cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Datacenter Design and Management: A Computer Architect's Perspective

An era of big data demands datacenters, which house the computing infrastructure that translates raw data into valuable information. This book defines datacenters broadly, as large distributed systems that perform parallel computation for diverse users. These systems exist in multiple forms—private and public—and are built at multiple scales. Datacenter design and management is multifaceted, requiring the simultaneous pursuit of multiple objectives. Performance, efficiency, and fairness are first-order design and management objectives, each which can be viewed from several perspectives. This book surveys datacenter research from a computer architect's perspective, addressing challenges in applications, design, management, server simulation, and system simulation. This perspective complements the rich bodies of work in datacenters as a warehouse-scale system, which study the implications for infrastructure that encloses computing equipment, and in datacenters as a distributed systems, which employ abstract details in processor and memory subsystems. This book is written for first- or second-year graduate students in computer architecture and may be helpful for those in computer systems. The goal of this book is to prepare computer architects for datacenter-oriented research by describing prevalent perspectives and the state-of-the-art.
Effects of Certain Azo Dyes upon the Cockroach Blattella germanica

SummaryThe azo dyes p-dimethylaminoazobtenzene (DAB), m'-methyl-p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (m'DAB) and aminoazobenzene (AAB) were fed to the roach Blattella germanica (L) at varying levels in both crude and synthetic diets. A dietary level of 0.2% of the dyes had little or no effect upon growth rate, survival or reproduction of the insects. However, characteristic lesions at the proximal ends of the Malpighian tubules occurred in roaches fed the dyes. DAB was the most active, m'DAB was next, and AAB was least active of the compounds fed.
Minor Head Injury as Cause of Stroke

Stroke and acute hemiparesis developing within 15 minutes to 72 hours (mean 16.3 hours) after minor head injury is reported in 8 children, 2-7 years of age (mean 6.2 yrs), at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
Feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of the PTSD Coach app: A pilot randomized controlled trial with community trauma survivors.

OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a major public health concern. Although effective treatments exist, affected individuals face many barriers to receiving traditional care. Smartphones are carried by nearly 2 thirds of the U.S. population, offering a promising new option to overcome many of these barriers by delivering self-help interventions through applications (apps). As there is limited research on apps for trauma survivors with PTSD symptoms, we conducted a pilot feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy trial of PTSD Coach, a self-management smartphone app for PTSD. METHOD A community sample of trauma survivors with PTSD symptoms (N = 49) were randomized to 1 month using PTSD Coach or a waitlist condition. Self-report assessments were completed at baseline, postcondition, and 1-month follow-up. Following the postcondition assessment, waitlist participants were crossed-over to receive PTSD Coach. RESULTS Participants reported using the app several times per week, throughout the day across multiple contexts, and endorsed few barriers to use. Participants also reported that PTSD Coach components were moderately helpful and that they had learned tools and skills from the app to manage their symptoms. Between conditions effect size estimates were modest (d = -0.25 to -0.33) for PTSD symptom improvement, but not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that PTSD Coach is a feasible and acceptable intervention. Findings regarding efficacy are less clear as the study suffered from low statistical power; however, effect size estimates, patterns of within group findings, and secondary analyses suggest that further development and research on PTSD Coach is warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record
Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Strictures, Impactions, Dysphagia

Eosinophilic esophagitis, long known to be a feature of acid reflux, has recently been described in patients with food allergies and macroscopically furrowed esophagus. The pathophysiology and optimal management of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis is unclear. We describe our clinical experience related to eosinophilic esophagitis and obstructive symptoms in children and propose etiopathogenesis and management guidelines. Twelve children with obstructive esophageal symptoms (11 male), median age 5 years, and identified to have eosinophilic esophagitis with >5 eosinophils per high-power field (eos/hpf) are reported. Of these, four had strictures, six had impactions, and two had only dysphagia. A diagnostic evaluation included esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsies in all and upper gastrointestinal series, IgE, radioallergosorbent tests, and skin tests for food allergies in some cases. Esophageal histology specimens were independently analyzed for eosinophil density by two authors. Four of five children with >20 eos/hpf responded to elimination diets/steroids. The fifth child responded to a fundoplication. Seven children had 5–20 eos/hpf and three of them with no known food allergies responded to antireflux therapy alone. Three others in this group with positive food allergies responded to treatment with elimination diets and/or steroids. The seventh patient in this group was lost to follow-up. In conclusion, on the basis of response to therapy, eosinophilic esophagitis can be subdivided into two groups: those with likely gastroesophageal reflux disease if 20 eos/hpf.
Analysis of Epidemiological Characteristics of Cholera in Maoming City from 1961 to 2008

[Objective]To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of cholera in Maoming City,and provide evidence for cholera control.[Methods] The descriptive epidemiological method was applied to analyze the epidemic data from 1961 to 2008.[Results]A total of 1791 cases were confirmed during 47 years.The epidemic peak appeared between July to October,there were cases in all areas,93.0 % cases were in Dianbai Country.The disease revealed no sexual differences.41.78% were patients between 20 to 40 years old.Most cases were farmers.[Conclusion]Control measures such as strengthening management of market and catering service,health education and supervision of cholera epidemic should be adopted.
REVIEW OF THE INCENTIVE THEORY OF REGULATION

In the process of changing to market economy, traditional rate-of-return regulation has been the barriers to develop our public utilities. The paper discusses the incentive regulation theory which has been wildly used in developed countries, and points out that information asymmetry in government and firms is the essential reason due to it. Principal-agent theory is the way to the government regulation, by providing firms the motives to enhance their efficient and the pressures of competence, the problem of low efficiency will be solved.
Correlation between quasi-static and dynamic experiments for a practical torsional device with multiple discontinuous nonlinearities

Abstract Vehicle clutch dampers belong to a family of torsional devices or isolators that contain multi-staged torsional springs, pre-load features, clearances, and multi-staged dry friction elements. Estimation of elastic and dissipative parameters is usually carried out under quasi-static loading and then these static parameters are often assumed when predicting dynamic responses. For the purpose of comparison, this article proposes a new time domain parameter estimation method under dynamic, transient loading conditions. The proposed method assumes a priori knowledge of few nonlinear features based on the design and quasi-static characterization. Angular motion measurements from a component-level laboratory experiment under dynamic loading are utilized. Elastic parameters are first estimated through an instantaneous stochastic linearization technique. A model-based approach and energy balance principle are employed to estimate a combination of viscous and Coulomb damping parameters for seven local (stage-dependent) and global damping formulations for a practical device. The proposed method is validated by comparing time domain predictions from nonlinear models to dynamic measurements. Nonlinear models that utilize the proposed damping formulations are found to be superior to those that solely rely on parameters from a quasi-static experiment.
Prevalence and correlates of Willis-Ekbom's disease/restless legs syndrome in patients undergoing hemodialysis

Willis-Ekbom's disease/restless legs syndrome (WED/RLS) has been described in subjects undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Different studies have reported varying prevalence rates and different factors associated with this condition; however, the results are inconsistent. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence of WED/RLS in patients undergoing HD. Another aim of the study was to identify if any comorbidities or biochemical factors were associated with this condition. A total of 194 adult patients undergoing maintenance HD were included in this study. They were screened for WED/RLS using International RLS Study Group criteria on the face-to-face interview and clinical examination. Most recent laboratory parameters were gathered from the medical records. In addition, seroreactivity to hepatitis B and C was also recorded. The mean age of all the subjects included in the study was 54.4 ± 15 years (range: 18-92 years); 58.2% were males. The mean duration on HD was 36.6 ± 19.3 months. WED/RLS was seen in 5.2% of the study subjects. Subjects with and without WED/RLS were comparable with regard to gender (P = 0.23), adequacy of dialysis (P = 0.82), shift of dialysis (P = 0.93), presence of diabetes mellitus (P = 0.91), hypertension (P = 0.26), smoking (P = 0.22), alcohol use (P = 0.45), and reactivity to hepatitis C (P = 0.19) and hepatitis B (P = 0.80), as well as various hematological and biochemical parameters. The prevalence of WED/RLS of 5% in the HD group was higher than in the general population. However, this study could not find any correlation between RLS and any biochemical parameters or comorbidities. This is an important area to be considered in future and requires more work with larger sample size.
Dopamine D1 and D3 receptor interactions in cocaine reward and seeking in rats

Animal research has demonstrated a role of dopamine D1 and D3 receptors in cocaine reward and seeking. Here, we investigated the potential interaction of these two dopamine receptors in cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking, cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP), and cocaine self-administration in rats. The co-administration of a D3 receptor antagonist, NGB 2904 and a D1 partial agonist, SKF 77434, of doses which when administered individually produced no significant effects, prior to reinstatement or CPP tests significantly reduced lever pressing and time spent in the cocaine-paired environment, suggesting synergistic effects of the combined compounds on cocaine seeking. When given to rats self-administering cocaine under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement doses of NGB 2904 which were ineffective alone significantly enhanced the break point-reducing effects of SKF 77434. Our results indicate that the combined treatment with a D1 receptor partial agonist and D3 receptor antagonist produces robust decreases in cocaine seeking and reward. This suggests an interaction between dopamine D1 and D3 receptors in cocaine-related behaviors.
Effect of mineral enriched compost on soil physical parameters

Summary Two years field experiments were conducted at the Indian Institute of Rice Research Farm, Hyderabad, to compare the performance of field fortified poultry manure applications on physical dynamics of soil. Continuous application of MEC treatments resulted in decline in the pH of the soil in all the treatments from the initial levels of 8.07. Analysis of post harvest soils of MEC for physical parameters revealed that plots treated with inorganic fertilizer alone had an adverse effect on bulk density, porosity, water holding capacity, void ratio and available water after harvest of crop. The values of bulk density ranged from 1.2 to 1.35 g/cc with a mean value of 1.3g/cc. Similar trends were noticed in terms of water holding capacity and percentage porosity values. The lowest bulk density (1.17g/cc) was observed in case of control plots whereas maximum (1.35 g/cc) was observed in case of NPK treated plots.
Peer Effects and Youth Smoking in the European Global Youth Tobacco Survey

This paper investigates the effect of peer smoking on individual smoking among youths in 10 countries that participated in the European Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). I control for endogeneity in school selection and unobserved school-level characteristics through the use of school fixed-effects. I use instrumental variables to address the simultaneity in peer and individual behaviours. Identification arises by comparing students in different classes within the same school. On average, an increase in the share of classmates who smoke by 10 percentage points increases the probability that an individual in that class will smoke by 3 to 6.9 percentage points. The results imply that any policy intervention such as anti-smoking messages, smoking bans, or higher cigarette prices will be even more cost-effective because of the social multiplier effect of peers – policies affecting some individuals in a group will generate spillovers to others through the peer effect.
On the Impact of Electrostatic Correlations on the Double-Layer Polarization of a Spherical Particle in an Alternating Current Field.

At concentrated electrolytes, the ion–ion electrostatic correlation effect is considered an important factor in electrokinetics. In this paper, we compute, in theory and simulation, the dipole moment for a spherical particle (charged, dielectric) under the action of an alternating electric field using the modified continuum Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) model by Bazant et al. [Double Layer in Ionic Liquids: Overscreening Versus Crowding. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 106, 046102] We investigate the dependency of the dipole moment in terms of frequency and its variation with such quantities like ζ-potential, electrostatic correlation length, and double-layer thickness. With thin electric double layers, we develop simple models through performing an asymptotic analysis of the modified PNP model. We also present numerical results for an arbitrary Debye screening length and electrostatic correlation length. From the results, we find a complicated impact of electrostatic correlations on the dipole moment. For instance,...
UAS trajectory scheduling system

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) constitute the platform of many applications such as efficient package delivery, monitoring and surveillance, search and rescue, and more. It is predicted that more than seven million UAS will be flying over the United States by the year 2020. In such an environment, it becomes critical to deploy an efficient and scalable UAS Traffic Management System that coordinates UAS trajectories. In this paper we contribute two innovative trajectory scheduling algorithms, an iterative approach and a MIP algorithm, which are collision-free and deadlock-free. The trajectories are computed such that obstacles and forbidden areas are avoided and at all times vehicles maintain a safe distance between them. We analyze the performance of our algorithms using simulations. Various parameters are measured, such as the running time and the overall finish time.
Lie Algebras Graded by Root Systems

Let Δ be a finite irreducible reduced root system. Assume Γ is the integer lattice generated by Δ. In [BM] S. Berman and R. Moody initiated the study of Lie algebras graded by the root system Δ. Following them we say that a Lie algebra is graded by Δ or is Δ-graded if (i) L has a Γ-gradation L = ∑γ∈Γ L γ in which L γ ≠(0) if and only if γ∈Δ∪{0}; (ii) the split simple Lie algebra S whose root system is Δ is a subalgebra of L, and relative to some split Cartan subalgebra S of S we have L γ ⊇ S γ for all γ ∈Δ∪{0}; (iii) for all h ∈ H the operator ad(h)acts diagonally on L γ with eigenvalue γ(h); and (iv) L is generated by its nonzero root spaces L γ where γ ∈ Δ.
Challenges in Routine Clinical Chemistry Analysis: Proteins and Enzymes

Abstract In this chapter, sources of inaccurate results in commonly ordered enzymes and other protein biomarker assays, including albumin and total protein measurements, are discussed. In addition, analytical issues with commonly measured enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, amylase, lipase, LDH, and CK) and protein biomarkers used in the evaluation of cardiovascular disease (cardiac troponin and B-type atrial natriuretic peptide) are also addressed. Guidelines for clinical use of the tests, optimization of pre-analytical steps, analytical methodologies, and sources of interferences and misleading results are discussed with emphasis on how to eliminate potential errors in measuring these analytes in clinical setting.
Insertion of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter

This procedure is performed for patients requiring long-term access for peritoneal dialysis. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Interaction of Streptococcus Mutans Glucosyltransferases with Antibodies

The sucrose-dependent adherence of Streptococcus mutans to hard surfaces appears to be mediated by the elaboration of glucosyltransferase (GTF) (1) and dextranase (2–4) activities by these organisms. Several laboratories (4,5–8) have isolated GTF fractions synthesizing either water-insoluble or soluble glucans as their primary products. The fractions producing water-insoluble glucans appear to synthesize adherent polysaccharide while the soluble glucan synthesizing fractions by themselves do not catalyze the adherence of S. mutans to smooth surfaces (7,8). Antibody prepared against the partially purified insoluble glucan synthesizing fraction from strain GS5 (serotype c), GTF-A, has been demonstrated to inhibit the sucrose-dependent adherence of strain GS5 in vitro (9). In contrast, antibody against the purified soluble glucan synthesizing fraction, GTF-B, is much less effective in inhibiting adherence (9). These immunological results together with earlier structural characterization of GTF products (6, 10) have suggested that two or more GTF enzymes are produced by S. mutans. However, the number of GTF enzymes elaborated by these cariogenic bacteria has not yet been precisely defined.
How Close Is Too Close? Polymerization Behavior and Monomer-Dependent Reorganization of a Bimetallic Salphen Organotitanium Catalyst

The binuclear salphen Ti polymerization catalyst N,N′-1,2-phenylene[(salicylideneaminato)Ti(Cp*)Me2)]2 (2) is synthesized by reaction of salphen-H2 with Cp*TiMe3. Mononuclear [N-(2,6-diisopropyl)phenyl(salicylideneaminato)]Ti(Cp*)Me2 (1) serves as a control. Activation studies of 2 with cocatalyst Ph3C+B(C6F5)4– yield the cationic polymerization-inactive complex [N,N′-1,2-phenylene(salicylideneaminato)Ti(Cp*)]+B(C6F5)4– (4) and polymerization-active Cp*TiMe2+B(C6F5)4–. Polymerization studies comparing 2 with Cp*TiMe3 suggest that, within the catalytic time frame, while 2 retains bimetallic character under an ethylene atmosphere, it rapidly decomposes to 4 and Cp*TiMe2+ in the presence of 1-hexene. These monomer-dependent reorganization results highlight the importance of olefin polymerization activation mechanistic studies while providing insight for improved bimetallic catalyst design.
Emerging Cellulose-Based Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites

Abstract Fundamental understanding of cellulose fibers derived from plant cell walls has opened new horizons for the synthesis of nanoscale cellulosic particles and biopolymers with tailor-made functionalities, which have contributed to a broad range of advanced engineering applications. Subsequently, there has been significant attention to different aspects of nanocelluloses, ranging from preparation, classification, and functionalization to physical and chemical blending, nanocomposite fabrication, and applications. In this chapter, we endeavor to concisely communicate the history, rationale, and engineering motivations underlying the recent advances of nanocelluloses and their nanocomposites and detail the emerging aspects of nanocelluloses, which encompass new nanocellulose families and their superior properties, enhanced functionality, and novel applications. We envision that this chapter may serve as a quick guide for both general and professional audiences, providing the essential, up-to-date knowledge of the fascinating field of cellulose-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites.
Stimuli-responsive materials in additive manufacturing

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are expanding the boundaries of materials science and providing an exciting forum for interdisciplinary research. The ability to fabricate arbitrarily complex objects has made AM technologies indispensable in personalized healthcare, soft electronics, and renewable energy. At the intersection of AM technologies and materials chemistry are stimuli-responsive polymers, which change their chemical and physical properties in response to specific environmental cues. The responsiveness of these “smart” polymers makes them suitable for AM and provides functionality to the additively manufactured objects. Furthermore, the type and degree of stimulus response of smart polymers can be regulated through precise synthetic design or via incorporation of additives. Herein, we review recently reported stimuli-responsive polymers used in AM, with a focus on the design and chemistry of the polymers. The materials are broadly classified by type of printing, and more specifically classified by type of stimulus response. Finally, we briefly consider existing challenges that stimuli-responsive materials in AM can address in the future.
An Immersive Brain Painting: The Effects of Brain Painting in a Virtual Reality Environment

Brain Painting is a brain-computer interface (BCI) application that allows users to paint on a virtual canvas without requiring physical movement. Brain Painting has shown to improve the Quality of Life of patients with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), by giving the patients ways of expressing themselves and affecting society through art exhibitions. Although there is currently no known cure for ALS, through such outlets, we can help mitigate the physical and psychological impairments. Therefore, this paper discusses a study where users paint with their brain with a BCI in an immersed Virtual environment, also known as Brain Painting. This study evaluates the cognitive workload, presence, and changes in affect through standardized questionnaires. Also, to explore the validity for users to express themselves creatively can lead to a more positive experience using the application in an immersed environment, in comparison to non-immersive.
Support, technology and mental health: correlates of trainee workplace satisfaction

Low physician workplace satisfaction may negatively impact patient care. Dissatisfaction may begin during residency training, where trainees face lower autonomy and less control over work conditions. The theoretical and empirical literature on trainees is couched mainly in terms of burnout. Theories of satisfaction, a different construct, are derived from studies of independent physicians. Identifying specific correlates of trainee satisfaction may be a clearer path to preparing a sustainable physician workforce. We surveyed 3300 residents and fellows (response rate of 7.2% to 46,574 surveys sent) across multiple specialties and institutions in the US. The instrument was adapted from a previous large-scale survey of physician satisfaction, with changes reflecting factors theorized to specifically affect trainee satisfaction. We applied generalized linear regression to identify correlates of higher satisfaction. A total of 1444 (44%) residents/fellows reported they were very satisfied and 1311 (40%) reported being somewhat satisfied. Factors associated with satisfaction included positive perceptions of supporting clinical staff, the electronic health record, and stability of personal mental health. Surprisingly, a strong negative perception of completing insurance and/or disability forms was also associated with higher satisfaction. Factors often presumed to correlate with satisfaction, such as duty hours, debt load, and specialty, did not show significant associations. Multiple workplace factors are correlated with trainee satisfaction, but they are not the factors (such as financial debt) that we initially hypothesized. The factors we identified, including clinical staff support and personal mental health, may be targets for further study and/or pilot interventions aimed at improving satisfaction.
Protective and Health-Related Factors Contributing to Resilience Among Student Veterans: A Classification Approach.

Importance: Occupational therapists can foster student veterans’ resilience, but targets for intervention must be developed. Objective: To explain factors influencing student veterans’ successful adaptation to past combat exposure, we hypothesized that participants with high life meaning would have greater levels of protective factors and lower levels of health conditions than those with low life meaning. Design: Longitudinal panel study with two measurements. Participants were classified by level of combat exposure (high–low) and life meaning (high–low) at follow-up, yielding four possible classifications (e.g., resilient group: high combat exposure, high life meaning). Linear mixed models were fit to obtain adjusted means of protective factors and health conditions for each classification; independent-samples t tests were used to examine differences between classifications. Setting: Community. Participants: Convenience sample of 153 combat-exposed student veterans. Outcomes and Measures: Psychometrically sound measures of combat exposure, life meaning, protective factors (social and instructor autonomy support, coping ability, academic self-efficacy, social–community participation, and meaningful activity), and health conditions (posttraumatic stress [PTSD], depression, somatic symptoms). Results: Groups with high life meaning at follow-up in response to both levels of combat exposure reported greater meaningful activity and coping ability and fewer depressive symptoms. Participants with high life meaning in response to low combat exposure had greater social support and fewer somatic symptoms; participants with high life meaning in response to high combat exposure had lower PTSD. Conclusions and Relevance: Occupational therapists may foster student veterans’ resilience by promoting meaningful activity, social support, and coping ability while managing symptoms of health conditions. What This Article Adds: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to offer empirical support for potential targets of occupational therapy intervention that address student veterans’ successful adaptation to combat exposure. Findings suggest that researchers should develop and test interventions that facilitate successful engagement in meaningful and shared activities and that occupational therapists should work within multidisciplinary teams to bolster coping ability and manage symptoms of combat-related health conditions.
Examining face-mask usage as an effective strategy to control COVID-19 spread

Abstract The COVID-19 global crisis is facilitated by high virus transmission rates and high percentages of asymptomatic and presymptomatic infected individuals. Containing the pandemic hinged on combinations of social distancing and face mask use. Here we examine the efficacy of these measures, using an agent-based modeling approach that evaluates face masks and social distancing in realistic confined spaces scenarios. By explicitly considering different fractions of asymptomatic individuals, as well as a realistic hypothesis of face mask protection during inhaling and exhaling, we find that face masks are more effective than social distancing in curbing the infection. Importantly, combining face masks with even moderate social distancing provides optimal protection. The finding that widespread usage of face masks limits COVID-19 outbreaks can inform policies to reopening of social functions. Author summary The COVID-19 outbreak has created an enormous burden on the worldwide population. Among the various ways of preventing the spread of the virus, face masks have been proposed as a main way of reducing transmission. Yet, the interplay between the usage of face mask and other forms of Non-Pharmaceutical Intervention is still not completely clear. In this paper we introduce a stochastic individual-based model which aims at producing realistic scenarios of disease spread when mask wearing with different inward and outward efficacy and social distancing are enforced. The model elucidates the conditions which make the two forms of intervention synergistic in preventing the spread of the disease.
Assessing the predictive response of a simple and sensitive blood-based biomarker between estrogen-negative solid tumors

Abstract Purpose We investigated Nw-hydroxy l -Arginine (NOHA) predictive response in serous ovarian carcinoma based on estrogen-hormone receptor expression status; and assessed the distinctive NOHA response between estrogen-receptor-negative (ER–) tumor subtypes of ovarian and breast cancer. Materials/methods Three-dimensional (3D) spheroids models of ER– and estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) from breast and ovarian tumor, cultured for 9 weeks, were assayed for cellular levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), nitric oxide (as total nitrite) and l -Arginine, and compared to NOHA in culture medium. Statistical difference was set at p Results Nine-week in vitro studies showed a progressive NOHA reduction in culture medium by at least 0.4–0.8 fold, and 0.65–0.92 fold only in the ER– breast tumor and ER– ovarian tumor 3D spheroids, respectively; with increases in cellular NOS2 and nitric-oxide levels, by at least 1.0–2.45 fold in both ER– tumor subtype 3D spheroids (p l -Arginine to medium NOHA ratio was higher, and by at least 6.5–22.5 fold in ER– breast tumor 3D-spheroids, and at least 10–70 fold in ER– ovarian tumor 3D spheroids, than in ER+ and control conditions; and was ≥48% higher in ER– ovarian cancer than in ER– breast cancer 3D-spheroids. Conclusions The present study shows NOHA as a sensitive and selective indicator differentiating and distinguishing ER– subtypes based on the tumor grade.
Inter-fractional variation of markers and applicators in single-implant high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy for gynecologic malignancies.

ABSTRACT PURPOSE Implanted fiducial markers are a commonly used tool in delineating the CTV in high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy (HDR-ISBT) for gynecologic malignancy, but their reliability in gynacological sites is not well understood. These markers and interstitial applicators can experience interfractional motion due to organ swelling or other anatomical changes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial variation of these features. METHODS AND MATERIALS The spatial positions of 50 implanted markers and 202 needles were tracked in 15 patients treated over 70 fractions of HDR brachytherapy. Marker and/or needle coordinates were extracted from CT images with contours and dose distributions. Automated analysis determined marker self-consistency and displacements between various elements of the implant. RESULTS From start to end fraction, the relative positions of the markers experienced an average magnitude displacement of 4.5 ± 3.0 mm while the average displacement of the applicator tips was 11 ± 8 mm, relative to their respective centers of mass (CM). CONCLUSIONS Markers implanted lateral and superior to the CTV experience greater drift than other implant locations.
A Self-Supervised Framework for Function Learning and Extrapolation.

Understanding how agents learn to generalize -- and, in particular, to extrapolate -- in high-dimensional, naturalistic environments remains a challenge for both machine learning and the study of biological agents. One approach to this has been the use of function learning paradigms, which allow peoples' empirical patterns of generalization for smooth scalar functions to be described precisely. However, to date, such work has not succeeded in identifying mechanisms that acquire the kinds of general purpose representations over which function learning can operate to exhibit the patterns of generalization observed in human empirical studies. Here, we present a framework for how a learner may acquire such representations, that then support generalization -- and extrapolation in particular -- in a few-shot fashion. Taking inspiration from a classic theory of visual processing, we construct a self-supervised encoder that implements the basic inductive bias of invariance under topological distortions. We show the resulting representations outperform those from other models for unsupervised time series learning in several downstream function learning tasks, including extrapolation.
Progress Toward Increasing Women’s and Minorities’ Access to Top State Government Jobs?:

This study examines the impact of qualifications and hiring advantages on women’s and minorities’ access to state government jobs, both in managerial and high-salary positions and overall. It also ...
Child Maltreatment as a Problem in International Law

Despite some challenges in addressing child maltreatment in international law, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and related documents establish a framework for the protection of children, including the stimulation of more humane policies and practices and opportunities for engaging children as active members of the community. Concerned about the slow progress of governments in establishing national systems of support to protect children, the Committee on the Rights of the Child has adopted General Comment No. 13 to refocus child protection efforts on the prevention of child maltreatment. General Comment 13 provides guidance about the right to protection in the CRC and specific guidelines to help governments improve their effectiveness in preventing and treating child maltreatment. Among the recommendations of General Comment 13 is a focus on community-based child protection.
Understanding Quantitative Design: A Resource for Qualitative Researchers

Quantitative Research for the Qualitative Researcher is a concise text written for students from a qualitative orientation. It provides connections between both quantitative and qualitative research processes, and helps students understand quantitative research design more completely. It highlights the structure and purpose of research design so students understand how to create and carry out effective research projects.
Aspiration pneumonia in stroke

Aspiration pneumonia developed within 1 year in 29 of 60 stroke patients referred for videofluoroscopic evaluation of poststroke dysphagia and drawn from a total population of 304 acute stroke patients. The presence of vallecular pooling, piriform pooling, or bolus penetration to or through the true vocal cords on videofluoroscopy did not correlate with the development of aspiration pneumonia. Kinematic pharyngeal transit times did show a significant correlation with the development of aspiration pneumonia (time of first movement, p = .038; time of arrival of bolus at valleculae, p = .0008; time of return of epiglottis to resting position, p = .0001). Those patients with total kinematic pharyngeal transit times (Em) of less than 2.00 sec were at little or no risk for aspiration pneumonia (0%), those with 2.01 to 5.00sec at moderate risk (38.5%), and those with more than 5.00sec were at marked risk (90%).
Low dose tissue plasminogen activator treatment for vascular thrombosis following cardiac catheterization in children: A single center experience

Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of low dose tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) therapy in children with vascular thrombosis following cardiac catheterization. Background Currently, heparin is the standard of care for vascular thrombosis, however, it may not be efficacious in dissolving existing thrombi. Although tPA is an accepted thrombolytic therapy for life-threatening thrombosis in children, it is not a well-established treatment for the thrombosis of femoral vessels following cardiac catheterization. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed from 1/1/2009 until 6/30/2011 at Rady Children's Hospital—San Diego (RCHSD) reviewing all cases with venous or arterial thrombosis at the vascular access site following cardiac catheterization, and a survey was conducted among the Congenital Cardiovascular Interventional Study Consortium members regarding their experience in tPA therapy. Results At RCHSD, out of 1,155 catheterizations, 12 children developed femoral thrombosis. In three children, where 12-h heparin therapy was unsuccessful in resolving thrombosis, we used low-dose tPA according to the following regime: 0.05 mg/kg/h for 30 min, followed by 0.1 mg/kg/h for 4 h. We achieved thrombolysis in all cases evidenced by repeat ultrasound and return of palpable pulse with normal limb circulation. No complications were encountered. The survey confirmed that adult tPA dose (0.1–0.5 mg/kg/h) has 100% efficacy in resolving thrombi in children with vascular thrombosis, however, the rate of serious complications was not negligible (15%). Conclusion tPA is an efficacious therapy to dissolve thrombi that developed as a complication of cardiac catheterization in children. The rate of complications due to tPA may be reduced using a lower dose: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg/h. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chapter 18 Antidiscrimination Law

Abstract This essay provides an overview of the central theoretical law and economics insights and empirical findings concerning antidiscrimination law across a variety of contexts including discrimination in labor markets, housing markets, consumer purchases, and policing. The different models of discrimination based on animus, statistical discrimination, and cartel exploitation are analyzed for both race and sex discrimination. I explore the theoretical arguments for prohibiting private discriminatory conduct in light of the tensions that exist between concerns for liberty and equality. I also discuss the complexities in empirically establishing the existence of discrimination and highlight the critical point that one cannot automatically attribute observed disparities in various economic or social outcomes to discrimination. The major empirical findings showing the effectiveness of federal law in the first decade after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act are contrasted with the generally less optimistic findings from more recent antidiscrimination interventions.
Weber, Habermas and Transformations of the European State: Constitutional, Social, and Supranational Democracy

1. Introduction: theorizing modern transformations of law and democracy 2. The historical logic(s) of Habermas's critique of Weber's 'sociology of law' 3. The puzzle of law, democracy and historical change in Weber's 'sociology of law' 4. Habermas's deliberatively legal Sozialstaat 5. Habermas on the European Union: normative aspirations 6. The structural transformation to the supranational Sektoralstaat and prospects for democracy in the EU 7. Conclusion: Habermas's philosophy of history and the future of Europe.
Common Core State Standards: A New Role for Writing.

AbstractThe Common Core State Standards for the English Language Arts, together with the new tests being developed to assess them, are placing a greater emphasis on writing in elementary schools than in the recent past. This article explores similarities and differences of the standards with past state standards, explaining the reason both for why things have been as they are and why Common Core is encouraging change. The biggest shift in writing instruction is claimed to be the new emphasis on writing about text, and ways of writing about text successfully in the elementary grades (summarization, analysis, synthesis, modeling) are described.
Dietary self-selection patterns of rats with mild diabetes

Rats were allowed a free selection of a diet from among separate sources of protein, fat and carbohydrate or were fed a composite diet formulated to approximate the nutrient composition of a commonly used nonpurified diet. Immediately after streptozotocin injections, diabetic rats displayed polyuria, polydipsia and glycosuria as well as elevated fasting plasma glucose levels and glucose intolerance indicative of mild diabetes. Diabetic rats allowed a free choice tended to consume more protein and consumed significantly less carbohydrate than nondiabetics. This pattern of nutrient choice was associated with a reduction of diabetic signs including reduced polyuria, polydipsia and glycosuria. Diabetic rats permitted to choose their diets were not hyperphagic and maintained a slow but steady rate of body weight gain, accompanied by a sparing of body fat stores. In contrast, diabetic rats consuming the composite diet experienced no improvement in diabetic status; these rats displayed a deterioration of fasting plasma glucose, severe polydipsia, polyuria and glycosuria as well as hyperphagia and wasting of fat stores. These data demonstrate that when mildly diabetic rats are given the opportunity to select their own diets, they choose a diet that leads to improvement of their diabetic status.
Learning for STEM Literacy: STEM Literacy for Learning

We are in the STEM generation whose comprehensive purpose is to resolve (1) societal needs for new technological and scientific advances; (2) economic needs for national security; and (3) personal needs to become a fulfilled, productive, knowledgeable citizen. STEM specifically refers to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, but now has a broader meaning to include environment, economics, and medicine. Currently, there is not an agreement of the particulars in education, or in standards, by professional organizations that define STEM literacy. Most definitions do cover societal and economic needs but overlook personal needs. There is a general consensus that everyone needs to be STEM literate. But there is a difference between literacy and being literate. STEM literacy should not be viewed as a content area but as a deictic means (composed of skills, abilities, factual knowledge, procedures, concepts, and metacognitive capacities) to gain further learning. This paper gives a brief background of literacy definitions in STEM and presents a description of STEM literacy based upon (1) cognitive, (2) affective, and (3) psychomotor learning theory domains. The paper stresses the need to evolve from learning for STEM literacy to using STEM literacy for learning to satisfy our societal, economic, and personal needs.
Analog BiCMOS technology

Design issues associated with developing an analog BiCMOS process technology are reviewed. This information is then highlighted with an example of BiCMOS process stressing modularity and component diversity. Future technology issues for next-generation processes are discussed. >
A Mitochondrial RNAi Screen Defines Cellular Bioenergetic Determinants and Identifies an Adenylate Kinase as a Key Regulator of ATP Levels

Summary Altered cellular bioenergetics and mitochondrial function are major features of several diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Given this important link to human health, we sought to define proteins within mitochondria that are critical for maintaining homeostatic ATP levels. We screened an RNAi library targeting >1,000 nuclear-encoded genes whose protein products localize to the mitochondria in multiple metabolic conditions in order to examine their effects on cellular ATP levels. We identified a mechanism by which electron transport chain (ETC) perturbation under glycolytic conditions increased ATP production through enhanced glycolytic flux, thereby highlighting the cellular potential for metabolic plasticity. Additionally, we identified a mitochondrial adenylate kinase (AK4) that regulates cellular ATP levels and AMPK signaling and whose expression significantly correlates with glioma patient survival. This study maps the bioenergetic landscape of >1,000 mitochondrial proteins in the context of varied metabolic substrates and begins to link key metabolic genes with clinical outcome.
Identification of the synaptic pedicles belonging to the different spectral types of photoreceptor in the turtle retina

Abstract In this paper we describe the morphology of the different spectral types of photoreceptor pedicles ii the outer plexiform layer (OPL) of the Pseudemys turtle as studied by light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). Tangential serial thick sections were cut from the oil droplet region to the level where the axons emerge from cell bodies and then serial thin sections through the axons and the entire pedicles were collected and examined. Thus photoreceptor pedicles could be identified by tracing cells from their oil droplets to their synapses in the OPL. Double cone pedicles consisted of closely applied pairs with the principal member's pedicle wrapping around the accessory member's pedicle. Each pedicle was approx. 104 μm 2 in area and contained 12 and 8 synaptic ribbons respectively. Rods comprised 8% of the pedicles in the field, were small (84μm 2 ), contained closely packed synaptic vesicles, and on average, 9 long ribbons. Single red and green cone pedicles could not be told apart without following them from their oil droplets, however, both were about the same size (106–127μ 2 ) and contained 10–12 ribbons. Blue cone pedicles were small and round (80/gmm 2 ) and arose from short oblique axons giving off from large, greenish, clear oil droplet-containing cell bodies (13% of the corne population). The least common pedicle types (5% of the cone population) were identified tentatively as UV cones because they originated from small, clear oil droplet-containing cell bodies. UV cones had spherical pedicles, elongated in the vertical axis, that arose from extremely long, angled axons Their very small pedicles (64 μm 2 ) exhibited characteristic “horns” that projected from the top sides of the pedicle. Both putative UV and blue cone pedicles ended more vitread in the OPL than other pedicles and contained only 5–6 and 8–10 ribbons respectively. Understanding the ultrastructural features that distinguish the different types of photoreceptor pedicle will allow us to begin a study of spectral connections to second order neutrons in the turtle OPL in the future.
Factors influencing the production and activity of a Streptococcus thermophilus lipase.

The cells from 32 strains were disrupted by pressure. All the strains except two showed lipase activity. Optimum temperature for lipase production was 44°C. Production of lipase was inhibited by addition of butter oil (29%), milk (41%) and casein (12%) and stimulated by soybean oil (39%), cream (27%) and corn oil (21%) to the medium. The enzyme was stable when stored at 37°C and 45°C for 1 wk. The enzyme was partially inactivated by pasteurization treatment (65°C/30 min). Optimum temperature and pH for lipase activity was 45°C and 9.0, respectively. The enzyme was relatively more active toward tributryin than toward natural lipids.