cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Researching specific non-profit organizations: a selective bibliography

The non‐profit sector is a large, vital part of the US economy. Many researchers and librarians face research questions dealing with non‐profit organizations, especially questions about the fundraising, lobbying, and administrative expenses of specific non‐profits. This selective bibliography identifies sources to assist both librarians and researchers in locating information on specific not‐for‐profit organizations. It focuses principally on three main types of non‐profits: charities, foundations, and associations.
Toward modeling of regional myocardial ischemia and infarction: generation of realistic coronary arterial tree for the heart model of the XCAT phantom

A realistic 3D coronary arterial tree (CAT) has been developed for the heart model of the computer generated 3D XCAT phantom. The CAT allows generation of a realistic model of the location, size and shape of the associated regional ischemia or infarction for a given coronary arterial stenosis or occlusion. This in turn can be used in medical imaging applications. An iterative rule-based generation method that systematically utilized anatomic, morphometric and physiologic knowledge was used to construct a detailed realistic 3D model of the CAT in the XCAT phantom. The anatomic details of the myocardial surfaces and large coronary arterial vessel segments were first extracted from cardiac CT images of a normal patient with right coronary dominance. Morphometric information derived from porcine data from the literature, after being adjusted by scaling laws, provided statistically nominal diameters, lengths, and connectivity probabilities of the generated coronary arterial segments in modeling the CAT of an average human. The largest six orders of the CAT were generated based on the physiologic constraints defined in the coronary generation algorithms. When combined with the heart model of the XCAT phantom, the realistic CAT provides a unique simulation tool for the generation of realistic regional myocardial ischemia and infraction. Together with the existing heart model, the new CAT provides an important improvement over the current 3D XCAT phantom in providing a more realistic model of the normal heart and the potential to simulate myocardial diseases in evaluation of medical imaging instrumentation, image reconstruction, and data processing methods.
FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE AND POSITIVE HEALTH PRACTICES IN ADOLESCENTS

Samples of 84 middle and 106 late adolescents responded to the Future Time Perspective Inventory and the Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire. Statistically significant positive but weak correlations (.20-.26) were found between length of future time perspective and the practice of positive health behaviors in both samples. Subscale analyses of individual health practices in relation to future time perspective yielded some statistically significant positive but weak correlations for both samples.
Is Aspartate 52 Essential for Catalysis by Chicken Egg White Lysozyme? The Role of Natural Substrate-Assisted Hydrolysis†

The chicken and goose egg white lysozymes (ChEWL and GoEWL) are homologues, but differ in substrate specificity. ChEWL catalyzes the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bonds of bacterial peptidoglycans and chitin-derived substrates, while GoEWL is specific for bacterial peptidoglycans. The active-site aspartate 52 residue of ChEWL, which is postulated to stabilize the oxocarbenium ion intermediate, has no counterpart in GoEWL. The substrate specificity of the D52A ChEWL mutant was compared with those of wild-type ChEWL and GoEWL. D52A ChEWL retains approximately 4% of the wild-type catalytic activity in reactions with three different bacterial cell suspensions. Asp52 therefore is not essential to the catalytic mechanism, accounting for only a 2 kcal/mol decrease in AG. The function of Asp52 in D52A ChEWL- and GoEWL-catalyzed cleavage of (carboxymethyl)chitin may be partially fulfilled by an appropriately positioned carboxyl group on the substrate (substrate-assisted catalysis). D52A ChEWL and GoEWL, unlike wild-type ChEWL, exhibit biphasic kinetics in the clearing of Micrococcus luteus cell suspensions, suggesting preferences for subsets of the linkages in the M. luteus peptidoglycan. These subsets do not exist in the peptidoglycans of Escherichia coli or Sarcina lutea, since neither D52A ChEWL nor GoEWL exhibits initial bursts in reactions with suspensions of these bacteria. Wemore » propose that substrate-assisted catalysis occurs in reactions of D52A ChEWL and GoEWL with M. luteus peptidoglycans, with the glycine carboxyl group of uncross-linked peptides attached to N-acetylmuramic acid partially substituting the function of the missing Asp52. 52 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.« less
Holocaust Resources on the Internet: A Presence and Usage Survey.

Due to the wealth of information available on the Internet, using it for research is often difficult and time consuming. These barriers can be traced to the Internet's mystic appeal. This misplaced...
Three Simultaneous Multiple Primary Carcinomas in One Patient

We have observed a patient with three synchronous primary carcinomas involving two organs. An occult adenocarcinoma of the colon was found during investigation for a pulmonary lesion which proved to be a squamous cell carcinoma. When the resected lung was examined histologically, a third carcinoma of an oat cell type was identified.
Rap1GAP Induces Secretion of MMP-9 and Promotes Invasion in Human Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

MOTES INVASION IN HUMAN OROPHARYNGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA. N. J. D’Silva, R. S. Mitra, S. Palit, D. Maldonado, K. Cordell, Q. Pan, D. Chepeha, and B. Henson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Rap1GAP functions by switching off rap1, the raslike protein that has been associated with carcinogenesis. Previous findings suggest that rap1GAP acts as a tumor suppressor protein in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by delaying the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. The objective of the current study was to investigate the role of rap1GAP in invasion and migration of SCC cells and in secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), which degrades extracellular matrix. Using SCC cells transfected with empty vector or rap1GAP, cell invasion and migration were determined by Matrigel, wounding, and motility assays. Cells transfected with rap1GAP exhibited a more invasive and motile phenotype than corresponding control cells. Consistent with these findings, rap1GAP-dependent secretion of MMP-9 was observed on zymograms. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of MMP-9 secretion inhibited migration of rap1GAP transfected cells. Cell proliferation, as determined by the trypan blue enumeration assay, was inhibited by rap1GAP. Immunohistochemical staining of a SCC tissue microarray from 90 tumors showed variable expression of rap1GAP in different tumors. In conclusion, rap1GAP inhibits tumor growth but induces MMP-9 mediated SCC invasion and migration in vitro, suggesting a role for this protein as a biomarker for small (early stage) but aggressive SCCs.
Bistability and instability of three-level atoms inside an optical cavity

Optical bistability and dynamic instability are experimentally observed and studied in a system consisting of three-level A-type rubidium atoms in an optical ring cavity. The bistable behavior and self-pulsing frequency are experimentally manipulated by changing the controlling and cavity field parameters (power and frequency). These nonlinear effects are influenced by the enhanced Kerr nonlinearity due to atomic coherence in such a system.
Radiation induced cavity formation and gold precipitation at the interfaces of a ZrO2/SiO2/Si heterostructure

Thin films nano-crystalline zirconia of ~ 300 nm thick were deposited on Si substrate, and the samples were irradiated with 2 MeV Au+ ions at temperatures of 160 and 400 K, up to fluences of 35 displacements per atom. The films were then studied using glancing incidence x-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering, secondary ion mass spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. During the irradiation, cavities were observed to form at the zirconia/silicon interface. The morphology of the cavities was found to be related to the damage state of the underlying Si substrate. Elongated cavities were observed when the substrate is heavily damaged but not amorphized; however, when the substrate is rendered amorphous, the cavities become spherical. As the ion dose increases, the cavities then act as efficient gettering sites for the Au. The concentration of oxygen within the cavities determines the order in which the cavities getter. Following complete filling of the cavities, the interface acts as the secondary gettering site for the Au. The Au precipitates are determined to be elemental in nature due to the high binding free energy for the formation of Au-silicides.
Plasma and CSF pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in nonhuman primates.

Purpose: The antiviral nucleoside analogue ganciclovir is a potent inhibitor of replication in herpes viruses and is effective against cytomegalovirus infections in immunocompromised patients. Ganciclovir is also used in cancer gene therapy studies that utilize the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (HSV-TK). The pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in adults and children have been described previously but there are no detailed studies of the CNS pharmacology of ganciclovir. We studied the pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in plasma and CSF in a nonhuman primate model that is highly predictive of the CSF penetration of drugs in humans. Methods: Ganciclovir, 10 mg/kg i.v., was administered over 30 min to three animals. Ganciclovir concentrations in plasma and CSF were measured using reverse-phase HPLC. Results: Peak plasma ganciclovir concentrations ranged from 18.3 to 20.0 μg/ml and the mean plasma AUC was 1075 ± 202 μg/ml · min. Disappearance of ganciclovir from the plasma was biexponential with a distribution half-life (t1/2α) of 18 ± 7 min and an elimination half-life (t1/2β) of 109 ± 7 min. Total body clearance (ClTB) was 9.4 ± 1.6 ml/min/kg. The mean CSF ganciclovir AUC was 168 ± 83 μg/ml · min and the mean peak CSF concentration was 0.7 ± 0.3 μg/ml. The ratio of the AUCs in CSF and plasma was 15.5 ± 7.1%. Conclusions: Ganciclovir penetrates into the CSF following i.v. administration. This finding will be useful in the design of gene therapy trials involving the HSV-TK gene followed by treatment with ganciclovir in CNS or leptomeningeal tumors.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Data-Based Investigations of the Quality of Preschool and Early Child Care Environments

Children’s preschool and early child care environments are critical contexts in which to support learning and development in early childhood. Enrollment in preschool programs has risen steadily over the past 10 years, especially among children from families that lack economic and social resources. Now, almost 60% of U.S. children attend preschool before going to school, and the prevalence of children attending any type of out-of-home child care prior to school entry is even greater (U.S. Census Bureau, 2005). By virtue of their prevalence alone, these contexts hold great potential for contributing to (or thwarting) patterns of healthy social and academic development. However, much remains to be learned about how early educational settings relate to children’s learning and development. Developmental and educational science requires a richer understanding of the predictors, qualities and characteristics, and consequences of children’s early school environments as well as the mechanisms underlying their influence. This special issue and the research described within are situated in a national funding and policy context that presses for evidence-based practice in American schools. Ultimately, the goal of such efforts is to increase the quality of preschool and early child care practices, processes, and environments by increasing educaEARLY EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT, 20(2), 201–210 Copyright © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1040-9289 print / 1556-6935 online DOI: 10.1080/10409280902773369
Frost Phenomena on Mars

The hypothesis that the Martian wave of darkening might be a frostheaving phenomenon has been examined. Consideration of the water-vapor sorption characteristics of a silicate mineral surface at temperatures below freezing leads to the conclusion that, without strongly deliquescent salts to attract and retain liquid water in the Martian soil, frost-heaving phenomena are not to be expected on Mars. On the other hand frost-heaving phenomena involving the freezing and thawing of ammonia may be common in the soils of Jupiter.
Equality and Inequality in Modern Society, or Social Stratification Revisited

This paper attempts both to “bring up to date” the author's conception of social stratification as set forth in two previous general papers written in 1940 and 1953, and to broaden the field of consideration by giving special attention to the forces pressing toward equality in various respects, as well as the bases of inequality. The position taken is that the erosion of the legitimacy of the traditional bases of inequality has brought to a new level of prominence value-commitment to an essential equality of status of all members of modern societal communities. Inequalities, among units of societal structure which are essential in such fields as economic productivity, authority and power, and culturally based competence, must be justified in terms of their contribution to societal functioning. The balancing of the respects in which all members of the societal community and many of its collective subunits must be held to be equal with the imperatives of inequality constitutes one of the primary foci of the problem of integration in modern society. A few suggestions about the mechanisms by which this integrative process can operate are presented.
Importance of Cellulosic Fines Relative to the Dewatering Rates of Fiber Suspensions

When cellulosic fines are present in significant amounts, they can have a dominant influence on dewatering. Pulp suspensions drain rapidly if the fines have been removed. In this study, the dependency of gravity dewatering rates on the level and properties of cellulosic fine matter was quantified. Bleached hardwood kraft pulp was used as a source of primary fines (collected before refining) and secondary fines (collected after refining of fines-free fiber suspensions). Fractions of fine matter also were obtained from chemithermomechanical (CTMP) pulp. Size distributions of these fines were characterized using a laser diffraction method. Results were explainable by a mechanism in which unattached fines are able to move relative to adjacent fibers during the dewatering and consolidation of a mat of fibers. Due to such movement, fines end up in locations where they plug drainage channels in the mat. The contribution of the fines to dewatering increased in inverse proportion to particle size and with increasi...
Investigating relativity using lunar laser ranging: geodetic precession and the Nordtvedt effect.

The emplacement of retroreflectors on the moon by Apollo astronauts and the Russian Lunakhod spacecraft marked the inception of lunar laser ranging (LLR) and provided a natural laboratory for the study of general relativity. Continuing acquisition of increasingly accurate LLR data has provided enhanced sensitivity to general relativity parameters. Two relativistic effects are investigated in this paper: (1) the Nordtvedt effect, yielding a test of the strong equivalence principle, would appear as a distortion of the geocentric lunar orbit in the direction of the sun. The inclusion of recent LLR data limits the size of any such effect to 3 + or - 4 cm. The sensitivities to the various PPN quantities are also highlighted. (2) the geodetic precession of the lunar perigee is predicted by general relativity as a consequence of the motion of the earth-moon system about the sun; its theoretical magnitude is 19.2 mas/yr. Analysis presented here confirms this value and determines this quality to a 2 percent level.
Canonical ensembles and nonzero density quantum chromodynamics

Abstract We study QCD with nonzero chemical potential on 44 lattices by averaging over the canonical partition functions, or sectors with fixed quark number. We derive a condensed matrix of size 2×3×L3 whose eigenvalues can be used to find the canonical partition functions. We also experiment with a weight for configuration generation which respects the Z (3) symmetry which forces the canonical partition function to be zero for quark numbers that are not multiples of three.
Thermal characteristics of energized coal mine trailing cables

The US Bureau of Mines conducted research to determine the relationship between current load and temperature rises in coal mine trailing cables. Six low-voltage unshielded portable power cables were continuously and intermittently loaded with direct current of various magnitudes. Relationships between average temperature at the conductor/insulation interface and current load were established. The steady-state and intermittent currents that produce a 90 degrees C average conductor/insulation temperature were then determined by mathematical modeling. Comparisons to Insulated Cable Engineers Association steady-state ratings revealed that 10-25% more current is required to reach rated insulation temperature. Examination of the maximum intermittent temperatures attained showed that auto-ignition of coal dust and burns to personnel handling the cable would not be concerns if the temperature at the conductor/insulation interface averaged 90 degrees C. >
Isolation of liver polyribosomes in high yield

Abstract Addition of low-molecular-weight ribonucleic acid during tissue homogenization was found to be effective in inhibiting ribonuclease degradation of polyribosomes. In this way it is possible to use the total cytoplasmic fraction and recover a much higher yield of polyribosomes than is normally obtained from the post-mitochondrial supernatant. A simple method of polyribosome preparation for electron microscopy, involving direct fixation on the grid by formaldehyde in the presence of sucrose, is described. Rat-liver polyribosomes show fairly regular elongated structures, some appearing helical.
The segregation and early migration of cranial neural crest cells in the avian embryo.

Abstract The segregation of neural crest cells from the neural folds and their early migration along three cranial pathways in the avian embryo have been described on the ultrastructural level. Major findings are the following: First, before neural crest segregation, the basal lamina underlying the neural folds undergoes temporal changes in distribution that correlate with alterations in tissue geometry. Second, although the neural tube always becomes continuous at its lumenal surface as crest cells segregate, the time at which ectoderm fuses across the midline bears no constant temporal relationship to crest segregation. Third, a ridge on the dorsolateral neuroepithelium may inhibit ventral movement of crest cells in the mesencephalon. Fourth, cranial crest cells orient toward surfaces with an abundant extracellular matrix or basal lamina. Mesodermal cells do not appear to serve as substrata for migration. Fifth, interstitial bodies are more prominent along the pathways of migration than elsewhere in the embryo. Sixth, the direction of orientation of matrix fibers along anterior crest pathways is normal to the direction of migration of crest cells and appears not to guide migration.
Multiple Roles of Component Proteins in Bacterial Multicomponent Monooxygenases: Phenol Hydroxylase and Toluene/o-Xylene Monooxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. OX1

Phenol hydroxylase (PH) and toluene/o-xylene monooxygenase (ToMO) from Pseudomonas sp. OX1 require three or four protein components to activate dioxygen for the oxidation of aromatic substrates at a carboxylate-bridged diiron center. In the present study we investigated the influence of the hydroxylases, regulatory proteins, and electron-transfer components of these systems on substrate (phenol; NADH) consumption and product (catechol; H2O2) generation. Single turnover experiments revealed that only complete systems containing all three or four protein components are capable of oxidizing phenol, a major substrate for both enzymes. Under ideal conditions, the hydroxylated product yield was ~50% of the diiron centers for both systems, suggesting that these enzymes operate by half-sites reactivity mechanisms. Single turnover studies indicated that the PH and ToMO electron-transfer components exert regulatory effects on substrate oxidation processes taking place at the hydroxylase actives sites, most likely through allostery. Steady state NADH consumption assays showed that the regulatory proteins facilitate the electron-transfer step in the hydrocarbon oxidation cycle in the absence of phenol. Under these conditions, electron consumption is coupled to generation of H2O2 in a hydroxylase-dependent manner. Mechanistic implications of these results are discussed. Bacterial multicomponent monooxygenases (BMMs1) are remarkable enzymes that orchestrate a series of electron transfer and substrate activation events in order to prime dioxygen for donation of a single oxygen atom into a C–H bond or across a C=C double bond (1,2). Proteins belonging this family are subdivided into four classes, soluble methane monooxygenases (sMMOs), phenol hydroxylases (PHs), alkene monooxygenases (AMOs), and four-component alkene/arene monooxygenase (TMOs), based on substrate preference and sequence homology (3,4). The ability of BMMs to generate potent oxidizing species without damaging their active sites or consuming electrons in a futile manner depends on the dynamic involvement of three or more protein components: a 200-255 kDa dimeric hydroxylase that houses two copies of a carboxylate-bridged diiron catalytic center; a 38-45 kDa reductase that accepts electrons from NADH and shuttles them though its flavin and [2Fe-2S] cluster cofactors into the hydroxylase diiron sites; and a 10-16 kDa regulatory protein that couples electron consumption to hydrocarbon oxidation (1,2,5). For ToMO, an additional 12 kDa Rieske protein acts as an electron conduit between the reductase and the
Comparison of Novel Tissue Apposing Device and Standard Anastomotic Technique for Vesicourethral Anastomoses

OBJECTIVES To evaluate a novel sutureless tissue apposing vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA) device in a porcine model and compare it with standard laparoscopically sutured VUA. METHODS Thirty domestic pigs were divided into six groups. In groups 1, 2, and 3, a standard laparoscopic sutured running VUA was performed. In groups 4, 5, and 6, a novel device VUA was performed. In all cases, cystography was completed immediately after completion of the anastomosis and when each pig was killed. At necropsy, the gross findings of the VUA were documented, and each anastomosis was excised en bloc for histopathologic evaluation of healing parameters. RESULTS In the 30 pigs, 29 (97%) device or sutured VUAs were successfully performed laparoscopically without conversion to an open approach. The mean operative time for the standard and device groups was 87 and 68 minutes, respectively (P = 0.04). The anastomotic time for the standard and device groups was 41 and 12 minutes, respectively (P <0.01). Histopathologic evaluation of the groups at 1 week of follow-up revealed significantly lower fibrosis scores for the novel anastomosis device VUA compared with the standard sutured VUA (median score 1 and 3, respectively; P = 0.04). The evaluation of groups 2 and 5 (3-week survival) and groups 3 and 6 (7-week survival) revealed no significant differences in any of the histopathologic parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The novel device requires little technical skill to deploy and is expeditious, requiring less time than a standard sutured anastomosis. At the 1 week follow-up point, histopathologic examination revealed that the novel device was superior regarding fibrotic reactions.
Viscoplasticity in a superalloy at elevated temperatures considering tension and compression loading

Abstract Few studies have been made on the stress/strain field or plastic zone size ahead of a crack tip in a high temperature environment under varying load frequencies and stress levels. Fewer studies have incorporated compressive loads or analyzed the effect of a negative R- ratio on the fatigue characteristics of the superalloy IN-100. This study involves the analysis of the stress field and plastic zone ahead of a crack tip in a compact tension specimen acting under a reverse loading considering IN-100, a superalloy. The finite element technique was used for this study incorporating the Bodner-Partom viscoplastic constitutive equations. Load spectra included a 2.5 Hz frequency with an R- ratio of − 1.0 (zero mean load).
SU‐FF‐J‐103: Concepts for Normal Tissue Sparing with Patient‐Specific Margins in IMRT Boost Treatments for Cervix

Purpose: This concept study quantifies the potential for normal tissue sparing in IMRT boost plans for cervical cancer by employing patient‐specific margins. Various PTV expansion margins are evaluated, including best‐case and standard‐case scenarios, which encompass internal organ motion over the intrafractional treatment period. Method and Materials: For 5 subjects, margins are delineated by contouring the cervix on 500 fast‐spin‐echo cine‐MR images taken at regular intervals over a 20 minute span using in‐house software (TOMAS). Organ drift is determined by magnitude of translation of contours in S‐I and P‐A directions with mm accuracy; research‐margin CTV to PTV expansion is defined by the magnitude of organ drift. Comparison is made to IMRT plans with PTV expansions for standard‐margin prostate treatment, chosen for analogous anatomical location and geometry. Dose constraints for optimization are defined by ICRU38. Plans are created in Eclipse TPS with 5 non‐opposing beams, and PTV constrained to 95% isodose line over 98% volume for all plans (limiting organs constrained to best‐possible distribution). Dosimetric savings for limiting organs is determined with EUD, calculated using CERR software (a = 8.33, 2.0 for rectum, bladder). Results: Customized margins varied between 0.1 and 0.7 cm (direction dependent), well below the 1.5 cm uniform expansion in the standard case. With patient‐specific margins, comparisons of EUD for limiting organs suggest up to 40% reduction in bladder dose and 10% reduction in rectal dose. Conclusion: This study shows that application of an advanced IGRT procedure to generate patient‐specific margins can lead to measurable dose reduction to normal tissues for cervical carcinoma boost treatments with IMRT. For some patients the dose reduction can be quite compelling, given specifics of anatomy, and the method proves useful for increasing normal tissue sparing in abdominal RT treatments.
Solutions of a twelfth order thick plate theory

A system of equilibrium equations governing a twelfth-order theory for the bending of thick plates is shown to be equivalent to a biharmonic equation together with four Helmholtz equations. These equations are closely related to equations derived by Cheng for an elasticity based thick plate theory. Detailed comparisons between the solutions for the displacements and stresses predicted by the approximate plate theory and an exact theory give some basis for deciding the applicability of the plate theory. As an example of the application of the solution procedure presented here, some earlier results for the decay parameters for the end problem for finite width plates are extended to the present case of twelfth-order plate theory.
Reply to “Comments on ‘How Does a Crossed-Coil NMR Spectrometer Work?’”

Abstract I am delighted that my recent article in this journal1 on the operation of a crossed-coil NMR spectrometer has stimulated a discussion2 of this intriguing problem, and appreciate this opportunity to reply.
Prelinguistic Development of Children and Chimpanzees

What was unique about our laboratory was the detailed simulation of a human rearing environment for infant chimpanzees, together with continuous, intensive observation and recording of behavioral development. Communication in American Sign Language (ASL) was integrated into this procedure in a way that simulates the teaching of vocal and gestural languages to human children. The result is a comprehensive longitudinal record of the stage by stage development of two-way communication in sign language and its relation to basic aspects of behavioral development such as: locomotion, manipulative skills, observational learning, and social play. In the longitudinal records of five infant chimpanzees, we can trace the patterns of development and also examine the consistency of individual differences through the first five years. The central question is the relation between developing skills in the use of American Sign Language and the rest of behavioral development. To analyze factors that influence development, we have compared records for infant chimpanzees reared in the cross-fostering laboratory with records for chimpanzees reared in the wild by their own mothers and chimpanzees reared in cages under conventional laboratory conditions, as well as with records of development for human children, reared in homes and reared in institutions.
The atlantic meridional heat transport at 26.5°N and its relationship with the MOC in the RAPID array and the GFDL and NCAR coupled models

The link at 26.58N between the Atlantic meridional heat transport (MHT) and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is investigated in two climate models, the GFDL Climate Model version 2.1 (CM2.1) and the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4), and compared with the recent observational estimates from the Rapid Climate Change‐Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array (RAPID‐MOCHA) array. Despite a stronger-than-observed MOC magnitude, both models underestimate the mean MHT at 26.58N because of an overly diffuse thermocline.Biases result from errors in both overturning and gyre components of the MHT. The observed linear relationship between MHT and MOC at 26.58N is realistically simulatedbythe twomodelsandis mainlyduetotheoverturningcomponent of the MHT. Fluctuations in overturning MHT are dominated by Ekman transport variability in CM2.1 and CCSM4, whereas baroclinic geostrophic transport variability plays a larger role in RAPID. CCSM4, which has a parameterization of Nordic Sea overflows and thus a more realistic North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) penetration, shows smaller biases in the overturning heat transport than CM2.1 owing to deeper NADW at colder temperatures. The horizontal gyre heat transport and its sensitivity to the MOC are poorly represented in both models. The wind-driven gyre heat transport is northward in observations at 26.58N, whereas it is weakly southward in both models, reducing the total MHT. This study emphasizes model biases that are responsible for the too-weak MHT, particularly at the western boundary. The use of direct MHT observations through RAPID allows for identification of the source of the too-weak MHT in the two models, a bias shared by a number of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) coupled models.
Platelet counts differ by sex, ethnicity, and age in the United States.

Purpose The aim of the study is to show that differences in platelet counts by ethnicity, sex, and age are not explained by environmental factors. Methods This is a cross-sectional population-based study of participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Our analytic sample included 12,142 participants, of whom 65% were women, 27% were non-Hispanic blacks, and 27% were Mexican Americans. We report weighted geometric mean platelet counts stratified by ethnicity, sex, and age and controlled for indicators of nutritional deficiencies and inflammation. Results The lowest mean platelet counts were in whites (260 × 10 3 /μL; 95% confidence interval [CI], 256–264), and the highest were in non-Hispanic blacks (281 × 10 3 /μL [95% CI, 276–286]). Older men and women of each ethnicity consistently had lower platelet counts than young adults; 60- to 69-year-olds had mean counts 7 × 10 3 /μL lower ( p 3 /μL lower ( p 3 /μL; 95% CI, 271–279) versus 256 × 10 3 /μL (95% CI, 251–260; p Conclusions Platelet count differences by sex, ethnicity, and age are not explained by environmental covariates known to influence platelet count.
Influence of interaural phase on forward masking.

This study investigated the degree to which masking level differences (MLDs) obtained by six normal‐hearing subjects during simultaneous masking continue to be manifest during the forward masking that follows termination of the masker. Thresholds for 500‐Hz probe tones of 745 msec were obtained in quiet and in a 1000‐msec narrow‐band noise centered at 500 Hz. Probe tones were increased to as much as 945 msec when forward masking was measured. The interaural conditions compared were SmNm, SmN0, SmNπ, S0N0, SπNπ, S0Nπ, and SπN0. MLDs obtained during simultaneous masking were comparable to those reported by earlier investigators. The same hierarchy among interaural conditions characterizing simultaneous masking persisted during forward masking for about the first 5.5 to 7.5 msec. Thereafter, the two antiphasic conditions (S0Nπ and SπN0) continued to exhibit modest MLDs. These were observed even at the longest postmasker interval (Δt = 200 msec) employed, where the mean MLD was 3.3 dB. Forward masking does not appear to represent merely the residuum of processes occurring during simultaneous masking. Instead, nonidentical neural processes which are at least to some degree central in origin seem involved in two masking phenomena.
Elimination diets as an aid in the diagnosis and treatment of eczema

Abstract 1.1. Elimination diets have been found of value in the diagnosis of chronic eczema. 2.2. As compared with skin tests they present the advantage of: (a) giving direct evidence of the relationship of sensitivity to the patient's symptoms; (b) enabling one to detect sensitivity during the periods when the skin reaction is suppressed; (c) being available to the practitioner when proper reagents for skin testing cannot be obtained. 3.3. The chief disadvantages are: (a) the difficulty in interpreting results due to the slow response of eczemas to the elimination of foods and to the interference of other sensitizing factors; (b) the tediousness of the procedure; (c) the difficulty of rigidly excluding the most common food allergens from the diet. 4.4. The combined use of elimination diets and skin tests is usually necessary for accurate diagnosis. 5.5. Of the 112 patients studied eczema was caused solely by food sensitization in 17 per cent. This sensitivity was determined solely by means of elimination diets in 6 per cent. 6.6. Desensitization was apparently accomplished in two cases by the use of the specific peptones of Luithlen and Urbach.
In vitro synthesis of double-stranded RNA by an enzyme system isolated from tobacco leaves.

Abstract An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which catalyzes the polymerization of ribonucleotides into an acid-insoluble product has been isolated from tobacco leaves and partially characterized. 1. 1. The enzyme activity is found in the 30 900 × g supernatant fraction of a leaf homogenate. The reaction requires the presence of a divalent metal ion and four ribonucleoside triphosphates for activity. 2. 2. The product of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is double-stranded RNA as evidenced by its ribonuclease resistance and sharp thermal transition at 80 °C in 30 mM Na+. It is of low molecular weight (less than 5 S) as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 3. 3. Addition of various species of RNA stimulates the polymerization reaction, but the added RNA does not appear to be associated with the enzyme product. It appears neither to act as a template nor as a primer. 4. 4. The enzyme can be isolated from apparently healthy plants, but is also found in tobacco mosaic virus infected plants; its specific activity increases after infection. The enzyme activity and its product are not altered by infection.
The Mean Value Theorem and Taylor’s Expansion in Statistics

The mean value theorem and Taylor’s expansion are powerful tools in statistics that are used to derive estimators from nonlinear estimating equations and to study the asymptotic properties of the resulting estimators. However, the mean value theorem for a vector-valued differentiable function does not exist. Our survey shows that this nonexistent theorem has been used for a long time in statistical literature to derive the asymptotic properties of estimators and is still being used. We review several frequently cited papers and monographs that have misused this “theorem” and discuss the flaws in these applications. We also offer methods to fix such errors.
The self‐reflective musical and the myth of entertainment

(1977). The self‐reflective musical and the myth of entertainment. Quarterly Review of Film Studies: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 313-326.
Prevention of retrograde amnesia by injection of magnesium pemoline in dimethylsulfoxide.

It was demonstrated that magnesium pemoline in DMSO attenuates ECS-produced retrograde amnesia when administered prior to training in a passive avoidance task. We also observed that although there is RA for the specific step-off response that led to painful footshock, Ss receiving ECS showed an increase in emotionality similar to footshock controls suggesting RA for the specific response but not the general test situation. High doses of pemoline (24 mg/kg) not followed by ECS disrupted performance of the response but not retention. Magnesium hydroxide Mg (OH)2 8 mg/kg administered in DMSO proved to be severely disrupting when followed by ECS indicating an interaction with pemoline since pemoline without magnesium + ECS and Mg (OH)2 + FS had no effect on performance in this type of situation.
Ice accretion prediction for a typical commercial transport aircraft

Ice accretion calculations were made for a modern commercial transport using the NASA Lewis LEWICE3D ice accretion code. The ice accretion calculations were made for the wing and horizontal tail using both isolated flow models and flow models incorporating the entire airplane. The isolated flow model calculations were made to assess the validity of using these simplified models in lieu of the entire model in the ice accretion analysis of full aircraft. Ice shapes typifying a rime and a mixed ice shape were generated for a 30 minute hold condition. In general, the calculated ice shapes looked reasonable and appeared representative of a rime and a mixed ice conditions. The isolated flow model simplification was good for the main wing except at the root where it overpredicted the amount of accreted ice relative to the full aircraft flow model. For the horizontal tail the size and amount of predicted ice compared well for the two flow models, but the position of the accretions were more towards the upper surface for the aircraft flow model relative to the isolated flow model. This was attributed to downwash from the main wing which resulted in a lower effective angle of attack for the aircraft tail.
Effect of Pregnancy on Postural Tachycardia Syndrome

OBJECTIVES To compare the clinical presentation, autonomic dysfunction, and pregnancy outcomes in parous and nulliparous women with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and in women with POTS before and after pregnancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study consists of women who had at least 1 pregnancy during which time they met criteria for POTS between May 1993 and July 2009. All patients underwent standard autonomic testing. POTS was defined as a heart rate (HR) increase of greater than 30 beats/min on head-up tilt (HUT) with symptoms of orthostatic intolerance. Patients' charts were reviewed retrospectively to determine pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS Clinical characteristics related to POTS did not differ between parous and nulliparous women except for disease duration (parous, 3.7±2.6; nulliparous, 2.1±2.2; P P =.39). Of 116 total pregnancies, adverse pregnancy outcomes were reported in 9% and maternal complications in 1%. No complication was related to POTS. There was a trend toward modest improvement in autonomic dysfunction before and after pregnancy (change in HR on HUT: before pregnancy, 38.1±22.7 beats/min; after pregnancy, 21.9±14.9 beats/min; P =.07). CONCLUSION The long-term impact of pregnancy on POTS does not appear to be clinically important. However, there does appear to be a trend toward improvement in the short-term postpartum period. Adverse pregnancy events were similar to those seen in the general public and do not present a barrier to women with POTS who want to have children.
The geometrical description of the nonlinear dynamics of a multiple pendulum

A system of two coupled pendula is an example of a Hamiltonian system with two degrees of freedom. Rott considered such a system in the presence of 1:2 resonance and observed a phase-locking phenomenon. In this paper this phenomenon is explained by means of Duistermaat’s method of bringing a Hamiltonian system with two degrees of freedom into standard form. His theory is based on Mather’s theory of stability of differentiable mappings. A transparent geometrical picture is obtained in the phase space. In particular, a criterion of the phase-locking phenomenon is provided based on this picture.
Progress in transfusion therapy and treatment of bleeding problems in aortic aneurysm surgery.

Blood transfusion for extensive cardiovascular procedures differs from one center to another depending on the local donor supply and the regional philosophy of efficient utilization. Our initial experience was obtained with the exclusive use of whole blood, no other products being available. Some centers still rely heavily on this, or on modified whole blood. Others use a variable number of units of whole blood, followed by specific hemocomponents that may be limited in supply. Since 1976, we have used the specific component therapy approach to supply all patient needs, including those associated with cardiovascular surgery. Our success depends as much on surgical skill, teamwork, and excellent communication as on the rapid availability of an adequate supply of hemocomponents. When problems occur during or after operation, immediate consultation with the blood bank staff and the availability of excellent technical and consultative expertise in blood coagulation are invaluable in the rapid restoration of the jeopardized patient.
An empirical test for Fishburn's additivity axiom

Abstract Three experiments were done to test the empirical relevance of Fishburn's (1967) additivity axiom, which says that people should be indifferent between pairs of gambles which satisfy certain conditions specified in the axiom. Each of the experiments consisted of two parts. In the first part, subjects had to evaluate consequences which were used in the second part as possible outcomes in a gamble. In the second part, subjects had to make choices among pairs of gambles. The experiments differed in respect to kinds of consequences and kinds of subjects used. Additivity analysis was applied to the data of the first part of each experiment, using a conjoint measurement model. A Monte Carlo study is included, which provides some hints for the evaluation of the stress coefficients obtained after applying additivity analysis to the empirical data matrices. The data of the second part of each experiment are discussed in respect to their relevance for Fishburn's (1967) additivity axiom. It was not strongly supported by the data, unless for a very restricted situation.
Magnetotransport properties of compression molded CrO 2 -Polyimide composite

The conductivity and magnetotransport properties of compression molded half-metallic CrO 2 /Polyimide composites over a range of different metallic concentrations have been studied. The conductivity measurements on these composites show negative slope of resistance versus temperature. The magnetoresistance measurement indicates obvious enhancement at low temperatures. The maximum in magnetoresistance (MR) is found to be temperature and metal volume fraction dependent. Significant differences in high and low temperature magnetoresistive behavior in the composite have been observed. The high field, 15 T MR measurements show 23% and 19% MR enhancement at 5K and 75 K, respectively. Thus, it is found that the polymer barrier can contribute to enhancing magnetoresistive properties of the composite.
Cellular location of rat muscle ferritins and their preferential loss during cell isolation

Heart and other muscles of the rat contain two forms of ferritin separable in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cellular location of the fast- and slow-migrating ferritins was investigated using primary cultures of hindlimb skeletal muscle, and isolated myocardial cell populations. Muscle and non-muscle cells were isolated in good yield from hearts of adult rats pretreated with large doses of iron to increase their ferritin content. In virtually all cases, the isolated muscle cells contained traces only of the fast-migrating species and the non-muscle cells contained small amounts of the slow-migrating ferritin. During cell isolation, 90-100% of both ferritins was lost and could be recovered in the perfusates and solutions employed, while one third of the total tissue protein, and a larger percentage of creatine phosphokinase, was recovered in the isolated cells. Primary cultures of thigh muscle from adult rats which had differentiated into multi-nucleated myotubes, were incubated for 1-3 days with chelated iron. These cells contained substantial amounts of the electrophoretically fast migrating ferritin, with its characteristic larger Stokes' radius (determined by quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). None of the slow-migrating ferritin species was detected, although hindlimb muscle from iron-treated rats contained both forms. It is concluded that the fast-migrating ferritin of muscle, which is much larger and more asymmetric than other ferritins, is confined to the muscle cell population, while the other form is predominantly or exclusively in the non-muscle cells. Both ferritins are lost preferentially over other proteins during procedures which injure muscle tissue.
Multi-Institutional Long-Term Experience With Conservative Surgery for Invasive Penile Carcinoma

ABSTRACTPurpose: Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis occurs on the glans, prepuce, glans and prepuce, coronal sulcus and shaft. Penile squamous cell carcinoma subsequently invades local structures, corpora cavernosa and the urethra, and metastasizes to the inguinal lymph nodes. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis usually requires total or partial penectomy. We studied the effect of primary tumor resections tailored to the anatomical extent of the cancer with preservation of uninvolved structures in select patients with invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma.Materials and Methods: A total of 30 patients between 39 and 82 years old were treated with unconventional conservative surgical excision of the primary penile lesion. More than 130 patients were excluded from the study because they were treated with partial or total penectomy, Mohs’ surgery or more extensive surgery. The 30 patients underwent preoperative biopsy with careful mapping of the extent of the disease. Patient age, tumor...