cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is fructose sweeter than glucose for rats

Because it is generally thought that the intensity of the taste of fructose is greater than that of glucose for rats, it seemed surprising when sham-fed rats drank substantially less of a mixture of 6% fructose plus saccharin than of a mixture of 6% glucose plus saccharin. At least 3 different factors contribute to this effect. First, the taste of fructose is less attractive to rats than is the taste of glucose; sham-fed rats strongly preferred glucose over fructose (no saccharin was used in this experiment). The second factor is experience. Rats having substantial previous experience with glucose, but not with fructose, consistently preferred glucose over fructose. Conversely, rats having substantial previous experience with fructose, but not with glucose, initially showed no consistent preference but subsequently tended to prefer glucose. The third factor is an interaction between saccharin and the type of sugar. Rats given only one solution at a time drink approximately as much fructose as glucose when the solutions contain no saccharin. The addition of 0.25% saccharin to 6% glucose stimulated intake, whereas the addition of the same amount of saccharin to 6% fructose did not stimulate intake. As a result, rats ingested substantially more of a mixture of 0.25% saccharin plus 6% glucose than they did of a comparable mixture of saccharin and fructose, even though rats ingest similar amounts of fructose and glucose without saccharin in single-bottle tests. Because the differential effect of saccharin on intake appeared within 2 h in naive rats, and did not greatly change over a 3-day period, it is probably not attributable to conditioning. These results suggest that these sugars have qualitatively different tastes.
How Are State Curriculum Frameworks in Science Changing Across the States

State curriculum guides or frameworks can be a useful resource for principals, teachers, and local curriculum developers, but often they have been too general in their recommendations about subject content or have only listed specific curriculum objectives that form the basis for a state test.
Natriuretic Peptides as a Novel Target in Resistant Hypertension

Resistant hypertension is defined as blood pressure not under goal despite being on at least three antihypertensives. Resistant hypertension is associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Currently, the mainstay for the treatment of resistant hypertension is lifestyle modification and antihypertensive drugs. Natriuretic peptides play an important role in regulating cardiovascular hemodynamics and sodium and fluid homeostasis including blood pressure control. They hold a promising potential for treatment of resistant hypertension.
Exploring the Trade-offs of Aggregated versus Disaggregated Architectures for Environmental Monitoring in Low-Earth Orbit

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Sandia Corporation Excellence in Engineering Graduate Fellowship)
Electro-oxidation of CO on Pt-based electrodes simulated by electronic structure calculations

Abstract CO electro-oxidation on Pt-based electrodes is simulated by density functional calculations on cluster models. A surface bound complex of CO with OH is identified as a crucial intermediate in the mechanism of CO oxidation. The complex under the influence of an appropriate potential and in the presence of water undergoes CO oxidation. The potential energy surface for this reaction as a function of the potential of the electrode is presented, and the barrier for the reaction is shown to vanish above a sufficiently positive applied potential. In addition, the different major barriers for the process are highlighted by comparing the mechanism on pure Pt to a Ru Pt alloy.
Automated assessment of video image quality: implications for processing and exploitation

Several methods have been developed for quantifying the information potential of imagery exploited by a human observer. The National Imagery Interpretability Ratings Scale (NIIRS) has proven to be a useful standard for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) applications. Extensions of this approach to motion imagery have yielded a body of research on the factors affecting interpretability of motion imagery and the development of a Video NIIRS. Automated methods for assessing image interpretability can provide valuable feedback for collection management and guide the exploitation and analysis of the imagery. Prediction models that rely on image parameters, such as the General Image Quality Equation (IQE), are useful for conducting sensor trade studies and collection planning. Models for predicting image quality after image acquisition can provide useful feedback for collection management. Several methods exist for still imagery. This paper explores the development of a similar capability for motion imagery. In particular, we propose methods for predicting the interpretability of motion imagery for exploitation by an analyst. A similar model is considered for automated exploitation.
A test of two all-or-none models for paired-associate learning

A 4 × 4 factorial experiment was performed using a self paced paired-associate learning task. The independent-variable dimensions were number of stimuli and number of response alternatives, with each variable assuming values 2, 4, 6, and 8. Predictions for two all-or-none paired-associate learning models were compared with the data. One model predicted all-or-none learning of correct alternatives with no effect for incorrect responses, while the other model predicted all-or-none learning of correct alternatives and all-or-none elimination of incorrect alternatives. Results indicated that the former model was more appropriate in the two-response alternatives case while the latter model was more appropriate for four and six alternatives. Neither model fitted the eight-response alternative data because of the failure to account for a forgetting process.
Single-unit analysis of pattern-motion selective properties in the middle temporal visual area (MT).

The middle temporal visual area (MT) in macaque extrastriate cortex is characterized by a high proportion of neurons selective for the direction of stimulus motion, and is thus thought to play an important role in motion perception. Previous studies identified a population of cells in MT that appeared capable of coding the motion of whole visual patterns independent of the motions of contours within them (Gizzi et al. 1983; Movshon et al. 1985). These “pattern-motion selective” neurons are unlike motion sensitive cells that have been observed at earlier stages of the visual system. Using very different criteria, we have also previously indentified an apparently functionally distinct group of MT neurons (Albright 1984). We predicted that these “Type II” neurons correspond to the pattern-motion neurons. In the present study, we have applied both sets of criteria to individual neurons in MT and found that these two differently defined sets of cells actually form the same population. These results support the idea that MT contributes to a specialized type of motion processing which reflects the integrity of normal perception.
Temperature Measurements in Powder-Bed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

Thermal characteristics such as process temperatures and melt pool sizes offer important information in metal additive manufacturing (AM) technologies such as powder-bed electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM). In this study, a near infrared (NIR) thermal imager was employed to acquire build surface process temperatures during EBAM fabrications using Ti-6Al-4V powder. Challenges in NIR temperature measurements for EBAM were tackled including compensating temperatures due to the transmission loss and estimating the emissivity of Ti-6Al-4V in its molten state. At a beam speed of about 728 mm/s, a beam current of about 7.2 mA and a diameter of 0.55 mm, the maximum process temperature is on the order of around 2700 °C, and the melt pools have dimensions of about 2.72 mm and 0.72 mm in length and width, respectively.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Secondary standards for 7Li beam polarimetry

AbstractPrimary standards for 7Li polarimetry requiring a measurement of the reaction p(7Lio,a)at03 to the beamline imposeexcessiveradiationdamageonthedetectors.Eliminatingthisdamagerequirestheestablishmentofsecondarystandardsfortheonlinemeasurementofbeampolarization.Acompletesetofanalyzingpowershasbeenobtainedforthescatteringofpolarized7Liby4Hetothe4.63MeVexcitedstateof7Liatabombardingenergyof31.5MeV.Certainanglesatwhichboth the di!erential cross-sections and analyzing powers are large are tabulated as secondary polarization stan-dards. ( 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Polarized 7Li polarimetry 1. IntroductionEstablishing the magnitude and sign of a beam’spolarizationis now largelyroutinedue tothe greate!ort that has gone into establishing primary po-larization standards for beams of spin 12,1or32nuclei. For heavy-ion beams of spin 32nuclei, thepioneering experimental work of the Heidel-berg}Marburg group showed that angular mo-mentum conservation rules allow a beam tensorpolarization to be determined from measurementsat03or1803[1}3].Theirexperimentswithpolariz-ed7Liand23Nabeamsshowedmanynovelphysicse!ects. Perhaps one of the most startling was thatvirtual projectile excitations can lead to large ana-lyzing powers even when the spin}orbit force issmall [4,5]. Recent experimental work on under-standing the structure of loosely boundhalo nuclei[6] has rekindled interest in studies involving thestable but loosely bound nuclei 6,7Li.All 7Li beam standards are currently based onthe fact that for the p(7Lio,a)a reaction induced bya tensor polarized beam, the tensor analyzingpowers are „20"!1 and
A performance driven macro-cell placement algorithm

The authors present a new performance driven macro-cell placement algorithm. Placement of modules is guided by a set of upper- and lower-bounds on the net wire lengths. A convex programming algorithm is used to compute a set of upper-bounds on the net wire lengths which will ensure that timing requirements between input and output signals are satisfied. A set of lower-bounds is also computed to control signal skews at intermediate points of the circuit. Artificial nets are introduced between all pairs of modules. Lower-bounds on the lengths of the artificial nets are computed to avoid module overlaps in the placement. A modified min-cut placement algorithm is then used to generate a placement that satisfies the upper- and lower-bounds. An iterative procedure is used to modify the set of upper- and lower-bounds to improve the quality of the placement result. Experimental results on eight test examples are included. >
Immediate behavioral responses of an echinoderm to ionizing radiations

Abstract The sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , responded to x-ray exposure by a sudden retraction of tubefeet followed by flexion of spines. At exposure rates of 1.0 to 15 R/s, mean reaction times ranged from 2–14 sec for tubefoot retraction while spine flexion occurred in 94 to 180 seconds. In both situations, reaction times varied inversely with exposure rate. A quantal response analysis yielded an ED-50% value of 3.6 R for tubefoot retraction and 12 R for spinal flexion. Limiting exposure to only part of the surface was sufficient to elicit reactions in the exposed and non-exposed areas. Based on reaction time analysis and nerve transection experiments, the subdermal nerve net and the radial nerves are involved in reactions in the shielded area. The reaction time for spinal flexion but not for tubefoot retraction was affected by the presence of light. It is suggested that photoreceptors may act as a site for detection of x-rays by the urchin.
On stable solutions of the one- and two-sided model matching problems

An algorithm is introduced to determine proper and stable solutions to the model matching problem. It utilizes the theory of inverses and state-space algorithms, and it guarantees a proper and stable solution to the problem when one exists. This approach is also used to determine proper and stable solutions of the two-sided matching problem. Examples are included. >
SURVIVAL ANALYSIS AND SPECIFIC DETERRENCE: INTEGRATING THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL MODELS OF RECIDIVISM*

This study uses survival analysis to test propositions from specific deterrence theory. It examines the effect of a custodial sentence on time until rearrest, generally and under various conditions. Results suggest that for those with few ties to conventional society and for first-time arrestees, a sentence of incarceration increases the probability of rearrest. However, for arrestees with few ties and for experienced offenders, longer incarceration predicts longer time until rearrest.
Controlling postoperative nausea and vomiting

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PNV) in the ambulatory surgical unit is a continuing and vexing problem. Delayed discharges and patient discomfort have major impact in an outpatient setting. An understanding of the causes and aetiologies of PNV including anaesthetic, surgical and patient factors is critically important in the management of these patients. Therapy begins with a good history, identification of patients at risk, and the use of appropriate anaesthetic technique and agents, as well as prophylactic treatment. Aggressive postoperative treatment is also a necessity and good communication between the staff, and the patient and their family, is essential. Postoperative nausea and vomiting can be controlled in the outpatient setting, leading to better patient outcome and satisfaction, as well as a smoother and more efficiently functioning ambulatory unit.
Self-reported Barriers to Treatment Engagement: Adolescent Perspectives from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)

The objective of this study was to assess youth self-reported treatment barriers in the past 12 months to obtain youth’s perspective on reasons they seek treatment, do not engage in treatment, or terminate treatment. The present study uses data from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a nationally representative survey administered to youth ages 13–18 that was conducted between February 1, 2001 and January 30, 2004. A total of 10,123 youth participated in the NCS-A study and provided the information on which the current paper draws its data. Within the past 12 months over 63 % of youth reported seeking treatment to manage and cope with emotions. The greatest percentage of youth reported that they did not seek treatment because they wanted to handle the problem on their own (59.3 %). The greatest percentage of youth reported that treatment was terminated because they wanted to handle the problem on their own (57.5 %). Findings suggest professionals need to educate youth about the importance of professional treatment to increase engagement. If providers can motivate youth to see the value of treatment and help them understand that there can be positive outcomes, they may be less likely to terminate prematurely.
MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION OF THE COELOMOCYTES IN THE PARASITIC STAGES OF NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS

Female and male worms of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis exhibited sexual dimorphism based on the number of coelomocytes present. A surprising multiplicity of diverse morphological types of coelomocytes developed in both female and male worms during the parasitic cycle. Cytoplasmic processes began to appear on the surface membrane of coelomocytes in the late third-stage larvae (L3s) in the lungs, and they increased greatly in type, size, and morphology during the fourth and fifth stages. These structures were characterized primarily as complex filopodia, pseudopodia, and cytoplasmic pearls, which resulted in the formation of highly pleomorphic cells. Pearls, starting as small protuberances, progressively increased in size and number with larval growth and development. In the adult worms, a novel process of autocannibalism was initiated in many of the very large coelomocytes. The pearls grew enormously in size at the expense of the cytoplasm, forming a peripheral garland in 1 plane surrounding a residual, sma...
Metabolism of amphetamine by rat brain tissue.

Abstract The metabolism of amphetamine by rat brain tissue was investigated in vivo and in vitro with the use of [3H]amphetamine. After intracisternal administration of 0.53 nmole or 890 nmoles amphetamine, brain amphetamine content declined biphasically, with a T 1 2 of 6 min for the fast component and 60 min for the slow component. p-Hydroxyamphetamine (POHA), norephedrine (NOR) and p-hydroxynorephedrine (POHNOR) were isolated from brain tissue after either dose of amphetamine. Brain content of POHA and NOR declined quickly, while brain POHNOR content rose gradually to a maximum 1 hr after amphetamine administration and decreased only slightly between 1 and 4 hr. Metabolites could not be detected in brains of animals injected intraperitoneally with either dose. indicating that the metabolites found after intracisternal administration had not been formed peripherally. POHA and POHNOR but not NOR formation were decreased by pretreatment of rats with iprindole, an inhibitor of hepatic p-hydroxylation of amphetamine. Pretreatment of animals with U 14–624, an inhibitor of the enzyme dopmaine-β-hydroxylase, or with 6-hydroxydopamine, which destroys catecholamine nerve terminals, caused a reduction of POHNOR and NOR formation but did not affect brain AMPH content. All three hydroxylated metabolites were isolated from brain slices which had been incubated for 30 min in the presence of amphetamine. These findings indicate that amphetamine can be metabolized by brain tissue to the hydroxylated metabolites, POHA. NOR and POHNOR, although brain content of these metabolites represents a small fraction of the dose of amphetamine. The data also suggest that POHA is formed outside of catecholamine nerve terminals by a process which is inhibited by iprindole, while POHNOR and NOR are formed in noradrenergic nerve terminals by the enzyme dopamine-β-hydroxylase.
STEM imaging of single Pd atoms in activated carbon fibers considered for hydrogen storage

Aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to demonstrate the feasibility of imaging individual Pd atoms that are highly dispersed throughout the volume of activated carbon fibers. Simultaneous acquisition of high-angle annular dark-field and bright-field images allows correlation of the location of single Pd atoms with microstructural features of the carbon host material. Sub-Angstrom imaging conditions revealed that 18 wt% of the total Pd content is dispersed as single Pd atoms in three re-occurring local structural arrangements. The identified structural configurations may represent effective storage sites for molecular hydrogen through Kubas complex formation as discussed in detail in the preceding article.
The Importance of the Length of the Limbs for Gastric Bypass Patients—An Evidence-based Review

The ideal length of the gastric bypass limbs is debated. Recent evidence suggests that standard limb lengths used today have a limited impact on patient weight loss. Our objective was to appraise critically the available evidence on the influence of the length of gastric bypass limbs on weight loss outcomes. We systematically reviewed MEDLINE, the Cochrane database of evidence-based reviews, and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects for articles reporting the effect of gastric bypass length on outcomes published between 1987 and 2009. Four randomized controlled trials and several retrospective studies were identified and reviewed. Longer Roux limb lengths (at least 150 cm) were associated with a very modest weight loss advantage in the short term in superobese patients. No significant impact of alimentary limb length on weight loss for patients with body mass index (BMI) <50 was seen. When the length of the common channel approaches 100 cm, a significant impact on weight loss is observed. The currently available literature supports the notion that a longer Roux limb (at least 150 cm) may be associated with a very modest weight loss advantage in the short term in superobese patients but has no significant impact on patients with BMI ≤50. To achieve weight loss benefit due to malabsorption, bariatric surgeons should focus on the length of the common channel rather than the alimentary or biliopancreatic limbs when constructing a gastric bypass especially in the superobese population where failure rates after conventional gastric bypass are higher.
Implications of the Conditioned Attitude Model of Individual Discriminatory Behavior for Discrimination in Leisure Settings

While research on ethnic and racial discrimination in leisure has significantly expanded in recent years, the existing literature on the subject fails to provide much information about the reasons behind discrimination in leisure settings, characteristics of settings and activities associated with a high incidence of discrimination, characteristics of likely victims of racially or ethnically motivated attacks, and possible ways to reduce the frequency and intensity of such attacks. This paper uses the Conditioned Attitude Model of Individual Discriminatory Behavior to predict patterns of discrimination in leisure. It is shown how discrimination patterns may differ in work versus leisure environments. The differences in the nature of discrimination in leisure settings depending on the type of contact between minorities and the mainstream and on the cultural content of activities are isolated. Also, eleven empirically testable propositions regarding discrimination in leisure and work and the relationship be...
Expression and characterization of a recombinant soluble form of bovine tumor necrosis factor receptor type I.

A recombinant soluble bovine tumor necrosis factor receptor type I (sboTNF-RI) was expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and evaluated for its ability to inhibit bovine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) cytotoxicity. A cDNA encoding the extracellular domain of bovine TNF-RI was placed under the control of the powerful and tightly regulated alcohol oxidase1 (AOX1) gene promoter of the pPICZa A vector and the resulting construct integrated into the 5 0 region of the alcohol oxidase genes of GS115 and KM71 strains of Pichia. Soluble bovine TNF-RI was secreted into the medium following induction of the AOX1 gene promoter with methanol, and purified to greater than 95% purity by ion-exchange chromatography. In in vitro assays, the purified recombinant sboTNF-RI will block the cytolytic activity of bovine TNF-a on WEHI 164 cells clone 13 by 50% when used at a concentration of 170 mg/ml, and by nearly 90% when used at a concentration of 310 mg/ml. Results of this study suggest that recombinant sboTNF-RI may have therapeutic value as a TNF inhibitor in cattle with coliform mastitis. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Issues in the measurement of attachment in non-human primates

In studying socialization, attachment, or mother-infant interactions, several conceptual and measurement issues arise. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss some of the theoretical issues important in the study of attachment and to consider the implications of these theoretical issues in their empirical translation with non-human primates. The first issue that arises is the problem of a theoretical definition of attachment that (a) specifies the nature of attachment and (b) leads to a straightforward operational definition. A second issue is the incorporation of developmental change within a theoretical framework. Theoretical conceptualizations of attachment must consider the issue of the nature of the developmental progression of attachment, specifically addressing questions of quantitative and/or qualitative change. Related to this are issues of response stability, consistency, and developmental continuity. In a similar fashion, issues related to phylogenetic continuity should be considered, especially in the light of obtained species differences in the manifestation of attachment. Specific data from the macaque literature on attachment are considered in the context of the above issues.
Liquid Chromatographic assay of urinary free cortisol

Abstract Cortisol in concentrated sulfuric acid forms two major fluorescing compounds which are separated by chromatography on a reversed-phase column. Based on this reaction, urine free cortisol, after double extraction was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. The method is sensitive, rapid, and free from interferences. The values by this method are 30% lower than radioimmunoassay. In addition to Cushing's syndrome, patients with acute pancreatitis had elevated levels of urinary free cortisol which paralleled urinary amylase levels while patients with myocardial infarction had normal levels. Urinary free cortisol showed diurnal variation with elevated values early in the morning.
Electron Diffraction from Small Crystals

Small crystals of silver and silver bromide were studied by electron diffraction. Small crystals of these materials are of interest because published experimental and theoretical considerations indicate changes in their structure which may occur. Since the diffraction theory which is applicable to large crystals cannot always be used in interpreting the photographs from materials of small size, computations were made for crystal structures and shapes which might be expected for silver and silver bromide. As a result of the computations, it was found that positions of diffraction peaks of substances having the sodium chloride structure depend on the crystal shape. It was also shown that the determination of particle size by the usual method of the Scherrer equation may give values which are much too small. Comparison of experimental and theoretical diffraction effects indicates that small silver particles have the same structure as the large particles, but that there is a real contraction of the lattice in the smaller particles which amounts to 2.7 percent for particles with a diameter of about 31A. The small silver bromide particles have the same structure as the large particles, and an apparent expansion of the silver bromide lattice of about 1.0 percent appears to be best explained not as an expansion but as a particle-shape effect which changes the position of the diffraction peak. The crystals appear to be plates bounded by (111) faces, just as in many photographic emulsions, although this is not the usual form of crystals having this structure.
Estimating the unknown change point in the parameters of the lognormal distribution

We develop change-point methodology for identifying dynamic trends in the parameters of a two-parameter lognormal distribution. The methodology primarily considers the asymptotic distribution of the maximum likelihood estimate of the unknown change point. Among others, the asymptotic distribution enables one to construct confidence interval estimates for the unknown change point. The methodology is applied to identify changes in the monthly water discharges of the Nacetinsky Creek in the German part of the Ergebirge Mountains. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate‐based sensitivity of air quality to climate change scenarios for the southwestern United States

The need to understand future trends in air quality is an issue that is frequently raised by air quality planners and managers. The potential for extreme events is of particular interest, but forecasts are difficult using traditional methods and further complicated by predictions of future climate change. This study aims to address this research need through a climate-based sensitivity study of ground-level ozone and particulate matter (PM) in the U.S. Southwest. Extreme value methods were used to examine ozone and PM in Tucson, Arizona, over the time period 1990–2001. A Statistical DownScaling Model (SDSM) was employed to build regression-based models between gridded meteorological data and point time series of ozone and PM. Following model calibration and verification, future climate-based ozone and PM scenarios were created for 2002–2050 and 2051–2099. Daily output of projected ozone and PM were then subjected to extreme value methods in order to estimate climate-based changes in ozone and PM extremes over the next century. Results indicate that monthly mean and extreme ozone values are sensitive to predicted increases in temperature, particularly in the summer months. PM results are less certain but suggest that PM may be sensitive to changing moisture conditions. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Low‐dimensional antiferromagnets of tetrahedral cobalt (II) (invited)

Several of the factors affecting magnetic ordering in cobalt (II) compounds are discussed. These include stereochemistry, crystal lattice dimensionality and crystal field effects. A summary of results on three low‐dimensional compounds is presented, the compounds being Cs2CoCl4 and [Co(Pφ3)2X2], X = Cl, Br.
Novel mutation in MAPT exon 13 (p.N410H) causes corticobasal degeneration.

In order to determine the frequency of microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT) mutations and rare variants in CBD, we performed a systematic sequence analysis of MAPT coding and 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) in a large cohort of autopsy-confirmed CBD patients (N = 109). This identified a novel MAPT mutation in exon 13, p.N410H, in a case that is neuropathologically indistinguishable from sporadic CBD. On immunoblot, the p.N410H mutation carrier had the same insoluble tau profile as seen in CBD. Additionally, tau expression analysis in brain tissue found a significant increase in the 4R/3R tau mRNA ratio (P = 0.04), indicating that p.N410H disrupts tau isoform homeostasis. Biochemically, recombinant tau protein with p.N410H showed a marked increase in tau filament formation compared to wild-type tau (P < 0.001), had a 19.2 % decrease in rate of microtubule assembly (P < 0.05), and a 10.3 % reduction in the extent of total microtubule polymerization (P < 0.01). Sequence analysis of the complete MAPT 3′UTR in autopsy-confirmed CBD cases further identified two rare variants with nominally significant association with CBD. An ATC nucleotide insertion (“MAPTv8”) was found in 4.6 % of CBD patients compared to 1.2 % of controls (P = 0.031, OR = 3.71), and rs186977284 in 4.6 % CBD patients, but only 0.9 % of controls (P = 0.04, OR = 3.58). Rs186977284 was also present in 2.7 % of a large cohort of autopsy-confirmed PSP patients (N = 566) and only 0.9 % of an additional control series (P = 0.034, OR = 3.08), extending the association to PSP. Our findings show that mutations in MAPT can cause CBD and MAPT non-coding variants may increase the risk of complex 4R tauopathies.
Extracellular particles of polymeric material formed in n-hexadecane fermentation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract In n -hexadecane fermentation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa , the production of rhamnolipids (biosurfactants) caused by nitrogen source limitation was observed during the stationary phase. The rhamnolipids caused severe foaming in the process, particularly at higher pH (ca. >6.8). To reduce the foaming, several runs were made at a lower pH, i.e. 6.5±0.1. Some, however, behaved anomalously different. The rhamnolipid synthesis was very low. Instead, a large quantity of waxy particles with sizes up to 3–5 mm were formed. The waxy material was practically insoluble in all of the organic solvents tested, suggesting the cross-linked polymeric structure. A white, brittle solid was obtained after the material was thoroughly washed (with 0.05 M sodium bicarbonate, distilled water, and hexane) and vacuum-dried. Characterization of the washed material was made by Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and wet chemical analyses. It was found to contain less than 2.5% (w/w) proteins and less than 9% carbohydrates, of which only one sugar component was observed and tentatively identified as glucose by the TLC analysis. The material was, therefore, predominantly hydrocarbon-based, with oxidized functional groups such as esters, alcohols, and carboxylic acids being identified by FTIR. The lipase-catalyzed esterification of fatty acids and alcohols, within the oil droplets or at the oil/water interface of low local water activity, is postulated to play an important role in the waxy particle formation.
A HuD‐ZBP1 ribonucleoprotein complex localizes GAP‐43 mRNA into axons through its 3′ untranslated region AU‐rich regulatory element

Localized translation of axonal mRNAs contributes to developmental and regenerative axon growth. Although untranslated regions (UTRs) of many different axonal mRNAs appear to drive their localization, there has been no consensus RNA structure responsible for this localization. We recently showed that limited expression of ZBP1 protein restricts axonal localization of both β-actin and GAP-43 mRNAs. β-actin 3'UTR has a defined element for interaction with ZBP1, but GAP-43 mRNA shows no homology to this RNA sequence. Here, we show that an AU-rich regulatory element (ARE) in GAP-43's 3'UTR is necessary and sufficient for its axonal localization. Axonal GAP-43 mRNA levels increase after in vivo injury, and GAP-43 mRNA shows an increased half-life in regenerating axons. GAP-43 mRNA interacts with both HuD and ZBP1, and HuD and ZBP1 co-immunoprecipitate in an RNA-dependent fashion. Reporter mRNA with the GAP-43 ARE competes with endogenous β-actin mRNA for axonal localization and decreases axon length and branching similar to the β-actin 3'UTR competing with endogenous GAP-43 mRNA. Conversely, over-expressing GAP-43 coding sequence with its 3'UTR ARE increases axonal elongation and this effect is lost when just the ARE is deleted from GAP-43's 3'UTR. We have recently found that over-expression of GAP-43 using an axonally targeted construct with the 3'UTRs of GAP-43 promoted elongating growth of axons, while restricting the mRNA to the cell body with the 3'UTR of γ-actin had minimal effect on axon length. In this study, we show that the ARE in GAP-43's 3'UTR is responsible for localization of GAP-43 mRNA into axons and is sufficient for GAP-43 protein's role in elongating axonal growth.
WE‐C‐342‐02: The Future of Flat Panel Imagers: From Active Matrix to Active Pixel Architectures and Many Possibilities in Between

Since the turn of the century, the phrase “Flat Panel Imager” has been increasingly used in modern x‐ray imaging venues ranging from large, institutional cardiac care, radiology and radiotherapy settings to community oral surgery offices. The phrase most commonly refers to those technologies employing a large area, monolithic array consisting of a two‐dimensional grid of imaging pixels fabricated on a thin glass substrate. Individual pixels are made addressable by means of an “active matrix” of switches — usually, in each pixel, taking the form of a single amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) thin film transistor(TFT) coupled to some form of storage capacitor. Two variations of this relatively simple architecture (based on so‐called indirect or direct detection of the incident radiation by means of a scintillator or a photoconductor, respectively) have become almost ubiquitous for a wide variety of projection (e.g. radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography) and volumetric (e.g., CBCT, tomosynthesis) imaging applications. While offering many advantages, such Active Matrix Flat Panel Imagers (AMFPIs) are restrictive in terms of signal‐to‐noise performance, maximum frame rate, image artifacts, configurability and cost. These limitations are inspiring considerable innovation and creativity in imager development. Some approaches involve: high‐gain photoconductors such as HgI2 or avalanche‐gain with a‐Se (to improve system gain and DQE); active pixel circuits involving the inclusion of amplifiers in each pixel (to increase gain and DQE, frame rate, and to reduce artifacts); thick segmented scintillating converters (to increase x‐ray quantum detection efficiency and DQE at megavoltage energies); flexible substrates (to provide lighter, flexible and more x‐ray transparent substrates); and subtractive and additive printing of a‐Si:H or organic TFTs (to reduce costs). In this talk, a broad overview of the state of conventional AMFPI technology, its limitations, the potential for improvement, and some of the avenues being pursued to achieve these improvements will be presented. In addition, challenges for some of these approaches, along with the long‐term prospects for this general area of technology, will be reviewed, and the effect of large performance improvements on the practical implementation of advanced applications will be discussed. Educational Objectives: 1. Review the fundamental concepts behind the technology of flat panel imagers based on active matrix addressing. 2. Provide an understanding of the performance limitations on such active matrix, flat panel imagers (AMFPIs). 3. Outline the general approaches for achieving significant improvements over conventional AMFPI performance. 4. Detail specific improvement strategies involving front‐end enhancement of converter signal and pixel level circuit modifications, which preserve the major advantages of conventional AMFPIs. 5. Discuss the long‐term prospects for, and implications of flat panel imager performance improvement.
Devices valuable in head and neck radiotherapy

Normal tissue reactions limit the use of radiotherapy in the management of patients with head and neck neoplasms. Customized intraoral stents can help prevent unnecessary irradiation of various normal tissues thus reducing severity of reactions. Two basic types of devices, referred to as shielding and positional stents, are presented. The fabrication and the application of such devices are illustrated through five case reports. Recommendations on use of these tools and the possibility of combining these means with methods to improve dose distribution within the target volume containing air gaps are provided. Close collaboration between the attending radiotherapist and dentist is essential for designing appropriate devices for individual patients. However, when properly designed and used, these stents are effective in reducing treatment morbidity.
Disrupting representational infrastructure in conversations across disciplines

In this article, we analyze conversations in consulting meetings where people work across disciplines to design things. We focus on interactional processes through which people disrupt and attempt to change representational technologies for scientific and technical classification. Our case material is drawn from ethnographic and cognitive studies of work in field entomology and architectural design. In both cases, we find common structures of interaction when people work across disciplines. These include selective use of talk, embodied action, and inscription to animate representational states that make up design alternatives. Participants from different disciplines animate situations in strikingly different ways, but these differences can either go unremarked or be put into coordinated use without explicit, shared understandings. Differences become remarkable either when a design proposal runs counter to deeply held disciplinary objectives or threatens to destabilize a wider network of representational t...
The interaction representation and nonadiabatic corrections to adiabatic evolution operators

This paper presents a new approach to operator resummation corrections to adiabatic evolution operators. It is shown that an infinite order correction produces an operator that is equivalent to a propagator in the interaction representation. For a problem in which the adiabatic approximation assumes that certain degrees of freedom are held fixed, the interaction representation correction is just the interaction propagator of the coupling for these degrees of freedom. This formulation allows simple physical interpretation and simple mathematical evaluation of the full correction. No power series or cumulant methods are needed. Application to double well splitting when coupled to a bath oscillator shows the approach to be highly accurate.
The emergence of synchronized bursting in a heterogeneous, highly clustered respiratory network

Synchronized bursting activity within the preBotzinger complex (preBotC) of the mammalian brainstem underlies the inspiratory phase of the respiratory rhythm. Experimental evidence suggests that neurons within the preBotC are organized into clusters, such that neurons are synaptically coupled to several other neurons within their own cluster and a few neurons in each cluster have long reaching connections to other clusters [1]. The properties of intrinsic dynamics within preBotC neurons are heterogeneous, and previous models have focused on the diversity of activity patterns emerging from varying the balance of the persistent sodium (NaP) and calcium-activated nonspecific cationic (CAN) currents [2]. However, these studies have focused on the ability of these currents to engender bursts in isolated neurons, or in small networks of two neurons, but not in networks with architecture similar to the preBotC. To study larger networks (approximately 50 neurons with heterogeneous intrinsic dynamics), we have developed a genetic algorithm that breeds networks with a clustered connectivity structure similar to published experimental data. We find that although networks that exhibit a bursting rhythm can emerge, typically less than half of the neurons in the network participate in the rhythm (e.g. Figure ​Figure1).1). We also explore the mechanisms by which adjustment in connectivity statistics and intrinsic neuronal dynamics can enhance synchronized network bursting. Figure 1 Simulation of a large preBotC network. Panel A shows a network connectivity diagram for a network bred by our genetic algorithm. Panel B shows the corresponding raster plot, displaying a mixture of successful synchronized bursting along with other ...
1502 IMPROVED SENSITIVITY OF DELAYED WHITE BLOOD COUNT (WBC) FOR DETECTING NEONATAL SEPSIS

The neonatal WBC has been shown to be a sensitive indicator of systemic bacterial infection. However, the age of onset of WBC abnormality has not been determined. The purpose of the present study was to determine the value of an early vs. late WBC in identifying septic infants. Twenty-eight infants (weight 2.43 ± 1.11 kg, age 36±5 wks mean ±SD) with culture proven sepsis in the first 72 hrs of life were identified from a review of all births over a four year period at WMC. There were 21 cases of group B strep., 2 each of E.Coli, Pseudomonas and H.flu., and 1 of S. Pneumo. Abnormal WBC were identified using Manroe's data1. Twenty-two of 28 infants had an abnormal initial WBC at 6.7±9.8 hrs of life. Six of 28 had a normal initial WBC at 2.2±1.1 hrs with a follow-up WBC at 28.6±22.6 hrs which was abnormal. The mean time of all abnormal WBC (22 initial and 6 follow-up WBC) was 11.3±18.8 hrs. There was a significant difference between the time of a normal WBC in the 6 infants compared with the time when WBC were abnormal in all septic infants (t=7.813, p <.005). WBC was normal in 21% of septic infants before 5 hrs of life. In cases of suspected neonatal sepsis, a WBC obtained soon after birth may not detect a significant number of bacteremic infants and should be repeated serially after 11 hrs of life if needed to confirm a clinical diagnosis of sepsis.
Pain Facilitation and Activity-Dependent Plasticity in Pain Modulatory Circuitry: Role of BDNF-TrkB Signaling and NMDA Receptors

Pain modulatory circuitry in the brainstem exhibits considerable synaptic plasticity. The increased peripheral neuronal barrage after injury activates spinal projection neurons that then activate multiple chemical mediators including glutamatergic neurons at the brainstem level, leading to an increased synaptic strength and facilitatory output. It is not surprising that a well-established regulator of synaptic plasticity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), contributes to the mechanisms of descending pain facilitation. After tissue injury, BDNF and TrkB signaling in the brainstem circuitry is rapidly activated. Through the intracellular signaling cascade that involves phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, protein kinase C, and nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases; N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are phosphorylated, descending facilitatory drive is initiated, and behavioral hyperalgesia follows. The synaptic plasticity observed in the pain pathways shares much similarity with more extensively studied forms of synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), which typically express NMDA receptor dependency and regulation by trophic factors. However, LTP and LTD are experimental phenomena whose relationship to functional states of learning and memory has been difficult to prove. Although mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in pain pathways have typically not been related to LTP and LTD, pain pathways have an advantage as a model system for synaptic modifications as there are many well-established models of persistent pain with clear measures of the behavioral phenotype. Further studies will elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain sensitization and further our understanding of principles of central nervous system plasticity and responsiveness to environmental challenge.
Modeling and simulation of VLSI digital systems

Discrete simulation of digital circuits is a vital tool in the design process. However, few people are aware of the modeling assumptions inherent in discrete simulation. Nor is there a widely accepted and consistent theory of modeling and simulation of discrete/digital systems. In this paper we concentrate on the basic ideas behind discrete modeling and present a discussion of the most popular algorithms used in writing simulators. In addition, we use the characteristics of discrete models to define the logic, functional, and behavioral levels of simulation. In closing, we discuss new issues in modeling and simulation.
A Macintosh application program for simulating shear-sense indicators using object-oriented programming

Abstract Kinematic indicators play an increasingly important role in the interpretation of rocks that experienced deformation in the deep crust. Because most ductile shear zones lack clearly offset markers, small-scale structures such as asymmetric porphyroclast tails, porphyroblast inclusion trails, and composite planar (S-C) fabrics usually provide the only records of the sense of displacement. Field observations and analog models have demonstrated that these types of structures can yield reliable shear-sense information, but no single quantitative model has been able to simulate the diverse geometries exhibited by known shear-sense indicators. We have developed such program for Macintosh computers, using object-oriented programming techniques. The program, named ShearSense , demonstrates that the development of most abundant shear-sense indicators is governed by a small number of kinematic variables and that it may be possible to read shear strain magnitude from structural geometries. The program also illustrates the potential of object-oriented programming for computer simulation of geologic phenomena.
A GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF STABILITY REGIONS FOR A LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH TWO DELAYS

We describe an algorithmic approach for determining the geometry of the region of stability for a linear differential equation with two delays. Numerous applications utilize two-delay differential equations and require a framework to assay stability. The imaginary and zero solutions of the characteristic equation, where bifurcations in stability occur, produce an infinite set of surfaces in the coefficient parameter space. A methodology is outlined for identifying which of these surfaces form the boundary of the stability region. For a range of delays, the stability region changes in only three ways, starting at an identified initial point and becoming more complex as one coefficient increases. Detailed graphical analyses, including three-dimensional plots, show the evolution of the stability surface for given ratios of delays, highlighting variations across delays. The results demonstrate that small changes in the delay ratio cause significant changes in the size and shape of the stability region.