cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field Analysis and Interdisciplinary Science: Scientific Capital Exchange in Behavior Genetics

This paper uses Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory to develop tools for analyzing interdisciplinary scientific fields. Interdisciplinary fields are scientific spaces where no single form of scientific capital has a monopoly and therefore multiple forms of scientific capital constitute the structures and stakes of scientific competition. Scientists compete to accumulate and define forms of scientific capital and also to set the rates of exchange between them. The paper illustrates this framework by applying it to the interdisciplinary field of behavior genetics. Most behavior geneticists envision their participation in the field as a means to compete for scientific capital in other fields. However, the scientific capital of behavior genetics has different values for scientists attempting to deploy it in different neighboring fields. These values depend on situations in each field and the ways behavior genetics mediates relationships among them. The pattern of relationships of exchange helps explain the social hierarchy and several features of knowledge production within behavior genetics.
Plexiglas: a Convenient Transmission Filter for the FIR Spectral Region.

It has been demonstrated that disordered solids such as fused quartz or ice I make good transmission filters for the frequency region below 50 cm/sup -1/. The strong frequency dependence of the absorption coefficient in these materials makes them superior to the crossed transmission grating and wire reflection meshes commonly used. It is shown that the frequency and temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient of PMMA (Plexiglas) makes it a convenient room or low temperature FIR filter. (WHK)
Direct atomic-scale imaging of hydrogen and oxygen interstitials in pure niobium using atom-probe tomography and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy.

Imaging the three-dimensional atomic-scale structure of complex interfaces has been the goal of many recent studies, due to its importance to technologically relevant areas. Combining atom-probe tomography and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), we present an atomic-scale study of ultrathin (∼5 nm) native oxide layers on niobium (Nb) and the formation of ordered niobium hydride phases near the oxide/Nb interface. Nb, an elemental type-II superconductor with the highest critical temperature (Tc = 9.2 K), is the preferred material for superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities in next-generation particle accelerators. Nb exhibits high solubilities for oxygen and hydrogen, especially within the RF-field penetration depth, which is believed to result in SRF quality factor losses. STEM imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy followed by ultraviolet laser-assisted local-electrode atom-probe tomography on the same needle-like sample reveals the NbO2, Nb2O5, NbO, Nb st...
VIC+ for water-limited conditions: A study of biological and hydrological processes and their interactions in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum

[1] The Three-Layer Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC-3L) land surface model is extended to include biological and hydrological processes important to water, energy, and carbon budgets under water-limited climatic conditions: (1) movement of soil water from wet to dry regions through hydraulic redistribution (HR); (2) groundwater dynamics; (3) plant water storage; and (4) photosynthetic process. HR is represented with a process-based scheme and the interaction between HR and groundwater dynamics is explicitly considered. The impact of frozen soil on HR in the cold season is also represented. Transpiration is calculated by combining an Ohm's law analogy, where flow from the soil to leaves is buffered by plant water storage, with the Penman-Monteith method, where stomatal conductance is linked with photosynthesis. In this extended model (referred to as VIC+), water flow in plants and in the unsaturated and saturated zones, transpiration and photosynthesis are closely coupled, and multiple constraints are simultaneously applied to the transpiration process. VIC+ is evaluated with an analytical solution under simple conditions and with observed data at two AmeriFlux sites. Scenario simulations demonstrate the following results: (1) HR has significant impacts on water, energy, and carbon budgets during the dry season; (2) Rise of groundwater table, increase of root depth, HR, and plant water storage are favorable to dry-season latent heat flux; (3) Plant water storage can weaken the intensity of upward HR; (4) Frozen soil can restrict downward HR in the wet winter and reduce the soil water reserves for the dry season.
Extrapericardial tamponade with herniated omentum after transhiatal esophagectomy.

An unusual complication following transhiatal esophagectomy for lower esophageal carcinoma is reported in which extrapericardial tamponade and profound shock occurred secondary to a herniated section of omentum in the immediate postoperative period. The two-dimensional echocardiogram was nondiagnostic, but the diagnosis was confirmed during reex-ploration of the abdomen. Anatomic and pathophysiologic considerations of this unusual but life-threatening complication are discussed. The literature suggests that computed tomography is the study of choice to confirm the clinical diagnosis of pericardial pathology, and this case report is yet another example to support routine closure of the esophageal aperture.
A Performance Analysis of Appel's Algorithm for Performing Pairwise Calculations in a Many Particle System

Appel's algorithm for efficiently performing pairwise potential energy calculations is analyzed with regard to both computing time required and error incurred. Four factors are identified which determine the practical value of Appel's method: the total number of particles in the system, the tolerance for error in the calculations, the complexity of the pairwise energy calculation, and the spacial distribution of the particles.
Liberal versus conservative public policies on crime: What was the comparative track record during the 1990s?

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of social control and social support policies associated with conservative and liberal political ideologies with respect to violent crime in large U.S. cities during the 1990s. Eighty-five cities with populations of 150,000+ were included in the analysis; these cities accounted for fifty-two million urban area residents of the U.S. The use of the two-way, fixed-effect panel data method of statistical analysis enabled the authors to assess the relationship between change in local government expenditures for police and court services (social control) and expenditures on community development and park/recreation (support policy) and corresponding changes in crime rates documented within these cities. The findings indicated that expenditure on both police services and community development initiatives had significantly suppressive effects on crime in these cities during the period of the 1990s. It appeared that both conservative and liberal policies had their merits as effective countermeasures to crime.
Group Members as Actors and Observers in Attributions of Responsibility for Group Performance

Previous research indicates group members have a highly variable pattern of internal and external attributions for their performance. The authors propose that part of this variability may be explained by group members making their attributions from the perspective of both the actor and the observer. Following a pooled-performance task, group members reported inflated internal and external attributions for factors responsible for their performance as compared with attributions individuals made for their own performance. Similarly, group members reported an inflated internal and external attribution pattern of factors responsible for a similar group's performance compared to attributions individuals made for the performance of a similar other. The results demonstrate that unique processes occur in the attributions of group members compared to the attributions of individuals for their performance.
Cardiac Protein Synthesis in Stress: Overload, Ethanol and Anoxia

Protein synthesis is of major importance in maintenance of cellular structure and viability. In the heart, proteins include those with structural, contractile and enzymatic function. Since changes in cardiac size, gross structure and function have long been known to occur with different stresses, the assay of protein synthesis has become of increasing importance, and the present paper will examine alterations of such synthesis in specific stresses as hemodynamic overload, anoxia and exposure to ethanol or its metabolites.
Microwave dielectric properties of DNA based polymers between 10 and 30 GHz

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) based polymer thin-films were characterized at microwave frequencies for the first time. The dielectric properties of the film were extracted from comparison of the propagation constants of the co-planar waveguide (CPW) lines on bare MgO substrates and the DNA based films on MgO substrates. The insertion loss introduced by the DNA film is only 0.1 dB at 10 GHz and 0.5 dB at 30 GHz. The relative dielectric constant of the DNA based film averages to four at microwave frequencies, and the loss-tangent was below 0.1 up to 30 GHz.
THE EFFECT OF PILOCARPINE ON THE OUTPUT OF LYMPHOCYTES THROUGH THE THORACIC DUCT.

The intravenous injection of pilocarpine nitrate causes in the dog a rapid and considerable increase in the output of lymphocytes through the thoracic duct. The corresponding lymphocytosis induced by the drug in the blood of this animal is not profound, and increased cell-output with the lymph will explain a large part if not all of it. Quickened lymph-flow and dyspnœic breathing are accessory in the production of the large cell-output with the lymph, but it is mainly dependent on some undetermined element. The evidence points to the mechanical nature of this element. It is probably to be sought in direct pressure from contraction of smooth muscle, as suggested by Harvey, but his observation that atropine prevents the appearance of a lymphocytosis after pilocarpine cannot be quoted in proof because atropine much slows the lymph-flow, and thus decreases cell-output. These findings are in accord with the theory that makes mechanical factors responsible for rapidly appearing lymphocytosis. They show that there are more such factors than has been supposed. Especially do they indicate that the contribution of cells through the thoracic duct may be important in the production of lymphocytosis, and is not, as is often asserted, subsidiary to direct migration into the blood of cells from spleen, bone-marrow and the lymph-glands.
Bimatoprost: Establishing its role in glaucoma management

The introduction of the ocular hypotensive medication bimatoprost in 2001 has widened the spectrum of options available for intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering in glaucoma. The purpose of this supplement is to provide an update on bimatoprost (Lumigan, Allergan) from a pharmacological, clinical, and pharmacoeconomic perspective, in order to gain a better appreciation of its role in glaucoma management.
An investigation of college chemistry students' understanding of structure–property relationships

The connection between the molecular-level structure of a substance and its macroscopic properties is a fundamental concept in chemistry. Students in college-level general and organic chemistry courses were interviewed to investigate how they used structure–property relationships to predict properties such as melting and boiling points. Although student difficulties in this area are well documented, they are usually classified as individual misconceptions. However our studies showed that student problems appear to arise from a complex interplay of problems involving a number of different sources: (1) models of phases/phase change, (2) use of representations, (3) language and terminology, and (4) use of heuristics in student reasoning. No two students used the same sets of ideas to perform the task at hand, and while we did see some recurrences of a single idea or heuristic, the ways that students combined them were different. We believe that, at least for high-level complex tasks such as determining structure–property relationships, student understanding is best understood as a set of loosely connected ideas, skills, and heuristics that are not well integrated. These are not single “misconceptions” that can be reconstructed in isolation. What is clear is that students who have done everything we ask of them, and who have earned high grades in chemistry courses are unable to address a core concept in chemistry. Typical assessments often mask the difficulties that students have with core concepts, since many students may correctly answer a question using heuristics, but have faulty reasoning. We recommend that instruction should include a scaffolded progression of ideas, and opportunities to construct and connect their understanding that will allow students to construct a more coherent framework from which to make predictions about the behavior of matter.
A natural inactivating mutant of human glucagon receptor exhibits multiple abnormalities in processing and signaling.

Abstract Background and aim To elucidate the pathogenetic mechanisms of a mutant P86S glucagon receptor (GCGR) in causing a novel human disease (Mahvash disease). Material and method Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged WT and P86S GCGR were expressed in HEK 293 or H1299 cells either transiently or stably. Receptor localization and internalization, and cell apoptosis were studied by fluorescence microscopy, and calcium signaling by Rhod-3 labeling. Gene expression was assayed by RT-PCR or Western blot. Cell fate was determined by live cell imaging. Results Unlike WT GCGR, P86S was partially localized to the plasma membrane and partially in the cytoplasm as previously reported and did not undergo internalization upon glucagon treatment. P86S did not elicit calcium response after treatment with 1 μM glucagon. Cells transiently expressing P86S exhibited more apoptosis than those expressing WT GCGR (18.3% vs 2.1%, P Conclusion The naturally-occurring P86S mutant GCGR exhibits abnormal receptor internalization and calcium mobilization, and causes apoptosis. The novel dynamic circular ER bodies may be adaptive in nature to nullify the toxic effects on P86S. These findings provide further insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms of Mahvash disease.
Optical Image Improvement in Biomedical Electron Microscopy and Ultrasonics

The imaging improvement method recently proposed by the authors for transmission electron microscopy in the general case has now been successfully demonstrated with electron micrographs of a bacteriophage virus and of carbon-foil test specimens originally photographed with heretofore unsurmountable blurring. The original electron micrographs were recorded on two commercial high resolution electron microscopes. The theoretical limit of diffraction attainable with the microscopes used has been obtained by removal of artifacts, of contrast inversions, and of amplitude attenuations in the transfer function resulting from the unavoidable aberrations and the use of the needed defocusing phase contrast.
Issues in Social Cost Analysis

In the previous chapter, I explained a mainstream economics definition of “social cost” and how it could be applied in cost–benefit analyses of gambling. Throughout the chapter, potential pitfalls of cost–benefit analyses are indicated by way of specific examples from previous studies. Cost–benefit analyses have garnered a significant amount of attention from media, industry, government, and researchers. Yet, aside from the fundamental problem of defining social cost, performing such studies in any meaningful and useful way is surprisingly difficult to do. In this chapter, we examine different issues that complicate social cost analysis. This chapter complements the previous one, as it raises some new issues or emphasizes issues only mentioned in Chap. 13.
Bistable switching of polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals between transparent and scattering modes

We report on the ability to switch an optical material composed of a polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (polymer stabilized cholesteric texture, PSCT) between stable transparent (reflective) and scattering modes. The degree of scattering is controllable with the strength of the applied electric field. The mechanism for bistable switching of the PSCT is distinguished from prior examinations by employing electromechanical displacement of a stabilizing polymer network. The stable transparent (reflective) or scattering modes are induced with a variety of driving schemes employing both alternating and direct current fields. The relative degree of scattering can be varied to allow for grayscale control potentially useful in smart window and display applications.
The Origins of Integrated Pest Management Concepts for Agricultural Crops

Most discussions of the conceptual origins of integrated pest management (IPM) for crop protection center on the overuse and overdependence of chemical pesticides following World War II and their subsequent unfavorable consequences. Included among examples of these unfavorable consequences are the development of chemical-pesticide-resistant insect and plant pathogen populations, rapid resurgence of target pest populations following treatment, outbreaks of unleashed secondary pests, and undesirable environmental effects. Then as the story goes, this series of mishaps was countered by the wisdom of a few omniscient soothsayers in the form of pest management. Another account described it as a mixture of “idealism, evangelism, pursuit of fashion, fundraising, and even empire-building. The movement has indeed acquired the impetus and character of a religious revival....” (Price Jones, 1970).
Agribusiness: An International Journal's First 30 Volumes

Agribusiness: An International Journal, now a well-recognized journal in the discipline, completed its 30th year of publication in 2014. This article examines three decades of publication statistics to provide an understanding of its development and a brief look at its possible future. Thus, this is a bibliographic history of Agribusiness and a brief case study of organizational evolution.
The Study of ~1HMRS in the Differential Diagnosis between Brain Metastases and Malignant Gliomas

Objective To explore the value of 1HMRS in the differential diagnosis between malignant gliomas and metastases. Materials and Methods 20 patients with malignant gliomas and 11 patients with brain metastases were underwent preoperational pre- and post enhancement MRI. The solid areas, peritumoral areas and normal areas in counterpart brain between the two groups of tumors were detected by 'HMRS, and Cho/Cr,NAA/Cr,Lac/Cr in the solid areas, peritumoral areas and normal areas in counterpart brain between the two groups were compared. Results 11 brain metastases included breast carcinoma, hepatic cell carcinoma, ovary carcinoma and lung carcinoma. 20 cases with malignant gliomas consisted with 13 type Ⅲ and 7 type Ⅳ astrocy-tomas. There were no difference statistically in the metabolic concentrations between the solid portions of the two groups. However, The ratios of Cho/Cr in peritumoral were 0.719±0.287 and 1.506±0.846 in brain metastases and malignant gliomas respectively , which were significantly different (t=2.118,P = 0.043) . Conclusion 1HMRS could not distinguish brain metastases from malignant gliomas. However, the ratio of Cho/Cr in peritumoral is helpful to differentiate the two kinds of tumors, because the ratio of Cho/Cr in peritumoral of malignant gliomas is higher than that of brain metastases.
Hepatic infarction and diabetic ketoacidosis.

A 36-year-old man with brittle diabetes mellitus developed hepatic infarction immediately after an episode of ketoacidosis. The infarction was documented by angiogram, 99mTc sulfur colloid scan, and biopsy. Except for the association with ketoacidosis, no other possible cause of hepatic infarction was found.
Broad Wavelength Tunable Robust Lasing from Single-Crystal Nanowires of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I)

Lead halide perovskite nanowires (NWs) are emerging as a class of inexpensive semiconductors with broad bandgap tunability for optoelectronics, such as tunable NW lasers. Despite exciting progress, the current organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite NW lasers suffer from limited tunable wavelength range and poor material stability. Herein, we report facile solution growth of single-crystal NWs of inorganic perovskite CsPbX3 (X = Br, Cl) and their alloys [CsPb(Br,Cl)3] and a low-temperature vapor-phase halide exchange method to convert CsPbBr3 NWs into perovskite phase CsPb(Br,I)3 alloys and metastable CsPbI3 with well-preserved perovskite crystal lattice and NW morphology. These single crystalline NWs with smooth end facets and subwavelength dimensions are ideal Fabry–Perot cavities for NW lasers. Optically pumped tunable lasing across the entire visible spectrum (420–710 nm) is demonstrated at room temperature from these NWs with low lasing thresholds and high-quality factors. Such highly efficient lasing si...
Prologue: The Theory of Strategic Bombing and the Coming of Nuclear Weapons

‘Strategic thought draws its inspiration each century, or rather at each moment in history, from the problems which events themselves pose.’1 The decisive strategic events of the post-war nuclear age, those that determined the utterly changed strategic circumstances of that age, occurred within a few months of each other. They were the acquisition by the Soviet Union, in August 1949, of a workable fission bomb and the decision by the United States, in January 1950, to develop the hydrogen bomb. These two events, taken together, meant that, in time, the classical strategic paradigms of defence and punishment would be opposed by a new paradigm. Yet it would be some time before this fact was appreciated, as we shall see, and this forces a Conradian chronology on our narrative: even after these events, political and doctrinal choices were made that were responsive to the old world. To see why the context was wholly changed by these particular events, to appreciate the depth and character of this change, we must look at the period superseded.
The Home Stretch to the Next Deanship: Part V of the Education of a Law Librarian

This is the fifth installment in Robert C. Berring's autobiography, Education of a Twentieth-Century Law Librarian. The first installment is at 32 Legal References Services Quarterly 1 (2013).
Increased and decreased pelvic incidence, sagittal facet joint orientations are associated with lumbar spine osteoarthritis in a large cadaveric collection

Degenerative joint disease of the lumbar spine is a pervasive problem in healthcare; however, its aetiology and risk factors remain poorly defined. There have been recent attempts to correlate the anatomic parameters of facet angle and pelvic incidence with spine osteoarthritis, although data remains limited. The purpose of this experiment was to determine how age, gender, race, facet angle, tropism, and pelvic incidence correlate to facet joint osteoarthritis in the lumbar spine. A total of 576 cadaveric lumbar spines were obtained. Using validated techniques, facet angle, tropism, and pelvic incidence were measured. Osteoarthritis of the lumbar spines was graded from 0-4 at each level. Correlations between osteoarthritis and age, gender, facet angle, tropism, and pelvic incidence were evaluated with regression analysis. Facet angle became more coronally oriented, and facet tropism increased from L1-L2 to L5-S1. Arthritis was highest at the L4-L5 joint (2.2 ± 1.1), compared to the L5-S1 (2.1 ± 1.1), L3-L4 (1.9 ± 1.1), L2-L3 (1.5 ± 1.0) and L1-L2 (1.0 ± 1.0) joints (p < 0.001). Age was the strongest predictor of arthritis at all levels (standardized betas 0.342 through 0.494, p < 0.001). Correlations between gender, race and osteoarthritis were not significant at any level. A decreased facet angle was predictive of increased arthritis at each joint level (standardized betas –0.091 through –0.153, p < 0.05 for all). Tropism was a predictor of increased arthritis at caudal levels. Pelvic incidence was a predictor of increased arthritis at L3-L4 (standardized beta 0.080, p = 0.02), L4-L5 (standardized beta 0.081,p = 0.02), and L5-S1 (standardized beta 0.100, p = 0.01). Facet arthritis was correlated with a more sagittal orientation of the facet joints, increased tropism, and perturbations of pelvic incidence.
Attending to Nuanced Emotions: Fostering Supervisees' Emotional Awareness and Complexity

There is limited supervision research exploring how supervisees learn emotional awareness and complexity. In this article, the 5 levels of emotional awareness and 3 aspects of emotional complexity are explored in light of the supervision enterprise. In addition, 2 supervision intervention guides and a case example are provided.
Science to Practice: Quantitative US Elastography Can Be Used to Quantify Mechanical and Histologic Tendon Healing in a Rabbit Model of Achilles Tendon Transection.

Theoretically, this new technology makes it possible to monitor subclinical alterations of tendon elasticity that may enable us to predict impending tendon injury, perhaps before any morphologic tendon changes have occurred.
Magnesium Reagents Featuring a 1,1′‐Bis(o‐carborane) Ligand Platform

The synthesis of two biscarboranyl (bc) magnesium reagents is described. Treatment of 1,1'-bis(o-carborane) (H2-bc) or 8,8',9,9',10,10',12,12'-octamethyl-1,1'-bis(o-carborane) (H2-Mebc) with Mg(n-Bu)2 in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) affords (bc)Mg(DME)2 (1a-b) as crystalline solids. The magnesium compounds, which have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray crystallography in the case of 1a, serve as competent Grignard-type reagents to generate bc-containing species of tin from Me2SnCl2 (2a-b). The type of substitution of the bis(o-carboranyl) ligand framework is found to strongly effect the electronic character of the tin center, as judged by 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. The disclosed compounds, which are stable solids under an atmosphere of dry nitrogen gas at room temperature, provide a new class of bc-transfer reagents.
Challenges of Diverse Migration Flows in Italy’s Autonomous Province of South Tyrol

Diverse migration flows have significantly increased in Italy’s autonomous province of South Tyrol since the 1990s. This new social phenomenon has presented a range of challenges to the province’s special autonomy status, which is based on power-sharing, proportional representation, a minority veto and the preservation of three old cultural and linguistic groups: German-, Italian-, and Ladin-speaking. This paper examines the challenges of diverse migration flows in South Tyrol with special emphasis on: a) the civil/political dimension, b) the socio-economic dimension, and c) the cultural dimension. It employs secondary quantitative data drawn from the statistical yearbooks of the autonomous province and conducts qualitative desk research on various legal and policy documents as well as other reports and studies. It finds that in the highly-divided society of South Tyrol, a defensive approach to migration propagated by the political elite and supported by provincial policies and laws increases the gap in legitimacy between new minorities arriving in migration and older existing linguistic minorities. Such a situation calls for more welcoming and inclusive approaches to address the issues raised by migration in the autonomous province. Keywords: South Tyrol; migration; human rights; linguistic minorities; local representation in power-sharing DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2017.12
Economics: How science got a golden ticket

Ehsan Masood hails an account of the mixed implications of governments valuing research as an investment.
The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XVII. The 14-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type 1 diabetes

Abstract Objective To examine the 14-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and macular edema and its relation to various risk factors. Design Population-based incidence study. Setting The study was conducted in an 11-county area in southern Wisconsin. Participants Six hundred thirty-four insulin-taking persons with diabetes diagnosed before age 30 years participated in baseline, 4-year, 10-year, and 14-year follow-up examinations. Main outcome measures The 14-year progression of retinopathy, progression to proliferative retinopathy, and incidence of macular edema were detected by masked grading of stereoscopic color fundus photographs using the modified Airlie House classification and the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study retinopathy severity scheme. Results The 14-year rate of progression of retinopathy was 86%, regression of retinopathy was 17%, progression to proliferative retinopathy was 37%, and incidence of macular edema was 26%. Progression of retinopathy was more likely with less severe retinopathy, being male, having higher glycosylated hemoglobin or diastolic blood pressure at baseline, an increase in the glycosylated hemoglobin level, and an increase in diastolic blood pressure level from the baseline to the 4-year follow-up. Increased risk of proliferative retinopathy or incidence of macular edema was associated with more severe baseline retinopathy, higher glycosylated hemoglobin at baseline, and an increase in the glycosylated hemoglobin between the baseline and 4-year follow-up examination. The increased risk of proliferative retinopathy was associated with the presence of hypertension at baseline, whereas the increased risk of a participant having macular edema develop was associated with the presence of gross proteinuria at baseline. Lower glycosylated hemoglobin at baseline was associated with improvement in retinopathy. Conclusions These data suggest relatively high 14-year rates of progression of retinopathy and incidence of macular edema. These data also suggest that a reduction of hyperglycemia and hypertension may result in a beneficial decrease in the progression to proliferative retinopathy.
Simulating southwestern U.S. desert dust influences on supercell thunderstorms

Abstract Three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed to evaluate potential southwestern U.S. dust indirect microphysical and direct radiative impacts on a real severe storms outbreak. Increased solar absorption within the dust plume led to modest increases in pre-storm atmospheric stability at low levels, resulting in weaker convective updrafts and less widespread precipitation. Dust microphysical impacts on convection were minor in comparison, due in part to the lofted dust concentrations being relatively few in number when compared to the background (non-dust) aerosol population. While dust preferentially serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) versus giant CCN had opposing effects on warm rain production, both scenarios resulted in ample supercooled water and subsequent glaciation aloft, yielding larger graupel and hail. Associated latent heating from condensation and freezing contributed little to overall updraft invigoration. With reduced rain production overall, the simulations that included dust effects experienced slightly reduced grid-cumulative precipitation and notably warmer and spatially smaller cold pools. Dust serving as ice nucleating particles did not appear to play a significant role. The presence of dust ultimately reduced the number of supercells produced but allowed for supercell evolution characterized by consistently higher values of relative vertical vorticity within simulated mesocyclones. Dust radiative and microphysical effects were relatively small in magnitude when compared to those from altering the background convective available potential energy and vertical wind shear. It is difficult to generalize such findings from a single event, however, due to a number of case-specific environmental factors. These include the nature of the low-level moisture advection and characteristics of the background aerosol distribution.
Characterization of a Model of an Arteriovenous Fistula in the Rat: The Effect of L-NAME

Vascular access dysfunction contributes to the mortality of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. The present study analyzed the changes that evolve in a femoral arteriovenous fistula in the rat. The venous segment of this model exhibited, at 1 week, activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory, proliferative, procoagulant, and profibrotic genes; and at 4 weeks, the venous segment displayed neointimal hyperplasia, smooth muscle proliferation, and thrombus formation. These changes were accompanied by endothelial (e) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and inducible (i) NOS up-regulation. The administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of NOS activity, increased venous neointimal hyperplasia and pro-inflammatory gene expression (monocyte chemoattractant protein−1 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1), increased systolic blood pressure, and decreased blood flow through the fistula. In another hypertensive model, the rat subtotal nephrectomy model, venous neointimal hyperplasia in the arteriovenous fistula was also exacerbated. We conclude that this arteriovenous fistula model recapitulates the salient features observed in dysfunctional, hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas, and that venous neointimal hyperplasia is exacerbated when this model is superimposed in two different models of systemic hypertension. Since the uremic milieu contains increased amounts of asymmetric dimethylarginine, we speculate that such accumulation of this endogenous inhibitor of NOS, by virtue of its pressor or nitric oxide-depleting effects, or a combination thereof, may contribute to the limited longevity of arteriovenous fistulas used for hemodialysis.
Like mother, like daughter: A case report of multiple family members affected by Pompe disease

Pompe disease is a rare, lysosomal storage disease resulting from reduced levels of alpha glucosidase (GAA) enzyme. The disease is divided into two subtypes: infantile onset and late onset. Infantile onset Pompe disease typically presents with cardiomyopathy and hyptonia in the early neonatal period progressing to death by age 2 for those untreated. Late onset disease has a more generalized presentation with respiratory decline, muscle wasting and weakness, without cardiomyopathy, beginning in the proximal muscles, occurring typically after the first 12 months of life. The symptoms are variable and seem to correlate with the amount of residual GAA activity. The condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. Due to this recessive inheritance, it is uncommon to see multiple generations in one family with the condition. Recessive disease can sometimes present as a pseudo-dominant condition in populations where carriers are common due to founder effect, such as Gaucher disease in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. They also occur more frequently where consanguinity occurs. We present a case with two generations of a family affected by Pompe disease with multiple family members in each generation affected, all females. In addition, there is possibly another, as yet unidentified, genetic disorder in the family. Our case highlights the importance of screening other family members for rare genetic diseases despite the lower probability of disease based on mode of inheritance.
Recent Legal Developments: Criminal Justice Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, 2016 Term

In this article, we review and analyze the criminal justice–related decisions of the 2016 term of the U.S. Supreme Court. We also provide a summary of the Court’s voting patterns and opine authorsh...
Multicase Assessment of the Impacts of Horizontal and Vertical Grid Spacing, and Turbulence Closure Model, on Subkilometer-Scale Simulations of Atmospheric Bores during PECAN

AbstractFour case studies from the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) field experiment are used to investigate the impacts of horizontal and vertical resolution, and vertical mixing parame...
Babesiosis in Pregnancy: An Imitator of HELLP Syndrome

HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) is a serious pregnancy complication that can cause significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. There are several conditions that may occur in pregnancy that may imitate the laboratory findings and clinical presentation of HELLP syndrome. Babesiosis is a parasitic imitator of HELLP syndrome that can be spread by the tick, transfusions, or congenitally. Recognition and treatment of this condition is important to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes.
No Clinical Benefit to Treating Male Urinary Tract Infection Longer Than Seven Days: An Outpatient Database Study.

Background The optimal approach for treating outpatient male urinary tract infections (UTIs) is unclear. We studied the current management of male UTI in private outpatient clinics, and we evaluated antibiotic choice, treatment duration, and the outcome of recurrence of UTI. Methods Visits for all male patients 18 years of age and older during 2011-2015 with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for UTI or associated symptoms were extracted from the EPIC Clarity Database of 2 family medicine, 2 urology, and 1 internal medicine clinics. For eligible visits in which an antibiotic was prescribed, we extracted data on the antibiotic used, treatment duration, recurrent UTI episodes, and patient medical and surgical history. Results A total of 637 visits were included for 573 unique patients (mean age 53.7 [±16.7 years]). Fluoroquinolones were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics (69.7%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (21.2%), nitrofurantoin (5.3%), and beta-lactams (3.8%). Antibiotic choice was not associated with UTI recurrence. In the overall cohort, longer treatment duration was not significantly associated with UTI recurrence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-4.21). Longer treatment was associated with increased recurrence after excluding men with urologic abnormalities, immunocompromising conditions, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (OR = 2.62; 95% CI, 1.04-6.61). Conclusions Our study adds evidence that men with UTI without evidence of complicating conditions do not need to be treated for longer than 7 days. Shorter duration of treatment was not associated with increased risk of recurrence. Shorter treatment durations for many infections, including UTI, are becoming more attractive to reduce the risk of resistance, adverse events, and costs.
Quantification of pulmonary/systemic shunt ratio by single‐acquisition phase‐contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Purpose Phase-contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance (PC-CMR) quantification of intracardiac shunt (measuring the pulmonary to systemic flow ratio, Qp/Qs) is typically determined by measuring flow through planes perpendicular the pulmonary trunk (PA) and ascending aorta (Ao). This method is subject to error from presence of background velocity offsets and requires two scan acquisitions. We evaluated an alternate PC-CMR technique for quantifying Qp/Qs using a single modified plane that encompasses both the PA and Ao. Material and methods In 53 patients evaluated for intracardiac shunting, PC-CMR measurement in the individual Ao and PA planes and also in a single-acquisition plane was obtained and Qp/Qs calculated by each method. Bland-Altman analysis was performed to evaluate the agreement between the two methods. Results The 95% confidence limits of agreement ranged from -0.52 to +0.34 indicating good agreement between the two methods. There was excellent agreement on the clinically relevant threshold value of Qp/Qs ratio of 1.5 (representing criteria for surgical correction of shunt). Conclusions Qp/Qs determined from the single-acquisition approach agrees well with that of the individual PA and Ao method and offers potential improved accuracy (due to background velocity offset).
Adaptive meiotic drive in selfing populations with heterozygote advantage

Abstract The egalitarian allotment of gametes to each allele at a locus (Mendel’s law of segregation) is a near-universal phenomenon characterizing inheritance in sexual populations. As exceptions to Mendel’s law are known to occur, one can investigate why non-Mendelian segregation is not more common using modifier theory. Earlier work assuming sex-independent modifier effects in a random mating population with heterozygote advantage concluded that equal segregation is stable over long-term evolution. Subsequent investigation, however, demonstrated that the stability of the Mendelian scheme disappears when sex-specific modifier effects are allowed. Here I derive invasion conditions favoring the repeal of Mendelian law in mixed and obligate selfing populations. Oppositely-directed segregation distortion in the production of male and female gametes is selected for in the presence of overdominant fitness. The conditions are less restrictive than under panmixia in that strong selection can occur even without differential viability of reciprocal heterozygotes (i.e. in the absence of parent-of-origin effects at the overdominant fitness locus). Generalized equilibria are derived for full selfing.
Data sharing in Surface Science

Abstract Surface Science has an editorial policy that atomic positions that are determined in a publication (experimental and computational) be made accessible to its readers. In this Prospective, we suggest an even broader need in data and methodology sharing. We illustrate an approach we have used to embed experimental and computational data as well as code in manuscripts and supporting information files, and we show how it results in reusable data and code.
Biodegradable Biliverdin Nanoparticles for Efficient Photoacoustic Imaging

Photoacoustic imaging has emerged as a promising imaging platform with a high tissue penetration depth. However, biodegradable nanoparticles, especially those for photoacoustic imaging, are rare and limited to a few polymeric agents. The development of such nanoparticles holds great promise for clinically translatable diagnostic imaging with high biocompatibility. Metabolically digestible and inherently photoacoustic imaging probes can be developed from nanoprecipitation of biliverdin, a naturally occurring heme-based pigment. The synthesis of nanoparticles composed of a biliverdin network, cross-linked with a bifunctional amine linker, is achieved where spectral tuning relies on the choice of reaction media. Nanoparticles synthesized in water or water containing sodium chloride exhibit higher absorbance and lower fluorescence compared to nanoparticles synthesized in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid buffer. All nanoparticles display high absorbance at 365 and 680 nm. Excitation at near-infrared wavelengths leads to a strong photoacoustic signal, while excitation with ultraviolet wavelengths results in fluorescence emission. In vivo photoacoustic imaging experiments in mice demonstrated that the nanoparticles accumulate in lymph nodes, highlighting their potential utility as photoacoustic agents for sentinel lymph node detection. The biotransformation of these agents was studied using mass spectroscopy, and they were found to be completely biodegraded in the presence of biliverdin reductase, a ubiquitous enzyme found in the body. Degradation of these particles was also confirmed in vivo. Thus, the nanoparticles developed here are a promising platform for biocompatible biological imaging due to their inherent photoacoustic and fluorescent properties as well as their complete metabolic digestion.
Public Schools' Identification and Management of Underage Alcohol Use: A Qualitative Study.

Objectives The objective of this qualitative study was to investigate how public schools in the Miami-Dade County School District identify and manage students' underage alcohol use and to explore the benefits and challenges of systematic screening for underage alcohol use in district schools. Methods Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 16 school officials directly responsible for addressing underage alcohol use incidents at district middle and high schools. These individuals included assistant principals, guidance counselors, social workers and school-based health care professionals. A grounded-theory approach was used to code and synthesize informants' responses. Results No informants reported systematic screening for underage alcohol use at their schools, although their middle and high schools employed a range of intervention strategies. Emergent themes reflected common ways by which students using alcohol were identified, factors influencing underage alcohol use, and barriers to screening intervention implementation. Lack of access to acute intoxication events, differing policies across schools, inadequate resources, and reliance on administrator discretion rather than explicit policy mandates appear to undermine the development of consistent strategies for addressing suspected or reported underage alcohol use. Conclusion Public schools may serve as key implementation contexts for future universal or selected screening initiatives to identify and manage cases of underage alcohol use. The benefits and challenges perceived by school staff and administrators - especially for implementing consistent policies across schools - are critical to the development of acceptable, feasible, and sustainable alcohol screening initiatives.
What Makes a City Accessible and Inclusive

The urban-focused Capability Model of Disability (CMD) presented here outlines three key features for city and urban planning processes: rethinking the relationship between people with disabilities and their environment, a development-based framework for inclusive policymaking along nine policy dimensions, and the concept of salience to measure cultural coherence and likelihood for a society to adopt international human rights norms at the local level. The CMD framework is applied to a set of nine basic primary goods necessary for inclusive urban planning and policymaking, which are divided into basic functionings (health, rehabilitation, education, and employment) and basic freedoms (mobility, accessibility, being included in the community, political and public participation, and awareness raising). This chapter provides insights into what this integrated model looks like and how it addresses endemic challenges that impede full implementation of comprehensive rights, policies, and norms across sectors and scales.
Cross-sectional imaging of seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia

A wide spectrum of pathologies, ranging from inconsequential degenerative and senile changes to clinically significant neoplasms, can affect seminal vesicles (SVs). With rapid rise in use of magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of prostate in recent years an increasing number of cases of incidental SV pathologies are encountered by radiologists. Despite the high contrast resolution and high spatial resolution offered by multiparametric pelvic MRI, accurate diagnosis of SV processes can at times be challenging. In this article, we review the anatomy and embryology of the SVs and vasa deferentia and then explore the spectrum of diseases affecting them.
Fame and Fortune: Developing a Simulation Game for the Music Industry Classroom.

This study documents the development of a classroom game simulating the effects of contractual arrangements on the economic relationships between artists, record labels, and consumers. The game was tested with multiple revisions in classroom settings over a period of three years by using surveys, interviews, session videos, and teacher observations. Using the approach of Grounded Theory, observations and insights were extracted from the collected data with the goal of identifying effective strategies for developing and using classroom simulations. Findings include evidence of deeper engagement with the subject through cognitive, psychomotor, and affective learning.