cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene expression associated with N‐induced shifts in resource allocation in poplar

Surprisingly little is known about molecular mechanisms by which nitrogen (N) availability acts to modulate the growth of forest trees. To address this issue, differential display was used in conjunction with filter-based arrays to identify 52 partial cDNA clones that were significantly regulated within days in response to limiting or luxuriant levels of NH 4 NO 3 fertilization in Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray × deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. A subset of these cDNAs also demonstrated shifts in expression patterns in stem- girdled trees, a manipulative physiology technique that dis- rupts phloem transport. Stem girdling also induced changes in glutamine and asparagine pools which were correlated with the observed changes in expression profiles for these genes. The identity of these genes provides insight into biochemical processes that are altered by N availability in poplar. Carbon-nitrogen interactions appear to figure prominently in the N-response. The gene expression data suggest that N availability modulates the partitioning of C and N resources into metabolic fates that have the potential to alter both wood quality and quantity, including synthesis of vegetative storage proteins, cell wall components, and terpenoids.
Epicutaneous sensitization results in IgE-dependent intestinal mast cell expansion and food-induced anaphylaxis.

Background Sensitization to food antigen can occur through cutaneous exposure. Objective We sought to test the hypothesis that epicutaneous sensitization with food antigen predisposes to IgE-mediated anaphylaxis on oral allergen challenge. Methods BALB/c mice were epicutaneously sensitized by repeated application of ovalbumin (OVA) to tape-stripped skin over 7 weeks or orally immunized with OVA and cholera toxin (CT) weekly for 8 weeks and then orally challenged with OVA. Body temperature was monitored, and serum mouse mast cell protease 1 levels were determined after challenge. Tissue mast cell (MC) counts were examined by using chloroacetate esterase staining. Levels of serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG 1 antibodies and cytokines in supernatants of OVA-stimulated splenocytes were measured by means of ELISA. Serum IL-4 levels were measured by using an in vivo cytokine capture assay. Results Epicutaneously sensitized mice exhibited expansion of connective tissue MCs in the jejunum, increased serum IL-4 levels, and systemic anaphylaxis after oral challenge, as evidenced by decreased body temperature and increased serum mouse mast cell protease 1 levels. Intestinal MC expansion and anaphylaxis were IgE dependent because they did not occur in epicutaneously sensitized IgE −/− mice. Mice orally immunized with OVA plus CT did not have increased serum IL-4 levels, expanded intestinal MCs, or anaphylaxis after oral challenge, despite OVA-specific IgE levels and splenocyte cytokine production in response to OVA stimulation, which were comparable with those of epicutaneously sensitized mice. Conclusion Epicutaneously sensitized mice, but not mice orally immunized with antigen plus CT, have expansion of intestinal MCs and IgE-mediated anaphylaxis after single oral antigen challenge. IgE is necessary but not sufficient for food anaphylaxis, and MC expansion in the gut can play an important role in the development of anaphylaxis.
Regularized Learning with Networks of Features

For many supervised learning problems, we possess prior knowledge about which features yield similar information about the target variable. In predicting the topic of a document, we might know that two words are synonyms, and when performing image recognition, we know which pixels are adjacent. Such synonymous or neighboring features are near-duplicates and should be expected to have similar weights in an accurate model. Here we present a framework for regularized learning when one has prior knowledge about which features are expected to have similar and dissimilar weights. The prior knowledge is encoded as a network whose vertices are features and whose edges represent similarities and dissimilarities between them. During learning, each feature's weight is penalized by the amount it differs from the average weight of its neighbors. For text classification, regularization using networks of word co-occurrences outperforms manifold learning and compares favorably to other recently proposed semi-supervised learning methods. For sentiment analysis, feature networks constructed from declarative human knowledge significantly improve prediction accuracy.
Microphysical and Large-Scale Dependencies of Temporal Rainfall Variability over a Tropical Ocean

Abstract The focus of this paper is the elucidation of the physical origins of the observed extreme rainfall variability over tropical oceans. A simple statistical–dynamical model, suitable for use in repetitive Monte Carlo experiments, is formulated as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. The model is based on three partial differential equations that describe airmass, water substance, and vertical momentum conservation in a column of air extending from the ocean surface to the top of the storm clouds. Tropospheric conditions are specified for the model state variables (such as updraft–downdraft velocity, precipitation water and cloud content, or saturation vapor deficit) in accordance with past observations in oceanic convection, to allow for vertical integration of the model equations and the formulation of a computationally efficient diagnostic tool. Large-scale forcing is represented by stochastic processes with temporal structure and parameters estimated from observed large-scale data. This model for...
Quality and quantity of suspended particles in rivers: continent-scale patterns in the United States.

Suspended solids or sediments can be pollutants in rivers, but they are also an important component of lotic food webs. Suspended sediment data for rivers were obtained from a United States–wide water quality database for 622 stations. Data for particulate nitrogen, suspended carbon, discharge, watershed area, land use, and population were also used. Stations were classified by United States Environmental Protection Agency ecoregions to assess relationships between terrestrial habitats and the quality and quantity of total suspended solids (TSS). Results indicate that nephelometric determinations of mean turbidity can be used to estimate mean suspended sediment values to within an order of magnitude (r2 = 0.89). Water quality is often considered impaired above 80 mg TSS L−1, and 35% of the stations examined during this study had mean values exceeding this level. Forested systems had substantially lower TSS and somewhat higher carbon-to-nitrogen ratios of suspended materials. The correlation between TSS and discharge was moderately well described by an exponential relationship, with the power of the exponent indicating potential acute sediment events in rivers. Mean sediment values and power of the exponent varied significantly with ecoregion, but TSS values were also influenced by land use practices and geomorphological characteristics. Results confirm that, based on current water quality standards, excessive suspended solids impair numerous rivers in the United States.
Mass imprisonment and racial disparities in childhood behavioral problems

Research Summary This essay provides estimates of the influence of mass imprisonment on racial disparities in childhood well-being. To do so, we integrate results from three existing studies in a novel way. The first two studies use two contemporary, broadly representative data sets to estimate the effects of paternal incarceration on a range of child behavioral and mental health problems. The third study estimates changes in Black–White disparities in the risk of paternal imprisonment across the 1978 and 1990 American birth cohorts. Our research demonstrates the following: 1) The average effect of paternal incarceration on children is harmful, not helpful, and consistently in the direction of more mental health and behavioral problems. 2) The rapid increase in the use of imprisonment coupled with significant racial disparities in the likelihood of paternal (and maternal) imprisonment are linked to large racial disparities in childhood mental health and behavioral problems. 3) We find that mass imprisonment might have increased Black–White inequities in externalizing behaviors by 14–26% and in internalizing behaviors by 25–45%. Policy Implications Our results add to a growing research literature indicating that the costs associated with mass imprisonment extend far beyond well-documented impacts on current inmates. The legacy of mass incarceration will be continued and worsening racial disparities in childhood mental health and well-being, educational attainment, and occupational attainment. Moreover, the negative effects of mass imprisonment for childhood well-being are likely to remain, even if incarceration rates returned to pre-1970s levels. Our results show that paternal incarceration exacerbates child behavioral and mental health problems and that large, growing racial disparities in the risk of imprisonment have contributed to significant racial differences in child well-being. The policy implications of our work are as follows: 1) Estimates of the costs associated with the current scale of imprisonment are likely to be severely underestimated because they do not account for the significant indirect effects of mass incarceration for children, for families, and for other social institutions such as the educational system and social service providers. 2) Policies that reduce incarceration rates for nonviolent offenders with no history of domestic violence will most dramatically reduce the effects of mass incarceration on childhood racial inequality. More research is needed to detail other important factors (e.g., crime type, criminal history, or gender of parent) that condition the effect of paternal incarceration on children. 3) Paternal incarceration effects target the most disadvantaged and vulnerable of children and are likely to result in long-term behavioral health problems. We propose a strengthening of the social safety net—especially as it applies to the poorest children—and programs that address the complicated needs of children of incarcerated parents.
Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle

Lignans are a group of phytochemicals shown to have weakly estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties. Two specific lignans, enterodiol and enterolactone, are absorbed after formation in the intestinal tract from plant precursors particularly abundant in fiber-rich food and are excreted in the urine. We evaluated the effect of the ingestion of flax seed powder, known to produce high concentrations of urinary lignans, on the menstrual cycle in 18 normally cycling women, using a balanced randomized cross-over design. Each subject consumed her usual omnivorous, low fiber (control) diet for 3 cycles and her usual diet supplemented with flax seed for another 3 cycles. The second and third flax cycles were compared to the second and third control cycles. Three anovulatory cycles occurred during the 36 control cycles, compared to none during the 36 flax seed cycles. Compared to the ovulatory control cycles, the ovulatory flax cycles were consistently associated with longer luteal phase (LP) lengths (mean +/- SEM, ...
Driving reaction times in patients with foot and ankle pathology before and after image-guided injection: pain relief without improved function.

BACKGROUND: Foot and ankle pathology is common in the driving population. Local anesthetic steroid injections are frequent ambulatory treatments. Brake reaction time (BRT) has validated importance in motor vehicle safety. There are no prior studies examining the effect of foot and ankle pathology and injection treatment on the safe operation of motor vehicles. We studied BRT in patients with foot and ankle musculoskeletal disease before and after image-guided injection treatment. METHODS: A total of 37 participants were enrolled. Image-guided injections of local anesthetic and steroid were placed into the pathological anatomical location of the right or left foot and ankles. A driving reaction timer was used to measure BRTs before and after injection. Patients suffering right "driving" and left "nondriving" pathology as well as a healthy control group were studied. RESULTS: All patients reported >90% pain relief postinjection. All injections were confirmed to be accurate by imaging. Post hoc Bonferonni analysis demonstrated significant difference between the healthy group and the right-sided injection group (P =.008). Mean BRT for healthy controls was 0.57 ± 0.11 s. Patients suffering right foot and ankle disease displayed surprisingly high BRTs (0.80 ± 0.23 s preinjection and 0.78 ± 0.16 s postinjection, P >.99). Left nondriving foot and ankle pathology presented a driving hazard as well (BRT of 0.75 ± 0.12 s preinjection and 0.77 ± 0.12 s postinjection, P >.99). Injections relieved pain but did not significantly alter BRT (P >.99 for all). CONCLUSION: Patients suffering chronic foot and ankle pathology involving either the driving or nondriving side have impaired BRTs. This preexisting driving impairment has not previously been reported and exceeds recommended cutoff safety values in the United States. Despite symptom improvement, there was no statistically significant change in BRT following image-guided injection in either foot and ankle. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, Level II: Prospective Comparative Study. Language: en
Choosing the right friends – predicting success of startup entrepreneurs and innovators through their online social network structure

We compare the success of startup entrepreneurs and innovators with their social networking behaviour. In particular, we analyse the LinkedIn, Facebook, and e-mail networks of swissnex Boston, Switzerland’s science and technology outpost in Boston, connecting Swiss and US entrepreneurs and academics. In our analysis, we focus on the participants of two Swiss entrepreneurship-coaching programmes, venture leaders and VentureKick. We find that the more central actors are in the different types of networks, the more successful they are, proximity to key people also correlates with success. In addition, we detect indicators for the key role of ETH Zurich for the creation of new startups. On the theoretical side, we add to emergent research comparing online networks to real-world networks, confirming the value of pre-existing social capital acquired attending a selective university. On the practical side, our results have key implications for entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, and organisers of entrepreneurshi...
Preparation of carbon-coated iron oxide nanoparticles dispersed on graphene sheets and applications as advanced anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

We report a novel chemical vapor deposition (CVD) based strategy to synthesize carbon-coated Fe2O3 nanoparticles dispersed on graphene sheets (Fe2O3@C@G). Graphene sheets with high surface area and aspect ratio are chosen as space restrictor to prevent the sintering and aggregation of nanoparticles during high temperature treatments (800 °C). In the resulting nanocomposite, each individual Fe2O3 nanoparticle (5 to 20 nm in diameter) is uniformly coated with a continuous and thin (two to five layers) graphitic carbon shell. Further, the core-shell nanoparticles are evenly distributed on graphene sheets. When used as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, the conductive-additive-free Fe2O3@C@G electrode shows outstanding Li+ storage properties with large reversible specific capacity (864 mAh/g after 100 cycles), excellent cyclic stability (120% retention after 100 cycles at 100 mA/g), high Coulombic efficiency (∼99%), and good rate capability.
Marital Violence Victimization and Perpetration Among Women Substance Abusers A Descriptive Study

This study reports descriptive data assessing the impact of an intensive outpatient treatment for alcohol dependence on alcohol use, marital violence, psychological abuse, and marital satisfaction among 10 heterosexual female patients and their partners. Patients received 5 to 6 days of substance abuse treatment in a partial hospital program. Patient and partner assessments were conducted at baseline, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up. Results revealed decreased alcohol use in female patients as well as declines in the prevalence and frequency of husband-to-wife marital violence over time. Men evidenced no changes in their psychological abuse or marital satisfaction. Results also showed decreases in the prevalence and frequency of wife-to-husband violence and psychological abuse. Female patients reported no changes in their marital satisfaction. Overall, the study suggests that marital violence victimization and perpetration by female patients and their male partners declined following the females...
A Novel Inducer of Roseobacter Motility Is Also a Disruptor of Algal Symbiosis

Silicibacter sp. strain TM1040, a member of the Roseobacter clade, forms a symbiosis with unicellular phytoplankton, which is inextricably linked to the biphasic "swim or stick" lifestyle of the bacteria. Mutations in flaC bias the population toward the motile phase. Renewed examination of the FlaC(-) strain (HG1016) uncovered that it is composed of two different cells: a pigmented type, PS01, and a nonpigmented cell, PS02, each of which has an identical mutation in flaC. While monocultures of PS01 and PS02 had few motile cells (0.6 and 6%, respectively), coculturing the two strains resulted in a 10-fold increase in the number of motile cells. Cell-free supernatants from coculture or wild-type cells were fully capable of restoring motility to PS01 and PS02, which was due to increased fliC3 (flagellin) transcription, FliC3 protein levels per cell, and flagella synthesis. The motility-inducing compound has an estimated mass of 226 Da, as determined by mass spectrometry, and is referred to as Roseobacter Motility Inducer (RMI). Mutations affecting genes involved in phenyl acetic acid synthesis significantly reduced RMI, while defects in tropodithietic acid (TDA) synthesis had marginal or no effect on RMI. RMI biosynthesis is induced by p-coumaric acid, a product of algal lignin degradation. When added to algal cultures, RMI caused loss of motility, cell enlargement, and vacuolization in the algal cells. RMI is a new member of the roseobacticide family of troponoid compounds whose activities affect roseobacters, by shifting their population toward motility, as well as their phytoplankton hosts, through an algicidal effect.
Direct observation of ultrafast energy transfer in PSI core antenna

A femtosecond fluorescence upconversion apparatus was used to measure the fluorescence decay in the PSI core antenna of a PSI-only mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The fluorescence depolarization measurements reveal a fast depolarization with a time constant in the range of 150–300 fs irrespective of the excitation and/or detection wavelengths. We associate this time with the energy transfer timescale. The isotropic fluorescence decay shows a decay component of ≈ 5 ps and is suggested to result from spectral equilibration within the antenna.
Urinary excretion of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and ecgonine methyl ester in humans

The excretion kinetics of cocaine (C) and its two major metabolites, benzoylecgonine (BZ) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), were determined by collecting all urine for 30 h from 5 cocaine users (subjects C, D, E, F, and G) given bolus doses followed by exponential cocaine infusions that delivered doses of 253 (subject C), 444 (subjects D, E, and F), and 700 mg (subject G). Plasma cocaine, urine cocaine, BZ, and EME were measured by gas chromatography, with a nitrogen detector. Elimination half-times for EME and BZ, estimated from semilog plots of excretion rates vs. time, averaged 3.1 and 4.5 h respectively, in agreement with our previous report. Urinary recovery in D, E, and F was 27-41% of the dose, with 14-17% as BZ, 12-21% as EME, and 2% as cocaine. Subject C excreted very little EME--5-6-fold less than the mean for the other subjects and amounting to only 3% of the dose. Cocaine disposition in subject G, who received the largest dose and attained plasma levels of 3000 ng/mL, showed some characteristics of a nonlinear process.
Dynamics of thin vortex rings

As part of a long-range study of vortex rings, their dynamics, interactions with boundaries and with each other, we present the results of experiments on thin core rings generated by a piston gun in water. We characterize the dynamics of these rings by means of the traditional equations for such rings in an inviscid fluid suitably modifying them to be applicable to a viscous fluid. We develop expressions for the radius, core size, circulation and bubble dimensions of these rings. We report the direct measurement of the impulse of a vortex ring by means of a physical pendulum.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands suppress fibronectin gene expression in human lung carcinoma cells: involvement of both CRE and Sp1

Lung carcinoma often occurs in patients with chronic lung disease such as tobacco-related emphysema and asbestos-related pulmonary fibrosis. These diseases are characterized by dramatic alterations...
The Effect of Endocrinological Manipulations on Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase Activities in Individual Hypothalamic Nuclei of the Adult Male Rat11

Using a recently developed microdissection method, individual hypothalamic nuclei were removed from the brains of adult male rats, and the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β- hydroxylase (DBH) activities in each nucleus were determined 9 days after adrenalectomy, thyroidectomy or gonadectomy. Following gonadectomy there was a significant rise in the TH activity in only the median eminence (ME). This increased TH activity was partially reversed by treatment of gonadectomized animals with testosterone. Thyroidectomy induced a significant increase in the TH activity in the ME, the dorsomedial (NDM), the periventricular (NPE) and the arcuate (NARC) nuclei. Twelve hr after administration of thyroxine, the TH activity in the ME of thyroidectomized rats was significantly reduced to levels below those of controls, whereas the TH activities of the other nuclei were returned to control values. Adrenalectomy produced a significant fall in TH activity in the ME, whereas dexamethasone significantly increased the...
An improvement to the Haroutunian bound for anytime coding systems

In the study of error exponents, the Haroutunian exponent is encountered as an upper bound for several point-to-point communication problems over DMCs including block coding with feedback and fixed-delay coding. For symmetric channels, such as the BSC or BEC, the Haroutunian exponent is equal to the sphere-packing exponent. But for asymmetric channels, such as the Z-channel, the Haroutunian bound is strictly larger than the sphere-packing exponent. It is generally believed that the sphere-packing bound should hold for these problems, even though they are different from the problem of block coding without feedback. The fundamental difficulty in these problems is that the distribution of the input is not known during the error event, and unlike symmetric channels, there is no ‘universally good’ input distribution like the uniform distribution. The result is that a worst-case assumption is made on the input distribution to give the Haroutunian bound, even though the resulting input distribution is useless for communication purposes. In order to make progress on this issue, we study an extended notion of fixed-delay codes called anytime codes, a class of codes that indirectly enforce the property that nontrivial communication is attempted during the error event. For this class of codes, we give a new upper bound to the error exponent that strictly improves on the Haroutunian bound for asymmetric channels. While the new exponent still does not reach sphere-packing, we show that the ratio of the two exponents approaches 1 as the rate approaches capacity for Z-channels. This fact may have an interesting consequence for the viewpoint of maximum achievable rate for a given delay and desired error probability. Additionally, the improved exponent yields a tighter bound for a notion of sufficiency of a channel for control purposes.
Occupational Therapy in Mental Health: Crisis or Opportunity?

For at least a decade, concern has been expressed about the status of occupational therapy in mental health. Increases in the number of new jobs and clinicians have not kept pace with growth in other practice areas. Although growing criticism of the practice of deinstitutionalization and an increased focus on cost-effectiveness have recently become major public policy trends in mental health practice, the psychological and nursing professions have responded creatively in order to expand their influence and practice. This paper relates changes in the delivery of mental health services to the systematic study of policy development and careful planning needed to help occupational therapy accomplish the same goals.
Telerobotic remote handling of protein crystals

A combined university/industry team has developed a prototype system for handling protein crystals aboard the space station. This system uses a miniature direct drive robot, CCD television cameras, and a client-server computing system using Internet protocols to support the capture of protein crystals from aqueous growth solutions. The system was demonstrated between Huntsville AL. and Seattle WA. An operator in Huntsville controlled the mini robot by invoking predefined relative and absolute macro files. The operators observed results using video images sent through the Internet link using Cu-SeeMe video conferencing software. In 3 of 4 trials, the operators successfully captured 0.5 mm simulated protein crystals into a glass capillary. The system is a promising start for the development of a space-station based remote protein crystal analysis facility.
Generation of Mucosal Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 T-Cell Responses by Recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis▿

A successful vaccine vector for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) should induce anti-HIV-1 immune responses at mucosal sites. We have generated recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis vectors that express the HIV-1 group M consensus envelope protein (Env) as a surface, intracellular, or secreted protein and have tested them in animals for induction of both anti-HIV-1 T-cell and antibody responses. Recombinant M. smegmatis engineered for expression of secreted protein induced optimal T-cell gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay responses to HIV-1 envelope in the spleen, female reproductive tract, and lungs. Unlike with the induction of T-cell responses, priming and boosting with recombinant M. smegmatis did not induce anti-HIV-1 envelope antibody responses, due primarily to insufficient protein expression of the insert. However, immunization with recombinant M. smegmatis expressing HIV-1 Env was able to prime for an HIV-1 Env protein boost for the induction of anti-HIV-1 antibody responses.
Sustained Wide-Area TCP Memory Transfers over Dedicated Connections

Wide-area memory transfers between on-going computations and remote steering, analysis and visualization sites can be utilized in several High-Performance Computing (HPC) scenarios. Dedicated network connections with high capacity, low loss rates and low competing traffic, are typically provisioned over current HPC infrastructures to support such transfers. To gain insights into such transfers, we collected throughput measurements for different versions of TCP between dedicated multi-core servers over emulated 10 Gbps connections with round trip times (rtt) in the range 0-366 ms. Existing TCP models and measurements over shared links are well-known to exhibit monotonically decreasing, convex throughput profiles as rtt is increased. In sharp contrast, our these measurements show two distinct regimes: a concave profile at lower rtts and a convex profile at higher rtts. We present analytical results that explain these regimes: (a) at lower rtt, rapid throughput increase due to slow-start leads to the concave profile, and (b) at higher rtt, TCP congestion avoidance phase with slower dynamics dominates. In both cases, however, we analytically show that throughput decreases with rtt, albeit at different rates, as confirmed by the measurements. These results provide practical TCP solutions to these transfers without requiring additional hardware and software, unlike Infiniband and UDP solutions, respectively.
Computation of Flow through Masonboro Inlet, N.C.

The Masonboro Inlet system is a complex arrangement of channels connecting the coastal waterways to the Atlantic Ocean. The flow through the system was computed by means of a numerical model based on the equations of unsteady flow which represent the laws for the conservation of mass and momentum. An implicit method was used to find the solutions for the finite difference equations. The method requires that the basic equations be satisfied at all locations simultaneously. A comparison of the computed results with the field observations demonstrates the accuracy, reliability, and efficiency of the method. It is believed that the simulation model can handle other inlets with little difficulty, because other inlets are generally much simpler than the Masonboro Inlet.
The Distributions of Random Matrix Theory and their Applications

This paper surveys the largest eigenvalue distributions appearing in random matrix theory and their application to multivariate statistical analysis.
Embedding Interventions to Promote Self-Determination within Multitiered Systems of Supports

ABSTRACTSchools are increasingly exploring the implementation of multitiered systems of support. This article reviews the literature pertaining to efforts to promote self-determination to provide initial direction as to how interventions and supports to promote self-determination could be implemented within a tiered framework. The intent is to provide direction to the field on how such an approach can engage all students—including students with and without disabilities—in their learning across the lifespan to promote positive school and postschool outcomes. Specifically, we review interventions and supports that have been described in the literature pertaining to self-determination, organizing our review and analysis around the traditional three-tier approach. Implications for future research and development to promote the universal applicability of self-determination are discussed.
NRP: What is the appropriate response to persistent bradycardia?

Please read the following vignette and watch the video clip. A 40-1/7 week gestation infant is delivered through clear amniotic fluid after an uncomplicated pregnancy. Immediately after birth the infant is non-vigorous. The infant is warmed, dried, stimulated, and the airway is opened. At 30 seconds after birth, the heart rate is 80 beats/min and positive pressure ventilation (PPV) is started at a rate of 60 breaths/min. The heart rate does not increase after 15 seconds of positive pressure ventilation. What is the correct intervention? 1. Continue PPV, no other intervention needed 2. Begin chest compressions 3. Reposition the head and reapply the mask, continue PPV 4. Intubate the trachea with endotracheal tube 5. Continue PPV, increase to FiO2 0.40 Now, stop reading and watch the video. Ventilation is the most important intervention in neonatal resuscitation; a rise in heart rate is …
Das Schwinden des Glaubens an eine persönliche übermenschliche Ursache und das Wohlergehen der Menschheit

Unser Ziel in diesem Buche war, soviel wie moglich uber das mystische Erlebnis herauszufinden; unsere Forschung hat sich daher ohne Rucksicht auf praktische Folgen vorwarts bewegt. Aber wir mochten diese Seiten nicht gern abschliesen, ohne einige Bemerkungen uber die praktischen Folgen, die eine Verdrangung des Glaubens an eine ubernaturliche personliche Ursache durch den Glauben an eine naturliche Kausalitat nach sich ziehen wurde.
Group-Free Semigroups

This chapter contains a global construction of complete group-free semigroups, as quotients of free commutative monoids; finite group-free semigroups are a particular case. This construction bypasses the difficulties, noted earlier, in reassembling archimedean components and Ponizovsky factors, and accounts well for the main structural features of these semigroups (idempotents, ℋ-classes, archimedean components, and Ponizovsky factors); its relation to extension groups will be noted in Chapter XIII. It was first obtained by the author in the case of finite congruences [1993], and generalized to complete group-free congruences in [2001C]. The class of partially free complete semigroups arises as an application.
Adolescents' perception of peer groups: psychological, behavioral, and relational determinants

Adolescents' social cognitive understanding of their social world is often inaccurate and biased. Focusing on peer groups, this study examines how adolescents' psychological, behavioral, and relational characteristics influence the extent to which they accurately identify their own and others' peer groups. Analyses were conducted with a sample of 1481 seventh- and tenth-grade Chinese students who are embedded with 346 peer groups. Overall, females and older students had more accurate perceptions. In addition, lower self-esteem, higher indegree centrality, and lower betweenness centrality in the friendship network predicted more accurate perception of one's own groups, whereas higher academic performance and lower betweenness centrality in the friendship network predicted more accurate perception of others' groups. Implications for understanding the connection between adolescents' psychological and behavioral traits, social relationships, and social cognition are discussed.
Invariant integral: the earliest works and most recent application

The present paper embraces mainly the three-year period of 1966 to 1968 when the invariant integral of fracture mechanics appeared and became popular, and the last two years of 2015 to 2016 when the neoclassic cosmology based on the invariant integral came up. A mention is given to the previous works of Euler, Cauchy, Maxwell, Nother, Gunther and Eshelby who dealt with invariant integrals in mathematics, hydrodynamics, electrodynamics, and the theory of dislocations. A brief review is given of the creation of the invariant integral of fracture mechanics under static and dynamic conditions for a solid continuum including elastic, plastic and viscoelastic materials, as well as of some of its most important applications, ramifications and generalizations for other physical fields. The initial phase of the expansion and revolution of the large-scale universe is studied in the framework of the neoclassic approach, including the Big Bang and the Dark Energy; it is shown that the spheroidal shape of the universe assumed at the Big Bang retains its eccentricity constant in the initial phase. The assumption of a superphoton as a primordial universe was analyzed.
Repair and Regeneration of the Wounded Cell Membrane

Cell membrane disruption is a common consequence of physical and chemical trauma in biological systems. It has fundamental significance in pathogenesis of trauma-mediated tissue injury and is the root cause of many secondary injury processes—edema, inflammation, tissue necrosis, etc.—that are the therapeutic focus of most clinical trauma interventions. Natural plasmalemma sealing mechanisms allow cells to handle routine environmental and physiological stresses. Lethal cell membrane disruption occurs when injury exceeds these mechanisms. Substantial progress has been made in the development of therapeutics to augment sealing of disrupted plasmalemma membranes. Today, therapeutics specifically targeted to seal wounded membranes is not a focus of current clinical trauma therapy. This review describes (1) how various forms of trauma result in membrane wounding, (2) the natural cell membrane healing mechanisms that cells rely upon to repair a wounded plasmalemma membrane, and (3) chemical design existing and emerging treatments designed to supplement the repair response. Our purpose is to emphasize the importance of stabilizing the plasmalemma for cellular resuscitation and to encourage the development of membrane sealing therapies for traumatic injury. An intact membrane is critical for cellular survival, but membranes are disrupted in a variety of traumatic injuries. In this paper, we review the process of cellular wounding and the innate mechanisms of membrane repair. We then provide a comprehensive overview of biocompatible polymers shown to promote cellular resuscitation by reinforcing or resealing the plasmalemma. The purpose of this review is to identify common properties of polymeric membrane sealants and to stimulate further development of these therapeutic macromolecules for traumatic injury.
Application of recombinant Factor C reagent for the detection of bacterial endotoxins in pharmaceutical products

Recombinant Factor C (rFC) is non-animal derived reagent used to detect bacterial endotoxins in pharmaceutical products. Despite the fact that the reagent was first commercially available nearly 15 years ago, the broad use of rFC in pharmaceutical industry has long been lagging, presumably due to historical single source supplier concerns and the lack of inclusion in worldwide pharmacopeias. Commercial rFC reagents are now available from multiple manufacturers, thus single sourcing is no longer an issue. We report here the successful validation of several pharmaceutical products by an end-point florescence-based endotoxin method using the rFC reagent. The method is equivalent or superior to the compendia bacterial endotoxins test (BET) method. Based on the comparability data and extenuating circumstances, the incorporation of the end point fluorescence technique and rFC reagent in global compendia BET chapters is desired and warranted.
The Fundamental Macroeconomic Identities

Let’s look at the financial situation faced by the owner of a professional sports team. She wants her team to win as many games as possible, because it will attract more fans, and the fans will buy more tickets if they are contending for a championship. It makes sense for her to do what she can, like raiding other teams for their best players, to improve her own chances.
A Skinned Tetrahedral Mesh for Hair Animation and Hair-Water Interaction

We propose a novel framework for hair animation as well as hair-water interaction that supports millions of hairs. First, we develop a hair animation framework that embeds hair into a tetrahedralized volume mesh that we kinematically skin to deform and follow the exterior of an animated character. Allowing the hairs to follow their precomputed embedded locations in the kinematically deforming skinned mesh already provides visually plausible behavior. Creating a copy of the tetrahedral mesh, endowing it with springs, and attaching it to the kinematically skinned mesh creates more dynamic behavior. Notably, the springs can be quite weak and thus efficient to simulate because they are structurally supported by the kinematic mesh. If independent simulation of individual hairs or guide hairs is desired, they too benefit from being anchored to the kinematic mesh dramatically increasing efficiency as weak springs can be used while still supporting interesting and dramatic hairstyles. Furthermore, we explain how to embed these dynamic simulations into the kinematically deforming skinned mesh so that they can be used as part of a blendshape system where an artist can make many subsequent iterations without requiring any additional simulation. Although there are many applications for our newly proposed approach to hair animation, we mostly focus on the particularly challenging problem of hair-water interaction. While doing this, we discuss how porosities are stored in the kinematic mesh, how the kinematically deforming mesh can be used to apply drag and adhesion forces to the water, etc.
Microfluidic Chip with Integrated Electrophoretic Immunoassay for Investigating Cell-Cell Interactions.

Microfluidics have been used to create “body-on-chip” systems to mimic in vivo cellular interactions with a high level of control. Most such systems rely on optical observation of cells as a readout. In this work we integrated a cell–cell interaction chip with online microchip electrophoresis immunoassay to monitor the effects of the interaction on protein secretion dynamics. The system was used to investigate the effects of adipocytes on insulin secretion. Chips were loaded with 190 000 3T3-L1 adipocytes and a single islet of Langerhans in separate chambers. The chambers were perfused at 300–600 nL/min so that adipocyte secretions flowed over the islets for 3 h. Adipocytes produced 80 μM of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), a factor known to impact insulin secretion, at the islets. After perfusion, islets were challenged with a step change in glucose from 3 to 11 mM while monitoring insulin secretion at 8 s intervals by online immunoassay. Adipocyte treatment augmented insulin secretion by 6-fold compar...
Perspectives on the clinical development of immunotherapy in prostate cancer

Despite impressive survival benefits with immunotherapy in patients with various solid tumors, the full potential of these agents in prostate cancer has yet to be realized. Sipuleucel-T demonstrated a survival benefit in this population, indicating that prostate cancer is an immunoresponsive disease; however, these results have not been matched by other agents. A large trial with ipilimumab in prostate cancer failed to meet its primary objective, and small trials with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors did not yield a significant improvement in overall response. However, several late-stage clinical trials are underway with other vaccines in prostate cancer. Reports of clinical benefit with immunotherapies, particularly when used in combination or a select population, have provided the framework to develop sound clinical trials. Understanding immunogenic modulation, antigen spread, biomarkers, and DNA-repair defects will also help mold future strategies. Through rational patient selection and evidence-based combination approaches, patients with prostate cancer may soon derive durable survival benefits with immunotherapies.
Battery durability and reliability under electric utility grid operations: Representative usage aging and calendar aging

Abstract Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are often viewed as solution to mitigate the intermittency of renewable energies in electric grids. However, battery degradation associated with grid-tied BESS usage has never been investigated in detail. This work was aimed at understanding the impact of a BESS representative usage profile on the degradation of commercial Li-ion cells. It was found that the cell temperature history had the strongest impact on battery degradation followed by the C-rate and the state of charge (SOC). Also, batteries lost capacity faster at low SOCs during calendar aging and under small SOC swings while cycling.
COMPUTER FORENSICS AND ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE

When electronic documents are used as evidence, they are referred to as electronic evidence, or e-evidence. Broadly defined, e-evidence is any electronically-stored information on any type of computer device that can be used as evidence in a legal action. A computer forensics investigation is the search for e-evidence by analyzing electronic devices (e.g., computers, PDAs, cell phones, iPAQs, voice-mail, servers, disks, zip drives, or backup tapes) and communication media (e.g., instant messaging or chat rooms.) In 1995, a U.S. District Court stated that “the law is clear that data in computerized form is discoverable even if paper ‘hard copies’ of the information have been produced.” By 2000, email had become the most common type of e-evidence. In 2003, email evidence had become so prevalent it became known as evidence-mail. According to Garry Mathiason, whose law firm defends major corporations in employment cases, almost every case they handle has a “smoking email” component to it (Varchaver, 2003).
Biochemistry of Halogenated Amino Acids

When a biologically active analogue is processed to metabolites which themselves are biologically active—for example, the lethal synthesis of fluorocitrate from fluoroacetate—a combination of effects may be seen, which can complicate interpretation of biological behavior. The situation becomes even more complex when the analogue can be incorporated into macromolecular systems essential to the functioning of the organism—the diversities of biological actions of fluorouracil and bromodeoxyuridine are notable examples. This latter situation definitely pertains in the study of the biological effects of halogenated amino acids, since these analogues can function as inhibitors of specific enzymes, as substrates for incorporation into enzymes and other proteins, and as precursors of other critical biomolecules, such as aminergic neurotransmitters. Fraudulent enzymes, inactive regulatory proteins, and conformationally altered structural proteins are examples of possible consequences of analogue incorporation into protein. While this situation has complicated interpretation of biochemical observations, it also enhances the value of these analogues by virtue of their potential application to the study of a broad spectrum of cellular mechanisms.
Empowerment of Incest Survivors: Speaking Out:

This case study involves four adult women who were molested as children. It discusses empowerment strategies used to help the women make public presentations about their personal histories. Strateg...