cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The safety of public space: urban design guidelines for neighborhood park planning

Neighborhood parks are recognized as key urban public spaces that potentially add value to adjacent neighborhoods. Safety is an important measure of neighborhood park success, and thereby an import...
Geriatric Education on Telehealth (GET) Access: A medical student volunteer program to increase access to geriatric telehealth services at the onset of COVID-19.

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic placed an unprecedented demand on health systems to rapidly shift ambulatory in-person care to virtual care. Geriatric patients face more challenges with video...
Lippmann, Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel 1845–1921

Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann was a French inventor and physicist (born in Luxembourg) who created the first color photographs using what was certainly the first spectral imaging system.
Articulating the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Collective Intelligence: A Transactive Systems Framework:

Human society faces increasingly complex problems that require coordinated collective action. Artificial intelligence (AI) holds the potential to bring together the knowledge and associated action ...
Metrics in Color Spaces: Im Kleinen und im Großen

Colors can be represented as points in various three-dimensional spaces. It has been a tradition in color science to regard just-noticeable differences in a space denoted (x, y, Y) as line-elements and the Munsell solid defined in another space as a structure in which supra-threshold color differences are represented. These ideas and also the relationship between these two “metrics” are discussed with special attention to two different modes of appearance, aperture and surface colors.
The Funding Status of Defined-Benefit Pensions

The central thesis of this paper is that defined-benefit (DB) pensions in conjunction with taxpayer-backed DB pension insurance subject pension plan participants and taxpayers to much greater financial risk than current pension funding statistics suggest. Specifically, it is shown that: (i) current estimates of the funding status of DB pensions are based on an arbitrary full-funding construct; (ii) accurately measuring the true funding status of 1DB pensions would not be possible even if investment returns, labor turnover, and mortality were completely certain; (iii) government sponsored pension insurance is incomplete in the event that current funding norms are in fact too relaxed; and (iv) employers can effectively implement potentially profitable Ponzi schemes by underfunding their DB pensions, in which case DB pension plans will become progressively less viable as the U.S. labor force ages.
One-way functions, hard on average problems, and statistical zero-knowledge proofs

The author studies connections among one-way functions, hard on the average problems, and statistical zero-knowledge proofs. In particular, he shows how these three notions are related and how the third notion can be better characterized, assuming the first one. >
Chapter 31 Neuropathological examination of peripheral nerves in painful neuropathies (neuralgias).

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that most advances in understanding pain mechanisms have come from studying animal models, but although these have revealed preliminary information of likely relevance to human patients, there has been almost no confirmation of animal data in humans. Acute inflammatory/injury pain is primarily generated by excess activity of primary (peripheral) nociceptive neurons, but the situation is far more complex in the neuralgias. The chapter discusses that lesions of primary afferent neurons are the most common cause of neuropathic pain, and encompass many syndromes and etiologies. The symptoms of nerve injury vary because most of the PNS contains mixed populations of neurons with different properties. It reviews that pathological study has revealed vascular lesions, multiple sclerosis, and neoplastic, infectious, or degenerative diseases. Diagnostic imaging is indicated for new onset cranial neuralgias to identify potential structural causes. It concludes that to identify pain-specific changes, animals without neuralgia need to be studied as well. Pathological examination of tissues from pain patients needs to be performed more often.
An advanced cell polynomial-base modeling for logic synthesis

This paper presents an advance cell modeling technique based on the polynomial expressions for physical and logic design. Till now, there lacks a modeling method to handle multiple operating points such as input slew, output capacitance, voltage, process, temperature, etc. at one time for the logic synthesis and physical design. Our novel curve-fitting algorithm for cell modeling can process a table with thousands of data points in only one modeling equation compared to piecewise equations used in the existing methods. The data storage requirements and CPU run time are significantly reduced without compromising the accuracy of the data. This ensures that the novel curve-fitting algorithm can exactly recover the original data points in a short period of time. In addition, the table-partitioning algorithm is developed to reduce the storage requirements and flatten the peak situation occurring at some of the unsampled data. Furthermore, in order to filter the 'pass' points with 99% of all data points, the algorithm is developed to select the best order for input variables, which further causes a shortening of the CPU run time. Our benchmark shows that the new approach has significantly better accuracy and less storage for both the sampling data and unsampling data.
Practical on-line DVS scheduling for fixed-priority real-time systems

We present an online dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) algorithm for preemptive fixed-priority real-time systems called low power limited demand analysis with transition overhead (lpLDAT). It is the first algorithm in its class to explicitly account for transition overhead, and can reduce the energy consumption by as much as 40% when compared to previous methods.
Simplified micro perchlorination method for polychlorinated biphenyls in biological samples.

PCB's quantities are determined by converting the multicomponent mixture to the easily measured compound decachlorobiphenyl (DCB). Adipose tissue and human milk fortified with PCB's are perchlorinated with antimony pentachloride (SbCl5). Aroclors were investigated to determine the efficiency of conversion to DCB. Electron capture chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to quantitate PCB's. As little as 0.1 ppm PCB's/500 mg of tissue extract could be recovered at 79-99%. DCB content of SbCl5 was determined. 6 graphs, 14 references, 3 tables.
Nonlinear Restoring Behavior of Therapeutic Ultrasound Transducers

The behavior of a 1–3 piezocomposite transducer at high driving amplitudes and off‐resonance frequencies was investigated numerically and experimentally. By heuristically generating a numerical model of a simple resonator with a hard restoring force, a likely mechanism was identified for harmonic distortions in high power ultrasound transduction. Experimental observations of enhanced upper harmonic content in transducer response to a sinusoidal driving function were analyzed. This analysis revealed that a substantial proportion of the total pressure amplitude (at least 51%) was distributed into harmonics of the driving frequency, especially at frequencies that were below or above a characteristic resonance peak of the transducer. These results imply a need for more detailed and thorough evaluation of ultrasound transducers which are designed for high‐intensity applications.
The Chinese World Order and War in Asian History

This article examines the proposition that, because of their historical experience, Asian states tended to accept hierarchy in international relations; the Chinese world order was both peaceful and benign. By examining Asian international history, I argue that the notion of a benign Asian hierarchy is a myth because it is based on a misreading of the region’s history. The article addresses three questions: First, has the Asian international system been hierarchic in history? Second, during periods of hierarchy, has the system been peaceful? Third, was the Chinese world order a benign one? Asian history shows that the regional order was not always hierarchical and that warfare characterized international life, even during periods of hierarchy. When Asian states became tributary vassals, it was not because of a cultural tendency amenable to hierarchy, but because of their relative weakness, geographic proximity, and unavailability of allies. History shows that Asian states preferred balancing to hierarchy. The Chinese world order was not necessarily more peaceful.
SYNOVIAL FLUID CAVITATION DURING DISTRACTION RADIOGRAPHY OF THE COXOFEMORAL JOINT IN DOGS

Objective To determine risk factors for, and prevalence and short- and long-term effects of synovial fluid cavitation during distraction radiography. Design Multicenter prevalence survey. Animals 6,649 purebred dogs comprising 129 breeds. Procedure Radiographs from the PennHIP (University of Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program) Laboratory were subjectively evaluated for evidence of cavitation. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine whether sex, breed, age, weight, distraction index (DI), or examining veterinarian was associated with cavitation. Short-term effects of cavitation were assessed by comparing DI for the hip with cavitation with DI for the contralateral hip in dogs with unilateral cavitation. Long-term effects of cavitation were assessed by comparing DI before and after cavitation was detected. Results Cavitation was detected in 279 (4.2%) of the radiographs analyzed. Male dogs, Golden Retrievers, and heavier dogs were at a decreased risk for cavitation. Irish Wolfhounds, Irish Setters, Rhodesian Ridgebacks, and Weimaraners had an increased risk for cavitation. Age and DI were not risk factors for cavitation. Mean DI was 0.08 greater in hips with cavitation than in paired hips without cavitation. Significant differences were not detected between DI before and after cavitation, but only 7 dogs were included in this analysis. Clinical implications Cavitation is rare during distraction radiography and can increase measured DI. Radiographs should be routinely examined to ensure accurate reporting of DI.
Malignant Hyperthermia in a Child with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are susceptible to numerous adverse intraoperative and postoperative side effects of anesthetic agents. These include: hyperthermia and hyperkalemia,1,2 systemic acidosis,3 cardiac abnormalities (tachycardia, arrhythmia, arrest),2-5 rhabdomyolysis,2-6 as well as death.2,5 These clinical and laboratory findings are similar to those associated with malignant hyperthermia (MH).7,8 Until this time no one has confirmed the association of MH, as reflected by these clinical phenomena, in a patient with DMD. We present a patient who manifested many features of MH immediately following confirmatory muscle biopsy for DMD under general anesthesia. In vitro response to testing of a muscle biopsy specimen was consistent with a diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia.
Noncommutative geometry and motives (a quoi servent les endomotifs

This paper gives a short and historical survey on the theory of pure motives in algebraic geometry and reviews some of the recent developments of this theory in noncommutative geometry. The second part of the paper outlines the new theory of endomotives and some of its relevant applications in number-theory.
Bitz, Ginoux, Jacobson, Nizkorodov, and Yang Receive 2013 Atmospheric Sciences Ascent Awards: Response

I am truly honored to accept the Ascent Award from the Atmospheric Sciences section of AGU. The amazingly dynamic and intellectually stimulating atmospheric sciences community always makes my annual trips to the AGU Fall Meeting a real treat. I feel really fortunate to be a member of this vibrant community.
Cost efficiency in the US steel industry: A nonparametric analysis using data envelopment analysis

Abstract In this paper we use nonparametric methods to get upper and lower bounds on the levels of technical and overall cost efficiency in the US steel industry during the period 1958–1986. Possibilities of both non-regressive technical change and ‘no technical change’ have been considered. The empirical analysis shows that the competitive status of US steel producers can be greatly enhanced even within the existing technologies if identified technical and allocative inefficiencies can be eliminated. The evidence does not suggest that cost inefficiency in the domestic steel industry is mainly due to diversion of resources in order to comply with various pollution control regulations.
Reconsidering the term "marriage" in Marriage and Family Therapy

This article presents a consideration of whether the term marriage in the title of the marriage and family therapy (MFT) profession continues to reflect the work that MFT professionals do. The authors describe relevant historical and professional identity issues, a rationale for revising the title of the profession (including demographic trends related to marriage and relationships, patterns of clinical practice, and the political context surrounding marriage), and a rationale for maintaining the current title of the profession (including administrative costs, value and ideological differences within the MFT profession, and the importance of a cohesive professional identity). The article concludes with recommended future directions for the profession’s decision makers, researchers, and practitioners.
Nature of Intercalator Amiloride−Nucelobase Stacking. An Empirical Potential and ab Initio Electron Correlation Study

A rigid-body systematic search technique was applied to stacked complexes of the novel AT-specific intercalator, amiloride, with each of the four DNA bases (A, T, C, G) and two Watson−Crick base pa...
Memory and Perceptual Trace Development in Ballistic Timing

Adams’ (1971) closed-loop theory holds that memory and perceptual trace development is a function of the amount of practice with knowledge of results. If knowledge of results is withdrawn before these two memory states are strong performance will worsen, but after substantial practice performance can be maintained and evaluated in the absence of knowledge of results. To test the first prediction, three independent groups were given varying amounts of KR trials prior to early knowledge of results withdrawal. Subjects attempted to produce a 24.13-cm movement in exactly 150 msec. Memory and perceptual trace performance (as reflected in mean absolute and mean absolute estimated error, respectively) were dependent on the amount of knowledge of results practice, and the memory and perceptual trace remained reasonably strong during late knowledge of results withdrawal.
Statistical mechanical modeling of the kinetics of order-disorder in omphacitic pyroxenes

A kinetic statistical model based upon a one-dimensional Ising lattice reflecting the nature of the pyroxene octahedral strip, and with nearest-neighbor and mean-field interactions, is applied to the order-disorder transformation in omphacitic pyroxenes. The equilibration temperature of a naturally ordered omphacite and the annealing data of Carpenter (1981a) on omphacites from the same sample, when applied to the model, provide time- temperature-transformation relations for both long-range and short-range ordering. Results indicate that cooling times on the order of tens of millions of years are necessary for the development of significant degrees of long-range order under optimum conditions, whereas short-range order is developed on much shorter time scales. These results are in agreement with observations of naturally ordered and disordered omphacites with the exception of omphacites ordered in a low-temperature subduction-zone regime; the results support the hypothesis that these omphacites crystallize in a highly ordered state.
Against Autonomy: response to critics

I am grateful to the Journal of Medical Ethics for asking these critics to discuss my book, and am grateful to each of the critics themselves for raising interesting and often difficult issues for me to think about. Alan Wertheimer makes a number of good points. One of the most significant, to me, is how paternalism might function at what I will call an institutional level. In my book, I endorse paternalistic actions by the state, when the cost benefit analysis justifies that. I have not supported paternalistic interventions by private individuals, though. For one thing, private individuals will make decisions without public input, and without their justification being examined by experts in the field, and for these reasons they are too likely to make mistakes as to when intervention is appropriate. For another, the interventions by random individuals haranguing us about our failure to eat our broccoli is likely to drive us crazy—unexpected interference from people with no particular authority will give us just that sense of harassment I say paternalists need to avoid. However, between the public, authorised actions of a democratic state and the private actions of individuals with no authority lies the significant area of non-state institutions. Such institutions develop regulations and standards their members are expected to act in accordance with, and these in turn can have a significant impact on private persons. Of course, there have also been legal actions, notably court decisions, that have played a role here, but much of the specific interpretation of things like consent has been determined by the medical community developing what it believes to be an appropriate ethic for itself. And we know, here, that in recent years there has been a movement away from the paternalism that was once common, and a reorientation towards respect for …
Prodynorphin, proenkephalin and κ opioid receptor mRNA responses to acute “binge” cocaine

Previous studies showed that preprodynorphin (ppDyn) mRNA increases in caudate-putamen while kappa opioid receptor (KOR) mRNA decreases in substantia nigra after 3 and 14 days "binge" cocaine. To further characterize opioid mRNA responses, rats were administered: saline; 1 day cocaine followed by 1 day saline; 1 day cocaine; or 2 days cocaine. ppDyn mRNA in caudate-putamen increased in both groups receiving cocaine on the final day compared to groups receiving saline. Preproenkephalin (ppEnk) mRNA in caudate-putamen increased, and KOR mRNA in substantia nigra decreased, after 2 days of cocaine. Thus ppDyn mRNA is elevated acutely by cocaine, while ppEnk and KOR mRNAs show a significant response only on the second day of "binge" cocaine.
Single-Dose Kinetics of Intravenous Vancomycin

The pharmacokinetic properties of intravenously administered vancomycin were studied in four healthy volunteers. Reversible adverse effects (flushing, tachycardia, pruritus) occurred in two subjects who received high-dose rapid intravenous infusions. Distribution of vancomycin proceeded as a biphasic process in all four subjects. The initial distribution half-life (t1/2 alpha) was less than 8 minutes in all cases, with intermediate half-lives (t1/2 pi) varying from 0.43 to 1.48 hour and elimination half-lives (t1/2 beta) varying from 4.7 to 11.2 hours. Vancomycin clearance was less than creatinine clearance, probably because of serum protein binding, which was determined to be 55 per cent.
Inhibition of ERβ induces resistance to cisplatin by enhancing Rad51-mediated DNA repair in human medulloblastoma cell lines.

Cisplatin is one of the most widely used and effective anticancer drugs against solid tumors including cerebellar tumor of the childhood, Medulloblastoma. However, cancer cells often develop resistance to cisplatin, which limits therapeutic effectiveness of this otherwise effective genotoxic drug. In this study, we demonstrate that human medulloblastoma cell lines develop acute resistance to cisplatin in the presence of estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, ICI182,780. This unexpected finding involves a switch from the G2/M to G1 checkpoint accompanied by decrease in ATM/Chk2 and increase in ATR/Chk1 phosphorylation. We have previously reported that ERβ, which is highly expressed in medulloblastomas, translocates insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) to the nucleus, and that nuclear IRS-1 binds to Rad51 and attenuates homologous recombination directed DNA repair (HRR). Here, we demonstrate that in the presence of ICI182,780, cisplatin-treated medulloblastoma cells show recruitment of Rad51 to the sites of damaged DNA and increase in HRR activity. This enhanced DNA repair during the S phase preserved also clonogenic potential of medulloblastoma cells treated with cisplatin. In conclusion, inhibition of ERβ considered as a supplemental anticancer therapy, has been found to interfere with cisplatin–induced cytotoxicity in human medulloblastoma cell lines.
Aqueous corrosion of natural and nuclear waste glasses II. Mechanisms of vapor hydration of nuclear waste glasses

Abstract Results of recent vapor phase hydration experiments performed on nuclear waste glasses at various temperatures and relative humidities are presented. Hydration rates were determined using a variety of techniques, including specimen weight gain measurement, alteration layer thickness measured using optical microscopy or scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and near-surface concentration profiles obtained using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). For the three nuclear waste glass formulations studied, previously observed differences in reaction products and rates of hydration in liquid and vapor environments were confirmed. At 100% relative humidity (RH) and at temperatures between 75° and 240°C, the rate of hydration of SRL 131 glass followed and Arrhenius-type rate law with an activation energy of 17.9 kcal/mol. A significantly higher apparent activation energy was estimated for SRL 131 glass hydrated at 95% RH. The vapor hydration rate of SRL 131 glass decreased with RH and was negligible below humidity of 70% RH at 202° C. Potential mechanisms that may govern the vapor hydration of glass are reviewed and several lines of evidence including the parametric dependence of vapor hydration rate observed in the present work are consistent with a molecular water diffusion model. In the context of such a model, the dependence of hydration rates on RH is explained through a relationship between pH2O and concentration of absorbed molecular water at the outermost surface of hydrated glasses.
Surface Chemical Control of Ultra-Fine Coal to Improve Dewatering

Lowering of filter cake moisture of ultra-fine (d50 = 25 µm) coal to a 20 percent level using the conventional vacuum filtration could be achieved using a combination of metal ions and surfactants. Pretreating coat slurry with about 0.2 Kg/ton of a surfactant and 50 ppm of copper or 10 ppm of aluminum ions provided filter cake containing 22.8 percent moisture. The lowering of moisture is explained due to formation of hydrophobic micro-aggregates which facilitates dewatering.
Features of gait most responsive to tap test in normal pressure hydrocephalus.

Objective: To identify components of gait associated with a positive tap test (TT) in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). Patients and methods: Thirty-three patients with iNPH underwent clinical evaluation pre- and post-TT and were classified as responders (Rs) or non-responders (NRs). Elements of gait were assessed with a formal standardized Gait Scale and compared between groups. Results: Analysis of pre/post-TT group differences revealed an interaction for Total Gait Score and Walking Score, with improvements in responders only. Total Gait Scores improved by 29% in the Rs and 4.85% in the NRs. Rs showed significant post-TT improvements on a timed 10 m walk, turning, and balance. Tandem walking, turning, truck balance and start stop hesitation showed trends toward improvement. Conclusions: The classic features of gait often used in determining diagnosis of NPH (wide based stride, reduced foot-floor clearance, and small steps) were not helpful in identifying responders to the TT. Walking speed, steps for turning, and tendency towards falling were most likely to improve post-TT. These straightforward measures can readily be adapted into clinical practice to assist in determination of shunt candidacy.
Empirical models of the effects of United States protection: A survey of recent literature

Abstract This paper surveys the recent literature on the effects of United States protection. Most of these studies find that tariffs provide limited benefits to protected industries but cause considerable harm to household and industrial consumers of protected goods. Most studies do, however find some terms-of-trade benefits to the United States in the present structure of protection. Also, studies of quotas find that they have become more important in recent years and that they are a major source of welfare losses for the United States. This general agreement regarding the effects of United States policy arises from papers employing different research methodologies and addressing different questions.
Extraction and Activation of Wheat Polyphenol Oxidase by Detergents: Biochemistry and Applications

ABSTRACT Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) from several plant species, including wheat, have been implicated in undesirable brown discolorations of food products. It has been demonstrated that these enzymes are often present in a latent form or are membrane-associated, necessitating detergent or other treatments to obtain fully active preparations. Here, the influence of different detergents on wheat meal and flour PPOs was investigated. Extraction in presence of 50 mM SDS led to a 5- to 15-fold increase in PPO activity, making quantitative assays in flour from low-PPO lines more robust. Among a series of additional nonionic, anionic, and cationic detergents tested, only n-lauroylsarcosine increased extractable PPO activity to a degree comparable to that of SDS. Additional experiments suggested that a large fraction of wheat meal PPOs may be membrane-associated and that SDS is able to activate PPOs extracted from high-activity but not from low-activity wheat lines. PPO activities assayed after SDS extraction of ...
Immunologic responses of bison to vaccination with Brucella abortus strain RB51: Comparison of parenteral to ballistic delivery via compressed pellets or photopolymerized hydrogels

Abstract This study compared responses of bison calves to 10 10 CFU of Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) delivered by parenteral or ballistic methods. Two types of biobullet payloads were evaluated; compacted SRB51 pellets or SRB51 encapsulated in photopolymerized poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Bison were vaccinated with saline, parenteral SRB51 alone, or in combination with Spirovac™, or ballistically with compressed SRB51 or hydrogel biobullets. Bison parenterally vaccinated with SRB51 had greater ( P
Hemodynamic dysfunction and cytochrome P4501A mRNA expression induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin during embryonic stages of lake trout development.

Abstract Lake trout embryos exposed to [ 3 H]2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) manifest toxicity after hatching by subcutaneous edema of the yolk sac, pericardial edema, meningeal edema, subcutaneous hemorrhages, and a marked congestion of blood flow in various vascular beds culminating in death. Our objective was to determine if this syndrome was associated temporally with morphologic lesions in the vascular endothelium, increased vascular permeability, and cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) mRNA induction. Lake trout embryos exposed as fertilized eggs to TCDD were found to exhibit marked reductions in perfusion of the peripheral vasculature during the early sac fry stage of development (stage F 1 9), which consistently preceded other gross lesions and mortality observed later in sac fry development (stage F 2 10). This reduction in blood flow was manifested as severe capillary congestion and hemoconcentration in certain vascular beds. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examination of endothelial cells in these vascular beds failed to reveal cellular necrosis at hatching (stage E 5 8) and throughout sac fry development (stages F 1 9–F 2 10). Rather, only subtle ultrastructural changes in endothelial cells were found consisting of increased vacuolation, separation of intercellular junctions, and cytoplasmic blebbing, consistent with the TCDD dose and time course for developmental cardiovascular toxicity, which began to manifest itself in some embryos approximately 1 week prior to hatching (E 5 8). To assess permeability of yolk sac vasculature to certain constituents in blood, sac fry (stage F 2 10) were analyzed for the presence of plasma proteins, granulocytes, and serum creatine kinase activity in yolk sac subcutaneous edema fluid from control and TCDD-exposed treatment groups. TCDD dose- and time-related increases in yolk sac edema volume, plasma protein content of edema fluid, granulocyte concentration, and creatine kinase activity in the fluid were observed in midstage and late stage of sac fry development (stage F 2 10). Thus, yolk sac subcutaneous edema fluid is an ultrafiltrate of blood and results from increased vascular permeability. In contrast to the changes in vascular blood flow and permeability induced by TCDD during stages F 1 9 and F 2 10 of sac fry development, respectively, CYP1A mRNA levels were induced by TCDD as early as the 10-somite embryo (stage E 2 5). TCDD also caused a dose-related increase in CYP1A mRNA levels in sac fry at hatching (stage E 5 8) and throughout sac fry development (stages F 1 9–F 2 10). We conclude that subtle, ultrastructural changes in vascular endothelial cells consistently precede increases in vascular permeability and sac fry mortality; however, induction of CYP1A mRNA occurs prior to any observable morphological lesions, changes in vascular permeability, or sac fry mortality.
Eigenvalues in gaps and decoupling by Neumann boundary conditions

Abstract Continuing earlier investigations we show the existence of eigenvalues of Schrodinger operators H − λW , λ ϵ R , inside a spectral gap of H = − Δ + V , under suitable conditions on V and W . Our method of proof is based on a decoupling of regions in R v by means of Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions, where, in particular, the use of Neumann boundary conditions in the decoupling process leads to a new asymptotic results for eigenvalue counting functions.
SINGLE-PARTICLE RADIATION PROCESSES IN A PLASMA WITH MAGNETIC FIELDS

From the classical equation of motion, the radiation emitted by an electron in an external magnetic field undergoing Coulomb interactions is derived. It is shown that the several spectral components corresponding to magnetic and Coulomb force terms cannot be interpreted simply by saying that the total spectrum is composed of a cyclotron line superimposed on the continuum from the bremsstrahlung emission in the absence of the magnetic field.
Axiomatic Design Applied to a Practical Example of the Integrity of Shaft Surfaces for Rotating Lip Seals

Abstract The objective of this work is to explore axiomatic design as an approach to designing for surface integrity, particularly in regard to topography for rotating lip seals. Functional requirements can be fulfilled by some combination of surface integrity elements. Difficulties can arise because texture characterization parameters do not independently address functional requirements for the surface and cannot be independently controlled by abrasive processes. Some of the difficulties can be addressed by the topographic characterization parameters.
An empirical comparison of several methods for testing the equality of dependent proportions

Three methods for testing the equality of nonindependent proportions were compared with, the use of Monte Carlo techniques. The three methods included Cochran's test, an ANOVA F test, and Hotelling's T2 test. With respect to empirical significance levels, the ANOVA F test is recommended as the preferred method of analysis. Oftentimes an experimenter is interested in testing the equality of several proportions. When the proportions are independent Kemp and Butcher (1972) and Butcher and Kemp (1974) compared several methods for analysing large sample binomial data for the case of a 3 x 3 factorial design without replication. In addition, Levy and Narula (1977) compared many of the same methods for analyzing binomial data; however, Levy and Narula investigated the relative utility of the methods for small sample sizes.
Biosensor technology What? Where? When? and Why?

Abstract The author considers biosensor technology to be in a very early stage of development. There are many market opportunities, but several functional criteria need to be addressed if biosensors are to be viable in the open market.
Regulation of alternative splicing of Slo K+ channels in adrenal and pituitary during the stress-hyporesponsive period of rat development.

Stress triggers release of ACTH from the pituitary, glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex, and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. Although functions differ, these hormone systems interact in many ways. Previous evidence indicates that pituitary and steroid hormones regulate alternative splicing of the Slo gene at the stress axis-regulated exon (STREX), with functional implications for the calcium-activated K+ channels prominent in adrenal medullary and pituitary cells. Here we examine the role of corticosterone in Slo splicing regulation in pituitary and adrenal tissues during the stress-hyporesponsive period of early rat postnatal life. The sharp drop in plasma corticosterone (CORT) that defines this period offers a unique opportunity to test CORT’s role in Slo splicing. We report that in both adrenal and pituitary tissues, the percentage of Slo transcripts having STREX declines and recovers in parallel with CORT. Moreover, addition of 500 nm CORT to cultures of anterior pituitary cells from 13-, 21...
A Utility Based Power-Aware Autonomic Approach for Running Scientific Applications

Traditionally, computational power and performance of the high performance computing (HPC) systems are assumed to depend upon the number of processors and speed of supercomputers. Supercomputers run at their peak performance to efficiently execute scientific applications. Therefore, these supercomputers consume enormous amount of power that results in increased operational cost. The high power consumption translates into high temperature of the physical HPC systems, which in turn results in high failure rate and decreased reliability. Employing an aggressive cooling system does not improve the situation, because it involves an additional operational and infrastructure cost. Slowing down these HPC systems results in loss of performance that is also not recommended. Moreover, the execution of scientific applications is affected adversely through the variation in available computational resources. This variation is due to the computational resource utilization by other applications running at the computing nodes. Therefore, the execution of a scientific application should be monitored with respect to its performance objectives (deadline etc.). Failure in meeting the deadlines may result in high cost in terms of revenue loss to the service providers. These issues raise the motivation towards the designing of an autonomic approach for managing power consumption in HPC systems without adversely affecting to the performance of the system. In this paper, we present a utility based power-aware approach that uses a model-based control theoretic framework for executing scientific applications. The approach and related simulations indicate that the performance and the power requirements of the system can dynamically be adjusted, while maintaining the predefined quality of service (QoS) goals in terms of deadline of execution and power consumption of the HPC system, even in the presence of computational resource related perturbations. This approach is autonomic, performance directed, dynamically controlled, and independent of the execution of the application.
Carbonitridation of Fly Ash. I. Synthesis of SiAlON-Based Materials

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of reaction parameters on the preparation of SiAlON powder. The conditions to obtain maximum concentration of nitrogen in the product were also examined and discussed. SiAlON (silicon aluminum oxynitride) powders have been prepared from Huntley fly ash in a tubular laboratory high-temperature furnace through carbothermal reduction and nitridation reactions. Almost pure β-SiAlON can be produced from fly ash at 1300 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Depending on the reaction conditions, the nitrogen content could reach as high as 30%. Nitrogen in the SiAlON products was measured by a nitrogen/oxygen analyzer. X-ray diffraction and Brunauer−Emett−Teller surface area analysis have been used to further characterize the products.
Relationship between wind speed and reaeration in small aquaculture ponds

Abstract Two 1000 m2 ponds at the El Carao National Aquaculture Center at Comayagua, Honduras were deoxygenated by treatment with sodium sulfite and cobalt chloride, and biological activity was suppressed by formalin and copper sulfate application. Wind speed and the change in dissolved oxygen concentration were monitored with a data logger system during reaeration period. Standard oxygen transfer coefficients were related to wind speed measured at 3-m height by the equation: K L a 20 =0·017x − 0·014; r 2 =0·882 where KLa20 = standard oxygen transfer coefficient at 20°C (h−1) and X = wind speed (m s−1). A method for computing pond reaeration rate from the standard oxygen transfer coefficient is presented.
Essential leaf oil variability in green, variegated and albino foliage of Myrtus communis

Green, variegated and albino leaves of Myrtus communis yield mono- and sesqui-terpenes which show considerable variation in their ratios when compa
Superlattice formation in a binary mixture of block copolymer micelles.

A binary solution mixture of distinct block copolymer micelles is found to adopt a superlattice. The larger micelles, formed from polystyrene-polyisoprene diblocks, have a nominal radius of 29 nm; the smaller micelles, formed from polystyrene-polydimethylsiloxane diblocks, have a nominal radius of 16 nm. The superlattice unit cell dimension is 156 nm and is assigned to space group $Fm\overline{3}c$; it corresponds to the $A{B}_{13}$ structure. As these diblocks are uncharged, the driving force for superlattice formation is primarily free volume entropy, as in sterically stabilized colloidal hard spheres.
Managing design of assembly sequences for product lines that delay product differentiation

The integration of product design and operations could potentially enhance the ability of manufacturers to provide large variety in the product line while keeping their operations competitive. At the plant level, an improved assembly sequence can lead to superior operational response to customer demands. While this has been intuitively accepted, there is a scarcity of models that can adequately reflect the operational benefits of a costlier yet better design. In this paper, we present integrated models applicable at a plant level that can provide quantification of certain operational benefits. Further, through a computational study, we also provide qualitative insights on several issues such as the effect of : (i) features in the product line; (ii) variance of demand for the different features on the optimal assembly design; (iii) set-up times; and (iv) life cycle of the product line.
Electrochemical and Structural Properties of xLi2M‘O3·(1−x)LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 Electrodes for Lithium Batteries (M‘ = Ti, Mn, Zr; 0 ≤ x ⩽ 0.3)

Electrochemical and structural properties of xLi2M‘O3·(1−x)LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 electrodes (M‘ = Ti, Mn, Zr; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) for lithium batteries are reported. Powder X-ray diffraction, lattice imaging by ...
Neoplastic potentials and regulation of uptake of nutrients. I. A glutamine independent variant of polyoma BHK with A very high neoplastic potential.

A variant of polyoma BHK cells is described which is capable of growing in a glutamine-free medium. These glutamine-independent variant cells (GIV) have a size and morphologic appearance intermediate between the nontransformed (BHK) and polyoma transformed (Py6) cell line. In contrast to Py6, the GIV cells grow more slowly, produce less lactic acid and do not grow in suspension. However, their adherence to substrate and release of galactosyl-transferase into the medium is comparable to that seen with the parent PyBHK. Most striking is the finding that GIV cells are more readily agglutinated by Concanavalin A and when inoculated into hamsters are much more tumorigenic than the parent Py6 cells.
NF-κB and Cancer — Identifying Targets and Mechanisms

A connection between inflammation and carcinogenesis has long been known, but the precise mechanisms are just beginning to be understood. NF-κB proteins, transcription factors which integrate stress signals and orchestrate immune responses, have also recently been linked to carcinogenesis. Hallmarks of cancer development include self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitors, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, tissue invasion and metastasis, and sustained angiogenesis. NF-κB signaling has been implicated in each of these hallmarks, and recent experimental studies have illuminated the mechanistic pathways by which NF-κB signaling contributes to these aspects of carcinogenesis. This review will focus on recent experimental data supporting the hypothesis that inflammation promotes carcinogenesis, and that NF-κB signaling is at the heart of such inflammation.
In the Steps of William the Conqueror: Neutron Activation Analysis of Caen Stone*

Quarries in the Bathonian stone formation surrounding Caen produced high-quality limestone for medieval churches in northern France and southern England and for their sculptural decoration. To investigate compositional differences among proximate stone sources, 103 samples collected from five separate quarries were analysed by NAA. The results show Caen stone to be essentially pure calcite and relatively homogeneous, but distinction among quarries is possible by discriminant analysis. Comparing compositions of quarry samples with data in the Brookhaven Limestone Database identified the origin of stone used in masonry and sculpture at Saint-Etienne and La Trinite, Caen, and in several museum objects.
Observations of halo scattering from single ice crystals

The differential scattering cross section of single ice crystals is measured for the first reported time. The data plainly show the single ice crystal scattering that in the atmosphere gives rise to the 22° and 46° halos. The measurements also indicate how the rarely observed anomalous halos might be formed.
Neuroprotective and Nootropic Actions of a Novel Cyclized Dipeptide after Controlled Cortical Impact Injury in Mice

1-ARA-35b (35b) is a cyclized dipeptide that shows considerable neuroprotective activity in vitro and improves neurologic recovery after fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury in rats. The authors evaluated the effects of treatment with 35b in mice subjected to controlled cortical impact brain injury. Animals treated with intravenous 35b after traumatic injury showed significantly enhanced recovery of beam walking and place learning functions compared with vehicle-treated controls, in addition to reduced lesion volumes. Beneficial effects were dose related and showed an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve between 0.1 and 10 mg/kg. Protective actions were found when the drug was administered initially at 30 minutes or 1, 4, or 8 hours, but not at 24 hours, after trauma. In separate experiments, rats treated with 35b on days 7 through 10 after injury showed remarkably improved place learning in comparison with injured controls. These studies confirm and extend the neuroprotective effects of this diketopiperazine in traumatic brain injury. In addition, they show that 35b has a relatively wide therapeutic window and improves cognitive function after both acute and chronic injury.
Post resuscitation iron delocalization and malondialdehyde production in the brain following prolonged cardiac arrest.

Assays for brain tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and low molecular weight chelated (LMWC) iron were used to examine samples of the cerebral cortex obtained from dogs 2 h after resuscitation from a 15-min cardiac arrest. The effect of post-resuscitation treatment with lidoflazine and/or desferrioxamine was similarly examined. Non-ischemic brain samples had LMWC iron levels (in nmol/100 mg tissue) of 12.32 + 2.60 and MDA levels (in nmol/100 mg tissue) of 8.46 + 1.35. Animals subjected to cardiac arrest and resuscitation and standard intensive care (SIC) had LMWC iron levels of 37.04 + 4.58 (p less than .01 against non-ischemic controls) and MDA levels of 12.24 + 1.9 (p less than .05 against non-ischemic controls). All treatment interventions significantly reduced the LMWC iron (p less than .05), but only treatment with desferrioxamine alone significantly reduced MDA (p less than .05), although a trend toward reduction of the MDA was also evident in animals treated with both desferrioxamine and lidoflazine. LMWC iron levels are increased in the post-ischemic brain, and this increase may be related to lipid peroxidation in the brain following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. These changes are probably pathologic and are amenable to pharmacologic intervention.
Implementing prevention programs in high-risk environments: application of the resiliency paradigm.

Little is known about what happens when validated model prevention programs are introduced into the schools, typically without systematic evaluation and with the assumption that they will have positive impact. This study examines the outcome of such initiatives in schools at “high risk” for program failure, identifies factors related to goal attainment in both high- and low-risk school districts, and suggests practices to guide implementation of successful prevention programs.
Stabilization of the Burnett equations and application to hypersonicflows

Numerical solutions of the Burnett equations for hypersonic flow at high altitudes in the continuum transitional regime were not possible except for some one-dimensional flows. It is shown from both analytical investigation and numerical computations that the Burnett equations are unstable to disturbances of small wavelengths. This fundamental instability arises in numerical computations when the grid spacing is less than the order of a mean free path and precludes Burnett flowfield computations above a certain maximum altitude for any given aerospace vehicle. A new set of equations termed the "augmented Burnett equations" has been developed and shown to be stable both by a linearized stability analysis and by direct numerical computations for one-dimensional and plane-two-dimensional flows. The latter represents the first known Burnett solutions for two-dimensional hypersonic flow over blunt leading edges. The comparison of these solutions with the conventional Navier-Stokes solutions reveals that the difference is small in low-altitude low-speed flows but significant in high-altitude hypersonic flows.
Calculation of the photon echo with mixed-state propagation

Abstract The nonlinear optical photon echo measurement provides a direct probe of electronic coherence dynamics in condensed matter. We present a semiclassical algorithm for calculating the photon echo observable that is suitable for evaluation by molecular dynamics simulation. The method is compared to alternatives from the literature for an analytically soluble one-dimensional model.