cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leisure as an American and Soviet Value

What is proposed that human beings shall do with the leisure which social reorganization and perfected machinery are to give them? Prophets of the future give fundamentally the same answer to this question .... Henri Poincarn, for example, imagined that human beings of the future would fill their long leisures by "contemplating the laws of nature." Mr. Bernard Shaw is of much the same opinion .... Mr. H. G. Wells portrays ... a race of athletic chemists and mathematical physicists who go about naked, and unlike Mr. Shaw's austere Ancients make free love in a rational manner between experiments. They also take interest in the arts and are not above playing games . . . all agree that the lives of our leisured posterity will be high. They will eagerly make themselves acquainted with "the best that has been thought or said" about everything; they will listen to concerts of the classiest music; they will practice the arts and handicrafts; they will study the sciences, philosophy, mathematics and meditate on the lovely mystery of the world .... In a word, these leisured masses of a future... will do all the things which our leisured classes of the present time so conspicuously fail to do.1
Empty subject terms in late Buddhist logic

The basis for my rejoinder to Mr. Potter's third comment is a late Buddhist logical treatise entitled Kcanabhangasiddhi Vyatirekâtmikâ (hereafter abbreviated as KBII) written about 1000-1050 A.D. by one Ratnaklrti, a pupil of the better known Buddhist philosopher Jnanaari mitra. In this treatise Ratnaklrti assumes the task of defending the contra posed (or vyatireka) version of his school's central thesis the thesis that all real existents are momentary (or impermanent). Ratnaklrti follows the lead of his spiritual and philosophical preceptors in making full use of a modified version of the logic and epistemology of Dharmaklrti itself an amplification of Dignâga's logic. (You're familiar enough, I'm sure, with recent detailed analyses of the principal technical terms1 utilized by these Yogâcâra-Vijfiânavâda philosophers in their pan-fictional approach to the phenomenal world (samvrti). No need, then, to pause at this point to review their epistemological presuppositions.) To continue the anvaya or positive version of the proof of universal momentariness has already been established by Ratnaklrti in his Ksanabhangasiddi-Anvayâtmika (the KBI that precedes my KBII), where upon the contraposed (or vyatireka) version would seem to follow at once.2 I.e., if the cardinal Buddhist doctrine:
Recovering structure uncertainties from noisy sense data

Abstract This work examines closely the possibilities for errors, mistakes and uncertainties in sensing systems. We identify and suggest techniques for modeling, analyzing, and recovering these uncertainties. This work concentrates on uncertainties in visual sensing for manipulators. The goal is to recover three-dimensional structure and motion characteristics of the environments under observation from noisy measurements. We also conjecture that the approaches described here are suitable for other sensors and parameters to be recovered. The computed uncertainties are utilized for reconstructing the geometry, motion parameters, and structure parameters under observation.
Great Individuals and Their Environments Revisited: William James and Contemporary Leadership Theory

This paper offers a framework for introducing, developing, and integrating leadership concepts by borrowing from the thought of William James. Writing in 1897 and ensconced in one of the great philosophical debates of his time, James cleverly appropriated elements of evolutionary theory to explain the origin and emergence of great individuals. I show how these ideas can be meaningfully related to contemporary leadership theory, and argue that scholarship and education would benefit by expanding the conception of management to include more general intellectual discourse.
Books on health policy and health reform: how is nursing represented?

The recent national debate on health care reform stimulated publication of a large number of books on the topic. A selected review of books published during the height of the health reform debate (1993 and 1994) is reported in this article. A total of 35 books written by authors from 13 different disciplinary perspectives were reviewed to determine how the nursing profession was represented in discussions of health system reform. The books were categorized according to title, author affiliation, purpose of the book, and the number and category of references to nursing. Seven categories of reference to nursing emerged from the analysis. Approximately one half of the books contained no references to nursing, 39 per cent had less than 10 references to nursing, and only four books had more than 10 references to nursing. The books with the greatest number of references were further analyzed and compared regarding thematic presentation of reform issues. A discussion of the importance of documentation of nursing in the health policy process, along with recommendations for improved dissemination of nursing perspectives for a redesigned health care system, is included.
The by-product theory of revolution: Some empirical evidence

This study has focused on the by-product theory of revolution and has employed tobit analysis in an attempt to determine economic variables that increase the likelihood of revolution in developing countries. Regression results on the duration of revolution were reported for fifty-four developing countries located in Asia and Africa based upon data collected for the period 1955–1975. While we examined a number of economic variables, interesting findings on only three variables are offered in this empirical investigation of revolution in Asia and Africa.
Terrain Roughness Measurement from Elevation Maps

The Autonomous Planetary Rover Project at Carnegie Mellon University is investigating the use of geometric information obtained from terrain elevation maps for mobile robot planning and control. We review how surface geometry has been characterized by surface roughness parameters, and why several of these parameters must be combined to form a vector roughness measurement. Next we propose a technique to localize and extract the intrinsic roughness from terrain elevation maps, and show how this can be used to characterize terrain.
Altered expression of the catenin p120 in human cancer: implications for tumor progression

Tumor progression in epithelial tissues is characterized by a series of genetic and epigenetic changes that lead ultimately to metastasis. Alterations in E-cadherin and its cytoplasmic regulators, the catenins, have been implicated as central to this process. Here, we focus on p120-catenin and its rising incidence in the pathology literature as a molecule altered in human tumors. The data show that p120 is frequently altered and/or lost in tumors of the colon, bladder, stomach, breast, prostate, lung, and pancreas. Moreover, in some cases p120 loss appears to be an early event in tumor progression, possibly preceding loss of E-cadherin. Potential roles of p120 as a tumor suppressor or metastasis promoter are discussed.
Friction coefficients of noble metals over a range of loads

Abstract Static friction coefficients were measured for noble metal combinations as well as a few other metals, covering various solubilities and crystal structures. The normal loads used spanned a wide range, from mg to kg, and the apparatus was of the tilted plane type. In all, 21 combinations were tested. In some disagreement with the literature, the static friction coefficient was not constant, but ranged from 0.3 at high loads to 1.5 at low loads. At the lightest loads, the riders often adhered to the flat surface, even when the angle of tilt was 90° or more. While the geometry of the two contacting surfaces had little influence on the friction, the metallurgical incompatibility and the presence of a hexagonal structure proved to be very important parameters, since the presence of one of these factors was always associated with lower friction.
Electron Beam Pattern Writer For X-Ray Masks

This paper discusses the capabilities of a vector scan electron-beam system as an X-ray mask writer for pattern geometries at and below one-half micron. The noise level in the deflection system has been reduced to an RMS value of 150 A over a 0.5 mm deflection field, thus making our exposure system usable in the one-quarter micron regime. Pattern geometries below 2000 A have been fabricated on a thin membrane. Drift compensation techniques, implemented in software, have reduced placement errors over the entire mask to less than 700 A. Accomplishments in the areas of noise reduction, bandwidth error compensation, system resolution, and improvements in pattern placement accuracy are discussed.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Respiratory Infection of Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The dose of cyclophosphamide that permits the colonization of the nasopharynx with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the survival of the animal was determined in mice. This dose, 100 mglkg of cydophosphamide, allowed P aeruginosa to colonize but not invade mouse nasal epithelium. Mice treated with 100 mg/kg cydophosphamide were exposed to aerosol of 35S-labeled P aeruginosa to study clearance. Results indicated that this dose of cydophosphamide suppressed both the pulmonary clearance of viable P aeroginosa fin situ killing) and the clearance of radiolabeled P aeruginosa (mechanical clearance).
Research on placement moves: Seeking the perspective of foster children

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the perspectives through which research findings about placement moves in foster care are communicated in the published literature. More specifically, the logic of standpoint theory is used to explore the extent to which foster children are included as data sources in a sample of 43 research studies investigating placement moves. The findings revealed that case record data, which does not reliably represent the viewpoint of any professional or client group within the system of care, was used in the majority of studies. The number of studies using data provided by foster children is small. Overall, the body of research on placement moves is fragmented by inconsistent use of terminology and operational definitions. Foster children are a marginalized group when it comes to research and empirical knowledge building efforts focused on understanding moves from one placement to another in the system of care. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
A New Species of Whartonia (Acari: Trombiculidae) from new Guinea Fruit Bats, Redescription of Whartonia Penthetor and Designation of a Lectotype

Whartonia kulumadouensis is described as new from the Trobriand Naked-backed Bat, Dobsonia pannietensis remota , taken on Woodlark Island, Papua New Guinea, and the Greater Naked-backed Bat, Dobsonia moluccensis , taken in Irian Jaya. Whartonia penthetor is redescribed from the type series and a lectotype designated.
Evaluation of raw substrate variation from different suppliers and processes and their impact on package warpage

Thin substrates have been used in more and more package-on-package (PoP) designs to meet the overall package thickness requirement. Low CTE cores are becoming more popular to reduce thin package warpage. On the other hand, substrates used in the same product are often sourced from multiple suppliers. Packages built with thin substrates sourced from different suppliers were found to have different end-of-line (EOL) package warpage. In this paper, 5 legs of substrates from 3 different suppliers were studied and compared with regard to raw substrate warpage, raw substrate modulus and CTE properties, and their reactions to 1× reflow thermal conditioning in order to understand any correlation to end-of-line package warpage. It was found that raw substrates sourced from different suppliers, or different processes in the same supplier, could have different levels of initial bare substrate warpage due to residual stress. Simulation results showed clear correlation between bare substrate warpage and EOL package warpage. However, such correlation was not observed with the limited measurement data collected. It was also found that properties (CTE and modulus) of finished composite substrates from different suppliers and processes could vary significantly, especially in the high temperature range. The difference in properties could be correlated to the difference at end-of-line package warpage in some cases. Further more, the substrates from different suppliers or processes could change their warpage, modulus and CTE properties in different ways after 1× reflow temperature conditioning. The study shows that it becomes more and more important to have better quality control of substrates sourced from different suppliers as substrate becomes thin and low CTE core is used.
Testosterone Rapidly Increases Ejaculate Volume and Sperm Density in Competitively Breeding Goldfish Through an Estrogenic Membrane Receptor Mechanism

The social environment can have dramatic influences on reproductive behavior and physiology in many vertebrate species. In males, interactions with conspecifics affect physiological processes that increase an individual's ability to compete for mates. For example, in some species, males rapidly adjust the number of sperm they ejaculate in response to sociosexual cues from male and female conspecifics, however, little is known about the physiological mechanisms mediating this behavior. In goldfish, as in many vertebrates, social cues also drive transient surges of the gonadal hormone testosterone (T), which induces rapid effects on cellular processes via its conversion to estradiol (E2). We asked whether such surges rapidly influence ejaculate quantity and quality by experimentally manipulating peripheral levels of T and E2. We show that male goldfish injected with T increased ejaculate (milt) volume and sperm density within just 1 hr. Furthermore, increases in expressible milt were dependent on the conversion of T to E2 by the enzyme aromatase, required activation of estrogen receptors α and β, and were also elicited by BSA-conjugated E2, which acts on cell membrane-bound estrogen receptors. Together, these findings represent a novel steroid mechanism for the social modulation of sperm output over the short time scales that characterize reproductive encounters, and thus demonstrate a previously undescribed functional consequence of rapid estrogen signaling mechanisms. We suggest that such mechanisms may play a critical role in the enhancement of physiological and behavioral processes that increase reproductive success in competitive mating contexts.
Age, Growth and Fecundity of the Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), in Lake Michigan

Abstract This study is based on over 2,000 specimens collected from the Milwaukee area of Lake Michigan over an 18-month period in 1964 and 1965. The ages of the fish, determined from their scales and otoliths, ranged from 1 to 4 years. The greatest growth-in-length, 55.7%, occurred during the first year of life. Growth-in-length in succeeding years declined to 24.5% in the second year, 11.2% in the third, and 8.6% in the fourth year of life. The body-scale relationship is a straight line with an intercept of 21.11 mm on the length axis. Calculated and imperical averages showed that Lake Michigan alewives attained a length of about 95 mm in their first year of life. They reached total lengths of about 139 mm (age group I), 158 mm (age group II), and 172 mm (age group III) in each of the following years. Spawning of Lake Michigan alewives in 1965 extended from the end of June to the first part of August, with the peak occurring in July. The majority of spawning alewives were in age groups II and III. Each ...
Fatty acyl CoA synthetase activity in normal and atherosclerotic rabbit aortic tissue

Abstract The activity of fatty acyl CoA synthetase and fatty acyl CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase was determined in microsomal fractions from normal and atherosclerotic rabbit aortic tissue. No change in fatty acyl CoA synthetase activity was observed as a result of cholesterol feeding in contrast to the several-fold increase in the activity of fatty acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase seen in atherosclerotic tissue. Inhibition of both enzymes was observed when clofibrate, or the tetrahydronapthyl analog of this drug were added in vitro . The inhibitory effects were most pronounced on the fatty acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase.
A bifurcation analysis for limit flame phenomena of DME/air in perfectly stirred reactors

Abstract A bifurcation analysis was developed to systematically detect limit flame phenomena, including ignition, extinction and changes in flame stability, and to understand the underlying physicochemical processes that control the limit phenomena. The bifurcation analysis was demonstrated with steady-state perfectly stirred reactors (PSRs) using dimethyl ether (DME) with the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) chemistry. Flame stability was first analyzed to identify ignition and extinction states based on the eigenvalues of the Jacobian of the governing equations. It was found that for DME–air mixtures, extinction may not occur at the turning points on the S -curves. A bifurcation index (BI) was then defined at each bifurcation point on the S -curves to quantify the contribution of each reaction and the mixing process to the limit flame phenomenon. Results show that extinction of the strong flames of DME–air is primarily controlled by the reactions involving small molecules, such as HCO and CO, while extinction of the cool flames is primarily controlled by the NTC chemistry involving larger molecules. To validate this method, the pre-exponential “ A ”-factors of the selected reactions were perturbed. It was found that the perturbations in reactions with large BI values have significant effects, while those with small BI values have minor effects, on the ignition and extinction states. The BI-based method was further compared to sensitivity analysis, and overall-consistent results were observed on the importance of the reactions at the bifurcation points, indicating that the bifurcation analysis is effective in identifying controlling reactions for limit flame phenomena. The BI values were then employed to guide the refinement of the rate constants in the DME mechanism. A skeletal model with substantially reduced reaction set and systematically tuned rate constants was obtained to accurately capture both steady-state and transient ignition and extinction behaviors of DME–air in PSR.
The way irrelevant dimensions are processed depends on what they overlap with: The case of Stroop- and Simon-like stimuli

According to the dimensional-overlap model (Kornblum, 1992), irrelevant dimensions that overlap with a stimulus dimension (e. g., Stroop-type stimuli) are processed by a different stage than those that overlap with the response (e. g., Simon-type stimuli). We show that the effects of these two types of overlap are additive, thus supporting the model's hypothesis. We also show that the time course of facilitation and interference is different for these two types of overlap.
Complementing permutations in finite lattices

Abstract In a finite lattice L for which the Mobius function is nonvanishing on all upper and lower intervals, we establish the existence of a permutation of L taking each lattice element to one of its complements.
Performance of smart structures

This paper discusses the results of expanded study of series simulations conducted to compare the effectiveness of various control systems for earthquake hazard mitigation. A systematic comparison of the performance of different control systems will be useful for the designer in selecting the most effective control system for a structure. Ideal passive, active and semi-active control systems are employed in this study. For determining the control action, an H2/LQG control algorithm was selected for the active system and a clipped optimal control algorithm was selected for the semi- active system. In both cases the control algorithm was based on acceleration measurements for determination of the control action. To evaluate and compare the controllers, the structural responses of various 3, 6, and 10-story buildings are examined. An El Centro earthquake and pulse excitation are used as the ground excitations. The mass is held constant while the stiffness of the structure is varied to examine structures with a range of natural frequencies.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Life history and environmental variation interact to determine effective population to census size ratio.

Successful recovery and sustainability of threatened and exploited species depends in part on retention and maintenance of genetic diversity. Theory indicates that genetic diversity is lost at a rate inversely proportional to the genetically effective population size (Ne), which is roughly equal to one-half the adult census size (N) in many organisms. However, Ne has been reported to be up to five orders of magnitude lower than N in species with life histories that result in type III survivorship (high fecundity, but heavy mortality in early life stages, e.g. bony fishes), prompting speculation that low values of Ne may be a general feature of such organisms despite sometimes vast abundances. Here, we compared Ne and the ratio Ne/N across three ecologically similar fish species from the arid southwestern United States, all with type III life histories but with differing expectations of egg and larval survivorship that correlate with the degree of human-imposed habitat fragmentation. Our study indicates that type III life history may be necessary, but this alone is insufficient to account for extraordinarily low values of Ne/N. Rather, life history interacts with environmentally imposed mortality to determine the rate and magnitude of change in genetic diversity in these desert fish species.
Governing the Large Corporation: More Arguments for Public Directors

Government appointed public directors may or may not make corporations behave in a socially acceptable manner, but they would be an appropriate response to three corporate governance problems: (1) the vagueness of the social responsibility doctrine; (2) the legitimacy of corporate social decision making; and (3) the compatibility of corporate governance with democratic principles.
Communtiy Structure and Nutrient Content of Canopy Arthropods in Clearcut and Uncut Forest Ecosystems

This paper describes differences in canopy arthropod community structure, major cation content, and calculated nutrient consumption between clearcut and undisturbed hardwood forest watersheds at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina, USA, during the first two growing seasons following cutting. Although canopy arthropod biomass was about 0.08% of foliage biomass on both watersheds, aphid mass increased 23-fold and ant mass increased 6-fold per unit foliage mass following cutting. These groups in general had lower nutrient concentrations than did chewing herbivores and predators. Arthropod K concentrations were 33% lower on the clearcut; Na, K, and Mg concentrations were 20 to 50% higher in 1978 than in 1977. Arthropod Mg and Ca concentrations, but not Na and K, were reduced significantly more by the greater effect of drought on the clearcut watershed. Consumption estimates based in part on consumption rates reported by others indicated increased nutrient translocation from foilage via arthropods following cutting. These data indicated that canopy arthropod responses to changes in nutrient availability following disturbance could have increased nutrient cycling rates and contributed to nutrient retention by the recovering ecosystem.
The spectrum of seminormal operators.

Abstract With every pair of bounded self-adjoint operators {U,V} on Hilbert space such that VU - UV = (1/πi)C, where C is trace class, there is associated a certain function of two complex variables called the determining function of the pair. It was previously shown how the determining function can be obtained as the solution of a certain Riemann-Hilbert problem canonically associated with the pair, and how the complete spectral multiplicity theory for both U and V can be obtained from the determining function. We now show, under the condition that C is semidefinite, that the determining function method leads to a simple characterization of the spectrum of the seminormal operator T = U + iV.
Introduction to local area networks for manufacturing and office systems

This paper presents an introduction to local area communication networks and discusses the local area networks that are particularly suitable for manufacturing and office systems. The delay and throughput performance of these networks is analyzed. The networks are then compared with respect to their performance on such issues as reliability, ability to carry multiple traffic types, throughput, and delay.
Is there an optimal diet for the hypertriglyceridemic patient

Many dietary factors affect plasma triglycerides. Those which decrease the triglyceride level include n-3 fatty acids from fish oil, weight loss, alcohol restriction, and a higher fat (unsaturated fat) diet, whereas a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet increases triglycerides. The individual responses and the associated magnitude of change in triglycerides as a result of these different dietary factors will vary. For patients with hypertriglyceridemia, fish oil supplements will usually elicit the most potent effects. However, some patients can normalize their triglyceride level with weight loss plus exercise, by avoiding or limiting their alcohol intake, and by increasing the total fat content of their diet. In addition, fish oil supplements can help further to reduce plasma triglycerides. Thus, the combined effects of multiple dietary interventions provide the most potent means of maximally lowering the plasma triglyceride level.
Intraoperative localization using an armless, frameless stereotactic wand: Technical note

A technique of "frameless" stereotaxy that allows real-time intraoperative neurosurgical localization is described. The system is composed of four components: a hand-held probe containing two ultrasonic emitters, a microphone array that is rigidly affixed to the operating table in proximity to the surgical field, hardware to control and detect timing of signal production and reception, and a color graphics computer workstation with software to calculate and present the location of the probe tip on reconstructed neuroimaging studies. Unlike previously reported mechanical or sonic navigational devices, this system is adaptable to a wide array of neurosurgical instruments, allows free movement of the operating table and conventional patient draping, and has accuracy in the hostile operating room environment that rivals that of frame stereotaxy. In the operating room environment, using four pulse pairs with the wand positioned optimally, reproducibility of a point in space is +/- 0.6 mm. The wand has a broad range of orientations that maintain error at or below 1.0 mm. The mean error when measuring distances within a 1000-cu cm cube is 1.1 +/- 1.0 mm (1.0% +/- 0.7%). The ability to localize a fourth point (a target) in space is typically within 1.5 mm (using computerized tomography scans with a 1-mm slice thickness) but is dependent on several variables. This technology provides a powerful yet flexible tool in the neurosurgical operating room.
A Dose-Ranging Study of Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatment in Social Settings for Children with ADHD

Placebo and three doses of methylphenidate (MPH) were crossed with 3 levels of behavioral modification (no behavioral modification, NBM; low-intensity behavioral modification, LBM; and high-intensity behavior modification, HBM) in the context of a summer treatment program (STP). Participants were 48 children with ADHD, aged 5–12. Behavior was examined in a variety of social settings (sports activities, art class, lunch) that are typical of elementary school, neighborhood, and after-school settings. Children received each behavioral condition for 3 weeks, order counterbalanced across groups. Children concurrently received in random order placebo, 0.15 mg/kg/dose, 0.3 mg/kg/dose, or 0.6 mg/kg/dose MPH, 3 times daily with dose manipulated on a daily basis in random order for each child. Both behavioral and medication treatments produced highly significant and positive effects on children’s behavior. The treatment modalities also interacted significantly. Whereas there was a linear dose–response curve for medication in NBM, the dose–response curves flattened considerably in LBM and HBM. Behavior modification produced effects as large as moderate doses, and on some measures, high doses of medication. These results replicate and extend to social-recreational settings previously reported results in a classroom setting from the same sample (Fabiano et al., School Psychology Review, 36, 195–216, 2007). Results illustrate the importance of taking dosage/intensity into account when evaluating combined treatments; there were no benefits of combined treatments when the dosage of either treatment was high but combination of the low-dose treatments produced substantial incremental improvement over unimodal treatment.
When Female Applicants Meet Sexist Interviewers: The Costs of Being a Target of Benevolent Sexism

American undergraduate participants (N = 205) read an interview transcript and then evaluated male interviewers and a female job applicant to investigate perceptions of women who receive benevolent or hostile sexism (relative to non-sexist controls). As predicted, positive evaluations of the male interviewer in the benevolent and hostile sexist conditions negatively predicted participants’ hiring decisions—an effect that was fully mediated by low ratings of applicant competence. In accord with ambivalent sexism theory’s claim that women who challenge male dominance are not eligible for protective paternalism, participants’ hostile sexism scores predicted lower ratings of applicant competence and hireability, but only when the interviewer was a benevolent sexist. Implications for workplace discrimination are discussed.
ROSAT HRI Survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud

We have started a ROSAT HRI survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). The current scope of the survey is to map the 30 Doradus region and the bar of the LMC with at least 20 ksec exposure at each position. The survey grid has a 15′ separation between adjacent pointings. The survey has been awarded a total of 39 priority B pointings in AO5–7. The HRI survey of the LMC will provide X-ray luminosity functions of point sources complete down to ∽ 1 × 1034 erg s−1. In addition, the survey images have resolved small diffuse sources, such as the SNR 0534–69.9 and the superbubble 30 Dor C, and detected diffuse emission on large scales. An HRI mosaic of the LMC is presented and compared to an Hα image.
Vein patching reduces neointimal thickening associated with prosthetic graft implantation

PURPOSE: Modified anastomotic techniques utilizing autogenous vein-cuffs or patches have been devised with the hope of improving prosthetic graft patency. The mechanisms of the presumed improvement in patched anastomoses have never been elucidated and remain speculative. We characterized the healing response of the Taylor vein patch in prosthetic arteriovenous fistulae in a canine model of intimal hyperplasia. METHODS: Six adult dogs underwent placement of bilateral (6 patched, 6 control) 4-mm diameter expanded polytetrafluoroethylene loop femoral artery-vein fistulae. Serial duplex ultrasound examinations confirmed graft patency until explant at 6 weeks. Differential light microscopy with computerized image analysis was performed on serial 5-mm sections. Intimal thickness through the venous anastomosis and outflow veins of Taylor patch and control (nonpatched) grafts were compared. Cell type-specific immunocytochemical antibody stains for smooth muscle cells (a SMC actin) and endothelial cells (von Willebrand factor) were performed. RESULTS: Eleven of 12 grafts remained patent for 6 weeks, 1 control graft thrombosed. Mean duplex-derived peak systolic velocities of patched (96 cm/sec) and control (108 cm/sec) grafts were similar. Microscopy revealed more intimal pannus anastomotic suture line ingrowth in controls (mean thickness 5 178 mm) than Taylor patched grafts (mean 147 mm, p 5 0.0002). Significantly less intimal thickening was present in the outflow vein of patched (mean thickness 5 90 mm) versus control grafts (mean 195 mm, P <0.0001). The intima maintained a single cell layer of vWF 1 endothelial cells, while the majority of the cells comprising the lesion expressed a SMC actin. CONCLUSION: Perianastomotic pannus is primarily composed of intimal smooth muscle cells. Neointimal thickening is significantly reduced in prosthetic arteriovenous fistulae created with the Taylor vein patch in a canine model. Reduction in perianastomotic intimal thickening may explain the reported clinical improvement in prosthetic bypass graft patency when modified with vein patch techniques. Am J Surg. 1998;176: 601‐ 607. © 1998 by Excerpta Medica, Inc.
Immunotoxic Response of Oleic Acid Anilide and its Hydrolysis Products in Female MRL +/+ Mice

An epidemic of a multi-systemic disease, known as the toxic oil syndrome (TOS), was caused by consumption of edible oil denatured with 2% aniline. Oleic acid anilide (OAA) has been suggested as one of the most likely etiologic agents responsible for TOS based upon its presence in high quantities in TOS-related oil samples. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response of OAA and contribution of its hydrolysis products (aniline and oleic acid) in the immunotoxic response. Female MRL+/+ mice were treated with equimolar doses of OAA, aniline or oleic acid (0.8 mmol/kg), i.p., twice a week for 6 weeks. The levels of immunoglobulins IgE, IgG and its isotypes (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2 b, and IgG3), and the appearance of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were determined in the serum. Exposure to OAA and oleic acid caused significant increases in IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b levels as compared to aniline and control groups, whereas IgG3 value increased only in OAA-treated mice. The IgE levels in OAA-, aniline-, an...
Extraction of temporal information in functional MRI

The temporal resolution of functional MRI (fMRI) is limited by the shape of the haemodynamic response function (hrf) and the vascular architecture underlying the activated regions. Typically, the temporal resolution of fMRI is on the order of 1 s. We have developed a new data processing approach to extract temporal information on a pixel-by-pixel basis at the level of 100 ms from fMRI data. Instead of correlating or fitting the time-course of each pixel to a single reference function, which is the common practice in fMRI, we correlate each pixel's time-course to a series of reference functions that are shifted with respect to each other by 100 ms. The reference function yielding the highest correlation coefficient for a pixel is then used as a time marker for that pixel. A Monte Carlo simulation and experimental study of this approach were performed to estimate the temporal resolution as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the time-course of a pixel. Assuming a known and stationary hrf, the simulation and experimental studies suggest a lower limit in the temporal resolution of approximately 100 ms at an SNR of 3. The multireference function approach was also applied to extract timing information from an event-related motor movement study where the subjects flexed a finger on cue. The event was repeated 19 times with the event's presentation staggered to yield an approximately 100-ms temporal sampling of the haemodynamic response over the entire presentation cycle. The timing differences among different regions of the brain activated by the motor task were clearly visualized and quantified by this method. The results suggest that it is possible to achieve a temporal resolution of /spl sim/200 ms in practice with this approach.
Bleeding complications following initiation of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a comparison of helicopter-transported and nontransported patients.

Study objective: To evaluate the effect of helicopter transport of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients after initiation of thrombolysis on bleeding complications through hospital discharge. Design: Prospectively identified incidence (cohort) study. Setting: Air medical service of tertiary-care teaching hospital. Types of participants: Ninety-five consecutive AMI patients transported within 12 hours of the initiation of thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator were compared with 119 nontransported AM[ patients treated in a similar manner. Results: The transported and nontransported populations were similar with regard to age, sex, and infarct location. Transport was well tolerated with no episodes of cardiac arrest or cardioversion occurring during transport. Hypotension requiring fluids or increased pressors occurred in 18 patients. Bleeding complications of all types occurred in 43.2% of the transported and 49.6% of the nontransported patients, respectively (relative risk, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.65 to 1.17). Conclusion: Helicopter transport of AMI patients after initiation of thrombolysis appears to be safe acutely and without a clinically significant increase in risk of bleeding complications through hospital discharge when accomplished by a highly skilled team.
Quality of life in patients with Graves ophthalmopathy

Purpose: To assess the quality of life in patients with Graves ophthalmopathy by means of a prospective questionnaire with validation. Methods: A questionnaire containing 105 items was sent to 325 patients seen in our university-based oculoplastic clinic. Two hundred three questionnaires were returned and were suitable for analysis. Fifty-three consecutive patients with Graves disease who presented to the clinic for examination also completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire was validated by administering it to 33 healthy subjects who had no history of Graves disease or thyroid disorder. The results were compared with those of normal subjects and with national norms for visually impaired populations. The relationship of individual questionnaire items to measures of clinical severity was subsequently assessed. Results: Patients with Graves ophthalmopathy report greater impairment in both physical (44.4 versus 51.9; P < .001) and mental (43.8 versus 51.8; P < .001) health; poorer self- image (P < .001); and significantly more disturbance in their sleep, social function, and work function (P < .001) than controls. Afflicted patients also experience significantly more diplopia, blurred vision, and dry eye symptoms than controls (P < .001). Individual questionnaire items were found to correlate with clinical disease severity scores and were used to establish a Graves ophthalmopathy quality-of-life questionnaire with disease severity validation. Conclusions: Patients with Graves disease are significantly impaired in their social and vocational function because of the ophthalmic manifestations of the disease. A short questionnaire that correlates with clinical measures of disease severity may be a useful measure of quality of life in this disease.
Wave-pipelined 2-slot time division multiplexed (WP/2-TDM) routing

The ever-increasing number of transistors on a chip has resulted in very large scale integration (VLSI) systems whose performance and manufacturing costs are driven by on-chip wiring needs. This paper proposes a low overhead wave-pipelined two-slot time division multiplexed (WP/2-TDM) routing technique that harnesses the inherent intra-clock period wire idleness to implement wire sharing in combination with wave-pipelined circuit techniques. It is illustrated in this paper that WP/2-TDM routing can be readily incorporated into future gigascale integration (GSI) systems to reduce the number of interconnect routing channels in an attempt to contain escalating manufacturing costs. Two case studies, one at the circuit level and one at the system level, are presented to illustrate the advantages of WP/2-TDM routing. The circuit level implementation exhibits more than 40% reduction in wire area, a 30% reduction in silicon area with no increase in dynamic power and no loss of throughput performance.
Biomechanics of Birth – The Fallacy of Gentle Birth: Physician Exerted Pressures in Vaginal and Cesarean Delivery

Vaginal delivery may be complicated by either disproportion with the maternal pelvis or fetal malpresentation. Shoulder dystocia with brachial plexus injury is a frequent subject of medical malpractice complaints based on the assumption injury equals excess physician force despite the fact the normal range of force is unknown. Further, cesarean delivery has become common in part based on the assumption it is gentler than vaginal delivery. Unfortunately, there have been few attempts to quantify the physician-exerted forces required for vaginal delivery, and none for cesarean delivery. This study initiates our investigation into physician hand exerted pressures required for human birth. Our long-term goal is to use calibrated pressure sensors and motion analysis of the physician hands to calculate forces exerted on the fetus at birth. In the present study, pressure sensors were attached to gloves to record physician-exerted pressures during six vaginal (one with shoulder dystocia) and six cesarean deliveries (one of a breech fetus). The subject mean and peak values (over time) of the average sensor pressure were significantly greater for cesarean than vaginal deliveries. This study provides the first pressure data for cesarean delivery of vertex and breech fetuses and reveals that the pressure exerted for cesarean delivery is greater than vaginal delivery. Though the peak pressure among vaginal deliveries was highest with shoulder dystocia, it was still less than the peak pressures required for cesarean delivery. In conclusion, these studies reveal the complexity of assessing the total forces of delivery (maternal, uterine and physician) and represent a first step toward accurate modeling of delivery biomechanics, the development of teaching tools to enhance safety, and a reduction in malpractice claims based on faulty assumptions.
The Poetic License of the Fuzzy Paradigm

The scientific thought, structured in part by Euclidean geometry and developed through Boolean algebra and symbolic logic, has sharpened its notion of negation in terms of an ideal called an “excluded middle.” Between A and not A there is nothing, or, A and not A have nothing in common This ideal is often formulated in terms of an exclusive disjunction: “either A or not-A, but not both.” The sharpness of this distinction has enabled thinkers to define and clarify ideas, inferences and systems with perfect precision, and has made possible developments in engineering which astound all.
Cointegration and Causality between the Real and the Financial Variables: Evidence from the Korean Economy

This paper uses the multivariate cointegration technique proposed by Johansen (1988) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) to examine the linkage between the real and financial variables in Korea. Johansen cointegration test supports the long run equilibrium relationship between the financial sector and the real sector by showing one cointegrating vector. Using this cointegrating vector, some of the lagged industrial productivity, stock return, and exchange rate show statistically significant short-run effects on the industrial productivity. Especially, exchange rate and stock index have significant effect on industrial production in the short run. The reason is that Korea is an export-dominant country so currency depreciation can increase the exports of firms. In addition, the Chow test shows that there is a structuralinstability in Korea while the Asian financial crisis happened.
The Ethical Virtues of a Futures Market in Cadaveric Organs

Over the last 35 years, we have witnessed extraordinary developments in transplant surgery. But in the wake of this medical miracle has come a tragic and growing shortage in the supply of transplant organs, and an ever wider recognition of that shortage. Numerous solutions have been offered, and some adopted, including advertising campaigns presumed consent, and required request. Although some increase in organ procurement has resulted, the essential problem remains, that is, the vast majority of organs that would be suitable for transplantation are not harvested. Indeed, the problem has become more severe, for with the progress in transplant techniques, principally the development of immunosuppressant drugs, the number of people who now die and suffer for want of viable organs that are instead buried and burned is growing apace.
Acetylcholinesterase from the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) : distribution and purification

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in newly emerged adults of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), was distributed mostly in the head (72.9%), less in the thorax (24.4%), and least in the abdomen (2.7%). The major portion of total AChE was membrane-bound and associated primarily with the microsomes. The enzyme was solubilized with phosphate buffer containing 0.5% (vol/vol) of Triton X-100 and purified with affinity chromatography. The extent of purification was about 217-fold for the membranous fraction and 329-fold for the soluble fraction of whole fly homogenates with recoveries of 55% and 79%, respectively. The extent of purification reached 600- and 784-fold for the membranous and the soluble fractions, respectively, in the collections of eluents with peaked activity of AChE. Electrophoresis revealed four bands of AChE activity in the membrane-bound preparation and three bands in the soluble preparation. Silver staining of the electrophoresed gels showed that the major proteins in purified AChE solutions corresponded with AChE bands.
Controlling the porosity of microporous silica by sol-gel processing using an organic template approach

We use an organic template approach to prepare microporous silica with controlled pore size and narrow pore size distributions. This was accomplished by fabricating relatively dense hybrid silica matrices incorporating organic template ligands by sol-gel synthesis and then removing the organic ligands to create a microporous silica network. Comparison of computer simulation results and experimental data indicated that using this fugitive template approach, pore volume can be controlled by the amount of organic template added to the system, and pore size can be controlled by the size of the organic ligands.
Personal Use of Technology at Work: Exploring Paradoxes of Control and Flexibility

Personal use of technology at work is increasingly controversial as seen in ongoing debates between control and flexibility approaches. Proponents of control argue for strict restrictions and monit...