cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the incidence of human papillomavirus-associated head and neck cancers by race and ethnicity in the U.S., 1995-2005.

Background Head and neck cancer (HNC) incidence, mortality and survival rates vary by sex and race, with men and African Americans disproportionately affected. Risk factors for HNC include tobacco and alcohol exposure, with a recent implication of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of HNC. This study describes the epidemiology of HNC in the United States, examining variation of rates by age, sex, race/ethnicity and potential HPV-association. Methods We used the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) Cancer in North America (CINA) Deluxe Analytic Data to analyze HNC incidence for 1995–2005 from forty population-based cancer registries. We calculated age-adjusted incidence rates and incidence trends using annual percent change by age, sex, race/ethnicity and HPV-association. Results Males and Non-Hispanic Blacks experienced greater HNC incidence compared to women and other race/ethnicity groupings. A significant overall increase in HNC incidence was observed among HPV-associated sites during 1995–2005, while non HPV-associated sites experienced a significant decline in HNC incidence. Overall, younger age groups, Non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics experienced greater increases in incidence for HPV-associated sites, while HNC incidence declined for Non-Hispanic Blacks independent of HPV-association. In particular, for HPV-associated sites, HNC incidence for Non-Hispanic White males aged 45–54 increased at the greatest rate, with an APC of 6.28% (p<0.05). Among non HPV-associated sites, Non-Hispanic Black males aged 0–44 years experienced the greatest reduction in incidence (APC, −8.17%, p<0.05), while a greater decline among the older, 55–64 year age group (APC, −5.44%, p<0.05) occurred in females. Conclusions This study provides evidence that HPV-associated tumors are disproportionately affecting certain age, sex and race/ethnicity groups, representing a different disease process for HPV-associated tumors compared to non HPV-associated tumors. Our study suggests that HPV tumor status should be incorporated into treatment decisions for HNC patients to improve prognosis and survival.
Molecular Determinants of Substrate Selectivity of a Novel Organic Cation Transporter (PMAT) in the SLC29 Family

Plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT or ENT4) is a newly cloned transporter assigned to the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) family (SLC29). Unlike ENT1–3, PMAT mainly functions as a polyspecific organic cation transporter. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the unique substrate selectivity of PMAT. By constructing chimeras between human PMAT and ENT1, we showed that a chimera consisting of transmembrane domains (TM) 1–6 of PMAT and TM7–11 of hENT1 behaved like PMAT, transporting 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+, an organic cation) but not uridine (a nucleoside), suggesting that TM1–6 contains critical domains responsible for substrate recognition. To identify residues important for the cation selectivity of PMAT, 10 negatively charged residues were chosen and substituted with alanine. Five of the alanine mutants retained PMAT activity, and four were non-functional due to impaired targeting to the plasma membrane. However, alanine substitution at Glu206 in TM5 abolished PMAT activity without affecting cell surface expression. Eliminating the charge at Glu206 (E206Q) resulted in loss of organic cation transport activity, whereas conserving the negative charge (E206D) restored transporter function. Interestingly, mutant E206Q, which possesses the equivalent residue in ENT1, gained uridine transport activity. Thr220, another residue in TM5, also showed an effect on PMAT activity. Helical wheel analysis of TM5 revealed a distinct amphipathic pattern with Glu206 and Thr220 clustered in the center of the hydrophilic face. In summary, our results suggest that Glu206 functions as a critical charge sensor for cationic substrates and TM5 forms part of the substrate permeation pathway in PMAT.
Gait phase-based smoothed sliding mode control for a rotary series elastic actuator installed on the knee joint

Actuators for physical human-robot interaction (pHRI), such as series elastic actuators, should generate the desired torque precisely. However, the resistive and inertia loads inherent in the actuators (e.g., friction, damping, and inertia) set challenges in the control of actuators in a force (torque) mode. The resistive factors include nonlinear effects and should be considered in the controller design to generate the desired force accurately. Moreover, the uncertainties in the plant dynamics make the precise torque control difficult. In this paper, nonlinear control algorithms are exploited for a rotary series elastic actuator to generate the desired torque precisely in the presence of nonlinear resistive factors and modeling uncertainty. The sliding mode control smoothed by a boundary layer is applied to enhance the robustness for the modeling uncertainty without chattering phenomenon. In this paper, the rotary series elastic actuator (RSEA) is installed on the knee joint of an orthosis, and the thickness of the boundary layer is changed by gait phases in order to minimize the torque error without the chattering phenomenon. The performance of the proposed controller is verified by experiments with actual walking motions.
Automata-based computational complexity

Abstract Automata theory is the study of abstract computing devices, their organization, and their structure and computational power. Thus, automata theory is necessarily linked to other parts of mathematics which are concerned with “constructability,” but it goes further into the study of constructability by investigating a variety of abstract computing devices which perform these constructions, relating these devices to the algorithms they execute, and characterizing the simplicity of their operation. An important goal of automata theory is to understand the computational processes in relation to various classes of problems. The theory must go beyond the notion of computability and include some measure of the difficulty of the computation and how the difficulty is related to the organization of the machine that performs the computation. Two natural measures of the computational difficulty are the computation time and the amount of memory required to perform the computation on a given computing device. Both of these measures yield a rich computational complexity structure for the computable functions and a variety of results have been established about these complexity classes, their ordering, and their dependence on the organization of the computing device. Interesting applications of the memory-limited computations have been achieved in the study of context-free and context-sensitive languages, where several infinite hierarchies of complexity classes of these languages have been obtained.
ROBUST AND DYNAMICALLY CONSISTENT REDUCED ORDER MODELS

The need for reduced order models (ROMs) has become considerable higher with the increasing technological advances that allows one to model complex dynamical systems. When using ROMs, the following two questions always arise: 1) “What is the lowest dimensional ROM?” and 2) “How well does the ROM capture the dynamics of the full scale system model?” This paper considers the newly developed concepts the authors refer to as subspace robustness — the ROM is valid over a range of initial conditions, forcing functions, and system parameters — and dynamical consistency — the ROM embeds the nonlinear manifold — which quanitatively answers each question. An eighteen degree-of-freedom pinned-pinned beam which is supported by two nonlinear springs is forced periodically and stochastically for building ROMs. Smooth and proper orthogonal decompositions (SOD and POD, respectively) based ROMs are dynamically consistent in four or greater dimensions. In the strictest sense POD-based ROMs are not considered coherent whereas, SOD-based ROMs are coherent in roughly five dimesions and greater. Is is shown that in the periodically forced case, the full scale dynamics are captured in a five-dimensional POD and SOD-based ROM. For the randomly forced case, POD and SOD-based ROMs need three dimensions but SOD captures the dynamics better in a lower-dimensional space. When the ROM is developed from a different set of initial conditions and forcing values, SOD outperforms POD in periodic forcing case and are equal in the random forcing case.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Antecedents of academic engagement and the implications for college grades

Abstract The triangle model provides a theoretical analysis of academic engagement and its impact on academic performance. A path model was tested with 234 American college students and supported the proposition that engagement is a direct function of perceiving a clear, well-defined set of goals and rules for goal accomplishment (prescription clarity), perceiving that one is bound by these prescriptions (personal obligation), and perceiving personal control over one's performance (personal control). Engagement, in turn, was positively related to college grades earned later in the semester. The measure of engagement improved the prediction of grades even after controlling for high school GPA and SAT scores, and accounted for about as much variance as they did.
Spatial distribution of genetic individuals in thickets of Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, a clonal shrub.

A B S T R A C T Thickets of speckled alder (Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen) consist of numerous discrete clumps of stems. Presumably all stems in a single clump are part of a single genetic individual, but a genet could comprise more than one clump. Starch-gel electrophoresis was used to identify genetic individuals in four alder populations in central New York. A single genetic marker, a tetramer with three alleles, could discriminate five genotypes. Nearest neighbor analysis revealed that genotypes were distributed randomly. That is, the pattern of genotypes was statistically indistinguishable from a model where each clump is considered a unique individual and where clump genotypes are randomly distributed. Calculation of Morisita's index of dispersion confirmed that clumps of a single genotype were not aggregated. Although alder is capable of forming root suckers and offsets, lateral expansion of genets is apparently ineffective. Apparently, spatial distribution of genetic individuals within alder thickets is not influenced by clonal growth or by other factors acting to cause patterns in the genetic structure of plant populations.
Generalized Cross-Validation for Bandwidth Selection of Backfitting Estimates in Generalized Additive Models

This article presents a modified Newton method for minimizing multidimensional bandwidth selection for estimation in generalized additive models. The method is based on the generalized cross-validation criterion applied to backfitting estimates. The approach in particular is applicable to higher dimensional problems and provides a computationally efficient alternative to full grid search in such cases. The implementation of the proposed method requires the estimation of a number of auxiliary quantities, and simple estimators are suggested. Extensions to semiparamatric models and other bandwidth selections are discussed.
Pregnancy Outcome and Maternal Infection: The Need for Comprehensive Studies

The perinatal mortality rate has declined dramatically in the United States during the last three decades. Prematurity accounts for 70% to 80% of all perinatal deaths that are not caused by severe congenital malformations, 1 yet the rate of prematurity has not declined in the last 30 years. Thus, the decline in perinatal mortality is attributable to improved neonatal care, which has been achieved only at great cost. The estimated cost of term and premature neonatal care in the United States in 1980 was $460 million. If all neonates treated in neonatal intensive care units had instead been delivered as healthy term babies, the estimated cost for all neonatal care would have been only $50 million. 2 The additional cost of subsequent neurological morbidity in premature newborns who survive is difficult to assess. Further reduction of the perinatal death rate and the cost of neonatal care and of subsequent morbidity
The 1.0 A crystal structure of Ca(2+)-bound calmodulin: an analysis of disorder and implications for functionally relevant plasticity

Calmodulin (CaM) is a highly conserved 17 kDa eukaryotic protein that can bind specifically to over 100 protein targets in response to a Ca(2+) signal. Ca(2+)-CaM requires a considerable degree of structural plasticity to accomplish this physiological role; however, the nature and extent of this plasticity remain poorly characterized. Here, we present the 1.0 A crystal structure of Paramecium tetraurelia Ca(2+)-CaM, including 36 discretely disordered residues and a fifth Ca(2+) that mediates a crystal contact. The 36 discretely disordered residues are located primarily in the central helix and the two hydrophobic binding pockets, and reveal correlated side-chain disorder that may assist target-specific deformation of the binding pockets. Evidence of domain displacements and discrete backbone disorder is provided by translation-libration-screw (TLS) analysis and multiconformer models of protein disorder, respectively. In total, the evidence for disorder at every accessible length-scale in Ca(2+)-CaM suggests that the protein occupies a large number of hierarchically arranged conformational substates in the crystalline environment and may sample a quasi-continuous spectrum of conformations in solution. Therefore, we propose that the functionally distinct forms of CaM are less structurally distinct than previously believed, and that the different activities of CaM in response to Ca(2+) may result primarily from Ca(2+)-mediated alterations in the dynamics of the protein.
High-Load, ROMP-Generated Oligomeric Bis-acid Chlorides: Design of Soluble and Insoluble Nucleophile Scavengers

An efficient strategy for scavenging a host of nucleophiles utilizing an oligomeric bis-acid chloride (OBAC), generated from the ROM polymerization of trans-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarbonyl dichloride, is described. The reactivity and high load of the OBAC reagent is exploited in the scavenging of amines, alcohols, and thiols that are present in excess following a common benzoylation event. Following the scavenging event, these oligomers can be precipitated with EtOAc and filtered (SiO2), leaving benzoylated nucleophiles in excellent yield and purity.
A Recent Quest for Religious Roots: The Revival of the Guangze Zunwang Cult and Its Sino-Southeast Asian Networks, 1978–2009

This article examines issues surrounding the revival of the cult of Guangze Zunwang and its religious networks between Southeast China and the Chinese in Malaysia and Singapore from 1978 to 2009. It reveals that the quest of overseas Chinese for the religious roots of Guangze Zunwang’s cult has contributed to the rebuilding of the Shishan Fengshan Si in particular and the cult’s sacred sites in general. The resurgence of diasporic religious networks has facilitated the transnational movement of financial resources and allowed overseas Chinese to make regular pilgrimages and participate in the cult’s religious activities in China. I argue that, on the one hand, this renewal of religious ties, which has led to the proliferation of pilgrimages and religious excursions to the cult’s sacred sites in China, and expeditions from China to Malaysia and Singapore, has benefited both the Shishan Fengshan Si and the overseas temples; on the other hand, it led to religious competition and inter-temple rivalries betwee...
Solid-State Fermentation with Aspergillus niger for Cellobiase Production

Aspergillus niger NRRL3 was cultivated in a moist wheat bran and ground corncob solid medium supplemented with inorganic minerals for the production of cellobiase (β-1, 4-glucosidase, EC 3.2.1.21). With this method, A. niger NRRL3 was able to produce a high concentration of cellobiase (215 IU/g of solid substrate) after 96 h of incubation. Temperature and moisture content affected final cellobiase titers. The best conditions for cellobiase production from solid substrate by A. niger NRRL3 were determined to be 70% moisture and 35°C.
Threshold cusp in the s-wave neutron strength function

Abstract The energy dependence of the l = 0, S -matrix neutron strength function is calculated in the scattering length approximation, both above and below neutron threshold and is found to exhibit a cusp exactly at threshold. Although only its upper half is accessible to neutron-resonance experiments, it should be observable in the spectroscopic factors extracted from (d, p) reactions leading to states of the final nucleus in the neighbourhood of neutron thresholds. It should be especially prominent for nuclei with A ≈ 55 and A ≈ 155, where the 3s and 4s single-particle states are virtual.
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: A treatment update

Inflammatory myopathies encompass a variety of syndromes with protean manifestations. Although the mainstay of therapy continues to include corticosteroids, there are a multitude of agents available for treating patients with myositis. These include many different immunosuppressive agents alone or in combination with each other, as well as an increasing array of novel and exciting biologic agents targeting molecules implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory myopathy. The systemic manifestations of myositis, particularly pulmonary involvement, are especially challenging to treat and contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Rehabilitative measures are often overlooked in the treatment of myositis, but may significantly improve the functional outcome of patients with these disorders.
A TE1, 3 gyrotron at 85 GHz†

A TE1, 3 gyrotron to operate at 85 GHz with an output power of 300 kW has been designed, fabricated and tested. The device is described and results of the experimentation are given. A comparison with theory is made. Operation at the design frequency was achieved and output powers approaching 200 kW with efficiencies of 30% have been obtained.
Imaging spectropolarimetry of cloudy skies

The polarization state of atmospheric radiance varies with cloudiness and cloud type. We have developed a dual-field-of-view imaging spectro-polarimeter for measuring atmospheric polarization in five spectral bands from 450 to 700 nm. This instrument improves the acquisition time of past full-sky digital camera designs to 400 ms using liquid crystal variable retarders (LCVRs). The system can be used to measure polarization with either fisheye or telephoto optics, allowing studies of all-sky and target polarization. We present and describe measurements of sky polarization with clear and variably cloudy sky conditions. In clear skies, we observe a slight upward trend of the degree of polarization with wavelength, in agreement with previous observations. Presence of clouds generally reduces both cloudy sky and surrounding clear sky degree of polarization. The polarization measured from a cloud often reflects only the Rayleigh scattering between the instrument and the cloud, but some of our recent data shows partially polarized cloud scattering.
Virial excess mixing coefficient corrections for the adsorbed solution theory

The virial excess mixing coefficient (VEMC) model is proposed to describe multicomponent adsorption equilibria for nonideal systems. It expresses a nonideal adsorbed mixture by an ideal adsorbed solution with VEMC corrections. It reduces to the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) when depicting an ideal adsorbed mixture. The model is thermodynamically sound and accurate in describing systems. Adsorbed-phase activity coefficients can be evaluated with the model. The VEMC model is used to investigate binary and ternary adsorption of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and propane on H-mordenite and binary adsorption of n-hexane and water on BPL activated carbon.
Contributions of paternal care to the growth and development of the young in Peromyscus californicus.

Because parental care is pronounced in male Peromyscus californicus parasiticus , experiments were performed in search of a reproductive advantage associated with such behavior. With the mother always in the cage, pups were heavier until they were about 22 days old if the father was also in the cage. When the mother was removed for 12 hr each day pups developed faster if the father was caged with them than if he had been removed immediately after the pups were born. At a given stage of development, the weights of these pups were the same whether or not they were being raised with their father. Early weaned pups were more likely to survive weaning if caged with their father. In the absence of the mother, pups caged with their father had higher body temperatures than pups without their father. This supports the hypothesis that the effect of the male parent on growth and development of the pups was due to his keeping them warm. The possible significance of this for mice in the wild state is discussed.
Segregation and influence of boron on the impact toughness of Ti-6 pct Al-2 pct Nb-1 pct Ta-0.8 Pct mo welds and castings

Trace levels of boron (>0.0010 pct) lowered the impact toughness of welds and castings of Ti-6211. Because the boron effect is also observed in titanium and other titanium alloys, determining the embrittling mechanism is the objective of a continuing study. This study indicates that impaired toughness may result from preferential segregation of boron to the grain boundaries and/or refinement of the ..cap alpha.. + ..beta.. colony microstructure.
High Tech Hunks of Steel: Fixed-Site Amusement Rides and Safety Under State Regulation

Tomorrow is the big day! Little Bobby Missoula is going to turn ten tomorrow and his parents have promised to take him to Outlandish Adventures, an amusement park that Bobby has seen advertised on television. As Bobby drifts off to sleep, he begins to dream about the fun that he will have on his birthday. He dreams about the smell of cotton candy and the yells of carnies soliciting people in to play their games, but most of all, he dreams about the Lightning Bolt - the tallest, fastest, and scariest roller coaster that little Bobby has ever seen. In his dream, the Lightning Bolt whips Bobby around sharp angles, through upside down loops so close to water that Bobby’s hair and face get wet, down vertical descents at speeds over 100 miles per hour, and finally to an abrupt stop where Bobby rushes to the end of the line to do it all over again.
Pesticides and politics : the life cycle of a public issue

Winner of the 1988 Policy Studies Organization Book Award Among the more dramatic changes brought by World War II was the widespread introduction of new synthetic chemical pesticides - products welcomed as technological answers to a whole host of agricultural problems. The dangers posed by these products were often ignored in the rush to get them onto the market. Federal policy primarily reflected the interests of those promoting the new technologies. The risks associated with pesticides, as yet ill-understood, continued to be played down during the 1950s, despite their sudden emergence as a public problem as a result of health scares and fish and wildlife deaths following massive pest eradication campaigns. These events, together with the publication of Rachel Carson s "Silent Spring," spawned the environmental movement of the 1960s. Dramatic changes came in the early 1970s as environmental values permeated the institutions and dynamics of American politics. Such changes produced new priorities, and - in part - a redirection in federal policy on chemical pesticides. The National Environmental Policy Act, the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency, congressional reforms, and broad popular support opened opportunities for those seeking to alter pesticides policy. But by the mid-1980s, after more than a decade of conflict, that policy is in limbo, caught between powerful environmental, economic, and political forces. How did this happen? "Pesticides and Politics" traces the long battle over control of pesticides through an analytical framework that is at the same time historical, comparative, and theoretical. Christopher J. Bosso s account analyzes the responses to this complex problem by commercial interests, government, the media, and the public, and shows how the issue evolved over forty years of technological and political change. Bosso s research leads to a number of insights about the U.S. structure of governance. It shows how the system itself determines who gains access to decision making and who is excluded, and how conflicts are redefined as the range of interests attached to them grows. Bosso concludes that for fundamental institutional reasons, as well as political ones, federal pesticides policy lies stalled and impotent in the mid-1980s. Relying heavily on government documents, the sizable literature on environmental politics, and interviews with relevant policy actors, "Pesticides and Politics" will enlighten students of the public policy process, and also be useful in courses in policy making and policy analysis."
A High‐Throughput UPLC Method for the Characterization of Chemical Modifications in Monoclonal Antibody Molecules

Development of high-throughput release and characterization assays is critical for the effective support of the rapidly growing biologics pipeline for biotherapeutics. Clipping of polypeptide chains is commonly monitored during process optimization, formulation development, and stability studies. A reduced capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate (rCE -SDS) method is often used as a purity release assay for monitoring clips in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs); however, it has a cycle time of approximately 40 min, which is not suited for high-throughput screening. Additionally, the characterization of clips and variants from electropherograms is not straightforward and takes significant time. Reduced reversed-phase (RP) chromatography has been a popular assay for the characterization and identification of clips and variants because it can be directly coupled with online mass spectrometric analysis. However, the high-column temperature and low pH required for RP assays can induce on-column cleavage and therefore skew the results. To minimize on-column degradation, we have developed a high-throughput method with a significantly shorter cycle time of 5 min. The short cycle time was achieved using an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) system with a 1.7 μm phenyl column. This UPLC method allowed quantitation of hinge clipping in an IgG1 molecule and acid induced aspartic acid/proline (D/P) clip in an IgG2 molecule. The results from the UPLC method were comparable to those obtained with rCE-SDS. Additionally, the phenyl column offered partial resolution of oxidation and other chemical modifications, making this technique an attractive assay for high-throughput process characterization and formulation screens.
5’ Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase, Metabolism and Exercise

The 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a member of a metabolite-sensing protein kinase family that functions as a metabolic 'fuel gauge' in skeletal muscle. AMPK is a ubiquitous heterotrimeric protein, consisting of an alpha catalytic, and beta and gamma regulatory subunits that exist in multiple isoforms and are all required for full enzymatic activity. During exercise, AMPK becomes activated in skeletal muscle in response to changes in cellular energy status (e.g. increased adenosine monophosphate [AMP]/adenosine triphosphate [ATP] and creatine/phosphocreatine ratios) in an intensity-dependent manner, and serves to inhibit ATP-consuming pathways, and activate pathways involved in carbohydrate and fatty-acid metabolism to restore ATP levels. Recent evidence shows that although AMPK plays this key metabolic role during acute bouts of exercise, it is also an important component of the adaptive response of skeletal muscles to endurance exercise training because of its ability to alter muscle fuel reserves and expression of several exercise-responsive genes. This review discusses the putative roles of AMPK in acute and chronic exercise responses, and suggests avenues for future AMPK research in exercise physiology and biochemistry.
Accelerated Deformation of Rock Salt at Elevated Temperature

Laboratory creep tests on model salt pilla s at ambient and elevated temperatures enabled us to derive an empirical relationship between creep, stress, temperature, and time: Element = 9.2 x 10 -36 T10.9σ3.2 t0.35 + A This information is being used to predict the behavior in mines designed for the disposal of concentrated radioactive wastes .
Redistribution of intrarenal blood flow following adh administration: Lack of inhibition by blockade of prostaglandin cyclooxygenase

The effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition on the redistribution of renal cortical blood flow in response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was examined using radioactive microspheres in water loaded, thiopental-anesthetized dogs. Microsphere injections were made during a control and an ADH infusion period (0.35 mU/kg/min following a 20 mU/kg bolus) both before and after indomethacin pretreatment (8 mg/kg intravenously). Urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) excretion in each period was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ADH caused a marked redistribution of flow toward inner cortical zones from 19±1 to 25±2 ml/min (mean± SE, p < 0.01). Fractional flow to inner zones was also significantly increased. Indomethacin pretreatment had no effect on the ADH-induced redistribution (17±2 vs. 24±2 ml/min, p < 0.01), although urinary PGE2 excretion was suppressed by indomethacin by 60%. It is concluded that prostaglandins do not mediate the redistribution of intrarenal blood flow accompanying ADH administration.
Selection for Shuttle Avoidance in Wild Mus musculus

Within-families artificial selection produced differential avoidance behavior in a population of laboratory-reared wildMus musculus. The six lines of a replicated lines design consisted of six breeding pairs each. Scores on the final day of a 5-day shuttle-avoidance task diverged by the third generation for high and low lines of each replication. Heritability estimates for the wild population differed from reported estimates for domesticated groups. General interpretations advanced from analyses of these groups are questioned.
Technical assistance for institutional capacity building the transferability of administrative structures and practices

The US government has been actively engaged for the last 15 years in foreign assistance programs for building democratic governance institutions and enhancing overall government capacity in the for...
A Review of:“Principles of Process Planning: A Logical Approach”Gideon Halevi and Roland D. Weill Chapman & Hall, 1995, 400 pp., ISBN 0-412-54360-5

(1997). A Review of:“Principles of Process Planning: A Logical Approach”Gideon Halevi and Roland D. Weill Chapman & Hall, 1995, 400 pp., ISBN 0-412-54360-5. IIE Transactions: Vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 624-625.
Family Therapy Training: Academic and Internship Opportunities for Psychologists

Institutions that train psychologists in psychotherapy skills have generally neglected the family approach. This article provides information on both university departments of psychology and psychology internship facilities that include family therapy training in their programs.
The impact of low cost carriers on Korean Island tourism

Abstract Given the mixed findings of extant research on the impact of low-cost carriers (hereafter LCC) on aviation markets (with some studies showing stimulation of new demand, other studies showing LCCs encroaching on the turf of full-service carriers), the emergence of LCCs in Korea raised an interesting question as to whether or not they actually contribute to overall growth in domestic air traffic. The literature has paid limited attention to this issue so far. Employing a multivariate regression analysis with monthly data from 2000 to 2009, the impact of LCCs on tourism demand to a popular destination in Korea, Jeju Island, is examined, focusing on two specific questions: Have LCCs generated new tourism demand and brought more tourism revenue into the island’s economy? Have LCCs mitigated tourism seasonality on the island? Controlling for the effects of a number of factors, results showed that LCCs have generated new demand in addition to existing tourist flows to the island. Korean LCCs accounted for 35% of total passengers in 2009, which indicates an average growth rate of 161.7% over the last 4 years, compared to a −0.3% growth rate for all full-service carriers in Korea. However, LCCs seem to have had little impact on reducing seasonal fluctuations in passenger traffic to Jeju Island. The findings of this study will be of interest to researchers, policy makers, and a variety of stakeholders in the tourism industry interested in the relationship between no-frills airlines and island economies.
Bidirectional axonal transport of glycoproteins in goldfish optic nerve.

Abstract The goldfish visual system was used to study the relationships between anterograde and retrograde transport of axonal glycoproteins. After intraocular injection of radioactive glucosamine, determinations were made of the normal time course of appearance of labeled glycoproteins in the optic nerve and tectum and of their time course of accumulation on both sides of an optic nerve crush. The labeled glycoproteins, transported at a maximum velocity of about 80 mm/day, continued to pass through the optic nerve in significant amounts for as long as 24 h after the injection, with a maximum at about 6 to 14 h. Retrograde transport of labeled materials back from the optic tectum to the same point in the nerve began about 5 h later, indicating a minimum possible retrograde velocity of about 36 mm/day and a maximum possible lag time in the axon terminals (with the assumption of equal retrograde and anterograde velocities) of 1 to 2 h. When delivery of glycoproteins from the retina to the optic tectum was interrupted by a nerve crush 8 h after injection, a component with rapid turnover in the tectum was revealed having a half-life of not more than 6 h. At least 40% of this turnover could be attributed to retrograde transport. The amount of labeled glycoprotein transported in a retrograde direction 8 to 10 h after injection was greatly elevated in regenerating axons 2 weeks after the optic tract was cut.
Dermorphin: Cardiovascular and symphathetic modulation in the anteroventral hypothalamus of conscious rats

Cardiovascular and sympathetic responses to hypothalamic injections of dermorphin were studied in conscious rats. Microinjections of 10 pmol of dermorphin into the nucleus preopticus medialis (POM) elicited tachycardia without changing the mean blood pressure (MBP). A higher dose of dermorphin (100 pmol) caused prolonged tachycardia, and an increase in MBP. The pressor/tachycardic period following injection of 100 pmol dermorphin was accompanied by increased levels of plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine. These data suggest that the POM region is an important site for sympathetic activation and pressor/tachycardic effects of dermorphin.
Starch Characteristics of Waxy and Nonwaxy Tetraploid (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) Wheats

ABSTRACT Manufacture of pasta products is paramount for durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). The recent development of waxy durum wheat containing starch with essentially 100% amylopectin may provide new food processing applications and present opportunities for value-added crop production. This investigation was conducted to determine differences in some chemical and functional properties of waxy durum starch. Starch was isolated from two waxy endosperm lines and four nonwaxy cultivars of durum wheat. One of the waxy lines (WX-1) was a full waxy durum wheat whereas the other line (WX-0) was heterogeneous, producing both waxy and nonwaxy seed. Effects on starch swelling, solubility, pasting, gelatinization, and retrogradation were examined. The full waxy starch had four times more swelling power than the nonwaxy durum starches at 95°C, and was also more soluble at three of the four temperatures used. Starch pasting occurred earlier and peak viscosities were greater for starches from both waxy li...
Isolation and identification of the first C-17 limonin epimer, epilimonin.

Limonoids are a family of highly oxygenated triterpenoid secondary metabolites found in significant quantities in Citrus and reported to possess multiple health promoting properties. This is the fi...
Psilocybin: biphasic dose-response effects on the acoustic startle reflex in the rat

The startle reflex was measured in 7 groups of 10 rats each after intraperitoneal injection of saline or 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg psilocybin. Low doses (0.75-2.0 mg/kg) increased startle amplitude whereas high doses (4.0-8.0 mg/kg) depressed startle. Selected low (0.71 mg/kg) or high (5.70 mg/kg) doses of psilocin also had a biphasic dose-response effect on startle comparable in magnitude to equimolar doses of psilocybin. This biphasic dose-response relationship of the indole hallucinogen, psilocybin, on startle is consistent with the hypothesis that startle is increased when the firing rates of midbrain raphe neurons are selectively inhibited but is depressed when neurons postsynaptic to raphe cells are also inhibited.
Resource Nationalism Meets the Market: Political Risk and the Value of Petroleum Reserves

This paper investigates the effect of resource nationalism on the value of petroleum (crude oil and natural gas) reserves. We develop a framework for treating resource nationalism as political risk, and utilize data on reserve transactions (from John S. Herold) and political risk ratings (from International Country Risk Guide and Institutional Investor) for the period 2000–2006. Controlling for other factors that affect reserve value, we demonstrate the value destruction of political risk, and estimate the political risk discount for 37 countries. The paper contributes to both the international business literature and practitioner approaches to political risk analysis in demonstrating use of publicly available market data from real-asset transactions to measure the cost of political risk. We also show that the discount depends on market conditions: the higher expected future petroleum prices are, the larger is the discount at any level of political risk. This insight adds a new dimension to analysis of political risk, which is typically measured and examined without regard to market conditions.
The Seismic Wavefield Volume I: Introduction and Theoretical Development

Five years ago, there were just a few high-level seismology textbooks. This situation has changed dramatically; the many books available today cover the entire scope of the subject. Kennett's new two-volume text, The Seismic Wavefield, is a valuable addition to this collection. Volume I: Introduction and Theoretical Development is divided into two parts, 16 chapters, and an appendix. The introduction is aimed at developing an appreciation for the scope of seismic signals. There are examples of regional, teleseismic, strong motion, and oil industry time series, and the nature of the seismic noise spectrum is used to motivate the design of instrumentation. Part I focuses on seismic observations and the structure of the Earth. The discussion in this part is always motivated by the data. Many excellent illustrations depict basic seismological concepts such as P and S waves, surface waves, source mechanisms, and teleseismic phase nomenclature. Emphasis in Part I is placed on developing intuition rather than the underlying theory which is relegated to Part II.
Intronic polymorphisms affecting alternative splicing of human dopamine D2 receptor are associated with cocaine abuse.

The dopamine receptor D2 (encoded by DRD2) is implicated in susceptibility to mental disorders and cocaine abuse, but mechanisms responsible for this relationship remain uncertain. DRD2 mRNA exists in two main splice isoforms with distinct functions: D2 long (D2L) and D2 short (D2S, lacking exon 6), expressed mainly postsynaptically and presynaptically, respectively. Two intronic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs rs2283265 (intron 5) and rs1076560 (intron 6)) in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other have been reported to alter D2S/D2L splicing and several behavioral traits in human subjects, such as memory processing. To assess the role of DRD2 variants in cocaine abuse, we measured levels of D2S and D2L mRNA in human brain autopsy tissues (prefrontal cortex and putamen) obtained from cocaine abusers and controls, and genotyped a panel of DRD2 SNPs (119 abusers and 95 controls). Robust effects of rs2283265 and rs1076560 on reducing formation of D2S relative to D2L were confirmed. The minor alleles of rs2283265/rs1076560 were considerably more frequent in Caucasians (18%) compared with African Americans (7%). Also, in Caucasians, rs2283265/rs1076560 minor alleles were significantly overrepresented in cocaine abusers compared with controls (rs2283265: 25 to 9%, respectively; p=0.001; OR=3.4 (1.7–7.1)). Several SNPs previously implicated in diverse clinical association studies are in high LD with rs2283265/rs1076560 and could have served as surrogate markers. Our results confirm the role of rs2283265/rs1076560 in D2 alternative splicing and support a strong role in susceptibility to cocaine abuse.
Picosecond coherence time measurement with a double slit.

A double-slit diffraction experiment is described for measuring pulse coherence time, pulse widths, and maximum power of laser radiation pulses. (AIP)
Employment and Insurance Status in Hodgkin Lymphoma Survivors

Materials/Methods: The study facilities include a small semi-urban, an inner-city, an urban, a rural, and a control hospital located in a semi-urban area. Using the UPMC EPIC billing system, new patients diagnosed with cancer who had consultations (CPT-4 codes: 99201-5, 99241-5, 99251-5) during 2003-2007 were identified. Results: The overall proportion of newly diagnosed cancer patients who had consultations and were insured by Medicare HMOs increased from 20.9% in 2003 to 26.5% in 2007. The estimated monthly cost of a qualifying clinical trial for a patient was $112.80 for trial #05-025, $326.60 for trial #03-091, $2,152.20 for trial #06-112, and $3082.8 for trial #05-044. In 2007, 103 subjects were screened for clinical trials in the UPMC cancer centers and opted out of enrolling on a Medicare qualifying clinical trial due to increased financial burden. Conclusions: Since the passing of the Medicare Modernization Act and the establishment of Medicare Advantage in 2003, the number of Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in managed care has increased. Our results are consistent with the national trend that there is an increasing number of aging cancer patients enrolled in Medicare HMOs. Our findings suggest that Medicare HMO reimbursement policy hinders cancer clinical trial participation in the ROCOG facilities.
The Evolution of Negation.

Recently, linguists have discovered (or, more accurately, rediscovered) the role that historical linguistics can legitimately play in providing explanations for the facts of synchronic language types. Greater awareness of synchronic variability and its source in historical changes in progress has focused attention on the concept of a language as a system not of static structures, but of interacting processes which the individual speaker becomes involved in as he/she acquires the language and enters the language community (Weinreich, Labov & Herzog, 1968). These processes are hypothesized to be universal, in that they may occur in any language family at any time period (though the initial actuation of a change is still a riddle, ibid. 102).
The importance of regulatory T-cell heterogeneity in maintaining self-tolerance

CD4(+) Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3)(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the major cell type that mediates dominant tolerance in the periphery. Over the past decade, extensive study of Tregs has revealed that these cells express substantial heterogeneity to maintain tolerance and regulate immune responses. Tregs possess heterogeneity with respect to their origin and processes for development, functional activity, migratory pattern, and activation status. Some of the same environmental cues and molecular pathways utilized to generate specialized T-effector cells are also integrated by Tregs to colocalize and fine-tune suppressive mechanisms to optimally regulate and restrain distinctive self and antigen-specific T-cell responses. Here, we review our current understanding and significance of Treg heterogeneity in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance. We also highlight recent work from our laboratory that has studied the extent phenotypically distinct Treg subsets are related to each other and expand in an ordered fashion to give rise to highly activated short-lived Klrg1(+) suppressor cells to optimize immune regulation and maintain homeostasis of the Treg compartment.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of an energy efficiency program for new home construction in eastern North Carolina

This paper reports on the evaluation of the effectiveness of an energy efficiency program in eastern North Carolina. This subject program is focused on improved construction methods for residential housing. The program incorporates proven energy saving technologies, construction procedures, onsite inspections, and design construction methodologies in new residential construction. The analysis compared the energy usage associated with the houses built in conjunction with the energy efficiency program (test group) with similar new residential construction unrelated to the program (control group). Several statistical methods were employed to establish differences between the energy efficiency program participants and the control group. The analysis provides significant support for the effectiveness of this energy efficiency program and supports the suitability of similar efforts for inclusion in plans for renewable energy offsets and energy efficiency standards.
Research in accounting: Student perspectives

Abstract Academicians and practitioners often lament the minimal and/or slow impact of accounting research on practice. One potential cause for this may be the limited course coverage in the accounting curriculum regarding the role of research, current research issues and findings, and the influence of past prominent writers on contemporary thought. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of student awareness concerning these issues. Questionnaires were sent to a random, national sample of 30 universities with Beta Alpha Psi chapters. Eighteen universities chose to participate, yielding 184 student responses. Students perceived a strong need for accounting research and believed that a significant amount was being performed. However, there was confusion as to which key parties (FASB, SEC, etc.) were the predominant forces in conducting research. In particular, the unique role and level of academic research was not recognized. Finally, students felt that the course coverage of accounting research and the key writers was limited. These findings suggest that curriculum coverage of research in accounting needs to be reassessed and expanded if there is to be a clear understanding by those entering practice of the nature and role of research in the field.