cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extending network lifetime for ALLIANCES

ALLIANCES is a newly proposed wireless MAC protocol that exploits the cooperation of source nodes and relay nodes to resolve collisions and further improve throughput. Until now, ALLIANCES did not consider energy, which is the most precious commodity of mobile communications. In this paper, we propose an energy-conserving version of ALLIANCES that introduces a sleep state. Our analytical results show that the energy-conserving model can save at least 54% of energy consumption when compared to the original energy model (referred to as the basic energy model in this paper). Because a relay selection scheme is a significant piece of ALLIANCES, directly affecting the throughput and the energy distribution, we also propose an energy-aware relay selection scheme (ERS). ERS maintains the performance benefits of the previously proposed location relay selection scheme (LRS), but more evenly distributes the amount of energy remaining throughout the network. We implement our energy-conserving model and ERS in the popular network simulator (NS-2) to evaluate and compare the energy remaining at each node and the network's throughput when using LRS and ERS. Simulation results show that the energy-conserving model can save up to 80% of energy without nodes taking longer to communicate. In addition, using the energy-conserving model, ERS provides 23.3% longer lifetime of the network than LRS, without noticeable throughput degradation.
Effects of vegetation canopy structure on remotely sensed canopy temperatures

The effects of vegetation canopy structure on thermal infrared sensor response must be understood before vegetation surface temperatures of canopies with low percent ground cover can be accurately inferred. The response of a sensor is a function of vegetation geometric structure, the vertical surface temperature distribution of the canopy components, and sensor view angle. Large deviations between the nadir sensor effective radiant temperature (ERT) and vegetation ERT for a soybean canopy were observed throughout the growing season. The nadir sensor ERT of a soybean canopy with 35 percent ground cover deviated from the vegetation ERT by as much as 11 C during the mid-day. These deviations were quantitatively explained as a function of canopy structure and soil temperature. Remote sensing techniques which determine the vegetation canopy temperature(s) from the sensor response need to be studied.
Consumer electronics: Single-slice superhet: New portable and table model AM/FM radios are designed with most active components on one 16-pin bipolar chip

New portable and table model AM/FM radios are designed with most active components on one 16-pin bipolar chip. The AM/FM mode switching and signal detection of the IC are described.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Skeletally Immature Patients With Transphyseal Tunnels

Purpose Our purpose was to evaluate the results of transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with hamstring autograft in skeletally immature patients. Methods Eighteen knees in 18 skeletally immature pubescent patients with a mean chronologic age of 14.2 years underwent transphyseal ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft between 2002 and 2007. Concurrent meniscal surgery was performed in 9 knees. The final patient evaluation occurred at a mean of 43.4 months (range, 24.0 to 86.6 months) and included physical examination, KT-1000 arthrometry testing (MEDmetric, San Diego, CA), and functional outcome instruments, including the International Knee Documentation Committee subjective knee form, the Lysholm knee score, and the Tegner knee activity scale. Results At the latest follow-up, the mean International Knee Documentation Committee subjective knee score was 92.4 ± 10, the mean Lysholm knee score was 94.3 ± 8.8, and the mean Tegner activity scale score was 8.5 ± 1.4. Lachman and pivot-shift testing were negative in all knees. No restriction in knee range of motion of 5° or greater when compared with the contralateral knee was observed in any patient. The mean manual maximum side-to-side difference with KT-1000 testing was 0.29 ± 1.07 mm, and no patients had a difference greater than 3 mm. No angular deformities were noted, and all leg-length measurements were symmetric bilaterally on clinical examination. No patients had traumatic graft disruption or underwent revision ACL reconstruction, whereas 3 patients sustained an ACL injury in the contralateral leg while participating in sports. Conclusions Transphyseal ACL reconstruction with autogenous quadrupled hamstring graft with metaphyseal fixation in skeletally immature pubescent patients yielded excellent functional outcomes in a high percentage of patients without perceived clinical growth disturbance. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Sulfur and selenium substituted spiro-biphenalenyl-boron neutral radicals

We report a synthetic scheme for the preparation of alkylthio, dithio-bridged and diseleno-bridged 9-hydroxyphenalenones and associated spiro-biphenalenyl boron neutral radicals. We show that the strategy of sulfur substitution at the active positions of the phenalenyl units reduces the electrochemical disproportionation potential (ΔE2−1 = E2½ − E1½, where E1½ and E2½ are the first and second reduction potentials of corresponding cations) of the alkylthio-radicals [3,7-SR-PLY(O,O)]2B, (R = Me, 9), (R = Et, 10) and (R = Pr, 11), but brings about a significant reduction of the ΔE2−1 value in the case of disulfide and diselenide substitution, [3,4-S,S-PLY(O,O)]2B (12) and [3,4-Se,Se-PLY(O,O)]2B (13). The crystal structures of 10 and 11 show that the radicals exist as one dimensional (1-D) π-chains of superimposed phenalenyl units, and the molecular units pack more efficiently than the oxygen-substituted analog [3,7-OMe-PLY(O,O)]2B (8). Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that in the solid state the radicals remain paramagnetic while there is spin–spin interaction between the molecules along the π-chains. Band structure calculations are in accordance with the magnetic measurement data and indicate the presence of interactions between the molecules. The room temperature electrical conductivities of both compounds are found to be σRT = 1.5 × 10−2 S cm−1.
Hydraulically Controlled Discrete Sampling from Open Boreholes

Groundwater sampling from open boreholes in fractured-rock aquifers is particularly challenging because of mixing and dilution of fluid within the borehole from multiple fractures. This note presents an alternative to traditional sampling in open boreholes with packer assemblies. The alternative system called ZONFLO (zonal flow) is based on hydraulic control of borehole flow conditions. Fluid from discrete fractures zones are hydraulically isolated allowing for the collection of representative samples. In rough-faced open boreholes and formations with less competent rock, hydraulic containment may offer an attractive alternative to physical containment with packers. Preliminary test results indicate a discrete zone can be effectively hydraulically isolated from other zones within a borehole for the purpose of groundwater sampling using this new method.
Networks and devices for the 5G era

Mobile services based on 4G LTE services are steadily expanding across global markets, providing subscribers with the type of responsive Internet browsing experience that previously was only possible on wired broadband connections. With more than 200 commercial LTE networks in operation as of August 2013 [1], LTE subscriptions are expected to exceed 1.3 billion by the end of 2018 [2]. LTE's rapid uptake, based on exponential growth in network data traffic, has opened the industry's eyes to an important reality: the mobile industry must deliver an economically sustainable capacity and performance growth strategy; one that offers increasingly better coverage and a superior user experience at lower cost than existing wireless systems, including LTE. This strategy will be based on a combination of network topology innovations and new terminal capabilities. Simple network economics also require that the industry's strategy enable new services, new applications, and ultimately new opportunities to monetize the user experience. To address these pressing requirements, many expert prognosticators are turning their attention to future mobile broadband technologies and standards (i.e., 5G) as well as evolutions of the 3GPP's existing LTE standard and IEEE 802.11 standards.
Anomalous Right Coronary Artery Originating From the Left Anterior Descending Artery

A69-year-old man with diabetes mellitus presented at our hospital with exertional chest pain. An exercise test showed a horizontal ST depression in the lateral leads. Multidetector computed tomography revealed a single coronary artery arising from the left sinus of Valsalva and an anomalous branch originating from the midportion of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery that traversed to the right side of the heart along the course of the right coronary artery (RCA). Diffuse calcification in the midportion of the LAD artery indicated stenosis in this section (Fig 1). Coronary angiography revealed severe stenosis in the ostium of the anomalous RCA and around the bifurcation of the LAD artery (Fig 2). He underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting for the LAD artery and anomalous RCA. The left internal thoracic artery (LITA) was anastomosed to the LAD artery, and a saphenous vein graft (SVG) was anastomosed to the proximal portion of the anomalous RCA. The postoperative course was uneventful, and all grafts were patent (Fig 3). An anomalous RCA arising from the LAD artery is extremely rare, and few surgical interventions have been reported. Multidetector computed tomography can provide an accurate diagnosis and valuable information for preoperative planning.
The Ujamaa Village in Tanzania: A Comparison with Chinese, Soviet and Mexican Experiences in Collectivization

The Mexican ejido, the Soviet kolkhoz, the Chinese commune and the Tanzanian Ujamaa village have all been encouraged by governments as a means of reorganizing the countryside on a communal basis. Few policies have had so profound an effect on people's lives as have those associated with the collectivization of agriculture. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the degree of similarity in the collectivization experiences.
Cardiomyocyte p65 Nuclear Factor-κB Is Necessary for Compensatory Adaptation to Pressure Overload

Background—Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is often implicated in contributing to the detrimental effects of cardiac injury. This ostensibly negative view of NF-κB competes with its important role in the normal host inflammatory and immune response. We have previously demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB at the time of acute pressure overload accelerates the progression of left ventricular hypertrophy to heart failure in mice. NF-κB regulates angiogenesis and other factors responsible for compensatory reaction to intracellular hypoxia. We hypothesized that impaired angiogenesis may be the trigger, not the result, of pathological left ventricular hypertrophy through NF-κB–related pathways. Methods and Results—Transgenic mice were generated with cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. Mice underwent transverse aortic constriction and serially followed up with echocardiography for 6 weeks. Cardiomyocyte p65 NF-κB deletion promoted maladaptive left ventricular hypertrophy and a...
Interconnection synthesis with geometric constraints

The authors describe a simple linear placement model applicable to bit-slice data-paths and to the simultaneous generation of geometric layout with the synthesis of the interconnection nets required for communication. This model allows direct area trade-offs between several alternative interconnection devices such as multiplexers, busses, tri-state drivers and point-to-point wire connections. Addition of geometric constraints to the interconnection synthesis allows accurate interpretation of the designed connections in terms of the actual area required and the relative speed and routing limitations. Use of direct area cost functions in the design of the interconnections leads to different designs than do the a priori cost functions commonly used in high level synthesis systems. The newer designs make better use of the area and routing density than do designs where previously minimized interconnections are mapped into a linear placement. Also described is a new fast heuristic for linear placement which is used interactively as a cost function in the interconnection design. >
Sirtuins, Tissue Maintenance, and Tumorigenesis

Aging is a degenerative process resulting in compromised tissue maintenance and increased susceptibility to diseases, such as cancer. Recent advancements support the notion that aging is a highly regulated process governed by evolutionarily conserved pathways. In mammals, tissue-specific adult stem cells (ASCs) persist throughout the lifetime to maintain and repair tissues. While reduced ASC self-renewal is thought to contribute to compromised tissue maintenance, increased self-renewal of cancer stem cells (CSCs) may lead to tumorigenesis. It is speculated that genetic regulators of aging, such as sirtuins, are likely to impinge upon the ASC compartments to regulate tissue maintenance and tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the emerging evidence linking sirtuins to normal and malignant ASC self-renewal, tissue maintenance, and tumorigenesis.
Ethnographic Things: Objects and Subjects in Haida History

The social history and aesthetic value of art made by Haida people are subjects often in conflict or marked by a lack of clarity. This essay attempts to explore the things made on Haida Gwaii for different purposes: for entirely local use and in relation to one or two mythic cycles. Then, beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, the collectors, dealers, and museum of the western world arrived; they took thousands of objects away, and by 1880 many Haida artists could assert continuity by making model houses, totem poles, and boats for growing souvenir markets.
Caveolin-2 is a negative regulator of anti-proliferative function and signaling of transforming growth factor-β in endothelial cells

Using a combination of wild-type (WT) and caveolin-2 (Cav-2) knockout along with retroviral reexpression approaches, we provide the evidence for the negative role of Cav-2 in regulating anti-proliferative function and signaling of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in endothelial cells (ECs). Although, TGF-β had a modest inhibitory effect on WT ECs, it profoundly inhibited proliferation of Cav-2 knockout ECs. To confirm the specificity of the observed difference in response to TGF-β, we have stably reexpressed Cav-2 in Cav-2 knockout ECs using a retroviral approach. Similar to WT ECs, the anti-proliferative effect of TGF-β was dramatically reduced in the Cav-2 reexpressing ECs. The reduced anti-proliferative effect of TGF-β in Cav-2-positive cells was evidenced by three independent proliferation assays: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), cell count, and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and correlated with a loss of TGF-β-mediated upregulation of cell cycle inhibitor p27 and subsequent reduction of the levels of hyperphosphorylated (inactive) form of the retinoblastoma protein in Cav-2 reexpressing ECs. Mechanistically, Cav-2 inhibits anti-proliferative action of TGF-β by suppressing Alk5-Smad2/3 pathway manifested by reduced magnitude and length of TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation as well as activation of activin receptor-like kinase-5 (Alk5)-Smad2/3 target genes plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and collagen type I in Cav-2-positive ECs. Expression of Cav-2 does not appear to significantly change targeting of TGF-β receptors I and Smad2/3 to caveolar and lipid raft microdomains as determined by sucrose fractionation gradient. Overall, the negative regulation of TGF-β signaling and function by Cav-2 is independent of Cav-1 expression levels and is not because of changing targeting of Cav-1 protein to plasma membrane lipid raft/caveolar domains.
Shock Waves in High-Energy Materials: The Initial Chemical Events in Nitramine RDX

Recent advances in first principles modeling and experiments have led to enormous progress toward understanding complex gas-phase chemical phenomena. However, the progress in understanding the chemical processes in condensed phases has been considerably slower, particularly in processes as dynamical loading via shock waves important to understand the behavior of materials at extreme conditions and detonation of high energy (HE) materials. The coupling between shock loading, induced mechanical response, and complex chemistry makes the study of these materials very challenging with the result that there has been little progress in establishing a molecular level understanding. Most experimental and theoretical tools are not appropriate to characterize such heterogeneous and nonequilibrium systems subject to extreme mechanical conditions of pressure, temperature, and strain rates with length scales of nanometers, time scales of picoseconds, and involving a multitude of complex many-body chemical processes and intermediates. Consequently, despite its importance and important experimental advances (e.g., time resolved
The Circle of Dispossession: Evicting the Urban Poor in Baltimore

Although tenant evictions are routine in impoverished urban communities throughout the USA, scholars of housing and urban poverty have consistently overlooked this social problem. Drawing predomina...
A Niche Analysis of Colorado Ants

Gregg's data on Colorado ants were examined in light of recent ecological theories. Predatory ants have high niche breadths and low niche overlaps as predicted by MacArthur and Pianka for searching predators that optimize the amount of food taken. Similar analyses were done for seed—eaters, slaves, and slave—makers. See full-text article at JSTOR
Synthesis of Simple Feed-Forward Networks: A First-Order Example

Stability analysis of networks has been the focus of much research over the past decade. Presently, researchers are investigating performance and synthesis of controllers and channel coding schemes in networks. Such design problems are difficult in general, as there is a strong interplay between control objectives and communication constraints, which forces the synthesis of controllers and channel encoders to be done simultaneously. Current approaches typically fix one, while the other is designed to meet some objective. In this paper, we consider a simple network, in which the plant and controller are local to each other, but are together driven by a remote reference signal that is transmitted through a noisy discrete channel. We first construct a model matching performance metric that captures the tradeoffs between coding the reference command to achieve more accuracy at the remote site and designing a controller to meet performance. We then simultaneously synthesize the controller and encoder block lengths that meet the specified objective for a first-order plant and model case. Finally, we illustrate performance sensitivity to the poles of the plant and model, and to the channel noise.
Four independent electrophoretic markers in spadefoot toads

Four enzyme-encod lng genes (Idh-1, Idh-2, uin-t, and Mdh-1), with alleles diagnostic for the spadefoot toads Scaphlopus multipllcatus and Scaphiopus bombifrons, were investigated in order to characterize their inheritance and linkage relationships. Electrophoretic phenotypes in the offspring of natural crosses exhibi t Mendelian segrega­ tion, behaving as genotypes produced by alternative alleles at four independently assorting locI. These phenotypes are useful markers of genetic identity and the degree of genetic admixture In the analyses of hybrid zone dynamics for these two species. Concurrent use of a morphological index verified the diagnostic value of the markers. The morphological Index is useful for the identification of parental species and many F1 hybrids, however offspring of backcrosses usually express parental spec ies characteristics. Electrophoretic typing allows the identification of all hybrids and 87 percent of the offspring from back­ crosses. It also facilitates the identification of tadpoles, which are extremely difficult to distingu ish morphologically. The technique is useful for the assessment of introgresslon and the evaluation of reproductive interaction in these species, even though it slightly underestimates backcross offspring. T HIS PAP E R is pre limi na ry to a series of re­ ports on the a na lysis of a zone of hyb rid iza­ tio n bet ween two sp ecie s o f spade foot toads, Scap hiop us multiplicatu s a nd Scaphiop us bombifrons (subgenus S pea ), in the S an S i­ mon Vall ey of So u theastern Ar izo na . The two sp ec ies a re identifiable (as ad u lts) on th e basis of morphology l2,29 and call1.2·6, M or­ pho logical cha racters, howev er, ca n be unre­ lia b le indica tors of ide nt ity i n hybr id
ULTRAMAP V3 – A REVOLUTION IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY

In the last years, Microsoft has driven innovation in the aerial photogrammetry community. Besides the market leading camera technology, UltraMap has grown to an outstanding photogrammetric workflow system which enables users to effectively work with large digital aerial image blocks in a highly automated way. Best example is the project-based color balancing approach which automatically balances images to a homogeneous block. UltraMap V3 continues innovation, and offers a revolution in terms of ortho processing. A fully automated dense matching module strives for high precision digital surface models (DSMs) which are calculated either on CPUs or on GPUs using a distributed processing framework. By applying constrained filtering algorithms, a digital terrain model can be derived which in turn can be used for fully automated traditional ortho texturing. By having the knowledge about the underlying geometry, seamlines can be generated automatically by applying cost functions in order to minimize visual disturbing artifacts. By exploiting the generated DSM information, a DSMOrtho is created using the balanced input images. Again, seamlines are detected automatically resulting in an automatically balanced ortho mosaic. Interactive block-based radiometric adjustments lead to a high quality ortho product based on UltraCam imagery. UltraMap v3 is the first fully integrated and interactive solution for supporting UltraCam images at best in order to deliver DSM and ortho imagery.
Nox2, Ca2+, and Protein Kinase C Play a Role in Angiotensin II-Induced Free Radical Production in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius

The dorsomedial portion of the nucleus tractus solitarius (dmNTS) is the site of termination of baroreceptor and cardiorespiratory vagal afferents and plays a critical role in cardiovascular regulation. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a powerful signaling molecule in dmNTS neurons and exerts some of its biological effects by modulating Ca 2+ currents via reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. We investigated whether a Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase is the source of the Ang II—induced ROS production and whether the signaling mechanisms of its activation require intracellular Ca 2+ or protein kinase C (PKC). Second-order dmNTS neurons were anterogradely labeled with 4-(4-[didecylamino]styryl)- N -methylpyridinium iodide transported from the vagus and isolated from the brain stem. ROS production was assessed in 4-(4-[didecylamino]styryl)- N -methylpyridinium iodide-positive dmNTS neurons using the fluorescent dye 6-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorodihydro-fluorescein di(acetoxymethyl ester). Ang II (3 to 2000 nmol/L) increased ROS production in dmNTS neurons (EC 50 =38.3 nmol/L). The effect was abolished by the ROS scavenger Mn (III) porphyrin 5,10,20-tetrakis (benzoic acid) porphyrin manganese (III), the Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan, or the NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin or gp91ds-tat. Ang II failed to increase ROS production or to potentiate L-type Ca 2+ currents in dmNTS neurons of mice lacking Nox2. The PKC inhibitor GF109203X or depletion of intracellular Ca 2+ attenuated Ang II-elicited ROS production. We conclude that the powerful effects of Ang II on Ca 2+ currents in dmNTS neurons are mediated by PKC activation leading to ROS production via Nox2. Thus, a Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase is the critical link between Ang II and the enhancement of Ca 2+ currents that underlie the actions of Ang II on central autonomic regulation.
Person-centered approach to care, teaching, and research in fibromyalgia syndrome: justification from biopsychosocial perspectives in populations.

Abstract Objectives: To describe complex interactions of multiple factors believed to contribute to fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) at a person-centered level to enhance approaches to care, teaching, and research. The main factors addressed were central nervous system sensory sensitization, autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation, neurohumoral perturbations, and psychosocial and environmental stressors. A person-centered approach is defined as attention to major biopsychosocial issues of affected individuals. Methods: Literature on classification, mechanistic pathways, course and outcomes, and management of FMS was reviewed to assess applications of person-centered approaches to care, teaching, and research. Various biopsychosocial influences were considered in relation to the heterogeneous subjective manifestations of this illness, including central hyperalgesia, ANS and other neurohumoral perturbations, functional hyperexcitability, nonrestorative sleep, and psychologic distress. Results: A person-centered approach to FMS can expand on and strengthen traditional biomedical concepts. Adding such a focus can help to untangle current controversies in the course, outcomes, and treatment of FMS. A person-centered approach can also help in the subgrouping of affected patients for greater specificity in care programs and in improved clinical investigations. In the biomedical model, diverse symptoms of FMS are often addressed separately and apart from their interconnectedness and linkages to the patient's individualized biopsychosocial factors. However, the causes of FMS symptomatology are not likey to be caused by uniform biologic abnormalities across populations. Rather, the syndrome likely results from personal reactivities to varied multifactorial biopsychosocial influences. Common denominators among individuals may include varying degrees of ANS activation (or personal susceptibility to ANS activation), nonrestorative sleep, negative affectivity, and other central pain sensitization mechanisms, among the pathways reviewed. Conclusions: Innovative analytical methodologies will need to be developed to more effectively investigate complex interacting biopsychosocial dynamics at a person-centered level, including qualititative research, and multifactorial and multilevel techniques. Adding person-centered approaches to biopsychosocial concepts of FMS promises to show new physiopathogenetic insights and more effective treatment than current biomedical models alone. Person-centered approaches enhance patient-physician relationships and help prioritize patients' goals in mutually derived treatment plans. Semin Arthritis Rheum 32:71-93. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Algorithms for efficient runtime fault recovery on diverse FPGA architectures

The inherent redundancy and in-the-field reconfiguration capabilities of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) provide alternatives to integrated circuit redundancy-based fault recovery techniques. An algorithm for efficient runtime recovery from permanent logic faults in the Xilinx 4000 architecture has been expanded to include interconnect fault recovery and has been applied to a diverse set of FPGA architectures. The post-fault-detection system downtime is minimized, and the end user need not have access to computer-aided design (CAD) tools, making the algorithm completely transparent to system users. Although some architectural features allow for a more efficient implementation, high levels of fault recovery with low timing and resource overhead can be achieved on these diverse architectures.
A low-power segmented nonlinear DAC-based direct digital frequency synthesizer

A 2.5-V CMOS direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS) with 12 bits of phase resolution and 11 bits of amplitude resolution is presented. Low power consumption is achieved using a nonlinear digital-to-analog converter (DAC). To further reduce power and area, a new technique is proposed to segment the non-linear DAC into a coarse nonlinear DAC and a number of fine nonlinear sub-DACs. The DDFS fabricated in a 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS process occupies an active area of 1.4 mm/sup 2/. For a clock frequency of 300 MHz, it consumes 240 mW and the spurious-free dynamic range is less than 51 dB for output frequencies up to 3/8 of the clock frequency.
Improved Overcurrent Protection of Capacitor Banks Using Mathematical Morphology

Numerical overcurrent relays used to protect capacitor banks can better discriminate between faults and switching inrush compared to their electromechanical counterparts. However, there is still scope and use for faster and reliable operation. This paper describes the implementation of a filter based on mathematical morphology that creates distinct signatures for capacitor inrush and faults. These signatures are then used to propose a rule-based classification method that can be easily implemented in microprocessor-based relays. Extensive simulations are carried out to test the classification method using waveforms generated from PSCAD/EMTDC simulation of a standardized test system. The classification method is shown to be very reliable, general, and significantly faster than methods currently used or previously proposed.
Transient Catalytic Combustor Model

A quasi-steady gas phase and thermally thin substrate model is used to analyze the transient behavior of catalytic monolith combustors in fuel lean operation. The combustor response delay is due to the substrate thermal inertia. Fast response is favored by thin substrate, short catalytic bed length, high combustor inlet and final temperatures, and small gas channel diameters. The calculated gas and substrate temperature time history at different axial positions provides an understanding of how the catalytic combustor responds to an upstream condition change. The computed results also suggest that the gas residence times in the catalytic bed in the after bed space are correlatable with the nondimensional combustor response time. The model also performs steady state combustion calculations; and the computed steady state emission characteristics show agreement with available experimental data in the range of parameters covered. A catalytic combustor design for automotive gas turbine engine which has reasonably fast response ( 1 second) and can satisfy the emission goals in an acceptable total combustor length is possible.
Mapping and Integrating Online Interprofessional Teaching Strategies to Achieve Interprofessional Student Competencies

An interprofessional approach to healthcare is designed to develop a partnership among healthcare providers and their clients where knowledge and skills are shared so that they may achieve their common goal of improved patient outcomes. Students must be educated in interprofessional collaboration, communication, and teamwork to achieve competencies needed to function as a member of the interprofessional team. These interprofessional competencies may be provided through online programs. It is well established that there is a growing demand for online health education programs. The online environment lends itself to promoting interprofessionalism due to the collaborative nature of elearning courses. To achieve interprofessional student competencies, faculty must develop skills in mapping their courses and then must be trained to utilize creative teaching activities to help students achieve the competencies identified. This paper demonstrates how the faculty of two interprofessional online health professions programs, Health Administration and Health Professions Education, have mapped their courses to meet both program and university student competencies. In addition, teaching strategies designed to achieve these competencies and assessments of competency achievements are also provided.
A simulation of attempts to influence crowd dynamics

An understanding of how to alter crowd dynamics would have a significant impact in a number of scenarios, e.g., during riots or evacuations. The social force model, where individuals are self-driven particles interacting through social and physical forces, is one approach that has been used to describe crowd dynamics. This work uses the framework of the social force model to study the effects of introducing autonomous robots into crowds. Two simple pedestrian flow problems are used as illustrative examples, namely flow in varying width hallways and lane formation in bi-directional pedestrian flow. Preliminary results indicate that robots capable of inducing an attractive social force are effective at improving pedestrian flow in both of these scenarios.
Applications and Implications of Genome Related Biotechnology

I would like to review for you the potential medical implications of the human genome initiative. What is the likelihood that the information that will come from the sequencing and mapping effort will have a significant impact on the everyday practice of medicine and the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches?
Indoor room nitric oxide and alveolar nitric oxide in the Southern California children's health study

Introduction: Exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a marker of airway inflammation that has been found to be responsive to air pollution exposure. NO is also present in outdoor and indoor air from combustion sources (e.g. traffic and cooking). ATS/ERS guidelines for single flow rate FeNO recommend inhalation of NO-scrubbed air to avoid artifacts. Sampling FeNO at multiple flows permits estimation of alveolar NO, potentially informing on localized effects of air pollution exposure. Aims: Estimate the effects of indoor room NO on alveolar NO in children. Methods: From March-June 2010, FeNO was collected at 4 flow rates (30, 50, 100, and 300 ml/s) in 1577 children, ages 12-15 from schools in 8 southern California communities, using Ecomedics CLD88-SP analyzers with DeNOx accessories for NO-free inhaled air. Alveolar NO was estimated using nonlinear mixed effects models and indoor room NO was sampled hourly. Linear regression was used to relate indoor NO to estimated alveolar NO, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Indoor NO ranged from 0-58.5 ppb (median: 1.9 pbb). A 10 ppb increase in indoor NO was associated with a mean increase in alveolar NO of 0.12 ppb (95% CI: 0.07, 0.17), without adjustment for covariates. Similar effect estimates were observed in adjusted models that included (0.09, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.15) or excluded (0.11, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.20) the 2 testing dates with indoor NO > 28.1 ppb. Conclusions: We found small but robust associations of indoor NO with alveolar NO in children breathing NO-scrubbed air, suggesting a response of distal airway inflammation to combustion (e.g. traffic-related air pollution) or an artifact from prolonged exposure to elevated ambient NO.
Structural environment of iron and accurate determination of Fe3+/ΣFe ratios in andesitic glasses by XANES and Mössbauer spectroscopy

Abstract Andesitic glasses equilibrated at 1350 °C over a range of oxygen fugacities (log f O 2 from − 8.63 to − 0.68) were examined with Fe K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and Mossbauer spectra. XANES spectral features were then calibrated as a function of Mossbauer-derived Fe 3+ /∑Fe ratios. Additionally, both methods help characterize the local structure of iron ions in andesitic glasses. Fe 3+ /∑Fe ratios were determined from Mossbauer spectra collected at room temperature but corrected with recoilless fractions obtained from previously reported Mossbauer data collected on one of the glasses from 47 to 293 K. An empirical model was derived for the correlation between the pre-edge centroid energy and Fe 3+ /∑Fe ratio for andesitic glasses. This trend is intermediate between those previously determined for rhyolitic and basaltic glasses, but the distinction from basaltic compositions may be owing chiefly to differences in calibrations for Fe 3+ /∑Fe ratio, rather than to intrinsic differences in the spectra as a function of Fe 3+ /∑Fe ratio for mafic glasses. The ratios of intensities of pre-edge sub-peaks and Fe 3+ /∑Fe ratios for andesitic, basaltic, and rhyolitic glasses plot along a common trend, indicating that these measures provide a XANES calibration for Fe 3+ /∑Fe ratio that is less dependent on silicate composition. The coordination numbers of Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ ions in andesitic glass can be calculated from observations of pre-edge centroid energies and total intensities, combined with independent constraints on Fe 3+ /∑Fe ratio from Mossbauer spectra. The mean coordination of Fe 2+ ions calculated this way is close to 5.5 for reduced and oxidized compositions, and this is consistent with inferences from hyperfine features of the Mossbauer spectra. The mean coordination number of Fe 3+ inferred from XANES increases from ~ 4.5 to ~ 5 as andesitic glasses vary from reduced to oxidized; Mossbauer hyperfine parameters also suggest network-forming behavior of Fe 3+ , but with higher coordination for more reduced glasses.
testing at 1nm accuracy for sub-mm asphericity

This paper describes null interferometry at 1nm accuracy for testing aspherical surfaces of sub-mm deviation from the best fitting sphere. We have developed the two kinds of null compensators. The one is a “null lens” composed of almost perfect spherical surfaces and homogeneous glass. The other is a “zone plate” manufactured through the lithography process. The results of the two null testing were compared with the results by the ultra-precision CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine). These totally different measurements differed only by an amount of 1.6nm rms. This result shows the accuracy of our null interferometry is almost 1nm rms.
Along for the Ride: Experience with Flexible Mission Design for CubeSats (Invited)

The AeroCube-4 CubeSat, a picosatellite in a 10-cm cube form factor with a mass of 1 kg, was delivered by an Atlas V launch vehicle into a 480 x 780 km altitude orbit inclined at 65 deg. Despite being deployed into this unconventional orbit, AeroCube-4 has succeeded in performing many missions beyond its original design, including formation control via differential drag and Earth imagery for forest-fire geolocation and sunglint. Under normal circumstances, a mission designer would not select the AeroCube-4 orbit for these activities. The nature of the CubeSat paradigm demands flexibility on the part of the mission designer and on how he or she interacts with the spacecraft designer, working in a community where the orbit may not be known until after the spacecraft is built. The wide-ranging activities of AeroCube-4 are discussed, as are the mission-design challenges that grew out of this satellite’s less-than-optimal orbit.
Energy Bin based Coupling Model for High Enthalpy Flows using Prior Recombination Distribution

An energy bin based coupling model for recombination is derived for high enthalpy nozzle flows using oxygen as the test gas. The inherent coupling between vibrational and rotational modes is taken into account by the use of energy bins. A prior recombination distribution of molecules dependent on total energy available to a recombining system is obtained using information theory. The low lying electronically excited states of oxygen are also considered. The results from a state-specific model (Doraiswamy, S., Kelley J. D. and Candler G. V., “Analysis of Chemistry-Vibrational Coupling in High Enthalpy Nozzle Flows”, AIAA-2010-1570, Jan. 2010) are used to compare against the results of the energy bin approach model. The energy bin approach using only the ground state of the oxygen molecule predicts similar conditions at the test section as the state-specific model. The inclusion of the excited electronic states in the energy bin approach calculations produces test section conditions with significant chemical nonequilibrium and also predicts non-trivial concentrations of the excited states. The effect of energy bias in the initial recombination distribution and the senstivity of the results to the rate constants are also investigated.
Academia and the Luster of Capital

(1995). Academia and the Luster of Capital. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 242-244.
Estimation of Grinding Force for Ceramics

Grinding forces on ceramics have been expressed by quadratic functions of the maximum grain depth of cut g, a function of a grinding condition including various kinds of setting parameters. The variation of g was very small in comparison with the grain size. Thus, the expressions are based on the assumption that the number of abrasive grains is dependent only on the specification of a grinding wheel such as the grain size classification and the volume fraction of the grain. Grinding forces on B, C-doped silicon carbide ceramics showed good agreement with the estimation by the expressions. The coefficients in the expressions were obtained as a function of the number of gains on unit width of the wheel, which was calculated from the grain size classification and the volume fraction of the grain. It is suggested that change in grinding force is easily predicted from the specification of the wheel and the grinding condition.
Ontology for an Uncompromising Ethical Realism

I begin by distinguishing two general approaches to metaethics and ontology. One in effect puts our experience as engaged ethical agents on hold while independent metaphysical and epistemological inquiries, operating by their own lights, deliver metaethical verdicts on acceptable interpretations of our ethical lives; the other instead keeps engaged ethical experience in focus and allows our reflective interpretation of it to shape our metaphysical and epistemological views, including our ontology. While the former approach often leads to deflationary views, the latter may lead us to enrich our metaethical picture as needed to capture robust objectivity and categorical normative authority for ethics. Assuming, as I have argued elsewhere, that this requires positing irreducibly evaluative or normative properties and facts, the question I take up here is what ontological implications this has. I argue against quietist (or nonmetaphysical) non-naturalist views, which maintain that positing such properties and facts either has no ontological implications (Parfit) or has only domain-specific ontological implications that likewise imply nothing about what the world contains (Scanlon). Against these views, I advocate a worldly, dual-aspect view, locating irreducibly evaluative or normative properties as features of relevant worldly things. But while I have previously defended this view as a form of non-naturalism, I here explore the possibility of instead seeing it as a new, more expansive form of naturalism—what might be called “Non-Scientistic Naturalism”—inspired by parallel attempts in the philosophy of mind to accommodate irreducibly phenomenal properties within a more expansive physicalism.
A Fourier multispectral imaging camera with pixel-level sinusoidal filter arrays

There has been growing interest in developing multispectral imaging sensors to acquire more spectral information beyond the minimal metametric three-colors sensors [1]. This will enable chemical and material identification, and improve the accuracy of object recognition. Conventional multispectral imaging concepts are based on using an array of narrowband optical filters. In contrast, we have developed and demonstrated a novel Fourier multispectral imaging sensor which uses dielectric filters with different periods of sinusoidally varying transmittance. These are broad band filters, so unlike narrowband filters, very little signal is lost in the filters. The spectral resolution is determined by the number of sinusoidal filters — more filters result in a more precise spectral reconstruction. Each sinusoidal filter is based on a single cavity resonant structure, using ZnS as the cavity material on a fused silica substrate [2]. Initially, these Fourier filters were fabricated as bulk optical elements and integrated into a camera imaging system. Measurements were taken using a number of different LEDs as the targets. The data (Fig. 1) shows that spectral features such as transmission and absorption peaks are preserved very well, which makes this a versatile technique than narrowband filters for a wide range of multispectral imaging applications [3].
Understanding the Need for Obesity Prevention Counseling among Homeless Patients

ABSTRACTThough many studies have examined the level of physician obesity prevention counseling among the general population, little is known about how homeless patients are advised about healthy eating and physical activity by their health care provider. The homeless are an at-risk population with whom physicians and other health professionals can play a vital role in helping them to be healthy by means of Health Education and involvement in policy development and advocacy. The purpose of this feature article is to review previous work conducted with the homeless that assesses their risk for obesity and other chronic diseases due to limited access to health care, as well as system-level barriers that lead to poor dietary and physical activity behaviors. The article then discusses the need for physician counseling among this population while integrating a socioecological framework and working across multiple systems when counseling homeless populations on nutrition and physical activity topics.
The phenomenon of legislative advocacy among parents of children with disabilities

Although parents of children with disabilities have forged systemic changes for individuals with disabilities, little is known about the phenomenon of legislative advocacy (LA) including methods and barriers. In this United States-based study, 49 parents of individuals with disabilities participated in focus groups about LA reporting both positive and negative experiences with LA. One focus group was held in Spanish; notably, none of the Spanish-speaking parents reported experiences with LA. When discussing methods of LA, parents reported a variety of strategies including: building relationships, educating legislators, collective advocacy, and encouraging fathers and other parents to meet with legislators. Parents also reported barriers to LA: lack of knowledge, disempowerment and feeling overwhelmed. Implications for research to better understand LA and policy are discussed.