cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory animals as veterinary patients.

T history of organized laboratory animal medicine in the United States may be described in two major phases (although laboratory animal medicine is also tightly linked with identification and development of animal models of human diseases, this facet is more accurately categorized as comparative pathology and therefore omitted from this discussion). Its first phase, roughly between 1950 and 1985, focused on colony medicine in tandem with optimization of husbandry practices. During this period, common natural pathogens were identified and reliable and cost-effective means were developed to detect and contain or eliminate those microbes and reduce their impact on research data. In addition, species-specific standards were established for nutrition, caging, bedding, and environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, ambient light, and noise. These standards were implemented to avoid unintended animal disease or injury and to permit more accurate comparisons between similar experiments performed at different times or in different locations that otherwise could have been confounded by differences in the animal subjects’ care and immediate environment. While progress in colony medicine continues, this initial focus was supplanted in the mid-1980s as a result of new federal laws and regulations in the United States. At that time, amendments to the federal Animal Welfare Act concurrent with the Health Research Extension Act of 1985 and resultant Public Health Service policy mandated the establishment of an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) at each site where specified species of animals were used in research, testing, or education. Under these new directives, every IACUC had three primary responsibilities: review and approve the intended use of all applicable animals before those animals were used, inspect all areas where animals were housed and used and assess the institution’s entire program of animal care and use at least once every six months, and investigate concerns regarding improper care and use of animals in the institution. In addition, for the first time, IACUC voting members had to include nonscientists and so-called nonaffiliated members from the community, in addition to scientists and veterinarians. Laboratory animals as veterinary patients
Devastating East African drought made more likely by climate change

In 2011 a powerful drought gripped East Africa. Vastly reduced 2010 fall rains and 2011 spring rains caused a drought that stacked on an already unstable political climate, caused a famine that led to hundreds of thousands of deaths. Whenever an extreme weather event strikes a population—a drought, a hurricane, or a powerful flood—questions arise as to whether ongoing global climate change is complicit. Most scientists, when confronted with such questions, suggest that no one act of weather can be attributed to the long-term statistical shifts that make up a change in climate. The nascent field of event attribution, however, is seeking to provide a more satisfying answer to this question. Using climate modeling techniques, researchers estimate how the probability or magnitude of a specific extreme event—in this case, the failure of the East African rains—was affected by climate change.
Absolute intensity measurements of CO2 bands in the 2395-2680/cm region

Absolute intensities for over 800 transitions belonging to twelve bands of (C-12)(O-16)2, (O-16)(C-12)(O-18), (O-16)(C-12)(O-17), and (O-16)(C-13)(O-18) molecules in the 2395-2680/cm spectral region have been derived using a nonlinear least-squares spectral fitting procedure. The data used in the analysis were recorded at room temperature and low pressure with the 0.01/cm resolution Fourier transform spectrometer in the McMath solar telescope complex at the National Solar Observatory. The measured intensities obtained for each band have been analyzed to derive the vibrational band intensity and F-factor coefficients. The results are compared with other published values.
Volatile organic compounds and pulmonary function in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a diverse group of chemicals emitted as gases from a variety of commonly used products. The general population is exposed to VOCs from cleaning and degreasing agents, pesticides, air fresheners, toilet bowl deodorants, furniture, tobacco smoke, and building materials such as pressed wood products, adhesives, carpeting, paints, and varnishes. Although VOCs are also released into the outdoor air through automotive exhaust and industrial emissions, indoor VOC concentrations are much higher (Wallace et al. 1987, 1991). Because people spend most of their time indoors, health effects related to VOCs in the residential setting are a concern, particularly with respect to respiratory illness (Diez et al. 2000; Farrow et al. 2003; Fiedler et al. 2005; Harving et al. 1991; Koren et al. 1992; Norback et al. 1995; Pappas et al. 2000; Smedje et al. 1997; Venn et al. 2003; Wieslander et al. 1997). Several studies have shown that elevated air concentrations of VOCs are associated with respiratory symptoms (Diez et al. 2000; Norback et al. 1995; Pappas et al. 2000; Rumchev et al. 2005; Smedje et al. 1997; Wieslander et al. 1997). Studies of VOC exposures and measures of pulmonary function have mostly been small and have used short-term measurements of VOC air concentrations in a single location to characterize exposures, which may not reflect the chronic exposures to these compounds (Fiedler et al. 2005; Harving et al. 1991; Norback et al. 1995; Pappas et al. 2000; Wieslander et al. 1997). Blood concentrations may better reflect chronic exposures to VOCs because they integrate exposures from all sources and can be used to estimate internal dose (Ashley and Prah 1997; Ashley et al. 1994; Sexton et al. 2005a). A variety of VOCs were measured in a subset of participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994) (NHANES III) to determine background exposure levels for adults in the general U.S. population (Ashley et al. 1994). Because there is a paucity of information about chronic VOC exposure and pulmonary function, we examined VOC blood concentrations in relation to pulmonary function using data from NHANES III (Ashley et al. 1994).
Theory defects in silicon: Recent calculations using finite molecular clusters

Abstract Deep-level impurities in semiconductors are characterized by perturbations of the host potential which are relatively localized to the vicinity of the impurity atom. This localization suggests that the impurity and its environment may be adequately simulated by a finite cluster of atoms, where surface effects are handled by some suitable termination. We illustrate this technique for two classes of silicon impurities: (i) interstitial iron-group transition-metal atoms, and (ii) substitutional oxygen and nitrogen. The single particle electronic structures are generated by the ab - initio scattered-wave Xα method and by the semi-empirical modified neglect of diatomic overlap method (MNDO) where appropriate. We also go beyond the conventional single-particle picture by considering the following extensions: (i) electronic relaxation accompanying electronic transitions, (ii) many-electron effects, and (iii) spontaneous impurity displacement.
The effects of glucosamine derivatives on equine articular cartilage degradation in explant culture.

Abstract Objective To determine whether glucosamine-3-sulfate, glucose-3-sulfate (control) and N-acetyl glucosamine inhibit experimentally induced degradation of equine articular cartilage explants similar to glucosamine HCl. Design Articular cartilage was obtained from the antebrachio-carpal and middle joints of horses (2–8 years old) killed for reasons unrelated to lameness. Cartilage discs were harvested from the weight-bearing region of the articular surface and cultured. Media were exchanged daily and the recovered media stored at 4°C. On days 1 and 2 lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10μg/ml) was added to induce cartilage degradation. To evaluate the effects of different sources of glucosamine (on an equal molar basis), varying concentrations of glucosamine HCl (0.25, 2.5, or 25mg/ml), glucosamine-3-sulfate (0.304, 3.04, or 30.4mg/ml), or N-acetyl-glucosamine (0.256, 2.56, or 25.6mg/ml) were added to the cultures. The glucose-3-sulfate control was added at 0.3075, 3.075 or 30.75mg/ml. Nitric oxide and proteoglycan released into conditioned media and tissue proteoglycan synthesis and total tissue PG content were measured as indicators of cartilage metabolism. Results Glucosamine-3-sulfate consistently inhibited cartilage degradation in a manner similar to glucosamine HCl, while the effects of N-acetyl-glucosamine were highly variable and did not inhibit cartilage degradation. Glucose-3-sulfate did not inhibit cartilage degradation. Conclusion Our results indicate that glucosamine sulfate also has the potential to prevent or reduce articular cartilage degradation similar to glucosamine HCl in vitro . The amine group at the carbon-2 position appears important for the effectiveness of the glucosamine derivative. The therapeutic value of N-acetyl-glucosamine remains questionable.
Asymptotic Theory of a Slender Rotating Beam With End Masses

The method of matched asymptotic expansions is employed to solve the singular perturbation problem of the vibrations of a rotating beam of small flexural rigidity with concentrated end masses. The problem is complicated by the appearance of the eigenvalue in the boundary conditions. Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are developed as power series in the perturbation parameter beta to the 1/2 power, and results are given for mode shapes and eigenvalues through terms of the order of beta.
Kinematics and Kinetics of Gait: From Lab to Clinic

Dynamic gait evaluation allows examination of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting an individual's ability to walk or run. This article identifies the gait cycle so that common terminology can be used to discuss and compare walking and running. The range of motion, or kinematics, used during gait can be seen subjectively in the hallway of the clinic but can be further objectified in a motion analysis laboratory. Kinetics, or the forces that cause the body to move, are collected in a laboratory environment. Understanding the internal and external forces acting on the body, the mobility they produce at the joints, and the corresponding effect on biomechanics helps identify sources of dysfunction. A discussion on economy highlights factors affecting the ability to move with a given amount of energy cost.
Trying to Promote Network Entry: From the Chain Broadcasting Rules to the Channel Occupancy Rule and Beyond

This article traces the efforts by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission to promote the entry of new networks, starting from its regulation of radio networks under the Chain Broadcasting Rules, through its regulation of broadcast television networks under its Financial Interest and Syndication Rules and its Prime Time Access Rule, and finally to its regulation of cable television networks under its Channel Occupancy and Leased Access Rules and its National Ownership Cap. The article’s principal conclusion is that these efforts by the FCC were largely ineffectual and that only the removal of regulatory barriers to new network entry could, and indeed did, achieve the Commission’s goal.
Earth's magnetic field and actual heights in the Ionosphere

When a radio wave is propagated into the ionosphere it becomes divided into separate wave-components under the influence of the Earth's magnetic field. This is fundamentally a Zeeman effect wherein an electromagnetic wave is propagated in an ionized medium in the presence of a magnetic field. The separation in frequency between the individual wave-components provides a measure of the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at the actual height in the ionosphere from which the signals are being returned.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a U1-like small nuclear RNA with unexpected properties

Previous experiments indicated that only a small subset of the approximately equal to 24 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have binding sites for the Sm antigen, a hallmark of metazoan small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) involved in pre-messenger RNA splicing. Antibodies from human serum to Sm proteins were used to show that four snRNAs (snR7, snR14, snR19, and snR20) can be immunoprecipitated from yeast extracts. Three of these four, snR7, snR14, and snR20, have been shown to be analogs of mammalian U5, U4, and U2, respectively. Several regions of significant homology to U1 (164 nucleotides) have now been found in cloned and sequenced snR19 (568 nucleotides). These include ten out of ten matches to the 5' end of U1, the site known to interact with the 5' splice site of mammalian introns. Surprisingly, the precise conservation of this sequence precludes perfect complementarity between snR19 and the invariant yeast 5' junction (GTATGT), which differs from the mammalian consensus at the fourth position (GTPuAGT).
School Choice and School Discipline: Why We Should Expect the Former to Improve the Latter.

This article argues that school choice/competition ought to play a central role in determining school discipline policy. Unfortunately, the status quo emphasizes disciplinary rules established by central authorities and school choice is often limited. The author provides an overview of these issues and presents a model of rules- versus discretion-based discipline policies and school choice. Policies that suppress school choice lead to inflexible and unsatisfactory discipline policies, and centralized discipline policies reduce the positive aspects of school choice. Stronger incentives for schools are expected to help remedy this and vigorous school choice/competition is likely to be an avenue for doing so.
A Comparison of Younger and Older Adults' Self-Assessment Manikin Ratings of Affective Pictures

Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) ratings were used to examine whether groups of 21 younger (M age = 20.02 years, SD = 2.28) and 21 older (M age = 66.26 years, SD = 5.64) adults had similar affective experiences to pictures from the International Affective Picture System (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1997). The psychometrics of the SAM valence and arousal scales were also compared across age groups. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was similar for younger and older adults, where both groups made less consistent valence ratings than arousal ratings. Both groups differed from the norms for valence for pleasant pictures, but were no more different from each other than they were from the norms. Age group differences were most evident in the pleasant region of the bivariate valence by arousal affective space, where younger adults found pleasant-aroused pictures to be more pleasant and arousing than older adults did. We suggest that this age group difference could be explained by greater affect intensity and surgency for the younger group and greater emotional control and leveling of positive affect for the older group.
What Might GRACE Contribute to Studies of Post Glacial Rebound

The NASA/DLR satellite gravity mission GRACE, launched in March, 2002, will map the Earth's gravity field at scales of a few hundred km and greater, every 30 days for five years. These data can be used to solve for time-variations in the gravity field with unprecedented accuracy and resolution. One of the many scientific problems that can be addressed with these time-variable gravity estimates, is post glacial rebound (PGR): the viscous adjustment of the solid Earth in response to the deglaciation of the Earth's surface following the last ice age. In this paper we examine the expected sensitivity of the GRACE measurements to the PGR signal, and explore the accuracy with which the PGR signal can be separated from other secular gravity signals. We do this by constructing synthetic GRACE data that include contributions from a PGR model as well as from a number of other geophysical processes, and then looking to see how well the PGR model can be recovered from those synthetic data. We conclude that the availability of GRACE data should result in improved estimates of the Earth's viscosity profile.
Low-Income Children's Self-Regulation in the Classroom: Scientific Inquiry for Social Change.

Over 21% of children in the United States today are poor, and the income gap between our nation's richest and poorest children has widened dramatically over time. This article considers children's self-regulation as a key mediating mechanism through which poverty has deleterious consequences for their later life outcomes. Evidence from field experiments suggests that low-income children's self-regulation is modifiable by early educational intervention, offering a powerful policy option for reducing poverty's negative impact. The author discusses ways that scientific models of self-regulation can be expanded to include multiple developmental periods and real-world classroom contexts. Recommendations for advances in research design, measurement, and analysis are discussed, as are implications for policy formation and evaluation.
MEASURING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM EFFECTIVENESS

This paper attempts to develop a strategy for measuring effectiveness in the delivery of transportation services within multimodal systems. It is one example of the kind of technique which utilizes a few reliable measures and is therefore more appropriate for the regular evaluation of system effectiveness. The strategy is applied in an analysis of system performance in Atlanta, Georgia for both existing and proposed modes. A principal concern is the determination of the distribution of services among areas whose residents have significantly different socioeconomic characteristics. Results indicate differences in service delivery which are helpful to decision-makers and/or service providers.
Certification of family forests: What influences owners’ awareness and participation?

In the United States, 35% of the forestland is owned by family forest owners with approximately 0.2% of this land reported to be enrolled in a forest certification system. The current study was conducted to provide insights into factors influencing family forest owners’ decisions to certify their lands. The bivariate probit model with sample selection results suggests that receiving professional advice regarding the forestlands and having a written management or stewardship plan had the highest positive marginal effects on awareness of certification programs and participation in these programs. Non-timber objectives had negative marginal effects on awareness of certification programs.
A dynamic demand analysis for electrical energy by class of consumer

In the preceding discussion, the price responsiveness of consumers has been estimated. The results not only indicate consumer reaction to changes in price is significant, but also they should completely dispel any argument over the efficacy of the market mechanism to restore equilibrium between supply and demand. Note, however, that demand is relatively inelastic, implying that a large change in price is needed to induce a sufficient change in the quantity demanded for the restoration of equilibrium. If the problem is to curtail the sales of electricial energy, the solution is obvious.
Opioid receptor subtypes mediating the noise-induced decreases in high-affinity choline uptake in the rat brain.

Abstract Acute (20 min) exposure to 100-dB white noise elicits a naltrexone-sensitive decrease in sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of the rat. In the present study, the subtypes of opioid receptors involved were investigated by pretreating rats with microinjection of specific opioid-receptor antagonists into the lateral cerebroventricle before noise exposure. We found that the noise-induced decrease in high-affinity choline uptake in the hippocampus was blocked by pretreatment with either μ-, δ-, or κ-opioid-receptor antagonists, whereas the effect of noise on frontal cortical high-affinity choline uptake was blocked by a μ- and δ- but not by a κ-antagonist. These data further confirm the role of endogenous opioids in mediating the effects of noise on central cholinergic activity and indicate that different neural mechanisms are involved in the effects of noise on the frontal cortical and hippocampal cholinergic systems.
Development of Superconducting Cavities of Cylindrical Symmetry at Cornell

The fabrication, processing and measurement of five single cell and one 5-cell L-band niobium cavities of elliptical shape are discussed. Q-values of 2 to 5×109 have typically been obtained without high temperature firing. In single cells magnetic surface fields as high as 56 mT corresponding to an accelerating field of 7 MV/m have been measured. In the 5-cell structure a gradient of 4.7 MV/m was achieved.
Simulating Visual Impairment to Detect Hospital Wayfinding Difficulties

Many public facility layouts have been developed with little consideration for the visually impaired, producing difficult and unpleasant wayfinding experiences. This study analyzed the current issues in a wayfinding task for the visually impaired and makes recommendations towards wayfinding improvements within a healthcare setting. Normally-sighted participants (m=25, f=25) wore one of five different vision simulator goggles to replicate a specific vision condition (diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, and hemianopsia) and were then given directions how to get to specific series of departments within a hospital campus. Participants then navigated a second time without the simulated vision condition, with normal vision, so comparisons could be made. The results of this study show that for visually impaired people, decorative elements often create major disturbances in wayfinding. Combined with other age related conditions, this may put patients and visitors at high risk of accid...
Preferential response of serotonergic medications in OCD related disorders

Abstract We will present data which show clinical and biological overlap of OCD with a group of related disorders. Our group is currently studying patients with OCD, BDD, Tourette's syndrome, pathological gambling, depersonalization, impulsive personality disorders and trichotillomania on biological challenges (m-CPP, clonidine), neuropsychiatric assessment and treatment (fluvoxamine, clomipramine). These disorders also show a preferential response to SRIs.
Computation of rational product approximations

Let F be a continuous real-valued function defined on [−1, 1] × [−1,1]. For purposes of simplifaction in some numerical processes, one may desire to have an approximation of the function F. We present a known method of approximation called the best rational product approximation. When developing this approximation to F, certain types of discontinuities may arise. We develop a slight variation of a known technique to overcome such discontinuities. With this modified technique, it is then possible to develop a computer program to compute the approximation of F. A brief discussion of this program is presented along with some of the results which we have obtained.
Biogenic grooving on glass shards

The occurrence of grooves on the surface of volcanic glass shards in marine and nonmarine environments suggests the existence of microorganisms that can dissolve silica substrates. The etchings occur within a 30-cm-thick marine turbidite bed in the Miocene Obispo Tuff at Shell Beach, central California, and also in a tuff layer (Deep Creek Tuff) in the Miocene John Day Formation of eastern Oregon. The etchings occur in three different patterns with two subtypes, depending on the formation in which they occur. Type A is an anastomosing pattern of semicircular grooves covering the entire grain. Subtypes of A are distinguished by the presence (Obispo Tuff, Type A-1) or lack (John Day, Type A-2) of annulations. Type B has some sinuous, branching grooves covering only part of the grain. Subtypes are the same as those of Type A. Type C, occurring only on Obispo Tuff grains, is a series of straight, nonbranching grooves on one side of platy shards. The grooves range in size from 4–20 µm in the Obispo Formation to 15–18 µm in the John Day Formation. The grooves are strikingly similar to grooves occurring on carbonate grains.
Acid phosphatase. V. The nature of inactivation and stabilization of purified human red cell phosphomonoesterase.

Abstract The stability characteristics of purified human red cell phosphomonoesterase were investigated. Two separate phenomena were identified to be primarily responsible for the instability of the purified preparation. The enzyme was found to be markedly susceptible to inactivation by surface forces. Kinetic studies relating to the surface inactivation process were presented. The addition of very small quantities of synthetic non-ionic detergents resulted in a complete stabilization of the enzyme against inactivation due to surface forces. In addition to the surface phenomenon, the enzyme was found to be rapidly inactivated by trace quantities of heavy metals which were present as a contaminant. Dialyzing membrane (cellophane as well as collodion) was found to contain sufficient quantities of heavy metal (iron, copper) to produce considerable inactivation of enzyme and was identified as the original source of these contaminants. The marked susceptibility of the enzyme to trace quantities of metals suggested its sulfhydryl nature. Evidence for the necessity of free —SH groups for the activity of this enzyme was presented.
Back on the Streets: Therapeutic Communities' Impact upon Drug Users

Relatively little is known about the efficacy of the therapeutic community as an intervention for drug abusers. The few published outcome studies vary widely in their conclusions; some claim extraordinary success while others cite much more modest results. This study reports the incidence of behavior changes (drug use, criminality, and unemployment) among 208 addicts, most of whom were White middle-class heroin users, both graduates and “splitees,” who participated in one of two California therapeutic communities. One program lasted 3 months and the other 10-12 months. Follow-up interviews conducted 11-18 months after participants left the treatment setting found only nine individuals, 4.3% of the participants, who totally abstained from drugs. There was, however, a marked decrease from preintervention incidence of drug use, crime, and unemployment. The most impressive behavior changes occurred among those who participated in the long-term program, as contrasted with the shorter one, and among those who g...
Initial test of the silicic acid leakage hypothesis using sedimentary biomarkers

[1] Several mechanisms have been proposed for large CO2 changes at glacial Terminations, including shifting the CaCO3:Corg rain ratio by changing surface water nutrient supply, altering the balance between diatom and coccolithophore production. Diatom Si:N is highest in Fe-stressed high-latitude waters. Southern Ocean Fe enrichment studies suggest diatom Si demands reduced under Fe-replete (glacial) conditions, allowing increased silicic acid to leak northward in subducted intermediate water and upwell at lower latitudes. We test this ‘Silicic Acid Leakage’ hypothesis using relative abundances of phytoplankton-specific biomarkers in Peru margin sediments spanning 0–20 Ka. Results indicate increased coccolithophorid:diatom production from ∼0.5 to 3 between 18.0–15.5 Ka. Temporal correlation with the initial pCO2 rise and early deglacial shift in mode water ventilation implicates a coincidental, possibly causative reorganization of Sub-Antarctic Mode Water formation and reduced Fe abundance. However, coccolithophorid production subsequently declined, suggesting rain ratio changes were only partly responsible for the CO2 deglacial transition.
Peasants, Choice, and Civil Wars

Caught in the Crossfire: Revolutions, Repression, and the Rational Peasant. By T. David Mason. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Litttlefield Publishers, 2004. 328 pp., $78.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-7425-2538-4), $30.95 paper (ISBN: 0-7425-2539-2). David Mason has been a pioneer in the systematic study of civil wars (Mason 1984; Mason and Krane 1989; Mason and Fett 1996; Mason, Weingarten, and Fett 1999). Caught in the Crossfire: Revolutions, Repression, and the Rational Peasant reflects that experience. As Mason says, it draws several important and different research traditions together: classical theories of the causes of revolutions, dependency theory, rational choice analysis of why individuals participate in revolts, social movement theory, analysis of state response to large-scale social violence, democratization, globalization, war termination, and peacemaking. The theoretical analysis is supported and illustrated by two very good case studies. The result is an impressive and very well written book that could serve as a text for graduate or undergraduate courses. The central argument of Caught in the Crossfire is straightforward. To understand civil wars in the Third World, we need to focus on the behavior of peasants, whose choices shape these conflicts. Economic inequality by itself does not produce revolution, but the local effects of globalization—in particular the shift from subsistence to export agriculture—does. One response to this shift is to mobilize peasants to participate in nonviolent protests of various sorts. These protests generally rely on pre-existing social networks, which is one reason why ethnicity plays a significant part in such conflicts. They also use strategies already in the cultural repertoire of the peasants. The key question is how the government will respond to these protests. Mason explains why governments that are dominated by elites and that have few resources but face enormous needs so often see violence as the best, or indeed the …
Calculation of threshold voltage in nonuniformly doped MOSFET's

A simple algorithm is presented that is based on a semi-empirical modification of a closed form expression for the inversion charge, to allow the calculation of the so-called extrapolated threshold voltage versus source-substrate bias in nonuniformly doped MOSFET's. This algorithm is suitable for incorporation into process simulation computer programs like SUPREM. It is demonstrated, by comparison to exact calculations and to measurements, that the algorithm gives accurate values of extrapolated threshold voltage even for cases where junctions are present in the MOSFET substrate under the gate.
The combinatorics of graphical unitary group approach to many electron correlation

The combinatorics of Gel'fand states which are useful in the graphical unitary group approach to many electron correlation problem and spin free quantum chemistry is considered. Using operator theoretic methods it is shown that the generators of Gel'fand states are S-functions.
Intermittent catheterization and recurrent urinary tract infection in spinal cord injury

Purpose: To study the association of recurrent symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs) with the long-term use of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) for the management of neurogenic bladder in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: Retrospective study of 61 SCI patients with neurogenic bladder managed by CIC. Subjects were selected from 210 SCI patients seen at the Yale Urology Medical Group between 2000 and 2010. Medical UTI prophylaxis (PRx) with oral antimicrobials or methenamine/ascorbic acid was used to identify patients with recurrent UTI. The number of positive cultures (≥103 cfu/mL) within a year prior to starting PRx was used to confirm the recurrence of UTI. Results: Fifty-one male and 10 female subjects were managed with CIC. Forty-one (67%) subjects were placed on medical PRx for symptomatic recurrent UTI. Seventeen (28%) subjects had at least 3 positive cultures within the year prior to starting PRx. Fifteen of 20 (75%) subjects not on PRx had no complaints of UTI symptoms ...
Glass-reinforced epoxy-resin cable ducts. The conscientious alternative

The combination of properties exhibited by glass-reinforced epoxy resin make it a good choice for many engineering applications. Here, its advantages over other materials commonly used for cable ducts are described
Core electrostatic fluctuations and particle transport in a reversed-field pinch.

Potential and electron-density fluctuation profiles, $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{\ensuremath{\phi}}(r)$ and ${\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{n}}_{e}(r)/{n}_{e}$, are measured for the first time in the core of a reversed-field pinch using a heavy ion beam probe. It is found that the fluctuations are broadband and correlated with the core resonant $m/n=1/6$ tearing mode. The electrostatic-fluctuation-induced particle transport in the core of standard RFP plasmas, estimated from measured $⟨{\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{n}}_{e}\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{\ensuremath{\phi}}⟩$, is small compared to the total particle flux. Measurements of fluctuations and estimates of fluctuation induced particle transport in improved confinement RFP discharges are also presented.
An integrated safe shutdown heat removal system for light water reactors

Abstract A design concept is introduced for an integrated safe shutdown heat removal system (ISSS) for light water reactors that is independent of all components and systems outside the primary containment (other than the elements of the ISSS itself) and which includes an integral stored water supply. The principal purpose is to obtain a simple, reliable, and highly protected means for water makeup and steam release for basic post-scram cooling. The objective of the system is to provide safe shutdown cooling under virtually all emergency conditions which do not involve the loss of coolant caused by piping failures within the primary containment. Thus, the system is designed for the hazards of fire and sabotage as well as numerous other potential accidents, all of them considered as a set of events to be handled by the same system, rather than as discrete problems — each with its own, sometimes contradictory, solution.
The Singing Heart of Highlander Folk School

From 1932 until 1961, the Highlander Folk School conducted informal adult education programs focused on the southern labor movement, citizenship, and civil rights. Beginning in 1935 until her death in 1956, Zilphia Horton, first wife of Highlander's founder Myles Horton, enhanced the cultural pluralism of the school by developing a curriculum which incorporated and elevated the importance of folk music, dance, and drama. This paper discusses the life and contributions of Zilphia Horton, Highlander's “singing heart,” and addresses the role of music in particular, and the arts in general, at Highlander. Two frequently neglected areas of adult education history (women and culture) are highlighted by examining Zilphia Horton's presence at Highlander.
Manufacturing parameters of large-batch, small-batch, and single-wafer cluster tools for poly-gate applications

In this paper a number of cluster tool concepts will be analyzed to compare numbers such as throughput, cycle time and cost per wafer. This will be done for two of the most frequently used reactor concepts, viz. for single wafer and batch type reactors, and for a number of ambient control concepts. For demonstration purposes, a polysilicon gate process flow will be used, as the process steps involved belong in the class of critical processes in advanced CMOS manufacturing lines.
Revealed preference for relative status: Evidence from the housing market

Abstract This paper investigates the value individuals place on their relative housing consumption as compared to absolute housing consumption. Using observed housing sales from three Ohio MSAs in 2000, a spatial Durbin hedonic price model provides total marginal willingness-to-pay estimates for both characteristics of housing units and those of its neighbors. Using this revealed-preference approach, we find evidence suggesting individuals do value relative house size, but the absolute effect dominates. For instance, the estimates indicate that if all homes in Columbus were to increase in size by 100 square feet, the net effect of impacts on absolute and relative consumption would be to increase house prices by $605 on average. This stands in contrast to the stated preference literature, which frequently find individuals to be willing to forgo absolute well-being in exchange for relative status gains.
Female Choice Predicts the Best Father in a Biparental Fish, the Midas Cichlid (Cichlasoma citrinellum)

The Midas cichlid is a monogamous, biparental species. It breeds in a highly competitive system where pairs have a low probability of raising fry to independence. Both parents must cooperate to retain the territory and protect the fry from predation. Previous experiments showed that females prefer large, aggressive and sexually experienced males as mates but males do not display any consistent preferences. Here I present the results of two experiments designed to see whether qualities preferred by females correlate with increased success in retaining territories and in providing parental care. Pairs with either large or aggressive males had an advantage in appropriating and holding a breeding territory; reproductive experience conferred no advantage in usurping a territory. Aggressive and reproductively experienced males had an advantage in defending the brood from predators of fry, but size had no effect. Thus, the qualities preferred by females confer advantages both in holding territories and in protecting fry. In contrast, males need not be selective because females, once in possession of a brood, defend it equally well regardless of size, aggressiveness, or reproductive experience. The system is one of mutually enforced monogamy based on female choice; females drive the system because they provide more investment than do males (combining gametes and time) and because this investment is a reliable resource to the male.
Antiviral activity of clevudine [L‐FMAU, (1‐(2‐fluoro‐5‐methyl‐β, L‐arabinofuranosyl) uracil)] against woodchuck hepatitis virus replication and gene expression in chronically infected woodchucks (Marmota monax)

L: -FMAU [1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-beta,L-arabinofuranosyl) uracil] has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and duck hepatitis B virus replication in cell culture and duck hepatitis B virus replication in acutely infected Peking ducks. The woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and its natural host, the Eastern woodchuck (Marmota monax), have been established as a predictive model for the evaluation of antiviral therapies against chronic HBV infection. In this report, the antiviral activity of l-FMAU against WHV replication in chronically infected woodchucks is described. Four weeks of once-daily oral administration of L-FMAU significantly reduced viremia, antigenemia, intrahepatic WHV replication, and intrahepatic expression of woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen (WHcAg) in a dose-dependent manner. At the highest dose administered (10 mg/kg/d), significant reductions of intrahepatic WHV RNA and covalently closed circular (ccc)WHV-DNA levels also were observed. The reduction in viremia was remarkably rapid at the higher doses of L-FMAU, with greater than 1,000-fold reductions in WHV-DNA serum levels observed after as little as 2 to 3 days of therapy. Following the withdrawal of therapy, a dose-related delay in viremia rebound was observed. At the highest doses used, viremia remained significantly suppressed in at least one half of the treated animals for 10 to 12 weeks' posttreatment. No evidence of drug-related toxicity was observed in the treated animals. L-FMAU is an exceptionally potent antihepadnaviral agent in vitro and in vivo, and is a suitable candidate for antiviral therapy of chronic HBV infection.
Mid-term results, and therapeutic management, for patients suffering hypertension after surgical repair of aortic coarctation.

We designed our study to investigate the efficacy of a new therapeutic approach to late onset hypertension in patients after surgical repair of aortic coarctation. Several studies have shown a higher incidence of hypertension during daily activities, and during exercise, in patients after surgical correction of coarctation. To the best of our knowledge, however, no data exists concerning haemodynamics, the response of arterial pressures, and the effects of medications for lowering blood pressure during exercise or during daily activities.We studied 128 patients, aged 15.6 ± 4.3 years, to determine the response of blood pressure as we administered treatment in the attempt to achieve a normotensive state. We excluded patient with associated cardiac abnormalities, apart from those with bicuspid aortic valves. We evaluated blood pressure at rest in both the right arm and leg to establish presence of any gradient, as well as the blood pressure in the arm during exercise testing, and by 24-hour ambulatory monitoring.Atenolol was prescribed for those with elevated values of blood pressure but with a normal increment of heart rate during exercise. We prescribed Candesartan for those with elevated levels of blood pressure but with reduced increments of heart rate, specifically maximal heart rates of less than 85% of their predicted value. Both drugs were used when one alone was not effective. We found that, in young patients, candesartan provided better control of blood pressure with no side-effects, especially as demonstrated using 24-hour ambulatory monitoring, while atenolol was less effective, with more side-effects. Our experience suggests that both drugs should be used in patients who are non-responsive to monotherapy.
Dosing of Target-Specific Oral Anticoagulants in Special Populations

Objective: To review current literature for target-specific oral anticoagulants (TSOACs) and provide critical analysis for dosing recommendations in special population groups. Data Sources: A literature search was conducted in Medline (1996 to April week 2 2015) and Embase (1980 to 2015 week 16) using key terms dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, kidney diseases, liver diseases, elderly, obesity, and special populations. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Randomized controlled trials in English assessing efficacy and safety of TSOACs in healthy adults and special populations were selected for analysis. Data Synthesis: Phase 3 trials for TSOACs predominately excluded patients with severe renal impairment or active liver disease. There were no exclusion criteria based on age, body weight or body mass index. Additional conclusions were made in special populations, including those with renal or liver impairment and obese and elderly patients, based on secondary analyses, pharmacokinetic, and pharma...
Agent-based simulations of financial markets: zero- and positive-intelligence models

To analyze the impact of intelligent traders with differing fundamental motivations on agent-based simulations of financial markets, we construct both zero-intelligence and positive-intelligence models of those markets using the MASON agent-based modeling framework. We exploit our software implementation of multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis MF-DFA to analyze the price paths generated by both simulation models as well as the price paths of selected stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange. We study the changes in the models' macrolevel price paths when altering some of the microlevel agent behaviors; and we compare and contrast the multifractal properties of the zero- and positive-intelligence price paths with those properties of the selected real price paths. For the positive-intelligence and real price paths, we generally observed long-range dependence in the small-magnitude fluctuations and short-range dependence in the large-magnitude fluctuations. On the other hand, the zero-intelligence price paths failed to exhibit the multifractal properties seen in the selected real price paths.
Piloting a Psychotherapy Group for Transgender Clients: Description and Clinical Considerations for Practitioners

The likelihood that a psychologist will work with a transgender client is greater today than ever before; however, many psychologists report being unfamiliar with the challenges faced by this population. Training programs provide minimal exposure to transgender issues by way of coursework and practicum experiences, and many barriers prevent transgender persons from accessing quality mental health care. The provision of group psychotherapy services in psychology training clinics may help reduce barriers to treatment, but there is little literature to guide professionals interested in facilitating such a group. In response, this article provides psychologists with a description of an experiential/process psychotherapy group for transgender clients that was offered at a university training clinic. Logistical aspects of forming the group are reviewed. Prominent themes that emerged over the course of three 12-session groups are discussed. Considerations for other professionals and training clinics interested in offering similar groups are also provided.
Influence of Operatory Size and Nitrous Oxide Concentration Upon Scavenger Effectiveness

Concern regarding environmental health hazards for dental personnel chronically exposed to waste nitrous oxide (N2O) prompted this investigation. The influence on ambient N2O levels of scavenging, operatory size, and N2O concentration delivered to the patient was evaluated during treatment of 36 pediatric dental patients. The results showed that scavenging significantly reduced ambient N2O levels measured at 50-56 cm from the patient's nose. Scavenged ambient N2O levels were also observed to decrease when N2O concentrations administered to the patient were reduced from 50 to 30%. This concentration effect was not observed in the non-scavenged groups. ANOVA showed that operatory size exerted a non-significant influence on ambient N2O. The data collected during routine treatment of pediatric dental patients demonstrated that the scavenging system tested significantly reduced waste N2O in the operator's breathing zone, nearly approximating the 25-ppm recommendation established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
A phase II study of radiofrequency ablation of unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer with hepatic arterial infusion pump chemotherapy

Background Adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) chemotherapy has been demonstrated to improve disease-free survival for colorectal cancer liver metastases. It is unclear if this improvement can be extrapolated to unresectable liver metastases that undergo RFA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination of RFA and HAI chemotherapy for unresectable liver metastases. Methods Phase II study was conducted from November 2000 to July 2003 evaluating the use of complete extirpation by RFA, or resection/ablation with adjuvant HAI consisting of FUDR for 6 months. Results Twenty-one patients had successful resection and/or RFA with HAI pump, which included treatment for 100 liver metastases (22 resected, 78 ablated; mean 4.8 tumors/patient). Four of 21 patients completed the full 6-month course of HAI. Six of these patients had 12 adverse events related to HAIP, most commonly elevated liver enzymes. After a median follow-up of 24 months, the median liver specific disease-free and overall survival rates for the entire group were 17 and 30 months, respectively. Conclusions Given the complications and toxicity associated with HAI pump chemotherapy, adjuvant HAI chemotherapy after RFA of liver metastases may not be warranted as a first line treatment option. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:387–393. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.