cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review Article: ‘Renaissance Humanism: Foundations, Forms, and Legacy’

The idea for this massive work (3 vols. [Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988], xv + 492, 414, and 692 pp.) originated in a course on Renaissance humanism at Barnard College and Columbia University in the spring semester of 1979, supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, and taught by the editor of the work, Professor Albert Rabil, Jr., with Professor Maristella Lorch. They agreed that recent scholarship concerned with Renaissance humanism made a new “synthesis” desirable, but that the sheer quantity of this new work put such a project beyond the competence of any individual scholar. The three volumes under review consist, therefore, of forty-one essays, mostly written specifically for them, by almost the same number of specialists. These essays were then organized into three volumes entitled, respectively, Humanism in Italy, humanism beyond Italy, and Humanism and the Disciplines .
Nonhuman Primate learning: The Importance of learning from an Evolutionary Perspective

Learning is adaptive, and throughout their evolutionary history primates have been programmed for ease of learning. Comparative studies of learning are of limited value if they ignore the biological referrent. Primates have a potential for learning broad sets of new tasks. Age, sex, social structure, and kinship relationships affect the learning process. An anthropology of learning must be an anthropology of the evolution of learning. This perspective raises a number of research questions for future investigation. ADAPTATION, CROSS-SPECIFIC, EVOLUTION, LEARNING, PRIMATES.
Highly efficient white organic light-emitting device using a single emitter

White organic light-emitting devices (WOLEDs) can be fabricated using a simple, low-cost device structure with a single uniformly doped emissive layer. The Pt-17 emitter used in these devices obtains excellent color rendering (CRI = 80) as well as bright white electrophosphoresence (CIE x = 0.37, y = 0.40) by combining efficient monomer and efficient excimer emission as demonstrated by excellent external quantum efficiency (ηext = 15.9%). The Pt-17 based WOLED is also compatible with state-of-the-art charge injection and blocking materials as well as high out-coupling device structures. Application of these existing technologies is expected to extend luminance efficiencies of Pt-17 devices to world-class values (46 lm/?startWend? and 100 lm/?startWend? respectively). In addition to avoiding the difficulty and cost of fabricating more complex device structures, the color of a single-doped device also is uniquely independent of voltage, current density, and age. Molecules like fluorine-free Pt-17 are uniquely positioned to utilize excimer emissions in order to reduce manufacturing costs and provide solutions to satisfy many of the requirements for the next generation of organic solid-state lighting.
A proposal for performing software safety hazard analysis

Abstract Techniques for analyzing the safety and reliability of analog-based electronic protection systems that serve to mitigate hazards in process control systems have been developed over many years, and are reasonably understood. An example is the protection system in a nuclear power plant. The extension of these techniques to systems which include digital computers is not well developed, and there is little consensus among software engineering experts and safety experts on how to analyze such systems. One possible technique is to extend hazard analysis to include digital computer-based systems. Software is frequently overlooked during system hazard analyses, but this is unacceptable when the software is in control of a potentially hazardous operation. In such cases, hazard analysis should be extended to fully cover the software. A method for performing software hazard analysis is proposed in this paper. The method concentrates on finding hazards during the early stages of the software life cycle, using an extension of HAZOP.
Season long intraplant epizootics of entomopathogens, Beauveria bassiana and Nosema pyrausta , in a corn agroecosystem

Intraplant epizootics of entomopathogens,Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, andNosema pyrausta (Paillot) were studied in a corn,Zea mays L., agroecosystem. Egg masses of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), infected withN. pyrausta were placed on midwhorl-stage corn plants. Conidia ofB. bassiana were applied in an aqueous suspension. Frass from the initial insects remaining within the plants was contaminated with sufficientN. pyrausta spores to infest 80% of the filial generation in each year of a 2-yr study. Viability ofN. pyrausta within the frass was monitored throughout the winter. Potential for impact of this inoculum on the filial generation is discussed. Conidia from cadavers of the European corn borer that were killed by the initial inoculum ofB. bassiana and/or conidia from the initial inoculum ofB. bassiana significantly reduced tunneling by the filial generation of the European corn borer. However, neither the concentration ofB. bassiana nor the age of the larvae exposed toB. bassiana, had any significant (P<.05) effect on tunneling by the 2nd-generation larvae.
Permselectivities and ion-exchange properties of organically modified sol-gel electrodes

Abstract Sol—gel films prepared from organosilanes containing acidic/basic sites have been investigated as permselective and ion-exchange coatings for electroanalytical and bioanalytical investigations. When a glassy carbon electrode was modified with a sol—gel film fabricated from 3-aminopropyl-methyl-diethoxysilane (silane—NH 2 ), excellent permselectivity and anion-exchange properties were obtained. For a pH 7.4, 1 mM potassium ferricyanide solution, an eight-fold increase in current was observed after the electrode was immersed in solution for 10min whereas complete suppression of the electrochemical response for ruthenium hexaamine and methyl viologen was observed. Sol—gel films fabricated from trimethoxysilylpropyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid (silane—(COOH) 3 ) exhibited nearly complementary behavior. An approximately 10-fold increase in current was observed for pH 7.4, 1 mM ruthenium hexaammine solutions and complete suppression of the potassium ferricyanide response was observed. These ion-exchange properties can be attributed to the strong electrostatic interactions between the acid/basic functional group in the matrix and the highly charged analyte molecules. When glassy carbon electrodes were modified with diethyl-(triethoxysilypropyl) malonate (silane—(COOEt) 2 ), the films did not exhibit distinct ion-exchange properties but rather suppressed the reduction of potassium ferricyanide. The observed permselectivity results from the electron dense carbonyl group and/or hydrolyzed ester functionalities in the film.
The Diagnosis of Pleomorphic Lobular Carcinoma In Situ Warrants Complete Excision with Negative Margins

Pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ (PLCIS) is a recently described variant of lobular carcinoma in situ. Although classic lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is seen as a risk factor and non-obligate precursor for the development of invasive breast cancer, PLCIS is considered an even greater high-risk lesion. When patients are diagnosed with PLCIS on core biopsy, the recommendation is to perform an excisional biopsy of the affected area. Re-excision is not commonly recommended for patients with classic LCIS at or near a margin after breast conserving therapy, whereas excision with negative margins is recommended for patients with PLCIS. This review gives an overview of the biologic rationale for complete excision with negative margins for patients diagnosed with PLCIS, reviews historical data and clinical studies relevant to patients with PLCIS, and provides molecular rationale that supports treating patients with PLCIS more aggressively than patients with classic LCIS, and similar to intermediate-grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).
Performance of Coherent Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency Shift Keying

We analyze performance of a coherently-detected multi-user direct sequence spread spectrum frequency shift keying system. We derive bit error probability expressions for both synchronous and asynchronous systems, on additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh fading channels. For the synchronous system, we analyze different orthogonal system variations. Orthogonality is achieved via both frequency separation and/or orthogonal codes. We also analyze the spectral characteristics of these systems and derive conditions for an equal bandwidth multi-user system.
Participation in road cycling vs running is associated with lower bone mineral density in men

The effects of regular non-weight-bearing (NWB) exercise on bone health are largely unknown. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of participation in NWB sports on bone health in adult male recreational athletes. Male cyclists (NWB; n = 27) and runners (weight-bearing [WB]; n = 16) aged 20 to 59 years were recruited from the community. Whole-body and regional bone mineral content and bone mineral density (BMD), and body composition were assessed using dual x-ray absorptiometry. Bone formation and resorption markers, and hormones were measured in serum. Bone-loading history was estimated from a sports participation history questionnaire. Nutrient intake and current physical activity were estimated from 7-day written logs. The NWB athletes had significantly lower BMD of the whole body and spine than the WB athletes, despite having similar age, weight, body mass index, body composition, hormonal status, current activity level, and nutrient intakes. Sixty-three percent of NWB athletes had osteopenia of the spine or hip, compared with 19% of WB athletes. Cyclists were 7 times more likely to have osteopenia of the spine than runners, controlling for age, body weight, and bone-loading history. There were no group differences in serum markers of bone turnover. Based on the results of this study, current bone loading is an important determinant of whole-body and lumbar spine BMD. Therefore, bone-loading activity should be sustained during adulthood to maintain bone mass.
THE ROBOTIC MITRAL VALVE REPAIR LEARNING CURVE

Adoption of robotic approaches in cardiac surgery has been slow, due in part to perceived technical operative complexity and poorly understood learning curves. We sought to correlate changes in operative efficiency and success, safety, and clinical effectiveness with surgeon experience. From 2006
Evaluation of vascular disease progression in retinopathy of prematurity using static and dynamic retinal images.

Purpose To measure accuracy and speed for detection of vascular progression in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) from serial images. Two strategies are compared: static side-by-side presentation and dynamic flickering of superimposed image pairs. Design Prospective comparative study. Methods Fifteen de-identified, wide-angle retinal image pairs were taken from infants who eventually developed plus disease. Image pairs representing vascular disease progression were taken ≥1 week apart, and control images without progression were taken on the same day. Dynamic flickering pairs were created by digital image registration. Ten experts independently reviewed each image pair on a secure website using both strategies, and were asked to identify progression or state that images were identical. Accuracy and speed were measured, using examination date and ophthalmoscopic findings as a reference standard. Results Using static images, experts were accurate in a mean (%) ± standard deviation (SD) of 11.4 of 15 (76%) ± 1.7 image pairs. Using dynamic flickering images, experts were accurate in a mean (%) ± SD of 11.3 of 15 (75%) ± 1.7 image pairs. There was no significant difference in accuracy between these strategies ( P = .420). Diagnostic speed was faster using dynamic flickering (24.7 ± 8.3 seconds) vs static side-by-side images (40.3 ± 18.3 seconds) ( P = .002). Experts reported higher confidence when interpreting dynamic flickering images ( P = .001). Conclusions Retinal imaging provides objective documentation of vascular appearance, with potentially improved ability to recognize ROP progression compared to standard ophthalmoscopy. Speed of identifying vascular progression was faster by review of dynamic flickering image pairs than by static side-by-side images, although there was no difference in accuracy.
Doing the ethnography of visual communication: The rhetoric of fine art photography

(1987). Doing the ethnography of visual communication: The rhetoric of fine art photography. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 21, Multichannel Communication Codes: Part II, pp. 229-250.
Assessing limitations on the growth of endangered plant populations, II. Seed production and seed bank dynamics of Erysimum capitatum ssp. Angustatum and Oenothera deltoides ssp. Howellii

Abstract Herein we extend a related study of Erysimum capitatum ssp. angustatum (= ECA) and Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii (= ODH), two highly endangered plants, by examining seed production and seed bank dynamics at Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge in central California (USA). ECA and ODH were found to produce large numbers of seeds at the refuge, comparing favorably with closely related but non-endangered taxa. Extrinsic limits on seed production, such as the availability of effective pollinators, were found to important rather than intrinsic (i.e. genetic) limits. More than half of the ovules initiated by ODH during the two-year study period failed to become seeds. These ovules were contained by ovaries that failed to develop because effective pollinators (e.g. hawkmoths) were not available to carry pollen between flowers of different individuals in this outcrossing taxon. Management of the ODH population, therefore, will require special efforts to protect local populations of effective pollinators in order to minimize the pollination limitation in the future. Pollination and could also limit seed production in ECA, but only when the plant population was small and competition for pollinators from other species intense. Pre-dispersal insect predation was also more important when the ECA population was small. Management of the ECA population to maximize seed production, therefore, requires increasing population size by maximizing germination, seedling establishment, and growth in years of poor rainfall. Controlling competition from introduced annual grasses, particularly for moisture, is most important in this regard. The seed banks of ECA and ODH were large compared to the number of established plants, and exhibited typical seasonal patterns of depletion and replenishment. A minimum residual bank of viable ECA seeds remained during the entire year, suggesting there was overlap of generations and a buffer against catastrophic events that affect established plants. ODH, however, had a smaller residual bank and was, therefore, less well-buffered against the erosion of genetic variation and catastrophic events that affect the adult population. The long-term status and dynamics of the ECA and ODH seed banks will depend on management that reduces the seed density of introduced annual grasses in the refuge seed bank.
RACIAL EQUITY OR RACIAL EQUALITY

This study examines the relationship between racial equity in labor market processes and racial equality in future labor market rewards. In particular, a regression standardization procedure is used to project the degree of racial inequality in earnings that would exist among men at various future points in time based on three different sets of assumptions about attainment processes in labor market and educational institutions. The most important results suggest that even if racial discrimination were eliminated immediately in labor market and educational institutions, it would take almost 50 years for the black-white earnings ratio to reach .95. This incompatibility between equity and equality needs to be considered more explicitly both by those who advocate a color-blind labor market and those who advocate preferential treatment for blacks.
Calcitonin Secretion in Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Plasma calcitonin (CT) was studied by RIA in 55 patients with surgically proven primary hyperparathyroidism. Basal hormone measurements were performed in all patients and provocative tests of CT secretion were performed in 7. Biochemical measurements were also made before and after parathyroidectomy in 34 patients. Plasma CT was significantly increased above normal in the male but not the female group of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. A similar sex difference in plasma CT was also seen during provocative testing. In contrast to normal subjects, plasma CT was also significantly correlated to serum calcium concentration in the males but not the females. Hormone concentrations returned to normal after parathyroidectomy in the males and did not significantly change in the females. These studies demonstrate that some patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, especially males, may have an increase, perhaps compensatory, in plasma CT. As with normal females, females with primary hyperparathyroidism seem to have decreased CT reserve.
'Little Ice Age' aridity in the North American Great Plains: a high-resolution reconstruction of salinity fluctuations from Devils Lake, North Dakota, USA:

The 'Little Ice Age' was an interval between about AD 1500 and 1850, characterized by advancing glaciers in mountainous regions of Europe and western North America. However, it is unclear whether this cool moist period was truly global in extent, or how it was manifested in other regions with different climatic controls. A high-resolution reconstruction of salinity fluctuations in Devils Lake, North Dakota, based on fossil diatoms, ostracode-shell geochemistry, and bulk-carbonate geochemistry, indicates that saline conditions prevailed throughout much of the recent past. These results suggest an arid climate in the northern Great Plains throughout the 'Little Ice Age' and that during this interval climatic gradients between the Great Plains and regions to both the east and west may have been quite steep.
Relationship between psychiatric distress and alcohol use: findings from the Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey.

— This study examined the nature and strength of relationships between levels of alcohol use and concurrent psychiatric distress among adults in the community aged 18–64 years. Data for this project were gathered by standardized interview methods during the 1981–1982 Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey. The 2558 survey respondents were initially selected by means of multistage probability sampling of adult household residents in eastern Baltimore, Maryland. This project's findings indicated gender differences in the relationships under study. There was a moderate degree of association between heavy alcohol use and psychiatric distress among women; at moderate levels of alcohol use, a modest association was also noted. In contrast, for males, the results suggested a small positive association between heavy alcohol use and concurrent psychiatric distress, although these findings were not conclusive.
Egg membrane lytic activity of sperm extract and its significance in relation to sperm entry in Hydroides hexagonus (Annelida).

Previous electron microscope studies indicated that the individual spermatozoon of Hydroides hexagonus forms a hole in the vitelline membrane by means of lysis. Other observations established that the hole is real, being visible in living material during sperm entry. During the present investigation sea water extracts from frozen-thawed sperm were tested for lytic effect on the membrane. In normal living eggs the membrane appears as a single thick envelope, but in electron micrographs of sections it is seen to consist of a narrow outer border layer , a wide principal or middle layer , and a narrow inner border layer . After immersion in sperm extract the outer border layer elevates but does not dissolve, the middle layer liquefies and disappears, and the inner border layer seems not to change. This is interpreted as lysis of the middle layer. The extract exerted the same effect on fertilized and unfertilized eggs. In electron micrographs the sections treated with extract greatly resemble that part of the membrane which has been penetrated by the individual spermatozoon. It is concluded that the individual spermatozoon, too, exerts a lytic effect. Together, the present and two earlier studies are considered clearly to demonstrate that in Hydroides the individual spermatozoon does indeed make an entry hole in the egg membrane by applying lytic material to that part of the membrane in its own vicinity.
Isolation and characterization of sheep γ1- and γ2-immunoglobulins and their polypeptide chains

Abstract The two electrophoretically distinct ‘7-S’ γ1- and γ2-sheep immunoglobulins were isolated from serum, and each was separated into its component heavy and light polypeptide chains. The heavy chains as well as the intact immunoglobulins differed antigenically, electrophoretically, and in amino acid composition while no such differences were found between their light chains.
SU-E-T-206: IMRT/VMAT Quality Assurance Using Portal Dosimetry

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to investigate the application of an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device (EPID) in IMRT/VMAT QA as a replacement for conventional IMRT/RapidArc QA tools. Methods: 20 IMRT/RapidArc treatment plans for treatment site of head and neck, breast, lung, abdomen, and pelvis were selected randomly for the study. Verification plans on ArcCheck phantom (Sun Nuclear Inc.) (ArcCheck Verification Plan, AC_Veri_Plan) and for portal dose prediction (PD_Veri_Plan) were generated in Eclipse treatment planning system, and delivered in ArcCheck phantom measurement and portal dosimetry for each treatment plan, respectively. For AC_Veri_Plan, absolute dose was measured by ion chamber inserted in ArcCheck phantom and relative dose is evaluated by the gamma method (criterion %3/3mm) using SNC dosimetry software. For PD_Veri_Plan, absolute intensity was measured in an area of 1cmx1cm and relative dose by the gamma method in portal dosimetry. The results of absolute and relative dose difference using both of phantom measurements and portal dosimetry were compared. Results: For 20 AC_Veri_Plans, variation between the measured and calculated absolute dose is within 3% {range ‐ 2.29% to 2.34%, average 0.46%}. The percentage of gamma<1 is above 90% {range 93.9% to 100%, average 98.85%}. For 20 PD_Veri_Plans, variation between measured and calculated intensity is within 4% {range −2.47% to 3.34%, average 1.26%}. The percentage of gamma<1 is also above 90% {range 95.9% to 100%, average 99.61%}. All of AC_Veri_Plans and PD_Veri_Plans pass the QA, although the variation of absolute intensity on average in PD_Veri_Plans has about 0.8% higher than that of AC_Veri_Plans. The tolerance is 5% for the absolute dose variation and 90% of gamma<1 for the relative dose. Conclusion:Phantom measurement for IMRT/VMAT QA is a time‐consuming task. Portal dosimetry can be used as a rapid and convenient plan verification tool for IMRT/VMAT.
Germanium on silicon to enable integrated photonic circuits

Electronic circuits alone cannot fully meet future requirements for speed, size, and weight of many sensor systems, such as digital radar technology and as a result, interest in integrated photonic circuits (IPCs) and the hybridization of electronics with photonics is growing. However, many IPC components such as photodetectors are not presently ideal, but germanium has many advantages to enable higher performance designs that can be better incorporated into an IPC. For example, Ge photodetectors offer an enormous responsivity to laser wavelengths near 1.55μm at high frequencies to 40GHz, and they can be easily fabricated as part of a planar silicon processing schedule. At the same time, germanium has enormous potential for enabling 1.55 micron lasers on silicon and for enhancing the performance of silicon modulators. Our new effort has begun by studying the deposition of germanium on silicon and beginning to develop methods for processing these films. In initial experiments comparing several common chemical solutions for selective etching under patterned positive photoresist, it was found that hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) at or below room temperature (20 C) produced the sharpest patterns in the Ge films; H 2 O 2 at a higher temperature (50 C) resulted in the greatest lateral etching.
Lowered cerebral glucose utilization in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRGlc) were analyzed in 19 studies of 12 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. In the 8 ALS patients with upper motor neuron signs, the mean cortical rCMRGlc was significantly lower than in 11 age-matched control subjects (p less than 0.01). The degree of hypometabolism correlated with the duration of the clinical signs and extended throughout the cortex and basal ganglia, but not to the cerebellum. Of the 4 such patients who had repeat PET scans, 3 demonstrated significant subsequent reduction in the rCMRGlc, corresponding to the worsening of the clinical picture. In contrast, 4 ALS patients with disease confined to lower motor neurons and 3 patients with lower motor neuron disease from old paralytic poliomyelitis had normal or near-normal rCMRGlc throughout the brain. Because histological evidence shows no generalized neuronal cell loss in the cortex of ALS patients, including in some cases the primary motor regions, the demonstration of severe generalized hypometabolism in structurally normal cortex indicates that some cortical neurons exist in a state of neuronal nonfunction, rather than cell death, and that anatomoclinical correlations may be more complex. The data also indicate that ALS with upper motor neuron involvement extends beyond the corticospinal tracts and differs in cortical function from the ALS confined to lower motor neurons or the other lower motor neuron disorders.
Immunohistochemical expression of cathepsin D in meningiomas.

We retrospectively studied the expression of cathepsin D by immunohistochemical analysis in 86 meningiomas (World Health Organization [WHO] grade I, n = 44; WHO grade II, n = 21; WHO grade III, n = 21) and correlated the results with tumor grade and outcome. Staining was scored semiquantitatively based on distribution among neoplastic cells as follows: 0, no staining; 1+, 5% or less of the cells; 2+, 6% to 20%; 3+, 21% to 50%; and 4+, more than 50% of the cells. Cathepsin D expression was observed as follows: 0, 10 cases (12%); 1+, 25 cases (29%); 2+, 15 cases (17%); 3+, 12 cases (14%); and 4+, 24 cases (28%). A higher degree of cathepsin D immunostaining was associated with low tumor grade ( P = .0014), low mitotic count ( P < .0001), low apoptotic count ( P < .0001), and the development of recurrence ( P = .035). There was no correlation with outcome or MIB-1 proliferation index. Cathepsin D expression by immunohistochemical analysis was identified in the majority (88% [76/86]) of meningiomas studied. A greater degree of immunoreactivity was observed in the WHO grade I group.
Psychometric Properties of an Intimate Partner Violence Tool for Health Care Students

Health care professionals have acknowledged intimate partner violence (IPV) as a highly prevalent public health problem necessitating the creation of standardized education programs, survey tools, and well-defined outcome measures. Testing and evaluation of these measures, however, has been limited to specific populations of health care professionals. In 2007 and 2008, psychometric properties of the Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS) were adapted, tested, and evaluated on a group of medicine, nursing, social work, and dentistry students during their last semester of college. The adapted instrument demonstrated high reliability within some IPV constructs, and six of the eight scales described in the original PREMIS were identified. Three scales presented a Cronbach's α ≥ .70, demonstrating acceptable reliability, and a new scale, IPV Screening, was also identified that showed good reliability (α = .74). The adapted instrument showed good stability of psychometric properties in the student population and generally good correlation within several measures.
A cytokine study in children and adolescents with Tourette's disorder

Background While immune system dysregulation has been postulated to play a role in Tourette's disorder (TD), most research has focused on the hypothesis of an autoimmune process similar to rheumatic fever. This study examined the potential role of cytokines, modulators of the immune system. We hypothesized that children with TD would have increased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-1β and IL-6, and decreased IL-2. We also explored whether comorbid obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) had an effect on the cytokine profile of TD patients.
Jacobson's Refinement of Engel's Theorem for Leibniz Algebras

We develop Jacobson’s refinement of Engel’s Theorem for Leibniz algebras. We then note some consequences of the result. Since Leibniz algebras were introduced in [Loday 1993] as a noncommutative generalization of Lie algebras, one theme has been to extend Lie algebra results to Leibniz algebras. In particular, Engel’s theorem has been extended in [Ayupov and Omirov 1998; Barnes 2011; Patsourakos 2007]. In the second of these works, the classical Engel’s theorem is used to give a short proof of the result for Leibniz algebras. The proofs in the other two papers do not use the classical theorem and, therefore, the Lie algebra result is included in the result. In this note, we give two proofs of the generalization to Leibniz algebras of Jacobson’s refinement to Engel’s theorem, a short proof which uses Jacobson’s theorem and a second proof which does not use it. It is interesting to note that the technique of reducing the problem to the special Lie algebra case significantly shortens the proof for the general Leibniz algebras case. This approach has been used in a number of situations [Barnes 2011]. We also note some standard consequences of this theorem. The proofs of the corollaries are exactly as in Lie algebras (see [Kaplansky 1971]). Our result can be used to directly show that the sum of nilpotent ideals is nilpotent, and hence one has a nilpotent radical. In this paper, we consider only finite dimensional algebras and modules over a field F. An algebra A is called Leibniz if it satisfies x.yz/D.x y/zC y.x z/. Denote by Ra and L a, respectively, right and left multiplication by a2 A. Then RbcD Rc RbC L b Rc;
Dual roles of Oct4 in the maintenance of mouse P19 embryonal carcinoma cells: as negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and competence provider for Brachyury induction.

Transcription factor Oct4 is expressed in pluripotent cell lineages during mouse development, namely, in inner cell mass (ICM), primitive ectoderm, and primordial germ cells. Functional studies hav...
Should International Migration Be Encouraged to Offset Population Aging? A Cross-Country Analysis of Public Attitudes in Europe

Concerns about population aging in Europe have occupied the attention of policy makers and demographers for over a decade. Some policy makers have proposed increased immigration to offset the aging of the population (i.e., replacement migration). However, demographers have estimated that a very high (and likely untenable) level of immigration would be required, and little is known about whether the national publics of Europe would support international migration as a potential solution to population aging. Using Eurobarometer data from 2006 and concurrent country-level measures from Eurostat, this study examines individual- and contextual-level factors related to public attitudes toward immigration as an effective solution to the problem of population aging in the current 27 member countries of the European Union. Results from multilevel logit analyses indicate that urban, university-educated, and childless individuals are consistently more likely than others to endorse replacement migration. Countries with more prosperous economies and proportionally fewer foreign-born residents also show more supportive attitudes. Such results echo research on anti-immigrant sentiment, suggesting considerable public resistance to population policies that might encourage large-scale immigration. At the same time, these findings show consistent patterns of endorsement despite demographers’ criticism of the concept of replacement migration and concerns about developing alternative long-term strategies.
Computer generation of NMR signal and intensity patterns

Abstract A computer code based on group theoretical methods is developed to generate NMR signal and intensity patterns of any molecule. The code needs as input only the generators of the symmetry group of the molecule. The NMR intensity and signal patterns of a number of molecules are generated with this code.
Fertility in aging men

A wide variety of disorders, medications, physical factors, and trauma can alter testicular function and reproductive function in men as they age. There are no precise age limits for 'aging men', but most studies consider 50-80-yr-old subjects. Assuming we have healthy individuals, there are still changes that occur with aging. There is progressive testicular failure as evidenced by gradually increasing levels of both gonadotropins with aging. Although basal levels of male hormone remain reasonably normal in healthy older men, the ability of the Leydig cells to respond to acute stimulation with LH is reduced. There are changes in the penis, prostate, and seminal vesicle which occur with aging. Potency tends to be reduced with age. Sperm production per testis falls off with aging. The amount of capsular tissue increases in the testis with advancing years. There is very limited data about men in extreme old age (80 yr and older). Of older men who produce spermatozoa in their ejaculates, sperm motility, a manifestation of viability and fertilizing capacity, tends to be reduced. The ability of men to impregnate their wives gradually reduces from age 25 onward. Using the zona pellucida-free hamster egg, penetration by spermatozoa from aged healthy men appears to be as good as that from younger fathers. This test cannot guarantee equal fertility, but it is the best test available and correlated reasonably well with fertility. Thus, if an older man can get an erection, can ejaculate, and can produce an ejaculate with a reasonable number of motile sperm, the likelihood is that he is fertile.
Disposition of the Aromatase Inhibitor LY56110 and Associated Induction and Inhibition Studies in Rats, Dogs, and Monkeys

Compound LY56110 was well absorbed but slowly excreted in the rat, dog, and monkey. Oral administration of 5 mg/kg of [14C]LY56110 (5-bis(4-chlorophenyl)methylpyrimidine) to the rat, monkey, and dog resulted in a total excretion of 68, 65, and 30% of the radioactivity within 5 days, respectively. Very low urinary excretion was observed in the rat and dog (2%), with fecal excretion being the predominant mode of elimination in all three species. The plasma radioactivity half-life was 49, 41, and greater than 100 hr in the rat, monkey, and dog, respectively. The plasma half-life of parent compound was 18 hr in the rat and 10 hr in the dog. LY56110 accounted for only 25, 12, and 1% of the plasma radioactivity area under the curve in the rat, dog, and monkey, respectively. High levels of radioactivity were observed in the target tissues of fat, adrenals, and ovaries of rats. LY56110 induced hepatic cytochromes b5 and P-450 and cytochrome c reductase in rats after 14 days of oral dosing at 10 mg/kg but not in monkeys after 10 days of oral dosing at 10 mg/kg. The compound was more potent than aminoglutethimide or cimetidine in inhibiting hepatic ethylmorphine and p-nitroanisole demethylase activity in vitro. LY56110 also inhibited ethinamate-induced sleeping time in rats in vivo. The compound induced a reverse type I binding spectrum with rat ovarian microsomes.
Design Techniques for Load-Independent Direct Bulk-Coupled Low Power QVCO

Design techniques for a load-independent low-power low-phase-noise CMOS LC direct bulk-coupled quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (DBC-QVCO) is presented in this paper. A capacitor tapping technique is used to lower the phase noise and achieve load-independent frequency of oscillation. Class-C operation is used to further reduce the phase noise and power consumption. Quadrature coupling is achieved using bulk coupling, leading to reduction in both power and area. The DBC-QVCO has been implemented in a standard 0.18-μm BiCMOS process and occupies an area of 0.3 mm2. The implemented DBC-QVCO achieves a measured phase noise of -114.2 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset from the 6.26-GHz carrier while consuming only 3.2 mW from a 1-V power supply. The DBC-QVCO achieves a figure of merit (FOM) of -185.1 dBc/Hz and an FOM with area of -190.3 dBc/Hz, which are among the best compared with recently published QVCOs operating in a similar frequency range.
Social equity and environmental risk

Social equity has become an important concern of the environmental movement over the past decade. The equity issue is analyzed here for practically all of the inactive hazardous waste disposal sites on the National Priorities List (NPL) regulated under the Comprehensive Response Compensation and Liability Act and its 1986 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (CERCLA/ SARA). Two dimensions of equity are emphasized, namely, site location relative to the location of minority populations and the distribution of cleanup plans or Records of Decision (ROD) across communities with NPL sites that have different socioeconomic characteristics. With respect to site location, the percentage of Blacks and Hispanics aggregated at the Census Place or MCD level in communities with NPL sites was greater than is typical nationwide (largely attributable to the concentration of minority populations in a few large urban areas with NPL sites). In contrast, the percentage of the population below the poverty line in communities with NPL sites largely matched that of the nation as a whole. With respect to site cleanup, communities with relatively higher percentages of racial minority populations have fewer cleanup plans (Records of Decision signed) than other communities with NPL sites. Whether a ROD exists is influenced by when the site was designated for the NPL: sites designated earlier (prior to the SARA amendments of 1986) are more likely to have RODs, and also less likely to have high proportions of racial minority populations than sites designated later. This implies that initially the designation process may have resulted in NPL sites being located disproportionately in minority areas, but this pattern seems to be reversing itself in more recently designated sites. As with any statistical analysis, these findings are findings of association and not causality. Thus, racial and ethnic disproportionalities with respect to inactive hazardous waste site location seem to be concentrated in a relatively few areas. Disproportionalities with respect to cleanup do exist, but appear to be more a function of the nature of the process of designation of NPL sites in the early 1980s rather than a result of actions connected with cleanup plans per se. Further investigations are needed at alternative geographic scales to discern the sensitivity of patterns of inequity to distance from the sites.
Nickel(II) and zinc(II) dibenzoylmethanates: molecular and crystal structure, polymorphism, and guest- or temperature-induced oligomerization.

Four forms of nickel(II) and two of zinc(II) dibenzoylmethanates have been isolated and characterized with powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, differential scanning calorimetry, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and solid-state 13C cross-polarization/magic angle spinning NMR. Nickel dibenzoylmethanate, Ni(DBM)2 (DBM = PhCOCHCOPh-), forms three polymorphic forms (light-green, brown, and green) and a fourth clathrate form with guest benzene included. The light-green polymorph is metastable. Substituted benzenes induce recrystallization of the polymorph into a stable brown form (C30H22NiO4; a = 26.502(3) A, b = 5.774(1) A, c = 16.456(2) A, β = 116.03(1)°; monoclinic, C2/c; Z = 4). Unlike the other forms, the brown form is diamagnetic and is comprised of monomers of the low-spin [Ni(DBM)2] complex. The Ni(II) is chelated by two DBM ligands in a square planar environment by four donor oxygen atoms. When heated, the brown form transforms to a green form which is stable above 202 °C (C90H66...
Index determination and calculationof consistent initial values for DAEs

The definition of the index of DAEs with properly stated leading term is based on a matrix sequence with suitably chosen projectors. A possible way of determining of this matrix sequence is presented; it includes the calculation of suitable projectors using generalized inverses. With the help of the matrix sequence elements (matrices, projectors) we calculate consistent initial values for DAEs up to index 2 by describing the hidden constraint. Examples are given.
The selection of virus-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells

Abstract We have selected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells resistant to infection by encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Thus far, we have obtained five lines resistant to EMC, all of which manifest different phenotypes. Three of the five are not persistently infected with virus, while two lines produce infectious virus and grow in its presence. The nonpersistently infected lines exhibit different resistance profiles to the other viruses we have tested, and they are stable in nonselective growth conditions. Their resistance appears to be due to a genetic alteration in the cell.
Effect of martensitic phase transformation on the hardening behavior and texture evolution in a 304L stainless steel under compression at liquid nitrogen temperature

Abstract The martensitic phase transformation behavior and its relations with the macroscopic hardening rate and the evolutions in the crystallographic texture of the constituent phases were studied for a 304L stainless steel that exhibits the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) phenomenon. Time-of-flight neutron diffraction was used to measure the evolutions of phase fractions and texture in terms of pole figures as a function of the applied compressive strain at the liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). The phase transformation analyses show that the hcp-martensite phase fraction reaches a significant level of about 22 wt% at 15% applied strain and remains constant. The bcc-martensite phase fraction increases continuously with the deformation that correlates well with the macroscopic hardening behavior. Furthermore, the texture analyses show that transformation has dominant effect on the bcc-martensite texture evolution with little influence from subsequent plastic deformation at current testing conditions.
An Experimental Investigation of Bending Fatigue Initiation and Propagation Lives

It has long been recognized that the fatigue life of a component can be divided into a crack initiation phase and a crack propagation phase, but researchers have typically ignored one phase or the other in their analytical models. Even in the stress-life method of life prediction, which implicitly includes both phases, no distinction is made between the initiation and propagation phases. In this paper a methodology for generating initiation and propagation S-N curves will be outlined. It will be shown that fbr components like gears, both phases represent significant portions of total life. It will also be shown that gear bending fatigue lives for variable amplitude load tests are better predicted by a two-stage linear damage theory compared to the commonly used Miner's total life linear damage theory.
Aerodynamics of Heat Exchangers for High-Altitude Aircraft

Reduction of convective beat transfer with altitude dictates unusually large beat exchangers for piston- engined high-altitude aircraft The relatively large aircraft drag fraction associated with cooling at high altitudes makes the efficient design of the entire heat exchanger installation an essential part of the aircraft's aerodynamic design. The parameters that directly influence cooling drag are developed in the context of high-altitude flight Candidate wing airfoils that incorporate heat exchangers are examined. Such integrated wing-airfoil/heat-exchanger installations appear to be attractive alternatives to isolated heat.exchanger installations. Examples are drawn from integrated installations on existing or planned high-altitude aircraft.
Determination of the internal volume of reconstituted Sendai virus envelopes by quenching of calcein fluorescence

Sendal virus envelopes (SVE) were isolated from Sendal virus particles by Triton X-100 solubilization and ultracentrifugation. The envelopes were reconstituted in the presence of the fluorescent dye calcein by gradual removal of the detergent with Bio-beads SM-2. The internal volume of reconstituted Sendal virus envelopes (RSVE) was determined by quenching the fluorescence of calcein with cobalt (II) ions. The internal volume of RSVE was found to be proportional to the initial SVE protein concentration in the recon-stitution mixture, reaching about 18% of the total volume with 5.6 mg of SVE protein per ml. When radiolabelled cloned Epstein-Barr virus DNA fragment was included in the reconstitution mixture, the proportion of DNA associated with the vesicles much exceeded the trapping volume, indicating adsorption of DNA to the internal surface of RSVE. These deter-minations will allow optimization of the use of RSVE as gene-transfer vehicles.
Slc26a6 functions as an electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− exchanger in cardiac myocytes

Aims Alterations in cardiac acid–base balance can produce profound impact on excitation–contraction coupling and precipitate cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. A member of the solute carrier (SLC) family, Slc26a6, has been shown to be a chloride-hydroxyl exchanger and the predominant chloride-bicarbonate exchanger in the mouse heart. However, the exact isoforms and functional characteristics of cardiac Slc26a6 remain unknown. The objective of the present study is to determine the molecular identity of cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms, to examine their cellular expressions in the heart, and to test the function of Slc26a6 in cardiomyocytes. Methods and results We examined the expression and function of slc26a6 in mouse cardiomyocytes using RT–PCR, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, and patch-clamp technique coupled with the fast solution exchange system. We identified four cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms, denoted C-a, C-b, C-c, and C-d, and detected significant expression of Slc26a6 in the plasma membrane of both atrial and ventricular myocytes. Isoforms C-a and C-b share the same sequence with the previously reported murine Slc26a6a and Slc26a6b, respectively. Isoform C-c lacks an alternate in-frame exon 12, whereas C-d is a C-terminal truncated form resulting from 102 bp exon insertion between exons 15 and 16 compared with C-b. Patch-clamp recordings demonstrated electrogenic Cl−/oxalate and electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− exchange activities in cardiomyocytes. Conclusion We demonstrate that cardiac myocytes express different isoforms of Slc26a6, which encode electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− and Cl−/oxalate exchangers. The electrogenic nature of the Cl−/HCO3− exchange of cardiac Slc26a6 suggests important roles in regulating acid–base balance in the heart.