cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Channels and valleys on Mars: Cold climate features formed as a result of a thickening cryosphere

Abstract Large flood channels, valley networks, and a variety of features attributed to the action of ground ice indicate that Mars emerged from heavy bombardment around 3.8 Gyr ago, with an inventory of water at the surface equivalent to at least a few hundred meters spread over the whole planet, as compared with 3 km for the Earth. The surface water resided primarily in a porous, kilometers thick, megaregolith created by the high impact rates. At the end of heavy bombardment a rapid decline in erosion rates by a factor of 1000 suggests a major change in the global climate. It is proposed that at this time the elimate became similar to today's and that this climate has been maintained throughout the rest of Mars' history. The various drainage features represent an adjustment of the distribution of water to the surface relief inherited from the period of heavy bombardment and to a thickening of the cryosphere as the heat flow declined. The valley networks formed mostly at the end of heavy bombardment when erosion rates were high and climatic conditions permitted an active water cycle. They continued to form after heavy bombardment when the cryosphere started to form by a combination of episodie flooding and mass-wasting aided by the presence of liquid water at shallow depths. As the cryosphere thickened with declining heat flow, water could no longer easily access the surface and the rate of valley formation declined. Hydrostatic pressures built below the cryosphere. Eruptions of groundwater became more catastrophic and massive floods resulted, mainly in upper Hesperian time. Flood sources were preferentially located in low-lying, low-latitude areas where the cryosphere was thin, or near volcanoes where a thinner than typical cryosphere is also expected. Floods caused a drawdown in the global water table so that few formed in the second half of Mars' history. The floodwaters pooled in low-lying areas, mostly in the northern plains. Some of the water may still be present as thick ice deposits, some has been lost to space, particularly during periods of high obliquity.
Enhanced expectancies improve performance under pressure.

Beyond skill, beliefs in requisite abilities and expectations can affect performance. This study examined effects of induced perceptions of ability to perform well under generic situations of challenge. Participants (N = 31) first completed one block of 20 trials on a throwing accuracy task. They then completed questionnaires ostensibly measuring individual differences in the ability to perform under pressure. Enhanced-expectancy group participants were told that they were well-suited to perform under pressure, while the control group received neutral information. Subsequently, all participants completed another block of 20 trials on the throwing task, with their performance being videotaped and under the assumption that they could secure a prize for themselves and a paired participant with successful performance. Both groups had similar accuracy scores on the first trial block. The enhanced-expectancy group significantly increased their throwing accuracy in the high-pressure situation (second block), whereas the control group showed no change in performance. Furthermore, beliefs regarding performance under challenge predicted throwing accuracy on the second block. The present findings provide evidence that enhancing individuals’ generic expectancies regarding performance under pressure can affect their motor performance.
A school-based violence prevention model for at-risk eighth grade youth

This study examined the effectiveness of a school and community-based violence prevention program for at-risk eighth-grade students in three public schools in Florida. School officials matched intervention students with community-based mentors in an employment setting to allow targeted youth to explore careers and receive one-on-one intervention from an adult mentor. Intervention students were compared to a control group of students not receiving mentorship services. This study used MANOVA and t-test analyses to examine six outcomes measured: (1) unexcused absences; (2) number of in-school suspensions; (3) number of days of in-school suspensions; (4) number of out-of-school suspensions; (5) number of days of out-of-school suspensions; and (6) total number of infractions committed on school property. The findings suggested that mentored students, as compared to control group students, had significant reductions in total number and days of suspensions, days of sanction, and infractions committed on school property. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 403–416, 2003.
Criteria for evaluating multiunit spike separation techniques

Multi-unit neural recordings often occur in neurophysiological studies, and a wide variety of techniques have been proposed to separate the multi-unit activity. In this paper we propose a method for evaluating the power of various multi-unit sorting techniques. The analysis can also be applied to a data set to determine whether a given multi-unit isolation technique can isolate a given set of wavelets to a specified statistical standard. The apparent separation matrix described in the paper is then used to evaluate the ability of four multi-unit isolation techniques to resolve a population of 8 units simultaneously recorded in the medial articular nerve of the cat.
Biodegradation of Fuel Oil Under Laboratory and Arctic Marine Conditions

Abstract The aerobic biodegradation of the components of a fuel oil under Arctic summer conditions follows a pattern that is indistinguishable from that exhibited under temperate conditions. Straight chain alkanes and small aromatics are degraded first, followed by branched alkanes and larger and alkylated aromatics. We present data on the biodegradation of heptadecane as a representative n-alkane, pristane as a representative iso-alkane, and naphthalene, phenanthrene, and chrysene and their alkylated forms as representative two-, three- and four-ring aromatic hydrocarbons. In particular, the pattern of degradation of the alkylated aromatics allows the identification of biodegradation in samples collected from the field and the estimation of the extent of biodegradation that occurred in the In-Situ Treatment of Oiled Sediment Shorelines Field Trials.
Adaptation of ethanol intoxication

This study shows that the subjective sense of intoxication produced by ethyl alcohol exhibits classical sensory adaptation. The subjects reported a degree of intoxication that increased with the level of blood alcohol at the time of the report. However, a given level of blood alcohol produced less intoxication when it followed a high blood alcohol level than when it followed a low one. This effect of a prior level of blood alcohol on the effect of a present one implies that the mechanism that mediates alcohol intoxication adapts much as do exteroceptive sensory systems. Data on one chronic alcoholic suggest that alcohol abusers may adapt more rapidly than nonabusers.
Optimal m-failure policies with random repair time

The failure times of n machines are i.i.d. exponential random variables with parameter @l. This paper extends Assaf and Shanthikumar's (1987) repair and replacement model to the case where repairtime is a nonnegative random variable. The behaviour of the optimal policy as a function of the cost parameters is investigated. The cost function is shown to be unimodal and an easily implemented algorithm for finding optimal policies is developed.
Coal research in the United States

Abstract Three principal factors drive the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy's (DOE) coal research program: 1. (1) oil and gas are expected to continue to be extensively used in the industrial, commercial, residential, and transportation sectors; 2. (2) as a result of their poor economic health, U.S. utilities may run into a capacity shortfall in the 1990s and turn to natural gas and/or oil to meet their capacity needs; and 3. (3) new environmental rquirements are looming that may greatly hinder the use of coal and/or add greatly to the costs of using coal. As a result, there is the need to develop: 1. (1) inexpensive coal-based fuels and/or machines that can economically, and in enviromentally sound ways, use coal in the light industrial, commercial, residential, and to some extent the transportation sectors; 2. (2) low capital cost, modular, environmentally sound systems for baseload utility applications; 3. (3) economical technologies to produce coal-based substitutes for petroleum-based liquids as well as substitutes for natural gas; and 4. (4) reliable, cost-effective environmental control devices. To address these needs, the DOE is supporting research in every part of the coal utilization and conversion fuel cycles. The following is a summary of that program. It should be noted that, in addition to the DOE's program, considerable coal research is being conducted by private entities in the United States and in other countries.
Should contralateral exploratory thoracotomy be advocated for children with osteosarcoma and early unilateral pulmonary metastases

Abstract Purpose Children presenting with osteosarcoma and pulmonary metastases have poor survival rates. The standard approach to treating unilateral metastases is ipsilateral thoracotomy with complete resection of the metastases whenever possible. We analyzed whether contralateral exploratory thoracotomy is beneficial in these patients. Methods We reviewed the records of all osteosarcoma patients presenting with or developing early pulmonary metastases (within 24 months of diagnosis) at the St Jude Children's Research Hospital (Memphis, Tenn) between June 1980 and September 2005. Demographics, imaging results, treatment protocols, surgical procedures, and recurrence, survival, and timeline data were assessed. Results Of the 109 patients, initial pulmonary involvement was radiographically identified as unilateral in 81 (74%) and bilateral in 28 (26%) patients. Of the patients presenting with unilateral pulmonary metastases, 2 years later, 13 (16%) had recurrence in the ipsilateral and 19 (23%) in the contralateral lung. In 2 (2.4%) patients, metastases recurred bilaterally. There was no evidence of statistically significant difference between the incidence of recurrence in the ipsilateral and contralateral lung ( P = .18). Conclusions Children with osteosarcoma and unilateral pulmonary metastases had similar incidence of recurrence in the ipsilateral and contralateral lung. Their survival rates were also not significantly different. Therefore, contralateral exploratory thoracotomy in patients presenting with unilateral pulmonary metastases will probably not improve survival.
P4-06-02: Microscopic Disease in Blood and Bone Marrow Predicts Survival in Early Stage Breast Cancer.

Background Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in the bone marrow have been identified in 30% of stage I - III breast cancer (BC) patients and predict survival. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood predict outcome in metastatic BC, but their prognostic significance in primary BC is unclear. This study determined whether: 1) DTCs and CTCs could be identified in significant numbers of non-metastatic BC patients and 2) if these cells predict relapse-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Methods : Clinical stage I-III BC patients seen at a single tertiary cancer center provided informed consent to participate in an IRB-approved study involving collection of blood (7.5 ml x 2 tubes) and bone marrow (10 ml from bilateral iliac crests), and at the time of surgery for their primary BC. DTCs were assessed using an anti-cytokeratin antibody cocktail (MNF 116, CK 8,18, and 19, CAM 5.2, and AE1/AE3) following ficoll enrichment and cytospin. A positive result for DTCs was defined by presence of one or more CK-positive cells meeting morphologic criteria for malignancy. CTCs were detected using the Cell SearchTM system. A positive result was defined as the presence of one or more cells per 7.5 ml blood since a threshold for positivity has not been established in non-metastatic BC. Statistical analyses used chi-square and Fischer9s exact test. Results : We prospectively evaluated 313 patients. Mean age was 53 years, and median follow-up was 32 months. Forty-two percent of patients (131) had T1 tumors, 36% (112) T2, 10% (30) T3, and 13% (40) had T4 disease. Forty-five percent of patients (141/312) had positive lymph nodes. DTCs were identified in 29% (91/313) and CTCs in 25% (79/313) of all patients. Seven percent (21/313) of patients had both DTCs and CTCs. In the overall cohort, 26 (8%) patients relapsed and 15 (5%) died. Ten percent (9/91) of DTC positive patients died compared to 3% (6/222) of those who did not have DTCs (p=0.01). Similarly, 6% (7/79) of those who had CTCs died compared to 3% (8/234) of those who did not (p=0.03). Fifteen percent (12/79) of CTC positive patents relapsed compared to 6% (14/234, P=0.01) of those who were CTC negative. Simultaneous presence of DTCs and CTCs was a strong predictor of RFS (log rank p=0.030, HR= 2.8, 95% C.I. 1.20- 8.10) as well as OS (log rank p=0.026, HR= 3.66, 95% C.I. 1.03- 13.00) at 2 years. Combined presence of DTCs and CTCs was a predictor of outcome and these findings persisted after adjusting for variables including hormone receptor status, HER2 status, primary tumor size, grade, and preoperative lymph node status. There was no significant correlation between DTCs and/or CTCs with other primary tumor characteristics. Conclusions : Circulating and disseminated tumor cells can be identified in a significant number of non-metastatic breast cancer patients. Both CTCs and DTCs predicted outcome, and their combined presence was an independent predictor of survival. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-06-02.
An agent-based framework for intrusion detection alert verification and event correlation

In this paper, we present a framework design and implementation that provides a scalable solution for two important components of alert correlation: alert verification and event correlation. In our framework, a broker application maintains a database containing IDS alerts while software agents perform alert verification and event correlation of alert instances. Agents are designed to run on multiple hosts to ensure scalability of complex tasks. Agents communicate with the broker via web service architecture, making them easy to build and deploy in heterogeneous networks. Three IDSs are supported to show that the framework can be applied to differing IDS paradigms.
COMPUTER MAPPING AND GEOGRAPHIC CARTOGRAPHY

(1971). COMPUTER MAPPING AND GEOGRAPHIC CARTOGRAPHY. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 796-799.
A spatial image rejection filter based on miniaturized-element FSS for J-band radar applications

In this article, a single-face, membrane-supported, miniaturized-element frequency selective surface (MEFSS) for suppressing the image response of a J-band upconvertor mixer is presented. In this design, a new miniaturized-element patch-wire MEFSS configuration is proposed to select the upper-side band (USB) response of a wave radiated from an upconvertor. The proposed MEFSS produces a single pole and an adjacent transmission zero to suppress the lower sideband. It is shown that the frequency response of this MEFSS can be designed readily using an equivalent circuit model. MEFSS elements are supported and protected by a 10µm thick low-loss polymer membrane which allows flexible handling and minimizes substrate losses. The membrane-supported MEFSS is fabricated using wafer microfabrication technology. Experimental results show that transmission response has 0.6 dB insertion loss in the passband (221–223 GHz) and more than 25 dB rejection out-of-band (206–208 GHz) which is in good agreement with full-wave simulation and its circuit model prediction.
Virtual Human + Tangible Interface = Mixed Reality Human An Initial Exploration with a Virtual Breast Exam Patient

Virtual human (VH) experiences are receiving increased attention for training real-world interpersonal scenarios. Communication in interpersonal scenarios consists of not only speech and gestures, but also relies heavily on haptic interaction - interpersonal touch. By adding haptic interaction to VH experiences, the bandwidth of human-VH communication can be increased to approach that of human-human communication. To afford haptic interaction, a new species of embodied agent is proposed - mixed reality humans (MRHs). A MRH is a virtual human embodied by a tangible interface that shares the same registered space. The tangible interface affords the haptic interaction that is critical to effective simulation of interpersonal scenarios. We applied MRHs to simulate a virtual patient requiring a breast cancer screening (medical interview and physical exam). The design of the MRH patient is presented. This paper also presents the results of a pilot study in which eight (n = 8) physician-assistant students performed a clinical breast exam on the MRH patient. Results show that when afforded haptic interaction with a MRH patient, users demonstrated interpersonal touch and social engagement similarly to interacting with a human patient.
Apps of Steel: Are Exercise Apps Providing Consumers With Realistic Expectations?: A Content Analysis of Exercise Apps for Presence of Behavior Change Theory

Objective. To quantify the presence of health behavior theory constructs in iPhone apps targeting physical activity. Methods. This study used a content analysis of 127 apps from Apple’s (App Store) Health & Fitness category. Coders downloaded the apps and then used an established theory-based instrument to rate each app’s inclusion of theoretical constructs from prominent behavior change theories. Five common items were used to measure 20 theoretical constructs, for a total of 100 items. A theory score was calculated for each app. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with higher theory scores. Results. Apps were generally observed to be lacking in theoretical content. Theory scores ranged from 1 to 28 on a 100-point scale. The health belief model was the most prevalent theory, accounting for 32% of all constructs. Regression analyses indicated that higher priced apps and apps that addressed a broader activity spectrum were associated with higher total theory scores. Conclus...
THE EFFECT OF URETHANE ON THE CONSUMPTION OF OXYGEN AND THE RATE OF CELL DIVISION IN THE CILIATE TETRAHYMENA GELEII

1. The inhibition of oxygen consumption produced by a series of concentrations of ethyl carbamate has been measured in the protozoan Tetrahymena geleii. 2. The relation found between the narcotic concentration and its effect on respiration leads to the conclusion that urethane has two distinct modes of action in this cell. The respiratory data can be accurately predicted by assuming that the inhibitor acts on two independent parallel respiratory systems. 3. Complete suppression of cell division in this organism is brought about by approximately 0.1 M urethane. 4. Urethane concentrations up to 0.1 M affect primarily only one of the two postulated respiratory systems. The mechanism of the narcosis of cell division in this organism by urethane thus appears to be inhibition of this "activity" system.
Transport of Hot Electrons in Thin Gold Films

Considerable interest has been expressed of late concerning the transparency of thin metal films to electrons with energies of a few electron volts above the Fermi level.(1-4) In the present experiments, information concerning the mean free path for loss of energy in gold is determined directly from measurements of electron transport. The technique used is that of tunnel emission(3,4) in which electrons are caused to tunnel from a metal substrate through a thin insulating layer into a thin metal electrode through which a certain number pass into a vacuum where they are collected. Measurement of the relative number transmitted through the thin metal layer as a function of the thickness of the layer yields a direct measurement of the energy mean free path.
PREP as a Teaching Tool

1. Mary Ellen Rimsza, MD 1. Editor, PREP Self Assessment American Academy of Pediatrics PREP the Curriculum was developed more than 25 years ago to assist physicians in practice with their continuing medical education needs. In most cases, individual clinicians read Pediatrics in Review ( PIR ) and take PREP Self-Assessment ( PREP SA ) to stay up-to-date, prepare for maintenance of certification, and determine areas in which they need more education, but innovative ways of using PREP the Curriculum have gone beyond the conventional uses. Although not developed specifically for pediatric residents, PREP the Curriculum is being used by many residents, a fact we discovered during focus groups held annually at the National Conference and Exposition of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). In …
Global sourcing: insights from the global clothing industry—the case of Zara, a fast fashion retailer

Until recently, Zara, a major international clothing retailer and pioneer of ‘fast fashion’ principles, kept almost half of its production in Spain and Portugal, earning the reputation of being one of the exceptions to globalization. Since the 1980s, the existence of such exceptions has been fueling an expectation that the production of high-quality fashion garments and tailored suits would remain in the industrialized core. Here I revisit this expectation in the light of the current seminal change in the culture of fashion from ready-to-wear to fast fashion, and report that the increased variety and fashionability associated with fast fashion, represented by Zara, have tilted the balance of competitive advantage towards, rather than away from, firms in partially industrialized countries. As a number of supplier firms in countries such as Morocco, India and Turkey have gained the competence to manufacture intricately worked high-quality garments with the required flexibility and speed, Zara has turned to sourcing from these countries. It appears that instead of Zara changing the geography of jobs, the geography of competencies and jobs has changed Zara.
Geomagnetic Monitoring System for the International Magnetospheric Study

This letter describes the basic instrumentation system designed for use at the North American ground stations which have been installed for the International Magnetospheric Study. The system is comprised of a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer, a microprocessor-based controller, and a Synchronous Meteorological Satellite, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (SMS/GOES) satellite telemetry link. The network is in operation and preliminary surveys indicate about a 90-percent data recovery rate.
Infants' understanding of actions performed by mechanical devices

Recent research suggests that 9-month-old infants tested in a modified version of the A-not-B search task covertly imitate actions performed by the experimenter. The current study examines whether infants also simulate actions performed by mechanical devices, and whether this varies with whether or not they have been familiarized with the devices and their function. In Experiment 1, infants observed hiding and retrieving actions performed by a pair of mechanical claws on the A-trials, and then searched for the hidden toy on the B-trial. In Experiment 2, infants were first familiarized with the experimenter and the claws but not their function. In Experiment 3, infants were familiarized with the function of the claws. The results revealed that search errors were at chance levels in Experiments 1 and 2, but a significant proportion of the infants showed the A-not-B error in Experiment 3. These results suggest that 9-month-old infants are less likely to simulate observed actions performed by mechanical devices than by human agents, unless they are familiarized with the function of the devices so that their actions are perceived as goal-directed.
Instantaneous spectral attributes to detect channels

Channels filled with porous rock and encased in a nonporousmatrixconstituteoneofthemoreimportantstratigraphic exploration plays.Although attributes such as coherence can be used to map channel width, they are relatively insensitive to channel thickness. In contrast, spectral decomposition can beusedtomapsubtlechangesinchannelthickness.Thepeak spectral frequency derived by using the short-window, discrete Fourier transform SWDFT is an excellent tool for mapping such changes along an interpreted horizon. We show that by use of instantaneous spectral attributes, we can generateequivalentmapsforcompleteseismicvolumes.Because we are often interested in mapping high-reflectivity channelsencasedinalower-reflectivitymatrix,wefindthata composite plot of the peak frequency and the above-average peak amplitude accentuates highly tuned channels. Finally, by generating a composite volume using peak frequency, peakamplitude,andcoherence,wecanestablishnotonlythe channelthickness,butalsoitswidth.Wedemonstratethevalueofsuch3Dvolumetricestimatesthroughapplicationto1 a marine survey acquired over Tertiary channels from the GulfofMexicoand2alanddatasurveyacquiredoverPaleozoic channels from the Central Basin Platform, west Texas, United States. The channels in both marine and land surveys canbehighlightedthroughcomposite-volumeanalysis.
Discovering interesting patterns through user's interactive feedback

In this paper, we study the problem of discovering interesting patterns through user's interactive feedback. We assume a set of candidate patterns (ie, frequent patterns) has already been mined. Our goal is to help a particular user effectively discover interesting patterns according to his specific interest. Without requiring a user to explicitly construct a prior knowledge to measure the interestingness of patterns, we learn the user's prior knowledge from his interactive feedback. We propose two models to represent a user's prior: the log linear model and biased belief model. The former is designed for item-set patterns, whereas the latter is also applicable to sequential and structural patterns. To learn these models, we present a two-stage approach, progressive shrinking and clustering, to select sample patterns for feedback. The experimental results on real and synthetic data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Progress Toward a More Ethical Method for Clinical Trials

Methodology for conducting clinical trials of new drugs and treatments on people need not be regarded as fixed. After reviewing the currently most popular method (randomization) and its ethical problems, this paper explores the possibilities of a new method for conducting such trials. It relies on new Bayesian technology for eliciting the opinions of medical experts. These opinions are conditioned on specific predictor variables, and are held in a computer. At any stage in a trial, these opinions can be updated in the computer using the information collected in the trial up to that point. Consider as an admissible treatment for a patient having specific values of predictor variables only those treatments that at least one expert regards as best (in the computer model) for this patient. It is proposed that only admissible treatments, so defined, be allowed to be assigned to the patient. The ethical and statistical consequences of this principle are explored. Experience to date with a trial at Johns Hopkins designed on this principle is reported.
Repressive Coping and Blood Measures of Disease Risk: Lipids and Endocrine and Immunological Responses to a Laboratory Stressor'

Relations between repressive coping and a variety of health-related variahles including insulin, lipids, catecholamines, and cellular immune components, were investigated in a laboratory study of acute stress among a sample of healthy male college students (N - 83). Compared to nonrepressors, at baseline, repressors had fewer numbers of circulating CD4 (T-helper) cells, greater numbers of natural killer (NK) cells. lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL), a higher total/HDL cholesterol ratio, and higher fasting insulin levels. In response to an acute laboratory stressor (Stroop Color Word Conflict Test). repressors demonstrated an attenuated increase in the number of circulating NK cells compared to nonrepressors. Confounds such as physical activity, age, and smoking were unrelated to the dependent measures.
From Planning to Launching MOOCs: Guidelines and Tips from GeorgetownX

This paper presents guidelines and tips from the Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) creation process at Georgetown University’s Center for New Designs in Learning and Scholarship (CNDLS). Topics address the initial planning phase; core elements for MOOC design; the overall instructional design process; the video planning and production process; documentation; copyright; and quality assurance. This paper is meant to provide general guidelines and points to consider but is not intended as a complete guide for MOOC creation.
Category Theory and Quantum Field Theory

We describe the recent basic result of Doplicher and Roberts characterizing the category of representations of a compact group. We indicate their motivation, coming from quantum field theory, and then state some important related category-theoretic questions which have arisen recently in low-dimensional quantum field theory. These questions, which are quite open, have interesting connections with quantum groups and knot theory.
Understanding Partnerships between Corporations and the Open Source Community: A Research Gap

This article argues that the literature has overlooked corporations' motivations to engage in open source development endeavors, though "going-open" strategies are becoming increasingly common in the market-place. Almost invariably, motivational studies on open source have focused on volunteers, creating an imbalance that favors the adopters of such strategy, not the community. The complexities (and our lack of understanding) of the relationships between corporations and the open source community are presented through the sourceforge.net example. A new research route is suggested to fill this gap.
PROCESS OF ECONOMIC ADAPTATION IN A WORLD WAR II NEUTRAL: A CASE STUDY OF SWEDEN*

THE GENERAL PURPOSE of this study was to analyze the process of economic adaptation in Sweden during World War II. In the first of four secondary interests, I investigated Patinkin's real-balance effect. In the second, I analyzed the relationship between the realbalance effect and the operation of Galbraith's "disequilibrium system." The study also looked into the sources of monetary expansion and inquired into the application of the Friedman-Warburton rule of monetary expansion. Sweden successfully solved the basic problem of adapting its economy for defense and survival. Its standard of living did not fall significantly or continuously. Foreign trade declined greatly. Nevertheless, real income increased during the last two war years. The major production victory was the creation of substitutes whose raw materials came from the forests. Insights were gained into the first and second subsidiary interests by constructing various indexes. An array of the quarters in which indexes of real balances were smaller than in peacetime had such a configuration that it was called the "deflationary wedge." Through the stabilization of expectations, velocity was reduced after the middle of the war. This dampened velocity was interpreted as a relationship between the real-balance effect and the "disequilibrium system." During the period of price stability, after the middle of the war, the real-balance effect was identified as "stabilizing." The monetary inflation was fundamentally internal rather than external. However, if the monetary mechanism responded passively to demand conditions, then increases in import prices could give a good explanation of wartime inflation. It was a "variable-importprice-multiplier mechanism." Nevertheless, there were questions about the passivity of the wartime money supply. There was a rapid redistribution of income during the beginning of the war. If the monetary inflation was permitted, or even accentuated, by the authorities in order to bring about price and income inflation, so that
Asymptotic Relative Efficiency

Two competing test statistics may differ in their sensitivity to deviations from the null hypothesis. A standard comparison is the asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE) – the limit, as sample sizes grow, of the ratio of the sample sizes needed for the two tests to attain the same power. Keywords: power; sample size; Pitman efficiency; asymptotics
A Coherent Theory for the Copyright Protection of Computer Software and Recent Judicial Interpretations

The problem of software protection under copyright law cannot be meaningfully addressed by viewing copyright as a stand-alone statute. Rather, intellectual property law must be viewed as a coherent whole, with copyright, patent, trade secret, unfair competition, and trademark law each playing different but interrelated roles. Of particular importance for software protection are the relative roles of patent and copyright. Resolution of practically every important problem of software protection depends upon consideration of why computer programs which are technologically functional works were placed under copyright instead of patent law. Copyright should protect only those functional computer program elements that are vulnerable to misappropriation, and leave other program elements to patent and trade secret law. This article articulates a detailed view of the relationship between patent and copyright and the implications of this view for the copyright protection of computer programs. It finds the policy basis for protecting computer programs under copyright not in the artistic creativity that goes into program production, but rather in the necessity of protecting the digital works from piracy or misappropriation. The article concludes by considering judicial developments in the scope of copyright protection in programs, the copyright protection of interfaces, and reverse engineering of programs.
Collocation and Eigenfunctions in Plane Elastostatics

The solution of the plane problem of classical elasticity is obtained by making use of a series of Fadle-Papkovich (or biharmonic) eigenfunctions. The biharmonic eigenfunction series is formulated for rectangular bodies which have homogeneous stress boundary conditions specified on two parallel edges. The remaining two edges are subject to self-equilibrating but otherwise arbitrary stress boundary conditions. The biharmonic stress function is developed and the equations for the stresses are presented. The method of collocation, which is well adapted for use of a digital computer, is used to determine the constants of the eigenfunction series. The method is simple, and gave good results in a number of applications. Numerical results are presented which show the accuracy of the collocation method and the convergence of the solution with an increase in the number of terms of the truncated series used. Solutions are presented for a stepped uniform load and for plates subject to loads on only one edge.
Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia

Drawing on stories and statistics from the first national study of intersex, this book argues for a distinct framework to address intersex issues and identity, foregrounding people with intersex variations’ own goals, perspectives and experiences. Overview Sex is complex. Humans are simultaneously more similar in their sex development, and more diverse, than is commonly appreciated or understood. Females and males are not made of wildly different ingredients. The potential to have intersex variations—to be born with atypical sex characteristics—exists for all humans in the first few weeks of their prenatal development. 1.7% of people actually go on to be born intersex. However, most of us know little about intersex variations. This is only partly due to their occasional invisibility. Intersex people have historically faced deep social stigma—the assumption that they were simply bizarre aberrations from the human norm. Furthermore, intersex infants have been widely subjected to systematic institutional mistreatment, particularly within medical settings. Finally, some people with intersex variations have simply tried to integrate themselves unnoticed into the socially accepted categories of male and female. Drawing on stories and statistics from the first national study of intersex the book argues for a distinct ‘Intersex Studies’ framework to address intersex issues and identity—foregrounding people with intersex variations’ own goals, perspectives and experiences. Collected in 2015 and arranged in thematic chapters, the data presented here on 272 individuals gives a penetrating account of historically and socially obscured experience. This book is an important and long-overdue contribution to our understanding of human sexuality and a must-read for people with intersex variations, health practitioners, psychologists, advocacy groups, students, and anybody interested in knowing more about our diverse human make-up.
Cluster Analysis in Urban Demography

IN A previous paper in Social Forces the author suggested a method for deriving "clusters" of phenomena based on similarity of locational index patterns among census tracts.' However, the method was limited to deriving these patterns or clusters when the several phenomena formed an exhaustive breakdown of some general class of events. The example employed was a breakdown of total employment by census tracts into nine broad occupational classes. This paper presents a technique applicable even when the variables under consideration are not an exhausitve subclassification or when they are entirely separate categories of events. The previous paper also pointed out what was termed a "dual problem" in studies of association based on small areal units comprising a contiguous social and economic area. This was a recognition that the relative emphasis accorded two principal aspects of geographical association varies among studies. Some studies seek to determine the extent of areal association of variables of interest in the entire urban area. Thus the degree of association between the incidence of various kinds of crimes by census tracts might be studied. Other studies place greater emphasis on combinations of events found locally associated. Thus an investigator might seek to classify individual tracts into several categories representing commonly associated crimes. This second approach leads frequently to attempts to delineate larger areas based on criteria of similarity of characterization and often of contiguity. Our investigator might establish "belts" or "sectors" in which different combinations of specific crimes predominate. In this approach, measurement of the over-all association of the various identifying events is frequently by-passed or made secondary, although it is implicit in the whole analysis, especially when attempts are made to delineate the boundaries of areas having combinations of characteristics in common. The method suggested in employing this approach in the paper previously cited recognized this dual aspect in prividing a test of predominant patterns in which one would seek to reject a hypothesis of a random coincidence of events characterizing individual areas with the suspected pattern. To reject such a hypothesis is of course to conclude that association does exist in the locational distributions of the characteristics comprising a pattern, although no measure of this association was then provided. The technique presented here employs the alternative approach. Just as one can begin with a characterization of areal units and end with an identification of sets of variables which are intercorrelated on an areal basis, he can alternatively begin with the variables themselves with their areal intercorrelations and proceed to separate out directly any sets of highly intercorrelated variables. It is evident that the "circle" can be completed by then identifying those areal units whose characteristics correspond in varying degree to any of the revealed sets of associated phenomena.
Irresistible irreverence: Dušan Makavejev's amateur films and the Yugoslav cine-club scene

ABSTRACTThe article focuses on Dusan Makavejev's short amateur films from the 1950s Jatagan mala/Yatagan Mala (1953), Pecat/The Seal (1955), Antonijevo razbijeno ogledalo/Anthony's Broken Mirror (1957) and Spomenicima ne treba verovati/Don't Believe in Monuments (1958) in relation to his theoretical/critical texts from the 1950s and 1960s. Situating these works within the Yugoslav cine-club scene as well as within a broader socio-political and artistic context, the article provides an overview of the principal intellectual debates of the time, in particular Miroslav Krleža's programmatic texts, against the backdrop of the socialist dogma which viewed the arts as subservient to the political agenda. Makavejev's short films are examined for their thematic, stylistic and generic features, but also for their social engagement, ethical purpose and reception. The article asserts that Makavejev's central preoccupation in his early films is the notion of freedom, but also underscores that the tenets of his later ...
Class Size and Academic Achievement in Introductory Political Science Courses

ABSTRACTResearch on the influence of class size on student academic achievement is important for university instructors, administrators, and students. The article examines the influence of class size — a small section versus a large section — in introductory political science courses on student grades in two comparable semesters. It is expected that students in the small-class section will perform significantly better on exams than students in the large-class section. The empirical analyses demonstrate, however, that class size does not significantly influence grades. Instead, prior political science knowledge, ACT scores, and course attendance significantly and positively influence student exam grades as well as final course grades.
CT of Carotid Arteries

Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death and the leading cause of long-term serious disability in the United States [1]. Treatment and management advancements for ischemic injury have increased the demand for accurate and reliable imaging techniques to rapidly identify both intra- and extracranial carotid artery pathology [2, 3].
Urinary calculi and primary hyperparathyroidism: simultaneous surgical treatment.

AbstractWe report 8 cases in which simultaneous surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism and renal stone disease was performed. Treatment of a parathyroid tumor and urinary calculus under the same anesthetic is practical and should be considered in appropriate patients.
Churchill’s Conceit

Churchill and Roosevelt left Casablanca and journeyed to Marrakesh together. After the intense cauldron of the Casablanca Conference the Prime Minister and the President had a few moments respite before Roosevelt left the next day. The dinner party that evening was an ‘affectionate’ one for both men. Roosevelt departed the following morning, Churchill lingered a few hours longer, maintaining ‘the illusion of a holiday’ by indulging in painting the Atlas Mountains.1 The respite proved to be short-lived. Attlee and Eden sent a joint telegram to Churchill on 27 January 1943. They expressed concern that Roosevelt’s version of the Atlantic Charter encapsulated a broader and more enduring security system than Churchill had envisaged. ‘Parent (or Trustee) states’ would be required to ensure the protection and administration of their territories.2 Harvey was less than diplomatic about the direction of Churchill’s relationship with Roosevelt noting in his diary: ‘Why can’t PMs be content to use their foreign secretaries. They are all alike in fancying themselves’. To Harvey’s dismay Churchill returned to London reinvigorated from his exchanges with Roosevelt, ‘His encounters with Roosevelt always have a bad effect. He dominates the President and at the same time envies him for being untrammelled by a Cabinet’.3
Multi-Gigabit indoor WLANs: Looking beyond 2.4/5 GHz

This work explores the idea of building multi-Gigabit indoor enterprise WLANs using the millimeter-wave technology. Instead of the legacy 2.4/5 GHz band, we look at the unlicensed band around 60 GHz and the new 802.11ad standard, which supports PHY data rates of up to 6.76 Gbps. Through a set of measurements with commercial hardware, we show the feasibility of building multi-Gigabit WLANs. Using observations from our experiments and results reported in recent studies, we point out both the advantages and drawbacks of the 60 GHz technology, and identify the research challenges towards making multi-Gigabit 60 GHz indoor WLANs a reality.
Abstract P153: Factors Influencing Admissions to America's Lowest Performing Hospitals for AMI Care

Background Research has identified a group of hospitals with consistently poor performance for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) care as compared to other US hospitals. Factors influencing patients' selection of these hospitals are unknown. Methods We used 2004-06 Hospital Compare data to identify hospitals reporting AMI process performance measures. We calculated composite AMI performance scores and classified hospitals as low performing (lowest score decile for all 3 years, n = 100), top performing (top score decile for all 3 years, n = 64) and intermediate (all others, n = 2595). We used 2004-05 Medicare data to identify AMI patients living within 5 miles of low performing hospitals and alternative hospitals within 30 miles of patient residence. We used conditional multinomial logit models to evaluate the likelihood of choosing a low performing hospital over alternative hospitals. Models accounted for distance from patient residence to available hospitals, provision of revascularization (based on Medicare CABG volumes), and patient characteristics including age, race and residential social disadvantage (derived from US Census data). Results AMI patients admitted to low performing hospitals were older (mean age 80 vs. 79, p <.01), more likely female (56% vs. 51%, p < .01). These patients were more likely to live in zip codes with high (top quartile) social disadvantage (46% vs. 34%, p<.01) and closer to a low performing hospital (1.6 vs. 2.9 miles, p < .01). In multivariate models adjusting for distance and the presence of hospital revascularization services, patients were overall less likely to be admitted to low performing hospitals over alternative hospitals (HR 0.28, 95%CI 0.25 - 0.31, p < .01). However, patients living in areas with high disadvantage were relatively more likely to be admitted to low performing hospitals as compared to patients from intermediate and low disadvantage areas (HR 2.72 95% CI 2.24 - 3.30, p < .01), even after adjusting for age, race, and sex. Conclusion AMI patients are less likely to seek care at low performing hospitals except patients who live in zip code areas with high social disadvantage. Disincentives for poor performance against low performing hospitals could adversely impact care for this vulnerable population.
Practical High Dynamic Range Imaging of Everyday Scenes: Photographing the world as we see it with our own eyes

High dynamic range (HDR) imaging enables the capture of an extremely wide range of the illumination present in a scene and so produces images that more closely resemble what we see with our own eyes. In this article, we explain the problem of limited dynamic range in the standard imaging pipeline and then present a survey of state-of-the-art research in HDR imaging, including the technology's history, specialized cameras that capture HDR images directly, and algorithms for capturing HDR images using sequential stacks of differently exposed images. Because this last is among the most common methods for capturing HDR images using conventional digital cameras, we also discuss algorithms to address artifacts that occur when using with this method for dynamic scenes. Finally, we consider systems for the capture of HDR video and conclude by reviewing open problems and challenges in HDR imaging.