cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Diameter Variability along a Microvessel Segment on Pressure Drop

In most microcirculatory studies, the diameter of a blood vessel is characterized by a single, average value, obtained from a projected two-dimensional microscopic view of the vessel. Such diameter values are often used to calculate microvascular hemodynamic variables (e.g., pressure drop along vessels). The validity, and some possible consequences, of the assumption that vessel diameter is constant along vessels were examined for (a) single capillaries of the hamster cremaster muscle and (b) a network model of blood flow in a rat mesenteric network. Vessel diameter was measured in cremaster microvessels of anesthetized golden hamsters (Nembutal, 70 mg/kg ip) at regular intervals along the lengths of individual vessels. The standard deviation of the diameter measurements (ranging from 0.2 to 4.0 microns) in each vessel increased with the average diameter (ranging from 4 to 27 microns, 132 vessels, 12 animals). The coefficient of variation (CV = SD/Mean) was close to 0.1 for vessels larger than 15 microns and up to 0.4 for smaller vessels. In individual isolated vessels, the ratio of calculated pressure drop using the actual diameter measurements (delta P) to pressure drop assuming an average diameter (delta Po) was between 1.05 and 3.0 (at constant volume flow rate); this ratio correlated significantly with the CV for that vessel. Using an iterative mathematical model of network blood flow in a mesenteric network, we investigated the effects on single-vessel delta P/delta P0 of using a single average estimate of diameter for each microvessel segment, compared to the inclusion of variations in each vessel diameter expected from the single-vessel data. The results from the model indicated that single vessel delta P/delta Po values obtained with expected diameter variations in each vessel varied between 0.01 and 100. This implies that the axial variations in vessel diameter that exist in vivo may affect the calculations of vessel pressure drop both in single vessels and in microvascular networks.
Total Hadronic (γ, p) and (γ, d) Cross Sections from 4 TO 18 GeV

Photoabsorption cross sections in hydrogen and deuterium have been measured from 3.7 to 17.9 GeV. The energy dependences are similar to those of strong-interaction total cross sections, as expected from the vector-meson-dominance model. The magnitude of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{T}(\ensuremath{\gamma}p)$ can be compared with data from $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}p$ to determine a $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}p$ coupling constant, $\frac{{{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}=0.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$. This value disagrees with that obtained on the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ mass shell, and hence there is only qualitative agreement with the vector-meson-dominance model.
Field experiments for building aerodynamics

Abstract A field research facility has been constructed at Texas Tech University to study bluff body aerodynamics for a low-rise building. This facility features new capabilities not found in past field experiments. A variety of research is being pursued at the facility including wind loads on building surfaces, internal pressures, performance of roofing materials, and wind flow around the building. This paper contains a description of the field facility, and provides an introduction to some of the current experiments. The results of an internal pressure study are also presented.
Market Segmentation by Exploring Buyer Lifestyle Dimensions and Ethnocentrism Among Vietnamese Consumers: An Empirical Study

ABSTRACT Studying consumer lifestyles and ethnocentrism is a unique way of finding out buyer behavior and market segmentation. This paper identifies consumer market segments existing among Vietnamese consumers by using lifestyle patterns and ethnocentrism. Data for the study was collected through personal interviews in two main cities in Vietnam, Ho-Chi Min City and Hanoi, which attract growing urban industrialization and population migration rapidly degrading places. Survey findings indicated that ten lifestyle dimensions among the Vietnamese consumers had an influence on their ethnocentric tendencies and buying behavior. The findings provide some implications to marketers who currently operate in or are planning to enter into the Vietnamese market in the near future.
Effects of focal cerebral lesions on contralateral visuomotor adaptation to reversal and inversion of visual feedback.

Abstract Performance time differences between the hands on the Seguin-Goddard Formboard Test were examined in patients with focal cerebral disease, selected for the presence of only mild or equivocal sensorimotor deficits. In addition to direct confrontation testing, reversal and inversion of visual feedback were introduced during televised simultaneous self-monitoring. Contralateral performance times, as measured by performance time differences between the hands and by the ration of such differences to the ipsilateral and contralateral performance times, were more markedly prolonged under conditions of reversed feedback in groups with left (20) and right (20) cerebral lesions as contrasted with normal controls (20). Contralateral augmentation of the visuomotor adaptation deficit was particularly pronounced in the right hemisphere group. Deficits in adaptation appeared to be more sensitive to underlying patho-physiological changes associated with focal cerebral disease than did analogous measures of discrepancies between verbal and visuospatial abilities derived from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Results were discussed in the context of current concepts of cerebral information transmission along the cephalocaudal axis and of the comparative potential diagnostic utility of such measures.
Assay of apical membrane enzymes based on fluorogenic substrates

A series of enzymatic rate assays are described. The assays are based on coumarin derivatives that are fluorogenic substrates for the enzymes dipeptidase IV, aminopeptidase N, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. These simple assays are rapid and offer improved sensitivity over established colorimetric methods. The substrates have apparent affinities for the enzymes of 5-250 microM. L-Glutamic acid gamma-(7-amido-4-methylcoumarin) is characterized as a substrate of gamma-glutamyltransferase on the basis of inhibition of enzymatic cleavage when the glycylglycine acceptor molecule is omitted and inhibition of the enzymatic reaction by addition of glycine. Assay conditions for the four enzymes are established such that less than 0.6% of the substrate is consumed, fluorescence is proportional to enzymatic product, and results may be directly compared to established colorimetric assays. Intestinal epithelial cells are used both to establish appropriate assay conditions and to demonstrate the utility of the assays.
Classifying linear system outputs by robust local Bayesian quadratic discriminant analysis on linear estimators

We consider the problem of assigning a class label to the noisy output of a linear system, where clean feature examples are available for training. We design a robust classifier that operates on a linear estimate, with uncertainty modeled by a Gaussian distribution with parameters derived from the bias and covariance of a linear estimator. Class-conditional distributions are modeled locally as Gaussians. Since estimation of Gaussian parameters from few training samples can be illposed, we extend recent work in Bayesian quadratic discriminant analysis to derive a robust local generative classifier. Experiments show a statistically significant improvement over prior art.
A House Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand: Problematizing Public and Private in Organized Religion

ABSTRACT Poll results consistently reveal Americans' high interest in spirituality, yet also point to a dearth of participation in religion. I position organized religion's waning attractiveness as an organizational communication issue as I analyze the discourse of an alternatively organized housechurch. Utilizing feminist principles, I position the organization and notions of church within a context of scholarly and societal notions of public and private. I qualitatively explore what motivates this group to adopt and maintain alternative patterns and practices that both enable and constrain members. Moreover, I draw attention to paradoxes and tensions that arise and are navigated as members negotiate traditional applications of public and private and enact alternative ways of organizing within the tradition-laden domain of Christianity.
Negative enrichment of target cells by microfluidic affinity chromatography.

A three-dimensional microfluidic channel was developed for high-purity cell separations. This system featured high capture affinity using multiple vertical inlets to an affinity surface. In cell separations, positive selection (capture of the target cell) is usually employed. Negative enrichment, the capture of nontarget cells and elution of target cells, has distinct advantages over positive selection. In negative enrichment, target cells are not labeled and are not subjected to strenuous elution conditions or dilution. As a result, negative enrichment systems are amenable to multistep processes in microfluidic systems. In previous work (Li, P.; Tian, Y.; Pappas, D. Anal. Chem.2011, 83, 774–781), we reported cell capture enhancement effects at vertical inlets to the affinity surface. In this study, we designed a chip that has multiple vertical and horizontal channels, forming a three-dimensional separation system. Enrichment of target cells showed separation purities of 92–96%, compared with straight-cha...
Physics, Emergence, and the Connectome

Experience with complex systems more primitive than the brain teaches important lessons about big data in biology. Chief among them is that physical laws, relationships among measured things that are always true, emerge out of chaos, not the other way around. Correct prediction (as opposed to incorrect prediction) from large data sets requires understanding of these laws. The reason is that the same processes that make them also make the system wildly error-intolerant if the errors are too large. This instability routinely causes computer simulations of even primitive systems to fail by enabling mistakes to cascade into ever worsening falsehoods. The more complex and sophisticated the system is, the more intolerant to errors it becomes.
What They Think: Attributions Made by Youth Workers About Youth Circumstances and the Implications for Service-Delivery in Out-of-School Time Programs

The current study explored attributions made by youth work professionals (“workers”) in out-of-school time (OST) programs about the social circumstances of and perceived need of program youth. It followed prior research examining impacts of worker-level attributions on decision-making in service delivery. Two types of OST programs were selected as positive developmental settings for youth, support and opportunity programs (SO) and civic participation (CP) programs. Uniquely this study combines the decision-making relevance of attribution theory and research on street level workers with the developmental and lifecourse relevance of the positive youth development perspective and developmental systems theories. This study sought to determine potential variability in attributions made by workers about the determinants of youth circumstances and need. To this end, this qualitative study used participant observation and in depth interview methods with 17 workers from four OST programs serving predominantly African American and Latino/a youth in urban Los Angeles. A majority of attributions were about diminished ecological assets that inhibited positive youth development. For workers in both SO and CP programs, mentorship, youth-friendly spaces and opportunities, or Me-Spots, were critical but absent youth assets. All workers described youth as resilient and positive, but nuanced differences existed among workers in their descriptions of specific asset pathways. Implications for professional development, practice and research are discussed.
Timing the increase in atmospheric sulphur deposition in the Adirondack Mountains

The timing and magnitude of increases in the flux of atmospherically-derived anthropogenic substances to remote areas can be estimated from their distributions in lake sediments. For transition metals1–4 or trace organics5–7, this is done simply by comparing their distributions with that of geochronological tracers. This approach is not directly applicable to species which exhibit significant post-depositional mobility. Diagenetic mobilization must be assessed from the distribution of the species in the sediment pore waters. However, by using this and related information, loading histories can be calculated. We have done this for sulphate, the major anionic component of modern precipitation8–11, for a watershed located in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. Our results suggest that previous estimates for the onset of increased sulphur deposition in eastern North America12,13 are too old by a factor of about two, and that significant increases did not occur until about 1930.
Brittle bacteria: a biomimetic approach to the formation of fibrous composite materials

Organized bacterial superstructures have been used as 3-D templates for the fabrication of ordered inorganic−organic fibrous composites. Preformed magnetic (Fe3O4) and semiconducting (CdS) inorgani...
Reflectivity of micromachined {111}-oriented silicon mirrors for optical input/output couplers

In this work, bulk-micromachined {111}-oriented silicon mirrors at 54.7 degree(s) have been fabricated in 20 wt% KOH solution at various temperatures and characterized with single mode fibers (10/125 and 5/125). In fabricating the mirrors, the etch rate of the (100) silicon surface was widely changed from 5.3 micrometers /hr to 73 micrometers /hr as the processing temperatures were varied from 40 degree(s)C to 80 degree(s)C. In spite of the tremendous variation of etch rate, the measured reflectivities of the mirrors showed fairly stable values of 63.7 - 58% at 1330 nm and 55.4 - 57.7% at 1550 nm respectively. This paper describes the silicon mirror processing conditions, measured reflectivities, reflected beam profiles, and a prototype integrated optical I/O coupler with the realized mirrors. The results obtained from this work show that optical I/O couplers with 54.7 degree(s) mirrors on conventional (100)-oriented silicon wafers are feasible, envisaging a synchronized optical clock distribution system as well as a distributed remote optical sensing system with low manufacturing cost.
Model DKF-250 high-speed wide-framing-rate camera

Main features and some applied cases of Model DKF-250 High Speed Wide Framing Rate Camera are introduced. The speed of rotating mirror is variable continuously in the range of 0.12 X 104 approximately 30 X 104 rpm and the corresponding framing rate is variable on the range of 1 X 104 approximately 250 X 104 fps. These features broaden the application of high speed rotating mirror camera and make it `a camera for multiple purposes'.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Biomarkers in the primary progressive aphasias

Background: Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a progressive disorder of language that is increasingly recognised as an important presentation of a specific spectrum of neurodegenerative conditions.Aims: In an era of etiologically specific treatments for neurodegenerative conditions, it is crucial to establish the histopathologic basis for PPA. In this review, I discuss biomarkers for identifying the pathology underlying PPA.Main Contribution: Clinical syndromes suggest a probabilistic association between a specific PPA variant and an underlying pathology, but there are also many exceptions. A considerable body of work with biomarkers is now emerging as an important addition to clinical diagnosis. I review genetic, neuroimaging and biofluid studies that can help determine the pathologic basis for PPA.Conclusions: Together with careful clinical examination, there is great promise that supplemental biomarker assessments will lead to accurate diagnosis of the pathology associated with PPA during life and s...
An Assessment of the Role of the North Atlantic as a CO $_{2}$ Sink [and Discussion]

A numerical interpolation scheme based upon the lateral diffusive and advective transport of ocean surface waters has been developed to interpolate measurements made in irregular time and space over the oceans. This has been applied to about 2700 surface ocean pCO $\_{2}$ measurements observed during the period 1972-1992 in the North Atlantic to give the distribution of sea-air pCO $\_{2}$ difference ( $\Delta $ pCO $\_{2}$ ) over the Atlantic. Although the atmospheric CO $\_{2}$ concentration has increased by about 28 ppm over this period, the pCO $\_{2}$ values in the surface waters of subarctic regions have increased little because they are dictated primarily by the properties of underlying deep waters through vertical mixing. Accordingly, $\Delta $ pCO $\_{2}$ values measured north of 50 degrees N have been corrected to the year 1990 using the secular increase of atmospheric CO $\_{2}$ . Because the surface water pCO $\_{2}$ value in temperate waters tracks the secular increase in atmospheric CO $\_{2}$ with a time lag of about two years, no correction was applied to the warm water $\Delta $ pCO $\_{2}$ data. It has been assumed that seasonal variations are the same for each year. The net CO $\_{2}$ flux across the sea surface has been computed over a 4 degrees latitude $\times $ 5 degrees longitude grid using the mean monthly $\Delta $ pCO $\_{2}$ values and the gas transfer coefficients estimated using the mean monthly wind speed. It has been found that the areas of the high latitude North Atlantic and the adjacent seas north of 42 degrees N are net CO $\_{2}$ sinks of 0.2 to 0.5 Gt C a $^{-1}$ . The total sink flux of CO $\_{2}$ over the temperate North Atlantic areas between 18 degrees N and 42 degrees N is balanced approximately by the source flux over the tropical Atlantic between 18 degrees N and 18 degrees S.
Proximal radioulnar synostosis after repair of distal biceps brachii rupture by the two-incision technique : report of four cases

Abstract In four cases, proximal radioulnar synostosis developed as a complication of distal biceps tendon reattachment through a two-incision technique. The synostosis was excised in all four cases but recurred in two. In each case, the initial reattachment exposed the bicipital tuberosity of the radius anteriorly and exposed the ulna extraperiosteally through a second incision along its subcutaneous border. This two-incision approach may place the patient at risk for synostosis. If two incisions are to be used for distal biceps tendon reattachment, then a limited muscle-splitting approach through the extensor muscle mass, which avoids exposure of the ulna, may be preferable.
What the sciences can learn about ethics from business and the professions

Because the sciences are only now beginning to do what businesses and the professions have been doing for some time, scientific laboratories can learn a good deal from business and the professions about how to maintain an ethical environment, both about what doesn't work (benign neglect, role models, sermons, the iron fist, one‐shot programs, and legalism) and about what does work (a systematic multi‐pronged long‐term program).
Non-fatal occupational falls on the same level

The purpose of this study was to describe antecedents and characteristics of same level fall injuries. Fall incidents and costs were compiled from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and other sources from 2006-2010. This study indicated that over 29% of 'fall on same level' injuries resulted in 31 or more workdays lost. The major source of injury was 'floors, walkways or ground surfaces', and the most affected body parts were the lower extremities and the trunk. With regard to gender and age, female workers had the highest risk of falls, while advancing age coincided with an increase in incidence rates. Overall, workers in the healthcare and social assistance industry, the transportation and warehousing industry, and the accommodation and food services industry had the highest risk for 'fall on same level' injuries. Furthermore, the overall compensation cost increased by 25% from 2006-2009. Along with existing evidence, these results may facilitate the design and implementation of preventative measures in the workplace and potentially reduce fall-related compensation costs. Practitioner summary This research presents a unique and detailed analysis of non-fatal 'fall on same level' injuries in a large population of workers from various private industries in the USA. This information can be used to prioritise designing and implementing preventive measures and to provide workers with the understanding of risk factors associated with falls in the workplace.
In vivo pump-probe microscopy of melanoma and pigmented lesions

A growing number of dermatologists and pathologists are concerned that the rapidly rising incidence of melanoma reflects not a true 'epidemic' but an increasing tendency to overdiagnose pigmented lesions. Addressing this problem requires both a better understanding of early-stage melanoma and new diagnostic criteria based on more than just cellular morphology and architecture. Here we present a method for in-vivo optical microscopy that utilizes pump-probe spectroscopy to image the distribution of the two forms of melanin in skin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Images are acquired in a scanning microscope with a sensitive modulation transfer technique by analyzing back-scattered probe light with a lock-in amplifier. Early-stage melanoma is studied in a human skin xenografted mouse model. Individual melanocytes have been observed, in addition to pigmented keratinocytes. Combining the pump-probe images simultaneously with other noninvasive laser microscopy methods (confocal reflectance, multiphoton autofluorescence, and second harmonic generation) allows visualization of the skin architecture, framing the functional pump-probe image in the context of the surrounding tissue morphology. It is found that pump-probe images of melanin can be acquired with low peak intensities, enabling wide field-of-view pigmentation surveys. Finally, we investigate the diagnostic potential of the additional chemical information available from pump-probe microscopy.
Singularity and unanimity

Examples are adduced which lead one to ask if the following “rule of unanimity” makes sense: “Given, a classical dynamical problem. Given, that all solutions of the equations of motion (a) run into a singularity [or (b) are free of singularity], except a set of measure zero. Then (“rule of unanimity”), all solutions of the corresponding quantum mechanical problem are (a) singular [or (b) free of singularity].” If valid, this “rule” would imply that quantization of Einstein's standard general relativity model for a closed universe gives no escape from the singularity of gravitational collapse.
Effects of Deceiving Subjects upon Experimental Results

Summary One hundred and twenty female subjects took part in an experiment to explore the necessity of deceiving subjects about the purpose of a conformity experiment. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: no information, partial information, or complete information about the purpose of the experiment. In addition, group pressure to conform was given to half of the subjects on trials on which the correct response was fairly obvious and to the other half on trials on which the correct response was somewhat ambiguous. Anova revealed a significant effect only for item difficulty. The statistic omega squared indicated that none of the variance in the conformity scores could be attributed to amount of information about the purpose of the experiment, either alone or in interaction with item difficulty. It was suggested that these results raise severe doubts about methodological assumptions commonly employed in social Psychology
New adriamycin analogs. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 14-substituted 7-O-(3,4-di-O-acetyl-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)daunomycinones.

The 14-azido-, 14-thiocyanato-, 14-acetoxy-, and 14-acetylthio- derivatives of 7-O-(3, 4-di-O-acetyl-2, 6-dideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)daunomycinone were synthesized by displacement reactions conducted on the corresponding 14-bromide. The in vivo antitumor activities of the products were compared with that of the 14-hydroxyl derivative in the murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia assay. The 14-acetoxy derivative was highly active and of low toxicity; the other products showed negligible or low activities.
First-principles study of thermophysical properties of uranium dioxide

Abstract The structural and elastic properties, lattice dynamics and thermophysical properties of uranium dioxide (UO 2 ) were studied by DFT based first-principles calculations. LDA+ U method shows the overall best description of the lattice parameters and elastic constants of UO 2 among all the DFT methods studied. The phonon dispersion relations of UO 2 predicted by direct method agree with experimental results. Thermodynamic properties, including Gibbs energy, enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity, were evaluated under quasiharmonic approximation using the calculated phonon density of states. Good agreement with experiments is obtained up to 1000 K. Further improvement of heat capacity at high temperatures can be achieved by taking into account of thermal expansion. The calculated lattice thermal conductivity of UO 2 shows that phonon scatterings by defects are critical at room temperature while three-phonon interactions dominate the phonon scattering at high temperatures.
Regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and galanin mRNA stabilities

The stabilities of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and galanin mRNAs were examined in a human neuroblastoma cell line (NBFL) treated with agents that alter second-messenger pathways. VIP and galanin mRNA stabilities were estimated by the decay of steady-state levels of transcripts following transcriptional arrest with actinomycin D or 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB). In the presence of actinomycin D, phorbol ester treatment stabilized VIP mRNA while treatment with adenylate cyclase activators, calcium ionophore, or CNTF did not. In the presence of DRB, VIP mRNA was not stabilized in phorbol ester-treated cells but instead was stabilized in cells treated with adenylate cyclase activators. With either transcriptional inhibitor, stability of galanin mRNA was not significantly altered. The difference in the behavior of VIP mRNA in the presence of actinomycin D and DRB may result from their different mechanisms of action-actinomycin D intercalates into nucleic acids while DRB is a kinase inhibitor. Using an assay for RNA stability that did not require transcriptional inhibitors, an in vitro transcribed VIP RNA fragment was relatively stable in extracts from phorbol ester-treated cells. Although treatment with phorbol ester alone resulted in stabilization of VIP mRNA, treatment with a combination of phorbol ester and adenylate cyclase activator, calcium ionophore, or CNTF did not-implying a complex interaction of these second-messenger pathways in the regulation of RNA stability.
Caffeine augments proteinuria in puromycin-aminonucleoside nephrotic rats.

Several studies indicate that increased intrarenal adenosine concentrations may attenuate puromycin-aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced nephropathy in rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate t...
Detection of pulmonary vein stenosis by transesophageal echocardiography: comparison with multidetector computed tomography.

Objective The objective of this study is to compare the use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) vs multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) for detecting pulmonary vein stenosis. Background Pulmonary vein isolation is increasingly used to treat atrial fibrillation. Pulmonary vein stenosis remains a potential complication of pulmonary vein isolation and ideal methods for detection of stenosis are still to be determined. Methods Thirty-six subjects who underwent pulmonary vein isolation returned for follow-up MDCT and TEE. Percent diameter loss was reported for each pulmonary vein stenosis by MDCT. A 50% narrowing was considered as an indication of a stenosis. Pulsed-wave Doppler using TEE was used to measure peak velocities of all pulmonary veins. Results Multidetector computed tomography and TEE were performed in all subjects (58 ± 10 years) at 4 ± 2 months after pulmonary vein isolation. Atrial fibrillation was present in 14% at time of follow-up. Multidetector computed tomography was able to evaluate all 4 (100%) pulmonary veins in 36 subjects, whereas full interrogation by TEE was possible in 138 (96%) of 144 veins. Pulmonary vein stenosis >50% by MDCT was present in 7 pulmonary veins. Analysis of the receiver operating curve for TEE showed that it had optimum detection of pulmonary vein stenosis at peak velocities ∼100 cm/s with 86% sensitivity and 95% specificity. Area under the curve for TEE was 0.93. Clinically significant stenosis was observed in 2 subjects and was detected by both TEE and MDCT. Conclusions Transesophageal echocardiography was able to detect most pulmonary veins with good sensitivity and specificity in comparison to MDCT. Pulmonary veins may be visualized more frequently by MDCT; however, TEE provides additional data about the functional significance of a pulmonary vein stenosis.
IBM word processing developments

IBM has been the leader in a variety of word processing innovations since the introduction of the Magnetic Tape/ SELECTRIC Typewriter in 1964 by the Office Products Division (OPD). Since then the basic approach of combining quality printed output and magnetic storage with new functions has been followed by OPD, while other IBM divisions have concentrated on new applications with data processing systems and shared-logic word processing systems. This article summarizes the major technical contributions by IBM that have supported the growth of an area of business that today is widely recognized as one of great potential for increased productivity in the modern office environment.
The economic impact of a foreign debt bail‐out for private firms in Ecuador

In this article the effect of Ecuador's general foreign debt conversion programme on private firms' financial position is analysed. The programme, called the Sucretizacion, was similar to programmes implemented by many heavily indebted countries after the debt crisis began. I concentrate on the Sucretizacion's implicit transfer from the government to firms, arguing that it was large, but unnecessary. Very few firms would have gone bankrupt because of their devaluation‐induced foreign exchange losses. What is more, I find no evidence that firms receiving these transfers used them to strengthen their balance sheets.
Manipulation of athermal nuclei in aqueous poly(ethylene oxide) by scanning activity gravimetric analysis

We show that polymer solutions exhibit memory effects as they undergo repeated dissolution (deliquescence) and crystallization (efflorescence) transitions, similar to those previously observed in polymer melts. These memory effects have been probed using scanning activity gravimetric analysis (SAGA) on aqueous poly(ethylene oxide). SAGA is a new method that enables manipulation of the thermodynamic state of a polymer/solvent system under isothermal conditions. The measurements have been performed on individual micron-sized (∼10 ng) polymer particles that are levitated electrostatically and subjected to programmed changes in the activity of solvent vapor. The particle mass rapidly changes due to sorption or evaporation of solvent in response to changes in vapor activity, providing insights into the changing state of the polymer/solvent system. Repeated cycling of solvent activity within a levitated particle reveals systematic shifts up and down in the deliquescence and efflorescence activities depending up...
Measuring the spatial distribution of properties and species in microwave-induced helium plasmas

Abstract Methods used to obtain spatially resolved measurements of fundamental properties of the helium microwave-induced plasma are presented. These methods include maps of spectra, rather than single wavelengths, so that complete two-dimensional radially resolved maps of electronic exitation temperature, rotational temperature, atomization efficiency and electron density can be obtained. These maps can be used to determine how analytical properties such as emission and selectivity correlate with fundamental properties such as plasma temperature.
Energy transfer studies from excited cyclobutane chemically activated by nuclear recoil reaction

Abstract Relative vibrational energy transfer efficiencies are determined for cyclobutane-t chemically activated to an average energy of 5 eV by recoil tritium replacement reaction. The pressure and composition dependence of the stabilization-decomposition ratio indicates relative efficiencies of 1.00, 1.05, and 0.32 for c-C4H8, CF4, and Ne bath gases.
Declarative Memory: Sleep Protects New Memories from Interference

Interference is one of the most fundamental phenomena in memory research: acquiring new memories causes forgetting of other, related memories. A new study shows that sleep, interposed between learning episodes, can mitigate the extent to which new (post-sleep) learning interferes with recall of previously acquired knowledge.
Interstellar pick-up ions observed between 11 and 22 au by new horizons

We report new observations by the Solar Wind Around Pluto instrument on the New Horizons spacecraft, which measures energy per charge (E/q) spectra of solar wind and interstellar pick-up ions (PUIs) between 11 AU and 22 AU from the Sun. The data provide an unprecedented look at PUIs as there have been very few measurements of PUIs beyond 10 AU. We analyzed the PUI part of the spectra by comparing them to the classic Vasyliunas and Siscoe PUI model. Our analysis indicates that PUIs are usually well-described by this distribution. We derive parameters relevant to PUI studies, such as the ionization rate normalized to 1 AU. Our result for the average ionization rate between 11 and 12 AU agrees with an independently derived average value found during the same time. Later, we find a general increase in the ionization rate, which is consistent with the increase in solar activity. We also calculate the PUI thermal pressure, which appears to be roughly consistent with previous results. Through fitting of the solar wind proton peaks in our spectra, we derive solar wind thermal pressures. Based on our analysis, we predict a ratio of PUI thermal pressure to solar wind thermal pressure just inside the termination shock to be between 100 and >1000.
Rotation in Canonical Variate Analysis.

Description of a computer program performing rotated canonical variate analysis was presented. The program was written as compatible with the IBM Scientific Subroutines Package. Examples of rotated and unrotated solutions of a sample problem were given, together with their interpretations illustrating the advantages of the rotated solution.
From Society to Self (and Back) through Place: Habit in Transactional Context:

This argument extends the efforts of scholars of occupation and habit in several ways. It extends previous examinations of John Dewey's perspective on habit by bringing to the forefront his view of the social and moral dimensions of habit in the context of his larger metaphysical ground-map. That view suggests a habit process involving the transaction of the social and the individual, with habit as central to that transaction. Dewey's view is further enhanced with a portrayal of how it operates in the material experience of place and landscape. Examples from several scales of place are discussed to illustrate the essential role of material landscapes in this habit process. Using these analyses, the concept of rehabilitation is reconsidered.
Spinal modulation of acoustic startle: Opposite effects of clonidine and d-amphetamine

Direct infusion of d-amphetamine (25–400 μg) or phenylephrine (12.5–50 μg) onto the spinal cord (intrathecal administration) increased acoustic startle amplitude. These effects were blocked by IP injection of the α1-adrenergic antagonist WB-4101, but not the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine. In contrast, intrathecal administration of clonidine (0.9–12.5 μg) markedly depressed startle. This effect was not blocked by IP administration of WB-4101 or cyproheptadine, but was blocked by IP or intrathecal administration of the α2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine (5 mg/kg), which by itself increased startle. Moreover, intrathecal yohimbine (100 μg) attenuated the depressant effect of IP clonidine, indicating that the spinal cord partially mediates the depressant effects on startle after systemic administration of clonidine. Thus clonidine does not behave like an α1-adrenergic on acoustic startle, even when introduced directly onto the spinal cord. Conditions under which clonidine produces excitatory or depressant behavioral effects are discused.
Quantifying soil variability in GIS applications I. Estimates of position

Abstract Geographical information systems (GIS) commonly make use of soil information which consists of soil maps, descriptive text, and tables of attribute values. However for optimal use, published soil maps first need to be digitized and registered and subsequently the variability associated with tabular soil attribute information needs to be quantified. Validity of individual field observations depends on combined accuracy of an attribute estimate, sampling position location, and interpolation or extrapolation error among measured values. In this paper (part I), we evaluate the accuracy of sampling position location by comparing Global Positioning System (GPS) field measured values with visual estimates obtained from aerial photographs. Results indicate that such visual estimates of position, registered using standard procedures, can be in considerable error. We concluded, that best estimates of position on a GIS map are obtained when coordinates of position are computed from kriged estimates, or a pr...
Consumer Primacy on Campus: A Look at the Perceptions of Navajo and Anglo Consumers

ABSTRACT A comparison was made between 152 Navajo students and 245 Anglo students regarding their perceptions of the educational product. Based upon focus group outcomes, nine elements were used to represent the educational product in the analyses. The elements were conceptualized using the Marketing Lens Model. Four hypotheses were developed and tested. Significant cultural differences were found for the following elements of the educational product: importance ratings among educational attributes, anticipated preparation after graduation, and satisfaction with the educational product. Results are discussed and managerial implications for university administrators are offered.
Bile duct carcinoma in patients with ulcerative colitis. Relationship to sclerosing cholangitis: report of six cases and review of the literature.

Six cases of bile duct carcinoma were encountered among 1207 patients with ulcerative colitis, a prevalence rate of 0.5%. The relative risk of bile duct carcinoma in patients with ulcerative colitis was 31.3. Colitis was extensive in all six patients with a mean duration of 23.2 years before the diagnosis of carcinoma. The mean age at the diagnosis of carcinoma was 38.5 years. Three patients had undergone colectomy 5–16 years earlier, and in four patients pericholangitis and sclerosing cholangitis preexisted. The tumors, histologically adenocarcinomas, were located in the common bile duct in five patients and in the hepatic duct in one. The mean survival was 11.8 months (one patients is still alive with recurrent carcinoma). Pericholangitis and sclerosing cholangitis is a frequent preexisting lesion in patients with bile duct carcinoma complicating ulcerative colitis and may be considered a premalignant lesion in these patients. Both sclerosing cholangitis and bile duct carcinoma are rare in Crohn's disease.
Monitoring volatile organic compounds in ambient air inside and outside buildings with the use of a radio-frequency-based ion-mobility analyzer with a micromachined drift tube

A radio-frequency-based ion-mobility analyzer with a micromachined drift tube was operated continuously to monitor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air inside a building and in an open space near the union of I-10 and I-25 at Las Cruces, New Mexico. Air was drawn directly, without enrichment or preseparation, through the analyzer, which was regulated to 35 °C. The ion source was a photo-discharge lamp at 10.6 eV, providing a preliminary level of selectivity in response to chemicals with low ionization potentials. The compensation voltage was scanned continuously from −40 to +20 V at rates of 60 V/s, providing profiles of ions obtained from VOCs in air. Solvents were detected at 1-ppm levels as fugitive emissions from other experiments under way in the laboratory from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. However, patterns in VOC levels from 1 to 5 ppb between 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. and on weekends was attributed to air exchange between ambient air and the ventilation system of the building. The mobility analyzer results were consistent with VOCs from traffic on major city thoroughfare adjacent to the building. In-field studies near two interstate highways demonstrated that analyzer response could be correlated to traffic patterns and exhibited diurnal trends. These findings demonstrate the concept and practice of micromachined mobility analyzers as continuous monitors for VOCs as airborne vapors in buildings and on site. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 297–308, 2000
Linking the Expanded Process Model of Emotion Regulation to Psychopathology by Focusing on Behavioral Outcomes of Regulation

Almost two decades ago, James Gross published a seminal article outlining the mechanisms by which people regulate their emotions in order to respond to the various demands posed by the environment ...
An Improved Deep Ultra Violet (DUV) Multilayer Resist Process For High Resolution Lithography

An improved DUV multi-layer resist process is developed by using a spun-on anti-reflective coating (ARC) that has been used between the top layer resist and PMMA. By using this structure, significant advantages over the basic structure can be realized such as an elimination of interface mixture, elimination of surface reflection problems, no degradation of PMMA sensitivity, and it also eliminates the resist transmission peak at 250nm so that marginal resists such as AZ2400 and K-820 can be used. By using this improved resist structure and a developer that retains the top layer resist, plasma etching capabilities have been demonstrated on Si02, polysilicon and aluminum. Due to the planarization effect of PMMA and elimination of surface reflection, excellent pattern fidelity can be obtained down to submicron features. This improved bi-layer resist process provides a low cost, reliable method to extend the capability of current generation optical lithographic equipments. This improved process was used for high resolution device fabrication including contact holes and aluminum metallization.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Regulatory function of glucose and insulin on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in normolipidemic subjects

A decreased plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is associated with a higher incidence of coronary artery disease in populations. Therefore, there is intense investigation into the mechanisms responsible for the regulation of HDL cholesterol concentration in plasma. Insulin has a potent effect on HDL cholesterol, but it is unclear whether this is mediated by the primary effect insulin has on plasma triglycerides (TG). In this study, the question of the relationship between glucose, insulin, and HDL cholesterol has been addressed by investigating a cohort of nondiabetic normolipidemic men living in the Venice, Italy, area. One hundred twenty-eight men aged 30 to 69 years were initially recruited. The following parameters were measured: fasting plasma cholesterol, TG, HDL cholesterol, glucose, and insulin. One hundred seventeen of these subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and the glucose and insulin responses were assessed. The final statistical analysis was performed on 98 nondiabetic individuals with plasma lipid levels within the 75th percentile for cholesterol and TG concentrations of the general population of the same age. The insulin response was a positive independent variable for plasma TG (P < .005) and HDL cholesterol (P < .005). On the other hand, HDL cholesterol was negatively associated with plasma TG. This relationship remained significant (P < .0001) also after controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), and glucose- and insulin-related measurements. Consistent with these results, both a stepwise variable selection analysis and a stratification analysis of the data indicated that the plasma TG concentration is the major determinant of HDL cholesterol level. The insulin response appears to play a less important role. No independent relationship could be found between fasting plasma glucose and insulin, or the glucose response and HDL cholesterol.
Soil Acidity and Exchange Properties of Cryogenic Soils in Arctic Alaska

The physical and chemical properties of Arctic tundra soils were studied along a 250-km latitudinal transect in northern Alaska. The transect includes the nonacidic tundra of the Arctic Coastal Plain, the moist nonacidic tundra of the northern Arctic Foothills, and moist acidic tundra of the southern Arctic Foothills. The parent material of the coastal plain consists of carbonate-rich alluvium. The northern foothills have a mantle of calcareous loess. Further south the parent materials are moraines of late Quaternary. Vegetation changes from sedges on the coastal plain, to grasses on the northern foothills, and tussock and shrub tundra in southern foothills. Following the same order, soil pH and base saturation decrease and soil acidity increases. Most of the soil exchangeable acidity and cation exchange capacity are from soil organic matter.
HLA typing of cultured amniotic cells for the prenatal diagnosis of complement C4 deficiency

It has recently been reported that HLA typing can be used for the prenatal diagnosis of the HLA-linked monogenetic disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency type). We describe here the use of HLA typing of cultured amniotic cells for the prenatal diagnosis of another HLA-linked disease, complement C4 deficiency. Although C4 is actually coded for by genes at two very closely linked loci, mapping near the HLA-B locus, absolute C4 deficiency behaves genetically like a monogenetic autosomal recessive disease linked to HLA. The HLA typing results for amniotic cells from a pregnancy at risk for C4 deficiency predicted that the fetus would share only one HLA haplotype with the affected child and would therefore be a clinically normal heterozygous carrier of the C4 deficiency alleles with half-normal levels of C4 activity. These predictions were confirmed after delivery.