cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chaotic Advection as a Means to Develop Nanoscale Structures in Viscous Melts

Nanoscale materials are typically produced either by breaking down larger structures or by assembling them directly from their smaller constituents. Another approach is to establish processing conditions where initially large component domains in the melt intermingle via intelligent agitations in accordance with continuum mechanics, refine progressively, and eventually give nanoscale materials where molecular interactions may induce further orientation. In this paper, the potential of chaotic advection to develop in situ nanoscale structures is specifically described in polymer melts. Due to induced chaotic motions, melt domains stretch and fold recursively. Structure is evolved in lieu of being broken down as occurs typically in common blending. Moreover, the extent of structure development is controllable so that a variety of distinct material arrangements can be formed.
Advertising Ethics: The Ultimate Oxymoron?

Devoting a special issue of the Journal of Business Ethics specifically to advertising ethics may seem the ultimate oxymoron. Pundits routinely point to the intrusiveness of advertising "creep" into ever newly-discovered media vehicles inundating us wherever we look. Businesses grumble" over the high costs of this necessary evil's effects on shrinking margins. Policy makers regularly realign parameters to circumvent deception* and either initiate prohibitions to discourage specific uses, or seek to outlaw certain venues. Naturalists
¡Hay que hablar!: Testimonio in the everyday lives of migrant mothers

Abstract This article, which draws from an ethnographic study of mixed-status Mexican families living in the New Latino Diaspora, examines how two undocumented mothers both rehearse for and perform the act of giving testimonio during everyday conversations that take place in their home. The analysis identifies discursive and semiotic features of testimonio used by the mothers to develop an emergent narrative form situated within an increasingly anti-immigrant context. The findings indicate that giving testimonio is a symbolic and strategic substitute for participation in a legal system that affords migrants certain due process rights but denies them the civil rights afforded US citizens.
Vaginal 5-fluorouracil for high-grade cervical dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus infection: a randomized trial.

Abstract Objective: To compare the efficacy and toxicity of topical vaginal 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) maintenance therapy against the effects of observation after standard treatment for high-grade cervical dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women and to evaluate the association between baseline CD4 count and time to recurrence. Methods: In a phase III unmasked, randomized, multicenter, outpatient clinical trial, 101 HIV-positive women either received 6 months of biweekly treatment with vaginal 5-FU cream (2 g) or underwent 6 months of observation after standard excisional or ablative cervical treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Papanicolaou smears and colposcopy were scheduled at regular intervals during the ensuing 18 months, with the primary end point being the time at which CIN of any grade recurred. Results: Thirty-eight percent of women developed recurrence: 14 (28%) of 50 in the 5-FU therapy group and 24 (47%) of 51 in the observation group. Treatment with 5-FU was significantly associated with prolonged time to CIN development (P = .04). Observation subjects were more likely to have high-grade recurrences, with 31% developing CIN 2–3 compared with 8% in the 5-FU treatment arm (P = .014), and disease recurred more quickly in observation subjects as well. Baseline CD4 count was related significantly to time to recurrence (P = .04), with 46% of subjects with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm3 developing recurrence compared with 33% of subjects with CD4 counts at least 200 cells/mm3. Disease recurred more slowly in subjects who had received antiretroviral therapy than in antiretroviral therapy–naive subjects. There were no instances of grade 3 or 4 toxicity, and compliance with 5-FU treatment was generally good. Conclusion: Adjunctive maintenance intravaginal 5-FU therapy after standard surgery for high-grade lesions safely and effectively reduced recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-infected women.
Stem cells: The dark side of induced pluripotency

Induced pluripotent stem cells have great therapeutic potential. But genomic and epigenomic analyses of these cells generated using current technology reveal abnormalities that may affect their safe use. See Articles p.58, p.63 & p.68
Structure tensor analysis of serial optical coherence scanner images for mapping fiber orientations and tractography in the brain

Quantitative investigations of fiber orientation and structural connectivity at microscopic resolution have led to great challenges for current neuroimaging techniques. Here, we present a structure tensor (ST) analysis of ex vivo rat brain images acquired by a multicontrast (MC) serial optical coherence scanner. The ST considers the gradients of images in local neighbors to generate a matrix whose eigen-decomposition can estimate the local features such as the edges, anisotropy, and orientation of tissue constituents. This computational analysis is applied on the conventional- and polarization-based contrasts of optical coherence tomography. The three-dimensional (3-D) fiber orientation maps are computed from the image stacks of sequential scans both at mesoresolution for a global view and at high-resolution for the details. The computational orientation maps demonstrate a good agreement with the optic axis orientation contrast which measures the in-plane fiber orientation. Moreover, tractography is implemented using the directional information extracted from the 3-D ST. The study provides a unique opportunity to leverage MC high-resolution information to map structural connectivity of the whole brain.
The Zintl phases Sr2.2Mg11.8Ge7 and Sr5Mg19Ge12

Abstract Synthetic investigations of the SrxMg2−xGe section have been carried out in sealed Ta containers. These reveal, in addition to the known Mg2Ge, MgSrGe, and Sr2Ge, two new phases with the nominal compositions Sr2Mg12Ge7 and Sr5Mg19Ge12. The first is a line compound that is isostructural with Zr2Fe12P7 ( P 6 , Z = 1, a = 11.064 (1) A c = 4.356 (1) A; R, Rw(F) = 2.7, 4.2%) and has the refined composition Sr2.17(2)Mg11.83(2)Ge7. About 6% strontium substitutes in the larger, five-coordinate magnesium site. The other phase is isostructural with Ho5Ni19P12 or the very similar Sc5Co19P12 according to Guinier powder diffraction and is nonstoichiometric, viz., Sr5+yMg19−yGe12 with an approximate range of −0.7 ≤ y ≤ 2.7. Both structures feature tricapped trigonal prismatic units of metal about isolated germanium atoms, these prisms being condensed by sharing some prismatic edges and faces. The new compounds are the first valence (Zintl) examples of structures previously known only for metallic transition-metal phosphides and arsenides.
The potential role of management in undergraduate technical education

Abstract This study evolved out of discussions about the need for scientists and technologists to acquire better management skills. The goal is to consider how management and science education can be better integrated. To accomplish this, I examined the format of management programs at highly respected undergraduate management schools both within and outside the United States. A summary is given of common offerings (or themes) that appear frequently. Highly innovative programs are identified and briefly described. Based on these findings, suggestions are made for an undergraduate management curriculum in a pure or applied science environment
Attenuation of β-amyloid induced toxicity by sialic acid-conjugated dendrimers: role of sialic acid attachment

β-Amyloid (Aβ) is the primary protein component of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease and is believed to be associated with neurotoxicity in the disease. We and others have shown that Aβ binds with relatively high affinity to clustered sialic acid residues on cell surfaces and that removal of cell surface sialic acids attenuates Aβ toxicity. We have also shown that sialic acid functionalized dendrimeric polymers can act as mimics of cell surface sialic acid clusters and attenuate Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. In the current study, we prepared sialic-acid-conjugated dendrimers using a physiologically relevant attachment of the sialic acid to the dendrimeric termini, and evaluated the Aβ toxicity attenuation properties of the dendrimers. We compared performance of sialic-acid-conjugated dendrimeric polymers in which the sialic acid moieties were attached to dendrimeric termini via the anomeric hydroxyl group of the sialic acid, a physiological attachment, to polymers in which the attachment was made via the carboxylic acid group on the sialic acid, a non-physiological attachment. This work enhances our understanding of Aβ-cell surface binding and is a step towards the development of new classes of sequestering agents as therapeutics for the prevention of Aβ toxicity in AD.
Dominant (AFLP) and co‐dominant (microsatellite) markers for the kelp Postelsia palmaeformis (Laminariales)

To aid in understanding the structure, dispersal and genetic dynamics of their populations, we developed microsatellite and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers for the sea palm, Postelsia palmaeformis (Laminariales) for samples taken from nine sites in the area of Cape Flattery, Washington State, USA. We identified two AFLP primers that yielded 798 variable fragments and five microsatellite markers with three to seven alleles each. We also report patterns of allelic variation for four previously identified microsatellite markers in this species and several new alleles.
Cloning of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes by direct complementation of Nod − mutants

Nitrogen-fixing root nodules are formed by the multi-step interaction of an endosymbiotic bacterium in the genus Rhizobium and a plant host of the legume family1. Identifying the bacterial and host genes involved in each step of this process is necessary to elucidate the molecular basis of the symbiosis, and is an important prerequisite for improving existing symbiotic associations or extending the range of symbioses. One way of identifying such genes is through the isolation and characterization of mutants that affect the symbiosis2–7. We have previously described the isolation of nodulation defective (Nod−) mutants of Rhizobium meliloti6,8. However, the functions of the nodulation (nod) genes defined by these mutations are not understood. As a first step in the molecular genetic characterization of nod genes, we describe here the cloning, by direct selection, of nod genes which complement the nodulation defect of a Nod− R. meliloti mutant. We have used a broad host range cosmid as a vector for large R. meliloti DNA inserts. This system should be generally useful for genetic studies of other Gram-negative bacteria which cannot easily be transformed; combined with the strategy of direct selection, it may be especially applicable to the study of virulence genes in pathogenic bacteria. Using the cloned R. meliloti nodulation gene obtained by this method, and a series of overlapping members of a cosmid clone bank extending from the nif locus, we have found that the gene(s) for nodulation are located within 30 kilobase pairs (kbp) of the nif loci, on the R. meliloti nifK side of the three structural genes for nitrogenase.
XML11: an abstract windowing protocol

This paper describes XML11, an abstract windowing protocol inspired by the X11-protocol developed by MIT. XML11 is an XML-based protocol that allows asynchronous UI updates of widgets to an end-device. To overcome high-latency connections, XML11 allows migration of application logic to the end-device. Implicit middleware enables transparent interaction between the end-device and the server. The middleware is implicit, because the programmer is unaware of the distribution. The prototype implementation of XML11 runs in any standard web browser without Java capabilities on the client side and replaces AWT/Swing on the server side. This also allows us to expose legacy AWT/Swing applications as web applications.
The failure of self-consciousness in Sartre's Being and Nothingness

The central tenet in the ontology Sartre describes and seeks to defend in Being and Nothingness is that being divides into the for-itself and the in-itself. Self-consciousness characterizes being-for-itself and distinguishes it from being-in-itself. What it means for a being to exist for itself is that it is self-conscious. How Sartre characterizes self-consciousness in Being and Nothingness is, however, a question that remains to be asked. There is no simple answer to this question. For Sartre, there are really several levels of self-consciousness: the self-consciousness of consciousness at the pre-reflective level, at the level of reflection (both pure and impure) and at the level of being-for-others. There is a profound difference between the self-consciousness of being-for-others and impure reflection, on the one hand, and the self-consciousness of reflection and pre-reflective consciousness, on the other. With being-for-others and impure reflection, self-consciousness involves the attempt to grasp the self as an object for consciousness. Although the nature of this attempt and the reasons for its ultimate failure differ at each level, these levels are bound together by a common sense of self-consciousness as a consciousness of the self as an object.
Investigating the impact of an integrated approach to the development of preservice teachers' technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK)

The purpose of this study is to describe an integrated pedagogical approach, aimed at advancing preservice teachers' learning on the use of technology and investigate its impact on participants' knowledge (i.e., TPACK) and practice. The integrated approach juxtaposes an educational technology course with methods courses and field experience through careful instructional design. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Quantitative data were collected through a pre-post administration of the Survey of Preservice Teachers' Knowledge of Teaching and Technology. Qualitative data were collected through open-ended survey responses and preservice teacher case narratives reporting on the design and implementation of technology-integrated lessons in a field placement. Finding revealed that participants experienced significant gains in all TPACK constructs. Further, findings indicated that participants applied their knowledge in practice though there was variability in the ways in which knowledge domains were represented in participants' narratives. Findings have implications for teacher education programs and for researchers interested in the development and assessment of preservice teacher knowledge of teaching with technology.
Intravenous iron requirement in adult hemodialysis patients

Objective. Chronic hemodialysis patients often require maintenance intravenous iron, as iron is an essential component of effective erythropoiesis. The Anemia Work Group (NKF-K/DOQI) anemia guidelines suggest a maintenance intravenous iron dose of 25–125 mg, but the optimal maintenance dose regimen remains difficult to determine. K/DOQI recommends these iron parameters: TSAT ≥ 20% and < 50%, ferritin ≥ 100 and < 800 ng/mL. An assessment of the maintenance dose regimen used in the present study is presented in this article. Patients and Methods. Data were collected retrospectively to evaluate clinical response in 40 adult chronic hemodialysis patients who received regular maintenance intravenous iron sucrose of 100 mg either every other week or every fourth week based on their ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT) levels. If ferritin level was between 100 and 500 ng/mL and TSAT level was 20% and 30%, then iron sucrose was administered every other week; if ferritin was 500–700 ng/mL or TSAT was 30%–45%, then iron sucrose was administered every fourth week. Ferritin and TSAT levels were monitored quarterly. Results. After the first quarter, 15 (38%) of the patients (n=15) remained on their original dosing regimen; 21 (53%) patients required adjustment to their regimen, either by discontinuing the regimen (n = 18) or decreasing the dosing interval (n = 3), 45% and 7.5% respectively; and 4 (10%) patients required additional intravenous iron supplementation. Conclusion. Iron sucrose administered at a dosage of 100 mg on a maintenance regimen either every other week or every fourth week exceeded most patients' requirements. Maximum intravenous iron maintenance doses for adult chronic hemodialysis patients remain difficult to determine, and the maintenance iron requirement varies from patient to patient.
Impaired Consciousness: Some Grey Areas of Responsibility

In most cases automatism, either sane or insane, excludes guilt. When the automatism results from voluntary intoxication blame lies with the accused although it may not be possible to convict of the offence alleged. Society has a duty to seek out and treat illness as a cause of crime, of which shoplifting by elderly people is a prime example.
Participation of children with autism and nondisabled peers in a cooperatively structured, community art program

Two groups (one younger, one older) of children with autism participated in monthly art activities with same-age nondisabled peers at a children's museum. The study sought to investigate the feasibility of offering a cooperatively structured art education class for students with autism and nondisabled students, and to evaluate the effect of joint participation on the students' interactions with one another. Results indicated that both groups of children with autism were targeted for interactions from nondisabled peers significantly more often during intervention than during baseline, even though positive social interaction bids by nondisabled peers were rarely reciprocated and hardly ever initiated by peers with autism.
Top executive knowledge leadership: Managing knowledge to lead change at general electric

Abstract Using a single case study approach, this article highlights the role of Jack Welch as a knowledge leader. It provides a description of Welch's role as CEO, focusing exclusive attention on knowledge management as an essential component of his leadership. Combining qualitative and quantitative sources of data, this study demonstrates the role of top executive leaders in knowledge management and its importance to organizational performance. The results establish knowledge leadership as an integral aspect of the executive leadership of Welch. These results are discussed in light of the literature along with implications for future research and limitations of this study.
Chemical degradation of an ion exchange resin processing salt solutions

This paper describes the results from an investigation into the chemical degradation of an organic ion exchange resin, SuperLig® 644, over 25 repeated cycles separating cesium from an alkaline solution of sodium salts with subsequent elution. Battelle Pacific Northwest Division (PNWD) tested the resin with a salt solution simulating the radioactive wastes currently stored at Hanford, Washington, USA generated from plutonium production activities. Battelle PNWD used a simulated waste consisting predominantly of nitrate, nitrite and hydroxide salts of sodium for a sodium concentration of ∼120 g/L. We tested the resin in a column with a bed volume of ∼10 mL. Battelle PNWD linked probes positioned on the column feed and effluent lines to a spectrometer that analyzed for dissolved oxygen. A cycle test commenced with converting the resin to the sodium form by pumping 0.25 M sodium hydroxide solution through the bed. Battelle PNWD then processed the simulated waste followed by column rinses with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution and de-ionized water. We then eluted the resin with 0.5 M nitric acid solution and the cycle finished with a de-ionized water rinse. The resin bed lost 34% of its mass over the 25 cycles of operation. Some resin appeared to dissolve in the 0.25 M sodium hydroxide regeneration solution since we observed the regeneration effluents of every cycle to be colored deep red-brown. Some regeneration effluents also contained resin fines that settled after ∼1 day. In addition, examination of the resin showed the used resin to have apparently higher porosity than the fresh material. The resin appeared to lose approximately 60% of its effective capacity for cesium over the course of the 25 cycles. However, ∼34% of the resin mass was also lost over this period. Battelle PNWD hypothesizes the difference of 26% to represent a loss in capacity and is presumably due to chemical alteration of the ion exchange sites. In addition, though the weight of resin decreased with each cycle, Battelle PNWD used the same volume of eluant to elute the resin in each cycle, indicating a reduction in elution efficiency. Battelle PNWD assumed resin oxidation to be the major degradation mechanism since oxygen dissolved in the feedstock was consumed upon processing.
Computational Study on the Selectivity of Donor/Acceptor-Substituted Rhodium Carbenoids

The mechanism of rhodium-catalyzed cyclopropanation and C-H functionalization reactions with methyl phenyldiazoacetate and methyl diazoacetate has been studied computationally with DFT. In accordance with experimental data, it has been demonstrated that donor/acceptor rhodium carbenoids display potential energy activation barriers consistent with the much higher selectivity in cyclopropanation and C-H insertion chemistry compared to the traditionally used acceptor carbenoids derived from unsubstituted diazo esters. Significantly higher potential energy barriers were found for transformations of donor/acceptor carbenoids than for those of acceptor systems, primarily due to the inherent stability of the former. Analyses of transition state geometries have led to the development of a rational model for the prediction of the stereochemical outcome of intermolecular C-H insertions with donor/acceptor rhodium carbenoids.
Insights into Theiler's virus neurovirulence based on a genomic comparison of the neurovirulent GDVII and less virulent BeAn strains.

Abstract Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis viruses (TMEV) are naturally occurring enteric pathogens of mice which can be divided into two subgroups based primarily on their neurovirulence after intracerebral inoculation: the highly virulent GDVII group and the less virulent TO strains. To begin to elucidate the molecular basis of neurovirulence of the two TMEV subgroups, we have cloned and sequenced the entire 8105 nucleotide RNA genome of the highly virulent GDVII virus and compared it to the less virulent BeAn 8386 virus ( D. C. Pevear, M. Calenoff, E. Rozhon, and H. L. Lipton (1987) J. Virol. 61, 1507–1516). The viruses are 90.4% identical at the nucleotide level. The highest level of nucleotide identity is in the 5′ and 3′ noncoding regions of the RNAs (95.5 and 99.2%, respectively): regions believed to be important for control of viral RNA synthesis, initiation of translation, encapsidation, and virion uncoating. The 2303 amino acid polyproteins of BeAn and GDVII viruses are 95.7% identical at the amino acid level (99 of 2303 residues differed). Thirty-nine of these amino acid differences occur in the three surface coat proteins, VP1 (20 differences), VP2 (10 differences), and VP3 (9 differences), while the remainder of the changes are distributed throughout the polyprotein. Although these levels of identity are too low to determine where neurovirulence maps based solely on nucleotide sequence analysis, having the complete sequence will facilitate construction of recombinant BeAn-GDVII viruses to be used for this purpose.
Long-term management of cirrhosis. Appropriate supportive care is both critical and difficult

Orthotopic liver transplantation has emerged as an important treatment option for patients with advanced liver disease. However, each year the number of new cases of cirrhosis exceeds the number of livers available for transplantation by a factor of 5 to 10. This translates into long waiting lists and restrictive criteria for selecting transplant recipients. Until advances in surgical technique or biotechnology increase the availability of organs for transplantation, the majority of patients with advanced liver disease will have to be managed medically for years--perhaps indefinitely. Early consultation with a liver transplant center can be helpful. The transplant hepatologist and surgeon can help with triage decisions, guide workup, provide advice about patient care, optimize the timing of transplantation, offer specialized diagnostic and therapeutic options, and help the treating physician stay abreast of the continuous changes in this complex field. In the final analysis, however, it is often the skill and diligence of the primary care physician in diagnosing liver disease, identifying and treating correctable causes, optimizing the patient's health and nutrition, and anticipating and preventing catastrophic complications that determine whether the patient lives or dies.
Multiple time scales for nonlinear systems

In this paper we extend the results on the multiple time-scale structure for linear autonomous systems of the form $$\dot x = A( \in )x$$ (cf. Coderchet al. [1]) to nonlinear autonomous systems. Our main result is in obtaining conditions under which the linearized system and the nonlinear system around an equilibrium point have the same time-scale structure.
An iron isotope perspective on the origin of the nanophase metallic iron in lunar regolith

Abstract The surfaces of the Moon and other airless planetary bodies are constantly weathered by meteorite impacts and sputtering by charged particles. One of the hallmarks of this “space weathering” is the presence of nanophase metallic Fe (npFe 0 ) at the surface of airless bodies. These npFe 0 grains alter the surface optical spectra of planetary bodies without an atmosphere and their concentration is used to estimate the degree of maturity of lunar regolith. The origin of npFe 0 has been debated between in situ reduction due to the solar wind, and evaporation generated by charged particle sputtering and/or micrometeorite impact followed by re-condensation of metallic Fe. These two mechanisms will impart completely different Fe isotopic fractionation effects on the npFe 0 . In this study we measure the Fe isotopic composition of npFe 0 using a step-by-step surface etching technique on lunar regolith plagioclase. Our results show that npFe 0 is highly enriched in the heavy isotopes of Fe (δ 56 Fe up to 0.71‰) compared to bulk plagioclase and other lunar materials such as regolith and igneous rocks. We suggest that the formation of npFe 0 in lunar regolith is responsible for the higher δ 56 Fe in the lunar regolith compared to lunar igneous rocks. In addition, a thermal escape model shows that the heavy Fe isotopic composition of npFe 0 is best explained by the preferential escape of light Fe isotopes to space in the vaporization phase of Fe. The temperature of the vapor can be inferred from our model (2750–3000 K), which is compatible with those proposed by previous calculations and experiments. Therefore our results unambiguously support the vapor deposit origin of npFe 0 , explain the origin of the heavy Fe isotopic composition of the lunar regolith and provide a temperature estimate for the impact event at the origin of the npFe 0 .
A new form of renin in normal human plasma: "big renin" is a mixture of inactive prorenin and the new active high molecular weight renin.

Abstract A new form of active renin was separated from inactive prorenin in normal human plasma by a new affinity chromatographic method on a column of Cibacron Blue F3GA-agarose. This active renin has a molecular weight of 54,000, considerably higher than the hitherto recognized active renin of 40,000 dalton in human plasma. The molecular weight of inactive prorenin was 56,000±2,000. Active renin produced from the inactive prorenin by trypsin or pepsin digestion or by acid treatment in in vitro experiments showed a molecular weight of 54,000±2,000. Active renin with a molecular weight of 40,000 was not found in 6 samples of untreated plasma of normal human subjects nor was it formed by treatment with trypsin, pepsin, or acid pH. It is concluded that a large form of active renin (54,000 dalton) exists in normal human plasma which is distinct from a smaller form and that the activatable “big renin” is a mixture of this active renin and totally inactive prorenin. This explains the absence of molecular weight change during the activation of “big renin”.
Pore-fluid chemistry and chemical reactions on the Wasatch normal fault, Utah

Abstract Mineral assemblages and fluid inclusions (F.I.) in hydrothermally altered and tectonically deformed Oligocene quartz monzonite in the footwall of the active Wasatch normal fault, Utah have been used to estimate fluid pressure, temperature, chemical composition, and chemical reactions associated with progressive displacement of the fault. Vein filling and pervasive alteration mineralogy includes (earliest to latest) biotite-K-feldspar, chlorite-epidote-sericite, and laumontite-prehnite-clay. Secondary F.I. in quartz, associated with chlorite-epidote-sericite alteration, consist of CO 2 and salt solution; the homogenization temperature mode is 285°C, X CO 2 is 0.03–0.32, and salinity ranges from 4.5–17.3 wt.% NaCl equivalent; estimated minimum entrapment pressures vary from 600–2950 bars. The homogenization temperature mode of secondary F.I. associated with the laumontite-prehnite assemblage is 100°C, salinity ranges from 2.0–16.0 wt.% NaCl equivalent, and no CO 2 was detected; entrapment pressures are presumed to have been hydrostatic and below 460 bars. Fluid pressure and temperature evolved along a path from lithostatic to hydrostatic with continued displacement of the footwall relative to the hanging wall. Age constraints are provided by a 17.6 ± 0.6 m.y. K-Ar age of hydrothermal seriate from a sample with mean T h of 309°C, and 7.3 to 9.6 m.y. fission track ages of apatite (closure temperature 120 ± 15° C ). Calculated equilibrium phase diagrams illustrate the systematic variation in cation activities, CO 2 fugacity, and alteration minerals as fluid temperature and pressure decrease. The ratios of a Ca 2+ (a H + ) 2 and a Mg 2+ (a H + ) 2 increase and the ratio a K + / a H + decreases by more than two orders of magnitude each as temperature decreases and alteration mineralogy changes from K-feldspar and muscovite to muscovite and clay. The hot aqueous fluids affect the mechanical behavior of the rock during faulting. Crack sealing by alteration product minerals reduces permeability, and the effective stress is decreased by pore fluid pressures substantially greater than hydrostatic in the early alteration.
Variations in urban population structure

Hasta ahara no se ha prestado atencion suficiente, en materia de investigacion, al estudio sistematico y cuantitativo de la persisiencia y las variaciones en el tiempo de las caracteristicas espaciales de la distribucion y composicion de la poblacion. Utilizando datos de distritos censales para 1940 y 1960 en dos ciudades (Seatle y Rochester), el autor correlaciona las variaciones en 20 indices que miden ciertas caracteristicas demograficas, sociales y de vivienda. La medida utilizada es la correlacion de cambios en los desvios, medida que correlaciona la velocidad relativa de cambio de pares de variables. Los resultados muestran tanto caracteristicae de persistencia como de cambio sistematico, con una similitud generalde procesos de cambio observable en ambas ciudades. Se llegaa la conclusion de que este enfoque temporal puede revelar procesos generales que pueden ser comunes a poblaciones ampliamente diseminadas, las que sobre una base comparativa de secciones transversales, pueden ocupar posiciones totalmente diferentes.
The Effect of Pre-enucleation Radiotherapy on Mitotic Activity of Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanomas

Abstract The authors studied the mitotic activity of 21 choroidal and ciliary body melanomas treated by external beam radiotherapy (2000 rad in 5 fractions over 5–7 days) before enucleation and 21 case-by-case matched nonirradiated uveal melanomas. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test and McNemar's fourfold table test were used to compare the mitotic activity of the irradiated and nonirradiated tumors. The results of these analyses suggest that pre-enucleation external beam radiotherapy substantially reduces the mitotic activity of posterior uveal melanomas ( P
A scanning tunneling microscopy study of the interaction of H2S with a Au(111) surface : Characterization of corrosion and monolayer structures

Hydrogen sulfide was observed by scanning tunneling microscopy to easily corrode a Au(111) surface, as suggested by an increase in surface roughness upon H2S exposure to the surface. However, this process could be tempered by moderating the concentration of H2S in the vapor above the gold. When corrosion was minimized, corroded regions were observed to exist predominantly at step edges. At a sufficiently low concentration of H2S, linear triple-row structures were observed. These are not the same as those observed when aqueous sulfide was reacted with a gold surface. A model that accounts for all the features of the adlayer structure is presented that involves a packing density of hydrosulfide groups of 28.5 A2/molecule, which is lower than that found in a √3 x √3 R30 overlayer (21.5 A2/molecule) found for long-chain alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers on Au(111).
Selecting an optimal solution in stochastic linear programming

Abstract Three methods are discussed here for selecting an optimal decision vector in a linear programming framework, where some stochastic components are present. The methods deal with problems of efficient estimation, problems of selecting the bent population and the game-theoretic solutions. The complexity of the problem of characterizing the so-called best optimal solution is focused here.
Optimal Liveness-Enforcing Control for a Class of Petri Nets Arising in Multithreaded Software

We investigate the synthesis of optimal liveness-enforcing control policies for Gadara nets, a special class of Petri nets that arises in the modeling of the execution of multithreaded computer programs for the purpose of deadlock avoidance. We consider maximal permissiveness as the notion of optimality. Deadlock-freeness of a multithreaded program corresponds to liveness of its Gadara net model. We present a new control synthesis algorithm for liveness enforcement of Gadara nets that need not be ordinary. The algorithm employs structural analysis of the net and synthesizes monitor places to prevent the formation of a special class of siphons, termed resource-induced deadly-marked siphons. The algorithm also accounts for uncontrollable transitions in the net in a minimally restrictive manner. The algorithm is generally an iterative process and converges in a finite number of iterations. It exploits a covering of the unsafe states that is updated at each iteration. The proposed algorithm is shown to be correct and maximally permissive with respect to the goal of liveness enforcement.
The Fluid Dynamics of Turbomachinery Program- Objectives,Organization and Results

Since 1968, an advanced educational program in the fluid dynamics of turbomachinery has been offered by the ASME Turbomachinery Institute at Iowa State University. Initiated by concerned individuals to help meet the need for high-level, continuing education in this field of specialization, the course appears to be accomplishing its original intent. The success of the program can be attributed to a number of factors including a good faculty, an eager and qualified group of participants, and scholarly surroundings. As might be expected, timely and thoughtful planning, good luck and competent support are also essential. Of the many lessons learned about this kind of educational effort, several seem important enough to report in this paper.Copyright © 1982 by ASME
Affective Attitudes Are not Always Faster: The Moderating Role of Extremity

Some models of attitude have speculated that affectively based attitudes are more accessible than cognitively based attitudes. However, there are also reasons to expect that affectively based attitudes may not be generally faster and that any accessibility advantage would hold only at high levels of attitude extremity. Two studies of attitudes with affective and cognitive structural bases examined this possibility. In both studies, no overall effect of attitude basis on extremity emerged, but attitude extremity did moderate the effects of basis. Affectively based attitudes were expressed faster than cognitively based ones only when attitudes were more extreme, and they tended to be expressed more slowly when attitudes were less extreme. These results may have arisen because only strong affect is seen as more diagnostic of true attitude, producing faster responses.
Cyclic triaxial tests on frozen sand

ABSTRACT Li, J.C., Baladi, G.Y. and Andersland, O.B., 1979. Cyclic triaxial tests on frozen sand. Eng. Geol., 13: 233–246. Strain-controlled cyclic triaxial tests were performed on a one-size silica (Ottawa) sand artificially frozen into 71.1-mm-diameter cylindrical samples. Ice-saturated samples with three different sand contents were tested under the following conditions : axial strains ranging from 3 × 10 −3 to 3 × 10 −2 %, confining pressures from zero to 1.378 MPa, frequencies of 0.05–5.0 cps and temperatures from −1 to −10 °C. Test equipment included (1) an MTS electrohydraulic closed-loop testing system which applies the load to the sample, (2) a triaxial cell completely immersed in a lowtemperature coolant for temperature control, (3) a refrigeration unit for control of the coolant temperature and constant coolant circulation and (4) measuring devices including an LVDT and load cell, together with recording devices such as a digital multimeter, an oscilloscope, a strip-chart recorder and a minicomputer. Test results indicate that the dynamic Young's modulus increases with increasing frequency, confining pressure and sand content, but decreases with increasing strain and temperature. The damping ratio decreases with increasing frequency, sand content and lower temperatures. The influence of confining pressures and axial strain on the damping ratio are less explicit for the ranges considered. The experimental results are compared with data from other sources.
Infant Recognition Memory and Later Intelligence.

Abstract The present study asked if tests of visual recognition memory during infancy based on differential fixation to novel and previously seen targets are valid predictors of later intelligence for children scoring in the normal to superior range of intelligence. Statistically significant and moderate correlations of .37 and .57 were obtained between infant recognition memory scores obtained at four to seven months and later vocabulary tests of intelligence, for 54 children tested at four and for 39 children seen at seven years, respectively. The coefficients did not vary by sex, and were independent of differences in socio-economic status.
Synthesis, characterization, biodegradation, and drug delivery application of biodegradable lactic/glycolic acid polymers. Part II: Biodegradation

A series of previously-synthesized lactic/glycolic acid polymers (PLGA) with various molar ratios of lactic to glycolic acid and various molecular weights were further studied with regard to their biodegradation behavior, and in particular, the factors affecting the biodegradation rate. The biodegradation of PLGA is affected by many factors including polymer composition, molecular weight, and nature of the incubating media. The biodegradation rate of PLGA containing higher content of lactic acid moiety is lower than those containing a lower content of lactic acid moiety. PLGAs with a higher molecular weight, degrade faster than those with a lower molecular weight, i.e. the molecular weight decreases more rapidly for higher molecular weight PLGAs than their lower molecular weight counterparts. Nature or properties of the hydrolysis/incubating media may have an effect on the biodegradation of PLGAs. A basic medium may slow down the biodegradation of PLGA in comparison with samples in an acidic medium. The r...
Conformational analysis of a covalently cross-linked Watson-Crick base pair model.

Abstract Low-temperature NMR experiments and molecular modeling have been used to characterize the conformational behavior of a covalently cross-linked DNA base pair model. The data suggest that Watson–Crick or reverse Watson–Crick hydrogen bonding geometries have similar energies and can interconvert at low temperatures. This low-temperature process involves rotation about the crosslink CH 2 C(5′) (ψ) carbon–carbon bond, which is energetically preferred over the alternate CH 2 N(3) (φ) carbon–nitrogen bond rotation.
Intimate partner violence. Bridging the gap between law and science.

(2000). INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN LAW AND SCIENCE. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 1-34.
Reporting the Vote on Election Night.

A unique system of data gathering decides who will be covered and how well, in the unofficial process that provides all media with election news.
Combinatorial roles for zebrafish retinoic acid receptors in the hindbrain, limbs and pharyngeal arches.

Abstract Retinoic acid (RA) signaling regulates multiple aspects of vertebrate embryonic development and tissue patterning, in part through the local availability of nuclear hormone receptors called retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid receptors (RXRs). RAR/RXR heterodimers transduce the RA signal, and loss-of-function studies in mice have demonstrated requirements for distinct receptor combinations at different stages of embryogenesis. However, the tissue-specific functions of each receptor and their individual contributions to RA signaling in vivo are only partially understood. Here we use morpholino oligonucleotides to deplete the four known zebrafish RARs (raraa, rarab, rarga, and rargb). We show that while all four are required for anterior–posterior patterning of rhombomeres in the hindbrain, there are unique requirements for rarga in the cranial mesoderm for hindbrain patterning, and rarab in lateral plate mesoderm for specification of the pectoral fins. In addition, the alpha subclass (raraa, rarab) is RA inducible, and of these only raraa expression is RA-dependent, suggesting that these receptors establish a region of particularly high RA signaling through positive-feedback. These studies reveal novel tissue-specific roles for RARs in controlling the competence and sensitivity of cells to respond to RA.
Engraftment of Bovine Leukemia Virus infected Lymphocytes into SCID Mice

SCID mice inoculated with peripheral blood lymphocytes from a tumor-bearing BLV-positive cow developed lymphosarcomas after 6 months. DNA from the splenic tumor specifically hybridized with a bovine Sstl satellite probe, showing that these tumor cells were of bovine origin. The clonality of the SCID splenic tumor, as measured by the integration pattern of BLV proviruses, was the same as that in the donor lymphocyte population.
Online adaptive and neural network control of underwater vehicles

An adaptive neural network controller has been developed for a model of an underwater vehicle. This controller combines radial basis neural network and sliding mode control techniques. No prior off-line training phase is required and this scheme exploits the advantages of both neural network control and sliding mode control. An on-line stable adaptive law is derived using Lyapunov theory. It is observed that the number of neurons and the width of Gaussian function should be chosen carefully. Performance of the controller is demonstrated by computer simulations.
Simplified treatment of postoperative mediastinitis.

Abstract Background Wound infection after median sternotomy for cardiac or thoracic surgery is a serious complication. A variety of treatment plans have been advocated, and there is lack of agreement regarding the best treatment method. We present our results in patients with mediastinitis who have been treated in a simple, consistent manner. Methods We reviewed our experience with 40 consecutive patients with mediastinitis who were treated between January 1995 and May 2003 with a single-stage treatment consisting of sternal and soft tissue debridement and wound closure over mediastinal tubes with continuous irrigation and drainage. Tubes were placed posterior to the sternum in all patients and were irrigated continuously for at least 7 days with antibiotic or antibacterial solution. Systemic antibiotics were selected based on culture and sensitivity data and were administered for 2 to 6 weeks. Results All patients with mediastinitis treated in this manner survived. Of the 40 patients, 38 achieved complete healing of the wound without further operative intervention or major complication. One patient had recurrent infection and required sternal resection and advancement of muscle flaps. One patient had a residual localized focus of chondritis and underwent limited resection of cartilage. Conclusions In this series of patients with postoperative mediastinitis, a simplified approach consisting of wound debridement, reclosure over drains, and anterior mediastinal irrigation has been an effective treatment. The results we have achieved suggest that this technique may be a suitable option for treating this condition.
Neutron-Proton Scattering with Spin-Orbit Coupling. I. General Expressions

Neutron-proton scattering in the triplet spin state is discussed under the following assumptions about the nuclear forces: (1) the forces are conservative, (2) they allow time-reversal, i.e., the reciprocity law is valid, (3) the spin vectors of the neutron and proton enter in a symmetrical way, so that the total spin of of the system is preserved during the collision, and (4) the forces have a finite range. We do not assume that the forces can be derived from a potential function (i.e., that they are velocity-independent).General expressions are given for the scattering matrix and for the differential cross section. The matrix elements of the scattering matrix are expressed in terms of the minimum numbers of real, independent parameters. The energy dependence of these parameters near zero energy can be predicted uniquely on the basis of assumptions (1) to (4) above.
Ebenezer Howard And The Marriage Of Town And Country An Introduction to Howard's Garden Cities of To-morrow (Selections)

Ebenezer Howard advocated the construction of garden cities to reduce the alienation of human society from nature. The social world was to be reorganized and integrated into the surrounding environment to ensure sustainable interactions. In Garden Cities of To-morrow, Howard provided an outline of a garden city that promised a clean environment, free from air and water pollution, and an abundance of parks and open spaces. Social production was organized for local demands with the goal of creating self-sustaining communities, thus reducing the need for long-distance trade. Howard insisted that the long-term sustainability of garden cities was founded on abiding by the law of restitution, where all wastes were recycled back to the soil to ensure the continued productive potential of the land. In this, Howard's garden cities dissolved the divide between town and country and provided a model for an ecologically sustainable society.