cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instantaneous Frequency Estimation Using Sequential Bayesian Techniques

The online estimation of the instantaneous frequency (IF) of time-varying (TV) signals with highly nonlinear phase functions is a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose an IF estimation method using Bayesian techniques, which combines particle filtering and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, to sequentially estimate highly nonlinear TV frequency variations as piecewise linear functions. Simultaneously applying parameter estimation and model selection, the new technique is extended to the IF estimation of multicomponent signals. Using simulations, we demonstrate the performance of our approach for different signals and environments.
Failure of composites as predicted by the strain energy density theory

If composite materials are to be used effectively in high performance structural applications, it is necessary to develop accurate reliable predictive methods for describing their failure behavior. The various failure modes observed at the laboratory scale level are fiber breakage, matrix separation and interface debonding. Should the load be increased indefinitely, the existing defects will grow while new ones may be created and damage of the composite will eventually reach catastrophic proportions. The progressive failure process in a composite is extremely complex and it would be impossible to analytically describe each successive stage in detail. This would not only be impractical but would also shed little light on engineering applications. On the other hand, methods of analysis procedures are needed to bridge the gap between composite testing and design. Only in this way can reliable estimates of the allowable stresses expected in service be made from strength and fracture toughness data obtained from small-scale laboratory tests. This capability still does not generally exist because of the complexity of cracks interacting with material inhomogeneity and anisotropy, effects that cannot be ignored in fiber-reinforced composites. To treat this subject, the discipline of fracture mechanics,* which is concerned with failure by crack initiation and propagation, is a natural tool to use for this purpose.
Challenges in Development of Sperm Repositories for Biomedical Fishes: Quality Control in Small-Bodied Species

Abstract Quality control (QC) is essential for reproducible and efficient functioning of germplasm repositories. However, many biomedical fish models present significant QC challenges due to small body sizes (<5 cm) and miniscule sperm volumes (<5 μL). Using minimal volumes of sperm, we used Zebrafish to evaluate common QC endpoints as surrogates for fertilization success along sequential steps of cryopreservation. First, concentrations of calibration bead suspensions were evaluated with a Makler® counting chamber by using different sample volumes and mixing methods. For sperm analysis, samples were initially diluted at a 1:30 ratio with Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS). Motility was evaluated by using different ratios of sperm and activation medium, and membrane integrity was analyzed with flow cytometry at different concentrations. Concentration and sperm motility could be confidently estimated by using volumes as small as 1 μL, whereas membrane integrity required a minimum of 2 μL (at 1 × 106 cells...
Coordinated regulation of intracellular pH by two glucose-sensing pathways in yeast

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae employs multiple pathways to coordinate sugar availability and metabolism. Glucose and other sugars are detected by a G protein–coupled receptor, Gpr1, as well as a pair of transporter-like proteins, Rgt2 and Snf3. When glucose is limiting, however, an ATP-driven proton pump (Pma1) is inactivated, leading to a marked decrease in cytoplasmic pH. Here we determine the relative contribution of the two sugar-sensing pathways to pH regulation. Whereas cytoplasmic pH is strongly dependent on glucose abundance and is regulated by both glucose-sensing pathways, ATP is largely unaffected and therefore cannot account for the changes in Pma1 activity. These data suggest that the pH is a second messenger of the glucose-sensing pathways. We show further that different sugars differ in their ability to control cellular acidification, in the manner of inverse agonists. We conclude that the sugar-sensing pathways act via Pma1 to invoke coordinated changes in cellular pH and metabolism. More broadly, our findings support the emerging view that cellular systems have evolved the use of pH signals as a means of adapting to environmental stresses such as those caused by hypoxia, ischemia, and diabetes.
Association of preoperative monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with overall survival after resection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

216Background: Neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte counts are important biomarkers of the tumor-induced systemic inflammatory response. A lower monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and neutrophil-to-...
Equations of Motion and Energetic Considerations

The purpose of this final chapter is to illuminate how the kinematic results presented in the earlier chapters are used to formulate the governing equations for the discrete elastic rod. In particular, representations of the kinetic and potential energies for the discrete elastic rod formulation are discussed. The gradients of the elastic energies associated with bending, stretching, and torsion are used to establish expressions for the internal forces in the rod. Assigned forces, including non-conservative forces, can also be incorporated into the discrete elastic rod formulation. To this end, we include examples, such as a force couple and an applied non-conservative force, to illuminate how applied forces and applied moments can be accommodated.
Development of online whole-surface apple inspection system using line-scan hyperspectral imaging technology (Conference Presentation)

Applications of machine vision techniques are prevalent for quality inspection of foods. For safety inspection of fruits such as apples to detect biological contaminants, a method to capture and reconstruct a whole-surface of apple is needed. In this paper, we present a reconstruction method for whole-surface imaging of apples with the use of a line-scan hyperspectral imaging technique. In addition, the development of online whole-surface inspection technology for round-fruits is presented.
Irony and the Religious Quest

The study of literature takes us toward seeing poetry as the imitation of infinite social action and infinite human thought, the mind of a man who is all men, the universal creative word which is all words. About this man and word we can, speaking as critics, say only one thing ontologically: we have no reason to suppose either that they exist or that they do not exist. We can call them divine if by divine we mean the unlimited or projected human. But the critic, qua critic, has nothing to say for or against the affirmations that a religion makes out of these conceptions. If Christianity wishes to identify the infinite Word and Man of the literary universe with the Word of God, the person of Christ, the historical Jesus, the Bible or church dogma, these identifications may be accepted by any poet or critic without injury to his work — and situation. But they can never be accepted by poetry as a whole, or by criticism as such. The literary critic, like the historian, is compelled to treat every religion in the same way that religions treat each other, as though it were a human hypothesis, whatever else he may in other contexts believe it to be.1
An Adaptive Beamformer which Implements Constraints Using an Auxiliary Array Preprocessor

This paper presents a method of adaptive beamforming which makes use of a fixed, conventionally-weighted array and an auxiliary, adaptive array. The beamformed output is taken as the difference between the conventional and adaptive outputs. It is assumed that the sensor outputs, which are common to both arrays have been time-delay steered to the direction of interest. Similar structures have been described previously in which the auxiliary array is adapted using linearly-constrained adaptive algorithms. In the present work, it is shown that linear constraints can also be implemented by preceding the auxiliary adaptive array with a fixed preprocessor Ws. The adaptive algorithm then reduces to the simple; unconstrained LMS procedure. Thus, the proposed implementation separates out, in a natural manner, the three basic components of a linearly constrained adaptive beamformer: the conventional beamformer, the linear constraints, and the adaptive algorithm. This separation has significant advantages in practical implementations and suggests extensions to other beamformer structures.
“My Difference Is Not My [Mental] Sickness”: Ethnicity and Erasure in Joanne Greenberg’s Jewish American Life Writing

Sherman investigates identity and difference in Joanne Greenberg’s autobiographical novel, I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1964). Published in the midst of post-Shoah, nuclear anxieties, the novel’s treatment of cognitive difference and ethnic stereotyping have continued relevance in today’s climate of xenophobia and fear of the mentally ill. Unlike the 1977 movie version, Greenberg’s novel foregrounds disability and ethnic identity to repudiate stigma. Sherman draws on Emmanuel Levinas to analyze how Greenberg constructs difference as a precondition to ethical engagement. Through a sympathetic portrayal of a mentally ill Jewish protagonist, the novel reformulates the subject’s relation to Others, casting vulnerability and difference as fundamental markers of humanity. Rose Garden models a search for language that respects cognitive differences and enables ethical exchange.
Alexa Prize — State of the Art in Conversational AI

To advance the state of the art in conversational AI, Amazon launched the Alexa Prize, a 2.5 million dollar competition that challenges university teams to build conversational agents, or "socialbots", that can converse coherently and engagingly with humans on popular topics for 20 minutes. The Alexa Prize offers the academic community a unique opportunity to perform research at scale with real conversational data obtained by interacting with millions of Alexa users, along with user-provided ratings and feedback, over several months. This enables teams to effectively iterate, improve and evaluate their socialbots throughout the competition. Sixteen teams were selected for the inaugural competition last year. To build their socialbots, the students combined state-of-the-art techniques with their own novel strategies in the areas of Natural Language Understanding and Conversational AI. This article reports on the research conducted over the 2017-2018 year. While the 20 minute grand challenge was not achieved in the first year, the competition produced several conversational agents that advanced the state of the art, are interesting for everyday users to interact with, and help form a baseline for the second year of the competition.
The Milky Way and Other Galaxies

In Chap. 6 we learned about the stars and that all individual stars we see are contained in our home galaxy, the Milky Way. It has been estimated that 80% of the people who live in North America cannot see the Milky Way due to light pollution. At sea the opportunity to view the Milky Way in all its glory is a real possibility, depending on the time of year, the phase of the Moon, your location, how bright the ship is and weather conditions.
The planning of Asia’s mega-conurbations: contradiction and contestation in extended urbanization

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the political economy of mega-conurbation development in Asia – the interests that influence the agendas of infrastructure and urban development that shape their growth, and the distributional issues that these agendas give rise to. It specifically interrogates the role of key actors operating at a transregional scale, including national state actors and private corporate developers. The paper focuses attention on two ‘optics’ through which these actors view the opportunities and challenges presented by mega-conurbation development – the optic of the land-infrastructure-finance-economic development nexus, and the optic of the rent gap. Drawing on examples from across Asia, the paper illustrates the roles that these two optics play in shaping agendas of spatial change, and argues that theorizing the role of powerful transregional actors should be a central focus of analysis in interpreting the contradictions generated by mega-conurbation development.
The absorption and transport of chromium in the body

Abstract Understanding potential biological effects from chromium(3 +) requires establishing how chromium is transported and distributed in the body. Cr is believed to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal trace by passive diffusion, transported from the bloodstream to tissues by the iron transport protein transferrin, and transported from the tissues back to the bloodstream and ultimately to the urine for elimination by the peptide low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMWCr). However, each of these steps has been questioned, and data conflicting with this scheme have appeared. Transferrin and LMWCr have been proposed to function in chromium detoxification and to be associated with the pharmacological action of chromium at high doses.
New Neurons Restore Structural and Behavioral Abnormalities in a Rat Model of PTSD

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with anxiety, memory impairments, enhanced fear, and hippocampal volume loss, although the relationship between these changes remain unknown. Single-prolonged stress (SPS) is a model for PTSD combining three forms of stress (restraint, swim, and anesthesia) in a single session that results in prolonged behavioral effects. Using pharmacogenetic ablation of adult neurogenesis in rats, we investigated the role of new neurons in the hippocampus in the long-lasting structural and behavioral effects of SPS. Two weeks after SPS, stressed rats displayed increased anxiety-like behavior and decreased preference for objects in novel locations regardless of the presence or absence of new neurons. Chronic stress produced by daily restraint for 2 or 6 hr produced similar behavioral effects that were also independent of ongoing neurogenesis. At a longer recovery time point, 1 month after SPS, rats with intact neurogenesis had normalized, showing control levels of anxiety-like behavior. However, GFAP-TK rats, which lacked new neurons, continued to show elevated anxiety-like behavior and enhanced serum corticosterone response to anxiogenic experience. Volume loss in ventral CA1 region of the hippocampus paralleled increases in anxiety-like behavior, occurring in all rats exposed to SPS at the early time point and only rats lacking adult neurogenesis at the later time point. In chronic stress experiments, volume loss occurred broadly throughout the dentate gyrus and CA1 after 6-hr daily stress but was not apparent in any hippocampal subregion after 2-hr daily stress. No effect of SPS was seen on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus, but the survival of young neurons born a week after stress was decreased. Together, these data suggest that new neurons are important for recovery of normal behavior and hippocampal structure following a strong acute stress and point to the ventral CA1 region as a potential key mediator of stress-induced anxiety-like behavior.
“Best invention, second to the dishwasher”: Vibrators and sexual pleasure:

This study examines how people learn about vibrators, their attitudes toward them, fears or hesitations about acquiring and/or using one, and the significance of vibrators to participants’ sexualit...
Estimating the region of attraction using polynomial optimization: A converse Lyapunov result

In this paper, we propose an iterative method for using SOS programming to estimate the region of attraction of a polynomial vector field, the conjectured convergence of which necessitates the existence of polynomial Lyapunov functions whose sublevel sets approximate the true region of attraction arbitrarily well. The main technical result of the paper is the proof of existence of such a Lyapunov function. Specifically, we use the Hausdorff distance metric to analyze convergence and in the main theorem demonstrate that the existence of an n-times continuously differentiable maximal Lyapunov function implies that for any e > 0, there exists a polynomial Lyapunov function and associated sub-level set which together prove stability of a set which is within e Hausdorff distance of the true region of attraction. The proposed iterative method and probably convergence is illustrated with a numerical example.
The Patentability of Electronic Commerce Business Systems in the Aftermath of State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc.

ideas.65 These judicially created exceptions were founded on the notion that such discoveries were basic tools that should be available to everyone. 66 As a result, patents tended to be limited to tangible objects. More recently, the scope of patentable subject matter has been fashioned to extend to technological advances. D. Obtaining and Owning a Patent Patent protection does not confer automatically. Rather, an inventor must file an application with the PTO and pay a fee.67 The patent examiner assigned to the application then must deterchemical, involves an algorithm); ATT Del Gallo, supra note 10, at 435 (reviewing the application of the business methods exception). 66 According to the Supreme Court, discoveries involving laws of nature, mathematical algorithms and abstract ideas are "manifestations of ... nature, free for all men and reserved exclusively to none." Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co., 333 U.S. 127, 130 (1948). See also Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 71-72 (1972) (recognizing that allowing an invention that involved the use of a mathematical formula "would wholly preempt the mathematical formula and in practical effect would be a patent on the algorithm itself"); Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584, 593 (1978) (explaining that the discovery of a law of nature is not the type of discovery that the patent system was designed to protect). By 1986, the Supreme Court recognized the conditions under which such "discoveries" may indeed be patentable: "phenomena of nature, though just discovered, mental processes, and abstract intellectual concepts are not patentable, as they are the basic tools of scientific and technological work . . . . If there is to be an invention from such a discovery, it must come from the application of the law of nature to a new and useful end." Diehr, 450 U.S. at 67. 67 STEPHEN ELIAS, PATENT, COPYRIGHT AND TRADEMARK: A DESK REFERENCE TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 188-90 (1st ed. 1996). 196 E-COMMERCE PATENT PROTECTION mine whether the claimed invention qualifies for a patent." Typically, the process of applying for a patent involves correspondence between the applicant and the examiner in which the applicant may amend certain claims to show that the invention is novel and non-obvious in light of prior art.69 If the invention is approved for a patent, generally between one and three years after filing, the PTO may issue a patent, and with it, define the patent's scope.7° The patent owner can bring an infringement suit against anyone who uses the invention without permission,7' and the court can decide to uphold the patent, order an injunction preventing the infringer from any further use or sale of the infringing device,
Effects of repeated RU 24969 treatment on the locomotor activity, motoric capacity, and axillary temperatures of male and female preweanling rats

Serotonin (5-HT) 1A and 1B receptors have been implicated in behavioral sensitization, but adult rats appear to develop tolerance to RU 24969 (a 5-HT1A/1B receptor agonist) rather than a sensitized response. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a one- or four-day pretreatment regimen of RU 24969 would cause sensitization or tolerance in male and female preweanling rats. Depending on experiment, rats were pretreated with RU 24969 (0, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg) for 1 or 4 days (PD 17-20), while testing with lower or higher doses of RU 24969 occurred on PD 22. Locomotor activity, motoric capacity, and axillary temperatures were recorded. The role of Pavlovian contextual conditioning was assessed by administering RU 24969 to rats in either the home cage or a novel environment. On the first pretreatment day, RU 24969 caused both an increase in forward locomotion and motoric impairment, along with a substantial decrease in axillary temperatures. Repeated treatment with the same dose of RU 24969 caused all three dependent measures to show a tolerance response. When given a higher dose of RU 24969 on the test day, the responses lost due to repeated drug treatment were fully (locomotor activity) or partially (motoric capacity and axillary temperatures) reinstated. There was no evidence of behavioral tolerance. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that a subsensitivity of 5-HT1A/1B receptors is at least partially responsible for the tolerance caused by RU 24969, but dispositional tolerance cannot be excluded as a contributing factor.
Considering race in the administration of fertility preservation. A commentary on: “Equal opportunity for all? An analysis of race and ethnicity in fertility preservation in a major American city”

Studies that focus on disparities in care should aim to discern differences both within their communities and also among larger populations to improve the applicability of important findings. Such work should attempt to discern what factors may be influential in creating or contributing to racial inequities.
Game Theory on Attack Graph for Cyber Deception

Game Theory provides a set of tools and a framework suitable to study security problems. In this paper, a class of games is developed to study cyber deception and the interactions between the network defender who is deceiving an adversary to mitigate the damage of the attack. In order to capture network topology, each game is played over an attack graph that can be generated according to the vulnerabilities associated with each node. The defender’s goal is to take deceptive actions to prevent the attacker from taking control over the network resources exploiting the incomplete information of the attacker regarding the deceptive network gained through the attack reconnaissance stage. To this end, we present several games such as normal form static, dynamic, hypergame, and a partially observable stochastic game (POSG) to study the game dynamics at different information structures. For the most general class of games, (i.e., POSG), we provide multiple solution approaches to overcome the intractability of the game model and finally present numerical result samples to show the effectiveness of each solution approach.
Digitizing Archives in Russia: Epistemic Sovereignty and Its Challenges in the Digital Age

The chapter discusses the production of digital archives in Russia as part of a complex political economy of historical knowledge. Several high-profile digital archives have been produced within the framework of grant funding provided by international agencies and commercial content providers and have reflected the priorities of the funding organizations by focusing on state violence in Russia and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), international Communist movement, as well as other politicized or easily monetized content. At the same time, national and regional archives in Russia also engaged in the digitization of their collections by soliciting federal and local funding. These latter projects emphasized complexity and objectivity as the two key categories of the digitization of archives while pursuing an underlying political agenda to restore epistemic sovereignty over Russian history.
Gender as structure in the organisational socialisation of newcomer civil engineers

While the importance of school-to-work transitions is increasingly recognised, little research has examined the roles that gender plays in those transitions. This is a problem because of the higher...
Transcendence and Tian in the Analects

While appreciating Roger Ames and David Halls’ provoking thoughts on the lack of transcendence in Chinese philosophy, the author of this paper discusses transcendence in the Chinese tradition by re-examining an important notion, tian 天, in Confucius’ Analects. Ames and Hall employ tian as strong evidence to reject the transcendent reading in the translation of tian as “Heaven”—having listed all the lines/places where tian is used in Analects. The author argues that although tian in the Analects differs from the Christian God as a creator, it is a purposeful supreme being that “goes beyond” the human world. Comparing it to Aristotle’s notion of God (theos), the author thinks that Aristotle’s theos differs from the Judo-Christian conception God. For Aristotle, contemplation, the highest human activity, is also what characterizes God. Contemplation, then, becomes a special link between human beings and the universe. Theos and tian share some similar nature traits. When one exercises contemplative activity, it puts one in the state of being one with God. Both Confucius and Aristotle intend to actualize what is divine in us internally. Philosophically, Confucius’ heavenly-based mission could be compared to Socrates’ divine mission of doing philosophy. The author concludes that tian is not a deity that creates the world, as Hall and Ames point out. However, when discussing lacking transcendence, one should keep in mind that the Judeo-Christian tradition is foreign idea not only to the Chinese tradition, but to the Ancient Greeks as well.
Seeing Red and Blue: Political Discrimination at Work:

Workplace political discrimination is a problem that warrants scholarly attention. Recent scholarship has shown that partisans are willing to discriminate against opposing partisans in apolitical s...
Gender-Based Discrimination and Sexual Harassment Among Academic Internal Medicine Hospitalists.

BACKGROUND Gender-based discrimination and sexual harassment, both implicit and overt, have been reported in academic medicine. This study examines experiences of academic hospitalists regarding gender-based discrimination and sexual harassment. METHODS A survey was distributed to Internal Medicine hospitalists at university-based academic institutions in the United States. Questions assessed experiences regarding gender-based discrimination and sexual harassment in their interactions with patients, as well as with other healthcare providers (HCPs). RESULTS Eighteen institutions participated in the survey, resulting in 336 individual responses. Female hospitalists more frequently reported inappropriate touch, sexual remarks, gestures, and suggestive looks by patients compared with male peers both over their careers (P < .001) and in the last 30 days (P < .001). Similarly, females more frequently reported being referred to with inappropriate terms of endearment (eg, "dear," "honey," "sweetheart") by patients both over their careers (P < .001) and in the last 30 days (P < .001). Almost 100% of females reported being mistaken by patients for nonphysician HCPs over their careers, compared with 29% of males (P < .001) (76% vs 10%, in the last 30 days; P < .001). Similarly, females more frequently reported sexual harassment over their careers (P < .05) and being mistaken for nonphysician HCPs by colleagues both over their careers (P < .001) and in the last 30 days (P < .001). Females rated their sense of respect both by patients (P < .001) and colleagues (P < .001) lower than males (P < .001). More females than males reported that gender negatively impacted their career opportunities (P < .001). CONCLUSION This survey demonstrates that gender-based discrimination and sexual harassment are commonly encountered by academic hospitalists, with a significantly higher number of females reporting these experiences.
Substance Abuse: Avenues for Identity Articulation, Coalition Building, and Support During COVID-19

Online and digital platforms offer specific communities and groups of intersectional identities various opportunities to share in experiences, knowledge, and establish community relationships across borders of time and space. As a self-identified member of the addiction disorder community, my primary focus concerns how the addiction disorder community is able to create and share knowledge and personal experiences that foster identity invention, while enacting community and coalition-building activities. Understanding how users engage with one another through the invention of social identities is required to better understand the efficacy of recovery in online community spaces. Given the advent of COVID-19, online platforms have been adapted and implemented in new ways to account for the increased need of virtual addiction disorder treatment and support. This research study seeks to define and understand the intersections between the concept of digital enclaves and online alcoholism support communities. Using primarily a feminist digital research methodology [1] to analyze the rhetorical performances of identity enacted through digital social network platforms, I posit that users in these specific online community spaces demonstrate a unique audience awareness and write towards a “community of strangers imaginary” [2] that acts as a form of potential coalition building that is engaging in debate or conversation with wider, outside publics. By highlighting lived, embodied experiences of addiction disorders and amplifying the voices within the community, we can attempt to challenge the norms of the wider public that perceive substance abuse as “choice,” rather than as a disease.
Political Skill and Its Relevance to Nursing: An Integrative Review.

Objective The aim of this study was to conduct an integrative analysis of literature for the concept of political skill and relevance to nursing. Background Political skill has been extensively studied in organizational psychology for several decades but limited in the nursing literature. Methods Inclusion criteria were literature reviews, primary qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods studies written in English between 2000 and 2014, with 147 articles being identified. Results Of 147 articles, 38 met criteria by defining political skill as the ability to effectively understand others at work and to use such knowledge to influence others to act in ways that enhance personal and/or organizational goals. Conclusions Political skill influences leadership and an individual's ability to navigate organizational politics, performance evaluation, interpersonal skills, networking ability, stress level, and social capital in the work environment.
RACKING STRENGTH OF PAPERBOARD BASED SHEATHING MATERIALS

Small-scale racking testers were developed for use as a means to evaluate paperboard-based sheathing materials used in framed wall-construction. The tester provides an economic alternative to standard full-scale racking tests, when evaluating the performance of different sheathing materials. In addition, results from testing provide practical insight into the racking response of framed and sheathed walls. The load-deformation responses of three commercial sheathing boards were measured, and initial racking stiffness and racking strength were proposed as parameters for characterizing the board. The racking test results showed that the initial paperboard racking stiffness correlated to elastic modulus and caliper, but the response was insensitive to paperboard orientation or test dimensions. Observations and results showed that both panel buckling and paperboard cutting at the staples affected the racking response, but the dominating factor influencing the racking response appears to be load transfer through the staples.
A Brief History of United States Labor and Employment Law

This brief encyclopedia entry, written for the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History, discusses the origins and development of American labor and employment law from the colonial period to the present.
Popular Politics and the English Reformation: Selling the sacred: Reformation and dissolution at the Abbey of Hailes

On 11 November 1541, the gentlemen John Bridges, Richard Tracy and John Stratford received royal letters of commission directing them to investigate serious crimes committed on the site of a recently dissolved abbey in Gloucestershire. In the letters the king announced: ‘We are informed that great spoil hath been made by diverse persons, to us yet unknown, of the church and houses of the late monastery of Hailes, reserved to be defaced and sold or otherwise disposed to our use.’ He gave his commissioners ‘full power and authority’ to ‘search by all ways and means … what things of the said church and houses have been taken away, spoiled, or stolen, and by whom the same spoil hath been done’ and report their findings to the Court of Augmentations. When the commissioners began their interrogation of suspects and witnesses in January 1542, they found a remarkable degree of disorder and deterioration. The plunderers of the abbey turned out to be not a small gang of misfits but an enormous collection of local characters, from servants and artisans to priests and gentlemen. Their destructive activities, moreover, had been remarkably efficient: the abbey, legally dissolved only two years before, was already practically unrecognisable. Hundreds of windows had been stolen, including ‘the great lattice windows’ of the church. With the windows went the valuable iron bars that held the glass in place.
SLEEP PRACTICES AND SLEEP PROBLEMS IN U. S. AND JAPAN

Most U.S. pediatricians advise parents to sleep apart from their children, primarily to promote early autonomy and avoid sleep problems. In order to understand the relationship between sleep practices and sleep problems, two highly industrialized countries with contrasting approaches to sleep management were compared. Mothers of healthy 6- to 48-month-old children were interviewed in the U.S. and Japan. The 42 U.S. and 44 Japanese children averaged two years of age and all had been breast fed, had two-parent families and had college-educated mothers. In certain aspects of sleep management, i.e., maintaining a regular time for bed and a bedtime routine, making a firm response to bedtime struggles or night waking, and co-sleeping for part of some nights, no U.S.-Japan differences were found. However, other differences were marked (p values <0.001). Only one U.S. child's bed was in the parents' bedroom in contrast to 64% in Japan. Seventeen per cent in the U.S. had adult company and body contact when falling asleep vs. 68% in Japan. Only one U.S. child regularly slept all night with parents vs. 48% in Japan. Contrary to pediatric prediction of increased sleep problems with co-sleeping, there were no differences in night waking between the two cultures (p=0.70), and there were fewer bedtime conflicts in the Japanese group (p<0.05). These results indicate that co-sleeping is not necessarily associated with sleep disturbances and that parental presence at bedtime may minimize conflict.
Modulation Efficiency Limited High Frequency Performance of the MODFET

Epilayer design for the modulation doped field-effect transistor (MODFET) is frequently performed using the depletion approximation [1,2]. The work of authors such as GRAY and LUNDSTROM [3], STERN and DAS SARMA [4], and PONSE et al. [5] have provided tools by which electron distributions and capacitances can be calculated without this assumption. Their results demonstrate that for two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) sheet densities significantly below the saturation value, free and bound electrons are present in the electron supplying layer. Because these electrons must be modulated with the 2DEG electrons, the gate capacitance is increased while the transcon- ductance is decreased [6]. The unity current gain frequency, fT, is thus decreased.
Critical behaviour of dissipative quantum systems

We discuss the critical behaviour of a) a two-level system and b) a particle moving in a periodic potential, both coupled linearly to a dissipative bosonic heat bath. A systematic renormalization group analysis is carried out on both systems around the point where a localization transition takes place. For the two-level system results beyond the weak coupling regime are obtained by means of bosonization. For the case b) the dynamics along the transition line is solved and the order parameter (mobility) is computed exactly.
Guiding Principles for Management of Forested, Agricultural, and Urban Watersheds

Human actions must be well planned and include consideration of their potential influences on water and aquatic ecosystems - such consideration is the foundation of watershed management. Watersheds are the ideal land unit for managing and protecting water resources and aquatic health because watersheds integrate the physical, biological and chemical processes within their boundaries. Managed forested watersheds tend to have more natural watershed functions and better water quality than other land uses. Land uses with greater amounts of soil disturbance and permanent reductions in infiltration, such as in agricultural or urban/developed settings, usually have greater undesirable hydrologic alterations and poorer water quality. Nonpoint source pollutants resulting from many forestry, agricultural, and urban activities are controlled by techniques and tools known as best management practices (BMPs). Best management practices are applied by watershed managers to large-scale landscapes, but they also are applicable to the lives of ordinary citizens. Basic BMP principles, such as controlling the amounts and duration of soil disturbance during construction around the home, applying chemicals to lawns or gardens only at needed rates and during suitable times, and incorporating techniques to encourage infiltration of rooftop and driveway runoff are important actions that anyone can take to help protect watershed functions, water quality, and aquatic health.
The methylation and demethylation of protein lysine residues.

Publisher Summary The enzymes responsible for methylating the lysine residues of proteins (protein–lysine methyltransferase) have been termed as “protein methylase III” or, more properly, S -adenosylmethionine. This enzyme has been found to be elevated in rapidly proliferating tissues. In mammalian cells, the enzyme is localized within the nucleus associated with the chromatin. Histones have been implicated as major protein substrates for the enzyme in studies performed on HeLa S -3 cells. The products of the reaction are ɛ- 4-mono-, ɛ - N -di, and ɛ - N -trimethyllysine. In bacteria, a ribosomal protein methylase III that is responsible for methylating predominantly the L-11 protein of the 50 S ribosomal subunit can be purified 380-fold. In this chapter, a protein methylase III is purified from Neurosporu crassa , which is responsible for methylating cytochrome c .
Molecularly Imprinted Ionomers

Ionomers have been defined as copolymers that have a certain proportion of ionic groups. The ionic groups have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the copolymers. This is generally due to aggregation of ions in a low dielectric medium. The primary result is to restrict chain motion and raise the glass transition temperature. These attributes have relevance to molecular imprinting, since restricted chain motion should help preserve the integrity of the binding site. The connection between ionomers and molecular imprinting has come from the production of metal ion imprinted resins. Metal ions are used in the production of molecularly imprinted polymer ion exchange resins and ionically permeable membranes. The polymers have applications as separations media, sequestering media and as ion selective sensors. Metal ions are also being used to form imprinted polymers based on metal mediated imprint binding. We have prepared ion exchange resins, selectively permeable polymer membranes, ion selective electrodes and ion selective optical sensors using a modified version of the molecular imprinting technique. The modification is a reduction in the amount of covalent crosslinking used to form the polymers. This reduction may be justified by the presence of residual metal ion crosslinking in the immediate region of the imprinted binding site. The effects of metal ions on the thermal and mechanical properties of the polymers, as well their impact on binding selectivity are critical variables.
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of the Microbial Community of Winogradsky Columns

Winogradsky columns are model microbial ecosystems prepared by adding pond sediment to a clear cylinder with additional supplements and incubated with light. Environmental gradients develop within the column creating diverse niches that allow enrichment of specific bacteria. The enrichment culture can be used to study soil and sediment microbial community structure and function. In this study we used a 16S rRNA gene survey to characterize the microbial community dynamics during Winogradsky column development to determine the rate and extent of change from the source sediment community. Over a period of 60 days, the microbial community changed from the founding pond sediment population: Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Nitrospirae, and Planctomycetes increased in relative abundance over time, while most Proteobacteria decreased in relative abundance. A unique, light-dependent surface biofilm community formed by 60 days that was less diverse and dominated by a few highly abundant bacteria. 67–72% of the surface community was comprised of highly enriched taxa that were rare in the source pond sediment, including the Cyanobacteria Anabaena, a member of the Gemmatimonadetes phylum, and a member of the Chloroflexi class Anaerolinea. This indicates that rare taxa can become abundant under appropriate environmental conditions and supports the hypothesis that rare taxa serve as a microbial seed bank. We also present preliminary findings that suggest that bacteriophages may be active in the Winogradsky community. The dynamics of certain taxa, most notably the Cyanobacteria, showed a bloom-and-decline pattern, consistent with bacteriophage predation as predicted in the kill-the-winner hypothesis. Time-lapse photography also supported the possibility of bacteriophage activity, revealing a pattern of colony clearance similar to formation of viral plaques. The Winogradsky column, a technique developed early in the history of microbial ecology to enrich soil microbes, may therefore be a useful model system to investigate both microbial and viral ecology.
Psychiatric liaison: Benefits of an ‘active’ approach

Abstract The ordinary “reactive” approach to psychiatric liaison was compared with a more “active” approach by psychiatrists on two hospital medical units. The “active” approach not only increased the rate of referrals from 2% to 20%, but also uncovered a unique group of patients in whom some 90% of the psychiatric problems bore a close relationship to their current physical illness and hospital treatment. Recognition and treatment of such patients requires the active presence of psychiatrists with special training in liaison and consultation work.
Clomiphene Citrate and Testosterone Gel Replacement Therapy for Male Hypogonadism: Efficacy and Treatment Cost

ABSTRACT Introduction The efficacy of oral clomiphene citrate (CC) in the treatment of male hypogonadism and male infertility (MI) with low serum testosterone and normal gonadotropin levels has been reported. Aim The aim of this article is to evaluate CC and testosterone gel replacement therapy (TGRT) with regard to biochemical and clinical efficacy and cost. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures were change in serum testosterone with CC and TGRT therapy, and change in the androgen deficiency in aging male (ADAM) questionnaire scores with CC therapy. Methods Men receiving CC or TGRT with either Androgel® 1% or Testim® 1% for hypogonadism (defined as testosterone Results A hundred and four men (65 CC and 39 TGRT) were identified who began CC (50 mg every other day) or TGRT (5 g). Average age (years) was 42(CC) vs. 57 (TGRT). Average follow up was 23 months (CC, range 8–40 months) vs. 46 months (TGRT, range 6–149 months). Average posttreatment testosterone was 573 ng/dL in the CC group and 553 ng/dL in the TGRT group ( P value P P Conclusion CC represents a treatment option for men with hypogonadism, demonstrating biochemical and clinical efficacy with few side effects and lower cost as compared with TGRT. Taylor F, and Levine L. Clomiphene citrate and testosterone gel replacement therapy for male hypogonadism: Efficacy and treatment cost. J Sex Med 2010;7:269–276.
Scientific challenges in postmarketing surveillance of ocular adverse drug reactions.

Purpose To highlight the challenges of postmarketing surveillance for drug-related adverse events in the practice of ophthalmology. Design A retrospective review of the medical literature and postmarketing surveillance databases. Methods MEDLINE literature review of sildenafil-associated or amiodarone-associated optic neuropathy and chloramphenicol-associated blood dyscrasias. Results Sildenafil, amiodarone, and chloramphenicol may all cause adverse ocular events; however, the data are not conclusive. Conclusions Reports in peer-reviewed medical journals may be proven incorrect over time. For drug-induced adverse ocular events, there is little true science after the drug reaches the marketplace, so the percentage of incorrect conclusions may be high. Clinicians should be wary of reports of adverse ocular effects until data are confirmed by multiple authors over the long-term. Even so, spontaneous reports from postmarketing surveillance databases may be the first and only signal of an adverse ocular event.
Two species of Elatocladus from the early Cretaceous Potomac Group of Virginia

Abstract The three syntypes of Elatocladus brevifolia (Fontaine) Bell, a species of fossil conifer foliage from the Early Cretaceous Potomac Group of Virginia, have been reexamined. United States National Museum (USNM) No. 3247 is a faint imprint that is not identifiable to species, while USNM No. 3881 and No. 3883 have different types of epidermal construction indicating that they represent different species. USNM No. 3883 is retained as the lectotype of E. brevifolia, and a new species E. sclerotica is established for USNM No. 3881. The epidermis of E. brevifolia resembles that of E. montanensis Miller et LaPasha, from the Early Cretaceous Kootenai Formation of Montana, and it is also somewhat similar to E. coriaceous Florin, from the Yorkshire Jurassic. Epidermal features of E. sclerotica appear to be unique among conifers.