cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of the Lymantria dispar Nucleopolyhedrovirus Envelope Fusion Protein Provides Evidence for a Phylogenetic Division of the Baculoviridae

The complete genome sequences of a number of diverse members of the Baculoviridae including both nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) and granuloviruses (GVs) revealed that they lack a homolog of GP64, the envelope fusion protein of the budded form of Autographa californica multinucleocapsid NPV (AcMNPV) and its close relatives. Computer-assisted analyses of the genome of one of these viruses, Lymantria dispar MNPV (LdMNPV), revealed a single open reading frame (ld130) whose product had the predicted properties of a membrane protein. Characterization of the localization of the products of the full-length ld130 gene and of an ld130-enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (egfp) fusion using both immunofluorescence and fluorescence microscopy revealed that LD130 accumulates at the plasma membranes of cells infected with LdMNPV or transfected with ld130-egfp. In addition, cells transfected with either ld130 or ld130-egfp or infected with wild-type virus undergo membrane fusion at pH 5. Western blot analyses indicate that LD130 is present in infected cells as an 83-kDa protein and is also present in budded virions as a protein doublet containing bands of 81 and 83 kDa. Tunicamycin treatment of infected cells resulted in an immunoreactive band of about 72 kDa, indicating that LD130 is N-glycosylated. Whereas the distribution of gp64 appears to be confined to a relatively closely related group of NPVs, homologs of ld130 are present in a diverse number of both NPVs and GVs. This suggests that LD130 may be the primordial baculovirus envelope fusion protein.
Effect of Cr and Fe Substitution on the Transport Properties of the Nowotny Chimney–Ladder MnSi δ (1.73 < δ < 1.75) Compounds

Manganese silicides MnSi δ (1.73 < δ < 1.75) have been substituted with substantial amounts of Cr (<25%) and Fe (<30%) at the Mn site to study the resistivity (ρ), Seebeck (α) and Hall coefficients, and thermal conductivity of the resulting compositions. Only marginal reduction in ρ is observed upon substituting Cr to as much as 25%. Surprisingly, the Seebeck coefficient is positive even after substituting Fe to 20%. The Hall coefficients are positive, and the carrier concentrations seem to be less sensitive to substitution by either Cr or Fe. The promising aspect of this system is the low lattice thermal conductivity, which is approximately 2.5 W/m K at 300 K for most compositions.
The influence of fuels treatment and landscape arrangement on simulated fire behavior, Southern Cascade range, California

Wildfire behavior can be modified by altering the quantity, structure, and arrangement of fuel (flammable vegetation) by silvicultural treatments such as forest thinning and prescribed burning. The type and arrangement (including landscape location) of treated areas have been demonstrated to influence wildfire behavior. This study analyzes the response of several key fire behavior variables to variation in the type, amount, and spatial arrangement of fuel treatments for simulated wildfires in mixed-conifer forests of the southern Cascades in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area (GAMA). NEXUS and BehavePlus were used to simulate pre- and post-treatment stand-level fire behavior. Fire area simulator (FARSITE) was used to simulate landscape-level wildfire behavior in both untreated and treated forest landscapes. In the forest landscape, treatment areas were placed in the landscape according to two strategically designed arrangements and one random treatment arrangement. Treatments included thinning by prescribed burning (burn-only), mechanical thinning (mechanical-only), mechanical thinning followed by burning (mechanical-burn), and no treatment (control). At the stand level, the mechanical-burn treatment most effectively reduced both surface fire (e.g., decreased flame length) and crown fire behavior (e.g., torching index). At the landscape level, treatment type, amount, and arrangement had important effects on both fire spread and fire intensity. In this landscape the most effective treatment arrangement was Finney's optimal SPLATs design. This study shows that there is potential to efficiently reduce high-intensity fire behavior while treating less area by relying on strategically placed treatments.
A Geographic Approach to Racial Profiling: The Microanalysis and Macroanalysis of Racial Disparity in Traffic Stops

Despite numerous studies explaining racial disparity in traffic stops, the effects of spatial characteristics in patrolling areas have not been widely examined. In this article, the authors analyzed traffic stop data at both micro- and macro- levels. The micro-level analysis of individual stops confirmed racial disparity in the frequency of traffic stops as well as in subsequent police treatments. Blacks were overrepresented and other racial/ethnic groups were underrepresented in traffic stops, with a greater disparity in investigatory stops. The macro-level analysis found that the likelihood of being stopped and being subjected to unfavorable police treatment (e.g. arrest, search, and felony charge) was greater in beats where more blacks or Hispanics resided and/or more police force was deployed, consistent with the “racial threat” or “minority threat” hypothesis. These findings imply that racial disparity at the level of individual stops may be substantially explained by differential policing strategies adopted for different areas based on who resides in those areas.
Large system simulation using Ada

This paper describes the significant positive impact that the Ada® programming language can have on the development and application of simulation models. The Ada language has specific features which are shown to be ideally suited for implementing the unique requirements of discrete-event simulation, including such simulation functions as list processing, dynamic memory management, and event calendar management. Experiences and conclusions are described based upon the development of a general purpose discrete-event simulation package. The central issues of discrete-event simulation are addressed by describing the implementation of key simulation requirements in the package and indicating how Ada language capabilities drove the design of these features. Examples of design alternatives of general interest to both simulation modelers and Ada developers are presented. In addition, issues related to very large simulation models such as long model running times and verification of complex models are specifically addressed.
"Anything Can Be an Instrument": Misuse Value and Rugged Consumerism in Cormac McCarthy's No Country for Old Men

creative relationship between men and the manmade objects that populate their worlds grounds the aesthetic project of Cormac McCarthy's Western novels. Parham fashions from a paloverde tree and rope serves as the material intermediary between Parham and the she-wolf that he traps, enabling a communion of sorts between the young boy and the last vestiges of a disappearing wild. John Grady Cole, the romantic hero of All the Pretty Horses, recalls his grandfather's stories of Native Americans as he gazes upon telegraph poles early in the novel. In their ongoing attempts to disrupt communication between white settlers, "the Comanche would cut the wires and splice them back with horse-hair" (11), a symbolic triumph of the improvisational over the technological that colors Cole's subsequent journey through the surveyed and fenced enclosures of the Western desert. Along similar lines, in Blood Meridian, Judge Holden establishes his status as the "suzerain" of nature (198) through his interactions with objects - the chief example being his creation of gunpowder from urine and volcanic sulfur. Within McCarthy's nostalgic novels, these instances of material manipulation and creation resonate with older, mythic notions of American identity. Despite their clear differences, Parham, John Grady Cole, and the Judge are all self-made and selfsustaining men who would feel quite at home in the nineteenthcentury literary worlds of Natty Bumppo, Huck Finn, or Henry David Thoreau. Each character resists the modern world of economic
Scaffolding in educational video games: An approach to teaching collaborative support skills

Because collaboration plays a key role in today's society, it is beneficial to prepare people at a young age for collaborative work. However, there is no academic or professional consensus on the most effective approach. To remedy this shortcoming, our research will expand on one promising method: the incorporation of collaborative scaffolding into collaborative educational video games. Although there will be several challenges, we have already made progress through the development of a multilevel taxonomy of collaboration to aid our evaluation approach. Our findings will bring academics and educators one step closer to developing methodology for the seamless integration of 21st century skills, such as collaboration and technological proficiency, into today's classroom curricula. In addition, researchers can utilize our taxonomy to more easily identify aspects of collaboration relevant to their interests, and educators can use the taxonomy to help identify collaborative skills that students lack.
A dynamic intracellular distribution of Vangl2 accompanies cell polarization during zebrafish gastrulation

During vertebrate gastrulation, convergence and extension movements elongate embryonic tissues anteroposteriorly and narrow them mediolaterally. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is essential for mediolateral cell elongation underlying these movements, but how this polarity arises is poorly understood. We analyzed the elongation, orientation and migration behaviors of lateral mesodermal cells undergoing convergence and extension movements in wild-type zebrafish embryos and mutants for the Wnt/PCP core component Vangl2 (Trilobite). We demonstrate that Vangl2 function is required at the time when cells transition to a highly elongated and mediolaterally aligned body. vangl2 mutant cells fail to undergo this transition and to migrate along a straight path with high net speed towards the dorsal midline. Instead, vangl2 mutant cells exhibit an anterior/animal pole bias in cell body alignment and movement direction, suggesting that PCP signaling promotes effective dorsal migration in part by suppressing anterior/animalward cell polarity and movement. Endogenous Vangl2 protein accumulates at the plasma membrane of mesenchymal converging cells at the time its function is required for mediolaterally polarized cell behavior. Heterochronic cell transplantations demonstrated that Vangl2 cell membrane accumulation is stage dependent and regulated by both intrinsic factors and an extracellular signal, which is distinct from PCP signaling or other gastrulation regulators, including BMP and Nodals. Moreover, mosaic expression of fusion proteins revealed enrichment of Vangl2 at the anterior cell edges of highly mediolaterally elongated cells. These results demonstrate that the dynamic Vangl2 intracellular distribution is coordinated with and necessary for the changes in convergence and extension cell behaviors during gastrulation.
Sleep Behavior Management

We have used an educationally oriented treatment program termed “sleep behavior management” (SBM) in the treatment of insomnia. The program emphasizes factors known to influence sleep and their integration into an individual’s life-style. SBM is a structured treatment, with active patient involvement and carefully selected behaviors. The basic premise of SBM is the interdependence of sleep and waking behaviors. Although sleep cannot be directly controlled, substantial influence over it can be obtained by manipulating waking behavior. Patients are taught to systematically implement sleep behavior principles to improve sleep quality and quantity. At the end of therapy, independent management of sleep behavior is possible and expected.
A Small RNA-Based Immune System Defends Germ Cells against Mobile Genetic Elements

Transposons are mobile genetic elements that threaten the survival of species by destabilizing the germline genomes. Limiting the spread of these selfish elements is imperative. Germ cells employ specialized small regulatory RNA pathways to restrain transposon activity. PIWI proteins and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) silence transposons at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level with loss-of-function mutant animals universally exhibiting sterility often associated with germ cell defects. This short review aims to illustrate basic strategies of piRNA-guided defense against transposons. Mechanisms of piRNA silencing are most readily studied in Drosophila melanogaster, which serves as a model to delineate molecular concepts and as a reference for mammalian piRNA systems. PiRNA pathways utilize two major strategies to handle the challenges of transposon control: (1) the hard-wired molecular memory of prior transpositions enables recognition of mobile genetic elements and discriminates transposons from host genes; (2) a feed-forward adaptation mechanism shapes piRNA populations to selectively combat the immediate threat of transposon transcripts. In flies, maternally contributed PIWI-piRNA complexes bolster both of these lines of defense and ensure transgenerational immunity. While recent studies have provided a conceptual framework of what could be viewed as an ancient immune system, we are just beginning to appreciate its many molecular innovations.
The Attenuation of Shock Waves in Nickel

The attenuation of planar shock waves generated by plate impact was monitored by their decay throughout massive nickel blocks. This was accomplished, during the passage of the wave, by manganin piezoresistive gages connected to oscilloscopes and, in the post-shocked condition, by hardness measurements and TEM observations at various distances from the impact surface in the nickel blocks. The nickel systems exhibited different metallurgical microstructures before shock loading: preshocked (grain size 150 μm), annealed (grain size 150 μm)and annealed (grain size 32 μm). For each system two different initial shock pressures were used: 10 and 25 GPa. The pulse duration was held constant at 2 μs. The experimental records of oscilloscopes showed that there are no significant effects of grain size and pre-deformation on the attenuation in nickel. The observed attenuation was compared with the calculated one according to hydrodynamic theory and poor agreement was found, An “accumulation” model based on the conservation of energy is presented herein to explain the dissipative processes of shock waves in metals.
Effect of vitamin-E deficiency on protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of the rabbit.

SummaryNormal and Vit. E-deficient rabbits were injected with glycine-1-C14 and sacrificed at time intervals ranging from 0.5 to 12 hours. Homogenates of skeletal muscle were fractionated by differential centrifugation, and specific activity of the subcellular protein fractions determined. In all subcellular fractions and at all time intervals the proteins of Vit. E-deficient animals had a much higher specific activity. The effect of Vit. E-deficiency on incorporation of glycine-C14 was approximately the same in all subcellular protein fractions. Compared with control animals the radioactivity of the nonprotein supernatant fraction rose and fell faster in muscle of Vit. E-deficient animals.
A low cost 10.0–11.1 GHz X-band microwave backscatter communication testbed with integrated planar wideband antennas

We present a low cost X-band microwave backscatter communication testbed incorporating integrated planar wideband bow-tie antennas. This testbed leverages low cost silicon germanium (SiGe) integrated circuits intended for the satellite television market to provide an experimental capability for backscatter experimentation in the 10.0 GHz to 11.1 GHz band. The integrated wideband bow-tie antennas have a 10 dB return loss bandwidth of 9.63–13.15 GHz and a gain of 6 dBi. The transmitter consists of a single-chip frequency synthesizer and buffer amplifier with an output power of −2 dBm. The receive downconverter consists of an integrated LNA, mixer, and LO frequency synthesizer, with an RF frequency range of 10.0 GHz to 13.0 GHz and an IF frequency range of 250 MHz to 3250 MHz. The downconverter's measured conversion gain is 36 dB with a noise figure of 7 dB. The IF signal processing leverages a Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) to support arbitrary backscatter modulation schemes such as ASK, PSK, or QAM backscatter with an IF bandwidth up to 50 MHz. We found good agreement between the measured and simulated free-space path loss at ranges of up to 4.1 m in a laboratory environment, and demonstrate the use of this testbed in a BPSK backscatter configuration at a rate of 10 Mbps.
Recent Trends in Primary Care Interest and Career Choices Among Medical Students at an Academic Medical Institution.

ABSTRACTPhenomenon: As an impending shortage of primary care physicians is expected, understanding career trajectories of medical students will be useful in supporting interest in primary care fields and careers. The authors sought to characterize recent trends in primary care interest and career trajectories among medical students at an academic medical institution that did not have a family medicine department. Approach: Match data for 2,477 graduates who matched into resident training programs between 1989 and 2014 were analyzed to determine the proportion entering primary care residency programs. An online search and confirmatory phone call methodology was used to determine primary care career trajectories for the 795 graduates who matched into primary care residency programs between 1989 to 2010. Subanalyses were performed to characterize primary care career entrance among graduates who matched into the three primary care residency programs: Family Medicine, Categorical and Primary Care Internal Medi...
Carbamazepine Acute Toxicity

The clinical toxic effects and serum concentrations after ingestion of carbamazepine are reported in 82 pediatric patients from the Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
Using social media to monitor mental health discussions - evidence from Twitter.

Objectives Given the public health importance of communicating about mental illness and the growing use of social media to convey information, our goal was to develop an empirical model to identify periods of heightened interest in mental health topics on Twitter. Materials and Methods We collected data on 176 million tweets from 2011 to 2014 with content related to depression or suicide. Using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) data analysis, we identified deviations from predicted trends in communication about depression and suicide. Results Two types of heightened Twitter activity regarding depression or suicide were identified in 2014: expected increases in response to planned behavioral health events, and unexpected increases in response to unanticipated events. Tweet volume following expected increases went back to the predicted level more rapidly than the volume following unexpected events. Discussion Although ARIMA models have been used extensively in other fields, they have not been used widely in public health. Our findings indicate that our ARIMA model is valid for identifying periods of heightened activity on Twitter related to behavioral health. The model offers an objective and empirically based measure to identify periods of greater interest for timing the dissemination of credible information related to mental health. Conclusion Spikes in tweet volume following a behavioral health event often last for less than 2 days. Individuals and organizations that want to disseminate behavioral health messages on Twitter in response to heightened periods of interest need to take this limited time frame into account.
The Border War for Young Mexican American Soccer Players: How Family and National Identity Play Out on the Field

The complicated relationship between the United States and Mexico plays out on youth soccer fields all over the US, and increasingly in soccer clubs in Mexico. Mexican soccer clubs and the national federation have increased their recruiting efforts aimed at Americans. A growing number of young Americans are choosing to play professionally in Mexico, with mixed results. Among the factors at play: generational ties, culture, opportunity, regional soccer history, and the American pay to play system. It is not always easy. These young men often feel like they are in both worlds, and in neither.
Time Constrained Push Strategies in Client-Server Databases

The widespread availability of networked environments and the arrival of high-speed networks have rekindled interest in the area of automatic data refresh/update mechanisms. In many application areas, the updated information has a limited period of usefulness. Therefore, the development of systems and protocols that can handle such update tasks within predefined deadlines is required. In this paper, we propose and evaluate two real-time update-propagation mechanisms in a client-server environment. The fundamental difference in these two time-constrained techniques, Client–Push and Server-Push, is in the location where the push-transactions are generated. In both these techniques, and in contrast to conventional methods, we propose the transport of the scripts of updating transactions in order to make client-cached data current. This avoids unnecessary shipments of data over the network. Instead, messages are used to maintain the consistency of cached data. In addition, the propagation of update transaction scripts to client sites is neither periodic nor mandatory, but is instead based on client-specific criteria. These criteria depend on the content of the database objects being updated. We carry out a comprehensive experimental evaluation of the suggested methods as we examine the following aspects: (a) time constrained push scheduling issues, (b) effects of various workloads on real-time push-transaction completion rates (efficiency), and (c) overheads imposed by push-transactions on the regular transaction processing. Our experiments show that Client–Push outperforms Server-Push only for a small number of clients. The opposite is true once the load is increased by attaching a large number of sites per server. The efficiency of the update push protocols is, as expected, dependent on the load on the system as well as the percentage of updates to the database. Surprisingly, the percentage of successfully completed real-time push-transactions is not affected very much by the strategy used to schedule them.
Hook of the Hamate: The Spectrum of Often Missed Pathologic Findings.

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to review hook of the hamate anatomy, describe the imaging features of the spectrum of pathologic conditions, and discuss the pearls and pitfalls of imaging for clinical decision making for pathologic entities affecting the hook of the hamate. CONCLUSION. Knowledge of the anatomy, imaging appearance, and clinical management of hook of the hamate abnormalities is important for radiologists in guiding the care of patients with ulnar-sided wrist symptoms.
A marine research ASV utilizing wind and solar power

In this paper, the conceptual design and practical construction of a wind propelled Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV), for marine research are described. The ASPire (Autonomous Sailing Platform) will be deployed for collecting marine sensor data (i.e., Conductivity, Temperature and Density (CTD) measurements) and for passive-acoustic monitoring (PAM) of harbor porpoise in the vicinity of the Aland Islands in the Baltic Sea. The construction of hull and rig is presented, along with propulsion methods and energy harvesting strategies. Supplementary electronics, sensors, control systems, communication methods and obstacle avoidance strategies are also described. The ASV design includes several novel features, four are mentioned here. 1) The perhaps most notable feature is the rig with a free rotating rigid wingsail. The rig has two servo wings, one in front of, and one behind the main wing. To our knowledge, this is the first design of a surface vessel that uses such a three-surface configuration for wind propulsion. 2) Another novel feature of the ASPire is the single-axis solar tracker developed for the purpose of increasing the amount of harvested solar energy. The solar panel is angled based on the position and heading of the ASV as well as the time of day. 3) A windvane self steering device is furthermore used to keep the ASV at a straight course relative to the wind in an energy efficient manner. Although the design of the windvane is well known, its use in an autonomous vessel has not been explored. 4) A forward-looking Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC) is utilized for obstacle detection. This approach is currently under-explored for ASV. The ASPire is suited for operation in shallow waters. It is sufficiently large for carrying payload needed for marine sensor measurements and monitoring of high-frequency cetaceans such as harbor porpoise. One further advantage of wind propulsion for audio measurement is the possibility to operate without contributing noise from propulsion engines.
Testing across the curriculum: square one!

Software quality assurance activities typically do not receive much attention in the undergraduate computer science curriculum. This paper endeavors to provide a stepping- stone for incorporating these activities into courses across-the-curriculum. In the paper we delineate a set of quality assurance activities that we were able to incorporate into a CS 1 course. In addition, we reflect on the impact of the inclusion of these activities in terms of coverage of topics and on student performance.
Testing vulnerabilities in bluetooth low energy

Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE) is pervasive in technology throughout all areas of our lives. In this research effort, experiments are performed to discover vulnerabilities in the Bluetooth protocol and given the right technology determine exploitation. Using a Bluetooth keyboard, practical examples of the Bluetooth Low Energy protocol were able to be provided. Because of the results garnered, it is recommended that Bluetooth Low Energy not be used for any connections that may transmit sensitive data, or with devices that may have access to sensitive networks.
Courage in the workplace: The effects of organizational level and gender on the relationship between behavioral courage and job performance

This study examines the relationship between behavioral courage and job performance, and explores the possible effects of organizational level and gender on this relationship. With a sample of managers from mid- to large-sized for-profit organizations in the United States, we found that behavioral courage was positively associated with job performance. Our results also revealed significant differences in supervisors’ ratings of behavioral courage between employees at low and high organizational levels. The effects of behavioral courage on job performance did not vary by organizational level. In turn, the moderating effect of gender on the association between behavioral courage and job performance was supported. The study results provide important theoretical and practical implications in the fields of organizational behavior, leadership studies, and human resource development. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
Reclassification of emergent bilinguals with disabilities: the intersectionality of improbabilities

In the context of the United States K-12 school system, reclassification processes of emergent bilinguals are laden with high-stakes assessments. Largely absent in reclassification scholarship is the consideration of how reclassification policies uniquely affect those learners with identified disabilities. Applying an intersectionality lens that foregrounds political and structural critique, we conducted an interpretive policy analysis of reclassification policies in two states, New Mexico and California. In the analysis, we examined the coalescence of federal and state policies governing reclassification procedures along with assessment designs and practices as they impact the educational realities of emergent bilinguals with disabilities. The analysis illuminated how existing policies and practices marginalize emergent bilinguals with disabilities by making reclassification improbable for students with intersecting disability and second language acquisition needs. We argue that the unlikelihood of being reclassified as Fluent-English Proficient has profound educational consequences for emergent bilinguals, who over time may become disproportionately represented in both special education as well as the long-term English learner population in schools.
Geometrically accurate infinitesimal-rotation spatial finite elements

In this paper, a general procedure is used to develop new geometrically accurate infinitesimal-rotation finite elements (FE). New spatial beam, plate, and solid elements are developed in terms of constant geometric coefficients obtained using the matrix of position vector gradients. The spatial beam, plate, and solid element shape functions are developed using the displacement field of the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF). These elements are suited for developing reduced-order models for structural and multibody system (MBS) analyses, particularly when the floating frame of reference (FFR) formulation is used. The initial geometry of the new elements, referred to as the ANCF/FFR, is related to B-splines and NURBS (non-uniform rational B-splines) by a linear mapping, and therefore, their use does not lead to geometry distortion when geometry models are converted to analysis meshes. The main contribution of this technical note is the proposed general procedure for the development of the geometri...
Integrated Production and Maintenance Planning for Cyber-physical Production Systems

Abstract Continuously rising production costs and efficiency requirements present challenges for manufacturing companies. One way of overcoming these challenges is to improve maintenance efficiency and effectiveness by developing and integrating predictive maintenance tools, and using this information for the targeted planning of maintenance measures. However, the integration of sensors into previously-installed manufacturing resources for predicting the necessary maintenance tasks is one of the main challenges facing manufacturing companies. Therefore, this paper presents an innovative methodology for predictive maintenance tools as intelligent cloud services and the industrial application of this methodology for an integrated production and maintenance planning.
Power and Status and the Power-Status Theory of Emotions

Power and status theory has an ancient provenance, extending back as far as pre-Socratic Greek philosophy. The power-status theory of emotions, a somewhat different matter, is modern, but depends, of course, on the earlier theory.
1.14 – Contributions of Bipolar Cells to Ganglion Cell Receptive Fields

The distribution of sensitivity in a ganglion cell's receptive field is approximately the convolution of the bipolar receptive field with a weighting function that is as wide as the dendritic tree. A large dendritic arbor enlarges the ganglion cell’s receptive field and imposes irregularities in the distribution of sensitivity across this field. A small dendritic arbor allows the bipolar cell to set the size of the ganglion cell receptive field and to smooth the distribution of sensitivity. Stochastic properties of the bipolar cell array, as well as adaptation in this array, contribute to these irregularities. Bipolar cells, by their synaptic receptors and other intrinsic properties, initiate temporal frequency channels. Bipolar cells contribute to information encoding by the ganglion cell’s spike train by releasing glutamate in bursts and with good temporal accuracy.
The Bell Tolls

Many allocations of opportunity made within educational, corporate, and other social policy arenas reflect unstated and inconsistent views regarding the defini- tion, treatment, and utilization of human intelligence and mental ability. [2] These views are often silent but, nevertheless, powerfully operative, and they have profound societal impacts. Whether or not such views are made explicit, debates about social policy reflect conflicting views regarding the degree to which apparent differences in school, job, and life “performance” are linked to individ- ual differences in measured intelligence, the degree to which intelligence is learnable, the degree to which intelligence can be realistically measured, and the degree to which these differences are socioeconomically determined and can be socioeconomically remedied.
Race and Identity across American Borders

This essay reviews the following works: The Strange Career of William Ellis: The Texas Slave Who Became a Mexican Millionaire. By Karl Jacoby. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2016. Pp. xxvii + 304. $27.95 hardcover; $16.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780393239256. Jalos, USA: Transnational Community and Identity. By Alfredo Mirande. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2014. Pp. ix + 221. $27.00 paperback. ISBN: 9780268035327. How Race Is Made in America: Immigration, Citizenship, and the Historical Power of Racial Scripts. By Natalia Molina. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014. Pp. ix + 207. $27.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780520280083. Latinos in the United States: Diversity and Change. By Rogelio Saenz and Maria Cristina Morales. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2015. Pp. vi + 265. $26.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780745642727. Indian Given: Racial Geographies across Mexico and the United States. By Maria Josefina Saldana-Portillo. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016. Pp. ix + 336. $26.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822360148. Mestizaje and Globalization: Transformations of Identity and Power. Edited by Stefanie Wickstrom and Philip D. Young. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2014. Pp. ix + 284. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780816530908.
Advanced Heart Block in Children with Lyme Disease

The clinical course of children with advanced heart block secondary to Lyme disease has not been well characterized. To review the presentation, management, and time to resolution of heart block due to Lyme disease in previously healthy children. An IRB approved single-center retrospective study was conducted of all patients < 21 years old with confirmed Lyme disease and advanced second or third degree heart block between 2007 and 2017. Twelve patients (100% male) with a mean age of 15.9 years (range 13.2–18.1) were identified. Six patients (50%) had mild to moderate atrioventricular valve regurgitation and all had normal biventricular function. Five patients had advanced second degree heart block and 7 had complete heart block with an escape rate of 20–57 bpm. Isoproterenol was used in 4 patients for 3–4 days and one patient required transvenous pacing for 2 days. Patients were treated with 21 days (n = 6, 50%) or 28 days (n = 6, 50%) of antibiotics. Three patients received steroids for 3–4 days. Advanced heart block resolved in all patients within 2–5 days, and all had a normal PR interval within 3 days to 16 months from hospital discharge. Symptomatic children who present with new high-grade heart block from an endemic area should be tested for Lyme disease. Antibiotic therapy provides quick and complete resolution of advanced heart block within 5 days, while steroids did not appear to shorten the time course in this case series. Importantly, no patients required a permanent pacemaker.
Demand and Market Research for Media and Information Products

The chapter discusses how media companies organize their demand research. How do they collect data? At the user level, the approaches to data collection include surveys, focus groups, test marketing, demand experiments, and biometric testing. Automatic audience metering has made great inroads, especially for websites. Measurement at the provider level include retailer surveys, self-reporting, point-of-sale measurement, and the tracking of downloads, Internet traffic, website visits, and exposures to advertising. Once the data has been collected it must be analyzed. “Big data mining” techniques include statistical inference; clustering and anomaly detection; and association, correlation, and econometric regression; also discussed are techniques of A/B testing, conjoint analysis, and diffusion models. The final section deals with challenges in audience and market research: coordinating and integrating multiple user data flows, internationalization, privacy issues and restrictions on data collection and uses, and the creation of new research methodologies. Tracking these themes is the case discussion which looks at the market analysis by the media company Viacom for three interrelated new media products.
The Applicability of New Orleans Criteria for Head Computed Tomography in Inpatient Falls With Injury.

Background:Inpatient falls are a patient safety concern. Limited data exist on the utility of head computed tomography (CT) for inpatient falls. The New Orleans Criteria (NOC) is a validated tool t...
Verification: Hybrid Systems

This chapter deals with a specific class of hybrid systems which combine controlled continuous dynamics through switching from one available motion to another due to discrete-time logical commands. Solutions to the reachability problem and their verification are indicated, followed by computational schemes, The application of impulse controls to the switching process is described. Examples of various difficulty are worked out. The chapter is to demonstrate applicability of methods of this book to hybrid systems.
Protocol: randomised trial to compare nasoduodenal tube and nasogastric tube feeding in infants with bronchiolitis on high-flow nasal cannula; Bronchiolitis and High-flow nasal cannula with Enteral Tube feeding Randomised (BHETR) trial.

Introduction High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a non-invasive form of respiratory support used increasingly in bronchiolitis. HFNC provides a variable amount of positive pressure similar to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The positive pressure in CPAP can distend and loosen oesophageal sphincter pressure leading to increased reflux. It is unclear if HFNC causes a similar action. Feeding tubes are used to provide nutrition and hydration to patients that are unable to safely take oral feedings. If there is increased reflux from HFNC, this would increase the risk of aspiration. Our institution places nasoduodenal tubes (NDT) to eliminate this risk. The purpose of the study is to infer if there is a difference between NDT and nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding with regard to length of respiratory support, number of emesis, number of chest X-rays and readmission/emergency room revisit rates. Methods and analysis Patients with bronchiolitis, on high-flow nasal cannula, and whose primary physicians have decided on feeding tube for nutrition/hydration will be approached for consent and enrolment. Patients will be randomised to NGT or NDT in variable block sizes and stratified into low- and high-risk groups. Outcomes will be analysed by both a frequentist and Bayesian statistical approach. Ethics and dissemination The trial was approved by local institutional review board. Every attempt will be made to reduce to an absolute minimum the interval between completion of data collection and release of study results through appropriate dissemination mediums including abstracts, poster presentations and journal publications. Trial registration number NCT03346850; Pre-results.
GeSn on Insulators (GeSnOI) towards Mid-Infrared Integrated Photonics

In recent years, Ge and Ge1-xSnx materials and devices have achieved rapid progress in integrated photonics. However, conventional heteroepitaxy of active photonic devices compromises the area on Si for CMOS electronics, limiting the scale of integration. Furthermore, it is not possible to grow GeSn epitaxially on amorphous and/or flexible substrates towards 3D photonic integration in mid infrared (MIR) regime. Here we present low-temperature crystallization of direct bandgap, high crystallinity Ge1-xSnx (0.08100x longer than the direct gap transition in Ge, confirming the indirect-to-direct band gap transition in GeSn at ~9 at. Sn composition. Moreover, a prototype p-GeSn/n-Si photodiode from a-GeSn crystallization achieves 100 mA/W responsivity at =2050 nm and T=300 K, approaching the level of some commercial PbS detectors. The device also demonstrates photovoltaic behavior and a low dark current density of 1 mA/cm2 at -1V reverse bias, comparable to epitaxial Ge/Si photodiodes. These results indicate that crystallization of GeSnOI offers a promising solution for active devices towards 3D MIR photonic integration and/or MIR photonics on flexible substrates.
Observations on the Effects of Residualization and Dehalogenation on the Utility of N-Succinimidyl Ester Acylation Agents for Radioiodination of the Internalizing Antibody Trastuzumab.

Trastuzumab is an antibody used for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-overexpressing breast cancers. Since trastuzumab is an internalizing antibody, two factors could play an important role in achieving high uptake and prolonged retention of radioactivity in HER2-positive tumors after radioiodination—residualizing capacity after receptor-mediated internalization and susceptibility to dehalogenation. To evaluate the contribution of these two factors, trastuzumab was radiolabeled using the residualizing reagent N-succinimidyl 4-guanidinomethyl-3-[*I]iodobenzoate ([*I]SGMIB) and the nonresidualizing reagent N-succinimidyl-3-[*I]iodobenzoate ([*I]SIB), both of which are highly dehalogenation-resistant. Paired-label uptake and intracellular retention of [125I]SGMIB-trastuzumab and [131I]SIB-trastuzumab was compared on HER2-expressing BT474 human breast carcinoma cells. Tumor uptake and normal tissue distribution characteristics for the two labeled conjugates were assessed in mice bearing BT474M1 xenografts. The internalization and intracellular retention of initially-bound radioactivity in BT474 cells was similar for the two labeled conjugates up to 4 h, but were significantly higher for [125I]SGMIB-trastuzumab at 6 and 24 h. Similarly, [*I]SGMIB labeling resulted in significantly higher uptake and retention of radioactivity in BT474M1 xenografts at all studied time points. Moreover, tumor-to-tissue ratios for [125I]SGMIB-trastuzumab were consistently higher than those for [131I]SIB-trastuzumab starting at 12 h postinjection. Thus, optimal targeting of HER2-positive breast cancers with a radioiodinated trastuzumab conjugate requires an acylation agent that imparts residualizing capacity in addition to high stability towards dehalogenation in vivo.
Bifurcations Caused by Feedback between Voltage and Intracellular Ion Concentrations in Ventricular Myocytes.

We develop an iterated map model to describe the bifurcations and complex dynamics caused by the feedback between voltage and intracellular ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ concentrations in paced ventricular myocytes. Voltage and ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}$ can form either a positive or a negative feedback loop, while voltage and ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ form a negative feedback loop. Under certain diseased conditions, when the feedback between voltage and ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}$ is positive, Hopf bifurcations occur, leading to periodic oscillatory behaviors. When this feedback is negative, period-doubling bifurcation routes to alternans and chaos occur.
A Multi-level Analysis of the Relationship between Instructional Practices and Retention in Computer Science

Increasing retention in computer science (CS) courses is a goal of many CS departments. A key step to increasing retention is to understand the factors that impact the likelihood students will continue to enroll in CS courses. Prior research on retention in CS has mostly examined factors such as prior exposure to programming and students' personality characteristics, which are outside the control of undergraduate instructors. This study focuses on factors within the control of instructors, namely, instructional practices that directly impact students' classroom experiences. Participants were recruited from 25 sections of 14 different courses over 4 semesters. A multi-level model tested the effects of individual and class-average perceptions of cooperative learning and teacher directedness on the probability of subsequent enrollment in a CS course, while controlling for students' mastery of CS concepts and status as a CS major. Results indicated that students' individual perceptions of instructional practices were not associated with retention, but the average rating of cooperative learning within a course section was negatively associated with retention. Consistent with prior research, greater mastery of CS concepts and considering or having declared a CS major were associated with a higher probability of taking a future CS courses. Implications for findings are discussed.
African American Young Adults' Pain and Pain Reduction Strategies

Abstract Background Effective acute pain management strategies are important for young adults in order to reduce risk for transition to chronic pain. Aim To describe pain and pain self-management strategies used by African American young adults. Design & Setting A national online cross-sectional survey design was used. Participant/Subjects Ninety-four African Americans Qualtrics panelists ages 18-25 who reported previous experience with acute pain responded. Methods: Respondents completed the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form to describe their pain intensity, pain interference with function, pain self-management, and percent of relief obtained from their self-management. Results African American young adults reported pain primarily in the back (n = 22, 23.4%) and head (n = 19, 20.2%), with moderate pain intensity M = 4.5 (standard deviation [SD] = 1.79) and pain interference with function M = 4.6 (SD = 2.36). African American young adults described their worst pain in the last 24 hours as M = 5.7 (SD = 2.01), least pain as M = 3.4 (SD = 2.41), and average pain as M = 5.1 (SD = 2.09). They reported 61.3% pain relief from self-treatment. A total of 45 (47.9%) reported no pain self-management strategies. Conclusions African American young adults report moderate levels of pain intensity and pain interference with function. A significant number report no pain self-management strategies. Focused pain assessment and education about efficacious pain self-management strategies, both pharmacological and complementary, could assist young African Americans to reduce their pain and risk of chronic pain in the future.
Putting personality in context: determinants of research productivity and impact in political science

Research on the determinants of scholarly productivity is flourishing, driven both by long-standing curiosity about its wide variation, and by recent concern over race and gender inequalities. Beyond standard structural and demographic determinants of research output, some studies point to the role of individual psychology. We contribute to scholarship on personality and productivity by showing not only that personality matters, but when and for whom. Using an original, representative study of faculty from one discipline, political science, we propose and test several hypotheses about the “Big Five” personality determinants of productivity, as gauged through counts of publications, H-index scores, and citations. Controlling for a large number of familiar determinants (e.g., race, gender, rank, and institutional incentives), we find that conscientiousness predicts productivity, but that its effects are conditioned by openness to experience. More precisely, we discover that these two personality traits have compensatory effects, such that openness to experience and conscientiousness each matter most in the absence of the other. In addition, personality has heterogeneous impacts on productivity across different contexts; conscientiousness more strongly affects scholarly output in research-oriented institutions, while collaboration reduces the penalty associated with lack of conscientiousness.