cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Songbird and Medium-Sized Mammal Communities Associated with Exurban Development in Pitkin County, Colorado

Residential development is occurring at unprecedented rates in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States, with unknown ecological consequences. We conducted our research in exurban development in Pitkin County, Colorado, between May and June in 1998 and 1999. Unlike suburban development, exur- ban development occurs beyond incorporated city limits, and the surrounding matrix remains the original ecosystem type. We surveyed songbirds and medium-sized mammals at 30, 180, and 330 m away from 40 homes into undeveloped land to examine the effect of houses along a distance gradient, and in developments of two different housing densities as well as undeveloped sites to examine the effect of housing density. We placed bird species into one of two groups for the house-distance effect: (1) human-adapted species, birds that occurred in higher densities close to developments and lower densities farther away and (2) human-sensitive species, birds that occurred in highest densities farthest from homes and in lowest densities close to develop- ment. For both groups, densities of individual species were statistically different between the 30- and 180-m sites. Six species were classified as human-adapted, and six were classified as human-sensitive for the house- distance effect. Dogs ( Canis familiaris ) and house cats ( Felis domesticus ) were detected more frequently closer to homes than farther away, and red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) and coyotes ( Canis latrans ) were detected more fre- quently farther away from houses. With respect to the effect of housing density, most avian densities did not differ significantly between high- and low-density development but were statistically different from undevel- oped sites. Six species were present in higher densities in developed areas, and eight species were present in higher densities in undeveloped parcels. Similar results were found for mammalian species, with dogs and cats detected more frequently in high-density developments and red foxes and coyotes detected more fre- quently in undeveloped parcels of land. From an ecological standpoint, it is preferable to cluster houses and leave the undeveloped areas in open space, as opposed to dispersing houses across the entire landscape.
American Media and the Smoking-related Behaviors of Asian Adolescents

A survey of over 1,700 Hong Kong adolescents indicates that their smoking-related behaviors are related to their exposure to cigarette advertising, promotional products, and movies. American media and tobacco firms dominate these industries, resulting in strong preferences for American cigarette brands, particularly Marlboro. As a correlational study, this research does not, of itself, address the issue of causality. However, these findings do add one more dimension to a growing body of literature that cumulatively suggests a causal relationship between exposure to tobacco advertising and promotion and youth smoking.The author wishes to thank Dr. Judith Mackay, director of the Asian Consultancy on Tobacco Control, Hong Kong, and executives of the Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health (HKCOSH) for their help in this project.
Electric Field Effects on the Nanometer-Level Surface Modification of Au(111) Surfaces

The authors report observations of contrasting surface modification behavior of the Au(111) in the presence of an electric field and field-emission currents using interfacial force microscopy (IFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The experiments consist of surface modification procedures which allow for large tip-sample gaps, in contrast to fast voltage pulses (applied at tunneling distances) employed by previous STM investigations. Dramatic surface distortions are observed when a 200 nm tip, biased at {minus}100 V, is brought toward the Au surface to a field emission current level of 400 nA and then retracted. In other experiments, the authors raise the sample voltage to field-emission levels while maintaining a constant current. STM images, measured in a time-resolved manner after each such procedure, show that the presence of a higher electric field ({approximately} 0.07 V/{angstrom}) results in step retraction and the disappearance of small islands on the Au(111) surface followed by the formation of vacancy islands in the area directly beneath the apex of the tip where the field is highest. They discuss the implications of these contrasting surface modification in terms of the various key parameters and in relation to previous studies using voltage pulses in the STM.
Systematic Identification of the Genes Affecting Glycogen Storage in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Implication of the Vacuole as a Determinant of Glycogen Level

At the onset of nutrient limitation, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae synthesizes glycogen to serve as a carbon and energy reserve. We undertook a systematic survey for the genes that affect glycogen accumulation by taking advantage of the strain deletion set generated by the Saccharomyces Genome Deletion Project. The strain collection analyzed contained some 4600 diploid homozygous null deletants, representing ∼88% of all viable haploid disruptants. We identified 324 strains with low and 242 with elevated glycogen stores, accounting for 12.4% of the genes analyzed. The screen was validated by the identification of many of the genes known already to influence glycogen accumulation. Many of the mutants could be placed into coherent families. For example, 195 or 60% of the hypoaccumulators carry mutations linked to respiratory function, a class of mutants well known to be defective in glycogen storage. The second largest group consists of ∼60 genes involved in vesicular trafficking and vacuolar function, including genes encoding 13 of 17 proteins involved in the structure or assembly of the vacuolar ATPase. These data are consistent with our recent findings that the process of autophagy has a significant impact on glycogen storage (Wang, Z., Wilson, W. A., Fujino, M. A., and Roach, P. J. (2001) Antagonistic controls of autophagy and glycogen accumulation by Snf1p, the yeast homolog of AMP-activated protein kinase, and the cyclin-dependent kinase Pho85p. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 5742–5752). Autophagy delivers glycogen to the vacuole, and we propose that the impaired vacuolar function associated with ATPase mutants (vma10 or vma22) results in reduced degradation and subsequent hyperaccumulation of glycogen.
Dobutamine stress echocardiography in the evaluation of young patients with Kawasaki disease.

There has been no consistent approach to the follow-up of Kawasaki disease patients for remote coronary perfusion abnormalities. Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) has become a standard method for evaluation of perfusion abnormalities in adults with coronary artery disease. In addition, DSE has been used with success in some pediatric patients. The purposes of this study were to evaluate safety and accuracy of DSE in the follow-up of patients with Kawasaki disease, to evaluate whether DSE adds any additional value to the resting echocardiogram, and to determine the association of DSE results with American Heart Association (AHA) risk level categories. DSE was performed 1 month to 13 years after acute Kawasaki disease in 47 patients (range, 3.8-22.6 years; 33 males and 16 females). Patients were stratified according to AHA risk level categories (I-V). Ischemia was defined as a new or worsening regional wall motion abnormality or >1 mm ST segment depression on the electrocardiogram during DSE. In 45/47 patients, DSE was completed successfully (i.e., achievement of target heart rate or development of ischemia). No patients in risk levels lower than V (i.e., patients without coronary artery stenoses) had positive DSE, whereas 2/4 (50%) in the risk level V category had positive DSE, both of whom had coronary occlusion >50% confirmed by angiography. Of the 2 AHA risk level V patients with negative DSE, 1 had extensive collateralization and the other had coronary obstruction <50%. DSE is a safe and feasible method for the evaluation of children with Kawasaki disease. DSE provides a confirmatory benefit and may be a useful screening alternative to cardiac catheterization during follow-up. Patients in AHA risk levels I-IV are unlikely to have dobutamine-induced coronary perfusion abnormalities. Patients in the risk level V category may or may not have positive DSE depending on the degree of both coronary obstruction and collateralization.
Quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions

Performance quality was conceptualized as the attributes of a service which are controlled by a tourism supplier, while satisfaction referred to a tourist's emotional state after exposure to the opportunity. A structural equations model hypothesized that perceived performance quality would have a stronger total effect on behavioral intentions than satisfaction. This hypothesis was confirmed. The analysis also indicated that the perceptions measure of quality fitted the hypothesized model better than data derived from the subjective disconfirmation measure. Results suggested that evaluation efforts should include assessment of both performance quality and satisfaction, but since performance quality is under management's control it is likely to be the more useful measure. Keywords: perform- ance quality, satisfaction, behavioral intentions, festival, structural equations. # 2000 Else- vier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Taciturnity of Aeneas

Aeneas' speech of defence before Dido ( A. 4. 333–61) is the longest and most controversial he delivers. Although by no means typical, it can open up some revealing perspectives over the rest of the poem. The exchange between the two, having as its kernel a dispute over obligations and responsibilities, requires some words of context. The early part of the book describes the establishment of a liaison between the refugee leaders, while revealing amongst the poem's characters a wide discrepancy of opinion over the nature of that liaison. Juno announces that she will arrange the marriage of the couple (125–7); after the ensuing marriage-parody of the cave-scene (165–8), Dido also calls what now exists a ‘marriage’: coniugium uocat, hocpraetexit nomine culpam (172). Fama too, moving around Libya, speaks as if Dido has taken Aeneas for husband (192). But the local King Iarbas regards Aeneas as a pirate who has carried off a successful job of plunder (217), while Jupiter looks down from heaven and sees ‘lovers’, amantis (221). Mercury is able to address Aeneas as uxorius (266).
Racial differences in weight loss, hemoglobin A1C, and blood lipid profiles after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.

Abstract Background It is known that African American (AA) patients with obesity achieve less weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) than their Caucasian (CA) counterparts. However, it is unclear how these differences in weight loss are reflected in clinical outcomes. Objectives To determine the effects of RYGB on hemoglobin A 1c (A 1c ) and blood lipids in relationship to the variability in weight loss outcomes in a racially mixed patient population. Setting University medical center. Methods Retrospective analysis of clinical data from electronic medical records of CA, AA, and Hispanic American (HA) patients undergoing RYGB. Results We used 2-way cluster analysis and identified 4 distinct weight loss×race clusters. CA patients separated into 2 clusters (45.5% and 28.2% weight loss, respectively), whereas, AA and HA patients separated into 1 cluster each (33.2% and 34.4% weight loss, respectively). Factors that significantly affected weight loss were race, age, gender, and physical activity as well as presence of hypertension and degenerative joint disease. Although all clusters had significant improvements in blood lipids, HA had an increase in total cholesterol (Total-c) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) at 2 years after surgery. All clusters had significant decreases in A 1c in the first year. At 2 years after RYGB, A 1c levels remained stable in CA and HA; however, AA had a significant increase. These racial differences in A 1c could not be explained by the smaller weight loss in AA patients. Conclusion Race is an important factor in the clinical outcomes of RYGB, especially in regard to diabetes control; however, its effect is not completely understood.
Postwar Land Settlement Opportunities in the Northern Great Plains

AN OVERALL analysis of agricultural resources, demand for agricultural products, and available labor force in relation to the probable number of postwar land settlement opportunities in the Northern Great Plains is contained in this article. The ways in which individual settlers may be aided or guided in seeking these opportunities are not considered. The Northern Great Plains contains the western margin of the Corn Belt and much of the marginal wheat land of the country. About 68 percent of the land in the Northern Plains is used for grazing. Except in the eastern part and certain local areas elsewhere in the region, the grazing makes possible an extensive type of livestock production. The production of the Plains is subject to wide annual fluctuations due to variations in precipitation and temperature.
An Unstructured Two-Fluid Method Based on the Coupled Phasic Exchange Algorithm

An implicit multi-phase CFD formulation is presented. The differential model employed is the ensemble averaged full-two-fluid system, wherein continuity, momentum, energy and turbulence quantity conservation equations are solved for an arbitrary number of constituents. Models for non-equilibrium interfacial transfer are incorporated. Fully unstructured (i.e., four standard element types), second order discretization is employed. Elements of the Coupled Phasic Exchange (CPE) algorithm are employed, which accommodate the significant influence of inter-field transfer on discretization, operator splitting and linear solution elements of the scheme. In this paper, details of the CFD formulation and physical modeling are first summarized, with emphasis placed on multi-phase, unstructured and parallel processing elements. Several examples are provided which illustrate the ability of the scheme to model a variety of complex single and multi-component systems. These include gas-particle flow through a branching pipe junction with an internal obstruction, an axisymmetric bubble column flow and rotor-stator simulation of an axial pump stage.
Photodissociation of Cerium Oxide Nanocluster Cations.

Cerium oxide cluster cations, CexOy+, are produced via laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle source and detected with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The mass spectrum displays a strongly preferred oxide stoichiometry for each cluster with a specific number of metal atoms x, with x ≤ y. Specifically, the most prominent clusters correspond to the formula CeO(CeO2)n+. The cluster cations are mass selected and photodissociated with a Nd:YAG laser at either 532 or 355 nm. The prominent clusters dissociate to produce smaller species also having a similar CeO(CeO2)n+ formula, always with apparent leaving groups of (CeO2). The production of CeO(CeO2)n+ from the dissociation of many cluster sizes establishes the relative stability of these clusters. Furthermore, the consistent loss of neutral CeO2 shows that the smallest neutral clusters adopt the same oxidation state (IV) as the most common form of bulk cerium oxide. Clusters with higher oxygen content than the CeO(CeO2)n+ masses are present with much lower ab...
Preparation and Properties of Some Fluoroalcohol-Ethylene Oxide Adducts.

Polyoxyethylene fluoroethers, CF3 (CF2) mCH2O (C2H4O) pH and H (CF2CF2) n CH2O (C2H4O) pH (m=2, 6; n=2, 3, 4; p=3, 5, 10) were prepared by the addition of ethylene oxide (EO) to fluoroalcohols in the presence of a base catalyst and their physicochemical properties-cloud point, surface tension, foaming property, and emulsifying power-weremeasured. The effects of the number of EO moles added and the carbon chain length of starting alcohols onthe surface activities were clarified, and the following results were obtained.1) Cloud points of aqueous solution of those adducts were found to be higher with an increase in the ni mber of oxyethylene units.2) Aqueous surface tensions of those adducts decreased with increasing of the carbon chain length of starting alcohols. However, 5 moles EO adducts generally gave the lowest aqueous surface tension in each of the series other than H (CF2CF2) 2CH2O (C2H4O) pH. (p=3, 5, 10).3) With the exception of ethylene glycol solutions of CF3 (CF2) 6CH2O (C2H4O) pH (p=0, 1, 3, 5, 10), the surface tensions of ethylene glycol solutions of those adducts decreased with increasing of the carbon chain length of starting alcohols and the number of oxyethylene units.4) CF3 (CF2) 6CH2O (C2H4O) pH (p=5, 10) and H (CF2CF2) 4CH2O (C2H4O) 10H showed a good foaming property.5) The adducts had strong emulsifying powers toward xylene but weak emulsifying powers toward liquid paraffin.
Teacher Evaluation of Resources Designed for Adapting Mathematics for Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities

Although educators of students who take alternate assessments based on alternate achievement standards are charged with providing access to grade-level mathematics to help their students prepare for this requirement, almost no models exist to provide guidance for how to adapt mathematics content for this population of students. This study asked educators to evaluate resource materials for adapting grade-aligned mathematics. One hundred twenty-five participants completed a survey to appraise two resources developed specifically for teaching mathematics to students with significant cognitive disabilities. One of the resources was designed to build mathematics content knowledge and the second to provide guidance for designing mathematics instruction aligned to academic content standards. The resources received positive reviews from a large majority of respondents who agreed they provided educators with needed models for teaching specific mathematics content.
Nutritional status of preschool children

A complexity of elements act and interact in the ecosystem of a child, all of which affect his nutritional status.
15AU81, a prostacyclin analog, enhances donor-specific hepatocytes to prolong the survival of rat heart but not small bowel allografts.

Prostacyclin analogs have previously been shown to have not only cytoprotective but also independent immunosuppressive effects. The effect of one such analog, 15AU81, to enhance the immunosuppressive effects of liver was investigated. We have previously demonstrated that cyclosporine (CsA) in conjunction with rapamycin (RAPA) potentiates class I+, class II- donor-specific hepatocytes to prolong rat cardiac and small bowel allograft survival. Brown Norway (BN; RT1n) hepatocytes alone (5 x 10(7)/kg, administered intrasplenically) failed to prolong the survival of BN heart allografts in Wistar Furth (WFu; RT1u) recipients, beyond that of untreated controls (MST = 7.2 +/- 0.8 days). Survival of BN hearts was increased to 11.4 +/- 1.7 days in WFu recipients treated with BN hepatocytes and 50 microg/kg/day 15AU81 administered by continuous s.c. infusion for 14 days using osmotic pumps (p < 0.05). The further addition of RAPA 0.0075 mg/kg/day and CsA 0.375 mg/kg/day delivered for 14 days by continuous i.v. infusion (CIVI) using osmotic pumps (a combination that alone prolonged BN heart allografts in WFu hosts to 18.4 +/- 1.3 days and in conjunction with BN hepatocytes prolonged survival to 27.2 +/- 1.9 days) prolonged allograft survival to 35.2 +/- 5.2 days. In contrast, the survival of small bowel allografts was not enhanced by 15AU81 administration. Survival of BN small bowel transplants in LEW recipients treated with hepatocytes alone (MST = 11.6 +/- 1.5 days) or hepatocytes plus 15AU81 (MST = 10.0 +/- 1.0 days) was similar to controls (MST = 10.2 +/- 1.9 days). Treatment with hepatocytes and RAPA/CsA increased survival to 21.2 +/- 1.5 days. The further addition of 15AU81 failed to augment this (MST = 17.0 +/- 1.9 days). In vitro WFu lymphocyte proliferative responses from animals pretreated with BN hepatocytes, 15AU81, or both treatments, for 2 weeks prior to harvesting, exhibited a reduction of at least 50%, compared to untreated controls upon allostimulation with irradiated BN or ACI spleen cells. These findings demonstrate that 15AU81 interacts favorably with hepatocytes either alone or in conjunction with RAPA and CsA to enhance their immunosuppressive effects on rat heart allograft survival. The failure to enhance small bowel allograft survival may be explained by the inability at this low dosage of 15AU81 to influence the intense graft versus host reaction elicited by small bowel transplants.
Is Java relevant in the game industry

In this paper, the authors present research to determine whether or not Java is a relevant programming language in the gaming industry. The objective is to determine if it would be advantageous for a career-oriented college to use Java to teach game programming and how it may support a students' career progression.
Carmen Laforet’s Nada: From Letter to Novel

AbstractBefore she began to compose her first novel Nada, Carmen Laforet wrote many letters to friends about her experiences in Barcelona shortly after the Spanish Civil War. These letters contain the seeds of the novel and (as is argued in this article) inspired a number of epistolary features in the novel's structure and style—its first-person narrative voice that begs for an addressee, its enigmatic ellipses, gaps and fissures, its voyeurism and its embedded letters. Considering Nada's epistolarity answers some of the questions that have been raised about the novel's supposed autobiographical and confessional characteristics.
Relativistic Chiral Kinetic Theory

Abstract This very brief review of the recent progress in chiral kinetic theory is based on the results of Refs. [J.-Y. Chen, D. T. Son, M. A. Stephanov, H.-U. Yee, Y. Yin, Lorentz Invariance in Chiral Kinetic Theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (18) (2014) 182302. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.182302 ; J.-Y. Chen, D. T. Son, M. A. Stephanov, Collisions in Chiral Kinetic Theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 (2) (2015) 021601. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.021601 ; M. A. Stephanov, H.-U. Yee, The no-drag frame for anomalous chiral fluid, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (12) (2016) 122302. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.122302 ].
Impact of fraction size on locally advanced oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cancers treated with chemoradiation

Abstract Objectives Although chemoradiation regimens have used various fraction sizes, it remains unclear how differences in fraction size impact outcomes. Materials and methods Using the National Cancer Database, we identified patients with nasopharynx or oropharynx cancers treated between 2004 and 2012 with chemoradiation using fraction sizes of 1.8 Gy (n = 1612), 2 Gy (n = 8092) or 2.12 Gy (n = 1660). Comparisons between fraction sizes were made in the entire cohort and in a propensity matched cohort. Results Median follow-up was 38.1 m. Patients receiving 2.12 Gy per fraction were more likely to be treated from 2007 to 2012, to be treated at an academic center, to have T3-T4 tumors and to have oropharyngeal primaries. The 3 year overall survival for patients treated with 1.8 Gy, 2 Gy and 2.12 Gy fraction sizes was 72.9%, 77.8% and 83.3%, respectively (P Conclusion Chemoradiation regimens using 2.12 Gy fraction sizes likely have a potential advantage in select nasopharynx and oropharynx cancer patients based on age, treatment facility and radiotherapy technique. However, it remains unclear if this survival advantage reflected improved disease control due to lack of locoregional control data.
Discovering explanatory models to identify relevant tweets on Zika

Zika virus has caught the worlds attention, and has led people to share their opinions and concerns on social media like Twitter. Using text-based features, extracted with the help of Parts of Speech (POS) taggers and N-gram, a classifier was built to detect Zika related tweets from Twitter. With a simple logistic classifier, the system was successful in detecting Zika related tweets from Twitter with a 92% accuracy. Moreover, key features were identified that provide deeper insights on the content of tweets relevant to Zika. This system can be leveraged by domain experts to perform sentiment analysis, and understand the temporal and spatial spread of Zika.
Baroque and Classical Aesthetic Visions

Although Wilfried Floeck in Esthetique de la diversite states that the literature of the mid-seventeenth century in France “est indeniablement marquee par le style baroque,” he points out that a baroque literary vision and a classical aesthetics coexisted and stimulated artistic creation.1 Evolving from the Renaissance crisis of knowledge and from principles of rhetoric, the Baroque existed in France as an independent literary and artistic vision between 1575–85 and 1650–60, and manifested itself in particular works rather than in a developed, organized, and established theory written at that time. The absence of such a codified manifesto is the logical consequence of the nature of the Baroque, which promoted liberty, diversity, imagination, and change. In contrast, classical aesthetics, insisting on order, clarity, proportion, and reason, consisted of homogeneous rules, first codified by Jean Chapelain in 1620,2 and reached its height in the literary texts written between 1660 and 1680. Emerging as a reaction against the Renaissance ideals of order and clarity, and then continuing its rebellion against the system of rules devised in reaction to contemporary notions of diversity and liberty by seventeenth-century French classicism, the Baroque released imprisoned imaginative forces activated by sense experiences and liberty.
Modular Regenerative Emulation System for DC–DC Converters in Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicle Applications

This paper proposes a novel emulation system for emulating the power system in the fuel cell electric vehicle. The major purpose of the proposed emulation system is to test the dc–dc converter between the fuel cell and high-voltage powertrain. The bidirectional buck–boost type dc–dc converter is applied in the emulation system as the basic elements. A modularized approach is presented for easily scaling up and down the power level of the emulation system. Meanwhile, an energy loop structure is implemented in the proposed emulation system for power capability boosting purpose. Because of the proposed energy loop configuration, the emulation system offers long-term running capability with high power rating without the grid connection. A neutral current control mechanism is applied in this paper to further enhance the long-term testing capability as well as extending the lifespan for the battery packages. The simulation studies are proposed in this paper to validate the control mechanisms of the emulation system. A 10 kW hardware prototype has been built and the experimental tests are presented for validating the functionalities of the emulation system.
Greater Emphasis on Variation in an Introductory Statistics Course

Many introductory courses teach traditional probability concepts. The objectives of these courses may be better met by emphasizing characteristics of random variation rather than formal probability. To illustrate a different approach, some alternative concepts and related activities are described and discussed.
Prenatal Prediction of Difficult Intubation in Periviable Neonates Using Standard Fetal Biometric Parameters.

Objective To assess whether standard fetal biometric parameters can be used to predict difficult intubations in periviable neonates undergoing resuscitation. Study Design This is a retrospective case–control study of periviable neonates delivered at 23 to 256/7 weeks at an academic hospital during a 5-year period in whom intubation was attempted. Standard fetal biometric measurements were included if they were taken within 7 days of delivery. Primary outcome was intubation in one attempt and was compared with more than one attempt. Data were also collected for fetal gestational age at delivery, neonatal birth weight, estimated fetal weight, head circumference, biparietal diameter, and abdominal circumference. Parametric and nonparametric statistical tests used p Results In total, 93 neonates met the inclusion criteria. The mean estimated fetal weight was 675 g (standard deviation [SD] ± 140), and the mean neonatal birth weight was 706 g (SD ± 151). The median interval between fetal ultrasound and delivery was 3 days (range: 0–7 days). A total of 45 neonates (48.3%) required more than one intubation attempt. The median number of intubation attempts was 1 (range: 1–10). There was no association between intubation difficulty and fetal abdominal circumference, biparietal diameter, head circumference, gestational age, estimated fetal weight, and neonatal birth weight (all p > 0.05). Conclusion Standard biometry in periviable neonates does not predict intubation difficulty.
Use of Geographic Information Systems in Physical Activity Interventions: a Systematic Review.

Introduction The promotion of physical activity is inextricably dependent on the environment. This systematic review summarizes studies that used geographic information systems to account for the role of geographic features in the design, implementation, or evaluation of interventions that promoted physical activity. Methods Pubmed, ProQuest/PsycInfo, and Cochrane Library were searched for physical activity interventions that employed geographic information systems. The search was conducted with an algorithm that included 10 geographic, 28 intervention, and 9 physical activity search terms. Data were systematically reviewed using a standardized form based on the PICOS framework (participants, interventions, comparison, outcomes, and study design). Quality of the studies included was independently rated on 14 criteria (Registration number CRD42016046011). Results Search yield 12,518 published articles, of which, 19 studies satisfied our inclusion criteria. Proximity to recreational areas and neighborhood walkability were the most common geographic factors measured in studies of physical activity interventions. Interventions focused on supporting physical activity by providing recreational spaces and adequate infrastructure to participants. Fifteen intervention studies assessed socioeconomic environmental factors along with physical environmental factors. Support groups were introduced by 4 of the interventions to offset social environmental barriers in the geographical environment. Given the lack of consistency in measurements of physical activity, and long-term assessments, it was not possible to determine if findings are attributable to the geographic environment or a novelty effect. Conclusion More research is needed to better understand the physical and social factors within the geographic environment that work as barriers or facilitators of physical activity changes.
Paternity establishment at birth and early maltreatment: risk and protective effects by maternal race and ethnicity

Abstract Background Minority race/ethnicity, low socioeconomic status, and lack of established paternity have been identified in previous research as risk factors for child maltreatment. However, given vastly different patterns of income distribution, single parenting and co-parenting across racial and ethnic populations, it is difficult to know which of these factors contribute most to maltreatment risk. Objective The current study explores whether the odds of maltreatment differ across race/ethnicity when paternity is not established at birth after controlling for maternal socioeconomic status. Methods Using merged birth certificate and child protective services records for children born between 2009 and 2011 in Texas (N = 1,175,804), we conducted multiple logistic regression analyses testing the main effects of maternal race and lack of established paternity, as well as the interaction of the two, on substantiated maltreatment. Results Results show that children of black mothers were less likely to have established paternity and more likely to experience maltreatment compared with other groups. However, the odds of maltreatment were lower for children of black mothers without established paternity compared to children of white mothers without established paternity (OR = .71, 95% CI [0.67,0.75]). Alternatively, the odds of maltreatment were higher when paternity was not established at birth for Hispanic mothers (OR = 1.13, 95% CI [1.08,1.18]) and mothers of other race/ethnicities (OR = 1.35, 95% CI [1.11,1.65]) compared to white mothers. Conclusion Research and prevention programming must consider that the processes and pathways linking paternity establishment and maltreatment may differ within and between racial/ethnic groups.
ELT Policy Directions in Multilingual Japan

ELT policies in Japan have been extremely controversial and not entirely consistent in recent years. An advisory panel to the Prime Minister proposed to make English Japan’s official second language, which produced an enormous debate but not concrete steps to implement the proposal. Teachers at the secondary level continue to teach English in preparation for university entrance examinations, whereas in 2002 English was introduced in public elementary schools with a focus on communicative English. In this chapter, I analyze debates and concerns in each of these areas. Although there is a general call for a more effective, communicatively-oriented English education in Japan, some educators and policy makers argue that to allow more emphasis on English is to willingly subject Japan to English imperialism. On the other hand, the participants in these debates have limited their attention almost exclusively to the language majority population i.e. what the spread of English might mean for the Japanese. The question of how to reconcile the influence and power of English with the need to nurture other minority languages in Japan, crucial given Japan’s increasing linguistic and cultural diversity, is rarely addressed.
The Impact of State Shutdown Policies on Unemployment During a Pandemic

We use high-frequency Google search data, combined with data on the announcement dates of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. states, to isolate the direct impact of state-level NPIs on own-state unemployment in an event study framework. Exploiting the differential timing of the introduction of restaurant and bar limitations, non-essential business closures, stay-at-home orders, large-gatherings bans, school closures, and emergency declarations, we analyze how Google searches for claiming unemployment insurance varied from day to day and across states. We describe a set of assumptions under which proxy outcomes can be used to estimate a causal parameter of interest when data on the outcome of interest are limited. Using this method, we quantify the share of overall growth in unemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic that was directly due to each of these state-level NPIs. We find that between March 14 and 28, restaurant and bar limitations and non-essential business closures can explain 6.0% and 6.4% of UI claims respectively, while the other NPIs did not directly increase own-state UI claims.
Optical Manipulation and Assembly of Colloidal Particles on Solid Substrates

We report optical nanomanipulation and assembly of colloidal particles on a solid substrate by modulating particle-substrate interactions through laser-induced optothermal dynamics.
“Give Peace a Chance?: The Anti-War Movement and the Arab-Israeli Conflict”

This study examines the anti-war movement’s conflicted attitude toward the Arab-Israeli conflict in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It details how these uncertainties highlighted and exacerbated se...
Rating of Perceived Exertion in Three-Minute Step Test in Children with Cystic Fibrosis

The purpose of the study was to assess whether there are differences in cardiorespiratory fitness between children with and without cystic fibrosis (CF). Ten children with CF attended at a referral center for the treatment of CF and 13 children without CF were evaluated. The average age of the children with CF was 10.40 (3.13) years and those without CF was 9.39 (3.25) years. The children performed the three-minute step test with monitoring of hemodynamic parameters and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) every minute. Oxygen desaturation of 4% during the test occurred in three children with CF and none of the children reached a SatO2 percentage < 75%. After the step test, the findings showed that children with CF presented higher RPE scores during the test (p = 0.002) when compared to children without CF (p < 0.001). The RPE was the only parameter that changed during the test and demonstrated that children with cystic fibrosis tired more during the test when compared to children without CF despite the lack of changes in hemodynamic variables.
God joins us in death

Graham B. Walker introduces the slow violence of the environmental crisis as a flashpoint in the question for the doctrine of providence in general and the history of the Cross specifically. Where ...
The Role of Information Organization and Knowledge Structuring in Combatting Misinformation: A Literary Analysis

This paper seeks to explore how the three hallmark dimensions of Information Organization—(1) Access, (2) Discovery, and (3) Retrieval—each as a construct paves the way for the rise of misinformation and, consequently, be the essential areas of interest for its control and regulations. Furthermore, the role of social networking platforms, grounded on folksonomy-designed environments, is examined on how they function as a seminal contributing factor for the creation and persistence of misinformation. A taxonomic approach as an addendum for the remedy of misinformation is assessed, including suggestions for its more robust implementation. This paper concludes with a summative precis of the presented ideas and literature on this subject and stipulates the general limitations of Information Organization and Knowledge Structuring in their applications in the domain of misinformation.
Finding gapped motifs by a novel evolutionary algorithm

Identifying approximately repeated patterns, or motifs, in biological sequences from a set of co-regulated genes is an important step towards deciphering the complex gene regulatory networks and understanding gene functions. In this work, we develop a novel motif finding algorithm based on a population-based stochastic optimization technique called Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), which has been shown to be effective in optimizing difficult multidimensional problems in continuous domains. We propose a modification of the standard PSO algorithm to handle discrete values, such as characters in DNA sequences. Our algorithm also provides several unique features. First, we use both consensus and position-specific weight matrix representations in our algorithm, taking advantage of the efficiency of the former and the accuracy of the later. Furthermore, many real motifs contain gaps, but the existing methods usually ignore them or assume a user know their exact locations and lengths, which is usually impractical for real applications. In comparison, our method models gaps explicitly, and provides an easy solution to find gapped motifs without any detailed knowledge of gaps. Our method also allows some input sequences to contain zero or multiple binding sites. Experimental results on synthetic challenge problems as well as real biological sequences show that our method is both more efficient and more accurate than several existing algorithms, especially when gaps are present in the motifs.
The 4-Hydroxylation of Cinnamic Acid by Sorghum Microsomes and the Requirement for Cytochrome P-450

Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase in etiolated sorghum seedlings was concentrated in the microsomal or light membrane fraction upon extraction. The three substrates required in the catalysis, cinnamic acid, TPNH, and O2 have Km values in the micromolar range. The same microsomal fraction contained cytochromes P-450 and b5 at 0.10 and 0.55 nmoles · mg of protein-1, respectively. Preparation of a photodissociation action spectrum on carbon monoxide inhibition of the cinnamic acid hydroxylase indicated a requirement for cytochrome P-450 in the catalysis. When challenged with a range of potential inhibitors, the hydroxylase behaved in a manner that is fairly typical of the more extensively studied P-450 monooxygenases of nonplant tissues.
Effects of Pesticide Mixtures on Host-Pathogen Dynamics of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus

Anthropogenic and natural stressors often interact to affect organisms. Amphibian populations are undergoing unprecedented declines and extinctions with pesticides and emerging infectious diseases implicated as causal factors. Although these factors often co-occur, their effects on amphibians are usually examined in isolation. We hypothesized that exposure of larval and metamorphic amphibians to ecologically relevant concentrations of pesticide mixtures would increase their post-metamorphic susceptibility to the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a pathogen that has contributed to amphibian population declines worldwide. We exposed five anuran species (Pacific treefrog, Pseudacris regilla; spring peeper, Pseudacris crucifer; Cascades frog, Rana cascadae; northern leopard frog, Lithobates pipiens; and western toad, Anaxyrus boreas) from three families to mixtures of four common insecticides (chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, permethrin, and endosulfan) or herbicides (glyphosate, acetochlor, atrazine, and 2,4-D) or a control treatment, either as tadpoles or as newly metamorphic individuals (metamorphs). Subsequently, we exposed animals to Bd or a control inoculate after metamorphosis and compared survival and Bd load. Bd exposure significantly increased mortality in Pacific treefrogs, spring peepers, and western toads, but not in Cascades frogs or northern leopard frogs. However, the effects of pesticide exposure on mortality were negligible, regardless of the timing of exposure. Bd load varied considerably across species; Pacific treefrogs, spring peepers, and western toads had the highest loads, whereas Cascades frogs and northern leopard frogs had the lowest loads. The influence of pesticide exposure on Bd load depended on the amphibian species, timing of pesticide exposure, and the particular pesticide treatment. Our results suggest that exposure to realistic pesticide concentrations has minimal effects on Bd-induced mortality, but can alter Bd load. This result could have broad implications for risk assessment of amphibians; the outcome of exposure to multiple stressors may be unpredictable and can differ between species and life stages.
Atlas of Science: Visualizing What We Know

tlas of Science: Visualizing What We Know. Katy Borner. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010. 288 pp., 500 color illus. ISBN: 978-0-262-01445-8
Tensor products of Frobenius manifolds and moduli spaces of higher spin curves

We review progress on the generalized Witten conjecture and some of its major ingredients. This conjecture states that certain intersection numbers on the moduli space of higher spin curves assemble into the logarithm of the τ function of a semiclassical limit of the r-th Gelfand-Dickey (or KdV r ) hierarchy. Additionally, we prove that tensor products of the Frobenius manifolds associated to such hierarchies admit a geometric interpretation in terms of moduli spaces of higher spin structures. We also elaborate upon the analogy with Gromov-Witten invariants of a smooth, projective variety.
A new ATLAS muon CSC readout system with system on chip technology on ATCA platform

The ATLAS muon Cathode Strip Chamber (CSC) back-end readout system has been upgraded during the LHC 2013-2015 shutdown to be able to handle the higher Level-1 trigger rate of 100 kHz and the higher occupancy at Run 2 luminosity. The readout design is based on the Reconfiguration Cluster Element (RCE) concept for high bandwidth generic DAQ implemented on the ATCA platform. The RCE design is based on the new System on Chip Xilinx Zynq series with a processor-centric architecture with ARM processor embedded in FPGA fabric and high speed I/O resources together with auxiliary memories to form a versatile DAQ building block that can host applications tapping into both software and firmware resources. The Cluster on Board (COB) ATCA carrier hosts RCE mezzanines and an embedded Fulcrum network switch to form an online DAQ processing cluster. More compact firmware solutions on the Zynq for G-link, S-link and TTC allowed the full system of 320 G-links from the 32 chambers to be processed by 6 COBs in one ATCA shelf through software waveform feature extraction to output 32 S-links. Furthermore, the full system was installed in Sept. 2014. We will present the RCE/COB design concept, the firmware and software processing architecture,more » and the experience from the intense commissioning towards LHC Run 2.« less
Three Genes Which Affect Founding of Aggregations in Polysphondylium Pallidum

PN6024 is an extraordinary mutant strain of the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium pallidum, characterized by having defects in many unlinked genes. New strains with altered development appeared spontaneously as aberrant clones of PN6024. Genetic crosses using the macrocyst sexual cycle were used to show that PN6030 (a clone like PN6024 in phenotype) carries mutations at two loci, emm and hge, whereas PN6031 (a clone of altered morphology) carries in addition a mutation at a third locus, mgt. hge and possibly mgt are linked to the mating type locus mat. The relatively high frequency of recombination between mat and hge is strong evidence that meiosis precedes macrocyst germination. The mutant genes themselves are of interest. A major effect of the emm-1 mutation is to remove the requirement for light to trigger aggregation. hge-1 greatly reduces the frequency of aggregation, whereas mgt-1 greatly increases it under standard conditions. None of these mutations interrupts later development leading to stalks and spore cells. It is hypothesized that all three genes act on steps immediately preceding the differentiation of the founder cells which initiate aggregation.
Modeling the Negotiation of Newsworthiness

The news product we view each day is formed through negotiations and relationships between members of the press and elected and governmental officials. This negotiation of newsworthiness is inherently a bargaining process. Yet since the process is often hidden and sometimes implicit, it is near impossible for researchers to precisely observe and empirically model how the political news product is created. In this article, I propose a series of bargaining models to gain understanding of the negotiation of newsworthiness between the news media and the government. I establish that even though the government and politicians often have advantages in creating the news, informational control can be mitigated by increasing news outlets’ resources within a dense political news environment. The results provide a formal rationale for when we should and should not expect accountability reporting. Las noticias fabricadas que vemos cada dia son producto de negociaciones y relaciones entre miembros de la prensa y oficiales electos y gubernamentales. Esta negociacion por la relevancia de cada reportaje es intrinsecamente un proceso de negociacion. Sin embargo, este es un proceso frecuentemente oculto y a veces implicito, es casi imposible para los investigadores observar de manera precisa y modelar empiricamente como los reportajes politicos fabricados son creados. En este articulo, propongo una serie de modelos de negociacion para ganar un mejor entendimiento de la negociacion por la relevancia entre la prensa y el gobierno. Establezco que aunque muchas veces la creacion de estos reportajes supone una ventaja para el gobierno y los servidores publicos, el control de la informacion puede ser mitigado por los crecientes recursos de la prensa especializada en cobertura politica. Los resultados proveen una base logica formal para establecer cuando se debe o no esperar un reportaje responsable.