cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electromyographic evidence for response conflict in the exclude recognition task.

How do memory retrieval processes lead to overt responses in strategic recognition tasks (responding “old” to one class of familiar stimulus and “new” to another)? Many current theories of memory retrieval ignore the response requirements in such memory tasks, instead modeling them using memory processes (e.g., familiarity and recollection) alone (see Yonelinas, 2002). We argue that strategic recognition involves conflict in response processing similar to canonical conflict tasks (e.g., the Stroop task). The parallel task set (PTS) model (Seymour, 2001) accounts for performance in strategic recognition tasks (e.g., the exclude recognition task) by suggesting that motor response conflict occurs when one responds “new” to familiar stimuli. We tested this prediction using surface electromyography, a measure incontrovertibly related to motor execution. Overall, results are consistent with the PTS model’s assumption that recognition, motor, and control processes interact in strategic retrieval tasks. The implications of these data for models of memory retrieval and response conflict are discussed.
Anisotropic thermal conductivities of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings in relation to the microstructure

Anisotropic thermal conductivities of the plasma-sprayed ceramic coating are explicitly expressed in terms of the microstructural parameters. The dominant features of the porous space are identified as strongly oblate (cracklike) pores that tend to be either parallel or normal to the substrate. The scatter in pore orientations is shown to have a pronounced effect on the effective conductivities. The established quantitative microstructure-property relations, if combined with the knowledge of the processing parameters-resulting microstructure connections, can be utilized for controlling the conductivities in the desired way.
The effects of an H3 receptor antagonist (PF-03654746) with fexofenadine on reducing allergic rhinitis symptoms.

Background Nasal H 3 receptors might have a role in mediating the effects of histamine in patients with allergic rhinitis. Objective This study explored the effect of the potent oral H 3 receptor antagonist PF-03654746 in combination with an oral H 1 receptor antagonist on the objective (acoustic rhinometry) and subjective (symptoms) responses to nasal allergen challenge. Methods Twenty patients with out-of-season allergic rhinitis displaying a 30% or greater decrease in minimum nasal cross-sectional area (A min ) after bolus (ragweed) complete nasal allergen challenge at screening were studied by using a randomized, double-blind, single-dose, 4-way crossover design. Treatments included 10 mg of PF-03654746 plus 60 mg of fexofenadine (group 1), 1 mg of PF-03654746 plus 60 mg of fexofenadine (group 2), 60 mg of fexofenadine/120 mg of pseudoephedrine (group 3), and placebo (group 4). After dosing, subjects underwent complete nasal allergen challenge. Nasal symptom scores (no. of sneezes and 0- to 5-point scores for severity of congestion, itching, and rhinorrhea), A min (in square centimeters), and nasal volume (in cubic centimeters) were recorded 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after allergen. There was a minimum 10-day washout between periods. Results The following symptom scores were significantly ( P ≤ .05) reduced by active treatments versus placebo: group 1, congestion of −0.7 (SE, 0.3), itching of −1.0 (SE, 0.3), rhinorrhea of −1.3 (SE, 0.3), and sneeze of −8.8 (SE, 1.5); group 2, itching of −0.6 (SE, 0.3), rhinorrhea of −0.8 (SE, 0.3), and sneeze of −9.1 (SE, 1.5); and group 3, rhinorrhea of −0.7 (SE, 0.3) and sneeze of −7.0 (SE, 1.5). There was no significant effect of any treatment on mean A min proportion or nasal volume proportion after nasal allergen challenge. Conclusions In combination with fexofenadine, single doses of PF-03654746 caused a reduction in allergen-induced nasal symptoms. H 3 receptor antagonism might be a novel therapeutic strategy to further explore in patients with allergic rhinitis.
Metabolic Changes Associated with the Germination of Corn. III. Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Endosperm Metabolism.

Stimulation of endosperm metabolism by the addition of exogenous gibberellic acid (GA) has been reported by many workers. A series of papers by Paleg (8, 9, 10) have described the dependence of loss of dry weight, starch hydrolysis and protein release in excised barlev endosperm on the presence of added GA. Work with many varieties of barley, wheat and oats has confirmed the generality of this effect (11, 12). Since GA-like compounds occur in barley embryos (5) and in many higher-plant tissues (1, 7), it is likely that endosperm metabolism is initiated by the release of such compounds from the embryo during normal generation. More detailed studies have been made on the GA stimulation of a-amylase activity in barley endosperm in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of action. Paleg (10) has suggested that the hormone activates or releases proteases, which in turn activate or release the a-amylase; whereas MacLeod and Millar (6) proposed that GA brought about the release of hydrolytic enzymes, including a-amylase from lysosome-like particles. Recently, however, Briggs (2) has reported an enhanced de novo synthesis of proteins in the aleurone cells of barley endosperm in response to GA, and Varner (13) has demonstrated the stimulation of de novo synthesis of a-amylase in the same tissue. This paper reports the results of experiments designed to test whether carbohydrate and protein catabolism in excised corn endosperm is dependent on exogenous GA as in other cereal grains. In addition, the effects of GA on the activities of ribonuclease and 3'nucleotidase in the endosperm were examined. These 2 enzymes are invo!ved in nucleic acid catabolism, and their activities increased markedly during germination (4).
Assignment of the 13C-nmr spectrum of Hippurin, a novel furospirostane: observation of both ends of the axis of anisotropic reorientation through the measurement of spin-lattice relaxation times.

Abstract Anisotropic reorientation of 3α-substituted steroids has been well documented. Assignment of the 13C-nmr spectrum of Hippurin, a novel furospirostane and the measurement of the spin-lattice (T1) relaxation times has established both points in the molecule through which the axis of anisotropic reorientation passes, specifically the 3- and 24-positions.
A Component-Level Tester to Simulate Rigid Disk Drive Friction and Wear Tests

This paper presents a component-level friction and wear tester which simulates many of the disk drive conditions that affect head/media tribology. Tester features include a high bandwidth friction transducer, yaw angle, seeking, sealed head/disk chamber, low spindle runout, start/stop profile matching, and environmental control. The tester is capable of measuring static friction, kinetic friction, and touchdown velocity. By realistically simulating a drive environment for tribology testing, the tester gives disk drive designers quick, accurate feedback on the reliability of their designs. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference In Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 8–10, 1990
Buried heterostructure VCSEL with semiconductor mirrors

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have achieved remarkable performance in threshold, speed, and efficiency. However the VCSELs have so far achieved their performance without the benefit of a buried-heterostructure (BH) gain structure. A high quality BH gain structure can be expected to dramatically improve VCSEL performance by eliminating parasitic charging effects in the perimeter region of the VCSEL's gain material. The BH is expected to produce lower threshold, higher efficiency, and higher modulation speed for small VCSEL devices. Because many other parameters due to current funneling and heat spreading improve in small size VCSELs, a BH VCSEL could be expected to produce a significantly improved laser performance. However the BH VCSEL requires a design that can also form a high quality cavity, since the VCSEL performance is strongly dependent on cavity loss. These types of designs have not yet been very thoroughly investigated. Here we present to our knowledge the first report of a BH quantum well VCSEL, with the epitaxial growth over InGaAs quantum wells.
Individual exercise prescription.

Abstract The ability to prescribe exercise for both normal persons and patients with heart disease has advanced from an art to a science during the past decade. Research during this period has given the physician and the exercise physiologist the capability of designing exercise programs to meet a specific person's individual needs, interests and capacity. In such programs, participants first undergo a thorough medical evaluation, including a detailed personal health and family history, physical examination, a resting 12 lead electrocardiogram and an exercise electrocardiogram. Either as part of the exercise electrocardiographic evaluation or as a separate exercise test, individual work capacity (either actual or estimated maximal oxygen uptake) and the maximal heart rate are determined. In the actual exercise prescription, attention is given to four factors: (1) type of activity, (2) frequency of participation, (3) duration of each exercise period, and (4) intensity of the effort. To promote and maintain basic cardiorespiratory health and endurance, the exercise must be of an endurance nature—walk-jog-run, hiking, swimming or bicycling. It should be performed at least three times a week for 20 to 30 minutes at each session. Significant changes in work capacity and cardiovascular function occur when a person exercises at a level as low as 60 percent of his working capacity. A level of 60 to 75 percent is normally used to initiate an exercise prescription. This level can be easily monitored by the participant, using 60 to 75 percent of his maximal heart rate as the guide for his training or exercising heart rate. In all cases, the exercise is programmed to fit the individual subject, not vice versa, as often happens in group programs. This approach provides a safe and efficient means for assisting adults to gain maximal benefit from exercise.
Reversal by DNA amplifications of an unusual mutation blocking alkane and alcohol utilization in Pseudomonas putida.

We analyzed the reversion of strains carrying alk208, a mutation in the alkBAC (alkane utilization) region of the Pseudomonas CAM-OCT plasmid. Reversion of alk208 was stimulated 25 to 75-fold by small doses of UV-irradiation. All alkane hydroxylase-positive (AlkB+) revertants proved to be aliphatic alcohol dehydrogenasepositive (AlkC+) as well, whereas AlkC+ revertants could be either AlkB+ or AlkB-. Most of the AlkB- AlkC+ partial revertants produced AlkC- segregants at measurable frequencies. UV-irradiation substantially increased the rate of AlkC- segregation. Most segregants reverted to AlkB+ or AlkC+ at frequencies similar to the original alk208 strain. Dot blot hybridization analyses using cloned probes from various regions of CAM-OCT revealed that the partial revertants contained specific amplications of alk DNA. The endpoints of these amplifications mapped in at least two regions. AlkC- segregants had lost the DNA amplifications.
Immediate denture construction: The impression phase

Abstract Only through careful coordination of the prosthodontic and oral surgical phases can a functionally and esthetically successful immediate complete denture service be rendered.
Institutional constraints on executive greed: stratification systems in American art museums*

This paper examines the stratification systems of over 200 organisations, individually represented by the internal income distributions of each organisation, in turn seen as products of executive decision-making. As a first principle, I assume that in any decision-making situation in which organisational leaders must choose between their own welfare and the welfare of their employees, they will almost always select the selfish course of action. In accordance with this axiom of executive greed, the majority of intra-organisational income distributions exhibit a substantial positive or right skew (that is, many people in the lower income levels and very few in the highest). Yet there is sufficient variation to suggest that there are forces which constrain executive greed. Combining the ‘new structuralist’ perspective on stratification with resource dependency and organisational fields models, the paper examines hypotheses which maintain that the shape of internal distributive systems is affected by: (i) organisational properties, such as size and structural complexity, which empower the employee in labour relations with management; and (ii) highly-institutionalised resource dependencies which constrain income disbursement decisions. Data are taken from a US sample of art museums. The results of the analyses seriously contradict the new structuralist's empowerment accounts of the effects of size and structural complexity on stratification, and suggest that their propositions have been posed at a level which may be far too general. Certain highly-institutionalised resource dependencies are found to promote equality in internal distributive systems.
A watt-hour meter demonstrator

THESE ARE THE DAYS when we are expected to originate new teaching aids, and devices to make college and high school students more science-minded. The simple watt-hour meter demonstrator described in this article meets both needs. It can be so readily constructed and so satisfactorily operated, that it will appeal to teachers and students alike, at any level.
The academic community’s participation in global accounting standard-setting

Abstract International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are now used in more than 100 countries. In the US, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is considering a “Work Plan” to allow or require US corporations to use IFRS. Considering the rising importance of IFRS, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the SEC, the European Union (EU), and others have called for broader stakeholder participation in the global accounting standard-setting process. Academicians are seen as one group that has the potential to have a strong positive influence in the shaping of accounting standards. This study investigates the academic community’s participation in the IASB’s standard-setting process through the submission of comment letters for 79 issues. For 55 IASB issues, 90 academics and academic organizations (5.8% of all respondents) provided 153 responses (2.7% of total responses). For 24 Draft Interpretations issued by the IASB’s International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC), just 17 academics and academic organizations (4.9% of respondents) provided 20 responses (1.9%). Overall, Anglo country writers dominated, with Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States together providing a majority of writers and responses. Non-Anglo EU countries provided about a quarter of the writers and responses. While academic interest increased for a few issues, usually discussion papers and substantive issues, the overall response rate remained low. Possible reasons for low participation rates are discussed, as well as some changes that may increase academic engagement with the IASB’s standard-setting process.
High speed photography of bioprosthetic heart valves during testing

Throughout the manufacturing process of bioprosthetic heart valves the most vigorous quality control techniques have to be employed to ensure the required standards of durability. During development valves are subjected to ‘Accelerated Fatigue Testing’ which simulates many years of use. High speed photography was used to examine the performance and changing condition of the valves under test.
Intrinsic oxygen fugacity measurements on seven chondrites, a pallasite, and a tektite and the redox state of meteorite parent bodies

Abstract Intrinsic oxygen-fugacity (fO2) measurements were made on five ordinary chondrites, a carbonaceous chondrite, an enstatite chondrite, a pallasite, and a tektite. Results are of the form of linear log f O 2 − 1 T plots. Except for the enstatite chondrite, measured results agree well with calculated estimates by others. The tektite produced fO2 values well below the range measured for terrestrial and lunar rocks. The lowpressure atmospheric regime that is reported to follow large terrestrial explosions, coupled with a very high temperature, could produce glass with fO2 in the range measured. The meteorite Salta (pallasite) has low fO2 and lies close to Hvittis (E6). Unlike the other samples, results for Salta do not parallel the iron-wustite buffer, but are close to the fayalite-quartz-iron buffer in slope. Minor reduction by graphite appears to have taken place during metamorphism of ordinary chondrites. fO2 values of unequilibrated chondrites show large scatter during early heating suggesting that the constituent phases were exposed to a range of fO2 conditions. The samples equilibrated with respect to fO2 in relatively short time on heating. Equilibration with respect to fO2 in ordinary chondrites takes place between grades 3 and 4 of metamorphism. Application of P − T − fO2 relations in the system C-CO-CO2 indicates that the ordinary chondrites were metamorphosed at pressures of 3–20 bars, as it appears that they lay on the graphite surface. A steep positive thermal gradient in a meteorite parent body lying at the graphite surface will produce thin reduced exterior, an oxidized near-surface layer, and an interior that is increasingly reduced with depth; a shallow thermal gradient will produce the reverse. A body heated by accretion on the outside will have a reduced exterior and oxidized interior. Meteorites from the same parent body clearly are not required to have similar redox states.
Repression of Rearranged μ Gene and Translocated c-myc in Mouse 3T3 Cells × Burkitt Lymphoma Cell Hybrids

The productively rearranged immunoglobulin mu chain gene and the translocated cellular oncogene c-myc are transcribed at high levels both in human Burkitt lymphoma cells carrying the t(8;14) chromosome translocation and in mouse plasmacytoma X Burkitt lymphoma cell hybrids. In the experiments reported here these genes were found to be repressed in mouse 3T3 fibroblast X Burkitt lymphoma cell hybrids. Such repression probably occurs at the transcriptional level since no human mu- and c-myc messenger RNA's are detectable in hybrid clones carrying the corresponding genes. It is therefore concluded that the ability to express these genes requires a differential B cell environment. The results suggest that the 3T3 cell assay may not be suitable to detect oncogenes directly involved in human B cell oncogenesis, since 3T3 cells apparently are incapable of transcribing an oncogene that is highly active in malignant B cells with specific chromosomal translocations.
Enhancement of Myocardial Regeneration Through Genetic Engineering of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Expressing Pim-1 Kinase

Background— Despite numerous studies demonstrating the efficacy of cellular adoptive transfer for therapeutic myocardial regeneration, problems remain for donated cells with regard to survival, per...
The I/O subsystem/spl minus/a candidate for improvement

A computer system can be partitioned into hardware and the software executing on that hardware. The hardware consists of processor(s), memory, and "everything else". The "everything else" we generally combine under the umbrella "I/O, whose job it is to manage the availability of information to and from the processor(s) and memory". That information comes from storage devices, networks, and nonstorage devices. The I/O subsystem is the collection of all three; its influence on performance is a reflection of how well it manages the availability of information to and from all three. The impression today, from both the hardware side and the software side, is that the I/O subsystem can certainly stand improvement. The author considers improvements to the I/O subsystem. >
Structure of YqgQ protein from Bacillus subtilis, a conserved hypothetical protein

The crystal structure of the hypothetical protein YqgQ from Bacillus subtilis has been determined to 2.1 A resolution. The crystals belonged to space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 51.85, b = 41.25, c = 55.18 A, β = 113.4°, and contained three protein molecules in the asymmetric unit. The structure was determined by the single-wavelength anomalous dispersion method using selenium-labeled protein and was refined to a final R factor of 24.7% (Rfree = 28.0%). The protein molecule mainly comprises a three-helical bundle. Its putative function is inferred to be single-stranded nucleic acid binding based on sequence and structural homology.
Improved Planar Amperometric Nitric Oxide Sensor Based on Platinized Platinum Anode. 1. Experimental Results and Theory When Applied for Monitoring NO Release from Diazeniumdiolate-Doped Polymeric Films

An improved miniature amperometric nitric oxide sensor design with a planar sensing tip (ranging from 150 μm to 2 mm in diameter) is reported. The sensor is fabricated using a platinized platinum anode and a Ag/AgCl cathode housed behind a microporous poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE; Gore-tex) gas-permeable membrane. Platinization of the working platinum electrode surface dramatically improves the analytical performance of the sensor by providing ∼10-fold higher sensitivity (0.8−1.3 pA/nM), ∼10-fold lower detection limit (≤1 nM), and extended (at least 3-fold) stability (>3 d) compared to sensors prepared with bare Pt electrodes. These improvements in performance arise from increasing the kinetics and lowering the required potential for the 3-electron oxidation of NO to nitrate, relative to that observed using a nonplatinized working electrode. The outer porous PTFE membrane provides complete selectivity for NO over nitrite ions (up to 10 mM nitrite). The new sensor is applied for surface measurements of ...
THE OPERATING BETA OF A U.S. MULTI-ACTIVITY FIRM: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

Various researchers have decomposed the firm's beta (or systematic risk) into components that are reflective of the firm's corporate characteristics, for example, leverage position, product mix, etc. In this paper, the theoretical beta decompositions of Hamada (1969 and 1972) and Rubinstein (1973) are sub- jected to empirical examination for a sample of diversified (or multi-activity) firms. The results of the analysis evidence highly significant empirical support for the Hamada- Rubinstein model and for the viability of operationalizing that model with available accounting and market data.
Assessment of three techniques for measuring natural enemy inflicted mortality of leafroller larvae in commercial orchards

Abstract Measuring natural enemy (NE) inflicted mortality presents a serious challenge in managed habitats, such as apple orchards, where the crop-plant is frequently treated with a wide range of insecticides. Toxic residues keep natural populations of pests at too low levels to sample and prevent the use of techniques in which laboratory reared insects are released directly on foliage and used to measure NE activity. Three methods to implant obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae were tested: (1) larvae placed on potted apple trees, (2) larvae placed on excised leaves inserted in florists’ waterpicks and (3) larvae placed on branches placed into water filled Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes. Use of potted trees allowed accurate estimation of NE inflicted mortality; however, this method was very labor intensive. The waterpick method required less labor, but it underestimated larval mortality caused by NEs. The use of PVC pipes to hold infested branches combined the benefits of the other two methods tested. This technique was simple to use and provided accurate estimates of NE inflicted mortality.
EFFECTS OF INJECTION OF A DILUTE PHOSPHATE‐SALT SOLUTION ON PORK CHARACTERISTICS FROM PSE, NORMAL AND DFD CARCASSES

Phosphate-salt pump effects were evaluated on sensory characteristics of pale, soft, exudative (PSE) pork, normal and dark, firm and dry (DFD) pork. Water-holding capacity, instrumental color (L*, a*, b*), pH, and muscle color scores were determined at 24 h postmortem on pork loin pairs (n=21 pairs). Based on color score, paired loins were assigned to PSE, normal or dark, firm, dry groups. PSE muscles were lighter, redder and more yellow than normal or DFD muscles; hue angle indicated that DFD muscles were actually closer to the true red axis of the CIE Lab Color Space. Drip and purge losses were higher (p<0.05) in PSE muscles. Paired loins were pumped with water (controls) or 0.3% tripolyphosphate solution (0.25% salt) to 110% of original weight, vacuum packaged, frozen, cut into chops, and cooked to 70 or 80C. Phosphate-salt pumped loins were juicier and more tender (p<0.05) than water-pumped loins regardless of muscle condition. Loins cooked to 70C were juicier, were more tender (sensory) but required more force to shear than those cooked to 80C.
Electrophysiological evidence of corollary discharge dysfunction in schizophrenia during talking and thinking

Failure of corollary discharge, a mechanism for distinguishing self-generated from externally-generated percepts, has been posited to underlie certain positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including auditory hallucinations. Although originally described in the visual system, corollary discharge may exist in the auditory system, whereby signals from motor speech commands prepare auditory cortex for self-generated speech. While associated with sensorimotor systems, it might also apply to inner speech or thought, regarded as our most complex motor act. We had four aims in the studies summarized in this paper: (1) to demonstrate the corollary discharge phenomenon during talking and inner speech in human volunteers using event-related brain potentials (ERPs), (2) to demonstrate that the corollary discharge is abnormal in patients with schizophrenia, (3) to demonstrate the role of frontal speech areas in the corollary discharge during talking, and (4) to relate the dysfunction of the corollary discharge in schizophrenia to auditory hallucinations. Using EEG and ERP measures, we addressed each aim in patients with schizophrenia (DSM IV) and healthy control subjects. The N1 component of the ERP reflected dampening of auditory cortex responsivity during talking and inner speech in control subjects but not in patients. EEG measures of coherence indicated inter-dependence of activity in the frontal speech production and temporal speech reception areas during talking in control subjects, but not in patients, especially those who hallucinated. These data suggest that a corollary discharge from frontal areas where thoughts are generated fails to alert auditory cortex that they are self-generated, leading to the misattribution of inner speech to external sources and producing the experience of auditory hallucinations.
LOCALIZATION OF ADSORBED CYCLOHEXANE IN THE ACID FORM OF ZEOLITE Y. A POWDER NEUTRON DIFFRACTION AND COMPUTATIONAL STUDY

The crystal structure of the deuterated acid form of zeolite Y with adsorbed cyclohexane (∼1 molecule/supercage) has been determined by powder neutron diffraction at 5 K. The structure was refined by the Rietveld least-squares method in the cubic space group Fd3m [a = 24.711(2) A, Rp = 3.13%, Rwp = 4.28%]. Deuterium atoms were located, in order of decreasing occupancy, on O(3)[33(3)%], O(1)[10(2)%], O(4)[3(3)%] and O(2)[2(3)%]. Approximately half of the adsorbed cyclohexane molecules were located in the chair conformation in the 12-ring window. Energy minimization calculations predict various types of binding sites for cyclohexane in siliceous Y. One type of site is found in the 12-ring window and is in excellent agreement with the position determined from the diffraction analysis. Other binding sites in low-symmetry positions are predicted, where cyclohexane is coordinated to 4-ring and 6-ring windows; these could not be detected by the diffraction analysis. Our calculations suggest that cyclohexane mole...
Real-time MRI monitoring of transcatheter hepatic artery contrast agent delivery in rabbits.

Rationale and Objectives We sought to test the hypothesis that transcatheter hepatic artery delivery of dilute gadolinium (Gd) in rabbits can be monitored in real-time using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods Catheters (2F) were inserted via a femoral access into the hepatic arteries of six New Zealand White rabbits under radiographic guidance. After transfer to a 1.5-T MRI scanner, 26 separate hepatic artery injections of 2 mL of 4% Gd and 14 sham injections were performed. Real-time imaging of all injections was acquired using two-dimensional projection inversion recovery-gradient echo. Films of these 40 injections, as well as 10 random repeats, were independently reviewed in a randomized, blinded fashion by two Certificate of Added Qualification–certified interventional radiologists. Observers reported (i) if Gd injection occurred and (ii) if so, the location of delivery. For each observer, we compared sensitivity/specificity for real-time visualization of contrast injection and accuracy of injection localization. Interobserver and intraobserver variability was assessed using the κ statistic. X-ray digital subtraction angiography was the gold standard for all MRI studies. Results Both observers had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 93%. Accuracy for intrahepatic contrast delivery was 77% for both observers. Accuracy for extrahepatic delivery was 92% and 96%, respectively. Both interobserver and intraobserver agreement was outstanding. Conclusions In rabbits, MRI allows for accurate real-time monitoring of transcatheter hepatic artery delivery of contrast agent. Localization accuracy is higher outside the liver than within the liver. These results can be used as a baseline reference for comparing the accuracy of delivery of Gd-tagged therapies in the future.
Optimal‐aim regulation and tracking in large‐order nonlinear networks

A special regulation and tracking control strategy for large-order nonlinear networks is introduced. A theorem useful for implementing this strategy and its application to several examples, including a well-known transient power-network model, are given.
Moment equations for a piecewise deterministic PDE

We analyze a piecewise deterministic PDE consisting of the diffusion equation on a finite interval ? with randomly switching boundary conditions and diffusion coefficient. We proceed by spatially discretizing the diffusion equation using finite differences and constructing the Chapman?Kolmogorov (CK) equation for the resulting finite-dimensional stochastic hybrid system. We show how the CK equation can be used to generate a hierarchy of equations for the r-th moments of the stochastic field, which take the form of r-dimensional parabolic PDEs on that couple to lower order moments at the boundaries. We explicitly solve the first and second order moment equations (r = 2). We then describe how the r-th moment of the stochastic PDE can be interpreted in terms of the splitting probability that r non-interacting Brownian particles all exit at the same boundary; although the particles are non-interacting, statistical correlations arise due to the fact that they all move in the same randomly switching environment. Hence the stochastic diffusion equation describes two levels of randomness: Brownian motion at the individual particle level and a randomly switching environment. Finally, in the limit of fast switching, we use a quasi-steady state approximation to reduce the piecewise deterministic PDE to an SPDE with multiplicative Gaussian noise in the bulk and a stochastically-driven boundary.
Single-day apolipoprotein E genotyping

Current methods of genotyping an individual's apolipoprotein (ApoE) alleles involve time-consuming separations of digested fragments on high-percentage non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels. However, it is possible to separate the fragments quicker and with greater ease using agarose.
Sézary syndrome in an 11-year-old girl

All forms of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma are rare in children. We describe an 11-year-old girl who had generalized exfoliative erythroderma, intense pruritus, peripheral lymphadenopathy, mycosis cells in the skin and lymph nodes, and Sezary cells in the peripheral blood. Results of a biopsy specimen of involved skin showed changes consistent with mycosis fungoides. A classic case of Sezary syndrome has not previously been reported in childhood or preadolescence.
Influence of three short-chain peptides (α-MSH, MSH/ACTH 4–10, MIF-I on) dimensional attention

Abstract Male, albino rats were treated with α-MSH, MSH/ACTH 4–10, MIF-I or a diluent control solution and then tested on a visual discrimination problem. Immediately after acquisition of the visual task the animals were tested with a spatial extradimensional shift problem. The animals treated with the MSH/ACTH 4–10 and MIF-I acquired the discrimination nonsignificantly faster than animals treated with α-MSH or a placebo. A subproblem analysis of the EDS behavior indicated that the peptides significantly improved performance probably by affecting attention.
Void formation in flip chip solder bumps. II

Void formation in solder bumps occurs due to the formation and coagulation of gas bubbles from the combustion of flux during the solder reflow process. The formation of such voids can result in the failure of solder joints under the application of load. This study aims at determining the factors which affect the formation and growth of these voids. It consists of evaluating numerous cross-sections of solder bumps, as well as the numerical modeling of the flow and bubble dynamics within the solder bump during the solder reflow process. The cross sections reveal several cases in which a large void is formed within the solder bump. Generally, in the absence of such a void, a large number of smaller bubbles accumulate at the top of the joint, and often result in crack propagation through them. A simplified, two-dimensional numerical model to simulate the motion and coalescence of bubbles in a solder bump has been developed. A recirculative flow within the melt region is assumed. This recirculation is caused by the temperature differential between the exterior and interior boundaries of the melt region. A heat-transfer analysis predicts the movement of the melt front during reflow. It is hoped that this model, along with a study of joint cross sections, will lend some insight into the factors that affect the formation and distribution of voids within solder bumps.
THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS IN CdS/Cu2S SOLAR CELLS

ABSTRACT The current in Cu 2 S, as determined by generation, recombination, and diffusion to outer surface and junction, is computed through the junction to be proportional to the difference of carrier density in the Cu 2 S bulk and at the CdS-side of the junction interface. The current-dependent carrier density at the junction interface is used as one of the boundary conditions for the solution of Poisson and transport equation in the CdS side of the junction. A photovoltaic diode-like current-voltage characteristic is obtained by connecting the voltage drop in CdS with the current from Cu 2 S with diode parameters in substantially improved agreement with the experiment, compared to a simple diode characteristic “shifted” by the photo (short-circuit) current. The trap density below the electron quasi-Fermi level in the CdS side of the junction is probably of the order of 10 17 cm –3 for present CdS/Cu 2 S solar cells, hence, the field in the junction may increase to a value well within the range where high-field effects take place. Field-quenching acts here to limit space charge by depleting hole traps, hence compensating the space charge created originally by depletion of electron traps and provides an extended range in which the electron density and field is essentially constant. This limits the current over a wide range of applied voltages, and may clamp this current to a value below the extraction saturation current from Cu 2 S. The interconnection of conduction and valence bands at the (abrupt) junction interface is determined by the zero current condition for open circuit: The conduction bands connect without a jump for zero interface recombination. However, interface lattice mismatch provide 1. 1 · 10 14 cm –2 dangling bonds, probably compensated by Cd i in Cu 2 S near the interface and acting as Coulomb-attractive interface recombination centers in Cu 2 S. This lowers the electron quasi-Fermi level at the interface by 0.18eV, hence Fermi level and bands in CdS by the same amount. The space charged double layer forces most of the electron current through interface states. Characteristics (magnitude of j oo , φ, and j oo (φ)), light spot scanning and capacitance measurements indicate agreement with the proposed model. The observed decrease of j L with increasing V oc for Cd x Zn 1–x S/Cu 2 S solar cells can be explained.
Horstmann, Siep, and German Idealism

Die Grenzen der Vernunft. Eine Untersuchung zu Zielen und Motiven des Deutschen Idealismus. By Rolf-Peter Horstmann. Frankfurt a.M.: Anton Hain, 1991, 321 pp. ISBN 3–445-08568-4 Praktische Philosophie im Deutschen Idealismus. By Ludwig Siep. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp, 1992, 348 pp. ISBN 3–518-28635-8 pb
Microwave plasma-assisted etching of diamond

Abstract Experimental results are presented for the microwave plasma-assisted dry etching of ultrananocrystalline (UNCD), polycrystalline and single crystal diamond materials. A high-rate and anisotropic etching process is developed using a 2.45 GHz microwave plasma reactor. The plasma discharge in this system measures 25 cm in diameter and is located inside a 30 cm diameter microwave cavity applicator. The system is an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma source operating at pressures of 1–100 mTorr. The process chemistries include mixtures of oxygen, sulphur hexafluoride, and argon. Anisotropic etching profiles have been demonstrated and the measured etching rates range from 4–26 μm/h.
Changing Ethical Attitudes: The Case of the Enron and ImClone Scandals*

Objective. We analyze the process of changing ethical attitudes over time by focusing on a specific set of ‘‘natural experiments’’ that occurred over an 18-month period, namely, the accounting scandals that occurred involving Enron/Arthur Andersen and insider-trader allegations related to ImClone. Methods. Given the amount of media attention devoted to these ethical scandals, we test whether respondents in a cross-sectional sample taken over 18 months become less accepting of ethically charged vignettes dealing with ‘‘accounting tricks’’ and ‘‘insider trading’’ over time. Results. We find a significant and gradual decline in the acceptance of the vignettes over the 18-month period. Conclusions. Findings presented here may provide valuable insight into potential triggers of changing ethical attitudes. An intriguing implication of these results is that recent highly publicized ethical breaches may not be only a symptom, but also a cause of changing attitudes. Once again the pendulum has returned and professional ethics are in the spotlight.
The morphogenesis of the stomach and intestine in the salamander Ambystoma maculatum

The major events associated with the morphogenesis of the amphibian alimentary tract are described and illustrated with a series of photomicrographs that present a continuous account of the differentiation process from its onset at stage 38 until the initiation of feeding at stage 46. Histological evidence is presented for the normal disappearance of the midgut region of the archenteron and the de novo formation of the intestine through the yolk mass. The mechanics of intestinal lumen formation are discussed in terms of the dynamic autonomous actions and interactions of the endoderm and the splanchnic mesoderm. The opening of the intestinal lumen as a consequence of cytolysis or cellular digestion is discounted. The relation of the present observations to the previously described polar endoderm cells is considered.
Variational Principles, and Atomic Scattering

Since I would like to consider three topics, it will be necessary to simply touch upon each. The three topics center on the development and use of variational principles and variational bounds.
The fracture behavior of surface embrittled polymers

Normally ductile polymers may exhibit unexpected brittle fractures because of a phenomenon termed surface embrittlement. The problem may arise whenever a thin brittle layer is present on the surface, which may result from the application of brittle paint or, more commonly, from surface degradation caused by exposure to elevated temperatures, ultra-violet radiation, and stress-cracking agents. In rubber-modified polymers such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and high-impact polystyrene, exposure to the outdoor environment inevitably results in the formation of a thin surface layer containing cross-linked rubber particles in a matrix of reduced molecular weight. Although the depth of material adversely affected is typically small compared to the bulk, a drastic reduction in ductility nonetheless has been observed. To better understand the mechanism of embrittlement, this paper examines the criterion for embrittlement by considering the mechanism for enhanced energy absorption of rubber-toughened plastics and elementary concepts of fracture mechanics. It has been shown that a critical coating thickness exists when multiple crazing is essentially inoperative and the deformation is localized, to the tip of a fast moving sharp crack restricting strain energy dissipation to a relatively small region.
Metabolic adaptations to fasting and chronic caloric restriction in heart, muscle, and liver do not include changes in AMPK activity

Activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a central role in allowing cells to adapt to nutrient deprivation in vitro. This link between AMPK activity and nutritional status has raised the possibility that AMPK plays a role in the metabolic adaptation to acute and chronic nutritional stress. However, the effects of nutritional stress on AMPK activity in vivo have not been systematically evaluated. To address this, we measured the effects of 24 h of fasting and 4 mo of caloric restriction (CR) on AMPK alpha 1 and -alpha 2 activities in heart, skeletal muscle, and liver in mice. Although fasting caused the expected changes in body weight, plasma leptin, and free fatty acids, it did not increase AMPK activity in heart or skeletal muscle and only increased liver AMPK activity by approximately 20% (P = 0.10). Likewise, CR caused the expected changes in body weight, plasma leptin, and free fatty acids but did not alter AMPK activity in any of the three tissues. Although CR did not alter liver AMPK activity, it dramatically decreased the amount of phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and this was found to be due to decreased protein expression. Plasma leptin, a putative activator of AMPK, varied eightfold across the four groups of mice in the absence of changes in AMPK activity in any tissue. We conclude that, although the metabolic adaptations to fasting and CR include changes in plasma leptin concentration and phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase, these effects occur without changes in AMPK activity.
Emergence of Ethical Issues During Strategic Change Implementation

Using qualitative data from a Fortune 500 company undergoing a strategic change, I describe the emergence of three ethical issues and build a theory to explain how this emergence unfolds. I find that some employees reframe the meaning of strategic issues as involving ethical implications because of trigger points, ambiguity, and the use of an available employee welfare frame. These employees take the meaning of strategic issues and reinterpret them as either leading to harmful consequences or the violation of a right. I conclude by discussing the theoretical implications for business ethics and sensemaking research, and the practical implications for responding to ethical issues.
Smart Regenerative Relays for Link-Adaptive Cooperative Communications

Without being necessary to pack multiple antennas per terminal, cooperation among distributed single-antenna nodes offers resilience to shadowing and can, in principle, enhance the performance of wireless communication networks by exploiting the available space diversity. Enabling the latter however, calls for practically implementable protocols to cope with errors at relay nodes so that simple receiver processing can collect the diversity at the destination. To this end, we derive in this paper a class of strategies whereby decoded bits at relay nodes are scaled in power before being forwarded to the destination. The scale is adapted to the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the source-relay and the intended relay-destination links. With maximum ratio combining (MRC) at the destination, we prove that such link-adaptive regeneration (LAR) strategies effect the maximum possible diversity while requiring simple channel state information that can be pragmatically available at the relay. In addition, LAR exhibits robustness to quantization and feedback errors and leads to efficient use of power both at relay as well as destination nodes. Analysis and corroborating simulations demonstrate that LAR relays are attractive across the practical SNR range; they are universally applicable to multi-branch and multi-hop uncoded or coded settings regardless of the underlying constellation; and outperform existing alternatives.
Voter Disenfranchisement and Policy toward Election Reforms

How did poverty, race, population density, and other demographic characteristics affect disenfranchisement in the 2004 presidential election? I argue that there are two types of disenfranchisement: partisan disenfranchisement, which targets Democrats, and structural disenfranchisement, which targets members of low-status groups. Drawing demographic data from the United States census in 2000, and voting data from the secretaries of state websites, I use a negative binomial regression to correlate these variables with the incidence of voter disenfranchisement as collected by the Election Incident Reporting System, for the three “swing” states of Florida, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, with the “safe” states of California and Texas as controls. The results of this analysis indicate that disenfranchisement increases with population density, Black population, Democratic loyalty, and as the margin of victory decreases. Income and education also correlate with an increase in reported incidents of disenfranchisement, but that likely reflects the failings of self-report data.
Divine boundaries: How religion shapes citizens' attitudes toward immigrants

How does religion affect one’s attitudes toward immigrants? Scholars have shown that members of minor religious groups are less anti-immigrant than members of majority affiliations and that Evangelical Protestants are particularly hostile. Other scholars have demonstrated that increased religiosity reduces immigrant animus. Here, we argue that religion affects immigration attitudes via a distinct religiously informed interpretation of America’s national identity, which we call Christian nationalism. Christian nationalists believe that America has a divinely inspired mission and link its success to God’s favor. Using social identity complexity theory, we argue that citizens who ascribe to this worldview should be least tolerant of those they perceive as symbolic threats to American national identity. We assess this claim using the 2006 Pew Immigration Attitudes Survey and the 2008 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey. Christian nationalism is a robust determinant of immigrant animus, whereas religious...