cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technology assessment in support of the presidential vision for space exploration

This paper discusses the process and results of technology assessment in support of the United States vision for space exploration of the Moon, Mars and beyond. The paper begins by reviewing the presidential vision: a major endeavor in building systems of systems. It discusses why we wish to return to the Moon, and the exploration architecture for getting there safely, sustaining a presence, and safely returning. Next, a methodology for optimal technology investment is proposed with discussion of inputs including a capability hierarchy, mission importance weightings, available resource profiles as a function of time, likelihoods of development success, and an objective function. A temporal optimization formulation is offered, and the investment recommendations presented along with sensitivity analyses. Key questions addressed are sensitivity of budget allocations to cost uncertainties, reduction in available budget levels, and shifting funding within constraints imposed by mission timeline.
HIV-1 vaccine antibody induction against a variable region of HIV-1: a possible link to protective immunity?

Evaluation of: Liao H, Bonsignori M, Alam M et al. Vaccine induction of antibodies against a structurally heterogeneous site of immune pressure within HIV-1 envelope protein variable regions 1 and 2. Immunity 38, 176–186 (2013). In 2009, results from the Phase III HIV-1 vaccine clinical trial RV144 applying a prime/boost regimen with a canarypox vaccine vector ALVAC-HIV plus the AIDSVAX B/E subunit envelope vaccine conducted in Thailand were reported. The priming canarypox vector carried the HIV-1 vaccine genes gp120 linked to the transmembrane-anchoring portion of subtype B gp41, HIV-1 Gag and protease; the boosting vaccine was composed of clades B and E of HIV-1 gp120. A 31.2% vaccine efficacy could be seen in this trial, an encouraging result in HIV-1 vaccine research that had been previously plagued with little clinical efficacy. In this paper, results from tests of four monoclonal antibodies isolated from RV144 vaccinees are reported. The antibodies recognize a certain HIV-1 envelope residue (169), n...
Does the Messenger Matter? The Role of Charisma in Public Leadership

Charisma is one of the most common explanations for the success of political leaders in obtaining the support of the mass public. Yet authors employing the concept typically begin their analyses by simply assuming the presence of charisma, foregoing more rigorous analyses, including the consideration of alternative explanations for public appeal. Thus, charisma becomes a post hoc attribution, a residual category of explanation that is difficult to evaluate objectively. This article examines the concept of charisma in the context of the American presidency by testing for its consequences, including presidents obtaining unusually high levels of support, support from unusual sources, or especially intense and committed support, or successfully leading public opinion on matters of public policy. I particularly focus on the best-case tests of John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan. Unable to find systematic evidence of some special form of leadership that we might characterize as "charismatic," I conclude that the ...
The Sources of Protest in Japan.

The massive demonstrations of May and June 1960, which forced the resignation of the Kishi Cabinet and the cancellation of President Eisenhower's trip to Japan, alarmed Americans as much as they elated the Chinese Communists. The complacent American view of Japan as a sturdy conservative force loyally allied to the United States through a wise and benevolent Occupation and generous economic aid was rudely shattered. Coming at a time when student unrest precipitated the overthrow of governments in South Korea and Turkey—also allies—it was natural that many Americans saw communist plots and a Japan in the grip of a “revolutionary situation.” But if they were wrong—and it has taken a great deal of soul-searching for informed opinion to understand fully what happened—they were no less wrong than the Chinese Communists, who read the situation in much the same way. After a two-week trip to Japan in August 1960, Liu Ning-i, Chairman of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, reported jubilantly that the revolutionary situation in Japan was well advanced. “The Japanese people's future is full of brightness and hope,” he wrote.
Identifying a forest hierarchy in an OODB specialization hierarchy satisfying disciplined modeling

The work is motivated by the desire to develop methods to comprehend large vocabularies and large schemas of object-oriented databases. The ability of a user of a database participating in a federated system to retrieve information from the other database systems will be greatly enhanced by acquiring a better comprehension of these systems. The authors are trying to develop both a theoretical paradigm and a methodology to analyze existing large schemas. Their approach to achieve comprehension is based on combining two concepts: informational thinning (i.e. concentration on the specialization hierarchy of the schema) and partitioning. They present a new technique for modeling which is called disciplined modeling. Based on the rules of disciplined modeling we develop a theoretical paradigm to support the existence of a meaningful forest hierarchy within the specialization hierarchy. Such a hierarchy functions as a skeleton of the schema and supports comprehension and partitioning efforts.
Crystal Statistics. II. Partition Function Evaluated by Spinor Analysis

The partition function for a two-dimensional binary lattice is evaluated in terms of the eigenvalues of the ${2}^{n}$-dimensional matrix V characteristic for the lattice. Use is made of the properties of the ${2}^{n}$-dimensional "spin"-representation of the group of rotations in $2n$-dimensions. In consequence of these properties, it is shown that the eigenvalues of V are known as soon as one knows the angles of the $2n$-dimensional rotation represented by V.Together with the eigenvalues of V, the matrix $\ensuremath{\Psi}$ which diagonalizes V is obtained as a spin-representation of a known rotation. The determination of $\ensuremath{\Psi}$ is needed for the calculation of the degree of order.The approximation, in which all the eigenvalues of V but the largest are neglected, is discussed, and it is shown that the exact partition function does not differ much from the approximate result.
UFOs: Unexpected Foreign Objects

As discussed in previous chapters, DXA testing relies on energy passing through living tissue, and the extent that the material is transparent or opaque to this energy estimates the amount of bone present. It should come as no surprise then to realize that any object incidentally found in or near the region of interest can add its “density” to a measurement, make the BMD result higher, and produce a false bone density reading. Usually the final measurement is better than expected, but not always.
The Complexity of Everyday Ethics in Home Health Care: An Analysis of Social Workers' Decisions Regarding Frail Elders' Autonomy

Little attention has been given to the ethical dimensions of social work practice in the growing field of home health care. This descriptive, exploratory study examined the influence of frail elders' cognitive status, safety, and caregiver burden on social workers' support for autonomy. The major findings of this study were that all three factors were significantly related to support for autonomy. Especially important was the emergence of a ranking of the relative importance of these three factors in social workers' decision making: the first factor considered was cognitive status, the second was safety, and the third was caregiver burden.
Combinatorial effect of dabrafenib, trametinib, and adoptive cell transfer (ACT) in an immune-competent murine model of BRAFV600E mutant melanoma.

2512 Background: The first clinical trial testing the combination of BRAF targeted therapy with vemurafenib and immunotherapy with ipilimumab was terminated early due to significant liver toxicitie...
Inhibition of Innate Immune Responses Is Key to Pathogenesis by Arenaviruses

Mammalian arenaviruses are zoonotic viruses that cause asymptomatic, persistent infections in their rodent hosts but can lead to severe and lethal hemorrhagic fever with bleeding and multiorgan failure in human patients. Lassa virus (LASV), for example, is endemic in several West African countries, where it is responsible for an estimated 500,000 infections and 5,000 deaths annually. There are currently no FDA-licensed therapeutics or vaccines available to combat arenavirus infection. A hallmark of arenavirus infection (e.g., LASV) is general immunosuppression that contributes to high viremia. Here, we discuss the early host immune responses to arenavirus infection and the recently discovered molecular mechanisms that enable pathogenic viruses to suppress host immune recognition and to contribute to the high degree of virulence. We also directly compare the innate immune evasion mechanisms between arenaviruses and other hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses, such as Ebola, Marburg, Dengue, and hantaviruses. A better understanding of the immunosuppression and immune evasion strategies of these deadly viruses may guide the development of novel preventative and therapeutic options.
Fundamental Studies of Hydroporphyrin Architectures for Solar-Energy Applications

The long-term objective of the Bocian/HoltenK the latter classes of molecules encompass analogues of the naturally occurring chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls (e.g., chlorins, bacteriochlorins, and their derivatives). The attainment of the goals of the research program requires the close interplay of molecular design and synthesis (Lindsey group), static and time-resolved optical spectroscopic measurements (Holten&Kirmaier group), and electrochemical, electron paramagnetic resonance, resonance Raman, and infrared studies, as well as density functional theory calculations (Bocian Group). The proposed research encompasses four interrelated themes: (i) Gain a deeper understanding of the spectral and electronic properties of bacteriochlorins, with a subsidiary aim of learning how to shift the long-wavelength absorption band deeper into the NIR region. Bacteriochlorins bearing diverse substituents, including annulated rings, will be prepared and examined. A set of bacteriochlorins with site-specific isotopic (13C, 2H) substitution patterns about the macrocycle perimeter will be prepared for studies of vibrational and electronic properties. (ii) Examine the underlying electronic origin of panchromatic absorption and excited-statemore » behavior of strongly coupled rylene–tetrapyrrole arrays. The rylene constituents include a perylene-monoimide and a terrylene-monoimide. The tetrapyrroles include porphyrins (meso- or β-linked) and bacteriochlorins (β-linked). The objective is to achieve panchromatic absorption while preserving a viable, long-lived excited singlet state. (iii) Determine the rates of ground-state hole/electron transfer between (hydro)porphyrins as a function of array size, distance between components, linker type, site of linker connection, and frontier molecular orbital composition. (iv) Build upon the results of the aforementioned studies to design, synthesize, and characterize integrated architectures that incorporate a panchromatic absorber and other molecular components that that afford efficient hole/electron migration and long-lived charge separation. Such architectures will be examined on solid substrates to explore the viability of the component parts and processes under application-oriented conditions. Such architectures or successors may prove directly useful for solar-energy conversion systems. An equally important attribute is to serve as a test-bed for successful integration of the requisite properties and processes, some of which require rather weak coupling between constituents, some of which require very strong electronic interactions to elicit the desired behavior, and all of which should be tunable under molecular design control to the extent possible. Collectively, the proposed studies will provide fundamental insights into molecular properties, interactions, and processes relevant to the design of molecular architectures for solar-energy conversion. The accomplishment of these goals is only possible through a highly synergistic program that encompasses molecular design, synthesis, and in-depth characterization.« less
Design and analysis of supersonic business jet concepts

Presented at the 6th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration and Operations Conference (ATIO), Wichita, Kansas, Sep. 25-27, 2006.
The Magnetic Susceptibility of Southwestern Obsidian: An Exploratory Study:

The magnetic properties of volcanic glass and obsidian have long been known. Selected magnetic properties have proven useful discriminators among eastern Mediterranean obsidian sources. A recent exploratory study of the magnetic susceptibility of Southwestern obsidians indicates that it may prove a useful tool in this region also. Magnetic measurements of samples from many of the major obsidian sources in the Southwest were analyzed in an exploratory study of the technique and the resulting data are presented here. The technique and its limitations are also discussed.
Optimizing performance of a bank of chillers with thermal energy storage

Abstract We consider the problem of electricity demand shifting for the cooling needs of a large institution, using a thermal energy storage (TES) tank. The system is comprised of a number electric chillers with varying capacity and performance, as well as a tank that can store significant amount of chilled water but not enough for the whole day. The approach outlined here selects the number of chillers, and their time of operation, to minimize the costs, primarily by shifting the demand to the overnight period for which the electricity costs are lower and, due to lower ambient temperatures, the chillers are more efficient. The main goal is to develop a reliable and fast algorithm, through solving a linear or convex optimization problem, that operates the chillers at their peak efficiency and avoids excessive start-up and shut-down of chillers.
Chemical Sensitivity: Diagnosis and Treatment

The cases of chemical sensitivity causing chronic disorders of the ear, nose, and throat are becoming increasingly severe. Recognition of this problem is increasing; however, laboratory diagnosis is almost nonexistent. Continued research into this important area of otolaryngologic care is vital.
Diet and health. Special series.

Even though some of the questions about the role of diet in heart disease are still unanswered, it is clear that obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia increase the risk of heart disease. Physicians who would prevent arteriosclerosis in their patients are directing attention to dietary modification for young adults and children.
ON THE HIERARCHICAL CONTROL OF DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS WITH TIME DELAY.

On etend une methode de prediction co-etat pour les systemes sans retard aux systemes avec retard. On teste la convergence de l'algorithme developpe sur trois exemples
Scoring Microsatellite Loci

Microsatellites have been utilized for decades for genotyping individuals in various types of research. Automated scoring of microsatellite loci has allowed for rapid interpretation of large datasets. Although the use of software produces an automated process to score or genotype samples, several sources of error have to be taken into account to produce accurate genotypes. A variety of problems (from extracting DNA to entering a genotype into a database) which can arise throughout this process might result in erroneous genotype assignment to one or more samples, potentially confounding the conclusions of your study. Correctly assigning a genotype to a sample requires knowledge of the chemistry you use to generate the data as well as the software you use to analyze these results. In this chapter we describe the critical and more common points that researchers experience when scoring microsatellite loci. More importantly we provide insight from an experienced perspective for these challenges.
Three-boson bound states in two dimensions

The presence of few-body bound states is an important issue in the study of interacting bosonic systems due to the instability it introduces into the condensation. The problem is more interesting in two dimensions because the system can host only a finite number of bound states, in contrast to the Efimov effect in three dimensions. The authors considered a two-component bosonic system in two dimensions, with repulsive intra- and attractive inter-species interactions. They found that there is only one three-particle bound state and the binding energies for various scattering lengths fall on an universal curve, where the microscopic details are of no relevance. Their conclusion is pertinent for various systems such as excitons in quantum well structures and bosonic dipoles in bilayer geometries. They developed an efficient renormalization group type method, capable of handling both short- and long- range physics and free of numerical instabilities. This method also makes use of the Hopf coordinates and running basis to reduce the proliferation of hyperspherical harmonics appearing in alternative approaches, yielding significant saving in numerical implementations.
Estimation of resist blur by overlay measurement

A method to estimate a magnitude of resist blur by overlay measurement with a special mark. Because of utilization of optical measurement, line-end-shortening (LES) can be measured with good repeatability, resulting in accurate estimation of a magnitude of resist blur. This method is very useful to estimate resist blur in an advanced lithography era.
Remittances and their social meaning in Tajikistan

In this paper we investigate the growth and use of social remittances in Tajikistan. Russia became the destination country of choice for labor migrants from former Soviet states following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Tajik migrants also seek new destinations including settlement in the US. International migration to Russia and the US continues to shape economic realities for Tajik communities and migrants. In this paper, we use ethnographic evidence from rural communities in Tajikistan and from Tajik migrants who are settled in major Russian cities as well as New York City, NY to address the role migration plays for families and household and the meaning of social remittances for local communities. We explore the role that remittances play in the changing social landscape of Tajikistan and its local communities.
Integrating yoga into psychotherapy: The ethics of moving from the mind to the mat

Given the rise in attention to client preferences in medical treatment and the shift in focus toward health promotion, it is not surprising that the use of complementary health approaches have increased in the past several years. Yoga is among the most prominent complementary health approaches. Recently, both qualitative and quantitative work has emerged supporting its use for a variety of medical and psychological disorders. However, there is a critical gap in knowledge regarding how to most optimally and ethically integrate complementary therapies (i.e., yoga) into current psychology practices. Moreover, it remains unclear which clients are the best candidates for receiving such complementary treatments and which therapists should provide them. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the history of yoga, the scientific evidence in support of its use for mental health issues, and an ethical framework to guide psychologists interested in integrating yoga into psychotherapy.
Asymptomatic Factor VII Padua in African Americans.

Background: Symptomatology in congenital human FVII deficiency with FVII:C (Factor VII Coagulant Activity) levels < 1% ranges from asymptomatic to severe hemorrhagic problems. Additionally, FVII:C differs markedly depending upon the source of tissue factor (TF) in the thromboplastin utilized for measuring FVII:C. FVII deficiency reported in 1978 in patients from Padua, Italy was later shown to be associated with an arginine (R) to glutamine (Q) mutation at FVII amino acid 304. A study by Triplett et al. from 1985 reported FVII deficiency in 26 patients including 16 Caucasians, 1 Hispanic and 9 blacks. Of these patients, all 9 black patients were asymptomatic whereas the other 17 patients had a clinically relevant bleeding disorder. Since that time there have been no reports describing the genetic cause of FVII deficiency in asymptomatic African American individuals. Methods: Plasma was obtained from patient blood samples obtained in 3.2% sodium citrate. FVII:C levels were performed using one-stage clotting assays with either rabbit brain thromboplastin (Simplastin Excel, Biomerieux, Durham, NC) or lyophilized recombinant human TF (Innovin, Dade Behring, Inc., Newark, DE). Factor VII antigen levels (VII:Ag) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (American Bioproducts Co, Parsippany, NJ). A normal pool was constructed by mixing equal volumes of plasma from greater than 20 healthy control subjects. | Patient # | Prothrombin Time in seconds | FVII:C Simplastin Excel | FVII:C Innovin | FVII:Ag | Genotype | Phenotype | |:------------------- | --------------------------- | ----------------------- | -------------- | ------- | ------------------ | ------------------------- | | 1-African American | 15.6 | 16% | 33% | 61% | Heterozygote R304Q | Minor Nose Bleeds | | 2- African American | Prolonged | 26% | 54% | 67% | Heterozygote R304Q | Asymptomatic for bleeding | | 3- African American | 14.5 | 21% | 64% | NA | Heterozygote R304Q | Asymptomatic for bleeding | Results Conclusions: We show that FVII deficiency in three asymptomatic African American patients at our specialty laboratory was due to FVII-Padua (R304Q). An additional ten African American patients showed prolonged prothrombin times and FVII:C values consistent with the laboratory phenotype of FVII-Padua. This diagnosis prevented inappropriate blood transfusions prior to surgery in several of these patients.
Geodetic imaging of thermal deformation in geothermal reservoirs - production, depletion and fault reactivation

We investigate thermally induced surface deformation in geothermal systems. To define source mechanisms at depth, we assess the mechanical process of subsurface deformation by assuming a spherically cooled fractured reservoir in an infinite medium and derive relations that define magnitudes of thermal contraction, stress change and permeability evolution. The magnitude of thermal deformation in typical geothermal system is larger than anticipated and suggests two different modalities of surface subsidence – thermal contraction and fault reactivation. Here, surface deformation (vertical displacement, surface tilt and horizontal strain) induced by the two different modalities are assessed with Mogi (contraction) and Okada (slip) models and compared with instrumental sensitivity of high precision surface geodetic tools. We show that 1 year of geothermal operation at 10 MW with a power plant conversion efficiency of 12% can yield ~ 3.0 × 104 m3 of subsurface volume change. For a reservoir at 2000 m depth, this induces ~ 1.7 mm of vertical surface displacement, ~ 800 nano-radians of surface tilt and ~ 900 nano-strains of surface strain. This result implies that typically observed magnitudes of surface subsidence (order of cm/year) are naturally expected in massive (100 MW scale) geothermal operations and observed surface subsidence may largely be the result of thermal contraction. Conversely, thermal unloading can trigger fault reactivation. Analysis with an Okada slip model shows these shear offsets on pre-existing faults can also result in surface deformations of considerable magnitude. Our analysis of field operational data from various geothermal projects suggests that both thermal contraction and slow fault reactivation may contribute to the observed large surface deformation. Comparison of predicted deformation with instrumental sensitivity of high precision surface tools confirms that geodetic signals, especially tilt and strain, are indeed sufficiently large to describe reservoir evolution and to potentially deconvolve reservoir parameters of interest, such as permeability.
Presynaptic and extrasynaptic regulation of posterior nucleus of thalamus

The posterior nucleus of thalamus (PO) is a key sensorimotor structure, whose activity is tightly regulated by inhibition from several nuclei. Maladaptive plasticity in this inhibition leads to sev...
Older Men With Anemia Have Increased Fracture Risk Independent of Bone Mineral Density.

Context Extremely low hemoglobin (Hgb) values have been linked to increased fracture risk at different sites. However, careful assessment of clinically defined anemia and fracture risk is lacking. Objective To determine whether men with anemia were at increased risk of fracture after accounting for bone mineral density (BMD) and bone loss. Design Cross-sectional analysis (at visit 3) and prospective analysis (from baseline to visit 3) in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS), a multisite, longitudinal cohort study. Setting Six communities in the United States. Participants A total of 3632 community-dwelling men (age ≥65 years) in MrOS at baseline (2000 through 2002) who were able to walk unassisted, did not have hip replacement or fracture, and had complete blood cell counts at visit 3 (2007 through 2009). Outcomes Adjudicated spine and nonspine fractures during a median 7.2 years of follow-up. Results Analytic baseline characteristics associated with fractures or anemia (defined as Hgb Conclusions Community-dwelling older men with anemia had a 57% to 72% increase in nonspine fracture risk independent of BMD and bone loss.
Introduction to Computing

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) defines computing as “the use of operation of computers”; similarly, computation is defined as “the action of mathematical calculation.” In daily life, we often find these words being used interchangeably even though the scientific community makes a distinction. Let’s first analyze computation as it appeared first in human civilization, formally with the invention of numbers.
ish: How to Write Poemish (Research) Poetry:

Discussion has occurred around what constitutes quality research poetry, with some direction on how a researcher, who is a novice poet, might go about writing good enough research poetry. In an effort to increase the existing conversation, the authors review research poetry literature and ideas from art poets on how to read, write, and revise poetry. The authors interrupt the prose text throughout with poetic interludes and quotes from poets. The conversation is framed by the conception of ish and poemish which is drawn directly from Reynolds’s powerful book ish. Poemish representations may be said to be research representations characterized by features of poetry and an effort to blend the aesthetics of poetry and science of research into something which may be said to be poem-like, ish, or poemish.
Capacitive hysteresis at the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)-trifluorophosphate–polycrystalline gold interface

We report potential-dependent capacitance curves over a 2-V potential range for the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)-trifluorophosphate (Emim FAP)-polycrystalline gold interface, and examine the effect of potential scan direction on results. We find very small levels of capacitive hysteresis in the Emim FAP-polycrystalline Au electrochemical system, where capacitance curves show minor dependence on the potential scan direction employed. This is a considerably different response than that reported for the Emim FAP-Au(111) interface where significant hysteresis is observed based on the potential scan direction (Druschler et al. in J Phys Chem C 115 (14):6802-6808, 2011). Hysteresis effects have previously been suggested to be a general feature of an ionic liquid (IL) at electrified interfaces due to slow interfacial processes and has been demonstrated for numerous electrochemical systems. We provide new evidence that the experimental procedure used to acquire capacitance data and data workup could also have implications on capacitance-potential relationships in ILs. This work serves to progress our understanding of the nature of capacitive hysteresis at the IL-electrode interface. Graphical abstract Subtle changes in experimental methods can lead to significantly different capacitance measurements in ionic liquids. Which is the best approach?
Policy and Advocacy Framework

The answer to this complex question is not as simple as using a dictionary. According to the WHO, health policy are policy that “refer to decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society” (World Health Organization 2018a, b). Often policies that may not be delineated in legislature as “health policies” may still affect health in other manners. Dr. Margaret Chan, former Director- General of the World Health Organization, stated that “Policy spheres are no longer distinct. Lines of responsibility are blurred” (Chan 2010). She further goes to cite an example using the industrialization of food production and how the pesticide usage from this can lead to health effects (Chan 2010). Policies are complex and can result in intentional and unintentional effects.
Appraising geodiversity and cultural diversity approaches to building resilience through conservation

There is no single way of increasing climate resilience that works in all locations and circumstances. This Perspective examines two current approaches to climate-resilient conservation projects that draw on insights from the Earth sciences. A cultural diversity approach has long been used by conservation organizations with large and well-trained personnel, whereas a geodiversity approach is gaining support as a way to undertake large-scale conservation planning using readily available tools. Because the two approaches are not inherently incompatible with each other, and have complementary strengths and weaknesses, land trust project managers should take advantage of both approaches to achieve their local goals. This Perspective draws on two case studies to examine geodiversity and cultural diversity approaches to conservation currently used by US land trusts, and their complementary strengths and weaknesses in fostering climate resilience.
Intersectionality, Stereotypes of African American Men, and Redressing Bias in the Public Affairs Classroom

This article describes how the authors use the theoretical construct of intersectionality and concepts relating to stereotyping in treatments of diversity and social equity in the public affairs cl...
Cellular Immunology in Multiple Sclerosis Introduction and History

Studies of the cellular immune responses of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have received increasing attention in recent years. Nimerous investigations have involved studies of general immunocompetence of patients during various phases of the disease while others have tested specific cell-mediated immune reactions with viral or other antigens. We will present reports on these studies in three parts: l) Introduction and History; 2) Current Studies; and 3) Studies on Regulatory Cells.
The Bioeffects of Shock Wave Lithotripsy: An Overview

When examining the bioeffects of shock wave lithotripsy, the bioeffects of other means of removal of urinary stones such as open surgery, percutaneous lithotripsy, and ureteroscopy also should be considered. Little good data exist comparing these modes of treatment to each other, particularly in terms of their respective bioeffects.
An Examination of the Spatial Resolution Requirements for LES of a Compressible Jet

This work examines the grid requirements necessary for a properly resolved large-eddy simulation (LES) of a compressible jet. The numerical scheme used for the analysis and its corresponding computational grid are used to estimate, a priori, the resolution of the simulation. This estimated resolution, expressed in terms of wave number, is compared to the resolution in the turbulent spectra obtained from the simulation. Two levels of grid resolution are examined. The solution yields good agreement with experimental data for mean flow and first-order turbulent statistics. The estimated resolution of the analysis properly predicts the trends with respect to the computed turbulent spectra.
Video Data Analysis

The growing availability of video provides many applications for the purpose of injury-control research. Video is recognized as a tool for the identification of common injury vignettes, or hazard scenarios, and has been applied predominantly across the sports and recreational realm. The primary advantage afforded by video analysis is the accuracy of data collection associated with events that often occur in a fraction of a second and may not be accurately reported by the injured party, parent, coach, or other observer. By enabling investigators to recreate the physical, social, and environmental factors that may contribute to the injury event or predispose to injury occurrence, video offers the ability to capture mechanisms of injury (both contact and noncontact), biomechanics associated with injury events, physiological and behavioral responses to impact, and a host of other outcomes. In this chapter, we discuss applications of video analysis for sports injury research. We then address methodological considerations and the five phases of the video analysis process ((1) conceptualization, (2) resources, (3) instrument development, (4) data collection, and (5) data analysis). Lastly, we present video analysis as a tool that allows data collection for validation of proposed theories and development of interventions.
Applications and advancements of peptides in the design of metallic nanomaterials

Metal and metal oxide nanomaterials have proven to be an integral part of daily life from their use in industrial catalysis, medical therapeutics, and miniaturized devices. While these materials are implemented to “green up” different applications, the fabrication approaches for these particles often require toxic reagents, harsh conditions, and leave behind a significant amount of waste. As a result, their synthesis can often be inefficient with respect to the environmental factor (E-Factor). By advancing the fundamental science of bio-hybrid materials, including peptide/metal and peptide/polymer systems, we can incorporate the principles of green chemistry into the material design and function by harnessing the natural capacity of the biomolecule in a biomimetic fashion. This brief Opinion highlights current research in hybrid peptides and peptide-mediated materials to show how improvements in understanding the complex interactions at the abiotic/biotic interface have the potential to revolutionize current material syntheses.
EMI Diagnostics of Three Phase Inverters Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is often regarded as a disturbance in electrical systems, and most research focuses on developing techniques to mitigate its impact. EMI is particularly problematic in many sensing applications, but there are circumstances when EMI can be used as the sensing tool. This paper describes a method to determine the health of the DC link capacitance in a three-phase inverter using EMI diagnostics. The proposed approach relies on changes in a capacitor's resonant frequency and impedance, which occur naturally as it ages, to predict its health. These parameters influence the conducted EMI measurements in a manner that is detectable. Through simulation and experimentation, it is demonstrated that this approach can detect changes in a capacitor's health via a machine learning algorithm that is trained to inverters EMI spectrum.
Adult Children’s Education and Later-Life Health of Parents in China: The Intergenerational Effects of Human Capital Investment

Recent research has shown that in high-income countries, investing in children’s education could be an effective strategy to improve parental health in older age. However, little is known about whether this pattern exists in China, a rapidly aging context with strong filial piety traditions and a weak public support system for older adults. Using longitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we used Cox proportional hazards and multinomial logistic regression models to investigate changes in both mortality and subjective health (self-reported health) outcomes. We assessed the association separately by parental gender. Having college-educated children was associated with a 31% decline in the hazard of parental death (adj. HR 0.69, p < .05). The odds of parents with children who completed secondary education maintaining good health was 1.80 times that of the parents whose children completed primary education or less (OR 1.80, p < .001). We found no gender difference among parents with respect to the association between children’s educational attainment and parental health. Children’s education might be a prominent factor in magnifying existing health disparities among Chinese older adults. We urge policymakers to consider the multigenerational advantages of expanding educational opportunities in China for not only college but also secondary education.
Quadriceps muscle function following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: systemic differences in neural and morphological characteristics

Quadriceps muscle dysfunction is common following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Data considering the diversity of neural changes, in-concert with morphological adaptations of the quadriceps muscle, are lacking. We investigated bilateral differences in neural and morphological characteristics of the quadriceps muscle in ACLR participants (n = 11, month post-surgery: 69.4 ± 22.4) compared to controls matched by sex, age, height, weight, limb dominance, and activity level. Spinal reflex excitability was assessed using Hoffmann reflexes (H:M); corticospinal excitability was quantified via active motor thresholds (AMT) and motor-evoked potentials (MEP) using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Cortical activation was assessed using a knee flexion/extension task with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Muscle volume was quantified using structural MRI. Muscle strength and patient-reported outcomes were also collected. 2 × 2 RM ANOVAs were used to evaluate group differences. Smaller quadriceps muscle volume (total volume, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and intermedius) and lower strength were detected compared to contralateral and control limbs. Individuals with ACLR reported higher levels of pain and fear and lower levels of knee function compared to controls. No differences were observed for H:M. ACLR individuals demonstrated higher AMT bilaterally and smaller MEPs in the injured limb, compared to the controls. ACLR participants demonstrated greater activation in frontal lobe areas responsible for motor and pain processing compared to controls, which were associated with self-reported pain. Our results suggest that individuals with ACLR demonstrate systemic neural differences compared to controls, which are observed concurrently with smaller quadriceps muscle volume, quadriceps muscle weakness, and self-reported dysfunction.
Linkages Between Incarceration and Health

The dramatic expansion of the US penal system during the past 4 decades has led to an increase in adverse health conditions that affect an unprecedented number of individuals. This article first provides an overview of the literature on the immediate and lasting associations between incarceration and physical health, highlighting the diverse health conditions linked with incarceration, including health functioning, infectious disease, chronic conditions, and mortality. Next, we discuss potential explanations for the associations between incarceration and these health conditions, focusing on stress, contagion, social integration, and reintegration challenges. We then consider how medical and social science research can be combined to advance our understanding of these health conditions and suggest ways to reduce the negative association between incarceration and health, such as by improving prison conditions and medical care both inside prisons and after release.
Review of Musculoskeletal Injury Prevention in Female Soccer Athletes

This paper aims to review the recent literature regarding the prevention of musculoskeletal injuries in female soccer athletes. Female soccer players are at risk for many musculoskeletal injuries, mostly involving the lower extremities, due to anatomic, hormonal, and biomechanical factors. Various programs are available that target overall injury prevention, as well as specifically the prevention of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), ankle, and overuse injuries. The Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ is the most well-studied program for overall injury prevention and has been shown to have modest but significant effects in injury incidence. Prevention of ACL injuries is also well studied, and multiple programs have been shown to significantly reduce incidence, especially in youth athletes. Fewer current studies are available regarding ankle and overuse injuries. Musculoskeletal injury prevention programs are available for female soccer players and may be effective in decreasing the incidence of certain injuries. There are clear differences in injury patterns in females compared to males, and further research is needed to specifically look at injury prevention in this population.
Vegan vs Paleo: Carbon Footprints and Diet Quality of 5 Popular Eating Patterns as Reported by US Consumers (P03-007-19)

The food system contributes substantially to current environmental problems, which has prompted researchers to evaluate both environmental as well as nutritional impacts of dietary choices. However, there has been no research on the impacts of popular diets as consumed in the US. This study estimated the carbon footprint and diet quality of popular diets as selected by a nationally representative sample of US consumers. The 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 24-hour recall data were used to categorize individual adult diets (N = 16,800) into one of six mutually exclusive dietary patterns: vegan, vegetarian, pescatarian, paleolithic, and ketogenic. All other diets were classified into an omnivore pattern. Food groups in the USDA Food Patterns Equivalent Database were used to define these patterns. For example, the vegan pattern was defined as those who did not consume meat, seafood, eggs or dairy, and the paleo pattern included those who did not eat grains, legumes or dairy. Average daily greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) in carbon dioxide equivalents per 1000 kilocalories (kg CO₂-eq 1000 kcal⁻¹) were calculated by matching our previously developed database of Food Impacts on the Environment for Linking to Diets (dataFIELD) to NHANES individual diet data. Diet quality was determined using the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI). Ordinary least-squares regression was used to assess differences in diet patterns. The most frequent 1-day diet patterns were omnivore (87%), pescatarian (7%), and vegetarian (6%). The lowest carbon footprint diets were vegan (mean = 1.0 kg CO2-eq 1000 kcal-1), vegetarian (1.1), and pescatarian (1.9), and the highest footprints were omnivore (2.3), paleo (2.8) and keto (4.2). These average carbon footprints for the vegan, vegetarian, and pescatarian patterns were significantly lower (p < .05) than that of the omnivore pattern, and the keto pattern was significantly higher. Average HEI scores for the vegetarian and pescatarian patterns were significantly higher compared to the omnivore pattern, and the keto and paleo patterns were significantly lower. These data support the growing body of research identifying the environmental benefits of plant-based diet patterns and identify the environmental cost of other popular diet patterns in the US. Wellcome Trust.
Endocrinology practice patterns of hypothyroidism and osteoporosis management in a U.S. tertiary academic medical center

The major published clinical guidelines for the management of hypothyroidism and osteoporosis are not uniformly consistent and may be a significant contributor to variability of clinical care delivered by endocrinologists, in addition to other factors, such as physician experience, physician and patient perceptions, and patient comorbidities. The purpose of this study was to assess practice patterns of hypothyroidism and osteoporosis within an academic endocrine clinic. A retrospective medical record review of the first 200 adult patients (n = 100 with primary hypothyroidism and n = 100 with osteoporosis or osteopenia) seen by an endocrinologist beginning January 2, 2017at a large U.S. urban tertiary academic medical center was performed. Data were collected regarding patient demographics, clinic visit type, patterns of ordering laboratory tests and imaging, and choice of pharmacologic treatment. Most patients with hypothyroidism (99%) had a serum thyroid stimulating hormone concentration measured. Other thyroid indices measured included serum total thyroxine (10%), serum free thyroxine [T4] (82%), serum free T4 index (6%), serum total triiodothyronine [T3] (9%), and serum free T3 (12%). Forty-eight percent also had serum thyroid antibodies checked. A variety of thyroid hormone supplements were used to treat hypothyroidism, including levothyroxine (83%), levothyroxine and liothyronine combination (8%), and desiccated thyroid extract (6%). In regards to patients with osteoporosis, mean duration of all pharmacologic therapy combined was 73.4 ± 81.9 months. For those with more than one bone density (DXA) scans (64%), the mean time interval between two consecutive DXA scans was variable (mean 32.0 ± 24.7 [SD] months). Sixty eight percent of the patients had bone turnover markers assessed within 7 months of the visit. This study reports a real-world experience of endocrinology practice patterns at a large U.S. academic healthcare system. For the common diagnoses of hypothyroidism and osteoporosis, there are opportunities for increased standardization of care, particularly regarding the ordering of laboratory testing and radiologic studies. Identifying areas with significant practice variability may improve the quality and health outcomes and reduce the cost of care for patients with these conditions. Increased understanding regarding the reasons behind ordering various studies may help physician and patients further align their goals.
Intermittent hypoxia and bronchial hyperreactivity.

Abstract The premature neonate is at high risk for childhood airway hyperreactivity and episodes of wheezing. Intermittent hypoxic events are frequently observed during the first weeks and months of life in these infants. Intermittent hypoxemia has been associated with adverse outcomes in extremely premature infants; including the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, reported wheezing, and use of prescription asthma medications. We review the incidence of intermittent hypoxia, their potential role in short and longer term respiratory morbidity, and the translational newborn models now being used to investigate common pathways by which intermittent hypoxia contributes to respiratory disease.
Could Technical Trading Have Saved the Decade Lost: Evidence from Portugal?

This paper investigates 38 models of technical trading rules for Portugal Stock Index over the period 8/1/2000 to 8/1/2011. All models are based on very well known technical indicators that many wall street professional use. The results do support the predictive power of technical trading rules. The t-values for all buy and sell days are significant for 7 single indicator and 6 two indicators models. We reject the null hypothesis that the buy and sell returns equal the mean of B&H strategy. Given that technical trading works, could we apply it to beat the buy and hold strategy? After designing a simple strategy of long and money market, the answer is yes. A technical trader could have done much better than the buy and hold strategy over the past decade in the Portuguese stock market.