cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 Cases and Death in Nursing Homes: The Role of Racial and Ethnic Composition of Facilities and Their Communities

Abstract Objectives To examine the extent to which the racial and ethnic composition of nursing homes (NHs) and their communities affects the likelihood of COVID-19 cases and death in NHs, and whether and how the relationship between NH characteristics and COVID-19 cases and death varies with the racial and ethnic composition of the community in which an NH is located. Methods and Design Centers for Medicare & Medicare Services Nursing Home COVID-19 data were linked with other NH- or community-level data (eg, Certification and Survey Provider Enhanced Reporting, Minimum Data Set, Nursing Home Compare, and the American Community Survey). Setting and Participants: NHs with more than 30 occupied beds (N=13,123) with weekly reported NH COVID-19 records between the weeks of June 7, 2020, and August 23, 2020. Measurements and model: Weekly indicators of any new COVID-19 cases and any new deaths (outcome variables) were regressed on the percentage of black and Hispanic residents in an NH, stratified by the percentage of blacks and Hispanics in the community in which the NH was located. A set of linear probability models with NH random effects and robust standard errors were estimated, accounting for other covariates. Results The racial and ethnic composition of NHs and their communities were both associated with the likelihood of having COVID-19 cases and death in NHs. The racial and ethnic composition of the community played an independent role in the likelihood of COVID-19 cases and death in NHs, even after accounting for the COVID-19 infection rate in the community (ie, daily cases per 1000 people in the county). Moreover, the racial and ethnic composition of a community modified the relationship between NH characteristics (eg, staffing) and the likelihoods of COVID-19 cases and death. Conclusions and Implications To curb the COVID-19 outbreaks in NHs and protect vulnerable populations, efforts may be especially needed in communities with a higher concentration of racial and ethnic minorities. Efforts may also be needed to reduce structural racism and address social risk factors to improve quality of care and population health in communities of color.
Penetration Depth Between Two Convex Polyhedra: An Efficient Stochastic Global Optimization Approach.

During the detailed design phase of an aerospace program, one of the most important consistency checks is to ensure that no two distinct objects occupy the same physical space. Since exact geometrical modeling is usually intractable, geometry models are discretized, which often introduces small interferences not present in the fully detailed model. In this paper, we focus on computing the depth of the interference, so that these false positive interferences can be removed, and attention can be properly focused on the actual design. Specifically, we focus on efficiently computing the penetration depth between two polyhedra, which is a well-studied problem in the computer graphics community. We formulate the problem as a constrained five-variable global optimization problem, and then derive an equivalent unconstrained, 2-variable nonsmooth problem. To solve the optimization problem, we apply a popular stochastic multistart optimization algorithm in a novel way, which exploits the advantages of each problem formulation simultaneously. Numerical results for the algorithm, applied to 14 randomly generated pairs of penetrating polytopes, illustrate both the effectiveness and efficiency of the method.
Peace through superior firepower: Belief in supernatural evil and attitudes toward gun policy in the United States.

Abstract Although debates over guns and gun control have roiled the contemporary political scene, the role of religion has received only limited attention from scholars. We contribute to this literature by developing a series of theoretical arguments linking one specific facet of religion –belief in supernatural evil (i.e., the Devil/Satan, Hell, and demons)—and a range of gun policy attitudes. Relevant hypotheses are then tested using data from the 2014 Baylor Religion Survey (n = 1572). Results show that belief in supernatural evil is a robust predictor of support for policies that expand gun rights. Overall, the estimated net effects of belief in supernatural evil withstand statistical controls for a host of sociodemographic covariates, and, importantly, political ideology. Very few other aspects of religion are associated with any of these gun policy attitudes. Implications and study limitations are discussed, and promising directions for future research on religion and guns are identified.
Thionitrite and Perthionitrite in NO Signaling at Zinc

NO and H2S serve as signaling molecules in biology with intertwined reactivity. HSNO and HSSNO with their conjugate bases -SNO and -SSNO form in the reaction of H2S with NO as well as S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) and nitrite (NO2-) that serve as NO reservoirs. While the elusive nature of HSNO and HSSNO renders their study challenging, their conjugate bases form isolable zinc complexes Ph,MeTpZn(SNO) and Ph,MeTpZn(SSNO) supported by tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands. Reaction of Na(15-C-5)SSNO with Ph,MeTpZn(ClO4) provides Ph,MeTpZn(SSNO) that undergoes S-atom removal by PEt 3 to give Ph,MeTpZn(SNO) and S=PEt3. Unexpectedly stable at room temperature, these Zn-SNO and Zn-SSNO complexes release NO upon heating. Ph,MeTpZn(SNO) and Ph,MeTpZn(SSNO) quickly react with acidic thiols such as C6F5SH to form N2O and NO, respectively. Increasing the thiol basicity in p-substituted aromatic thiols 4-XArSH in the reaction with Ph,MeTpZn(SNO) turns on competing S-nitrosation to form Ph,MeTpZn-SH and RSNO, the latter a known precursor for NO.
Record of forearc devolatilization in low‐T, high‐P/T metasedimentary suites: Significance for models of convergent margin chemical cycling

[1] The Franciscan Complex (Coast Ranges and Diablo Range, California) and the Western Baja Terrane (WBT; Baja California, Mexico) were metamorphosed along high-P/T paths like those experienced in many active subduction zones, recording peak conditions up to ∼1 GPa and 300°C. Franciscan and WBT metasedimentary rocks are similar in lithology and geochemistry to clastic sediments outboard of many subduction zones. These metamorphic suites provide evidence regarding devolatilization history experienced by subducting sediments, information that is needed to mass-balance the inputs of materials into subduction zones with their respective outputs. Analyzed samples have lower total volatile contents than their likely protoliths. Little variation in LOI among similar lithologies at differing metamorphic grades, suggests that loss of structurally bound water occurred during early clay-mineral transformations. Finely disseminated carbonate is present in the lowest-grade rocks, but absent in all higher-grade rocks. δ13CVPDB of reduced-C is uniform in the lower-grade Franciscan samples (mean = −25.1‰, 1σ = 0.4‰), but varies in higher-grade rocks (−28.8 to −21.9‰). This likely reflects a combination of devolatilization and C-isotope exchange, between organic and carbonate reservoirs. Nitrogen concentration ranges from 102 to 891 ppm, with δ15Nair of +0.1 to +3.0‰ (n = 35); this organic-like δ15N probably represents an efficient transfer of N from decaying organic matter to reacting clay minerals. The lowest-grade rocks in the Coastal Belt have elevated carbonate contents and correlated N-δ15N variations, and exhibit the most uniform δ13C and C/N, all consistent with these rocks having experienced less devolatilization. Most fluid-mobile trace elements are present at concentrations indistinguishable from protoliths. Suggesting that, despite apparent loss of much clay-bound H2O and CO2 from diagenetic cements (combined, <5–10 wt. %), most fluid-mobile trace elements are retained to depths of up to ∼40 km. Organic-like δ15N, lower than that of many seafloor sediments, is consistent with some loss of adsorbed N (perhaps as NO3−) during early stages of diagenesis. The efficient entrainment of fluid-mobile elements to depths of at least 40 km in these relatively cool subduction zone settings lends credence to models invoking transfer of these elements to the subarc mantle.
The Pleiotropic Effects of Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors on Function and Safety in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension

Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors are selective blockers of PDE-5, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to its corresponding monophosphates. cGMP is a potent vasodilator and nitric oxide donor. Since PDE-5 is widely distributed in the body, it was hypothesized that inhibition of its actions could lead to significant vasodilation, which could benefit patients with coronary artery disease. This hypothesis led to the development of PDE-5 inhibitors, the first being sildenafil citrate. Studies of sildenafil in patients with coronary artery disease demonstrated a modest cardiovascular effect but a potent action on penile erection in men, resulting in sildenafil becoming first-line treatment of erectile dysfunction. Two more PDE-5 inhibitors are now US Food and Drug Administration-approved (vardenafil and tadalafil) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Recent studies have demonstrated several beneficial pleiotropic cardiovascular effects of PDE-5 inhibitors in patients with erectile dysfunction and multiple comorbidities, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Treatment of these conditions with PDE-5 inhibitors has been very effective, safe, and well tolerated. Drug interactions have been minimal with the exception of nitrates, where coadministration may result in severe vasodilation and hypotension. These beneficial pleiotropic and safe cardiovascular effects of PDE-5 inhibitors will be discussed in this concise review.
Diffusion Coefficient of C in α -Iron

An equation of the form $D={D}_{0}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}H}{\mathrm{RT}}}$ is developed for interstitial diffusion in cubic lattices. This development uses a classical statistical mechanical treatment. Measurements of $D$ for $C$ in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-iron were made from -35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Combined with earlier data they extend the knowledge of $D$ in this system from $D={10}^{\ensuremath{-}20}$ to $D={10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. The values of ${D}_{0}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}H$ obtained by fitting the above equation to the experimental points give ${D}_{0}=0.02$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. and $\ensuremath{\Delta}H=20,100$ cal./mole.
An Empirical Examination of Managerial Competencies Among Black Women Entrepreneurs and Black Women Corporate Executives

The new economic reality of the 1990' s is clearly the M table entrepreneurial pursuits of women business owners in general and black women entrepreneurs in particular. This paper reports on the managerial competencies and perceived skill development needs of black women entrepreneurs and contrasts their profile with black women corporate managers. Managerial competencies were assessed through the use of the "Leadership Competency Inventory" (LCI). The LCI provides feedback on 55 competencies arranged in four categories: (1) Socio-Economic Environment of Business, (2) Technical and Operational Methods, (3) Human Resource and Interpersonal Communication Skills, and (4) Vision and Environmental Co-Alignment Scanning Abilities. Upon testing for significance, the conclusions indicate that a relatively different and distinct competency profile exists and illustrates the developmental needs for black women managers anticipating stepping off the corporate track in favor of the entrepreneurial alternative. As for black women entrepreneurs, they continue 10 display mixed perceptions of their skills and abilities with some areas identified as very weak and others very positively viewed.
Trends in ISCCP, MISR, and MODIS cloud‐top‐height and optical‐depth histograms

[1] In this article, temporal changes in the Multiangle Imaging Spectro Radiometer (MISR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) joint histograms of cloud-top height (CTH) and optical depth (OD) over the period 2001 to 2011 are examined. The analysis shows no significant trend in total cloud cover averaged over all oceans between 60°N and 60°S from 2001 to 2011. There are, however, significant trends in the amount of some CTH-OD histogram components or cloud types. In particular, there was an increase in the amount of cloud with intermediate optical thickness (23 > OD > 3.6) and a decrease in the amount of the most optically thick cloud (OD > 23) over this period. The total cloud amount shows no trend because the increase in the amount of intermediate optically thick clouds is nearly balanced by the decrease in the amount of the most optically thick clouds. This balance is not due to a simple shift toward optically thinner clouds in all regions but has a complex spatial pattern both regionally and vertically. An examination of the geographic distribution of the change shows that the decrease in the amount of the most optically thick cloud occurred primarily in the extratropics. International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) observations are briefly compared with those from MODIS and MISR. The comparison shows that ISCCP-retrieved total-cloud fraction is reasonably robust, but changes in the ISCCP component cloud fractions sometimes show large deviations from those of MISR and MODIS.
Using the lagging strand to study chromosome replication

DNA replication is inherently asymmetric. Synthesis of the lagging strand occurs discontinuously and necessitates the repeated production of Okazaki fragments. Recently, using transient DNA ligase I inactivation, we have been able to capture and analyze short DNA molecules produced on the lagging strand. These Okazaki fragments are typically less than 500bp in length and are generally sized according to the nucleosome repeat. Using deep sequencing, we have found that Okazaki fragment synthesis is strongly influenced by nucleosomes as well as certain other DNA bound factors. Our methodology also provides a genome-wide view of DNA replication: allowing the first detailed measurements of the efficiencies of all replication origins and regions of termination. We provide evidence that S-phase follows a distinct temporal program dominated by replication origins firing with high probability within distinct time intervals. Contrary to expectation, we find that centromeres and highly transcribed regions are not strong determinants of replication termination; rather, termination generally occurs midway between two adjacent replication origins at positions dictated by the relative firing times of those origins. Sites of termination are, therefore, indicative of origin firing time – allowing us to faithfully reconstruct the temporal dynamics of the replication program using data from a single asynchronous culture.
A one-parameter Budyko model for water balance captures emergent behavior in darwinian hydrologic models

Hydrologic models can be categorized as being either Newtonian or Darwinian in nature. The Newtonian approach requires a thorough understanding of the individual physical processes acting in a watershed in order to build a detailed hydrologic model based on the conservation equations. The Darwinian approach seeks to explain the behavior of a hydrologic system as a whole by identifying simple and robust temporal or spatial patterns that capture the relevant processes. Darwinian-based hydrologic models include the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number model, the “abcd” model, and the Budyko-type models. However, these models were developed based on widely differing principles and assumptions and applied to distinct time scales. Here, we derive a one-parameter Budyko-type model for mean annual water balance which is based on a generalization of the proportionality hypothesis of the SCS model and therefore is independent of temporal scale. Furthermore, we show that the new model is equivalent to the key equation of the “abcd” model. Theoretical lower and upper bounds of the new model are identified and validated based on previous observations. Thus, we illustrate a temporal pattern of water balance amongst Darwinian hydrologic models, which allows for synthesis with the Newtonian approach and offers opportunities for progress in hydrologic modeling.
Identifying the Inferior Oblique in Transconjunctival Blepharoplasty

Prior to embarking upon transconjunctival blepharoplasty, the inferior oblique muscle should be clearly visualized. The inferior oblique is reliably located in the cleft between the nasal and central fat pads. Once identified, one can safely proceed with excision of the fat pads.
Explaining the Increased Variability in Long-Term Interest Rates

The variability of changes in long-term interest rates increased dramatically in the 1980s and 1990s. Can such increased variability be accounted for by changes in the behavior of short-term interest rates? While changes in short-term interest rates have become less variable, they have become more persistent. This latter development can explain the increased variability in long-term rates.
Comparative patient-centered outcomes (health state and adverse sexual symptoms) between adjuvant brachytherapy versus no adjuvant brachytherapy in early stage endometrial cancer.

To determine a relationship between sexual functioning and health state among survivors of stage I endometrial cancer, and to examine whether adjuvant intravaginal radiotherapy (IVRT) affects these measures compared to hysterectomy alone. Two hundred five survivors (>1 year from surgery) completed questionnaires containing the EuroQol (EQ5D) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). A total of 136 (66.3 %) underwent surgery alone, and 69 (33.7 %) received IVRT. Pearson correlation was used to correlate FSFI and EQ5D–Health State scores. Multivariable regression was performed to measure the impact of IVRT on sexual functioning and health state. A majority of patients (80 %) met criteria for sexual dysfunction by FSFI < 26.5. A significant correlation was detected between FSFI and EQ5D scores (Pearson correlation = 0.21, p = 0.003). Compared to the IVRT group, the surgery group was younger (p = 0.001) and trended toward more frequent use of minimally invasive surgery versus laparotomy (p = 0.08). Otherwise, the two groups were well balanced with respect to demographics, comorbidities, and baseline sexual activity. Controlling for age and surgery type, IVRT was not associated with poorer health state or sexual function. Receipt of laparotomy was associated with both poorer health state and sexual function (p = 0.0156 and p = 0.0247, respectively). Sexual functioning was generally poor among endometrial cancer survivors; however, those with improved FSFI scores tended to have superior health states. IVRT was not a significant risk factor; however, receipt of laparotomy appeared to be associated with poorer sexual functioning and health state.
THE CELLULAR ANTIGENS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI; IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES OF THE C, M, T, PGP, E4, F, AND E ANTIGENS OF SEROTYPE 17 STREPTOCOCCI.

The immunoelectrophoretic characteristics of the known cellular antigens of serotype 17, Group A streptococci have been presented. These include C, M, T, and polyglycerophosphate. In addition, three hitherto undescribed antigens of serotype 17 have been encountered. The F antigen occurs in most serotype 17 strains, has a faster electrophoretic mobility than M, appears in acid, distilled water, and other extracts of harvested cells, is released from the cells in large quantity into the culture medium during growth when the pH is maintained at 7.3 or over, is probably protein in nature, and may play a minor role in mouse virulence of serotype 17 strains. Its antibodies do not confer bactericidal power on human blood. The E antigen is serotype-specific and is closely associated with the M antigen. The suggestion is made here that E is a part of the M molecule, acquiring independent electrophoretic mobility when separated from the rest of the M molecule by acid hydrolysis and carrying an antigenic determinant serologically distinct from the determinant on the rest of the M molecule. E can be recognized only by immunoelectrophoresis. Its role, if any, in virulence has not been established. The third antigen, E4, is a non-serotype-specific antigen found in most serological groups and types of hemolytic streptococci. It is serologically related to polyglycerophosphate, but its chemical nature has not been determined. It appears to be unrelated to virulence.
Like Before, but Better: The Lessons of Developmental, Life-Course Criminology for Contemporary Juvenile Justice

Abstract This article considers the origins of the juvenile court and the degree to which developmental life-course (DLC) criminology might inform aspects of juvenile justice policy and practice. We discuss the foundations of the juvenile court in developmental science and also consider insights on delinquency from similar contemporary traditions. From there, the article provides a sense of what the juvenile justice system might look like if it better attended to theory and research in DLC criminology. The paper then returns to the early court's developmental objectives and considers the degree to which current knowledge might make achievement of its goals more attainable.
Rational design of photopolymer materials for holographic data storage

We apply this general approach to a novel high-performance two-chemistry photopolymer. After independently obtaining all model parameters, we validate the entire model by testing it in different regimes. First, we study the effect of monomer species and loading on M/# to test the capability of the model, derived only from weak consumption measurements, to the complete consumption of monomer. Second, we study the index profile of very large (~50 micron) features. This large scale mixes the time scales of diffusion and polymerization, leading to strong coupling; thus, it serves as a rigorous test of the model (fig. 2).
Price uncertainty and competitive firm behavior: Testable hypotheses from expected utility maximization

Abstract This article derives the general implications of expected utility maximization for the static model of the competitive firm under output price uncertainty for any risk preference and probability structure. Implications of the results for the empirical analysis of risk-responsive behavior under uncertainty are discussed.
High-Resolution CO Observations of Luminous Infrared Galaxies

We have performed a high-resolution imaging survey of the CO J = 1 → 0 emission in seven galaxies with infrared (IR) luminosities exceeding 3 × 1011 L☉—five of which are mergers. The resultant maps show that the molecular gas is very highly concentrated towards the cores of the mergers, with gas surface densities approaching or exceeding 104 M☉ pc-2 within 300–400 pc of the nuclei in three cases. This result supports earlier findings based on data from a smaller sample of luminous mergers. In the two mergers that show closely spaced double IR (stellar) nuclei, CO emission peaks between the nuclei and shows an extent roughly equal to the nuclear separation. The gas cores of the individual merging galaxies appear to be coalescing, while the stellar cores remain distinct. In the three single nucleus mergers, the CO peaks are coincident with the stellar nuclei, consistent with the hypothesis that these are relatively evolved merger remnants. In two of the three mergers with the most compact CO emission (Mrk 231 and NGC 6240), the empirical Galactic conversion factor from CO luminosity to molecular gas mass appears to overestimate the nuclear gas mass by a factor of more than 2 (3.6 in the case of Mrk 231). For Mrk 231, the high brightness temperature of the CO emission (Tb > 34 K) is the likeliest explanation for this overestimate. In the third such merger (NGC 2623), however, the geometry and kinematics suggest that the molecular gas mass is within a factor of 2 of the value given by using the Galactic conversion factor. Nonetheless, in all three of these objects, the molecular gas probably dominates the nuclear gravitational potential. We suggest that the molecular gas in objects with such high gas mass surface densities (~104 M☉ pc-2) is distributed in nuclear disks. These disks must be thin because of their self-gravity, with a full width of 30–40 pc (compared to radii of 300–400 pc) for a vertical velocity dispersion of 90 km s-1. The mean volume density of molecular hydrogen in such disks must be over 104 cm-3. The trend of increasing LFIR/LCO with increasing CO surface brightness is confirmed. The high concentrations of molecular gas thus appear intimately related to the high luminosities of these systems and probably serve as the fuel.
Are differences in birth weight-specific neonatal mortality between racial/ethnic groups explainable by differences in Apgar scores? 1247

Are differences in birth weight-specific neonatal mortality between racial/ethnic groups explainable by differences in Apgar scores? 1247
Some indications for depot methylprednisolone for asthma or other severe allergic disease

Corticosteroid-dependent asthma is asthma of such severity that function of the patient cannot be maintained without long-term corticosteroid therapy. Occasionally, the optimal alternative day single-dose prednisone regimen that is preferable is not possible because of the inability of patients to comply with such a regimen. We describe cases in which we have to advise depot methylprednisolone to prevent potentially fatal asthma or vasculitis, although this type of therapy is suboptimal in terms of avoiding sustained corticosteroid levels in tissue, adrenal cortical suppression, and potential side effects. The decision to use depot corticosteroids was made after exhausting other alternatives and considering the risk and benefit ratio.
A brief behavior therapy protocol for Tourette Syndrome

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a brief behavior therapy protocol for Tourette Syndrome. The nasal tic frequency of a 9-year-old male was assessed using a nine-session protocol with alternating treatments and reversal-design components. The results indicated that the participant's tics were reduced by approximately 70%. The behavior change was successfully maintained at a one-month follow-up. Social validity and consumer satisfaction measures confirmed the social significance of the behavior change.
A real-time software voice key and an application

This paper describes a real-time software voice key that can be used to “locate” speech onset and offset within a 4-msec “window” and to distinguish among several classes of speech sounds (e.g., sibilance. nonsibilance, aspiration, and silence). It is particularly appropriate for applications in which the course of a program controlling an experiment is dependent on what, when, and how a subject utters. Additionally, an application of this voice key is outlined with the intent of suggesting other methodological possibilities and innovations to phoneticians and psychologists considering research projects in which the precise measurement of speech onset latency or the duration of specific speech segments, including pauses, is desired.
Observation of vibrationally excited ions in Franck—Condon gaps by threshold photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract Photoionization and threshold photoelectron spectra have been recorded of NO, H 2 S, CS 2 , COS, CH 3 I, CH 2 Br 2 , C 3 H 4 (allene) and C 6 H 6 (benzene) from their respective ionization onsets to 14 eV. The results indicate that autoionization produces, in part, threshold electrons accompanied by the formation of highly vibrationally excited ions. Many of these ionic states are within the Franck—Condon gap region where the probability for forming excited molecular ions by direct ionization is vanishingly small. The vibrational enhancement is attributed to resonant autoionization, a process accompanied by the production of low-energy electrons.
Magnetic properties of polycrystalline samarium with ferromagnetic impurities from 1.5 to 300 °K

Ferromagnetic impurities contained in a polycrystalline sample of samarium indicate possible superparamagnetic behavior. The effects of antiferromagnetic ordering of the samarium on the saturation moments of the impurity grains are discussed.
The Barotropic Instability of Rossby Wave Motion: A Reexamination

Abstract The barotropic instability of a stationary Rossby wave to arbitrarily small-amplitude perturbations is investigated primarily by analytical means. The flow is found to be unstable; in addition to the unstable and neutral Rossby waves found by Lorenz, the author finds additional modes corresponding to stable inertial-gravity waves. The amplifying disturbances receive their energy from the eddy kinetic energy of the basic flow.
Translocation of the B cell receptor to lipid rafts is inhibited in B cells from BLV-infected, persistent lymphocytosis cattle

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection causes a significant polyclonal expansion of CD5(+), IgM+ B lymphocytes known as persistent lymphocytosis (PL) in approximately 30% of infected cattle. There is evidence that this expanded B cell population has altered signaling, and resistance to apoptosis has been proposed as one mechanism of B cell expansion. In human and murine B cells, antigen binding initiates movement of the B cell receptor (BCR) into membrane microdomains enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol, termed lipid rafts. Lipid rafts include members of the Src-family kinases and exclude certain phosphatases. Inclusion of the BCR into lipid rafts plays an important role in regulation of early signaling events and subsequent antigen internalization. Viral proteins may also influence signaling events in lipid rafts. Here we demonstrate that the largely CD5(+) B cell population in PL cattle has different mobilization and internalization of the BCR when compared to the largely CD5-negative B cells in BLV-negative cattle. Unlike B cells from BLV-negative cattle, the BCR in B cells of BLV-infected, PL cattle resists movement into lipid rafts upon stimulation and is only weakly internalized. Expression of viral proteins as determined by detection of the BLV transmembrane (TM) envelope glycoprotein gp30 did not alter these events in cells from PL cattle. This exclusion of the BCR from lipid rafts may, in part, explain signaling differences seen between B cells of BLV-infected, PL, and BLV-negative cattle and the resistance to apoptosis speculated to contribute to persistent lymphocytosis.
Unfolded Protein Responses With or Without Unfolded Proteins

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of secretory protein biogenesis. The ER quality control (QC) machinery, including chaperones, ensures the correct folding of secretory proteins. Mutant proteins and environmental stresses can overwhelm the available QC machinery. To prevent and resolve accumulation of misfolded secretory proteins in the ER, cells have evolved integral membrane sensors that orchestrate the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). The sensors, Ire1p in yeast and IRE1, ATF6, and PERK in metazoans, bind the luminal ER chaperone BiP during homeostasis. As unfolded secretory proteins accumulate in the ER lumen, BiP releases, and the sensors activate. The mechanisms of activation and attenuation of the UPR sensors have exhibited unexpected complexity. A growing body of data supports a model in which Ire1p, and potentially IRE1, directly bind unfolded proteins as part of the activation process. However, evidence for an unfolded protein-independent mechanism has recently emerged, suggesting that UPR can be activated by multiple modes. Importantly, dysregulation of the UPR has been linked to human diseases including Type II diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. The existence of alternative regulatory pathways for UPR sensors raises the exciting possibility for the development of new classes of therapeutics for these medically important proteins.
Societal Evolution and Criminality: A Parsonian View

Consensual crimes predominate in the crime data of most countries, and consensual crimes are similarly motivated cross-nationally. These two assumptions not only justify comparisons of crime rates from one contemporary society to another, they also suggest that evolutionary studies of changing rates and types of criminality can be meaningful. Talcott Parsons, not usually thought of as a criminologist, provides a perspective on societal evolution that may explain why crime rates tend to rise and why adolescents and females tend to be more conspicuous in the crime statistics of more developed societies. Specifically, personality systems, cultural systems, social systems and behavioral systems become more autonomous in the course of societal evolution. This means that, unless a successful integrative process occurs, each system is capable of increasing crime and altering its character.
THE PHOTOCHEMICAL NATURE OF THE PHOTOSENSORY PROCESS

1. In order to produce a response in Mya, the minimum amount of light energy required is 5.62 meter candle seconds. This energy follows the Bunsen-Roscoe law for the relation between intensity and time of exposure. 2. The necessary minimum amount of energy varies but little with the temperature; the temperature coefficient for 10 degrees C. is 1.06. 3. In view of these facts it is concluded that the initial action of the light is photochemical in nature. This substantiates the hypothesis previously suggested to account for the mechanism of photoreception. 4. The constant energy requirement for stimulation of Mya shows that the traditional division of animals into those which respond to a constant source of light and those which respond to a rapidly augmented light is without any fundamental significance for sensory physiology.
The expanding role of the transplant pharmacist in the multidisciplinary practice of transplantation

Introduction: The burgeoning clinical discipline and growth of organ transplantation has resulted in an expansion in the number of healthcare specialists to support clinical care and research. The past 10 yrs have seen a dramatic increase in the number of immunosuppressive agents and other medications used in transplantation, resulting in more complex medication regimens and greater potential for interactions, adverse effects and increased costs. Purpose: To determine how transplant pharmacists are being integrated into transplant clinical practice. Transplant centres were identified through UNOS Transplant Administrators Committee list serve. A survey was then distributed via e-mail to 159 individuals representing 118 solid organ transplant centres. Results: Forty-one (35%) of the 118 centres responded, with 36 evaluable surveys. Of the 36 centres, 28 (78%) had transplant pharmacist support and eight did not have a pharmacist dedicated to transplant (two of the eight were recruiting). A majority of the respondents had multi-organ transplant responsibilities. Eighty-six per cent of pharmacists were involved in kidney transplant, 71% in liver, 50% in pancreas, 25% in heart, and 7% in lung. Pharmacist salaries were most often funded by a department of pharmacy (74%), followed by college of pharmacy (12%), transplant centre (8%) and department of surgery (6%). Almost all of the pharmacist's clinical practice time focused on post-transplant care (99%). The average percentage of the pharmacist's time was: 43% inpatient, 15% outpatient, 14% research, 6% other transplant related, and 22% non-transplant related. Of the 28 pharmacists, 25 had a PharmD degree, two a BS and one had a PhD in Pharmacy. The average number of organs transplanted among the responding centres was 99 kidneys, 45 livers, 28 pancreas, 14 heart, and 26 lungs. The number of transplants did not differ between the programmes with pharmacist clinical support vs. those without designated pharmacist support. Conclusion: The survey indicates that many solid organ transplant centres have incorporated transplant pharmacists into the multidisciplinary transplant clinical team. Transplant pharmacists are funded most often by the hospital pharmacy. Most transplant pharmacists spend the majority of their time in clinical practice, but also play a key role in research.
Long-Term Results of Sleeve Lobectomy in the Management of Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and Low-Grade Neoplasms

Background The objective of this study was to evaluate the operative mortality, morbidity, and long-term survival of sleeve lobectomy for non–small cell lung cancer and low-grade neoplasms. We evaluated the effects of neoadjuvant therapy on the bronchial anastomotic complication rate and determined whether sleeve lobectomy performed in patients with N1 disease resulted in decreased overall survival. Methods This study is a retrospective review of 196 patients who underwent sleeve lobectomy. One hundred twenty-five patients had non–small cell lung cancer. There were 117 men (59.7%) and 79 women (40.3%) with a mean age of 54 years. Sixteen patients (13%) received neoadjuvant therapy. Fifty-six patients with N1 disease underwent sleeve lobectomy. Results There were 4 (2.0%) postoperative deaths. The postoperative morbidity rate was 36.7%. Four patients (2.0%) experienced bronchopleural fistulas. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age older than 70 years ( p = 0.02) and the diagnosis of non–small cell lung cancer ( p = 0.0002) were risk factors for postoperative complications. Multivariate analysis also demonstrated that neoadjuvant therapy predicted anastomotic complications ( p = 0.01). For non–small cell lung cancer patients, the 5-year survival rate was 44%. The 5-year survival rates for patients with pathologic N0 disease and N1 disease were 52.6% versus 39.3%, respectively ( p = 0.205). Conclusions Sleeve lobectomy can be performed with minimal bronchial anastomotic complications and low postoperative mortality. In our study, neoadjuvant therapy for non–small cell lung cancer adversely influenced the rate of anastomotic complications. Performing sleeve lobectomy for patients with N1 disease was not associated with decreased overall survival rates.
Transient Reversible Cupping in Juvenile-Onset Glaucoma

A 17-year-old man had marked glaucomatous cupping of his left optic nerve. Two days after trabeculectomy, the appearance of the disk changed dramatically, appearing full, rather than cupped. Over the next month, with normal intraocular pressure, the optic nerve resumed its preoperative excavated appearance.
Emergy evaluation of an OTEC electrical power system

Abstract An energy analysis was made of a land-based OTEC system proposed for Taiwan using emergy evaluation methods (emergy spelled with an ‘m’). An emergy yield ratio of 1.4 indicates a small net contribution of electric power, but less than from forest wood, fossil fuel, and nuclear fission. Comparing the emergy fed back from the economy to that from the sea, the large investment ratio (218) suggests the system is not likely to become economical.
Ionization of liquids by radiation: measurement by charge scavenging.

Pulse radiolysis of dilute solutions of triphenylcarbinol in saturated hydrocarbon gives spectra of the triphenylmethyl free radical, (C 6 H 5 ) 3 C·, and cation, (C 6 H 5 ) 5 C + . The yield of the ion is independent of the carbinol concentration, and is thought to measure the yield of free ions generated in the solvent. The relative yields of ions thus found in cyclohexane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane agree with measurements made by the clearing-field method.
The Measurement of the Physical Volume of Production

Introduction. — I. Development of a measure of the physical volume of production on the basis of the concept of production in general economic theory, 243. — The "index" and "deflating" methods, 244. — II. The relation between the economic quantities "production" and "national income," 247. — III. The necessity of including the value factor in measures of physical production and the consequent shortcomings of such a measure, 250. — IV. Other limitations of a measure of physical production, 257. — V. Conclusions, 261.
Docking, triggering, and biological activity of dynemicin A in DNA: a computational study.

The triggering and biological activity of the naturally occurring enediyne dynemicin A (1) was investigated, both inside and outside the minor groove of the duplex 10-mer B-DNA sequence d(CTACTACTGG)·d(CCAGTAGTAG), using density functional theory (B3LYP with the 3-21G and 6-31G(d) basis set), BD(T)/cc-pVDZ (Brueckner doubles with a perturbative treatment of triple excitations), and the ONIOM approach. Enediyne 1 is triggered by NADPH in a strongly exothermic reaction (−88 kcal/mol), which involves a number of intermediate steps. Untriggered 1 has a high barrier for the Bergman cyclization (52 kcal/mol) that is lowered after triggering to 16.7 kcal/mol due to an epoxide opening and the accompanying strain relief. The Bergman reaction of triggered 1 is slightly exothermic by 2.8 kcal/mol. The singlet biradical formed in this reaction is kinetically stable (activation enthalpies of 19.5 and 21.8 kcal/mol for retro-Bergman reactions) and is as reactive as para-benzyne. The activity-relevant docking mode is an...
Web 2.0 and Information Literacy Instruction: Aligning Technology with ACRL Standards

Abstract The purpose of this article is to report on how Web 2.0 tools in an online information literacy instruction course aligned with ACRL's Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education . A qualitative case study was undertaken on an online graduate course related to information literacy instruction. Data collected included: course activities, assignments, emails, online discussions, and surveys. The educational theory of constructivism and its adherence to reflection, active learning, and social interaction was used to find patterns in the data. Activity theory provided a framework for data analysis and interpretation related to the patterns of activities that took place while students used each Web 2.0 tool. Web 2.0 was found to enhance all five information literacy standards. These standards related to collaboration, information organization, creativity, discussion, and technology education.
Antibodies against the Component Polypeptide Chains of Bovine Insulin

Antibodies were produced in guinea pigs against A and B chains of bovine insulin; the chains were prepared by cleavage of all the disulfide bonds with sulfite. Antibodies against A chain reacted with A chain, but not with B chain or native insulin. Antibodies against B chain reacted strongly with both B chain and insulin, but not with A chain. Antibodies against insulin reacted strongly with insulin, weakly with B chain, and not at all with A chain. The results indicate that the insulin-reactive antibodies in antiserums to B chain and to insulin differ and are directed to differing individual antigenic regions of the insulin molecule.
Effects of Reheating Method on Off-Flavor Development in Precooked, Stored Chicken Patties

Abstract Reheating precooked, refrigerated chicken patties by microwave (MW) and conventional oven (CO) was examined in two separate trials by sensory-descriptive profiling, thiobarbituric-acid (TBA) values, and gas chromatographic (GC)-headspace volatiles. Precooked patties were stored at 4 C for 4, 24, or 48 h prior to reheating. “Chickeny” and “brothy” character notes decreased over storage time but were more intense in MW-reheated patties. “Cardboard” and “rancid/painty” character notes increased with storage time. For samples stored for 48 h, “cardboard” best described the off-flavor of MW-reheated samples, while “rancid/painty” best described CO-reheated samples. Overall off-flavor intensity was significantly (P
Red is the Hardest Problem

Philip Pettit has advocated a “looks as powers” theory (LAPT) as an alternative to theories that rely on instances of qualia in their account of looking red. Andy Clark has offered a similar view. If these accounts are successful, the Hard Problem (HP) is moribund. This paper asks how red (assumed to be typical of sensory qualities) comes into cases of something’s looking red to someone. A likely suggestion leads to a conundrum for LAPT: the physical complexity that it attributes to the property red is not evident in experience, yet the view requires manifestness of that very property. Attempts to avoid this difficulty only lead to other problems. LAPT thus fails to provide a solution to (or dissolution of) the HP.
Leaching of Alkaline Substances and Heavy Metals from Recycled Concrete Aggregate Used as Unbound Base Course

There is an increasing trend toward using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in construction. However, concerns have been expressed in laboratory studies about the highly alkaline leachate, high-pH leaching patterns, and release of heavy metals from RCA (e.g., chromium, lead, and arsenic). In this study, RCA materials from a wide geographical area were investigated. Physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties were characterized and laboratory column leaching tests were conducted. Two field test sites were installed and instrumented, one at the Minnesota Road Research (MnROAD) facility in Minnesota and a second at a surface parking facility at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The MnROAD site showed a neutral leachate pH (between 6.5 and 8.0) after 7 months of service life [1.2 pore volumes of flow (PVFs)]; however, the pH from column leaching tests ranged between 11.0 and 12.5 and showed no decline over 100 PVFs. Because of the large difference between the field and laboratory results, two samples ...
Structural and Phase Transformations in Thin Film Ti-Aluminides and Ti/Al Multilayers

Multilayered Ti/Al thin films (with nominally equal layer thickness of Ti and Al) have been sputter deposited on oxidized silicon substrates at room temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution electron microscopy have been used to characterize the structure of these multilayers as a function of the layer thickness. Ti changes from an hcp to an fcc and back to an hcp structure on reduction of the layer thickness. Al too changed from an fcc to an hcp structure at a layer thickness of 2.5 nm. The observed structural transitions have been explained on the basis of the Redfield-Zangwill model. Subsequently Ti-aluminide thin films were deposited using a {gamma}-TiAl target. These films were found to be amorphous in the as-deposited condition with crystallites of {alpha}-Ti(Al) embedded in the amorphous matrix. On annealing under a protective Ar atmosphere at a temperature of 550 C, the Ti-aluminide film crystallized into a nanocrystalline two phase microstructure consisting of {gamma}-TiAl and {alpha}{sub 2}-Ti{sub 3}Al. The crystallization of the aluminide film has been investigated in detail by in-situ annealing experiments on a hot stage in the TEM. The results of this investigation have been discussed in this paper.
The elderly Samoan.

This article illustrates the impact of urbanization on the elderly Samoan in Western and American Samoa showing contrasts based on the differing rates of urbanization between the two. The impact of political and economic factors such as government programs that undermine patterns of traditional culture is discussed. Current research on the elderly Samoan done by anthropologists and others is covered. The article also discusses the cultural patterns of the extended family, the aiga, and value systems. The article concludes with perceptions of the authors of the elderly in Western Samoa.