cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The most luminous far-infrared extragalactic sources

Extremely luminous far-infrared sources are difficult to explain as active sites of star formation, because their ratios of optical-to-infrared luminosities are extremely low. It is shown that brief intervals during which interacting galaxies collide can account for extremely high (more than 10 to the 11th) solar luminosities. The small fraction of the population that exhibits extreme luminosity also roughly equals the fraction of spiral galaxies expected to be observed undergoing collisions at any given time. A number of potential tests that would distinguish the model from others is proposed.
Enhancing microprocessor immunity to power supply noise with clock/data compensation

This paper demonstrates an alternative to the conventional wisdom that microprocessors require a flat impedance spectrum across a broad range of frequencies in order to deliver maximum operating frequency. Delivering this impedance requires large amounts of on-die capacitance. We show that proper co-design of the clock and power distribution networks can relax this requirement, saving the area and leakage power needed for on-die decoupling. Measurements made on a 130 nm processor demonstrate the approach.
Model-based cardiovascular parameter estimation in the intensive care unit

In this paper, we present a simulation study that aims at estimating parameters of a hemodynamic model using observable data typically available in an intensive care unit (ICU). Tracking model parameters in time reveals disease progression, and hence can be very useful for patient monitoring purposes. However, the observable data is generally not rich enough to allow for reliable estimation of all parameters of the underlying model. This leads to an 'ill-conditioned' estimation problem. To overcome this ill-conditioning, we employ subset selection to identify the 'well-conditioned' parameters that can be estimated robustly. We attempt to estimate only these parameters while the rest are fixed at prior values. Our results indicate that focusing on the reduced-order estimation problem improves the reliability of the estimates by more than 50%; the scheme is capable of recovering the underlying well-conditioned parameters with reasonable accuracy in both steady-state and transient conditions
Reembodying Qualitative Inquiry

Although there are four large categories of research data, qualitative researchers have tended to emphasize interview data. Naive views of the interview, disembodied views of participant observation, and a virtual neglect of the material world have led to qualitative work that is not as full-bodied as it should be. Survey and qualitative researchers often share the realist's assumption that interview responses index some external reality of facts and feelings, respectively. The Western cultural tendency to separate body from mind, and to elevate the mental over the corporeal, has trivialized the extent to which the body is the obvious point of departure for any process of knowing, especially participant observation. This cultural tendency, as well as a weakness for mistaking words for things and for viewing material objects as neutral and mute, contribute to the neglect of the material world.
Square spiral microstrip antennas for wireless applications

The characteristics of wide bandwidth and simplicity of construction make square spiral microstrip antennas attractive for today's wireless applications. An overview of a method of moments analysis for such antennas is covered, and data obtained from a FORTRAN program implemented on a standard 486 personal computer is presented for a multifunction 900 MHz to 2.1 GHz test case.
Downstream Effects on Orbiter Leeside Flow Separation for Hypersonic Flows

†Discrepancies between experiment and computation for shuttle leeside flow separation, which came to light in the Columbia accident investigation, are resolved. Tests were run in the Langley Research Center 20-Inch Hypersonic CF 4 Tunnel with a baseline orbiter model and two extended trailing edge models. The extended trailing edges altered the wing leeside separation lines, moving the lines toward the fuselage, proving that wing trailing edge modeling does affect the orbiter leeside flow. Computations were then made with a wake grid. These calculations more closely matched baseline experiments. Thus, the present findings demonstrate that it is imperative to include the wake flow domain in CFD calculations in order to accurately predict leeside flow separation for hypersonic vehicles at high angles of attack.
Young Children Learning Spanish Make Rapid Use of Grammatical Gender in Spoken Word Recognition

All nouns in Spanish have grammatical gender, with obligatory gender marking on preceding articles (e.g., la and el, the feminine and masculine forms of “the,” respectively). Adult native speakers of languages with grammatical gender exploit this cue in on-line sentence interpretation. In a study investigating the early development of this ability, Spanish-learning children (34–42 months) were tested in an eye-tracking procedure. Presented with pairs of pictures with names of either the same grammatical gender (la pelota, “ball [feminine]”; la galleta, “cookie [feminine]”) or different grammatical gender (la pelota; el zapato, “shoe [masculine]”), they heard sentences referring to one picture (Encuentra la pelota, “Find the ball”). The children were faster to orient to the referent on different-gender trials, when the article was potentially informative, than on same-gender trials, when it was not, and this ability was correlated with productive measures of lexical and grammatical competence. Spanish-lear...
Results of Superior Vena Cava Reconstruction With Externally Stented-Polytetrafluoroethylene Vascular Prostheses

Background Resection and reconstruction of the superior vena cava (SVC) is occasionally required in the surgical treatment of intrathoracic neoplasms or symptomatic occlusion secondary to benign causes. We reviewed our institutional experience with SVC reconstruction using externally stented-polytetrafluoroethylene vascular prostheses. Methods From 1991 to 2009, medical records of 38 patients who underwent SVC resection and reconstruction with externally stented-polytetrafluoroethylene vascular prostheses were reviewed. Indications for surgery were malignancy in 34 (89%) patients (germ cell, 13; thymoma, 10; lung cancer, 9; sarcoma, 2) and benign symptomatic occlusion in 4 (11%) patients. Results Eighteen patients (47%) underwent right innominate vein to SVC interposition graft reconstruction, which became the favored approach during the study interval when resection of the innominate confluence was necessary. Eight patients (21%) had left innominate vein to SVC interposition grafts, earlier in the series or when the right innominate vein was unavailable. Nine patients (24%) received graft interposition of the proximal to distal SVC. The remaining 3 patients had a Y reconstruction. There were 2 perioperative mortalities. Follow-up averaged 15 months (range, 1 to 113 months), including 11 (29%) patients who died of disease. All patients demonstrated minimal to no brachiocephalic swelling at last follow-up. Twenty (53%) patients underwent imaging after an average of 24 months (range, 1 to 113 months) with only two grafts demonstrating complete occlusion. Conclusions Although several SVC reconstructive techniques have been described, externally stented-polytetrafluoroethylene vascular prostheses are readily available for off-the-shelf use. In our experience, patency rates are high, and patients who do demonstrate graft thrombosis have minimal to no symptoms.
Striate cortex and visual acuity functions in the cat.

Using a two-choice visual discrimination paradigm, thresholds for size (gratings), parallelness (parallel vs. non-parallel lines), contour alignment (vernier offset), and angularity (polygon figures) were behaviorally determined in cats before and after ablations of portions of the geniculo-cortical system. Animals with a total loss of cortical area 17, and with a loss, in some cases, of up to 90% of area 18 (with and without infringement into area 19), showed about a 30% reduction in grating acuity, a three-fold increase in parallelness and angularity thresholds, and a total loss of contour alignment ability. Control animals with ablations sparing area 17 showed no significant threshold changes. All animals were able to learn classic form discriminations postoperatively, but those with area 17-18 lesions at a somewhat slower than normal rate. Control procedures indicated that all tested discrimination capabilities did not depend on luminance differences between targets, local flux cues within the targets, or on the animals' use of residual portions of area 17 representing the peripheral visual field. Since the cat has multiple thalamo-cortical visual pathways, the results of the present study are consistent with the hypothesis that pathways parallel to the geniculo-striate system are capable of processing spatial information of considerable detail. The results also suggest, however, that the geniculo-striate system is uniquely necessary for the processing of the finest attributes of spatial contours.
Hormonal regulation of the gene for the type C ecotropic retrovirus receptor in rat liver cells.

The infectibility of the regenerating rat liver by ecotropic retroviruses was studied relative to the expression of the gene coding for the ecotropic retrovirus receptor (Ecor) that functions as a cationic amino acid transporter. It is known that the gene for the receptor is expressed in primary hepatocytes and hepatoma cells but is absent in adult liver cells. Isolation of a 2.85-kb cDNA for the rat Ecor suggested that the rat viral receptor is 97% homologous to the mouse viral receptor and that it contains the envelope-binding domain that determines the host range of ecotropic murine retroviruses. This explains the efficient infection of rat cells by ecotropic retroviruses. Since cell division is required for liver cells to be infected, we determined the susceptibility of the regenerating rat liver to infection at different time points after partial hepatectomy (0 to 24 h) in relation to the presence of receptor mRNA. Infection of the liver occurred only when the liver was exposed to virus 4 h after partial hepatectomy. This time course of infection paralleled expression of the gene for the Ecor, which was rapidly induced between 2 and 6 h during liver regeneration. However, expression of the dormant receptor gene in quiescent liver cells can be induced by insulin, dexamethasone, and arginine, indicating that cell division is not required for expression of the receptor gene in liver cells. A diet high in carbohydrate (low in protein) significantly increased the concentration of receptor mRNA in liver cells, indicating that hormones play a role in the regulation of expression of this gene in vivo. We conclude that the gene for the viral receptor is expressed in the regenerating and quiescent liver when the urea cycle enzymes are down regulated. The infection of the regenerating rat liver by ecotropic retroviruses at the time point of expression of the receptor gene supports the requirement of expression of this transporter for infection. Images
Processing and Stereophonic Presentation of Physiological Signals

Since the inception of electroencephalography (EEG), several devices have been built that make brain waves audible; they are known as electroencephalophones (EEP). None has so far taken advantage of the human binaural hearing capability. The system described here presents an effective stereophonic display of four channels of EEG, each from one quadrant of the skull. The signals from the two front quadrants are represented by a single tone whose pitch varies about a center frequency of 1250 Hz and which appears to move laterally in auditory space. The signals from the two occipital quadrants are similarly represented about center frequency of 700 Hz, so that they are readily distinguished from frontal activity. All channels are played through a single pair of headphones. The left headphone represents the combined activity of the two left-hand quadrants; the right headphone, of the two right-hand quadrants. The scheme may be used to supplement conventional graphic EEG records; under special conditions (e. g., routine monitoring, sleep research, training,) it may replace them altogether. Moreover, it may be adapted to vector electrocardiography (EKG) and even to the presentation of signals other than physiological, for instance in seismography.
“Tomorrow Will Not be Like Today”: Literacy and Identity in a World of Multiliteracies

The speed with which the technologies of literacy are changing is dazzling and unsettling. Almost every year, it seems a new way of combining words, images, and video emerges and becomes a phenomenon among students. Meanwhile, teachers are left wondering how to respond to these new ways of writing and reading and the identities that students create through them. How should we teach in an age of electronic and global multiliteracies? What concepts and approaches can we identify that will be central to our teaching and important for our students no matter what the future brings?
Consensus treatment of medication overuse headache in Latin America and Europe

Medication overuse headache (MOH) is preventable and treatable. However, MOH is a major contributor to headache-related disability, affecting up to 70% of patients in headache specialty practices (1). The man- agement of MOH is complicated as patients often have difficulty stopping the overused medication and relapse rates following successful detoxification are high, con- sistent with the concept of MOH as a bio-behavioral disorder, with a shared neurobiology to addiction (2). Analgesics appear to carry varying risks for MOH among susceptible patients, with the strongest associ- ations reported for opioid- and butalbital-containing analgesics (3,4). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) carry the lowest risk, and may even be protective in the development of chronic daily head- days 1-7)), allowance for symptomatic treatment using a different medication than that previously overused (starting on day 8), and regular clinic follow-up over a 6-month period. The majority of patients were treated as outpatients (77.7%), but three centers used inpatient detoxification. For these three centers, the patients' dis- tance from the hospital and personal preferences were used to determine inpatient versus outpatient treat- ment. The subjects were mostly female, and afflicted with migraine, although 39 subjects (10.3%) had pure tension-type headache. Subjects were excluded if they had previously failed a prior detoxification protocol, were overusing 'pure' opioids, benzodiazepines or bar- biturates, were currently treated with a preventative medication, and if they had significant psychiatric comorbidity. During the 6-month observation period, a larger proportion of subjects undergoing outpatient detoxification dropped out of the study (33.9%) com- pared with those undergoing inpatient detoxification (12.5%). Based on an intention-to-treat analysis, nearly two-thirds of patients were no longer overusing medications at the end of the study protocol and nearly half had reverted to an episodic headache pattern. Further, less than 10% relapsed during months 2 through 6 (i.e. stopped overusing during month 1, but then restarted overusing between months 2 and 6). Among patients who completed the detoxification treatment, inpatient and outpatient treatment strategies had similar efficacy. The most important conclusion from this study is that MOH is a treatable condition across international borders and healthcare settings, with most patients benefiting from a combination of advice, detoxification,
Lattice and Schottky contributions to the morphology of lanthanide heat capacities

As many of you will already know, my research interests have largely centered on the utilization of heat-capacity measurements-with adjuvant quantities from other sources when needed or when feasible-in the solution of scientific problems of many sorts. Often this interest was triggered by some fascinating transition or other, but whatever the scientific motivation we have almost invariably used that interest to provide chemical-thermodynamic values for use in science and technology. For these reasons and despite the fact that measurements were often tedious, at times frustratingly laden with hysteresis, and quite painsthking, the adventure is becoming more exciting in that we have computerized the measurements enabling us to do a great many more determinations, with even higher accuracy and precision, and at the same time to undertake investigations on a broader scale than when all of the work was done around the clock by a pair of scientists. These investigations led us into hydrogen bonding, actinides and reactor safety, lanthanides, transition-element pnictides and chalcogenides, plastically-crystalline molecular crystals, X-X molecular complexes, intermetallic compounds, and even a few metals. At the moment our interest is concerned with samples which come from mineralogy and petrology; their behavior is fully as complex as one might expect when dealing with magnetic. electronic, and the great variety of named transitions which one encounters in inorganic chemistry. Among the most exciting events in the determination of solid-state heat capacities is the occurrence of a “transition’‘-be it phase or otherwise. Whether one describes
Validation criteria for ocular irritation in vitro alternative tests

AbstractA few issues pertaining to the validation of in vitro alternative tests (IVATs) to the Draize eye irritation test are presented as a foundation for examining the validation process being presented by the Soap and Detergent Association.
An equivalent electric field source for wideband FDTD simulations of waveguide discontinuities

Transparent sources are often used in wideband finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations of waveguide discontinuity problems. Direct implementations of transparent sources may not correspond to the original hard source spectrum, or else require auxiliary simulation steps for correction purposes. In this letter, we propose a more direct approach to construct FDTD transparent electric field source-models for waveguides. We also provide an explanation for a "spectrum distortion" phenomenon recently reported for FDTD sources in waveguide problems . The main findings are illustrated by means of FDTD simulations of waveguides operating at Ku-band.
Brain Surface Conformal Parameterization Using Riemann Surface Structure

In medical imaging, parameterized 3-D surface models are useful for anatomical modeling and visualization, statistical comparisons of anatomy, and surface-based registration and signal processing. Here we introduce a parameterization method based on Riemann surface structure, which uses a special curvilinear net structure (conformal net) to partition the surface into a set of patches that can each be conformally mapped to a parallelogram. The resulting surface subdivision and the parameterizations of the components are intrinsic and stable (their solutions tend to be smooth functions and the boundary conditions of the Dirichlet problem can be enforced). Conformal parameterization also helps transform partial differential equations (PDEs) that may be defined on 3-D brain surface manifolds to modified PDEs on a two-dimensional parameter domain. Since the Jacobian matrix of a conformal parameterization is diagonal, the modified PDE on the parameter domain is readily solved. To illustrate our techniques, we computed parameterizations for several types of anatomical surfaces in 3-D magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampi, and lateral ventricles. For surfaces that are topologically homeomorphic to each other and have similar geometrical structures, we show that the parameterization results are consistent and the subdivided surfaces can be matched to each other. Finally, we present an automatic sulcal landmark location algorithm by solving PDEs on cortical surfaces. The landmark detection results are used as constraints for building conformal maps between surfaces that also match explicitly defined landmarks.
Conscious and Unconscious Memory Systems

The idea that memory is not a single mental faculty has a long and interesting history but became a topic of experimental and biologic inquiry only in the mid-20th century. It is now clear that there are different kinds of memory, which are supported by different brain systems. One major distinction can be drawn between working memory and long-term memory. Long-term memory can be separated into declarative (explicit) memory and a collection of nondeclarative (implicit) forms of memory that include habits, skills, priming, and simple forms of conditioning. These memory systems depend variously on the hippocampus and related structures in the parahippocampal gyrus, as well as on the amygdala, the striatum, cerebellum, and the neocortex. This work recounts the discovery of declarative and nondeclarative memory and then describes the nature of declarative memory, working memory, nondeclarative memory, and the relationship between memory systems.
Host-to-Host Congestion Control for TCP

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) carries most Internet traffic, so performance of the Internet depends to a great extent on how well TCP works. Performance characteristics of a particular version of TCP are defined by the congestion control algorithm it employs. This paper presents a survey of various congestion control proposals that preserve the original host-to-host idea of TCP-namely, that neither sender nor receiver relies on any explicit notification from the network. The proposed solutions focus on a variety of problems, starting with the basic problem of eliminating the phenomenon of congestion collapse, and also include the problems of effectively using the available network resources in different types of environments (wired, wireless, high-speed, long-delay, etc.). In a shared, highly distributed, and heterogeneous environment such as the Internet, effective network use depends not only on how well a single TCP-based application can utilize the network capacity, but also on how well it cooperates with other applications transmitting data through the same network. Our survey shows that over the last 20 years many host-to-host techniques have been developed that address several problems with different levels of reliability and precision. There have been enhancements allowing senders to detect fast packet losses and route changes. Other techniques have the ability to estimate the loss rate, the bottleneck buffer size, and level of congestion. The survey describes each congestion control alternative, its strengths and its weaknesses. Additionally, techniques that are in common use or available for testing are described.
Regulation of Glycogen Synthase by Glucose, Glucosamine, and Glutamine:Fructose-6-Phosphate Amidotransferase

The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway has been hypothesized to mediate some of the regulatory as well as the deleterious effects of glucose. We have stably overexpressed the cDNA for human glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA), the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, in rat-1 fibroblasts. Two cell lines expressing the human RNA were selected by Northern analysis, and they exhibited 51-95% increases in GFA activity. Insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase (GS) activity and net glycogen synthesis were assayed, and GFA cells revealed decreased insulin sensitivity for both GS and net glycogen synthesis. The ED50 for insulin stimulation of GS was 2.45 ± 0.4 nmol/l insulin in controls and 5.29 ± 1.01 nmol/l in GFA cells ( P 50 was 3.43 ± 0.88 nmol/l in controls and 5.54 ± 0.98 nmol/l in GFA cells ( P P 50 values for glucose were 1.72 ± 0.08 mmol/1 in GFA cells and 5.60 ± 2.05 mmol/l in control cells (P ? 0.05). Glucosamine mimicked the effects of glucose but at a much higher potency with an ED50 of 0.667 ± 0.15 mmol/1 in control cells cultured in low glucose. The changes in activity seen with glucose are not due to the osmotic effects of glucose or the carryover of intracellular effector molecules into the in vitro GS assay. In sum, the stable overexpression of the cDNA for human GFA leads to decreased insulin sensitivity of GS and glycogen synthesis and is accompanied by an increased sensitivity to inhibition of GS by high glucose. We conclude that glucose regulates glycogen synthesis through the metabolism of glucose to hexosamines.
Sustainable heritage tourism marketing and Canada's Rideau Canal world heritage site

If properly conceived, sustainable marketing should be one of the many tools used to balance preservation and tourism priorities at heritage sites. The problem, however, is that limited guidance is available to assist in the development of a sustainable marketing plan. This paper tests a proposed sustainable heritage tourism marketing model using a World Heritage Site case study – the Rideau Canal in Ottawa, Canada. A lacuna between the model's components and the marketing activities at the Rideau Canal is observed. In combination with other mixed results found in the literature, it confirms that the fundamental challenge is short-termism while sustainable marketing requires long-term investments. This study offers a framework and rational for sustainable heritage tourism marketing at the Rideau Canal and other heritage sites around the world. Given that “sustainable marketing” is a relatively new concept, this study offers an important contribution to the marketing literature.
Expression of nm23/Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase-A Protein in Endometrial Carcinoma

A metastatic tumor suppressor role for the nm23 gene product in breast carcinoma has been proposed. The biologic significance of nm23/NDP kinase-A (NDPK-A) expression in endometrial carcinoma remains undetermined. We sought to (1) characterize the pattern and intensity of nm23 protein expression in endometrial carcinoma and (2) assess the relationship between intensity/pattern of nm23 protein immunostaining and treatment response assessed by progression-free survival and survival to death. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections from 234 patients with endometrial cancer were immunostained with a mouse monoclonal IgG to nm23/NDPK-A protein. In most specimens of endometrial carcinoma (67.5%), nm23 expression was strongly upregulated. No association was found between either intensity (0 vs 1, 2, 3) or pattern (nuclear membrane vs cytoplasmic) of immunostaining and FIGO stage, ploidy status, histologic subtype, myometrial invasion, progression-free survival, or survival to death. Absence of nm23 staining (0 vs 1, 2, 3) was significantly associated with lower tumor grades (P = 0.02). For stage I patients, moderate to strong nm23 immunostaining intensity (2, 3) was associated with a trend toward diminished progression-free survival (P = 0.08). Our data imply a heterogeneity of nm23 protein expression and possible distinct biologic roles for nm23 in endometrial compared with breast or ovarian carcinoma.
Remembering 40 Years, Plus or Minus

In July 1967, I went to work at Wesley Medical Center in Wichita, Kansas, with 2 tasks. One was to transform the existing Residency in General Practice into a new Willard Report-style Residency in Family Practice. The other was to organize a group of medical staff physicians to provide round-the-
Conserved domains of glycosyltransferases

Glycosyltransferases catalyze the synthesis of glycoconjugates by transferring a properly activated sugar residue to an appropriate acceptor molecule or aglycone for chain initiation and elongation. The acceptor can be a lipid, a protein, a heterocyclic compound, or another carbohydrate residue. A catalytic reaction is believed to involve the recognition of both the donor and acceptor by suitable domains, as well as the catalytic site of the enzyme. To elucidate the structural requirements for substrate recognition and catalytic reactions of glycosyltransferases, we have searched the databases for homologous sequences, identified conserved amino acid residues, and proposed potential domain motifs for these enzymes. Depending on the configuration of the anomeric functional group of the glycosyl donor molecule and of the resulting glycoconjugate, all known glycosyltransferases can be divided into two major types: retaining glycosyltransferases, which transfer sugar residue with the retention of anomeric configuration, and inverting glycosyltransferases, which transfer sugar residue with the inversion of anomeric configuration. One conserved domain of the inverting glycosyltransferases identified in the database is responsible for the recognition of a pyrimidine nucleotide, which is either the UDP or the TDP portion of a donor sugar-nucleotide molecule. This domain is termed "Nucleotide Recognition Domain 1 beta," or NRD1 beta, since the type of nucleotide is the only common structure among the sugar donors and acceptors. NRD1 beta is present in 140 glycosyltransferases. The central portion of the NRD1 beta domain is very similar to the domain that is present in one family of retaining glycosyltransferases. This family is termed NRD1 alpha to designate the similarity and stereochemistry of sugar transfer, and it consists of 77 glycosyltransferases identified thus far. In the central portion there is a homologous region for these two families and this region probably has a catalytic function. A third conserved domain is found exclusively in membrane-bound glycosyltransferases and is termed NRD2; this domain is present in 98 glycosyltransferases. All three identified NRDs are present in archaebacterial, eubacterial, viral, and eukaryotic glycosyltransferases. The present article presents the alignment of conserved NRD domains and also presents a brief overview of the analyzed glycosyltransferases which comprise about 65% of all known sugar-nucleotide dependent (Leloir-type) and putative glycosyltransferases in different databases. A potential mechanism for the catalytic reaction is also proposed. This proposed mechanism should facilitate the design of experiments to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of glycosylation reactions. Amino acid sequence information within the conserved domain may be utilized to design degenerate primers for identifying DNA encoding new glycosyltransferases.
Plumatella mukaii, a new phylactolaemate bryozoan from Asia and South America

A new freshwater bryozoan species, Plumatella mukaii, is recognized from eastern Asia and western South America. Colonies and statoblasts both bear a resemblance to P. emarginata, and have often been confused with that species, especially in Japanese studies. Floatoblasts and sessoblasts are enclosed within a tough, wrinkled, membrane which resists removal by mechanical means. Floatoblasts are generally smaller than those of P. emarginata, but display unusually high variability in their overall dimensions. The species has been reported from both lentic and lotic habitats. In Asia, the range includes Japan, Korea, China, India and Indonesia. It has most recently also been found at several sites in Chile. The recognition of P. mukaii narrows the previously reported range of P. emarginata and invites a re-inspection of that species worldwide.
Multiband internal antenna for mobile phones

A new internal antenna for multiband cellphones comprises a U-shaped elongated flat conductor featuring a closed meandered slot, a ground and a feed leg. A benchmark on a Motorola T192 handset is conducted to illustrate the operation of this structure - called a folded inverted conformal antenna showing significantly more radiating bandwidth than a conventional dual-band PIFA.
Value of Incorporating Satellite-Derived Land Cover Data in MM5/PLACE for Simulating Surface Temperatures

Abstract The Parameterization for Land–Atmosphere–Cloud Exchange (PLACE) module is used within the Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) to determine the importance of individual land surface parameters in simulating surface temperatures. Sensitivity tests indicate that soil moisture and the coverage and thickness of green vegetation [as manifested by the values of fractional green vegetation coverage (fVEG) and leaf area index (LAI)] have a large effect on the magnitudes of surface sensible heat fluxes. The combined influence of LAI and fVEG is larger than the influence of soil moisture on the partitioning of the surface energy budget. Values for fVEG, albedo, and LAI, derived from 1-km-resolution Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data, are inserted into PLACE, and changes in model-simulated 1.5-m air temperatures in Oklahoma during July of 1997 are documented. Use of the land cover data provides a clear improvement in afterno...
Application of the Newton–Krylov Method to Geophysical Flows

Abstract An implicit nonlinear algorithm, the Newton–Krylov method, for the efficient and accurate simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations, is presented. This method is a combination of a nonlinear outer Newton-based iteration and a linear inner conjugate residual (Krylov) iteration but does not require the explicit formation of the Jacobian matrix. This is referred to here as Jacobian-free Newton–Krylov (JFNK). The mechanics of the method are quite simple and the method has been previously used to solve a variety of complex coupled nonlinear equations. Like most Krylov-based schemes, the key to the efficiency of the method is preconditioning. Details concerning how preconditioning is implemented into this algorithm will be illustrated in a simple one-dimensional shallow-water framework. Another important aspect of this work is examining the accuracy and efficiency of the Newton–Krylov method against an explicit method of averaging (MOA) approach. This will aid in the determination of regimes for which ...
Gang Organization, Offending, and Victimization: A Cross-National Analysis

Gang organization is the degree to which a group effectively and efficiently coordinates and carries out activities. Organization contains various dimensions, one of which is structural. Less is known about how features of gang organizational structure influence the criminogenic behavior of gang members. This study adds to the literature by analyzing the effect of gang organizational structure on patterns of gang member delinquency and victimization. Using three unique sources of data—Arizona Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM), Trinidad and Tobago Youth Study (TTYS), and Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT)—the above questions are addressed in a cross-national context. While gang organization was associated with increased levels of delinquency and victimization, the findings were mixed across the research contexts. This chapter concludes by discussing the implications of these findings and provides suggestions for future research.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Supersonic Round Jets: Effects of Reynolds and Mach Numbers

Large-eddy simulations of supersonic turbulent jets are performed for Reynolds numbers of Re < 10,000 for the purpose of understanding the effects of Reynolds numbers and the Mach number M. The subgrid terms in large-eddy simulations are modeled using a combination of the dynamic Smagorinsky (“General Circulation Experiments with the Primitive Equations. Part I, Basic Experiments,” Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 54, No. 1, 1963, pp. 99–164) and Yoshizawa (“Statistical Theory for Compressible Turbulent Shear Flows, with the Application to Subgrid Modelling,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 54, No. 1, 1986, pp. 2152–2164) models. Simulations are performed for supersonic jets having Reynolds numbers of 1500, 3700, and 7900, and Mach numbers of 1.4 and 2.1. Two of the simulations are validated with experimental data. The Reynolds number value is observed to play a role in the transition to turbulence but, once transition is achieved, it has a subdued effect above a threshold value; that is, as seen experimentally for supersonic flows, a similarity is found here. This similarity occurs for Reynolds number values that are relatively small compared to those typical of the fully turbulent regime. The turbulent structures in the transition region are more coherent, and the potential core is longer when the Mach number is larger, which leads to a slower downstream velocity decay. The root-mean-square velocities are biased in the axial direction, as expected. In the fully turbulent regions, the computed Reynolds stress is higher for a larger-Mach-number jet. Peak pressure fluctuations occur at about half a jet diameter, radially away from the centerline of the jet, and this location is independent of both the Reynolds number and Mach number values. The pressure–velocity correlations and the turbulent kinetic energy profiles are investigated along the centerline and radial directions, and it is found that the peak turbulent kinetic energy occurs at the same location as the maximum pressure fluctuations.
Producer–decomposer co-dependency influences biodiversity effects

Producers, such as plants and algae, acquire nutrients from inorganic sources that are supplied primarily by decomposers whereas decomposers, mostly fungi and bacteria, acquire carbon from organic sources that are supplied primarily by producers. This producer-decomposer co-dependency is important in governing ecosystem processes, which implies that the impacts of declining biodiversity on ecosystem functioning should be strongly influenced by this process. Here we show, by simultaneously manipulating producer (green algal) and decomposer (heterotrophic bacterial) diversity in freshwater microcosms, that algal biomass production varies considerably among microcosms (0.0-0.67 mg ml(-1)), but that neither algal nor bacterial diversity by itself can explain this variation. Instead, production is a joint function of both algal and bacterial diversity. Furthermore, the range in algal production in microscosms in which bacterial diversity was manipulated was nearly double (1.82 times) that of microcosms in which bacterial diversity was not manipulated. Measures of organic carbon use by bacteria in these microcosms indicate that carbon usage is the mechanism responsible for these results. Because both producer and microbial diversity respond to disturbance and habitat modification, the main causes of biodiversity loss, these results suggest that ecosystem response to changing biodiversity is likely to be more complex than other studies have shown.
Olfactory aposematism : Association of food toxicity with naturally occurring odor.

Visual and acoustic cues may serve as aposematic signals that warn predators of poisonous foods. Olfactory aposematism, the use of innocuous odors as warning signals for toxic foods, is another possible means of alerting an animal that a potential food item is unpalatable. Although it has been suggested that olfactory aposematism might be the principle mode of warning utilized by plants in their defense against herbivores, experimental evidence is lacking. This study demonstrates that the opossum,Didelphis virginiana, can utilize an innocuous volatile compound found naturally in a mushroom as a warning signal for a delayed illness caused by mushroom toxin. This supports the contention that characteristic odors of toxic plants may serve a warning function, protecting herbivores from being poisoned and plants from being consumed.
Why Do We Need to Conserve What We Have? A Post-Genome Sequencing Perspective on Existing Chicken Strains

The recent publication of the chicken genome sequence along with the extensive single nucleotide polymorphism and physical map open exciting avenues for defining gene function and for understanding the genotypic basis of phenotypic variation in the chicken. The number of genes identified on the sequence map is growing rapidly. Genetically uniform lines and crosses derived from them will allow identification of gene function and gene interactions that contribute to traits such as immunity, disease resistance, growth, production, and behavior. Selected, inbred, and congenic lines will continue to be essential in defining the genetics of many traits. Although dwindling under budgetary pressures, a number of well characterized lines and genetic strains remain. If preserved, these can be used to address questions regarding newly mapped candidate genes defining their importance in a variety of problems in basic, biomedical, and applied avian biology. If lost, years of breeding and selection will be required to replace them.
Rates and mechanism of Y, REE, and Cr diffusion in garnet

Numerical simulation of the evolution of stranded diffusion profiles in partially resorbed garnet crystals from the aureole of the Makhavinekh Lake Pluton, Labrador, yields quantitative determinations of rates of diffusion of Y, rare earth elements (REEs), and Cr at ~700–900 °C, 0.53 GPa. Diffusion coefficients for these trivalent cations are 0.5–1.5 log 10 units smaller than those for major divalent cations measured in the same crystals, but diffusivities for trivalent cations are all equal to one another to within ±0.25 log 10 unit. Integration of these new data with previously published results resolves some prior inconsistencies, and defines the dependence of diffusivities for Y, the REEs, and Cr on temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity, while accounting for minor effects of ionic radius and host-crystal composition. Nd, Sm, and Eu—elements that are strongly depleted in rims of relict garnet crystals due to preferential partitioning out of garnet during resorption—evolve small but distinct maxima from initially nearly flat profiles; this “uphill diffusion” results from cross-coupling with Y and the other REEs, which are strongly concentrated in relict garnet rims by resorption. The weak dependence of diffusivity on ionic radius and host-crystal composition, the near-equivalence of diffusivities of Y+REEs with that of Cr, and the strong positive cross-coupling among Y+REEs are all explained by a diffusion mechanism that links the mobility of VIII Y+REEs with that of VI Al; this is likely a consequence of the dominance of the menzerite-(Y) component as a means of incorporating Y+REEs in the garnet structure. However, the variety of possible substitution mechanisms that may enable Y+REE incorporation into garnet, and the degree to which each may be favored in different regimes of temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity, imply a potential for great complexity, as the net diffusional flux may result from the superposed effect of multiple diffusion mechanisms, each with different kinetics.
Gender, Partisanship, and Candidate-Selection Mechanisms

How candidates are selected, such as through nomination by party elites or election by primary voters, potentially influences the underrepresentation of women in political office. Partisan differences suggest that primary voters in right-leaning parties might select fewer female nominees than would their left-leaning counterparts even if both parties’ elites are equally likely to select female nominees. This hypothesis is confirmed by an analysis of lieutenant governors in the United States, a position that varies in whether candidates are appointed by party elites or elected by primary voters. In cases where lieutenant-governor candidates are appointed, Democratic and Republican gubernatorial nominees are equally likely to choose female running mates; where primary voters select the lieutenant governor, Republicans are less likely to nominate women.
Temporal dynamics of social hierarchy formation and maintenance in male mice

Dominance hierarchies emerge when individuals must compete for access to resources such as food, territory or mates. Here, using traditional and network social hierarchy analysis, we show that 10 groups of 12 male laboratory CD1 mice living in large vivaria consistently form extremely linear dominance hierarchies. Within each hierarchy we determine that every individual mouse has a unique social rank and behaves with a high degree of consistency in their agonistic behaviour towards other individuals. Using temporal pairwise comparison Glicko ratings and social network triangle transitivity measures, we demonstrate that these hierarchies emerge rapidly, and that initial aggression is not predictive of later dominance. We also show that groups vary in how unequally power is distributed over time as social networks stabilize. Our results demonstrate that an ethologically relevant housing paradigm coupled with extensive behavioural observations provides a strong framework for investigating the temporal patterning of mouse dominance hierarchies and complex social dynamics. Furthermore, the statistical methods described establish a strong basis for the study of temporal dynamics of social hierarchies across species.
Portrait of the healthy couple.

This article works from the position that our concept of mental health too often has been derived from the pathologic or dysfunctional and suggests instead that knowledge of the individual and couple should be derived from the study of healthy, optimally functioning individuals and families. The author then elaborates on the variables that make up the healthy couple in order to guide the therapist in shaping treatment goals with midrange and dysfunctional couples and families.
The red cell chromium elution rate in patients with some hematologic diseases.

In the paper entitled "The Red Cell Chromium Elution Rate in Patients with Some Hematologic Diseases," by Martin J. Cline and Nathaniel I. Berlin (January BLOOD, pp. 63-69), equation (4), page 64, was printed incorrectly. The equation should read: See PDF for Equation
Hernia repair in a horse

The repair of a large defect in the abdominal wall of an American Saddlehorse by implantation of a polypropylene monofilament mesh.
Newborn Bilirubin Screening for Biliary Atresia

In this preliminary study at four hospitals, newborn screening for biliary atresia with a two-stage measurement of serum bilirubin levels had very high sensitivity and specificity but a low positive predictive value.
Expression of retinoic acid‐metabolizing enzymes, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3, CYP26A1, CYP26B1 and CYP26C1 in canine testis during post‐natal development

Mammalian spermatogenesis involves highly regulated temporal and spatial dynamics, carefully controlled by several signalling processes. Retinoic acid (RA) signalling could have a critical role in spermatogenesis by promoting spermatogonia differentiation, adhesion of germ cells to Sertoli cells, and release of mature spermatids. An optimal testicular RA concentration is maintained by retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs), which oxidize RA precursors to produce RA, whereas the CYP26 class of enzymes catabolizes (oxidize) RA into inactive metabolites. The objective was to elucidate gene expression of these RA-metabolizing enzymes (ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3, CYP26A1, CYP26B1 and CYP26C1) and their protein presence in testes of young, peripubertal and adult dogs. Genes encoding RA-synthesizing isozymes ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3 and RA-catabolizing isomers CYP26A1, CYP26B1 and CYP26C1 were expressed in testis at varying levels during testicular development from birth to adulthood in dogs. Based on detailed analyses of mRNA expression patterns, ALDH1A2 was regarded as a primary RA-synthesizing enzyme and CYP26B1 as a critical RA-hydrolysing enzyme; presumably, these genes have vital roles in maintaining RA homeostasis, which is imperative to spermatogenesis and other testicular functions in post-natal canine testis.
Rhetoric, Climate Change, and Social Justice: An Interview with Dr. Danielle Endres

The Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis had the opportunity to interview Dr. Danielle Endres (Ph.D., University of Washington)—an Associate Professor of Communication and faculty in the Environmental Humanities Masters Program at the University of Utah. The interview discussed how rhetoric influences and shapes our societal understandings of climate change, strategies for mitigation and adaptation, and the intersections of social justice and environmental action.