cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition waves in multi-stable metamaterials with space-time modulated potentials

This Letter introduces a strategy for transition wave (soliton) management in multi-stable mechanical metamaterials, enabling on-demand, post-fabrication control of the associated phase transformation kinetics and distribution. Specifically, the wave dynamics are controlled by a small, kinematically prescribed spatiotemporal variation in the elastic potential, constituting a driving force. The stability of the wave profile under slow-propagation conditions and the characteristic spatial localization of the Hamiltonian energy support an analogy with a Newtonian particle traversing a viscous medium under forcing. The theoretical analysis adopts this particle perspective, describing the soliton dynamics through ordinary, rather than partial, differential equations. While myriads of definitions for the potential modulation are possible, a traveling sinusoid assists the development of analytical solutions. Following this prescription, two wave propagation regimes are revealed: in one, the soliton is carried by the modulation with a commensurate velocity; in the other, the soliton is out-paced by the modulation and, thus, travels at reduced velocity. To illustrate the utility of this method, we demonstrate both the tractor and repulsor effects in multi-stable systems away from equilibrium: as a tractor (repulsor), the potential variation attracts (repels) the transition wave front in opposition to the system's energy-minimizing tendency. This method provides greater flexibility to the transformation performance of multi-stable metamaterials and supports the adoption of such systems in applications demanding multi-functionality.
[Re-examination of malaria diagnosis in Hubei Provincial Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory from 2017 to 2019].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the re-examination results of malaria cases captured from the National Notifiable Communicable Disease Reporting System in Hubei Provincial Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory from 2017 to 2019, so as to pro- vide the scientific evidence for improving the malaria control capability in the province. METHODS: Microscopy and nested PCR assay were performed to re-examine the diagnosis of malaria cases registered in the National Notifiable Communicable Disease Reporting System in Hubei Provincial Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory from 2017 to 2019, and the coincidences of ma- laria diagnosis and malaria parasite species were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 410 malaria cases were reported in Hubei Province from 2017 to 2019 according to the data retrieved from the National Notifiable Communicable Disease Reporting System. Among the 407 samples re-examined by Hubei Provincial Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory from 2017 to 2019, the diag- nosis 374 malaria cases were confirmed, with an overall coincidence of 91.89% (374/407) for malaria diagnosis and 89.04% (333/374) for parasite species identification. The coincidence rates of malaria diagnosis and parasite species identification were 50.00% to 100.00% and 66.67% to 100.00% in 16 cities (prefectures) of Hubei Province during the re-examinations, which both varied in regions (χ2 = 40.46 and 42.30, both P values < 0.01). The coincidence rates of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale identification were 95.80%, 100.00%, 58.33% and 51.92% during the re-examinations, respectively (χ2 = 76.66, P < 0.01). The consistency rate between microscopic and nested PCR results was 89.83% (362/403). CONCLUSIONS: The overall diagnostic quality of malaria is high in medical institutions at all levels in Hubei Province; however, the diagnostic capability of malaria remains to be improved in some regions.
Characterization of Groundwater Recharge and Flow in California's San Joaquin Valley From InSAR-Observed Surface Deformation.

Surface deformation in California's Central Valley (CV) has long been linked to changes in groundwater storage. Recent advances in remote sensing have enabled the mapping of CV deformation and associated changes in groundwater resources at increasingly higher spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) from the Sentinel-1 missions, augmented by continuous Global Positioning System (cGPS) positioning, to characterize the surface deformation of the San Joaquin Valley (SJV, southern two-thirds of the CV) for consecutive dry (2016) and wet (2017) water years. We separate trends and seasonal oscillations in deformation time series and interpret them in the context of surface and groundwater hydrology. We find that subsidence rates in 2016 (mean -42.0 mm/yr; peak -345 mm/yr) are twice that in 2017 (mean -20.4 mm/yr; peak -177 mm/yr), consistent with increased groundwater pumping in 2016 to offset the loss of surface-water deliveries. Locations of greatest subsidence migrated outwards from the valley axis in the wetter 2017 water year, possibly reflecting a surplus of surface-water supplies in the lowest portions of the SJV. Patterns in the amplitude of seasonal deformation and the timing of peak seasonal uplift reveal entry points and potential pathways for groundwater recharge into the SJV and subsequent groundwater flow within the aquifer. This study provides novel insight into the SJV aquifer system that can be used to constrain groundwater flow and subsidence models, which has relevance to groundwater management in the context of California's 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA).
Hedged Mutual Funds and Competition for Arbitrage Opportunities

Hedged mutual funds, mutual funds employing hedge fund strategies, grew tremendously after the 2007-2009 financial crisis. This paper examines the performance of these funds with a focus on the post-2009 period. Even though hedge mutual funds were able to generate positive alphas before the crisis, I find that their abnormal performance vanishes in the post-2009 period as more funds compete to offer similar arbitrage strategies. Performance of existing hedged mutual funds decreases with new fund inceptions in a style as well as with the overlap of their holdings with new funds. Furthermore, performance of hedge funds also deteriorates with a similar trend, suggesting that their strategies are crowded by mutual funds and hence become less profitable. Despite the lack of performance, I show that investors direct more flows to hedged mutual funds when investor sentiment is low, suggesting that they use these funds as a hedge against downside risk.
Foreign aid and discourses of National Social Responsibility: evidence from South Korea

This article analyses a recent discourse of responsibility that accompanies states’ foreign aid provision. States adopt this discourse of National Social Responsibility (NSR) to show their complian...
Soft power with Chinese characteristics: China campaign for hearts and minds: by KINGSLEY EDNEY, STANLEY ROSEN, and YING ZHU, London: Routledge, 2019, US$51.67 (paperback), 318 pp

Based on editorship of scholarly discussion across disciplines and regions from global experts, Edney et al. provide a comprehensive introduction to, and the latest assessment of, China’s soft powe...
Isoprene hydrocarbons production upon heterologous transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Aims: Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene; C5H8) is naturally produced by photosynthesis and emitted in the atmosphere by the leaves of many herbaceous, deciduous and woody plants. Fermentative yeast and fungi (Ascomycota) are not genetically endowed with the isoprene production process. The work investigated whether Ascomycota can be genetically modified and endowed with the property of constitutive isoprene production. Methods and Results: Two different strategies for expression of the IspS gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were employed: (i) optimization of codon usage of the IspS gene for specific expression in S. cerevisiae and (ii) multiple independent integrations of the IspS gene in the rDNA loci of the yeast genome. Copy number analysis showed that IspS transgenes were on the average incorporated within about 25% of the endogenous rDNA. Codon use optimization of the Pueraria montana (kudzu vine) IspS gene (SckIspS) for S. cerevisiae showed fivefold greater expression of the IspS protein compared with that of nonoptimized IspS (kIspS). With the strategies mentioned earlier, heterologous expression of the kudzu isoprene synthase gene (kIspS) in S. cerevisiae was tested for stability and as a potential platform of fermentative isoprene production. The multi-copy IspS transgenes were stably integrated and expressed for over 100 generations of yeast cell growth and constitutively produced volatile isoprene hydrocarbons. Secondary chemical modification of isoprene to a number of hydroxylated isoprene derivatives in the sealed reactor was also observed. Conclusion: Transformation of S. cerevisiae with the Pueraria montana var. lobata (kudzu vine) isoprene synthase gene (IspS) conferred to the yeast cells constitutive isoprene hydrocarbons production in the absence of adverse or toxic effects. Significance and Impact of the Study: First-time demonstration of constitutive isoprene hydrocarbons production in a fermentative eukaryote operated through the mevalonic acid pathway. The work provides concept validation for the utilization of S. cerevisiae, as a platform for the production of volatile hydrocarbon biofuels and chemicals.
Native social capital: The case of Hawaiian sovereignty and Ka Lahui Hawaii

On January 17, 1993, over 15,000 Hawaiians and their supporters marched through Honolulu to the palace of their ancient chiefs to commemorate and protest the American overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom a century earlier. Solemn and traditional, the chanting throng included infants and great-grandparents, Natives and non-Natives, politicians, curious tourists, and dozens of news reporters from the United States and the Pacific Rim. By most reckonings, the ‘sovereignty’ march was the largest of its kind in modern Hawaiian history (Honolulu Advertiser, January 18, 1993; Honolulu Star-Bulletin, January 18, 1993).
Neuropharmacology in the next millennium: promise for breakthrough discoveries.

Pharmacology has provided powerful tools to study and characterize neurochemical pathways in the brain, and how these pathways may be involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatric illness. This work has focused largely on neurotransmitter systems, including the synthesis, release, and metabolism of monoamines and receptor subtypes that control presynaptic release of neurotransmitters and their postsynaptic effects. In addition, pharmacological tools have been useful for developing models of certain neurobiological disorders. However, little progress has been made over the past 40 years in the development of novel therapeutic agents (an exception is the recent finding that a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist has antidepressant efficacy), and the underlying etiology of psychiatric illnesses has remained largely unknown. This is undoubtedly a result, in part, of the complex nature of disorders of the brain, combined with the fact that most of these disorders are syndromes and are thought to have multiple underlying determinants. Another factor contributing to this problem is that the therapeutic action of most psychotropic agents is dependent on longterm treatment and the consequent molecular and cellular adaptations that occur over time. Thus, future progress in development of novel therapeutic agents and identification of the etiology of psychiatric illnesses will be dependent upon basic and clinical research to characterize the complex neurobiology underlying these disorders.
Non-separable Haar wavelets and the clustering of magnetic resonance imagery

Non-separable Haar wavelets and the resulting multiresolution decomposition of the toroidal integer lattice provide a mechanism to cluster, i.e., obtain an unsupervised classification, an image. The statistical nature of imagery obtained by the measurement of magnetic resonance makes context free classification less than ideal. The technique proposed uses a definition of homogeneity defined by the tilings imposed by the non-separable Haar wavelets to obtain an estimate of the distribution over irregular structures in the image. Subject to the choice of the tile, a clustering is obtained which represents regions in the image which share similar distributions up to a specified significance level.
Balkan Lessons: Learned and Unlearned

This article examines the peace-building efforts in Bosnia and Kosovo to assess what has been accomplished and what international actors might have learned through the experience. Although in some sense the international operations in both cases have been profoundly successful - violence is absent, new governments have taken hold, and elections are considered free and fair - these successes are heavily qualified. Ethnic tensions remain high, local actors remain resistant to consensual modes of governance, and both places are considered relatively unstable. That is not surprising, as research shows that international peace-building is more successful at addressing immediate security needs than at building effective institutions. But the long tenure of these cases also makes them good candidates for examining the process of transition, to assess both its successes and its enduring challenges.
The cohesion of previously fractured Fcc metals in ultrahigh vacuum

The cohesion of clean surfaces of the fcc metals Ag, Al, Cu, and Ni was investigated using the technique of cold welding specimens previously fractured in an ultrahigh vacuum. The cohesive strength of the weld increased with compressive load, all data falling on a single curve with slight positive curvature when the cohesive strength and compression load were normalized through the initial fracture strength of each metal. The cohesion coefficients ranged from 0.62 to 1.15 and were in accord with those obtained using more elaborate techniques of surface preparation and testing. It is proposed that the essentially constant cohesion coefficient obtained for all the unalloyed fcc metals resides in the fact that the area of contact produced by a given compressive load is inversely proportional to the fracture stress of the metal and the cohesive strength is directly proportional to this fracture stress. A lowered cohesion coefficient was observed for copper specimens which had recrystallized in the vicinity of the interface either during the cold welding or as the result of a subsequent heat treatment.
India Before Europe: Expanding political and economic spheres, 1550–1650

By the time of Akbar's death in 1605, a qualitative change in the scale of political and economic activities in the Indian subcontinent had occurred. The sheer size of the empire Akbar left behind is an important factor, for an estimated 110 million people resided within its borders out of a total South Asian population of slightly less than 150 million. Akbar implemented a more systematic and centralized form of rule than had prevailed earlier, which led to greater uniformity in administrative practices over a vast territory. At the same time, Akbar's economic policies stimulated the growth of commercial activity, which interconnected the various parts of South Asia in increasingly close networks. His stipulation that land taxes be paid in cash forced peasants into the market networks where they could obtain the necessary money, while the standardization of imperial currency made the exchange of goods for money easier. Above all, the long period of relative peace ushered in by Akbar's power, and maintained by his successors throughout the seventeenth century, contributed to India's economic expansion. The greater circulation of people, goods, and practices that characterized India in the centuries after 1550 is also found in Europe and other parts of the world in this era. After direct sea links were established between Europe, Asia, and the Americas around 1500, a global economy spanning diverse regions of the world gradually emerged.
Neural control of hatching: Role of neck position in turning on hatching leg movements in post-hatching chicks

1. A previous study showed that the pattern generating circuit for the leg movements of hatching remains functional in post-hatching chicks and can be turned on by folding chicks into the hatching position and placing them in glass eggs (Bekoff and Kauer 1980). The goal of the present study was to determine what conditions are both sufficient and necessary to turn on this pattern generator in posthatching chicks. 2. In preliminary experiments, 0- to 2-day old chicks were placed in glass eggs and then either legs or head were selectively released while the rest of the body was kept restrained in the hatching position. Results of these experiments suggested that head and/ or neck position was important in turning on the leg motor output pattern typical of hatching. 3. To further clarify this issue, 0- to 2-day old chicks were suspended by a ring attached to the midthoracic region of the back. Various body parts could then be selectively and independently immobilized in specific positions. Restraining the chick in any way was sufficient to turn on periodic episodes of leg movements. The inter-episode intervals and episode durations approached, but were usually somewhat longer than, those of hatching (Table 2). 4. However, restraining the neck by bending it tightly to the right or to the left was the only manipulation we could identify that turned on periodic episodes involving a synchronous pattern of interlimb coordination (Fig. 2). This pattern has been shown to be typical of hatching (Bekoff and Kauer, submitted). Therefore we conclude that bending the neck to the right or to the left is both sufficient and necessary to turn on the pattern generator for the leg movements of hatching in post-hatching chicks.
Complex reconstruction of the diabetic foot and ankle.

Abstract Reconstruction of the diabetic foot presents significant challenges for the surgeon. The goals of treatment are correction of deformity as well as elimination of infection, with production of a stable, plantigrade foot. Certainly not all patients with Charcot deformities require reconstruction. Many can be effectively managed with proper shoe modifications with orthoses. Bracing is also effective in providing support and in preventing further deformity. Surgical treatment is indicated for patients with recurrent ulceration or an unstable foot. Reconstruction of the Charcot foot should eliminate deformity and remove “high-pressure” areas of the foot and ankle. Achieving these goals should help prevent ulceration and infection, thereby avoiding the most devastating complication of the Charcot foot: amputation.
An efficient implementation of lazy reevaluation

Advances in distributed computing have resulted in the design of fast simulators for digital systems. A parallel, optimistically synchronized (time warp) digital systems simulator using VHDL as the hardware description language has been developed. The simulator incorporates several optimizations to the time warp mechanism, including lazy cancellation, flow control, lazy rollback, lazy reevaluation, and rollback relaxation. This paper presents an efficient implementation of lazy reevaluation which has historically been too computationally expensive for effective utilization. The realization of this optimization is proposed in this paper results in an identification of only a subset of the total forward jumps that are possible in lazy reevaluation. >
In situ pumping activities of tropical Demospongiae

Studies employing Scuba techniques were carried out on populations of 3 species of tropical demosponges to determine in situ patterns of water-pumping activity. Short-term changes in individual activity of deep-water species (15 to 55 m) were determined from continuous recordings of exhalant current velocities. Long-term changes were determined by repeated measurements of oscular velocity and oscular area. Mycale sp. was found to maintain constant levels of pumping activity in both short and long-term studies. Verongia gigantea underwent periodic cessations of activity averaging 42 min, at random intervals of approximately 19 h. Cessations were asynchronous throughout the population and inherent in origin. Long-term activity variations appeared to be cyclic, but were explainable by environmental events. Shallow-water populations of Tethya crypta exhibited a synchronized diurnal cycle of contraction and dilation, probably tied to the diurnal cycle of illumination. A longer term (average 15.8 days) cycle of activity-inactivity, also involving contraction and dilation, was asynchronous throughout the population during the calm season. Each individual maintained a fairly uniform cyclic period ranging from 9 to 21 days. Changes of T. crypta activity were probably due to changes in flagellar activity. With the onset of the stormy season, the activity of all members of the population was brought into synchrony by the effects of approximately biweekly storms. The behavior of Verongia archeri, Agelas sp., and other species indicates that constant activity (e.g. Mycale sp.) may be restricted to thin-walled species working at low pressures and velocities. Activity patterns are consistent within species, but variable in higher taxa. Behavioral activity patterns of sponges must be taken into account in ecological and physiological studies of these animals.
IL-10 as a mediator in the HPA axis and brain

Abstract Certain functional interactions between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems are mediated by cytokines. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were among the first to be recognized in this regard. A modulator of these cytokines, IL-10, has been shown to have a wide range of activities in the immune system; in this review, we describe its production and actions in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. IL-10 is produced in pituitary, hypothalamic, and neural tissues in addition to lymphocytes. IL-10 enhances corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and corticotropin (ACTH) production in hypothalamic and pituitary tissues, respectively. Further downstream in the HPA axis endogenous IL-10 has the potential to contribute to regulation of glucocorticosteroid production both tonically and following stressors. Our studies and those of others reviewed here indicate that IL-10 may be an important endogenous regulator in HPA axis activity and in CNS pathologies such as multiple sclerosis. Thus, in addition to its more widely recognized role in immunity, IL-10's neuroendocrine activities described here point to its role as an important regulator in communication between the immune and neuroendocrine systems.
SYNTHESIS OF POLY(ACRYLIC ACID-CO-ITACONIC ACID) IN CARBON DIOXIDE–METHANOL MIXTURES

ABSTRACT High fluidity solvents, such as supercritical fluids, have several advantages over traditional solvents as polymerization media, such as offering a more environmentally-friendly reaction media, providing increased reaction rates, and simplifying the separation and purification of polymers. In this study, a traditional glass-ionomer polymer, poly(acrylic acid-co-itaconic acid) (PAA/IA) was synthesized by using mixtures of CO2 and methanol as the reaction solvent and was characterized by 1H-NMR, FT-IR, GPC, and viscometry. The mechanical and working properties of the glass-ionomer cements, prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of the polymers with Fuji II glass powder, were evaluated for compressive strength (CS), diametral tensile strength (DTS) and flexural strength (FS), as well as setting time and working time. The results showed that the polymerization reaction in CO2/methanol mixtures was faster and had higher conversion than the polymerization reaction in water. The glass-ionomer formulations...
Receptive Fields of Retinal Bipolar Cells Are Mediated by Heterogeneous Synaptic Circuitry

Center-surround antagonistic receptive field (CSARF) organization is the basic synaptic circuit that serves as elementary building blocks for spatial information processing in the visual system. Cells with such receptive fields converge into higher-order visual neurons to form more complex receptive fields. Retinal bipolar cells (BCs) are the first neurons along the visual pathway that exhibit CSARF organization. BCs have been classified according to their response polarities and rod/cone inputs, and they project signals to target cells at different sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer. On the other hand, CSARFs of various types of BCs have been assumed be organized the same way. Here we examined center and surround responses of over 250 salamander BCs, and demonstrated that different types of BCs exhibit different patterns of dye coupling, receptive field center size, surround response strength, and conductance changes associated with center and surround responses. We show that BC receptive field center sizes varied with the degree of BC–BC coupling, and that surround responses of different BCs are mediated by different combinations of five lateral synaptic pathways mediated by the horizontal cells and amacrine cells. The finding of heterogeneous receptive field circuitry fundamentally challenges the common assumption that CSARFs of different subtypes of visual neurons are mediated by the same synaptic pathways. BCs carrying different visual signals use different synaptic circuits to process spatial information, allowing shape and contrast computation be differentially modulated by various lighting and adaptation conditions.
Clinical outcomes model in renal cell cancer patients treated with modified vaccinia Ankara plus tumor-associated antigen 5T4

AIMS We developed an outcomes model to select patients for renal cell cancer vaccine immunotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined clinical data from 2 phase II studies of modified vaccinia Ankara as vector to express 5T4 (MVA-5T4), calculated progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and created risk groups based on the number of factors involved. RESULTS Median OS was 12.4 months; median PFS was 3.6 months. Significant factors (p<0.05) included neutrophils (both), bone metastases (OS), ECOG performance status (OS), lactate dehydrogenase levels (both), prior therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors plus immunotherapy (OS), Fuhrman grade (OS), and 5T4-specific ELISPOT response (PFS). By group, median OS was not reached in patients with favorable risk (censored at cutoff), was 13.7 months in those with intermediate risk and 4.0 months in those with poor risk. CONCLUSIONS Further validation of this model will identify the patients most likely to respond to MVA-5T4 and provide a framework for outcomes models for other vaccine therapies.
Analysis of Herbage Mass and Herbage Accumulation Rate Using Gompertz Equations

AbstrAct Sigmoid equations are recognized as representative of the pattern of herbage accumulation during a growth period; however, the vari-ous equations and their variability among locations and during the growing season have not been well described. The objectives of this study were to find the most suitable, four-parameter sigmoid equations to fit measured herbage mass and to investigate how the patterns of herbage accumulation (i.e., equation parameters) varied with time of year and location. Herbage mass was measured approximately weekly during 11 to 12 growth periods with a rising plate meter (RPM) at three north-central United States locations (Columbus and Coshocton, OH, and Arlington, WI) during 2008, and those data were fit to Gompertz equations. There were four replicates for each growth period. We found predictable relationships between instantaneous herbage accumulation rate (HAR i ) and herbage mass for each location and date. Time-independent HAR i vs. herbage mass curves have potential use for pasture management by defining the optimum herbage mass at which HAR
Isolation from murine sarcoma cells of novel transforming growth factors potentiated by EGF

Polypeptides classified as transforming growth factors (TGFs) have been found in various neoplastic cells and tumour tissues1–5, and most recently in many non-neoplastic tissues6. These TGFs are low-molecular-weight (7,000–20,000) acid-stable polypeptides, which induce anchorage-dependent non-neoplastic indicator cells to form progressively growing colonies in soft agar. Certain extracellular TGFs isolated from conditioned medium derived from both rodent sarcoma virus-transformed cells and several human tumour cell lines have been shown to compete with epidermal growth factor (EGF) for membrane receptors1,3,4,7. By direct extraction from Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV)-transformed cells, we have isolated two distinct classes of intracellular TGFs, one of which competes with EGF for receptor binding sites, whereas the other does not. We report here that after purification by HPLC, the colony-forming activity of the TGFs that do not compete with EGF for receptor binding was enhanced 100-fold by the addition of EGF. This ability to enhance the growth-stimulating effects of the TGFs is specific to EGF, as insulin, the insulin-like growth factors, platelet-derived growth factor and nerve growth factor do not show this property. In contrast, the colony-forming activity of TGFs that compete with EGF for receptor binding is not potentiated by EGF.
NEW PROOF OF THE EXISTENCE OF EQUILIBRIUM IN A SINGLE-SECTOR GROWTH MODEL

We present a new simple and short proof of the existence of equilibria in the classical single-sector growth model.
Molecular Mechanisms of Enteroendocrine Differentiaton

Passing through a complex series of developmental steps, the visceral endoderm differentiates into four intestinal epithelial lineages comprising enterocytes, goblet cells, paneth cells, and enteroendocrine cells. The intestinal enteroendocrine system consists of at least 15 different cell types, which can be classified on the basis of morphological criteria, expression of secretory products, and abundance of specific marker molecules. During intestinal development and in the adult gut, neuroendocrine subpopulations display strictly controlled differences in their geographical distribution that go along with dramatic differences in cell type-specific gene expression. Identification to transcription factors and regulatory DNA elements responsible for cell-specific gene expression in different neuroendocrine cell types as well as various transgenic and "knock-out" mouse models have largely added to our understanding of mechanisms controlling appropriate special and temporal activation of enteroendocrine differentiation programs. This article reviews current in vitro and in vivo studies analyzing different molecular aspects of enteroendocrine differentiation. In addition, the influence of intestinal diseases including malignant transformation on enteroendocrine differentiation and the underlying mechanisms will be discussed.
Toiling together for social cohesion: International influences on the development of teacher education in the United States

This article examines the ways in which the very idea of teacher education in the United States was transplanted from foreign lands. Teacher education, particularly normal school training, was based on a model imported from despotic Prussia, a model that was popularised by French and American visitors to the northeastern German land. Although normal schooling naturally was altered in the American context, the subsequent forms of teacher training, particularly in the emerging universities, owed a great debt to international models as well. This article also explores the ideology of the common school movement, which sought social cohesion, because that ideology helps explain why the Prussian model of teacher training became so attractive to conservative educational reformers in a democratic society.
Electrophoretic Deposition of Environmental Barrier Overlay Coatings for Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are increasingly susceptible to environmental degradation due to molten deposits of fuel impurities and air ingested sand. At elevated temperature, these deposits adhere, melt and degrade the TBCs via repeated freeze-thaw action and, to a certain extent, direct chemical reaction with TBC constituents. In order to protect TBCs from such melt ingression, a thin, dense and continuous environmental barrier overlay coating can be applied on the surface of TBCs. In this study, dense, continuous and crack-free overlay coatings of YSZ, Al2 O3 and MgO were fabricated by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on air-plasma sprayed (APS) YSZ. APS YSZ specimens of 300 μm thickness were prepared from 8YSZ powders on graphite substrates. A stable colloidal suspension of YSZ, Al2 O3 and MgO powders in an organic solvent mixture of acetone and ethanol with Iodine additive was used for EPD. At a controlled applied DC voltage with deposition time within minutes, a crack-free green compact can be obtained. After drying and controlled sintering at high temperature, thin, dense, crack-free overlay coatings of controlled thickness on free-standing YSZ were produced. The coatings were characterized by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The degradation resistance of overlay coatings fabricated by EPD and sintering for YSZ TBCs against melt ingression of CMAS and V2 O5 is highlighted.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
An Improved Practical Synthesis of Isomerically Pure 3-endo-(p-Methoxybenzyl)isoborneol

Abstract A synthesis of stereoisomerically pure 3-endo-(p-methoxybenzyl)-isoborneol is described which allows the preparation of this compound in multigram quantities without the need for chromatography at any stage. This represents a significant improvement over the literature method, which requires chromatographic separations at two stages of the synthesis.
Aspirin induced gastric mucosal injury in rats and adenyl cyclase

Abstract Aspirin stimulated gastric mucosal adenyl cyclase activity in rats after oral administration. The stimulation became apparent within 5 min after an oral dose (300 mg/kg body wt). Aspirin was also shown to stimulate adenyl cyclase activity when added to gastric mucosal homogenate in vitro and some correlation was seen between the concentration of aspirin used and adenyl cyclase activity.
Enhanced Raman-scattering measurements in low-density supersonic flows

Abstract Raman scattering, enhanced by a light trapping cell, has been used to measure temperature and density in the inviscid and viscous regions of the flow from an open-jet supersonic nozzle. Raman temperatures and densities in the inviscid regions are in excellent agreement with static temperatures and densities calculated from measurements of stagnation temperature, stagnation pressure and Pitot pressure.
Extramedullary granulopoiesis mimicking recurrent lymphoma after prolonged administration of human recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Human recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has become a treatment of choice for neutropenia of diverse etiologies. We describe a 71-year-old man who, while receiving G-CSF for graft failure after peripheral blood stem cell transplant, developed dramatic extramedullary granulopoiesis that mimicked recurrent lymphoma.
The Pragmatic Case Study Method for Creating Rigorous and Systematic, Practitioner-Friendly Research

Psychotherapy case studies have the capacity to link directly to the work of practitioners because these studies are grounded in the same type of setting in which clinicians function, that of the single case. Not surprisingly, then, case studies have played a most important role in the development of a wide range of therapy models, like psychoanalysis, behavioral therapy, and client-centered therapy. However, until recently, case studies as a method of research have fallen into disuse because they have been viewed as subjective and journalistic. This situation has changed with the growth of the philosophical movement of postmodernism, which has encouraged pluralism in the social sciences, and in turn stimulated new approaches to the case study as a serious method for psychotherapy research. This paper reviews one such approach, the pragmatic case study method, which is grounded in the fast-growing "mixed methods" model in the social sciences that seeks new ways to integrate qualitative and quantitative research designs and data. This paper begins with an overview of the growing variety of types of psychotherapy research, indicating where case studies fit in and describing a new design that integrates the use of pragmatic case studies with randomized clinical trials. The paper then lays out the basic structure of the pragmatic case study, in the context of viewing therapy as a complex adaptive system and, in a related fashion, as an example of Peterson's (1991) "Disciplined Inquiry" model of professional practice. The paper next provides a more concrete idea of the pragmatic case study by summarizing guidelines for writing such a case study for this PCSP journal, and by describing the structure of a specific example of a pragmatic case study published in the journal, the case of Caroline by Ueli Kramer. Finally, the paper describes how the pragmatic case study can be integrated with other types of case study designs.
Left ventricular systolic function during stress echocardiography exercise in subjects with asymptomatic hereditary hemochromatosis.

There is no information available on left ventricular (LV) systolic function and the response to stress echocardiography in asymptomatic subjects with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). To evaluate this topic, 43 asymptomatic subjects with HH homozygous for the C282Y HFE gene mutation (22 untreated subjects [group A] and 21 long-term treated subjects [group B]) were compared with 21 age- and gender-matched normal volunteers negative for HFE mutations. Contractile reserve, as a measure of LV systolic function, was assessed using continuous echocardiographic imaging and electrocardiography during supine bicycle exercise. Nineteen subjects in group A had repeat tests after 6 months of induction phlebotomy therapy to assess the effect of iron removal. Exercise performance and hemodynamic variables of supine bicycle exercise were comparable between subjects with HH and controls. LV contractile reserve of asymptomatic subjects with HH was not impaired at either a 75-W submaximal exercise level (mean ± SD difference in ejection fraction from baseline 13.8 ± 6.2%, 11.5 ± 6.8%, and 13.4 ± 7.8% in groups A, B, and C, respectively; p = NS for all by analysis of variance) or at peak exercise (difference in ejection fraction from baseline 18.9 ± 6.9%, 18.4 ± 7.8%, and 20.3 ± 8.1% in groups A, B, and C, respectively; p = NS for all by analysis of variance). However, the incidence of abnormal ischemic stress electrocardiographic responses was more frequent in subjects with HH as a whole (33%) compared with normal subjects (10%). Stress imaging revealed no regional wall motion abnormalities, suggesting that these were false-positive results. Iron removal by induction phlebotomy did not affect stress echocardiographic performance. In conclusion, LV systolic function during exercise in asymptomatic subjects with HH is preserved, and 6-month induction phlebotomy does not affect stress echocardiographic performance.
HF radar receiving system image rejection requirements

The sensitivity and consequent detection capability of an HF radar employing a superheterodyne receiving system may be compromised by spurious signals arising from inadequate receiver image rejection characteristics. The image rejection phenomenon arises due to the fact that in addition to the intended action of a mixer in translating a wanted signal from its input frequency to an intermediate frequency, the mixer will also be susceptible to mixing an unwanted signal (the image), displaced from the wanted signal by twice the intermediate frequency, to the same intermediate frequency. Unless the amplitude of the image signal is contained by an appropriate degree (the image rejection), the image signal will be processed along with valid radar returns, and constitute a source of spurious signals with the potential to degrade radar detection performance. In order to estimate a measure of adequate receiver image rejection, it was first necessary to establish a theoretical basis on which the estimation could be based. The theoretical analysis revealed that, in addition to several radar specific parameters, adequate image rejection was critically dependent on the ratio of the power at the receiver image frequency to that of the background noise spectral density at the intended radar operational frequency. The article includes a theoretical analysis and the extraction of relevant data from a synoptic data base of the HF environment. Based on a statistical analysis of the data base, it has been possible to deduce the impact on radar performance as a function of the receiver image rejection performance, and hence ascertain a measure of adequate image rejection.
A four year follow-up of suspected rheumatoid arthritis: the Tecumseh, Michigan, Community Health Study.

Of 563 individuals suspected of having rheumatoid arthritis when examined in 1959-1960, only 402, or 71.4 per cent, participated in the Tecumseh, Michigan, Community Health Study of 1962-1965. Of the 402, when classified by similar criteria, only 107, or 26.6 per cent, maintained their former classification as to degree of certainty of presence of rheumatoid arthritis, while 200, or 49.8 per cent, showed no evidence of the disease. The results illustrate some of the difficulties and uncertainties of prospective studies.
A methyl cytidine from the ribonucleic acid of Anacystis nidulans.

A PROJECT was undertaken to characterize the nucleic acids from Anacystis nidulans, a blue-green alga. The present communication deals with the characteristics of ribonucleic acid and a new cytidine compound from it.
Gravitational radiation, black holes and the characteristic formulation of G.R.

The characteristic formulation of General Relativity constitutes a useful and important tool in analytical and numerical investigations. We review its main accomplishments in regards to numerical models of Einstein equations and discuss some of its main present and future applications.
Outer membrane complex proteins of Chlamydia pneumoniae.

The protein composition of the outer membrane complex (OMC) of Chlamydia pneumoniae strain AR-39 was analyzed by metabolic labeling with [35S]methionine and [35S]cysteine. Cysteine-rich proteins with molecular masses of 98, 60 doublet, 39.5 (MOMP) and 15.5 kDa were found in the OMC of C. pneumoniae. The cysteine-rich proteins of the OMCs of the threee Chlamydia species showed specific reaction patterns by immunoassay and autoradiography to rabbit or turkey immune sera. Recognition of the MOMP and 60-kDa proteins of the three species was cross-reactive. However, the C. pneumoniae 98-kDa protein was recognized by anti-C. pneumoniae (AR-39) and anti-C. psittaci (TT3) immune sera. None of the immunee sera recognized the 12-kDa cysteine-rich complex.
Issues in Establishing Causes of the 1988 Drought over North America

The causes and physical mechanisms involved in the 1988 North American drought are investigated. The issue of when the drought circulation anomalies developed and their relation to changes in tropical Pacific SSTs is examined. The evolution of the Pacific SSTs and tropical convection, as revealed by outgoing LW radiation, is shown to be consistent with the development of the conditions favorable for initiating the drought circulation pattern in April through June of 1988. On the equator at 110 deg W, SST anomalies exceeded -2.75 C only in April, May, and June, and were largest (-4.1 C) in May 1988. Diagnostic calculations of atmospheric diabatic heating confirm that atmospheric heating anomalies existed in the tropical Pacific in association with the major SST anomalies during this time. It is argued that feedback-caused soil moisture anomalies were secondary sources for the drought circulation but could not have been the primary instigator.
Post-procedural inverted takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

A year old-woman with rheumatoid arthritis was admitted to the hospital for evaluation of dyspnoea. CT scan of the chest revealed bilateral pulmonary nodules. Shortly after bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy, she developed anxiety, diaphoresis, dyspnoea, and tachycardia. Initial troponin T was elevated. Due to concern for procedural myocardial infarction (MI), aspirin, improvement in LV basal function, consistent with the diagnosis of inverted Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
Combined yeast-derived β-glucan with anti-tumor monoclonal antibody for cancer immunotherapy

β-glucan is an immuno-stimulating agent that has been used to treat cancer and infectious disease for many years with varying and unpredictable efficacy. Recent studies have unraveled the action mode of yeast-derived β-glucan in combination with anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in cancer therapy. It has demonstrated that particulate or large molecular weight soluble β-glucans are ingested and processed by macrophages. These macrophages secrete the active moiety that primes neutrophil complement receptor 3 (CR3) to kill iC3b-opsonized tumor cells. In vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that successful combination therapy requires complement activation and deposition on tumors and CR3 expression on granulocytes. Pre-clinical animal studies have demonstrated the efficacy of combined β-glucan with anti-tumor mAb therapy in terms of tumor regression and long-term survival. Clinical trials are underway using anti-epidermal growth factor receptor mAb (cetuximab) in combination with β-glucan for metastatic colorectal cancer. This review provides a brief overview of this combination therapy in cancer and describes in detail the β-glucan composition and structure, mechanism of action, and preclinical studies in human carcinoma xenograft models. It is proposed that the addition of β-glucan will further improve the therapeutic efficacy of anti-tumor mAbs in cancer patients.
Amniotic Fluid Embolism: Exploring This Rare but Typically Fatal Condition

Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare condition that occurs during pregnancy. The condition is difficult to recognize because its signs and symptoms may mimic other conditions, such as anaphylactic or septic shock, and it is almost always fatal. Because many practitioners have never seen the condition, their decision making in a critical clinical situation may be negatively impacted. By way of case review, here's what every care provider in labor and delivery needs to know about this life‐threatening but very rare condition.
Physical adsorption of a heteronuclear diatomic molecule onto a solid surface: a theoretical approach

A theoretical study is made of the physical adsorption of the heteronuclear diatomic molecule H35Cl on a solid crystalline argon surface. The potential energy of interaction between the adsorbate molecule and adsorbent is computed by a lattice summation over the requisite number of individual HCl...Ar “pair” interactions, described using an equation developed by Neilson and Gordon. Adsorption is considered at four sites on the (111) face of the argon cubic close-packed lattice: the tetrahedral (T) hole, the octahedral (O) hole, above a surface atom (A); and the saddle point (SP). Values of the potential energy are evaluated as a function of location and orientation of the adsorbate relative to the adsorbent surface. The results indicate that adsorption is preferred at the T and O sites and that the adsorbate can be considered localized at temperatures < 30 K. The preferred molecular orientation for adsorption at a T or O site is perpendicular to the surface with the H end pointing downward while at an A site the molecule prefers an orientation parallel to the surface. The Schrodinger equation is solved for the rotational-librational energy levels of an adsorbed H35Cl molecule above the tetrahedral hole of the argon surface. At temperatures below 10–15 K the adsorbate molecules can be considered confined to their ground rotational-librational energy states.