cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health care workers’ ability and willingness to report to duty during catastrophic disasters

Catastrophic disasters create surge capacity needs for health care systems. This is especially true in the urban setting because the high population density and reliance on complex urban infrastructures (e.g., mass transit systems and high rise buildings) could adversely affect the ability to meet surge capacity needs. To better understand responsiveness in this setting, we conducted a survey of health care workers (HCWs) (N=6,428) from 47 health care facilities in New York City and the surrounding metropolitan region to determine their ability and willingness to report to work during various catastrophic events. A range of facility types and sizes were represented in the sample. Results indicate that HCWs were most able to report to work for a mass casualty incident (MCI) (83%), environmental disaster (81%), and chemical event (71%) and least able to report during a smallpox epidemic (69%), radiological event (64%), sudden acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS) outbreak (64%), or severe snow storm (49%). In terms of willingness, HCWs were most willing to report during a snow storm (80%), MCI (86%), and environmental disaster (84%) and least willing during a SARS outbreak (48%), radiological event (57%), smallpox epidemic (61%), and chemical event (68%). Barriers to ability included transportation problems, child care, eldercare, and pet care obligations. Barriers to willingness included fear and concern for family and self and personal health problems. The findings were consistent for all types of facilities. Importantly, many of the barriers identified are amenable to interventions.
Protection of proteins against ultraviolet damage using the resonance transfer mechanism

A logarithmic decay of clottability of fibrinogen is observed with irradiation at 280 mμ or with heterochromatic u.v. light. Loss of biological activity occurs at doses much lower than those required to produce substantial structural damage as observed in the electron microscope. Conjugation of fibrinogen with DNS† results in a substantial protection of biological activity. Decay of clottability may be slowed as much as 14·5-fold. The degree of protection depends upon the multiplicity of dye attachment. Fluorescence spectra show that conjugation of fibrinogen with DNS leads to decreased protein fluorescence and enhanced dye fluorescence. Thus, protection of biological activity by DNS appears to occur by a process of resonant energy transfer.
The Scope of Autonomy: Kant and the Morality of Freedom

Katerina Deligiorgi: The Scope of Autonomy: Kant and the Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. xvi + 233. £40.00 (hb.). ISBN 9780199646159. In The Scope of Autonomy, Kater...
Joint time and phase recovery for CPM and its asymptotic behavior

A novel joint timing and phase recovery technique is proposed for CPM systems based on Kalman filtering and an approximate representation of CPM signals with nonorthogonal exponential expansions (nOEE). In contrast to existing maximum likelihood methods that cannot synchronize partial response M-ary CPM signals, simulation results show that the proposed synchronizer is robust in acquiring and tracking both time shift and phase offset on either time-invariant or time-variant channels. Moreover, the asymptotic stability and convergence of the synchronizer is analyzed, including the effect of statistical channel modeling errors on the convergence characteristics
Catalytic decomposition of carbon monoxide on single crystalline ruthenium

Abstract Single crystalline bulk spheres of ruthenium were treated with carbon monoxide at 550 °C and 760 Torr for times varying from 6 to 96 hr. After reaction the spheres were examined by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and by optical microscopy. It was found that carbon monoxide had decomposed catalytically to produce graphite, which deposited as streamers centered about 〈0001〉, 〈1010〉 and 〈1011〉 poles on the ruthenium surface. The results indicated that surface steps surrounding low index poles were active sites for this reaction, as has been previously observed for nickel.
Women Evolving as Leaders

Leadership is traditionally perceived as a male position. However, women have taken on leadership roles for centuries. This article examines the leadership role from a female perspective. This mate...
The impact of sea surface temperature on the North American monsoon: A GCM study

[1] The NCAR CCM3 was used to simulate the circulation and rainfall patterns of the North American monsoon system (NAMS). When forced with repeated annual cycles of climatological average sea surface temperatures (SSTs), the CCM3 significantly under-represents monsoon rainfall in the southwest United States while simulating excessive precipitation in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. However, when forced with the observed monthly average SSTs from 1979 to 1997, the CCM3 produces an improved simulation of monsoon rainfall in the southwestern U.S., as well as in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Using the SSTs for 1983 in the Pacific and climatological SSTs elsewhere, the modeled circulation and rainfall distribution resembles that given with observed monthly average SSTs. The simulations are sensitive to the size of the domains over which the Pacific SST anomalies are imposed. Overall, these results suggest that the magnitude and size of winter- and springtime Pacific SST anomalies have a significant influence on summertime rainfall in the southwest U.S., and that these SSTs contribute to the NAMS precipitation climatology in extreme years more than in less extreme years.
Microarrays and cell cycle transcription in yeast

Microarrays have been used to characterize gene expression through the yeast cell cycle. Computational methods have been applied to the microarray data to identify coregulated clusters of genes, and motif-finding algorithms have found promoter elements characteristic of each cluster. The functional relevance of these promoter elements can be tested using chromatin immunoprecipitation, additional microarrays and other molecular techniques. The yeast forkhead proteins have been successfully identified as cell cycle transcription factors for an important cluster of genes by this and other approaches.
Imaging markers of adverse remodeling: from organ to organelle.

Adverse ventricular remodeling is believed to play a causative role in heart failure progression and has a strong association with poor prognosis [1,2]. The identification of quantifiable markers of remodeling has been instrumental in the understanding of the natural history of heart failure progression and has proved useful for the clinical diagnosis of heart failure, the prediction of clinical outcomes, the assessment of a therapeutic response, and the evaluation of treatment effect within clinical trials. The structural and functional changes that typify adverse ventricular remodeling are part of a complex cascade of events (Fig. 1). The process begins with an ‘‘index event’’ that adversely affects the myocardial pump [3] and leads to initially compensatory local and systemic responses. These responses result in alterations in the genomic expression patterns of cardiac cells that underlie the remodeling process [4]. The resulting diverse phenotypic changes include myocyte hypertrophy, myocyte necrosis and apoptosis, myocyte regeneration, and nonmyocyte changes, including alterations in the balance and configuration of structural proteins such as collagen and elastin [5]. These phenotypic shifts, on a molecular and cellular level, result in macro-alterations in cardiac histopathology that is reflected in overall cardiac size, shape, and function. The assessment of adverse remodeling has been limited largely to the measurement of the largescale structural and functional changes, but the increasing recognition of new potential markers is emerging (Box 1). This article reviews the traditional and emerging markers of remodeling and the noninvasive imaging techniques used to measure them.
Analytical uses of energy balances

Energy balances necessitate energy requirements and sources to be expressed in commensurate units?usually heat. If these balances are complete, the flow of energy through the economy can be traced in such units, and the transformation functions of one form or source of energy to another can be specified. Thus, energy balances permit analysis of the entire energy sector on a whole, rather than on a commodity by commodity, basis. As such, they are capable of being used analytically to solve a number of problems that would otherwise be beyond comprehensive analysis. In this article, four such analytical uses are described and applied.
A comparison of nitric oxide decomposition on Pt(210) and Pt(410): An example where an increase in step density has produced a decrease in reactivity

Abstract TPD is used to compare the dissociation of NO on Pt(210) and Pt(410). Flash of a NO-saturated Pt(210) sample produces a single N2 peak at 500 °K and two NO Peaks at 440 and 485 °K, with about 70% of the NO dissociating. By comparison, flash of an NO-saturated Pt(410) sample yields a single N2 peak at 440 °K and negligible NO. These results show that Pt(410) is considerably more active than Pt(210) for NO dissociation even though the step geometry is identical on the two surfaces and the step density is higher on Pt(210). Thus it appears that the active site for NO decomposition on platinum consists of a specific arrangement of atoms and is not just a step on the surface.
Casein Kinase Iδ Mutations in Familial Migraine and Advanced Sleep Phase

Migraine is a common disabling disorder with a significant genetic component, characterized by severe headache and often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity. We identified two families, each with a distinct missense mutation in the gene encoding casein kinase Iδ (CKIδ), in which the mutation cosegregated with both the presence of migraine and advanced sleep phase. The resulting alterations (T44A and H46R) occurred in the conserved catalytic domain of CKIδ, where they caused reduced enzyme activity. Mice engineered to carry the CKIδ-T44A allele were more sensitive to pain after treatment with the migraine trigger nitroglycerin. CKIδ-T44A mice also exhibited a reduced threshold for cortical spreading depression (believed to be the physiological analog of migraine aura) and greater arterial dilation during cortical spreading depression. Astrocytes from CKIδ-T44A mice showed increased spontaneous and evoked calcium signaling. These genetic, cellular, physiological, and behavioral analyses suggest that decreases in CKIδ activity can contribute to the pathogenesis of migraine.
Convex nondifferentiable stochastic optimization: A local randomized smoothing technique

We consider a class of stochastic nondifferentiable optimization problems where the objective function is an expectation of a random convex function, that is not necessarily differentiable. We propose a local smoothing technique, based on random local perturbations of the objective function, that lead to differentiable approximations of the function. Under the assumption that the local randomness originates from a uniform distribution, we establish a Lipschitzian property for the gradient of the approximation. This facilitates the development of a stochastic approximation framework, which now requires sampling in the product space of the original measure and the artificially introduced distribution. We show that under suitable assumptions, the resulting diminishing steplength stochastic subgradient algorithm, with two samples per iteration, converges to an optimal solution of the problem when the subgradients are bounded.
Early awareness of death in normal child development

A first hand narrative report is used to trace the emergence of a concept of death in a normal male child between the ages of 21 and 36 months. The pattern at age 36 months was congruent with findings already described in the literature. Detailed observations from earlier months had not previously been reported.
New Attachment Formation Following Controlled Tissue Regeneration Using Biodegradable Membranes

The present study evaluated the potential for reestablishment of connective tissue attachment after exclusion of the gingival connective tissue and epithelium during healing after periodontal surgery in a dog model. Buccal mucoperiosteal flaps were elevated in all four premolar regions in two dogs. The buccal bone was reduced to approximately 25% of its original level on 24 roots. Before the elevated flaps were replaced and sutured, membranes were adjusted to cover the exposed root surfaces. On eight surfaces Millipore filters were used and on eight surfaces biodegradable polylactic acid membranes were used. No membranes were placed over the remaining eight root surfaces which served as controls. After two months of healing, the animals were sacrificed and all the roots were subjected to histological analysis. In all of the roots covered with the polylactic acid membrane, newly formed cementum with inserting collagen fibers was observed and covered on the average 46% of the initial defect. Newly formed bone covered 39% of the initial defect. The roots covered by Millipore filters were characterized by significantly less new attachment and bone. In the control roots only minor new attachment was found in the bottom of the defect in some roots. The results suggest that the establishment of a connective tissue attachment is clearly favored by the placement of a polylactic acid membrane to exclude the epithelium and gingival connective tissue during healing.
Studies of cold lability and purification of a nitrogen-activating enzyme.

Summary Neither lipoproteins from mitochondria nor lecithin protected a crude extract of Clostridium pastmrianum from cold inactivation at 0°. Lipids from C. pastmrianum did not restore N2-fixing ability to extracts from lipid-depleted cells. Reducing agents and sulfhydryl agents partially restored activity to a cold-inactivated N2-fixing enzyme complex. Phosphoroclastic activity is retained better than N2-frxing activity at o°, and this implies that the nitrogen-activating system is the cold-labile constituent of the enzyme complex. Dialysis removed cofactors required for N2 fixation, and addition of concentrated diffusate restored N2-fixing ability to dialyzed preparations. Heat and protamine sulfate treatment, followed by negative calcium phosphate gel and bentonite adsorption, purified the nitrogen-activating system 121-fold over the initial crude extract on a protein basis.
A marketplace for spatio-temporal resources and truthfulness of its users

In this paper we propose a platform called Spatio-Temporal rEsources Marketplace (STEM) for users of spatio-temporal transportation resources such as electric vehicle charging stations or parking spaces. STEM exploits the gap between optimum and equilibrium in game theory in order to improve the position of users in competing for such resources, as well as improve social welfare. It does so via a proposed payment scheme called Guaranteed-Agent-Gain (GAG). In this scheme users pay STEM, but if STEM refunds its profit to the users, then the scheme amounts to peer-to-peer transactions. We prove that in many cases GAG does not need to be subsidized in order to deliver its gains to travelers and society.We show that GAG raises the issue of user truthfulness, in the sense that users can gain from being untruthful about their private information, such as their current location. Thus we also analyze the application of Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanisms studied in economics to the problem of location truthfulness in STEM. We show that these mechanisms can indeed induce location truthfulness, but at the cost of reduced revenue.
Mitochondrial changes in the heart of Drosophila repleta, Wollaston with age.

Abstract Hearts of 7-day old and 4-month old Drosophila repleta were studied by electron microscopy. Mitochondria in the heart of 4-month old flies increased in size and contained large quantities of intramitochondrial glycogen particles. On the basis of the results of this study it is suggested that intramitochondrial glycogen accumulation may be related to senility.
Games leaders play: using process simulations to develop collaborative leadership practices for a knowledge‐based society

We live in a postindustrial/knowledge‐based society, the ramifications of which are transforming both manufacturing and service‐based organizations in the public and private sectors. The industrial models of leadership which were often autocratic and compliance demanding, are incongruent with the needs of people who search for intrinsic satisfaction from daily activities in an environment of rapid complex change, turbulence, ambiguity, diversity of interests, and information overload. New models of leadership such as post‐industrial, post‐heroic, collaborative, and critical theory, offer some measure of congruence with our postindustrial society. These models provide coherence with new organizational philosophies such as the learning organization. Building bridges or “microworlds” which provide a way in which leaders can investigate, analyze, interpret and build confidence in new models of leadership and the principles of the learning organization, are vitally important to the future of organizations and communities. Realistic, custom designed, table top, non‐computer‐based simulations, such as LeadSimm can be used to build such bridges.
Centriole Reduplication during Prolonged Interphase Requires Procentriole Maturation Governed by Plk1

Summary Supernumerary centrioles lead to abnormal mitosis [1, 2], which in turn promotes tumorigenesis [3, 4]. Thus, centriole duplication must be coordinated with the cell cycle to ensure that the number of centrioles in the cell doubles precisely during each cell cycle [5]. However, in some transformed cells, centrioles undergo multiple rounds of duplication (reduplication) during prolonged interphase [6–8]. Mechanisms responsible for centriole reduplication are poorly understood. Here, we report that centrioles reduplicate consistently in cancerous and nontransformed human cells during G2 arrests and that this reduplication requires the activity of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). We also find that a cell's ability to reduplicate centrioles during S arrests depends on the presence of activated (Thr210-phosphorylated) Plk1 at the centrosome. In the absence of activated Plk1, nascent procentrioles remain associated with mother centrioles, which prevents centriole reduplication. In contrast, if Plk1(pT210) appears at the centrosome, procentrioles mature, disengage from mother centrioles, and ultimately duplicate. Plk1 activity is not required for the assembly of procentrioles, however. Thus, the role of Plk1 is to coordinate the centriole duplication cycle with the cell cycle. Activation of Plk1 during late S/G2 induces procentriole maturation, and after this point, the centriole cycle can be completed autonomously, even in the absence of cell-cycle progression.
Highly Efficient Large-Scale Lentiviral Vector Concentration by Tandem Tangential Flow Filtration

Large-scale lentiviral vector (LV) concentration can be inefficient and time consuming, often involving multiple rounds of filtration and centrifugation. This report describes a simpler method using two tangential flow filtration (TFF) steps to concentrate liter-scale volumes of LV supernatant, achieving in excess of 2000-fold concentration in less than 3h with very high recovery (>97%). Large volumes of LV supernatant can be produced easily through the use of multi-layer flasks, each having 1720 cm(2) surface area and producing ∼560 mL of supernatant per flask. Combining the use of such flasks and TFF greatly simplifies large-scale production of LV. As a demonstration, the method is used to produce a very high titer LV (>10(10)TU/mL) and transduce primary human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells at high final vector concentrations with no overt toxicity. A complex LV (STEMCCA) for induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation is also concentrated from low initial titer and used to transduce and reprogram primary human fibroblasts with no overt toxicity. Additionally, a generalized and simple multiplexed real-time PCR assay is described for lentiviral vector titer and copy number determination.
Treatment of the octachlorodirhenate ion with high-pressure carbon monoxide; Preparation and structure of [cis-Re(CH3CN)4(CO)2]2[ReCl6]

Abstract The reaction of [(n-C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 2 [Re 2 Cl 8 ] in acetonitrile with carbon monoxide at 100 atm and ca. 90°C gives several products, the major one being ReCl(CO) 5 . One of the minor ones has been identified and characterized by X-ray crystallography as the ionic compound [cis-Re(CH 3 CN) 4 (CO) 2 ] 2 [ReCl 6 ]. This compound forms monoclinic crystals in space group P2 1 /c with unit cell constants of: a = 13.23(1) A ; b = 10.092(7) A ; c = 13.92(1) A , β = 112.18(6)°; V = 1721(2) A 3 ; Z = 2. The reaction has a distorted octahedral structure with the following distances: ReC (av), 1.877(7) A ; ReN ( trans to CO), 2.134(9) A and 2.156(10) A ; ReN ( trans to N), 2.052(9) A and 2.072(9) A . The [ReCl 6 ] 2− anion resides on an inversion center and has ReCl distances of 2.367(3) A , 2.350(3) A and 2.345(3) A .
The First Social Psychologist

Because both the individual and the state call for simultaneous investigation in social psychology, one could argue that in some sense Serge Moscovici, with the publication of Psychoanalysis, put forward the first systematic large scale empirical study of cognitive representations in, as it happily proved, various blocs of French understandings of psychoanalysis, admitting, characteristically, doubts about the individual, bloc, and the state representations.
Expression and regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on airway parasympathetic nerves.

Background Eosinophils cluster along airway nerves in patients with asthma and release eosinophil major basic protein, an antagonist of inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on nerves. Blocking M2 function increases bronchoconstriction, leading to airway hyperreactivity. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mediates eosinophil adhesion to nerves. Objective We investigated mechanisms of ICAM-1 expression by parasympathetic nerves. Methods ICAM-1 expression was examined by immunocytochemistry of lung sections from ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged guinea pigs. ICAM-1 was measured in parasympathetic nerves isolated from subjects and guinea pigs and in human neuroblastoma cells by real-time RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot. Results ICAM-1 was not detected in control airway parasympatheric nerves in vivo or in cultured cells. ICAM-1 was expressed throughout antigen–challenged guinea pig lung tissue and was selectively decreased by dexamethasone only in nerves. ICAM-1 was induced in human and guinea pig parasympathetic nerves by TNF-α and IFN-γ and was inhibited by dexamethasone and by an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In neuroblastoma cell lines TNF-α and IFN-γ–induced ICAM-1 was blocked by an inhibitor of NF-κB but not by inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Dexamethasone did not inhibit ICAM-1 expression in neuroblastoma cells. Conclusions ICAM-1 induced in nerves by antigen challenge and proinflammatory cytokines is sensitive to dexamethasone. ICAM-1 expression is also sensitive to inhibitors of NF-κB. Neuroblastoma cells mimic many, but not all, characteristics of ICAM-1 expression in parasympathetic nerves. Clinical implications Dexamethasone and NF-κB inhibitors could prevent eosinophils from adhering to nerves by blocking ICAM-1 expression on parasympathetic nerves, thus protecting inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors and making this pathway a potential target for asthma treatment.
Stark shift of an interband transition in Cu determined by surface charge measurements

Abstract An external (d.c.) electric field, applied across a metal/liquid interface, can shift the electronic levels of the metal surface. If not resolved properly, this effect can be problematic in voltage controlled surface studies, particularly in spectroscopy where photon induced interband transitions are active. A simple method, based on surface charge measurements by differential capacitance technique, is presented to account for such energy shifts. The technique is applied to estimate voltage induced shifts in the d -Fermi level transition threshold in the surface layer of a polycrystalline Cu electrode. The results are in striking agreement with those indicated by previously reported optical experiments on Cu.
ALVEOLAR FLUID REABSORPTION IS IMPAIRED BY HYPERCAPNIA INDEPENDENTLY OF EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR PH

PURPOSE: Alveolar epithelium is exposed to high CO2 tensions (hypercapnia) in patients with COPD and during permissive hypercapnia in mechanically ventilated subjects. Recently, some reports propose that hypercapnia could be beneficial in the treatment of ALI/ARDS. However, more recently new data has been presented suggesting that hypercapnia may have deleterious effects on the pulmonary epithelium. The objective of our investigation was to determine the effects of hypercapnia on alveolar epithelial function. METHODS: Alveolar fluid reabsorption (AFR) was assessed during hypercapnia with normal and acid pH as compared to metabolic acidosis in the isolated rat lung model. In parallel, Na,K-ATPase activity and protein abundance in alveolar type II cell cultures was evaluated. RESULTS: Hypercapnia decreased AFR by 60% (pCO2 80 mmHg, pH 7.15). With high pCO2 even at normal pH (7.40) alveolar fluid reabsorption was decreased but not during metabolic acidosis (pH 7.2 and normal PCO2). The deleterious effect of hypercapnia on AFR was not associated with changes of intracellular pH and reversed when pCO2 was normalized. The Na,K-ATPase activity and protein abundance was decreased in alveolar epithelial cells exposed to hypercapnia but not metabolic acidosis. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that hypercapnia but not metabolic acidosis impairs alveolar fluid reabsorption via an endocytosis-mediated process of the Na,K-ATPase in alveolar epithelial cells leading to decreased Na,K-ATPase activity. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: We reason that permissive hypercapnia may have deleterious effects on alveolar epithelial function and the ability of the lungs to clear edema in mechanically ventilated patients. DISCLOSURE: Arturo Briva, None.
Smuggling and price disparity

Abstract This paper proposes a model of smuggling consistent with the coexistence of smuggling, legal trade and price disparity, defined as a domestic price which exceeds (is less than) the return from legal export (import). These phenomena have been found to characterize Indonesian smuggling. A framework is presented in which legal trade is used to cloak smuggling activity with the implication that the greater the volume of legal trade, the less the costs of smuggling. This model is then used to explain the observation noted above and to show that smuggling may be welfare increasing vis-a-vis the non-smuggling situation, and that even if the suppression of smuggling is costless, tax revenue maximization may require a positive level of smuggling. In addition, the model is applied to coffee and rubber exports from Indonesia.
The Learning and Cost Effectiveness of AVT Supplemented Instruction: Specification of Learning Models

This article should be a valuable follow-up of the debate on research techniques which appeared in the fall issue of this journal. Becker and Salemi report on an evaluation of an audiovisual tutorial package used in several two-year colleges, finding that the AVT experience had no differential effect on learning for the experimental group as a whole. Then they go on to discuss some basic research problems, such as simultaneous equation bias, the use of the gap-closing model, and measuring the opportunity cost of student time. Appropriate remedies for these problems are offered, and these should be of considerable interest to others planning evaluation studies in economic education.
Tell Me More About It: A Query into the Relations Between Intelligence Scores and Problem Behaviors Using the WISC-IV

Decades of research have demonstrated links between behavioral adjustment and cognitive ability. However, little attention has been given to examining the relations between behavioral adjustment and IQ utilizing the most recent edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (i.e., WISC-IV). The WISC has undergone substantial revisions designed to produce more reliable and valid intellectual profiles. The release of a new edition provides a unique opportunity to revisit questions about IQ profiles and behavior. Consequently, we compared the relations between behavior problems and the WISC-III or WISC-IV. All 290 child participants were referred by their parent for a psychoeducational assessment due to academic concerns. This was a diverse sample. The majority was from a low-income family. Eighty-eight completed the WISC-III; 202 completed the WISC-IV. We found a number of differences between the WISC-III and WISC-IV in their relation to behavior problems, including significant negative relations between WISC-III IQ scores and adjustment scores that did not hold up with the WISC-IV. This may suggest that the WISC-IV is better than its predecessors at estimating IQ independently of behavior problems, which is important when testing clinically referred children. We also discuss alternate explanations and additional factors to consider.
The Status of Supposition

L'A. critique l'idee selon laquelle les differentes formes d'externalisme en philosophie de l'esprit n'ont pas d'effet sur le contenu des pensees dependant du milieu physique ou social. Examinant l'etat intentionnel du contenu suppose, l'A. met en evidence les normes et le role de l'absurde dans la supposition, d'une part, ainsi que la fonction de l'expression et de la sincerite dans les actes de paroles et actes mentaux, d'autre part.
Reliability of diagnostic criteria for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation: a survey.

Background Long-term outcomes after lung transplantation are limited due to chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is the most common form of obstructive CLAD and its definition derives from spirometric measurements. Given the importance of this diagnosis, both the accuracy and reliability of the definition of CLAD are crucial in understanding the pathophysiology of this disease to develop therapeutic options and influence outcome after lung transplantation. Methods A web-based survey was designed and distributed to members of the Pulmonary Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) to better understand the accuracy and reliability of pulmonary function criteria in diagnosing BOS. Spirometric data from five patient scenarios that were discordant among reviewers regarding BOS determination from the Assessment of Immunosuppressive Regimen in Suppressing Acute and Chronic Rejection (AIRSAC) trial were randomly selected and summarized in this survey. Survey questions included the respondent's general understanding of the BOS definition, the determination of BOS, and difficulties with the current BOS definition. Results Eighty-seven respondents from the Pulmonary Council of the ISHLT responded to this survey. There was an overall 70% interobserver agreement regarding the presence or absence of BOS. Among those who agreed upon the presence of BOS, there was a 41% interobserver agreement regarding its time of onset. Despite this variability, the majority of respondents were not only familiar and agreed with the BOS criteria, they also felt confident in applying these criteria. Conclusions Our survey identified potential limitations with the current criteria for diagnosing BOS. With recognition of the various CLAD phenotypes, further refinements of these diagnostic criteria will allow for an improved ability to identify and characterize patients who develop or are at risk for BOS, prognosticate outcomes, and, most importantly, marshal in future strategies directed at treating and preventing chronic lung dysfunction after lung transplantation.
Exopolysaccharides: Sweet success with probiotic therapeutics

Beneficial microbes prevent and attenuate a variety of inflammatory processes. In most cases, however, the bacterial molecules that mediate these protective effects are not known. An exception is exopolysaccharides (EPSs), heterogeneous carbohydrate moieties secreted by bacteria, which can be part of the biofilm matrix. We will discuss the known structural features of several EPSs isolated from beneficial microbes, some of which modulate innate and adaptive immunity and protect from diseases such as colitis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. EPSs from Bacteroides fragilis, Bacillis subtilis, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, and Bifidobacter breve can alter the function of several immune cells, including T cells, macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells, and we discuss the known in vivo effects of these bacterial EPSs on immune cells and their impact on host health.
A mechanism for social inhibition of sexual maturation in bluegill

Social control of maturation is a common phenomenon in fishes, yet associated mechanisms are often unidentified. An examination of interactions between mature and juvenile male bluegill Lepomis macrochirus in mesocosms, isolating visual, chemical and physical interactions, suggested that chemical cues are responsible for inhibiting maturation of juvenile males.
Millennials Leaning In: Can Women in Agribusiness Benefit from Technology and Social Collaboration in Higher Education?

A gender gap exists in both pay differences and leadership roles. Higher education plays a role in preparing the next generation to close this gender gap. The tools employed in higher education have been shown to impact student confidence and confidence going into their careers. As a means to identifying differences in the impact of a web-based course discussion between male and female students, a survey of 408 Agribusiness students was conducted. Compared with males, the online course discussion had more impact on female students in terms of their knowledge of current events, interest in the course topics, and confidence going into the job interviews. In addition, female students attributed the web-based discussion to improved written communication skills. Use of social technology with current content could potentially empower the female students to enhance learning and gain confidence.
Alternative explanation for a saturation phenomenon exhibited by poly‐4(5)‐vinylimidazole and an anionic ester

The hydrolysis of a negatively charged ester, sodium 3-nitro-4-acetoxybenzenesulfonate (NABS), catalyzed by poly-4(5)-vinylimidazole (PVIm) was reinvestigated under the conditions in which the substrate concentration was in excess of the catalyst concentration. The reaction was carried out under the same reaction conditions as previous work (28.5 vol-% ethanol–water, pH 7.1, μ = 0.02, 26°C). Careful studies on the initial rate with a stopped-flow spectrophotometer revealed that the initial rate at high NABS concentration did not level off (saturate) as much as expected from the previous results. This difference was ascribed to two factors. One was that in the previous study, we treated up to 5% hydrolysis, but in the present work up to 1% in order to determine the initial rate. The other was the relatively slow deacylation reaction of the intermediate, partially acetylated PVIm, which resulted in less efficiency of the catalysis. The slow deacylation was confirmed by the kinetics of the hydrolysis of NABS and also independently by measuring the deacylation rate of the acetylated (or acylated) PVIm. The deacylation was an intramolecular catalysis and the rate constant was about 0.1 min—1 in 28.5 vol-% ethanol–water at pH 7.1 at 26°C. The whole process of the hydrolysis could be explained by a two-step pathway: an initial burst acylation followed by the slow deacylation. The electrostatic interaction between the cationically charged imidazole groups and NABS seemed not strong enough to form a stable complex. Thus, potassium p-toluenesulfonate showed no effect as a competing agent (inhibitor) against NABS.
Representations of normed algebras with minimal left ideals

The theory of *-representations of Banach *-algebras on Hilbert space is one of the most useful and most successful parts of the theory of Banach algebras. However, there are only scattered results concerning the representations of general Banach algebras on Banach spaces. It may be that a comprehensive representation theory is impossible. Nevertheless, for some special algebras interesting and worthwhile results can be proved. This is true for (Y), the algebra of all bounded operators on a Banach space Y, and for (Y), the subalgebra of (Y) consisting of operators with finite dimensional range. The representations of (Y) are studied in a recent paper by H. Porta and E. Berkson (6), and in another recent paper (8), P. Chernoff determines the structure of the representations of (Y) (and also of some more general algebras of operators). In both these papers, (Y), which is the socle of the algebras under consideration, plays an important role in the theory. This suggests the possibility that a more general representation theory can be formulated in the case of a normed algebra with a nontrivial socle. This we attempt to do in this paper.
The Need to Nurse the Nurse: Emotional Labor in Neonatal Intensive Care

In this 14-month ethnographic study, I examined the emotional labor and coping strategies of 114, level-4, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses. Emotional labor was an underrecognized component in the care of vulnerable infants and families. The nature of this labor was contextualized within complex personal, professional, and organizational layers of demand on the emotions of NICU nurses. Coping strategies included talking with the sisterhood of nurses, being a super nurse, using social talk and humor, taking breaks, offering flexible aid, withdrawing from emotional pain, transferring out of the NICU, attending memorial services, and reframing loss to find meaning in work. The organization had strong staffing, but emotional labor was not recognized, supported, or rewarded. The findings can contribute to the development of interventions to nurse the nurse, and to ultimately facilitate NICU nurses' nurturance of stressed families. These have implications for staff retention, job satisfaction, and delivery of care.
Nanoparticle-based optical biosensors for the direct detection of organophosphate chemical warfare agents and pesticides

Abstract Neurotoxic organophosphates (OP) have found widespread use in the environment for insect control. In addition, there is the increasing threat of use of OP based chemical warfare agents in both ground based warfare and terrorist attacks. Together, these trends necessitate the development of simple and specific methods for discriminative detection of ultra low quantities of OP neurotoxins. In our previous investigations a new biosensor for the direct detection of organophosphorus neurotoxins was pioneered. In this system, the enzymatic hydrolysis of OP neurotoxins by organophosphate hydrolase (OPH) generated two protons in each hydrolytic turnover through reactions in which P–X bonds are cleaved. The sensitivity of this biosensor was limited due to the potentiometric method of detection. Recently, it was reported that a change in fluorescence properties of a fluorophore in the vicinity of gold nanoparticles might be used for detection of nanomolar concentrations of DNA oligonucleotides. The detection strategy was based on the fact that an enhancement or quenching of fluorescence intensity is a function of the distances between the gold nanoparticle and fluorophore. While these reports have demonstrated the use of nanoparticle-based sensors for the detection of target DNA, we observed that the specificity of enzyme–substrate interactions could be exploited in similar systems. To test the feasibility of this approach, OPH-gold nanoparticle conjugates were prepared, then incubated with a fluorescent enzyme inhibitor or decoy. The fluorescence intensity of the decoy was sensitive to the proximity of the gold nanoparticle, and thus could be used to indicate that the decoy was bound to the OPH. Then different paraoxon concentrations were introduced to the OPH–nanoparticle–conjugate–decoy mixtures, and normalized ratio of fluorescence intensities were measured. The greatest sensitivity to paraoxon was obtained when decoys and OPH–gold nanoparticle conjugates were present at near equimolar levels. The change in fluorescence intensity was correlated with concentration of paraoxon presented in the solution.
A Dynamical Model of Hierarchical Selection and Coordination in Speech Planning

studies of the control of complex sequential movements have dissociated two aspects of movement planning: control over the sequential selection of movement plans, and control over the precise timing of movement execution. This distinction is particularly relevant in the production of speech: utterances contain sequentially ordered words and syllables, but articulatory movements are often executed in a non-sequential, overlapping manner with precisely coordinated relative timing. This study presents a hybrid dynamical model in which competitive activation controls selection of movement plans and coupled oscillatory systems govern coordination. The model departs from previous approaches by ascribing an important role to competitive selection of articulatory plans within a syllable. Numerical simulations show that the model reproduces a variety of speech production phenomena, such as effects of preparation and utterance composition on reaction time, and asymmetries in patterns of articulatory timing associated with onsets and codas. The model furthermore provides a unified understanding of a diverse group of phonetic and phonological phenomena which have not previously been related.
A knowledge-based software development environment for scientific model-building

The authors describe a knowledge-based software development environment for scientific modeling. The SIGMA system provides scientist-users with a high-level data flow language for specifying scientific models. This language is intended to be both easier to use and easier to understand than low-level scientific code. Thus, the language and the software tool should facilitate sharing among users. SIGMA makes use of an extensive store of background domain knowledge to ease the specification acquisition process and to maintain the consistency of an evolving specification. In addition, SIGMA uses its background knowledge to aid in the execution of specified models. The availability of background knowledge enables the system to automatically infer portions of the scientific model specification that normally would be tediously specified by the user. The approach is illustrated with examples from the scientific domain of planetary atmospheric modeling. >
Costs of telaprevir-based triple therapy for hepatitis C: $189,000 per sustained virological response.

In registration trials, triple therapy with telaprevir (TVR), pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN), and ribavirin (RBV) achieved sustained virological response (SVR) rates between 64% and 75%, but the clinical effectiveness and economic burdens of this treatment in real-world practice remain to be determined. Records of 147 patients who initiated TVR-based triple therapy at the Mount Sinai Medical Center (May-December 2011) were reviewed. Direct medical costs for pretreatment, on-treatment, and posttreatment care were calculated using data from Medicare reimbursement databases, RED Book, and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database. Costs are presented in 2012 U.S. dollars. SVR (undetectable hepatitis C virus [HCV] RNA 24 weeks after the end of treatment) was determined on an intention-to-treat basis. Cost per SVR was calculated by dividing the median cost by the SVR rate. Median age of the 147 patients was 56 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 51-61), 68% were male, 19% were black, 11% had human immunodeficiency virus/HCV coinfection, 36% had advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis (FIB-4 scores ≥3.25), and 44% achieved an SVR. The total cost of care was $11.56 million. Median cost of care was $83,721 per patient (IQR = $66,652-$98,102). The median cost per SVR was $189,338 (IQR = $150,735-$221,860). Total costs were TVR (61%), IFN (24%), RBV (4%), adverse event management (8%), professional fees (2%), and laboratory tests (1%). Conclusions: TVR and Peg-IFN accounted for 85% of costs. Pharmaceutical prices and the low (44%) SVR rate, in this real-world study, were major contributors to the high cost per SVR. (Hepatology 2014;60:1187–1195)
New onset of bipolar disorder in late life.

The subset of patients with late-life onset of bipolar disorder is widely recognized to represent an etiologically diverse group with high rates of neurologic comorbidities. Efforts to characterize the unique clinical and neurobiological features of this heterogeneous population have yielded inconsistent findings. Although there is growing evidence that geriatric-onset bipolar disorder is often attributable to a variety of secondary organic etiologies, we would like to present a case of bipolar disorder emerging in late life where no clear organic cause was identified. This case highlights the importance of a broad differential diagnosis when approaching new-onset manic symptoms among geriatric patients in an inpatient setting.
Orbital interactions between a C60 molecule and Cu(111) surface

C-Cu orbital interactions between a two-layer Cu 1 0 or three-layer Cu 3 4 cluster model of a Cu(111) surface and an adsorbed single C 6 0 molecule have been theoretically investigated, so as to elucidate the nature of the C 6 0 -Cu(111) bonding and orientational configuration of the C 6 0 molecule on a Cu surface. Geometry optimizations and single-point calculations at the B3LYP/LanL2MB level of theory and fragment molecular orbital (FMO) analyses, coupled with a paired-interaction-orbital (PIO) scheme at the extended Hiickel level of theory, have been performed for five symmetric adsorption models, in which a C 6 0 molecule is attached to the Cu 1 0 or Cu 3 4 cluster respectively by a six-membered ring (6-ring), by a five-membered ring (5-ring), by a C-C bond belonging to two 6-rings (6-6 bond), by a C-C bond belonging to a 6-ring and a 5-ring (5-6 bond), and by an edge carbon atom that is located at the center of two 6-rings and a 5-ring. Large stabilization is obtained for adsorption by an edge carbon atom or a 6-6 bond, whereas the other coordination types are not favored. Our result differs from an XPD experimental result for a C 6 0 monolayer on Cu(111), in which adsorption by a 6-ring is most favored. The discrepancy strongly suggests that C 6 0 -C 6 0 interactions contribute significantly to the determination of C 6 0 orientations in C 6 0 /Cu(I 11) monolayer systems.
Ensuring high availability and recoverability of acquired data

Every time one runs a shot, or simulation, exorbitant amounts of data are collected and sent off to live a life in storage. This data is important to our livelihood as a scientific research community, and to the goals of our mission of sustainable energy. Therefore it will behoove all to ensure the integrity of this data.