cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balancing innovation with commercialization in NASA's Science Mission Directorate SBIR Program

The NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD) administers a portion of the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) Program. One of the challenges of administrating this program is to balance the need to foster innovation in small businesses and the need to demonstrate commercialization by infusion into NASA. Because of the often risky nature of innovation, SBIR programs will tend to drift into a status that rewards proposals that promise to deliver a product that is exactly what was specified in the call. This often will satisfy the metric of providing a clear demonstration of infusion and thus also providing a publishable success story. However, another goal of the SBIR program is to foster innovation as a national asset. Even though data from commercially successful SMD SBIR tasks indicate a higher value for less innovative efforts, there are programmatic and national reasons to balance the program toward risking a portion of the portfolio on higher innovation tasks. Establishing this balance is made difficult because there is a reward metric for successful infusion and commercializetion, but none for successful innovation. In general, the ultimate infusion and commercialization of innovative solutions has a lower probability than implementation of established ideas, but they can also have a much higher return on investment. If innovative ideas are valued and solicited in the SBIR program, then NASA technology requirements need to be specified in a way that defines the problem and possible solution, but will also allow for different approaches and unconventional methods. It may also be necessary to establish a guideline to risk a percentage of awards on these innovations.1
The roles of ionotropic glutamate receptors along the On and Off signaling pathways in the light-adapted mouse retina

Although the locations of glutamate receptors along the On and Off pathways have been determined, how these receptors modulate the retinal outputs--the light-evoked and spontaneous activities of individual ganglion cells--is not fully understood in the mouse retina. Specifically, how these receptors mediate On and Off responses of retinal ganglion cells in mouse retina under light adaptation remains unknown. Since mouse retina has become a powerful model for vision research, the functions of glutamate receptors along the On and Off pathways in mouse need to be determined. In the current study, the light-evoked and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (light-evoked EPSCs and sEPSCs) from On, Off and On-Off retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were recorded using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to assess how NMDA and AMPA/KA receptors modulate the retinal outputs of RGCs in the light-adapted mouse retina. We found NMDA and AMPA/KA played different roles in light-evoked EPSCs along On and Off pathways in light-adapted mice retinas. Both NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5) and AMPA/KA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) acted on RGCs to reduce On responses of ganglion cells while they acted on Off-cone bipolar cells and/or ganglion cells to mediate Off responses of RGCs. Co-application of AP-5 and CNQX completely eliminated the Off responses in majority of RGCs, indicating that both NMDA and AMPA/KA receptors are critical for light signaling along the cone-driven Off pathways in the light-adapted mouse retina.
Influence of fruit and vegetable extracts on lipid peroxidation in microsomes containing specific cytochrome P450s

Abstract We have examined the effect of 12 food extracts on iron/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation using microsomes enriched with specific cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, namely 1A1 and 3A4, prepared from human lymphoblastic cells. As a comparison, we also studied control microsomes, which contained negligible amounts of cytochrome P450. We observed antioxidant effects with both control and P450-containing microsomes in the case of grapefruit, green tea, coffee, tarragon and rosemary extracts. Pro-oxidant effects were observed for the brassica extracts (cabbage, cauliflower and Brussels sprouts) for all three microsome groups. Differences in the degree of lipid peroxidation between microsomes containing P450s 1 A 1 3 A 4 and control microsomes were seen for apple, tomato and parsnip peel extracts. The antioxidant properties of some of the food extracts were therefore modified by the presence of specific P450s. The results demonstrate the potential of P450-enriched microsomes in determining the antioxidant properties of food extracts and components.
Monitoring of the building envelope of a heritage house: a case study

Abstract The paper describes the long-term monitoring of the hygrothermal performance of the building envelope of a heritage house located in Ottawa. The house, once the residence of two of Canada's Prime Ministers, now serves as a museum. To preserve the historical artifacts within the building, the specified temperature and relative humidity (RH) for the indoor air are 21°C and 35% to 50%, respectively. As the house must also be preserved, there was concern about the effect of the high indoor RH (moisture) on the durability of the building structure. The main objective of the monitoring was to assess the effect of the conditioned air on the building envelope. Selected wall sections and a window were continuously monitored from March 1995 to August 1996. The monitoring included indoor and outdoor conditions and the attic environment. Temperature, RH, surface wetting–drying cycles (from precipitation or condensation), and air-pressure differential were monitored. This paper describes the monitoring approach and results. The results indicated that the brick walls are unlikely to experience internal condensation problems as long as they are subjected to a negative air pressure difference. However, because the building is quite leaky, the negative pressure introduced too much cold dry air from the exterior. It caused localized cold spots with condensation and ice formation on interior of walls and ceiling. Negative air pressure differences are not a solution unless the leakage paths are reduced.
The induced synthesis and transport of yolk proteins and their accumulation by the oocyte in Xenopus laevis.

The process of vitellogenesis in oviparous vertebrates embraces a number of integrated physiological and developmental phenomena. Since this process is readily subjected to experimental control in Xenopus laevis, we have been able to undertake a preliminary survey of the pertinent mechanisms operating in this animal. The information at hand is discussed as it relates to (a) the hormonal (estrogen) induction of yolk protein synthesis by the liver, (b) the characterization of the yolk protein produced and its relationship to the proteins of the mature egg, (c) the transport of the yolk protein to the ovary and its specific uptake by the developing oocyte, and (d) the transformation of the accumulated protein into crystalline yolk platelets.
The Climate of the United States since 1895: Spatial and Temporal Changes

Abstract Time series of temperature and precipitation weighted by area and grouped by season for each of the 48 contiguous United States were analyzed. Within an 83-year period of record (1895–1977) three subperiods or climatic regimes are identified and the differences in their means and standard deviations plotted and analyzed. The statistical significance of the changes in the mean was calculated by using a two-tailed t test; for changes in the standard deviation, the F-ratio test was used. The variation patterns suggest that an east-west mode for changes in both temperature and precipitation is dominant over the continental United States. Over the past 25 years the average temperature of the United States has decreased∼1°F (0.6°C) from the relatively warm interval of the 1920's to the middle 1950's. However, most of this cooling has occurred in the eastern United States. In winter, for example, the southeastern United States cooled ∼3°F (1.7°C), whereas the Far West actually recorded warmer mean tempe...
Involvement of chloride channels in hepatic copper metabolism: ClC-4 promotes copper incorporation into ceruloplasmin.

Abstract Background & Aims: Copper transport in hepatocytes is regulated by the interaction of multiple pumps, chaperones, and accessory proteins. Intracellular chloride channels are essential for copper metabolism in yeast but their role in Cu transport in hepatocytes is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether chloride channels are modulators of copper incorporation into ceruloplasmin (CP). Methods: The effects of chloride concentration and chloride channel expression on secretion of holoCp and apoCp was measured by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. ClC family chloride channel expression in hepatocytes was determined by Western blotting. The association of ClC-4 and the Wilson's disease protein (ATP7B) was determined by co-immunoprecipitation. Results: Chloride substitution reduced total Cp secretion and the ratio of secreted holoCp to apoCp ( P = 0.038). The role of specific chloride channels was examined by cotransfection of ceruloplasmin and the chloride channel. Overexpression of ClC-4 doubled copper incorporation into ceruloplasmin ( P = 0.011), whereas identical overexpression of ClC-3 had no effect. The effect of ClC-4 was most pronounced under copper-limiting conditions in which it increased copper incorporation more than 4-fold ( P = 0.037). ClC-4 protein was abundant in hepatocyte membranes and was localized in intracellular vesicles containing ATP7B.Conclusions: ClC-4 is an intracellular chloride channel that stimulates copper incorporation into ceruloplasmin, probably by improving the efficiency of the ATP7B copper pump. It is thus an important component of the regulation of hepatic copper transport and may modulate Cu transport rates during copper deficiency, Wilson's disease, and other copper toxicosis syndromes.
Continuous suspension fractionation using acoustic and divided-flow fields

Abstract A new method is described for fractionating suspensions based on the transient response of fine particles (0.1–100μm) to planar, ultrasonic standing wave fields applied across the thin dimension of a long rectangular channel. Under the influence of the sound field, particles migrate towards the midplane of the channel at rates that depend on their size and the ratio of their density and compressibility to that of their suspending fluids. A transverse laminar flow field is used to carry the suspension along the channel. Thin stream splitters divide the flow into two product streams. Particles that respond quickly to the sound field are enriched in one product stream, while particles with slow response exist from the other. The fractionation process can be modeled through calculation of the particle trajectories due to the combined effects of ultrasonic standing wave and laminar flow field. Model predictions indicate the potential sharpness of the fractionation that can be achieved with this method. The method was implemented experimentally. Experimental results for the continuous fractionation of 325 mesh polystyrene particles in aqueous suspension are generally in agreement with the model predictions.
Differential conditioning of septum and hippocampus.

Abstract Electrical stimulation of septum and hippocampus was used as a discriminative stimulus for bar-pressing behavior in the rat. Stimulation of septum was easier to establish as a discriminative cue than was stimulation of hippocampus. A differential conditioned response could be established between the stimulations of septum and hippocampus and this differential response could be reversed by appropriately reversing the reinforcing contingencies associated with the stimulations. The results suggest that electrical stimulation of septum and hippocampus can be used to control behavior in a manner similar to that exerted by exteroceptive stimuli. Thus, the excitatory or inhibitory behavioral effects of brain stimulation may be more related to the reinforcing contingencies present during stimulation than to some intrinsic function of the structures stimulated.
Complementary DNA cloning and expression of Pit-1/GHF-1 from the domestic turkey.

ABSTRACT The transition from egg laying to incubation activity in birds is associated with a dramatic rise in serum prolactin levels. To further our understanding of the regulation of prolactin gen...
Semiparametric Analysis of Survival Data with Left Truncation and Dependent Right Censoring

Studies of chronic life-threatening diseases often involve both mortality and morbidity. In observational studies, the data may also be subject to administrative left truncation and right censoring. Because mortality and morbidity may be correlated and mortality may censor morbidity, the Lynden-Bell estimator for left-truncated and right-censored data may be biased for estimating the marginal survival function of the non-terminal event. We propose a semiparametric estimator for this survival function based on a joint model for the two time-to-event variables, which utilizes the gamma frailty specification in the region of the observable data. First, we develop a novel estimator for the gamma frailty parameter under left truncation. Using this estimator, we then derive a closed-form estimator for the marginal distribution of the non-terminal event. The large sample properties of the estimators are established via asymptotic theory. The methodology performs well with moderate sample sizes, both in simulations and in an analysis of data from a diabetes registry.
Memory for Picture Frames

Does the frame in which a picture appears become incorporated with our mental representation or memory for the picture? In five experiments, participants were shown several colored drawings, each set in a unique frame, and then later were given an unexpected memory test for the drawings and frames. Participants who initially performed a task that focused their attention on the drawings alone (rating the pleasingness or visual complexity of the drawings) were unable to correctly identify the frames as same or different at above chance levels. In contrast, participants who initially performed a task that focused attention on the drawings in relation to the frames (rating the suitability of the frames for the drawings, or the darkness of the drawings compared to the frames), showed significantly greater than chance frame identifications. Relational or interactive encoding of a picture and its frame is critical for memory of picture frames.
On sperm competition games: raffles and roles revisited

In principle there are two approaches to modelling a trade-off between the positive and negative outcomes of a behavior: after suitably defining a value for the behavior in the absence of any trade-off, one can either multiply that value by an appropriate discount or subtract an appropriate cost. In a prospective analysis of sperm competition, Parker (Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B (1990) 242, 120–126) adopted the multiplicative approach to model the trade-off between the value of a mating and the cost of its acquisition. He obtained two paradoxical results. First, if two males ‘know’ whether they are first or second to mate, but these roles are assigned randomly, then sperm numbers should be the same for both males whether the ‘raffle’ for fertilization is fair or unfair. Second, if mating order is constant, then a favored male should expend less on sperm. His results are puzzling not only in terms of intuition about nature, but also in terms of his model’s consistency. In other words, they present both an external and an internal paradox.
The tradeoff between social insurance and aggregate flucatuations

Government programs that insure individuals against idiosyncratic risks, such as unemployment insurance, attempt to offset shocks that are obscured by behavioral variables. The resultant moral hazard reduces the efficiency of the insurance. When this feature is examined in a dynamic setting, the variance and duration of aggregate income fluctuations may be intensified by insurance.
Nonmanipulable multi-valued social decision functions

Logically satisfactory methods for narrowing the range of social choice can be designed. For example, the SDF which transforms (S, R) into P(S, R), that is, the Pareto rule, satisfies all the conditions imposed on C(·) in Theorem 9: The Pareto rule is normal. For if x ∈ P(S, R) and y ∈ S, then y cannot be Pareto superior to x; so x ∈ P({x, y}, R), and α2 is satisfied. If x ∈ S and x ∈ P({x, y}, R) for all y ∈ S, no y in S is Pareto superior to x, and therefore, x ∈ P(S, R); so γ2 is satisfied. The Pareto rule is clearly neutral and anonymous; it is unbiased among the alternatives and among the individuals. The Pareto rule is obviously non-imposed. The Pareto rule is nonmanipulable. For if xPiy, P({x, y}, R) must be either {x} or {x, y}. If P({x, y}, R) = {x, y}, there is an individual j ≠ i for whom yRjx. Consequently no misrepresentation by i can force y out of the set of optima, and therefore the rule is cheatproof.
Hierarchical models of emotional disorders and emotion-congruent cognitive biases

Abstract Based on hierarchical models of emotional disorders, relationships between higher- and lower-order components of anxiety and depression and emotion-congruent cognitive biases were examined. Two groups of participants (n=189) were selected based on their scores on General Distress (the nonspecific factor of anxiety and depression). They performed an explicit memory test of incidentally-learned selfreferenced material and an emotional Stroop interference task, using three types of stimuli: anxiety-related, depression-related and neutral non-valenced words. It was hypothesized that an attentional bias for anxiety-relevant words and a memory bias for depression-relevant words would be best predicted by anxiety-related and depression-related measures, respectively. Strengthening the notion that demonstration of these types of biases is not reliable in subclinical populations, both a correlational analysis as well as a more powerful extreme group analysis could not detect the existence of any emotion-related cognitive biases.
Management of diabetic foot problems

Background Diabetic foot problems and their complications are a medical and economic challenge to the health care system and require an aggressive multidisciplinary approach to achieve limb salvage. The goals of this review article are to delve into this comprehensive topic and summarize key points regarding diabetic foot problems from the perspective of the vascular specialist treating these patients. Methods The MEDLINE database was searched to identify articles on this topic. Results We found 112 relevant articles. These were used to provide current data on (1) the pathogenesis leading to diabetic foot lesions (ie, the etiologic triad of ischemia, neuropathy, and infection), (2) the clinical presentation of these foot lesions and their systemic manifestations, (3) the optimal methods of diagnostic evaluation, including noninvasive testing and arteriography, (4) treatment selection guidelines to help delineate which patients require revascularization, and (5) medical and interventional treatments, including prevention strategies, wound healing strategies, use of antibiotics, and endovascular and open surgical options for revascularization. Conclusions The data presented in this review article allow vascular clinicians to optimize patient care and achieve effective limb salvage for this growing segment of the population.
Strategic management spin‐offs of the Deming approach

Many scholars have documented the importance of Deming’s legacy in the development of what is now commonly known as total quality management (TQM). Less often considered, however, is how Deming’s teachings have influenced other approaches to management. This article examines how Deming’s work has influenced the field of strategic management. It describes the history of strategic and quality management and highlights specific areas where Deming’s contributions have influenced and strengthened strategic management. It concludes with some comments about how Deming’s approach can be used to help organizations achieve both quality and strategic advantage.
THE EFFECTS OF A DUAL LANGUAGE READING PROGRAM ON THE READING ABILITY OF PUERTO RICAN STUDENTS

This study examines if a group of recently arrived Puerto Rican students (NAPR) will develop reading skills in English and Spanish at the same rate that‐Puerto Rican students (BIPR) had who participated in bilingual programs. The sample consisted of 70 ninth grade students divided into a treatment group (NAPR) and a comparison group (BIPR). The treatment in this study was time spent in reading. The results indicated that the recently arrived Puerto Rican students performed significantly better than did the comparison group (BIPR) in vocabulary and reading comprehension in both English and Spanish.
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR REACTIONS IN ANAPHYLAXIS OF THE MOUSE

Pronounced vascular changes occurring in the ears and claws of mice during anaphylactic shock are described. Practically at once after a foreign serum (pig, horse, or rabbit) enters the blood stream of sensitized animals both the arterial and venous vessels undergo marked, local or generalized constriction in the organs mentioned. Usually spasm of the vessel walls occurs simultaneously in the arteries and veins, but it may appear first in the arteries, or occasionally in the veins. When venous spasm precedes arterial spasm, the true capillaries become distended with cells; if the reverse order holds, the ears appear bloodless. There is no active constriction or dilatation of capillaries; the capillary behavior follows passively the changes in the large vessels. Peripheral vascular spasm occurs while the carotid blood pressure is high, but a few minutes later, while this still holds true, the ear vessels begin to relax and the circulation is resumed. Shortly afterwards the blood pressure falls to levels far below normal, but the vessels remain open. If the circulation of one ear is obstructed while anaphylactic shock is produced, no vascular spasm occurs in it. Release of the obstruction during the animal's recovery results in belated constriction of the blood vessels of this ear although by now the vessels in the other ear are dilated and the general systolic blood pressure is very low. The vascular reactions in the ears appear to be uninfluenced by the blood pressure in the large vessels, and they are not a response to nervous stimuli. They are local in origin. The vascular changes are often not clearly perceptible in the gross but are plainly to be seen under a low power of the microscope. They occur in some sensitized mice exhibiting no manifest signs of shock, differing only in degree from the changes taking place when shock is severe or fatal.
Fundamental experiments in plasticity and creep of aluminum—Extension of previous results

Abstract Paper presents combined stress experiments in plasticity and creep of aluminum 1100-0. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the motion of the yield surface in tension-torsion space for three complicated prestressing paths, to investigate the validity of the normality hypothesis, to investigate the development of creep strains after prestressing, and finally to investigate the validity of the constant volume hypothesis. It is shown that the law of hardening proposed by the author previously [3,5,6] is valid, except possibly when the prestress path intersects the yield surface at a small angle. It is also shown that the normality hypothesis is valid. After prestressing the creep strain vector has in the beginning the same direction as the plastic strain vector but later its direction may change. Finally it is shown that at the level of permanent strains less than 1% the plastic strains follow the constant volume hypothesis but the creep strains do so only when they begin to appear.
On the classification of single evoked potentials using a quadratic classifier

Abstract Classification of single evoked potentials using a quadratic classifier is described. The technique chooses features (voltages at the sampling points) using a forward sequential feature selection technique. Classification accuracies for a two class problem ranged from 93–99% for training and testing with the same data and from 89–96% for training and testing with different data.
Energy and ration requirements of juvenile Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) based on energy consumption and growth rates

Growth of captive juvenile Pacific halibut was linearly related to energy consumption (J g−1 day−1) at 4°C by the following equation: growth (% body weight (b.w.) day−1)=0–007 (consumption J g−1 day−1)– 0.192; r2=0.81. Weight gain was independent of size for fish between 9 and 7000 g when growth was expressed as a function of consumption in J g−1 day−1. Maintenance ration determined in feeding–growth experiments averaged 27.4 J g−1 day−1 at 4–0°C. Small halibut ate significantly more food than large fish. Single meals following 2 day fasts averaged 4.1% b.w. for halibut under 100 g, 1.72% b.w. for 1.2 kg fish and 1.1% B.W. for 6.8 kg fish. Both large and small size categories of halibut tended to evacuate their meal in about 3 days even though small fish ate relatively larger meals. Minimum estimates for daily ration to achieve growth rates observed in the Gulf of Alaska were approximately 0.5 to 2.4% b.w. day−1 depending on fish size and whether northern shrimp or yellowfin sole were their prey.
Rifting in Iceland: New Geodetic Data

Small but measurable lengthening of several survey lines within the eastern rift zone of Iceland occurred between 1967 and 1970. The changes can be interpreted as a widening of the rift by 6 to 7 centimeters, possibly during the 1970 eruption of Hekla volcano.
History of the journal of hand surgery: 1976-1999

Abstract This paper is a brief history of The Journal of Hand Surgery from its founding in July 1976 through the third issue published in July 1999. An analysis of the 3,713 scientific articles published is done relative to type, content, and country of origin. The persons responsible for the journal are named and other features of the Journal are discussed. (J Hand Surg 2000;25A:5–13. Copyright © 2000 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
On Kulikov’s problem

Kulikov has given an etale morphism \(F : X \rightarrow {\mathbb{C}}^n\) of degree d > 1 which is surjective modulo codimension two with X simply connected, settling his generalized jacobian problem. His method reduces the problem to finding a hypersurface \(D \subset {\mathbb{C}}^n\) and a subgroup \(G \subset \pi_{1}({\mathbb{C}}^n - D)\) of index d generated by geometric generators. By contrast we show that if D has simple normal crossings away from a set of codimension three and \(\overline{D} \subset {\mathbb{P}}^n\) meets the hyperplane at infinity transversely, then necessarily d = 1.
Reducing the Length of Shannon-Fano-Elias Codes and Shannon-Fano Codes

In some applications, both data compression and encryption are required. If the cryptanalyst knows the code construction rule and the probability mass function (PMF) of the source, then Huffman code provides no ambiguity, but Shannon-Fano-Elias coding is a good candidate since the order of symbols can be arbitrary in the encoding process, which produces exponential complexity for deciphering. However, the conventional Shannon-Fano-Elias code has relatively large expected length which makes it inefficient. In this paper, we propose two simple algorithms to reduce the expected length of Shannon-Fano-Elias code so that its efficiency is improved. This is achieved by first utilizing some proper PMF instead of the actual PMF in encoding, and then performing a codeword truncation. By applying the same strategy we can also reduce the length of Shannon-Fano codes.
Interface for a sketch-planning workbench

We use the term workbench to describe human–computer interactive work environments in which collaborative sketch planning is enabled rather than discouraged. These workbenches consist of both physical objects and virtual software tools. We describe here progress on two aspects of a sustained effort to develop such a sketch-planning workbench: (1) the workbench as physical object and workplace, and (2) the mode of interaction among humans and computers. The device is a 36″ by 48″ touch-sensitive, rear-projection screen that works horizontally as a conference table or tilted as a drawing board. Gestures can be used to draw, annotate, and manipulate ideas in modes compatible with sketch planning and collaboration. We conclude by discussing future work in terms of designing and prototyping user interfaces, a coherent set of tools, and protocols for use in rapid, iterative creation and evaluation of plans.
TCAD process/device modeling challenges and opportunities for the next decade

Technology CAD process and device simulation tools play a critical role in advanced technology development by giving insight into the relationships between processing choices and nanoscale device performance that cannot be obtained from physical metrology tools alone. TCAD makes its greatest impact when a detailed understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms is tightly coupled within the technology development cycle so that physical insights feed directly into technology directions. This paper highlights progress in modeling over the past decade that has enabled this success and the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.
Sand-water slurry erosion of carburized AISI 8620 steel

Abstract The erosion behavior of carburized AISI 8620 steel for sand slurry service was investigated. The jet impingement type of test was used where sand slurry is directed at flat specimens to determine the erosion rates and mechanism of erosion. The effects of steel heat treatments, slurry velocities and particle concentrations on erosion rates were investigated.
Friction Reduction in the Sliding of an Elastic Half-Space Against a Rigid Surface Due to Incident Rectangular Dilatational Waves

The steady sliding of a flat homogeneous and isotropic elastic half-space against a flat rigid surface, under the influence of incident plane dilatational waves, is investigated. The interfacial coefficient of friction is constant with no distinction between static and kinetic friction. It is shown here that the reflection of a harmonic wave under steady sliding consists of a pair of body waves (a plane dilatational wave and a plane shear wave) radiated from the sliding interface. Each wave propagates at a different angle such that the trace velocities along the interface are equal and supersonic. The angles of wave propagation are determined by the angle of the incident wave, by the Poisson's ratio, and by the coefficient of friction. The amplitude of the incident waves is subject only to the restriction that the perturbations in interface contact pressure and tangential velocity satisfy the inequality constraints for unilateral sliding contact. It is also found that an incident rectangular wave can allow for relative sliding motion of the two bodies with a ratio of remote shear to normal stress which is less than the coefficient of friction. Thus the apparent coefficient of friction is less than the interface coefficient of friction. This reduction in friction is due to periodic stick zones which propagate supersonically along the interface. The influences of the angle, amplitude, and shape of the incident rectangular wave, the interfacial friction coefficient, the sliding speed, and of the remotely applied normal stress, on friction reduction are determined. Under appropriate conditions, the bodies can move tangentially with respect to each other in the absence of an applied shear stress.
Exploring audio semantic concepts for event-based video retrieval

The audio semantic concepts (sound events) play important roles in audio-based content analysis. How to capture the semantic information effectively from the complex occurrence pattern of sound events in YouTube quality videos is a challenging problem. This paper presents a novel framework to handle the complex situation for semantic information extraction in real-world videos and evaluate through the NIST multimedia event detection task (MED). We calculate the occurrence confidence matrix of sound events and explore multiple strategies to generate clip-level semantic features from the matrix. We evaluate the performance using TRECVID2011 MED dataset. The proposed method outperforms previous HMM-based system. The late fusion experiment with the low-level features and text feature (ASR) shows that audio semantic concepts capture complementary information in the soundtrack.
Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Enhances Collagen Production by Human Lung Fibroblasts

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/APO-2L) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor family that induces apoptosis in a variety of transformed cell lines and in normal human hepatocytes and brain cells. Soluble TRAIL at high concentrations was found to induce apoptotic death in normal human lung fibroblasts, whereas at low concentrations it was found to stimulate collagen production by these cells. Collagen alpha2(I) mRNA expression was assessed by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction; total soluble collagen was measured in culture supernatants by the Sircol assay. Both alpha2(I) collagen mRNA level and total soluble collagen secretion were increased upon TRAIL stimulation, with peak response (> 4-fold increase in mRNA level) at 1 ng/ml TRAIL. Analysis of the transcriptional response in TRAIL-stimulated fibroblasts, using DNA microarray hybridization, revealed an augmented expression of a number of genes involved in tissue remodeling, including those related to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathway. DNA microarray results for the increase in TGF-beta1 mRNA level were confirmed by Northern blot analysis and by measurements of total active TGF-beta1 in culture supernatants. In addition, pan-specific TGF-beta antibody was shown to inhibit TRAIL-stimulated collagen mRNA and protein expression. These data suggest that TRAIL can enhance extracellular matrix synthesis in fibroblasts by triggering TGF-beta production that acts in an autocrine manner.
Scratching the (cell) surface: cytokine engineering for improved ligand/receptor trafficking dynamics

Cytokines can be engineered for greater potency in stimulating cellular functions. An obvious test criterion for an improved cytokine is receptor-binding affinity, but this does not always correlate with improved biological response. By combining protein-engineering techniques with studies of receptor trafficking and signaling, it might be possible to identify the ligand receptor-binding properties that should be sought.
Meteor trail diffusion and fields: 2. Analytical theory

[1] A meteoroid penetrating the Earth's atmosphere leaves behind a trail of dense plasma embedded in the lower E/upper D region ionosphere. While radar measurements of meteor trail evolution have been collected and used to infer meteor and atmospheric properties since the 1950s, no accurate quantitative model of trail fields and diffusion exists. This paper describes a two-dimensional (2-D) analytical theory of meteor trail plasma physics that fills the gap between the studies of dense trail physics without background plasma, 1-D models, and those for small disturbances. Major new results include an estimate of the spatial distribution of a trail's ambipolar electric potential and a quantitative model of diffusion rates, both parallel and perpendicular to the geomagnetic field, with a prediction that in the course of their diffusion, dense trails transform from anisotropic to more isotropic. These results are important for interpreting specular and nonspecular radar measurements of meteor trails and for accurate modeling of plasma instabilities. A companion paper shows that the results from this analytical theory agree well with simulations results.
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF UPPER CAUVERY FLOOD DATA BY L-MOMENTS

The objectives of the present study are to investigate the hydrological homogeneity of Upper Cauvery annual maximum flow data and to select a suitable distribution for the frequency analysis. The L-moments method is used in this analysis. The Upper Cauvery river basin is shown to be hydrologically heterogeneous. The 3 parameter log normal and the generalized extreme value distributions are recommended for the frequency analysis of data in this region.
Auditory-evoked far-field potentials in myelin deficient mutant quaking mice

Abstract Auditory evoked far-field potentials were recorded from mature quaking mice and their littermate controls. There was a significant prolongation in the latencies of all FFP peaks in the quaking mutants. Examination of the interaction between group (normal, quaking) and for selected pair-wise peak comparisons showed that the degree of retardation was not uniform for each FFP peak. In view of the reported histological and biochemical findings that the CNS of the quaking mutant is specifically deficient in myelin, we conclude that slowed conduction in the quaking mouse brain is due to myelin deficiency and that non-uniform retardation of each FFP peak reflects regional variation in the extent of myelin deficiency. These data suggest that the changes in interpeak latencies of far-field potentials may be useful in identifying the demyelinated region(s) of the diseased central nervous system.
SU‐FF‐T‐302: Monte Carlo Dose Verification and Application of Complex IOHDR Geometries

Purpose:Dose computation algorithm may lead to serious dose errors in intra‐operative high dose rate (IOHDR) brachytherapy due to the lack of scatter from one side of the applicator and/or complex geometries of treated areas. Our group has reported the inaccuracy in clinical dose delivery for general cases through several experimental approaches. However, more accurate Monte Carlo calculations are needed to quantify dose errors in IOHDR delivered with more complex geometries and scattering environment. Method and Materials:Dose calculations were done using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code system and the setup geometry including source structure was designed with the geometry package using EGSnrc C++ library class. User‐code was developed from an existing EGSnrc user‐code CAVRZnrc. To benchmark the code, a few steps were carried out to ensure that the accuracy of the cavity dose for a given simple geometry option and the ratio of cavity doses with the varying distance from the source to the center of cavity for different geometries. Based on accurate results of benchmarking geometries, test input files were developed to verify the accuracy of delivered doses for the measured known results that we had already reported the with linear array ion‐chamber. Results: For the 1.0 cm prescription distance, Monte Carlo results showed about 14 % higher for added tissue equivalent materials of 15 cm. Also, calculated doses were 1.5 to 2 % higher than measured doses for added materials of above 5 cm. However, Monte Carlo showed an excellent agreement for 1.5 cm prescription distance and simulated uncertainties of 0.01 % to 0.1 %. Conclusion: Computed doses obtained using EGSnrc system for known geometries validate the results of ion‐chamber measurement. This Monte Carlo calculation will improve the approach of dose calculations for complex geometries and the efficiency of dose delivery in clinical cases.
Soil Accumulation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Following Annual Fertilization of Loblolly Pine and Sweetgum on Sandy Sites

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. doi:10.2136/sssaj2012.0118 Received 3 Apr. 2012. *Corresponding author (ckiser@abac.edu). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Soil Accumulation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Following Annual Fertilization of Loblolly Pine and Sweetgum on Sandy Sites Forest, Range & Wildland Soils
Serial displacement chromatofocusing and its applications in multidimensional chromatography and gel electrophoresis: II. Experimental results.

Abstract Part I of this study investigated the theory and basic characteristics of “serial displacement chromatofocusing” (SDC). In Part II of this study, SDC is applied to two prototype applications which have potential uses in proteomics and related areas involving the analysis of complex analyte mixtures. In the first application, SDC was used as a prefractionation method prior to two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) to separate a human prostate cancer cell lysate. It was observed that the resolution achieved in narrow-p I -range 2D-PAGE was improved when using SDC prefractionation, so that SDC may be useful as a low-cost, high-speed, and highly scalable alternative to electrophoretic prefractionation methods for 2D-PAGE. The second application involves the use of SDC as the first dimension, and reversed-phase chromatography as the second dimension, to produce a novel, fully automated, two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography technique. The method was shown to have performance advantages over one-dimensional reversed-phase chromatography for peptide separations.
Accuracy of Clinical Diagnosis of Cutaneous Eyelid Lesions

Purpose: Previous studies of cutaneous eyelid lesions have been retrospective using multiple contributing surgeons. The purpose of this study was to determine prospectively the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of benign, premalignant, and malignant cutaneous eyelid lesions and to determine if all clinical diagnoses require histopathologic confirmation, or if an experienced clinician can reliably distinguish benign from malignant lesions on the basis of history and clinical examination alone. Methods: This prospective study was conducted between January 1988 and January 1995. All patients presenting during this time with periocular cutaneous eyelid lesions were evaluated and a specific clinical diagnosis made in each case before biopsy and histopathologic evaluation. The lesions were categorized prospectively as benign, premalignant, or malignant, and histopathologic evaluation then correlated to determine the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis. Only patients who presented without previous biopsy were eligible for inclusion in the study. Results: A biopsy was done on a total of 864 eyelid lesions during the 85 month study period. One hundred fifty-three lesions clinically were thought to represent malignancies. Of these, 140 (91.5%) were found to have malignant histopathologies. Nineteen lesions clinically were thought to represent premalignant processes. Histopathologic evaluation of these 19 lesions showed 16 to be actually premalignant, 1 to be a malignancy, and 2 to be benign. Six hundred ninety-two lesions clinically were thought to be benign. Of these, 13 (1.9%) proved on histopathologic evaluation to be malignant. These included 10 basal cell carcinomas, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and 1 adenoid cystic carcinoma. Three (0.4%) of the 692 clinically benign lesions were found to be premalignant. The 13 missed malignancies were distributed among a number of different clinical diagnoses, including papilloma, epidermal inclusion cyst, melanocytic nevus, hydrocystoma, and trichoepithelioma. Of the 153 clinically malignant lesions, 6 lesions that clinically were highly suspicious for malignancy had initial benign histopathologic diagnoses. Rebiopsy results in all of these six subsequently confirmed the suspected malignant diagnosis. Conclusions: Malignant eyelid lesions may masquerade as a number of different clinically benign conditions. The authors conclude that all excised eyelid lesions should be submitted for histopathologic confirmation because it is not possible to obtain 100% accuracy in diagnosing eyelid lesions on clinical grounds alone. However, strong clinical suspicion of a malignancy is highly significant, and if initial histopathologic evaluation does not agree with the malignant clinical diagnosis, repeat biopsy should be performed.
On the J-Integrals Associated with Close Binary Systems: New Recursion Formulae

The integralsJ β,γ m were introduced by Kopal for the numerical evaluation of the light changes exhibited by eclipsing binaries when both the tidal and rotational distrotions are taken into account. This paper is a sequel to a previous one to appear in this journal and aims at ascertaining some recursion formulae for these integrals to alleviate the computational complexity of the problem. Using a relationship existing between theJ-integrals and the Appell hypergeometric series of the first kind, we have been able to obtain recursion formulae affecting all three parametersm β, γ of these integrals. The present stage of development has also allowed for a complete enumeration of all independent recursion formulae applicable to the case of partial eclipses. Various recursion formulae, given here for the first time, generalize previous results by Kopal which were valid form=0 ory=0.
Dream practices in medieval Tibet.

This essay presents a variety of medieval Tibetan Buddhist dream practices culled from many different sources, such as medical texts, biographies, religious texts, and folklore. Some of this material is here translated into English for the first time. The dreaming techniques presented in these texts bring out religious and philosophical connections between body and consciousness. The range and diversity of the original sources required a broad interdisciplinary approach using literary studies, religious studies, philosophy, linguistics, and other disciplines.
The Impact of New Technologies on Radiation Oncology Events and Trends in the Past Decade: An Institutional Experience

Purpose To review the type and frequency of patient events from external-beam radiotherapy over a time period sufficiently long to encompass significant technology changes. Methods and Materials Ten years of quality assurance records from January 2001 through December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed to determine the frequency of events affecting patient treatment from four radiation oncology process steps: simulation, treatment planning, data entry/transfer, and treatment delivery. Patient events were obtained from manual records and, from May 2007 onward, from an institution-wide database and reporting system. Events were classified according to process step of origination and segregated according to the most frequently observed event types. Events from the institution-wide database were evaluated to determine time trends. Results The overall event rate was 0.93% per course of treatment, with a downward trend over time led by a decrease in treatment delivery events. The frequency of certain event types, particularly in planning and treatment delivery, changed significantly over the course of the study, reflecting technologic and process changes. Treatments involving some form of manual intervention carried an event risk four times higher than those relying heavily on computer-aided design and delivery. Conclusions Although the overall event rate was low, areas for improvement were identified, including manual calculations and data entry, late-day treatments, and staff overreliance on computer systems. Reducing the incidence of pretreatment events is of particular importance because these were more likely to occur several times before detection and were associated with larger dosimetric impact. Further improvements in quality assurance systems and reporting are imperative, given the advent of electronic charting, increasing reliance on computer systems, and the potentially severe consequences that can arise from mistakes involving complex intensity-modulated or image-guided treatments.