cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Wearable WPT System on Flexible Substrates

A miniaturized and highly efficient (up to 80%) wireless power system with relatively long range (60 mm) for wearable applications is presented. The performance of this system is studied for different material implementations including standard FR4 printed circuit board (PCB), flexible PCB, conductive cloth, and conductive textile. Also, practical issues are analyzed by modeling and studying cases of misalignment and shape deformation between the transmitting (TX) and receiving (RX) elements. Our results illustrate that all material implementations follow the same trends in terms of shape deformation and misalignment, which enables us to predict the performance of this wireless power transfer system for different types of fabrications.
Uncertainty and the Advantage of Collective Settlement

This essay explores whether collective settlements offer advantages for achieving just outcomes in light of the various types of uncertainty that arise in mass disputes. Looking in particular at the example of product liability litigation, one can identify at least six areas of potential uncertainty: general causation, liability, exposure, product identification, individual causation, and damages. The essay analyzes each of these six types of uncertainty in terms of the relative advantages of individual adjudication, collective adjudication, individual settlement, and collective settlement. While collective settlement in any case offers the benefits of compromise and efficiency, the justice advantages of collective settlement are most pronounced in cases involving uncertainty regarding product identification, damages, and above all, individual causation. Among mass disputes involving uncertain individual causation, it is possible to identify those disputes that present the strongest opportunities for just outcomes through collective settlements.
How to tame a giant oscillation

Experiments and simulations show that trains of droplets in microfluidic networks undergo synchronized oscillations, and that strategies to prevent these oscillations can help maintain uniform distribution of red blood cells in microcirculation.
The Macroeconomic Implications of Housing Supply Restrictions

Housing supply restrictions, including historic preservation policies, minimum lot sizes and height limitations, are typically approached with static Pigouvian tools, but these policies also have dynamic implications. Restricted supply will typically make quantities, which determine construction employment, less volatile, and prices, which determine financial stability, more volatile. A prominent exception occurs when supply-unconstrained areas build so much during a boom that construction halts during the bust, and in that case, elastic supply can be associated with both price volatility and a limited ability to use credit instruments to boost employment during a bust. As institutions with counter-cyclical missions grapple with housing policies, they must recognize that housing regulation interacts with monetary policy, and that reforming housing policy may have implications for the business cycle.
Coordinated Care Organizations and mortality among low-income infants in Oregon.

Objective To examine the impact of Oregon's Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs), an accountable care model for Oregon Medicaid enrollees implemented in 2012, on neonatal and infant mortality. Data sources Oregon birth certificates linked with death certificates, and Medicaid/CCO enrollment files for years 2008-2016. Study design The sample consisted of the pre-CCO birth cohort of 135 753 infants (August 2008-July 2011) and the post-CCO birth cohort of 148 650 infants (August 2012-December 2015). We used a difference-in-differences probit model to estimate the difference in mortality between infants enrolled in Medicaid and infants who were not enrolled. We examined heterogeneous effects of CCOs for preterm and full-term infants and the impact of CCOs over the implementation timeline. All models were adjusted for maternal and infant characteristics and secular time trends. Principal findings The CCO model was associated with a 56 percent reduction in infant mortality compared to the pre-CCO level (-0.20 percentage points [95% CI: -0.35; -0.05]), and also with a greater reduction in infant mortality among preterm infants compared to full-term infants. The impact on mortality grew in magnitude over the postimplementation timeline. Conclusions The CCO model contributed to a reduction in mortality within the first year of birth among infants enrolled in Medicaid.
The Proper Role of History and Tradition in Second Amendment Jurisprudence

The Supreme Court’s decisions in District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) and McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) resolved two foundational issues. First, the Second Amendment protects the inherent right of individuals to self-defense, not a right of states to maintain an organized militia. Second, the Amendment applies to state and local governments in the same way that it applies to the federal government. Both cases also held that a general ban on the possession of a handgun in one’s home are unconstitutional. In the ensuing decade, the lower courts have confronted many questions about the scope and application of the Second Amendment that were left unanswered by these decisions. Shortly after the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy, who was probably the median voter in the 5-4 decisions in Heller and McDonald, the Court granted certiorari in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. City of New York. This challenge to New York City’s uniquely severe restrictions on transporting firearms in public raises another foundational issue: whether the Second Amendment right to “bear Arms” is protected outside one’s own home. New York has attempted to render this case moot by changing the law to accommodate the plaintiffs’ very specific and modest demands. The plaintiffs maintain that the case is not moot, and the Court has not yet ruled on that issue. Whether in this case or some other, Justice Brett Kavanaugh will have an opportunity to press an unusual jurisprudential approach that he developed in a dissenting opinion while he was on the D.C. Circuit. He contended that Heller requires courts to apply a history-and-tradition test to every issue that is not resolved by the constitutional text. No circuit court has adopted this position. Many, however, have employed a version of the means-end analysis that the Supreme Court routinely uses in analogous areas of constitutional law, and none has rejected the use of such analysis. This Article will show that then-Judge Kavanaugh misinterpreted Heller, and it will explain why neither he nor other members of the Supreme Court should adopt the approach that he mistakenly imputed to Heller. Other circuit judges have developed a better framework, in which text, history, and tradition are relied on when, and only when, those sources provide reasonably clear guidance. In other cases, which in practice will be much more numerous, judges should engage in means-end analysis that is informed by what is known about the purpose of the Second Amendment from its text and history.
The implication of intestinal bacterial translocation in central line associated blood stream infections in the pediatric population.

Abstract Introduction Bacterial intestinal translocation plays an important role in neonatal sepsis. We aimed to elucidate the importance of such translocation in causing central line associated blood stream infection (CLABSI) in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery (GIS). Methods Using a database of pediatric patients with CLABSI, patients were divided into those who had a GI-surgery (where intestines were opened), those who had a non-GI-surgery (NGIS; all other types of surgery) and those who had no surgery (NS). Data regarding type of organisms isolated on culture, their resistance patterns, clearance of CLABSI, type of antibiotic therapy and patient demographics were collected. Results 117 CLABSIs were identified between 2011 and 2018. 26 patients had GIS, 22 had NGIS and 69 had NS. NS patients were younger. 80% of GIS and NGIS patients had a central line at the time of surgery. Coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) was the most common organism isolated (32%). CoNS was more common in GIS compared to NGIS and NS (58% vs. 9% vs. 29% respectively, p = 0.04). There were no differences in the time to resolution of bacteremia, mortality rates or need to remove the central line. Conclusions This information should help inform efforts for prevention of CLABSIs in patients undergoing GI surgery with central lines present. Level of evidence III
Agile Hardware Development and Instrumentation With PyRTL

Domain-specific architectures have emerged as a promising solution to meet growing technology demands but with this comes an urgent need to improve hardware methodologies which often have long design cycles, rely on closed source and expensive tools, and have high nonrecurring engineering costs. In this article, we describe how our work developing PyRTL, an open source Python-based Hardware Development Toolkit, has proven to be a powerful agile hardware development and analysis tool with the features to improve current methodologies. We describe how this toolkit-driven approach encourages hardware reuse using modern object-oriented programming features and present an examination of its custom intermediate representation for hardware debugging, analysis, and instrumentation. This approach has proven useful in supporting fast design iteration in a variety of domains including cryptography and machine learning.
Question Quality Improvement: Deep Question Understanding for Incident Management in Technical Support Domain.

Technical support domain involves solving problems from user queries through various channels: voice, web and chat, and is both time-consuming and labour intensive. The textual queries in web or chat mode are unstructured and often incomplete. This affects information retrieval and increases the difficulty level for agents to solve it. Such cases require multiple rounds of interaction between user and agent/chatbot in order to better understand the user query. This paper presents a deployed system called Question Quality Improvement (QQI), that aims to improve the quality of user utterance by understanding and extracting important parts of an utterance and gamifying the user interface, prompting them to enter the remaining relevant information. QQI is guided by an ontology designed for the technical support domain and uses co-reference resolution and deep parsing to understand the sentences. Using the syntactics and semantics in the deep parse tree structure various attributes in the ontology are extracted. The system has been in production for over two years supporting around 800 products resulting in a reduction in the time-to-resolve cases by around 29%, leading to huge cost savings. QQI being a core natural language understanding and metadata extraction technology, directly affects more than 8K tickets everyday. These cases are submitted after 50K edits done on the case based on QQI feedback. QQI outputs are used by other technologies such as search and retrieval, case routing for automated dispatch, case-difficulty-prediction, and by the chatbots supported in each product page.
Atypical hangman's fracture with concomitant subaxial fracture-dislocation treated with circumferential fusion of C2-C5-a case report.

INTRODUCTION Atypical hangman's fractures are coronally-oriented vertical fractures of the posterior body of C2. Though these are not uncommon injuries, there is a paucity of data investigating the management of these fractures, especially when they occur in association with subaxial fracture dislocations. CASE PRESENTATION A 50-year-old male suffered a cervical extension injury when he dove into a shallow swimming pool while intoxicated. Initial examination demonstrated 2/5 strength in the right deltoid and biceps and 3/5 strength in the left deltoid and biceps with no motor or sensory function distal to the C5 level. Cervical CT scan revealed a C2 atypical hangman's fracture and a C4 right-sided facet fracture with traumatic spondylolisthesis at C4/5. We performed C2-C5 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion followed by a C3-C5 posterior instrumented fusion. At the patient's two year postoperative visit, the patient has had minimal improvement in neurologic function with 4/5 strength in bilateral deltoids and biceps and 2/5 strength in right wrist extension. Radiographs show a solid arthrodesis on flexion-extension radiographs. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first case report discussing the operative management of an atypical hangman's fracture with a concomitant subaxial fracture-dislocation. This case report adds to our current knowledge by demonstrating a novel anterior-posterior approach for treating these complicated injuries.
Constrained Shell Mapping for Geometric Optimization of Multilevel 4D Modulations

In this work we demonstrate the design and numerical analysis of uncoded multilevel four-dimensional modulations defined by the constrained shell mapping over the discrete Hopf fibration. Employing a two-way map between spheres defined over respectively R4 and R3, the resulting modulations presents spatiotemporal distributions resembling both geometric and probabilistic shaping. To demonstrate effectiveness, some results are provided in the geometry and mutual information performance.
Student Pharmacists' Perceptions of Male Faculty Teaching Female-Specific Sex and Gender Health Topics.

Objective. The primary objective of this study was to assess perceptions of second year pharmacy students regarding predominantly male faculty instructing them regarding female physiology, pathophysiology, and gender health topics. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was administered to second year pharmacy students at a small, private, non-profit college of pharmacy at the conclusion of their women’s health integrated pharmacotherapeutics course. Students were asked to rate their level of agreement with various statements using a five-point Likert scale on which 1=strongly disagree and 5=strongly agree. Results. Forty-seven students completed the survey (26 female and 21 male). The students indicated high agreement with statement: “Prior to the lectures, I felt comfortable having male faculty teach the majority of women9s health topics” (median=5, IQR=4-5). Students also indicated neutrality towards the statement: “The gender of the instructor is of importance in the didactic instruction of women’s health topics” (median=3, IQR=1-3). No significant differences were observed regarding student gender. Conclusion. Pharmacy students were generally amenable to male faculty teaching female-specific sex and gender health topics. This pattern was observed in both male and female students.
Direct conversion of natural gases in solid oxide cells: A mini-review

Abstract The direct one-step electrochemical conversion of natural gas is an attractive and economic approach to the synthesis of the higher value-added alkenes with co-product hydrogen or hydrocarbons, which is enabled by the combination of solid oxide cells (SOCs) and catalysts. Compared to traditional chemical alkene synthesis, the integration of SOC as a membrane reactor can overcome the thermodynamic equilibrium limit by applying electrochemical current to effectively mitigate coke formation. In this scheme, the dehydrogenation reaction supplies protons from natural gas hydrocarbons for use in CO2 reduction, electricity generation, and hydrogen production. The main approaches for natural gas direct conversion have been reviewed to understand the current technology development status including catalysts and SOC system integration.
Wheat Spike Blast Image Classification Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Wheat blast is a threat to global wheat production, and limited blast-resistant cultivars are available. The current estimations of wheat spike blast severity rely on human assessments, but this technique could have limitations. Reliable visual disease estimations paired with Red Green Blue (RGB) images of wheat spike blast can be used to train deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) for disease severity (DS) classification. Inter-rater agreement analysis was used to measure the reliability of who collected and classified data obtained under controlled conditions. We then trained CNN models to classify wheat spike blast severity. Inter-rater agreement analysis showed high accuracy and low bias before model training. Results showed that the CNN models trained provide a promising approach to classify images in the three wheat blast severity categories. However, the models trained on non-matured and matured spikes images showing the highest precision, recall, and F1 score when classifying the images. The high classification accuracy could serve as a basis to facilitate wheat spike blast phenotyping in the future.
Mechanism of replication and copy number control of plasmids in gram-positive bacteria.

Ever since plasmids were first discovered, they have served as important model systems for the study of various biological processes, including DNA replication, gene expression, recombination and gene transfer. Most of the earlier intensive studies carried out with plasmids of Gram-negative bacteria, such as ColEl, R6K, RK2 and plasmids of the incFII family, revealed that they replicated by either a unidirectional or bidirectional theta-type mechanism. These studies also provided the first evidence of an antisense mechanism for the regulation of DNA replication in the case of the ColEl plasmid (1). Similarly, initiator-dependent “handcuffing” was shown to be responsible for the regulation of replication of R6K, RK2 and PI plasmids (2–4). Studies with E. coli plasmids also identified directly repeated sequences (iterons) as elements critical in the initiation and regulation of DNA replication (5–8). In recent years, significant progress has also been made in our understanding of the biology of plasmids in Gram-positive bacteria. These studies have revealed some similarities as well as significant differences in the mechanism of replication and copy number control of these plasmids as compared from those of the Gram-negative organisms. In this review, the replication and copy number control of plasmids in Gram-positive bacteria is discussed with emphasis on the molecular aspects.
Control of Salmonella Cross-Contamination between Green Round Tomatoes in a Model Flume System

Tomato Best Management Practices require Florida packers to treat tomatoes in a flume system containing at least 150 ppm of free chlorine or other approved sanitizer. However, research is needed to determine the ability of these sanitizers to prevent the transfer of pathogens from contaminated to uncontaminated tomatoes, particularly under realistic packinghouse conditions. The goal of this research was to assess the minimum levels of sanitizer needed to prevent Salmonella cross-contamination between tomatoes in a model flume system under clean conditions and conditions where organic matter was added. Inoculated tomatoes (ca. 8.3 log CFU per tomato) were treated along with uninoculated tomatoes in a model flume system containing 0, 10, or 25 ppm of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) under organic loading conditions of 0, 500, or 4,000 ppm of chemical oxygen demand (COD). In the absence of HOCl, uninoculated tomatoes were highly contaminated (ca. 5 log CFU per tomato) by 15 s. No contamination was detectable (<2 log...
Photonuclear cross sections for 18 O

All the major photonuclear cross sections for $^{18}\mathrm{O}$, including $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\gamma},p)$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}[(\ensuremath{\gamma},n)+(\ensuremath{\gamma},np)]$, and $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\gamma},2n)$, were measured as a function of photon energy from threshold to 42 MeV. The photon energy resolution was between 200 and 300 keV. The source of radiation was the monoenergetic photon beam obtained from the annihilation in flight of fast positrons. The partial photoneutron cross sections were determined by neutron multiplicity counting, and the average neutron energies for both single- and double-photoneutron events were determined simultaneously with the cross-section data by the ring-ratio technique. The photoproton cross section was determined by counting the delayed neutrons from the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay of the residual $^{17}\mathrm{N}$ nuclei. Integrated cross sections were extracted from the data and compared with sum-rule predictions. Resonances in the pygmy-resonance region exhibit substantial decay branching to negative-parity states in $^{17}\mathrm{O}$. Significant differences in the branching of resonances in the giant-resonance region to the various partial cross sections, together with the photoneutron-energy data, allow isospin assignments to be made for all the resonances, with the consequent delineation of the isospin strength distribution for $^{18}\mathrm{O}$. Evidence was found for two weak but broad resonances above the giant-resonance region. Finally, comparison with the corresponding cross sections for $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ shows considerable differences between the two nuclei.
The laminin B2 chain promoter contains unique repeat sequences and is active in transient transfection

We previously isolated cDNA clones coding for the entire murine laminin B2 chain. In this report, we have screened a mouse genomic library with a 5' portion of the laminin B2 chain cDNA and isolated two genomic clones which contain the first and second exons. The transcription initiation site was determined by primer extension and S1 nuclease mapping. Exon 1 contained 641 bp (base pairs) including 229 bp of 5'-untranslated segment, sequences coding for the signal peptide and the N-terminal portion of the protein, while exon 2 contained 305 bp. Nucleotide sequencing of 830 bp of the 5'-flanking region of the gene showed several interesting features including the presence of 9 "GC" boxes, a stretch of 9 nearly identical repeats of 11 nucleotides between -200 and -450, and a sequence which is similar to the cAMP consensus sequence. There was no TATA box or CAAT box. A recombinant plasmid containing the 830 bp promoter segment coupled to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene was constructed and transfected into various cells. Differentiated F9 cells transfected with this construct showed twice as much chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity as the undifferentiated cells. The 830-bp B2 laminin promoter was also active in NIH-3T3 cells which produce little laminin, but was not active in human HT-1080 cells. These results indicate that this structurally unique promoter contains DNA sequences that help regulate the gene during differentiation.
Cardiac device-related endocarditis complicated by spinal abscess

Background:Infective endocarditis is the most serious manifestation of cardiac device infection and metastatic seeding of distant sites has been reported. However, the association between device-related endocarditis and spinal abscess has not been fully described. Methods:We reviewed hospital records at three high-volume cardiovascular referral centers from January 2005 to October 2010. Device-related endocarditis was confirmed in all cases with positive blood cultures and transesophageal echocardiogram revealing lead and/or valvular vegetations. Six patients with spinal abscesses in association with device-related endocarditis were identified. Results:A total of 384 patients met the clinical criteria for device-related endocarditis. Among these, infection was complicated by spinal abscess formation in six (1.5%) cases. The mean age of patients was 69.3 ± 11.8 years (47–82 years). The predominant clinical manifestations in these six patients included a recent history of fever (six), malaise (four), and neurological or meningeal signs (five). Spinal abscesses were diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging in two and computed tomography scans in four of the cases. The causative pathogens were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (three), methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (one), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (two), and Enterococcus fecalis (one). All patients underwent complete device removal with no procedure-related complications. Two patients died in the hospital, two were discharged with permanent neurological deficits, and the remaining two recovered with no permanent neurologic sequelae. Conclusion:Device-related endocarditis must be considered in patients who present with a spinal abscess and bacteremia. Early recognition of this scenario is imperative in order to avoid permanent neurological sequelae and patient mortality. Early imaging, appropriate parenteral antimicrobial therapy, and expedited removal of all cardiac hardware are pivotal for optimal management. (PACE 2011;1–7)
"Defendamos lo que hemos logrado" El voto económico en México durante la elección presidencial de 2006

Estudios previos sobre el voto economico en Mexico han llegado a diversas conclusiones acerca del manejo de la economia en el comportamiento electoral. En este articulo argumento que el efecto del manejo de la economia en los resultados electorales depende de dos factores. En primer lugar, incluso cuando los votantes perciban que la economia es debil y se encuentren poco satisfechos con el presidente en funciones, pueden existir diferencias en cuanto a la capacidad de los posibles remplazos. En el contexto de la campana electoral de 2006, Lopez Obrador no recibio el apoyo de muchos de los votantes que pensaban que la economia era debil, debido a que lo consideraban un riesgo. En segundo lugar, el impacto de la economia depende de la prominencia de este tema en la agenda politica. La combinacion de altos niveles de vulnerabilidad economica, la caida de los clivajes del regimen como un motivo alternativo de decision electoral y el enfasis en asuntos economicos en el dialogo de la campana y de las estrategias de medios de los dos partidos principales en la eleccion de 2006 hicieron que los temas economicos fueran especialmente importantes. Mientras que el debil desempeno de la economia mexicana en el periodo 2001- 2003 abrio las puertas a los contendientes del pan, la recuperacion economica en el segundo trienio de Fox fue suficiente para otorgarle a Calderon la victoria marginal.
Effect of Inhibitors of Ribonucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis on the Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Stimulation of Plasmid ColE1 Replication

Abstract Addition of cyclic adenosine 3′-5′-monophosphate (c-AMP) to growing Escherichia coli cells, colicinogenic for the plasmid ColE1, results in a fourfold stimulation in the rate of synthesis of the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The stimulation is transient (30 min) and is succeeded by a brief period (30 min) of cessation of plasmid DNA replication. The stimulation of ColE1 DNA replication also occurs in chloramphenicol-treated cells. Rifampin inhibits ColE1 DNA replication in the presence or absence of c-AMP. Employing thymine starvation conditions to stop ColE1 DNA synthesis, it was found that c-AMP, added during the period of thymine starvation, effected a stimulation in the amount of subsequent replication which took place when replicating conditions were restored. The stimulatory effect of c-AMP under these conditions was not prevented by chloramphenicol but was completely eliminated when rifampin was present. Under these conditions, when rifampin was added after the effect of c-AMP was allowed to occur, subsequent replication of the plasmid could take place, but only one round of replication occurred. A model to account for the c-AMP effects is presented.
Anomalous resistivity and parallel electric fields

Plasma phenomena involving anomalous resistivity and large, quasi-static electric fields parallel to magnetic field lines are of extreme importance to fundamental plasma physics, to fusion studies, and to the dynamics of astrophysical plasmas. The fundamental plasma physics interest stems from the incomplete experimental and theoretical understanding of the variety of instability and saturation mechanisms possible under different conditions. The fusion interest is associated with plasma heating as well as with anomalous diffusion that may limit confinement times. The astrophysical interest, typified by magnetospheric physics, is connected with particle acceleration by parallel potential differences, decoupling of the magnetosphere-ionosphere dynamics by large parallel electric fields and the relationship of anomalous resistivity to substorms, current continuity paths, and other phenomena. Anomalous resistivity may also accompany particle acceleration on the Sun, Jupiter, radio and X-ray emitting bodies, pulsars, etc. Such processes are difficult to study in the laboratory due to the inherent difficulties of the experiments as well as the problems of knowing and scaling physical parameters appropriately. Thus, magnetospheric research on anomalous resistivity may be vital to plasma and astrophysics as well as to magnetospheric physics, and it may have practical applications in fusion studies.
Regulation and compensation of source harmonics for the boost converter-based power factor precompensator

In this paper, the authors present an adaptive controller for the boost-based power factor precompensator which guarantees fast regulation of the output voltage towards a desired constant value with a power factor close to unity. This twofold control objective is fulfilled even in the presence of harmonics on the voltage source and uncertainties on the system parameters and load. The key for the solution to this problem is to express the model in terms of the input current instead of the inductor current. The resulting controller is reduced, through transformations, to the cascade interconnection of two controllers, namely the inner and the outer control loop. It is shown that while the latter turns out to be a simple lead-lag plus integration, the former is composed mainly of second order filters tuned at the frequencies of the considered harmonics and with transfer functions that follow a well defined pattern. Simulations are provided to assess the performance of the proposed controller.
Characteristics of Medicaid-Covered Emergency Department Visits Made by Nonelderly Adults: A National Study.

Abstract Background The Affordable Care Act has added millions of new Medicaid enrollees to the health care system. These patients account for a large proportion of emergency department (ED) utilization. Objective Our aim was to characterize this population and their ED use at a national level. Methods We used the 2010 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) to describe demographics and clinical characteristics of nonelderly adults (≥18 years old and ≤64 years old) with Medicaid-covered ED visits. We defined frequent ED users as individuals who make ≥4 ED visits/year and business hours as 8 am to 5 pm . We used descriptive statistics to describe the epidemiology of Medicaid-covered ED visits. Results NHAMCS included 21,800 ED visits by nonelderly adults in 2010, of which 5,659 (24.09%) were covered by Medicaid insurance. Most ED visits covered by Medicaid were made by patients who are young (25 and 44 years old) and female (67.95%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 66.00–69.89). A large proportion of the ED visits covered by Medicaid were revisits within 72 h (14.66%; 95% CI 9.13–20.19) and from frequent ED users (32.32%; 95% CI 24.29–40.35). Almost half of all ED visits covered by Medicaid occurred during business hours (45.44%; 95% CI 43.45–47.43). Conclusions The vast majority of Medicaid enrollees who used the ED were young females, with a large proportion of visits occurring during business hours. Almost one-third of all visits were from frequent ED users.
Single baseline GPS based attitude heading reference system (AHRS) for aircraft applications

Differential carrier phase GPS based attitude determination represents an alternative to expensive inertial measurement units (IMU) and attitude heading reference systems (AHRS) in aviation. Inertial systems rely on extremely accurate accelerometers and gyros to determine attitude. Ultra short baseline (less than 1 m between antennas) GPS systems have been shown to provide the integrity required in aviation. Previous work with three antenna, two baseline, ultra short baseline systems has shown sub degree accuracy in pitch, roll and yaw when coupled with automotive grade solid state rate sensors. For optimal performance, mapping of antenna phase errors is required. An alternative method of attitude determination based on GPS and accelerometers is presented. Roll and pitch are determined by using knowledge of acceleration. Yaw is determined using a single baseline oriented along the longitudinal axis. This approach, coupled with automotive grade inertial sensors, can provide equal or better accuracy to the two baseline techniques. The key advantage of GPS acceleration based attitude determination is that it provides for increased roll and pitch accuracy for cases in which there is a limitation on baseline length. In a three antenna configuration, roll angle accuracy is inversely related to the lateral distance between the antennas. In aircraft this distance may be quite small. In the acceleration based system, the accuracy is limited only by the quality of the accelerometers and accuracy of the acceleration determined from GPS measurements.
Meeting Summary: Star Formation in the Milky Way

This paper reviews talks and posters about star formation in our galaxy, presented in the first of the two weeks of this meeting. The topics covered in this paper are meeting quality (§ 2), completeness (§ 3), posters (§ 4), outflows and winds (§ 5), magnetic fields (§ 6), bimodal star formation (§ 7), and trends and prospects (§ 8).
Notes on Guayana mosses with new information of Sphagnum ornatum

Mosses restricted to tepui summits in the Guayana Highland are relatively few.Sphagnum ornatum Crum, though, only recently described from Brazil, has been found subsequently in a number of localities in nearby Venezuela and Guyana. These additional collections make for a better understanding of the diagnostic features of a species characteristically found on the tops of the sandstone mesas of southern Venezuela and adjacent areas.
Factors affecting the product ratio of the carbon-oxygen reaction—II. Reaction temperature

Abstract The reaction of Graphon with O2 has been studied at temperatures between 525° and 675°C, using initial O2 pressures between 10 and 200 mTorr. and a sample varying in burn-off between zero and 28 per cent. Reaction temperatures were low enough for secondary reactions to be neglected. A mass spectrometer was used to monitor the partial pressures of O2, CO and CO2. The amount of stable oxygen complex on the surface was determined by decomposing it at elevated temperatures. Using an interpolation technique, the variation of product ratio with temperature at various constant carbon burn-offs and surface oxide formations could be determined. The variation of product ratio, CO CO 2 , with temperature is given by A. exp ( −E RT ) where E = 6.4 kcal/mole and is independent both of carbon burn-off and surface-oxide formation. On the other hand, the pre-exponential factor A increases with increasing carbon burn-off and decreasing surface oxide coverage.
Efficient Light-to-Electrical Energy Conversion: Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films Modified with Inorganic Sensitizers

Efficient light-to-electrical energy conversion utilizing nanocrystalline TiO2 films modified with inorganic sensitizers is reviewed. The light absorbing sensitizers are Ru(II) polypyridyl compounds that possess metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited states. The basic features of the sensitized nanocrystalline solar cell are presented. An emphasis is placed on the molecular electron transfer processes that convert and inhibit the conversion of visible photons to an electrical current. New strategies for improving this technology and future research directions are also discussed.
Soil organic C and total N pools in the Kalahari: potential impacts of climate change on C sequestration in savannas

The impacts of climate change on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes are not fully understood, especially in savanna ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the potential impacts of climate change in soil C and N pools in the savannas. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were quantified at four sites with consistent sandy soils along a precipitation gradient in the southern Africa savannas. Soils were sampled at 240 locations at each site at four depths: 10, 30, 70 and 120 cm. The driest site and the wettest site had the SOC content of 1,397 g m−2 and 1,982 g m−2, respectively. Mean C:N ratio was highest (26 ± 6) at the wettest site and lowest at the next-wettest (15 ± 2). Our results support the hypothesis of low nitrogen fixation in the area, particularly in the dry southern region. We found a significant spatial relationship between SOC/TN content and tree height or tree mass only in the driest. The Botswana Kalahari (BK) soil is estimated to contain about 0.99 × 1015 g C belowground of which about 92 % is SOC. Furthermore, under IPCC RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 carbon emission scenarios, total belowground C is predicted to drop to 0.92 and 0.86 × 1015 g C, respectively by the end of the century. Our results provide insight into soil C stocks in Kalahari savannas and suggest that savannas may be bigger stores of organic C than currently thought. The current climate change projections together with field measurements suggest that C storage in these savannas may decrease in the future as the region warms and dries into the next century.
Inhalation of toluene diisocyanate is associated with increased production of nitric oxide by rat bronchoalveolar lavage cells.

Abstract Isocyanates are used commercially, particularly in the manufacture of polyurethane coatings and foam. These compounds can pose an occupational health hazard since there is a risk of respiratory disease following isocyanate exposure. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether a single, sublethal isocyanate inhalation is associated with increased production of the free radical nitric oxide (NO). Mature male Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to air or toluene diisocyanate (TDI; 2 ppm) for 4 hr. Indices of pulmonary function were assessed before and after exposure to TDI fumes. At 20 hr postexposure, bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALC) and fluid were harvested. NO synthase (NOS)-dependent reactive species production by alveolar macrophages was assessed by determining N ω-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester-inhibitable chemiluminescence following stimulation with unopsonized zymosan. Northern blot analysis was used to index inducible NOS mRNA levels in BALC, while nitrite and nitrate (NO x ) levels were measured to determine NO x levels in the lavage fluid and the production of NO by cultured adherent BALC was indexed by measuring nitrite levels. Exposure to aerosolized TDI was associated with an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages, lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage, relative to that from air-exposed rats. NO x levels in the lavage fluid and NOS-dependent production of reactive species by alveolar macrophages were increased following TDI exposure. In addition, inducible NO production by BALC (i.e., mRNA levels and nitrite levels in BALC conditioned media) was elevated following TDI treatment. These findings indicate that pulmonary inflammatory responses induced by TDI exposure are associated with increases in inducible NO production. Therefore, the potential role of NO in the initial pulmonary response to TDI exposure warrants further investigation.
In Vitro Stretches of the Mitral Valve Anterior Leaflet Under Edge-to-Edge Repair Condition

Mitral valve edge-to-edge repair (ETER) alters valve mechanics, which may impact efficacy and durability of the repair. The objective of this paper was to quantify stretches in the central region of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve after ETER with a single suture and 6 mm suture. Sixteen markers, forming a 4x4 array, were attached onto the central region of the mitral valve anterior leaflet. The mitral valve was subjected to ETER with a single suture and 6 mm suture, and mounted in an in vitro flow loop simulating physiological conditions. Images of the marker array were used to calculate marker displacement and stretch. A total of 9 mitral valves were tested. Two peak stretches were observed during a cardiac cycle, one in systole and the other in diastole under mitral valve edge-to-edge repair condition. The major principal (radial) stretch during systole was significantly greater than that during diastole. However, there was no significant difference between the minor principal (circumferential) stretch during diastole and that during systole. In addition, there were no significant differences in the radial and circumferential, or areal stretches and stretch rates during diastole between the single suture and 6 mm suture. The ETER subjects the mitral valve leaflets to double frequency of loading and unloading. Minor change in suture length may not result in a significant load difference in the central region of the anterior leaflet during diastole.
Ten Shades of Green: Architecture and the Natural World ‐ Edited by Peter Buchanan and Kenneth Frampton

(2007). Ten Shades of Green: Architecture and the Natural World - Edited by Peter Buchanan and Kenneth Frampton. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 60-61.
The Podostemad Puzzle: The Evolution of Unusual Morphology in the Podostemaceae

The family Podostemaceae is a family of aquatic eudicots known as river weeds that grow on rocks in rapids and waterfalls, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. They have a unique body plan (see [figure][1]) that appears specialized for clinging to rocks in moving water. In the subfamily
Coincidental emission of molecular ions from keV carbon cluster impacts

Abstract We report here experimental data for the emission of one and two phenylalanine (Ph) molecular ions per impact from 10 to 21 keV impacts of coronene (C 24 H 12 ), C 60 , and gramicidin S (C 60 N 12 O 10 H 92 ) projectiles as a function of projectile mass, energy, and geometry. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) experiments were conducted using event-by-event bombardment and detection. With this method, individual projectile impacts and the resulting secondary ions are recognized as singular events resolved in time and space. The target surface was an equa-molar mixture of phenylalanine (Ph H , C 9 H 11 NO 2 ) and deuterated phenylalanine (Ph D , C 9 H 3 D 8 NO 2 ). This allowed for the detection of two co-emitted [M-H] − phenylalanine ions in a dual time-of-flight instrument. In contrast to the linear dependence yield of Ph versus energy for single Ph ion emission, the yield for two Ph ion emission versus energy is nonlinear within the experimental energy range. For the co-emission of two Ph ions, C 60 was found to be more efficient than coronene at equal velocities.
Content-based image retrieval with ontological ranking

Images are a much more powerful medium of expression than text, as the adage says: "One picture is worth a thousand words." It is because compared with text consisting of an array of words, an image has more degrees of freedom and therefore a more complicated structure. However, the less limited structure of images presents researchers in the computer vision community a tough task of teaching machines to understand and organize images, especially when a limit number of learning examples and background knowledge are given. The advance of internet and web technology in the past decade has changed the way human gain knowledge. People, hence, can exchange knowledge with others by discussing and contributing information on the web. As a result, the web pages in the internet have become a living and growing source of information. One is therefore tempted to wonder whether machines can learn from the web knowledge base as well. Indeed, it is possible to make computer learn from the internet and provide human with more meaningful knowledge. In this work, we explore this novel possibility on image understanding applied to semantic image search. We exploit web resources to obtain links from images to keywords and a semantic ontology constituting human's general knowledge. The former maps visual content to related text in contrast to the traditional way of associating images with surrounding text; the latter provides relations between concepts for machines to understand to what extent and in what sense an image is close to the image search query. With the aid of these two tools, the resulting image search system is thus content-based and moreover, organized. The returned images are ranked and organized such that semantically similar images are grouped together and given a rank based on the semantic closeness to the input query. The novelty of the system is twofold: first, images are retrieved not only based on text cues but their actual contents as well; second, the grouping is different from pure visual similarity clustering. More specifically, the inferred concepts of each image in the group are examined in the context of a huge concept ontology to determine their true relations with what people have in mind when doing image search.
Education and economic growth Some cross-sectional evidence from Brazil☆

Abstract Capital, labor, human capital and technical progress are the four principal sources of growth of aggregate real output. Based on data from individual Brazilian states in 1970 and 1980, an aggregate meta-production function relating aggregate real output of each state to capital, labor, average education and time is estimated. It is found that one additional year of average education per person of the labor force increases real output by approximately 20 percent. However, there is also evidence that this large measured effect of average education may be due to the existence of a threshold effect in average education at between three and four years. Of the four sources of growth, technical progress, or equivalently total factor productivity, is the most important, accounting for approximately 40 percent of the growth in Brazilian output in the 1970s; followed by human capital, accounting for approximately 25 percent. Physical capital and labor together account for the remainder.
On-chip microfluidic biosensor for bacterial detection and identification

Abstract In this paper, we have developed a simple and rapid method for the detection and identification of bacteria using a microfluidic lab-chip. The microfluidic chip utilizes impedance-based measurement to (1) detect cells and (2) identify them when used in conjunction with immobilized monoclonal antibodies. Bacteria in suspension passing through the microfluidic chamber are recognized by antibodies and selectively immobilized on the functionalized glass surface, thereby increasing the measured impedance within the chamber. Continuous perfusion of bacteria suspension through the derivatized chamber not only identifies specific bacteria but also enhances the chamber's detection sensitivity by accumulating bacteria on the chamber wall over time; this approach would be useful for detecting low concentrations of bacteria. To demonstrate this approach, we showed that the prototype sensor could detect 9 × 105 CFU mL−1 E. coli (BL21(DE3)) in the solution by consecutive perfusions. The chip sensitivity with immobilized bacteria is governed by height of sensing chamber, and ∼104 CFU mL−1 of E. coli could easily be detected when a shallower chamber (2 μm high) was used. The selectivity of the sensor was tested using a suspension of two bacterial strains, E. coli and M. catarrhalis. The sensor chip is simple to use, requires minuscule samples, and eliminates extensive cell culture processes. Development of more advanced lab-chips with multiple chambers containing different antibodies that allow simultaneous detection of different bacteria strains will be a natural extension of this work.