cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbiomics of irrigation with xylitol or Lactococcus lactis in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Objective Topical sinonasal rinse therapies may alter the local microbiome and improve disease control in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The objective of this study was to examine microbiome changes in post-surgical CRS patients when rinsing with commercially available products containing xylitol or Lactococcus lactis. Methods A crossover-type protocol with a washout period was designed. Swab samples from anterior ethmoid cavities of CRS patients were collected prospectively at baseline. Subjects were provided packets containing either L. lactis W136 or xylitol in non-blinded fashion and instructed to add it to their rinse bottles daily for 28 days, after which another swab was taken. A saline wash-out period was completed and a third swab taken. A final 28-day regimen of the opposite product was followed by a final swab. DNA extraction and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene allowed for global microbiome analysis. Results We enrolled 25 subjects with CRS and 10 controls resulting in 70 adequate samples. Increased detection of Lactococcus was observed after use of L. lactis. No significant trends in alpha or beta diversity as a result of treatment were observed. SNOT-22 score did not change significantly following treatment with xylitol, L. lactis, or saline. Conclusion We did not detect any major clinical or microbiome-level effect due to treatment with two topical rinse products. Further research is needed to elucidate their clinical utility and possible probiotic effect. Level of evidence 3.
Function or folly? Philip Johnson’s pavilion for pre-Columbian art in Washington DC

Nestled within the gardens of Dumbarton Oaks in Washington DC is a modern pavilion for viewing art, designed by Philip Johnson in 1963. Johnson utilised a circular module organised into a three-by-...
An evaluation of PlayStreets in the South Side neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio:

Aims:Outdoor play, physical activity, and social cohesion are crucial indicators of community health. PlayStreets, a street play initiative to engage local children and families in outdoor play, ph...
Advance Placement and The Achievement Gap in the 21st Century: A Multiple Linear Regression of Marginalized Populations in AP Enrollment

The analysis of the College Boardâ€™s Advanced Placement (AP) enrollment focused on marginalized populationsâ€™ (i.e., African American, Hispanic, and poor students) limited access and the schoolsâ€™ efforts to bridge the gaps. Little research has been done on marginalized populationsâ€™ AP passage rates. The researchers of this correlational study investigated AP enrollment and passage rates in public and charter high schools in Florida (n = 355) by comparing the enrollment and passage proportions amongst Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic students as well as the proportions of students who received free or reduced lunch. The results showed a weak, positive relationship between proportions of Hispanic, African American, and Caucasian students passing AP exams and the proportion of AP students enrolled. There was a strong, positive relationship amongst the proportions of African-American, Hispanic, and Caucasian students who passed the exam. However, a weak, negative relationship was found between the proportions of students who were enrolled in AP classes and those who received free or reduced lunch. There was also a negative relationship between Hispanic, African American, and Caucasian students passing the AP exam and the percentage of the schoolâ€™s population enrolled in free or reduced lunch. The findings suggest that schools with high poverty rates have a low enrollment rate of students in AP courses. The focus on AP enrollment rates for minority students has led to increased rates of minorities successfully completing advanced coursework, but there is still a need for similar focus on high poverty schools.Â
Use of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures to Assess Outpatient Postpartum Recovery: A Systematic Review.

Importance Outpatient postpartum recovery is an underexplored area of obstetrics. There is currently no consensus regarding which patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) clinicians and researchers should use to evaluate postpartum recovery. Objective To evaluate PROMs of outpatient postpartum recovery using Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) guidelines. Evidence Review An initial literature search performed in July 2019 identified postpartum recovery PROMs and validation studies. A secondary search in July 2020 identified additional validation studies. Both searches were performed using 4 databases (Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, and CINAHL), with no date limiters. Studies with PROMs evaluating more than 3 proposed outpatient postpartum recovery domains were considered. Studies were included if they assessed any psychometric measurement property of the included PROMs in the outpatient postpartum setting. The PROMs were assessed for the following 8 psychometric measurement properties, as defined by COSMIN: content validity, structural validity, internal consistency, cross-cultural validity and measurement invariance, reliability, measurement error, hypothesis testing, and responsiveness. Psychometric measurement properties were evaluated in each included study using the COSMIN criteria by assessing (1) the quality of the methods (very good, adequate, doubtful, inadequate, or not assessed); (2) overall rating of results (sufficient, insufficient, inconsistent, or indeterminate); (3) level of evidence assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations assessment tool; and (4) level of recommendation, which included class A (recommended for use; showed adequate content validity with at least low-quality evidence for sufficient internal consistency), class B (not class A or class C), or class C (not recommended). Findings In total, 15 PROMs (7 obstetric specific and 8 non–obstetric specific) were identified, evaluating outpatient postpartum recovery in 46 studies involving 19 165 women. The majority of psychometric measurement properties of the included PROMs were graded as having very-low-level or low-level evidence. The best-performing PROMs that received class A recommendations were the Maternal Concerns Questionnaire, the Postpartum Quality of Life tool, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life–BREF. The remainder of the evaluated PROMs had insufficient evidence to make recommendations regarding their use (and received class B recommendations). Conclusions and Relevance This review found that the best-performing PROMs currently available to evaluate outpatient postpartum recovery were the Maternal Concerns Questionnaire, the Postpartum Quality of Life tool, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life–BREF; however, these tools all had significant limitations. This study highlights the need to focus future efforts on robustly developing and validating a new PROM that may comprehensively evaluate outpatient postpartum recovery.
Identification of Molecules Responsible for Therapeutic Effects of Extracellular Vesicles Produced from iPSC-Derived MSCs on Sjo¨gren's Syndrome.

Recent research indicated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising alternative to MSCs for immunomodulatory therapy. However, the contents of MSC-EVs would change as their parent MSCs change, hence the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) would largely depend on donors, tissue sources and culture conditions of MSCs. To overcome limitations of tissue-derived MSCs, we previously used MSCs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iMSCs) to produce EVs and demonstrated their therapeutic potential in a mouse model of secondary Sjo¨gren's Syndrome. Here, we further found that EVs from early-passage iMSCs had better immunomodulatory potency than EVs from late-passage iMSCs in TLR4-stimulated splenocytes and in a mouse model of primary Sjogren's syndrome. Comparative molecular profiling using proteomics and microRNA sequencing revealed distinctive molecular profiles of iMSC-EVs with or without immunomodulation capacity. Amongst them, manipulation of TGF-β1, miR-21 and miR-125b levels in iMSC-EVs significantly affected their immunosuppressive effects. These findings would help improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying iMSC-EV-mediated immunomodulation and further provide strategies to improve regulatory function of EVs for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
Genetically engineered pig kidney transplantation in a brain-dead human subject.

In September 2021, a kidney (with donor-specific thymic tissue) from an α1, 3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO) pig was transplanted into the groin (with anastomoses to the femoral vessels) of a brain-dead subject by a surgical team at New York University Langone Health (NYU). It was reported to function immediately, passing urine and excreting creatinine. The experiment was terminated after 54 h and, during this period, the kidney did not show macroscopic features of rejection. Does this experiment provide information not available to us previously and does it move the field forward to clinical trials? The information provided was very limited, but the following points are worthy of note. (i) Numerous in vivo studies in nonhuman primates have predicted that the pig kidney would function immediately. (ii) Numerous in vitro studies have predicted that a GTKO pig kidney would not be rejected within the first few days after transplantation into a human subject. (iii) GTKO kidneys are not optimal for clinical transplantation, and the transplantation of a triple-knockout (TKO) pig kidney would have been more relevant. (iv) There was no purpose in transplanting a "thymokidney" without pre-transplant conditioning therapy and follow-up for several months. (v) Because the native kidneys were retained, it is difficult to determine whether the function of the graft was sufficient to support life. (vi) The experiment was announced to the media rather than published in a peer-reviewed medical journal (although hopefully this will follow), suggesting that it was primarily carried out to gain attention to the great potential of xenotransplantation (and/or possibly to NYU). In this respect the experiment was successful. Because of the very limited period of time for which a brain-dead subject can be maintained in a metabolically and hemodynamically stable state, the value of experiments in such subjects will remain very limited. It is hoped that any future similar experiments will be planned to be more relevant to the clinical situation. Nevertheless, the report has stimulated public attention towards xenotransplantation which, unless there is an adverse response to what some might consider to be a bizarre experiment, should be of significant benefit to future progress.
Inequality: A Contemporary Approach to Race, Class, and Gender

Inequality: A Contemporary Approach to Race, Class, and Gender offers a comprehensive introduction to the topics animating current sociological research focused on inequality. Contemporary, engaging, and research-oriented, it is the ideal text to help undergraduate students master the basic concepts in inequality research and gain a deeper understanding of the ways in which race, class, and gender interact with systems of social stratification. Following an introduction to theories and research methods used in the field, the authors apply these concepts to areas that define inequality research, including social mobility, education, gender, race, and culture. The authors include up-to-date quantitative evidence throughout. The text concludes by examining policies that have facilitated inequality and reviewing the social movements that in turn seek to reshape those structures. Though primarily focused on the United States, it includes a chapter on stratification across the globe and draws on cross-national comparisons throughout.
Insulin antagonism of catecholamine stimulation of fatty acid transport in the adipocyte. Studies on its mechanism of action.

Insulin at physiological concentrations can suppress catecholamine activation of the membrane transport of long chain fatty acids in the adipocyte. We have previously shown that the stimulatory effect of catecholamines was mediated by a beta-receptor interaction and cAMP (Abumrad, N.A., Park, C.R., and Whitesell, R. R. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 13082-13086). In this study we have investigated the mechanism of insulin action to antagonize transport activation. Fatty acid transport was stimulated using different cAMP derivatives with varying susceptibilities to hydrolysis by the cAMP-degrading enzyme phosphodiesterase. Insulin was effective in antagonizing the effect of cAMP analogs which were good substrates for the phosphodiesterase and failed to suppress the effect of those which were poorly hydrolyzed by the enzyme. Addition of increasing concentrations (1-100 microM) of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor methylisobutylxanthine (MIX) to norepinephrine (0.1 microgram/ml) gradually abolished insulin's antagonism. Insulin was completely ineffective in inhibiting stimulation by norepinephrine and 20 microM methylisobutylxanthine. Also consistent with involvement of cAMP lowering in insulin action was the finding that adenosine removal greatly diminished insulin's responsiveness. Treatment of cells with adenosine deaminase (1 unit/ml) enhanced the effect of norepinephrine by about 30%. A 10-fold higher range of insulin concentrations was then required to produce inhibition of fatty acid transport. The effect of adenosine removal was reversed by addition of phenylisopropyladenosine (500 nM), which is resistant to hydrolysis by the deaminase. Finally, exposure of insulin-treated cells (1 nM for 5 min) to dinitrophenol (1 mM for 5 min) reversed insulin action, consistent with reports of reversal of insulin's activation of the phosphodiesterase. In conclusion, our studies support the involvement of cAMP lowering in insulin's antagonism of fatty acid transport stimulation in the adipocyte.
The History of the Science of Sexual Orientation 1880-1980

Abstract This paper is a brief historical overview of research into homosexuality and lesbianism from its beginnings in the 1860s to a change in paradigm in the 1970s. This paper emphasizes how the social and cultural assumptions of the researcher and his/her time influence research findings, and how difficult it is to make breakthroughs once certain assumptions are accepted. For much of the period the research was dominated by physicians who subscribed to the pathological model. This model was only replaced in the last part of the twentieth century, in large part because of the influence of Alfred Kinsey and the entry of a generation of researchers utilizing the statistical methods of the social sciences.
Introduction to Atom-Molecule Collisions: The Interdependency of Theory and Experiment

For a century, since Boltzmann, it has been recognized that intermolecular collisions are primarily responsible for most observable rate phenomena, both physical and chemical, in fluid systems. The goal of research in the field of heavy-particle collisions is to gain a detailed, quantitative description (and thus an “understanding”) of these rate processes, starting from first principles.(1)
Is FDI a Safer Form of Investment

It has been common to attribute financial crises to short-term capital inflows, while foreign direct investment (FDI) is seen as a safer form of finance. The relationship between crises and the composition of capital flows is particularly relevant at present because the flow of capital to Latin America is becoming increasingly dominated by FDI. This paper asks whether the composition of capital inflows and of the stock of foreign liabilities is relevant for financial crises, be it their frequency, depth, or length. It explores the possible role of FDI as a benign form of external liability relative to other classes of liabilities, reviewing both analytical and empirical arguments.
The Acquisition of Japanese Numeral Classifiers: Linkage between Grammatical Forms and Conceptual Categories.

This study examines the acquisition of Japanese numeral classifiers in Japanese preschool children, ages 3 to 6, with a primary emphasis on developing comprehension ability. Numeral classifiers, widely distributed in languages of East and Southeast Asia and the New World, are a group of morphemes that usually occur adjacent to quantity expressions. The selection of numeral classifiers is determined by the inherent semantic properties of the noun whose quantity is being specified, suggesting that developing patterns of comprehension should be linked to underlying patterns of semantic and conceptual development. Previous research claims that children acquire certain distributional patterns very early but that the acquisition of the semantic system is a very slow process. We argue instead that different techniques and stimulus contrast sets reveal a much greater sensitivity to semantic relations in young children than was previously considered possible. Reasons for the apparent slowness in classifier acquisition are also discussed.
Beyond Specialization: Social Work Education and Practice for Health Care and Family Life

Abstract There is a role for social workers in all settings to play in providing assistance related to the health care needs of individuals and families. Whether they offer specialization in health care or not, schools of social work should prepare all students to understand and deal with the effects of evolving health policies and practices on family life.
Psychological impact of infertility: identifying issues and needs.

During interviews, married couples experiencing infertility reported emotional reactions such as sadness, depression, anger, confusion, desparation, hurt, embarassment, and humiliation. Behavioral reactions to infertility included disorganization, distractability, exhaustion, moodiness and obsessive thoughts and behaviors. Participants also described multiple sources of stress and utilized a variety of coping strategies. Implications for social work clinical and research practitioners are discussed.
Effect of Gloves on Control Operation Time

Five types of control (push buttons, toggle switches, knobs, horizontally operable levers, and vertically operable levers) were operated at room temperature with the hand clothed as follows: no glove, wool glove, double glove, i.e., leather glove over wool glove. Operation time was measured. It was concluded that the effect of gloves on control operation time depends on the type of glove worn, the physical characteristics of the control, and the type of control operation required.
Data-derived analogues of the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction

Abstract Nonlinear dynamics methods have been applied successfully to predict various aspects of geomagnetic activity. In the local-linear prediction method past input and output data are convolved with filter functions to produce a prediction of future output. For solar wind input and geomagnetic activity output, the local-linear filter functions constitute a low-dimensional nonlinear model of the magnetospheric dynamics. This prediction model is data-derived; it is an unbiased representation of the magnetospheric dynamics. In principle this model contains a wealth of data-derived information concerning substorm and storm processes. Such models, however, are not amenable to physical interpretation. We present a method for transforming a local-linear prediction model to dynamical system analogues of two types: (1) A local-linear analogue composed of readily recognized physical components, suitable for identifying time-scales, coupling strengths, dissipation rates, etc. implied by the input-output data. (2) For prediction applications, a nonlinear analogue containing a small number of free parameters which are fixed from a training interval in the input-output data. Both of these are data-derived, low order, ordinary differential equations. They represent the collective effects of the many magnetospheric phenomena that couple the solar wind driver to the geomagnetic response. We illustrate the method using intervals of ISEE-3 and IMP-8 solar wind data for input, and D st and AL index data for output.
Findings from SUPPORT and HELP: An Introduction

Introduction to a supplement to the journal issue that focuses on findings from the Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment (SUPPORT) and its companion stuffy, the Hospitalized Elderly Longitudinal Project (HELP). The authors provide a summary of the history and accomplishments of this study and an overview of the articles in this supplement.
X-ray diffraction studies of epitaxy in orthorhombic-DyMnO3/Er1Ba2Cu3O7-δ thin film heterostructures on LaAlO3 (100) substrates

Abstract The heteroepitaxy in DyMnO 3 /Er 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ bilayer thin films on LaAlO 3 (100) substates was characterized by four-circle X-ray diffractometry. The Er 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ thin films on LaAlO 3 (100) substrates were prepared by molecular-beam deposition (MBD) and post-growth annealing in wet and dry O 2 at 880°C, whereas the DyMnO 3 thin films on the Er 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ /LaAlO 3 (100) heterostructure were deposited by MBD and post-growth annealing in dry O 2 at 750°C. The conventional X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns as well as pole figures (φ-scans) for specific ( hkl ) reflections were acquired. The Er 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ thin film in the DyMnO 3 /Er 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ /LaAlO 3 (100) heterostructure showed [001] oriented epitaxial growth, as expected. The DyMnO 3 thin film on the Er 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ epilayer in the heterostructure grew with (110) epitaxy in its metastable orthorhombic phase (lattice constants: a o =5.272 A , b o =5.795 A and c o =7.38 A ). The heteroepitaxial relationships at the orthorhombic-DyMnO O 3 (110) /Er 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (001) interface was determined as the following: DyMnO 3 (110) ∥ Er 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (001), DyMnO 3 [1 1 0] ¶r; Er 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ [100] or Er 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ [010], and DyMnO 3 [001] ¶r; Er 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ [010] or Er 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ [100].
Pseudomonas denitrificans cytochrome cc

Abstract The denitrifying bacterium, Pseudomonas denitrificans, yields a c-type cytochrome with many properties similar to those of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Presented is a detailed study of the chemical and physical properties of the Pseudomonas cytochrome including the amino acid sequence of the heme peptide. This cytochrome, initially isolated by Iwasaki and co-workers and termed “cryptocytochrome c,” can be classified as a cytochrome cc′, examples of which have been found previously only in the photosynthetic bacteria.
Stimulation of protein-directed strand exchange by a DNA helicase

The protein-mediated exchange of strands between a DNA double helix and a homologous DNA single strand involves both synapsis and branch migration, which are two important aspects of any general recombination reaction. Purified DNA-dependent ATPases from Escherichia coli (recA protein), Ustilago (rec 1 protein) and phage T4 (uvsX protein) have been shown to drive both synapsis and branch migration in vitro. The T4 gene 32 protein is a helix-destabilizing protein that greatly stimulates uvsX-protein-catalysed synapsis, and the E. coli SSB (single-strand binding) protein stimulates the analogous recA-protein-mediated reaction to a lesser degree. One suspects that several other proteins also play a role in the strand exchange process. For example, a DNA helicase could in principle accelerate branch migration rates by helping to melt the helix at the branch point. The T4 dda protein is a DNA helicase that is required to move the T4 replication fork past DNA template-bound proteins in vitro. Previously, we have shown that the dda protein binds to a column that contains immobilized T4 uvsX protein. We show here that this helicase specifically stimulates the branch migration reaction that the uvsX protein catalyses as a central part of the genetic recombination process in a T4 bacteriophage-infected cell.
Development and Application of Multivariable Composite Controller Based on Fuzzy Switching for Ultra Fast Cooling System

By the analysis of the conventional PID controller characteristics and the equipment hysteretic nature, one design method of multivariable composite controller based on fuzzy switching was introduced in this paper. The controller solved the problem of local optimal value using fuzzy self-tuning PID controller. As a result of introducing parameter of ultra fast cooling flow setting, response speed of frequency converter was reduced. In order to avoid chattering generated when system switching, fuzzy switching scheme was designed. The simulation results show that response characteristic of the controller is better than conventional PID controller and chattering is smaller during the system switching. Applying the controller into constant pressure water supply system, the control effect is improved obviously.
A Negative Regulatory Element Contributes to the Developmental Regulation of the Cardiac Troponin I Gene • 128

A Negative Regulatory Element Contributes to the Developmental Regulation of the Cardiac Troponin I Gene • 128
Juvenile hormone regulation of Drosophila Epac—A guanine nucleotide exchange factor

Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to characterize the effects of juvenile hormone (JH) on Epac (Exchange Protein directly Activated by Cyclic AMP; NM_001103732), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rap1 in Drosophila S2 cells. JH treatment led to a rapid, dose-dependent increase in Epac relative expression ratio (RER) when compared to treatment with methyl linoleate (MLA) that lacks biological activity. The minimal level of hormone needed to elicit a response was 100 ng/ml. Time-course studies indicated a significant rise in the RER 1h after treatment. S2 cells were challenged with 20-hydroxyecdysone and a series of compounds similar in structure to JH to determine the specificity of the response. Methoprene and JH III displayed the greatest increases in RER. Late third instar (96 h) Drosophila were exposed to diet containing methoprene (500 ng/g diet); significantly higher RERs for Epac were observed 12h after exposure. JH had no effect on Epac RERs in the human cell line HEK-293.
Interallelic recombination has not played a major role in the history of the HLA-C locus.

The human major histocompatibility complex class I lociHLA-A andHLA-B have previously been shown to differ with regard to the rate of interallelic recombination, with a much higher rate being observed in the case ofHLA-B. Until recently, there were very fewHLA-C transcripts available for analysis. In the present study, we analyzedC locus alleles from human (n = 24), chimpanzee (n = 1), and gorilla (n = 5). Both phylogenetic analysis and a method for detecting clusters of sites indicative of recombination showed relatively little evidence of interallelic recombination. Thus, in spite of the close evolutionary relationship betweenHLA-C andHLA-B, HLA-C is evolving more similarly to theHLA-A locus than isHLA-B, further emphasizing the uniqueness ofHLA-B.
The use of cognitive psychology in the development and evaluation of textbooks

The major memory representations produced by reading a textbook chapter are described. These include (a) single propositions, (b) integrations and elaborations of two or more propositions, and (c) a chapter summary. Research that bears on each of these aspects of memory for textbook information is used to select 15 dimensions for evaluating a textbook's potential for facilitating representations in memory. These dimensions are then quantified for samples from three educational psychology textbooks. The dimensions appear to be useful for evaluating a text's strengths and weaknesses.
Of conspiracies and kangas: Mail & Guardian Online’s construction of the Jacob Zuma rape trial

This textual analysis considers how one of South Africa's elite news media constructed the rape trial of Jacob Zuma, the nation's former deputy president, who was charged with raping an HIV-positive family friend. The Mail & Guardian Online 's representation of the case engaged with some of South Africa's most pressing issues during 2005—2006: political succession, women's status, treatment of rape accusers, cultural attitudes towards sexuality, and soaring rates of rape and HIV/AIDS prevalence. I argue that the M&G Online constructed the rape trial in ways that prioritized party politics over gender politics by foregrounding contemporary discourses related to political power, rape myths, class and ethnic division, and the role of the press in 21st-century South Africa. Ultimately, I suggest that such representation served the M&G Online's interest in attracting the readers its advertisers sought most: the liberal-minded middle class, a group generally frustrated with its political options.
Metabolomic screening and identification of the bioactivation pathways of ritonavir.

Ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor regimens are widely used for HIV chemotherapy. However, ritonavir causes multiple side effects, and the mechanisms are not fully understood. The current study was designed to explore the metabolic pathways of ritonavir that may be related to its toxicity. Metabolomic analysis screened out 26 ritonavir metabolites in mice, and half of them are novel. These novel ritonavir metabolites include two glycine conjugated, two N-acetylcysteine conjugated, and three ring-open products. Accompanied with the generation of ritonavir ring-open metabolites, the formation of methanethioamide and 2-methylpropanethioamide were expected. Upon the basis of the structures of these novel metabolites, five bioactivation pathways are proposed, which may be associated with sulfation and epoxidation. By using Cyp3a-null mice, we confirmed that CYP3A is involved in four pathways of RTV bioactivation. In addition, all these five bioactivation pathways were recapitulated in the incubation of riton...
Neutrino interactions in hot and dense matter

We study the charged and neutral current weak interaction rates relevant for the determination of neutrino opacities in dense matter found in supernovae and neutron stars. We establish an efficient formalism for calculating differential cross sections and mean free paths for interacting, asymmetric nuclear matter at arbitrary degeneracy. The formalism is valid for both charged and neutral current reactions. Strong interaction corrections are incorporated through the in-medium single particle energies at the relevant density and temperature. The effects of strong interactions on the weak interaction rates are investigated using both potential and effective field-theoretical models of matter. We investigate the relative importance of charged and neutral currents for different astrophysical situations, and also examine the influence of strangeness-bearing hyperons. Our findings show that the mean free paths are significantly altered by the effects of strong interactions and the multicomponent nature of dense matter. The opacities are then discussed in the context of the evolution of the core of a protoneutron star.
Evaluation of Broiler Breeder Pullet Vaccination Programs for Preventing Clinical Reovirus Infections in the Progeny

The efficacy of various reovirus vaccination programs in commercial broiler breeder pullets for preventing clinical reovirus infections in broiler progeny was studied in three experiments. In each, 70 1-day-old broilers from each of four different commercial poultry companies that used various combinations of live and killed reovirus vaccines in breeder pullets were used. Broiler progeny from each company were bled and serum analyzed for neutralization antibody to the S1133 reovirus. Twenty chicks from each company were challenged by foot pad with a virulent reovirus (S1133) and 20 chicks challenged with another reovirus (81-B) isolate to determine their susceptibility. An additional 20 chicks from each of the four groups were maintained as unchallenged controls. Chicks were examined for morbidity, mortality, and weight gain for a 3-week period. Three weeks after challenge, all chickens were necropsied for gross lesions. There was a direct correlation between the number of doses of live inactivated reovirus vaccines that pullets received to antibody titer and resistance to challenge in the day-old progeny. Day-old progeny derived from breeder pullets that received one dose of live and two doses of inactivated reovirus vaccines had the highest numerical maternal antibody titer and best resistance to clinical infection following challenge.
Schistosoma mansoni: Differences in acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin control of circular and longitudinal parasite muscles

The physiological and pharmacological properties of circular and longitudinal somatic musculature in adult male Schistosoma mansoni were compared using cut muscle sections. Carbachol reduced tone in both circular and longitudinal muscle, but was without effect on circular muscle bathed in high Mg2+, indicating that cholinergic receptors were not associated with circular muscle membrane. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) induced rhythmic contractile activity in both sets of muscle. It decreased muscle tone in circular muscle but increased the tone of longitudinal muscle. Metergoline blocked 5-HT effects on both sets of muscle. 5-HT continued to be effective on both sets of muscle bathed in high-Mg2+ medium, indicating that serotonergic receptors were present on both circular and longitudinal muscle membranes. Dopamine decreased both circular and longitudinal muscle tone. Its effects on circular muscle were still present after exposure to high Mg2+, but its effects on the longitudinal muscle were significantly reduced, leading to the conclusion that dopaminergic sites were probably associated with circular muscle membrane but not that of longitudinal muscle. Also, spiroperidol blocked stimulus responsiveness of the circular muscle but not that of the longitudinal muscle. From these studies it appears that there are significant physiological and pharmacological differences between circular and longitudinal muscles in the adult male schistosome.
Kinetic-isotope effects in thermal explosions

Abstract Kinetic-isotope effects can be used to detect the specific functional groups involved in the elementary reactions of complex explosives decomposition processes. Isothermal kinetics methods must be used to correlate component reactions with specific reaction regimes. When component reactions can be identified at different temperatures, kinetics constants can be determined. Conditions for self heating to explosion can be calculated from the kinetics constants, and predictions can be tested against independent time-to-explosion measurements. The sign of the volume of activation can be predicted from the magnitude of the kinetic-isotope effect. When the sign of the volume of activation is known, it is possible qualitatively to predict pressure effects on chemical reaction rates. An ability to predict pressure effects on rates is important in predicting the relative sensitivities of different explosives. Kinetic-isotope effects can be observed with time-to-explosion experiments, and the specific component reaction responsible for thermal explosion can be identified.
Training and knowledge in autism among speech-language pathologists: a survey

Purpose The current study was designed to answer the following questions: (a) What knowledge do school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have concerning autism? (b) What educational and cli...
Aeroelastic and Aerothermoelastic Behavior in Hypersonic Flow

The testing of aeroelastically and aerothermoelastically scaled wind-tunnel models in hypersonic flow is not feasible; thus, computational aeroelasticity and aerothermoelasticity are essential to the development of hypersonic vehicles. Several fundamental issues in this area are examined by performing a systematic computational study of the hypersonic aeroelastic and aerothermoelastic behavior of a three-dimensional configuration. Specifically, the flutter boundary of a low-aspect-ratio wing, representative of a fin or control surface on a hypersonic vehicle, is studied over a range of altitudes using third-order piston theory and Euler and Navier-Stokes aerodynamics. The sensitivity of the computational-fluid-dynamics-based aeroelastic analysis to grid resolution and parameters governing temporal accuracy are considered. In general, good agreement at moderate-to-high altitudes was observed for the three aerodynamic models. However, the wing flutters at unrealistic Mach numbers in the absence of aerodynamic heating. Therefore, because aerodynamic heating is an inherent feature of hypersonic flight and the aeroelastic behavior of a vehicle is sensitive to structural variations caused by heating, an aerothermoelastic methodology is developed that incorporates the heat transfer between the fluid and structure based on computational-fluid-dynamics-generated aerodynamic heating. The aerothermoelastic solution procedure is then applied to the low-aspect-ratio wing operating on a representative hypersonic trajectory. In the latter study, the sensitivity of the flutter margin to perturbations in trajectory angle of attack and Mach number is considered. Significant reductions in the flutter boundary of the heated wing are observed. The wing is also found to be susceptible to thermal buckling.
Oscillator microfabrication, micromagnets, and magnetic resonance force microscopy

We report our advances in nuclear magnetic resonance force microscopy (NMRFM) in three areas: 1) MEMS microfabrication studies of single-crystal-silicon mechanical oscillators using double-sided processing; 2) micromagnetometry, anisotropy, and dissipation studies of individual permalloy micromagnets on oscillators; and 3) mechanical-oscillator detection of NMR in the magnet-on-oscillator scanning mode. In the first area, we report details of our back-etch microfabrication process, and characterize oscillator resonant frequency, quality factor, and spring constant by measuring the noise spectral density of oscillator motion. In the second studies, we report changes in the resonant frequency and quality factor for each of four modes of our oscillators for two shapes and sizes of permalloy thin-film (~30 and 180~nm) micromagnets; a simple, quantitative model is used to describe both low-field softening and high-field stiffening. Finally, we report scanning-mode NMR force detection of an ammonium-sulfate single-crystal interface and a polymethyl-methyl-acrylate thin film at room temperature. These latter studies use 2-μm-radius permalloy magnets on silicon oscillators to image the NMR response from resonant volumes as small as 3 μm3. These NMRFM studies are the first reported that attain sub-micron resonant-slice resolution at room temperature.
Proton MRS in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical syndrome operationalized for early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many individuals with MCI are at the prodromal stage of AD or other dementia. Various quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques that measure the anatomic, biochemical, microstructural, functional, and blood-flow changes are being evaluated as possible surrogate measures for early diagnosis and disease progression in MCI. The pathology underlying MCI is heterogeneous, dominated by AD, cerebrovascular disease, Lewy body disease, or a mixture of these pathologies in autopsy cohorts. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) metabolite markers may help identify and track etiologies that typically underlie MCI in the elderly. The role of proton MRS will be critical for pathophysiological processes for which a reliable biomarker does not exist such as neuronal dysfunction, glial and microglial activation in MCI.
Evidence for weak deformation in the 88-neutron nucleus Tb 153

The decay of 6.3-${\mathrm{h}}^{153}$Dy to levels in $^{153}\mathrm{Tb}$ has been studied with high-resolution detectors. Sources were prepared by the $^{154}\mathrm{Gd}(^{3}\mathrm{He}, 4n)$ reaction and chemically purified by ion exchange. A total of 329 $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays were assigned to $^{153}\mathrm{Dy}$ decay; another 71 $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays may be associated with $^{153}\mathrm{Dy}$ decay. The proposed decay scheme of 54 levels includes 319 of the 400 $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays. The $Q$ value for $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay was measured to be 2250 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 50 keV. Eleven low-lying positive-parity levels were interpreted in the Coriolis-mixed, particle-plus-rotor model as Nilsson states and rotational band members. Nilsson orbitals so interpreted include $\frac{5}{{2}^{+}}[402]$, ground state; $\frac{3}{{2}^{+}}[411]$, 147.4 keV; $\frac{5}{{2}^{+}}[413]$, 218.6 keV; and $\frac{7}{{2}^{+}}[404]$, 254.2 keV. The order and spacing of the negative-parity levels are consistent with rotation-alignment model predictions. For both positive- and negative-parity levels a deformation $\ensuremath{\beta}$ of about 0.15 is required to fit the data.RADIOACTIVITY $^{153}\mathrm{Dy}$ [from $^{154}\mathrm{Gd}(^{3}\mathrm{He}, 4n)$]; measured ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\mathrm{ce}}$, ${Q}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coin; deduced ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{K}$, $log\mathrm{ft}$. $^{153}\mathrm{Tb}$ deduced levels, $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$. Enriched target, Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors.
Correlation among right ventricular preload, afterload and ejection fraction in mitral valve disease: Radionuclide, echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluation

The relation among right ventricular preload, afterload and ejection fraction in patients with mitral valve disease has not been well elucidated. In this study, measurements were made of intracardiac pressures and forward cardiac output during cardiac catheterization (n = 43), the ejection fraction by radionuclide angiography (n = 43) and end-systolic radius and wall thickness by Mmode echocardiography (n = 22). There was a linear correlation between pulmonary artery pressure and right atria] pressure (r = 0.57, p Thus, abnormal right ventricular ejection fraction, which is observed in most patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease, results from inappropriate wall stress or depressed inotropic response of the right ventricle due to damage. Right ventricular dilation appears to be a compensatory mechanism to maintain the cardiac output.
A test of the assumed nature of the dual codes

Subjects learned either an abstract or concrete paired-associate list and were required to produce either a sentence or a drawing to each pair during study trials. A within-subjects variable of lists, mixed with respect to double-function or single-function items, tested Paivio’s (1971) directionality hypothesis and his assumptions concerning the nature of the dual codes. The results indicated support for Paivio’s hypotheses when only the imagery value of the pairs was considered. When type of code actually used by the subjects was considered, however, the results were completely contrary to Paivio’s hypotheses. The latter effect cannot be reconciled with the assumed parallel vs sequential distinction between the dual codes. Alternative interpretations were offered.
Nonperturbative k -body to two-body commuting conversion Hamiltonians and embedding problem instances into Ising spins

An algebraic method has been developed which allows one to engineer several energy levels including the low-energy subspace of interacting spin systems. By introducing ancillary qubits, this approach allows $\mathit{k}$-body interactions to be captured exactly using two-body Hamiltonians. Our method works when all terms in the Hamiltonian share the same basis and has no dependence on perturbation theory or the associated large spectral gap. Our methods allow problem instance solutions to be embedded into the ground energy state of Ising spin systems. Adiabatic evolution might then be used to place a computational system into its ground state.
The Fourth R in Education—Relationships

I have come to understand that life's deepest purpose can be found in relations ips. It is our connecti ns with our parents, children, spouses, siblings, friends, and teachers that provide us with meaning and genuine learning. Reading, 'riting, 'rithmetic, and relationships are the foundations of effective education. Of course, education is much more than that in reality, but it is clear that healthy and productive relationships play a huge part in student as well as teacher success (Epstein 2001). Recently, the need for educational psychology in teacher preparation programs has come under some question (Lynch 2000). However, it is clear that discussions about human growth and development, learning theory, classroom management, and student motivation are imperative and are linked to teacher-student relationships in many ways. In addition to teacher-student relationships, there are numerous other relationships that play a significant role in student achievement. Teacher-parent and school-home relationships are an integral part of the educational process, for example. Often, parents, the greatest resource teachers have, are overlooked, especially at the middle and high school levels. There are perceived barriers to parental involvement that can be overcome. When parents are actively engaged in a positive way in their children's education, student achievement, motivation, and concern for learning all increase (Epstein 2001). Teachers, administrators, and parents are all stakeholders in a child's education. Therefore, in this article, concrete strategies are proposed that each stakeholder can implement to ensure that quality relationships are being fostered in our schools that, in turn, can positively affect student success. The role of the preservice teacher's understanding of how important this issue is to a student's development is emphasized. Teacher candidates need to be aware of principles and constructs of educational psychology so they can make appropriate and proactive decisions in their classroom to develop these important relationships that foster student success. Teachers and administrators then need to follow through with making these connections happen in their schools. Parents and students need to be invited into the decision-making process when appropriate. Therefore, this article is directed to teacher educators, secondary school teachers, administrators, and parents, who are all an integral part of this important initiative.
Studies on the presence of particles resembling RNA virus particles in human breast tumors, pleural effusions, their tissue cultures, and milk.

Studies on the presence of particles resembling ribonucleic acid virus particles in human breast tumors pleural effusions tissue cultures and milk are presented. Biopsies from 84 breast cancers 13 metastatic lymph nodes 3 fibroadenomas and cells from 33 pleural effusions from breast cancer patients were examined by electrom microscopy. Biopsy tissues of 157 cases of breast cancer of 7 metastatic lymph nodes and pleural effusion cells of 36 patients were cultured. Growth was seen in 47% of the cells derived from breast tumor biopsies and in 90% of the cells derived from pleural effusions but no cell line could be established. Milk specimens from 4 women with breast cancer and from 17 healthy women were also examined by electron microscopy for the presence of virus particles. Particles similar to murine type B or type C particles were found in 34 of 100 breast tumors metastatic lymph node and fibroadenoma biopsies in 2 of 33 pleural effusions in 4 of 72 tissue culture specimens and in 4 of 21 milk specimens. Small (300-500 angstrom) viruslike particles were seen in 26 of the breast cancer specimens 2 fibroadenomas 2 metastatic lymph nodes and in 3 different tissue cultures derived from 3 different breast tumor biopsies. So far no correlation has been found between the virus particles and the histological type of the tumors.