cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Exploration of the Role of Hydroxyurea Injection Time in Fetal Growth and Teratogenesis in Rats

Pregnant Wistar rats were injected with hydroxyurea (HU) in- traperitoneally (IP) at one of several 6-hour intervals on days 9-10.75 to study the role of circadian growth variations in the teratologic response of the fetuses. Two stocks of rats were studied and the results in each compared. The fetal re- sponse to HU, as observed at day 21, was not detectably modified by circadian fe- tal growth variation. No correlations between hour of HU administration and fetal weight, placental weight, resorption, or total malformation rates were found. Cyclic variations in the incidence of hydronephrosis and left umbilical artery was observed, but it was not clear that these were related to maternal light:dark cycles. Differences of response between two stocks of rats included marked varia- tion in the incidence and type of malformations and variations in the timing of peak incidence for some but not all malformations. Fetal growth of rats in late gestation shows a circadian rhythm in which rapid growth oc- curs during the dark phase of the daily cycle and slow growth during the light phase (Barr, '73b). The discovery of this phenomenon raised the question of whether or not circadian growth rhythms occur during organogenesis. If growth rhythms do occur during organo- genesis, a corollary question is: Can they be detected by timed teratogen administration and examination of the near-term fetus? A teratogen with rapid onset of action and rapid elimination was sought to test the relations between the time of teratogen administration, fetal growth, and production of malformation. Hydroxyurea (HU) was chosen as an appropri- ate agent since it is (1) teratogenic in rats (Chaube and Murphy, '66), (2) rapidly acting (Scott et al., '71) and (3) rapidly eliminated (Adamson et al.. '65). If cyclic variation in the fetal effects of HU could be demonstrated, it would support the hypothesis that circadian variations in fetal growth occur during early gestation.
Eating cultures: Incorporation, identity and Indian food

Abstract Linking the colonial British ‘fabrication’ of curry powder to the colonial fabrication of India, this paper explores the connections between colonial attitudes to India and to Indian food. The paper then looks at the links between food norms, and religious and political animosities in contemporary India. It then proceeds to use food to think about the place of the Indian community in contemporary England, and about the problematic roles assigned to women in immigrant Indian communities. The paper goes on to reflect on the notions of ‘food colonialism’ and ‘culinary imperialism’, arguing that the social meanings of ‘ethnic food’ in western contexts must also be considered from the point of view of immigrants to western contexts. The paper ends by arguing that concerns about multi‐culturalism and respect for other cultures must focus not only on relationships between ‘mainstream citizens’ and ‘ethnic Others’, but on the relationships between various ‘ethnic’ groups.
Nitric oxide regulation of myocardial O2 consumption and HEP metabolism

NO and O2 compete at cytochrome-c oxidase, thus potentially allowing NO to modulate mitochondrial respiration. We previously observed a decrease of myocardial phosphocreatine (PCr)/ATP during very high cardiac work states, corresponding to an increase in cytosolic free ADP. This study tested the hypothesis that NO inhibition of respiration contributes to this increase of ADP. Infusion of dobutamine + dopamine (DbDp, each 20 μg·kg−1·min−1 iv) to more than double myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2) in open-chest dogs caused a decrease of myocardial PCr/ATP measured with 31P NMR from 2.04 ± 0.09 to 1.85 ± 0.08 (P < 0.05). Inhibition of NO synthesis with Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA), while catecholamine infusion continued, caused PCr/ATP to increase to the control value. In a second group of animals, l-NNA administered before catecholamine stimulation (reverse intervention of the first group) increased PCr/ATP during basal conditions. In these animals l-NNA did not prevent a decrease of PCr/ATP at the high c...
Measured optical performance of three Fabry-Perot interferometers for use in a tunable ultraviolet filter

A narrowband ultraviolet (UV) filter would allow the first monochromatic two-dimensional images of astrophysical plasmas to be obtained in UV emission lines. The high etendue and spectral resolving power of the Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer make it an excellent candidate for use in a tunable UV filter, provided that adequate optical performance can be obtained. Laboratory measurements of three UV FP interferometers with progressively greater dielectric mirror reflectances are described. The measurements demonstrate the adequate reflectivity, absorption, and small-scale smoothness of currently available coatings and substrates for UV interferometry. The measurements are conducted at 228.8 nm utilizing a cadmium hollow cathode light source. The best performing interferometer has a finesse of 41 and maximum transmittance of 0.38 over a coating-performance-dominated 3-mm-diam subaperture and a finesse of 26 and maximum transmittance of 0.32 over a parabolic-defect-dominated 30-mm-diam aperture. This interferometer is well suited for use in a UV filter system.
Determination creep, fatigue and activation energy from constant strain-rate experiments

Abstract It is found that the results of the experiments made with constant strain-rate give also the creep functions. This is determined with three different assumptions on the creep modelling function, and it is seen that, to find the long-term reaction of the material, experiments with duration longer than that of these already carried out are needed. It is also found that the classic stress-strain relations representing the anelasticity of materials imply stress hardening and possibly fatigue; a method to estimate the number of cycles which could give fatigue is suggested. As an application the creep of polycrystalline halite is obtained finding also its temperature dependence and the relation between the activation energy and the temperature.
The response of infants to carbohydrate oral loads after recovery from diarrhea

The capacity to tolerate carbohydrate oral loads was tested in 46 infants after recovery from severe diarrhea. During the acute stage, all were glucose tolerant, 8 were lactose tolerant, 20 were intolerant to lactose, and 18 were intolerant to all disaccharides. When the carbohydrate was included in the oral feedings during the diarrheal period, the intolerant patients had stools with a pH of less than 6.0 and a carbohydrate content of more than 0.25 per cent. Immediately after recovery, disaccharide oral loads were not tolerated by the carbohydrate-intolerant patients; however, this impairment was transitory and disappeared within two months. No patients demonstrated an impairment in glucose metabolism. The induction of diarrhea and the excretion of feces with an acid pH, reducing substances, and glucose were the bases for diagnosis of carbohydrate intolerance. The elevation in blood reducing sugar levels induced by carbohydrate oral loads was variable and was not correlated to the stool pattern in response to the tolerance test.
Voices of Silence

Imperfect Histories: The Elusive Past and the Legacy of Romantic Historicism. By Ann Rigney
Analysis of solute transport with a hyperbolic scale-dependent dispersion model

An empirical hyperbolic scale-dependent dispersion model, which predicts a linear growth of dispersivity close to the origin and the attainment of an asymptotic dispersivity at large distances, is presented for deterministic modelling of field-scale solute transport and the analysis of solute transport experiments. A simple relationship is derived between local dispersivity, which is used in numerical simulations of solute transport, and effective dispersivity, which is estimated from the analysis of tracer breakthrough curves. The scale-dependent dispersion model is used to interpret a field tracer experiment by nonlinear least-squares inversion of a numerical solution for unsaturated transport. Simultaneous inversion of concentration-time data from several sampling locations indicates a linear growth of the dispersion process over the scale of the experiment. These findings are consistent with the results of an earlier analysis based on the use of a constant dispersion coefficient model at each of the sampling depths.
Electroactive polymers (EAP) low-mass muscle actuators

Actuation devices are used for many space applications with an increasing need to reduce their size, mass, and power consumption as well as cut their cost. Existing transducing actuators, such as piezoceramics, induce limited displacement levels. Potentially, electroactive polymers (EAP) have the potential for low-mass, low-power, inexpensive miniature muscle actuators that are superior to the widely used actuators. Under electrical excitation, EAPs contract and thus form a basis for muscle actuators. Efforts are being made to develop EAP materials that provide large displacements, and two EAP categories were identified to produce actuation strain of more than 10%. These categories include: (1) ion-exchange membrane --platinum composite polymer (so-called ionomers); and (2) electrostatically driven polymers. A comparison between EAP and the widely used transducing actuators shows that, while lagging in force delivering capability, these materials are superior in mass, power consumption and displacement levels. This produces an enabling technology of a new class of devices. Several muscle configurations were constructed to demonstrate the capabilities of these EAP actuators. The emphasis of this manuscript is on ionomer actuators.
Corneal regrafting after endothelial keratoplasty.

Purpose To determine the incidence of corneal regrafting after endothelial keratoplasty (EK) and to explore the possible reasons for repeat EK and subsequent penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Methods This retrospective cohort study examined the occurrence of corneal regrafts among 803 eyes of 751 patients who underwent initial EK from January 2004 through February 2009 using donor corneas distributed by a single eye bank. Regression models and life tables evaluated the effects of donor corneal characteristics on the probability of a regraft. Results Corneal regrafting after EK occurred in 119 eyes (15%), including 68 with repeat EK and 51 with subsequent PK. Ninety-five regrafts (80%) occurred within 1 year of EK, with 39 (33%) during the first postoperative month. Three years after EK, the cumulative probability of repeat EK was 11% and was 9% for subsequent PK. The secular trend in regrafting indicated an average 4% decline per year from 2005 to 2008. The odds of regrafting occurred less often (P = 0.004) with 202 eye bank-processed corneas than with 601 surgeon-prepared tissues. The cumulative probability of repeat EK was increased if donor corneas were maintained in preservation medium for more than 7 days (P = 0.02). Older donor age, death-to-preservation interval, or lower endothelial density was not significantly associated with repeat keratoplasty. Conclusions Regrafting after EK is becoming less common, possibly because of surgical experience and technical innovations such as eye bank processing of precut tissues. Timely screening and distribution of donor corneas may foster graft survival.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXERCISE IDENTITY SCALE

This study examined an instrument measuring the salience of an individual's identification with exercise as an integral part of the concept of self. The 9-item Exercise Identity Scale was given to 51 college students. Test-retest reliability (1 wk.) was .93 and Cronbach alpha. 94. Assessment of the relationship between exercise identity scores and other variables related to participation in exercise documents evidence for validity. A measure of exercise identity may help identify persons least likely and most likely to maintain an exercise program and so may assist in the development of effective intervention strategies.
Effectiveness of Geologic Characterization Techniques, Climax Granitic Stock, Nevada Test Site

Several different techniques were used to characterize the structural geology of the quartz monzonite unit of the Climax Stock. This study examined major geologic structural features and yielded detailed data on over 1,500 fractures. The data were used to identify joint sets, faults and shear zones as well as to statistically analyze joint frequencies and spacings. Eight joint sets, three major shear sets, and a fault zone were studied. The results of previous geologic characterization work performed by many other investigators were compared with the results of our studies. These data provided the basis for evaluating how effective various techniques were in describing the structural geology of the Climax Stock. The specific techniques that were evaluated included the use of unoriented diiamond drilled core, mappoing of only major fractures within the drifts, detailed mapping using modified scan-line techniques, data reduction techniques to account for orientation biases, and surface trench mapping. The results of this study identified several issues for consideration during characterization studies. Firstly, geologic structural features that are often assumed to be uniform and continuous were shown to change characteristics within very short distances. Secondly, we demonstrated that when applied properly to an adequate data set, orientation bias correctionmore » techniques were effective in identifying all fracture sets. Thirdly, we demonstrate that unless three nearly equal length orthogonal surfaces are mapped, interpretations of spacing or of joint prevalence can be misleading. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of mapping only isolated and limited sized areas in detail with more general or reconnaissance mapping of the entire facility to tie the detailed map sections together and to identify major features. 10 refs., 23 figs., 2 tabs.« less
The Scale of Successional Models and Restoration Objectives

Successional models are used to predict how restoration projects will achieve their goals. These models have been developed on different spatial and temporal scales and consequently emphasize different types of dynamics. This paper focuses on the restoration goal of self-sustainability, but only in the context of a long-term goal. Because of the temporal scale of this goal, we must consider the impact of processes arising outside of the restoration site as of greater importance than restoration itself. Because ecological systems are open, restoration sites will be subjected to many external influential processes. Depending on the landscape context, the impact of these processes may not be noticeable, or, at the other extreme, they may prevent the achievement of restoration objectives. A second issue is to emphasize the nature of processes in the long term, that they are a complex of characteristics such as magnitude, frequency, and extent. Ecological systems are only adapted to a range of values in each of these characteristics. Restoration often combines goals that are of different scales. Models appropriate to these goals need consideration.
Acrolein-induced oxygen radical formation.

Abstract The mechanism of acrolein-induced lipid peroxidation is unknown. This study found that acrolein and its glutathione adduct, glutathionylpropionaldehyde, induce oxygen radical formation. These oxygen radicals may be responsible for the induction of lipid peroxidation by acrolein. The enzymes xanthine oxidase and aldehyde dehydrogenase were found to interact with glutathionylpropionaldehyde to produce O 2 .− and HO . . Acrolein was oxidized by xanthine oxidase to produce acroleinyl radical and O 2 .− . Aldehyde dehydrogenase metabolized acrolein to form O 2 .− but not acroleinyl radical. The fact that glutathionylpropionaldehyde is a more potent stimulator of oxygen radical formation than acrolein indicates that glutathionylpropionaldehyde is a toxic metabolite of acrolein and may be responsible for some of the in vivo toxicity of acrolein.
Nutritional Management of Cats with Infectious Disease

This article reviews the detrimental effects of malnutrition on immunity. Indications for nutritional support, methods of assessment of nutritional status, and general guidelines for patient selection pertinent to feline patients are described. Practical information regarding nutritional support of feline patients is included.
The Low-Frequency Electric Fields Induced in a Spherical Cell Including Its Nucleus

After a review of work leading to the determination of the electric field induced in the human body when exposed to the electromagnetic field near an extremely-low-frequency high-voltage transmission line, attention is directed to a spherical cell exposed to the electric field in the body. Following a brief discussion of the potential biological significance of the study, the electric field acting on the surface of the cell and the electric field induced by it in the region between the outer cell membrane and the nuclear envelope are determined analytically, as is the field induced in the nucleus. It is shown, as an example, that when the body is exposed to a 60-Hz axial electric field of 2100 V/m, the field induced in the nucleus of a cell in the body is 0.27 nV/m when the radius of the nucleus is half that of the cell. The biologically interesting electric field along the outer surface of the nuclear envelope is in this case 2.7 sV/m. The simple analytical formulas can be applied to other values of the ...
Strategies to reduce multiple pregnancies due to ovulation stimulation.

Objective To review factors associated with high-order multiple births (HOMB) due to ovulation induction (OI) and the efficacy of strategies to reduce their occurrence. Design Retrospective analysis of published studies of OI with intrauterine insemination (IUI) where patient and cycle characteristics were fully documented. Result(s) High-order multiple pregnancies (HOMP) were positively related to use of high doses of gonadotropin, number of 7–10 mm preovulatory follicles, and E 2 , and inversely related to age and number of treatment cycles. Strategies successful in reducing HOMP include: use of clomiphene (CC) before gonadotropins, minimal gonadotropin doses, cancellation for more than three follicles >10–15 mm, and aspiration of excess follicles. Depending on the strategy used, 5%–20% of cycles may be canceled but HOMP rates can be less than 2% and pregnancy rates can average 10%–20% per cycle. Pregnancy rates per patient need not be reduced if low doses are continued for 4–6 cycles. Conclusion(s) High-order multiple pregnancies due to OI can be reduced to 2% or less by less aggressive stimulation without reducing overall chances of pregnancy for most patients.
Registration of head volume images using implantable fiducial markers

In this paper, we describe an extrinsic point-based, interactive image-guided neurosurgical system designed at Vanderbilt University as part of a collaborative effort among the departments of neurological surgery, computer science, and biomedical engineering. Multimodal image-to- image and image-to-physical registration is accomplished using implantable markers. Physical space tracking is accomplished with optical triangulation. We investigate the theoretical accuracy of point-based registration using numerical simulations, the experimental accuracy of our system using data obtained with a phantom, and the clinical accuracy of our system using data acquired in a prospective clinical trial by six neurosurgeons at four medical centers from 158 patients undergoing craniotomies to resect cerebral lesions. We can determine the position of our markers with an error of approximately 0.4 mm in x-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images and 0.3 mm in physical space. The theoretical registration error using four such markers distributed around the head in a configuration that is clinically practical is approximately 0.5 - 0.6 mm. The mean CT-physical registration error for the phantom experiments is 0.5 mm and for the clinical data obtained with rigid head fixation during scanning is 0.7 mm. The mean CT-MR registration error for the clinical data obtained without rigid head fixation during scanning is 1.4 mm, which is the highest mean error that we observed. These theoretical and experimental findings indicate that this system is an accurate navigational aid that can provide real-time feedback to the surgeon about anatomical structures encountered in the surgical field.
Rationally designed small molecules targeting the RNA that causes myotonic dystrophy type 1 are potently bioactive.

RNA is an important drug target, but it is difficult to design or discover small molecules that modulate RNA function. In the present study, we report that rationally designed, modularly assembled small molecules that bind the RNA that causes myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) are potently bioactive in cell culture models. DM1 is caused when an expansion of r(CUG) repeats, or r(CUG)exp, is present in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the dystrophia myotonica protein kinase (DMPK) mRNA. r(CUG)exp folds into a hairpin with regularly repeating 5′CUG/3′GUC motifs and sequesters muscleblind-like 1 protein (MBNL1). A variety of defects are associated with DM1, including (i) formation of nuclear foci, (ii) decreased translation of DMPK mRNA due to its nuclear retention, and (iii) pre-mRNA splicing defects due to inactivation of MBNL1, which controls the alternative splicing of various pre-mRNAs. Previously, modularly assembled ligands targeting r(CUG)exp were designed using information in an RNA motif-ligand data...
Social insurance financing for long-term care: creative public policy to halt pauperization of the elderly and disabled in nursing homes

Long-term care (LTC) in institutions is one of the last major remaining gaps in the social insurance safety net provided to beneficiaries of Social Security.(1) However, Medicaid pays almost half of the costs of nursing home care after institutionalized elderly or disabled persons become impoverished. Structural reasons make it impossible for private insurance to cover institutional LTC for the bulk of the elderly and disabled. The paper demonstrates that there is an efficient, equitable and feasible social insurance solution to this serious social problem. The second section details a plan for a Medicare Part C Trust Fund to cover extended stays in nursing homes by Social Security beneficiaries (virtually the entire elderly population and most of the long-term disabled). It involves: (1) maintenance of current government funding indexed to inflation; (2) a premium taken from the cost-of-living allowances (COLAs) due to beneficiaries in the years immediately after they qualify for Social Security; (3) a s...
Reversible metabolic myopathy in biotinidase deficiency: its possible role in causing hypotonia.

A 5-year-old girl diagnosed with biotinidase deficiency at 9 months of age demonstrated limb and axial hypotonia which improved on biotin therapy. In this patient, electromyographic (EMG) studies prior to treatment were compatible with a mild myopathic process. Serial EMGs performed on biotin therapy demonstrated a gradual resolution of the myopathy. This is the first documented case of a reversible myopathy in a patient with biotinidase deficiency, which may contribute to the clinical finding of hypotonia.
Enhanced resolution folded architecture spectral detector for fiber optic sensors

There are numerous types of fiber optic sensors and sensor systems that rely on the use of detector arrays to determine sensor output from returned optical signals. Spectrally modulating sensors such as those based on Bragg gratings and Fabry-Perot sensors based on white light interferometry are but two examples. One problem with such systems is often the resolution of the detector array. In this paper, experimental confirmation of a new technique is presented in which the signal from one or more sensors can be demodulated with high resolution. In the technique, the conventional detection system utilizing a linear detector array is replaced by a rotated 2-D digital camera. This results in a much higher sampling resolution than is obtained via linear sampling due to the "folding" of the detector array elements relative to the linearly varying parameter filter directly in front of the array. A theoretical description of the technique is given and its experimental validation is presented.
The Assessment of Depression in Children Are We Assessing Depression or the Broad-Band Construct of Negative Affectivity?

Evaluation of the overlap in symptomatology of depressed, anxious, and depressed and anxious children is described. Fifty-nine children from grades 4 through 7, including 14 who received a DSM-III-R diagnosis of a depressive disorder, 11 with a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, 16 with a comorbid depressive and anxiety disorder, and 18 nondisturbed controls, completed the Children's Depression Inventory, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Hopelessness Scale for Children, and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Diagnoses were determined by the children's responses to a well-respected semi-structured clinical interview. Results indicated that all three diagnostic groups differed significantly from the non-disturbed controls across all of the self-report paper-and-pencil measures. However, in general, the three diagnostic groups could not be differentiated based on their responses to these measures. Implications for the negative affectivity hypothesis and future research are discussed.
Minimum cost based phoneme class detection for improved iterative speech enhancement

It is known that degrading acoustic noise influences speech quality across phoneme classes in a non-uniform manner. This results in variable quality performance for many speech enhancement algorithms in noisy environments. To address this, a hidden-Markov-mode phoneme classification procedure is proposed which directs single channel speech enhancement across individual phoneme classes. The procedure performs broad phoneme class partitioning of noisy speech frames using a continuous-mixture hidden-Markov-model recognizer in conjunction with a cost based decision process. Cost functions are assigned which weigh errors between phoneme classes that are perceptually different (e.g., vowels versus fricatives, etc.). Once noisy speech frames are partitioned, iterative speech enhancement based on all-pole parameter estimation with inter and intra-frame spectral constraints (Auto:I,LSP:T) is employed. The phoneme class directed enhancement algorithm is evaluated using TIMIT speech data, and shown to result in substantial improvement in objective speech quality over a range of signal-to-noise ratios and individual phoneme classes. The algorithm is also shown to possess consistent quality improvement in a speaker independent scenario. >
Compassion for one reduces punishment for another

Abstract The ability of compassion felt toward one person to reduce punishment directed at another was examined. The use of a staged interaction in which one individual cheats to earn higher compensation than others resulted in heightened third-party punishment being directed at the cheater. However, among participants who were induced to feel compassion toward a separate individual, punishment of the cheater disappeared even though the cheater clearly intended to cheat and showed no remorse for doing so. Moreover, additional analyses revealed that the reduction in punishment was directly mediated by the amount of compassion participants experienced toward the separate individual.
Long-Term Effects of Adding Nutrients to an Oligotrophic Coastal Environment

Management of ecological disturbances requires an understanding of the time scale and dynamics of community responses to disturbance events. To characterize long-term seagrass bed responses to nutrient enrichment, we established six study sites in Florida Bay, USA. In 24 plots (0.25 m2) at each site, we regularly added nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in a factorial design for 7 years. Five of the six sites exhibited strong P limitation. Over the first 2 years, P enrichment increased Thalassia testudinum cover in the three most P-limited sites. After 3 years, Halodule wrightii began to colonize many of the P-addition plots, but the degree of colonization was variable among sites, possibly due to differences in the supply of viable propagules. Thalassia increased its allocation to aboveground tissue in response to P enrichment; Halodule increased in total biomass but did not appear to change its aboveground: belowground tissue allocation. Nutrient enrichment did not cause macroalgal or epiphytic overgrowth of the seagrass. Nitrogen retention in the study plots was variable but relatively low, whereas phosphorus retention was very high, often exceeding 100% of the P added as fertilizer over the course of our experiments. Phosphorus retentions exceeding 100% may have been facilitated by increases in Thalassia aboveground biomass, which promoted the settlement of suspended particulate matter containing phosphorus. Our study demonstrated that low-intensity press disturbance events such as phosphorus enrichment can initiate a slow, ramped successional process that may alter community structure over many years.
The Fax, the Jazz Player, and the Self‐Story Teller: How Do People Organize Culture?

Theories of how culture affects socialization and the formation of persons have long been of interest to anthropologists of education. In most of these theories, individuals are defined, categorized, shaved, or determined by social practices that reflect cultural priorities. Until recently, few educational anthropologists have given serious consideration to conceptualizing how individuals actively and inventively contribute to cultural continuity or change. Using data collected during an 18-month workplace ethnography, I suggest that one means by which individuals actively organize culture is through the “stories of self” that they express or enact when they join new social settings. These stories are conceived as devices that mediate changing forms of individual participation (i.e., learning) in context. As such, stories of self contribute to identity formation and affect culture.
A case for stateful forwarding plane

In Named Data Networking (NDN), packets carry data names instead of source and destination addresses. This paradigm shift leads to a new network forwarding plane: data consumers send Interest packets to request desired data, routers forward Interest packets and maintain the state of all pending Interests, which is then used to guide Data packets back to the consumers. Maintaining the pending Interest state, together with the two-way Interest and Data exchange, enables NDN routers'forwarding process to measure performance of different paths, quickly detect failures and retry alternative paths. In this paper we describe an initial design of NDN's forwarding plane and evaluate its data delivery performance under adverse conditions. Our results show that this stateful forwarding plane can successfully circumvent prefix hijackers, avoid failed links, and utilize multiple paths to mitigate congestion. We also compare NDN's performance with that of IP-based solutions to highlight the advantages of a stateful forwarding plane.
Employers: Passive Purchasers or Provocateurs?

This article addresses the potential role of business leadership in diverse efforts to reform health care financing: exploring managers efforts to alter health care markets in their role as large purchasers of health insurance, their potential contribu- tions to future national policy proposals, and their involvement with community-level activities to control local health costs and quality. I argue that managers' leadership in market restructuring and community health initiatives will be difficult to reproduce in the realm of major national health policy initiatives due to constraints related to ideas, interests, and organization. Business and Health Care Financing in the Twenty-First Century At times it seems easy to forget what decade we are in, because in some rather odd ways the early twenty-first century resembles the early years of the 1990s. Once again we are veering toward war with an Islamic coun- try—once and again the overheated stock market has faltered. The pres- ident is named George Bush, and ten years after Bill Clinton ran for pres- ident promising national health reform, doomsayers are predicting calamity for the health system. As the incomparable Yogi Berra so suc- cinctly put it, "It's like deja vu all over again." At other times these easy comparisons with the past decade seem sanguine, as many conditions in our post- 11 September world are far worse. Ten years ago airline pas-
Behavioral Responses of the Potato Psyllid (Hemiptera: Triozidae) to Volatiles from Dimethyl Disulfide and Plant Essential Oils

The behavioral responses of the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) to dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and to 12 plant essential oils were examined in a glass Y-tube olfactometer. DMDS at doses of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 g showed a significant repellent effect on the psyllids. Cedar wood, lime, savory, thyme and tea tree oils significantly repelled adults over a wide range of doses tested (1, 10, 100, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 μl). The oils of clove and peppermint also had a significant repellent effect on adults at all doses except at the lowest dose (1 μl). The residual effect of 1 g of DMDS persisted for 10 consecutive days whereas five oils (thyme, tea tree, peppermint, savory and clove) remained repellent for the 20-day longevity residual trial.
Bayesian-based subpixel brightness temperature estimation from multichannel infrared GOES radiometer data

In this paper, a new image reconstruction scheme is devised for estimating a high-resolution temperature map of the top of the Earth's atmosphere using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imager infrared channels 4 and 5. By simultaneously interpolating the image while estimating temperature, the proposed algorithm achieves a more accurate estimate of the subpixel temperatures than could be obtained by performing these operations independently of one another. The proposed algorithm differs from other Bayesian-based image interpolation schemes in that it estimates brightness temperature as opposed to image intensity and incorporates a detailed optical model of the GOES multichannel imaging system. In order to test the effectiveness of the proposed technique, high-resolution estimates of cloudtop temperatures using GOES channels 4 and 5 are compared to temperature estimates obtained from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). This test is achieved by examining sets of infrared data taken simultaneously by the GOES and AVHRR systems over the same geographic area. The AVHRR system collects longwave infrared data with a spatial resolution of 1 km, which is higher than the 4-km spatial resolution the GOES system achieves. In some cases, The estimated temperature differences between these systems are as high as 11.5 K. It is shown in this paper that the proposed algorithm improves the consistency between the cloudtop temperatures estimated with the GOES and AVHRR systems by allowing the GOES system to achieve substantially higher spatial resolution.
The evolution of business-to-business commerce models: the influence of new information technology models

Business-to-business systems for electronic commerce are rapidly becoming an essential resource for competitive success. At the same time, the capabilities of such systems are evolving themselves, coincident with augmented trading partner responsibilities and new organization strategies. This paper reports the results of a field study conducted to understand the way in which such interorganization systems are advancing. Four stages of systems were identified. While each encompasses the capabilities of the preceding stage, their characteristics and the manner in which they are deployed are highly distinctive. The results also show that new information technology models are enabling the development of the advanced commerce capabilities.
The emerging role of nanotechnology in sunscreens: an update

Sunscreens serve as a critical tool in our armamentarium of photoprotective measures. Protective clothing and eyewear, behavioural modifications such as sun avoidance, seeking shade and, more curre...
Cytomegalovirus and Anemia: Not Just for Transplant Anymore

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most important viruses in renal transplantation that causes significant morbidity and mortality, even in the current era of effective prophylaxis and treatment. The CMV syndrome is characterized by fever, malaise, and transplant dysfunction that manifests as AKI,
Heteroflocculation in Binary Colloidal Suspensions: Monte Carlo Simulations

We have examined heteroflocculation in binary colloidal suspensions by Monte Carlo simulations based on a diffusion-limited-cluster-aggregation (DLCA) model modified with finite attraction energies. The simulations were performed in two dimensions. Under heteroflocculation conditions, i.e., attraction between unlike particles and repulsion between like particles, cluster size undergoes a maximum as the concentration of the second species of particles is increased, similar to the experimental results in both binary suspensions and suspensions with adsorbing polymers. The initial increase in cluster size at low concentrations of the second species of particles is due to the mutual attraction between unlike particles. The decrease in cluster size at higher concentrations of the second species of particles is due to the repulsion between the second species of particles. The distinction between heteroflocculation and particulate depletion flocculation is discussed.
fMRI in analgesic drug discovery

Functional magnetic resonance imaging offers an unprecedented opportunity to evaluate and compare drug effects on human brain activity and to provide systems-level predictions for how new drugs for chronic pain will affect the brain, thus accelerating drug discovery and repurposing (Duff et al., this issue).
Physical and psychological health of first and second generation Turkish immigrants in Germany

Recent studies in Germany suggest that first generation Turkish immigrants have lower mortality rates compared to native Germans. Conversely, studies examining morbidity, though not national in scope, have demonstrated that first generation Turks may have poorer health than native Germans. Additionally, little is known about the health of the emerging second generation Turkish population in Germany. To evaluate the discrepancy between mortality and morbidity trends and contribute to a better understanding of second generation Turkish immigrant health, this paper uses a nationally-representative dataset, including the 2005 German Gender and Generations Study (GGS) (n = 10,017) and the 2006 GGS Turkish supplement (n = 4,045), to assess three health outcomes: chronic illness, self-assessed health, and feelings of emptiness. The paper investigates whether sex, age, socioeconomic status, emotional support, or duration of residence in Germany predict these dimensions of health. Results establish clear health status differences between Turks and native Germans. Surprisingly, both first and second generation Turks tend to have lower chronic illness rates and rate their health as better than Germans at younger ages, but the advantage diminishes among higher age strata for the first generation. Feelings of emptiness results generally indicate an increased susceptibility to psychological problems for both generations of Turks. Controlling for socioeconomic status and age reduces these health differences modestly, pointing to their likely role as mediators. The relatively higher risks for all three health outcomes among Turkish females of both generations compared to their German counterparts suggest that female Turkish immigrants and their female offspring may be particularly vulnerable.
Optimal learning for Hopfield associative memory

Designs the optimal learning rule for the Hopfield associative memories (HAM) based on three well recognized criteria, that is, all desired attractors must be made not only isolately stable but also asymptotically stable, and the spurious stable states should be the fewest possible. To construct a satisfactory HAM, those criteria are crucial. The paper first analyzes the real cause of the unsatisfactory performance of the Hebb rule and many other existing learning rules designed for HAMs and then show that three criteria actually amount to widely expanding the basin of attraction around each desired attractor. One effective way to widely expand basins of attraction of all desired attractors is to appropriately dig their respective steep kernal basin of attraction. For this, the authors introduce a concept called the Hamming-stability. The Hamming-stability for all desired attractors can be reduced to a moderately expansive linear separability condition at each neuron and thus the well known Rosenblatt's perceptron learning rule is the right one for learning the Hamming-stability. Extensive and systematic experiments were conducted, convincingly showing that the proposed perceptron. Hamming-stability learning rule did take a good care of three optimal criteria. >
Scattering by superquadric dielectric-coated cylinders using higher order impedance boundary conditions

A general method for deriving higher order impedance boundary conditions is described. It is based on solving an appropriate canonical problem exactly in the spectral domain. After approximating the spectral impedance terms as a ratio of polynomials in the transform variable, elementary properties of the Fourier transform are used to obtain the corresponding boundary condition in the spatial domain. The method is applicable to multilayer coatings with arbitrary constitutive relations. Higher-order boundary conditions which neglect the effects of curvature are derived for a dielectric coating using the method. The boundary condition equation and the magnetic field integral equation are solved simultaneously using the method of moments, yielding the bistatic and monostatic radar cross section for dielectric-coated superquadric cylinders. The method is also applicable to a combined field integral equation (CFIE) solution, which can be used to eliminate the internal resonance problem associated with either the electric field integral equation (EFIE) or magnetic field integral equation (MFIE). >
The role of ependyma in regeneration of the spinal cord in the urodele amphibian tail

The new spinal cord formed during tail regeneration in te newt first develops as a caudal extension of the ependymal tube. Neuroblasts and neuroglia subsequently differentiate from cells of the ependymal tube in a proximal-caudal sweep. Descending axons from the cord rostral to the lesion and from newly differentiating neurons travel in channels which are present prior to the ingrowth of axons. The present study confirms previous observations from our laboratory and presents details of the ultrastructural relations of axons and ependymal processes within the cord. The ependymal cell surface facing channels typically forms numerous digitor sheet-like protuberances which extend into the channel lumen. As axons enter the channels in increasing numbers these protuberances partially subdivide the axons into smaller groupings, even occasionally segregating individual axons. At levels where fibers have not yet entered or have most recently entered the ependymal channels two specializations appear on the ependymal plasmalemma facing the channels and their axons: coated membranes and hemides-mosome-like structures. At more mature levels, where many fibers have already; entered the channels, axons in contact with ependymal processes sometimes show synapse-like vesicle accumulations with associated membrane densities. Coated membranes and hemidesmosome-like structures are lacking at these levels. Our observations suggest that ependymal processes, in addition to providing substrate and direction for regenerating spinal cord axons, may also furnish or exchange more specific information at the morphologically identifiable specializations described above.
Failure of ascorbic acid to inhibit growth of transplantable and dimethylbenzanthracene induced rat mammary tumors

The effect of ascorbic acid on the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumor and on growth of R3230AC and MT/W9a-B transplantable rat mammary tumors was investigated. High doses of ascorbic acid averaging about 540 mg/day/rat administered orally in drinking water had no effect on the growth of both R3230A and MT/W9a-B transplantable mammary tumors. Furthermore, vitamin C was unable to postpone tumor induction, reduce tumor incidence or prolong survival time of rats treated with DMBA.
Identification of novel families of membrane proteins from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.

MOTIVATION The completion of the Arabidopsis genome offers the first opportunity to analyze all of the membrane protein sequences of a plant. The majority of integral membrane proteins including transporters, channels, and pumps contain hydrophobic alpha-helices and can be selected based on TransMembrane Spanning (TMS) domain prediction. By clustering the predicted membrane proteins based on sequence, it is possible to sort the membrane proteins into families of known function, based on experimental evidence or homology, or unknown function. This provides a way to identify target sequences for future functional analysis. RESULTS An automated approach was used to select potential membrane protein sequences from the set of all predicted proteins and cluster the sequences into related families. The recently completed sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant, was analyzed. Of the 25,470 predicted protein sequences 4589 (18%) were identified as containing two or more membrane spanning domains. The membrane protein sequences clustered into 628 distinct families containing 3208 sequences. Of these, 211 families (1764 sequences) either contained proteins of known function or showed homology to proteins of known function in other species. However, 417 families (1444 sequences) contained only sequences with no known function and no homology to proteins of known function. In addition, 1381 sequences did not cluster with any family and no function could be assigned to 1337 of these.
Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Incarcerated Injection Drug Users

Background. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has emphasized the need for interventional programs regarding hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection for injection drug users, the group of persons who are at highest risk of acquiring acute infection. Methods. We designed a pilot study to assess the feasibility of identifying injection drug users with acute HCV infection in correctional and detoxification facilities. On-site medical providers were educated regarding risk factors and signs and symptoms of infection and were instructed to refer all patients with hepatitis to our specialty clinic. Results. Over a 30-month period, 21 patients received a diagnosis of acute hepatitis C, 3 received a diagnosis of hepatitis B, and 1 received a diagnosis of hepatitis A. Of the 21 patients with acute hepatitis C, 19 were identified in the prison setting shortly after incarceration. Of the 17 patients who were observed serially (mean duration of observation, 6.3 months), 8 had spontaneous virologic clearance. Early therapy with pegylated interferon was initiated for 5 patients with persistent viremia and led to a sustained virologic response in 2 individuals. All patients agreed to undergo human immunodeficiency virus counseling and testing, as well as to receive immunization for hepatitis A and B. Conclusions. Incarceration presents a unique opportunity to identify injection drug users with acute HCV infection, to initiate counseling regarding other bloodborne pathogens, and to facilitate immunizations and HCV treatment.