cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of a segmentation stripe by overlapping activators and repressors in the Drosophila embryo

Gene expression stripes in Drosophila melanogaster embryos provide a model for how eukaryotic promoters are turned on and off in response to combinations of transcriptional regulators. Genetic studies suggested that even-skipped (eve) stripe 2 is controlled by three gap genes, hunchback (hb), Kruppel (Kr), and giant (gt), and by the maternal morphogen bicoid (bcd). A direct link is established between binding sites for these regulatory proteins in the stripe 2 promoter element and the expression of the stripe during early embryogenesis. The bcd and hb protein binding sites mediate activation, whereas neighboring gt and Kr protein sites repress expression and establish the stripe borders. The stripe 2 element has the properties of a genetic on-off switch.
Potassium-39 nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract Potassium nuclear magnetic resonance is investigated as a tool for studying potassium ion interactions in biochemistry. The potassium line width in 2 M potassium chloride is 7.1 ± 0.6 Hz. The line is substantially broadened in the presence of inorganic phosphate and adenosine triphosphate at pH values greater than 6. It is shown that the potassium-39 line is broadened significantly by the addition of pyruvate kinase thus demonstrating a direct interaction of the metal ion with the enzyme in the absence of added cofactors.
Not so special? merging media pluralism with competition and industrial policy

How do European policymakers and media companies react to the AOL‐TimeWarner merger? In this short provocation, Marsden asks whether the successful coupling of the world’s largest ISP and media content creator signal le defi americain in communications, for Europe and the rest of the world? In particular, he questions whether market actors should be permitted a similar role in Europe. In competition policy terms, the question is whether creation of economies of scale and scope, particularly through vertical integration between carriers and content providers, now causes increasing redundancy of media‐specific ownership laws at a national level in favour of European industrial policy? The outflanking policy trend is demonstrated specifically in the merger of Vodafone‐Mannesmann, and the content alliances formed with Vivendi, and between Vodafone, Vivendi and variously BSkyB and Manchester United. Even if symbolic debate continues to give primacy to democratic principle, European public policy may switch pol...
Response of potatoes (cv russet burbank) to supplemental calcium applications under field conditions: Tuber calcium, yield, and incidence of internal brown spot

Potato tuber tissue is low in calcium as compared to leaves and stems. Several recent studies have provided evidence linking tuber quality with tuber tissue Ca concentration. The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of supplemental Ca and N fertilization on tuber Ca concentration and internal brown spot of potato. Three soluble products (calcium nitrate, calcium chloride, and N-Plus; 9N:0K:0P:11Ca) were used as Ca sources with and without gypsum. In addition, a combination of calcium chloride, urea, and calcium nitrate (CUC) was also used without gypsum. Each treatment consisted of five replications, which received the same total amount of N (252 kg ha−1) supplied either alone or in various combinations of ammonium nitrate, urea, calcium nitrate, calcium chloride, and N-Plus. The soluble sources of Ca were added at 68.8 to 168.0 kg ha−1 while gypsum supplied Ca at 49 kg ha−1. The application of all N by hilling (non-split) was compared to split application of N and Ca at hilling and 2, 4, and 6 wk after hilling. Tubers were mechanically harvested and graded according to industry standards. About 100 U.S. No. 1 tubers from each replication were cut in half along the longitudinal axis and visually inspected for internal defects. From each replication, non-periderm tissue from 15 tubers was combined for Ca analysis. There was no treatment effect on tuber yield in both years. Application of gypsum, either alone or in combination with the soluble sources, was not effective in reducing incidence of internal brown spot (IBS). Furthermore, with one exception, application of gypsum either alone or in combination with soluble sources of Ca was not effective at increasing tuber tissue Ca concentration. Combined analyses of data from 2 years showed that the application of soluble sources of Ca without gypsum increased tuber Ca concentration and decreased the incidence of IBS. Furthermore, split application of N had similar beneficial effects as compared to non-split N. Data from 1997 (a year with high IBS) gave a significant inverse relationship between tuber Ca and IBS, suggesting that an increase in tuber Ca can reduce IBS incidence.
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF NONISOTHERMAL REACTIVE FLOW IN A DUAL-SCALE POROUS MEDIUM UNDER PARTIAL SATURATION

ABSTRACT This numerical study investigates the temperature and cure distribution during the flow of a reactive liquid in dual-scale fibrous porous media under partial saturation. An iterative, control-volume approach, based on energy and cure balances, is used for developing discretized equations in the channels and fiber tows of the two-layer model of a dual-scale porous medium. Significant differences in the average temperatures and cures within the channels and fiber tows are observed. The ratio of the channel and fiber-tow pore volumes, the ratio of liquid and fiber heat capacities, the fiber-bundle thermal conductivity, along with the reaction rate are identified as the important parameters for temperature and cure distributions.
A mechanical nanomembrane detector for time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

We describe here a new principle for ion detection in time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry in which an impinging ion packet excites mechanical vibrations in a silicon nitride (Si3N4) nanomembrane...
Computational framework for modeling the dynamic evolution of large-scale multi-agent organizations

A multi-agent system model of the origins of an archaic state is developed. Agent interaction is mediated by a collection of rules. The rules are mined from a related large-scale data base using two different techniques. One technique uses decision trees while the other uses rough sets. The latter was used since the data collection techniques were associated with a certain degree of uncertainty. The generation of the rough set rules was guided by Genetic Algorithms. Since the rules mediate agent interaction, the rule set with fewer rules and conditionals to check will make scaling up the simulation easier to do. The results suggest that explicitly dealing with uncertainty in rule formation can produce simpler rules than ignoring that uncertainty in situations where uncertainty is a factor in the measurement process.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
STABILITY OF PEAR-SHAPED NUCLEAR DEFORMATIONS

The possibility of stable pear-shaped deformations of nuclei is treated by a perturbation theory starting from the nucleon wave functions of a spheroidal harmonicoscillator potential, without spin-orbit coupling. The mixing of states of opposite parity tends to stabilize the deformation, and is opposed by the cohesiveness of nuclear matter that favors a spherical shape. The former is calculated explicitly for a number of cases and the latter is estimated by imposing a constant-volume condition in a simple manner closely analogous to a more familiar treatment of spheroidal deformations. In this approximation the mixing of the states is not quite enough to overcome the competing effect, so it merely softens'' the nucleus and does not stabilize a pear-shaped deformation. The most direct effect of spin-orbit coupling is to bring states of opposite parity closer together, tending to increase the mixing and make pear-shaped nuclei stable. (auth)
Constructions of Low Rank Relative Difference Sets in 2-Groups Using Galois Rings

In this paper, we first determine the exact values of s(2, t), a function defined by X.-D. Hou preprint], which depends on the structure of GR(4, t). This result gives the exact range of parameters of the partial difference sets in Zt4 constructed by Chen et al. (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A76 (1996), 179?196) and Hou (preprint). Second, we construct a new family of (22t, 2t, 22t, 2t) relative difference sets in abelian 2-groups of rank as low as t+?t2?. This is a significant reduction over the previous minimum of 2t found in Davis (Discrete Math.103, (1992), 7?15).
Synthesis of novel energetic compounds. 8. Electrosynthesis of azidodinitromethyl compounds

Azidodinitromethyl compounds represent a new highly energetic class of propellant ingredients. Preparation of these materials was accomplished by means of electroxidative coupling of azide ions to dinitromethyl carbanions. Thus, anodic coupling of sodium azide with ethyl 4,4-dinitrobutyrate produced ethyl 4-azido-4,4-dinitrobutyrate. Similarly, 4-azido-4,4-dinitrobutyl acetate was prepared from 4,4-dinitrobutyl acetate and converted by way of the corresponding alcohol to the nitrate ester, 4-azido-4,4-dinitrobutyl nitrate.
SU‐E‐T‐93: Creation of Standardized APBI SAVI Cavities Using CT Registration

Purpose: Develop a consistent and rapid method of generating the initial cavity structure for Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) using the SAVI applicator. Methods: Four SAVI (Cianna Medical) applicators (6-1 Mini, 6-1, 8-1, and 10-1) were scanned on a CT simulator. The applicators were scanned in air with the CT slices (0.625mm axial thickness) perpendicular to the long axis of the applicator. Following scanning the CT images were transferred to Eclipse (Varian Medical Systems) and contours of the cavity were drawn. The cavity proximal and distal locations were defined according to MD specification. The scans and contours were then re-imported into the CT virtual simulation workstation.At the time of patient planning the appropriate applicator scan is anonymized and imported into Eclipse. In Brachytherapy Planning two Marker points are placed, one at the distal band location (cavity start) and the second at a defined distance along the applicator (cavity end). The actual patient scan is then registered to the applicator scan. A three point match is used to quickly get the two scans in approximate alignment. Manually matching is then used to fine tune the alignment of the cavity contour and Marker points. Results: The standard applicator scans have shown to agree well with the applicators in the patient scans. The time taken to register the scans has shown to be less than generating the cavities using the standard methods of contouring on the axial slices or using the dose shaper with sources in the central channel. Conclusion: The registration of a standard applicator scan and contour has improved the consistency in the generation of the initial cavity (SAVI) structure. Planning structures used for dose calculation are created with that structure as a starting point so accuracy and consistency are important for dose evaluation and plan comparison.
CT findings in osteoradionecrosis of the mandible.

CT scans of ten patients in whom the diagnosis of mandibular osteoradionecrosis was proven pathologically or by clinical follow-up were reviewed. All ten patients had bony abnormalities (cortical interruptions and loss of spongiosa trabeculation) on the symptomatic side. These were predominantly seen in the body of the mandible (premolar and molar region, eight patients), in some of these cases extending into the retromolar triangle (two patients) or mandibular angle (two patients). In the remaining two patients the abnormalities were in the ramus and angle. The two patients treated with iridium implantation showed localized lingual-sided cortical destruction. Three patients had a pathological fracture. The cortical destruction was buccal-sided in two and both buccal- and lingual-sided in three of the other five patients. Contralateral bony abnormalities were present in four patients. Soft tissue thickening on the symptomatic side was seen in nine patients. As the bony abnormalities in mandibular osteoradionecrosis are often associated with a soft tissue mass, CT differentiation from tumor recurrence can be diffficult. The association with cortical defects distant from the position of the original tumor (buccal surface or opposite side of mandible) should evoke the possibility of mandibular osteoradionecrosis.
The stable isotopic composition and measurement of carbon in soil CO2

Abstract The theoretical minimum difference between the δ 13 C of soil CO 2 (a concentration) and soil-respired CO 2 (a flux) was previously thought to be 4.4‰. It is shown here that the difference is a function of the δ 13 C of soil-respired CO 2 , with possible minimum values less than 4.4‰. A simple equation is given which allows the δ 13 C of soil CO 2 or soil-respired CO 2 to be calculated from four measurable variables. Sampling methodology is investigated demonstrating the need for correcting measured soil-respired CO 2 samples for CO 2 contamination in base reagents, for contributions from atmospheric CO 2 , and for isotopic fractionation at the base-solution/air interface.
Common strict character of some sharp infinite-sequence martingale inequalities

Abstract A procedure is given for proving strictness of some sharp, infinite-sequence martingale inequalities, which arise from sharp, finite-sequence martingale inequalities attained by degenerating extremal distributions. The procedure is applied to obtain strictness of the sharp inequalities of Cox and Kemperman P(|X i |⩾1 for some i=1, 2,…)⩽(ln 2) −1 sup n E ∑ i=0 n X i and of Cox (sharp form of Burkholder's inequality) P ∑ i=0 ∞ X 2 i ⩾1 ⩽ e 1 2 sup n E ∑ i=0 n X i for all nontrivial martingale difference sequences X0,X1,….
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF SCINTILLATING SYSTEMS

Abstract Temperature coefficients of several photomultiplier tube-scintillator combinations and of photomultiplier tubes separately have been measured over the temperature range from 5° C to 40° C. The coefficients, which are negative, are functions of the temperature. The coefficient for the photo multiplier-scintillator combination is typically —0.5%/° C which means that temperature regulation is essential for systems which require accurate gain stability.
Opposite behavior of two isozymes when refolding in the presence of non‐ionic detergents

GroEL has a greater affinity for the mitochondrial isozyme (mAAT) of aspartate aminotransferase than for its cytosolic counterpart (cAAT) (Mattingly JR Jr, Iriarte A, Martinez-Carrion M, 1995, J Biol Chem 270:1138-1148), two proteins that share a high degree of sequence similarity and an almost identical spatial structure. The effect of detergents on the refolding of these large, dimeric isozymes parallels this difference in behavior. The presence of non-ionic detergents such as Triton X-100 or lubrol at concentrations above their critical micelle concentration (CMC) interferes with reactivation of mAAT unfolded in guanidinium chloride but increases the yield of cAAT refolding at low temperatures. The inhibitory effect of detergents on the reactivation of mAAT decreases progressively as the addition of detergents is delayed after starting the refolding reaction. The rate of disappearance of the species with affinity for binding detergents coincides with the slowest of the two rate-limiting steps detected in the refolding pathway of mAAT. Limited proteolysis studies indicate that the overall structure of the detergent-bound mAAT resembles that of the protein in a complex with GroEL. The mAAT folding intermediates trapped in the presence of detergents can resume reactivation either upon dilution of the detergent below its CMC or by adding beta-cyclodextrin. Thus, isolation of otherwise transient productive folding intermediates for further characterization is possible through the use of detergents.
Use of Laser-Induced Fluorescence for Fundamental Gas-Phase Kinetic Measurements A

The uses of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) for r ate measurements on reactants and products, as well as for product species identification and product state determination, are illustrated by the use of examples. LIF studies discussed are preferenti a1 ly chosen from work on single reactions at elevated temperatures. LIF is compared to other techniques for observations on combustion i ntermedi ates. Reactions of refractory species are treated, followed by reactions of 0 and OH with hydrocarbon molecules and some reactions of other radicals formed in flames. Finally, some work on reactions of vibrational ly and electronically excited species is reviewed. Extensive literature references are provided for detail.
Coordinating Feet in Bipedal Balance

Biomechanical models of human standing balance in the sagittal plane typically treat the two ankle joints as a single degree of freedom. They describe the sum of the torques produced by the ankles, but do not predict what the contribution of each ankle will be. Similarly, balance algorithms for bipedal robots control the location of the overall center of pressure, but do not consider the individual centers of pressure under each foot. We present theoretical and experimental results showing an optimal solution to the problem of producing a single desired torque with redundant actuators, resulting in alignment of the individual centers of pressure under each foot. This produces a feedback gain structure not addressed in the biomechanics literature and a balance controller that is potentially more robust to unexpected changes in the region of support. We show that the feedback gain matrix of this controller has an unexpected structure - large off-axis integral gain elements indicate that the ankle torque that equalize the position of the center of pressure is determined primarily by information from the other foot. We also demonstrate controllers based on this design using the Sarcos Primus hydraulic biped.
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Is Critical for Synergistic Induction of the FSHβ Gene by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Activin through Augmentation of c-Fos Induction and Smad Phosphorylation

GnRH and activin independently and synergistically activate transcription of the FSH β-subunit gene, the subunit that provides specificity and is the limiting factor in the synthesis of the mature hormone. This synergistic interaction, as determined by two-way ANOVA, is specific for FSHβ and may, therefore, contribute to differential expression of the two gonadotropin hormones, which is critical for the reproductive cycle. We find that the cross-talk between the GnRH and activin signaling pathways occurs at the level of p38 MAPK, because the synergy is dependent on p38 MAPK activity, which is activated by GnRH, and activin cotreatment augments p38 activation by GnRH. Both the Smad and activator protein-1 binding sites on the FSHβ promoter are necessary and sufficient for synergy. After cotreatment, Smad 3 proteins are more highly phosphorylated on the activin-receptor signaling-dependent residues on the C terminus than with activin treatment alone, and c-Fos is more highly expressed than with GnRH treatment alone. Inhibition of p38 by either of two different inhibitors or a dominant-negative p38 kinase abrogates synergy on FSHβ expression, reduces c-Fos induction by GnRH, and prevents the further increase in c-Fos levels that occurs with cotreatment. Additionally, p38 is necessary for maximal Smad 3 C-terminal phosphorylation by activin treatment alone and for the further increase caused by cotreatment. Thus, p38 is the pivotal signaling molecule that integrates GnRH and activin interaction on the FSHβ promoter through higher induction of c-Fos and elevated Smad phosphorylation.
Permanent magnet materials

Permanent magnets are finding ever-increasing uses as magnet technology develops and materials improve. Permanent magnet materials are evaluated in terms of the geometry and configuration of the application for which they are intended. The origin of the properties of most modern permanent magnet materials is interpreted in terms of fine-particle theory. The fine-particle structures are produced either synthetically or by a solid-state precipitation reaction in an alloy. The preparation and properties of commercial magnets are described. The Alnico alloys are based on magnetically heat-treated iron-nickel-aluminum-cobalt alloys and account for the great majority of present-day production. Ferrites are finding increasing use. Elongated single-domain fine-particle magnets and other materials are used in smaller quantities. A number of interesting, not yet commercial, materials deriving their properties primarily from crystal anisotropy are described.
Nanometer-Scale Aspects of Molecular Ordering in Nanocrystalline Domains at a Solid Interface: The Role of Liquid Crystal-Surface Interactions Studied by STM and Molecule Corrals

Chiral molecular monolayers deposited on a graphite surface in contact with a bulk liquid crystal (LC) droplet showed unexpected long-range morphological correlations between adjacent crystalline domains. These correlations included tendencies for nearby surface domains to exhibit similar chirality and to possess similar crystallographic orientation. Both correlations were found to decrease with increasing domain separation. Multiple nanocrystalline domains were grown in “molecule corrals”, which are flat-bottomed, nanometer-sized pits produced on the graphite surface by an oxidation reaction. Domain structure was investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The observations are explained as arising from anchoring interactions between the adsorbed monolayer and the liquid crystal interfacial fluid. A model based on a modification of the Rapini−Popoular potential for the surface free energy of a nematic LC is developed that quantitatively describes the orientational component of the interaction....
Nitric oxide donors protect murine myocardium against infarction via modulation of mitochondrial permeability transition

Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pores have recently been implicated as a potential mediator of myocardial ischemic injury. Nitric oxide (NO) donors induce a powerful late phase of cardi...
The WNT/β‐catenin pathway

Genetic studies in species such as Xenopus, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis have lent themselves quite well to further our understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. A classical example is the identification and characterization of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway that is crucial in normal development including embryogenesis, organogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition and at the same time its deregulation is implicated in disorders such as cancers (reviewed in [1–3]). This pathway has remained conserved through the evolutionary process. In Drosophila, the role of Wnt or Wingless (Wg) was initially identified in normal wing development, however, it was later recognized for multiple functions such as inducing segment polarity and anterior–posterior patterning that were imperative for a viable embryo [4–6]. As the importance of Wnt emerged, several key components of this pathway were identified. The discovery of armadillo (or β-catenin) added a significant player to this orchestra and although circumstantial evidence suggesting such a relationship existed earlier it was a few years later that β-catenin was positively identified as a central component of the canonical Wg pathway [5, 7–9]. These studies led to the emergence of a model system for cell adhesion and signal transduction [10]. This was also the beginning of the understanding of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and its role in complex cellular processes such as cell–cell adhesion, mitogenesis, motogenesis, and morphogenesis in the vertebrates.
Non-structural carbohydrate partitioning in grass stems: a target to increase yield stability, stress tolerance, and biofuel production

A dramatic change in agricultural crops is needed in order to keep pace with the demands of an increasing human population, exponential need for renewable fuels, and uncertain climatic changes. Grasses make up the vast majority of agricultural commodities. How these grasses capture, transport, and store carbohydrates underpins all aspects of crop productivity. Sink–source dynamics within the plant direct how much, where, and when carbohydrates are allocated, as well as determine the harvestable tissue. Carbohydrate partitioning can limit the yield capacity of these plants, thus offering a potential target for crop improvement. Grasses have the ability to buffer this sink–source interaction by transiently storing carbohydrates in stem tissue when production from the source is greater than whole-plant demand. These reserves improve yield stability in grain crops by providing an alternative source when photosynthetic capacity is reduced during the later phases of grain filling, or during periods of environmental and biotic stresses. Domesticated grasses such as sugarcane and sweet sorghum have undergone selection for high accumulation of stem carbohydrates, which serve as the primary sources of sugars for human and animal consumption, as well as ethanol production for fuel. With the enormous expectations placed on agricultural production in the near future, research into carbohydrate partitioning in grasses is essential for maintaining and increasing yields in grass crops. This review highlights the current knowledge of non-structural carbohydrate dynamics in grass stems and discusses the impacts of stem reserves in essential agronomic grasses.
A Test-Structure to Efficiently Study Threshold-Voltage Variation in Large MOSFET Arrays

A test-structure comprising a dual-slope integrating analog-to-digital converter, auto-zeroing circuitry, digital control logic and a large array of devices under test (DUTs) has been developed to isolate threshold voltage variation. Threshold-voltage (VT) isolation is achieved by testing all DUTs in the subthreshold regime where drain-to-source current is an exponential function of VT. Spice simulations show that the structure is at least an order of magnitude more sensitive to VT variation than to channel length variation. This, in combination with a hierarchical access scheme and leakage control system, allows efficient characterization of DeltaVT for ~70,000 NMOS and ~70,000 PMOS devices in a dense 2mm times 2mm DUT array
The Impact of the Felton Decision: Chapter I Services in One Archdiocese

Compensatory education programs have been driven by numerous policies implemented to ensure compliance with regulations that have often overlooked program designs that would enhance more effective instructional practices. The Aguilar v. Felton (1985) ruling, in which the Supreme Court ruled that Chapter I remedial instruction could not be provided on nonpublic premises, created the potential for disruption of instructional services and an upheaval of a 20-year collaborative effort between public and nonpublic school officials. In this paper we discuss our investigation of the instructional services received in one archdiocese, 1 year following the decision, using several methods of inquiry. Our findings suggest that there was an impact on all those involved with Chapter I services, and curricular issues must be foremost in the negotiation process. A positive view of the data suggests a half-full glass, rather than a half-empty one, although this view does not negate the problems experienced, nor the limit...
A Beam-Search Extraction Algorithm for Comparable Data

This paper extends previous work on extracting parallel sentence pairs from comparable data (Munteanu and Marcu, 2005). For a given source sentence S, a maximum entropy (ME) classifier is applied to a large set of candidate target translations. A beam-search algorithm is used to abandon target sentences as non-parallel early on during classification if they fall outside the beam. This way, our novel algorithm avoids any document-level prefiltering step. The algorithm increases the number of extracted parallel sentence pairs significantly, which leads to a BLEU improvement of about 1% on our Spanish-English data.
The Ballast methodology for structured partial scan design

An efficient partial scan technique called Ballast (balanced structure scant test) is presented. Scan path storage elements (SPSEs) are selected such that the remainder of the circuit has certain desirable testability properties. A complete test set is obtained using combinatorial automatic test pattern generation (ATPG). Some SPSEs may need to be provided with a HOLD mode; their number is minimized by ordering the registers in the scan path and formatting the test patterns appropriately. This methodology leads to a low area overhead and allows 100% coverage of irredundant faults. >
Sponge Systematics by Starfish: Predators Distinguish Cryptic Sympatric Species of Caribbean Fire Sponges, Tedania ignis and Tedania klausi n. sp. (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

Tedania ignis (Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864), the fire sponge, is common throughout the tropical western Atlantic, and is a popular species for studies of ecology, larval biology, and chemistry. T. ignis is readily consumed by seagrass-dwelling starfish, and so finding sponges similar to this species in a seagrass meadow pro- voked closer scrutiny. A variety of ecological, morpholog- ical, and molecular traits consistently and unambiguously distinguish T. ignis from a cryptic sympatric congener, here described as Tedania klausi, n. sp. Starfish that consume T. ignis reject T. klausi, and angelfish consume T. klausi less quickly. In Belize, T. ignis individuals transplanted to a seagrass meadow inhabited by T. klausi were consumed by starfish, and individuals of T. klausi transplanted to a man- grove-lined creek in which T. ignis flourishes, died. In Panama, many individuals of T. klausi were diseased in May 2004, while adjacent individuals of T. ignis were unaffected. Spicule types are the same in the two forms, and sizes overlap; but within individuals, the relative sizes of styles and tylotes differ in a pattern that distinguishes the two forms. Comparison of DNA sequences for mitochon- drial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) revealed that 8 single nucleotide mutations consistently differ between the two forms regardless of habitat (seagrass vs. mangrove) and geographically separated sites (Belize vs. Panama).
Na,K-ATPase: Cardiac Glycoside Binding and Functional Importance of Negatively Charged Amino Acids of Transmembrane Regions

Na+/K+-ATPase is the receptor for cardiac glycosides, a class of drugs used to treat congestive heart failure and arrhythymias. Binding of these compounds to the enzyme is antagonized by K+ ions suggesting that the binding sites for these ligands may either overlap or that binding of one may effect the other. Thus, defining the binding site for this class of drugs may help in understanding how Na+/K+-ATPase transports cations. An approach for defining the cardiac glycoside binding site is to use site-directed mutagenesis coupled with expression and selection systems. In addition, these techniques can be used to determine the role of specific amino acid residues in catalytic functions of the enzyme such as cation binding. Utilizing this approach we have identified amino acid residues which act as determinants of ouabain sensitivity as well as investigated the role specific transmembrane amino acids play in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. A functional approach is also being developed to determine if a naturally occurring ligand for Na+/K+-ATPase exists and whether it is physiologically significant.
PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND PROFILES OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT GRADUATES

In 1988 the authors completed a survey analysis of 442 hospitality graduates from 11 hospitality programs to determine why some graduates remain in the industry and others choose to leave. This is a follow-up to that study and measures the personality characteristics of 106 of these graduates, with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The findings reveal similar personality characteristics among hospitality graduates and further supports the conclusions that academic preparation and quality-of-life issues are very important to industry retention and attrition of hospitality graduates.
A Model for Using a Developing Country's Park System for Conservation Education

Abstract Kinabalu Park in Malaysia is a clear example of the role parks can play in providing natural resource education in developing countries, as well as the critical role of education in conservation. I used a comprehensive approach based on an education evaluation model to develop, implement, and assess educational programs for four specific Kinabulu Park audiences: general park visitors, school groups, local villagers, and the public reached by mass media. The programs were developed based on information gleaned from surveys, interviews, and observations of the needs, goals, objectives, resources, and constraints particular to each target audience. The programs, including an interpretive nature trail, a school biology program, a mobile extension program, and a newspaper series, were then implemented and assessed. The results demonstrate that all these programs were successful in increasing environmental knowledge or fostering favorable attitude shifts toward the park system and conservation. The use...
Poor soils and density-mediated body weight in deer: forage quality or quantity?

Cervid studies have demonstrated body weight and lactation may be limited in areas with poor-quality soils, with the underlying mechanism often attributed to poor forage quality resulting from poor soil quality. However, if highly nutritious foods are produced but in limited quantities, selective foraging may alleviate nutritional stressors associated with poor soil productivity when adequate quantities of high-quality forage are obtained. We tested whether poor soil productivity limits forage from being high quality or conversely limits the abundance of high-quality forages. To do so, we determined whether nutrient concentrations in selected and non-selected forages on our poor soil study site met the nutritional requirements of lactating white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus assuming adequate amounts of forage are obtained. Also, we compared body weight of yearling males at a high density (13–17 deer km-2) and low density (3–5 deer km-2), because previous studies concluded soils on the study site wer...
Corrigendum to “Repeated cognitive stimulation alleviates memory impairments in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model” [Brain Res. Bull. 117 (2015) 10–15]

The authors regret an error involving the order of authorship that was missed during the final submission process of our manuscriptrecently published in the Journal Brain Research Bulletin.The updated author list is mentioned above.The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Callous traits in children with and without conduct problems predict reduced connectivity when viewing harm to others.

The presence of elevated callous unemotional (CU) traits seems to designate a distinct group of children and adolescents with serious conduct problems. However, the extent to which CU traits impact the aversive reaction to harm is still a contentious issue. Here, we examined the effective connectivity seeded in the anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex in a large number of children (N = 123, age 9–11, 60 females) with various levels of conduct disorder (CD) symptoms in response to visual stimuli depicting other people being physically injured. Perceiving others being harmed was associated with increased hemodynamic activity in the left amygdala and right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ). Children with higher callous traits showed less functional connectivity seeded in anterior cingulate with left amygdala and anterior insula. Conversely, CD symptoms were positively related to connectivity of insula with rTPJ. Overall, these results suggest that callousness is marked by the disruption of widespread cortical networks responsible for detecting and appropriately responding to important environmental cues, such as the distress of others.
Splanchnic vasoconstriction in heat-stressed men: role of renin-angiotensin system.

We conducted a two-part study to determine whether the renin-angiotensin system contributes to the rise in splanchnic vascular resistance (SVR) during heat stress (rectal temperature was raised 1 d...
The paradigm shift, in perspective

In his 1962 review of Thomas Kuhn9s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , historian Charles Gillispie proclaimed it "a very bold venture, this essay." In hindsight, it seems not just bold but a pivotal point in our understanding of science. The book under review features essays contributed by historians, social scientists, and philosophers that reflect on the development, content, and impact of Kuhn9s revolutionary book.
Hamel Versus Schauder Dimension

(1970). Hamel Versus Schauder Dimension. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 385-388.
Catalysis Science of Methanol Oxidation over Iron Vanadate Catalysts: Nature of the Catalytic Active Sites

Bulk mixed metal oxides are widely used in industry for various oxidation reactions, but there is still debate in the heterogeneous catalysis literature about the nature of their catalytic active sites. In the present study, the two-component iron vanadate mixed metal oxide system is employed to investigate the outermost surface composition and surface chemistry of the bulk FeVO4 mixed metal oxide catalyst. The bulk V2O5, α-Fe2O3, and supported 4% V2O5/α-Fe2O3 metal oxide systems were also investigated to better understand the surface composition and surface chemistry of the bulk FeVO4 catalyst. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the bulk FeVO4 was phase pure and has no contribution from excess V2O5 and α-Fe2O3 phases. IR spectroscopy confirmed that the model supported 4% V2O5/α-Fe2O3 catalyst consists of an amorphous surface VOx monolayer on the α-Fe2O3 support. The surface chemistry of the metal oxides was chemically probed with temperature programmed CH3OH-IR spectroscopy and revealed that both intact s...
Induced Altruism in Religious, Military, and Terrorist Organizations:

Human altruism in non-kin, unreciprocated contexts is difficult to understand in evolutionary terms. However, neo-Darwinian theories remain a potentially useful means of illuminating this behavior....
Comparison of full field and single pore approaches to homogenization of linearly elastic materials with pores of regular and irregular shapes

Abstract Two approaches to predict the overall elastic properties of solids with regularly and irregularly shaped pores are compared. The first approach involves direct finite element simulations of periodic representative volume elements containing arrangements of pores. A simplified algorithm of collective rearrangement type is developed for generating microstructures with the desired density of randomly distributed pores of regular and irregular shapes. Homogeneity and isotropy (where appropriate) of the microstructures are confirmed by generating two-point statistics functions. The second approach utilizes Mori-Tanaka and Maxwell micromechanical models implemented via the cavity compliance contribution tensor (H-tensor) formalism. The effects of pore shape and matrix Poisson's ratio on compliance contribution parameters of different shapes are discussed. H-tensors of cubical, octahedral and tetrahedral pores for several values of matrix Poisson's ratio are published in explicit form for the first time. Good correspondence between the direct finite element simulations and micromechanical homogenization is observed for randomly oriented and parallel pores of the same shape, as well as mixtures of pores of various shapes up to 0.25 pore volume fractions.
A best-matching protocol for order fulfillment in re-configurable supply networks

A best matching protocol is developed for selection of an order fulfillment agent.This protocol leverages collaboration between agents.Collaboration leads to a better solution in terms of lowering cost and lead time. Order fulfillment is a process which encompasses all the activities from the inquiry of goods by the customer to the final delivery of goods to the customer. The most important activity of the order fulfillment process is the selection of the order fulfilling agent in the supply network. The selection of the agent involves multiple criteria based on quantitative and qualitative metrics and requires several self-interested agents and organizations to dynamically form and configure supply chain. This article describes a methodology for selection of an order fulfillment agent in a collaborative, geographically distributed network by developing a Best Matching Protocol (BMP). The BMP developed, enables better matching of fulfillment agents with customers in a given supply network, by determining which agent best satisfies the pre-defined quality and cost requirements of the customer. The protocol enables collaboration between the agents of the Supply Network (SN) and provides a scalable solution for the increasing size of the SN.
The Brexit Unknown—Britain's Boom or Bust?

This case invites students to assess the impact that Brexit, the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, might have on a New York–based hedge fund's portfolio and, specifically, its UK assets. The case is designed to prompt students to make market assumptions and investment hypotheses based on a combination of numerical data and qualitative information. It requires no numerical computations; instead, it asks the student to interpret both markets' short-term reactions to the Brexit vote and strategy shifts from UK and European business leaders in order to evaluate longer-term implications for the economies of the United Kingdom, Europe, and the world. Excerpt UVA-F-1780 Rev. Jun. 28, 2017 The Brexit Unknown—Britain's Boom or Bust? “Brexit would make some people very rich—but most voters considerably poorer.” -George Soros, billionaire investor, June 2016 Chuck Todd sat on his hedge fund's New York trading floor on October 20, 2016, scouring the Financial Times and Bloomberg websites for any new insights on the lengthy process of the United Kingdom withdrawing from the European Union (EU), popularly termed “Brexit.” Ever since the country's historic EU membership referendum held on June 23, the results of which shocked the world with a narrow majority (52%) of UK citizens voting to leave the EU after more than four decades of membership, details failed to elucidate both a clear timeline and framework for Britain's soon-to-be independent relationship with the EU, leaving the country in an extended state of economic, political, and social uncertainty. Todd's fund held a number of UK assets in its portfolio, and he hoped to determine how the terms of Brexit might impact not just the $ 2.9 trillion British economy as a whole but also the multiple sectors within it. . . .
Inhibition of Monilinia oxycocci by bacteria isolated from a cranberry marsh

Bacteria inhibitory to Moniliniaoxycocci, the cranberry cotton ball pathogen, were identified. Eighty-three bacteria isolated from a cranberry marsh and Erwinia herbicola C9-1,which is being developed elsewhere for the biological control of fire blight of pome fruits, were tested fortheir ability to inhibit radial growth and conidial germination of M. oxycocci in vitro. IsolateBA35 from cranberry (tentatively identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum) and E. herbicola C9-1 completely inhibited radial growth of M. oxycocci. BA35 and C9-1 were among the most effective of 21 bacteria tested for inhibition of conidial germination. Growth of bacteria in sclerotial extracts of M. oxycocci and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was determined in order to select isolates that might be successful in degradingsclerotia, thereby reducing the viability of M.oxycocci. Populations of isolates 62 and S-18(identities unknown), and S-19 (tentatively identified as Micrococcus luteus), increased approximately3.0--5.0 log10 units in all extracts within 24 h. Populations of isolate S-10 increased by about 3.5log10 units in all sclerotial extracts within 48 h. Populations of isolate S-49 (identity unknown)were lower in extracts of M. oxycocci than S. sclerotiorum after 48-h. In buffer controls, bacterial populations remained stable or decreased over the 48-h period.
A Game-Theoretic Approach to Legal Settlements

In modern economies, adjudication is the most common means of dispute resolution when voluntary alternatives such as negotiation have been exhausted. This chapter considers the incidence of out-of-court negotiated settlements versus adjudicated outcomes as predicted by the leading game-theoretic model and addresses a number of key questions. How do various offer and acceptance methods affect the terms of out-of-court settlements? Which kinds of cases settle and which go to court? How does private information about the case merits held by one or more sides affect player strategies and outcomes?
Community Detection Algorithm for Big Social Networks Using Hybrid Architecture

Abstract One of the most relevant and widely studied structural properties of networks is their community structure. Detecting communities is of great importance in social networks where systems are often represented as graphs. With the advent of web-based social networks like Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn. community detection became even more difficult due to the massive network size, which can reach up to hundreds of millions of vertices and edges. This large graph structured data cannot be processed without using distributed algorithms due to memory constraints of one machine and also the need to achieve high performance. In this paper, we present a novel hybrid (shared + distributed memory) parallel algorithm to efficiently detect high quality communities in massive social networks. For our simulations, we use synthetic graphs ranging from 100K to 16M vertices to show the scalability and quality performance of our algorithm. We also use two massive real world networks: (a) section of Twitter-2010 network having ≈ 41 M vertices and ≈ 1.4 B edges (b) UK-2007 (.uk web domain) having ≈ 105 M vertices and ≈ 3.3 B edges. Simulation results on MPI setup with 8 compute nodes having 16 cores each show that, upto ≈ 6 X speedup is achieved for synthetic graphs in detecting communities without compromising the quality of the results.
Age-related rates of colorectal cancer and the factors associated with overall survival

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify differences in both demographic and pathologic factors associated with the age-related rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) and overall survival (OS). Methods: The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), 2004–2013, was queried for patients with CRC. Patients were stratified by age (≤50 vs. ≥60 years). Multivariable analysis was performed to identify factors associated with OS. Results: A total of 670,030 patients were included; 488,121 with colon, and 181,909 with rectal or rectosigmoid cancer. For colon cancer, patients ≤50 years had higher proportions of pathologic stage III and IV disease than patients ≥60 (III: 33.7% vs. 28.6%, IV: 25.5% vs. 14.3%, respectively; P≤0.001). Similar differences were found for patients with rectal cancer (III: 35.8% vs. 28.6%, IV: 16.5% vs. 11.6%, respectively for age ≤50 and ≥60 years; P≤0.001). More aggressive pathologic factors were identified in the ≤50 cohort and were associated with worse OS, including higher tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), and elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Disparities associated with OS were also identified for both colon and rectal cancer. For patients ≤50 with CRC, African-American and Hispanic race, lower income and lower education were associated with increased risk of mortality compared to the ≥60 cohort. Conclusions: There are clear differences in biological factors and in racial and socioeconomic disparities of patients with early onset CRC. Earlier screening should be seriously considered in patients under 50 years who are African-American and Hispanic, as these populations present with more aggressive and advanced disease.