cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minority carrier diffusion lengths in liquid phase epitaxial InGaAsP and InGaAs

Minority carrier diffusion lengths were determined for InGaAsP and InGaAs layers grown by liquid phase epitaxy on (100)-InP substrates by measuring the variation of the short circuit photocurrent as a focussed laser beam was scanned along a beveled (~1°) p-n junction. The effect of lattice-mismatch on the hole diffusion length (λp) for n-type unintentionally doped InGaAsP layers (λg=1.15 µm) was investigated for mismatch values from -0.25% to +0.31%, with the longest diffusion length (Lp = 1.5 µm) occurring when the epitaxial layer was lattice-matched to the substrate. As the amount of mismatch increased, Lp decreased. Electron diffusion lengths, Ln, were determined for lattice-matched quaternary and ternary layers grown from Zn doped melts over a wide range of hole concentrations. At the lowest hole concentrations, p = 3 × l015 and 1.4 × 1016 cm−3, the electron diffusion lengths were 3.5 and 2.5 µm for the quaternary and ternary, respectively. As the hole concentration increased, Ln decreased and at the highest concentration (p = 5 × 10su18,cn−3) Ln was 0.13 µm for InGaAsP and 0.83 un for InGaAs.
Proximal third tibial shaft fractures. Should they be nailed

Thirty-two extraarticular fractures of the proximal third of the tibia were treated with locked intramedullary nails. There were 10 closed and 22 open injuries. Treatment consisted of a reamed nail in each of the 5 closed fractures, and an unreamed nail in the remaining 27 fractures. Thirty of the 32 fractures eventually healed; however, 9 (28%) underwent exchange nailing and 4 (13%) required bone grafting. At final followup, 27 of 32 fractures (84%) had angulation of 5 degrees or greater in the frontal or sagittal plane. Nineteen of the 32 fractures (59%) had 1 cm or more of displacement at the fracture site. In 8 fractures (25%), there was loss of fixation, most commonly associated with placement of a single proximal locking screw. Fractures of the proximal third of the tibial shaft do not appear to respond as favorably to intramedullary nailing as do fractures in the distal 2/3 of the tibia. Valgus, apex anterior angulation, and residual displacement at the fracture site are common after nailing. Surgical errors of a medialized nail entry point and a posteriorly and laterally directed nail insertion angle contributed to malalignment. Based on their findings, the authors have limited the use of intramedullary nailing for proximal third tibial shaft fracture and consider alternate forms of fixation (plate or external fixation).
Global perspectives on trace element requirements

Trace elements are inorganic constituents of the human body present in concentrations less than 50mg/kg body weight. An exception is iron that is found in slightly higher amounts, 60 mg/kg body weight, but it is classified within this category due to its physiological roles. Requirements of trace elements can vary according to age, gender, growth, body composition, genetics, pregnancy, lactation, wound healing and burns, alcohol abuse, infections, and diseases (anemia, coronary artery, Keshan, Kashin-Beck). Additionally, interactions may occur with dietary factors, such as other minerals (iron versus copper), phytates (zinc), oxalates (iron), fiber (manganese), and polyphenolic compounds (molybdenum). On a global basis, requirements can vary according to soil and geographical location, food preparation and processing, food accessibility, cultural practices (geophagia) and pollution. Furthermore, global differences exist in body composition, ethnicity, and age of menarche.
The Relationship Between Two Fast Fourier Transforms

The purpose of this note is to show as clearly as possible the mathematical relationship between the two basic fast methods used for the calculation of discrete Fourier transforms and to generalize one of the methods a little further. This method applies to all those linear transformations whose matrices are expressible as direct products.
Transaction controls: Steps to take after the equipment has been secured

Abstract No one can question the importance of limiting access to computer equipment in establishing a security system. However, with the door to the equipment locked, any potential perpetrator will naturally look for alternative ways of gaining access to the system. This paper looks at ways fraudulent data entry can be accomplished when physical access to data entry devices is denied and offers suggestions for securing those “windows” to the system.
Serologic and genetic markers do not aid in the determination of the clinical course and severity of patients with inflammatory bowel disease

A t present, despite the claims of promoters of new diagnostic approaches, the diagnoses of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) depend on a combination of clinical, laboratory, radiographic, endoscopic, and histological criteria. Once these diagnoses are established by traditional means, it would be desirable to predict the clinical course and prognosis for an individual patient. There have been substantial advances in the development and commercialization of a number of serologic and genetic markers in patients with IBD. These markers have incrementally advanced our understanding of the underlying aberrant immune responses in patients with IBD, particularly in CD. Nonetheless, they have yet to be prospectively shown to be sufficiently sensitive and specific to inform a given patient of their future. We remain humbled by our insufficient skills when it comes to gazing into the crystal ball of prognosis. In this article we describe the case for the importance of accurate disease phenotyping by our traditional and time-tested clinical means. In addition, we will address the potential pitfalls in predicting clinical course of disease based on the currently available serologic and genetic markers.
Metastability of hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract The metastability of hydrogenated amorphous silicon engenders many measureable effects: changes in the dark conductivity and photoconductivity (Staebler-Wronski effect); reduced luminescence efficiency but enhanced emission at approximately 0.8 eV; increased spin resonance due to silicon dangling bonds; changes in optically detected magnetic resonance; increased sub-band-gap absorption; reduced μτ product; increased small-angle neutron scattering; changes in deep level transient spectroscopy. The metastable effects can be induced by visible light, by X-rays, by electron or ion bombardment, by anbipolar injection and even by single carrier injection (more strongly by hole injection). All these effects can be reversed by thermal annealing between 150 and 200 °C. A few reports indicate that solar cell improvement can be obtained by irradiation with intense light with or without applied electric field. Two models explain most of the observations: (1) the breaking of weak SiSi bonds by the energy released during pair recombination or during carrier trapping and (2) a charge redistribution between already existing dangling bonds.
A 21st-century Map for Healthy Communities and Families:

Social policymakers traditionally focus on systems and individuals and tend to ignore local communities and associations. However, these local structures are vital components of any process that se...
Correspondence and Relative Precision of Stream Habitat Features Estimated at Two Spatial Scales

ABSTRACT I compared visual estimates of stream bed substrate composition, stream bank land use, stream bank erosion, and instream shelter for fish made at two different spatial scales: the transect scale, where observations were made along transect lines; and the segment scale, where observations were made within relatively large areas centered on transects. Overall, estimates of habitat conditions based on observations at the two spatial scales were strongly correlated (r > 0.78), and mean differences between estimates based on the two techniques were relatively small (≤ ± 5.3%). Estimates of silt and gravel substrate differed significantly, but absolute differences between estimates at the two spatial scales were small. I recommend making observations at the transect scale because estimates at the transect scale were more precise and there were no consistent differences between estimates made at the two spatial scales. I recommend a hybrid approach for estimating substrate, where substrate composition, ...
Behavior of Nonhomogeneous Materials Subjected to Bearing Load

The behavior of homogeneous and nonhomogenous materials with linearly varying material property subjected to line loading is investigated using the optical method of coherent gradient sensing. A three-dimensional finite element solution to the problem is first undertaken to establish the scope of the region within which the optical data can be considered to be valid. The numerical results are also used to uncover information beyond that which can be obtained from the experimental method, therefore fostering better understanding of the material behavior. The results suggest structural superiority of materials loaded on the stiff side of the material gradient due to the fact that this loading configuration attenuates stress concentration effects.
Is the NLRB still relevant? A performance review

Conclusions Comparisons of the NLRB to dinosaurs and other extinct species, fallen empires, and other relics are overdone. Nevertheless, the Board must confront some worrisome signs of institutional decay. On very separate fronts federal courts and state legislatures- the Board's ULP jurisdiction is eroding. Even more troubling for the Board, these incursions are coming from different sources. Unions seem to be winning the battle to legislate protective labor standards when the collective bargaining process that is administered by the NLRB fails them. Individual employees, and by extension certain employers, are circumventing the Board's ability to define fundamental issues of union membership.
Preventive Gynecologic Nursing in an Inpatient Setting

A nurse-managed screening program that offers gynecologic examinations and health teaching/counseling to female patients is described. The philosophy of the program includes emphasis on individualized care, health promotion, illness prevention, and fostering of self-care practices. Each physical examination includes a breast and pelvic examination, pap test, and health teaching/counseling in areas of women's health.
A Representation of the Dynamic Properties of Molecules by Mechanical Models

Mechanical models have been constructed to represent the dynamical systems believed to exist in the molecule. Assuming that the intramolecular forces lie along lines associated with the chemical bonds and that for small vibrations they obey Hooke's law and have the mechanical character of spiral springs, it is possible to get a picture of the forces and masses which can be represented on a large scale by steel balls and spiral springs. Models have been constructed for some of the simpler nonpolar molecules. They are found to have characteristic frequencies which correspond very closely to the frequencies observed in the Raman spectra, and it is possible by this means to identify the Raman lines with definite types of motion of particular atoms in the molecule. This substantiates the view that Raman lines correspond very closely to characteristic fundamental molecular frequencies.
Enhancement of water droplet evaporation by radiation absorption

Abstract Water droplet evaporation is relevant to fire suppression, industrial cooling processes, and many other technologically important applications. A mathematical model of unsteady evaporation of a water droplet is developed. The droplet is assumed to be spherical and semitransparent to radiation. A radiative transfer model based on geometrical optics theory is used to calculate the local volumetric rate of radiation absorption. Published spectral absorption coefficient data for water are used in performing the calculations. The effects of thermal expansion and temperature-dependent thermophysical properties on the evaporation process are accounted for. The internal circulation in the droplet due to the externally imposed flow is accounted for through an effective thermal conductivity of the water droplet. The model predictions are compared with available computational results and experimental data. The results of calculations show that the absorption of radiation and thermal expansion significantly affect the lifetime of a droplet. The results also reveal that neglect of radiation absorption by a droplet underpredicts the rate of water evaporation and greatly overpredicts the droplet lifetime for droplet diameters greater than 500 μ m .
Comprehensive evaluation of lung allograft function in infants after lung and heart-lung transplantation

Background Limited data exist on methods to evaluate allograft function in infant recipients of lung and heart-lung transplants. At our institution, we developed a procedural protocol in coordination with pediatric anesthesia where infants were sedated to perform infant pulmonary function testing, computed tomography imaging of the chest, and flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsies. Methods A retrospective review was performed of children aged younger than 1 year who underwent lung or heart-lung transplantation at our institution to assess the effect of this procedural protocol in the evaluation of infant lung allografts. Results Since 2005, 5 infants have undergone thoracic transplantation (3 heart-lung, 2 lung). At time of transplant, the mean ± standard deviation age was 7.2 ± 2.8 months (range, 3–11 months). Of 24 procedural sessions performed to evaluate lung allografts, 83% (20 of 24) were considered surveillance where the patients were completely asymptomatic. Of the surveillance procedures, 80% were performed as an outpatient, whereas 20% were done as inpatients during the lung or heart-lung transplant post-operative period before discharge home. Sedation was performed with propofol alone (23 of 24) or in addition to ketamine (1 of 24) infusion; mean sedation time was 141 ± 39 minutes (range, 70–214) minutes. Of the 16 outpatient procedures, patients were discharged after 14 (88%) on the same day, and after 2 (12%) were admitted for observation, with 1 being due to transportation issues and the other due to fever during the observation period. Conclusions A comprehensive procedural protocol to evaluate allograft function in infant lung and heart-lung transplant recipients was performed safely as an outpatient.
TOWARDS A PLASMA WAKE-FIELD ACCELERATION-BASED LINEAR COLLIDER

Abstract A proposal for a linear collider based on an advanced accelerator scheme, plasma wake-field acceleration in the extremely nonlinear regime, is discussed. In this regime, many of the drawbacks associated with preservation of beam quality during acceleration in plasma are mitigated. The scaling of all beam and wake parameters with respect to plasma wavelength is examined. Experimental progress towards high-gradient acceleration in this scheme is reviewed. We then examine a linear collider based on staging of many modules of plasma wake-field accelerator, all driven by a high average current, pulse compressed, RF photoinjector-fed linac. Issue of beam loading, efficiency, optimized stage length, and power efficiency are discussed. A proof-of-principle experimental test of the staging concept at the Fermilab test facility is discussed.
Clinical Evaluation of Left Ventricular Pressures in Myocardial Infarction

Left venitricular pressures were obtained in 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction, of whom seven survived. Calculated contractile element velocity (VCE), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and maximum dp/dt were compared with other hemodynamic measurements of LV function. VCE at 5 mm Hg (VCE5) was calculated according to the Maxwell three-component model of muscle and used as an index of overall contractile state. There was considerable overlap between survivors and nonsurvivors in the levels of VCE5, LVEDP, cardiac index, heart rate, and systemic vascular resistance. There was a reasonably good separation between survivors and nonsurvivors with measurements of mean arterial pressure, maximum LV dp/dt, mean isovolumic Δp/Δt, and stroke work. Changes in VCE5 were no more sensitive after five inotropic interventions than ventricular function curves in monitoring changes in conitractile state. It is concluded that LV pressure measurements in acute myocardial infarction offer little further clinical information of importance beyond that which can be obtained from measurements of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, arterial pressure, and cardiac output.
NATURAL HISTORY OF SIN NOMBRE VIRUS INFECTION IN DEER MICE IN URBAN PARKS IN OREGON

Sin Nombre virus (SNV), one of at least 45 hantaviruses described worldwide, is hosted by the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, a common species throughout most of North America. Herein, we describe general life-history characteristics of deer mice and the ways in which these factors relate to the incidence of SNV infections among populations of this host species in and around Portland, Oregon. In total, 3,175 deer mice were captured from October 2002 to September 2005. Transmission of SNV appears to be associated with male breeding behaviors, as more males and adults were infected than expected by capture rate; spring and summer had the highest infection prevalence, as well as scrotal male captures. Wounding rates between infected and uninfected deer mice were not different in any age or sex class. Capture rates were significantly and positively related to the interaction of temperature departure from normal, total precipitation, and number of clear days from two seasons previous (P=0.029), while infec...
Collaboration: A Strategy for Neighborhood Planning

In 1990, the Ford Foundation launched the Neighborhood and Family Initiative Project (NFI) in four U.S. cities. A low-income neighborhood in each of the four cities is the target for the initiative, which is administered through a local community foundation in each city. The initiative relies on neighborhood leadership to develop strategic plans which reflect the goals and aspirations of neighborhood residents and institutions. A collaborative, or committee, composed of neighborhood leaders and key representatives from the public and private sectors is charged with overseeing the planning process.
Fabrication challenges for patterned recording media

Abstract Lithographically patterned recording media are one of the approaches to achieving Tb/in 2 and beyond recording densities. This will require fabrication of sub-10 nm discrete magnetic islands covering a full disk with tight spacing and size distributions and a narrow switching field distribution. To become an economically successful technology, this will need to be achieved with high throughput and low cost. The technology to fabricate such patterned media will need to be developed, and may require innovative solutions such as self-assembly and nanoimprinting, along with improved magnetic thin films for achieving high anisotropy and narrow switching field distributions.
A comparison between SSM/I passive microwave melt onset dates and satellite-derived albedo melt onset dates in the Arctic

Arctic sea ice undergoes a very strong annual cycle. This study sets out to look at the transition when the Arctic sea ice starts to melt using satellite-obtained passive microwave brightness temperatures and satellite-derived albedo data for 13 points within the Arctic, including both first-year and multiyear ice locations, for 1995–2000. Special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) brightness temperature differences are used to determine melt onset dates once surface temperatures approach freezing. Independently, satellite-derived albedo data are obtained and a melt onset date is derived. Generally, the two methods produce the same date for melt onset with optimum conditions. However, in most cases there are clouds present, which for the albedo data restrict observations and generate melt dates that are several days later than the passive microwave melt onset which is not affected by cloud cover. Melt onset dates, determined from the passive microwave brightness temperatures, are compared to those from the a...
Qualia: They’re Not What They Seem

Whether or not qualia are ways things seem, the view that qualia have the properties typically attributed to them is unjustified. Ways things seem do not have many of the properties commonly attributed to them. For example, inverted ways things seem are impossible. If ways things seem do not have the features commonly attributed to them, and qualia do have those same features, this looks like good reason to distinguish the two. But if your reasons for believing that qualia have the features are epistemically on a par with reasons for believing that ways things seem have the features, and you know that ways things seem do not have the features, then those reasons cannot justify your belief that qualia have the features. I argue that the reasons are epistemically on a par in this way.
Chlorination of Si surfaces with gaseous hydrogen chloride at elevated temperatures

Abstract Silicon wafers of different orientations were treated with gaseous hydrogen chloride at elevated temperatures in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor to generate chlorinated surfaces. After the chlorination process, a smooth surface morphology with single layer steps was observed on Si(1 1 1) surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) measurements showed that the chlorine coverage is directly affected by the Si surface orientation. The surface chlorine is highly reactive with moisture and alcoholic compounds, which provides a new route for organic molecular functionalization of silicon surfaces.
A POSTNATAL INCREASE IN CONTACT INHIBITION REDUCES HYPERPLASTIC GROWTH IN RENAL EPITHELIAL CELLS

A POSTNATAL INCREASE IN CONTACT INHIBITION REDUCES HYPERPLASTIC GROWTH IN RENAL EPITHELIAL CELLS
Two-Surface Refracting Systems with Zero Third-Order Spherical Aberration

An analysis is made of refracting systems consisting of two spherical surfaces. Solutions are found for those systems having zero third-order spherical aberration. These are in the form of four one-parameter families of functions. Expressions for third-order coma and astigmatism are derived. Parameter domains for useful solutions are indicated. A method for applying these results to optical design is described.
Effect of Braze Clearance on Localized Corrosion of a Superaustenitic Stainless Steel Brazed with a Ni-Based Alloy (Ni-22Cr-6.3Si-3.8P)

Abstract The microstructural and local corrosion characteristics of a superaustenitic stainless steel (SASS) (Fe-24Ni-20.5Cr-6.3Mo-0.22N, UNS N08367), brazed with a commercially available Ni-based ...
Chronic heat exposure and intestinal absorption of sugars in hamster.

Abstract 1. 1. Chronic heat exposure ( T a 34°C) reduces intestinal weight of the hamster disproportionately to losses in body weight compared to animals at 22°C; in contrast, cold exposure ( T a 7°C) increases intestinal weight. 2. 2. Total mucosal uptake of glucose in vitro is reduced although glucose uptake per gram remains unchanged after heat exposure or pair feeding. Serosal transfer of glucose is increased with prolonged heat exposure. 3. 3. 3- 0 methyl glucose transport is altered. The ICF/ECF in everted rings is increased, apparent K m is reduced, and V max remains unchanged. 4. 4. Our results suggest that alterations in food intake and/or hormonal changes previously reported for temperature acclimation affect intestinal function.
A Control-Oriented and Physics-Based Model for Ionic Polymer--Metal Composite Actuators

Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuators have promising applications in biomimetic robotics, biomedical devices, and micro/nanomanipulation. In this paper, a physics- based model is developed for IPMC actuators, which is amenable to model reduction and control design. The model is represented as an infinite-dimensional transfer function relating the bending displacement to the applied voltage. It is obtained by exactly solving the governing partial differential equation in the Laplace domain for the actuation dynamics, where the effect of the distributed surface resistance is incorporated. The model is expressed in terms of fundamental material parameters and actuator dimensions, and is thus, geometrically scalable. To illustrate the utility of the model in controller design, an Hinfin controller is designed based on the reduced model and applied to tracking control. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposed model and its effectiveness in real-time control design.
Ten Simple Rules for Internship in a Pharmaceutical Company

Students have to choose between industry and academia at the end of their formal education. One great opportunity to assess their ability in industry is to intern in a company during their academic training [1]. Many pharmaceutical companies often offer a 10- to 12-week summer internship program for undergraduate and graduate students. During this program, interns have an opportunity to work with dedicated mentors from the company on real-world industrial problems related to drug discovery and development as well as to participate in other training activities organized by the internship program office. Depending on the particular project and student performance, interns should be able to accomplish one or more short scientific projects. Some interns may be able to present the results of their work in the form of scientific papers or conference talks or even land a job through the training. This short-term working experience in pharmaceutical companies will help students better understand the pharmaceutical industry, learn the process of drug discovery and development, and build a strong network with experts and fellows in the pharmaceutical field, which can positively contribute to future career development. In addition, it will help students to identify if they really enjoy working in industry and help them in choosing a future career after school. Thus, it is of extreme importance to make full use of this rare opportunity to explore the pharmaceutical field, to nurture yourself, and to prepare for a career after school. Many students often manage to have one or even more internship trainings during their school years. For those who are planning to do an internship, I would like to tell you about my five internship experiences in three big pharmaceutical companies (namely, Novartis, Pfizer, and Merck) during graduate school at Indiana University, Bloomington. The rules and advice also come from my former intern fellows, mentors, and colleagues from pharmaceutical companies. Besides computational biology and chemistry, many of these rules may be applied to other industrial fields as well.
Morphologic description of Y79 retinoblastoma cells by a simple image analysis system

When attached Y79 retinoblastoma cells are exposed to different culture conditions they seem to differentiate along distinct pathways. These changes are associated with characteristic alterations in shape. Shape change in a complex culture is difficult to quantify by visual observation. Therefore, we have been developing a method, using a computerized image analysis system, for describing the overall morphology of cultured cells. Images from the microscope are digitized and presented on a monitor that has a high resolution touch screen attached. Individual cells are then traced, and the perimeter, area, and P2/A (the perimeter squared divided by the area) are calculated. The data are then used to generate histograms of the three descriptors for each of the culture conditions. As a test of the procedure, we have compared the data obtained from Y79 cells grown on polylysine-coated plates in serum-free medium with and without 2 mM sodium butyrate. Significant differences in the parameters have been demonstrated.
Multi-wavelength thermal lens spectrophotometer

Abstract A novel four-wavelength pump-probe configuration thermal lens spectrophotometer that is capable of simultaneously measuring thermal lens signals at four different wavelengths has been developed. The four excitation beams were derived from the same argon ion laser, which operated in a multi-line mode. The sample was sequentially excited by these four and the corresponding thermal lens signals were monitored by a He-Ne laser. Compared with other existing thermal lens apparatus, this four-color spectrophotometer has advantages that include its ability to provide identification of the analyte (as the ratios of the signals at four different excitation wavelengths) and to analyze simultaneously four-component samples without the need for any prior sample preparation. With this apparatus and with the use of 6-mW excitation beams modulated at 1.02 Hz, the detection limit for four-component samples is estimated to be about 10 −9 M, which is similar to the detection limit obtained for a one-component sample using a single-wavelength system.
The Noninvasive Cardiac Evaluation of Long-Distance Runners

Twelve long-distance runners were evaluated by physical examination, electrocardiogram, vectorcardiogram, chest x-ray film, and echocardiogram; and the results were compared to the findings in 12 normal control subjects. The athletes showed a significantly higher frequency of gallop rhythms with a third or fourth heart sound. Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic abnormalities consisting of right or left ventricular hypertrophy, bradycardia, and alterations in the ST-T wave were also present in the runners. Echocardiographie examination of the athletes revealed increased wall thickness, left ventricular muscular mass, diastolic volume, and ventricular function. It is essential that the physician who examines athletes be aware of the spectrum of apparently abnormal findings in this group. Echocardiographie studies should prove useful in establishing the presence or absence of some forms of cardiac disease in athletes.
Challenges of Safe Motherhood: Program and Policy Recommendations

ABSTRACT This article synthesizes the major findings from research and case studies on safe motherhood and focuses on best practices and changes in public policy. Many factors that negatively influence safe motherhood can be ameliorated—and have been in numerous societies through education, access to resources, public–private partnerships, and grassroots efforts. A model identifying the interrelationship of variable is provided. Policy recommendations are discussed.
The Tragedy of War: Clausewitz on Morality and the Use of Force

What should government leaders think about as they decide whether or not to go to war? Carl von Clausewitz, one of the foremost military theorists of all time, is famous for stating that ‘war is me...
Multiscale, multimodal, and multidimensional microscopy of cardiac development

In vivo fluorescence imaging of the embryonic zebrafish heart as it develops and gains function has recently become possible thanks to several breakthroughs in fast microscopy. However, because of the motion of the fast beating heart, volumetric, long term, continuous, and simultaneous characterization of subtle changes in heart morphology at the organ, tissue and cellular level, changes in heart function, or changes in local gene expression all remain major challenges. We have developed tools that aim at addressing the problem of capturing and integrating multi-modal data at different temporal and spatial scales to build a multi-dimensional model of the beating and developing heart. This paper gives an overview of techniques we developed and integrated to follow heart development, spatiotemporally confined hemodynamics, and gene expression. These tools permit quantitative characterization and will allow studying the interactions between genetic and epigenetic factors that affect cardiac development.
Schistosoma mansoni Egg‐Primed ThO and Th2 Cells: Failure to Down‐regulate IFN‐γ Production Following In Vitro Culture

Schistosoma mansoni eggs induce a rapid and pronounced Th response which, based on cytokine secretion patterns, at day 3 post priming is Th0)-like and at day 10 is Th2-like. To establish whether or not the day-3 cells have been programmed in vivo to develop into Th2 cells, they were cultured for 7 days to become in vitro equivalents of day-10 in vivo cells. Following this culture period, the population was approximately 75% CD4+, 22% CD8+, 6% B220+ and capable of producing IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, -5 and -10 upon stimulation. This Th0-like status was confirmed by the observations that in response to mitogen IL-4 and IFN-γ production are both CD4+ -cell dependent and that IFN-γ and IL-4 are produced concomitantly by single cells. These data suggest that ThO cells persist in vivo, but are incapable of secreting IFN-γ at day 10 due loan inhibitory factor which does not develop or is labile in vitro. This concept is supported by ihc surprising observation that day-10 LN cells, which are Th2-like immediately ex-vivo, rapidly gain the ability to secrete IFN-γ following a short period of culture.
TFP inhibits the expression of the endogenous platelet lectin and secretion of α-granules

Abstract Activated platelets that have not undergone secretion do not express the endogenous platelet lectin whereas activated platelets that have undergone secretion do express this lectin. Expression of the lectin, secretion of β-TG and PF-4, and secondary aggregation are inhibited by TFP. These results demonstrate that expression of the endogenous platelet lectin is apparently secretion dependent. Our results also reveal that inhibition of platelet aggregation by TFP apparently is not caused by inhibition of secretion and that there are TFP sensitive and TFP insensitive mechanisms of secretion.
Near-infrared monitoring of hemoglobin content in the kidney during ischemia

Near infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor changes in hemoglobin concentration in the kidney of 9 anesthetized rabbits during ischemic conditions. Laser diodes (775, 810, 862, and 904 nm) were placed on the surface of the kidney, the transmitted light was detected by a photomultiplier. Three stages of ischemia were induced in the kidney by occluding the abdominal aorta to approximately 1/3, 2/3 and total occlusion. Hemoglobin content was monitored during 10 minutes of occlusion followed by 10 minutes of recovery. The occlusions resulted in an average decrease in blood pressure of 36%, 53% and 100% in the abdominal aorta. The partial occlusions resulted in an increasing trend in total hemoglobin content during the 10 minutes occlusion followed by a return to baseline hemoglobin concentration. Within the first 30 seconds of the total occlusion maneuver, an immediate decrease in hemoglobin content was observed. During the occlusion the hemoglobin content increases slowly, corresponding to an increase in reduced hemoglobin content. Oxygenated hemoglobin content remained constant during the occlusion and increased immediately when the occlusion was released.
A progress report on the manufacturing analysis service, an internet-based reference tool

Abstract The Manufacturing Analysis Service (MAS) is an Internet-based engineering reference tool. Based on various input parameters provided by the remote designer, the MAS determines which manufacturing processes are most relevant to the inputted part. The goal is to provide the designer with knowledge of the future production requirements of the part. The service provides advice that, first, indicates which manufacturing process is the most suited to the emerging design and, second, how the design could best be modified to satisfy the constraints of that particular process. The MAS can also be used as a “library” of manufacturing techniques since it contains detailed web sites for 13 manufacturing processes.
New perspectives on freezing and melting

Over the past decade, new theoretical and experimental techniques have greatly advanced our understanding of the transition between liquid and crystalline phases. Theoretical methods have been developed that view crystallization from the liquid side, in contrast to the traditional lattice-instability theories of melting. Experiments have revealed the ordering of colloidal particles suspended in solution and the disordering of surface layers of crystals, giving direct information about the mechanisms of freezing and melting.
Optimization of deep-space Ka-band link schedules

Downlink scheduling methods that minimize either contact time or data latency are described. For deep-space missions these two methods yield very different schedules. Optimal scheduling algorithms are straightforward for ideal mission scenarios. In practice, additional schedule requirements preclude a tractable optimal algorithm. In lieu of an optimal solution, an iterative sub-optimal algorithm is described. These methods are motivated in part by a need to balance mission risk, which increases with data latency, and mission cost, which increases with contact time. Cost is reduced by delaying downlink contacts until higher data rates are available. Previous work described optimization of individual Ka-band contacts in the presence of time-varying and statistical link parameters. The present study builds on previous work by using a downlink capacity profile to optimize the downlink schedule over the duration of a mission. The downlink schedule for the NASA mission Solar Probe Plus is used as a case study.
MOC-31 aids in the differentiation of metastatic adenocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is frequently used to diagnose mass lesions in the liver. Differentiating metastatic adenocarcinoma from primary hepatocellular carcinoma can be difficult. Despite a number of morphologic criteria, there remain occasional cases in which the cytologic features fail to resolve this differential reliably; in these cases ancillary studies may be useful. Recently, it has been reported that the antibody MOC-31 reliably separates metastatic adenocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study we examine the utility of MOC-31 in liver FNAB material. METHODS Thirty-three archival, alcohol-fixed, paraffin-embedded cell blocks representing 17 cases of hepatocellular carcinomas and 16 cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma were retreived. After protease digestion, the sections were immunostained with the antibody MOC-31 (Dako, Carpinteria, CA) utilizing a modified avidin-biotin complex technique. Only membrane-based reactivity was considered positive. RESULTS In five cases there was insufficient diagnostic material remaining in the cell block for immunohistochemical staining. Among the remaining cases, MOC-31 reactivity was observed in 10 of 12 metastatic adenocarcinomas and 2 of 16 hepatocellular carcinomas. For metastatic adenocarcinoma the presence of MOC-31 reactivity yields a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 87%, a positive predictive value of 83%, and a negative predicitive value of 87%. CONCLUSIONS MOC-31 is useful in separating metastatic adenocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma in FNAB cell block material. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1999;87:295–8. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Heat Shock Modulates UVB-Induced Cell Death in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes: Evidence for a Hyperthermia-Inducible Protective Response

Abstract The ability of heat shock to induce functional protection against ultraviolet B (UVB) light was examined in keratinocytes cultured from human skin. Cell death, measured with fluorescent vital dyes, increased in a UVB dose-dependent manner (LD 50 ~ 20–60 mJ/ cm 2 ). However, a 60-min heat shock at 40 °C or 42 °C, administered several hours before UVB irradiation, reduced cell death by 2.0–2.5 times. Inducible protection took time to develop, with an optimal interval of ~ 6 h between heat and UVB exposures. Heat-inducible protection was completely blocked if either cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine), to inhibit mRNA synthesis, or cycloheximide, to inhibit protein synthesis, were present during the heating period. To determine whether apoptosis might be involved in UVB-induced keratinocyte death in this system, evidence for endonuclease activity was sought via in situ enzymatic labeling with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and biotinylated-dUTP. Labeled nuclei were detected in UVB-irradiated cultures, and heat pretreatment at 6 h prior to UVB exposure ( 2 ) resulted in a 50% reduction in labeled nuclei. Overall, the data show that UVB-induced cell death in human keratinocyte cultures is attenuated by a heat-inducible mechanism that requires ongoing synthesis of mRNA and protein.
Scattering theory for quasi-one-dimensional tunneling structures

Abstract Quantum theoretical studies of semiconductor microstructures are most naturally done in terms of one-dimensional scattering states, which are characterized far from a structure by k-dependent reflection and transmission amplitudes. We have investigated these states using integral forms such as the Lippmann-Schwinger equation. These allow us to obtain global properties of the states and provide the basis for a formal scattering theory of the kind that has been developed for the conventional problem of three-dimensional potential scattering. We find orthonormality relations for the scattering states, the one-dimensional analogues of Wigner's inequality and Levinson's theorem, and associated properties of the complex-momentum transmission amplitude.
Treatment of Cushing's disease (C.D.) by transphenoidal microadenectomy (Tr.M.) in childhood and adolescence

Treatment of Cushing's disease (C.D.) by transphenoidal microadenectomy (Tr.M.) in childhood and adolescence
Petrogenesis of high‐phosphorous Wishstone Class rocks in Gusev Crater, Mars

[1] The Spirit rover has analyzed a wide variety of alkaline volcanic rocks in Gusev Crater. Among them are Wishstone Class tephrites with unusually high P2O5 (>5 wt %) abundances. To obtain the chemical compositions of rock interiors, we extrapolated a trend defined by brushed and abraded surface compositions. The extrapolation analysis suggests the high-P2O5 tephrite signature is not attributable to secondary aqueous alteration but represents an igneous rock composition. Assessment of the compositional trend also suggests that merrillite is the phosphate mineral in Wishstone Class. Modified CIPW norm calculations using merrillite instead of apatite show that Wishstone Class rocks are silica saturated (hypersthene-olivine normative) and alkaline. The high-P2O5 whole rock compositions plot above solubility curves of merrillite in a diagram of P2O5 versus aluminosity, suggesting that mechanical admixture of merrillite is required. A source supplying merrillite cannot be a common silicate magma; instead, it could be a carbonatitic melt or a highly fractionated residual melt (jotunite) after anorthosite crystallization. Comparison with Earth analogs suggests that the Wishstone Class is akin to alkaline basalts in the eastern Snake River Plain, with regard to its chemistry, texture, and geologic context. These alkaline basalts are interpreted to originate from mantle metasomatized by CO2-fluids and highly alkaline melts in the wake of the Yellowstone hot spot. Thus, we propose that the Wishstone Class represents a silica-saturated alkaline suite that has mechanically mixed xenocrystic merrillites, probably during explosive volcanic eruption; the merrillites crystallized from carbonate-rich magma produced by melting of a CO2-bearing Martian mantle.
When Parametric Sensitivity Analysis Isn't Enough

This article addresses the issue of structural vs. parametric sensitivity analysis in three parts. The first part, intended for instructors, offers some conjectures about why structural sensitivity analysis is relatively neglected. It is intended to stimulate debate about the way sensitivity analysis is taught. The second gives an example from a real and interesting decision domain drug legalization in which structural uncertainty swamps parametric uncertainty. I have presented some variation of this example in a variety of graduate courses, both OR related and not, as well as to drug policy makers and researchers. I have not used it as a formal case but believe it could be taught in that format and two variants of the case questions are given in the third part. Elementary microeconomics would be a prerequisite to using the material in case format.
Active and Passive Tactual Recognition of Form

Summary Subjects (N = 30) actively touched forms with the preferred palm or were restricted to passive touch, where forms were either statically or sequentially pressed on the palm. Visual matches ...
Comparison of adinazolam, amitriptyline, and placebo in the treatment of melancholic depression

Adinazolam, a triazolobenzodiazepine, was compared with amitriptyline and placebo in a double-blind protocol involving melancholic depressives. Forty-eight patients entered the study, and 35 completed 6 weeks of evaluation. Patients were well matched in each of the groups. Initially, the adinazolam group showed more improvement than the placebo group, but this trend did not persist beyond day 7. The amitriptyline group tended to show more improvement than either the placebo or adinazolam groups, and final scores were significantly better for amitriptyline. Depressive symptoms in the amitriptyline dropout group appeared improved, whereas in the adinazolam and placebo dropout groups they were unchanged or worse. Both amitriptyline and adinazolam were more frequently associated with complaints of side effects than placebo. Thus, amitriptyline was observed to be superior to adinazolam and placebo in improvement in depressive symptoms while adinazolam had only a brief early advantage over placebo.
Turnover of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Synthase Protein in Wounded Tomato Fruit Tissue

Ethylene production in plant tissues declines rapidly following induction, and this decline is due to a rapid decrease in the activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase, a key enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis. To study the nature of the rapid turnover of ACC synthase in vivo, proteins in wounded ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit discs were radiolabeled with [35S]methionine, followed by a chase with nonradioactive methionine. Periodically, the radioactive ACC synthase was isolated with an immunoaffinity gel and analyzed. ACC synthase protein decayed rapidly in vivo with an apparent half-life of about 58 min. This value for protein turnover in vivo is similar to that previously reported for activity half-life in vivo and substrate-dependent enzyme inactivation in vitro. Carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone and 2,4-dinitrophenol, potent uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, strongly inhibited the rapid decay of ACC synthase protein in the tissue. Degradation of this enzyme protein was moderately inhibited by the administration of aminooxyacetic acid, a competitive inhibitor of ACC synthase with respect to its substrate S-adenosyl-l-methionine, α,α′-dipyridyl, and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride or leupeptin, serine protease inhibitors. These results support the notion that the substrate S-adenosyl-l-methionine participates in the rapid inactivation of the enzyme in vivo and suggest that some ATP-dependent processes, such as the ubiquitin-requiring pathway, are involved in the degradation of ACC synthase proteins.
High-density lipoprotein particles, coronary heart disease, and niacin

Abstract The use of statins in patients with high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has resulted in a 30–40% decrease in clinical events in the last couple of decades. However, despite of a marked reduction (up to 60%) in LDL-C, about 30% of patients continue to have CVD events. This high residual risk in statin-treated patients initiated the search for new ways to reduce CVD risk. HDL is the next logical target. Epidemiological and cross-sectional studies identified low HDL-C level as an independent risk for CVD. 1,2 Based on the Framingham Heart Study data, HDL-C 60 mg/dl as protective. 3 Presently the cut point is