cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The presence of the "fa" gene in heterozygous (FA/fa) lean female rats, effects on body weight, body fat and serum leptin.

CLEARY, MARGOT P., AND FREDERICK C. PHILLIPS. The presence of the “fa” gene in heterozygous (FA/fa) lean female rats: effects on body weight, body fat and serum leptin. Obes Res. Objective: In previous studies, suckling lean heterozygous (FA/fa) pups had higher body fat levels in comparison to lean homozygous (FA/FA) pups. However, in older male rats fed either low- or high-fat diets, we found no effects of the “fa” gene in heterozygous lean rats compared to homozygous lean rats. Other studies have reported effects of the “fa” gene on aspects of insulin metabolism for lean heterozygous female rats compared to their homozygous counterparts. In the present study, the effect of the “fa” gene on body weight and body fat in lean female rats was investigated. Research Methods and Procedures: Homozygous lean female rats were obtained by mating homozygous lean male and female rats. Heterozygous lean female rats were obtained by mating homozygous obese male rats with heterozygous lean female rats. Following weaning, rats were maintained on a standard laboratory diet until 10 weeks of age when they were killed after an overnight fast. Results: Body weight (p<0. 03) and inguinal (p = 0. 01) and combined retroperitoneal+parametrial (p = 0. 06) fat pad weights were heavier in heterozygous lean compared to homozygous lean female rats. Combined fat pad-to-body weight ratio (p = 0. 05) and fat cell sizes (p = 0. 06) were also higher in the heterozygous lean compared to homozygous lean rats. No differences in serum triacylglycerol, cholesterol, glucose, or insulin concentrations were found between the two groups, but serum leptin levels were significantly higher (p<0. 004) in heterozygous lean rats. Discussion: These results indicate that effects of the “fa” gene are present during the postweaning period in lean female rats. Implications for increased body fat and leptin with respect to sexual maturation and fertility are discussed.
A two‐equation turbulence model for two‐phase flows

A two-equation turbulence model has been developed for predicting two-phase flows. The two equations describe the conservation of turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate of that energy for the carrier fluid in a two-phase flow. They have been derived rigorously from the momentum equations of the carrier fluid. Closure of the time-mean equations is achieved by modeling the turbulent correlations up to third order. The new model eliminates the need to simulate in an ad hoc manner the effects of the dispersed phase on turbulence structure. Preliminary testing indicates that the model is successful in predicting the main features of a round gaseous jet laden with uniform-size solid particles.
Central influence on peripherally mediated habituation of an Aplysia gill withdrawal response

The parieto-visceral ganglion (PVG) modulates gill habituation, which in turn is mediated by a peripheral neural plexus.
Antihypertensive therapy and lipids: Paradoxical influences on cardiovascular disease risk

Abstract It is generally acknowledged that hypertension is associated with an Increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and that lowering elevated blood pressure is effective in reducing that risk. However, hypertension is more likely to cause cardiovascular disease in those with additional risk factors, such as cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypokalemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, or electrocardiographic abnormalities. The evidence to date indicates that not all patients with mild hypertension need to be treated with drugs; not all of those receiving drug therapy should be treated with the same drugs; and the benefit of the same degree of reduction in blood pressure may not be equivalent for different drugs. The use of traditional step 1 diuretic therapy is not uniformly appropriate. As an alternative, the vasodliator prazosin can be effective as monotherapy in the treatment of mild hypertension, and its addition to diuretic or beta blocker therapy appears to blunt or prevent the adverse effects of those agents on lipid levels. Since prazosin therapy is least likely to worsen existing risk factors or precipitate their occurrence, it should enhance the benefit of blood pressure reduction in delaying or preventing cardiovascular disease.
Proof that motions obtained in the preceding paper by Marris are universal for all incompressible isotropic simple materials

where* {e (r), e (0 ) , e(z)} denotes the orthonormal basis associated with the cylindrical coordinate system (r, 0, z), and where a, b, c, g, A, B, D, and K are constants, are the only steady, rotational, universal motions for all incompressible Rivlin-Ericksen fluids in which the proper numbers of the first RivlinEricksen tensor are not all constant. In this paper we show that the motions characterized by (1.1) or by (1.2) are, in fact, dynamically possible without the help of any body force for all incompressible isotropic simple materials, provided that the velocity fields are maintained for all times s ~ ( oe, t], where t denotes some appropriate present time under consideration. As we shall see, velocity fields of the forms (1.1) or (1.2) may be maintained only for some time interval se(-c~,t] but not for all times s e ( o e , + oe) without violating the usual physical restriction that different material points of a body may not occupy the same location in space at the same time. This special feature distinguishes the motions from such other well known universal
Treatment of Carotid Artery Stenosis: Medical Therapy, Surgery, or Stenting?

With the aging of the general population and the availability of noninvasive imaging studies, carotid artery stenosis is a disease commonly seen in general medical practice. Differentiation between symptomatic and asymptomatic disease is critical to the treatment course because the natural history differs markedly between them. Antiplatelet therapy and aggressive treatment of vascular risk factors are the mainstays of medical therapy. Class I evidence shows that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is effective in preventing ipsilateral ischemic events in patients with symptomatic moderate- and high-grade stenosis. The procedure is also effective in selected patients with asymptomatic stenosis, but the benefit is marginal. In the past decade, carotid angioplasty and stenting has been proposed as a valid alternative to CEA. Currently, it is unclear whether carotid angioplasty and stenting is as safe as CEA in patients with carotid artery stenosis who need invasive treatment. Large clinical trials are under way to answer this question.
Effects of Organic Management on Student Achievement

Proponents of school restructuring often promote the purported benefits of professional forms of management that call for staff cooperation and collegiality, teachers’ participation in school decision making, and supportive leadership by school principals. A theoretical perspective on organizations known as contingency theory refers to such management patterns as “organic management.” This study examined the relationships between organic management and growth in student achievement in elementary and secondary schools. Two national databases were used to estimate a series of three-level growth models of student achievement at the elementary and secondary levels. Results suggested that organic forms of management are not a particularly powerful determinant of student achievement at either of these levels of schooling.
Confirmation of the association of the C4B null allelle in autism

The objective of this study was to examine and attempt to confirm our previous findings of an increased frequency of the C4B null allele (C4BQ0) in subjects with autism. Newly identified subjects from Utah and Oregon were studied. Families evaluated included 85 who had a child with autism and 69 control families. Of the subjects with autism studied, 42.4% carried at least one C4BQ0, compared with 14.5% of the control subjects (p = 0.00013), with a relative risk of 4.33. Over half of the C4B null alleles in the subjects with autism involved C4A duplications. A marked increase in the ancestral haplotype 44.1 that lacks a C4B gene and has 2 C4A genes was also observed. The results of this study suggest that the human leukocyte antigen class III C4BQ0 significantly increases the risk for autism.
Empirical bayes estimation of the binomial parameter n

Estimation of the prior distribution of the binomial parameter nbased on a system of orthogonal polynomials, the Poisson-Charlier polynomials, is studied. It is shown that the resulting estimator is mean squared consistent with rate O(N e-1), where Nis the sample size and e> 0 is arbitrarily small.
Oxygen‐18 isotope labeling and its effect on carbon‐13 chemical shifts of the peptide bond

The effects of 18O isotopes on 13C NMR chemical shifts of peptide carbonyl carbons were found to be 0.028 ppm for glyclyglycine and 0.029 ppm for glycylproline at 50.31 MHz.
Measuring the Impact of Urbanization on Channel Widths Using Historic Aerial Photographs and Modern Surveys1

Abstract: Land use in a watershed is commonly held to exert a strong influence on trunk channel form and process. Land use changes act over human time-scales, which are short enough to measure effects on channels directly using historic aerial photographs. We show that high-resolution topographic surveys for the channels of paired watersheds in the Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania, are comparable, but have channel widths that have changed dramatically in the past five decades. The two watersheds, Little Lehigh Creek and Sacony Creek, are similar in most aspects except in their respective amount of urban land use. Aerial photographs of the urbanized Little Lehigh Creek show that a majority of the measured widths (67 of 85) were statistically wider in 1999 than in 1947. In contrast, the measured widths from the agricultural Sacony Creek are more evenly distributed among those that widened (18), narrowed (28), and those that were statistically unchanged (6) from 1946 to 1999. From 1946 to 1999 the only section of Sacony Creek that widened was that reach downstream of the only sizable urban area in the watershed. The current land use in Sacony Creek watershed resembles that of 1946, while the Little Lehigh Creek watershed has more than tripled its urban area. These data, in concert with other recent hydrologic data from the watersheds suggest that the increase in urban area-generated peak discharges is the mechanism behind the widening that occurred in the Little Lehigh Creek. These wider channels can affect water quality, aquatic habitat, suspended sediment loads, and river esthetics.
Uptake of prolactin from cerebrospinal fluid in rat brain

The fate of prolactin in the cerebrospinal fluid was studied by the use of fluorescein labelled prolactin. The distribution was compared to the immunocytochemical distribution of endogenous prolactin. High intensity fluorescence was found in the ependyma of the area postrema, rostral dorsolateral cerebral aqueduct close to the subcommissural organ, and in some cells of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct. This distribution was not seen when excess unlabelled prolactin was injected. The results suggest prolactin uptake from CSF at specific sites which correspond to sites of localization of immunoreactive prolactin.
The Need for and the Improvement of Technical Writing

Lack of unity and logic, wordiness and repetition, and lack of coherence are the most prominent weaknesses in technical writing. Adherence to the six C's—conciseness, completeness, concreteness, correctness, coherence and carefulness—will improve report writing. A list of periodicals and books useful in the field is given.
Prediction of 10-Year Chemotherapy Benefit and Breast Cancer-Specific Survival by the 21-Gene Recurrence Score (RS) Assay in Node-Positive, ER-Positive Breast Cancer – An Update of SWOG-8814 (INT0100).

Background: A low 21-gene RS identifies patients with ER-positive breast cancer who do not appear to benefit from anthracycline-based chemotherapy (CAF) added to tamoxifen (T) despite positive axillary lymph nodes (Albain KS, et al. Lancet Oncology, In Press). However, in the low RS group, the lack of improvement by CAF in the 64% disease-free survival (DFS) at 10 years is not considered definitive evidence against the use of chemotherapy for conventionally-identified high risk patients. We conducted new DFS prediction analyses within nodal categories by RS over 10 years and assessed whether the assay has predictive utility for breast cancer specific survival (BCSS).Methods: RT-PCR analyses for the 21 gene RS assay were feasible in 148 patients on T from the parent trial treated and 219 on CAF followed by T, as previously described. In this update, we conducted 10-year DFS analyses within nodal categories 1-3+ and 4+ by the linear RS. For the exploratory analysis of BCSS, only deaths due to breast cancer were counted as events, censoring deaths due to other causes (such as late cardiovascular events) as well as patients alive at the last follow-up visit. The clinically-utilized (trichotomized) RS categories of low ( Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 112. NOTE: This abstract was accepted for presentation at the Symposium after the Abstract Book went to press.
Renovascular Hypertension Associated With Pseudoaneurysm Following Blunt Trauma

We present the case of a 21-year-old man who developed a renal artery pseudoaneurysm following a 7-foot fall onto his back. He initially presented with gross hematuria, left flank pain, and back pain. He was observed in the hospital for 3 days and discharged. One week later, he was readmitted with headache, nausea, vomiting, seizure activity, and hypertension. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen showed a left renal artery pseudoaneurysm with associated arterial narrowing and delayed ipsilateral renal enhancement. He underwent percutaneous stent-graft placement with resolution of the pseudoaneurysm. He was free of complications and normotensive off antihypertensive medications after 36 months of follow-up. Renal artery pseudoaneurysms are rare and under-recognized complications of blunt abdominal or back trauma that can cause hypertension. Imaging modalities in renovascular hypertension have focused on detecting renal artery stenosis from atherosclerotic disease or fibromuscular dysplasia, with little attention given to renal artery pseudoaneurysms. In addition, first-line treatment for renal artery pseudoaneurysms historically has consisted of angioembolization, yet percutaneous stent-graft placement has emerged as an attractive alternative to preserve vessel patency. We discuss the role of imaging in renovascular hypertension with a focus on renal artery pseudoaneurysms and their prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment.
Concentration of Vinegar by Electrodialysis

Vinegar (9-12% w/v acetic acid) was concentrated by electrodialysis (ED) to produce triple-strength vinegar (30-33% acetate). At a current density of 174 Amps/m 2 , acetate flux was 520 g/m 2 /hr (GMH) for 9.1% acetate and increased to 920 GMH at 31% acetate. Increasing feed concentration decreased water flux from 2.6 to 1.3 L/m 2 /hr and energy consumption from 1.2 to 0.7 kWh/kg acetate transported. Increasing current increased acetate flux, energy consumption and water flux. A multi-stage ED system could produce triple-strength vinegar at much lower costs per unit of single-strength vinegar.
Carbon tetrachloride metabolism in partially hepatectomized and sham-operated rats pre-exposed to chlordecone (kepone)

The potentiation of CCl4 toxicity by pre-exposure to chlordecone (CD) is well established. Chlordecone-induced metabolism of CCl4 and suppressed hepatocellular repair have been offered as possible mechanisms for this potentiation. Recent work using the partially hepatectomized (PH) rat as a model for an actively regenerating liver has provided supportive evidence for the latter hypothesis. The present study was initiated to determine if metabolism and disposition of 14CC14 is altered in the PH rat, and if this is a contributing factor to the reported protective effect afforded by the PH procedure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (150-175 g) maintained on dietary CD (10 ppm) for 15 days were partially hepatectomized or sham-operated (SH) on day 15. Another group of CD-pretreated rats received 0.9% CoCl2 (60 mg/kg, sc, qd for 2 days) in lieu of the surgical procedure. On day 16 the rats were challenged with a single dose of CCl4 (100 microL/kg, ip) containing 20 muCi 14CCl4. A radiolabel inventory consisting of exhaled 14CCl4, 14CO2 production, total hepatic 14C, free 14CCl4 and covalently bound 14C was taken over a 6-hr time period. Lipid peroxidation and serum enzyme activities [aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] were measured in indices of toxicity. Neither CD pretreatment alone nor CoCl2 treatment alone produced significant alterations in metabolism of low dose (100 microliters/kg) CCl4. No significant difference in 14CCl4 recovery or 14CO2 production was detected for PH versus SH rats. Hepatic 14CCl4-derived 14C (per gram tissue) was greater in PH rats. Values for free 14CCl4, covalently bound 14C, and lipid peroxidation were similar for SH and PH rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Respiratory evaporative heat loss regulation in shorn and unshorn sheep during mild heat stress

Abstract Measurements were made of rectal temperature (Tre). 6 skin temperatures (Ts), respiratory frequency (f) and evaporative heat loss (E r ) in three 3-year-old Dorset ewes each twice exposed to ambient temperatures (Ta) of 25, 30, 35 and 40 C for 120 min in the presence (6.6 cm) and absence of fleece. Changes in E r and f which were linearly related to one another over most of the temperature range studied, were evaluated in relation to deep body temperature (Tre). individual skin temperatures (Ts). mean skin temperatures (Ts) and mean body temperatures (Tb) in order to determine the importance of an interrelation between peripheral and core thermoreceptor input into regulation E r in shorn and unshorn animals. During the last 30 min of exposure, E r and f were found to be linearly related to individual Ts and Ts but less well correlated with Tre and Ts during the first 60 min of the exposure. E r was also linearly related to Tb which was calculated utilizing different proportioning constants to represent core and shell. Results indicate that at a near thermal steady state Tb is an important component in regulating E 2 in proportion to the thermal load. The results are discussed in view of current thermoregulatory hypothesis to suggest that peripheral thermoreceptor input either lowers the panting threshold in unshorn sheep via decrease in the ‘set point’ of thermoregulation and/or constitutes an integrated component together with some core temperatures so that E r is regulated in relation to Tb.
Non-neoplastic colorectal polyps

Summary With the explosion in the number of screening colonoscopic procedures, pathologists have learned to recognize a host of non-neoplastic polyps that can be loosely categorized as those stemming from mucosal prolapse, hamartomatous lesions, incidental benign stromal polyps and polyps associated with systemic diseases. We briefly review solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, inflammatory cloacogenic polyps, diverticular disease-associated prolapse polyps, cap polyps, juvenile polyps, Peutz–Jeghers polyps, Cronkhite–Canada polyposis, elastosis, benign fibroblastic polyps, inflammatory fibroid polyps, pneumatosis, vascular lesions, filiform polyps, lymphoid polyps, malakoplakia, amyloidosis and endometriosis.
Dakota Pearl: An attractive, bright white-skinned, cold-chipping cultivar with tablestock potential

Dakota Pearl (ND2676-10) is a medium-maturing chipping cultivar with uniform, round, bright white-skinned tubers with shallow eyes. Dakota Pearl has the ability to produce commercially acceptable chips following long-term storage at 5.5 C without the need for reconditioning. It yields well under both dryland and irrigated trial conditions in North Dakota. North Central Regional Potato Variety Trial and Snack Food Association Trial results indicate it has wide adaptability. Yield and specific gravity under dryland conditions are similar to Norchip; Dakota Pearl has a low percentage of external defects. Average set is 12 to 14 tubers per hill. Dakota Pearl demonstrates wide consumer appeal as a tablestock cultivar due to attractive tuber appearance and bright-white skin. Sensory evaluation scores for baking, boiling, and microwaving are comparable to those of standard chip cvs Atlantic, NorValley, and Snowden. The specific gravity of Dakota Pearl is similar to cvs Norchip and NorValley, lower than for Atlantic or Snowden. Total glycoalkaloid levels are low, at 1.5 mg/100 g fresh tuber tissue. The North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station released Dakota Pearl on 23 April 1999.
Cardiovascular Health among Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders: An Examination of Health Status and Intervention Approaches

Abstract Purpose of the Review. The purpose of this review is to examine the cardiovascular health status of Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders by primary risk factor and review current intervention approaches targeting this population. Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders in the United States have experienced triple digit percentage increases in population for every decade since 1970. Despite their rapidly increasing numbers, little is known about their cardiovascular health status. Search Methods Used. This article reviews the literature on the demographics, mortality, and prevalence of major cadiovascular risk factors among Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders. Selected intervention programs are also described. Summary of Important Findings. Data on cardiovascular disease mortality for Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders are relatively limited because few states collect ethnically specific mortality statistics. Data on cardiovascular risk factors, particularly smoking and hypertension, for certain Asian America...
Relative intensity calculations for carbon dioxide —III. Relative line intensities of transitions from the vibrational ground state for temperatures from 160° to 280°K

Abstract Rotational line intensities, relative to the integrated intensity of a vibration-rotation band, are tabulated from 160° to 280°K at intervals of 20°K. These tables are intended to cover the temperature range of interest for the atmospheres of Earth and Mars.
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus lesions do not abolish glucoprivic or lipoprivic feeding

Abstract This experiment assessed the importance of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) for feeding stimulated by blockade of glucose utilization (glucoprivic feeding) and fatty acid oxidation (lipoprivic feeding). The PVN was investigated because it is innervated by neurons residing in the area postrema and nucleus of the solitary tract (AP/NTS) region where lesions have been shown to abolish both glucoprivic and lipoprivic feeding, and because the PVN appears to be a site of action for certain feeding-stimulatory peptides and amines. Bilateral electrolytic lesions were placed in the PVN and adjacent areas. Lesioned rats were subsequently tested for feeding in response to 2-deoxy- d -glucose (2DG)- and mercaptoacetate (MA)-induced blockade of glucose and fatty acid oxidation, respectively. Results revealed that total destruction of the PVN does not impair either 2DG- or MA-induced food intake and suggest that this structure is not essential for these particular controls of feeding.
A rheumatology‐specific informatics‐based application with a disease activity calculator

Objective To design a rheumatology-specific tool with a disease activity calculator integrated into the electronic medical records (EMRs) at our institution and assess physicians' attitudes toward the use of this tool. Methods The Rheumatology OnCall (ROC) application culls rheumatology-pertinent data from our institution's laboratory, microbiology, pathology, radiology, and pharmacy information systems. Attending rheumatologists and rheumatology fellows accessed the ROC and disease activity calculator during outpatient visits at the time of the clinical encounter. Results During the 12-week study period, 15 physicians used the ROC application and the disease activity calculator during 474 and 429 outpatient clinic visits, respectively. In weekly survey responses, physicians reported that use of the ROC interface improved patient care in 140 (78%) of 179 visits, and that the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) results at the time of the visit would not have changed patient management in 157 (88%) of these, although seeing a trend in DAS28 was useful in 149 (96%) of 156 visits. At the study's conclusion, most physicians reported that the ROC application was useful (11 of 12 physicians) and that seeing a trend in DAS28 improved daily patient care (12 of 13 physicians). Conclusion The ROC application is useful in daily rheumatologic care, and the disease activity calculator facilitates management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. However, widespread acceptance and use of such tools depend upon the general acceptance of and access to EMRs in the clinical setting. The utility of the disease activity calculator may be limited by the lack of available acute-phase reactant results at the time of the clinical encounter.
A simple technique for the calculation of the bandwidth of rectangular microstrip antenna elements with various substrate thicknesses

Several formulas based on the cavity model and the transmission-line model are combined to produce closed-form expressions for calculating the bandwidth of probe-fed rectangular microstrip antenna elements with various thicknesses and various relative permittivities of substrate materials. The formula takes into account the effects of radiation and conductor and dielectric losses, with their quality factors. The results obtained from this technique confirm those calculated from the MSAnt program of Pozar [19], and measured results. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Error growth in transient large displacement calculations

Nonlinear problems are widely acknowledged as being more difficult to solve numerically than linear problems. Various kinds of errors contribute to this difficulty and in this paper some of these errors will be described and illustrated by solving certain large displacement problems using eight-noded isoparametric brick elements in space and an explicit integration method in time. First, approximation errors in time integration are illustrated, with violation of energy conservation being used as an indicator of the increased difficulties encountered in solving large displacement problems. Next, round-off errors and order of operations are discussed and illustrated for the case of a cube that is impulsively set in rotation about its centre of mass. Simple tests of invariance with respect to translation and rotation are shown to be interesting and potentially useful. Finally, approximation errors in spatial discretization, especially those associated with incomplete or inconsistent integration over the element volume, are illustrated for a large deflection beam problem.
Spacecraft/rover hybrids for the exploration of small Solar System bodies

In this paper we present a mission architecture for the systematic and affordable in-situ exploration of small Solar System bodies (such as asteroids, comets, and Martian moons). At a general level, a mother spacecraft would deploy on the surface of a small body one, or several, spacecraft/rover hybrids, which are small (< 5 kg, ≈ 15 Watts), multi-faceted robots enclosing three mutually orthogonal flywheels and surrounded by external spikes (in particular, there is no external propulsion). By accelerating/decelerating the flywheels and by exploiting the low gravity environment, the hybrids would be capable of performing both long excursions (by hopping) and short traverses to specific locations (through a sequence of controlled “tumbles”). Their control would rely on synergistic operations with the mother spacecraft (where most of hybrids perception and localization functionalities would be hosted), which would make the platforms minimalistic and in turn the entire mission architecture affordable. Specifically, in the first part of the paper we present preliminary models and laboratory experiments for the hybrids, first-order estimates for critical subsystems, and a preliminary study for synergistic mission operations. In the second part, we tailor our mission architecture to the exploration of Mars' moon Phobos. The mission aims at exploring Phobos' Stickney crater, whose spectral similarities with C-type asteroids and variety of terrain properties make it a particularly interesting exploration target to address both high-priority science for the Martian system and strategic knowledge gaps for the future human exploration of Mars.
Sequence analysis and evolution of sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) histone H4 messenger RNAs

Abstract The putative histone H4 (F2a1) mRNA has been isolated from early blastula Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchin embryos. Nucleotide sequences of oligonucleotides obtained by digestion of this RNA with T1 ribonuclease have been obtained and many are found to be colinear with the amino acid sequence of histone H4 protein. The sequences obtained from the H4 mRNAs of S. pnrpuratus have been compared with those obtained from Lytechinus pictus (Grunstein & Schedl, 1976). The two mRNAs for this highly conserved protein have undergone considerable divergence of the sort that would be predicted from the degeneracy of the genetic code. 11.5% of the bases have undergone substitution at a rate calculated to be 3 × 10−9 base changes · codon−1 · year−1.
Temperature dependence of the hole mobility in the alpha phase of 9,10-dichloroanthracene

Abstract The mobility of holes in the alpha of 9,10-dichloroanthracene is isotropic with a value of 300 K of 3.8 ± 0.2 cm 2 V −1 s −1 and a temperature dependence given by T − n where n = 2.4.
Dyslipidemia and progression of cardiovascular calcification (CVC) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Dyslipidemia and progression of cardiovascular calcification (CVC) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).Cardiovascular calcification (CVC) is commonly encountered both in the general population as well as in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The etiology of CVC in patients with ESRD is multifactorial. Despite that, current debate remains narrowly focused on the role of calcium loading from calcium-based phosphate binders (CBPB) in the pathogenesis and progression of CVC. Yet, the alleged link between these binders and CVC has not been substantiated in well-designed controlled trials. In contrast, the purported role of sevelamer, a non–calcium-based phosphate binder, in slowing the progression of CVC in dialysis patients has attracted widespread attention. The beneficial effect of sevelamer on progression of calcification was thought to be due to lower calcium loading during its use. However, an alternative and possibly more likely mechanism involves sevelamer-induced lowering of LDL cholesterol. In this context, previous studies in individuals with normal renal function have documented amelioration of coronary artery calcification (CAC) with reduction of LDL-cholesterol by treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). Given that CAC is a well-accepted marker of atherosclerosis, and that high plasma cholesterol concentration is one of the main risk factors for atherosclerosis, then it is not unreasonable to suspect that CAC may be halted or even reversed by lowering of LDL cholesterol level with statin therapy. Unfortunately, the effect of lowering the LDL-cholesterol level on CAC has not been studied in patients with ESRD. Therefore, conclusions about this important topic should await the results of well-designed clinical studies that control for all factors potentially implicated in the CVC burden of patients with ESRD. In this review, I will discuss the role of various potential mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of CVC in patients with ESRD, and emphasize the role of dyslipidemia and its treatment in this important clinical entity.
Finding true and credible information on Twitter

In this paper, we present a unique study of two successful methods for computing message reliability. The first method is based on machine learning and attempts to find a predictive model based on network features. This method is generally geared towards assessing credibility of messages and is able to generate high recall results. The second method is based on a maximum likelihood formulation and attempts to find messages that are corroborated by independent and reliable sources. This method is geared towards finding facts in which humans are treated as binary sensors and is expected to generate high accuracy results but only for those facts that have higher level of corroboration. We show that these two methods can point to similar or quite different predictions depending on the underlying data set. We then illustrate how they can be fused to capture the trade off between favoring true versus credible messages which can either be opinions or not necessarily verifiable.
GENETICS OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS: Clinical Implications

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypic systemic autoimmune disease. The clinical features are well-known: production of autoantibodies, immune complex–mediated end-organ damage, arthritis, and serositis. The mechanistic pathways implicated in this disease have also been partly elucidated. Consistent defects in immune complex clearance, B-cell tolerance, and T-cell function have been demonstrated. It is also thought that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a role in the genetic susceptibility to this disorder. Finally, gender is probably the single biggest determinant of susceptibility. Because the pathophysiology of SLE is well-understood, it has become the model for the study of polygenic susceptibility factors in autoimmunity. Recent advances in understanding the complex genetics of SLE may lead to improved therapy for this disease. The discovery of cytokine dysregulation paves the way for new biologic strategies, and the improved understanding of the mechanism underlying the association of complement deficiencies with SLE has led to the use of specific replacement strategies. These are the two most concrete examples of intervention directed at a known genetic susceptibility factor; however, it is possible to imagine interventions directed at aberrant apoptotic pathways or dysfunctional tolerance pathways. This article defines the goals of understanding the genetic susceptibility factors in SLE, the strategies that are currently being used, and our current level of understanding. Finally, a few specific examples of novel interventions are described.
Gain setting in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Mechanism of phototaxis and the role of the photophobic response

The unicellular green alga (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii maintains sensitivity of its phototaxis response (alignment of swimming direction along the axis of a light beam) over several orders of magnitude of light intensities. It is widely accepted that the rotation of the swimming cell provides temporal comparisons of light intensities via periodic contrast generated by its asymmetrically positioned refractile eyespot organelle. The cells also exhibit a second behavioral response to light called the photophobic (or stop) response, which is a brief cessation of swimming caused by a temporal change in light intensity. The cells are desensitized to photophobic stimuli by light exposure. Through comparative measurements of both responses, we explain the behavioral basis of the large dynamic range of phototaxis in terms of precise desensitization of the photophobic response. The basis of the explanation is that the flagellar beat changes which cause phototactic orientation are the residual of the photophobic response after desensitization (i.e., "mini-photophobic" reactions which cause brief reorienting motions without a full stop). This interpretation predicts quantitatively the dependence of the extent of desensitization on light intensity and the dependence of onset and maintenance of phototaxis on extent of desensitization. These predictions are tested and confirmed in this report.
The enigmatic rise of the Colorado Plateau

How and when the Colorado Plateau attained its current mean elevation of ∼2 km has puzzled scientists for nearly 150 yr. This problem is most dramatically manifest when standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon, viewing the extraordinary 1500-m-deep gorge carved into nearly horizontal sedimentary
Small Bowel Obstruction Caused by Carcinoid Tumor and Incidental Capsule Retention

Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a sensitive modality for examining the small bowel and is commonly employed to identify a variety of small bowel pathologies. We report a case of capsule retention leading to diagnosis of a chronic condition. A 60-year-old female presented with abdominal pain, nausea, and weight loss for 3 years. Physical exam revealed a mildly tender abdomen with hypoactive bowel sounds. Laboratory was normal. Abdominal radiographs showed a partial small bowel obstruction with retained capsule. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a retained capsule in the mid-portion of the jejunum, dilated small bowel, and terminal ileal mass. She underwent exploratory laparotomy showing an ileal mass with hepatic metastasis. A right hemicolectomy, reanastomosis, and removal of the retained capsule were performed. Pathology showed well-differentiated carcinoid tumor. She was discharged home for further treatment with oncology. Carcinoid tumors of the small bowel usually present with abdominal pain or small bowel obstruction. Our patient had intermittent small bowel obstruction due to a carcinoid tumor and retained capsule causing her symptoms. CE is a valuable tool but requires extensive consideration and possible patency capsule prior to use in patients presenting with symptoms consistent with Crohn's disease or small bowel tumor.
Current Concepts of the Biology of Tooth Eruption

Tooth eruption is defined as the movement of a tooth from its site of development within the jaws to its position of function within the oral cavity. We present a critical review of evidence for the mechanisms and regulation of the intraosseous and supraosseous phases of eruption, with an emphasis upon the canine premolar model studied by the authors. Analyses at different stages of premolar eruption indicate that selective fragmentation of dental follicle protein DF-95 correlates with the presence of elevated levels of follicular collagenase and stromelysin, and with the onset of premolar movement. A dramatic decrease in these metalloproteinases followed initiation of movement. A biochemical and cell biological model for regulation of tooth eruption is proposed based upon these new and existing data.
Low band gap liquid-processed CZTSe solar cell with 10.1% efficiency

A low band gap liquid-processed Cu2ZnSn(Se1−xSx)4 (CZTSSe) kesterite solar cell with x ≈ 0.03 is prepared from earth abundant metals, yielding 10.1% power conversion efficiency. This champion cell shows a band gap of 1.04 eV, higher minority-carrier lifetime, lower series resistance and lower Voc deficit compared to our previously reported higher band gap (Eg = 1.15 eV; x ≈ 0.4) cell with similar record efficiency. The ability to vary the CZTSSe band gap using sulfur content (i.e., varying x) facilitates the examination of factors limiting performance in the current generation of CZTSSe devices, as part of the thrust to achieve operational parity with CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGSSe) analogs.
Effect of hood periphery shape parameters and hood-fender interface characteristics on pedestrian head injury criterion

A number of studies have focused on optimising the hood structure to improve pedestrian safety. Most of these studies are limited to the central region of the hood but the central region of the hood is of lower risk to head injuries if proper packaging methodology for under-hood components is used. But the hood edges supported by other vehicular structures (fender and shotgun) are of higher stiffness and may possess a greater injury risk. This study investigated several shape parameters along hood edges and hood-to-vehicle interface which could help to reduce the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) during impact with hood. The proposed passive structural change for hood edges and hood-to-vehicle interface showed significant improvement in HIC along hood edges. These shape parameters helped in reducing the HIC up to 70% on different impact points on hood and along hood edges and helped in meeting legal requirements for pedestrian safety.
Growth factors, glia and gliomas

The abilities of growth factors to cause normal cells to express theproperties associated with transformed cells is discussed in specificreference to the oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cell. Inthe O-2A lineage, it has been possible to use growth factors and otherdefined molecules to induce or promote in normal cells all of the mainproperties of tumor cells, these being continued cell division in theabsence of differentiation, more subtle modulations of self-renewalprobabilities, promotion of cell migration and inhibition of programmed celldeath. In addition to our studies on primary cells, our application to thegrowth of human tumor specimens of techniques utilized to study primaryglial progenitor cells has allowed us to isolate a human glioblastomamultiforme (GBM)-derived population that expresses many properties otherwiseuniquely expressed by oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitorcells. Hu-O-2A/Gb1 (for Human O-2A lineage Glioblastoma number 1) cellsresponded to similar mitogens and differentiation modulators as rodent O-2Aprogenitors, and generated cells with features of precursor cells,oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Moreover, 1H-NMR analysis ofamino acid composition demonstrated a striking conservation of types andquantities of free amino acids between the human tumour cells and the rodentprimary cells. Hu-O-2A/Gb1 cells represent the first human glioma-derivedpopulation for which unambiguous lineage assignment has been possible. Ourresults thus demonstrate that the human O-2A lineage can contribute to oneof the most malignant of glial tumours. Our analyses further indicate thatat least two distinct glial lineages can generate glioblastomas. Inaddition, the highly diagnostic 1H-NMR spectrum expressed byHu-O-2A/Gb1 cells raises the possibility of eventual non-invasiveidentification of tumors of this lineage.
UV INACTIVATION AND THYMINE DIMERIZATION IN BACTERIOPHAGE PHI X.

Thymine dimers are found in DNA following irradiation at 260 mμ. The quantum yield for dimer formation in bacteriophage Φ X (single-stranded DNA) is 0.013 dimers per quantum absorbed by a nucleotide. This is comparable to the quantum yield for bacteriophage T4v1 (double-stranded DNA) indicating there is no dependence of thymine dimerization on the nature of the irradiated DNA.
Ordering Renewables: Groundwater, Recycling, and Desalination *

Optimal recycling of minerals can be thought of as an integral part of the theory of the mine. In this paper, we consider the role that wastewater recycling plays in the optimal extraction of groundwater, a renewable resource. We develop a two-sector dynamic optimization model to solve for the optimal trajectories of groundwater extraction and water recycling. For the case of spatially increasing recycling costs, recycled water serves as a supplemental resource in transition to the steady state. For constant unit recycling cost, recycled wastewater is eventually used as a sector-specific backstop for agricultural users, while desalination supplements household groundwater in the steady state. In both cases, recycling water increases welfare by shifting demand away from the aquifer, thus delaying implementation of costly desalination. The model provides guidance on when and how much to develop resource alternatives.
Facilitation of the Subclavian-Introducer Technique with Contrast Venography

The subclavian-infroducer technique is a rapid and easily performed method of obtaining venous access for implanting permanent pacemaker electrodes. Although this technique has facilitated the participation of nonsurgeons in pacemaker implantation, the potential for complications is increased over the venous cutdown approach. This is particularly true in difficult cases, such as those with prior lead implants, venous thrombosis, or anomalous venous return. This article describes the use of contrast venography for facilitating an otherwise “blind” subclavian venipuncture. This method should make use of the subclavian-introducer technique safer.
Quantitative Disease Resistance and Quantitative Resistance Loci in Breeding

Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) has been observed within many crop plants but is not as well understood as qualitative (monogenic) disease resistance and has not been used as extensively in breeding. Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is a powerful tool for genetic dissection of QDR. DNA markers tightly linked to quantitative resistance loci (QRLs) controlling QDR can be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) to incorporate these valuable traits. QDR confers a reduction, rather than lack, of disease and has diverse biological and molecular bases as revealed by cloning of QRLs and identification of the candidate gene(s) underlying QRLs. Increasing our biological knowledge of QDR and QRLs will enhance understanding of how QDR differs from qualitative resistance and provide the necessary information to better deploy these resources in breeding. Application of MAS for QRLs in breeding for QDR to diverse pathogens is illustrated by examples from wheat, barley, common bean, tomato, and pepper. Strategies for optimum deployment of QRLs require research to understand effects of QDR on pathogen populations over time.
Restoration and Retribution: How Including Retributive Components Affects the Acceptability of Restorative Justice Procedures

Two studies investigated people’s perceptions of the acceptability of restorative justice procedures for handling crimes that differ in severity. Results from Study 1 supported our hypothesis that as crimes increase in seriousness, people require a restorative justice procedure that also has a possible retributive component (i.e. a prison sentence). Study 1 also demonstrated that individuals assigned lower prison sentences for offenders who successfully completed a restorative procedure as compared to a traditional court procedure. The results from Study 2 replicated those from Study 1, as well as demonstrating that offenders who failed to successfully complete the restorative procedure received no reduction in prison sentence. These findings suggest that in order for citizens to view a restorative justice procedure as an acceptable alternative to the traditional court system for serious crimes, the procedure must allow for the option of some retributive measures.
A voltage stability security assessment method

A voltage stability security assessment method is developed that can identify (i) each region that experiences voltage collapse and (ii) the equipment outages that cause voltage collapse in each of these regions. The method establishes whether the voltage collapse caused by a contingency is due to clogging voltage instability or loss of control voltage instability. The advantages of the method is that it requires little computation and is comprehensive in attempting to find all regions with voltage collapse problems and all single and double equipment outages that cause voltage collapse in each region.
The semantics of MALLET–An agent teamwork encoding language

MALLET is a team-oriented agent specification and programming language. In this paper, we define an operational semantics for MALLET in terms of a transition system. The semantics can be used to guide the implementation of MALLET interpreters, and to formally study the properties of team-based agents specified in MALLET.