cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the classification of bug reports to improve bug localization

Bug localization is the automated process of finding the possible faulty files in a software project. Bug localization allows developers to concentrate on vital files. Information retrieval (IR)-based approaches have been proposed to assist automatically identify software defects by using bug report information. However, some bug reports that are not semantically related to the relevant code are not helpful to IR-based systems. Running an IR-based reporting system can lead to false-positive results. In this paper, we propose a classification model for classifying a bug report as either uninformative or informative. Our approach helps to lower false positives and increase ranking performances by filtering uninformative information before running an IR-based bug location system. The model is based on implicit features learned from bug reports that use neural networks and explicit features defined manually. We test our proposed model on three open-source software projects that contain over 9000 bug reports. The results of the evaluation show that our model enhances the efficiency of a developed IR-based system in the trade-off between precision and recall. For implicit features, our tests with comparisons show that the LSTM network performs better than the CNN and multilayer perceptron with respect to the F-measurements. Combining both implicit and explicit features outperforms using only implicit features. Our classification model helps improve precision in bug localization tasks when precision is considered more important than recall.
Student perceptions of older adults after a music intervention: A mixed approach.

Abstract Aims The aims of this project were to investigate changes in nursing students’ attitudes and perceptions of older adults after implementing individualized Music and Memory© playlists. In addition, the inquiry sought to compare pre and post survey responses for changes in rankings of caring for the older adult as a career choice. The qualitative inquiry sought to explore students’ perceptions of their experience through narrative journaling for a better understanding of the experience. Design This study used an explanatory sequential mixed design. Methods A pre post-intervention approach was used for quantitative data collection along with a ranking item for career choices. Journal narratives completed within one week following the experience were explored for qualitative themes to better understand students’ experiences. Attitudes and perceptions of students (N = 44) were measured by two tools before and after implementation of Music and Memory© Interventions during a 7-week clinical experience. Student journals were analyzed for themes. Results In the two-tailed paired t-test, nursing students’ attitudes and perceptions of caring for older adults were analyzed for differences. Significance improvement was found in students’ reported interaction scores and other constructs (p ≤ .01). Mean ranking of caring for the older adult improved from 7.6 to 7.0 in the post intervention analysis. Student journals reported the activity as worthwhile and time consuming. Conclusions As the baby boomer generation ages the need for residential long-term care is projected to increase significantly. Recruiting and retaining nurses to care for this vulnerable population is challenging. Music and Memory© Interventions have the potential to change student attitudes and perceptions of the older adult that could improve caring for the older adult as a career choice.
Determination of X-ray detection limit and applications in perovskite X-ray detectors.

X-ray detection limit and sensitivity are important figure of merits for perovskite X-ray detectors, but literatures lack a valid mathematic expression for determining the lower limit of detection for a perovskite X-ray detector. In this work, we present a thorough analysis and new method for X-ray detection limit determination based on a statistical model that correlates the dark current and the X-ray induced photocurrent with the detection limit. The detection limit can be calculated through the measurement of dark current and sensitivity with an easy-to-follow practice. Alternatively, the detection limit may also be obtained by the measurement of dark current and photocurrent when repeatedly lowering the X-ray dose rate. While the material quality is critical, we show that the device architecture and working mode also have a significant influence on the sensitivity and the detection limit. Our work establishes a fair comparison metrics for material and detector development. The limit of X-ray detection is an important figure of merit for X-ray detectors, yet the suitability of method adopted from Currie’s 1968 paper and the following international standard is in doubt. Here, the authors propose a statistical model that correlates dark current and photo-current, show how it can be used to determine detection limit.
Computational Electromagnetics in Biomedical Applications: a Tribute to Prof. Tapan Sarkar

Computational electromagnetics has evolved greatly over the past several decades, owing in great part to the trasnformational improvements in computing infrastructures and power. Biomedical applications stand among the applications that have benefited the most from this transformational change - the evolution of computational algorithms paired with unprecedented computational resources fueled significant progress in medical devices development, neuroengineering, imaging, and more.
Future Noaa Leo Constellation: Temperature and Moisture Sounding for Nwp and Future Observations

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has begun launching its next generation of weather satellites both in polar and geostationary orbit. Over the next decade, NOAA will launch the remaining three polar satellites and two geostationary satellites. Based on the projected lifetimes of these satellites, NOAA needs to launch the next generation of weather satellites around 2030. NOAA conducted a study, titled the NOAA Satellite Observing System Architecture (NSOSA) study, to plan for the next generation of weather satellites. This study provided an opportunity to envision a modern, future architecture with no pre-conceived notions regarding instruments, platforms, orbits, etc., but driven by user needs. NOAA has begun to initiate projects to develop the new satellite constellation. This paper will provide an update on progress on the ongoing work since that time and show a possible Low Earth Orbit (LEO) pathway to achieve a subset of the overall future satellite constellation. We will focus on a discussion of approaches being considered for future low earth orbit weather satellite systems, including partial disaggregation and potential capability augmentation, and lessons learned from community engagement and Broad Agency Announcement studies. The result of this work will lead to the continuity of essential high quality environmental remote sensing data for use by the public and the meteorological and climatological communities.
Book Review : Aligning for Learning, Strategies fr Teaching Effectiveness by Donald Wulff, Editor (Anker, 2005)

Excerpt: Dr. Donald Wulff has been a highly esteemed leader in the area of teaching and learning in higher education, most recently as Director for the Center for Instructional Development and Research at the University of Washington. Although he passed away earlier this year, he has left the world of SOTL with many valuable research projects and publications.
Chapter 34 Price Discrimination and Competition

This chapter surveys the developments in price discrimination theory as it applies to imperfectly competitive markets. Broad themes and conclusions are discussed in the areas of first-, second- and third-degree price discrimination, pricing under demand uncertainty, bundling and behavior-based discrimination.
Chapter 11 Intertemporal asset pricing theory

Abstract This is a survey of the basic theoretical foundations of intertemporal asset pricing theory. The broader theory is first reviewed in a simple discrete-time setting, emphasizing the key role of state prices. The existence of state prices is equivalent to the absence of arbitrage. State prices, which can be obtained from optimizing investors' marginal rates of substitution, can be used to price contingent claims. In equilibrium, under locally quadratic utility, this leads to Breeden's consumption-based capital asset pricing model. American options call for special handling. After extending the basic modeling approach to continuous-time settings, we turn to such applications as the dynamics of the term structure of interest rates, futures and forwards, option pricing under jumps and stochastic volatility, and the market valuation of corporate securities. The pricing of defaultable corporate debt is treated from a direct analysis of the incentives or ability of the firm to pay, and also by standard reduced-form methods that take as given an intensity process for default. This survey does not consider asymmetric information, and assumes price-taking behavior and the absence of transactions costs and many other market imperfections.
Echo planar imaging with a contrast medium in studying brain perfusion

Echo planar imaging is a new MRI technique capable of producing images in short periods of time. This type of examination has the time resolution required to study the first passage of contrast medium through an organ. We report observations using this technique in 12 patients with regional variations in perfusion due to cerebral gliomas.
Early detection of true factors in univariate polynominal factorization

An algorithm which recovers a rational number from its image modulo a suitable prime or prime power is used in the p-adic lifting stage of univariate polynomial factorization to detect the formation of true factors. Such detections are usually made long before the modulus reaches the coefficient bound. The early removal of factors results in a reduced lifting problem and a lower coefficient bound. Algorithms are specified. Actual computer timing data are included.
A Review of Recent Developments in the Economics of Fertility

Following its heart-stopping roller coaster ride in the decades after World War II, the U.S. total fertility rate settled into the doldrums, hovering around 1.8 for the better part of the 1970s and 1980s. The economy rose and fell, taking with it wages and employment rates; the baby boom gradually assumed its place in the labor force as the focus shifted to the baby bust generation; and female labor force participation rates continued to climb — but the fertility rate stolidly refused to budge significantly in either direction. Why bother trying to model something that isn’t moving? In the United States the ‘official response’ to fertility patterns over the past two decades is summed up well in the following statement from Patrick Thompson et al. (1989):
Infection and Inflammation

Despite dramatic advances in its prevention and treatment, infection remains a major cause of morbidity in children, accounting for approximately 30 % of childhood deaths worldwide (Children’s Infection Defense Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 2004). The development of powerful antimicrobial agents has improved patient survival, but timely diagnosis is equally, if not more, important. In adults, most infections can be diagnosed with a thorough history, a complete physical examination, and appropriate laboratory tests. In the pediatric population, unfortunately, this is a difficult task. Children do not, or will not, verbalize their feelings, and often the history is little more than secondhand information obtained from a parent. The physical examination of an ailing child can be difficult, if not impossible. Further complicating matters is the fact that conditions such as vasculitis and other inflammatory diseases can mimic infection. Consequently, empiric treatment with antibiotics, which may be neither appropriate nor effective, often is instituted. Imaging procedures usually are reserved for those patients in whom symptoms or physical findings point to a specific region of the body. Because of concerns about radiation exposure, pediatricians tend to utilize radionuclide imaging only as a last recourse after all other resources have been exhausted. The nuclear physician often is faced with the formidable task of diagnosing and localizing infection and inflammation late in the course of an illness when an expeditious and correct diagnosis is even more critical.
The Special Interest Race to CEO Primacy and the End of Corporate Governance Law.

Recently, many respected business leaders have voiced concern that corporate governance in American public companies has moved toward CEO primacy or a dictatorship of the CEO, and away from traditional notions of shareholder primacy. This article shows that this concern is well-founded. The current system of corporate governance tends toward management indulgences. This is clearly reflected in key legal elements of corporate governance, which embrace increasing laxity. New empirical evidence also suggests that the trend of corporate governance is away from more demanding standards that seem to reduce agency costs and enhance financial and economic performance. The model that best explains corpo-rate governance dynamics are economic models of special interest influence rather than any largely mythical race to ever more optimal corporate governance standards. This article concludes that the sub-optimality of corporate governance is crisis prone and subject to challenge from competing nations. Therefore as currently constructed the system is unsustainable.
An alcohol fuels programme: Will it solve surplus grain production?

Abstract Long-run responses in the US agricultural sector to large alcohol programmes are examined. Potential domestic and export markets for grain by-products from alcohol production are calculated. The analyses consider the grain by-products from both wet and dry milling processing technologies. Results of these analyses indicate much smaller price responses and very different policy implications than previous studies. These different results are critical in the consideration of utilizing alcohol programmes to boost grain prices, as well as in the consideration of the economics of alcohol programmes to provide an alternative fuel.
History and current plans for U.S. scientific cabled observatories for time series

Summary form only given. Sustained ocean observing systems hold the promise of revolutionizing ocean related science within this decade. Enable by technological advances and further fueled by societal need, a wide range of ocean and earth observing systems are being planned, proposed, deployed and operated. Both envisioned and existing observation systems emphasize real-time datasets for event response and adaptive sampling, well-sampled spatial and temporal contexts for limited-duration or process-study experiments, and sustained operation to observe long-term trends and capture rare episodic events. Collaborative science is similarly emphasized, with the widespread availability of increasingly multi-disciplinary datasets stimulating previously unfeasible cross-correlation analyses in the search associations or causal relationships. Extensive observations are increasingly being used in combination with interdisciplinary models through growing model development, coupling, validation and assimilation activities. The rapidly expanding observation and modeling capabilities are enabling scientists to consider an entirely new set of interdisciplinary science questions. In turn, the new questions can be used to guide and prioritize implementation strategies for upgrading existing, and deploying new, observatories. The scientific cabled observatories for time series (SCOTS) report is a significant part of the implementation process for one specific type of ocean observatory. It documents community input on the scientific questions best served by regional networks of the cabled observatories in three targeted domains - the open ocean, geologic plates, and coastal. The report is directed primarily toward those charged with the development of observatory implementation plans that address the priority science. This talk will report on both of these efforts, first by summarizing the experience of existing U.S. cabled observatories, and second by outlining the prioritized science plans.
Private Insurance Markets or Redistributive Taxes

We explore the welfare consequences of different taxation schemes in an economy where agents are debt-constrained. If agents default on their debt, they are banned from future intertemporal trade, but retain their private (labor) endowments which are subject to income taxation. We impose individual rationality constraints on agents guaranteeing no default in equilibrium and we solve for efficient consumption distribution across agents. A change in the tax system changes the severity of punishment from default. We demonstrate that a change to a more redistributive tax system leads to a restriction of the set of contracts that are individually rational and that this restriction leads to a limitation of possible risk sharing via private contracts. The welfare consequences of a change in the tax system depend on the relative magnitudes of increased risk sharing forced by the new tax system and the reduced risk sharing in private insurance markets. We quantitatively address this issue by calibrating an artificial economy to US income and tax data. We show that for a plausible selection of the structural parameters of our model, the change to a more redistributive tax system leads to less risk sharing among individuals and, hence, lower ex-ante welfare.
Revisiting the 1954 Coup in Guatemala: The Soviet Union, the United Nations, and "Hemispheric Solidarity"

This article reevaluates the U.S.-backed coup in 1954 that overthrew Guatemala's democratically elected president, Jacobo Arbenz Guzman. The coup is generally portrayed as the opening shot of the Cold War in the Western Hemisphere and a watershed moment for U.S.–Latin American relations, when the United States supplanted its Good Neighbor Policy with a hardline anti-Communist approach. Despite the extensive literature on the coup, the Soviet Union's perspectives on the matter have received scant discussion. Using Soviet-bloc and United Nations (UN) archival sources, this article shows that Latin American Communists and Soviet sympathizers were hugely influential in shaping Moscow's perceptions of hemispheric relations. Although regional Communists petitioned the Soviet Union to provide support to Arbenz, officials in Moscow were unwilling to prop up what they considered a “bourgeois-democratic” revolution tottering under the weight of U.S. military pressure. Soviet leaders were, however, keen to use their...
Humanism and the death penalty, with special emphasis on the post-Furman experience

Despite the recent reversal in death penalty policy in the United States, debate over the constitutionality of the death penalty continues. In 1976, when the Court held that new “guided discretion statutes” did not violate the Eighth and the Fourteenth Amendments, the majority believed that the new statutes would eliminate the “humanistic concerns” about the death penalty which they found problematic in pre-Furman statutes. Evidence described in this study shows that the majority was wrong. Humanistic concerns, critical to the constitutionality of the death penalty, remain problematic under post-Furman statutes. This paper examines the humanistic concerns of the Supreme Court with special emphasis on the post-Furman experience and sketches a humanist justification for abolition of the death penalty.
Extended duty cycle from the Harwell synchro-cyclotron

Abstract A rotating target is described which increases the extracted proton pulse duration from the synchrocyclotron by a factor of 20
Development of a Patient-Specific Computer Model of Glenohumeral Capsular Plication and Shoulder Instability

Shoulder dislocations occur when the humeral head translates over the edge of the glenoid socket of the scapula, permanently stretching the capsular ligaments. This injury of the capsular tissue results in pathological joint laxity which is a major contributor to recurrent dislocations and is a key feature of shoulder instability. The ideal surgical parameters to correct this pathology have yet to be established due to a lack of understanding of how shoulder kinematics and capsular mechanics are affected by different surgical procedures. To address this knowledge gap, we developed patient-specific computer models of the shoulder which include anatomically accurate models of the capsule. The purpose of this study was to simulate capsular plication of the glenohumeral ligaments and to evaluate the effect different degrees of plication had on glenohumeral joint laxity and rotation.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Advocating a Functional Approach to Determining Adjudicative Competency in Juveniles

The U.S. Supreme Court required extending to juvenile delinquency proceedings those due process rights guaranteed in criminal proceedings. Most states have recognized the legal concept of adjudicative competence for participation in juvenile cases, although the Supreme Court has never established a standard for adjudicative competence in juvenile proceedings. Consequently, competency requirements for participation in delinquency cases vary considerably across states. With the extensive variability and the ambiguity of many state's statutes on the subject, forensic evaluators and attorneys are frequently confused about appropriate competence procedures with youthful defendants. This article recommends a functional-ability-based approach to evaluating competency in juvenile defendants. Such an approach promotes effective understanding and participation in adjudicative proceedings without requiring a specific age, mental health status or IQ-cutoff for incompetency findings.
Effect of surface nucleation on isothermal crystallization kinetics: Theory, simulation and experiment

Abstract Surface nucleation of poly( l / d -lactide) at the interface with aluminum was studied by performing isothermal DSC analysis of amorphous samples of varying thickness between 100 °C and 130 °C. To ensure complete wetting of the aluminum surface, a hot melt laminating process was used to prepare the samples. Theoretical aspects of surface crystallization kinetics were explored and the resulting model was compared with the results of Monte-Carlo simulations. Three stages of surface crystallization were identified depending on the growth geometry: (1) impingement-free growth, (2) increasingly laterally-constrained transverse growth, and (3) interstitial growth. By fitting the Monte-Carlo simulation to the experimental half-times of crystallization the surface nucleation concentration and the bulk nucleation rate was estimated at 4 different temperatures. It was found that both surface nucleation concentration and the bulk nucleation concentration decrease with increasing crystallization temperature.
Detecting faces in impoverished images

Abstract The ability to detect faces in images is of critical ecological significance. It is a pre-requisite for other important face perception tasks such as person identification, gender classification and affect analysis. Here we address the question of how the visual system classifies images into face and non-face patterns. We focus on face detection in impoverished images, which allow us to explore information thresholds required for different levels of performance. Our experimental results provide lower bounds on image resolution needed for reliable discrimination between face and non-face patterns and help characterize the nature of facial representations used by the visual system under degraded viewing conditions. Specifically, they enable an evaluation of the contribution of luminance contrast, image orientation and local context on face-detection performance. Research reported in this paper was supported in part by funds from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and a Sloan fellowship for neuroscience to PS.
Serotonin as a regulator of craniofacial morphogenesis: site specific malformations following exposure to serotonin uptake inhibitors.

During craniofacial development in the mouse embryo (days 9–12 of gestation; plug day = day 1), transient expression of serotonin (5-HT) uptake in epithelial structures of this region correlates with critical morphogenetic events (Lauder et al., '88; Shuey, '91; Shuey et al., '89, '92). The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the possible functional significance of these uptake sites by examination of patterns of dysmorphology following exposure of embryos to selective 5-HT uptake inhibitors. Exposure of mouse embryos in whole embryo culture to sertraline, at a concentration (10 μM) which produced no evidence of general embryotoxicity, caused craniofacial malformations consistent with direct action at 5-HT uptake sites. Two other 5-HT uptake inhibitors, fluoxetine and amitriptyline, produced similar defects. The critical period of sertraline exposure occurred on days 10–11. The observed craniofacial defects were associated with decreased proliferation and extensive cell death in mesenchyme located 5–6 cell layers deep from the overlying epithelium. In contrast, the subepithelial mesenchymal layers showed normal or elevated levels of proliferation. From these results it appears that inhibition of 5-HT uptake into craniofacial epithelia may produce developmental defects by interference with serotonergic regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal interactions important for normal craniofacial morphogenesis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
POLYNOMIALS FOR A FAMILY OF BRUNNIAN LINKS

We apply skein relations to derive recurrence relations for the HOMFLY polynomials of a family of Brunnian links. Solution of the recurrence relations yields closed-form formulas for the HOMFLY and hence the Jones polynomials.
A basic sequence in STIM1 promotes Ca2+ influx by interacting with the C-terminal acidic coiled coil of Orai1

Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a ubiquitous signaling process in eukaryotic cells in which the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized Ca2+ sensor, STIM1, activates the plasma membrane-localized Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel, Orai1, in response to emptying of ER Ca2+ stores. In efforts to understand this activation mechanism, we recently identified an acidic coiled-coil region in the C-terminus of Orai1 that contributes to physical association between these two proteins, as measured by fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and is necessary for Ca2+ influx, as measured by an intracellular Ca2+ indicator. Here, we present evidence that a positively charged sequence of STIM1 in its CRAC channel activating domain, human residues 384−386, is necessary for activation of SOCE, most likely because this sequence interacts directly with the acidic coiled coil of Orai1 to gate Ca2+ influx. We find that mutation to remove positive charges in these residues in STIM1 prevents its stimulated association...
Reference Matching of Dissimilar Binary Odor Mixtures

Hexanal (C6) and octanal (C8) exhibit two different odor qualities at all concentrations: C6 is perceived as green, while C8 is perceived as citrus. This paper examines the odor perception (quality + intensity) of C6–C8 binary mixtures by varying the concentration ratios within the mixtures and using an odor reference-matching task to estimate perceived intensity. Three perceptible concentrations of C6 and C8, low (L), medium (M), and high (H), were prepared. Subjects were trained to match the quality and intensity of blind samples of these standards with their appropriate reference. Mixtures were composed of a focal or “figure” odorant (indicated below in bold) of the same odor quality as the references and a second odorant defined as the “ground” odorant. In subsequent sessions, subjects were asked to evaluate their perception of the quality of the focal odorant in a C6–C8 mixture. Stimuli for C6 matching tasks, where C6 was both the reference and the figure, were: 6L-8M, 6M-8L, 6M-8M, 6M-8H, and 6H-8M. The C8 matching tasks were the same, except that the roles of C6 and C8 were reversed. When the figure odorant was stronger than or iso-intense to the ground odorant, mixtures were often matched to a less intense reference, indicating suppression (compensation) of the figure by the ground odorant.
Immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine protease: effects on experimental gingivitis and ligature-induced periodontitis in Macaca fascicularis

Targeting bacterial virulence factors such as proteases for immunization may hold the key to limiting or preventing loss of attachment and alveolar bone in periodontal disease. This study examined the clinical, microbiological, and immununological responses following active immunization with a purified Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine protease (porphypain-2) in the nonhuman primate (Nhp) Macaca fascicularis. One group of Nhp was immunized with porphypain-2 antigen while control Nhp received placebo injections. All Nhp were subjected to experimental gingivitis followed by ligature-induced periodontitis in a split-mouth design. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that immunization elicited a significantly elevated and specific IgG antibody response to both whole cell P. gingivalis (36-fold) and to porphypain-2 (194-fold). Checkerboard hybridization DNA analysis of subgingival plaque from ligated sextants demonstrated that 25% more Gram-negative anaerobic species became significantly elevated from baseline and at earlier timepoints in the control group than in the immununized group. Immunization with this protease did not suppress the emergence of P. gingivalis. Clinical indices showed few changes related to immunization. Alveolar bone density changes demonstrated a highly significant loss in ligated sextants compared to non-ligated sextants within the control group (P < 0.001), and a smaller but significant difference within the immunized group (P = 0.043). Comparison of ligated sextants only demonstrated more bone loss in the control group versus the immunized group (-13.07+/-9.51 versus -9.41+/-6.18; computer-assisted densitometric image analysis units +/- SD); the difference approached, but did not reach, significance. The results suggest that porphypain-2 may contribute to the pathogenic potential of the subgingival plaque microbiota in the Nhp model of ligature-induced periodontitis, and that active immunization with porphypain-2 appeared capable of altering this pathogenic response.
Use of Mixer-Torque Measurements as an Aid to Optimizing Wet Granulation Process

AbstractInstrumentation designed for monitoring the wet granulation process is described. A Hobart mixer was instrumented with a slip ring torque sensor using a voltage of 5 volts D.C. to excite a strain gauge bridge. An amplifier was used to magnify the low signal levels produced by the strain gauge bridge and the gain was set at 179.6 so that 2 volts equals 200 inch ounce. The output was recorded using a Bascom-Turner recorder. The relative dynamic torque, was measured in millivolts as a function of granulating fluid added and time to optimize the granulation process using the planetary mixer. The instrumentation described in this paper has considerable potential for optimization and validation studies for wet granulation procedures.
High resolution inelastic x-ray scattering spectrometer at the advanced photon source

We have commissioned a new instrument for high resolution inelastic x-ray scattering on the inelastic scattering beamline of the Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation Collaborative Access Team on sector 3 of the Advanced Photon Source. So far, the instrument is set up at 13.84 keV with a total energy resolution of 7.5 meV and a momentum resolution of ⩽0.1 A−1. We present technical details of the instrument, which includes an in-line monochromator, a focusing mirror, and a focusing analyzer. The performance of the instrument was demonstrated in studies of phonons in diamond and chromium.
Ellipsometric characterization of multilayer transistor structures

Abstract Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry has been used to determine layer thicknesses, alloy compositions and lateral homogeneity in the relatively complex semiconductor multilayer structures used for modulation-doped field effect transistors. Specifically, we have simultaneously determined five GaAs/Al x Ga 1 As layer thicknesses and the alloy compositions x in two of these layers. Good fits between experimental data, and predicted data based on parameter-dependent models were found. In a system with seven unknown ellipsometric parameters to be solved there is potential for the correlation of variables. Thus, we have made a careful study of correlation and the dependence of solved parameter values on the mean-square error value determined in the regression analysis. Lateral homogeneity of molecular beam epitaxial-grown layer thicknesses in similar structures has also been investigated.
Isolation of DNA from plants high in polyphenolics

DNA suitable for digestion with restriction endonucleases has been isolated fromTheobroma cacao, a plant high in polyphenolic compounds, and several other plant taxa using the method presented in this paper. The method relies on concentrating nuclei away from most of the cytoplasmic components and inhibiting the formation of oxidized polyphenolic compounds and their interaction with the DNA fraction in the remaining steps.
Influenza A (H1N1) virus infection triggers severe pulmonary inflammation in lupus-prone mice following viral clearance

Each year, up to one fifth of the United States population is infected with influenza virus. Although mortality rates are low, hundreds of thousands are hospitalized each year in the United States. Specific high risk groups, such as those with suppressed or dysregulated immune systems, are at greater danger for influenza complications. Respiratory infections are a common cause of hospitalizations and early mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, whether this increased infection risk is a consequence of the underlying dysregulated immune background and/or immunosuppressing drugs is unknown. To evaluate the influenza immune response in the context of lupus, as well as assess the effect of infection on autoimmune disease in a controlled setting, we infected lupus-prone MRL/MpJ-Faslpr mice with influenza virus A PR/8/34 H1N1. Interestingly, we found that Faslpr mice generated more influenza A virus specific T cells with less neutrophil accumulation in the lung during acute infection. Moreover, Faslpr mice produced fewer flu-specific IgG and IgM antibodies, but effectively cleared the virus. Further, increased extrinsic apoptosis during influenza infection led to a delay in autoimmune disease pathology with decreased severity of splenomegaly and kidney disease. Following primary influenza A infection, Faslpr mice had severe complications during the contraction and resolution phase with widespread severe pulmonary inflammation. Our findings suggest that influenza infection may not exacerbate autoimmune pathology in mice during acute infection as a direct result of virus induced apoptosis. Additionally, autoimmunity drives an enhanced antigen-specific T cell response to clear the virus, but persisting pulmonary inflammation following viral clearance may cause complications in this lupus animal model.
A New Species of Cryptantha (Boraginaceae) from the Sierra De San Pedro Mártir, Baja California, Mexico

Abstract Cryptantha martirensis M. G. Simpson & Rebman is described as new, being endemic to high elevations of the Sierra de San Pedro Martir of Baja California, Mexico. It is sparse to common in the understory of coniferous woodland and in montane arroyos, slopes, and ridges in sandy to gravelly granitic substrates. This new species is similar to C. muricata (Hooker & Arnott) A. Nelson & J. F. Macbride in having nutlets with a shallow, dorsal ridge. It differs from the three recognized varieties of C. muricata in having a combination of tall and virgate primary stems with short and clustered inflorescence units; stems with mostly appressed and a few sparse, fine, spreading trichomes; a small corolla limb; and relatively large nutlets with dorsal tubercles that are low, rounded, and few per area. Quantitative evidence justifying these differences is summarized.
Antisweet activity of gymnemic acid A1 and its derivatives

Abstract A method was derived to isolate gymnemic acid A1, a main component of gymnemic acid A, for preparative purpose. Acids esterified in the genin of gymnemic acid A1 were determined to be 1 mole of acetic, 2 moles of isovaleric and 1 mole of tiglic acids. Gymnemic acid A1 was converted into A2, and finally into A3 by alkaline hydrolysis. Antisweet activity of A1 was greatly decreased by conversion into A2, while A3 and had no activity. It is suggested that the ester group in the genin has an important role in the manifestation of the antisweet activity of gymnemic acid A1. Studies regarding antisweet activity of gymnemic acid on other sweet compounds besides sugars indicated that gymnemic acid A1 suppresses the sweet taste of cyclamate, D-amino acids, beryllium chloride, and lead acetate and that it does no suppress the sweet taste of chloroform.
Synchrotrace: synchronization-aware architecture-agnostic traces for light-weight multicore simulation

Trace-driven simulation of chip multiprocessor (CMP) systems offers many advantages over execution-driven simulation, such as reducing simulation time and complexity, and allowing portability, and scalability. However, trace-based simulation approaches have encountered difficulty capturing and accurately replaying multi-threaded traces due to the inherent non-determinism in the execution of multi-threaded programs. In this work, we present SynchroTrace, a scalable, flexible, and accurate trace-based multi-threaded simulation methodology. The methodology captures synchronization- and dependency-aware, architectureagnostic, multi-threaded traces and uses a replay mechanism that plays back these traces correctly. By recording synchronization events and dependencies in the traces, independent of the host architecture, the methodology is able to accurately model the non-determinism of multi-threaded programs for different platforms. We validate the SynchroTrace simulation flow by successfully achieving the equivalent results of a constraint-based design space exploration with the Gem5 Full-System simulator. The results from simulating benchmarks from PARSEC 2.1 and Splash-2 show that our trace-based approach with trace filtering has a peak speedup of up to 18.4ξ over simulation in Gem5 Full-System with an average of about 7.5ξ speedup. We are also able to compress traces up to 74% of their original size with almost no impact on accuracy.
Psychopharmacotherapy of suicide

Abstract Approximately 60% of suicides are due to major affective illness; another 20% are due to affective spectrum disorders. Suicidal patients must be evaluated for major and minor psychiatric illness presenting with self-destructive impulses, and diagnosis-specific psychopharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy should be provided.
Organic Aqueous Tunable Solvents (OATS): A Vehicle for Coupling Reactions and Separations

In laboratory-based chemical synthesis, the choice of the solvent and the means of product purification are rarely determined by cost or environmental impact considerations. When a reaction is scaled up for industrial applications, however, these choices are critical: the separation of product from the solvent, starting materials, and byproduct usually constitutes 60−80% of the overall cost of a process. In response, researchers have developed solvents and solvent-handling methods to optimize both the reaction and the subsequent separation steps on the manufacturing scale. These include “switchable” solvents, which are designed so that their physical properties can be changed abruptly, as well as “tunable” solvents, wherein the solvent’s properties change continuously through the application of an external stimulus. In this Account, we describe the organic aqueous tunable solvent (OATS) system, examining two instructive and successful areas of application of OATS as well as its clear potential for further...
New intercalation compounds of transition metal dichalcogenides

Abstract In this paper we describe the preparation and characterization of ethylenediamine-intercalated 6R-TaS2 and octylamine-intercalated 2H-TaS2. We also describe attempts to intercalate various electron acceptor species into transition metal dichalcogenides.
Relative Effects of Cooling and Lubrication in Micro-Milling of Aluminum and the Design of Atomization Cooling and Lubrication Systems

Accelerated tool wear and tool breakage are significant problems in micro-machining processes such as micro-milling. Traditional flood cooling processes are unsuitable for micro-milling due to the excessive collision force between the fluid stream and the tool being large enough to affect the accuracy of the cutting process. In this research an atomization-based cooling and lubrication system is presented that delivers atomized cutting fluids to a micro-milling tool through the use of an original nozzle design based on two orthogonally-directed streams. The system and nozzle is used to investigate the relative importance of cooling and lubrication on micro-milling of 6061 T6 cold-rolled aluminum with a 0.508 mm diameter two-fluted end mill. Six cutting conditions are experimentally evaluated based on cutting forces and tool life. Lubrication is investigated through two concentrations (10% and 25%) of a semi-synthetic cutting fluid. Cooling is investigated through the use of atomized deionized water as well as dry cutting with cooling provided by a Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube. Dry cutting was used as a control. Statistical testing revealed the importance of lubrication relative to cooling when machining on the micro-scale as deionized water performed the worst of all tests conducted. Based on the experimental results, recommendations are made for the design of future micro-machining cooling and lubrication systems.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
An Activity-product Affiliation Network Approach to Study Product Convergence Opportunities

A vast majority of new products in the consumer electronics market are marked by improvements to contemporary products. It is reported that companies spend billions of dollars on product convergence projects in an effort to combine existing products. In this paper, a systematic methodology to explore new product convergence opportunities is presented. The methodology consists of the following major steps: (1) Create an activity-product affiliation network and then extract the product network in which products are related to each other by virtue of being affiliated to the same activity. (2) Explore the product network to determine the aristocrat products (based on the degree of product connectivity) and products that are affiliated to two or more activities (called bridge products). (3) Scrutinize and retain products that are both aristocrats and bridge products (called critical bridge products) based on their market potential and network stability. (4) Investigate convergence opportunities for these critical bridge products using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) model and local centrality method. The application of the proposed method is demonstrated using an example case that consists of 16 activities and 232 different consumer products.
Is image subtraction necessary in the clinical interpretation of single-day split-dose stress cerebral perfusion single-photon emission tomography using technetium-99m compounds?

The aim of this study was to validate a simplified semiquantitative method of evaluating a single-day stress cerebral perfusion test to obtain cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVRC) for routine clinical uses. A split-dose protocol was tested in 36 pairs of technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amino oxime baseline (low dose) and acetazolamide (high dose) stress brain single-photon emission tomographic (SPET) studies from 16 patients with cerebrovascular disease. The images were displayed on a semiquantitative color scale with (corrected) and without (uncorrected) image subtraction, dose adjustment, and decay correction. The representative CVRC was determined by placing 3×3 pixel regions of interest on midthalamic and midcerebellar slices. The corrected and uncorrected relative changes in CVRC were correlated using linear regression. The relative changes of corrected (x) and uncorrected (y) CVRC by quantitative analysis were highly correlated in a linear fashion (y=0.67x+0.002,r=0.998,P<0.0005). As predicted by theory, the slope was related to the ratio of split dose and independent of ROI sampling. Single-day split-dose stress brain SPET can be accurately performed without image subtraction and complicated dose adjustment or decay correction for clinical studies.
Prospective fate map of the mouse primitive streak at 7.5 days of gestation

Fluorescent dyes were used in the present study to map three rostrocaudal levels of the primitive streak of mouse embryos at 7.5 days of gestation. Injections at the most rostral level, the 1/4 streak level, principally labeled cells of the paraxial mesoderm, including mesenchyme in the head, and somites and segmental plate mesoderm in the trunk. Injections at the intermediate level, the 1/2 streak level, principally labeled cells of the lateral plate mesoderm of the trunk. Injections at the most caudal level, the 3/4 streak level, principally labeled cells of the extraembryonic mesoderm at the periphery (i.e., caudolateral portion) of the embryo adjacent to the developing amnion, yolk sac, and allantois. However, injections placed at all three primitive-streak levels provided some labeled cells to the areas of the ingressed mesoderm derived from immediately adjacent levels, suggesting that prospective mesodermal areas are not fully spatially segregated from one another at this stage. These data combined with those from a companion study in which the structure of the node was defined and its derivatives were mapped (Sulik et al. [1994] Dev. Dyn. 201:260—278) allowed us to construct a prospective fate map of the mouse primitive streak at 7.5 days of gestation. This map revealed that mediolateral subdivisions of the ingressed mesoderm were arrayed in rostrocaudal sequence within the primitive streak, such that more rostral levels of the streak contained prospective medial cells (e.g., notochord and paraxial mesoderm), intermediate levels contained prospective intermediate cells (e.g., intermediate mesoderm or nephrotome and lateral plate mesoderm), and more caudal levels contained prospective lateromost cells (e.g., extraembryonic mesoderm). Prospective mesodermal cells, with the exception of those of the notochord, ingressed bilaterally from the primitive streak, contributing to the mesoderm on both the right and left sides of the axis. Our prospective fate map of the mouse primitive streak at 7.5 days of gestation, when compared to a map of the avian primitive streak at a comparable stage of development (Schoenwolf et al. [1992] Dev. Dyn. 193:235—248), demonstrates that considerable congruity exists between the locations of mesoderm precursor cells in birds and mammals. Thus, similar morphogenetic movements underlie mesoderm formation during avian and mammalian gastrulation. Moreover, prospective mesodermal locations within the mouse primitive streak correspond to recently described patterns of early gene expression (Sasaki and Hogan [1993] Development 118:47—59; Takada et al. [1994] Genes Dev. 8:174—189; Rossant, personal communication). © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Studying the mononuclear phagocyte system in the molecular age

Immunologists are making good progress in unravelling the intricacies of the mononuclear phagocyte system, and this is largely due to recent technological advances. This article describes the current tools that exist for studying the origins and functions of mononuclear phagocytes and discusses the future technologies that will enable further progress in the field.