cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral penicilliosis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus in northern Thailand.

A 25-year-old Thai woman with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection diagnosed by serology 4 months previously presented to the outpatient clinic with a chief complaint of a sore throat. Three months prior to presentation, she was diagnosed with oral and vaginal candidiasis and bronchitis. The patient was afebrile and other vital signs were normal. Examination of the oral cavity showed patchy erythema and leukoplakia on the buccal mucosa, suggestive of candidiasis. In addition, there were multiple, shiny, translucent papules, 2–4 mm in diameter, especially prominent on the upper palate, suggestive of penicilliosis (Fig. 1). Indeed, a Wright-stained scraping from a papule revealed numerous inflammatory cells, many containing abundant yeast-like organisms undergoing binary fission characteristic of penicilliosis (Fig. 2). A slant agar fungal culture of material from an upper palate papule grew Penicillium marneffei, consisting of white, gritty hyphae with underlying deep red coloring as depicted in Fig. 3, as well as Candida albicans. The oral lesions resolved after 2 weeks of treatment with ketoconazole 200 mg twice daily. Figure 1. Oral cavity with shiny, flesh-colored papules on the upper palate. Arrow shows area from where material for Wright's stain and culture was obtained Download figure to PowerPoint Figure 2. Smear of papule material from hard palate showing a cluster of intracellular yeast forms (arrow), many undergoing binary fission, consistent with P. marneffei (Wright's stain, × 1000) Download figure to PowerPoint Figure 3. Representative slant agar culture of P. marneffei depicting white gritty colonies with underlying red coloring Download figure to PowerPoint
Spirocyclic and Bicyclic Cyclohexadienyl Complexes from Intramolecular Nucleophilic Addition Reactions in Dicationic Arene Complexes

The dicationic arene complexes [(p-cymene)Ru(PhCH2CH2[CH2]nOH)][OTf]2 and [Cp*Ir(PhCH2CH2[CH2]nOH)][OTf]2 (n = 1−2) react with K2CO3 to cleanly generate spirocyclic cyclohexadienyl complexes through intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the alkoxide at the ipso carbon of the arene ligand. When the internal nucleophile is the bulkier benzenesulfonamide group, cyclohexadienyl complexes derived from both ipso and ortho intramolecular nucleophilic addition are formed.
Strain-specific response to beta 3-adrenergic receptor agonist treatment of diet-induced obesity in mice.

Fat intake has long been associated with the development of obesity. The studies described herein show that fat adversely affects adipocyte adrenergic receptor (AR) expression and function. As beta 3AR agonists have been shown to acutely reduce adipose tissue mass and improve thermogenesis in genetically obese rodents, we examined whether chronic supplementation of a high fat diet with a highly selective beta 3AR agonist, CL316,243 could prevent diet-induced obesity, and whether the effect could be sustained over prolonged treatment. C57BL/6J and A/J mice were weaned onto one of three diets: low fat (10.5% calories from fat), high fat (58% calories from fat), or high fat supplemented with 0.001% CL316,243. B/6J mice gained more weight on the high fat diet than A/J mice (at 16 weeks: B/6J, 36.6 +/- 1.4 g; A/J, 32.9 +/- 0.8 g; P 0.05; n = 10). CL316,243 prevented the development of diet-induced obesity in A/J animals, but not in B/6J animals. A/J mice weighed 26.0 +/- 0.5 g at 16 weeks, whereas B/6J animals on the same diet weighed 34.1 +/- 0.8 g (P < 0.00001; n = 10), but food intake was not different between the strains throughout the study. beta-Adrenergic stimulation of adenylyl cyclase in obese B/6J mice was decreased by more than 75% in white adipose tissue and by more than 90% in brown adipose tissue (BAT). In contrast, in fat-fed A/J mice, beta-agonist-stimulated adenylyl cyclase was decreased in white adipose tissue by about 10%, whereas the activity in interscapular BAT was decreased by 50%, indicating significant retention of beta AR-stimulated activity in A/J mice compared to B/6J mice. High fat feeding was associated with decreased expression of beta 3AR and beta 1AR in white adipose tissue of both strains. However, chronic CL316,243 treatment prevented both the obesity and the decline in beta 3AR and beta 1AR messenger RNA levels in all adipose depots from A/J mice, but not B/6J mice. As CL316,243-treated A/J mice, but not B/6J mice, also showed marked uncoupling protein expression in white adipose depots, the ability of chronic CL316,243 treatment to prevent diet-induced obesity is dependent upon the elaboration of functional BAT in these regions.
Efficient Synthesis of α-Galactosyl Ceramide Analogues Using Glycosyl Iodide Donors

The combination of reactive galactosyl iodide donors with electron-rich acceptor lipids provides highly stereoselective and efficient routes to α GalCer analogues. Using per-O-silylated donors, key intermediates can be obtained in a three-step, one-pot sequence providing useful constructs for analogue development.
Subchronic effects of clozapine and haloperidol on rats' forelimb force and duration during a press-while-licking task

In order to compare and contrast the behavioral effects of the typical neuroleptic haloperidol with the atypical neuroleptic clozapine, ten daily doses of these drugs were administered to separate groups of rats trained to extend the forelimb through a rectangular hole and to exert downward pressure on a force transducer to gain access to water. Doses were individually titrated daily for each rat in an attempt to achieve a 50% reduction in time on task (analogous to response rate) during 8-min daily sessions. Clozapine-treated rats exhibited dramatic tolerance to the drug’s suppressive effect on time on task. In contrast, haloperidol rats displayed little tolerance on this measure. Despite the tolerance reflected by time on task, no tolerance was seen in clozapine’s marked slowing of the dominant frequency of oscillations in forelimb force as measured by Fourier analysis of the force-time recordings. Haloperidol did not slow the dominant frequency. No tolerance was seen for clozapine’s effects on forelimb force or tremor measures. Haloperidol did not significantly affect forelimb force. Both haloperidol and clozapine produced increases in the duration of long-duration forelimb responses, and no tolerance was seen for either drug on this measure of behavior. For clozapine, the dissociation between the tendency to respond (time on task) and the observed slowing of the dominant frequency may reflect effects peculiar to atypical neuroleptics, while the lengthening of long-duration responses by both drugs may reflect a more general behavioral effect that is characteristic of both typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs.
Seed technology at The Ohio State University

The present paper shows the development of teaching, research and extension programs in Seed Technology at The Ohio State University.
Rapid Geometric Modeling for Unstructured Construction Workspaces

: Unstructured workspaces which are typical in construction contain unpredictable activities as well as changing environments. Most automated and semi-automated construction tasks require real-time information about the local workspace in the form of 3D geometric models. This article describes and demonstrates a new rapid, local area, geometric data extraction and 3D visualization method for unstructured construction workspaces that combines human perception, simple sensors, and descriptive CAD models. The rapid approach will be useful in construction to optimize automated equipment tasks and to significantly improve safety and a remote operator's spatial perception of the workspace.
TGF-β1 Gene Expression in Cultured Human Keratinocytes Does Not Decrease With Biologic Age

The biologic activity of cultured epithelial grafts is believed to diminish with increasing cellular age. Therefore, keratinocytes from young donors are used preferentially in the production of cultured allografts for wound treatment. However, the impact of biologic age on cytokine gene expression by human keratinocytes has not been previously investigated. In this study, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) gene expression in human keratinocytes derived from normal foreskins of males ranging in age from 7 months to 82 years was analyzed. Keratinocytes were harvested from fresh specimens and cultivated in vitro on 3T3 fibroblast feeder layers through second passage. The cells were analyzed both qualitatively and semiquantitatively for TGF-beta 1 gene expression using three separate techniques: in situ hybridization, Northern hybridization, and competitive polymerase chain reaction. By in situ hybridization, the signal representing TGF-beta 1 transcript was detected in cells in all layers of the stratified cultures, and immunohistochemical staining for TGF-beta 1 protein was equally intense in all layers. Northern blots of total RNA extracted from the cultivated cells showed no decrease in band density with increasing biologic age. Likewise, no decrease in TGF-beta 1 mRNA levels with biologic age was observed using a semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. These results indicate that the potential for TGF-beta 1 gene expression in cultured foreskin keratinocytes does not decline with increasing cellular age. The findings imply that the clinical performance of cultured grafts, at least as it relates to the elaboration of this growth factor, may not be significantly altered by the biologic age of the keratinocyte donor.
Recovery of CO2 from Monoethanolamine using a Membrane Contactor

The technical feasibility of using polymeric membranes to recover CO2 from saturated monoethanolamine was investigated. A lab-scale system was built to study the performance of several common polymeric porous membranes for the recovery of CO2 from saturated aqueous MEA solution (15% wt) using a thermal swing process. Compositional, structural, and surface morphological characterization was carried out on the membranes before and after this process. The results showed polypropylene and polytetrafluoroethylene porous membranes outperformed polyester, polyamide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polysulfone, and cellulose acetate. The major component of mass transfer resistance was found to be the liquid boundary layer at the surface of the membrane. Membrane wetting and fouling were found to significantly deteriorate membrane performance.
A monte Carlo simulation of clone growth.

A Monte Carlo simulation of clone growth is discussed from the point of view of clonal volume. It is shown that clone volume is a good representation of the number of cells per clone for a wide range of single cell growth equations. However, the rate at which the coefficient of variation in clonal volume approaches that of cell number per clone is strongly dependent upon the particular growth equation.
A Factor Analysis of The Interrelationship Between Social and Political Variables and Per Capita Gross Naitonal Product

I. Introduction, 555. — II. Choice of social and political variables, 557. III. Definition of variables and method of classification, 558. — IV. The factor analysis: results and interpretation, 561. — V. Regional differences in the interrelationship between per capita GNP and social and political influences, 569. — VI. Summary and conclusion, 576.
Origins of enhanced proton transport in the Y7F mutant of human carbonic anhydrase II.

Human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II), among the fastest enzymes known, catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO2 to HCO3-. The rate-limiting step of this reaction is believed to be the formation of an intramolecular water wire and transfer of a proton across the active site cavity from a zinc-bound solvent to a proton shuttling residue (His64). X-ray crystallographic studies have shown this intramolecular water wire to be directly stabilized through hydrogen bonds via a small well-defined set of amino acids, namely, Tyr7, Asn62, Asn67, Thr199, and Thr200. Furthermore, X-ray crystallographic and kinetic studies have shown that the mutation of tyrosine 7 to phenylalanine, Y7F HCA II, has the effect of increasing the proton transfer rate by 7-fold in the dehydration direction of the enzyme reaction compared to wild-type (WT). This increase in the proton transfer rate is postulated to be linked to the formation of a more directional, less branched, water wire. To evaluate this proposal, molecular dynamics sim...
Inequalities for positive rank and crank moments of overpartitions

In recent work, Andrews, Chan, and Kim extend a result of Garvan about even rank and crank moments of partitions to positive moments. In a similar fashion we extend a result of Mao about even rank moments of overpartitions. We investigate positive Dyson-rank, M2-rank, first residual crank, and second residual crank moments of overpartitions. In particular, we prove a conjecture of Mao which states that the positive Dyson-rank moments are larger than the positive M2-rank moments. We also prove some additional inequalities involving rank and crank moments of overpartitions, including an interlacing property.
TNF superfamily in inflammatory disease: translating basic insights.

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor superfamilies (TNFSF and TNFRSF) consist of approximately 50 membrane and soluble proteins that can modulate cellular function. Most of these molecules are expressed by or can target cells of the immune system, and they have a wide range of actions including promoting cellular differentiation, survival, and production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Emerging data show that TNFSF ligand–receptor signaling pathways are active in inflammatory and autoimmune disease. Furthermore, several genetic polymorphisms in TNFSF and TNFRSF associate with susceptibility to developing disease. Here, we examine recent data regarding the potential of these molecules as targets for therapy of autoimmune and inflammatory disease.
Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autistic disorder.

Abstract Objectives: Our aim was to evaluate the structure and function of the upper gastrointestinal tract in a group of patients with autism who had gastrointestinal symptoms. Study design: Thirty-six children (age: 5.7 ± 2 years, mean ± SD) with autistic disorder underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsies, intestinal and pancreatic enzyme analyses, and bacterial and fungal cultures. The most frequent gastrointestinal complaints were chronic diarrhea, gaseousness, and abdominal discomfort and distension. Results: Histologic examination in these 36 children revealed grade I or II reflux esophagitis in 25 (69.4%), chronic gastritis in 15, and chronic duodenitis in 24. The number of Paneth's cells in the duodenal crypts was significantly elevated in autistic children compared with non-autistic control subjects. Low intestinal carbohydrate digestive enzyme activity was reported in 21 children (58.3%), although there was no abnormality found in pancreatic function. Seventy-five percent of the autistic children (27/36) had an increased pancreatico-biliary fluid output after intravenous secretin administration. Nineteen of the 21 patients with diarrhea had significantly higher fluid output than those without diarrhea. Conclusions: Unrecognized gastrointestinal disorders, especially reflux esophagitis and disaccharide malabsorption, may contribute to the behavioral problems of the non-verbal autistic patients. The observed increase in pancreatico-biliary secretion after secretin infusion suggests an upregulation of secretin receptors in the pancreas and liver. Further studies are required to determine the possible association between the brain and gastrointestinal dysfunctions in children with autistic disorder. (J Pediatr 1999;135:559-63)
Blunt Intestinal Injury in Children: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Considerations

Objectives: To identify computed tomographic (CT) findings in children who have experienced blunt trauma and who have known intestinal injuries and to correlate these findings with the findings of the initial physical examination. Design: A retrospective review of children (aged Setting: A university-affiliated children's hospital with a level I pediatric trauma center. Patients: Children younger than 18 years who were admitted for examination of injuries or for management of complications related to intestinal injuries. Interventions: Clinical and radiographic evaluation and laparotomy for intestinal injuries other than duodenal hematoma. Main Outcome Measures: The identification and correlation of relevant findings during the physical examination, on the CT scan, and during surgery. The assessment of intervals from injury to diagnosis and intervention and the description of associated injuries. Results: Twenty-two patients sustained intestinal injuries as a result of blunt trauma. Most (15) of the patients were passengers injured in motor vehicle crashes; 14 of these patients were wearing seat belts. Focal blows to the abdomen from bicycle handlebars, hockey sticks, or falls onto blunt objects were implicated in the remaining patients. For 19 of the 22 patients, the initial physical examination was conducted at Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo, and 18 of the 19 patients underwent a concurrent CT evaluation. Peritonitis was found in 5 of these 18 patients. Tenderness on physical examination was noted in 9 of the 18 patients (tenderness was not noted in 3 patients, and 1 patient had unreliable examination findings due to a cervical spinal cord injury). Computed tomographic findings of pneumoperitoneum and extravasation of enteral contrast material were uncommon but diagnostic (in 5 patients). Free fluid in the pelvis in the absence of a solid organ injury, bowel wall thickening, and fluid-filled loops of bowel were more frequently useful signs of possible intestinal injury (in 9 of the 18 patients) and led to earlier exploration when used in conjunction with physical examination as an indication for surgery. Most injuries were treated with segmental resection or suture repair, but enterostomies were required in 2 patients. Complications (ie, the need for enterostomy and fascial dehiscence) were seen as a result of late or missed diagnosis, which could occur as late as 4 to 6 weeks after injury as intestinal obstruction due to stricture. Conclusions: The initial physical examination findings and CT evaluation can independently identify the presence of intestinal injury in approximately 25% of cases. In the remainder of cases, the awareness of the more subtle findings of bowel injury on a CT scan can complement the physical examination findings and potentially lead to a more timely intervention for bowel injury. Arch Surg. 1997;132:652-658
Suppression of a calcium current by CNQX and kynurenate

During our investigation of a sustained high voltage-activated (HVA) calcium current in retinal horizontal cells, we found that the glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX and kynurenate but not AP7 reversibly reduced the peak amplitude of the HVA current. Changes in the HVA current kinetics or activation voltage were not apparent; there was only a reduction in the peak current. The novel effects of these antagonists on HVA calcium currents reported here could have an impact on many studies involving glutamatergic synaptic transmission.
Inverse Optical Design and Its Applications

We discuss the utility of likelihood methods in estimating optical prescription parameters for a broad range of applications. Rapid ray-tracing and a simulated annealing algorithm are employed in a proof-of-principle study.
Repression of growth of mammalian cells under agar.

WHEN disaggregated mouse embryo cells are first cultivated in vitro, the cells grow into a confluent layer of fibroblasts on the bottom of the Petri dish, and then begin to grow additional layers on top of the first. If the cells are transferred, subsequent subcultures will show less tendency to form multiple layers. This effect is accompanied by a diminution in growth-rate of the cells and may be described as a progressive decrease in their growth potential. This behaviour is to be contrasted with that of L cells, an established cell line derived from mouse fibroblasts, which show no diminution in their growth potential upon transfer, and retain their ability to grow out of the monolayer.
Altruistic Activities of Older Adults Living in Long Term Care Facilities: A Literature Review

The purposes of this study were to (1) review the research literature on altruistic activities of older adults living in long term care (LTC) facilities and (2) explore the implications of this research for the practice of occupational therapy. Reviews of six studies in the occupational therapy literature are presented. Three models used within occupational therapy practice (The Model of Human Occupation [MOHO], Person-Environment-Occupation Model [PEO] and the Lifestyle Performance Model [LSPM]) were then examined as to how altruistic behaviors can be incorporated as part of the assessment process. From this review six points were summarized which can assist occupational therapy professionals in planning interventions to meet altruistic needs. They include: (1) One should not assume that all residents of an LTC facility have the need to be altruistic; (2) having a choice to engage in the activity or not once it is designed is important, but having the opportunity presented by the therapist in the first p...
Nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism during synchronous growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Abstract Cultures of the alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa have been synchronized and examined for shifts in metabolism during cellular development. Total cellular nitrogen, crude protein nitrogen, and nitrate uptake increased exponentially, while dry weight did not increase exponentially during synchronous growth. The air stream coming from the culture was found to contain an unidentified organic nitrogen compound. Cytochemical and physiological evidence indicated that polyphosphate accumulated in the cells and was important for cellular growth and division.
The ability of information systems development project teams to respond to business and technology changes: a study of flexibility measures

The socio-technical perspective suggests that information systems development projects (ISDPs) involve both organizational and technical dimensions. As both the organizational and technical aspects of ISDPs frequently change, the ISDP team's flexibility in responding to these changes has become a critical success factor for system development. While the importance of ISDP team flexibility has increased, the research literature lacks a consistent definition and validated measures of the construct. Drawing upon the socio-technical and the capability-based perspectives and using a systematic multi-stage approach, we identified major business and technology changes and developed measurement scales of ISDP team flexibility along two dimensions: Response Extensiveness and Response Efficiency. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis using survey data from 505 ISDP managers suggested that the final measurement scales exhibited adequate levels of measurement properties including unidimensionality, reliability, discriminant validity, factorial invariance and nomological validity. In addition, our results revealed an interesting negative relationship between Response Extensiveness and Response Efficiency, indicating a trade-off between the two dimensions of flexibility. Our result indicated that while the ISDP teams experienced and responded more extensively to business changes than technology changes, they were much less efficient in dealing with business changes than technology changes.
Flight Test Results of a Synthetic Vision Elevation Database Integrity Monitor

This paper discusses the flight test results of a real-time Digital Elevation Model (DEM) integrity monitor for Civil Aviation applications. Providing pilots with Synthetic Vision (SV) displays containing terrain information has the potential to improve flight safety by improving situational awareness and thereby reducing the likelihood of Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT). Utilization of DEMs, such as the digital terrain elevation data (DTED), requires a DEM integrity check and timely integrity alerts to the pilots when used for flight-critical terrain-displays, otherwise the DEM may provide hazardous misleading terrain information. The discussed integrity monitor checks the consistency between a terrain elevation profile synthesized from sensor information, and the profile given in the DEM. The synthesized profile is derived from DGPS and radar altimeter measurements. DEMs of various spatial resolutions are used to illustrate the dependency of the integrity monitor s performance on the DEMs spatial resolution. The paper will give a description of proposed integrity algorithms, the flight test setup, and the results of a flight test performed at the Ohio University airport and in the vicinity of Asheville, NC.
Determination of iodide in metabolic studies of 125I-labeled compounds.

Abstract Methods capable of measuring inorganic iodide in the presence of other highly polar metabolites were developed in support of studies concerning the metabolism of 126, I-labeled compounds. The methods included separation of iodine on a weakly basic resin paper followed by 7-counting, methyl iodide exchange, and reverse isotopic dilution.
Pathogenesis of nonimmune glomerulopathies.

AbstractNonimmune glomerulopathies are an area of significant research. This review discusses the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, with particular attention to the role of the podocyte in the initiation of glomerulosclerosis and the contribution to glomerulosclerosis from capillary hypertension and soluble factors such as transforming growth factor beta, platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and angiotensin. The effects of these factors on endothelial and mesangial cells are also discussed. In addition, we review our current understanding of the slit diaphragm (a specialized cell junction found in the kidney), slit diaphragm–associated proteins (including nephrin, podocin, α-actinin-4, CD2-associated protein, and transient receptor potential channel 6), and the role of these proteins in glomerular disease. We also discuss the most recent research on the pathogenesis of collapsing glomerulosclerosis, human immunodeficiency virus associated nephropathy, Denys-...
Response to Intervention: Applications for AAC in Preschool Settings

Abstract Educators were previously encouraged to use IQ-achievement discrepancy to identify children with learning disabilities. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA, 2...
The role of husbands' and wives' emotional expressivity in the marital relationship

The current investigation was designed to examine the role of positive and negative emotional expressivity in the marital relationship. Data from 58 married couples were used to assess spouses’ levels of emotional expressivity and how these levels predicted reports of marital functioning. Regression analyses indicated that positive emotional expressivity had limited influence on marital functioning. Negative expressivity, however, had a strong impact on marital love, conflict, and ambivalence. Post-hoc analyses revealed significant differences between pairings in which the husband was high in negative expressivity, irrespective of wives’ negative emotional expressivity, and pairings in which both partners were low in negative emotional expressivity. These findings are discussed with respect to previous research that suggests that wives’ emotional expressivity is the major determinant of marital functioning.
An efficient Chase decoder for turbo product codes

In this letter, we propose an efficient decoding algorithm for turbo product codes as introduced by Pyndiah. The proposed decoder has no performance degradation and reduces the complexity of the original decoder by an order of magnitude. We concentrate on extended Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquengem codes as the constituent row and column codes because of their already low implementation complexity. For these component codes, we observe that the weight and reliability factors can be fixed, and that there is no need for normalization. Furthermore, as opposed to previous efficient decoders, the newly proposed decoder naturally scales with a test-pattern parameter p that can change as a function of iteration number, i.e., the efficient Chase algorithm presented here uses conventionally ordered test patterns, and the syndromes, even parities, and extrinsic metrics are obtained with a minimum number of operations.
Fiber dispersion considerations with gigabit-speed optical ethernet access

IEEE's 802.3ah (Ethernet in the First Mile task force) is concentrating on a standard aimed at making optical access affordable and ubiquitous. Subscribers will be able to get 1 Gb/s bi- directional capacity to the central offices. This Gigabit passive optical network (PON) system implies the use of low-cost opto-electronics and standard single-mode fibers. Historically, dispersion of single-mode fibers in these systems has not been an issue due to the relatively low data rates and limited distance. However, for optical Ethernet access, distances up to 20 km and extended temperature ranges are being considered. Therefore, there are now system limitations due to various dispersion penalties. This paper explores the fundamental issues of dispersion and its impact on the access network from a statistical point of view.
A Closer Look at Assessment and Entrance Requirements: Implications for Recruitment and Retention of African American Special Educators

In light of the passage of the recent mandate for assessment and accountability measures, this article explores the potential impact of such policies and measures on efforts to recruit and retain African American and other ethnically diverse special education teachers. The recruitment and retention of African American teacher candidates is largely contingent upon the availability of aggressive recruitment and retention strategies and culturally responsive supports being provided in the area of assessment. A description of strategies that seem to offer promise for recruiting, retaining, and supporting African American and other diverse candidates in becoming special education teachers is provided. Recommendations and guidelines for institutions interested in establishing programs to recruit and retain diverse special education teachers are also offered. A preservice teacher who made excellent grades in all courses and performed exceptionally well in the K-12 classroom had difficulty achieving the Praxis sc...
The MEK inhibitor trametinib for the treatment of advanced melanoma

Introduction: Melanoma is the most aggressive of the cutaneous malignancies and caused over 35,000 deaths worldwide in 2013. Treatment options have been greatly expanded by the development of effective small-molecule inhibitors which target recurrent somatic mutations in melanoma (e.g., in BRAF and NRAS). Trametinib (GSK1120212) is an inhibitor of MEK1/2 which has received regulatory approval for the treatment of advanced BRAFV600-mutant melanoma. Trametinib has also demonstrated preclinical and early clinical activities as a single agent and in combination with other targeted therapies for melanoma with NRAS mutations in BRAF/NRAS wild-type melanoma.Areas covered: This article reviews melanoma genetics with a focus on MAPK signaling, and the preclinical and clinical evidence for treatment of melanoma with trametinib. The focus will be on a Phase III study of trametinib in BRAFV600-mutant melanoma, a Phase I/II study combining this agent with dabrafenib (a BRAF inhibitor) and most recently on a Phase III ...
Subband vector quantization of images using hexagonal filter banks

Results of psychophysical experiments on human vision conducted in the last three decades indicate that the eye performs a multichannel decomposition of the incident images. The paper presents a subband vector quantization algorithm that employs hexagonal filter banks. The hexagonal filter bank provides an image decomposition similar to what the eye is believed to do. Consequently, the image coder is able to make use of the properties of the human visual system and produce compressed images of high quality at low bit rates. A systematic approach is presented for optimal allocation of available bits among the subbands and also for the selection of the size of the vectors in each of the subbands. >
Electronic tuning of β-diketiminate ligands with fluorinated substituents: effects on the O2-reactivity of mononuclear Cu(I) complexes

Copper(I) complexes with the β-diketiminate ligands HC{C(R)N(Dipp)}{C(R′)N(Dipp)}− (Dipp = C6H3iPr2–2,6; L1, R = CF3, R′ = CH3; L2, R = R′ = CF3) have been isolated and fully characterized. On the basis of X-ray structural comparisons with the previously reported complex LCu(CH3CN) (L = HC{C(CH3)N(Dipp)}2−), the ligand environments at the copper centers in the analogous nitrile adducts with L1 and L2 impose similar steric demands. L1Cu(CH3CN) reacts instantaneously at low temperature with O2 to form a thermally-unstable intermediate with an isotope-sensitive vibration at 977 cm−1 (928 cm−1 with 18O2), in accord with the peroxo O–O stretch associated with side-on coordination for LCu(O2). However, L2Cu(CH3CN) is unreactive toward O2 even at room temperature. Evaluation of the redox potentials of the nitrile adducts and the CO stretching frequencies of the carbon monoxide adducts revealed an incremental adjustment of the electronic environment at the copper center that correlated with the extent of ligand fluorination. Furthermore, theoretical calculations (DFT, CASPT2) predicted that an increasing extent of Cu(II)–superoxo character and end-on coordination of the O2 moiety in the Cu/O2 product (L2 > L1 > L) are accompanied by increases in the free energy for the oxygenation reaction, with L2 unable to support a Cu/O2 intermediate. Calculations also predict the 1 : 1 Cu/O2 adducts to be unreactive with respect to hydrogen atom abstraction from hydrocarbon substrates on the basis of their stability towards both reduction and protonation.
Ethnic inclusion and exclusion: Managing the language of Hispanic integration in a rural community

This article is part of a larger qualitative project on the processes of Hispanic social integration in a rural Southern Illinois community. Findings indicate that Anglo insiders and outsiders desc...
Exploring the use of conditional random field models and HMMs for historical handwritten document recognition

In this paper we explore different approaches for improving the performance of dependency models on discrete features for handwriting recognition. Hidden Markov models have often been used for handwriting recognition. Conditional random fields (CRF's) allow for more general dependencies and we investigate their use. We believe that this is the first attempt at apply CRF's for handwriting recognition. We show that on the whole word recognition task, the CRF performs better than a HMM on a publicly available standard dataset of 20 pages of George Washington's manuscripts. The scale space for the whole word recognition task is large - almost 1200 states. To make CRF computation tractable we use beam search to make inference more efficient using three different approaches. Better improvement can be obtained using the HMM by directly smoothing the discrete features using the collection frequencies. This shows the importance of smoothing and also indicates the difficulty of training CRF's when large state spaces are involved.
Intellectual Property Rights and the Commodity Form: New Dimensions in the Legislated Transfer of Surplus Value

Intellectual property rights have become an integral part of the modern economy. This article analyzes some of the contradictions of intellectual property rights and suggests a direction for the integration of intellectual property into classical value theory.
Phenological differences in Tasseled Cap indices improve deciduous forest classification

Remote sensing needs to clarify the strengths of different methods so they can be consistently applied in forest management and ecology. Both the use of phenological information in satellite imagery and the use of vegetation indices have independently improved classifications of north temperate forests. Combining these sources of information in change detection has been effective for land cover classifications at the continental scale based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery. Our objective is to test if using vegetation indices and change analysis of multiseasonal imagery can also improve the classification accuracy of deciduous forests at the landscape scale. We used Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes that corresponded to Populus spp. leaf-on and Quercus spp. leaf-off (May), peak summer (August), Acer spp. peak color (September), Acer spp. and Populus spp. leaf-off (October). Input data files derived from the imagery were: (1) TM Bands 3, 4, and 5 from all dates; (2) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from all dates; (3) Tasseled Cap brightness, greenness, and wetness (BGW) from all dates; (4) difference in TM Bands 3, 4, and 5 from one date to the next; (5) difference in NDVI from one date to the next; and (6) difference in BGW from one date to the next. The overall kappa statistics (KHAT) for the aforementioned classifications of deciduous genera were 0.48, 0.36, 0.33, 0.38, 0.26, 0.43, respectively. The highest accuracies occurred from TM Bands 3, 4, and 5 (61.0% for deciduous genera, 67.8% for all classes) or from the difference in BGW (61.0% for deciduous genera, 67.8% for all classes). However, the difference in Tasseled Cap classification more accurately separated deciduous shrubs and harvested stands from closed canopy forest. Our results indicate that phenological change of forest is most accurately captured by combining image differencing and Tasseled Cap indices.
On the ability of phase transitions and viscosity layering to induce long wavelength heterogeneity in the mantle

The ability of phase transitions and a viscosity jump at 660 km depth to induce long-wavelength flow in the mantle is systematically investigated using three-dimensional numerical simulations of internally-heated convection at convective vigors (as indicated by the Rayleigh number Ra) ranging from mildly supercritical to greater than the Earth's current regime. Cases with neither a viscosity jump nor phase changes display a steadily decreasing wavelength with increasing Ra, as expected. Increasing the lower mantle viscosity by a factor of 30 induces significantly longer wavelengths, but the "reddening" effect decreases with increasing Ra' this is explained in large part by the decrease in effective Rayleigh number due to increasing the lower mantle viscosity. In contrast, the effect of phase transitions is minor at low Ra but increases sharply at geodynamically relevant Ra, potentially increasing the mean wavelength of thermal heterogeneity by factors of greater than 10. Conclusions regarding the relative importance of the two effects are thus highly dependent on Ra. The idea that an endothermic phase transition at 660 km depth is capable of inducing long wavelength flow in the mantle was first put forward by Tackley et al. (1993), based on a comparison of two simulations in three-dimensional (3-D), spherical-shell geometry. Recently, however, a more complete study of 100% internally-heated 3-D spherical convection (Bunge et al., 1996a, 1996b) indicated that in the parameter range studied, the spectral effect of the endothermic phase transition was quite minor in comparison to the effect of a 30- fold viscosity increase at that depth. The purpose of this paper is thus to examine these claims, comparing and contrasting the spectral "reddening" effects of a phase change and viscosity jump, and focusing in particular on how these scale with convective vigor, as indicated by the Rayleigh number (Ra). This study is performed by means of numerical simulations of 100% internally-heated convection in a Cartesian box, at Ra ranging from mildly supercritical to val- ues higher than that characterizing the current Earth's mantle. Model
Promyelinating Schwann Cells Express Tst-1/SCIP/Oct-6

Tst-1/SCIP/Oct-6, a POU domain transcription factor, is transiently expressed by developing Schwann cells and is required for their normal development into a myelinating phenotype. Intst-1/scip/oct-6–null sciatic nerves, Schwann cells are transiently arrested at the “promyelinating” stage, when they have a one-to-one relationship with an axon but before they have elaborated a myelin sheath. To determine when Schwann cells express Tst-1/SCIP/Oct-6, we examined β-galactosidase (β-gal) expression in heterozygous tst-1/scip/oct-6 mice, in which one copy of the tst-1/scip/oct-6 gene has been replaced with the LacZ gene. β-Gal expression from the LacZ gene seems to parallel Tst-1/SCIP/Oct-6 expression from the endogenoustst-1/scip/oct-6 gene in developing and regenerating sciatic nerves. Furthermore, electron microscopic examination of 5bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactopyranoside– (X-gal) and halogenated indolyl-β-d-galactoside– (Bluo-gal) stained nerves showed that promyelinating Schwann cells express the highest levels of β-gal, both in developing and in regenerating nerves. Thus, the expression of β-gal, a surrogate marker of Tst-1/SCIP/Oct-6, peaks at the same stage of Schwann cell development at which development is arrested intst-1/scip/oct-6–null mice, indicating that Tst-1/SCIP/Oct-6 has a critical role in promyelinating Schwann cells.
Critical Care Nurses’ Perceptions of Futile Care and Its Effect on Burnout

• BACKGROUND Nurses’ perceptions of futile care may lead to emotional exhaustion. • OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between critical care nurses’ perceptions of futile care and its effect on burnout. • METHODS A descriptive survey design was used with 60 critical care nurses who worked full-time and had a minimum of 1 year of critical care experience at the 2 participating hospitals (350-470 beds). Subjects completed a survey on demographics, the Moral Distress Scale, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Six research questions were tested. The results of the following question are presented: Is there a relationship between frequency of moral distress situations involving futile care and emotional exhaustion? • RESULTS A Pearson product moment correlational analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between the score on the emotional exhaustion subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the score on the frequency subscale of the Moral Distress Scale. Moral distress accounted for 10% of the variance in emotional exhaustion. Demographic variables of age, education, religion, and rotation between the critical care units were significantly related to the major variables. • CONCLUSIONS In critical care nurses, the frequency of moral distress situations that are perceived as futile or nonbeneficial to their patients has a significant relationship to the experience of emotional exhaustion, a main component of burnout. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2004;13:202-208)
Density matrix renormalization group algorithms for Y-junctions

Systems of Y-junctions are interesting both from a fundamental viewpoint and because of their potential use in nanoscale devices. These systems can be studied numerically with the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG), but existing algorithms are inefficient. Here, we introduce a much more efficient DMRG algorithm for Y-junction systems. As an example of the use of this method, we study $S=\frac{1}{2}$ bound states in Heisenberg $S=1$ junctions with two geometries, one where the junction consists of a single site, and the other where it consists of a triangle of three sites.
Ten Common Questions (and Their Answers) About Off-label Drug Use

The term off-label drug use (OLDU) is used extensively in the medical literature, continuing medical education exercises, and the media. Yet, we propose that many health care professionals have an underappreciation of its definition, prevalence, and implications. This article introduces and answers 10 questions regarding OLDU in an effort to clarify the practice's meaning, breadth of application, acceptance, and liabilities. Off-label drug use involves prescribing medications for indications, or using a dosage or dosage form, that have not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Since the Food and Drug Administration does not regulate the practice of medicine, OLDU has become common. It occurs in every specialty of medicine, but it may be more common in areas of medicine in which the patient population is less likely to be included in clinical trials (eg, pediatric, pregnant, or psychiatric patients). Pharmaceutical companies are not allowed to promote their medications for an off-label use, which has lead to several large settlements for illegal marketing. To limit liability, physicians should prescribe medications only for indications that they believe are in the best interest of the patient. In addition, health care professionals should educate themselves about OLDU to weigh the risks and benefits and provide the best possible care for their patients.
Rethinking Financial Capitalism and the "Information" Economy

This talk examines the popular idea that “economic growth” can continue indefinitely in post-industrial capitalist economies through the shift of labor to “service” sectors, particularly finance an...
Androgen Insensitivity Due to Mutations of the Androgen Receptor

Abstract Androgens are critical to the normal developmental processes in vertebrates, affecting the development of the normal male phenotype during embryogenesis and regulating a range of processes in adults. In normal development, the actions of two related steroids, testosterone and 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), are required for the development of the normal male phenotype. These steroid hormones bind to and modulate the activity of the androgen receptor (AR), a member of the steroid hormone receptor family that is encoded on the X-chromosome. The cloning of the human AR and the analysis of the AR genes of patients with various forms of androgen insensitivity have permitted numerous investigations that have yielded a wealth of information about the types of alterations of the AR gene that result in clinically evident alterations of AR function.
Pathologische Anatomie der weiblichen Urethra

Die Harnrohre entsteht aus der Kloake. Diese ist das blinde Ende der Darmlanlage, das sich in den Allantoisstiel fortsetzt. Die Wolf sehen Gange, als primare Harnleiter, munden in die Kloake, wo sich der Allantoisstiel zur Harnblasenanlage ausweitet. Der Abschlus der Kloake wird durch die Kloakenmembran gebildet, welche aus unmittelbar auf einander liegenden, schwer unterscheidbaren Lagen von Entoderm und Ektoderm bestehen. Beim hoheren Saugetier und Menschen wachst von cranial nach caudal eine frontale Scheidewand, das Septum uro-rectale, und teilt diese in eine Anal- und eine Urogenitalmembran. Das Septum Uro-rectale erreicht die Kloakenmembran beim etwa 15 mm langen Keimling. Aus dem ventralen Teil der Kloake entsteht dadurch der Sinus urogenitalis. Um die Anal- und Urogenitalmembran bildet sich eine Vor Wolbung, die sich in dorso-ventraler Richtung streckt. Dadurch entsteht der Genitalhocker und der Analhocker, zwischen denen sich die Geschlechtsfalten ausstrecken. Die Urogenitalmembran verdickt sich zur Urethralplatte. Durch Ruckbildung der dorsalen Abschnitte der Urogenitalmembran entsteht die Fissura uro-genitalis. Ventral davon vertieft sich die Urethralplatte zur Urethralfurche. Fur die weitere Ausgestaltung der Harnrohre ist das Langenwachstum der Blase von Bedeutung. Besonders eindrucklich ist dieses im Gebiet zwischen Ureterknospe, ursprunglich einer Ausstulpung des Wolf sehen Ganges, und dem Wolf sehen Gang. Aus diesem Auseinanderrucken entsteht das Blasentrigonum.