cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Records of Shallow-Water Marine Isopods from Bermuda with Descriptions of Four New Species

ABSTRACT An extensive collection of marine isopods from the Peabody Museum, Yale University, taken from 114 collecting stations on Bermuda, is reported. The collection adds 10 new records to the list of known Bermudan isopods, including two undescribed species, Mesanthura bermudensis and Joeropsis nigricapitis. These two species can be recognized initially by their distinctive pigment patterns. Fresh material shows Anthomuda stenotelson Schultz to be a junior synonym of Anthelura affinis Richardson. Also included in the report are the descriptions of two new species collected from a cave, Munnogonium somersensis and Stenobermuda iliffei. The latter, which exhibits protogynous hermaphroditism, is shown to be a member of the Gnathostenetroididae.
Copillaria hepatica: Fine structure of egg shell

Abstract The structure of the Capillaria hepatica egg shell was studied with the electron microscope and correlated with light microscope histochemical observations. The shell is composed of fibrous and nonfibrous components, both of which stain for protein. The fibrous component, the major portion of the shell, consists of submicroscopic fibers. The nonfibrous component is located in the outer region of the shell but is not always visible; when present it has a reticulated appearance in electron micrographs. The fibrous component is divided into outer and inner regions. The outer region is composed of radially arranged pillars which are connected at their outer surface by a beam-like network and are anchored at the base to a compact inner region. The inner region consists of a series of concentrically arranged lamellae above which is located a nonlaminated region where the pillar bases originate. At each polar end of the shell is a single opening plugged with a material which contains acid mucopolysaccharide. The fine structure of the body of the plug is unresolvable with the electron microscope; its outer surface is impregnated with electron dense particles. Externally the shell is covered by a 250 A thick continuous membrane which is in close opposition to the surrounding host tissue.
D-Ala2, ΔzPhe4-methionine enkephalin amide, a dehydropeptide hormone

The enkephalin analog, D-Ala2, ΔzPhe4 amide, has been prepared and shown to be five times as active as D-Ala2-methionine enkephalin amide in vitro and the dehydrophenylalanine moiety conferred complete stability to chymotrypsin on the peptide.
A perspective on RF vacuum electronics: innovations and recent advances

Summary form only given. Vacuum electronics continues as a vital technology for the generation of coherent radiation in a spectral region extending from the UHF to the infrared. Many of the advances and innovations from current R&D efforts are associated with two primary technological thrusts. First is the continuing development of fast-wave device concepts for use in heating, particle acceleration, and RF power transmission. While efficient, high-power oscillators are sufficient for heating, coherent sources are preferred for particle acceleration and radar. For these applications, the performance requirements are more strenuous, including such features as instantaneous bandwidth, stability, linearity, and noise as well as packaging. Exemplifying this thrust is the development of a second-generation of fast-wave amplifiers based on the electron cyclotron resonance and the free electron masers and the gyro-peniotron. The second thrust is defined by the creative blending of solid-state and vacuum concepts, techniques and capabilities. The microwave power module, a new transmitter archetype, highlights the benefits of this approach. More speculatively, RF vacuum microelectronics combines the advantages of electron transport in vacuum with gated emission structures derived from solid-state micro-fabrication. The advent of practical gated vacuum emitters, based on this approach, is expected to have a strong impact on RF source technology. These recent advances and new opportunities are indicative of a growth potential that confirms RF vacuum electronics as a technology fully capable of meeting the challenges of the future.
SU-E-T-494: A MOSFET-Based In-Vivo Dosimetry System for MR Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (MR-IGRT)

Purpose: To determine if a MOSFET based in-vivo dosimetry system can be used for patients undergoing MR-IGRT. Methods: Standard and high sensitivity MOSFET detectors were used for in-field and out-of-field measurements respectively. The systems were benchmarked and calibrated against a calibrated ionization chamber on a standard 6 MV linear accelerator, and then on the MR-IGRT system. Known doses were delivered to a water phantom with the MOSFETs placed between the top of the phantom and underneath a layer of bolus and water equivalent plastic, using a 6 MV beam and a 6 0Co MR-IGRT beam. The latter was performed with and without real-time MRI-guidance during the beam delivery (MRIGRT). Results: The in-field dosimeter response was linear from 50-500 cGy with little evidence of energy dependence or change in response due to the permanent static magnetic field of the MR-IGRT system. The detector response varied by 20% depending on distance from isocenter used during calibration. Therefore, to use the dosimeters for out-of-field measurements they must be calibrated out-of-field. Regardless of the detector orientation in the coronal plan, the response of the MOSFETs during MRI-guided delivery increased by 5% due to induced currents from the dynamic magnetic field present with image guidance. During the MRI-guided delivery, some loss in image quality was seen when the MOSFETs were present in the imaging plane. This was mitigated by using a handheld reader without a transmitting wireless receiver. Conclusion: A MOSFET-based in-vivo dosimetry system can be used for patients receiving MR-IGRT; however the change in detector response due to the dynamic magnetic field requires a special calibration.
Processes regulating the initiation and postejaculatory resumption of copulatory behavior in male hamsters

Studies using factor analysis have helped describe the organization of copulatory behavior in male rodents. However, the focus of these studies on a few traditional measures may have limited their results. To test this possibility, 74 sexually-experienced male hamsters were observed as they copulated with stimulus females. The measures collected exceeded the conventional ones in number, variety and independence. The factor analysis of these data revealed a structure with seven factors collectively accounting for 80% of the variance. Most resembled the factors in previous reports, reinforcing the contributions that the processes suggested by these factors make to the organization of male behavior. But several other factors were more novel, possibly reflecting the use of measures that were novel or revised for greater independence. The most interesting of these were two factors focusing on early steps in the progression leading to ejaculation. Importantly, both incorporated measures from each of the three copulatory series that were observed. Past work suggests that independent processes control the times required to initiate copulation and later resume it after an ejaculation. In contrast, these results suggest the existence of two processes, each of which contributes to both the initiation and reinitiation of copulation.
Formaldehyde in envelopes of interstellar dark clouds

Observed formaldehyde column densities of 1 x 10 to the 12th - 3 x 10 to the 13th/sq cm in cloud envelopes along lines of sight with A(V) = 1-4 mag can not be explained with the current understanding of interstellar gas phase chemistry. However, these column densities can be reproduced by a simple time-dependent model in which H2CO is supplied to the gas phase by the erosion of icy grain mantles. The release of H2CO from the grain mantles must occur on time scales comparable to the time scales for mixing from the cloud interior to the cloud envelope. Thus, in low-density regions of clouds, it appears that formaldehyde is the second molecule whose gas phase source is primarily ejection from grains. This simple model suggests understanding gas phase steady state in clouds on macroscopic, rather than microscopic, spatial scales.
Quantum dynamics in classically integrable and non-integrable regions

Abstract The time evolution of wavefunctionsΦ( t ) composed of superpositions of energy eigenstates are compared when the wavefunctions are initiated in (1) the non-integrable and (2) the integrable regimes in the phase space of the Henon - Heiles system. The behavior of is found to be very different in the two regions
Toward Efficient Binders for Li-Ion Battery Si-Based Anodes: Polyacrylic Acid

Si-based Li-ion battery anodes offer specific capacity an order of magnitude beyond that of conventional graphite. However, the formation of stable Si anodes is a challenge because of significant volume changes occuring during their electrochemical alloying and dealloying with Li. Binder selection and optimization may allow significant improvements in the stability of Si-based anodes. Most studies of Si anodes have involved the use of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) binders. Herein, we show for the first time that pure poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), possessing certain mechanical properties comparable to those of CMC but containing a higher concentration of carboxylic functional groups, may offer superior performance as a binder for Si anodes. We further show the positive impact of carbon coating on the stability of the anode. The carbon-coated Si nanopowder anodes, tested between 0.01 and 1 V vs Li/Li+ and containing as little as 15 wt % of PAA, showed excellent stability duri...
Selectivity improvement in the SRC process

Abstract The selectivity for hydrodesulfurization over hydrogenation has been examined in a new short residence time catalytic two-stage SRC process, which has the potential of producing a low-sulfur solid SRC product to meet the newly proposed EPA new point source emission standards (NPSES). In the first stage of the process, residence time and hydrogen consumption are minimized through the use of an inexpensive mineral catalyst (SRC residue ash) that has been treated under a combustion environment to improve its selectivity for hydrodesulfurization over hydrogenation. The second stage of the process involves hydrotreating the filtered liquid product with a commercial Co-Mo-Al catalyst, before splitting into a solid SRC and solvent recycle by distillation. Several process variables — such as type of coal, catalyst, temperature, hydrogen partial pressure, and reaction time — have been examined to provide information on hydrogen consumption, product distribution, sulfur removal, SRC yield and solvent quality. The results show that the ash of SRC residue can be used to selectively catalyze desulfurization over hydrogenation in SRC processing. Selectivity for desulfurization in two stage hydrodesulfurization of coal is improved by using high reaction temperatures, short residence times, the ash of SRC residue as a first stage catalyst, and Co-Mo-Al as a second stage catalyst. Two stage catalytic SRC processing is more selective for hydrodesulfurization than catalytic or non-catalytic single stage SRC processing.
Speech therapy and language recovery in severe aphasia.

This study was designed to investigate whether speech therapy enhances language recovery in severe aphasia and whether or not the method of speech therapy used affects recovery if it occurs. Thirty...
Response of serine antiproteases to growth hormone therapy in growth hormone deficient children.

Growth hormone regulates the hepatic mRNA levels of α1-antitrypsin and two contrapsin-like mRNAs in the rat. To determine whether growth hormone regulates similar serine protease inhibitors in humans, we measured serum α1-antitrypsin, α1-antichymotrypsin, and antithrombin III by radioimmunodiffusion in 16 growth hormone deficient children before and after growth hormone therapy. Of the 19 determinations made, 17/19 showed an increase in α1-antirypsin after administration of growth hormone, 198.6 ± 39.1 mg/dl before growth hormone and 239.4 ± 44 mg/dl after growth hormone (p = 0.005). Specificity of the response for α1-antitrypsin was indicated by the fact that neither α1-antichymotrypsin or antithrombin III values changed after growth hormone (p = 0.6 and 0.5, respectively). These data are compatible with the hypothesis that growth hormone regulates serine protease inhibitors in humans and suggests that investigation of other members of the serpin gene family might prove fruitful in defining additional growth hormone target genes.
A method for the isolation of t lymphocytes from normal and neoplastic ocular tissue

We have employed a simple organ culture method to isolate in vitro the small numbers of T lymphocytes present in choroidal melanomas, as well as normal choroid. Subsequent growth and expansion of the isolated T cells was accomplished in the presence of Interleukin-2 (IL-2; T Cell Growth Factor).
Interlaboratory Groove Depth Measurements and Wear Estimation

Abstract A tire was measured to determine its average groove depth by each of several operators in each of seven laboratories in the morning and afternoon for two consecutive days. The results show that the operators repeat their measurements within acceptable variation. On averages of six measurements by a single operator, a difference of 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) was significant. The variability of operators' averages around their laboratory average was the same for all laboratories except one. However, averages among laboratories were different, which is attributed to small differences in the measuring practice. The precision of wear rate estimates based on the difference of average groove depths before and after a period of wear is estimated and ways in which the precision of estimates of wear rates can be optimized are suggested.
X-Ray Microscopy Of Living Biological Specimens Using A Laser-Plasma As An X-Ray Source

The laser-produced plasma as an x-ray source provides significant advantages over other types of sources for x-ray microscopy of, particularly, living biological specimens. The pulsed nature of the x-rays enables imaging of the specimen in a living state, and the small source size minimizes penumbral blurring, thus making it possible to make an exposure close to the source, thereby, increasing the x-ray flux. Silica depositions, in the form of SiO2•H20, in the leaf blade of corn have been imaged using a laser-produced plasma source. The study of these silica deposits in various developmental stages reveals that silica is initially deposited in specialized dumb-bell shaped silica cells and further deposition occurs in the bullaform cells and hairs. Such studies have not been possible with conventional methods which require ashing and staining of the specimens. Furthermore, x-ray imaging enables the screening of the silica content in a large number of specimens, which is a requirement for breeding programs.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Low and high gamma oscillations in rat ventral striatum have distinct relationships to behavior, reward, and spiking activity on a learned spatial decision task

Local field potential (LFP) oscillations in the brain reflect organization thought to be important for perception, attention, movement, and memory. In the basal ganglia, including dorsal striatum, dysfunctional LFP states are associated with Parkinson’s disease, while in healthy subjects, dorsal striatal LFPs have been linked to decision-making processes. However, LFPs in ventral striatum have been less studied. We report that in rats running a spatial decision task, prominent gamma-50 (45-55 Hz) and gamma-80 (70-85 Hz) oscillations in ventral striatum had distinct relationships to behavior, task events, and spiking activity. Gamma-50 power increased sharply following reward delivery and before movement initiation, while in contrast, gamma-80 power ramped up gradually to reward locations. Gamma-50 power was low and contained little structure during early learning, but rapidly developed a stable pattern, while gamma-80 power was initially high before returning to a stable level within a similar timeframe. Putative fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) showed phase, firing rate, and coherence relationships with gamma-50 and gamma-80, indicating that the observed LFP patterns are locally relevant. Furthermore, in a number of FSIs such relationships were specific to gamma-50 or gamma-80, suggesting that partially distinct FSI populations mediate the effects of gamma-50 and gamma-80.
Mach stem structure in exothermic systems

Incident waves having grossly similar characteristics were obtained by passing a shock wave over a ramp mounted on the divergent part of a convergent-divergent nozzle. The range of triple point parameters in both the naturally occurring detonative Mach stems and those generated in the ramp experiments compared favorably, but some differences were observed in the triple point trajectories and the decay rates of the lead waves. Whereas the lead waves in detonations have been found to decay at rates between those of planar and cylindrical blast waves, the decay observed in the ramp experiments was more like that of planar blast waves. The dominant factor in determining a triple point trajectory was found to be the orientation of the lead wave at the triple point. Comparison of reactive and nonreactive cases indicated a faster rate of decay of the lead wave and a steeper triple point trajectory for the reactive cases than for the nonreactive ones. Also, a sensitivity of the trajectory to initial pressure was observed in the former, although none was present in the nonreactive cases.
Experimental Study of Laminar Convective Heat Transfer and Viscous Pressure Loss of Alumina-Water Nanofluid

Laminar convective heat transfer and viscous pressure loss were investigated for alumina-water nanofluid in a flow loop with a vertical heated tube. The experimental results are in good agreement with traditional model predictions for laminar flow, if the loading- and temperature-dependent thermophysical properties are utilized. No abnormal heat transfer enhancement was observed. The heat transfer coefficients in the entrance region and in the fully-developed region are estimated to increase by 17% and 27%, respectively, for alumina nanofluid at 6 vol%. Measured pressure loss of the nanofluid is within 20% of theory. It is concluded that the nanofluid laminar convective heat transfer and viscous pressure loss behavior can be predicted by existing models as long as the correct mixture properties are used. This finding is consistent with our previous observation for alumina nanofluid tested in the fully-developed turbulent flow regime.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A Systems Approach to Management of the Hanford Ground‐Water Basina

Mathematical models for simulating ground water and radionuclide movement as a function of time and space are being developed. In addition to the models, a man-machine interactive computer system is under development for use in model applications. In total, the research and development program will produce a management and engineering tool for use in analysis, decisions and policy formulations relative to management of ground-water systems. The system is separated into sequential or parallel components that can be modeled independently of each other. This results in maximum capability to simulate all combinations of situations that may be encountered and in ease of modifying or refining the models independently without having to reformulate the entire system. The system is composed of three major categories of models: (1) data models; (2) hydraulic models; and (3) water quality (transport) models. Data models calculate input characteristics required for operation of the hydraulic and water quality models from a minimum of field measurements. The Transmissivity Iterative Routine for calculating transmissivity distributions and the Sorption Transmissivity Routine for calculating sorption coefficient distributions are two types of data models. The hydraulic models predict the flow of ground water in saturated and un-saturated soils. The Partially-Saturated Transient Model, which describes unsaturated, transient flow, and the Variable Thickness Transient Model, which describes saturated, transient flow, are included in this category. The water quality models predict the movement of the waste through the subsurface soils. The Macro-ion Transport Model, which describes macro-ion movement, and the Micro-ion Transport Model, which describes micro-ion movement, are included in this category. The assumptions used in developing the system of models, justification of these assumptions, the interrelationship of each of the models, and the intended application of the entire system are presented. The man-machine interactive computer system provides an efficient means for the engineer to interact in the problem solving functions using the previously discussed models. The system allows the engineer to rapidly scan a large number of alternatives and use his experience in rapidly converging on a solution. The components of the computer system and their functions are described. Examples showing how the computer system is being used with models that have been developed are presented.
Unprecedented migration of a methyl group in 2-(2',6'-dimethylphenylazo)-4-methylphenol mediated by ruthenium.

An unprecedented chemical transformation of 2-(2',6'-dimethylphenylazo)-4-methylphenol has been observed upon its reaction with [Ru(PPh 3 ) 2 (CO) 2 Cl 2 ] whereby the methyl group at the 2' position migrates to the 4' or 6' position.
Transdermal delivery of indomethacin and levonorgestrel using clofibric acid amides as penetration enhancers

AbstractThe enhancing properties of clofibric acid amides on the transdermal delivery of indomethacin and levonorgestrel were studied in vitro using full-thickness hairless mouse skin. The enhancers possessed alkyl side chains varying from 2 (1) to 16 (7) carbons. Indomethacin was applied in propylene glycol and levonorgestrel in 1-butanol, and all enhancers were applied at 0.4 M in propylene glycol 1 h prior to drug treatment. 1-Butanol was chosen as the vehicle for levonorgestrel since it was found to deliver more drug transdermally than propylene glycol. Since this was a volatile solvent, all experiments with levonorgestrel were performed under occlusion. The greatest increases in permeability coefficients and skin retention of model drugs were observed with compounds 4, 5, and 6. The permeability coefficient enhancement ratio (ER) for indomethacin and 4 was 3.1, for 5 was 10.9, and for 6 was 14.6. Skin content ER values were 4.6, 5.3, and 1.8, respectively. Levonorgestrel permeability coefficient ER v...
High‐performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry determination of cholesterol uptake by Caco‐2 cells

A simple, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometric method (LC/APCI-MS/MS) was developed and applied to quantitative determination of uptake of cholesterol by Caco-2 human intestine cells. Caco-2 cells were cultured in medium containing cholesterol-3,4-13C2 and phytosterols from nutritional supplements after in vitro digestion. Cellular cholesterol (cholesterol-3,4-13C2) and endogenous cholesterol were extracted using methanol/chloroform (1:2, v/v) and directly analyzed using LC/APCI-MS/MS with selected reaction monitoring (SRM), using cholesterol-2,2,3,4,4,6-d6 as an internal standard. Detection and quantification limits were 2.2 and 7.2 pmol, respectively. This method provides an effective tool for rapid determination of cholesterol uptake by cells with increased selectivity and sensitivity in comparison to previously reported LC/APCI-MS analysis using selected ion monitoring (SIM). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeting Angiogenesis in Lung Cancer

The prognosis for the majority of patients with lung cancer remains poor, and treatment strategies including newer generation chemotherapeutics have not improved survival. New approaches are required to further improve patient outcome and survival. Recently, key molecules involved in signal transduction pathways that contribute to tumor growth have been identified as therapeutic targets, particularly molecules involved in cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. Novel therapeutics that specifically target angiogenesis have shown promise as single agents and in combination with standard chemotherapy. The results of recent studies validate the use of this class of targeted therapeutics as an important new treatment modality in cancer therapy. This review will focus on a discussion of antiangiogenic therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in development for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
ATP Interaction with the Open State of the KATP Channel

The mechanism of ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel closure by ATP is unclear, and various kinetic models in which ATP binds to open or to closed states have previously been presented. Effects of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) and multiple Kir6.2 mutations on ATP inhibition and open probability in the absence of ATP are explainable in kinetic models where ATP stabilizes a closed state and interaction with an open state is not required. Evidence that ATP can in fact interact with the open state of the channel is presented here. The mutant Kir6.2[L164C] is very sensitive to Cd2+ block, but very insensitive to ATP, with no significant inhibition in 1 mM ATP. However, 1 mM ATP fully protects the channel from Cd2+ block. Allosteric kinetic models in which the channel can be in either open or closed states with or without ATP bound are considered. Such models predict a pedestal in the ATP inhibition, i.e., a maximal amount of inhibition at saturating ATP concentrations. This pedestal is predicted to occur at >50 mM ATP in the L164C mutant, but at >1 mM in the double mutant L164C/R176A. As predicted, ATP inhibits Kir6.2[L164C/R176A] to a maximum of approximately 40%, with a clear plateau beyond 2 mM. These results indicate that ATP acts as an allosteric ligand, interacting with both open and closed states of the channel.
The Dissolution of SiC and Other Materials in Molten Si

The observed rate of dissolution of filaments in molten Si at 1550°C is explained by a Fick's law calculation. In the absence of dissociation barriers,, , , carbon, and graphite are predicted to dissolve in molten Si at a rate proportional to the product of their solubilities in Si(l) and the molar volume of the non‐Si species in the solid. Predicted dissolution rates are compared to experimental values from the literature.
Combination of glibenclamide–metformin HCl for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introduction: Combination of glibenclamide (glyburide in the U.S.) and metformin hydrochloride simultaneously addresses two different but complimentary mechanisms to improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Areas covered: The pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and side effect profile of the oral combination of glibenclamide–metformin are reviewed. Expert opinion: Those patients, uncontrolled with single oral agent sulfonylurea or metformin alone, benefit from combination glibenclamide–metformin. There is improvement in fasting plasma glucose, HbA1C, and post-prandial glucose control, and patients are more likely to achieve a HbA1C < 7%. Initiation should be started at the lowest doses and titrated to get the desired effect. Combination therapy allows for reduced pill burden while treating a multifactorial disease by two different mechanisms. Practitioners should be cognizant of risks of hypoglycemia and the theoretical potential for lactic acidosis in the elderly and those with renal impairment. We caution t...
Decidual prolactin (PRL)-releasing factor stimulates the synthesis of PRL from human decidual cells.

Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the acute release of PRL from human decidual tissue is stimulated by a 23.5 kilodalton placental protein which we designated decidual PRL-releasing factor (PRL-RF). To determine whether PRL-RF may also affect the synthesis of PRL and/or cause a secondary increase in PRL release, we have examined the effects of purified PRL-RF on the synthesis and release of PRL over a 96-h period. Exposure of dispersed decidual cells to PRL-RF (0.5 μg/nil) stimulated a biphasic increase in PRL release with acute transient stimulation during the first 0.5 h and a delayed and sustained stimulation beginning about 8 h after exposure which persisted for the duration of the 96 h. The amounts of PRL released from PRL-RF-exposed cells after 0.5, 8, 12, 24, and 96 h were 321.2 ± 36.2 (mean ± SEM, n = 3), 110.2 ± 5.3,138.2 ± 7.2,194.5 ± 11.2, and 201.5 ± 14.2% that of control cells. Studies of the de novo synthesis of [35S]methionyl PRL indicated that the increase in PRL relea...
Total energy of deoxyguanosine bonded to N-2-acetylaminofluorene by the semi-empirical modified-neglect of differential diatomic overlap method

We have computed the total energy surface as a function of two important torsion angles of the carcinogen N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) bonded to the carbon C8 of deoxyguanosine using the semi-empirical quantum mechanical method, MNDO. One global minimum and one local minimum are found separated by an appreciable barrier. The equilibrium geometries show the rearrangement of AAF and the base consistent with experimental observations of previous investigators.
Drug-induced pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract

Abstract Drugs can produce a wide range of pathology in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Often, the injury pattern is non-specific. Pill-induced oesophagitis usually affects the mid oesophagus. In the stomach, many drugs, particularly non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can cause ulcers, erosions or reactive gastropathy. Some drugs produce specific injury patterns that can be recognized by pathologists. Proton pump inhibitors cause parietal cell hyperplasia and fundic gland polyps. Kayexalate may cause erosions or ulcers, with ‘mosaic' crystals within the exudate. Patients taking iron tablets may develop reactive gastropathy with iron deposits in the lamina propria. Similarly, gastric mucosal calcinosis refers to deposits of calcium in the superficial lamina propria; antacids are one possible cause. Colchicine causes variable injury, and interference with microtubule assembly results in mitotic arrest. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy may cause gastroduodenal ulcers associated with marked epithelial atypia that can be mistaken for carcinoma. Recognition of these histological patterns enables pathologists to make a diagnosis of drug-induced upper gastrointestinal injury and potentially to identify the specific agent responsible.
The Pate Chronicles Revisited: Nineteenth-Century History and Historiography1

A few years ago I offered an assessment of the Pate “Chronicles” as a tradition-based source for the history of the East African coast. That paper drew on recensions and versions that were readily available at that time to researchers interested in their historiography. Reasons of length and scope, cited at the end of the paper, restricted discussion to Sultan Fumo Madi b. Abu Bakr and his predecessors (Sultan nos. 1-24), that is to say, up to the time of the Battle of Shela, ca. 1807-13. To reiterate, in that paper I established the following points:(1) All recorded versions appear to have been based on an oral tradition that was extant in the mid- to late nineteenth century among Nabahani family members. The existence of a “Book of the Kings of Pate,” mentioned by Werner and Prins, is problematic (see 3 below).(2) Despite the number of versions of the Pate “Chronicles,” they appear to have actually come from only two informants, Bwana Kitini and Mshamu bin Kombo, who was a relative or possibly, as Tolmacheva claims, Bw. Kitini's brother.(3) Except for minor, though discernible, differences between the lists of the sultans given by both informants, most versions are consistent to a surprising degree. This seems attributable to the fact that there were only two informants, Kitini and Mshamu, who also were related, and who therefore themselves probably shared the same source(s). Given the differences of detail beyond the kinglists, if one of those earlier sources was a written one, such as an actual “Book of the Kings of Pate,” that source seems to have afforded the informants little beyond names and regnal dates.
Net-cost model for workplace interventions.

Problem: Few methods exist for comprehensively examining the costs and benefits of ergonomic interventions applicable to a variety of economic sectors and settings. Methods: An instrument for data collection and data analysis at the facility level is presented. In this net-cost model intervention costs are defined by equipment and labor costs for the interventions as well as the avoided costs of lost work time, medical care, and productivity improvements. Results: Net-cost estimates for three case studies show that ergonomic interventions applied appropriately can result in substantial cost savings for the companies. Discussion: It would be prudent to incorporate a protocol for collecting cost and effectiveness data in the standard operating procedures of companies introducing ergonomic interventions. Validation of the net-cost model through prospective studies is necessary. Impact on industry: This model may be used to determine the net-cost of implemented or proposed ergonomic interventions in industrial facilities. D 2005 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Supercooling point plasticity during cold storage in the freeze-tolerant sugarbeet root maggot Tetanops myopaeformis

The sugarbeet root maggot Tetanops myopaeformis (Roder) overwinters as a freeze-tolerant third-instar larva. Although most larvae are considered to over- winter for only 1 year, some may exhibit prolonged diapause in the field. In the lab- oratory, they can live for over 5 years using a combination of diapause and post-diapause quiescence. In the present study, the cold survival strategies of these larvae during storage is investigated by measuring their supercooling points in com- bination with survival data. Supercooling points (SCPs) change significantly during storage, highlighted by a marked increase in the range of SCPs recorded, although the ability to tolerate freezing is not affected. Additionally, a freezing event 're- focuses' the SCPs of aged larvae to levels similar to those seen at diapause initia- tion. This change in SCPs is dependant not only on the initial freezing event, but also on the parameters of the incubation period between freezing events. Finally, the temperatures of larval overwintering microhabitats are monitored during the 2007 - 2008 boreal winter. The results indicate that, although overwintering larva are physiologically freeze-tolerant, they may essentially be freeze avoidant during overwintering via microhabitat selection.
Optimal vehicle routing with real-time traffic information

This paper examines the value of real-time traffic information to optimal vehicle routing in a nonstationary stochastic network. We present a systematic approach to aid in the implementation of transportation systems integrated with real-time information technology. We develop decision-making procedures for determining the optimal driver attendance time, optimal departure times, and optimal routing policies under time-varying traffic flows based on a Markov decision process formulation. With a numerical study carried out on an urban road network in Southeast Michigan, we demonstrate significant advantages when using this information in terms of total cost savings and vehicle usage reduction while satisfying or improving service levels for just-in-time delivery.
Role of Host Plants in Population Dynamics of Stink Bug Pests of Soybean in South Carolina

The seasonal abundance of the three most important stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) pests of soybean were studied weekly between 1977 and 1978 on both cultivated and uncultivated host plants by using a sweep-net. The sequence of black cherry, Prunus serotina Ehrhart, and elderberry, Sambucus canadensis L., in the study area allowed large populations of the green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say), to develop before entering soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Populations of A. hilare in soybean peaked during September and early October. Fourteen other breeding hosts were identified but were considered unimportant. The control of black cherry and elderberry would drastically reduce the importance of A. hilare in soybean. Populations of the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), were sampled during the fruiting cycles of several hosts, including sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceous L., wheat, Triticum aestivale L., peppergrass, Lepidium virginicum L., vetch, Vicia spp., partridge pea, Cassia faseiculata Michaux, wild lettuce, Lactuca canadensis L., and horseweed, Erigeron canadensis L. The availability of preferred hosts throughout the season may account for comparatively low populations in soybean. Important hosts of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), were wild radish, Raphanus raphinistrum L., and wheat in spring; soybean, cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers, and showy crotalaria, Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, during summer and fall. Coffee senna, Cassia occidentalis L., was highly attractive to adults of both Acrosternum hilare and Nezara viridula . Several hosts of Thyanta accerra McAtee, T. calceata (Say), and Euschistus tristigmus (Say) were also identified. Mark-recapture studies showed that adult populations of Acrosternum hilare on black cherry and Euschistus servus on mullein, Verbascum thapsus L., frequently move among individual plants.
Gigabit 0.120 inch tall, connectorized laser transmitter for military avionic applications

An ultra-low profile (ULP) fiber-optic transmitter has been developed to meet the demanding requirements of military avionic applications. The package meets the 0.120-in height requirement of military avionic standard electronic modules (SEMs). The optical design allows a removable connector and provides efficient fiber coupling over a wide temperature range. The electrical design provides temperature-compensated wide-bandwidth laser modulation from -55 to 125 degrees C. The electronics provide laser modulation up to 1.4 GHz and temperature compensation of optical power within 0.25 dB. >
Introduction to the Maracaibo Basin theme issue

Paul Mann is a senior research scientist at the Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin. He received his Ph.D. in geology at the State University of New York in 1983 and has published widely on the tectonics of strike-slip, rift, and collision-related sedimentary basins. A current focus area of research is the interplay of tectonics, sedimentation, and hydrocarbon occurrence in Venezuela and Trinidad. Alejandro Escalona is a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin. He received his Ph.D. in geology at the University of Texas at Austin in 2003 where he focused on the stratigraphic and structural evolution of the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela. He is currently interpreting subsurface data from offshore Venezuela in order to link offshore and on-land Cenozoic depocenters. With past production of 30 billion bbl of oil, the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela is at the top tier of the world's most prolific supergiant …
What does China want the world to know: A content analysis of CNN World Report sent by the People's Republic of China:

This study is a content analysis of news sent by China to CNN World Report. Significant differences are found between the news sent before and that sent after the 1989 Pro-democracy Movement. During the pre-movement period, economic news was the type of story from China most frequently aired on CNNWR while news that was supportive as well as news that was critical of the government were both well-represented. After the student movement, political news increased dramatically and there was much less negative news and more supportive news during this period. Another interesting finding is that the news patterns of the stories sent by China to CNNWR in 1994 resembled the news patterns of those sent before the 1989 student movement, both in news categories and news direction.
Experimental Heat Transfer and Bulk Air Temperature Measurements for a Multipass Internal Cooling Model with Ribs and Bleed.

An experimental study was made to obtain heat transfer and air temperature data for a simple three-leg serpentine test section that simulates a turbine blade internal cooling passage with trip strips and bleed holes. The objectives were to investigate the interaction of ribs and various bleed conditions on internal cooling and to gain a better understanding of bulk air temperature in an internal passage. Steady-state heat transfer measurements were obtained using a transient technique with thermochromic liquid crystals. Trip strips were attached to one wall of the test section and were located either between or near the bleed holes. The bleed holes, used for film cooling, were metered to simulate the effect of external pressure on the turbine blade. Heat transfer enhancement was found to be greater for ribs near bleed holes compared to ribs between holes, and both configurations were affected slightly by bleed rates upstream. Air temperature measurements were taken at discrete locations along one leg of the model. Average bulk air temperatures were found to remain fairly constant along one leg of the model.
COMPUTATIONAL STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF A TURBINE BLADE

A system reliability methodology has recently been developed to determine accurately and efficiently the reliability of structures with multiple failure modes. This paper explores the computational implementation and application of the methodology through the structural system reliability calculation of a turbine blade subject to randomness in material properties. Failure due to creep, stress overload, and vibration is considered.The methodology consists of a probabilistic system reliability analysis methodology integrated with finite element methods. The failure paths and failure modes are organized using a fault tree. An efficient method for assessing the reliability of a single failure mode, i.e., component reliability, is implemented as well as an efficient adaptive importance sampling method to assess the system reliability. A probabilistic structural analysis program, NESSUS, is used for the calculations.Copyright © 1993 by ASME
GAUGE FLUCTUATIONS IN A RVB THEORY OF D-WAVE SUPERCONDUCTING CUPRATES

We present a new, asymptotic exact, theory for the U(1) gauge fluctuations on top of the d-wave RVB mean-field theory of the high Tc cuprates. After integrating out the gauge fluctuations exactly we obtain an unconstrained theory of gapless fermion excitations coupling to superconducting phase fluctuations. Several salient features of this theory will be discussed.
Progression rates and sample size estimates for PPMS based on the CLIMB study population

Background:The clinical trial design for primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) requires understanding of disability progression in modern patient cohorts.Objective:The objective of this pap...
A Global Approach to Secret Evidence: How Human Rights Law Can Reform Our Immigration System

This article addresses two of the most pressing issues facing our society today - rights violations in anti-terrorism efforts and dysfunction in the immigration system - through a case study of the use of secret evidence in immigration proceedings. Cataloguing the government's repeated presentation of unreliable and inaccurate information in support of its efforts to deport suspected terrorists, the paper outlines the individual, societal, and global harms resulting from this misuse of secret evidence. It then discusses relevant human rights law, which offers a particularly appropriate mechanism to address these harms through its careful balancing of national security interests and due process rights. The article advocates the use of human rights law as a guidebook and a yardstick to reform the administrative immigration process through statutory interpretation, regulation drafting, and institutional culture creation.
The Welfare Cost of Grain Protection in the United Kingdom

The welfare cost of grain protection in the United Kingdom was estimated for the year 1959–60. A production cost only was estimated since the deficiency payments system employed in the United Kingdom ensured that consumer prices were equivalent to free market prices. The production cost was a function of the degree of protection (difference between producer and consumer prices), the elasticity of domestic supply, and the value of domestic production. Both absolute and relative costs of protection were determined. Because of inelastic supply conditions, moderate margins of protection, and the absence of a consumption cost, relative costs of protection ranged from 3 to 10 percent of the change in producers' surplus. The results indicate the influence of a particular method of support for agriculture on the cost of protection.
Some Effects of Injection of Foreign Gases in a Decelerating Laminar Boundary Layer in Supersonic Flow

The purpose of this research program was to investigate the effects of a diffusion field on a laminar boundary layer in a supersonic flow. Specifically, helium, nitrogen, and argon were uniformly injected into the laminar boundary layer of a highspeed flow in a tube with the objective of determining the effects of such injection on the pressure, temperature, and recovery factor distribution along and downstream of the injection region. A continuously operating axially-symmetric wind tunnel has been designed, constructed, and operated. This tunnel consists of an air supply system, a flowmeter, an upstream stagnation tank, a supersonic nozzle (throat diameter 0.262% and exit diameter 1.400), a test section of variable length (zero to 81 diameters, test section diameter of 1.400), a downstream stagnation tank, an exhaust system, a foreign gas supply system, and all necessary instrumentation. The overall performance of this apparatus in terms of the design specifications was excellent. The tunnel was instrumented with 109 thermocouples. All temperatures except ambient temperatures were automatically measured and recorded by means of a self-balancing recording potentiometer. There was 29 pressure taps distributed along the tunnel, 23 along the test section itself. Pressures were measured by means of an interconnected micromanometer and a vacuum referenced manometer system with overlapping ranges. For all of the results reported herein, the overall test section was 41 diameters in length; composed of a porous test section approximately 7.2 diameters in length (leading edge approximately 1.8 diameters from the nozzle exit plane) and four nylon test sections of 8 diameters each. The experimental results of 38 runs (13 with zero injection, 12 with helium injection, 8 with nitrogen injection, and 5 with argon injection) are reported herein. With zero injection, pressure distributions were reproduced to within 2 percent, and temperature distributions were reproduced to within 1.5 percent. With injection, pressure distributions were reproduced to within 2 percent, and temperature distributions were reproduced to within 0.6 percent. For uniform injection of helium, nitrogen, or argon gas, it was found that there was about a 1 percent change in the recovery factor and adiabatic wall temperature for the range of variables investigated. The effect of foreign gas injection on the pressure distribution was to increase an already adverse pressure gradient.