cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of different restoration methods on coastal wetland loss in Louisiana: Bayesian analysis

Extensive efforts have been undertaken in the northern Gulf of Mexico to restore coastal wetlands that have been lost rapidly. The evaluation of these restorations mostly focused on individual-project scales. A modeling framework that can coherently synthesize multi-scale monitoring data and account for various uncertainties would improve quantitative evaluations at broader spatial scales needed for regional decision-making. We aim to develop such a framework to investigate the impact of different restoration methods (hydrological alteration, breakwater infrastructure, vegetative planting, or marsh creation using dredged materials) on wetland loss on the outermost mainland coastlines in Louisiana. We did this by implementing multi-level Bayesian models to predict areal wetland loss (1996–2005 before Hurricane Katrina) as a function of local geophysical variables (relative sea-level rise, wave height, tidal range) and a dummy variable indicating presence/absence of restoration. We assumed the effects of these variables varied by broader watershed scales. The restoration’s effect also depended on temporal scales of implementation. The results indicate the sites with hydrological alteration, when implemented for longer than 7 years, had significantly smaller areal wetland loss, compared to the reference sites controlled for the local geophysical variables, in the Chenier Plain watershed, but not in the lower Mississippi River watershed. The effects of the other restoration methods on wetland loss were not significant based on limited numbers of sites. The Bayesian modeling framework we developed can integrate monitoring data/key drivers across projects with uncertainties accounted for, it is adaptable, and presents a useful tool in restoration evaluations spatially and temporally.
GAIT-GM: Galaxy tools for modeling metabolite changes as a function of gene expression

Galaxy is a user-friendly platform with a strong development community and a rich set of tools for omics data analysis. While multi-omics experiments are becoming popular, tools for multi-omics data analysis are poorly represented in this platform. Here we present GAIT-GM, a set of new Galaxy tools for integrative analysis of gene expression and metabolomics data. In the Annotation Tool, features are mapped to KEGG pathway using a text mining approach to increase the number of mapped metabolites. Several interconnected databases are used to maximally map gene IDs across species. In the Integration Tool, changes in metabolite levels are modeled as a function of gene expression in a flexible manner. Both unbiased exploration of relationships between genes and metabolites and biologically informed models based on pathway data are enabled. The GAIT-GM tools are freely available at https://github.com/SECIMTools/gait-gm.
Leases as Forms

We offer the first large scale descriptive study of residential leases, based on a dataset of ~170,000 residential leases filed in support of over ~200,000 Philadelphia eviction proceedings from 2005 through 2019. These leases are highly likely to contain unenforceable terms, and their pro-landlord tilt has increased sharply over time. Matching leases with individual tenant characteristics, we show that unlawful terms are surprisingly likely to be associated with more expensive leaseholds in richer, whiter parts of the city. This result is linked to landlords' growing adoption of shared forms, originally created by non-profit landlord associations, and more recently available online for a nominal fee. Generally, such shared form leases contain worse rules for tenants than the proprietary leases they replace. Over time, it has become easier and cheaper for landlords to adopt such common forms, meaning that access to justice for landlords strips tenants of rights. We observe few within landlord effects: rather, property owners specialize in particular areas in the city. This specialization leads black tenants to be more susceptible to eviction based on crime or drug use on the premises, an effect concentrated in whiter neighborhoods. Our results offer a significant advance in the empirical study of consumer contracting, building the field by examining individual differences in adherents, geography-effects, information costs and time trends.
Topological or rotational non-Abelian gauge fields from Einstein-Skyrme holography

We report analytically known states at non-zero temperature which may serve as a powerful tool to reveal common topological and thermodynamic properties of systems ranging from the QCD phase diagram to topological phase transitions in condensed matter materials. In the holographically dual gravity theory, these are analytic solutions to a five-dimensional non-linear-sigma (Skyrme) model dynamically coupled to Einstein gravity. This theory is shown to be holographically dual to $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 Super-Yang-Mills theory coupled to an SU(2)-current. All solutions are fully backreacted asymptotically Anti-de Sitter (AdS) black branes or holes. One family of global AdS black hole solutions contains non-Abelian gauge field configurations with positive integer Chern numbers and finite energy density. Larger Chern numbers increase the Hawking-Page transition temperature. In the holographically dual field theory this indicates a significant effect on the deconfinement phase transition. Black holes with one Hawking temperature can have distinct Chern numbers, potentially enabling topological transitions. A second family of analytic solutions, rotating black branes, is also provided. These rotating solutions induce states with propagating charge density waves in the dual field theory. We compute the Hawking temperature, entropy density, angular velocity and free energy for these black holes/branes. These correspond to thermodynamic data in the dual field theory. For these states the energy-momentum tensor, (non-)conserved current, and topological charge are interpreted.
Molecular systematics and taxonomic overview of the bird's nest fungi (Nidulariaceae)

Abstract Fungi in the Nidulariaceae, otherwise known as ‘bird's nest fungi’, are among the least studied groups of Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota). Bird's nest fungi are globally distributed and typically grow on woody debris or animal dung as saprotrophs. This group of fungi is morphologically diverse with ca. 200 described species. Phylogenetic relationships of bird's nest fungi were investigated with four commonly used loci (ITS, LSU, tef, and rpb2). The family was resolved as a monophyletic group with Squamanitaceae as a potential sister taxon. Cyathus and Crucibulum each formed its own independent and well-supported clade. Nidula and Nidularia formed a clade together, but each genus is polyphyletic. Two Mycocalia species included in our analyses were on their own separate branches, indicating that this genus is also polyphyletic. Misidentifications were detected in most genera, suggesting that species concepts need to be revisited and refined throughout Nidulariaceae. Several bird's nest fungi species have global geographical distributions whereas others may have more limited ranges. Basic morphological characters of bird's nest fungi have likely been lost or gained multiple times. The phylogenetic placement of Crucibulum is unclear and the sister lineage of bird's nest fungi is not conclusive. Further studies with data from rare species and additional informative genes are needed to fully resolve the topology of Nidulariaceae and identify its sister group with more certainty.
MELD score is predictive of 90-day mortality after veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support.

BACKGROUND The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score was originally described as a marker of survival in chronic liver disease. More recently, MELD and its derivatives, MELD excluding INR (MELD-XI) and MELD with sodium (MELD-Na), have been applied more broadly as outcome predictors in heart transplant, left ventricular assist device placement, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock, with additional promising data to support the use of these scores for prediction of survival in those undergoing veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO). METHODS This study assessed the prognostic impact of MELD in patients with cardiogenic shock undergoing VA ECMO via a single-center retrospective review from January 2014 to March 2020. MELD, MELD-XI, and MELD-Na scores were calculated using laboratory values collected within 48 h of VA ECMO initiation. Multivariate Cox regression analyses determined the association between MELD scores and the primary outcome of 90-day mortality. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were used to estimate the discriminatory power for MELD in comparison with previously validated SAVE score. RESULTS Of the 194 patients, median MELD was 20.1 (13.7-26.2), and 90-day mortality was 62.1%. There was a significant association between MELD score and mortality up to 90 days (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.945, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.244-3.041, p = 0.004) after adjustment for age, indication for VA ECMO, and sex. The prognostic significance of MELD score for 90-day mortality revealed an AUC of 0.645 (95% CI = 0.565-0.725, p < 0.001). MELD-Na score and MELD-XI score were not associated with mortality. CONCLUSION MELD score accurately predicts long-term mortality and may be utilized as a valuable decision-making tool in patients undergoing VA ECMO.
Current Technologies and the Applications of Data Analytics For Crude Oil Leak Detection in Surface Pipelines

Abstract Pipeline pressure monitoring has been the traditional and most popular leak detection approach, however, the delays with leak detection and localization coupled with the large number of false alarms led to the development of other sensor-based detection technologies. The Real Time Transient Model (RTTM) currently has the best performance metric, but it requires collection and analysis of large data volume which, in turn, has an impact in the detection speed. Several data mining (DM) methods have been used for leak detection algorithm development with each having its own advantages and shortcomings. Mathematical modelling is used for the generation of simulation data and this data is used to train the leak detection and localization models. Mathematical models and simulation software have also been shown to provide comparable results with experimental data with very high levels of accuracy. While the ANN and SVM require a large training dataset for development of accurate models, mathematical modelling has been shown to be able to generate the required datasets to justify the application of data analytics for the development of model-based leak detection systems for petroleum pipelines. This paper presents a review of key leak detection strategies for oil and gas pipelines, with a specific focus on crude oil applications, and presents the opportunities for the use of data analytics tools and mathematical modelling for the development of a robust real time leak detection and localization system for surface pipelines. Several case studies are also presented.
Using Random Coefficient Linear Models for the Analysis of Hierarchically Nested Data

Publisher Summary Random coefficient models are promising tools for data analysis in fields such as education, health, demography, and animal studies, where data are grouped in meaningful settings and the context is believed to influence the individuals. The method is very useful for prediction when groups are small and group membership is an important predictor. This chapter analyzes data collected over individuals nested in contexts or groups. This includes individual data collected over time, as in repeated measurement or longitudinal data, where observations are nested within individuals. This chapter presents illustrations of cross-level interactions using a real data set. One of the hypotheses is that schools in the private sector have a moderating effect on the relation between homework and math achievement of students. The results of the analysis show that students in the schools of the public sector need to do more homework to achieve the same math grade as students in schools of the private sector.
Retrospective cost adaptive thrust control of a 1D scramjet with Mach number disturbance

We use retrospective cost adaptive control (RCAC) to control the thrust generated by a scramjet. A quasi-one-dimensional version of the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations of compressible fluid flow with heat release is used to model the physics of the scramjet. First, we study the dynamic behavior of the scramjet model. Then, we apply system identification techniques to fit a linear model to the data generated by the scramjet model to investigate the dependence of scramjet dynamics on the Mach number. Finally, we use RCAC to maintain the commanded thrust in the presence of a disturbance in the Mach number.
Granulomatous and lymphocytic interstitial lung disease: a spectrum of pulmonary histopathologic lesions in common variable immunodeficiency—histologic and immunohistochemical analyses of 16 cases

Common variable immunodeficiency is a primary immunodeficiency of unknown etiology characterized by low serum immunoglobulin G, a decreased ability to make specific antibodies, and variable T-cell defects. Approximately 10-30% of patients with common variable immunodeficiency develop clinical evidence of a diffuse parenchymal lung disease with a constellation of histopathologic findings termed granulomatous and lymphocytic interstitial lung disease. In this study, we characterized the histologic and immunohistochemical features in a series of 16 cases diagnosed by open lung biopsy. Peribronchiolar and interstitial lymphocytic infiltration, granulomatous inflammation, and organizing pneumonia were consistent features; interstitial fibrosis with architectural remodeling was also found in a subgroup of patients. By immunohistochemistry, a predominance of CD4+ T lymphocytes with variable numbers of CD8+ T cells and B cells was present, with a striking absence of FOXP3-positive T-regulatory cells. This heretofore unrecognized immunohistochemical finding needs further investigation for a potential role in the pathogenesis of the condition. The presence of interstitial fibrosis with or without architectural remodeling in a subset of patients also needs additional study, for effect on prognosis.
The Rumen Fermentation: A Model for Microbial Interactions in Anaerobic Ecosystems

A ruminant can be thought of as a fermentation factory (Fig. 1). The animal ingests plant polymers (in grasses, hay, corn, silage, etc.) which are the raw material for its fermentation. Preliminary processing occurs in the oral cavity and consists mainly of comminution of food by mastication. The plant material is then swallowed and transported to the ruminant’s complex stomach. The stomach, called the rumen reticulum or, more simply, rumen, is the site of fermentation. A massive community of microorganisms, bacteria and protozoa, ferments the plant material to short-chain volatile fatty acids, methane, and carbon dioxide. The acids are removed from the rumen by absorption into the bloodstream and are subsequently used as the animal’s primary sources of energy and carbon. Gases are waste products and are removed by belching. The fermentation provides nutrients and energy for the growth and division of the microbial populations participating in the fermentation. Microorganisms and undigested food are semicontinuously removed from the rumen by passage to the lower part of the ruminant’s digestive tract.
Living wills and substituted judgments: A critical analysis

In the literature three mechanisms are commonly distinguished to make decisions about the care of incompetent patients: A living will, a substituted judgment by a surrogate (who may or may not hold the “power of attorney”), and a best interest judgment. Almost universally, the third mechanism is deemed the worst possible of the three, to be invoked only when the former two are unavailable. In this article, I argue in favor of best interest judgments. The evermore common aversion of best interest judgments entails a risk that health care providers withdraw from the decision-making process, abandoning patients (or their family members) to these most difficult of decisions about life and death. My approach in this article is primarily negative, that is, I criticize the alleged superiority of the living will and substituted judgment. The latter two mechanisms gain their alleged superiority because they are supposedly morally neutral, whereas the best interest judgment entails a value judgment on behalf of the patient. I argue that on closer inspection living wills and substituted judgments are not morally neutral; indeed, they generally rely on best interest judgments, even if those are not made explicit.
Spatial and temporal independent component analysis of micro-Doppler features

Micro-Doppler features can be regarded as a unique signature of an object with movements and provide additional information for classification, recognition and identification of the object. Independent component analysis (ICA) can decompose micro-Doppler features into independent basis functions that represent salient physical movement attributes of the object. To study ICA of micro-Doppler features, we used a dataset generated by simulation of radar returned signals from rotating objects and tumbling objects. Fast ICA algorithm was used in our study to decompose micro-Doppler features into a set of spatial and temporal independent components. Spatial characteristics of the independent components combined with the corresponding temporal characteristics can be used to improve performance of classification, recognition and identification.
Differential responses of pituitary kallikrein and prolactin to tamoxifen and chlorotrianisene

Abstract Glandular kallikrein, a trypsin-like serine protease, and prolactin (PRL) are both estrogen-induced proteins in rat anterior pituitary lactotrophs. The estrogen agonist and antagonist effects of tamoxifen (TAM, a triphenylethylene antiestrogen) and chlorotrianisene (TACE, a triphenylethylene estrogen) on anterior pituitary glandular kallikrein and PRL were examined to see if TAM and TACE differentially affect these estrogen responses of lactotrophs after in vivo dosing of rats. TAM and TACE acted as partial agonists on PRL and uterine weight induction. In contrast, on glandular kallikrein induction TAM acted as a pure estrogen antagonist and TACE acted as an almost pure antagonist. The results document that both TAM and TACE exhibit protein-specific estrogen agonist and antagonist efficacies in lactotrophs, with the estrogen induction of glandular kallikrein being particularly sensitive to antagonism by TAM in vivo. The marked antiestrogen character of TACE was surprising since TACE has been classified and clinically used as an estrogen.
Preconditioning and Stem Cell Survival

The harsh ischemic and cytokine-rich microenvironment in the infarcted myocardium, infiltrated by the inflammatory and immune cells, offers a significant challenge to the transplanted donor stem cells. Massive cell death occurs during transplantation as well as following engraftment which significantly lowers the effectiveness of the heart cell therapy. Various approaches have been adopted to overcome this problem nevertheless with multiple limitations with each of these current approaches. Cellular preconditioning and reprogramming by physical, chemical, genetic, and pharmacological manipulation of the cells has shown promise and “prime” the cells to the “state of readiness” to withstand the rigors of lethal ischemia in vitro as well as posttransplantation. This review summarizes the past and present novel approaches of ischemic preconditioning, pharmacological and genetic manipulation using preconditioning mimetics, recombinant growth factor protein treatment, and reprogramming of stem cells to overexpress survival signaling molecules, microRNAs, and trophic factors for intracrine, autocrine, and paracrine effects on cytoprotection.
Effects of dihydrotestosterone on the synthesis of nucleic acid and ATP in prostatic nuclei

Abstract The effects of testosterone and of dihydrotestosteron on nucleic acid synthesis by isolated prostatic nuclei from castrate rats were compared. The incorporation of cytidine into acid-insoluble material was enhanced by dihydrotestosterone but not by testosterone. Orotic acid was not incorporated into the acid-insoluble material as readily as cytidine and no hormonal effects were observed. Dihydrotestosterone inhibited the incorporation of inorganic phosphate into ATP whereas testosterone showed little inhibition. These experiments demonstrate a direct effect of androgens on isolated nuclei and support the suggestion that dihydrotestosterone rather than testosterone is the active hormone species in prostatic nuclei.
Poster: Manipulating virtual objects in hand-held augmented reality using stored snapshots

We describe a set of interaction techniques that allow a user of a magic-lens style augmented reality application to take snapshots of an augmented scene and revisit them virtually for interaction at a later time. By storing a still image of the background along with the camera pose, this approach allows augmentations to remain dynamic and interactive. This makes it possible for the user to manipulate virtual objects from the vantage points of different locations without the overhead of physically traveling between those locations. Preliminary results from a user study show that participants were able to complete an alignment task significantly faster and as accurately when using snapshots as opposed to physical travel. Qualitative questionnaire answers showed that participants preferred using snapshots over walking and found it less demanding.
Effects of fluoxetine and imipramine on male Schistosoma mansoni.

Abstract 1. Fluoxetine (30 μM) and imipramine (100 μM) when incubated in the presence of S. mansoni, cause a marked decrease in the parasite's muscular activity and tension. 2. Fluoxetine (30 μM) completely blocked the excitatory effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (100 μM) on the musculature of S. mansoni. 3. K+-induced (60 mM) contractures of the parasite's musculature were completely blocked when the parasite was preincubated in fluoxetine (30 μM) or imipramine (100 μM), while the contractures induced by the antischistosomal compound, praziquantel, were depressed when the parasites were preincubated in fluoxetine but not when they were preincubated in imipramine. 4. The increased influx of 45Ca2+ into S. mansoni observed after exposure of the parasite to praziquantel or a high concentration of K+ was partially blocked by fluoxetine.
Anisotropy of Effective Gas Diffusion Coefficients in Extruded Carbon Rods

IT is well known that, in extruded cylindrical samples composed of either particles of amorphous carbon or graphitized carbon, the properties of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity are highly anisotropic1. The anisotropy in these properties is caused by the orientation of the irregular particles with their long side parallel to the direction of extrusion and by the inherent anisotropic behaviour of the crystallites composing the particles.
The Rise In Health Care Spending And What To Do About It

Reforms for slowing the growth in health care spending and increasing the value of care have largely focused on insurance-based solutions. Consumer-driven health care represents the most recent example of this approach. However, much of the growth in health care spending over the past twenty years is linked to modifiable population risk factors such as obesity and stress. Rising disease prevalence and new medical treatments account for nearly two-thirds of the rise in spending. To be effective, reforms should focus on health promotion, public health interventions, and the cost-effective use of medical care.
DEMUCOSALIZED AUGMENTATION GASTROCYSTOPLASTY WITH BLADDER AUTOAUGMENTATION IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

AbstractPurpose: Potential metabolic complications in urinary reconstruction with bowel or stomach are due to the presence of the gastrointestinal mucosal layer. The advantage or disadvantage of each tissue has been debated. We report a procedure in which the mucosa of a gastric pedicle flap is removed and the remaining muscularis flap is transferred to an autoaugmented bladder.Materials and Methods: Seven female and 4 male patients underwent the procedure at our institutions from October 1992 to November 1994. A retrospective chart review was performed to compare preoperative to postoperative urodynamic findings, continence status and complications.Results: Mean followup was 23 months (range 8 to 33). Preoperative urodynamics showed an average bladder capacity of 109 cc (range 45 to 200) and compliance of 3 ml./cm. water (range 1 to 6). Urinary continence was achieved in 10 patients on clean intermittent catheterization every 3 to 4 hours and 1 was wet due to low urethral resistance. All patients underwe...
Characterizing preschool children's attention regulation in parent–child interactions: The roles of effortful control and motivation

Abstract This study examined relations among effortful control, motivation, and attention regulation in preschoolers within the context of parent–child interactions. Sixty-one low-income children and their mothers participated in a puzzle-matching task. One week later, the children completed a puzzle-matching task independently. Hierarchical regression analyses supported the hypothesis that children's effortful control and motivation is related to the amount of children's attention regulation in the parent–child interaction. The role of effortful control on attention regulation differed for children classified as having mastery- or performance-oriented motivation. Analyses also supported the hypothesis that children's effortful control, motivation and attention regulation predicted children's accuracy on the puzzle-task when working independently. Findings from this study demonstrate the utility of studying individual differences in temperament, motivation, and attention regulation within the context of the parent–child learning environment. Implications for understanding how children's social–cognitive status is related to academic success in impoverished environments are discussed.
Childhood stress: Perceptions of children and professionals

An assessment instrument was developed to measure children's perceptions of stressors in their lives, as well as their experiences and emotional reactions to these stressors. Two approaches from the adult literature, major life events and daily hassles, were compared for children. In addition, a comparison between children's and professionals' ratings of the severity of various stressors was made, as well as an examination of the relationship of experience and self-reported reaction to children's ratings. Results indicate that children's ratings of the severity of stressors do differ from adults', particularly when children have experienced the stressor. Further investigation in the study of childhood stress incorporating children's perceptions is proposed.
Solderless flexible thermal links

Flexible thermal links, often important components in the thermal management of cryogenically cooled instruments, are usually made by soldering bundles of copper braid to rigid end pieces. In addition to being time consuming and requiring a highly skilled and well-practised technician, the soldering process has inherent disadvantages. The solder tends to wick around each individual wire in the braids, imposing both additional rigidity and thermal impedance. Solder can also present potential outgassing problems. The authors have developed a simple solderless process for securely attaching a flexible braid to solid end blocks in such a manner as to dramatically reduce thermal impedance at the interface between the braid and the block and also to maintain full flexibility of the braid.
MAPPING SOLAR ACCESS IN HIGH RELIEF AREAS FOR REGIONAL ENERGY PLANNING

Access to the sun for space heating of structures is controlled, in part, by topographic shadowing in high-relief regions. A simple graphic procedure is presented for mapping shadows on topographic maps for any date and time of day. Comparisons of computed shadows and shadows measured from aerial photography confirm that the mapping procedure is reliable and accurate. Use of the procedure as a solar access inventory tool is illustrated in an area of the Green Mountains, VT.
Low-harmonic rational Be´zier curves for trajectory generation of high-speed machinery

Abstract For a given high-speed machinery, a significant source of the internally induced vibrational excitation is the presence of high frequency harmonics in the trajectories that the system is forced to follow. In this paper a special class of rational Bezier curves is presented that correspond to low-harmonic trajectory patterns. Harmonic Bernstein polynomials and harmonic deCasteljau algorithm are also introduced as two major tools for generating the harmonic rational Bezier curves. These curves can be used to synthesize trajectories within the dynamic response limitations of the actuators while avoiding the excitation of the natural modes of vibration of the system.
A Continuous Nonparametric Reliability Estimator

Abstract Nonparametric point and interval reliability estimators are obtained which imply a continuous underlying time-to-failure density function. These estimators are simple to use and involve cumulative normal probabilities. Sample calculations are presented to illustrate their use. Using the point estimator, performance comparisons are made with two standard estimators by means of Monte Carlo simulation in the two-parameter Weibull family of distributions. In the Weibull reliability region above 90 percent, the estimator generally outperforms the standard estimators for nearly all Weibull functions. The point estimator performs exceptionally well in the reliability region above 99 percent for many Weibull functions.
Stereotyping, Self-Affirmation, and the Cerebral Hemispheres

The authors used the processing characteristics of the left and right cerebral hemispheres to gain some insight into the relation between self-affirmation and stereotyping. In Study 1, self-affirmation led to greater stereotyping (of a librarian) and to greater left hemisphere activation, which in turn mediated the self-affirmation/stereotyping relationship. Study 2 replicated these results but also found that self-affirmation decreased stereotyping for a stigmatized target. However, relative hemisphere activation did not mediate this self-affirmation/stereotyping relationship. These studies showed that self-affirmation can either increase or decrease stereotyping depending on the status of the target and that relative hemisphere activation may provide clues as to underlying processes of stereotyping. In both studies, relative hemisphere activation was assessed using a line bisection task. Discussion focuses on possible mechanisms of different kinds of stereotyping and on the ways in which a consideration of relative hemisphere activation could help researchers gain insights into those mechanisms.
On bias correction in the multivariate sample-selection model

Heien and Wessells' two-step estimator for the multivariate sample-selection model has been used extensively during the past 15 years. A modified version of it, with slightly different selectivity regressors, has also appeared in the empirical literature. Both estimators are unfounded and generally do not correct for the sample selectivity bias as intended but have continued to gain popularity in empirical applications. The properties of the modified Heien–Wessells procedure are investigated in both the bivariate and multivariate contexts, and the conditions under which this estimator fails to correct for sample selectivity are examined. The theoretical properties are demonstrated with a simulated random sample.
Effects of 5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (NSC-407347), an alkylating agent derived from 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (NSC-45388).

Abstract All experiments were performed in the absence of light. A 5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (MIC) concentration of less than 10 −4 M had no effect on cell growth of L cells. At higher concentrations, the cells were inhibited to levels which were similar to those obtained with equimolar doses of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DIC). MIC inhibited the incorporation of 3 H-thymidine by DNA more than that of 3 H-uridine by RNA. Uptake of 3 H from 3 H-methyl-MIC by DNA was not influenced by the stage of the cell cycle. The greatest binding took place with DNA of the euchromatin fraction. MIC-treated DNA exhibited impaired template activity in vitro in the RNA polymerase s ystem but not with that of DNA polymerase. Chromatography of DNA hydrolysate from 3 H-methyl-MIC-treated cells showed three major radioactive peaks, which corresponded to adenine, guanine and 7-methylguanine. Hydroxyurea markedly reduced the uptake of 3 H by adenine and guanine but had relatively little effect on the 3 H content of 7-methylguanine. Similarity of cytotoxic reactions of MIC to those of DIC supports the thesis that in the animal system DIC is metabolically converted to MIC, a potential methylating agent. Many of the effects of DIC can be accounted for by the action of MIC.
Distributed Leadership in OSS

Open-source software (OSS) is software whose source code is available to view, change, and distribute without cost, and is typically developed in a collaborative manner that has captured the imagination of those who view the web as enabling more "democratic" models of governance. Researchers have, for years, debated the social structure of OSS projects -- in particular, the extent to which they represent decentralized forms of organization. Many have argued that the significant concentration of code development responsibility raises doubts about whether the level of power-sharing truly qualifies as "distributed" in the way early observers predicted. This research will investigate how changes in the technology that supports these projects -- specifically the greater visibility that characterizes the GitHub workspace may lead to a more broadly and quantifiably distributed leadership. Over the course of several studies employing several methodologies, it will examine leadership in OSS projects when visibility is a feature of the workspace.
Twenty years of change in a northern hardwood forest

Abstract Forests undisturbed by logging play a vital role in our understanding and management of forest ecosystems. The Bowl Research Natural Area (RNA) in the White Mountains of New Hampshire is such a forest. The Bowl RNA and an adjacent area known to have been logged in 1888 were inventoried in 1974 and 1994. The mean basal area of the mixed forest below an elevation of 915 m in the RNA increased from 29 m2 ha−1 in 1974 to 32 m2 ha−1 in 1994. There was no significant difference in basal areas of the RNA forest and the adjacent forest cut in 1888, in either the 1974 or 1994 sampling. Beech was the most numerous species in all areas of the Bowl followed by spruce-fir. Yellow birch had the greatest basal area followed by spruce-fir and beech. Results from this study indicate that northern hardwood forests of several hundred hectares can be expected to maintain average basal areas of ca. 30 m2 ha−1 and above-ground biomass of 150–250 Mg ha−1. Comparisons of the Bowl and nearby Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest indicate that, within 100 years following heavy forest cutting, the northern hardwood forest can be expected to regrow to the point where numbers of stems, basal-area, and biomass will be comparable with old-growth forests.
Imaging the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor response in central nervous system demyelination and remyelination.

We used a rodent model of cuprizone-induced demyelination to examine the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) response during remyelination. C57BL/6J mice were fed a 0.2% cuprizone-containing or control diet for 3 weeks and then removed to allow for remyelination. Quantitative autoradiography of 3 H-(R)-PK11195 binding to PBR in the corpus callosum showed increased levels at 3 weeks of demyelination and gradually decreased as a function of remyelination. PBR levels were associated with the degree of remyelination and activation of microglia and astrocytes. However, the temporal pattern suggests that the PBR signal during the late stages of remyelination was primarily associated with astrocytes. We also used small-animal positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging to determine if this technique could be used to monitor PBR levels in the brain of living mice. The results indicate that 11 C-(R)-PK11195 levels are significantly elevated in the mouse brain during cuprizone-induced demyelination and normalize at a time in which remyelination is complete. These findings support the notion that PBR is a sensitive marker for the visualization and quantification of brain injury and recovery. Further, the in vivo imaging of the PBR response is now possible in the living rodent brain.
Optopharmacological tools for restoring visual function in degenerative retinal diseases

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are progressive retinal diseases that result from the death of rod and cone photoreceptors, ultimately leading to blindness. The only currently approved vision restoration treatment employs an implanted retinal 'chip' as a prosthetic device to electrically stimulate retinal neurons that survive after the photoreceptors are gone, thereby restoring light-driven neural signaling to the brain. Alternative strategies have been proposed, which would utilize optogenetic or optopharmacological tools to enable direct optical stimulation of surviving retinal neurons. Here, we review the latest studies evaluating the feasibility of these molecular tools as potential therapeutics for restoring visual function in human blinding disease.
Kinetics of NH3 decomposition on polycrystalline Pt

The kinetics of NH3 decomposition on polycrystalline Pt are examined over a wide range of catalyst temperature (500 < T < 1700 °K), pressure (0.015 < pnh3 < 20 Torr), and gas composition in a steady-state flow system with conversions sufficiently low that differential rates are obtained. Calibration of system and mass spectrometer parameters yields an apparent accuracy of better than ± 10% under all conditions. All data in pure NH3 and in NH3H2 and NH3N2 mixtures could be fit to a single Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) rate expression with experimental data deviating from calculated LH curves by less than 10% in pure NH3 and 20% in NH3H2 mixtures over a range of 104 in reaction rates. Orders with respect to NH3, H2, and N2 are determined, and coefficients of pressures are shown to have Arrhenius temperature dependences with activation energies appropriate for heats of adsorption. Several reaction mechanisms which can give this rate expression are described, and the significance of parameters is discussed.
Retailer–buyer supplier relationships: The Japanese difference

Abstract The purpose of this study, which draws data from a national survey of Japanese retail buyers, is to provide insight into how culture influences channel relationships and to suggest how non-Japanese partners can facilitate long-term relationships. Results indicate that Japanese retailer long-term orientation with a supplier is an antecedent to trust, economic dependence and satisfaction with the supplier rather than an outcome of these constructs. This study implies that Japanese retailers are expected to look out for the best interests of their partners, rather than continuously seek new partners, and, further, partners learn to negotiate differences rather than seek dissolution of the relationship.
Reciprocal Walsh Series

Any basis function of a generalized Fourier series takes on many values in an interval. In contrast, the binary nature of the basis functions of Walsh-Fourier series (WFS) allows them to be considered self-reciprocal1 except for a finite number of discontinuities. Hence, quotients of linear combinations of Walsh functions may be used to generate series representations of reciprocals of periodic functions. Thus the usual summation techniques employed to evaluate series representations of nonsquare-integrable periodic functions may, in some instances, be circumvented.
Natural history of colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.

Objective To determine the incidence, duration, and genetic diversity of colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF). Setting Oncology unit of a 650-bed university hospital. Methods Surveillance perianal swab cultures were performed on admission and weekly. The molecular relatedness of VREF isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and by the hybridization pattern of the vanA resistance determinant. Results During 8 months of surveillance, the VREF colonization rate was 16.6 patients per 1,000 patient-hospital days, which was 10.6 times greater than the VREF infection rate. Eighty-six patients with VREF colonization were identified. Colonization persisted for at least 7 weeks in the majority of patients. Of 36 colonized patients discharged from the hospital and then readmitted, an average of 2 1/2 weeks later, 22 (61%) patients still were colonized with VREF. Of the 14 patients who were VREF-negative at readmission, only three patients remained culture-negative throughout hospitalizations. PFGE demonstrated that colonization with the same VREF isolate may persist for at least 1 year, and patients may be colonized with more than one strain of VREF. Conclusion VREF colonization is at least 10-fold more prevalent than infection among oncology patients. Colonization often persists throughout lengthy hospitalizations and may continue for long periods following hospitalization.
Preferential Segregation of the Fourth Chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster.

The present study is concerned chiefly with the behavior of a duplicating chromosome derived from the undescribed scute allelomorph known as scute-10-2. This allelomorph, obtained by x-raying scute-10, is associated with a reciprocal 1-4 translocation. The X-chromosome is broken near its left end, between the loci of silver and broad, and the short terminal piece (loci from yellow to silver) is exchanged for a section of the fourth chromosome that includes all the known loci of that chromosome (with the possible exception of cubitus-interruptus, which is difficult to test, since this translocation shows the position effect recently described by Dubinin and Sidoroff(1)). The small chromosome, made up of the left end of X attached to the spindle-fibre region of 4, may be obtained in individuals (of either sex) that are otherwise normal diploids.(2) If the normal X's of such hyperploids carry the recessive gene for yellow, the flies are wild-type in appearance because of the presence of +y in the duplicating chromosome. This fact has been used, in the present experiments, to study the distribution of the fragment at meiosis.
Genetic analysis of the roles of agaA, agaI, and agaS genes in the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and D-galactosamine catabolic pathways in Escherichia coli strains O157:H7 and C

Background The catabolic pathways of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (Aga) and D-galactosamine (Gam) in E. coli were proposed from bioinformatic analysis of the aga/gam regulon in E. coli K-12 and later from studies using E. coli C. Of the thirteen genes in this cluster, the roles of agaA, agaI, and agaS predicted to code for Aga-6-P-deacetylase, Gam-6-P deaminase/isomerase, and ketose-aldolase isomerase, respectively, have not been experimentally tested. Here we study their roles in Aga and Gam utilization in E. coli O157:H7 and in E. coli C.
Edward Hopper: An Intimate Biography

This expanded edition throws Edward Hopper's art and life into sharp new perspective. Its focus is the laconic, introverted painter's stormy 43-year marriage to outspoken and gregarious Josephine Nivison, herself an artist. The text is illustrated throughout, including photographs and reproductions of his paintings and drawings.
Effects of phencyclidine, haloperidol, and naloxone on fixed-interval performance in rats

Phencyclidine (PCP), haloperidol, and naloxone were administered alone and in combination to rats responding under a fixed-interval schedule for water presentation. Lower doses of PCP (0.25–2.0 mg/kg) and naloxone (0.001–0.1 mg/kg) produced increases while higher doses produced dose-dependent decreases in response rate. Haloperidol (0.0625–0.5 mg/kg) produced a monotonic dose-dependent decrease in responding. When a dose of naloxone (8.0 mg/kg) that did not alter responding was administered prior to the PCP, the PCP dose-response curve was shifted to 6.5-fold lower doses of PCP. When a dose of haloperidol (0.0625 mg/kg) that did not alter responding was administered prior to the PCP, the PCP dose-response curve was shifted to 1.5-fold higher dose of PCP. These observations are discussed in relation to current views of the mechanism of PCP action.
Significance of thermal effects associated with solid-gas reactions in the Tian-Calvet calorimeter

Abstract The Tian-Calvet calorimeter has proved to be an extremely useful tool in determinations of the partial molar enthalpies of the gas in metal + oxygen and metal + hydrogen systems. Under the usual operating conditions, the thermal effects measured in the calorimeter proper do not represent all the thermal effects which occur in the entire gaseous volume. It is demonstrated that the observed thermal effects associated with such solid + gas reactions (carried out under conditions of constant total volume) represent changes in enthalpy, rather than in internal energy. This fact has important implications with respect to recent calorimetric studies of metal + hydrogen systems.
RIBOSOMAL RIBONUCLEIC ACID MATURATION IN SYNCHRONOUS STRAIN L CELLS

The incorporation of [3H]-5-uridine into cytoplasmic 18S and 28S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) was examined in Colcemid-synchronized strain L cells during G1 and S phases of the cell cycle in the presence of 5×10−5 m uridine, which was determined to be the saturating concentration for this system. The data show that in S phase a significant increase occurs in the level of [3H]-5-uridine incorporation into each rRNA species. During a 90-min exposure period, S phase cells incorporate 3.4 times as much [3H]-5-uridine into 18S rRNA and 1.9 times as much into 28S rRNA as do G1 cells. The time required for maturation of the ribosomal RNA species during G1 and during S phase is the same, with 18S rRNA appearing in the cytoplasm in 20 min and 28S rRNA in 40 min.
Influence of Solvent Washing and Soxhlet Extraction on the Thermal Stability of Organically Modified Layered Silicates

Abstract An efficacious process for removing excess surfactant and sodium halide from an organically-modified clay is described in this paper. Improved thermal stability of the organoclay is observed using both washing with ethanol or Soxhlet extraction with methanol. The selection of the solvent to be used plays a vital role in removing the excess organic modifier from the organoclay. Approximately a 60 °C increment in onset thermal stability (T5%) is observed by solvent washing while a further 20 °C improvement is seen using Soxhlet extraction. Washing with hot deionized water followed by an ethanol washing will remove the excess modifier more effectively than does hot DI water and THF.
Photo-induced electron paramagnetic resonance in mutant photosynthetic species lacking carotenoids or chlorophyll

Abstract The association of the photo-induced electron paramagnetic resonance signal in photosynthetic tissue with the necessity for the presence of chlorophyll is demonstrated with a variety of mutant organisms. This is taken as additional evidence of the direct electron-transfer reaction from and/or to chlorophyll as the primary quantum conversion step.