cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual aggression and a violent society.

The first was [a woman], 32, waiting for a bus on San Francisco's Geary Boulevard at 7:57 one evening last week. A man stepped up to her, shot her twice fatally in the chest, and ran back to a waiting dark-colored Cadillac. Ten minutes later and eight blocks away ⋯ a retired Coast Guardsman who had turned 69 that day was struck down by three bullets in the back and belly. At 9:15, near Market Street, octogenarian ⋯ died instantly from two bullets in his back. Three miles south, at 9:50, [a woman], 45, was cut down as she stood in the doorway of a laundromat. And ten blocks away, at 10:10, [another woman], 23, the mother of a four-month-old boy, was climbing the stairs to her new house when a man walked up and said amiably, “Hi, howya doin'?” [She] turned to reply, and a bullet burrowed through her body to her spine, possibly paralyzing her for life. (“Crime: Nothing Personal,'Newsweek February 11, 1974.)
The Stark Splitting of Millimeter Wave Transitions of Water.

This paper first discusses the technique of making Stark measurements at millimeter wavelengths. The details of correcting for residual overlap between the lines, the effects of modulation, and of the field inhomogeneity are discussed. Finally the measured frequencies and the empirical Stark coefficients for one H2O, and one D2O, and five HDO lines between 85 and 250 GHz are given. The final analysis of the data to give values of the dipole moment will be given in another paper.
Conditions for Successful Field Experiences: Perceptions of Cooperating Teachers.

Abstract In this study I have profiled the background experiences, academic preparation and perceptions of a small number of cooperating teachers in a secondary Professional Development School site about their experiences in successful practice. The results indicate that cooperating teachers have a depth of understanding of their role in the process and that they undertake the responsibility with clear expectations for the experience. The data reveal four conditions, some that are commonly known and some that extend the understanding of the role of cooperating teachers in teacher preparation, that support successful practice. The organizational structures of the particular PDS lay the foundation for the creation of zones of pedagogical construction. Most significant is the distinction between the conceptions and performance of maestros and mentors that emerges through their description of their roles.
“One should follow the wind”: Individualized filial piety and support exchanges in Indian immigrant families in the United States

Abstract Within the context of social and demographic transformation, including trend toward globalization, changing patterns of longevity and immigration, this study examines the informal support exchanges between older parents and their adult children in Indian (South Asian) multi-generational families in the United States. Guided by symbolic interactionist thought and a life course perspective, this paper draws on qualitative data from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 10 older adults in Atlanta, Georgia to study their expectations of and experiences with family support and the principles of Grounded Theory Methods informed our analysis. Filial piety, known as seva in the Indian culture, was used as a framework by the participants to make sense of support exchanges and intergenerational relationships within their own families. Participants' accounts of support exchanges with their parents in India do not always match with the support exchanged with their children in the U.S. The similarities and differences participants speak of as they compare themselves to the traditional practices surrounding seva suggest “individualized” practices of intergenerational relationships/familial support and the influence of and interplay between individual, familial, and wider societal forces. Our findings have implications for policy and practice with older immigrant adults and their families, and shed light on the experiences of growing old in a foreign land.
Speech serial control in healthy speakers and speakers with hypokinetic or ataxic dysarthria: effects of sequence length and practice

The current study investigated the processes responsible for selection of sounds and syllables during production of speech sequences in 10 adults with hypokinetic dysarthria from Parkinson’s disease, 5 adults with ataxic dysarthria, and 14 healthy control speakers. Speech production data from a choice reaction time task were analyzed to evaluate the effects of sequence length and practice on speech sound sequencing. Speakers produced sequences that were between one and five syllables in length over five experimental runs of 60 trials each. In contrast to the healthy speakers, speakers with hypokinetic dysarthria demonstrated exaggerated sequence length effects for both inter-syllable intervals (ISIs) and speech error rates. Conversely, speakers with ataxic dysarthria failed to demonstrate a sequence length effect on ISIs and were also the only group that did not exhibit practice-related changes in ISIs and speech error rates over the five experimental runs. The exaggerated sequence length effects in the hypokinetic speakers with Parkinson’s disease are consistent with an impairment of action selection during speech sequence production. The absent length effects observed in the speakers with ataxic dysarthria is consistent with previous findings that indicate a limited capacity to buffer speech sequences in advance of their execution. In addition, the lack of practice effects in these speakers suggests that learning-related improvements in the production rate and accuracy of speech sequences involves processing by structures of the cerebellum. Together, the current findings inform models of serial control for speech in healthy speakers and support the notion that sequencing deficits contribute to speech symptoms in speakers with hypokinetic or ataxic dysarthria. In addition, these findings indicate that speech sequencing is differentially impaired in hypokinetic and ataxic dysarthria.
The low-chloride cough response is not inhibited by a single, high dose of aspirin

The effect of a single, high dose of aspirin has been assessed against low chloride cough challenge. The drug does not affect the cough response, suggesting that airway prostaglandin generation is not responsible for the tussive activity of low chloride solution.
Management of bleeding complications in Redo cardiac operations

Bleeding remains a complication of certain complex surgical procedures, particularly those cardiac operations associated with long bypass times and profound hypothermia. Clinical and novel experimental strategies to reduce bleeding and the need for blood and blood-product transfusions are the focus of this review. Preoperative assessment of the patient will identify drug-induced, acquired, or inherited coagulation defects that may contribute to this problem. The main attention is directed to the perioperative period, and broad areas discussed include the preoperative use of erythropoietin to increase red blood cell mass, autologous donation either preoperatively or before bypass, autotransfusion/hemofiltration, and acceptance of relative anemia both during the operation and into the postoperative period. A further, often overlooked, management strategy in treating major coagulopathies is the consideration of the cost and half-lives of the coagulation factors in individual blood components. Prevention of bleeding has become possible both by manipulation of the control of coagulation and inflammatory processes and by the introduction of pharmacologic agents such as aprotinin. Aprotinin is widely used and has proven efficacy in the management of excess bleeding. It is a serine protease inhibitor and has several possible mechanisms of action, including inhibition of the plasma enzyme systems activated by contact with the foreign surface of the bypass circuit and preservation of platelet function. Safety issues include the possibility of hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reaction on a second exposure. Concerns that aprotinin may induce a prothrombotic or coagulant state have no basis in theory or any good evidence in the current literature. A recent study specifically sought to identify the presence of disseminated microvascular platelet-fibrin thrombi present at autopsy in patients who had received aprotinin therapy. The study concluded that diffuse platelet-fibrin thrombi were not a direct complication of aprotinin therapy. Finally, modern molecular biology has led to the recent development of an inhibitor for factor IXa that competitively replaced IXa in the intrinsic complex and blocked the conversion of factor X to factor Xa. This compound is under investigation in animal studies. These have so far shown efficacy in reducing blood loss after bypass in comparison with standard heparin anticoagulation.
Spontaneous bronchopleural fistula following lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema

Five days following bilateral thoracoscopic lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema, a 63-year-old man underwent reoperation for closure of a massive bronchopleural fistula. It was discovered intraoperatively that the fistula was located distant from prior staple lines or resection sites from his surgery. This case is an example of what may be a unique pathophysiologic mechanism of bronchopleural fistula formation--a 'stress rupture' of the lung parenchyma following lung volume reduction surgery.
Mediated priming of associative responses: The effect of time lapse and interpolated activity

The present study was designed to test the effect of mediated priming on associative responses under four conditions. In the first condition, the priming words were followed immediately by the cue-stimulus word. In the other three conditions, there was a 15-sec interval between priming and cue-stimulus. These intervals were either unfilled, filled with meaningless nonverbal activity, or filled with meaningful verbal activity, respectively. The number of desired responses was tabulated for each stimulus for each condition and was compared with normative data. The results showed that the probability of occurrence of the desired response significantly increased in the first three of the four conditions. Furthermore, it was found that neither the time lapse nor activity per se decreased the priming effect. However, when meaningful verbal activity intervened between priming and association test, the priming effect was not manifest.
Child Animism: Situational Influences and Individual Differences

Abstract Children's animistic responses were manipulated in two experiments by pictorially varying the motion state of the objects about which they were questioned. Although moving objects elicited more animistic responses, no age difference in susceptibility to the moving-state condition was found between the 4- and 5-year-olds included in Experiment 1. Performance under the two conditions was highly correlated (r = .76) indicating stable individual differences in the tendency to respond in an animistic way. In Experiment 2, a significant Age × Stimulus State interaction was obtained with 5- and 6-year-old subjects. Five-year-olds gave more animistic responses than 6-year-olds in the moving-state condition. Susceptibility to the manipulation was correlated with performance on a Piagetian-type inanimate objects measure (r = .78), further indicating stable individual differences in animistic responding. A negative, but nonsignificant, relationship was found between field independence (CEFT) and susceptibil...
Multiple-Task Performance: A Comparison of Younger and Older Adults

There is considerable disagreement among researchers regarding the psychological mechanisms underlying age-related acquisition and transfer of attentional control in multiple-task environments and effective training strategies. We outline a study conducted to examine the effects of extended practice on the performance of multiple tasks. In the study, five different training strategies (i.e., whole task, dual task, single task, embedded dual task, and embedded single task) were evaluated. The embedded dual- and single-task strategies required emphasis of a dual or single task within whole-task performance, respectively. The results revealed that both younger and older adults improved their multiple-task performance of a wide-ranging, complex set of tasks; however, younger adults consistently outperformed older adults. Except for single-task training, training strategy had little differential effect on younger adults' multiple-task performance. On the contrary, among older adults the most effective training...
Feelings about Language Brokering and Family Relations among Mexican American Early Adolescents.

Children and adolescents of immigrant and non-English proficient parents often translate for their parents and other adults, a practice known as language brokering. The personal and emotional impac...
Melatonin Production: Proteasomal Proteolysis in Serotonin N-acetyltransferase Regulation

The nocturnal increase in circulating melatonin in vertebrates is regulated by 10- to 100-fold increases in pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT) activity. Changes in the amount of AA-NAT protein were shown to parallel changes in AA-NAT activity. When neural stimulation was switched off by either light exposure or L-propranolol-induced beta-adrenergic blockade, both AA-NAT activity and protein decreased rapidly. Effects of L-propranolol were blocked in vitro by dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) or inhibitors of proteasomal proteolysis. This result indicates that adrenergic-cAMP regulation of AA-NAT is mediated by rapid reversible control of selective proteasomal proteolysis. Similar proteasome-based mechanisms may function widely as selective molecular switches in vertebrate neural systems.
Transmission high energy electron energy loss spectrometrp (eels) of cuprate superconductors

Abstract The formation of charge carriers (holes) and charge transfer correlated with different tppes of dopants in cuprate superconductors has been studied by means of transmission high energy electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS). The O-K absorption edges of p - type doped systems exhibit a distinct pre-edge feature which is related to the hole formation on oxygen sites. The CuL 3 edge of the doped compounds also exhibit a pronounced shoulder on the higher energy side of the CuL 3 edge which represents the charge transfer between copper and oxwgen. Er123 EELS data are similar to the p123 where the hole density shops a strong dependency on the oxygen doping. Co-substitution in p123 on Cu(I) sites does not seem to effect the hole density, but perhaps their mobility. The newly discovered Ga-based cuprate superconductors exhibit additional significant features. EELS studies on O-K edge appear to reveal two tppes of holes in this system, one induced by hole doping alone (Ca-doping) and the other by high pressure oxygenation treatment. Only the latter tppe of holes appears to be associated with occurrence of superconductivity. All the EELS absorption data are consistent pith the doped charge-transfer insulator description of the electronic states.
Monte Carlo modeling of secondary x-ray fluorescence across phase boundaries in electron probe microanalysis

Secondary fluorescence induced by photoelectric absorption of x-rays generated by an electron beam can occur when the characteristic x-ray energy of material “A” exceeds the critical excitation energy of material “B.” An expression is developed to calculate secondary fluorescence across a planar boundary from a discrete source placed at any (X, Y, Z) coordinates relative to the boundary. The expression can be incorporated into a Monte Carlo electron trajectory simulation which calculates the discrete distribution of primary x-ray generation.
Structure of the bacteriophage lambda Ser/Thr protein phosphatase with sulfate ion bound in two coordination modes.

The protein phosphatase encoded by bacteriophage λ (λPP) belongs to a family of Ser/Thr phosphatases (Ser/Thr PPases) that includes the eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 (PP1), 2A (PP2A), and 2B (c...
On spaces which are essentially T1

Let S be a pseudo-metric space with pseudo-metric d . Then for each nonempty A ⊆ S , x ∈ cl ( A ) if and only if d ( x, A ) = 0, and d ( x, y ) = d(y, x ) for all x, y ∈ S . Thus, if d(x, y) = 0, then x ∈cl({ Y }) by the first requirement and Y ∈cl({ x }) by the second requirement. It is natural then to expect that if a topological space S is to be pseudo-metrizable, it should at least satisfy the requirement:
Role of alloying elements in nanostructured ferritic steels

The roles of the alloying elements in three nanostructured ferritic alloys (14YWT, MA957 and Eurofer 97) have been established through the characterisation of the microstructure by atom probe tomography and spectrum imaging in a transmission electron microscope. Cr, W, Mo, Ti and Y were found in the ferrite matrix and contributed to solid solution hardening. Ti, Y, C, O and N were found in high number densities of precipitates and nanoclusters both in the grain interior and on grain boundaries and thereby contributed to precipitation hardening. Cr, W and Mo were enriched at the intraparticle regions of the grain boundaries. The solute segregation and precipitation pinned the grain boundaries and contributed to the excellent creep properties of the alloys.
Meiotic Pairing: A Place to Hook up

At one end of each Caenorhabditis elegans chromosome is a locus required for meiotic crossing over. Recent studies have shown that these sites mediate chromosome pairing and synapsis during meiosis, and that each site contains binding sites for a non-canonical C2H2 zinc finger protein.
InSb versus QWIP imaging sensors: a comparison in progress

Infrared Imaging sensors operating in the 3 - 5 um (MW) and 8 - 12 um (LW) spectral bands have long since been traded against one another with respect to mission utility, sensor performance, and system viability (cost factors, technology maturity, etc.). Over the past decade, staring InSb detectors have matured to a refined level (high performance, moderate cost, high yields) and have been used extensively by IR sensor integrators throughout the industry. By the same token, 2-D LW QWIP-based FPA's are fast becoming a viable alternative to traditional LW-scanned technology systems, offering the benefits of mid and large format staring sensor resolution with good sensitivity (even for modest optical F/#'s). With the commercialization of QWIP technology, system viability is rapidly increasing, revealing the need for serious system trade assessments and field measurements to enable the best use of this emerging, complementary detector technology. This paper presents a top-level technical comparison of these two sensor technologies and their use in surveillance/night vision system applications. A variety of technical considerations are discussed to help end users be cognizant of the extent of the trade space that exists between MW and LW staring sensor selection with specific focus on performance comparisons for small, compact militarized IR thermal imaging sensors (including handheld, man-portable and small gimbal products) employing each detector technology in context to various surveillance missions. Application areas include: ground, airborne, and maritime surveillance. Field data is also provided to support the conclusions drawn from these comparisons.
Effect of spatial and climatic conditions on energy consumption

Abstract This study examines the relationship between level of energy consumption in a country and physical characteristics such as population density, climatic conditions and spatial separation of major population centers. Analysis includes cross-section data of twenty-four industrial nations and over a hundred cities within these countries. These cities have been used to determine indexes of weather conditions and spatial separation of population centers within each country. The results establish that factors such as extreme variation in temperature and geographical separation of population centers tends to increase the energy consumption of a country whereas, rainfall does not appear to have much impact.
Dentigerumycin: a bacterial mediator of an ant-fungus symbiosis

Fungus-growing ants engage in mutualistic associations with both the fungus they cultivate for food and actinobacteria (Pseudonocardia spp.) that produce selective antibiotics to defend that fungus from specialized fungal parasites. We have analyzed one such system at the molecular level and found that the bacterium associated with the ant Apterostigma dentigerum produces dentigerumycin, a cyclic depsipeptide with highly modified amino acids, to selectively inhibit the associated parasitic fungus (Escovopsis sp.).
Fiber fed spectral calibration with the Hobby-Eberly telescope

The Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) imposes unique constraints on the design of a spectral calibration system. Its 9.2 m aperture and queue scheduled operation make traditional dome screens impractical. Furthermore, the changing pupil of the HET's tilted Aricebo design is far more drastic than the simple rotation of traditional alt-azimuth telescopes. Given these constraints we elected to build an internal spectral calibration system (SCS) common to all instruments. The SCS can feed all HET instruments from a uniformly illuminated Lambertian screen located within the spherical abberation corrector (SAC) at the telescope's second pupil. A moving baffle installed at the third pupil will reproduce, during calibration, the actual HET pupil seen in a science exposure. We eliminated all heat sources at the SAC by locating the lamps in the basement below the telescope and coupling source to screen through 12 600 μm diameter 35 m long fibers.
Imaging in the trilateral retinoblastoma syndrome

The medical records, CT, and MRI of ten children with trilateral retinoblastoma were reviewed. The intracranial pathology consisted of eight pineal neoplasms and two parasellar lesions, at least seven of the which were calcified. Two lesions demonstrated calcification only (no soft tissue mass) at initial presentation. Hydrocephalus was seen in eight cases, and concurrent or subsequent subarachnoid dissemination was documented in seven. Only one patient is known to be alive at the present time. The imaging features of the midline intracranial tumors mirror those of the ocular neoplasm. As calcification may be the only clue to the presence of the intracranial malignancy, close surveillance of high-risk patients with retinoblastoma with initial CT and follow-up MRI is suggested.
Inter and intraspecific variation in nuclear DNA content in Aedes mosquitoes

Haploid nuclear DNA of 23 species of Aedes, as determined by Feulgen cytophotometry, was found to vary 3-fold. This was accompanied by a 2-fold variation in total chromosomal length. There was a significant correlation (r = 0·765, P<0·001) between these two parameters. Genome size varied from 0·87 pg to 1·3 pg among 10 strains of Aedes albopictus, from wide geographic regions. Large scale differences in chromosomal DNA amounts have accompanied speciation and evolution in aedine mosquitoes.
Tolerance design for the fit between bore and shaft for precision assemblies with significant error-scaling problems

An inspection procedure may be necessary when a process does not have the capability to produce parts that meet specifications. After inspection, the accepted parts then have a probability density function which is truncated. In a previous paper, the authors presented a method for the computation of tolerances for the fit between a bore and a shaft, based on the construction of a probabilistic model of the fit, using truncated probability density functions for the bore and shaft. In this paper, a method of design is presented for the computation of tolerances for the bore and shaft that are necessary to satisfy the tolerance of the fit and at the same time minimize the probability of rejection for the processes that produce the bore and shaft. Application is made to the situation where the variations in the dimensions of the parts may be large compared with their nominal dimension or the fit requirement of the assembly. Such a situation will be denoted as the error-scaling problem.
Secondary cytoreductive surgery for isolated nodal recurrence in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the feasibility and associated survival outcome of secondary cytoreductive surgery in patients with isolated lymph node recurrence of epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods Twenty-five patients with epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent secondary cytoreductive surgery for isolated lymph node recurrence were identified from tumor registry databases. Demographic, diagnostic, operative, pathologic, and follow-up data were abstracted retrospectively. Overall survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results The median age at time of primary surgery for ovarian cancer was 55 years; 72% of patients had FIGO III/IV disease, and all had high-grade tumors. All patients received platinum-based chemotherapy following primary surgery. The median time from completion of primary chemotherapy to nodal recurrence surgery was 16 months (range=6 to 40 months). The distribution of nodal involvement was pelvic=12% ( n =3), para-aortic=60% ( n =15), inguinal=20% ( n =5), peri-cardiac=4% ( n =1), and pelvic plus para-aortic=4% ( n =1). The maximal nodal tumor diameter ranged from 1.5 cm to 14 cm, with a median of 3.0 cm. Optimal secondary cytoreductive surgery (residual disease ≤1 cm) was achieved in 100% of patients. The median estimated intra-operative blood loss was 100 cc (range=10 cc to 600 cc). The length of hospitalization ranged from 2 days to 10 days, with a median of 4 days. There was no instance significant postoperative morbidity. At a median post-recurrence follow-up time of 19 months, 8 patients (32%) have died of the disease, 7 (28%) are alive with disease, and 10 (40%) patients are without evidence of disease. For the entire study population, the median post-recurrence OS after secondary cytoreduction of recurrent nodal disease was 37 months. Conclusion Complete optimal secondary cytoreductive surgery for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer presenting as isolated node metastases is achievable in the majority of cases and is associated with a favorable long-term survival outcome.
The Regional Genetic and Newborn Screening Service Collaboratives: The First Two Years.

Newborn screening and genetic technologies are expanding and changing rapidly, increasing the demand for genetic specialty services. Because of the scarcity and geographic maldistribution of genetic specialty services, access to these services is a critical issue. This article discusses some of the efforts initiated by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau of the Health Resources and Services Administration, particularly the establishment of regional genetic and newborn screening collaboratives to improve access to these services and expertise.
Review of direct MS analysis of environmental samples

Direct sampling mass spectrometry (DSMS) is an increasingly popular technique for rapid and sensitive measurement of organic pollutants in air, water, soil, and wastes. Detection limits are typically in the range of 1 ppb for volatile organic compounds (VOCs in water) with little or no sample preparation required and sample analysis times of less than 3 min. Despite the fast sample analysis time and consequent large sample throughput capability, there are numerous situations that would benefit from the ability to continuously monitor the concentration of targeted VOCs in real time. These include incinerator stack emissions, industrial wastewater streams, chemical process streams, vent emissions, exhaust emissions, groundwater and soil remediation process systems, waste-site off gas during remediation, fugitive emissions, hazardous workplace atmospheres, and soil gas analysis with the use of a dynamic depth profiling probe such as a cone penetrometer. During the past year, several pilot studies have been conducted with a DSMS field instrument for various real-time continuous monitoring applications. These studies have included the monitoring of VOCs in an incinerator stack, monitoring of VOCs in pilot-scale photolytic groundwater remediation systems, measurement of automobile exhaust in a moving vehicle, soil gas measurements in conjunction with a cone penetrometer, and in situ measurement of VOCs in groundwater with the use of a special sampling probe. In each instance, the DSMS instrument was configured with special sampling probes that extracted the VOCs from the sample matrix and transported them through an appropriate transfer line into a direct capillary restrictor interface to the ion trap. Targeted compounds were monitored based on unique peaks in the electron impact and proton transfer chemical ionization mass spectra. The real-time detection limits for VOCs in aqueous systems are in the range of 1 ppb, and in gaseous streams detection limits are in the range of approximately 10 ppb by volume. Temporal resolution ranges up to a maximum of 10 full-scan mass spectra per second, which provides the ability to monitor transient events in a sample stream that might be missed by discrete sample collection and analysis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 1: 251–276, 1997
Low serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels (<32 ng/mL) are associated with reversible myositis-myalgia in statin-treated patients

Our specific aims were to determine whether low serum 25 (OH) vitamin D (D2 + D3) ( 0.05) by age, body mass index (BMI), type 2 diabetes, or creatine kinase levels. By analysis of variance, which was adjusted for race, sex, and age, the least square mean (+/- standard error [SE]) serum vitamin D was lower in the 128 patients with myalgia than in the 493 asymptomatic patients (28.7 +/- 1.2 vs 34.3 +/- 0.6 ng/mL, P < 0.0001). Serum 25 (OH) D was low in 82 of 128 (64%) patients with myalgia versus 214 of 493 (43%) asymptomatic patients (chi(2) = 17.4, P < 0.0001). Of the 82 vitamin-D-deficient, myalgic patients, while continuing statins, 38 were given vitamin D (50,000 units/week for 12 weeks), with a resultant increase in serum vitamin D from 20.4 +/- 7.3 to 48.2 +/- 17.9 ng/mL (P < 0.0001) and resolution of myalgia in 35 (92%). We speculate that symptomatic myalgia in statin-treated patients with concurrent vitamin D deficiency may reflect a reversible interaction between vitamin D deficiency and statins on skeletal muscle.
Timing-driven via placement heuristics for three-dimensional ICs

The dependence of the interconnect delay on the interplane via location in three-dimensional (3-D) ICs is investigated in this paper. The delay of these interconnects can be significantly decreased by optimally placing the interplane vias. The via locations that minimize the propagation delay of two-terminal interconnects consisting of multiple interplane vias under the distributed Elmore delay model are determined. For interconnect trees, the interplane via locations that minimize the summation of the weighted delay of the sinks of the tree are also determined. For these interconnect structures, the interplane via locations are obtained both through geometric programming and near-optimal heuristics. Placement constraints are imposed such that the path is negligibly affected. The proposed heuristics are used to implement efficient algorithms that exhibit lower computational times as compared to general optimization solvers with negligible loss of optimality. Various interplane via placement scenarios are considered. Simulation results indicate delay improvements for relatively short point-to-point interconnects of up to 32% with optimally placed interplane vias. For interconnect trees, the maximum improvement in delay for optimally placed interplane vias is 19%. The proposed algorithms can be integrated into a design flow for 3-D circuits to enhance placement and routing where timing is a primary design criterion.
Measurements in Buoyancy-Assisting Separated Flow Behind a Vertical Backward-Facing Step

The effect of buoyancy on the flow and the heat-transfer characteristics was investigated experimentally and numerically, using the results of measurements of velocity and temperature distributions in buoyancy-assisting laminar mixed convection boundary layer flow over a vertical two-dimensional heated backward-facing step. As a result of measurements, heat transfer (Nusselt number) and reattachment length behaviors were obtained as a function of the buoyancy level. It was found that an increase in the buoyancy force causes a decrease in the size of the recirculation region behind the step and decreases in the reattachment length. An increase of the buoyancy force also causes the local Nusselt number to increase, and the location of its maximum value to move closer to the step. The results of measurements agreed well with numerical predictions. 14 refs.
Urban housing policy in the 1990s

Abstract Recent decades have witnessed some resolution of certain long‐standing concerns of urban housing policy. Other issues, including the limited availability of affordable rental units, mortgage finance—related constraints on homeownership, reduced housing and income assistance to very low income populations, and problems of equal opportunity to housing and housing finance, remain at the forefront of the national policy debate. A variety of initiatives provide opportunities for efficiency gains in the pursuit of housing policy goals. These include the reformation of the Federal Housing Administration, consolidation of U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development programs, transformation of the public housing system, enhanced underwriting flexibility by government‐sponsored enterprises, and their introduction of new mortgage instruments. However, sizable cuts in federal rental housing and income supports, together with the loss from the stock and the diminished production of low‐income rental hous...
The effects of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene on renal function in the rat. II. Effects on organic acid and base transport.

Abstract A previous study indicated that administration of the food additives butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) adversely affects electrolyte balance in rats. This paper describes experiments in which organic ion transport was used as another index of renal function. Male rats were treated with BHA or BHT (500 mg/kg) or corn oil for 1, 2, 4 or 6 days. Twenty-four hours after the last dose of antioxidant the animals were killed, and the ability of renal cortical slices to accumulate a prototype organic acid, p-aminohippurate and a prototype organic base, N-methylnicotinamide, was determined. Organic acid transport was reduced following the first dose of either antioxidant and continued to decrease with BHT treatment, reaching a minimum after four doses. After the sixth day of treatment however, p-aminohippurate accumulation was comparable among BHA- or BHT-treated groups and control animals. N-Methylnicotinamide transport was not affected at any time by treatment with either antioxidant. The results demonstrate that these phenolic antioxidants have a specific, depressive action on organic transport. The attenuation of this effect despite continual administration of antioxidant may be related to induction of hepatic metabolism.
Yield Components of Pearl Millet and Grain Sorghum across Environments in the Central Great Plains

Location, year, and water supply influence the relationship between grain yield and yield components of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br] and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Field experiments were conducted in 2000 and 2001 on a silt loam soil in semiarid western Nebraska and on a silty clay loam soil in subhumid eastern Nebraska to determine how environment (location, year, water regime) influences number of panicles per square meter, kernel weight, and kernels per panicle in determining grain yield of pearl millet and grain sorghum. Grain yield components were examined by analysis of variance, correlation, and path analysis. Four water regimes were used: (i) no irrigation, (ii) single irrigation at boot stage, (iii) single irrigation at mid-grain fill, and (iv) multiple irrigations. Grain sorghum produced from 109 to 212 g m -2 greater yield than pearl millet in all environments in western Nebraska and 52 to 150 g m -2 greater yield in eastern Nebraska. Correlation and path analysis direct effects indicated that the number of kernels per panicle (R from 0.36-0.93; P from 0.21-0.45) and kernel weight (R from 0.46-0.89; P from 0.46-0.73) were associated with grain yield for both crops at both locations, but in the path analysis, kernel weight was more highly associated with grain yield for grain sorghum (P from 0.65-0.73) than the number of kernels per panicle (P from 0.21 and 0.32). Plant breeding and production research to increase pearl millet and grain sorghum yield should consider all yield components, but increased emphasis on kernel weight is merited for grain sorghum.
Alterations in the energy metabolism of an estuarine mysid (Mysidopsis bahia) as indicators of stress from chronic pesticide exposure

Abstract Dose-response relationships were developed for several metabolic rate functions (oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion) and physiological indices (K2 values and O: N ratios) at different life stages of an estuarine mysid (Mysidopsis bahia) during a life-cycle exposure to fenthion, an organophosphate insecticide. Initial exposure to fenthion resulted in elevated respiration rates of juvenile mysids. As shown by lower net growth efficiency (K2 values), these increased metabolic demands reduced the amount of assimilated energy available for production of new tissue, resulting in retarded juvenile growth rates. O : N ratios indicated that juvenile mysids primarily utilized lipid substrates as an energy source, but during maturation shifted to greater usage of proteinaceous substrates. Higher O : N ratios during maturation of fenthion-exposed mysids suggest greater reliance on the more energy-rich lipid substrates to support the elevated rates of oxidative metabolism, resulting in less lipid material being available for gamete production. These results, when compared with similar studies with two other pesticide classes, suggest that measurements of alterations in the energy metabolism of contaminated individuals from sensitive zooplankton populations (e.g. mysids) may be used as indicators of reductions in population performance from chronic exposure to toxic organics.
Friction and adsorption properties of normal and high-oleic soybean oils

The steel/steel boundary friction properties of soybean oil (SBO) and high-oleic soybean oil (HOSBO) are compared. HOSBO is significantly more saturated than SBO and more oxidatively stable. Changes in degree of unsaturation affect lateral interactions of adsorbate molecules, which in turn affects their adsorption and, hence, their boundary lubrication properties. To investigate this possibility, the free energies of adsorption (∆G ads ) of SBO, HOSBO, and methyl laurate (ML) were determined from the analysis of friction-derived adsorp- tion isotherms using the Langmuir and Temkin adsorption mod- els. The results showed a stronger adsorption for the vegetable oils than for ML, an indication of multiple interactions between the ester groups of the triglycerides and the steel surface. The result also showed no difference in the ∆G ads values of SBO and HOSBO obtained using either the Langmuir or Temkin models. This was interpreted as an indication of the lack of appreciable net lateral interaction between triglyceride adsorbates. Paper no. J9858 in JAOCS 79, 53-58 (January 2002).
Sensing-enabled defenses to RFID unauthorized reading and relay attacks without changing the usage model

Many RFID tags store valuable information privy to their users that can easily be subject to unauthorized reading, leading to owner tracking or impersonation. RFID tags are also susceptible to different forms of relay attacks. This paper presents novel sensing-enabled defenses to unauthorized reading and relay attacks against RFID systems without necessitating any changes to the traditional RFID usage model. More specifically, the paper proposes the use of on-board tag sensors to (automatically) acquire useful contextual information about the tag's environment (or its owner, or the tag itself). It suggests how this information can be used to achieve two security functionalities. First, such context recognition can be leveraged for the purpose of selective tag unlocking - the tag will respond selectively to reader interrogations, i.e., only when it is deemed safe to do so. Second, context recognition can be used as a basis for transaction verification in order to provide protection against a severe form of relay attacks involving malicious RFID readers. To demonstrate the feasibility of the overall idea, a novel selective unlocking mechanism based on owner's posture recognition is presented. The evaluation of the proposed mechanism shows its effectiveness in significantly raising the bar against many different RFID attacks.
Ocular invasion in mucormycosis

The histopathologic findings in a case of ocular invasion in rhinocerebral mucormycosis are described. The findings of hyphae in the inner sclera and marked involvement of the posterior ciliary arteries suggested an arterial route of ocular invasion by fungus. Only five other cases of rhinocerebral mucormycosis with ocular fungal invasion have been reported to our knowledge. All six patients died from the infection. As a group, these cases suggest that the presence of ocular infiltration by fungus may indicate poor prognosis in rhinocerebral mucormycosis.
Topical application of the synthetic triterpenoid RTA 408 activates Nrf2 and induces cytoprotective genes in rat skin.

RTA 408 is a member of the synthetic oleanane triterpenoid class of compounds known to potently activate the cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2. Because skin is constantly exposed to external oxidative stress, such as that from ultraviolet radiation, from chemical exposure, during improper wound healing, and throughout the course of cancer radiation therapy, it may benefit from activation of Nrf2. This study was conducted to evaluate the transdermal penetration properties and Nrf2 activation potential of RTA 408 in normal rat skin. RTA 408 (0.1, 1.0, or 3.0 %) was applied topically to the shaved skin of male Sprague–Dawley rats twice daily for 4 days and once on Day 5. Topical application of RTA 408 resulted in transdermal penetration, with low but dose-dependent plasma exposure with AUC(0–24 h) values of 3.6, 26.0, and 41.1 h ng/mL for the 0.1, 1.0, and 3.0 % doses, respectively. Further, topical application of RTA 408 resulted in increased translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus, dose-dependent mRNA induction of Nrf2 target genes (e.g. Nqo1, Srxn1, Gclc, and Gclm), and induction of the protein expression of the prototypical Nrf2 target gene Nqo1 and increased total glutathione (GSH) in normal rat skin. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that increased staining for Nqo1 and total GSH of structures in both the epidermis and dermis was consistent with the full transdermal penetration of RTA 408. Finally, topically administered RTA 408 was well tolerated with no adverse in-life observations and normal skin histology. Thus, the data support the further development of RTA 408 for the potential treatment of skin diseases.
The Effects of Sample Bias on Paleoindian Fluted Point Recovery in the United States

Paleoindian fluted point distribution in the contiguous United States is analyzed for possible sampling biases. Potential sample biases examined in this article include modern population, years since statehood, acreage in cultivation, and intensity of urban and residential development. Results suggest that at the state level Early Paleoindian fluted point samples are correlated with modern population, years since statehood, and acreage of urban development. A regression model developed to account for significant sampling biases demonstrates that regardless of sample biases several states in the Eastern United States have an overabundance of predicted Early Paleoindian fluted points. Sampling biases do not appear to affect fluted point varieties dating to the Middle Paleoindian period. Land cover characteristics are examined using principal components and cluster analyses in an effort to define biogeographical associations with fluted point types and possible environmental sampling constraints.
Upland rice: an underdeveloped crop of Latin America

Abstract Rice is a staple of the Latin American diet and one of the most widely cultivated crops in the region Although mention of rice calls to mind carefully tended plots of irrigated land, that is not the typical method of cultivation in Latin America Over 70% of the rice grown is of the upland type, providing more than 50% of total production.
Scattering and depolarization by rough surfaces near grazing angles--Full wave solutions

Using the full wave approach to rough surface scattering, the apparent singularity in the physical optics and perturbation expressions for the scattered fields is not encountered. The full wave expression for the far fields is shown to vanish in a continuous manner as the observer moves across a shadow boundary. Precise criteria are given for near grazing angles where uniform plane wave excitations cannot be assumed. Comparisons are made between the full wave and the physical optics and perturbation solutions. Since the full wave solution is shown to bridge the gap between the physical optics and perturbation solutions, it accounts for both specular and Bragg scattering. The full wave solutions satisfy reciprocity, duality, and realizability relationships in electromagnetic theory, and they are invariant to coordinate transformations.
Knowledge‐based reliability assessments for time‐varying climates

A method of obtaining a set of closed-form solutions for reliability acceleration factors under time-varying temperature/humidity environments is presented. This paper outlines the procedure for generating such equations based on National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration climatic data. Results from Phoenix, Arizona are used as a case study. Predictions from these closed-form solutions are compared with traditional reliability assessments and exact solutions using raw ambient temperature and humidity values. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Phosphatidylethanol Results to Self-Reported Alcohol Consumption Among Young Injection Drug Users

Aims: To test the value of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) as a biomarker for alcohol consumption among injecting drug users (IDUs). Methods: As part of a longitudinal study of young IDUs, dried blood spots and self-reported alcohol by structured interview were collected at baseline. We compared self-reported alcohol use to detectable PEth (≥8 ng/ml) in the blood spots as well as the rela- tionships between quantitative PEth results and quantity measures of alcohol consumption. Results: There were strong associations between PEth and self-reported categorical measures of alcohol consumption (all P< 0.01). There was high specificity for reporting abstaining from alcohol; 94% of those who reported not consuming alcohol in the prior month tested negative for PEth. PEth was well correlated with measures of alcohol use (e.g. with reported number of days drinking in the prior month: Spearman r =0.70 (P< 0.001)). Conclusions: The positive correlation of PEth with reported alcohol consumption suggests that PEth may be a useful marker in settings where alcohol consumption is difficult to assess, or to corroborate or invalidate self-reported measures of alcohol con- sumption.