cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Falling Short of Guidelines? Nutrition and Weight Gain Knowledge in Pregnancy

Objectives: The objective of this study was to characterize pregnant women’s gestational weight gain (GWG) knowledge and awareness of healthy eating behaviors known to impact GWG. Methods: Formative research was conducted including semi-structured individual interviews and focus group interviews. The participants were mostly Caucasian pregnant women (N = 30; Mage = 28 years old) residing in a suburban/rural region of Central Pennsylvania. Descriptive and thematic analyses were used to examine the primary outcomes of GWG and healthy eating knowledge and informational sources. Results: Many women had no knowledge of how much GWG they should gain in pregnancy (42%). Women appeared to have adequate knowledge on foods they should avoid eating during pregnancy. However, one-fourth of women indicated that they did not feel as though they received adequate information from their healthcare provider about the foods they should be eating and how to meet the healthy eating recommendations. Therefore, one-fourth of women reported using non-healthcare provider resources (e.g., magazines, internet) with questionable reliability to obtain healthy eating guidance. Conclusion: These exploratory findings show that pregnant women have some knowledge of the GWG and healthy eating guidelines; however, most women received this information from a non-healthcare provider resource. Focused efforts are needed to educate pregnant women about GWG and healthy eating using accurate and reliable sources andencourage strategies to meet guidelines in an effort to promote healthy GWG.
Association Between FcγRIIa-R131 Allotype and Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Human FcgammaRIIa has 2 codominantly expressed allotypes, which differ greatly in their ability to ligate immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2). Whereas FcgammaRIIa-R131 binds only weakly to IgG2, FcgammaRIIa-H131 binds to it efficiently and might be primarily responsible for the phagocytosis of IgG2-opsonized bacteria. IgG2 plays a pivotal role in defense against pneumococcal infection. This prospective study showed that 50% of patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia were homozygous for FcgammaRIIa-R131, compared with 28% with nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia and 29% of uninfected controls (P<.05). The gene frequency of FcgammaRIIa-R131 was 0.67 in bacteremic patients, significantly higher than in the other groups (P<.05). All bacteremic patients who died within 1 week of hospitalization were homozygous for FcgammaRIIa-R131. Therefore, the severity of pneumococcal infection may, in part, be genetically mediated. Taken together with similar findings in cases of meningococcal disease, these results suggest that such genetic factors may be generalizable to infections caused by encapsulated bacteria.
Imaginative Engagement with Religious Diversity in Public School Classrooms

Abstract Helping students learn how to engage thoughtfully with religious diversity is a vital component of democratic citizenship. This article argues for the importance of such a curriculum and considers the challenges and potential inherent in fostering “imaginative engagement” with religion in public school classrooms. It first explores conceptual issues such as our capacity for empathic understanding and whether it is appropriate to use students as sources of “insider understanding” of religious perspectives. It then evaluates three common curricular choices for stirring the ethical imagination in students: role plays, field experiences, and the use of art and literature.
PAPP‐A: a new anti‐aging target?

This article focuses on the role of PAPP-A in mammalian aging. It introduces PAPP-A and a little of its history, briefly discusses the function of PAPP-A in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system and the regulators of PAPP-A expression, and then reviews data concerning PAPP-A in aging and age-related diseases especially in regard to the PAPP-A knockout (KO) mouse. The PAPP-A KO mouse is a valuable new model to test hypotheses concerning the control of the tissue availability of IGF, independent from systemic levels, on healthspan as well as lifespan.
Hacia una ontología social del aprendizaje

Introduccion Los recientes intentos de desarrollar teorias sociales o culturales del aprendizaje asumen, a menudo irreflexivamente, que la experiencia vivida asi entendida es “cotidiana” en su naturaleza. En la linguistica hay movimientos en esta direccion (por ejemplo, en torno a temas de la pragmatica, la deixis, la sociolinguistica, el uso del lenguaje como practica social), asi como en otros contextos disciplinarios (psicologia, sociologia, educacion y estudios culturales). Estos intentos...
Consumption-based buffer management for maximizing system throughput of a multimedia system

In a multimedia server, multiple media streams are generally serviced in a cyclic fashion. Due to non-uniform playback rates and asynchronous arrivals of queries, there tends to be spare disk bandwidth in each service cycle. In this paper, we study the issue of dynamically utilizing the spare disk bandwidth and buffer to maximize the system throughput of a multimedia server. We introduce the concept of minimizing buffer consumption to select an appropriate media stream to use the spare disk bandwidth. The buffer consumption measures both the amount of buffer and the amount of time such a buffer is occupied (i.e. the space-time product). Different alternatives to utilizing spare disk bandwidth are examined, including rate-adjustable retrievals of an already-activated stream and prefetching the next waiting stream. Simulations are conducted to evaluate and compare different cases. The recruits show that (1) minimizing buffer consumption is a good criterion for maximizing the system throughput, and (2) in general, prefetching a waiting stream incurs more buffer consumption, and thus is less effective than rate-adjustable retrievals.
Winter Monthly Mean Atmospheric Anomalies over the North Pacific and North America Associated with El Niño SSTs

Abstract The characteristics of winter monthly mean extratropical circulation associated with El Nino, including precipitation and surface temperature over the United States, are examined for nine El Nino events during 1950–94. Precipitation and surface temperature over the United States, also the 500-mb geopotential height and sea level pressure over the North Pacific and North America, are significantly different between early winter (November and December) and late winter (January to March). The typical El Nino-related U.S. precipitation and surface temperatures identified in many previous studies, as well as the Pacific–North American (PNA) circulation pattern, emerge in January and persist through February and March. The PNA patterns during these late winter months are coupled both with the tropical El Nino sea surface temperature (SST) variation and with the North Pacific SST variation. In contrast, the PNA patterns in the early winter months correlate only with the North Pacific SST. The tendency f...
PLUMAGE BRIGHTNESS AND BREEDING-SEASON DOMINANCE IN THE HOUSE FINCH: A NEGATIVELY CORRELATED HANDICAP?

Abstract A variety of observations indicate that the carotenoid-based coloration of male House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) is an honest signal of quality. Plumage redness in this species positively reveals male nutritional condition, over-winter survival, and nest attentiveness. As a result, in the breeding season, male House Finches with brighter ornamental plumage are preferred by females as social mates over males with drabber plumage. In the nonbreeding season, however, bright red plumage does not seem to confer an advantage in aggressive interactions, as males with drabber plumage tend to dominate males with brighter plumage. We investigated this apparent paradox by conducting a breeding-season dominance experiment using captive males. We paired unfamiliar males of contrasting plumage brightness in a series of dominance trials during the breeding season and found that drabber males were dominant to brighter males in competition for access to food. Furthermore, in two captive flocks of males, pluma...
Dynamics of \( \mathcal{N} \) = 4 supersymmetric field theories in 2 + 1 dimensions and their gravity dual

In this note we consider $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM theories in 2 + 1 dimensions with gauge group U(N ) × U(M ) and k hypermultiplets charged under the U(N ). When k > 2(N − M ), the theory flows to a superconformal fixed point in the IR. Theories with k < 2(N − M ), on the other hand, flows to strong coupling. We explore these theories from the perspective of gravity dual. We find that the gravity duals of theories with k < (N − M ) contain enhancons even in situations where repulson singularities are absent. We argue that supergravity description is unreliable in the region near these enhancon points. Instead, we show how to construct reliable sugra duals to particular points on the Coulomb branch where the enhancon is screened. We explore how these singularities reappear as one moves around in Coulomb branch and comment on possible field theory interpretation of this phenomenon. In analyzing gauge/gravity duality for these models, we encountered one unexpected surprise, that the condition for the supergravity solution to be reliable and supersymmetric is somewhat weaker than the expectation from field theory. We also discuss similar issues for theories with k = 0.
Abstract 84: Angiotensin II Type 1a Receptor in the Subfornical Organ is Essential for Blood Pressure Regulation and Hydromineral Effects in Mouse Models of Elevated Brain Renin-Angiotensin System Activity.

Elevated brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity is necessary to increase blood pressure in many animal models of hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that AT1A receptors (AT1AR) within the subfornical organ (SFO) are required for the phenotypes that result from an increased brain RAS. We examined the effect of SFO-targeted Cre-recombinase mediated ablation of AT1A in mice treated with DOCA-salt (deoxycorticosterone acetate, 50 mg s.c. + ad lib 0.15 M NaCl). Mice homozygous for a conditional allele of the endogenous AT1A gene (AT1ARflox) were administered an adenovirus encoding Cre-recombinase and eGFP (AdCre), or eGFP alone (AdGFP) into the lateral cerebral ventricle, then treated for 3 weeks with DOCA-salt. AdCre reduced DOCA-salt hypertension (AdGFP baseline: 108±3 mmHg; AdGFP pre-DOCA: 104±3; AdGFP post-DOCA: 136±6 vs AdCre baseline: 116±2; Adcre pre-DOCA: 109±3, Adre post-DOCA: 118±5; P≤0.01), polydipsia (AdGFP+DOCA: 20.6±2.1 mL/day; AdCre+DOCA: 11.6±1.1, P
The Making of the Common Law

England was unique among the medieval kingdoms of Western Europe. In addition to developing a system of national courts with an extensive original jurisdiction and run on quasi-bureaucratic lines by royal justices, it also gave birth to a single national customary law which was applicable throughout the country. This was partly the product of judicial decisions made by the royal courts and partly the product of legislation. The great formative period of the Commom Law began during the reign of King Henry II but continued through to the early fourteenth century. Paul Brand possesses an unrivalled knowledge of the published and unpublished sources for this critical period. The Making of the Common Law brings together his essays, some previously unpublished, on this period. The essays on the making of the English legal system (which complement his book on The Origins of the English Legal Profession) include an important essay on 'Henry II and the Creation of the English Common Law', and 'Courtroom and Schoolroom: The Education of Lawyers in England prior to 1400', the essay which won the 1988 Donald W. Sutherland Prize of the American Society for Legal History.The devlopment of English law is discussed in a number of essays including a critical introduction to the 'Milsom thesis' on the origins of England land law and 'Lordship and Distraint in Thirteenth-Century England', a major reappraisal of the balance of power between lords and tenants in this period. The Common Law was taken by settler from England to North America and to Australasia. Its earliest venture overseas, however, was to Ireland. The Making of the Common Law includes a number of important essays on the transfer of English law and the creation of a legal system modelled on that of England in the medieval English lordship of Ireland.
Inductive effects on molecular ionization potentials—X: Alkyl and hydrogen halides

Abstract The ionization potentials of alkyl and hydrogen halides are found to be excellent linear fractions of the polar and inductive substituent constants, indicating that the effect of alkyl substituents on the electron density of the halogen atoms is inductive. The slopes of the four regression lines vary widely in the order RF ≫ RCl > RBr > RI, which shows that the susceptibility of the halogen atoms to inductive effects varies in the same order. Values of σI and σ* for alkyl groups not previously available are estimated.
Starvation-Induced Activity in Cockroach Malpighian Tubules

Adult male American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.), normally yield inactive gut and malpighian tubule preparations; however, after 3½ days of starvation the activity of isolated malpighian tubules increases drastically above that found in animals starved less than 3 days or more than 4 days. This abrupt and short increase in activity coincides with a loss of the predominantly yellow color of the tubules which returns when tubule activity diminishes after 4 days of starvation. Blood from cockroaches starved 3½ days was found to irreversibly stimulate inactive malpighian tubules; however, the blood lost the ability to induce activity when left standing on ice for over an hour. The nature of the activation is unknown.
Title Changes: Another View

This paper presents a review of the literature concerning title changes-how librarians have criticized publishers for making them, the reasons title changes have occurred, and how much they cost. Much of the criticism is unjustified because the number of unacceptable changes is not as high as critics have suggested it is, and the costs are not as significant as has been thought. Librarians are not the end users of serials; it is the readers who play this part. Whether or not a title should be changed is a matter of primary concern of publishers and readers and of secondary concern to librarians.
Research on effective stress model in porous media based on fractal method

On the basis of the full study on the chinese and foreign information about the effective stress in porous media,the 2D and 3D fractal calculation models for the effective stress in deep porous media are respectively established by using fractal geometry theory.It considers the rock characteristics of the deep complex structure in petroleum engineering.The models can show the stress relationship in any pore structure rock and are the improvement to the existing model about the effective stress.In order to facilitate the on-site applications,the simplified models are further given for the effective stress fractal models in porous media.The examples of calculation shows that the culation errors for the simplified models are less than 7% and can meet the requirements of on-site oil field.An effective stress profile can be obtained by applying the simplified models to the logging data.
Analysis of serotype distribution and resistance of 34 strains of clinical isolated Shigella

Objective To understand serotype distribution,resistance,main resistance mechanism of Shigella strains isolated from clinical cases,in order to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of bacillary dysentery. Methods Serum agglutination was used to assay Shigella serotypes,K-B method to detect antibiotic susceptibility to 17 kinds of antibiotics,double disk test to detect extended-spectrum β-lactamase( ESBLs),resistance gene was detected by PCR. Results 34 isolates were all Shigella flexneri,2a,1a,4c,4a and X type accounted for 47. 1%,26. 5%,17. 6%,2. 9% and 5. 9% respectively. The resistance rates of 34 strains to ampicillin,tetracycline,chloramphenicol and Sulphamethoxazole / trimethoprim were 100%,97. 1%,97. 1%,and 91. 2% respectively. The resistance to piperacillin / tazobactam and meropenem were 29. 4% and 0. 0% respectively. 47. 1% of Shigella produced ESBLs. Detection rates of TEM,SHV,CTX-M-2,CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-15 were 26. 5%,0,0,17. 6% and 26. 5% respectively. Conclusion Flexneri 2a type was main strains among the 34 strains,resistant to commonly used antibiotics was serious. TEM and CTX-M-14, 15 extended-spectrum β-lactamase were the principal mechanism of resistance.
Measurement of Organic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fractions at Very Low Concentrations in Wastewater Effluents

The purpose of this study was to develop simple, accurate, and inexpensive measurement protocols for dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved non-reactive phosphorus (DNRP) at low levels in wastewater effluents. Two protocols are presented--one to measure DON exclusively, and the other to measure DON and DNRP simultaneously. Currently, DON and DNRP are calculated indirectly by subtracting the dissolved inorganic fractions from the total dissolved concentration, resulting in significant errors. To increase the accuracy of DON measurements, effluent sample pretreatment using ion exchange to remove nitrate was applied. Spectrometric methods were selected to measure the inorganic fractions-the second derivative UV spectroscopy method for nitrate, and the malachite green method for orthophosphate. These methods, combined with the optimized persulfate digestion of the samples, can be used to measure total dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus accurately. The measurement ranges attained were 0.05 to 3 mg N/L for DON and 0.01 to 0.5 mg P/L for DNRP.
Elastic FWI for VTI media: A synthetic parameterization study

We thank the members of the A(nisotropy)- and i(maging)-teams at CWP for fruitful discussions. The model was provided to us by Romain Brossiere (Universit´e Joseph Fourier, Grenoble) and Olav Barkved (Petoro, Norway). This work was supported by the Consortium Project on Seismic Inverse Methods for Complex Structures at CWP and competitive research funding from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). The reproducible numerical examples are generated with the Madagascar open-source software package freely available from http://www.ahay.org.
Power-aware characterization and mapping of workloads on CPU-GPU processors

Modern CPU-GPU processors enable workloads to run on both CPU and GPU devices. Current scheduling practices mainly use the characteristics of kernel workloads to decide the CPU/GPU mapping. We observe that runtime conditions such as power and CPU load also affect the mapping decision. Consequently, in this paper, we propose techniques to characterize the OpenCL kernel workloads during run-time and map them on appropriate device under time-varying physical (i.e., chip power limit) and CPU load conditions, in particular the number of available CPU cores for the OpenCL kernel. We implement our Power-Aware Scheduler (PAS) on a real CPU-GPU processor and evaluate it using various OpenCL benchmarks. Compared to the state-of-the-art kernel-level scheduling method, the proposed scheduler provides average improvements of 31% and 4% in runtime and energy, respectively.
Genome Editing Reveals Glioblastoma Addiction to MicroRNA-10b

Glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumor remains among the most lethal and incurable human diseases. Oncogenic microRNA-10b (miR-10b) is strongly and universally upregulated in GBM, and its inhibition by antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) reduces the growth of heterogeneous glioma cells; therefore, miR-10b represents a unique therapeutic target for GBM. Here we explored the effects of miR-10b gene editing on GBM. Using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system, we investigated effects of miR-10b gene editing on the growth of cultured human glioma cells, tumor-initiating stem-like cells, and mouse GBM xenografts, as well as the oncogene-induced transformation of normal astrocytes. We show that GBM is strictly "addicted" to miR-10b and that miR-10b gene ablation is lethal for glioma cell cultures and established intracranial tumors. miR-10b loss-of-function mutations lead to the death of glioma, but not other cancer cell lines. We have not detected escaped proliferative clones of GBM cells edited in the miR-10b locus. Finally, neoplastic transformation of normal astrocytes was abolished by the miR-10b-editing vectors. This study demonstrates the feasibility of gene editing for brain tumors in vivo and suggests virus-mediated miR-10b gene ablation as a promising therapeutic approach that permanently eliminates the key regulator essential for tumor growth and survival.
Law and Moral Dilemmas

If your self-driving Volvo suddenly must decide whether to swerve into one pedestrian in order to avoid crashing into five others, what should it do? The thought experiment known as the “trolley problem” — long invoked in controversies from bioethics to capital punishment to climate change — has enjoyed a recent surge of attention, thanks to its uncanny resemblance to choices that driverless cars may have to face. In this essay, first I review Frances Kamm’s book, The Trolley Problem Mysteries, which reveals the unsettled state of philosophical debates about this classic dilemma.Next I report findings from randomized experiments I conducted, addressing this basic question: Can our intuitions about such moral dilemmas be influenced by the presence of the law? The findings suggest that the law can indeed exert an influence over our moral intuitions about the trolley problem. Telling subjects that turning the trolley (sacrificing one life to save more lives) constitutes criminal homicide increases the number who say that doing so is morally prohibited. In comparison, telling subjects that the law requires minimizing casualties during such accidents reduces the number who say that turning the trolley is morally prohibited; it also increases the number who say that doing so is morally required. Moreover, the content of the law can influence moral intuitions even when subjects are told that it will not be enforced.This evidence motivates further inquiry into the feedback loops between our moral intuitions and the law (what if the moral intuitions we can observe have already been shaped by people’s impressions, however vague or subconscious, about what the law expects?) and into the potential mechanisms of the law’s halo (do people sometimes look to the law as a source of moral guidance — and if so, when?).
Neutron stars are gold mines

Neutron stars are not only mines for clues to dense matter physics but may also be the auspicious sources of half of all nuclei heavier than A = 60 in the universe, including the auric isotopes. Although the cold dense matter above the nuclear saturation density cannot be directly explored in the laboratory, gilded constraints on the properties of matter from 1 to 10 times higher density can now be panned from neutron star observations. We show how upcoming observations, such as gravitational wave from mergers, precision timing of pulsars, neutrinos from neutron star birth and X-rays from bursts and thermal emissions, will provide the bullion from which further advances can be smelted.
American Vandal: Mark Twain Abroad. By Roy Morris Jr. (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2015. Pp. 279. $27.95.)

A striking reversal in the study of Mark Twain's literature is the manner in which the popularity of his travel writings has given way to a reverence for his fiction. In his own day his bulging tra...
On the complexity of Anosov saddle transitions

Abstract We study the computational complexity of some problems which arise in the dynamics of certain hyperbolic toral automorphisms, using the shadowing lemma. Given p , q ∈ T 2 , saddles of common period n , and rational r > 0 sufficiently small, we study how quickly orbits ( f n ) N ( z ) ​transit from a basin of p , the open ball B ( p , r ) to one of q , B ( q , r ) . A priori, z is of arbitrary precision. We compute a finite precision L , polynomial in the size of an instance, so that if an orbit ( f n ) N ( z ) makes such a transition, so does a reliable L -precision pseudo-orbit, but at the price of possibly using duration N + 1 . If we allow duration N + 2 , this precision depends on n and r but is independent of N . It follows that in an appropriate model of computation such a saddle transition problem is in Oracle NP i.e. in NP up to a restricted oracle, and we show there exist closely related problems which are in NP .
Declaration of Robert Hockett: Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Trustee, et al. v. City of Richmond, California

In this written Declaration submitted on behalf of the City of Richmond, California in its suit with Wells Fargo and other plaintiff banking institutions in September of 2013, Professor Hockett defends both (a) his eminent domain plan for deeply underwater private label securitized mortgage debt, and (b) municipalities like Richmond that adopt the plan. Well-known structural impediments currently block even creditor-friendly mortgage debt write-downs, he argues, such that cities adopting the plan will accordingly be benefitting debtors and creditors alike. Banks and other institutions that oppose the plan, he therefore argues, oppose it not in their capacities as portfolio loan or mortgage-backed securities (MBS) holders, but in their capacities as second lien holders - capacities that do not lend them standing to sue in the present action.
Mechanism of Vps4 hexamer function revealed by cryo-EM

Vps4 is a member of AAA+ ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase associated with diverse cellular activities) that operates as an oligomer to disassemble ESCRT-III (endosomal sorting complex required for transport III) filaments, thereby catalyzing the final step in multiple ESCRT-dependent membrane remodeling events. We used electron cryo-microscopy to visualize oligomers of a hydrolysis-deficient Vps4 (vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4) mutant in the presence of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). We show that Vps4 subunits assemble into an asymmetric hexameric ring following an approximate helical path that sequentially stacks substrate-binding loops along the central pore. The hexamer is observed to adopt an open or closed ring configuration facilitated by major conformational changes in a single subunit. The structural transition of the mobile Vps4 subunit results in the repositioning of its substrate-binding loop from the top to the bottom of the central pore, with an associated translation of 33 A. These structures, along with mutant-doping experiments and functional assays, provide evidence for a sequential and processive ATP hydrolysis mechanism by which Vps4 hexamers disassemble ESCRT-III filaments.
Bioenergetics of Brown Bullhead in a Changing Climate

AbstractBrown Bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus is a benthic-oriented warmwater fish species distributed throughout the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, but widely released elsewhere. This study developed and validated a bioenergetics model for Brown Bullhead in the laboratory and then applied the model to evaluate potential changes in growth and distribution associated with climate change. The model performed very well in laboratory validations at two temperatures and two ration levels—within 4% between observed and predicted values. Modeling of a 4°C increase in water temperatures due to climate warming suggested increases in growth in the northern parts of the species’ natural range and declines or extirpation in the south. In addition to distribution shifts, the warmer temperatures could increase biometabolism of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or bioaccumulation at local scales that may lead to changes in population structure or consumption advisories of Brown Bullhead.Received Octob...
Conservatism in Accounting

This paper examines conservatism in accounting. Conservatism is defined as the differential verifiability required for recognition of profits versus losses. In its extreme form the definition incorporates the traditional conservatism adage: "anticipate no profit, but anticipate all losses." Despite criticism from many quarters, including standard-setters, conservatism appears not only to have survived in accounting for many centuries, but also to have increased in the last 30 years. The paper lays out the various alternative explanations for conservatism: contracting; shareholder litigation; taxation and accounting regulation (e.g., SEC and FASB). It also summarizes the empirical evidence on the existence of conservatism and the extent to which it is consistent with the alternative explanations for conservatism. The evidence is consistent with both the existence of conservatism and its increase in recent years. Contracting and shareholder litigation explanations appear to be important in these results. The evidence on the effect of taxation and regulation is weaker, but is still consistent with those explanations playing a role. Earnings management could also produce some of the evidence on conservatism, but it is unlikely to be the major explanation. The explanations and evidence have important implications for accounting regulators (SEC and FASB). First, the contracting explanation implies that conservatism will exist even in the absence of formal contractual use of financial statements. As long as income and net asset measures have meaning and are used in a way that affects management's welfare, conservatism is likely to be an optimal accounting principle. Absent differential verifiability, financial measures such as income and net assets are likely to be subject to sufficient manipulation to render them meaningless. Second, recent FASB moves to apply rules such as mark-to-market without appropriate concern for verifiability are likely to be disastrous for the FASB and capital markets. Third, attempts to introduce unverifiable estimates of future cash flows into the financial statements are likely to just as disastrous.
Low incidence of neurovascular complications after placement of proximal tibial traction pins

Skeletal tibial traction is a temporizing measure used preoperatively for femoral fractures to improve the length and alignment of the limb and provide pain relief. The goal of this study was to identify possible neurovascular morbidity associated with the use of bedside skeletal tibial traction to treat femur fractures. All femoral fractures treated with proximal tibial traction during a 10-year period at an urban level I trauma center were retrospectively reviewed. The medical record was reviewed to determine whether a pin-related complication had occurred. Records also were reviewed to identify ipsilateral multi-ligamentous knee injuries that were not diagnosed until after the application of traction. In total, 303 proximal tibial traction pins were placed. A total of 7 (2.3%; 95% confidence interval, 0.60%-4.0%) pin-related neurologic complications and zero vascular complications were noted. All complications involved motor and/or sensory deficits in the distribution of the peroneal nerve. Of the 7 complications, 6 resolved fully after surgery and removal of the pin. After traction placement, 6 (2.0%) ipsilateral multiligamentous knee injuries were diagnosed. None of these patients had a neurovascular complication. This study suggests that bedside placement of proximal tibial traction for femoral fractures is associated with a low incidence of neurovascular complications and that traction can be safely placed at the bedside by residents. A thorough neurovascular examination should be performed before insertion, and care should be taken to identify the proper starting point and reduce soft tissue trauma during pin placement. [Orthopedics. 2017; 40(6):e1004-e1008.].
An Option-Based Model for Valuing the Common Stock of Emerging-Growth Firms

A start-up firm launching a new technology faces what it hopes will be a period of rapid development in which the economic viability of its product and business plan will be confirmed. Once viability is established, the firm enters a period of normal growth and profitability. The claims the original stockholders possess are best described as mostly real options. Option maturity is when it becomes known whether the technology under development is either worth pursuing over the long term or, alternatively, a failure that must be abandoned. The now-familiar idea that stock can be thought of as an option on the assets of the underlying firm dates back to the early days of option-pricing theory, and it has provided the framework of the structural approach to evaluating credit risk. This article shows how the same basic approach can be used to value the common stock of an emerging-growth company. The major challenge of the procedure is how to estimate the necessary option parameters for a rapidly evolving firm with little price history. Finnerty demonstrates his approach using LinkedIn and Pacific Biosciences as case studies.
Tutorial-1: Machine learning and deep learning

Machine learning and deep learning has attracted a lot of attention from industry, media, academia and government alike, and its impact to business and industries can't be over emphasized. The subject is broad with many on-going research and development. I plan to present an effective tutorial on such a broad subject in a two-hour duration to the DA community. My plan is to teach some of the most important fundamental techniques that are proven to be common and universal to many popular machine learning and deep learning algorithms. Covered topics will include the general iterative algorithm for solving unconstrained optimization problems, gradient descent and stochastic gradient descent methods, fundamental concepts in machine learning (such as training, testing, and cross validation, bias, variance), differences between machine learning, AI, and data mining, popular machine learning algorithms such as perceptron, logistic regression, decision tree and random forest, and deep learning algorithm such as ANN and CNN. A central theme to all the algorithmic coverage is a common set of techniques that are proven to be critical for their deep understanding. If time permits, I will also share some of my experience in applying those techniques to various industry solutions and how that relates to my deep DA roots.
Deletion of Tsc2 in Nociceptors Reduces Target Innervation, Ion Channel Expression, and Sensitivity to Heat

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is known to regulate cellular growth pathways, and its genetic activation is sufficient to enhance regenerative axon growth following injury to the central or peripheral nervous systems. However, excess mTORC1 activation may promote innervation defects, and mTORC1 activity mediates injury-induced hypersensitivity, reducing enthusiasm for the pathway as a therapeutic target. While mTORC1 activity is required for full expression of some pain modalities, the effects of pathway activation on nociceptor phenotypes and sensory behaviors are currently unknown. To address this, we genetically activated mTORC1 in mouse peripheral sensory neurons by conditional deletion of its negative regulator Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 (Tsc2). Consistent with the well-known role of mTORC1 in regulating cell size, soma size and axon diameter of C-nociceptors were increased in Tsc2-deleted mice. Glabrous skin and spinal cord innervation by C-fiber neurons were also disrupted. Transcriptional profiling of nociceptors enriched by fluorescence-associated cell sorting (FACS) revealed downregulation of multiple classes of ion channels as well as reduced expression of markers for peptidergic nociceptors in Tsc2-deleted mice. In addition to these changes in innervation and gene expression, Tsc2-deleted mice exhibited reduced noxious heat sensitivity and decreased injury-induced cold hypersensitivity, but normal baseline sensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli. Together, these data show that excess mTORC1 activity in sensory neurons produces changes in gene expression, neuron morphology and sensory behavior.
Neonatal Versus Adult Hemicerebellectomy: A Behavioral and Anatomical Analysis

In spite of several reports on infant lesion effects, the degree to which brain damage occurring early in life results in sparing or greater recovery of motor function than that seen after comparable damage in adults is still uncertain (Schneider 1979). On one hand, following neonatal spinal transection (Bregman and Goldberger 1983) or cortical ablations (D’Amato and Hicks 1980), there is greater recovery of some postural reflexes when compared with the same lesions sustained in adulthood. On the other hand, coexistent with these examples of greater recovery, are examples of equivalent or even greater deficits or poorer motor performances (Finger et al. 1978). Namely, it has been reported that neonatally hemicerebellectomized rats exhibit a more impaired locomotion in comparison with rats hemicerebellectomized in adulthood (Gramsbergen and IJkema-Paassen 1984). These conflicting findings are complicated by the influence of normal development on motor behavior, by the stage of maturity of the pathways at the time of the lesion, and finally by the nature of the motor behaviors, since different aspects of the same behavior may respond differently to the same lesion. Considering these numerous variables, this study is focused on comparing various motor behaviors of rats hemicerebellectomized neonatally with those of rats hemicerebellectomized at weaning or in adulthood, to analyze the problem of whether cerebellar lesions made during different maturation stages provoke different effects. Particular care was taken to obtain adequate experimental conditions for comparisons of the three age-at-lesion groups; all cerebellar lesions were very similar, and repeated and extremely fine assessments of motor function using similar tests were performed at comparable long periods after lesion.
The Original Meaning of Brown: Seattle, Segregation and the Rewriting of History (For Michael Lee and Dukwon)

Brown famously held that in the field of public education, segregation has no place. But segregation was undefined. Was segregation constituted by mere racial classification, by the fact that the state had divided children into racial groups? Or did Brown condemn a caste system whose effect was to stigmatize black children?In Parents Involved v. Seattle Justice Roberts says segregation is about children not black children. This colorblind approach represents both a rewriting and appropriation of Brown in the service of formalism. The Roberts court writes not only a new version of Brown but a new historical narrative about the meaning of segregation.The theme of this new story is formal equality - equality of opportunity only - as a universal ideal. This new story is woven entirely out of the language of Brown detached from all historical context. Conservatives have long canonized Brown. It has been a kind of second constitution for the second reconstruction. But how does this new story - segregation is about harm to "children," not "black children" - compare to the original understanding? Was this the evil that Brown denounced? By framing the issue in terms of the meaning of "segregation" the paper seeks to make an end run around an impasse in our social and legal debate. Many progressive scholars have challenged the conservative conception of formal equality by suggesting alternative ways of thinking about it: anti-subordination models, a heightened call that equality should take issues of racial caste into account. But this external critique has stalled, perhaps in part because of the slippery indeterminacy of normative ideals. Segregation as a social phenomenon is far more determinate than equality as a constitutional "ideal"; it is something that has been concretized not only by the lived experience of black people, but by an earlier realist tradition on the part of the Warren court which saw it as it was. I retell this forgotten history of segregation in order to expose the disconnect between the Supreme Court's universalism and the actual meaning of segregation in context. Also, by focusing on the original understanding we seek a kind of internal critique showing how the Robert's court's historical revision does not withstand the very original meaning test Roberts and other conservatives try to privilege.
A Method for Developing Interdisciplinary Examinations to Test Application of Knowledge by Students in a PBL Curriculum

PBL curriculum developers have found that changing the method of instruction is not all that is required to effectively implement PBL. Student assessment must usually undergo change as well. The method described here, while not entirely new, has not been widely disseminated. This method requires construction of content examinations by a team of faculty, each representing different disciplinary or pedagogical interests, rather than one or several experts writing exam items in isolation of each other. Student-generated learning issues are used to identify themes across various tutor groups for required questions; optional questions can come from topics not universally studied. All are embedded in clinical vignettes which place the content in context. Various question formats and weights can be used, selected for utility in eliciting specific types of thinking, rather than for convenience or custom.
The IRPA/INIRC Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Laser Radiation

The International Non-ionizing Radiation Committee (INIRC) of the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA) first published Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Laser Radiation in 1985 [1]. Since that time, as a result of an expanded laser database, the Guidelines were revised in 1988 [2]. Prior to presenting the guidelines on laser exposure, it is worthwhile to explain the process by which IRPA/INIRC develops guidelines on non-ionizing radiation (NIR).
Enhancing Resilience in Classrooms

Schools have historically been the great equalizer in the American landscape—the “ticket out” for youth struggling to overcome conditions of adversity and poverty (Pianta & Walsh, 1998). For immigrants to the eastern seaboard, schools were safe havens where children learned English, received public health services, and became literate and employable (Pulliam & Van Patten, 2007). As each wave of homesteaders moved west across the country, schools popped up alongside the newly broken sod. Universal access to public education has been a defining feature of the North American culture, and schools are fertile settings for promoting the intellectual, psychological, and personal competence of youth (Masten & Coatsworth, 1998).
Measuring Outcomes in Alzheimer’s Disease Research

Alzheimer’s disease is a common disorder in the elderly, and a cure is not currently available. This article summarises the intervention studies that have been done in Alzheimer’s disease research and discusses assessment tools and outcome measures used in these studies. Current approaches are broadening their definition of positive outcome beyond improvement or maintenance of cognitive functioning. These new areas include slowing of disease progression, assessment of behavioural disturbances, quality of life and caregiver burden. Many new therapies are emerging for Alzheimer’s disease, and appropriate use of assessment tools that evaluate the cognitive, behavioural and social aspects of this disease is required.
Smart Textile with Plain Weave Structure Using Hetero-Core Optical Fiber Sensor and Wool Threads

In this study, a smart textile based on hetero-core optical fiber was proposed. The smart textile with a plain weave structure was designed by weaving the hetero-core optical fiber together with wool threads. The textile can detect small curvature change provided by stretching and bending applied to the textile. We also confirmed that the textile can be used to simultaneously monitor the textile’s shape change by using the multiple sensor areas. In addition, hand motion monitoring test using the smart textile was demonstrated with wrapping the textile around the forearm. As a result, the proposed smart textile has the feasibility for body motion monitoring.
Discovery of CDK8/CycC Ligands with a New Virtual Screening Tool

Selective inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 and cyclin C (CDK8/CycC) has been suggested as a promising strategy for decreasing mitogenic signals in cancer cells with reduced toxicity toward normal cells. We developed a novel virtual screening protocol for drug development and applied it to the discovery of new CDK8/CycC type II ligands, which is likely to achieve long residence time and specificity. We first analyzed the binding thermodynamics of 11 published pyrazolourea ligands using molecular dynamics simulations and a free-energy calculation method, VM2, and extracted the key binding information to assist virtual screening. The urea moiety was found to be the critical structural contributor of the reference ligands. Starting with the urea moiety, we conducted substructure-based searches with our newly developed superposition and single-point energy evaluation method, followed by free-energy calculations, and singled out three purchasable compounds for bioassay testing. The ranking from the experimental results is completely consistent with the predicted rankings. A potent drug-like compound was found to have a Kd value of 42.5 nm, which is similar to those of the most potent reference ligands; this provided a good starting point for further improvement. This study shows that our novel virtual screening protocol is an accurate and efficient tool for drug development.
Name Me a Word: Indian Writers Reflect on Writing

Name Me a Word: Indian Writers Reflect on Writing, a collection of works by Indian authors edited by poet Meena Alexander, does not have an introduction or an involved, singular essay that draws a ...
Building Girls' Capacity in Philadelphia - Meaningful Access to Participatory Action Research and Platforms of Feminist Standpoints

The partnership of feminist theory and participatory action research (PAR) aims at democratizing the relationship between 'subjects' of research and researchers in order to advance non-hierarchical social activism. However, there is still a gap between theorization and analysis of the manifestations of feminist participatory action research, particularly that which concerns girls and women of color. Feminist action research can dismantle this disparity by building spaces where voices have potential roles in affecting change; transforming personal experiences into politicized knowledges and standpoints. But how do radical epistemologies lead to social change? How do ─in the words of bell hooks─ radical spaces support marginality as a space of resistance? This project examines these questions by looking at how Girls Justice League (GJL) ─a non-profit organization committed to building girls capacity─ goes about carrying out participatory action research in the City of Philadelphia. As a meta analysis of efforts that support situated knowledges, this research project uses a qualitative approach ─including two semi-structured interviews with GJL board members, a personal-narrative-oriented focus group, and an analysis of GJL's reports─ to understand GJL's effort to build girls and women's capacity through feminist PAR. The study finds that the PAR strategies that GJL follows are linked directly to their three-fold mission statement, which provides a useful framework to understand the implementation of resistance into radical spaces. Building girls capacity through a unique structure, approach, and practical implementation of feminist PAR is an empowering stepping stone into paving the way for social change. GJL's model shows the urgency to replicate feminist PAR in other social justice organizations, institutions, and academic settings as a way of building access to inter-disciplinary research-oriented participatory forums.