cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An estimate of Atlantic Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) resources

Abstract An interhemispheric box model of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) is modified by replacing the tropical box with two vertically resolved sub-domains. Seawater flows from large-scale ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) are allowed in one of the tropical sub-domains. Under present conditions and standardized OTEC operations, steady-state net power production density would reach a maximum of about 80 kW/km2 (corresponding to 1.8 TW) with a cold seawater withdrawal per unit area of about 14 m/yr. This maximum reflects the impact of large OTEC flows on the oceanic thermal structure, although the THC would not be significantly affected. It is larger than a recently suggested worldwide value of the order of 30 kW/km2 because of the relative strength of the Atlantic THC. Under asymmetric high-latitude warming scenarios potentially representative of current climatic trends, a substantial weakening or a reversal of the THC are possible. In the former case, recoverable OTEC resources could practically vanish. In the latter case, the emergence of a stronger reverse THC eventually could boost OTEC resources. Such events are hypothetical and would unfold over centuries, but the mere possibility of their occurrence challenges the accepted notion that OTEC resources are forever renewable.
Within- and across-colony effects of hyperpolyandry on immune function and body condition in honey bees (Apis mellifera).

Abstract Honey bees ( Apis mellifera ) have become a model system for studies on the influence of genetic diversity on disease. Honey bee queens mate with a remarkably high number of males—up to 29 in the current study—from which they produce a colony of genetically diverse daughter workers. Recent evidence suggests a significant benefit of intracolony genetic diversity on disease resistance. Here, we explored the relationship between the level of genetic diversity and multiple physiological mechanisms of cellular and humoral immune defense (encapsulation response and phenoloxidase activity). We also investigated an effect of genetic diversity on a measure of body condition (fat body mass). While we predicted that mean colony phenoloxidase activity, encapsulation response, and fat body mass would show a positive relationship with increased intracolonial genetic diversity, we found no significant relationship between genetic diversity and these immune measures, and found no consistent effect on body condition. These results suggest that high genetic diversity as a result of extreme polyandry may have little bearing on the physiological mechanisms of immune function at naturally occurring mating levels in honey bees.
Bone Physiology During Pregnancy and Lactation in Young Macaques

We used a nonhuman primate model (Macaca nemestrina) of adolescent human pregnancy to characterize bone remodeling at midpregnancy and at weaning and the associated changes in bone mass. In this longitudinal study, 125 nulliparous females were followed through pregnancy, 6 months of lactation, and 3 months postweaning; 13 nonpregnant females served as controls. Between early pregnancy and midpregnancy, the whole body bone mineral increased. There was no significant change between midpregnancy and parturition. Between parturition and 3 months lactation, the animals lost 3.0% of their bone mineral (p < 0.01), which was regained by 3 months after weaning. The vertebral bone mineral apparent density decreased during pregnancy and 6 months of lactation, followed by an increase during the 3 months after weaning. Calcium, phosphate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and osteocalcin increased significantly from midpregnancy to weaning whereas 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D values showed significant decreases. Histomorphometric measurements from bone biopsies showed significant increases in most parameters of bone formation between pregnancy and weaning. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that at midpregnancy bone formation is decreased and cancellous bone resorption may have increased. During lactation, losses occur in both cortical and cancellous bone, partially depleting the maternal reservoir of calcium, but a subsequent increase in bone formation enables restoration of bone mineral after weaning to values similar to those in the control group.
Electrostatic spraying and its use in drug delivery — Cholesterol microspheres

Electrostatic spraying can be achieved by applying a potential difference of a few thousand volts between two electrodes and the end of a capillary supplied with liquid or melts under atmospheric pressure or controlled temperature. The system involved in this investigation consisted of two electrodes positioned 0.2 cm apart, one of which being at the tip of the capillary. The system was used in the production of excipient-free microspheres of cholesterol. The thermal stability of cholesterol (m.p. 148.5°C) allowed its electrostatic spraying at 170°C. Cholesterol congealing on spraying afforded microsphere collection with no cooling of the system. Particle size was found to be dependent upon voltage, and positioning of the two electrodes. SEM analysis of the microspheres obtained at +3000 V d.c. voltage produced a mixture of spherical particles of 150–250μm and amorphous particles of 10–30 μm size. Particle size distribution studies using a Coulter counter showed that 65% of particles produced are in the range of 13.5 ± 3.76 μm. Investigation of the dependence of electrostatic spraying behavior of solvent systems on their physico-chemical properties suggested an inverse relationship between electrostatic spraying flow rate and polarity, viscosity, and surface tension. Liquids with high dielectric constant required higher voltages to enter into electrospraying mode. Increase in molecular symmetry improves the electrostatic spraying properties of liquids and may be correlated to molecular packing in the liquid phase. The results of this study support electrostatic spraying as a promising technique for the production of excipient-free microspheres for the delivery of macro-molecules as well as molecules of lower molecular weight.
Filtering the city's image: progressivism, local control, and the St. Louis water supply, 1890-1906.

La ville de St. Louis aux Etats-Unis mit en oeuvre une campagne afin de lutter contre la contamination de l'eau et prevenir la crainte de la fievre thyphoide a la fin du XIX e siecle et au debut du XX e siecle
Manipulating gene activity in Wnt1-expressing precursors of neural epithelial and neural crest cells

Targeted gene disruption or expression often encounters lethality. Conditional approaches, permitting manipulation at desired stages, are required to overcome this problem in order to analyze gene function in later developmental processes. Wnt1 has been shown to be expressed in neural crest precursors at the dorsal midline region. However, its expression was not detected in emigrated neural crest cells, the descendants of Wnt1-expressing precursors. We have developed mouse transgenic systems to manipulate gene activity in the Wnt1-expressing precursors and their derivatives by integrating the tetracycline-dependent activation and Cre-mediated recombination methods. A new Wnt1-rtTA strain, carrying rtTA under control of Wnt1 regulatory elements, has been created for gene manipulation in a spatiotemporal-specific fashion. Together with our previously developed Wnt1-Cre;R26STOPrtTA model, these systems permit conditional gene expression and ablation in pre-migratory and/or post-migratory neural crest cells. This study demonstrated the versatility of our mouse models to achieve gene manipulation in early neural development.
Si-based quantum-well intersubband detectors

ABSTRACTThe strained layer Sii_Ge/Si heterostructures and multiple quantum well structures have created a great deal of interest due to the potential of monolithic integration with the conventionalsilicon VLSI signal processing technology. For infrared detection application, the intersubbandtransition using Sii_Ge/Si offers normal incident detection possibilities in contrast with that ofAlGaAs/GaAs. In this paper, we will first discuss the principle and applications of Si and SiGequantum well structures for infrared detection using intersubband transition. The physics of in-tersubband transition in Si-based quantum wells and superlattices will then be described for bothn-type and p-type materials. Several normal incidence detection mechanisms will be illustrated:namely, from nonvanishing off-diagonal elements of the effective mass tensor in n-type and inter-valence band transition for p- type in addition to free carrier absorption. The effect of the strainin determining the occupancy of the valleys will be described. The experimental results of normalincidence intersubband transition in SiGe/Si quantum wells and 8-doped Si layers are comparedwith the theoretical calculation of oscillator strength. The importance of many- body effects indetermination of transition energy in very heavily doped structures and 6-doped layers, will also
Self psychologyand cognitive treatment: An integration

Although self psychology and cognitive treatment appear, on the surface, to represent diametrically-opposed models of treatment, they can be integrated in clinical social work treatment. A theoretical framework for this integration is presented. Adapting self psychology treatment through the use of cognitive techniques may allow clinicians to help clients with narcissistic disorders within the framework of shorter-term, less-intensive treatment which is increasingly required by programs and reimbursement sources.
Calorimetric studies of stereoselective vanadyl(IV) tartrate reactions

A ΔH of −1·46±0·10 kcal/mole has been determined for the reaction 12[(VO)2(d-C4H2O6)2] 4− + 12[(VO)2(l-C4H2O6)2]4− → [(VO)2(d-C4H2O6)(l-C4H2O6)]4− (“C4H2O6”=tartrato(4-) ligand) in aqueous solution at 298°K in the concentration region [V(IV)]=0·1 to 0·2 M. That the ΔH value observed for the reaction [(VO)2(l-C4H2O6)2]4− + d-C4H4O62− → [(VO)2(d-C4H2O6)(l-C4H2O6)]4− + l-C4H4O62− in the presence of excess ligand is less negative than that observed for the ligand exchange reaction between the binuclear enantiomeric complexes indicates the presence of an exothermic side reaction—probably [(VO)2(C4H2O6)2]4− + 2C4H4O62− → 2[(VO)(C4H3O6)2]4−. A barrier to rotation of 3 kcal/mole has been estimated for the tartrato(4-) bridging ligand to account for the enthalpy difference between the active and racemic binuclear vanadyl(IV) tartrate(4-) complexes. A value of 24 is calculated for the equilibrium constant of the ligand exchange reaction between the enantiomeric vanadyl(IV) binuclear complexes from the experimental ΔH and the predicted ΔS of 1·37 cal/mole-deg.
Instabilities in Englert Type Supergravity Solutions

Abstract We show that all eleven-dimensional Englert-type supergravity solutions (in which the four-index field has internal components) constructed from internal spaces M 7 having two or more Killing spinors, are unstable.
Four-free groups and hyperbolic geometry

We give new information about the geometry of closed, orientable hyperbolic 3-manifolds with 4-free fundamental group. As an application we show that such a manifold has volume greater than 3.44. This is in turn used to show that if M is a closed orientable hyperbolic 3-manifold such that vol M < 3.44, then H_1(M;Z/2Z) has dimension at most 7.
Toward an information‐based theory of irrational systems behavior

Starting with resistance to change as a real-world, practical ground for understanding the apparent irrationality of human behavior, this paper proceeds to sketch a theory of rationality. Rejecting the logical/linguistic framework of rationality, we adopt the pragmatic/behavioral one instead, and within that framework build a conceptual base. The outline of the theory is embodied in seven fundamental propositions. The highlight of the theory is a postulate stating that all purposeful human behavior is rational. This postulate derives from a theory in which purposeful behavior is conceptually based on three types of assumptions. It is argued that the attribution of irrationality to others is itself a form of purposeful behavior, and therefore assumption-based. The observer's lack of information about the actor's assumptions is viewed as the underlying explanation of his attribution of irrationality to the actor's behavior.
Shielding considerations for satellite microelectronics

Shielding for space microelectronics needs to provide an acceptable dose rate with minimum shield mass. The analysis presented here shows that the best approach is, in general, to use a graded-Z shield, with a high-Z layer sandwiched between two low-Z materials. A graded-Z shield is shown to reduce the electron dose rate by more than sixty percent over a single-material shield of the same areal density. For protons, the optimal shield would consist of a single, low-Z material layer. However, it is shown that a graded-Z shield is nearly as effective as a single-material shield, as long as a low-Z layer is located adjacent to the microelectronics. A specific shield design depends upon the details of the radiation environment, system model, design margins/levels, compatibility of shield materials, etc. Therefore, we present here general principles for designing effective shields and describe how the computer codes are used for this application.
Predicting Motor Vehicle Collisions in a Driving Simulator in Young Adults Using the Useful Field of View Assessment

Objective: Being involved in motor vehicle collisions is the leading cause of death in 1- to 34-year-olds, and risk is particularly high in young adults. The Useful Field of View (UFOV) task, a cognitive measure of processing speed, divided attention, and selective attention, has been shown to be predictive of motor vehicle collisions in older adults, but its use as a predictor of driving performance in a young adult population has not been investigated. The present study examined whether UFOV was a predictive measure of motor vehicle collisions in a driving simulator in a young adult population.Method: The 3-subtest version of UFOV (lower scores measured in milliseconds indicate better performance) was administered to 60 college students. Participants also completed an 11-mile simulated drive to provide driving performance metrics.Results: Findings suggested that subtests 1 and 2 suffered from a ceiling effect. UFOV subtest 3 significantly predicted collisions in the simulated drive. Each 30 ms slower on...
Acousto-Optic Algebraic Processors

A new generation of opto-electronic signal processors, many exploiting acousto-optic technology, has been developing during the past several years. These processors are designed to perform algebraic operations like matrix-vector and matrix-matrix multiplication. A number of major architectures are reviewed, including some that operate using digital arithmetic. Fundamental limitations are discussed.
Thiamine increases the specific activity of human liver branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase

THIAMINE pyrophosphate (TPP), the active derivative of vitamin B1, functions as a coenzyme in dehydrogenase reactions such as the oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoisovaleric (KIV), α-keto-β-methylvaleric (KMV) and α-ketoisocaproic (KIC) acids in humans1. Impairment of these reactions produces the group of disorders known as maple syrup urine disease2,3. In the classic form of the disease, the ketoacids and their amino acid precursors accumulate in homozygous affected individuals and depress the function of the central nervous system early in life. Therapy involves restriction of branched chain amino acids in the diet to decrease their concentrations in the body fluids4. Further reduction in plasma leucine, isoleucine and valine has been achieved by supplementing this diet with thiamine for patients with partial (60%) and severe (95%) reduction in enzyme activity5,6. Other investigators found no effect in patients lacking all enzyme activity7,8. We are seeking an explanation for the clinical response at the enzyme level and have already reported that branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase activity was increased in peripheral white blood cells. This occurred after 3 weeks of oral thiamine treatment in patients with 5% activity and in normal controls5. In contrast, activity in mitochondrial inner membranes from cultured normal and mutant skin fibroblasts was not stimulated directly by TPP/Mg2+, but was prolonged by the presence of TPP/Mg2+, suggesting that the cofactor increases the half life of the dehydrogenase complex. We have now found that thiamine supplementation of normal diets increases normal human liver branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase activity.
Network stacking considered harmful

The most important challenge facing the future Internet is not technical, but is rather the need to justify placing trust in the technical solutions. Current network models suffer from limitations that result in practical deployments being too complex to reason about. The novel channel market model, based on composing networks by sharing channels through a flat market, offers a better opportunity for reasoning. The old language is still useful, and continues to make sense in the new model. Two design principles, the haggling principle and the composition principle, provide hints for discussing and designing networks in a channel market.
Surgical issues in the poisoned patient

Some toxicologic emergencies require immediate or urgent surgical intervention in addition to routine medical care. The EP must be familiar with the indications for operative care, even though many of these poisonings and exposures are relatively rare. The EP must also be knowledgeable regarding the various means of surgical decontamination that are available, including temporary cardiopulmonary bypass. Finally, a high level of vigilance must be maintained for patients who have delayed presentation and fulminant organ failure necessitating early involvement of the transplantation team.
Zinc Binding Properties of the DNA Binding Domain of the 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Receptor†

To assess the zinc binding stoichiometry and the structural changes induced upon the binding of zinc to the human vitamin D receptor (VDR), we expressed the DNA binding domain (DBD) of the human VDR in bacteria as a soluble glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein at 20 °C, and examined the apo-protein and metal-liganded protein by mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Following final preparation with a zinc-free buffer, the VDR DBD bound 2 mol of zinc/mol of protein as measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. When protein preparation was carried out in a zinc containing buffer and zinc content of the protein was assesed by the same methods, VDR DBD bound 4 mol of zinc/mol of protein. Analysis of the protein using circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrated that the EDTA-treated protein increased in α-helical content from 16 to 27% on the addition of zinc. Equilibrium ultracentrifugal analyses ...
Characterization of MOCVD-grown CdMnTe films by infrared spectroscopy

Single crystal Cd1−x Mn x Te (x=0.10–0.30) films have been grown by metalorganic vapor deposition (MOCVD) on (111) GaAs substrates with and without CdTe buffer layers, at substrate temperatures of 380° to 450° C. Infrared phonon spectra reveal that the films grown at 420° C substrate temperature have reasonable Mn concentration (>10%) and are of good quality in agreement with Raman measurements. Spectral analysis also gives values for Mn concentration that agrees with photoluminescence measurements, and determines film thickness.
A cytoarchitectonic study of the diencephalon of the tegu lizard, Tupinambis nigropunctatus.

Nuclei in the hypothalamus, ventral thalamus, dorsal thalamus, epithalamus, and pretectum are described and named in the Tegu lizard, Tupinambis nigropunctatus. Many of the nineteen cell groups in the hypothalamus contain small, round cells located near the ventricle; two groups of magnocellular elements, nucleus supraopticus and nucleus paraventricularis, are also present. Of the eight cell groups in the ventral thalamus, nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis, located medial to the optic tract, is the most conspicuous. Six nuclei are described in the dorsal thalamus; nucleus rotundus and nucleus dorsolateralis anterior are very prominent. The epithalamus consists of medial and lateral habenular nuclei. In the pretectum, seven nuclear groups are recognized.
Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 Imaging of the Crab Nebula. I. Observational Overview

We present Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 images of a portion of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant obtained using narrow passband filters. These images show a wide range of filament morphologies including small individual isolated knots, long smooth arcs, and chaotic filament complexes, with evidence that some filament cores are far denser and cooler than had been expected. Although several filaments show resolved ionization structures, in general such structure is not seen on a filament-by-filament basis. In areas where the filaments are mainly on the remnant's near side, "shadowing" features are seen against the bright synchrotron emission background because of absorption by dust in the filaments. While most of these dust features appear to be the cores of knotty-type filaments, we identify a remarkable sinuous dust shadow that maintains a coherent structure over ~25'' (0.24 pc, assuming d = 2 kpc). The obscuration caused by this narrow structure requires surprisingly dense dust concentrations. The HST imaging data reveal relatively few emission-line structures that are unresolved at WFPC2's 010 resolution, with characteristic angular knot sizes of 04 to 08, corresponding to physical scales of 1.2-2.4 × 1016 cm at the assumed distance of 2 kpc. Such sizes are roughly in accord with expectations from theoretical models of the filaments. Future papers in this series will concentrate on specific aspects of the data set in more detail.
Staged authenticity and heritage tourism

Abstract Much of today’s heritage tourism product depends on the staging or re-creation of ethnic or cultural traditions. This study analyzes the role of perceived authenticity as a measure of product quality and as a determinant of tourist satisfaction. The event studied was the Flora Macdonald Scottish Highland Games held in North Carolina (United States). Tourists and event organizers were asked to evaluate the authenticity of specific festival events on a Likert scale. The study revealed that high perception of authenticity can be achieved even when the event is staged in a place far away from the original source of the cultural tradition. Important differences in perceived authenticity were observed among various groups of visitors.
Psychoanalytic theory in the context of contemporary psychology: the Helen Block Lewis memorial address

Tribut a Helen Block Lewis, psychanalyste americaine qui voua son œuvre a la reconciliation de la psychologie et de la psychanalyse, et a la revision des concepts psychanalytiques en fonction des progres de la psychologie generale, a partir, notamment, des persspectives: dynamiques, motivationnelles, developpementales
Esophagectomy in patients with prior percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement

Abstract Background The impact of preoperative percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement in patients undergoing esophagectomy is uncertain. Methods A retrospective review was performed in consecutive patients who underwent esophagectomy. Patients were divided into groups based on whether or not they had preoperative PEG placement. Results One hundred seventeen patients were studied, 102 without (PEG−) and 15 with PEG+ before PEG tube placement. The overall morbidity and mortality rates were 38% and 3%, respectively. The use of a gastric conduit was similar between groups (94% PEG− vs 87% PEG+, P = .27), and the presence of a PEG before PEG tube placement was not prohibitive in any case. Anastomotic leak rates were similar between groups (11% PEG− vs 15% PEG+, P = .65), and there were no leaks from previous PEG sites. Conclusion It appears that preoperative PEG tube placement has no adverse effect on the performance of esophagectomy and may be considered in highly selected patients with poor nutritional status.
Viewpoint: exploring the human interior: the roles of cadaver dissection and radiologic imaging in teaching anatomy.

AbstractFor a variety of reasons, new radiological imaging techniques are supplanting traditional cadaver dissection in the teaching of human anatomy. The authors briefly review the historical forces behind this transition, and then explore the advantages and drawbacks of each approach. Cadaver diss
Knowledge acquisition and strategic action in "Mastermind" problems.

In two experiments, the strategies used by subjects playing the logical-deduction game, Mastermind, were examined. In the first experiment, subjects showed improvement resulting from the continued use of a particular strategic action, and the data suggested that the subjects learned the strategy from their transactions with the task. In the second experiment, the question of changes in underlying strategic knowledge of Mastermind was examined. The accuracy and complexity ofthe subjects' deductions and their use of the previously identified strategy were used to generate a model of the cognitive operations involved in Mastermind. Although there were improvements in the accuracy and complexity ofthe subjects' deductions resulting from continued play, these improvements were unrelated to the use of the strategy. Moreover, the likelihood of making accurate and complex deductions was well accounted for by a Markovian model, suggestingthat the deployment ofthe strategy was not driven by any change in the subject's underlying knowledge structures. Rather, the subjects seemed to use the strategy to create Mastermind situations whose interpretationwas fairly easy. The implications for previous work on the issue ofMastermind strategies and the development of logical-deduction strategies are discussed.
Prediction of maximal aerobic capacity in severely burned children.

Introduction Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) is an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness, but requires expensive equipment and a relatively high technical skill level.
Osteoporosis in older men.

Abstract Historically, the focus in osteoporosis has been on postmenopausal women. In the past few years, information about osteoporosis in other populations, including men, has begun to emerge. Although less common in older men, osteoporosis nonetheless represents a major health concern. Approximately 30% of hip fractures worldwide occur in men, resulting in significant mortality and loss of independence. The incidence of osteoporotic fractures in men is increasing. The reason for this is unclear, but improvement in longevity and better management of other chronic diseases most likely play a role. Two recent studies have addressed the question of fracture risk in men past middle age and have estimated that men >50 years of age have a 19% to 25% lifelong risk of osteoporotic fracture. Mortality is higher following hip fracture and pain is more intense in men than in women following severe vertebral fracture.
The barrier function in extracapsular cataract surgery.

Abstract The distribution of fluorescein between the anterior chamber and the anterior vitreous was measured in two groups of patients after oral administration: group I, extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) patients with intact capsule and posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) (n = 12); group II, intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) patients with anterior chamber IOL (AC IOL) (n =13). The fluorescein concentrations were measured by fluorophotometry and the penetration ratios were calculated. The penetration of fluorescein into the anterior vitreous was significantly less in the ECCE group (group I, penetration ratio=2.03 ± 1.00 × 10 −3 min −1 group II, penetration ratio=5.99 ± 4.89, × 10 −3 min −1 P
Influence of crosslinking density on the tribological behavior of norbornene-based polymeric materials

Abstract In this study, the friction and the wear behavior of norbornene-based polymers prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reaction are evaluated as a function of the crosslinking density. Tribological measurements were performed using a ball-on-flat reciprocating microtribometer. Friction and wear experiments under dry sliding were evaluated using a 1.2 mm radius Si 3 N 4 spherical probe as well as a 100 μm radius conical diamond probe with a 90° cone angle. Wear experiments were conducted at constant normal loads for 100–500 reciprocating cycles. Wear depths were estimated from wear grooves using a contact profilometer, and scanning electron microscopy was used to elucidate deformation mechanisms in the various samples. Correlation between the crosslinking density and the wear behavior were observed.
Power Management in Mixed Line Rate Optical Networks

We present a sensitivity study on how launch optical power can be managed to control the CAPEX of a mixed line rate (i.e., 10/40/100 Gbps wavelengths on same fiber) optical network.
Structure–composition relationships and optical properties in cerium-substituted (Sr,Ba)3(Y,La)(BO3)3 borate phosphors

Relationships between the structure and composition, and their influence on the optical properties, of a family of cerium-substituted borate compounds with formula A3RE(BO3)3 (A = Ba, Sr; RE = Y, La) are studied using a combination of high resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and photoluminescence. Examination of the coordination environment of the Ce3+ active site polyhedra coupled with photoluminescence at 77 K reveal three distinct excitation bands corresponding to Ce3+ located on three distinct crystallographic sites. Comparing the position of these excitation bands with crystal field splitting effects due to changes in polyhedral volumes and distortions suggest an assignment of the three excitation bands. These compounds are efficiently excited by UV light (≈340 nm) with blue emission at a maximum wavelength of 413 nm for Ba3Y(BO3)3:Ce3+,Na+, 422 nm for Sr3Y(BO3)3:Ce3+,Na+, and 440 nm for Sr3La(BO3)3:Ce3+,Na+. The most efficient compound was determined to be Sr3La(BO3)3:Ce3+,Na+ with a quantum yield of 50%.
Role mediators of inflammation and cells in porphyrin-induced phototoxicity

The effects of porphyrins and radiation on inflammation include activation of the complement system, generation eicosanoids from mast cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, alteration in cutaneaous eicosanoid metabolism, activation of factor XII-dependent pathways, release of mediators from mast cells, and dermal accumulation of neutrophils. These effects contribute to the development of porphyrin-induced cutaneous inflammation, which can be seen in patients with porphyrias and as a consequence of photodynamic therapy.
Modelling oxidative stress response pathways

Oxidative stress is a consequence of normal cellular metabolism. The effective functioning of the pathway responding to oxidative stress protects the cellular DNA against oxidative damage and its failure can induce aberrant cellular behaviour leading to diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Thus, understanding the normal signalling present in oxidative stress response pathways and determining possible signalling alterations leading to disease could provide us with useful pointers for therapeutic purposes. Using knowledge of oxidative stress response pathways from the literature, a Boolean network model is developed whose simulated behaviour is consistent with earlier experimental observations from the literature.
A semi-recursion for the number of involutions in special orthogonal groups over finite fields

Abstract Let I ( n ) be the number of involutions in a special orthogonal group SO ( n , F q ) defined over a finite field with q elements, where q is the power of an odd prime. Then the numbers I ( n ) form a semi-recursion, in that for m > 1 we have I ( 2 m + 3 ) = ( q 2 m + 2 + 1 ) I ( 2 m + 1 ) + q 2 m ( q 2 m − 1 ) I ( 2 m − 2 ) . We give a purely combinatorial proof of this result, and we apply it to give a universal bound for the character degree sum for finite classical groups defined over F q .
High-density storage in holographic 3D disks

We have achieved a surface density of 10 bits/µm^2 (6.5 Gbits/in^2) with an experimental holographic storage setup, using DuPont's 100 µm thick photopolymer as the recording medium. Its performance characteristics in terms of access rate and signal-to- noise-ratio are described. Furthermore, a simple holographic 3D disk system with high surface density (10 bits/µm^ using a 100 µm thick recording material) and an architecture similar to compact disks is shown.
Research Notes: An Exploratory Study of the Utilization of Assessment Center Results1

This article presents information on empirical research on how organizations actually utilize assessment center results. It infers that majority of organizations have used assessment centers for on...
Reflective electron-beam lithography: progress toward high-throughput production capability

Maskless electron beam lithography can potentially extend semiconductor manufacturing to the 16 nm technology node and beyond. KLA-Tencor is developing Reflective Electron Beam Lithography (REBL) targeting high-volume 16 nm half pitch (HP) production. This paper reviews progress in the development of the REBL system towards its goal of 100 wph throughput for High Volume Manufacturing (HVM) at the 2X and 1X nm nodes. We will demonstrate the ability to print TSMC test patterns with the integrated system in photoresist on silicon wafers at 45 nm resolution. Additionally, we present simulation and experimental results that demonstrate that the system meets performance targets for a typical foundry product mix. Previously, KLA-Tencor reported on the development of a REBL tool for maskless lithography at and below the 16 nm HP technology node1. Since that time, the REBL team and its partners (TSMC, IMEC) have made good progress towards developing the REBL system and Digital Pattern Generator (DPG) for direct write lithography. Traditionally, e-beam direct write lithography has been too slow for most lithography applications. E-beam direct write lithography has been used for mask writing rather than wafer processing since the maximum blur requirements limit column beam current - which drives e-beam throughput. To print small features and a fine pitch with an e-beam tool requires a sacrifice in processing time unless one significantly increases the total number of beams on a single writing tool. Because of the continued uncertainty with regards to the optical lithography roadmap beyond the 16 nm HP technology node, the semiconductor equipment industry is in the process of designing and testing e-beam lithography tools with the potential for HVM.
Thyroglobulin-reactive T lymphocytes in thyroiditis-prone BB/Wor rats.

Autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis (LT) is a common cause of primary hypothyroidism. Autoreactive T lymphocytes are clearly associated with this disorder, but their pathogenic role in spontaneously occurring LT remains to be established. In the present study, thyroglobulin-reactive T lymphocytes were cultured from young, unprimed LT-prone BB/Wor rats before the age of spontaneously-occurring LT. Although similar investigations have been conducted in animal models for experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), this study is unique because it examines a mammalian model for spontaneous LT. Splenic T lymphocytes were isolated from unprimed 30 to 45-day-old Fisher and LT-prone BB/Wor rats before the onset of LT, then tested for activation by normal (NL), iodine-poor (LI), and iodine-rich (HI) rat thyroglobulin (Tg) in bulk proliferation assay. BB/Wor rat lymphocytes were activated by all three Tg preparations, but Fisher lymphocytes were unresponsive (BB/Wor vs Fisher; p 0.05, ANOVA). Based on these results, we conclude that Tg-responsive T lymphocytes can be cultured from young, unprimed LT-prone BB/Wor rats. Isolating such lymphocytes before the onset of histologically demonstrable LT strengthens the argument that antigen-specific T cells have a pathogenic role in the development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroid disease. The fact that these lymphocytes recognized normal, iodine-rich and iodine poor preparations of rat Tg equally well suggest that unlike the EAT model, spontaneously-occurring Tg-reactive T cells are not influenced by thyroglobulin’s iodine content.
Crystallization of a copolyester in microlayers and blends with polycarbonate

The crystallization behavior of coextruded microlayered sheets comprised of 657 alternating layers of polycarbonate (PC) and a miscible copolyester of mainly 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and terephthalic acid (KODAR) was investigated as a function of annealing time when the KODAR was crystallized isothermally from the glass at 195°C. Comparisons were made with crystallization of KODAR alone, and with crystallization of KODAR from melt blends with PC. The kinetics of crystallization and the morphology of the crystallized KODAR were characterized with differential scanning calorimetry, and by examination of thin sections microtomed from annealed specimens in the polarized light microscope and the transmission electron microscope. The growth rate of small, birefringent KODAR spherulites was non-linear, and was strongly affected by diffusion of PC into the KODAR layers. Diffusion of amorphous PC into the KODAR layers retarded nucleation and spherulite growth and decreased spherulite density. The effect became more pronounced as the KODAR layer thickness was reduced. Spherulities nucleated randomly throughout the KODAR layers in the PC/KODAR 20/80 (w/w) microlayer and grew rapidly to form a continuous layer of impinged spherulites. In contrast, spherulites in the PC/KODAR 40/60 and 60/40 microlayers nucleated and grew along the center of the KODAR layers where the KODAR concentration was highest.
A high-performance liquid chromatography approach for isolation and sequencing of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides.

Abstract Chondroitin-4-SO4 from whale cartilage and chondroitin-6-SO4 from shark cartilage were digested with hyaluronidase and the resulting tetra-, hexa-, octa-, and decasaccharides were purified in two stages. In Stage I the oligosaccharides from each digest were separated according to size by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and by subsequent preparative paper chromatography of their Na-[3H]borohydride-reduced derivatives. The Stage I oligosaccharides were mixtures of oligosaccharides having the same degrees of polymerization but differing in their proportions of 4-sulfated and 6-sulfated N-acetyl- d -galactosamine residues. The Stage I 3H-labeled oligosaccharides were further purified by high-performance liquid chromatography on a Partisil-10 SAX anion-exchange column to give relatively homogeneous Stage II products. The most prominent Stage II oligosaccharide obtained from each of the Stage I mixtures was assayed for the percentages of the 4- and 6-sulfated disaccharides at its reducing terminal and its nonreducing terminal, and in its internal positions using a newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography procedure for analysis of the saturated and unsaturated disaccharides released when the purified oligosaccharide is treated with bacterial chondroitinase. The tetra- and hexasaccharides obtained from the two starting materials were completely 4-sulfated (whale cartilage chondroitin SO4) or 6-sulfated (shark cartilage chondroitin SO4), but the octa- and decasaccharides, which appeared to be chromatographically homogeneous, contained both 4- and 6-sulfated N-acetyl- d -galactosamine residues.
XCo: explicit coordination to prevent network fabric congestion in cloud computing cluster platforms

Large cluster-based cloud computing platforms increasingly use commodity Ethernet technologies, such as Gigabit Ethernet, 10GigE, and Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), for intra-cluster communication. Traffic congestion can become a performance concern in the Ethernet due to consolidation of data, storage, and control traffic over a common layer-2 fabric, as well as consolidation of multiple virtual machines (VMs) over less physical hardware. Even as networking vendors race to develop switch-level hardware support for congestion management, we make the case that virtualization has opened up a complementary set of opportunities to reduce or even eliminate network congestion in cloud computing clusters. We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a system called XCo, that performs explicit coordination of network transmissions over a shared Ethernet fabric to proactively prevent network congestion. XCo is a software-only distributed solution executing only in the end-nodes. A central controller uses explicit permissions to temporally separate (at millisecond granularity) the transmissions from competing senders through congested links. XCo is fully transparent to applications, presently deployable, and independent of any switch-level hardware support. We present a detailed evaluation of our XCo prototype across a number of network congestion scenarios, and demonstrate that XCo significantly improves network performance during periods of congestion.
Cognitive correlates of bulimia: The bulimic thoughts questionnaire

A 20-item measure of the cognitive correlates of bulimia, the Bulimic Thoughts Questionnaire (BTQ), is developed. Confirmatory factor analysis supports a threefactor structure for this measure: Self-Schema, Self-Efficacy, and Salient Beliefs. Study 1 compares bulimic, obese, and normal women on these factors. Bulimics demonstrate larger body image (Self-Schema), lower expectations regarding ability to maintain desirable weight (Self-Efficacy), and greater frequency of thoughts relevant to bulimia (Salient Beliefs) than do normals. Bulimic and obese women do not differ on Self-Schema and Self-Efficacy measures, even though objectively the obese group weighed, on average, 40 Ib more. Study 2 cross-validates the BTQ with a nonclinical sample. Study 3 shows the change in BTQ scores during the course of treatment for bulimia.
Direct and indirect retinohypothalamic projections to the supraoptic nucleus in the female albino rat.

Earlier studies have shown that retinohypothalamic projections terminate extensively within the hypothalamus of the rat. Recently, we identified a light retinal projection to the supraoptic nucleus as well as a larger, well-focused projection resulting in a peri-supraoptic nucleus terminal field. In this study, we employed a double labeling method with cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CT-HRP) and pseudorabies virus, a transsynaptic neural tracer, to evaluate retinorecipient neurons in both the supraoptic nucleus and peri-supraoptic nucleus terminal field. In addition, we looked for evidence that cells in the peri-supraoptic nucleus terminal field project into the supraoptic nucleus. Three strains of pseudorabies virus were compared. A direct retinosupraoptic nucleus circuit was confirmed with all three strains. Retinorecipient neurons in the peri-supraoptic nucleus terminal field were also confirmed. However, there was a strain-based difference in the identification of these neurons. The wild-type Becker strain labeled cells in the peri-supraoptic nucleus terminal field in a manner paralleling the early, intermediate and late stages of infection of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. This parallel time course suggests that retinal ganglion cells terminate directly on cells in the peri-supraoptic nucleus terminal field. Conversely, the Bartha and PRV-91 strains showed appreciable labeling of peri-supraoptic neurons only at long survival times. This longer time course suggests that these mutant strains label neurons in the peri-supraoptic nucleus terminal field indirectly, after passing through additional neurons. In addition, experiments with monocular injection of CT-HRP and posterior pituitary injection of pseudorabies virus showed retrogradely labeled second-order cells in the peri-supraoptic nucleus amidst the CT-HRP labeled terminal field of the retinohypothalamic tract. These results demonstrate a direct projection from the retina to the supraoptic nucleus and provide evidence for an indirect circuit from the retina to the supraoptic nucleus via neurons located in the peri-supraoptic nucleus terminal field. The strain-based differences imply that those retinal ganglion cells that project to the peri-supraoptic nucleus terminal field differ from those that project to the supra-chiasmatic nucleus. In addition, these results suggest a neuroanatomic basis for photic effects on physiological mechanisms that are not mediated by the circadian timing system.
Coupling of Sea Level Rise, Tidal Amplification, and Inundation

AbstractWith the global sea level rising, it is imperative to quantify how the dynamics of tidal estuaries and embayments will respond to increased depth and newly inundated perimeter regions. With increased depth comes a decrease in frictional effects in the basin interior and altered tidal amplification. Inundation due to higher sea level also causes an increase in planform area, tidal prism, and frictional effects in the newly inundated areas. To investigate the coupling between ocean forcing, tidal dynamics, and inundation, the authors employ a high-resolution hydrodynamic model of San Francisco Bay, California, comprising two basins with distinct tidal characteristics. Multiple shoreline scenarios are simulated, ranging from a leveed scenario, in which tidal flows are limited to present-day shorelines, to a simulation in which all topography is allowed to flood. Simulating increased mean sea level, while preserving original shorelines, produces additional tidal amplification. However, flooding of adj...
Adhesion and friction studies of silicon surfaces processed using a microparticle-based method

A surface processing method that combines electrostatic deposition of microparticles and dry etching is utilized to modify the surface topography of silicon surfaces to reduce adhesion and friction force. Microscale adhesion and friction tests were conducted on flat (smooth) and processed silicon surfaces with a low elastic modulus thermoplastic rubber (Santoprene) probe that allowed a large enough contact area to observe the feature size effect. Both adhesion and friction force of the processed surfaces were reduced comparing to that of the flat surfaces.
α7-nAChR-mediated suppression of hyperexcitability of colonic dorsal root ganglia neurons in experimental colitis

Controlled clinical trials of nicotine transdermal patch for treatment of ulcerative colitis have been shown to improve histological and global clinical scores of colitis. Here we report that nicot...
CpxP, a Stress-Combative Member of the Cpx Regulon

The CpxA/R two-component signal transduction system of Escherichia coli can combat a variety of extracytoplasmic protein-mediated toxicities. The Cpx system performs this function, in part, by increasing the synthesis of the periplasmic protease, DegP. However, other factors are also employed by the Cpx system for this stress-combative function. In an effort to identify these remaining factors, we screened a collection of random lacZ operon fusions for those fusions whose transcription is regulated by CpxA/R. Through this approach, we have identified a new locus, cpxP, whose transcription is stimulated by activation of the Cpx pathway. cpxP specifies a periplasmic protein that can combat the lethal phenotype associated with the synthesis of a toxic envelope protein. In addition, we show that cpxP transcription is strongly induced by alkaline pH in a CpxA-dependent manner and that cpxP and cpx mutant strains display hypersensitivity to growth in alkaline conditions.