cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POD/DEIM nonlinear model order reduction of an ADI implicit shallow water equations model

In the present paper we consider a 2-D shallow-water equations (SWE) model on a @b-plane solved using an alternating direction fully implicit (ADI) finite-difference scheme on a rectangular domain. The scheme was shown to be unconditionally stable for the linearized equations. The discretization yields a number of nonlinear systems of algebraic equations. We then use a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to reduce the dimension of the SWE model. Due to the model nonlinearities, the computational complexity of the reduced model still depends on the number of variables of the full shallow - water equations model. By employing the discrete empirical interpolation method (DEIM) we reduce the computational complexity of the reduced order model due to its depending on the nonlinear full dimension model and regain the full model reduction expected from the POD model. To emphasize the CPU gain in performance due to use of POD/DEIM, we also propose testing an explicit Euler finite difference scheme (EE) as an alternative to the ADI implicit scheme for solving the swallow water equations model. We then proceed to assess the efficiency of POD/DEIM as a function of number of spatial discretization points, time steps, and POD basis functions. As was expected, our numerical experiments showed that the CPU time performances of POD/DEIM schemes are proportional to the number of mesh points. Once the number of spatial discretization points exceeded 10000 and for 90 DEIM interpolation points, the CPU time decreased by a factor of 10 in case of POD/DEIM implicit SWE scheme and by a factor of 15 for the POD/DEIM explicit SWE scheme in comparison with the corresponding POD SWE schemes. Moreover, our numerical tests revealed that if the number of points selected by DEIM algorithm reached 50, the approximation errors due to POD/DEIM and POD reduced systems have the same orders of magnitude, thus supporting the theoretical results existing in the literature.
Seduced by System: Edmund Burke's Aesthetic Embrace of Adam Smith's Philosophy

There is little scholarly agreement about how to understand the relationship between Adam Smith and Edmund Burke. Philosophical commentators often see the two in fundamental opposition, reading Smi...
Optical Switching in Thin Film NdNiO3

Crystalline thin films of NdNiO3 are known to exhibit characteristic metal-insulator electrical transitions. Infrared transmission measurements of these films have demonstrated the corresponding reversible optical switching response, transforming between IR-transparent and IR-opaque states. Their low-temperature transmission spectra exhibit a sharp increase in transmittance at an onset wavelength of approximately 3 mm (≈0.4eV), with an appearance suggesting formation of a distinct band gap structure. The transmission and reflection characteristics of these films differ significantly from those reported for bulk polycrystalline material.
Breeding Biology and Nest-Site Selection of Red-tailed Hawks in an Altered Desert Grassland

ABSTRACT Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) have expanded their range as trees have invaded formerly-open grasslands. Desert grasslands of southern Arizona have been invaded by mesquite trees (Prosopis velutina) since Anglo-American settlement and now support a large population of Red-tailed Hawks. We studied a population of Red-tailed Hawks in an altered desert grassland in southern Arizona. Our objectives were to determine what environmental characteristics influence Red-tailed Hawk habitat selection in mesquite-invaded desert grasslands and to evaluate the habitat quality of these grasslands for Red-tailed Hawks based on nesting density, nest success, and productivity. Red-tailed Hawks had 86% (95% C.I. = 73–99) nest success and 1.82 young per breeding pair (95% C.I. = 1.41–2.23). Nesting density was 0.15 (95% CI = 0.08–0.21) breeding pairs/km2 and the mean nearest-neighbor distance was 1.95 km (95% C.I. = 1.74–2.16). Red-tailed Hawks selected nest-sites with taller nest-trees and greater tre...
SDR architecture refinement for JTRS

Software-defined radio (SDR) has emerged as a focus of academic research, commercial development, and military investment for future wireless systems. This paper reviews the foundation concepts of the SDR. It characterizes the tradeoffs among core software-radio technologies. These include wideband RF hardware, a flexible digital signal processing platform, and a layered software architecture. Object-oriented analysis by industry participants defined architectures for the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) and the SDR Forum. This paper analyzes those architectures in terms of layered virtual machines. The goal is to clarify technical issues in the cost-effective support of simultaneous hardware and software evolution. Research issues include layering of software objects, and virtual machine efficiency. Layering suggests refinements that would benefit both commercial and military implementations of SDR architecture. Potential benefits for integrated C4ISR are pointed out.
Application of Monoclonal Antibodies to the Study of Coxsackieviruses

Coxsackieviruses (CV) are highly prevalent pathogens with the ability to cause fatal diseases in humans. Although Coxsackie B virus (CVB) infections are relatively benign in adults, they can be fatal in children and have been shown to be the cause of meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, hepatitis, and some cases of diabetes.
Does the sequence of land reform and political reform matter? Evidence from state-building in Afghanistan

AbstractProperty insecurity is associated with terrorism, insurgency and economic underdevelopment. For this reason, land reform is often implemented alongside political reform in post-conflict settings. In contrast, this article argues that political reform should be sequenced prior to land reform during state-building. Evidence from Afghanistan shows how land redistribution, legal titling, decentralisation of state-owned land and provision of legal services to resolve land disputes are unlikely to alleviate political violence or facilitate economic development without establishing or substantially improving political capacity, political constraints and inclusive political institutions at the local level. These findings suggest the importance of sequence in the process of land reform and political reform. More generally, political reform is a prerequisite for land reform to reduce violence and improve development prospects in post-conflict settings.
Seasonality of QPX disease in the Raritan Bay (NY) wild hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) population

Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX) is a potentially lethal pathogen of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria along the northeastern coast of the United States. In the Raritan Bay wild clam population, QPX prevalence and infection intensity at three sites were examined by both histology and quantitative PCR in 2006. At two of three sites, QPX infection showed a seasonal pattern, with prevalence and weighted prevalence increasing through the spring, peaking in the summer and declining in the fall, while at the other site, the highest QPX prevalence and infection intensity were observed in the spring although overall prevalence at this site was generally low. Our data suggested that temperature may be an important environmental factor regulating the seasonal pattern of QPX disease in wild clams but also demonstrated that seasonal patterns vary from site to site, possibly linked to the clam density or other environmental factors. Over-winter sampling and further investigations focusing on environmental factors, clam density and clam mortality as related to QPX infection are needed to better characterize and understand the seasonality of QPX disease.
Maintenance of Carbohydrate Levels in Fasted Hypophysectomized Rats Treated with Anterior Pituitary Extracts.

SummaryThe abnormal fall in body carbohydrate suffered by hypophysectomized rats during fasting can be prevented by the administration of anterior pituitary extracts, and the muscle glyccw gen values can be raised to supernormal levels for the fasted conditions. This action of the anterior pituitary occurs in the absence of the adrenal glands.
Predicting player moves in an educational game: A hybrid approach

Open-ended educational tools can encourage creativity and active engagement, and may be used beyond the classroom. Being able to model and predict learner performance in such tools is a critical component to assist the student, and enable tool refinement. However, open-ended educational domains typically allow an extremely broad range of learner input. As such, building the same kind of cognitive models often used to track and predict student behavior in existing systems is challenging. In addition, the resulting large spaces of user input coupled with comparatively sparse observed data, limits the applicability of straightforward classification methods. We address these difficulties with a new algorithm that combines Markov models, state aggregation, and player heuristic search, dynamically selecting between these methods based on the amount of available data. Applied to a popular educational game, our hybrid model achieved greater predictive accuracy than any of the methods alone, and performed significantly better than a random baseline. We demonstrate how our model can learn player heuristics on data from one task that accurately predict performance on future tasks, and explain how our model retains parameters that are interpretable to non-expert users.
Use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes.

Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) with intravenous platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors have become the standard of care within the higher-risk population of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Three U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors are available in the marketplace-abciximab (ReoPro), tirofiban (Aggrastat), and eptifibatide (Integrelin)-and a fourth remains in clinical trials (lamifiban). The existence of a "class effect" among all the GP IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors is hotly debated, but the variance of effectiveness seen even among the small-molecule drugs argues against the "class effect." In patients with acute coronary syndromes, the superiority of the large molecule, abciximab, over the small molecule, tirofiban, has been shown. In diabetic patients with acute coronary syndromes, abciximab is the only GP IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor to provide a significant mortality advantage in patients undergoing PCI. Abciximab is also the only agent where clinical data support safety in patients with chronic renal insufficiency
Surgical correction of coarctation of the aorta in pregnancy.

THIS is a report of a congenital cardiovascular complication in an otherwise normal pregnancy. The patient, a 20-year-old white gravida ii, para i, entered our prenatal clinic on Aug. 8, 1951, with an intrauterine pregnancy of approximately two and one-half months ' gestation. Her past obstetrical history included a 5% pound stillborn male infant on Oct. 20, 1950, the result of marked hypertension, proteinuria, and complete placental abruption.
Early Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Premature Infants

Presentation, clinical course, and outcomes for 23 premature children with arterial ischemic stroke before 44 weeks gestational age are reported from Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN.
Disability Services and Higher Education

Disability Rights activists/students such as Ed Roberts were at the forefront of regaining access to education for people with disabilities; this growing social movement would also work to change dominant social views about accessibility. As laws changed universities found themselves dealing with students they were unprepared for while also under new legal mandates to make educational settings accessible. The Disability Services field grew from a movement begun by the first generation of university staff suddenly appointed to be service providers, when they began gathering to share best practices and ideas for how to serve the growing population of students with disabilities. Also discussed are the role of the OCR and the professionalization of the field of Disability Services, including development of a field-specific conference and journal.
Neurologic Complications of E. Coli H-Uremic Syndrome

The association between bacterial genotype of E coli 0157:H7 and CNS manifestations of childhood gastroenteritis-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+HUS) was studied in 51 patients with HUS treated at the British Columbia’s Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
Can One Predict Next Year's Winning Percentage using OLS Regression on Baseball Statistics?

As part of a project for the University of Chicago GSB MBA program, we created a regression model to predict a baseball team's winning percentage using aggregate team statistics from the prior year. If we could judge our results on the same metrics as baseball players, our result would prove successful (in-sample R2=27%) - we batted .270. However, statistically speaking, the result of our regression indicates it is extremely difficult to predict - by more than 27% of the variance - next year's winning percentage for a baseball team. However, when assessing our model's validity by the standard deviation of predicted results vs. actual results, our model is proves to be at least marginally useful. In the following paper we will discuss how we came up with the metrics we used, what tests we performed to better account for predicting in-sample variance, and our conclusion.
The Founders of Theoretical Evolutionary Genetics: Editor’s Introduction

The primary concern of this volume is the role of four individuals, R. A. Fisher (1890–1962), J. B. S. Haldane (1892–1964), H. J. Muller (1890–1967) and S. Wright (1889–1988) in the history of theoretical “evolutionary genetics,” though their other contributions also receive significant critical attention. The term, “evolutionary genetics” is construed here more broadly than “population genetics,” or the genetic analysis, theoretical and experimental, of the properties of populations subject to various processes such as mutation, selection and drift. At the theoretical level the foundations of population genetics were laid down by Fisher, Haldane and Wright in the 1920’s and it is customary to consider their work together. Working independently, during that period, the three of them systematically explored the mathematical consequences of Mendelian inheritance. Even earlier, in 1918, Fisher had managed to derive the regularities reported by the biometricians — Galton, Pearson, Weldon and their collaborators —, including the Law of Ancestral Heredity, from the assumptions of Mendelian inheritance (Fisher 1918). It was a straightforward case of theoretical reduction, of biometry to Mendelism though, somewhat mystifyingly, it has often enough been called a “synthesis” (see Sarkar 1993).
A Demographic Paradox: How Public School Students in New Orleans Have Become More Racially Integrated and Isolated Since Hurricane Katrina:

Following the tragedy of Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans public schools underwent a variety of changes including a mass influx of charter schools as well as a demographic shift in the racial composi...
Esthesiometric evaluation of corneal analgesia after topical application of 1% morphine sulfate in normal horses

Objective To evaluate whether topical ocular application of 1% morphine sulfate would change corneal sensitivity and to identify the duration of action. Animal studied Eight healthy adult horses. Procedure Corneal touch threshold (CTT) was measured in the center of one randomly selected eye of each horse by Cochet–Bonnet esthesiometer (Luneau Cochet–Bonnet Esthesiometer; Western Ophthalmics, Lynnwood, WA, USA). Immediately following baseline CTT measurement, 0.3 ml of 1.0% preservative-free morphine sulfate (Morphine Sulfate 25 mg/ml Preservative-free; Hospira, Lake Forest, IL, USA) (3 mg) was applied to the tested eye. The same volume of artificial tear (LiquiTears; Major Pharmacauticals, Livonia, MI, USA) solution was then applied to the control eye following acquisition of baseline CTT. Corneal touch threshold was then subsequently measured at 1 min after medication application, followed by every 5 min until 60 min post administration. If the corneal touch threshold had not returned to baseline by 60 min, measurements were continued at 15-min intervals until corneal sensitivity returned to baseline CTT measurement up to 180 min post administration if needed. The control eye was treated identically and measurements on the control eye stopped when the corresponding treated eye returned to baseline. Results Mean baseline CTT of both eyes was 21.8 mm with an identical range of 15–30 mm. Mean corneal touch threshold was not statistically different between morphine-treated and control eyes (P = 0.22). There was a large degree of inter- and intrasubject variation in the CTT measurements obtained. All but three horses were considered to be at baseline values by 60 min. Conclusions Topical ophthalmic 1% morphine sulfate did not have a clinically significant analgesic effect on the corneal touch threshold of intact healthy equine corneas.
Intravital multiphoton microscopy as a tool for studying renal physiology and pathophysiology

The kidney is a complex and dynamic organ with over 40 cell types, and tremendous structural and functional diversity. Intravital multi-photon microscopy, development of fluorescent probes and innovative software, have rapidly advanced the study of intracellular and intercellular processes within the kidney. Researchers can quantify the distribution, behavior, and dynamic interactions of up to four labeled chemical probes and proteins simultaneously and repeatedly in four dimensions (time), with subcellular resolution in near real time. Thus, multi-photon microscopy has greatly extended our ability to investigate cell biology intravitally, at cellular and subcellular resolutions. Therefore, the purpose of the chapter is to demonstrate how the use in intravital multi-photon microscopy has advanced the understanding of both the physiology and pathophysiology of the kidney.
Optical coherence tomography for medical diagnostics

Techniques for non-invasive biomedical imaging include nuclear magnetic resonance, ultrasound, positron emission tomography, x-ray computed to- mography, and optical transillumination. Each of these methods has dif- ferent advantages and limitations and has found particular applications in medicine. Optical imaging of tissue offers the potential of a non-invasive diagnostic with non-ionizing radiation and the possibility of using spectro- scopic properties to distinguish tissue type and probe metabolic function.
Buckling behaviors of cantilevered open-tip carbon nanocones subjected to transverse loading: A molecular dynamics study

Abstract This study used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate buckling behaviors of cantilevered open-tip carbon nanocones (CNCs) subjected to transverse loading. Some interesting findings were attained in the study. The critical angles of the CNCs were observed to decrease with increases in the temperature, cone length, top diameter, and apex angle of the CNCs. While the critical loads of the CNCs were found to decrease with increasing temperature and cone length, they were noted to increase with enlargement of the top diameter and apex angle. The observed temperature effects were more evident as the cone length increased. In addition, each of the studied CNCs exhibited a near-bottom-indented buckling morphology at the examined temperatures, which is quite different from a top-center-indented buckling morphology of an open-tip CNC under pure bending. Accordingly, these results may provide beneficial information to the designs of ultra-sensitive mass detectors using CNCs.
Distributed shared persistent memory

Next-generation non-volatile memories (NVMs) will provide byte addressability, persistence, high density, and DRAM-like performance. They have the potential to benefit many datacenter applications. However, most previous research on NVMs has focused on using them in a single machine environment. It is still unclear how to best utilize them in distributed, datacenter environments. We introduce Distributed Shared Persistent Memory (DSPM), a new framework for using persistent memories in distributed data-center environments. DSPM provides a new abstraction that allows applications to both perform traditional memory load and store instructions and to name, share, and persist their data. We built Hotpot, a kernel-level DSPM system that provides low-latency, transparent memory accesses, data persistence, data reliability, and high availability. The key ideas of Hotpot are to integrate distributed memory caching and data replication techniques and to exploit application hints. We implemented Hotpot in the Linux kernel and demonstrated its benefits by building a distributed graph engine on Hotpot and porting a NoSQL database to Hotpot. Our evaluation shows that Hotpot outperforms a recent distributed shared memory system by 1.3× to 3.2× and a recent distributed PM-based file system by 1.5× to 3.0×.
Modeling and power loss evaluation of ultra wide band gap Ga 2 O 3 device for high power applications

In this paper, the properties and performance evaluation of a novel ultra wide band gap device using Ga 2 O 3 material is presented. Although Ga 2 O 3 device is currently at its early development stage, the material and existing devices have shown tremendous potential in high power applications. The properties of Ga 2 O 3 based on both theoretical limits and state-of-the-art prototypes for high power applications are discussed. TCAD and SPICE models are used to extract device parameters and to characterize static and switching performances. A three phase modular multilevel converter model is then established to calculate power losses at different operating conditions. Quantitative comparison between Ga 2 O 3 and SiC devices is presented.
Der Aufstieg der Kognition

Komparative Studien mit Makaken und Schimpansen weisen darauf hin, wie sich der linksseitige frontotemporale linguistische Schaltkreis beim Menschen entwickelt haben konnte. Traktographische Untersuchungen verdeutlichen eine graduelle Adaption in Richtung der Verarbeitung von Lautsprache. Die Funktionen der Spiegelneuronen werden in diesem Zusammenhang diskutiert. Komparative Studien zur Vokalisation deuten darauf hin, dass die Fahigkeit, einfache rekursive hierarchische Strukturen zu berechnen, eine Eigenschaft ist, die offensichtlich unter den nicht-ausgestorbenen Arten nur der moderne Mensch besitzt. Wann der Ubergang zu intermodalen neuronalen Projektionen stattgefunden hat, lasst sich schwierig bestimmen, aber der Anstieg der kranialen Kapazitat beim H. erectus zeigt, dass diese Spezies bereits uber sprachliche Kommunikation (z. B. Protosprache) verfugt haben konnte. Verschiedene kulturelle Stadien liefern Hinweise auf die zur Verfugung stehende Kognition und auf die moglichen sprachlichen Fahigkeiten.
Chapter 12 The Anionic Chloroplast Membrane Lipids: Phosphatidylglycerol and Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol

Four polar lipids provide the basic building blocks for the membranes of chloroplasts of all plants and cyanobacteria: the two galactolipids mono-and digalactosyldiacylglycerol, the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, and the phospholipid phosphatidylglycerol. All four lipids are glycerolipids with a diacylglycerol backbone, but only one is a phosphoglycerolipid. While the two galactolipids are not charged at biological pH, the sulfolipid and phospholipid carry a negative charge. The focus here is on the two chloroplast anionic lipids. Enzymes involved in their assembly are well described and are localized in the chloroplasts. Mutants affecting the biosynthesis of one or both anionic lipids of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the unicellular algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii or different cyanobacteria are available providing tools for the functional analysis of these lipids. This genetic analysis has shown that sulfolipid can substitute to some extent for phosphatidylglycerol under phosphate limiting growth conditions, when plants replace phospholipids with non-phosphorous glycolipids. However, phosphatidylglycerol mutants have a much more severe phenotype than sulfolipid mutants suggesting specific roles for phosphatidylglycerol in the photosynthetic membrane that cannot be filled by the sulfolipid. Double mutant analysis suggests that the net negative charge of the photosynthetic membrane is critical for proper function.
Don’t Talk to Me

The iPod is one of the pernicious developments of recent technological innovation. It, even more than electronic gaming, has fostered what seems to be the ideal environment for the social solipsist. Electronic gaming, once the scourge of mothers and fathers trying to communicate with their kids, has now evolved into a social phenomenon, where groups participate. But iPod owners revel in the splendid isolation provided by a hand-size player and a pair of earphones.
Vascular mitochondrial respiratory function: the impact of advancing age.

This study determined, for the first time, that vascular mitochondrial oxidative respiratory capacity, oxidative coupling efficiency, and mitochondrial content fell progressively with advancing age...
Desigualdad y exclusión social como desafíos para las Democracias en América Latina

In the last few years, Latin American countries have made great strides in terms of inclusion. However, millions of Latin Americans still do not fully participate in the social, economic and political life of their societies. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between the persistent levels of inequality in the region, and the implications for democracy. The methodology utilized for the paper was analytical and qualitative, considering contributions by authors such as Munck (2005), Casas-Zamora et al (2014), Zovatto & Herrera (2011) as well as data from ECLAC and UNDP, among others. Some of the key aspects evaluated in this analysis include: (a) citizens’ disenchantment with democracy, and erosion of democratic legitimacy, (b) the increase of violence and other anti-social practices, (c) the differentiated access to rights, specially for indigenous peoples and afrodescedants, (d) the emergence of new forms of conflict, specially from the middle class, and (e) the reduced legitimacy and representativeness of the decisions emerging from the political system. The article concludes that the concentration of economic and political power in the hands of a few undermines democratic practice and political processes, often putting the State at the service of elites, affecting the full exercise of human rights, delegitimizing political representation as well as republican institutions.
Utilization of Census Tract-Based Neighborhood Poverty Rates to Predict Non-adherence to Screening Colonoscopy.

Efforts to improve colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates include recognizing predictors of colonoscopy non-adherence and identifying these high-risk patient populations. Past studies have focused on individual-level factors but few have evaluated the influence of neighborhood-level predictors. We sought to assess the effect of census tract-based neighborhood poverty rates on scheduled screening colonoscopy non-adherence. In this prospective observational cohort study, data from electronic medical records and appointment tracking software were collected in 599 patients scheduled to undergo outpatient CRC screening colonoscopy at two academic endoscopy centers between January 2011 and December 2012. Non-adherence was defined as failure to attend a colonoscopy appointment within 1 year of the date it was electronically scheduled. Neighborhood poverty rate was determined by matching patients’ self-reported home address with their corresponding US census tract. Individual factors including medical comorbidities and prior appointment adherence behavior were also collected. Overall, 17% (65/383) of patients were non-adherent to scheduled colonoscopy at 1-year follow-up. Neighborhood poverty rate was a significant predictor of non-adherence to scheduled screening colonoscopy in multivariate modeling (OR 1.53 per 10% increase in neighborhood poverty rate, 95% CI 1.21–1.95, p < 0.001). By incorporating the neighborhood poverty rate, screening colonoscopy non-adherence was 31% at the highest quartile compared to 14% at the lowest quartile of neighborhood poverty rates (p = 0.006). Census tract-based neighborhood poverty rates can be used to predict non-adherence to scheduled screening colonoscopy. Targeted efforts to increase CRC screening efficiency and completion among patients living in high-poverty geographic regions could reduce screening disparities and improve utilization of endoscopy unit resources.
Criminal Justice & Religion

This chapter examines the relationship between criminal justice and religious traditions in the U.S. It outlines a general framework to illuminate the historical tensions between criminality and religious tradition. It further argues that even though the notion of “separation of church and state” is held in high esteem, in practice, history shows that Christian ideals can be linked to the very foundations of American law. The criminal justice system is no exception, and the impacts of Christianity can be seen from the very beginning of its development. In turn, the criminal justice system has played an influential role in the history and day to day realities of religious practitioners and their communities. As home to the largest prison population in the world, this chapter reveals the U.S. criminal justice system is a key factor in the religious practice of many.
Chapter 6: Mobility on Demand: Evolving and Growing Shared Mobility in the Suburbs of Northern Virginia

Author(s): Shaheen, Susan; Cohen, Adam; Farrar, Emily | Abstract: For as long as there have been cities, there have been suburbs. Shared mobility—the shared use of a vehicle, bicycle, or other travel mode—is an innovative transportation strategy that enables users to have short-term access to a transportation mode on an as-needed basis. Shared mobility can enhance access and reduce social exclusion in lower-density environments and provide transportation options to carless and public transit-dependent households, particularly in areas without high-quality, fixed-route public transportation service. This chapter discusses the design and evolution of suburbs and how this impacts the transportation network. Additionally, this chapter reviews suburban applications of shared mobility services and provides a case study of shared mobility service deployments in Northern Virginia. The chapter concludes with key takeaways and a discussion of the potential future of shared mobility services in lower-density built environments.
Current Approaches and Applications in Avian Genome Editing

Advances in genome-editing technologies and sequencing of animal genomes enable researchers to generate genome-edited (GE) livestock as valuable animal models that benefit biological researches and biomedical and agricultural industries. As birds are an important species in biology and agriculture, their genome editing has gained significant interest and is mainly performed by using a primordial germ cell (PGC)-mediated method because pronuclear injection is not practical in the avian species. In this method, PGCs can be isolated, cultured, genetically edited in vitro, and injected into a recipient embryo to produce GE offspring. Recently, a couple of GE quail have been generated by using the newly developed adenovirus-mediated method. Without technically required in vitro procedures of the PGC-mediated method, direct injection of adenovirus into the avian blastoderm in the freshly laid eggs resulted in the production of germ-line chimera and GE offspring. As more approaches are available in avian genome editing, avian research in various fields will progress rapidly. In this review, we describe the development of avian genome editing and scientific and industrial applications of GE avian species.
Over the Caribbean Top: Community Well-Being and Over-Tourism in Small Island Tourism Economies.

The Caribbean is one of the most tourism-intense regions of the world with rising levels of over-tourism, especially in dependent small island tourism economies (SITE). More critically, mounting socio-ecological pressures are compounded by increasing climate change and enduring social vulnerabilities, thereby challenging traditional policies and paradigms of growth and sustainability. Drawing on previous studies of inclusive development and community well-being, this research paper frames and extends the phenomenon of over-tourism from a political economic perspective. Based on a historical account of small island tourism development, an in-depth case study of Aruba is presented. Recognized internationally as the ‘One Happy Island’ and one of the most tourism-dependent small island economies, the findings yield a contextualized understanding of the complex and dynamic nature of over-tourism, and identify the main antecedents and effects of over-tourism. The study discusses the evolving economic disconnectedness, environmental decay, social inequality, and institutional failures. The findings describe the role of institutional capture and policy drift which stem primarily from political as well as market forces, and have resulted in a gradual marginalization of community well-being and agency. The paper proposes an extended conceptualization of over-tourism in small island tourism economies by explicitly recognizing that the crux of the over-tourism conundrum in SITE is political in nature and institutional by nurture. Recommendations are provided for transitioning towards community-driven development by building capabilities and pathways for innovation, internalization, and institutionalization in order to strengthen the resilience of small island tourism development.
Impact of tailored water chemistry aqueous ions on foam stability enhancement

Generating strong and stable foam is necessary to achieve in-depth conformance control in the reservoir. Besides other parameters, the chemistry of injection water can significantly impact foam generation and stabilization. The tailored water chemistry was found to have good potential to improve foam stability. The objective of this study is to extensively evaluate the effect of different aqueous ions in the selected tailored water chemistry formulations on foam stabilization. Bulk and dynamic foam experiments were used to evaluate the impact of different tailored water chemistry aqueous ions on foam generation and stabilization. For bulk foam tests, the stability of foams generated using three surfactants and different aqueous ions was analyzed using bottle tests. For dynamic foam experiments, the tests were conducted using a microfluidic device. The results clearly demonstrated that the ionic content of aqueous solutions can significantly affect foam stabilization. The results revealed that the foam stabilization in bulk is different than that in porous media. Depending on the surfactant type, the divalent ions were found to have stronger influence on foam stabilization when compared to monovalent ions. The bulk foam results pointed out that the aqueous solutions containing calcium chloride salt (CaCl2) showed longer foam life with the anionic surfactant and very weak foam with the nonionic surfactant. The solutions with magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and CaCl2 salts displayed higher impact on foam stability in comparison with sodium chloride (NaCl) with the amphoteric alkyl amine surfactant. Less stable foams were generated with aqueous solutions comprising of both magnesium and calcium ions. In the microfluidic model, the solutions containing MgCl2 showed higher resistance to gas flow and subsequently higher mobility reduction factor for the injection gas when compared to those produced using NaCl and CaCl2 salts. This experimental study focusing about the role of different aqueous ions in the injection water on foam could help in better understanding the foam stabilization process. The new knowledge gained can also enable the selection and optimization of the right injection water chemistry and suitable chemicals for foam field applications.
Abstract P6-08-13: Is there prognostic significance of tumor cellularity in primary non-treated breast carcinoma?

Background: Many factors such as tumor size, grade, lymph node and receptor status, either independently or in combination, as with the Nottingham Prognosic Index (NPI), are known to predict outcomes in non-treated breast cancer. With the growing use of neoadjuvant therapies, additional prognostic indicators have been identified for evaluating treated carcinomas. Many post-treatment methods of analysis rely on tumor cellularity (TC) either alone, as in the Miller-Payne system, or in combination with other tumor features, as in the Residual Cancer Burden (RCB) to predict distant relapse-free survival (RFS). It is not clear however, whether TC can predict outcomes in non-treated breast carcinoma. The goal of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of TC in this particular setting. Design: TC (%), excluding foci of necrosis and in-situ carcinoma, was determined from histologic review of a representative tumor section in the primary excision of 366 invasive breast carcinomas and categorized into quartiles. Prior detailed histology review included tumor size (TS), histological type and grade, receptor and lymph node status, RFS and overall survival (OS). Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) was calculated for each case (0.2 x tumor size (cm) + lymph node stage (1, node negative; 2, 1-3 positive nodes; 3, ≥ 4 positive nodes) + histologic grade). Results: Mean patient age was 58 yr (range, 21-91) and median follow-up was 87 mo (range, 0.7-165). Invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type constituted 80% of cases, invasive lobular carcinoma 10%, and other special types of carcinoma, 10%. Nottingham grades I, II and III, represented 25%, 41% and 32% of the cases, respectively (unknown in 4). Mean NPI was 3.93 (range, 2.06–6.8). Estrogen receptor was positive in 66% and negative in 25% of cases (unknown in 9%). TC ranged from 2-99% (mean 47.6%). As expected, NPI was predictive of OS (p=0.000; hazard ratio 1.726; 95% confidence interval 1.45-2.05) and RFS (p=0.000; hazard ratio 2.011; 95% confidence interval 1.62-2.50). TC, unadjusted for other covariates was not predictive of OS or RFS (Table 1). The same analysis of ER positive and negative subgroups continued to show no relation of TC to OS or RFS (Table 2). When adjusted for NPI, TC still showed no significant relation to OS or RFS (data not shown). Conclusion: Despite its utility in the neoadjuvant setting, TC does not offer the same prognostic value in the setting of untreated tumors and is not predictive of OS or RFS in primary non-treated carcinomas. Citation Format: Emily S Reisenbichler, William Dupont, Plummer Dale, Omar Hameed. Is there prognostic significance of tumor cellularity in primary non-treated breast carcinoma? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-08-13.
Consumer Search and Automobile Dealer Co-Location

Retailers co-locate with rivals in order to take advantage of economies of agglomeration when consumers have limited information and engage in costly search, even though co-location implies fiercer price competi- tion. We estiamte a structural model of consumer search for spatially differentiated products using rich data on new car transactions. We use the model to separately disentangle the competition and agglomeration effects of retail co-location by simulating retail closures. A full infor- mation model that ignores the agglomeration effect would overstate the gains to incumbent rivals and the welfare loss to consumers due to car dealer closures.
Does Economic Policy Uncertainty in the United States Have Any Impact on the Stock Market Performance in Australia and New Zealand

This study investigates if the change in economic policy uncertainty in the United States has any impact on the stock market performance in Australia and New Zealand. The results from the analysis of data of monthly changes in economic policy uncertainty in the US and monthly returns on All Ordinaries index from 1985:2 to 2013:M9 and NZSE 50 index from 1986:M7 to 2013:M9 show that returns on All Ordinaries index and NZSE 50 index are negatively linked to the change in economic policy uncertainty in the United States. The results are robust controlling for the effect of the S&P 500 return on the performance of All Ordinaries index and NZSE 50 index. The finding suggests that stock market performance in Australia and New Zealand is significantly associated with the economic policy conditions in the US.
Stoichiometric Effects on Performance of High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Fuels from the U-C-O System

Two fuel failure mechanisms were identified for coated particle fuels that are directly related to fuel kernel stoichiometry. These mechanisms are thermal migration of the kernel through the coating layers and chemical interaction between rare-earth fission products and the silicon carbide (SiC) layer leading to failure of the SiC layer. Thermal migration appears to be most severe for oxide fuels, while chemical interaction is most severe with carbide systems. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that oxide-carbide fuel kernels may permit a stoichiometry that reduces both problems to manageable levels for currently planned high-temperature gas-cooled reactors. Such stoichiometry adjustment is possible over the complete spectrum from UO/sub 2/ to UC/sub 2/ for the present recycle fuel, a weak acid resin (WAR)-derived fissile kernel. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that WAR kernels containing less than 15 percent UC/sub 2/ (greater than 85 percent UO/sub 2/) will develop excessive CO overpressures within the particle during irradiation. In 100 percent UO/sub 2/ particles, thermal migration and oxidation of the SiC layer were observed after irradiation. The calculations also indicate that WAR kernels containing greater than 70 percent UC/sub 2/ (less than 30 percent UC/sub 2/) contain insufficient oxygen to oxidize the rare-earth fission products formed in fuel operatedmore » to the maximum burnup levels of 75 percent fissions per initial metal atom (75 percent FIMA). Instead, the rare earths are present in part or completely as dicarbides. As such, they were observed to segregate from the kernel and collect at the SiC interface on the cold side of the particle, react with the SiC, and eventually fail this coating.« less
Ion field-evaporation from ionic liquids infusing carbon xerogel microtips

Ionic liquid ion sources capable of producing positive and negative molecular ion beams from room-temperature molten salts have applications in diverse fields, from materials science to space propulsion. The electrostatic stressing of these ionic liquids places the liquid surfaces in a delicate balance that could yield unwanted droplet emission when not properly controlled. Micro-tip emitter configurations are required to guarantee that these sources will operate in a pure ionic regime with no additional droplets. Porous carbon based on resorcinol-formaldehyde xerogels is introduced as an emitter substrate. It is demonstrated that this material can be shaped to the required micron-sized geometry and has appropriate transport properties to favor pure ionic emission. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry is used to verify that charged particle beams contain solvated ions exclusively.
Premature labor, part II: Management

Background: As the second paper in a two-part series on preterm labor, this article discusses the management of preterm labor as it relates to risk reduction, tocolytic therapy, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. Methods: Published literature on the management of preterm labor was reviewed by searching MEDLINE files from 1983 to the present, using the terms “preterm labor,” “premature labor,” “preterm labor and antibiotics,” “tocolytic agents,” “tocolysis,” “betamethasone,” and “premature rupture of membranes.” Additional references were obtained by cross-referencing bibliographies from available articles. Results and Conclusions: Effective management of preterm labor and birth begins with an assessment and reduction of risks for all pregnant women. In addition, pregnant women should be screened and appropriately treated for urologic and gynecologic infections (e.g., syphilis, gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and bacterial vaginosis). Women who are at high risk for preterm birth should be enrolled in a preterm birth prevention program that includes frequent contact with health professionals, patient education about the signs and symptoms of preterm labor, home monitoring, and regular cervical examinations. For women who develop preterm labor that does not require immediate delivery, recommended management strategies include reduced activity, early tocolytic therapy, corticosteroids for up to 34 weeks’ gestation (both for women with intact and ruptured membranes), and antibiotics for known infections. Early studies also suggest that prophylactic antibiotics can be beneficial for women with idiopathic preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes.
Angiographic Lumen Changes Associated with Oversized Intracranial Stent Implantation for Aneurysm Treatment

BACKGROUND The effect of oversized intracranial stent implantation, and potential excessive neointimal hyperplasia from the chronic outward radial force, has not been reported. We sought to compare the angiographic narrowing associated with implantation of oversized stents. METHODS We reviewed an aneurysm database and identified patients treated with stent-assisted embolization involving a vessel size transition. Demographics and lesion characteristics were extracted. The relationship between lumen diameter and stent oversizing was compared. RESULTS Twenty vessels were identified in 18 patients, providing 80 paired data points. Mean follow-up time was 8 months (SD 6). The average oversizing in the smaller diameter parent vessel landing-zone was 1.75 mm. Mean change in lumen size from pre-stent implantation was not significantly different for any of the four sites. There was a significant difference in change of lumen size at the stent tines when compared with the respective mid-stent segment for both the proximal (P = 0.02) and distal (P = 0.0004) landing zones. CONCLUSIONS A small significant lumen loss occurs at stent tines when compared to midstent struts. However, there is no overall significant stenosis from highly oversized stents. Persistent luminal gain from the oversized stent radial force likely predominates over any neointimal hyperplasia.
En la periferia del imperio: provincias tributarias aztecas en la frontera imperial

This article deals with the arrangement of conquered provinces in the Aztec empire. It has become widely recognized that the empire employed contrasting imperial strategies resulting in tributary and strategic provinces, the latter often tending to insulate the former from potentially dangerous frontiers. Therefore, it is somewhat problematical to find several tributary provinces established on the fringes of the empire and even along hostile borderlands. Explanations for these arrangements are presented from an examination of historical, economic, and military/administrative dimensions of Aztec empire-building.
The role of outcomes in cost‐benefit evaluation

A program can be evaluated, and a cost-benefit ratio can be calculated to five decimal places, without ever directly examining outcomes.