cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the rare earth contribution to the magnetic anisotropy in RCo5 and R2Co17 compounds

Abstract An attempt has been made to treat the rare earth contribution to the magnetocrystalline anisotropy in RCo5 and R2Co17 compounds with a single ion model using a Hamiltonian of the form: H= B 2 0 O 2 0 +gμ B J·H ex Hex is regarded as arising mainly from the cobalt sublattice. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for the above Hamiltonian were obtained when the exchange field is perpendicular to the c-axis and compared with those when it is parallel to the c-axis. For values of Hex estimated from experiment it is found that the sign of B20 determines the direction preference of the rare earth sublattice magnetization. Comparison of theory with experiment shows that the correct sign of B20 can be predicted on the point charge model considering only the effect of rare earth nearest neighbors. The calculations also predict that the quantity |K1R(0) + K2R(0)| is nearly equal to the crystal field overall splitting (CFOAS) determined in the absence of exchange and is independent of the magnitude of the exchange field, provided that the exchange field is sufficiently large. The temperature dependence of |K1R + K2R| has also been calculated and found to agree semiquantitatively with available experimental results.
What is “Support” in Supportive Housing: Client and Service Providers’ Perspectives

Supportive housing programs are proposed as a way of increasing housing access and stability for the chronically homeless, improving access to needed services, and decreasing vulnerability to HIV and other diseases. Little is known about residents' understandings of and experiences with different models of supportive housing and how they fit within residents' broader strategies to maintain housing. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 23 residents and 10 service providers from nine different supportive housing programs in Hartford, Connecticut. Data analysis explored residents' perceptions of and experiences with supportive housing programs in the context of strategies to access resources and receive emotional, financial, and other forms of support. Themes of independence, coercion, and choice pervaded participants' narratives of their experiences accessing services. Concerns with privacy influenced the types of relationships residents formed with program staff and clients. Findings illustrate the need for more ethnographic studies of how supportive housing services are delivered by community agencies and accessed by clients.
Cognitive consilience: Primate non-primary neuroanatomical circuits underlying cognition

Interactions between the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and basal ganglia form the basis of cognitive information processing in the mammalian brain. Understanding the principles of neuroanatomical organization in these structures is critical to understanding the functions they perform and ultimately how the human brain works. We have manually distilled and synthesized hundreds of primate neuroanatomy facts into a single interactive visualization. The resulting picture represents the fundamental neuroanatomical blueprint upon which cognitive functions must be implemented. Within this framework we hypothesize and detail 7 functional circuits corresponding to psychological perspectives on the brain: consolidated long-term declarative memory, short-term declarative memory, working memory/information processing, behavioral memory selection, behavioral memory output, cognitive control, and cortical information flow regulation. Each circuit is described in terms of distinguishable neuronal groups including the cerebral isocortex (9 pyramidal neuronal groups), parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus, thalamus (4 neuronal groups), basal ganglia (7 neuronal groups), metencephalon, basal forebrain and other subcortical nuclei. We focus on neuroanatomy related to primate non-primary cortical systems to elucidate the basis underlying the distinct homotypical cognitive architecture. To dis- play the breadth of this review, we introduce a novel method of integrating and presenting data in multiple independent visualizations: an interactive website (www.cognitiveconsilience.com) and standalone iPhone and iPad applications. With these tools we present a unique, annotated view of neuroanatomical consilience (integration of knowledge).
Measurements of Flowfield Properties in a Gasdynamic Laser Nozzle Wake

Detailed measurements were made in the nonreacting (cold-flow) wake of a gasdynamic laser (GDL) nozzle array to provide flowfield data with which to evaluate theoretical GDL fluid mechanical models and numerical prediction schemes. Pitot pressure, stagnation temperature, and static pressure measurements were made across the wake and along the wake centerline at twelve streamwise locations and at two nozzle Reynolds numbers. Redundant static pressure measurements were made to identify and correct any probe interference errors caused by the small dimensional wake scales. Pitot measurements across the GDL nozzle boundary layer were included to provide information on the initial conditions to the wake, and hot wires were used to identify the regions of the wake where turbulence exists. Measured wake centerline static pressures were observed to be as much as 40% higher than wake edge static pressures. Turbulent wake centerline data and lateral wake profiles showed good agreement with predictions from an existing linearized similarity theory for turbulent GDL wakes. Measurements in a transitional wake indicated that transition begins near the wake edge and moves toward the wake centerline as Reynolds number is increased. Centerline flow properties observed in the transitional wake could not be predicted by transitional linearized similarity theory.
Ontogeny of the retina and optic nerve in Xenopus laevis. II. Ontogeny of the optic fiber pattern in the retina.

The ontogeny of optic fiber patterns within the Xenopus laevis retina has been studied in silver-stained serial sections and whole mounts. Ganglion cell axons (“pioneers”) appear much earlier than previously recognized, at Nieuwkoop-Faber ('56) Stage 28. Fibers fasciculate into bundles as they arise in the retina and reach the chiasma by NF Stage 32. Because the retina grows in rings at its margins, ganglion cell axons differentiate at the periphery and join the nearest fiber bundles (fascicles) to reach the optical disc. A radial fascicle pattern develops by Stage X (Grant et al., '80) within the optic fiber layer of the retina and acts as a template of pathways that lead all later appearing fibers out of the retina. Since the retina grows asymmetrically along its dorso-ventral axis, the fascicle pattern develops asymmetrically, with dorsal quadrant fascicles forming an arcuate pattern in contrast to shorter, thicker ventral quadrant fascicles. The growth pattern of the retina and the “principle” of fiber following suggest that ‘positional information’ is acquired by ganglion cells according to a system of polar coordinates (MacDonald, '77). A radial distance “r” from the center is determined temporally by ganglion cell birthday and an angular value “TH” is given by the angular position of the fascicle followed by its axons to the optical disc. Wedges of ganglion cells send their axons into a common fascicle which retains its integrity as it leaves the retina at the optic disc. This pattern of optic fiber development suggests a model for retino-topic ordering of the optic fiber projection in Xenopus, with the fascicle acting as the “pattern-forming unit of connectivity.”.
Engineering drawing processing and vectorization system

Abstract This paper presents the methods for preprocessing and vectorizing scan digitized images of engineering drawings for transferring the resulting data to commercially available CAD/CAM systems. The preprocessing steps include noise removal, void filling, image segmentation, line thinning, and contour extraction. Algorithms for raster-to-vector conversion capable of recognizing and fitting straight line segments, circles, arcs, and conic sections are presented along with results obtained from images of machine drawings.
Error back propagation for sequence training of Context-Dependent Deep NetworkS for conversational speech transcription

We investigate back-propagation based sequence training of Context-Dependent Deep-Neural-Network HMMs, or CD-DNN-HMMs, for conversational speech transcription. Theoretically, sequence training integrates with backpropagation in a straight-forward manner. However, we find that to get reasonable results, heuristics are needed that point to a problem with lattice sparseness: The model must be adjusted to the updated numerator lattices by additional iterations of frame-based cross-entropy (CE) training; and to avoid distortions from “runaway” models, we can either add artificial silence arcs to the denominator lattices, or smooth the sequence objective with the frame-based one (F-smoothing). With the 309h Switchboard training set, the MMI objective achieves a relative word-error rate reduction of 11-15% over CE for matched test sets, and 10-17% for mismatched ones. This includes gains of 4-7% from realigned CE iterations. The BMMI and sMBR objectives gain less. With 2000h of data, gains are 2-9% after realigned CE iterations. Using GPGPUs, MMI is about 70% slower than CE training.
Isotopic Tracer Studies of Propane Reactions on H−ZSM5 Zeolite

Reactions of 13C-labeled alkanes show that chain growth and cyclization reactions on H−ZSM5 require the initial formation of the corresponding alkene and its extensive participation in rapid oligomerization/β-scission reactions before cyclization occurs. The role of alkene intermediates was established by the initial formation of predominantly unlabeled products from mixtures of propene and propane-2-13C reactants. Aromatic products of propane-2-13C reactions on H−ZSM5 contain similar fractions of 13C-atoms and binomial isotopomer distributions. Sequential formation, rapid intramolecular isomerization, and β-scission reactions of long surface chains must occur during each aromatization turnover in order to form such binomial 13C isotopomer distributions.
Catalytic efficiencies of allelic variants of human glutathione S-transferase Pi in the glutathione conjugation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes

The catalytic efficiencies of the allelic variants of human glutathione (GSH) S-transferase Pi (hGSTP1-1), which differ in their primary structures by the amino acids in positions 104 (isoleucine or valine) and/or 113 (alanine or valine), in the GSH conjugation (detoxification) of acrolein and crotonaldehyde have been determined. The k(cat)/K(m) values for hGSTP1-1 isoforms I104,A113 (IA), I104, V113 (IV), V104,A113 (VA) and V104,V113 (VV) toward acrolein were 129+/-3, 116+/-3, 128+/-4 and 92+/-3 mM(-1) s(-1), respectively. The catalytic efficiencies of the hGSTP1-1 variants IA, IV, and VA in the GSH conjugation of acrolein were statistically significantly higher (at P=0.05) compared with the VV isoform. On the other hand, the catalytic efficiencies of the hGSTP1-1 isoforms IA, IV, VA and VV toward crotonaldehyde (16+/-2, 12+/-1, 17+/-2, and 12+/-2 mM(-1)s(-1), respectively) were not statistically significantly different from each other. Our results suggest that hGSTP1-1 polymorphism may be an important factor in differential susceptibility of individuals to the toxic effects of acrolein, which is a widely spread environmental pollutant and generated endogenously during metabolic activation of anticancer drug cyclophosphamide.
CHANGES IN THE NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF POTATOES DURING HOME PREPARATION: I. PROXIMATE COMPOSITION

The effects of various home cooking methods on the proximate composition of four potato varieties were investigated. The results revealed significant increases in the dry matter content of tubers during oven-baking and microwave cooking. With one exception, cooking unpeeled tubers in boiling water did not significantly alter their proximate composition. Boiling peeled tubers resulted in a significant decrease in the total ash content. Except for one variety, there was a significant decrease in crude fiber in boiled peeled and oven-baked potatoes. Changes in protein values were erratic.
pKa Shifts in Small Molecules and HIV Protease: Electrostatics and Conformation

The generalized Born (GB) approximation is a reasonable electrostatic model that is fast enough for use with extensive conformational sampling. This study combines the GB model with a torsion-space...
Extinction by interstellar grains, Mie particles and polycyclic aromatic molecules.

Interstellar extinction models of classical Mie particles and quantum mechanical polycyclic aromatic molecules
Continua described by a microstructural field

Using a balance law for microforces and an appropriate statement of the second law of thermodynamics, a framework is provided for continuum theories that involve a microstructural variable. Examples of specific physical theories that fall within that framework—spanning internal state-variable theories for plasticity and polymeric solutions, order-parameter based theories for phase transitions, and various theories for liquid crystals-are given.
Exercise for Primary Care

This review discusses physical activity counseling in primary care, including evidence-based perspectives on optimizing the risk-benefit ratio for the majority of patients who are not physically fit.
1737 BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD) AND ITS EFFECTS ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (VO2)

Infants with BPD appear to exert more respiratory effort. We hypothesize that increased respiratory effort may increase resting VO2 in infants with BPD and consequently increase caloric expenditure. Eight infants meeting the following criteria were evaluated: 1) Diagnostic chest roent 2) Prolonged oxygen requirements and 3) Retraction and/or tachypnea. Control infants (n=7) were selected to match for birthweight (±270 grms), gestational age (±1week) and postnatal age (±6 days). Both groups of infants were studied on two separate occassions 5 to 8 days apart. VO2 was measured in the thermal neutral environment using an open circuit flow-through system. Ambient skin and rectal temperatures were controlled to establish similarity in these measurements during corresponding studies. Infants with BPD had a higher respiratory rate (62±9 compared with controls 46±5 (M± SD), p<.001). Resting VO2 in infants with BPD was higher than controls (8.1±1.3 ml/kg/min versus 6.5±0.5 ml/kg/min. p<.001). The estimated caloric intakes were 25% lower in the infant with BPD. Thus, increased resting VO2 and basal caloric needs coupled with reduced caloric intake may contribute to slower growth in infants with BPD. Maximizing caloric intake should be a goal in providing nutrition in these infants.
Importance of media selection in establishment of in vitro-in vivo relationships for quinidine gluconate

Abstract The dissolution profiles of two different commercial formulations of controlled release 324 mg quinidine gluconate tablets were investigated and their bioavailability differences were associated with in vitro results. One of the marketed brands which was not approved by the Food and Drug Administration was alleged by some patients to have no therapeutic effect when taken orally. Dissolution profiles using the paddle method at 100 rpm in different dissolution media revealed wide differences between these two products. The dissolution rates of the two products were significantly different in water, acetate buffer pH 5.4 and phosphate buffer pH 5.4. However, the dissolution profiles were similar for the two products with respect to rate and extent in simulated gastric fluid (no enzymes) and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. Bioavailability data for these two products showed significant differences among various in vivo parameters. A reformulated product with comparable bioavailability to the FDA-approved product also had similar dissolution profiles in the systems studied earlier. These findings confirmed the importance of the screening and judicious selection of dissolution medium as well as the predictive usefulness of a dissolution test in the quality control of sustained (or controlled) released quinidine gluconate formulations.
Thiocapsa floridana; a cytological, physical and chemical characterization. I. Cytology of whole cells and isolated chromatophore membranes.

Abstract The ultrastructure of the purple sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Thiocapsa floridana was examined by chemical fixation and freeze-etching. In addition, we describe two isolation and purification procedures for the chromatophore membranes of T. floridana. During freeze-etching membranes are split along a weak interior zone, resulting in two asymmetric membrane faces. Freeze-etch studies of both whole cells and of isolated membranes, in conjunction with the solubilization and reconstituting of isolated chromatophores, support a subunit membrane model in which protein complexes extend through the entire membrane.
New neoclerodane diterpenoids isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum and their binding affinities for human κ opioid receptors

Abstract Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the leaves of Salvia divinorum has resulted in the isolation of three new neoclerodane diterpenoids: divinatorin D ( 1 ), divinatorin E ( 2 ), and salvinorin G ( 3 ), together with 10 known terpenoids, divinatorin C ( 4 ), hardwickiic acid ( 5 ), salvinorin-A ( 6 ), -B ( 7 ), -C ( 8 ), -D ( 9 ), -E ( 10 ), and -F ( 11 ), presqualene alcohol ( 12 ), and ( E )-phytol ( 13 ). The structures of these three new compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. All these compounds were evaluated for their binding affinities to the human κ opioid receptors. In comparison with divinatorin D ( 1 ), divinatorin E ( 2 ), and salvinorin G ( 3 ), salvinorin A ( 6 ) is still the most potent κ agonist.
Is language acquired through imitation

The role of imitation in language acquisition is examined, including data from the psycholinguistic, operant, and social learning areas. From the psycholinguistic data, four empirical statements have been extracted: (1) there is no evidence that spontaneous imitations of adult speech influence grammatical development, (2) imitation of speech does not appear to occur with frequency beyond age 3 years, (3) speech and hence imitation are not necessary for the comprehension of linguistic structures, and (4) most utterances of a child are novel and therefore could not have been exactly modeled. The first and second propositions are seen to be based on a too restrictive definition of imitation-immediate and exact copying. Selective imitation-a functional relationship involving similarity of a particular form or function of the model's responses-is proposed as an alternative, thus leaving the validity of statements (1) and (2) in question. Concerning assertion (4), certain data from the operant literature are presented as evidence of the compatibility of novel responding and modeling, imitation, and reinforcement. Finally, it is proposed that statement (3) suggests a mechanism by which selective imitation can be understood. A three-stage process is proposed in which comprehension of a grammatical form sets the stage for selective imitation of that structure, which leads in turn to spontaneous production. Thus imitation is a process by which new syntactic structures can be first introduced into the productive mode.
Spurious regressions between stationary generalized long memory processes

Abstract This paper shows that a spurious regression can occur between two stationary generalized fractional processes, as long as their generalized fractional differencing parameters sum up to a value greater than 0.5 and their spectral densities have poles at the same location. This theoretical finding is supported by simulations.
Comment on “Speciation of aqueous palladium(II) chloride solutions using optical spectroscopies” by C. D. Tait, D. R. Janecky, and P. S. Z. Rogers

Abstract Direct experimental evidence, statistical models, and linear free energy relationships indicate that mixed-ligand complex formation is an important aspect of Pd hydrolysis in natural solutions. Within the normal pH range of seawater the dominant hydrolyzed species of Pd(II) is PdCl3OH−2. Comparisons of Pd(II) and Pt(II) chemistry indicate that the equilibrium characteristics of the two metals are quite similar, with Pt(II) forming stronger complexes than Pd(II). Formulations of the solution chemical behavior of metals such as Pd(II) should be viewed in the context of typical stepwise complexation behavior, statistically predicted complexation relationships, and the behavior of chemical analogs such as Pt(II).
Polarity in CdTe single crystals grown from the vapor phase

Large single crystals of CdTe have been grown by the vapor-transport technique. Polar configuration of dislocations has been observed on the (1¯1¯1¯) tellurium surface. The formation of this configuration is attributed to a shear stress acting on a series of {111} planes. This stress, based on a model proposed by Peierls and Nabarro, was calculated to be 1.59×1010 dyn/cm2. It has been reported that the (111) cadmium surface was preferable for growing CdTe single crystals, and a model is proposed to account for this preferential growth.
Growth variation in larval Makaira nigricans

The Atlantic blue marlin Makaira nigricans larvae were collected from Exuma Sound, Bahamas and the Straits of Florida over three summers (2000-2002). Sagittal otoliths were extracted and read under light microscopy to determine relationships between standard length (L S ) and age for larvae from each year and location. Otolith growth trajectories were significantly different between locations: after the first 5-6 days of life, larvae from Exuma Sound grew significantly faster than larvae from the Straits of Florida. Exponential regression coefficients were similar among years for Exuma Sound larvae (mean instantaneous growth rate, G L =0.125), but differed between years for larvae from the Straits of Florida (G L =0.086-0.089). Differences in larval growth rates between locations resulted in a 4-6 mm difference in L S by day 15 of larval life. These differences in growth appeared to be unrelated to mean ambient water temperatures, and may have been caused by location-specific differences in prey composition or availability. Alternatively, population-specific differences in maternal condition may have contributed to these differences in early larval growth.
The high-resolution NMR structure of the early folding intermediate of the Thermus thermophilus ribonuclease H.

Elucidation of the high-resolution structures of folding intermediates is a necessary but difficult step toward the ultimate understanding of the mechanism of protein folding. Here, using hydrogen-exchange-directed protein engineering, we populated the folding intermediate of the Thermus thermophilus ribonuclease H, which forms before the rate-limiting transition state, by removing the unfolded regions of the intermediate, including an α-helix and two β-strands (51 folded residues). Using multidimensional NMR, we solved the structure of this intermediate mimic to an atomic resolution (backbone rmsd, 0.51 A). It has a native-like backbone topology and shows some local deviations from the native structure, revealing that the structure of the folded region of an early folding intermediate can be as well defined as the native structure. The topological parameters calculated from the structures of the intermediate mimic and the native state predict that the intermediate should fold on a millisecond time scale or less and form much faster than the native state. Other factors that may lead to the slow folding of the native state and the accumulation of the intermediate before the rate-limiting transition state are also discussed.
Histochemical studies of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in mammalian reproductive tissues.

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was studied histochemically in the ovary and placenta of the rat, rabbit, guinea pig, cow and human, and in the testis of the rat. Hydroxysteroids with the 3α, 3β, 17α, 17β, 20α and 20β configurations were used. The 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was observed in the theca interna, corpus luteum and interstitial cells of the ovary, in the Leydig cells of the rat testis, in the syncytial trophoblast of the human placenta, and in the trophoblastic giant cells of the rat and guinea pig. The luteal cells of the rabbit showed less activity than did the interstitial cells except in early pregnancy, when their activities were equal. The cow placenta was negative. Activity with 17β-hydroxysteroids was found only in the ovary of the guinea pig and in the human syncytial trophoblast. No 20α- or 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was observed. Increasing the alkalinity of the incubation medium to pH 9.5 or substituting TPN for DPN did not alter the results. (Endo...
Ionic liquid structure effect upon reactivity of toluene carbonylation: 1. Organic cation structure

Abstract Acidic, chloroaluminate ionic liquids (IL's) formed from combining two moles of AlCl3 with 1 mol of 1-R-3-methyl-imidazolium-chloride (RMIM-Cl, R = ethyl, n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-dodecyl, or benzyl) were examined as conversion agents for toluene carbonylation at room temperature when HCl and CO were present in the gas phase at partial pressures of 3.04 and 8.16 atm, respectively. The solubility of HCl and CO into the ionic liquids was measured at room temperature in separate experiments to determine the effect, if any, of the cation structure upon gas solubility. Molecular modeling by semi-empirical methods (AM-1; PM3, and MNDO) were used to simulate the absorption of HCl into the IL's when R was changed.
The effects of human resource systems on operational performance in mass customisation manufacturing environments

This study empirically examines the impact of two human resource management (HRM) systems on operational performance in two distinct mass customisation manufacturing (MCM) environments. Using the survey data collected electronically from 148 mass customisation manufacturers in the USA, moderated hierarchical multiple regression was employed to test the research hypotheses. Results suggest that operational performance significantly increases when a bundle of complementary basic HRM practices are integrated in MCM contexts that emphasise module and process standardisation. This finding indicates that these types of mass customisation manufacturers are capitalising on the opportunity to improve operational performance by strategically combining several different, but supportive, traditional HRM practices with a finite MCM system.
Immunoregulatory and Antimicrobial Effects of Nitrogen Oxides

The therapeutic effects of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) therapy are thought to be restricted to the pulmonary vasculature because of rapid inactivation of NO by hemoglobin in the bloodstream. However, recent data suggest that inhaled NO may not only be scavenged by the heme iron of hemoglobin but also may react with protein thiols in the bloodstream, including cysteine-93 of the hemoglobin B subunit. Reaction of NO with protein or peptide thiols is termed S-nitrosylation and results in the formation of relatively stable protein S-nitrosothiols that carry NO bioactivity to distal organs. Thus, inhaled NO-induced protein S-nitrosylation may allow inhaled NO to have multiple as yet undiscovered physiologic and pathophysiologic effects outside of the lung. Here we review the immunoregulatory and antimicrobial functions of NO and the potential effects of inhaled NO therapy on host defense.
Pathology and genetics of pancreatic neoplasms with acinar differentiation

Pancreatic neoplasms with acinar differentiation, including acinar cell carcinoma, pancreatoblastoma, and carcinomas with mixed differentiation, are distinctive pancreatic neoplasms with a poor prognosis. These neoplasms are clinically, pathologically, and genetically unique when compared to other more common pancreatic neoplasms. Most occur in adults, although pancreatoblastomas usually affect children under 10 years old. All of these neoplasms exhibit characteristic histologic features including a solid or acinar growth pattern, dense neoplastic cellularity, uniform nuclei with prominent nucleoli, and granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. Exocrine enzymes are detectable by immunohistochemistry and, for carcinomas with mixed differentiation, neuroendocrine or ductal lineage markers are also expressed. The genetic alterations of this family of neoplasms largely differ from conventional ductal adenocarcinomas, with only rare mutations in TP53, KRAS, and p16, but no single gene or neoplastic pathway is consistently altered in acinar neoplasms. Instead, there is striking genomic instability, and a subset of cases has mutations in the APC/β-catenin pathway, mutations in SMAD4, RAF gene family fusions, or microsatellite instability. Therapeutically targetable mutations are often present. This review summarizes the clinical and pathologic features of acinar neoplasms and reviews the current molecular data on these uncommon tumors.
No-till management impacts on crop productivity, carbon input and soil carbon sequestration

Abstract The efficacy of no-till agriculture for increasing C in soils has been questioned in recent studies. This is a serious issue after many publications and reports during the last two decades have recommended no-till as a practice to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through soil C sequestration. Our objective was to investigate the possibility that the lack of C increase in some no-till systems may be due to changes in crop productivity and subsequent C input to soils. A meta-analysis of 74 published studies was conducted to determine if crop production varies between no-till and full tillage management. The results were used to estimate the change in C input due to no-till adoption and the influence on soil organic C stocks at steady-state using the Century model. We found that crop productivity can be reduced with adoption of no-till, particularly in cooler and/or wetter climatic conditions. The influence varies, however, and crop productivity can even increase in some regions following adoption of no-till. In cases where crop production and C inputs decreased due to no-till, the potential reduction in soil organic C stocks was offset by a decrease in soil C decomposition rates, except in cases where C inputs declined by 15% or more. Challenges still remain for understanding the full impact of no-till adoption on soil organic C stocks, such as changes on C inputs in deeper subsurface horizons, the influence of variation in NT seeding methods on soil disturbance, and changes in SOM stabilization due to saturation limits in mineral soil fractions, which may further modify net C storage in soils.
Global Analysis of Neuronal Phosphoproteome Regulation by Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are major components of the extracellular matrix which mediate inhibition of axonal regeneration after injury to the central nervous system (CNS). Several neuronal receptors for CSPGs have recently been identified; however, the signaling pathways by which CSPGs restrict axonal growth are still largely unknown. In this study, we applied quantitative phosphoproteomics to investigate the global changes in protein phosphorylation induced by CSPGs in primary neurons. In combination with isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ) labeling, strong cation exchange chromatography (SCX) fractionation, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) and LC-MS/MS, we identified and quantified 2214 unique phosphopeptides corresponding to 1118 phosphoproteins, with 118 changing significantly in abundance with CSPG treatment. The proteins that were regulated by CSPGs included key components of synaptic vesicle trafficking, axon guidance mediated by semaphorins, integrin signaling, cadherin signaling and EGF receptor signaling pathways. A significant number of the regulated proteins are cytoskeletal and related proteins that have been implicated in regulating neurite growth. Another highly represented protein category regulated by CSPGs is nucleic acid binding proteins involved in RNA post-transcriptional regulation. Together, by screening the overall phosphoproteome changes induced by CSPGs, this data expand our understanding of CSPG signaling, which provides new insights into development of strategies for overcoming CSPG inhibition and promoting axonal regeneration after CNS injury.
A microphotometric study of myogenic lizard cells grown in vitro.

Abstract Early subcultures of predominantly myogenic cells from the regenerating tail of the lizard appear to give rise to two types of colonies. Beginning on day 5 to 7, approximately 85% of the colonies in Series 2 showed a gradual accumulation of rounded-up cells previously identified as prefusion presumptive myoblasts. The other 15% never had any rounded-up cells but, rather, were made up of large spreading cells with large multinucleate nuclei. Microphotometric measurements showed that the rounded-up cells were diploid, thus confirming that they were not synthesizing DNA and demonstrating that they had withdrawn from the mitotic cycle in G1. The flattened cells in the colonies with the rounded up cells were typical of a dividing cell population with Feulgen-DNA values showing 2C and 4C peaks with a spread of intermediate values. The colonies containing only large spreading cells had Feulgen-DNA values with peaks at approximately 4C and 8C. This implied that the large cells might be a dividing tetraploid population as suggested by karyotyping experiments reported elsewhere. Autoradiographic studies using a 30-minute pulse of tritiated thymidine confirmed that the rounded-up cells are not synthesizing DNA and showed that the flattened cells contain a synthesizing population.
Bacteremia and fungemia in the immunocompromised patient.

Considerable changes have occurred during the 1980s in the clinical nature and diagnosis of bacteremia and fungemia in the immunocompromised patient. Cancer patients with prolonged neutropenia, many with indwelling catheters, and AIDS patients with both T-cell and B-cell deficiencies have changed the spectrum of organisms causing septicemia. There has been a shift to infection with gram-positive bacteria, including mycobacteria, and water-borne organisms, includingAcintobacter spp. andPseudomonas spp. New blood culture systems, including a lysis-centrifugation system and radiometric methods utilizing resin broth media, remove antagonistic antimicrobial agents, and the lysis-centrifugation system routinely provides quantitation of organisms from the blood. Quantitation has been used to identify sources of infection, to differentiate contamination from true infection, and to monitor the course of antibiotic treatment.
An eye chart for Edgar Degas.

The French Impressionist painter Edgar Degas had progressive visual loss from a type of maculopathy during the last 40 years of his life. The effects of this visual failure are evident in a comparison of early and later pastels, which shows a loss of precision in outlining, shading, and detail over the years. A remarkable oil painting, Scene from the Steeplechase: The Fallen Jockey , provides on one canvas an historical record of his visual struggles. It was begun in 1866 and reworked in 1880 and 1897, during which his visual acuity fell from near normal to 20/200. Computer simulations show Degas’ own view of this painting at each of these times and demonstrate how his style changed: details became rougher and larger in correspondence with his failing acuity. The painting is an eye chart of his career.
The use of pharmacogenetic techniques in drug abuse research.

Abstract Pharmacogenitics, the study of genetic factors underlying individual differences in response to drugs, has proven useful for demonstrating that there are large genetic differences in response to a number of abused drugs. Pharmacogenetics also provides a number of useful tools for studying mechanisms underlying the effects of drugs. This review discusses pharmacogenetic techniques with potential utility for drug abuse research and provides examples of their use in studies of the effects of acute and chronic nicotine, cocaine and opiate administration. The importance of using genetically standardized animal modes in behavioral and pharmacological research is also discussed.
Observations of Sk-69 deg 203 and the interstellar extinction towards SN 1987A

Optical and UV spectroscopic observations of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) star Sk-69 deg 203 are discussed. The optical data reveal Sk-69 deg 203 to be a BO.7 Ia supergiant with a moderate nitrogen enhancement, and its UV spectrum is consistent with this classification. UV interstellar extinction curves were constructed for the star using, as flux standards, two lightly reddened LMS supergiants, which bracket Sk-69 deg 203's spectral type. The resultant extinction curves are consistent with the extinction law derived previously for the 30 Doradus region, and the results for Sk-69 deg 203 suggest that the general 30 Doradus extinction law is appropriate for dereddening the observed fluxes of SN 1987A. Published H I 21 observations place SN 1987A in a region with a strong E-W gradient in the total hydrogen content. Comparison with the H I column density implied by the reddening indicates that the supernova is imbedded approximately in the middle of the main H I complex.
It Really Resembled an Earthly Paradise

The 1539 colonial Mexican drama, La caida de nuestros primeros padres ("The Fall of Our First Parents") is known only through a description of the performance by the Spanish Dominican priest Motolinia. A reading of this text alongside other colonial documents and through the pre-Cortesian Nahuatl worldview reveals that despite its biblical theme, a vital and assertive indigenous presence undermines this use of theater as a Christian missionizing tool.
A Web service based application serving vegetation condition indices for Flood Crop Loss Assessment

Vegetation condition assessment is very useful and helpful for researchers and decision makers to evaluate crop loss and value, and identify and manage risks in the flood hazard areas. Crop responses to flooding vary with crop types, crop growing stages, soil characteristics, weather condition, flood duration and depth, etc. How to measure and understand crop response is a challenging and important research topic in agriculture. The availability and integration of high spatial and temporal resolution remote sensing data facilitates crop type identification, crop condition monitoring, soil moisture measurement, crop yield estimation, and crop damage evaluation. Remote sensing based vegetation condition indices are widely used by researchers in these fields. In this paper, an integrated Web geospatial application named Remote-sensing-based Flood Crop Loss Assessment Service System (RF-CLASS) is developed to automate the “data-information-knowledge-decision” process of downloading near real time 250m resolution MODIS land surface reflectance data from NASA website, re-projecting, reformatting, and mosaicking these data using geospatial software packages, calculating various daily, weekly, and bi-weekly vegetation condition indices through efficient computing method, visualizing and analyzing these indices in an interactive way, assessing crop progress and condition, and evaluating crop damages in the flood areas. Currently, the vegetation indices for the whole continental United States from the year of 2000 have been generated routinely. These indices and other geospatial data like the boundary layers, the road layers, and the latest cropland data layer (CDL) have been served in the prototype system of RF-CLASS. RF-CLASS not only provides basic map operations, area of interest definition, geospatial data customization and downloading, and geospatial analytics functions for decision making through its interactive and intuitive user interface, but also offers standard Web services to query, visualize, disseminate, and analyze various types of vegetation condition indices for integration in other applications or invocation in scientific workflows.
SUMO modification regulates BLM and RAD51 interaction at damaged replication forks.

The gene mutated in Bloom's syndrome, BLM, is important in the repair of damaged replication forks, and it has both pro- and anti-recombinogenic roles in homologous recombination (HR). At damaged forks, BLM interacts with RAD51 recombinase, the essential enzyme in HR that catalyzes homology-dependent strand invasion. We have previously shown that defects in BLM modification by the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) cause increased γ-H2AX foci. Because the increased γ-H2AX could result from defective repair of spontaneous DNA damage, we hypothesized that SUMO modification regulates BLM's function in HR repair at damaged forks. To test this hypothesis, we treated cells that stably expressed a normal BLM (BLM+) or a SUMO-mutant BLM (SM-BLM) with hydroxyurea (HU) and examined the effects of stalled replication forks on RAD51 and its DNA repair functions. HU treatment generated excess γ-H2AX in SM-BLM compared to BLM+ cells, consistent with a defect in replication-fork repair. SM-BLM cells accumulated increased numbers of DNA breaks and were hypersensitive to DNA damage. Importantly, HU treatment failed to induce sister-chromatid exchanges in SM-BLM cells compared to BLM+ cells, indicating a specific defect in HR repair and suggesting that RAD51 function could be compromised. Consistent with this hypothesis, RAD51 localization to HU-induced repair foci was impaired in SM-BLM cells. These data suggested that RAD51 might interact noncovalently with SUMO. We found that in vitro RAD51 interacts noncovalently with SUMO and that it interacts more efficiently with SUMO-modified BLM compared to unmodified BLM. These data suggest that SUMOylation controls the switch between BLM's pro- and anti-recombinogenic roles in HR. In the absence of BLM SUMOylation, BLM perturbs RAD51 localization at damaged replication forks and inhibits fork repair by HR. Conversely, BLM SUMOylation relieves its inhibitory effects on HR, and it promotes RAD51 function.
The Case Formulation in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

This article reviews the various definitions of case formulation, differences between diagnosis and case formulation, how case formulation for the child patient differs from the adult patient, and case formulation in the context of residency training, including challenges for residents transitioning from adult psychiatry. It presents a suggested structure for constructing a biopsychosocial formulation that can be applied in a training setting. Several specialized types of psychotherapy formulation are reviewed in more detail. The article concludes with a case example of a child psychiatry resident's case formulation before and after discussion in supervision.
Free radical cyclizations leading to nitrogen heterocycles. II. 2-Phenylpyrazolidin-3-ones via tributyltin hydride reaction with alpha-bromoacylated phenylhydrazones

Abstract The unexpected observation of 2-phenylpyrazolidin-3-one formation during an attempted 4-exo Trig cyclization of an a-bromoacylated phenylhydrazone is a general reaction.
Gender aspects of illness and practitioner use among Filipinos

Abstract Higher rates of reported illness among women than men and more frequent use of medical services by women in Western societies have been of considerable interest to medical sociology. In contrast, relatively little attention has been paid in medical anthropology to gender differences in illness rates and utilization of medical services in non-Western areas. In a study of four urban Filipino healers and their patients, it was found that women outnumbered men in the clienteles of all the healers. However, the gender imbalance was significantly greater in one healer's practice than in the practices of the other three. This quintessential case of a practice predominated by women is the focus of this paper. The paper examines various aspects of women's roles, including those than are given metaphorical expression in folk etiology. The special importance that these role factors assume in the practice of the healer appears to be implicated in the extraordinarily high ratio of women among her patients.
Optical implementation of a single-layer finite impulse response neural network

This paper demonstrates a space integrating optical implementation of a single-layer FIRNN. A scrolling spatial light modulator is used for representing the spatio-temporal input plane, while the weights are implemented by the adaptive grating formation in a photorefractive crystal. Differential heterodyning is used for low-noise bipolar output detection and an active stabilization technique using a lock-in amplifier and a piezo-electric actuator is adopted for long term interferometric stability. Simulations and initial experimental results for adaptive sonar broadband beamforming are presented.
Procedure semantics and language definition

Semantics for procedures and their calls is proposed which describes two cases often considered to be outside contemporary programming languages: distributed computing and procedure calls that contain aliases. It is argued that this semantics should be used as the basis of programming language definition because it is simple, intuitive and unifies these seemingly different cases. To support this argument, a verification rule for procedure calls with aliases is given which is no more complicated than those found in the literature. This verification rule is possible only because it is based on the proposed semantics.
Appropriate use of emergency department thoracotomy: implications for the thoracic surgeon.

Background Practice guidelines for the appropriate use of emergency department thoracotomy (EDT) according to current national resuscitative guidelines have been developed by the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS-COT) and published. At an urban level I trauma center we analyzed how closely these guidelines were followed and their ability to predict mortality. Methods Between January 2003 and July 2010, 120 patients with penetrating thoracic trauma underwent EDT at Mount Sinai Hospital (MSH). Patients were separated based on adherence (group 1, n=70) and nonadherence (group 2, n=50) to current resuscitative guidelines, and group survival rates were determined. These 2 groups were analyzed based on outcome to determine the effect of a strict policy of adherence on survival. Results Of EDTs performed during the study period, 41.7% (50/120) were considered outside current guidelines. Patients in group 2 were less likely to have traditional predictors of survival. There were 6 survivors in group 1 (8.7%), all of whom were neurologically intact; there were no neurologically intact survivors in group 2 ( p = 0.04). The presence of a thoracic surgeon in the operating room (OR) was associated with increased survival (p = 0.039). Conclusions A policy of strict adherence to EDT guidelines based on current national guidelines would have accounted for all potential survivors while avoiding the harmful exposure of health care personnel to blood-borne pathogens and the futile use of resources for trauma victims unable to benefit from them. Cardiothoracic surgeons should be familiar with current EDT guidelines because they are often asked to contribute their operative skills for those patients who survive to reach the OR.