cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alexander polynomial, finite type invariants and volume of hyperbolic knots

We show that given n > 0, there exists a hyperbolic knot K with trivial Alexander polynomial, trivial finite type invariants of order ≤ n, and such that the volume of the complement of K is larger than n. This contrasts with the known statement that the volume of the comple- ment of a hyperbolic alternating knot is bounded above by a linear function of the coefficients of the Alexander polynomial of the knot. Asa corollary to our main result we obtain that, for every m > 0, there exists a sequence of hyperbolic knots with trivial finite type invariants of order ≤ m but ar- bitrarily large volume. We discuss how our results fit within the framework of relations between the finite type invariants and the volume of hyperbolic knots, predicted by Kashaev's hyperbolic volume conjecture. AMS Classification 57M25; 57M27, 57N16
The Recognition of Unusual Objects in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Color System

ABSTRACT We present five‐filter photometry of 21 carbon stars; 15 asteroids; 15 cataclysmic variables; six metal‐poor stars; five Cepheids; 1775 field stars, blue horizontal‐branch (BHB) stars, and RR Lyrae stars in the globular clusters M15 and M2; two primary standards; and 19 secondary standards. The photometry was carried out using a filter set identical to that which will be used for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We find that carbon stars, CVs, R‐type, J‐type, and V‐type asteroids, BHB stars, and RR Lyr stars should be identifiable on the basis of Sloan Digital Sky Survey photometry alone, whereas Cepheids, metal‐poor stars, and many types of asteroids are indistinguishable from the stellar locus of field stars.
Method of Internal Constraints and its Application

An approximate method that is of both general and systematic character is presented. The method unifies a number of engineering theories in the statics and dynamics of plates and bars, and, in addi...
On-chip interconnect modeling by wire duplication

The authors present a novel wire duplication-based interconnect modeling technique. The proposed modeling technique exploits the sparsity of the L/sup -1/ matrix, where L is the inductance matrix, and constructs a sparse and stable equivalent circuit by windowing the original inductance matrix. The resulting circuit model is sparse and exhibits the same stability property as the K method. Numerical results show that the proposed wire duplication model has high accuracy and is more efficient than many existing techniques.
Functionalization at position 3 of the phenyl ring of the potent mGluR5 noncompetitive antagonists MPEP.

Abstract We described the synthesis and biological evaluation of MPEP analogs functionalized at the position 3 of the phenyl ring. The results point out the limitation in the choice of a functional group at this position; the only substituents leading to retention of activity are NO2 (IC50 = 13 nM) and CN (IC50 = 8 nM).
Protecting Privacy in an Information Age: The Problem of Privacy in Public

Philosophical and legal theories of privacy have long recognized the relationship between privacy and information about persons. They have, however, focused on personal, intimate, and sensitive information, assuming that with public information, and information drawn from public spheres, either privacy norms do not apply, or applying privacy norms is so burdensome as to be morally and legally unjustifiable. Against this preponderant view, I argue that information and communications technology, by facilitating surveillance, by vastly enhancing the collection, storage, and analysis of information, by enabling profiling, data mining and aggregation, has significantly altered the meaning of public information. As a result, a satisfactory legal and philosophical understanding of a right to privacy, capable of protecting the important values at stake in protecting privacy, must incorporate, in addition to traditional aspects of privacy, a degree of protection for privacy in public.
Enhanced Flow Boiling of Ethanol in Open Microchannels With Tapered Manifolds in a Gravity-Driven Flow

There is a clear need for cooling high heat flux generating electronic devices using a dielectric fluid without using a pump. This paper explores the feasibility of employing ethanol as a dielectric fluid in a horizontal, open microchannel heat sink configuration with a tapered gap manifold to yield very low pressure head requirements. The paper presents experimental results for such a system utilizing ethanol as a working fluid under gravity-driven flow. A heat flux of 217 W/cm2 was dissipated with a pressure drop of only 9 kPa. The paper further presents parametric trends regarding flow rate and pressure drop characteristics that provide basic insight into designing high heat flux systems under a given gravity head requirement. Based on the results, interrelationships and design guidelines are developed for the taper, ethanol flow rate and imposed heat flux on heat transfer coefficient and gravity head requirement for electronics cooling. Reducing flow instability, reducing pressure drop, and enhancing heat transfer performance for a dielectric fluid will enable the development of pumpless cooling solutions in a variety of electronics cooling applications.
Striving for balance in economics : towards a theory of the social determination of behavior

This paper is an attempt to broaden economic discourse by importing insights into human behavior not just from psychology, but also from sociology and anthropology. Whereas the concept of the decision-maker in standard economics is the rational actor and, in early work in behavioral economics, the quasi-rational actor influenced by the context of the moment of decision-making, in some recent work in behavioral economics the decision-maker could be called the enculturated actor. This actor's preferences, perception, and cognition are subject to two deep social influences: (a) the social contexts to which he has become exposed and, especially, accustomed; and (b) the cultural mental models—including categories, identities, narratives, and worldviews—that he uses to process information. The paper traces how these factors shape individual behavior through the endogenous determination of preferences and the lenses through which individuals see the world—their perception and interpretation of situations. The paper offers a tentative taxonomy of the social determinants of behavior and describes the results of controlled and natural experiments that only a broader view of these determinants can plausibly explain. The perspective suggests more realistic models of human behavior for explaining outcomes and designing policies.
Modeling bounded rationality of agents during interactions

Frequently, it is advantageous for an agent to model other agents in order to predict their behavior during an interaction. Modeling others as rational has a long tradition in AI and game theory, but modeling other agents' departures from rationality is difficult and controversial. This paper proposes that bounded rationality be modeled as errors the agent being modeled is making while deciding on its action. We are motivated by the work on quantal response equilibria in behavioral game theory which uses Nash equilibria as the solution concept. In contrast, we use decision-theoretic maximization of expected utility. Quantal response assumes that a decision maker is rational, i.e., is maximizing his expected utility, but only approximately so, with an error rate characterized by a single error parameter. Another agent's error rate may be unknown and needs to be estimated during an interaction. We show that the error rate of the quantal response can be estimated using Bayesian update of a suitable conjugate prior, and that it has a finitely dimensional sufficient statistic under strong simplifying assumptions. However, if the simplifying assumptions are relaxed, the quantal response does not admit a finite sufficient statistic and a more complex update is needed. This confirms the difficulty of using simple models of bounded rationality in general settings.
Base-Free Photoredox/Nickel Dual-Catalytic Cross-Coupling of Ammonium Alkylsilicates

Single-electron transmetalation is recognized as an enabling technology for the mild transfer of alkyl groups to transition metal catalysts in cross-coupling reactions. Hypercoordinate silicates represent a new and improved class of radical precursors because of their low oxidation potentials and the innocuous byproducts generated upon oxidation. Herein, we report the cross-coupling of secondary and primary ammonium alkylsilicates with (hetero)aryl bromides in good to excellent yields. The base-free conditions have exceptional protic group tolerance on both partners, permitting the cross-coupling of unprotected primary and secondary amines.
Auditable Restoration of Distributed Programs

We focus on a protocol for auditable restoration of distributed systems. The need for such protocol arises due to conflicting requirements (e.g., access to the system should be restricted but emergency access should be provided). One can design such systems with a tamper detection approach (based on the intuition of "break the glass door"). However, in a distributed system, such tampering, which are denoted as auditable events, is visible only for a single node. This is unacceptable since the actions they take in these situations can be different than those in the normal mode. Moreover, eventually, the auditable event needs to be cleared so that system resumes the normal operation. With this motivation, in this paper, we present a protocol for auditable restoration, where any process can potentially identify an auditable event. Whenever a new auditable event occurs, the system must reach an "auditable state" where every process is aware of the auditable event. Only after the system reaches an auditable state, it can begin the operation of restoration. Although any process can observe an auditable event, we require that only "authorized" processes can begin the task of restoration. Moreover, these processes can begin the restoration only when the system is in an auditable state. Our protocol is self-stabilizing and can effectively handle the case where faults or auditable events occur during the restoration protocol. Moreover, it can be used to provide auditable restoration to other distributed protocol.
Generational Value Differences Affecting Public Perceptions of and Willingness to Participate in Clinical Trials

It is widely acknowledged that patient recruitment is a significant challenge and represents one of the primary reasons for drug development delays. Data from the Center for Information and Study on Clinical Research Participation (CISCRP) “Perceptions & Insights” study indicate that the 18- to 34-year-old Generation Y subgroup was the least willing to participate in a clinical trial. The willingness of Generation Y to participate in clinical studies was compared to that of older groups in the CISCRP study. These results were then compared to data from earlier studies. Statistically significant differences existed between the willingness of Generation Y to participate in clinical studies when compared to older age groups. Generational perceptions and value differences were explored via corporate and sociological research findings to determine why disparities existed among age groups regarding the willingness for clinical trial participation. Preliminary results indicate that members of Generation Y are less willing to participate in clinical studies and that these differences are truly generational and not simply age related.
Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of Three Polymorphs of LiCoPO4 and Their Electrochemical Properties

Many investigations have been conducted on polyanion cathodes for lithium-ion batteries, specifically LiMPO4 (M = Fe, Mn, Co, Ni), but a majority were restricted to the olivine polymorph with the Pnma space group. This study presents the synthesis and characterization of three orthorhombic polymorphs of LiCoPO4 belonging to the space groups Pnma, Pn21a, and Cmcm. The three polymorphs were synthesized with a microwave-assisted solvothermal (MW-ST) synthesis method at a relatively low temperature of 260 °C. The properties and morphology of the materials were characterized with X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma–optical omissions spectroscopy, Raman and infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravometric analysis, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical properties of the Cmcm polymorph and nanosized Pn21a polymorph are reported for the first time.
Highly Scalable, Closed-Loop Synthesis of Drug-Loaded, Layer-by-Layer Nanoparticles

Layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly is a versatile technique from which multicomponent and stimuli-responsive nanoscale drug carriers can be constructed. Despite the benefits of LbL assembly, the conventional synthetic approach for fabricating LbL nanoparticles requires numerous purification steps that limit scale, yield, efficiency, and potential for clinical translation. In this report, we describe a generalizable method for increasing throughput with LbL assembly by using highly scalable, closed-loop diafiltration to manage intermediate purification steps. This method facilitates highly controlled fabrication of diverse nanoscale LbL formulations smaller than 150 nm composed from solid-polymer, mesoporous silica, and liposomal vesicles. The technique allows for the deposition of a broad range of polyelectrolytes that included native polysaccharides, linear polypeptides, and synthetic polymers. We also explore the cytotoxicity, shelf life and long-term storage of LbL nanoparticles produced using this approach. We find that LbL coated systems can be reliably and rapidly produced: specifically, LbL-modified liposomes could be lyophilized, stored at room temperature, and reconstituted without compromising drug encapsulation or particle stability, thereby facilitating large scale applications. Overall, this report describes an accessible approach that significantly improves the throughput of nanoscale LbL drug-carriers that show low toxicity and are amenable to clinically relevant storage conditions.
Ocular Fundus Photography as an Educational Tool

The proficiency of nonophthalmologists with direct ophthalmoscopy is poor, which has prompted a search for alternative technologies to examine the ocular fundus. Although ocular fundus photography has existed for decades, its use has been traditionally restricted to ophthalmology clinical care settings and textbooks. Recent research has shown a role for nonmydriatic fundus photography in nonophthalmic settings, encouraging more widespread adoption of fundus photography technology. Recent studies have also affirmed the role of fundus photography as an adjunct or alternative to direct ophthalmoscopy in undergraduate medical education. In this review, the authors examine the use of ocular fundus photography as an educational tool and suggest future applications for this important technology. Novel applications of fundus photography as an educational tool have the potential to resurrect the dying art of funduscopy.
SUSY Ward identities, Superamplitudes, and Counterterms

Ward identities of SUSY and R-symmetry relate n-point amplitudes in supersymmetric theories. We review recent work in which these Ward identities are solved in N = 4 SYM and N = 8 supergravity. The solution, valid at both tree and loop level, expresses any N K MHV superamplitude in terms of a basis of ordinary amplitudes. Basis amplitudes are classied by semi-standard tableaux of rectangular N -by-K Young diagrams. The SUSY Ward identities also impose constraints on the matrix elements of candidate ultraviolet counterterms in N = 8 supergravity, and they can be studied using superamplitude basis expansions. This leads to a novel and quite comprehensive matrix element approach to counterterms, which we also review. This article is an invited review for a special issue of Journal of Physics A devoted to \Scattering Amplitudes in Gauge Theories".
Early-Life Health and Adult Circumstance in Developing Countries

A growing literature documents the links between long-term outcomes and health in the fetal period, infancy, and early childhood. Much of this literature focuses on rich countries, but researchers are increasingly taking advantage of new sources of data and identification to study the long reach of childhood health in developing countries. Health in early life may be a more significant determinant of adult outcomes in these countries because health insults are more frequent, the capacity to remediate is more limited, and multiple shocks mayinteract.However,theunderlyingrelationshipsmayalsobemore difficult to measure, given significant mortality selection. We survey recent evidence on the adult correlates of early-life health and the long-term effects of shocks resulting from disease, famine, malnutrition, pollution, and war.
Topological Susceptibility with Three Flavors of Staggered Quarks

As one test of the validity of the staggered-fermion fourth-root determinant trick, we examine the suppression of the topological suspectibility of the QCD vacuum in the limit of small quark mass. The suppression is sensitive to the number of light sea quark flavors. Our study is done in the presence of 2+1 flavors of dynamical quarks in the improved staggered fermion formulation. Variance-reduction techniques provide better control of statistical errors. New results from staggered chiral perturbation theory account for taste-breaking effects in the low-quark mass behavior of the susceptibility, thereby reducing scaling violations from this source. Measurements over a range of quark masses at two lattice spacings permit a rough continuum extrapolation to remove the remaining lattice artifacts. The results are consistent with chiral perturbation theory with the correct flavor counting.
Considering the Future of Pharmaceutical Promotions in Social Media Comment on "Trouble Spots in Online Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Promotion: A Content Analysis of FDA Warning Letters".

This commentary explores the implications of increased social media marketing by drug manufacturers, based on findings in Hyosun Kim’s article of the major themes in recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warning letters and notices of violation regarding online direct-to-consumer promotions of pharmaceuticals. Kim’s rigorous analysis of FDA letters over a 10-year span highlights a relative abundance of regulatory action toward marketer-controlled websites and sponsored advertisements, compared to branded and unbranded social media messaging. However, social media marketing efforts are increasing, as is FDA attention to these efforts. This commentary explores recent developments and continuing challenges in the FDA’s attempts to provide guidance and define pharmaceutical company accountability in marketer-controlled and -uncontrolled claims disseminated through social media.
Feeder Reconfiguration for Unbalanced Distribution Systems With Distributed Generation: A Hierarchical Decentralized Approach

Most existing approaches for distribution network reconfiguration assume that the distribution system is (three-phase) balanced and a single-phase equivalent is used. However, distribution feeders are usually unbalanced due to a large number of single-phase loads, nonsymmetrical conductor spacing, and three-phase line topology. This paper builds on our previous work and studies feeder reconfiguration for unbalanced distribution systems with distributed generation (DG). The three-phase bus locations and sizes of DG units are determined using sensitivity analysis and nonlinear programming, respectively, and distribution feeders are reconfigured every hour based on the status of time-varying loads, output power from DG units and faults on the network while minimizing the energy loss costs and DG operating costs. Simulation results show the effectiveness and computational efficiency of the proposed approach.
The Role of School Health Education in Preventing Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases

Abstract The scope and dynamics of heart, lung, and blood diseases in the United States are reviewed and the need for research about the primary prevention of these conditions among large populations of children and youth is explained. Ways in which school health education could contribute to the primary prevention of these diseases are delineated; risk factors and social issues that might be addressed by the nation's schools are identified. A brief review of educational efforts to discourage adolescent cigarette smoking during the last 30 years illustrates some of the problems and opportunities presented by school health education research.
Conformal collider physics from the lightcone bootstrap

We analytically study the lightcone limit of the conformal bootstrap equations for 4-point functions containing global symmetry currents and the stress tensor in 3d CFTs. We show that the contribution of the stress tensor to the anomalous dimensions of large spin double-twist states is negative if and only if the conformal collider physics bounds are satisfied. In the context of AdS/CFT these results indicate a relation between the attractiveness of AdS gravity and positivity of the CFT energy flux. We also study the contribution of non-Abelian conserved currents to the anomalous dimensions of double- twist operators, corresponding to the gauge binding energy of 2-particle states in AdS. We show that the representation of the double-twist state determines the sign of the gauge binding energy if and only if the coefficients appearing in the current 3-point function satisfies a similar bound, which is equivalent to an upper bound on the charge flux asymmetry of the CFT.
Quasiconformal Group Approach to Higher Spin Algebras, their Deformations and Supersymmetric Extensions

The quasiconformal method provides us with a unified approach to the construction of minimal unitary representations (minrep) of noncompact groups, their deformations as well as their supersymmetric extensions. We review the quasiconformal construction of the minrep of SO(d,2), its deformations and their applications to unitary realizations of AdS(d+1)/CFTd higher spin algebras and their deformations for arbitrary d and supersymmetric extensions for d ≤ 6. AdS(d+1)/CFTd higher spin algebras, their deformations and supersymmetric extensions are given by the enveloping algebras of the quasiconformal realizations of the minrep, its deformations and supersymmetric extensions, respectively, and are in one-to-one correspondence with massless conformal fields for arbitrary d and massless conformal supermultiplets for d ≤ 6.
A Database Project in a Small Company (or How the Real World Doesn't Always Follow the Book)

The case study describes a small consulting companyâ€™s experience in the design and implementation of a database and associated information retrieval system. Their choices are explained within the context of the firmâ€™s needs and constraints. Issues associated with development methods are discussed, along with problems that arose from not following proper development disciplines.
Shock Radiation Tests for Saturn and Uranus Entry Probes

This paper describes a test series in the Electric Arc Shock Tube at NASA Ames Research Center with the objective of quantifying shock-layer radiative heating magnitudes for future probe entries in...
Do Publicly Disclosed Tax Reserves Tell Us About Privately Disclosed Tax Shelter Activity

We examine whether public disclosures of tax reserves recently made available through Financial Interpretation No. 48 (FIN 48) reflect corporate tax shelter activities. Understanding this relation is important to corporate stakeholders and researchers keen to infer the aggressive nature of a firm’s tax
Strain-Wave Propagation in Strips of Natural Rubber Subjected to High-Velocity Transverse Impact

If a flexible filament marked at intervals along its length is struck transversely by a flying projectile, high‐speed photography reveals a shifting of the marks caused by passage of a strain wave, and analysis of these shifts provides data on the strain and average strain velocity in the wave. Tests were performed on strips of lightly vulcanized natural rubber at transverse impact velocities up to 65 m/sec, and the resulting strain‐velocity distributions analyzed for viscoelastic effects. The analysis showed that although creep effects were small in the observation time interval of 1–8 msec after impact, significant creep must have occurred at the point of impact within the first millisecond, and additional significant creep occurs at times greater than 8 msec. The strain‐wave‐front velocity calculated from the quasistatic stress‐strain curve was 35.2 m/sec, but a value of approximately 60 m/sec was observed in the tests. The strain at the wave front, however, tended to attenuate as the wave propagated c...
Large-deviation statistics of vorticity stretching in isotropic turbulence.

A key feature of three-dimensional fluid turbulence is the stretching and realignment of vorticity by the action of the strain rate. It is shown in this paper, using the cumulant-generating function, that the cumulative vorticity stretching along a Lagrangian path in isotropic turbulence obeys a large deviation principle. As a result, the relevant statistics can be described by the vorticity stretching Cramer function. This function is computed from a direct numerical simulation data set at a Taylor-scale Reynolds number of Re(λ)=433 and compared to those of the finite-time Lyapunov exponents (FTLE) for material deformation. As expected, the mean cumulative vorticity stretching is slightly less than that of the most-stretched material line (largest FTLE), due to the vorticity's preferential alignment with the second-largest eigenvalue of strain rate and the material line's preferential alignment with the largest eigenvalue. However, the vorticity stretching tends to be significantly larger than the second-largest FTLE, and the Cramer functions reveal that the statistics of vorticity stretching fluctuations are more similar to those of the largest FTLE. In an attempt to relate the vorticity stretching statistics to the vorticity magnitude probability density function in statistically stationary conditions, a model Kramers-Moyal equation is constructed using the statistics encoded in the Cramer function. The model predicts a stretched-exponential tail for the vorticity magnitude probability density function, with good agreement for the exponent but significant difference (35%) in the prefactor.
4D Case Study In the Deep Water Gulf of Mexico: Hoover, Madison And Marshall

A 4D monitor survey was acquired over Hoover, Madison and Marshall in the deep water Gulf of Mexico in late 2005 early 2006. Analysis and interpretation of the 4D data delineated water movement in all three reservoirs and revealed gas exsolution at Marshall. Potential unswept pay was identified at Hoover. In order to fully integrate the 3D and 4D data into the geological and reservoir simulation models at Hoover, 3D and 4D seismic modeling was performed. 4D modeling helped support the presence of a subseismic flow baffle and aided in bracketing its transmissibility. From the integrated analysis, drilling opportunities have been progressed for future drilling at Hoover.
Swelling of Latex Particles

Abstract A theoretical relation has been derived for the equilibrium swelling of latex particles. The equilibrium solubility and rate of solution of solvents were measured on a series of polystyrene latex fractions of varying particle size. The solvents used were styrene, toluene, and chlorocyclohexane. It was found, as predicted by theory, that the equilibrium amount of solvent imbibed by latex particles is a direct function of the particle diameter and an inverse function of the interfacial energy at the surface of the particles. The molecular weight of the polymer has no effect on the equilibrium swelling, within the range from 100,000 to several million molecular weight units. The rate of imbibition of these solvents appears to be extremely rapid, indicating that equilibrium solubility would appear to be maintained in most polymerization reactions. The fact that a particular solvent is a “good” solvent for the polymer does not necessarily result in a greater swelling of the particles, since the solvent may show a higher interfacial energy against the aqueous phase. The soap titration method is best for determining the average particle size of a latex for purposes of predicting equilibrium swelling.
Double-plane-wave reverse time migration in the frequency domain

ABSTRACTWe have developed an efficient, accurate, and flexible plane-wave migration algorithm in the frequency domain by using a compressed and coupled-plane-wave data set, known as the double-plane-wave (DPW) data set. The DPW data set obtained by slant stacking of seismic shot profiles over source and receiver/offset represents seismic data in a fully decomposed plane-wave domain, which is called the DPW domain. A new DPW migration algorithm is derived under the Born approximation in the frequency domain, and it is referred to as the frequency-domain DPW reverse time migration (RTM). Frequency plane-wave Green’s functions need to be constructed and used during the migration. Time dips in shot profiles help to estimate the range of plane-wave decomposition. Therefore, the number of frequency plane-wave Green’s functions required for migration is limited. Furthermore, frequency plane-wave Green’s functions can be used for imaging each set of plane waves — either source or receiver/offset plane waves. As a...
The Causes and Consequences of Test Score Manipulation: Evidence from the New York Regents Examinations

In this paper, we show that the design and decentralized, school-based scoring of New York’s high school exit exams – the Regents Examinations – led to the systematic manipulation of test sores just below important proficiency cutoffs. Our estimates suggest that teachers inflate approximately 40 percent of test scores near the proficiency cutoffs. Teachers are more likely to inflate the scores of high-achieving students on the margin, but low-achieving students benefit more from manipulation in aggregate due to the greater density of these students near the proficiency cutoffs. Exploiting a series of reforms that eliminated score manipulation, we find that inflating a student’s score to fall just above a cutoff increases his or her probability of graduating from high school by 27 percent. These results have important implications for educational attainment of marginal high school graduates. For example, we estimate that the black-white graduation gap is about 5 percent larger in the absence of test score manipulation.
Optimal Participation of an Electric Vehicle Aggregator in Day-Ahead Energy and Reserve Markets

An aggregator acts as a mediator between the system operator and residential customers, enabling mutually beneficial coordination for electric vehicle (EV) owners and the power system. The aggregator aims to maximize its profits from trading energy and regulation reserve in wholesale markets. Since the aggregator does not own EV batteries, the EV owners must be reimbursed for the degradation of their batteries due to the additional cycling beyond transportation needs. This paper proposes a bidding strategy for the aggregator to maximize its profits from participating in competitive energy and different regulating reserves markets, while compensating EV owners for degradation. The results show that depending on the battery cost, the aggregator splits its resources between the energy and reserves markets. The results also show the system operator attains cost savings, if an aggregator uses EVs to provide services.
Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve. Early and late results of surgical treatment.

From 1957 through September, 1983, 35 patients with tetralogy of Fallot and absent pulmonary valve underwent operation. Two subgroups of patients were recognized: minimally symptomatic (Group A, n = 21) and markedly symptomatic (Group B, n = 14). Group B patients were symptomatic at an earlier age and were younger at operation. Ages ranged from 1 day to 42 years (mean = 7.8 ± 7.4 SD). Repair consisted of closure of the ventricular septal defect and relief of the right ventricle-pulmonary artery pressure gradient (nine patients received a tissue valve). In five patients, partial resection and/or plication of the aneurysmal pulmonary arteries also was performed. Operative mortality was 4.8 % in Group A and 35.7 % in Group B. In up to 25 years of follow-up, there was one late death in Group A (an early case with complete heart block); the remaining 19 patients are asymptomatic. In Group B, there were four late deaths, three related to cardiopulmonary insufficiency. These results indicate pulmonary valve insufficiency is tolerated well in minimally symptomatic patients. For markedly symptomatic patients, results may be improved if repair includes establishment of pulmonary valvular competence and reduction of size and length of aneurysmal pulmonary arteries.
Markets, contracts, and uncertainty in a groundwater economy

Groundwater is a vital yet threatened resource in much of South Asia. This paper develops a model of groundwater transactions under payoff uncertainty arising from unpredictable fluctuations in groundwater availability during the agricultural dry season. The model highlights the trade-off between the ex post inefficiency of long-term contracts and the ex ante inefficiency of spot contracts. The structural parameters are estimated using detailed micro-data on the area irrigated under each contract type combined with subjective probability distributions of borewell discharge elicited from a large sample of well-owners in southern India. The findings show that, while the contracting distortion leads to an average welfare loss of less than 2 percent and accounts for less than 50 percent of all transactions costs in groundwater markets, it has a sizeable impact on irrigated area, especially for small farmers. Uncertainty coupled with land fragmentation also attenuates the benefits of the water-saving technologies now being heavily promoted in India.
Optimal Pricing to Manage Electric Vehicles in Coupled Power and Transportation Networks

We study the system-level effects of the introduction of large populations of Electric Vehicles (EVs) on the power and transportation networks. We assume that each EV owner solves a decision problem to pick a cost-minimizing charge and travel plan. This individual decision takes into account traffic congestion in the transportation network, affecting travel times, as well as congestion in the power grid, resulting in spatial variations in electricity prices for battery charging. We show that this decision problem is equivalent to finding the shortest path on an “extended” transportation graph, with virtual arcs that represent charging options. Using this extended graph, we study the collective effects of a large number of EV owners individually solving this path planning problem. We propose a scheme in which independent power and transportation system operators can collaborate to manage each network towards a socially optimum operating point while keeping the operational data of each system private. We further study the optimal reserve capacity requirements for pricing in the absence of such collaboration. We showcase numerically that a lack of attention to interdependencies between the two infrastructures can have adverse operational effects.
MOBILE PUMP DVT PROPHYLAXIS: JUST SAY NO TO DRUGS

Venous thromboembolic events, either deep vein thromboses or pulmonary emboli, are important complications in patients undergoing knee or hip arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mobile compression device (ActiveCare+S.F.T.®; Medical Compression Systems, Inc., Or Akiva, Israel) with or without aspirin compared with current pharmacology protocols for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients undergoing elective primary unilateral lower extremity joint arthroplasty. A multicenter registry was established to capture the rate of symptomatic venous thromboemboli following primary lower extremity joint arthroplasty in 3,060 patients from ten sites including knee arthroplasty (1,551) or hip arthroplasty (1,509). All patients were eighteen years of age or older with no known history of venous thromboembolism, coagulation disorder, or solid tumor. Use of the compression device began peri-operatively and continued for a minimum of ten days. Patients with symptoms of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism underwent duplex ultrasonography and/or spiral computed tomography. All patients were evaluated at three months post-operatively to document any evidence of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Of 3,060 patients, twenty-eight (0.92%) had venous thromboembolism (twenty distal deep venous thromboses, three proximal deep venous thromboses, and five pulmonary emboli). One death occurred with no autopsy performed. Symptomatic venous thromboembolic rates observed in lower extremity joint arthroplasty patients using the mobile compression device were non-inferior (not worse than) at a margin of 1.0% to rates reported for pharmacological prophylaxis, including warfarin, enoxaparin, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran except in the knee arthroplasty group where the mobile compression device fell short of rivaroxaban by 0.06%. Use of the mobile compression device with or without aspirin for patients undergoing lower extremity joint arthroplasty provide a non-inferior risk for developing venous thromboembolism compared with current pharmacological protocols reported in the literature.
THE PROBLEM WOUND: A KNEE IS NOT A HIP

Wound complications are much more common following knee arthroplasty as compared to hip arthroplasty, due in part to the precarious blood supply to the knee, as well as the subcutaneous position of the joint. Many, if not most, infections are related to wound problems, and thus avoiding wound problems is a critical issue in knee replacement surgery. Many wound problems are avoidable and can be minimised by care to detail by the surgeon. The important steps are to first identify patients at risk and optimally addressing these risk factors. Patient risk factors include: chronic corticosteroid use, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, malnutrition, obesity, and smoking. Soft tissue handling is a second major issue. Minimal incision surgery should be used with great caution for knee replacements since the skin is much less forgiving than in hip replacements. A midline skin incision should be utilised when possible. When multiple incisions are present it is usually advisable to use the lateral most incision through which it is feasible to perform a knee replacement. In rare cases, a soft tissue expander may be used preoperatively for thin, adherent skin. Perioperative steps that can be taken include delaying CPM in high risk wounds, and using a wound vac system in obese or other high risk wounds to minimise persistent drainage. Furthermore, anticoagulation should be used judiciously to avoid prolonged drainage. The final step in salvaging the problem wound is early recognition and aggressive management of wound healing problems. Prolonged, serous drainage is the most common clinical scenario. Drainage that is increasing beyond 5–7 days frequently requires evacuation, irrigation, debridement, and liner exchange. Early aspiration can decompress a hematoma and also rule out infection.
Fade to Black? Exploring Policy Enactment and Termination Through the Rise and Fall of State Tax Incentives for the Motion Picture Industry:

Policy termination has received less scholarly attention than policy diffusion, and empirical state-level studies that examine the rise and fall of the same policy are mostly absent from the literature. This study assesses the factors that led more than 45 states to enact and some to later repeal Motion Picture Incentive programs, a collection of tax incentives aimed at facilitating job creation and economic diversification. We find program enactments were driven by rising unemployment and national but not bordering state imitation. Falling unemployment and national trends drove subsequent terminations, but in many states, their impact was overwhelmed by the influence of incentive spending, which greatly reduced termination likelihood. These results not only shed light on policy enactments and terminations in general, but also inform scholarship on state tax incentives and the role of competitive factors in their creation and repeal—or lack thereof.
WikiReading: A Novel Large-scale Language Understanding Task over Wikipedia

We present WIKIREADING, a large-scale natural language understanding task and publicly-available dataset with 18 million instances. The task is to predict textual values from the structured knowledge base Wikidata by reading the text of the corresponding Wikipedia articles. The task contains a rich variety of challenging classification and extraction sub-tasks, making it well-suited for end-to-end models such as deep neural networks (DNNs). We compare various state-of-the-art DNNbased architectures for document classification, information extraction, and question answering. We find that models supporting a rich answer space, such as word or character sequences, perform best. Our best-performing model, a word-level sequence to sequence model with a mechanism to copy out-of-vocabulary words, obtains an accuracy of 71.8%.
The Role of Propensity to Plan on Retirement Savings and Asset Accumulation

This study used the 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) to identify the role of the propensity to plan on retirement savings and asset accumulation. Based on the theory of propensity to plan, this study proposed two comprehensive indices for propensity to plan by reducing the number of related variables using principal components analysis. Results from ordinary least squares regressions indicated that both retirement savings and net worth increased as the level of propensity to plan increased. This study provides empirical evidence and implications for the role of the propensity to plan on retirement savings and wealth accumulation.
Advancements in complementary carbon nanotube field-effect transistors

High performance p- and n-type single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) field-effect transistors (FETs) are obtained by using high and low work function metals, Pd and Al as source/drain (S/D) electrodes respectively. Ohmic contacts made to chemically intrinsic SWNTs, with no or small Schottky barriers (SB), afford high ON-state currents up to 20 /spl mu/A per tube. The lack of significant Fermi-level pinning at the nanotube-metal interfaces allows for fine-tuning of the barrier heights for p-and n-channel conductions by changing the contact metals. The air-stable p- and n-FETs thus obtained can be used for complementary nanoelectronics, as demonstrated with the fabrication of an inverter. Other important issues regarding nanotube FETs including hysteresis, OFF-state leakage currents, choice of nanotube diameter, and threshold voltage control are discussed.
High speed DDR interface timing closure

This paper discusses the challenges in system level timing closure of a high speed DDR interface. The different aspects of the DDR controller, I/O buffer, package and board to be modeled for ensuring stable operation at the targeted speed are described.
THE PROBLEM WOUND: A KNEE IS NOT A HIP

Post-surgical wound infections following total hip or knee arthroplasties can be a potentially catastrophic complication for the patient. Currently, several preventative measures exist to help combat this complication. One such method is skin disinfection with preadmission cutaneous chlorhexidine preparation. Although efficacious in reducing surgical site infections during total joint arthroplasty, orthopaedists should be aware of discrepancies between hip and knee arthroplasty. For example, Kapadia et al. performed a prospective study which evaluated the use of preadmission cutaneous chlorhexidine preparation on the reduction of surgical site infections following total hip arthroplasty; they found that there was a 3-fold higher relative risk of developing infection in patients who did not receive the chlorhexidine preparation as compared to those who did. In a similar study performed for total knee arthroplasty, the same authors founds a 6-fold higher relative risk of developing infection, which equated to double the risk as compared to total hip arthroplasty. In a study by Lewis et al. regarding timing to diagnosis of surgical site infections in post-hip and knee arthroplasties, the authors found a longer median time to diagnosis post-knee arthroplasty as compared to hip arthroplasty (25 vs. 42 days, p=
INTRA-OPERATIVE DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY: CAN YOU ASSURE COMPONENT ALIGNMENT?

Despite our best efforts, orthopaedic surgeons do not always achieve desired results in acetabular cup positioning in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Although ideal abduction and anteversion angles vary depending on surgeon preference, patient factors and anatomy, studies have shown that improperly positioned cups lead to increased failure rates in THA. While there have been many technological advancements in THA, including using CT-guided and fluoroscopic techniques, the cost for the hospital and time required to use this technology sometimes force hospitals not to use them. New advancements in digital radiography and image analysis software allow contemporaneous assessment of cup position in real-time during the surgical procedure. Intra-operative, or “trial radiographs” with the patient in lateral decubitus position can be digitally manipulated to match pre-operative radiographs obtained with patients in the supine position to enable calculation of the abduction and anteversion angle in these patients. In our single surgeon experience, digital radiography takes approximately 4–6 seconds in order to obtain an AP pelvic radiograph. The use of the software to measure the cup position adds only 1–2 minutes to the operative time and minimises interference with workflow. The adjustments that can be made intra-operatively with this technology allow the surgeon to learn what factors in his surgical approach and technique are useful in achieving the desired component position. This allows the surgeon to have precise control over the cup position during the operation rather than experience disappointment and frustration while viewing the post-operative film. This cost-effective and efficient tool allows the surgeons to achieve the best results for their patients in real time without having to leave the operating room.
Variability in a Short Tandem Repeat Mediates Complex Epistatic Interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Short tandem repeats are hypervariable genetic elements that occur frequently in coding regions. Their high mutation rate readily generates genetic variation contributing to adaptive evolution and human diseases. We previously reported that natural ELF3 polyglutamine variants cause reciprocal genetic incompatibilities in two divergent Arabidopsis thaliana backgrounds. Here, we dissect the genetic architecture of this incompatibility, revealing as many as four loci putatively interacting with ELF3 . We were able to specifically identify one such ELF3 -interacting gene, LSH9 . We further used a yeast two-hybrid strategy to identify proteins whose physical interactions with ELF3 were affected by polyglutamine tract length. We found two proteins for which this was the case, ELF4 and AtGLDP1. Using these two approaches, we identify specific genetic interactions and physical mechanisms by which the ELF3 polyglutamine tract may mediate the observed genetic incompatibilities. Our work elucidates how short tandem repeat variation, which is generally underascertained in population-scale sequencing, can contribute to phenotypic variation. Furthermore, our results support our proposal that highly variable STR loci can contribute to the epistatic component of heritability.