cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elective ventral hernia repair provides significant abdominal wall quality of life improvements in older patients.

An increasing proportion of ventral hernia patients are over age 65. These patients are frequently offered watchful waiting rather than surgical intervention due to their frail state or perioperative risk. However, many in this age group suffer from significant quality of life impacts that are not well understood. We performed a retrospective cohort study using data from the Abdominal Core Health Quality Collaborative (ACHQC), including adults undergoing elective ventral hernia repair from 2013 to 2019. Median differences in Hernia-Related Quality of Life Survey (HerQLes) summary scores at baseline, 30-days, 6-months, and 1 year post operatively were compared in four age categories (18–40, 40–64, 65–75, 76 +) using multivariable regression. Secondary outcomes included major post-operative complications and mortality. Of 6681 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 13.5% were 18–40, 55.8% were 41–64, 25.2% were 65–75, and 5% were 76 + . Patients in the 65–75 age group and those over 76 had higher mean baseline HerQLes scores (51.7 and 60.8) compared to those in the 18–40 and 41–64 groups (45 and 43.3, p < 0.01). Patients 65–75 had smaller increases in HerQLes scores at 30 days (6.7) compared to patients in the younger age groups (11.7 for 18–40; 8.3 for 41–64) and the oldest age group (8.3, p < 0.01). However, patients in the older age groups had higher overall median 1 year HerQles Scores (66.7 for 65–75; 78.3 for 76 +) compared to patients in the 18–40 and 41–64 age groups (65 and 58.3, p < 0.01). On multivariable analysis, HerQLes scores at 30 days post-surgery were decreased for patients in the 41–64 (−3.14, CE −5.89, −0.04, p = 0.03) and 65–75 (−4.53; CE −7.65, −1.41, p < 0.01) groups compared to the youngest age group, while those over 76 had no effect. Older adults undergoing ventral hernia repair demonstrate equal gains in hernia-related quality of life compared to younger patients and actually report higher quality of life scores at 30 days, 6 months and, 1 year post-surgery.
Global measurements of hypersonic shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions with pressure-sensitive paint

Global surface pressure measurements have been carried out on a 7° half-angle circular cone/flare model at nominally zero angle of attack using pressure-sensitive paint (PSP). These experiments were conducted to illustrate the PSP technique’s usefulness and effectiveness at measuring the unsteady structures inherent to hypersonic shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions (SWBLI) on a global scale. Mean and fluctuating surface pressure was measured with a temperature-corrected, high-frequency-response ( $$\approx 10$$ kHz) anodized-aluminum pressure-sensitive paint (AA-PSP). This AA-PSP was made in-house to provide the high frequency response required. Methodologies for tracking the boundary-layer separation and reattachment shock feet in both time-averaged and instantaneous senses are provided and discussed. Excellent agreement is observed between the different metrics. In addition, spectral analyses were conducted on a global scale providing insights into the unsteady dynamics of the shock feet and structures under the separated shear layer. These spectral analyses identified a smooth, low-frequency bandwidth centered at $$\approx 500$$ Hz, which is characteristic of the shock-foot oscillations. These experimental findings validate the usefulness of AA-PSP to provide global physical insights of unsteady SWBLI surface behavior in the hypersonic flow regime. Similar methodologies can be incorporated in future experiments to investigate complex and novel SWBLI.
Towards Explainable AI: Assessing the Usefulness and Impact of Added Explainability Features in Legal Document Summarization

This study tested two different approaches for adding an explainability feature to the implementation of a legal text summarization solution based on a Deep Learning (DL) model. Both approaches aimed to show the reviewers where the summary originated from by highlighting portions of the source text document. The participants had to review summaries generated by the DL model with two different types of text highlights and with no highlights at all. The study found that participants were significantly faster in completing the task with highlights based on attention scores from the DL model, but not with highlights based on a source attribution method, a model-agnostic formula that compares the source text and summary to identify overlapping language. The participants also reported increased trust in the DL model and expressed a preference for the attention highlights over the other type of highlights. This is because the attention highlights had more use cases, for example, the participants were able to use them to enrich the machine-generated summary. The findings of this study provide insights into the benefits and the challenges of selecting suitable mechanisms to provide explainability for DL models in the summarization task.
Huellas de destrucción

In this paper, I present the relationship between destruction and traces in order to investigate how it is possible to materially reconstruct that which has been destroyed. I analyze the visual work Stellar (2015), by Peruvian artist Giancarlo Scaglia, and the film Nostalgia de la Luz (2010), by Chilean director Patricio Guzman, to show how both artifacts propose destruction as the production of other materialities (in the form of traces) capable of giving hints about their previous form and make feasible a type of political sense that the material totality does not allow. To this end, I find in these artifacts different mediation technologies that question the legibility of the traces. Stellar uses the technique of frottage as a way of making absence present by means of tracing and reveals in its materiality the vestiges of an event of the past and the difficulties that limit its memorialization. Nostalgia de la Luz, on the other hand, proposes both a visual training on how to read the fissures of material destruction, the result of state policies of erasure, and a sophisticated review of the complexities of the policies of archiving human bones as forms of violence that configure other traces to be read. In this way, the two objects I study in this paper allow me to propose ways of understanding destruction as a process that we can only read about through traces. The traces of destruction not only allow us to reconstruct a story, but also revitalize a memory that resists despite its erasure linked to state policies of oblivion. Reading the traces of destruction means reversing the procedures of political dismemberment, even if this does not imply resolving a past conflict or putting an end to mourning, but rather the possibility of remembering in spite of everything.
Optimized lattice-based metamaterials for elastostatic cloaking

An optimization-based approach is proposed to design elastostatic cloaking devices in two-dimensional (2D) lattices. Given an elastic lattice with a defect, i.e. a circular or elliptical hole, a sm...
Predicting the effect of indirect cell kill in the treatment of multiple brain metastases via single-isocenter/multitarget volumetric modulated arc therapy stereotactic radiosurgery

Purpose Due to spatial uncertainty, patient setup errors are of major concern for radiosurgery of multiple brain metastases (m-bm) when using single-isocenter/multitarget (SIMT) volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) techniques. However, recent clinical outcome studies show high rates of tumor local control for SIMT-VMAT. In addition to direct cell kill (DCK), another possible explanation includes the effects of indirect cell kill (ICK) via devascularization for a single dose of 15 Gy or more and by inducing a radiation immune intratumor response. This study quantifies the role of indirect cell death in dosimetric errors as a function of spatial patient setup uncertainty for stereotactic treatments of multiple lesions. Material and methods Nine complex patients with 61 total tumors (2-16 tumors/patient) were planned using SIMT-VMAT with geometry similar to HyperArc with a 10MV-FFF beam (2400 MU/min). Isocenter was placed at the geometric center of all tumors. Average gross tumor volume (GTV) and planning target volume (PTV) were 1.1 cc (0.02-11.5) and 1.9 cc (0.11-18.8) with an average distance to isocenter of 5.4 cm (2.2-8.9). The prescription was 20 Gy to each PTV. Plans were recalculated with induced clinically observable patient setup errors [±2 mm, ±2o ] in all six directions. Boolean structures were generated to calculate the effect of DCK via 20 Gy isodose volume (IDV) and ICK via 15 Gy IDV minus the 20 Gy IDV. Contributions of each IDV to the PTV coverage were analyzed along with normal brain toxicity due to the patient setup uncertainty. Induced uncertainty and minimum dose covering the entire PTV were analyzed to determine the maximum tolerable patient setup errors to utilize the ICK effect for radiosurgery of m-bm via SIMT-VMAT. Results Patient setup errors of 1.3 mm /1.3° in all six directions must be maintained to achieve PTV coverage of the 15 Gy IDV for ICK. Setup errors of ±2 mm/2° showed clinically unacceptable loss of PTV coverage of 29.4 ± 14.6% even accounting the ICK effect. However, no clinically significant effect on normal brain dosimetry was observed. Conclusions Radiosurgery of m-bm using SIMT-VMAT treatments have shown positive clinical outcomes even with small residual patient setup errors. These clinical outcomes, while largely due to DCK, may also potentially be due to the ICK. Potential mechanisms, such as devascularization and/or radiation-induced intratumor immune enhancement, should be explored to provide a better understanding of the radiobiological response of stereotactic radiosurgery of m-bm using a SIMT-VMAT plan.
Advanced introduction to housing studies: by William A. V. Clark, Cheltenham UK and Northampton USA, Edward Elgar Publishers, 2021, 240 pp., $24.95 (pbk), ISBN: 978-1789908336

Housing studies literature has increased exponentially during the last three decades. What have we learned? Advanced Introduction to Housing Studies by William A.V. Clark provides us with a much ne...
Prenatal and Neonatal Toxicology and Pathology of Heavy Metals

Publisher Summary This chapter presents only those metals that have the greatest health hazard. Because the established information on the toxic effects of each metal varies, different emphasis will be put on each of the toxic metals. It can be stated that mercury, cadmium, and lead all have deleterious impacts on the development of the fetus; however, the specific fetotoxicity and teratogenicity of each of these metals differ. It is difficult to make any definitive conclusion or to extrapolate the animal findings to human situations. Many of the problems are associated with the differences in animal species used in the studies, the dose levels used, the chronicity of the intoxications, the gestational stages explored, and the lack of interdisciplinary correlations. Thus, a direct comparison of the findings is almost impossible. The phenomena of metal-metal interaction and metal–element interaction within maternal and fetal systems make the overall understanding of metal toxicology that much more complex. There is no doubt that metal-induced teratology represents one of the most important areas in toxicology.
Lower pole ureteropelvic junction obstruction and incomplete renal duplication

The rare finding of lower pole ureteropelvic junction obstruction and incomplete renal duplication is discussed in 5 children. The children were divided into 2 groups, with short (less than 0.5 cm.) and long (greater than 4 cm.) lower ureteral segments. Short ureteral segment obstruction was managed by total excision of the narrow ureteral segment and end-to-side pyeloureterostomy. Obstructions associated with long lower ureteral segments were treated by excising the ureteropelvic junction and performing a standard Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty. A thorough preoperative evaluation is helpful for successful management.
Theater Program Development in Colleges and Universities

This study sought to find answers to how best colleges and universities can adapt the teaching of theatre in its curriculum. It was then necessary to track the different ways drama has evolved throughout time and how its adoption in formal education has affected its students, both present and past. To this end the researcher examined theater from its earliest inception to its adoption by schools of higher education, more specifically, public colleges and universities.
Reactions of transition metal compounds with macrocyclic alkadiynes : II. Cyclopentadienylnickel and dicobalt hexacarbonyl complexes retaining the macrocyclic alkadiyne structure unit

Abstract The macrocyclic alkadiynes 1,7-cyclododecadiyne, 1,7-cyclotridecadiyne, 1,7-cyclotetradecadiyne, 1,8-cyclotetradecadiyne, and 1,8-cyclopentadecadiyne react with [C5H5NiCO]2 in boiling benzene to give the dark green tetrametallic derivatives (alkadiyne) (NiC5H5)4 and with Co2(CO)8 in pentane at room temperature to give the dark red tetrametallic derivatives (alkadiyne)[Co2(CO)6]2. The reactions of 1,7-cyclododecadiyne with [C5H5NiCO]2 and Co2(CO)8 can also be made to give the crystalline bimetallic derivatives 1,7-C12H16(NiC5H5)2 and 1,7-C12H16Co2(CO)6. The macrocyclic alkadiyne ring system is retained in all of these new complexes.
THE PARADOXICAL EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN FOUR PATIENTS WITH LIVER GLYCOGEN DISEASE.

Oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde, the first step in alcohol metabolism, is catalyzed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and resuits in the reduction of DPN to DPNH. In a coupled reaction, pyruvate is converted to lactate with regeneration to DPN. There are a number of consequences of these reactions when alcohol is consumed. Lactate levels in blood rise; DPNH produced by the reaction inhibits the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of UDP galactose to UDP glucose and glutamate to alpha keto glutarate. As a result of these inhibitions, galactose removal from blood is markedly delayed and gluconeogenesis from amino acids is inhibited.
Achieving Data Privacy and Security Using Web Services

The Internet has proven to be a powerful enabler for anywhere/anytime access to data and software located through the world. The downside of this capability is that it exposes these resources to information leakage, malicious invasion by hackers, and damage due to software viruses. This risk can be mitigated by the intelligent use of a web services architecture than can enforce both data privacy and security. In this talk I will propose a security architecture that enforces information security by addressing the key issues of authentication, authorization, and federation. Authentication results in a security token that conveys both the identity of the requestor and the trust level of the identification technology. Authorization determines what objects are accessible by a user given his identity token, request, role, context, and privileges. Federation, using both direct and indirect trust, addresses the problem of how identity, once legitimately established in one trust domain, can be reliably exported to another cooperating trust domain. I will discuss our implementation of these ideas in an on-going research project to protect medical data, and will illustrate how the concepts generalize to protect arbitrary data resources.
Sociology in the Era of Big Data: The Ascent of Forensic Social Science

The rise of big data—data that are not only large and massively multivariate but concern a dizzying array of phenomena—represents a watershed moment for the social sciences. These data have created demand for new methods that reduce/simplify the dimensionality of data, identify novel patterns and relations, and predict outcomes, from computational ethnography and computational linguistics to network science, machine learning, and in situ experiments. Such developments have led scholars to begin new lines of social inquiry. Company engineers, computer scientists, and social scientists have all converged on big data, creating the possibility of a vibrant “trading zone” for collaboration. However, strong differences in research frameworks help explain why big data may not be an egalitarian trading zone across fields, but rather—at least in the short term—a moment when engineering colonizes sociology more than vice versa. In the long term, however, we suggest there may be the possibility of a constructive synthesis across paradigms in what we term ‘forensic social science.’
Multivitamin-mineral use and cardiovascular disease mortality in the U.S. (370.8)

Multivitamin-mineral products (MVMs) are the most commonly reported dietary supplements used in the US. Previous research on the role of MVM and cardiovascular mortality (CVD-M) has been equivocal....
Long-term seizure outcome after resective surgery in patients evaluated with intracranial electrodes.

Summary Purpose: Despite advances in “noninvasive” localization techniques, many patients with medically intractable epilepsy require the placement of subdural (subdural grid electrode, SDE) and/or depth electrodes for the identification and definition of extent of the epileptic region. This study investigates the trends in longitudinal seizure outcome and its predictors in this group. Methods: We reviewed the medical records, and electroencephalography (EEG) data of 414 consecutive patients who underwent intracranial electrode placement (SDE and/or depth electrodes) at Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center between 1998 and 2008. A favorable outcome was defined as complete seizure freedom, discounting any auras or seizures that occurred within the first postoperative week. Survival curves were constructed, and Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to identify outcome predictors. Key Findings: The estimated probability of complete seizure freedom was 61% (95% confidence interval [CI] 58–64%) at one postoperative year, 47% (95% CI 44–50%) at 3 years, 42% (95% CI 39–45%) at 5 years, and 33% (95% CI 28–38%) at 10 years. Half of all seizure recurrences occurred within the first two postoperative months. Subsequently, the rate of seizure freedom declined by 4–5% every 2–3 years. After multivariate analysis, two independent predictors of seizure recurrence were identified: (1) prior resective surgery (p ≤ 0.002), mostly in patients with temporal lobe resections, and (2) sublobar or multilobar resection (p ≤ 0.02), mostly in patients following frontal lobe resections. Significance: Favorable seizure outcomes are possible in the complex epilepsy population requiring invasive EEG studies. We propose that mislocalization of the epileptogenic zone or its incomplete resection account for early postoperative recurrences, whereas epileptogenesis may lead to later relapses.
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF AUGER RECOMBINATION IN A MULTILAYER NARROW-BAND-GAP SUPERLATTICE

Temperature and density-dependent Auger recombination rates are determined for a four-layer broken-gap superlattice designed for suppression of both Auger recombination and intersubband absorption. The structure is intended as the active region of both optically pumped and diode lasers operating in the midwave infrared. Auger recombination and intersubband absorption are thought to be among the primary factors contributing to high-threshold current densities in such devices. Ultrafast time-resolved photoluminescence upconversion was used to measure the Auger rates at lattice temperatures ranging from 50 to 300 K. Results are compared to calculated rates using the temperature-dependent, nonparabolic K\ensuremath{\cdot}p band structure and momentum-dependent matrix elements. The calculations, which include umklapp processes in the superlattice growth direction, are in excellent agreement with the experimental results. Comparison of these results with those obtained in other mid-IR semiconductor structures verifies Auger suppression. The measured temperature-dependent Auger recombination rates, together with calculations of the gain, provide an upper bound for the characteristic temperature, ${T}_{0}=81\mathrm{K},$ for lasers utilizing this superlattice as an active region.
Quantum conductance changes in lipid bilayer membranes associated with incorporation of acetylcholine receptors.

CONSIDERABLE attention has focused on the isolation and characterisation of the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor from electroplax1–4. This receptor is identified by its ability to bind cholinergic ligands, and its molecular weight and amino acid content have been estimated5,6. Similar extraction procedures have also been applied to nicotinic receptors from mammalian brain7 but it is not known whether the coupling of ACh to the receptor results in the opening of transmembrane channels, the activation of ionic carrier mechanisms or some other mechanism that modifies membrane permeability. Little is known about the ionic permeability changes associated with the function of the single receptor. It has been reported8 that crude acetylcholinesterase (AChE) preparations from electroplax contain material capable of inducing transient membrane permeability changes in lipid bilayers in response to ACh or carbachol, but the relationship to ACh receptor function is unclear.
Canada's subarctic lakes could face widespread desiccation

In Canada's subarctic—the boreal ecosystem that spans most of mainland Canada—the temperature is climbing, and the snowpack is thinning. Previous research has shown that snow is disappearing even faster than sea ice.
New directions in traffic measurement and accounting

Accurate network traffic measurement is required for accounting, bandwidth provisioning and detecting DoS attacks. These applications see the traffic as a collection of flows they need to measure. As link speeds and the number of flows increase, keeping a counter for each flow is too expensive (using SRAM) or slow (using DRAM). The current state-of-the-art methods (Cisco's sampled NetFlow) which log periodically sampled packets are slow, inaccurate and resource-intensive. Previous work showed that at different granularities a small number of "heavy hitters" accounts for a large share of traffic. Our paper introduces a paradigm shift for measurement by concentrating only on large flows --- those above some threshold such as 0.1% of the link capacity.We propose two novel and scalable algorithms for identifying the large flows: sample and hold and multistage filters, which take a constant number of memory references per packet and use a small amount of memory. If $M$ is the available memory, we show analytically that the errors of our new algorithms are proportional to $1/M$; by contrast, the error of an algorithm based on classical sampling is proportional to $1/\sqrtM$, thus providing much less accuracy for the same amount of memory. We also describe further optimizations such as early removal and conservative update that further improve the accuracy of our algorithms, as measured on real traffic traces, by an order of magnitude. Our schemes allow a new form of accounting called threshold accounting in which only flows above a threshold are charged by usage while the rest are charged a fixed fee. Threshold accounting generalizes usage-based and duration based pricing.
Inactivation of mammalian brain glutamine synthetase by oxygen radicals

Oxygen free radicals have been implicated in ischemic-reperfusion injury to the central nervous system. Ischemic injury to tissue is exacerbated in the presence of the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate. Glutamine synthetase is responsible for the conversion of glutamate to its non-toxic metabolite, glutamine, in the CNS. The present paper presents evidence for the inactivation of brain glutamine synthetase by oxygen radicals in vitro and in vivo, and suggests that such a mechanism may underlie the exacerbation of tissue injury in the reperfusion which follows an ischemic insult.
Assessment of Childhood Bipolar Disorder

Barriers to the comprehensive clinical assessment of child-onset bipolar disorder (BPD) are numerous and include factors common to many pediatric diagnoses (e.g., disentangling comorbid conditions and overlapping symptoms; cross-situational variability in behavior; limited reliability of child report), as well as issues more specific to child-onset BPD (e.g., lack of empirically validated screening instruments; disagreement over age-specific symptom presentation and temporal discontinuity of symptoms). Thorough assessment includes careful consideration of differential diagnosis, investigation of familial history of affective illness, a focus on longitudinal data collection, and the use of multiple informants. Though a number of standardized measures may assist clinicians in gathering diagnostic information, clinical judgment based on familiarity with the unique presentation of child-onset BPD remains essential.
Is polyamine biosynthesis a possible site of action of cinmethylin and artemisinin

Abstract The effects of artemisinin, a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone, and the structurally similar herbicide cinmethylin on polyamine production were examined in seedings of lettuce, corn, and pea. Although the antimalarial activity of artemisinin in animal cell cultures is associated with a dramatic reduction in the concentration of putrescine, results presented here indicate plants treated with growth-inhibiting concentrations of artemisinin or cinmethylin generally display only slightly reduced endogenous levels of putrescine and spermidine. In addition, simultaneous addition of 0.5 m M putrescine to artemisinin- or cinmethylin-treated excised corn and pea root cultures could not prevent a reduction in root growth. Similarly, the addition of putrescine to artemisinintreated lettuce seedlings did not protect against artemisinin-induced chromosome decondensation. These results suggest that the primary biochemical activity of cinmethylin and artemisinin, which leads to inhibition in root growth, does not involve a block in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.
In situ study on kinetic behavior during asymmetric membrane formation via phase inversion process using Raman spectroscopy

Asymmetric membrane formation has been studied by using an in situ analysis developed with a Micro Raman spectroscopy, which emphasizes kinetic aspects of the phase inversion process. Changes in composition with time was successfully measured on the gelation bath-side as well as inside the precipitated phase for the polymer/solvent/nonsolvent system of polysulfone/1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone/ethanol. The results shows that resulting relative mass transfer rates of solvent and nonsolvent during the phase inversion process strongly influence the final membrane morphologies. In addition, ternary compositions at which phase separation initiates were explored by analyzing the coagulation front. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 135–141, 2000
“Cheating” as Good Pedagogy: Bilingual Teachers Defying English-Only to Foster Student Achievement

“Cheating” is a form of resistance in pedagogy for bilingual educators. Bilingual educators “cheat” in classes where English as the only language of instruction is strictly imposed by school or district officials, but these teachers “cheat” by using the native language of their English language learners because they know they must. But, for many teachers in today's political and antagonistic anti-Mexican, anti-foreign language climate, not using a student's native language for instruction is the equivalent to injustice.
Limit cycles in renormalization group flows: thermodynamics controls dances of space patterns

Abstract The thermodynamics of a system with a limit cycle in RG flows is studied. The unusual properties of such a system (damped periodic dependence of thermodynamic quantities on external parameters, “freezing” of metastable states, etc.) are discussed. It is shown that the condition of thermodynamic stability imposes rather strong restrictions on the possible form of the free energy and the correlation radius.
Modeling of melt electrospinning for semi-crystalline polymers

A comprehensive model for the stable jet region in electrospinning of crystallizing polymer melts has been presented. First, the conventional flow-induced crystallization (FIC) model by Ziabicki was coupled with the non-isothermal melt electrospinning model. The modeled initial jet profiles were compared to digitized experimental images of the stable Nylon-6 melt jet near the spinneret. The final jet diameters were also compared to the average thickness of collected fibers. The results were in good agreement with the flow visualization experiments for various melt temperatures and flow rates. The modeled crystallinity predictions were also in agreement with experimental data from collected fiber mats. Then, a new FIC model that can provide microstructure information, such as crystallite number density and average size, has been proposed and validated under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions in the bulk as well as in the confined geometry of the polymer melt jet in electrospinning. Nylon-6,6 was used as the model polymer in this crystallization study, and the results are in good agreement with the widely-used Ziabicki FIC model.
Sexual Isolation inDrosophila. III. Estimating Isolation Using Male-choice Experiments

Abstract It has been generally assumed that “choice experiments” are useful to measure sexual isolation betweenDrosophilastrains or species. Theoretical models have demonstrated however that the results obtained using one of these designs, namely multiple-choice experiments, are insufficient to determine the degree of isolation, even under very favorable assumptions. In this work, a simple behavioral model is developed to test whether male-choice experiments can be used to measure sexual isolation inDrosophila. This model shows that, although the outcome of male-choice experiments is affected by differences in female receptivities, a procedure to estimate the minimum degree of isolation using this experimental design can be established. The application of the methods derived from the theoretical model to previously reported experimental data demonstrates that a substantial degree of isolation frequently exists intraspecifically, while isolation is far from complete interspecifically. These results have important implications for discussions based on the comparative analysis ofDrosophilabehavior, both intra- and interspecifically. Most especially, they are in contradiction with the expectations of the Recognition concept of species.
Generating explicit communication from shared-memory program references

The authors address the problem of data distribution and communication synthesis in generating parallel programs targeted for massively parallel distributed-memory machines. The source programs can be sequential, functional, or parallel programs based on a shared-memory model. The approach is to analyze source program references and match syntactic reference patterns with appropriate aggregate communication routines which can be implemented efficiently on the target machine. An explicit communication metric is used to guide optimizations to reduce communication overhead. The target code with explicit communication is proven to be free from deadlock introduced by the compilation process. The techniques described are developed within the context of Crystal (functional language) though they can be applied to Fortran. The Crystal compiler generates C-code for an iPSC/2. >
NGDOs' role in building poor people's capacity to benefit from globalization

There has been a growing recognition of the role of Non-Governmental Development Organizations (NGDOs) in strengthening civil society as an effective strategy for poverty eradication. This approach includes broad-based development ownership and empowerment of the poor. The paper argues that in the context of globalization NGDOs need to focus on expanding space for poor people to engage with emerging forms of states and markets for their livelihood advantage. This implies creating space where the poor can effectively negotiate the global discourses and frameworks of development from their particular experiences and images of reality. In this position, the poor will find room for manoeuvre within which to influence the local, national and global processes and structures for their benefit. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromophore-Functionalized Glassy Polymers with Large Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Responses. Transient Dynamics and Local Microstructure of Poly(p-hydroxystyrenes) As Assessed by in-Situ Second Harmonic Generation Techniques

Microstructural relaxation of thin films of the poled, chromophore-functionalized amorphous polymer N-(4-nitrophenyl)-(S)-prolinoxypoly(p-hydroxystyrene) has been studied by in-situ second harmonic generation (SHG) techniques. The temporal and temperature dependence of the SHG intensity decay has been analyzed as a function of poling and processing parameters within the framework of the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW stretched exponential) model. The average SHG relaxation time, τ, increases rapidly upon reduction of the applied poling field strength, with increasing poling time (physical aging), and with decreasing film temperature. The other KWW parameter, β, which reflects the distribution of relaxation times, decreases (the distribution broadens) moderately with increases in the applied electric field strength and strongly with increases in poling time (physical aging). The observed value of β increases (the distribution narrows) with increasing film temperature. These trends and the variation in KWW parameters yield information regarding reorientation dynamics of the tethered chromophore molecules within the polymer matrix and thus on the nature of the system subspace which is explored during relaxation. Both parameters reveal a strikingly narrower distribution of relaxation times/reduced rotational mobility versus chromophore-doped, guest-host systems and classify the present materials as Angell intermediate glasses. The temperature dependence of the second harmonic signal decay after poling field cessation can be divided into two distinct regions : (i) above T g , where the dynamics are characteristically nonlinear and best described by the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation ; (ii) below T g , where the behavior is linear and modeled adequately by the Arrhenius equation. Analysis of the growth of the second harmonic signal as the poling field is applied yields a similar picture ; however, limiting SHG values at temperatures significantly above T g appear to be influenced by both thermal disruption of chromophore alignment and ion conduction/space charge effects.
Role of plasminogen activator in spinal cord remodeling after spinal cord injury

Plasminogen activators play an active role in synaptic plasticity associated with the crossed phrenic phenomenon (CPP) and recovery of respiratory function following spinal cord injury. A genetic approach has been used to identify molecular mechanisms underlying this synaptic plasticity. Knockout mice lacking different genes in the plasminogen activator/plasmin system demonstrate that expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is required during the critical 1-2 h delay period following C2-hemisection for the acquisition of a good CPP response. uPA knockout mice fail to show the structural remodeling of phrenic motorneuron synapses that underlie the CPP response. Potential mechanisms by which uPA may promote phrenic motorneuron synaptic plasticity have been explored. Expression of uPA receptors, uPAR and LRP-1, are both up-regulated in the ipsilateral phrenic motor nucleus (PMN) following C2-hemisection. A comparison of microarray data and real-time PCR analysis of mRNAs induced in the PMN after hemisection indicate potential cell signaling pathways downstream of uPA's interaction with these cell surface receptors in the PMN. Knowledge of these uPA-mediated signaling pathways may identify potential means for the pharmacological activation of the synaptic plasticity required for recovery of phrenic motorneuron activity.
Morphological evolution of pre-perturbed pore channels in sapphire

Abstract Internal pore channels having sinusoidal perturbations of controlled amplitude α and wavelength λ oriented along the [1 1 00] and [11 2 0] directions were produced in undoped sapphire. The morphological evolution of these features at elevated temperature was monitored. Three regimes of behavior, dependent upon the perturbation wavelength, were identified. An orientation dependent minimum wavelength for perturbation growth was identified. In some instances, the behavior was not one of amplitude decay, but instead stabilization by facetting. For these cases, the minimum wavelength is referred to as λfacet. In other cases, after sufficiently long anneals, perturbation decay did occur, allowing an experimental determination of λmin. At intermediate wavelengths, channels broke up into isolated pores having spacings that were equal to the imposed wavelength, at rates that depended upon wavelength. The wavelength of maximum evolution rate is termed λmax, and is of the order of 2·λ facet or 2 · λmin. At long wavelengths, perturbations of relatively shorter wavelength developed naturally, albeit slowly, and resulted in the ultimate formation of isolated pores with spacings less than those imposed. Results are compared with those obtained previously when pore channels having no large amplitude perturbations were allowed to evolve at elevated temperatures.
Legal Foundation for Priority Usage of Ocean Space

The author predicts the legal/political effects of the Ocean Farm Project, the first true open sea mariculture project under development at the Naval Undersea Center in San Diego, Ca. He offers an approach to facilitate the projects utilization for the benefit of mankind. This includes an identification, analysis and evaluate of the physical and social impacts likely to result from the employment of such a technology including legal/political effects. This was done with a view toward recommending that a prior claim under international law be made before actual installation of the farm in the open ocean environment. The goal here would be the avoidance of international and domestic conflict constituting counter claims, such as those that have plagued the deep ocean mining industry.
EFFECT OF LYMPHOCYTES FROM NEPHROTIC PATIENTS ON UPTAKE OF 35 S BY GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE

Patients with idiopathic minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome (IMLNS) have an increase in glomerular permeability to proteins due to the loss of fixed negative charges in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Heparan sulfate is the main compound carrying the anionic sites; SO4 in this molecule represents an important source of the negative charges.
Is Bulimia Nervosa Related to Alcohol Abuse? A Personality Analysis

AbstractBulimia nervosa and alcohol abuse share a common diagnostic phenomenon: intermittent behavioral loss of control of oral intake. To determine whether these two disorders share common developmental mechanisms, we evaluated a series of 30 women with DSM-III R bulimia nervosa, 30 age-matched women with DSM-IIIR alcohol abuse or dependence, and 30 age-matched nonpsychiatric community controls for the presence of abnormal personality traits. Women with bulimia were as likely as women with alcohol abuse to display traits of DSM-III histrionic personality, but were less likely to have antisocial or borderline personality traits. This study supports some common and some distinct personality traits in bulimia nervosa and alcohol abuse. Clinical implications for diagnosis and treatment planning are discussed.
Blood pressure, hypertension, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents

Fixed essential hypertension in children is uncommon. Confusion surrounding the definitions and tools used in measuring blood pressure (BP), and the variable capacity to apply the definitions despite the device used explains this in part. In children, hypertension is defined statistically, based on a large normative population that is ethnically diverse. The standards were developed from the first BP measurement obtained in large studies, and the measurements were obtained using standard auscultatory sphygmomanometry. Technologic advances have seen the widespread introduction of oscillometric devices, which determine BP in a different fashion from auscultation, and the two values are not identical. In fact, as oscillometric devices use proprietary algorithms to calculate the BP, results are not readily interchangeable. Ambulatory BP devices have been added to this mix and offer unique opportunities for accurate diagnosis, and more effective therapies. Most ambulatory BP devices have neither been validated for use in children, nor have passed the validation process. A consensus document may be needed to optimize use and interpretation of data from ambulatory BP monitoring.
Some distribution-free rane-like statistics having the mann-whitney-wilcoxon null distribution

In this note we suggest a class of two-sample test statistics iich have, as their null distribution,the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon ill distribution. An interesting property of these statistics is lat many are not rank statistics; that is, they cannot be coumplited from, the ranks of the original observations. However, they %e still distribution-free when the two populations are identi-il. This class contains the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test for the niality of location parameters of two distributions and a two-aiaple test for equality of spreads of two distributions recently ivestigated by Fligner and Killeen (1976)
Conformational properties of the proline region of porcine neuropeptide Y by CD and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy

We synthesized porcine neuropeptide Y (pNPY) N-terminal fragments by solid-phase synthesis techniques and analyzed them for solution Conformational properties by CD and 1H-nmr spectroscopy. The analogues pNPY1–9 and pNPY1–14 displayed CD spectra indicative of random structures and showed no evidence for induced α-helical structures in trifluoroethanol (TFE) up to 50%. However, the CD spectra of pNPY1-9 suggested a Conformational shift in tetrahydrofuran. Although in aqueous solution the CD spectra of pNPY1–21 indicated random structures with induction of only a small percentage of α-helix in aqueous TFE, pNPY1-25 displayed 13% a-helical structure in aqueous solution that increased to 40 and 41% by the addition of TFE and methanol, respectively. The nmr spectra of pNPY1-9 and the proline region of pNPY1–25 indicated extended structures with all-trans conformers at Pro5 and Pro8 for pNPY1–9 and at Pro5, Pro8, and Pro13 for pNPY1–25; in each case the Tyrl-Pro2 amide bond was in both cis and trans conformations. However, observed nuclear Overhauser effect correlations and UN exchange experiments indicated an α-helical segment in pNPY1–25 initiated by Pro 13 and extending from residues 14 to 25. Thus, the N-terminal polyproline region of NPY has no propensity to fold into a regular secondary structure, although Pro 13 is a helix initiator, a result consistent with the proposed role of this amino acid in the NPY structural model. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Asymmetry of facial expression related to handedness, footedness, and eyedness: a quantitative study.

This study investigates the relationship between traditional measures of lateral dominance and facial asymmetry or facedness, i.e., the relative intensity of expression "and muscular involvement" on the two sides of the face. Subjects were 19 left-handed and 29 right-handed normal adults coached to produce eight facial expressions of emotion and one expression involving unilateral facial movement. Videotapes of each subject were reliably rated for facedness. A lateral dominance battery yielded preference scores for hand, foot, and eye, and performance scores for accuracy, speed, and strength. Facedness and lateral dominance scores were intercorrelated. For all subjects, facedness for the eight emotional expressions was positively related to eyedness, but unrelated to handedness or footedness. Facial asymmetry during emotional expression was more intense on the left side of the lower face and may be a right hemisphere function, regardless of handedness. The one expression requiring deliberate unilateral facial movement was significantly and inversely related to handedness and footedness.
THE STRUCTURE OF BELIEFS AMONG LEADERS AND THE PUBLIC

C;ONCEPTS such as consensus, social attitudes, political culture, and belief systems appear with increasing frequency in our literature. Since McClosky's seminal piece on party leaders and followers,' many have focused on the differences in beliefs between the small group of political activists and the much larger and often apolitical public. This paper focuses on one important hypothesis as to how leaders and the public differ in their beliefs. Although the leader-follower distinction might at first glance be taken as an indication that society is divided into two groups, a better perspective is of a continuum of differing involvement, knowledge, and concern with political affairs, with leaders and followers representing the poles. With governments that emphasize leadership's responsibility, with the movement toward modernity in developing countries impelled primarily by Western-trained leaders, and for many other reasons, differences among leaders and their publics are important to us. Philip Converse hypothesizes significant differences between the belief systems of persons of varying degrees of education and political involvement.2 They differ, he argues, in the degree of constraint between the various elements in their belief systems. While the concept of constraint is operationally simple, derived from the statistical
Effects of Public Rest Areas on Fatigue-Related Crashes

Fatigue-related crashes account for 2.2% to 2.6% of all fatal crashes in the United States on an annual basis. These types of crashes are prevalent in rural areas, and public roadside rest areas were developed largely to alleviate motorist fatigue and reduce the opportunity for such crashes by providing safe parking areas for tired drivers. However, research about the safety effects of rest areas has been limited. Results are presented of a spatial analysis that investigates how a road segment's proximity to a rest area affects the frequency of fatigue-related crashes. Poisson and negative binomial models are estimated for freeways and two-lane highways to isolate the effects of proximity while controlling for other relevant factors, such as traffic volume. The results of these models indicate that the proximity of a road segment to the nearest rest area significantly influences crash frequencies on both freeways and two-lane highways, where traffic volumes tended to have similar effects, although the eff...
Field populations of three grain aphid species in western Oregon.

Barley seeded early in the spring had smaller populations of the English grain aphid, Macrosiphum avenae (F.), and larger populations of Acyrthosiphon dirhodum (Walker) than fields seeded later in the spring in western Oregon. Populations of these 2 species and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) established on plants at a later growth stage in early-planted plots of barley than in late-planted plots. During 2 winters of study, M. avenae was found on winter grain plants, A. dirhodum was abundant on orchardgrass, and R. Padi was the most abundant grain aphid on several grain and grass plants.