cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natal dispersal in the western gull: proximal factors and fitness consequences

1. Natal dispersal distance (NDD; the distance between natal site and recruitment site) was studied in relation to proximal factors including sex, cohort, recruitment age, nesting density, nest site quality; and also within-colony movements of prospecting prebreeders among 133 recruits of two cohorts (1979–80) in a large, dense colony of western gulls Larus occidentalis (Audubon) on South-east Farallon Island, California. NDD was also studied in relation to ultimate factors, assessed from total number of chicks fledged to 1994, survival of breeding adults, and fitness-related life history traits, including brood size and hatching date. The Farallones colony is an unusual case in that it includes 50% of the species population and 90% of all western gulls breeding within a radius of 1000 km. Hence, potential recruits could choose between locations within the Farallones colony, but had limited choice to recruit at other colonies. 2. Among prebreeders, distance from natal site to prospecting site increased with age among gulls aged 2 to 4 years, and stabilized in 4- to 8-year-olds. Most 2-year-olds prospected on their natal sites. 3. Compared to other bird species, natal philopatry was strongly developed in both sexes, but was significantly greater in males (median distance between natal and recruitment site among males, 17 m; median distance among females, 50 m). 4. More philopatric males nested in areas of higher density and with a tendency for more nest cover (P = 0·080, when controlling for the effect of density). A non-linear relation between NDD and recruitment age among males resulted from shorter NDD in 4-, 5- and 6-year-olds compared to 3-year-olds and males older than 6 years. There was no relation between NDD and recruitment age in females. 5. Males who had hatched early in the season (individuals who were, on average, more dominant, with higher prebreeder survival and recruitment probability; Spear & Nur 1994) had shorter NDD than males who hatched later. 6. Fitness costs associated with natal philopatry were detected in both sexes. More philopatric males survived significantly less well than did less philopatric males. Average number of chicks fledged among experienced females (6–11 years breeding experience) was significantly lower among more philopatric compared to less philo patric individuals, as was cumulative number of chicks fledged for all females (as of 1994). 7. Thus, whilst philopatry was well developed in these gulls, the trait appeared maladaptive. This paradoxical result may be related to an extended period of poor food supply (1989–94) in the Gulf of the Farallones. We hypothesize that fitness costs associated with philopatry reflect different life history strategies where high philopatry may be part of a high effort strategy characterized by higher reproductive effort and lower survival. These results are consistent with the view that relative advantages and disadvantages between life history strategies could lead to selective equilibrium, depending on environmental conditions.
Trapper Canyon Tar Sand Deposit Revisited: ABSTRACT

In 1981, the Trapper Canyon tar sand deposit, Big Horn basin, Wyoming, was selected for investigation by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) because the deposit was threatened by immediate trespass. The purpose of the investigation was to resolve conflicts between mining and leasing interests and to pave the way for commercialization of the deposit. The Combined Hydrocarbon Leasing Act of 1981 was of little use in the immediate development of the deposit; it did not "grandfather in" existing oil and gas leases. Conditions governing development of the deposit were a 1965 Interior Department Solicitor's opinion based on the 1960 amendments to the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, as reinterpreted by the BLM. The lessee must demonstrate that hydrocarbons can flow "naturally" by p imary or secondary methods; tertiary recovery methods, are specifically excluded. This administrative position has resulted in several expensive recovery projects for a relatively uncomplicated deposit. There is no question that hydrocarbons underlie the area and that the most economical method of developing them would be to mine rather than pump the reservoir. There are serious questions as to whether the hydrocarbons of this deposit (2-5° API, 30,000 cp) can be induced to flow naturally. A water-injection, reverse circulation test was conducted on the Tensleep Sandstone reservoir of Pennsylvanian age in June 1983. Hydrocarbons were recovered at injection water temperature of 160-165°F (71-74°C) but not at the lower temperatures (reservoir temperature of 50-60°F, 10-16°C) requisite under the governing interpretation. The lessee has been authorized by the BLM to conduct an additional recovery project, injecting propane at reservoir temperature. On April 1, 19 4, the lease expires automatically returning the Trapper Canyon deposit to the simultaneous oil and gas system or the competitive lease system. End_of_Article - Last_Page 452------------
A Prehistoric Freshwater Mussel Assemblage from the Big Sunflower River, Sunflower County, Mississippi

Zooarchaeological deposits present a unique insight into the trajectory of faunal communities through time. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) are one of the world's most imperiled faunal groups, and, at the same time, constitute a significant component of the archaeological record in North America. Current conservation efforts can be informed by studies of prehistoric mussel assemblages that catalog communities as they existed prior to any extensive modern impacts, ultimately representing an ecological baseline against which current populations can be evaluated. Over 47,000 freshwater mussel valves were recovered from the late prehistoric (ca. A.D. 700–1200) Kinlock site (22SU526), in Sunflower County, MS. Analyses revealed that the Sunflower River once supported a mussel community with greater taxonomic richness and more evenness among all the major species than today. Additionally, the presence in the archaeological record of numerous species which are currently considered rare, endangered, or extinct in the Sunflower River is indicative of a habitat disturbed by increased human environmental impact in historic times.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Morbid Obesity

Background: Several reports have shown an increased prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in obese subjects in community-based studies. To better understand the role of the gastrointestinal tract in obesity, and because there are limited clinic-based studies, we documented the prevalence of upper and lower GI symptoms in morbidly obese individuals in a clinic setting Objective The aim of our study was to compare the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in morbidly obese individuals in a weight management clinic with non-obese individuals with similar comorbidities as morbidly obese individuals in an Internal Medicine clinic. Methods Class II and III obese patients BMI>35 kg/m2 (n = 114) and 182 non-obese patients (BMI <25kg/m2) completed the GI symptoms survey between August 2011 and April 2012 were included in this study. The survey included 24 items pertaining to upper and lower GI symptoms. The participants rated the frequency of symptoms as absent (never, rarely) or present (occasionally, frequently). The symptoms were clustered into five categories: oral symptoms, dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux, abdominal pain, bowel habits. Responses to each symptom cluster were compared between obese group and normal weight groups using logistic regression. Results Of the 24 items, 18 had a higher frequency in the obese group (p<0.005 for each). After adjusting f(1)or age and gender, the obese patients were more likely to have upper GI symptoms: any oral symptom (OR = 2.3, p=0.0013), dysphagia (OR 2.9, p=0.0006), and any gastroesophageal reflux (OR 3.8, p<0.0001). Similarly, the obese patients were more likely to have lower GI symptoms: any abdominal pain (OR=1.7, p=0.042) and altered bowel habits (OR=2.8, p<0.0001). Conclusion These observations suggest a statistically significant increase in frequency of both upper and lower GI symptoms in morbidly obese patients when compared to non-obese subjects.
Mechanisms of differentiation in shallow mafic alkaline intrusions, as illustrated in the Big Bend area, western Texas

Abstract Syenitic bodies are a common feature in alkaline sills and laccoliths that range in composition from syenogabbroic to syenodioritic. The syenitic bodies are generally accepted to be the result of in-situ differentiation. Such bodies are usually called segregations, but relatively little discussion is given to the actual ways they may form. Subhorizontal sheets or layers are most common, although rounded ocelli and vertically elongated cylindroidal forms are also common. These are all systematically arranged in the intrusions. Such features are found in at least ten sills in the Big Bend area of Texas, and are reported as well in Montana, Utah, Australia, Sakhalin, Scotland and New Zealand. Detailed chemical and mineralogical analyses demonstrate crystal fractionation very convincingly for the generation of syenitic liquids that form the bodies. The analyses also allow the calculation of viscosities, cooling time and mineral settling rates in the sill studied most thoroughly. These factors indicate, or are compatible with, proposed mechanisms for the formation of syenite bodies. In many intrusions there is a bimodal distribution of syenite compositions; one type is relatively plagioclase rich and the other type is plagioclase poor. Mass balance calculations on several intrusions show that a residual liquid of plagioclase-rich composition will form after about 30% of the parent magma has crystallized, whereas a residual liquid of plagioclase-poor composition will form only after about 50% of the original magma has crystallized. The several mechanisms by which plagioclase-rich residual liquids are aggregated into the different forms of syenite bodies include localized crystal settling and sagging of a crystaline framework on a scale of tens of centimeters to a meter, within an upper solidification front; formation of cylindroidal columns of syenitic differentiate in a crystal mush within a lower solidification front, and diapiric rise of such masses. After the amount of magma crystallized reaches 50% or more, rupture of a rigid crystalline framework occurs through the processes of contraction upon cooling, shearing caused by deformation, and expansion of bubbles in the interstitial residual liquid, while plagioclase-poor differentiate flows into spaces created in these processes. Important for the effectiveness of these processes is the buildup of volatiles in the residual liquids, which results from crystallization of anhydrous minerals, that causes second boiling and lowering of the viscosity of the liquids.
Recent focal plane arrays for astronomy and remote sensing applications at RVS

Raytheon Vision Systems (RVS) arrays are being deployed world-wide in ground based and space based platforms. RVS has a family of high performance visible through far infrared detector arrays for astronomy and civil space applications. Unique and off-the-shelf product lines are readily available to the community. Large sensor chip assemblies using various detector materials like Si PIN, HgCdTe, InSb, and Si:As IBC, covering a detection range from visible (400nm) to mid-wave infrared (28μm, MWIR) have been demonstrated with excellent quantum efficiency, dark current, and uniformity. These focal plane arrays have been designed using state-of-the-art low noise, low power, and radiation hardened readout integrated circuits. Complete with optical filters, opto-mechanical packaging, active thermal cooling with matching thermal straps, and optional electronics, RVS provides complete solutions for a multitude of sensor types and mission objectives. This paper describes the recent developments of focal plane assemblies for upcoming missions and telescope platforms.
A Selected Bibliography of Latin‐American Literature in English Translation

Author's summary.— The present widespread interest in the Latin-American countries has created the need for a survey of their literature available in English translation for those North Americans who cannot read Spanish or Portuguese. The present bibliography partially fills this need.)
Hospital to Home with Mechanical Circulatory Support

Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) is becoming the mainstay of therapy for patients with advanced heart failure, both for patients needing support as a bridge to transplantation and for those who require the device as a destination therapy. As more and more devices are implanted, there is a need to address effective discharge planning, arrange appropriate follow-up, anticipate and address complications, and develop strategies for long-term care. In this article, we will discuss issues surrounding discharge and challenges of managing patients with MCS in the outpatient setting.
Developing a behavioral model for mobile phone-based diabetes interventions.

Objectives Behavioral models for mobile phone-based diabetes interventions are lacking. This study explores the potential mechanisms by which a text message-based diabetes program affected self-management among African-Americans.
Anuloaortic ectasia: angiographic, hemodynamic and clinical comparison with aortic valve insufficiency.

Abstract Thirty-five patients with anglographically diagnosed anuloaortic ectasia were compared with 18 patients with isolated aortic valve insufficiency to study differences between the presentation, hemodynamic or anglographic findings and clinical course in the two groups. The maximal aortic root diameter in anuloaortic ectasia was 7.6 ± 2.4 cm (mean ± 1 standard deviation) versus 4.2 ± 0.6 in aortic insufficiency. Dissection was a common complication of anuloaortic ectasia (44 percent) but was not seen in aortic insufficiency. Neither the size nor the configuration of the aortic aneurysm was a reliable predictor of dissection. Despite surgical therapy, patients with anuloaortic ectasia have a worse prognosis than those with aortic valve insufficiency.
A linear counterexample to the fourteenth problem of hilbert in dimension eleven

A family of G a -actions on affine space A m is constructed, each having a non-finitely generated ring of invariants (m ≥ 6). Because these actions are of small degree, they induce linear actions of unipotent groups G n a × G a on A 2n+3 for n > 4, and these invariant rings are also non-finitely generated. The smallest such action presented here is for the group G 4 a × G a acting linearly on A 11 .
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide mechanisms of augmenting insulin secretion

The cellular mechanisms whereby gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) augments glucose-dependent insulin secretion remains poorly defined. Since glucose-dependent insulin secretion is modulated by membrane associated phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and intracellular lipoxygenase (LPX) and cyclooxygenase (CO) we hypothesize that GIP's augmentation of insulin secretion involves these enzyme systems. Neonatal rat pancreatic islet cell cultures were preincubated with 5.6mM glucose for 60 minutes. The cultures were then stimulated for 60 minutes with 16mM glucose alone or with GIP with or without the addition of PLA2, LPX, and CO inhibitors. Insulin secretion significantly increased (P less than 0.05) when the glucose concentration was raised from 5.6 to 16mM glucose and this was further augmented by the addition of GIP (P less than 0.05). PLA2 inhibitors significantly (P less than 0.025) decreased 16mM glucose insulin secretion but this was restored by the simultaneous addition of GIP. LPX inhibitors significantly (P less than 0.01) decreased glucose-dependent insulin secretion and this decrease persisted despite the addition of GIP. Simultaneous treatment of islet cell cultures with GIP and CO inhibitors yielded insulin responses that were indistinguishable from CO inhibition alone. These studies suggest that GIP exerts its influence in part by modulating membrane associated PLA2 activity. Furthermore, the formation of intracellular LPX products appears to be a pivotal step in the insulinotrophic action of GIP.
Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from mouse spleen

Abstract An activity purified 21-fold from hematopoietic mouse spleen catalyzes the decarboxylaton of uroporphyrinogens I and III to stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of the corresponding coproporphyrinogens. Kinetic and stability studies indicate that the same enzyme system is involved in the two reactions. No partially decarboxylated intermediates are extracted with the reaction product.
The impact of decision support system features on user overconfidence and risky behavior

There is considerable research on how Decision Support Systems (DSSs) enable users to make better decisions. However, there is less focus on the possibility that some of their features may introduce biases and encourage suboptimal user behavior. We report on an experimental study that examines three DSS features that are generally considered beneficial to the user: the degree of choice the system provides to the user, the presence of competition among concurrent users, and the use of training to increase system familiarity. We hypothesize that the three DSS features may increase risky behavior (measured as the amount invested in a stock investment task with random outcomes) and overconfidence, conceptualized as the illusion of control, the phenomenon whereby people believe their chances of success at a task are greater than would be warranted by objective analysis. Our results confirm the effects of the three DSS features on risky behavior but only degree of choice impacts overconfidence. Moreover, overconfidence does not appear to mediate the impact of the DSS features on risky behavior. Finally, we hypothesize and confirm that, controlling for the effect of actual performance, overconfidence increases user satisfaction with the decision-making process and outcome.
Ferroelectricity in Glycine Silver Nitrate

Glycine silver nitrate, N${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$C${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$COOH\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}AgN${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, is ferroelectric below -55\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. At -195\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the spontaneous polarization is 0.55\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ coulomb/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, and the coercive field is 740 v/cm. The transition appears to be of second order. A differential thermal analysis does not reveal a specific heat anomaly. No dielectric anomalies appear between 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and -55\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The spontaneous polarization here, as in triglycine sulfate and isomorphs, is attributed to disturbance of the planarity of the glycine ion by the crystalline field.
Effects of Dutasteride on Prostate Growth in the Large Probasin-Large T Antigen Mouse Model of Prostate Cancer

Purpose: We evaluated the effects of dutasteride for preventing or delaying prostate growth and neoplastic changes in a transgenic model of prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: Large probasin-large T antigen mice were treated for 4 or 8 weeks with dutasteride. The prostate and seminal vesicles were compared with those from intact and castrated large probasin-large T antigen mice and WT mice.Results: Dutasteride greatly decreased the transgene induced increase in prostate weight but castration caused greater reduction. Dutasteride inhibited type 1 and 2, 5alpha-reductase activities, decreased DNA and protein, and increased apoptotic bodies and TUNEL staining in the dorsolateral prostate. No evidence of poorly differentiated cancer was seen. Dutasteride did not decrease the weight of the androgen dependent levator ani or bulbocavernosus muscle.Conclusions: Dutasteride inhibited type 1 and 2, 5alpha-reductase activities, and decreased DNA and protein content of the dorsolateral prostate without affecting a...
Pulmonary complications of tumor necrosis factor-targeted therapy

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-targeted therapies are increasingly being prescribed in the management of a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The use of this class of medications also pose risks of developing an assortment of pulmonary side effects including infections (TB, bacterial, and fungal infections), pulmonary nodules, chronic pneumonitis/fibrosis, SLE-like reactions, vasculitis, and exacerbations of underlying lung disease. In addition to surveillance for tuberculosis prior to initiation of TNF-targeted therapy, a high level of vigilance should be maintained during administration for infectious and non-infectious complications, even years into a patient's course. The available evidence argues for caution in using these agents in patients with pre-existing lung disease and heightened suspicion of accelerated nodule formation in those with pre-existing rheumatoid nodules. Management centers on excluding infection, identifying confounders (especially methotrexate or pre-existing lung disease), and promptly discontinuing TNF-targeted therapy. In some instances, invasive procedures (e.g. bronchoscopy or VATS lung biopsy) will be necessary to establish the proper diagnosis, and the administration of steroids may be beneficial.
Operational and defect parameters concerning the acoustic-laser vibrometry method for FRP-reinforced concrete

Abstract Acoustic-laser vibrometry, a non-contact method for nondestructive testing, was studied by altering operational and defect parameters to determine their effects on measured signatures and system performance. The method detects delamination and voids in fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete by vibrating the material with an acoustic excitation and measuring the vibration signature with a laser vibrometer. The operational parameters studied were excitation sound pressure level, laser signal, angle of incidence, and dwell time. The defect parameters studied were aspect ratio, size, and curvature. This study was undertaken to understand the method׳s phenomenology and to provide fundamental knowledge for an operational field system.
Spectroscopy of unresolved blue objects from the Case Low-Dispersion Northern Survey

Sixty-seven unresolved objects with flat blue spectra that had no apparent features on the plates of the Case Low-Dispersion Northern Sky Survey have been observed at higher dispersion and to shorter wavelengths in order to determine their nature. The following classifications are proposed: 20 low-redshift QSOs (z greater than 1.7), two Seyfert 2 galaxies, 23 stars, and two variable objects. The spectra obtained for the remaining 20 objects were flat with no obvious features, but noisy, and these will need further observation. 5 references.
An evaluation of the cardiac index

Abstract The value of using the body surface area to correct cardiac output for body size (cardiac index) has been studied in several ways. Its historical development has been traced and an attempt made to point out the strengths and weaknesses of the early data. Cardiac output and body surface area were correlated from 22 normal basal subjects and 60 normal nonbasal subjects from this laboratory. These results demonstrated a significant correlation of these variables in the basal and nonbasal states. It was also found in these subjects that, when basal, the cardiac output correlated equally well with body weight. Because the groups were small, 324 normal cardiac outputs and body surface areas were taken from the literature and added to the previous groups, totaling 406 such pairs for analysis. These results showed that the correlations of cardiac output with height and with weight were slightly better than that with body surface area. The importance of discrepancies between regression and ratio standard lines was discussed, and it was found that, although the body surface area was the best ratio standard for cardiac output of the variables studied, it had a lower correlation coefficient and differed significantly from a regression line of normal values. It is suggested that the best solution is the avoidance of the use of any ratio standard, but rather the prediction of the normal cardiac output from height and weight on the basis of a multiple regression analysis from a large group of normal subjects. Such a regression formula is presented.
Optimal pharmacokinetic delivery of infused drugs: application to the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias

A common clinical goal of infusing drugs is to attain therapeutic steady-state concentrations as rapidly as possible. The desire is to closely approximate a step function in plasma concentration of the therapeutic agent. We have developed a novel approach to achieve this goal by using the principles of systems and compartmental analyses. The approach is to build a pharmacokinetic model for the disposition of the drug and then calculate backwards from the desired output function to derive the optimal input infusion function. We applied this technique to the infusion of Lidocaine, an antiarrhythmic agent which is often difficult to control. An optimal infusion function, used to drive a servo-controlled infusion pump, was derived to closely approximate a step-function response of drug levels. The efficacy of this infusion function was verified experimentally in dogs.
Hydrazine concentration fiber optic reversible sensor

This paper reports the development of a reversible fiber optic leak sensor capable of detecting the presence and the concentration of traces of hydrazine. The sensor operates in the lowest attenuation wavelength range of commercial silica fibers. The sensing material utilized in this sensor is a mix of organic compounds that contains pentacenediquinone (PDQ) as an active sensing element. The index of refraction of this mix is adjusted to closely match that of fiber's silica core. In the absence of hydrazine this mix exhibits a weak absorption in the near-infrared. When the PDQ reacts with hydrazine, oxygen atoms from the PDQ are replaced by a molecule of hydrazine resulting in water as a by-product. This replacement significantly increases the absorption of the mix specifically at wavelength between 1310 and 1430 nm. This absorption was found to be proportional to hydrazine gas concentration. The reaction however is a self-reversible i.e. in the presence of water; the by-products of the reverse reaction would be PDQ and hydrazine. A modified cladding fiber sensor was fabricated by replacing part of cladding with the PDQ sensing mix. Due to evanescence-wave absorption by the modified sensing cladding, the optical signal passing through this sensor exhibited a reversible intensity change in the presence hydrazine at different concentrations. Sensor's percentage response magnitude and response time were found to be proportional to HZ gas concentration. Hence, in addition to low loss operating wavelength advantage, this sensor is capable not only to detect HZ presence of but also its concentration.
Pattern Formation in Diffusion-Limited Reactions

The conditions for macroscopic segregation ofA andB in a steady-stateA+B → 0 reaction are studied in infinite systems. Segregation occurs in one and two dimensions and is marginal ford=3. We note the dependence of these results on the precise experimental conditions assumed in the theory. We also note the difference between these results and our earlier ones for finite systems where the critical dimension isd=2.
Management of local recurrence of pediatric osteosarcoma following limb-sparing surgery.

Background The optimal management of locally recurrent pediatric osteosarcoma is not established, especially after prior limb-sparing surgery. We describe our experience in the management of these patients and identify prognostic indicators of post-recurrence survival.
Coronary bypass surgery in juvenile onset diabetes

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in insulin-dependent diabetics of juvenile onset (JODM). This report summarizes our experience in coronary artery bypass surgery performed between 1971 and 1980 on 13 JODM patients. Preoperatively, 12 of 13 patients had NYHA class IV symptoms with 78% of patients having either left main or multivessel coronary artery disease. With a mean follow-up of 4 years, 12 of 13 patients are alive and 8 of 12 are either NYHA class I or II. We conclude that in a select subset of JODM, bypass surgery can be performed with a low operative morbidity and mortality and results in long-term symptomatic improvement.
Amendments to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Public Health and Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada (40 CFR Part 197)

In 2001, as directed by the Energy Policy Act of 1992, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued public health and environmental radiation protection standards for the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Several parties sued the Agency on numerous aspects of the rule. A Federal Court upheld EPA on all counts except for the compliance period associated with the individual-protection standard, which the Agency had limited to 10,000 years for a number of technical and policy reasons. However, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) had recommended that the standard be set for the time of peak risk, within the limits imposed by the long-term stability of the geologic environment, which NAS estimated at 1 million years. EPA’s standards required that the Department of Energy (DOE) project doses to the time of peak dose but did not apply a compliance standard to these longer term projections. The Court ruled that EPA’s 10,000-year compliance period was inconsistent with the NAS recommendation. This aspect of the rule was vacated and remanded to the Agency for revision. In 2005, EPA proposed amendments to the standards. Following public hearings and a public review period, the final amendments were issued in September 2008. This paper discusses the new requirements.
Planning for innovation in health care: a breakthrough in blood banking.

Abstract A solution for preserving red blood cells (adenine) will make it possible to extend the life of blood from 21 to 35 days. Adenine supplementation may bring dramatic changes in blood outdating and the supply of blood to hospital blood banks. Substantial improvements, however, can be realized only if blood administrators are able to estimate the potential effects of adenine supplementation and set goals based on these projections. Appropriate action could then be taken to reduce blood collection and increase the supply of blood to hospitals. This paper offers a method for blood administrators to estimate the full effects of adenine supplementation and set reasonably attainable goals. Experiences with setting goals for a midwestern U.S. blood region are then discussed.
Impacts of linseed meal and estradiol-17β on mass, cellularity, angiogenic factors, and vascularity of the jejunum

To evaluate the estrogenic potential of the phytoestrogen secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) found in linseed meal (LSM) on jejunal mass, cellular proliferation, vascularity, and expression of angiogenic factors and their receptors, 48 ovariectomized ewes (54.6 +/- 1.1 kg) were fed a diet containing 12.5% LSM for 0, 1, 7, or 14 d and implanted with estradiol-17beta (E(2)) for 0, 6, or 24 h before tissue collection. Angiogenic factors and receptors measured included vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor-1 (FLT), VEGF receptor-2 (KDR), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), FGF receptor 2 IIIc (FGFR), angiopoietin (ANG)-1, ANG-2, ANG receptor (Tie-2), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). There was a LSM x E(2) interaction (P = 0.003) on the jejunal cellular proliferation index. Jejunal cellular proliferation increased (P 0.75) or vascular surface area (P > 0.29) of the jejunal villi. Expression of mRNA for the angiogenic factors VEGF, FGF, FGFR, ANG-1, ANG-2, and Tie-2 were not altered (P > 0.33) by feeding LSM or implanting ewes with E(2). Implanting ewes with E(2) for 6 h increased (P = 0.04) eNOS expression compared with ewes implanted for 0 h. Feeding LSM and implanting ewes with E(2) interacted to alter mRNA expression of FLT (P = 0.04), KDR (P 0.11). The impacts of E(2) and LSM on nutrient uptake and growth during physiologically important time points are unknown.
Dielectric relaxation of model network polymers

Abstract Model network polymers derived from narrow distribution α,ω-dihydroxypoly(propylene oxide) and a triisocyanate, tris(4-isocyanatophenyl)thiophosphate, were used. Dielectric relaxation measurements were carried out on these networks with different molecular weights between crosslink points. Two relaxation processes were identified and the complex permittivity was assumed to be the sum of two Havriliak-Negami contributions to obtain relaxation parameters. The relaxation strength of the higher frequency process was found to be proportional to the estimated concentration of the ether oxygen group, on the other hand, the relaxation strength of the lower frequency process was found to be proportional to that of the urethane group. From this result, it is reasonable to consider that the higher frequency process is due to motions involving the ether oxygen group and the lower frequency process is due to motions involving the urethane group.
Comparative analysis of piezoelectric bending-mode actuators

During the last several years novel piezoelectric bending actuators have been developed: RAINBOW, CERAMBOW, CRESCENT, d33 bimorph and THUNDER. A comparative experimental investigation of electromechanical characteristics of these devices along with conventional d31 bimorph and unimorph actuators was conducted in this work. All transducers were fabricated from soft piezoelectric ceramics. The experimental results show the d33 bimorph and unimorph elements have superior quasistatic characteristics as compared to other type of bending-mode actuators. All these piezoelectric devices demonstrate a significant dependence of electromechanical performance on the magnitude of the driving electric field. It was found that the decrease in the mechanical quality factor and resonant frequency of bending vibrations in d31 unimorph, RAINBOW, CRESCENT (CERAMBOW) and THUNDER with increasing electric field is much smaller than that in bimorph and d33 unimorph actuators. The dependence of the behavior of these devices on the operating conditions governs the selection of a particular device for a specific application.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Internet as a communication tool for orthopedic spine fellowships in the United States

Abstract Background context Orthopedic residents seeking additional training in spine surgery commonly use the Internet to manage their fellowship applications. Although studies have assessed the accessibility and content of Web sites in other medical specialties, none have looked at orthopedic spine fellowship Web sites (SFWs). Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accessibility of information from commonly used databases and assess the content of SFWs. Study design This was a Web site accessibility and content evaluation study. Methods A comprehensive list of available orthopedic spine fellowship programs was compiled by accessing program lists from the SF Match, North American Spine Society, Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA), and Orthopaedicsone.com (Ortho1). These databases were assessed for accessibility of information including viable links to SFWs and responsive program contacts. A Google search was used to identify SFWs not readily available on these national databases. SFWs were evaluated based on online education and recruitment content. Results Evaluators found 45 SFWs of 63 active programs (71%). Available SFWs were often not readily accessible from national program lists, and no program afforded a direct link to their SFW from SF Match. Approximately half of all programs responded via e-mail. Although many programs described surgical experience (91%) and research requirements (87%) during the fellowship, less than half mentioned didactic instruction (46%), journal clubs (41%), and national meetings or courses attended (28%). Evaluators found an average 45% of fellow recruitment content. Comparison of SFWs by program characteristics revealed three significant differences. Programs with greater than one fellowship position had greater online education content than programs with a single fellow (p=.022). Spine fellowships affiliated with an orthopedic residency program maintained greater education (p=.006) and recruitment (p=.046) content on their SFWs. Conclusions Most orthopedic spine surgery programs underuse the Internet for fellow education and recruitment. The inaccessibility of information and paucity of content on SFWs allow for future opportunity to optimize these resources.
No-tillage soybean response to banded and broadcast and direct and residual fertilizer phosphorus and potassium applications

Improved P and K management systems for no-tillage soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] may be needed to increase yield and profits. This study evaluated the response of soybean to fertilizer P or K rates and placement as well as residual and direct fertilization from 1995 through 1996. Two K and two P experiments were established on farmers' fields with 10-yr histories of no tillage. An additional P experiment was conducted on one of Iowa State University's research farms. Treatments on farmers' fields included two rates of P (0 and 19.5 kg P ha -1 ) or K (0 and 51 kg K ha -1 ), placement of fertilizer (surface broadcast or a subsurface band 5 cm beside and 5 cm below the seed ) and time of fertilizer application. Treatments on the research farm were similar, except the P fertilizer rates applied were 0, 19, 39, and 78 kg ha -1 . Leaf P and K concentrations and grain yields were measured. Soil test P and K levels at the 0- to 15-cm depths ranged from low to very high across sites at the beginning of the experiment. Placement effects were variable for leaf P or K concentrations. Grain yields for broadcast P and K were as good as or better than the banded applications. However, there may be an advantage to applying P directly to the soybean crop, at least when soil test levels are optimum or lower.
Nanosecond resolution time-resolved x-ray study of silicon during pulsed-laser irradiation

We have used the pulsed time structure of the Cornell High-Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) to carry out a nanosecond resolution time-resolved x-ray study of silicon during pulsed-laser irradiation. Time-resolved temperature distributions and interfacial overheating and undercooling were measured on 〈111〉 and 〈100〉 silicon during 25 ns UV laser pulses through the analysis of thermal expansion induced strain. The temperature gradients were found to be > 107 K/cm at the liquid-solid interface and the temperature distributions have been shown to be in agreement with numerical heat flow calculations for these laser conditions. The combined overheating and undercooling (during ∼ 10 m/s melting and ∼ 6 m/s regrowth) was measured to be 110 ± 30 K on 〈111〉 oriented silicon and 50 ± 25 K on 〈100〉 silicon. These values have been interpreted in terms of velocity coefficients of overheating and undercooling.
Mission-critical management of mobile sensors: or, how to guide a flock of sensors

This work addresses the problem of optimizing the deployment of sensors in order to ensure the quality of the readings of the value of interest in a given (critical) geographic region. As usual, we assume that each sensor is capable of reading a particular physical phenomenon (e.g., concentration of toxic materials in the air) and transmitting it to a server or a peer. However, the key assumptions considered in this work are: 1. each sensor is capable of moving (where the motion may be remotely controlled); and 2. the spatial range for which the individual sensor's reading is guaranteed to be of a desired quality is limited. In scenarios like disaster management and homeland security, in case some of the sensors dispersed in a larger geographic area report a value higher than a certain threshold, one may want to ensure a quality of the readings for the affected region. This, in turn, implies that one may want to ensure that there are enough sensors there and, consequently, guide a subset of the rest of the sensors towards the affected region. In this paper we explore variants of the problem of optimizing the guidance of the mobile sensors towards the affected geographic region and we present algorithms for their solutions.
Screening and Brief Intervention Practice Model for Social Workers in Non-Substance-Abuse Practice Settings

The social costs of substance abuse problems in the United States are staggering. Although social work has a long history of working in the substance abuse field, the profession does not pay similar attention to potential substance abuse problems in non-substance-abuse practice areas despite the high prevalence of substance abuse in these settings. A screening and brief intervention practice model that emphasizes a feasible and practical framework for social workers to screen for potential substance abuse problems in non-substance-abuse practice settings and make appropriate brief interventions is provided. Implications for social work educators, administrators, and practitioners are discussed.
The Power of Testing: Investigating Minority Teachers’ Responses to Certification Examination Questions

The purpose of this study was to explore the response patterns of African American students to the state certification questions. More specifically, the participants' explanations of their responses and their perceptions of the source of knowledge they used to answer the questions were discussed. To achieve this purpose, three research questions served to guide this study. Using a Needs Analysis Instrument, a Teacher Belief Survey, inquiry questions, and focus group discussion, patterns and themes emerged as to how the participants answered. These included language, coursework, cultural references, and teacher beliefs.
Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Characterization of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Disease in the Indiana Kindred ( PRNP F198S)

An adult-onset, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by cerebellar ataxia, parkinsonism and dementia, has been studied in a large Indiana kindred (IK)1–3. The clinical signs of affected individuals have similarities with those observed in patients from an Austrian family (“H” family) described by Gerstmann Straussler and Scheinker4 and further characterized by Braunmuhl5, Seitelberger6,7, Budka et al.8, and Kretzschmar et al9. In the “H” family, the salient clinical features were adult-onset ataxia, pyramidal signs and dementia. The disease in the “H” family was inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Neuropathologically, amyloid deposits in cerebellum and cerebrum as well as atrophy in spinal cord, brain stem and cerebellum, were consistently observed.
Analysis of the Reverse Flow Chromatographic Reactor

A reverse flow chromatographic reactor with side feed (RFCR) can be used to improve the conversion and selectivity for irreversible and reversible reaction systems beyond the values obtained from conventional steady-state reactors in the case where the reactants are more strongly adsorbed than the products. It is also simpler than conventional chromatographic, moving, and simulated moving beds and other systems that combine reaction and adsorption separation. The results of the study show the robustness and stability of the system, as well as its capacity to significantly improve conversion and selectivity for several reaction systems, including consecutive reactions. Simulation results of this mathematical model for the hydrogenation of 1,3,5-trymethylbenzene (MES) compare well with previous studies, using countercurrent moving-bed reactors and simulated countercurrent bed reactors. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2266–2275, 2004
Cardiovascular Disease: Rise, Fall, and Future Prospects

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) became the leading cause of chronic disease morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries in the twentieth century. In many nations, it peaked and began to decline, while in developing countries it is rising. The contributions of risk factors, sociocultural changes, and medical care are debated, but all play a role in understanding these disease patterns. Public health approaches such as dietary change along with widespread use of medications such as aspirin, statins, diuretics, and beta-blockers may impact future trends in this chronic disease epidemic.
PERINATAL GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION IN MIDGESTATION

In a series of 32 fetuses and neonates studied at autopsy at Women and Infants Hospital, group B streptococcus (GBS) was isolated from the right atrial blood or from the lung. Eleven or 34% (5 stillborn fetuses and 6 liveborn infants) were delivered in midgestation, between 18 and 28 weeks, and all weighed less than 1000 g. Maternal clinical features in GBS infection during midgestation included vaginal hemorrhage in 4 and premature rupture of membranes in 8. The high rate of fetal death associated with this infection in midgestation (45%) bears emphasizing. Reproductive loss among mothers with previous pregnancies seems to be a risk factor for subsequent perinatal loss due to GBS Of 17 pregnancies among these 11 mothers, only 3 resulted in living children. Colonized mothers with GBS are usually treated late in the third trimester, if at all. This study indicates that attention must be directed to midgestation, at least among the high-risk group.
Ecological partitioning among parapatric cryptic species

Geographic range differences among species may result from differences in their physiological tolerances. In the intertidal zone, marine and terrestrial environments intersect to create a unique habitat, across which physiological tolerance strongly influences range. Traits to cope with environmental extremes are particularly important here because many species live near their physiological limits and environmental gradients can be steep. The snail Melampus bidentatus occurs in coastal salt marshes in the western Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. We used sequence data from one mitochondrial (COI) and two nuclear markers (histone H3 and a mitochondrial carrier protein, MCP) to identify three cryptic species within this broad-ranging nominal species, two of which have partially overlapping geographic ranges. High genetic diversity, low population structure, and high levels of migration within these two overlapping species suggest that historical range limitations do not entirely explain their different ranges. To identify microhabitat differences between these two species, we modelled their distributions using data from both marine and terrestrial environments. Although temperature was the largest factor setting range limits, other environmental components explained features of the ranges that temperature alone could not. In particular, the interaction of precipitation and salinity likely sets physiological limits that lead to range differences between these two cryptic species. This suggests that the response to climatic change in these snails will be mediated by changes to multiple environmental factors, and not just to temperature alone.