cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making the Course: Book Writing and Reviewing

It was commonly believed that Saussure’s students used their redacted lecture notes to compose the Course in General Linguistics in the wake of Saussure’s untimely death. However, Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye, who were responsible for editing and composing the manuscript for the Course, did not attend Saussure’s lectures. Still, they positioned themselves as loyal disciples of their great master, and they sought to carry out their master’s legacy through the publication of the Course. Bally and Sechehaye did not solely base their reconstruction on the extant autograph manuscripts by Saussure and the student lecture notes, but they attempted to reconstruct a linguistics based upon a divination of Saussure’s thought. This dubious practice was legitimized by their efforts to secure themselves as the rightful heirs of the Saussurean intellectual estate and through the publication of scholarly essays and book reviews of the Course. Several students who actually attended Saussure’s lectures objected to Bally and Sechehaye’s simplified rendition. Paul Regard, Albert Riedlinger, and Antoine Meillet all expressed concerns, publicly and privately, about Bally and Sechehaye’s version of the Course.
Prolonged postpartum length of hospital stay among women with disabilities.

Abstract Background Prior studies have found higher proportions of cesarean deliveries and longer postpartum hospital stays among women with disabilities compared to women without disabilities. However, no research has assessed how length of stay may differ for women with different types of disability while also considering mode of delivery. Objective To examine the association of disability status and disability type with length of stay, taking into account disability-related differences in mode of delivery. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using linked maternal and infant hospital discharge and vital records data for all births in California between 2000 and 2012 (n = 6,745,201). We used multivariable regression analyses to assess association of disability status and type with prolonged length of stay (>2 days for vaginal delivery or >4 days for cesarean) while controlling for covariates. Results Women with disabilities had significantly elevated adjusted odds of prolonged length of stay compared to women without disabilities (aOR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.32–1.49). Adjusted odds were highest for women with vision disabilities (aOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.46–1.90), followed by women with IDD (aOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.30–1.80), and women with physical disabilities (aOR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.32–1.50). Women with hearing disability had the lowest adjusted odds of prolonged length of stay (aOR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.03–1.33). Conclusions Prolonged length of stay did not appear to be due solely to the higher proportion of cesarean deliveries in this population. Further research is needed to better understand the reasons for prolonged length of stay among women with disabilities and develop strategies to assist women with disabilities in preparing for and recovering from childbirth.
Coupled Aqua and Ridge Planets in the Community Earth System Model

Idealized models can reveal insights into Earth's climate system by reducing its complexities. However, their potential is undermined by the scarcity of fully coupled idealized models with componen...
Arthroscopic Single and Double Row Repair of Isolated and Combined Subscapularis Tears Result in Similar Improvements in Outcomes: A Systematic Review.

Purpose To systematically review the literature to (1) describe arthroscopic subscapularis repair constructs and outcomes in patients with isolated and combined subscapularis tears and (2) compare outcomes after single- and double-row subscapularis repair in both of these settings. Methods A systematic review was performed using PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for Level I-IV evidence studies that investigated outcomes after arthroscopic subscapularis repair for the treatment of isolated subscapularis tears or subscapularis tears combined with posterosuperior rotator cuff tears in adult human patients. Data recorded included study demographics, repair construct, shoulder-specific outcome measures, and subscapularis retears. Study methodological quality was analyzed using the MINORS score. Heterogeneity and low levels of evidence precluded meta-analysis. Results The initial search yielded 811 articles (318 duplicates, 493 screened, 67 full-text review). Forty-three articles (2406 shoulders, 57% males, mean age range 42 to 67.5 years, mean MINORS score 13.4 ± 4.1) were included and analyzed. Articles reported on patients with isolated subscapularis tears (n = 15), combined tears (n = 17), or both (n = 11). The majority of subscapularis repairs used single-row constructs (89.4% of isolated tears, 88.9% of combined tears). All except for one study reporting on outcome measures found clinically significant improvements after subscapularis repair, and no clinically significant differences were detected in 5 studies comparing isolated to combined tears. Subscapularis retear rates ranged from 0% to 17% for isolated tears and 0% to 32% for combined subscapularis and posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. Outcomes and retear rates were similar in studies comparing single-row to double-row repair for isolated and combined subscapularis tears (P > .05 for all). Conclusion Arthroscopic subscapularis repair resulted in significant improvements across all outcome measures, regardless of whether tears were isolated or combined or if repairs were single or double row. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level II-IV studies.
Manthia Diawara’s Autoethnographic Forays in Memoir and Film from ‘Counter’ to ‘Strong’ to ‘Beyond’

In order to suggest the larger terms, parameters, and limits of autoethnographic method in life narrative, this essay explores three life narratives from filmmaker, writer, and critic Manthia Diawa...
LADDER: Architecting Content and Location-aware Writes for Crossbar Resistive Memories

Resistive memories (ReRAM) organized in the form of crossbars are promising for main memory integration. While offering high cell density, crossbar-based ReRAMs suffer from variable write latency requirement for RESET operations due to the varying impact of IR drop, which jointly depends on the data pattern of the crossbar and the location of target cells being RESET. The exacerbated worst-case RESET latencies can significantly limit system performance. In this paper, we propose LADDER, an effective and low-cost processor-side framework that performs writes with variable latency by exploiting both content and location dependencies. To enable content awareness, LADDER incorporates a novel scheme that maintains metadata for per-row data pattern (i.e., number of 1’s) in memory, and performs efficient metadata management and caching through the memory controller. LADDER does not require hardware changes to the ReRAM chip. We design several optimizations that further boost the performance of LADDER, including LRS-metadata estimation that eliminates stale memory block reads, intra-line bit-level shifting that reduces the worst-case LRS-counter values and multi-granularity LRS-metadata design that optimizes the number of counters to maintain. We evaluate the efficacy of LADDER using 16 single- and multi-programmed workloads. Our results show that LADDER exhibits on average 46% performance improvement as compared to a baseline scheme and up to 33% over state-of-the-art designs. Furthermore, LADDER achieves 28.8% average dynamic memory energy saving compared to the existing architecture schemes and has less than 3% impact on device lifetime.
Government Statistical Data: Changes Impacting Access and Service

Access and services for government numeric data and statistical information has changed dramatically in recent years. By making it easier to identify, acquire, and use, patron demand for government data continues to grow. These changes have affected the role and responsibilities of all librarians. This article examines how access to government data has changed and what that means for librarians. It focuses on the role of the government documents librarian in responding to these changes.
CURSILLO IN SOCIAL MOVEMENT LITERATURE

*Originally printed in Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology 1997 25(2). Cursillo has its origins in Spain the late 1940s. Initially a Roman Catholic venture, it now occurs in several Christian denominations retaining the task of promoting religious renewal or revitalization for its members. Since there are no publications which appropriately place cursillo in social movement literature this article accomplishes the task using social strain, resource mobilization, and expectancy value theories.
A geometric variational framework for simultaneous registration and parcellation of homologous surfaces

In clinical applications where structural asymmetries between homologous shapes have been correlated with pathology, the questions of definition and quantification of 'asymmetry' arise naturally. When not only the degree but the position of deformity is thought relevant, asymmetry localization must also be addressed. Asymmetries between paired shapes have already been formulated in terms of (non-rigid) diffeomorphisms between the shapes. For the infinity of such maps possible for a given pair, we define optimality as the minimization of deviation from isometry under the constraint of piecewise deformation homogeneity. We propose a novel variational formulation for segmenting asymmetric regions from surface pairs based on the minimization of a functional of both the deformation map and the segmentation boundary, which defines the regions within which the homogeneity constraint is to be enforced. The functional minimization is achieved via a quasi-simultaneous evolution of the map and the segmenting curve, conducted on and between two-dimensional surface parametric domains. We present examples using both synthetic data and pairs of left and right hippocampal structures, and demonstrate the relevance of the extracted features through a clinical epilepsy classification analysis.
The Nuremberg Files and the First Amendment Value of Threats

In February 1999, a federal jury in Oregon awarded Planned Parenthood and several other plaintiffs a civil judgment of $107 million against individuals and groups that published two anti-abortion posters and provided information for an anti-abortion website known as The Nuremberg Files. The posters and website included the usual range of anti-abortion expression: immoderate statements opposing the procedure; pictures of bloody fetuses allegedly produced by abortions; references to the satanic impulses of abortion providers; and grandiose statements about the need to prepare for eventual Nuremberg-style trials of all those who provide abortion services or otherwise participate in what the defendants consider the equivalent of mass murder. By now much of this is standard fare in the acrimonious debate over abortion rights. The posters and the Nuremberg Files website went beyond the incendiary rhetoric that characterizes typical anti-abortion militancy, however, by listing the names of individuals who provide support for abortion services-including doctors, clinic workers, police officials, politicians, and judges. Additional personal information was included for some of the individuals, such as their home addresses and telephone numbers. Most notoriously, the operators of the website drew a line through the names of abortion providers who were murdered because of their professional activities. The Oregon jury concluded that the combination of ominous rhetoric and specific identification of individuals constituted a threat to the named individuals, in violation of the federal Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act (FACE).
P2-Purinergic Agonists Stimulate Phosphodiesteratic Cleavage of Phosphatidylcholine in Endothelial Cells: Evidence for Activation of Phospholipase D

The effects of purinergic agonists on phosphatidylcholine (PC) breakdown and prostacyclin synthesis were investigated in cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC) prelabeled with [3H]choline and [14C]myristic acid. Both labels were selectively incorporated into PC. In BPAEC prelabeled with [3H]choline, ATP stimulated a rapid 5-fold increase in intracellular free [3H]choline. [3H]Choline formation was associated with a concomitant loss of 3H from PC, and it was not preceded by an increase in the 3H content of other PC degradation products. In BPAEC prelabeled with [14C]myristic acid, ATP stimulated a rapid increase in [14C]phosphatidic acid and [14C]diacylglycerol. These changes were associated with a loss of 14C from PC but not from phosphatidylinositol. In permeabilized BPAEC prelabeled with [3H]choline, ATP and guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) stimulated an increase in [3H]choline but not [3H]phosphocholine. The effects of ATP and GTP gamma S were synergistic at low GTP gamma S concentrations. Permeabilized BPAEC did not convert exogenous [3H]phosphocholine to [3H]choline. These data are consistent with the notion that purinergic agonists stimulate PC breakdown by a phospholipase D mechanism. This suggestion was supported by the observation that in the presence of ethanol, ATP stimulated the formation of [14C]phosphatidylethanol in BPAEC prelabeled with [14C]myristic acid. Several adenine nucleotides and related purine derivatives were compared for their effectiveness in stimulating PC breakdown and prostacyclin synthesis. The chemical specificity observed for the two responses indicated that both were mediated by the P2Y purinoceptor subtype. PC breakdown stimulated by ATP occurred prior to the maximum rate of release of prostacyclin into the medium. Taken together these data indicate that PC breakdown in endothelial cells stimulated with purinergic agonists is due, at least in part, to the activation of a phospholipase D that is coupled to purinoceptors by a guanine nucleotide-binding protein. In conjunction with previous data on the effects of bradykinin, these findings suggest an important role for PC breakdown in the mechanism of signal transduction in endothelial cells stimulated with Ca2+-mobilizing agonists.
Allosteric selection of ribozymes that respond to the second messengers cGMP and cAMP

RNA transcripts containing the hammerhead ribozyme have been engineered to self-destruct in the presence of specific nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate compounds. These RNA molecular switches were created by a new combinatorial strategy termed 'allosteric selection,' which favors the emergence of ribozymes that rapidly self-cleave only when incubated with their corresponding effector compounds. Representative RNAs exhibit 5,000-fold activation upon cGMP or cAMP addition, display precise molecular recognition characteristics, and operate with catalytic rates that match those exhibited by unaltered ribozymes. These findings demonstrate that a vast number of ligand-responsive ribozymes with dynamic structural characteristics can be generated in a massively parallel fashion. Moreover, optimized allosteric ribozymes could serve as highly selective sensors of chemical agents or as unique genetic control elements for the programmed destruction of cellular RNAs.
Modified Dolph‐Chebyshev Arrays

A method is presented to synthesize linear array patterns in which the side lobes decay very rapidly on either side of the main beam and at the same time exhibit, very closely, the optimum property of Dolph-Chebyshev patterns. When compared with Dolph-Chebyshev arrays having an equal number of elements, the side lobes of the modified arrays are considerably lower, the gain is approximately the same, and there is a small increase in the width of the main beam. For larger arrays, the increase in the beam width is negligible. In the cases where it is difficult to realize practical Dolph-Chebyshev arrays, modified arrays appear to be more practical. Some specific examples are given.
Putative γ-aminobutyric acid neurons in the ventral tegmental area have a similar pattern of plasticity as dopamine neurons during appetitive and aversive learning.

Dopamine influences affective, motor and cognitive processing, and multiple forms of learning and memory. This multifaceted functionality, which operates across long temporal windows, is broader than the narrow and temporally constrained role often ascribed to dopamine neurons as reward prediction error detectors. Given the modulatory nature of dopamine neurotransmission, that dopamine release is activated by both aversive and appetitive stimuli, and that dopamine receptors are often localized extrasynaptically, a role for dopamine in transmitting precise error signals has been questioned. Here we recorded from ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons, while exposing rats to novel stimuli that were predictive of an appetitive or aversive outcome in the same behavioral session. The VTA contains dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons that project to striatal and cortical regions and are strongly implicated in learning and affective processing. The response of VTA neurons, regardless of whether they had putative dopamine or GABA waveforms, transformed flexibly as animals learned to associate novel stimuli from different sensory modalities to appetitive or aversive outcomes. Learning the appetitive association led to larger excitatory VTA responses, whereas acquiring the aversive association led to a biphasic response of brief excitation followed by sustained inhibition. These responses shifted rapidly as outcome contingencies changed. These data suggest that VTA neurons interface sensory information with representational memory of aversive and appetitive events. This pattern of plasticity was not selective for putative dopamine neurons and generalized to other cells, suggesting that the temporally precise information transfer from the VTA may be mediated by faster acting GABA neurons.
Meanings of Intimacy: A Comparison of Members of Heterosexual and Same‐Sex Couples

Arguments for restricting access to legal marriage for same-sex couples are commonly based in claims about differences between heterosexual and same-sex couples regarding the social and psychological meaning of marriage. This mixed methods study examined meanings of intimacy and relational experience in a purposive North American sample of members of long-term heterosexual and same-sex couples (N = 150) in order to examine the validity of meaning-based justifications for restricted access to legal marriage. Guided autobiographical techniques elicited narrative accounts of four significant events in participants’ relationships. Directed Content Analyses revealed no detectable differences between members of heterosexual and same-sex couples in multiple qualitative and quantitative indicators of the meaning of intimacy. Members of same-sex couples, however, evidenced experiences of stigmatization more frequently than heterosexuals. By integrating theoretical and methodological approaches across psychological and sociological traditions within a mixed methods study, the present findings usefully inform ongoing policy debates regarding the legalization of same-sex marriage.
alpha-spectrin is required for germline cell division and differentiation in the Drosophila ovary

During Drosophila oogenesis, developing germline cysts are spanned by a large cytoplasmic structure called a fusome, containing alpha-spectrin and the adducin-like product of the hu-li tai shao (hts) gene. We found that fusomes contain two additional membrane skeletal proteins: beta-spectrin and ankyrin. hts was shown previously to be required for cyst formation and oocyte differentiation; the role of the fusome itself, however, and the organization and function of its other components, remains unclear. Using the FRT/FLP recombinase system to generate clones of alpha-spectrin-deficient cells in the ovary, we have shown that alpha-spectrin is also required for cyst formation and oocyte differentiation, but that its role in each process is distinct from that of Hts protein. Furthermore, alpha-spectrin is required for these processes in germline cells, but not in the follicle cells that surround each cyst. We have also found that the organization of membrane skeletal proteins is more dependent on alpha-spectrin in the fusome than at the plasma membrane in other cells. Our results suggest that the fusome and its associated membrane skeleton play a central role in regulating the divisions and differentiation of cyst cells.
Advances in Mass Spectrometric Tools for Probing Neuropeptides

Neuropeptides are important mediators in the functionality of the brain and other neurological organs. Because neuropeptides exist in a wide range of concentrations, appropriate characterization methods are needed to provide dynamic, chemical, and spatial information. Mass spectrometry and compatible tools have been a popular choice in analyzing neuropeptides. There have been several advances and challenges, both of which are the focus of this review. Discussions range from sample collection to bioinformatic tools, although avenues such as quantitation and imaging are included. Further development of the presented methods for neuropeptidomic mass spectrometric analysis is inevitable, which will lead to a further understanding of the complex interplay of neuropeptides and other signaling molecules in the nervous system.
Analysis of Heterogeneity of IgG-Binding Proteins Expressed by Group A Streptococci

Abstract Methods for analyzing the functional heterogeneity of type II IgG-binding proteins expressed by group A streptococci are described. Evidence for two major antigenic classes of type II IgG-binding proteins is presented. Heterogeneity in functional binding profiles was found to be associated with proteins belonging to either antigenic class. The antigenic class of IgG-binding protein was found to correlate with the antigenic class of M protein expressed by the same group A isolate. For certain group A isolates, the IgG-binding protein and M protein were shown to be a single molecule.
Lonsdaleite Model of Open-Cell Elastic Foams: Theory and Calibration

We formulate a unit-cell model of open-cell elastic foams. In this model, a foam consists of four-bar tetrahedra arranged in the hexagonal diamond structure known as Lonsdaleite. The parameters of the model are the Young’s modulus of the bars and a few geometric parameters, the values of which may be roughly estimated for any given foam. We use the model to simulate a set of experiments in which elastic polyether polyurethane foams in a broad range of densities were tested under five loading conditions, namely tension along the rise direction; compression along the rise direction; compression along a transverse direction; simple shear combined with compression along the rise direction; and hydrostatic pressure combined with compression along the rise direction. With a suitable choice of values of the parameters of the model, the stress–stretch curves that we compute using the model compare favorably with the stress–stretch curves that were measured in the experiments. In some of the experiments a stress plateau in the stress–stretch curve was accompanied by heterogeneous stretch fields, even though the attendant stress fields were homogeneous. For these experiments we show that the model can be used to predict the occurrence of a second-order phase transition, so that the plateau stress can be interpreted as a Maxwell stress and the attendant heterogeneous stretch fields as two-phase fields, consistent with the experimental evidence. In other experiments the stress–stretch curve evinced a sudden and pronounced loss of stiffness, but no genuine stress plateau, and the attendant stretch fields remained homogeneous. For these experiments we show that the model can be used to predict the occurrence of a bifurcation of equilibrium in which the stress keeps rising as the deformation continues to increase in the post-buckling stage, so that the stretch fields remain homogeneous throughout, consistent with the experimental evidence. In general, to appraise the goodness of our model we put emphasis on the relation between the stress–stretch curve measured in an experiment and the nature of the attendant stretch fields. We submit that this emphasis should remain a guiding methodological trait in the appraisal of constitutive models of open-cell elastic foams.
Process-form interactions in unstable sand-bed river channels: A numerical modeling approach

Abstract A deterministic numerical model of bed deformation and channel widening, which accounts for specific mechanisms of bank erosion and collapse, is used to analyze morphological and flow-energy parameters in adjusting sand-bed channels, for a range of simulated fluvial environments. The model is based on a set of conservation and process equations solved in conjunction with a set of specific initial and boundary conditions. Simulated channels with a range of assumed boundary-material characteristics were subjected to identical disturbances imposed by reducing the supply of sediment from upstream. Asymptotic reductions of the rate of energy dissipation (energy slope) and boundary shear stress were found to be unifying characteristics of channel adjustment in all simulations. Morphologic responses to an identical disturbance (reduction of sediment supply from upstream), with identical bed material ( d 50 = 1 mm) and channel gradient ( S b = 0.001), were diverse. The relative magnitude of simulated widening versus simulated bed-level change was greatest for sand-bank channels and least for clay-bank channels. Stable-channel dimensions were attained most rapidly for silt-bank channels, where simulated adjustments of channel width were similar to simulated vertical adjustments, because all components of total-mechanical energy (flow depth or pressure head; bed elevation and channel gradient or datum head; and flow velocity or velocity head) decrease simultaneously. Each simulated channel subjected to the baseline disturbance had an initial width-to-depth ratio ( F ) of 13.5. Asymptotic values of energy dissipation rate, adjusted F -values, and time taken to reach equilibrium after the disturbance are shown to vary as a function of simulated environmental boundary conditions. The importance of channel widening in controlling and reducing the flow depth of a given discharge and average boundary shear stress is highlighted for the silt- and sand-bank cases. Channel widening causes a shift from degradation to aggradation during adjustment, because of delivery of sand-sized sediments from failed bank material to the simulated channel.
Barriers to using nuclear power for mitigation of global warming

Abstract It has lately been suggested that nuclear power technologies could be used to mitigate potential global warming. Doing this would give nuclear power technology a new role, and would lead to its widespread deployment worldwide. When examined carefully several barriers to accomplishing this goal are evident, even should the uncertainties of global warming become reduced enough that it could be treated as an established fact. These barriers involve the need for alternative forms of nuclear energy, uranium resource limitations, technology development requirements and difficulties in widespread deployment of nuclear power plants. Overcoming the barriers may prove to be much more difficult than has been appreciated todate, and could strongly influence the future research and development agenda for nuclear and associated technologies.
Chloroethylclonidine unmasks a non-α-adrenoceptor noradrenaline binding site in the rat aorta

The effect of chloroethylclonidine on noradrenaline-induced contractions of the rat aorta was studied. Chloroethylclonidine (1-5 X 10(-5) M) shifted noradrenaline dose-response curve to the right approximately 5000-fold without depressing the maximum. The response to noradrenaline after chloroethylclonidine was not antagonized by phenoxybenzamine (10(-7) M), prazosin (10(-7) M), WB 4101 (10(-7) M) nor yohimbine (10(-5) M) and is therefore not mediated via alpha 1-adrenoceptors. These results would suggest that there is a homogenous population of chloroethylclonidine-sensitive alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the rat aorta and that chloroethylclonidine treatment reveals a non-alpha-adrenoceptor noradrenaline binding site in this tissue.
Acquisition of open-domain classes via intersective semantics

A weakly-supervised method acquires fine-grained class labels that do not occur verbatim in the input data or underlying text collection. The method generates more specific class labels (gold mining companies listed on the toronto stock exchange) that capture the semantics of the underlying classes, out of pairs of input class labels (companies listed on the toronto stock exchange, gold mining companies) available for an instance (Golden Star Resources). When applied to Wikipedia articles and their categories, the method generates new categories for existing articles, and expands existing categories with additional articles.
The Respiratory Chain of Plant Mitochondria: IX. Oxidation-Reduction Potentials of the Cytochromes of Mung Bean Mitochondria

The oxidation-reduction potentials of the cytochromes of the respiratory chain of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) mitochondria have been measured under strictly anaerobic conditions with a combined spectrophotometric/potentiometric method. The midpoint potentials at pH 7.2 are as follows: cytochrome a: +190 millivolts; a(3): +380 millivolts; b(553): +75 millivolts; b(557): +42 millivolts; b(562): -77 millivolts; c(547) and c(549): +235 millivolts. (The subscripts refer to the difference absorbance maxima observed for these cytochromes in reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectra recorded at 77 K.) The same values of midpoint potentials at pH 7.2 are obtained with mitochondria depleted of energy by aerobic incubation with ADP and uncoupler in the presence of inorganic phosphate, or with coupled mitochondria energized with ATP in the absence of inorganic phosphate. Coupling site II is placed between b(553)/b(557) and c(549)/c(547) in these mitochondria, and coupling site III is placed between a and a(3).
Tetrakis (μ-difluoroacetato) dimolybdenum(II): solution chemistry and mass spectrum

Abstract The complex Mo 2 (O 2 CCHF 2 ) 4 has been prepared and characterized, and its solution chemistry has been studied. In acetone, it exists as the axial adduct; in pyridine, it exists as a mixture of axial and monoequatorial adducts which undergo exchange. It forms axial, mono- and diequatorial adducts with tributylphosphine in acetone; these adducts also exchange. This complex undergoes less carboxylate ring-opening with pyridine or tributylphosphine than does Mo 2 (O 2 CCF 2 ) 4 under identical conditions. In the mass spectrometer, Mo 2 (O 2 CCHF 2 ) 4 fragments via early losses of CHFCO 2 and F, processes analogous to those undergone by Mo 2 (O 2 CCF 3 ) 4 .
EOSAEL 82: A Library Of Battlefield Obscuration Models

A brief description of each of the eighteen modules contained in the 1982 version of the Electro-Optical Systems Atmospheric Effects Library (EOSAEL 82) is given together with the purpose of the module. References are included to direct the reader to detailed technical material on the models. The spectral range of application of the models is given in tabular form. A brief description of the EOSAEL computer code is included.
Phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance examination of female reproductive tissues

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful method of investigating the relationship between metabolism and function in living tissues. We present evidence that the phosphorus 31 spectra of myometrium and placenta are functions of physiologic state and gestational age. Specific spectroscopic abnormalities are observed in association with disorders of pregnancy and gynecologic diseases. Our results suggest that noninvasive nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy examinations may sometimes be a useful addition to magnetic resonance imaging examinations, and that nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of biopsy specimens could become a cost-effective method of evaluating certain biochemical abnormalities.
Secrets in the Shell

This is not easy. Conch fishers suggest striking the shell between the third and fourth whorl on the turret with the sharp tip of another conch. If you don't have another conch, you are advised to use "a hammer, hatchet, or better yet a ma chete/7 according to one guide. What ever you do, it must be done expedi tiously, or the conch will slime you in self-defense. Some would-be conch gas tronomes, finding it all too much, just toss the whole creature in boiling water or a campfire and then pull the dead ani mal out of its shell with a fork or a stick.
Testing a Planning and Control Model in Nonprofit Organizations

This study utilizes a planning and control model abstracted from the conceptual framework of general management knowledge to test the relative efficiency of administrators in three educational serv...
Market failure in the land of Lösch

Abstract If there is a single scale-economies industry, which offers its wares at a uniform delivered price, the zero-profit hexagonal equilibrium described by Losch is efficient. If there are many scale-economies industries, with different ideal market areas, the Losch efficiency results break down even if we make the favorable assumption of uniform delivered price. Assuming that efficiency requires doubling up of plant sites (every high-order city contains all lower order firms as well), then we have the following results: 1. 1. Efficient market areas are almost surely square. 2. 2. Decentralized decision-making cannot sustain the optimum. 3. 3. There exists no equilibrium which offers zero profit to all firms; some will earn positive profits. Through the trade-off between transport cost and scale economies, the one-industry Losch model offers an escape from the welfare problems inherent in increasing-returns economies. The main purpose of this paper is to note that the Losch antidote can only be taken once.
The use of ‘rock hard’‐sodium sulphate tablets for quickly determining preferential water flow routes in soils

Subsurface water flow routes have been inferred from gypsum sphere weight loss with minimal disturbance to soil structure or flow nets (Crabtree and Trudgill, 1984). This technique is limited by the relatively slow, fixed dissolution of gypsum. A solution is to use tablets consisting of Durham's ‘Rock Hard Water Putty’ and sodium sulphate. Laboratory tests indicate that tablet dissolution is controlled by the ratio of Rock Hard to sodium sulphate and is proportional to net throughflow yet independent of throughflow pH (between 3·0 and 9·0) and throughflow rate (at rates < 0·04 1 hr−1). The tablets are also mechanically stable, economical, and environmentally safe. Field study results using the Rock Hard-sodium sulphate tablets are consistent with both the laboratory findings and the results of previous investigators.
Differentiating effect of pamidronate on canine osteo-sarcoma cell lines in vitro

Introduction: Pamidronate has been traditionally used to manage pathologic osteoclastic disorders. In addition to its effects on osteoclasts, pamidronate has also been demonstrated to promote phenotypic maturation and inhibition of proliferation in osteoblasts. Canine osteosarcoma (OSA) consists of malignant, undifferentiated osteoblasts. The objective of this study was to determine if micromolar concentrations of pamidronate could induce malignant osteoblastic differentiation as evaluated by an increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and/or osteocalcin (OC) production, two specific markers of normal osteoblastic activity. Methods: Two canine OSA cell lines (HMPOS and COS 31) were used for all experiments. Cells were incubated for 48 or 72 hours with various pamidronate concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, and 20 μM). After incubation, the supernatants were sampled and the relative amounts of viable cells were determined with a cell proliferation assay (Cell Titer 96® AQuous, Promega). An ALP detection kit (Starbright®, Sigma®) was used to measure the ALP activity and an ELISA (Osteocalcin EIA kit, Biomedical Technologies) was used to determine the concentration of osteocalcin in the supernatants. The ALP and osteocalcin values were corrected for the amount of viable cells. Results: Pamidronate induced a dose-dependent reduction in the number of viable COS 31 and HMPOS cells at both 48 and 72 hours. A dose-dependent elevation in ALP activity from baseline was observed. At 20 μM, a 2.3-fold increase was observed for HMPOS at 72 hours, while a 1.43-fold increase was observed for COS 31 at 72 hours. Very low level (less than 2 ng/ml) of osteocalcin pre- and post-pamidronate treatment was detected for both COS 31 and HMPOS. Conclusion: The data suggests that pamidronate increases alkaline phosphatase activity in canine OSA cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, cytotoxic assays are needed in order to accurately characterize any concurrent decrease in the number of viable cells. The potential differentiating effect of pamidronate on malignant osteoblasts provides an additional argument for its use in the palliative treatment of OSA.
Identification of HLA‐DRB1*1501‐restricted T‐cell epitopes from human prostatic acid phosphatase

BACKGROUND The crucial role of CD4 T-cells in anti-tumor immune response is widely recognized, yet the identification of HLA class II-restricted epitopes derived from tumor antigens has lagged behind compared to class I epitopes. This is particularly true for prostate cancer. Based on the hypothesis that successful cancer immunotherapy will likely resemble autoimmunity, we searched for the CD4 T-cell epitopes derived from prostatic proteins that are restricted by human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*1501, an allele associated with granulomatous prostatitis (GP), a disease that may have an autoimmune etiology. One of the antigens implicated in the development of autoimmunity in the prostate is prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), which is also considered a promising target for prostate cancer immunotherapy. METHODS We immunized transgenic (tg) mice engineered to express HLA-DRB1*1501 with human PAP. A library of overlapping 20-mer peptides spanning the entire human PAP sequence was screened in vitro for T-cell recognition by proliferative and interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays. RESULTS We identified two 20-mer peptides, PAP (133–152), and PAP (173–192), that were immunogenic and naturally processed from whole PAP in HLA-DRB1*1501 tg mice. These peptides were also capable of stimulating CD4 T lymphocytes from HLA-DRB1*1501-positive patients with GP and normal donors. CONCLUSIONS These peptides can be used for the design of a new generation of peptide-based vaccines against prostate cancer. The study can also be helpful in understanding the role of autoimmunity in the development of some forms of chronic prostatitis. Prostate 67: 1019–1028, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Preoperative splenic artery embolization in klippel-Trenaunay syndrome with massive splenomegaly: A case report

The authors describe a case of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) with massive splenomegaly in a 29-year-old woman. Preoperative splenic artery embolization using the "double embolization technique" (a combination of distal selective splenic artery embolization and proximal splenic artery occlusion) facilitated open splenectomy.
Global Ischemia Upregulates KCNQ1 Potassium Channel Activity in Neurons

Transient forebrain or global ischemia induces delayed cell death of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and impaired cognition. Potassium (K+) channels are implicated as key players in ischemia-induced death. The KCNQ1 K+ channel assembles with the auxiliary subunit KCNE1 to produce the slow component of Ik in the heart. Emerging evidence indicates that KCNQ1 mRNA and protein are expressed not only in heart, but also brain, although its function in neurons is, as yet, unclear.The transcription factor REST (repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor)/NRSF (neuron-specific silencing factor) is upregulated in response to global ischemia and contributes to neuronal death. We recently showed that REST is enriched at the promoter of the KCNQ1 K+ channel in postischemic CA1, assessed by targeted ChIP-chip. Here we set out to assess a possible role for KCNQ1 in ischemia-induced neuronal death. Global ischemia in vivo elicited an increase in KCNQ1 mRNA at 24 (∼1.4 fold) and 48 h (∼3.5-fold; p < 0.04), as assessed by qPCR. Moreover, ischemia induced an increase in KCNQ1 protein at 24 (∼1.4 fold) and 48 h (∼1.6 fold; p < 0.004), as assessed by Western analysis. To examine KCNQ1 function in brain, we identified and recorded K+ currents from cultured hippocampal neurons with the specific KCNQ1 inhibitor Chromanol 293B (IC50=62μM) and confirmed them with a dominant-negative KCNQ1 mutant S277L which reduced the endogenous current by ∼50% (p < 0.005). Cultures exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (an in vitro model of ischemia) showed a marked increase in KCNQ1 currents at 48 h post ischemia (∼28%, p < 0.03). These results document the presence of functional KCNQ1 channels in hippocampal neurons, and their upregulation in response to ischemia, consistent with a possible contribution to delayed neuronal death of the CA1.
Multinational Marketing Control

The multinational enterprise with its operating subsidiaries spread over the globe presents formidable problems to managers responsible for marketing control. Each national market is different from every other market. Distance and differences in language, custom, and practices create communications problems. The size of operations and number of country subsidiaries often results in the creation of an intermediate headquarters, the so-called regional or area headquarters, which adds an organizational level to the control system. This article reviews the multinational marketing control practices of large U.S. multinational companies, compares these practices with domestic marketing control, and identifies the major factors which influence the design of a multinational control system.© 1972 JIBS. Journal of International Business Studies (1972) 3, 33–47
Tetragonal → twinned hexagonal crystal phase transformation in polybutene-1

The spontaneous transformation of the metastable (Form II) tetragonal crystals into the stable twinned hexagonal (Form I) crystals in polybutene-1 was studied using several techniques. The mechanical properties of the heat moulded material undergo significant changes in the process and the crystalline melting point increases from 112 to 128‡ C. Results from an Avrami analysis suggest the nucleation of the stable crystalline phase occurs shortly after crystallization from the melt and the subsequent growth of the nuclei follows a rod-like geometry. Transmission electron microscopy of melt-grown thin films shows that nucleation occurs at random positions within a spherulite and growth propagates along the radially oriented fibrillar crystals. As a result of multiple nucleation, each tetragonal crystal generates several twinned hexagonal crystallites with different crystallographic orientations. Besides exhibiting multiple nucleation within each individual tetragonal crystal, solution-grown single crystals also reveal twisting of the crystal lattice about thec-axis. The information obtained shows that residual stresses present in the material do not appear essential for the nucleation of the stable phase. Current concepts of the transformation mechanism are examined.
Osmotherapy: Use Among Neurointensivists

Cerebral edema and raised intracranial pressure are common problems in neurological intensive care. Osmotherapy, typically using mannitol or hypertonic saline (HTS), has become one of the first-line interventions. However, the literature on the use of these agents is heterogeneous and lacking in class I studies. The authors hypothesized that clinical practice would reflect this heterogeneity with respect to choice of agent, dosing strategy, and methods for monitoring therapy. An on-line survey was administered by e-mail to members of the Neurocritical Care Society. Multiple-choice questions regarding use of mannitol and HTS were employed to gain insight into clinician practices. A total of 295 responses were received, 79.7% of which were from physicians. The majority (89.9%) reported using osmotherapy as needed for intracranial hypertension, though a minority reported initiating treatment prophylactically. Practitioners were fairly evenly split between those who preferred HTS (54.9%) and those who preferred mannitol (45.1%), with some respondents reserving HTS for patients with refractory intracranial hypertension. Respondents who preferred HTS were more likely to endorse prophylactic administration. Preferred dosing regimens for both agents varied considerably, as did monitoring parameters. Treatment of cerebral edema using osmotically active substances varies considerably between practitioners. This variation could hamper efforts to design and implement multicenter trials in neurocritical care.
Regulation of Growth and Invertase Activity by Kinetin and Gibberellic Acid in Developing Avena Internodes

Evidence presented here indicates that there is a complex interaction between kinetin, gibberellin, and sucrose in the regulation of turnover of invertase in vivo. The synthesis of invertase is maintained in the presence of GA3 and sucrose over relatively long periods of time. Kinetin, on the other hand, inhibits the full development of invertase activity seen in the sucrose and gibberellin control treatments. Moreover, the peak in invertase activity occurs earlier with kinetin treatment. During invertase turnover, once the peak is reached, kinetin enhances the rate of decay of enzyme activity relative to synthesis. The regulatory significance of invertase in intercalary growth and possible modes of kinetin action in this process are discussed.
Arrested growth and urban sustainability in the Asia Pacific

City managers throughout the Asia Pacific region are turning to the concept of sustainability in order to guide urban growth. This research note reviews the dominant contemporary urban and regional planning concepts promoted during the last few decades, shows how the financial crises challenged this mode of thinking and led to the adoption of sustainable urban development policies.
Three dimensional scattering problems involving uniaxial and isotropic wire medium objects: Spherical and cubical examples

The drift-diffusion approach is used to form an integro-differential equation for scattering problems involving three dimensional wire medium objects. The method is applicable to arbitrary three dimensional uniaxial and isotropic geometries. A spherical isotropic wire medium and a cubical uniaxial wire medium object are simulated numerically using the drift-diffusion method. The results are compared with full wave simulation and measurement results.
Primary neonatal cricopharyngeal achalasia: A case report and Review of the literature

Primary cricopharyngeal achalasia is a rare cause of dysphagia in the pediatric population. In a review of the literature, only 11 well-documented cases were discovered. We report the case of a newborn with cricopharyngeal achalasia who was successfully treated with a myotomy of the upper esophageal sphincter. A review of the literature is presented and treatment options are discussed.