cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dielectric constant and loss and molecular motion in the solid state

Evidence of molecular rotation in many solids is given by their high dielectric constant values. Early measurements showed its existence in the solid form of the hydrogen halides, hydrogen sulfide, and other small molecules for some distance below their freezing points. Many nearly spherical or spheroidal molecules rotate in a so-called rotator phase, which is soft and waxy. Though possessing a crystalline lattice, this phase resembles a liquid in some respects and may be regarded as a (*) This work was supported by the National Science Foundation. mesomorphic state, intermediate between typical solids and liquids. Dielectric constant measurements show the rotation of many long molecules around their long axes in the rotator phases. The molecular rotation may be regarded as usually a rotational jump over a potential energy barrier between one equilibrium position and another. The frequently considerable effects of purity and of mechanical and thermal history upon the dielectric behavior of a solid have long been known, but very large effects have been found recently in solids made up of long-chain molecules. A sterically screened hydroxyl group has been found to rotate in two solids with approximately the same dielectric relaxation time as in several molecules in solution. The molecular relaxation time is generally longer in the rotator solid phase than in the liquid state, but the molecules of several tetrasubstituted methanes have relaxation times of the same magnitude or shorter in the solid than in the liquid. In some long-chain solids, libration, rotation, or twisting around bonds are found. The dielectric behavior of solid polymers is similar to those of simpler solids, but often less sharply defined.
Spatial Relations in Animal Learning and Behavior

The spatial relations among stimuli, responses, and reinforcers have received little attention from researchers in animal learning and behavior relative to that paid the temporal relations. The past 10 to 15 years, however, show signs of a revival of interest in work on spatial relations. The history of animal learning and behavior research for which spatial relations was an explicit concern is reviewed to explore the possible causes for the imbalance in the relative importance of the concepts of space and time in psychological theories about learning and behavior. Many sensations make their appearance with others without space-sensation. But time-sensation accompanies every other sensation, and can be wholly separated from none. (Mach, 1897, p. 109)
Models for Impact Assessment of Wind-Based Power Generation on Frequency Control

This chapter develops a modeling framework for studying the impact of variability and uncertainty in wind-based electricity generation on power system frequency. The focus is on timescales involving governor response (primary frequency control) and automatic generation control (AGC) (secondary frequency control). The framework includes models of synchronous generators, wind-based electricity sources, the electrical network, and the AGC system. The framework can be used to study the impact of different renewable penetration scenarios on system frequency performance metrics. In order to illustrate the framework, a simplified model of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system is developed.
Influence of Injection Volume on Rate of Subsequent Intervention in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Over 1-Year Follow-Up.

Purpose The optimal volume and dose of corticosteroid injections for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) have not yet been established. It is unknown whether the volume of injectate influences the outcome of carpal tunnel injection. The purpose of this study was to assess whether there is an association between the volume of injectate and subsequent intervention in the treatment of CTS. Methods This study evaluated residents of Olmsted County, MN, who were treated with a corticosteroid injection for CTS between 2001 and 2010. Failure of treatment was the primary outcome, defined as a subsequent intervention: either a second injection or carpal tunnel release within 1 year of initial injection. General estimating equations logistic regression was used to assess the association between injectate volume and rate of treatment failure, adjusting for age, sex, effective dose of steroid, type of steroid injected, electrodiagnostic severity, and the presence of comorbidities such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, peripheral neuropathy, and radiculopathy. Results There were 856 affected hands in 651 patients. A total of 56% (n = 484) of treated hands received subsequent treatment within 1 year. Multivariable analysis showed that a larger injectate volume was significantly associated with reduced rate of treatment failure within 1 year. Rheumatoid arthritis and ultrasound-guided procedures were also associated with a reduced rate of treatment failure, whereas severe electrodiagnostic results were associated with an increased rate of failure. Conclusions This study showed that a larger volume of corticosteroid injection is associated with reduced odds of subsequent intervention after a single corticosteroid injection in CTS. Further research is needed to determine the optimal volume for steroid injections in the treatment of CTS. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic IV.
The Discipline and Habit of Theological Reflection

This article describes the process of theological reflection and the necessity of its practice in the formation of pastoral identity and development of ministry. Drawing upon the philosophy of C.S. Peirce, pastoral theology of the past twenty-five years, and the authors' clinical and classroom experiences, the essay illuminates the distinctive work of pastoral care givers that makes them unique in health care settings.
Early History of Compressible Linear Stability Theory

The history of the compressible linear stability theory, as applied to a laminar boundary layer, is reviewed from its inception in 1938 up to 1970. First, the theoretical and experimental work up to 1962 is discussed and the general ideas prevailing at that time are noted. Next an account is given of how work on this subject, starting in the 1950’s, came to be done at the Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). In the main section, the chronology of the numerical and experimental work carried out at JPL in the 1960’s is given, along with the key results and additional comments. Finally, the very different ideas arrived at as a result of this work are discussed and the importance of having reliable numerical results is stressed.
Global Aquatic Hazard Assessment of Ciprofloxacin: Exceedances of Antibiotic Resistance Development and Ecotoxicological Thresholds.

Abstract Rapid urbanization represents a global megatrend that is resulting in an increasingly urban water cycle frequently contaminated by human medicines and other chemicals. Concentration of chemical consumption is occurring faster than implementation of environmental health systems and interventions, particularly in megacities of developing countries, while 80% of global sewage production remains untreated. In these urban areas, antibiotics in the environment influence development of antibiotic resistance (ABR) by pathogens. Here, we examined the occurrence of ciprofloxacin, designated a critically important antibiotic by the World Health Organization, in fresh surface water, groundwater, saltwater, treated municipal effluent, raw municipal sewage, treated hospital effluent, and raw hospital sewage around the world. We examined 260 articles reporting ciprofloxacin in these water matrices, including 111 studies from Europe, 105 from Asia, and 32 from North America. Only five and seven studies were identified from South America and Africa, respectively. Probabilistic hazard assessments were then performed to identify probabilities of exceedances of reported ABR and ecotoxicological predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) for ciprofloxacin in water. Remarkably, across all geographic regions, 58% of municipal effluents exceeded the ABR PNEC (100 ng/L) for ciprofloxacin, whereas ecotoxicity PNEC (1200 ng/L) was exceeded 16% of the time. In surface water, 25% reported concentrations exceeded the ABR PNEC with 31% and 29% in Europe and North America, respectively, compared to 67% exceedance identified for Africa. Such observations highlight the importance of global scanning assessments to identify matrices and regions, including areas strategically advancing water reuse, for additional study and to prioritize locations for interventions aimed at reducing ABR development.
CHAPTER 87 – Regulation of Cell Growth and Proliferation in Metazoans by mTOR and the p70 S6 Kinase

TOR, a ubiquitous 290-kDa polypeptide, is the founding member of the PI-3-kinase-related protein (Ser/Thr) kinase (PIKK) family. The TOR proteins were discovered by investigating the mechanism of action of the drug rapamycin, a natural product of a strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicas collected on Easter Island. The agent was initially investigated because of its substantial antifungal activity and subsequently was found to have potent immunosuppressant and antitumor activity. Rapamycin is structurally related to another potent macrolide immunosuppressant agent, FK506. These two agents in fact share the same cellular receptor, an abundant basic 12-kDa polypeptide named FK506 binding protein-12 (FKBP-12), one of a family of peptidylprolylisomerases. Despite their structural similarity, common receptor, and shared ability to inhibit prolylisomerase activity, FK506 and rapamycin exhibit entirely distinct cellular actions. FK506 potently inhibits T-cell receptor (TCR) activation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and other cytokine gene expression, in part by preventing the calcium-dependent dephosphorylation and nuclear entry of the transcription factor NFAT. Rapamycin, in contrast, has no effect on TCR signaling, but strongly inhibits T-cell proliferation by interrupting IL-2R signaling. In addition, the two agents are mutually antagonistic. These features pointed to the likelihood that the active pharmacophore was the drug-FKBP complex rather than the drug itself, an idea first verified for FK506 by the demonstration that FK506 in complex with FKBP-12, but neither component alone, binds directly and inhibits the protein phosphatase (2B), Calcineurin.
Structures of Stratification: Advancing a Sociological Debate over Culture and Resources:

When theorizing differences in action between structurally unequal groups, sociologists often disagree over the roles that structure, culture, and resources play. It is not uncommon for debates to ...
Performance tuning of microfluidic flow-focusing droplet generators

The required step in all droplet-based devices is droplet formation. A droplet generator must deliver an application-specific performance that includes a prescribed droplet size and generation frequency while producing monodisperse droplets. The desired performance is usually reached through several cost- and time-inefficient design iterations. To address this, we take advantage of a low-cost rapid prototyping method and provide a framework that enables researchers to make informed decisions on how to change geometric parameters and flow conditions to tune the performance of a microfluidic flow-focusing droplet generator. We present the primary and secondary parameters necessary for fine-tuning droplet formation over a wide range of capillary numbers and flow rate ratios. Once the key parameters are identified, we demonstrate the effect of geometric parameters and flow conditions on droplet size, generation rate, polydispersity, and generation regime. Using this framework, a wide range of droplet diameters (i.e., 30-400 μm) and generation rates (i.e., 0.5-800 Hz) was achieved.
Hydrogel-based transparent soils for root phenotyping in vivo

Root phenotypes are increasingly explored as predictors of crop performance but are still challenging to characterize. Media that mimic field conditions (e.g., soil, sand) are opaque to most forms of radiation, while transparent media do not provide field-relevant growing conditions and phenotypes. We describe here a "transparent soil" formed by the spherification of hydrogels of biopolymers. It is specifically designed to support root growth in the presence of air, water, and nutrients, and allows the time-resolved phenotyping of roots in vivo by both photography and microscopy. The roots developed by soybean plants in this medium are significantly more similar to those developed in real soil than those developed in hydroponic conditions and do not show signs of hypoxia. Lastly, we show that the granular nature and tunable properties of these hydrogel beads can be leveraged to investigate the response of roots to gradients in water availability and soil stiffness.
Comparison of direct and indirect contact heat exchange to improve recovery of bio-oil

Abstract This study investigates whether the rate of cooling of pyrolysis vapors affects the composition of the resulting bio-oil. Pure cellulose was pyrolyzed in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor at 500 °C and the bio-oil collected in either an indirect contact heat exchange (conventional water-cooled condenser system) or a direct contact heat exchange (liquid quench) system developed in our laboratory. The liquid quench system was estimated to achieve a seven-fold increase in cooling rate compared to the water-cooled condensers. Direct contact cooling in the quench system also eliminated temperature gradients experienced by films of bio-oil running down the walls of the water-cooled condensers. The combination of these two factors helped reduce secondary decomposition of primary pyrolysis products, especially anhydrosugars such as levoglucosan. The quench system increased the yield of levoglucosan by over 20% while minimally effecting yield of other compounds. The concept of direct contact cooling was applied to a pilot-scale, lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis plant using water as a more practical quench media than liquid nitrogen. As with the liquid nitrogen quench, the water flashed to gas while the heavy ends of the bio-oil condensed to liquid. The quench vessel was operated above the dew point of the water to assure that it left the vessel as gas along with produced water and light ends of bio-oil, which were recovered in a condenser as an aqueous phase. In pyrolysis experiments with red oak, the quench vessel increased the yield of heavy ends by 15% compared to conventional condensers. These results encourage the design of bio-oil recovery systems that can rapidly quench products to achieve high yields and improve the quality of bio-oil.
Epidemiology of Shoulder Instability Injuries in Collision Collegiate Sports From 2009 to 2014.

Purpose To describe the types, mechanisms, and severity of shoulder instability injuries in collegiate collision athletes during the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 academic years using the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program; to compare the injury incidence between men's collision sports and their women's non-collision counterparts, when possible; and to compare injury outcomes between Divisions I, II, and III. Methods Data regarding men's football, wrestling, ice hockey, and lacrosse, as well as women's ice hockey and lacrosse, were obtained. Injuries requiring attention from a health care provider were reported. Incidence rates per 100,000 athlete-exposures (AEs) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Analysis of variance was used to compare time loss (TL), and χ2 analysis was used to compare surgery rates between divisions. Results A total of 445 shoulder instability injuries occurred in 1,421,561 AEs from 2009-2010 to 2013-2014 (incidence rate, 31.30 injuries/100,000 AEs; 95% CI, 28.4-34.21 injuries/100,000 AEs). Subluxation accounted for 59.1% of injuries, with anterior subluxation (35.3%) being the most common injury. Dislocation resulted in the most TL per injury (17.58 days). Mean TL for all injuries was 8.17 days (standard deviation, 7.21 days). When non–time-loss injuries were excluded from analysis, players experienced a mean TL of 18.34 days (standard deviation, 8.44 days). Divisions I (4.77 days), II (20.52 days), and III (11.23 days) differed significantly in mean TL (P = .01). Of the injuries, 29.3% required surgery. The surgery rates for Divisions I (32.9%), II (38.1%), and III (19.4%) also differed significantly (P = .04). Men's ice hockey and lacrosse players sustained a 2.17-fold (95% CI, 1.04-4.50) higher incidence of shoulder instability than their female counterparts. Conclusions Anterior subluxation and dislocation accounted for 52.1% of all shoulder instability injuries. Injured athletes missed 8 days on average, and nearly 30% of injuries required surgery. Surgery rates and TL were significantly different between Divisions I, II, and III. Female athletes playing non-collision ice hockey and lacrosse experienced significantly lower shoulder instability rates than their male counterparts. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective cohort study.
Incidence of distal embolization during peripheral intervention using the NAV-6 embolic protection system

Purpose: To compare the rates of embolic debris (ED) generation during lower extremity arterial interventions and evaluate the safety and efficacy of the using an embolic protection device (EPD). Methods: This was a single-center retrospective review of 111 patients (114 vessels) having undergone peripheral arterial intervention with the use of an EPD (Emboshield NAV-6 device). A database was created through review of the electronic health record and images in PACS. The presence of ED was determined through visual inspection after retrieval of the device or from filling defects identified during digital subtraction angiography with the device deployed. Descriptive statistics were used to report the demographic and clinical information. Relative frequencies of debris generation were determined for vessel type, trans-atlantic inter-society consensus (TASC) classification, and type of intervention. Differences in frequencies between groups weer evaluated with the Chi-square test, and associations were examined using the logistic regression analysis. Results: Of the 114 vessels treated, 16 (14%) demonstrated true distal embolization (DE) past the filter basket and 58 (51%) demonstrated generation of ED as determined by filling of the filter basket. This was significantly higher in patients undergoing atherectomy (70%) compared with those undergoing thrombolysis (38%) or angioplasty with or without stenting (29%) (P
Antitrust Law and Its Critics

Antitrust law is the subject of substantial current controversy, criticism, and proposed reform. The current unease seems to reflect the confluence of four factors: rising populism, on both the left and the right, that decries free markets, globalism, and increasing inequality within the developed countries; the rise of big tech, which seems to expand without limit through scale and scope economies and network effects; a growing body of economic studies that suggest that market concentration and market power have increased in recent years; and increasing concern of libertarians about private, as well as government, power coupled with evidence of increased industry concentration. On the surface, there appears to be a conversation about the future of antitrust law between three groups; conservatives who argue that antitrust law is basically fine as it is, progressives who argue that antitrust enforcement has been too lax and that antitrust law should be adjusted but within the prevailing consumer welfare paradigm; and populist critics who have more far-reaching reform proposals. In fact, however, there are really two very separate conversations. One, between conservatives and progressives, concerns how antitrust law might best promote economic welfare. The other, pushed largely by the populists, concerns how to replace what is now known as antitrust law with alternatives that will serve other objectives, in addition to economic welfare, such as promoting an equitable distribution of wealth and of economic and political power. The two conversations seldom intersect in any meaningful way. This paper analyzes the current controversies. It explains what the consumer welfare standard means, why proposals for abandoning or replacing it are unsound, and how the two conversations have not intersected. It ends by describing ways in which the various critics and defenders of antitrust law might fruitfully join in a single conversation that addresses both antitrust and regulatory issues.
Evaluation and Management of Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common pediatric disorder characterized by recurrent events of partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep which result in abnormal ventilation and sleep pattern. OSAS in children is associated with neurobehavioral deficits and cardiovascular morbidity which highlights the need for prompt recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. The purpose of this state-of-the-art review is to provide an update on the evaluation and management of children with OSAS with emphasis on children with complex medical comorbidities and those with residual OSAS following first-line treatment. Proposed treatment strategies reflecting recommendations from a variety of professional societies are presented. All children should be screened for OSAS and those with typical symptoms (e.g., snoring, restless sleep, and daytime hyperactivity) or risk factors (e.g., neurologic, genetic, and craniofacial disorders) should undergo further evaluation including referral to a sleep specialist or pediatric otolaryngologist and overnight polysomnography, which provides a definitive diagnosis. A cardiology and/or endocrinology evaluation should be considered in high-risk children. For the majority of children, first-line treatment is tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy; however, some children exhibit multiple levels of airway obstruction and may require additional evaluation and management. Anti-inflammatory medications, weight loss, and oral appliances may be appropriate in select cases, particularly for mild OSAS. Following initial treatment, all children should be monitored for residual symptoms and polysomnography may be repeated to identify persistent disease, which can be managed with positive airway pressure ventilation and additional surgical approaches if required.
In vitro effects of macrophages on orthopaedic implant alloys and local release of metallic alloy components.

Aims This study aimed to determine if macrophages can attach and directly affect the oxide layers of 316L stainless steel, titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo) by...
Abstract P601: Influenza-Like Illness as a Short-Term Risk Factor for Arterial Dissections

Introduction: Arterial dissections often have no known identifiable risk factor. Whether infection/inflammation may play a role in the development of arterial dissection is uncertain. Hypothesis: I...
An effective processing pipeline for harmonizing DNA methylation data from Illumina's 450K and EPIC platforms for epidemiological studies.

OBJECTIVE Illumina BeadChip arrays are commonly used to generate DNA methylation data for large epidemiological studies. Updates in technology over time create challenges for data harmonization within and between studies, many of which obtained data from the older 450K and newer EPIC platforms. The pre-processing pipeline for DNA methylation is not trivial, and influences the downstream analyses. Incorporating different platforms adds a new level of technical variability that has not yet been taken into account by recommended pipelines. Our study evaluated the performance of various tools on different versions of platform data harmonization at each step of pre-processing pipeline, including quality control (QC), normalization, batch effect adjustment, and genomic inflation. We illustrate our novel approach using 450K and EPIC data from the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) prospective cohort. RESULTS We found normalization and probe filtering had the biggest effect on data harmonization. Employing a meta-analysis was an effective and easily executable method for accounting for platform variability. Correcting for genomic inflation also helped with harmonization. We present guidelines for studies seeking to harmonize data from the 450K and EPIC platforms, which includes the use of technical replicates for evaluating numerous pre-processing steps, and employing a meta-analysis.
Evolution of the Precursor Fields

On the basis of the foundational analysis just completed, the asymptotic description of dispersive pulse propagation in both Lorentz-type and Debye-type dielectrics as well as in conducting and semiconducting media may now be fully developed. The analysis presented in this chapter begins with an examination of the exact propagated wavefield behavior for superluminal times t such that θ = ct ∕ z 0. By applying the method Sommerfeld [1, 2] used to examine the wavefront evolution of a step-function modulated signal in a causally dispersive medium (the Lorentz medium in particular), it is shown here [3, 4] that for wavefields with an initial pulse function f(t) that identically vanishes for all times t 0 propagating in a single resonance Lorentz medium. That analysis was based upon the then recently developed method of steepest descent (see Sect. F.7 of Appendix F) due to Debye [8]. The analysis presented here is based upon the advanced saddle point methods described in Chap.10. When combined with the more accurate approximations of the saddle point locations and the complex phase behavior at them developed in Chap. 12 for both Lorentz- and Debye-type dielectrics as well as for Drude model conductors and semiconducting materials, accurate asymptotic approximations of the associated precursor fields result that are uniformly valid over the entire space–time domain of interest. If necessary, greatly improved accuracy can always be obtained by using numerically determined saddle point locations in the asymptotic expressions. As a result of this detailed analysis, each feature appearing in the propagated wavefield sequence illustrated in Fig. 13.1 may be traced back to the dynamical behavior of a particular saddle point (or points) together with their interaction with any pole singularity in the initial pulse envelope spectrum. The numerically determined propagated wavefield sequence presented in this figure is due to an initial Heaviside unit step function modulated signal with below resonance carrier frequency \({\omega }_{c} = {\omega }_{0}/2\) at 0, 1, 2, and 3 absorption depths [\({z}_{d} \equiv {\alpha }^{-1}({\omega }_{c})\)] in a single resonance Lorentz model dielectric. Notice that the steady-state wave structure oscillating at the input angular carrier frequency ω c at each propagation distance z has amplitude given by the attenuation factor \({e}^{-z/{z}_{d}}\). The complicated field structure preceding this steady-state behavior is then due to the saddle points and is referred to as the first and second precursor fields. Of particular interest here is the observation that the peak amplitude of the second precursor field attenuates with increasing propagation distance z at a significantly smaller rate than does the remainder of the propagated wavefield. This unique feature may then be exploited in both imaging and communications systems. In addition, its impact on health and safety issues concerning exposure to ultrawideband electromagnetic radiation may have far-reaching implications, particularly in regard to digital cellular telephony.
Tumor cell killing by macrophages activated in vitro with lymphocyte mediators. IV. Role of energy metabolism.

Abstract The role of energy metabolism on tumor cell killing by in vitro activated macrophages was studied. Depletion of extracellular glucose had little effect on the cytotoxic capacity of mediator-activated macrophages. Respiratory antagonists did not inhibit cytotoxicity regardless of whether or not the assays were carried out in low-glucose-containing medium. Sodium fluoride, a known inhibitor of glycolysis, inhibited the killing of tumor cells by activated macrophages. 2-Deoxyglucose, an analog of glucose, was found to be an effective inhibitor of cytotoxicity. Three other analogs, 5-thio- d -glucose, 3- O -methylglucose, and 2-deoxy- d -galactose, were without effect. The concentrations of 2-DG that inhibited cytotoxicity did not lower cellular ATP levels to an appreciable extent. The combined addition of inhibitors of glycolysis and respiration resulted in a marked reduction in ATP levels. Under these experimental conditions, macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity was also significantly inhibited.
Integration of Machine Learning and Sensor-Based Control in Intelligent Robotic Systems

This paper discusses the integration of machine learning and sensor-based control in intelligent robotic systems. Our research is interdisciplinary and combines techniques of explanation-based control with robust and adaptive nonlinear control, computer vision, and motion planning. Our intent in this research is to go beyond the strict hierarchical control architectures typically used in robotic systems by integrating modeling, dynamics, and control across traditional levels of planning and control at all levels of intelligence. Our ultimate goal is to combine analytical techniques of nonlinear dynamics and control with artificial intelligence into a single new paradigm in which symbolic reasoning holds an equal place with differential equation based modeling and control.
The Politics of Collective Violence

Are there any commonalities between such phenomena as soccer hooliganism, sabotage by peasants of landlords' property, incidents of road rage, and even the events of September 11? With striking historical scope and command of the literature of many disciplines, this book, first published in 2003, seeks the common causes of these events in collective violence. In collective violence, social interaction immediately inflicts physical damage, involves at least two perpetrators of damage, and results in part from coordination among the persons who perform the damaging acts. Professor Tilly argues that collective violence is complicated, changeable, and unpredictable in some regards, yet that it also results from similar causes variously combined in different times and places. Pinpointing the causes, combinations, and settings helps to explain collective violence and its variations, and also helps to identify the best ways to mitigate violence and create democracies with a minimum of damage to persons and property.
The Life and Death of Copyright

Copyright law operates under a hidden assumption: that copyright after death is the same as copyright during life. In the United States, the duration of copyright is the author’s life plus seventy years. In debates over copyright’s duration, those in favor of longer terms and even those in favor of shorter ones have treated pre- and post-death copyright as equal. The law, as well as the current discourse about copyright, merely focuses on time. In this Article, Professor Deven Desai critiques the post-mortem assumption — that the consequences of copyright protection during the creator’s life are the same as after the creator’s death. He contends that the law must look beyond merely the span of time of copyright protection and that copyright’s extension after the author’s death is unjustifiable. He explores the historical, philosophical, and economic justifications for copyright after death and concludes that it should not matter in copyright policy.
Tissue-specific expression of mRNA encoding rat kidney water channel CHIP28k by in situ hybridization

The tissue distribution of mRNA encoding rat kidney water channel CHIP28k was determined by in situ hybridization. cDNA encoding rat kidney CHIP28k was isolated by homology to human erythrocyte CHIP28 (G. M. Preston and P. Agre. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 11110-11114, 1991) and used to construct 155-base 35S-labeled cRNA sense and antisense probes corresponding to base pair 7-162. Fixed and frozen tissues were cut in 6- to 12- microns sections, hybridized with probes at 55 degrees C for 16 h, and exposed for 5-9 days. In renal cortex, CHIP28k mRNA was detected intensely on proximal tubule epithelial cells but not in glomeruli or collecting duct. Hybridization to proximal tubule was strongest in deep renal cortex. In no study was there significant hybridization of sense cRNA probe. In renal papilla, CHIP28k mRNA was detected in only a fraction of tubules corresponding to thin limbs of Henle. Hybridization in spleen was observed in red splenic pulp containing erythroid precursors but not in white pulp. In colon, there was selective hybridization in crypt epithelial cells but not in villus epithelial cells or nonepithelial structures. In lung, hybridization was observed in alveolar epithelial cells. In eye, there was selective hybridization in corneal endothelium and ciliary body. No hybridization was observed in any cell types in liver. Northern analysis revealed a 2.8-kilobase mRNA encoding CHIP28k in kidney cortex and papilla but not in brain, skeletal muscle, and liver. These results indicate a wide and highly selective tissue distribution of mRNA encoding the CHIP28k water channel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Systemic therapy of salivary gland hypofunction.

Salivary gland hypofunction occurs most often as a consequence of numerous drug therapies, anti-neoplastic treatments, or systemic disease. There are no universally accepted means of treating gland dysfunction and the resultant subjective xerostomia. A few studies have suggested that treatment of underlying inflammatory connective tissue disease will improve salivary performance in Sjogren's syndrome. Most of these reports, however, have either been limited to a small number of patients or have failed to include objective measures of salivary gland output. A larger body of literature deals with attempts using many different sialogogues to stimulate salivary function in a variety of conditions. Again, many studies have failed to document salivary improvement objectively. Recently, interest has focused on three drugs: bromhexine, anethole-trithione, and pilocarpine hydrochloride. Studies with these agents are reviewed, and current clinical investigations with pilocarpine are presented in detail.
Organizational and institutional determinants of B2C adoption under shifting environments

This study examines the adoption of business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce by bricks-and-mortar companies comprising the Standard & Poor's 500 (SP however, their effects varied with the environmental shifts. Specifically, senior IS executives influenced adoption in the early period whereas bandwagon mimetic pressures and business norms influenced adoption in the late period. The findings of our research demonstrate the importance of explicitly modeling environmental shifts in theorizing organizational adoption of innovations.
Wet-transfer of CVD-grown graphene onto sulfur-protected W(110)

Abstract Graphene, grown by chemical vapor deposition, is transferred onto W(110) surface with a protective sulfur layer. Sulfur was adsorbed on the W(110) surface in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) by reaction with H2S at 1 × 10− 8 Torr at 800 °C. Low-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements show that an ordered sulfur adsorbate layer is formed on W(110) with a 1 × 5 superstructure. The monolayer of sulfur subsequently protects the W(110) surface from oxidation during wet-transfer of CVD-grown graphene. After the graphene transfer, the sample is re-introduced to UHV and characterized by STM, Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. The adsorbed sulfur layer prevents carbide formation, by reaction of graphene with tungsten, to annealing temperatures of at least ~ 750 °C in vacuum. Finally, photoemission measurements of the graphene/S/W(110) interface indicates p-type doping of graphene due to charge transfer at the interface as a consequence of the high work function of the W(110)-S substrate.
Evaluating Deaf Education Web-Based Course Work

Some U.S. universities use Web-based formats to offer most of the course work required to become a certified teacher of the deaf. Yet little research exists on how students judge the content and delivery of such courses compared to on-campus instruction. Parton (2005) described previous research concerning this topic as descriptive rather than empirical, and called for data-based investigation. In the present study, 108 consumers of online courses at one university were surveyed. A questionnaire was developed from a literature review and experiences of the author, who has taught long-distance courses since the early 1990s. Responses pertained to as many as five deaf education professors and 12 deaf education courses. Most students were intelligent, hearing, experienced consumers who appreciated Web-based course content and delivery. The majority (65%) felt that they did not know the instructor as well in on-campus courses. Further research is planned.
C-terminus of a long α-neurotoxin is highly mobile when bound to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor : A time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy approach

Abstract To better understand how α-neurotoxins interact with the acetylcholine receptor, four fluorescein isothiocyanate derivatives of the siamemsis α-cobratoxin were prepared (conjugated to the e-amino group in Lys 23 , Lys 35 , Lys 49 , or Lys 69 ) and the time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy of each conjugate was measured free in solution and bound to the Torpedo acetylcholine receptor. All the conjugated reporter groups displayed a high and comparable level of mobility free in solution. When receptor bound, on the other hand, significant differences in the conformational dynamics of the reporter groups were observed with the C-terminal Lys 69 derivative displaying by far the greatest mobility strongly suggesting that the C-terminal domain of the bound neurotoxin is highly mobile and does not participate in the toxin–nAChR binding surface. Additionally, this study demonstrates the utility of time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy to characterize the interaction of heteroproteins.
Dynamic regulation of FGF23 by Fam20C phosphorylation, GalNAc-T3 glycosylation, and furin proteolysis

The family with sequence similarity 20, member C (Fam20C) has recently been identified as the Golgi casein kinase. Fam20C phosphorylates secreted proteins on Ser-x-Glu/pSer motifs and loss-of-function mutations in the kinase cause Raine syndrome, an often-fatal osteosclerotic bone dysplasia. Fam20C is potentially an upstream regulator of the phosphate-regulating hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), because humans with FAM20C mutations and Fam20C KO mice develop hypophosphatemia due to an increase in full-length, biologically active FGF23. However, the mechanism by which Fam20C regulates FGF23 is unknown. Here we show that Fam20C directly phosphorylates FGF23 on Ser180, within the FGF23 R176XXR179/S180AE subtilisin-like proprotein convertase motif. This phosphorylation event inhibits O-glycosylation of FGF23 by polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 (GalNAc-T3), and promotes FGF23 cleavage and inactivation by the subtilisin-like proprotein convertase furin. Collectively, our results provide a molecular mechanism by which FGF23 is dynamically regulated by phosphorylation, glycosylation, and proteolysis. Furthermore, our findings suggest that cross-talk between phosphorylation and O-glycosylation of proteins in the secretory pathway may be an important mechanism by which secreted proteins are regulated.
Joining by plating: optimization of occluded angle

Abstract An empirical method for predicting the minimum angle necessary for maximum joint strength in materials joined by plating was developed by way of a proposed power law failure function whose coefficients are taken from ring shear and conical head tensile data for plating/substrate combinations and whose exponent is determined from one set of plated joint data. Experimental results are presented for Al-Ni-Al (7975-T6) and AM363-Ni-AM363 joints, and the failure function is used to predict joint strengths for Al-Ni-Al (2024-T6), UTi-Ni-UTi and Be-Ni-Be.
The STING controlled cytosolic-DNA activated innate immune pathway and microbial disease

The innate immune system is critically important for the primary sensing of invading pathogens. Over the past decade, the cellular sensors important for recognizing microbial entry into the host cell have been largely elucidated. These sensors, some of which are evolutionarily conserved, include the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and RIG-I-like helicase family (RLH) pathway that can recognize bacterial and viral non-self nucleic acid. In addition, a cellular sensor referred to as STING (for stimulator of interferon genes) has been shown to be critical for triggering host defense countermeasures, including stimulation of the adaptive immune response, following the detection of cytosolic DNA species. The STING pathway has now been shown to be critical for activating innate immune gene transcription in response to infection by DNA pathogens such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) as well as retroviruses. In addition, it is clear that chronic STING activation can also cause autoinflammatory disease manifested by self-DNA. Here we review recent developments in our understanding of STING function, including importance in the control of microbial disease.
The membrane topology of the fusion peptide region of influenza hemagglutinin determined by spin-labeling EPR

Hemagglutinin (HA) is a homotrimeric surface glycoprotein of the influenza virus. In infection, it induces membrane fusion between viral and endosomal membranes at low pH. Each monomer consists of the receptor-binding HA1 domain and the membrane-interacting HA2 domain. It has been known that the NH2-terminal region of the HA2 domain, the so-called "fusion peptide", inserts into the target membrane and plays a crucial role in triggering fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes. A major portion of the HA2 domain (FHA2: aa 1 to 127) of influenza virus X-31, including the NH2-terminal fusion peptide region, was expressed in Escherichia coli. Through site-directed mutagenesis, eight cysteine (Cys) mutants in the fusion peptide region of HA2 (A5C, I6C, A7C, G8C, I10C, N12C, G13C, W14C) were generated and modified with a nitroxide spin label. Using spin-labeling electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques, we investigated the conformation, membrane topology and the local oligomeric state of the fusion peptide region in the membrane. EPR spectra showed that this region is likely to exist as a flexible monomer in the membrane at both neutral and fusogenic pH conditions. In addition, EPR power saturation methods allowed us to measure the depth in the membrane of the spin label at each mutation site. The resulting depth profile is consistent with an alpha-helix tilted approximately 25 degrees from the horizontal plane of the membrane with a maximum depth of 15 A from the phosphate group. The tilt and rotational orientation correlates well with a calculated amphiphilicity of this region.
Autonomous learning in gesture recognition by using lobe component analysis

Gesture recognition is a new human-machine interface method implemented by pattern recognition(PR).In order to assure robot safety when gesture is used in robot control, it is required to implement the interface reliably and accurately. Similar with other PR applications, 1) feature selection (or model establishment) and 2) training from samples, affect the performance of gesture recognition largely. For 1), a simple model with 6 feature points at shoulders, elbows, and hands, is established. The gestures to be recognized are restricted to still arm gestures, and the movement of arms is not considered. These restrictions are to reduce the misrecognition, but are not so unreasonable. For 2), a new biological network method, called lobe component analysis(LCA), is used in unsupervised learning. Lobe components, corresponding to high-concentrations in probability of the neuronal input, are orientation selective cells follow Hebbian rule and lateral inhibition. Due to the advantage of LCA method for balanced learning between global and local features, large amount of samples can be used in learning efficiently.
Oxidation of 1-methylnaphthalene

Detailed intermediate species profiles for the oxidation of 1-methylnaphthalene have been obtained by gas-phase sampling from an atmospheric-pressure flow reactor operating at about 1170 K. These are the first detailed oxidation results reported for any polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, despite the presence of these compounds in many practical fuels. No evidence was found to indicate that fuel consumption through ring reactions was competitive with consumption through attack of the methyl side chain. Based on the observed intermediate species profiles, a mechanism is proposed for the oxidation of 1-methylnaphthalene which is strongly analogous to a previously developed mechanism for the oxidation of toluene under flow reactor conditions. In this mechanism, the resonantly stabilized 1-naphthylmethyl radical undergoes radical-radical reactions to form 1-naphthaldehyde, which decomposes to 1-naphthyl radical. Naphthalene and 1-naphthyl radical are oxidized to 1-naphthoxy radical, which decomposes to indenyl radical. Further reaction and decomposition results in the formation of phenylacetylene, styrene, phenyl radical, and acetylene. This mechanism is consistent with the observed sequential formation of the major aromatic intermediates 1-naphthaldehyde, naphthalene, indene, phenylacetylene, and benzene. Other pathways to the formation of minor intermediates such as 2-methylnaphthalene, acenaphthylene, 2-naphthol, and 1-methylindene are considered.
Low-Frequency Diffraction by Moving Conducting Strips*

The electromagnetic problem involving the interaction of a low-frequency plane monochromatic wave and a uniformly moving perfectly conducting infinite strip is treated by use of the Lorentz transformation. Both E and H polarizations are considered. Attention is focused on the diffracted cylindrical wave in the far-field approximation, and expressions are derived for its phase and amplitude. Graphical results illustrating amplitude variation as a function of velocity are given.
Classroom Use of Test Accommodations: Issues of Access, Equity, and Conflation

Test accommodations are changes to test administration, responses, or the test itself that are offered to emergent bilingual students for standardized tests and also for classroom assessments in some states in the USA. Currently there is a lack of research examining the use of test accommodations as a pedagogical practice. This paper presents a study of the classroom use of accommodations using data from a comparative ethnographic case study of two different multilingual schools. A historical analysis and definitions of test accommodation effectiveness frame the analysis. Participant observation, field notes, interviews, and classroom artifacts are used to investigate how administrators, teachers, and students appropriate test accommodations as classroom practices and one class in particular serves as an entry point for unpacking classroom use of accommodations. The analysis positions test accommodations as a tool promoting increased access to assessments but cautions that this access may not be an equitable practice, especially when accommodation use conflates emergent bilingual students with students who have disabilities. The paper concludes by exploring the possible implications of using classroom practices to inform policies and the use of test accommodations for emergent bilinguals to explore more options for multilingual education and assessment.