cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal analysis and measurements for a molten metal drop impacting on a substrate: cooling, solidification and heat transfer coefficient

Abstract The behavior of a molten metal droplet impinging, spreading and solidifying on a solid substrate is relevant to manufacturing processes such as splat cooling and spray deposition. In this study, we have conducted experiments aimed at the investigation of the solidification and cooling of a metal droplet after impact. Temperature measurements were conducted during and after solidification. Some results are presented to illustrate the effect of superheat and substrate material on the cooling rate. We have also estimated the thermal contact coefficient between splat and substrate by matching for a number of conditions the experimental data to predictions of a heat transfer and phase change model. The results suggest that this coefficient can decrease by an order of magnitude during solidification for the case of a splat on metal substrates. For splats on quartz, where there is good bonding, the thermal contact coefficient appears to stay the same before and after solidification.
1394 PREVENTING ALVEOLAR OVERDISTENTION IN MECONIUM ASPIRATION (MA)

Initial determinations of functional residual capacity (FRC) in human infants with MA show that commonly used ventilator settings can lead to gross alveolar overdistention independently of PEEP. Using an animal model of MA we investigated the effects of varying exhalation time (inspiratorv to expiratory ratio, I:E) on FRC, minute ventilation (VE), PaO2 and PaCO2. Cats (n=11) were insuflated with 3.5 m.l/kg human meconium (20% sol'n). After stabilization (1 h) they were mechanically ventilated (Baby Bird®) at 40 BPM on 70% O2 with a mean airway pressure, 8.8±0.3 cm H2O (mean±SE) and PEEP 3.9±0.4 cm H2O. These settings were maintained constant while I:E was varied in random order from 1:1 to 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 (or exhalation times 0.75, 1.00, 1.125 and 1.20 sec). An I:E of 1:1 produced gross alveolar overdistention in all of the animals. Changing the I:E from 1:1 to 1:4 resulted in a large decrease in FRC toward normal values (44±7 to 34+6 ml/kg, p<0.01; a 29% decrease). Tidal volume increased from 7±1 ml/kg to 13±1 ml (p<0.001) due to increases in lung compliance and peak inspiratory pressure. This resulted in an increase in VE from 206 to 532 ml/min and a large decrease in PaCO2 from 51±7 to 31±2 mm Hg. PaO2 was not significantly altered by changes in I:E. Best gas exchange with minimal FRC change occurred at an I:E of 1:3 (PaCO2 30±3 mm Hg and PaO2 99±13 mmHg). Our study suggests that I:E with exhalation times less than 1.0 sec should not be used in severe MA. Ratios should be selected in accordance with the degree of illness and its effects on the time required for complete exhalation.
THE STATUS OF GEOGRAPHY IN GRADUATE URBAN AFFAIRS PROGRAMS

Literature on the theoretical foundations of urban affairs emphasizes that the field is interdisciplinary in nature. The urban perspectives of the traditional social sciences, which include geography, should each constitute a significant component within an urban affairs program. However, the results of a recent survey indicate that geography is not represented in graduate urban affairs programs nearly to the extent of the other social sciences. The discrepancies between the interdisciplinary claims of the theoretical literature and the survey results are demonstrated in this article, followed by several hypotheses regarding possible causes of this situation.
Studies on reptilian yolk: Chrysemys vitellogenin and phosvitin☆

Abstract 1. 1. Vitellogenesis was induced in male and female Chrysemys picta (Eastern painted turtle) and plasma vitellogenin was subsequently isolated by dimethylformamide precipitation and TEAE-cellulose chromatography. 2. 2. Chrysemys vitellogenin migrates as a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel and the polypeptide has a molecular weight of 210,000 to 220,000 daltons. Its amino acid composition closely resembles that of Xenopus vitellogenin but is different from that of Chrysemys total yolk. 3. 3. Chrysemys phosvitin was isolated from the oocytes by ammonium sulfate fractionation and TEAE-cellulose chromatrography. It has a molecular weight of 44,000 daltons and shares the common characteristic of vertebrate phosvitin with a serine content of 50%.
Intensive Care Unit Delirium A Review of the Literature

Purpose:The recent literature regarding intensive care unit (ICU) delirium and updated clinical practice guidelines are reviewed. Summary:Recent studies show that ICU delirium in critically ill patients is an independent predictor of higher mortality, longer ICU and hospital stay, and is associated with multiple clinical complications. Delirium has been reported to occur in greater than 80% of hospitalized critically ill patients, yet it remains an underdiagnosed condition. Several subtypes of delirium have been identified including hypoactive, hyperactive, and mixed presentation. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, several factors are thought to interact to cause delirium. Multiple risk factors related to medications, acute illness, the environment, and patient characteristics may contribute to the development of delirium. Practical bedside screening tools have been validated and are recommended to identify ICU patients with delirium. Nonpharmacologic interventions such as early mobilization have re...
Robot mother ship design

Small physical agents will be ubiquitous on the battlefield of the 21st century, principally to lower the exposure to harm of our ground forces. Teams of small collaborating physical agents conducting tasks such as Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition (RSTA); chemical and biological agent detection, logistics, sentry; and communications relay will have advanced sensor and mobility characteristics. The mother ship much effectively deliver/retrieve, service, and control these robots as well as fuse the information gathered by these highly mobile robot teams. The mother ship concept presented in this paper includes the case where the mother ship is itself a robot or a manned system. The mother ship must have long-range mobility to deploy the small, highly maneuverable agents that will operate in urban environments and more localized areas, and act as a logistics base for the robot teams. The mother ship must also establish a robust communications network between the agents and is an up-link point for disseminating the intelligence gathered by the smaller agents; and, because of its global knowledge, provides the high-level information fusion, control and planning for the collaborative physical agents. Additionally, the mother ship incorporates battlefield visualization, information fusion, and multi-resolution analysis, and intelligent software agent technology, to support mission planning and execution. This paper discusses on going research at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory that supports the development of a robot mother ship. This research includes docking, battlefield visualization, intelligent software agents, adaptive communications, information fusion, and multi- modal human computer interaction.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spectral mode splitting scheme: application to 40-Gbit/s RZ-ASK and RZ-PSK transmission

Novel modulation formats have been a key issue in many recent reports on 40-Gbit/s applications. In particular, coherent transmission technologies including the differential phase shift keying (DPSK) format in combination with balanced detection have merited a lot of attention, because of its robustness against fiber nonlinearity induced impairments in DWDM applications. We have proposed several novel transmission formats based on amplitude shift keying technology including carrier suppressed return to zero (CS-RZ) and duo-binary carrier suppressed return to zero (DCS-RZ) formats. We have also proposed CSRZ-DPSK formats based on phase shift keying (PSK). In this paper, we discuss the remarkable relation between these advanced signal formats that can be afforded by using the spectral mode splitting (SMS) scheme. All these modulation formats can be interrelated via the SMS scheme, which transforms one signal format into another via spectral filtering. Furthermore, we discuss the transmission performance of these signal formats and show how to improve their performance by employing the SMS scheme. We can achieve both higher tolerance for fiber dispersion and higher allowable launched optical power by employing the SMS scheme. The SMS scheme also provides us with useful applications such as chromatic dispersion monitoring.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Fifty-two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation following cytoreduction with total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide. Twenty-two patients were in second remission, 15 in a later remission, and 15 were in relapse at the time of the transplant. At a median follow-up of 24 mo, 14 of those in second remission survive in continuous remission compared to 5 in later remission and 4 in the relapse group. Statistical analysis showed an improved disease-free survival for the second remission group (p = 0.09). Patients transplanted in later remission or relapse had a similar survival. The improved survival in second remission resulted from a decreased relapse rate posttransplant, as the early mortality from nonleukemic causes was similar among the groups (p = 0.01). In the second remission patients, no characteristics of the initial leukemia were identified that significantly affected outcome. In the combined later remission and relapse group, poor prognosis posttransplant was associated with initial WBC greater than 20K, age at diagnosis older than 10, or initial remission duration less than or equal to 1 yr. These results suggest that extended disease-free survival may be achieved by second remission transplantation and that improved therapy is necessary for later remission or relapse transplants due to the high rate of posttransplant relapse.
Silhouette Sutures for Treatment of Facial Aging: Facial Rejuvenation, Remodeling, and Facial Tissue Support

During facial aging, a series of physical and biochemical changes leading to tissue hypotrophy, sagging, and wrinkles takes place not only at the level of the skin but also in the fatty tissue, muscle, and other structures. One of these changes is the decrease in volume and elasticity of the tissue because of alteration of collagen fiber formation. The intermittent use of silhouette sutures (partially reabsorbable) is aimed at preventing and treating the tissue sagginess and reinforcing the soft tissue of the face.
Lithium aminoborohydrides 17. Palladium catalyzed borylation of aryl iodides, bromides, and triflates with diisopropylaminoborane prepared from lithium diisopropylaminoborohydride

Abstract The Alcaraz–Vaultier borylation of aryl halides and triflates is reported utilizing diisopropylaminoborane (BH 2 N( i Pr) 2 ) prepared from the corresponding lithium aminoborohydride (LAB reagent). BH 2 N( i Pr) 2 , prepared by reacting lithium diisopropylaminoborohydride with trimethylsilyl chloride, provided the most consistent isolated yields from this reaction. Catalytic amounts of palladium dichloride produced the highest yields from aryl iodides, while catalytic tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(chloroform) provided the best yields for aryl bromides and triflates. This route to boronic acids is mild enough to tolerate various functionalities and for the first time employs aryl triflates as substrates for the Alcaraz–Vaultier borylation. In addition, it was found that both boronic acid and ester compounds could be isolated from the reaction mixture utilizing simple work-up procedures. Treatment of the reaction intermediate with an acid/base work-up provided the corresponding boronic acid, while treating the same intermediate with a diol, such as neopentyl glycol, afforded the corresponding boronic ester.
Doping behavior of silicon in vapor-grown III–V epitaxial films

An expanded silicon-doping model, applicable for unintentionally doped vapor-grown III–V epitaxial materials, is presented based on additional experimental results of doping-level influences of AsH3, PH3, and HCl. This model retains the role of HCl as the silicon generation agent, as suggested in a recently reported silicon-doping model for GaAs. It also includes a surface kinetic factor for the silicon-incorporation efficiency in III–V materials as influenced by the relative vapor-phase concentration of As2, As4 and P2, P4 species. The present studies indicate a different degree of influence of the HCl and AsH3 partial pressures on the suppression of the GaAs background doping level. The additive effect of both partial pressures is very similar to that found in the chloride system. Qualitatively, the same sensitivity of GaP doping levels to variations in HCl and PH3 has been observed; however, the magnitudes of the doping-level changes are different. In all instances, the impurity levels in the epitaxial films are reduced by increases in the partial pressures of the various reactants, with the AsH3 and PH3 having a greater influence than the HCl.
The Quick Fix: Taking the Dull out of Data

(1994). The Quick Fix: Taking the Dull out of Data. College Teaching: Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 21-21.
Cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14α-demethylase (ERG11) and manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are adjacent genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

DNA sequencing and analysis of genomic DNA using the polymerase chain reaction were used to demonstrate that SOD1 and ERG11 are adjacent genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c and to establish the correct intergenic sequence of this segment on chromosome VIII.
Stable and robust nanotubes formed from self-assembled polymer membranes

We create long polymer nanotubes by directly pulling on the membrane of polymersomes using either optical tweezers or a micropipette. The polymersomes are composed of amphiphilic diblock copolymers and the nanotubes formed have an aqueous core connected to the aqueous interior of the polymersome. We stabilize the pulled nanotubes by subsequent chemical cross-linking. The cross-linked nanotubes are extremely robust and can be moved to another medium for use elsewhere. We demonstrate the ability to form networks of polymer nanotubes and polymersomes by optical manipulation. The aqueous core of the polymer nanotubes together with their robust character makes them interesting candidates for nanofluidics and other applications in biotechnology.
Impact of network structure on latency in complex networks

This paper investigates the impact of network structure on latency in complex networks under two different routing strategies. The performances of both scale-free networks and random networks are compared and evaluated under the shortest path routing strategy and least cost routing strategy. Our study shows that under the shortest path routing strategy, the scale-free network fares much worse compared to the random network. Conversely, under the least cost routing, the performance of the scale-free network far exceeds that of the random network because of its unique network structure.
Mechanism of Frameshift (Deletion) Generated by Acetylaminofluorene-Derived DNA Adducts in Vitro†

We have investigated the mechanism of frameshift (deletion) mutagenesis induced by acetylaminofluorene- (AAF-) derived DNA adducts. dG-AAF-modified oligodeoxynucleotides, with different bases positioned 5' to the lesion, were annealed to 3 2 P-labeled 13-mer primers and then used in primer extension reactions catalyzed by the 3'→5' exonuclease-free Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. When the dNMP positioned opposite dG-AAF could pair with its complementary base at the 5' flanking position, single-base deletions were produced at high frequency. Similarly, when the complementary base was two positions 5' to the dG-AAF, two-base deletions occurred. The relative frequency of base insertions opposite dG-AAF followed the order dCMP > dAMP > dGMP > dTMP; the frequency of dNTP insertion opposite the lesion paralleled the formation of frameshift deletions. When a template designed to induce three-base deletions was used for translesion synthesis catalyzed by the exo - Klenow fragment, the expected three-base deletion was formed. When dG-AAF-modified templates containing iterated bases 5' to the lesion were annealed to primers with the complementary dNMP positioned opposite the lesion, the dNMP inserted opposite the dG-AAF tended to pair with the complementary base 5' to the lesion, thereby forming shorter deletions. Taken together, these results support the molecular mechanism for frameshift deletion proposed earlier by Shibutani and Grollman in which direct base insertion precedes misalignment [(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 11703].
Quantification of neuron survival in monolayer cultures using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay approach, rather than by cell counting.

Abstract The determination of neurotoxicity in monolayer mixed cultures has traditionally necessitated the time consuming and subjective procedure of counting neurons. In this paper, we propose a modification of an immunohistochemical staining method with a neuron-specific antibody against MAP2, that allows for quantification of neuron number to be done using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate reader. This new procedure involves the use of the compound 2,3′-azino-bis(ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) at the last stage of the staining procedure. We employed two neurotoxicity models (the excitotoxin kainic acid and the interactions between gp120, the glycoprotein of HIV, and the stress hormone corticosterone) to compare the results obtained with this new method and the old method of immunohistochemical staining followed by 3,3′-daminobenzidine (DAB) and the counting of neurons. The ABTS/ELISA method was found to be a fast, reliable and objective procedure for the quantification of neurotoxicity.
Countable compactifications and a generalized Hahn-Mazurkiewicz type theorem

Abstract In this paper, we provide a characterization as to when a locally connected generalized continuum (a locally compact connected separable metric space) has a countable compactification of a certain order type. We then prove that for any two locally connected generalized continua with maximal countable compactifications X and Y of the same order type there is a perfect surjection f : X → Y . This provides one kind of generalized Hahn-Mazurkiewicz type theorem.
Modelling heterogeneity in biofilms: Report of the discussion session

Summary We must at all times keep in mind how the model and its measurements are to be used. The models should be kept as simple as possible to answer the question of interest. It is unlikely that one model will be of use to all researchers, let alone designers. Rather, there should be a set of models, each designed for a specific purpose. As was stated during the discussion, biofilm models are not like "tube socks" (i.e., athletic socks of one size only).
Tortuosity in Porous Media: A Critical Review

The concept of tortuosity is used to characterize the structure of porous media, to estimate their electrical and hydraulic conductivity, and to study the travel time and length for tracer dispersion, but different types of tortuosity—geometric, hydraulic, electrical, and diffusive—have been used essentially interchangeably in the literature. Here, we critically review the tortuosity models developed empirically, analytically, and numerically for flow in both saturated and unsaturated porous media. We emphasize that the proposed tortuosity models are distinct and thus may not be used interchangeably. Given the variety of models that have been developed, and the sharp differences between some of them, no consensus has emerged unifying the models in a coherent way. Related treatments of tortuosity are found in the literature on porous catalysts. In such materials, nonlinear reactions ordinarily accompany transport, and the effective diffusivity within the pore space in the presence of the reactions is distinct from the one in their absence. Thus, because tortuosity may be defined as the ratio of the effective diffusivities in the bulk material and within the pore space, a careful treatment of tortuosity may need to distinguish between transport with and without reactions. This complication is ultimately relevant to soils as well, because bioremediation and biodegradation in soils are always accompanied by nonlinear reactions. Common models of tortuosity include both logarithmic functions and power laws. In many cases, the differences between the logarithmic and power-law phenomenologies are not great, but power laws can usually be reconciled with percolation concepts. Invoking percolation theory provides both insight into the origin of the power functions and a framework for understanding differences between tortuosity models.
Determinants of binding-site specificity among yeast C6 zinc cluster proteins

Related DNA binding proteins often recognize similar DNA sites but can distinguish among them with the use of different protein-DNA contacts. Here, it is shown that members of the C6 zinc cluster family of yeast transcriptional activators distinguish related DNA sites by a different mechanism. The DNA binding site for each of these proteins contains identical nucleotide triplets (CGG ... CCG) but differs in the spacings between the triplets. It is shown that zinc clusters of these proteins work interchangeably to recognize the conserved triplets and that the region 19 amino acids to the carboxyl-terminal side of the zinc cluster, comprising the linker and the beginning of a dimerization element as inferred from the GAL4 crystal structure, directs the protein to its preferred site.
Flux-line-cutting threshold in type II superconductors

The threshold for flux-line cutting (intersection and cross-joining of adjacent nonparallel vortices) is considered theoretically for a model array of parallel, equally spaced vortex planes. The vortices within each plane are parallel to each other but are inclined at an angle with respect to vortices in adjacent planes. Forces between vortices are calculated numerically using the interaction force proposed by Brandt, Clem, and Walmsley. Although for small interplanar angles the array is stable, for sufficiently large angles infinitesimal perturbations of the array grow until flux-line cutting occurs.
Solicitation and the Legal Profession: A New Issue for Consumer Affairs Professionals

While issues relating to the advertising of legal services have received much attention in the scholarly literature, this has not been the case for solicitation by lawyers, even though it appears that lawyers are more interested in being able to solicit than to advertise. In this article the legal issues surrounding solicitation are identified and tied to a basic communications model; then research propositions are presented along with the results of a survey of attitudes held toward solicitation by 125 lawyers practicing in two Rocky Mountain states. The survey results suggest that solicitation is not going to be easily accepted and that many lawyers may have trouble evaluating differences among solicitation, direct mail and advertising. The survey results also suggest that attitudes toward solicitation may be changing in that younger, less experienced respondents expressed more liberal attitudes toward solicitation than their older and more experienced colleagues. Taken together the findings of this article strongly suggest that solicitation is likely to offer a complex and challenging development for consumer affairs professionals in the years ahead.
A Multi-AUV State Estimator for Determining the 3D Position of Tagged Fish

This paper presents a multi-AUV state-estimator that can determine the 3D position of a tagged fish. In addition to angle measurements, the state-estimator also incorporates distance and depth measurements. These additional sensor measurements allow for greater accuracy in the position es- timates. A newly developed motion model that better accounts for multiple hypotheses of the motion of a tagged fish is used to increase the robustness of the state-estimator. A series of multi-AUV shark tracks were conducted at Santa Catalina Island, California over the span of four days to demonstrate the ability of the state-estimator to determine the 3D position of a tagged leopard shark. Additional experiments in which the AUVs tracked a tagged boat of known location were conducted to quantify the performance of the presented state-estimator. Experimental results demonstrate a three-fold decrease in mean state-estimation error compared to previous works. I. INTRODUCTION Studying the spatial movement of sharks and other fishes is an important tool for monitoring habitat and maintaining fish populations. Typical methods for tracking fish include tagging individuals with acoustic transmitters, and then using hydrophone-receiver systems to detect and measure the signals transmitted. Often, the hydrophone-receivers are placed at fixed locations around an environment of interest to passively track tagged individuals that move through the static array (1). Alternatively, active tracking can be done manually by mounting a directional hydrophone on a boat and continuously following the tagged individual from the surface for periods up to 96h (2). To enable active tracking without the need for human operators, the authors have demonstrated in previous works that a multi-AUV system using only low resolution angle measurements is able to autonomously track and follow tagged leopard sharks (3). A key component of this system is a state-estimator which determines the 2D position of the tagged shark (4). In order to provide more sensor
OF CHRONOLOGY, FAILURE, AND FIDELITY: WHEN DID THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT END?

The essay posits the question of the end of May Fourth as a properly political sequence. If we consider May Fourth as a political movement, asking how it ends implies asking what kind of political subjects and political organizations were active then and ceased to be active at a certain point in time. Asking when and how the May Fourth movement ended implies, therefore, asking what ended. The essay analyzes a series of statements and actions signaling the “end” or the “defeat” of May Fourth in order to question whether there were collective practices, locations, and categories proper to the May Fourth period and how they got exhausted. Two elements appear to be crucial: the organizational structure of the xuehui and the category of “student.”
Development of virus vectors for gene therapy of β chain hemoglobinopathies: flanking with a chromatin insulator reduces γ-globin gene silencing in vivo

We have previously described the development of oncoretrovirus vectors for human gamma-globin using a truncated beta-globin promoter, modified gamma-globin cassette, and alpha-globin enhancer. However, one of these vectors is genetically unstable, and both vectors exhibit variable expression patterns in cultured cells, common characteristics of oncoretrovirus vectors for globin genes. To address these problems, we identified and removed the vector sequences responsible for genetic instability and flanked the resultant vector with the chicken beta-globin HS4 chromatin insulator to protect expression from chromosomal position effects. After determining that flanking with the cHS4 element allowed higher, more uniform levels of gamma-globin expression in MEL cell lines, we tested these vectors using a mouse bone marrow transduction and transplantation model. When present, the gamma-globin cassettes from the uninsulated vectors were expressed in only 2% to 5% of red blood cells (RBCs) long term, indicating they are highly sensitive to epigenetic silencing. In contrast, when present the gamma-globin cassette from the insulated vector was expressed in 49% +/- 20% of RBCs long term. RNase protection analysis indicated that the insulated gamma-globin cassette was expressed at 23% +/- 16% per copy of mouse alpha-globin in transduced RBCs. These results demonstrate that flanking a globin vector with the cHS4 insulator increases the likelihood of expression nearly 10-fold, which in turn allows for gamma-globin expression approaching the therapeutic range for sickle cell anemia and beta thalassemia.
Intersections between childhood abuse and adult intimate partner violence among ecuadorian women

Objectives Strong linkages exist between childhood abuse and adult intimate partner violence (IPV) among women in developed countries. Few studies examine this pattern in developing nations. This study explores the effect of childhood physical and/or psychological abuse on the likelihood of IPV among a national sample of Ecuadorian women of reproductive age. Methods Secondary data analysis was conducted on a subsample of 9,077 Ecuadorian women, utilizing the 2004 Encuesta Demografia y de Salud Materna e Infantil survey. Cross-tabulations and multivariate logistic regression models were utilized to assess whether women who report childhood abuse had a higher likelihood of reporting sexual, physical or psychological IPV during their lifetimes or within the past year. Results Levels of abuse were high. More than 30% of women reported childhood psychological or physical abuse, and 21% experienced both types of abuse. Forty percent of women reported sexual, physical or psychological IPV during their lifetimes, while 15% reported any form of IPV in the past year. The co-occurrence of childhood psychological and physical abuse was highly predictive of all forms of IPV, with less consistent associations for women who reported only physical or only psychological childhood abuse. Conclusions This study suggests that childhood abuse is an important risk factor for IPV victimization among Ecuadorian women. While this analysis supports findings from developed countries, more cross-cultural research about patterns of violence throughout the life course is needed to develop relevant prevention programs.
Testing the Steve Jobs Hypothesis in a B2B Context Will a Portfolio of Hierarchically Related Technology Products Improve Customer Outcomes

This research examines how the type of information technology (IT) provided among hardware, software, and services—and the degree to which the IT provided is bundled into a solution—influences the levels of satisfaction and loyalty of IT buyers. We refer to the hardware, software, and services offerings jointly as the IT products-services stack, as technology stacks are useful visualizations of how layers of technology products are hierarchically related. We utilize over 36,000 ratings of 68 IT vendors provided by the vendors’ customers to test our research model. The findings indicate that vendors offering products in the lower levels of the IT products-services stack experience higher satisfaction and loyalty ratings (hardware > software > services). Moreover, satisfaction and loyalty ratings are highest when hardware, software, and services are provided together—that is, as an IT solution. An important implication of these findings is that IT solutions benefit both vendors and buyers.
Biosynthesis and function of tetrahydrobiopterin

Abstract Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH 4 ) belongs to the class of pteridines (fused pyrimidopyrazines) possessing a 2-amino-4-oxo substitution of the pyrimidine moiety. BH 4 is the coenzyme for tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine hydroxylases; for the glycerol ether monooxygenase; and probably for the arginine utilizing nitric oxide synthase in rodent macrophages. The function of BH 4 in these reactions derives from the ability of the cofactor to react directly with molecular oxygen to form an active oxygen intermediate that can hydroxylate substrate. In the hydroxylation process, the coenzyme loses two electrons and is regenerated in vivo in an NADH-dependent reduction catalyzed by DHPR. This review of BH 4 describes studies on biosynthesis, analysis, and the role of pterins in the immune response and in some diseases reported since our previous review. 1 For further general and more detailed information on BH 4 and other pterins, the reader is referred to the monograph series Chemistry and Biology of Pteridines and the three-volume set Folates and Pterins .
Urban High School Students’ Experiences in an Afterschool College Readiness Program

This transcendental phenomenological investigation examined urban students’ experiences in Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs (GEAR UP), an afterschool college readiness program. The federally funded program provides low-income and minority students information and access to services that lead to increased opportunities for post-secondary education. Interviews with 10 participants revealed that (a) navigating the college system; (b) expansion of career options; (c) counseling relationship; (d) personal insight; and (e) future orientation were major themes. Implications for school counselor preparation and practice are discussed.
Cellular localization and regulation of gene expression for components of the insulin-like growth factor ternary binding protein complex

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are present in the circulation, largely as part of a high mol wt complex including IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and an acid-labile subunit (ALS). This study used in situ hybridization to investigate the cellular sites of synthesis of these factors in the rat and to evaluate changes in transcript levels during development and after hypophysectomy and GH treatment. IGFBP-3 transcripts are considerably more abundant and widely expressed than ALS at birth, but both are present in liver and kidney. Hepatic IGFBP-3 gene expression increases slightly, whereas ALS increases dramatically in the first few weeks after birth. IGFBP-3 mRNA is concentrated in portal venous and sinusoidal endothelium, but is not detected in hepatocytes, whereas ALS mRNA is diffusely expressed by hepatocytes, but is not detected in nonparenchymal cells. Both transcripts are localized in the renal cortex; however, IGFBP-3 mRNA is concentrated in interstitial cells, whereas ALS is expressed in proximal...
The effect of lidocaine sprayed on the major duodenal papilla on the frequency of post-ERCP pancreatitis.

Abstract Background Acute pancreatitis remains a serious cause of ERCP-related morbidity. Topical application of lidocaine reportedly blunts cholecystokinin release from intestinal mucosa and reduces sphincter of Oddi spasm. A randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of lidocaine sprayed on the major duodenal papilla on the frequency of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Secondary outcomes evaluated were ease of cannulation and severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Methods Patients undergoing ERCP were randomized in blocks of 6 to have 10 mL of either 1% lidocaine or normal saline solution sprayed on the major papilla before cannulation. Patients were observed for the development of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Patient history- and procedure-related variables were recorded. Results A total of 326 patients were enrolled, of whom 32 were excluded after randomization but before analysis. Of patients analyzed, 145 were randomized to treatment with lidocaine and 149 to placebo. No patient was lost to follow-up. There was no significant difference noted in patient history- or procedure-related variables. Seven patients in the lidocaine group and 5 in the placebo group developed post-ERCP pancreatitis ( p =0.73). Ease of cannulation did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions Lidocaine sprayed on the major papilla does not decrease the frequency of post-ERCP pancreatitis.
Diagnosis of testicular torsion using doppler ultrasonic flowmeter

Abstract Thirty-one patients with intrascrotal disease processess have been studied with the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter to determine if testicular torsion can be differentiated from acute epididymitis when clinical characteristics are ambivalent. in all instances of proved torsion there was a loss of blood flow in the involved testes, whereas in acute epididymitis or other epididymal and gonadal diseases blood flow ranged from normal to hyperemic.
Polymer‐polymer rectifying heterojunction based on poly(3,4‐dicyanothiophene) and MEH‐PPV

Thin, homogeneous films of a high electron affinity (n-dopable) polymer, poly(3,4-dicyanothiophene) (PDCTh), were prepared by in-situ thermal polymerization of 2,5-diiodo-3,4-dicyanothiophene on substrates. As a result of the presence of two cyano substituents on the thiophene backbone, PDCTh is an electronegative polymer, with the LUMO at ca. 3.6 eV and the HOMO at ca. 6.7 eV. We demonstrate the fabrication of polymer-polymer rectifying heterojunctions using PDCTh and poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV) polymer layers on ITO-glass. Rectification ratios in the current voltage characteristics of these devices exceed 10.3 This device exhibits a photovoltaic effect with a dc sensitivity at -3 V reverse bias of 4 × 10-4 A/W or quantum yield of 0.1% electrons/photon. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 3115–3120, 1998
Plotting protein surfaces

Abstract This paper presents two methods for drawing solvent-accessible surfaces of proteins on a plotter. One method draws a stack of contours and the other draws a triangulated polyhedral surface. Both methods perform hidden-line elimination. These methods should be very useful in laboratories which do not possess vector or raster colour graphics equipment.
A qualitative retrospective study of coping strategies of newly widowed elderly. Effects of anticipatory grieving on the caregiver.

Findings of a qualitative retrospective study ofcopingstrategies ofnewly widowed elderly are presented. The focus is on effects ofanticipatory grieving on the caregiver before the spouse's death as reported by the widowed partnerfollowing the death. Mostfrequent and troubling problems were reportedasloneliness, social isolation, disruption in eating and sleeping patterns and independent decision making. Changes in health status following the death were not asdetrimental as expected. Caregivers' health actually improved when those responsibilities were over. Recommendations for hospice care for the caregiver are suggested.
Some characteristics of muon states in silicon

Abstract Recent results of muon spin rotation studies on silicon are discussed, Special attention is paid to the temperature and doping dependences of the formation probabilities and relaxation rates of the observed muon states. It is argued that normal muonium (Mu) and anomalous muonium (Mu*) are two completely different states with respect to physical and chemical properties. Mu* is a localized state, whereas evidence suggests that Mu diffuses through the silicon lattice.
Congenital anorectal anomalies: MR imaging.

Twenty-one patients with anorectal anomalies were evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. In seven preoperative patients, MR imaging demonstrated the level of atresia correctly by showing the rectal pouch and sphincter muscles. The exact location and development of the sphincter muscles were estimated and associated anomalies involving the kidneys and the spine and its contents were evaluated. In 14 postoperative patients, the location of the pulled-through intestine was examined in relation to the sphincter muscles. MR imaging demonstrated operative complications affecting rectal continence--such as a misplaced neorectum, inadvertently pulled-through mesenteric fat, and an implantation mucous retention cyst--and provided objective data for individuals with persistent incontinence after surgery who were under consideration for repeat surgery. The authors recommend MR imaging in all patients being considered for repeat procedures and in any patient without prior surgery who is suspected of having a...
The Case of the Phantom Bladder

A 77-year-old man was diagnosed in July 1994 with transitional cell carcinoma tha t invaded the bladder wall and adhered to the pelvic wall. He underwent radical ureterocystectomy with lymph node dissection, including creation of an ileal conduit and release of the adherent tissue. At surgery there was no evidence of metastatic disease. History was significant for stage D1 prostate carcinoma diagnosed i n 1982 for which radical prostatectomy, bilateral orchiectomy and lymph node dissection were performed. Because of poor response to therapy, no adjuvant t reatment was elected. At followup on March 16, 1995, computerized tomography of the abdomen revealed extensive retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy a s well as multiple osteoblastic lesions in the spinal skeleton. Upon further questioning the patient described "phantom bladder pains." He awoke several times nightly with a sensation of bladder pressure and the urge to urinate. Accepted for publication August 16. 1996 DISCUSSION
SU‐FF‐T‐225: Utilization of Thebes II Linear Ion‐Chamber Array to Calculate Wedge Angle Using a Single Exposure

Purpose: Thebes II model 7040, a linear array of ion chambers has been utilized in measurement of physical as well as virtual wedge angle using only one exposure. This technique was applied to all available clinical photon energies and various field sizes. Method and Materials: Measurements were carried out for the 600 motorized wedge in Elekta SL-25, and all four wedges of a Varian Clinac 2100-C accelerators. Wedge profiles at the depth of 10 cm of acrylic phantom were measured for 6MV, 10MV, 15MV, 18MV, and 25MV photons. The wedge angle was measured as a function of field size from 5×5 to maximum wedge field. The source to surface of phantom distance was set at 100 cm. Wedge angle was calculated through an attenuation method described by Schmidt, E-L, et. al 1 . Measured data agreed favorably with the expected wedge angle and was reproducible. Preliminary work performed in computing the effective wedge angle when virtual wedge applied will be presented. Results: Results from the motorized wedge in Elekta accelerator measured for photon energies 6, 10, 15, and 25 MV and all clinically relevant field sizes indicate excellent agreement with the largest deviation of 2.7% for the 45 degree wedge in 6MV beam. Conclusion: This device, with 47 water proof air ionization chambers of 0.5 cc on a 0.5 cm pitch can provide a simultaneous measurement in real time for the full width of the radiation field for accurate wedge angle computation.
Volcanotectonic interactions between Mauna Loa and Kilauea: Insights from 2-D discrete element simulations

Abstract Numerical simulations using the discrete element method (DEM) are carried out to examine the dynamics and internal deformation of overlapping volcanoes constructed upon a weak decollement horizon, as analogs to the Kilauea–Mauna Loa system of volcanoes in Hawaii. Employing a frictional rheology, the DEM simulations capture much of the complex deformation behavior of Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, here referred to as the primary and secondary edifices, respectively. The models demonstrate incremental displacements of the outer flanks of the volcanoes and concurrent summit subsidence, leading to characteristic low slopes and inward dipping strata. Slip discontinuities that develop within the piles define steeply dipping normal faults along the upper flanks and beneath the edifice summits, that accommodate subsidence and flank spreading. Edifice overlap influences dynamic behavior significantly; even small topographic perturbations restrict the internal deformation and spreading of the confined flanks. The degree of buttressing depends on the relative positions of the two edifices. If the secondary edifice grows high upon the flanks of the primary edifice, outward spreading of the underlying flank is enhanced; if the secondary edifice is built low upon the primary flanks, spreading of the underlying flank is effectively prevented, or possibly reversed. Furthermore, as the second edifice grows, it subsides into the underlying flank, partitioning it into a mobile downslope region entrained by spreading of the second edifice, and a comparatively stable upper flank region. These results suggest that much of the mass of Kilauea volcano may lie deeply buried within the underlying flank of Mauna Loa, while older Mauna Loa rocks may lie far from their source beneath the mobile flank of the younger volcano.
Temporal soliton switching in a rectangular nonlinear directional coupler

We address the theory of temporal soliton switching in a planar geometry directional coupler constructed from silica and doped silica glass and operating at the central wavelength of 1.55 µm, significant for erbium-doped amplification. We formulate the field in the coupler in terms of the supermodes of the total structure and take account of the two transverse dimensions of the rectangular channels. In the case of the weak coupling between channels consistent with elimination of pulse breakup, the effect of the fields in the outer corner regions of the channels results in a switching intensity that differs significantly from that derived from coupled-mode theory on the basis of a slab model of the coupler.
Karhunen-Loeve decomposition in the presence of symmetry. I

The Karhunen-Loeve (KL) decomposition is widely used for data which very often exhibit some symmetry, afforded by a group action. For a finite group, we derive an algorithm using group representation theory to reduce the cost of determining the KL basis. We demonstrate the technique on a Lorenz-type ODE system. For a compact group such as tori or SO(3,R) the method also applies, and we extend results to these cases. As a short example, we consider the circle group S/sup 1/.
"Born Under the Cruel Rigor of Captivity, the Supplicant Left it Unexpectedly by Committing a Crime": Categorizing and Punishing Slave Convicts in Brazil, 1830–1897

In Jose Lins do Rego's 1936 novel, A Usina (the sugar refinery), the penal colony of Fernando de Noronha Island emerges as an incongruous Utopia. The novel's young black protoganist Ricardo serves a three year sentence there as a result of his involvement in a Recife labor strike. Upon his return, he is disillusioned by what he finds on the mainland. He recalls his penalcolony stint with a mixture of nostalgia and shame, especially the tender relationship he had had with the former black bandit Ze Moleque, the respected convict in the citation above. The island, some 220 miles off Brazil's northeast coast, initially appears to be an exotic criminal community of dishonored men, the antithesis of life on the mainland. But, as the plot progresses, it becomes a bucolic foil with which the author highlights hypocrisy, injustice, indifference, and corruption on the modernizing Brazilian mainland of the 1920s.
Comment on "RAID5 performance with distributed sparing"

We provide an improved performance analysis of zoned disk drives, especially the seek distance distribution, than in a paper by Thomasian and Menon.
On quasi-orthogonal signatures for CDMA systems

Sum capacity optimal signatures in synchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems are functions of the codebook length as well as the number of active users. A new signature set must be assigned every time the number of active users changes. This correspondence considers signature sets that are less sensitive to changes in the number of active users. Equiangular signature sequences are proven to solve a certain max-min signal-to-interference-plus-noise problem, which results from their interference invariance. Unions of orthonormal bases have subsets that come close to satisfying the Welch bound. Bounds on the maximum number of bases with minimum maximum correlation are derived and a new construction algorithm is provided. Connections are made between these signature design problems, Grassmannian line packing, frame theory, and algebraic geometry