cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The four principles of adaptation and their set theory foundation

Abstract There are four principles of adaptation enunciated in [Ecol. Model. 156 (2002) 61]. The first is that if two quite different entities occur under the same condition, then one is adapted and the other is not adapted to this condition. An example is a set of five experimentally determined algae division rates at five temperatures from 1 °C to 20 °C; these are paired with five ocean temperatures from 3 °C to 20 °C. The set of five pairs shows a relation of being adapted in the case of several species but in the case of another species a relation of being adapted at higher temperatures but a relation of not being adapted at lower temperatures. The second principle is that if one entity occurs under two quite different conditions, then it is adapted to one condition but is not adapted to the other condition. An example is 17 sets, or associations, of species of the North American forest related by being adapted to moist conditions; and five sets, or associations, of the North American forest related by being not adapted to non-moist conditions. The third principle is that if one entity is adapted to a second, then the second entity is adapted to the first. An example is a set of three coastally restricted species (the western red cedar and redwood and the eastern white cedar) and the set of their locales. There is a functional relation between these sets: the function of adaptation binds each species to its locale—this is invertible; the function of adaptation binds each locale to its species. For certainly the species would not be where it is if its locale were not adapted to it. The fourth principle is that if two or more quite different entities occur under two or more quite different conditions, then each entity is adapted to its condition. Examples are the migration of three North American sparrow species. Each species can be divided into breeding species and non-breeding species. Then the third and fourth principle can be combined: the function of adaptation assigns to each breeding species its northern breeding area which is adapted to it and the function of adaptation assigns to each non-breeding species its winter, non-breeding area, which is adapted to it.
A late phase of LTD in cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells requires persistent dynamin-mediated endocytosis

Long-term synaptic depression (LTD) of cerebellar parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses is a form of use-dependent synaptic plasticity that may be studied in cell culture. One form of LTD is induced postsynaptically through an mGlu1/Ca influx/protein kinase Cα (PKCα) cascade, and its initial expression requires phosphorylation of ser-880 in the COOH-terminal PDZ-ligand region of GluA2 and consequent binding of PICK1. This triggers postsynaptic clathrin/dynamin-mediated endocytosis of GluA2-containing surface AMPA receptors. Cerebellar LTD also has a late phase beginning 45–60 min after induction that is blocked by transcription or translation inhibitors. Here, I have sought to determine the expression mechanism of this late phase of LTD by applying various drugs and peptides after the late phase has been established. Neither bath application of mGluR1 antagonists (JNJ-16259685, LY-456236) nor the PKC inhibitor GF-109203X starting 60–70 min after LTD induction attenuated the late phase. Similarly, achieving the whole cell configuration with a second pipette loaded with the peptide PKC inhibitor PKC(19–36) starting 60 min postinduction also failed to alter the late phase. Late internal perfusion with peptides designed to disrupt PICK1-GLUA2 interaction or PICK1 dimerization failed to impact late phase LTD expression. However, late internal perfusion with two different blockers of dynamin, the drug dynasore and a dynamin inhibitory peptide (QVPSRPNRAP), produced rapid and complete reversal of cerebellar LTD expression. These findings suggest that the protein synthesis-dependent late phase of LTD requires persistent dynamin-mediated endocytosis, but not persistent PICK1-GluA2 binding nor persistent activation of the upstream mGluR1/PKCα signaling cascade.
Business Communication and Architecture: Is There a Parallel?

Visual persuasion in constructing buildings is often a part of business strategy. Architects, for instance, try to link corporate goals with management's desire for company buildings to represent, ...
Diagnosing and alleviating the impact of performance pressure on mathematical problem solving.

High-pressure academic testing situations can lead people to perform below their actual ability levels by co-opting working memory (WM) resources needed for the task at hand (Beilock, 2008). In the current work we examine how performance pressure impacts WM and design an intervention to alleviate pressure's negative impact. Specifically, we explore the hypothesis that high-pressure situations trigger distracting thoughts and worries that rely heavily on verbal WM. Individuals performed verbally based and spatially based mathematics problems in a low-pressure or high-pressure testing situation. Results demonstrated that performance on problems that rely heavily on verbal WM resources was less accurate under high-pressure than under low-pressure tests. Performance on spatially based problems that do not rely heavily on verbal WM was not affected by pressure. Moreover, the more people reported worrying during test performance, the worse they performed on the verbally based (but not spatially based) maths pro...
High-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy in recurrent and previously irradiated head and neck cancers--preliminary results.

Abstract Purpose Although high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDRBT) offers significant advantages over low dose rate brachytherapy, there are scant data on improved local control (LC) and treatment-related complications in patients with recurrent head and neck (H&N) cancers. We report our preliminary results in patients with recurrent H&N cancers treated with interstitial HDRBT. Methods and materials Thirty patients with recurrent H&N cancers were treated with HDRBT between September 2003 and October 2005. Seventy-seven percent (23/30) of the patients had either local or regional recurrence in the area of previous external beam radiation therapy. The treatment sites were oral cavity/oropharynx (11/30), neck (10/30), face/nasal cavity (6/30), and parotid bed (3/30). Whereas 18 patients underwent surgical resection followed by HDRBT, 3 patients were treated with combined external beam radiation and HDRBT, and the remaining 9 were treated with HDRBT alone. The dose and fractionation schedules used were 3.4 Gy twice per day (b.i.d.) to 34 Gy for postoperative cases, 4 Gy b.i.d. to 20 Gy when combined with 40–50 Gy external beam, and 4 Gy b.i.d. to 40 Gy for definitive treatment. HDRBT was initiated 5 days after catheter placement to allow for tissue healing. Results With a median followup of 12 months, 6 local recurrences were observed 1–10 months after the procedure. The 2-year LC and overall survival outcomes for the entire group were 71% and 63%, respectively. Patients treated with surgical resection and HDRBT had an improved 2-year LC compared to the patients treated with HDRBT ± external beam radiation alone (88% vs. 40%, p = 0.05). Six Grade II and four Grade III complications were noted in five patients, all observed in the postoperative HDRBT group. Conclusion The preliminary results of HDRBT indicate an acceptable LC and morbidity in recurrent H&N cancers. A planned surgical resection followed by HDRBT is associated with improved tumor control in these high-risk patients. Based on these encouraging results, prospective clinical trials are warranted using HDRBT in recurrent H&N cancers to decrease late toxicity.
Evaluation and Management of Neck Trauma

Blunt and penetrating trauma to the neck can result in life-threatening injuries that demand immediate attention and intervention on the part of the emergency physician and trauma surgeon. This article provides a literature-based update of the evaluation and management of injuries to aerodigestive and vascular organs of the neck. A brief review of cervical spine injuries related to penetrating neck trauma is also included. Airway injuries challenge even the most skilled practitioners; familiarity with multiple approaches to securing a definitive airway is required because success is not guaranteed with any single technique.
Mate Guarding and Aggression by the Crab Spider Misumena vatia in Relation to Female Reproductive Status and Sex Ratio

Abstract Current theory predicts that males should guard prereproductive females if they will thereby achieve sperm priority and that the propensity of males to guard prereproductive females, and aggression exhibited by both sexes at this time, should be related to their density and sex ratio. Low female density should select for males to guard prereproductive females, but a female-biased sex ratio should weaken any propensity for males to guard them. Low density and a female-biased sex ratio should favor a low level of aggression by both males and females. We tested these predictions with a low-density, female-biased population of the crab spider Misumena vatia. During experimental introductions only 10% (n = 40) of the males guarded penultimate-stage females through their final molt to copulate with them, even though penultimate females seldom responded aggressively to males in these trials (10%). Nearly all males mated soon after they found newly molted adult virgin females (94%: n = 31). Males guarded...
Brain MR: pathologic correlation with gross and histopathology. 1. Lacunar infarction and Virchow-Robin spaces.

MR imaging was performed on 36 formalin-fixed brain specimens. For three of these specimens, in vivo MR studies had also been performed before death. Changes that take place in the MR appearance of the brain after fixation are discussed. Gross and microscopic pathology revealed 14 lacunar infarctions in seven cases and enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces (etat crible) in four. Both types of lesion were seen in specimens from predominantly elderly, hypertensive patients. Eight lacunae were in the deep gray-matter nuclei (four in the putamen with variable involvement of the internal capsule and caudate nuclei, two in the thalami, and two in the dentate nuclei), five were in the supratentorial white matter, and one was in the brainstem. Enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces were identified in the basal ganglia. All lesions were detected on MR. CT failed to disclose the brainstem and dentate lacunae and the enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces. On MR, all lacunae were slitlike or ovoid, except one that was round. They were less than 1 cm in greatest diameter in all but two cases. The lacunae were hyperintense relative to brain parenchyma on both long TR sequences (short and long TEs) in all cases except that of a chronic infarct that underwent cystic change and was isointense relative to CSF on all pulse sequences. In contrast, dilated Virchow-Robin spaces were isointense relative to CSF in vivo or to fluid in the subarachnoid space in the postmortem state on all pulse sequences in all four cases. They were round or linear, and in general were smaller than the lacunae, although some overlap in size did occur. They were seen at the level immediately above the bifurcation of the internal carotid into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries and were seen on successive axial sections in the putamen (most prominent along its lateral margin) and in the internal capsule. MR studies of gross and microscopic pathology of lacunae and dilated Virchow-Robin spaces are useful in correlating MR and pathologic findings. However, changes resulting from the fixation process must be considered when postmortem and in vivo MR findings are correlated.
An Analysis of Inspections When Economic Cost Reduction Matters More than Biological Invasion Damage Control

DeAngelo et al. (2006, 2007) have shown that there are circumstances in which there is a tension between economic cost minimization and inspection stringency in invasive species management. We explore this issue further in this chapter by studying the behavior of a risk loving inspector in a seaport who is entrusted with the task of inspecting the container cargo on arriving ships for the presence of one or more deleterious invasive species. This inspector is risk loving in the sense that he is more concerned about economic cost reduction than he is about biological invasion damage control. Specifically, we first use the theory of continuous time Markov chains (CTMCs) to delineate a probabilistic inspection regime. Next, we mathematically explain the sense in which our inspector is risk loving. Finally, we use the stochastic features of the problem to compute the long run expected amount of time (LRET) an arriving ship that is inspected by the risk loving inspector spends in the seaport under study.
Evaluation of hydraulic controls for leakage intervention in carbon storage reservoirs

Abstract Assuring the storage security of geologically sequestered CO2 is essential for proper project management and long-term emissions reductions. Storage security relies not only on comprehensive site characterization prior to injection and careful reservoir management, but also on having a suite of intervention and remediation strategies available to implement if leakage occurs. In this study sequential stages of intervention are analyzed and evaluated. The first step in halting leakage is likely to be stopping CO2 injection in the vicinity of the leak (also termed passive remediation). Results indicate that while passive remediation can reduce the leakage rate by an order of magnitude, completely stopping leakage may often require implementation of additional measures. Additional measures evaluated here focus largely on hydraulic controls, whereby water is injected or produced in or above the CO2 injection reservoir in order to terminate leakage. The degree of residual trapping determines the extent to which leakage is ultimately reduced. For example, water injection into the overlying aquifer directly above a fault was able to completely terminate leakage for as long as water injection continues. Remediation was even more effective when water injection above the fault was combined with reservoir fluid production. We also show that in addition to hydraulic control methods, extracting 15–25% of the injected CO2 can lead to permanent leakage termination. The role of reservoir heterogeneity on remediation efficacy was also examined and found to reduce the total amount of CO2 leaked compared to a homogeneous reservoir. Overall this study demonstrates that temporally limited, multi-stage intervention strategies such as hydraulic barriers can permanently stop CO2 leakage from storage reservoirs into overlying aquifers.
Heterosis: The genetic basis of hybrid vigour.

A new large-scale sequencing and phenotyping experiment of hybrid rice varieties leads to associations with genetic determinants whose mode of action was revealed.
A method for collection of the quill mite, Syringophiloidus minor (Berlese) (Prostigmata: Syringophilidae), from living birds.

Mites of the family Syringophilidae are obligate avian parasites that live inside the quill feathers. They pierce the wall of the calamus with their flexible, styletiform chelicerae and siphon fluids from the surrounding tissues. Fertilized females or other dispersing stages obviously must disperse from the quill at the time of brooding to infest new hosts and at the period of molt to infest developing feathers. However, they are rarely, if ever, recovered from the plumage by detergent washing or other classical collecting techniques. Collection of syringophilids is therefore generally accomplished by plucking the feathers from recently killed or preserved birds, or even from museum skins, and opening the quills with a microscalpel for removal of the mites (Kethley, 1970, Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst. 5 (6): 1–76). The following account describes a technique by which dispersing quill mites may be collected at certain times of the year from living birds.
Subsistence in the Florida Archaic: The Stable-Isotope and Archaeobotanical Evidence from the Windover Site

A paleodietary analysis of the mid-Holocene mortuary site, Windover (8BR246), based on carbon and nitrogen bone-collagen values and archaeobotanical information is consistent with a subsistence strategy that utilized river-dwelling fauna and a range of terrestrial flora, such as grapes and prickly pear. The isotopic analysis does not support the extensive human dietary use of either marine mammals or classic terrestrial fauna such as deer or rabbit. Seasonal (late summer/early fall) use of the site is indicated by the range of flora found in association with the burials.
New Pterodactyl oid Pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning

New genus and species Eopteranodon lii(gen. et sp. nov. ) is erected based on a skeleton with incomplete skull from the Early Cretaceous upper part of the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Its elongated skull with toothless tips and short cervical vertebrae indicate that it is similar to that of Pteranodon. The humerus of Eopteranodon is different from that of Pteranodon in that the deltopectroal crest of humerus is not warped and almost all the Pteranodontids are large in size. Eopteranodon is small with a wing-span approximately 1. 1 m. The unfused carpals, nearly straight deltopetoral crest of the humerus and metacarpal Ⅳ slightly longer than ulna indicate that it represents a new, more primitive pterodactyliod pterosaur, which may be similar to Pteranodon.
Determination method of 4 aflatoxins in corns products by UPLC-MS-MS

An ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS-MS) method was developed to simultaneous determination of 4 aflatoxins(AFs) in corns. The samples were extracted with methanol samples-water(v:v=7:3) and purificated by multifunction purification column after weighed. Then the samples were detected by UPLC-MS-MS. The retention time is less than 3 minutes without derivatization. The minimum detection limits were 0.05 μg/kg, 0.02 μg/kg, 0.09 μg/kg and 0.04 μg/kg. The linear correlation coefficient(r2) was greater than 0.99 and the average recovery ratios were 81.5%～108.8%, the RSD were 2.9%～12.9%. This method had good precision and accuracy for the detection of AFs in corn products. Generally, the AFs were at a low level between 0.093～7.3 μg/kg. The detection of corn products for different regions shows that this method is suitable for rapid and sensitive detection.
Ambulatory esophageal and hypopharyngeal pH monitoring in patients with hoarseness

Ten patients referred by an otolaryngologist for ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring for suspected reflux-induced hoarseness were monitored with a dual ambulatory pH system in which probes were simultaneously placed 5 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter and 2 cm above the upper esophageal sphincter (laryngeal inlet). All were nonsmokers. Hypopharyngeal reflux (pH drop less than 4 in upper electrode preceded by pH drop less than 4 in esophageal electrode) was conclusively demonstrated in 7 of 10 patients. Three of these seven patients had normal frequency and duration of esophageal reflux and would have been classified as normal, yet demonstrated acid reflux into the hypopharynx. As a group, these patients were high frequency, short duration, upright refluxers. Combined hypopharyngeal and esophageal pH monitoring is useful in the diagnosis of reflux-induced hoarseness.
The Effect of Cold on Platelets. III. Adenine Nucleotide Metabolism After Brief Storage at Cold Temperature

The effect of cold on platelet adenine nucleotide (PAN) metabolism was studied. Spontaneous aggregation which occurs when chilled platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is simultaneously warmed and stirred was not accompanied by the changes in adenine nucleotides associated with the release reaction. Connective tissue caused the release of the same amount of ADP and conversion of equal amounts of ATP to IMP and hypoxanthine in cold-stored platelets as it did in room temperature stored platelets. However, cold did have an important effect on PAN. In PRP stored at cold (0° C, 3° C) temperatures and warmed up to 37° C in the presence of 3 H adenine, there was an increase in the conversion of adenine to its metabolites and ultimately to hypoxanthine as compared to PRP stored at warmer temperatures. This effect could not be prevented by ouabain, prostaglandin E 1 , antibody to immunoglobulin M or adenosine.
A model for a PC-based, universal-format, multimedia digitization system: moving beyond the scanner.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives. Digitizing images for use in case presentations based on hardcopy films, slides, photographs, negatives, books, and videos can present a challenging task. Scanners and digital cameras have become standard tools of the trade. Unfortunately, use of these devices to digitize multiple images in many different media formats can be a time-consuming and in some cases unachievable process. The authors’ goal was to create a PC-based solution for digitizing multiple media formats in a timely fashion while maintaining adequate image presentation quality. Materials and Methods. The authors’ PC-based solution makes use of off-the-shelf hardware applications to include a digital document camera (DDC), VHS video player, and video-editing kit. With the assistance of five staff radiologists, the authors examined the quality of multiple image types digitized with this equipment. The authors also quantified the speed of digitization of various types of media using the DDC and video-editing kit. Results. With regard to image quality, the five staff radiologists rated the digitized angiography, CT, and MR images as adequate to excellent for use in teaching files and case presentations. With regard to digitized plain films, the average rating was adequate. As for performance, the authors recognized a 68% improvement in the time required to digitize hardcopy films using the DDC instead of a professional quality scanner. Conclusions. The PC-based solution provides a means for digitizing multiple images from many different types of media in a timely fashion while maintaining adequate image presentation quality.
The effect of disease modifying drugs on the lung in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease mainly affecting the joints. It has extra-articular manifestations, including lung disease, a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. Careful assessment of systemic signs and symptoms of patients presenting to a pulmonologist with unexplained respiratory symptoms is very important, since RA itself can present with initial pulmonary symptoms without articular manifestations. Several disease modifying agents and biologics have been introduced to treat RA and have been shown to improve the quality of life and slow down the disease progression itself. The possibility of pulmonary toxicity with these drugs has been raised but establishing a causal relationship is difficult. In some case reports stopping the drug in question has reversed radiological changes and decreased inflammatory markers and symptoms, suggesting drug-related toxicity. However, some experts suggest that evolving or increasing pulmonary toxicity usually represents failure of treatment and an indication to switch to a different biologic or disease modifying agent. In this review we evaluate the association between methotrexate, leflunomide, and newer biologic agents and lung disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Chapter 4.2 – Perspective: Geographical Information Systems

Publisher Summary The geographical information system (GIS) is the digital information system whose records are somehow geographically referenced. This chapter discusses some of the distinctions between the brain and geographical atlases, and describes the approaches to tackle various challenges resulting from these differences. Georeferenced data consist of data elements whose locations are spatially referenced to earth. The data types managed by GIS are conventional record-based data consisting of alphanumeric attributes, images, and spatial data. For spatial data, spatial relationships are categorized into three types: topological relationships, direction relationships, and metric relationships. Raster data are simply a bitmap that, if displayed, illustrate the image of an area. They are tightly related to field view or space view. The database is managed by Informix Universal server v9.2, which is an Object-Relational-Database Management System (OR-DBMS). The levels are stored as binary large objects (BLOBs) within the relations. The Java applet that serves as the graphical user interface (GUI) retrieves the entire image corresponding to an atlas level in one shot and immediately displays it to the user. This chapter demonstrates how these features are supported through a spatial database management system, and mentions several commercial products and the ways they support these features.
Local Delivery of OncoVEX mGM-CSF Generates Systemic Antitumor Immune Responses Enhanced by Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein Blockade.

Purpose: Talimogene laherparepvec, a new oncolytic immunotherapy, has been recently approved for the treatment of melanoma. Using a murine version of the virus, we characterized local and systemic antitumor immune responses driving efficacy in murine syngeneic models.Experimental Design: The activity of talimogene laherparepvec was characterized against melanoma cell lines using an in vitro viability assay. Efficacy of OncoVEXmGM-CSF (talimogene laherparepvec with the mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor transgene) alone or in combination with checkpoint blockade was characterized in A20 and CT-26 contralateral murine tumor models. CD8+ depletion, adoptive T-cell transfers, and Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot assays were used to study the mechanism of action (MOA) of systemic immune responses.Results: Treatment with OncoVEXmGM-CSF cured all injected A20 tumors and half of contralateral tumors. Viral presence was limited to injected tumors and was not responsible for systemic efficacy. A significant increase in T cells (CD3+/CD8+) was observed in injected and contralateral tumors at 168 hours. Ex vivo analyses showed these cytotoxic T lymphocytes were tumor-specific. Increased neutrophils, monocytes, and chemokines were observed in injected tumors only. Importantly, depletion of CD8+ T cells abolished all systemic efficacy and significantly decreased local efficacy. In addition, immune cell transfer from OncoVEXmGM-CSF-cured mice significantly protected from tumor challenge. Finally, combination of OncoVEXmGM-CSF and checkpoint blockade resulted in increased tumor-specific CD8+ anti-AH1 T cells and systemic efficacy.Conclusions: The data support a dual MOA for OncoVEXmGM-CSF that involves direct oncolysis of injected tumors and activation of a CD8+-dependent systemic response that clears injected and contralateral tumors when combined with checkpoint inhibition. Clin Cancer Res; 23(20); 6190-202. ©2017 AACR.
Post-Trial Access to Drugs in Developing Nations

The pandemic nature of HIV/AIDS which decimates millions of people in developing countries creates an urgent need for post-trial access to anti-retroviral drugs. Conducting clinical trials has been defended as a major means of providing medical benefits to poor populations in developing countries through development of cheaper and affordable drugs. Lavery articulates that, “it has become increasingly well-recognized in recent years that an equitable distribution of the benefits of research is an important component of international research ethics.”.
Macondo Versus McOndo: Realismo Mágico y el Peso de la Memoria Histórica en The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao

Desde el momento en que el termino “realismo magico” fue aplicado a las obras de Jorge Luis Borges y Gabriel Garcia Marquez, y luego a otros escritores del Boom latinoamericano, su uso como etiqueta y como estilo literario ha sido controversial. Franz Roh introdujo el termino en 1925 para describir un estilo artistico pos-expresionista (Roh 15-32), y treinta anos despues fue utilizado por Angel Flores para describir la literatura latinoamericana: “we may claim that Latin America now possesses an authentic expression, one that is uniquely civilized, exciting, and, let us hope, perennial” (Flores, 116); lanzando un debate que continuaria hasta el presente sobre la propuesta del realismo magico, y si es de veras una representacion valida de la realidad latinoamericana. Por ejemplo, un movimiento conducido por el escritor chileno Alberto Fuguet en los anos 90 reacciono contra el realismo magico, diciendo “my own world is something much closer to what I call ‘McOndo’—a world of McDonald’s, Macintoshes and condos” (Fuguet, “I Am Not a Magical Realist!”). Un articulo de 2002 que trata los escritores de la generacion “McOndo” aun reclama “Magical realism…is dead. As dead as jackbooted generalissimos, as passe as Colombian coffee’s poster boy Juan Valdez and his mule” (Margolis, “Is Magical Realism Dead?”).
Analysis of Trusses, Beams, and Frames

This chapter discusses the derivation of element equations for one-dimensional structural elements. These elements are used for analysis of skeletal-type systems such as planar trusses, space trusses, beams, continuous beams, planar frames, grid systems, and space frames. Pin-jointed bar elements are used in the analysis of trusses. A truss element is a bar that resists only axial forces (compressive or tensile) and can be deformed only in the axial direction. In planar truss analysis, each of the two nodes can have components of displacement parallel to X and Y axes. In three-dimensional truss analysis, each node can have displacement components in X, Y, and Z directions. Rigidly jointed bar (beam) elements are used in the analysis of frames. Thus, a frame or a beam element is a bar that can resist not only axial forces but also transverse loads and bending moments. In the analysis of planar flames, each of the two nodes of an element has two translational displacement components (parallel to X and Y axes) and a rotational displacement (in the plane XY). For a space frame element, each of the two ends is assumed to have three translational displacement components (parallel to X, Y, and Z axes) and three rotational displacement components (one in each of the three planes XY, YZ, and ZX. The chapter also describes a computer program―called FRAME―for the displacement analysis of three dimensional frame structures.
Chronic Osteomyelitis Caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae: A Case Report.

Case A 14-year-old boy presented with a pathologic fracture of the distal aspect of the tibia and a remote history of a dog bite near the injury site. Imaging studies, biopsy, and presentation corroborated the diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis. Multiple diagnostic methods were negative until an open biopsy identified Haemophilus parainfluenzae, a fastidious oropharyngeal bacterium, with polymerase chain reaction analysis. The patient underwent extensive debridement, placement of external fixation, and a year-long antibiotic therapy regimen. He subsequently required a tibial-fibular osteotomy at a second site with placement of an intramedullary nail for correction of a leg-length discrepancy. Conclusion This case report illustrates the complex management of chronic osteomyelitis in pediatric patients, its sequelae, and the importance of considering treatment of atypical pathogens.
Precipitation hardening in A356 alloys

ABSTRACT Cast aluminum alloys are generally heat treated to the T6 condition in order to obtain an optimum combination of strength and ductility. The improvement in strength properties after the heat treatment has been attributed primarily to the precipitation of Mg2Si during the aging treatment. The precipitation sequence in A356 alloys is as follows: needle shaped GP zones → rod like precipitates → eqilibrium platelets of Mg2Si. The precipitation characteristics are determined by several parameters including natural aging time, preaging time and temperature, heating rate to the final aging temperature and artificial aging time and temperature. The influence of these parameters on tensile properties of A356 alloys has been studied to determine optimum aging conditions necessary to obtain the desired property level. The data have been used to construct a TTT diagram for the aging process.
Pounds Off Digitally Study A Randomized Podcasting Weight-Loss Intervention

Background As obesity rates rise, new weight-loss methods are needed. Little is known about the use of podcasting (audio files for a portable music player or computer) to promote weight loss, despite its growing popularity. Design A 12-week RCT was conducted. Setting/participants The study sample comprised overweight men and women (BMI=25–40 kg/m 2 ; n =78) in the Raleigh–Durham NC area. Intervention In 2008, participants were randomly assigned to receive 24 episodes of a currently available weight-loss podcast (control podcast) or a weight-loss podcast based on social cognitive theory (SCT) designed by the researchers (enhanced podcast) for 12 weeks. Main outcome measures Weight was measured on a digital scale at baseline and follow-up. Both groups also completed questionnaires assessing demographic information, food intake, physical activity, and SCT constructs at the introductory and 12-week meetings. Additional questionnaires at the 12-week meeting assessed perceptions of the intervention. Results Data collection and analysis occurred in 2008 and intention-to-treat was used. Enhanced group participants ( n =41) had a greater decrease in weight (−2.9±3.5 kg enhanced group vs −0.3±2.1 control group; p 2 enhanced group vs −0.1±0.7 kg/m 2 control group; p n =37) and had greater weight-loss–related knowledge ( p p p p Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the use of behavioral, theory-based podcasting may be an effective way to promote weight loss. Trial registration NCT00771095
ST8SIA1 regulates tumor growth and metastasis in TNBC by activating the FAK-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway

Breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSC) are implicated in cancer recurrence and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We have recently discovered that ganglioside GD2 expression defines BCSCs and that ST8SIA1 regulates GD2 expression and BCSC function. In this report, we show that ST8SIA1 is highly expressed in primary TNBC; its expression is positively correlated with the expression of several BCSC-associated genes such as BCL11A, FOXC1, CXCR4, PDGFRβ, SOX2, and mutations in p53. CRISPR knockout of ST8SIA1 completely inhibited BCSC functions, including in vitro tumorigenesis and mammosphere formation. Mechanistic studies discovered activation of the FAK-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in GD2+ BCSCs, and its tight regulation by ST8SIA1. Finally, knockout of ST8SIA1 completely blocked in vivo tumor growth and metastasis by TNBC cells. In summary, these data demonstrate the mechanism by which ST8SIA1 regulates tumor growth and metastasis in TNBC and identifies it as a novel therapeutic target.
Impact of Family Related Factors on Students’ Learning Performance in the First Post-Secondary Accounting Course

This study examines the impact of family income and other family related factors on the learning performance of students’ first college-level financial accounting course. Data related with family factors are collected by a survey at a mid-west public university. There are three main results: 1). Family income has positive and significant impact on the learning performance of students’ first college-level financial accounting course. 2). There is no significant signal between students’ learning performance and other family related factors (i.e., 1st-generation college student, family members working in business area, or family members being accountant). 3). Students’ GPA instead of family income is the most significant factor to have impact on students learning performance in the first college level accounting course. The results would be useful for accounting students and accounting educators as well as policy makers.
Abstract P2-06-10: Withdrawn

This abstract was withdrawn by the authors. Citation Format: Sood AK, Mukhopadhyay A, Wang J. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-06-10.
American Land Planning Law: Case and Materials, Volume 1

The materials in American Land Planning Law are derived from decades of experience in teaching planning law at six planning schools and three law schools. Among the hypotheses included here, two are clearly vindicated in the reading. The first involves basic tenets in the approach referred to as "legal realism"—that courts play a major role in policy formation. A second hypothesis is implicit in the basic organizational principle of these materials, that planning problems arise from land use conflicts, and further, that courts have adopted distinctive policies on these conflicts.Norman Williams' organizational format is unique. The notes provided after each case have been omitted, due to a repetition that would result from what has already been said in the text. Instead, a list of questions is provided for the student to ponder, plus occasionally a necessary background, in order to focus attention on the essential turning point in each case. Williams also provides a complete list of cross-references to all standard treatises in the field, for those who wish to explore commentators' thoughts on the subject.The scope of these materials provides an exploration of the substantive problems involved in land use law, and the legal techniques which have been evolved to deal with them. The definition of this field of law as embodied in these materials focuses on urban and suburban planning problems. A quite artificial distinction between land use law and environmental law has been observed. This is an essential text containing important land use cases and should be read by all legal analysts, urban theorists and planners, and public policymakers.
Novel twisted and coiled polymer artificial muscles for biomedical and robotics applications

Abstract This chapter describes twisted and coiled polymer (TCP) muscles that are made out of highly drawn polymer fibers such as nylon 6, nylon 6,6, and polyethene, following certain material processing steps. We describe the basic working mechanism, fabrication procedure, characterization, and experimental results of the materials. These muscles or actuators have several advantages over the existing conventional and nonconventional actuators. The chapter explains the state of the art research on these actuators along with a comparative description with others. Various characteristics have been described in detail along with biomedical applications, for example, prosthetic hands, orthotic device, variable stiffness structure, catheters, and implantable devices. Furthermore, the chapter describes soft robotic systems, designed using these actuators embedded in silicone, for instance artificial musculoskeletal system and flexible structures of biomimetic robots. The biomedical devices made of TCP muscles can solve some of the challenges in design such as high actuation performance at lower material cost, which in turn can improve the quality of life for patients when they are fully developed.
Kaboom! [Microwave Surfing]

Reports on events involving American diplomats in Cuba who claimed they were harmed by unusual loud noises in the city of Havana in 2016. In late 2016, US government personnel serving in Havana, Cuba, began presenting to their embassy medical unit after experiencing unusual auditory and/or sensory stimuli of variable intensity and character, with associated onset of varied neurological manifestations. Initial signs and symptoms pointed toward injury of the auditory system … The U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Medical Services, subsequently convened an expert panel in July 2017, which came to consensus that the triage findings were most likely related to neurotrauma from a nonnatural source and recommended that further investigation into this novel cluster of findings was necessary.
Leveraging BERT for Extractive Text Summarization on Lectures.

In the last two decades, automatic extractive text summarization on lectures has demonstrated to be a useful tool for collecting key phrases and sentences that best represent the content. However, many current approaches utilize dated approaches, producing sub-par outputs or requiring several hours of manual tuning to produce meaningful results. Recently, new machine learning architectures have provided mechanisms for extractive summarization through the clustering of output embeddings from deep learning models. This paper reports on the project called Lecture Summarization Service, a python based RESTful service that utilizes the BERT model for text embeddings and KMeans clustering to identify sentences closes to the centroid for summary selection. The purpose of the service was to provide students a utility that could summarize lecture content, based on their desired number of sentences. On top of the summary work, the service also includes lecture and summary management, storing content on the cloud which can be used for collaboration. While the results of utilizing BERT for extractive summarization were promising, there were still areas where the model struggled, providing feature research opportunities for further improvement.
Microgrid finance, revenue, and regulation considerations

Abstract This article is intended to serve as an introduction to planning considerations for decision makers of critical public and large private infrastructures and assets pursuing microgrids. The specific planning considerations outlined in this article include gathering regulatory and financial information necessary to facilitate technical and economic analysis, project evaluation, and implementation. This will inform preliminary analysis, site screening, and feasibility studies, as well as provide an overview of financial mechanisms available for microgrids.
The Foreclosure Echo: How the Hardest Hit Have Been Left Out of the Economic Recovery

The Foreclosure Echo tells the story of the ordinary people whose quest for the American dream was crushed in the foreclosure crisis when they were threatened with losing their homes. The authors, Linda E. Fisher and Judith Fox - each with decades of experience defending low-to-moderate-income people from foreclosure and predatory lending practices - have employed a range of legal, economic, and social-science research to document these stories, showing not only how people experienced the crisis, but also how lenders and public institutions failed to protect them. The book also describes the ongoing effects of the crisis - including vacant land and abandoned buildings - and how these conditions have exacerbated the economic plight of millions of people who lost their homes and have increased inequality across the country. This book should be read by anyone who wants to understand the fallout of the last financial crisis and learn what we can do now to avoid another one.
1966 The concept of energetic trade-offs

Abstract In 1966, Martin Cody developed a theory to explain the variation in clutch size among birds. He describes the organizing principle by suggesting “It is possible to think of organisms as having a certain limited amount of time or energy available for expenditure, and of natural selection as that force which operates in the allocation of this time or energy in a way which maximizes the contribution of a genotype to following generations.” This idea has been adopted and used to understand many problems in evolutionary ecology besides clutch size.
Exploring and Engaging in Music Innovation Through the Engineering Design Process

The purpose of integrating engineering into the K-12 curriculum is to engage students in using a systematic process to design solutions to real-world problems. The engineering design process is a s...
DNA dosimeter measurements of beam profile using a novel simultaneous processing technique.

Abstract A DNA dosimeter (DNAd) was previously developed that uses double-strand breaks (DSB) to measure dose. This dosimeter has been tested to measure dose in scenarios where transient-charged particle equilibrium (TCPE) has been established. The probability of double strand break (PDSBo), which is the ratio of broken double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) to the initial unbroken dsDNA in the dosimeter, was used to quantify DSBs and related to dose. The goal of this work is to produce a new technique to process and analyze the DNAd and quantify DNA-DSBs. This technique included simultaneously processing multiple DNAds and also establishing a new form to the probability of double strand break (PDSBn), which was then used to test the DNAd in a non-TCPE condition by taking beam penumbra measurements. The technique utilized a 384-well plate, and the measurements were made at the edge of a 10 × 10 cm field and compared to film measurements. During these penumbra measurements, while observing the positional differences in the higher gradient region at 4.1 and 4.55 cm from the center of the radiation field, the distance to agreement of PDSBo to film were 0.38 cm and 0.26 cm while the distance to agreement of PDSBn to film were 0.11 cm and 0.06 cm, respectively. Finally, the developed new separation technique reduced the time needed for the analysis of 25 samples from 200 min to 30 min.
3-D photoacoustic tomography reconstruction with deep learning for vasculature imaging

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a hybrid imaging modality capable of acquiring high contrast and resolution images of optical absorption at depths greater than traditional optical imaging techniques. Practical considerations with instrumentation limit the number of acoustic sensors and their “view” of the imaging target, which result in image reconstruction artifacts degrading image quality. Iterative reconstruction methods can be used to improve image quality but are computationally expensive, especially for 3-D PAT over large imaging volumes. Deep learning has emerged as an efficient alternative and is capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance. In this work, we compare the 3-D fully dense UNet convolutional neural network with the widely used time reversal reconstruction method. Simulated acoustic data was generated using the K-wave MATLAB toolbox (225 detectors, planar geometry). A public database containing 50 patient's whole-lung CT scans was used to create training (n = 40) and testing (n = 10) data. The training and testing datasets are comprised of 500 and 50 lung vasculature volumes sampled from their respective whole-lung CT scans. Using the structural similarity index, the proposed deep learning method (0.87 ± 0.04) is shown to be superior to time reversal (0.38 ± 0.11).
Memory and migrant solidarity in Icíar Bollaín’s En tierra extraña

Iciar Bollain’s 2014 documentary, En tierra extrana, represents the experiences of Spaniards who have emigrated to Scotland in the wake of the financial crisis. Following the onset of the crisis in...