cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of hepatic and testicular lesions in fischer-344 rats by single oral doses of nitrobenzene

Abstract Since the acute toxicity of nitrobenzene (NB) in rats has not been characterized, experiments were performed to ascertain the possible deleterious effects of NB in different tissues of the male Fischer-344 rat. Rats were given single oral doses of NB (50–450 mg/kg) and at the time of sacrifice, 25 tissues were removed and examined histologically by light microscopy. Histopathological changes induced by a single oral dose of NB consistently involved only the liver and testes. One rat receiving 450 mg NB/kg had a microscopic cerebellar lesion. Hepatic centrolobular necrosis appeared inconsistently in rats given various doses of NB, while hepatocellular nucleolar enlargement was consistently detected in rats given doses of NB as low as 110 mg/kg. These data suggest that nucleolar enlargement was independent of cell death and subsequent regeneration. Testicular lesions were confined to the seminiferous tubules and consisted of necrosis of the primary and secondary spermatocytes with the appearance of multinucleated giant cells between one and four days after administration of NB 300 mg/kg. Necrotic debris and decreased numbers of spermatozoa were seen in the epididymis as early as three days after NB administration. The NB-induced methemoglobinemia does not appear to be solely responsible for the formation of early lesions in the rat liver, testes, or brain, since sodium nitrite administration, at dosages which produced methemoglobinemia equivalent to that of NB, did not produce any histopathological changes. Thus, the observed liver and testicular damage are probably due to a direct effect of NB or its metabolites.
The mechanism of photocure of inherently photosensitive polyimides containing a benzophenone group

The photochemistry of an appropriately substituted bisimide has been studied in solution by conventional means and time resolved laser techniques as a model for the behavior of inherently photosensitive solvent soluble polyimides, whose photochemistry are not well understood. A mechanism for the photochemical insolubilization of the polymer systems is suggested based on the results for the model system, which is confirmed by time resolved laser studies of polyimide solutions. Phosphorescence quenching rate constants for the model compound indicate that the triplet excited state is about one order of magnitude more reactive than triplet benzophenone, an increase most likely due to the inductive effect of the imide moieties.
Left ventricular volume estimation from three-dimensional echocardiography

For three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) to have greater clinical use, there will need to be automated means for estimating cardiac function parameters such as left ventricular (LV) volume directly from the 3DE data set. A prerequisite for estimation of LV volume is the accurate extraction of the endocardium over a cardiac cycle. In this paper we present a semi-automated algorithm that, with minimal operator input, effectively tracks the LV boundary through the spatial and temporal sequences of 2D frames generated by 3DE. Variations in imaging conditions and heart motion make it difficult to develop effective prior geometric and dynamic models for the LV. However, operators can easily locate a few landmark points on the boundary in a given 2D frame. Our algorithm begins with the operator marking some highly visible points along the boundary in a few spatially separated frames at end-systole. This takes a few seconds to complete, and is the only operator input. Full boundary estimates in these initial frames are completed by spline fitting to the selected points. These estimates are used to establish search regions for the intermediate frames at end-systole, within which boundary points are specified as those having highest edge probability. The use of search regions avoids matches to non-endocardial edges. A similar procedure is then used for the temporal sequence of frames at each spatial location: the boundary is tracked by finding points of high edge probability within search regions initialized by the end-systole estimate at that location. LV volume as a function of time is then calculated from the set of estimated boundaries using a modified version of planimetry.
Baroclinic Instabilities of a Deep Fluid

Abstract An analytical study is made of the baroclinic instability problem for a zonal wind U (z), by modifying the Eady model through relaxation of the shallow-layer approximation. The linearized perturbation equation is derived, including the mass-divergence effect in the continuity equation and the non-hydrostatic effect in the vertical momentum equation. When U (z) = constant, the non-hydrostatic effect decreases the effective propagation speeds of wave having short horizontal wavelengths. Assuming that the zonal current velocity profile is linear, two limiting cases are treated (i.e., the geostrophic-type instability limit and the symmetric-type instability limit). For the case of the geostrophic-type instability limit, the mass-divergence effect seems to reduce primarily the wave propagation speeds, while the unstable wave growth rates are decreased by both the mass-divergence and the non-hydrostatic effects. However, for the case of the symmetric-type instability limit, the mass-divergence effect i...
Potential sensitive dyes: nonlinear optical properties and solvatochromism

The molecular first hyperpolarizability β of di-2-ANEPEQ and di-8-ANEPPS have been measured using hyper-Rayleigh scattering. Because of the strong fluorescence produced by the ANEP dyes, time correlated single photon counting Hyper-Rayleigh scattering measurements and spectral decomposition have been used to obtain accurate β values that correct for the competing fluorescent signal. The molecular hyperpolarizability β is measured for various wavelengths and compared with a two level model. Solvent effects have also been measured; the experimental results are consistent with a two valence bond state model.
TRANSFORMATION, ARTICULATION, AND ADVOCACY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD TEACHER EDUCATION: SUPPORTING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

(1993). TRANSFORMATION, ARTICULATION, AND ADVOCACY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD TEACHER EDUCATION: SUPPORTING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 8-12.
Embryo cryopreservation at the pronuclear stage and efficient embryo use optimizes the chance for a liveborn infant from a single oocyte retrieval.

Abstract Objective: To estimate the potential for a liveborn in our program achieved through either fresh or frozen embryos derived from a single oocyte retrieval. Design: Retrospective analysis. Setting: A tertiary referral reproductive medicine unit. Patient(s): All consecutive patients undergoing oocyte retrieval from January 1, 1996, to June 30, 1997. Intervention(s): All couples undergoing IVF-ET at our center are counseled about a specific embryo transfer number after oocyte retrieval based on demographic and historical factors. Only this specified number of embryos is retained in culture. All normally fertilized (2PN) oocytes exceeding this number are immediately cryopreserved at the pronuclear stage. For couples who do not conceive after fresh embryo transfers, frozen embryo transfers are subsequently performed by usually thawing only the number of embryos intended for transfer, thereby conserving remaining embryos for further potential frozen embryo cycles. Main Outcome Measure(s): Liveborn delivery per oocyte retrieval. Result(s): From January 1, 1996 to June 30, 1997, 261 oocyte retrievals were performed, resulting in 245 fresh transfers. Embryos were cryopreserved after 75.9% of retrievals. Through June 30, 1998, 103 frozen transfers were performed (excluding frozen transfers occurring after a liveborn delivery). Rates of liveborn deliveries occurring from oocytes derived from a single retrieval for patients aged 39.0 years were 61.2%, 59.7%, and 18.5%, respectively. Conclusion(s): For women
Comparative histology of the respiratory apparatus of three desert rodents and the albino rat a view on morphological adaptations

Abstract 1. 1. Histological structure of the respiratory tract of the desert wood rat (Neotoma lepida), the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) and the antelope ground squirrel (Ammospermophilus leucurus) was studied and compared to that of the laboratory white rat (Rattus norvegicus). 2. 2. Tracheal diameter differed among the species, where the largest diameter was for white rat and the smallest for the desert wood rat. Goblet cells were present in the white rat, absent in the kangaroo rat and few were present in the other two species. 3. 3. The bronchial tree walls were very thin in white rats, moderately thick in ground squirrels and kangaroo rats and thick in the wood rats. Macrophages were found in large numbers in the kangaroo rat, in moderate numbers in the white rat and ground squirrel and were few in number in the wood rat. 4. 4. With the exception of the antelope ground squirrel, a wide range of alveolar shapes and sizes was observed. The number of atria arising from each alveolar duct was least in the kangaroo rat and highest in the white rat. 5. 5. An attempt was made to correlate tracheal dimensions, atrial diameters and presence or absence of goblet cells and seromucous glands with certain physiological adaptations to life in the desert.
Compositions of commercial corn and soybean lecithins

The lipid and fatty acid compositions of commercial corn and soybean lecithins were compared. The types of lipids were similar, but the proportions varied. The ratio of glycolipids to phospholipids was 0.36 for corn lecithin and 0.14 for soybean. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol were major phospholipids in both lecithins. In soybean lecithin, the percentage of phosphatidyleth-anolamine equaled that of phosphatidylinositol, but in corn, the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine was only about one-fourth the percentage of phosphatidylinositol. High levels of phosphatidic acid in both the corn and soybean preparations indicated some degradation of the phospholipids during processing. The major differences in fatty acid compositions were a higher percentage of oleic acid and lower percentages of stearic and linolenic acids in corn compared to soybean. The lower level of linolenic acid should give corn lecithin greater resistance toward autoxidation and the development of off-flavors.
Substance Misuse, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicide Attempts Among a National Sample of Homeless

ABSTRACT This study's purpose was to identify the relationship between the annual incidence of drug and alcohol misuse among a national probability sample of 2,974 homeless individuals and self-reports of suicidal ideation and attempts while considering the predictors of both drug and alcohol misuse and suicidal ideation and attempts. By using a national dataset, the National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients (NSHAPC), and testing a series of logistic models, this study allows for the development of empirically-driven prevention and treatment programs designed to appropriately and effectively target suicidal ideation and attempts among homeless substance misusers.
Selective focal inhibition of brain protein synthesis during generalized bicuculline seizures in newborn marmoset monkeys

Generalized epileptic seizures, induced in 5-7 day-old marmoset monkeys with bicuculline (5 mg/kg) produce striking focal disruption of protein synthesis. Inhibition of protein synthesis was most severe in the neocortex and hippocampus but was completely absent in the lateral geniculate nuclei and in the optic tract. In the cortex, regions in which protein synthesis was most severely reduced alternated with areas in which it was relatively preserved creating a columnar pattern. With few exceptions, subcortical gray matter structures in the forebrain and brainstem were less severely affected than the cortex. In the cerebellum, seizures appeared to have little effect on the proliferating external granular layer while the closely adjacent internal granular layer showed clear-cut inhibition. The focal nature of protein synthesis inhibition in brain during seizures suggests that the systemic effects of convulsions (e.g. hypoxemia, acidosis or changes in arterial blood pressure) are not a major factor. More likely, protein synthesis inhibition is related to the extent to which various cerebral structures participate in seizure activity.
Incorporating Student-Led Field Trips and Learner-Centered Teaching in a Capstone Geology Course

ABSTRACT Capstone experiences are typically the culmination of an undergraduate program and allow students to integrate their content knowledge with communication and technical skills, many of which are desirable in the job market and graduate school. Learner-centered teaching fits well with a capstone course because it requires students to be more engaged in the material and take an active role in their education. The capstone course in the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown Geology program has recently been revised to include more learner-centered teaching and a Spring Break field trip. Each student in the course chose and led a field trip that illustrated a specific geologic feature or process. The majority of assignments for the course revolved around preparing, leading, and reporting on the field trip topic. The students generally enjoyed the course, found it beneficial, and learned geologic content because of their own inquiry. By shifting the course to emphasize learner-centered teaching, the st...
Potential problems with "well fitting" models.

The assessment of model fit is a more complex and indeterminate process than is commonly acknowledged by researchers who use structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques. Even models that are well fitting according to commonly used statistical tests and descriptive fit indices can have significant problems and ambiguities. The authors discuss 7 potential difficulties that can arise and that should temper researchers' conclusions: equivalent models, nonequivalent but well-fitting alternative models, omitted variables, problematic lower-order model components, the failure to parse composite models into meaningful partitions (e.g., measurement vs. structural), inattention to the multiple factors that affect the sensitivity of measures of fit to model misspecifications, and reliance on specification searches. In addition to providing examples of each of these problems, the authors offer recommendations for psychopathologists who conduct SEM analyses.
Heat transfer in power transistors

The internal heat transfer problem for a typical power-transistor structure has been solved analytically. The relations among current distribution, heat generation and temperature distribution have been derived. Usage of the resulting equations is illustrated by application to the most elementary problem, namely, uniform heat generation under the emitter.
Modeling the Developmental Patterns of Auditory Evoked Magnetic Fields in Children

Background As magnetoencephalography (MEG) is of increasing utility in the assessment of deficits and development delays in brain disorders in pediatrics, it becomes imperative to fully understand the functional development of the brain in children. Methodology The present study was designed to characterize the developmental patterns of auditory evoked magnetic responses with respect to age and gender. Sixty children and twenty adults were studied with a 275-channel MEG system. Conclusions Three main responses were identified at approximately 46 ms (M50), 71 ms (M70) and 106 ms (M100) in latency for children. The latencies of M70 and M100 shortened with age in both hemispheres; the latency of M50 shortened with age only in the right hemisphere. Analysis of developmental lateralization patterns in children showed that the latency of the right hemispheric evoked responses shortened faster than the corresponding left hemispheric responses. The latency of M70 in the right hemisphere highly correlated to the age of the child. The amplitudes of the M70 responses increased with age and reached their peaks in children 12–14 years of age, after which they decreased with age. The source estimates for the M50 and M70 responses indicated that they were generated in different subareas in the Heschl's gyrus in children, while not localizable in adults. Furthermore, gender also affected developmental patterns. The latency of M70 in the right hemisphere was proposed to be an index of auditory development in children, the modeling equation is 85.72-1.240xAge (yrs). Our results demonstrate that there is a clear developmental pattern in the auditory cortex and underscore the importance of M50 and M70 in the developing brain.
THE EFFECT OF CHOLECYSTOKININ ON THE HUMAN GALL BLADDEE

In previous studies (1) (2) (3) (4) the following observations have been made: (a) The upper intestinal mucosa can be extracted so as to yield a product which on intravenous injection causes the gall bladder of the dog and cat to contract and evacuate. (b) The contraction of the gall bladder in dogs has been observed visually and moving pictures have been made. (c) The contraction and evacuation of the gall bladder is due to the effect of a specific substance, since it has been shown not to be due to a change in liver volume, a change in blood pressure, or contraction of adjacent structures, and since the active principle can be extracted only from the intestinal and gastric mucosa. (d) In cross-circulation experiments it has been shown that acid placed into the duodenum of one animal not only caused the gall bladder of that animal to contract, but about eight minutes later caused the gall bladder of the second animal to contract. These observations lead us to conclude that a hormone mechanism was concern...
Search for highly ionizing particles in e + e − collisions at s = 29 GeV

The results of the analysis of data taken in the continuation of a previously reported search for highly ionizing particles at PEP are presented. Assemblies consisting of Lexan and CR-39 plastic track detectors were exposed in two runs to integrated luminosities of 30 x 10/sup 36/ cm/sup -2/ and 150 x 10/sup 36/ cm/sup -2/. The search was sensitive to particles with magnetic charge 20e< or =g< or =200e or electric charge 3< or =Z< or =180. A combined (95% C.L.) upper limit on the production cross section of sigma<3.2 x 10/sup -38/ cm/sup 2/ is obtained, improving our previous limits by more than an order of magnitude.
A Model for Providing Nutrition Intervention and Entrepreneurial Experience to Dietetic Interns Through Community Nutrition Services.

Abstract With increasing emphasis on private practice, the need for interns to experience nutrition intervention with a diverse clientele and to develop entrepreneurial skills becomes more critical. Additionally, increasing public interest in nutrition and recognition that most "killer" diseases are directly related to dietary patterns has resulted in an ever growing demand for nutrition information, and more importantly, guidance about implementing dietary changes. For the last two years, interns have participated in the development and implementation of Community Nutrition Services, a program designed to provide counseling experience to the interns and offer the local community a nutrition counseling service whose staff is professionally credentialed and qualifies for third party reimbursement. Interns participated in all phases of the process, beginning with a needs assessment, which suggested that the potential market was being under served, and culminating with the provision of services for the target audience. An analysis of the community indicated that the service could offer a combination of features unique to this area: comprehensiveness; flexible hours; graduated fee schedule based on ability to pay; convenient access; and supervision by registered dietitians. Prospective clientele are reached through mailings to physicians and social service agencies, posters placed in highly visible locations throughout the community, and word of mouth. Initially, all services were offered through a campus-based office; during the second semester of operation the service was invited to use space in a private physician practice to more conveniently counsel those clients referred from that practice. Adding this aspect of the service enabled successful billing of third party payers, and has resulted in reimbursement from several private carriers as well as Medicare. In addition to providing counseling to individual clients and their families, interns also offer the Healthy Lunch Bunch, a ten-week small group program which emphasizes weight management and heart healthy eating. The project has achieved its goal of providing interns approximately 300 hours of supervised practice in nutrition intervention. Clients with diagnoses ranging from diabetes control to renal failure have been served. Demand for the services has been so great that hours in the physician practice were doubled after only one semester. Surveys of clients participating in both individual and group counseling indicate a high degree of satisfaction. Revenues generated are currently sufficient to meet expenses. In conclusion, success of this project is measured in experience provided to interns, services rendered to the community, client satisfaction, and revenue generated to support the service.
Processes of care for carotid endarterectomy: Surgical and anesthesia considerations

There are still some vascular surgeons who do not use carotid patching routinely in all patients undergoing CEA, however, based on the data presented in this review, there is Level 1 evidence to support the routine use of carotid patching. Meanwhile, there is no Level 1 evidence to support selective patching for CEA, however a Grade D recommendation may be used to recommend that primary closure can be safely practiced in a large ICA (>6mm). A meta-analysis/systemic review of well-conducted prospective randomized trials (Level 1 evidence) concluded that there was no difference in stroke/death rates between conventional CEA with patch closure and eversion CEA. The incidence of significant restenosis with eversion CEA is also similar to CEA with patch closure, however eversion CEA had a lower restenosis rate than patients undergoing CEA with primary closure. Prior to the GALA trial, there was insufficient evidence from randomized clinical trials comparing CEA under local anesthesia versus general anesthesia to support the superiority of either technique in reducing major perioperative events, i.e. stroke, MI, or death. However, the GALA trial concluded that the perioperative stroke/MI and death rates were equivalent in both techniques.
Biases in perceptions, beliefs and behaviors

This paper presents a model where individuals have imperfect information about their preferences (or the environment) and there is an opportunity cost of learning. It shows that the endogenous decision to collect information before taking an action creates a systematic bias in the aggregate behavior of a population of rational, profit-maximizing agents. More precisely, individuals will favor actions with large payoff-variance, i.e., those which may potentially generate the highest benefits even if they may also generate the biggest losses. The paper thus concludes that systematically biased choices do not necessarily imply that agents have irrational, systematically biased beliefs. It also provides testable implications about the propensity of individuals to incur different types of errors. Some applications such as biases in judicial decision-making and career choices are discussed.
Vertebrate-bearing eolian unit from the Ogallala Group (Miocene) in northwestern Texas

The upper Couch Formation is part of the lower of two formations composing the Ogallala Group in Blanco and Yellowhouse canyons in northwestern Texas. An eolian origin for the upper Couch Formation is indicated by its mean grain size, pedogenic carbonate nodules, massive bedding, and blanketlike morphology. The unit conforms poorly to the usual eolian depositional models; it resulted from a combination of the processes involved in loess and sand-sheet formation. Grassland or savanna vegetation probably existed over the area and aided in sediment trapping. Vertebrates are unusual in eolian units, but the adaptations and mode of preservation of those in the upper Couch Formation also support an eolian interpretation. This and other widespread silty sand sheets in the Ogallala indicate major fluctuations in depositional style, possibly climatically controlled. Lateral continuity and preservation of vertebrates give silty sand sheets great potential as correlation tools.
The effectiveness of a trauma focused spiritually integrated intervention for veterans exposed to trauma

Building Spiritual Strength (BSS) is an 8-session, spiritually integrated group intervention designed to address religious strain and enhance religious meaning making for military trauma survivors. It is based upon empirical research on the relationship between spirituality and adjustment to trauma. To assess the intervention's effectiveness, veterans with histories of trauma who volunteered for the study were randomly assigned to a BSS group (n = 26) or a wait-list control group (n = 28). BSS participants showed statistically significant reductions in PTSD symptoms based on self-report measures as compared with those in a wait-list control condition. Further research on spiritually integrated interventions for trauma survivors is warranted.
The Army Electromagnetic Environmental Test Facility Program

The ever-increasing problem of electromagnetic interference and the consequent possible deterioration of communication channels has led the Army to create a field facility to investigate the interference problems which an army corps would encounter during combat. The present facility is able to reproduce the electromagnetic environment of the 12,000 transmitter devices in an army corps. Military transmitters are used to generate the actual combat environment. Various items of electronic equipment are placed into this environment and the amount of degradation in performance created by or affecting this equipment is then measured.
The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence, Substance Use, and HIV on Depressive Symptoms Among Abused Low-Income Urban Women

Intimate partner violence (IPV), substance use, and HIV are often co-occuring health problems affecting low-income urban women, and have been described as connected epidemics making up a "syndemic." Research suggests that each issue separately is associated with depressive symptoms, but no studies have examined the combined effect of IPV, substance use and HIV on women's depression. Interviews were conducted with 96 women recruited from community health clinics serving low-income women in an urban U.S. city. All women were over 17, not pregnant, English-speaking, without private insurance and had experienced physical IPV in the past year. Women were primarily African American (82%) and 82% were receiving income assistance. Twenty seven percent were HIV-positive, and 27% had used heroin or cocaine in the past 6 months. Based on the Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D ), 73% were depressed. Women who experienced severe IPV in the past 6 months were compared to women who experienced no IPV or psychological IPV only in the past 6 months; those who experienced severe IPV were 5.3 times more likely to be depressed, controlling for HIV status, drug use, age, and relationship status. Women who experienced severe IPV, were HIV-positive, and used drugs (7.3% of sample) were 7.98 times as likely to be depressed as women without these characteristics. These findings confirm that severe IPV is significantly associated with depression among urban abused women. Furthermore, this research suggests that the syndemic effect of IPV, substance use, and HIV could be even more detrimental to women's mental health. Health practitioners and researchers should be aware of the combined impact of the IPV, substance use, and HIV syndemic and consider how they can address the mental health needs of urban women.
S-100A4 Protein and Mesothelin Expression in Dysplasia and Carcinoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct

We evaluated the expression of S-100A4 protein and mesothelin in dysplasia and carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct (EBD) and their potential use as adjuncts for differentiating carcinomatous and significant high-grade dysplastic epithelium from reactive or inflammatory glandular atypia of the EBD. We used immunohistochemical analysis on formalinfixed tissue sections from 10 cases of carcinoma, 6 cases of high-grade dysplasia (HGD), 4 cases of lowgrade dysplasia (LGD), and 10 cases of benign or reactive or inflammatory epithelium from the EBD. Expression of S-100A4 protein was observed in 8 invasive carcinomas (80%), 5 HGD/carcinoma in situ cases (83%), and 0 LGDs. Mesothelin was expressed in 5 (50%) of 10 adenocarcinomas, 1 (17%) of 6 HGD/adenocarcinoma in situ cases, and 0 LGDs. No case of normal or reactive epithelium was positive for S-100A4 protein or mesothelin. Mesothelin has moderate sensitivity and high specificity, whereas S-100A4 protein is sensitive and specific for the identification of carcinoma and HGD of the EBD. S-100A4 protein alone or combined with mesothelin can be used as an adjunct in differentiating carcinomatous and significant high-grade dysplastic epithelium from LGD and reactive or inflammatory glandular atypia of the EBD. Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct (EBD) is an uncommon neoplasm that accounts for 0.15% to 0.16% of all invasive cancers in the general population of the United States. 1,2 The overall prognosis of this type of cancer is primarily based on resectability of the tumor, with 3-year survival rates of 50% for resectable tumors vs 0% for palliative resections. 3 It is common practice to obtain histologic or cytologic diagnosis of the nature of strictures of the pancreatobiliary region by small biopsies of this region or, more often, by acquiring cytologic material by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirates or biliary brush cytology. However, although the diagnostic specificity of these procedures is excellent (mean, 97%), the sensitivity is quite low (mean, 55%). 4 New immunohistochemical markers capable of improving the early detection of this malignancy would be of great value. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of S-100A4 and mesothelin proteins in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples obtained from surgical resections of adenocarcinoma of the EBD and to assess sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value in differentiating carcinomatous and significant high-grade dysplastic epithelium from reactive or inflammatory glandular atypia of the EBD.
Radical Addition Rate Constants to Acrylates and Oxygen: α-Hydroxy and α-Amino Radicals Produced by Photolysis of Photoinitiators

Laser flash photolysis of R-hydroxy and R-amino ketones, which are used as photoinitiators in free radical polymerization, lead to the generation of a series of nucleophilic R-hydroxy and R-amino radicals. Absolute addition rate constants of these radicals to n-butylacrylate and oxygen were measured by laser flash photolysis employing an indirect probe technique. Crystal violet and N,N'-bis(2,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-3,4,9,- 10-perylenedicarboximide were used as selective probe molecules for these nucleophilic initiator radicals to measure the addition rate constants to n-butylacrylate and oxygen, respectively. High acrylate addition rate constants of some initiator radicals were found in acetonitrile solution, e.g., dimethylketyl radical ( kacrylate ) 1.3 10 7 M -1 s -1 ) and 2-morpholino propan-2-yl radical (kacrylate ) 2.9 10 7 M -1 s -1 ).
Computational Approaches for Studying the Granular Dynamics of Continuous Blending Processes, 2 – Population Balance and Data‐Based Methods

The application of computationally inexpensive modeling methods for a predictive study of powder mixing is discussed. A multidimensional population balance model is formulated to track the evolution of the distribution of a mixture of particle populations with respect to position and time. Integrating knowledge derived from a discrete element model, this method can be used to predict residence time distribution, mean and relative standard deviation of the API concentration in a continuous mixer. Low-order statisticalmodels, including responsesurfacemethods, kriging, and high-dimensional model representations are also presented. Their efficiency for design optimization and process design space identification with respect to operating and design variables is illustrated.
Impact of chronic and acute stressors on daily reports of mood.

This research compares the relative impact of major life events, chronic Stressors, and minor daily Stressors on daily reports of mood. Analyses are based on daily diary data combined with interview data derived from a longitudinal study of 96 women sampled from the population of persons using the services of a neighborhood health center in Boston. The most important direct determinants of mood were found to be concurrent daily Stressors and physical symptoms, and previous levels of psychological well-being. Life events and chronic Stressors had indirect effects on mood through these other variables. The results serve to confirm and extend previous studies on the determinants of short-term changes in ihood. The advantages and disadvantages of the temporal aggregation of time-series data are discussed. An important issue in stress research is the relative impact of different Stressors on healthrelated outcomes. As Lazarus and his colleagues have pointed out (e.g., Lazarus & Cohen, 1977), Stressors may take several forms (chronic or acute, interpersonal or physical, etc.), and stress responses may be analyzed at different levels of analysis (social, psychological, physiological, etc.). Each of these levels may represent processes that are partially independent. The implicit benefits of combining approaches to stress assessment within a given study have often not been realized because of a reliance on one type of stress measure or another. In recent years, environmental stressors have been primarily conceptualized as acute life changes or crises that occur over a given time period (e.g., divorce, widowhood, job loss), a view that is due in part to the popularity of the assessment technique developed by Holmes and Rahe (1967). Although
Volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence of Bilateral Hippocampal Atrophy in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: We measured absolute volumes and volume differences of hippocampi in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) using volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the extent of bilateral atrophy in MTLE and to relate hippocampal volumes (HV) to outcome of temporal lobectomy. Methods: HV and hippocampal differences (HD) were measured in 40 patients with MTLE determined by pathology of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and compared with those of age-matched controls. Results were matched with surgical outcome. Results: Hippocampi contralateral to lobectomy (right hippocampi 2.96 ? 0.49 cm3, left 3.14 ? 0.51 cm3) were significantly smaller than those of controls (right hippocampi 3.73 ? 0.52 cm3, left 3.60 ? 0.51 cm3) but were significantly larger than hippocampi ipsilateral to lobectomy (right hippocampi 2.63 ? 0.61 cm3, 2.18 cm3) as compared across groups by analysis of variance (ANOVA: F = 27.2, p < 0.0001). The smaller hippocampus was ipsilatera1 to lobectomy in 39 of 40 cases. Seven of 40 MTLE patients (18%) had bilateral atrophy, defined by volumes of each hippocampi 2 SD lower than control means. Surgical outcome was independent of hippocampal asymmetry and bilateral atrophy measured by chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Conclusions: We determined that most patients with MTLE have some degree of bilateral, asymmetric hippocampal pathology. However, asymmetry and bilateral atrophy have no clear relation to surgical outcome. Key Words: Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging-Hippocampal sclerosis-Temporal lobe epilepsy-Epilepsy pathology.
Re-admission following appendicectomy: The role of misdiagnosis

Introduction: In 2011 patients referred with suspected colorectal cancer at our institution waited a median of 36 days (IQR 28-46) for a decision to treat. We aimed to reduce this waiting time. Methods: Quality improvement methodology was employed to change our existing clinic-first service to a straight-to-test service. Our nurse-led telephone triage service confirmed symptoms and assessed fitness for colonoscopy, with higher-risk patients defaulting to flexible sigmoidoscopy or clinic. Results: 438 patients were referred between 1/10/2012 and 1/10/2013. 217 went straight to colonoscopy and 136 to flexible sigmoidoscopy, 46went to clinic, 31 patients DNA'd and data was missing for 8 patients. Diagnoses were colorectal cancer (14), non-colorectal cancers (4), normal (111) and benign conditions (224). Median time to decision to treat was 25 days (IQR 20-34), a significant reduction (p1⁄40.01). 41/66 (62%) of patients with a normal colonoscopy were discharged directly from endoscopy. Conclusions: The new straight to endoscopy pathway was associated with an average reduction of 11 days in making a decision to treat. Appointments were saved in 88% of new patients and in 62% of thosewith a normal colonoscopy.
Rubidium uptake and accumulation in peripheral myelinated internodal axons and Schwann cells

To study mechanisms of K + transport in peripheral nerve, uptake of rubidium (Rb + ), a K + tracer, was characterized in rat tibial nerve myelinated axons and glia. Isolated nerve segments were perfused with zero-K + Ringer's solutions containing Rb + (1-20 mM) and x-ray microanalysis was used to measure water content and concentrations of Rb, Na, K, and Cl in internodal axoplasm, mitochondria, and Schwann cell cytoplasm and myelin. Both axons and Schwann cells were capable of removing extracellular Rb + (Rb + o ) and exchanging it for internal K + . Uptake into axoplasm, Schwann cytoplasm, and myelin was a saturable process over the I - lo mM Rb + o concentration range, although corresponding axoplasmic uptake rates were higher than respective glial velocities. Mitochondrial accumulation was a linear function of axoplasmic Rb * concentrations, which suggests involvement of a nonenzymatic process. At 20 m M Rb + o , a differential stimulatory response was observed; i.e., axoplasmic Rb + uptake velocities increased more than fivefold relative to the 10 mM rate, and glial cytoplasmic uptake rose almost threefold. Finally, Rb + o uptake rate into axons and glia was completely inhibited by ouabain (2-4 mM) exposure or incubation at 4°C. These results suggest that Rb + uptake into peripheral nerve internodal axons and Schwann cells is mediated by Na + ,K + -ATP-ase activity and implicate the presence of axonal- and glial-specific Na + pump isozymes.
Multimodal Stereo Image Registration for Pedestrian Detection

This paper presents an approach for the registration of multimodal imagery for pedestrian detection when the significant depth differences of objects in the scene preclude a global alignment assumption. Using maximization-of-mutual-information matching techniques and sliding correspondence windows over calibrated image pairs, we demonstrate successful registration of color and thermal data. We develop a robust method using disparity voting for determining the registration of each object in the scene and provide a statistically based measure for evaluating the match confidence. Testing shows successful registration in complex scenes with multiple people at different depths and levels of occlusion
Temperature determines the pattern of anaerobic microbial dechlorination of Aroclor 1260 primed by 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl in Woods Pond sediment.

Reductive dechlorination of the Aroclor 1260 residue in Woods Pond (Lenox, Mass.) sediment samples was investigated for a year at incubation temperatures from 4 to 66 degrees C. Sediment slurries were incubated anaerobically with and without 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl (2346-CB; 350 microM) as a primer for dechlorination of the Aroclor 1260 residue. Dechlorination of the Aroclor residue occurred only in live samples primed with 2346-CB and only at 8 to 34 degrees C and 50 to 60 degrees C. The extent and pattern of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dechlorination were temperature dependent. At 8 to 34 degrees C, the dechlorination resulted in 28 to 65% decreases of the hexathrough nonachlorobiphenyls and corresponding increases in the tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls. At 12 to 30 degrees C, 30 to 40% of the hexa- through nonachlorobiphenyls were dechlorinated in just 3 months. The optimal temperature for overall chlorine removal was 20 to 27 degrees C. We observed four different microbial dechlorination processes with different but partially overlapping temperature ranges, i.e., Process N (flanked meta dechlorination) at 8 to 30 degrees C, Process P (flanked para dechlorination) at 12 to 34 degrees C, Process LP (unflanked para dechlorination) at 18 to 30 degrees C, and Process T (a very restricted meta dechlorination of specific hepta- and octachlorobiphenyls) at 50 to 60 degrees C. These temperature ranges should aid in the development of strategies for the enrichment and isolation of the microorganisms responsible for each dechlorination process. The incubation temperature determined the relative dominance of the four PCB dechlorination processes and the extent and products of dechlorination. Hence, understanding the effects of temperature on PCB dechlorination at contaminated sites should assist in predicting the environmental fate of PCBs or planning bioremediation strategies at those sites.
Tradeoffs in the Policy Process in Advancing Climate Change Adaptation: The Case of Australia's Great Eastern Ranges Initiative

Abstract The first continental-scale climate change adaptation strategy for biodiversity conservation has been adopted in Australia. The Great Eastern Ranges Initiative (GERI), aims to bolster the resilience of biodiversity by enhancing connectivity in eastern Australia for species migration in a changing climate. The Initiative is now being carried out on the ground, and is among the earliest national-level adaptation strategies for biodiversity conservation advanced by policymakers. In this paper we explore the implications of the rapid progression of the Initiative through the policy process, providing insights useful for decision makers advancing adaptation policies elsewhere in the future.
DAIRY INFECTION WITH STREPTOCOCCUS EPIDEMICUS

A streptococcus epidemic of moderate extent and severity was characterized by clinical symptoms different from the usual septic sore throat, though the organism found was culturally Streptococcus epidemicus . The infection was traced to the milk from a single quarter of the udder of a cow in a dairy of 112 cows producing an otherwise excellent grade of raw milk. A number of the milkers on the dairy farm were found infected. It was impossible to trace the infection of the cow's udder to any one of the milkers, though such an infection seems probable since the streptococcus isolated from the cow was in every respect like streptococci isolated from patients and milkers, and different from those usually found in normal cows or cows with garget. Certain recommendations are made to safeguard producers of raw milk against the occurrence of such epidemics.
Discrimination of cardiac arrhythmias using a fuzzy rule-based method

The authors propose a relatively simple but robust fuzzy rule-based method to accurately distinguish between normal sinus rhythm (NSR), malignant ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT). The method first subjectively identifies the "qualitative" features of pre-processed electrocardiogram (ECG) signals necessary to discriminate between NSR, VF and VT. Second, the parameters of fuzzy sets, namely the real-valued membership functions for "small", "medium" and "large", are defined so that qualitative features are quantitatively interpreted. Finally, a set of fuzzy "if-then" rules is constructed to discriminate between NSR, VF and VT which uses the defined membership functions. This technique was applied to portions of the MIT/BIH Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmia Database and results show correct classification for 94.3% of NSR, 82% of VT and 78% of VF events. >
Influence of deposition parameters on the composition and structure of reactively sputtered nanocomposite TaC/a-C:H thin films

The properties of nanocomposite tantalum carbide/amorphous hydrocarbon (TaC/a-C:H) thin films depend closely on reactive magnetron sputtering deposition process conditions. The chemical composition and structure trends for TaC/a-C:H films were obtained as a function of three deposition parameters: acetylene flow rate, applied direct current (dc) bias voltage, and substrate carousel rotation rate. Films were deposited according to a 23 factorial experimental design to enable multiple linear regression modeling of property trends. The Ta/C atomic ratio, hydrogen content, total film thickness, TaC crystallite size, and Raman spectra were statistically dependent on acetylene flow rate, applied dc bias voltage, or both. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a nanometer-scale lamellar film structure, the periodicity of which was affected mostly by substrate carousel rotation rate. The empirical property trends were interpreted with respect to hypothesized growth mechanisms that incorporate elements of physical vapor deposition and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition.
Erratum to: A generalized Jentzsch theorem

There is an error in the proof of Lemma 10 in the above-mentioned paper. The implication that operator T leaves invariant the principal band generated by the element z because it leaves invariant the principal ideal generated by z cannot be justified because we do not assume T to be σ -order continuous. I am grateful to Anton Schep who indicated to me the said error. The following changes have to be made.
The ACL data collection initiative

The Data Collection Initiative, established by the Association for Computational Linguistics, is described. Its aim is to acquire a large and diverse text corpus, to transform it into a common format based on the Standardized General Markup Language, and to make it available for scientific research at low cost with minimal restrictions. The rationale for this effort is discussed. >
Parametric analysis of semiconductor-doped glasses for all-optical switching

We use the basic physical parameters of semiconductor-doped glasses (SDG's) to compute the dependence of their nonlinear index n/sub 2/ due to the bandgap resonant effect on pump intensity and to predict the power and length requirements of an all-optical SDG waveguide switch. The main conclusions are that (1) the pump and signal wavelengths should be in specific and different ranges to minimize the switching power and signal loss, (2) for CdSSe- and CdTe-doped glasses, n/sub 2/ is relatively small, (3) their power requirements are consequently quite high (2-100 W), although (4) much lower than in a comparable device operated near the half-bandgap. We provide evidence that this weak nonlinearity, compared to that of semiconductors in bulk, is due to the strong nonradiative recombination of carriers arising from the small size of the semiconductor microcrystallites. Projections indicate a reduction in switching power by up to a factor of 1000 by increasing the microcrystallite size, thus producing a slower (ns) but more power efficient switch.