cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making vehicles safer.

In his editorial “A New Traffic Safety Vision for the United States,”1 Evans argues that litigation has harmed the US motor vehicle safety effort and that interventions focused on changing the behavior of drivers, rather than the safe design of vehicles, are “overwhelmingly” more important. Although one might not realize it from Evans’s editorial, the reduction in the risk of fatal motor vehicle crash is one of the major success stories of public health and injury prevention. From 1966 to 2001, the fatality rate per million vehicle miles traveled has declined by more than 70%.2 This reduction has been achieved not by a single-minded focus on driver behavior but through a combination of improving vehicle, roadway, and driver safety. But it is perhaps not surprising that Evans, having previously been a research scientist at General Motors for more than 30 years, seeks to deflect attention away from vehicle-related factors and toward the role of the driver. This focus is contrary to well-accepted public health principles of injury prevention, established by Haddon and others, that reducing the likelihood of injury in the event of a crash is a crucial strategy.3,4 In the pages of the Journal, Evans has previously expressed his feelings toward lawyers and litigation in even more pejorative terms: “Only the most gullible can imagine that any net good emerges from the resulting system, which lavishly supports a pestilence of avaricious lawyers.”5(p785) Actually, it is well documented that litigation against motor vehicle and other product manufacturers has made important contributions to public health, providing necessary incentives to make products safer.6–8 Evans also argues it is simply a “trivial truism” when litigation demonstrates that, had a car manufacturer made its product safer, “the outcome of a crash would have been different.”1(p1385) We doubt that the families of people killed in vehicles without safety devices such as air bags—especially during the period when General Motors and other car manufacturers fought the imposition of the federal standard requiring them— would agree. And from a population perspective, air bags are estimated to have saved well over 2000 lives in the United States since 19879—an accomplishment that is hardly trivial. Evans is correct to note that there remain too many deaths on US roadways each year. We see no reason why vehicle safety cannot continue to be improved while seat belt use and other driver-oriented interventions are also encouraged.
Uterine herpes virus infection with multifocal necrotizing endometritis

A case of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was diagnosed by biopsy of the cervix and endometrium in a 28-year-old woman with abnormal uterine bleeding. The cervical biopsy demonstrated surface ulceration and underlying patchy necrosis of endocervical clefts and stroma. The endometrium was late secretory, with striking patchy necrosis of gland epithelium and stromal cells. Both sites contained occasional epithelial and stromal cells with nuclear inclusions consistent with HSV infection. Viral culture further confirmed the presence of HSV. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of HSV antigens in the tissue, and ultrastructural study of the endometrium revealed viral particles within epithelial and stromal cells. The results suggest endometrial involvement via an ascending infection from the cervix. Recognition of this unusual pattern of endometrial inflammation may facilitate diagnosis of additional cases.
Mothers' and Fathers' Use of Internal State Talk with their Young Children

The present study extends previous results demonstrating a relation between maternal discourse and child social understanding to include paternal discourse. Emotion understanding (EU) and theory of mind (ToM) were considered as two distinctive aspects of social understanding. Participants were 106 children (54 boys and 52 girls) studied at 3.5 and 5 years. Discourse measures came from separate parent–child conversations during a picture-book task; measures of EU and ToM came from children's performance on social cognition tasks. Differences in parental talk translated into important differences in the influence of each parent on children's social-cognitive understanding. Mothers' references to emotion and emotion causal explanatory language predicted children's concurrent EU. Fathers' use of causal explanatory language referring to desires and emotions predicted children's concurrent and later ToM. These results highlight important differences between mothers and fathers in their use of internal state language and its impact on children's social-cognitive understanding.
Overexpression of Nerve Growth Factor in Skin Increases Sensory Neuron Size and Modulates Trk Receptor Expression

Sensory neuron development and differentiation is dependent on a family of growth factors known as neurotrophins. Neurotrophins modulate neuron development via trk tyrosine kinase receptor proteins trkA, trkB and trkC. To determine how elevated levels of a target-derived neurotrophin might affect neuronal differentiation, we analysed trk expression in the trigeminal ganglion of transgenic mice that overexpressed nerve growth factor (NGF) in the skin. Increased levels of NGF caused a five-fold increase in neurons expressing trkA mRNA and a two-fold increase in neurons expressing trkC. In control mice, cell size distributions of neuronal subpopulations expressing each trk mRNA showed the three subpopulations distributed over a narrow, overlapping range. In contrast, cell size distribution in NGF-transgenic mice was significantly divergent due in large part to hypertrophy of trkA neurons and, to a lesser extent, trkC neurons. In addition, we examined neurons that bound the isolectin B4 from Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BS-IB4) because most of these neurons do not express any trk receptor in the adult. There was a significant increase in the size of BS-IB4-positive neurons in transgenic mice; however, there was no increase in their number. These studies indicate that an increased level of target-derived NGF affects the development of sensory neurons that in the adult express trkA or trkC, as well as neurons that do not express trk receptors.
Gopinath-Sondhi integral equation for non-impulsive boundary conditions

Abstract The Gopinath-Sondhi integral equation is derived from the Riets representation theorem applied to the Cauchy problem for a system of hyperbolic equations. It is shown that for non-impulsive boundary conditions the Gopinath-Sondhi integral equation can be reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. This integral equation is ill-posed in the Tikhonov sense and is sensitive to variations in the initial pulse.
Switchgrass ultimate stresses at typical biomass conditions available for processing

Abstract Biomass tensile and shear ultimate failure stresses were measured with the aim of identifying biomass “weakest mode of failure” or “natural fracture point” as a basis for future grinder designs. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) ultimate stresses were determined for Alamo and Kanlow varieties over ranges in maturity and moisture content. Alamo had greater ultimate tensile stress than Kanlow ( P = 0.0 0 9 1 ), with mean values of 97.8 and 89.7 MPa, respectively. Alamo had greater ultimate shear stress than Kanlow ( P = 0.0 0 9 1 ), with mean values of 20.5 and 17.9 MPa, respectively. Shear was the “weakest mode of failure”. Grinders that use knives, shear bars, and mechanical pinch points that apply opposed-sliding actions are expected to be more energy efficient. Mean ultimate tensile stress and shear stress were significantly different between switchgrass varieties. A survey of failure stresses for a range of biomass feedstocks is recommended for future study. Ultimate tensile stress increased two-fold as elapsed time after harvest increased from 2 to 386 h, with a corresponding (confounded) decrease in moisture content of ∼60–10% (wet basis (w.b.)). Future study should isolate whether the effect was due primarily to moisture or aging. Tensile-dominant size reduction should be conducted early in the harvest process and at a high moisture content to minimize energy consumption for grinding. Ultimate shear stress was relatively insensitive to switchgrass maturity, elapsed time after harvest, and moisture content.
Quantitative Methods and Applications in GIS by Fahui Wang

To most of the instructors who teach geographic information systems (GIS) at the college level, it seems to be a rather easy task to select a good textbook for either an introductory or a more adva...
Hydrogen storage in some ternary and quaternary zirconium-based alloys with the C14 structure

The Zr0.8Ti0.2MnCr1.25, ZrMnFeTx (T ≡ Cr, Ni, Co; 0 < x < 0.4) and ZrCrFe1 + x (0 < x < 0.5) alloys were studied for their hydrogen storage characteristics in the temperature range 23–150°C and hydrogen equilibrium pressure (0.01–50 atm). The kinetics of hydrogen sorption by these alloys are observed to be extremely rapid, and the processes are almost complete in 60–200 s. Hydrogen capacities of these alloys are in the range 92–222 cm3 H2 (g alloy)−1. The hyperstoichiometric elements appear to substitute at the zirconium site in these AB2-type alloys with a net effect of raising the decomposition pressure of their hydrides several-fold over that of the ZrMn2 and ZrCr2 hydrides. The ZrMnFeCo0.4 alloy does not absorb measurable quantities of hydrogen, presumably because of the high decomposition pressure of its hypothetical hydride. The effectiveness of alloying elements in destabilizing the ZrMn2 hydride increases in the following order: Cr < Mn < Fe < Ni < Co. It is found that, unlike ZrMn2, ZrCr2 cannot be made hyperstoichiometric with chromium or manganese. The hydrides of ZrCrFe1 + x alloys have very favorable dissociation pressures, e.g. 0.9–2 atm at room temperature. The enthalpies and entropies of dehydrogenation of their hydrides are in the range 20–23 kJ (mol H2)−1 and 66–80 J mol−1 K−1 respectively, which are advantageous for application purposes.
Perspectives on Moving Ionic Liquid Chemistry into the Solid Phase

Ionic liquid (IL) chemistry has evolved over the past century, such that these organic salts have impacted virtually every area of science and engineering. In the area of chemistry, initial applications of these salts were primarily the domain of chemists or chemical engineers who desired to manipulate the properties of IL solvents for a variety of applications including tuning various chemical processes. Since then, the chemistry of these organic salts has progressed such that changing an important property of a solvent (e.g., melting point or hydrophobicity) often involves simply altering the counterion of the organic salt. It is with this simplicity in mind that we have recently embarked upon the use of such chemistry to manipulate important properties of solid-phase ionic organic materials. To differentiate this chemistry from ionic liquid chemistry, we have coined the acronym GUMBOS (group of uniform materials based on organic salts). In this perspective article, we describe and demonstrate how ionic...
Erratum to: An effective interaction potential model for the shape memory alloy AuCd

This Erratum concerns our previous work published in this journal as: Guthikonda and Elliott (2009) 21: 269–295; DOI:10.1007/s00161-009-0109-1. While recently extending our work, we discovered a coding error in the calculation of ∂ 2 ≈ W ∂θ2 . This error affects the calculation of the heat capacities at constant volume, Cv (Eq. (20)), and constant pressure, Cp (Eq. (21)). However, due to the nature of the particular bug found in the computer code, only computations where multiple types of pair interactions (for example, the AuCd computations) are affected. The purpose of this erratum, therefore, is twofold: (1) to present corrected results corresponding to the model parameters as given in the original manuscript and (2) to report the results for an updated set of model parameter obtained by performing the fitting procedure described in the original manuscript with the corrected numerical code.
Internet and Computer Access and Use for Health Information in an Underserved Community

Background. —The "digital divide" is the gap between those with access to information tools such as the Internet and those without access. The gap has been described by income, education, age, and race. Little information exists on computer and Internet access and use for health information by parents, particularly among populations of low income and low education level. Objective. —To describe computer and Internet access and use, including health information retrieval, among low-income, urban, African American caregivers (parents). Design. —Cross-sectional survey administered in pediatric waiting rooms of urban community-based health centers in a low-income area. Participants. —Caregivers of pediatric outpatients. Main Outcome Measures. —Access to computers, Internet access, and use of Internet for health information. Results. —In 2003, among 260 African Americans who completed surveys, 58% had a computer and 41% had home Internet access. Fifty-two percent had used the Internet for finding health information. Ninety-three percent agreed or strongly agreed that there is useful health information on the Internet. Ninety-two percent agreed or strongly agreed that they would want to talk with a medical professional about health information on the Internet. Sixty-five percent of respondents had no additional schooling after high school. Annual household income was Conclusions. —Most pediatric patients' families have home computers and believe there is useful health information on the Internet, even among low-income and traditionally underserved populations. Most would like to discuss Internet-based health information with their providers.
FDG-PET in Early AD Diagnosis

FDG-PET is a valuable tool that will continue to aid in identifying AD in its prodromal and early dementia stages, distinguishing it from other causes of dementia, and tracking progression of the disease. As brain FDG-PET scans and well-trained readers of these scans are becoming more widely available to clinicians who are becoming more informed about the role FDG-PET can play in early AD diagnosis, its use is expected to increase.
The Evolution of Mental Health Care Policy and the Implications for Social Work

The focus of this article is on the evolution of mental health care policy in the United States from the eighteenth century to the present. To the extent that social work practice enacts policy, this article focuses particularly on the ways 20th century social workers have reflected, interpreted, and forged mental health care initiatives and reforms. The article includes a discussion of how the cycles of mental health reform (moral treatment, mental hygiene, and community mental health) have influenced not only the roles but also the actual practices of social workers. The article concludes with a consideration of the impact of managed care on mental health policy and the implications for social work.
APC as a checkpoint gene: the beginning or the end?

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the United States. In 2002, it is estimated that 148,300 new cases of CRC will be diagnosed, resulting in approximately 56,600 deaths.1 The latter renders CRC the second leading cause of deaths from cancer in the United States. An individual’s life-time risk of developing CRC is 6%, with greater than 90% of cases occurring after age 50.2 Together, these facts indicate that CRC is an important health concern.
Sulfur mass-independent fractionation in liquid phase chemistry: UV photolysis of phenacylphenylsulfone as a case study

Abstract The sulfur isotope mass-independent fractionation (S-MIF) represents a distinct geochemical signature commonly observed in Archean rocks. Although S-MIF is generally thought to be exclusive to gas phase chemistry, several studies have suggested that liquid phase or heterogeneous chemistry may also produce S-MIF signatures. This study investigates the potential contribution of the poorly explored mass-independent effects from liquid phase sulfur chemistry. Our investigation focused on laboratory experiments of the UV photolysis of phenacylphenylsulfone as a model system. This system was chosen due to previous measurements of Δ33S (not Δ36S) by a low precision SO2 method indicating the occurrence of anomalous fractionation in 33S. The photolysis of PPS in micellar solution produced MIF of 33S in residual PPS ranging from depletion by −2.1‰ to enrichment by 6.4‰, with small mass-dependent fractionation of δ34S up to 2.1‰. While this magnitude of 33S anomaly is comparable to the range of values observed in Archean rocks, no anomaly in 36S was detected for the 32S–34S–36S system beyond analytical precision (0.19‰). These results confirm the anomalous fractionation to be caused most likely by magnetic isotope effects (MIE), affecting only the nuclear spin possessing 33S among the four stable isotopes of sulfur. The observed initial depletion of 33S in the reactant PPS was unexpected and suggests changing contributions of at least two spin-selective processes. The results of this study demonstrate that liquid phase processes, such as the photolysis of certain organic sulfur compounds, can produce anomalous 33S abundance.
Ethical considerations in newer reproductive technologies

Ethics is an essential dimension of newer reproductive technologies. In this rapidly evolving field, there is a need for an ethical framework to guide both clinical practice and research. In this article, we provide such a framework that incorporates ethical principles, professional virtues, and the concept of the fetus as a patient. We then apply this framework to an important current clinical issue: the number of embryos to be transferred during in vitro fertilization; in addition to an emerging research issue: gene transfer research on in vitro embryos.
On the Relative Accuracy of Discounting Based on Risk-Free and Risky Portfolios

Abstract The degree of risk that should be incorporated into the net discount rate that is used to estimate the present value of future lost earnings has been the subject of controversy. While some...
Effects of endotoxin on gastric injury from luminal irritants in rats: potential roles of nitric oxide

The expression and function of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the stomach is unclear. This study assessed the effects of endotoxin on rat gastric iNOS expression and its role in gastric ...
Activation‐Energy Spectra for Retraction of Hot‐Stretched Polystyrene and Shear Creep in Polymethyl Methacrylate

The data of Andrews for the retraction kinetics of hot‐stretched polystyrene and the data of Thompson for shear creep in polymethyl methacrylate in the glassy state have been analyzed to obtain activation‐energy spectra characterizing the kinetic processes. For the retraction data, singly peaked spectra covering the range between 15 and 35 kcal/mole were found. These were virtually independent of widely varying sample history, and the range of activation energies was somewhat higher than that found for volume relaxation in unoriented samples of the same polymer. The energy spectrum for the creep data is similar in shape to the retardation‐time spectrum derived by Thompson, and covers the range 6–43 kcal/ mole. This range includes the three energy values previously calculated from the temperature dependence of the shift factor, log10aT. Changes in structure with temperature are easily inferred from the temperature dependence of the shift factor used to derive the energy spectrum.
An active role for basement membrane assembly and modification in tissue sculpting

Basement membranes are a dense, sheet-like form of extracellular matrix (ECM) that underlie epithelia and endothelia, and surround muscle, fat and Schwann cells. Basement membranes separate tissues and protect them from mechanical stress. Although traditionally thought of as a static support structure, a growing body of evidence suggests that dynamic basement membrane deposition and modification instructs coordinated cellular behaviors and acts mechanically to sculpt tissues. In this Commentary, we highlight recent studies that support the idea that far from being a passive matrix, basement membranes play formative roles in shaping tissues.
Life-threatening migraine.

• An adolescent girl had complex migraine of sudden onset, with episodes of loss of consciousness and other major neurological manifestations occurring over a period of eight months. Her case illustrates the potential severity of complex migraine and the difficulty in diagnosis and treatment.
Lower Extremity Amputation: Open Versus Closed

Wound breakdown was assessed in 117 amputations for nonhealing lesions and peripheral vascular closure (chi 2 10.34). Nonhealing occurred in 10/63 amputations with primary skin closure when compared with those not closed (p less than .01). All 54 amputation sites treated by the open technique healed without revision. Of 22 toe amputations, the open technique performed in 14 patients required a mean of nine postoperative days; the closed-toe amputation technique performed in 8 patients needed a mean of 5.8 days; the closed-toe amputation requiring revision needed a mean of 36.3 days. Healing rates were significantly different when the wound was left open versus primarily closed (chi 2 8.56 p less than .01). Nineteen transmetatarsal amputations (TMA) were completed; 10 open TMAs required a mean of twenty-four days; 9 closed TMAs required a mean of fifteen days; and revision a mean of eighteen days. Of 51 below-the-knee amputations (BKA), 20 open BKAs required a mean of thirteen days; 3 closed BKAs required a mean of 18.5 days; and 1 revision required two hundred fifty-eight days postoperatively. Twenty-five above-the-knee amputations (AKA) were performed; the 10 open AKAs required a mean of sixteen days; the 15 closed AKAs required a mean of eleven days. There was no significant difference in healing rates of TMA, BKA, or AKA. Healing rates of toe amputations and amputation overall are, however, significantly different. Closed lower extremity amputation wounds require fewer hospital days than open, except if problems in wound healing require revision.
Do Physicians' Beliefs About Coronary Risk Factors Account for Poor Screening and Treatment Rates?

The authors hypothesized that the widely observed low rates of coronary risk factor screening and treatment among cardiologists could be due to lack of belief in the importance of risk factors. They performed an audit of 160 randomly selected medical records of patients with coronary artery disease and surveyed the attending physicians' ranking of importance of individual risk factors to determine the extent of risk factor screening and treatment done by these physicians. Screening and treatment rates for individual risk factors were highly variable but generally well below expected. There was no correlation among rank orders of screening rates, treatment rates, and physician-rated importance of each risk factor. These results suggest that lack of belief in risk factor importance does not explain failure of physicians to screen for and treat risk factors in coronary patients.
Detecting changes between real-world objects using spatiochromatic filters.

A behavioral and computational treatment of change detection is reported. The behavioral task was to judge whether a single object substitution change occurred between two “flickering” 9-object scenes. Detection performance was found to vary with the similarity of the changing objects; object changes violating orientation and category yielded the fastest and most accurate detection responses. To account for these data, theBOLAR model was developed, which uses color, orientation, and scale selective filters to compute the visual dissimilarity between the pre- and postchange objects from the behavioral study. Relating the magnitude of the BOLAR difference signals to change detection performance revealed that object pairs estimated as visually least similar were the same object pairs most easily detected by observers. The BOLAR model advances change detection theory by (1) demonstrating that the visual similarity between the change patterns can account for much of the variability in change detection behavior, and (2) providing a computational technique for quantifying these visual similarity relationships for real-world objects.
Clarifying the emotive functions of asymmetrical frontal cortical activity

Asymmetrical activity over the frontal cortex has been implicated in the experience and expression of emotions and motivations. Explanations of the research have suggested that relatively greater left frontal activity is associated with positive affect and/or approach motivation, and that relatively greater right frontal activity is associated with negative affect and/or withdrawal motivation. In past research, affective valence and motivational direction were confounded, as only positive (negative) affects that were associated with approach (withdrawal) motivation were examined. Consequently, this research is unable to address whether asymmetrical frontal activity is associated with affective valence, motivational direction, or some combination of valence and motivation. In this article, I review research on the emotion of anger, a negative emotion often associated with approach motivation, that suggests that asymmetrical frontal cortical activity is due to motivational direction and not affective valence. Methodological and theoretical implications for the study of the frontal asymmetry specifically, and for emotion and motivation more generally, are discussed.
Mutual interdependence of MSI1 (CAC3) and YAK1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The MSI1 (CAC3) gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been implicated in diverse cellular functions, including suppression of the RAS/cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway, chromatin assembly and transcriptional co-repression. Seeking to identify the molecular mechanisms by which Msi1p carries out these distinct activities, a novel genetic interaction was uncovered with YAK1, which encodes a kinase that antagonizes the RAS/cAMP pathway. MSI1 was capable of efficiently suppressing the heat shock sensitivity caused by deletion of yak1. Surprisingly, the YAK1 gene is required for Msi1p to associate with Cac1p in the yeast two-hybrid system. A new activity of Msi1p was identified: the ability to activate transcription of a reporter gene when tethered near the promoter, but only in the absence of fermentable carbon sources. This transcriptional activation function was diminished substantially by the loss of YAK1. Furthermore, MSI1 influences YAK1 function; over-expression of YAK1 decreased the growth rate, but only in the presence of a functional MSI1 gene. Finally, it is shown that YAK1 antagonizes nuclear accumulation of Msi1p in non-fermenting cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate a novel interaction between Msi1p and Yak1p in which each protein influences the activity of the other.
Developing a Social Cost of Carbon for US Regulatory Analysis: A Methodology and Interpretation

AbstractThe US government recently developed a range of values representing the monetized global damages associated with an incremental increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, commonly referred...
A meta‐analysis of the effect of environmental contamination on non‐residential real estate values

Purpose – This paper seeks to reduce the lack of quantitative research by addressing diminution in value to non‐residential property resulting from environmental contamination.Design/methodology/approach – This meta‐analysis extracts data from approximately a dozen peer‐reviewed articles and 100 case studies from real estate appraisers in the USA. A dataset containing 106 contaminated non‐residential observations is examined using Regression (OLS). Forward (stepwise) and backward selection was performed. The dependent variable included percentage loss and dollar amount. The independent variables were contamination type, US region, land use type, distance from the source (mostly contaminated subjects), passage of time, year, urban or rural, market conditions, litigation, and indemnification.Findings – The model adjusted R squares range from 37 percent to 66 percent. Approximately a third of cases had no loss. This research used petroleum case studies as the reference category for comparison with other type...
CONNECTING FINE‐ AND BROAD‐SCALE SPECIES–AREA RELATIONSHIPS OF SOUTHEASTERN U.S. FLORA

Although the rate that species accumulate with area has long been regarded as an important component of fine-scale community structure and several studies have examined this rate in meta-analyses, few if any studies have systematically examined fine- scale species-area relationships using a consistent survey protocol over a large region. We examined fine-scale species-area relationships using the extensive database of the Carolina Vegetation Survey (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee, USA), in- cluding 1472 plots wherein vascular plant richness was recorded for each of six subplot sizes regularly spaced on a log10 scale, from 0.01 to 1000 m 2 . Contrary to prevailing theory, our data closely and consistently fit an Arrhenius (power law) species-area model, echoing broader-scale patterns. Species accumulation rate (Z) values fell within a narrow range (95% between 0.2 and 0.5) despite a 30-fold range in 1000-m 2 richness. When we added regional- and global-scale richness estimates to our results, a Preston-type triphasic curve emerged. We suggest that (1) fine-scale species-area relationships are remarkably consistent and (2) full-scale species-area curves reveal scale dependencies in diversity data that are not accounted for by current species-area theory.
Lectin Quantitation in Peanut and Soybean Seeds1

Abstract A method was developed to determine amounts of lectin in peanut and soybean seeds. Both types of seeds contained active lectins in amounts ranging from 144.7 to 112.2 μg/g defatted meal for peanut and soybean seed, respectively. Lectins were inactivated by heat; moist heat was more effective than dry heat. Roasted peanuts seeds (177 C for 30 min) and boiled peanuts (5% saline solution for 1 hr) were devoid of active lectin.
Emergency Physicians' Perceptions and Decision-making Processes Regarding Patients Presenting with Palpitations

Background Palpitations are a common emergency department (ED) complaint, yet relatively little research exists on this topic from an emergency care perspective.
Cutaneous metastasis in endometrial cancer: once in a blue moon – case report

Background Cutaneous metastases from internal malignancies are uncommon. Moreover, endometrial carcinoma rarely metastasizes to the skin, with a reported prevalence of 0.8%. Here, we report the case of a 62-year-old woman who developed cutaneous metastases from an endometrial carcinoma.
Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy: Risk Factor or Risk Indicator

This chapter discusses some more recent articles regarding risk factors and inflammation. There is a significant body of evidence that associates cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) with most risk factors and with inflammation. It is known that CAN is associated with increased morbidity and mortality risk. The associations with traditional and nontraditional, as well as modifiable and nonmodifiable, risk factors, including inflammation, have historically made CAN a difficult diagnosis, especially since the perception has been that CAN is not treatable. This chapter concludes by explaining that this perception is not correct and discusses, generally, possible treatment modalities. Within the community of P&S monitoring, CAN has become an important diagnosis to document as early as possible to help avoid increased morbidity and mortality risk that leads to greater medication loads and hospitalization rates, causing greater healthcare costs.
Measurements of Near Tip Field Near the Right Angle Intersection of Straight Front Cracks

One of the most difficult and controversial areas of research in analytical fracture mechanics has been the evaluation of the distribution of stress intensification as a crack approaches a free boundary [1,2,3]. In fact, three dimensional analysis suggests the need for the definition of a quantity other than the classical stress intensity factor (SIF) for such cases at the free surface of a body.
Managing the Fear Factor (or how a mini-viva assessment can improve the process of learning for international students)

This paper is about an exploration of international business students’ learning through the use of mini-vivas as a form of assessment. It also includes an investigation of the meaning of a mini-viva for students who come from a wide range of nationalities. Pedagogical research has indicated that using this form of summative assessment for large cohorts of international students may be problematic (Carless 2002). However, experimentation with this model of assessment with MA business students in research methods has indicated that mini-vivas can enhance and consolidate the learning potential of international students. So in effect this paper is also about explaining why this has happened in relation to students’ learning.
Mechanisms of Asthma in Obesity. Pleiotropic Aspects of Obesity Produce Distinct Asthma Phenotypes

The majority of patients with severe or difficult-to-control asthma in the United States are obese. Epidemiological studies have clearly established that obese patients tend to have worse asthma control and increased hospitalizations and do not respond to standard controller therapy as well as lean patients with asthma. Less clear are the mechanistic underpinnings for the striking clinical differences between lean and obese patients with asthma. Because obesity is principally a disorder of metabolism and energy regulation, processes fundamental to the function of every cell and system within the body, it is not surprising that it affects the respiratory system; it is perhaps surprising that it has taken so long to appreciate how dysfunctional metabolism and energy regulation lead to severe airway disease. Although early investigations focused on identifying a common factor in obesity that could promote airway disease, an appreciation has emerged that the asthma of obesity is a manifestation of multiple anomalies related to obesity affecting all the different pathways that cause asthma, and likely also to de novo airway dysfunction. Consequently, all the phenotypes of asthma currently recognized in lean patients (which are profoundly modified by obesity), as well as those unique to one's obesity endotype, likely contribute to obese asthma in a particular individual. This perspective reviews what we have learned from clinical studies and animal models about the phenotypes of asthma in obesity, which show how specific aspects of obesity and altered metabolism might lead to de novo airway disease and profoundly modify existing airway disease.
A remark on Zhong-Yang's eigenvalue estimate

Moreover we know exactly when the equality holds: if and only if D is a disc. For any optimal geometric inequality it is important to have a complete understanding of the equality case. Sometimes this can be easily achieved by checking the proof of the inequality. Take as an example the following elegant theorem due to Lichenerowicz [L]: let (M; g) be a compact Riemannian manifold of dimension n with Ric n 1, then 1 n, where 1 is the rst eigenvalue of the Laplacian operator on functions. It was proved by Obata [O] several years later that equality holds i¤ (M; g) is isometric to the standard sphere S. This is not di¢ cult to prove by tracing back each inequality in Lichnerowiczs argument. In other cases characterizing the equality case may not be so easy. Take the Myers theorem proved in 1941: let (M; g) be a compact Riemannian manifold of dimension n with Ric n 1, then its diameter d (see e.g. [P]). To understand the equality case it is far from enough to simply analyze the proof of the inequality as doing so only gives some information along a geodesic. Some new idea is required. It was only proved in 1975 by Cheng [C] that (M; g) is isometric to the standard sphere S if d = . The proof is not easy. There is an elementary proof [Sh] using the Bishop-Gromov volume comparison theorem. For a compact Riemannian manifold (M; g) with nonnegative Ricci curvature, Li-Yau [LY, Li] proved the beautiful inequality 1 2 2d2 . By sharpening Li-Yaus method, Zhong-Yang [ZY] improved the inequality to 1 2 d2 , which is optimal as equality holds on S. It is a natural question if S is the only case for equality. To answer this question it is not enough to go through Zhong-Yangs proof of the inequality. This is raised as an open problem by Sakai in [S]. The main purpose of this short note is to derive the following
Ultrafast Electron Transfer Across a Gold Nanoparticle: A Study of Ancillary Ligand and Solvent Influences

Supramolecular mixed valence assemblies exhibiting picosecond rates of electron transfer are reported. Trinuclear ruthenium clusters of the type [Ru3O(OAc)6(CO)(L)(pyS)], where L = 4-cyanopyridine, pyridine, and 4-dimethylaminopyridine, bound to Au nanoparticles (NPs) are electrochemically reduced to form mixed valence nanoclusters. Infrared spectroelectrochemical responses show dynamic coalescence of the ν(CO) region, indicating that electron transfer (ET) between Ru clusters attached via a π-conjugated bridge to the NPs occurs on the vibrational time scale. Bloch simulation of IR ν(CO) spectra gives ket on the order of 1011–1012 s–1. Ground state electron transfer rates exhibit a strong dependence on solvent dynamics. Results suggest that solvent dynamics control electron transfer, while solvent reorganization energy, λs, is apparently not influencing ET rates. This behavior is consistent with supramolecular mixed valence assemblies that lie on the nearly barrierless, Class II/III borderline of mixed va...
Acute myocardial ischemia causes a transmural gradient in glucose extraction but not glucose uptake.

We assessed the relationship between myocardial glucose metabolism and blood flow during ischemia in eight open-chest swine. Coronary flow was controlled by an extracorporeal perfusion circuit. Left anterior descending coronary arterial (LAD) flow was reduced by 60%, while left circumflex flow was normally perfused. The rate of glucose uptake (Rg) was measured with a coronary infusion of 2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose and myocardial blood flow with radiolabeled microspheres. Myocardial biopsies were taken after 50 min of ischemia. Regional arterial-venous glucose difference was calculated as Rg per myocardial blood flow. Subendocardial blood flow decreased from 1.27 +/- 0.19 to 0.25 +/- 0.11 ml.g-1.min-1 (P less than 0.0001). The subendocardial arterial-venous glucose difference was greater in the LAD bed (1.38 +/- 0.35 mumol/ml) than the left circumflex coronary arterial perfusion bed (0.10 +/- 03; P less than 0.01); however, there was no statistically significant difference in the rate of glucose uptake between the two beds. Subendocardial glycogen concentration in the LAD perfusion bed was reduced to 26% of circumflex bed values. In conclusion, acute ischemia stimulated a dramatic increase in glucose extraction; however, this did not compensate for the decrease in blood flow, and thus the rate of glucose uptake did not increase significantly. The high rate of glycolysis is primarily supported by accelerated net glycogen breakdown rather than increased glucose uptake.
Contamination Flashover Performance of DC Insulator Strings

The results of the research on contamination flashover performance of DC insulator strings for ±500 kV HVDC system are presented and the ±600 kV artificial pollution test equipment for DC contamination in China Electric Power Research Institute(CEPRI)is described.After comparing the results of contamination flashover performance of DC insulator strings with those obtained in two labolatories in other countries the linear relation between pollution withstand voltage and the number of insulator units is verified.Artificial pollution tests on contamination flashover performance of long suspension insulator strings under uniform and non-uniform distribution of contamination are carried out respectively and a lot of valuable test data are obtained.
The Pastoral Problem of Masturbation

(1993). The Pastoral Problem of Masturbation. The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 25-50.
Constitutive Roles for SDF-1/CXCR4 and Fractalkine/CX3CR1 in the CNS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the roles for chemokines in fundamental neurophysiological processes. Two chemokine systems, namely SDF-1 (CXCL12) and fractalkine (CX3CL1) and their respective receptors CXCR4 and CX3CR1, are prominently and constitutively expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). This expression pattern suggests that these chemokine ligand–receptor pairs exhibit fundamental roles in neurophysiology. Functional insights into the specific capacities of these chemokine receptor systems in neurophysiology have also been suggested. A specific intercellular communication network, between neurons and microglia, is suggested by the predominant expression of fractalkine on neurons and CX3CR1 on microglia. Many signal transduction pathways are activated by fractalkine in cultured nervous system cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. The relative abundance of SDF-1 and CXCR4 in the CNS suggests fundamental roles for this chemokine system in neurophysiology. Pleiotropic roles for SDF-1 in the CNS seem likely given the expression pattern of this chemokine and its receptor, CXCR4, on cells of the CNS.
Linde AG: Moderne mathematische Methoden – ein wichtiger Erfolgsfaktor

Linde blickt auf eine 128jahrige Firmengeschichte zuruck. Carl von Linde gehorte zu den Pionieren der Kaltetechnik, der Gasverflussigung und der Gaszerlegung. Seit den Anfangen im Jahr 1879 hat sich das Unternehmen zu einem weltweit tatigen Marktfuhrer im Anlagenbau und in der Gaseproduktion und -anwendung entwickelt. Wahrend die fruhen Entwicklungen vor allem Carl von Lindes eher praktisch orientierten Erfindungsgeist zu verdanken waren, wurden schon bald mathematische Methoden zur Berechnung und Dimensionierung von komplexen Luftzerlegungs- und Gasverflussigungsanlagen unverzichtbar. Um im Wettbewerb bestehen zu konnen, mussen die zu Grunde liegenden Berechnungs- und Simulationsprogramme allerdings standig in der Praxis uberpruft und weiterentwickelt werden.Moderne mathematische Methoden leisten heute daruber hinaus einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Unterstutzung der Arbeitsablaufe und Geschaftsprozesse im Unternehmen.
On-the-fly pruning for rate-based reaction mechanism generation

Abstract The number of possible side reactions and byproduct species grows very rapidly with the size of a chemical mechanism. A memory-efficient algorithm for automated mechanism generation is presented for coping with this combinatorial complexity. The algorithm selects normalized flux as a metric to identify unimportant species during model generation and prunes them with their reactions, without any loss of accuracy. The new algorithm reduces memory requirements for building kinetic models with 200–300 species by about a factor of 4, or for fixed computer hardware makes it possible to create models including about twice as many species as was previously possible. The increased capability opens the possibility of discovering unexplored reaction networks and modeling more complicated reacting systems.
Cumulative effects of using pin fin heat sink and porous metal foam on thermal management of lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Three-dimensional transient thermal analysis of an air-cooled module was carried out to investigate cumulative effects of using pin fin heat sink and porous metal foam on thermal management of a Li-ion (lithium-ion) battery pack. Five different cases were designed as Case 1: flow channel without any pin fin or porous metal foam insertion, Case 2: flow channel with aluminum pin fins, Case 3: flow channel with porous aluminum foam pin fins, Case 4: fully inserted flow channel with porous aluminum foam, and Case 5: fully inserted flow channel with porous aluminum foam and aluminum pin fins. The effects of porous aluminum insertions, pin fin types, air flow inlet temperature, and air flow inlet velocity on the temperature uniformity and maximum temperature inside the battery pack were systematically investigated. The results showed that using pin fin heat sink (Case 2) is appropriate only for low air flow velocities. In addition, the use of porous aluminum pin fins or embedding porous aluminum foam inside the air flow channel (Cases 3 and 4) are not beneficial for thermal management improvement. The combination of aluminum pin fins and porous aluminum foam insertion inside the air flow channel (Case 5) is a proper option that improves both temperature reduction and temperature uniformity inside the battery cell.
Data Day to Day: building a community of expertise to address data skills gaps in an academic medical center

Background: The New York University Health Sciences Library data services team had developed educational material for research data management and data visualization and had been offering classes at the request of departments, research groups, and training programs, but many members of the medical center were unaware of these library data services. There were also indications of data skills gaps in these subject areas and other data-related topics. Case Presentation: The data services team enlisted instructors from across the medical center with data expertise to teach in a series of classes hosted by the library. We hosted eight classes branded as a series called “Data Day to Day.” Seven instructors from four units in the medical center, including the library, taught the classes. A multipronged outreach approach resulted in high turnout. Evaluations indicated that attendees were very satisfied with the instruction, would use the skills learned, and were interested in future classes. Conclusions: Data Day to Day met previously unaddressed data skills gaps. Collaborating with outside instructors allowed the library to serve as a hub for a broad range of data instruction and to raise awareness of library services. We plan to offer the series three times in the coming year with an expanding roster of classes.