cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections on UNIX Vulnerabilities

The UNIX operating system was developed in a friendly, collaborative environment without any particular predefined objectives. As it entered less friendly environments, expanded its functionality, and became the basis for commercial, infrastructure, and home systems, vulnerabilities in the system affected its robustness and security. This paper presents a brief history of UNIX vulnerabilities, beginning with a report written in 1981-1983, but never published. It examines how the nature of vulnerabilities has (and has not) changed since then, and presents some thoughts on the future of vulnerabilities in the UNIX operating system and its variants and other UNIX-like systems.
Hierarchical analysis of power distribution networks

Careful design and verification of the power distribution network of a chip are of critical importance to ensure its reliable performance. With the increasing number of transistors on a chip, the size of the power network has grown so large as to make the verification task very challenging. The available computational power and memory resources impose limitations on the size of networks that can be analyzed using currently known techniques. Many of today's designs have power networks that are too large to be analyzed in the traditional way as flat networks. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical analysis technique to overcome the aforesaid capacity limitation. We present a new technique for analyzing a power grid using macromodels that are created for a set of partitions of the grid. Efficient numerical techniques for the computation and sparsification of the port admittance matrices of the macromodels are presented. A novel sparsification technique using a 0-1 integer linear programming formulation is proposed to achieve superior sparsification for a specified error. The run-time and memory efficiency of the proposed method are illustrated on industrial designs. It is shown that even for a 60 million-node power grid, our approach allows for an efficient analysis, whereas previous approaches have been unable to handle power grids of such size.
TRPC1 and Orai1 interact with STIM1 and mediate capacitative Ca(2+) entry caused by acute hypoxia in mouse pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells.

Previous studies in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) showed that acute hypoxia activates capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE) but the molecular candidate(s) mediating CCE caused by acute hypo...
Periodontal tissues and their counterparts around endosseous implants

New technology coupled with a better understanding of tissue biology has played a key role in restoring the somewhat tarnished image of implant dentistry, Thanks to carefully conducted longitudinal studies, it has now become clear that the replacement of missing teeth by artificial implants integrated into the living tissues of the jaws is a predictable procedure, as long as certain guidelines are followed in the manufacture of the implant, its placement, its eventual functional loading, and its maintenance. Yet, functional success for a natural tooth is dependent on a number of anatomic, physiologic, and environmental considerations which differ in some important respects from those that insure the functional success of an implant. In this paper, we review the anatomic features of the natural dentition with emphasis on the periodontal tissues, and contrast these characteristics with those that exist around well-integrated endosseous implants.
Interval approach to assessing antitumor activity for tumor xenograft studies.

In preclinical cancer drug screening tumor xenograft experiments, the tumor growth inhibition ratio (T/C) is commonly used to assess the antitumor activity of the agents. Unfortunately, this measurement can discard useful data and result in a high false-negative rate. Furthermore, the degree of antitumor activity based on the T/C ratio is assessed on the basis of an arbitrary cutoff point that does not reflect variations in different tumor lines. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose an adjusted area-under-the-curve (aAUC) ratio to quantify tumor growth inhibition. A nonparametric bootstrap t-interval of the aAUC ratio is also proposed for assessing the significance of the antitumor activity of the agents. The proposed method is then applied to a real tumor xenograft study. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
pIIICTX, a Predicted CTXφ Minor Coat Protein, Can Expand the Host Range of Coliphage fd To Include Vibrio cholerae

CTXphi is a filamentous bacteriophage that encodes cholera toxin. CTXphi infection of its host bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, requires the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) and the products of the V. cholerae tolQRA genes. Here, we have explored the role of OrfU, a predicted CTXphi minor coat protein, in CTXphi infection. Prior to the discovery that it was part of a prophage, orfU was initially described as an open reading frame of unknown function that lacked similarity to known protein sequences. Based on its size and position in the CTXphi genome, we hypothesized that OrfU may function in a manner similar to that of the coliphage fd protein pIII and mediate CTXphi infection as well as playing a role in CTXphi assembly and release. Deletion of orfU from CTXphi dramatically reduced the number of CTXphi virions detected in supernatants from CTXphi-bearing cells. This defect was complemented by expression of orfU in trans, thereby confirming a role for this gene in CTXphi assembly and/or release. To evaluate the requirement for OrfU in CTXphi infection, we introduced fragments of orfU into gIII in an fd derivative to create OrfU-pIII fusions. While fd is ordinarily unable to infect V. cholerae, an fd phage displaying the N-terminal 274 amino acids of OrfU could infect V. cholerae in a TCP- and TolA-dependent fashion. Since our findings indicate that OrfU functions as the CTXphi pIII, we propose to rename OrfU as pIII(CTX). Our data also provide new evidence for a conserved pathway for filamentous phage infection.
Modeling school bus seat belt usage: Nested and mixed logit approaches

School bus seat belt usage has been of great interest to the school transportation community. Understanding factors that influence students' decisions about wearing seat belts or not is important in determining the most cost-effective ways to improve belt usage rate, and thus the seat belt safety benefits. This paper presents a rigorous empirical analysis on data from Alabama School Bus Pilot Project using discrete choice modeling framework. In order to collect relevant information on individual student-trips, a new data collection protocol is adopted. Three choice alternatives are considered in the study: wearing, not wearing, and improperly wearing seat belts. A student's choice probabilities of these alternatives are modeled as functions of the student's characteristics and trip attributes. The coefficients of the variables in the functions are estimated first using standard multinomial logit model. Moreover, to account for potential correlations among the three choice alternatives and individual-level preference and response heterogeneity among users, nested and mixed logit models are employed in the investigation. Eight significant influence factors are identified by the final models. Their relative impacts are also quantified. The factors include age, gender and the home county of a student, a student's trip length, time of day, seat location, presence and active involvement of bus aide, and two levels of bus driver involvement. The impact of the seat location on students' seat belt usage is revealed for the first time by this study. Both hypotheses that some of the choice alternatives are correlated and that individual-level heterogeneity exists are tested statistically significant. In view of this, the nested and the mixed logit model are recommended over the standard multinomial logit model to describe and predict students' seat belt usage behaviors. The final nested logit model uncovers a correlation between improper wearing and not wearing, indicating there are some unknown or unobserved contributing factors that are common to these two choices. In the final random-parameter mixed logit model, individual preference heterogeneity is captured by random coefficients of county variables. Individual response heterogeneity is reflected in the random effect of a driver's remarks on students' seat belt usage. Both recommended models are helpful in predicting seat belt usage rate quantitatively for given circumstances, and will provide valuable insights in practice of school transportation management.
Microchip optical parametric oscillators

The frequency-doubled output of a high-power passively Q-switched Nd:YAG microchip laser has been used to pump a KTP doubly resonant miniature monolithic Fabry-Perot (microchip) optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The OPO operated with 20% conversion efficiency, generating 8.4 /spl mu/J of 1.064-/spl mu/m radiation in 600-ps pulses, with excellent mode quality and pulse-to-pulse stability. This is the most compact OPO system yet demonstrated, generating the shortest pulses reported for an OPO pumped with Q-switched pulses. This technology makes it possible to obtain miniature optical system operating at any wavelength throughout the near IR, visible, and UV.
TbPRMT6 Is a Type I Protein Arginine Methyltransferase That Contributes to Cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei

Arginine methylation is a widespread posttranslational modification of proteins catalyzed by a family of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammals, this modification affects multiple cellular processes, such as chromatin remodeling leading to transcriptional regulation, RNA processing, DNA repair, and cell signaling. The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei possesses five putative PRMTs in its genome. This is a large number of PRMTs relative to other unicellular eukaryotes, suggesting an important role for arginine methylation in trypanosomes. Here, we present the in vitro and in vivo characterization of a T. brucei enzyme homologous to human PRMT6, which we term TbPRMT6. Like human PRMT6, TbPRMT6 is a type I PRMT, catalyzing the production of monomethylarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine residues. In in vitro methylation assays, TbPRMT6 utilizes bovine histones as a substrate, but it does not methylate several T. brucei glycine/arginine-rich proteins. As such, it exhibits a relatively narrow substrate specificity compared to other T. brucei PRMTs. Knockdown of TbPRMT6 in both procyclic form and bloodstream form T. brucei leads to a modest but reproducible effect on parasite growth in culture. Moreover, upon TbPRMT6 depletion, both PF and BF exhibit aberrant morphologies indicating defects in cell division, and these defects differ in the two life cycle stages. Mass spectrometry of TbPRMT6-associated proteins reveals histones, components of the nuclear pore complex, and flagellar proteins that may represent TbPRMT6 substrates contributing to the observed growth and morphological defects.
Xylem Transport and the Negative Pressures Sustainable by Water

Abstract Experimental measurements of water's ability to sustain negative pressures are reviewed with special emphasis on the relevance of the results to xylem transport. Results vary over several orders of magnitude and depend on the conditions of testing. The greatest negative pressures are measured using heated, pressurized water or purified, degassed water. When conditions more closely approximating those found in biological systems are used, water is considerably weaker. From these measurements, one can predict the most likely range of negative pressures that can be sustained in the xylem. This range is between -0·1 and -0·6 MPa (absolute pressure). Negative pressures near -1 MPa are possible, but require stringent conditions. Negative pressures greater than -2 MPa are also possible, but unlikely, based on the experimental evidence.
Alienated, Independent and Female: Lessons from the Japanese Electorate

Analyses of past national election studies have categorized male independents as alienated and strategic, while women independents are apolitical and apathetic.These same analyses led to a wide acceptance of the strong relationship between resource mobilization and changes in political attitudes and voting behaviour This paper revisits this early characterization of women voters to assess the extent to which increased access to education and economic resources since the late 1970s has narrowed the gap between men and women, producing equal rates of men and women independents who are alienated and strategic.This effort is of particular importance given the increasing pool of unaffiliated voters within the Japanese electorate, with the proportion of women who are unaffiliated exceeding that of men. My research reveals that resources do not explain as much of the variation in political attitudes in the late I990s as they did 20 years earlierThis finding demands that we re-evaluate widely accepted predictors of women's voting behaviour to offer explanations for why our observed outcome departs from what theory would lead us to expect. More immediately, attitudes held by this important segment of the electorate highlight important strategic choices for Japanese parties.
Community Perspectives of Childhood Behavioral Problems and ADHD Among African American Parents

Objective To explore parents' perceptions of childhood behavior problems and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among a sample of African American (AA) parents. Methods Five focus groups were conducted in inner-city Baltimore and the Washington, DC, metropolitan region with 5 to 7 AA parents per group. Adults with children under the age of 17 years were recruited from pediatric practices. One investigator moderated each focus group, and a second took notes. Sessions averaged 1.5 hours long, were recorded on audiotape, and were transcribed verbatim. The narrative data were coded for recurring themes. Results Five major themes emerged from the analysis: causes of behavioral problems in children, the legitimacy of ADHD as a diagnosis, attitudes about doctors, opinions of medication, and perceptions of the school environment. Many participants felt that behavior issues, including those accompanying ADHD, were caused by inappropriate parenting and disciplinary practices. Some viewed the diagnosis as a label applied with racial inequality to exert social control over AAs. Several expressed distrust in physicians who were quick to make a diagnosis of ADHD and recommend medications. Others worried that medication would lead to drug addiction in adulthood. Some perceived that children were labeled with ADHD because of poor educational environments that were unresponsive to the needs of AA children. Conclusions These focus groups identified important community perceptions about ADHD and its medical treatment. Understanding how these perceptions contribute to racial disparities in ADHD diagnosis and treatment can help inform culturally sensitive interventions to improve the management of ADHD among AA children.
The measurement of interlaminar resistance of varnish-insulated silicon-steel sheet for large electrical machines

In large electrical machines, such as alternators and transformers, that include sheet-steel laminations in their construction, it is essential to insulate the core laminations from one another to reduce eddycurrent stray loss. One method is to varnish the sheets after stamping, before assembly in the core. The need for developing good varnishing technique demands satisfactory measurement of the insulation. One convenient method is to measure the electrical resistance of the insulating film, and this can be done in several ways. The paper attempts to analyse the fundamental problem of the measurement, deduces that it is essentially a statistical problem, and suggests a method by which it may be solved. The paper then proceeds to discuss the possibility of correlation between experimentally measured values of resistance and observed stray losses in completed machines. There is also some consideration of other relevant factors, such as temperature, pressure, and the nature of the plate surface.
Prolonged Colonization of Mice by Vibrio cholerae El Tor O1 Depends on Accessory Toxins

Cholera epidemics caused by Vibrio cholerae El Tor O1 strains are typified by a large number of asymptomatic carriers who excrete vibrios but do not develop diarrhea. This carriage state was important for the spread of the seventh cholera pandemic as the bacterium was mobilized geographically, allowing the global dispersion of this less virulent strain. Virulence factors associated with the development of the carriage state have not been previously identified. We have developed an animal model of cholera in adult C57BL/6 mice wherein V. cholerae colonizes the mucus layer and forms microcolonies in the crypts of the distal small bowel. Colonization occurred 1 to 3 h after oral inoculation and peaked at 10 to 12 h, when bacterial loads exceeded the inoculum by 10- to 200-fold, indicating bacterial growth within the small intestine. After a clearance phase, the number of bacteria within the small intestine, but not those in the cecum or colon, stabilized and persisted for at least 72 h. The ability of V. cholerae to prevent clearance and establish this prolonged colonization was associated with the accessory toxins hemolysin, the multifunctional autoprocessing RTX toxin, and hemagglutinin/protease and did not require cholera toxin or toxin-coregulated pili. The defect in colonization attributed to the loss of the accessory toxins may be extracellularly complemented by inoculation of the defective strain with an isogenic colonization-proficient V. cholerae strain. This work thus demonstrates that secreted accessory toxins modify the host environment to enable prolonged colonization of the small intestine in the absence of overt disease symptoms and thereby contribute to disease dissemination via asymptomatic carriers.
Driver licensing tests as a predictor of subsequent violations.

A total of 22,523 licensed drivers were allowed to accumulate driving experience for over four years from March 1969 until May, 1973, following which their records were analyzed for moving violations. A subpopulation of 5,848 drivers received at least one such violation during that time, and 1,048 had been involved in an accident. The violation types and cumulated violation points were compared with errors in driving knowledge as measured by Conley's written driver license examination. Chi-Square and Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis yielded few patterns of significance where knowledge was a valid predictor of subsequent traffic violations at the 90% confidence level. Other potential predictors, such as sex and source of driver education, also provided fruitless. The overall conclusion was that there is no consistent pattern of knowledge, sex of the driver, or source of education to suggest predictability of moving traffic violations. These results point out the need to re-evaluate current pencil and paper tests as valid determinors of the readiness of an individual for a driver's license. /Author/
Induction of cardiac myogenesis in avian pregastrula epiblast: the role of the hypoblast and activin

An in vitro assay has been developed to investigate tissue interactions regulating myocardial cell specification in birds. Explants from the posterior region of stage XI-XIV blastulas were found to form heart muscle at high frequency with a timing that corresponded to onset of cardiac myocyte differentiation in vivo. Isolation and recombination experiments demonstrated that a signal from the hypoblast was required to induce cardiac myogenesis in the epiblast, and regional differences in epiblast responsiveness and hypoblast inductiveness restrict appearance of cardiac myocytes to the posterior region. Explantation studies provided evidence that myocardial cell specification is underway by stage 3, indicating that the hypoblast-derived signal occurs shortly before specification is detected. Recombinations were also performed to compare cardiac-inducing capacities of pregastrula hypoblast and stage 5 anterior lateral endoderm. The hypoblast possessed broad capacity to induce heart muscle cells in pregastrula and mid-gastrula epiblast, and modest ability to induce cardiac myogenesis in stage 4 posterior primitive streak. Stage 5 anterior lateral endoderm, in contrast, showed no ability to induce heart development in epiblast cells but was a potent inducer of cardiac myogenesis in cells from stage 4 posterior primitive streak. These findings suggest that the hypoblast-derived signal likely acts upstream of proposed heart-inducing signals provided by anterior lateral endoderm. Experiments were also performed to investigate whether activin, or an activin-like molecule, is involved in regulating cardiac myogenesis. Follistatin blocked cardiac myogenesis in stage XI-XIV posterior region explants and activin induced cardiac myogenesis in a dose-dependent fashion in posterior epiblast. These findings indicate that activin, or an activin-like molecule, is required for and is sufficient to stimulate cardiac myogenesis in posterior region pregastrula epiblast. Three models are presented to explain these results.
Investigation into the Stabilization of Soil Organic Matter by Microbes

A better understanding of below ground carbon (C) flux is of fundamental importance to predict how changing climate will influence the C balance of forest (and other) ecosystems [1]. The root system of higher plants is associated not only with soil environment composed of inorganic and organic matter, but also with a vast community of metabolically active microorganisms. Rhizosphere is the zone of soil immediately surrounding the plant roots, with the microbial population considerably higher than that of root free soil environment. Soil organic carbon pools are often defined either as labile or as recalcitrant, referring to its stability against decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). We studied the microbial role in production and stabilization of SOM in laboratory setup of column-grown Pinus resinosa mesocosm systems [2], by (a) imaging by light and electron microscopy, with (b) high resolution chemical analysis by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectroscopy (FTICR-MS), and (c) crystallographic X-ray analyses of the microbially-induced mineral weathering, to determine SOM resistance to decomposing activities.
Inhibition of Pancreatitis and Carcinogenesis by Capsaicin

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignant neoplasms. The risk and prevention factors are strongly related to life and dietary style, environment, genetic factors, and genetic-environment interaction. Chronic pancreatitis is one of well-recognized risk factors for pancreatic cancer development. Fresh vegetables and fruits have been well documented having protective effect against inflammation and cancer development. Chili pepper is the fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum, and capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is a colorless irritant phenolic amide, found in various capsicums that give the spicy taste. Epidemiologic and animal studies indicate that capsaicin is a highly potential agent in prophylaxis and treatment of diabetes, analgesic, inflammatory disease and cancer. This chapter focuses on linking capsaicin to pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinogenesis from experimental evidence to potential usefulness on prevention and treatment of this highly lethal malignant disease – pancreatic cancer.
Gender, Marriage, and Health for Same-Sex and Different-Sex Couples: The Future Keeps Arriving

The married are in better health than the unmarried and this benefit is greater for men than women. Moreover, marital quality is associated with better health and tends to be more positive for men. The definition of marriage has changed over time though, raising new questions about gender, marriage, and health. In particular, the rise of same-sex marriage in the USA raises questions about whether the marriage benefit to health extends to same-sex couples, and whether there is a gender difference in the benefits of marriage for the health of same-sex couples. We consider current evidence for gendered patterns of marriage and health and how these patterns may differ for same-sex and different-sex couples. We present findings from a dyadic analysis of recently collected diary data on marital dynamics and health for same-sex and different-sex couples, and discuss how the rise of same-sex marriage can illuminate our understanding of gendered marital dynamics that influence health.
Combined power delivery and cooling for high density, high efficiency microservers

In this paper, we present a novel thermal and electrical power-management solution for high-density electronic appliances, (such as a Microserver), that can handle a volumetric power density of up to 1350 W/dm3. The Microserver consists of a multitude of smart-phone-sized compute-node boards placed in vertical position with a pitch of 7.6 mm on a backplane board that fits into a 19"x2U rack unit. In this approach, a passive cooling element, called heat spreader, is thermally attached to each processor chip of the compute node board; the heat is transferred to the sides, which are thermally in contact with an active liquid-cooled heat sink. This solution keeps the electronic components below 85°C, even when they are cooled with a 45°C hot fluid. The heat spreader and the heat sink contain also the electrical connections for the main electrical power delivery at 12 V which eases the strain on the backplane board and the plugs.
Potential Role of Calbindins in Enamel Calcification

Cellular elements residing between the source of calcium (blood) and the most highly mineralized substance in the body (enamel) regulate the flow of that divalent cation into the enamel matrix. Enamel formation is a complex two stage process involving secretion and maturation. In this presentation the cellular, subcellular and molecular parameters leading to enamel mineralization are reviewed and a model is presented which proposes a role for calbindin-D9K and calbindin-D28K in that process.
Abstract LB-193: Ganglioside GD2 identifies cancer stem cells and inhibition of GD2 biosynthesis by targeting GD3 synthase exerts antitumor effects

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Currently, only very few markers either as single or in combination are available to identify cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this report, we identified that the ganglioside GD2, a marker known to express on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is expressed on a small fraction (5.5% ± 3.4%) of transformed human mammary epithelial cells (HMLER) and breast cancer patient tumors. FACS sorted GD2+ cells appear spindle shaped and proliferate 5 fold slower compared to GD2- cells in-vitro. Analysis of breast cancer cell lines (n=12) indicated that GD2 expression varies and that the basal breast cancer cell lines have a higher percentage of GD2+ cells (median 9%, range 1.2-17%, n=6), as compared to their luminal counterparts (median 0.2%, range 0-3%, n=6, p 10 fold. Moreover, we observed spontaneous generation of GD2+ from GD2- cells and vice versa in both in-vitro and in-vivo, suggesting a role of EMT in this process. Stable knock-down of GD3S in MDA-MB-231 cells using shRNA impaired in-vitro matrigel invasion by more than 10-fold and completely abolished tumor growth in-vivo. Importantly, Triptolide, an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drug, which was recently shown to inhibit GD3S expression in melanoma cells, also inhibited GD3S expression in MDA-MB-231 and SUM159 cells by >95% in a dose dependent manner and thereby inhibited growth of GD2+ cells in a time dependent manner. Intra-peritoneal administration of Triptolide (0.15mg/Kg/day) in NOD/SCID mice bearing MDA-MB-231 breast tumors completely eliminated tumors in 50% and reduced the tumor volume 7- to 8-fold in 25% of the mice. In conclusion, we identified GD2 as a new CSC specific cell surface marker and GD3 synthase as a potential therapeutic target for CSCs, with the potential of improving survival and cure rates of patients with breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-193. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-193
A Budget of Curiosa Metrica

Nearly twenty years ago, this MONTHLY published an article by the writer devoted to those remarkable mathematical paradoxes due to Sierpinski, Mazurkiewicz, Hausdorff, Banach, and Tarski [4]. No such startling results are contained in the present paper, the title of which was obviously suggested by De Morgan's famous Budget, but perhaps the reader with sufficient good will might agree that at least some of its material explains (if it does not excuse) the use of the term curiosa.
Military Test Site Characterization and Training Future Officers—An Integrated Terrain Analysis Approach

U.S. military equipment has become more sensitive to environmental conditions than ever before, especially with increasing application of sophisticated microprocessors, wireless connectively, and sensors commonly employed on highly maneuverable armored vehicles. Increasing development of military technology requires considerably more comprehensive information about the extreme testing environment (i.e., natural environmental test sites) than was required nearly a half century ago. An all-encompassing research, development, and testing program for current and new designs of tracked and wheeled military vehicles, the primary means of transport for U.S. ground forces, depends on the use of an extensive network of vehicle mobility and durability (i.e., endurance) test courses located in a variety of temperate, tropical, desert, and cold region environments. Most of these test courses consist of unimproved, dirt or gravel roads, primarily developed on the native soil and landscape. Although several of these test courses have been in use for nearly 50 years, many of their geotechnical attributes have not been characterized. In support primarily of the Army’s Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) mission, the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering (GEnE) from the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point and the Desert Research Institute (DRI) characterized numerous test courses at various geographic locations. Since 2007, multiple teams from West Point, primarily consisting of Cadets with supervising officers, have worked in collaboration with DRI to characterize geotechnical attributes of soils along test courses in desert, arctic, temperate and tropical landscapes. These data collection activities also support the Army in providing future officers with field training associated with sample collection and data management. The characterization activities focused on making geotechnical measurements, sampling soils, collecting imagery, generating map data, and developing geospatial databases. This effort also included the preparation of databases of in situ geotechnical properties along test courses at representative locations to a depth of ~ 0.3 m (1 ft) that included the measurements of: soil stiffness and modulus, penetration and shear resistance, bulk density, and particle size distribution. These new data sets will assist the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Department of the Army (DA) in maintaining a varied and detailed inventory of characterized soil-landform assemblages in different fundamental environments from various test sites throughout the U.S. and abroad. In addition, the data collected and the information compiled through these site studies will also benefit the DoD community that tests emerging technologies for the detection and defeat of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), which require significant understanding of the natural variability of both physical and chemical soil attributes.
Analysis of Surveillance Results of Dust,Manganese Dioxide and Noise in A Battery Plant after Treatment

[Objective]To understand the preventive effect of Manganese dust,noise in a battery plant after taken protective measures of dust removal,sound insulation,and provide evidence for further improving the operating environment.[Methods]The levels of dust,manganese dioxide,noise were tested before and after the treatments in a battery plant,and the results were compared.[Results] A total of 11 operating positions and 60 samples were tested,including 8 positions and 38 samples for manganese dioxide,28 points for noise.Tested results of dust,concentration of manganese dioxide,noise intensity of the operating position were all significantly lower than that before treatment(P0.05 or P0.01).[Conclusion] The battery plant adopts the comprehensive dust removal and the noise reduction measure;the effect is obvious,dust,manganese dioxide,noise levels are controlled in a safe level.
POLY(ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE) METABOLISM AND REGULATION OF MYOCARDIAL CELL GROWTH BY OXYGEN.

Abstract Control of the rate of cardiac cell division by oxygen occurs most probably by altering the redox state of a control substance, e.g. NAD+NADH. NAD+ (and not NADH) forms poly(ADP-ribose), an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, in a reaction catalysed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Lower partial pressure of oxygen, which increases the rate of division, would shift NAD+→NADH, decrease poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, and increase DNA synthesis. Chick-embryo heart cells grown in culture in 20% O2 (in which they divide more slowly than in 5% O2) did exhibit greater poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity (+83%, P<0.001) than when grown in 5% O2. Reaction product was identified as poly(ADP-ribose) by its insensitivity to deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, NAD glycohydrolase, Pronase, trypsin and micrococcal nuclease, and by its complete digestion with snake-venom phosphodiesterase to phosphoribosyl-AMP and AMP. Isolation of these digestion products by Dowex 1 (formate form) column chromatography and paper chromatography allowed calculation of average poly(ADP-ribose) chain length, which was 15–26% greater in 20% than in 5% O2. Thus in 20% O2 the increase in poly(ADP-ribose) formation results from chain elongation. Formation of new chains also occurs, probably to an even greater degree than chain elongation. Additionally, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase has very different Km and Vmax. values and pH optima in 20% and 5% O2. These data suggest that poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism participates in the regulation of heart-cell division by O2, probably by several different mechanisms.
Common state mechanisms regulating tribal tobacco taxation and sales, the USA, 2015.

Background Native American tribes, as sovereign nations, are exempt from state tobacco excise taxation, and self-govern on-reservation activity in the USA. Under Federal law, state excise taxes are owed by non-members purchasing tobacco on tribal land, but states are limited in how they enforce or collect these taxes. This study highlights the various policy approaches that states have taken to regulate tobacco sales on tribal lands given jurisdictional challenges. Methods State laws (statutes, regulations and case law), Attorney General opinions, and revenue notices and rulings effective as of 1 January 2015 for all 50 states and the District of Columbia were compiled using Boolean searches in Lexis-Nexis and Westlaw. Laws were limited to those addressing taxation compacts or tobacco sales involving tribal entities. Master Settlement Agreement laws and non-codified tribal codes/compacts were excluded. Results Twenty of the 34 states with tribal lands address tribal tobacco sales. Fourteen states address intergovernmental compacts: 11 are tobacco specific, and suggest or require specific provisions. Fifteen states address tribal tax stamps: 2 explicitly prohibit stamping tribally sold products, 9 stamp all products, and 4 stamp some. Prepayment of excise tax is required in 12 states: 6 on all products, 4 on products in excess of quota, and 2 on products sold by non-tribal retailers. 6 states use quotas to limit tax-free tobacco available to tribes. Conclusions Many states with a tribal presence have no formal strategies for non-members purchasing tobacco on tribal lands. Formalising policies and harmonising tax rates may assist states in collecting tax revenue from non-tribal consumers.
Conclusions, Challenges, and Prospects for African Languages

This final chapter discusses the challenges and prospects for African languages in the era of the globalization of English, considers further the consequences of language policy failures for these languages and the majority of their speakers, and offers concluding remarks with a focus on the proposed theoretical framework—Prestige Planning—for African languages. It reiterates the argument, made throughout this book, that vernacular language education will not succeed in Africa unless it is associated with positive economic outcomes, much as it is in various polities around the world, as demonstrated in Chap. 8.
Capital Matters: Social Sustaining Capital and the Development of Black Student-Athletes

How is social capital nurtured and made meaningful in the development of black student-athletes in historically white institutional (HWI) settings? Research explicitly exploring an understanding of nurturing social capital related to the development of black student-athletes is scarce. This collective case study investigates black student-athletes’ accrual and meaning-making of social capital in historically white settings of higher education and intercollegiate athletics. The data analysis, guided by conceptual frames of social capital theory and critical race theory, revealed two emergent themes identified as 1) Connected with and through community and 2) Cultivating cross-cultural ties. Findings revealed similarities and nuanced differences in social capital realized by participants across two student-athlete development programs at different HWIs of higher education. Implications for intercollegiate student-athlete program designs and pedagogical implementations are discussed. Further implications fro...
Revised status of Oridryas Meyrick, 1938: new synonyms of Ypsolopha Latreille, 1796, and Ypsolopha parenthesella (Linnaeus, 1761 (Yponomeutoidea: Ypsolophidae)

The eminent entomologist Aristide Caradja (1861–1955) published between 1925 and 1939, on his own or jointly with Edward Meyrick, a series of taxonomic papers on Chinese microlepidoptera including the descriptions of 18 new species in Yponomeutidae (Hyponomeutidae of authors). Their type specimens are currently deposited in two institutions, the Natural History Museum in London (BMNH: formerly British Museum of Natural History), as previously incorporated in the Meyrick collection, and the “Grigore Antipa” National Museum of Natural History in Bucharest, Romania (MGAB), as incorporated in the Caradja collection. The BMNH specimens were examined and illustrated by Clarke (1965). The type specimens of Oridryas kept in MGAB have never been studied since the original descriptions.
Use of [18F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose Positron Emission Tomographic Imaging in the National Lung Screening Trial

Background Positron emission tomography (PET) is a diagnostic tool for lung cancer evaluation. No studies have ascertained practice patterns and determined the appropriateness of PET imaging in a large group of US patients with screen-detected lung nodules. Methods We analyzed participants in the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) with positive screening test results and identified individuals with a PET scan performed prior to lung cancer diagnosis (diagnostic PET). Appropriate scan was defined as one performed in a patient with a nodule ≥ 0.8 cm. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with diagnostic PET scan use and appropriateness of PET scan use. Results Diagnostic PET imaging was performed in 1,556 of 14,195 patients (11%) with positive screen results; 331 of these (21%) were inappropriate. PET scan use by endemic fungal disease area was comparable although patients from the Northeast/Southeast were twice as likely as the West to have a diagnostic PET. Trial arm, older age, sex, nodule size ≥ 0.8 cm, upper lobe location, and spiculated margin were variables positively associated with use. Trial arm, older age, and spiculated margin were positively associated with appropriate use. Only 561 diagnostic PETs (36%) were recommended by a radiologist and 284 PETs performed for nodules Conclusions PET imaging was differentially used in the NLST and inappropriately used in many cases against radiologist recommendations. These data suggest PET imaging may be overused in the lung cancer screening population and may contribute to excess health-care costs.
Should Antiplatelet Therapy Be Stopped Preoperatively in a Patient with Coronary Artery Stents

A 55-year-old man with hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease (CAD) with 2 drug-eluting stents (DES) placed 3 months ago has been maintained on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and clopidogrel. He is now scheduled for a colectomy for newly diagnosed colon cancer.
Truncation-free stochastic variational inference for Bayesian nonparametric models

We present a truncation-free stochastic variational inference algorithm for Bayesian nonparametric models. While traditional variational inference algorithms require truncations for the model or the variational distribution, our method adapts model complexity on the fly. We studied our method with Dirichlet process mixture models and hierarchical Dirichlet process topic models on two large data sets. Our method performs better than previous stochastic variational inference algorithms.
60-P: PERSISTENT POST-TRANSPLANT DSA IDENTIFIES IMMUNOLOGICALLY HIGH RISK RECIPIENTS

Aim HLA Ab or DSA pre/post transplantation (Tx) has been associated with poor renal graft outcomes. It is unclear which HLA sensitized patient will or will not experience rejection or graft loss. The purpose of our study was to identify recipients (recips) at greatest risk for post Tx rejection and/or graft loss. Methods We evaluated 277 renal-Tx recips that had sufficient pre/post HLA Ab data. Antibody mediated rejections (AMR) were biopsy confirmed and treated with Thymoglobin, Pheresis and Rituxin while cellular rejections were treated with steroids. All donor-recips were ABO compatible and transplanted following a negative donor-specific FCXM using historical and pre-Tx recip sera. Recips were risk-ranked according to whether they had or did not have HLA and/or DSA post-Tx. A subgroup of patients with persistent HLA or DSA Ab (presenting at least two or more times) was identified. HLA Ab and/or DSA were identified using SAB (One Lambda, Inc.) and a Luminex based solid phase assay platform. Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) of 1,000 was considered positive. Results Of 277 renal Tx recips, 92 presented with no HLA or DSA post-Tx while 185 recips had positive Ab post-Tx. Of the 185 recips with Ab post-Tx, 31% (58/185) presented with DSA. The frequency of AMR for no Ab vs positive Ab post-Tx was significantly different 8% (7/92) vs 21% (39/185), p Conclusions These data suggest that not all post-Tx Abs that are DSA positive result in AMR or graft loss. Recips with persistent DSA appear to be at a higher immunological risk for AMR and/or graft loss.
Implementing prescription drug monitoring and other clinical decision support for opioid risk mitigation in a military health care setting: a qualitative feasibility study.

Objective Chronic noncancer pain is a highly prevalent condition among service members returning from deployment overseas. The US Army has a higher rate of opioid misuse than the civilian population. Although most states and many health care systems have implemented prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) or other clinician decision support (CDS) to aid providers in delivering guideline-recommended opioid therapy, similar tools are lacking in military health settings. Materials and methods We conducted a pre-implementation feasibility and needs assessment guided by the Promoting Action Research in Health Services framework. Twenty-six semistructured interviews were conducted with providers from a large military health system (MHS) to assess baseline knowledge and practices in opioid risk mitigation and providers' preferences and needs for a military-based PDMP or other CDS. Results Military health care providers reported complex decision-making around opioid prescribing and monitoring, varied knowledge and use of existing clinical informatics, and concerns about the feasibility of implementing a military-based PDMP in their context. However, providers indicated a need for training and CDS to support opioid risk mitigation for their patients. Discussion This article describes providers' knowledge and behaviors around opioid risk mitigation in the MHS, and views on the potential usefulness of a military-based PDMP or other CDS. This pre-implementation study provides a model for using qualitative methods to assess feasibility and inform planning and development of CDS in complex health care settings. Conclusion Military providers were skeptical regarding the feasibility of MHS-based PDMP implementation, but provided important recommendations for CDS to support safe and appropriate opioid prescribing in military health care.
117 The generalizability of reformulated emotional security theory among vulnerable families with young children

This study examines the generalizability of Reformulated Emotional Security Theory (EST-R) among a large and diverse sample of low-income, unmarried parents with young children (n=5,100). Path analysis indicated that child emotional insecurity mediated the relation between destructive conflict (i.e., moderate negative conflict between parents) and child behaviour problems, and mediated the relation between intimate partner violence (IPV; i.e., severe negative conflict between parents) and child behaviour problems. Although destructive conflict and IPV shared this mechanism, destructive conflict had a direct effect on child behaviour problems, whereas IPV did not. Child emotional insecurity did not mediate the link between constructive conflict and behaviour problems. These results indicate that the EST-R is generalizable to vulnerable families with young children. Furthermore, results suggest that destructive conflict and IPV have unique effects on child emotional insecurity and behaviour problems.
T cells are necessary for resolution of inflammation-induced depression-like behavior

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders worldwide. Accumulating evidence indicates a role of the innate immune system in the onset of depression. However, how T cells contribute to depression is unknown. Recently, we showed that T cells are required for resolution of neuropathic pain. Here, we hypothesized that T cells are also required for resolution of inflammation-induced depression. We compared the duration of depression-like behavior of C57Bl/6 WT and T cell deficient (Rag1-/- and Rag2-/-) mice in response to lipopolysaccharide or complete Freund’s adjuvant. Depression-like behavior was measured as increased immobility time in the forced swim test. In both models, the onset of depression was similar between WT and T cell deficient mice, but depression was drastically prolonged in T cell deficient mice. This was associated with a prolonged upregulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (Ido1) in the brain. Reconstitution of Rag-KO mice with T cells normalized duration of depression-like behavior and expression of brain Ido1. T cells migrated to the meninges during the resolution. The expression of Ido1 inducing cytokines such as IFNg, TNF and IL1b was T cell independent. In contrast, T cells were required for induction of IL-10 in the brain. Inhibition of brain IL-10-signaling prolonged depression-like behavior. However, the T cells were not the source of IL-10. In conclusion, T cells prevent chronicity of depression via an IL-10-dependent pathway.