cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development-environment interactions in the export of hazardous technologies

Abstract We reconstruct case histories of siting hazardous manufacturing facilities in India and Thailand by three multinational corporations: Du Pont, Occidental Chemical, and Xerox. The analysis focuses on the interactions of the host country development agenda, corporate culture, and the nature of business arrangements between parent and joint venture partner to explain decisions and tradeoffs during the siting process. The cases provide the foundation for a four-stage model of key determinants of management and regulatory actions in four phases of the facility life cycle. Six themes emerge: parent company preservation of environmental and occupational health management responsibilities; forces leading to responsible corporate behavior; downstream consequences of upstream decisions; key determinants of corporate performance; “functional equivalency” in practice; and hidden tradeoffs over the life cycle of the facility. Our findings are interpreted in the context of emerging concepts of corporate environmentalism and sustainable development.
Shipment of Mice and Embryos

Following the advent of transgenic technology and the subsequent establishment of international consortia for broad-based genomic analysis of the mouse, the need for sharing of resources in the exchange of mouse models and material has reached an all time high. Live animals, embryos, and gametes are ever more increasingly shipped around the world in an exchange or purchase of research material. In this chapter, we shall look at requirements for shipping of live animals locally, as well as review the current requirements for receipt of live animals by governing authorities in Europe, the UK, the USA, Australia, and China. We shall also review procedures for shipping of cryopreserved embryos and gametes, also embryos at ambient temperatures.
Evidence for Reproductive Diapause in the Fritillary Speyeria idalia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Reproductive characteristics of a northeastern Kansas population of the fritillary Speyeria idalia (Drury) were studied. Hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH) titers, ovarian development, and fat body utilization were monitored weekly in adult females over their entire 1997 flight period, which extended from mid-June to early October. Dissections of female reproductive systems revealed that S. idalia females mate just once, soon after they emerge in mid- to late June. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determinations of juvenile hormone suggested that they undergo a reproductive diapause through mid-August related to the absence of or very low titers of juvenile hormone. Oogenesis and fat body depletion do not commence until late August/early September, soon after which oviposition occurs. The onset of oogenesis coincides with a rapid rise in hemolymph titers of JH I, JH II, and JH III. The predominant juvenile hormone homolog was JH II, but both JH I and JH III exhibited smaller, concomitant peaks. Four fundamentally different lepidopteran reproductive strategies have been recognized based on various reproductive characteristics and the type of gonadotropic hormones used to stimulate oogenesis. Speyeria idalia exhibits a type of reproductive strategy that has not been documented in Lepidoptera, typified by protandry, female monandry, long-lived (>8 wk) females that feed throughout their adult lives, greatly delayed oogenesis that occurs late in adult life, and apparent juvenile hormone control of gonadotropic processes. This reproductive strategy appears to be an adaptation to the phenology of larval host plants, namely coordinating the life cycle with that of the seasonally restricted violets on which larval survival of this monophagous species depends.
Influence of in vitro growth conditions on in vitro and ex vitro photosynthetic rates of easy- and difficult-to-acclimatize sea oats ( Uniola paniculata L.) genotypes

Net photosynthetic rates (Pn) of easy (EK 16-3) and difficult-to-acclimatize (EK 11-1) sea oats genotypes were examined under the following culture conditions: (1) photoautotrophic [sugar-free medium, high photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), high vessel ventilation rates and CO2 enrichment, (PA)]; (2) modified photomixotrophic [sugar-containing medium diluted with sugar-free medium over time, high PPF, and high vessel ventilation rates (PM)]; (3) modified photomixotrophic enriched [same as PM with CO2 enrichment, (PME)]; or (4) conventional photomixotrophic [sugar-containing medium, low PPF, and low vessel ventilation rates (control)]. Regardless of genotype, plantlets cultured under PA conditions died within 2 wk, whereas under PM and PME conditions, plantlets increased their Pn. After 6 wk, Pn per gram dry weight was 1.7 times greater in EK 16-3 than EK 11-1 plantlets cultured under PME conditions. In vitro-produced leaves of EK 16-3 plantlets were elongated with expanded blades, whereas EK 11-1 produced short leaves without expanded blades, especially under control conditions. After in vitro culture, EK 16-3 PME plantlets exhibited the highest dry weights among treatments. EK 16-3 PME and EK 16-3 PM had similarly high survivability, shoot and root dry weights and leaf lengths ex vitro compared to EK 16-3 control and EK 11-1 PM and PME plantlets. Ex vitro growth, survivability and Pn per leaf area of either genotype were not affected by CO2 enrichment under modified photomixotrophic conditions. These results suggest that growth and survivability of sea oats genotypes with different acclimatization capacities can be enhanced by optimizing culture conditions.
Diagnosis and Management of Childhood Headache

Headache is one of the most common chief complaints seen in the pediatrician's office. Oftentimes, identifying the etiology of headache and differentiating primary and secondary causes can present a diagnostic conundrum. Understanding the most common causes of primary and secondary headache is vital to making a correct diagnosis. Here we review the typical presentations of the most common primary headache disorders and the approach to evaluation of the pediatric patient presenting with headache. Diagnostic workup, including the key features to elicit on physical examination, when to order head imaging, and the use of other ancillary tests, is discussed. Current treatment modalities and their indications are reviewed. We will also describe some of the new, emerging therapies that may alter the way we manage headache in the pediatric population. Headache can, at times, be a frustrating symptom seen in the pediatrician's office, but here we hope to better elucidate the approach to evaluation, management, and treatment as well as provide some hope in regards to more effective upcoming therapies.
Oral HPV infection in HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer cases and their spouses.

CRA6031 Background: Incidence of human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-OPC) is increasing, and spouses of these patients have high anxiety about their own HPV-related cancer risk. Methods: Partner study of 149 HPV-OPC and 81 of their spouse/long-term partners. Data collection included a 30-second rinse and gargle (at diagnosis and again 1 year later for 103 cases and 46 partners), computer-assisted risk factor survey, tumor collection (cases), and visual oral examination (spouses). Oral rinse samples were tested for 36 types of HPV DNA using PGMY09/11 primers and line-blot amplification, and HPV16 copy-number using real-time PCR. Results: Cases were primarily male (89%), white non-Hispanic (92%), had performed oral sex (94%), and never-smokers (51%) with a median age of 56 years. Twelve-month survival was high among never- and ever-smoking HPV-OPC (100% vs 93%, p=0.18). The 81 spouses of HPV-OPC were primarily female (81%), white non-Hispanic (92%), never-smokers (54%), with a median age...
Clinical and Nutritional Correlates of Survival in Breast Cancer.

Background: Malnutrition can be a frequent manifestation of breast cancer and its treatment. Several nutritional assessment tools have varying levels of association with survival, and have been tested individually with different patient populations, sometimes making it difficult to assess the impact of one tool relative to the others. We therefore conducted a single-institution multivariate analysis of 3 most commonly used nutritional tools - Body Mass Index (BMI), Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and bioimpedance-derived phase angle (PA).Material and Methods: A case series of 234 breast cancer patients treated at Cancer Treatment Centers of America. Using SGA, patients were classified as well nourished (SGA A), moderately malnourished (SGA B) or severely malnourished (SGA C). Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the independent prognostic effects of SGA, PA and BMI after controlling for each other, stage at diagnosis and prior treatment history (newly diagnosed versus previously treated).Results: Of 234 patients, 74 were newly diagnosed while 160 had received prior treatment. 159 had early stage (I/II) disease at diagnosis, while 75 had late stage (III/IV). The median age at presentation was 52.8 years (range 25-75 years). The mean PA and BMI scores were 5.5 (std. dev = 1.1) and 28.7 (std. dev = 6.2) respectively. 171 patients were well-nourished (SGA A) while 63 were malnourished (SGA B/C). Multivariate Cox modeling, after adjusting for stage at diagnosis, prior treatment history and other nutritional variables, found that malnourished status (SGA B/C) was associated with a relative risk (RR) of 2.4 (95% CI: 1.5-3.9, p Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6048.
More on absolute error, etc.

It is argued on statistical and conceptual grounds that absolute error can be a meaningful measure of performance. When approximately half of each group performs consistently on either side of the criterion, groups can have equal algebraic error and variable error means, leaving absolute error as the only dependent variable to discriminate between the groups. Additionally, absolute error is invariably the dependent variable subjects are asked to minimize in the experimental situation. If researchers persist in measuring motor performance through error scores, judicious use of absolute error is appropriate. Requests for reprints should be sent to K.M. Newell, Institute for Child Behavior and Development, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820.
"Running late" and adenoma detection - is there an association?

Background: The efficacy of screening colonoscopy depends on adequate adenoma detection. Operating behind schedule (i. e. “running late”) might impose time pressure and affect adenoma detection. The aim of the study was to examine whether there is an association between procedural delay and adenoma detection rate (ADR). Methods: We retrospectively identified individuals who underwent an elective outpatient colonoscopy at an academic medical center between October 2011 and March 2012. We extracted information regarding procedure details, and patient and polyp characteristics. Procedure delay was defined as the time elapsed between the scheduled and actual procedure start times. We calculated the ADR for each 15-minute delay interval and for each quartile of procedure delay for individual endoscopists. Results: In total 1505 patients (mean age 61.3, 49 % men) were examined by 11 endoscopists. At least one adenomatous polyp was found in 507 patients (34 %), with a mean of 0.63 adenomas per patient. Colonoscopies started at a median 18 minutes late (IQR 3 – 36) and median delay times varied broadly between endoscopists from 4 minutes to 45 minutes. ADR was not affected by procedure delay and was similar across 15-minute delay intervals ( P = 0.101). The ADR also remained similar across quartiles of the endoscopists’ delay times (from lowest to highest delay quartile: 34 %, 32 %, 32 %, and 37 %; P = 0.397). Independent factors associated with increased adenoma detection included being a man, older age, surveillance colonoscopy, and the endoscopist. Conclusion: In this large multiendoscopist study we did not find that procedure delay affected adenoma detection. Even when endoscopists are behind schedule, they still perform a meticulous examination with no impact on adenoma detection.
Visual capture produced by prism spectacles

A study of the immediate effects (rather than the after-effects) of viewing one’s hand through a wedge prism. The “feel” of the hand is found to be pulled towards the displaced optical stimulus, and this effect is termed visual capture (after Tastevin). The effect of capture lingers after the eyes are covered, and this residue may be related to the after-effects hitherto studied.
Dataset of gene cloning and gel filtration chromatography of R-est6

The data presented in this article are connected to the research article entitled “Expression, purification and biochemical characterization of a family 6 carboxylesterase from Methylococcus capsulatus (bath)” (Soni et al., 2016 [1]). The family 6 carboxylesterases are the smallest and display broad substrate specificity. The 1 kb gene encoding, a family 6 carboxylesterase – R-est6, was amplified from the genome of M. capsulatus (bath strain), and showed in the agarose gel. The corresponding purified protein, after overexpression in Escherichia coli, was biochemically studied in the research article (Soni et al., 2016 [1]). R-est6 has hydrophobic patches on the surface so, it is expected to show oligimeric forms. Here, we have confirmed the presence of oligomers by gel filtration chromatography data and the proteins belonging to the different peaks are shown on a SDS-PAGE.
Examples and diagrams

Before proceeding further we pause here to consider some examples. Except in a few special cases, cohomology rings are very difficult to calculate. Fortunately, one of the special cases is that of an elementary abelian p-group. These groups play a major role in the cohomology theory, and so we want to look at their cohomology rings here. Also we consider certain group algebras whose projective modules can be represented by diagrams. For these we can compute products in cohomology as compositions of chain maps. In all of this remember that the base field k has characteristic p.
The Role of Community Identity in Cattlemen Response to Florida Panther Recovery Efforts

ABSTRACTThe concept of community identity has often been employed to explain ways in which communities respond to agents that impact community well-being. Using a case study of the Florida cattlemen community, we examine how cattlemen understand and perceive regulatory efforts to recover the Florida panther on private ranch lands. The data comes from participants in the Florida cattlemen community, and was collected through in-depth interviews (n = 13), group interviews (n = 32), and written comments associated with a survey about panther conservation (n = 78). Our findings indicate that some cattlemen in Florida have a strong sense of community identity. Perceptions of government actions and variation in economic risks are critical factors in understanding how this community responds to federal interventions. Our findings suggest that the concept of community identity can be used to explain the responses of agricultural landowners to governmental policies that are perceived as a threat to collective iden...
Absolute humidity and the human nose: A reanalysis of climate zones and their influence on nasal form and function.

1 Objectives Investigations into the selective role of climate on human nasal variation commonly divide climates into four broad adaptive zones (hot-dry, hot-wet, cold-dry, and cold-wet) based on temperature and relative humidity. Yet, absolute humidity—not relative humidity—is physiologically more important during respiration. Here, we investigate the global distribution of absolute humidity to better clarify ecogeographic demands on nasal physiology. 2 Methods We use monthly observations from the Climatic Research Unit Timeseries 3 (CRU TS3) database to construct global maps of average annual temperature, relative humidity and absolute humidity. Further, using data collected by Thomson and Buxton (1923) for over 15,000 globally-distributed individuals, we calculate the actual amount of heat and water that must be transferred to inspired air in different climatic regimes to maintain homeostasis, and investigate the influence of these factors on the nasal index. 3 Results Our results show that absolute humidity, like temperature, generally decreases with latitude. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that environments typically characterized as “cold-wet” actually exhibit low absolute humidities, with values virtually identical to cold-dry environments and significantly lower than hot-wet and even hot-dry environments. Our results also indicate that strong associations between the nasal index and absolute humidity are, potentially erroneously, predicated on individuals from hot-dry environments possessing intermediate (mesorrhine) nasal indices. 4 Discussion We suggest that differentially allocating populations to cold-dry or cold-wet climates is unlikely to reflect different selective pressures on respiratory physiology and nasal morphology—it is cold-dry, and to a lesser degree hot-dry environments, that stress respiratory function. Our study also supports assertions that demands for inspiratory modification are reduced in hot-wet environments, and that expiratory heat elimination for thermoregulation is a greater selective pressure in such environments.
Introduction to Neuronal Networks of the Brain

Knowledge about the function of neuronal networks is critical for understanding normal brain function and is the key to understanding and treating disorders of brain function. These networks interact in normal brain function either positively or negatively, and abnormal interactions between these networks can result in brain disorders. Epilepsy research, which is an important window into brain mechanisms, has revealed the importance of pathological interactions of normal networks in brain disorders, which are also applicable to other neurological and psychiatric disorders. Many important mechanisms responsible for controlling these networks have been discovered, and the interaction between the myriad of network mechanisms results in emergent properties, which occur at different levels of complexity within the brain. Those emergent properties that occur at the medium-size (mesoscopic) level, identified using in vivo techniques in the awake animal, are potentially the most critical targets for therapy by drugs and other neuroactive agents acting in patients at therapeutic levels.
Effects of A Masking Task on Schedule Discrimination and Extinction in Humans

Humans were exposed to a multiple fixed-interval 20- s/variable-ratio 15 schedule of lever pressing, with an anagram solution task, the “masking task, ” either concurrent with, or alternating with the operant task. In Experiment 1, subjects with the concurrent anagram task, the “masked” subjects, did not discriminate between the different components of the operant task. Subjects with the alternating anagram task, the “unmasked” subjects, did discriminate between the two components of the operant task. In Experiment 2, the operant response rates of the masked subjects did not decline during extinction of operant responding. the response rates of the unmasked subjects declined greatly during extinction. In Experiment 3, only masked subjects were run and both the operant task and the anagram task were put on extinction. Operant response rates and anagram response rates did not decline during extinction. Experiment 4 alternated masked and unmasked operant sessions in counterbalanced fashion across different subjects. Results replicated Experiments 1, 2, and 3, and some subjects developed discriminative responding during the unmasked sessions which was maintained during subsequent masked responding. The behavior of the subjects during the present experiments is likely to be controlled by: implicit task demands, explicit task demands (i.e., Instructions), attended-to reinforcement contingencies, and contingency-related subject-produced verbal rules.
Abstract 28: KickinNutrition.TV: A Digital Nutrition Education Curriculum for Middle-School Students Increases Self-Efficacy for Healthy Habits.

Child health promotion and obesity prevention efforts demand effective skills-based nutrition education. KickinNutrition.TV (KNTV) offers an innovation in school-based nutrition education where evidence-based curricula, teacher training, classroom time, and school resources are lacking. KNTV was designed using digital technology to empower students to get in the kitchen and cook by providing information and skills to increase consumption of fresh, whole foods. We assessed the hypothesis that exposure to KickinNutrition.TV would impact nutrition-related behaviors to a greater extent than exposure to traditional (non-digital) nutrition lessons. This quasi-experiment involved 1,105 students in 10 schools in three public school districts in Massachusetts (2 urban, 1 suburban). Schools were assigned in a 2:1 ratio within districts to receive either the digital KNTV curriculum or a comparison curriculum. Classroom teachers in each school were trained to deliver a set of 6 weekly nutrition lessons to students in 6th grade. Assessments included pre- and post-curriculum surveys of nutrition knowledge, personal behaviors, readiness to change and self-efficacy. Baseline surveys were completed by 1,052 (95%) students and 778 (82%) provided follow up surveys. The study sample was 51% female, 48% white, 26% Latino and 16.5% African American. At baseline, average nutrition knowledge scores were 69.8% ± 20% and were not different for students in KNTV or comparison classrooms. At baseline, about half of students (49%) reportedly ate vegetables on a daily basis and only 42% consumed milk or yogurt daily. Only 46% of students reported that they knew how to identify a whole grain food, with a similarly low percentage (47%) reportedly eating whole grain foods daily. One in three children reported being involved in helping to cook dinner for their family. At program conclusion, compared to students receiving traditional lessons, measurably larger shifts in self-efficacy were observed among students exposed to KNTV for being able to identify whole grain foods (p=.08) and for helping to cook dinner (p=.01). Larger shifts in readiness to change were observed among KNTV students for daily consumption of vegetables (p=.06) and breakfast (p=.03). About 40% of students increased their nutrition knowledge score but gains were not different by classroom type. Participation in KNTV was associated with greater likelihood of having eaten breakfast daily in the past week (p=.01) and for achieving My Plate guidelines for food variety at breakfast (p=.001) and lunch (p=.01). These data provide evidence of nutritional vulnerability among a diverse sample of middle-school students and demonstrate the positive impact of a novel nutrition education program. KickinNutrition.TV offers a digital solution to overcome several obstacles to nutrition education in schools.
IDO: intelligent data outsourcing with improved RAID reconstruction performance in large-scale data centers

Dealing with disk failures has become an increasingly common task for system administrators in the face of high disk failure rates in large-scale data centers consisting of hundreds of thousands of disks. Thus, achieving fast recovery from disk failures in general and high online RAID-reconstruction performance in particular has become crucial. To address the problem, this paper proposes IDO (Intelligent Data Outsourcing), a proactive and zone-based optimization, to significantly improve on-line RAID-reconstruction performance. IDO moves popular data zones that are proactively identified in the normal state to a surrogate set at the onset of reconstruction. Thus, IDO enables most, if not all, user I/O requests to be serviced by the surrogate set instead of the degraded set during reconstruction.Extensive trace-driven experiments on our lightweight prototype implementation of IDO demonstrate that, compared with the existing state-of-the-art reconstruction approaches WorkOut and VDF, IDO simultaneously speeds up the reconstruction time and the average user response time. Moreover, IDO can be extended to improving the performance of other background RAID support tasks, such as re-synchronization, RAID reshape and disk scrubbing.
Judith Scott’s What is Property?: an inquiry into principles of dependency, propriety, and self-possession of an “outsider” artist

The essay addresses the politics of biography in the interpretation and reception of “outsider artist” Judith Scott’s work. Drawing from feminism, disability studies, and Alexander Kluge and Oskar Negt’s History and Obstinacy (1981) and its political economy of labor power, the essay proposes a new method of analysis which would foreground Scott’s work as a mode of institutional critique. Kluge and Negt ask “Can capital say ‘I’?.” The essay argues that Scott’s work compels a concomitant questioning of this “I” and the very terms of biography, authorship, and ownership that undergird the myths – and the institutions – of the “outsider” and her “art.”
CHAPTER 303 – Radiation Responses in Drosophila

Four decades after the discovery of X rays, H. J. Muller established Drosophila as a preeminent model for an emerging field of radiation biology, receiving a Nobel Prize for showing a cause-and-effect relationship between radiation and heritable mutations. It is now understood that radiation exposure promotes genotoxic damage, causing wholesale chromosomal alterations that jeopardize viability and reproductive capacity. Consequently, all organisms have evolved sophisticated mechanisms that respond to and counteract these effects. In eukaryotes, radiation responses can be divided into three phases: damage sensors, signal transmitters, and effectors that promote cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Continued elucidation of shared and distinct features of radiation-induced damage responses in this model should uncover important insights that help understand, and perhaps treat, human disease.
Bromine Inhalation in Pregnant Mice Induces Systemic and Pulmonary Hypertension, Fetal Growth Restriction, Heart Failure, and Death

Inhalation of oxidant gas and vapor like the halogen bromine (Br2) may pose an increased threat to pregnant women and their unborn fetuses. C57Bl/6 pregnant and non-pregnant mice were exposed to 600ppm Br2 for 30 minutes (P600 and NP600) at embryonic day 15 (E15) and were compared to air controls (P-AIR and NP-AIR). At E19, P600 exhibited 75% mortality vs 36% seen in NP600. We hypothesized that exposure to Br2 via inhalation results in systemic endothelial dysfunction and a vasoconstrictive environment. We further hypothesized the ensuing placental injury in pregnant females induces production of anti-angiogenic molecules and inflammation, leading to escalation of vascular dysfunction, increased pulmonary and systemic blood pressures, fetal growth restriction (FGR), and death that may be mitigated by tadalafil (TAD) therapy. FGR was observed following Br2 exposure and mitigated after 2mg/kg/day TAD treatment. Placentae had reduced junctional zones and absent glycogen containing cells in P600 vs P-AIR. Placentae also expressed increased levels of short FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1) in P600. At E19, cGMP levels in the lungs decreased in P600, and were mitigated by TAD. Similar changes were seen in the aorta. Additionally, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein content, glutathionylated lipids, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1Β, IL-6, KC) in plasma were elevated in P600 and reduced in P600+TAD. Right ventricle pressures were increased in P600 and mitigated by TAD. Systemic blood pressures measured by intra-arterial catheter also increased in P600 and were mitigated by TAD. We have identified circulating brominated fatty acids and fatty acid aldehydes (2-BrPA and 2-BrPALD) as potential mediators of Br2-inhalation induced systemic injury. When treated with 2-BrPA and 2-BrPALD ex vivo, arteries of pregnant mice exhibited increased sensitivity to phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction as well as a decreased sensitivity to acetylcholine-induced vasodilation. This study implicates Br2 inhalation-induced vascular dysfunction augmented in pregnancy as a significant contributor to increased mortality. Additionally, tadalafil diminishes deleterious effects of Br2 inhalation on mother and fetus. Tadalafil is a potentially safe and effective countermeasure for Br2 inhalation injury in pregnancy.
Integration of Biomedical Sciences in the Family Medicine Clerkship Using Case-Based Learning

Integration of biomedical and clinical sciences has been a focus of curricular change in undergraduate medical education since the second half of the twentieth century. While clinical sciences have been successfully embedded throughout the preclinical curriculum of many schools, integration of biomedical science into clinical clerkships remains a challenge. Here, we describe our approach to create case-based learning modules that integrate infectious disease and pharmacology content into the third-year family medicine clerkship rotation to improve transfer of biomedical science knowledge to the clinical setting, and to enhance student recall and use of biomedical science knowledge within a clinical context. To assess student perceptions and experience of the learning event, students completed a voluntary questionnaire, the results of which revealed that the majority of students felt that the exercise focused on high-yield concepts in infectious disease, pharmacology, and family medicine. Students also indicated that integration of additional biomedical science disciplines into the family medicine rotation would be valuable, as would extending the approach into the other third-year clerkships.
The Role of Nutrition and Diet in Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer represents a considerable public health burden among men. It is a major cause of cancer incidence and mortality, particularly in westernized countries (1). Moreover, prostate cancer is associated with significant impairments in quality of life (2), both from the disease itself and as a consequence of treatment. Prostate cancer prevention would provide the greatest opportunity to reduce suffering from this disease. Tantalizing clues suggest that diet and lifestyle factors could play an important role in the prevention of prostate cancer incidence or progression. Data from experimental models demonstrate direct effects of diet on prostate-specific expression of genes involved in inflammation, angiogenesis, proliferation, and other key pathways involved in cancer progression (3,4). Epidemiological studies have examined an array of dietary and nutritional factors in relation to prostate cancer incidence. In particular, epidemiological studies indicate that higher intake of tomato products and lycopene, selenium, and omega-3 fatty acids are associated with lower prostate cancer risk (5,6). Lower levels of these nutrients tend be associated more strongly with advanced rather than localized disease (6), and emerging evidence shows that post-diagnostic diet may influence progression (7), although remarkably few studies have assessed the impact of dietary factors on cancer-specific survival. In this chapter, we summarize the evidence on diet and nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of prostate cancer.
Perceived Stress Mediates the Associations between Sleep Quality and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression among College Nursing Students

Mental illnesses, such as anxiety and depression, are top concerns among college students. Poor sleep quality intensifies the risk of mental illnesses. However, the mechanism for the associations between sleep quality and mental illnesses in college students is not well understood. Online surveys were collected with 242 undergraduate nursing students at a public university in the northeast United States. Multivariate linear regression models suggested that poor sleep quality was associated with an increased risk of symptoms of anxiety (β = 1.08, p < 0.01) and depression (β = 1.00, p < 0.01). Perceived stress mediated the association between sleep quality and symptoms of anxiety by 85.3 %, and mediated the association between sleep quality and symptoms of depression by 60.0 %. This study suggested that in addition to sleep promotion, effective interventions to identify unique stressors in nursing students and facilitate the development of appropriate coping strategies are needed to enhance their mental health and well-being.
Serum androgens and risk of atrial fibrillation in older men: The Cardiovascular Health Study.

BACKGROUND Decline in serum androgens is common among older men and has been associated with cardiovascular disease, although its role in risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been well defined. HYPOTHESIS Low serum androgens are associated with an increased risk of AF. METHODS We examined the prospective associations between testosterone, its more active metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with risk of AF among 1019 otherwise healthy men with average age 76.3 ±4.9 years in the Cardiovascular Health Study. RESULTS After median follow-up of 9.5 years, 304 (30%) men developed AF. We detected a nonlinear association with risk of incident AF in both free and total DHT, in which subjects with the lowest levels had a higher risk of incident AF. After adjustment for demographics, clinical risk factors, left atrial diameter, and serum NT-proBNP levels, men with free DHT <0.16 ng/dL were at increased risk compared with men with higher levels (hazard ratio: 1.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.17, P <0.05). Sensitivity analyses confirmed that the increased risk was not cutpoint-specific, with a significant association noted up to cutpoints <~0.2 ng/dL. We also detected a complex nonlinear association between SHBG and incident AF, in which subjects in the middle quintile (52.9-65.3 nmol/L) had increased risk. CONCLUSIONS Among older men, low free DHT is associated with an increased risk of incident AF. Further studies are needed to explore mechanisms for this association.
Business, Insular Stakeholder Relations, and Conflict

When the distribution of rents by a firm is perceived as unfair or illegitimate by its stakeholders, conflict obtains. Gurr (1970) argued that “the basic, instigating condition” for conflict is “di...
Crosslinking Amino Acids — Stereochemistry and Nomenclature

The stereochemical factors that would be expected to operate during crosslinking of amino acids residues in proteins are analyzed on the basis of mechanistic and theoretical considerations. Names are assigned both to the known amino acids and to the unknown, but theoretically possible, amino acids that result from the crosslinking reactions.
Biochemical and Genetic Analysis of Adenovirus DNA Replication In Vitro

The replication of DNA is a fundamental process in cell metabolism which is controlled throughout the cell growth cycle both in its timing and extent. The initiation of a replicative phase in eukaryotic cells is subject to many environmental influences which we do not understand, but prerequisite to understanding the control of DNA replication is knowledge of the way DNA replicates. Elegant studies with bacteria and their phages have established basic principles about the mechanism of DNA replication and the enzymes that complete the task and these studies have relied heavily upon the use of genetics as a method of analysis. In higher eukaryotic cells, the lack of simple genetics has hampered progress toward elucidation of the mechanism of DNA synthesis, particularly how DNA replication gets under way and what immediate events control this process. Many investigators have turned to the replication of DNA viruses in mammalian cells in an attempt to circumvent some of these problems, particularly because these viruses often allow genetic analysis to be employed.
Distributed Transactional Contention Management as the Traveling Salesman Problem

In this paper we consider designing contention managers for distributed software transactional memory (DTM), given an input of n transactions sharing s objects in a network of m nodes. We first construct a dynamic ordering conflict graph \(G_c^{*}(\phi(\kappa))\) for an offline algorithm (κ,φ κ ). We show that finding an optimal schedule is equivalent to finding the offline algorithm for which the weight of the longest weighted path in \(G_c^{*}(\phi(\kappa))\) is minimized. We further illustrate that when the set of transactions are dynamically generated, processing transactions according to a χ(G c )-coloring of G c does not lead to an optimal schedule, where χ(G c ) is the chromatic number of G c . We prove that, for DTM, any online work conserving deterministic contention manager provides an \(\Omega(\max[s,\frac{s^2}{\overline{D}}])\) competitive ratio in a network with normalized diameter \(\overline{D}\). Compared with the Ω(s) competitive ratio for multiprocessor STM, the performance guarantee for DTM degrades by a factor proportional to \(\frac{s}{\overline{D}}\). To break this lower bound, we present a randomized algorithm Cutting, which needs partial information of transactions and an approximate algorithm A for the traveling salesman problem with approximation ratio φ A . We show that the average case competitive ratio of Cutting is \(O\big(s\cdot \phi_A\cdot\log^{2} m\log^{2} n\big)\), which is close to O(s).
Benchmarking of Aggregate Residential Load Models Used for Demand Response

Residential loads can provide ancillary services such as frequency regulation to an electric power system. Aggregate load models aim to capture the dynamics of the demand-responsive loads in an accurate and computationally-tractable way, which allows the models to be incorporated into controllers and observers used by demand response providers. A variety of aggregate models have been developed; however, their accuracy has not been benchmarked against one another in comparable scenarios. This paper compares the accuracy of two Markov-based and one transfer function-based aggregate air conditioner (AC) models against a realistic simulation model with time-varying outdoor air temperature and temperature-dependent AC parameters. We also extend the existing models to cope with the time-varying outdoor air temperature. We find that 1) the more detailed Markov model is more accurate, 2) updating the Markov transitions as a function of the outdoor temperature trend decreases prediction error in both Markov models, 3) the transfer function model performs worst, likely because the simulation scenario differs significantly from the assumptions used to develop the model.
Bed Rest and Its Continued Use in Women with High-Risk Pregnancy: A Review of Literature

Bed rest is defined as confinement to bed and restriction of activity. In the clinical setting bed rest includes strict bed rest, strict bed rest in Trendelenburg position, bed rest with bathroom privileges, and up ad lib (Irion, Irion, Lewis & Giglio, 2012). Bed rest has been the standard treatment for over the past 30 years in preventing preterm birth and complications arising from high-risk pregnancy despite the lack of evidence to support its safety and effectiveness for the mother and fetus (Maloni, 2010). The purpose of this literature review and critique is to provide information about the adverse physiologic and psychological effects of bed rest and introduce studies using an alternate treatment of exercise for this high risk population with positive results.
Asymptotics for Solution Branches Of Semilinear Elliptic Problems At Resonance

Abstract We consider Dirichlet problems for semilinear elliptic equations whose nonlinear term is oscillatory and whose linear part is at resonance. We show that the number of solutions of such problems on convex domains depends on the space dimension, as we have conjectured earlier. There are infinitely many positive and infinitely many negative solutions, provided the dimension n of the domain is less than four. For n > 4 the set of solutions is a priori bounded. For the remaining case we get conditions on the nonlinearity under which either of the previous cases can occur.
SW06 Shallow Water Acoustics Experiment Data Analysis

Abstract : The long term goal of our shallow water acoustics work is to understand the nature of low frequency (10-1500 Hz) acoustic propagation and scattering in shallow water when strong oceanic variability in the form of fronts, eddies, boundary layers, and internal waves is present.
Novel Machine Learning Approach to Identify Preoperative Risk Factors Associated With Super-Utilization of Medicare Expenditure Following Surgery.

Importance Typically defined as the top 5% of health care users,super-utilizersare responsible for an estimated 40% to 55% of all health care costs. Little is known about which factors may be associated with increased risk of long-term postoperative super-utilization. Objective To identify clusters of patients with distinct constellations of clinical and comorbid patterns who may be associated with an elevated risk of super-utilization in the year following elective surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective longitudinal cohort study of 1 049 160 patients who underwent abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, coronary artery bypass graft, colectomy, total hip arthroplasty, total knee arthroplasty, or lung resection were identified from the 100% Medicare inpatient and outpatient Standard Analytic Files at all inpatient facilities performing 1 or more of the evaluated surgical procedures from 2013 to 2015. Data from 2012 to 2016 were used to evaluate expenditures in the year preceding and following surgery. Using a machine learning approach known as Logic Forest, comorbidities and interactions of comorbidities that put patients at an increased chance of becoming a super-utilizer were identified. All comorbidities, as defined by the Charlson (range, 0-24) and Elixhauser (range, 0-29) comorbidity indices, were used in the analysis. Higher scores indicated higher comorbidity burden. Data analysis was completed on November 16, 2018. Main Outcome and Measures Super-utilization of health care in the year following surgery. Results In total, 1 049 160 patients met inclusion criteria and were included in the analytic cohort. Their median (interquartile range) age was 73 (69-78) years, and approximately 40% were male. Super-utilizers comprised 4.8% of the overall cohort (n = 79 746) yet incurred 31.7% of the expenditures. Although the difference in overall expenditures per person between super-utilizers ($4049) and low users ($2148) was relatively modest prior to surgery, the difference in expenditures between super-utilizers ($79 698) vs low users ($2977) was marked in the year following surgery. Risk factors associated with super-utilization of health care included hemiplegia/paraplegia (odds ratio, 5.2; 95% CI, 4.4-6.2), weight loss (odds ratio, 3.5; 95% CI, 2.9-4.2), and congestive heart failure with chronic kidney disease stages I to IV (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 3.0-3.9). Conclusions and Relevance Super-utilizers comprised only a small fraction of the surgical population yet were responsible for a disproportionate amount of Medicare expenditure. Certain subpopulations were associated with super-utilization of health care following surgical intervention despite having lower overall use in the preoperative period.
Design of Axial Flux Induction Motor With Reduced Back Iron for Electric Vehicles

Axial flux induction motor is gradually attracting attention because of its advantages over conventional motors in applications of Electric Vehicles. These advantages include compact construction, better efficiency, high utilization of active materials, and good ventilation and cooling. In this paper, a six-pole distributed-winding and double-stator-double-rotor axial flux induction motor with reduced back iron for electric vehicles is proposed. The main design feature is that the rotors of the designed motor will be transparent to the magnetic fluxes from both sets of stator windings. With this structure, the axial attractive force is eliminated thus the mechanical bearing loss is reduced. In addition, the motor will have lighter weight and less volume thus save more materials. Results of finite element analysis in ANSYS Maxwell show that performance and magnetic flux density of the final motor design can meet all the design specifications.
Acquired Immunity Is Not Essential for Radiation-Induced Heart Dysfunction but Exerts a Complex Impact on Injury

While radiation therapy (RT) can improve cancer outcomes, it can lead to radiation-induced heart dysfunction (RIHD) in patients with thoracic tumors. This study examines the role of adaptive immune cells in RIHD. In Salt-Sensitive (SS) rats, image-guided whole-heart RT increased cardiac T-cell infiltration. We analyzed the functional requirement for these cells in RIHD using a genetic model of T- and B-cell deficiency (interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain knockout (IL2RG−/−)) and observed a complex role for these cells. Surprisingly, while IL2RG deficiency conferred protection from cardiac hypertrophy, it worsened heart function via echocardiogram three months after a large single RT dose, including increased end-systolic volume (ESV) and reduced ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) (p < 0.05). Fractionated RT, however, did not yield similarly increased injury. Our results indicate that T cells are not uniformly required for RIHD in this model, nor do they account for our previously reported differences in cardiac RT sensitivity between SS and SS.BN3 rats. The increasing use of immunotherapies in conjunction with traditional cancer treatments demands better models to study the interactions between immunity and RT for effective therapy. We present a model that reveals complex roles for adaptive immune cells in cardiac injury that vary depending on clinically relevant factors, including RT dose/fractionation, sex, and genetic background.
Time Series: A First Course With Bootstrap Starter

The trio of goals for this introductory time series book is to provide (1) mathematical completeness, (2) computational illustration and implementation, and (3) conciseness and accessibility to upp...
Co-designing OpenMP Features Using OMPT and Simulation Tools

The design of future HPC systems is trending towards more heterogeneity with different types of accelerators, special purpose instructions sets, system-on-chip designs, complex memory hierarchies, and multiple memory coherence domains. This complexity exacerbates the design challenges and testing of programming models which aim to provide a high-level interface while also producing high performance programs. In this paper we describe how to use full-system architectural simulation of OpenMP applications to provide a platform for experimenting with OpenMP extensions on future architecture designs. Furthermore, we put forward the concept of integrating the OpenMP Tools API (OMPT) in conjunction with other tools (performance, emulators, etc.) to help speed up the use of architectural simulators with new OpenMP implementations. In this work, we evaluate an initial implementation of this simulation testbed design using gem5, an open source full system simulation, with the EPCC OpenMP micro-benchmarks that are instrumented with OMPT. We show that OMPT can be a powerful tool for the codesign of future systems models and programming model features.