cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Additional Cumacea From Washington, U.S.a., With Description of a New Species

[Diastylis umatillensis species nova ist eine neue Cumaceen-Art vom Kontinentalschelf Washingtons, U.S.A. Campylaspis crispa Lomakina wird von diesem Gebiet als neu fur den ostlichen Pazifik gemeldet. Campylaspis rubromaculata nomen novum ersetzt C. nodulosa Lie nomen preoccupatum., Diastylis umatillensis species nova ist eine neue Cumaceen-Art vom Kontinentalschelf Washingtons, U.S.A. Campylaspis crispa Lomakina wird von diesem Gebiet als neu fur den ostlichen Pazifik gemeldet. Campylaspis rubromaculata nomen novum ersetzt C. nodulosa Lie nomen preoccupatum.]
The intermediate monoclinic phase of phosphatidylcholines.

Abstract Two pure phospholipids, dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, have been studied using freeze-fracture electron microscopy and the partitioning of the spin label, TEMPO. It is found that the characteristic band pattern, corresponding to monoclinic symmetry in multilamellar liposomes, is observed only in freeze-fracture electron microphotographs when samples are quenched from temperatures intermediate between the chain melting transition temperature and the pretransition temperature of the membrane. Markings are also observed on fracture faces of samples quenched from below the pretransition, but these “bands” are few in number and are widely and irregularly spaced. The lipid membranes used for freeze-fracture were prepared using detergent dialysis and are thought to consist of one, two, or some small number of concentric bilayer shells. These observations are in excellent accord with the recent, prior studies of Janiak, M.J., Small, D.M. and Shipley, G.G., ((1976) Biochemistry, 15, 4575–4580), who found monoclinic symmetry (P β ′ structure) in multimellar liposomes of these phospholipids only when the sample temperature was intermediate between the main, chain melting transition temperature, and the presentation temperature. The significance of these results for relating freeze-fracture electron microphotographis to phase diagrams derived from spin label or calorimetric data is discussed briefly. 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) partitioning data show distinct differences between liposomal preparations of these lipids, and other preparations having fewer bilayers per vesicular structure, with respect to the position, width, and hysteresis of the pretransition.
Ion and Polymer Chain Motion in a Superionic Sodium-Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Complex.

Abstract Magnetic resonance measurements have been performed on the ion conducting complex poly(ethylene oxide) 4.5 NaClO. Low temperature 23 Na NMR spectra suggest a highly symmetric environment for the Na-ions as evidenced by the absence of quadrupole broadening. Proton spin-lattice relaxation measurements provide an estimate of ~4×10 −10 sec for the polymer chain motional correlation time at T = 69C. Correlation times of tumbling paramagnetic probe molecule have been extracted from EPR spectra of 15 N-enriched TANOL-doped complex. Changes in polymer chain mobility above T = 120C are inferred from the results and may be consistent with previous scanning calorimetry measurements.
Photoassociative spectroscopy at long range in ultracold strontium.

We report photoassociative spectroscopy of ${^{88}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{r}}_{2}$ in a magneto-optical trap operating on the $^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{3}P_{1}$ intercombination line at 689 nm. Photoassociative transitions are driven with a laser red detuned by 600--2400 MHz from the $^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{1}P_{1}$ atomic resonance at 461 nm. Photoassociation takes place at extremely large internuclear separation, and the photoassociative spectrum is strongly affected by relativistic retardation. A fit of the transition frequencies determines the $^{1}P_{1}$ atomic lifetime ($\ensuremath{\tau}=5.22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}$) and resolves a discrepancy between experiment and recent theoretical calculations.
Developmental regulation of human fetal-to-adult globin gene switching in transgenic mice

Transgenic mice containing a human fetal (gamma-) or adult (beta-) globin gene linked to the beta-globin gene locus activation region (LAR) express the gene throughout development. By contrast, transgenic mice containing LAR linked to both a fetal and an adult globin gene display the normal developmental switch from fetal to adult gene expression. This suggests that the human fetal-to-adult globin gene switch is controlled through a mutually exclusive interaction between LAR and either the gamma- or beta-globin gene, resulting in the expression of only one gene at any given moment.
Reductive desulfuration and mass spectrometric sequencing of sulfur-containing peptides

Abstract The difficulties presented by sulfur-containing amino acids in mass spectrometric sequencing of peptides can be eliminated by reductive desulfuration in the presence of an easily prepared and efficient Ni2B catalyst. The procedure described consisting of reductive desulfuration, isobutoxycarbonylation and permethylation allows simple and rapid modification of small levels of peptides, and advances the potential of mass spectrometry as a tool in peptide sequencing procedures.
A simple, multi-purpose animal preparation for use in a psychobiology laboratory course.

Rats chronically prepared with single, bipolar electrodes in caudal midbrain central gray matter can be used in successive weeks to demonstrate to laboratory course students: sensory evoked potentials in anesthetized and unanesthetized preparations; self-stimulation and/or escape; and stimulationproduced analgesia to peripheral pain. The preparation and procedures are simple, and accuracy in electrode placement is enhanced by the proximity of this structure to stereotaxic zero. Using the same animal repetitively minimizes time spent in surgical preparation and post-surgical recovery. The central gray matter is a relatively unexplored region, and studying it can lead to original observations.
Lexical innovations in China English

Abstract: The literature on China English available seems to focus mostly on the attitudes toward English, the use of English, or the EFL industry in this country. Lexical borrowing as part of nativization has rarely been investigated. This paper presents a data-based analysis of 59 borrowed lexical items as found in 84 articles from two English newspapers in China, including both loanwords and loan translations. On the whole these items do not seem to be in widespread use. Additionally, the findings show that the loanwords tend to be culture-specific lexical items, nonce borrowings, and necessary borrowings. The loan translations may be more foreign than they appear, because of the underlying facets of Chinese culture. Also discussed in the paper are two linguistic factors that may decide if a lexical item may be borrowed as a loanword or a loan translation, as well as the existence of pairs and sets of synonymous loanwords and/or loan translations, found among Chinese-English bilingual communities in and outside China.
Metabolic consequences of spinal cord injury.

THE clinical course of many patients after severe trauma to the spinal cord is often marked by the inability to ingest adequate amounts of protein and the failure to assimilate fully protein which is ingested or administered parenterally (1, 2). It is not a rare occurrence to see a patient who is paraplegic as the result of injury to the spinal cord, literally “die of starvation,” despite vigorous attempts to supply adequate nutrients (Case 6). Our study was undertaken to gain further factual insight into the pathogenesis of the derangement of protein metabolism in such cases. In addition we have recorded clinical observations of gynecomastia, testicular atrophy and other endocrinologic variations which have been reported in cases of paraplegic men (3, 4). MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical and metabolic studies were made of the cases of 16 men who had suffered injury to the spinal cord. The investigation was limited to hospitalized patients, who, for the purpose of this report, were divided into 3 groups, de...
Application of a human auditory model to loudness perception and hearing compensation

A model is proposed which mathematically transforms an acoustic stimulus into a form which is believed to be more nearly related to that used by the auditory cortex to interpret the sound. The model is based upon research towards understanding the response of the human auditory system to sound stimuli. The motivation and approach in developing this model follow the philosophy pursued in the development of a similar model to the problem of hearing compensation for impaired individuals is shown to yield a bank of bandpass filters each followed by a homomorphic multiplicative AGC. Clinical tests on hearing impaired subjects suggest that this approach is far superior to other current hearing compensation schemes.
Naturally Occurring Peptide Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Synthesis

How to synthesize biologically active polypeptides chemically has long been an important challenge for many fields in chemistry and biology. In the past, the development of solution-phase and solid-phase synthesis techniques has made it possible to synthesize large molecules like peptides with molecular weights up to 10,000. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of how to prepare natural bioactive peptides synthetically. Because of space limitations, this review concentrates on peptide hormones and neurotransmitters.
Energy Dispersion in African Easterly Waves

The existence of an upstream (eastward) group velocity for African easterly waves (AEWs) is shown based on single-point lag regressions using gridded reanalysis data from 1990 to 2010. The eastward energy dispersion is consistent with the direction of ageostrophic geopotential flux vectors. A local eddy kinetic energy (EKE) budget reveals that, early in the life cycle of AEWs, growth rate due to geopotential flux convergence exceeds baroclinic and barotropic growth rates. Later in the life cycle, EKE decay due to geopotential flux divergence cancels or exceeds baroclinic and barotropic growth. A potential vorticity (PV) budget is used to diagnose tendencies related to group propagation. Although both upstream and downstream group speeds are possible because of the reversal in the mean meridional PV gradient, upstream propagation associated with the positive poleward PV gradient dominates wave packet evolution. Analogous to the concept of downstream development of midlatitude baroclinic waves, new AEWs develop preferentially upstream of the older ones, thus providing a mechanism for seeding new waves. It is suggested that these results are also relevant to AEW intermittency and storm-track structure.
Fuzzy trace theory and medical decisions by minors: differences in reasoning between adolescents and adults.

Standard models of adolescent risk taking posit that the cognitive abilities of adolescents and adults are equivalent, and that increases in risk taking that occur during adolescence are the result of socio emotional differences in impulsivity, sensation seeking, and lack of self-control. Fuzzy-trace theory incorporates these socio emotional differences. However, it predicts that there are also cognitive differences between adolescents and adults, specifically that there are developmental increases in gist-based intuition that reflects understanding. Gist understanding, as opposed to verbatim-based analysis, generally has been hypothesized to have a protective effect on risk taking in adolescence. Gist understanding is also an essential element of informed consent regarding risks in medical decision- making. Evidence thus supports the argument that adolescents’ status as mature minors should be treated as an exception rather than a presumption, because accuracy in verbatim analysis is not mature gist understanding. Use of the exception should be accompanied by medical experts’ input on the bottom-line gist of risks involved in treatment.
Nonmelanoma skin cancer treatment training varies across different medical specialists.

Abstract Background: Physicians from various specialties treat patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). The isolation of specialties from each other may result in different approaches to skin cancer training. Purpose: Our purpose was to determine the type and amount of NMSC surgical training that is received during dermatology, general surgery, internal medicine, otolaryngology, and plastic surgery residencies. Methods: E-mail contact information for residency program directors of all accredited programs in each specialty was compiled through the American Medical Association's online residency database. A total of 920 residency program directors were emailed surveys concerning the training of residents in the treatment of NMSC. Results: Forty-two of 920 surveys were returned. All surveyed specialty groups, except internal medicine, had training in NMSC treatment including simple excision, split thickness skin grafts, and tissue rearrangement. A majority of the dermatology and plastic surgery programs...
Explicit maps to predict activation order in multiphase rhythms of a coupled cell network

We present a novel extension of fast-slow analysis of clustered solutions to couplednetworks of three cells, allowing for heterogeneity in the cells’ intrinsicdynamics. In the model on which we focus, each cell is described by a pair offirst-order differential equations, which are based on recent reduced neuronalnetwork models for respiratory rhythmogenesis. Within each pair of equations, onedependent variable evolves on a fast time scale and one on a slow scale. The cellsare coupled with inhibitory synapses that turn on and off on the fast time scale. Inthis context, we analyze solutions in which cells take turns activating, allowing anyactivation order, including multiple activations of two of the cells betweensuccessive activations of the third. Our analysis proceeds via the derivation of aset of explicit maps between the pairs of slow variables corresponding to thenon-active cells on each cycle. We show how these maps can be used to determine theorder in which cells will activate for a given initial condition and how evaluationof these maps on a few key curves in their domains can be used to constrain thepossible activation orders that will be observed in network solutions. Moreover,under a small set of additional simplifying assumptions, we collapse the collectionof maps into a single 2D map that can be computed explicitly. From this unified map,we analytically obtain boundary curves between all regions of initial conditionsproducing different activation patterns.
Nanostructured thermoelectric energy conversion and refrigeration devices

Energy consumption in our society is increasing rapidly. A significant fraction of the energy is lost in the form of heat. In this talk we introduce thermoelectric devices that allow direct conversion of heat into electricity. A key requirement to improve the efficiency is to increase the Seebeck coefficient (S) and the electrical conductivity (σ) while reducing the electronic and lattice contributions to thermal conductivity (κ e +κ L ). Some new physical concepts and nanostructures make it possible to modify the trade-offs between the bulk material properties through the changes in the density of states, scattering rates and interface effects on the electron and phonon transport. We will review recent experimental and theoretical results on nanostructured materials of various dimensions: superlattices, nanowires, nanodots, as well as solid-state thermionic power generation devices [1]. Most of the recent success has been in the reduction of lattice thermal conductivity while maintaining good electrical conductivity. Several theoretical and experimental results to improve the thermoelectric power factor (S2σ) and reduce Lorenz number (σ/κ e ) are presented. Novel metal-semiconductor nanocomposites are developed where the heat and charge transport are modified at the atomic level. Theory and experiment are compared for several III–V and nitride nanocomposites and multilayers [2]. Potential to increase the energy conversion efficiency and bring the cost down to $0.1–0.2/W will be discussed [3]. We also describe how similar principles can be used to make micro refrigerators with cooling power densities exceeding 500 watts per centimeter square [4] in order to selectively remove dynamic hot spots and decrease significantly the requirements for overall cooling of the chip. We also describe some recent advances in nanoscale thermal characterization. Thermoreflectance imaging is used to measure the transient temperature distribution in power transistors. Resolution down to 100ns in time, submicron spatial and 0.1C in temperature are achieved using megapixel CCDs. Finally, the transition between energy and entropy transport in nanoscale devices will be briefly discussed.
C++ Dynamic Cast in Autonomous Space Systems

The dynamic cast operation allows flexibility in the design and use of data management facilities in object- oriented programs. Dynamic cast has an important role in the implementation of the data management services (DMS) of the mission data system project (MDS), the jet propulsion laboratory's experimental work for providing a state-based and goal-oriented unified architecture for testing and development of mission software. DMS is responsible for the storage and transport of control and scientific data in a remote autonomous spacecraft. Like similar operators in other languages, the C++ dynamic cast operator does not provide the timing guarantees needed for hard real-time embedded systems. In a recent study, Gibbs and Stroustrup (G&S) devised a dynamic cast implementation strategy that guarantees fast constant-time performance. This paper presents the definition and application of a co-simulation framework to formally verify and evaluate the G&S fast dynamic casting scheme and its applicability in the mission data system DMS application. We describe the systematic process of model-based simulation and analysis that has lead to performance improvement of the G&S algorithm's heuristics by about a factor of 2.
Determining hydraulic conductivity using pumping data from low-flow sampling.

Hydraulic conductivity values computed using the steady-state discharge and drawdown attained while lowflow sampling were evaluated to determine if they were equivalent to those determined from slug testing. Based on testing 12 wells, it was found that the results were statistically equivalent. Conductivity values computed using low-flow sampling parameters were also evaluated as to their reproducibility in actual practice by analyzing consultant data for three wells sampled over three quarterly monitoring periods by four field technicians. The results were found to be reproducible within about a factor of 2 or better. Since the method is based on only one pair of parameters, diligence is required in attaining steady state and in accurately measuring the flow rate and drawdown. Conductivity values computed using this approach can enhance the use of low-flow data gathered in water quality sampling, avoid the need for slug testing in a subsequent phase of investigation, and help reduce the cost of characterizing sites when multilevel samplers are used. Given the practical range of discharge in low-flow sampling, the method was found to be applicable at conductivity values somewhat greater than 10 � 6 cm/s. Given the typical accuracy of water level meters and pressure transducers and a maximum discharge of 1 L/min, as mandated by regulatory guidance, the method has a calculated upper conductivity limit in the range of 10 � 3 to 10 � 2 cm/s.
PP2A/B56 and GSK3/Ras suppress PKB activity during Dictyostelium chemotaxis.

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) are known to mediate essential cell functions across the broad spectrum of eukaryotes. The current study demonstrates that Dictyo...
The Radiation Theories of Tomonaga, Schwinger, and Feynman

A unified development of the subject of quantum electrodynamics is outlined, embodying the main features both of the Tomonaga-Schwinger and of the Feynman radiation theory. The theory is carried to a point further than that reached by these authors, in the discussion of higher order radiative reactions and vacuum polarization phenomena. However, the theory of these higher order processes is a program rather than a definitive theory, since no general proof of the convergence of these effects is attempted.The chief results obtained are (a) a demonstration of the equivalence of the Feynman and Schwinger theories, and (b) a considerable simplification of the procedure involved in applying the Schwinger theory to particular problems, the simplification being the greater the more complicated the problem.
A universally usable and anonymous approach to voter write-ins using multimodal interaction and prediction techniques

The primary objective of the research in this dissertation is to develop a system in which any person, regardless of ability or disability, can efficiently, anonymously, and independently write-in a candidate's name during an election. This research is designed to be beneficial to voters during elections. Not only does this research embrace the needs of the 36 million United States (U.S.) citizens who are disabled [64], but it also affords voters the opportunity to properly write-in a candidate's name as intended. The method presented here utilizes multimodal interaction, i.e. speech, touch, and switch, to allow voters to privately spell the name of the candidate they intend to write-in. This method also implements name prediction, increasing the efficiency and accuracy of the write-in voting process. In accordance with the standards for usability set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) [31], the hypothesis of this research is that the system designed would be effective, efficient, and provide user satisfaction. An experiment was performed to evaluate the system against these measures. The results of the experiment show that the system designed is an effective and efficient solution to writing-in a candidate's name, and with minor adjustments, will be more than satisfactory for voters to utilize.
Using Atomic Force Microscopy to Image Langmuir Blodgett Films of Disk Shaped Molecules

We have used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study the in-plane structure in monolayer and multilayer Langmuir Blod-gett films containing disk-shaped molecules. The disks self-organize in columns parallel to the slide and aligned about the direction of deposition with a ∼ 35° distribution of orientations. Bilayer films exhibit unusual height modulations arising from the superposition of columnar features rotated with respect to one another. Preliminary results for star-shaped oligomeric species are also presented.
Colonization of the post-umbilical bowel by cells derived from the sacral neural crest: direct tracing of cell migration using an intercalating probe and a replication-deficient retrovirus.

Experiments were done to test the hypothesis that the avian gut is colonized by cells derived from both vagal and sacral regions of the neural crest. A fluorescent dye, diI (1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), and a replication-deficient retrovirus (LZ10; Galileo et al. 1990) were employed as tracers. Since LZ10 was constructed with lacZ of E. coli as a reporter gene, infected cells were identified by demonstrating beta-galactosidase immunoreactivity. DiI and LZ10 were injected between the neural tube and surface ectoderm (before the migration of crest cells away from the injection sites) at vagal, truncal (diI only), or sacral axial levels. The bowel was examined 4 days later in order to allow crest-derived cells sufficient time to migrate to the gut. Following injections of either tracer into the vagal crest, labelled cells were found in the gizzard and duodenum. When diI or LZ10 was injected into the sacral crest, labelled cells were seen in the post-umbilical bowel and ganglion of Remak. In the hindgut, marked cells were concentrated in the mesenchyme, just internal to the serosa, and were never observed rostral to the umbilicus. No fluorescent cells were ever found in the bowel following truncal injections of diI, although such cells were observed in sympathetic ganglia. Labelled cells were always found in dorsal root ganglia, no matter which tracer or level of the crest was injected. In embryos injected with LZ10, infected cells in the gut and dorsal root ganglia displayed a neural crest marker (NC-1 immunoreactivity). These observations confirm that the gut is colonized by cells from the sacral as well as the vagal region of the neural crest and that the emigres from the sacral crest are confined to the post-umbilical bowel.
Adenoidal width and HIV factors

PURPOSE: To determine the factors that correspond to adenoidal hypertrophy, often prominent in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. METHODS: The sagittal T1-weighted MR images of 21 HIV-positive patients (age range, 25 to 50 years; mean, 37 years) and 21 healthy control subjects (age range, 24 to 55 years; mean, 35 years) were reviewed blindly and independently by two radiologists who measured the maximal dimension of the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue. Twenty-six additional HIV-positive patients were combined with the original 21 HIV-positive patients, and the hematologic studies of these 47 patients were compared with the adenoidal measurements to assess whether a relationship existed between nasopharyngeal prominence and hematocrit, white blood cell count, and CD4 count. RESULTS: Mean adenoidal width was 6.76 mm (SD, 5.82) in the HIV-positive population, but was only 3.36 mm (SD, 2.48) in the age-matched control group. Age and HIV status correlated with nasopharyngeal width measurements. No relationship between adenoidal width and hematocrit, CD4 count, or white blood cell count was evident. CONCLUSION: After correcting for age, we found that adenoidal lymphoid tissue is more abundant in HIV-positive persons than in control subjects. The hematologic ramifications of this finding remain uncertain.
Illuminating the Reservoir

Formation evaluation is a key analytical process contributing to the identification of economically productive reservoirs. The tools of formation evaluation for conventional reservoirs are applicable for unconventional reservoirs but must be adapted to the necessity of hydraulic fracturing of shale to induce permeability in an otherwise substantially impermeable rock. The four steps of evaluating rock for conventional reservoirs are described in this chapter. Then the characteristics of shale are discussed in detail. Formation evaluation of unconventional (shale) reservoirs is illustrated by use of actual data from the Permian Basin. Core analysis is driven by the unique attributes of shale reservoirs, which make interpretation difficult. The relatively new field of digital rock physics represents an important new analytical tool to accomplish the interpretation.
CHARMM-GUI MDFF/xMDFF Utilizer for Molecular Dynamics Flexible Fitting Simulations in Various Environments

X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy are two popular methods for the structure determination of biological molecules. Atomic structures are derived through the fitting and refinement of an initial model into electron density maps constructed by both experiments. Two computational approaches, MDFF and xMDFF, have been developed to facilitate this process by integrating the experimental data with molecular dynamics simulation. However, the setup of an MDFF/xMDFF simulation requires knowledge of both experimental and computational methods, which is not straightforward for nonexpert users. In addition, sometimes it is desirable to include realistic environments, such as explicit solvent and lipid bilayers during the simulation, which poses another challenge even for expert users. To alleviate these difficulties, we have developed MDFF/xMDFF Utilizer in CHARMM-GUI that helps users to set up an MDFF/xMDFF simulation. The capability of MDFF/xMDFF Utilizer is greatly enhanced by integration with oth...
Modification of an Antagonistic Social Behavior using Positive Reinforcement for other Behavior

Socially inappropriate target behaviors were decelerated by omission training through differential reinforcement of other behavior. For 4 male retardates omission training, reduced the maladaptive behaviors by 80%. The range of behavior during a 3-day probe was higher than and did not overlap the range during omission training. When omission was reintroduced, behavior was reduced to the level of the previous omission training. The results demonstrate that a positive contingency in isolation, omission training, as opposed to omission training used in conjunction with timeout, will decrease antagonistic behavir.
Use of PROMIS for Patients Undergoing Primary Total Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Background:The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) consists of question banks for health domains through computer adaptive testing (CAT).Hypothesis:For patients with g...
Carpe low-dose aspirin: the new anti-cancer face of an old anti-platelet drug

Cancer metastasis is a dynamic process during which cancer cells separate from a primary tumor, migrate through the vessel wall into the bloodstream, and extravasate at distant sites to form secondary colonies. During this process, circulating tumor cells are subjected to shear stress forces from blood flow, and in contact with plasma proteins and blood cells of the immune and hemostatic system, including platelets. Many studies have shown an association between high platelet count and cancer metastasis, suggesting that platelets may play an occult role in tumorigenesis. This mini-review summarizes recent and emerging discoveries of mechanisms by which cancer cells activate platelets and the role of activated platelets in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, the review discusses how aspirin has the potential for being clinically used as an adjuvant in cancer therapy.
Auditory Constraints on Speech Perception

A dominant issue dividing theorists in virtually every branch of cognitive science these days concerns the topic of explanatory generality. One school of thought, exemplified by Allen Newel and Herbert Simon (1972) in artificial intelligence and by John Anderson (1983) in psychology, likes to view the mind as a single general-purpose device that can be applied indifferently across a wide range of stimulus and problem-solving domains. A quite different viewpoint, recently articulated by philosopher Jerry Fodor (1983) and by the late David Marr (1982), holds that the only psychological mechanisms that are scientifically tractable and hence worth investigating are those that are modular. Modules, in Fodor’s sense, are information-processing devices that are “domain specific” i.e., they apply only to a restricted range of stimuli. In addition, modules are taken to be more or less automatic in their operation and to have a fixed neural architecture that is presumably innately organized.
Depression and the Brain

The neural networks that putatively modulate the evaluative, expressive, and experiential aspects of emotional behavior have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders by converging evidence from neuroimaging, neuropathological, and lesion analysis studies. These networks involve the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC), amygdala, hippocampus, and anatomically related areas of the basal ganglia where alterations in gray matter volume and neurophysiological activity exist in some subgroups with mood disorders. These findings hold implications for neurocircuitry models of depression, since they suggest that impaired OMPFC function can dysregulate or disinhibit function in limbic projections that organize emotional expression in experimental animals, and thereby induce depressive syndromes in humans. This chapter discusses a neural model positing that the combined effects of impaired OMPFC function and disinhibited limbic activity may account for the disturbances of emotional behavior, cognitive performance, neurotransmission, autonomic regulation, and neuroendocrine responses associated with mood disorders.
Lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma and impaired renal function: PrE1003, a PrECOG study

Renal insufficiency is common in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma and can often limit choice of therapy. Lenalidomide, a critical agent in the treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma, is renally cleared., This phase I/II trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of lenalidomide with dexamethasone in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma and renal insufficiency. Three groups were treated, with creatinine clearance 30–60 cc/hr (group A), CrCl 30, and can be given daily to those with CrCl < 30, even when on dialysis, at doses of at least 15 mg daily.
Reactive-deposition-based additive manufacturing of Ti-Zr-BN composites

Abstract Reactive-deposition additive manufacturing was employed to manufacture titanium-based metal matrix composites for improving the wear resistance and temperature capability of commercially pure titanium (CPTi); a standard material in the aerospace, biomedical, and marine industries, among others. Composites were manufactured by leveraging in situ high-temperature reactions between CPTi, zirconium (Zr), and boron nitride (BN) powders during laser-based directed-energy-deposition (DED) 3D-printing. The effect of Zr and BN on the processability, phase formation(s), surface wear, and mechanical properties of 3D-printed titanium was studied by printing commercially-pure titanium with premixed additions of 20 wt% Zr and 10 wt% BN using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™). In the as-printed BN-containing structures, phase analysis revealed reinforcing ceramic phases TiN, TiB, and TiB2, whose presence was substantiated through first-principles analysis. The combined addition of Zr and BN produced a Ti-Zr alloy matrix with BN-particle and in situ phase-reinforced microstructure with 450% higher hardness (from 318 ± 26 HV0.1/15 to 1424 ± 361 HV0.5/15), a stabilized sliding−COF within 50 m of reciprocating wear testing, and 9x lower final wear rate in comparison to LENS™ deposited titanium. Zr-addition alone revealed a combined alloyed and particle-reinforced composite with 12% higher hardness, 23% higher compressive yield strength, and an 11% decrease in final wear rate compared to LENS™-produced titanium. Our results demonstrate that reactive-deposition based additive manufacturing can be exploited to create unique coatings and net-shape alloyed structures to enhance the surface and bulk properties of standard engineering materials such as titanium.
Mechanics on manifolds and the incorporation of spin into Nelson's Stochastic mechanics

Nelson's theory of universal Brownian motion is generalized to manifold-valued processes with Hamiltonian of the form H=(p−A)2+φ. It is shown that a spin model of Bopp & Haag is such a process. We show that, as the radius of the sphere of this model approaches zero, we recover the Pauli equation. We analyze further the case of no external field, singling out a continuous random variable which we call the angular momentum and showing that this random variable has the quantum mechanical expectation values. We also prove an ergodic theorem to the effect that the average value of the angular momentum equals its time average along trajectories.
The Use of Dynamic Assessment for the Diagnosis of Language Disorders in Bilingual Children: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose Dynamic assessment (DA) has generally been accepted and recommended for use with bilingual children; however, no meta-analysis or systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy for language i...
Catalytic Homogeneous Hydrogenation of CO to Methanol via Formamide

A novel amine-assisted route for low temperature homogeneous hydrogenation of CO to methanol is described. The reaction proceeds through the formation of formamide intermediates. The first amine carbonylation part is catalyzed by K3PO4. Subsequently, the formamides are hydrogenated in situ to methanol in the presence of a commercially available ruthenium pincer complex as a catalyst. Under optimized reaction conditions, CO (up to 10 bar) was directly converted to methanol in high yield and selectivity in the presence of H2 (70 bar) and diethylenetriamine. A maximum TON of 539 was achieved using the catalyst Ru-Macho-BH. The high yield, selectivity, and TONs obtained for methanol production at low reaction temperature (145 °C) could make this process an attractive alternative over the traditional high temperature heterogeneous catalysis.
Republished: Clinical Decision Support for Early Recognition of Sepsis*:

Sepsis is an inflammatory response triggered by infection, with a high in-hospital mortality rate. Early recognition and treatment can reverse the inflammatory response, with evidence of improved p...
Does a pitch rating method converge on the frequencies within tonal stimuli

This study determined how well the “perceived spectrum,” estimated using a pitch similarity rating method, reflected the spectrum and pitch of seven different tonal sounds. The perceived spectrum well-matched the acoustic spectrum for pure tones ranging from 1 to 12 kHz, it also matched the broad frequency range for two complex tones with periodicity pitches of 1 and 2 kHz, but it did not reflect the pitch of the complex tones. These results suggest that while this method may not measure the pitch of sounds, it may be useful for measuring the general perceived frequency range of sounds.
Higher-Order Interaction between Species Inhibits Bacterial Invasion of a Phototroph-Predator Microbial Community

Summary The composition of an ecosystem is thought to be important for determining its resistance to invasion. Studies of natural ecosystems, from plant to microbial communities, have found that more diverse communities are more resistant to invasion. In some cases, more diverse communities resist invasion by more completely consuming the resources necessary for the invader. We show that Escherichia coli can successfully invade cultures of the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (phototroph) or the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila (predator) but cannot invade a community where both are present. The invasion resistance of the algae-ciliate community arises from a higher-order interaction between species (interaction modification) that is unrelated to resource consumption. We show that the mode of this interaction is the algal inhibition of bacterial aggregation, which leaves bacteria vulnerable to predation. This mode requires both the algae and the ciliate to be present and provides an example of invasion resistance through an interaction modification.
A Model of the Compartmentalization of Taurine in Rat Hypothalamic Neuronal and Glial Cell Particles

In the central nervous system, taurine has been postulated to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter and/or a neuromodulator of nerve activity (4,15). Recent studies on the effects of taurine on hypothalamic function indicate that taurine may influence temperature regulation either producing a decrease in body temperature if injected intraventricularly (23), or producing a biphasic temperature effect depending upon the dose when injected directly into the preoptic region of the anterior hypothalamus of the rat (9). Low doses of taurine produce hyperthermia while high doses result in hypothermia (9). In addition, exogenous taurine has been shown to alter hypothalamic hormonal release mechanisms of prolactin (21), growth hormone (2), and luteinizing hormone (20). Taurine inhibits the in vitro release of somatostatin from median eminences, and thus may be acting as a hypothalamic neurotransmitter to inhibit anterior pituitary release of growth hormone (1). There are also a number of reports that taurine may modulate hypothalamic neuronal activity by interacting with dopaminergic (5), GABAergic (16), glycinergic (6), and serotonergic systems (23).
Refugees and National Identity in Letters to the Editor

Construction of refugees in news has been extensively researched. Less researched is the link between refugees and the construction of the receiving country’s national identity. This discourse analysis of letters to the editor in Australia, Canada, and the United States found wide variance in the way refugees and refugee policy were linked to the construction of national identity. Letters were selected if they referred to refugees and fell within a few news cycles of the respective national holidays. These tight criteria yielded a sample manifesting multiple discourses including the nation as protector, the nation as normative leader, the nation among nations, and the nation as a site of individual identity construction.
Indications and Outcomes of Mohs Micrographic Surgery Using a Multidisciplinary Approach: A Decade of Experience.

BACKGROUND Traditional approaches of staged outpatient Mohs Micrographic Surgery (MMS) in nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) followed by reconstruction is not possible in a subset of patients. OBJECTIVE Assess the indications and outcomes of a multidisciplinary approach MMS. METHODS AND MATERIALS Retrospective, single-surgeon, single Mohs specialist, university-based tertiary care referral practice, including all MMS performed in the operating room setting with concurrent reconstruction in patients from 2008 to 2018 with minimum follow-up of 6 months. Patients with NMSCs who completed multidisciplinary MMS approach were included. Number of Mohs stages, duration of procedure, reconstruction techniques, and complications including flap loss, bleeding, hematoma, wound infections, dehiscence, and local recurrence rates were reviewed. RESULTS Three hundred twenty patients were included, 160 male and 160 female with mean ages of 71.6 and 72.1 years, respectively. Indications for a multidisciplinary approach MMS were as follows: neuro/psych 22.5%, extensive anticipated defect size 55%, patient request/convenience 4.4%, medical intolerance 5%, multiple reasons 8.1%, and unknown in 5%. Average stage required to clear margins was 1.57 ± 0.64. Mean operative times by increasing Mohs stages up to 3 including reconstruction were 125.1, 159.3, and 195.5 minutes, respectively (p < .00001). CONCLUSION Indications for a multidisciplinary approach MMS were extensive defects and neuro/psych issues. Advantages include patient tolerance and single-stage procedure.
Seesaw: End-to-end Dynamic Sensing for IoT using Machine Learning

IoT edge devices’ small form factor places tight constraints on their battery life. These devices are often equipped with multiple sensors, a few of them responsible for most of the energy usage. Naively lowering the sensing rate of these power-hungry sensors reduces energy consumption, but also degrades application’s output quality. In this work, we observe that it is possible to leverage low-power sensors in a system to predict the impact of throttling a power-intensive sensor on application’s output accuracy. We thus propose Seesaw, an end-to-end ML-based solution that automatically identifies correlations between power-intensive and lightweight sensors without human expertise. Further, Seesaw deploys a low-overhead decision tree predictor to determine the optimal sensing rates for power-intensive sensors, thus avoiding significant quality degradation. We show that Seesaw improves battery life for (1) video recording on mountable video cameras and (2) route tracking on fitness trackers by 32% and 66%, respectively, without significant accuracy loss.
Overexpression of TopBP1, a canonical ATR/Chk1 activator, paradoxically hinders ATR/Chk1 activation in cancer

Topoisomerase IIβ-binding protein 1 (TopBP1) is involved in cellular replication among other functions and is known to activate ATR/Chk1 during replicative stress. TopBP1 is also expressed at high levels in many cancers. However, the impact of TopBP1 overexpression on ATR/Chk1 activation and cancer development has not been investigated. Here we demonstrate that the degree of ATR/Chk1 activation is regulated by TopBP1 in a biphasic, concentration-dependent manner in a nontransformed MCF10A cell line and several cancer cell lines, including H1299, MDA-MB468, and U2OS. At low levels, TopBP1 activates ATR/Chk1, but once TopBP1 protein accumulates above an optimal level, it paradoxically leads to lower activation of ATR/Chk1. This is due to the perturbation of ATR-TopBP1 interaction and ATR chromatin loading by excessive TopBP1. Overexpression of TopBP1 thus hinders the ATR/Chk1 checkpoint response, leading to the impairment of genome integrity as demonstrated by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. In contrast, moderate depletion of TopBP1 by shRNA in TopBP1-overexpressing cancer cells enhanced ATR/Chk1 activation and S-phase checkpoint response after replicative stress. The clinical significance of these findings is supported by an association between TopBP1 overexpression and genome instability in many types of human cancer. Taken together, our study illustrates an unexpected relationship between the levels of TopBP1 and the final functional outcome and suggests TopBP1 overexpression as a new mechanism directly contributing to genomic instability during tumorigenesis.
Constructing a Personal Orientation to Music Teaching: Growth, Inquiry, and Agency

Constructing a Personal Orientation to Music Teaching: Growth, Inquiry, and Agency, (Second Edition), is a textbook for studies in music education. Expanding upon the first edition, the authors promote inquiry and reflection to facilitate teacher growth, lifelong learning, and a disposition toward educational change. The revised text responds to current calls for social change and teacher education reform by reaffirming and intensifying the need for music teachers to adopt a personal orientation toward their work. A personal orientation encourages teachers to initiate their own growth, engage in inquiry, and exercise agency in school contexts. Strongly grounded in current theories and research in teacher education, Constructing a Personal Orientation to Music Teaching: Growth, Inquiry, and Agency strives to do the following: Engage readers in analyzing their own experiences in order to conceptualize the complexity of teaching Involve them in clarifying their reasons for seeking a career in teaching Support their insights, questions, and reflections about their work Promote a reflective, critical attitude about schools in general as music teachers are urged to think of themselves as change agents in school settings Construct a moral purpose as a compass to guide their current and future endeavors in the profession. Every chapter includes a wealth of pedagogical features, including new methodologies and examples of practice to engage the readers in processes of inquiry and reflection. The second edition is organized in two parts. Part I focuses on positioning music teachers as learners in the profession, significantly expanding concepts explored in the first edition that are central to a personal orientation to professional growth. In the new edition, a reconceptualized Chapter 5 challenges teachers to cultivate their identities as change agents. The second half of the book—focusing on becoming a student of music teaching— features five new chapters. A provocative chapter on curriculum sets the stage for a set of additional chapters that invite deeper considerations of the commonplaces of teacher, learners, subject matter, and context. An epilogue speaks directly to the power of agency, imagination, and hope in teachers’ lives.