cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regression analysis for current status data using the EM algorithm

We propose new expectation-maximization algorithms to analyze current status data under two popular semiparametric regression models: the proportional hazards (PH) model and the proportional odds (PO) model. Monotone splines are used to model the baseline cumulative hazard function in the PH model and the baseline odds function in the PO model. The proposed algorithms are derived by exploiting a data augmentation based on Poisson latent variables. Unlike previous regression work with current status data, our PH and PO model fitting methods are fast, flexible, easy to implement, and provide variance estimates in closed form. These techniques are evaluated using simulation and are illustrated using uterine fibroid data from a prospective cohort study on early pregnancy.
Gangliosides containing glucosamine and galactosamine in transformed Tay-Sachs disease and normal human brain cell lines.

Summary Human SV-40 transformed brain cell lines derived from Tay—Sachs disease (TSD) and normal fetal cerebra were grown in culture and analyzed for their ganglioside content. Both the TSD and normal cells contained G M3 , G M2 , and a novel trihexosyl N-acetylglucosamine-containing ganglioside. In order to increase tumorigenicity, the cells were cloned on soft agar. The cloned cells still contained G M3 , G M2 , and the N-acetylglucosamine-containing ganglioside. The per cent distribution of gangliosides in the TSD and normal SV-40 transformed cell lines was surprisingly similar despite the fact that the TSD transformed cells still lacked hexosaminidase A, the isoenzyme which is required to break down G M2 .
Leukocyte adhesion molecules and myocardial ischemia.

Current evidence strongly indicates that neutrophils contribute to the injury seen after ischemia and reperfusion of various tissues. Potentially important therapeutic targets are the specific adhesion mechanisms supporting neutrophil extravasation and secretory activity. Several such mechanisms have been characterized recently at a molecular level in vitro, and warrant investigation in relevant models of human disease.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Regulates Focal Adhesion Assembly in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells through Activation of the Focal Adhesion Kinase and Related Adhesion Focal Tyrosine Kinase

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a significant role in blood-brain barrier breakdown and angiogenesis after brain injury. VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration is a key step in the angiogenic response and is mediated by an accelerated rate of focal adhesion complex assembly and disassembly. In this study, we identified the signaling mechanisms by which VEGF regulates human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) integrity and assembly of focal adhesions, complexes comprised of scaffolding and signaling proteins organized by adhesion to the extracellular matrix. We found that VEGF treatment of HBMECs plated on laminin or fibronectin stimulated cytoskeletal organization and increased focal adhesion sites. Pretreating cells with VEGF antibodies or with the specific inhibitor SU-1498, which inhibits Flk-1/KDR receptor phosphorylation, blocked the ability of VEGF to stimulate focal adhesion assembly. VEGF induced the coupling of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to integrin alphavbeta5 and tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal components paxillin and p130cas. Additionally, FAK and related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase (RAFTK)/Pyk2 kinases were tyrosine-phosphorylated by VEGF and found to be important for focal adhesion sites. Overexpression of wild type RAFTK/Pyk2 increased cell spreading and the migration of HBMECs, whereas overexpression of catalytically inactive mutant RAFTK/Pyk2 markedly suppressed HBMEC spreading ( approximately 70%), adhesion ( approximately 82%), and migration ( approximately 65%). Furthermore, blocking of FAK by the dominant-interfering mutant FRNK (FAK-related non-kinase) significantly inhibited HBMEC spreading and migration and also disrupted focal adhesions. Thus, these studies define a mechanism for the regulatory role of VEGF in focal adhesion complex assembly in HBMECs via activation of FAK and RAFTK/Pyk2.
Occurrence of Acetylcholine in Nervous Tissue of Crustaceans and its Effect on the Crab Heart

CONTRARY to the belief of certain investigators1,2 acetylcholine occurs in some tissues of decapod crustaceans in considerable amounts. Trichloracetic acid extracts of leg nerves and ventral ganglia of Carcinus indicate a difference in the distribution of acetylcholine in these two tissues which is in close agreement with the distribution of choline esterase in the ventral ganglia and longitudinal commissures of the lobster, Homarus. In this form it has been shown3,4 that two to four times as much choline esterase is present in the ventral ganglia as in the rest of the cord, which consists of fibres, with few, if any, nerve endings. In Carcinus there is approximately five times as much acetylcholine in the ventral ganglia as in the leg nerves.
Enhancing islet engraftment with rosiglitazone

To study the role of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist, rosiglitazone, on islet engraftment, streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice were fed daily rosiglitazone (2.4 mg/kg) for 9 and 31 days starting 2 days before transplantation with 75 and 150 syngeneic islets, respectively. After receiving 75 islets and 9 days of rosiglitazone, half of the treated diabetic mice became normoglycemic at 4 weeks, while none were normoglycemic among those mice that did not receive treatment. After transplanting 150 islets and receiving 31 days of rosiglitazone, 80% of the treated diabetic mice became normoglycemic while the incidence was only 25% for the controls. The insulin content of the islet grafts in the rosiglitazone groups was 0.8 times (75-islet group) and 1.3 times (150-islet group) higher than that of control mice. The insulin content of pancreatic remnants did not differ significantly among all groups. An in vitro study revealed that the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin content of cultured islets was not different in the presence versus absence of 4.5 or 22.5 μmol/L rosiglitazone. In vitro study revealed that rosiglitazone inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced secretion of interleukin-1 beta and interferon-gamma from peritoneal exudate cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that short-term administration of rosiglitazone enhances islet engraftment.
PARTIAL LIQUID VENTILATION FOR INFANTS FAILING ON EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO). † 1251

A trial of partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with sterile perflubron(LiquiVent©; Alliance Pharmaceutical, San Diego CA.) is being conducted for infants with severe respiratory failure requiring ECMO support. Infants are enrolled, following informed parental consent, if they have been on ECMO for at least 48 hours, and are not responding to therapy. The lungs are filled with an FRC of perflubron and the infant is maintained on ECMO support and conventional ventilation. Evaporative losses of perflubron are replaced. PLV is continued for up to 96 hours if improvement is noted. To assess the effect of PLV on lung function, compliance (CL, ml/cmH2O/kg,) is determined by airway manometry and pneumotachography. Six infants (ARDS = 4, CDH = 2) have been studied (Mean ± SE age 3 ± 1.6 months) following prolonged periods of ECMO without improvement (mean ± SE 13± 3.3 days on ECMO, range 5 to 21 days). The infants tolerated PLV well, with volume recruitment observed on chest radiograph, and debris removal occurring on suctioning. The total amount of perflubron instilled varied with each infant (mean ± SE 64 ± 19 ml/kg, range 16 to 125 ml/kg). Compared to pre-PLV, all infants demonstrated improvements in Cl during PLV, ranging from 24 to 344% increase (Mean ± SE 186 ± 51%). Four of 6 infants weaned from ECMO to conventional ventilation for at least 3 days. One infant with CDH died of respiratory failure and one infant died from generalized Herpes soon after ECMO was withdrawn. Two infants died at 4 and 68 days post-PLV, and two are long term survivors. None of the deaths were related to PLV. These data demonstrate that PLV recruits lung volume and improves CL in critically ill infants on ECMO. The impact of PLV on long term outcome in these critically ill infants, however, will need to be evaluated. Supported in part by NIH MO1RR00240.
On Mapping the Psychology and Religion Movement: Psychology as Religion and Modern Spirituality

This essay begins by providing a brief overview of the historical periods and central projects that constitute the field of psychology and religion. It then delves more deeply into one of those projects, psychology as religion, which is commensurate with the emerging phenomena of spirituality and its attendant ideal type, the inner-worldly mystic. It concludes by showing how a psychosocial concept of mourning underlies and unites those working in the numerous and apparently differing projects within the field of psychology and religion.
Sol-gel processing of PbTiO3 and Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 fibers

Homogeneous and stoichiometric PbTiO3 and PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 gel fibers were drawn from viscous solutions prepared by sol-gel processing of alkoxide precursors. The fibrous gels on heating at 450 and 600 °C, respectively, formed the well-crystallized phases of PbTiO3 and PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3. Fibers heat treated at 700 °C are a few centimeters long and 50 to 150 μm in diameter. PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 fibers subjected to heat treatment at 700 °C for 1 h consisted of fully dense submicron grains (0.15 to 0.2 μm). However, PbTiO3 fibers under analogous conditions showed a few micropores with grains of ∼0.1 μm. Dielectric constants of these PbTiO3 and PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 fibers were approximately 300 and 800, respectively.
Neutron-90Zr mean field from a dispersive optical model analysis.

Elastic scattering cross sections have been measured for 8, 10, and 24 MeV neutrons incident on /sup 90/Zr. These measurements, together with other neutron elastic scattering and total cross section data available up to 29 MeV, are used in grid searches to obtain an optical model potential which contains a dispersion relation term. This potential is then extrapolated toward negative energies to predict bound single-particle state properties. An overall good description of the data at positive and negative energies is achieved.
Evidence of Recent Phosphorus Enrichment in Surface Soils of Taylor Slough and Northeast Everglades National Park

Everglades National Park (ENP) is the last hydrologic unit in the series of impounded marsh units that make up the present-day Everglades. The ENP receives water from upstream Water Conservation Areas via canals and water control structures that are highly regulated for flood control, water supply, wildlife management, concerns about poor water quality and the potential for downstream ecosystem degradation. Recent surveys of surface soils in ENP, designed for random sampling for spatial analysis of soil nutrients, did not sample proximate to inflow structures and thus did not detect increased soil phosphorus associated with these water conveyances. This study specifically addressed these areas in a focused sampling effort at three key inflow points in northeast ENP which revealed elevated soil TP proximate to inflows. Two transects extending down Shark River Slough and one down Taylor Slough (a natural watershed of particular ecological value) were found to have soil TP levels in excess of 500 mg kg−1—a threshold above which P enrichment is indicated. These findings suggest the negative impact of elevated water (P) from surface flows and support the assertion that significant soil TP enrichment is occurring in Taylor Slough and other areas of northeastern ENP.
The role of natural regulatory T cells in infection.

Naturally occurring regulatory T cells (TReg) suppress multiple cell types of the immune system to maintain dominant tolerance to protect from autoimmunity, down-modulate anti-tumor immunity and restrain allergic diseases. In addition to these functions, TReg can alter effector responses to invading pathogens, leading to a variety of outcomes affecting both the host and infecting microorganisms. Here, we review how TReg can influence the immune responses to chronic infections where pathogen-specific TReg can contribute to pathogen persistence and, in some cases, concomitant immunity, as well as control immunopathology associated with robust immune responses. We also review the data on TReg during acute infection, focusing on the questions these studies raise regarding the most appropriate model(s) to examine TReg during infection. Finally, we discuss the ways in which the TReg function can be altered by invading pathogens and how these can be exploited to develop methods therapeutically to influence disease and vaccine outcomes.
Metals in ambient air-polluted and unpolluted areas

Abstract A method has been developed to differentiate between the addition of metals to the ambient air environment as a result of man's activities, from metals characteristic of the natural background of suspended particulates. Annual, 1971 and 1972, arithmetic mean metal concentration data supplied by the Houston Department of Public Health were utilized as examples for the method. These data were obtained from atomic absorption analysis of suspended particulate samples. Trend-surface maps of metal concentrations were constructed from the data. Natural variation and sampling error could explain part of the deviations so revealed even though area sources for metals such as manganese and nickel are clearly associated with the high particulate concentrations found there. A ratio of metals to suspended particulates in adjacent rural areas establishes the natural ratio. This ratio, R background , is then compared to the analogous urban ratios, R Houston , to establish the enrichment ratio. Trend-surface maps of the enrichment ratios clearly delineate area sources of metals originating from man's activities.
Experimental and analytical capacity of frame scaffolding

This paper describes load tests on four different types of frame scaffolding systems assembled to form a framework approximately 5 m tall. Commercially available software was used to predict the ultimate load carrying capacity of each system using both an eigenbuckling and a geometrically nonlinear analysis. Comparisons are made between observed and predicted ultimate loads.
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: malabsorption in experimentally infected rats.

Glucose absorption and net small intestinal water movement were examined in rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis at Days 4, 6, 9, 13, and 19 after inoculation. Rats were infected with 4 × 103N. brasiliensis third stage larvae. The entire small intestine was divided into three segments and each segment perfused simultaneously in vivo with KrebsRinger phosphate buffer containing 80 mM glucose, 6 × 105 dpm/ml [3H]glucose, and 6.2 × 103 dpm/ml [14C]polyethylene glycol. Rats perfused on Days 6, 9, 13, and 19 after inoculation showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in glucose absorption rates from all three segments of the small intestine when compared to uninfected controls. In the three segments of uninfected rat small intestine and those perfused on Days 4, 13, and 19 after inoculation, net absorption of water occurred. However, in the proximal and distal segments perfused on Day 6 and the proximal segment perfused on Day 9, net water movement into the lumen occurred. This is the first report of depressed glucose absorption along the entire length of the small intestine during nippostrongylosis and contradicts previous reports of unaltered net glucose absorption in response to this parasite.
The Archaeal XPB Protein is a ssDNA-Dependent ATPase with a Novel Partner

XPB is a superfamily 2 helicase with a 3'-5' polarity. In eukaryotes, XPB is an integral subunit of the transcription factor TFIIH, which plays a dual role in DNA opening at RNA polymerase II promoters and in establishing the repair bubble around a DNA lesion in nucleotide excision repair. Eukaryotic XPB has only very limited helicase activity in vitro and may function as a DNA-dependent molecular switch to catalyse local distortion of DNA in transcription and repair. Most archaea have one or two homologues of the XPB protein with a presumed role in DNA repair, but only one other subunit of the TFIIH complex, the 5'-3' helicase XPD, has been identified in archaea. Here we report the biochemical characterisation of the two homologous XPB proteins from the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. Although both proteins are single-stranded-DNA-stimulated ATPases, neither displays any helicase activity in vitro, consistent with recent studies of eukaryotic XPB. In almost all archaeal genomes, the xpb gene lies adjacent to a conserved partner gene, and we demonstrate that these two gene products form a physical interaction in vitro. We propose the name Bax1 (Binds archaeal XPB) for this protein, which has a predicted endonuclease domain. XPB and Bax1 may collaborate in processing nucleic acid in an archaeal-specific DNA repair pathway.
NAD-linked formate dehydrogenase from methanol-grown Pichia pastoris NRRL-Y-7556.

Abstract An NAD-linked formate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.2.) from methanol-grown Pichia pastoris NRRL Y-7556 has been purified. The purification procedure involved ammonium sulfate fractionation, hollow-fiber H1P10 filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. Both dithiothreitol (10 m m ) and glycerol (10%) were required for stability of the enzyme during purification. The final enzyme preparation was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by sedimentation pattern in an ultracentrifuge. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 94,000 and consists of two subunits of identical molecular weight. Formate dehydrogenase catalyzes specifically the oxidation of formate. No other compounds tested can replace NAD as the electron acceptor. The Michaelis constants were 0.14 m m for NAD and 16 m m for formate (pH 7.0, 25 °C). Optimum pH and temperature for formate dehydrogenase activity were around 6.5–7.5 and 20–25 °C, respectively. Amino acid composition of the enzyme was also studied. Antisera prepared against the purified enzyme from P. pastoris NRRL Y-7556 form precipitin bands with isofunctional enzymes from different strains of methanol-grown yeasts, but not bacteria, on immunodiffusion plates. Immunoglobulin fraction prepared against the enzyme from yeast strain Y-7556 inhibits the catalytic activity of the isofunctional enzymes from different strains of methanol-grown yeasts.
Frustrated desires of the pastoral world

In Theocritus, Virgil, and Longus each author establishes a tree that is symbolic of their approach to the pastoral tradition. In the opening of Theocritus’ Idylls, a goatherd’s piping is favorably compared with the sound of wind through the pine (πίτυς). This passage establishes the pine as a symbolic marker for Theocritus’ pastoral world. This world, however, is punctuated by the frustration of unfulfilled personal desires, and the pine tree is present in passages which depict this (Idylls 1. 134, 3. 38, 5. 49).Virgil adopts this pastoral tradition and in Eclogue 1, Meliboeus comments that Tityrus lies beneath a beech tree (fagus), piping to the woodland Muse. Although the reader may assume that the beech is simply Virgil’s version of the Theocritean pine, the beginning of the fourth line makes it clear that this pastoral world is not only inhabited by unrequited personal desire, but external upheaval and frustration: “nos patriam fugimus”. The inclusion of external strife is found in two key passages in the Eclogues associated with the beech tree: 3. 12 and 9. 9, and reveals a break in the Theocritean tradition.Virgil thus establishes a mutable element of the pastoral tradition which is taken up by Longus in his genre-bending novel, Daphnis and Chloe. In the tradition of Theocritus and Virgil, Longus establishes the oak as the symbolic tree for Daphnis and Chloe. The oak appears frequently throughout the novel and represents the intensely personal erotic frustrations of the young couple. In many instances, however, Daphnis and Chloe seek refuge under their tree after outsiders have attempted violence on them. In this way, Longus blends the function of the programmatic pastoral tree established by Theocritus and Virgil.Thus, this paper examines how Virgil’s association of his pastoral symbol, the beech, with external frustrations contributes to the adaptability of the pastoral landscape established by Theocritus’ pines, and in turn inherited by Longus’ oak.
Local tumor hyperthermia using a computer-controlled microwave system

A minicomputer-based system was designed to control the microwave (2.45-GHz) power to four local hyperthermia applicators. Errors in temperature measurement, due to electromagnetic field interactions with small thermocouple probes, are minimized by sampling the temperature only when the microwave power is off. The programmable controller can regulate the temperature in tumors in 0.1 degree C increments from 30 to 60 degrees C. This technique reduces temperature differences throughout the tumor at steady state to less than 0.4 degrees C and prevents skin burns.
Alterations of Lipid Metabolism in Response to Nerve Growth Factor

In response to nerve growth factor (NGF), clonal pheochromocytoma cells flatten and extend neurites capable of making functional synapses. Although no significant changes in overall phospholipid composition occur in the presence of NGF, there is increased incorporation of 32PO4 into phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid within 10 min after the addition of NGF. NGF stimulates the incorporation of 32PO4 into other lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, to a lesser extent. The kinetics of the NGF-induced phosphatidylinositol responses are different when the cells are in suspension from when they are attached to culture dishes. These changes in phospholipid metabolism are discussed with respect to their role in NGF-induced nerve differentiation.
Depressive Symptoms and Circadian Activity Rhythm Disturbances in Community-Dwelling Older Women

Objectives Aging is associated with changes in circadian rhythms. Current evidence supports a role for circadian rhythms in the pathophysiology of depression. However, little is known about the relationship between depressive symptoms and circadian activity rhythms in older adults. We examined this association in community-dwelling older women. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 3,020 women (mean age: 83.55 ± 3.79 years) enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Geriatric Depression Scale categorizing participants as "normal" (0–2; referent group, N = 1,961), "some depressive symptoms" (3–5, N = 704), or "depressed" (≥6, N = 355). Circadian activity rhythm variables were measured using wrist actigraphy. Results In age-adjusted and Study of Osteoporotic Fractures site–adjusted models, greater levels of depressive symptoms were associated with decreased amplitude (height; df = 3,014, t = −11.31, p for linear trend 2 = 9240, p for linear trend 2 = 49.73, p for linear trend 2 = 81.12, p for linear trend Conclusion These data suggest a graded association between greater levels of depressive symptoms and more desynchronization of circadian activity rhythms in community-dwelling older women. This association was observed even for women endorsing subthreshold levels of depressive symptoms.
Cutaneous Viral Papilloma with Local Extension and Subungual Cyst Formation in a Dog

A viral-induced digital cutaneous exophytic papilloma was diagnosed in a 2-year-old, spayed, female Siberian husky dog with lameness. Digital pain and lameness persisted after removal of the initial papilloma, and the fifth lateral digit was subsequently amputated. Upon histologic examination of the digit, a de novo digital, cutaneous, inverted, viral papilloma and subungual cyst were diagnosed. The inverted cutaneous papilloma, located at the junction of the digital paw pad and ventral nail, extended focally through the nail into the subungual space, where an expansile cyst was formed. Cellular changes suggestive of papillomavirus infection were present in the epithelium of the original exophytic papilloma, as well as the endophytic mass and subungual cyst. Cytopathic effects included ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes, koilocytosis, irregularity of keratohyalin granules, and margination of nuclear chromatin. Numerous faintly basophilic to eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions measuring 10-15 microm in diameter were present within keratinocytes of the exophytic, endophytic, and subungual cystic lesions. Electron microscopy was performed on tissues from all lesions and revealed numerous 40-45 nm diameter hexagonal virions characteristic of papillomavirus that were arranged in crystalline arrays and dense clusters within affected nuclei.
Thalamic fractional anisotropy predicts accrual of cerebral white matter damage in older subjects with small-vessel disease

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and lacunes are magnetic resonance imaging hallmarks of cerebral small-vessel disease, which increase the risk of stroke, cognitive, and mobility impairment. Although most studies of cerebral small-vessel disease have focused on white matter abnormalities, the gray matter (GM) is also affected, as evidenced by frequently observed lacunes in subcortical GM. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is sensitive to subtle neurodegenerative changes in deep GM structures. We explored the relationship between baseline DTI characteristics of the thalamus, caudate, and putamen, and the volume and subsequent accrual of WMHs over a 4-year period in 56 community-dwelling older (⩾75 years) individuals. Baseline thalamic fractional anisotropy (FA) was an independent predictor of WMH accrual. WMH accrual also correlated with baseline lacune count and baseline WMH volume, the latter showing the strongest predictive power, explaining 27.3% of the variance. The addition of baseline thalamic FA in multivariate modeling increased this value by 70%, which explains 46.5% of the variance in WMH accrual rate. Thalamic FA might serve as a novel predictor of cerebral small-vessel disease progression in clinical settings and trials. Furthermore, our findings point to the possibility of a causal relationship between thalamic damage and the accrual of WMHs.
ZnOp-InP heterojunction solar cells

Abstract In this paper we describe the preparation and properties of ZnOp-InP heterojunction solar cells. Cells with an efficiency above 6.5% were prepared using the reactive evaporation technique for the deposition of ZnO onto the surface of InP. The devices have an ideality factor of 1.54 and a saturation current density of 4 × 10−8 A cm−2. Under air mass one illumination the cells exhibit a photovoltaic effect with an open-circuit voltage of 0.56 V, a short-circuit current of 19.3 mA cm−2 and a fill factor of 0.61. No photo-current suppression was observed in the devices although the presence of some recombination seems to lower the short-circuit current. The results show improvements over those devices which utilize r.f. sputtered ZnO as a window layer on InP.
Sociocultural frameworks of conceptual change: implications for teaching and learning in museums

This article presents a metalogue discussion about the two focus articles and the six associated review essays on the topic of conceptual change as it applies to research, and science teaching and learning in museum settings. Through the lenses of a sociocultural perspectives of learning we examine the applicability of the ideas presented in the forum for museums and museum educators. First we reflect on the role that emotions can play in concept development; second, we reflect on the role of language, talk, and gestures to concept development and conceptual change in the short-lived nature of experiences and conversations in museums; and third, we consider the nature of objects as representations of science content in museum settings.
A study of the diurnal behavior of boundary-layer winds at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory

Diurnal wind variations are examined at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory which is located 25 km east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Data were obtained from a 300-m tower which was instrumented at eight levels and operated almost continuously for three weeks during September 1978. Observations on clear days, for which the diurnal heating and cooling of the local terrain slopes can be expected to affect the winds, show that daytime winds tend to be easterly (upslope) throughout the 300-m depth. At night, a temperature inversion typically develops to about 100 m. Below this level, the nocturnal flow tends to be downslope; above the inversion, a distinctly different regime of flow develops. A diurnal wind oscillation, characterized by strong southerly flow beginning near sunset and ending near midnight, occurred in the upper layer on 25% of the days during the study period. Rapid clockwise rotation of the wind vector occurred during the period of increased wind speed. This oscillation occurred only on days when the synoptic-scale geostrophic wind was southerly. It is suggested that this non-steady state behavior is an inertial oscillation affected by the diurnally varying temperature gradients and local topography.
PKA phosphorylation of Src mediates Rap1 activation in NGF and cAMP signaling in PC12 cells

Recent studies suggest that the tyrosine kinase Src plays an important role in the hormonal regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Src has also been proposed to mediate signals downstream of nerve growth factor (NGF). Here, we report that the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) induced the phosphorylation of Src at residue serine17 (S17) in multiple cell types including PC12, Hek293, AtT-20 and CHO cells. In PC12 cells, Src phosphorylation on S17 participates in the activation of the small G protein Rap1 by both cAMP and NGF. In these cells, Rap1 is required for cAMP/PKA signaling to ERKs and also for the sustained activation of ERKs by NGF. The activation of Rap1 by both cAMP and NGF was blocked by PP2, an inhibitor of Src family kinases, and by a Src mutant incapable of being phosphorylated by PKA (SrcS17A), consistent with the requirement of PKA phosphorylation of Src at S17 in these actions. PP2 and SrcS17A also inhibited the Rap1-dependent activation of ERKs by both agents. These results strongly indicate that PKA phosphorylation of Src at S17 is essential for cAMP and NGF signaling in PC12 cells and identify PKA as an important downstream target of NGF. PKA phosphorylation of Src may therefore be required for Rap1 activation in PC12 cells.
Statistical description of rough-surface scattering using the quasi-small-slope approximation for random surfaces with a Gaussian multivariate probability distribution

Abstract In a previous paper (1993) we presented the quasi-slope expansion for the scattering amplitude for the problem of wave scattering by an arbitrary soft boundary. In this paper we consider the statistical description of this problem. Under the assumption that the probability density of elevations of N arbitrary points of a surface is a multivariate Gaussian distribution, we obtain an analytical expression for the scattering cross-section. This expression consists of different contributions that correspond to different terms of the quasi-slope expansion for the scattering amplitude. It is proved that under appropriate conditions the expression for the scattering cross-section corresponds either to the small-perturbation formula or to the Kirchhoff formula. The results of numerical calculation of the angular dependence of the scattering cross-section for several values of parameters are presented for a Gaussian correlation function for surface elevations. By continuously changing the wavelength, we s...
Response to “Comments on ‘Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature’”

I would like to thank Mr Curtis and Dr Klykken for their insightful comments regarding textured implants.1 The use of the trademark “Silastic” was incorrect in the discussion of implant covers.2 The correct term that should have been used is “silicone elastomer.” We …
Mutagenesis in mammalian cells

Chemical mutagenesis in animal cells is a complex process. Whereas some chemicals are mutagenic in their original form, others such as the nitrosamines and polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens are mutagenic only when enzymatically activated. The active form, or ultimate carcinogen, can interact with proteins and nucleic acids, altering amino acids and producing modified bases in DNA. The modified bases do not usually constitute mutations as produced. Instead they are acted on by the DNA enzymes of the cell, which repair most damaged bases but occasionally insert incorrect base sequences at or near the sites of damage. The frequency at which mutant animal cells are recovered depends upon the selection conditions in culture, upon whether the mutation selected is in a gene present in single or multiple active copies, and upon whether expression is dominant or recessive. Many studies depend on selecting for 8-azaguanine- or 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants, which are due to mutations in the HGPRT locus present in a single active copy on the X-chromosome. Other widely used systems depend on selecting for ouabain resistance, which is dominant and results from a change in the sodium/potassium ATPase activity, or on selecting for thymidine kinase mutants in heterozygous Tk+/Tk- mouse cells. Many other types of mutation including nutritional markers are recessive and express only in cells carrying a single active gene copy, as is sometimes the case in established cell lines. The types of base damage causing mutations have been identified in very few cases only, and little is known about the enzymatic mechanisms of mutagenesis. However, chemical mutagenesis in cultured animal cells provide a practical way of testing chemicals and radiations for mutagenicity directly in animal cells, and much has been learned about the mutagenicity of various carcinogenic substances. To date, there is reasonable qualitative agreement between these results and those obtained in the widely used liver microsome-activated bacterial mutagenesis test systems.
Age-related changes in the expression of cadherin-11, the mesenchyme specific calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule.

Cadherin-11 is a calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule that is expressed in cells of the mesenchymal lineage during embryonic development. In this study we show, for the first time, that cadherin-11 gene is expressed in the bone marrow and bone cells obtained from rabbits of various age groups. Furthermore, a quantitative measurement of gene expression revealed that cadherin-11 was expressed in young rabbits (6 week-old: open epiphysis) at a level of 6.7 × 105± 0.7 × 105 molecules; in mature rabbits (8–10 month-old: closed epiphysis) at 11 × 105± 0.9 × 105 molecules; and in aged rabbits (4–5 year-old) at a level of 1.2 × 105± 0.2 × 105 molecules/μg total RNA. The relative level of cadherin-11 gene expression in mature rabbit marrow was found to be approximately 50% greater than in young rabbits. However, aged animals showed a reduction in cadherin-11 specific gene expression of greater than 900% as compared with mature animals. Age-related changes in bone remodeling/turnover lead to reduced bone density and high fracture risk, and since cadherins play a crucial role in tissue morphogenesis, this marked decrease may represent an index of the aging process in bone.
Experimental Models of Arthritis: Identification of Substance P as a Therapeutic Target and Use of Capsaicin to Manage Joint Pain and Inflammation

Substance P (SP) is involved with the induction of arthritic pain and inflammation. A structural basis for these effects is provided by the expression of SP receptors on peripheral neurons and leukocytes. Effects of SP on inflammatory responses are modulated by other neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP, often coreleased with SP or enkephalins), which have central as well as peripheral antinociceptive functions. Capsaicin, a compound with established analgesic effects, has been used extensively as a pharmacological tool to study the role of SP in experimental models of inflammatory arthritis. Research further supports the role of SP in the pathogenesis of arthritis and suggests that capsaicin may be considered a novel agent with both antinociceptive and antiinflammatory properties.
Mechanical Structure-Property Relationships of Microcellular, Low Density Foams

High energy physics applications at the Department of Energy National Laboratories require unique low-density foams of demanding homogeneity specifications (cell sizes on the order of 10 µm or smaller). These delicate and fragile foams are machined and shaped into specimens to exacting tolerances. In this work, the mechanical properties of a variety of these low density microcellular foams are reported as functions of foam density and morphology.
Lattice fringe imaging of modulated structures

Abstract A study is made of the accuracy with which two-beam lattice fringe images of modulated structures can be interpreted, with particular reference to spinodally decomposed alloys. The dependence of the image upon foil thickness, lens parameters and atomic segregation is discussed and the importance these parameters have upon similar images from any region of slowly varying interplanar spacings is outlined.
Streamflow changes following the 2010 Chile earthquake

Changes in stream-flow and groundwater levels are known to occur following earthquakes, but the mechanisms for stream-flow changes are not fully understood and vary from one location to another. Mohr et al investigated stream-flow response in small upland catchments in south central Chile following the magnitude 8.8 Chilean earthquake on 27 February 2010. Stream-flow initially decreased after the quake, then increased to as much as 400% of pre-earthquake levels. The increases peaked hours to several days following the earthquake, after which flow gradually declined, though changes were not uniform across all the catchments the authors studied.
Effective Methods for Estimation of Binding Energies in Computer‐Aided Drug Design

The development of an efficient and accurate method for computer-aided drug design presents a major challenge for computational chemistry. The present work addresses this challenge by examining the accuracy and speed of several alternative strategies. Previous studies of the binding of ligands to the MC603 antibody and new studies of ligand binding to endothiapepsin are considered. It is found that the semimacroscopic version of the Protein Dipoles Langevin Dipoles method (the PDLD/S method) approach can provide qualitative results with reasonable execution times. Much more time is required for the linear response approximation, although it yields accurate results in some cases. Overall, it is still not clear what generation of computers will be needed for reliable and fast drug screening. Nevertheless, computer simulation is clearly useful for correlation X-ray structures of enzyme-inhibitor complexes with the corresponding binding energies.
The Evaluation of the Wave Function Response Contributions to the Geometrical Derivatives of the Electronic Energy

The expressions for the geometrical derivatives of the energy of MCSCF and CI wave functions are examined. Those terms involving the response of the wave function parameters, the CSF mixing coefficient changes and orbital expansion coefficient changes, to geometrical displacements are analyzed in detail. Various strategies are discussed for the computation of these terms.
Urothelial Sloughing with Obstruction After Laparoscopic Cryoablation of Small Renal Carcinoma in Solitary Kidney

Laparoscopic cryoablation is a minimally invasive treatment that is currently used to treat small renal tumors. Despite its growing use and promising outcomes, complications can occur. We report the first clinical case of urothelial sloughing with obstruction after cryoablation of a small renal tumor in a solitary kidney.
Principles and instrumentation of analytical cell electrophoresis

Measurement of the electrophoretic mobility of cells can be performed with various types of apparatus. Basically, these instruments can be classified into two broad categories i.e. those where physical separation does not take place and those which actually separate cell populations according to their surface charge. The former category includes the microscopic/image analysis method and the laser light scattering Doppler velocimetry apparatus. These two types of instruments can be used only for analytical purposes. Physical separation combined with analytical capabilities requires some form of anti-convection stabilization of the separated species. This can be accomplished by capillary action, mechanical or electromagnetic rotation, and flowing or stationary density gradients. Several instruments exist which utilize each of the above principles. Monitoring of the separation is usually performed by optical scanning.
Reactions to and memories for the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder

SUMMARY We examined emotional reactions to and subsequent memory for the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in individuals with a history of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Surveys were conducted among clients, staff, and visitors of a Veterans Administration Hospital approximately one month and again 10 months after the attacks. As compared to a trauma-control group matched on age, sex, education, and veteran status, PTSD participants reported being more negatively affected by the attacks in the follow-up, but not in the initial survey. PTSD and matched trauma control participants were similar in various measures of their initial autobiographical memory and event memory for factual details of the attacks. However, within-subject comparison revealed significant forgetting over the 9 months in event memory only for the PTSD participants. Furthermore, PTSD participants exhibited a tendency to inflate the emotional aspects of their memory over time. Finally, only in the PTSD group, age was negatively correlated with event memory, suggesting an accelerated memory decline with age associated with PTSD. Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GENERALIZED EFFECTS OF A PEER-DELIVERED FIRST AID PROGRAM FOR STUDENTS WITH MODERATE INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

Peers with mild intellectual disabilities taught first aid skills to 4 students with moderate intellectual disabilities. A multiple probe design across participants was used to examine the effects of the peer teaching program during an acquisition and a partial sequential withdrawal phase. Generalization assessments were conducted in the participants' homes using novel, randomized simulated injuries. Results suggested that the peer teaching program resulted in acquisition of first aid skills, and the participants' skills generalized to the home, to novel simulated-injury locations, and to new trainers. Additionally, a more detailed analysis of the generalized responding suggested that when given a choice among first aid materials, participants treated burns using large adhesive bandages rather than the materials used in training. Participants also successfully treated injuries when novel instructional cues were used. The findings are discussed with respect to training issues, generalization and maintenance of the acquired skills, and the use of peer tutors with disabilities.
Network Inference, Analysis, and Modeling in Systems Biology

Cells use signaling and regulatory pathways connecting numerous constituents, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and small molecules, to coordinate multiple functions, allowing them to adapt to changing environments. High-throughput experimental methods enable the measurement of expression levels for
Optimal conditions for Bell-inequality violation in the presence of decoherence and errors

We obtain the set of all detector configurations providing the maximal violation of the Bell inequality in the Clauser---Horne---Shimony---Holt form for a general (pure or mixed) state of two qubits. Next, we analyze optimal conditions for the Bell-inequality violations in the presence of local decoherence, which includes energy relaxation at the zero temperature and arbitrary pure dephasing. We reveal that in most cases the Bell inequality violation is maximal for the "even" two-qubit state. Combined effects of measurement errors and decoherence on the Bell inequality violation are also discussed.
Simulation of propagation along a cylindrical bundle of cardiac tissue. I. Mathematical formulation

A mathematical description, based on a three-dimensional model for studying propagation in cardiac muscle is given. The model makes use of the bidomain concept to construct a representation of a cylindrical, multicellular bundle lying in an extensive volume conductor. The equations for the cylindrical bidomain are derived for different combinations of boundary conditions and simplifying assumptions. The analysis shows that an analytic model for propagation can be set up if one assumes that the ratio of the intracellular and interstitial bidomain conductivities in the radial and axial direction are the same (i.e. equal anisotropy) and the intracellular radial current density vanishes at the surface. As a point of reference, the classical one-dimensional cable model is also examined and the expressions governing propagation are reformulated to account for the extracellular medium, a factor ignored in most simulation studies. >
P2C-2 A New PVDF Membrane Hydrophone for Measurement of Medical Shock Waves

Calibration of medical shock wave sources is critical and challenging. Aside from the fiber optic probe hydrophone, there are few if any commercially available hydrophones designed for measuring medical shock waves. We have developed a new PVDF membrane hydrophone and compared it to measurements with a fiber optic probe hydrophone (FOPH) in several lithotripters. One part of the hydrophone held the 5 cm times 5 cm times 25 mum PVDF film with geometrical element size 0.5 mm. The other part housed the preamplifier. By substitution comparison to FOPH and an NTR hydrophone, the sensitivity was found to be 0.035 MPa/mV at 2 MHz. Initial spot frequency comparisons showed the response to be fairly flat from 1-20 MHz but showed an elevated sensitivity at 15-20 MHz, and lithotripsy waveforms indicated some high-pass filtering. The impulse response of a 25 mum membrane was calculated and used to de-convolve the signal after which agreement with waveforms from the other hydrophones was excellent. The hydrophone is sufficiently robust to measure 1000 s of lithotripter shock waves. It is inexpensive, sensitive, and has a lower signal to noise ratio than the FOPH
Detection of Worm Propagation Engines in the System Call Domain using Colored Petri Nets

While network worms carry various payloads and may utilize any available exploits, they all have one common component - the propagation engine. Moreover, it is important to note that the number of conceptually distinct propagation engines employed by existing network worms is quite limited. This paper presents a novel signature-based approach for detecting attacks perpetrated by network worms as a manifestation of a semantic functionality performed by one of the few known propagation engines. We propose a novel methodology to recognize any semantic functionality in the system call domain through utilizing colored Petri Nets. In this application, Petri Nets embody behavior-based signatures of the propagation engine functionalities. These signatures are indicative of the shell code activity in the first stage of the worm proliferation. We developed, tested and evaluated a propagation engine detector (PED) system that detects activity of the worm shell code executed by a process during an attack. Moreover, PED is able to recognize the type of propagation engine employed by the attacking worm.