cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of inquiry teaching and advance organizers upon student outcomes in science education

Two areas of research were explored in this meta-analysis: comparison of inductive versus deductive teaching approachs, and the use of advance organizers. This study involved the coding of 128 characteristics for 39 studies which spanned the period from 1957 through 1980. The coding variables included 57 which were concerned with features of the treatment while 12 were concerned with outcome attributes. Aspects such as research methodology, sample characteristics, and instructional experiences were examined quantitatively in terms of their relationships to the treatment effects through the use of a common metric for all studies. Mean effect sizes were calculated and reported.
On maximizing service-level-agreement profits

We present a methodology for maximizing profits in a general class of e-commerce environments. The cost model is based on revenues that are generated when Quality-of-Service (QoS) guarantees are satisfied and on penalties that are incurred otherwise. The corresponding QoS criteria are derived from multiclass Service-Level-Agreements (SLAs) between service providers and their clients, which include the tail distributions of the per-class delays in addition to more standard QoS metrics such as throughput and mean delays. Our approach consists of formulating the optimization problem as a network flow model with a separable set of concave objective functions based on queueing-theoretic formulas, where the SLA classes are taken into account in both the constraints and the objective function. This problem is then solved via a fixed-point iteration. Numerous experiments illustrate the benefits of our approach.
Effects of coumadin on the resolution of canine venous thrombi

Experimental thrombosis of the inferior vena cava was induced in 39 dogs to create a thrombus that could be embolized to a Greenfield filter for measurement of thrombolytic activity. In the series of 17 control animals, thrombus weight had decreased from 0.871 ± 0.10 g to 0.477 ± 0.08 g (P < 0.05) at 2 weeks and from 0.884 ± 0.097 g to 0.106 ± 0.025 g (P < 0.001) at 4 weeks representing 56 and 12%, respectively, of initial weight. In the series of 22 animals treated with coumadin, the resolution in thrombus weight was from 0.849 ± 0.13 g to 0.171 ± 0.14 g (P < 0.02) at 2 weeks and from 1.031 ± 0.34 g to 0.013 ± 0.013 g (P < 0.05) at 4 weeks representing 20 and 1%, respectively, of initial weight. These results show that in this model where venous flow is preserved around a trapped thrombus, lysis proceeds at a significant rate, yet can be accelerated by therapeutic levels of coumadin.
THz applications for outer and inner space

Interest in Terahertz science has expanded rapidly in recent years due largely to the advent of fast-pulse laser time domain spectrometers (TDS), which have allowed researchers in a wide variety of fields to explore imaging and spectroscopy applications in this rather unique wavelength regime. However Terahertz spectroscopy dates back to at least the mid 1970's, and for many years was the purview only of radio astronomers, quantum chemists, and a few plasma physicists, who used traditional RF and spatial Fourier Transform techniques to explore this frequency range. This short conference talk will review both the traditional applications for Terahertz instruments in astronomy and space science as well as a variety of new applications from biology and medicine to ultrafast physics and chemistry. Emphasis is placed on imaging, since this forms the core of many of the activities that are drawing attention to this evolving field.
Penetrating Trauma to the Male External Genitalia

BackgroundWe report on 40 patients with penetrating trauma to the external genitalia. Initial evaluation and management, operative findings, and treatment outcomes are reviewed.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients presenting to our facility with penetrating trauma t
AIDS in ENT in children.

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is one of the most widespread diseases in the world. By the end of 1995, 800 000 HIV infected persons were suspected in Thailand, although the reported number of symptomatic HIV patients was only 13 267 and the number of cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was 31 439. Approximately 5.2% of AIDS patients are cases of paediatric AIDS, contracted mostly by perinatal transmission and with a 25% vertical transmission rate. In a study of paediatric AIDS patients in the Children's Hospital, Thailand, from 1992 to 1995, the five most common clinical manifestations were hepatosplenomegaly (82.85%), persistent pneumonia (64.4%), oral candidiasis (59.6%), chronic diarrhoea (58.4%) and failure to thrive (51.2%). In addition to oral candidiasis, other ENT (ear–nose–throat) presentations were lymphadenopathy (41.6%), repeated upper respiratory tract infection (39.5%), otitis media (18.4%), parotitis (5.2%) and sinusitis (0.8%).
Vapor-phase catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of benzofuran

Abstract The catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of benzofuran was examined at 300 to 400 °C and 35 atm total pressure over a presulfided NiMo γ- Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Results from a continuous, plug-flow microreactor operated in the integral (high-conversion) mode show that the benzofuran reaction network includes initial hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis to the oxygenated intermediates 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, o-ethyl phenol, and phenol. The major products formed from subsequent HDO of the phenols are ethylbenzene, toluene, benzene, and ethylcyclohexane. Kinetic analysis shows that hydrogenation of benzofuran may be modeled as pseudo-first order in benzofuran concentration. The HDO reaction shows non-first-order kinetics, and may be modeled as −1 order in oxygenated compounds. The activation energies for the steps of hydrogenation and HDO are lower than those previously reported in the literature for benzofuran HDO over a presulfided CoMo γ- Al 2 O 3 catalyst.
How Universal is the Gunn-Peterson Trough at z~6?: A Closer Look at the Quasar SDSS J1148+5251

Detectable flux is visible in the Lyα and Lyβ troughs of the highest redshift (z = 6.42) quasar found to date, SDSS J1148+5251. This has previously been interpreted as continuum contamination from an interloper galaxy at z = 4.94. We examine the Lyγ trough of SDSS J1148+5251 and show that this interpretation is untenable: the spectrum does not show the continuum break in a z = 4.94 galaxy expected from absorption by the intervening Lyα forest. Therefore, flux must be leaking through at least one of the troughs from the quasar itself. Contrary to previous claims, the flux ratios in the Lyα and Lyβ troughs are consistent with pure transmission. From the Lyγ trough, we place an upper bound on the effective Lyα optical depth at z ~ 6.2 of τeff < 15.4 (2 σ). This implies a highly ionized intergalactic medium along this line of sight and significant cosmic variance in the transition toward complete Gunn-Peterson absorption.
Mechanical Coupling Effects on Turbomachine Mistuned Response

Mistuning in turbine engine bladed disks often leads to mode localization, which can result in high vibratory stresses in a single group of blades. These stresses can lower the fatigue life of the blades. Therefore, understanding mistuning is essential for design of durable rotatingmachinery. This investigation provides one of the  rst experimental demonstrations of phenomena associated with mistuning, including frequency splitting and orthogonality. Results illustrate the role of internal coupling on mistuned response. Coupling appears to be dependent on fundamental mode shape. Strong coupling prevents localization in bending modes. However, in spite of weak internal coupling, localization does not occur in an observed torsion mode. The primary consequence of mistuning is a breakdown of orthogonalitybetween the nodal patterns of the mode shapes and harmonic excitations, resulting in numerous resonant responses to a single harmonic forcing function. The breakdown of nodal patterns also leads to increased dif culty with mode description.
Fuzzy logic control for lateral vehicle guidance

A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is designed and implemented in real time on a Toyota Celica test vehicle to achieve control of the lateral motion of the vehicle. The structure of FLC is modularized as feedback, preview, and gain scheduling rule bases. The parameters of FLC are tuned manually using information from the characteristics of human driving operation and existing controllers. Three feedback FLCs with different feedback variables are designed. A fuzzy preview rule base is developed to utilize preview information regarding the upcoming radii of curvature. Also, a gain scheduling rule base is designed to choose the appropriate controller based on the velocity of the vehicle. These fuzzy logic control strategies are implemented on the test vehicle which follows automatically a multiple curved track using discrete magnetic markers on the roadway and magnetometers on the vehicle as a lateral error reference/sensing system. The experimental test results of the FLCs, which are designed based on an implicit model of the vehicle, are shown, and a comparison is made to similar tests conducted using the frequency shaped LQ controller as well as PID controller, both are designed based on an explicit model of the vehicle. >
Total synthesis and absolute configuration determination of (+)-bruguierol C.

The first total synthesis and absolute configuration of bruguierol C are reported. The key step involved the diastereoselective capture of an in situ generated oxocarbenium ion via an intramolecular Friedel−Crafts alkylation.
Non-Darcy Porous-Media Flow According to the Barree and Conway Model: Laboratory and Numerical-Modeling Studies

This paper (SPE 122611) was accepted for presentation at the SPE Rocky Mountain Petroleum Technology Conference, Denver, 14–16 April 2009, and revised for publication. Original manuscript received for review 20 February 2009. Revised manuscript received for review 16 February 2011. Paper peer approved 10 March 2011. Summary This paper presents the results of our new experimental studies conducted for high flow rates through proppant packs, which show that the Barree and Conway (2004) flow model is capable of overcoming limitations of the Forchheimer non-Darcy equation at very high flow rates. To quantify the non-Darcy flow behavior using the Barree and Conway model, a numerical model is developed to simulate non-Darcy flow. In addition, an analytical solution is presented for steady-state linear non-Darcy flow and is used to verify the numerical-simulation results. The numerical model incorporates the Barree and Conway model into a general-purpose reservoir simulator for modeling multidimensional, single-phase non-Darcy flow in porous and fractured media and supplements the laboratory findings. The numerical model is then used to perform sensitivity analysis of the Barree and Conway flow model’s parameters and to investigate transient behavior of non-Darcy flow at an injection well.
Copper dioxygen (bio)inorganic chemistry

Cu/O2 intermediates in biological, homogeneous, and heterogeneous catalysts exhibit unique spectral features that reflect novel geometric and electronic structures that make significant contributions to reactivity. This review considers how the respective intermediate electronic structures overcome the spin-forbidden nature of O2 binding, activate O2 for electrophilic aromatic attack and H-atom abstraction, catalyze the 4 e−reduction of O2 to H2O, and discusses the role of exchange coupling between Cu ions in determining reactivity.
Improved Method for the Iodination of Sydnones

Abstract Iodination at the sydnone C-4 position has been achieved in good yields for a series of 3-arylsydnones using N-iodosuccinimide in acetic acid. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® for the following free supplemental resources: Full experimental and spectral details.]
Liquid motion in a circular cylindrical container with a flexible bottom.

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Efficient and diastereoselective synthesis of (+)-Goniobutenolide A via palladium-catalyzed ene-yne cross coupling-lactonization cascade

Abstract (+)-Goniobutenolide A was synthesized in six steps in 21.4% overall yield from (R)-mandelic acid via Pd-catalyzed ene-yne cross coupling-lactonization cascade with essentially complete control of the exocyclic alkene geometry.
Topologically protected excitons in porphyrin thin films.

Exciton transport in organic materials is negatively affected by molecular disorder. It is now theoretically shown that metalloporphyrin layers support topological edge states that allow exciton currents even in disordered molecular lattices.
Incipient Buoyant Thermal Convection in a Vertical Cylindrical Annulus

The incipient buoyant thermal convection in a vertical cylindrical annulus when heated from below is examined. The ends are assumed to be free, and the sidewalls perfectly conducting. The temperature needed to initiate fluid motion is expressed nondimensionally in terms of the Rayleigh number. The analytical conflict that arises for annuli of infinite aspects ratios due to insufficient independent boundary conditions is resolved. Calculations for the critical Rayleigh numbers are presented for a variety of geometries, and the corresponding velocity and temperature perturbations are also shown. The number of cells increases as the aspect and radius ratio decrease with a strong bias towards the development of azimuthally varying cells. These changes in cellular behavior are expected based on physical justifications and comparisons with previous studies.
Modeling of multi-interface, diverging, hydrodynamic experiments for the National Ignition Facility

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) will soon provide experiments with far more than ten times the energy than has been previously available on laser facilities. In the context of supernova-relevant hydrodynamics, this will enable experiments in which hydrodynamic instabilities develop from multiple, coupled interfaces in a diverging explosion. This paper discusses the design of such blast-wave-driven explosions in which the relative masses of the layers are scaled to those within the star. It reports scaling simulations with CALE to model the global dynamics of such an experiment. CALE is a hybrid, Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian code. The simulations probed the instability growth and multi-interface interactions in mass-scaled systems using different materials. The simulations assist in the target design process and in developing an experiment that can be diagnosed.
Frequency Spectra of Laminated Piezoelectric Cylinders

A finite element method is presented for determining the vibrational characteristics of a circular cylinder composed of bonded piezoelectric layers. Finite element modeling occurs in the radial direction only using quadratic polynomials and the variationally derived partial differential equations are functiions of the hoop and axial coordinates and time
Synthesis of 3-nitrophthalonitrile and tetra-α-substituted phthalocyanines

An efficient synthesis of phthalocyanines prepared from ortho-substituted phthalonitriles is described. The precursor to these phthalocyanines, 3-nitrophthalonitrile, is a key reagent for syntheses of phthalonitriles substituted at the 3-position by means of nucleophilic aromatic substitutions. An example of this type of phthalocyanine, prepared from 3-(4-cumylphenoxy)phthalonitrile, is compared with the phthalocyanine derived from 4-(4-cumylphenoxy)phthalonitrile. Substitution of the phthalocyanine at this more sterically crowded site causes a 20 nm bathochromic shift of the Q-band (π-π* transition).
Resolvents and Martin boundaries of product spaces

In this paper we examine the Laplacian on the product of two asymptotically hyperbolic spaces from the point of view of geometric scattering theory. In particular, we describe the asymptotic behavior of the resolvent applied to Schwartz functions and that of the resolvent kernel itself. We use these results to find the Martin boundary of the product space. This behaves (nearly) as expected when the factors have no L2 eigenvalues, but it experiences a substantial collapse in the presence of such eigenvalues.
How popular is your paper? An empirical study of the citation distribution

Numerical data for the distribution of citations are examined for: (i) papers published in 1981 in journals which are catalogued by the Institute for Scientific Information (783,339 papers) and (ii) 20 years of publications in Physical Review D, vols. 11-50 (24,296 papers). A Zipf plot of the number of citations to a given paper versus its citation rank appears to be consistent with a power-law dependence for leading rank papers, with exponent close to -1/2. This, in turn, suggests that the number of papers with x citations, N(x), has a large-x power law decay $$N(x) \sim {x^{ - a}}$$ , with $$a \approx 3$$ .
Constraints on the Circumstellar Disk Masses in the IC 348 Cluster

A 52 × 52 region toward the young cluster IC 348 has been imaged in the millimeter continuum at 40 × 49 resolution with the Owens Valley Radio Observatory interferometer to a rms noise level of 0.75 mJy beam-1 at 98 GHz. The data are used to constrain the circumstellar disk masses in a cluster environment at an age of ~2 Myr. The mosaic encompasses 95 known members of the IC 348 cluster, with a stellar mass distribution that peaks at 0.2–0.5 M⊙. None of the stars are detected in the millimeter continuum at an intensity level of 3 σ or greater. The mean observed flux for the ensemble of 95 stars is 0.22 ± 0.08 mJy. Assuming a dust temperature of 20 K, a mass opacity coefficient of κo = 0.02 cm2 g-1 at 1300 μm, and a power-law index of β = 1 for the particle emissivity, these observations imply that the 3 σ upper limit to the disk mass around any individual star is 0.025 M⊙ and that the average disk mass is 0.002 ± 0.001 M⊙. The absence of disks with masses in excess of 0.025 M⊙ in IC 348 is different at the ~3 σ confidence level from Taurus, where ~14% of the stars in an optically selected sample have such disk masses. Compared with the minimum mass needed to form the planets in our solar system (~0.01 M⊙), the lack of massive disks and the low mean disk mass in IC 348 suggest either that planets more massive than a few Jupiter masses will form infrequently around 0.2–0.5 M⊙ stars in IC 348 or that the process to form such planets has significantly depleted the disk of small dust grains on timescales less than the cluster age of ~2 Myr.
Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer disease and other dementing disorders are major sources of morbidity and mortality in aging societies. Proven strategies to delay onset or reduce risk for dementing disorders would be greatly beneficial. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether regular exercise is associated with a reduced risk for dementia and Alzheimer disease. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand seven hundred and forty persons older than age 65 years without cognitive impairment who scored above the 25th percentile on the Cognitive Ability Screening Instrument in the Adult Changes in Thought study and who were followed biennially to identify incident dementia. MEASUREMENTS: Baseline measurements, including exercise frequency, cognitive function, physical function, depression, health conditions, lifestyle characteristics, and other potential risk factors for dementia (e.g., apolipoprotein E epsilon4); biennial assessment for dementia. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 6.2 years (SD, 2.0), 158 participants developed dementia (107 developed Alzheimer disease). The incidence rate of dementia was 13.0 per 1000 person-years for participants who exercised three or more times per week compared with 19.7 per 1000 person-years for those who exercised fewer than three times per week. The age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio of dementia was 0.62 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.44–0.86; P=0.004]. The interaction between exercise and performance-based physical function was statistically significant (P=0.013). The risk reduction associated with exercise was greater in those with lower performance levels. Similar results were observed in analyses restricted to participants with incident Alzheimer disease. LIMITATIONS: Exercise was measured by self-reported frequency. The study population had a relatively high proportion of regular exercisers at baseline. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that regular exercise is associated with a delay in onset of dementia and Alzheimer disease, further supporting its value for elderly persons.
The Rate of Type Ia Supernovae at High Redshift

We derive the rates of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) over a wide range of redshifts using a complete sample from the IfA Deep Survey. This sample of more than 100 SNe Ia is the largest set ever collected from a single survey and therefore uniquely powerful for a detailed supernova rate (SNR) calculation. Measurements of the SNR as a function of cosmological time offer a glimpse into the relationship between the star formation rate (SFR) and Type Ia SNR and may provide evidence for the progenitor pathway. We observe a progressively increasing Type Ia SNR between redshifts z ≈ 0.3 and 0.8. The Type Ia SNR measurements are consistent with a short time delay (t ≈ 1 Gyr) with respect to the SFR, indicating a fairly prompt evolution of SN Ia progenitor systems. We derive a best-fit value of SFR/SNR ≈ 580 h M☉ per SN Ia for the conversion factor between the star formation and the SN Ia rates, as determined for a delay time of t ≈ 1 Gyr between the SFR and the Type Ia SNR. More complete measurements of the Type Ia SNR at z > 1 are necessary to conclusively determine the SFR-SNR relationship and constrain SN Ia evolutionary pathways.
Reacting polymers with highly correlated initial conditions

We propose and theoretically study an experiment designed to measure short-time polymer reaction kinetics in melts or dilute solutions. The photolysis of groups centrally located along chain backbones, one group per chain, creates pairs of spatially highly correlated macroradicals. We calculate time-dependent rate coefficients κ(t) governing their first-order recombination kinetics, which are novel on account of the far-from-equilibrium initial conditions. In dilute solutions (good solvents) reaction kinetics are intrinsically weak, despite the highly reactive radical groups involved. This leads to a generalised mean-field kinetics in which the rate of radical density decay - \(\)∼S(t), where S(t) ∼t- (1 + g/3) is the equilibrium return probability for 2 reactive groups, given initial contact. Here g≈ 0.27 is the correlation hole exponent for self-avoiding chain ends. For times beyond the longest coil relaxation time τ, - \(\)∼S(t) remains true, but center of gravity coil diffusion takes over with rms displacement of reactive groups x(t) ∼t1/2 and S(t) ∼ 1/x3(t). At the shortest times ( t\(\) 10-6s), recombination is inhibited due to spin selection rules and we find \(\)∼tS(t). In melts, kinetics are intrinsically diffusion-controlled, leading to entirely different rate laws. During the regime limited by spin selection rules, the density of radicals decays linearly, n(0) - n(t) ∼t. At longer times the standard result - \(\)∼d3(t)/d (for randomly distributed ends) is replaced by \(\)∼d2x3(t)/d2 for these correlated initial conditions. The long-time behavior, t > τ, has the same scaling form in time as for dilute solutions.
Oxidative addition of water to transition metal complexes

Possible modes of reactivity of water with transition metal complexes are analysed and examples of oxidative addition of water are discussed in this tutorial review.
An automated entity-relationship clustering algorithm for conceptual database design

Entity-relationship (ER) modeling is a widely accepted technique for conceptual database design. However, the complexities inherent in large ER diagrams have restricted the effectiveness of their use in practice. It is often difficult for end-users, or even for well-trained database engineers and designers, to fully understand and properly manage large ER diagrams. Hence, to improve their understandability and manageability, large ER diagrams need to be decomposed into smaller modules by clustering closely related entities and relationships. Previous researchers have proposed many manual and semi-automatic approaches for such clustering. However, most of them call for intuitive and subjective judgment from ''experts'' at various stages of their implementation. We present a fully automated algorithm that eliminates the need for subjective human judgment. In addition to improving their understandability and manageability, an automated algorithm facilitates the re-clustering of ER diagrams as they undergo many changes during their design, development, and maintenance phases. The validation methodology used in this study considers a set of both objective and subjective criteria for comparison. We adopted several concepts and metrics from machine-part clustering in cellular manufacturing (CM) while exploiting some of the characteristics of ER diagrams that are different from typical CM situations. Our algorithm uses well established criteria for good ER clustering solutions. These criteria were also validated by a group of expert database engineers and designers at NASA. An objective assessment of sample problems shows that our algorithm produces solutions with a higher degree of modularity and better goodness of fit compared with solutions produced by two commonly used alternative algorithms. A subjective assessment of sample problems by our expert database engineers and designers also found our solutions preferable to those produced by the two alternative algorithms.
Two Reconfigurable Flight-Control Design Methods: Robust Servomechanism and Control Allocation

Two methods for control system reconfiguration have been investigated. The first method is a robust servomechanism control approach (optimal tracking problem) that is a generalization of the classical proportional-plus-integral control to multiple input-multiple output systems. The second method is a control-allocation approach based on a quadratic programming formulation. A globally convergent fixed-point iteration algorithm has been developed to make onboard implementation of this method feasible. These methods have been applied to reconfigurable entry flight control design for the X-33 vehicle. Examples presented demonstrate simultaneous tracking of angle-of-attack and roll angle commands during failures of the fight body flap actuator. Although simulations demonstrate success of the first method in most cases, the control-allocation method appears to provide uniformly better performance in all cases.
Non-leading logarithms in principal-value resummation

We apply the method of principal-value resummation of large momentum-dependent radiative corrections to the calculation of the Drell-Yan cross section. We sum all next-to-leading logarithms and provide numerical results for the resummed exponent and the corresponding hard scattering function.
Radiation absorption in high-speed laminar boundary layers includingthe effects of external sources.

A boundary-layer problem concerned with the effects of radiation absorption and emission for flow of a high-speed gas over a flat plate is considered. Spectral radiation is included in the analysis, not only from the boundary layer, freestream, and wall, but also from external sources. It is assumed in the analysis that the Lewis number is equal to one, the Prandtl number and the Chapman-Rubesin function are constants, and that the gas is optically thin. The energy and momentum equation are uncoupled by utilizing Howarth's transformation. The energy equation is then solved for first-order effects of the radiation. The change in convective heat transfer and radiation transfer are presented as a function of the radiation characteristics, and energy dissipation for the Prandtl number equal to one. Results show that the convective heat transfer and temperature profiles can be significantly changed by the inclusion of radiation coupling.
The impact cratering rate in recent time

The terrestrial data base for crater structures with diameters over 20 km on the North American and European cratons has been investigated for variations in the rate with time. The variation in the degree of preservation of highly eroded complex structures on the two cratons suggests that, if no contrasts exist between near-surface and uplifted lithologies, a 20 km-sized crater may be rendered virtually unrecognizable in 34 to 300 m.y. If lithological contrasts are present, it may be still recognizable as an anomalous structure for 79 to 630 m.y. It is unlikely that a significant number of craters with diameters greater than 20 km and ages in the range 0-117 m.y. are unrecognizable because of erosion. The relatively slower rate of increase in the number of craters with time for the 180-360 m.y. population may reflect a recognition problem.
METALS REMOVED BY OUTFLOWS FROM MILKY WAY DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES

The stars in the dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxies (dSphs) of the Milky Way are significantly more metal-poor than would be expected from a closed box model of chemical evolution. Gas outflows likely carried away most of the metals produced by the dSphs. Based on previous Keck/DEIMOS observations and models, we calculate the mass in Mg, Si, Ca, and Fe expelled from each of eight dSphs. Essentially, these masses are the differences between the observed amount of metals present in the dSphs' stars today and the inferred amount of metals produced by supernovae. We conclude that the dSphs lost 96% to >99% of the metals their stars manufactured. We apply the observed mass function of Milky Way dSphs to the ejected mass function to determine that a single large dSph, like Fornax, lost more metals over 10 Gyr than all smaller dSphs combined. Therefore, small galaxies like dSphs are not significant contributors to the metal content of the intergalactic medium. Finally, we compare our ejected mass function to previous X-ray measurements of the metal content of the winds from the post-starburst dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 1569. Remarkably, the most recent starburst in that galaxy falls exactly on the ejected-mass-stellar-mass relation defined by the Milky Way dSphs.
Rotating solar jets in simulations of flux emergence with thermal conduction

We study the formation of coronal jets through numerical simulation of the emergence of a twisted magnetic flux rope into a pre-existing open magnetic field. Reconnection inside the emerging flux rope in addition to that between the emerging and pre-existing fields give rise to the violent eruption studied. The simulated event closely resembles the coronal jets ubiquitously observed by the X-Ray Telescope on board Hinode and demonstrates that heated plasma is driven into the extended atmosphere above. Thermal conduction implemented in the model allows us to qualitatively compare simulated and observed emission from such events. We find that untwisting field lines after the reconnection drive spinning outflows of plasma in the jet column. The Poynting flux in the simulated jet is dominated by the untwisting motions of the magnetic fields loaded with high-density plasma. The simulated jet is comprised of "spires" of untwisting field that are loaded with a mixture of cold and hot plasma and exhibit rotational motion of order 20 km s–1 and match contemporary observations.
Monopoles, duality and chiral symmetry breaking in N=2 supersymmetric QCD

We study four dimensional N = 2 supersymmetric gauge theories with matter multiplets. For all such models for which the gauge group is SU(2), we derive the exact metric on the moduli space of quantum vacua and the exact spectrum of the stable massive states. A number of new physical phenomena occur, such as chiral symmetry breaking that is driven by the condensation of magnetic monopoles that carry global quantum numbers. For those cases in which conformal invariance is broken only by mass terms, the formalism automatically gives results that are invariant under electric-magnetic duality. In one instance, this duality is mixed in an interesting way with SO(8) triality.
Analysis of selected data from the triservice missile data base

An extremely large, systematic, axisymmetric-body/tail-fin data base has been gathered through tests of an innovative missile model design which is described herein. These data were originally obtained for incorporation into a missile aerodynamics code based on engineering methods (Program MISSILE3), but these data are also valuable as diagnostic test cases for developing computational methods because of the individual-fin data included in the data base. Detailed analyses of four sample cases from these data are presented to illustrate interesting individual-fin force and moment trends. These samples quantitatively show how bow shock, fin orientation, fin deflection, and body vortices can produce strong, unusual, and computationally challenging effects on individual fin loads. Flow-visualization photographs are examined to provide physical insight into the cause of these effects.
Homologation of large rings

Abstract Free radical-promoted, one-carbon, ring expansion of twelve, fourteen-, and fifteen-membered cyclic β-keto esters is described. The method is then extended to include a three-carbon ring expansion of cyclododecanone, the targets being (±)-muscone and naturally occurring (R)-(−)muscone. Free radical promoted one-carbon ring expansion of twelve-, fourteen- and fifteen-membered cyclic β-keto esters is described. The method is then extended to include a three-carbon ring expansion of cyclododecanone, the targets being (±)-muscone and naturally occuring (R)-(−)muscone.
A locally adaptive window for signal matching

This article presents a signal matching algorithm that can select an appropriate window size adaptively so as to obtain both precise and stable estimation of correspondences. Matching two signals by calculating the sum of squared differences (SSD) over a certain window is a basic technique in computer vision. Given the signals and a window, there are two factors that determine the difficulty of obtaining precise matching. The first is the variation of the signal within the window, which must be large enough, relative to noise, that the SSD values exhibit a clear and sharp minimum at the correct disparity. The second factor is the variation of disparity within the window, which must be small enough that signals of corresponding positions are duly compared. These two factors present conflicting requirements to the size of the matching window, since a larger window tends to increase the signal variation, but at the same time tends to include points of different disparity. A window size must be adaptively selected depending on local variations of signal and disparity in order to compute a most-certain estimate of disparity at each point. There has been little work on a systematic method for automatic window-size selection. The major difficulty is that, while the signal variation is measurable from the input, the disparity variation is not, since disparities are what we wish to calculate. We introduce here a statistical model of disparity variation within a window, and employ it to establish a link between the window size and the uncertainty of the computed disparity. This allows us to choose the window size that minimizes uncertainty in the disparity computed at each point. This article presents a theory for the model and the resultant algorithm, together with analytical and experimental results that demonstrate their effectiveness.
Capacity Bounds and Sum Rate Capacities of a Class of Discrete Memoryless Interference Channels

This paper studies the capacity of a class of discrete memoryless interference channels (DMICs), where interference is defined analogous to that of a Gaussian interference channel with one-sided weak interference. The sum-rate capacity of this class of channels is determined. As with the Gaussian case, the sum-rate capacity is achieved by letting the transceiver pair subject to interference communicate at a rate such that its message can be decoded at the unintended receiver using single user detection. It is also established that this class of DMICs is equivalent in capacity region to certain degraded interference channels. This allows the construction of capacity outer-bounds using the capacity regions of associated degraded broadcast channels. The same technique is then used to determine the sum-rate capacity of DMICs with mixed interference as defined in this paper. The obtained capacity bounds and sum-rate capacities are used to resolve the capacities of several new DMICs.
Patents, Thickets, and the Financing of Early-Stage Firms: Evidence from the Software Industry

Legal changes in the patentability of software since the mid 1990s have resulted in a substantial increase in the number of patents on software inventions. We focus here on the impact of transactions costs associated with patent “thickets” on new entrants' interactions with the capital markets. Using data on the financing of entrants into 27 narrowly defined software markets, we show that start-up software companies operating in markets characterized by denser patent thickets saw their initial acquisition of VC funding delayed relative to firms in markets less affected by patents after the mid 1990s. The relationship between patent thickets and subsequent financing activity such as IPO or acquisition is more complex, but there is weak evidence that firms without patents became less likely to go public if they operated in a market characterized by patent thickets. Firms with patents are more likely to be funded or experience a liquidity event. However, the application for a patent appears to matter more than its grant.
CANCELLATION OF ULTRA-VIOLET INFINITIES IN ONE LOOP GRAVITY

Quantization of gravity is a formidable challenge for modern theoretical physics. Ultraviolet divergencies are the problem. In 1974 the author used functional integral formalism for the quantization. The background formulation helped to solve the problem in one loop approximation. The author proved that the divergencies cancel on mass shell, because of Einstein's equations of motion.
THE EMERGING GENERALIZATIONS OF PROKARYOTIC GENOMICS

The first bacterial genome was sequenced in 1995, and the first archaeal genome in 1996. Soon after these breakthroughs, an exponential rate of genome sequencing was established, with a doubling time of approximately 18 months for bacteria and approximately 34 months for archaea. Comparative analysis of the hundreds of sequenced bacterial and dozens of archaeal genomes leads to several generalizations on the principles of genome organization and evolution. A crucial finding that enables functional characterization of the sequenced genomes and evolutionary reconstruction is that the majority of archaeal and bacterial genes have conserved orthologs in other, often, distant organisms. However, comparative genomics also shows that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a dominant force of prokaryotic evolution, along with the loss of genetic material resulting in genome streamlining. A crucial component of the prokaryotic world is the mobilome, the enormous collection of viruses, plasmids and other selfish elements which are in constant exchange with more stable chromosomes and serve as HGT vehicles. Thus, the prokaryotic genome space is a tightly connected, although compartmentalized, network, a new notion that undermines the “Tree of Life” model of evolution and requires a new conceptual framework and tools for the study of prokaryotic evolution.
Finite groups acting linearly: Hochschild cohomology and the cup product

Abstract When a finite group acts linearly on a complex vector space, the natural semi-direct product of the group and the polynomial ring over the space forms a skew group algebra. This algebra plays the role of the coordinate ring of the resulting orbifold and serves as a substitute for the ring of invariant polynomials from the viewpoint of geometry and physics. Its Hochschild cohomology predicts various Hecke algebras and deformations of the orbifold. In this article, we investigate the ring structure of the Hochschild cohomology of the skew group algebra. We show that the cup product coincides with a natural smash product, transferring the cohomology of a group action into a group action on cohomology. We express the algebraic structure of Hochschild cohomology in terms of a partial order on the group (modulo the kernel of the action). This partial order arises after assigning to each group element the codimension of its fixed point space. We describe the algebraic structure for Coxeter groups, where this partial order is given by the reflection length function; a similar combinatorial description holds for an infinite family of complex reflection groups.
The unexplained part of public debt

This paper shows that budget deficits account for a relatively small fraction of debt growth and that stock-flow reconciliation, which is often considered a residual entity, is one of the key determinants of debt dynamics. After having explained the importance of the stock-flow reconciliation, the paper shows that this residual entity can be partly explained by contingent liabilities and balance-sheet effects.
Electron magnetohydrodynamic turbulence: universal features

The energy cascade of electron magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) turbulence is considered. Fractal and multi-fractal models for the energy dissipation field are used to determine the spatial intermittency corrections to the scaling behavior in the high-wavenumber (electron hydrodynamic limit) and low-wavenumber (magnetization limit) asymptotic regimes of the inertial range. Extrapolation of the multi-fractal scaling down to the dissipative microscales confirms in these asymptotic regimes a dissipative anomaly previously indicated by the numerical simulations of EMHD turbulence. Several basic features of the EMHD turbulent system are found to be universal which seem to transcend the existence of the characteristic length scale d e (which is the electron skin depth) in the EMHD problem: equipartition spectrum; Reynolds-number scaling of the dissipative microscales; scaling of the probability distribution function (PDF) of the electron-flow velocity (or magnetic field) gradient (even with intermittency corrections); dissipative anomaly; and critical exponent scaling.
Reductions of Aliphatic and Aromatic Nitriles to Primary Amines with Diisopropylaminoborane

Diisopropylaminoborane [BH(2)N(iPr)(2)] in the presence of a catalytic amount of lithium borohydride (LiBH(4)) reduces a large variety of aliphatic and aromatic nitriles in excellent yields. BH(2)N(iPr)(2) can be prepared by two methods: first by reacting diisopropylamineborane [(iPr)(2)N:BH(3)] with 1.1 equiv of n-butyllithium (n-BuLi) followed by methyl iodide (MeI), or reacting iPrN:BH(3) with 1 equiv of n-BuLi followed by trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl). BH(2)N(iPr)(2) prepared with MeI was found to reduce benzonitriles to the corresponding benzylamines at ambient temperatures, whereas diisopropylaminoborane prepared with TMSCl does not reduce nitriles unless a catalytic amount of a lithium ion source, such as LiBH(4) or lithium tetraphenylborate (LiBPh(4)), is added to the reaction. The reductions of benzonitriles with one or more electron-withdrawing groups on the aromatic ring generally occur much faster with higher yields. For example, 2,4-dichlorobenzonitrile was successfully reduced to 2,4-dichlorobenzylamine in 99% yield after 5 h at 25 degrees C. On the other hand, benzonitriles containing electron-donating groups on the aromatic ring require refluxing in tetrahydrofuran (THF) for complete reduction. For instance, 4-methoxybenzonitrile was successfully reduced to 4-methoxybenzylamine in 80% yield. Aliphatic nitriles can also be reduced by the BH(2)N(iPr)(2)/cat. LiBH(4) reducing system. Benzyl cyanide was reduced to phenethylamine in 83% yield. BH(2)N(iPr)(2) can also reduce nitriles in the presence of unconjugated alkenes and alkynes such as the reduction of 2-hexynenitrile to hex-5-yn-1-amine in 80% yield. Unfortunately, selective reduction of a nitrile in the presence of an aldehyde is not possible as aldehydes are reduced along with the nitrile. However, selective reduction of the nitrile group at 25 degrees C in the presence of an ester is possible as long as the nitrile group is activated by an electron-withdrawing substituent. It should be pointed out that lithium aminoborohydrides (LABs) do not reduce nitriles under ambient conditions and behave as bases with aliphatic nitriles as well as nitriles containing acidic alpha-protons. Consequently, both LABs and BH(2)N(iPr)(2) are complementary to each other and offer methods for the selective reductions of multifunctional compounds.
Defect structures in MgB2 wires introduced by hot isostatic pressing

The microstructures of MgB2 wires prepared by the powder-in-tube technique and subsequent hot isostatic pressing were investigated using transmission electron microscopy. A large amount of crystalline defects including small-angle twisting, tilting and bending boundaries, in which high densities of dislocations reside, was found forming sub-grains within MgB2 grains. It is believed that these defects resulted from particle deformation during the hot isostatic pressing process and are effective flux pinning centres that contribute to the high critical current densities of the wires at high temperatures and at high fields.