cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
La guerra contra el terrorismo y el estado de derecho

La guerra contra el terrorismo -expresion politica que se ha empleado para movilizar a la sociedad estadounidense hacia sucesivas guerras despues de los ataques del 11 de septiembre- ha tenido consecuencias especialmente gravosas para Estados Unidos, pero muy especialmente para la Constitucion y el imperio del derecho. En este articulo se revisan las politicas y practicas que han puesto en entredicho el imperio del derecho en temas tan vitales y sensibles como la prohibicion de la tortura, la privacidad de las comunicaciones entre privados, el debido proceso y las garantias procesales.
Naturalism, introspection, and direct realism about pain

This paper examines pain states (and other intransitive bodily sensations) from the perspective of the problems they pose for pure informational/representational approaches to naturalizing qualia. I start with a comprehensive critical and quasi-historical discussion of so-called Perceptual Theories of Pain (e.g., Armstrong, Pitcher), as these were the natural predecessors of the more modern direct realist views. I describe the theoretical backdrop (indirect realism, sense-data theories) against which the perceptual theories were developed. The conclusion drawn is that pure representationalism about pain in the tradition of direct realist perceptual theories (e.g., Dretske, Tye) leaves out something crucial about the phenomenology of pain experiences, namely, their affective character. I touch upon the role that introspection plays in such representationalist views, and indicate how it contributes to the source of their trouble vis-a-vis bodily sensations. The paper ends by briefly commenting on the relation between the affective/evaluative component of pain and the hedonic valence of emotions.
An Interview with Merrick Posnansky

Professor Merrick Posnansky has made numerous influential contributions to archaeology and African Studies during the last half century. Foremost among these is his holistic and inclusive archaeological initiatives that have developed informed representations of Africa and Africans in long-term historical perspective and in the present. He helped shape the early development of historical archaeology in Africa and African diaspora archaeology in the Atlantic world. Posnansky also developed university archaeology programs and reoriented museums in Uganda, West Africa, and the Americas, making them living institutions with a mandate to serve the public. He spent two decades in Africa, primarily in Uganda and Ghana, and later worked as Professor of Anthropology and History at UCLA and, for a period, directed the UCLA Center for African Studies. This interview outlines Posnansky’s life, career, and contributions to archaeology and African Studies across three continents. In addition, Posnansky reflects on contemporary archaeology and the discipline’s future prospects and challenges in Africa.
Comparison of Infrared Atmospheric Brightness Temperatures Measured by a Fourier Transform Spectrometer and a Filter Radiometer

Abstract Increased interest in using atmospheric brightness temperature measurements from simple infrared radiometers combined with radars and lidars has prompted the investigation of their accuracy for various sky conditions. In comparisons of atmospheric brightness temperatures (Tb) measured by a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and a single-band filter radiometer (PRT5), the authors establish that the PRT5 measurements agree with those from the more sophisticated and accurate FTIR within 1.5 K rms over the range where both instruments are calibrated. Below the PRT5's cold calibration cutoff of 205 K, the PRT5 measures too warm. The FTIR, which is calibrated over the entire measurement range, provides a calibration for the erroneous PRT5 measurements, enabling quantitative use of the simple and inexpensive PRT5 over a larger, more useful range. The corrected data agree within 1.5 K rms, with over 90% differing by less than one temporal standard deviation. The calibration correction techniq...
Grain Coarsening – Insights from Curvature Modeling Cyril Stanley Smith Lecture

Normal and abnormal grain coarsening, NGC and AGC, are briefly reviewed and discussed in the light of grain curvature and kinetic models - notably those of Mullins. The critical importance of the log-normal grain size distribution determined by Hull and the grain shapes measured by Rhines and Craig are reviewed. It is shown that in NGC, as in particle coarsening, the largest grains or particles in their respective distributions grow at the rates, larger by a factor of the ratio of the largest to average size, required to maintain the size distributions during coarsening. The particle curvature removal model for NGC anchorage, giving = 0.2 r/f, developed here, matches surprisingly well the data reviewed by Manohar et al. Finally the need is indicated for further experimental and modeling studies to test the current ideas and to answer the many remaining questions.
Mild hypothermia decreases GSK3beta expression following global cerebral ischemia.

Introduction: The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is abundant in the central nervous system and is neuron-specific. GSK3β plays a pivotal role in the regulation of numerous cellular functions (including phosphorylation) and, thereby, regulation of many metabolic, signaling, and structural proteins as well as transcription factors that can influence cell survival. This article reports that GSK3β expression following global cerebral ischemia (GCI) is altered by the neuroprotectant, mild hypothermia (33°C). Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and subjected to GCI; arterial blood pressure was reduced to 30 mmHg by blood withdrawal via the jugular vein, and both common carotid arteries were occluded with aneurysm clips for 8 minutes. Hypothermia (33°C) was induced in half the rats 10 minutes prior to GCI and was maintained for 3 hours. Rats were killed 24 or 72 hours later to assess cell death and GSK3β expression. Results: At 72 hours post-GCI, levels of GSK3β expression were significantly lower in hypothermic rats than in normothermic rats. This reduction in GSK3β correlated with marked neuroprotection and reduced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5′-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling staining in hippocampal CA1 neurons. No significant changes in phosphorylated GSK3β expression were observed. Conclusion: These data suggest that GSK3β plays a role in GCI pathology that can be altered by mild hypothermia.
Surgical Correction of Pulmonary Atresia and Ventricular Septal Defect with Large Systemic-Pulmonary Collaterals

Abstract A two-stage surgical procedure was performed in a young adult with pulmonary atresia and a ventricular septal defect with upper lobe pulmonary artery flow from confluent central pulmonary arteries and lower lobe pulmonary blood flow originating from two large systemic–pulmonary collaterals. Initially a Dacron γ graft was anastomosed between the ascending aorta and the collaterals and a graft to the left pulmonary artery. At the second operation, continuity was established between the right ventricle and the γ graft by using a valved Dacron conduit and the ventricular septal defect was closed.
Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase Kinase/Calmodulin Kinase I Activity Gates Extracellular-Regulated Kinase-Dependent Long-Term Potentiation

Intracellular Ca2+ and protein phosphorylation play pivotal roles in long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular model of learning and memory. Ca2+ regulates multiple intracellular pathways, including the calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMKs) and the ERKs (extracellular signal-regulated kinases), both of which are required for LTP. However, the mechanism by which Ca2+ activates ERK during LTP remains unknown. Here, we describe a requirement for the CaMK-kinase (CaMKK) pathway upstream of ERK in LTP induction. Both the pharmacological inhibitor of CaMKK, STO-609, and dominant-negative CaMKI (dnCaMKI), a downstream target of CaMKK, blocked neuronal NMDA receptor-dependent ERK activation. In contrast, an inhibitor of CaMKII and nuclear-localized dnCaMKIV had no effect on ERK activation. NMDA receptor-dependent LTP induction robustly activated CaMKI, the Ca2+-stimulated Ras activator Ras-GRF1 (Ras-guanyl-nucleotide releasing factor), and ERK. STO-609 blocked the activation of all three enzymes during LTP without affecting basal synaptic transmission, activation of CaMKII, or cAMP-dependent activation of ERK. LTP induction itself was suppressed 50% by STO-609 in a manner identical to the ERK inhibitor U0126: either inhibitor occluded the effect of the other, suggesting they are part of the same signaling pathway in LTP induction. STO-609 also suppressed regulatory phosphorylation of two downstream ERK targets during LTP, the general translation factors eIF4E (eukaryotic initiation factor 4) and its binding protein 4E-BP1 (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1). These data indicate an essential role for CaMKK and CaMKI to link NMDA receptor-mediated Ca2+ elevation with ERK-dependent LTP.
Hippocampal disruption and passive avoidance behavior

The behavior of rats receiving constant electrical stimulation of the hippocampus was compared with that of hippocampectomized and unoperated control rats on a task requiring inhibition of a punished approach response. No significant differences appeared in the number of shocks accepted during training although operated Ss showed significantly shorter approach latencies following shock. The results support the hypothesis that electrical stimulation is capable of disrupting the function of those structures involved in response inhibition.
Further studies on the isomerization of polyunsaturated fatty acids by potassium tertiary butoxide

A temperature and time study revealed that the best conditions for the isomerization and estimation of polyunsaturated acids are heating in a sealed tube for 2 hrs. at 140° with potassium-t-butoxide in t-butanol. Under these conditions conjugation of linolenic and arachidonic acids appears to have attained completion. With linoliec acid a higher degree of conjugation than by other methods and a shift of peak to lower wavelength (231–232 mμ) are observed. Extinction coefficients obtained by this method for isomerized pure linoleic (k232, 98.0) and linolenic (k268, 138.4) acids are the highest so far reported. Ultraviolet and infrared examination of the conjugated trienes isolated from isomerized linolenic acid concentrate showed that, under these conditions, trienes similar to both alpha- and beta-eleostearic acids are produced. Analyses of samples of oils for component polyunsaturated acids, by this method, compare well with those by other methods. The presence of small amounts of a tetraenoic acid in linseed oil is noted.
The (n, 2n) isomeric cross section ratios and the (n, 2n) excitation function for 197Au

Abstract The (n, 2n) isomeric state/ground state cross section ratio σ m /σ g and the (n, 2n) isomeric state cross section σ m of 197 Au have been measured in the energy range 14.2–18.2 MeV by activation techniques using a Ge(Li) detector gamma-ray spectrometer. Neutrons were produced with the 3 H(d, n) 4 He reaction. The cross section ratios were determined from least squares fits to the ground state gamma activity of 196 Au ( E γ = 356 keV). The absolute isomeric cross sections were determined by measuring the gamma activity of the metastable state in 196 Au ( E γ = 148 and 188 keV) using the mixed-powder method with 27 Al(n, α) 24 Na as the monitor reaction. The measured cross section ratios and the isomeric cross sections were found respectively to be (0.075 ± 0.003) and (152± 11)mb at (14.2± 0.2)MeV, (0.078± 0.003) and (161± 11)mb at (15.2± 0.2)MeV, (0.096 ± 0.007) and (185± 13) mb at (16.2± 0.2)MeV, (0.122 ± 0.02) and (202 ± 14)mb at (17.2 ± 0.2)MeV, and (0.124 ± 0.003) and (185 ± 13) mb at (18.2 ± 0.2)MeV. The isomeric cross section at 14.2 MeV was also measured using associated particle techniques for monitoring the neutron flux. The average cross section for three associated particle activations was (155 ± 8)mb.
High-Resolution Magnetic Imaging: Cellular Action Currents and Other Applications

The SQUID magnetometers used for biomagnetic studies typically have pickup coils with a 1- to 3-cm diameter that are at a comparable distance from the biological sample. While multiple measurements with such systems can be used to localize dipole-like sources with millimeter accuracy, the ability to resolve two adjacent dipoles, i.e, the imaging resolution, is limited to approximately the source-to-coil separation of 1 to 2 cm. While such imaging resolution may be sufficient for many studies on humans, it is inadequate for studies of action currents at the cellular level, where the characteristic dimensions can be on the order of several hundred microns, and for many other applications, such as nondestructive evaluation (NDE). High resolution SQUID magnetometers, with miniature pickup coils a millimeter from the sample, have been used for a wide variety of in vivo and in vitro biomagnetic measurements, such as recording magnetic fields from nerves, skeletal muscle, cardiac tissue, intestinal smooth muscle, developing embryos, and the brain. Several of these studies and numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the potential benefits of high-resolution magnetic imaging, and to provide the basis for understanding the factors that govern the spatial resolution of SQUID images of magnetic fields. The use of simple scaling arguments demonstrates that the performance enhancements achieved by minaturization of SQUID microscopes and arrays are governed not only by the sensitivity of the SQUID sensor, but also by the rate of fall-off of the field produced by the elements of a distributed source. Techniques are reviewed for the optimization of high-resolution SQUIDs for both biomagnetism and NDE. Because of the loss in sensitivity as pickup coils or SQUIDs are made smaller, high resolution SQUID imaging will definitely benefit from the development of lower noise SQUID sensors.
Residuals in multiple regression analysis

An examination of residuals can be used as a technique to determine the best model for use in multiple-regression analysis. In addition to R2 and the Fisher F ratio, a complete analysis of residuals has been used by statisticians for many years to estimate bias and to choose the best equation to fit physicochemical as well as biological and psychosociological data. However, residual analysis has seldom appeared in studies in pharmaceutics, pharmacology, or medicinal chemistry. This report gives two examples to show the usefulness of residual analysis in the pharmaceutical sciences.
Lexical embeddings produce interference when they are morphologically unrelated to the words in which they are contained: Evidence from eye movements

Many words in the English language contain semantically and morphologically unrelated smaller words (e.g., room in groom). Recent findings indicate that a high frequency embedded word produces interference during visual word identification (e.g., Bowers, Davis, & Hanley, 2005; Davis, Perea, & Acha, 2009; Davis & Taft, 2005). In an eye movement experiment we examined whether lexical embeddings produce interference even when explicit judgements about lexicality or category membership are not solicited. Participants silently read sentences that each contained a target word with a lexical embedding. Fixation times were longer on target words that contained a higher frequency embedding compared to those that contained a lower frequency embedding. This finding indicates that a high frequency embedding interferes with word identification during silent reading and adds to a growing body of evidence that a word's orthographic neighbourhood includes embedded words.
De-noising by wiener filter and wavelet based methods for emitter localization systems

The Cross Ambiguity Function (CAF) used in signal location estimation is a 2-dimensional complex-valued function of TDOA and FDOA. In TDOA/FDOA systems, pairs of sensors share data to compute the CAF. In practice, the received signals are noisy and this noise perturbs the CAF from its ideal shape which is a big main lobe and some small side lobes. At low SNRs, the CAF main lobe is buried in the noise and the location estimation accuracy is poor. In this paper, by exploiting some of the CAF properties, we de-noise the CAF itself to increase the estimation performance. We use Wiener filter and wavelet based methods for de-noising. The impact of such de-noising methods on the overall location accuracy is assessed via simulations.
Gastrointestinal Helminths of the Santa Cruz Island Sator, Sceloporus angustus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae), from Isla Santa Cruz, Baja California Sur, Mexico

ABSTRACT: The digestive tracts of 8 Sceloporus angustus, an island endemic of Baja California Sur, Mexico, were investigated for endoparasites. Lizards came from Santa Cruz Island. Five species of Nematoda were found: Parapharyngodon grismeri, Strongyluris similis, Thubunaea iguanae, Acuariidae gen. sp. (larvae in cysts), and a Physaloptera sp. (3rd stage larvae). These nematodes also occur on the mainland.
Weighted Cumulative Sum Technique

A class of weighted control schemes that generalizes the basic cumulative sum (CUSUM) technique is introduced. The schemes of the first type, in which the weights represent information concomitant with the data, prove to be especially useful when handling charts corresponding to samples of varying sizes. The schemes of the second type are based on giving greater weight to more recent information. Representatives of this class are shown to have better run length characteristics with respect to drift in the level of a controlled process than does the classical CUSUM, while maintaining good sensitivity with respect to shifts. Analogous to the classical CUSUM scheme, they admit a dual graphical representation; that is, the scheme can be applied by means of a one- or two-sided decision interval or via a V mask. A special case of this type of scheme, designated the geometric CUSUM, is considered in detail. It can be viewed as a CUSUM-type counterpart of the exponentially weighted moving average.
Increased Phagocytosis and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Products by Neutrophils and Monocytes of Men with Stage 1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Flow cytometry was used to study phagocytic function and release of reactive oxygen products following phagocytosis by neutrophils (PMNL) and monocytes of heparinized whole blood from stage 1 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected men. Phagocytic capacity was assessed by measuring uptake of Texas red-labeled bacteria. Reactive oxygen generation after phagocytosis was estimated by the quantity of dichlorofluorescein diacetate converted to dichlorofluorescein intracellularly. Compared with results in samples from age- and sex-matched controls, PMNL and monocytes from HIV-1-infected patients exhibited a significantly increased capacity to phagocytose Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and generate reactive oxygen products. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that stimuli associated with early HIV-1 infection enhance the nonspecific response of phagocytic cells to potential bacterial pathogens.
Evaluating alternative software production functions

Software development projects are notorious for cost overruns and schedule delays. While dozens of software cost models have been proposed, few of them seem to have any degree of consistent accuracy. One major factor contributing to this persistent and wide spread problem is an inadequate understanding of the real behavior of software development processes. We believe that software development could be studied as an economic production process and that established economic theories and methods could be used to develop and validate software production and cost models. We present the results of evaluating four alternative software production models using the P-test, a statistical procedure developed specifically for testing the truth of a hypothesis in the presence of alternatives in econometric studies. We found that the truth of the widely used Cobb-Douglas type of software production and cost models (e.g., COCOMO) cannot be maintained in the presence of quadratic or translog models. Overall, the quadratic software production function is shown to be the most plausible model for representing software production processes. Limitations of this study and future directions are also discussed.
Ironies in the Discursive Struggle of Pilots Defending the Profession

This article examines discursive forms of resistance used by a splinter group of a U.S. airline pilots’ union in its campaign against a contract settlement supported by union leaders. Forms of resistance included oppositional tensions, military metaphors, and dualities that surfaced in central themes of the campaign. These discursive strategies revealed ironies of advocating unity while promoting division and arguing to eliminate a two-tiered pay scale while supporting class distinctions between pilots. These tactics were similar to and different from approaches that oppositional groups within conventional unions typically used. Overall, these strategies pitted pilots against pilots, professionals against professionals, union against union and suggested that organized resistance is constructed discursively, ironically and in tandem with routine resistance practices.
Visual motion aftereffect in human cortical area MT revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure local haemodynamic changes (reflecting electrical activity) in human visual cortex during production of the visual motion aftereffect, also known as the waterfall illusion. As in previous studies, human cortical area MT (V5) responded much better to moving than to stationary visual stimuli. Here we demonstrate a clear increase in activity in MT when subjects viewed a stationary stimulus undergoing illusory motion, following adaptation to stimuli moving in a single local direction. Control stimuli moving in reversing, opposed directions produced neither a perceptual motion aftereffect nor elevated fMRI levels postadaptation. The time course of the motion aftereffect (measured in parallel psychophysical tests) was essentially identical to the time course of the fMRI motion aftereffect. Because the motion aftereffect is direction specific, this indicates that cells in human area MT are also direction specific. In five other retinotopically defined cortical areas, similar motion-specific aftereffects were smaller than those in MT or absent.
Compiler-assisted multiple instruction word retry for VLIW architectures

Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) architectures can enhance performance by exploiting fine-grained instruction level parallelism. In this paper, we describe a compiler assisted multiple instruction word retry scheme for VLIW architectures. A read buffer is used to resolve the more frequent on-path hazards, while the compiler resolves the remaining branch hazards. Performance evaluation is described for 11 benchmark programs based on the IBM VLIW research compiler, Chameleon. Experimental results indicate that, for a VLIW machine with P functional units to rollback N instruction words, a read buffer of 2NP entries with the compiler assist can be an effective approach in producing low overhead runtime performance and small code growth, for P = 4, 8, 12, and 16 and N /spl les/ 3.
The growth rate of Balanus hameri (Ascanius)

1. Sixty specimens of B. haineri , of five successive year groups, were obtained in December, 1933, and a further 33 preserved specimens taken in the winter of 1925 were examined. 2. The mean ages contained for successive year groups from the size distribution and from individuals settled on those of the preceding year, yielded results in good agreement with one another. 3. First-year individuals do not spawn. All older individuals had ripe genital products in the 1933 material, and early embryos in the 1925 material.
Acute myocardial infarction in hospitalized patients over age 70

Abstract The history and clinical course of 175 patients aged 70 and older (Group A) with acute myocardial infarction (MI) was studied to determine the hospital mortality rate in this population group and to determine the clinical factors that influenced the hospital mortality rate. The mortality rate of a second group of 772 patients below age 70 years (Group B) admitted during the same time period was determined for comparison with the mortality rate in Group A. The hospital mortality rate in Group A (32%) was 3.9 times the hospital mortality rate in Group B (8.2%). Advanced age was associated with a significantly higher mortality rate, even when so called “good risk” patients from Group A were compared with patients in Group B. The major causes of death in this hospitalized group of patients aged 70 and older were shock (33.9%) and cardiac rupture (28.6%). Factors that significantly influenced hospital mortality rate in the elderly group were the development of shock, pulmonary edema on chest x-ray, a clinical diagnosis of congestive heart failure, and the development of complete heart block or new bundle branch block during the hospital course.
Vortex breakdown: a coherent transition trigger in concentrated vortices

Vortex breakdowns are organized structures that usually lead to turbulent flow in vortices. They are among the many kinds of large amplitude disturbances that are possible in concentrated vortices having a streaming component of velocity along the vortex axis. While there is no universal agreement on a definition of “vortex breakdown”, most observers associate the term with a condition in which there is a rapid axial deceleration of the fluid leading to a stagnation point and region of reversed axial flow. By rapid, I mean that the fluid on the vortex axis is brought to rest in distances comparable to the vortex core diameter. Since this distance is small compared to the length scales of interactions generally taking place in concentrated vortices, the occurrence of vortex breakdown appears as a dramatic event.
Small RNAs with big implications: new insights into H/ACA snoRNA function and their role in human disease

A myriad of structurally and functionally diverse noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have recently been implicated in numerous human diseases including cancer. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), the most abundant group of intron-encoded ncRNAs, are classified into two families (box C/D snoRNAs and box H/ACA snoRNAs) and are required for post-transcriptional modifications on ribosomal RNA (rRNA). There is now a growing appreciation that nucleotide modifications on rRNA may impart regulatory potential to the ribosome; however, the functional consequence of site-specific snoRNA-guided modifications remains poorly defined. Discovered almost 20 years ago, H/ACA snoRNAs are required for the conversion of specific uridine residues to pseudouridine on rRNA. Interestingly, recent reports indicate that the levels of subsets of H/ACA snoRNAs required for pseudouridine modifications at specific sites on rRNA are altered in several diseases, particularly cancer. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the downstream consequences of H/ACA snoRNA-guided modifications on ribosome function, discuss the possible mechanism by which H/ACA snoRNAs may be regulated, and explore prospective expanding functions of H/ACA snoRNAs. Furthermore, we discuss the potential biological implications of alterations in H/ACA snoRNA expression in several human diseases.
JHDL-an HDL for reconfigurable systems

JHDL is a design tool for reconfigurable systems that allows designers to express circuit organizations that dynamically change over time in a natural way, using only standard programming abstractions found in object-oriented languages. JHDL manages FPGA resources in a manner that is similar to the way object-oriented languages manage memory: circuits are treated as distinct objects and a circuit is configured onto a configurable computing machine (CCM) by invoking its constructor effectively "constructing " an instance of the circuit onto the reconfigurable platform just as object instances are allocated in memory with conventional object-oriented languages. This approach of using object constructors/destructors to control the circuit lifetime on a CCM is a powerful technique that naturally leads to a dual simulation/execution environment where a designer can easily switch between either software simulation or hardware execution on a CCM with a single application description. Moreover JHDL supports dual hardware/software execution; parts of the application described using JHDL circuit constructs can be executed on the CCM while the remainder of the application the-GUI for example-can run on the CCM host. Based on an existing programming language (Java), JHDL requires no language extensions and can be used with any standard Java 1.1 distribution.
The influence of a prenatal trauma on formation of Purkinje cells.

The first goal of this investigation was to determine the time of origin of Purkinje cells and their final location in the various lobes of the cerebellum. DUB/ICR mice were therefore injected with several doses of 3H-thymidine on day 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 of gestation. Cells formed on days 11 and 12 appeared in all lobes of the postnatal vermis but those formed on day 13 became located mainly in the anterior lobe. The second goal was to examine the effect of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, a DNA synthesis inhibitor, on Purkinje cell formation and on repair of the rhombic lip after a prenatal trauma. Five hours after treatment with fluorodeoxyuridine cells with darkly stained nuclear clumps appeared and mitotic activity ceased. Twelve hours after treatment mitotic activity remained low and more affected cells appeared in the neuroepithelium of the rhombic lip. By 24 hours abnormal cells had disappeared, mitotic activity was almost normal and the neuroepithelium had regained its regular continuity. Treatment on day 12 led to a significant deficit of Purkinje cells in all lobes of the vermis, while treatment on day 13 caused a deficit in the anterior lobe only. Despite the postnatal Purkinje cell deficit, compensatory cell proliferation had occurred in the rhombic lip. The mitotic index in the treated embryos reached the value of the controls after 24 hours and was extremely high after 48 hours. Part of this proliferative activity leads to Purkinje cell production, for it was possible to label substantial numbers of Purkinje cells on day 14 of gestation in animals treated with fluorodeoxyuridine on day 12, while control animals have virtually completed Purkinje cell formation by day 14. Although Purkinje cell deficits were accompanied by a reduction in the size of the cerebellum, the cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum appeared normal.
On the Origin of Kinesin Limping

Kinesin is a dimeric motor with twin catalytic heads joined to a common stalk. Kinesin molecules move processively along microtubules in a hand-over-hand walk, with the two heads advancing alternately. Recombinant kinesin constructs with short stalks have been found to “limp”, i.e., exhibit alternation in the dwell times of successive steps. Limping behavior implies that the molecular rearrangements underlying even- and odd-numbered steps must differ, but the mechanism by which such rearrangements lead to limping remains unsolved. Here, we used an optical force clamp to measure individual, recombinant dimers and test candidate explanations for limping. Introducing a covalent cross-link into the stalk region near the heads had no effect on limping, ruling out possible stalk misregistration during coiled-coil formation as a cause. Limping was equally unaffected by mutations that produced 50-fold changes in stalk stiffness, ruling out models where limping arises from an asymmetry in torsional strain. However, limping was enhanced by perturbations that increased the vertical component of load on the motor, including increases in bead size or net load, and decreases in the stalk length. These results suggest that kinesin heads take different vertical trajectories during alternate steps, and that the rates for these motions are differentially sensitive to load.
GP-Lab: the Genetic Programming Laboratory

Currently, tools in the field of genetic programming are either geared towards solving certain type of problems, or are not easy to use (e.g., requiring actual source code modification of the software packages in order to generate a genetic programming environment). In addition, the solutions generated by existing tools are usually not ready for deployment in applications. We describe a genetic programming tool called GP-Lab. GP-Lab is based upon, and an extension to an earlier tool reported in [Kramer, MD et al. (1996), (2000); Zhang, D et al. (2003)] GP-Lab supports a full and extensible programming language, and allows solutions to be automatically generated in C+ + source code format ready to be compiled for deployment. It is a general tool and has many user-flexible features, including contextually aware genetic operations and graphic outputs.
Civil Wars and Contemporary State Building: Rebellion, Conflict Duration, and Lootable Resources

Regardless of the outcome, civil wars are destructive events. They not only devastate the physical and human capital of a society, but also have a direct effect on state capacity. The capacity of the state is critical as it attempts to rebuild society and minimize the risk of a new civil conflict; yet, it is still not clear how civil war precisely affects state capacity. In general, we argue that incumbent victors are more likely to end with a stronger state when the conflict is short and the victory is decisive. In contrast, rebel victors require more time to build their internal capacity and thus have stronger states after a longer conflict, especially when they had access to lootable resources.
Observing Tutorial Dialogues Collaboratively: Insights About Human Tutoring Effectiveness From Vicarious Learning

The goals of this study are to evaluate a relatively novel learning environment, as well as to seek greater understanding of why human tutoring is so effective. This alternative learning environment consists of pairs of students collaboratively observing a videotape of another student being tutored. Comparing this collaboratively observing environment to four other instructional methods—one-onone human tutoring, observing tutoring individually, collaborating without observing, and studying alone—the results showed that students learned to solve physics problems just as effectively from observing tutoring collaboratively as the tutees who were being tutored individually. We explain the effectiveness of this learning environment by postulating that such a situation encourages learners to become active and constructive observers through interactions with a peer. In essence, collaboratively observing combines the benefit of tutoring with the benefit of collaborating. The learning outcomes of the tutees and the collaborative observers, along with the tutoring dialogues, were used to further evaluate three hypotheses explaining why human tutoring is an effective learning method. Detailed analyses of the protocols at several grain sizes suggest that tutoring is effective when tutees are independently or jointly constructing knowledge: with the tutor, but not when the tutor independently conveys knowledge.
Retrobulbar Intraorbital Tumors (Optic Nerve Glioma)

In mass lesions situated behind the optic globe the intracranial approach remains the method of choice. In tumors of the optic nerve, the transcranial approach is the only way to manage the possible intracranial extension of the tumor. Lesions situated anteriorly, laterally and inferiorly to the globe are in the domain of the ophthalmologists. The case presented is a dumbbell-shaped, right-sided optic nerve glioma. On occasion a patient with this type of tumor will still have fairly adequate vision. Since the response to radiation and repeated radiotherapy can be quite dramatic and can, on occasion, maintain vision over years, the pros and cons of total extirpation of this lesion have to be discussed with the patient or his guardian. If the tumor involves the optic chiasm and the patient’s vision is satisfactory, biopsy and radiation therapy are to be recommended.
A New Species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Mourning Dove, Zenaida macroura (Columbiformes: Columbidae)

ABSTRACT: A species of Eimeria new to science was discovered in fecal samples of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) from Kentucky, U.S.A. Oocysts (n = 57) are spherical to ovoid, 24.2 μm ± 0.6 × 20.7 μm ± 0.4 (23–25.5 μm × 20–21.5 μm), with an average length/width (L/W) ratio of 1.2 (1.1–1.3). The oocyst wall is double layered, smooth, and colorless. The outer wall is 1 μm, and the inner wall is extremely thin. Oocyst residuum and micropyle are absent, but 0–2 variably shaped polar granules (PG) are present. Most PG are sausage shaped (1 × 1.5 μm), while others are round or globular (~0.8–1 μm). Among the 57 oocysts, 54 had 1 PG, 2 had two PG, and 1 oocyst lacked a detectable PG. Sporocysts (n = 83) are ovoid, 12.4 μm ± 0.5 × 7.3 μm ± 0.3 (12–13.8 μm × 6.9–8 μm), with an average L/W ratio of 1.7 (1.5–1.9). A knob-like Stieda body continuous with the sporocyst wall and a rounded substieda body are present. The sporocysts contained a sporocyst residuum made up of numerous granules of a uniform size (1 μ...
INFESTATION OF STORED SAW PALMETTO BERRIES BY CADRA CAUTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) AND THE HOST PARADOX IN STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS

The almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), is a common storage pest known to infest a wide range of dried plant materials, and it has been recorded from a warehouse in Florida during storage of dried passion-flower (Passiflora incarnata L.) and dried saw palmetto berries Serenoa repens (Bartram) Small. Its status as a pest of stored saw palmetto was confirmed by trapping in a second warehouse used solely for storage of this commodity. The moth occurred in high numbers, captures were closely associated with stacks of bagged berries, and trap catch was very low after the stacks were consolidated under a tarp and fumigated. Yet the results of laboratory rearing on saw palmetto suggested that C. cautella has little ability to infest this commodity-development was protracted and highly variable in duration, mortality was high, and pupal weight was low. This sort of contradiction in host suitability, which we refer to as the "host paradox," may be widespread among stored-product insects but has seldom been reported and almost never studied. Published reports suggest that the solution lies partly in dietary supplementation through fungivorous, saprophagous, or carnivorous feeding, although more subtle factors also are suggested. Even cursory observations of the host paradox should be reported to document frequency of occurrence and perhaps stimulate studies directed toward solutions. Such studies would inevitably provide better understanding of population dynamics, which would, in turn, lend support to better management of insects in commercial storage situations.
Teaching Business and Economic Journalism: Fresh Approaches

Teachers of business and economic journalism are developing creative approaches to attracting students and educating them in a field many find daunting. To recruit, some avoid using the terms busin...
The Legalization of Blackmail: A Reply to Professor Gordon

Blackmail is the offer to refrain from engaging in an act that one has the right to perform. Typically, the licit act from which the blackmailer is offering to refrain is the exercise of his rights of free speech. Alternatively, the blackmailee can initiate this agreement; he may approach the blackmailer with the offer of money or other valuable consideration as the price for the blackmailer's silence. In a 1993 article, Wendy J. Gordon hypothesized that blackmail's "central case" occurs when the blackmailer is in possession of information embarrassing or harmful to the blackmailee, and for a fee refrains from publicizing that information. The present Article responds to Gordon's assertion that, for various reasons, blackmail should be legally prohibited.
High Power Thulium Fiber Lasers

We review recent progress exploiting the unique characteristics of high power 2 um Tm fiber lasers in the spectral and the temporal domains. These developments offer new opportunities for applications in many areas.
The structure of crossed product C * -algebras: A proof of the generalized Effros-Hahn conjecture

IfG is a second countable locally compact group acting continuously on a separableC*-algebraA, then every primitive ideal of the crossed productC*(G, A) is contained in an induced primitive ideal, and ifG is amenable, equality holds. Thus ifG is amenable and acts freely on Prim(A), the “generalized Effros-Hahn conjecture” holds: there is a canonical bijection between primitive ideals ofC*(G, A) andG-quasi-orbits in Prim(A). Applications to the “Mackey machine” for a non-regularly embedded normal subgroup of a locally compact group are discussed. The proof of the theorem is based on a “local cross-section” result together with Mackey's original methods.
Commonly used medical mathematical model

The derivative model,the definite integral model and the differential equation applied in the medical sciences are discussed in the paper.The models are commonly used.
Low self-control and the Dark Triad: Disentangling the predictive power of personality traits on young adult substance use, offending and victimization

Abstract Purpose To evaluate Gottfredson and Hirschi's ( 1990 ) spuriousness thesis by focusing on the virtue of alternative psychologically based constructs in explaining substance use, offending and victimization beyond low self-control. Methods Data from several hundred young adults were analyzed using structural equation modeling to evaluate the argument that personality traits are immaterial to explaining malignant behaviors beyond low self-control. To achieve this, the Dark Triad of personality was introduced in models alongside low self-control to explain the varied outcomes. Results Structural equation modeling demonstrated that those with low self-control are more likely to engage in substance abuse whereas those exhibiting Dark Triad traits were not. Low self-control and the Dark Triad independently predicted criminal offending, but only the Dark Triad predicted victimization, controlling for low self-control. Conclusions The spuriousness thesis was not supported in this research. Specifically, the contention that alternative personality traits beyond low self-control bear no virtue in explaining crime or victimization was challenged by this work. The Dark Triad of personality is a promising constellation of personality traits linked to crime and victimization that criminologists can exploit to inform further research and theory.
Effect of the Location of Endplate Cement Extravasation on Adjacent Level Fracture in Osteoporotic Patients Undergoing Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty.

BACKGROUND The most widely researched risk/complication following vertebroplasty (VP) or kyphoplasty (KP) is that of adjacent level fracture (ALF). Current literature results regarding the effect of intradiscal extravasation of cement on the risk of ALF is conflicting with about half of the studies concluding there is no added risk with endplate extravasation and half of the studies reporting opposite conclusions. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study is to further stratify the data to determine whether specifically the location and extent of endplate cement extravasation more strongly affect ALF risk in osteoporotic patients following either VP or balloon KP. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING University teaching hospital. METHODS One hundred and fifty-six cemented levels in 80 patients, treated at a single center between 2008 and 2012 were reviewed. Age, gender, T-score, body mass index, and osteoporosis type (primary or secondary) were recorded. An ALF was defined as a fracture: 1) in a non-cemented vertebra; 2) adjacent to a cemented level; and 3) not due to trauma or malignancy. Location of the cement extravasation (anterior, middle, or posterior third of the vertebral body) and extravasation extent (percentage of the intervertebral disc height occupied by the bolus) were measured. A logistic modeling strategy permitted examining the association between the location and extent of extravasation and the odds of ALF. RESULTS ALF occurred in 14 of the 52 patients (27%) and 20 of the 98 levels (20.4%) remaining after exclusions. Odds of ALF were 5.9 times higher (95% CI: 1.6 to 21.2, P = 0.008) with extravasation when compared to no leakage. Odds of ALF in a given patient were 22.6 times higher (95% CI: 3.0 to 170.9, P = 0.003) with anterior extravasation when compared to no leakage. Leakage in the middle or posterior thirds and extent of extravasation were not associated with ALF. LIMITATIONS Limitations of the study include the retrospective study design and small sample size as well as the retrospective implementation of follow-up criteria posing risk of selection bias. CONCLUSIONS Cement endplate extravasation isolated to the anterior third of the vertebral body is associated with is significantly higher odds of ALF after VP or KP in patients with osteoporosis.
Mullerian adenosarcoma of the cervix with heterologous elements and sarcomatous overgrowth

Cervical adenosarcomas are exceedingly infrequent tumors that occur most often in women of reproductive age. Adenosarcomas comprise benign epithelial elements and malignant stromal elements. The malignant stromal elements can either be homologous, such as fibroblasts or smooth muscle, or heterologous, like cartilage, striated muscle, or bone. We report a case of adenosarcoma of the cervix with heterologous elements and sarcomatous overgrowth in a 38-year-old woman.
A Systematic Review of Informal Relationships Among Parents of Individuals With Intellectual Disability or Autism

Social relationships can shape the well-being of parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs). Although much attention has focused on relationships with other family ...