cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of combined radiation therapy and hormonal therapy in the management of lymph node-positive prostate cancer.

Purpose: To determine the rate of tumor response and patterns of relapse following combined bormonalradiation therapy of adenocarcinoma of the prostate and to measure the survival in a group of men with tumor metastatic to pelvic lymph nodes. Methods and Materials: 66 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate with pathologically confirmed pelvic lymph node involvement were treated with combined radiation therapy and hormonal therapy. An additional five patients declined hormonal therapy. The patients treated with combined therapy represented a group with locally advanced disease including 44 patients (67%) with T3 or T4 tumors and 51 patients (80%) had N2 or N3 lymph node metastases. The pelvic lymph nodes were treated to a dose of 45 Gy and the prostate was boosted to a dose of 65 to 71 Gy. Hormonal therapy began up to 2 months before radiation and continued indefinitely. Patients were allowed to select their hormonal therapy and could choose DES (2 patients), orchiectomy (21 patients), LHRH agonist (7 patients) or combined androgen blockade (34 patients). Results: Median follow-up is 49 months (range 12 to 131 months) and 21 patients have been followed for longer than 5 years. There have been 15 recurrences the entire group including three local recurrences in the prostate, seven patients with distant metastases, four patients with biochemical recurrences without clinical evidence of disease, and one patient where the location was unknown. Two of the PSA recurrences occurred in patients who elected to discontinue hormones after less than 3 years of therapy. The overall survival at 5 and 8 years is 94 and 84%, the clinical disease free survival is 85 and 67%, and the biochemical disease-free survival is 78 and 47%. There was no increased toxicity of the combined modality regimen compared to the expected effects of radiation and hormonal therapy. Conclusion: Combined hormonal and radiation therapy represents an effective treatment option for patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate metastatic to pelvic lymph nodes. Combined modality therapy appears to extend the disease-free survival and allow patients to maintain their independent function. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
Acquisition and representation of 2D and 3D data from turbulent flows and flames

Laser light scattering techniques for making two- and three-dimensional measurements in turbulent flows and flames are outlined, and examples of data representations are shown. Limitations and problems in displaying data are discussed. >
School burnout and cardiovascular functioning in young adult males: a hemodynamic perspective

This study investigated aortic and brachial hemodynamic functioning that may link school burnout to cardiovascular risk factors. Methodological improvements from previous research were implemented including (1) statistical control of depressive and anxiety symptoms (2) resting, stress-induced and cardiac recovery condition comparisons and (3) use of pulse wave analysis. Forty undergraduate young adult males completed self-report measures of school burnout, trait anxiety and depressive symptoms. Participants then completed a protocol consisting of a 10-min seated rest, 5-min baseline (BASE), 3-min cold pressor test (CPT) and a 3-min recovery period (REC). Indices of brachial and aortic hemodynamics were obtained by means of pulse wave analysis via applanation tonometry. Controlling for anxiety and depressive symptoms, planned contrasts identified no differences in cardiovascular parameters at BASE between participants in burnout and non-burnout groups. However, negative changes in hemodynamic indices occurred in burnout participants at CPT and REC as evidenced by increased aortic and brachial systolic and diastolic blood pressures, increased left ventricular work and increased myocardial oxygen consumption. Findings suggest that school burnout symptoms are associated with cardiac hyperactivity during conditions of cardiac stress and recovery and therefore may be associated with the early manifestations of cardiovascular disease. Future studies are suggested to reveal underlying autonomic mechanisms explaining hemodynamics functioning in individuals with school burnout symptomatology.
Approximately calibrated small sample inference about means from bivariate normal data with missing values

Abstract Frequency properties of approximate Bayesian posterior probability intervals are considered for a small bivariate sample with data missing on one variable. For a class of priors, approximations to the posterior distribution based on matching moments of the t distribution are derived, and compared with the true distributions computed numerically. Coverage properties of highest posterior density intervals for three choices of prior are evaluated by simulation, and compared with other solutions. The simulations suggest that a second moment t approximation combined with the Jeffreys' prior for the bivariate distribution provides intervals that are quite well calibrated, in the sense of having approximate or slightly conservative coverage for a wide range of values of the underlying parameters. The use of calibration to select a suitable reference prior seems to have potential for a large number of problems.
Sulfate-methane transition as a proxy for average methane hydrate saturation in marine sediments

[1] We develop a relationship between the sulfate-methane transition (SMT) and average gas hydrate saturation (AGHS) for systems dominated by methane migration from deeper sources. The relationship is explained by a one-dimensional numerical model that simulates gas hydrate accumulation in marine sediments. Higher methane fluxes result in shallow SMT depths and high AGHS, while lower methane fluxes result in deep SMTs and low AGHS. We also generalize the variation between AGHS and scaled SMT depth, a procedure that aids prediction of AGHS at different sites from observations of the SMT, such as along Cascadia Margin.
ROLE OF TUNGSTEN IN THE AQUEOUS PHASE HYDRODEOXYGENATION OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL ON TUNGSTATED ZIRCONIA SUPPORTED PALLADIUM

Abstract The focus of the present work was specifically on the elucidation of the role played by tungsten on the catalytic activity and selectivity of tungstated zirconia supported palladium (Pd-mWZ) for the aqueous phase hydrodeoxygenation (APHDO) of ethylene glycol (EG). Zirconia supported palladium (Pd-mZ) was used as reference. The catalysts were prepared via incipient wet impregnation and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), CO pulse chemisorption, CO-DRIFTS, ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) and pyridine adsorption. The presence of W results in larger Pd particles on supported Pd catalysts, i.e., 0.9 and 6.1 nm Pd particles are for Pd-mZ and Pd-mWZ, respectively. The catalytic activity measurements show that the overall intrinsic activity of Pd particles on mWZ is 1.9 times higher than on mZ. APHDO process appears to be highly favored on Pd-mWZ whereas Pd-mZ exhibits a higher selectivity for reforming. This difference in terms of selectivity seems to be related to the high concentration of Bronsted acid sites and electron-deficient Pd species present on Pd-mWZ.
25 Years in Continuing Medical Education: The Silver Anniversary of the AMA PRA

THE AMERICAN Medical Association Physician's Recognition Award (AMA PRA) was established by the AMA House of Delegates in December 1968. As the time approaches to celebrate the PRA's 25th anniversary, we take stock of the award, how it has changed, and how it has not. It is also an opportunity to look briefly at other ways in which the AMA has been involved in continuing medical education (CME). These other involvements have perhaps been more important to CME than the PRA award itself. The resolution establishing the award set out the following rationale and goals: To provide recognition for the many thousands of physicians who regularly participate in CME. To encourage all physicians to keep up-to-date and to improve their knowledge and judgment by CME. To provide reassurance to the public that America's physicians are maintaining their competence by regular participation in CME. To emphasize the AMA's position as a
Rhodium and iridium salts inhibit proliferation and induce DNA damage in rat fibroblasts in vitro.

Abstract Environmental concentration of the platinum group elements is increased in the last years due to their use in automobile catalytic converters. Limited data are available on the effects of such elements at a cellular level and on their toxicity, especially for rhodium and iridium which have been more recently introduced in use. The toxic effects of rhodium and iridium salts were analyzed on a normal diploid rat fibroblast cell line in vitro. Both salts halted cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent fashion by inhibiting cell cycle progression, inducing apoptosis and modulating the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins. In fact, they both caused an accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and affected the expression levels of pRb, cyclins D1 and E, p21Waf1 and p27Kip1. DNA strand breaks, as assessed by comet test, and an increase in the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species also occurred in exposed cell cultures. These findings suggest a potential toxicity of both iridium and rhodium salts and emphasize the need for further studies to understand their effects at a cellular level to enable a better assessment of their toxic effects and to identify ways for their modulation and/or prevention.
Radiative corrections to the decay rate of orthopositronium

The ${e}^{8}$ corrections to the decay rate of orthopositronium are calculated. For this calculation, as for bound-state problems in general, special attention must be given to infrared and Coulomb terms. The final result of this calculation is that the ${e}^{8}$ corrections yield a decrease in the lifetime of approximately 0.4% which represents a discrepancy of 2\textonehalf{} standard deviations with the current experimental value.
Numerical Study of Strong Plasma Shock Waves Produced in an Electromagnetic Shock Tube

A set of two-fluid Navier-Stokes equations with classical physical transport coefficients is used to compute the evolution and structure of collisional plasma shock waves in an electromagnetic shock tube. Shock speeds up to 200 cm/microsec and shocked-plasma temperatures of the order of kilovolts are studied. A strong transverse bias magnetic field is employed, which significantly alters the size and shape of the shock profiles, when compared with the zero bias field case. The wave structure is different from that of a two-fluid gasdynamic shock without transverse magnetic field. Especially significant is the effect of the small ion Larmor radius in reducing the gasdynamic shock thickness by at least an order of magnitude in the transverse shock case, which permits collisional shocks to have thicknesses much smaller than the post-shock mean free path. These collisional shock waves produce very hot ions, the ion temperature increasing with shock speed, although the formation time and distances also increase substantially with shock speed.
Bound-state spectrum of the hydrogen atom in strong magnetic fields

Energies of the bound states of the hydrogen atom in a uniform magnetic field are calculated for field strengths greater or equal to ${B}_{0}\ensuremath{\approx}2.35\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}$ G. The convergent behavior of the quantum excesses (negative quantum defects) makes it possible to determine completely the bound-state spectrum for given values of the field strength $B$ and the azimuthal quantum number $m$. For $|m|=0,1, \mathrm{and} 2$ results are presented which determine to a uniform relative accuracy of at least 0.1% the energies of all bound states for arbitrary field strengths from $\frac{B}{{B}_{0}}=1$ to $\frac{B}{{B}_{0}}=500$ or higher, beyond which the adiabatic approximation is of comparable accuracy.
The evolution of texture and layering in layered intrusions

Mineral segregation in igneous systems, and igneous layering in particular, can occur during ageing of crystal assemblages because areas composed of nominally larger grains or texturally favoured regions grow at the expense of adjacent unfavoured regions owing to the concentration gradients in the liquid that arise from surface energy effects. Numerical modelling demonstrates that this simple process can give rise to a number of observable phenomena, including ‘inch-scale doublets’, sharp modal contacts, and size-graded layers, among which the modelled size-graded layering mimics that produced by crystal settling. For a variety of physical situations, the characteristic times and lengths are scaled by the ratio of the mass of minerals initially present to the liquid compositional gradients driving the mineral segregation. On scales where both are appropriate, igneous layering shows many similarities to metamorphic banding that is unrelated to any pre-existing bedding, in that both can develop spontaneousl...
Urban‐Rural Livelihoods, Fishing Conflicts and Indigenous Movements in the Middle Rio Negro Region of the Brazilian Amazon

This paper discusses how changing urban–rural relationships pose new opportunities and challenges for resource management in the municipality of Barcelos, Middle Rio Negro, Brazilian Amazon. The conflicts arising from poor delimitation of the rights of different resource users, as well as increasing rural–urban connections, have mobilised indigenous peoples to seek to protect traditional fishing territories. However, people's mobility challenges resource management models that are based on permanent residence. This complexity underscores the urgent need for new ecological and political management models to deal with the flux of both people and natural resources, without excluding minority groups.
Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Vacuum Packaged Beef Round Steaks as Influenced by Postmortem Age and Storage Temperature

Two steaks were removed from the semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris muscles at 3, 6 or 9 days postmortem and vacuum packaged. Steaks were stored for 48 hr at 2°C or 7°C before retail display. Steaks cut at 3 days had less (P < 0.05) surface discoloration than those removed at 6 or 9 days. In most comparisons, steaks removed at 3 days were more desirable (P < 0.05) in overall appearance than steaks removed at either 6 or 9 days and stored at either temperature. Storage temperature did not accelerate lean color development for vacuum packaged beef round steaks. With increasing time postmortem before fabrication into steaks, longer storage periods may be needed before display to allow devet opment of proper lean color.
Subcellular distribution of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide-3′-phosphodiesterase in cat peripheral nerve

Abstract Subcellular distribution of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide-3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) in desheathed, saline perfused cat sciatic nerve is reported. CNPase specific activity was enriched in the total particulate (P 2 ) fraction and was low in the soluble (S 2 ) fraction. “Light-myelin” floating above the 0.60 M sucrose phase had the highest CNPase activity, 2.5-fold over the crude homogenate (CH). By contrast, enzyme activity in “heavy myelin” floating above the 0.85 M sucrose interface was equal to that of the CH and accounted for only 12% of total activity. CNPase activity in the membranes floating above the 0.25 and 0.60 and 0.85 M sucrose phases comprised nearly 70% of the total CNPase activity. The “light myelin” fraction floating above the 0.60 M sucrose accounted for approx. 51% of the total CNPase activity. SDS-PAGE of membranes individually harvested from above the 0.25 and 0.60 and 0.85 M sucrose phases revealed the presence of myelin-specific proteins (P 0 , P 1 ; and P 2 ). Electron microscope examination demonstrated the presence of myelin in each membrane fraction. The results of this study show that the majority of CNPase activity is associated with “light myelin” in cat peripheral nerve.
Chromosome 21-derived hsa-miR-155-5p regulates mitochondrial biogenesis by targeting Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (TFAM)

The regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis is under the control of nuclear genes including the master Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (TFAM). Recent evidence suggests that the expression of TFAM is regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) in various cellular contexts. Here, we show that hsa-miR-155-5p, a prominent miRNA encoded in chromosome 21, controls the expression of TFAM at the post-transcriptional level. In human fibroblasts derived from a diploid donor, downregulation of TFAM by hsa-miR-155-5p decreased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content. In contrast, downregulation of TFAM by hsa-miR-155-5p did not decrease mtDNA content in fibroblasts derived from a donor with Down syndrome (DS, trisomy 21). In line, downregulation of mitochondrial TFAM levels through hsa-miR-155-5p decreased mitochondrial mass in diploid fibroblasts but not in trisomic cells. Due to the prevalence of mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac abnormalities in subjects with DS, we examined the presence of potential associations between hsa-miR-155-5p and TFAM expression in heart samples from donors with and without DS. There were significant negative associations between hsa-miR-155-5p and TFAM expression in heart samples from donors with and without DS. These results suggest that regulation of TFAM by hsa-miR-155-5p impacts mitochondrial biogenesis in the diploid setting but not in the DS setting.
Effects of State-Level Firearm Seller Accountability Policies on Firearm Trafficking

Criminals illegally obtaining firearms represent a great risk to many urban residents. This cross-sectional study of 54 US cities uses data on state laws governing gun sales, a survey of law enforcement agencies’ practices to promote compliance with gun sales laws, and crime gun trace data to examine associations between these policies and practices with gun trafficking indicators. Higher levels of local gun ownership were linked with greater intrastate gun trafficking. Regression models estimate that comprehensive regulation and oversight of gun dealers and state regulation of private sales of handguns were each associated with significantly lower levels of intrastate gun trafficking. Discretionary permit-to-purchase licensing laws’ negative association with intrastate trafficking disappeared when local gun ownership is controlled. The effects of these relatively restrictive gun purchase laws on trafficking may be mediated by the laws’ lowering of gun ownership. Relatively low prevalence of gun ownership may also be a prerequisite for passage of discretionary purchase. We observed no effect on intrastate trafficking of laws limiting handgun sales to a maximum of one per person per month.
A new approach to channel access scheduling for Ad Hoc networks

Three types of collision-free channel access protocols for ad hoc networks are presented. These protocols are derived from a novel approach to contention resolution that allows each node to elect deterministically one or multiple winners for channel access in a given contention context (e.g., a time slot), given the identifiers of its neighbors one and two hops away. The new protocols are shown to be fair and capable of achieving maximum utilization of the channel bandwidth. The delay and throughput characteristics of the contention resolution algorithms are analyzed, and the performance of the three types of channel access protocols is studied by simulations.
Silver coating on carbon and SiC fibres

Electroless silver coating on carbon fibres using silver nitrate solutions has been studied. It was observed that the rate of silver coating depends on the degree of graphitization of carbon fibres. Fibres with a higher degree of graphitization were coated faster than those with a lower degree of graphitization. A physical model considering the number of nucleation sites on the carbon fibre surface as a function of the degree of graphitization is proposed for the silver coating process. The strength and modulus of coated and uncoated fibres have been determined using a high-sensitivity load cell with an Instron tensile testing machine. It was observed that silver coating did not alter the strength or modulus of the fibre. Aluminium matrix composites have been successfully fabricated with these fibres. The same coating technique was also used to coat silicon carbide fibres. Improvement in the infiltration during composite fabrication was observed when the fibres were silver-coated.
Molecular recognition in purine-rich internal loops: thermodynamic, structural, and dynamic consequences of purine for adenine substitutions in 5'(rGGCAAGCCU)2.

The contribution of amino groups to the thermodynamics, structure, and dynamics of tandem A·A mismatches is investigated by substitution of purine (P) for adenine (A) within the RNA duplex, 5‘(rGGCAAGCCU)2, to give 5‘(rGGCPAGCCU)2, 5‘(rGGCAPGCCU)2, and 5‘(rGGCPPGCCU)2. The 5‘(rGGCAAGCCU)2 duplex has sheared Aanti·Aanti (A·A trans Hoogsteen/Sugar-edge) pairs in which the A5 amino group is involved in hydrogen bonds but the A4 amino group is not [Znosko, B. M., Burkard, M. E., Schroeder, S. J., Krugh, T. R., and Turner, D. H. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 14969−14977]. In comparison to 5‘(rGGCAAGCCU)2, replacing the amino group of A4 with a hydrogen stabilizes the duplex by 1.3 kcal/mol, replacement of the A5 amino group destabilizes the duplex by 0.6 kcal/mol, and replacement of both A4 and A5 amino groups destabilizes the duplex by 0.8 kcal/mol. In NMR structures, the P·A noncanonical pairs of the 5‘(rGGCPAGCCU)2 duplex have a sheared anti−anti structure (P·A trans Hoogsteen/Sugar-edge) with P4·A5 interstrand h...
Catecholamines in haemolymph and cuticle during larval, pupal and adult development of Manduca sexta (L.)

Abstract Catecholamines in haemolymph and cuticle of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.), were analyzed by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. During pupal tanning, N-β-alanyldopamine (NBAD) was the major dopamine derivative in haemolymph. It increased to maximal titres by the time of larval-pupal ecdysis, and subsequently decreased as pupal cuticle tanned. NBAD progressively increased in cuticle for several days after ecdysis. N-acetyldopamine (NADA), although present in only minor amounts in pupae, was the primary catecholamine in haemolymph of both larvae and adults shortly before and after ecdysis. NADA predominated in the hard colourless cuticle of the larval head capsule, and in the wings and abdominal tergites of the adult. NBAD, however, was predominant in the dark cuticle of larval mandibles, and in the thin soft larval abdominal cuticle after stabilization. Dopamine, the precursor of NBAD and NADA, was usually the second or third most abundant catecholamine in both haemolymph and cuticle. The kinds of sclerotins produced may depend in part upon the relative abundance of the different catecholamines which are selectively incorporated into the various regions of the exoskeleton. The catecholamines in haemolymph occurred mainly as ring hydroxyl conjugates that were probably β-glucosides. The relative percentage of free or unconjugated compounds increased after ecdysis and accumulated in cuticle. Conjugation, therefore, appears to be important for sequestration of tanning precursors in haemolymph, followed by hydrolysis and uptake of free catecholamines for stabilization and pigmentation of new cuticle.
Pion parton distribution function in the valence region

The parton distribution function of the pion in the valence region is extracted in a next-to-leading order analysis from Fermilab E-615 pionic Drell-Yan data. The effects of the parametrization of the pion's valence distributions are examined. Modern nucleon parton distributions and nuclear corrections were used and possible effects from higher twist contributions were considered in the analysis. In the next-to-leading order analysis, the high-x dependence of the pion structure function differs from that of the leading order analysis, but not enough to agree with the expectations of pQCD and Dyson-Schwinger calculations.
Dinitrophenol-induced hydrogen-ion influx into the maize scutellum.

2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) induced a rapid, pH-dependent, H+ influx into slices of maize (Zea mays L.) scutellum. H+ influx was very slow at pH 5, but it increased rapidly as the pH was lowered over the range 5 to 3.5. H+ influx was accompanied by a nearly equal K+ efflux. DNP rapidly accumulated in the slices, reaching a peak after 10–20 min of incubation; and then there was an efflux of DNP which continued for at least 2 h. Nearly constant rates of H+ influx were obtained over extended periods during which internal and external DNP concentrations were changing. Bathing solution pH had a much greater effect on H+ influx than it did on the peak tissue DNP level or on DNP efflux. DNP efflux also occurred when H+ influx was inhibited by CaCl2 or by a pH of 5. It is inferred from these data that DNP efflux indicates a lowering of cytoplasmic pH caused by H+ influxes not only from the bathing solution but also from the vacuole. It is concluded that H+ influx is induced, but not carried, by DNP. The H+ carrier, it is suggested, is a H+ pump (perhaps an ATPase) which is reversed by DNP.
Multiple biochemical tumor markers in seminoma. A double-blind study

The value of certain biochemical tumor markers have been well established in nonseminomatous testicular cancer. However, the lack of frequent tumor markers in the sera of patients with seminoma has prompted us to embark on this double blind study. The authors studied 89 patients with the histologic diagnosis of seminoma utilizing placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). It was found that 12/30 patients (40%) with active tumor had elevated serum PLAP and 10/30 (33%) of these patients had elevated serum levels of GGT. Eighty percent of the patients with clinically active tumors had detectable serum levels of one or more of these biochemical markers. Since the frequency of the previous tumor markers have been scarce in seminoma, these serial utilization of these biochemical markers should assist the clinician to detect and monitor seminoma patients more efficaciously. However, the false-positive, false-negative, rates, and biologic half lifes of these markers should be taken in account.
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to BMI in Adolescent and Young Adult Women

The objective of this study was to determine the genetic and environmental contributions to variation in BMI over time in European-American (EA) and African-American (AA) adolescent and young adult women. Self-reported BMI (kg/m2) data from 2,816 EA (1,306 twin pairs, 56.5% monozygotic (MZ)) and 404 AA (178 twin pairs, 42.7% MZ) women at baseline (T1; median age 15 years) and 3,225 EA (1,511 twin pairs, 55.3% MZ) and 539 AA (252 pairs, 43.3% MZ) women at follow-up (T2; median age 22 years) from a Midwestern US, population-based twin registry were used to construct biometrical genetic models. For EA women, the majority of the variance in BMI was attributable to additive genetic effects at both time points (82% for each), with the remaining variance attributable to nonshared environment. Genetic and nonshared environment correlations between adolescent and young adult BMI were 0.87 and 0.23, respectively. Among AA women, nonadditive genetic effects comprised 68% of the variance at T1 and 73% at T2, and were highly correlated (rD = 0.94). The proportions of variance attributable to nonshared environment at T1 (29%) and T2 (25%) were more modestly correlated (rE = 0.31). The remaining variance in AA women could be attributed to additive genetic effects. Additive vs. nonadditive genetic effects contribute differentially to BMI in AA vs. EA adolescent and young adult women. Additional research is needed to better characterize the environmental and genetic factors related to BMI in persons of different races to aid understanding of the complex determinants of body weight in individuals.
Territorial and mating behavior of Xylocopa fimbriata F. and Xylocopa gualanensis Cockerell from Costa Rica

The territorial and mating behavior of two Xylocopaspecies X. fimbriataF. and X. gualanensisCockerell from Costa Rica are described. Male territorial activity was common during February through April in the higher areas of a dry forest savanna. Both species maintained territories at the same location within hollows in the foliage of Ardesia revolutaH.B.K., a small evergreen tree which occurs commonly in the dry forest. Xylocopa fimbriatamaintained territories during early morning hours, whereas the territorial period for X. gualanensisoccurred during late afternoon. Males of both species infrequently marked territories. It is suggested that a secretion released from their mesosomal glands is wiped onto their legs during frequent leg-body and leg rubbing which occurs while males hover. The secretion is occasionally applied to marking points on vegetation by their secretion-contaminated legs. Males repeatedly marked select locations when females were near their territories regardless of whether females were searching nearby branches for nesting sites, gathering provisions, or passing through their areas. Some females oriented to and entered certain male territories. An example of female mate choice in selection of male territories is provided. Females flew into male territories from 2–4 cm down-wind of male scent-marked locations. As females approached these locations, males hovered downwind in close proximity to the females' approach path. As females hovered a few centimeters downwind of the scented focal point, males approached from downwind and mounted. The males behavior and the role of scent-marking in the reproductive behavior of lek polygyny is discussed.
Long Division: An Example of Dynamic Programming

Abstract The familiar method of long division provides an excellent example of dynamic programming. A five-step division problem is solved by both methods. The five steps make up a five-stage dynamic program. The first step involves selecting a trial divisor, a decision, which minimizes the remainder after even division. This remainder is the state carried over to the next stage. Division proceeds recursively until the final stage is reached. Thus as is typical of the dynamic programming technique, one problem in five unknowns (the five-digit quotient) replaces the original problem by five simpler problems each of one unknown.
Couple reports of the perceived influences of a college human sexuality course: an exploratory study

Research on the effects of college sexuality education has been largely quantitative in nature and has focused on changes in individual attitudes, behaviours and knowledge. This study sought to explore, qualitatively, the influences of enrolment in a human sexuality course on relationships. Eight couples from an undergraduate human sexuality course completed a brief questionnaire and 60-minute semi-structured interviews, both together and individually. Interviews were analysed using critical qualitative methodologies. Findings suggest a wider range of perceived influences than indicated in the previous literature. In particular, after taking the class, participants felt less secretive about sex and more comfortable with sexuality overall. All participants shared some aspects of the class with their partners, exposing several themes surrounding perceived influences of the class. These included increased communication overall, and particularly about sex; changes to body image, self-confidence and agency; pe...
SPECTRAL STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF IONIZING RADIATION IN COLOR CHANGES OF RADAPPERTIZED BEEF

Effects of ionizing radiation on beef pigments were studied by determining the absorption spectra of myoglobin solutions and the reflectance spectra of radiation-sterilized beef slices. Bovine and ovine oxymyoglobin (MbO2) and met(ferri)myoglobin (metMb) were extracted, purified, and treated with gamma radiation. Increasing dose and temperature of gamma radiation produced increasing shifts in characteristic peaks and progressive decreases in the Soret bands of these pigments. The total color difference (▵E), computed from tri-stimulus values of reflectance spectra of radiation-sterilized beef, showed similar dependence of color on radiation dose and temperature. Re-irradiation of beef allowed to brown in air caused the unstable red pigment to re-form. The presence of oxygen in the container during radiation-sterilization reduced the red color formation. The results show that ionizing radiation reduces the heme iron of the brown pigment of cooked meat (globin myohemichromogen) to an unstable red pigment (globin myohemochromogen), which, upon exposure to air, reverts to the original ferric (brown) pigment.
Overlay quality metric

As overlay budget continues to shrink, an improved analysis of the different contributors to this budget is needed. A major contributor that has never been quantified is the accuracy of the measurements. KLA-Tencor developed a quality metric, that calculates and attaches an accuracy value to each OVL target. This operation is performed on the fly during measurement and can be applied without affecting MAM time or throughput. Using a linearity array we demonstrate that the quality metric identifies targets deviating from the intended OVL value, with no false alarms.
Erratum to “Microscopic evidence against HIV-1 infection of germ cells or attachment to sperm”

For a number of years we have intensively investigated the localization of HIV-1 in male genital tract tissues and secretions using a variety of microscopy techniques including immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, in situ PCR and electron microscopy. Our studies have failed to demonstrate an association between HIV-1 and either testicular germ cells or spermatozoa. In this article we present our results in the context of other related studies, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques that have been used to address this important research question. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights
Nanofluidics in chemical analysis

Nanofluidic architectures and devices have already had a major impact on forefront problems in chemical analysis, especially those involving mass-limited samples. This critical review begins with a discussion of the fundamental flow physics that distinguishes nanoscale structures from their larger microscale analogs, especially the concentration polarization that develops at nanofluidic/microfluidic interfaces. Chemical manipulations in nanopores include nanopore-mediated separations, microsensors, especially resistive-pulse sensing of biomacromolecules, fluidic circuit analogs and single molecule measurements. Coupling nanofluidic structures to three-dimensional microfluidic networks is especially powerful and results in applications in sample preconcentration, nanofluidic injection/collection and fast diffusive mixing (160 references).
The air assault expeditionary force (AAEF) experiment: examining the impact of technology on battle command using live, virtual and constructive simulation

The AAEF Campaign of Discovery Experiments is the principal series of prototype discovery experiments conducted within the US Army. The campaign was originally approved for four annual excursions, 2004--2007, but has been tentatively extended through 2013. Spiral C, the most recent event in the campaign, was third in the series of ten events, and was designed to examine, evaluate and implement, as appropriate, new technologies into today's transforming forces. Using a combination of live, virtual and constructive elements, the Soldier Battle Laboratory at Ft. Benning, GA, is tasked with assessing the impact of technology on Battle Command, and other implications within the Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership, Personnel and Facilities (DOTMLPF) domains. The experiment consisted of a live infantry company headquarters element; a live, MILES-equipped infantry platoon on the ground; a live battalion TAC; the remainder of the company elements represented in the Joint Conflict and Tactical Simulation (JCATS);a green cell playing friendly adjacents and higher headquarters; and a white cell providing experiment over-watch and control. ATEC provided the analytical lead, and was responsible for identifying and publishing the initial insights brief as well as generating the final report.
Relationship of β1H globulin and cleavage fragments of the third component of complement in the skin of patients with bullous pemphigoid and dermatitis herpetiformis

Abstract In this report, the skin from patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) was stained with fluorochromized antisera to the C3 cleavage fragments, C3c and C3d and the C3b control protein, β1H, so as to study the catabolism of C3 in BP and DH, C3d was the most frequently found product in both BP and DH. Deposits of C3c were frequently found together with deposits of β1H in BP but not in DH. Deposits of β1H suggest the presence of C3b and/or C3bi since in vitro model systems have shown that β1H binds to C3b and C3bi but not to native C3 or C3d. Additionally, when the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of normal human skin was treated with anti-cutaneous basement membrane zone antibody and fresh serum as a source of complement it stained with the anti-C3c, anti-C3d, and anti-β1H reagents. Upon exposure to C3bINA, β1H, and leukocyte elastase the normal skin stained only with anti-C3d. Together these findings suggest that the in vivo catabolism of C3 is similar to that observed in in vitro model systems.
Effectiveness of Hybrid Workflow Systems for Computational Science

Abstract The workflow and its supporting systems are integral to computational science. Tailored to loosely coupled, and largely coarse-grained tasks, the workflow replaces the script as a way to automate the multiple steps of a large scale model. Workflow reuse has been at the subworkflow level but this restricts, over the long run, a workflow to running on the system on which it was developed. A scientist wanting to use two workflows developed by two different people and for different workflow systems will need to have access to both workflow systems. The contribution this paper makes is a qualitative and quantitative study of the tradeoffs of a hybrid workflow solution that utilizes multiple workflow systems and solutions to execute a single workflow. Our results indicate that the major tradeoffs are not in performance as much as they are in complexity.
Hubble Space Telescope and Ground-based Observations of I Zw 1 and Mrk 486 and the Variability of Polarization in Radio-quiet Active Galactic Nuclei

Hubble Space Telescope UV spectropolarimetry and new ground-based optical observations of the Seyfert 1/QSO I Zw 1 and highly polarized Seyfert 1 Mrk 486 are presented. I Zw 1 is found to be a polarimetric variable. Our data show that the polarization position angle has changed by ~50? compared to measurements obtained 10-15 yr ago. There is evidence that the degree of optical linear polarization may be variable as well, but for ? 4000 ?, P remained less than 1%. Optical/UV synchrotron radiation can be ruled out as the cause of the observed polarized flux and variations because the permitted lines are polarized. The optical polarization increases dramatically to the blue. In contrast, the UV polarization is roughly constant with wavelength at ~1% and falls far below the polarization level expected from ground-based observations. The overall wavelength dependence of the optical and UV polarization can be reconciled if the effect of starlight from the luminous host galaxy is taken into account. The strong increase in the optical polarization with decreasing wavelength for Mrk 486 continues into the UV and reaches nearly 8% by 2000 ?. This suggests that dust scattering may be the dominant polarizing mechanism in this object. Spectropolarimetry of H? and H? reveals complex polarization structure across the lines (mostly in the polarization position angle), leading to the conclusion that at least some of the scattering material is located within the broad-line region (BLR). These results are consistent with the BLR being composed of two distinct line-emitting regions: (1) a region of width ~1500 km s-1- (FWHM) polarized at P.A. 150?-160?, and (2) a region of width ~3000 km s-1- polarized at P.A. 100?-110?. Identification of these distinct regions in the BLR by their differing polarizations demonstrates the existence of an intermediate-line region in a low-luminosity AGN. Associated C IV absorption is detected in the UV spectrum of Mrk 486, in keeping with the general trend that high polarization in radio-quiet AGNs is somehow linked to the presence of absorbing gas. The object also shows evidence for variations in polarization. Observations acquired at two separate telescopes during 1994-1995 reveal a decrease of ~10? in polarization P.A. compared with earlier measurements. The polarization variability of these two objects, along with the deduced proximity of the scattering region to the nucleus of Mrk 486, argues that the structure of the scattering and/or emission-line regions in at least some radio-quiet AGNs evolve on relatively short time scales (a few years or less).
Clostridium difficile outcomes difficult to generalize

We read with interest the previous issue of Critical Care, in which Zahar and colleagues [1] described Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in patients during an intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Given some limitations of the authors' study, it is difficult to generalize from the results that CDI detected early will not affect ICU length of stay or mortality. The carrier effect, in which up to 20% of hospitalized patients can be chronic carriers of C. difficile, can affect results [2]. Unfortunately, chronic carriers are not identified. Furthermore, the 72-hour cutoff for ICU-acquired C. difficile seems somewhat arbitrary as it can be acquired faster and some patients were admitted to the ICU within the first 72 hours of hospital exposure [3]. In addition, variance in the first-line treatment of acquired CDI and its effect on treatment outcomes is unreported. Also, the detection immunoassay used a sensitivity well below (80%) those of the widely available cytotoxin neutralization assay (96%) and toxigenic culture (100%) [4]. Next, it is unclear whether the two populations were equally sick. The (younger) patients with diarrheal C. difficile were mechanically ventilated longer and received more proton pump inhibitors. Accordingly, unreported severity descriptors such as leukocytosis or renal insufficiency could influence mortality outcomes. Furthermore, total hospital length of stay should be compared since C. difficile diarrhea alone does not necessitate admission to the ICU. The retrospective cohort trial is appropriate, but testing stronger strains of C. difficile, using higher-sensitivity detection methods, and tracking the entire length of stay would more accurately support the authors' conclusions.
Variation in vasotocin immunoreactivity in the brain of recently isolated populations of a death valley pupfish, Cyprinodon nevadensis

Pupfishes in the Death Valley region of California and Nevada comprise a monophyletic group of populations that became isolated in remote streams and springs over the past 20,000 years. These aquatic habitats show considerable ecological diversity, and allopatric populations have evolved differences in morphology and behavior. Here we investigated whether the divergence of pupfish populations in Death Valley might be associated with changes in arginine vasotocin (AVT). We used immunocytochemistry to compare the expression of AVT in the brain of Amargosa pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis) from two Death Valley populations: (1) the Amargosa River-a highly variable desert stream containing the Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae subspecies, and (2) Big Spring-a comparatively stable springhead and outflow inhabited by Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes. These particular populations have been isolated from each other for only 400-4000 years. In both populations AVT-immunoreactive somata localized to parvocellular and magnocellular neurons in the preoptic area, with AVT-immunoreactive fibers extending ventrolaterally to innervate the pituitary. We found that both parvocellular and magnocellular AVT-immunoreactive neurons were significantly larger in males and females from the Amargosa River population than in same sex pupfish from Big Spring. Our findings suggest that the divergent ecological conditions of these two habitats have brought about changes in AVT pathways in the brain.
Advertising and monopoly power: The case of the electric utility industry—Comment

Clearly, many factors influence the amount and type of advertising undertaken by electric utilities. Collectively, the results of both studies suggest that the relationship between advertising and monopoly power in electric utilities depends crucially on variable definition, model specification, and sample period. It seems reasonable to conclude that the entire issue remains unresolved and may be unresolvable due to changes in FPC and DOE advertising accounts.
The Temple as a Symbol of Hindu Identity in America

For overseas Hindu communities, the temple became an important symbol of ethnic regrouping. From the indentured expatriates of sugar colonies of the colonial era through the recent, highly educated, Asian Indian immigrants to America, the Hindu temple has served as a place of worship and, even more importantly, as a symbol of heightened cultural identity. Although the role of the temple in the Hindu regrouping in the diaspora has been previously examined, this paper reexamines this process in America in light of new data. Preliminary results indicate that the Hindu temple is not only an important religious focus for American Hindus, but also has generated links between Indian and expatriate Hindus in new ways. In fact, vigorous temple building activity among all Hindu diasporic communities could lead to a renaissance in temple building and possibly in Hinduism itself. We examine the Hindu temple as a component of the Hindu regrouping process in the postindustrial American context.
Historical studies of rhetorical women here and there: Methodological challenges to dominant interpretive frameworks

Abstract This article examines theoretical premises of the historical study of rhetorical women, epistemological confusions caused by postmodernism, and challenges from the studies of black and Third World rhetorical women. On that basis it points out that the present difficulties in accepting discursive feminist methodologies in the study of rhetorical history are direct results of a continued adherence to certain established interpretive frameworks that dominate inquiry and knowledge construction in the field of rhetoric/composition.