estate Society Annual Meeting.This article applie...
Epigenetics of addiction.

Abstract Substance use disorders are complex biopsychosocial disorders that have substantial negative neurocognitive impact in various patient populations. These diseases involve the compulsive use of licit or illicit substances despite adverse medicolegal consequences and appear to be secondary to long-lasting epigenetic and transcriptional adaptations in brain reward and non-reward circuits. The accumulated evidence supports the notion that repeated drug use causes changes in post-translational histone modifications and in DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation processes in several brain regions. This review provides an overview of epigenetic changes reported in models of cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioid use disorders. The accumulated data suggest that future therapeutic interventions should focus on the development of epigenetic drugs against addictive diseases.
Editorial Commentary: Hip Arthroscopy Evolution and Causes of Failure.

Abstract Hip arthroscopy use has grown as a result of expanding indications; improved imaging including higher resolution magnetic resonance imaging with stronger magnetic fields and the advent of 3-dimensional computed tomography revealing the nuances of hip joint morphology; increased specialized training; improvements in instruments and implants; a record of successful outcomes; and increased understanding of microinstability, focal acetabular undercoverage or occult dysplasia, indications for labral reconstruction and capsular plication, and, most of all, femoroacetabular impingement syndrome, the leading diagnosis for which hip arthroscopy is performed, in the orthopaedic community as well as the general medical and athletic communities. We now know that labral repair results in better outcomes than labral debridement, and evidence suggests that capsule closure leads to better long-term success. Osteoarthritis and its correlate, advanced age, result in inferior survivorship after hip arthroscopy, which is unsurprising; hip preservation surgery is not designed to treat irreparable cartilage damage. Association of female sex with hip arthroscopy failure requires additional investigation. More females undergo hip arthroscopy than males, and females initially present with greater disability. Females tend to have smaller alpha angles, greater femoral and acetabular anteversion, and lower center edge angles than males, consistent with increased prevalence of hip dysplasia. Thus surgeons indicating females for hip arthroscopy should be aware of atypical locations of cam lesions, borderline dysplasia, or ligamentous laxity, all of which must be appropriately respected at the time of surgery. With all of the improvements we have made in techniques, patient diagnosis and surgical indications, and our overall understanding of complex anatomy and a technically challenging surgery, we can speculate that our long-term survivorship will only improve. I await with interest the long-term outcomes we will see 10 years from today, with the addition of insight from patient-reported outcome measures to answer these questions with greater certainty.
Institutional Development and Participation on House Roll-Call Votes, 1819–1921

An emerging body of literature seeks to understand the determinants of roll-call participation in the early U.S. House of Representatives. A multitude of factors—electoral, institutional, and parti...
Cytochrome b Drug Resistance Mutation Decreases Babesia Fitness in the Tick Stages but not the Mammalian Erythrocytic Cycle.

Human babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne malaria-like illness caused by Babesia parasites following their development in erythrocytes. Here, we show that a mutation in the Babesia microti mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) that confers resistance to the antibabesial drug ELQ-502 decreases parasite fitness in the arthropod vector. Interestingly, whereas the mutant allele does not affect B. microti fitness during the mammalian blood phase of the parasite life cycle and is genetically stable as parasite burden increases, ELQ-502 R mutant parasites developing in the tick vector are genetically unstable with a high rate of the wild type allele emerging during the nymphal stage. Furthermore, we show that B. microti parasites with this mutation are transmitted from the tick to the host, raising the possibility that the frequency of Cytb resistance mutations may be decreased by passage through the tick vector, but could persist in the environment if present when ticks feed.
Quantitative imaging of uterine cancers with diffusion-weighted MRI and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT

Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of women with uterine cervical and endometrial cancers. Quantitative imaging, through MRI, PET/CT, and hybrid PET/MRI, allows for characterization of primary tumors beyond anatomic and qualitative descriptors. MRI diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) yields an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which can be applied in both the pre-and post-treatment assessment of uterine tumors. PET/CT assesses metabolic activity, and measurement of tumor standardized uptake value (SUV) is a useful metric in the staging of uterine malignancies. Hybrid PET/MRI is an emerging modality that combines the soft tissue contrast of MRI with the molecular imaging capability of PET. This review provides an overview of these quantitative imaging modalities, and their current and potential roles in the assessment of uterine cervical and cancer.
Intramolecular Hydrogen-Bond Interactions Tune Reactivity in Biomimetic Bis(μ-hydroxo)dicobalt Complexes.

Active site hydrogen-bond (H-bond) networks represent a key component by which metalloenzymes control the formation and deployment of high-valent transition metal-oxo intermediates. We report a series of dinuclear cobalt complexes that serve as structural models for the nonheme diiron enzyme family and feature a Co2(μ-OH)2 diamond core stabilized by intramolecular H-bond interactions. We define the conditions required for the kinetically controlled synthesis of these complexes: [Co2(μ-OH)2(μ-OAc)(κ1-OAc)2(pyR)4][PF6] (1R), where OAc = acetate and pyR = pyridine with para-substituent R, and we describe a homologous series of 1R in which the para-R substituent on pyridine is modulated. The solid state X-ray diffraction (XRD) structures of 1R are similar across the series, but in solution, their 1H NMR spectra reveal a linear free energy relationship (LFER) where, as R becomes increasingly electron-withdrawing, the intramolecular H-bond interaction between bridging μ-OH and κ1-acetate ligands results in increasingly "oxo-like" μ-OH bridges. Deprotonation of the bridging μ-OH results in the quantitative conversion to corresponding cubane complexes: [Co4(μ-O)4(μ3-OAc)4(pyR)4] (2R), which represent the thermodynamic sink of self-assembly. These reactions are unusually slow for rate-limiting deprotonation events, but rapid-mixing experiments reveal a 6000-fold rate acceleration on going from R = OMe to R = CN. These results suggest that we can tune reactivity by modulating the μ-OH pKa in the presence of intramolecular H-bond interactions to maintain stability as the octahedral d6 centers become increasingly acidic. Nature may similarly employ dynamic carboxylate-mediated H-bond interactions to control the reactivity of acidic transition metal-oxo intermediates.
Soil respiration variability across a soil moisture and vegetation community gradient within a snow-scoured alpine meadow

The alpine tundra landscape is a patchwork of co-mingled ecosystems that vary due to meso-topographical (<100 m) landscape position, shallow subsurface heterogeneity, and subsequent soil moisture availability. This results in hotspots of biological activity, variable carbon cycling over short horizontal distances, and confounds predictions of the alpine tundra response to forecasted environmental change. To advance our understanding of carbon cycling within snow-scoured alpine meadows, we characterized the spatio-temporal variability of soil respiration (R S) from 17 sites across a broadly representative soil moisture and vegetation gradient, within the footprint of ongoing eddy covariance measurements at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA. Chamber-based R S samples were collected on a weekly to bi-weekly basis over three complete growing seasons (2011–2013), and a soil moisture threshold was used to integrate the data into dry, mesic, and wet tundra categories. In every year, measured R S was greatest from mesic tundra, followed by wet and then dry tundra locations. Increasing soil moisture invoked a bidirectional R S response from areas of dry and mesic tundra (directly proportional) compared to wet tundra (inversely proportional), and the optimum R S conditions were between 0.30 and 0.45 m3 m−3 soil moisture, which mainly coincided with soil temperatures below 8 °C. We also developed simple models to predict R S from concurrent measurements of soil moisture and temperature, and from nighttime eddy covariance measurements. Both models were significant predictors of R S in all years and for all ecosystem types (where applicable), but the models did not adequately capture the intra-seasonal R S variability. The median cumulative growing season R S flux ranged from 138.6 g C m−2 in the driest year (2013) to 221.4 g C m−2 in the wettest year (2011), but the cumulative growing season fluxes varied by a factor of five between sites. Our results suggest that increased or more intense precipitation in the future has the potential to increase alpine tundra R S, although this effect will be buffered to some degree by compensatory responses from dry, mesic, and wet alpine tundra.
Precipitating Events and Presenting Problems of University Counseling Center Clients

ABSTRACT Over a period of twelve months, clients' presenting complaints at intake were categorized and therapists rated the precipitating events that brought clients (N = 1,117) to the University's Counseling Center. Using two instruments [the Inventory of Common Problems (ICP) and the Therapist Rating Fomi (TRF)], the differences across gender, age, class standing, and prior counseling experience were explored. It was hypothesized that females and students with prior counseling would have higher scores, indicating greater subjective distress, on the ICP; that students rated by therapists to be in a situational crisis or have frank psychopathology would have higher ICP scores than those judged to be in a developmental crisis; and that graduate students would be less likely rated by therapists to be in developmental crises than would undergraduates. The first three of the four hypotheses were confirmed. Implications for the mission of a campus counseling center were discussed in the light of these findings.
Simulation of Space Plasma Phenomena

The importance of computer modeling in investigating physical phenomena is discussed, noting that modern computers can follow the time evolution of systems containing many millions of degrees of freedom, all of which are simultaneously interacting with each other. The two types of models used in simulating plasma, that is, particle and fluid, are described. Attention is given to particle models and some recent results obtained concerning the diffuse aurora. The simulations are shown to give clear evidence that a type of nonlinear cyclotron resonance process for the cold particles is responsible for the saturation observed in these calculations. It is also responsible for the cold electron heating and it is found that at saturation the rate of heating of the cold electrons essentially balances the rate at which energy is fed into unstable waves.
Fourteen or Fifteen Generations: News as a Cultural Form and Journalism as a Historical Formation

A perennial issue for historians is to determine for the topic at hand the relative importance of change and continuity and where on the calendar to locate turning points or times of transition. Di...
Emergency medicine in the Third World: Two years as director of the Kingston, Jamaica, public hospital casualty department

A US emergency physician worked for two years as director of a busy emergency department in a large public hospital in Kingston, Jamaica (West Indies). As expected, medical practice in the Third World required caring for patients with far less than he was accustomed to in the way of diagnostic and therapeutic resources. However, more than one lesson in clinical medicine was provided by local approaches to local problems. Despite resource limitations, innovations and improvements were effected, particularly in wound care. Although working in the Third World can be a rewarding experience, well-meaning health workers from advantaged countries should ensure that their efforts contribute to, rather than detract from, the ability of their hosts to independently provide medical care.