cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bilingual LSA-based Translation Lexicon Adaptation for Spoken Language Translation

We present a bilingual LSA (bLSA) framework for translation lexicon adaptation. The idea is to apply marginal adaptation on a translation lexicon so that the lexicon marginals match to indomain marginals. In the framework of speech translation, the bLSA method transfers topic distributions from the source to the target side, such that the translation lexicon can be adapted before translation based on the source document. We evaluated the proposed approach on our Mandarin RT04 spoken language translation system. Results showed that the conditional likelihood on the test sentence pairs is improved significantly using an adapted translation lexicon compared to an unadapted baseline. The proposed approach showed improvement on BLEUscore in SMT. When both the target-side LM and the translation lexicon were adapted and applied simultaneously for SMT decoding, the gain on BLEU-score was more than additive compared to the scenarios when the adapted models were individually applied. Index Terms: Bilingual LSA, Marginal adaptation, Translation lexicon, LM
The cat has a… : Children’s use of rhyme to Guide sentence completion

Abstract In order to uncover whether rhyme can be a useful cue for preschoolers in anticipating upcoming words heard in speech, we tested 2- to 5-year-old children (N = 74) with a naturalistic “story-game.” Children heard 24 rhymed stanzas, each with the last word left off, and were given a 3-alternative picture choice of how to complete each one. Children were able to correctly finish the stanzas with the rhymed target pictures significantly more often than their peers in an unrhymed control condition. These results demonstrated that even without explicit training or awareness of rhyme, young children can use it to anticipate familiar words in never-before-heard stories. In addition, age was positively correlated with performance, indicating that the ability to take advantage of predictability to complete a sentence may develop over time as both children’s exposure to the patterning of rhyme increases and their overall verbal skills grow.
Geolocalization via tracking of wideband radio astronomical sources in the presence of radio frequency interference

Sky tracking of permanent radio astronomical sky sources has been shown to be a promising alternative method to global positioning system (GPS) especially when GPS signals are either unavailable or may have been compromised. On the other hand, radio astronomical observations are increasingly corrupted by man-made radio frequency interference (RFI). In this paper, radio astronomical geolocalization is investigated from the viewpoint of wideband measurements while combating RFI. The proposed geolocalization algorithm is designed as a joint iterative visibility phase reconstruction and localization algorithm based on unconstrained minimization. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated using simulated data. This approach can be extended to enable similar geolocating capability to ground based objects such as rovers, etc. on other celestial bodies in the solar system where there are no orbiting satellites like GPS.
Fabrication Technology–Liquid-Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Steam Generators

Reliability of liquid-metal fast breeder reactor steam generators is of greater importance than that of fossil-fired boilers. Aside from reduced plant availability, the consequences of failures experienced in sodium-heated steam generators result in expensive recovery operations. If realistic and cost-effective measures are taken, fabrication procedures can be upgraded to offer greater service reliability without substantial increases in fabrication costs. These measures must be instituted during the planning stages and must continue through the fabrication, testing, installation, plant startup, and operation phases.To achieve high reliability for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor steam generators, materials were upgraded through melt refining control, as well as through the use of more demanding, precise process inspection standards. Costs for upgrading the quality resulted in tangible benefits experienced throughout the fabrication campaign, including a demonstrated resistance to caustic stress corrosion...
Mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling

Abstract Mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation is crucial for bioenergetics and cellular signaling. The mechanisms controlling mitochondrial calcium homeostasis have been recently unraveled with the discovery of mitochondrial inner membrane proteins that regulate mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and extrusion. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake depends on a large complex of proteins centered around the Ca2+ channel protein, mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) in close interactions with several regulatory subunits (MCUb, EMRE, MICU1, MICU2). Mitochondrial Ca2+ extrusion is mainly mediated by the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+/Li+ exchanger (NCLX). Here, we review the major players of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and their physiological functions.
A NOVEL SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR RESCUING A DISLOCATED ACCOMMODATIVE INTRAOCULAR LENS (CRYSTALENS).

Purpose To describe a novel surgical technique for rescuing a dislocated "in-the-bag" accommodative intraocular lens (Crystalens; Bausch and Lomb Inc, Rochester NY) and report its postoperative outcome. Methods Interventional case report. An 82-year-old patient with history of pseudoexfoliation syndrome presented with a posteriorly dislocated "in-the-bag" Crystalens intraocular lens. A pars plana vitrectomy was performed. The Crystalens intraocular lens was rescued, and scleral sulcus fixated using prolene suture. Results No intraoperative or postoperative complications were noted. The preoperative visual acuity was 6/200. The vision improved to 20/30, 8 weeks after the surgery. Conclusion Rescuing, instead of exchanging, a Crystalens intraocular lens might be a safe alternative in patients with a dislocated "in-the-bag" Crystalens intraocular lens.
Passive Non-Reciprocity in Asymmetrical, Hierarchical, Nonlinear Metamaterials

Reciprocity is a property of linear, time-invariant systems whereby the energy transmission from a source to a receiver is unchanged after exchanging the positions of the source and receiver. Non-reciprocity, on the other hand, violates this property and can be introduced to systems if time-reversal symmetry and/or parity symmetry is lost, or by introducing nonlinearity. While many studies have induced non-reciprocity by active means, considerably less attention has been given to acoustical structures that passively break reciprocity. In this talk, we will discuss passive, strongly nonlinear periodic structures which exhibit giant reciprocity breaking under impulsive and/or harmonic excitation. Numerical means are employed to generate dispersion curves, as a function of wave energy, which differ for left-to-right from right-to-left propagation. These dispersion curves become reciprocal at the limiting cases of low and high energy, which can be shown analytically. In between, varying degrees of non-reciprocity can be achieved, and in some regimes, giant reciprocity breaking is achieved with very little harmonic distortion. This suggests many possibilities for passive, non-reciprocal devices that operate with near-linear behavior.Reciprocity is a property of linear, time-invariant systems whereby the energy transmission from a source to a receiver is unchanged after exchanging the positions of the source and receiver. Non-reciprocity, on the other hand, violates this property and can be introduced to systems if time-reversal symmetry and/or parity symmetry is lost, or by introducing nonlinearity. While many studies have induced non-reciprocity by active means, considerably less attention has been given to acoustical structures that passively break reciprocity. In this talk, we will discuss passive, strongly nonlinear periodic structures which exhibit giant reciprocity breaking under impulsive and/or harmonic excitation. Numerical means are employed to generate dispersion curves, as a function of wave energy, which differ for left-to-right from right-to-left propagation. These dispersion curves become reciprocal at the limiting cases of low and high energy, which can be shown analytically. In between, varying degrees of non-recipro...
Severe Consequences of SAC3/FIG4 Phosphatase Deficiency to Phosphoinositides in Patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type-4J

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type-4J (CMT4J), an autosomal recessively inherited peripheral neuropathy characterized by neuronal degeneration, segmental demyelination, and limb muscle weakness, is caused by compound heterozygous mutations in the SAC3/FIG4 gene, resulting in SAC3/FIG4 protein deficiency. SAC3/FIG4 is a phosphatase that not only turns over PtdIns(3,5)P2 to PtdIns3P but also promotes PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis by activating the PIKFYVE kinase that also makes PtdIns5P. Whether CMT4J patients have alterations in PtdIns(3,5)P2, PtdIns5P or in other phosphoinositides (PIs), and if yes, in what direction these changes might be, has never been examined. We performed PI profiling in primary fibroblasts from a cohort of CMT4J patients. Subsequent to myo-[2-3H]inositol cell labeling to equilibrium, steady-state levels of PIs were quantified by HPLC under conditions concurrently detecting PtdIns5P, PtdIns(3,5)P2, and the other PIs. Immunoblotting verified SAC3/FIG4 depletion in CMT4J fibroblasts. Compared to normal human controls (n = 9), both PtdIns(3,5)P2 and PtdIns5P levels were significantly decreased in CMT4J fibroblasts (n = 13) by 36.4 ± 3.6% and 43.1 ± 4.4%, respectively (p < 0.0001). These reductions were independent of patients’ gender or disease onset. Although mean values for PtdIns3P in the CMT4J cohort remained unchanged, there were high variations in PtdIns3P among individual patients. Aberrant endolysosomal vacuoles, typically seen under PtdIns(3,5)P2 reduction, were apparent but not in fibroblasts from all patients. The subset of patients without aberrant vacuoles exhibited especially low PtdIns3P levels. Concomitant decreases in PtdIns5P and PtdIns(3,5)P2 and the link between PtdIns3P levels and cellular vacuolization are novel insights shedding further light into the molecular determinants in CMT4J polyneuropathy.
Exercise Effects on Trace Element Metabolism

The trace elements, chromium, copper and zinc, are not only involved in energy production and utilization but also in the control of free radicals generated during both aerobic and anaerobic exercise. The healthy act of exercise can increase oxygen consumption and glucose utilization 10–20-fold leading to significant increases in potentially damaging free radicals. The effects of exercise on the trace elements may be paradoxical in that exercise leads to increased trace element losses but trace elements are also needed to counteract the effects of stress related to the generation of free radicals. It was established during the eighties that strenuous exercise leads to increased losses of Cr, Cu, and Zn. This becomes a potentially important human health problem since the dietary intake of these nutrients is often suboptimal.
Completeness in Aronszajn Spaces

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the generalizations of metric spaces, Moore spaces, and, more generally, Aronszajn spaces, that is, T 3 regular Hausdorrff spaces having bases of countable order. The usefulness of G δ sets in the investigation of completeness in Moore spaces depends, to a certain extent, upon the completeness property being imposed. A space satisfying all of Moore's Axiom 1 is called a complete (resp. semicomplete) Moore space. Every complete Moore space is semicomplete but there is a semicomplete Moore space that is not complete. A metric space is complete if it is a semicomplete (equivalently, complete) Moore space. For Aronszajn spaces, completeness is defined in such a way that an Aronszajn space is complete if and only if it has a λ-base. A T 3 space is a complete Aronszajn space if it satisfies the axiom given by Aronszajn. Every Moore space is an Aronszajn space and a Moore space is semi-complete if it is a complete Aronszajn space.
Microbial Community Dissimilarity for Source Tracking with Application in Forensic Studies

Microbial source-tracking is a useful tool for trace evidence analysis in Forensics. Community-wide massively parallel sequencing profiles can bypass the need for satellite microbes or marker sets which are unreliable when handling unstable samples. We propose a method utilizing Aitchison distance to select important suspects/sources and then propose several methods to estimate the proportions of microbial communities/samples coming from important suspects/sources. A series of comprehensive simulation studies show that these methods are capable of accurate selection and improve the performance of current methods Bayesian SourceTracker and FEAST in the presence of noise microbial sources.
Designing emerging technologies for and with neurodiverse users

This paper presents the findings of a literature review on smart technologies for neurodiverse users. The analysis of the literature indicates that most technologies implemented consist of games to train neurodiverse individuals on self-regulation, attention, and communication skills. The studies are conducted in the field, often involving a limited number of participants. The age of the participants is skewed towards children and the gender of the participant sample is predominantly male. The studies combine mixed-methods, including observations, interviews, and usability evaluations. The participants include end users, as well as caregivers and practitioners. Neurodiversity is prevalent, and emerging technologies are promising to assist neurodiverse individuals in their daily activities. Despite the importance of involving neurodiverse users in the technology design, guidance for investigators to conduct inclusive studies is currently limited. This paper provides concrete recommendations for practitioners seeking to design UX studies to include neurodiverse users.
Capturing habitualness of drinking and smoking behavior in humans.

Abstract Background Recent findings suggest that overreliance on habit may be common in individuals diagnosed with addiction. To advance our understanding of habit in clinical samples and from behavioral measures, this study examines the interrelations between self-reported habit index for smoking and drinking as well as behavioral measures of intraindividual variability in smoking and drinking. Methods Treatment-seeking heavy drinking smokers (N = 416) completed the Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI) adapted for both smoking and drinking. “Behavioral habitualness” was computed from the degree of intraindividual variability in patterns of smoking and drinking over the past month. Using the 28-day Timeline-Follow Back (TLFB) interview, we derived two measures of intraindividual variability: interclass correlation (ICC) and autocorrelation [AR(7) coefficients]. Results Self-report measures of habit were robustly associated with clinical severity of drinking and smoking with higher habit scores indicating greater severity of drinking and smoking, respectively. ICC and AR(7) coefficients, the behavioral measure of “patterness” and putative habit, were not associated with SRHI scores. While ICC for smoking was associated with higher nicotine dependence scores, this pattern was not found for drinking ICC and alcohol problem severity. Conclusions These results support the construct validity of the self-report measures of habit for smoking and drinking, as well an initial evaluation of behavioral measure of smoking “patterness” as a potential proxy for habit smoking. Because habit represents a complex phenotype with limited clinical translation, additional studies capturing a wider range of substance use severity and coupled with brain-based validation methods are warranted.
Active pitching of short splitters past a cylinder: Drag increase and wake.

The flow and drag induced by active pitching of plates in the wake of a cylinder of diameter $d$ were experimentally studied for various plate lengths $L$ as well as pitching frequencies ${f}_{p}$ and amplitudes ${A}_{0}$ at Reynolds number $\text{Re}=1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$. Planar particle image velocimetry and a load cell were used to characterize the flow statistics and mean drag of a variety of cylinder-splitter assemblies. Results show the distinctive effect of active pitching on these quantities. In particular, flow recovery was significantly modulated by $L$, ${f}_{p}$, or ${A}_{0}$. Specific pitching settings resulted in a wake with dominant meandering patterns and faster flow recovery. We defined a modified version of the amplitude-based Strouhal number of the system ${\mathrm{St}}_{A}$ to account for the effect of the cylinder in active pitching. It characterizes the drag coefficient ${C}_{d}$ across all the cases studied, and reveals two regions intersecting at a critical value of ${\mathrm{St}}_{A}\ensuremath{\approx}0.035$. Below this value, the ${C}_{d}$ remained nearly constant; however, it exhibited a linear increase with increasing ${\mathrm{St}}_{A}$ past this critical point. Inspection of the integral momentum equation showed the dominant role of velocity fluctuations in modulating ${C}_{d}$ past the critical ${\mathrm{St}}_{A}$.
The Christian West and the Eastern Patriarchates: Reflections on Nostra Aetate and the World of Islam

In November 1963 The Greek Catholic, Melkite Patriarch of Antioch, Maximos IV, spoke to the general assembly of the Second Vatican Council regarding the first draft of a text on the Jews presented to the council fathers by the Secretariat for Christian Unity. The Arabic-speaking patriarch remarked, “If one speaks of the Jews, it is also necessary to speak of the other non-Christian religions, and above all of the Muslims.” Thus did a voice from a church largely unknown in the west call attention to what Philip Jenkins has called the lost history of Christianity. But the history of the eastern churches, and particularly the history of those living among Muslims, is not lost. Rather, it faded from the memory, until recently when the large-scale persecution of Christians in the Middle East became world news. This essay reflects on the cultural and historical factors, which lay behind the west’s amnesia about Arab Christianity. It calls attention to how Arabic-speaking Christian theologians from early Islamic times onward responded to the religious challenge of Islam in Islam’s own Arabic idiom that seems to anticipate the interreligious dialogue that Nostra Aetate promotes.
Patient Outcomes in Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis Treated With Empiric Antibiotics.

BackgroundMesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) is typically associated with poor prognosis. Although prophylactic antibiotics are sometimes given with the intent of limiting bacterial luminal load an...
Ebony Magazine and Lerone Bennett Jr.: Popular Black History in Postwar America: By E. James West (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2020), 194 pp

Historians have often argued that the press is the first record of history, chronicling timely events not only to inform its audience of the period, but also to provide documentation of those event...
Visualization of submerged turbulent jets using particle tracking velocimetry

Over the past few decades, advances have been made in using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) for mapping of Lagrangian velocity and acceleration flow fields. With PIV, Lagrangian trajectories are not measured directly; rather, hypothetical trajectories must be constructed from sequences of Eulerian velocity snapshots. Because PTV directly measures actual trajectories, it provides distinct advantages over PIV, especially for trajectories with abrupt changes in direction. In this work, a novel particle tracking algorithm is described, then applied to track trajectories of tracer particles in submerged turbulent jets. The Reynolds numbers ranged from 1000 to 25,000, thereby covering laminar, transitioning-to-turbulence, and fully turbulent flow regimes. The novel particle tracking algorithm is designed to handle flows with very high particle concentrations, thereby resolving small-scale flow structures. Trajectories are tracked with high velocity gradients, sharp curvatures, cycloids, abrupt changes in direction, and strong recirculation—all of which are inaccessible via construction from PIV sequences. Most trajectories measured in this work are at least 500 camera frames (time steps) long, with many being more than 3000 frames long.
A Re-Examination of Bidder's Gains: Evidence from Termination Announcements

It is problematic to use announcement returns to assess the gains to acquiring-firm shareholders since the announcement of a bid usually conveys more information than the synergy from combination. Using a unique, hand-collected dataset on exogenous failed takeovers, I investigate termination returns after controlling for much of the information about the bidder's valuation. I find that bidder returns at the announcement of deal cancellation are on average insignificantly different from zero. However, this finding masks considerable variation in the market reaction to different types of deals. In particular, I find that bidders returns are significantly negative when a deal is canceled and the target is a private firm or a subsidiary of either a public or private firm, which is consistent with other evidence suggesting that bidders fare well when acquiring relatively illiquid assets. I further provide evidence to support the hypothesis that private sellers are willing to sell for a lower price because of elevated financial constraints. For acquisitions of entire public firms, I find that cancellation announcement returns are on average significantly positive, which suggests that agency problems at the firm level can generate a bias towards unprofitable growth, at least in the merger arena. I also find that some variations recorded in announcement returns (e.g. lower returns for equity offers) merely reflect the difference in revelation of the bidder's stand-alone value. In addition, I find a role for target size in bidder returns, a finding that is consistent with recent concerns for mergers of equals. The results holds after controlling for various firm and bid characteristics and is robust to a variety of specification choices.
Childhood Medicaid Eligibility and Human Capital

Abstract Although a sizeable literature studies the effect of Medicaid on health, less is known about its effects on education. We use a discontinuity in Medicaid eligibility based on date of birth and administrative school records to study the effects of expanded Medicaid eligibility during middle childhood, between the ages of 8 and 11. We evaluate effects of this Medicaid expansion on outcomes measured a few years later when the children are 12-14 years old. We find that it is associated with a significant increase in the grade that children are in and a reduction in the likelihood that a child is below grade for age. We do not find any evidence for effects on documented disabilities or absences. Our results underscore that Medicaid has important effects on children's human capital.
“A Living Mosaic of Human Beings”: The Life Writing of Virginia Woolf and Zitkala-Ša

Abstract This essay examines life writing by English author Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) and Yankton Dakota writer Zitkala-Sa (1876-1938), specifically Woolf’s memoir, “A Sketch of the Past,” written in 1939-40 and first published in Moments of Being in 1976, and Zitkala-Sa’s autobiographical essays, published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1900. This comparative study explores how both women establish selfhood amid competing pressures vying for their minds and bodies; how mothers and maternal loss shape their autobiographies; how physical and psychological place and displacement influence their life writing; and how matters of audience affect their literary self-portraits. Reading Woolf and Zitkala-Sa together yields fresh insights into the intersections of race, class, gender, and feminism in women’s writing.
Lipoprotein lipid alterations with cholestyramine administration.

Abstract Cholestyramine administration for periods of 2 months or more in 20 patients allowed the comparison of serum lipid and lipoprotein patterns before and during treatment. Whole serum cholesterol was reduced by the treatment except in 3 patients. In all patients there was a fall in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. There was, at the same time, a significant fall in mean cholesterol/phospholipid (C/PL) and cholesterol/triglyceride (C/TG) ratios of LDL. There was a significant rise in the mean level of very low density TG. Although this was most definite in patients who were hypertriglyceridemic during the control period (type III or type IV hyperlipoproteinemia), it was also seen in one type II patient. It may be concluded that cholestyramine is appropriate therapy for the reduction of whole serum and LDL C, though a concomitant rise in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) lipids may also occur and might have clinical significance in certain hypertriglyceridemic patients.
REDDNET and Digital Preservation in the Open Cloud: Research at Texas Tech University Libraries on Long-Term Archival Storage

In the realm of digital data, vendor-supplied cloud systems will still leave the user with responsibility for curation of digital data. Some of the very tasks users thought they were delegating to the cloud vendor may be a requirement for users after all. For example, cloud vendors most often require that users maintain archival copies. Beyond the better known vendor cloud model, we examine curation in two other models: inhouse clouds, and what we call "open" clouds—which are neither inhouse nor vendor. In open clouds, users come aboard as participants or partners—for example, by invitation. In open cloud systems users can develop their own software and data management, control access, and purchase their own hardware while running securely in the cloud environment. To do so will still require working within the rules of the cloud system, but in some open cloud systems those restrictions and limitations can be walked around easily with surprisingly little loss of freedom. It is in this context that REDDnet (Research and Education Data Depot network) is presented as the place where the Texas Tech University (TTU)) Libraries have been conducting research on long-term digital archival storage. The REDDnet network by year's end will be at 1.2 petabytes (PB) with an additional 1.4 PB for a related project (Compact Muon Soleniod Heavy Ion [CMS-HI]); additionally there are over 200 TB of tape storage. These numbers exclude any disk space which TTU will be purchasing during the year. National Science Foundation (NSF) funding covering REDDnet and CMS-HI was in excess of $850,000 with $850,000 earmarked toward REDDnet. In the terminology we used above, REDDnet is an open cloud system that invited TTU Libraries to participate. This means that we run software which fits the REDDnet structure. We are beginning to complete the final design of our system, and starting to move into the first stages of construction. And we have made a decision to move forward and purchase one-half petabyte of disk storage in the initial phase. The concerns, deliberations and testing are presented here along with our initial approach.
Application of the New City-Suburban Heavy Vehicle Route (CSHVR) to Truck Emissions Characterization

Speed-time and video data were tractor-trailers performing local deliveries in logged for Akron, OH. and Richmond, VA. in order to develop an emissions test schedule that represented real truck use. The data bank developed using these logging techniques was used to create a Yard cycle, a Freeway cycle and a City-Suburban cycle by the concatenation of microtrips. The City-Suburban driving cycle was converted to a driving route, in which the truck under test would perform at maximum acceleration during certain portions of the test schedule. This new route was used to characterize the emissions of a 1982 Ford tractor with a Cummins 14 liter, 350 hp engine and a 1998 International tractor with a Cummins 14 liter, 435 hp engine. Emissions levels were found to be repeatable with one driver and the drier-to-driver variation of NO{sub x} was under 4%, although the driver-to driver variations of CO and PM were higher. Emissions levels of NO{sub x} for the Ford tractor at a test weight of 46,400 lb. u sing the CSHVR were comparable with values obtained using the WVU 5 mile route and the EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule for Heavy Duty Vehicles (''Test D''). The PM missions were slightly higher for the CSHVR than the 5 mile route and Test D. The effect of test weight on emissions, in units of mass/distance, was assessed using the International tractor with the CSHVR at 26,000, 36,000 and 46,400 lb. test weights. Variation of all regulated exhaust emissions was small between test weights, although the CO{sub 2} level reflected the additional energy used at higher weights. The small variation in regulated emissions may be attributed to the fact that in all three cases, the route called for full power operation of the vehicle, and that PM puff associated with gear shifting would be similar. It is concluded that the CSHVR represents a useful and realistic test schedule for truck emissions characterization.
Nevus anelasticus: how should such lesions be classified?

Nevus anelasticus represents a rare entity that is most commonly classified as a connective tissue nevus. It typically presents before 20 years of age with asymmetrically distributed white-to-skin-toned or pink-to-red papules or plaques on the trunk and upper extremities. The lesion is defined histopathologically by the absence or degeneration of elastic fibers in the dermis. We report the case of a healthy 17-year-old female who presented with an asymptomatic slowly progressive plaque on the right inferior areola. Histopathologic examination showed the absence of elastic fibers in the papillary and upper reticular dermis and fragmented elastic tissue fibers in the deep reticular dermis. Although there is ongoing controversy regarding the nosology of this uncommon disorder, we propose that it is a distinct entity based on its histopathologic and clinical features.
Malignant pilomatricoma in a soft-coated Wheaten Terrier

A 3-year-old, castrated male, soft-coated Wheaten Terrier was presented for evaluation of mild lameness, fecal incontinence, lumbosacral pain, and lack of anal tone. Magnetic resonance imaging scan showed a large (8 × 6 × 5 cm) mass invading and expanding the pelvic bones, sacrum, and associated structures. A fine-needle aspirate of the mass contained many neoplastic cells with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios and rare spindle and inflammatory cells. The neoplastic cells were 12-16 μm in diameter, round to cuboidal, basaloid in appearance, and arranged both individually and in loosely cohesive clusters with variably distinct cell borders. Given the location, signalment, and cytologic findings, differential interpretations included a primitive embryonal tumor (eg, neuroblastoma or nephroblastoma in an atypical location) or poorly differentiated carcinoma. The owner elected euthanasia due to the poor prognosis. Abnormal gross findings on necropsy included the pelvic mass and multiple firm, pale, pink-tan nodules in the lung, which proved to be metastases. On histologic examination, the mass and nodules were composed of irregular islands, lobules, and nests of basaloid cells, which transitioned abruptly into large lakes of "ghost" cells with areas of ossification and calcification, consistent with a diagnosis of malignant pilomatricoma. This unusual presentation of a pilomatricoma adds to our knowledge of expected cytologic findings for this tumor.
Judicial Review of CERCLA Cleanup Procedures: Striking a Balance to Prevent Irreparable Harm

When Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (“CERCLA”) in 1980 in response to the problems of toxic waste and hazardous substances, the central goals of the Act were clear. CERCLA was intended to provide an effective mechanism for cleaning up such dangers as quickly as possible, with as little expense as feasible, and with as much of that expense as possible borne by the responsible parties, rather than by the taxpayers. Accordingly, CERCLA included provisions for establishing liability for the costs of cleaning up hazardous waste sites. Congress also created the Superfund to pay for those cleanups for which no solvent responsible parties could be found.The Article examines the timing of judicial review of CERCLA cleanup programs and the delicate balance needed to create an equitable rule. It begins with an overview of the legislation as it is currently written: the general ban on judicial review, its limited exceptions, and the legislative history justifying it. The Article then explores the ways in which courts prior to the landmark United States v. Princeton Gamma-Tech have addressed this issue and worked within the parameters of the legislation. Next, the Article discusses the Gamma-Tech decision, the logic behind the court’s creation of an exception not found on the face of the Acts, and the effect of the court’s ruling on subsequent cases. The Article posits that the rule of Gamma-Tech provides an effective way to foster the remedial goals of CERCLA. Thus, the Article presents a model for a legislative solution to the problem based on the reasoning of the Gamma-Tech case. The Article concludes by critiquing some of the relevant proposals before Congress that address the jurisdictional bar and explains how the Gamma-Tech approach is superior.Although 15 years have passed from the publication of this article, the conflicting public policy issues it tackled continue to challenge environmental policy makers to this day.
ICT in India's elementary schools: The vision and realities

As India aspires to emerge as the information and communication technology (ICT) leader among the knowledge-based societies, it does so with the education of children as a primary concern. With the passage and enforcement of the 2009 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE), the Indian government has affirmed its commitment to ensuring universal elementary education for all Indian children. Part of India’s RTE commitment includes the vision of preparing Indian children with 21 st century skills such as learning to operate a computer. Yet, realities exist, including a lack of empirical research on Indian elementary schools, which impedes this vision. The purpose of this literature review is to examine the barriers to and possibilities of ICT programs in India’s elementary schools.E
Investing in Research and Education versus Commodity Programs: Implications for Agricultural Productivity

The long-term impact of research, education, and various government support programs on U.S. agricultural productivity was analyzed using an error correction model. Results indicate that the proposed reduction in commodity program expenditures (e.g. 1996 Farm Bill) is unlikely to reduce agricultural productivity. Results suggest that shifting public funds from commodity programs to education and research would raise U.S. agricultural productivity. Our estimates of long-term rates of return to public research are lower than those from most previous, perhaps due to our improved model specification, but are high enough to justify continued public investments to raise productivity.
Children with Specific Language Impairment

Part 1 Foundations: introduction characterizing the language deficit - basic concepts. Part 2 Describing the data - linguistic and nonlinguistic findings: the language characteristics of SLI - a detailed look at English SLI across languages evidence from nonlinguistic cognitive tasks auditory processing and speech perception. Part 3 Nature and nurture: the genetics and neurobiology of SLI the linguistic and communicative environment. Part 4 Clinical issues: problems of differential diagnosis the nature and efficiency of treatment. Part 5 SLI as a deficit in linguistic knowledge SLI as a limitation in general processing capacity SLI as a processing deficit in specific mechanisms. Part 6 Conclusions: why study SLI revisited.
HARKing's Threat to Organizational Research: Evidence From Primary and Meta‐Analytic Sources

We assessed presumed consequences of hypothesizing after results are known (HARKing) by contrasting hypothesized versus nonhypothesized effect sizes among 10 common relations in organizational behavior, human resource management, and industrial and organizational psychology research. In Study 1, we analyzed 247 correlations representing 9 relations with individual performance in 136 articles published in Journal of Applied Psychology and Personnel Psychology and provide evidence that correlations are significantly larger when hypothesized compared to nonhypothesized. In Study 2, we analyzed 281 effect sizes from a meta-analysis on the job satisfaction–job performance relation and provide evidence that correlations are significantly larger when hypothesized compared to nonhypothesized. In addition, in Study 2, we documented that hypothesized variable pairs are more likely to be mentioned in article titles or abstracts. We also ruled out 13 alternative explanations to the presumed HARKing effect pertaining to methodological (e.g., unreliability, publication year, research setting, research design, measure contextualization, publication source) and substantive (e.g., predictor–performance pair, performance measure, satisfaction measure, occupation, job/task complexity) issues. Our results suggest that HARKing seems to pose a threat to research results, substantive conclusions, and practical applications. We offer recommended solutions to the HARKing threat.
Sentencing and Prior Convictions: The Past, the Future, and the End of the Prior Conviction Exception to Apprendi

This article traces the fascinating history of early efforts to identify defendants and their prior convictions as well as the evolving use of prior convictions in aggravating punishment; examines how contemporary repeat offender penalties fall short of punishment goals and contribute to the racially lopsided profile of punishment today; and critiques potential justifications for the prior conviction exception to the rule in Apprendi v. New Jersey, arguing that the exception should be abandoned. The article summarizes empirical research testing the relationship between prior convictions and examining the efficacy of repeat offender sentences in reducing recidivism; collects commentary on the use of risk prediction in sentencing; surveys state-by-state eighteenth century authority that belies the claim that denying element status to prior convictions that raise the range of punishment is a longstanding tradition; evaluates the weaknesses of the case law underlying the Court's decision in Almendarez-Torres; argues that defendants need not be prejudiced when prior convictions are treated as elements; and observes that the original reason that a very small number of states in the nineteenth century stopped requiring prior convictions to be treated as elements – namely, that an offender’s criminal history was often unknown unless or until a warden recognized him – no longer exists. An earlier version of the article was delivered as the Barrock Lecture on Criminal Law at the Marquette University Law School.
Cognitive processes during deliberate self-presentation: How self-presenters alter and misinterpret the behavior of their interaction partners

Abstract This research investigated the effects of deliberate self-presentation on one's memory for the interaction, on one's attributions about one's interaction partner, and on the partner's behavior. Prior to a dyadic interaction, some subjects (protagonists) were induced to present themselves either favorably or modestly, while others (naive partners) received no special instructions. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that one person's self-presentation can set implicit norms for self-presentational favorability that then influence the behavior of others. Self-promotion elicited self-promotion, whereas modesty elicited modesty in return. Protagonists were aware of altering their own self-presentations but seemed unaware that their behavior affected their partners. In particular, protagonists inferred their partners' self-esteem levels directly from the partners' behavior, without correcting for how protagonists themselves had altered the partners' behavior. The implication is that people may fail to make adequate interpretive adjustments when their self-presentations alter the behavior of others. Modest protagonists showed impaired memory for the interaction, suggesting that deliberate, unfavorable self-presentation reduces the automatic nature of self-presentation and consumes cognitive resources that otherwise are available for processing information about the social interaction.
A note on the effect of fault gouge composition on the stability of frictional sliding

Abstract The frictional properties of fault gouge have been studied at confining pressures to 6 kbars. If the gouge is composed of strong materials such as crushed granite or quartz sand, the frictional strength is high, and violent stick-slip occurs at confining pressures above approximately 1.5 kbars. If the gouge is composed of minerals such as illite, kaolinite, chlorite, or antigorite, which have weak bonding forces between the structural layers, the frictional strength is slightly lower, but violent stick-slip still occurs under high confining pressure. The expanding clays, montmorillonite and vermiculite, which have free water between their structural layers, slide stably at confining pressures as high as 6.25 kbars and exhibit low friction. A similar stable behavior with lowered strength is observed in water-saturated quartz sand when the water is confined within the fault zone during deformation. The results of this series of experiments support water being the stabilizing influence when it is either (1) trapped within or between rocks of low permeability and can provide a high pore pressure when the rocks are deformed, or (2) loosely bonded in a mineral structure, as in the hydrated clays, where it can produce a pseudo-pore pressure when the clay is compressed. In both these cases, the effective stress can be reduced and the deformation stabilized.
DoS attack detection in Internet-connected vehicles

The paper presents a light weight technique to detect the Denial of Service (DoS) behavior applied by malicious users in Internet-connected vehicles using Wi-Fi to access the Internet via hotspots installed on the roads. Malicious nodes manipulate the IEEE 802.11 DCF standards to illegally gain extra throughput and increase the probability of having a successful packet transmission on the expense of the honest users that follow the protocol standards. The theoretical network throughput is derived using two-dimensional Markov Chain to determine the network capacity. Results obtained by the theoretical computations are validated by network simulation to determine the baseline for the maximum achievable throughput in the network under fair conditions where all nodes follow the IEEE standards. An approach is presented to enable all the nodes in IEEE 802.11 network with a mechanism to detect and identify the malicious nodes in a distributed environment. Results are presented to prove the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed algorithm.
Virtual grasp release method and evaluation

We address a ''sticking object'' problem for the release of whole-hand virtual grasps. The problem occurs when grasping techniques require fingers to be moved outside an object's boundaries after a user's (real) fingers interpenetrate virtual objects due to a lack of physical motion constraints. This may be especially distracting for grasp techniques that introduce mismatches between tracked and visual hand configurations to visually prevent interpenetration. Our method includes heuristic analysis of finger motion and a transient incremental motion metaphor to manage a virtual hand during grasp release. We integrate the method into a spring model for whole-hand virtual grasping to maintain the physically-based pickup and manipulation behavior of such models. We show that the new spring model improves release speed and accuracy based on pick-and-drop, targeted ball-drop, and cube-alignment experiments. In contrast to a standard spring-based grasping method, measured release quality does not depend notably on object size. Users subjectively prefer the new approach and it can be tuned to avoid potential side effects such as increased drops or visual distractions. We further investigated a convergence speed parameter to find the subjectively good range and to better understand tradeoffs in subjective artifacts on the continuum between pure incremental motion and rubber-band-like convergence behavior.
Preferential concentration of particles by turbulence

Abstract Preferential concentration describes the accumulation of dense particles within specific regions of the instantaneous turbulence field. This phenomenon occurs in dilute particle-laden flows with particle time constants of the same order as an appropriately chosen turbulence time scale. The mechanisms which drive preferential concentration are centrifuging of particles away from vortex cores and accumulation of particles in convergence zones. Experimental and numerical studies are reviewed which demonstrate that preferential concentration occurs in a wide range of flows including plane and axisymmetric free shear flows, wall-bounded flows, homogeneous turbulent flows, and complex shear flows. The same basic mechanisms are active in all these flows but the specific effects and the definition of an appropriate time scale change from problem to problem. Preferential concentration has been shown to have a significant effect on droplet combustion, aerosol particle settling and turbulence modification by particles and is expected to be significant in numerous other applications. Current models describing preferential concentration and its global effects on the flow are inadequate.
Sequential Scene Matching Using Edge Features

When radar and optical images are examined in detail, it is often found that the most distinguishable common feature of the two types of images is the shapes of various natural as well as man-made objects. An edge-extraction technique was developed and used to extract the salient edges of the objects of interest. A sequential, hierarchical search technique was implemented in the matching of the images using the edge features.
Reinforcement from the Sucking Environment and Subsequent Modification of Sucking Behavior in the Human Neonate.

Abstract The reinforcing aspects of sucking behavior in 36 human newborns was examined in a limited instrumental conditioning paradigm where sucking was both operant and reinforcer. During training, response density (rate based on sucking opportunity time) and latency were measures of two components of nonnutritive sucking, contingent negative pressure suction, and incidental jaw movement. The strategy for determining the reinforcing aspects of sucking involved comparisons of three types of sucking stimuli as reinforcers. The nature of modified operant sucking was investigated during extinction by examining number of sucks per burst, number of bursts emitted, and interburst interval time. The feedback from sucking which acted as reinforcement was concluded to be response density. Sucking was modified by changes in pausing behavior, including response latency and pauses between bursts of sucks. The number of sucks per burst also showed a significant change under certain conditioning arrangements.