cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enantiocontrolled macrocycle formation by catalytic intramolecular cyclopropanation

Stereoselectivity in intramolecular cyclopropanation reactions resulting in cyclopropane fusion with ten- and larger-membered rings has been examined using chiral copper(I) and dirhodium(II) catalysts. The influence of alkene structure and catalyst has been obtained using the 1,2-benzenedimethanol linker between the allylic double bond and diazoacetate. Control features in the addition reaction, especially those for diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity, have been elucidated, and they are associated with the metal itself or its attendant ligands that influence the trajectory of the alkene to the carbene center. The influence of ring size, from five- to twenty-membered rings, on stereoselectivity has been determined with selected copper(I) and dirhodium(II) catalysts, and the changes in stereocontrol as a function of ring size can be understood as being due to a change in the olefin trajectory to the carbene center. Hydride abstraction from a benzylic position accompanies addition when dirhodium cata...
The LEO principle: perspectives on 50 years of business computing

Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) was the first business computer. The dramatic advances of universal business computers overshadowed its history and foredoomed it as a product in the 1960s. LEO, however, embraced principles of business computing that were essentially different from those of the mass-marketed, universal computing products that have since dominated the business-computing marketplace. The defining LEO principle is that technology should be adapted to match the business, not that business should be adapted to match the technology. Because technology cannot be made-to-order economically, adaptation is required in practice, either by the customer or by the technology provider, or more probably, by both. Business organizations have to choose, therefore, from two essentially different philosophies: the introduction of technology easily by adopting a prefabricated solution (the mass-marketers), or the introduction of technology with potentially radical changes to optimize both the technology and the organization. The effect of the principle is illustrated with discussion of examples of optimization factors, processes and means developed during the LEO jubilee conference workshops.
A piglet model of status epilepticus: Comparison of cardiorespiratory and metabolic changes with two methods of pentylenetetrazol administration

Study objective: Impaired cardiac and respiratory responses during active tonic-clonic convulsions (ictal periods) may contribute to complications during seizures. This study characterized physiologic parameters in two pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure models. Participants: Twelve spontaneously breathing piglets. Interventions: Under ketamine anesthesia, a tracheostomy was performed, and an arterial catheter and epidural electrodes were inserted. Piglets received a PTZ bolus (100 mg/kg), with (six; 5 mg/kg/min) or without (six) an infusion of PTZ for 20 minutes. Measurements and main results: Arterial blood gases, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, tidal volume, and EEG waveforms were measured. Ictal periods had high-amplitude, synchronized EEG activity; interictal periods had EEG suppression. Seizure duration (24±3.5 versus 11±3.8 minutes; mean±SD) was significantly increased in the infusion group ( P P P P Conclusion: This model demonstrates significant increases in the duration and various measures of seizure severity in piglets given a PTZ infusion compared with those receiving a bolus alone. Systematic alterations in respiratory but not cardiac responses occur during ictal-interictal cycling of PTZ-induced seizures.
Fruit effects on photosynthesis in Prunus persica

Seasonal measurements of net CO2 assimilation, leaf conductance and mesophyll conductance were made in the field on mature, fruiting and defruited Prunus persica L. Batsch trees. During early stages of fruit growth there were no significant differences in leaf gas exchange characteristics between fruiting and defruited trees. During the early part of the last stage of fruit growth, CO2 assimilation rates were 11–15% higher in fruiting trees than defruited trees. These increased assimilation rates corresponded with approximately 30% increases in leaf conductance and only minor changes in mesophyll conductances or leaf CO2 assimilation capacity as indicated by leaf nitrogen content. It is concluded that under the field conditions of this study the fruit effect on photosynthesis is primarily related to stomatal behavior.
The FYVE Domain of Early Endosome Antigen 1 Is Required for Both Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate and Rab5 Binding CRITICAL ROLE OF THIS DUAL INTERACTION FOR ENDOSOMAL LOCALIZATION

Early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) is 170-kDa polypeptide required for endosome fusion. EEA1 binds to both phosphtidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) and to Rab5-GTP in vitro, but the functional role of this dual interaction at the endosomal membrane is unclear. Here we have determined the structural features in EEA1 required for binding to these ligands. We have found that the FYVE domain is critical for both PtdIns3P and Rab5 binding. Whereas PtdIns3P binding only required the FYVE domain, Rab5 binding additionally required a 30-amino acid region directly adjacent to the FYVE domain. Microinjection of glutathione S-transferase fusion constructs into Cos cells revealed that the FYVE domain alone is insufficient for localization to cellular membranes; the upstream 30-amino acid region required for Rab5 binding must also be present for endosomal binding. The importance of Rab5 in membrane binding of EEA1 is underscored by the finding that the increased expression of wild-type Rab5 increases endosomal binding of EEA1 and decreases its dependence on PtdIns3P. Thus, the levels of Rab5 are rate-limiting for the recruitment of EEA1 to endosome membranes. PtdIns3P may play a role in modulating the Rab5 EEA1 interaction.
Measuring the mass of a sterile neutrino with a very short baseline reactor experiment

An analysis of the world's neutrino oscillation data, including sterile neutrinos, [M. Sorel, C. M. Conrad, and M. H. Shaevitz, Phys. Rev. D 70, 073004 (2004)] found a peak in the allowed region at a mass-squared difference {delta}m{sup 2} congruent with 0.9 eV{sup 2}. We trace its origin to harmonic oscillations in the electron survival probability P{sub ee} as a function of L/E, the ratio of baseline to neutrino energy, as measured in the near detector of the Bugey experiment. We find a second occurrence for {delta}m{sup 2} congruent with 1.9 eV{sup 2}. We point out that the phenomenon of harmonic oscillations of P{sub ee} as a function of L/E, as seen in the Bugey experiment, can be used to measure the mass-squared difference associated with a sterile neutrino in the range from a fraction of an eV{sup 2} to several eV{sup 2} (compatible with that indicated by the LSND experiment), as well as measure the amount of electron-sterile neutrino mixing. We observe that the experiment is independent, to lowest order, of the size of the reactor and suggest the possibility of a small reactor with a detector sitting at a very short baseline.
Design of electronic equipment for radio-interference reduction

During a survey recently conducted for the U. S. Army, Navy, and Air Force, it was found that the control of radio interference was a serious problem to both designers of electronic equipment and to the military operational activities. Some of the critical areas of design that have affected equipment and system performance in the field are discussed herein. Several types of electronic equipment for ground and air-borne applications are discussed including radar, communications, and navigation apparatus. The effectiveness of practical suppression techniques such as shielding and filtering is also considered. Requirements of the current interference specifications are reviewed and techniques discussed for making conducted and radiated measurements of continuous-wave and broad-band interference sources.
Src homology 2 domain–containing inositol-5-phosphatase and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein β are targeted by miR-155 in B cells of Eμ-MiR-155 transgenic mice

We showed that Emicro-MiR-155 transgenic mice develop acute lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma. Most of these leukemias start at approximately 9 months irrespective of the mouse strain. They are preceded by a polyclonal pre-B-cell proliferation, have variable clinical presentation, are transplantable, and develop oligo/monoclonal expansion. In this study, we show that in these transgenic mice the B-cell precursors have the highest MiR-155 transgene expression and are at the origin of the leukemias. We determine that Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase (SHIP) and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta), 2 important regulators of the interleukin-6 signaling pathway, are direct targets of MiR-155 and become gradually more down-regulated in the leukemic than in the preleukemic mice. We hypothesize that miR-155, by down-modulating Ship and C/EBPbeta, initiates a chain of events that leads to the accumulation of large pre-B cells and acute lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma.
Two-state spatial dynamics in the absence of age.

Abstract This paper investigates the simplest multistate population model, a one-age-group, two-living-state model with constant rates of birth, death, and interstate movement. A general solution for the model is presented, and special attention is given to the process of convergence to stability and its relationship to spatial population momentum. The constant ultimate level of the speed of convergence, or the intrinsic force of convergence, is found to be twice the difference between the two eigenvalues of the model′s transition matrix. Spatial population momentum is shown to be directly proportional to the initial growth rate of the population under the stationary rates and inversely proportional to the intrinsic force of convergence. A population increases in size during the transition to zero growth only when the faster growing state is a larger fraction of the initial population than of the stationary population. Hypothetical calculations with an urban/rural population model illustrate the importance of the speed of convergence, and show the great growth potential inherent in spatial momentum.
Simulating the indirect effects of power plant entrainment losses on an estuarine ecosystem

Abstract Entrainment caused by the operation of the Chalk Point Steam Electric Station has been shown to be a major source of mortality to the early life stages of forage fish populations in the Patuxent River, MD, USA. While direct losses to these populations are important as a source of reduction for population abundance, these losses also represent decreases in estuarine forage supplies and potential reductions in the abundances of estuarine predators. A simple estuarine trophic dynamics model was constructed to determine the magnitude of the potential losses to major estuarine consumers in the Patuxent River ecosystem due to the power plant-related losses of forage fish. Simulations were completed using two sets of feeding assumptions: feeding proportional to forage abundance, and feeding based on dietary preferences. The model demonstrates that striped bass, bluefish, and weakfish could experience significant losses (> 25%) to overall population production levels if they prefer to prey upon bay anchovy and silversides and entrainment losses to these forage populations is ≥ 70% of juvenile recruitment. The model also shows that indirect predator losses would be expected to be low (
Bonding solar selective absorber foils to glass receiver tubes for use in evacuated tubular collectors: preliminary studies

Abstract The glass receiver tubes used in evacuated tubular collectors are currently vacuum coated with a selective surface in a batch process. Solar-selective absorber foils can be produced successfully by a number of methods and offer economic advantages over batch collector coatings in many instances. Bonding of these foils to a variety of surfaces is done at present with adhesives whose upper temperature limit is about 250°C. However, many absorber coatings are stable to much higher temperatures. Thus, suitable techniques for bonding solar-selective absorber foils to high-temperature (up to 400°C) glass receivers would be desirable. This paper describes possible foil-glass bonding techniques and the results of experiments on selected techniques, principally electrical field-assisted bonding and the use of glass sealing frits. Foil-bonded samples were thermally cycled in a vacuum to temperatures typical of stagnation in evacuated collectors, and changes in bond strength and foil optical properties were observed. Finally, the economic viability of foil bonding processes is discussed.
Susceptibility of the bear to fox encephalitis.

ConclusionsThe intra-oeular inoculation of two bears and the intramuscular injection of a third with fox encephalitis virus indicate that the black bear (Euarctos americanus) is only slightly susceptible to this virus infection. Since the bear, like the raccoon, is an offshoot of the canines, the pathogenic properties of fox encephalitis virus derived from foxes seem sharply confined to the canine family.
Independence of the relaxation of a supercooled fluid from its microscopic dynamics: Need for yet another extension of the mode-coupling theory

Using Brownian dynamics computer simulations, we show that the relaxation of a supercooled Brownian system is qualitatively the same as that of a Newtonian system. In particular, near the so-called mode-coupling transition temperature, dynamic properties of the Brownian system exhibit the same deviations from power law behavior as those of the Newtonian one. Thus, similar dynamical events cut off the idealized mode-coupling transition in Brownian and Newtonian systems. We discuss implications of this finding for extended mode-coupling theory. In addition, we point out and discuss the difference between our findings and experimental results, and present an alternative interpretation of some of our simulation data.
Free Liquid Jet Impingement from a Slot Nozzle to a Curved Plate

This article explores the heat transfer characteristics of a free liquid jet discharging from a slot nozzle and impinging vertically on a curved cylindrical shaped plate of finite thickness. Computations were done for Re = 500–1800, β = 0.75–3, R i /d n = 4.16–16.66, b/d n = 0.08–1.5, and d n = 0.3–2.4 mm. Results are presented for dimensionless solid–fluid interface temperature, dimensionless maximum temperature in the solid, and local and average Nusselt numbers. The local Nusselt number increases with Reynolds number. Decreasing the nozzle width increases the local heat transfer coefficient. Decreasing the nozzle to target spacing or plate thickness or plate inner radius of curvature all enhances the Nusselt number.
Out-time effects on cure kinetics and viscosity for an out-of-autoclave (OOA) prepreg: Modelling and monitoring

Abstract The processing and final part quality of out-of-autoclave (OOA) prepreg composites are strongly influenced by the thermo-chemical and thermo-mechanical properties of the resin. These properties are primarily influenced by the out-time, or room temperature exposure time, of the resin prior to cure, and by the chosen cure cycle. However, both these factors can be difficult to control. Therefore, the capacity to track the resin cure state during processing is highly desirable. In this study, neat resin and prepreg samples are aged from 0 to 7 weeks, and the resin cure kinetics and viscosity are measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheometry, respectively, and used to develop accurate predictive models. The dielectric properties of the resin are measured in situ, and correlations to resin cure kinetics and viscosity are developed. The study quantifies the effects of out-time on cure kinetics and viscosity, and shows that both properties can be predicted and monitored in situ with excellent accuracy.
Enhanced performance of P3HT/PCBM bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices by adding spin ½ radicals

Abstract We have studied bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices (solar cells) based on polymer/fullerene blends using both electrical and magneto-optical methods. We show that adding spin ½ galvinoxyl radicals to the device active layer, consisting of a regio-regular polythiophene/fullerene derivative [P3HT/PCBM] blend, significantly improves the device performance. Compared to pristine photovoltaic devices, the radical-rich devices show improved short-circuit current density, fill factor, and power conversion efficiency. The enhanced device performance is attributed to a reduced geminate recombination rate and improved carrier transport, both of which result from spin–spin interactions between the radical impurities and the photogenerated carriers. Optically detected magnetic resonance, a technique that is sensitive to spin-lattice relaxation rates, is used to verify the proposed mechanism.
Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a review

Relatively brief interventions have consistently been found to be effective in reducing alcohol consumption or achieving treatment referral of problem drinkers. To date, the literature includes at least a dozen randomized trials of brief referral or retention procedures, and 32 controlled studies of brief interventions targeting drinking behavior, enrolling over 6000 problem drinkers in both health care and treatment settings across 14 nations. These studies indicate that brief interventions are more effective than no counseling, and often as effective as more extensive treatment. The outcome literature is reviewed, and common motivational elements of effective brief interventions are described. There is encouraging evidence that the course of harmful alcohol use can be effectively altered by well-designed intervention strategies which are feasible within relatively brief-contact contexts such as primary health care settings and employee assistance programs. Implications for future research and practice are considered.
SNPPicker: High quality tag SNP selection across multiple populations

Background: Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) bin-tagging algorithms identify a reduced set of tag SNPs that can capture the genetic variation in a population without genotyping every single SNP. However, existing tag SNP selection algorithms for designing custom genotyping panels do not take into account all platform dependent factors affecting the likelihood of a tag SNP to be successfully genotyped and many of the constraints that can be imposed by the user. Results: SNPPicker optimizes the selection of tag SNPs from common bin-tagging programs to design custom genotyping panels. The application uses a multi-step search strategy in combination with a statistical model to maximize the genotyping success of the selected tag SNPs. User preference toward functional SNPs can also be taken into account as secondary criteria. SNPPicker can also optimize tag SNP selection for a panel tagging multiple populations. SNPPicker can optimize custom genotyping panels including all the assay-specific constraints of Illumina’s GoldenGate and Infinium assays. Conclusions: A new application has been developed to maximize the success of custom multi-population genotyping panels. SNPPicker also takes into account user constraints including options for controlling runtime. Perl Scripts, Java source code and executables are available under an open source license for download at http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/mayo/research/biostat/software.cfm
Natural killer cell and lymphokine-activated killer cell activity against melanocytes in vitiligo

Abstract Background: Vitiligo is a common disease of unknown cause. Previous studies have shown abnormalities in natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in patients when NK-sensitive erythroleukemic cell lines were used as target cells. Objective: The purpose of this study was to use melanocytes directly as target cells to determine NK and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell cytotoxicity in patients with vitiligo and to determine whether NK or LAK cells can be implicated in any destructive mechanism for melanocyte cytotoxicity in vitro in this disease. Methods: Twenty-one patients with vitiligo were compared with a control group by studying NK cell activity (NKCA) and LAK cell activity (LAKCA) on several target cells. These included K562 cells, neonatal melanocytes, and malignant melanoma cells for NKCA and neonatal melanocytes and malignant melanoma cells for LAKCA. Cytotoxicity was measured with the standard chromium 51-release assay. Results: No significant differences were found between vitiligo patients and control subjects in NKCA against K562 cells or in NKCA and LAKCA against melanocytes. Conclusion: NK cells and LAK cells are probably not responsible for melanocyte destruction in vitiligo.
A model of spatiotemporal desynchronization for seizure control

Contemporary approaches to controlling bursting behavior in brain slice models of epilepsy have typically emphasized spatially simplified strategies such as uniform DC fields or chaos control techniques using a single stimulating electrode. While such approaches have produced some promising results in these models, the recent development of multielectrode stimulating array systems for neuroprosthesis applications suggests that spatiotemporal approaches to controlling seizures in vitro may present opportunities for more flexible and robust control of ictal activity in slice models (as well as in potential clinical applications). We investigate several such control strategies in a spatially distributed model network of integrate-and-fire neurons based on Izhikevich's Simple Model [1]. This model was designed to mimic neocortical networks consisting of interconnected excitatory and inhibitory neurons. We show that waves of synchronous activity within the model can be blocked by regions of spatiotemporally asynchronous firing mimicking activity that could reasonably be generated by a microstimulation array. This desynchronization of seizure-like activity can be produced over a range of stimulation parameters and in networks with mixed or purely excitatory connections, suggesting that these effects may also be reproducible in neocortical slices in vitro.
Looking for Mr. Right? Older Single Women Who Become Mothers

Between 1982 and 1992, the birthrate doubled among never married college-educated women and almost tripled among never married women who work in a professional or managerial capacity. This research examines why older, single women want to become mothers and how their premotherhood motivation and experience compare to those of married mothers. A snowball sampling technique was used to recruit 51 women who were single when they became mothers and 51 demographically similar married mothers. The two groups were alike regarding their motivation for becoming a mother, although the single mothers were more likely to have considered their marital status and other related factors (e.g., finances) prior to becoming a mother. The single and married mothers differed in how they viewed relationships with men. The composite picture that emerged from the single mothers was one of ambivalence toward marriage—a combination of an idealized image of what marriage should be with an unwillingness to accept compromise as an es...
Mutagenicity of ambient air at selected sites in the United States using Tradescantia as a monitor

The damaging impact of environmental mutagens and toxicants of natural or industrial origin on the health and well being of higher plants, animals, and the overall ecology of our biosphere has been documented and is no longer speculative. Many biological assay systems have been developed to assess the mutagenicity of aqueous and particulate compounds, but few are efficient for gaseous compounds. To fulfill the need for monitoring ambient airborne chemicals, the Tradescantia stamen hair system has been adapted for use in a mobile laboratory. Controlled laboratory exposures of Tradescantia flower buds to several gaseous mutagens were positive with significant responses at <0.1 ppm of 1,2-dibromoethane. Mutational response increases linearly with the duration of expo-sure up to about 21 days for both physical (radiation) and chemical mutagens. Hence, the stamen hair system achieves its greatest sensitivity with chronic exposures typical of those in populated areas near industrial pollution sources.
Avicins, a family of triterpenoid saponins from Acacia victoriae (Bentham), inhibit activation of nuclear factor-κB by inhibiting both its nuclear localization and ability to bind DNA

Triterpenoid saponins, which are present in leguminous plants and some marine animals, possess a broad range of biological actions. We have earlier reported the extraction of avicins, a family of triterpenoid saponins obtained from the Australian desert tree Acacia victoriae (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) that inhibit tumor cell growth and induce apoptosis, in part, by perturbing mitochondrial function. These saponins have also been found to prevent chemical-induced carcinogenesis in mice. This study examines the effect of a triterpene mixture (F094) and a single molecular species (avicin G) isolated from the mixture on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in Jurkat cells (human T cell leukemia). Both F094 and avicin G were found to be potent inhibitors of TNF-induced NF-kappaB. Treatment of Jurkat cells with avicin G resulted in a much slower accumulation of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB into the nucleus whereas the degradation of IkappaBalpha was unaffected. Avicin G also impaired the binding of NF-kappaB to DNA in in vitro binding assays. Treatment of cells with DTT totally reversed the avicin G-induced inhibition of NF-kappaB activity, suggesting that sulfhydryl groups critical for NF-kappaB activation were being affected. Avicin G treatment resulted in decreased expression of NF-kappaB-regulated proteins such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2). Thus, the avicins may prove important for reducing both oxidative and nitrosative cellular stress and thereby suppressing the development of malignancies and related diseases.
Anomalous origin of left coronary artery arising from the right coronary cusp presenting with chest discomfort and syncope on physical exercise

= Abstract = Anomalous origins of coronary arteries are a rare type of disease among children. These anomalies can be categorized into 3 types according to the anatomical relationship of the aorta and pulmonary trunks. Among these types, the interar- terial type, as observed in our case, needs early diagnosis and treatment, because it can increase the risk for the patient, causing sudden cardiac death in young individuals. Although there are controversies concerning the management of anomalous origins of the left coronary artery (LCA) in children, the result can be very beneficial, if treated accurately. Three well-known methods for correction of anomalous origins of LCA are re-implantation, coronary arterial bypass grafting (CABG), and unroofing. We report on the case of a 12-year-old girl who had chest discomfort and syncope with physical exercise and was later diagnosed with an anomalous origin of LCA by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and heart computed tomography (CT). She underwent a corrective operation by re-implantation, CABG, and unroofing. (Korean J Pediatr 2010;53:248-252)
Scalable Complex Query Processing over Large Semantic Web Data Using Cloud

Cloud computing solutions continue to grow increasingly popular both in research and in the commercial IT industry. With this popularity comes ever increasing challenges for the cloud computing service providers. Semantic web is another domain of rapid growth in both research and industry. RDF datasets are becoming increasingly large and complex and existing solutions do not scale adequately. In this paper, we will detail a scalable semantic web framework built using cloud computing technologies. We define solutions for generating and executing optimal query plans. We handle not only queries with Basic Graph Patterns (BGP) but also complex queries with optional blocks. We have devised a novel algorithm to handle these complex queries. Our algorithm minimizes binding triple patterns and joins between them by identifying common blocks by algorithms to find sub graph isomorphism and building a query plan utilizing that information. We utilize Hadoop's MapReduce framework to process our query plan. We will show that our framework is extremely scalable and efficiently answers complex queries.
Enabling green networking with a power down approach

The most straightforward way to reduce network power consumption is to turn off idle links and nodes (switches/routers), which we call the power down approach. In a wired network, especially in a backbone network, many links are actually “bundles” of multiple physical cables and line cards that can be shut down independently. In this paper, we study the following routing problem for green networking in wired networks: Given a set of end-to-end communication sessions, determine how to route data traffic through the network such that total power consumption is minimized by turning off unused cables in bundled links and nodes, subject to the constraint that the traffic demand of each session is satisfied. We present an integer linear programming to provide optimal solutions. We also present two fast and effective heuristic algorithms to solve the problem in polynomial time. It has been shown by simulation results based on the Abilene network and the NSF network that the proposed heuristic algorithms consistently provide close-to-optimal solutions.
Estimating the net flux of nutrients between a salt marsh and a tidal creek

Statistical aspects of estimating net fluxes of nutrients between a salt marsh and a tidal creek on a tidal cycle basis and an annual basis are explored. For individual tidal cycles, the instantaneous flux of a nutrient is written in a constrained linear model as a function of time. The model is rewritten as an unconstrained model, and net flux is shown to be a linear combination of the parameters of the model. Standard linear models techniques can be used to make inferences about net fluxes on a tidal cycle basis. Considering a year as a finite population of tidal cycles, annual net flux can be estimated using a regression estimator. In the case of the flux of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, the marsh was found to be a statistically significant sink for nitrogen (in this form) from adjacent tidal creeks.
A short synthesis of the common dihydropyran segment of the antifungal agents ambruticin and jerangolid A

The dihydropyranyl segment common to ambruticin and jerangolid A was prepared in six steps (31.7% yield) from (S)-2-benzyloxypropanal via silyloxydiene cyclocondensation, followed by C-glycosidation, and eventual epimerization at C18.
A radar target transceiver using a full duplex capable retrodirective array system

This paper discusses the development of a radar target/communication device which is intended to both facilitate radar imaging and establish a self-tracking communication link between ground terminal and mobile radar station. The device is realized using a retrodirective array with full duplex capability. Demonstration of 10 Mbps data receiving and transmitting functions are presented along with its automatic beam-steering ability.
The effects of antifraud rules and ex post verifiability on managerial disclosures

. Both theoretical and experimental research has shown that full disclosure of private information will be observed when disclosures are credible. Disclosures are generally considered to be credible when they either are subject to an antifraud rule, are ex post verifiable, or are both. However, little consideration has been given to the individual and interactive effects of these conditions. This paper presents arguments concerning the effects of antifraud rules and ex post verifiability on disclosures of private information and the reaction to those disclosures. It predicts an equilibrium of full disclosure only when an antifraud rule is in effect, independent of the presence or absence of ex post verification. Further, one adverse selection problem is posited to disappear after repeated observations, regardless of antifraud rules or ex post verifiability. These assertions are tested by 20 laboratory experiments, which, in addition, provide insight into the effect of a legal system on disclosures. The results generally support the analytical assertions. Resume. Les recherches theoriques aussi bien qu'experimentales ont demontre que la presentation integrale de l'information a caractere prive est observee lorsque les renseignements fournis sont credibles. Ces renseignements sont generalement juges credibles lorsqu'ils sont assujettis a une regle anti-fraude, lorsqu'ils peuvent etre verifies ex post ou lorsqu'ils presentent ces deux caracteristiques. Jusqu'a maintenant, cependant, on s'est peu interesse aux consequences particulieres et interactives de ces caracteristiques. Les auteurs presentent ici leur argumentation au sujet des consequences des regles anti-fraude et de la verifiabilite ex post sur la presentation d'information privee et sur la reaction a la presentation de cette information. Selon eux, l'equilibre de presentation integrale de l'information n'est atteint que dans le cas ou s'applique une regle anti-fraude, indedependamment de l'existence d'une verification ex post. Plus encore, ils concluent a la disparition d'un probleme de selection prejudiciable apres des observations repetees, peu importe les regles anti-fraude ou la verifiabilite ex post. La veracite de ces affirmations est mise a l'epreuve dans le cadre de 20 experiences en laboratoire qui livrent en outre certaines indications relatives a l'incidence d'un systeme juridique sur la presentation d'information. Les resultats viennent generalement appuyer les hypotheses d'analyse.
A Packing Model for Interpenetrated Diamondoid Structures—an Interpretation Based on the Constructive Interference of Supramolecular Networks

The ability to predict and subsequently control solid-state structure has been identified as a major challenge in the field of crystal engineering. Here we suggest the concept of constitutive models as a tool for understanding crystal packings and for designing new solid-state structures. Such models are intended to relate molecular interactions and their geometrical constraints with solid-state organization. These models will most likely be of greatest use for crystals consisting of supramolecular networks, that is, infinite assemblies of small molecules associating through strong, directional, and selective noncovalent interactions. The concept of the constitutive packing model is illustrated for interpenetrated diamondoid coordination networks based on crystalline adducts of 4,4′-biphenyldicarbonitrile with silver(I) salts. Observed structural deformations induced by counterions of varying size may be understood in terms of the interference of two supramolecular networks within this system: the diamondoid metal–ligand coordination network and face-to-face aromatic stacks of the organic ligand. The constitutive model developed here has been applied to other diamondoid coordination networks in the literature and is found to be general.
Communications as Social Interaction: Its Importance in Ontogeny and Adult Behavior

Much of our current understanding of primate communication is based on the analysis of individual signals, on the sequences of signals given by an individual, and on the responses of animals to playbacks of these signals. In reality, however, communication is a social interaction with individuals constantly altering their signals in response to the history of the immediate interaction and in response to the history of the social relationships between individuals. The ontogeny of vocal communication is also dependent upon the social interactions between young animals and other group members. The studies discussed here describe turn taking in adult pygmy marmosets and on the role of past history of social relationships in their perceptual responses to calls. Data are presented on the complex vocal interactions that occur within and between troops of cotton-top tamarins during territorial encounters. In both turn taking and in territorial encounters there appear to be some general rules organizing calling patterns. Finally, the role of social imitation and social environment on the ontogeny of vocalizations in marmosets and tamarins will be discussed.
Genome Sequence of Flavobacterium akiainvivens IK-1T, Isolated from Decaying Wikstroemia oahuensis, an Endemic Hawaiian Shrub.

ABSTRACT Flavobacterium spp. have been cultivated from diverse aquatic and terrestrial habitats. F. akiainvivens IK-1T was cultivated from decaying wood of Wikstroemia oahuensis, an endemic Hawaiian shrub. The strain9s genome sequence may provide insights into niche adaptation and evolution of the genus in a mid-ocean archipelago.
Coming Full Circle: North American Labor History Conference Wayne State University, October 19, 2001

I want to thank Elizabeth Faue for choosing "Coming Full Circle" as the title for my talk this evening. I don't know what inspired her to choose it—I saw it for the first time in the conference brochure—but it captures the feeling I often have these days, that I/we are in the midst of a great turning. To begin with, I was born during World War I, which historians like Eric Hobsbawm view as the real beginning of the twentieth century because it put an end to the illusion of nineteenth century Europeans that they had reached the apogee of civilization. Now, providentially, I have lived long enough to witness the death blow dealt by September 11 to the illusion that unceasing technological innovations and economic growth can guarantee happiness and security to the citizens of our planet's only superpower.
The role of bacterial adherence in urinary tract infections in elderly adults.

In an attempt to clarify host factors responsible for the acquisition of bacteriuria in elderly adults, bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells obtained from 83 elderly participants and 40 young controls was studied. Seven uropathogenic strains of E. coli expressing different adhesions were used. Bacteria adhered significantly better to cells of young women than young men (p less than .0001) and elderly women than elderly men (p less than .03). The greatest adherence was in young women and the least in young men. In women without bacteriuria, aging was not associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial attachment. Moreover, there was no increase in the adherence of E. coil strains to uroepithelial cells of bacteriuric elderly women in comparison to abacteriuric elderly women. In men, however, aging was associated with increased bacterial adherence (p less than .02). Susceptibility to bacterial adherence does not appear to be responsible for the increased frequency of E. coli bacteriuria in elderly women but may be a permissive factor in elderly men.
Electrophoretic studies on the leukocytosis-promoting factor of exudates.

ConclusionsThe leukocytosis-promoting factor (LPF) of inflammatory exudates when studied electrophoretically in a Tiselius apparatus appears to be distributed primarily between the a and 0.2 globulins of exudates.
Design of Novel Graphene Materials as a Support for Palladium Nanoparticles: Highly Active Catalysts towards Ethanol Electrooxidation

Abstract The electrooxidation of ethanol in alkaline media by palladium (Pd) nanoparticles supported on 3D-Graphene nanosheets with varying morphological and physicochemical properties was investigated using potentiodynamic and potentiostatic techniques. 30 wt.% Pd electrocatalysts were synthesized using a surfactant-free soft alcohol reduction method (SARM) and deposited on thermally (7 at.% H 2 , 800 °C) and chemically reduced (N 2 H 4 ·xH 2 O, 80 °C) 3D-Graphene nanosheets. The morphology of the nanosheets was modified using silica (L90 and EH5) sacrificial templates. For the sake of comparison, Pd nanoparticles were also deposited on a commercial carbon support (Vulcan) using SARM and physically characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The morphological and physicochemical properties of the 3D-Graphene supports were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Nitrogen-sorption Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman Spectroscopy. Our results show that thermally reduced 3D-Graphene nanosheets with a higher the degree of C-C sp 2 hybridization improved the dispersion and reduced the average crystallite size of the Pd nanoparticles. Moreover, Pd nanoparticles supported on 3D-Graphene nanosheets modified with larger silica templates (L90) showed better tolerance towards poisoning species, possibly due to the larger pores etched into its matrix. Among the as-prepared catalysts, Pd nanoparticles of 6.3 nm supported on thermally reduced 3D-Graphene (BET surface area of 300 m 2 g −1 ) exhibited the highest stability as well as peak current density of 1568 A g Pd − 1 , which was about 1.5, 2.5 and 3 times greater than Pd nanoparticles supported on chemically reduced 3D-Graphene, Vulcan and commercial Pt/C catalysts respectively.
Medication Events on a Tertiary Neurology Inpatient Service (P07.239)

Objective: To describe medication events occurring on neurological hospital services. Background Medication events are common in hospitalized patients. Relatively little is known about the characteristics of medication events on neurology inpatient services. Design/Methods: Medication events reported on inpatient neurology services (general neurology, epilepsy monitoring unit, cerebrovascular service, and neurological ICU) were reviewed from January 1, 2009 through December 31, 2010 in a 1,265-bed tertiary care center. Data collection was through a pre-established institutional voluntary event recording system. Reportable events included any event that was an undesired occurrence that caused or had the potential to cause injury. Results: 143 medication events were reported, for a rate of 8.6 events per 1000 patient days. There were no trends associated with time of day or month of the year. Of these, 118 (82.5%) reached the patient; 103 (72%) did not require intervention. The most common medication types involved were anticoagulants (24 events, 16.8%), anticonvulsants (17 events, 11.9%), and antibiotics (16 events, 11.2%). The most common types of events were medication omission (27 events, 18.9%) and wrong medication dose/rate (26 events, 18.2%). The most common step in which an event occurred was administration (77 events, 53.8%). Nurses were involved in reporting 133 events (93%), while physicians were involved in reporting 20 events (14%). Conclusions: Medication events were not uncommon on our neurology inpatient services, and most commonly involved anticoagulants, anticonvulsants and antibiotics. No trends referable to time of year or day were identified to suggest an association with the academic calendar or call coverage. Nursing staff reported the majority of events, suggesting a stronger culture of event reporting in non-physician providers on out unit. Disclosure: Dr. Williams has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sweeney has nothing to disclose. Dr. Britton has received personal compensation for activities with Cyberonics, Inc. as a consultant.
Reflections on the Prankish Actions on the Internet

Generally speaking,normal prankish actions on the Internet are a kind of self-entertainment and do not have intentionally bad aims.However,such actions are a double-edge sword,which pose several negative information and moral and legal problems while they bring people brief pleasure.It is unreasonable for us to criticize the actions blindly.The key in handling such actions lies in clear understanding and proper guidance and regulation of the actions.
Augmenting the standardized training of resident physicians and accelerating medical specialists well-being growth

To expound the significance and essentiality of the standardized training of resident physicians,and to sum up the results and experiences of the standardized training of resident physicians in our hospital in recent 12 years,the existing contradictions and problems and the methods and measures to be resolved are summarized.Strengthening the standardized training of resident physicians is helpful for accelerating medical specialists cultivation and facilitation their well-being growth.It has extraordinary significance for elevating the disposition of clinical medical team and the technical level of hospital medicine as well.
The Big Three

Looking back on his career to date in 1915, Shaw commented that Major Barbara ‘is the third of a group of three plays of exceptional weight and magnitude on which the reputation of the author as a serious dramatist was first established, and still mainly rests’ (B 3: 193). He refers of course to Man and Superman and John Bull’s Other Island, along with Major Barbara, which were written in sequence between 1901 and 1905. They are all highly original and together explore the heights and depths of Shaw’s sensibility. No play is more central to the canon than Man and Superman, whose crucial third act both enacts and discusses the comic sublime. None is more committed to the sublime in its basic overall structure than Major Barbara. And none is more despairing of attaining the heights than John Bull’s Other Island.
Poor institutions as a comparative advantage

Classic theories of comparative advantage point to factor productivity and factor abundance as determinants of specialization and trade. Likewise, geography and topography can determine trade patterns. Institutions, however, are increasingly seen as important sources of comparative advantage. A global drug prohibition regime implies that institutional quality matters more than traditional sources in the drug trade. This paper theoretically models trade patterns of illicit goods and confirms the role of institutions empirically with respect to the drug trade. In particular, illicit enterprises gain force in countries where resources are scarce, drug enforcement is uncertain, and institutions are weak in absolute terms and relative to neighboring countries. I propose several policy alternatives that emphasize economic opportunity for the poor and institutional quality that complement drug prohibition.
Tug of War at the Cell-Matrix Interface

Mechanical interactions between a cell and its environment, or between cells, influence key developmental and physiologic processes as well as many aspect of disease (1,2). Indeed the ability of a cell to sense, produce, and respond to mechanical cues has emerged as a fundamental regulator of cell behaviors such as differentiation, proliferation, survival, and migration. In mechanical terms the interactions governing these behaviors are regulated by intracellular and extracellular physical events that are orchestrated by complex biochemical and mechanical signals.
Religious wonderlands: Eros, madness, and ethics in religious studies through the work of Lynne Huffer

“‘In our country,’ said Alice, still panting a little, ‘you’d generally get to somewhere else – if you ran very fast for a long time, as we’ve been doing.’ ‘A slow sort of country!’ said the Queen....