cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adam Smith's moral philosophy : a historical and contemporary perspective on markets, law, ethics, and culture

Part I. On Adam Smith's Moral Philosophical Vision: 1. Adam Smith's vision 2. On human nature, social norms, co-evolution, natural selection, and the human prospect 3. On the role of positive law in humankind's evolution 4. On the role of religion in humankind's evolution Part II. On the Place of The Wealth of Nations in Adam Smith's Moral Philosophical Vision: 5. On the progress of opulence, setting the scene in Book I of The Wealth of Nations 6. The role of capital in the progress of opulence: the analysis of Book II of The Wealth of Nations 7. An unnatural path to natural progress: Smith represents the power of his principles in Book III of The Wealth of Nations 8. Smith on the mercantile system and the evolution of His Voice: Book IV of The Wealth of Nations and Part VI of The Theory of Moral Sentiments 9. On the role of government: Book V of The Wealth of Nations Part III. On Adam Smith's Moral Philosophical Vision and the Modern Discourse: 10. 'Chicago Smith' versus 'Kirkaldy Smith' 11. Toward a dynamic three dimensional analysis 12. The liberal plan and the quandary of capital.
The Case of the Eroding Special Immigrant Juvenile Status

This Article provides a case study of a larger problem in American administrative law: the creation of unexecuted rights, with a focus in particular on the recent degradation of the Special Immigrant Juvenile Status (SIJS). Nearly twenty years ago, Congress drafted legislation providing for a pathway to citizenship for unaccompanied minors. In subsequent years, the Department of Homeland Security has ignored Congress' mandate to issue policy directives implementing the benefits and privileges associated with SIJS in a manner that would allow eligible persons to take advantage of this status. After explicating the nature of this creeping erosion of the SIJS mandate, especially as it impacts former foster youth with disabilities, the Article calls for DHS to create clear guidelines that can be implemented in a uniform fashion, treating all applicants in a fair and effective manner to clarify and extend the reach of SIJS.
Effect of Crack Closure in Nb–H Alloys

ABSTRACT The effect of crack closure on near-threshold fatigue crack propagation rate has been investigated in niobium-hydrogen alloys. The study was undertaken with the ultimate goal of determining the role of hydrogen in conjunction with effects of crack closure on the fatigue and embrittlement processes of niobium as a representative of group VA metals. Fatigue tests were performed at room temperature on a hydrogen-free specimen as well as specimens containing hydrogen in solid solution and in the form of hydride. Compact specimens were tested using a tension-tension loading cycle at a frequency of 4 Hz and load ratios of 0.05, 0.4 and 0.75.
Analysis of Published Cast Iron Experimental Data

Material selection is always driven by multiple constraints. Tools available to a designer such as Ashby plots can be used to study and relate properties, such as density and stiffness, of various material systems. One class of materials, cast iron, has a rich history of property characterization over the last 200 years. In the cast iron system, the resultant microstructure plays an important role in the final properties. In addition to chemistry, the microstructure of cast iron develops from process variables such as addition sequence, spherodizing treatment, inoculation treatment, hold time, solidification rate, cooling rate, etc. Full computational modeling of this material is elusive because of these many process variables and spatial variations. Numerous works have been done in the past to control the microstructure to achieve a desired grade of cast iron. The purpose of this review is to compile and compare the historical experimental results. Important cast iron properties such as ultimate tensile strength, thermal conductivity, and ultrasonic velocity are catalogued into a database from the reported properties. This work should help those gaps in experimental and modeling work to be more easily identified for future research programs.
Measuring situational awareness at the small unit tactical level

The purpose of this study is to propose and validate a method to measure the value of situational awareness at the small-unit tactical level. Currently, the Situational Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) is widely considered the best method for measuring situational awareness. However, research on situational awareness is largely focused at the command post level and above, and implementations of SAGAT do not address operations at the small-unit level. In today's Army, technology is a more critical component of modern warfare used to increase the information available to decision makers at all levels. It is presumed that increased levels of available information will facilitate more efficient and effective decisions. However, there are corresponding concerns that such increases will potentially overwhelm the decision maker. We conducted a controlled experiment using the Nett Warrior system and Virtual Battlefield Simulation, Version 2 (VBS2), incorporating a modified form of SAGAT, the Tactical Situational Awareness Test (TSAT), and the principles of cognitive engineering and human factors studies to measure a user's situational awareness. This study finds that TSAT can measure situational awareness at the small-unit tactical level and validates that Nett Warrior increases situational awareness of soldiers in tactical operations.
Some Methods of Parallel Pseudorandom Number Generation

We detail several methods used in the production of pseudorandom numbers for scalable systems. We will focus on methods based on parameterization, meaning that we will not consider splitting methods. We describe parameterized versions of the following pseudorandom number generators: 1. linear congruential generators 2. linear matrix generators 3. shift-register generators 4. lagged-Fibonacci generators 5. inversive congruential generators We briefly describe the methods, detail some advantages and disadvantages of each method and recount results from number theory that impact our understanding of their quality in parallel applications. Several of these methods are currently part of scalable library for pseudorandom number generation, called SPRNG and available at the URL: www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Apps/SPRNG.
From Reaction to Prevention: Product Approval as a Model of Derivatives Regulation

This essay outlines the rough contours of a conceptually new regulatory scheme based on mandatory pre-market government licensing of derivatives and other complex financial instruments. Contrary to the current approach to regulating derivatives markets, the proposed product approval regime explicitly aims to control the amount and types of risk before it is introduced into the financial system. In that sense, it is a true gatekeeping mechanism, a potentially more effective form of ex ante – as opposed to ex post – regulation of systemic risk in financial markets.
Personifying the Radical

This study examines relationships among individual dispositions, news framing of civil liberties restrictions, security concerns, and political tolerance. We theorize that news frames condition the effects of individual dispositions on security and tolerance attitudes. To explore these relationships, an online-survey experiment was conducted with 650 respondents. This experiment presented alternative versions of news stories about domestic security policies following September 11, and the policies' implications for a fringe activist group. One factor was whether the activists targeted by the government advocated for a cause supported or opposed by the respondent; another factor was whether the story framed government actions against the activists at the individual or group level. Findings show that individual framing—as opposed to group framing—made participants less tolerant of radicals they opposed and more tolerant of radicals they supported. Similar effects were observed for political ideology. Implications of personification as a framing device are discussed.
Java & a virtual statistical laboratory

The primary goal of the virtual statistics lab is to improve a student's intuitive understanding of random phenomena and how statistical methods aid in interpreting them. This is being implemented using interactive statistical games designed around historical problems in probability and statistics. This paper describes the rationale, design and implementation of this on line statistics laboratory. Through experimentation and testing, it was decided that the best environment for implementing this online lab was through the use of java applets and server-side java servlets. Servlets are used to maintain a history of student interactions with the system and to stimulate student interest.
Syndetic sensitivity in semiflows

Abstract The original Devaney's definition of chaos from 1989 has three conditions, one of which, namely sensitivity, turned out to be redundant. This was first proved by Banks, Brooks, Cairns, Davis and Stacey in 1992. A stronger version of that was proved by Subrahmonian Moothathu in 2007. Another version, independent from Moothathu's, was proved by Wang, Long and Fu in 2012. These statements are corollaries of the main theorem of our paper, which is formulated in the context of an arbitrary acting abelian topological semigroup.
Cutting Edge: CD7 Delivers a Pro-Apoptotic Signal During Galectin-1-Induced T Cell Death

Galectin-1, an endogenous lectin expressed in lymphoid organs and immune-privileged sites, induces death of human and murine thymocytes and T cells. Galectin-1 binds to several glycoproteins on the T cell surface, including CD7. However, the T cell surface glycoprotein receptors responsible for delivering the galectin-1 death signal have not been identified. We show that CD7 is required for galectin-1-mediated death. This demonstrates a novel function for CD7 as a death trigger and identifies galectin-1/CD7 as a new biologic death signaling pair.
Incontinence of Urine - is the general practitioner equipped to deal with it?

Urinary incontinence affects around 12% of the elderly population and many under-65s. It is gradually becoming recognised by sufferers as remediable. They are less likely to conceal it than in the past and now) expect their general practitioner to diagnose and cure it. There is now a well developed rationale of investigation, and treatment modalities including that of precipitating factors such as urinary tract infection, constipation, the effect of drugs, senile vaginitis etc. A simple algorithm is helpful in general practice in arriving at a diagnosis and prescribing treatment.
Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Endovascular Coiling Versus Microsurgical Clipping for Unruptured Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective Middle cerebral artery aneurysms (MCAAs) are regularly treated by both microsurgical clipping and endovascular coiling. We performed a systematic meta-analysis to compare the safety and efficacy of these 2 methods. Methods Literature was reviewed for all studies reporting angiographic occlusion and/or functional outcomes in adults with unruptured MCAA treated by endovascular coiling or microsurgical clipping. All studies in English that reported results for adults (≥18 years) with unruptured MCAAs, from 1990 to 2011 were considered for inclusion. Results Twenty-six studies involving 2295 aneurysms treated with clipping or coiling for unruptured MCAAs were included for analysis. There were 1530 aneurysms that were treated with clipping and 765 aneurysms treated with coiling. Pooled analysis revealed failure of aneurysmal occlusion in 3.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2%–7.4%) of clipped cases. Pooled analysis of 15 studies (606 aneurysms) involving coiling and occlusion revealed lack of occlusion rates of 47.7% (95% CI 43.6%–51.8%) with the fixed-effects model and 48.2% (95% CI 39.0%–57.4%) with the random-effects model. Thirteen studies examined neurological outcomes after clipping and were pooled for analysis. Both fixed-effect and random-effect models revealed unfavorable outcomes in 2.1% (95% CI 1.3%–3.3%) of patients. There were 17 studies evaluating potential unfavorable neurological outcomes after coiling that were pooled for analysis. Fixed-effect and random-effect models revealed unfavorable outcomes in 6.5% (95% CI 4.5%–9.3%) and 4.9% (95% CI 3.0%–8.1%) of patients, respectively. Conclusions Based on this systematic review and meta-analysis of unruptured MCAAs, after careful consideration of patient, aneurysmal, and treatment center factors, we recommend surgical clipping for unruptured MCAA.
Pyracantha 'Mohave' Fruit Infection by Phytophthora ramorum and Transmission of the Pathogen from Infected Fruit to Roots of Viburnum tinus

Colonization of the fleshy fruit of Cornus florida, C. kousa, Laurus nobilis, Malus hupehensis, and Pyracantha ‘Mohave’ was observed following inoculation with sporangia of Phytophthora ramorum. However, abundant production of chlamydospores was only observed in the fruit of Pyracantha ‘Mohave’. Pyracantha ‘Mohave’ fruit that had been inoculated with a P. ramorum sporangia suspension were placed in pots containing rooted cuttings of Viburnum tinus in a misting tent or in water-filled trays in a climate-controlled greenhouse. Runoff was collected for 24 to 30 days, and roots were plated after the final collection. Mean percent recovery from infected roots was not significantly different (P = 0.05, Tukey’s test) between bottom-watered treatments in trays and misted treatments, averaging 58% for bottom-watered and 54% for mist treatments. The number of CFU collected in runoff from bottom-watered plants was consistently lower than that obtained from plants held under mist, likely due to desiccation of the fru...
Management of Intussusception: Barium Enema versus Surgery

Reducing intussusception by enema given under fluoroscopic control is being performed more often, in the U. S. A. as well as other countries. This report describes the technic, indications and contraindications in a busy British clinic.
Nanoscale patterning on insulating substrates by critical energy electron beam lithography.

This Letter describes a method to generate nanometer scale patterns on insulating substrates and wide band gap materials using critical energy electron beam lithography. By operating at the critical energy (E2) where a charge balance between incoming and outgoing electrons leaves the surface neutral, charge-induced pattern distortions typically seen in e-beam lithography on insulators were practically eliminated. This removes the need for conductive dissipation layers or differentially pumped e-beam columns with sophisticated gas delivery systems to control charging effects. Using a “scan square” method to find the critical energy, sub-100 nm features in 65 nm thick poly(methyl methacrylate) on glass were achieved at area doses as low as 10 μC/cm2 at E2 = 1.3 keV. This method has potential applications in high-density biochips, flexible electronics, and optoelectronics and may improve the fidelity of low voltage e-beam lithography for parallel microcolumn arrays.
The economics of parent-subsidiary mergers:: an empirical analysis

Abstract We examine parent-subsidiary mergers, transactions that do not entail arm's length bargaining or a change in control. These mergers are typically followed by considerable restructuring of subsidiaries. Minority and parent returns are not significantly different from returns at third party buyouts of parent-controlled subsidiaries, transactions that entail arm's length negotiations and a change in control. Buyer returns are negative, consistent with overbidding. We conclude that parent-subsidiary mergers facilitate corporate restructuring, foster the reallocation of resources toward higher valued uses, and increase value for both parent and subsidiary.
RELab - virtual laboratory of the renewable energy

The paper presents a very useful, innovative, compact laboratory, which is simple and complex at the same time. This virtual laboratory covers an important part of the renewable energy: photovoltaic energy, wind energy and solar thermal energy. The SolarLab board and the educational platform NI ELVIS II are the “heart” of the RELab laboratory. The complex software developed in LabVIEW is also presented. ReLAB allows the realization of over thirty lab experiments.
Reproduction of Clypeaster ravenelii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Summary The irregular echinoid Clypeaster ravenelii is a conspicuous component of offshore (50–230 m depth) epibenthic communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Nonetheless, no information is available on its reproductive biology. Gonad condition was evaluated between November 1988 and March 1991. C. ravenelii exhibited an annual reproductive cycle with spawning in late February. Timing of gonadal production was highly consistent between years. However, the magnitude of gonadal production was much higher in 1991 than in earlier years. Annual patterns of gonadal indexes (in large part an accumulation of nutritive material) were not significantly correlated with changes in bottom sea water temperature. Annual patterns of gametogenesis and spawning were, however, highly synchronized with increasing day length during the winter. This suggests that day length may serve as an exogenous proximate cue for gametogenesis and/or spawning, at least for populations within the photic zone. Similar to most members of ...
901-55 Comparison of Dobutamine Echocardiography with Positron Emission Tomography for the Assessment of Hibernating Myocardium

Dobutamine infusion during echocardiographic imaging (DE) has been proposed as an alternative to Positron Emission Tomography (PET) for the assessment of hibernating myocardium. The purpose of this study was to compare the two techniques for the detection of hibernating myocardium in a canine model. Six dogs underwent ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and placement of sonomicrometer crystals in the area subtended by the distal LAD and circumflex coronary artery. The animals were subsequently brought back to the lab for a series of 4 DE (3 days, 12-4 weeks post ligation) during which dobutamine (2.5-30 μg/kg/min) was given with continous echocardiographic and sonomicrometric monitoring. Just prior to the last DE a PET scan was performed utilizing F-18 FDG and N-13 NH3. Following the final DE the LAD was bypassed and flow restored. The myocardium was defined as hibernating if there was improvement in wall motion (echo). or segment shortening (sonomicrometer) following bypass. By PET viable myocardium was defined as normal or mildly decreased activity of FDG in the infarct zone. At the conclusion of the protocol the animals were sacrificed and the heart excised. sliced into sections and stained with TTC to determine rnyocardial infarct size. The results are summarized in the table where (S)=sono, (E) = echo, (P) = PET, (+) = viable, and (-) =nonviable. Dog 1 S- E- P- Dog 2 S+ E+ P+ Dog 3 S- E- P- Dog 4 S+ E+ P+ Dog 5 S+ E+ P+ Dog 6 S- E- P+ Thus there was agreement between all tests in 5/6 animals. In Dog 6 there was agreement between Sand E but not P. In this animal a transmural infarction was found by TTC staining and there was no improvement in function following bypass. Conclusion There is good concordance between DE and PET for the assessment of hibernating myocardium, PET FDG may be overly sensitive for the detection of functional recovery following revascularization.
A prenylated benzoic acid derivative from the leaves of Piper taboganum

Three prenylated benzoic acid derivatives have been isolated from the leaves of the Panamanian shrub Piper taboganum, including a new compound we have named as the methyl ester of taboganic acid. These three compounds were characterized by means of spectroscopic analysis and a chemical interconversion. In laboratory bioassays, two are significant repellents of the leafcutter ant Acromyrmex octospinosus at or below their apparent concentration in this plant, suggesting an effective natural defence against this insect pest.
Gene Array Studies in HIV-1 Infection

HIV-1–infected individuals exhibit remarkable variation in the onset of disease. Virus replication and disease progression depend on host cellular transcription and gene regulation in virus-specific target cells. Both viral and host factors are implicated in this differential regulation. Gene arrays and transcriptome analyses might shed light on why some infected individuals remain asymptomatic while others progress rapidly to AIDS. Here we review developments in HIV research using gene array technologies and the unifying concepts that have emerged from these studies. Gene set enrichment analysis has revealed gene signatures linked to disease progression involving pathways related to metabolism, apoptosis, cell-cycle dysregulation, and T-cell signaling. Macrophages contain anti-apoptotic signatures. Also, HIV-1 regulates previously under-emphasized cholesterol biosynthesis and energy production pathways. Notably, cellular pathways linked to a subset of HIV-infected individuals known as non-progressors contribute to survival and anti-viral responses.
Traveling-wave solutions of convection-diffusion systems by center manifold reduction

A convection–di$usion system in one space dimension is a partial di"erential equation of the form ut + A(u)ux =(B(u)ux)x: (1.1) Here u∈Rn, and A(u) and B(u) are n×n matrices that we shall assume are C2 functions of u. If we ignore di"usion, we have the convection system ut + A(u)ux =0: (1.2) If A(u)=Df(u) for some 4ux function f : Rn → Rn, then Eq. (1.2) becomes ut + f(u)x =0; (1.3) a system of conservation laws, while Eq. (1.1) becomes ut + f(u)x =(B(u)ux)x; (1.4) a system of viscous conservation laws. The conservation law case occurs more often in applications and is far better studied; see [5] and [12]. However, equations of the
Weighted multibody expansions for computing stable structures of multiatom systems

The effect of structural relaxations in alloys is described using a multibody energy expansion formalism. $N$-body potentials in the multibody expansion are computed from energies of isolated clusters, which, in turn, are calculated from empirical potentials or self-consistent quantum mechanical calculations. Convergence characteristics of multibody expansions (MBEs) are improved by weighting energies obtained from various truncations of many-body expansions in a method called weighted MBE (WMBE). It is shown that multibody expansions of many-atom systems can be efficiently constructed using interpolation of isolated cluster energies from databases. In contrast to the method of cluster expansion, WMBE focuses on positional degrees of freedom and, hence, explicitly handles structural relaxations during computations of stable atom clusters and periodic or amorphous phase structures.
Genetic instability and darwinian selection in tumours

Genetic instability has long been hypothesized to be a cardinal feature of cancer. Recent work has strengthened the proposal that mutational alterations conferring instability occur early during tumour formation. The ensuing genetic instability drives tumour progression by generating mutations in oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes. These mutant genes provide cancer cells with a selective growth advantage, thereby leading to the clonal outgrowth of a tumour. Here, we discuss the role of genetic instability in tumour formation and outline future work necessary to substantiate the genetic instability hypothesis.
The Impact Behavior of Glass and Carbon Fiber Composites

Abstract Impact behavior of glass and carbon fiber composites has been studied in some detail both with respect to methodology of testing and to interpretation of the influence of fiber orientation and viscoelastic resin properties on the measured fracture energies [14]. Most authors use some variation of the Charpy drop- weight test in which the impacted beam specimen is placed between two anvils. It is known that when the ratio of the span between the anvils to specimen thickness is small, e.g., less than 10, shear effects are very important. Most authors, therefore, test specimens at a larger span-to-thickness ratio, usually 16 and above. At these ratios the failure induced will be essentially a tensile fail- ure, dominated by fiber orientation and volume.
Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome in a Computer Programmer: CTA Diagnosis and Surgical and Endovascular Treatment

Finger ischemia due to embolic occlusion of digital arteries resulting from trauma to the palmar ulnar artery has been termed hypothenar hammer syndrome (HHS). In HHS, arterial thrombosis and/or aneurysm formation with embolization to the digital arteries causes symptoms of ischemia. We describe a patient in whom the initial diagnosis was made on multidetector computed tomographic angiography (CTA), as well as his endovascular and surgical management.
Interaction of Environmental Conditions: Role in the Reliability of Active Implantable Devices

Environmental conditions can have major influence on the lifetimes and reliability of active implantable medical devices (e.g., neurostimulators, cochlear implants, internal cardioverter defibrillators). These environmental conditions can range from those encountered by the device in processing and production to transportation and storage to actual operation. Although one might argue that the environmental conditions found in the first two situations are harsher than those of the third, failures that result from those situations are screened before implantation. If we assume that the active medical device is in perfect operational form at the time it is implanted, it will still experience a host of environmental conditions that can affect reliability. In fact, the ultimate goal of these medical devices is to restore the patient, wherever they may reside, to normal activities. A list of some environmental conditions that may be experienced by a device implanted in a representative patient is found in Table 1.
A rapid isotopic method for assessing the biosynthesis of ether linkages in glycerolipids of complex systems.

Abstract Glycerolipids containing esterified aliphatic moieties are synthesized fromlong-chain fatty acids, whereas those containing ether-linked aliphatic moieties ( O -alkyl and O -alk-1-enyl) are synthesized from long-chain fatty alcohols. This report illustrates how [1 3 -H]hexadecanol can be used in complex biological systems to assess the contribution of the pathway that produces the ether bond glycerolipids. The principle of this method also suggests an application for selectively concentrating 3 H in neoplastic cells and in the specific labeling of membranes that contain ether bonds in their structural lipids.
Protoplast culture and plant regeneration in Glycine canescens F.J. Herm

Protoplasts were isolated from seedling hypocotyls of Glycine canescens F.J. Herm. and cultured in agarose to form multicellular colonies. Colonies transferred to agar medium enlarged to form calli which were tested for morphogenic potential on a range of media. Protoplast-derived calli produced shoots with a low but reproducible frequency; these shoots were rooted and transferred to the greenhouse.
Thermoregulation of Capsule Production by Streptococcus pyogenes

The capsule of Streptococcus pyogenes serves as an adhesin as well as an anti-phagocytic factor by binding to CD44 on keratinocytes of the pharyngeal mucosa and the skin, the main entry sites of the pathogen. We discovered that S. pyogenes HSC5 and MGAS315 strains are further thermoregulated for capsule production at a post-transcriptional level in addition to the transcriptional regulation by the CovRS two-component regulatory system. When the transcription of the hasABC capsular biosynthetic locus was de-repressed through mutation of the covRS system, the two strains, which have been used for pathogenesis studies in the laboratory, exhibited markedly increased capsule production at sub-body temperature. Employing transposon mutagenesis, we found that CvfA, a previously identified membrane-associated endoribonuclease, is required for the thermoregulation of capsule synthesis. The mutation of the cvfA gene conferred increased capsule production regardless of temperature. However, the amount of the capsule transcript was not changed by the mutation, indicating that a post-transcriptional regulator mediates between CvfA and thermoregulated capsule production. When we tested naturally occurring invasive mucoid strains, a high percentage (11/53, 21%) of the strains exhibited thermoregulated capsule production. As expected, the mucoid phenotype of these strains at sub-body temperature was due to mutations within the chromosomal covRS genes. Capsule thermoregulation that exhibits high capsule production at lower temperatures that occur on the skin or mucosal surface potentially confers better capability of adhesion and invasion when S. pyogenes penetrates the epithelial surface.
Intraocular inflammation produced by X-irradiation of the rabbit eye.

Abstract The effects of X-rays on intraocular parameters known to be altered during the inflammatory process were studied in the rabbit eye. Three hr after irradiation with 250–500 rad the intraocular pressure (IOP) and the concentration of soluble protein in the aqueous humor were increased, while that of ascorbic acid was decreased. Maximal effects were observed after 1000 rad on two of these parameters and on inhibition of anterior uveal transport function. A detailed time-course study showed that after exposure to 1000 rad, IOP was significantly elevated within 2–3 hr, fluctuated during the rest of the first day and was below normal for the next 6 days. Iritis became apparent within the first 2 hr, reached a second peak at 18 hr and gradually disappeared during the next 4 days. White cells appeared in the anterior chamber, reached an initial peak at 6 hr and a second peak at 24 hr, while the highest red blood cell counts were observed at 18 hr. The ascorbic acid concentration in the aqueous humor and the ability of the anterior uvea to accumulate prostaglandins (PGs) were greatly reduced within 2–4 hr and did not return to normal within 7 days. The two parameters studied in the vitreous humor, the concentrations of soluble proteins and ascorbic acid, showed increases 6 hr post-irradiation but returned to normal by the seventh day. The similarity of these X-ray induced changes to those observed during endotoxin or antigen-induced uveitis indicates that X-irradiation of the rabbit eye produces an acute intraocular inflammation. The alterations in the intraocular parameters associated with this inflammatory response may be responsible for, or at least contribute to, some of the longterm ocular effects of radiation such as cataractogenesis.
Tolerance induction via a B-cell delivered gene therapy-based protocol: optimization and role of the Ig scaffold.

Abstract Our previous studies indicated that antigen-specific tolerance could be achieved by the injection of LPS-activated B-cell blasts that were retrovirally gene-transferred with an IgG-antigen fusion construct. This system was shown to be effective for tolerance induction with a variety of inserted antigens ranging in size from a single peptide to a large multi-epitope protein in a variety of mouse strains. Moreover, it was shown to be effective in four animal models for human disease. To optimize the existing protocol, establish the role of the IgG H chain scaffold, and provide baseline for potential clinical applications, we examined the effects of different B-cell activators, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), anti-CD40, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN), and anti-IgM plus IL-4, on B-cell proliferation, GFP transduction efficiency, and tolerance induction in vivo. The results show that all activators except CpG-ODN have similar effects on retroviral gene transfer and peptide-IgG-induced tolerance. Furthermore, dose–response analyses showed that T-cell tolerance could be induced with 10 5 peptide-IgG LPS B-cell blasts, but that 10 6 transduced B-cells were needed for humoral unresponsiveness. Transduced anti-IgM-induced blasts were tolerogenic at 10 6 cells, but no dose of transduced CpG blasts was tolerogenic. Finally, to examine the role of IgG scaffold, a retroviral construct encoding λ repressor p1–102 and signal peptide of murine IgG heavy chain was engineered to allow secretion of the p1–102 domain in the same manner as that of p1–102-IgG fusion protein. The results demonstrate that not only is IgG scaffold important in tolerance induction and maintenance of the long-lasting immune hyporesponsiveness, but assembly of the IgG heterodimer may be required for the efficacy of this system.
Strike-slip faulting and block rotation in the Lake Mead fault system

Strike-slip faults in the Basin and Range province have often been considered passive boundaries between differentially extended domains of tilted normal faults and are thus considered secondary in accommodating regional horizontal deformation. Paleomagnotic investigation of late Miocene age volcanic rocks, displaced by the left-lateral fault system of Lake Mead, Nevada, shows: (1) that these rocks have not been affected by significant structural tilt, the difference between observed and expected inclinations being only −0.6° ± 14.9° and (2) a significant horizontal counterclockwise rotation of −29.4° ± 8.5° about a vertical axis. This rotation was accommodated by slip on northwest-trending, right-lateral strike-slip faults; this implies significant west-northwest elongation. Results of the investigation indicate that strike-slip faulting is the primary process accommodating crustal deformation along the Lake Mead fault system and that tilting in response to normal faulting is secondary.
Heterogeneity of genome and proteome content in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.

Our analysis compares bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota with respect to a wide assortment of genome and proteome properties. These properties include ribosomal protein gene distributions, chaperone protein contrasts, major variation of transcription/translation factors, gene encoding pathways of energy metabolism, and predicted protein expression levels. Significant differences within and between the three domains of life include protein lengths, information processing procedures, many metabolic and lipid biosynthesis pathways, cellular controls, and regulatory proteins. Differences among genomes are influenced by lifestyle, habitat, physiology, energy sources, and other factors.
MOLECULAR ORIENTATION OF LANGMUIR-BLODGETT FILMS OF DESIGNED HEME PROTEIN AND LIPOPROTEIN MAQUETTES

De novo designed tetra-α-helical heme proteins (αssα)2, comprising two identical helix-loop-helix subunits, αssα, were immobilized as monolayer films on solid substrate using the Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) technique. These LB heme protein films were characterized by circular dichroism (CD), ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis), and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. During the formation of monolayer films on substrate, the (αssα)2 heme proteins dissociate into their αssα subunits, but remain α-helical and retain the bis-histidine heme ligation. The α-helices are oriented in the film close to parallel to the substrate plane and the heme macrocycle planes are tilted at 40°. There is no detectable ordering of the molecules in the plane of the monolayer. However, when the loop region was palmitoylated to confer amphiphilic character to the heme proteins, a profound change of state at high surface pressure was displayed. Transfer of this high-pressure film onto solid substrate also generates a film with α-h...
The pros and cons of computing the h‐index using Google Scholar

Purpose – A previous paper by the present author described the pros and cons of using the three largest cited reference enhanced multidisciplinary databases and discussed and illustrated in general how the theoretically sound idea of the h‐index may become distorted depending on the software and the content of the database(s) used, and the searchers' skill and knowledge of the database features. The aim of this paper is to focus on Google Scholar (GS), from the perspective of calculating the h‐index for individuals and journals.Design/methodology/approach – A desk‐based approach to data collection is used and critical commentary is added.Findings – The paper shows that effective corroboration of the h‐index and its two component indicators can be done only on persons and journals with which a researcher is intimately familiar. Corroborative tests must be done in every database for important research.Originality/value – The paper highlights the very time‐consuming process of corroborating data, tracing and...
Mechanistic Modeling of Lubricant Degradation. 1. Structure−Reactivity Relationships for Free-Radical Oxidation

A library of kinetic correlations is established that is suitable for estimating rate coefficients and activation energies for condensed-phase free-radical oxidation in hydrocarbons with the specific target application of modeling the thermal degradation of lubricating oils. Structure−reactivity relationships for 17 different reaction families relevant to lubricant degradation are reported. Nine structure−reactivity relationships have not been reported elsewhere in the literature. All of the structure−reactivity relationships are determined by using reaction rate coefficients and activation energies available from experiment or calculated via quantum chemistry and transition state theory. The high-level CBS-QB3 method was used in order to calculate activation energies and heats of reaction for several hydrogen transfer reaction subfamilies. It was shown that, because of the variety of radicals and substrates present in propagation reactions in lubricant degradation, unique reaction subfamilies are importa...
β2-microglobulin induces MMP-1 but not TIMP-1 expression in human synovial fibroblasts

β 2 -microglobulin induces MMP-1 but not TIMP-1 expression in human synovial fibroblasts. Background β 2 -Microglobulin (β 2 m) amyloidosis is a destructive articular disease that causes significant morbidity in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The amyloid deposits contain β 2 m, some of which is altered with advanced glycation end products (AGE-β 2 m). The deposits are located principally in joint structures, with adjacent degradation of cartilage and bone. We hypothesized that one of the mechanisms by which β 2 m induces joint destruction is to induce the release of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), but not tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), from synovial fibroblasts. Methods To test this hypothesis and determine the role of AGE-β 2 m, we incubated human osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts in the presence and absence of β 2 m and AGE-β 2 m and measured the release of interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) and/or TIMP-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Northern blot analysis. Results β 2 m and AGE-β 2 m at 10 and 25 μg/mL induced the release of MMP-1 from human osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts at 24 hours. In contrast, there was no increased release of TIMP-1, leading to an increase in the MMP-1/TIMP-1 ratio indicative of uncontrolled collagenolysis. A similar dose response was observed at 48 hours, except that AGE-β 2 m had no effect over control cultures. MMP-1 mRNA expression by Northern blot analysis paralleled these findings. The source of the fibroblasts did not alter the results. Finally, we demonstrated that doxycycline, a treatment for arthritis, can inhibit the release of MMP-1 from synovial fibroblasts incubated with β 2 m. Conclusion β 2 m, at physiologically relevant concentrations, induces the release of MMP-1 without concomitant release of TIMP-1 from human synovial fibroblasts, leading to uncontrolled collagenolysis. The alteration of β 2 m with AGE did not alter this effect at 24 hours, but blocked the effect at 48 hours. These findings may account for the tissue destruction seen in β 2 m amyloidosis.
Quantum Dissipation in the Hydrodynamic Moment Hierarchy: A Semiclassical Truncation Strategy†

In this paper we formulate the hydrodynamic moment and cumulant expansions of the density matrix for a quantum system in which the time evolution is described by an infinite hierarchy of coupled hydrodynamic moment equations. For the case where the system interacts with a complex environment, we develop a semiclassical closure that truncates the hierarchy. Our numerical approach for solving the truncated system of equations is intimately related to the de Broglie -Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics, in that the time evolution of each cumulant is constructed over a discrete ensemble of hydrodynamic paths. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this scheme and apply the method to a model problem for a particle escaping from a metastable potential well while in contact with a thermal bath.
The Benefits of the Dysphagia Clinical Nurse Specialist Role

Abstract:Dysphagia is a major health problem associated with multiple neurological diseases such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease, among others. Staff nurses lack a consistent approach to managing dysphagia patients. A dysphagia clinical nurse specialist (CNS) may facilitate a
The polynomial hierarchy and a simple model for competitive analysis

The multi-level linear programs of Candler, Norton and Townsley are a simple class of sequenced-move games, in which players are restricted in their moves only by common linear constraints, and each seeks to optimize a fixed linear criterion function in his/her own continuous variables and those of other players. All data of the game and earlier moves are known to a player when he/she is to move. The one-player case is just linear programming. We show that questions concerning only the value of these games exhibit complexity which goes up all levels of the polynomial hierarchy and appears to increase with the number of players. For three players, the games allow reduction of theΣ 2 andΠ 2 levels of the hierarchy. These levels essentially include computations done with branch-and-bound, in which one is given an oracle which can instantaneously solve NP-complete problems (e.g., integer linear programs). More generally, games with (p + 1) players allow reductions ofΣ p andΠ p in the hierarchy. An easy corollary of these results is that value questions for two-player (bi-level) games of this type is NP-hard.
A Systematic Review of Health Care Interventions for Pain in Patients With Advanced Cancer

Purpose: Poorly controlled pain is common in advanced cancer. The objective of this article was to synthesize the evidence on the effectiveness of pain-focused interventions in this population.Meth...
Some laboratory cultured crustaceans for marine pollution studies

Abstract Three laboratory cultured crustaceans are recommended for use in marine pollution studies because they are characterized by (1) wide distribution, (2) a short life cycle, (3) high reproductive potential, and are (4) representative of the plankton and benthos in coastal waters and the intertidal zone, where oil spills most often occur and refinery wastes are discharged. Methods of culturing these crustaceans are described.
Properties and Applications of Varistor–Transistor Hybrid Devices

The nonlinear current–voltage characteristics of a varistor device are modified with the help of external agents, resulting in tuned varistor–transistor hybrid devices with multiple applications. The substrate used to produce these hybrid devices belongs to the modified iron titanate family with chemical formula 0.55FeTiO3·0.45Fe2O3 (IHC45), which is a prominent member of the ilmenite–hematite solid-solution series. It is a wide-bandgap magnetic oxide semiconductor. Electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient measurements from room temperature to about 700°C confirm that it retains its p-type nature for the entire temperature range. The direct-current (DC) and alternating-current (AC) properties of these hybrid devices are discussed and their applications identified. It is shown here that such varistor embedded ceramic transistors with many interesting properties and applications can be mass produced using incredibly simple structures. The tuned varistors by themselves can be used for current amplification and band-pass filters. The transistors on the other hand could be used to produce sensors, voltage-controlled current sources, current-controlled voltage sources, signal amplifiers, and low-band-pass filters. We believe that these devices could be suitable for a number of applications in consumer and defense electronics, high-temperature and space electronics, bioelectronics, and possibly also for electronics specific to handheld devices.
Flow dependent performance of microfluidic microbial fuel cells

The integration of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) in a microfluidic geometry can significantly enhance the power density of these cells, which would have more active bacteria per unit volume. Moreover, microfluidic MFCs can be operated in a continuous mode as opposed to the traditional batch-fed mode. Here we investigate the effect of fluid flow on the performance of microfluidic MFCs. The growth and the structure of the bacterial biofilm depend to a large extent on the shear stress of the flow. We report the existence of a range of flow rates for which MFCs can achieve maximum voltage output. When operated under these optimal conditions, the power density of our microfluidic MFC is about 15 times that of a similar-size batch MFC. Furthermore, this optimum suggests a correlation between the behaviour of bacteria and fluid flow.
The hydrogen content of austenite after cathodic charging

Abstract We have made direct measurements of deuterium concentration profiles and have shown that the concentration of hydrogen (deuterium) in the near-surface layers of 310 austenitic steel following room-temperature cathodic charging in poisoned electrolytes is 0.5 to 0.8 hydrogen atoms per metal atom. There is also considerable microstructural damage, including the formation of an unstable martensite. With no arsenic poison in the electrolyte the hydrogen ratio is about 0.15, and there is low associated damage structure. These hydrogen (deuterium) concentrations are many orders of magnitude greater than those required to embrittle ferritic steels, implying a different embrittlement mechanism in the austenite. The observations of a hydrogen-induced martensite phase in this supposedly phase-stable alloy indicates that hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms involving martensite are no longer excluded.
Defects in chiral columnar phases: Tilt-grain boundaries and iterated moiré maps

Biomolecules are often very long with a definite chirality. DNA, xanthan, and poly-\ensuremath{\gamma}-benzyl-glutamate (PBLG) can all form columnar crystalline phases. The chirality, however, competes with the tendency for crystalline order. For chiral polymers, there are two sorts of chirality: the first describes the usual cholestericlike twist of the local director around a pitch axis, while the second favors the rotation of the local bond-orientational order and leads to a braiding of the polymers along an average direction. In the former case, chirality can be manifested in a tilt-grain boundary phase analogous to the Renn-Lubensky phase of smectic-A liquid crystals. In the latter case, we are led to a new ``moir\'e'' state with twisted bond order. In the moir\'e state, polymers are simultaneously entangled, crystalline, and aligned, on average, in a common direction. In this case the polymer trajectories in the plane perpendicular to their average direction are described by iterated moir\'e maps of remarkable complexity, reminiscent of dynamical systems. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.