cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strengthening the Political Safeguards of Federalism: The Fate of Recent Federalism Legislation in the U.S. Congress

Although a number of measures have been proposed during the past decade to require the U. S. Congress to take more account of state and local interests, whether in regard to mandates, preemptions, regulations, or grants-in-aid, the only major success has been passage of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA). This article examines the fate of the dozen bills that progressed far enough to be the subject of a committee hearing or receive a vote in the House or Senate. Only a few of these measures, most of them rather modest in scope, were enacted, while the most significant measures were rejected, largely because state and local governments have experienced a number of difficulties in reproducing the conditions that were present for the passage of UMRA. Health, labor, and environmental groups were able to block a number of these bills. Business groups occasionally parted company with state and local governments and worked to defeat federalism legislation. Finally, state and local government groups have not always been united in support of these measures. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Design of a Novel Perfusion System to Perform MR Imaging of an Isolated Beating Heart

Isolated mammalian hearts have been used to study cardiac physiology, pharmacology, and biomedical devices in order to separate myocardial characteristics from the milieu of the intact animal and to allow for increased control over experimental conditions. Considering these benefits and that MRI is the “gold” standard for measuring myocardial function, it was considered desirable to have a system which would allow simultaneous MR imaging of an isolated beating heart. Here we describe a unique portable system, which enables physiologic perfusion of an isolated heart during simultaneous MR imaging. A two unit system was designed to physiologically support a large mammalian isolated heart during MR imaging were a modified Krebs-Henseleit perfusate was used as a blood substitute. The first unit, which resides in an adjacent support room next to the scanner, contains all electronically powered equipment and components (with ferromagnetic materials) which cannot operate safely near the magnet, including (1) a thermal module and custom tube in tube heat exchanger warming the perfusate to 38°C; (2) a carbogen tank (95% O2 5% CO2) and hollow fiber oxygenator; and (3) two centrifugal blood pumps which circulates and pressurizes the left and right atrial filling chambers. The second unit, which resides next to the magnet and is free of ferromagnetic materials, receives warmed, oxygenated perfusate from the first unit via PVC tubing. The isolated hearts were connected to the second unit via four cannulae sutured to the great vessels. A support system placed inside the scanner on the patient bed secured the hearts and cannulae in the correct anatomical position. To date, this system was tested in a 1.5 T Siemens scanner using swine hearts (n=2). The hearts were arrested with St. Thomas cardioplegia and removed via a medial sternotomy. After cannulation of the great vessels, reperfusion, and defibrillation, four-chamber and tagged short-axis cine loops were acquired using standard ECG gating. Tagged short-axis images obtained at the base, mid-ventricle, and apex were used to measure the following functional parameters for one heart: LV end-diastolic volume=38.84 ml, LV end-systolic volume=23.23 ml, LV stroke volume=15.6 ml, LV ejection fraction=40.18%, and peak LV circumferential strain=16%. The feasibility of MR imaging an isolated, four-chamber working large mammalian heart was demonstrated using a custom designed and built portable MRI compatible perfusion system. This system will be useful in studying in vitro cardiac function (including human hearts) and developing MRI safe biomedical devices and MRI guided therapies in a controlled setting.
Severe nonendemic pemphigus foliaceus presenting in the postpartum period.

Abstract The new onset of pemphigus in the postpartum period is exceedingly rare with only 1 case previously reported in the literature. We describe a 31-year-old woman who developed extensive denudation of her skin shortly after delivering her second child. Histologic examination, immunofluorescence testing, and immunoprecipitation with desmoglein 1 confirmed the diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus. The patient responded to treatment with prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and plasmapheresis. The effect of the postpartum period on the onset and exacerbation of immune-mediated bullous diseases is discussed. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:845-6.)
Sex differences in information processing

Sex differences in cognitive activity were investigated. Using a list containing words with masculine, feminine, and neutral connotations, Experiment 1 revealed that masculine words were better recalled by male college students (n=16) while feminine words were better recalled by female college students (n=16). This difference was reduced on a recognition test. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the phenomenon was not due to a difference in the way males (n=20) and females (n=20) interpreted the meaning of the words. Finally, in Experiment 3, the memorial selectivity was shown to exist in the same manner for White middle-class elementary school (n=32) and high school (n=32) students. Learning and repression interpretations of the effect were proposed. Some practical implications of the data were suggested.
Oxidation of 3,4‐Dihydroxybenzylamine Affords 3,4‐Dihydroxybenzaldehyde via the Quinone Methide Intermediate

Dopamine and related compounds are known to be toxic to melanoma cells. Some of their toxicity may be related, in part, to the oxidation products generated from them upon their interaction with melanogenic enzymes. In this paper, we present our studies on the oxidation chemistry of 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine, the lower homolog of dopamine. Mushroom tyrosinase catalyzed oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine rapidly generated the corresponding quinone. However, aminomethyl-o-benzoquinone thus formed did not accumulate in the reaction mixture, but readily transformed to another product that exhibited absorbance maxima at 280 and 310 nm. This compound was identified to be 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde based on its HPLC elution profile, cochromatography with authentic sample and UV spectral properties. Possible mechanism for the formation 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde from 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine and the nature of cytotoxic quninonoid intermediates formed are discussed.
Factors Affecting the Power of Haplotype Markers in Association Studies

An important, unresolved question in genome-wide association studies is whether there are predictable differences in power between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and haplotype markers. In this study, we use coalescent simulations to compare power for single-SNP and haplotype markers under a number of different models of demographic history and trait genetic architecture. We fi nd that, across a range of plausible scenarios, the average power of 2- and 3-SNP haplotype markers to detect a quantitative trait locus (QTL) exceeds that of single-SNP markers. The average increase in power is greater when a QTL is due to more than one polymorphism, when the population has experienced a bottleneck, and/or when marker SNPs are ascertained. These results are particularly relevant to applications where populations have experienced bottlenecks and marker density is low.
African American antiplatelet stroke prevention study: Clinical trial design

Background and Purpose: African Americans are about two times more likely than European Americans to die of cerebrovascular disease or to experience stroke. Although this disparity exists, African Americans have been underrepresented in clinical trials. The African American Antiplatelet Stroke Prevention Study (AAASPS) is a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial to compare the effect of ticlopidine and aspirin in the prevention of recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death in African Americans with recent, noncardioembolic ischemic stroke. Trial Design: There will be 1,800 African American noncardioembolic ischemic stroke patients at 40 sites nationally randomized to receive ticlopidine (500 mg/d) or aspirin (650 mg/d) at least 7 days but no more than 90 days after the qualifying event. Complete blood count and platelet count are monitored every 2 weeks during the first 3 months of active treatment to monitor for neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Patients with transient cerebral ischemia, recent active peptic ulcer disease or lower gastrointestinal bleeding, bleeding diathesis, and women of childbearing potential are excluded. Study patients will be followed-up for a total of 2 years for occurrence of the primary outcome endpoint cluster of recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death. Safety analyses will focus on the incidence of severe adverse events such as neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, gastrointestinal bleeding, and liver dysfunction. Analyses for key endpoints will use the intention-to-treat principle and time-to-event data will be analyzed using Mantel-Haenszel and various regression methods. Conclusion: African Americans have a survival disadvantage that substantially relates to the occurrence of stroke. AAASPS is the first secondary stroke prevention study exclusively for African Americans and promises to provide important information to guide recurrent stroke prevention treatment for this high-risk group.
The use of fuzzy set theory for forecasting corporate tax revenues

The system based on the fuzzy set theory for forecasting the Florida corporate income tax revenue was developed in response to several years of unsuccessful forecasts generated by the conventional econometric methods. The system consists of two parts: 1. (a) The first part utilizes time series of revenue, and of the real per capita GNP. Both time series are transformed into trend vectors through the utilization of moving average technique. Both vectors are divided into strings of growth patterns such as: 'accelerating growth', 'decelerating growth', and 'negative growth'. The system checks for several indications of systematic relationship between the GNP vector and the tax revenue vector. Based on that relationship, the forecast of the corporate tax revenues is generated in fuzzy, such as: 'very rapid growth', 'slightly negative growth', etc. 2. (b) The fuzzy forecast from the first part of the system constitutes input into the second part, which in turn generates the range of forecasted revenue in millions of dollars. A control mechanism which is built into the system continously checks forecasted rates of change in tax revenues against the actuals throughout the history of the time-series to make sure that the cumulative forecasting error will not reach unacceptable magnitude.
Quality of life with brain damage.

My nominee for the key issue in the study of language and the brain during the first century of the third millennium is a concept that is slippery, burning, neglected, and crucial. That concept is definition and measurement of quality of life (QOL) with brain damage, especially brain damage that compromises the prodigy of human language. Since ancient times humans have been taken aback and fascinated by the peculiar and convoluted utterances that fell from the mouths of their brain-struck companions. These strange and confusing disorders, some of which came to be known as ‘‘aphasia,’’ have proven to be fertile ground for bemused scholars who at times seemed to be obsessed to record it, label it, rename it, sort it, resort it, categorize it, argue about it, and generally regard it as a weird and wonderful subject to study. (LaPointe, 1983) As one of my colleagues observed in the days before ‘‘person first’’ language was de rigueur, ‘‘It seems that researchers are more interested in aphasia than in aphasics.’’ The idea that shattered language can and should be mended is all too recent. The idea that there might be a connection between remediation, recovery, and perceived improvements in life quality is embryonic. In my view, the time is ripe. The impetus of the World Health Organization’s influence on the incorporation of individualistic and societal interpretations of health and wellness is gaining favor. As has been noted elsewhere (LaPointe, 1999) the definition and measurement of QOL has been tricky. What constitutes wellness? What are the dimensions of improved life quality? Oliver Wendell Holmes (1860), just one year before all of the excitement created by Tan and Pierre Paul Broca in Paris, commented on the importance and complexity of a complete life:
The Research Assistant.

An improvement to the process used in the development of the program would be to implement a team approach.The Research Assistant took me more than a year to create. A team approach for such an ambitious project would have added the benefits of multiple perspectives and greater efficiency, and taken less time to build. I wish to thank the faculty and students at Florida State University for their support. The quality and uniqueness of their contributions amazed me. Although I alone wrote the code for the program, my colleagues contributed tremendously on the content and theory base. Three faculty members were especially helpful and deserve mention and thanks: Dr. Walter Wager, Dr. David Lebow, and Dr. Robert Reiser.
IL-13 desensitizes β2 adrenergic receptors in human airway epithelial cells through a 15-Lipoxygenase: G-protein receptor kinase 2 mechanism

Background β 2 -Adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonists are critical treatments for asthma. However, receptor desensitization can lead to loss of therapeutic effects. Although desensitization to repeated use of β 2 -agonists is well studied, type 2 inflammation could also affect β2AR function. Objective We sought to evaluate the effect of the type 2 cytokine IL-13 on β2AR desensitization in human airway epithelial cells (HAECs) and determine whether 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15LO1) binding with phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEBP1) contributes to desensitization through release of G protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2). Methods HAECs in air-liquid interface culture with or without IL-13 (48 hours) or isoproterenol hydrochloride (ISO; 30 minutes) pretreatment were stimulated with ISO (10 minutes). Cyclic adenosine 3, 5-monophosphate (cAMP) levels were measured using ELISA, and β2AR and GRK2 phosphorylation was measured using Western blotting. Short interfering RNA was used for 15LO1 knockdown. Interactions of GRK2, PEBP1, and 15LO1 were detected by means of immunoprecipitation/Western blotting and immunofluorescence. HAECs and airway tissue from control subjects and asthmatic patients were evaluated for I5LO1, PEBP1, and GRK2. Results Pretreatment with ISO or IL-13 decreased ISO-induced cAMP generation compared with ISO for 10 minutes alone paralleled by increases in β2AR and GRK2 phosphorylation. GRK2 associated with PEBP1 after 10 minutes of ISO in association with low phosphorylated GRK2 (pGRK2) levels. In contrast, in the presence of IL-13 plus ISO (10 minutes), binding of GRK2 to PEBP1 decreased, whereas 15LO1 binding and pGRK2 levels increased. 15LO1 knockdown restored ISO-induced cAMP generation. These findings were recapitulated in freshly brushed HAECs from cells and tissue of asthmatic patients. Conclusion IL-13 treatment of HAECs leads to β2AR desensitization, which involves 15LO1/PEBP1 interactions to free GRK2, and allows it to phosphorylate (and desensitize) β2ARs, suggesting that the beneficial effects of β 2 -agonists could be blunted in patients with type 2 associated asthma.
System for delivering tailshock to freely ambulatory rats

Abstract A system is described for delivering unmodifiable tailshock to rats without precluding body movement. It consists of electrodes, tail restraint, and an inexpensive commutator. This arrangement has been used successfully in a shuttlebox situation investigating the preference-for-signaled-shock phenomenon and is readily adaptable to runways and operant chambers.
Microelectrode ensembles based on overlaying ultrathin porous polyacrylonitrile on dense carbon films

A new procedure for preparing microelectrode ensembles, based on casting an ultrathin microcellular polyacrylonitrile (PAN) insulating foam onto a dense carbonized PAN film, is described. The resulting partially blocked surfaces display the behavioral characteristics of ensembles of recessed microelectrodes (of small depth), with steady-state currents at moderate and long timescales. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were used to elucidate the electrochemical behavior, while scanning electron microscopy sheds useful light on the surface microstructure. Square-wave stripping voltammetry is demonstrated for the quantification of nanomolar concentrations of lead using short deposition periods and unstirred solutions. These and other PAN-derived composite electrodes present new opportunities for various electrochemical and analytical applications.
Law and Society in the Visigothic Kingdom

Preface Abbreviations 1. Introduction 2. The king and the law 3. Royal government, I 4. Royal government, II 5. The Church and the faith 6. Slaves, freedmen and nobles 7. The economy 8. The family Appendix I: theft and robbery Appendix II: killing and misuse of the person Bibliography of works cited Index to citations of the laws Index.
Trajectory Estimations Using Smartphones

This paper investigates whether the smartphones' built-in sensors can accurately predict future trajectories for a possible implementation in a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) system. If smartphones could be used, vehicles without the V2V/V2I technology could use them to tap into the V2V/V2I infrastructure and help to populate the gap of vehicles off the V2V/V2I grid. To evaluate this, we set up a dead-reckoning system that uses Kalman filters to predict the future trajectory of a vehicle, information that could be used in a V2V/V2I system to warn drivers if the trajectories of vehicles will intersect at the same time. Then, we use a vehicle with accelerometer, GPS, and speedometer sensors mounted on it and evaluate its accuracy in predicting the future trajectory. Afterward, we place a smartphone securely on the vehicle's dashboard, and we use its internal accelerometer and GPS to feed the same dead reckoning and Kalman filter setup to predict the future trajectory of the vehicle. We end by comparing both results and evaluating if a smartphone can achieve similar accuracy in predicting the future trajectory of a vehicle. Our results show that some smartphones could be used to predict a future position, but the use of their accelerometer sensors introduces some measurements that can be incorrectly interpreted as spatial changes.
Population size at the time of mitochondrial eve

This study takes a fresh but simple approach to a controversial subject. A computer simulation is used to investigate the relation between the age of our most recent mitochondrial DNA ancestor (often called “mitochondrial Eve”) and the number of her contemporaries. The simulation follows a female population through 16,000 generations, allowing it to fluctuate at random, although guided by a growth rate of .02% per generation. At each generation an account is kept of the number of viable female lineages, that is, the number of original females who retain at least one female descendent. Simple statistical methods are applied to the results of thousands of such runs, and a correspondence is suggested — in tabular, functional, and graphical form — between the various ages commonly proposed for “mitochondrial Eve” and the likely size of the population at these times. In addition, several specific assertions are made about maximum and minimum populations in the past hundreds of thousands of years. This simulation does not presume to solve the age problem, nor to remove it from the ultimate authority of genetic research. Rather it provides a different tool with which to investigate the matter.
Genetic Resolutions of Brain Convolutions

Cortical convolutions—prominent folds on the surface of the human brain—have a long history of speculation ( 1 ). The claims range from their function as a bodily cooling system to the attribution of Einstein's genius to the unusual shape of a single gyrus (the ridge of a cortical fold). Only recently, with advances in molecular genetics and brain imaging techniques, has it become possible to study the development, evolution, and abnormalities of cerebral convolutions in a scientifically rigorous manner ( 2 ). On page 764 of this issue, Bae et al. ( 3 ) show that a specific gene controls the number of gyri that form in a region of the cerebral cortex that includes Broca's area (the major language area). This begins to pinpoint mechanisms that underlie the development of specialized regions of the human brain and may be relevant to understanding human brain evolution.
Effects of Free and Bound Chlorogenic Acid on the In Vitro Digestibility of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase from Spinach

The effect of free and bound chlorogenic acid on the in vitro digestibility of spinach ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase from spinach or fraction 1 (F-1) protein was investigated using a pH stat method. The pancreatin digestibility of F-1 protein was less than that of casein and BSA but greater than 11s soy protein. Noncovalently bound chlorogenic acid increased the initial rate of hydrolysis using both pancreatin and trypsin. Viscosity measurements suggested non- covalent binding of chlorogenic acid caused partial unfolding of F-1 protein making it more susceptible to proteolysis. Covalently bound chlorogenic acid decreased the rates of hydrolysis of F-1 by both trypsin and pancreatin, and this was correlated with changes in available lysine.
An Adaptive Filter to Approximate the Bayesian Strategy for Sonographic Beamforming

A first-principles task-based approach to the design of medical ultrasonic imaging systems for breast lesion discrimination is described. This study explores a new approximation to the ideal Bayesian observer strategy that allows for object heterogeneity. The new method, called iterative Wiener filtering, is implemented using echo data simulations and a phantom study. We studied five lesion features closely associated with visual discrimination for clinical diagnosis. A series of human observer measurements for the same image data allowed us to quantitatively compare alternative beamforming strategies through measurements of visual discrimination efficiency. Employing the Smith-Wagner model observer, we were able to breakdown efficiency estimates and identify the processing stage at which performance losses occur. The methods were implemented using a commercial scanner and a cyst phantom to explore development of spatial filters for systems with shift-variant impulse response functions. Overall we found that significant improvements were realized over standard B-mode images using a delay-and-sum beamformer but at the cost of higher complexity and computational load.
Genetic mapping studies of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

During the last two decades, the search to definemedical illnesses by virtue of variations (or mutations)at the level of DNA has ushered in a revolution in ourunderstanding of the origins of many diseases.Although somewhat lagging behind other fields ofmedicine with regard to actual discoveries of diseasegenes, psychiatric researchers are now very activelyengaged in applying the study of genes and molecularbiology to disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolardisorder, and other mental illnesses. Coming roughly100 years after Emil Kraepelin first defined the majorpsychotic disorders as “dementia praecox” (currentlydefined as schizophrenia) and “manic depression”(currently termed bipolar disorder), we are nowbeginning to see both the utility of these century olddiagnostic terms (they have helped us to begin to defi-ne gene locations for these discrete illnesses) as well astheir limitations. In this paper, we will review thecurrent state of genetic research on schizophrenia andbipolar disorder, with a special emphasis on work thathas been done or is currently underway to definepredisposition genes for mental illness within the LatinAmerican population.
A Comparison of Two Methods for Assessing Abdominal Adiposity

Abstract Abdominal adiposity was assessed using two different methods, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and the conicity index (CI), in 52 postmenopausal Caucasian women to determine how well each predicts abdominal adiposity. The advantage of using CI over WHR is that CI has a built-in adjustment for height and weight which allows for direct comparisons of abdominal adiposities over the entire spectrum of heights and weights. WHR was calculated by dividing the circumference of the waist (the narrowest girth below the rib cage) by the hip circumference (the maximum girth over the buttocks). Abdominal fat weight (between the iliac crest and L1) was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. CI was calculated using the following formula: CI=abdominal girth/.109W/Hwhere abdominal girth is waist circumference in meters, W is weight in kilograms, and H is height in meters. Height was not significantly correlated with waist circumference, but weight was highly correlated with waist circumference (r=.92, p
Ecological limits can obscure expansion history: patterns of genetic diversity in a temperate mosquito in Hawaii

Because biological invasions can be swift and are rarely examined immediately and/or followed over time, spatial genetic diversity analyses grounded in a well-developed body of theory are often used to reconstruct historical patterns of expansion. Unfortunately, the role of selection in shaping and potentially disrupting such reconstructions has seldom been examined. The mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus is a temperate, cold-adapted species native to northern Japan that has recently established populations on the island of Hawaii. We used variation at seven microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial locus to examine Hawaiian populations collected in 2004, shortly after its first detection, and then in 2010–2011. Samples were collected along an elevational/temperature gradient, ranging from sea level to 1,200 m. Specimens collected near sea level in 2004 from the earliest detected population exhibited high genetic diversity. Contrary to expectations that diversity would decrease outward from the point of introduction, in 2010–2011 high elevation populations had the greatest genetic diversity, while low elevation populations (including those with high diversity in 2004) now had lower diversity and were significantly differentiated from each other, suggesting severe bottlenecks. We hypothesize that differential survival across temperatures at high versus low elevations has subverted the expected genetic signature of an expanding population.
Degradation of rapamycin : synthesis of a rapamycin derived fragment containing the tricarbonyl and triene sectors

Abstract A degradation of rapamycin involving retro-Michael and retro-aldol steps retrieves the entire C 1 -C 27 subunit.
Information and meaningfulness needs in sensory deprivation

To evaluate the relative reinforcement value of unpredictability and meaningfulness in sensory deprivation, Ss were allowed to button-press for visual stimuli after 0, 1.5, or 3 h of darkness and silence. Stimuli were proverbs, the same with words randomly arranged, or the same with letters randomly arranged. Increasing duration led to more pressing, but with no difference among stimuli. Boredom ratings indicated increase with time and low boredom with random words. The susceptibility of these stimuli to active cognitive manipulation may have been the relevan t characteristic.
SAF-2, a splice variant of SAF-1, acts as a negative regulator of transcription.

Serum amyloid A-activating factor-1 (SAF-1), a Cys2His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, regulates inflammation-induced expression of serum amyloid A protein that is linked to the pathogenesis of reactive amyloidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis. Here we report the identification of a novel splice variant, SAF-2, of the SAF family bearing strong sequence similarity to SAF-1. The N-terminal 426 amino acids of both SAF-1 and SAF-2 are identical containing two polyalanine tracts, one proline-rich domain, and six zinc fingers. However, the C terminus of SAF-2 containing two additional zinc fingers is different from SAF-1, which indicates the capability of different biochemical function. We show that SAF-2 interacts more avidly with the SAF-binding element, but its transactivation potential is much lower than SAF-1. Furthermore, co-expression of SAF-2 markedly suppresses SAF-1-regulated promoter function. Finally, we show that the level of SAF-2 protein is reduced during many inflammatory conditions, whereas the SAF-1 protein level remains unchanged. Together, these data suggest that the relative abundance of SAF-2 plays a critical role in the fine tuned regulation of inflammation-responsive genes that are controlled by SAF-1.
What the surgeon of tomorrow needs to know about evidence-based surgery.

Professionalism is at the core of surgical practice. A major component of professionalism is a lifelong involvement in continuing medical education to ensure the physician is optimallypreparedtomakethedecisionsnecessarytoprovideexcellentpatientcare.However, with the explosion of information, new technology, and advanced surgical techniques,ithasbecomevirtuallyimpossibletokeepupwiththiswealthofnewknowledge.Traditional didactic continuing education techniques have been shown to be inadequate to cause appropriate changes in practice management. It has become necessary to significantly alter our implementation of new knowledge in the clinical arena to ensure optimal patient care. Amajormechanismfortranslationofnew knowledge to the bedside is evidencebased medicine (EBM). There is currently sufficient evidence that the use of EBM in theappropriatesettingleadstoanimprovement in patient care and, in most cases, a decrease in misuse of expensive and criticalmedicalresources.However,appropriate training is needed for optimal use of EBM. Not all EBM is of equal quality. Numerous analyses, particularly systematic surveys,havesubsequentlybeenshownto beinaccurateand/orincomplete,thusleadingtoinappropriatepatientcare.Evidencebased medicine is not cookbook medicine. Practicing EBM requires a highly trained, astute, and experienced clinician using insightful and objective analyses of the best clinical information available to synthesizetheoptimalpatientcareplan.It is imperative that the surgeon of today become familiarized with the concepts of EBM. Physicians must be involved to ensurethattheimplementationofEBMisaccomplished appropriately to achieve the best outcome for each individual patient. A challenge for every surgical specialist is to meet the increasing expectations of quality of care from patients and society. Withincreasingrecognitionoftheseexpectations, professional societies and organizationsthatoverseetraining,testing,andcertification have developed an infrastructure of competencies required of any physician or surgeon. Among these are professionalism and its long-standing tenet of provid
Media attributions of blame and sympathy in ten rape cases

This study builds upon previous research investigating the nature of magazine coverage of rape cases between 1980 and 1996. The previous research examined the low versus high visibility cases vis-a ¤ -vis case characteristics. The present examination explores condemnation in rape cases in light of case characteristics. A total of 123 articles have been compiled from national magazines. Ten rape cases are included in this study. Concerns pivot around media attribution of rape culpability. The research questions whether the victim's/offender's race and/or class affects the media's exculpation or vilification of the rape victim and/or offender. In other words, the study investigates whether there is a perpetuation of the victim blaming ideology by the media as it pertains to certain rape cases. The research goes on to explore whether the rape scenario, e.g. stranger, acquaintance, single offender or multiple offenders impacts media attributions in rape cases. The findings of this content analysis are viewed ...
Ensuring Service Quality for Campus Career Services Centers: A Modified SERVQUAL Scale:

High-quality career services centers benefit marketing students by providing a full range of career counseling and job placement information so that when they enter the workforce, they are prepared to make better job choice decisions leading to more satisfying and productive careers. However, not all students receive high-quality guidance. Faculty have an obligation to monitor the effectiveness of their campus career services unit as part of their teaching mission. Accordingly, appropriate metrics are needed to measure and track service quality in a career services setting. This article outlines the development and potential use of a modified SERVQUAL scale that can be used as part of an ongoing program of service quality improvement for career services centers on college campuses.
OCLC'S FIRSTSEARCH: A REFERENCE TOOL STILL EVOLVING

OCLC entered the 1990s with a bold marketing move, signalling its expansion beyond the traditional library world and into the competitive end‐user market, with the introduction of FirstSearch. In the spring of 1991, sixteen libraries throughout the United States, among them the University of New Mexico General Library, became test sites for FirstSearch. After numerous changes prompted by test site users, First‐Search (ne Maximum Catalog) was officially released in October 1991. It is currently available to OCLC‐member libraries and to library schools. FirstSearch, the end‐user version of OCLC's earlier release, EPIC, inaugurates end‐user access to the largest book database in the world, OCLC's Online Union Catalog or “WorldCat,” as well as selected periodical indexes. On the first day of public release, six databases were available on FirstSearch; that number increased to 23 by August 1992 (see figure 1), and OCLC is negotiating with database producers to add others to the system.
Gender, values, and intentions to move in rural Thailand.

"This article explores gender differences in the intentions to move among a sample of young adults in rural northeastern Thailand. Based on the value-expectancy framework of migration decisionmaking, an explanatory model is tested which includes migration-related value measures along with individual, household and community-level determinants of both intentions to move and change in intentions to move. Multinomial logistic regression results based on data from the 1992 Thailand National Migration Survey provide some support for the hypothesis of gender-specific determinants of both intentions to move and the reconsideration of migration intentions. For men, value measures of affiliation and comfort, social networks, the presence of young children in the family, and land holdings are significant determinants of migration decisionmaking; for women income and comfort values, the presence of elderly persons in the household, community size, and crop losses are the salient factors."
Application of Pattern Recognition to Damage Localization

Pattern recognition is used as a basis to localize damage in structures. Feature vectors that depend on the predamaged and postdamaged mode shapes are developed. Classification criteria are developed to classify elements in the feature space into damaged and undamaged classes. The formulation is applied to a three-dimensional finite element model of a bridge girder. The accuracy of the localization results is then evaluated.
Regional Effects of Trade on Income

Nelson A. J. and Zolnik E. J. Regional effects of trade on income, Regional Studies. Estimating the effects of trade on growth solely from an international perspective runs the risk of ignoring underlying spatial patterns in interregional trade. In this study, spatial variation in international trade patterns is explored by using both a cross-section and a panel of data that include region-specific estimates of the effect of trade on income. Results suggest that the effects of trade on income vary significantly by region. Overall, the robustness of geographic variables to explain the effects of trade on income improves greatly when the focus of analysis shifts from international trade to interregional trade. Nelson A. J. and Zolnik E. J. 贸易对收入的区域性影响，区域研究。单纯从国际视角来估计贸易对于增长的影响可能会忽略区域间贸易潜在的空间模式。使用跨部门以及贸易对收入区域性影响预估的数据，本研究对国际贸易的空间差异进行了探讨。研究结果表明，贸易对于收入的影响存在较大的区域差异。总体而言，当分析重心从国际贸易转向区域间贸易时，地理差异更能解释贸易之于收入的影响。 区域间贸易 重力模型 区域效应 Nelson A. J. et Zolnik E. J. Les effets regionaux des echanges commerciaux sur le revenu, R...
Effects of the components of hormone therapy on matrix metalloproteinases in breast-cancer cells: an in vitro study.

A combination of E and progestogens significantly increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in both T47D cells (E 2 -medroxyprogesteroneacetate [MPA] and E 2 -P) and MCF-7 cells (E 2 -MPA, E 2 -P, and equilin-MPA). All combinations resulted in higher MMP-9 levels in MCF-7 cells, but higher MMP-9 levels resulted only with equilin-norethinderone in T47D cells.
Limited-interval definitions of the photometric functions of lunar crater walls by photography from orbiting Apollo

Abstract By the use of only relative photometry (intraframe) it is shown that the photometric functions of material reposed on the inner walls of some of the ypunger lunar craters photographed on the far side of the Moon from the Apollo 11 Command Module are not of a form which can be reduced to a dependence on phase angle and brightness-longitude (g, α) alone. Some other dependence on the completely general degrees of freedom described by phase angle, angle of incidence, and angle of emergence (g, i, ϵ) seems to be required. In addition, however, it has been found that a dependence of g and α is more closely approached for the crater, in the group observed, which is obviously the oldest by virtue of the roundedness of the rim crest and the mass-wasting which has occured on its inner walls. The possibility thus arises of crater age-dating by making a brightness ratio measurement together with some image geometry measurements. It is at least evident that more than one type of geologic material has been encountered.
Using X-parameters to generate IBIS models

X-parameters have been shown to have a wide array of applications in the modeling of nonlinear devices and systems. This work introduces a process called x2ibis in which X-parameter models are used to generate the I-V and V-t tables used in an Input/Output Buffer Information Specification (IBIS) file. The X-parameter model generation and the conversion of these models to the tables in an IBIS file are both outlined in detail. Results are compared with those of other methods of IBIS model generation.
Bound on vertical heat transport at large Prandtl number

Abstract We prove a new upper bound on the vertical heat transport in Rayleigh–Benard convection of the form c Ra 1 3 ( ln Ra ) 2 3 under the assumption that the ratio of Prandtl number over Rayleigh number satisfies Pr Ra ≥ c 0 where the non-dimensional constant c 0 depends on the aspect ratio of the domain only. This new rigorous bound agrees with the (optimal) Ra 1 3 bound (modulo logarithmic correction) on vertical heat transport for the infinite Prandtl number model for convection due to Constantin and Doering [P. Constantin, C.R. Doering, Infinite Prandtl number convection, J. Stat. Phys. 94 (1) (1999) 159–172] and Doering, Otto and Reznikoff [C.R. Doering, F. Otto, M.G. Reznikoff, Bounds on vertical heat transport for infinite Prandtl number Rayleigh–Benard convection, J. Fluid Mech. 560 (2006) 229–241]. It also improves a uniform (in Prandtl number) Ra 1 2 bound for the Nusselt number [P. Constantin, C.R. Doering, Heat transfer in convective turbulence, Nonlinearity 9 (1996) 1049–1060] in the case of large Prandtl number.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Neurological Disorders

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) involves the delivery of precise electrical signals to specific deep anatomical structures of the central nervous system, with the objective of altering or modulating neural functioning and achieving a reversible, adjustable and therapeutic or clinically beneficial effect. The exact mechanism of action of DBS is still the subject of ongoing investigations. However, based on extensive clinical investigations, it has become an established modality for the surgical treatment of advanced and medication intractable movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and dystonia. DBS is also being investigated for conditions such as intractable epilepsy, neurobehavioral and psychiatric disorders such as treatment resistant depression, obsessive compulsive disorders, addiction, obesity, Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury. The advantage of DBS over older deep brain lesioning procedures is its reversibility and adjustability. The design of the DBS systems allows for dynamic adjustment of the effects of electrical stimulation by altering the contacts at which electrical pulses are delivered to the brain and changing the stimulation parameters of those pulses. The clinical results from studies on DBS show that it has great potential making it one of most promising fields which could be used to address challenging neurological problems.
Expanded Use of Multivisceral Transplantation for Small Children With Concurrent Liver and Intestinal Failure

Fifty-five children with liver and intestinal failure have been transplanted at our center under daclizumab induction therapy since 1998. Of those, 19 received five multiviceral transplantation (MVT), 12 liver-intestine-pancreas transplants, and 2 noncomposite liver and intestine transplants (NCLIT) before 2001 (group 1). During this period, MVT was only used in children with gastric dysmotility. After 2001, we expanded the use of MVT. Therefore, 36 children in this period (group 2) received MVT except for two who received NCLIT. Median age was 1.08 in group 1 and 1.06 in group 2. Median recipient weight was 8.2 kg in group 1 and 7.5 kg in group 2. Six-month, 1-, and 2-year patient survivals were 54%, 37%, and 32% in group 1 and 94%, 91%, and 71% in group 2 (P = .00037). A statistically significant difference was observed in freedom from rejection between the two groups with group 2 being favorable (P = .0019). A statistically significant difference was observed in freedom from rejection between the two groups with group 2 being favorable (P = .0019) Four died of rejection in group 1 (21%); none died of rejection in group 2. There have been two esophago-gastrostomy strictures (one in each group) and a serious reflux of this anastomosis (group 2). Strictures were treated with balloon dilatation, and the reflux was surgically corrected. In 24 recent cases, gastro-gastric anastomosis was used in MVT with no complications to date. No pancreatic rejection was seen. Small children tolerated MVT with improved survival rates and reduced rates of rejection. Use of MVT may be considered as an alternative to liver-intestine-pancreas transplant.
Taxol photoaffinity labels 2. Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-(4-azidobenzoyl)-N-debenzoyltaxol, N-(4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoyl)-N-debenzoyltaxol, and 7-(4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoyl)taxol

Abstract Biologically active photoaffinity labeled analogues of taxol ( 6, 8 and 9 ) have been synthesized utilizing (3R,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-phenyl-2-azetidinones, produced via the ester enolate-imine cyclocondensation reaction, and the diterpene baccatin III ( 2 ). Photoaffinity label 8 proved to be the most active taxol photoaffinity label synthesized to date in addition to having the most similar structure to that of the parent, taxol.
Transmembrane Helical Domain of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor

Brain cannabinoid (CB1) receptors are G-protein coupled receptors and belong to the rhodopsin-like subfamily. A homology model of the inactive state of the CB1 receptor was constructed using the x-ray structure of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) as the template. We used 105 ns duration molecular-dynamics simulations of the CB1 receptor embedded in a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) bilayer to gain some insight into the structure and function of the CB1 receptor. As judged from the root mean-square deviations combined with the detailed structural analyses, the helical bundle of the CB1 receptor appears to be fully converged in 50 ns of the simulation. The results reveal that the helical bundle structure of the CB1 receptor maintains a topology quite similar to the x-ray structures of G-protein coupled receptors overall. It is also revealed that the CB1 receptor is stabilized by the formation of extensive, water-mediated H-bond networks, aromatic stacking interactions, and receptor-lipid interactions within the helical core region. It is likely that these interactions, which are often specific to functional motifs, including the S(N)LAxAD, D(E)RY, CWxP, and NPxxY motifs, are the molecular constraints imposed on the inactive state of the CB1 receptor. It appears that disruption of these specific interactions is necessary to release the molecular constraints to achieve a conformational change of the receptor suitable for G-protein activation.
An algebraic approach to chaos

The aim of this paper is to study chaotic actions on objects other than metric spaces, e.g. locales and commutative rings. To do so, point-free versions of “topologically transitivity” and the “density of periodic points” are obtained for actions on a locale, and then generalized to a category which includes the desired objects of study.
Novel alleles of the Escherichia coli dnaA gene.

Abstract The Escherichia coli dnaA gene is required for replication of the bacterial chromosome. To identify residues critical for its replication activity, a method to select novel mutations was developed that relied on lytic growth of λ from an inserted pSC101 replication origin. Replication from the λ origin was inhibited by lysogen-encoded c I repressor. Replication from the pSC101 origin that resulted in lytic growth was dependent on active DnaA protein encoded by a plasmid in a host strain lacking the chromosomal dnaA gene. With this approach, a large collection of missense, nonsense, and a few internal deletion mutations were obtained. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the missense mutations indicated that 28 of 50 were unique. Of these, one was identical to the dnaA205 allele whereas the remainder are novel. These missense mutations were clustered into three regions, suggesting three functional domains of DnaA protein required for its replication activity. Many of the missense mutations mapping to the C-terminal 61 residues were inactive for replication from the pSC101 origin. These are defective in DNA binding. Mutations that mapped elsewhere were temperature-sensitive.
Poor anchorage and growth of spur ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees with deep crown roots

Abstract Spur ‘Red Delicious’ apple Malus domestica (Bork.) trees on MM 111 and seedlings that had been blown over by high winds had greater depth to first root and had thinner trunks than adjacent undamaged trees.
Formation of the head organizer in hydra involves the canonical Wnt pathway

Stabilization of beta-catenin by inhibiting the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta has been shown to initiate axis formation or axial patterning processes in many bilaterians. In hydra, the head organizer is located in the hypostome, the apical portion of the head. Treatment of hydra with alsterpaullone, a specific inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, results in the body column acquiring characteristics of the head organizer, as measured by transplantation experiments, and by the expression of genes associated with the head organizer. Hence, the role of the canonical Wnt pathway for the initiation of axis formation was established early in metazoan evolution.