cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microtubule-dependent regulation of mitotic protein degradation

Accurate cell division depends on tightly regulated ubiquitylation events catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C). Among its many substrates, the APC/C triggers the degradation of proteins that stabilize the mitotic spindle, and loss or accumulation of such spindle assembly factors can result in aneuploidy and cancer. Although critical for cell division, it has remained poorly understood how the timing of spindle assembly factor degradation is established during mitosis. Here, we report that active spindle assembly factors are protected from APC/C-dependent degradation by microtubules. In contrast, those molecules that are not bound to microtubules are highly susceptible to proteolysis and turned over immediately after APC/C activation. The correct timing of spindle assembly factor degradation, as achieved by this regulatory circuit, is required for accurate spindle structure and function. We propose that the localized stabilization of APC/C substrates provides a mechanism for the selective disposal of cell-cycle regulators that have fulfilled their mitotic roles.
Preparation and Characterization of a Uniformly 2H/15N-Labeled RNA Oligonucleotide for NMR Studies

An RNA oligonucleotide that contains the binding site for Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S8 was prepared with uniform 15N isotopic enrichment and uniform deuterium enrichment at all non-exchangeable sites using enzymatic methods. The RNA binding site, which contains 44 nt, forms a hairpin in solution and requires Mg2+for proper folding. The longitudinal magnetization recovery rates of the exchangeable protons were compared for the [2H,15N]-enriched RNA molecule and for the corresponding fully [2H,15N]-enriched RNA hairpin. It was found that 1H-1H dipolar relaxation significantly contributes to the recovery of exchangeable proton longitudinal magnetization. The exchangeable proton resonance line widths were less affected by deuteration, indicating that chemical exchange with H2O remains the dominant mechanism of transverse magnetization relaxation. Nevertheless, deuteration of this RNA hairpin was found to enhance the sensitivity of NOE-based experiments relative to the fully protonated hairpin and to simplify 2D NMR spectra. The increased signal-to-noise ratio facilitated the assignment of the cytidine amino resonances and several of the purine nucleotide amino resonances and permitted the identification of NOE crosspeaks that could not be observed in spectra of the fully protonated RNA hairpin.
Resistive switching in zinc–tin-oxide

Abstract Bipolar resistive switching is demonstrated in the amorphous oxide semiconductor zinc–tin-oxide (ZTO). A gradual forming process produces improved switching uniformity. Al/ZTO/Pt crossbar devices show switching ratios greater than 10 3 , long retention times, and good endurance. The resistive switching in these devices is consistent with a combined filamentary/interfacial mechanism. Overall, ZTO shows great potential as a low cost material for embedding memristive memory with thin film transistor logic for large area electronics.
Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Implications on Cardiovascular Disease

Vitamin D is widely known for its important role in bone health. More recent evidence suggests that vitamin D may also play a protective role in many chronic conditions, including cancer, autoimmune, kidney, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Observational studies have associated low vitamin D levels with CVD risk factors, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, as well as with cardiovascular events, including stroke, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure. Much less evidence is available from clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation. It remains to be determined whether the vitamin D–CVD relationship is causal, and what dosing of vitamin D supplementation would be adequate for prevention. Large-scale randomized controlled trials with adequate vitamin D dosing are needed before treatment strategies can be implemented. The purpose of this article is to review the scientific evidence linking vitamin D deficiency with CVD, including explanations of potential biologic mechanisms.
Phytochrome and protein phosphorylation.

— The molecular mode of signal transduction triggered by phytochrome is unknown. One characteristic structural/topographic feature of the physiologically active form (Pfr) of phytochrome is that its tetrapyrrole chromophore becomes preferentially exposed in the Pfr form (compared to the Pr form). Phytochrome in its Pfr form appears to affect phosphorylation of cellular proteins. The literature on the phytochrome-mediated protein phosphorylation has been reviewed in an attempt to search for the role of the chromophore topography of phytochrome in the signal transduction process. In order to initiate a dephosphorylation-phosphorylation cascade as a possible step for the signal transduction, it may interact with a cellular protein kinase to inhibit its activity. This hypothesis has been reviewed with results from phosphorylation inhibition assays by the Pfr form of phytochrome and in light of the inhibition of protein kinase activity by tetrapyrroles in general.
Ensemble Calibration of 500-hPa Geopotential Height and 850-hPa and 2-m Temperatures Using Reforecasts

Abstract An examination of the benefits of ensemble forecast calibration was performed for three variables: 500-hPa geopotential height (Z500), 850-hPa temperature (T850), and 2-m temperature (T2M). A large reforecast dataset was used for the calibration. Two calibration methods were examined: a correction for a gross bias in the forecast and an analog method that implicitly adjusted for bias, spread, and applied a downscaling where appropriate. The characteristics of probabilistic forecasts from the raw ensemble were also considered. Forecasts were evaluated using rank histograms and the continuous ranked probability skill score. T2M rank histograms showed a high population of extreme ranks at all leads, and a correction for model bias alleviated this only slightly. The extreme ranks of Z500 rank histograms were slightly underpopulated at short leads, though slightly overpopulated at longer leads. T850 had characteristics in between those of T2M and Z500. Accordingly, Z500 was the most skillful variable ...
FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE AND POSITIVE HEALTH PRACTICES IN YOUNG ADULTS: AN EXTENSION

A sample of 69 young adults attending a public university responded to the Future Time Perspective Inventory, two subscales of the Time Experience Scales (Fast and Slow Tempo), and the Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire in classroom settings. A statistically significant correlation (.52) was found between scores for future time perspective and the ratings for the practice of positive health behaviors in young adults. This correlation was larger than those previously found for middle and late adolescents. Scores on subscales of individual health practices and future time perspective indicated statistically significant correlations for five (.25 to .56) of the six subscales. Scores on neither Fast nor Slow Tempo were related to ratings of positive health practices or ratings on subscales measuring positive health practices.
Symptomatic volunteers in depression research: a closer look.

Abstract Seventy-nine carefully screened volunteers were compared with 46 clinically referred outpatient primary depressives to assess the validity of use of symptomatic volunteers in research on depression. Overall, symptomatic and clinical referral samples were similar on the majority of demographic and symptomatic variables, although volunteers were less likely to be single, had slightly lower Hamilton scores, less self-reported anxiety, and a longer index episode of depression. Symptomatic volunteer and clinical referral groups had a similar prevalence of endogenous depression by either RDC of DSM-III criteria. Results in 60 patients treated with amitriptyline indicated that both groups were comparable with respect to overall dropout rate, side-effect attrition, dosage of amitriptyline received, and clinical response. Only the proportion of patients who dropped out between completion of assessment and initiation of treatment significantly differed between groups (symptomatic volunteers=19%; clinical referrals=0%; p
Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Macroscopic Vascular Invasion

Background Survival for Child’s A patients with hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and macroscopic vascular invasion (MVI) has been reported as approximately 8.1 months with sorafenib. The role of surgery for these patients remains controversial.
Current readings: Endoesophageal management of early esophageal cancer and dysplastic barrett esophagus: a review of recent and influential studies.

DURABILITY OF RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION IN BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS WITH DYSPLASIA. Shaheen NJ, Bergein FO, Richard ES, et al. Gastroenterology 141(2):460-469, 2011. After multiple studies revealed that radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of Barrett esophagus (BE) with dysplasia was safe in selected cases, this randomized trial provided evidence that RFA is efficacious and durable in eradicating dysplastic BE. This trial is an extension of a previous study that documented excellent short-term results and sought to examine the long-term rates of pathologic eradication associated with RFA (compared with sham treatment) in patients with dysplastic BE. The extended follow-up is crucial to further validate that RFA can be used successfully to treat dysplastic BE without significant recurrences. In this randomized multisite trial, participants were recruited based on inclusion criteria that included age 18-80, endoscopically evident (nonnodular) BE, and length of BE o8 cm. Patients with esophageal cancer (EC) or poor life expectancy were excluded. Subjects were randomized to RFA or sham treatment at 2:1 ratio and received endoscopy with biopsy and treatment (or sham treatment) at 6 and 12 months (low-grade dysplasia arm), or 3, 6, 9, and 12 months (highgrade dysplasia [HGD] arm). After completion of the 12-month assessment, patients in the sham group were offered crossover to “open-label” RFA therapy. A total of 127 patients met the inclusion criteria and were randomized according to the study protocol (84 RFA, 43 sham). Of them, 117 (78 RFA, 39
Gibbs free-energy barrier against irreversible magnetic flux entry into a superconductor

We have calculated the Gibbs free-energy barrier against irreversible magnetic flux entry into a superconductor for a long cylinder with elliptical cross section which approximates a long, flat strip. Our model is simplified to the two-dimensional case by assuming magnetic flux to enter in the form of a long, narrow, normal domain parallel to the axis of the cylinder. The following four contributions to the Gibbs free energy have been taken into account: (1) loss of condensation energy and gain of magnetic field energy inside the superconductor, (2) magnetic field energy outside the superconductor, (3) energy of interaction of the domain with an applied magnetic field, and (4) energy of interaction with an applied electrical transport current. Because of the Gibbs free-energy barrier, the critical magnetic field for entry of magnetic flux can be enhanced considerably above that calculated using Silsbee's rule. This enhancement is found to be proportional to the square root of the width of the superconducting cylinder. Important consequences of this are the enhancement of the critical current in a superconducting strip in zero magnetic field at which electrical resistance starts to appear and a corresponding modification of Silsbee's rule. We have demonstrated these effects experimentally through measurements of the onset of the current-induced resistive state in a series of superconducting indium strips of different widths and thicknesses. The experimental results confirm the theoretical predictions. The Gibbs free-energy-barrier effect described here can be interpreted as a novel flux-pinning mechanism, which might be called edge pinning.
Computational humanities: the new challenge for VR

The Virtual Reality Applications Center at Iowa State University has been applying VR to the arts and humanities for many years. Our multidisciplinary research began in the area of virtual heritage, reconstructing historical locations and creating compelling artistic environments such as Nexus. Our work is evolving toward environments that accurately represent a particular location and include the activities that took place into that location. As we move in that direction, we are facing exciting challenges that renew our enthusiasm in VR. This article reflects our experiences integrating VR into the area of computational humanities.
Profit Seeking vs. Survival Seeking: An Analytical Study of Supplier's Behavior and Buyer's Subsidy Strategy

Supplier default is common in emerging markets. Suppliers under the threat of default have different objectives from profit-seeking companies. This paper analytically tests how profit-seeking or survival-seeking behavior, single-period or two-period consideration, and buyer's subsidy influence the supplier's and buyer's final utilities. The results show that under single-period consideration, the supplier's survival-seeking strategy in fact drives more start-ups or small suppliers out of business when the competition becomes severe; under two-period consideration, no matter which strategy (profit-seeking or survival-seeking) the supplier selects, the second-period price and profit are always higher than those of the first period. Furthermore, we find that providing subsidy is an effective way for buyer to keep suppliers’ competition at a certain level on the behalf of buyer's interest. By numerically estimating the benefits associated with the cost of subsidy, we provide a basis for understanding the cost–benefit analysis of buyer's subsidy strategy.
The splicing activator DAZAP1 integrates splicing control into MEK/Erk-regulated cell proliferation and migration

Alternative splicing of pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) is a critical stage of gene regulation in response to environmental stimuli. Here we show that DAZAP1, an RNA-binding protein involved in mammalian development and spermatogenesis, promotes inclusion of weak exons through specific recognition of diverse cis-elements. The carboxy-terminal proline-rich domain of DAZAP1 interacts with and neutralizes general splicing inhibitors, and is sufficient to activate splicing when recruited to pre-mRNA. This domain is phosphorylated by the MEK/Erk (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) pathway and this modification is essential for the splicing regulatory activity and the nuclear/cytoplasmic translocation of DAZAP1. Using mRNA-seq, we identify endogenous splicing events regulated by DAZAP1, many of which are involved in maintaining cell growth. Knockdown or over-expression of DAZAP1 causes a cell proliferation defect. Taken together, these studies reveal a molecular mechanism that integrates splicing control into MEK/Erk-regulated cell proliferation.
Growth and nutritional response of hardwood seedlings to controlled-release fertilization at outplanting

Hardwood bareroot seedlings typically undergo transplant shock immediately following afforestation planting associated with moisture or nutrient stress. Broadcast field fertilization at outplanting with readily available nutrients has shown limited capacity to reduce nutrient stresses. Furthermore, the rapid nutrient release characteristic of broadcast fertilization leads to high levels of nutrient leaching and may stimulate growth of competing vegetation more than target trees. Application of controlledrelease fertilizer (CRF) in the outplanting hole could be a useful alternative to help improve fertilizer use efficiency and alleviate competition problems associated with broadcast fertilization, thereby promoting early regeneration success of outplanted seedlings. We tested growth and nutritional response of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) to 6 rates (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 g plant � 1 ) of polymer-coated CRF applied to the root zone at outplanting in southern Indiana, USA. Fertilizer release was evenly distributed between years 1 and 2. Seedling survival was above 85% for all treatments. Compared to non-fertilized seedlings, the 60 g seedling � 1 rate accelerated mean height and root-collar diameter (RCD) growth by 52 and 33% in year 1 and 17 and 21% in year 2. Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) uptake were increased 40 and 30% at the 60 g rate compared with controls. Height and RCD growth were greater by 543 and 200% in white ash and 300 and 233% in yellow-poplar, relative to black walnut. Uptake of N and K was increased by 79 and 22% in yellow-poplar and 93 and 56% in white ash, compared to black walnut. Results suggest CRF has potential to improve early establishment success of hardwood afforestation plantings. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Current and future management of diabetic retinopathy: a personalized evidence-based approach

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of new-onset blindness in working-age individuals in the USA and represents a growing worldwide epidemic. Classic risk factors for onset or progression of DR include poor glycemic control, hypertension and hyperlipidemia; however, these factors account for only a small proportion of the risk of DR. New systemic risk factors are emerging, which may allow for personalized risk profiling and targeted treatment by physicians. In addition, early studies of vitreous fluid in patients with DR have resulted in a new paradigm: diabetes causes inflammation in the retina, which is mediated by multiple small signaling molecules that induce angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Future treatment of DR may involve two approaches: early vitreous analysis, followed by drug treatment targeted to the unique vitreous composition of the patient; and collaboration between ophthalmologists and primary care providers to address the unique systemic risk profile of each diabetic patient.
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Conditions, Built Environments, And Childhood Obesity

We examine the impact of neighborhood socioeconomic conditions and "built environments" on obesity and overweight prevalence among U.S. children and adolescents using the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health. The odds of a child's being obese or overweight were 20-60 percent higher among children in neighborhoods with the most unfavorable social conditions such as unsafe surroundings; poor housing; and no access to sidewalks, parks, and recreation centers than among children not facing such conditions. The effects were much greater for females and younger children; for example, girls ages 10-11 were two to four times more likely than their counterparts from more favorable neighborhoods to be overweight or obese. Our findings can contribute to policy decisions aimed at reducing health inequalities and promoting obesity prevention efforts such as community-based physical activity and healthy diet initiatives.
Processing‐Related Fracture Origins: I, Observations in Sintered and Isostatically Hot‐Pressed A12O3/ZrO2 Composites

Strengths of sintered Al2O3/ZrO2 composites are much lower than those of hot-pressed composites due to large flaws associated with the sintering process. Fractography has shown that cracklike internal surfaces are at the fracture origins of the sintered materials. It is hypothesized that the cracklike internal surfaces are developed as a result of differential sintering of agglomerates relative to their surrounding powder compact. Isostatic hot-pressing of the sintered composites quickly eliminated the cracklike internal surface. Flaws responsible for fracture of the isostatically hot-pressed composites were low-density regions that are not as easily eliminated.
Fibromyalgia: A Critical and Comprehensive Review

Fibromyalgia is a disorder that is part of a spectrum of syndromes that lack precise classification. It is often considered as part of the global overview of functional somatic syndromes that are otherwise medically unexplained or part of a somatization disorder. Patients with fibromyalgia share symptoms with other functional somatic problems, including issues of myalgias, arthralgias, fatigue and sleep disturbances. Indeed, there is often diagnostic and classification overlap for the case definitions of a variety of somatization disorders. Fibromyalgia, however, is a critically important syndrome for physicians and scientists to be aware of. Patients should be taken very seriously and provided optimal care. Although inflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune disorders have all been ascribed to be etiological events in the development of fibromyalgia, there is very little data to support such a thesis. Many of these disorders are associated with depression and anxiety and may even be part of what has been sometimes called affected spectrum disorders. There is no evidence that physical trauma, i.e., automobile accidents, is associated with the development or exacerbation of fibromyalgia. Treatment should be placed on education, patient support, physical therapy, nutrition, and exercise, including the use of drugs that are approved for the treatment of fibromyalgia. Treatment should not include opiates and patients should not become poly pharmacies in which the treatment itself can lead to significant morbidities. Patients with fibromyalgia are living and not dying of this disorder and positive outlooks and family support are key elements in the management of patients.
NBS specular reflectometer–spectrophotometer

A specular reflectometer has been constructed and tested for calibrating the reflectance of mirror standards over the 250-2500-nm spectral range. This instrument is a measurement accessory to a reference spectrophotometer, which is also used for diffuse hemispherical spectral reflectance and 45 degrees /0 degrees spectral reflectance. The specular reflectometer is designed to measure mirror reflectances at angles of incidence between 5 and 80 degrees using both vertically and horizontally polarized radiation. Absolute reflectance measurements are obtained by an optical system, which provides for direct measurement of the incident beam and for the sample mirror reflectance using the same beam. This is accomplished by means of a beam tracking system through which the beam is directed into a signal averaging sphere. The sphere rotates with the beam tracking optics, and the stationary detector views the interior of the sphere. Control of the beam tracking optical system is accomplished by a computer-controlled stepping-motor-driven precision turntable. Uncertainties of the reflectance measurements obtained with this system are estimated to be +/-0.2% of the measured value.
A Chebyshev collocation method for computing the eigenvalues of the Laplacian

Chebyshev collocation techniques are developed in this paper to compute the eigenvalues of the Laplacian based on a boundary integral formulation for two-dimensional domains with piecewise smooth boundaries. Unlike the traditional domain methods (for example, the finite element method) which discretizes the eigenfunctions on the two-dimensional domain, only a one-dimensional function defined on the boundary is discretized. Global expansions in terms of Chebyshev polynomials are used in each smooth piece of the boundary to solve the integral equation. Comparing with the boundary element method, this method obtains higher accuracy for a smaller discretized matrix. Finally, an efficient algorithm for generating the discretized matrix (say, n × n) is developed that requires only O(n2 log n) operations.
Hedgehog signaling is required for the differentiation of ES cells into neurectoderm

Mouse embryonic stem cells can differentiate in vitro into cells of the nervous system, neurons and glia. This differentiation mimics stages observed in vivo, including the generation of primitive ectoderm and neurectoderm in embryoid body culture. We demonstrate here that embryonic stem cell lines mutant for components of the Hedgehog signaling cascade are deficient at generating neurectoderm-containing embryoid bodies. The embryoid bodies derived from mutant cells are also unable to respond to retinoic acid treatment by producing nestin-positive neural stem cells, a response observed in cultures of heterozygous cells, and contain cores apparently arrested at the primitive ectoderm stage. The mutant cultures are also deficient in their capacity to differentiate into mature neurons and glia. These data are consistent with a role for Hedgehog signaling in generating neurectoderm capable of producing the appropriate neuronal and glial progenitors in ES cell culture.
Indirect and Direct Estimates of Gill-Net Size Selectivity for Northern Pike

Abstract Size biases in gill-net sampling of populations of northern pike Esox lucius were described with indirect and direct estimates of gill-net selectivity. In deriving indirect estimates of selectivity, length distributions of northern pike retained in gill nets of five different mesh sizes were compared, and swimming performance relative to body length was used as a measure of the rate at which northern pike encounter gill nets. Selectivity was estimated directly by trapping and marking fish, and then recapturing the fish by gill netting. Indirect estimates showed that gill nets were most effective for retaining northern pike when fish length/mesh perimeter ratio was between 3.5 and 3.7. A generalized gamma function was used to model retention in the gill nets. The length structure of the northern pike population in a small lake was closely predicted when our indirect measure of selectivity was used to correct gill-net catches. Direct estimates of selectivity for all five meshes combined showed incr...
Pilgrimage, Religious Institutions, and the Construction of Orthodoxy

In this article, I analyze support for religiously orthodox teachings among U.S. Catholic laity. I find orthodoxy to be positively correlated with religious experience. While most Catholics disagree with official teachings regarding contraception and the celibate priesthood, a significant minority endorse these orthodox positions. In analyses of a national sample of U.S. Catholics, orthodox attitudes are found to be more common among those who have been on a religious pilgrimage. The finding is interpreted using concepts from Durkheim’s sociology of religion, Stark and Finke’s claims about the relationship between religious ritual and acceptance of religious explanations, and Wildavsky’s theory that preferences are endogenous to institutions. Building on these analyses, I address a question about the structural consequences of pilgrimage, and conclude with a call for further quantitative research about pilgrims’ experiences. During the second half of the 20th century, lay Catholic social attitudes became increasingly similar to the attitudes of the American public at large (Hoge 1986). While official church teachings counter several trends in the broader culture, support of official Church positions is clearly not universal
Adherence of Candida albicans to Human Vaginal and Buccal Epithelial Cells

Factors that may influence adherence of Candida albicans to exfoliated human vaginal and buccal epithelial cells were studied in vitro. Factors that enhanced germination enhanced adherence. Heat-killed, germinated Candida organisms demonstrated poorer adherence than viable Candida organisms and no better adherence than nonviable, ungerminated Candida organisms. The difference between adherence of C. albicans to buccal epithelial cells and that to vaginal epithelial cells was significant, as were differences among volunteers. Preincubation in fucose but not mannose, glucose or galactose solutions, preincubation of germinated yeast or of epithelial cells in chymotrypsin or trypsin, a culture supernatant of germinated yeast killed by ultraviolet light, or precoating of epithelial cells with lactobacilli each inhibited adherence. These studies indicate that adherence of C. albicans is enhanced by a surface component of germinated yeast, probably a surface protein that binds to the epithelial receptor, possibly a glycoprotein.
Factorial and Item-Level Invariance of an Emotional Intelligence Scale Across Groups of International Students

This study examined the factorial and item-level invariance of Wong and Law’s emotional intelligence scale (WLEIS) in a sample of 375 international students in U.S. universities. Confirmatory facto...
Hemostasis in the Neonate

The coagulation system is finely tuned to arrest bleeding at the site of vascular injury and quickly remove clots that obstruct blood flow. In the fetus, components of the coagulation system show unique developmentally regulated patterns and times for maturation to normal adult protein quantities and functions. In addition, several coagulation proteins contribute to cellular proliferation and differentiation uniquely during fetal life. In spite of this, results of most screening tests of hemostasis vary modestly from adult normal values in the healthy term infant, and both hemorrhage and thrombosis are rare in the well infant.
The Forgotten Foundations of Hart and Sacks

The set of teaching materials known as The Legal Process continue to exert tremendous influence over mainstream public-law scholarship. Developed by Harvard Law Professors Henry M. Hart, Jr. and Albert M. Sacks in the late 1950s, those materials formed the cornerstone of the legal education of generations of lawyers, judges, and legal scholars. In part for that reason, the methods of legal interpretation and institutional analysis they articulated arguably still constitute the reigning paradigm of scholarship in the areas of statutory interpretation, federal courts, and administrative law.Despite their pervasive influence, however, the philosophical and jurisprudential foundations of The Legal Process are poorly understood. The standard historical account of the text denies any such foundations exist, characterizing it instead as an effort by its editors to respond to the skeptical threat of Legal Realism by advancing an “instrumentalist” or “neutral” theory of law that denied the need for, or value of, any deeper philosophical justification. Though originally offered as a critique of the approach embodied in the teaching materials, that account has been accepted even by those working within the Legal Process framework.That acceptance is surprising and troubling, because the standard historical account is deeply mistaken. In the first chapter of The Legal Process, the editors consciously advance controversial positions on the nature of morality, law, and legal knowledge. And if one looks carefully at those positions and the sources the editors rely on in staking them out, one can see that they were trying to construct a model of legal practice and scholarship based on the metaphysical and epistemological doctrines of one strand of philosophical pragmatism. Understanding such philosophical commitments not only enables us to better explain how Hart and Sacks took themselves to be responding to Legal Realism, but also forces us to consider how more recent efforts to ground legal practice fare in comparison.
Approaches to Accessing Essential Medicine and the TRIPS Agreement

This article assesses the approaches to resolving the access to medicine problem. Access and affordability of drugs that fight malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS is greatly diminished in poverty stricken areas such as sub-Saharan Africa where less than 17 percent of those in need of the life-extending medicine have access to them. In order to provide greater access, a fundamental question must address the efficacy of protecting patent rights for pharmaceutical companies under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).This article argues that the future of the access to medicine problem depends on how well the tensions in the TRIPS Agreement are negotiated and mediated. The TRIPS Agreement is based on competing visions of private rights for drug manufacturers and public policy oriented patents rights. Balancing these interests will be paramount in crafting suitable rules for ensuring access to life saving medicines.
CHROMATOGRAPHY OF LIPIDS ON COMMERCIAL SILICA GEL LOADED FILTER PAPER.

Commercial silica gel loaded filter paper has been found to give good separations of neutral lipids and phospholipids. Unidimensional or two-dimensional chromatography can be used. Rat liver lipids and C14-algae lipids were studied. An advantage over thin-layer chromatography is that several spot tests can be applied on the same chromatogram.
Ethnocentrism and Consumer Ethnocentrism (CETT): The Role or Perceived Threat and Social Capital

For over a century, ethnocentrism has been studied by sociologists and psychologists in terms of people viewing the groups to which they belong as providing the right points of reference, and deviations by out-group members from in-group standards as being inferior. For nearly a quarter century, the concept has been applied in the marketing literature as consumer ethnocentrism (CET), a condition among consumers who view the purchase of foreign-made products as inappropriate or even morally wrong, at least for product categories where domestic alternatives are available. The CET literature has tended to characterize the in-group as being one’s own country, in contrast to the sociological / psychological literature, in which any group to which a person belongs may be the in-group. Antecedents, components and consequences of CET have been addressed extensively in the literature.
Examining Protective Factors Against Violence among High-risk Youth: Findings from the Seattle Social Development Project.

Abstract Purpose This paper examined proximal and distal effects of protective factors specified in the social development model (SDM) on youth violence among high-risk youth. Methods Data come from the Seattle Social Development Project, a longitudinal study of development from childhood into adulthood. A community sample of 808 participants from the Seattle Public School District was surveyed from the 5th grade through adulthood. This paper uses data from participants' adolescent years, ages 10–18. Results Higher levels of protective factors in early and middle adolescence reduced the odds of violence during late adolescence in the full sample and in two different risk groups (high cumulative risk and low SES). Although risk exposure increased the odds of violence, protective factors in middle adolescence predicted lower odds of violence during late adolescence. Importantly, protective factors had a greater effect in reducing violence among youth exposed to high levels of cumulative risk than among youth exposed to lower levels of cumulative risk. This difference was not observed between youth from higher and lower SES families. Conclusion Protective factors specified in the SDM appear to reduce violence in late adolescence even among youth from low SES families and youth exposed to high levels of cumulative risk.
Specific Polysaccharide as Cutaneous Test for Evaluation of Serum Therapy in Influenza Bacillus Meningitis

SummaryPositive immediate skin reactions to the specific polysaccharide may be obtained in patients with influenza bacillus meningitis and in normal individuals following the administration of anti-H. influenzae rabbit serum in amounts sufficient to establish an excess antibody concentration in the blood. The test is proposed for further investigation as a simple clinical method of evaluating the adequacy of serotherapy.The authors gratefully acknowledge the suggestions and encouragement of Drs. J. A. V. Davies and L. D. Fothergill.
Invisible actors Web application programming interfaces, television, and social media

This article focuses on the role web application programming interfaces (APIs) play in the television (TV) industry’s social media efforts. Web APIs are coding interfaces that allow different datab...
Is angiogenesis inhibition the Holy Grail of cancer therapy

Over the last several decades, oncology research and cancer treatment have concentrated primarily on the cancer cells. Unfortunately, despite the intensive quest to find new and more effective compounds for chemotherapy, the survival rate of patients has not significantly changed. In 1971 Judah Folkman proposed that a solid tumor cannot grow without inducing angiogenesis. Intensive search for molecules blocking the formation of a tumor-nourishing capillary network has identified several promising agents in experimental models. Some of these angiogenesis inhibitors are in clinical trials, but a clear statement about the efficacy cannot be made yet. What are the current trends in angiogenesis research? What areas should we intensively investigate? Can we find the Holy Grail of cancer therapy in the years to come in order to stop the ineffable suffering of millions of cancer patients?
Expectancy influence on self-reported experience during alpha feedback training: subject and situational factors.

From a screening questionnaire, 12 subjects indicating some prior “knowledge” of alpha training (but no actual biofeedback training experience) and 12 subjects lacking such prior “knowledge” were selected for two 30-minute feedback sessions, one providing an opportunity to enhance and the other to suppress EEG alpha. Written self-reports of experiential state were independently rated by two judges on a five-point scale (Walsh, 1974) according to the degree to which they approximated alleged alpha vs. nonalpha experiences. These self-reports indicated that only the subjects expressing prior “knowledge” were able to differentiate between the enhancement and suppression sessions. A second study explored whether “knowledgeable” subjects (presumably those with positive expectancies) could make a similar differentiation when their expectancies regarding the type of feedback they would receive were manipulated. Twenty subjects received enhancement and 20 others received suppression feedback for four 40-minute sessions. Within each of these groups, 10 subjects were led to believe they enhanced alpha, and 10 were told they suppressed alpha. Half the subjects, therefore, believed they were attempting to change alpha in a direction opposite that of their actual task. Both actual and expected direction of alpha change significantly affected self-reports in the expected direction. Seemingly, situational expectancy alone was not sufficient to account for the actual feedback effects in the “knowledgeable” subjects. It is not entirely clear whether the “alpha-related” experiences reported by these “knowledgeable” subjects were responses to internal (i.e., physiologic state) or subtle external cues.
Failure Diagnosis in Rotory Dynamic Systems Based on Finite Element Prediction Model

Machinery such as steam turbines, compressors, and generators are rotating machines. Over the years these machines have become very complex, due to the increased need for higher speed rotating machinery. Overtime these machines develop excessive dynamic stresses if they are ran at speeds near to their natural frequencies or under abnormal operating conditions. Many technological advances in the aerospace and automotive industries can be held accountable for these faster speeds. Currently, machinery diagnostics is being used to monitor rotating machinery and determine their condition while in operation. To determine how a system will behave under certain operation conditions, a physics-based model of the system can be modeled and analyzed using finite element analysis. These results will provide stress, deformation, flexibility, stiffness, and vibration characteristics of the system. These results can show where the critical points are on the system and how the system’s load is distributed. By using finite element techniques engineers can simulate the behavior of the system under different loading conditions, which can justify the selection of a particular design alternative, and ultimately save time and money. This paper discusses our technical approach used to develop a physics-based model of a rotor dynamic system and discusses results of this research effort.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
What Hume Should Have Said to Descartes

Hume and Descartes, arguably the most important figures in modern philosophy, disagreed on everything fundamental save one: that human motivation is divided between two quite different and non-overlapping sources — the mind and the body — and that each of these contributes something very different to behavior. This particular doctrine is deeply rooted in Descartes’ mechanistic philosophy. (Still, while they agreed on the core doctrine, they diverged in important details — with Hume being especially unwilling to attribute much in the way of real control over behavior to Reason.) In not countering Descartes on this important idea about motivation, Hume unwittingly conspired to create a dogma — a doctrine handed down unopposed by a competitor into the next generation’s philosophical legacy. And this is rather unfortunate. Only Hume — or, at any rate, someone coming from his angle on things — could have helped to provide his posterity with philosophical substance that counters the mechanistic option. (And if we are ever to climb out of the mechanistic hole, we will have to invent an anti-mechanistic philosophy that has little or no continuity with others in its immediate history.) The moral is that philosophy adds real value when it is able to provide, in an uninterrupted way, foundations for a variety of different perspectives on a fundamental question — or at any rate, to keep received options alive. Philosophy can, in this way, prevent ossification of opinion into dogma. Because Hume did not provide a counter to Descartes on this particular occasion, one that might have drawn on ideas we find in the ancients (Plato or Aristotle), science has paid an enormous price.
TREATMENT FOR NAUSEA OF PREGNANCY.

Psychologic factors such as ambivalence in regard to motherhood and conflict over acceptance of the female biologic role may influence the occurrence or severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. An organic basis for these symptoms is suggested by the high chorionic gonadotropin levels, hypochlorhydria, and diminished gastric motility observed early in pregnancy. Therapeutic efforts are more likely to fail than to succeed if the objective is complete relief of symptoms. Attenuation is an acceptable “second-best” result. If a drug is used, phenobarbital is preferred.
RIFTING AND VOLCANISM IN THE NEW MEXICO SEGMENT OF THE BASIN AND RANGE PROVINCE, SOUTHWESTERN USA*

The Basin and Range province has been the site of extensional orogeny for the past 40 m.y. Its complexities may be caused by the superposition of three tectonic regimes: (a) an Andean-type volcanic arc, which gradually gave way to (b) a spreading ensialic backarc basin and was in turn succeeded by (c) intraplate block faulting and rifting. Total extension may have exceeded 100 percent.
Impact of the gut microbiota on enhancer accessibility in gut intraepithelial lymphocytes

The gut microbiota impacts many aspects of host biology including immune function. One hypothesis is that microbial communities induce epigenetic changes with accompanying alterations in chromatin accessibility, providing a mechanism that allows a community to have sustained host effects even in the face of its structural or functional variation. We used Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) to define chromatin accessibility in predicted enhancer regions of intestinal αβ+ and γδ+ intraepithelial lymphocytes purified from germ-free mice, their conventionally raised (CONV-R) counterparts, and mice reared germ free and then colonized with CONV-R gut microbiota at the end of the suckling–weaning transition. Characterizing genes adjacent to traditional enhancers and super-enhancers revealed signaling networks, metabolic pathways, and enhancer-associated transcription factors affected by the microbiota. Our results support the notion that epigenetic modifications help define microbial community-affiliated functional features of host immune cell lineages.
Technology Assessment in the Financial Sector

The advancement of the internet and information technology has been a great vehicle for the development of solutions for all human endeavors. The banking and the financial services sector is a beneficiary of the advancement in information and communication technology, as banking has evolved from traditional services to internet-based. Examples of these are, online ATM Locator, electronic check deposit, quick bank-to-bank transfers and many more. However, the general adoption of mobile banking solutions worldwide is still not that encouraging. There are several drivers which affect the adoption of these internet-based banking solutions, such as socio-economic factors, mobile device adoption, and user behavior. This research focuses on enumerating the key factors for user adoption of mobile banking solutions. The factors are grouped into multiple perspectives and prioritized by using the Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM). Even though all the factors are shown to be important, solution reliability and consumer privacy emerged as the two to be prioritized when developing a consumer-based banking solution. The research recommends that banks should concentrate on identifying features that makes life convenient to the consumer with little to no cost involved.
Economic Growth or Sowing the Seeds of Destruction? The Role of Economic Development Zones in China

Special economic zone (SEZ) programs in China have played a major role in the Chinese political economy. To examine SEZs, I address three questions. Are zones effective? What are the origins of SEZs? How do zones evolve? I argue that the origin of zones is under-theorized. Examining zone enactment is necessary for studying land-use patterns and urbanization. We must also pay closer attention to the level of analysis and evolution of zones over time. Clarifying the level of analysis will improve our understanding of the distribution of preferential policies across China. Understanding zone evolution will help scholars and practitioners assess when and how SEZs are an effective economic policy tool.
Chemoprevention of Preclinical Breast and Lung Cancer with the Bromodomain Inhibitor I-BET 762

Breast cancer and lung cancer remain the top two leading causes of cancer-related deaths in women. Because of limited success in reducing the high mortality of these diseases, new drugs and approaches are desperately needed. Cancer prevention is one such promising strategy that is effective in both preclinical and clinical studies. I-BET 762 is a new bromodomain inhibitor that reversibly targets BET (bromodomain and extraterminal) proteins and impairs their ability to bind to acetylated lysines on histones, thus interrupting downstream transcription. This inhibitor has anti-inflammatory effects and induces growth arrest in many cancers and is currently under clinical trials for treatment of cancer. However, few studies have investigated the chemopreventive effects of bromodomain inhibitors. Here, we found that I-BET 762 significantly delayed tumor development in preclinical breast and lung cancer mouse models. This drug not only induced growth arrest and downregulated c-Myc, pSTAT3, and pERK protein expression in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo but also altered immune populations in different organs. These results demonstrate the promising potential of using I-BET 762 for cancer prevention and suggest the striking effects of I-BET 762 are the result of targeting both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Prev Res; 11(3); 143-56. ©2017 AACR.