cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wave-Induced Transport in the Pure Electron Plasma

The pure electron plasma is an excellent system in which to study transport across a strong magnetic field. We describe the basic experimental arrangement and report on measurements of transport due to an externally launched diocotron mode.
Three-dimensional mean flow experimental study of 'vortex unwinding'

A seven-hole flow-angularity pressure probe was used to assess the effectiveness of vortex unwinding in a turbulent boundary layer. The vortex center moved in the spanwise and vertical direction with increasing longitudinal distance. Initially, the vortex moved rapidly; it achieved 60 percent of its total 41 mm spanwise travel before it had completed half of its travel in the longitudinal direction. The flow was studied behind the single vortex combined with the most successful unwinder. The unwinder was found to be very effective in reducing the amount of secondary flow in the boundary layer.
Transitioning Knowledge Gained From Simulation to Pharmacy Practice

Using simulation to teach pharmacy practice skills may result in knowledge that is transferable to patient care. Key areas in which simulation is being used in pharmacy education include therapeutics, communication, physical assessment, patient safety, and populations to which students may have infrequent exposure. Enhancing interprofessional healthcare team dynamics and the skills of practicing healthcare professionals are other practical applications for simulation education. Educators should continue to be creative in the incorporation of simulation into pharmacy education and conduct more studies on the impact of simulation education on patient care to demonstrate the efficacy of this teaching modality.
Biochemical and genetic analyses of integrase-interacting proteins lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF)/p75 and hepatoma-derived growth factor related protein 2 (HRP2) in preintegration complex function and HIV-1 replication

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase (IN) functions in cells within the context of high molecular weight preintegration complexes (PICs). Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) transcriptional coactivator/p75 and hepatoma-derived growth factor related protein 2 (HRP2) tightly bind to HIV-1 IN and stimulate its integration activity in vitro. Here, we show that each recombinant host cell factor efficiently reconstitutes the in vitro activity of HIV-1 PICs disrupted for functional integration by pre-treatment with high concentrations of salt. Mutational analysis reveals that both the IN-binding and DNA-binding activities of LEDGF/p75 contribute to functional PIC reconstitution. We also investigate a role(s) for these proteins in HIV-1 infection by using short-interfering RNA. HIV-1 infection was essentially unaffected in HeLa-P4 cells depleted for LEDGF/p75, HRP2, or both proteins. We conclude that cells knocked-out for LEDGF/p75 and/or HRP2 will be useful genetic tools to address the roles of these host cell factors in HIV-1 replication.
THE CULTURAL CONTEXT: A FACTOR IN ASSERTIVENESS TRAINING WITH MAINLAND PUERTO RICAN WOMEN

This study examined the inclusion of a cultural component in an assertiveness training program. Participants (n= 40) were low income Puerto Rican women. There were four training groups divided up according to educational level. In addition, there was a no-training group consisting of Puerto Rican women who did not receive assertiveness training. Ten sessions of an hour and a half each were conducted over a period of 10 weeks. The training program was evaluated using a translation of the Adult Self-Expression Scale (Gay, Hollandsworth, & Galassi, 1975) as a pre/post program measure of assertiveness; evaluation forms completed by recipients at the close of each session were also used for evaluation purposes. Assertiveness scores of the training group were significantly higher than those of the no-training group. In addition, this effect was true regardless of level of education. Session-by-session evaluation forms suggested that cultural context may be an important mediator of assertive behavior. Limitations of the study are discussed, and it is recommended that future research examine the role of cultural factors in assertiveness training.
Helper-objective optimization strategies for the Job-Shop Scheduling Problem

Multiple Objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEAs) applied to the Job-Shop Scheduling Problem have been shown to perform better than single objective Genetic Algorithms (GAs). Helper-objectives, representing portions of the main objective, help guide MOEAs in their search process. This paper provides additional understanding of helper-objective methods. The sequence in which helper-objectives are used is examined and we show that problem-specific knowledge can be incorporated to determine a good helper-objective sequence. Computational results demonstrate how carefully sequenced helper-objectives can improve search quality. This dismisses the established practice of picking helper sequence based upon a random order due to lack of knowledge about optimal sequencing. Explanations are provided for how helpers accelerate the search process by distinguishing between otherwise similar solutions and by partial removal of epistasis in one or more dimensions of the solution space. Helper-objective size was also explored to determine if maximal helper divisions are best for the set of problems studied. Helper-objective size appears to be important to the optimization and larger helpers are not necessarily better which implies that methods such as Multi-Objectivization via Segmentation (MOS) may benefit from smaller problem divisions. Lastly, an examination of the non-dominated front size was performed to determine if tuning front size makes sense for this type of algorithm since previous works have established tuning front size as important. No evidence was found to support tuning and the correlation between small front size and effectiveness appears to be a natural part of how helper-objective algorithms work rather than a reason for reducing front size.
On the Mechanism of Allylic Amination Catalyzed by Iron Salts

Iron salts catalyze the allylic amination of alkenes by arylhydroxylamines in moderate to good yields and with high regioselectivity resulting from double-bond transposition. The iron-catalyzed reaction of phenylhydroxylamine with representative alkenes in the presence of 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, an effective PhNO trap, produces allyl amines exclusively, excluding the intermediacy of free PhNO in the amination reaction. The reaction of FeCl2,3 with PhNO or PhNHOH produces a novel azo dioxide iron complex, {Fe[Ph(O)NN(O)Ph]3}[FeCl4]2 (1a), whose structure has been established by X-ray diffraction. The structure of 1a features essentially tetrahedral Fe(III)Cl4- anions and a novel six-coordinate dication having iron(II) bound through the oxygens of three azobenzene N,N-dioxide ligands. Evidence that 1a is the active aminating agent in the catalytic reactions includes (1) its isolation from the catalytic reaction; (2) its facile reaction with alkenes to produce allyl amine in high yield and regioselectivity; (...
X-band performance of GaAs power f.e.t.s

The results of X-band measurements on GaAs power f.e.t.s are reported. These devices are fabricated with a simple planar process. Devices with output powers of 1 W or more at 9 GHz with 4 dB gain have been fabricated from more than a dozen slices. The highest output powers observed with 4 dB gain are 1.78 W at 9 GHz and 2.5 W at 8 GHz. Devices have been operated with 46% power-added efficiency at 8 GHz.
Uniaxial stress measurements on Rb2PbCu(NO2)6 and K2PbCu(NO2)6

Abstract EPR measurements on crystals of compressed tetragonal Rb2PbCu(NO2)6 and K2PbCu(NO2)6 subjected to uniaxial stress have been carried out at various temperatures. The results indicate that uniaxial stress can reorient the crystal axes in both compounds and that smaller stresses are required for Rb2PbCu(NO2)6 than for K2PbCu(NO2)6 at comparable temperatures. Larger stresses are required at lower temperatures.
An ethical assessment of intensive care.

Abstract Any evaluation of intensive care must include an ethical assessment of that technology. This allows us to consider the use of technology in light of the ends that we desire. The most pressing ethical issues in intensive care are: forgoing life-sustaining treatment, dehumanization of patients and staff within the technological environment, and the allocation of the technology that is integral to intensive care.
Diffusion of a fluid through a spherical elastic solid undergoing large deformations

Abstract The diffusion of a fluid through a spherical elastic solid undergoing large deformation is described in this paper. The constitutive model used is the single-constituent model for diffusion of fluids in nonlinear elastic solids, originally presented by Baek and Srinivasa [S. Baek, A.R. Srinivasa, Int. J. Nonlinear Mech. 39 (2004) 201–218] and based on a variational method and on the assumption of continuity of chemical potential across the solid–fluid interface. The balance laws for a single continuum with mass diffusion are cast in spherical coordinates, and suitable boundary conditions are posed to describe the radial diffusion of fluid through an elastic spherical shell with finite thickness. Its inner surface is adjacent to a rigid wall, either impermeable or permeable, while the outside surface is in contact with the fluid that swells the solid, diffuses through it, and exerts a hydrostatic pressure on its surface.
Neuron/target plasticity in the peripheral gustatory system

Taste bud volume on the anterior tongue in adult rats is matched by an appropriate number of innervating geniculate ganglion cells. The larger the taste bud, the more geniculate ganglion cells that innervate it. To determine if such a match is perturbed in the regenerated gustatory system under different dietary conditions, taste bud volumes and numbers of innervating neurons were quantified in adult rats after unilateral axotomy of the chorda tympani nerve and/or maintenance on a sodium-restricted diet. The relationship between taste bud size and innervation was eliminated in rats merely fed a sodium-restricted diet; individual taste bud volumes were smaller than predicted by the corresponding number of innervating neurons. Surprisingly, the relationship was disrupted in a similar way on the intact side of the tongue in unilaterally sectioned rats, with no diet-related differences. The mismatch in these groups was due to a decrease in average taste bud volumes and not to a change in numbers of innervating ganglion cells. In contrast, individual taste bud volumes were larger than predicted by the corresponding number of innervating neurons on the regenerated side of the tongue; again, with no diet-related differences. However, the primary variable responsible for disrupting the function on the regenerated side was an approximate 20% decrease in geniculate ganglion cells available to innervate taste buds. Therefore, the neuron/target match in the peripheral gustatory system is susceptible to surgical and/or dietary manipulations that act through multiple mechanisms. This system is ideally suited to model sensory plasticity in adults.
Purification of phenotypically unaltered α-1-antitrypsin

Abstract A method is presented for the purification of α-1-antitrypsin from normal human plasma. The method results in recovery of an average of 12.1% of the trypsin-inhibiting capacity of the serum. The electrophoretic heterogeneity that characterizes the phenotype of α-1-antitrypsin in serum is unchanged. Thus, the phenotypic heterogeneity is not dependent upon serum factors. In addition, the material has 85–100% biologic activity and migrates as a single band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecylsulfate and migrates as a band with a cathodic shoulder at pH 7.5 in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Positive and negative perfectionism and the shame/guilt distinction: adaptive and maladaptive characteristics

Abstract This study examined relationships among guilt, shame, pride, and perfectionism, with a college sample (N = 230). Research has linked shame and guilt to perfectionism, typically viewed as maladaptive. Some theories suggest guilt may be adaptive. The present study draws a distinction between two different kinds of perfectionism, positive and negative. Using Terry-Short, Owens, Slade, and Dewey’s (1995) . PNP scale to measure positive (PP) and negative (NP) perfectionism, our results support the utility of distinguishing between positive and negative perfectionism. NP correlated positively with state-shame, state-guilt, and shame-proneness. PP demonstrated a positive correlation with pride and negative correlations to state shame and anxiety. These results imply that shame and guilt may differ; though guilt may not always be adaptive.
Increased Hatha yoga experience predicts lower body mass index and reduced medication use in women over 45 years

Background: Yoga has been shown to have many short-term health benefits, but little is known about the extent to which these benefits accrue over a long time frame or with frequent practice. Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which body mass index (BMI) and medication use in a sample of female yoga practitioners over 45 years varied according to the length and frequency of yoga practice. Materials and Methods: We administered online surveys to 211 female yoga practitioners aged 45 to 80 years. We used regression analyses to evaluate the relationship of extent of yoga experience to both BMI and medication use after accounting for age and lifestyle factors. We also conducted comparisons with 182 matched controls. Results: Participants had practiced yoga for as long as 50 years and for up to 28 hours per week. There were significant inverse relationships between yoga experience and both BMI and medication load. These significant relationships remained after accounting for age and lifestyle factors. When we computed yoga experience in terms of total calendar years, without accounting for hours of practice, significant relationships did not remain. However, there was no obesity in the 49 participants with more than 25 years of yoga practice. Yoga practitioners were less likely than non-practitioners to use medication for metabolic syndrome, mood disorders, inflammation, and pain. Conclusions: A long-term yoga practice was associated with little or no obesity in a non-probability sample of women over 45 years. Relationships showed a dose-response effect, with increased yoga experience predicting lower BMI and reduced medication use.
Pullout forces and friction in multiwall carbon nanotubes

Molecular dynamic calculations of pullout in multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) demonstrate that inner walls with fractured ends have pullout forces similar to3-4 times larger than those for capped ends, due to deformation of the fractured end, quantitatively accounting for experiments. Under pressure, Amonton's law applies to an area of contact at the fractured end, with mu=0.13-0.33. Defects in the CNT walls affect the force, suggesting a mechanism for the observed stick-slip behavior and an increase of pullout force with decreasing embedded length. The results have implications for CNT composite strength and toughness.
Damage zone development in PVC under a multiaxial tensile stress state

The irreversible deformation mechanisms of poly(vinyl chloride) with a semicircular notch under slow tensile loading have been studied as a function of sheet thickness. Initially, core yielding was observed in the optical microscope as two families of slip lines growing from the notch surface in the centre of the specimen. The size and shape of the core yielding zone could be described by plasticity analysis. A stress-whitened zone subsequently initiated near the tip of the slip line zone. The stress whitening was caused by 1 μm voids that were visible in the scanning electron microscope. The mean stress for stress whitening was calculated to be 43.0±1.5 MPa by a plastic stress analysis of a pressure-dependent yield material. By assuming a constant mean stress along the boundary of the stress-whitened zone, the one-dimensional shift of the elastic stress distribution was obtained. At higher stresses, hinge shear and intersecting shear were observed for thick and thin sheet, respectively.
The special interest bias and government growth

In recent years, federal government has expanded dramatically. Despite public dissatisfaction, there is no clear indication that the observed trend will be reversed. I shall argue that the special interest bias in representative government may be one cause of the observed government growth. A special interest (SI) bias may occur with respect to the provision of any political good if benefits are individually large and concentrated among a small segment of the constituent population while costs are small and widely dispersed. The special interest bias is reinforced if the benefits are short run while costs are longer run. A legislator will attempt to provide the given SI political good if he perceives that political currency gained (votes, campaign contributions, etc.) will exceed political currency lost. Response to SI pressure is demonstrated through roll-call voting behavior and lobbying activities. Legislators vote to have SI goods produced and try to gain support from colleagues through vote trading and influence peddling. Assume that all legislators follow this general pattern. As the SI aspect of the legislative process becomes more clearly understood, more and more well organized and informed SI groups should appear. Each such group demands political goods and expects the costs of production (for example, taxes) to be absorbed partially by others. It is conceivable that, eventually, aggregate demand will be greater than the productive capacity of the political system with the existing resource base. When this occurs, (1) special interest pressures must be denied or the resource base must be expanded by either (2) increasing tax rates or imposing new taxes or (3) deficit spending. Alternatives (1) and (2) are individually dangerous. For any legislator, either choice may involve serious short run losses of political currency. Benefits will be characterized by spillover and free rider effects. I f legislator A in isolation chooses alternative (1) or (2), there will be more resources available for the SI constituents of B, though B has neither become less responsive to $1 pressures nor voted to increase taxes. Although (2) would expand the size of government and may be preferable to (1), a strong incentive exists to continue providing $1 political goods and finance these through deficit spending. Alternative (3) seems imminently viable because benefits are immediate, while costs may be postponed. Future inflation or tax increases appear likely to be presently discounted. Moreover, any given legislator might successfully argue that unwanted deficits are caused not by his own actions but by provision of political goods to other SI groups. Most constituents are probably members of some SI group. As such, we will continue to expect increased benefits and eschewed costs from production of political goods, thus creating incentive among legislators to produce such goods and consequently deficit spend. In a macro sense constituents will continue to abhor federal government growth. In a more realistic micro sense, constituent pressures are a primary cause of such growth.
Thermal instability in spherical liquid shells induced by surface tension

Abstract A linear perturbation method is employed to determine the condition for neutral stability in spherical liquid shells induced by surface tension mechanism. Three possible boundary conditions are considered: at least one boundary free or both. The critical Marangoni numbers for the onset of cellular convections are found for two types of steady radial temperature distributions in the spherical shells. Results are compared with those induced by buoyancy mechnism. It is concluded that surface tension forces are much more effective than buoyancy forces in producing thermal instability and a parabolic steady temperature distribution is more susceptible than a linear one to thermal disturbances due to surface tension forces. Heat transfer between a free surface and the ambient promotes thermal stability in liquid shells.
Searching for the Kinkeepers: Historian Gender, Age, and Type 2 Diabetes Family History

Kinkeepers facilitate family communication and may be key to family medical history collection and dissemination. Middle-aged women are frequently kinkeepers. Using type 2 diabetes (T2DM) as a model, we explored whether the predicted gender and age effects of kinkeeping can be extended to family medical historians. Through a U.S. telephone survey, nondiabetic Mexican Americans (n = 385), Blacks (n = 387), and Whites (n = 396) reported family histories of T2DM. Negative binomial regressions used age and gender to predict the number of affected relatives reported. Models were examined for the gender gap, parabolic age effect, and gender-by-age interaction predicted by kinkeeping. Results demonstrated support for gender and parabolic age effects but only among Whites. Kinkeeping may have application to the study of White family medical historians, but not Black or Mexican American historians, perhaps because of differences in family structure, salience of T2DM, and/or gender roles.
Maternal depressive mood: the role of the father in preventing adolescent problem behaviors.

Abstract The current study examines the role of the father-adolescent relationship as a buffer for maternal depressive mood in a nonclinic young adolescent sample (n = 282). Internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as grade point average, were examined. Results indicated that, for all three variables, maternal depressive mood was associated with poorer functioning. Of most importance, for internalizing and externalizing problems, a good father-adolescent relationship served to buffer the adolescent from maternal depressed mood. This effect existed regardless of the gender of the adolescent or parental marital status. The findings suggest that behavior problems are associated with even mild levels of one family Stressor, maternal depressive mood, and that these problems can be counteracted through an intrafamilial support system—the father. Implications for the behavior therapist are considered.
Silicon implementation of a function of visual peripheral processes

A silicon model for simulating a function of motion perception of the human visual peripheral processes is presented. It has a very high computation speed and is suitable for use in implementing a two-dimensional analog VLSI network for detecting motion.
Explicit multiplicity criteria for first-order catalytic reactions with external transport limitations

Abstract Explicit approximate bounds on the region of multiple steady states for a non-isothermal first-order reaction ocurring in infinite slab or spherically Two different approximations are used. In the case of the slab, both approximations provide rigorous lower bounds on the values of Thiele modulus withi
Correlation of Forelimb Malformation Asymmetries with Visceral Organ Situs in the Transgenic Mouse Insertional Mutation, legless

We studied the relationship between the sidedness of visceral organs and the expression of limb abnormalities in the legless mutant. The control of asymmetry in visceral development appears to be random in the legless mutant; that is, 50% develop normally (situs solitus) and 50% develop with inverted viscera (situs inversus). We find that the sidedness of forelimb abnormalities expressed in the mutants is highly correlated with visceral sidedness. Abnormalities are more severe in the right forelimbs in situs solitus mutants, while the left forelimb is more severely affected in situs inversus mutants.
Bunch-motion feedback for B-factories

LBL-33359 UC-414 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Accelerator & Fusion Research Division Presented at the Conference on B-Factories: The State of the Art in Accelerators, Detectors and Physics, Stanford, CA, April 6--10, 1992, and to be published in the Proceedings Bunch-Motion Feedback for B-Factories O.R. Lambertson September 1992 Prepared for the U.S. Department or Energy under Contract Number DE-AC03-76SFOOO98
Fluorometric determination of alkaline phosphatase activity and pyrophosphate in ultramicro samples

A microscope fluorometry applied to biological analyses is described. A microcuvette has been designed to hold solution volumes from 50 nanoliters to 2.0 microliters. Determinations of 5×10−14 moles of biological fluorophores at concentration of 5×10−7 M are described. Alkaline phosphatase activity was evaluated in 5-nl samples of cartilage fluid aspiratedin vivo from the growth cartilage of rats and rabbits. The enzymatic determination of pyrophosphate in 100-nl samples at concentrations as low as 5×10−7 M is presented. The microfluorometric technique described can be applied to general use in biological fluorometry.
Two-Event Echos in Single-Molecule Kinetics: A Signature of Conformational Fluctuations†

The relationship between event-averaged measurements and ensemble averaged measurements can be clarified by averaging along single-molecule trajectories. As a result, phenomenological chemical kinetics is shown to contain little information about dynamic disorder, and nonequilibrium relaxation experiments in the bulk state may not be interpreted according to the fluctuation-dissipation relation. The desired information about conformational fluctuations can be inferred from the statistics and correlation of half-reaction events. In particular, the echo time in the two-event probability distribution directly measures the conformational relaxation rate, and the amplitude of the echo probes the variance of the reaction rate. Detailed analysis of four different models (two-channel kinetic scheme, three-channel kinetic scheme, diffusion-modulated reaction, and the Gaussian stochastic rate model) confirms the generality of the two-event echo and its quantitative relations with conformation dynamics. As a general description of the fluctuating rate process, the stochastic rate model and its truncated version provide the flexibility to incorporate various kinetic schemes and functional forms and serve as a first-order model for analyzing single-molecule quantities.
Virtual Time Integration of Emulation and Parallel Simulation

A high fidelity testbed for large-scale system analysis requires emulation to represent the execution of critical software, and simulation to model an extensive ensemble of background computation and communication. We leverage prior work showing that large numbers of virtual environments may be emulated on a single host, and that the time stamped interactions between them can be mapped to virtual time, and we leverage existing work on simulation of large-scale communication networks. The present paper brings these concepts together, marrying the scale emulation framework OpenVZ (modified earlier to operate in virtual time) with a scalable network simulator S3F. Our algorithmic contributions lay in the design and management of virtual time as it transitions from emulation, to simulation, and back. In particular, inescapable uncertainties in emulation behavior force us to explicitly set and reset timestamps so as to avoid either emulator or simulator having to deal with a packet arriving in its logical past. We provide analytic bounds and empirical evidence that the error introduced in resetting timestamps is small. Finally, we present a case-study using this capability, of a cyber-attack with the smart power grid communication infrastructure.
Energy usage for UGVs executing coverage tasks

Proper management of the available on-board battery power is critical for reliable UGV operations. In this paper, we will focus on the task of area coverage - in which a UGV is required to move through an area and travel within a certain distance of each point - with limited available energy. We compare coverage paths generated by existing methods and generate optimal trajectories by using a novel cost function. Using an iRobot Packbot, we present results showing dierences in energy usage while following these trajectories. We also compare the energy usage of the Packbot while traveling at a dierent velocities. Our results show that it is more ecient, when traveling at a constant velocity, to travel at a faster velocity by computing the ratio of the energy used to distance traveled.
Multi-band and wideband antenna design using port substitution and CMA-ES

The port substitution technique is used to enhance and alter the impedance properties of fixed antenna geometry templates. Generic ports are first introduced into a geometry model, where arbitrary lumped elements can be placed. Next, an impedance matrix is generated through a full-wave simulation technique. The covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategy (CMA-ES) is then employed with the port substitution technique to quickly find a set of lumped elements that best fulfills the design criteria. Two examples with a single fixed geometry are given that demonstrate the ability to quickly design multi-band antennas by optimizing a set of capacitors. Broadband designs can be realized with the same technique by selecting a more flexible geometry and altering the cost function.
Oligopoly in small manufacturing industries

Throughout this century students of American industrial structure have labored to explain the concentration of production among a few large firms in major industries and the rise and evolution of the giant firm itself. Such scholars as Adolf A. Berle, Gardiner C. Means, J. S. Bain, M. A. Adelman, Carl Kaysen, Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., John Kenneth Galbraith, and Edith Penrose have done much to increase our understanding of the most important factors in the development of the twentieth-century American economy. Very little attention, however, has been focused on the question of whether concentration came exclusively in the major industries which are the preserve of the corporate giants. We undertook this study to determine if concentration existed in any small scale manufacturing industries in the twentieth century and, if so, in what kinds of industries and for what reasons. Our findings show that oligopoly has indeed occurred in many minor industries and that these small oligopolies fit discernible patterns. In addition, we found that in many cases the oligopolies existed in the latter decades of the nineteenth century as well.
Treatment of the periodontal component of Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome

A 9-year-old girl was treated for the periodontal component of Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, an autosomal recessive disease characterized by palmarplantar hyperkeratosis and premature loss of teeth. Initially, the patient was found to have a polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic dysfunction, defective leukocyte adherence, and deep periodontal pockets harboring presumptive periodontopathic bacteria. After unsuccessful treatment with combined mechanical therapy and 2 different antibiotics, all of the patient's erupted teeth were extracted in an attempt to minimize the chance of infection of teeth yet to erupt. At age 16 years, the now-erupted teeth have normal gingiva and crevice depths, radiographs show no evidence of periodontal pathology, no periodontopathic bacteria are detected in gingival crevices, and leukocyte function is normal.
Robust charge transport in DNA double crossover assemblies

Background: Multiple-stranded DNA assemblies, encoded by sequence, have been constructed in an effort to self-assemble nanodevices of defined molecular architecture. Double-helical DNA has been probed also as a molecular medium for charge transport. Conductivity studies suggest that DNA displays semiconductor properties, whereas biochemical studies have shown that oxidative damage to B-DNA at the 5′-G of a 5′-GG-3′ doublet can occur by charge transport through DNA up to 20 nm from a photo-excited metallointercalator. The possible application of DNA assemblies, in particular double crossover (DX) molecules, in electrical nanodevices prompted the design of a DNA DX assembly with oxidatively sensitive guanine moieties and a tethered rhodium photo-oxidant strategically placed to probe charge transport. Results: DX assemblies support long-range charge transport selectively down the base stack bearing the intercalated photo-oxidant. Despite tight packing, no electron transfer (ET) crossover to the adjacent base stack is observed. Moreover, the base stack of a DX assembly is well-coupled and less susceptible than duplex DNA to stacking perturbations. Introducing a double mismatch along the path for charge transport entirely disrupts long-range ET in duplex DNA, but only marginally decreases it in the analogous stack within DX molecules. Conclusions: The path for charge transport in a DX DNA assembly is determined directly by base stacking. As a result, the two closely packed stacks within this assembly are electronically insulated from one another. Therefore, DX DNA assemblies may serve as robust, insulated conduits for charge transport in nanoscale devices.
Effect of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) By-Product on Water Quality at an Underground Coal Mine

In this paper, a field study was carried out to examine the effect of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-product on water quality at an underground coal mine in central-eastern Ohio. Flue gas desulfurization by-product was injected into the down-dip portions of the Roberts-Dawson mine in an attempt to seal major seeps exiting the mine and to coat exposed pyritic surfaces. Immediately following grout injection, significant increases in acidity, iron, aluminum, sulfur, and calcium were observed at most surface and ground water locations near where grouting was carried out. Following this initial flush of elements, concentrations of most constituents have decreased to near pre-grouting levels. Data from the site and geochemical modeling suggest that an increase in water level or rerouting of drainage flow resulted in the dissolution of iron and aluminum sulfate salts and ferrihydrite. Dissolution of the FGD grout material resulted in increases in calcium and sulfate concentrations in the drainage waters. Water within the mine voids was saturated with respect to calcium sulfate and gypsum immediately following grout injection. Based on an analysis of core samples obtained from the site, acid mine drainage (AMD) was in contact with at least some portions of the grout and this resulted in grout weathering. Subsequent transport of calcium and sulfate to the underclay, perhaps by fracture flow, has resulted in the deposition of gypsum and calcium sulfate solids.
Paradox of ras Oncogenes in Malignant Melanoma

Our studies over the past several years have concentrated on the role of oncogenes in the pathogenesis of malignant melanoma. Our objectives have been i) to determine the status of oncogene and proto-oncogene activation and expression during specific clinically defined stages of melanoma; ii) to determine if these genes are involved in the induction, maintenance, and/or metastatic potential of melanoma cells; iii) to decipher the relationship of neoplastic transformation to differentiation in this disease; and iv) to determine the nature and timing of specific events which disrupt the normal functioning of the melanocyte. The experiments are intended to test the concept that multiple, cooperating, independently activated oncogenes are involved in the evolution of malignant melanoma. The range of data we have accumulated to date suggests a definite, but complex, role for oncogenes in the development of melanoma and points to a probable interrelatedness of melanocyte-melanoma cellular differentiation programs and the process of malignant transformation. Further, our research has detailed a specific sequence of transformation-related biological and biochemical events occurring in vitro in the human melanocyte in response to ras oncogenes, and has generated information suggesting the presence of, as yet, undefined genetic elements in melanoma. Our work has evolved along a broad front, and we have analyzed the status of a large series of oncogenes in a range of melanomas and related tissues. However, in this brief review we will limit our focus to the ras gene family and discuss the data from my group and others which suggests not only a complex role for ras oncogenes in the etiology of melanoma but also a paradoxical one.
Silicon surface structure-controlled oleophobicity.

Superoleophobic surfaces display contact angles >150° with liquids that have lower surface energies than does water. The design of superoleophobic surfaces requires an understanding of the effect of the geometrical shape of etched silicon surfaces on the contact angle and hysteresis observed when different liquids are brought into contact with these surfaces. This study used liquid-based metal-assisted etching and various silane treatments to create superoleophobic surfaces on a Si(111) surface. Etch conditions such as the etch time and etch solution concentration played critical roles in establishing the oleophobicity of Si(111). When compared to Young’s contact angle, the apparent contact angle showed a transition from a Cassie to a Wenzel state for low-surface-energy liquids as different silane treatments were applied to the silicon surface. These results demonstrated the relationship between the re-entrant angle of etched surface structures and the contact angle transition between Cassie and Wenzel be...
Esophageal reconstruction for benign disease: self-assessment of functional outcome and quality of life.

Background. Little information exists regarding functional outcome and quality of life after esophagectomy and subsequent esophageal reconstruction for benign disease as evaluated by the patients themselves. Methods. Eighty-one patients completed a combined two-part questionnaire regarding esophageal function and quality of life (MOS SF-36) a median of 9.8 years (range, 10 months to 18.9 years) after esophageal reconstruction for benign disease. There were 43 men (53.1%) and 38 women (46.9%). Median age at time of esophageal reconstruction was 51 years (range, 6 to 78 years). Intestinal continuity was established with stomach in 58 patients (71.6%), colon in 16 patients (19.8%), and small bowel in 7 patients (8.6%). Results. Dysphagia to solids was present in 48 patients (59.3%) and 27 patients (33.3%) required at least one postoperative dilatation. Heartburn was present in 50 patients (61.7%) which required medication for control in 37 patients (45.7%). The number of meals per day was three to four in 58 patients (71.6%), more than four in 15 patients (18.5%), less than three in 6 patients (7.4%), and unknown in 2 patients (2.5%). The size of each meal was smaller than preoperatively in 46 patients (56.8%), larger in 22 patients (27.2%), unchanged in 12 patients (14.8%), and unknown in 1 patient (1.2%). The number of bowel movements per day increased in 37 patients (45.7%), was unchanged in 36 patients (44.4%), and decreased in 8 patients (9.9%). Resection for perforation was associated with smaller postoperative meals compared with resection for stricture (p < 0.05). Age, sex, and type of esophageal reconstruction did not affect late functional outcome. Regarding quality of life, physical functioning, social functioning, and health perception were decreased (p < 0.05). No significant change was observed in rolephysical, mental health, bodily pain, energy/fatigue, and role-emotional scores. Conclusions. Self-assessment of postoperative esophageal symptoms after esophagectomy and reconstruction for benign disease demonstrates that symptoms are frequently present at long-term follow-up and unaffected by the type of reconstruction.
Treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the humerus using a functional brace.

Objective:To determine humeral diaphyseal fractures at risk for nonunion with functional brace treatment.Design:Retrospective case series.Setting:A single surgeon's practice.Patients:Forty-nine of 52 consecutive patients treated nonoperatively for an isolated diaphyseal fracture of the humerus durin
In vitro production of flowering shoots in 'German Red' carnation: effect of uniconazole and gibberellic acid.

Callus regenerated near the base of senescing petals of flower bud explants of ‘German Red’ carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) produced adventitious flowering microshoots on MS-medium containing benzylaminopurine (8.9 μM) and naphthaleneacetic acid (2.7 μM). When these microshoots were subcultured with some callus, additional adventitious flowering microshoots were produced from the callus. The production of adventitious flowering shoots continued for many subcultures spanning a period of more than two years. Uniconazole (6.9 μM) increased the number of adventitious shoots formed by as much as two-fold but decreased shoot length by about 50%. In contrast, GA3 (2.9 μM) decreased adventitious shoot formation and increased shoot length. Regardless of the growth regulator treatment, virtually all of the adventitious shoots produced flower buds. Thus, the growth regulators influenced flowering only indirectly by altering the number of adventitious shoots produced in vitro. These results demonstrate that the flowering habit of the adventitious shoots of ‘German Red’ carnation is highly persistent and the flowering stimulus continues to be transmitted to the newly formed microshoots through the callus.
Azimuth correlation models for radar imaging

Many applications which process radar data, including automatic target recognition and synthetic aperture radar image formation, are based on probabilistic models for the raw or processed data. Often, data collected from distinct directions are assumed to represent independent observations. This assumption is not valid for all data collection scenarios. A range of models can be developed that allow for successively more complex dependencies between measured data, up to deterministic computational electromagnetic models, in which observations from different orientations have a known relationship. We consider models for the autocovariance functions of nonstationary processes defined on a circular domain that fall between these two extremes. We adopt a model of covariance as a linear combination of periodic basis functions and address maximum-likelihood estimation of the coefficients by the method of expectation-maximization (EM). Finally, we apply these estimation methods to SAR image data and demonstrate the results as they apply to target recognition.
Pyrimidines from furfural. A convenient synthesis of 5-bromo- and 5-chloropyrimidine

A new method for the preparation of 5-bromo- and 5-chloropyrimidine from furfural has been described.
Exploring the Culture of Food Safety: The Role of Organizational Influencers in Motivating Employees’ Safe Food-Handling Practices

The role of organizational influencers on foodservice employees’ motivation to follow safe handling practices was explored. Data were collected from 311 employees with no supervisory responsibilities working in commercial and non-commercial foodservices. Employees identified level of agreement with eight organizational influencers that motivate them to follow safe food-handling practices. Data were analyzed to determine if differences in motivation by influencers existed among employees with different demographic characteristics. Age, years of foodservice experience and work status impacted motivations of both commercial and non-commercial employees. Future research could test a comprehensive measure of organizational influencers on employees’ safe food-handling practices.
Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) enters development

The Space IR Telescope Facility (SIRTF), the last of NASA's 'Great Observatories' is entering its development phase. Ongoing advances in IR detector technology, coupled with innovative choices in orbit and system architecture, have maintained the vitality of SIRTF's scientific capability at a small fraction of the original development cost. The great sensitivity of SIRTF and its high observing efficiency promise to yield a rich legacy of science results. SIRTF is on a fast-track development schedule, with launch in December 2001. While the current baseline calls for a minimum 2.5-year cryogenic lifetime, recent programmatic and engineering development suggest that a 5-year lifetime is within reach. More than 75 percent of the SIRTF observing time will be available to the general community. We summarize the scientific capabilities and the technical specifications for the mission, including descriptions of the three-instrument payload. We will focus on the SIRTF science observations concepts, and describe SIRTF's seven observing modes - the modes by which the community will interface with the Observatory. The pre- and post-launch user services available at the SIRTF Science Center will also be presented. We include a listing of events likely to be of interest to potential SIRTF users between now and launch.
J. M. G. Le Clézio : L’indigène révolutionnaire

ResumeDans le journal Le Monde du 7 Avril 2010, Le Clezio et Jean-Patrick Razon denoncaient avec vehemence un projet de GDF-Suez pour la realisation d’un barrage hydro-electrique, l’un des plus gra...
Quantification of illuminant metamerism for four coloration systems via metameric mismatch gamuts

Illuminant metamerism was evaluated by generating achromatic metamers for an acrylic-enamel coating, an acrylobutadiene styrene polymer, a polyester textile, and a nylon textile using computer colorant formulation techniques. The tristimulus matching algorithm used to generate the metamers was based on Kubelka-Munk turbid media theory. By definition, each set of metamers that were formulated to match under CIE illuminant D65 for the 1964 CIE standard observer would mismatch under a test illuminant, forming a gamut of colorimetric coordinates. These metameric mismatch gamuts were evaluated quantitatively using multivariate statistics. Illuminants A, F2, and F11, representing incandescent, cool-white fluorescent, and narrow-band fluorescent, respectively, were used as test illuminants. Illuminant similarities, coloration system similarities, tristimulus variability, and reference illuminant selection criteria were evaluated.
Mechanisms of pollen deposition by insect pollinators

Studies of pollen dispersal in insect-pollinated plants have often documented highly leptokurtic patterns of pollen deposition that can increase the likelihood of long-distance mating. To examine potential causes of highly leptokurtic deposition, we introduce four functions that arise when (1) the duration of pollinator visits to pollen sources is limited, (2) the rate of pollen deposition varies randomly among pollinators and/or among visits, (3) the rate of pollen deposition changes monotonically over time or (4) pollen is carried in layers or compartments on the pollinator's body that differ in deposition rate. Maximum likelihood techniques were used to fit deposition functions to data obtained from honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) visiting mustard plants (Brassica campestris L.) that contained a marker gene. Each of the alternative leptokurtic functions fit the experimental data better than a simple exponential function and the best-fit function predicted a mean pollen dispersal distance more than three times greater than the exponential. We argue that studies of pollen deposition need to test a broader range of deposition models to assess outcrossing distance in plant populations accurately.