cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of cold-sensitive mutations at the benA, beta-tubulin, locus of Aspergillus nidulans.

We have isolated large numbers of conditionally lethal β-tubulin mutations to provide raw material for analyzing the structure and function of β tubulin and of microtubules. We have isolated such mutations as intragenic suppressors of benA33, a heat-sensitive (hs-) β-tubulin mutation of Aspergillus nidulans. Among over 2,600 revertants isolated, 126 were cold-sensitive (cs-). In 41 of 78 cs- revertants analyzed, cold sensitivity and reversion from hs- to hs+ were due to mutations linked to benA33. In three cases reversion was due to mutations closely linked to benA33 but cold sensitivity was due to a coincidental mutation unlinked to benA33. In the remaining 34 cases reversion was due to mutations unlinked to benA33. Thirty-three of the revertants in which cold sensitivity and reversion were linked to benA33 were sufficiently cold-sensitive to allow us to select for rare recombinants between benA33 and putative suppressors in a revertant x wild-type (wt) cross. We found only one recombinant among 1,000 or more viable progeny from crosses of each of these revertants with a wt strain. Reversion is thus due to a back mutation or very closely linked suppressor in each case. We have analyzed 17 of these 33 revertants with greater precision and have found that, in each case, reversion is due to a suppressor mutation that maps to the right of benA33. The recombination frequencies between benA33 and the suppressors are very low (less than 1.2×10-4) in all cases. Five of these 33 revertants have been examined microscopically and in each of them nuclear division and nuclear migration are inhibited at a restrictive temperature. We conclude that at least some and perhaps all of these revertants carry intragenic suppressors of benA33 that, in combination with benA33, cause cold sensitivity by inhibiting the functioning of microtubules at low temperatures. Of the 17 suppressors mapped, 11 map to two clusters. These clusters are likely to define regions particularly important to the functioning of the β-tubulin molecule.
Significance of mass and number of fibers in the correlation of V79 cytotoxicity with tumorigenic potential of mineral fibers

The cytotoxicity of four tumorigenic minerals: erionite(w), erionite(c), UICC crocidolite, UICC chrysotile and nontumorigenic mordenite was compared in Chinese hamster lung V79 cells. The results indicate that the tumorigenic minerals were toxic by showing more than 50% toxicity for at least one dose between 10 and 100 μg/ml. Mordenite was nontoxic. Higher potency of erionite, however, was not evident in this system when the dose considered was expressed in mass units. On the other hand, when the degree of cytotoxicity was considered per number of mineral fibers, it was clear that fewer erionite fibers of all three dimensions ( A ⩾ 3; L ⩾ 8.0 μm, W ⩽ 0.25 μm; and L ⩽ 5.0 μm, W ⩽ 0.1 μm) than those of UICC crocidolite and UICC chrysotile were needed to produce similar toxicity. This suggests that the dose in number of fibers may be a better parameter than the total mass dose as a correlate of tumorigenic potential.
A 4DRT simulation study using a synthetic 3.5D CT image with motion-free target of lung cancer based on 4DCT

Four-Dimensional Radiotherapy (4DRT) planning based on 4D Computed Tomography (4DCT) is limited by drastically increased planning workload and unavoidably needed new software. We introduced a new concept of 3.5DCT for a simplified 4DRT planning. This 3.5DCT is synthesised from 4DCT by aligning the tumour centres in each phase, simulating a motion-compensated tumour from the beam eye’s view. Four patients’ 4DCTs were used for the 4DRT planning, which were compared with motion-trajectory-based and respiratory-gated plans. This simplified 4DRT plan shows dosimetric advantage of significant reduction of V95 and V20. This suggests that the static 3.5DCT image is sufficient for 4DRT planning.
Labor Under the German Republic

Introduction, 203. — I. The German labor movement before 1918, 204; during the Revolution, 205; under the Weimar Constitution, 207; course of events thereafter, 208. — II. The development of the trade unions, 209; of collective bargaining, 212; the arbitration system, 215. — III. The works councils, 217; the economic council, 219. — IV. The labor law, 220. — V. The rise of National Socialism, 222; the position of labor under the Hitler government, 224.
The nature of the ventilatory period in crocodilian respiration

Abstract This paper examines the ventilatory phase of respiratory cycles of caimans and alligators to see if the terms diphasic and triphasic as defined by Boelaert are appropriate. Impedance pneumograms and mechanical recordings show triphasic ventilatory cycles for single breaths and for the last breath in a series, but other breaths in a series are diphasic. Experiments using EMG, an intrapulmonary pressure gauge, and a whole body plethysmograph show that (1) with respect to muscular activity, ventilation is diphasic; (2) with regard to intrapulmonary-endotracheal pressures, ventilation is triphasic; (3) with regard to total body volume, ventilation in quiet animals is diphasic, but triphasic during excitement. It is concluded that all breaths are normally diphasic and changes in intrapulmonary-endotracheal pressure, external dimensions, and impedance, simulating an E2 phase, are brought about by passive recoil of viscera. It is suggested that the term “shift” rather than the “E2 expiration” of Boelaert or the “compression” of McCutcheon is appropriate to the change seen after the last inspiration of a series or after an isolated inspiration.
Hwabyung and Depressive Symptoms among Korean Immigrants

This article describes the findings from a study that examined the psychological ramifications of immigration experiences among Koreans in the United States using hwabyung and depressive symptoms. Data collected from an anonymous survey of 242 voluntary participants were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), and hierarchical multiple regression (R2). The findings demonstrated the statistically significant correlation between hwabyung and depressive symptoms. Also found was the important role of coping resources in explaining both hwabyung and depressive symptoms among Korean immigrants. Additionally, the findings suggest that having a graduate school education in the United Sates, receiving money from Korea, and being a woman were found to be significantly related to hwabyung symptoms. However, no factors related to individual characteristics appeared to have a significant impact on depressive symptoms. Based on the findings, the implications for practice are discussed.
Characterization of rat cornea aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase has been purified from rat cornea in a single step. The enzyme is a class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase. Cornea aldehyde dehydrogenase is a 100-kDa dimer composed of 51-kDa subunits, prefers NADP+ as coenzyme, and preferentially oxidizes benzaldehyde-like aromatic aldehydes as well as medium chain length (4–9 carbons) aliphatic aldehydes. The substrate and coenzyme specificity, immunochemical properties, effect of disulfiram, pH profile, and isoelectric point of cornea aldehyde dehydrogenase are identical to those of tumor-associated aldehyde dehydrogenase, the prototype class 3 enzyme. The substrate and coenzyme preferences are consistent with a role for cornea aldehyde dehydrogenase in the oxidation of a variety of aldehydes generated by lipid metabolism, including lipid peroxidation.
Sawgrass Seedling Responses to Transplanting and Nutrient Additions

Understanding Cladium jamaicense (sawgrass) seedling establishment is an important component of an Everglades restoration program because the degree of sawgrass recovery and concurrent Typha domingensis (cattail) decline will be used to evaluate restoration success. To understand sawgrass recovery at locations with increased soil nutrients, we tested the effects of transplanting sawgrass seedlings to pots at different densities and investigated how nutrient additions affect seedling growth. Survivorship of seedlings transplanted into moist commercial potting soil at three densities ranged from 61% to 95%. After 6 months, maximum survivorship (90%) occurred at medium densities (2-4 seedlings per pot 16 cm in diameter). Nutrient additions, totaling 6.5 N g/m 2 , 9.8 P g/m 2 , 6.5 g/m 2 , were applied approximately 4 months after seedlings were transplanted. The biomass of the plants receiving nutrient additions (pulsed) was significantly higher (by over 30%) than plants with no nutrient addition (control). Photosynthetic rates for nutrient-enriched plants (measured 6-weeks after the nutrient additions) were significantly greater (by 32-45%) than for control plants. Instantaneous leaf water use efficiency increased significantly (by more than 20%) in pulsed plants. The results suggest that preventing root damage is crucial for the success of transplanted sawgrass seedlings and that nutrient additions enhanced seedling growth.
Transdifferentiation, a Potential Mechanism for Covering Vascular Grafts Grown Within Recipient’s Peritoneal Cavity With Endothelial-Like Cells

To the Editor: We found the study by Campbell et al1 to be very interesting, and we believe that it deserves the full attention of the tissue engineering and vascular biology scientific communities. This study offers a promising way of growing self-compatible vascular replacements, at a time when the need for transplantable vessels increases constantly. This approach was recently criticized in a Letter to the Editor published in Circulation Research , on the grounds that the cells covering the graft are not “true” endothelial cells. However, what Cebotari et al2 documented was “a typical inflammatory reaction …
Stranger Relations: The Case for Rebuilding Commonplaces between Rhetoric and Mathematics

Pandora’s Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies, by Bruno Latour. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. 324 + x pp. $29.74 (paper).Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and ...
Diacid Linkers That Promote Parallel β-Sheet Secondary Structure in Water

We report the development of diacid units that promote formation of a two-stranded parallel β-sheet secondary structure between peptide segments attached via their N-termini. These linker units are formed by attaching glycine to one carboxyl group of cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (CHDA). Parallel sheet formation in water is observed when l-residue strands are attached to the CHDA-Gly unit with either of the two absolute configurations.
Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of retinal pigment epithelial detachment in age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose To describe the internal structure of pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) seen in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) as imaged with enhanced depth imaging (EDI) spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design Retrospective observational case series. Methods The images were obtained by positioning a spectral-domain OCT device close enough to the eye to obtain an inverted image and 7 sections, each comprised of 100 averaged scans, were obtained within a 5 degrees × 15 degrees or larger rectangle to encompass the PED and accompanying neovascularization if present. The resultant images were reinverted and compared with fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographic findings. Results The full extent of the choroid was visualized under the PED in each of the 22 consecutive eyes imaged with EDI OCT. The entire PED cavity filled with hyperreflective tissue in 11 eyes. In the remaining 11 regions, what appeared to be serous fluid and collections of reflective material were found within the PED. The reflective material was seen to be contiguous with subretinal pigment epithelial neovascularization, had angiographic suggestive of fibrovascular proliferation, and was seen to course up along the back surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Intravitreal ranibizumab injection caused PED flattening with apparent contracture of the accumulated material within the PED. Conclusions PEDs in the context of AMD show material suggestive of choroidal neovascularization, frequently on the back surface of the RPE. These findings can help explain the pathogenesis of PEDs, retinal vascular anastomosis with choroidal neovascularization, and RPE tears.
AN APPRAISAL OF THE SOURCES AND USES OF FUNDS: APPPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL MARKETS

IT WOULD BE difficult to exaggerate the influence which the concept of Gross National Product has had on the ability of professional economists to analyze business conditions. As Solomon Fabricant points out in the thirty-sixth annual report of the National Bureau, we did not even know in the midst of the depression of the 1930's the severity of the contraction which had taken place. "Even the direction of movement of aggregate economic activity from season to season, let alone from month to month, was not clear. Some of us can recall the wide variety of guesses about the severity of the depression current at the time and the uncertainty and fear that surrounded individual families, businessmen, and responsible government officials who had to make their plans and carry on their functions in heartbreaking darkness." Annual estimates of national incomne were not prepared until 1935. Reports of Gross National Product and its components did not become available on a quarterly basis until the 1940's. Since that time, economists have enjoyed the benefits of a systematic framework on which to build their appraisal of past, current, and future business conditions. Today's typical business forecast is set in the mold of GNP, which by convention has become the measure of aggregate economic activity. This increasing propensity to express business forecasts in terms of GNP bears testimony to the usefulness of the national income accounts as a framework for economic analysis. When it comes to forecasting the condition of the financial markets, however, most prognosticators approach the problem with considerably more reluctance. The reason is that they have no comprehensive and systematic framework, akin to GNP, on which to base their analysis. Those who venture to express opinions on the outlook for the capital markets often couch them in such vague and general terms as to suggest that they are operating in the same sort of darkness as confronted the business analyst during the prenational income era.
Hybrid diffusion–transport spatial homogenization method

Abstract A new hybrid diffusion–transport homogenization method has been developed by extending the consistent spatial homogenization (CSH) transport method to include diffusion theory. As in the CSH method, an “auxiliary cross section” term is introduced into the source term, making the resulting homogenized diffusion equation consistent with its heterogeneous counterpart. The method then utilizes an on-the-fly re-homogenization in transport theory at the assembly level in order to correct for core environment effects on the homogenized cross sections and the auxiliary cross section. The method has been derived in general geometry and tested in a 1-D boiling water reactor (BWR) core benchmark problem for both controlled and uncontrolled configurations. The method has been shown to converge to the reference solution with less than 1.7% average flux error in less than one third the computational time as the CSH method – 6 to 8 times faster than fine-mesh transport.
Analysis of the Koritz-Hall Hypothesis for the Regulation of Steroidogenesis by ACTH1

The Koritz-Hall hypothesis for the regulation of steroidogenesis by ACTH was analyzed by testing whether it is compatible with experimental data on the dynamic relations between the concentration of ACTH in adrenal arterial blood and cortisol secretion rate. The hypothesis is based on the inhibition of cholesterol hydroxylation by pregnenolone in a mitochondria extract, and proposes that ACTH acts to increase mitochondrial permeability to pregnenolone, thereby lowering intramitochondrial pregnenolone concentration and relieving the inhibition on steroidogenesis. These ideas were incorporated into a dynamic model of steroidogenesis. A search was made for a set of physically realistic kinetic parameters for the model which would permit it to simulate the dynamic responses of the perfused canine adrenal to ACTH. The in vitro data do not show pregnenolone to have a wide enough range of inhibitory action on cholesterol hydroxylation to be compatible with the range over which cortisol secretion rate varies in t...
Micromachined silicon cantilever beam accelerometer incorporating an integrated optical waveguide

A micromachined cantilever beam accelerometer is described in which beam deflection is determined optically. A diving board structure is anisotropically etched into a silicon wafer. This diving board structure is patterned from the wafer backside so as to leave a small gap between the tip of the diving board and the opposite fixed edge on the front side of the wafer. In order to sense a realistic range of accelerations, a foot mass incorporated onto the end of the beam is found to provide design flexibility. A silicon nitride optical waveguide is then deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) onto the sample. Beam deflection is measured by the decrease of light coupled across the gap between the waveguide sections. In order to investigate sensor response and simulate deflection of the beam, we utilized a separate beam and waveguide section which could be displaced from one another in a precisely controlled manner. Measurements were performed on samples with gaps of 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 micron and the variation of the fraction of light coupled across the gap as a function of displacement and gap spacing was found to agree with overlap integral calculations.
Full-Text Aggregation

AbstractThis study compared two lists of full-text content available in Academic Search Elite. EBSCO provided the lists to the University College of the Fraser Valley. In this study, focus was placed on the accuracy of the claims of full-text content, because the staff and library users at University College of the Fraser Valley (UCFV, British Columbia) depend on this database as part of the libraries' journal collection. Interlibrary loan staff routinely used a printed list of Academic Search Elite to check whether the journal was available at UCFV in electronic form; therefore, an accurate supplemental list or lists of the library's electronic journals was essential for cost-conscious interlibrary loan staff. The results of the study were that there were inaccuracies in the coverage of fifty-seven percent of the journals sampled. Serials Review 2003; 29:11–15.
Enhanced transmission in near-field imaging of layered plasmonic structures

Near-field imaging of an engineered double layer structure in transmission mode has shown enhancement of light intensity through the structure. An array created by an optically thick double layer structure of a total thickness of 165 nm containing twin 50 nm Au layers was imaged using a near-field scanning optical microscope in illumination mode. The resulting transmission image shows an increased local transmission at the position of each particle in the array. This viewable enhancement is due to a nanoantenna effect that is created by a resonant plasmon oscillation between the two layers.
An analysis of antiproton-proton reactions☆

Abstract Antiproton-proton scattering and annihilation into K K is critically analyzed in the light of the new, precise data. Focus is on the forward scattering where angular and energy dependence is shown to a large extent to be a reflection of the long-range one-pion-exchange potential. It is shown that model predictions of the analyzing power are not a success and one obvious reason for this failure is demonstrated. The threshold behavior of the ϱ-parameter and annihilation into K K from atomic P-states are discussed with emphasis on the lack of theoretical understanding of these experimental results.
Shock Structure in Transonic Compressor Rotors

The inadequacy of axisymmetric theory in modeling the structure of the shock system in a transonic compressor rotor is shown with a simple model. A more accurate model for the flow near the sonic radius is proposed, which is supported by some flow visualization data and three-dimensional computations.
Exercise-induced stress responses of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic runners.

Abstract The role of stress in exercise-associated amenorrhea was investigated. Sex hormones [FSH, LH, androstenedione (A), testosterone, estrone, and 17β-estradiol (E2)], stress hormones [dehydroepiandrosterone, cortisol (F), PRL, norepinephrine, and epinephrine] and psychological status (Profile of Mood States and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) were measured at rest and in response to a 40-min 80% of maximal aerobic power run in highly trained eumenorrheic (n = 8) and amenorrheic (n = 7) women runners matched for fatness [eumenorrheic, 16.5 ± 2.3% (±SD); amenorrheic, 14.9 ± 4.8] and maximal aerobic power (eumenorrheic, 58.9 ± 5.7 ml/kg min; amenorrheic, 59.8 ± 4.6). Eumenorrheic runners were tested between days 3 and 8 of the follicular phase. At rest, decreased plasma FSH, LH, and E2 concentrations were found in amenorrheic women [eumenorrheic FSH, 10.5 ±4.1 mlU/ml; amenorrheic FSH, 4.9 ± 1.6 (P < 0.01); eumenorrheic LH, 14.1 ± 6.1 mlU/ml; amenorrheic LH, 5.1 ± 1.7 (P < 0.01); eumenorrheic E2) 20 ± 9 p...
Hemispheric specialization for skilled perceptual organization by chessmasters

The right cerebral hemisphere may be relatively specialized for parsing simple visual stimuli according to default rules, such as the Gestalt laws of perceptual organization, whereas the left cerebral hemisphere may be relatively specialized for overriding such default rules. We extend this model to 'semantically rich domains' by performing a divided-visual-field experiment on 16 chessmasters. Such subjects are able to recall and recognize complex chess positions by chunking the basic elements of the stimuli--the chess pieces--into meaningful groupings according to certain rules that are specific to the semantic structure of the chess domain. We show that the right hemisphere is superior to the left at parsing according to the default rules of chess chunking, but that the left hemisphere is superior to the right at grouping pieces together in violation of those rules. These results suggest that the right hemisphere is better able to acquire and apply new sets of default parsing rules for specific contexts. We conclude, consistent with other neuropsychological evidence, that the right hemisphere is critical for chess skill.
Generating dynamic simulations of movement using computed muscle control.

Computation of muscle excitation patterns that produce coordinated movements of muscle-actuated dynamic models is an important and challenging problem. Using dynamic optimization to compute excitation patterns comes at a large computational cost, which has limited the use of muscle-actuated simulations. This paper introduces a new algorithm, which we call computed muscle control, that uses static optimization along with feedforward and feedback controls to drive the kinematic trajectory of a musculoskeletal model toward a set of desired kinematics. We illustrate the algorithm by computing a set of muscle excitations that drive a 30-muscle, 3-degree-of-freedom model of pedaling to track measured pedaling kinematics and forces. Only 10 min of computer time were required to compute muscle excitations that reproduced the measured pedaling dynamics, which is over two orders of magnitude faster than conventional dynamic optimization techniques. Simulated kinematics were within 1 � of experimental values, simulated pedal forces were within one standard deviation of measured pedal forces for nearly all of the crank cycle, and computed muscle excitations were similar in timing to measured electromyographic patterns. The speed and accuracy of this new algorithm improves the feasibility of using detailed musculoskeletal models to simulate and analyze movement. r 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Organ-specific expression of the lacZ gene controlled by the opsin promoter after intravenous gene administration in adult mice.

Background The tissue-specific expression of an exogenous gene, under the influence of a tissue-specific promoter, has been examined in the past with pro-nuclear injections of the transgene and the development of transgenic mouse models. ‘Adult transgenics’ is possible with the acute expression of an exogenous gene that is administered to adult animals, providing the transgene can be effectively delivered to distant sites following an intravenous administration. Methods The organ specificity of exogenous gene expression in adult mice was examined with a bacterial β-galactosidase (LacZ) expression plasmid under the influence of the bovine rhodopsin gene promoter. The 8-kb plasmid DNA was delivered to organs following an intravenous administration with the pegylated immunoliposome (PIL) non-viral gene transfer technology. The PIL carrying the gene was targeted to organs with the rat 8D3 monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the mouse transferrin receptor (TfR). Results The rhodopsin/β-galactosidase gene was expressed widely in both the eye and the brain of adult mice, but was not expressed in peripheral tissues, including liver, spleen, lung, or heart. Ocular expression included the retinal-pigmented epithelium, the iris, and ciliary body, and brain expression was observed in neuronal structures throughout the cerebrum and cerebellum. Conclusions The expression of trans-genes in adult animals is possible with the PIL non-viral gene transfer method. The opsin promoter enables tissue-specific gene expression in the eye, as well as the brain of adult mice, whereas gene expression in peripheral tissues, such as liver or spleen, is not observed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheostructural studies of a discotic mesophase pitch at processing flow conditions

The flow-induced microstructure of a mesophase pitch was studied within custom-made dies for changing wall shear rates from 20 to 1,100 s − 1, a flow scenario that is typically encountered during fiber spinning. The apparent viscosity values, measured at the nominal wall shear rates ranging from 500 to 2,500 s − 1 using these dies, remain fairly constant. The microstructure was studied in two orthogonal sections: r–θ (cross section) and r–z (longitudinal mid plane). In these dies, the size of the microstructure gradually decreases toward the wall (to as low as a few micrometers), where shear rate is highest. Furthermore, as observed in the r–θ plane of the capillary, for a significant fraction of the cross section, discotic mesophase has a radial orientation. Thus, the directors of disc-like molecules were aligned in the vorticity (θ) direction. As confirmed from the microstructure in the r–z plane, most of the discotic molecules remain nominally in the flow plane. Orientation of the pitch molecules in the shear flow conditions is consistent with that observed in controlled low-shear rheometric experiments reported earlier. Microstructral investigation suggests that the radial orientation of carbon fibers obtained from a mesophase pitch originates during flow of pitch through the die.
Electronic Mail and Text Messaging in CTSS, 1965-1973

Applications from prior technologies are often reimplemented on new computing or communications platforms, and users sometimes don't realize that the applications have been recycled. For example, text messaging was available between computer users for years before its implementation on cell phones, and email has precursors before its implementation on the Internet. Noel Morris and author Tom Van Vleck implemented both an electronic mail command and a text messaging facility for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) in 1965. This new ability encouraged users to share information in new ways.
Efficient off-road localization using visually corrected odometry

We describe an efficient, low-cost, low-overhead system for robot localization in complex visual environments. Our system augments wheel odometry with visual orientation tracking to yield localization accuracy comparable with “pure” visual odometry at a fraction of the cost. Such a system is well-suited to consumer-level robots, small form-factor robots, extraterrestrial rovers, and other platforms with limited computational resources. Our system also benefits high-end multiprocessor robots by leaving ample processor time on all cameracomputer pairs to perform other critical visual tasks, such as obstacle detection. Experimental results are shown for outdoor, off-road loops on the order of 200 meters. Comparisons are made with corresponding results from a state-of-the-art pure visual odometer.
An end-to-end multi-GHz serial channel design process

An end-to-end process has been developed to investigate and constrain the designs of multi-GHz serial channels. This serial channel design process consists of three sections: (1) technology investigation, (2) pre-route channel modeling, and (3) post-route system modeling and verification.
Hierarchical structures of affect and psychopathology and their implications for the classification of emotional disorders.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—IV groups disorders into diagnostic classes on the basis of the subjective criterion of “shared phenomenological features.” The current mood and anxiety disorders reflect the logic of older models emphasizing the existence of discrete emotions and, consequently, are based on a fundamental distinction between depressed mood (central to the mood disorders) and anxious mood (a core feature of the anxiety disorders). This distinction, however, ignores subsequent work that has established the existence of a general negative affect dimension that (a) produces strong correlations between anxious and depressed mood and (b) is largely responsible for the substantial comorbidity between the mood and anxiety disorders. More generally, there are now sufficient data to eliminate the current rational system and replace it with an empirically based taxonomy that reflects the actual—not the assumed—similarities among disorders. The existing structural evidence establishes that the mood and anxiety disorders should be collapsed together into an overarching superclass of emotional disorders, which can be decomposed into three subclasses: the distress disorders (major depression, dysthymic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder), the fear disorders (panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia), and the bipolar disorders (bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia). An empirically based system of this type will facilitate differential diagnosis and encourage the ultimate development of an etiologically based taxonomy. Depression and Anxiety 25:282–288, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Topoisomerase I function during Escherichia coli response to antibiotics and stress enhances cell killing from stabilization of its cleavage complex

Methods: A mutant Escherichia coli strain with a DtopA mutation was used to investigate the role of topoisomerase I function in the SOS response to trimethoprim and mitomycin C. Induction of the recA and dinD1 promoters was measured using luciferase reporters of these promoters fused to luxCDABE. An increase in the RecA level following trimethoprim treatment was quantified directly by western blotting. The effect of stress challenge from trimethoprim and acidified nitrite treatments on cell killing by topoisomerase I cleavage complex accumulation was measured by the decrease in viability following induction of recombinant mutant topoisomerase I that forms a stabilized cleavage complex. Results: Topoisomerase I function was found to be required for efficient transcriptional activation of the recA and dinD1 promoters during the E. coli SOS response to trimethoprim and mitomycin C. The role of topoisomerase I in the SOS response was confirmed with quantitative western blot analysis of RecA following trimethoprim treatment. The bactericidal effect from topoisomerase I cleavage complex accumulation was shown to be enhanced by stress challenge from trimethoprim and acidified nitrite. Conclusions: Bacterial topoisomerase I function is actively involved in the SOS response to antibiotics and stress challenge. Cell killing initiated by the topoisomerase I cleavage complex would be enhanced by antibiotics and the host response. These findings provide further support for bacterial topoisomerase I as a therapeutic target.
The Use of Computer-Mediated Communication To Enhance Subsequent Face-to-Face Discussions.

A study assessing the effects of synchronous and asynchronous computer-mediated communication on subsequent face-to-face discussions was conducted. Participants were asked to read a short article about internet censorship. Then they were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a synchronous (internet chat) group, an asynchronous (internet discussion board) group and a control group. Both the internet chat group and the internet discussion board group engaged in an on-line dialog about the article they read. They then followed the on-line dialog with a face-to face discussion. The control group had no on-line discussion but instead immediately began a face-to-face discussion. Finally, all completed a questionnaire about their experience. The results showed that face-to-face discussions preceded by either synchronous or asynchronous computer-mediated communication were perceived to be more enjoyable and include a greater diversity of perspectives than face-to-face discussions not preceded by computer-mediated communication.
Determinants of health disparities: the perennial struggle against polio in Nigeria.

Polio remains a global public health issue, and even though it has been eradicated from most countries of the world, countries like Nigeria, the largest black nation on earth, threatens the dream of total eradication of polio from the surface of the earth. Transmission of wild polio virus has never been eliminated in Nigeria, but even worse is the number of countries, both in Sub-Saharan Africa and all over the world that has become re-infected by polio virus strains from Northern Nigeria in recent past. Although a lot has been documented about the Nigerian polio struggle, one aspect that has received little attention on this issue is ethnic and geographic disparities between the Southern and the Northern parts of Nigeria. Understanding these disparities involved in polio virus transmission in Nigeria, as well as the social determinants of health prevalent in Northern Nigeria will help government and other stakeholders and policy makers to synergize their efforts in the fight against this perennial scourge. Keywords: Healthcare disparities, Poliomyelitis, Nigeria.
Head-to-Tail Intramolecular Interaction of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Regulatory Protein ICP27 Is Important for Its Interaction with Cellular mRNA Export Receptor TAP/NXF1

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) protein ICP27 has many important functions during infection that are achieved through interactions with a number of cellular proteins. In its role as a viral RNA export protein, ICP27 interacts with TAP/NXF1, the cellular mRNA export receptor, and both the N and C termini of ICP27 must be intact for this interaction to take place. Here we show by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) that ICP27 interacts directly with TAP/NXF1 during infection, and this interaction failed to occur with an ICP27 mutant bearing substitutions of serines for cysteines at positions 483 and 488 in the C-terminal zinc finger. Recently, we showed that ICP27 undergoes a head-to-tail intramolecular interaction, which could make the N- and C-terminal regions accessible for binding to TAP/NXF1. To determine the importance of intramolecular association of ICP27 to its interaction with TAP/NXF1, we performed BiFC-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) by acceptor photobleaching. BiFC-based FRET showed that the interaction between ICP27 and TAP/NXF1 occurred in living cells upon head-to-tail intramolecular association of ICP27, further establishing that TAP/NXF1 interacts with both the N and C termini of ICP27. IMPORTANCE ICP27 is a key regulatory protein during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. ICP27 interacts with a number of cellular proteins, and an important question asks how these interactions are regulated during infection. We showed previously that ICP27 undergoes a head-to-tail intramolecular interaction, and here we show that the cellular mRNA export receptor protein TAP/NXF1 interacts with ICP27 after its head-to-tail association. Several proteins that interact with ICP27 require that the N and C termini of ICP27 be intact. These results demonstrate that the head-to-tail interaction of ICP27 may regulate some of its protein interactions perhaps through alternating between open and closed configurations.
Toxicology and New Social Ethics for Animals

The issue of animal treatment has emerged as a major social concern over the past three decades. This ramified in a new ethic for animal treatment that goes beyond concern about cruelty and attempts to eliminate animal pain and suffering, whatever its source. This is evidenced by laws governing animal research in many countries. Insofar as toxicology can entail significant and prolonged animal suffering, it is at loggerheads with this new ethic. Ways are suggested for the toxicological community to put itself in harmony with the ethic and thereby preserve its autonomy.
The fry uniform chromaticity scale diagram

In 1945 I created a uniform chromaticity diagram which was a modification of the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram. At that time I tried to relate it to a modulation theory of color vision which has proved to be untenable. In 1965 I switched to a zone theory of color vision which provides a more acceptable physiological basis for my UCS diagram. In the present article I want to explain how the two are related. I make use of three diagrams. The first (my uv diagram) is a color mixture diagram which deals with responses of the cones. The second (my un vn diagram) deals with the yellow-blue and red-cyan signals generated in two separate sets of fibers of the optic nerve. It is this independence which permits the relation between u″ and u on the one hand and between v″ and v on the other to be nonlinear. This is my UCS diagram. It yields better uniformity of discrimination steps across the diagram than is possible with a projective diagram. The second diagram is designed to deal with discrimination at the threshold level. The third diagram (my m n diagram) deals with the suprathreshold spacing of the Munsell colors. It is produced by scissoring the two sets of coordinate lines of the u″ v″ diagram around the standard stimulus C. This is related to the way in which signals in the two sets of fibers mix to produce intermediate colors.
The empirical relevance of hotelling's model for natural resources

Abstract This paper reports the results of an evaluation of the performance of arbitrage models for explaining the price movements for exhaustible natural resources. This appraisal was based on the ex post forecasting performance for eleven years outside the sample period. Data for twelve minerals over the period 1900 to 1973 provided the basis of study. Two features distinguished the alternative descriptions of arbitrage in these resource markets. They are: the description of the process for each natural resource's expected rate of price appreciation, and the measure of the expected rate of return for alternative assets. Overall, the results indicate that the Heal-Barrow (1980) specification was consistently among the ‘best’ models for the twelve minerals studies. It was not, however, uniformly superior to naive models for forecasting price movements.
Fluid dynamics in conically tapered microneedles

Toward achieving painless injections and other microfluidic applications, we microfabricated conically tapered needles of micron dimensions. The relationship between pressure drop and flow rate through microneedles was experimentally quantified as a function of fluid viscosity and microneedle length, diameter, and cone half-angle. At Reynolds numbers 100, dimensionless pressure drop (2P/v 2 ) sharply decreased with increasing Reynolds number, indicating the importance of viscous forces. At larger Reynolds numbers, the flow was almost inviscid, as indicated by a weak dependency of dimensionless pressure drop on Reynolds number. Numerical simulations showed good agreement with experimental data and predicted that flow through conically tapered microneedles is primarily controlled by the diameter and taper angle at the microneedle tip. A characteristic feature of flow through conically tapered microneedles is a favorable axial pressure gradient that accelerates fluid through the microneedle, thus inhibiting growth of the viscous boundary layer on the microneedle wall. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 1599 –1607, 2005
Third Party Application Forensics on Apple Mobile Devices

Forensics on mobile devices is not new. Law enforcement and academia have been performing forensics on mobile devices for the past several years. Forensics on mobile third party applications is new. There have been third party applications on mobile devices before today, but none that provided the number of applications available in the iTunes app store. Mobile forensic software tools predominantly addresses "typical" mobile telephony data - contact information, SMS, and voicemail messages. These tools overlook analysis of information saved in third-party apps. Many third-party applications installed in Apple mobile devices leave forensically relevant artifacts available for inspection. This includes information about user accounts, timestamps, geolocational references, additional contact information, native files, and various media files. This information can be made readily available to law enforcement through simple and easy-to-use techniques.
Oxygen content and structures of La1-xCaxMnO3+d as a function of synthesis conditions

Using thermogravimetric analysis measurements, oxygen content was measured for La[sub 1[minus]x]Ca[sub x]MnO[sub 3+d] (0 [le] x [le] 0.38) samples prepared at high oxygen pressure. The oxygen content was found to decrease uniformly with increasing x for samples annealed at 12 and 140 atm O[sub 2] at 800 C, slowly cooled in 1, 20, and 100% O[sub 2], as well as for samples in thermal equilibrium at high temperatures of [approximately]1000--1400 C. Annealing at a specific temperature and oxygen pressure leads to approximately constant hole doping over an extended range of Ca substitution x. The most favorable synthesis conditions for obtaining stoichiometric, d = 0, samples were determined. The data suggest that several studies reported in the literature were done on significantly nonstoichiometric materials. Structural results show that, in addition to the orthorhombic Pbnm O[prime] (cla < [radical]2) and O* (a [approximately] b [approximately] c/[radical]2) structures, the rhombohedral R[bar 3]c structure is stabilized at high oxygen contents for x [le] 0.14. A sequence of observed structures and a decrease of the unit cell volume with increasing d confirm that the additional holes are doped uniformly by cation-vacancy defects for all studied x.
Analysis of recursive gene selection approaches from microarray data

Motivation: Finding a small subset of most predictive genes from microarray for disease prediction is a challenging problem. Support vector machines (SVMs) have been found to be successful with a recursive procedure in selecting important genes for cancer prediction. However, it is not well understood how much of the success depends on the choice of the specific classifier and how much on the recursive procedure. We answer this question by examining multiple classifers [SVM, ridge regression (RR) and Rocchio] with feature selection in recursive and non-recursive settings on three DNA microarray datasets (ALL-AML Leukemia data, Breast Cancer data and GCM data). Results: We found recursive RR most effective. On the AML-ALL dataset, it achieved zero error rate on the test set using only three genes (selected from over 7000), which is more encouraging than the best published result (zero error rate using 8 genes by recursive SVM). On the Breast Cancer dataset and the two largest categories of the GCM dataset, the results achieved by recursive RR are also very encouraging. A further analysis of the experimental results shows that different classifiers penalize redundant features to different extent and this property plays an important role in the recursive feature selection process. RR classifier tends to penalize redundant features to a much larger extent than the SVM does. This may be the reason why recursive RR has a better performance in selecting genes. Availability: The datasets are available at http://sdmc.lit.org.sg:8080/GEDatasets/Datasets.html/ Contact: [email protected]
Behavioral Phenotype of Fragile X Syndrome in Adolescence and Adulthood

The present study explored the behavioral profile of individuals with fragile X syndrome during adolescence and adulthood. Individuals with both fragile X syndrome and autism (n 5 30) were compared with (a) individuals diagnosed with fragile X syndrome (but not autism; n 5 106) and (b) individuals diagnosed with autism (but not fragile X syndrome; n 5 135) on measures of autism symptoms, adaptive functioning, behavior problems, and psychological symptoms. Results indicated that individuals dually diagnosed with fragile X syndrome and autism displayed greater communication and social reciprocity impairments than individuals with fragile X syndrome only. Individuals in the dually diagnosed group also exhibited higher levels of repetitive and challenging behaviors than either comparison group, suggesting a unique profile of vulnerability for those diagnosed with both fragile X syndrome and autism.
Databases from Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)

The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)1 was launched in November 1989. Its scientific objectives are to search for spatial anisotropics and spectral distortions in the 2.7 K cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, to detect the diffuse infrared background radiation from the first objects to form after the Big Bang, and to study all other sources of diffuse radiation from 1 micron to 1 centimeter. These other sources include interplanetary and interstellar dust, hot electrons in the Galaxy, faint stars in the Galaxy, and possibly IR galaxies and hot gas in galaxy clusters. To map these primeval and local sources, the three scientific instruments on COBE scan the sky repeatedly, building up signal-to-noise statistics until the data are limited only by the astrophysical environment. The three instruments are the DIRBE (Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment) covering 1 to 300 micron with a 10 band filter photometer and a 0.7° beamwidth; the FIRAS (Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer) covering 100 microns to 1 cm with an absolutely calibrated polarizing Michelson interferometer with a 5 percent spectral resolution and a 7° beamwidth; and the DMR (Differential Microwave Radiometers) covering 31.5,53, and 90 GHz with 7° beamwidth. COBE is described further elsewhere (see Gulkis et al., 1990).
The Laundromat as the Transnational Local: Young Children's Literacies of Interdependence:

BackgroundThe learning of students from (im)migrant backgrounds has long been a consideration for the field of education. The “transnational” turn in research has brought to the forefront the need ...