cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2: IL-10 Modulates Mobilization of Bone Marrow Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Enhances Their Survival and Angiogenic Properties in Ischemic Myocardium

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) transplantation has been shown to enhance neovascularization and improve myocardial infarction (MI)-induced ventricular dysfunctions. However, persistent inflammation in the ischemic myocardium, adversely affect EPC survival and function, thereby compromising full benefits of EPC-mediated vascular repair. We hypothesized that modulation of IL-10 signaling in EPCs enhances their mobilization, survival and function in ischemic myocardium after MI. GFP-labeled EPC were transplanted intramyocardially after induction of MI, and the mice were treated with either saline or recombinant IL-10. EPC survival and EPC-mediated neovascularization and myocardial repair were evaluated. IL-10-treated mice showed increased number of GFP+EPCs retention that was associated with reduced EPC apoptosis in the myocardium (P
Timing-driven CMOS Layout Synthesis

For high-performance custom VLSI chips, the layout of integrated circuits has often relied on the expertise of manual layout artists. The process of creating such manual layouts is time-consuming, tedious, and error-prone. As the size and complexity of VLSI circuits increase, the time required to create the layout, verify its correctness, and ensure that the timing specifications are met, increases drastically. At the same time, the available design cycle time has remained constant or even decreased. As a result, a strong need exists for intelligent tools to create correct layouts for various designs. Ideally, these tools should be able to generate layouts that are more compact, or at least as compact as those produced manually with a shorter turnaround time. In addition, the layout of circuits should meet all of the timing requirements specified by the designer.
Cystic Lung Disease from Protein Deposition: Pathogenesis and Associated Conditions

We explicate the development of cystic lung disease from the deposition of protein in the lung. The protein may be in the form of amyloid or non-amyloid (typically immunoglobulin-associated light chains) and is usually seen in the context of three entities: idiopathic light-chain deposition disease, Sjogren’s syndrome, and clonal lymphoplasmacytic proliferative disorders. A commonly observed and distinctive feature of the circumscribed cystic spaces is the presence of internal tissue septations. The traditional causal association of lung cysts and the pathologic entity of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis is untenable. Instead, the development of cysts as a consequence of the degradation of lung extracellular matrix by metalloproteinases, the process initiated with the accumulation of macrophages around deposited protein, is a compelling alternative explanation. Lung cysts may be a consequence of parenchymal protein deposition. When internal septations are present, this particular pathogenesis should explicitly be considered, and the presence of associated clinical disorders further pursued.
Intraoperative Assessment of Blood Flow Variations in Tissue Flaps Using Noncontact Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy

We developed and used a novel noncontact diffuse correlation spectroscopy (ncDCS) device to quantify blood flow variations in mastectomy skin flaps and head/neck free transfer flaps during surgery, with the goal of predicting postoperative flap necrosis.
Cultivating Empathy and Emotional Openness in Practice

This chapter illuminates the crucial role of accurate empathy in addiction practice. It takes us to the heart of understanding the power of authentic listening. It emphasizes the relevance of Zen mindfulness for therapeutic relationships and its application in clinical experiences. This chapter is rich with practical strategies incorporating Zen mindfulness and motivational interviewing. It also demonstrates how Zen mindfulness could greatly enhance listening, empathic presence, and the spirit of motivational interviewing.
Optical Characterization of Semiconductors

Most samples are in the form of a slab or a thin film on a slab. We first review the optical properties of such samples described only by a complex index of refraction n = (n + ik). Later, we will determine the origin of n and k in a semiconductor so that we may characterize it in terms of free-carrier density, mobility, donor and acceptor densities, alloy homogeneity, etc.
Use of Esterified Retinol to Trace the Degradation of Chylomicrons in Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits

In the normal rat (1) and dog (2) chylomicron triglyceride (TG) is rapidly hydrolyzed in peripheral tissues. Partially degraded chylomicrons containing intestinal cholesteryl esters are subsequently taken into liver parenchymal cells (1). Cholesteryl esters may be recirculated in hepatogenous very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Dietary retinyl esters are co-transported with esterified cholesterol in chylomicrons and are also removed by the liver (3). However, esterified retinol is not recirculated in hepatic VLDL. Esterified retinol may therefore be useful as a specific marker for tracing the degradation of TG-rich VLDL of intestinal origin.
A Mixed Micellar Formulation Suitable for the Parenteral Administration of Taxol

Taxol is a promising antitumor agent with poor water solubility. Intravenous administration of a current taxol formulation in a non-aqueous vehicle containing Cremophor EL may cause allergic reactions and precipitation upon aqueous dilution. In this study a novel approach to formulate taxol in aqueous medium for i.v. delivery is described. The drug is solubilized in bile salt (BS)/phospholipid (PC) mixed micelles. The solubilization potential of the mixed micelles increased as the total lipid concentration and the molar ratio of PC/BS increased. Precipitation of the drug upon dilution was avoided by the spontaneous formation of drug-loaded liposomes from mixed micelles. The formulation can be stored in a freeze-dried form as mixed micelles to achieve optimum stability, and liposomes can be prepared by simple dilution just before administration. As judged by a panel of cultured cell lines, the cytotoxic activity of taxol was retained when formulated as a mixed-micellar solution. Further, for the same solubilization potential, the mixed-micellar vehicle appeared to be less toxic than the standard nonaqueous vehicle of taxol containing Cremophor EL.
Ancient and modern anticonvulsants act synergistically in a KCNQ potassium channel binding pocket

Epilepsy has been treated for centuries with herbal remedies, including leaves of the African shrub Mallotus oppositifolius, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained unclear. Voltage-gated potassium channel isoforms KCNQ2-5, predominantly KCNQ2/3 heteromers, underlie the neuronal M-current, which suppresses neuronal excitability, protecting against seizures. Here, in silico docking, mutagenesis and cellular electrophysiology reveal that two components of M. oppositifolius leaf extract, mallotoxin (MTX) and isovaleric acid (IVA), act synergistically to open neuronal KCNQs, including KCNQ2/3 channels. Correspondingly, MTX and IVA combine to suppress pentylene tetrazole-induced tonic seizures in mice, whereas individually they are ineffective. Co-administering MTX and IVA with the modern, synthetic anticonvulsant retigabine creates a further synergy that voltage independently locks KCNQ2/3 open. Leveraging this synergy, which harnesses ancient and modern medicines to exploit differential KCNQ isoform preferences, presents an approach to developing safe yet effective anticonvulsants.
Peer support and food security in deaf college students

Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate whether peer support and demographic characteristics predicted food security among deaf college students. Participants: The sample included 16...
Toward Interfaces that Help Users Identify Misinformation Online: Using fNIRS to Measure Suspicion

With terms like ‘fake news’ and ‘cyber attack’ dominating the news, skepticism toward the media and other online individuals has become a major facet of modern life. This paper views the way we process information during HCI through the lens of suspicion, a mentally taxing state that people enter before making a judgment about whether or not to trust information. With the goal of enabling objective, real-time measurements of suspicion during HCI, we describe an experiment where fNIRS was used to identify the neural correlates of suspicion in the brain. We developed a convolutional long short-term memory classifier that predicts suspicion using a leave-one-participant-out cross-validation scheme, with average accuracy greater than 76%. Notably, the brain regions implicated by our results dovetail with prior theoretical definitions of suspicion. We describe implications of this work for HCI, to augment users’ capabilities by enabling them to develop a ‘healthy skepticism’ to parse out truth from fiction online.
Needle Entry Angle & Force: Vision-enabled Force-based Metrics to Assess Surgical Suturing Skill

This paper describes a new set of vision-enabled force-based metrics to be used in the assessment of open surgery suturing skill. A computer vision algorithm, along with an instrumented suturing platform, enables computing metrics of mean needle entry angle, maximum needle entry force, and mean needle entry force. A preliminary experimental study including 12 subjects (5 Attendings surgeons and 7 surgical residents) is presented. Preliminary results suggest that the metrics explained in this paper might be useful in the assessment and training of open surgery suturing skill.
Predicting home thermal dynamics using a reduced-order model and automated real-time parameter estimation

Abstract Although smart thermostats have increasingly provided homeowners with abundant operational data related to advanced HVAC control and energy usage management in homes, there is a lack of systematic frameworks that can utilize such data to generate actionable information for advanced home comfort system diagnosis and control. Recognizing that a home thermal model, which is capable of connecting weather and HVAC operational data, is crucial to this framework, this paper introduces a home thermal model that is built upon the standard RC (Resistor–Capacitor) approach and the one virtual envelope assumption to describe the thermal dynamics of a home. A parameter estimation scheme is also developed that enables automatic, sequential, and optimal estimation of the model parameters, i.e., the thermal properties, of a home. Finally, the home thermal model and its parameter estimation scheme are tested using data collected over 63 consecutive days from a test home. In the test, the length of data that can provide enough robustness for parameter estimation is investigated. It is found that 10 days of data are enough, although 20 or more days of data can provide more robust results. In addition, when the model is used to make 12-hour-ahead predictions of indoor temperature, the resulting mean, maximum, and 95%-confidence-interval absolute are 0.31 °C, 1.72 °C, and 0.90 °C, respectively, if the model is trained using 10 consecutive days of data, and 0.27 °C, 1.19 °C, and 0.72 °C, respectively, if 20 consecutive days are used. Therefore, the proposed home thermal model requires only a modest amount of training data to yield fairly accurate prediction and is able to perform better with more data.
Design Concepts for the Integration of Electronic Components into Metal Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion Parts

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) stands out from other manufacturing processes because it enables covering the functionality of an assembly by one single component only. In order to further increase the functional density in AM parts, it is of interest to integrate sensors in metal components during the Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion manufacturing process. This paper presents design concepts that facilitate an automated integration process of electronic components by using specific and individual criteria. In consideration of an automated embedding process, a standardized solid is outlined to unify different sensor types in a design space.
Does task sustainability provide a unified measure of subjective task difficulty

What accounts for the subjective difficulty of a task? It is easy to suggest ad hoc measures, such as how many individuals can do the task, how long it takes them to do it, how likely they are to complete it, how much attention it requires, and so on. But having such ad hoc measures may miss the point that it is possible to judge the relative difficulty of different kinds of tasks, suggesting that there may be a common basis for judging task difficulty. If there is such a common basis, it might be used to compare the difficulties of different kinds of task. We tested two hypotheses about what the common basis might be. One was that time serves this role. This hypothesis was attractive because time is amodal and previous studies have provided support for the hypothesis that time might be an index of task difficulty. The other hypothesis was new. According to the new hypothesis, the subjective difficulty of a task corresponds to its estimated sustainability. We obtained results consistent with the time hypothesis, but our data were less supportive of the sustainability hypothesis.
The contribution of cholinergic and dopaminergic afferents in the rat prefrontal cortex to learning, memory, and attention

Recent experiments have provided valuable information about the functional organization of the subregions of the rat prefrontal cortex. This review assesses the findings from studies in which the role of the cholinergic and dopaminergic systems in the anterior cingulate, prelimbic, and infralimbic areas was investigated by using several different approaches—that is, chemical lesions, pharmacological manipulations, or in vivo microdialysis. Cholinergic and dopaminergic input to the prelimbic and infralimbic subregions may modulate multiple behavioral processes. Activation of the muscarinic cholinergic receptors or activation of the dopamine D1 receptors in the prelimbic and infralimbic areas modulates working memory processes. Cholinergic input to the prelimbic and infralimbic areas may also modulate attention, since changes in acetylcholine release occur when there is an increase in attentional demands. In addition, activation of dopaminergic receptors in the prelimbic and infralimbic areas influences behavioral flexibility. Cholinergic input to the anterior cingulate does not appear critical for working memory but likely contributes to attentional processes. Overall, the results suggest that acetylcholine and dopamine affect multiple behavioral functions subserved by the rat prefrontal cortex that depend on modulating activity in specific prefrontal cortex subregions.
Marijuana use trends among college students in states with and without legalization of recreational use: initial and longer-term changes from 2008 to 2018.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Young adult college students in the United States are likely to be affected by marijuana liberalization trends. However, changes in students' marijuana use following recreational marijuana legalization (RML) have not been examined in more than one RML state at a time, or beyond 1-2 years post-legalization. DESIGN Cross-sectional National College Health Assessment survey administered twice yearly from 2008 to 2018. SETTING A total of 587 4-year colleges and universities in 48 US states. PARTICIPANTS Undergraduates aged 18-26 years attending college in US states that did (n = 234 669 in seven states) or did not (n = 599 605 in 41 states) enact RML between 2008 and 2018. MEASUREMENTS Self-reported marijuana use (past 30 days) and individual and contextual covariates, institution-provided institutional and community covariates and publicly available dates when states enacted RML. FINDINGS Adjusting for covariates, state differences and state-specific linear time trends (accounting for pre-RML trends), prevalence of 30-day marijuana use increased more among students exposed to RML [odds ratio (OR) = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19-1.28, P < 0.001] than among non-RML state students throughout the same time-period; the results were similar for frequent use (≥ 20 days) (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.10-1.27, P < 0.001). Interaction models supported stronger RML effects among students who were female, residing off-campus and aged 21 years and older; sexual orientation did not moderate RML effects. In the earliest states to enact RML (2012) there were increases in use prevalence in the second through the sixth year post-RML compared to pre-RML. In the second legalization group (2015) there were increases in the first and second year post-RML, and greater increases in the third year. In the later states (2016-17), increases were observed in both years after RML. CONCLUSIONS In US states that enacted recreational marijuana legislation from 2012 to 2017 there was evidence for a general trend towards greater increases in marijuana use by college students and differential impact by gender, legal using age and campus residence.
Integrating DNA sequencing and transcriptomic data for association analyses of low-frequency variants and lipid traits

Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) integrate genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and transcriptomic data to showcase their improved statistical power of identifying gene-trait associations while, importantly, offering further biological insights. TWAS have thus far focused on common variants as available from GWAS. Compared with common variants, the findings for or even applications to low-frequency variants are limited and their underlying role in regulating gene expression is less clear. To fill this gap, we extend TWAS to integrating whole genome sequencing data with transcriptomic data for low-frequency variants. Using the data from the Framingham Heart Study, we demonstrate that low-frequency variants play an important and universal role in predicting gene expression, which is not completely due to linkage disequilibrium with the nearby common variants. By including low-frequency variants, in addition to common variants, we increase the predictivity of gene expression for 79% of the examined genes. Incorporating this piece of functional genomic information, we perform association testing for five lipid traits in two UK10K whole genome sequencing cohorts, hypothesizing that cis-expression quantitative trait loci, including low-frequency variants, are more likely to be trait-associated. We discover that two genes, LDLR and TTC22, are genome-wide significantly associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol based on 3203 subjects and that the association signals are largely independent of common variants. We further demonstrate that a joint analysis of both common and low-frequency variants identifies association signals that would be missed by testing on either common variants or low-frequency variants alone.
Radiotherapy is Associated With Improved Survival in Patients With Synovial Sarcoma Undergoing Surgery: A National Cancer Database Analysis

Abstract Background Previous studies have demonstrated an association of perioperative radiotherapy (RT) with improved survival in patients with synovial sarcoma (SS) undergoing surgery, but the mechanism for this is unknown. In this study, we sought to further analyze this association using a hospital-based data set where data on chemotherapy administration and surgical margin status are available. Methods Using the National Cancer Database, we identified 1216 patients with SS (aged ≥18 y) from 2004-2012 undergoing surgery. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to study the effect of clinicopathologic variables on overall survival (OS). Results Mean age at diagnosis was 41.5 y (range 18-90), and 71.3% of tumors were high grade; 22.9% underwent surgery alone, 59.6% received RT with surgery, 44.2% received chemotherapy with surgery, and 26.3% received trimodality therapy. Age, sex, grade, Charlson-Deyo score, and RT (hazard ratio, 0.676; 95% confidence interval, 0.519-0.880; P = 0.004) were associated with improved OS, whereas chemotherapy (hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.899-1.60; P = 0.217) and surgical margin status were not. Trimodality therapy with surgery, RT, and chemotherapy was associated with improved OS when compared with therapy with surgery and chemotherapy alone. Conclusions In patients with SS undergoing surgery, we observed a significant improved association of OS with the addition of RT when adjusting for comorbidity score, margin status, and receipt of chemotherapy. These data further support routine implementation of RT in the treatment of patients with SS, including those receiving aggressive multimodality and trimodality care.
Arbitrary Biological Structure Imaging with Optical Imaging Interferometric Microscopy

A synthetic aperture microscopy technique with off-axis illumination is used to image an arbitrary biological sample. This method extends resolution <300nm with a 0.4 NA lens at 532nm (Conventional limit: ~665nm) for imaging arbitrary structures.
Patterns and correlates of preserved humoral immunity to vaccines in children following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Data on preservation of vaccine immunity following allogeneic HSCT in children is limited. We investigated vaccine titers and sought correlations with patient characteristics in this study. Twenty-eight cases were retrospectively analyzed. Antibody concentrations against hepatitis A, hepatitis B, 3 poliovirus serotypes, tetanus, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and 13 pneumococcus serotypes were measured as part of planned monitoring following HSCT. Protective antibody levels were found for hepatitis A in 79% of the recipients, measles in 54%, all poliovirus serotypes in 50%, tetanus in 50%, rubella in 50%, varicella in 46%, hepatitis B in 46%, mumps in 43%, diphtheria in 29%, and ≥7/13 pneumococcus serotypes in 46%; lowest level observed for diphtheria and highest for hepatitis A prior to starting post-HSCT immunizations. In univariate analysis, patients with non-malignant diseases (P = .03) and without GvHD (P = .04) had more protective titers. A significant positive association was found among vaccine titers against the microorganisms or the serotypes of the same microorganism, which were administered together in the same product, including polio serotypes, diphtheria and tetanus, mumps, measles, and rubella. Higher degrees of sero-positivity are likely to be due to lack of prior chemotherapy in non-malignant disease cases and lesser immunosuppression in patients without GvHD. Monitoring long-term vaccine titers and administering vaccines accordingly could be evaluated for post-HSCT re-immunization practice.
T T ¯ $$ T\overline{T} $$ -deformations, AdS/CFT and correlation functions

A solvable irrelevant deformation of AdS3/CFT2 correspondence leading to a theory with Hagedorn spectrum at high energy has been recently proposed. It consists of a single trace deformation of the boundary theory, which is inspired by the recent work on solvable $$ T\overline{T} $$ deformations of two-dimensional CFTs. Thought of as a worldsheet σ-model, the interpretation of the deformed theory from the bulk viewpoint is that of string theory on a background that interpolates between AdS3 in the IR and a linear dilaton vacuum of little string theory in the UV. The insertion of the operator that realizes the deformation in the correlation functions produces a logarithmic divergence, leading to the renormalization of the primary operators, which thus acquire an anomalous dimension. We compute this anomalous dimension explicitly, and this provides us with a direct way of determining the spectrum of the theory. We discuss this and other features of the correlation functions in presence of the deformation.
The Hot Corrosion of Metals by Fused Salts

The corrosion of metals by electrically conducting fused salts is a subject of scientific interest and engineering importance. Accelerated oxidation of a metal beneath a thin fused alkali sulfate film degrades turbine alloys and coatings, as one example. Understanding the fundamental steps involved in this “hot corrosion” requires a knowledge of phase stabilities, acid-base behavior of the salt electrolyte, solubilities of the protective oxides in the salt, and details of the electrochemical reactions for the metals and solutes. Experimental testing of mechanistic models is best made using electrochemical methods. The state of knowledge for these topics is reviewed in this presentation.
Assessment of Risk from Short-Term Exposures

One of the major problems encountered in cancer risk assessment is the estimation of risk for short-term exposures based upon results from chronic bioassays in which animals are exposed for a lifetime (generally two years for rodents). In the absence of data on cancer incidence for short-term exposures, the assumption is generally made that the cancer risk is proportional to the total accumulated dose (or equivalently, to the average dose rate) of a carcinogen, regardless of the ages at the times of exposures. This paper investigates the impact of using the total accumulated lifetime dose assumption to estimate cancer risk for short-term exposure for two carcinogenesis models, the Armitage-Doll multistage model and the Moolgavkar-Venzon-Knudson (M-V-K) birth-death mutation model. Two assumptions are discussed: (A) the fraction of lifetime dose rate assumes that the risk from a fractional lifetime exposure at a given dose rate is equal to the risk from full lifetime exposure at that same fraction of the given dose rate; and (B) the fraction of lifetime risk assumes that the risk from a fractional lifetime exposure at a given dose rate is equal to that same fraction of the risk from full lifetime exposure at the same dose rate. These two assumptions are equivalent when risk is a linear function of dose. Thus both can be thought of as generalizations of the assumption that cancer risk is proportional to the total accumulated lifetime dose.
An Efficient Optimization Approach for Computationally Expensive Timesteppers Using Tabulation

A methodology is outlined for the efficient solution of dynamic optimization problems when the system evolution is described by computationally expensive timestepper-based models. The computational requirements issue is circumvented by extending the notion of in situ adaptive tabulation to stochastic systems. Conditions are outlined that allow unbiased estimation of the mapping gradient matrix and, subsequently, expressions to compute the ellipsoid of attraction are derived. The proposed approach is applied towards the solution of two representative dynamic optimization problems, (a) a bistable reacting system describing catalytic oxidation of CO and, (b) a homogeneous chemically reacting system describing dimerization of a monomer. In both cases, tabulation resulted in significant reduction in the solution time of the optimization problem.
Religion as Cultural Power: The Role of Religion in Influencing Americans’ Symbolic Boundaries around Gender and Sexuality

In this article, we describe recent research that explores the power of religion to influence understandings of gender and sexuality in the United States. We argue that sociologists of religion should draw from symbolic boundaries theory, a theoretical innovation in the sociology of culture. In particular, we discuss a rich body of research in the sociology of religion to show how Americans use religious tools to draw boundaries around ideal and stigmatized gender norms, family forms and sexual identification. We combine symbolic boundaries literature and this literature to show that religion is a source of cultural power that assigns meaning to, and draws boundaries around, certain cultural categories. We end by describing some productive directions for future research in this area.
Gamma‐ray line and anomalous continuum emission from the Crab

We review the observations of transient γ‐ray line and sporadic continuum emissions from the Crab over the last two decades and use these measurements to explore the emission mechanisms and regions. When examined in detail, the measurements require and emission region(s) considerably more complex than predicted by simple synchrotron models, suggesting behavior reminiscent of gamma‐ray bursts.
Towards optical monitoring of radiofrequency ablation extent for atrial fibrillation

Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) therapy has emerged as a leading tool for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation. Despite the widespread use, current devices possess considerable limitations in confirming successful lesion formation, in vivo. As a result, many clinical benefits are observed after multiple procedures to address recurrence. In this study, a catheter was designed conducive for real-time tissue optical measurements of the RFA treated zone. We found that RFA treated tissue exhibited a significant change in diffuse reflectance compared to the normal myocardium in ex vivo human samples. An algorithm was developed to invert diffuse reflectance into tissue optical properties. It is observed that transmural lesions exhibit an increased absorption and decreased reflectance as compared to normal and superficial lesions. Results are in agreement with published findings for thermally treated myocardium.
En echelon ridge and trough structures on Europa

Europa#s surface is tectonically and morphologically complex. Europan ridges, bands, ridged bands, double ridges, complex ridges, and troughs are collectively referred to as lineaments. Some lineaments are fault zones and exhibit sets of en echelon ridge and trough structures (EERTS). EERTS can be used to interpret the stress field in which the lineaments formed. These observations suggest that some lineaments at low latitudes initially formed as shear zones. rather than as purely tensional fractures as is commonly assumed. From stepping directions of EERTS and the offset directions of the lineaments in which they occur, we infer that some EERTS form as a result of compressional stress and others form as a result of tensional stress. EERTS that are inferred to form in compression are morphologically indistinguishable from EERTS that form in tension. The presence of tensional EERTS may support a diapiric origin for some ridges.
Preservation and Collaboration: Going Digital in Archaeology

Academic databases are perhaps only the beginning for archeology's foray into the digital age. Digital and interactive repositories of information will aid in the dissemination of new knowledge more rapidly than before, and to wider audiences. 3D scanning and mapping techniques, along with more portable and powerful analytical tools, are speeding up the post-excavation cataloging of finds. Collaborative and critical communities may soon have the ability to form, produce work, and disband quite rapidly, once the digital infrastructure is completely in place. At this point, digital archaeology is experiencing rapid growth, to the degree that researchers are encountering the outer limits of available technology, prompting some in the field to call for a slightly more cautious approach.
Radiometric calorimetry: A review: 1976 supplement

Abstract Calorimetric applications and instrumentation in nuclear science and technology are reviewed, primarily for the period 1970 through 1975, to supplement earlier reviews. Applications are categorized as measurements of radionuclides, gamma or particle beams, local absorbed dose, and reactor radiations.
Multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs/ABCCs) in cancer chemotherapy and genetic diseases

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a superfamily of membrane proteins that are best known for their ability to transport a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous substances across membranes against a concentration gradient via ATP hydrolysis. There are seven subfamilies of human ABC transporters, one of the largest being the ‘C’ subfamily (gene symbol ABCC). Nine ABCC subfamily members, the so-called Multidrug Resistance Proteins (MRPs) 1-9, have been implicated in mediating multidrug resistance in tumor cells to varying degrees as the efflux extrude chemotherapeutic compounds (or their metabolites) from malignant cells. Some of the MRPs are also known to either influence drug disposition in normal tissues or modulate the elimination of drugs (or their metabolites) via hepatobiliary or renal excretory pathways. In addition, the cellular efflux of physiologically important organic anions such as leukotriene C4 and cAMP is mediated by one or more of the MRPs. Finally, mutations in several MRPs are associated with human genetic disorders. In this review article, the current biochemical and physiological knowledge of MRP1-MRP9 in cancer chemotherapy and human genetic disease is summarized. The mutations in MRP2/ABCC2 leading to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (Dubin-Johnson syndrome) and in MRP6/ABCC6 leading to the connective tissue disorder Pseudoxanthoma elasticum are also discussed.
Intracellular studies on the role of calcium in regulating the activity and reactivity of locus coeruleus neurons in vivo

Abstract EGTA, a specific calcium chelator, was injected intracellularly into presumed noradrenergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus to evaluate the importance of calcium-dependent processes in regulating the activity and reactivity of these cells in vivo. The amplitude and duration of postactivation afterhyperpolarizations induced by intracellular depolarizing pulses were markedly reduced in EGTA-treated cells; this change was associated with: (1) an increase in spontaneous firing rate; (2) a reduction in postactivation inhibition of firing; and (3) an increased reactivity to sensory stimulation. In control cells the reversal potential of the afterhyperpolarization was at least 25 mV below ‘resting’ levels, indicating that an increase in potassium conductance was probably involved. Since EGTA virtually abolished the afterhyperpolarization, the data are consistent with the concept that the afterhyperpolarization is mediated by a calcium-activated potassium current. A calcium-dependent release of norepinephrine acting via α2-adrenoceptors might also contribute to the afterhyperpolarization. In conclusion, the influx of calcium into locus coeruleus neurons appears to serve a negative feedback function in the regulation of both spontaneous activity and reactivity to orthodromic stimulation.
Acupuncture's Effects in Treating the Sequelae of Acute and Chronic Spinal Cord Injuries: A Review of Allopathic and Traditional Chinese Medicine Literature

Each year, there are an estimated 12 000 individuals who sustain a spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI and its sequelae has over the past 50 years led to the development of medical treatments (especially urologic) that have enhanced short- and long-term survival from these injuries. The prevalence of individuals with SCI in this country is ~250 000 individuals; and beyond the incalculable personal consequences of these devastating neurologic injuries, substantial direct and indirect societal costs result from the sequelae of SCI including paralysis, sensory loss, chronic pain, decubiti and bladder and/or bowel incontinence. The purpose of this treatise is to review the allopathic and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) literature available through MEDLINE, PubMed and eCAM search engines that discuss the potential uses of acupuncture to treat acute and chronic spinal cord injuries and their sequelae, and present the neurophysiologic mechanisms for acupuncture's beneficial effects. There is evidence that use of electroacupuncture in acute SCI may significantly improve long-term neurologic recovery from these injuries both in terms of motor, sensory and bowel/bladder function with essentially no risk. Acupuncture may even improve neurourologic function in individuals with chronic SCI, and help with management with chronic pain associated with these injuries.
Evidence That a Deep Meridional Flow Sets the Sunspot Cycle Period

Sunspots appear on the Sun in two bands on either side of the equator that drift toward lower latitudes as each sunspot cycle progresses. We examine the drift of the centroid of the sunspot area toward the equator in each hemisphere from 1874 to 2002 and find that the drift rate slows as the centroid approaches the equator. We compare the drift rate at sunspot cycle maximum with the period of each cycle for each hemisphere and find a highly significant anticorrelation: hemispheres with faster drift rates have shorter periods. These observations are consistent with a meridional counterflow deep within the Sun as the primary driver of the migration toward the equator and the period associated with the sunspot cycle. We also find that the drift rate at maximum is significantly correlated with the amplitude of the following cycle, a prediction of dynamo models that employ a deep meridional flow toward the equator. Our results indicate an amplitude of about 1.2 m s 1 for the meridional flow velocity at the base of the solar convection zone.
Analyzing shallow faulting at a site in the Wasatch fault zone, Utah, USA, by integrating seismic, gravity, magnetic, and trench data

Abstract Gravity, magnetic, and seismic surveys were conducted across the Wasatch fault zone east of Springville, Utah, near the mouth of Hobble Creek Canyon. The geophysical data were acquired, processed, and interpreted to determine possible locations of larger [total offset greater than 6 ft (1.8 m)], shallow normal faults within the fault zone. Interpretations of the individual data sets were integrated to help eliminate spurious readings and to strengthen the interpretations. Visual methods of integration, along with computer modeling, were chosen for this study. Furthermore, the geophysical data were correlated and integrated with available trench data and surface data. In addition to verifying locations of known faults, the geophysical surveys detected numerous possible additional faults not previously mapped. Of particular interest is a newly discovered graben structure near the southern end of the site, where building of new homes has recently been proposed. New structural information about fault densities and styles was also determined from the surveys. The fault concentration for this site is 1.3 faults/100 ft (30.5 m), or one fault per 77 ft (23.5 m). Interpreted antithetic faults at the Hobble Creek site account for 65% of the total, while synthetic faults account for 35% with respect to the main fault strand. Information derived from this study should be useful during planning and development of areas within the Wasatch fault zone. The characteristics of subsurface deformation can be used to gain a better understanding of the potential for surface rupture at a given site. This is also useful in planning appropriate site development and remedial measures to help mitigate hazards associated with large-magnitude earthquakes.
Image holography through convective fog

Abstract Light experiences a Doppler frequency shift if it is deflected by scattering on a moving particle. In holography that situation occurs when the light on the way from the object to the hologram passes through moving fog. Due to the Doppler shift the scattered light cannot interfere with the undisturbed reference wave. Hence only the unscattered portion of the object wave contributes to the interference fringes on the hologram. Therefore the reconstructed image is not blurred due to scattering in the fog. We present a simple theory of holographic vision through fog and some verifying experiments.
In situ boron carbide–titanium diboride composites prepared by mechanical milling and subsequent Spark Plasma Sintering

Boron carbide–titanium diboride composites were synthesized and consolidated by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) of mechanically milled elemental powder mixtures. The phase and microstructure evolution of the composites during sintering in the 1,200–1,700 °C temperature range was studied. With increasing sintering temperature, the phase formation of the samples was completed well before full density was achieved. The distribution of titanium diboride in the sintered samples was significantly improved with increasing milling time of the Ti–B–C powder mixtures. A bulk composite material of nearly full density, fine uniform microstructure, and increased fracture toughness was obtained by SPS at 1,700 °C. The grain size of boron carbide and titanium diboride in this material was 5–7 and 1–2 μm, respectively.
Olfactory Conditioning Impairment Following Posttraining NMDA Receptor Blockade in Neonatal Rats

Abstract Six-day-old Sprague–Dawley rat pups were exposed to peppermint odor paired with tactile stimulation (stroking the skin with a paint brush) for twenty 10-s conditioning trials, and their olfactory preference was tested the next day. In Experiment 1, pups that had received an injection of the noncompetitiveN-methyl- d -aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg, ip) either 30 min before or immediately after conditioning spent less time over the conditioned odor than saline-treated controls. In Experiment 2, pups received an injection of either MK-801 or saline 0, 30, or 60 min after the training period. There was a reduction in the preference for the conditioned odor in the animals receiving MK-801 immediately following training, but treatment with the drug at the other intervals did not produce a performance impairment. The impairment following immediate posttraining injection occurred with either 0.05 or 0.1, but not with 0.01 mg/kg of MK-801 (Experiment 3). Experiment 4 provided control data to confirm that pups that had experienced the procedures used in Experiments 1–3 showed greater preference for the conditioned odor than did naive pups or those receiving exposure to the odor without stroking. The data indicate that immediate posttraining activation ofN-methyl- d -aspartate receptors is required for normal olfactory learning in neonatal rats.
Generalized, Linear, and Mixed Models

(2006). Generalized, Linear, and Mixed Models. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 101, No. 476, pp. 1724-1724.
Inter-Helix Distances in Lysophospholipid Micelle-Bound α-Synuclein from Pulsed ESR Measurements

We demonstrate the use of pulsed ESR spectroscopy to measure intramolecular distances in the Parkinson's disease-associated protein alpha-synuclein bound to detergent and lysophospholipid micelles. We show that the inter-helical separation between the two helices formed upon binding to micelles is dependent on micelle composition, with micelles formed from longer acyl chains leading to an increased splaying of the two helices. Our data suggest that the topology of alpha-synuclein is not strongly constrained by the linker region between the two helices and instead depends on the geometry of the surface to which the protein is bound.
Low cost neural spike window discriminator with digital readout.

Abstract A spike window discriminator is described that is suitable for discriminating all action potentials whose maximum amplitude falls within a specific range. The low construction cost of under $75.00 is advantageous for multi-channel analysis systems. Features include: digital readout of spikes per sec, integrator output proportional to count for stripchart recording, computer compatible binary coded decimal.
Airplane flight aided by electricity

Electrical instruments by giving accurate and reliable indications of direction, altitude, and of operating, traffic, and weather conditions, are contributing to safe flight even in dense fogs. Liberal use of instruments now available and development work along the line of new devices, are hastening the time when air transportation will compare favorably with other types.
Pharmacokinetics of DepoFoam gentamicin delivery system and effect on soft tissue infection

Infections of burn and soft tissue wounds are often difficult to treat with systemic antibiotics since drug delivery to the wound may be suboptimal and high doses may result in toxicity. DepoFoam particles, a novel lipid-based drug delivery system, are composed of phospholipid membranes, enclosing multiple aqueous chambers into which pharmacologic agents can be encapsulated for local drug delivery. We encapsulated gentamicin (GENT) in DepoFoam particles with an average yield of 81% ± 8 SD for 10 preparations. Encapsulated GENT was incubated in human plasma with t1/2 of 21 days, demonstrating stability in vitro. In vivo pharmacokinetics were determined by injecting CF-1 mice subcutaneously (sc) with a single dose of 0.5 mg of free (nonencapsulated drug) or DepoFoam GENT. At intervals postinjection the sc tissue was excised and blood was obtained by inferior cava puncture and both were assayed for GENT levels. At 0.5, 2, 6, and 24 hr following drug administration there was a significant difference between GENT levels in the tissue achieved with the encapsulated drug and free drug with n = 3-4 at each time point for each group (P < 0.01). By 24 hr following administration of free drug there was minimal detectable GENT in the tissues, while therapeutic levels of GENT remained in tissue at 24 hr following DepoFoam GENT injection. Serum GENT peaked at 30 min for both the DepoFoam (5 μg/ml) and free drug (10 μg/ml) and was undetectable by 2 hr (n = 3 each group). Other mice received sc pretreatment on the dorsum with DepoFoam GENT (n = 18) or free GENT (n = 13) followed 2 days later with inoculation of 107Staphylococcus aureus in the site where the antibiotic had been injected previously. At 48 hr postinfection, colony-forming units (CFU) of S. aureus per gram of tissue were determined. Animals which had received DepoFoam GENT had a fourfold log10 reduction in CFU compared to animals which received free GENT, sterile water, and nondrug containing DepoFoam. DepoFoam drug delivery offers a promising method of providing sustained, high concentrations of antibiotic to local tissues while avoiding prolonged exposure to toxic systemic levels.
High-performance, low-power design techniques for dynamic to static logic interface

To optimize performance and power of a processor with both precharged and static circuit styles, a self-timed modified cascode latch (MCL) is proposed for dual-rail domino to static logic interface. Compared to conventional self-timed cascode and cross-coupled NAND latches, the innovative MCL achieves the highest performance and lowest power dissipation with reasonable noise immunity. Ease of embedding logic functions in these self-timed latches is also studied. For interfacing single-rail domino to static logic, the pseudo-inverter latch (PIL) is the most power efficient latch when compared with the conventional transparent and cross-coupled NAND latches. Based on a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS nominal process with a 1.6 V supply voltage, effects on these latches' power dissipation and delay from scaling supply voltage and output load are presented respectively.
Transcriptional Regulation of Myelopoiesis

A common myeloid progenitor gives rise to both granulocytes and monocytes. The early stages of granulopoiesis are mediated by the C/EBPalpha, PU.1, RAR, CBF, and c-Myb transcription factors, and the later stages require C/EBPepsilon, PU.1, and CDP. Monocyte development requires PU.1 and interferon consensus sequence binding protein and can be induced by Maf-B, c-Jun, or Egr-1. Cytokine receptor signals modulate transcription factor activities but do not determine cell fates. Several mechanisms orchestrate the myeloid developmental program, including cooperative gene regulation, protein:protein interactions, regulation of factor levels, and induction of cell cycle arrest.