cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing, Managing, and Sustaining an Effective International Tobacco Dependence Treatment Partnership

Introduction: Global Bridges, hosted at Mayo Clinic since 2010, is the only international network of healthcare professionals dedicated to tobacco dependence treatment. Globally, fewer resources have been dedicated to treatment than to other evidence-based tobacco control policies. The Global Bridges network seeks to aid in filling this gap in tobacco control. Aims: This paper identifies ways to advance tobacco dependence treatment, as well as tobacco control, through efficient and effective use of a global health care provider network. Methods: Observation and critical analysis of lessons learned, project outcomes to date, and network analysis. Results/Findings: The initiative has built a strong global foundation, with training curricula developed and delivered in a number of countries, including low- and middle-income countries. While basic evaluation of content mastery and learner satisfaction has been conducted, more intensive evaluation and follow-up to confirm public health impact are essential needs. Finally, program analysis and application of management theory can be used in aiding future activities aimed at providing support for health care providers in the delivery of tobacco dependence treatment and in similar global public health endeavors. Conclusions: The Global Bridges healthcare professional network, now in its sixth year, has developed training curricula and expanded evidence-based tobacco dependence education among healthcare professionals. Global Bridges comprises a unique and important component of the broader tobacco control community, and can play an integral role in furthering global tobacco control progress.
Using integrated learning experiences to promote clinical competence: an instructional case study

ABSTRACTThis case study describes a novel end-of-semester instructional method that ties together content between courses at three points during an entry-level occupational therapy curriculum. In these integrated curriculum event, known as the ‘ICE’, small groups of students work together to perform portions of the OT process in the context of a case study. Early evidence suggests that the ICE breaks down the silos between courses and fosters higher-order thinking and increasingly advanced clinical reasoning.
Enantioselective epoxidation catalyzed by manganese-substituted human carbonic anhydrase

Artificial metalloenzymes are an important class of hybrid catalysts for enantioselective, regioselective and chemoselective organic transformations. Despite several limitations associated with this type of hybrid catalyst system and their limited development relative to small molecule catalysts, significant advances have been achieved over the past few decades. This thesis describes the background, applicability of such hybrid catalysts, anchoring strategies and methods involved in the improvement of catalytic activities of artificial metalloenzymes. The generation of a thermostable human carbonic anhydrase mutant, activity determination, generation of an artificial metalloenzyme (manganesesubstituted human carbonic anhydrase) and its use as a catalyst for enantioselective epoxidation of olefins is also described.
Brief Discussion on The Reform of Real Estate Tax in China

The State Council has approved to gradually push forward "real estate tax" reform in China.The goal of considering the levy of the real estate tax is to curb the "excessive price hike". However,as a kind of property tax,real estate tax's major effect is to improve the national tax system.This paper studies the problems existing in real estate tax and discusses the relationship between real estate tax and house price.Finally,it proposes some feasible recommendations on the reform of real estate tax in China.
A study of poplar organosolv lignin after melt rheology treatment as carbon fiber precursors

Lignins from various poplar genotypes were isolated by using organosolv fractionation and subjected to rheological treatment at various temperatures. Physicochemical characterization of the lignin variants shows a broad distribution of glass transition temperatures, melt viscosity, and pyrolysis char residues. Rheological treatment at 170 °C induces lignin repolymerization accompanied with an increase in condensed linkages, molecular weights, and viscosities. In contrast, rheology testing at 190 °C results in the decrease in lignin aliphatic and phenolic hydroxyl groups, β-O-aryl ether linkages, molecular weights, and viscosity values. Lignin under air cooling generates more oxygenated and condensed compounds, but lower amounts of ether linkages than lignin cooled under nitrogen. Lignin with a lower syringyl/guaiacyl ratio tends to form more cross-linkages along with higher viscosity values, higher molecular weight and larger amounts of condensed bonds.
Regulation of the lignocellulolytic response in filamentous fungi

Lignocellulose is an abundant waste product of agricultural and processing industries that can be utilized as a renewable fuel substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Saprophytic filamentous fungi are an important source of plant cell wall degrading enzymes necessary to break down the complex carbohydrates found in plant cell walls into simple sugars. Zinc binuclear cluster transcription factors activate the transcription of plant cell wall degrading enzymes when fungal cells are exposed to plant biomass. Nutrient sensing pathways that prioritize the use of preferred carbon sources act upstream of these transcription factors to inhibit the energy intensive production of cell wall degrading enzymes when unnecessary, while downstream feedback from the fungal secretory system also acts to regulate the production of these enzymes. Understanding the regulation of the fungal lignocellulolytic response will be important as we strive to increase the efficiency of production of these enzymes.
Regulation of Pyruvate Kinase Gene Expression by Hormones and Developmental Factors

These are exciting times in the development of our knowledge of the regulation of an important glycolytic enzyme—pyruvate kinase. A series of excellent laboratories are working in this area. This chapter concentrates on those agents that appear to invoke a chronic change in the total enzyme levels of pyruvate kinase. For an in-depth discussion of the acute regulation of pyruvate kinase activity via phosphorylation mechanisms, several excellent reviews are available (see refs. 1–3).
The Risky Business of Lifestyle Genetic Testing: Protecting Against Harmful Disclosure of Genetic Information

The technological and scientific advances of nutrigenetic testing imply the future is here, but unfortunately legal protections are not. Nutrigenetics - the newly developing science correlating diet and genotypes - promises an easier way to escape the consequences of unhealthy lifestyles. And many Americans, including cost-conscious employers and insurers, are seeking such high-tech solutions. But enthusiasm for nutrigenetics obfuscates unusual problems surrounding protection of genetic information in a market context. Upon providing genetic material, individuals lose control over who can access results. The ramifications raise considerable liberty issues - from privacy, equal protection to perhaps property rights - and can result in widespread, irreversible damage, such as stigmatization and discrimination against tested individuals and all who share that DNA. Current regulations and safeguards inadequately address problems, failing to sufficiently consider who may obtain the information. To improve protections, courts should recognize individuals' rights to control personal genetic information. Congress should expand legislation to reach nutrigenetic and other lifestyle genetic testing, mandating safeguards preventing harmful disclosure but allowing authorized parties to obtain relevant information. Proposed legislation distinguishing derived from raw genetic information and regulating third-party access can be implemented through a double-masking model, allowing nutrigenetic testing to provide countless benefits to individuals and society.
The Advanced Maillard Reaction in Aging and Age-related Diseases Probed with Pentosidine

Summary Pentosidine is an advanced product of the Maillard reaction which is thought to form in vivo through glycoxidation of Amadori products of glucose. In vitro, pentoses are its most active precursors and ascorbate is thought to be a major precursor in the lens, and perhaps other cellular systems. Quantitation of pentosidine in extra cellular matrix revealed tissue specific patterns of formation in aging which are likely to reflect protein turnover. Pentosidine is increased in diabetic tissues and skin levels were found to correlate with severity of diabetic complications. Highest levels are found in uremic plasma, and these are largely correctable by renal transplantation. The new association between advanced Maillard reaction and uremia together with its accelerated atherosclerosis, cataract formation and impaired immune function suggests that uremia is a syndrome of accelerated aging. The exact role of oxygen and the nature of precursor sugars in pentosidine biosynthesis needs to be established.
Folate Pathway Gene Expression Differs in Genetic Subtypes of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Influences Methotrexate Pharmacodynamics.

Methotrexate (MTX) is an essential treatment component for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The ability of leukemia cells to accumulate MTX in its polyglutamylated form (MTXPG) is recognized as an important determinant of its antileukemic effect. We measured in vivo MTXPG accumulation in leukemia cells from 101 children with ALL, and established that blasts of B-lineage ALL with either the TEL-AML1 (n=24 patients , median 911, range 338 to 5906 pmol/109 blasts) or E2A-PBX1 gene fusion (n=5 , median 553, range 364 to 800 pmol/109 blasts) or T-lineage ALL (n=14 , median 572, range 284 to 1468 pmol/109 blasts) accumulate significantly lower MTXPG, compared to those of other B-lineage ALL (BNHD, n=39 , median 2210, range 186 to 9722 pmol/109 blasts) or hyperdiploid ALL (BHD, n=19 , median 4375, range 377 to 9206 pmol/109 blasts) ( E2A-PBX1 versus BHD, p=0.008; E2A-PBX1 vs. BNHD, p=0.010; TEL-AML1 vs. BHD, p<0.001; TEL-AML1 vs. BNHD, p=0.004; T-ALL vs. BHD and BNHD, p<0.001; p-values are from pair-wise comparisons using Wilcoxon rank sum test, adjusted for multiple testing using Holm’s method). To elucidate mechanisms underlying these differences in MTXPG accumulation, we used oligonucleotide microarrays (Affymetrix® HG-U133A) to analyze expression of 32 folate pathway genes (53 probe sets) in diagnostic bone marrow blasts from 197 children with ALL. This revealed ALL subtype-specific patterns of folate metabolism gene expression and identified differences in gene expression that discriminated the MTXPG accumulation phenotype in ALL cells. We found significantly lower expression of the reduced folate carrier ( SLC19A1 , MTX uptake transporter) in E2A-PBX1 ALL; significantly higher expression of breast cancer resistance protein ( ABCG2 , MTX efflux transporter) in TEL-AML1 ALL; and lower expression of FPGS (catalyzes formation of MTXPG) in T-ALL; consistent with lower MTXPG accumulation in these ALL subtypes. These findings reveal distinct mechanisms of subtype-specific differences in MTXPG accumulation and point to new strategies to overcome this potential cause of treatment failure in childhood ALL.
Acceptance of Adjuvant Chemotherapy Recommendations in Early Stage Hormone Positive Breast Cancer

Abstract Background The role of systemic chemotherapy in early-stage, estrogen receptor (ER)–positive, and Her2-negative breast cancer remains an area of active investigation. The decision to recommend chemotherapy is multifactorial, and some patients decline recommended chemotherapy. We sought to identify patient factors leading to refusal of adjuvant therapy. Materials and methods Data were collected from National Comprehensive Cancer Network Outcomes database and used to identify patients with primary, unilateral, T1-T2, N0, ER+, Her2-disease diagnosed from 2005-2011. Patient and clinical characteristics were analyzed for associations with physician recommendation for chemotherapy and patient acceptance of chemotherapy. A logistic regression model was used to identify patient and tumor characteristics associated with recommendation for and acceptance of chemotherapy. Results A total of 329 patients were identified. Chemotherapy was recommended in 191 patients (58.1%) and not in 138 (41.9%). Young age (odds ratio [OR]: 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-12.7), large tumor size (6.69, 95% CI: 3.31-13.5), and high Oncotype DX scores (11.2, 95% CI: 4.5-27.9) were more likely to receive a recommendation. About 71 patients (37.1%) refused chemotherapy. Patients younger than age 50 (20.9, 95% CI: 2.5-172.0), larger tumor size (3.4, 95% CI: 1.3-8.7), Oncotype DX score > 31 (31.3, 95% CI: 3.3-295.0), privately insured (8.2, 95% CI: 1.9-34.7), and Hispanic ethnicity (5.2, 95% CI: 1.6-16.8) were more likely to accept chemotherapy. Conclusions Physician recommendations for adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage ER + breast cancer varied by commonly considered factors. Patient acceptance varied by similar factors but was also influenced by race and insurance status. This may be explained by cultural or social factors not well understood or not overcome by physician guidance.
Dancing with the Stars: Phenolic Glycolipids Partners with Macrophages.

How Mycobacterium leprae infection causes demyelination to mediate leprosy pathogenesis has been a long-standing question. In a recent Cell paper, Madigan et al. (2017) use a zebrafish model of M. leprae infection to show that infected macrophages patrol axons to trigger mitochondrial damage and induce demyelination of nerve cells.
Aging in place: community-based services and resources in residential settings among older adults

One key component to facilitate older adults’ ability to remain independent and age in place is the provision of formal services in their community. However, elder-targeted services are lacking for...
High-speed single-shot optical focusing through dynamic turbid media (Conference Presentation)

In biological applications, optical focusing is limited by the diffusion of light, which prevents focusing at depths greater than ~1 mm in soft tissue. Wavefront shaping aims to extend the focusing depth by compensating for phase distortions induced by scattering. This allows for focusing light through biological tissue beyond the optical diffusion limit through constructive interference. However, due to random motion, scattering of light in tissue is deterministic only within a brief speckle correlation time. In in vivo tissue this speckle correlation time is on the order of milliseconds, thus it is vital to optimize the wavefront within the correlation time. The speed of wavefront shaping has typically been limited by the time required to measure and display the optimal phase pattern due to the low speeds of cameras, data transfer and processing, and spatial light modulators (SLM). While methods of binary-phase modulation requiring only two images for phase measurement have recently been reported, the majority of studies require a minimum of four frames for full-phase measurement. Here, we present a full-phase digital optical phase conjugation method based on off-axis holography for single-shot optical focusing through scattering media. By using off-axis holography in conjunction with graphics processing unit (GPU) based processing; we take advantage of single-shot full-phase measurement while using parallel computation to quickly reconstruct the phase map. Using this system, we are able to focus light through scattering media with a system latency of approximately 10 milliseconds, on the order of the in vivo speckle correlation time.
A Comparison of the Cyanide-Scavenging Capabilities of Some Cobalt-Containing Complexes in Mice

Four cobalt-containing macrocyclic compounds previously shown to ameliorate cyanide toxicity have been comparatively evaluated with an acute sublethal toxicity model in conscious (unanesthetized) adult male Swiss-Webster mice. All of the compounds (the cobalt-corrins cobalamin and cobinamide, a cobalt-porphyrin, plus a cobalt-Schiff base macrocycle) given 5 min prior to the toxicant dose significantly decreased the righting-recovery time of cyanide-intoxicated mice, but the doses required for maximal antidotal effect varied. Additionally, all of the compounds tested significantly reduced the righting-recovery time when administered at either 1 or 2 min after cyanide intoxication, but none of the compounds tested significantly reduced the righting-recovery time when delivered 5 min after the toxicant dose. Using the lowest effective dose of each compound determined during the first (prophylactic) set of experiments, neuromuscular recovery following cyanide intoxication in the presence/absence of the cobalt...
Care Coordination to Increase Referrals to Smoking Cessation Telephone Counseling: A Demonstration Project

Objective To test the effectiveness of a care coordination program for telephone counseling in raising referral and treatment rates for smoking cessation. Study design A demonstration project implementing a smoking cessation care coordination program offering telephone counseling and medication management to patients referred from primary care. Methods The study was performed at 18 Veterans Health Administration (VA) sites in California. Participants were VA patients receiving primary care. We randomly allocated 10 of 18 sites to receive the Telephone Care Coordination Program, which included simple 2-click referral, proactive care coordination, medication management, and 5 follow-up telephone calls. Each patient received a 30- to 45-minute counseling session from the California Smokers' Helpline. Patients at control sites received usual care. Results During 10 months, we received 2965 referrals. We were unable to reach 1156 patients (39%), despite at least 3 attempts. We excluded 73 patients (3%), and 391 patients (13%) were not interested. We connected the remaining 1345 patients (45%) to the Helpline. At 6-month followup, 335 patients (11% of all referrals and 25% of participating patients) were abstinent. Providers at intervention sites reported referring many more patients to telephone counseling than providers at control sites (15.6 vs 0.7 in the prior month). Conclusions The program generated a large number of referrals; almost half of the patients referred were connected with the Helpline. Long-term abstinence was excellent. These results suggest that managed care organizations may be able to improve tobacco control by implementing a similar system of care coordination.
Prestructuring multilayer perceptrons based on information-theoretic modeling of a partido-alto-based grammar for afro-brazilian music: enhanced generalization and principles of parsimony, including an investigation of statistical paradigms

The present study shows that prestructuring based on domain knowledge leads to statistically significant generalization-performance improvement in artificial neural networks (NNs) of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) type, specifically in the case of a noisy real-world problem with numerous interacting variables. The prestructuring of MLPs based on knowledge of the structure of a problem domain has previously been shown to improve generalization performance. However, the problem domains for those demonstrations suffered from significant shortcomings: 1) They were purely logical problems, and 2) they contained small numbers of variables in comparison to most data-mining applications today. Two implications of the former were a) the underlying structure of the problem was completely known to the network designer by virtue of having been conceived for the problem at hand, and b) noise was not a significant concern in contrast with real-world conditions. As for the size of the problem, neither computational resources nor mathematical modeling techniques were advanced enough to handle complex relationships among more than a few variables until recently, so such problems were left out of the mainstream of prestructuring investigations. In the present work, domain knowledge is built into the solution through Reconstructability Analysis, a form of information-theoretic modeling, which is used to identify mathematical models that can be transformed into a graphic representation of the problem domain's underlying structure. Employing the latter as a pattern allows the researcher to prestructure the MLP, for instance, by disallowing certain connections in the network. Prestructuring reduces the set of all possible maps (SAPM) that are realizable by the NN. The reduced SAPM—according to the Lendaris–Stanley conjecture, conditional probability, and Occam's razor—enables better generalization performance than with a fully connected MLP that has learned the same I/O mapping to the same extent. In addition to showing statistically significant improvement over the generalization performance of fully connected networks, the prestructured networks in the present study also compared favorably to both the performance of qualified human agents and the generalization rates in classification through Reconstructability Analysis alone, which serves as the alternative algorithm for comparison.
Other Bifurcation Theorems

Several authors have published generalizations of the Hopf Bifurcation. In particular, Chafee [1] has eliminated the condition that the eigenvalue λ(µ) cross the imaginary axis with nonzero speed. In this case, bifurcation to periodic orbits occurs, but it is not possible to predict from eigenvalue conditions exactly how many families of periodic orbits will bifurcate from the fixed point. Chafee’s result gives a good description of the behavior of the flow of the vector field near the bifurcation point. See also Bautin [1] and Section 3C.
Corrosion Inhibition in Naval Vessels

This paper documents a limited literature review on the past, current and proposed use of corrosion inhibitors in naval vessels. A brief discussion of the type of corrosion inhibitors used, mechanisms of corrosion protection and practical methodology of evaluating corrosion inhibitors is given. Wherever, possible, examples of the systems protected by corrosion inhibitors are cited.
Radiation and Exciting Forces of Axisymmetric Structures with a Moonpool in Waves

A highly efficient “hybrid integral-equation method” for computing hydrodynamic added-mass, wave-damping, and wave-exciting force of general body geometries with a vertical axis of symmetry is presented. The hybrid method utilizes a numerical inner domain and a semi-infinite analytical outer domain separated by a vertical cylindrical matching boundary. Eigenfunction representation of velocity potential is used in the outer domain; the three-dimensional potential in the inner domain is solved using a “two-dimensional” boundary element method with ring sources and ring dipoles to exploit the body symmetry for efficiency. With proper solution matching at the common boundary, both radiation and diffraction potentials can be solved efficiently while satisfying the far-field radiation condition exactly. This method is applied to compute the hydrodynamic properties of two different body geometries: a vertical-walled moonpool with a bottom plate that restricts the opening and a spar-like structure with a diverging bottom opening inspired by designs of floating Oscillating Water Columns. The effects of the size of the bottom opening on the hydrodynamic properties of the body are investigated for both geometries. The heave motion of the floater as well as the motion of the internal free surface under incident wave excitation are computed and studied for the spar-like structure.
Three infinite families of reflection Hopf algebras

Abstract Let H be a semisimple Hopf algebra acting on an Artin-Schelter regular algebra A, homogeneously, inner-faithfully, preserving the grading on A, and so that A is an H-module algebra. When the fixed subring A H is also AS regular, thus providing a generalization of the Chevalley-Shephard-Todd Theorem, we say that H is a reflection Hopf algebra for A. We show that each of the semisimple Hopf algebras H 2 n 2 of Pansera, and A 4 m and B 4 m of Masuoka is a reflection Hopf algebra for an AS regular algebra of dimension 2 or 3.
10 The Demography of Sexuality

In recent years, there has been a remarkable shift in the quantity of research conducted on population sexuality, as well as the type of questions demographers are asking about sexuality. In this chapter, we describe the development of the demography of sexuality, including how changes in data availability and sociopolitical pressures have driven sexuality research. In particular, we focus on population-based research that is centered on sexual identity, behavior, or desire. In addition, we take a closer look at research conducted on non-heterosexual populations to describe some of the methodological issues and the primary findings that have emerged across the areas of prevalence, spatial distribution, labor market outcomes, and family. We then describe some of the challenges that remain for this area of research, including new research trajectories, needed data, and underexamined populations.
Distributed Security Network Functions against Botnet Attacks in Software-defined Networks

For the past decade, botnets have dominated network attacks in spite of significant research advances in defending against them. The distributed attack sources, the network size, and the diverse botnet attack techniques challenge the effectiveness of a single-point centralized security solution. This paper proposes a distributed security system against large-scale disruptive botnet attacks by using SDN/NFV and machine-learning. In our system, a set of distributed network functions detect network attacks for each protocol and to collect real-time traffic information, which also gets relayed to the SDN controller for more sophisticated analyses. The SDN controller then analyzes the real-time traffic with the only forwarded information using machine learning and updates the flow rule or take routing/bandwidth-control measures, which get executed on the nodes implementing the security network functions. Our evaluations show the proposed system to be an efficient and effective defense method against botnet attacks. The evaluation results demonstrated that the proposed system detects large-scale distributed network attacks from botnets at the SDN controller while the network functions locally detect known attacks across different networking protocols.
Care to Share? The Interpersonal Risks and Rewards of Sharing Personal Information with Colleagues

With a growing cultural emphasis on authenticity and bringing your “full self” to work, as well as the pervasiveness of social media engagement, exchanging personal information with colleagues has ...
From Radicalism to Representation: Jose “Cha Cha“ Jimenez’s Journey into Electoral Politics

This article examines Jose “Cha Cha” Jimenez’s 1975 aldermanic campaign and his work toward the successful election of the first African American mayor of Chicago. Several progressive politicians who cut their political teeth on Jimenez’s city council campaign used the skills they acquired in the mid-1970s to break through the political glass ceiling that for decades kept Latinos from actualizing their potential. This article provides a lens through which to see how Jimenez and the Young Lords laid the groundwork for an anti-Daley machine that was a continuation of the original Rainbow Coalition.
Formulation design for inkjet-based 3D printed tablets.

Abstract The drug loading efficiency was evaluated using a binder-jet 3D printing process by incorporating an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in ink, and quantifying the printability property of ink solutions. A dimensionless parameter Ohnesorge was calculated to understand the printability property of the ink solutions. A pre-formulation study was also carried out for the raw materials and printed tablets using thermal analysis and compendial tests. The compendial characterization of the printed tablets was evaluated with respect to weight variation, hardness, disintegration, and size; Amitriptyline Hydrochloride was considered as the model API in this study. Four concentrations of the API ink solutions (5, 10, 20, 40 mg/mL) were used to print four printed tablet batches using the same tablet design file. The excipient mixture used in the study was kept the same and consists of Lactose monohydrate, Polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30, and Di-Calcium phosphate Anhydrate. The minimum drug loading achieved was 30 μg with a minimal variation (RSD) of
Three-dimensional Wadell roundness for particle angularity characterization of granular soils

The geologist Hakon Wadell proposed the roundness definition in the 1930s for quantifying the particle angularity of granular soils. Due to the difficulty in obtaining three-dimensional (3D) particle geometries in the 1930s, Wadell used two-dimensional (2D) projections of particles to develop his roundness definition, although it is limited for analyzing 3D particles. This study shows that Wadell’s 2D roundness could be extended to a 3D definition. The 3D roundness is defined as the ratio of the average radius of spheres fitting to corners and ridges of a 3D particle to the radius of the maximum inscribed sphere of the 3D particle. A computational geometry algorithm is proposed to automatically identify corners and ridges, fit appropriate spheres to corners and ridges, identify the maximum inscribed sphere of the 3D particle, and compute 3D roundness. The number of slices per diameter of the maximum inscribed sphere of the particle, NSD, is defined for controlling the sphere fitting process. The minimum required NSD = 300 is established to ensure the reliable use of the proposed 3D computational geometry algorithm. Finally, a total of 20,000 particles from five sand specimens with various angularities are scanned by X-ray computed tomography. The 2D and 3D roundnesses of these 20,000 particles are compared. The 2D roundnesses capture the general trend of the corresponding 3D roundnesses, but vary in a large range, resulting in significant uncertainties when using 2D images to infer 3D particle angularities.
The labor force participation of Indian women before and after widowhood

BACKGROUND Due to its young age structure and taboos on widow remarriage, India has a large and relatively young female widow population. Many of India's widows are in prime working ages. India has one of the lowest female labor force participation rates in the world. OBJECTIVE This paper calculates the effect of widowhood on the labor force participation of Indian widows. The analysis documents how labor force participation changes associated with widowhood vary by age, caste/religion, relation to head of household, rural/urban status, and region. METHODS Using the India Human Development Survey (IHDS), the analysis tracks 3,217 women who experience the loss of their spouse between the two survey waves. Individual fixed effects regressions are used to measure the association between the transition to widowhood and changes in the number of days worked in the past year. RESULTS Widowhood was associated with a decrease in days worked for older women; but for women widowed before age 52, widowhood was associated with a large increase in the number of days they worked. Widows who joined the labor force were more likely to gain employment in permanent and salaried work than married women. Widows who resided with their in-laws or who became the household head after their husband's death saw increases in their work participation whereas those who lived in households headed by their adult children experienced negative widowhood effects on their work participation. CONTRIBUTION These findings highlight the important link between marital status and female employment in India.
Neural Predictor for Neural Architecture Search

Neural Architecture Search methods are effective but often use complex algorithms to come up with the best architecture. We propose an approach with three basic steps that is conceptually much simpler. First we train N random architectures to generate N (architecture, validation accuracy) pairs and use them to train a regression model that predicts accuracies for architectures. Next, we use this regression model to predict the validation accuracies of a large number of random architectures. Finally, we train the top-K predicted architectures and deploy the model with the best validation result. While this approach seems simple, it is more than \(20 \times \) as sample efficient as Regularized Evolution on the NASBench-101 benchmark. On ImageNet, it approaches the efficiency of more complex and restrictive approaches based on weight sharing such as ProxylessNAS while being fully (embarrassingly) parallelizable and friendly to hyper-parameter tuning.
A protocol for transposon insertion sequencing in Schizosaccharomyces pombe to identify factors that maintain heterochromatin.

Summary Transposon insertion sequencing (TIS) is a highly effective method used with bacteria to identify genes important for growth in any condition of interest. Previously, we adapted this method to identify essential genes of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here, we describe modifications used to identify genes necessary for the formation of centromeric heterochromatin. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Lee et al. (2020) .
Corrigendum to “Persistence and Stability analysis of discrete-time predator-prey models: a study of population and evolutionary dynamics”, Journal of Difference Equations and Applications, 25(2019), 1568–1603

First, in the statements of Lemma 2.3 and Lemma 3.10, and the proofs of Lemma 2.4, Theorem 2.5 and Theorem 3.12, we incorrectly state that A and Aϵ are global attractors for the 2D and 3D models, r...
Sail, Pray, Steer

Ancient seafarers faced dangers and fears posed by the sea and hazards of sailing. Accordingly, specialized sacred beliefs and ritual practices developed among Phoenician mariners – the focus of this study – which were a subset of terrestrial religion. Sailors honored deities whose maritime, celestial, or meteorological attributes could either benefit or devastate a voyage. While on land, these divine patrons were worshipped in harbor temples and promontory shrines. While at sea, divine protection came from the ships themselves, which were considered to be imbued with a spirit of a deity; the vessels also contained sacred spaces that allowed for continued contact with the divine. Mariners performed religious ceremonies to enlist and ensure divine protection and success for their voyages. Maritime features were also part of the funerary practices and mortuary rituals of seafarers. These specialized sacred beliefs and ritual practices were generated by the liminality of the deep and the unique uncertainties and perils at sea, and aided in Phoenician maritime exploration, commercial exchanges, and settlement that eventually spread throughout the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic coasts of Iberia and Morocco.
Assessment of Calibration Procedures for Polarimetric Radars

Calibration standards, internal and external calibration techniques (both passive and active types) which are unique to polarimetric radars are discussed and followed by the author’s experience in using them. A new even bounce conical corner reflector is introduced which has excellent potential for establishing an angle reference for passive reflector arrays. Active external calibration techniques are recommended where the active device used was calibrated in a controlled environment.
Familiar Objects and their Shadows

Introduction 1. Two false friends of an ontology of familiar objects 2. Conventionalism as ontological relativism 3. Realism about material objects: persistence, persistence conditions, and natural kinds 4. Ontological preference for the temporally small 5. Ontological preference for microphysical causes 6. Ontological preference for the spatially small 7. A third false friend of familiar objects: universal mereological composition 8. Concluding Hegelian postscript Appendix: 'mutually interfering' dimensions of difference Reference.
Adverse selection and unraveling in common‐value labor markets

We investigate a common-value labor setting in which firms interview a worker prior to hiring. When firms have private information about the worker’s value and interview decisions are kept private, many firms may enter the market, interview, and hire with positive probability. When firms’ interview decisions are revealed, severe adverse selection arises. As a result, all firms except for the highest-ranked firm are excluded from the hiring process.
Recent experimental data may point to a greater role for osmotic pressures in the subsurface

[1] Uncertainty about the origin of anomalous fluid pressures in certain geologic settings has caused researchers to take a second look at osmosis, or flow driven by chemical potential differences, as a pressure-generating process in the subsurface. Interest in geological osmosis has also increased because of an in situ experiment by Neuzil (2000) suggesting that Pierre Shale could generate large osmotic pressures when highly compacted. In the last few years, additional laboratory and in situ experiments have greatly increased the number of data on osmotic properties of argillaceous formations, but they have not been systematically examined. In this paper we compile these data and explore their implications for osmotic pressure generation in subsurface systems. Rather than base our analysis on osmotic efficiencies, which depend strongly on concentration, we calculated values of a quantity we term osmotic specific surface area (Aso) that, in principle, is a property of the porous medium only. The Aso values are consistent with a surprisingly broad spectrum of osmotic behavior in argillaceous formations, and all the formations tested exhibited at least a modest ability to generate osmotic pressure. It appears possible that under appropriate conditions some formations can be highly effective osmotic membranes able to generate osmotic pressures exceeding 30 MPa (3 km of head) at porosities as high as ∼0.1 and pressures exceeding 10 MPa at porosities as high as ∼0.2. These findings are difficult to reconcile with the lack of compelling field evidence for osmotic pressures, and we propose three explanations for the disparity: (1) Our analysis is flawed and argillaceous formations are less effective osmotic membranes than it suggests; (2) the necessary subsurface conditions, significant salinity differences within intact argillaceous formations, are rare; or (3) osmotic pressures are unlikely to be detected and are not recognized when encountered. The last possibility, that osmotic pressures routinely escape detection or are attributed to other mechanisms, has important implications for understanding subsurface flow regimes.
Integrating multicultural education: activities to celebrate the Chinese new year.

(2009). Integrating Multicultural Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 80, No. 5, pp. 40-46.
Constrained minimal supersymmetric standard model spectroscopy in light of PAMELA and ATIC observations

Dark matter neutralinos in the constrained minimal supersymmetric model (CMSSM) may account for the recent cosmic ray electron and positron observations reported by the PAMELA and ATIC experiments either through self annihilation or via decay. However, to achieve this, both scenarios require new physics beyond the "standard" CMSSM, and a unified explanation of the two experiments suggests a neutralino mass of order 700 GeV-2 TeV. A relatively light neutralino with mass around 100 GeV (300 GeV) can accommodate the PAMELA but not the ATIC observations based on a model of annihilating (decaying) neutralinos. We study the implications of these scenarios for Higgs and sparticle spectroscopy in the CMSSM and highlight some benchmark points. An estimate of neutrino flux expected from the annihilating and decaying neutralino scenarios is provided.
Taking the Gonococcus-Human Relationship to a Whole New Level: Implications for the Coevolution of Microbes and Humans

While horizontal gene transfer occurs frequently among bacterial species, evidence for the transfer of DNA from host to microbe is exceptionally rare. However, the recent report by Anderson and Seifert [mBio 2(1):e00005-11, 2011] provides evidence for such an event with the finding that 11% of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains harbor a 685-bp sequence that is 98 to 100% identical to the human long interspersed nuclear element L1. While the function of this element in gonococci remains unclear, this finding significantly impacts our consideration of the coevolution of hosts and microbes, particularly that of humans and pathogens.
Fos in locus coeruleus neurons following audiogenic seizure in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat: comparison to electroshock and pentylenetetrazol seizure models

Seizures in genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs) may result from hypoactivity of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons during seizures. This study examined Fos-like-immunoreactivity (FLI) in the LC following audiogenic seizures in two strains of GEPRs (GEPR-9s and -3s), and following pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) or maximal electroshock seizures (MES) in normal rats. After tonic seizure, GEPR-9s showed an identical LC-FLI response to that of normal rats following tonic seizures induced by either PTZ or MES. GEPR-3s, having clonic seizures, had less FLI in the LC. Therefore, stimulus-transcription coupling in the GEPR LC is apparently normo-typic in its FLI response to seizure and thus is not likely the root cause of NE abnormalities in this seizure model.
Trapping, thermal effects, and wave breaking in the nonlinear plasma wake-field accelerator.

In this paper we discuss a variety of physical aspects of the nonlinear regime of the plasma wake-field accelerator: general nonlinear properties, thermal effects, particle trapping, and maximum acceleration. The unifying motivation for this investigation is to discover the limit on the size of the plasma waves, as the interesting characteristics of the nonlinear scheme depend strongly on amplitude. Implications for laboratory and cosmic-ray acceleration are discussed.
Response to Letter Regarding Article “Clinical Outcomes Using a Platelet Function-Guided Approach for Secondary Prevention in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack”

We thank Drs Meves and Neubauer for their interest in our recent article, “Clinical Outcomes Using a Platelet Function-Guided Approach for Secondary Prevention in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack.”1 Regarding the definition for aspirin nonresponse in our study, we had used the available clinical test at our institution during the time period of the study. Aspirin resistance was defined as meeting 2 criteria for mean platelet aggregation based on testing with arachidonic acid and adenosine diphosphate; patients who met only one of the 2 criteria were defined as incomplete responders.1 The modifications in antiplatelet management did not differ between patients labeled as aspirin-resistant or incomplete responders; thus, we chose to combine both to comprise our aspirin nonresponse cohort. Nonadherence to antiplatelet therapy is indeed a major issue in interpreting platelet function studies. In fact, nonadherence is likely …
Classical probability matrix: Prediction of quantum-state distributions by a moment analysis of classical trajectories

Abstract A new method is presented for extracting approximate quantum mechanical state-to-state transition probabilities from the results of classical trajectory calculations. The method recognizes quantum discreteness by dealing with the quantum mechanical probability matrix, but all dynamical quantities are evaluated by classical mechanics. It is illustrated by application to the linear atom-diatom collision (vibrational excitation); it is capable of treating both classically allowed and classically forbidden processes.
Controlled release of dexamethasone from subcutaneously‐implanted biosensors in pigs: Localized anti‐inflammatory benefit without systemic effects

Chronically implanted biosensors typically lose sensitivity 1-2 months after implantation, due in large part to the development of a collagen-rich capsule that prevents analytes of interest from reaching the biosensor. Corticosteroids are likely candidates for reducing collagen deposition but these compounds have many serious side effects when given over a prolonged period. One method of assessing whether or not locally released corticosteroids have a systemic effect is to measure cortisol concentrations in venous serum. We hypothesized that a very low release rate of the potent corticosteroid, dexamethasone, would lead to a localized anti-inflammatory effect without systemic effects. We found that reduction in subcutaneous granulocytes (primarily eosinophils), and to a lesser extent, reduction of macrophages served as a good local indicator of the steroid effect. When released over a 28-day period, a total dexamethasone dose of < or =0.1 mg/kg led to a consistent reduction in the number of granulocytes and macrophages found in the local vicinity of the implant without a reduction of these cells at distant tissue locations. The lack of suppression of serum cortisol with these doses confirmed that low-release rates of dexamethasone can lead to consistent local anti-inflammatory effects without distant, systemic effects. (c) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010.
Anionic polymerization. III. Polymerization of butadiene with alkali metal alkoxide-modified alkali metal system

A high molecular weight polybutadiene was prepared in hexane solvent by using alkali metal (Li, Na, K) and metal tert-butoxide (Li, Na, K) as a polymerization initiator. The microstructure of polybutadiene varies, depending on the type of modifiers and polymerization and temperatures. The results and mechanistic implications of this study are discussed.
Simply structured policies for a dynamic pricing problem with constant price elasticity demand

Consider a retailer, stocking a seasonal item facing a stochastic demand. The retailer places orders before the start of the season and in-season reorders are impossible. A question frequently asked is: How should one set prices throughout the selling season to optimize profits? Applications include the production of fashion goods, hotel rooms, airline seats, and car rentals. The objective function is typically non-concave, so finding an optimal solution is computationally challenging and heuristic approaches are often employed. For a T period dynamic pricing model with the expected profit objective, it was shown in the literature that the problem reduces to solving T single variable optimization problems. We extend the result by incorporating holding costs. We obtain similar simple solutions for the special cases of deterministic demands and nonnegative holding costs proportional to selling prices. For the general case, we introduce heuristics using simply structured policies.
Drug Therapy for Alcohol Dependence

Alcohol dependence is a chronic disorder that results from a variety of genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors.1 As defined by the American Psychiatric Association in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, it is characterized by increased tolerance of the effects of alcohol, impaired control over drinking, and continued drinking despite adverse consequences (Table 1).2 Alcohol dependence affects nearly 10 percent of the population and results in social problems, considerable morbidity and mortality, and high health care costs.3,4 Alcohol dependence is treated by medical, psychological, and social interventions that reduce or eliminate the desire to drink and the . . .
Optimizing designs containing black boxes

We define a notion of equivalence for designs containingblack boxes i.e., components whose functionality is notknown; these arise naturally in the course of hierarchicaldesign. Using this notion, we describe a sound andcomplete methodology for optimizing such designs.