cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inverse planning for HDR prostate brachytherapy used to boost dominant intraprostatic lesions defined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging.

Abstract Purpose To dose escalate selected regions inside the prostate without compromising the dose coverage of the prostate and the protection to the urethra, rectum, and bladder for prostate cancer patients treated with high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Methods and materials Magnetic resonance imaging combined with magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging was used to differentiate between normal and malignant prostate and define cancer-validated dominant intraprostatic lesions (DIL) on 10 patients. The DILs were then contoured on the planning scans (CT or MRI based, 5 patients each), and our inverse planning dose optimization algorithm (called IPSA) was used to generate dose distributions for 3 different boost levels. Dose–volume histograms of the target and each organ at risk were compared with optimized plans without DIL boost. Results Combined MRI/magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging identified 2 DILs in 8/10 of the 10 patients studied and a single DIL in the remaining 2 patients. The average prostate dose coverage V100 was 97% (σ = 1.0%). When the minimum DIL dose requested was 120% of the prescribed dose, the average DIL V120 was 97.1% (σ = 1.8%). For a boost value of 150%, the average V150 ranged from 77.8% to 86.1%, depending on the upper limit of the dose constraints. The bladder V50 increased by 1%, independently of the boost levels. The absolute increases in V50 for the rectum varied from 1% to 3%, depending on the boost level. The urethra V120 were increased by 13.4% and 32.5% for the lowest and highest boost levels, respectively. Conclusion The DIL dose can be escalated to a minimum of 120% while the entire prostate is treated simultaneously, without increasing the dose to surrounding normal tissues. Higher boost levels between 150% and 170% are feasible, but with slightly larger doses delivered to the rectum and urethra.
Water-Free Rare Earth-Prussian Blue Type Analogues: Synthesis, Structure, Computational Analysis, and Magnetic Data of {LnIII(DMF)6FeIII(CN)6}∞(Ln = Rare Earths Excluding Pm)

Water-free rare earth(III) hexacyanoferrate(III) complexes, {Ln(DMF)6(μ-CN)2Fe(CN)4}∞ (DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide; Ln = Sm, 1; Eu, 2; Gd, 3; Tb, 4; Dy, 5; Ho, 6; Er, 7; Tm, 8; Yb, 9; Lu, 10; Y, 11...
The SLC as a second generation linear collider

With enough luminosity, the SLC could contribute to most of the high energy physics of current interest such as new hadrons, quark molecules, glueballs and studies of the standard model and minimal supersymmetric SM in the form of particle searches for the lowest mass Higgs or selectron or tests of the point-like predictions for the W, Z or e/spl tilde//sub R/. Some experiments require alternative incident channels such as e/spl gamma/ and /spl gamma//spl gamma/ but only modest increases in energy. Just as the SLC was a prototype for the NLC, it could also be a prototype for a general (or gamma) linear collider-a GLC. Because the main problem is luminosity, we give a scaling relation based on multiple bunches per RF pulse. We then ask what is possible for the SLC in terms of bunch and train current, emittance and energy at the IP. The results suggest a phased development with the Higgs as a possible last step requiring a luminosity L/spl ges/10/sup 32/.
Early stroke treatment associated with better outcome The NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study

Background: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA Stroke Study showed a similar percentage of intracranial hemorrhage and good outcome in patients 3 months after stroke treatment given 0 to 90 minutes and 91 to 180 minutes after stroke onset. At 24 hours after stroke onset more patients treated 0 to 90 compared to 91 to 180 minutes after stroke onset had improved by four or more points on the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS). The authors performed further analyses to characterize the relationship of onset-to-treatment time (OTT) to outcome at 3 months, early improvement at 24 hours, and intracranial hemorrhage within 36 hours. Methods: Univariate analyses identified potentially confounding variables associated with OTT that could mask an OTT–treatment interaction. Tests for OTT–treatment interactions adjusting for potential masking confounders were performed. An OTT–treatment interaction was considered significant if p ≤ 0.10, implying that treatment effectiveness was related to OTT. Results: For 24-hour improvement, there were no masking confounders identified and there was an OTT–treatment interaction ( p = 0.08). For 3-month favorable outcome, the NIHSS met criteria for a masking confounder. After adjusting for NIHSS as a covariate, an OTT–treatment interaction was detected ( p = 0.09): the adjusted OR (95% CI) for a favorable 3-month outcome associated with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) was 2.11 (1.33 to 3.35) in the 0 to 90 minute stratum and 1.69 (1.09 to 2.62) in the 91 to 180 minute stratum. In the group treated with rt-PA, after adjusting for baseline NIHSS, an effect of OTT on the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage was not detected. Conclusions: If the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial treatment protocol is followed, this analysis suggests that patients treated 0 to 90 minutes from stroke onset with rt-PA have an increased odds of improvement at 24 hours and favorable 3-month outcome compared to patients treated later than 90 minutes. No effect of OTT on intracranial hemorrhage was detected within the group treated with rt-PA, possibly due to low power.
Relationship between renal dysfunction and outcomes in emergency department patients with potential acute coronary syndromes.

Objectives To determine whether patients with elevated creatinine who present to the emergency department (ED) with potential acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are at an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or 30-day cardiovascular (CV) events. Methods A secondary analysis of a cohort study of patients presenting to the ED with potential ACS with serum creatinine measurements. Research assistants collected demographics, history, symptoms, hospital course and 30-day follow-up. Outcomes measured were in-hospital AMI and 30-day CV events (death, nonfatal AMI, revascularisation). Prespecified multivariable models included age, gender, race and cardiac risk factors and presenting electrocardiogram (ECG). We used a creatinine cut-off point of 132.6 mmol/l. Data are presented as OR and 95% CI. Results 3451 patients were enrolled (age, 52.9±13.2; 55% female patients; 64% black patients). There were 120 AMI during initial visit and 232 patients had 30-day CV events (43 deaths, 128 AMI, 120 revascularisations). Creatinine values were normal in 3086 (89.4%) and abnormal in 365 (10.5%) patients. In multivariable models the adjusted OR (95% CI) for the association between abnormal creatinine and AMI was 1.43 (0.88 to 2.30) and 30-day CV events was 1.57 (1.10 to 2.25). The odds of 30-day CV events were increased for patients who were older, male subjects, white, had hyperlipidaemia, hypertension or a history of CAD, or presented with an abnormal ECG. Conclusion In patients with potential ACS in the ED, renal dysfunction predicts a higher likelihood of 30-day CV events, but not an independent predictor after controlling for other risk factors. It appears to be a marker of other CV risks.
Marriage and Personality: A Genetic Analysis.

There is substantial evidence that married people fare better than their unmarried peers on many life outcome variables. The authors asked whether self-selection might partially explain these benefits through genetic influences on personality contributing to propensity to marry. Using a population-based sample of 4,225 women and 2,869 men that included 2,527 complete twin pairs, the authors investigated the phenotypic associations between personality and propensity to marry, the heritability of propensity to marry, and the extent of genetic influence on the link between personality and propensity to marry. The results suggest that propensity to marry is heritable and that the phenotypic link between personality and propensity to marry is genetically influenced.
Distribution and turnover of dissolved DMSP and its relationship with bacterial production and dimethylsulfide in the Gulf of Mexico

We measured the distribution of particulate and dissolved pools of the phytoplankton osmolyte dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the euphotic zone at a series of shelf (,40 m total water depth) and oceanic (.500 m depth) stations in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We also measured turnover rates of the dissolved DMSP pools (DMSPd) with tracer additions of 35 S-DMSPd and short-term (,1 h) incubations, with the aim of examining the relationship between DMSPd turnover and bacterial production. Particulate DMSP concentrations were relatively low (,25 nM) throughout the study area with about twofold higher mean concentration at the shelf sites (15 nM) compared with the oligotrophic oceanic sites (7 nM). DMSPd concentrations averaged 3.0 nM in shelf waters and 1.3 nM in oceanic waters. Concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS), a degradation product of DMSP, also were low throughout the Gulf, averaging 2.0 nM for all depths sampled and 2.5 nM in surface waters. Microbial assemblages metabolized 35 S-DMSPd with the sulfur being incorporated into biomass, volatile compounds (DMS and methanethiol), and other dissolved products. DMSPd turnover was relatively slow (mean of 3.8 nM d 21 ) in oligotrophic oceanic waters and averaged 10-fold higher (39 nM d 21 ) in mesotrophic shelf waters. DMS concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 5.1 nM in oceanic waters and appeared to be weakly related to DMSP turnover. In contrast, DMS concentrations in shelf waters fell within a narrow range (0.8‐2.8 nM) and showed no relationship at all with DMSPd turnover. DMSPd turnover rates were high enough to sustain the measured concentrations and estimated turnover of DMS, even if the conversion efficiency of DMSPd into DMS was only 10%. DMSPd turnover was significantly correlated with bacterial production (as measured by 3 H-thymidine incorporation) and we estimate that DMSPd turnover contributed a mean of 3.4% of the carbon and ;100% of the sulfur required for bacterial growth in Gulf of Mexico surface waters. In addition to its role as a precursor of DMS, DMSP deserves attention as an important substrate for bacterioplankton in the euphotic zone.
Translating Genomic Advances to Physical Therapist Practice: A Closer Look at the Nature and Nurture of Common Diseases

The Human Genome Project and the International HapMap Project have yielded new understanding of the influence of the human genome on health and disease, advancing health care in significant ways. In personalized medicine, genetic factors are used to identify disease risk and tailor preventive and therapeutic regimens. Insight into the genetic bases of cellular processes is revealing the causes of disease and effects of exercise. Many diseases known to have a major lifestyle contribution are highly influenced by common genetic variants. Genetic variants are associated with increased risk for common diseases such as cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis. Exercise response also is influenced by genetic factors. Knowledge of genetic factors can help clinicians better understand interindividual differences in disease presentation, pain experience, and exercise response. Family health history is an important genetic tool and encourages clinicians to consider the wider client-family unit. Clinicians in this new era need to be prepared to guide patients and their families on a variety of genomics-related concerns, including genetic testing and other ethical, legal, or social issues. Thus, it is essential that clinicians reconsider the role of genetics in the preservation of wellness and risk for disease to identify ways to best optimize fitness, health, or recovery. Clinicians with knowledge of the influence of genetic variants on health and disease will be uniquely positioned to institute individualized lifestyle interventions, thereby fulfilling roles in prevention and wellness. This article describes how discoveries in genomics are rapidly evolving the understanding of health and disease by highlighting 2 conditions: cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis. Genetic factors related to exercise effects also are considered.
Cutaneous Reactions to Estraderm

Transdermal delivery systems have been devised and marketed for clonidine, nitroglycerine, scopolamine, and estrogen. The estrogen system is especially valuable because the route of administration bypasses the liver, where normal estrogen detoxification takes place. For maximum effectiveness, the patch must remain on the skin for 3 or 4 days. Many patients have experienced dermatitis at the site of application of the estrogen patches. Some possible causes of these reactions will be discussed.
We Shall Overcome: Essays on a Great American Song edited by Victor V. Bobetsky

Few songs are more symbolic of a historical period than “We Shall Overcome.” Frequent use of the song by participants in the U.S. civil rights movement linked the song to the movement and inspired ...
Temporal Annotation in the Clinical Domain

This article discusses the requirements of a formal specification for the annotation of temporal information in clinical narratives. We discuss the implementation and extension of ISO-TimeML for annotating a corpus of clinical notes, known as the THYME corpus. To reflect the information task and the heavily inference-based reasoning demands in the domain, a new annotation guideline has been developed, “the THYME Guidelines to ISO-TimeML (THYME-TimeML)”. To clarify what relations merit annotation, we distinguish between linguistically-derived and inferentially-derived temporal orderings in the text. We also apply a top performing TempEval 2013 system against this new resource to measure the difficulty of adapting systems to the clinical domain. The corpus is available to the community and has been proposed for use in a SemEval 2015 task.
Isolation of virus of lymphogranuloma venereum from blood and spinal fluid of a human being.

SummaryEight patients with acute lymphogranuloma venereum, proved by isolation of the virus from buboes, were examined lor the presence of virus in blood or spinal fluid, or both. The virus was found in the blood and also in the spinal fluid of one patient. The clinical features in this case were not significantly different from those of the other 7 cases. This is the first reported instance of isolation of the agent of lymphogranuloma venereum from the blood of a human being.
An introduction to cost analysis.

AbstractThis article describes the basics of cost accounting for healthcare providers and how these concepts relate to decision making in medical practice. By understanding cost accounting and cost analysis, providers can be better prepared to compete and survive in a changing healthcare environment
Fracture of the Entire Posterior Process of Talus Associated with Subtalar Dislocation: A Case Report:

This is a case report of a 52-year-old woman who sustained a medial subtalar dislocation with fracture of the posterior process of the talus in a traffic accident. After closed reduction of the subtalar dislocation, tomography demonstrated that the talus fracture involved the entire posterior process and the posterior portion of the talar body. The fracture of the talus was treated with an open reduction and miniscrew fixation. At follow-up examination 32 months later, the functional and radiographic results were graded as good. The proposed mechanism of this case was a forced plantarflexion and inversion acting simultaneously on the subtalar joint. This was different from an isolated medial subtalar dislocation, which was caused by an inversion.
An Occupation and Participation Approach to Reading Intervention (OPARI) Part I: Defining Reading as an Occupation.

ABSTRACTThis is the first of two papers that explore a role that occupational therapy can play in supporting children with reading challenges. Part I presents the grounding framework for an occupation and participation approach to reading intervention (OPARI) and serves to introduce the clinical application of the approach presented in Part II. In this paper, reading is defined as an occupation in daily life. Different perspectives in occupational therapy, education, cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience were examined to support a holistic, participation approach to reading. The Occupational Adaptation model (Schkade & Schultz, 2003) is proposed as a guiding framework to describe the assumptions and premises of the OPARI. Lastly, the five essential components of the OPARI are identified as a basis for how the OPARI may be applied in clinical practice.
Nanosecond-Timescale Low Energy Switching of In-Plane Magnetic Tunnel Junctions through Dynamic Oersted-Field-Assisted Spin Hall Effect.

We investigate fast-pulse switching of in-plane-magnetized magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) within 3-terminal devices in which spin-transfer torque is applied to the MTJ by the giant spin Hall effect. We measure reliable switching, with write error rates down to 10–5, using current pulses as short as just 2 ns in duration. This represents the fastest reliable switching reported to date for any spin-torque-driven magnetic memory geometry and corresponds to a characteristic time scale that is significantly shorter than predicted possible within a macrospin model for in-plane MTJs subject to thermal fluctuations at room temperature. Using micromagnetic simulations, we show that in the three-terminal spin-Hall devices the Oersted magnetic field generated by the pulse current strongly modifies the magnetic dynamics excited by the spin-Hall torque, enabling this unanticipated performance improvement. Our results suggest that in-plane MTJs controlled by Oersted-field-assisted spin-Hall torque are a promising can...
Middlemarch and Julius charles Hare

In his time, Julius Charles Hare (1795–1855) was reputed to be one of the most erudite of scholars, and his major work, Guesses at Truth, had great influence on philosophical, philological, and literary activity throughout the nineteenth century. This article explores the possible impact of Guesses at Truth on George Eliot's Milddlemarch, with special attention to the characterization of the novel's philologist/mythographer manque, Mr. Casaubon. By reviewing detailed resonances of idiom and interest between the two works, and by reviewing Hare's own place in Eliot's orbit, this article claims a potential new source and analogue for Middlemarch and, more broadly, suggests further lines of inquiry into bringing Guesses at Truth into the ambit of the nineteenth-century novel.
Experimental Implementation of a Ratio Image Depth Sensor

We describe a novel variant of depth measurement by optical triangulation in which information is recorded simultaneously from an entire scene rather than point-by-point or plane-by-plane. An experimental implementation, using standard components, forms a 512×512 pixel depth image in 30 seconds, with an average random deviation of about ± 0.7% of the depth of the workspace.
Additional Interventions in EUS

The evolution of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) from a purely diagnostic modality to one with multiple therapeutic applications has revolutionized the field of interventional endoscopy. In this chapter, we describe cutting-edge diagnostic and therapeutic EUS-guided interventions like needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE) and cytobrush sampling of pancreatic cystic lesions, gold fiducial placement, ethanol ablation for pancreatic cystic lesions, coil placement for GI bleeding control, and radiofrequency ablation, to name a few. Only a few of the devices used in these interventions are FDA approved and commercially available in the USA. These interventions appear feasible and are minimally invasive, thus heralding a new era in therapeutic endoscopy using the EUS platform. Further evaluation in animal studies, protocol-based human experience, and subsequent use in the field will ultimately determine the exact role and efficacy of each of these interventions in clinical practice.
Power in the Classroom IV: Alternatives to Discipline

(1984). Power in the Classroom IV: Alternatives to Discipline. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 8, Communication Yearbook 8, pp. 724-746.
Defining U.S. Strategic Resourcing Culture

The study of armed conflict has been an ongoing subject of academic and professional interest for centuries. Yet, as noted in the preface to this book, many of these accounts focused on the strategic, operational, and tactical details of a particular conflict without referencing in sufficient detail the preparations made in advance and sometimes during the war to ensure eventual victory. Even the most respected military theorist of all time, Carl von Clausewitz, largely ignored the impact of economics and finance on armed conflict, concentrating instead on the strategic (ends) and operational (ways) aspects of war. However, without a thorough understanding of the importance of resource management (means), conflict analysis remains incomplete. With this in mind, it is critical that any such analysis consider all factors in assessing the eventual outcome of a particular armed conflict. This chapter presents one model for conducting this type of assessment through a brief analysis of the political, economic, and military factors affecting the conduct of war, focusing specifically on the armed conflicts of the United States.
Fast spintronic thermal sensor for IC power driver cooling down

A novel thermal sensor is designed and fabricated based on spin-transfer torque operated magnetic tunnel junction (STT-MTJ) device. It can fulfill thermal detection and overheat protection on integrated circuit. Moreover, it shows over 10 times faster thermal transit response speed than that of traditional CMOS thermal sensor. The unique property is really helpful for controlling integrated circuit's temperature due to heating by leakage current. A power driver at full loading situation is used to demonstrate this design. It shows that the sensor can be adopted as adaptive manner in a power source scaling strategy to cool down the IC in an effective way, showing a promising potential application not only as discrete sensor, but also as power solution for IC driver.
Self-interrupted synthesis of sterically hindered aliphatic polyamide dendrimers.

2,2-Bis(azidomethyl)propionic acid was prepared in four steps and 85% yield from the commercially available 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid and used as the starting building block for the divergent, convergent, and double-stage convergent–divergent iterative methods for the synthesis of dendrimers and dendrons containing ethylenediamine (EDA), piperazine (PPZ), and methyl 2,2-bis(aminomethyl)propionate (COOMe) cores. These cores have the same multiplicity but different conformations. A diversity of synthetic methods were used for the synthesis of dendrimers and dendrons. Regardless of the method used, a self-interruption of the synthesis was observed at generation 4 for the dendrimer with an EDA core and at generation 5 for the one with a PPZ core, whereas for the COOMe core, self-interruption was observed at generation 6 dendron, which is equivalent to generation 5 dendrimer. Molecular modeling and molecular-dynamics simulations demonstrated that the observed self-interruption is determined by the backfolding of the azide groups at the periphery of the dendrimer. The latter conformation inhibits completely the heterogeneous hydrogenation of the azide groups catalyzed by 10% Pd/carbon as well as homogeneous hydrogenation by the Staudinger method. These self-terminated polyamide dendrimers are enzymatically and hydrolytically stable and also exhibit antimicrobial activity. Thus, these nanoscale constructs open avenues for biomedical applications.
Afterword: Thinking About Affect and Emotion in Julius Caesar

Examining Shakespeare’s exploration of cognitive ecology in Julius Caesar, Paster argues that early modern theorizations of affect adduce the impossibility of separating reason from emotion, cognition from affect, and action from passion. Intimacy is the central feature of the play’s political landscape, in which characters decode the emotional states of individual persons and measure the affective intensities of entire groups. When Brutus compares Caesar to a snake, his metaphor performs an affective work that commits Brutus emotionally to the assassination and withdraws sympathy from Caesar by representing him as an object of instinctual fear.
USE OF DEUTERIUM-LABELLED METHIONINE AND HVA TO STUDY DOPAMINE METABOLISM IN VIVO

ABSTRACT Deuterated methionine (Me-CD3), administered to primates, appears in lateral ventricle CSF. The relative enrichment of Me with CD3 progressively decreases, while that of homovanillic acid (HVA) increases forming a precursor-product relationship that can be used to estimate the turnover constant for HVA in CSF. The plasma clearance of deuterated HVA (HVA-D2) is best described by a two compartment model with a β half life of approximately 40 minutes. Probenecid infusion can be used following HVA-D2 infusion to investigate central dopamine metabolism.
Emerging Chemistry Strategies for Engineering Native Chromatin

Chromosomes present one of most challenging of all substrates for biochemical study. This is because genomic DNA is physically associated with an astonishing collection of nuclear factors, which serve to not only store the nucleic acid in a stable form, but also grant access to the information it encodes when needed. Understanding this complex molecular choreography is central to the field of epigenetics. One of the great challenges in this area is to move beyond correlative type information, which is now in abundant supply, to the point where we can truly connect the dots at the molecular level. Establishing such causal relationships requires precise manipulation of the covalent structure of chromatin. Tools for this purpose are currently in short supply, creating an opportunity that, as we will argue in this Perspective, is well suited to the sensibilities of the chemist.
Nanophotonic computing: scalable and energy-efficient computing with attojoule nanophotonics

We will discuss architectures, technologies, and 3D system integration aspects of nanophotonic computing. Attojoule nanophotonics co-integrated with nanoelectronics and nanomems can form future logic, memory, and interconnects. Bio-inspired event-driven and hierarchical many-to-many interconnections help realize a scalable and extremely-low energy computing system.
Challenges for intraventricular hemorrhage research and emerging therapeutic targets.

Introduction: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) affects both premature infants and adults. In both demographics, it has high mortality and morbidity. There is no FDA approved therapy that improves ...
Business models and value oriented service design elements in ecosystem architecture

Enterprises are increasingly being exposed to a number of changes stemming from the overall business environment and their collaborative network of users and partners. Current techniques and models created by using standard frameworks such as Enterprise Architecture are not able to cover relevant design aspects required for service interactions, thus new design elements and aspects stemming from new concepts such as Ecosystem Architectures are being introduced. This paper focuses on introduction of innovative method and models for service design and selection in complex ecosystem environments by focusing on business model definition and value oriented aspects used in service composition.
GIS-based assessment of sustainable crop residues for optimal siting of biogas plants

Abstract The assessment of biomass at high spatial resolution is critical to manage supply risks and to identify optimal plant sites for producing sustainable biofuels and co-products. The spatial variabilities in soil type, topography, climate, and crop management practices further require vast computational time and resources to estimate the availability of sustainable biomass for a large study area. In this study, we developed a GIS-based integrated predictive modeling platform to assess the availability of sustainable crop residues at high spatial (30 m) and temporal (2010–2022) scales. A GIS-based multi-criteria inclusion-exclusion analysis and facility location-allocation models were used to identify suitable sites, and optimal siting of biogas plants respectively with biomass delivered cost. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based predictive models were well suited to predict sustainability indicators (soil erosion SE- R2 = 0.96, soil conditioning index, SCI R2 = 0.98 and organic matter factor, OMF- R2 = 0.83) for assessing sustainable removal rates of crop residues (corn stover and wheat straw). The GIS-based integrated model was applied to the State of Ohio and found that about 4–13 dry Tg of crop residues can be sustainably available to build 1–25 regional biogas plants. A typical optimal biogas plant with a feedstock capacity of up to 500 dry Gg could be drawn from a transport radius of about 19–35 km with a delivered cost of 40–46 $ dry Mg−1. The temporal and spatial variations in assessing the availability of biomass largely affected the supply chain decisions and its delivered costs.
Sleep Medicine, History of

Although interest in sleep has existed throughout history and has been contemplated by scholars including Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Shakespeare, much of the actual scientific work within the field of sleep was first accomplished by neurophysiologists in the nineteenth century. Throughout the decades many researchers who were dedicated to understanding the mechanisms underlying sleep and wakefulness built on the work of their predecessors, such that a large base of scientific knowledge could then be applied clinically. In 1970, Christian Guilleminault proposed the term sleep medicine to describe this entity and its existence as a separate medical specialty.
Research on the Biology of Microvascular Bone Grafts

More and more often the orthopedic surgeon must treat large bone defects due to bone tumors, resections, osteomyelitis, congenital pseudarthrosis, and post-traumatic bone defects that require large bone grafts. In these cases, conventional autogenous corticocancellous bone grafts can hardly solve the problem. Using vascularized bone grafts, which do not undergo creeping substitution, which heal swiftly, and which are not parasitic of surrounding tissues, yields better, safer and quicker results [2, 4]. To better understand the recovery of vascularized grafts as compared to conventional ones, research on rabbits has been done comparing the biological features of repair by means of scintigraphic, radiographic, and histologic methods [1, 3].
New Approaches to Exploiting Film in the Foreign Language Classroom

This paper begins by arguing that the time has come for film, and film clips in particular, to take on a more central place in the foreign language curriculum. It describes in some detail the Library of Foreign Language Film Clips, a database of 10,000+ clips taken from foreign language feature films and tagged for the spoken vocabulary and for cultural, discourse, and linguistic features prominent in the clip. A number of issues that were confronted in the process of developing the database are described. Three ways in which film clips might be incorporated in the foreign language curriculum are then discussed: 1) by focusing on the spoken language; 2) by focusing on the clip as a representation of the behaviors or values of L2 speakers; and 3) by focusing on the clip as a text, whose meaning is created by the filmic devices and language spoken in the clip.
Multiparticle Production in pp, p A , d A and AA Collisions

A discussion is given of the principal features observed in pp, pA, dA, and AA collisions at high energies. In particular it is pointed out that the rapidity distributions for all these colliding systems exhibit great similarity, and furthermore they all show the same evolution with energy.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the Lotus valve system

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement has become an acceptable alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement in patients who are intermediate to high risk for surgery. The Lotus™ valve system (Boston Scientific, MA, USA) is an unique, mechanically expanded device. The system includes a braided nitinol frame and an adaptive seal to minimize paravalvular regurgitation. REPRISE III illustrated that among high-risk patients the use of the Lotus valve compared with a self-expanding valve did not result in inferior outcomes for the primary safety end point or the primary effectiveness end point. Future investigation of the Lotus valve system includes the use in low to intermediate risk patients with aortic stenosis as well as those with bicuspid aortic valves and mitral annular calcification.
The Reagan Era of Politics and Healthcare

Bipartisanship made a resurgence during the Reagan administration with the president and Speaker of the House Tip O’Neill (D-MA) setting the tone. Together, under budget reconciliation procedures, Congress was able to both obtain reductions in healthcare spending and maintain most Medicare and Medicaid benefits by applying the reduction in reimbursements to payments to hospitals, healthcare providers, and suppliers under an omnibus reconciliation bill. Congress made a serious misstep in passing the 1988 Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act, which raised premiums on seniors while providing them with little benefit in return and elicited outrage from the electorate and lobbying groups. It was repealed a little over a year later. There was a boom in the number of women elected to Congress and they were successful in passing legislation to improve the accuracy of screening tests for cervical and breast cancer—issues that had received little attention in the past. This led to a major shift from Medicare only reimbursing for covered medical conditions to reimbursing for screening tests. Continuing its efforts to cut costs, the Congress adopted fee schedules to regulate the amount spent on some equipment and procedures and required physicians to participate in Medicare if they wished to receive future payment updates.
Nationalism, Alliances, and Geopolitics: US-China-Taiwan Ties under Trump and Xi

This paper employs a three-step analytical framework to examine the prospects of U.S.-China-Taiwan relations under Trump, Xi, and Tsai. By identifying the “first move” by Taiwan (changing national identity and quest for recognition because of democratization), the “second move” by China (more forceful policy), and the “third move” by the U.S. (to restore the “status quo”), this framework has successfully explained this triangular relationship from 1996-2016. However, with the rise of populist leader such as Trump and Xi, either could make the first move, with the other making the second move, new uncertainty is introduced that previous policy may be ill-suited to dealt with. This paper engages on certain policy adjustments.
Common-Mode EMI Comparison of NSPWM, DPWM1, and SVPWM Modulation Approaches

This paper provides a closed-form voltage harmonic analysis of Near-State Pulse Width Modulation (NSPWM) for a three-phase two-level voltage source inverter (VSI). NSPWM is a modulation technique that reduces common-mode voltage (CMV) magnitude up to 2/3 compared with conventional PWM. With the closed-form analysis, NSPWM’s impacts to CMV, common-mode current (CMI) and filter weight are compared with Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) and Discontinuous PWM (DPWM1[1]) in both the time and frequency domains. The comparison shows that NSPWM has lower CMV and CMI than SVPWM and DPWM1 over a wide frequency range. Experiments show that NSPWM reduces common-mode harmonics by up to 17 dB (7X), which leads to a 17% filter weight reduction. A system with 2-stage AC common-mode filter is tested with NSPWM and results meet DO-160G limit.
Consistent community detection in multi-layer network data

SummaryWe consider multi-layer network data where the relationships between pairs of elements are reflected in multiple modalities, and may be described by multivariate or even high-dimensional vectors. Under the multi-layer stochastic block model framework we derive consistency results for a least squares estimation of memberships. Our theorems show that, as compared to single-layer community detection, a multi-layer network provides much richer information that allows for consistent community detection from a much sparser network, with required edge density reduced by a factor of the square root of the number of layers. Moreover, the multi-layer framework can detect cohesive community structure across layers, which might be hard to detect by any single-layer or simple aggregation. Simulations and a data example are provided to support the theoretical results.
Elevated risk of venous thromboembolism among post-traumatic brain injury patients requiring pharmaceutical immobilization.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients are known to have a high rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE), and additional neuromuscular blockade or barbiturate coma therapy has the theoretical risk of exacerbating baseline hemostasis and elevating the incidence of thromboembolic events. We conducted a single-institution retrospective review of patients surviving severe TBI, as determined by need for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring, who further required paralytics or barbiturate therapy to maintain ICP control. Patients were administered VTE prophylaxis as clinically appropriate. Predictors for VTE were subsequently determined with univariate and logistic multivariate regression analyses. The main cohort includes 144 patients, 34 of whom received pharmaceutical immobilization for ICP control. Mean ISS and GCS at intake were 31.9 and 5.2, respectively. Among those receiving vs not-receiving paralytics and/or barbiturate therapy, there was a statistical difference of 12/34 (35.3%) vs 18/110 (16.4%, p = 0.0280) in VTE events, at a mean time greater than two weeks from the time of trauma. Multivariate logistics regression indicated 3.2 times increased odds of developing a VTE (log odds = 1.17, p = 0.023). No pediatric patients were positive for an event (0/12 vs 7/22, p = 0.0356), and infections were only documented among those with VTE (0/22 vs 4/12, p = 0.0107). Overall, paralytics and barbiturate therapy were correlated with a higher incidence of VTE among TBI patients. Although the need for ICP control will outweigh an increase in thromboembolic risk, there is value for increased surveillance and screening during the prolonged inpatient stay of these patients.
Sex-Specific Regulation of Gene Expression Networks by Surfactant Protein A (SP-A) Variants in Alveolar Macrophages in Response to Klebsiella pneumoniae

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) in addition to its surfactant-related functions interacts with alveolar macrophages (AM), the guardian cells of innate immunity in the lungs, and regulates many of its functions under basal condition and in response to various pressures, such as infection and oxidative stress. The human SP-A locus consists of two functional genes, SFTPA1 and SFTPA2, and one pseudogene. The functional genes encode human SP-A1 and SP-A2 proteins, respectively, and each has been identified with several genetic variants. SP-A variants differ in their ability to regulate lung function mechanics and survival in response to bacterial infection. Here, we investigated the effect of hSP-A variants on the AM gene expression profile in response to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. We used four humanized transgenic (hTG) mice that each carried SP-A1 (6A2, 6A4) or SP-A2 (1A0, 1A3), and KO. AM gene expression profiling was performed after 6 h post-infection. We found: (a) significant sex differences in the expression of AM genes; (b) in response to infection, 858 (KO), 196 (6A2), 494 (6A4), 276 (1A0), and 397 (1A3) genes were identified (P < 0.05) and some of these were differentially expressed with ≥2 fold, specific to either males or females; (c) significant SP-A1 and SP-A2 variant-specific differences in AM gene expression; (d) via Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), key pathways and molecules were identified that had direct interaction with TP53, TNF, and cell cycle signaling nodes; (e) of the three pathways (TNF, TP-53, and cell cycle signaling nodes) studied here, all variants except SP-A2 (1A3) female, showed significance for at least 2 of these pathways, and KO male showed significance for all three pathways; (f) validation of key molecules exhibited variant-specific significant differences in the expression between sexes and a similarity in gene expression profile was observed between KO and SP-A1. These results reveal for the first time a large number of biologically relevant functional pathways influenced in a sex-specific manner by SP-A variants in response to infection. These data may assist in studying molecular mechanisms of SP-A-mediated AM gene regulation and potentially identify novel therapeutic targets for K. pneumoniae infection.
Real-time monitoring of charge carrier traps leads to stable and high-performance organic field-effect transistors

We use organic field-effect transistor (OFET) measurements to perform a systematic study of the generation/annihilation of traps in organic semiconductors deliberately exposed to different stimuli. The first study involves the generation of a deep trap during repetitive transistor operation in ambient. The second study focuses on the dynamics of traps due to changes induced in the film microstructure in small molecule OFETs during exposure to solvents. Lastly, water-related traps in polymer films are investigated via real-time monitoring of the trap DOS spectrum during removal of water using a desiccant. A discrete peak responsible for threshold voltage instabilities was established upon removal of water from the SiO2 surface. The trap DOS spectrum provided a solid platform to understand the dynamics of trap formation/annihilation, which led to complete suppression of the discrete peak through a new surface passivation route that led to a remarkable enhancement in device performance.
Incorporating a Ferrous Polymer Target into Elastomeric Liners for Socket Fit Sensing in Prosthesis Users.

Liner-to-socket distance measurement using inductive sensing may be an effective means to continuously monitor socket fit in people using trans-tibial prostheses. A practical limitation, however, is a means to incorporate a thin uniform-thickness layer of conductive or magnetically permeable target material into the wide range of prosthetic liner products that people with limb amputation commonly use. In this paper, a method is presented whereby a 0.50-mm thickness ferrous polymer made from a SEEPS polymer and iron powder that is formed adjacent to a 0.25-mm thick non-ferrous layer of SEEPS polymer is assembled between two sheets of elastic fabric material. Bench testing showed that the fabrication procedure achieved a root-mean-square error in the thickness of this construct of 58 μm, helping to create a consistent calibration result over the entire surface. The original fabric backing of an off-the-shelf prosthetic liner was removed and replaced with the developed construct. When worn in the shoe of an able-bodied participant for 7.5 h per day for 28 days, the sensor well maintained the shape of its calibration curve at the start of wear, but a distance offset (shifting of the y-intercept) was introduced that increased during the initial approximately 12 days of wear. When the distance offset was corrected, for the primary distance range of clinical interest for this application (0.00–5.00 mm), the sensor maintained its calibration within 4.4%. Before being used in clinical application for liner-to-socket distance monitoring, new ferrous liners may need to be pre-worn so as to achieve a consistent distance reference.
Public Preferences for Social Distancing Behaviors to Mitigate the Spread of COVID-19: A Discrete Choice Experiment

Abstract Policies to promote social distancing can minimize COVID-19 transmission, but come with substantial social and economic costs. Quantifying relative preferences of the public for such practices can inform policy prioritization and optimize uptake. We used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to quantify relative “utilities” (preferences) for five COVID-19 pandemic social distances strategies (e.g., closure of restaurants, restriction of large gatherings) against the hypothetical risk of acquiring COVID-19 and anticipated income loss. The survey was distributed in Missouri in May-June, 2020. We applied inverse probability sampling weights to mixed logit and latent class models to generate mean preferences and identify preference classes. Overall (n=2,428), the strongest preference was for the prohibition of large gatherings, followed by preferences to keep outdoor venues, schools, and social and lifestyle venues open, 75% of the population showing probable support for a strategy that prohibited large gatherings and closed lifestyle and social venues. Latent class analysis, however revealed four preference sub-groups in the population - “risk eliminators”, “risk balancers”, “altruistic” and “risk takers”, with men twice as likely as women to belong to the risk-taking group. In this setting, public health policies which as a first phase prohibit large gatherings, as well as close social and lifestyle venues may be acceptable and adhered to by the public. In addition, policy messages that address preference heterogeneity, for example by targeting public health messages at men, could improve adherence to social distancing measures and prevent further COVID-19 transmission prior to vaccine distribution and in the event of future pandemics. Significance Statement Preferences drive behavior – DCE’s are a novel tool in public health that allow examination of preferences for a product, service or policy, identifying how the public prioritizes personal risks and cost in relation to health behaviors. Using this method to establish preferences for COVID-19 mitigation strategies, our results suggest that, firstly, a tiered approach to non-essential business closures where large gatherings are prohibited and social and lifestyle venues are closed as a first phase, would be well aligned with population preferences and may be supported by the public, while school and outdoor venue closures may require more consideration prior to a second phase of restrictions. And secondly, that important distinct preference phenotypes - that are not captured by sociodemographic (e.g., age, sex, race) characteristics - exist, and therefore that messaging should be target at such subgroups to enhance adherence to prevention efforts.
Real Cash Flow Expectations and Asset Prices

Using survey forecasts, we find that systematic errors in expectations of long-term inflation and short-term nominal earnings growth are the main driver of prices and return puzzles for bonds and stocks. We demonstrate this by deriving and testing a single necessary and sufficient condition based on accounting identities. Errors in expectations of short-term inflation and long-term nominal earnings growth do not play a role in either asset market. Because of these systematic errors, real cash flow expectations closely match aggregate bond and stock prices, leaving little room for time-varying discount rates. These expectations also accurately match key return puzzles for bonds and stocks: the rejection of the expectations hypothesis and stock return predictability. These results are consistent with a simple model in which agents believe the persistences of inflation and nominal earnings growth are magnified versions of the objective persistences.