cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview on Data Envelopment Analysis

The chapter provides a general introductory overview of data envelopment analysis. Its main purpose is to introduce the reader to the major concepts underlying this nonparametric technique. After familiarizing the reader with the general process used in calculating the scores of relative efficiency, the chapter presents an overview of various orientations and types of DEA models. In conclusion, the chapter gives an overview of using DEA for the purposes of constructing Malmquist index, a popular tool for measuring changes in efficiency over time; a brief example is used to illustrate major points.
Motivational Design Research and Development

The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate some of the diverse settings (Figure 12.1) in which research and development incorporating the ARCS model is occurring and that were not described in earlier parts of this book. Diversity in this context refers to several things including geography, organizations, and school subjects. Researchers and practitioners in virtually every part of the world are incorporating the ARCS model in their research and practices, as illustrated in part by the above list of studies. This illustrates the cross-cultural adaptability of the model and its perceived applicability to many areas of research and practice. The model is also incorporated in every type of organization in which instruction occurs. These include universities, elementary through secondary schools, health care organizations, corporations, military organizations, and government agencies.
M2S-CGM: A Detailed Architectural Simulator for Coherent CPU-GPU Systems

We introduce M2S-CGM a detailed architectural simulator that models the interactions between CPUs and GPUs operating in coherent heterogeneous compute environments. M2S-CGM extends an existing and established x86 CPU model and Southern Islands GPU model, adds a new custom-built memory system model and switching fabric called CGM, and incorporates a well-known SDRAM model. The CGM memory system simulator provides configurable entire system simulation and can support a range of non-coherent and coherent CPU-GPU configurations. M2S-CGM supports the runtime for OpenCL-based benchmarks in addition to traditional multithreaded CPU benchmarks and can run benchmarks from established heterogeneous benchmark collections. This allows us to experiment with different coherent CPU-GPU configurations and propose effective future improvements in these systems. We present the makeup of M2S-CGM's software architectural design, provide a validation of the simulator, and provide coherent CPU-GPU execution results. Our validation results show average differences between our physical test system and M2S-CGM, of 10.4%, 22%, and 6.4% for 2 threaded, 4 threaded, and heterogeneous benchmark runs respectively. Our coherent CPU-GPU experimental results show an average speedup of 2.8 for our benchmarks over the baseline noncoherent system.
2017 WSGC Elijah High-Altitude Balloon Payload

The 2017 WSGC Elijah High-Altitude Balloon Payload Fellowship focused on three different topics for high altitude research: Modular Payload Design, Balloon Dynamics, and Energy Harvesting. A modular payload system was created using advanced manufacturing methods, which improved assembly and field operation. Minor structural fracturing was observed upon recovery. All instrumentation recovered were functioning. Vertical flight dynamics of a high-altitude balloon were studied to create a model that was compared against experimental data. Predictions did not accurately replicate GPS altitude data, possibly due to incorrect internal-balloon pressure readings and underlying assumptions. Habitability of high-altitude environments were explored by monitoring insect analog in pressurized environment. A slow pressure leak induced insects into a comatose state. Radiation was detected visually with camera. Investigated energy generation from balloon kinematics. Flight data not obtained but flight simulation data produced average voltage = 0.0039 V and total energy = 245.13 J.
Malfeasance in the Charitable Sector: Determinants of “Soft” Corruption at Nonprofit Organizations

The causes and effects of organizational corruption have been widely examined in the literature, including malfeasance that is specific to nonprofits organizations. This article draws a distinction...
Relational Ambivalence at Work

Relationships at work have received significant attention in the literature in attempting to understand the development and consequences of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ relationships. While much is known about...
Openly Carrying Handguns for Self-Defense

The journal articles in the extant philosophical literature which argue in favor of carrying handguns for self-defense tend to assume that these weapons will be concealed and make no mention of carrying them openly. This paper aims to show that, since open-carry can be more effective for self-defense than concealed-carry, any argument for a moral right to carry a handgun for self-defense which relies on a claim of their effectiveness and which assumes concealed-carry, entails the moral right to carry them openly in public.
Linking and Scaling

This chapter presents a number of methods for linking the calibration results from two or more tests. It covers two general cases. Linking when the test forms are designed to be equivalent and to be used with the same examinee population, and linking when the test forms do not have the same content and/or statistical specifications and the examinees are not from the same population. The first case corresponds to the case of test equating. The goal is to report information about the locations of examinees in the multidimensional space that can be used interchangeably independent of test form. The second case includes the multidimensional extension of vertical scaling and reporting results in the same coordinate system when test specifications change. The development of large item pools and item banks also may require the linking of calibrations from nonparallel test forms.
IDENTIFYING TARGETS FOR INTERVENTION BY ANALYZING BASINS OF ATTRACTION

Motivation: A grand challenge in the modeling of biological systems is the identification of key variables which can act as targets for intervention. Good intervention targets are the “key players” in a system and have significant influence over other variables; in other words, in the context of diseases such as cancer, targeting these variables with treatments and interventions will provide the greatest effects because of their direct and indirect control over other parts of the system. Boolean networks are among the simplest of models, yet they have been shown to adequately model many of the complex dynamics of biological systems. Often ignored in the Boolean network model, however, are the so called basins of attraction. As the attractor states alone have been shown to correspond to cellular phenotypes, it is logical to ask which variables are most responsible for triggering a path through a basin to a particular attractor. Results: This work claims that logic minimization (i.e. classical circuit design) of the collections of states in Boolean network basins of attraction reveals key players in the network. Furthermore, we claim that the key players identified by this method are often excellent targets for intervention given a network modeling a biological system, and more importantly, that the key players identified are not apparent from the attractor states alone, from existing Boolean network measures, or from other network measurements. We demonstrate these claims with a well-studied yeast cell cycle network and with a WNT5A network for melanoma, computationally predicted from gene expression data.
Dry Eye Syndrome

Dry eye syndrome (DES, also referred to as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, or KCS) is very common, affecting between 5% and 30% of the population. Symptoms range from occasional irritation to debilitating pain and visual compromise. Numerous studies have found that DES significantly affects patient’s quality of life. In 2015 alone, the sale of dry eye medications and devices accounted for $3.2 billion, and this is expected to grow to $4.5 billion by 2020. While it is easy to identify the symptoms associated with dry eye (foreign body sensation, grittiness, epiphora, burning, etc.), it is much more challenging to define the syndrome itself. “Dry eye” is a multifactorial and complicated condition, dependent on tear production and evaporation, inflammation of the ocular surface, and patient symptomatology.
The association between HIV/AIDS and childhood sexual abuse: An exploratory case study

AbstractThe effects of sexual abuse in childhood are serious and far-reaching, and include a number of short- and long-term sequelae, including depression, anxiety, disordered eating, post-traumati...
Partial field decomposition of the simulated noise from a highly heated laboratory-scale jet

The decomposition of jet noise fields into self-coherent and mutually incoherent parts is an important step preliminary to the application of acoustical holography techniques. Cross-spectral matrices of point arrays sampled from large eddy simulations of a laboratory-scale jet operating at a high temperature ratio are decomposed using a singular value decomposition to obtain partial fields. The shape and relative strengths of the individual partial fields highlight the difference between the coherent radiation in the aft direction and the incoherent portion of the radiation towards the sideline. Azimuthally, levels are mostly constant but require multiple partial fields to accurately represent the low coherence at high frequency.The decomposition of jet noise fields into self-coherent and mutually incoherent parts is an important step preliminary to the application of acoustical holography techniques. Cross-spectral matrices of point arrays sampled from large eddy simulations of a laboratory-scale jet operating at a high temperature ratio are decomposed using a singular value decomposition to obtain partial fields. The shape and relative strengths of the individual partial fields highlight the difference between the coherent radiation in the aft direction and the incoherent portion of the radiation towards the sideline. Azimuthally, levels are mostly constant but require multiple partial fields to accurately represent the low coherence at high frequency.
PhD Forum Abstract: Scheduling Tasks on Intermittently Powered Systems

The recent development of extremely low-power computing devices and efficient energy harvesters led to the creation of computing systems that are powered by intermittently available harvested energy, e.g., solar, piezoelectric, and radio-frequency (RF). Such computing systems go through power-on and off phases due to the lack of adequate harvesting energy. These systems are known as Intermittent Computing Systems. While existing works on intermittent computing systems concentrate preliminary on the lower level goals, e.g., execution progress and memory consistency [1], [3], [5], [6], [9], the potential of such systems under timing constraints is yet to be explored. Some applications of intermittent systems with timing constraints include monitoring wildlife, health, infrastructure and environmental conditions, pedestrian safety, indoor localization and occupancy detection. In this work, we schedule tasks on intermittent systems where tasks may have timing constraints. We focus on the timely-response of intermittent systems by (1) developing unified frameworks that integrate harvesting and real-time systems, and (2) engineering machine learning algorithms for timely execution of the important portion of a task via imprecise scheduling.
A Critique of Alexy’s Claim to Correctness

This article offers an overview of the difficulties in Robert Alexy’s idea of law’s “claim to correctness.” The inquiry takes us deep into the nature of simple communication, back out to what it means to have a theory about the nature of law, and also in the direction of wondering about the interaction of legal theory and practical reasoning—reasoning about how we should best act. The article offers reasons to question whether law in fact makes claims, at least in any straightforward sense. Even if one brackets that matter, there are reasons to raise doubts about what is in fact implicit in the act of lawmaking. At one level, an act of lawmaking does implicitly assert the authority to act in that way. Whether it also implies that the content of the action is morally good, or at least not clearly morally bad, is, at a minimum, a harder question.
The Role of Theory in Behavior Analysis: A Response to Unfinished Business, Travis Thompson’s Review of Staddon's New Behaviorism (2nd edition)

Travis Thompson’s lengthy review of Staddon’s The New Behaviorism requires several corrections and extensions. This response discusses Staddon’s analysis of Herrnstein’s matching law and concludes that Thompson misinterprets a gentle critique as a paean. The response goes on to defend the utility of models and “internal states” (i.e., postulated processes that are not directly measurable) as “formal representation[s] of the data reduced to a minimal number of terms,” a position similar to one of B. F. Skinner’s statements. The response ends with a defense of Skinner’s empirical brilliance, but a critique of his sweeping societal prescriptions.
Region-dependent bone loss in the lumbar spine following femoral fracture in mice.

Abstract We previously showed that after femur fracture, mice lose bone at distant skeletal sites, including the lumbar vertebrae. This bone loss may increase the risk of subsequent vertebral fractures, particularly if bone is lost from high-strain bone regions, which are most commonly found adjacent to the superior and inferior endplates of the vertebral body. To determine regional bone loss from the lumbar spine following femur fracture, we evaluated the cranial, center, and caudal portions of the L5 vertebral bodies of Young (3 month-old) and Middle-Aged (12 month-old) female C57BL/6 mice two weeks after a transverse femur fractures compared to Young and Middle-Aged uninjured control mice. We hypothesized that greater bone loss would be observed in the cranial and caudal regions than in the center region in both Young and Middle-Aged mice. Trabecular and cortical bone microstructure were evaluated using micro-computed tomography, and osteoclast number and eroded surface were evaluated histologically. In Young Mice, fracture led to decreased trabecular and cortical bone microstructure primarily in the cranial and caudal regions, but not the center region, while Middle-Aged mice demonstrated decreases in trabecular bone in all regions, but did not exhibit any changes in cortical bone microstructure after fracture. No significant differences in osteoclast number or eroded surface were observed at this time point. These data suggest that bone loss following fracture in Young Mice is concentrated in areas that contain a large amount of high-strain tissue, whereas bone loss in Middle-Aged mice is less region-dependent and is restricted to the trabecular bone compartment. These results illustrate how systemic bone loss after fracture could lead to decreases in vertebral strength, and how distinct regional patterns and age-dependent differences in bone loss may differentially affect vertebral fracture risk.
Recurrent Graph Neural Network Algorithm for Unsupervised Network Community Detection.

Network community detection often relies on optimizing partition quality functions, like modularity. This optimization appears to be a complex problem traditionally relying on discrete heuristics. And although the problem could be reformulated as continuous optimization, direct application of the standard optimization methods has limited efficiency in overcoming the numerous local extrema. However, the rise of deep learning and its applications to graphs offers new opportunities. And while graph neural networks have been used for supervised and unsupervised learning on networks, their application to modularity optimization has not been explored yet. This paper proposes a new variant of the recurrent graph neural network algorithm for unsupervised network community detection through modularity optimization. The new algorithm's performance is compared against a popular and fast Louvain method and a more efficient but slower Combo algorithm recently proposed by the author. The approach also serves as a proof-of-concept for the broader application of recurrent graph neural networks to unsupervised network optimization.
Transitions in entanglement complexity in random quantum circuits by measurements

Abstract Random Clifford circuits doped with non Clifford gates exhibit transitions to universal entanglement spectrum statistics [1] and quantum chaotic behavior. In [2] we proved that the injection of Ω ( n ) non Clifford gates into a n-qubit Clifford circuit drives the transition towards the universal value of the purity fluctuations. In this paper, we show that doping a Clifford circuit with Ω ( n ) single qubit non Clifford measurements is both necessary and sufficient to drive the transition to universal fluctuations of the purity.
Getting to Know You: Student-Faculty Interaction and Student Engagement in Online Courses

Covid-19 presented many challenges to universities as brick-and-mortar courses were moved to an online format. This work is an unofficial study of learner-instructor interaction and student engagement in two 7-week online graduate-level courses conducted in Spring 2020, Fall 2020, and early Spring 2021. Research shows that instructor presence in online courses leads to increased student engagement, as well as motivation, well-being, and academic achievement. Student engagement is shown to have a direct impact on a student s emotional, behavioral, and cognitive successes. This work proposes that increased learner-instructor interaction in online courses using strategies lead to greater student engagement with the course, and greater student success in overcoming barriers and challenges to online learning.
Homotopy string links and the κ-invariant

Koschorke introduced a map from the space of closed n-component links to the space of maps from the n-torus to the ordered configuration space of n-tuples of points in R3. He conjectured that this map separates homotopy links. The purpose of this paper is to construct an analogous map for string links, and to prove (1) this map in fact separates homotopy string links, and (2) Koschorke's original map factors through the map constructed here together with an analog of Markov's closure map defined on the level of certain function spaces.
Lecture Tour in the USA

This chapter describes the first IIE sponsored lecture tour of Arthur Haas through the eastern part of the United States in 1927. The tour was a great success, with Haas talking about nuclear energy as the energy source of the future, although he did not succeed in generating a position. Upon his return to Austria, he continued publishing and generated contacts with British and US publishing houses and, indeed, many of his books became translated bestsellers in the United States. This led to a number of invitations from US universities and Haas began planning a second lecture tour to the United States, again sponsored by the IIE.
The structure and function of annulate lamellae: porous cytoplasmic and intranuclear membranes.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the structure and functions of annulate lamellae (AL). AL are membranous organelles that consist of parallel membranes enclosing a cavity or cisterna; they also resemble the nuclear envelope in organization. The membranous components of AL are interrupted by discontinuities called “pores.” The pores in AL are structurally similar or identical to pores in a nuclear envelope but tend to have a higher frequency than the nuclear envelope pores, and the pores of AL are often hexagonally arranged. The function hypothesized that the pores of AL may be involved in the processing and assembly of polyribosomes is similar to the hypothesis proposed as one of the functions for nuclear pores. AL that are present in the nuclei of several different cell types are structurally identical to cytoplasmic AL. Intranuclear AL have their origin from intranuclear vesicles. The function of intranuclear AL is unknown but has been postulated to be similar to certain functions hypothesized for cytoplasmic AL.
Three-parameter Lorentz-violating texture for neutrino mixing

Abstract A three-parameter model of neutrino oscillations based on a simple Lorentz- and CPT-violating texture is presented. The model is consistent with established data and naturally generates low-energy and neutrino–antineutrino anomalies of the MiniBooNE type. A one-parameter extension incorporates the MINOS anomaly, while a simple texture enhancement accommodates the LSND signal.
Thyroid function in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Rich.): I. Biochemical and histological evidence of radiothyroidectomy

Abstract A procedure to obtain radiothyroidectomy in rainbow trout is presented in detail. Investigations of radioiodine turnover and stable iodine distribution furnish adequate evidence of the completeness of radiothyroidectomy when compared with similar studies in intact controls. Stable iodine contents in the thyroid gland of intact controls were ascertained and found to be proportional to the level of ingested iodine. In intact fish thyroidal radioiodine uptakes were shown to be dependent, as in homoiotherms, on the adequacy of dietary iodine. Total serum I127 levels were proportional to the amount of iodine in the diet. Serum protein-bound I127 levels were found to be independent of dietary iodine and of the presence or absence of thyroid tissue. Serum organically bound iodine in thyroidectomized animals is explained by peripheral iodination or iodide “binding.” Histological examinations of serial sections of the thyroid regions, at various times after I131 administration, confirmed the disappearance of thyroid follicles. Results suggest that tyrosine iodination may occur in the absence of thyroid follicles.
An Optimal Demand Response Pricing Model for Smart Grids

This paper presents an optimal demand response pricing model for smart grids. A physical Transmission and distribution grid simulation model with renewable power sources is built to calculate optimal demand response price strategies that maximize peak load shifting and grid efficiency. A parallel PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) solver implemented on an HPC (High Performance Computing) platform is used for the nonlinear optimization. Results indicate that the optimal demand response pricing scheme would improve overall grid operation performance by intelligently dispatching behind the meter resources in dual directions -- increasing and decreasing load demands.
DNA Polymerases α and δ Are Immunologically and Structurally Distinct

Abstract The relationship between DNA polymerases alpha and delta are evaluated immunologically by monoclonal antibody specifically against DNA polymerase alpha and murine polyclonal antiserum against calf thymus DNA polymerase delta. DNA polymerases alpha and delta are found to be immunologically distinct. The structural relationship between the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-dependent calf DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase alpha from human and calf was analyzed by two-dimensional tryptic peptide mapping of the catalytic polypeptides. The results demonstrate that the catalytic polypeptides of the PCNA-dependent calf polymerase delta and DNA polymerase alpha are distinct, unrelated, and do not share any common structural determinants. The immunological and structural relationship between a recently identified PCNA-independent form of DNA polymerase delta from HeLa cells was also assessed. This PCNA-independent human polymerase delta was found to be immunologically unrelated to human polymerase alpha but to share some immunological and structural determinants with the PCNA-dependent calf thymus polymerase delta.
Requirements for Macromolecular Synthesis in the Establishment of β-Galactosidase Repression in Zygotes

Inhibitors of protein synthesis do not consistently prevent formation of the lac operon repressor, according to several published reports, although direct evidence indicates that the repressor is a protein. Inhibition of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis has never been shown to block lactose repression. These results have raised the possibility that repressor is synthesized in some unusual fashion. We have studied the effect of various inhibitors upon the establishment of repression in zygotes, utilizing conditions which minimize catabolite repression. Inhibition of protein synthesis by either chloramphenicol treatment or tryptophan deprivation blocked repressor formation in our experiments. Sodium borate and 6-azauracil are compounds reported to be specific inhibitors of RNA synthesis, and their behavior in control experiments is consistent with this specificity. Both delayed the establishment of repression. Thymine deprivation, either by starvation of a thymine auxotroph or by treatment with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, did not delay the onset of repression. We conclude that repressor formation requires RNA synthesis and probably utilizes the usual protein-forming mechanisms.
Determinants of Performance Improvements in Privatized Firms: The Role of Restructuring and Corporate Governance

During the second half of 1999, the cumulative value of privatization sales proceeds received by governments around the world topped $1 trillion. While it has thus significantly reduced the global fiscal burden, and has significantly altered the world's economic landscape, privatization has also raised important questions. While there is now ample empirical evidence that privatization improves the performance of divested firms, to date there has been very little study of why these performance improvements occur. We use a sample of 119 firms (from 29 countries and 28 industries), privatized via public share offering between 1961 and 1995, to address this important issue. We first contribute to the existing empirical literature by documenting significant increases in profitability, efficiency, output, and capital expenditures, and significant decreases in leverage following privatization. Unlike any other large-sample empirical study of share-issue privatization, we then study the determinants of these performance improvements using six proxies for performance changes. Prior to privatization, governments may choose to restructure firms through ownership changes (i.e., establish relation with strategic foreign investors, implement employee share ownership plan) and/or acquisitions and divestitures and/or financial restructuring (i.e., debt write-offs). Our results confirm that both restructuring and changes in corporate governance are important determinants of post-privatization performance. Therefore, our data identify both "micro" and "macro" sources of post-privatization performance improvement. Following privatization, firms significantly increase profitability, output per employee, and real sales. These results add to the growing empirical evidence that, following privatization firms become more profitable and efficient. Our data provide evidence of stronger profitability gains for firms with lower employee ownership and higher state ownership, stronger output gains for firms in competitive industries and for firms in countries with growing economies. Stronger efficiency gains are observed when foreign ownership is high, for firms that restructured, for firms in developing nations and when the share offer size is relatively small compared to total national market capitalization. We find that higher levels of employee ownership are associated with greater increases in capital expenditure after privatization. Finally, our results indicate that leverage increases more for firms with higher foreign ownership, those located in developing economies and those in countries with rapidly growing economies.
The geology and mineralogy of Ritchey crater, Mars: Evidence for post‐Noachian clay formation

Widespread detection of phyllosilicates (clay minerals) in Noachian (>3.5 Ga) terrains on Mars and their paucity in younger terrains have led to the hypothesis that Noachian conditions were more clement than the colder, drier conditions that have since followed. However, recent clay detections in several Hesperian impact craters suggest that fluvial transport and alteration were possible after the posited early era of phyllosilicate formation. Here we present evidence that rocks within Hesperian age Ritchey crater (28.5°S, 51°W) record a period of post-Noachian fluvial transport and in situ alteration. This resulted in the transport of clays from the crater wall to the crater floor and the formation of hydrated silica and Fe/Mg smectite in Ritchey's central uplift. Clay minerals associated with central uplifts are commonly interpreted to represent preexisting clays excavated from depth, potentially providing insight into older crustal clay-forming processes. Here we present detailed geomorphic and mineralogic maps and show that the clays in Ritchey's central peak formed after or as a direct result of the impact and are thus Hesperian or younger. Clays on the crater wall were either preexisting clays exposed by the impact or formed in situ through postimpact water-rock interaction. In either scenario, some of these clays were likely subsequently transported to the crater floor by fluvial-alluvial processes in a source-to-sink system. In this context, the hydrated phases in Ritchey indicate several different formation and transport mechanisms and provide further evidence that near-surface clay mineral formation, and thus habitable conditions, existed on Mars after the Noachian.
Physicians, Information Technology, and Health Care Systems: A Journey, Not a Destination

Two papers in this issue of JAMIA discuss computerized physician order entry (CPOE) and a third one discusses patient clinical information systems (PCISs), which often include CPOE. The first paper, by Ash and colleagues, simply reports the rate at which U.S. hospitals and their care providers are adopting physician order entry systems.1 The other two challenge the current push toward rapid adoption of CPOE and PCIS in the health care industry—Berger and Kichak,2 by challenging the evidence base for the push, and Ash et al.,3 by calling attention to many failure points that occur when rigid computer system designs meet the reality of really complex clinical systems. Before commenting on these papers, we should confess our long-term infatuation with computers and a 30-year conviction that computers could be the “chicken soup” for many illnesses of the health care system. We proved that computer reminders systems are chicken soup for preventive care in a series of studies starting in 1976.4–7 Then, during the early 1980s, we spent our nights and weekends and as much time as we could scrape from our workday writing, testing, implementing, and studying software for what would become the Medical Gopher ,8 the first PC-based order entry system used, and studied, in outpatient care.9–11 More years were required to tune and adapt this system, born in an outpatient setting, for an inpatient service. Then we performed the first, and what may be the only, randomized trial of CPOE in the hospital and proved that our Medical Gopher order entry system is chicken soup to hospital inefficiency. It reduced the cost of care and improved the workflow among CPOE users by 13% compared with the control group who used the traditional paper orders. An example of its benefit …
Pulse oximetry screening in Wisconsin.

Introduction. Pulse oximetry can be used as a screening tool to detect critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) in neonates prior to hospital discharge and the development of symptoms. Newborns suspected of having CCHD based on pulse oximetry screening should have the diagnosis excluded or confirmed with echocardiography. However, echocardiography is not immediately available in all settings in which newborns are delivered and the best course of action in these settings remains to be determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the resources available to diagnose and treat newborns with CCHD born in the state of Wisconsin. Methods. We surveyed the nurse managers or administrators of the 99 Wisconsin hospitals in which babies are routinely delivered in the state of Wisconsin. A telephone survey was performed in February and March 2011. The number of births per facility was estimated from the most recent available data (2010). Results. There were 66 179 total births occurring in 106 hospitals in the state of Wisconsin in 2010, with 99 hospitals routinely delivering newborns. Surveys were completed in 88/99 (88.9%), representing 95% of the state's in-hospital births. All responding hospitals had pulse oximetry available in the nursery. Twenty-five of 88 (28.4%) of responding hospitals routinely use pulse oximetry to screen for CCHD, representing 35.2% of surveyed hospital births. Same-day neonatal echocardiography was available at 33/88 (37.5%) of the responding hospitals, representing 74.4% of surveyed hospital births. The average distance to the higher-level care facility of choice from the hospitals without neonatal echocardiography is 53.1 miles. Conclusion. Pulse oximetry is universally available in Wisconsin newborn nurseries, and pulse oximetry screening for CCHD is currently being performed for many of Wisconsin's newborns. The majority of births in Wisconsin occur in hospitals where same-day neonatal echocardiography is available for confirmatory diagnosis of CCHD when necessary.
Mono- and dilayer analogues of crystalline atomic hydrogen

As well as being of interest in their own right, many of the essential features of the lattice properties of crystalline atomic hydrogen should be interpretable in terms of the lattice properties of one- or two-layer hydrogen films. Here we present optimized equilibrium lattice parameters for monatomic hydrogen one- and two-layer films in several Bravais lattices as determined by all electron, full potential localdensity-approximation calculations.
Effects of High and Fluctuating Temperatures on Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Abstract Development of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), was modeled under high and fluctuating temperatures to determine what effects an increase in mean summer temperatures of 2.5–3.5°C would have on green peach aphid populations in Minnesota and North Dakota. Green peach aphid developed faster and had greater fecundity under fluctuating conditions. The constant temperature model failed to predict observed development under fluctuating temperatures (R2 = 0.01). Optimal temperature for green peach aphid population growth was 26.7°C. The lower and upper developmental thresholds were 6.5 and 37.3°C, respectively. Under optimal conditions, intrinsic rate of increase was 0.356, and population doubling time was 1.95 d. At optimal fluctuating temperature conditions, one female aphid produced 12.2 progeny each week while under the most favorable constant temperature conditions; each female aphid produced only 5.9 progeny. Green peach aphid was able to survive 1 h each day above its calculated lethal ...
Automated Rain-Rate Classification of Satellite Images Using Statistical Pattern Recognition

This paper describes an automated procedure to determine rain rates in visible and infrared satellite images by means of statistical pattern recognition. Using brightness and textural features extracted from the images, the procedure classifies 8 km X 8 km windows of data into one of three classes of rain rate: none, light, and heavy. The training process utilizes both weather radar and cloud-development information derived from image sequences. Images from three different days were tested and classification accuracies of 70 percent or better were obtained. An automated scheme of this type has the potential to greatly speed the process of producing an estimate of rainfall from satellite imagery with little compromise in overall accuracy.
Detection of Multiple Changes of Variance Using Posterior Odds

This article uses a Bayesian procedure based on obtaining posterior odds to assess the evidence about the existence of multiple changes of variance in a time series. The approach is developed for sequences of independent observations. An extension to consider autoregressive models is also discussed. The information on the data about the location of the change points and the magnitude of the variances at the different pieces of the series is summarized through posterior distributions. The procedure is illustrated with a well-known financial series.
The demonstration of pre-hepatic immune response to Fasciola hepatica in the mouse.

Abstract Harness E. , Hughes D. L. and Doy T. G. 1976. The demonstration of a pre-hepatic immune response to Fasciola hepatica in the mouse. International Journal for Parasitology 6: 15–17. Two groups of mice were immunized with either one oral dose of 20 irradiated metacercariae per mouse or 2 such doses given 7 days apart. Twenty-one days after immunization these mice together with non immunized controls were orally dosed with 100 normal metacercariae. Two days later immature flukes were recovered from the peritoneal cavity and counted. The numbers of flukes recovered from both immunized groups of mice were significantly lower than those obtained from the controls; this is taken to indicate that a protective mechanism operates at the intestinal wall.
Stress mediates the relationship between sexual orientation and behavioral risk disparities

Background: Growing evidence documents elevated behavioral risk among sexual-minorities, including gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals; however, tests of biological or psychological indicators of stress as explanations for these disparities have not been conducted. Methods: Data were from the 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and included 9662 participants; 9254 heterosexuals, 153 gays/lesbians and 255 bisexuals. Associations between sexual orientation and tobacco, alcohol, substance, and marijuana use, and body mass index, were tested using the chi-square test. Stress, operationalized as depressive symptoms and elevated C-reactive protein, was tested as mediating the association between sexual orientation and behavioral health risks. Multiple logistic regression was used to test for mediation effects, and the Sobel test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of the meditating effect. Results: Gays/lesbians and bisexuals were more likely to report current smoking (p< .001), a lifetime history of substance use (p< .001), a lifetime history of marijuana use (p< .001), and a lifetime period of risky drinking (p= .0061). The largest disparities were observed among bisexuals. Depressive symptoms partially mediated the association between sexual orientation and current smoking (aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.59, 2.63), lifetime history of substance use (aOR 3.30 95% CI 2.20, 4.96), and lifetime history of marijuana use (aOR 2.90, 95% CI 2.02, 4.16), among bisexuals only. C-reactive protein did not mediate the sexual orientation/behavior relationship. Conclusion: Higher prevalence of current smoking and lifetime history of substance use was observed among sexual minorities compared to heterosexuals. Among bisexuals, depressive symptoms accounted for only 0.9-3% of the reduction in the association between sexual orientation and marijuana use and tobacco use, respectively. More comprehensive assessments of stress are needed to inform explanations of the disparities in behavioral risk observed among sexual minorities.
Building Blocks for Intrachip Optical Networks

CMOS compatible photonic devices are at the point where integration with electronics is feasible. We will show how our ultra low power photonic devices can be utilized in an intrachip optical network, supporting multicore processing
The next generation of bacteriophage therapy

Bacteriophage therapy for bacterial infections is a concept with an extensive but controversial history. There has been a recent resurgence of interest into bacteriophages owing to the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance and virulent bacterial pathogens. Despite these efforts, bacteriophage therapy remains an underutilized option in Western medicine due to challenges such as regulation, limited host range, bacterial resistance to phages, manufacturing, side effects of bacterial lysis, and delivery. Recent advances in biotechnology, bacterial diagnostics, macromolecule delivery, and synthetic biology may help to overcome these technical hurdles. These research efforts must be coupled with practical and rigorous approaches at academic, commercial, and regulatory levels in order to successfully advance bacteriophage therapy into clinical settings.
Factors Influencing Hospitality Recruiters’ Hiring Decisions in College Recruiting

The purpose of this study was to assess the criteria employed by hospitality recruiters to select entry-level managers among hospitality graduating seniors. This article introduces the Factors Influencing Hospitality Recruiters’ Hiring Decisions Model based on researchers’ review of recruitment and hospitality literature. The Factors Influencing Hospitality Recruiters’ Hiring Decisions Model guided the qualitative inquiry of 14 in-depth interviews with 22 purposefully selected recruiters/managers, who represented 14 companies from five hospitality industry segments. The data were analyzed with the content analysis techniques of phenomenology qualitative research and revealed that leadership, relevant job experience, person-organization and person-job fit, and personality are the most influential factors in recruiters’ hiring decisions.
The dynamics of candidate evaluations and vote choice in 2008: looking to the past or future?

In this paper, we leverage a 10-wave election panel to examine the relative and dynamic effects of voter evaluations of Bush, Palin, Biden, McCain, and Obama in the 2008 presidential election. We show that the effects of these political figures on vote choice evolves through the campaign, with the predictive effects of President Bush declining after the nominees are known, and the effects of the candidates (and Palin), increasing towards Election Day. In evaluating the relative effects of these political figures on individual-level changes in vote choice during the fall campaign, we also find that evaluations of the candidates and Sarah Palin dwarf that of President Bush. Our results suggest a Bayesian model of voter decision making in which retrospective evaluations of the previous administration might provide a starting point for assessing the candidates, but prospective evaluations based on information learned during the campaign helps voters to update their candidate preference. Finally, we estimate the “Palin effect,” based on individual-level changes in favorability towards the vice-presidential nominee, and conclude that her campaign performance cost McCain just under 2% of the final vote share.
High pT Hadron Correlation and No Correlation

Abstract An overview of the correlation among high- p T hadrons produced in heavy-ion collisions is presented. Emphasis is placed on the physical processes that can quantitatively account for the data on correlations in p T , η and ϕ on the near and far sides. Predictions are made on processes that have no observable correlations for hadrons produced at intermediate and higher p T at RHIC and LHC.
Baseline 2D PC-MRI hemodynamic markers correlate to aorta growth in serially monitored bicuspid aortic valve patients

Background Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart defect whereby a significant percentage of patients experience dissection or progressive aortic dilation. There is increasing evidence that aortic hemodynamics such as wall shear stress (WSS) and flow jet eccentricity may exacerbate the development of aortopathy; however, these relationships have been investigated using experimental cardiac MRI protocols. We hypothesize that standard 2D through-plane encoded PC-MRI can aid in identifying BAV patients most at-risk for progressive aortic dilation.
Molar refraction, molar volume, and refractive index of fatty acid esters and related compounds in the liquid state

Equations have been developed for the calculation of molar refraction, molar volume or density, and refractive index for liquid fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives in relation to two parameters, carbon chain length, and unsaturation. Particular attention has been given to the applicability of the equations to families of compounds in which the unsaturated members contain onlycis double bonds and in which the ethylene units of the polyene members are interrupted by methylene groups. The equations are sufficiently accurate to have considerable utility in establishing the identity, purity, or structure of various fatty acid derivatives.
A stochastic permeability model for the shale-gas systems

Abstract The pore network in shale reservoirs consists of pores associated with both organic matter and inorganic matrix. The range of pore sizes within the organic matter is usually an order of magnitude smaller than pore sizes within the inorganic matrix, causing a bimodal pore-size distribution for the total system revealed in nitrogen adsorption tests. We use a stochastic classification method based on a mixture of Gaussian assumption to separate two distributions of pores in organic matter and inorganic matrix. We construct an ensemble-based stochastic model conditioned to total organic content (TOC) and the characteristics of pore-size distributions in organic and inorganic media. This treatment of different pore sizes in organic and inorganic enables us to assign sorption process only in organic matter. The model can be used to calculate the apparent gas permeability (AP) in shale from a combination of nitrogen-adsorption and SEM-image data. We validate the model with data from the literature, and use it to determine permeability and tortuosity from pulse-decay experimental data. The model results show that AP is more sensitive to the mean of pores within inorganic matrix than within organic matter. These results suggest that pore sizes corresponding to each compartment; organic and inorganic should be considered to estimate permeability. The model results also confirm permeability enhancement owing to the sorption process in organic matter below critical sorption pressure.
Strain energy release rate formulae for skin-stiffener debond modeled with plate elements

An efficient method for predicting the strength of debonded composite skin-stiffener configurations is presented. This method, which is based on fracture mechanics, models the skin and stiffener with two-dimensional (2D) plate elements instead of three-dimensional (3D) solid elements. The skin and stiffener flange nodes are tied together by two modeling techniques. In one technique, the corresponding flange and skin nodes are required to have identical translational and rotational degrees-of-freedom. In the other technique, the corresponding flange and skin nodes are only required to have identical translational degrees-of-freedom. Strain energy release rate formulae are proposed for both modeling techniques. These formulae are used for skin-stiffener debond cases with and without cylindrical bending deformations. The cylindrical bending results are compared with plane-strain finite element results. Excellent agreement between the two sets of results is obtained when the second technique is used. Thus, from these limited studies, a preferable modeling technique for skin-stiffener debond analysis using plate elements is established.