cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A randomised test of the effect of medical v. lay idiom on assessment of perceived mental health condition in the USA

AimsTo test the impact of using different idioms in epidemiological interviews on the prevalence and correlates of poor mental health and mental health service use.MethodsWe conducted a randomised methodological experiment in a nationally representative sample of the US adult population, comparing a lay idiom, which asked about ‘problems with your emotions or nerves’ with a more medical idiom, which asked about ‘problems with your mental health’. Differences across study arms in the associations of endorsement of problems with the Kessler-6 (a validated assessment of psychological distress), demographic characteristics, self-rated health and mental health service use were examined.ResultsRespondents were about half as likely to endorse a problem when asked with the more medical idiom (18.1%) than when asked with the lay idiom (35.1%). The medical idiom had a significantly larger area under the ROC curve when compared against a validated measure of psychological distress than the lay idiom (0.91 v. 0.87, p = 0.012). The proportion of the population who endorsed a problem but did not receive treatment in the past year was less than half as large for the medical idiom (7.90%) than for the lay idiom (20.94%). Endorsement of problems differed in its associations with age, sex, race/ethnicity and self-rated health depending on the question idiom. For instance, the odds of endorsing problems were threefold higher in the youngest than the oldest age group when the medical idiom was used (OR = 3.07; 95% CI 1.47–6.41) but did not differ across age groups when the lay idiom was used (OR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.43–1.36).ConclusionChoice of idiom in epidemiological questionnaires can affect the apparent correlates of poor mental health and service use. Cultural change within populations over time may require changes in instrument wording to maintain consistency in epidemiological measurement of psychiatric conditions.
Characterizing the PrEP Continuum for Black and Latinx Sexual and Gender Minority Youth.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) rollout efforts thus far have inadequately reached young people from underrepresented backgrounds. This study explores PrEP engagement among young Black and Latinx men who have sex with men, transgender women, and gender diverse individuals in three U.S. cities using an adapted PrEP continuum measure. We analyze data from the recruitment phase of an ongoing PrEP engagement intervention (n = 319) using partial proportional odds logistic regression. Participants reported high willingness and intention to use PrEP, yet most (82%) were not currently taking PrEP. Being insured (aOR = 2.95, 95%-CI = 1.60–5.49), having one or more PrEP users in one’s sexual network (aOR = 4.19, 95%-CI = 2.61–6.79), and higher individual HIV risk scores (aOR = 1.62, 95%-CI = 1.34–1.97) were each associated with being further along the PrEP continuum. Strategies are needed to address barriers to healthcare access and leverage connections within social and sexual networks in order to bolster PrEP engagement among marginalized young people from diverse backgrounds.
Dynamics of a viscous drop under an oscillatory uniaxial extensional Stokes flow

Abstract We quantify the transient deformation and breakup of a neutrally-buoyant drop with viscosity λ μ ∗ immersed in another Newtonian fluid with viscosity μ ∗ undergoing oscillatory uniaxial extension at zero Reynolds number. The interfacial tension acting between drop phase and medium phase is γ ∗ . The drop is initially a sphere of radius a ∗ . Since the external flow oscillates harmonically with a frequency ω ∗ , the strength of the imposed flow is characterized by an instantaneous capillary number, C a = C a 0 cos ( D e t ) , where C a 0 = μ ∗ e a ∗ / γ ∗ and D e = ω ∗ μ ∗ a ∗ / γ ∗ is the dimensionless frequency, or Deborah number. Here, e is the rate of extension in the imposed flow. We utilize boundary-integral computations to calculate the evolution of drop interface as a function of C a 0 and D e , focusing primarily on the case where the drop and surrounding fluid have equal viscosities. The computations suggest two families of behavior for the drop deformation. First, below a critical Deborah number (which we determine to be in the interval 0 . 375 D e 1 . 0 ), the drop breaks up in a finite time at a critical capillary number that is a function of D e . At sufficiently small D e the critical capillary number increases linearly with D e and the breakup mode is that of “center-pinching”. On increasing D e the break-up mode switches to “end-pinching”, and on further increasing D e it appears that the critical capillary number diverges at a critical Deborah number between 0.375 and 1.0. This divergence signals the transition to the second family of behavior where the drop attains a long-time periodic state, or alternance, regardless of C a 0 . However, at large C a 0 the drop dynamics exhibits a two time-scale behavior: the drop deforms instantaneously at a fast capillary relaxation time-scale τ ∗ = μ ∗ a ∗ / γ ∗ , whereas the maximum deformation attained during a cycle of the imposed flow grows at the slow time-scale τ ∗ C a 0 = e ( μ ∗ a ∗ / γ ∗ ) 2 . As such, the state of alternance is approached exceedingly slowly at large C a 0 . Lastly, we perform calculations for different viscosity ratios and find the drop dynamics to be in qualitative agreement with above observations.
Distribution and Production Characteristics of /s/ in the Vocabulary and Spontaneous Speech of Children

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the distribution and production characteristics of /s/ in the vocabulary and spontaneous speech of children. As the study of language development has been seen to be increasingly important, /s/ is a particularly important phoneme from the standpoint of morphological function. It is basic to the formation of such grammatical distinctions as plurals, possessives, third-person singulars, contractions, and superlatives. The chapter also presents the distribution of /s/ in the vocabularies of English speaking children. The number of syllables containing at least one /s/ was found to vary with the ordinal position of the target syllable in the word; with word initial, medial, or final syllables; and with the stress status of the syllable. /s/ appears in a total of 262 different syllabic categories, with the number of categories ranging from 2 in seven-syllable words to 78 in three-syllable words. In general, the most frequently found target syllable categories contain only one /s/ and are themselves in words with only one /s/
Women’s Rights Movements in the ‘Arab Spring’: Major Victories for Human Rights, or Symbolic Accommodations to Strengthen Regime Change Movements?

American journalist Lara Logan explained on camera how she endured a sexual assault in Cairo’s Tahrir Square, but countless Egyptian women never have the chance to discuss their attacks. Libya’s Muammar Qaddafi’s security services tried to silence Eman El Obeidy, who claimed that she was gang raped by pro-Qaddafi forces, and her vocal claims and the harsh response of the security services were all caught on camera in the Tripoli hotel where foreign journalists camped out. Women have been in the frontlines of assisting the rebels in Libya, and protesting side-by-side with male counterparts in Syria, Bahrain, Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Algeria, and also in Iran. With the “Arab Spring” uprisings and revolutions, the issue of women’s empowerment and rights has emerged as a parallel movement in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). What are the implications of the women’s empowerment movements in the MENA for improved political representation and rights, especially with major elections about to take place? What has been the impact of the role of women in the Arab Spring on improving women’s security? Do these developments contribute to long-term socio-political, legal, judicial, and economic reforms that would improve overall human rights, and especially women’s rights in the MENA? This paper is a comparative survey of women’s empowerment and rights, especially in terms of general human rights principles, as well as in terms of political representation in post-revolution Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya.
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in human red blood cell membrane preparations. Kinetic mechanism.

Abstract The successive methylations of phosphatidylethanolamine to form phosphatidylcholine were measured using exogenously added intermediates and membrane preparations from human red blood cells. The addition of phosphatidylethanolamine resulted in no increase in methylation rate over that with endogenous substrate; however, the addition of monomethylphosphatidylethanolamine (PME) and dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine (PDE) markedly increased the reaction rate and allowed studies into the kinetic mechanism for the second and third methylation reactions. The data are consistent with catalysis of the last two methylations being by a single enzyme with a random Bi-Bi sequential mechanism. Analysis of PDE:phosphatidylcholine product ratios indicates that the enzyme can conduct multiple methylations of enzyme-bound phospholipid. The nature of the acyl chain (16:0 versus 18:1) of the phospholipid had only a small effect on the value of the kinetic constants. The maximal velocities obtained with the 18:1 substrate were less than 5% lower than those obtained with the 16:0 substrate. The Km values for the two phospholipids were 20-45 and 10-14 microM for the methylation of PME and PDE, respectively. The Km for S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) was 5-9 microM with PME and 4 microM with PDE as substrates. Depending on the acyl chain and the phospholipid, the Ki(AdoMet) varied from 8 to 19 microM, the Ki(PME) from 41 to 82 microM, and the Ki(PDE) from 35 to 61 microM. The Ki for S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) was between 1.0 and 1.4 microM depending upon the variable substrate. The endogenous concentrations of PME and PDE in red blood cell membranes were estimated to be 0.49 and 0.24 mumol/liter packed cells, respectively. The product from the utilization of AdoMet, S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of its precursor, AdoMet, and a noncompetitive inhibitor of the two phospholipid substrates.
From Homer to Tragedy: The Art of Allusion in Greek Poetry

Examines the nature of poetic allusion in classical Greek poetry in every tradegy from the fifth century B.C. This book should be of interest to students and teachers of classical studies and Greek poetry.
The Evolution of the Social Contract

Two transitions in the evolution of the social contract are considered, the first from the dominance hierarchies of the great apes (used as a proxy for our prehuman ancestors) to the egalitarian political structure of non-sedentary hunter-gatherer bands, and the second, to the reintroduction of hierarchical institutions of governance, primarily a result of living in fixed settlements after the inception of agriculture. The first transition was a product of biological and cultural evolution, which brought about big brains, language, higher consciousness, and a lower rate of time preference that enabled early man to sustain an egalitarian social contract and thereby escape the domination that confronted his prehuman ancestors. The second transition was a product of cultural evolution alone. The high costs of enforcing the hunter-gatherer social contract caused it to break down and be replaced by hierarchy when the domestication of plants and animals gave rise to a sedentary existence and increased populations. However, it is shown that the very biological and cultural adaptations that made hunter-gatherer egalitarianism possible were a necessary foundation for the spontaneous creation of complex culture and the evolution of institutions that would once again eventually make freedom possible and economic prosperity possible.
Synthesis of chromium silicide-silicon carbide composite powders

Abstract A special class of materials of interests to the electronic industry are the intermatallic matrix composites, containing phases such as chromium silicide and silicon carbide. Our studies address this need by investigating a low cost method for synthesizing a chromium silicide-silicon carbide composite using a chemical processing technique. The precursor used in this synthesis route is a homogeneous aqueous solution of chromium chloride and sodium methylsiliconate. This solution may be either processed in bulk or spray dried, to form an intermediate precursor powder. Subsequent thermochemical treatment was carried out at temperatures of 900, 1100 and 1300°C, in a dynamic argon gas environment. Characterization of the chromium silicide-silicon carbide composite was performed using electron microscopy and X-ray analysis. A submicron spherical composite crystalline material was obtained using spray-dried precursor powders. Irregularly shaped particles were obtained when the precursor powder was made by chemical precipitation of the bulk solution. The relative Cr-to-Si concentration distribution of the composite particles has been studied and homogeneous composite particles were produced using the spray-drying process to produce the precursor powder. Structural analysis of the composite powder indicated the presence of two chromium silicide phases, namely CrSi2 and Cr5Si3. Glocuse had a significant effect in reducing the oxide impurities.
Fusarium species in soil, thatch and crowns of Poa pratensis turfgrass treated with fungicides

Abstract Little information exists concerning the effects of long-term fungicide programs on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of fusaria in turfgrasses and in turfgrass soils. These effects were studied on Poa pratensis L, turfgrasses at three locations, using 14 fungicides, one nematicide, and five mixed fungicide programs. Some fungicides increased the numbers of fusaria in soil and thatch, some had no effect, and others greatly reduced the numbers. Changes in Fusarium species' compositions occurred independently from the changes in propagule numbers. The proportion of Fusarium -colonized turfgrass crowns was generally higher in fungicide-treated than in nontreated turfgrasses.
Treating cocaine cardiotoxicity: Does receptor subtype matter?

Cardiovascular complications of cocaine use may be lifethreatening, as reviewed in this issue by Stankowski et al. [1]. Cocaine blocks presynaptic reuptake of catecholamines and increases catecholamine release from central and peripheral stores. Heart rate and blood pressure are therefore increased through stimulation of αand β-adrenergic receptors. Patients presenting with cocaine-related chest pain in emergency departments have an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction, typically occurring within a few hours of drug use [2]. There is also evidence that cocaine increases myocardial oxidative stress, resulting in cardiomyocyte death. Long-term cocaine use is associated with heart failure, coronary atherosclerosis, endocarditis, and aortic dissection. Stankowski et al. [1] review existing literature on mechanisms of cocaine-induced cardiotoxicity, its diagnosis, clinical consequences, and treatment; current diagnosis and treatment strategies for acute cocaine-associated toxicity are generally similar to those of non-cocaine users. Benzodiazepines are indicated to mitigate excess sympathetic stimulation and relieve chest pain [3]. Direct-acting vasodilators, such as nitroglycerin and calcium channel blockers, are also useful in alleviating cocaine-associated chest pain. Phentolamine, a vasodilator with α-receptor antagonist activity may have a beneficial role in cocaine patients because it may reverse cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction [2]. β-adrenergic blockers are first-line treatment in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and are reportedly used in over 80% of cocaine users with ACS [4]. However, the 2008 American Heart Association guidelines state that β-blockers should be avoided in the setting of acute myocardial infarction related to cocaine use [5]. The concern with using of β-blockers in
Social cognition in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS)

Background:Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) patients represent a subpopulation who are diagnosed during the course of development. Social cognitive deficits have recently been recognized in adults with MS. It is critical to identify whether these youngest patients with the disorder are also at risk.Objective:To determine whether pediatric-onset MS is associated with social cognitive deficits.Methods:Consecutively-recruited participants with pediatric-onset MS were compared to a group of age- and gender-matched healthy controls on Theory of Mind (ToM) task performance. Tasks measured facial affect recognition (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test), detecting social faux pas (Faux Pas Test), and understanding the perspective of another (False Beliefs Task).Results:Twenty-eight (28) pediatric-onset MS participants (median age 17 years) and 32 healthy controls (median age 16 years) completed the study. The MS participants performed worse than controls on all three ToM tasks: Reading the Mind in the Eyes T...
Calculation of the taylor factor and lattice rotations for bcc metals deforming by pencil glide

Values of the Taylor factorM and the corresponding lattice rotations for tension or compression have been computed for grains of various orientations postulated to slip on arbitrary planes in 〈111〉 directions. The stresses in each grain were first obtained by numerically maximizing the work expression subject to the constraints of the pencil-glide yield expressions. The derived value of Mave = 2.733 is slightly lower than in the case of mixed {110}, {112}, and {l23} 〈111〉 slip and the computed rotations are in reasonable agreement with experiments on iron. In compression, 26 pct of the grains are predicted to rotate toward 〈100〉, although the 〈111〉 texture component develops faster. The computational method used can easily be applied to the determination of the mechanics of texture generation for arbitrary deformations.
East by Mid East: Studies in Cultural, Historical and Strategic Connectivities

This volume provides a multi-disciplinary and trans-regional approach to the historical roots and continued development of ties between the Middle East and Asia, from Muslim-Confucian relations to nuclear technology exchange between China and Saudi Arabia. The papers are contributed by specialists who live, research, and have spent considerable time in the Middle East and Asia including institutions in Japan, Israel, China and Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Kuwait, Philippines, Australia, Malaysia, North Africa, Indonesia, Lebanon and Syria, India and Kashmir, Egypt, and Korea. The contributors include academics, policy makers and consultants, leaders in international business, law professionals, and military. The goal of this edited volume is to reach out to the research, diplomatic, and commercial communities. The subjects are addressed to attract individuals and groups from academia, think-tanks, NGOs, members of Congress, the US government, the private sector, and those involved in the policy-making, strategic planning, and public diplomacy in the fields of transnational studies, across-cultural comparison, international relations, energy security, global Islamism, Islamic fundamentalism, and terrorism. The chapters in this volume are broadly divided into three main areas: (I) Cultural and Historical Connections (II) Transnational Allegiances and Local Culture in Asia, and (III) Strategic Relations between Asia and the Middle East.
Ex vivo Noggin gene therapy inhibits bone formation in a mouse model of postoperative resynostosis.

Background: Resynostosis following surgical correction of primary craniosynostosis necessitates further surgical intervention, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality. Bone morphogenetic proteins are known to be expressed during normal bone healing. This study tested the hypothesis that treatment of suturectomy sites with Noggin, an extracellular antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins, would inhibit postoperative resynostosis in a mouse suturectomy model. Methods: Healing of small interfrontal suturectomies was assessed in three groups of mice using radiographic, micro-computed tomographic, and histologic analyses. The groups were as follows: group 1, no treatment (n = 36); group 2, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled cells in a collagen scaffold (n = 36); and group 3, Noggin/GFP-expressing cells in a collagen scaffold (n = 36). Results: Radiographic analysis of defect area showed that Noggin-treated suturectomy sites were significantly larger than untreated sites 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively (p < 0.05). Analysis of defect volume showed that Noggin-treated defects were significantly larger than untreated defects at all time points after surgery. The GFP-treated defects demonstrated some inhibition of bone formation, but this inhibition was not significant compared with untreated controls 12 weeks after surgery. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Noggin is an effective inhibitor of bone formation within small suturectomy sites and that Noggin may be useful in avoiding postoperative resynostosis. Noggin treatment may be useful as an adjunct to traditional surgical intervention for the treatment of children with craniosynostosis. © 2009 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.
Do two‐year colleges increase overall educational attainment? Evidence from the states

Are two- or four-year colleges more efficient at increasing the educational attainment of young adults? I use state variation in two- and four-year college systems to address this question at the state level. I find that the composition and cost of higher education in a state affect the enrollment decisions of individuals in that state. Further, attending a two-year rather than a four-year college may lower the educational attainment of some students, but more students will benefit from the community college alternative. It also most likely costs the state more to educate a student in a four-year rather than a two-year college. As a result, community colleges provide a potentially efficient way to increase access to higher education as well as increase the overall educational attainment of a state's residents.
Interrupting White Mountain Apache Language Shift: An Insider's View

"My grandfather, who raised us, was a Spaniard, and my grandmother was a full-blood Apache. My grandfather was an interpreter [in Spanish, English, and Apache] for the military at Fort Apache. My grandmother didn't use English very much, spoke some Spanish when necessary, and spoke mostly Apache. Five of their children, including my mother, survived into adulthood and were trilingual… The traditional ways is how I tried to raise my children, in the same way I was taught, so they will know who they are. Our Apache ways and language did not hold them back from getting higher education degrees."—Geraldine Johnson Adley, age 68, White Mountain Apache mother, grandmother, great-grandmother, and retired school worker; November 1997.
Greening coal: breakthroughs and challenges in carbon capture and storage.

Like it or not, coal is here to stay, for the next few decades at least. Continued use of coal in this age of growing greenhouse gas controls will require removing carbon dioxide from the coal wast...
SELECTION ACROSS TWO CULTURES: ADAPTING THE SELECTION OF AMERICAN ASSEMBLERS TO MEET JAPANESE JOB PERFORMANCE DEMANDS

Obstacles related to cultural differences between Japanese management concepts and American selection practices were overcome to develop a selection system for hiring American workers in a Japanese-American joint venture assembly plant. Job analysis procedures and traditional selection system design procedures were modified to accommodate the Japanese culture and management philosophy. This paper describes the process used to develop a cross-culturally valid selection system and outlines problems presented in validating the selection system to ensure compatibility with Japanese management demands regarding productivity, team orientation, quality standards, and formal employee performance evaluations.
Laparoscopic pelvic and paraaortic lymph node dissection : Analysis of the first 100 cases

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze the first 100 cases of planned laparoscopic pelvic and paraaortic lymph node dissection (LND) done for staging of gynecologic cancers. The goal of the study was to assess prognostic factors for conversion to laparotomy and document complications. Methods. A retrospective review of patients who had planned laparoscopic bilateral pelvic and bilateral paraaortic LND for staging of their gynecologic cancer was performed. Patients were identified by our institutional database and data were collected by review of their medical records. Data were obtained regarding demographics, stage, histology, length of stay, and procedural information including completion rates, operating room time, estimated blood loss, assistant, lymph node count, and complications. Associations between variables were analyzed using Student t tests, analysis of variance, and χ 2 testing (Excel v7.0). Results. A total of 103 patients were identified from 12/15/95 to 8/28/00. Demographics included mean age of 66.2 (25–92) and mean Quetelet index (QI) of 30.8 (15.9–56.1). A total of 34/103 (33.0%) had ≥1 previous laparotomy. Ninety-five patients had endometrial cancer and 8 had ovarian cancer. Eighty-six of 103 (83.5%) were stage I or II. The length of stay was shorter for those who had laparoscopy than for those who needed conversion to laparotomy (2.8 vs 5.6 days, P P P P = ns). Complications included 2 urinary tract injuries, 2 pulmonary embolisms, and 6 wound infections (all in the laparotomy group). Two deaths occurred, 1 due to a vascular injury on initial trocar insertion and 1 due to a pulmonary embolism after a laparotomy for bowel herniation through a trocar incision. Conclusion. Laparoscopic bilateral pelvic and paraaortic LND can be completed successfully in 70.9% of patients. Age, obesity, previous surgery, and the need to perform this procedure in the community were not contraindications. Advantages include a shorter hospital stay, similar nodal counts, and acceptable complications.
Impaired acquisition of a Morris water maze task following selective destruction of cerebellar purkinje cells with OX7-saporin

Abstract Spatial learning in the Morris water maze task is believed to be dependent on an intact hippocampal system. However, evidence from human studies and animal experiments suggests a potential cerebellar involvement in spatial processing, place learning, and other types of ‘higher-order’ cognition. In order to investigate this possibility, intraventricular injections (ICV) of the anti-neuronal immunotoxin OX7-saporin were used to selectively destroy cerebellar Purkinje cells, without affecting other brain areas believed to be critically involved in spatial learning and memory. Bilateral ICV injections of 2 μg OX7-saporin (4 μg total) in adult male rats produced substantial loss of Purkinje cells (56%) throughout the cerebellum without affecting hippocampal morphology or biochemical indices of cholinergic, serotonergic, or catecholaminergic function in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, or striatum. ICV OX7-saporin significantly impaired acquisition and performance of the standard Morris water maze task (though the impairment was less severe than reported in earlier studies that used alternate lesion methods or mutant mice species), but did not alter performance on the cued version of the task, or locomotor activity. In addition, lesioned animals spent significantly less time in the target quadrant on probe trial days 4 and 7 and the average distance to target scores (ADT) were significantly greater than controls on those days. Swim speed was not affected. Based on the specificity of the behavioral and neurobiological alterations, these data support the hypothesis that the cerebellum is involved in spatial processing and place learning.
High-resolution measurements of beta-delayed protons from 37Ca and 41Ti

Abstract Protons with energies from 870 keV to 5.4 MeV have been observed following bombardment of a 40 Ca target with 3 He at beam energies of 29.5, 36.5 and 60 MeV, as well as from 40 MeV 3 He bombardment of an 36 Ar gas target. These data, and those resulting from 20 MeV proton bombardment of 40 Ca, permit accurate identification of proton unbound levels in 41 Sc, 37 K, and 40 Ca fed by allowed beta decay from 41 Ti, 37 Ca or 40 Sc, respectively. Absolute ft values have been determined for beta decay to these levels. The half-life of 41 Ti has been remeasured to be 80±2 ms and the log ft for its superallowed decay branch has been found to be 3.35±0.02, indicating an isospin purity for the lowest T = 3 2 state in 41 Sc of ≈ 91 % . The ft values for 37 Ca β + decay are compared to shell-model calculations for beta-decay in A = 37 nuclei.
Transient, Laminar, Combined Free and Forced Convection in a Duct

>Transient, laminar, combined free and forced convection in a duct is analyzed under the assumptions of constant fluid properties and fully developed fiow. The transient heating is taken to be a result of wall temperature variations; the wall temperatures vary linearly with the axial co-ordinate of the duct (this is shown to be the only permissible axial dependence, other than no wall temperature variation in the axial direction). Numerical results show that for certain combinations of the Prandtl and Rayleigh numbers, an oscillatory approach to steady state exists. This phenomenon can induce a large reduction of the Nusselt number (compared to steady state) during the transient period. (auth)
Sex-specific, behavior-specific actions of dihydrotestosterone: activation of aggression, but not mounting in ovariectomized guinea pigs.

Abstract Adult ovariectomized guinea pigs were tested for aggressive behavior during treatments with estradiol benzoate (EB), testosterone propionate (TP), dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP), or with DHTP + EB. Aggression was not influenced by EB, but was augmented by all other steroid treatments. DHTP given by itself was not as effective as TP, but was significantly potentiated by the concurrent administration of EB. When tested for mounting behavior, ovariectomized guinea pigs were refractory to DHTP and to DHTP + EB, whereas they mounted when given TP. The findings suggest that the hormone-sensitive neural systems which mediate aggression in female guinea pigs have in part different steroid requirements from those subserving the activation of mounting. In addition, the findings emphasize that DHTP + EB administration does not always duplicate the effects of TP for behavioral endpoints, since DHTP + EB and TP had similar effects on aggression, but quite different effects on mounting in female guinea pigs. These results stand in contrast to those obtained with male guinea pigs, in which DHTP has been reported to be as effective as TP for the activation of mounting. It is hypothesized that both sex-specific and hormone-specific activational phenomena may be genetically regulated by factors separate from those responsible for the establishment of prenatal hormonal conditions.
Patterns of regional growth in Yugoslavia, 1952–83

Abstract This paper considers the pattern of growth of less developed regions (LDRs) vs. more developed regions (MDRs) in Yugoslavia in the period 1952–1983. It evaluates the growth using the three possible policy-makers' criteria: the Pareto criterion (rate of growth of both LDRs and MDRs should increase), the Rawls criterion (rate of growth of MDRs may increase so long as it raises that of LDRs), and the Verkhovensky criterion (positive difference between the rate of growth on LDRs and MDRs should be maximized). The pattern of growth in Yugoslavia is found to have changed after major economic and political decentralization in 1965: it is superior to the pattern in the previous period only in the Verkhovensky sense.
The wide-angle reflection eye camera for visual choice and pupil size

A new equipment has been devised to photograph the reflection of the stimulus scene in the eye. The resulting motion pictures show the pupil encircling the area of the scene which was being fixated by the gaze; they also show the pupil size. Both measurements are simplified by providing a calibrated edge to the scene. No bite bar is required, and the equipment is quick and easy to use, being especially suitable for young children and also for monkeys.
To Punish the Guilty and Protect the Innocent Comparing Truth Revelation Procedures

Any country in the aftermath of transition to democracy confronts the challenge of transitional justice, that is, the task of designing a system of procedures for holding perpetrators and collaborators of the ancien regime responsible for their past activity. Two important normative goals that transitional justice shares with any system of justice are avoiding false convictions (punishing the innocent) on the one hand, and false acquittals (letting the guilty go) on the other. Different systems of transitional justice will vary in the extent to which they fulfill these normative goals. In this article I offer an approach to the study of systems of transitional justice that distinguishes between confession-based and accusation-based truth-revelation procedures (CTRs and ATRs). Game-theoretic models of plea bargaining from the law and economics literature are adapted to compare CTRs to ATRs. I evaluate their performance with respect to avoiding false conviction and false acquittal. I establish plausible con...
RReACT goes global: Perils and pitfalls of constructing a global open-access database of registered analgesic clinical trials and trial results

Abstract Eliminating publication bias requires ensuring public awareness of studies and access to results. Clinical trial registries provide basic trial information, but access to unbiased trial results is inadequate. Nearly all studies of trial registration and results reporting have been limited to the ClinicalTrials.gov registry. We analyzed trial registration, registry functionality, cross-registry harmonization, and results reporting on all 15 primary registries in the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) for postherpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, and fibromyalgia. A total of 447 unique trials were identified, with 86 trials listed on more than one registry. A comprehensive search algorithm was used to find trial results in the peer-reviewed literature and the grey literature. Creating a global database of registered trials and trial results proved surprisingly difficult for several reasons: 1) ICTRP does not reliably identify trials listed on multiple registries, manual searches are necessary; 2) Searching ICTRP yields different results than searching individual registries; 3) Outcome measure descriptions for multiply registered trials vary between registries; 4) Registry-publication pairings are often inaccurate or incomplete; 5) Grey literature results are not permanent. Overall, only 46% of all trials had results available. Trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov were significantly more likely to have results (52% vs 18%, P
Hypothalamic paraventricular 5-hydroxytryptamine: receptor-specific inhibition of NPY-stimulated eating and energy metabolism.

The feeding effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1 and 5-HT2 receptor agonists injected into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) immediately prior to PVN administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were examined. The impact of these same compounds on NPY-induced alterations in energy metabolism was also assessed in an attempt to characterize further the potential interactive relationship of PVN NPY and 5-HT on feeding and whole body calorimetry. Specifically, several experiments examined the effect of various 5-HT receptor agonists on NPY-stimulated eating and alterations in energy substrate utilization [respiratory quotient (RQ)]. This included the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT, the 5-HT1B/1A agonist RU 24969, the 5-HT1D agonist L-694,247, the 5-HT2A/2C agonist DOI, the 5-HT2B agonist BW 723C86 and the 5-HT2C agonist mCPP. In feeding tests conducted at the onset of the dark cycle, drugs were administered 5 min prior to PVN injection of NPY and food intake was measured 2 h postinjection. The metabolic effects of NPY following a similar pretreatment were monitored using an open-circuit calorimeter measuring the volume of oxygen consumed (VO2), carbon dioxide produced (VCO2) and RQ (VCO2/VO2). PVN injection of NPY (100 pmol) potentiated feeding and evoked reliable increases in RQ. Only DOI (2.5–5 nmol) pretreatment antagonized NPY-induced eating and blocked the peptide's effect on energy substrate utilization. Direct PVN pretreatment with spiperone (SPRN), a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, and ketanserin (KTSN), a 5-HT2A/2C antagonist, but not SDZ SER 082, a 5-HT2B/2C antagonist, or the 5-HT2C antagonist RS 102221, blocked the effect of DOI in both feeding and metabolic tests providing additional evidence that activation of PVN 5-HT2A receptors inhibits NPY's action on feeding and substrate utilization.
4.5 The Xeon® processor E5-2600 v3: A 22nm 18-core product family

The next-generation enterprise Xeon server processor maximum configuration supports 18 dual-threaded 64b Haswell cores [1], 45MB L3 cache, 4 DDR4-2133MHz memory channels, 40 8GT/s PCIe lanes, and 60 9.6GT/S QPI lanes. The processor has 5.56B transistors on a 31.9mm×20.8mm die in Intel's high-K metal-gate tri-gate 22nm CMOS technology [2] with 11 metal layers and achieves a 33% performance boost, on average, over previous generations [3]. Two additional metal layers enable area optimization and performance improvement. The design supports a wide range of configurations, including thermal design power ranging from 55 to 165W and frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 3.8GHz. Fig. 4.5.1 shows the processor block diagram of the 18 core die. The floorplan allows for core and cache communication via a ring interconnect, as well as the ability to deliver derivative designs with lower core counts. The 4th column in the 18-core die is removed to implement the 12 core chop, and the 3rd column is removed for an 8 core chop. Key architectural innovations include the addition of AVX2 technology, DDR4, and fully integrated voltage regulators (FIVR) [4] that enable per-core p-states and uncore frequency scaling.
Thrust Vectoring Control from Convergent Nozzles with Translating Side Wall

Experimental measurements of side force for an underexpanded two-dimensional nozzle and an axisymmetric contraction for a three-dimensional nozzle with side wall translation demonstrate that vectored angles of 20 deg can be obtained at a pressure ratio of 11.5. For a vectored control jet the magnitude of side force can be increased by the translation of the side wall where the optimum length is dependent on the pressure ratio value. The inviscid wave equation results are in good agreement with the experimental two-dimensional measurements. The optimum length of extension for the three-dimensional nozzle occurs at 1.6 times the throat dimension with similar thrust vectoring capability. The physics of the expansion and the jet momentum turning are qualitatively described using an optical schlieren system.
How to pay for transportation? A survey of public preferences in California

Abstract This paper investigates how strongly California residents support a range of tax and fee options to fund transportation. Because politicians are reluctant to raise tax levels to cover desired levels of transportation expenditures, policy makers are searching for revenue options with strong public support. The results of two surveys provide some optimism for implementing new options, such as tolling. Respondents also reacted positively to linking fees with environmental objectives. Three tax options—gas taxes, sales taxes, and vehicle license fees—had virtually the same levels of overall support, about 40%. An analysis of demographic and other factors provides further insights into public support for the tax and fee options surveyed.
Oral collagen biosynthesis in the guinea pig.

Collagen biosynthesis, as measured by conversion of 3-4 3H-proline to 3H-hydroxyproline, was studied in guinea pig oral tissue and skin during normal growth, ascorbic acid depletion and following administration of ascorbic acid to scorbutic animals. Collagen breakdown in oral and skin tissue of normal animals was determined by measuring the depletion of 14C-hydroxyproline over a seven month period of time. Oral collagen demonstrated a high level of metabolic activity, thus providing biochemical support to the histo-pathological concept that periodontal tissues exist in a state of continuous wound healing and repair.
Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from HIV-1-infected lymphocytic cells

HIV-1 infection causes profound effects both inside and outside of cells through multiple mechanisms, including those mediated by exosomes. Using the technique of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture, we compared protein expression patterns in the exosomal compartment of HIV-1-infected and -uninfected lymphocytic H9 cells. Of 770 proteins identified in two independent sets of exosomal samples, 14 proteins were found to be differentially expressed in the exosomal fraction of HIV-1-infected cells versus -uninfected controls. Gene Ontology survey and DAVID analysis revealed that identified proteins were enriched for functional categories such as binding. Of these 14 proteins, three immunomodulatory molecules were reproducibly identified in both replicates and included ADP-ribosyl cyclase 1 (CD38), L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain (LDHB), and Annexin A5 (ANXA5). In addition to previously reported HIV-1 associations with CD38 and LDHB, new interactions were identified and validated for ANXA5, CD38, and LDHB, which were found to bind to HIV-1 p24 and Tat. In summary, our studies reveal that exosomes released from HIV-1-infected cells are composed of a unique and quantitatively different protein signature and harbor regulatory molecules that impact the processes of cellular apoptosis (ANXA5 and LDHB) and proliferation (CD38).
Variational asymptotic method for unit cell homogenization of periodically heterogeneous materials

A new micromechanics model, namely, the variational asymptotic method for unit cell homogenization (VAMUCH), is developed to predict the effective properties of periodically heterogeneous materials and recover the local fields. Considering the periodicity as a small parameter, we can formulate a variational statement of the unit cell through an asymptotic expansion of the energy functional. It is shown that the governing differential equations and periodic boundary conditions of mathematical homogenization theories (MHT) can be reproduced from this variational statement. In comparison to other approaches, VAMUCH does not rely on ad hoc assumptions, has the same rigor as MHT, has a straightforward numerical implementation, and can calculate the complete set of properties simultaneously without using multiple loadings. This theory is implemented using the finite element method and an engineering program, VAMUCH, is developed for micromechanical analysis of unit cells. Many examples of binary composites, fiber reinforced composites, and particle reinforced composites are used to demonstrate the application, power, and accuracy of the theory and the code of VAMUCH.
A Sociocultural Examination of Response to Intervention With Latino English Language Learners

One of the key premises of Response to Intervention (RTI) is that it seeks to move away from focusing on a within-child deficit to an asset-based approach that promotes improving the instructional context. Although RTI holds promise, there remain many challenges that are associated with the complex interaction between the pedagogical and contextual nature that occurs with English language learners. English language learners' success within this model may be dependent on how well school personnel understand and promote these learners' sociocultural experiences with evidence-based practices. The purpose of this article is to discuss and examine the challenges that schools many encounter in developing RTI with English language learners from a sociocultural perspective.
Maternal Magnesium Sulphate Exposure Predicts Neonatal Magnesium Blood Concentrations

Tocolytic use of magnesium sulphate is associated with excess neonatal mortality and has been proposed to follow a dose-response relationship. This study aimed to define the correlation between maternal and neonatal magnesium blood concentrations. Magnesium blood concentrations were retrospectively obtained for mother-neonate pairs who were cared for at an Intermountain Healthcare facility from January 2009 to October 2011. Complete data were available for 231 mother-neonate pairs. Mean (±SD) maternal and neonatal magnesium concentrations were 5.43±1.69 and 2.98±0.94 mg/dL, respectively. Maternal and neonatal magnesium concentrations were highly correlated (p<0.001). In univariate analyses, residual unexplained variability was high (r2=0.19). However, further multivariate analyses revealed that caesarian section, severe pre-eclampsia and Apgar score at 5 min. were significantly associated with neonatal magnesium concentrations (p<0.05 for all). Maternal magnesium concentrations correlate with neonatal exposure. This finding suggests that maternal monitoring deserves further evaluation as a marker of foetal toxicity.
Behavioral thermoregulatory abilities of tropical coral reef fishes: a comparison with temperate freshwater and marine fishes

Eight species in six different families of tropical marine reef fishes from the Indo-West Pacific region (Naso lituratus, Zebrasoma.flavescens, Balistes fuscus, B. vidua, Forcipiger longirostris, Echidna zebra, Cromileptes altivelis, Canthigaster jactator) were tested for ability to thermoregulate behaviorally in electronic shuttleboxes. All of these species preferred mean temperatures between 20 and 30°C, but differed considerably in thermoregulatory precision. All species avoided lethal high or low temperatures (i.e., they did not die during the tests), and some species thermoregulated as precisely as temperate species. Some temperate species prefer higher temperatures (above 30°C) than do these tropical reef species.
Kinetic analysis of the bacterial reduction of goethite.

The kinetics of dissimilatory reduction of goethite (α-FeOOH) was studied in batch cultures of a groundwater bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens, strain CN32 in pH 7 bicarbonate buffer. The rate and extent of goethite reduction were measured as a function of electron acceptor (goethite) and donor (lactate) concentrations. Increasing goethite concentrations increased both the rate and extent of Fe(III) reduction when cell and lactate concentrations were held constant. However, constant initial reduction rates were observed after normalization to the Fe(II) sorption capacity of FeOOH, suggesting that the bacterial reduction rate was first order with respect to surface site concentration. Increasing the lactate concentration also increased the rate and extent of FeOOH reduction. Monod-type kinetic behavior was observed with respect to lactate concentration. Fe(II) sorption on FeOOH was well-described by the Langmuir sorption isotherm. However, the Fe(II) sorption capacities hyperbolically decreased with incre...