cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced hyperbf networks: practical optimization, regularization, and applications in bioinformatics

A hyper basis function network (HyperBF) is a generalized radial basis function network (RBF) where the activation function is a radial function of a weighted distance. The local weighting of the distance accounts for the variation in local scaling and discriminative power along each feature. Such generalization makes HyperBF networks capable of interpolating decision functions with high accuracy. However, such complexity makes HyperBF networks susceptible to overfitting. Moreover, training a HyperBF network demands weights, centers and local scaling factors to be optimized simultaneously. In the case of a relatively large dataset with a large network structure, such optimization becomes computationally challenging. In this work, a new regularization method that performs soft local dimension reduction and weight decay is presented. The regularized HyperBF (Reduced HyperBF) network is shown to provide classification accuracy comparable to a Support Vector Machines (SVM) while requiring a significantly smaller network structure. Furthermore, the soft local dimension reduction is shown to be informative for ranking features based on their localized discriminative power. In addition, a practical training approach for constructing HyperBF networks is presented. This approach uses hierarchal clustering to initialize neurons followed by a gradient optimization using a scaled Rprop algorithm with a localized partial backtracking step (iSRprop). Experimental results on a number of datasets show a faster and smoother convergence than the regular Rprop algorithm. The proposed Reduced HyperBF network is applied to two problems in bioinformatics. The first is the detection of transcription start sites (TSS) in human DNA. A novel method for improving the accuracy of TSS recognition for recently published methods is proposed. This method incorporates a new metric feature based on oligonucleotide positional frequencies. The second application is the accurate classification of microarray samples. A new feature selection algorithm based on a Reduced HyperBF network is proposed. The method is applied to two microarray datasets and is shown to select a minimal subset of features with high discriminative information. The algorithm is compared to two widely used methods and is shown to provide competitive results. In both applications, the final Reduced HyperBF network is used for higher level analysis. Significant neurons can indicate subpopulations, while local active features provide insight into the characteristics of the subpopulation in specific and the whole class in general.
Space, Strategies, And Alliances In Mobilization: The 1960 Metalworkers' And Coal Miners' Strikes In Chile

Geography is a central factor influencing political opportunities, alliances between movement organizations and elites, and contentious repertoires. Scholarship incidentally refers to the relationship between geography and social protest, though recent work gives space greater theoretical importance. I bridge key concepts in social movement theory with work on space and protest through an analysis of a 1960 metalworkers' strike in Santiago, Chile and comparison with a contemporaneous provincial coal miners' strike. This article presents evidence that (1) characteristics of the built environment and everyday spatial routines in specific locales influence activists' tactical repertoires; (2) local political opportunities and alliance patterns significantly affect movement strategy and protest outcomes: and (3) social movement organizations operate within a nested opportunity structure in which local, regional, national, and international actors and opportunities interact in the context of con-tentious episo...
A Future for the National Education Longitudinal Program

Forty years ago, the National Center for Education Statistics initiated the national longitudinal studies program in response to congressional concern for policy-relevant information on school-to-work transitions. This program has grown substantially, and not unexpectedly, questions have arisen about its usefulness and present operation. This essay briefly describes the scope of the program and its benefits for informing knowledge and policy, including (a) racial and socioeconomic inequalities and their influence on the academic and social development of student subgroups, (b) differential schooling experiences and their impact on children’s later educational and occupational outcomes, and (c) new methods for estimating statistical inferences. Despite these benefits, the program needs serious modification especially with respect to its organization and design features. Several substantive and methodological recommendations are made for improving the program’s effectiveness, including widening technical expertise; reframing sample populations; adjusting intervals for data collections; embedding experiments and conducting field studies; linking longitudinal panels with other federal, state, and local collections; and developing new measures and forms of delivery.
Paired Comparisons and Graph Theory

This article is a technical note on a problem frequently encountered in assessing consumer preferences. Intransitivity is seen in situations where Product a is preferred to Product b, b to c, but c...
The Evolution of the Clinical Subspecialist in Infectious Diseases

On this 200th anniversary of the United States of America, we are here for the 14th annual meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Despite the youth of our Society, I feel that it is appropriate, in fact I have been prompted by many of you, to "take stock" in the Society-to analyze our progress and consider our future. The Society held its organizational meeting, its first meeting, on October 26, 1963, at the Airlie House in Warrenton, Virginia. As noted each month on the cover of The Journal of Infectious Diseases, there was for several years prior to 1963 a growing interest in the formation of a society by an increasingly well-defined community of investigators at academic medical centers who were interested in infectious diseases. Finally, a planning committee precipitated from this interest, with Dr. Lowell Rantz as chairman and an illustrious
Physiologic Specialization in Puccinia Eatoniae

In 1903, Arthur (1904) noted the association of aecia (Aecidium Ranunculi Schw.) on Ranunculus abortivus L. with uredinia on the grass Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. (Eatonia pennsylvanica A. Gray). He sowed aeciospores from Ranunculus abortivus on rust-free plants of Sphenopholis pallens in the greenhouse and obtained uredinia and, later, telia. Arthur noted that this was one of the numerous grass rusts passing under the name of Puccinia rubigo-vera (DC.) Wint. Since the name Puccinia Ranunculi was preoccupied, he proposed the name Puccinia Eatoniae for this rust.
The Biology and Genetics of Obesity — A Century of Inquiries

Although a majority of Americans still believe that personal choices about eating and exercise underlie the obesity epidemic, for more than a century, physicians have been proposing that some cases of obesity are a function of innate biologic mechanisms or heredity.
Examining the Relationship Between Trauma Centrality and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Moderated Mediation Approach.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The degree to which a traumatic event is seen as central to one's sense of self (trauma centrality) has been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Based on cognitive models of PTSD that highlight the role that maladaptive appraisals play in generating PTSD symptoms, we hypothesized that appraising a trauma as violating one's core beliefs and goals mediates the link between trauma centrality and PTSD symptoms. Further, we reasoned that coping ability moderates the direct and indirect link as those with better coping ability will have more adaptive appraisals. DESIGN Hypotheses were examined in a cross-sectional sample of 367 undergraduates who have experienced a traumatic event. METHODS Data were collected via an online survey. RESULTS Overall, results of the moderated mediation analysis were consistent with the hypothesized mediating role for appraised violations and moderating role for coping ability. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the importance of considering individual differences and trauma appraisals in understanding the relationship between trauma centrality and PTSD - trauma centrality may be related to PTSD symptoms more so among people with poorer coping ability who appraise a trauma as violating their core beliefs and goals.
Human Differences in Navigational Approaches during Tele-Robotic Search

This study investigated the navigational approaches used by humans when operating a simple tele-robot in a simulated search and rescue operation. Tele-robots are being increasingly used in safety-critical operations. During tele-operation, the situational awareness of tele-robot operators needs to be supported. Navigation depends on psychological skills of perception and cognition, and can utlize different problem solving strategies. However, there is limited knowledge of how operators develop situational awareness while navigating tele-robots. The study was conducted to understand if there were distinctive, identifiable strategies in the way operators navigated. When participants manually tele-operated a robot in a remote physical environment, two distinct navigation strategies were found (labeled driver method and searcher method). The result of this work can be used to inform the design of human-centric tele-robot navigational algorithms that can support a variety of human navigation strategies.
The Dependablity between Infection of Five Pathogen and Damage Level with Renal Tubule and Interstitial in the HSPN Children

Objective: Compare the damage level with renal tubule and interstitial among the HSPN children with no infection and HSPN children with the infection of mycoplasma,streptoc,adenovirus,syncytial virus and influenza virus in order to know if these five pathogen have cause the damage during the course of HSPN. Methods: The patients are divided into five groups( no infection group,mycoplasma infection group,streptoc infection group,adenovirus infection group,syncytial virus infection group and influenza virus infection group),and compare the damage level among them. Each infection groups are divided into two groups( positive syptom and subclinical infection group) and compare the damage level among them. Results: The damage level with renal tubule and interstitial in HSPN children with the infection of streptoc,adenovirus,syncytial virus and influenza virus in more serious than patient with no infection. There no different between the positive syptom and subclinical infection group. Conclusion: The infection of streptoc,adenovirus,syncytial virus and influenza virus may cause the damage with renal tubule and interstitial during the course of HSPN,and there are no relationship between the level of this damage and the level of infection.
Legal Positivism in American Jurisprudence: Fundamental Rights and the Problem of Insatiability

A WORKING DEFINITION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Judge Skelly Wright's critique of legal process revealed two basic theoretical commitments of the fundamental rights approach: (1) that legal principles cannot fully or adequately identify moral values; and (2) that judges must choose (at some level and only sometimes) upon which moral values to rely when adjudicating a legal claim. We should be clear about what we are attributing to Wright. When Wright suggested that a judge must make a moral choice when interpreting a legal principle that expressly refers to a moral concept, he was saying that the judge must do something different from interpreting the moral concept to which the law refers. When a law refers to a nonlegal concept (such as “subsequent” or “adjacent”), we accept the inevitable difficulties of interpretation, but we do not readily assume that the interpretation of a temporal concept (for example) requires the judge to supplement the temporal concept with another concept instantiating another value of equal weight (such as morality or aesthetics). Nowhere did Wright (or any other fundamental rights theorist) suggest that the problem of interpreting moral concepts in law is a subset of the more general problem of interpreting concepts in law. Nor did it seem that it is a problem that could be solved by better draftsmanship:
Range, genetic diversity and future of the threatened butterfly, Pieris virginiensis

Pieris virginiensis, the West Virginia White butterfly, faces severe potential habitat loss and degradation of existing suitable habitat in the near future from climate change and plant invasion. Increasing isolation and local extinction events resulting from deforestation and climate change have a chance to significantly impact the future of this butterfly. We used genetic analysis and spatial modelling techniques to estimate the current spatial and genetic scope of P. virginiensis. We used linear modelling and machine learning to predict the occurrence of P. virginiensis through space and time using occurrence records between 1879 and 2014 and environmental predictors from a world climate dataset. We predicted the future occurrence of P. virginiensis with climate projections for the year 2070. We sequenced the cytochrome oxidase I, and the internal transcribed spacer region I, in the mitrochondrial and nuclear genomes, respectively, then used a combination of genetic diversity measures and phylogeny construction to evaluate the genetic diversity of P. virginiensis. We found that latitude accounts for nearly one-fifth of the variation in emergence date. Spatial models predicted that P. virginiensis may lose up to 60% of available habitat in the next 50 years. Genetic data indicated some isolation in an Ohio population's COI gene, and low genetic diversity across the range of P. virginiensis in ITS. These may be indicative of either the last glacial expansion or a more recent disturbance. A large effective population size indicates that P. virginiensis are not yet nearing extinction.
Automatic Web Page Coloring

We present a new tool for automatic recoloring of web pages. Automatic application of different color palettes to web pages is essential for both professional and amateur web designers. However no existing recoloring tools provide full recoloring for web pages. To recolor web page entirely, we replace colors in .css, .html, and .svg files, and recolor images such as background and navigation elements. We create new color theme based on a color guide image provided by user. Evaluation shows a high level of satisfaction with the quality of palettes and results of recoloring. Our tool is available at http://chameleon.cs.fsu.edu/.
The Δ-ε Method for the Boltzmann Equation

A new numerical method is proposed to solve the Boltzmann equation. A frame is set up by using a discrete velocity approximation in the infinite velocity space, but by considering only those distribution function points which are not too small. The distribution function points may occur anywhere in the infinite discrete velocity space and are not constrained to a pre-specified region. A fourth-order finite difference is used for the convection terms. A Monte Carlo-like method is applied to the discrete velocity model of the collision integral. The effort of the method is proportional to the number of discrete points. Numerical examples are given for the full Boltzmann equation and results for some benchmark problems are compared with analytical or prior solutions.
Familial Screening for Left-Sided Congenital Heart Disease: What Is the Evidence? What Is the Cost?

Since the American Heart Association’s recommendation for familial screening of adults with congenital heart disease for bicuspid aortic valve, similar recommendations for other left-sided heart defects, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), have been proposed. However, defining at-risk populations for these heart defects based on genetics is less straightforward due to the wide variability of inheritance patterns and non-genetic influences such as environmental and lifestyle factors. We discuss whether there is sufficient evidence to standardize echocardiographic screening for first-degree relatives of children diagnosed with HLHS. Due to variations in the inclusion of cardiac anomalies linked to HLHS and the identification of asymptomatic individuals with cardiac malformations, published studies are open to interpretation. We conclude that familial aggregation of obstructive left-sided congenital heart lesions in families with history of HLHS is not supported and recommend that additional screening should adopt a more conservative definition of what truly constitutes this heart defect. More thorough consideration is needed before embracing familial screening recommendations of families of patients with HLHS, since this could inflict serious costs on healthcare infrastructure and further burden affected families both emotionally and financially.
Measured acoustic conditions in the common spaces of two educational buildings at the University of Nebraska-Omaha

This paper presents results from an acoustical case study of the atria, corridors, stairways, and other common spaces within two buildings located on the campus of the University of Nebraska-Omaha: the Peter Kiewit Institute and the Barbara Weitz Community Engagement Center. Both buildings, while educational in nature, differ drastically in acoustical design. Impulse responses, noise levels, and transmission loss in both facilities are measured and the resulting acoustic metrics are compared to recommended values for the respective spaces. Descriptions of each building’s architectural features are presented and linked to the measurement results. In particular, many spaces in the Peter Kiewit Institute were designed to expose the building systems, and the lack of acoustical products such as acoustical ceiling tile results in higher noise levels than normally expected. The Weitz Center, however, was designed with great emphasis placed on achieving optimal indoor environmental conditions. The results of this...
Characterization of Maximal Ideals

The promise made at the beginning of Chapter 6 that βX is to be used to characterize the maximal ideals in C(X) and in C*(X), will be fulfilled in this chapter. The key to the description of the maximal ideals in C*(X) has already been given: C*(X) is isomorphic with C(βX), and the maximal ideals in the latter ring are in one-one correspondence with the points of βX.
Neural-Net Computing for Machine Recognition of Handwritten English Language text

The task of recognizing handwritten English language text in off-line manner is described in terms of four interacting steps: from pixels to features, from features to letters, from letters to words and acceptance of words in terms of context. We report on investigations of the second and third steps, especially the use of multiple neural-nets to go from nonsegmented sequences of features to letters. Indications are that our procedure is robust and promising.
In a Cultural Vortex: Theme Parks, Experience, and Opportunities for Art Education

Theme parks can have educational value for students and teachers when these cultural sites within the range of visual culture are understood as sites of experiential learning and as processes of me...
Lean NOx Reduction by NH3 on Fe-Exchanged Zeolite and Layered Fe/Cu Zeolite Catalysts: Mechanisms, Kinetics, and Transport Effects

Rising transportation fuel costs have increased the use of diesel-powered vehicles, which are more fuel efficient than their gasoline counterparts. But the lean diesel exhaust contains NOx (NO + NO2) which is notoriously difficult to reduce in the presence of excess O2. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 generated
Large-Scale Flow Photochemical Synthesis of Functionalized trans-Cyclooctenes Using Sulfonated Silica Gel.

Functionalized trans-cyclooctenes are useful bioorthogonal reagents that are typically prepared using a flow photoisomerization method in which the product is captured by AgNO3 on silica gel. While this method is effective, the leaching of silver can be problematic when scaling up syntheses. It is shown here that Ag(I) immobilized on tosic silica gel can be used to capture trans-cyclooctene products at higher loadings without leaching. It is demonstrated that the sulfonated silica gel can be regenerated and reused with similar yields over multiple runs. Nine different trans-cyclooctenes were synthesized, including those commonly utilized in bioorthogonal chemistry as well as new amine and carboxylic acid derivatives.
Health Services Research, Overview

Health services research studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, technology, and personal behaviors affect access to health care, the costs and quality of health care, and the health and well-being of individuals and populations. HSR, a boundary-crossing field, engages a very wide set of clinical and academic disciplines, investigates a broad array of questions relating to health care delivery and management, financing, clinical practice, personal health care decision-making, and health policy, and employs virtually all quantitative and qualitative methods found in the social sciences, economics, outcomes measurement, management and administration, epidemiology and statistics, law, and policy analysis. It has one major professional organization, Academy Health, and is supported in the US in large measure by the federal Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, certain other federal agencies, and philanthropic organizations; numerous journals exclusively or predominantly publish on HSR-related topics. Keywords: access; costs; economics; health services research; health care; policy; quality; technology
Is Creative Commons a Panacea for Managing Digital Humanities Intellectual Property Rights

Digital humanities is an academic field applying computational methods to explore topics and questions in the humanities field. Digital humanities projects, as a result, consist of a variety of creative works different from those in traditional humanities disciplines. Born to provide free, simple ways to grant permissions to creative works, Creative Commons (CC) licenses have become top options for many digital humanities scholars to handle intellectual property rights in the US. However, there are limitations of using CC licenses that are sometimes unknown by scholars and academic librarians. By analyzing case studies and influential lawsuits about intellectual property rights in the digital age, this article advocates for a critical perspective of copyright education and provides academic librarians with specific recommendations about advising digital humanities scholars to use CC licenses with four limitations in mind: 1) the pitfall of a free license; 2) the risk of irrevocability; 3) the ambiguity of NonCommercial and NonDerivative licenses; 4) the dilemma of ShareAlike and the open movement.
Assessing the accuracy of contact predictions in CASP13.

The accuracy of sequence-based tertiary contact predictions was assessed in a blind prediction experiment at the CASP13 meeting. After 4 years of significant improvements in prediction accuracy, another dramatic advance has taken place since CASP12 was held 2 years ago. The precision of predicting the top L/5 contacts in the free modeling category, where L is the corresponding length of the protein in residues, has exceeded 70%. As a comparison, the best-performing group at CASP12 with a 47% precision would have finished below the top 1/3 of the CASP13 groups. Extensively trained deep neural network approaches dominate the top performing algorithms, which appear to efficiently integrate information on coevolving residues and interacting fragments or possibly utilize memories of sequence similarities and sometimes can deliver accurate results even in the absence of virtually any target specific evolutionary information. If the current performance is evaluated by F-score on L contacts, it stands around 24% right now, which, despite the tremendous impact and advance in improving its utility for structure modeling, also suggests that there is much room left for further improvement.
Compiler 2.0: Using Machine Learning to Modernize Compiler Technology

Modern compilers are still built using technology that existed decades ago. These include basic algorithms and techniques for lexing, parsing, data-flow analysis, data dependence analysis, vectorization, register allocation, instruction selection, and instruction scheduling. It is high time that we modernize our compiler toolchain. In this talk, I will show the path to the modernization of one important compiler technique -- vectorization. Vectorization was first introduced in the era of Cray vector processors during the 1980's. In modernizing vectorization, I will first show how to use new techniques that better target modern hardware. While vector supercomputers need large vectors, which are only available by parallelizing loops, modern SIMD instructions efficiently work on short vectors. Thus, in 2000, we introduced Superword Level Parallelism (SLP) based vectorization. SLP finds short vector instructions within basic blocks, and by loop unrolling we can convert vector parallelism to SLP. Next, I will show how we can take advantage of the power of modern computers for compilation, by using more accurate but expensive techniques to improve SLP vectorization. Due to the hardware resource constraints of the era, like many other compiler optimizations, SLP implementation was a greedy algorithm. In 2018, we introduced goSLP, which uses integer linear programming to find an optimal instruction packing strategy and achieves 7.58% geomean performance improvement over the LLVM's SLP implementation on SPEC2017fp C/C++ programs. Finally, I will show how to truly modernize a compiler by automatically learning the necessary components of the compiler with Ithemal and Vemal. The optimality of goSLP is under LLVM's simple per instruction additive cost model that fits within the Integer programming framework. However, the actual cost of execution in a modern out-of-order, pipelined, superscalar processor is much more complex. Manually building such cost models as well as manually developing compiler optimizations is costly, tedious, error-prone and is hard to keep up with the architectural changes. Ithemal is the first learnt cost model for predicting the throughput of x86 basic blocks. It not only significantly outperforms (more than halves the error) state-of-the-art analytical hand-written tools like llvm-mca, but also is learnt from data requiring minimal human effort. Vemal is a learnt policy for end-to-end vectorization as opposed to tuning heuristics, which outperforms LLVM's SLP vectorizer. These data-driven techniques can help achieve state-of-the-art results while also reducing the development and maintenance burden of the compiler developer.
Sunny days: Spatial spillovers in photovoltaic system adoptions

Abstract Spatial spillovers – peer effects from neighboring actions on one's own decisions – play an important role in the diffusion of technologies, particularly the adoption of residential photovoltaic (PV) systems and have important implications for renewable energy policies meant to encourage small-scale solar energy generation. Existing research notes spillovers manifest at large spatial scales but evidence at smaller scales is currently absent. In this work, we examine if spatial spillovers in residential PV system adoptions exist at small scales – specifically within one's nearest set of neighbors – using spatially explicit data on residential PV installations from Baltimore, MD. We find strong evidence for the existence of spatial spillovers, with a neighboring installation increasing PV system adoption likelihood by 16.5–17.1 percent. The results indicate the presence of a potential multiplier effect that can be targeted by policymakers interested in encouraging solar energy development to meet renewable energy goals.
Profiles of Minority-Majority Language Proficiency in 5-Year-Olds

Children from language minority homes reach school age with variable dual language skills. Cluster analysis identified four bilingual profiles among 126 U.S.-born, 5-year-old Spanish-English bilinguals. The profiles differed on two dimensions: language balance and total language knowledge. Balance varied primarily as a function of indicators of the relative quantity and the quality of their language exposure (amount of home exposure and maternal education in each language). Total language knowledge varied primarily as a function of indicators of children's language learning ability (phonological memory and nonverbal intelligence). English dominance was more prevalent than balanced bilingualism; there was no Spanish dominant profile, despite average Spanish dominance in home language use. There was no evidence of a tradeoff between English and Spanish skills.
An EUV photomask cleaning solution for the removal of tin contaminate

ASML’s extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography machines have found widescale adoption in 5 and 3 nm logic nodes and leading-edge DRAM nodes. The tool operates by generating 13.5nm light from a tin plasma source, which is then directed through multiple optics and reflected off the EUV photomask and down to the wafer surface. In the EUV tool, tin and other contaminants are generated, and because no protective pellicle is used in EUV photo-lithography, any contaminate on the EUV photomask will become a defect on the wafer. EUV photomasks therefore need frequent cleaning compared to a traditional photolithography process, which would employ a protective pellicle. Herein, we report on the development of an EUV photomask cleaning solution that was designed to remove Sn, SnO2, and other contaminates from a mask surface without damaging the mask’s tantalum absorber and ruthenium capping layers. Our mask cleaning solution extends photomask lifetime and can improve operational performance and quality control.
Intersections of staircase convex sets in $${\mathbb {R}}^3$$ R 3 and $${\mathbb {R}}^d$$ R d

We establish the following Helly-type theorems: Let $${\mathcal {K}}$$ be a family of sets in $${\mathbb {R}}^3$$ , and let j be a fixed integer, $$0 \le j \le 3$$ . For every countable subfamily of $${\mathcal {K}}$$ , assume that the corresponding intersection is consistent relative to staircase paths, is staircase convex, and contains a convex set of dimension at least j. Then $$\cap \{K \, : \, K \text { in } {\mathcal {K}} \}$$ has these properties as well. For d a fixed integer, $$d \ge 1$$ , define a function f on $$\{0,1\}$$ by $$f(0)=d+1$$ , $$f(1)=2d$$ . Let $${\mathcal {K}}$$ be a finite family of orthogonal polytopes in $${\mathbb {R}}^d$$ . For j fixed in $$\{ 0,1\}$$ , assume that every f(j) members of $${\mathcal {K}}$$ intersect in a set that is staircase convex and contains a convex subset of dimension at least j. Then $$\cap \{K : K \text { in } {\mathcal {K}} \}$$ has these properties, too. The number f(j) is best possible for $$j=0$$ and for $$j=1$$ . There is no analogous Helly number for $$2 \le j \le d$$ .
A Dual Conjugate Gradient Method for the Single-Commodity Spatial Price Equilibrium Problem

This paper describes a new method for solving the single commodity spatial price equilibrium problem. The method is based on conjugate gradient method applied to maximize the dual function of the problem. Covergence of the method is established and computational results are reported.
Turning mesoderm into blood: the formation of hematopoietic stem cells during embryogenesis.

Abstract The formation of hematopoietic stem cells during development occurs by a multistep process that begins with the induction of ventral mesoderm. This mesoderm is patterned during gastrulation by a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway that is mediated, at least in part, by members of the Mix and Vent families of home-o☐ transcription factors. Following gastrulation, a subset of ventral mesoderm is specified to become hematopoietic stem cells. Key determinants of hematopoietic fate include the product of the zebrafish cloche gene and the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor SCL. Future studies in Xenopus and zebrafish should reveal other critical factors in this developmental pathway.
Vocabulary and taxonomy issues when searching lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) health literature

Information documented in published articles relating to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) health issues is generally reported in a free-text or keyword format. This creates inaccessibility to bibliographic data in the health sciences and education-themed databases. The purpose of this poster is to describe the gaps in existing vocabularies and taxonomies, including the UMLS and MedlinePlus Consumer Vocabulary for the health sciences literature and the ERIC Thesaurus for education-themed literature, which are the primary resources used to retrieve literature on health issues for LGBT individuals. The poster will demonstrate more formal semantics and a working taxonomy that could be included in developing indices that would integrate data from all fields of medicine and biology as well as health education data.
Comparison of Media for the Isolation of Haemophilus species from Cases of Seasonal Conjunctivitis Associated with Severe Endemic Trachoma

Media for isolation of Haemophilus sp. from the conjuctiva were compared in an oasis in southern Tunisia where severe trachoma and seasonal epidemic purulent conjunctivitis are common. Of 89 children tested, IsoVitaleX-supplemented chocolate agar yielded Haemophilus in 87%, plain chocolate agar in 75%, sheep blood agar with a stab of Staphylococcus epidermidis in 74%, and Fildes medium in 58%. Since other microbial pathogens are easily identified in the modified blood agar, it was the most useful single medium.
Quantum Mechanics of Chemical Reactions: Recent Developments in Reactive Scattering and in Reaction Path Hamiltonians

Two recent developments in the theory of chemical reaction dynamics are reviewed. First, it has recently been discovered that the S-matrix version of the Kohn variational principle is free of the “Kohn anomalies” that have plagued other versions and prevented its general use. This has considerably simplified quantum mechanical reactive scattering calculations, which provide the rigorous characterizations of bimolecular reactions. Second, a new kind of reaction path Hamiltonian has been developed, one based on the “least motion” path that interpolates linearly between the reactant and product geometry of the molecule (rather than the previously used minimum energy, or “intrinsic” reaction path). The form of Hamiltonian which results is much simpler than the original reaction path Hamiltonian, but more important is the fact that it provides a more physically correct description of hydrogen atom transfer reactions.
Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition of Bis(Tertiary-Butylamino)Silane-based Silicon Nitride Thin Films Equipment Design and Process Optimization

Sub-90 nm device design presents challenges for lowering thermal budget as well as depositing uniform and conformal thin films for front-end-of-line silicon nitride applications. Among other low-temperature precursors forsilicon nitride film deposition, bis(tertiary-butylamino)silane (BTBAS) has gained acceptance for critical applications such as spacer. This paper describes BTBAS based silicon nitride film deposition process optimization for spacer and etch stop applications. The single-wafer chamber design can control and tune the film with respect to deposition rate, film composition, wet etch rate, and film mechanical stress by adjustment of process conditions such as temperature, pressure, and gas flow rates. Computational flow and thermal simulations are employed to optimize chamber design to achieve uniform thin films.
Mechanisms of Molecular Mimicry Involving the Microbiota in Neurodegeneration

The concept of molecular mimicry was established to explain commonalities of structure which developed in response to evolutionary pressures. Most examples of molecular mimicry in medicine have involved homologies of primary protein structure which cause disease. Molecular mimicry can be expanded beyond amino acid sequence to include microRNA and proteomic effects which are either pathogenic or salutogenic (beneficial) in regard to Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and related disorders. Viruses of animal or plant origin may mimic nucleotide sequences of microRNAs and influence protein expression. Both Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases involve the formation of transmissible self-propagating prion-like proteins. However, the initiating factors responsible for creation of these misfolded nucleating factors are unknown. Amyloid patterns of protein folding are highly conserved through evolution and are widely distributed in the world. Similarities of tertiary protein structure may be involved in the creation of these prion-like agents through molecular mimicry. Cross-seeding of amyloid misfolding, altered proteostasis, and oxidative stress may be induced by amyloid proteins residing in bacteria in our microbiota in the gut and in the diet. Pathways of molecular mimicry induced processes induced by bacterial amyloid in neurodegeneration may involve TLR 2/1, CD14, and NFκB, among others. Furthermore, priming of the innate immune system by the microbiota may enhance the inflammatory response to cerebral amyloids (such as amyloid-β and α-synuclein). This paper describes the specific molecular pathways of these cross-seeding and neuroinflammatory processes. Evolutionary conservation of proteins provides the opportunity for conserved sequences and structures to influence neurological disease through molecular mimicry.
GUADELOUPE IS OURS

In the early months of 2009, the French Caribbean island of Guadeloupe witnessed the largest wave of social protest in its history. A coalition of 48 different syndical, cultural, political, and civic organizations came together in order to protest against profiteering, exploitation and the ‘expensive life’ that characterizes life in the French Antilles. Armed with a list of 120 claims that spanned the terrain of disability rights, environmental policies, cultural nationalism, syndical freedom and increased wages, these Guadeloupean militants took to the streets, unified in their assertion that ‘Guadeloupe is ours, not theirs’. Through their movement they effectively asserted their right to shape the course of their social, economic and political futures – despite their ongoing colonial relationship with France. In this essay I explore the impact of this strike on the Guadeloupean political imagination and examine the glimpses it provides into the current political climate, and future political horizon, o...
Psychiatric Casualties of War

The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans has been a controversial medical and political issue. A new analysis provides better data and more robust conclusions.
High-Dimensional Gaussian Graphical Model Selection: Tractable Graph Families

We consider the problem of high-dimensional Gaussian graphical model selection. We identify a set of graphs for which an efficient estimation algorithm exists, and this algorithm is based on thresholding of empirical conditional covariances. Under a set of transparent conditions, we establish structural consistency (or sparsistency) for the proposed algorithm, when the number of samples n = ω(J min log p), where p is the number of variables and Jmin is the minimum (absolute) edge potential of the graphical model. The sufficient conditions for sparsistency are based on the notion of walk-summability of the model and the presence of sparse local vertex separators in the underlying graph. We also derive novel non-asymptotic necessary conditions on the number of samples required for sparsistency.
Detection of Radiofrequency Radiation - Induced Whole Body Heating Following Chemical Impairment of Thermoregulation

Abstract : Results demonstrated that RF heating once thought to be undetectable can be detected in rats whose normal thermoregulation was impaired by LPS and in mice whose normal thermoregulation was impaired by 5-HT at power densities heretofore considered to be nonthermogenic. Significantly higher colonic temperatures in hypothermic rats and mice compared with saline-injected animals were measured at SARs of 0.2 W/kg and 0.7 W/kg respectively. By acclimating test animals to handling procedures, the detectability of temperature increases in hypothermic rats was increased, although not significantly. These results suggest that acclimation of animals to handling procedures may reduce some of the variability observed in non-habituated LPS-injected rats and 5-HT-injected mice and increase the sensitivity of these hypothermia models for detecting subtle thermogenesis by low-level RF radiation.
Pancharatnam-Berry metasurfaces with giant nonlinear response

We show that a generalization of the Pancharatnam-Berry phase approach can be applied to realize metasurfaces with giant nonlinear response, enabling a unique control of the generated nonlinear wavefront. We apply this approach to design and realize a nonlinear metasurface for efficient second-harmonic generation, which may independently tailor the radiated beam into right-handed and left-handed polarized components propagating with arbitrarily patterned wavefronts.
Relationships between High School Chemistry Students’ Perceptions of a Constructivist Learning Environment and their STEM Career Expectations

Considerable attention has been devoted to factors affecting the persistence of women and historically underrepresented ethnic groups in their science education trajectories. The literature has focused more on structural factors that affect longitudinal outcomes rather than classroom experiences. This exploratory survey study described relationships among high school chemistry students’ perceptions of a constructivist learning environment (CLE) and STEM career expectations. The sample included 693 students from 7 public high schools within the San Francisco Bay Area. Students’ perceptions of a CLE predicted their expectations of entering a science career, but not engineering, computer, health, or mathematics-related careers. When all groups of students perceived the learning environment as more constructivist, they were more likely to expect science careers.
High-pressure collisional activation mass spectrometry of aromatic halides

The high-pressure collisional activation mass spectra with methane as the reagent/collision gas are reported for five aromatic halides. The major decomposition of the protonated aromatic halides is hydrogen halide elimination. The energy-resolved mass spectra and the chemical reactivities of fragment ions with the methane collision gas are used to establish dissociation pathways and structures of fragment ions. The high-pressure collisional activation mass spectra are compared with conventional collisionally induced dissociation and chemical ionization mass spectra.
Shear Modulus of a Polymer Brush

Eighteen years ago, Fredrickson et al. [Macromolecules 1992, 25, 2882−2889] predicted that a molten polymer brush possesses a shear modulus that would cause its surface structure to deviate from a liquid. Their prediction, though broadly used, has been largely unchecked. Here, we present experimental data on polystyrene brushes that validate Fredrickson et al.’s prediction. We also present data obtained by following the time evolution of the surface structure of an entangled brush, which shows that the equilibrium shear modulus is established prior to the onset of the terminal flow regime. This suggests that the dynamics of entangled polymer brush is not governed by chain reptation motions, contrary to a previous presumption.
Self-Perception in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

The purpose of this study was to compare self-perceptions of children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with those of children not diagnosed with ADHD. Seventy-seven children aged 8–12 years composed the two groups—38 participants with ADHD and 39 control participants without ADHD. The children completed the Self-Perception Profile for Children Questionnaire designed to measure self-perceptions in school-aged children. t Tests compared differences in mean scores between the groups. The ADHD group had a significantly lower overall score and a lower score on the behavioral conduct subscale compared with children without ADHD. Findings suggest a difference in the way school-aged children with ADHD perceive themselves as compared with their peers. The cumulative effect of years of low self-esteem and negative self-perception may have significant life consequences. Attention should be focused on fostering self-esteem and positive self-perception in children with ADHD through support groups and behavioral training.
Peripheral distribution and central projections of the lateral-line nerves in goldfish, Carassius auratus.

The lateral-line system of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, is described from the receptor distribution on the body surface to the termination of the primary afferents within the octavolateralis colum
Neutron scattering cross sections and partial kerma values for oxygen, nitrogen and calcium at 18<En<60 MeV

Recent measurements of differential elastic and inelastic neutron scattering from oxygen, nitrogen and calcium at 18<En<26 MeV are presented and analysed in terms of the optical model. These data, together with earlier measurements of scattering and total cross sections, are used to construct model potentials that may be used to calculate various quantities of interest in neutron dosimetry in an energy region (20-60 MeV) where very few cross section data are available. The heavy-ion-recoil contribution to kerma is obtained directly from the data at each energy. The value of proton inelastic scattering data for validating potential models at high energy is discussed.
A specific mechanism for nonspecific activation in reporter-gene assays.

The importance of bioluminescence in enabling a broad range of high-throughput screening (HTS) assay formats is evidenced by widespread use in industry and academia. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which reporter enzyme activity can be modulated by small molecules is critical to the interpretation of HTS data. In this Perspective, we provide evidence for stabilization of luciferase by inhibitors in cell-based luciferase reporter-gene assays resulting in the counterintuitive phenomenon of signal activation. These data were derived from our analysis of luciferase inhibitor compound structures and their prevalence in the Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository using 100 HTS experiments available in PubChem. Accordingly, we found an enrichment of luciferase inhibitors in luciferase reporter-gene activation assays but not in assays using other reporters. In addition, for several luciferase inhibitor chemotypes, we measured reporter stabilization and signal activation in cells that paralleled t...
Classical electrodynamics with nonlocal constitutive equations

It is assumed that the coupling of the field quantities Dμv(x) and Fαβ(x) is nonlocal. This hypothesis leads to a theory of an electromagnetic field that has the following properties.(1) The source of the field Fαβ(x) exhibits a center of charge and a center of mass that do not coincide, in general.(2) The field componentF0i=−c2Ei is regular at the origin.(3) In the first-order approximation the new field equations are equivalent to the conventional Maxwell field equations.(4) The conventional cutoff procedure in momentum space as practiced in the Maxwell-Lorentz theory is equivalent to the first-order approximation in terms of an invariant length ξ2.(5) The gyromagnetic ratio of the source of Fαβ(x) is equal toc/mc for a quantum of chargee and massm.