cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Threat Detection of Radioactive Contraband Incorporating Compton Scattering Physics: A Model-Based Processing Approach

The detection of radioactive contraband is a critical problem in maintaining national security for any country. Gamma-ray emissions from threat materials challenge both detection and measurement technologies significantly. The development of a sequential, model-based Bayesian processor that captures both the underlying transport physics of gamma-ray emissions including Compton scattering and the measurement of photon energies offers a physics-based approach to attack this challenging problem. The inclusion of a basic radionuclide representation of absorbed/scattered photons at a given energy along with interarrival times is used to extract the physics information available from noisy measurements. It is shown that this representation leads to an “extended” physics-based structure that can be used to develop an effective sequential detection technique. The resulting model-based processor is applied to data obtained from a controlled experiment in order to assess its feasibility.
Learning While Innovating

This paper examines processes of trial-and-error learning during the development of a technological innovation by an interorganizational joint venture created expressly for developing and commercializing products from the new technology. We develop a model of adaptive learning, which incorporates elements from laboratory models of learning and applies them to the field research setting. The learning model focuses on relationships between the goals, actions, and outcomes of an innovation team within the joint venture as it develops the innovation over time, and the influences that environmental events and external interventions by resource controllers in parent companies have on the learning process. The model is tested based on a real-time longitudinal study of the development of a biomedical innovation therapeutic apheresis from 1983 to 1988. Different patterns of learning were observed in different periods of innovation development. Event time series analyses clearly contradict the learning model during an initial expansion period, but strongly support the model during a subsequent contraction period. Explanations for why these different patterns of organizational learning occurred over time are provided, and focus on a set of organizational structures and practices which are commonly used to manage innovation development, but which inhibit learning.
Hausdorff measures, dimensions and mutual singularity

Let (X,d) be a metric space. For a probability measure μ on a subset E of X and a Vitali cover V of E, we introduce the notion of a b μ -Vitali subcover V μ , and compare the Hausdorff measures of E with respect to these two collections. As an application, we consider graph directed self-similar measures μ and v in R d satisfying the open set condition. Using the notion of pointwise local dimension of μ with respect to ν, we show how the Hausdorff dimension of some general multifractal sets may be computed using an appropriate stochastic process. As another application, we show that Olsen's multifractal Hausdorff measures are mutually singular.
Digital signature: use and modification to achieve success in next generational e-business processes

A US law, the electronic signatures (E-Sign) in Global and National Commerce Act (signed by then President Clinton on 30 June 2000 with an effective date of 1 October 2000), grants electronic signatures legal validity equivalent to traditional handwritten counterparts. The intention of this law is to cut costs while providing more stringent security. In the emerging e-commerce arena, electronic signatures hold great potential for facilitating secure electronic transactions. But signatures are used in many critical business processes that occur prior to or independent of final transactions. Contract development and numerous other processes entail a series of draft modifications and sign-offs. Can electronic signatures provide cost savings and security in these activities? In this paper, we (i) detail fundamentals and the current status of electronic signatures; (ii) describe the integration of electronic signatures with electronic verification and authentication technologies; (iii) explore e-commerce applications, especially document management processes, that could benefit from adopting electronic signatures; and (iv) propose modifications to the electronic signature process to enable innovative document management processes. We propose modifications using partial document ownership, soft signatures, and hard signatures.
The Semi-Automatic Generation of Processing Element Control Paths for Highly Parallel Machines

This paper describes a recently implemented program that very rapidly generates control paths for different variants of the constituent processing elements of a particular massively parallel machine, the NON-VON Supercomputer. The program, called PLATO, accepts as input a set of instruction opcodes, together with associated control information, and produces as output a functionally correct, highly area-efficient set of PLA's for the processing elements. One novel aspect of the program is its use of a channel routing algorithm to generate a Weinberger Array layout for the OR-plane of the PLA. By supporting extremely rapid generation of processing elements with different instruction sets, PLATO facilitates "rapid turnaround" architectural experimentation of a sort that would otherwise be impractical. Use of the program has already yielded major area and performance improvements in the NON-VON processing element. Many of the techniques employed in the PLATO system should prove applicable to the semi-automatic layout of processing elements for other multiprocessor machines.
Atomic scale effects of zirconium and hafnium incorporation at a model silicon/silicate interface by first principles calculations

First principles calculations aimed at quantifying the effects of zirconium and hafnium incorporation at a model silicon/silicate interface have been performed. The tetrahedral bonding character of silicates allows useful comparisons as well as important new distinctions to be drawn with the familiar Si/SiO/sub 2/ system. The calculated energy cost of forming (Zr,Hf)-Si bonds suggests that SiO/sub 2/-like bonding is energetically favored over silicide-like bonding at the Si interface. The calculations also suggest that the volume strain associated with Zr or Hf incorporation may lead to increased stress, both in the bulk oxide and in the interfacial transition region.
For not limiting emotional and affectual geographies: a collective critique of Steve Pile’s ‘Emotions and affect in recent human geography’

Steve Pile’s ‘Emotions and affect in recent human geography’ (2010) is a welcome addition to ongoing examinations, discussions and debates of the relevance of affect and emotion for geographical concerns. While Pile is most interested in identifying disciplinary geography’s affectual and emotional ‘conceptual underpinnings’, clarifying the ‘consistencies and disputes within this broad field of endeavour’ and pointing to how psychoanalysis can offer vision in its ‘conceptual blind spots’ (2010, 5), we wish this short collective commentary to be less a defence or even clarification of disciplinary geography’s treatment of affect and emotion (we leave this task to those geographers Pile cites) and more a critical rejoinder confronting certain problematic characterisations and conclusions we feel Pile makes about affectual and emotional geographies. We are particularly concerned with: (i) Pile’s lending to affectual geography an ontological partitioning of mind and body, (ii) Pile’s failure to confront the different political and geographical implications affect and emotion have for questions of identity and difference, and (iii) Pile’s recourse to psychoanalysis, which misses much of the importance of discussing affect and emotion in the first place. Pile seems intent on contributing to affectual geography a tendency of separating mind and body, where no correspondence between thought and affect is possible. He argues, [a]ffectual geography . . . provides an ontological model of the mind and body that presumes that it is always already partitioned, with discrete spaces being sectioned off from one another (2010, 10)
Spontaneous emission induced filamentation in flared amplifiers

We present a propagation model for the steady-state properties of InGaAs QW flared laser amplifiers. Included in this analysis are diffusion, diffraction, carrier induced antiguiding, current spreading, gain spatial hole burning, gain compression and spontaneous emission. By monitoring the progress of the field, as well as the carrier density, we show that spontaneous emission, coupled with gain spatial hole burning, can result in filamentation of the amplifier output. This mechanism is in addition to other phenomena such as thermal effects and reflective feedback which have been shown to cause filamentation.
Discovery and evolution of bunyavirids in arctic phantom midges and ancient bunyavirid-like sequences in insect genomes

Bunyaviridae is a large family of RNA viruses chiefly comprised of vertebrate and plant pathogens. We discovered novel bunyavirids that are approximately equally divergent from each of the five known genera. We characterized novel genome sequences for two bunyavirids, namely, Kigluaik phantom virus (KIGV), from tundra-native phantom midges (Chaoborus), and Nome phantom virus (NOMV), from tundra-invading phantom midges, and demonstrated that these bunyavirid-like sequences belong to an infectious virus by passaging KIGV in mosquito cell culture, although the infection does not seem to be well sustained beyond a few passages. Virus and host gene sequences from individuals collected on opposite ends of North America, a region spanning 4,000 km, support a long-term, vertically transmitted infection of KIGV in Chaoborus trivittatus. KIGV-like sequences ranging from single genes to full genomes are present in transcriptomes and genomes of insects belonging to six taxonomic orders, suggesting an ancient association of this clade with insect hosts. In Drosophila, endogenous virus genes have been coopted, forming an orthologous tandem gene family that has been maintained by selection during the radiation of the host genus. Our findings indicate that bunyavirid-host interactions in nonbloodsucking arthropods have been much more extensive than previously thought. IMPORTANCE Very little is known about the viral diversity in polar freshwater ponds, and perhaps less is known about the effects that climate-induced habitat changes in these regions will have on virus-host interactions in the coming years. Our results show that at the tundra-boreal boundary, a hidden viral landscape is being altered as infected boreal phantom midges colonize tundra ponds. Likewise, relatively little is known of the deeper evolutionary history of bunyavirids that has led to the stark lifestyle contrasts between some genera. The discovery of this novel bunyavirid group suggests that ancient and highly divergent bunyavirid lineages remain undetected in nature and may offer fresh insight into host reservoirs, potential sources of emerging disease, and major lifestyle shifts in the evolutionary history of viruses in the family Bunyaviridae.
Particulate Organic Carbon Fluxes Along Upwelling-Dominated Continental Margins: Rates and Mechanisms

[1] Time series sediment trap samples were used to examine the rates and mechanisms of particulate organic carbon (POC) flux at three continental margin locations, Santa Barbara Basin, Cariaco Basin, and Guaymas Basin, marked by seasonal upwelling and high primary production. The mean POC flux in Santa Barbara Basin (0.096 g m−2 d−1) is nearly twice that of Cariaco Basin and 4 times higher than that in Guaymas Basin, with all three sites having POC fluxes significantly higher than the open ocean average (0.007 g m−2 d−1). In Cariaco Basin, the only site with available primary production numbers, there is no significant relationship between POC flux and monthly primary production. Rather, POC fluxes in all three areas strongly correlate with mineral (carbonate, opal, and lithogenic material) fluxes. This supports the “mineral ballast” hypothesis, where it has been suggested that higher-density minerals enhance the flux of organic matter to the deep ocean. On the basis of multiple regression analysis, the three mineral components explain 72% of the total variance in POC fluxes at the three study sites, with biogenic carbonate particles being the most effective transport mineral.
Laccase protects Cryptococcus neoformans from antifungal activity of alveolar macrophages.

While laccase of Cryptococcus neoformans is implicated in the virulence of the organism, our recent studies showing absence of melanin in the infected mouse brain has led us to a search for alternative roles for laccase in cryptococcosis. We investigated the role of laccase in protection of C. neoformans against murine alveolar macrophage (AM)-mediated antifungal activity by using a pair of congenic laccase-positive (2E-TUC) and laccase-deficient (2E-TU) strains. The laccase-positive cells with laccase derepression were more resistant to the antifungal activity of AM than a laccase-deficient strain ([28.9 ± 1.2]% versus [40.2 ± 2.6]% killing). Addition of l-dopa to Cryptococcus to produce melanin in a laccase-positive strain resulted in a slight increase in protection of C. neoformans from the antifungal activity of macrophages ([25.4 ± 3.4]% versus [28.9 ± 1.2]% killing). Recombinant cryptococcal laccase exhibited iron oxidase activity in converting Fe(II) to Fe(III). Moreover, recombinant laccase inhibited killing of C. neoformans by hydroxyl radicals catalyzed by iron in a cell-free system. Addition of the hydroxyl radical scavenger mannitol or dimethyl sulfoxide to AMs prior to the introduction of cryptococcal cells decreased killing of both strains and reduced the difference in susceptibility between the laccase-positive and laccase-deficient strains. Furthermore, laccase-mediated protection from AM killing was inhibited by the addition of Fe(II), presumably by overcoming the effects of the iron oxidase activity of cryptococcal laccase. These results suggest that the iron oxidase activity of laccase may protect C. neoformans from macrophages by oxidation of phagosomal iron to Fe(III) with a resultant decrease in hydroxyl radical formation.
Na,K-ATPase characterized in artificial membranes. 1. Predominant conformations and ion-fluxes associated with active and inhibited states.

SummaryThe Na,K-ATPase (NKA) system is the receptor for the cardioactive steroids of plant or animal origin. It is not yet known whether passive ion fluxes traverse the inactivated receptor and thereby contribute to the hormonal, pharmacological or toxic actions of these compounds. To look for putative passive ion-fluxes across the ouabain-NKA complex, we incorporated it into the artificial membrane of liposomes. Since this synthetic membrane is virtually impermeable to Na and K ions, the hypothetical ion-fluxes mediated by the NKA molecule can be determined. E2-forms and E2-ouabain-forms of purified NKA were incorporated, in parallel, into separate liposome preparations and the permeability of the resulting E2-liposomes and E2-ouabain-liposomes to K, Na and Ca ions was compared. The E2-liposomes expressed a typical K-permeabilty which was not observed in the E2-ouabain-liposomes; the latter showed a slightly higher Na-permeability and a similar Ca-permeability as compared to the former. Thus, ouabain doe...
Assessments of Safe Medication Administration in Nursing Education

Background: QSEN has a variety of suggested strategies for teaching safe medication administration; however they do not have a recommendation for how to assess it. The purpose of this study was to gain information on how safe medication administration is assessed in nursing education. Methods: A survey was developed to identify methods used by nursing faculty members to assess nursing students’ knowledge and skills of safe medication administration. The specific research questions addressed in the survey were: 1) How is safe medication administration assessed prior to students entering the clinical area, 2) How is safe medication administration assessed during clinical, 3) How is knowledge of “right drug” assessed in the classroom and 4) How is knowledge of “right dose” assessed in the classroom setting. Results: The results of the survey indicated no standardized method for assessing safe medication administration in nursing education. Conclusions: There is much variation in how and when safe medication administration is assessed in the education setting. There is a need for a valid and reliable comprehensive assessment of safe medication administration in order to evaluate whether nursing students have the knowledge, skills and attitude to safely administrate medications.
What makes CS teachers change?: factors influencing CS teachers' adoption of curriculum innovations

Computer Science (CS) education researchers hope their research has real impact on teaching practices. Developers of innovative curricula and tools for CS education want teachers to adopt their new approaches. What convinces a CS teacher to change and adopt something new--or not? This paper explores factors that influence CS teachers' adoption and change. We studied our workshop participants to determine factors influencing their decision on whether to adopt a new CS curriculum. The results from our study indicate that multiple factors, some surprising, influence CS teachers' adoption. Our findings suggest that teacher excitement in a new approach drives adoption, while more organizational or social issues inhibit adoption.
Competing priorities in treatment decision-making: a US national survey of individuals with depression and clinicians who treat depression

Objective To identify information priorities for consumers and clinicians making depression treatment decisions and assess shared decision-making (SDM) in routine depression care. Design 20 questions related to common features of depression treatments were provided. Participants were initially asked to select which features were important, and in a second stage they were asked to rank their top 5 ‘important features’ in order of importance. Clinicians were asked to provide rankings according to both consumer and clinician perspectives. Consumers completed CollaboRATE, a measure of SDM. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified consumer characteristics associated with CollaboRATE scores. Setting Online cross-sectional surveys fielded in September to December 2014. Participants We administered surveys to convenience samples of US adults with depression and clinicians who treat depression. Consumer sampling was targeted to reflect age, gender and educational attainment of adults with depression in the USA. Primary outcome measures Information priority rankings; CollaboRATE, a 3-item consumer-reported measure of SDM. Results 972 consumers and 244 clinicians completed the surveys. The highest ranked question for both consumers and clinicians was ‘Will the treatment work?’ Clinicians were aware of consumers’ priorities, yet did not always prioritise that information themselves, particularly insurance coverage and cost of treatment. Only 18% of consumers reported high levels of SDM. Working with a psychiatrist (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.07 to 3.26) and female gender (OR 2.04; 95% CI 1.25 to 3.34) were associated with top CollaboRATE scores. Conclusions While clinicians know what information is important to consumers making depression treatment decisions, they do not always address these concerns. This mismatch, coupled with low SDM, adversely affects the quality of depression care. Development of a decision support intervention based on our findings can improve levels of SDM and provide clinicians and consumers with a tool to address the existing misalignment in information priorities.
Effect of High Freestream Turbulence on Flowfields of Shaped Film Cooling Holes

Shaped film cooling holes have become a standard geometry for protecting gas turbine components. Few studies, however, have reported flowfield measurements for moderately-expanded shaped holes and even fewer have reported on the effects of high freestream turbulence intensity relevant to gas turbine airfoils. This study presents detailed flowfield and adiabatic effectiveness measurements for a shaped hole at freestream turbulence intensities of 0.5% and 13%. Test conditions included blowing ratios of 1.5 and 3 at a density ratio of 1.5. Measured flowfields revealed a counter-rotating vortex pair and high jet penetration into the mainstream at the blowing ratio of 3. Elevated freestream turbulence had a minimal effect on mean velocities and rather acted by increasing turbulence intensity around the coolant jet, resulting in increased lateral spreading of coolant.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
FASTBUS Cooling

In 1983 we, at FERMILAB, began looking at ways to construct a large FASTBUS data manipulation system for the Collider Detector at FERMILAB; a system consisting of about 35 FASTBUS racks each housing up to three FASTBUS crates. Each crate may be required to dissipate Ltp to 2.5 kw of electrical power in the form of heat. This paper describes some of the tests run, the test results, and the final system configuration.
Impairment of Neurally-Mediated Vasoconstriction in Doca-Salt Hypertensive Dogs

Several biochemical studies indicate that hypertension produced by administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) plus saline as the drinking fluid is accompanied by significant increases in catecholamine turnover rates and a decrease in catecholamine content of peripheral tissues. In the present study the functional significance of such biochemical changes was assessed by evaluating vasoconstrictor responsiveness to neurogenic and humoral interventions in DOCA-salt hypertensive dogs. Administration of DOCA, 5 mg/kg subcutaneously twice a week for four weeks to unilaterally nephrectomized dogs given drinking fluid containing 1% sodium chloride produced a significant increase in blood pressure within one week. At the end of 4 week treatment period, the animals were anesthetized with pento-barbital (35 mg/kg) and sympathetic neurotransmission to the hindlimb and kidney was evaluated. Femoral as well as renal vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation were significantly inhibited in the...
Ground and Excited States of the [Fe(H2O)6]2+ and [Fe(H2O)6]3+ Clusters: Insight into the Electronic Structure of the [Fe(H2O)6]2+–[Fe(H2O)6]3+ Complex

We report the ground and low-lying electronically excited states of the [Fe(H2O)6]2+ and [Fe(H2O)6]3+ clusters using multiconfiguration electronic structure theory. In particular, we have constructed the potential energy curves (PECs) with respect to the iron–oxygen distance when removing all water ligands at the same time from the cluster minima and established their correlation to the long-range dissociation channels. Due to the fact that both the second and third ionization potentials of iron are larger than the one for water, the ground-state products asymptotically correlate with dissociation channels that are repulsive in nature at large separations, as they contain at least one H2O+ fragment and a singly positively charged metal center (Fe+). The most stable equilibrium structures emanate, via intersections and/or avoided crossings, from the channels consisting of the lowest electronic states of Fe2+(5D, 3d6) or Fe3+(6S, 3d5) and six neutral water molecules. Upon hydration, the ground state of Fe2+...
Ultrasmall Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized with a Plant Tea Reducing Agent

Ultrasmall copper nanoparticles were synthesized using lemongrass tea as a green reducing agent. The one-pot, aqueous, room-temperature reaction produces nanoparticles with diameters of 2.90 ± 0.64...
Determination of oxygen in oxide ceramics by inert gas fusion analysis - effect of bath metals -

Oxygen in four kinds of oxide ceramics (Y2O3, ZrO2, TiO2 and Al2O3) was determined by the inert gas fusion method. To examine the gas extraction, Fe, Ni, Cu, Sn and Ti were used as a bath metals. From the analytical values and the gas extraction curves, it was considered that the promoting ability of these metals was higher in the order, Ti<Sn<Cu-Ni<Fe. The analytical results of ZrO2, TiO2 and Al2O3 obtained with Fe (or Ni), Cu and Fe, respectively, did not agree with the theoretical values, though the gas extraction curves showed rapid and complete decomposition. In the crucible after measurement, the metal bath formed a dome. Above results suggest that both bath metal and the sample were pushed up to the top of crucible by the generated CO gas, and that the decomposition was stopped or CO gas was adsorpted on the bath metal, by cooling down of the bath temperature. Use of Sn-Ni or Sn-Fe bath suppressed the dome formation and the analytical results were agreed well with the theoretical values.
Measurements of rate constants for the OH reactions with bromoform (CHBr3), CHBr2Cl, CHBrCl2, and epichlorohydrin (C3H5ClO).

Measurements of the rate constants for the gas phase reactions of OH radicals with bromoform (CHBr3) and epichlorohydrin (C3H5ClO) were performed using a flash photolysis resonance-fluorescence technique over the temperature range 230–370 K. The temperature dependences of the rate constants can be represented by the following expressions: kBF(230–370 K) = (9.94 ± 0.76) × 10–13 exp[−(387 ± 22)/T] cm3 molecule–1 s–1 and kECH(230–370 K) = 1.05 × 10–14(T/298)5.16 exp(+1082/T) cm3 molecule–1 s–1. Rate constants for the reactions of OH with CHCl2Br and CHClBr2 were measured between 230 and 330 K. They can be represented by the following expressions: kDCBM(230–330 K) = (9.4 ± 1.3) × 10–13 exp[−(513 ± 37)/T] cm3 molecule–1 s–1 and kCDBM(230–330 K) = (9.0 ± 1.9) × 10–13 exp[−(423 ± 61)/T] cm3 molecule–1 s–1. The atmospheric lifetimes due to reactions with tropospheric OH were estimated to be 57, 39, 72, and 96 days, respectively. The total atmospheric lifetimes of the Br-containing methanes due to both reaction wi...
Re(CO)3 Metallopolymers with Complete Metal Monomer Incorporation: Synthetic, Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, and Computational Studies

A series of main chain organometallic polymers (MCOPs) containing Re(CO)3Cl(diimine) cores were synthesized. Three different types of polymerization reactions, including Yamamoto coupling, Heck coupling, and a new metal-mediated Schiff base formation/condensation reaction, allowed for the formation of metal polymers with 100% metal complex incorporation and average molecular weights (Mn) ranging from 25 to 850 kDa. Absorption spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and microscopy studies revealed that the type of polymerization effectively governs the physical and chemical properties of the target polymers. The electronic structures of monomeric and dimeric building units of these polymers backbones were probed by DFT and TDDFT computational methods. DFT calculations and electrochemical studies indicate that in all polymers the oxidation and reduction processes take place on Re(I) metal centers and polymer backbones, respectively. Incorporation of metal as an electron donor (D) and organic conjugated backbone as ...
A Case-Control Study on Correlation Factors of Paratyphoid Fever A Outbreak

Objective To assess the correlation factors of a Paratyhoid Fever A outbreak Methods A 1∶2 case-control study was carried out,112 cases of paratyphoid fever A and 224 controls were interveiwed A questionnaire was administered to all subjects by one of the authors Odds ratios and 95% confidence limits were computed Results The odds ratios of drinking raw well water was 17 98 There were significant differences between the case and control group ( χ 2=79 79, P 0 001) Drinking raw well water was the dietary factor of paratyphoid fever A outbreak Conclusions Drinking raw well water was the correlation factor of paratyphoid fever A outbreak The health department should enhance the sanitary administration and paratyphoid fever A bacillus monitoring to dringking water of school
["Pouchitis": new routes of research and signification].

La pouchite est manifestement une maladie associee car elle complique plus frequemment les anastomoses ileo-anales avec reservoir au cours des rectocolites ulcero-hemorragiques que les polyposes adenomateuses familiales. De plus, les manifestations extra-intestinales de la colite ulcereuse peuvent flamber au decours de la pouchite et les macrophages RFD9 + caracteristiques de la colite ulcereuse sont plus nombreux dans la muqueuse du reservoir au moment d'une pouchite qu'en son absence. Neanmoins, les facteurs locaux ont un role. Certains, comme les bacteries et les sels biliaires non sulfates aggravent la pouchite tandis que d'autres, tels la glutamine, les acides gras a chaines courtes et peut-etre le calcium semblent ameliorer les symptomes de la «pouchite»
Collections Care and Stewardship: Innovative Approaches for Museums (Decker, ed.)

This work is a book review considering the title Collections Care and Stewardship: Innovative Approaches for Museums edited by Juilee Decker.
What’s the Beef in South Korea Protests?: The Technical, Psychometric, and Sociocultural Dimensions of News Coverage of Risk

ABSTRACTMillions of South Koreans took to the streets for more than 2 months in 2008 ostensibly in protest over their government's handling of beef imports from the United States. This study examines the technical, psychometric, and sociocultural dimensions of these public protests by conducting a content analysis of the coverage of the English language daily newspaper The Korea Herald. The results suggest that the scarcity of technical risk assessment information and the preponderance of normative or outrage factors in the newspaper's coverage (lack of trust in government, perceptions of inequity, and unequal benefits accruing to both nations) may have fueled public anxiety and anger. The findings also point to social, cultural, and historical factors that may explain why allowing U.S. beef into the Korean market elicited strong public reactions.
Structural Studies on a Glucosamine/Glucosaminide N-Acetyltransferase.

Glucosamine/glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase or GlmA catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl CoA to the primary amino group of glucosamine. The enzyme from Clostridium acetobutylicum is thought to be involved in cell wall rescue. In addition to glucosamine, GlmA has been shown to function on di- and trisaccharides of glucosamine as well. Here we present a structural and kinetic analysis of the enzyme. For this investigation, eight structures were determined to resolutions of 2.0 A or better. The overall three-dimensional fold of GlmA places it into the tandem GNAT superfamily. Each subunit of the dimer folds into two distinct domains which exhibit high three-dimensional structural similarity. Whereas both domains bind acetyl CoA, it is the C-terminal domain that is catalytically competent. On the basis of the various structures determined in this investigation, two amino acid residues were targeted for further study: Asp 287 and Tyr 297. Although their positions in the active site suggested...
Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women

Resolutions passed at this unprecedented convention reveal the public priorities of Garrisonian women, and the place that women’s rights was beginning to occupy within their ranks.
An Alternate Approach to Digital System Modelling for Computer Simulation

Polynomial models are available in a number of well-known equation solver and network simulation programs, such as FORMULA/ONE, PSPICE, and SPICE2. The application of these models to digital logics systems is considered, together with methods of coefficient evaluation to meet differing design specifications. Although the latter process is generally feasible, the extension of the model to multi-input or energy storage situations appears to be quite difficult.
Experimental atomic scattering factors for magnesium oxide

Abstract The atomic scattering factors for magnesium and oxygen in magnesium oxide have been determined experimentally. Both atoms exist as divalent ions in this structure. At room temperature the scattering factor curve for the oxygen agrees well with that calculated for the O −2 anion, but that for the magnesium ion deviates considerably from the Hartree-Fock self-consistent field derived value. The experimental values are lower to a sin θ λ value of about 0.50 A −1 and then merge with the theoretical result. At temperatures above 25°C the difference between the theoretical and experimental results for magnesium gradually decreases, until at about 600°C the two curves become identical.
Proficiency Matters: L2 Avoidance in Spanish Complex Wh- Production

The Derivational Complexity Hypothesis (Jakubowicz & Strik 2008) proposes that computationally complex structures interact with syntactic constraints in linguistic production, causing the rise of avoidance strategies in child L1 and adult L2 speakers. These avoidance strategies have until recently been understudied in the field of SLA (as opposed to the use of ungrammatical structures), but they actively compete with target-like forms during the language acquisition process and can therefore advance our understanding of non-native linguistic development. This article provides evidence for the DCH based on avoidance strategies shown by non-native speakers of Spanish in the production of the wh- island ( How did you say when the jewels were stolen? ). Through a game-based elicitation task, speakers at the intermediate and near-native level were prompted to produce questions containing a wh- island. The results show that intermediate speakers of Spanish significantly avoid producing questions that contain an island, as opposed to native and near-native speakers. The strategies used instead of the target are of a less complex nature (pronominalization of the second clause, omission of the middle verb), therefore supporting the DCH. Near-native and native data, on the other hand, show a use of creative strategies that is absent from the intermediate data. Off-target constructions by these groups often consist of questions that are structurally more complex than the intended target forms (use of relative clauses and embedded NPs).
Platelet integrins exhibit anisotropic mechanosensing and harness piconewton forces to mediate platelet aggregation.

Platelet aggregation at the site of vascular injury is essential in clotting. During this process, platelets are bridged by soluble fibrinogen that binds surface integrin receptors. One mystery in the mechanism of platelet aggregation pertains to how resting platelets ignore soluble fibrinogen, the third most abundant protein in the bloodstream, and yet avidly bind immobile fibrinogen on the surface of other platelets at the primary injury site. We speculate that platelet integrins are mechanosensors that test their ligands across the platelet–platelet synapse. To investigate this model, we interrogate human platelets using approaches that include the supported lipid bilayer platform as well as DNA tension sensor technologies. Experiments suggest that platelet integrins require lateral forces to mediate platelet–platelet interactions. Mechanically labile ligands dampen platelet activation, and the onset of piconewton integrin tension coincides with calcium flux. Activated platelets display immobilized fibrinogen on their surface, thus mediating further recruitment of resting platelets. The distribution of integrin tension was shown to be spatially regulated through two myosin-signaling pathways, myosin light chain kinase and Rho-associated kinase. Finally, we discovered that the termination of integrin tension is coupled with the exposure of phosphatidylserine. Our work reveals the highest spatial and temporal resolution maps of platelet integrin mechanics and its role in platelet aggregation, suggesting that platelets are physical substrates for one another that establish mechanical feedback loops of activation. The results are reminiscent of mechanical regulation of the T-cell receptor, E-cadherin, and Notch pathways, suggesting a common feature for signaling at cell junctions.
Interactions between nitrogen form, loading rate, and light intensity on Microcystis and Planktothrix growth and microcystin production.

Abstract The toxin-producing, bloom-forming cyanobacterial genera Microcystis and Planktothrix require fixed nitrogen (N), such as nitrate, ammonium, or organic N (e.g., urea) for growth and production of microcystins (MC). Bioavailable N can enter lakes in pulses via tributary discharge and through in-lake recycling, which can maintain low N concentrations. Additionally, light intensity has been suggested to play a role in MC production. This study examined how three forms of N (nitrate, ammonium, and urea) interacted with N loading rate (one large pulse vs. many small pulses) and light intensity to stimulate Microcystis and Planktothrix growth and MC production using nutrient enrichment experiments. Enrichments of nitrate, ammonium, and urea resulted in greater cyanobacterial biovolumes and MC concentrations than phosphorus-only enrichments, and there was no difference between pulse (100 μmol/L) and press treatments (8.3 μmol/L every 4 h). Analysis of mcyD transcripts showed significant up-regulation within 4 h of ammonium and urea enrichment. High light intensities (300 μmol photons/m2/s) with N enrichment resulted in greater cyanobacterial biovolumes and MC concentrations than lower light intensities (30 and 3 μmol photons/m2/s). Overall, the results suggest Microcystis and Planktothrix can use many forms of N and that high light intensities enhance MC production during elevated N concentrations. Moreover, the results here further demonstrate the importance of considering N, as well as P, in management strategies aimed at mitigating cyanobacterial blooms.
Rationale, development, and design of the Altering Intake, Managing Symptoms (AIMS) dietary intervention for bowel dysfunction in rectal cancer survivors.

Abstract Purpose Bowel dysfunction is a common, persistent long-term effect of treatment for rectal cancer survivors. Survivors often use dietary modifications to maintain bowel control. There are few evidence-based interventions to guide survivors on appropriate diet modifications for bowel symptom management. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development and design of the Altering Intake, Managing Symptoms (AIMS) intervention to support bowel dysfunction management in rectal cancer survivors. Methods The AIMS intervention is a ten-session, telephone-based diet behavior change intervention delivered by trained health coaches. It uses dietary recall, participant-completed food and symptom diaries, and health coaching guided by motivational interviewing to promote bowel symptom management and improved diet quality. Based on the Chronic Care Self-Management Model (CCM), the AIMS Intervention is designed to improve self-efficacy and self-management of bowel symptoms by coaching survivors to appropriately modify their diets through goal setting, self-monitoring, and problem-solving. The intervention targets survivors with stage I-III rectosigmoid colon/rectum cancer who are 6 months post-treatment, 21 years and older, and English-speaking. Conclusions The design and development process described in this paper provides an overview and underscores the potential of the AIMS intervention to positively impact the quality of long-term survivorship for rectal cancer survivors. An ongoing pilot study will inform the design and development of future multi-site Phase II and III randomized trials.
Serine Availability Influences Mitochondrial Dynamics and Function through Lipid Metabolism

Cell proliferation can be dependent on the non-essential amino acid serine, and dietary restriction of serine inhibits tumor growth, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Using a metabolomics approach, we found that serine deprivation most predominantly impacts cellular acylcarnitine levels, a signature of altered mitochondrial function. Fuel utilization from fatty acid, glucose, and glutamine is affected by serine deprivation, as are mitochondrial morphological dynamics leading to increased fragmentation. Interestingly, these changes can occur independently of nucleotide and redox metabolism, two known major functions of serine. A lipidomics analysis revealed an overall decrease in ceramide levels. Importantly, supplementation of the lipid component of bovine serum or C16:0-ceramide could partially restore defects in cell proliferation and mitochondrial fragmentation induced by serine deprivation. Together, these data define a role for serine in supporting mitochondrial function and cell proliferation through ceramide metabolism.
Transitivity: Stylistics Approaches

In M.A.K. Halliday's functional grammar, transitivity is the system that is concerned with how entities and actions in a situation are coded in the language. Different transitivity choices made in a text can serve a variety of stylistic functions, including marking point of view, setting up text subworlds, differentiating the different components of narrative structure, distinguishing text genres and subgenres from each other, and representing characters as powerful and responsible or the reverse. Because of this last function, transitivity analysis is especially useful to researchers in the areas of critical discourse analysis and feminist stylistics.
High-Resolution Imaging Techniques for Bone Quality Assessment

Publisher Summary The skeleton is composed of cortical and trabecular bone, both compartments contributing to bone strength and the resistance of bone to fracture. The strength of bone and risk of fracture are important outcomes in the study of growth and peak bone accrual, aging, postmenopausal bone loss, cancer-related bone loss, and conditions such as diabetes, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Analysis of bone morphology—including the microarchitecture of trabecular bone, and the Haversian and lacunocanalicular ultrastructure of cortical bone—is critical in understanding bone mechanics, assessing fracture risk, and evaluating responses to disease, age, and therapy. Improved predictions of biomechanical properties have been found as a result of including measures of trabecular microarchitecture in statistical regressions. Trabecular microarchitecture is also critical in the evaluation of therapeutic interventions, enabling researchers to explain a greater proportion of the effect of drugs on fracture risk than BMD alone. Quantitative imaging techniques to evaluate the three dimensional microarchitecture of trabecular and cortical bone have been developed using two primary modalities—X-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The hallmark of the high-resolution imaging techniques is that they allow independent assessment of cortical and trabecular compartments and have the ability to resolve the microstructural features of cortical and cancellous bone.
A Generalized Model for the Thermodynamic Properties of Mixtures

A mixture model explicit in Helmholtz energy has been developed which is capable of predicting thermodynamic properties of mixtures containing nitrogen, argon, oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, R-32, R-125, R-134a, and R-152a within the estimated accuracy of available experimental data. The Helmholtz energy of the mixture is the sum of the ideal gas contribution, the compressibility (or real gas) contribution, and the contribution from mixing. The contribution from mixing is given by a single generalized equation which is applied to all mixtures studied in this work. The independent variables are the density, temperature, and composition. The model may be used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of mixtures at various compositions including dew and bubble point properties and critical points. It incorporates accurate published equations of state for each pure fluid. The estimated accuracy of calculated properties is ±0.2% in density, ±0.1 % in the speed of sound at pressures below 10 MPa, ±0.5% in the speed of sound for pressures above 10 MPa, and ±1% in heat capacities. In the region from 250 to 350 K at pressures up to 30 MPa, calculated densities are within ±0.1 % for most gaseous phase mixtures. For binary mixtures where the critical point temperatures of the pure fluid constituents are within 100 K of each other, calculated bubble point pressures are generally accurate to within ±1 to 2%. For mixtures with critical points further apart, calculated bubble point pressures are generally accurate to within ±5 to 10%.
A prospective study on the association between red hair color and endometriosis in infertile patients

Objective To determine if red-haired infertile women have an increased prevalence of endometriosis. Design Prospective, nonblinded. Setting Large, metropolitan, private hospital, associated with a university. Subspeciality care provided by reproductive endocrinologists. Patients One hundred forty-three consecutive women undergoing laparoscopy or laparotomy for infertility. Interventions Laser ablation of any endometriosis present. Main Outcome Measure Presence of endometriosis. Results Of 143 women entered into the study, 12 had natural red hair. The ages of these women ranged between 23 and 41years. Ten of 12 (83%) of the red-haired women were found to have endometriosis compared with 55 of 131 (42%) of nonredheads. By statistical analysis, the 95% confidence intervals for the presence of endometriosis in redheads was 55% to 100% versus 34% to 51% for nonredheads. Conclusion The results suggest an association between the occurrence of natural red hair and those factors that lead to the development of endometriosis.
Rituximab maintenance therapy for mantle cell lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Mantle cell lymphoma is characterized by relapse and progressive disease, despite initial response to chemoimmunotherapy. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of rituximab maintenance (RM) therapy in patients with mantle cell lymphoma. We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from database inception through November 1, 2017. Only full-text articles were included. Prespecified data elements were extracted from each trial. Outcomes of interest included progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The overall effect was pooled using the Der Simonian-Laird random effects model. Three randomized controlled trials and four observational studies met our inclusion criteria and were identified in the analyses. Six studies compared RM therapy to observation, and one compared RM therapy to interferon alfa. Meta-analysis evaluating outcomes of patients treated after ASCT revealed that RM improved for both PFS (HR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.23-0.49) and OS (HR of death = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.17-0.69). A second meta-analysis of studies evaluating outcomes of patients who are ASCT-ineligible treated with anthracycline-based induction therapy revealed that RM improved PFS (HR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.25-0.58). There is a paucity of data on the role of RM in ASCT-ineligible patients and those with relapsed disease. Overall, RM therapy appears to improve PFS and OS in previously untreated patients with mantle cell lymphoma who undergo induction chemoimmunotherapy followed by ASCT.
Understanding Emotion in Adolescents: A Review of Emotional Frequency, Intensity, Instability, and Clarity:

Adolescence is a time of transition from childhood to adulthood during which significant changes occur across multiple domains, including emotional experience. This article reviews the relevant lit...