cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Consideration of Viral Vector in Gene Therapy to Potential Lung Injury

Objection: In preparation for adenovirus vector mediated gene therapy to mouse lung, we studied the adverse effect of it under hyperoxia. Methods: The mice used in the study were separated into adenovirus vector treated group and control group, each group included 40 mice; the vector with LacZ marker gene was transferred by nasal administration; the location of LacZ marker gene was detected by histochemistry Staining. Results: LacZ marker genes could express in all area of the mouse lung under hyperoxia and room air situation; the survival time for mice in adenovirus vector treated group was shorter when compared to the control group mice (P value<0.05); the total protein and cells in the mice lung lavage fluid showed an remarkable increasing in the adenovirus vector treated group compared to the control (P value<0.05).
Emerging role of the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin in hematologic malignancies

Importance of the field: Histone acetylation plays a crucial role in chromatin modification and the regulation of gene expression. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are a novel class of antitumor agents with pleiotropic effects; they are under active clinical investigation. The HDACi romidepsin is being evaluated in a variety of tumors and was recently approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). Areas covered in this review: This review focuses on the findings from early Phase trials involving romidepsin, and the Phase II trial results that led to the approval of romidepsin in CTCL. What the reader will gain: Mechanisms of action of HDACi, including romidepsin, are described in this review and the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of romidepsin are summarized. The efficacy and safety profile of romidepsin in clinical trials in T-cell lymphoma is reviewed, and emerging data on single-agent and combination strategies in myeloid and B-lymphoid malignancies is outlined. ...
Transformation of Measurements Percentage of White Coat Color for Holsteins and Estimation of Heritability

Percentage of white coat color was measured on registration certificates of 4293 Holstein heifers on eight dairy farms in Florida. Measurements of white percentage were by visual evaluation on one side of the upper body (head, neck. and trunk) only and obtained in increments of 5%. Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and skewness of white percentage were 25.6, 15, 0, 26.9, and 1.03. Distribution of white percentages showed lack of normality. Original data were transformed using an extension of the Box-Cox transformation to approach normality and to provide maximum likelihood estimators of the transformed parameters. Heritability estimates for percentages of white coat color were computed using derivative-free REML with an animal model. Estimates of heritability were .715 from untransformed data and .779 for transformed. Standard errors of estimates were slightly lower (.032 vs. .035) following transformation. Additional study to find an improved transformation procedure still seems warranted.
Selective breeding for ethanol-related traits alters circadian phenotype

Previous studies in mice and rats have shown that selective breeding for high and low ethanol preference results in divergence of circadian phenotype in the selected lines. These results indicate that some alleles influencing ethanol preference also contribute to circadian rhythm regulation. Selective breeding has also been used to produce lines of mice differing in a number of other ethanol-related traits, while studies of phenotypic and genetic correlation indicate that diverse ethanol-related traits are influenced by both shared and unshared genetics. In the present study, we examined several features of circadian activity rhythms in a mouse line selected for binge-like drinking and in mouse lines selected for high and low severity of ethanol withdrawal convulsions. Specifically, Experiment 1 compared High Drinking in the Dark (HDID-1) mice to their genetically heterogeneous progenitor line (HS/Npt), and Experiment 2 compared Withdrawal Seizure-Prone (WSP-2) and Withdrawal Seizure-Resistant (WSR-2) mice. Both line pairs displayed differences in their daily activity patterns under lightedark conditions. In addition, HDID1 mice showed shorter free-running periods in constant light and less coherent activity rhythms across lighting conditions relative to HS/Npt controls, while WSP-2 mice showed longer free-running periods in constant darkness relative to WSR-2 mice. These results strengthen the evidence for genetic linkages between responsiveness to ethanol and circadian regulation, and extend this evidence to include ethanolrelated phenotypes other than preference drinking. However, the present results also indicate that the
A general framework for the calculation of the average outage duration of diversity systems over generalized fading channels

This paper presents two approaches for the calculation of the average outage duration (AOD) of diversity systems over generalized fading channels. First, a "classical" probability density function (pdf)-based approach is used to obtain exact closed-form expressions for the AOD of maximal-ratio combiner (MRC) over independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Rayleigh and Rice fading channels. On the other hand, relying upon a numerical technique for inverting Laplace transforms of cumulative distribution functions, and in conjunction with the calculation of the joint characteristic function (CF) of the combined output signal-to-noise ratio process and its time derivative, a CF-based approach is adopted to compute the AOD of MRC over non-i.i.d. Rayleigh and Rician diversity paths. The mathematical expressions are illustrated by presenting and interpreting numerical results/plots, showing the impact of the power delay profile, the angles of arrival, and the angle spreads on the AOD of diversity systems operating over typical fading channels of practical interest.
Pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscopy with a laryngeal mask airway.

Background and objectives Bedside flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) with sedation has been recognized as a diagnostic modality in children. In certain circumstances, general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation is advocated. This study evaluates the usefulness of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) as an alternative to endotracheal intubation during pediatric FFB. Design, setting, and patients Between July 1995 and June 2000, we studied 92 children (51 girls; age range, 1 through 15 years) in the operating theater of a major tertiary children's hospital. The LMA was used in children with atelectasis, diffuse infiltrates, and those who required BAL under general anesthesia. The size of the LMA was chosen to accommodate a bronchoscope appropriate for the child's weight and age. Results Procedures were well tolerated, no complications were observed, and oxygen saturation exceeded 95% in all patients. Major findings included mucoid impaction and purulent bronchial secretions, and BAL was successfully accomplished in all individuals. Conclusions Diagnostic BAL or extraction of mucous plugs should be accomplished with optimal control of the airway under general anesthesia. The use of the LMA during FFB is safe, provides excellent patient comfort, and should be utilized as an alternative to endotracheal intubation.
UNBUNDLING LEGAL SERVICES IN MEDIATION

The adversarial model for resolving family disputes is seriously flawed. The judicial system is inefficient and uneconomical. The vast majority of litigants cannot afford to have their cases handled by a lawyer, and, as a result, they end up representing themselves. However, divorcing spouses want and need legal services. They should not be forced to choose between full services and no services. As mediation moves toward acceptance as the preferred method for resolving family disputes, attorneys have an opportunity to offer a menu of legal services from which clients may order a la carte. This is the essence of unbundling. This article explores how unbundling enables mediation clients to obtain the legal services they request at an affordable cost and relieves consulting attorneys who perform discrete tasks of responsibility for the outcome of the case.
Electrostatic surface modifications to improve gene delivery.

Importance of the field: Gene therapy has the potential to treat a wide variety of diseases, including genetic diseases and cancer.Areas covered in this review: This review introduces biomaterials used for gene delivery and then focuses on the use of electrostatic surface modifications to improve gene delivery materials. These modifications have been used to stabilize therapeutics in vivo, add cell-specific targeting ligands, and promote controlled release. Coatings of nanoparticles and microparticles as well as non-particulate surface coatings are covered in this review. Electrostatic principles are crucial for the development of multilayer delivery structures fabricated by the layer-by-layer method.What the reader will gain: The reader will gain knowledge about the composition of biomaterials used for surface modifications and how these coatings and multilayers can be utilized to improve spatial control and efficiency of delivery. Examples are shown for the delivery of nucleic acids, including DNA and s...
Incoherent multimode Raman amplification theory

We develop an analytic theory for multi-longitudinal-mode Raman amplification with an incoherent pump of arbitrary bandwidth and mode spacing in the limit of negligible pump depletion. The closed-form analytical solution assumes the correct form in the limit for which the longitudinal laser mode spacing is wide in relation to the Raman bandwidth. The theory also predicts an enhancement in gain for correlated pump and Stokes beams when the laser mode spacing is much smaller than the Raman linewidth.
A tribute to Frank Veith: Founding Editor-in-Chief.

As the journal Vascular approaches nearly one decade since inception, it has achieved a reputation for presenting noteworthy, innovative, and fascinating articles. Much of the journal’s success is attributable to its founding Editor-in-chief, Dr. Frank Veith. Dr. Veith stepped down from this role at the beginning of 2013 after eight years managing the journal. On behalf of the Associate Editors and the Editorial Board, I want to express our immense gratitude to Dr. Veith for his tireless work. We feel privileged and honored to have worked with him in this endeavor. It is befitting to review some of the details of Dr. Veith’s selfless contributions of time and energy to the journal. After being appointed as Editor-in-Chief in 2004, Dr. Veith reinvigorated Cardiovascular Surgery into the journal Vascular that we know today. This transformation included not just a change in name, editors and publisher, but also a change in the emphasis and scope of the publication. The changes presented an opportunity to refresh the journal and maintain relevance in an ever-changing medical world. Dr. Veith’s stated objective was to make the journal ‘‘a significant, global voice in vascular surgery.’’ In addition, he hoped to create a unique journal that would publish opinion pieces and other articles that were important to practicing Vascular Surgeons and Vascular Surgery as a whole. In a risky initiative, Dr. Veith also hoped to include controversial articles so that readers could make their own informed decisions on certain topics. He encouraged submission and publication of articles focused on novel endovascular techniques and treatments. In short, Dr. Veith’s vision was for Vascular to be a groundbreaking journal that would provide information not otherwise found in existing, traditional publications. After eight years of successful publication, it is clear that his vision has become a reality. At the outset of Dr. Veith’s journey with Vascular, Vascular Surgery as a specialty was in the midst of a transitional phase; it was undergoing a decade-long evolution into a separate and discrete field with its own specific body of knowledge, skills and training programs. The emergence of Vascular Surgery as its own distinct specialty was the evolutionary development that prompted Dr. Veith to initiate the transformation of Cardiovascular Surgery into the more specific journal Vascular. The new journal served as the official
Automotive conformal antenna research at the Ohio State University

There has been a global trend toward more communications, navigation, and sensing applications in the automotive industry in the last few years. Modern automobiles have systems for AM radio, FM radio (with diversity), TV (with diversity), cellular (high and low bands), GPS, keyless entry, and roadside telecommunications. Coupled with this trend is the trend toward conformal or invisible antennas. The automobile manufacturers (and the buyers) want the systems to as be as unobtrusive as possible. New antenna designs are increasingly becoming conformal and imbedded. This means that new antenna designs are much more interdependent on the automobile body shape and material. These new conformal designs couple tightly to the body shape and each new body style requires that the antennas must be redesigned. All this is in an environment of decreasing time to market for new body styles. This paper discusses the conformal antenna research being done at the Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory. It discusses on-glass concepts and other hidden antenna concepts. The emphasis is on design techniques and measurement techniques. The use of new material for building the antenna, such as transparent conductive film is also shown.
An explicit flux-form semi-lagrangian shallow-water model on the sphere

A global shallow-water model based on the flux-form semi-lagrangian scheme is described. the mass-conserving flux-form semi-Lagrangian scheme is a multidimensional semi-Lagrangian extension of the higher order Godunov-type finite-volume schemes (e.g., the piece-wise parabolic method). Unlike the piece-wise parabolic methodology, neither directional splitting nor a Riemann solver is involved. A reverse engineering procedure is introduced to achieve the goal of consistent transport of the absolute vorticity and the mass, and hence, the potential vorticity. Gravity waves are treated explicitly, in a manner that is consistent with the forward-in-time flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport scheme. Due to the finite-volume nature of the flux-form semi-lagrangian scheme and the application of the monotonicity constraint, which can be regarded as a subgrid-scale flux parametrization, essentially noise-free solutions are obtained without additional diffusion. Two selected shallow-water test cases proposed by Williamson et al. (1992) and a stratospheric vortex erosion simulation are presented. Discussions on the accuracy and computational efficiency are given based on the comparisons with a Eulerian spectral model and two advective-form semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian models.
Polarized wiggler for NSLS X-ray ring

We examine the properties of an elliptically polarized wiggler that will generate circularly polarized photons with an energy spectrum of 3-12 keV. The vertical wiggler magnetic field is produced by permanent magnets while the horizontal wiggler field is generated by electric coils capable of AC excitation. The radiation parameters of the wiggler are presented. Numerical values are calculated for radiation from the wiggler. A conceptual design for such a wiggler is discussed. We consider AC excitation of the wiggler to produce the time modulation of the elliptic polarization. The power dissipated in the vacuum chamber due to the eddy current is considered. >
User Placement of a Visual Aid for Detecting Critical Signals in Fetal- Heart Rate Tracings: A Yoke-Control Study

The present study examined the ability of participants to detect critical signals embedded within dynamic fetal-heart rate (FHR) tracings using a visual aid. Participants inspected tracings for deviations in the FHR under different levels of heart rate variability. One group was given control over placement of the visual aid. A second yoke-control group monitored the same presentation of critical signals and aid placements but could not alter the visual aids. In phase 1, student participants placed the aid and in phase 2 the experimenter placed the aid. Performance was compared to a control group that had no aids. The results showed that no group detected all critical signals but those who placed the aid performed better than those who had no aid across all levels of heart rate variability. However, the benefit of the visual aid for the yoke-control participants was limited to the condition where the experimenter placed the aid. These results suggest that a visual aid can improve performance, but that it ...
Highly Specific Salt Bridges Govern Bacteriophage P22 Icosahedral Capsid Assembly: Identification of the Site in Coat Protein Responsible for Interaction with Scaffolding Protein

UNLABELLED Icosahedral virus assembly requires a series of concerted and highly specific protein-protein interactions to produce a proper capsid. In bacteriophage P22, only coat protein (gp5) and scaffolding protein (gp8) are needed to assemble a procapsid-like particle, both in vivo and in vitro. In scaffolding protein's coat binding domain, residue R293 is required for procapsid assembly, while residue K296 is important but not essential. Here, we investigate the interaction of scaffolding protein with acidic residues in the N-arm of coat protein, since this interaction has been shown to be electrostatic. Through site-directed mutagenesis of genes 5 and 8, we show that changing coat protein N-arm residue 14 from aspartic acid to alanine causes a lethal phenotype. Coat protein residue D14 is shown by cross-linking to interact with scaffolding protein residue R293 and, thus, is intimately involved in proper procapsid assembly. To a lesser extent, coat protein N-arm residue E18 is also implicated in the interaction with scaffolding protein and is involved in capsid size determination, since a cysteine mutation at this site generated petite capsids. The final acidic residue in the N-arm that was tested, E15, is shown to only weakly interact with scaffolding protein's coat binding domain. This work supports growing evidence that surface charge density may be the driving force of virus capsid protein interactions. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophage P22 infects Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and is a model for icosahedral viral capsid assembly. In this system, coat protein interacts with an internal scaffolding protein, triggering the assembly of an intermediate called a procapsid. Previously, we determined that there is a single amino acid in scaffolding protein required for P22 procapsid assembly, although others modulate affinity. Here, we identify partners in coat protein. We show experimentally that relatively weak interactions between coat and scaffolding proteins are capable of driving correctly shaped and sized procapsids and that the lack of these proper protein-protein interfaces leads to aberrant structures. The present work represents an important contribution supporting the hypothesis that virus capsid assembly is governed by seemingly simple interactions. The highly specific nature of the subunit interfaces suggests that these could be good targets for antivirals.
Attenuation in fine-grained marine sediments; extension of the Biot-Stoll model by the effective grain model (EGM)

It is postulated that the presence of swelling clay minerals in unconsolidated fine‐grained saturated marine sediments leads to deviations from the normally assumed ideal elasticity of the solid phase. In the proposed “effective grain model” (EGM), the elastic grain material is consequently replaced by an effective medium made up of a homogeneous elastic mineral phase that is isotropically interspersed with cylindrical, “penny‐shaped” inclusions of low aspect ratio representing the intracrystalline water layers in the swelling clay minerals. The two‐phase nature of the grain material thus specified results in a wave‐energy consuming squirt‐flow process from the inclusions into the pore space. Introducing the EGM into the Biot‐Stoll model (BSM) via the complex bulk modulus of the dissipative grain material leads to a better fit to literature data on the attenuation of compressional waves than does the original BSM alone. Since swelling clay minerals occur in nearly all clay‐bearing sediments, it is conclud...
Design for degradation: CAD tools for managing transistor degradation mechanisms

We present a set of computer-aided-design (CAD) tools to aid design of circuits in the presence of transistor degradation mechanisms. These CAD tools not only provide information on the circuit behavior due to degradation but also provide information on the degradation suffered by the individual components in the design and also provide design guidelines in the form of changes to the component parameters to bring down the degradation to specified values. These tools facilitate the designer during circuit design in the presence of degradation mechanisms like hot carrier injection (HCI) and negative bias temperature instability (NBTI).
Nighttime Intensivist Physician Staffing in the ICU

The first published study to demonstrate the benefit of specialized physician staffing in the intensive care unit (ICU) took place almost thirty years ago [1]. Since that time over 25 studies have examined the association between the intensity of daytime physician staffing in the ICU and outcomes [2]. Two systematic reviews of these studies showed a consistent relationship between high-intensity daytime staffing (defined as either ‘closed units’ or ICUs where all patients are co-managed with an intensivist) and reduced ICU length-of-stay, reduced hospital lengthof- stay, reduced ICU mortality and reduced hospital mortality compared to lower intensity daytime staffing [3, 4]. Several multicenter studies subsequent to these reviews largely, though not universally, confirmed these findings [5, 6]. These results attracted the attention of not only physicians, but also hospital administrators, policy analysts and insurance providers, leading to an expansion of the highintensity staffing model in ICUs worldwide [7].
Unbalanced but Satisfied

During my fellowship training in critical care, my then 4-year-old daughter drew my picture in shabby scrubs with two dark circles around my eyes, and named it “mommy panda” depicting my sleep deprived and exhausted existence. At that time, I was spending about two and a half hours commuting, braving Atlanta traffic, while my husband pursued his PhD training in New York. My situation as an anchor parent of a young child with no family around and the demands of an emotionally and physically challenging fellowship training generated lots of sympathy and concerns from well-wishers and colleagues. They saw my life as unbalanced, at risk of burnout, and it is true that they had some reasons to worry since the odds were not in my favor. Physicians in general and particularly those exposed to unremitting high level of stress in specialties such as critical care are at high risk of burnout (1), a condition resulting from cumulative stress at work characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment (2, 3). Emotional exhaustion is a key component in physician burnout (2), and the reported incidence in the US ranges from 25 to 60% (4, 5).
Children with alcohol intoxication in Cracow, Poland.

Alcoholism among minors is a serious social problem. The aim of the current study was to analyze alcohol intoxication in children based on hospitalizations in the University Children's Hospital in Cracow between the years 2007 and 2015. During these 9 years, 381 patients were hospitalized due to excessive alcohol consumption. Most patients were junior high school or high school students. The highest blood alcohol concentrations in hospitalized patients were found in a 16-year-old boy (BAC .41%) and a 15-year-old girl (BAC .37%). Alcohol consumption and severe intoxication are linked to a wide variety of familial, social, and personal problems.
Computational Prediction of Genetic Drivers in Cancer

Cancer is a complex genetic disease driven by somatic mutations in the genomes of cancer cells. Distinguishing pathogenic ‘driver’ mutations from non-pathogenic ‘passenger’ mutations is a central task for functionalising cancer genomics in patient care. With the outpouring of genomic information from next-generation sequencing, predictive algorithms have become relevant to filter the outnumbered pathogenic driver mutations from non-pathogenic passenger mutations. Computational approaches are available for predicting cancer drivers at mutation, gene and pathway levels. These algorithms use statistical approaches that have their advantages and drawbacks. The current trend is to use multiple and complementary methods for a more accurate prioritisation of cancer driver candidates available for targeted therapy at the clinical level. Key Concepts Cancer is a disease driven by mutations in the genome. Only a small fraction of mutations are drivers that are responsible for cancer initiation and progression. Distinguishing drivers from passengers is essential for genomic medicine. Computational prediction of drivers is challenging due to the complexity of biology and genomics. Statistical and machine learning approaches have been applied to discover the signature of drivers. A mutation can affect the function of multiple genes and pathways. The function of a mutation is context-dependent and can vary in different diseases. Keywords: cancer; driver; genomics; function; predictor; computational; mutation; tools; bioinformatics
A Strategy to Stabilize Kesterite CZTS for High-Performance Solar Cells

Cu2ZnSnS4–xSex (CZTS) is an important semiconductor with significant potential for applications in the next generation of solar cells. CZTS has an optimal band gap (∼1.5 eV) and contains no expensive or toxic elements. However, CZTS-based solar cells suffer from low efficiency because of poor crystal quality, which is partly caused by secondary phase formation during synthesis. We use density functional theory+U calculations to systematically investigate the stabilities of three CZTS phases: kesterite, stannite, and wurtzite. In agreement with previous experiment and theory, we confirm that these three phases have very similar formation energies. This finding is consistent with the known difficulties in synthesizing pure kesterite CZTS, the phase that is desirable for photovoltaic applications. To overcome this problem, we characterize surfaces and interfaces of CZTS and are able to identify certain “beneficial surfaces” that could be exploited to potentially provide extra stability for the kesterite phas...
Group Additivity for Estimating Thermochemical Properties of Furanic Compounds on Pd(111)

We analyze the adsorption of 101 furan chemistry-related adsorbates, including intermediates with varying levels of hydrogenation of the furan ring as well as ring-open compounds, on Pd(111). The standard heat of formation (Hf,298), standard absolute entropy (S298), and heat capacity (Cp,T) are estimated using dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D3) and statistical mechanics formulas, and all Hf,298 values are referenced to a single set of gas-phase molecules to ensure consistency. We further estimate the dispersion contribution, ΔEdisp, to the heat of adsorption. Subsequently, we develop a group additivity scheme to quickly estimate thermochemical properties of furanic molecules. For the proposed model, the vibrational and rotational contributions of gas-phase-like groups are estimated using G4-level calculations. We find that the group additivity scheme developed for open-chain molecules is inaccurate for furanics. We report 17 new groups, involving heteroatom–nearest neighbor interactio...
Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Detained Population in Yibin,2002-2011

Objective To understand the morbidity status of pulmonary tuberculosis in prison custody population.Methods Cases from 2002 to 2011 were analyzed based on the general report system of infectious diseases.Results From 2002 to 2011,104 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were confirmed in a prison of Yibin and the sputum smear positive cases were 41,with a rate of smear positive of 39.42%;the smear the cure rate reached to 95.12%;28 cases were diagnosed as negative smear,with a completed treatment rate of 92.86%.Conclusion Timely screening for tuberculosis cases could effectively block the spreading of within the prison house units.
Analysis of drug-induced hepatotoxicity and FDA white papers

Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is the most frequent cause of liver injury. The economic burden of liver injury is substantial for our society. The risk of hepatotoxicity is a long standing problem and a major challenge for pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agency. We reviewed the FDA-PhRMA-AASLD's drug-induced hepatot- oxicity white papers and discussed the implication for drug development and regulatory policy. These white papers provided rich information about detection, evaluation and management of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Discussions in this paper could be considered for future improvement of Chinese regulatory policy related to hepatotoxicity.
Time Spent Outdoors, Depressive Symptoms, and Variation by Race and Ethnicity.

Introduction Numerous studies have explored neighborhood environmental correlates of mental illnesses, presuming that the time individuals spend in their environment can confer benefit or harm based on environmental characteristics. However, few population-based studies have directly examined the relationship between time spent outdoors and mental health, and little work has been done to explore how experiences differ by race and ethnicity. Though some have proposed "doses of outdoor time" to improve health, the absence of information about the benefits conferred by particular "doses," and expected baseline levels of outdoor time, are needed to inform the development of recommendations and interventions. Methods This study examined the relationship between time spent outdoors and depression among a population-based sample of American adults, characterized current levels of time spent outdoors by race and ethnicity, and examined how the relationship between time spent outdoors and depression varies by race and ethnicity. Descriptive statistics and survey regression models were used to examine data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2009–2012. Results Findings provide evidence that time spent outdoors is associated with fewer depressive symptoms, but this benefit may not be equally distributed by race and ethnicity. Descriptive analyses also reveal differences in time spent outdoors among different racial and ethnic groups. Conclusions Study findings support the notion that increasing time spent outdoors may result in mental health benefits. However, this study questions whether that benefit is experienced equally among different groups, particularly given differences in occupational experiences and environmental characteristics of neighborhoods.
Cognitive optical wireless network

Optical wireless network has the potential to serve both data centers and metropolitan area networks. Free space optical networks has one dimension that is not encountered in fiber networks and that is its ability to reconfigure its connection topology by beam steering in time scale of at least mS if not µS. This paper describes a cognitive technique for the fast estimation of traffic changes and triggering network connectivity reconfigurations to achieve congestion control and load balancing. Significant performance gains are expected.
Social context and perspectives of non‐medical prescription opioid use among young adults in Rhode Island: A qualitative study

Background and Objectives This pilot study examined the context of nonmedical prescription opioid (NMPO) use and related risk behaviors among young adults in Rhode Island, a New England region with markedly high prevalence of NMPO use and overdose mortality. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews (n = 13) with young adults (18–29 year-olds) who reported current or recent NMPO use. We also conducted focus groups (two groups, n = 14 total) with professional service providers recruited from service organizations. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed, and key themes were analyzed. Results Participants discussed high levels of access to prescription opioids for nonmedical use via prescriptions originally provided to family and friends. The contexts described by participants included social environments such as parties, in which mixing opiates with benzodiazepines, alcohol or other types of drugs, and incidents of unintentional overdose were reported. Participants attributed risk for overdose to individual-level factors (eg, users who “couldn't handle it”), rather than contextual factors, and described negative reactions to being labeled as an “addict” or “addicted.” Professional service providers had first-hand experience with young adults in treatment settings, yet limited exposure to young adults who were treatment-naive. Conclusions Young adult NMPO users described social settings where polysubstance use and pill use were common, and highlighted an aversion to being labeled as having a substance use disorder. Scientific Significance To reduce harms of NMPO use among young adults, interventions should address the social context in which drug use and risk behaviors occur. (Am J Addict 2016;25:659–665)
Light-triggered unfolding of single linear molecular bottlebrushes from compact globular to wormlike nano-objects in water

This article reports on the light-triggered unfolding of single stimuli-responsive linear molecular bottlebrushes, composed of either homografted poly(methoxydi(ethylene glycol) acrylate-co-o-nitrobenzyl acrylate) (P(DEGMA-co-NBA)) or heterografted poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(o-nitrobenzyl acrylate) (PNBA) side chains, from compact globular to wormlike shapes in an effort to mimic the triggered unravelling of proteins such as the von Willebrand factor and talin. PDEGMA is a thermosensitive polymer with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of 38 °C in water. The hydrophobic o-nitrobenzyl group can be cleaved by UV irradiation, yielding a hydrophilic carboxylic acid group. This increased the LCST or solubility of the corresponding side chains in water, triggering the shape transitions of brush molecules from globular to wormlike. The brushes were synthesized by a “grafting to” method using the copper-catalyzed cycloaddition of alkyne end-functionalized side chain polymers and an azide-bearing backbone polymer. For 0.2 mg g−1 P(DEGMA-co-NBA) molecular brushes in water, a dynamic light scattering study showed that the apparent hydrodynamic size decreased with increasing temperature, with the LCST occurring at 23 °C. Atomic force microscopy revealed that the brush molecules changed from an extended wormlike morphology at 4 °C to compact globular nano-objects upon heating to 30 °C. UV irradiation of the solution at 30 °C for 70 min unfolded the brushes to an extended wormlike conformation. For heterografted PEO/PNBA molecular brushes, the collapsed compact nano-objects in water, stabilized by PEO side chains, were prepared by gradually adding a DMF solution of brushes into water, followed by dialysis to remove DMF. Similarly, upon UV irradiation, the brush molecules changed to wormlike conformations.
Fluid Resuscitation in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: Yesterday and Today

The prevailing wisdom for the prehospital fluid resuscitation of trauma victims in hemorrhagic shock in 1992 was to administer 2 L of crystalloid solution as rapidly as possible. A review of the fluid resuscitation literature found that this recommendation was not well supported by the evidence at the time. Prehospital fluid resuscitation strategies were reevaluated in the 1993–1996 Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) research program. This article reviews the advances in prehospital fluid resuscitation as recommended by the original TCCC Guidelines and modified over the following 2 decades. These advances include hypotensive resuscitation, use of prehospital whole blood or blood components when feasible, and use of Hextend or selected crystalloids when logistical considerations make blood or blood component use not feasible.
Crossed Fiber Models of the Particle-Surface Interaction

Crossed fibers are a useful model for studying the adhesion forces that exist between sphere-sphere and sphere-surface systems. Crossed fibers whose radii, composition and surface structure are known can easily be micromanipulated to establish various contact geometries. In addition, the same two fibers can be used repeatedly to acquire good statistics of the adhesion force. We describe a specially built apparatus which exploits the crossed fiber geometry to generate large numbers of contact and separation events between the same two fibers. For each event, the apparatus records a time which is monotonically related to the adhesion force. These data show several interesting effects, including “quantization,” i.e., discrete values of the adhesion force, which we describe in the paper.
Mapping Russian Nuclear Narratives

ABSTRACTThis article traces the discourse shaping nuclear weapons decision making in Russia. An examination of publicly available sources of communication by influential Russian actors reveals a clustering of dominant nuclear propositions. Utilizing narrative frame analysis, this article uncovers five narratives circulating the conversations of Russian policy elites: ‘Strategic Instability’, ‘Cold War Reruns’, ‘Conditional Arms Control’, ‘Broken Promises’, and ‘Nuclear Resurgence’. Narrative frame analysis supports the understanding of the strategic context and includes assessing risks associated with strategies from one’s own and, in this case, Russia’s perspective. Possessing an understanding of the specific narrative dynamics equips American representatives to better navigate complex and challenging dialogues with their Russian counterparts. Further, this narrative typography better postures national security strategies in the context of a multi-polar nuclear world to lower the risk of nuclear war.
Dicyclopentyl Dithiosquarate as an Intermediate for the Synthesis of Thiosquaramides

A general and greatly improved route is reported for the synthesis of a variety of thiosquaramides from a common dithionated intermediate. Both diaryl thiosquaramides and bifunctional thiosquaramides are readily accessed from dicyclopentyl dithiosquarate via two addition–elimination reactions. The convenient handling characteristics and relative stability of associated intermediates enable an operationally simple thiosquaramide preparation. Bifunctional aryl thiosquaramides, which were inaccessible by the previous method, are also prepared, and their catalytic performance is demonstrated, including their capability to function as Bronsted acid catalysts.
Unplanned hospitalizations among gastrointestinal cancer patients in the state of Texas.

6634 Background: Hospitalization rates and cost of care for patients with Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are among the highest in the spectrum of cancers. It is poorly understood if these are d...
Investigation of Using Broadband Excitation and Detection in Evaluating Flowfield Temperatures and Pressures

A nonintrusive method to measure temperature and pressure utilizing cxbroadband excitation and detection of oxygen fluorescence is presented. The required finely-tuned laser excitation source is replaced by a more rugged and less bulky Xenon flashlamp. As a tradeoff, more lines are excited and hence more fluorescence lines need to be monitored. Using a numerical fluorescence model, temperature and pressure sensitive bins of varying sizes (5,10,15,20 nm) between 200 and 300 nm are determined. By scaling the bin values with a relatively pressure insensitive bin, a pressure insensitivity parameter was found that allowed the determination of the 5 nm bin centered about 222.5 nm to be the most temperature sensitive for the temperature range 200-1500 K.
Modeling Part-of-Speech and Semantic Significance Effects on Semantic Construction During Reading

Semantic-skip is defined as a reading behavior in which the eyes fixate on a word long enough for it to be processed, yet it does not appear in the resulting semantic representation of reading. This is one of the main situations where previous models of semantic construction during reading have failed to produce good predictions. In this paper we present an enhanced model for predicting the semantic representations constructed during reading based on eye-movement data and text analysis. Our model incorporates part-of-speech and semantic significance to determine the importance of a word in a specific context, and based on that and other linguistic factors determines if the word is present in the resulting semantic network or not. We validate our enhanced model with an existing dataset from a previous model for comparison, where our model has provided better predictions in all four cases of reading behavior.
Microbial Degradation of Pyridine and Pyridine Derivatives

Pyridine derivatives belong to an important class of aromatic compounds that occur largely as a result of human activities, although they are not necessarily xenobiotic compounds. Pyridines can also be derivatized to form a wide variety of xenobiotic compounds ranging from drugs to pesticides. Analogs to phenolic compounds, pyridines exhibit properties that differ in some respects to homocyclic compounds, and this may have profound effects on their biodegradation. The presence of the ring nitrogen defines the reactivity of pyridine derivatives. After 60 years of research into biodegradation of pyridine derivatives, some themes have emerged; however, new discoveries continue to change our understanding of how pyridines are degraded in the environment. This chapter brings together the current state of knowledge on the biodegradation of pyridines.
Transfusion of Blood and Blood Products

In transfusion medicine, several blood products can be prepared and used as replacement therapy; however, four of these products are more commonly used in general practice: RBCs, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), platelets and cryoprecipitate. RBC transfusions are mainly administered to improve tissue oxygenation in cases of anaemia or acute blood loss due to trauma or surgery. FFP, platelets and cryoprecipitate are used for the prevention and treatment of bleeding.
Living Gardens, Living Art, and Living Tradition

Copyright protection in the United States begins from the moment of a work’s “creation.” Although this rule is codified in the statute, the underlying issues of how and when “creation” occurs are rarely, if ever, explored. Under the current law, as soon as an author creates a copyrightable work of authorship and fixes that work in a tangible medium of expression, the work is entitled to protection. This formulation ignores the critical issues of whether fluid works of authorship that are constantly evolving can be subject to copyright protection and, if so, what is the scope of such protection. Not much has been said or written about how copyright should address such fluid works of authorship that are, by their very essence, continually in progress or otherwise subject to change on an ongoing basis. This dearth of discussion is particularly surprising given that law professors spend a majority of their time writing articles and books that are constantly in a state of flux. Even after publication, many wish to attempt to revise prior works, and some actually do so in the form of sequel publications! This Essay initially discusses the protection of fluid works from the standpoint of copyright law in the United States. By way of comparison, this Essay then examines the philosophy of human creativity deriving from the Jewish tradition. It argues that this ancient yet living tradition can inform our copyright policy concerning how we define eligible works of authorship and determine their appropriate scope of protection.
Competition and cooperation among chimney swifts at roost entry.

Chimney swifts (Chaetura pelagica) are highly aerial, small, insectivorous birds well known for roosting en masse in chimneys during their autumn migration. These roosting events require hundreds to thousands of birds to enter a small opening (here 0.64 m2) within a short amount of time (15-30 min). Thus, these entry events pose a complex navigational and behavioral challenge as birds identify their entry route, cooperate with other birds present to form an entry flock, and compete with other birds at the time of chimney entry. We used six synchronized cameras to capture and reconstruct the 3D flight trajectories of swifts before and during chimney entry. Navigation into the chimney is consistent with use of a relative retinal expansion velocity cue, which results in an entry/non-entry decision point about 1.5 m above the chimney, or 0.4 s at typical entry speeds. Entries were highly clustered with 91 of 136 entries occurring within 1 s of another entry. We observed both synchronous (entry within 0.2 s) and sequential entry behavior (entry separated by ~0.4 s). Birds entering the chimney flew in close proximity to other birds (median minimum distance 0.51 m; 1.7 wingspans). In cases where two birds appeared to attempt a near-simultaneous entry, the bird either slightly to the rear or with a velocity vector bringing it closer to the current position of the other bird tended to make an avoidance maneuver and abandon its entry attempt. Overall, these results show how groups of animals execute complex landing and collision avoidance maneuvers in a natural setting without central control authority.
The Drosophila ERG channel seizure plays a role in the neuronal homeostatic stress response

Neuronal physiology is particularly sensitive to acute stressors that affect excitability, many of which can trigger seizures and epilepsies. Although intrinsic neuronal homeostasis plays an important role in maintaining overall nervous system robustness and its resistance to stressors, the specific genetic and molecular mechanisms that underlie these processes are not well understood. Here we used a reverse genetic approach in Drosophila to test the hypothesis that specific voltage-gated ion channels contribute to neuronal homeostasis, robustness, and stress resistance. We found that the activity of the voltage-gated potassium channel seizure (sei), an ortholog of the mammalian ERG channel family, is essential for protecting flies from acute heat-induced seizures. Although sei is broadly expressed in the nervous system, our data indicate that its impact on the organismal robustness to acute environmental stress is primarily mediated via its action in excitatory neurons, the octopaminergic system, as well as neuropile ensheathing and perineurial glia. Furthermore, our studies suggest that human mutations in the human ERG channel (hERG), which have been primarily implicated in the cardiac Long QT Syndrome (LQTS), may also contribute to the high incidence of seizures in LQTS patients via a cardiovascular-independent neurogenic pathway.
Quality of care for cancer survivors: Does a model of shared care affect experience of care?

213Background: Cancer survivors may have unique medical care needs due to chronic/late-occurring effects of cancer or cancer treatment. “Shared care,” survivorship care delivered by both oncologist...