cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lyso-thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin for treatment of bladder cancer

Purpose: To evaluate lyso-thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin (LTLD, ThermoDox®) in combination with loco-regional mild hyperthermia (HT) for targeted drug delivery to the bladder wall and potent...
The Genetics, Current Research, and Future Treatment of Alport Syndrome

Alport syndrome is a type IV collagen disease that affects the glomerular basement membrane of approximately one in every 5000 people. The disease was first described by A. Cecil Alport in 1927 as “a dominantly inherited hereditary nephritis.” The three genotypes of the disease are X-linked dominant, autosomal recessive, and autosomal dominant. The X-linked dominant genotype is the most common, accounting for 80% of all cases of Alport syndrome, affecting mainly men. The autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant types affect men and women equally. Alport syndrome is caused by mutations on the COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 genes, which code the ?3, ?4, and ?5 (IV) chains that make up type IV collagen molecules, an important component of basement membranes. Thus, Alport syndrome results in malformed basement membranes, with symptoms including renal impairment, hematuria, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, and an abnormal structure of the glomerular basement membrane. Alport syndrome also often progresses to end-stage renal disease, especially in men with X-linked Alport syndrome. At this point, there is no cure for Alport syndrome. However, there are many successful treatments for its symptoms. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are often given to patients in the early stages of Alport syndrome. For patients with end-stage renal disease, dialysis or kidney transplants are considered the best course of action.
Vaccination Rates in Patients With Medical Indications for the Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in a Family Medicine Clinic.

Background:Pneumococcal vaccination rates among high-risk patients (eg, diabetes, asthma, smoking) seen in 2 family medicine clinics are unknown.Objectives:To assess differences in pneumococcal pol...
Degree three unramified cohomology of adjoint semisimple groups

We compute degree 3 unramified cohomology of adjoint semisimple group. New classes of non-rational adjoint semisimple groups are found.
Use of Landmark Cues to Locate Feeding Sites in Wild Capuchin Monkeys ( Cebus capucinus ): An Experimental Field Study

Studies on spatial cognition in primates and other animals indicate that landmarks serve as reference points, and may be encoded as distance and/or direction vectors in navigating to concealed or out-of-sight goals (dens, nests, feeding sites). In the present research, we conducted an experimental field study of spatial cognition and foraging strategies in a group of 15 wild white-faced capuchins (C. capucinus) in northeastern Costa Rica (10°26′N, 83°47′W). Specifically, we examined the ability of wild capuchins to use the geometric relationships of an array of two and three landmark cues to predict the location of baited feeding sites. The research design involved the construction of eight visually identical feeding platforms arranged in a circle with a diameter of 8 m. We then conducted a series of six experiments in which the relative spatial positions of experimentally manipulated landmarks (yellow- and pink-colored poles measuring 2 m in height) were the only information available to the forager to efficiently distinguish the location of reward and sham feeding sites. Our results indicate that over the course of 55 consecutive days and 227 experimental trials, the capuchins visited the feeding platforms 3262 times. Group members quickly learned to attend to the spatial positions of landmark arrays and use this information to compute the location of reward platforms. In addition, given that foragers arrived at the feeding station from different directions and encountered alternative views of the landmarks, it is possible that the capuchins were able to mentally rotate the configuration of the landmark array to efficiently solve this foraging problem.
Waves, Particles, and Facts

The logic of notions like see, observe, witness, notice, data, evidence, and facts has, for my purposes at least, been thoroughly explored. For the next few chapters I should like to see how the morals drawn from our work so far can be applied in cases of actual scientific perplexity. The present chapter, therefore, as well as the two to follow, will be addressed, not to logical exploration (as the previous chapters were), but to the application of the fruits of our study to typical cases of experimental research.
Bose–Einstein Condensation and Global Dynamics of Solutions to a Hyperbolic Kompaneets Equation

In this article, a simplified, hyperbolic model of the nonlinear, degenerate parabolic Kompaneets equation for the number density of photons is considered. It is shown that for non-negative, compactly supported initial data, weak solutions obeying a Kružkov entropy condition are unique. Other consequences for entropy solutions resulting from a contraction estimate are explored. Certain properties of entropy solutions are investigated and convergence in time of entropy solutions with compactly supported initial data to stationary solutions is shown. The development of a Bose–Einstein condensate for initial data under certain conditions is proven. It is also shown that the total number of photons not in a Bose–Einstein condensate is non-increasing in time, and that any such loss of photons is only to the condensate.
Hearing in Insects: The Why, When, and How

This chapter provides a brief history of the study of insect hearing from a personal perspective, covering the period from 1960 to the present. Insect bioacoustics developed in parallel in the 1960s with the emergence of invertebrate neurobiology and then in the 1970s with the emergence of the field of neuroethology. The age of invertebrate neuroscience coincided with intracellular techniques and the concept of identified neurons in small networks that generated behavioral acts. The golden age of neuroethology (1975–2000) heralded comparative approaches that resulted in invertebrate animal researchers having serious interactions with vertebrate physiologists and anatomists that led to remarkable advances in comparative bioacoustics, for which the SHAR series has played the key role of scribe and witness. My chapter is restricted to the bioacoustics of insects because they are the most acoustically active of all the invertebrate animals. Insect bioacoustics has focused on two main theme areas: acoustic signals that mediate predator–prey interactions and acoustic signals that mediate intraspecific social behavior such as mating and territorial behavior. The kinds of hearing of hearing organs that evolved in response to the imperatives of natural selection and sexual selection are remarkable in form and function.
Heparin-Induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): a case study.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) ranges from an asymptomatic reaction to heparin with a transient mild thrombocytopenia (HIT I) to a life- and limb-threatening immunological reaction, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis (HITT or HIT II). HITT can occur in patients with any heparin exposure and must be recognized and treated quickly and appropriately to prevent symptomatic and/or fatal thrombosis. HIT will be discussed using a case study approach. ABBREVIATIONS:APTT = activated partial thromboplastin time; AT = anti-thrombin; 14C = carbon-14; CT = computerized topography; DTI = direct thrombin inhibitor; Fc = fragment crystallizable; FDA = Food and Drug Administration; HIPA = heparin-induced platelet aggregation; HIT = heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; HITT = heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis; IgG = immunoglobulin G; INR = international normalized ratio; IU/ml = international units per milliliter; IV = intravenous; LMWH = low-molecular-weight heparin; PF4 = platelet factor 4; RBC = red blood cell; SC = subcutaneous; SRA = serotonin release assay; UFH = unfractionated heparin.
Bead fusion in polystyrene foams

A quantitative technique has been developed to measure the extent of fusion between expanded beads in molded polystyrene foams. Experiments were conducted with ASTM D638 tensile test specimens that were molded under conditions to produce various levels of bead fusion in the foam. The tensile properties of the foam for various levels of bead fusion were measured according to ASTM D638 standards. The fracture surfaces of the tensile specimens were analysed by quantitative image analysis techniques to measure the degree of bead fusion in the sample. This technique was then used on a commercial pattern to map the variations in bead fusion at numerous locations in the molded part. The results indicate that there is a good correlation between the tensile properties and the measured bead fusion. Significant variations in bead fusion may be present in a single molded part.
Marital Status and Sexual Orientation Discrimination in Infertility Care

This article explores the legal and clinical obstacles gay and lesbian couples and single individuals face when they attempt to have children with the use of assisted reproduction. These groups face statutory and other legal barriers to accessing assisted reproductive technology. They also encounter barriers to access in the clinical setting. This study reveals the enduring nature of reproductive technology as a site within which disputes over who should be permitted to become parents through technological means continue to rage.
Outcomes of Patients with Recurrent and Refractory Lymphoma Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation with BEAM Conditioning and Sirolimus- and Tacrolimus-Based GVHD Prophylaxis

ABSTRACT The current standard of care for patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is high-dose conditioning followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). For some patients (ie, those with highest-risk disease, insufficient stem cell numbers after mobilization, or bone marrow involvement) allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) offers the potential for cure. However, the majority of patients undergoing alloHCT receive reduced-intensity conditioning as a preparative regimen, and studies assessing outcomes of patients after alloHCT with myeloablative conditioning are limited. In this retrospective study, we reviewed outcomes of 22 patients with recurrent and refractory NHL who underwent alloHCT with myeloablative BEAM conditioning and received tacrolimus/sirolimus as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis at City of Hope between 2005 and 2018. With a median follow-up of 2.6 years (range, 1.0 to 11.2 years), the probabilities of 2-year overall survival and event-free survival were 58.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 35.0% to 75.8%) and 45.5% (95% CI, 24.4% to 64.3%), respectively. The cumulative incidence of grade II to IV acute GVHD was 45.5% (95% CI, 23.8% to 64.9%), with only 1 patient developing grade IV acute GVHD. However, chronic GVHD was seen in 55% of the patients (n = 12). Of the 22 eligible patients, 2 had undergone previous ASCT and 2 had undergone previous alloHCT. Both patients with previous ASCT developed severe regimen-related toxicity. Patients who underwent alloHCT with chemorefractory disease had lower survival rates, with 1-year OS and EFS of 44.4% and 33.0%, respectively. In conclusion, alloHCT with a BEAM preparative regimen and tacrolimus/sirolimus-based GVHD should be considered as an alternative option for patients with highest-risk lymphoma whose outcomes are expectedly poor after ASCT.
Development of a respiratory disease model for enterovirus D68 in 4-week-old mice for evaluation of antiviral therapies.

Abstract Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a non-polio enterovirus that affects the respiratory system and can cause serious complications, especially in children and older people with weakened immune systems. As an emerging virus, there are no current antiviral therapies or vaccines available. Our goal was to develop a mouse model of human EV-D68 infection that mimicked the disease observed in humans and could be used for evaluation of experimental therapeutics. This is the first report of a respiratory disease model for EV-D68 infection in mice. We adapted the virus by 30 serial passages in AG129 mice, which are deficient in IFN- α/β and –γ receptors. Despite a lack of weight loss or mortality in mice, lung function measured by plethysmography, showed an increase in enhanced pause (Penh) on days 6 and 7 post-infection. In addition, as virus adapted to mice, virus titer in the lungs increased 50-fold, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines MCP-1 and RANTES increased 15-fold and 2-fold in the lung, respectively. In addition, a time course of mouse-adapted EV-D68 infection was determined in lung, blood, liver, kidney, spleen, leg muscle, spinal cord and brain. Virus in the lung replicated rapidly after intranasal inoculation of adapted virus, 106 CCID50/mL by 4 h and 108.3 CCID50/mL by 24 h. Virus then spread to the blood and other tissues, including spinal cord and brain. This mouse model for EV-D68 infection includes enhanced pause (Penh) as an indicator of morbidity, and viremia, virus titers and proinflammatory cytokines in the lung, and lung histopathology as indicators of disease. Our mouse-adapted virus has a similar antiviral profile to the original isolate as well as another respiratory picornavirus, rhinovirus-14. This model will be valuable in evaluating experimental therapies in the future.
Development of a technology for the fabrication of Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes at BNL

Abstract Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors are gathering interest in the High-Energy Physics community thanks to their fast-timing and radiation-hardness properties. One example of this includes plans to exploit timing detectors for the upgrades of the ATLAS and CMS detectors at the High Luminosity LHC . This new technology has also raised interest for its possible application for photon detection in medical physics, imaging and photon science. The main characteristic of this type of device is a thin and highly-doped layer that provides internal and moderate gain, in the order of 10–20, that enhances the signal amplitude. Furthermore the thin substrate, of only few tens of microns, allows for fast carrier collection. This paper offers details on the fabrication technology, specifically developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory for the detection of minimum ionizing particles. The static electrical characterization and the gain measurements on prototypes will be also reported.
System Identification of Large-Scale Bridges Using Target-Tracking Digital Image Correlation

This paper characterizes the extensive research activities conducted in the Earthquake Engineering Laboratory of University of Nevada, Reno, in the field of dynamic monitoring and system identification of three 1/3-scale two-span bridges. The first part of the study briefly presents the verification of target-tracking Digital Image Correlation (DIC) results as compared to conventional sensors, e.g. string potentiometers and triaxial accelerometers from one of the three bridge tests. Structural system identification is presented in the second part for the other two bridges with focus on determining structural model parameters based on the DIC measured response data. All bridges were tested under bidirectional earthquake loading using the multiple shake table array. However, the system identification used data collected from the white noise runs before and after the seismic tests. A quasi-linear response of the system was assumed because of the low intensity white noise base excitation, and the modal parameters were estimated accordingly. Using the structural vibration data recorded by target-tracking DIC at various locations on the bridges, five system identification methods were applied to analyze the modal parameters of the tested bridges. The results were used to estimate the frequency, damping ratio, and mode shapes, of the bridges in two states. The initial state is before seismic testing and the end state is the damaged state after the completion of the seismic tests. The results show that the applied methods provide a reasonable estimate of the natural frequency and damping ratio of the bridge systems in the original and damaged states.
Selective and confined epitaxial growth development for novel nano-scale electronic and photonic device structures

Selectively growing epitaxial material in confined dielectric structures has been explored recently as a pathway to integrate highly mismatched materials on silicon substrates. This approach involves the fabrication of a channel-like structure of dielectric material that from the growth atmosphere reaches down to a small exposed area of the substrate where subsequent growth via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) initiates. The technique, referred to as template assisted selective epitaxy, can also enable the development of novel nanoscale photonic and electronic device structures because of its ability to allow epitaxy to progress in a direction, final size, and aspect ratio defined by the dielectric template, and allows integration of horizontal heterojunction inside the channel. To date, most confined epitaxy work has been detailed on silicon. Due to the reduced chemical and thermal stability of InP compared to Si, additional steps for surface preparation are required. In this work, two different fabrication routes are described on InP substrates: one involving amorphous silicon as a sacrificial layer and deposited SiO2 as top oxide, while the other involves spin coated photoresist and hydrogen-silsesquioxane sourced SiOx. Both routes, leading to similar template structures, are demonstrated and discussed. Homoepitaxy of InP in both types of templates and the integration of an InAs horizontal heterojunction are demonstrated via MOCVD. An increase in growth rate with decreasing template length, increasing template width, and decreasing pattern density is observed.Selectively growing epitaxial material in confined dielectric structures has been explored recently as a pathway to integrate highly mismatched materials on silicon substrates. This approach involves the fabrication of a channel-like structure of dielectric material that from the growth atmosphere reaches down to a small exposed area of the substrate where subsequent growth via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) initiates. The technique, referred to as template assisted selective epitaxy, can also enable the development of novel nanoscale photonic and electronic device structures because of its ability to allow epitaxy to progress in a direction, final size, and aspect ratio defined by the dielectric template, and allows integration of horizontal heterojunction inside the channel. To date, most confined epitaxy work has been detailed on silicon. Due to the reduced chemical and thermal stability of InP compared to Si, additional steps for surface preparation are required. In this work, two dif...
Determination of the normalized surface height autocorrelation function of a two-dimensional randomly rough dielectric surface by the inversion of light scattering data in p-polarization

The contribution to the mean differential reflection coefficient from the in-plane, co-polarized scattering of p- polarized light from a two-dimensional randomly rough dielectric surface is used to invert scattering data to obtain the normalized surface height autocorrelation function of the surface. Within phase perturbation theory this contribution to the mean differential reflection coefficient possesses singularities (poles) when the polar scattering angle θs equals ±θB= ± tan-1√E, where E is the dielectric constant of the dielectric medium and θB is the Brewster angle. Nevertheless, we show in this paper that if the mean differential reflection coefficient is measured only in the angular range |θs| < θB, these data can be inverted to yield accurate results for the normalized surface height correlation function for weakly rough surfaces. Several parameterized forms of this correlation function, and the minimization of a cost function with respect to the parameters defining these representations, are used in the inversion scheme. This approach also yields the rms height of the surface roughness, and the dielectric constant of the scattering medium if it is not known in advance. The input data used in this minimization procedure consist of computer simulation results for surfaces defined by exponential and Gaussian surface height correlation functions, without and with the addition of multiplicative noise. The proposed inversion scheme is computationally efficient.
Abstract #3958: Role of epidermal growth factor receptor-induced cell cycle progression in radiation sensitization

Sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation therapy is a critical determinant of outcome in the treatment of many cancers. Recent advances in the field of signal transduction have suggested a key role for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in radiation sensitivity. It is a widely accepted principle in radiation biology that there is phase-specific variability in radiation sensitivity; since both EGFR inhibitors and radiation can induce cell cycle arrest, cell cycle status deserves careful consideration in the optimization of combined treatment with EGFR inhibitors with radiation. Furthermore, it is known that even within a single tumor there are areas of proliferating cells as well as resting cells, and their respective responses to EGFR inhibition combined with radiation is unknown. We sought to determine the effects of radiation on resting and logarithmically proliferating cultured cells and found that resting cells are significantly more sensitive to ionizing radiation than logarithmically proliferating cells in culture. We performed cell cycle analysis before and after irradiation in both culture conditions and found that a significantly greater number of G1 cells in confluence-arrested culture progressed through the cell cycle after irradiation than proliferating cells. Because EGFR-ERK signaling has been implicated in G1\#8594;S transition, we analyzed the role of EGFR and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) in radiation-induced activation of cell cycle progression in confluence-arrested cells. We found that in confluence-arrested cells, EGFR and ERK activation resulted in progression to S-phase. Inhibition of this activation blocked S-phase progression and protected cells from radiation-induced death, the effects being especially pronounced for EGFR inhibition. In a control system using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which lack endogenous EGFR expression, exogenously expressed EGFR also became activated in confluence-arrested cells, which led to radiation-induced cell death. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel phenomenon of radiation-induced increase in cell death in confluence-arrested cells involving the EGFR and ERK pathways. This work may have important implications for the rational design of clinical trials optimizing treatment schedule in the combination of EGFR inhibitors with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 3958.
Language and Latino immigrants living with spina bifida: Social determinants of health - the missing dimension in quality of life research.

Purpose Aware of the higher birth prevalence of spina bifida (SB) among Hispanics/Latinos, we aimed to appraise the literature as it relates to cultural context through a review of quality of life (QOL) studies conducted among individuals with SB in order to improve care among immigrant families. Methods A systematic review was conducted consistent with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The inclusion criteria were: (1) children and adolescents (5-21 years of age) with SB and/or myelomeningocele; (2) quantitative studies; (3) health-related QOL outcome measured by validated instrument determinants; and (4) US-based studies. Articles meeting inclusion criteria were assessed using the focused conceptual framework informing the study (i.e., social determinants of health). Results Eighteen studies met inclusion criteria, with eight different QOL instruments represented. The majority of studies used generic assessments of QOL (72%), two reported the use of both a generic and a SB-specific QOL measure (11%), and three (17%) documented QOL utilizing a SB-specific validated instrument. Only seven (39%) of the studies stated that they included Hispanics/Latinos and only six (33%) reported including Spanish-speaking individuals. Conclusions QOL in individuals with SB is mediated by a wide-range of interrelated factors. In order to better serve this vulnerable population as they transition across the lifespan, multilingual condition-specific QOL measures need to be further developed and implemented among Hispanic/Latino individuals with SB, especially those who are recent immigrants.
Testing Clinical Skills: A Look at the OSCE and USMLE Clinical Skills Exams

The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) was introduced in the mid-1970s as a method of testing students' clinical skills with more objectivity. The University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine (USD SSOM) administered its first OSCE to third year students in 1996. At a national level, the U.S. Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) incorporated clinical skills testing for all medical students in the form of Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS) in 2004. The USMLE Step 2 CS exam has both proponents and opponents, but at this time will continue to be used. The USD SSOM OSCE has evolved over the years to include standardized patients, simulations, and note writing in an effort to better assess students and prepare them for Step 2 CS. Currently, the USD SSOM OSCE administered at the end of Pillar 2 is a requirement for graduation. The formal OSCE committee works diligently throughout the year to provide students with ample opportunity to prepare them for success. A significant ongoing part of student preparation is the clinical training that they receive in the offices of dedicated community preceptors.
Testing the Limits and Breakdown of the Nonacceleration Theorem for Orographic Stationary Waves

AbstractThe nonacceleration theorem states that the torque exerted on the atmosphere by orography is exactly balanced by the convergence of momentum by the stationary waves that the orography excit...
Considerations of Dissociation, Betrayal Trauma, and Complex Trauma in the Treatment of Incest

Child sexual abuse committed by a parent (incest) is related to particularly severe physical and psychological symptoms across the life span. Incest is associated with low self-esteem, self-loathing, feelings of contamination, worthlessness, and helplessness, as well as somatization and low self-efficacy. A child's negative constructions often are attempts to derive some meaning that justifies the incest, such as, "it is because of my badness that it happens to me." Survival often involves voluntary or involuntary disconnection from self, others, and the environment, or compartmentalization of the traumatic experiences. Dissociation with survivors of child abuse, especially when the perpetrators are from within the child's caregiver system, can be accounted for by the concept of betrayal trauma. However, with few exceptions, little appears in the literature integrating dissociation, betrayal trauma, complex trauma, and incest for the purpose of treatment. Our purpose of this review to examine the relationship between trauma-related dissociation, betrayal trauma, and complex trauma, and how understanding these concepts and their relationship can inform the treatment of incest.
Preliminary Documented Recovery Patterns and Observations from Video Cataloged Data of the 2011 Joplin, Missouri, Tornado

AbstractThe 2011 Joplin, Missouri, tornado was one of the deadliest and costliest tornadoes in US history, damaging approximately 8,000 structures and causing more than $2 billion in economic damag...
Versatile Diffractive Flat Optics

Recently, we have shown that allowing the phase in the image plane of a flat lens to be a free parameter enables imaging properties of unprecedented versatility in flat, multilevel diffractive lenses through careful design of different diffractive surfaces. The properties we have shown in such flat lenses include super-achromaticity, extreme depth-of-focus and high numerical aperture. These flat lenses can be easily fabricated using one-step grayscale lithography.
Political Economy of Development: Past, Present and Future

The global economy is at a crossroads. As countries struggle to find solutions for slowing economic growth and languishing development prospects, received wisdom on development is increasingly coming under scrutiny. What is development? What are the factors that dictate its success or failure? Why have so many countries not managed to achieve overall developmental goals despite decades of policy intervention? This course is designed to address many of these questions and will focus on developing a critical understanding amongst students regarding: (a) the confluence of factors that jointly account for development, and the variety of interactions between them; (b) the political determinants of development: the state, markets, and governance regimes; (c) the central role of institutions in explaining under-development, with implications for reframing policies and frameworks; (d) along with an exploration of alternative ways of thinking about development triumphs and failures of the past. It will begin by giving the students a broad view on the political economy of development, which refers to the economic, legal, political, social and other factors that affect development in different contexts. It will then focus on unpacking the ideas, theories and frameworks that have influenced the way scholars, policy makers and analysts think of development over the course of the past century, and how these have shaped the emergence and the construction of the international economic order. By reviewing the undercurrents that led to the formation of key international institutions, and the dominant policy prescriptions that followed, the course will critically analyse the observed trajectories of countries that managed to catch-up, and those that did not, with a view to deconstructing what worked, and what did not, in different contexts, and how that can inform our view of the future. The course is designed as a ten-week course (40 hours in total), with two guest speakers.
The Intersection of Identities of LGBT Elders: Race, Age, Sexuality, and Care Network

This chapter focuses on the complexity of human identity by considering the multifaceted and intertwined relationships between sexuality, gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and age, as well as other aspects of one’s social and personal identity. To assist in illuminating our understanding of these relationships, the structural, political, and social factors that contribute to social inequality experienced by LGBT elders situated at the multidimensional intersections of different races, ethnicities, socioeconomic status (SES), sexes, and sexualities are explored. By simultaneously considering the multiplicity and fluidity of identity and exposing the diversity of experiences of LGBT elders, we are able to underscore some of the many reasons for extant research involving sexual minorities which must be carefully and critically evaluated.
Fatty acids in mountain gorilla diets: implications for primate nutrition and health.

Little is known about the fatty acid composition of foods eaten by wild primates. A total of 18 staple foods that comprise 97% of the annual dietary intake of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei) were analyzed for fatty acid concentrations. Fruits and herbaceous leaves comprise the majority of the diet, with fruits generally having a higher mean percentage of fat (of dry matter; DM), as measured by ether extract (EE), than herbaceous leaves (13.0% ± SD 13.0% vs. 2.3 ± SD 0.8%). The mean daily EE intake by gorillas was 3.1% (DM). Fat provided ≈14% of the total dietary energy intake, and ≈22% of the dietary non-protein energy intake. Saturated fatty acids accounted for 32.4% of the total fatty acids in the diet, while monounsaturated fatty acids accounted for 12.5% and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) accounted for 54.6%. Both of the two essential PUFA, linoleic acid (LA, n-6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, n-3), were found in all of the 17 staple foods containing crude fat and were among the three most predominant fatty acids in the diet: LA (C18:2n-6) (30.3%), palmitic acid (C16:0) (23.9%), and ALA (C18:3n-3) (21.2%). Herbaceous leaves had higher concentrations of ALA, while fruit was higher in LA. Fruits provided high amounts of fatty acids, especially LA, in proportion to their intake due to the higher fat concentrations; despite being low in fat, herbaceous leaves provided sufficient ALA due to the high intake of these foods. As expected, we found that wild mountain gorillas consume a diet lower in EE, than modern humans. The ratio of LA:ALA was 1.44, closer to agricultural paleolithic diets than to modern human diets. Am. J. Primatol. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of consumer embarrassment on shopping basket size and value: A study of the millennial consumer

This paper examines how the emotion of embarrassment affects shopping behavior in a retail setting. In a series of three studies, we explore the phenomenon of “masking,” which is defined as a coping strategy used by shoppers when experiencing embarrassment related to a purchase task. Study 1 provides consumer insights into masking behaviors among Millennials. Study 2 empirically examines degrees of anticipated embarrassment associated with purchasing a variety of personal care products and uses a controlled experiment to test the impact of embarrassment on the size of the shopping basket (number of items purchased) and the value of the shopping basket. Study 3 examines basket size and value with respect to complementary and counterbalancing products, and compares Millennial with non-Millennial consumers. Collectively, this research indicates that both Millennial and non-Millennials use masking as a coping strategy for a variety of products due to anticipated embarrassment, translating into enhanced basket sizes and values. This effect appears to be moderated by one's innate susceptibility to embarrassment. This study contributes to our understanding of how the emotion of embarrassment influences shopping basket composition in terms of its value and size. It also provides insightful findings relevant to retail practitioners. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anteriority and justification: Pragmatic functions of the We x-qatal form indirect speech in the book of Genesis

Recognizing that scholarship has long struggled with the so-called "freeness" of Hebrew word order in direct speech, this study seeks to demonstrate that the primary pragmatic functions of the wex-qatal form within direct speech in classical biblical Hebrew are justification and anteriority. Examining the issues of word order and the syntactical opposition between the wayyiqtol and wex-qatal, the work concludes by presenting numerous examples of both functions in Genesis texts. The implications of the study are an improved understanding of clausal relationships within direct speech and improved translations and interpretations of these passages.
Equivalence of the Mediation, Confounding and Suppression Effect

This paper describes the statistical similarities among mediation, confounding, and suppression. Each is quantified by measuring the change in the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable after adding a third variable to the analysis. Mediation and confounding are identical statistically and can be distinguished only on conceptual grounds. Methods to determine the confidence intervals for confounding and suppression effects are proposed based on methods developed for mediated effects. Although the statistical estimation of effects and standard errors is the same, there are important conceptual differences among the three types of effects.
Bonding agents and adhesives.

Development of molecules which will adhere to tooth structure is a high-priority area of dental research. Although enamel and dentin present formidable obstacles to adhesive mechanisms, there is substantial progress in the formulation of agents which are already altering certain procedures, such as the conservative restoration of the erosion lesion. These materials are evaluated with particular attention to dentin bond agents and the glass-ionomer system. The latter is of particular interest due to its proved biocompatibility, fluoride leach, and bonding capability. The exact status of dentin bond agents based on phosphonates remains controversial, and the possible reasons for the divergent data are discussed.
Pulmonary Tuberous Sclerosis

We describe the clinical presentation, pulmonary function tests, chest radiograph, and computed tomography findings, response to hormonal treatment, and duration of survival of nine patients with pulmonary involvement in tuberous sclerosis complex with follow-up over an average of 17 years (range, 1 to 35 years) since diagnosis. All patients were female, and the average age at onset of symptoms was 16 years (range, 3 months to 39 years); pulmonary symptoms did not develop until an average age of 33 years (range, 22 to 46 years). There was an average delay of 8 years before the correct diagnosis was made. The most common presenting clinical features were seizures, pneumothorax, bleeding into a renal angiomyolipoma, dyspnea, and typical skin changes. Pulmonary function tests commonly demonstrated obstruction to airflow and reduced single-breath diffusing capacity. Chest radiograph and computed tomography characteristically demonstrated diffuse interstitial infiltrates with cystic changes. Two asymptomatic patients with mild pulmonary involvement have remained in stable condition without hormonal therapy. The remaining seven patients had moderate to severe airflow obstruction; of these, five underwent hormonal therapy. Three patients had a clinical response to treatment. Two patients who did not receive hormonal treatment died of progressive respiratory failure. Most patients with pulmonary involvement in tuberous sclerosis have a slowly declining clinical course. Although the available data are limited, they suggest that a trial of hormonal therapy is recommended both for symptomatic patients and for those with declining pulmonary function. Tuberous sclerosis complex should be suspected in all patients with the diagnosis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
Pretreatment cue reactivity predicts end-of-treatment smoking

Although a substantial body of literature has established a relationship between cue reactivity and theoretically relevant addiction variables, the association with treatment process variables remains largely unexplored. In the current investigation, 62 smokers participated in a smoking cue reactivity study, and subsequently enrolled in a smoking cessation program. Hierarchical regressions revealed mean heart rate during the cue presentation phase of the laboratory-based assessment predicted final session smoking rate and expired CO level. Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire score also predicted final session smoking rate. To the extent that rate reduction serves as an index of treatment progress, it may be of value in future cue reactivity research.
Two-step TCRζ/CD3-CD4 and CD28 signaling in T cells: SH2/SH3 domains, protein-tyrosine and lipid kinases

A central question in T-cell immunity concerns the nature of intracellular signaling from the antigen receptor, the CD4/CD8 co-receptors and the CD28 antigen. Since the original discovery that T-cell receptors such as CD4 can interact with intracellular protein-tyrosine kinases such as p56lck, remarkable progress has been made in deciphering the signaling pathways that control T-cell growth and immune function. Here, Christopher Rudd and colleagues examine the role of protein-tyrosine kinases, SH2/SH3 domains and lipid kinases in the generation of signals from the TCR zeta/CD3 complex and the CD28 antigen.
Air Travel: Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Jet Lag

Air travel is a common mode of transportation in today's society, particularly for individuals traveling long distances. Sleep disturbances associated with air travel frequently result in cognitive and physiologic impairments that may be detrimental to the traveler's experience and intent. A primary consequence of air travel is the development of acute sleep deprivation, which may result in reduced attention/vigilance, alteration in mood states, diminished memory processing, and alteration in executive function. Along with and contributing to acute sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm misalignment resulting in jet lag disorder (JLD) is frequently encountered by air travelers traversing multiple time zones. JLD is characterized by insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness associated with physical or mental impairment associated with travel. This review focuses on the neurocognitive manifestations of acute sleep deprivation and the pathophysiology and treatment of JLD to provide the practicing clinician a greater understanding of the sleep abnormalities manifest in air travelers. Treatment recommendations for the traveler, including the use of light/melatonin therapy, sleep scheduling, and pharmacologic aids for both sleep and alertness, are provided.
Raman Characterization of Nanoparticle Transport in Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices (μPADs).

There is great interest in the use of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) for low-cost diagnostics. In this contribution, we illustrate the utility of Raman spectral imaging for both μPAD characterization and for quantification of the transport of applied reagents and analytes within these devices. We evaluated the transport of nanoscale particles within μPADs using a suite of differentially functionalized gold (AuNP) and silver (AgNP) nanoparticles with diameters of 8–64 nm. Nanoparticle transport within the cellulose matrix was characterized by collection of both Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) spectral maps that enabled differentiation of cellulose fibers and characterization of analyte deposition patterns. The transport of citrate (cit), BSA, PEG, PVP, and DNA functionalized AuNP and AgNP in wax-printed μPADs was primarily affected by nanoparticle surface chemistry rather than particle size or core composition. Sample pH (3–10) influenced the transport of 15 nm BSA...
An Empirical CDF Approach to Estimate the Significance of Gene Ranking for Finding Differentially Expressed Genes

This paper proposes a procedure for finding significance of gene ranking. The microarray data usually has a large number of genes that are not differentially expressed across multiple conditions. In microarray analysis, it is a common practice to first discard these genes as uninformative based on some filtering criterion. This filtering process results in the information loss as the uninformative genes may be used to construct an empirical distribution of genes under the null hypothesis. The distribution of the non-differentially expressed genes is complex and may be regarded as a mixture of distributions. The null hypothesis is that the gene is not differentially expressed. The significance of the differentially expressed genes therefore may be estimated by using the empirical distribution function of the large number of insignificant genes. The proposed method is efficient, less computation intensive and may be applied on microarray datasets of any sample size.
A new extended-release formulation of diltiazem HCl for the treatment of mild-to-moderate hypertension

Calcium-channel blockers are a safe and effective treatment modality and have been used extensively in the treatment of angina and hypertension. Dilacor XR capsules, a new extended-release formulation of diltiazem, has been developed for the treatment of hypertension. Dilacor XR (Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals Inc., Collegeville, PA) uses a novel drug delivery system, the Geomatrix (JAGO Research AG, Zollikon, Switzerland) controlled-release system, to deliver diltiazem at a constant rate for 24 hours. The rate of absorption is also slower. As doses of Dilacor XR were increased from 120 mg to 540 mg/day, there were disproportionate increases observed in area under the curve, maximum peak plasma concentration, minimum peak plasma concentration, and average peak plasma concentration. The efficacy data from two clinical trials have confirmed the established efficacy of diltiazem and the 24-hour efficacy of Dilacor XR in the control of mild-to-moderate hypertension. The incidence of adverse effects with Dilacor XR in doses as high as 540 mg/day was generally comparable to that of placebo. This new extended-release formulation of diltiazem should significantly facilitate blood pressure control because of better patient compliance with a once daily regimen.
Quality Control in Manufacture

THE note in NATURE of April 11, p. 408, on “Quality Control in Manufacture”, repeats an error made in the article on which the note is based. Prof. R. A. Fisher has made many notable contributions to statistical theory and practice, and his elegant analysis of variance may possibly be considered the outstanding contribution of the century, but I think he would be the last to agree with the statement made in the opening phrases of the second sentence of the note. The theoretical foundations on which the control charts for averages of samples is based have been long known, and those for control charts for measures of variability have been laid by the work of British statisticians other than Prof. Fisher.
Use of a model of photosynthesis and leaf microenvironment to predict optimal stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen partitioning

Abstract. A model of photosynthesis (PGEN) is presented. The model assumes that optimal use is made of the leaf nitrogen available for partitioning between the carboxylase and thylakoid components. This results in predictions of Rubisco and chlorophyll concentrations very similar to those measured elsewhere. A function is incorporated which represents the detrimental effects of negative leaf water potentials on the Calvin cycle, producing a quantitative and mechanistic trade-off between CO2 entering, and H2O leaving, the leaf. Thus, an optimal stomatal conductance and associated internal partial pressure of CO2 exists for any given set of environmental conditions. The model calculates this optimal state for the leaf, which is its output. The model was subjected to changes in the following parameters: soil water potential, irradiance, ambient CO2 partial pressure, leaf temperature, leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, leaf nitrogen content, root dry weight and leaf width. These perturbations resulted in changes in predicted optimal conductance which were very similar to what has been observed. In general, as the capacity of the leaf to fix CO2 increased, so did the predicted optimal conductance, with the internal partial pressure of CO2 being maintained close to 22Pa.
A stochastic regression approach to analyzing thermodynamic uncertainty in chemical speciation modeling.

Chemical speciation modeling is a vital tool for assessing the bioavailability of inorganic species, yet significant uncertainties in thermodynamic parameters and model form limit its potential for...