cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of fertilizer, irrigation, and storage treatments on nitrate-N content of potato tubers

A survey was undertaken to investigate the nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) content of potatoes grown on different soil types with different fertilizer and irrigation treatments. Tuber nitrate-N contents were determined immediately after harvest and after periods of storage of up to 210 days. Nitrate-N in tubers (dry weight basis) ranged from low values of 82 to 122 ppm for low nitrogen fertility levels to a maximum of 192 to 285 ppm at the highest nitrogen rates, where irrigation was applied at optimum levels. The average nitrate-N in tubers under such conditions was 150 to 160 ppm. Where irrigation management was less than optimum, the nitrate-N content of tubers increased, reaching an average maximum value of 786 ppm at the highest fertilizer rate. The study showed that the nitrate-N level in tubers increased with nitrogen fertilization rates, although there was not a linear relationship between N fertilizer rate and tuber nitrate-N. The highest nitrate-N levels obtained in the tubers under proper irrigation management, even with 800 lb N/A, did not exceed 300 ppm nitrate-N and were usually less than 200 ppm. Data collected from this study suggest that improper irrigation, especially with high nitrogen fertilizer rates, results in a dramatic increase in nitrate-N level in the tubers. Some individual tubers contained over 1200 ppm nitrate-N. There was an apparent slight increase in nitrate-N in the tubers with storage, although this increase was not consistent.
Ordering and interpretation of urine toxicology specimens in patients treated with opioids

We come from the perspective that opioids are efficacious in the management of nonterminal chronic pain. Responsible care within such a model requires that pain management physicians are adequately familiar with the broad ordering and interpretation of urine toxicology specimens, and especially with interpretation specific to issues of opiate use, addiction, and diversion as commonly seen in the course of clinical care, including risk assessment. This article provides an overview of these and related concerns.
High Fat Diet Feeding Exaggerates Perfluorooctanoic Acid-Induced Liver Injury in Mice via Modulating Multiple Metabolic Pathways

High fat diet (HFD) is closely linked to a variety of health issues including fatty liver. Exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a synthetic perfluorinated carboxylic acid, also causes liver injury. The present study investigated the possible interactions between high fat diet and PFOA in induction of liver injury. Mice were pair-fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or low fat control with or without PFOA administration at 5 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks. Exposure to PFOA alone caused elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and increased liver weight along with reduced body weight and adipose tissue mass. HFD alone did not cause liver damage, but exaggerated PFOA-induced hepatotoxicity as indicated by higher plasma ALT and AST levels, and more severe pathological changes including hepatocyte hypertrophy, lipid droplet accumulation and necrosis as well as inflammatory cell infiltration. These additive effects of HFD on PFOA-induced hepatotoxicity correlated with metabolic disturbance in liver and blood as well as up-regulation of hepatic proinflammatory cytokine genes. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that both serum and hepatic metabolite profiles of PFOA, HFD, or HFD-PFOA group were clearly differentiated from that of controls. PFOA affected more hepatic metabolites than HFD, but HFD showed positive interaction with PFOA on fatty acid metabolites including long chain fatty acids and acylcarnitines. Taken together, dietary high fat potentiates PFOA-induced hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and necrotic cell death by disturbing hepatic metabolism and inducing inflammation. This study demonstrated, for the first time, that HFD increases the risk of PFOA in induction of hepatotoxicity.
The effects of landscape fragmentation on pollination dynamics: absence of evidence not evidence of absence.

Animal-mediated pollination is essential for both ecosystem services and conservation of global biodiversity, but a growing body of work reveals that it is negatively affected by anthropogenic disturbance. Landscape-scale disturbance results in two often inter-related processes: (1) habitat loss, (2) disruptions of habitat configuration (i.e. fragmentation). Understanding the relative effects of such processes is critical in designing effective management strategies to limit pollination and pollinator decline. We reviewed existing published work from 1989 to 2009 and found that only six of 303 studies considering the influence of landscape context on pollination separated the effects of habitat loss from fragmentation. We provide a synthesis of the current landscape, behavioural, and pollination ecology literature in order to present preliminary multiple working hypotheses explaining how these two landscape processes might independently influence pollination dynamics. Landscape disturbance primarily influences three components of pollination interactions: pollinator density, movement, and plant demography. We argue that effects of habitat loss on each of these components are likely to differ substantially from the effects of fragmentation, which is likely to be more complex and may influence each pollination component in contrasting ways. The interdependency between plants and animals inherent to pollination systems also has the possibility to drive cumulative effects of fragmentation, initiating negative feedback loops between animals and the plants they pollinate. Alternatively, due to their asymmetrical structure, pollination networks may be relatively robust to fragmentation. Despite the potential importance of independent effects of habitat fragmentation, its effects on pollination remain largely untested. We postulate that variation across studies in the effects of ‘fragmentation’ owes much to artifacts of the sampling regimes adopted, particularly (1) incorrectly separating fragmentation from habitat loss, and (2) mis-matches in spatial scale between landscapes studied and the ecological processes of interest. The field of landscape pollination ecology could be greatly advanced through the consideration and quantification of the matrix, landscape functional connectivity, and pollinator movement behaviour in response to these elements. Studies designed to disentangle the independent effects of habitat loss and fragmentation are essential for gaining insight into landscape-mediated pollination declines, implementing effective conservation measures, and optimizing ecosystem services in complex landscapes.
Stars and Black Holes in Massive Gravity

Generically, massive gravity gives a nonunique gravitational field around a star. For a special family of massive gravity theories, we show that the stellar gravitational field is unique and observationally acceptable, that is close to Einsteinian. The black hole solutions in this family of theories are also studied and shown to be peculiar. Black holes have a near-horizon throat and the curvature diverging at the horizon. We show that there exists a subfamily of these massive gravity theories with nonsingular at horizon black holes.
Effect of Increased Truck Traffic from Chickamauga Lock Closure

The lock at Chickamauga Dam on the Tennessee River may have to close for various periods for major repair work. Such scheduled or unscheduled closures will disrupt the barge traffic serving many industries located upstream of the dam. Some of the commodities moving on barges will be diverted to trucks, depending on the nature of the closures, and the new truck traffic may result in a variety of effects, or externalities. A method is presented to estimate the effects of increased truck traffic. Delays from traffic congestion and incidents, pavement damage, truck-related accidents, and air pollution are examined. The study was performed for the Tennessee Valley Authority.
Determination of distributions in inhomogeneous films

Abstract The distribution of material in an inhomogeneous film is an important parameter in many problems. By representing the inhomogeneous film as a stack of thin homogeneous films, we have developed a method for utilizing concomitant ellipsometric and attenuated total reflection measurements to determine the distribution of films whose thickness can be modified stepwise. We have compared our method to that of Beckman and Harrick, using their data for SiH impurity within an Si0 2 film. For two distributions, an exponential and a Gaussian, our method produced good fits with an accuracy limited only by the incremental thickness used for the calculations. Application of the method of Beckmann and Harrick yielded less accurate results which can also show artificial minima in the distribution.
Photochemical Image Enhancement (PIE)

We describe an approach to submicron optical lithography that offers the potential, in conjunction with i-line lenses, to reach 0.5 microns using organic, spin-on materials. In this method, a resist layer is coated with a thin layer (0.5 μm or less) of photobleachable polymeric dye, which is sensitive to the imaging radiation while the resist is not. Image exposure creates a latent image in the dye, which is transferred into the resist by deep UV blanket exposure under conditions such that the dye is unreactive. The top layer (polymeric dye) is then removed and the resist developed. Computer simulations based on a 365nm, 0.42 N.A. imaging system predict a resolution of 0.50 pm with linewidth control of ±10% for ±10% exposure variations at 1 depth of field defocus, for all features types and sizes. There is no exposure penalty in this mechanism; the dose required to bleach the dyes is comparable to that for conventional positive resists.
Lifetime measurements in 16O

Abstract The lifetimes of three excited states in 16 O have been measured by the Doppler shift attenuation method. The states studied were 8.87 MeV (2 − ), 240 ± 40 fs, 10.95 MeV (0 − ), 8 ± 5 fs, and 11.08 MeV (3 + ), 57 ± 19 fs. The gamma decay modes of the latter two states were also studied and branching ratios were extracted.
Effect of methenolone enanthate (NSC‐64967) in advanced cancer of the breast

Methenolone enanthate, a synthetic long-acting anabolic steroid, was evaluated by a randomized study in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the breast in postmenopausal women following the protocol established by the Cooperative Breast Cancer Group. Of 27 patients receiving methenolone enanthate, (48%) had objective improvement. There were no improvements in 13 patients receiving testosterone propionate. The median duration of therapy and the median period of survival from the onset of hormone therapy to death or present living time was greater for the responders to methenolone enanthate than the nonresponders. The unusual high incidence of regression from methenolone enanthate therapy may be due to the massive dose employed, a defect in the method of study being employed in clinical trials, a difference that could occur by chance alone or a difference in the biological nature of the disease in the two groups. Since the difference may indicate that methenolene enanthate is an effective hormone, further studies are warranted.
Recurrent dislocations and subluxations of the patella

Seventy-four patients with patellar dislocations and subluxations were treated with a procedure described by Trillat. The Trillat method consists of stepwise correction of predisposing anatomic abnormalities including lateral retinacular release, patellar tubercle transfer, and advancement of the vastus medialis, if necessary. The follow-up period in 42 knees was from two to nine years with an average of 4.2 years. The results were excellent in six knees, good in 28 knees, fair in five knees, and poor in three knees. Thorough intraarticular examination is essential. If significant patellofemoral arthritis is present, a Maquet procedure should be performed.
On multi-loop four dimensional superstring amplitudes

Abstract We apply the local non-renormalization results of Lechtenfeld and Parkes for superstrings amplitudes to the fermionic compactifications of Antoniadis et al. The local vanishing of the superstring integrand for the cosmological constant of N=4, 2 or 1 supersymmetric compactifications is checked up to respectively nine, five and three loops.
Inhibition of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced T-cell proliferation by dexamethosone, isoproterenol, or prostaglandin E2 either alone or in combination

1. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the modulation of the proliferation of human T cells obtained from peripheral blood by dexamethasone (DEX), isoproterenol (ISO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The former two substances interact with T cells via the glucocorticoid and beta-adrenergic receptors respectively. When occupied by their natural ligands, glucocorticosteroids and catecholamines, these receptors have a role in modulating T-cell function during stress. During the inflammatory response increased levels of PGE2 bind to their receptors on T cells and thus alter responsiveness. Proliferation of T cells was induced by immobilized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in the presence or absence of an additional costimulatory signal delivered by anti-CD28 mAb. 2. Various physiologic concentrations of DEX, ISO, or PGE2 were added at the time of initiation of the cultures and subsequent proliferation of the unstimulated T cells was determined. The results demonstrate that physiologic concentrations of all three of these agents inhibit the anti-CD3 mAb-induced proliferation of T cells. 3. Although DEX and PGE2 were equipotent in suppressing T-cell proliferation, ISO was much less effective. 4. Because concomitant elevations in the peripheral levels of these substances may occur, experiments were performed to determine the T-cell inhibitory effects of DEX together with either PGE2 or ISO. Synergistic suppression of T-cell proliferation was observed when various concentrations of DEX and PGE2, but not DEX and ISO, were added to cultures. This synergistic suppression could not be explained by an increase in cAMP accumulation in T cells stimulated with DEX and PGE2. 5. Finally, the addition of anti-CD28 mAb to anti-CD3 mAb-stimulated T cells overcame much of the suppression of proliferation induced by PGE2 or ISO but less so than that induced by DEX.
A grid based particle method for moving interface problems

We propose a novel algorithm for modeling interface motions. The interface is represented and is tracked using quasi-uniform meshless particles. These particles are sampled according to an underlying grid such that each particle is associated to a grid point which is in the neighborhood of the interface. The underlying grid provides an Eulerian reference and local sampling rate for particles on the interface. It also renders neighborhood information among the meshless particles for local reconstruction of the interface. The resulting algorithm, which is based on Lagrangian tracking using meshless particles with Eulerian reference grid, can naturally handle/control topological changes. Moreover, adaptive sampling of the interface can be achieved easily through local grid refinement with simple quad/oct-tree data structure. Extensive numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the capability of our new algorithm.
WSN01-5: Efficient Data Collection through Compression-Centric Routing

Efficient sensor data fusion is one of the more critical and challenging tasks in building practical sensor networks. It is widely understood that transmitting raw sensor data to a central location for processing is severely hampered by scaling in large scale wireless networks, both in terms of energy consumption and latency costs. However, many detection, classification, estimation, and phenomena modeling algorithms rely heavily on the individual data from each sensor and thus, require raw data collection if not from the entire network, then at least among localized node clusters of varying sizes, hi order to make the data collection as efficient as possible, various proposed sampling and compression techniques have been, and are being investigated. As we demonstrate, in addition to the compression algorithm, the topology of the aggregation (e.g. the routes used) can play a significant role in the achievable compression rates, hi this paper, we propose a compression-centric data collection algorithm for use in wireless sensor networks. The algorithm relies on the construction of a Minimum Cost Tree (MCT), using neighbor data correlation as the optimization heuristic along the tree. By selecting routes that traverse nodes with higher degrees of data correlation, it is possible to achieve superior compression results when compared to more naive minimum spanning tree algorithm variations, hi addition to presenting the details of our distributed MCT algorithm, we use simulated data as well as actual data from a real sensor network to validate and demonstrate the performance of the new compression-centric routing scheme.
Binding Dimeric Kinesin-like proteins to Tubulin: Analysis of Microtubule and Pole Determinants

The interaction of kinesin-like proteins (Klps) with microtubules or α/β-tubulin heterodimers is fundamental to the mitotic mechanism through regulation of microtubule organization and dynamics. Since the discovery of conventional Kinesin in 1985, and kinesin-like proteins (Klps) beginning in 1990, information on the molecular nature of this interaction has been vague. In part its analysis has awaited elegant crystallographic data that now allows us to visualize, albeit still at low resolution, the site of interaction of monomeric and dimeric Klps on microtubules. In addition the availability of sequenced genomes provides bioinformatic profiling of conserved tubulin elements. This lab is investigating determinants of dimeric Klp/tubulin interactions. We recently defined for the first time, since the discovery of kinesin over 20 years ago, the binding site on tubulin for a Klp. That tubulin is the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) protein γ-tubulin and the Klp, dimeric Kinesin-14 Pkl1. Kinesin-14 Klps are ubiquitous in eukaryotes and oppose spindle bipolarity mediated by the Kinesin-5 family. The Kinesin-14/γ-tubulin interaction is effective as a prominent mechanism to oppose spindle bipolarity. We demonstrated that its disruption, by mutating the γ-tubulin site for Kinesin-14 binding, restored spindle bipolarity and viability in a normally impaired Kinesin-5 cut7-22ts strain. We are examining additional molecular features of the Kinesin-14/γ-tubulin binding site and determining its relationship to Klp/β-tubulin interactions. By site-directed mutagenesis we have altered similar residues in β-tubulin helix 11 and are generating chimeric β- and γ-tubulins with switched helix 11 domains. Analysis of the tubulin derivatives in vivo and in vitro will allow us to determine affects on Klp/tubulin interactions of both plus- and minus-end directed Klps and on microtubule dynamics and organization.
Studies of Energy Transfer and Ionization Processes in a Helium ICP

The spectral consequences of the introduction of varying concentrations of heavy rare gas atoms into a reduced-pressure helium ICP have been examined. A term-dependent quenching of He(I) emission was observed and is consistent with previous work on a kinetic model for this ICP. In addition, the ionization behavior of the added rare gases has been studied, and a simple rule seems to emerge from the results: the first ionization potential of helium represents an upper bound to the plasma energy available (probably through collisional processes) to excite and/or ionize added species. Although spectroscopic temperatures can be calculated from the state population distributions for the added neutral gas atoms, the fact that the values vary with concentration and with the chemical identity of the species betrays the fact that the plasma is not in local thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to neutral atoms. Quite differently, the results for plasma positive ions show the same statistically determined spectroscopic temperatures; thus, it appears that these ions are nearly equilibrated and also suprathermal in population distribution.
Investigation of Polyaniline Nanocomposites and Cross-Linked Polyaniline for Hydrogen Storage

One of the biggest challenges for the commercial application of existing hydrogen storage materials is to meet the desired high volumetric and gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity and the ability to refuel quickly and repetitively as a safe transportation system at moderate temperature and pressure. In this work, we have synthesized polyaniline nanocomposites (PANI-NC) and hypercrosslinked polyaniline (PANI-HYP) materials to provide structure and composition which could meet the specific demands of a practical hydrogen storage system. Hydrogen sorption measurements showed that high surface area porous structure enhanced the storage capacity significantly at 77.3K and 1atm (i.e., 0.8wt% for PANI-HYP). However at 298K, storage capacity of all samples is less than 0.5wt% at 70 bar. Hydrogen sorption results along with the surface area measurements confirmed that hydrogen storage mechanism predominantly based on physisorption for polyaniline.
A practical coordinate for multicomponent diffusion

In the study of isothermal, single phase diffusion in metallic systems, inter- diffusion coefficients are computed from the concentration profiles referred to a fixed frame of reference generally known as the Matano coordinate or interface (1). In the case of binary diffusion studies with infinite or "sandwich" couples, the origin of this coordinate is found from the criterion ix dC i = 0 (i = 1 or 2)
Transient simulations of the electrophoretic motion of a cylindrical particle through a 90° corner

The trajectory of a cylindrical particle driven by electrophoresis was transiently simulated as the particle moves through a 90° corner. A variety of system parameters were tested to determine their impact on the particle motion. The zeta potential, channel width, and particle aspect ratio were shown to have a minimal effect on the particle motion. Conversely, the initial vertical position of the particle and initial angle with respect to the horizontal had a significant impact on the particle motion. The presence of the 90° corner acts to reduce the initial distribution of angles to the vertical of 90° to less than 30°, demonstrating the possibility of using a corner as a passive control element as part of a larger microfluidic system. However, the reduction in angle is limited to the area near the corner posing a limitation on this means of control.
The posterior pretectal nucleus: Evidence for a direct projection to the inferior olive of the cat

In our horseradish peroxidase (HRP) study of the afferents to the medullary raphe nuclei in the cat, HRP uptake by damaged axons en route to the inferior olive (IO) was thought to be responsible for retrograde labelling of specific midbrain nuclei. To control for such indirect labelling, HRP was injected iontophoretically into the inferior olive. The location of retrogradely labelled neurons was related to the specific locus of HRP injection within the IO. Injection of HRP into the caudal dorsal accessory olive resulted in dense neuronal labelling in the ipsilateral caudal pole of the posterior pretectal nucleus (PPN). There was no labelling of the nucleus of Darkschevitch (Dk), interstitial nucleus of Cajal (ICA) or Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW). In contrast, an injection focussed more rostrally, into the rostral, dorsal accessory, the medial accessory and the principal olive, produced dense labelling of Dk, ICA and EW; there was much less PPN labelling. It is concluded that labelling of Dk and PPN after HRP injections rostral to the IO, is due, at least in part, to uptake of HRP by damaged medial longitudinal fasciculus axons en route to the inferior olive. The direct PPN-inferior olivary projection provides a potential disynaptic retino-cerebellar connection, which may be involved in rapidly timed eye-body coordinate movements.
Computer assisted analysis of 2-DG autoradiographs.

Abstract A computerized image processing system is described that assists the neurobiologists in analyzing data from 2-DG autoradiography by providing for: (1) Rapid fine-scale digitization of gray levels using a TV camera (2) The recognition of and verification of subtle differences in optical density with the aid of color windows (3) The superimposition of the autoradiographic image upon the histological image, so that the activity seen in the autoradiograph can be accurately assigned to anatomically defined structures (4) The production of numerical data suitable for statistical analysis and line drawings suitable for black on white publication (5) The relating of local gray level to a norm for the image as a whole, so as to remove the variability introduced by variations in section thickness, in the amount of 2-DG seen by the brain during incorporation, in level of anaesthesia, etc. If the localized darkening in autoradiographic images is being used as an index of localized functional activity rather than as a measure of metabolism, normalization obviates the need to obtain arterial blood samples. These routines permit anatomically accurate numerical analysis of autoradiographs without any constraints on the experimental situation.
Lower Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of a North Sea borehole: implications for Boreal Cretaceous stratigraphy

SUMMARY The calcareous nannofossil stratigraphy of a borehole from the southern North Sea has been investigated in detail. The results are used to evaluate the potential of previously proposed nannofossil marker species and to examine proposed correlation of Boreal nannofossil, and other fossil zones, with stage stratotype sections located in southern Europe. The results support the relative order of nannofossil events proposed in previous zonations based on studies of land sections. Certain intervals of continuous fossiliferous section in the borehole, such as the Upper Hauterivian, complement studies of land sections where these intervals are not complete. The observation of certain predominantly Tethyan nannofossil taxa, including Cruciellipsis cuvillieri, Speetonia colligata and Tubodiscus verenae, whose ranges have not been investigated in detail in Northern European sections, calls into question previous correlations of fossil zonations with chronostratigraphic boundaries. In particular, both the Valanginian/Hauterivian and Hauterivian/Barremian boundaries defined by ammonites may have been somewhat inaccurately placed in the North Sea region as a result of indirect correlations and secondary markers. The Hauterivian/Barremian boundary may have been placed some 4m too high in the Speeton section, and the Valanginian/Hauterivian boundary 7 to 11m too low at the same location. The results are by no means conclusive, but illustrate that further detailed studies of Tethyan nannofossil markers in Boreal sections are warranted.
The ζ-determinant, spectral asymmetry and the total symbol of elliptic operators

We show that the η-invariant of a self-adjoint elliptic operator on a closed manifold does not depend on the lower order terms of the total symbol of the operator. We discuss related results for other spectral invariants.
Analytical analysis of heat transfer and pumping power of laminar nanofluid developing flow in microchannels

Abstract Thermal management issues are limiting barriers to high density electronics packaging and miniaturization. Liquid cooling using micro and mini channels is an attractive alternative to large and bulky aluminum or copper heat sinks. These channels can be integrated directly into a chip or a heat spreader, and cooling can be further enhanced using nanofluids (liquid solutions with dispersed nanometer-sized particles) due to their enhanced heat transfer effects reported in literature. The goals of this study are to evaluate heat transfer improvement of a nanofluid heat sink with developing laminar flow forced convection, taking into account the pumping power penalty. The phrase heat transfer enhancement ratio (HTR) is used to denote the ratio of average heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid to water at the same pumping power. The proposed model uses semi-empirical correlations to calculate nanofluid thermophysical properties. The predictions of the model are found to be in good agreement with experimental studies. The validated model is used to identify important design variables (Reynolds number, volume fraction and particle size) related to thermal and flow characteristics of the microchannel heat sink with nanofluids. Statistical analysis of the model showed that the volume fraction is the most significant factor impacting the HTR, followed by the particle diameter. The impact of the Reynolds number and other interaction terms is relatively weak. The HTR is maximized at smallest possible particle diameter (since smaller particles improve heat transfer but do not impact pumping power). Then, for a given Reynolds number, an optimal value of volume fraction can be obtained to maximize HTR. The overall aim is to present results that would be useful for understanding and optimal design of microchannel heat sinks with nanofluid flow.
Varying Planting Dates or Irrigation Regimes Alters Cottonseed Composition

Despite continued utilization of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.), little information exists regarding the effect of production factors on cottonseed composition. The objective of this study was to determine how irrigation regime and planting date affect cottonseed composition. Six cotton cultivars were planted early (late April) and at a normal time (late May) in a fi eld near Stoneville, MS, from 2005 to 2008. Half of the plots were irrigated and half were cultivated dry. Seed from the 2006 through 2008 seasons were analyzed for protein, crude oil, gossypol, soluble carbohydrates, and the oil’s fatty acid composition. Irrigation increased oil and total soluble carbohydrate levels by 7 and 4%, respectively, and reduced protein levels by 10%. Irrigation also increased the level of total gossypol by 21%, modestly decreased the percentage of the gossypol (+) isomer, and slightly decreased the level of saturated fatty acids in the oil. Early planting decreased gossypol in the seed kernel by 8% under dryland conditions but not under irrigated conditions. The early planting effect on the fatty acid distribution was similar to the effect observed under dryland conditions, but the differences were more modest. Early planting and irrigation offer potential for improved fi ber and seed yield but with altered seed composition. Given the proper economic incentives, producers could alter some production strategies to produce seed with more valuable composition traits.
Who chooses non‐public schools for their children?

Using the pooled 1998–2000 GSS data, this study examines what kinds of parents tend to select non‐public schools for their children, a question that is fundamental but lacks direct, adequate answers in the literature. The results of logistic regression analysis show that religion, socio‐economic status, age, nativity, number of children and region play significant roles in parental choice of religious schools, but race, gender, urban residence and family composition make no difference. Parental socio‐economic status is a key factor in determining their choice of non‐religious private schools. Currently, no significant differences in demographic, religious, socio‐economic and family‐structure characteristics can be detected with regard to which parents are more likely to home‐school their children. Implications of the findings are considered.
Role of the terminal domains in sodium channel localization.

Voltage-gated sodium channels are membrane proteins that initiate action potentials in neurons following membrane depolarization. Members of this family show differential distribution at the subcellular level. The mechanisms underlying the targeting of these isoforms are not understood. However, their specificity is important because the isoforms can change the excitability of the membrane due to differences in their electrophysiological properties. In this study, chimeras generated between NaV1.2 and NaV1.6 were used to test channel domains for sequence that would allow NaV1.2 to localize to unmyelinated axons when Nav1.6 could not. We show that the N-terminal 202 amino acids of the NaV1.2 channel can mediate membrane domain-specific sorting in polarized epithelial cells and are necessary but not sufficient for localizing the isoform to the axons of cultured neurons. The domain-sorting signal is in the region between amino acids 110–202 of the NaV1.2 channel. The C-terminal 451 amino acids of NaV1.2 like...
Acoustic chiasm II: Anatomical basis of binaurality in lateral superior olive of cat

The afferent projections to the lateral superior olive (LSO) were examined with horseradish peroxidase, horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate, 125I-wheat germ agglutinin and tritiated leucine autoradiography, anterograde axonal degeneration, and 14C-2-deoxyglucose methods. The pathway to the ipsilateral LSO orginates in the spherical cells in anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Although some of the fibers pass above the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body, most pass below it and turn at right angles to enter the LSO either directly through its ventral, lateral, or dorsal borders, or through its ventral or dorsal hilus. They end in unpolarized terminal fields throughout the LSO. Most if not all of these fibers are true collaterals of axons continuing across the midline in the trapezoid body. Verifying Held's (1893) finding of a major direct projection from the cochlear nucleus to the contralateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MTB) and Rasmussen's ('46) finding of a major projection from the MTB to the LSO, the present results illustrate that this two-neuron pathway probably supplies all but a very small component of the relatively direct input to the LSO from the contralateral ear. This pathway originates in the globular cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus and relays mostly though not exclusively through the “principal cells” in the more rostral parts of the MTB. It terminates mostly in perisomal endings in unpolarized fields throughout the LSO, though most heavily within the (high frequency) medial and middle limbs and less heavily in the LSO's (low frequency) lateral limb. In addition to this indirect pathway, there is a small direct pathway to the contralateral LSO as suggested by Goldberg and Brown ('69) and Warr ('72, '82). This direct pathway to the contralateral LSO, like the direct ipsilateral pathway, probably originates in the spherical cell region of the ventral cochlear nucleus, crosses the midline in the trapezoid body, and terminates in a small circumscribed area within the LSO's ventromedial (high frequency) area. The 2-deoxyglucose method applied to cats in which the ipsilateral and contralateral pathways have been surgically isolated shows that each of the pathways converging on the LSO is topographically and tonotopically organized with the ipsilateral and the combined contralateral terminations in strict tonotopic register.
A Charge-transfer Complex between Procaine and Ribonucleic Acid

AN understanding of the mechanism of action of local anaesthetics is of great importance for the molecular physiology of nerve. An intense colour reaction between the local anaesthetic procaine (p-aminobenzoyldiethyl-aminoethanol) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) has been discovered. The active nucleic acid components is apparently ribose. The pentose sugars xylose and arabinose are also active. There is no reaction with deoxyribose or with DNA. Hydrolysates of RNA produced by the hydrochloric acid or perchloric acid method are both active.
BONE PARTICLE CONTENT OF SOME MINCED FISH MUSCLE PRODUCTS

Minced fish muscle recovered by flesh separators may vary in bone particle content depending on the type of machine and the size of the openings that the fish are passed through to screen out the skin and bones. Orderly marketing of these materials will require some measure of control of the bone particle content. The method presented here for quantifying the bone particle content of minced flesh by gravity-flotation involves (1) shredding the flesh with a low-speed stirring device and (2) gravity separation of the bone, cartilage and other high-density components from the lower-density floatable muscle fibers. Experimental samples obtained by passing various fish materials through flesh separators and then through 1- and 2-mm flesh strainers were analyzed for their bone particle content by the proposed method. The bone particle content of flesh containing 25 to more than 100 particles per pound could be reduced by 70–100% by passage through strainers. Imported commercial samples displayed bone particle contents of 4 to over 400 per pound. Sensory panels could not detect more than 10% of the particles found by objective analysis. The gravity-flotation method may serve as a useful quality control tool.
Effect of the aperture–lens separation on the focal shift in large-F-number systems

We treat the problem of a coherent spherical wave passing through a circular aperture and subsequently focused by a lens. Using the Huygens–Fresnel integral representation, an expression is derived for the axial intensity beyond the lens. It predicts that the large-F-number focal shift may be reversed or eliminated, depending on the aperture–lens separation.
Glycine prevents toxic tubular cell injury

Glycine prevents tubular injury as suggested by in vitro cell culture studies, studies in the isolated perfused kidney, and in vivo studies, We have previously demonstrated that intratubular administration of uranyl nitrate (UN) produces proximal tubular cell injury and decreases proximal tubular reabsorption (APR). The decrease in APR activates tubuloglomerular feedback and lowers nephron filtration rate (SNGFR). This study was designed to evaluate if glycine administration could prevent the decrease in SNGFR after UN administration and if maintenance of SNGFR was due to tubular cell cytoprotection or suppression of the tubuloglomerular feedback. Administration of 0.65 ng of UN into the early proximal tubule was associated with a decrease in distal SNGFR (SNGFRD)from 29 ± 2 to 24 ± 2 nL/min (p <. 05) and late proximal SNGFR (SNGFRLP) from 37 ± 2 to 26 ± 2 nL/min, and APR from 14 ± 1 to 10 ± 1 nL/min. Systemic administration of glycine (20 g/dL, 1.4 mL/h) was associated with significant increases in SNGFR...
Nonscalar elastic light scattering from continuous media in the Born approximation: erratum

An error was made in writing the coefficient b of Eq. 7 in an earlier paper [Opt. Lett.34, 1891 (2009)]. That error is corrected here.
RELIABILITY OF IMPEDENCE AND PAD TRANSDUCER METHODS IN LONG TERM RESPIRATORY WAVE FORM RECORDINGS IN INFANTS

The two most widely used respiratory monitors are the Pad Transducer System (PTS) and the Direct impedence System (DIS). This study was designed to determine the reliability of both methods of monitoring. Ten newborn infants were monitored lying in 8 different positions with a 2 channel oscilloscope displaying the respiratory signals of both systems. These were documented through videotaping (with observer voice-over) and an Avionics 2 Channel tape recording. Simultaneous ECG recordings were made. Throughout all recordings, shifts in amplitude, duration and general shape of the signal without change in the infant's position were observed. ECG override occurred in 56-100% of the PTS signals and in 38-88% of the DIS signals depending on the infant's position. Motion artifact and electrical interference causing false positive or false negative recordings occurred in 63-100% of both signals depending on the infant's position. The reliability of each unit in monitoring apnea and in the study of the respiratory patterns of specific clinical entities in infants is placed in serious question.
Apoptotic U1–70 kd is antigenically distinct from the intact form of the U1–70‐kd molecule

Objective To determine whether immune responses to an apoptotically modified form of a human lupus autoantigen can be distinguished from immune responses to the intact form of the same antigen. Methods Immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques were used to test human autoimmune sera for the presence of antibodies to apoptotic forms of the U1– 70-kd small nuclear RNP antigen, while antibody recognition of intact U1–70 kd was blocked. Results Apoptosis-specific U1–70-kd antibodies were identified by immunoblot in 15 of 29 sera with antibodies to intact U1–70 kd and in 2 of 25 sera without measurable antibodies to intact U1–70 kd. Bacterially produced, purified, caspase-cleaved U1–70 kd without additional posttranslational modifications was a target of apoptosis-specific antibodies in 3 of 9 U1–70-kd–positive sera tested. Conclusion The apoptotic form of U1–70 kd displays B cell epitopes that are not displayed on the intact form of U1–70 kd. Caspase cleavage in the absence of additional posttranslational modifications is sufficient to induce the display of some of these epitopes. Immunity to apoptotically modified proteins can develop against caspase-cleaved forms or against forms that undergo additional posttranslational modification.
Computer-Based Simulation Training in Surgery

Computer-based simulation training methods have emerged in mainstream residency training in response to evolving educational demands. These methods include surgical virtual reality (VR), computer driven full patient simulation, and screen-based simulations, of which immersive virtual environments reflect the most recent area of development. Over a single decade, surgical VR has progressed from demonstration of concept to a practical training tool, with a body of validation literature for part-task VR trainers that supports their expanded use, as well as the development of more robust and capable systems to satisfy the need for procedural training. Patient simulation is gradually entering surgical residency training for crisis resource management and team training that might not otherwise be feasible outside clinical settings. In the future, simulation of patient care in virtual environments may constitute a similar experience without the resource demands associated with full patient simulation. Collectively, the use of computers to create simulated learning experiences for surgeons is representative of an experiential learning model that has been far more developed in other undertakings, but which will certainly be more relied on in surgical training in the future.
Effect of metformin on substrate utilization after exercise training in adults with impaired glucose tolerance

Metformin attenuates the higher insulin sensitivity that occurs with exercise training. Sixteen people with prediabetes trained for 10 weeks while taking metformin (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8). Substrate utilization was assessed using glucose kinetics and indirect calorimetry. After training, exercise whole-body fat oxidation was higher and glycogen use lower (p < 0.05), with no differences between groups. Blood glucose use was unchanged. Training-induced enhancement of insulin sensitivity (clamp) correlated with higher peak oxygen uptake (r = 0.70; p < 0.05), but was independent of glucose kinetic and substrate metabolism.
Exploring the Fitness Landscape of an RNA Virus by Using a Universal Barcode Microarray

Studies of viral pathogenesis have relied heavily on analyses of specific clones and their genetic determinants of virulence. It is sometimes difficult to apply this reductionist approach to the study of RNA viruses, which by virtue of their very high mutation rates, exist as a complex mixture of mutants. While quasispecies theory has provided an intellectual framework for exploring the relationship between the viral population structure and phenotype, experimental studies have been limited by the relatively poor resolution of traditional sequencing-based approaches. We have addressed this problem by developing a molecular barcoding strategy in which viral subpopulations are tagged with unique 20-nucleotide sequences. The behavior of these subpopulations can be monitored using a universal barcode microarray. We demonstrate the performance of our barcode microarray platform using poliovirus, a model RNA virus. Using this platform, we explored the fitness landscape occupied by an artificial quasispecies consisting of 48 randomly mutagenized clones. We were able to rapidly derive precise fitness measurements for a majority of these clones and identified a neutral space surrounding the wild type. The experimental paradigm presented here is readily adaptable to other viral systems and can potentially be used to track thousands of variants in a cost-effective manner.
What Academic Librarians Should Know about Creative Thinking.

Abstract Librarians need to explore their individual creativity. Creative thinking is an underutilized problem-solving skill that can be learned and applied to any situation. This article explains how librarians can understand, develop, and use their creative thinking abilities and skills in the workplace.
Vision paper: enabling privacy for the paranoids

P3P [23, 24] is a set of standards that allow corporations to declare their privacy policies. Hippocratic Databases [6] have been proposed to implement such policies within a corporation's datastore. From an end-user individual's point of view, both of these rest on an uncomfortable philosophy of trusting corporations to protect his/her privacy. Recent history chronicles several episodes when such trust has been willingly or accidentally violated by corporations facing bankruptcy courts, civil subpoenas or lucrative mergers. We contend that data management solutions for information privacy must restore controls in the individual's hands. We suggest that enabling such control will require a radical re-think on modeling, release, and management of personal data.
Death By Peer Review

The introduction of research evaluation and performance measurement systems for research in most OECD countries over the last two decades has been accompanied by protest and angst on the part of research communities and firm resolve on the part of implementing agencies. Freedom is a wonderful thing to have, and researchers of course prefer good resources and self-direction over external steering and monitoring. At the same time, performance is a wonderful thing to fund, and government agencies of course see it as only rational and responsible to expect the highest quality in what they fund, to set clear goals, and to make sure that they are being achieved.
Raman spectrum and torsional potential function for isoprene conformational enthalpy difference for 2-cyclopropylpropene

A polarized band at 223.7 cm−1 in the vapor phase Raman spectrum of isoprene has been observed and assigned to the 2-0 transition of the vinyl torsion originating in the s-cis conformation. This observation has been complemented with previously reported data to afford the determination of the vinyl torsional potential function in the form The potential constants are (cm−1±2σ): V1=112±18; V2=2742±34; V3=294±18; and V4=−150±16. Modifications to a standard Spex model 1401 Raman spectrophotometer to allow digitization of spectra and automated operation are described in detail. The modifications have facilitated a precise deduction of the conformational enthalpy difference in both the liquid and the vapor states of 2-cyclopropylpropene; they are, respectively, (cm−1±2σ)246±6 and 280±40. The results are discussed in terms of different mechanisms for resonance stabilization, particularly in light of a cyclopropyl group as one of the ‘conjugated’ moieties. The effect of a methine methyl-substitution on the torsional potential function is discussed in terms of the hyperconjugation concept.