cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
t(15;17) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with alternative splicing

The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics would like to announce the establishment of a new feature in the Journal , “Consultations in Molecular Diagnostics.” This manuscript category will include short , case-directed articles meant to illustrate a classic principle , a difficult interpretation , or a new approach or application in molecular diagnostics. In keeping with the multifaceted mission of the Association for Molecular Pathology , we anticipate that this feature will be useful in education of our residents and fellows, technologists , medical and pathology colleagues, and ourselves. We welcome submissions for “Consultations in Molecular Diagnostics.” Suitable topics are expected to span the spectrum of molecular diagnostics , including infectious disease, molecular studies of hematological and solid tumors , genetics , identity testing , and new technologies. Submissions will be peer reviewed and should include a case report , along with discussion of the molecular approach as it led to resolution of the case. Manuscript submissions from AMP members and nonmembers , technologists , and trainees are encouraged. Questions regarding “Consultations in Molecular Diagnostics” may be directed to the Senior Editor. Karen L. Kaul Senior Editor
PMA11: COMPARISON OF STATISTICAL TESTS FOR THE COST/EFFECTIVENESS RATIOS

BACKGROUND: Results of a cost-effectiveness analysis are summarized in a series of cost-effectiveness (C/E) ratios. As with other statistics, the C/E ratio is subject to sampling variation. However, constructing a confidence interval for the cost-effectiveness ratio is complicated because both numerator and denominator of the ratio are stochastic in nature. Several statistical methods have been proposed lately, yet, the systematic method of handling uncertainty is generally underdeveloped in economic evaluation. OBJECTIVE: This study is to compare the statistical methods proposed in constructing confidence intervals for the various ratio distributions, for the various correlation coefficients between numerator and denominator, for the various coefficient of variations, and the various sample sizes. METHODS: The ratio distributions are formed from the combinations of normal, log normal, and gamma distributions, which frequently arise in cost-effective studies. In evaluation the performance of statistical methods, a simulation study was conducted for the various ratio distributions. For each sample, the confidence intervals were constructed by five statistical procedures; the Box, Taylor's, Fieller's, bootstrap, and jackknife methods. RESULTS: First, since the ratio distributions are largely dependent on the distribution of its denominator, none of the statistical tests work if the mean of denominator is close to zero. Second, if the sample size is small, none of the statistical tests perform well enough regardless of correlation and coefficient of variation. Third, for the large sample size, all methods, except the box method, constructed the confidence interval well. Among them, Fieller's method is the first choice of selection for the estimation of the confidence interval. CONCLUSION: None of the statistical tests work if the mean of denominator is close to zero. This is problematic for Incremental Cost-effectiveness Ratio (ICER). If the “net effect” of the new procedure is insignificant, then the statistical test for the ICER is not stable.
Transmembrane signaling by the α subunit of the type I interferon receptor is essential for activation of the Jak kinases and the transcriptional factor ISGF3

The Type I interferon (IFN) receptor has a multisubunit structure. The component of the receptor that has been most thoroughly studied is the alpha subunit. Expression of the alpha subunit in mouse L-929 cells confers antiviral response to human IFN alpha 8, but not to human IFN alpha 2 or IFN beta. This antiviral effect is observed without a significant increase in IFN binding. It has not been determined why mouse cells expressing the human alpha subunit show different response to the antiviral activity of distinct human Type I IFNs. In this report, we demonstrate that the response to human Type I IFNs in mouse cells expressing the alpha subunit is dependent on cross-binding to the mouse receptor. This is supported by the finding that human IFN alpha 8, but not human IFN alpha 2, cross-binds to the mouse receptor even in the absence of expression of the human alpha subunit. We also demonstrate that only mouse cells expressing the human alpha subunit are able to tyrosine-phosphorylate p135tyk2 and JAK-1 and to form the ISGF3 complex in response to human IFN alpha 8. These results demonstrate that the alpha subunit is essential for IFN alpha signaling through the JAK kinases and ISGF3.
Mergers and acquisitions in radio and television broadcasting: Consistent goals and adaptive regulation

Abstract Radio and television broadcasting regulatory policy is fraught with challenges due to rapidly changing technologies and therefore potentially fluid markets. The evolution of regulatory policy in the United States has been relatively adaptable, while policy goals remain constant by comparison. This paper seeks to identify the most important issues regulators face when considering the broadcasting industry generally, and to provide a guide to an adaptive regulatory environment in which mergers and acquisitions in the radio and television industries can exist, based on the U.S. experience.
Member commitment in an American union: the role of the grievance procedure

In recent years increased attention has been focused on the factors that influence member commitment to union. However, little attention has been paid to the role grievance procedures play in this commitment. Here the authors examine the relationship between member attitudes toward the grievance procedure and commitment to an American union.
Polarization in radiation-doped butanol and CD2

Abstract Following the findings of the Bochum group that a light irradiation of d-butanol gives rise to significant deuteron polarizations, we have irradiated samples of n-butanol d10 (98%) in a 19 MeV electron beam at NIST, Gaithersburg MD. Deuteron polarizations as a function of dose and magnetic field will be presented.
Clinical Assessment for Acute Thoracic Aortic Dissection

RATIONAL CLINICAL EXAMINATION REVIEW SOURCE This is a rational clinical examination abstract, a regular feature of Annals’ Evidence-Based Emergency Medicine (EBEM) series. Each features an abstract of a rational clinical examination review from the Journal of the American Medical Association and a commentary by an emergency physician knowledgeable in the subject area. The source for this rational clinical examination review abstract is: M Klompas. Does this patient have an acute thoracic aortic dissection? JAMA. 287:17;2262-2272. The Annals’ EBEM editors assisted in the preparation of the abstract of this rational clinical examination review, as well as the selection of the Evidence-Based Medicine Teaching Points.
No NO prevents parkinsonism.

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by 7-nitroindazole prevents destruction of dopamine neurons and parkinsonian symptoms in baboons treated with MPTP (page 1017–1021).
Identification and structures of matrix-isolated ruthenium oxide molecules from infrared spectra

Abstract Matrix isolation and FTIR spectroscopy were used to study isotopically substituted ruthenium oxide molecules in argon matrices at 14 K. The species studied were produced by sputtering argon gas mixed with 16 O 2 and 18 O 2 in various proportions flowing through a hollow cathode discharge using pure ruthenium as the hollow cathode. By varying the 16 O: 18 O ratio as well as the O 2 :Ar ratio, the various isotopomers of each ruthenium oxide product could be assigned to the observed vibrational bands in the IR absorption spectra. The characteristic pattern resulting from the seven naturally occurring isotopes of Ru was particularly helpful in the identification of overlapping spectra. Metal oxides observed were RuO, RuO 2 , RuO 3 , and RuO 4 . Using isotopomer vibrational frequencies, the fundamental vibrational frequency and anharmonicity were determined for RuO and RuO 2 . In addition, the geometry of RuO 2 and RuO 3 was determined. RuO 2 is bent with a bond angle of 149 ± 2°. RuO 3 , within experimental error, appears to be trigonal planar. These are the first spectroscopic measurements reported for isolated RuO 2 and RuO 3 species.
The Effects of Peer Influence on Disordered Eating Behavior

Peer influence has been found to be correlated with a host of harmful health behaviors. However, little research has been conducted investigating the relationship between peer influence and disordered eating. The present study surveyed 6th-, 7th-, and 8th-grade girls and boys using the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and Inventory of Peer Influence (I-PIEC). This study found a significant positive correlation between peer influence and disordered eating. Multiple regression analyses revealed that peer influence was equally present in both males and females. There were no significant differences between males and females and EDI or I-PIEC scores. The likeability construct of peer influence was the most significant predictor of disordered eating in this study. School nurses are in a unique position to educate both male and female students about the dangers of disordered eating behaviors as well as identify students who may be at risk for these behaviors.
Sphingolipid Homeostasis in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Beyond

Sphingolipids are a diverse group of lipids that have essential cellular roles as structural components of membranes and as potent signaling molecules. In recent years, a detailed picture has emerged of the basic biochemistry of sphingolipids—from their initial synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), to their elaboration into complex glycosphingolipids, to their turnover and degradation. However, our understanding of how sphingolipid metabolism is regulated in response to metabolic demand and physiologic cues remains incomplete. Here I discuss new insights into the mechanisms that ensure sphingolipid homeostasis, with an emphasis on the ER as a critical regulatory site in sphingolipid metabolism. In particular, Orm family proteins have recently emerged as key ER-localized mediators of sphingolipid homeostasis. A detailed understanding of how cells sense and control sphingolipid production promises to provide key insights into membrane function in health and disease.
The Relationship of Psychosocial Maturity to Parenting Quality and Intellectual Ability for American and Korean Adolescents

Psychosocial maturity, gender, intellectual ability, and parenting practices were examined with a group of 344 Korean and 214 American adolescents. American adolescents reported greater self-reliance, work-orientation, and self-identity than did Korean adolescents. In addition, American girls described themselves as more mature in work orientation than did American boys, a trend reversed in the Korean culture. Intellectual ability was associated with adolescents' psychosocial maturity. Differences in parenting style were predictive of psychosocial maturity regardless of ethnic group membership. Authoritative parenting, compared to all other styles, was related to significantly higher means in adolescent maturity. Authoritarian and neglectful styles were almost always associated with lower psychosocial maturity, whereas permissive and mixed parenting styles were more advantageous than either authoritarian or neglectful parenting.
A Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP) with complex clonal chromosomal findings and absence of ring chromosomes

Recent studies have characterized dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) with ring chromosomes consisting of interspersed sequences from chromosome 17 and 22. We present a case of a classical DFSP with complex clonal chromosomal aberrations and normal chromosome 17 and 22 with no ring chromosome. A 29 year old male presented with back lesion. Histologic features included a monotonous population of spindle cells in storiform pattern. The mitotic activity was relatively high but the cells lacked nuclear atypia and necrosis. Immunohistochemical staining was strongly positively for CD34 in a membranous pattern of all tumor cells. Outside expert consultation confirmed the diagnosis of DFSP. Cytogenetic evaluation from G banding and FISH revealed a clonal complex male karyotype with a consistent finding of an additional chromosome material of unknown origin on chromosome 19 at band 13 and no ring chromosome. Interestingly this der 19 chromosome finding has been reported as a feature in 25% of malignant fibrous histiocytomas with tumor progression which has some similarity with DFSP. This case either represent a limitations of classical histopathology or similar mechanism of origin of these two tumor types. It may also represent tumor progression and dedifferentiation with loss of ring chromosome.
Effect of physical changes on the rates of nonenzymic browning and related reactions

Abstract Nonenzymic browning (NEB) due to reaction of d -xylose and l -lysine was studied in a dehydrated matrix based on poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) of different average molecular weights. Physical changes (collapse) and NEB were studied temperatures (T) and moisture contents resulting in different values of (T − Tg), where Tg is the glass transition temperature. Nonenzymic browning rates at low and intermediate moisture contents in a polymeric matrix above its glass transition were shown to be closely related to (T − Tg). The initially porous matrices underwent a time-dependent shrinkage (collapse) above Tg and this shrinkage increased the rate of browning, presumably by minimizing diffusion paths for reactants. When the reactants (xylose and lysine in PVP) were separated by a reactant-free layer of PVP, the reaction rate decreased as the thickness of the empty layer increased. A lag time was observed, which was directly related to the thickness of this layer.
Search for Faster-Than-Light Particles

An experimental search for the existence of charged particles that propagate with velocities always greater than that of light in a vacuum has been performed. Subject to some assumptions regarding the behavior of such particles, it is found that the photoproduction cross section in lead is less than 1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}33}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
Evidence for post-transcriptional effects of T3 on hepatic ferritin synthesis

Abstract Rat hepatic non-heme iron and ferritin were elevated 3.4-fold in hypothyroid animals over that found in normal animals. Whereas ferritin apoprotein synthesis was increased 2.1-fold in hypothyroid animals, no significant difference in hepatic mRNA levels for the two ferritin subunits (H, Mr 21,000 and L, Mr 19,000) was detected between the two thyroidal states. Thus, T3 affects ferritin metabolism either directly or indirectly at a post-transcriptional level.
Nonlinear optical properties of a new chromophore

Strong two-photon-absorption (TPA) based nonlinear optical properties of a new chromophore, N, N-diphenyl-7-[2-(4-pyridinyl) ethenyl]-9,9-di-n-decyl-fluoren-2-amine (AF-50) has been experimentally studied. Under excitation with 10-Hz, ∼8-ns, and ∼800-nm laser pulses, the TPA cross section and the TPA-induced frequency-upconverted emission spectra are measured for AF-50 solutions in various solvents. The most attractive feature of this chromophore is its remarkably high value of the molecular TPA cross section (∼78×10-20 cm2/GW in benzene solution). Based on this feature, superior optical power limiting and stabilization performance has been demonstrated in a 1-cm-long AF-50 solution sample with concentration of d0=0.045 M/L. The nonlinear transmission of the measured sample decreased from ∼0.93 to ∼0.3 when the input-beam intensity increased from ∼10 MW/cm2 to ∼360 MW/cm2; the relative intensity fluctuation of the output laser pulses was reduced to one third of that of the input laser beam.
Microwave spectrum and structure of bicyclo /1.1.1/ pentanone and comparison with several theoretical structures

The microwave spectra of five isotopic species of bicyclo (1.1.1) pentanone have been investigated. The rotational constants along with various centrifugal distortion constants for each species have been determined. From the rotational constants, a complete r(s) structure has been determined for the heavy atoms. Analysis of Stark effect measurements has shown the dipole moment to be along the a principal inertial axis with a magnitude of 3.164 (5) D. These results are compared with those obtained by four current theoretical methods: molecular mechanics (MM2), MNDO, and Hartree-Fock ab initio theory with STO-3G and 3-21G basis sets.
The initial period of war: Russia's Soviet heritage

Soviet military planners of the Cold War years were understandably concerned with the problem of the ‘initial period of war’. Soviet experience in World War II, together with the postwar availability of nuclear weapons to Soviet adversaries, made imperative the serious study of options for winning wars in their initial period. This Soviet heritage is of considerable relevancy for Russia now, albeit with some twists. Soviet Cold War planners could assert some scenarios for prevailing in a short war in Europe that remained beneath the nuclear threshold. Contemporary Russia must rely on nuclear first use to compensate for its conventional inferiority to NATO. Soviet military thinking of the 1980s, about defensive sufficiency and alternative conventional defense postures, holds important insights for contemporary Russian planners who might want viable defense options short of nuclear war.
Uptake of heavy metals in batch systems by a recycled iron-bearing material

Abstract An iron-bearing material deriving from surface finishing operations in the manufacturing of cast-iron components demonstrates potential for removal of heavy metals from aqueous waste streams. Batch isotherm and rate experiments were conducted for uptake of cadmium, zinc, and lead. In the pH range of 4–7, the iron sorbent had the highest capacity, on a mass-per-mass basis, for lead followed by zinc and cadmium. As anticipated, solution pH has a notable impact on metal removal, while ionic background and initial metal concentration exhibited a lesser impact on adsorptive behavior. Metal surface complexation with a developing oxide layer is postulated as the principal mechanism of heavy metal removal. Batch adsorption kinetics are quite rapid, with 90% or more of metal uptake occurring within the first 5–10 h of reaction for powdered fines. Larger, granular-sized particles exhibited a longer, slower approach toward the equilibrium position. Surface complexation as well as semi-empirical equilibrium and rate models provided a useful description of experimental phenomena in that conditional trends were reflected in the estimated values of the model coefficients. Given the availability and comparable metal uptake capacity of the recycled iron sorbent to natural metal oxides and some commercial adsorbents, use of the iron-bearing material offers potential environmental and economic benefit for certain industrial pretreatment applications.
An Accurate, Clinically Practical System For Spatial Vectorcardiography

This paper describes a news improved system of spatial vectorcardiography that is practical for clinical use. It represents an optimum compromise among such factors as soundness of theoretic basis, accuracy, reproducibility, signal-to-noise ratio, and speed of application. Some of its advantages over currently employed systems include a rational physical basis, corrections for torso shape, avoidance of left arm, insensitivity to individual variability of ventricle location, and accuracy comparable to applicability of 3-dimensional torso-model data to the human subject. Detailed description of electrode placement, practical procedures, and useful technics is included.
A Growth Projection for Electricity Demand in San Diego County to the End of the Century

Abstract Growth of residential electricity demand in San Diego County between 1950 and 1970 is shown to be primarily associated with increasing saturation levels of individual appliances. Only a relatively minor contribution to the demand function is attributable to increased consumption per appliance unit. Using past saturation growth rates and an estimate of somewhat less than 1 %/yr for the increase in consumption per appliance, we arrive at a year 2000 electricity consumption level of about 12,000 kWh per average household, as compared with a 1970 level of about 4,900 kWh The electricity consumption in the commercial and industrial sector is estimated on the assumption that consumption is a linear function of commercial and industrial floor area. The 1972 estimate for the loading function is 27.6 kWh/ft2-yr. Projection of this function to later times is based on the assumption of growth along logistics curves to limiting values appropriate for all-electric structures Projections of total regional elec...
Microbial destruction rates in soft-serve ice cream during freezing.

Abstract Lethal rates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces lactis , and spores of Bacillus subtilis, in soft-serve ice cream during 30 min of freezing, were investigated in mixes inoculated with suspensions of these microorganisms. Destruction rate curves of log counts V time for E. coli, P. fluorescens , and S. lactis were nonlinear but similar. S. aureus showed considerable resistance to freezing with agitation, whereas spores of B. subtilis were unaffected. Statistical analyses indicated that the mean lethal rates of the organisms and the shape of the destruction rate curves were not influenced by the initial cell concentrations. The shape of the destruction rate curve and the mean lethal rate of E. coli were influenced by the freezing rate. Young cells of E. coli were more susceptible to destruction than older cells.
DEPOSITION OF POTENTIAL ENERGY IN SOLIDS BY SLOW, HIGHLY CHARGED IONS

We have measured the deposition of potential energy of slow $(\ensuremath{\sim}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s})$, highly charged ions in solids with an ion implanted silicon detector. A large fraction (about $35%$ or 60 keV) of the potential energy dissipated by ${\mathrm{Au}}^{69+}$ ions can be traced in electronic excitations deep $(g50\mathrm{nm})$ inside the solid. In contrast, only about $10%$ of the potential energy has been accounted for in measurements of emitted secondary particles.
Effect of Chemical Closure of Stomata on Transpiration in Varied Soil and Atmospheric Environments

The effect of phenylmercuric acetate on transpiration and growth was measured on sunflowers growing outdoors and on tobacco growing in a greenhouse. There was a significant reduction in transpiration in both plants; no reduction in growth was observed in tobacco, whereas some damage was evident in the sunflowers. Phenylmercuric acetate reduced transpiration in tobacco equally whether the soil was wet or somewhat dry.
Trastuzumab Alters the Expression of Genes Essential for Cardiac Function and Induces Ultrastructural Changes of Cardiomyocytes in Mice

Treatment with trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2), very successfully improves outcomes for women with HER2-positive breast cancer. However, trastuzumab treatment was recently linked to potentially irreversible serious cardiotoxicity, the mechanisms of which are largely elusive. This study reports that trastuzumab significantly alters the expression of myocardial genes essential for DNA repair, cardiac and mitochondrial functions, which is associated with impaired left ventricular performance in mice coupled with significant ultrastructural alterations in cardiomyocytes revealed by electron microscopy. Furthermore, trastuzumab treatment also promotes oxidative stress and apoptosis in myocardium of mice, and elevates serum levels of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) and cardiac myosin light chain-1 (cMLC1). The elevated serum levels of cMLC1 in mice treated with trastuzumab highlights the potential that cMLC1 could be a useful biomarker for trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity.
AAA+ ATPase Mechanism

AAA+ ATPases contribute to nearly all cellular activities. Nature builds these machines as homomeric rings with catalytic sites residing between each protomer. A highly conserved catalytic core is modified with task-specific structural elements to generate a myriad of functions. Structural details about how these motors work are becoming available. Here we describe studies of NtrC1, a member of the NtrC subfamily of AAA+ ATPases that bacteria use to regulate gene expression from the σ54-form of RNA polymearase. In NtrC-like ATPases the specificity motifs are two loops called L1 and L2, with the latter containing a ‘GAFTGA’ motif for direct binding to σ54 of RNAP. Interaction of the ATPase with the polymerase remodels the sigma factor enabling it to melt promoter DNA so that transcription can begin. We show by SAS that while NtrC1 variant E239A is unable to hydrolyze ATP it undergoes nucleotide-driven conformational changes typical of the wild type protein and stably binds to σ54. An ATP-bound crystal structure revealed for the first time the γ-phosphate interacting with the catalytically crucial R-finger. Comparing the new structure with a prior ADP-bound suggests that R-finger engagement propagates a series of conformational changes on the R-finger side of the protomer/protomer interface, causing the L1-GAFTGA motif to extend several Angstroms above the plane of the ring to bind σ54. Neighbor/neighbor contacts between protomers, notably in a rigid body formed between the bulk of the L1- and L2-loops, suggest that nucleotide binding and subsequent conformational change will be complex, and likely cooperative. To test this hypothesis we took advantage of recent developments at the BioCAT beam line to perform static and time-resolved SAXS experiments to monitor conformational changes as nucleotide occupancy progresses from apo to fully bound state. The results reveal a series of changes with at least one intermediate state.
Unusually active palladium-based catalysts for the electrooxidation of formic acid

Abstract Formic acid fuel cells offer exciting prospects for powering portable electronic and MEMS devices. Pd-based catalysts further improve the performance of direct formic acid fuel cells while reducing catalyst costs over Pt-based catalysts. This study investigates several Pd-based catalysts, both unsupported and carbon-supported, and compares the electrochemical results with results obtained in an operating fuel cell. Power densities of up to 260 mW cm−2 were achieved in a fuel cell at 750 mA operating at 30 °C. Carbon-supported catalysts and addition of other metals, such as gold, show potential in further improving the performance of Pd-based catalysts.
Calibration of the University of Hawaii's airborne hyperspectral imager

The University of Hawaii’s Airborne Hyperspectral Imager (AHI) consists of a long-wave infrared pushbroom hyperspectral imager and a boresighted 3-color visible high resolution CCD linescan camera. A new data system was added to the AHI in a recent upgrade of the sensor, resulting in the ability to collect data at full resolution in 256 spectral channels. This upgrade motivated the design of a new calibration procedure that removes image distortion and bad pixels from the produced imagery. The approach used is a novel method using a runtime-calculated transform. This transform describes the means of converting the distorted AHI focal plane into a corrected “virtual” AHI focal plane. The transform is formulated using several spatial-statistical assumptions as to the way information varies on the focal plane, and is based on geostatistical interpolation techniques. This transform removes the distortion present in the AHI imager and delivers high quality imagery.
Differential antagonism of the rate-decreasing effects of κ-opioid receptor agonists by naltrexone and norbinaltorphimine

Abstract Eight κ-opioid receptor agonists were examined for their effects in squirrel monkeys responding under a fixed interval 3-min schedule of stimulus termination. Six of these κ-opioid receptor agonists decreased dose-dependently the total number of responses and with an order of potency consistent with κ-opioid receptor interaction. Three of these κ-opioid receptor agonists, bremazocine, U69,593 {[(5 a ,7 a ,8 b )-(+)- N -[7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxaspiro(4,5)dec-8-yl)] benzeneacetamide} and enadoline, were evaluated following pretreatment with 1.0 mg/kg of naltrexone or 3.0 mg/kg of norbinaltorphimine. The effects of the three agonists were antagonized significantly by naltrexone, but only those of bremazocine and U69,593 were antagonized significantly by norbinaltorphimine. Statistical analysis of the data averaged over six monkeys revealed that naltrexone was significantly more potent than norbinaltorphimine at antagonizing enadoline and U69,593, but naltrexone and norbinaltorphimine were equipotent at antagonizing bremazocine. Moreover, naltrexone was 8-fold more potent at antagonizing U69,593 and enadoline than at antagonizing bremazocine. These results suggest that under these conditions the effects of U69,593 and enadoline may be mediated, in part, by a different receptor population, perhaps a subtype of κ-opioid receptors, from the one that mediates the effects of bremazocine.
Depolymerization of Starch by High Pressure Extrusion

High pressure extrusion (13,00–40,000 psi), using a French Pressure Cell and hydraulic press, was evaluated for the degradation of potato starch. Rapid decreases in both relative and intrinsic viscosities of starch colloidal solutions (0.5–2.5%, w/v) were evident, particularly following the first extrusion. However, maximum reducing powers formed (1.15 dextrose equivalents) were negligible even after 5 consecutive extrusions of a 0.5% starch solution. The significant decreases in viscosities of starch solutions were due to depolymerization of the starch molecules into smaller fractions with little reducing power. However, the use of high pressure extrusion combined with heat (97°C) and 3N HCI significantly enhanced degradation of a 2.5% starch solution to yield 52.1 dextrose equivalents.
Structural approaches to understanding retinal proteins needed for vision

The past decade has witnessed an impressive expansion of our knowledge of retinal photoreceptor signal transduction and the regulation of the visual cycle required for normal eyesight. Progress in human genetics and next generation sequencing technologies have revealed the complexity behind many inherited retinal diseases. Structural studies have markedly increased our understanding of the visual process. Moreover, technical innovations and improved methodologies in proteomics, macromolecular crystallization and high resolution imaging at different levels set the scene for even greater advances. Pharmacology combined with structural biology of membrane proteins holds great promise for developing innovative accessible therapies for millions robbed of their sight or progressing toward blindness.
Developing cellulosic biofuels supply chains

There is a lot of exciting research in progress on the different components of the second-generation biofuels supply chains – feedstocks, conversion, end use and so on. However, there is relatively...
Theory of consecutive pulse sample feed elution chromatography

Abstract Moments analysis was used to characterized the elution chromatographic peak from a column, in which the longitudinal dispersion in the mobile phase, the radial dispersion inside the porous spherical bed packing and the sorption on the internal surface of the spherical bed packing are simultaneously taking place. A sample feed and an elution step are fed into the column as a consecutive pulse alternately, so that a continuous operation of chromatography can be performed.
The impact of human EGFR kinase domain mutations on lung tumorigenesis and in vivo sensitivity to EGFR-targeted therapies

To understand the role of human epidermal growth factor receptor (hEGFR) kinase domain mutations in lung tumorigenesis and response to EGFR-targeted therapies, we generated bitransgenic mice with inducible expression in type II pneumocytes of two common hEGFR mutants seen in human lung cancer. Both bitransgenic lines developed lung adenocarcinoma after sustained hEGFR mutant expression, confirming their oncogenic potential. Maintenance of these lung tumors was dependent on continued expression of the EGFR mutants. Treatment with small molecule inhibitors (erlotinib or HKI-272) as well as prolonged treatment with a humanized anti-hEGFR antibody (cetuximab) led to dramatic tumor regression. These data suggest that persistent EGFR signaling is required for tumor maintenance in human lung adenocarcinomas expressing EGFR mutants.
Conservation in the 5' region of the long interspersed mouse L1 repeat: implications of comparative sequence analysis

Abstract A clone of 7.1kb corresponding to the mouse L1 interspersed repeat family was selected for homology to a human interspersed repeat. This clone fairly represents mouse genomic members. Mapping of the clone revealed one common element at both the 5' and 3' ends in a head to tail arrangement, suggesting that at least some long L1 family members are tandemly arranged; genomic studies confirmed the unexpected tandem arrangement of a minor proportion of L1 members. A short SmaI tandem repeat appears to define the 5' end of most L1 family members. SmaI repeats may maintain, via a recursive regulatory function, the transcriptional viability of L1 members after retroposition events. A 2.5kb portion of the mouse L1 repeat that has not been previously sequenced is presented. It is 55-70% homologous to a corresponding portion of the human KpnI repeat family. Comparative sequence analysis revealed that one common open reading frame may conserve potential coding function across species. A second open reading frame bears an asymmetric distribution of codon replacements unlike both genes and pseudogenes. This latter feature could be consistent with a proposed chromosome organization function that is unrelated to peptide expression.
A quantum mechanical-Poisson-Boltzmann equation approach for studying charge flow between ions and a dielectric continuum

This paper presents a theoretical model for the investigation of charge transfer between ions and a solvent treated as a dielectric continuum media. The method is a combination of a semiempirical effective Hamiltonian with a modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation which includes charge transfer in the form of a surface charge density positioned at the dielectric interface. The new Poisson-Boltzmann equation together with new boundary conditions results in a new set of equations for the electrostatic potential (or polarization charge densities). Charge transfer adds a new free energy component to the solvation free energy term, which accounts for all interactions between the transferred charge at the dielectric interface, the solute wave function and the solvent polarization charges. Practical calculations on a set of 19 anions and 17 cations demonstrate that charge exchange with a dielectric is present and it is in the range of 0.06-0.4 eu. Furthermore, the pattern of the magnitudes of charge transfer can be related to the acid-base properties of the ions in many cases, but exceptions are also found. Finally, we show that the method leads to an energy decomposition scheme of the total electrostatic energy, which can be used in mechanistic studies on protein and DNA interactionmore » with water. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics.« less
A comparison of base media used for the incubation of plant residues in laboratory experiments

Abstract Laboratory incubation experiments designed to measure potential rates of decomposition and N mineralization from plant residues typically use either sand or soil as a base medium for incorporation of the materials. Few studies have addressed the effects of base media on decomposition and N mineralization, or the interaction between media and incubated materials. This experiment compared the decomposition and net N mineralization rates of four plant residues incubated in the laboratory in both sand and soil base media. Initially, CO2‐C evolution was greater from residues incubated in die soil, while net N mineralization was greater with the residues in sand. After 11 weeks, cumulative net N and C mineralized from residues incubated in either medium were more similar, but differences between media were still present. The form of N recovered differed between the media, with nitrification absent or occurring at a low rate in the sand. Differences in the rate and extent of decomposition and net N mine...
Purification to homogeneity and biochemical characterization of two suppressor factors from human malignant T-cells☆

Abstract A cell clone (GI-CO-T-9) derived from a long term T-cell culture (PF-382), established from a patient affected by acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), was selected for the presence in the culture medium of factors suppressing T-cell proliferation. The crude supernatant has been subjected to a multi-step chromatographic fractioning, including: preparative gel permeation, anion exchange, and hydrophobic interaction High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The highly purified material was characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE), revealing single bands of 115 Kd and 80 Kd. The isoelectric points (pI), determined by flat-bed isoelectricfocusing, were 7.4 for High Molecular Weight Suppressor Factor (HMWSF) and 3.5–3.6 for Low Molecular Weight Suppressor Factor (LMWSF).
Coupled Antiferromagnetic-Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance in RbMnF 3

The coupling between antiferromagnetic and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{55}$ nuclear resonances in ${\mathrm{RbMnF}}_{3}$ has been studied both theoretically and experimentally. The electronic and nuclear frequencies have been derived by solving the coupled equations of motion for (a) a four-sublattice model, consisting of two electronic and two nuclear magnetic sublattices; (b) a two-sublattice model in which the electron-nuclear interaction is represented by a static anisotropy field. For the electronic modes, the differences in the frequencies obtained from the two models are negligible. However, only the four-sublattice theory predicts the NMR frequencies to good accuracy, for applied fields both greater and less than the spin-flop value. The temperature dependence of the crystal parameters has been included, and comparison is made between theory and experiment in the temperature range where the parallel susceptibility is significant.
Selected topics from p+A data

Abstract A discussion of p+A data relevant to Heavy-Ion collisions at CERN and the AGS is presented.
Reducibility of Catalyzed Cerium–Praseodymium Mixed Oxides

Cerium–praseodymium mixed oxides covering a wide range of cerium/praseodymium ratios were synthesized, loaded with 2 wt% palladium, and characterized by X-ray diffraction and temperature-programmed reduction. Both the degree and average temperature of reduction of the catalyzed mixed oxides were found to increase with increasing praseodymium concentration. Quantitative results indicate that these materials may be useful, in conjunction with hydrocarbon traps, for treating automotive cold-start emissions.
Determination of atmospheric nitrate and nitric acid employing a diffusion denuder with a filter pack

A diffusion denuder assembly for sampling and analyzing atmospheric gaseous and particulate nitrate without significant artifactual error was constructed and evaluated. The system consists of parallel filter packs, one to determine total inorganic nitrate and the other, preceded by a diffusion denuder to remove nitric acid, to measure particulate nitrate. Nitric acid is determined by difference. Ambient sampling data for total nitrate (sum of nitric acid and particulate nitrate) were statistically identical by either high volume or low volume sequential filter packs. Differences between nitric acid and nitrate data by filter pack and diffusion denuder methods were attributed principally to known sources of error in the former-adsorption of HNO3 on collected particles and evaporation of nitric acid from collected ammonium nitrate particles. Negative correlation of particulate nitrate and strong acid levels was observed. During long sampling times adsorption of HNO3 on collected particles is apparently the dominant source of error eliminated by use of the diffusion denuder method; for short sampling times, evaporative loss of NH4NO3 is dominant. Losses of nitrate particles by impaction or ammonium nitrate by evaporation in the denuder appear to be negligibly small for particles ⩽ 3pm.
Transient Analysis of Tilt Pad Journal Bearings Including Effects of Pad Flexibility and Fluid Film Temperature

The paper considers vibration response of spinning shafts supported by flexible tilt pad journal bearings, to large mass imbalance (blade loss). A time transient study of the tilt pad journal bearing with thermal effects and without pad deformations, and with pad deformations and without thermal effects, is performed. Influence of the inclusion of thermal effects on the jurnal center's orbit, the minimum film thickness, and the maximum film temperature is evaluated, and also the influence of pad deformations due to the fluid film forces on the journal center's orbit and the minimum film thickness is studied. Inclusion of thermal effects had little effect on the orbit, while the inclusion of pad deformations had considerable effect on the journal orbit and the minimum film thickness. Three cases are studied in this paper; static load without imbalance, static load with low imbalance, and static load with high imbalance
Complex Moduli of Chopped Fiber and Continuous Fiber Composites: Comparison of Measurements with Estimated Bounds:

Measured complex moduli of two E-glass/polyester chopped fiber com posites (PPG SMC-R25 and PPG SMC-R65), of an E-glass/polyester hybrid chopped/continuous fiber composite (PPG XMC-3) and of an E-g...
Risks of allergic reactions to biotech proteins in foods: perception and reality

In recent years, significant attention has been paid to the use of biotechnology to improve the quality and quantity of the food supply due in part to the projected growth in the world population, plus limited options available for increasing the amount of land under cultivation. Alterations in the food supply induced by classical breeding and selection methods typically involve the movement of large portions of genomic DNA between different plant varieties to obtain the desired trait. This is in contrast to techniques of genetic engineering which allows the selection and transfers specific genes from one species to another. The primary allergy risk to consumers from genetically modified crops may be placed into one of three categories. The first represents the highest risk to the allergic consumer is the transfer of known allergen or cross-reacting allergen into a food crop. The second category, representing an intermediate risk to the consumer, is the potential for replacing the endogenous allergenicity of a genetically-modified crop. The last category involves expression of novel proteins that may become allergens in man and generally represents a relatively low risk to the consumer, although this possibility has received attention of late. In order to mitigate the three categories of potential allergy risk associated with biotech crops, all genes introduced into food crops undergo a series of tests designed to determine if the biotech protein exhibits properties of known food allergens. The result of this risk assessment process to date is that no biotech proteins in foods have been documented to cause allergic reactions. These results indicate that the current assessment process is robust, although as science of allergy and allergens evolves, new information and new technology should help further the assessment process for potential allergenicity.
Pooling annotated corpora for clinical concept extraction

The availability of annotated corpora has facilitated the application of machine learning algorithms to concept extraction from clinical notes. However, high expenditure and labor are required for creating the annotations. A potential alternative is to reuse existing corpora from other institutions by pooling with local corpora, for training machine taggers. In this paper we have investigated the latter approach by pooling corpora from 2010 i2b2/VA NLP challenge and Mayo Clinic Rochester, to evaluate taggers for recognition of medical problems. The corpora were annotated for medical problems, but with different guidelines. The taggers were constructed using an existing tagging system MedTagger that consisted of dictionary lookup, part of speech (POS) tagging and machine learning for named entity prediction and concept extraction. We hope that our current work will be a useful case study for facilitating reuse of annotated corpora across institutions. We found that pooling was effective when the size of the local corpus was small and after some of the guideline differences were reconciled. The benefits of pooling, however, diminished as more locally annotated documents were included in the training data. We examined the annotation guidelines to identify factors that determine the effect of pooling. The effectiveness of pooling corpora, is dependent on several factors, which include compatibility of annotation guidelines, distribution of report types and size of local and foreign corpora. Simple methods to rectify some of the guideline differences can facilitate pooling. Our findings need to be confirmed with further studies on different corpora. To facilitate the pooling and reuse of annotated corpora, we suggest that – i) the NLP community should develop a standard annotation guideline that addresses the potential areas of guideline differences that are partly identified in this paper; ii) corpora should be annotated with a two-pass method that focuses first on concept recognition, followed by normalization to existing ontologies; and iii) metadata such as type of the report should be created during the annotation process.
Induction of resistance in tomato against cucumber mosaic cucumovirus by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

Studies were done to evaluate specific strains of plant growth promoting rhizobac- teria (PGPR) for induced resistance against cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) in tomato. In greenhouse experiments where plants were challenged by mechanical inoculation of CMV, the percentage of symptomatic plants in the most effective PGPR treatments ranged from 32 to 58%, compared with 88 to 98% in the nonbacterized, challenged disease control treatment. Field experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate 4 PGPR strain treatments based on superior performance in the greenhouse studies. In the 1996 field experiment, tomato plants treated with 3 PGPR strains exhibited a significantly lower incidence of CMV infection and significantly higher yields, compared with nonbacterized, CMV-challenged controls. In 1997, the overall percentage of plants infected with CMV in the control and PGPR treatments was higher than in 1996. CMV symptom development was significantly reduced on PGPR- treated plants in 1997 compared with the control, but the percentages of infected plants and tomato yields were not significantly different among treatments. These results suggest that PGPR-mediated induced resistance against CMV infection following mechanical inoculation onto tomato can be maintained under field conditions.