cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
World War II: a watershed in electrical engineering education

There is little doubt that World War II was a watershed in the history of electrical engineering (EE) education in the United States. Having watched physicists outperform electrical engineers in wartime laboratories, prominent educators like Frederick Terman at Stanford returned to their universities and overhauled EE programs by introducing more mathematics, science and electronics into the curriculum. The author considers electrical engineering education prior to World War II before discussing the changing situation after World War II, using Cornell University as a case study. >
Multiparametric-MRI and Targeted Biopsies in the Management of Prostate Cancer Patients on Active Surveillance.

An important key to clinical management of prostate cancer patients is to determine early those who will benefit from primary treatment and are not good candidates for active surveillance (AS). We describe a 67-year-old gentleman with a long history of stable prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and a negative biopsy. After slight PSA rise and low volume Gleason score (GS) 6 biopsy, the patient was considered for primary treatment or AS. A multiparametric (MP )MRI exam revealed a suspicious lesion in the anterior apex of the prostate. Biopsies were carried out on a 3D-ultrasound prostate biopsy system with MRI-fusion. The location of the target area was challenging and could have been missed using standard 12-core biopsy template. The pathology determined Gleason 3+4 disease in 30% of the core from this region. Consequently, the patient underwent radiotherapy (RT). MP-MRI was also used to follow the changes from pre- to post-RT.
Universally Composable RFID Identification and Authentication Protocols

As the number of RFID applications grows, concerns about their security and privacy become greatly amplified. At the same time, the acutely restricted and cost-sensitive nature of RFID tags rules out simple reuse of traditional security/privacy solutions and calls for a new generation of extremely lightweight identification and authentication protocols.This article describes a universally composable security framework designed especially for RFID applications. We adopt RFID-specific setup, communication, and concurrency assumptions in a model that guarantees strong security, privacy, and availability properties. In particular, the framework supports modular deployment, which is most appropriate for ubiquitous applications. We also describe a set of simple, efficient, secure, and anonymous (untraceable) RFID identification and authentication protocols that instantiate the proposed framework. These protocols involve minimal interaction between tags and readers and place only a small computational load on the tag, and a light computational burden on the back-end server. We show that our protocols are provably secure within the proposed framework.
Construction of realistic gate sizing benchmarks with known optimal solutions

Gate sizing in VLSI design is a widely-used method for power or area recovery subject to timing constraints. Several previous works have proposed gate sizing heuristics for power and area optimization. However, finding the optimal gate sizing solution is NP-hard, and the suboptimality of sizing solutions has not been sufficiently quantified for each heuristic. Thus, the need for further research has been unclear.In this work, we describe a new benchmark generation approach for leakage power-driven gate sizing (the subject of the forthcoming ISPD-2012 contest) which constructs realistic circuit netlists with known optimal solutions. The generated netlists resemble real designs in terms of gate count, maximum path depth, interconnect complexity (Rent parameter), and net degree distributions. Using these benchmark circuits with known optimal gate size, we have studied the suboptimality of several leakage-driven gate sizing heuristics, including two commercial tools, with respect to key circuit topology parameters. Our study shows that common sizing methods are suboptimal for realistic benchmark circuits by up to 52.2% and 43.7% for Vt-assignment and gate sizing formulations, respectively. The results also suggest that (1) commercial tools may still suffer from significant suboptimality, and/or (2) existing methods have "similar" degrees of suboptimality.
Beam diagnostics challenges for future FELs

Designs are being developed to produce diffraction-limited sources based on storage-ring free-electron lasers (FELs) for the VUV and soft x-ray regime and linac-driven FELs in the few {Angstrom} regime. The requirements on the beam quality in transverse emittance (rms, normalized) of 1-2 {pi} mm mrad, bunch length (1 ps to 100 fs), and peak current (1 to 5 kA) result in new demands on the diagnostics. The diagnostics challenges include spatial resolution (1-10 {mu}m), temporal resolution (<100 fs), and single-pulse position measurements ({approximately}1 {mu}m). Examples of recent submicropulse (slice) work are cited as well as concepts based on spontaneous emission radiation (SER). The nonintercepting aspects of some of these diagnostics should also be applicable to high-power FELs.
Power-Aware Particle Filtering for Video Tracking

This paper presents a novel approach to particle filtering which minimizes the total tracking distortion by considering dynamic variance of proposal density and adaptive number of particles for each frame. Traditionally, particle filters use fixed variance of proposal density and fixed number of particles per frame. We first propose the tracking distortion measurement and then obtain the optimal particle number and memory size allocation equations under two different constraints. After that, the optimal particle number allocation equation is demonstrated in one-dimensional and two-dimensional object tracking. Experimental results show the improved performance of our power-aware particle filters in comparison to traditional particle filters. At last, we give the complete algorithm for real application and show the better performance. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to consider the variant numbers of particles for each frame.
Evaluation of the use of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles in combination with canola meal on broiler performance and carcass characteristics

SUMMARY Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is an acceptable feed ingredient used as an alternative to corn or soybean meal in poultry diets. However, the unbalanced or low digestibility of amino acids in DDGS has been an issue and may be preventing its use at high levels. Canola meal (CM) contains high protein with well-balanced amino acids and can commonly be used as an economical alternative ingredient to soybean meal in poultry diets. Thus, the use of DDGS and CM together may improve the amino acid balance, performance, and carcass characteristics of broilers. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of DDGS in combination with CM in broiler diets. In a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, 1,920 one-day-old male Heritage broilers were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments: 1) control (0% DDGS + 0% CM), 2) 6% DDGS + 0% CM, 3) 12% DDGS + 0% CM, 4) 0% DDGS + 7.5% CM, 5) 6% DDGS + 7.5% CM, and 6) 12% DDGS + 7.5% CM. Chicks (8 replicate pens, each with 40 chicks) were fed experimental diets from 0 to 48 d of age. The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and to meet the digestible amino acid requirements of the birds. Performance was evaluated at 14, 21, 35, and 48 d of age, and carcass characteristics were measured at 49 d of age. Overall (0 to 48 d of age), the inclusion of up to 12% DDGS in the diet did not significantly affect BW gain or feed intake, but it did negatively affect FE. The inclusion of 7.5% CM in the control diet did not significantly affect broiler performance; however, the diets containing 7.5% CM with 6 or 12% DDGS adversely affected performance as compared with the control diet. The inclusion of 7.5% CM in the diet of broilers negatively affected the carcass yield but positively affected the leg yield, regardless of the inclusion of DDGS. The inclusion of 12% DDGS in the diet of broilers increased the wing yield as compared with the nonsupplemented control diet. No interaction of DDGS and CM was observed in the carcass parameters measured, except for leg and wing yields. Thus, care should be taken when DDGS and CM are fed because negative effects on performance and carcass yield may be observed.
Is Production Pulling Knowledge Work to China? A study of the Notebook PC Industry

China is now the world's largest computer hardware producer and, as a study of notebook PC companies reveals, is beginning to pull knowledge work along with production to its key manufacturing centers. This trend has major implications for employment and competition in large-scale industries both in the US and abroad
Cellulase adsorption and relationship to features of corn stover solids produced by leading pretreatments

Although essential to enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass to sugars for fermentation to ethanol or other products, enzyme adsorption and its relationship to substrate features has received limited attention, and little data and insight have been developed on cellulase adsorption for promising pretreatment options, with almost no data available to facilitate comparisons. Therefore, adsorption of cellulase on Avicel, and of cellulase and xylanase on corn stover solids resulting from ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), ammonia recycled percolation (ARP), controlled pH, dilute acid, lime, and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) pretreatments were measured at 4 degrees C. Langmuir adsorption parameters were then estimated by non-linear regression using Polymath software, and cellulase accessibility to cellulose was estimated based on adsorption data for pretreated solids and lignin left after carbohydrate digestion. To determine the impact of delignification and deacetylation on cellulose accessibility, purified CBHI (Cel7A) adsorption at 4 degrees C and hydrolysis with whole cellulase were followed for untreated (UT) corn stover. In all cases, cellulase attained equilibrium in less than 2 h, and upon dilution, solids pretreated by controlled pH technology showed the greatest desorption followed by solids from dilute acid and SO(2) pretreatments. Surprisingly, the lowest desorption was measured for Avicel glucan followed by solids from AFEX pretreatment. The higher cellulose accessibility for AFEX and lime pretreated solids could account for the good digestion reported in the literature for these approaches. Lime pretreated solids had the greatest xylanase capacity and AFEX solids the least, showing pretreatment pH did not seem to be controlling. The 24 h glucan hydrolysis rate data had a strong relationship to cellulase adsorption capacities, while 24 h xylan hydrolysis rate data showed no relationship to xylanase adsorption capacities. Furthermore, delignification greatly enhanced enzyme effectiveness but had a limited effect on cellulose accessibility. And because delignification enhanced release of xylose more than glucose, it appears that lignin did not directly control cellulose accessibility but restricted xylan accessibility which in turn controlled access to cellulose. Reducing the acetyl content in corn stover solids significantly improved both cellulose accessibility and enzyme effectiveness.
Enhancement of Clearance of Bacteria from Murine Lungs by Immunization with Detoxified Lipooligosaccharide from Moraxella catarrhalis Conjugated to Proteins

Moraxella catarrhalis strain 25238 detoxified lipooligosaccharide (dLOS)-protein conjugates induced a significant rise of bactericidal anti-LOS antibodies in animals. This study reports the effect of active or passive immunization with the conjugates or their antiserum on pulmonary clearance of M. catarrhalis in an aerosol challenge mouse model. Mice were injected subcutaneously with dLOS-tetanus toxoid (dLOS-TT), dLOS–high-molecular-weight proteins (dLOS-HMP) from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), or nonconjugated materials in Ribi adjuvant and then challenged with M. catarrhalis strain 25238 or O35E or NTHi strain 12. Immunization with dLOS-TT or dLOS-HMP generated a significant rise of serum anti-LOS immunoglobulin G and 68% and 35 to 41% reductions of bacteria in lungs compared with the control (P < 0.01) following challenge with homologous strain 25238 and heterologous strain O35E, respectively. Serum anti-LOS antibody levels correlated with its bactericidal titers against M. catarrhalis and bacterial CFU in lungs. Additionally, immunization with dLOS-HMP generated a 54% reduction of NTHi strain 12 compared with the control (P < 0.01). Passive immunization with a rabbit antiserum against dLOS-TT conferred a significant reduction of strain 25238 CFU in lungs in a dose- and time-dependent pattern compared with preimmune serum-treated mice. Kinetic examination of lung tissue sections demonstrated that antiserum-treated mice initiated and offset inflammatory responses more rapidly than preimmune serum-treated mice. These data indicate that LOS antibodies (whether active or passive) play a major role in the enhancement of pulmonary clearance of different test strains of M. catarrhalis in mice. In addition, dLOS-HMP is a potential candidate for a bivalent vaccine against M. catarrhalis and NTHi infections.
Recess channel structure for reducing source/drain series resistance in ultra-thin SOI MOSFETs

A new Recess-Channel technology has been developed which significantly reduces the source/drain series resistance. This technology is potentially very useful for ultra-thin-film fully depleted SOI MOSFET fabrication with arbitrary silicon film thickness. Silicide technology may also be used in conjunction with the Recess-Channel technique to further reduce the source/drain series resistance and increase the current drive. >
Fidelity Assurance Mechanisms of the Brain With Special Reference to Its Immunogenic CNS Compartment: Their Role in Aging and Aging-Associated Neurological Disease

The greater longevity of humans over other mammalian species is provided, in large part, by the complex neural circuitry of the brain. Assurance of the integrity of this circuitry is partly provided by its neural plasticity. The brain is also protected from adverse systemic phenomena by the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. However, these barriers do not protect the brain from adverse phenomena that originate within the central nervous system. The brain and immune systems share many analogous characteristics; and an immunogenic compartment of the brain is described here that also has the capacity to assure the integrity of its neural circuits and its autonomy. Finally, the role of this compartment in aging and in aging-dependent diseases is discussed.
Web Orientation and Prey Resources for Web-Building Spiders in Eastern Hemlock

We examined the arthropod community on eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr, in the context of its role in providing potential prey items for hemlock-associated web-weaving spiders. Using sticky traps simulating spider webs, we evaluated what prey items are available to web-weaving spiders in eastern hemlock based on web orientation (horizontal versus vertical) and cardinal direction. We found that the overwhelming majority (>70%) of prey items available to spiders in hemlock canopies were Diptera. Psocoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera comprised most of the remaining potential prey. A significant direction × orientation interaction, and greater trap capture in some direction-orientation combinations, suggests that spiders might locate their webs in eastern hemlock canopies for thermoregulatory purposes, ultimately optimizing prey capture. We also evaluated these findings in the context of hemlock infestation by the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand. The adelgid is a sedentary insect with a mobile crawler stage that provides a readily available, easily obtained food source for predators in hemlock canopies. However, an abundance of alternative prey will affect within canopy spider distribution and the potential intensity with which spiders consume these prey. Understanding the response of spiders to potential prey availability is essential to understanding the trophic interactions involving these predators and their potential for influencing herbivore populations.
Achievement-Related Expectancies, Academic Self-Concept, and Mathematics Performance of Academically Underprepared Adolescent Students

Abstract The relationship between achievement-related expectancies, academic self-concept, and mathematics performance of 191 academically underprepared adolescent students was examined. After the effects of prior academic achievement were controlled for, a significant main effect for academic self-concept was found; as expected, students with higher academic self-concept earned significantly higher mathematics grades. In addition, after the effects of prior achievement were controlled for, female students were found to earn significantly higher mathematics grades than did male students. A significant three-way (Sex x Ethnic Group x Achievement-Related Expectancies) interaction was also noted. Unlike in several previous studies, no significant racial differences in mathematics performance were found. These students had a similar socioeconomic status (SES), and the effects of prior academic achievement were controlled for, suggesting that racial and gender differences in mathematics achievement may be part...
An Efficient Data Location Protocol for Self.organizing Storage Clusters

Component additions and failures are common for large-scale storage clusters in production environments. To improve availability and manageability, we investigate and compare data location schemes for a large self-organizing storage cluster that can quickly adapt to the additions or departures of storage nodes. We further present an efficient location scheme that differentiates between small and large file blocks for reduced management overhead compared to uniform strategies. In our protocol, small blocks, which are typically in large quantities, are placed through consistent hashing. Large blocks, much fewer in practice, are placed through a usage-based policy, and their locations are tracked by Bloom filters. The proposed scheme results in improved storage utilization even with non-uniform cluster nodes. To achieve high scalability and fault resilience, this protocol is fully distributed, relies only on soft states, and supports data replication. We demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of this protocol through trace-driven simulation.
Generalised Inverses in Jörgens Algebras of Bounded Linear Operators

Let X be a Banach space and T be a bounded linear operator from X to itself (T 2 B(X)). An operator S 2 B(X) is a generalised inverse of T if TST = T. In
Recycling of Salt-Contaminated Storm Water Runoff for Brine Production at Virginia Department of Transportation Road-Salt Storage Facilities

A large part of the Virginia Department of Transportation's (DOT) maintenance effort comprises the implementation of its anti-icing program. Earlier research confirmed that Virginia DOT captures a large volume of salt-laden storm water runoff at its 300-plus salt storage facilities throughout the state and that disposal options for this water are limited and costly. Although Virginia DOT is implementing recommended management options to reduce the quantity of salt water captured, this research was undertaken to determine the possibility of recycling salt-contaminated storm water runoff for brine production. Laboratory and field tests were conducted using bench-scale brine generation equipment. In the laboratory phase, brine was produced by using tap water, applying different hydraulic retention times and temperatures. Storm water runoff from a storage pond without any previous treatment was used in the field phase. Results show that the optimum conditions for brine production are low hydraulic retention t...
Immune response profiling identifies autoantibodies specific to Moyamoya patients

Moyamoya Disease is a rare, devastating cerebrovascular disorder characterized by stenosis/occlusion of supraclinoid internal carotid arteries and development of fragile collateral vessels. Moyamoya Disease is typically diagnosed by angiography after clinical presentation of cerebral hemorrhage or ischemia. Despite unclear etiology, previous reports suggest there may be an immunological component. To explore the role of autoimmunity in moyamoya disease, we used high-density protein arrays to profile IgG autoantibodies from the sera of angiographically-diagnosed Moyamoya Disease patients and compared these to healthy controls. Protein array data analysis followed by bioinformatics analysis yielded a number of auto-antibodies which were further validated by ELISA for an independent group of MMD patients (n = 59) and control patients with other cerebrovascular diseases including carotid occlusion, carotid stenosis and arteriovenous malformation. We identified 165 significantly (p < 0.05) elevated autoantibodies in Moyamoya Disease, including those against CAMK2A, CD79A and EFNA3. Pathway analysis associated these autoantibodies with post-translational modification, neurological disease, inflammatory response, and DNA damage repair and maintenance. Using the novel functional interpolating single-nucleotide polymorphisms bioinformatics approach, we identified 6 Moyamoya Disease-associated autoantibodies against APP, GPS1, STRA13, CTNNB1, ROR1 and EDIL3. The expression of these 6 autoantibodies was validated by custom-designed reverse ELISAs for an independent group of Moyamoya Disease patients compared to patients with other cerebrovascular diseases. We report the first high-throughput analysis of autoantibodies in Moyamoya Disease, the results of which may provide valuable insight into the immune-related pathology of Moyamoya Disease and may potentially advance diagnostic clinical tools.
Persistent effect of a low dose of preadministered diethylnitrosamine on the induction of enzyme-altered foci in rat liver

The effect of a low dose of preadministered diethylnitrosamine (DEN) on the induction of enzyme-altered foci in the livers of male full-grown Fischer 344 rats was studied. As a pretreatment, DEN at a dose of 10 mg/kg body wt was injected i.p. At various times after DEN pretreatment a complete initiation, consisting of administration of the same dose of DEN by the same route in rats subjected to partial hepatectomy (PH), was performed, followed by application of selection pressure. Enzyme-altered foci stained with gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GTP) and glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) were then assayed. Decreases in the numbers and areas of foci in the rats which received saline + PH 14 or 28 days after DEN pretreatment were observed in comparison with rats which received saline + PH immediately after DEN. On the other hand, the numbers and areas of foci were not decreased in rats which received the complete initiation, consisting of DEN + PH, at various times after DEN pretreatment when compared with rats which received these at the same time as the DEN pretreatment. This persistent effect of DEN pretreatment on the complete initiation lasted up to 182 days after the time of DEN pretreatment. In this experiment, GST-P was found to be a more sensitive marker for the detection of putative preneoplastic liver-cell foci than gamma-GTP.
SPARTA: Simulation of Physics on a Real-Time Architecture

In this paper, we discuss hardware acceleration for real-time physical modeling that would allow for realistic virtual environments. Additionally, we propose algorithms and their architectural implementation (SPARTA), which is specifically tuned for real-time use. We expect performance orders of magnitude higher than general-purpose CPUs.
Improving Memory Repair by Selective Row Partitioning

A new methodology for improving memory repair is presented which can be applied in either manufacture time repair or built-in self-repair (BISR) scenarios. In traditional memory repair, one spare column can only replace one column containing a defective cell. However, the proposed method allows a single spare column to be used to repair multiple defective cells in multiple columns. This is done by selectively decoding the row address bits when generating the control signals for the column MUXes. This logically segments the spare column allowing it to replace different columns in different partitions of the row address space. The hardware is the same for all chips, but fuses are used to customize the row decoding circuitry on a chip-by-chip basis. An algorithm is described for choosing which row address bits to decode given the defect map for a particular chip. This additional degree of freedom allows customization based on the defect map of a chip and increases the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in comparison to traditional memory repair. Experimental results show that, when compared with traditional schemes of similar complexity, the proposed scheme achieves a higher probability of repairing defects.
Gendered Religious Organizations: The Case of Theravada Buddhism in America

This article examines how organizational context shapes the way gender is socially constructed in two non-Judeo-Christian religious organizations in the United States, one Theravada Buddhist organization founded by immigrants and one started by converts. People at the two organizations disagree with each other about what Theravada Buddhism teaches about women in teaching and leadership positions but agree that outside of these positions, women and men are equally able to gain access to and practice the tradition. Despite these understandings, women and men have distinct gender roles and responsibilities at each organization that are in tension with what the leaders and attendees understand the tradition to teach. The extent to which teachers and attendees recognize these tensions and the ways they respond to them are explored, and their implications for each organization and for studies of gender and religious organizations are discussed.
GIS analysis of urban schoolyard landcover in three U.S. cities

Although there has been considerable interest in the rejuvenation and greening of inner-city schoolyards for several decades, recent studies on the behavioral and environmental impacts of greenspace, particularly tree cover, suggest that greenspace on schools may be more important than previously understood. However, little is known about the conditions and landcover of urban schoolyards. To understand the structure of the landcover on city schoolyards, this study used Geographic Information System software to classify and compare landcover on 258 U.S. public elementary and middle schools in Baltimore, MD, Boston, MA, and Detroit, MI. For all three cities, schoolyard was found to cover, on average, more than 68% of the school property, which was an average of 1.0–2.5 ha in size. Boston’s schoolyards (circa 1995) were notably smaller from those in Baltimore and Detroit, and they had far more impervious surface. On average, schoolyards were dominated by turf grass and impervious surface, while tree canopy occupied the smallest fraction of schoolyard landcover (approximately 10%). In light of these findings, we conclude by discussing how greening might be achieved on these and other yards.
Mellow Monday and furious Friday: The approach-related link between anger and time representation

Time can be represented spatially in two prevalent metaphors; ego-moving has the self moving “forward” towards the future while time-moving has the future moving “forward” towards the self. Anger also is represented spatially by an approach-related motivation. Because time and anger share an approach-related spatial representation, we hypothesised a link between anger and the ego-moving time perspective. In Study 1, participants naturally adopting an ego-moving representation of time had higher trait anger than those adopting a time-moving representation. Study 2 showed that processing an angry event (vs. an emotionally neutral event) predicted more ego-moving spatial interpretations of time. In Study 3, a scheduling task priming ego-moving (vs. time-moving) time representation prompted higher state anger. Our results reveal a novel bi-directional link between the seemingly unrelated but similarly embodied abstract domains of anger and time.
Managing semantic data in an associative net

This paper describes the design and implementation of a general associative net structure to be used in an interactive information system, and presents a scheme designed to manage large quantities of semantic data stored in a data base on disc. The associative-net-structured data base is functionally divided into two pools: the hierarchy pool and the linguistic pool. The network of items in the hierarchy pool represents the descriptive information about documents and the network of items in the linguistic pool represents the syntactic and semantic properties of the items in the hierarchy pool. Two search functions and a general search algorithm are presented in this paper. In the implementation, the data base is a regional data set on disc. Items and their associated labeled links are stored on disc tracks. The system establishes a directory to keep track of the items which have associated information stored on more than one track. The use of the directory eliminates unnecessary disc accesses and allows the system to move a proper track into core storage for data processing.
A Mutant Allele of rpoD Results in Increased Conversion of Aminoimidazole Ribotide to Hydroxymethyl Pyrimidine in Salmonella enterica

An allele of rpoD (rpoD1181) that results in increased synthesis of the pyrimidine moiety of thiamine in Salmonella enterica was identified. The S508Y substitution caused by rpoD1181 is analogous to the S506F derivative of the Escherichia coli protein. The properties of this E. coli mutant protein have been well characterized in vitro. Identification of a metabolic phenotype caused by the rpoD1181 allele of S. enterica allows past in vitro results to be incorporated in continuing efforts to understand cellular processes that are integrated with the thiamine biosynthetic pathway.
Empirical Stochastic Models for the Dominant Climate Statistics of a General Circulation Model

Abstract Two Markov models with different dynamics and forcing are used to model the transient eddy statistics of an idealized general circulation model (GCM). The first Markov model employs a physically based dynamical operator composed of the linearized primitive equations plus spatially uniform damping. This model, when driven by spatially uncorrelated forcing, failed to produce reasonable fluxes and variances, despite tuning of the damping and forcing coefficients. This result contrasts with previous studies that have used the linearized quasigeostrophic equations to model extratropical eddy statistics. The second Markov model is constructed empirically from the time-lagged covariances of the GCM time series. This empirical Markov model could reproduce the dominant covariances over a range of time lags, provided it contained a sufficiently large number of degrees of freedom. It could not, however, reproduce the time-lag evolution of the trailing EOFs contained in the model. The errors in the trailing ...
Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Density of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) Nymphs

The nymphal and adult life stages of the tick Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls are the primary vectors of the causative agent(s) of Lyme disease in the far-western United States. In contrast to I. pacificus adults, data on the extent of spatial and temporal variation in the density of the nymphal stage have been scarce. Therefore, we compared the density of I. pacificus nymphs from 1997 to 1999 at a small rural community at high risk for Lyme disease (CHR) and the University of California Hopland Research and Extension Center (HREC), Mendocino County, CA, I. pacificus nymphs were collected readily by drag sampling in leaf litter but not from low vegetation. The mean number of questing nymphs per 100 m2 in leaf/fir-needle litter areas from late April to early June differed significantly among years at both the CHR and the HREC. Climatic data from the HREC suggested that yearly nymphal densities in this area may be positively correlated with the amount of rainfall and negatively correlated with maximum temperatures from March to May. Further, nymphal density was two to four times higher at the CHR than the HREC in all 3 yr. Yearly mean nymphal density generally differed two- to four-fold (HREC) and 10- to 20-fold (CHR) among individual sampling areas. Also, two- to three-fold differences in mean nymphal density were frequently observed between continuous litter and litter edges bordering on other habitats within sampling areas at the HREC, and between sampling areas <100 m apart at the CHR. The distributions of nymphs within individual areas were generally aggregated at both the HREC and the CHR, at the 15-m sampling transect scale we used. Environmental factors with some potential to predict the density of I. pacificus nymphs at different spatial scales included climatic conditions, topographic exposure, and presence of habitat edges or logs. However, stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that only 6.2–18.0% (HREC) or 14.9–27.9% (CHR) of the yearly variation in nymphal densities was explained by the abiotic or biotic traits measured in this study, at the 15-m transect scale. Thus, other abiotic or biotic traits that we did not examine (e.g., local densities of tick hosts) must account for most of the spatial variation in nymphal density.
Locomotion in scombrid fishes: morphology and kinematics of the finlets of the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus.

Finlets are small non-retractable fins located on the dorsal and ventral margins of the body between the second dorsal and anal fins and the tail of scombrid fishes. The morphology of the finlets, and finlet kinematics during swimming in a flow tank at speeds of 0.8-3. 0 fork lengths s(−1), were examined in the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus. Functionally, S. japonicus has five dorsal and anal triangular finlets (the fifth finlet is a pair of finlets acting in concert). Slips of muscle that insert onto the base of each finlet indicate the potential for active movement. In animals of similar mass, finlet length and area increased posteriorly. Finlet length, height and area show positive allometry in animals from 45 to 279 g body mass. Summed finlet area was approximately 15 % of caudal fin area. During steady swimming, the finlets typically oscillated symmetrically in the horizontal and vertical planes. Finlet excursions in the x, y and z directions ranged from 1 to 5 mm, increased posteriorly and were independent of speed. The timing of the maximum amplitude of oscillation was phased posteriorly; the phase lag of the maximum amplitude of oscillation was independent of speed. During some periods of gliding, a finlet occasionally moved independently of the body and the other finlets, which indicated active control of finlet movement. The angle of attack of the finlets averaged approximately 0 degrees over a tailbeat, indicating no net contribution to thrust production via classical lift-based mechanisms. However, the timing of finlet movement relative to that of the tail suggests that more posterior finlets may direct some flow longitudinally as the tail decelerates and thereby contribute flow to the developing caudal fin vortex.
Secondary Stresses in Large-Diameter Pipelines

There are number of sources of secondary stresses in pipe line during shipment of pipe and during construction and operation of line; predominant secondary stresses are discussed, and some examples of their magnitudes given; to eliminate detrimental stresses high test pressure after construction is considered important. (See also Gas v 33 n 4 Apr 1957 p 117-21)
Rapid Evolution of Early Development: Reorganization of Early Morphogenetic Processes in a Direct-Developing Sea Urchin

A century ago Wilhelm Roux proposed that the underlying processes of development could be revealed by experimental interference with specific developmental events (Roux 1895). Most of our current understanding of developmental processes has been achieved by experimental studies along the lines propounded by Roux. Modern practice uses experimental manipulations at cellular, molecular, and genetic levels, with primary emphasis on gaining an understanding of mechanisms of development. Evolutionary questions are seldom asked, and have had little influence on the mainstream of modern developmental biology. Nevertheless, some 20th Century investigators have maintained an interest in the study of the role of developmental processes in evolution (see Bonner 1982; Garstang 1922; deBeer 1958; Gould 1977; Raff and Kaufman 1983). An appreciation of the role of evolution in developmental biology has begun to take hold during the past decade with a growing interest in the attempt to fuse these two very dissimilar disciplines in a workable manner.
Performance Assessment and the Decision to Participate in Small and Micro Agribusiness Enterprises in Delta State, Nigeria

In order to examine the performance of small and micro agribusiness enterprises (SMAE) as well as factors that determine entrepreneur’s participation, 561 enterprises were randomly drawn from urban and peri-urban locations in Delta State, Nigeria. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics Binary probit model was used to determine the effect of personal, family, farm and location characteristics on the decision to participate in small and micro agribusiness enterprises. The results of the probit analysis indicated that age of operator, household size, marital status, educational status positively affect the decision to operate a small agribusiness enterprise while wage employment and non farm income have a negative influence. Furthermore, the study found that majority of the enterprises were young with a median age of 6 years while about 50% of respondents were engaged in retail trading. About 30% of entrepreneurs had vocational and tertiary education; average household size was 9 persons per household with a mean age of 43 years. Food retailing had the highest average sales revenue/year (N=209,270.00) (USD 1,268.30) while the least was crop farming (N=135,030.00) (USD 818.36). Income/worker/year ranged from N=14,770.00 (USD 89.52) in food retailing to N=27,850.00 (USD 168.79) in fish farming. The total workforce in the 561 SMAEs surveyed was 1971 persons; 1005 full-time staff and 966 casual workers with an average workforce of 3 persons/enterprise. Personal savings, friends and relatives, loans from cooperative societies, were the major sources of start-up capital. Lack of access to credit, high cost of credit and labour were the topmost constraints to SMAEs operations in Delta State, Nigeria. In order to expand their asset base and boost production, the development of business partnerships among SMAEs is recommended.
New approximations for block sorting

We develop, present, and analyze a simple, new 2-approximation algorithm for block sorting in which we use a newly introduced combinatorial structure called an ordered pair. Our algorithm achieves the best known approximation ratio of 2 , the tightest known upper bound in terms of the number of block moves needed for block sorting.
Thrombopoietin is associated with δ's intercept, and only in Non-Hispanic Whites

Introduction Serum thrombopoietin (THPO) is a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the latent dementia phenotype, “δ”. Both associations may be specific to non-Hispanic whites (NHW), not Mexican-Americans (MA). In this analysis, we examine ethnicity's effect on THPO's association with change in δ scores, in the Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium (TARCC).
The Anointing of Aaron: A Study of Leviticus 8:12 in its OT and ANE Context

The present article is a revision of one originally published as 'La uncion de Aaron. Un estudio de Lev 8:12 en su centexto veterotestamentario y antiguo cercano-oriental,' Theologika 11/1 (1996): 64-83. (Theologika is a biennial theological journal of Universidad Peruana Union, Lima, Peru.) The study is partly based on research undertaken for the author's D .Litt. thesis at the University of Stellenbosch. See G. A. Klingbeil, "Ordination and Ritual: On the Symbolism of Time, Space, and Actions in Leviticus 8," (D. Litt. diss. University of StelIenbosch, 1995). A revised version of the dissertation has been published in 1998 by Edwin Mellen Press under the title A Comparative Study of the Ritual of Ordination as Found in Leviticus 8 and Emar 369. The financial assistance of the South African Center for Science Development toward this research is hereby acknowledged. Furthermore, the author would like to thank the University of Stellenbosch for awarding him the Stellenbosch 2000 bursary, which constituted a substantial help in the financing of the doctoral studies. 2 This study will concentrate upon Lev 8:12, which describes the anointing of Aaron only. Verse 30 of the same chapter includes a short note as to the anointing "with blood and oil" of Aaron and his sons. In a recent article, D. Fleming suggested that the existence of two anointing rites in the ordination ritual (8:12 describing the anointing of Aaron and 8:30 describing the anointing of him and his sons) indicates the existence of two distinctive customs. However, it could also be argued that the division indicates two different ritual states of the participants ("More Help from Syria: Introducing Emar to Biblical Studies," BA 58/3 [1995]: 143-144). 3 Concerning the relationship between Exod 29 and Lev 8 one can find three main viewpoints in the literature: (1) Lev 8 is the older document and therefore Exod 29 is dependent on Lev 8. See B. A. Levine, "The Descriptive Ritual Texts of the Pentateuch," JAOS 85 (1965): 311-312; K. Elliger, Leviticus, HAT 4 (Tiibingen:J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1966), 107ff.; and M. Noth, Das dritte Buch Mose: Leviticus, 4th ed., Am 6 (G6ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978),56. (2) There exists an intricate interrelationship between Exod 29 and Lev 8 suggesting some kind of literary dependence, but-in line with modern communication theory-there is no benefit in separating "earlier" and "later" sources. This mediating position is held by H. Utzschneider, Das Heiligtum und das Gesetz: Studien zur Bedeutung der sinaitischen Heiligtumstexte (Exod 25-40; Lev 8-9), OBO 77 (Fribourg: Universit:itsverlag, 1988), 37; and J. E. Hartley, who assume that both Exod 29 and Lev 8 were dependent on an
Marital separation: Causes, coping, and consequences

Fifty-six maritally separated individuals were surveyed regarding the causes and consequences of their marital separation, and the manner in which they coped with the adjustment. Comparisons were made based on gender, initiator status (i.e., who initiated the separation), and length of separation. It was found that a disproportionate number of females in the sample were initiators, and that communication difficulties, emotional abuse, and the lack of love were cited most often as precipitants of the separation. Differences were found in both structural and functional aspects of the social support network; differences were also found in arguments over the children, romantic involvement, time spent with other people, involvement with the legal system, and changes in income. Mean scores on the CES-D both at the time of separation and at the tune of interview indicated clinical depression. Increased psychiatric symptomatology correlated significantly with several events witch precipitated the separation
The supply of subglacial meltwater to the grounding line of the Siple Coast, West Antarctica

Recent satellite studies have shown that active subglacial lakes exist under the Antarctic ice streams and persist almost to their grounding lines. When the lowest-lying lakes flood, the water crosses the grounding line and enters the sub-ice-shelf cavity. Modeling results suggest that this additional freshwater influx may significantly enhance melting at the ice-shelf base. We examine the spatial and temporal variability in subglacial water supply to the grounding lines of the Siple Coast ice streams, by combining estimates for lake volume change derived from Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) data with a model for subglacial water transport. Our results suggest that subglacial outflow tends to concentrate towards six embayments in the Siple Coast grounding line. Although mean grounding line outflow is ~60m3 s–1 for the entire Siple Coast, maximum local grounding line outflow may temporarily exceed 300 m3 s–1 during the synchronized flooding of multiple lakes in a hydrologic basin. Variability in subglacial outflow due to subglacial lake drainage may account for a substantial portion of the observed variability in freshwater flux out of the Ross Ice Shelf cavity. The temporal variability in grounding line outflow results in a net reduction in long-term average melt rate, but temporary peak melting rates may exceed the long-term average by a factor of three.
Column Generation Based Heuristic Algorithm for Multi-Item Scheduling

Abstract The column generation algorithm for the multi-item lot-size scheduling problem under resource constraints is examined and improved upon by augmenting simpler heuristic routines in place of the time-consuming Wagner-Whitin dynamic programming routine. The heuristic algorithms thus developed are tested by controlling problem size, setup time, demand variability, and capacity change costs in test problems. The empirical results indicate that the proposed heuristic algorithms reduce CPU time as well as the number of iterations with only a slight loss in optimality.
Effects of chlorothiazide on glucose utilization, glycogen content, and lactic acid production of aorta.

SummaryChlorothiazide in the incubating medium significantly reduces net glucose utilization, glycogen content, and net lactate production of normal dog aorta. When no glucose is present in the incubating medium, these actions of chlorothiazide are not evident. When 1.2 mM lactic acid is present in place of glucose as substrate, net lactic acid production of aorta is decreased by chlorothiazide and glycogen content is unaltered.
Norovirus and its histo-blood group antigen receptors

Human noroviruses belong to the Caliciviridae family and are the major pathogens responsible for the outbreak of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis.Previous studies have suggested that a genetic factor might play a role in the susceptibility of hosts to norovirus infection.Histo-blood group antigens have recently been discovered as receptors binding to noroviruses.These findings are important for the study of pathogenesis and epidemiology of noroviruses.They will also be crucial for the prevention and treatment for noroviruses.
Magneto-optic Phenomena in Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors

Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) [1] — typically, the tetrahedrally coordinated II–VI compound semiconductors in which the cations have been replaced by transition metal ions (e.g., Cd1−xMnxTe or Cdl−xFexSe) — exhibit striking magnetic phenomena owing to the large spin-spin exchange interaction between the localized magnetic moments of the d-electrons of the magnetic transition metal ion (e.g., Mn2+) and the band electrons (the ‘sp-d’ exchange interaction) as well as the anti-ferromagnetic coupling between the magnetic ions. The latter comes into play more significantly as the temperature is lowered and the concentration of the magnetic ions (x) is increased. The unique properties of DMS’s are brought out in a particularly spectacular fashion in magneto-optic phenomena like the Faraday effect, the Zeeman effect of the exciton and Raman scattering from magnetic excitations. The magnetic features which uniquely distinguish DMS’s are illustrated in this review with examples from the research program of the author and his collaborators.