cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voltage scaling and repeater insertion for high-throughput low-power interconnects

Due to exponential increases in both the number of transistors per chip and clock frequency, the dynamic power dissipation for high performance microprocessors is increasing rapidly. This paper, therefore, explores opportunities to reduce global interconnect power dissipation through optimal supply voltage scaling and repeater insertion. To this end, the throughput-energy product and throughput per bit-energy are analyzed to determine an optimum supply voltage for a typical global interconnect in 180 nm technology. Case studies illustrate that a 1 V supply voltage can reduce the power to almost 25% of that using a 2.5 V supply, without any loss in throughput performance (e.g. 2 Gbps) or increase in the wire area.
Invited Talk: ASM Formalware in the Software Engineering Cycle

Software is becoming more and more complex. As you move down the product cycle - from market requirements to product definition, specification, design, implementation, documentation, testing, and support -- the cost of error correction escalates dramatically. We aim to improve on the various stages by means of high-level yet executable models. This is based on the abstract state machine approach http://www.eecs.umich.edu/gasm/.
Release of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid from glial (Muller) cells of the rat retina: effects of K+, veratridine, and ethylenediamine

In several neural systems, glial cells appear to take up and release gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) upon depolarization. We have studied the release of [3H]GABA from Muller (glial) cells in the rat retina by a double isotope-labeling technique in which Muller cells are preloaded with 3H-GABA while a population of neurons is prelabeled with [14C]glycine. By autoradiography, we have confirmed that [3H]GABA is taken up by the radially oriented Muller cells, whereas [3H]glycine is accumulated by a subset of amacrine cells (neurons). Using the double- labeling procedure, we have examined the effects of two depolarizing agents, high K+ and veratridine, and the GABA mimetic, ethylenediamine, on transmitter release from glial cells and neurons simultaneously. We found the following. (1) Depolarization with 56 mM K+ released both [3H]GABA and [14C]glycine. About 70 to 80% of this release was blocked in Ca2+-free medium. (2) Veratridine (10 microM) also released both of the transmitters. This release was strongly inhibited by 100 nM tetrodotoxin or 1mM procaine. Under Ca2+-free conditions, less than 20% isotope release was observed. (3) Ethylenediamine released [3H]GABA readily, whereas little [14C]glycine release was observed. Removal of Ca2+ had no significant effect on transmitter release. Furthermore, in Na+-free medium ethylenediamine failed to induce [3H] GABA or [14C]glycine release. These results suggest that high K+ and veratridine release [3H]GABA from Muller cells by a Ca2+-dependent process. Ethylenediamine, on the other hand, appears to induce [3H]GABA release by a Ca2+-independent, carrier-mediated exchange mechanism.
Computational Complexity of Planning and Approximate Planning in Presence of Incompleteness

In the last several years the computational complexity of classical planning and HTN planning have been studied. But in both cases it is assumed that the planner has complete knowledge about the initial state. Recently, there has been proposal to use 'sensing' actions to plan in presence of incompleteness. In this paper we study the complexity of planning in such cases. In our study we use the action description language A proposed in 1993 by M. Gelfond and V. Lifschitz and its extensions. The language A allows planning in the situations with complete information. It is known that, if we consider only plans of feasible (polynomial) length, the planning problem for such situations is NP-complete: even checking whether a given objective is attainable from a given initial state is NP-complete. In this paper, we show that the planning problem in presence of incompleteness is indeed harder: it belongs to the next level of complexity hierarchy (in precise terms, it is Σ2P-complete). To overcome the complexity of this problem, C. Baral and T. Son have proposed several approximations. We show that under certain conditions, one of these approximations - O-approximation - makes the problem NP-complete (thus indeed reducing its complexity).
Promoting better logging practices in tropical forests

The study presented in this paper tests the empirical significance of several common recommendations for promoting better logging practices in tropical forests: in particular, making concession agreements longer, linking renewal of those agreements to logging practices, and using performance bonds to encourage compliance with logging regulations. It assesses how these recommendations affect both the economics of timber harvesting and the provision of environmental benefits. With regard to the latter it focuses on carbon sequestration and biodiversity. It also examines the effects of timber fees and discount rates on economic and environmental outcomes. The study focuses on two aspects of logger behavior: choice of logging technology and compliance with prescribed minimum diameter cutting limits. The study analyzes loggers' decisions about technology and cutting limits in two scenarios: (i) the repeated harvesting of a given forest stand (virgin forest for the initial harvest, second growth forest for subsequent harvests), which occurs at a time delay of several decades (the cutting cycle); and (ii) the sequential harvesting of an annual series of different forest stands with identical characteristics (all virgin). The former gets at issues of sustainable forest management, while the latter gets at the mining of virgin timber stocks. In this way, the study examines both the long-run and short-run dynamics of logger behavior. The paper is organized as follows. The authors begin by describing the models of forest growth and logger behavior that comprise the simulation model. The description of the forest growth model includes the indicators used to predict the environmental impacts of logging, and the description of the model of logger behavior includes the regulatory instruments analyzed. Next, they present and discuss the simulation results, dealing with repeated harvesting and sequential harvesting in turn. In the final section the report highlights the principal conclusions that can be drawn from these results.
CO 2 (aq) Parameterization Through Free Energy Perturbation/Monte Carlo Simulations for Use in CO 2 Sequestration

The gaseous and solution phase structures of CO2(aq) are investigated to aid in the development of CO2(aq) MM parameters for use in the CO2 sequestration modeling studies. Previous experimental and computational studies indicate two energetic minima for the interaction of a single CO2 and single water molecule, termed the T-structure and H-structure. For the determination of the energetic minima, ab initio calculations were performed, and the minima were found to have the respective values of −3.0 and −2.1 kcal/mol. From these ab initio calculations, a set of MM parameters were developed to reproduce the gas phase geometry and energetics. The gas-phase parameters were used as starting points in the aqueous phase parameter development, which used free energy perturbation Monte Carlo (FEP/MC) simulations to calculate the solubility of CO2 in aqueous solution as a function of temperature. Parameters were developed for CO2 to be used in the aqueous solution using the TIP3P, TIP4P, and TIP4P-Ew water models. The CO2(TIP4P-Ew) model was found to reproduce the solubility as a function of temperature to within 1% of the experimental solubility. Further testing of the CO2(TIP4P-Ew) model is done in the second part of this work, in which the solubility is calculated in several salt and brine solutions.
Properties of interfaces between SrTiO3 thin films and electrodes

Abstract SrTiO3 films with thickness ranging from 25nn to 2.5μm were grown on LaAlO3 substrates with SrRuO3 electrode layers. Measurements of the dielectric properties were performed over a range of temperatures The dielectric loss depends strongly on the thickness, but differently above and below T ∼ 80 K. Our result suggests that, in the high temperature regime, the interfacial dead layer effect dommates while, in the low temperature regime, the losses related to the structural phase transition and quantum fluctuations are important. The contribution to the interfacial potential from Schottky barriers was investigated for different electrode materials. Preliminary results of this study suggest that the continued dielectric nonlinearity of the thin films at high temperatures (above T ∼ 80 K) complicates the analysis of the Schottky barrier height measurements.
Occupational behavior and life satisfaction among retirees.

Kielhofner's A Model of Human Occupation was used to guide a study on the effect of occupational behavior (defined as the type, amount, and meaningfulness of one's activities) on life satisfaction in retirees. Seventy-nine volunteers from a variety of settings for the elderly completed a questionnaire about the amount and types of their activities, the meaningfulness of their activities (i.e., enjoyability, autonomy, and competency), and life satisfaction. The results demonstrated that occupational behavior plays a significant role in affecting life satisfaction among retirees.
Humoral rejection in cardiac transplantation: risk factors, hemodynamic consequences and relationship to transplant coronary artery disease.

Abstract Background Acute cellular rejection is the mechanism of most immune-related injury in cardiac transplant recipients. However, antibody-mediated humoral rejection (HR) has also been implicated as an important clinical entity following orthotopic heart transplantation. Humoral rejection has been reported to play a role in graft dysfunction in the early post-transplant period, and to be a risk factor for the development of transplant coronary artery disease. Some involved in transplantation pathology doubt the existence of clinically significant humoral rejection in cardiac allografts. Those who recognize its existence disagree on its possible role in graft dysfunction or graft coronary artery disease. In this study, we report clinical features of patients with the pathologic diagnosis of HR at our institution since July 1997, when we began systematic surveillance for humoral rejection. Methods We reviewed medical records of patients with the pathologic diagnosis of HR without concurrent cellular rejection between July 1997 and January 2001. Diagnosis was based on routine histology (“swollen cells” distending capillaries, interstitial edema and hemorrhage) and immunofluorescence (capillary deposition of immunoglobulin and complement with HLA-DR positivity), or immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin-embedded tissue (numerous CD68-positive macrophages and fewer swollen endothelial cells distending capillaries). Results A total of 44 patients (4 to 74 years old) showed evidence of HR without concurrent cellular rejection at autopsy or on one or more biopsies. Although females comprised only 26% of our transplant population, 23 patients (52%) with HR were female. A positive peri-operative flow cytometry T-cell crossmatch was observed in 32% of HR patients compared with 12% of controls ( p = 0.02). Hemodynamic compromise consisting of shock, hypotension, decreased cardiac output/index and/or a rise in capillary wedge or pulmonary artery pressure was observed in 47% of patients at the time of diagnosis of HR. Six patients (5 females) died (14% mortality) with evidence of HR at or just before autopsy, 6 days to 16 months after transplantation. The incidence of transplant coronary artery disease was 10% greater at 1 year, and 36% greater at 5 years, in patients with HR when compared with non-HR patients. Conclusion Humoral rejection was associated with acute hemodynamic compromise in 47% of patients, and was the direct cause of death in 6 patients (13%). Humoral rejection is a clinicopathologic entity with a high incidence in women and is associated with acute hemodynamic compromise, accelerated transplant coronary artery disease and death.
Toward a high-impact isotactic polystyrene

Brittle isotactic polystyrene has been toughened by the presence of emulsified rubber particles. Semicrystalline diblock copolymers of isotactic polystyrene and polybutadiene functioned successfully as emulsifying agents, as revealed by the results of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Semiquantitative measures of the toughness of the various materials were obtained via a home-built micromechanical testing device. The minimum amount of copolymer required to achieve emulsified morphologies and significant toughness depended on the thermal history of the material being tested.
Regulation of mouse brain glycogen synthase kinase-3 by atypical antipsychotics

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) has been recognized as an important enzyme that modulates many aspects of neuronal function. Accumulating evidence implicates abnormal activity of GSK3 in mood disorders and schizophrenia, and GSK3 is a potential protein kinase target for psychotropics used in these disorders. We previously reported that serotonin, a major neurotransmitter involved in mood disorders, regulates GSK3 by acutely increasing its N-terminal serine phosphorylation. The present study was undertaken to further determine if atypical antipsychotics, which have therapeutic effects in both mood disorders and schizophrenia, can regulate phospho-Ser-GSK3 and inhibit its activity. The results showed that acute treatment of mice with risperidone rapidly increased the level of brain phospho-Ser-GSK3 in the cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum in a dose-dependent manner. Regulation of phospho-Ser-GSK3 was a shared effect among several atypical antipsychotics, including olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine, and ziprasidone. In addition, combination treatment of mice with risperidone and a monoamine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant imipramine or fluoxetine elicited larger increases in brain phospho-Ser-GSK3 than each agent alone. Taken together, these results provide new information suggesting that atypical antipsychotics, in addition to mood stabilizers and antidepressants, can inhibit the activity of GSK3. These findings may support the pharmacological mechanisms of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of mood disorders.
Identification of enzymatically produced peptide fragments by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Abstract The qualitative and quantitative determination of peptide fragments of angiotensin I generated by rat lung dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase (angiotensin converting enzyme, EC 3.4.15.1) is described. Enzymatically formed peptide fragments, after derivatization with fluorescamine, were separated and isolated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The recovered fluorescamine derivative of histidyl-leucine was then further identified by mass spectrometry. It is anticipated that this approach would be widely applicable to other enzyme systems.
An ultrasonic array sensor for spacecraft leak direction finding

We have developed an ultrasonic array sensor useable for locating air leaks in manned spacecraft and have found that this sensor locates leaks in a 1-m(2) plate to within 2 cm. The sensor consists of a 63-element multiplexed array plus a reference element, all constructed from a single PZT disc and a printed circuit board. Cross-correlations of signals from the array elements with signals from the single reference element provide a measurement of the leak noise passing through the spacecraft skin under the array. A spatial Fourier transform reveals the dominant direction of propagation. Triangulation from multiple sensor locations can be used to find the source of the leak.
Predicting the outcome of radiotherapy for prostate carcinoma: a model-building strategy.

BACKGROUND Clinical research of prostate carcinoma could be enhanced by models that allow early and reliable prediction of outcome. In this study, the authors describe a model-building strategy and compare different models. METHODS The sample population was comprised of 158 patients treated definitively with radiotherapy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify prognostic factors and select the best predictive model. Variables included age, race, method of diagnosis (needle biopsy vs. transurethral resection of the prostate), stage, grade, pretreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA), in-treatment PSA (PSA(tx)), posttreatment PSA (PSA(post)), and nadir PSA. The following indices were used to compare discriminatory power: log-likelihood function, Akaike information criterion, the generalized coefficient of determination, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS At last follow-up, 49 patients (31%) had recurrence of carcinoma. By univariate analysis, the failure rate was significantly higher in patients with advanced stage, higher grade, higher pretherapy PSA, and nadir PSA >1 ng/mL (P < 0.0001). Pretherapy PSA was associated significantly with stage, age, and nadir PSA (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.001, respectively). All PSA measurements were significantly interrelated. Nadir PSA was the most predictive variable. Significant gains (P = 0.01) in predictive power were derived from inclusion of PSA(tx), but not PSA (post). Age, race, stage, grade, and method of diagnosis contributed predictive power in addition to that derived from PSA levels (P = 0.01, log-likelihood test). The authors' model of choice predicts outcome with an overall correctness, sensitivity, specificity, and false-negative rate of 81.8%, 87.2%, 79.6%, and 12.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Applying the strategy described, a model was selected that allowed accurate prediction of failure shortly after the completion of therapy. Cancer 1998;82:1334-42. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Paravaginal repair of lateral vaginal wall defects by fixation to the ischial periosteum and obturator membrane.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the anatomic basis, efficacy, and safety of a technique for correcting lateral wall vaginal defects. STUDY DESIGN: Phase I was cadaveric dissection carried out to ascertain the strength and position of structures likely to support lateral vaginal wall defects. The ischial periosteum just anterior to the ischial spine was found to be strong tissue, relatively free of nerves and vessels. In phase II, paravaginal defects were repaired by placing sutures through the arcus tendineus and underlying obturator fascia, obturator membrane, and ischial periosteum. Other defects and urinary incontinence were corrected within the same surgical setting. Forty patients were followed up for an average of 39 months (range 7-52 months). Preoperative evaluation consisted of an extensive history, cough stress test, spontaneous uroflowmetry, postvoid residual urine determination, urethral axis determination, site-specific pelvic floor defect evaluation, and multichannel urodynamic studies. After the operation patients underwent evaluations at 3 months, at 6 months, and then annually. RESULTS: Objective site-specific re-examination of the 40 patients revealed the following recurrences: lateral wall in 1 of 40 procedures, anterior wall in 3 of 35 procedures, posterior wall in 1 of 36 procedures, and apical wall in 1 of 27 procedures. Thirty-four of 36 women (94.4%) with urodynamically confirmed genuine stress incontinence or potential incontinence achieved cure (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: (1) The ischial periosteum and obturator membrane are consistently strong reattachment sites. (2) Repair of paravaginal defects with these tissues is effective and safe. (3) Urodynamic parameters were unchanged after the operation except for measures of incontinence, which were improved (P <.001). (4) Performing other pelvic procedures did not negatively alter the success rates of paravaginal repair. (5) The urethral axis was favorably altered after the operation (P <.01).
Spectroscopy: the fourth vertex on the molecular thermodynamics tetrahedron

Abstract In many examples in molecular thermodynamics, spectroscopy can provide physically meaningful information about intermolecular interactions and solution structure. Examples are provided to illustrate the use of IR, UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy: (1) to determine thermodynamic properties of hydrogen bonding and other specific chemical interactions, (2) to determine local compositions in solution, (3) to characterize aggregation of surfactants, and (4) to study aqueous solutions at extreme temperatures and pressures up to 400 °C.
Behavioural correlates of uncertain parentage: mate guarding and nest guarding by eastern bluebirds, Sialia sialis

Abstract Uncertain paternity through the potential for extra-pair copulations by females selects for the behaviour of male eastern bluebirds. Males are with fertile females more than non-fertile females; they stay closer to and follow fertile females more than non-fertile females. Reproductive competition through conspecific nest parasitism also occurs in eastern bluebirds (Gowaty & Karlin: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 1984, 15, 91–95), and, by analogy to theories of uncertain paternity, uncertain maternity was predicted to shape the behaviour of females. Therefore, the idea that nest guarding by eastern bluebirds occurs in ways consistent with protection of maternity was tested. Females, but not males, foraged for food closer to nestboxes during egg laying, when their nests were most vulnerable to conspecific egg dumping. Thus, this study provides the first systematic analysis of the guarding of nests from the threat of conspecific parasitism. The tendency for males to guard females and for females to guard nests was most exaggerated in those ecological situations where the threat of extra-pair copulation and conspecific egg dumping was greatest, namely when there were multiple nextboxes in a territory that acted as attractants to conspecific interlopers. Other possible explanations besides mate guarding for the observed behavioural variation in males, including copulatory access and guarding females from predation, are not consistent with the observations and were rejected as explanations for the behaviour. Other possible explanations besides nest guarding for the observed behavioural variation in females, including foraging for nesting material and increasing attention to nestlings, were also rejected.
Enhanced early detection and enumeration of zebra mussel (Dreissena spp.) veligers using cross-polarized light microscopy

Zooplankton with calcareous skeletons are birefringent under cross-polarized light, and thus this technique can be quite useful, indeed sometimes almost essential, for the detection and enumemeration of these types of organisms in plankton samples. A simple and inexpensive application of this technique is described and illustrated with quantitative examples from research on the veligers of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas). The time required to detect veligers in plankton samples was decreased by an order of magnitude; the accuracy of counts was substantially improved (15% more than controls), and the time required for counts was greatly reduced (41% of control times). This technique is especially useful in situations in which veligers are difficult to find or see (e.g., at low densities, in samples ‘cluttered’ with extraneous organisms or material) or when the investigator is inexperienced with plankton sampling and planktonic organisms. The major limitations are its inability to discriminate among various bivalve species that have planktonic larvae and the similar appearance of ostracods which also have calcareous shells. Expanded use of this technique should (1) increase our ability to use plankton sampling for the early detection of veligers during range expansion and reproductive cycles and (2) permit more accurate estimates of veliger abundance.
Race, economic inequality, and violent crime

The current study used data drawn from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the census to investigate the relationship between indicators of interracial and intraracial economic inequality and violent crime rates, including White-on-Black, White-on-White, Black-on-White, and Black-on-Black offenses. Multivariate regression results for ninety-one cities showed that while total inequality and intraracial inequality had no significant association with offending rates, interracial inequality was a strong predictor of the overall violent crime rate and the Black-on-Black crime rate. Overall, these results were interpreted as consistent with J.R. Blau and Blau's (1982) relative deprivation thesis, with secondary support for P.M. Blau's (1977) macrostructural theory of intergroup relations. The findings also helped to clarify the unresolved theoretical issue regarding which reference group was most important in triggering relative deprivation among Blacks. It appeared that prior studies were unable to find support for the relative deprivation thesis for Black crime rates because of data and methodological limitations.
Turning Points: Critical Incidents Prompting Survivors to Begin the Process of Terminating Abusive Relationships

The decision whether to leave an abusive relationship is very complex for victims. A small but growing body of research demonstrates the importance of turning points in these decisions. Situated within the theoretical framework of the Transtheoretical Model of Change, this study uses a phenomenological data analysis process to analyze the descriptions of turning points provided by a sample of 123 survivors of past abusive relationships who had been out of any abusive relationships for at least 2 years. Six distinct themes of turning points are identified: (a) facing the threat of severe violence; (b) changing their perspective about the relationship, abuse, and/or their partner; (c) learning about the dynamics of abuse; (d) experiencing an intervention from external sources or consequences; (e) realizing the impact of the violence on children; and (f) the relationship being terminated by the abuser or some other cause. Implications for research, counseling practice, and theory are discussed.
On the Maximum Number of Equilateral Triangles, I

The following problem was posed by Erdős and Purdy: ``What is the maximum number of equilateral triangles determined by a set of n points in R d ?'' New bounds for this problem are obtained for dimensions 2, 4, and 5. In addition it is shown that for d=2 the maximum is attained by subsets of the regular triangle lattice.
Linearity of the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation in patients with severe heart failure

The left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation is a relatively load-independent measure of left ventricular contractile function. Linearity of the relation derived from full left ventricular pressure-volume loops has not previously been demonstrated for patients with severe heart failure. Therefore, nine patients with markedly depressed left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction 0.14 +/- 0.08) were studied with micromanometer left ventricular pressure measurement and simultaneous radionuclide ventriculography. Afterload was reduced with graded infusions of nitroprusside, allowing construction of pressure-volume loops under four afterload conditions in four patients and three afterload conditions in the other five patients. The end-systolic pressure-volume relation derived from the pressure-volume loops was found to be linear for the range of pressures and volumes examined, with correlation coefficients in individual patients ranging from 0.936 to 0.999 (mean 0.981). The mean slope of the relation (or end-systolic elastance) was 0.71 mm Hg/ml (range 0.42 to 1.52), and the extrapolated volume intercept at zero pressure was positive in all patients. An exponential relation between end-systolic elastance and ejection fraction was demonstrated for this group of patients. Approximations of end-systolic elastance obtained from measurements other than the full pressure-volume loops correlated variably with "true" elastance obtained from the pressure-volume loops. The relation between stroke work and end-diastolic volume was nonlinear in most patients. Thus, the end-systolic pressure-volume relation is linear in the "physiologic" range in patients with severe heart failure. This finding should permit construction of the relation from two loading conditions in clinical studies, facilitating its use as an index of contractile function in patients with heart failure.
Text Message Reference Service: Five Years Later

Sims Memorial Library of Southeastern Louisiana University was the first U. S. library to launch a text message reference service. The article describes the rationale, funding, implementation, results, and integration of the service into the Library's suite of branded “Ask A Librarian” reference services. Usage statistics and a breakdown of the types of questions are presented for the five-year history of the service.
Review of Empirical Studies in Multiobjective Mathematical Programming: Subject Reflection of Nonlinear Utility and Learning

Multiple objective programming provides a means of aiding decision makers facing complex decisions where trade-offs among conflicting objectives must be reconciled. Interactive multiobjective programming provides a means for decision makers to learn what these trade-offs involve, while the mathematical program generates solutions that seek improvement of the implied utility of the decision maker. A variety of multiobjective programming techniques have been presented in the multicriteria decision-making literature. This study reviews published studies with human subjects where some of these techniques were applied. While all of the techniques have the ability to support decision makers under conditions of multiple objectives, a number of features in applying these systems have been tested by these studies. A general evolution of techniques is traced, starting with methods relying upon linear combinations of value, to more recent methods capable of reflecting nonlinear trade-offs of value. Support of nonlinear utility and enhancing decision-maker learning are considered.
Wave‐induced displacements in seafloor sands

The stability and deformation of the seafloor in response to storm wave loading is an important consideration in the design of pipelines, anchors, and offshore structures such as gravity-and pile-supported platforms. Two quite different approaches have been proposed for investigating the effects of storm waves on seafloor sands. These approaches derive from quite different considerations of soil-water interaction. In one of these approaches (exemplified by Yamamoto and Madsen) the seafloor is visualized to be a porous elastic or Coulomb-damped porous nonlinear medium. In this approach, the response of the seafloor, i.e. the displacements, stresses and porewater pressures, are computed for a given wave. The response is transient and is, therefore, related to the largest wave in the storm wave group. On the other hand, in the approach proposed by Seed and Rahman, only the development of residual porewater pressures (for estimating liquefaction potential) due to the storm wave group are considered. The effects of transient porewater pressures and stresses on the seafloor sands are ignored. The residual porewater pressures are computed using properties based on initial effective stresses through a porewater generation-dissipation model. The application of these techniques to problems of offshore structures such as pile-supported platforms has led to considerable uncertainty and confusion. In this paper, both of these approaches are combined to investigate seafloor response to a storm wave group. For typical storm wave conditions that exist in the North Sea, it appears that the inclusion of damping, inertia and anisotropic permeabilities in the study is not important relative to ocean sands. Parametric studies show that, for a given wave, the thickness and the stiffness properties of the soil deposit dictate the response of the deposit. The displacements in the deposit are, therefore, affected by the generation of residual porewater pressures.
Swapping Q's: A Clinical Case Report of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency in an Adolescent Female with an X:Autosome Balanced Translocation

(9/48) of females at ED-1, and 11.8% (6/51) of females at ED-2 with GC and/or CT met criteria for ‘‘possible PID’’. Among GC and/or CT ED cases, ‘‘abdominal pain’’ was the only documented MR diagnosis for 12.5% (6/48) in ED-1 and 0% (0/51) in ED-2. Among cases with PID exam findings, only 28.6% (2/7) at ED-1 and 50% (4/8) at ED-2 received Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended treatment regimens. Hydrocodone and acetaminophen was prescribed for 12.5% (6/48) in ED-1 while 3.9% (2/51) in ED-2 were prescribed narcotic pain medication. Conclusion: With a PID surveillance tool, we identified PID cases in busy teaching hospital EDs that were (1) clinically missed, (2) inadequately treated, and (3) not reported to the HD. Exposure to adolescent medicine during training may lead to improved management of adolescent sexual health problems. Training opportunities are needed for ED providers to diagnose and treat PID and understand the public health significance. ED and HD partnerships may facilitate quality care initiatives.
Reduced Basis Technique for Evaluating Sensitivity Derivatives of the Nonlinear Response of the Space Shuttle Orbiter Nose‐Gear Tire

Abstract A study is made of the sensitivity of the nonlinear tire response to variations in the design variables. The tire is discretized by using three‐field mixed finite element models. An efficient reduced basis technique is used for calculating the nonlinear tire response as well as the first‐order and second‐order sensitivity coefficients (derivatives with respect to design variables). In this technique the vector of structural response and its first‐order and second‐order sensitivity coefficients are each expressed as a linear combination of a small number of basis (or global approximation) vectors. The Bubnov‐Galerkin technique is then used to approximate each of the finite element equations governing the response and the sensitivity coefficients by a small number of algebraic equations in the amplitudes of the vectors. Extensive numerical results are presented for the sensitivity coefficients of the Space Shuttle orbiter nose‐gear tire, when subjected to uniform inflation pressure.
Vidicon Spark Chamber Detector for Gamma-Ray Astronomy

A small, relatively low-power spark chamber with vidicon readout has been developed for balloon-and satelliteborne high-energy gamma-ray astronomy investigations. The system has been extensively ground tested, and is scheduled for a balloon launch in winter 1965. The spark chamber consists of eight 7" × 7" × 1/8" and fifteen 7" × 7" × 0.02" aluminum plates for determination of gamma-ray flux arrival, direction, and interaction mean free path. Beneath the spark chamber, a lead-glass ?erenkov counter, 10 radiation lengths thick, is employed as an energy calorimeter. The spark chamber detector continually views a solid angle of 0.84 steradian, and can determine photon arrival direction to a few degrees. A stereo view of the spark chamber event along with a pulse height display (512 channels) from the Nerenkov counter is recorded on the cathode of a conventional vidicon. The vidicon is scanned at the normal 30 cycle/sec rate and, when balloon-flown, is telemetered to a mobile ground station via a 7-watt transmitter, with a range of approximately 350 miles. The video signal is stored both on video tape and on kinescope film. Visual display allows positive identification of gamma-ray events. The system has been assembled and tested on the ground with satisfactory results. Several systems for automatic computer data reduction using the video tape have been considered and are discussed.
Wave Turbine Analysis Tool Development

Abstract : A quasi-one-dimensional (Q-1-D) computational fluid dynamic solver, previously developed and validated for pressure-exchanger wave rotors, is extended in the present work to include the blade forces of power producing wave rotors (i.e., wave turbines). The accuracy of the single-passage Q-1-D solver is assessed relative to two two-dimensional solvers: a single-passage code and a multi-block stator/rotor/stator code. Comparisons of computed results for inviscid, steady and unsteady flows in passage geometries typical of wave rotors reveal that the blade force model is accurate and that the correlation (effective stress and heat flux) terms of the Q-1-D passage-averaged formulation can be neglected. The ends of the rotor passages pose particular challenges to Q-1-D formulations because the flow there must at times deviate significantly from the mean camber line angle to match the port flow fields. This problem is most acute during the opening and closing of the rotor passages. An example sub-model is developed to account for the deviation between the flow departure angle and the mean camber line exit angle that occurs as an inviscid flow decelerates to meet a uniform pressure boundary. Comparisons of results from four-port wave turbine simulations reveal that the Q-1-D solver currently overpredicts wave turbine performance levels and highlight the need to devote future effort to the boundary conditions and sub-models of the Q-1-D solver.
Dynamics of the epibenthic community on roots of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle , at Bahía de Buche, Venezuela

The community of epibenthic organisms growing on the roots of the red mangrove Rizophora mangle was studied from March 1976 to September 1977, at a site 100 km east of Caracas, Venezuela. Recruitment was relatively constant and low in intensity for most species. Asbestos panels submerged in March–April 1976 and November 1976 were similar in species composition by September 1977; species composition of panels submerged in March–April 1976 did not change greatly between November 1976 and September 1977. There was little change in the mean species composition on ca. 120 roots during the 18 month study period. The major feature of the community was the large differences in species composition among roots. Even species which were rare in the community as a whole were common on some roots. I ascribe these differences to chance resulting from the low recruitment rate of most species and the low rate of supply of new roots (≅8% yr-1). Once present on a given root, species seem to live for many years and resist the invasion of most other larvae. The initial differences in species composition among roots persists and the overall community does not change greatly with time. Predation had little effect on community development.
On biclique partitions of the complete graph

Abstract A biclique partition of a graph G is an edge coloring of G such that the edge subgraph formed by the edges of any given color is a complete bipartite graph. A claw is a graph isomorphic to a K 1, a for some a . A siamese claw is a graph isomorphic to K 2, a for some a . We find necessary and sufficient conditions for K n to be partitioned into claws K 1, a 1 ,…, K l , a l where l = n −1 or l = n . Let X i ( i =1,…, m ) be a collection of two-element subsets of {1,…, n }. We study the problem of finding subsets Y i ( i =1,…, m ) of {1,…, n } such that the siamese claws {( a , b ): a ∈ X i , b ∈ Y i } ( i =1,…, m ) partition the edge set of K n . It is proved that such Y i 's exist if and only if there is a perfect matching in a graph G associated with the graph G , the graph whose edges are the X i 's.
Synthesis and characterization of coordinatively unsaturated nickel(II) and manganese(II) alkyl complexes supported by the hydrotris(3-phenyl-5-methylpyrazolyl)borate (TpPh,Me) ligand

The synthesis of several nickel(II) and manganese(II) alkyl complexes supported by hydrotris(3-phenyl-5-methylpyrazolyl)borate (TpPh,Me) ligand is reported. The metal halide complexes TpPh,MeMnCl(CH3CN) (1) and TpPh,MeNiCl (4) were used as precursors for synthesis of TpPh,MeMnCH2Si(Me)3 (2), TpPh,MeMnCH2Ph (3), TpPh,MeNiCH2Si(Me)3 (5) and TpPh,MeNiCH2Ph (6). The resulting Mn(II) and Ni(II) alkyl complexes, 2–3 and 5–6, were characterized by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and FT-IR spectroscopy. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed distorted tetrahedral geometries for complexes 2–3 and 5 with a κ3-TpPh,Me. Complex 6, on the other hand, was found to have a distorted square planar geometry with κ2-TpPh,Me and an η3-benzyl ligand. Transformations of 4 and TpPh,MeCoCl (10) via treatment with NaN3 to yield TpPh,MeNiN3 (11), TpPh,MeCoN3 (12), along with the synthesis of (TpPh,Me)2Ni (8) and TpPh,MeNiCl(3-Ph-5MepzH) (9) are also reported.
Effect of estrone and progestational steroids on human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)-induced ovarian augmentation in parabiotic rats.

The effect of estrone, progesterone, Provera and estrone plus progesterone on castration hypersecretion and the HCGinduced ovarian augmentation reaction was observed in parabiotic rats. Immature female rats were parabiosed at 27 days of age; on day 33 of age the right partner was castrated and the left partner was hypophysectomized. Castrated partners received corn oil or steroid injections for 6 days beginning on the day of castration. Administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) or saline to hypophysectomized partners was initiated on the day of hypophysectomy and continued for 5 additional days. Gonadotrophin hypersecretion from castrated partners as reflected in the ovarian weights of non-HCG-treated hypophysectomized partners was significantly reduced in those parabionts whose castrated partners received a daily dose of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 or 10.0 μg of estrone, 1 ng of estrone plus 4 mg of progesterone, or 2 mg of Provera. However, ovarian weights of the hypophysectomized partners were never...
Elastic beams of greatest lateral extent

Abstract Numerical solutions are presented for the deflections of slender, uniform elastic beams, self-loaded and built into a supporting wall. The beams are alike in every property but length. There exists a critical length which maximizes the lateral reach; longer beams droop so much under their own weight that their tips actually move closer to the supporting wall. The critical length depends only on the angle at which the beam leaves the supporting wall.
Underwater captive bubble technique on curved surfaces of blended polydimethylsiloxanes

A modified underwater captive bubble technique was used to determine the air-water contact angle of water on a series of polymer biomaterials, including polydimethylsiloxane blends. These consisted of unfunctionalized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) blended with small percentages of either ethylene oxide (EO)- or phosphorylcholine (PC) ester-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes to increase surface hydrophilicity. The latter was formed by the hydrosilation of a dimethylsilane-terminated polydimethylsiloxane with ω-vinylphosphorylcholine ester. The ester was synthesized from 9-hydroxy-1-decene and 2-chlorotrimethylamine incorporating the phosphoryl functionality. The blends were cast from a dilute solution of chloroform onto low-density polyethylene (LDPE). A comparison of methods to implement the underwater captive bubble (UWCB) technique, the curved UWCB technique or the modified UWCB technique, a convenient method for determining AW on curved surfaces, demonstrated that both methods were accurate and precise. As...
How Does ANWR Exploration Affect OPEC Behavior? —A Simulation Study of an Open-loop Cournot-Nash Game

Exploring petroleum reserves in the Alaskan Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) has been proposed to reduce the dependence on foreign oil and to ease the energy shortage in the United States. To investigate the impacts of the ANWR exploration on strategic behavior of OPEC members, a calibrated dynamic model of oligopolistic competition and cartel collusion in the U.S. petroleum market is built in this paper. Numerical simulations on an open-loop game are used here to examine the scope and magnitude of strategic interactions between OPEC's decisions and ANWR exploration. The simulation results show that OPEC's strategic postures have much stronger effects on the U.S. petroleum market than the ANWR exploration. The simulations in this paper indicate that preventing cartel collusion by OPEC is more effective than the ANWR exploration in alleviating short petroleum supplies of the United States in the near future.
Behavioral economics and neuroeconomics: Cooperation, competition, preference, and decision making

Behavioral economics and neuroeconomics concern how humans process multiple alternatives to make their decisions, and propose how discoveries about how the brain works can inform models of economic behavior. This lecture will survey how results about cooperative-competitive and cognitive-emotional dynamics that were discovered to better understand how brains control behavior can shed light on issues of importance in economics, including results about the voting paradox, how to design stable economic markets, irrational decision making under risk (Prospect Theory), probabilistic decision making, preferences for previously unexperienced alternatives over rewarded experiences, and bounded rationality.
Use of preventive services by Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries: does spillover from managed care matter?

Background: Health care delivery varies with the level of managed care activity (MCA) in an area, potentially affecting health care for those not participating in managed care programs. However, the extent to which MCA isassociated with the use of cancer screening by fee-for-service beneficiaries (FFS) is unclear. Objective: We sought to study colorectal cancer screening among Medicare FFS beneficiaries in relation to levels of Medicare MCA. Research Design: This study linked 1999 Medicare denominator and Part B claims data with the 1998 Area Resource File. After categorizing MCA as low (<10%), moderate (10-29.99%), or high (≥30%), we assessed the association between colorectal cancer screening among FFS beneficiaries and MCA, controlling for individual demographic variables and county-level attributes of socio-economic status and physician resources. Subjects: We included Medicare FFS beneficiaries 65 years of age or older with both Part A and Part B coverage for the entire calendar year from large counties in the study. Measures: We measured the likelihood of undergoing fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), flexible sigmoidoscopy (FLEX), or colonoscopy (COL). Results: Compared with Medicare FFS beneficiaries residing in counties with low MCA, those in high MCA counties were significantly more likely to undergo FOBT (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.16), FLEX (AOR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04-1.18), or colonoscopy, after receiving FOBT/FLEX (AOR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02-1.13). Conclusions: From a public health perspective, an association between higher levels of MCA and colorectal cancer screening among those not enrolled in managed care may translate into modest increases in use of colorectal cancer screening and possibly earlier detection.
Review: Probiotics prevent C. difficile–associated diarrhea in patients using antibiotics

Source Citation Goldenberg JZ, Ma SS, Saxton JD, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5):CD006...