cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biophysical properties of human medulloblastoma cells.

Medulloblastoma is a pediatric high-grade cerebellar malignancy derived from neuronal precursors. Although electrophysiologic characteristics of cerebellar granule neurons at all stages of cell development have been well described, such characterization has not been reported for medulloblastoma. In this study we attempt to characterize important electrophysiologic features of medulloblastoma that may distinguish it from the surrounding cerebellum. Using patient-derived cell lines and tumor tissues, we show that medulloblastoma cells have no inward Na+ current or transient K+ current involved in action potential generation and propagation, typically seen in granule neurons. Expression and function of calcium-activated, large-conductance K+ channels are diminished in medulloblastoma, judged by electrophysiology and Western analysis. The resting membrane potential of medulloblastoma cells in culture is quite depolarized compared to granule neurons. Interestingly, medulloblastoma cells express small, fast-inactivating calcium currents consistent with T-type calcium channels, but these channels are activated only from hyperpolarized potentials, which are unlikely to occur. Additionally, a background acid-sensitive K+ current is present with features characteristic of TASK1 or TASK3 channels, such as inhibition by ruthenium red. Western analysis confirms expression of TASK1 and TASK3. In describing the electrophysiologic characteristics of medulloblastoma, one can see features that resemble other high-grade malignancies as opposed to normal cerebellar granule neurons. This supports the notion that the malignant phenotype of medulloblastoma is characterized by unique changes in ion channel expression
Some effects of contact metamorphism on zircon ages

Zircons from Precambrian metasediments and granite adjacent to Tertiary intrusives show highly discordant U-Pb ages, with the degree of discordance directly related to distance from the intrusive contact. The discordant ages define 1615-60 and 1430-60 million year chords on a concordia diagram. As the contact is approached (1) uranium and thorium contents of the zircons increase, (2) radiogenic lead content decreases, and (3) the zircons become progressively more euhedral. This episodic discordance may be explained on the basis of crystallization, recrystallization, or episodic diffusion models, or a combination of these.
Effects of Familiarity and Type of Encoding on Proofreading of Text

A handful of studies have claimed that error detection is improved by a proofreader’s prior encounter with the text to be scanned for errors. In these studies, however, the beneficial effect of text familiarity on proofreading has been obtained via surface encoding tasks (prior reading or proofreading). This raises the question of whether the effect is dependent on the type of encoding operations performed on the text prior to proofreading. In Experiment 1, familiarization required that subjects read an error-free passage and then either type the passage verbatim (surface encoding) or write an essay by relying on the information contained in the passage (deep encoding with generation). In Experiment 2, subjects generated sentences (deep encoding with generation), assessed whether sentences described drawings (deep encoding), or typed sentences (surface encoding). Familiarity, irrespective of the nature of the encoding operations, improved proofreading times but only surface encoding or deep encoding without generation made proofreading more accurate. In Experiment 3, text generation fostered greater subjective familiarity than either surface or deep encoding alone. It is argued that this form of enhanced familiarity may lead to expectancy effects in proofreading performance.
Effects of diet quality and age of meat goat wethers on early subsequent growth while grazing wheat forage

Abstract Thirty six meat goat wethers (3/4 Spanish and 1/4 Boer), born in the previous Spring (initial age and BW of 8.5 months and 17±0.6 kg) or Fall (initial age of 2.5 months and 13±0.8 kg), were used to determine effects of ad libitum consumption of different quality diets and age on early subsequent growth while grazing wheat forage. The experiment was 14 weeks long, with 9 weeks in the winter consuming prairie hay (5% CP and 71% NDF) supplemented with 0.125% BW of soybean meal (PH), alfalfa pellets (AP) or a 70% concentrate diet (CD), and 5 weeks in the spring grazing wheat forage. ADG in Period 1 (28, 54 and 81 g per day; S.E.=14.0) and Period 2 (123, 137 and 100 g per day for PH, AP and CD, respectively; S.E.=13.8) was similar among dietary treatments and greater for Spring vs. Fall wethers (Period 1: 72 vs. 37 g per day, P
Effect of nutrient availability, grazer assemblage and seagrass source population on the interaction between Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass) and its algal epiphytes

Abstract Seagrass leaves are often densely covered by epiphytic algae which can suppress seagrass productivity and has been implicated in declines of seagrass meadows worldwide. The net effect of epiphytes on seagrass growth and morphology depends on the independent and interactive effects of a variety of factors, including nutrient availability and the intensity of grazing on epiphytes. Here I report the results of a mesocosm experiment designed to test the effects of nutrient addition and within-functional group variation (grazer species composition and the source population of seagrass) on the strength of the interactions among grazers, epiphytes, and turtle grass ( Thalassia testudinum ). Turtle grass ramets from two sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico were cleared of epiphytes and transplanted into common-garden mesocosms. Replicate ramets were grown in a split–split plot design with two levels of dissolved nutrients and four different grazer species combinations ( Tozeuma carolinense alone, Pagurus maclaughlinae alone, both species together, and no grazers present). As expected, grazers had a significant negative effect on epiphyte biomass/leaf area and a significant positive effect on turtle grass growth in the mesocosms. The two species were more similar in their direct effects on epiphyte biomass than in their indirect effects on turtle grass growth; this may reflect differences in epiphyte community composition under different grazer treatments. The effect of nutrient addition on turtle grass growth depended critically on the intensity of grazing: in the presence of grazers, turtle grass tended to produce a greater biomass of new leaf tissue in the tanks with nutrients added than in the control tanks. However, when grazers were absent, the direction of the effect was reversed, and plants with nutrients added grew less than the control plants. The two source populations of turtle grass differed significantly in epiphyte biomass/leaf area accrued in the mesocosms as well as in the strength of the effect of grazers on turtle grass growth. This suggests that population differentiation in seagrass interactions with epiphytes, as well as spatial and temporal variation in resources and grazer community composition, can greatly effect the role of epiphytes in limiting seagrass productivity.
I Love New York, More Than Ever Changes in People’s Identities as New Yorkers Following the World Trade Center Terrorist Attacks

This article offers personal observations of the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions of New Yorkers in the days immediately following the World Trade Center attacks. Social identity theory is used as an interpretive lens through which to understand how a group facing extreme adversity found ways to fortify themselves by marshaling socioemotional, informational, and physical resources. Emphasis is placed on how initial emotional reactions to perceptions of threat in the hours after the attacks prompted people to seek out others to mobilize information and manage emotional distress. This article takes the position that these social gatherings became arenas in which people redefined group boundaries, modified the group’s identity, erected new symbols, and transformed each other’s emotions in ways that triggered actions to protect and restore the group.
The viscoelastic properties of crosslinked poly(ethylene tetrasulfide) polymers. II

Abstract Stress relaxation studies were made on poly(ethylene tetrasulfide) crosslinked during the polymerization reaction by the use of trifunctional organic chloride. At very low crosslink densities a certain amount of stress-relaxation due to chain slippage occurred. Over the middle range of crosslinking density stress-relaxation was due to tetrasulfide bond interchange exclusively, and these samples followed Maxwellian decay of stress. The specific rate constant for bond interchange ( k ) is given by k = 5.86 × 10 12 (exp −25900/ RT ). The value of the activation energy obtained is discussed in the light of the various energy values reported for the scission of sulfur-sulfur bonds in sulfur chains and rings.
Arthropod populations, yield and damage in monocultures and polycultures of corn, beans and tomatoes

Abstract This study involved an examination of a polyculture system (corn-bean-tomato) for specific interactions that may be useful in the development of agronomic systems that are less susceptible to pest attack. The data show that the arthropods generally prefer (are found in) one cultivar more than the others, even in polycultural situations. For example Trichogramma sp. are much more active on tomatoes than on corn, while Coccinellidae are much more common on corn than on tomatoes. The data do not, for the most part, demonstrate any significant differences in insect populations, yield or damage that resulted from interplanting the various cultivars. The role of diversity in agricultural systems is also discussed.
Geometry completion and detail generation by texture synthesis

We present a novel method for patching holes in polygonal meshes and synthesizing surfaces with details based on existing geometry. The most novel feature of our proposed method is that we transform the 3D geometry synthesis problem into a 2D domain by parameterizing surfaces and solve this problem in that domain. We then derive local geometry gradient images that encode intrinsic local geometry properties, which are invariant to object translation and rotation. The 3D geometry of holes is then reconstructed from synthesized local gradient images. This method can be extended to execute other mesh editing operations such as geometry detail transfer or synthesis. The resulting major benefits of performing geometry synthesis in 2D are more flexible and robust control, better leveraging of the wealth of current 2D image completion methods, and greater efficiency.
The Gaussian Approximation for Self-Avoiding Tethered Surfaces

We analyze the generalized Edwards model for self-avoiding tethered surfaces using a gaussian variational approximation. We find surfaces are crumpled above four dimensions with an exponent v = 4/d, which is in fairly good agreement with the most recent numerical simulations.
Generalized Sets of Lengths

Abstract LetRbe a Dedekind domain and I (R) the set of irreducible elements ofR. In this paper, we study the sets V R(n) = {m | ∃ α1,…,αn, β1,…,βm ∈ I (R) such that α1,…,αn = β1,…,βm}, wherenis a positive integer. We show, in constrast to indications in some earlier work, that the sets V R(n) are not completely determined by the Davenport constant of the class group ofR. We offer some specific constructions for Dedekind domains with small class groups, and show how these sets are generalizations of the sets studied earlier by Geroldinger [ 9 , 10 ].
The fate of grafting acetabular defects during revision total hip arthroplasty.

Acetabular defects are frequently grafted during revision THA. Previous studies using plain radiographs report high rates of graft incorporation. However, given plain radiographs underestimate osteolysis, it is unclear whether plain radiographs adequately reflect graft fill or incorporation. We determined if (1) graft fill; or (2) incorporation (measured as graft–bone contact) differed with complete revision and grafting compared to liner exchange and grafting; (3) defect fill and incorporation could be assessed on plain radiographs; and (4) the cost of bone grafting differed with these two procedures. We identified 40 patients who underwent revision THA for aseptic loosening or polyethylene wear and osteolysis, either with retention of a well-fixed cup or complete acetabular revision in which bone graft was used. Lesion size, percent fill, and graft healing was quantified from CT scans. A limited cost analysis was performed using the current hospital costs for implants, bone grafts, and bone graft substitutes. The minimum followup was 1 year (mean, 4.8 years; range, 1–11 years). The average defect fill was 30% (range, 0%–81%). The average percent of healing to host bone was 24% (range, 0–66%). Complete revisions had a higher percent defect fill compared to head/liner changes (47% versus 17%) as well as a higher degree of graft healing to host bone compared to head/liner changes (36% versus 14%). High resolution CT demonstrated lower percentages of defect fill and graft healing than previous reports based on plain radiographs. Bone grafting costs exceeded implant costs in the head/liner exchange group; however, the overall cost was higher in the complete revision group. Higher degrees of defect fill and healing were seen with complete revisions compared to head/liner exchanges. Compared to CT scans, plain radiograph assessment tended to overestimate defect fill and healing. Level III, therapeutic study. See the guidelines online for a complete description of level of evidence.
LOW ENERGY ION IMPACT-ENHANCED GROWTH OF CUBIC BORON NITRIDE IN A SUPERSONIC NITROGEN/ARGON PLASMA FLOW

This paper describes the growth and analysis of cubic boron nitride films in a low-density, supersonic nitrogen/argon plasma flow into which boron trichloride gas was injected. Both hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and cubic boron nitride (c-BN) were synthesized using this apparatus. Phase selectivity is obtained by applying a relatively low negative bias voltage to the substrate. All of the films described in this paper were grown on {100} silicon wafers at substrate temperatures varying from 400–700 °C. Boron nitride films with greater than 90% cubic phase were successfully synthesized with this method. The films were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The volumetric percentages of the hexagonal and cubic phases were determined from model fits to the infrared transmission spectra of the films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided qualitative evidence for the presence and/or lack of sp2 bonding through the identification of a π-plasmon feature in the spectra. Infrared reflectance spectra are used to provide insight into the growth mechanisms leading to c-BN formation and have revealed features which are not present in the transmission spectra, specifically the 1305 cm−1 LO mode of c-BN and the 1610 cm−1 LO mode of h-BN. The mean ion energies involved with this bias-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process are much lower than the ion energies in traditional physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes; however, the ion fluxes (currents) used in this CVD process are at least an order of magnitude higher, resulting in a total momentum transfer to the deposited atoms through ion bombardment that is at least equal to or greater than that reported for many ion-enhanced PVD processes.
The complementary effect of trade shows on personal selling

Abstract In this paper, the authors investigate the complementarity between two dominant elements of the business marketing communications mix—personal selling and trade shows—from an integrated marketing communications (IMC) perspective. Through a field study with a group of industrial distributors, they demonstrate that follow-up sales efforts generate higher sales productivity when customers have already been exposed to the firm's product at a trade show. Overall profits are shown to be greater when the trade show is used in conjunction with optimal levels of sales effort. The study also suggests that return-on-sales figures are higher among show attendees than non-attendees and that the trade show generates positive effects on customer purchase intentions. These results provide much-needed accountability for trade show expenditures and also highlight the valuable leverage they offer towards improving selling efficiency.
The Language of Sexuality: Walt Whitman and Galway Kinnell

Explores Kinnell's "indebtedness to Whitman" by examining Kinnell's prose statements and his poems, especially "The Waking" and "Flying Home"; argues that "Kinnell's verse echoes Whitman's not only in its claim that the soul is not to be revered above the body but in its understanding of humanity's need to realign itself with the rest of creation."
Advanced networks in motion mobile sensorweb

Advanced mobile networking technology applicable to mobile sensor platforms was developed, deployed and demonstrated. A two-tier sensorweb design was developed. The first tier utilized mobile network technology to provide mobility. The second tier, which sits above the first tier, utilizes 6LowPAN (Internet Protocol version 6 Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) sensors. The entire network was IPv6 enabled. Successful mobile sensorweb system field tests took place in late August and early September of 2009. The entire network utilized IPv6 and was monitored and controlled using a remote Web browser via IPv6 technology. This paper describes the mobile networking and 6LowPAN sensorweb design, implementation, deployment and testing as well as wireless systems and network monitoring software developed to support testing and validation. 12
Long-Range Structure in Ribonuclease P RNA

Phylogenetic-comparative and mutational analyses were used to elucidate the structure of the catalytically active RNA component of eubacterial ribonuclease P (RNase P). In addition to the refinement and extension of known structural elements, the analyses revealed a long-range interaction that results in a second pseudoknot in the RNA. This feature strongly constrains the three-dimensional structure of RNase P RNA near the active site. Some RNase P RNAs lack this structure but contain a unique, possibly compensating, structural domain. This suggests that different RNA structures located at different positions in the sequence may have equivalent architectural functions in RNase P RNA.
Application of Reed-Muller Codes for Localization of Malicious Nodes

We consider a wireless network and address the problem of detecting and localizing malicious nodes in a single source/destination configuration. The malicious nodes are found through the use of Reed-Muller codes. Reed-Muller codes are used to select the necessary paths between source and destination. Based on the graph connectivity matrix, these necessary paths, and the probability that a node is malicious, our algorithm determines all the paths in the network. The minimum distance of the code determines how many malicious nodes can be localized. We develop an algorithm for the case when a set of paths is not realizable in the network and compare the performance of the algorithm with other techniques.
New insights into anatomical and morphological adaptations to high elevations in the Melastomataceae: Evidence from Chaetolepis cufodontisii and Monochaetum amabile

Abstract The anatomy and morphology of a representative each of the genera Chaetolepis and Monochaetum were studied from Costa Rica. Both species showed adaptations for inhabiting high elevations, especially Chaetolepis cufodontisii , which is the only representative of this mainly Andean genus in Central America and is restricted to the paramos of Costa Rica. The latter has amphistomatic, ericoid leaves with unusual glands on the adaxial leaf surface, stomatal crypts and glands in the abaxial surface, stomata on the anther walls, and a double lining of druses in the hypanthium. In the case of Monochaetum amabile , the leaves have a hypodermis and lack stomata on the adaxial leaf surface as well as conspicuous glands or stomatal crypts, and the hypanthium has a single, sparser lining of druses. A comparison between the leaves of each of the species in this study with species previously studied form South America shows that the Costa Rican representatives of each of these genera show more significant anatomical and morphological modifications for living at high elevation than their South American counterparts. A type of herkogamy that involves the style bent in opposite direction of the stamens is here confirmed in Chaetolepis cufodontisii . This type of herkogamy is shared with other species of Chaetholepis as well as its closest relatives that occur at the highest elevations in the Andes, Busquetia and Castratella . Some species in other more distantly related genera at elevations as low as sea level such as some Blakea also show this type of herkogamy suggesting this floral type is associated to pollinators regardless of the elevation the plants inhabit.
The dissolution of a stationary bubble enhanced by chemical reaction

Abstract The problem of the dissolution of a gas bubble aided by a first order chemical reaction is treated theoretically. Two new approximate solutions are developed. The first one is based on a time-expansion introduced by us recently, is useful for small values of the reaction rate parameter. The second utilizes the assumption of a thin boundary layer, and is applicable for relatively large values of the reaction rate parameter. The accuracy of these and other approximations is assessed by comparison with a numerical solution of the complete model equations.
CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT IN A ROTATING COILED TUBE

Regular perturbation techniques are used to study fully developed mass transfer in fluids flowing through rotating coiled tubes. A double series solution of the governing mass balance equation is developed for a constant wall flux boundary condition. The local, asymptotic mass transfer Nusselt number is computed from these results. Within the estimated region of validity of this solution the convective mass transfer coefficient is found to depend on essentially three independent dimensionless parameters. Mass transfer relative to the stationary coiled tube solution will either increase or decrease with rotation depending on the relative orientation of the fluid and rotational velocities.
Concurrently update the scan-initialization data of a processor core

The IBM zEnterprise® 196 (z196) server has the ability to update the scan-initialization data of a processor core concurrent to the operation of the server. In previous System z® servers, updates of the scan-initialization data of a processor core could only be performed disruptively, requiring a customer to again perform an initial microcode load on his server to pick up changes to the processor core scan-initialization values. With the z196 server, a spare processor core is clock stopped, the new scan-initialization data is applied, the clocks on the spare processor core are then restarted, and the spare processor is brought back into the server configuration concurrent to the functional operation of the server. To achieve the concurrent application of the scan-initialization data to a nonspare processor core, the physical backing of this nonspare processor is first swapped with a spare processor, the updates are made, and then the physical backing is swapped back in order to maintain the original physical configuration. This process is invoked on each physical processor core in the system until all processor cores have been updated. Handling of updates of the scan-initialization data is smoothly embedded into the existing "fix application" framework so that dependence with other code updates is transparently handled for the customer. With this new capability, both "fix application" and the possibility of enabling new hardware functionality on a processor core can now be done concurrently with the server operation, which is another step toward the goal of achieving 100% availability in a System z server.
Prediction of cardiac death in patients with a very low ejection fraction after myocardial infarction: A Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) study

The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) database was analyzed with a Cox proportional hazards regression model to predict the mortality of patients with very poor left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction < or = .20). Predictors of total death or cardiac arrest were (relative risk), QRS duration (1.10/10 msec increase), coronary artery bypass grafting (0.38), basal heart rate (1.26/10 min-1 increase), diastolic blood pressure (0.79/10 mm Hg increase), diabetes mellitus (1.59), EF (0.94/1 U increase), and ease of suppression (the ability to suppress ambient ventricular ectopy on the lowest dose of the first randomly chosen CAST drug) (0.64). Predictors of arrhythmic death or arrhythmic cardiac arrest included thrombolysis (0.44), coronary artery bypass grafting (0.38), diuretic use (1.71), heart rate (1.21/10 min-1 increase), calcium channel blocker use (1.69), and QRS duration (1.10/10 msec increase). Thus easily measurable clinical and laboratory variables help predict prognosis in this clinically important subgroup. The pathophysiologic basis for and the clinical implications of the ease of ventricular arrhythmia suppression correlating with prognosis requires further study.
Frictional behavior of materials in the 3D SAFOD volume

[1] We report on frictional properties of rocks within the 3-D crustal volume surrounding the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). Samples include lithologies adjacent to the San Andreas Fault (SAF) in the subsurface, SAFOD borehole rocks, and synthetic fault gouge composed of talc, serpentinite, and quartz. Granodiorite, arkosic sandstone, and siltstone samples from the SAFOD borehole are frictionally strong (μ = 0.56 − 0.66). Sand and clay-rich lithologies from outcrop exhibit friction in the range μ = 0.56 − 0.68. Natural serpentinite thought to abut the SAF at depth exhibits low friction (μ = 0.18 − 0.26). Our results indicate that 1) serpentinite exhibits low strength, but is not weak enough to completely satisfy weak fault models, 2) all other samples are consistent with a strong fault and crust and, 3) if the SAF is weak (μ ≤ 0.2) due to the presence of serpentinite or talc, these minerals would likely need to constitute over 50% by weight of the shear zone.
Toxic heat as a UCS in conditioning in internal and external milieus in rats.

Abstract To assess the punishing nature of 3-hr exposures to heat (95°F), rats were tested in paradigms for conditioned taste aversions, conditioned taste preferences, conditioned odor aversions, and conditioned avoidance. Learning was found only with conditioned avoidance: rats tended to stay out of a shuttle box compartment that had been associated with heat. Although its punishing consequences occur in the internal milieu, the noxious effects of heat appear to be referred to the external milieu.
Implementation of a real-time feedback active noise control system to cancel noise within a 3-dimensional enclosure

This paper presents analysis and design of a real time active noise control system for cancelling the acoustic noise generated by an HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning) unit within a 3-dimensional enclosure. The system described in this paper is a single channel system using a feedback ANC architecture. We will test the viability of this system using both synthetic tonal noise generated from a secondary speaker and real noise generated by a commercially available 5-ton HVAC unit placed inside a medium size closet. The system proposed in this paper is capable of achieving over 10 decibels of attenuation of the HVAC noise and more than 40 decibels of attenuation of tonal noise. Using secondary microphones located outside the closet we show that our system is capable of achieving a reduction in the noise level outside the closet for low frequency tonal noise.
Scattering in Si-nanowires — Where does it matter?

Electron transport is computed in 3nm Si nanowires subject to incoherent scattering from phonons. The electronic structure of the nanowire is represented in an atomistic sp3d5s* tight binding basis. Phonon modes are computed in an atomistic valence force field rather than a continuum deformation potential. Atomistic transport and incoherent scattering are coupled through the non-equilibrium Green function formalism (NEGF) in our new OMEN simulator. Energy loss due to phonon emission is shown to lead to a resistive potential drop in the emitter of the nanowire. Phonon absorption is shown to increase the current in a band-to-band-tunneling configuration.
Minor planets and related objects. XXIV. Photometric observations for (5) Astraea.

Five light curves of (5) Astraea are presented along with UBV photometric results and analyses of the pole orientation, sidereal period, sense of rotation, and color coefficients. A sidereal period of 16 hr 48 min 43.60 sec (+ or - 0.03 sec) with a retrograde sense of rotation is adopted as well as a North Pole position at +9 deg (+ or 1 deg) latitude and 148 deg (+ or - 3 deg) ecliptic longitude. It is noted that an amplitude-aspect plot indicates an amplitude of the order of 0.37 magnitude for an equatorial-aspect light curve of Astraea
On unification of the asymptotic theory of nonlinear econometric models

After reading a few articles in the nonlinear econonetric literature one begins to notice that each discussion follows roughly the same lines as the classical treatment of maximum likelihood estimation. There are some technical problems having to do with simultaneously conditioning on the exogenous variables and subjecting the true parameter to a Pittman drift which prevent the use of the classical methods of proof but the basic impression of similarity is correct . An estimator – be it nonlinear least squares, three – stage nonlinear least squares, or whatever – is the solution of an optimization problem. And the objective function of the optimization problem can be treated as if it were the likelihood to derive the Wald test statistic, the likelihood ratio test statistic , and Rao's efficient score statistic. Their asymptotic null and non – null distributions can be found using arguments fairly similar to the classical maximum likelihood arguments. In this article we exploit these observations and unify...
A meta-analysis of morphological interventions: effects on literacy achievement of children with literacy difficulties

This study synthesizes 79 standardized mean-change differences between control and treatment groups from 17 independent studies, investigating the effect of morphological interventions on literacy outcomes for students with literacy difficulties. Average total sample size ranged from 15 to 261 from a wide range of grade levels. Overall, morphological instruction showed a significant improvement on literacy achievement (\( \overline d \) = 0.33). Specifically, its effect was significant on several literacy outcomes such as phonological awareness (\( \overline d \) = 0.49), morphological awareness (\( \overline d \) = 0.40), vocabulary (\( \overline d \) = 0.40), reading comprehension (\( \overline d \) = 0.24), and spelling (\( \overline d \) = 0.20). Morphological instruction was particularly effective for children with reading, learning, or speech and language disabilities, English language learners, and struggling readers, suggesting the possibility that morphological instruction can remediate phonological processing challenges. Other moderators were also explored to explain differences in morphological intervention effects. These findings suggest students with literacy difficulties would benefit from morphological instruction.
Relation of Endothelial Function to Cardiovascular Risk in Women With Sedentary Occupations and Without Known Cardiovascular Disease

Endothelial dysfunction is increasingly recognized to be a biomarker of cardiovascular risk in apparently healthy subjects as well as in patients with coronary artery disease.1-4 The endothelium is an active organ system which regulates vascular tone and circulatory homeostasis, largely mediated by autocrine, paracrine and endocrine effects of nitric oxide.2 Mechanism of endothelial dysfunction may include injury from hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and cigarette smoking, with possible contribution of genetic determinants. In this regard, an inverse association between endothelial function, measured by brachial artery flowmediated dilation following 5 minutes of forearm ischemia (flow-mediated dilation), and Framingham risk score was reported by Hill et al 5 in 45 middle-aged men without known cardiovascular disease. The purpose of our study was to determine whether endothelial function as a biomarker of risk may also be relevant to women without known cardiovascular disease, targeting those with sedentary occupations anticipated to have high prevalence of obesityassociated cardiovascular risk factors.6-8
Stochastic Green's formula and application to stochastic differential equations

Abstract Conditions are stated for the vanishing of the stochastic bilinear concomitant in the stochastic Green's formula used in Adomian's iterative solution for stochastic differential equations.
Diatoms in South Pole ice: Implications for eolian contamination of Sirius Group deposits

Marine and nonmarine diatoms occur throughout a South Pole ice core spanning the past 2000 yr. Similar diatoms occur in East and West Antarctica at Siple and Taylor domes. Because there are no local diatom sources at these locations, diatoms must have been carried by winds from coastal or extra-Antarctic sites. Our data demonstrate widespread historical eolian transport of diatoms to the Antarctic ice sheets, supporting the view that Sirius Group sediments were contaminated by late Neogene diatoms long after they were deposited. If so, there is no reason to postulate a Pliocene deglaciation event in East Antarctica.
Cortical surface based identification of brain networks using high spatial resolution resting state FMRI data

Resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) has been demonstrated to be an effective modality by which to explore the functional networks of the human brain, as the low-frequency oscillations in rsfMRI time courses between spatially distant brain regions show the evidence of correlated activity patterns in the brain. This paper proposes a novel surface-based data-driven framework to explore these networks through the use of high resolution rsfMRI data. Guided by DTI defined fiber pathways and constrained by the gray matter, we map the rsfMRI BOLD signals onto the cortical surface generated by DTI-based tissue segmentation. We then use a data-driven affinity propagation clustering algorithm to identify these functional networks. Our experimental results demonstrate that the framework has high reproducibility and that several networks are detected reliably among individual subjects. Furthermore, our results exhibit that functional networks are highly correlated with structural connections. Finally, our framework is able to reveal visual sub-networks, indicating its potential role in sub-network exploration.
Use of Insulin Sensitizers in NASH

This article briefly discusses nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its association with the metabolic syndrome, its pathogenesis and natural history. It then presents a detailed discussion on the efficacy and safety of different insulin sensitizers in patients who have NASH.
Organic Anion Transporter 3 Interacts Selectively with Lipophilic β-Lactam Antibiotics

Transporters are major determinants of the disposition of xenobiotics and endogenous chemicals in the body. Organic anion transporter 3 (Oat3) functions in the kidney and brain to remove metabolic waste, toxins, and drugs, and thus transports diverse chemicals. Some β-lactam antibiotics interact with Oat3, and penicillin G exhibits a strong dependence on Oat3 for renal elimination. However, over 80 β-lactams exist, and many have not been assessed for an interaction with Oat3. Moreover, β-lactams continue to receive U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval. This study identified new β-lactam-Oat3 interactions, provided a head-to-head comparison with Oat1, and characterized the physicochemical determinants of affinity for Oat3. Cells expressing mouse Oat3 (mOat3) and Oat1 (mOat1), and human OAT3 (hOAT3) were used to test inhibitors, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure transport. Of 26 β-lactams tested, 12 were clear inhibitors of Oat3, and 14 exhibited poor interactions. Inhibitors exhibited a nearly identical rank-order of potency against mOat3 and hOAT3. Oat1 demonstrated a poor interaction with most β-lactams. The majority of Oat3 inhibitors were substrates, and there were clear physicochemical differences between inhibitors and noninhibitors. That is, inhibitors had nearly 40% fewer hydrogen bond donors (P < 0.001), a lower total polar surface area (P < 0.05), and greater lipophilicity (LogP of inhibitors, +1.41; noninhibitors, -1.54; P < 0.001). Pharmacophore mapping revealed a prohibitive hydrogen bond donor group in noninhibitors adjacent to a hydrophobic moiety that was important for binding to Oat3. These findings indicate that Oat3 recognizes lipophilic β-lactams more readily. Moreover, this study has potential implications for designing β-lactams to avoid renal accumulation or brain efflux via Oat3.
Low-dose involved-field radiation in the treatment of non-hodgkin lymphoma: predictors of response and treatment failure.

Purpose: To investigate clinical and pathologic factors significant in predicting local response and time to further treatment after low-dose involved-field radiation therapy (LD-IFRT) for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Methods and Materials: Records of NHL patients treated at a single institution between April 2004 and September 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Low-dose involved-field radiation therapy was given as 4 Gy in 2 fractions over 2 consecutive days. Treatment response and disease control were determined by radiographic studies and/or physical examination. A generalized estimating equation model was used to assess the effect of tumor and patient characteristics on disease response. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess time to further treatment. Results: We treated a total of 187 sites in 127 patients with LD-IFRT. Histologies included 66% follicular, 9% chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma, 10% marginal zone, 6% mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and 8% other. Median follow-up time was 23.4 months (range, 0.03-92.2 months). The complete response, partial response, and overall response rates were 57%, 25%, and 82%, respectively. A CLL histology was associated with a lower response rate (odds ratio 0.2, 95% confidence interval 0.1-0.5, P=.02). Tumor size, site, age at diagnosis, and prior systemic therapy were not associatedmore » with response. The median time to first recurrence was 13.6 months. Those with CLL and age ≤50 years at diagnosis had a shorter time to further treatment for local failures (hazard ratio [HR] 3.63, P=.01 and HR 5.50, P=.02, respectively). Those with CLL and MCL had a shorter time to further treatment for distant failures (HR 11.1 and 16.3, respectively, P<.0001). Conclusions: High local response rates were achieved with LD-IFRT across most histologies. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and MCL histologies and age ≤50 years at diagnosis had a shorter time to further treatment after LD-IFRT.« less
Acyl migration in 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol

The acyl migration of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-DPG) to 1,3-dipalmitoylglycerol (1,3-DPG) in different states, neat, in the presence of egg yolk lecithin (sonicated and unsonicated) and on silica gel was studied. The isomerization was quantitated by scanning densitometry of charred TLC plates, at different temperatures and for varying periods of time. At equilibrium the amount of 1,3-DPG was found to be 56%. The rates of initial isomerization, and the time required to isomerize to half the equilibrium quantity (i.e., t1/2 eq. = 1,3-DPG 28%) under the above conditions was estimated. In the case of neat melt at 74 degrees C and in an organic solvent the time required to t1/2 eq. is 18 h and a few days, respectively. However, at 62 degrees C in the presence of a polar solvent (sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0) the t1/2 eq. is 1-2 h. On dry silica gel (TLC plate) at 24 degrees C the t1/2 eq. is reached in less than 1 h.
The effects of northward IMF on the structure of the magnetosphere

Effects of northward IMF on the structure of the magnetosphere were studied by using a global MHD model. The model suggests a mechanism for creating high latitude sunward convection. The mechanism is not due to magnetic merging over the cusp region. Instead, the model indicates that the northward IMF field lines, which move around the magnetosphere, tend to squeeze the magnetotail at the boundary. This leads to formation of vortex flows in the tail and the observed sunward convection in the polar cap.
Current and future ethanol production technologies: costs of production and Rates of Return on invested capital

Considering the production goals for cellulosic and advanced biofuels in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), this study compares production costs and returns on invested capital for two current and three proposed ethanol technologies. Two methods use corn grain as the feedstock, and three use cellulosic feedstocks of corn stover, switchgrass and wood chips. Baseline levels are established so sensitivity analyses of rates of return on invested capital can be performed as market and performance variables vary. Monte Carlo techniques are used to determine distributions of rates of return for each technology capable of producing ethanol.
Spectral Sequence of a Fibration

This chapter is devoted to the Leray–Serre spectral sequence for the homology and cohomology of a fibration. Spectral sequences are introduced in the general context of filtered chain and cochain complexes. The Leray–Serre spectral sequence for the cohomology and the homology of a fibration is introduced and the E2 term is evaluated. Examples such as the cohomology of complex projective space and the Grassmannians and the rational cohomology of the Eilenberg–MacLane spaces are computed.
An airjet actuator system for identification of the human arm joint mechanical properties

A system for determining the mechanical properties of the human arm during unconstrained posture and movement is described. An airjet perturbation device is attached to the wrist with a special cuff, providing high-frequency stochastic perturbations in three orthogonal directions. The airjet operations as a fluidic flip-flop utilizing the Coanda effect. The design greatly reduces the mass of mechanical moving parts and enhances the frequency bandwidth dramatically. This airjet is intrinsically a bistable device that can generate arbitrary binary force sequences, such as pseudorandom binary sequences, colored white noise, and Walsh functions. The force transmissibility is identified. Cuff design and data acquisition are discussed. >
Mechanics of shaped crystal growth from the melt

We present the numerical formulation of the thermal stress driven steady-state dislocation generation during the growth of shaped crystals from the melt, with Czochralski (CZ) growth of solid cylinder III–V compound semiconductors as an example. We use and compare the Haasen–Alexander model, coupling dislocation multiplication and creep strain rates, and the Jordan model, based on thermoelastic stresses. Growth parameters may be chosen so as to produce an overall approximately flat interface, leading to reduced dislocation density in the majority of the crystal's cross section. Calculation of final dislocation density requires the initial dislocation density and all stress components along the solid-liquid interface, microstructural features which depend on the physical processes leading to solidification. The final dislocation density is not sensitive to the initial dislocation density along the solid-liquid interface, but strongly depends on the interface stress. Significant stress relaxation at the interface is required to produce experimentally observed “W” shaped dislocation patterns. Crystal growth direction and crystalline anisotropy couple elastic (lattice) and plastic (slip systems) crystalline anisotropy.
Factors associated with increased survival after photodynamic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma.

Background & Aims: Recent studies have shown a survival advantage using photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma. Factors associated with increased survival after PDT are unknown. Methods: Twenty-five patients with cholangiocarcinoma who were treated with PDT at the Mayo Clinic Rochester from 1991 to 2004 were studied. Porfimer sodium (2 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to patients with Bismuth type I (3 patients), type III a/b (13 patients), and type IV (9 patients) tumors. Forty-eight hours later, PDT was administered using a 1.5- to 2.5-cm diffusing fiber that was advanced across the tumor by either retrograde (20 patients) or percutaneous (5 patients) cholangiography. Laser light was applied for a total energy of 180 J/cm2 in 1–3 applications. Patients received PDT treatments every 3 months. Plastic biliary stents (10–11.5 F) were inserted to decompress the biliary system after PDT. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Patients were 64 (standard error of the mean, ±2.6) years of age; 20 (80%) were men. The median overall survival period was 344 days. The median survival period after PDT was 214 days. The 1-year survival rate was 30%. On multivariate analysis, the presence of a visible mass on imaging studies (hazard ratio, 3.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–10.38), and increasing time between diagnosis and PDT (hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.25) predicted a poorer survival rate after PDT. A higher serum albumin level (hazard ratio, 0.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.04–0.59) predicted a lower mortality rate after PDT. Conclusions: Patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma without a visible mass may benefit from earlier treatment with PDT.
Hyperplastic goiter in two adult dairy cows

Iodine excess and resultant hyperplastic goiter are well documented in neonatal ruminants, but little is reported on iodine excess in adult ruminants and associated histological changes of the thyroid gland. Two adult Holstein cows from a Michigan dairy herd that had lost several other animals had nonspecific clinical signs of illness and were submitted for necropsy. Thyroid glands of one of these 2 animals were grossly and markedly enlarged, and histologically, thyroid glands from both animals had regions of cystic nodular hyperplasia and follicular atrophy. Thyroid glands from both animals had markedly elevated iodine concentrations. Investigation into the potential source of excessive iodine on the farm revealed multiple sources of supplemental dietary iodine and probable uneven feed and mineral mixing. Based on the findings of this investigation, adult cattle could be susceptible to excessive doses of iodine. Possibility of previous iodine deficiency before supplementation period, with subsequent development and persistence of thyroid hyperplasia and cystic change, cannot be completely excluded. Current findings suggested that iodine excess in adult cattle can result in nodular hyperplastic goiter. Use of iodized salt in mineral supplements in adult dairy herds is common practice, and accidental excessive iodine supplement may be more common than reported. Recognizing gross and histological thyroid gland changes, consisting of concurrent cystic follicular hyperplasia, atrophy, and fibrosis should raise suspicion of iodine excess and/or prior deficiency in a cattle herd, and ancillary tests such as serum iodine measurements should be part of the diagnostic workup in suspected cases.