cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluid-Structure Interaction of Composite Structures

Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) plays an important role on dynamic responses and failures of polymer composite structures as they are subjected to dynamic loading while in contact with fluids, mainly water. This chapter presents various case studies associated with FSI of composite structures in order to understand and predict the composite structural behaviors under FSI. The study considered open structures in contact with water on only one or both sides, closed structures containing fluids, separated structures coupled by fluids, and structures travelling in fluids. Both experimental and numerical studies were conducted to complement each other. Because the effect of FSI on polymer composite structures is so significant, FSI can change the dynamic motions, critical failure loads, potential failure locations, etc.
Trends in Adult Heart Transplantation and Associated Outcomes- Analysis of the Unos Registry

Background There is currently limited evidence on temporal trends in outcomes of heart transplantation specific to the U.S., and the impact of change in allocation policy on outcome is largely unknown. Yet, evaluation of outcome trend is imperative to identifying areas of improvement and making goal-directed policies Methods We queried the national database of the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) to identify outcomes of adult heart transplantation that were done in the U.S between 1991 and 2016. Primary outcome was graft survival, including survival to hospital discharge, 1-year survival and 5-year survival. Secondary outcomes included procedure-related stroke, pacemaker implantation, renal failure requiring dialysis, and length of hospitalization stay. We evaluated trend in the outcomes over the study period. In addition, we evaluated for the impact of change in UNOS allocation policy in 2006 on survival trend Results Between 1991 and 2016, a total of 52,783 adult donor hearts were transplanted in the U.S. The annual number increased from 1,907 in 1991 to 2,764 in 2016. Survival to hospital discharge and 1-year survival increased from 89.6% and 82.5% in 1991 to 95.1% and 91.5% in 2016, respectively (p trend Conclusion Between 1991 and 2016, there was increase in post-transplant survival in the U.S. that was not impacted by change in allocation policy. However, there was notable increase in procedure-related stroke, renal failure requiring dialysis and length of hospitalization stay
The Development of Entrepreneurship and Private Entreprise in the People's Republic of China and its Relevance to Transitional Economies

This paper aims to study the issues and unique characteristics surrounding the birth and development of the private sector in the People's Republic of China (China); analyze the interaction of entrepreneurial behavior and the country's unique and continuously changing regulatory and institutional environment; examine the actions, outcomes, and composition of this emerging entrepreneurial class; and analyze the implications for entrepreneurship research in transitional economies. The paper offers a model built on a dynamic and transitional cycle. Using this model, the paper examines how uncertainties, ambiguities, and changing regulatory environments may create opportunities, bolstering the entrepreneurial class as well as an impressive private sector in a country where entrepreneurs and private business can be at odds with socialist ideology and culture in addition to many regulatory and institutional obstacles. Rather than relying upon limited survey data targeted at specific locations, industries, or time periods, this study is based on seven large-scale surveys conducted from 1993 to 2006 in both urban and rural areas extending horizontally across different industries in China, with a primary focus on private business. The findings are relevant for future research and government policy in transitional economies.
The Evidence of Bidders' Overpayment in Takeovers: The Valuation Ratios Approach

Empirically, bidder returns at the time of takeover announcements are negative. This paper investigates the relation between bidder returns and overpayment in mergers and tender offers while controlling for other potentially important factors. Unlike other studies, the paper measures overpayment using two valuation ratios: earnings-price ratio and book-to-market ratio. Results show these ratios are important in explaining negative bidder returns. The paper also finds that the payment method in mergers and tender offers produces an information effect.
Teaching Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Pediatric Clinical Settings: A Training Workshop for Faculty and Residents

Introduction Health disparities for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual, all other genders, sexes, and sexualities (LGBTQIA+) population are striking. Yet, deliberate ...
Synaptic Plasticity in the Agranular Insular Cortex Predicts Escalated Ethanol Consumption

The Agranular Insular Cortex (AIC) is implicated in alcohol use disorder and pharmacologically relevant concentrations of acute ethanol inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity onto layer 2/3 AIC pyramidal neurons. However, it is not known whether the actions of ethanol on glutamatergic synapses are means by which chronic ethanol alters mechanisms of learning and memory in AIC as alcohol drinking transitions from controlled to problematic. We utilized the chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor model of ethanol exposure in adult male mice, alone or in combination with voluntary ethanol consumption, to determine whether glutamatergic synapses on layer 2/3 AIC pyramidal neurons are differentially regulated by different durations and intensities of chronic ethanol exposure. We observed evidence of both ethanol- and age-related metaplasticity of AIC layer 2/3 glutamatergic synapses, as only young adult, ethanol-naive mice exhibited NMDAR-dependent long term depression ex vivo. Our findings also indicated that voluntary ethanol consumption alone can elicit glutamatergic plasticity in vivo. We found that the ratio of NMDAR- to AMPAR-mediated postsynaptic currents was reduced not only in CIE-treated, but also in air-treated, chronically drinking mice relative to ethanol-naive controls. Furthermore, lower NMDA/AMPA ratios were predictive of greater escalation of ethanol consumption. These findings suggest that even moderate exposure to ethanol may elicit plasticity in the agranular insular cortex that contributes to the progression toward uncontrolled drinking.
US referral center experience removing nonpalpable and difficult contraceptive implants with in-office ultrasonography: A case series.

Abstract Objectives To assess referral center outcomes with removal of difficult or nonpalpable contraceptive implants using high-frequency point-of-care ultrasonography. Study Design We present a case series examining patients referred to our specialty center from January 2019 through September 2020 for difficult or nonpalpable implant removal. Results Of the 54 referrals, 6 had palpable implants and 48 required ultrasonography. We localized 46 (96%) implants in-office, including 13 located subfascially; 2 Implanon implants could not be localized. We successfully completed 50 (96%) of 52 attempted in-office removals, including 12 (92%) subfascial implants. Conclusion High-frequency point-of-care ultrasonography can effectively localize nonpalpable contraceptive implants leading to successful in-office removal. Implications Specialists can use high-frequency point-of-care ultrasonography to localize nonpalpable implants without formal radiology scans and skilled technologists, optimizing patient time and convenience. However, the probe is expensive, and providers may need to consider this cost in the context of reimbursement for these highly specialized procedures.
Case 67: A Case of Severe Intra-abdominal Pressure

You are on a mission trip to an underdeveloped country providing anesthesia to elective cleft lip repair. You have just arrived and it is late at night. The local hospital surgeon finds you and wonders if you could come and help with an emergency. He is unable to find the anesthesiologist on call.
Model Minority Stereotype

The term “model minority” was first coined by sociologist whose article in the New York Times Magazine was titled “Success Story: Japanese American Style.” Since that time, the term has come to characterize a minority group whose members are more successful than the average member of the majority. Success is typically measured by achievement in areas valued by the majority, which can include income, education, family stability, and low crime rate. Model minorities can be ethnic, racial, or religious groups, although the term most often applies to ethnic minorities. Keywords: prejudice; race; stereotyping
The Inherent Structure of Free Speech Law

To date no one has discovered a set of organizing principles for free speech doctrine, an area of the law that has been criticized as complex, ad hoc, and even incoherent. We provide a framework that distills free speech law down to three judgments: the first about the role of government; the second about the target of government regulation; and the third a constrained cost-benefit analysis. The framework can be summarized by three propositions: first, the Constitution constrains government if it regulates private speech, but not if government speaks, sponsors speech, or restricts expression in managing an internal governmental function; second, government regulation is subject to the Free Speech Clause only if it targets communication; and, third, government regulation targeting communication is constitutional if it survives a constrained cost-benefit analysis. We first set forth our general theory and provide examples of its explanatory power. We then argue that our framework finds confirmation in the works of three renowned scholars: Dean Robert Post of Yale Law School on role of government, Professor Jed Rubenfeld of Yale Law School on the target of government regulation and the constraints on balancing, and Judge Richard Posner on cost-benefit analysis. The work of these scholars supports our position in two ways: first, each agrees with part of our framework; and, second, the writings of each are unpersuasive to the extent they are at odds with our rational reconstruction of free speech law.
Pathbreaking Studies vs. monografías: ¿debate o ninguneo?

A inicios de los anos noventa, procedente de Alemania, un joven estudiante de Historia llegaba a Lima con el fin de realizar una investigacion doctoral. Al enterarse de su tema, amigos y colegas le expresaron sus reservas: ?que sentido tenia hacer un estudio del Partido Civil si en realidad jamas habia sido este un verdadero partido? Una camarilla de hombres ricos, mas bien, que habia llegado al poder sobre la base de su riqueza mas que de su capacidad organizativa. Eso, y no otra cosa, habia sido el partido fundado por Manuel Pardo en el decada de 1870. ?Por que mejor no buscar otro tema? Era el consejo, recordaria nuestro personaje anos despues, de viejos y jovenes historiadores, tanto de izquierda como de derecha, de cientificos sociales de toda procedencia y aun de amigos ajenos al quehacer historico.3
Peptide racemization studies via gas chromatography of l-N-α-chloropropionyl amino acids—I

Abstract The use of an optically active acyl group with known configuration, namely l -α-chloropropionyl moiety, as derivatizing agent for the gas chromatographic analysis of amino acids is introduced as a quantitative and sensitive means of determining racemization of amino acids, regardless of the complexity of the system from which they may originate. This techniqu has been applied to determine what effect the penultimate amino acid may have on the racemization of l -phenylalanine when protected aminoacyl- l -phenylalanine dipeptides are coupled to form protected tripeptides with carboxyl terminal glycine. After hydrolysis, gas chromatographic analysis for diastereoisomeric l -α-chloropropionylphenylalanine methyl ester showed that the effect on racemization of adjacent blocked acidic or basic amino acids was no greater than that of glycine in the cases studied so far.
NOAA's Electronic Navigational Chart program

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is producing a suite of Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) that will cover the coastal waters of the United States, the Great Lakes and U.S. territories. NOAA ENCs are produced in the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) format as defined in edition 3.1 of publication S-57: IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data. ENCs are compiled from original source materials where appropriate to provide the most accurate data available. The ENC database will be kept in continual maintenance (i.e. updated on a weekly basis), allowing ENC users to obtain vector data sets that contain the most up to date and accurate information. By the conclusion of fiscal year 2002, NOAA shall have completed 215 ENCs. These ENCs, in large part will cover the 40 major commercial ports in the U.S. NOAA also has plans to have a monthly updating service in place by October 1, 2002.
The Soft X-Ray Turn-Off of Nova Muscae 1983

Nova GQ Muscae 1983 was unique among recent novae in maintaining nearly constant bolometric luminosity for nearly a decade after outburst. During most of this time GQ Mus maintained a high temperature and was observed as a “supersoft” x-ray source (e.g., Ogelman et al. 1993). ROSAT observations in 1992 showed that the super-soft source was still present, and thus GQ Mus offered the opportunity to investigate a classical post-nova where the theoretically anticipated, multiple-year nuclear burning phase appears to have occurred. To this end, follow up observations were obtained. ROSAT PSPC observations taken in January and September 1993 were complimented with B band photometry taken in January 1993. By January 1993, the X-ray count rate had declined by a factor of 17, yet no appreciable decrease in the optical magnitude nor change in the amplitute of modulation was evident. By September 1993 GQ Mus was no longer detected by ROSAT, requiring a decrease in soft X-ray flux by a factor of ≥30. This decline may be attributed to a nuclear burning shutdown resulting from the complete consumption of the residual hydrogen rich envelope. However, observations indicate that the optical luminosity is not simply coupled to the X-ray luminosity (e.g. through reprocessing).
Investigation of nonverbal discrimination against women in simulated initial job interviews

This study investigated nonverbal sex discrimination in simulated initial job interviews with women applicants. It was hypothesized that experienced interviewers would exhibit more negative behaviors while interviewing a woman for a “masculine” job (an incongruent interview), but more positive behaviors while interviewing a woman for a “feminine” job (a congruent interview). It was further hypothesized that the behavior of inexperienced interviewers would remain the same across interviews. Mock initial job interviews were videotaped and nonverbal behaviors were coded. As hypothesized, experienced interviewers exhibited more negative and fewer positive behaviors in the incongruent interviews, whereas inexperienced interviewers did not. Unexpectedly, inexperienced interviewers exhibited more positive and fewer negative behaviors during incongruent interviews. Implications for training to reduce nonverbal discrimination are discussed.
Double dose-intensive chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell support for metastatic breast cancer: no improvement in progression-free survival by the sequence of high-dose melphalan followed by cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, and carboplatin.

PURPOSETwenty-one percent of responding metastatic breast cancer patients remain progression-free a median 50 months following one intensification cycle of cyclophosphamide (6,000 mg/m2), thiotepa (500 mg/ m2), and carboplatin (800 mg/m2) (CTCb) with autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). This trial studied whether the sequence of high-dose melphalan followed by CTCb resulted in improved disease response and duration.METHODSWomen with at least partial responses (PRS) to induction received melphalan (140 or 180 mg/ m2) with peripheral-blood progenitor cell (PBPC) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) support. They were monitored as outpatients. After recovery, patients were hospitalized for CTCb with marrow, PBPC, and G-CSF support.RESULTSData on 67 women, at a median of 25 months from CTCb, were examined. After melphalan, 49 (73%) required admission for fever (89%), mucositis (35%), or infection (15%) (median stay, 8 days). All received CTCb. For the first 33 patients, the median days ...
Cultural considerations: alcohol screening and brief intervention in a southern US level-1 trauma center

This presentation addressed cultural considerations and sensitivities particularly relevant to the southern US when providing alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) to individuals demonstrating risky drinking behavior. Broader implications for education and training were also reviewed. The literature has begun to identify key issues pertaining to cultural sensitivities and considerations for successful change work with individuals. Key lessons learned about cultural considerations pertaining to alcohol SBI in one trauma center in the southern US were presented. Information included in the presentation was based on three years of alcohol SBI provided by counselors and doctoral and masters level student interns in a level-I medical trauma center. Implications regarding training SBI providers in cultural sensitivity were also discussed. To maximize an individual's acceptance of alcohol SBI, key cultural considerations may be implemented. In addition, educating and training SBI providers to enhance their cultural sensitivity is recommended.
Increased Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Expression Following Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Neurotrophic factors appear to be crucial for the survival and potential regeneration of injured neurons. We have previously demonstrated that contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) increases the levels of mRNA for basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2). To determine whether FGF2 protein levels also increase, Western blot analysis was performed on extracts of spinal cord tissue after a standardized SCI and compared to laminectomy controls. In spinal cord extracts, a monoclonal antibody to FGF2 recognized various molecular forms of FGF2 (18–24 kDa) and some characteristic proteolytic fragments. Extracts of spinal cords 1 day after SCI showed a slight increase in the levels of these polypeptides. By 4 days, a significant increase (twofold) was detected in the levels of the 18-kDa and higher molecular weight forms as well as the proteolytic fragments. Immunohistochemical analyses on spinal cord tissue sections confirmed an increased cellular (glial) FGF2 as well as interstitial immunoreactivity surrounding neurons and along blood vessels. Heparin-purified spinal cord extracts from tissue 4 days after SCI showed increased biological activity as indicated by their ability to (i) increase [3H]thymidine incorporation in cultures of Balb/c 3T3 cells and (ii) induce phosphorylation ofsuc-associated neurotrophic factor-induced tyrosine-phosphorylated target, a FGF2 target protein. These data suggest that SCI induces increased FGF2 expression and support the hypothesis that FGF2 may play a role in the partial recovery of function seen following SCI.
Black-White Disparities in Care in Nursing Homes.

Nursing homes serve many severely ill poor people, including large numbers of racial/ethnic minority residents. Previous research indicates that blacks tend to receive care from lower quality nursing homes. Using the Institute of Medicine (IOM) definition of racial-ethnic disparities, this study decomposes nursing home disparities into within and across facility components. Using detailed person-level nursing home data, we find meaningful black-white disparities for one of the four risk-adjusted quality measures, with both within and across nursing home components of the disparity. The IOM approach, which recognizes mediation through payer status and education, has a small effect on measured disparities in this setting. Although we did not find disparities across the majority of quality measures and alternate disparity definitions, this approach can be applied to other health care services in an effort to disentangle the role of across and within facility variation and the role of potential mediators on racial/ethnic disparities.
Women Make Movies: Documentary Films by Iranian Women (Review Essay)

Women Make Movies: Documentary Films by Iranian Women (Review Essay) Documentary filmmaking flourished in Iran during the 1950s and 1960s (one of the best known is Forugh Farrokhzad's 1962 document...
Scaling of thermal conductivity of helium confined in pores

We have studied the thermal conductivity of confined superfluids on a barlike geometry. We use the planar magnet lattice model on a lattice H x H x L with L>>H. We have applied open boundary conditions on the bar sides (the confined directions of length H) and periodic along the long direction. We have adopted a hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm to efficiently deal with the critical slowing down and in order to solve the dynamical equations of motion we use a discretization technique which introduces errors only O[({delta}t){sup 6}] in the time step {delta}t. Our results demonstrate the consistency of scaling using known values of the critical exponents and we obtained the scaling function of the thermal resistivity. We find that our results for the thermal resistivity scaling function are in very good agreement with the available experimental results for pores using the temperature scale and thermal resistivity scale as free fitting parameters.
Ethanol activates cAMP response element-mediated gene expression in select regions of the mouse brain

The specific brain regions that contribute to behavioral changes produced by ethanol are not clearly understood. We know that cAMP-PKA signaling has been strongly implicated in the CNS effects of ethanol. Ethanol promotes activation and translocation of the PKA catalytic subunit (Calpha) into the nucleus in cell lines and primary neuronal cultures. PKA Calpha translocation to the nucleus is followed by cAMP Response Element protein phosphorylation (pCREB) and cAMP Response Element (CRE)-mediated gene expression. Here, we use X-gal histochemistry to map CRE-mediated gene transcription in the brain of CRE-lacZ transgenic mice following ethanol injection. Results: 3 h after i.p. ethanol injection (3.2 g/kg, 16% wt/vol.), the number of X-gal positive cells was increased in the nucleus accumbens (202 ± 63 cells/field compared to 71 ± 47 cells/field in saline injected controls, P < 0.05 by paired t-test, n = 10). Similar increases were found in other mesolimbic areas and brain regions associated with rewarding and addictive responses. These include: prefrontal cortex, lateral and medial septum, basolateral amygdala, paraventricular and anterior hypothalamus, centromedial thalamus, CA1 region of hippocampus and dentate gyrus, substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area, geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus. Conclusion: these results confirm and extend current concepts that ethanol stimulates cAMP-PKA signaling in brain regions involved in CNS responses to ethanol.
Implementation and evaluation of an embedded extrinsic Fabry-Perot fiber optic strain rosette sensor

In this study three extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometers are arranged in a rosette configuration and embedded in a homogeneous neat resin and a composite material to measure an arbitrary in-plane strain field. The data obtained from the embedded optical gauges are compared to external resistance strain gauges to assess the accuracy of the internal sensors. Tests are also conducted to evaluate the degradation in compression strength due to the presence of the optical sensor. Data suggests that the embedded rosette configured fiber optic sensor degrades the composite's compressive strength by approximately 65%. The measured strength reduction is compared with classical models to predict this value.
Effects of the subject’ s awareness of the nature of the experiment upon conformity behavior

A 2 by 2 by 2 factorial design was used to study the effects of instructions, type of stimuli, and stimulus order upon conformity behavior. Ss were given either standard instructions or instructions which warned them that the responses of others might not be valid; they responded to either Asch lines or geometric figures, and either the lines or the figures were presented first. Results revealed no differences in conformity between instructions, probably because all Ss perceived the situation as a study of conformity. Significant differences in conformity were observed as a function of type and order of stimuli. It was concluded that suspiciousness may reduce the level of conformity but not the pattern of conformity. It was suggested that one way to control for suspiciousness is to tell all Ss that they should be suspicious.
Bringing Wind Energy to Market

Wind energy is a rapidly growing source of renewable energy generation. However, the current extra-market approach to its assimilation into the electric grid will not scale at deep penetration levels. In this paper, we investigate how an independent wind power producer might optimally offer its variable power into a competitive electricity market for energy. Starting with a stochastic model for wind power production and a model for a perfectly competitive two-settlement market, we derive explicit formulae for optimal contract offerings and the corresponding optimal expected profit. As wind is an inherently variable source of energy, we explore the sensitivity of optimal expected profit to uncertainty in the underlying wind process. We also examine the role of forecast information and recourse markets in this setting. We quantify the role of reserves in increasing reliability of offered contracts and obtain analytical expressions for marginal profits resulting from investments in improved forecasting and local auxiliary generation. The formulae make explicit the relationship between price signals and the value of such firming strategies.
α‑smooth muscle actin‑positive fibroblasts correlate with poor survival in hepatocellular carcinoma

The current case-control study was conducted to assess the value of activated fibroblasts with high α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression as an indicator of survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. In total, 47 patients diagnosed with HCC who underwent a liver biopsy at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Memphis, TN, USA) between January 2000 and December 2009, and 10 age- and gender-matched controls with normal liver biopsy samples were included in the study. The immunohistochemical staining for α-SMA was performed and classified qualitatively and quantitatively within tumor stroma and perisinusoidal spaces. HCC patients with high qualitative and quantitative expression of α-SMA revealed a statistically significant negative correlation with 3-year [odds ratio (OR), 0.021 and 0.111; P=0.001 and 0.0302, respectively] and 1.5-year (OR, 0.040 and 0.051; P=0.0330 and 0.0492, respectively) survival rates in comparison with low expression. The results of the present study demonstrated a predictive role of high qualitative and quantitative expression in activated fibroblasts for poor survival in patients with HCC.
Secondary sex ratios by maternal rank, parity, and age in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Analysis of 645 conceptions by captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with known reproductive histories indicated that maternal age and parity had little effect on the sex of progeny. There was, however, a slight indication that high-ranking females produced a higher proportion of daughters and relatively fewer sons than did low-ranking females. These results provide only weak support for the "advantaged daughter" hypothesis suggested by three previous studies of cercopithecine monkeys, and therefore they further confound the conflicting results for macaques and baboons in general.
Current Techniques and Future Direction

Arthroscopy of the foot and ankle has evolved fromsimply a diagnostic tool to a versatile treatment modality for a variety of pathologic abnormalities. With the reputation of prolonged swelling and higher wound complication risks, the benefits of performing these foot and ankle procedures through aminimally invasive approach is evident. In addition, advancements in small joint arthroscopes and instrumentation have provided surgeons the tools to effectively expand their indications. This issue of Foot and Ankle Clinics of North America presents various arthroscopic techniques and their results, reviewing established surgical procedures, while discussing several newer ones. A diverse, international group of experts has contributed to this issue. These authors discuss current techniques, indications, and outcomes involving ankle, hindfoot, and forefoot arthroscopy, tendoscopy of the peroneals, Achilles and posterior tibial tendons, and endoscopic procedures for various conditions such as Haglund syndrome. I would like to thank all the authors for their contributions to this issue. I would also like to thank my mentor and partner, Dr Mark Myerson, Consulting Editor for Foot and Ankle Clinics of North America, for invitingme to serve as guest editor for this issue. The authors and I hope this issue introduces several new arthroscopic techniques, while stimulating further debate and interest in minimally invasive foot and ankle surgery.
Scaling in deep inelastic pion electroproduction

Abstract An attempt is made to apply a light cone dominance technique to the deep inelastic electroproduction of pions. A scaling law is derived which is in agreement with preliminary data.
Cluster headache and related disorders

Cluster headache is a well-known primary headache syndrome occurring much less frequently than migraine, with a prevalence of approximately 5/10,000 of the adult population and a strongly male predilection. Cluster headache is the most prevalent of a group of unilateral headache syndromes known as trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias and can be differentiated from migraine by clinical and pathophysiological features. Cluster headache also exhibits a differing therapeutic response to medications when compared with migraine. Cluster attacks are known for their brief intense unilateral excruciating pain with unilateral autonomic features often associated with restlessness in contrast to migraine. The great majority of patients are successfully managed with medical therapy. Treatment is pharmacologic, both as abortive treatments for an ongoing attack and daily prophylactic treatment. Prophylaxis aims to induce and maintain a remission. Health care professionals familiar with the features of cluster headache should have no trouble making the diagnosis and creating a treatment plan.
Delivery of nanojoule femtosecond pulses through large-core microstructured fibers

We investigate femtosecond-pulse propagation through large-core microstructured fibers. Although these fibers are highly multimode, excitation of the fundamental mode is readily achieved, and coupling to higher-order modes is weak even when the fiber is bent or twisted. For prechirped input pulses with energies as large as 3 nJ, pulses as short as 140 fs were produced at the output of the fiber. Such a system could prove to be extremely useful for applications such as in vivo multiphoton microscopy and endoscopy that require delivery of femtosecond pulses and collection of fluorescence.
Asset prices in an exchange economy when agents have heterogeneous homothetic recursive preferences and no risk free bond is available

Abstract We study a pure exchange economy under incomplete markets where households have heterogeneous homothetic recursive preferences and lending and borrowing are precluded. We fully characterize the properties of the efficient allocations and the equilibrium asset price. The ownership distribution dynamics reveal the emergence of a dominant agent, who after some finite time, remains the only investor that increases asset holdings until asymptotically owning the entire wealth. Investors can be ranked according to a unique parameter that aggregates agents’ preference characteristics and we show how time discount rate, attitude towards risk and intertemporal substitution contribute to capital accumulation.
Further studies on hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors toward improved replicon cell activities: benzimidazole and structurally related compounds bearing the 2-morpholinophenyl moiety.

Abstract Following the discovery of JTK-109 ( 1 ) as a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, [(a) Hirashima, S.; Suzuki, T.; Ishida, T.; Noji, S.; Yata, S.; Ando, I.; Komatsu, M.; Ikeda, S.; Hashimoto, H. J. Med. Chem. 2006 , 49 , 4721. (b) Hashimoto, H.; Mizutani, K.; Yoshida, A. Int. Patent Appl. WO 01/47883, 2001.] further studies toward the improvement of the cellular potency have been performed. A greater than 40-fold improvement was achieved through replacing the biphenyl moiety with a 2-morpholinophenyl group and the benzimidazole ring with the tetracyclic scaffold to afford compound 7 with an excellent replicon potency (EC 50 = 7.6 nM).
Variation in the use of orchid extrafloral nectar by ants.

The relation between ant-plant specificity and the use of host plants as a resource was investigated in the facultative, myrmecophytic orchid, Caularthron bilamellatum (Rchg.f.) Schult. Using stable isotopes, we determined the portion of the ants' diets derived from host plants. We documented that six ant species inhabiting the orchid: (1) derived nutritional benefit from host orchids, and (2) had species-specific levels of extrafloral nectar use. Proportionate contribution of extrafloral nectar to ant diets ranged from 11 to 48%. These results demonstrate extreme interspecific differences in the nutritional benefits received by ants from host orchids. Interspecific differences in nutritional benefits from orchid nectar may be affected by colony size, nutritional needs, behavioral ecology of the ants, and the abundance of alternate food sources.
Template and Guest Effects on the Self‐Assembly of a Neutral and Homochiral Helix

Coordination-driven assembly based on manganese(II) centers and flexible 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane leads to the solid-state formation of electronically neutral, self-templated homochiral helices, closed ring structures, and racemic mixtures of helices depending upon the presence or absence of guests such as benzene and 1,2-diphenylethane.
Plasticity in singing effort and its relationship with monoamine metabolism in the songbird telencephalon

Factors intrinsic or extrinsic to individuals, such as their quality or the quality of competition in their social environment, can influence their communication signalling effort. We hypothesized that telencephalic monoamine secretion mediates the effects of a male’s own quality and quality of his social environment on his sexual signalling effort. The duration of a male European starling’s (Sturnus vulgaris) principal sexual signal, his song, positively correlates with several aspects of his quality, including his reproductive success, immunocompetence, and ability to attract mates. Therefore, the length of songs to which he is exposed reflects, in part, the quality of competition in his social environment. We manipulated the quality of the competitive environment by exposing male starlings to long or short songs for one week. We measured the length of songs produced by experimental males to gauge their quality, counted the number of songs they produced to gauge singing effort, and quantified telencephalic monoamine metabolism using HPLC. Singing effort increased with the length of the males’ own songs and with the length of songs to which we exposed them. Norepinephrine metabolism in Area X of the song control system was negatively correlated with the subjects’ mean song length and singing effort. Serotonin metabolism in the caudomedial mesopallium of the auditory telencephalon increased with the length of songs to which we exposed the subjects and with their singing effort. This raises the hypothesis that serotonin and norepinephrine secretion in the telencephalon help mediate the effects of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on signalling effort.
Caregiver burden among dementia patient caregivers: a review of the literature.

Purpose: To identify current evidence of factors influencing dementia-related caregiver burden (CB), describe patient and caregiver characteristics associated with CB, and describe evidence-based interventions designed to lessen the burden of caregiving. Data sources: Comprehensive literature review of Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE, and Psych Info was performed for the years 1996–2006 of peer-reviewed journals using keywords CB and dementia. Conclusion: Dementia caregiving has been associated with negative effects on caregiver health and early nursing home placement for dementia patients. Many factors influence the impact of the caregiving experience such as gender, relationship to the patient, culture, and personal characteristics. Although various interventions have been developed with the goal of alleviating CB, evidence suggests that individually developed multicomponent interventions including a diversity of services will decrease burden, improve quality of life, and enable caregivers to provide at-home care for longer periods prior to institutionalization. Implications for practice: The ability to properly assess the dementia patient–caregiver dyad related to CB is critical to decreasing its negative physical and psychological health outcomes. Appropriately tailored interventions can improve the health and well-being of both caregiver and patient.
Recognition of Psychostimulants, Antidepressants, and Other Inhibitors of Synaptic Neurotransmitter Uptake by the Plasma Membrane Monoamine Transporters

The plasma membrane monoamine transporters terminate neurotransmission by removing dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin from the synaptic cleft between neurons. Specific inhibitors for these transporters, including the abused psychostimulants cocaine and amphetamine and the tricyclic and SSRI classes of antidepressants, exert their physiological effects by interfering with synaptic uptake and thus prolonging the actions of the monoamine. Pharmacological, biochemical, and immunological characterization of the many site-directed, chimeric, and deletion mutants generated for the plasma membrane monoamine transporters have revealed much about the commonalities and dissimilarities between transporter substrate, ion, and inhibitor binding sites. Mutations that alter the binding affinity or substrate uptake inhibition potency of inhibitors by at least 3-fold are the focus of this review. These findings are clarifying the picture regarding substrate uptake inhibitor/transporter protein interactions at the level of the drug pharmacophore and the amino acid residue, information necessary for rational design of novel medications for substance abuse and a variety of psychiatric disorders.
Temperature effects during gestation in a viviparous lizard

The length of gestation of the viviparous lizard Sceloporus jarrovi is strongly dependent upon the body temperature of the pregnant female. 2. Significantly more abnormal or dead offspring were born of pregnant females maintained at constant temperatures of 26, 36 and 38°C than in the control group that was allowed to behaviourally thermoregulate for 8 h'd -1 or in animals maintained at constant temperatures between 28 and 34°C. 3. Pregnant females allowed to thermoregnlate for 8 h. d-i had larger young than lizards maintained at constant temperatures. Among animals kept at constant temperatures, neonate size declined with temperature between 28 and 36°C. 4. Survivorship of adults did not vary among animals maintained at constant temperatures of 26-36°C or in the control group, but animals that eventually died survived longer at cooler temperatures. No adult animals survived constant exposure to 38°C. 5. Adult lizards at 28, 30 and 32°C and in the control group were able to maintain body mass, but those at higher temperatures lost weight. Key Word Index--Lizard; reptile; incubation; embryonic development; gestation; optimal temperature; sex ratio; viviparity; development rate; incubation temperature; Scleporus jarrovi.
Frequency of 530-bp deletion in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin promoter region.

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains showing a 530-bp deletion in the promoter region of the leukotoxin gene operon elaborate high amounts of leukotoxin that may play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. This study used polymerase chain reaction detection to determine the occurrence of the 530-bp deletion in 94 A. actinomycetemcomitans strains from individuals of various ethnic backgrounds. Eleven blacks and one Hispanic subject but no Caucasian or Asian subjects showed the 530-bp deletion in the leukotoxin promoter region, suggesting that the deletion is mainly a characteristic of individuals of African descent. A. actinomycetemcomitans strains exhibiting a deletion in the leukotoxin promotor region occurred both in individuals having severe periodontitis and in adolescents revealing no evidence of destructive periodontal disease.
Ecology of introduced small mammals on Western Mauna kea, Hawaii

I studied the distribution, diet, and patterns of habitat utilization of introduced rodents (black rats, Rattus rattus , and house mice, Mus musculus ) on western Mauna Kea, the habitat of several Hawaiian honeycreepers (subfamily Drepanidinae). Distribution and habitat utilization were investigated at four elevational ranges along a gradient of 1,600– 3,000 m. Rodent distribution appears to be determined by microhabitat availability. Both rats and mice preferred microhabits of dense tree stands and tall grass over open spaces, and their abundance declined with the progressive reduction of these preferred microhabitats with increasing elevation. Black rats were rare, and their numbers were at least an order of magnitude lower than that of the palila ( Loxioides bailleui ) and common amakihi ( Hemignathus virens ). Rats had the lowest densities in areas of highest abundance of palila. Palila and black rats also showed segregated microhabitat preferences. Diets of feral cats ( Felis sylvestris ), mongooses ( Herpestes auropunctatus ), and mice showed no evidence that they prey on eggs, nestlings, or adults of endemic birds. These trends give no indication that introduced mammals could be important predators of honeycreepers and suggest that small mammals may be tracking a different set of resources or conditions from those of endemic birds.
The preparation and study of some thiazole derivatives of antimony.

Preparative methods for some organic antimony compounds are discussed. The preparation of thiazole-2-stibinic tetrachloride and its use as an intermediate in production of others is outlined. The oral and intraperitoneal acute toxicities of the sodium salt of thiazole-2-stibinic acid in the white rat are reported. The results of an investigation of the effect of that compound on the adult Trichinella spiralis in the gastrointestinal tract of the white rat indicate that it is ineffective in a sufficiently low dosage to be nontoxic.
The Individual Variability Problem

Studies show that there are widespread intrasubjective and intersubjective color variations among normal perceivers. These variations have serious ramifications in the debate about the nature and ontology of color. It is typical to think of the debate about color as a dispute between objectivists and subjectivists. Objectivists hold that colors are perceiver-independent physical properties of objects while subjectivists hold that they are either projections onto external objects or dispositions objects have to look colored. I argue that individual color variations present difficulties, albeit not the same kind, for both objectivism and subjectivism. Lastly, I propose an alternative account that handles such variations nicely.
A test of charge symmetry in n-p scattering at En = 183 MeV

Abstract Measurements of the spin-dependent left-right asymmetries for n-p elastic scattering at E n = 183 MeV have been obtained by scattering polarized neutrons from polarized protons. If charge symmetry holds in the n-p system, the two analyzing powers A n and A p must be equal. Our preliminary experimental result for the average value of A n −A p in the range 82.2° θ cm ≤ 116.1° is (32.1 ± 6.1 ± 6) × 10 −4 where the first error is the statistical uncertainty and the second is the systematic uncertainty. This result provides clear evidence of charge symmetry breaking in the nuclear force, and agrees well with meson-exchange predictions based on the Bonn nucleon-nucleon potential.
Irreversible island formation during deposition: separation distributions and diffraction profiles

Abstract We consider irreversible island formation during deposition on single crystal faces, at coverages θ ⪡ 1. We focus on the effective scaling of the island-island and island-adatom pair separation distributions, at fixed coverage and varying ratio of diffusion to deposition rates. We quantify the depletion of islands and adatoms in the immediate vicinity of an island, in terms of a single characteristic length. Simulation results are supplemented by a rate-equation analysis. The diffracted intensity profile is calculated neglecting correlations between island size and separations. We find a ring structure whose diameter correlates with the average island separation.
Optimization of a hybrid solar-fossil fuel plant: Solar steam reforming of methane in a combined cycle

In this article, an analysis of solar reforming as the solar integration method for a hybrid solar-fossil fuel cycle is presented. The solar reformer is integrated with a solar tower and steam reforming of methane is studied. The tower reformer system is integrated with a standard combined cycle, and the design and operation of the hybrid cycle are optimized for highest annual work output for a fixed fuel input and solar collector area. A heuristic two step procedure is used for the optimization: first, both the design and operation of the plant is optimized for every hour and then in the second step, the design is fixed at the average value determined by the first step and the operation of the plant is again optimized for every hour. The optimization results indicate that the tower reforming integration method is a promising integration option in that this type of hybrid cycle yields high incremental solar efficiencies compared to alternatives. Moreover, the analyzed hybrid cycle has a higher efficiency for a fixed CO2 emissions compared to a linear combination of solar only and fossil fuel only cycles of comparable complexity.