cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF GRADES IN 144 UNDERGRADUATE COURSES

This paper describes the trends in course-by-course grading at a large public urban university over a recent six-year period. To determine if systematic grade inflation was occurring, the study analyzed 144 individual undergraduate courses. Multiple linear regressions were fitted to more than 125,000 final course grades by courses. Most course grading patterns showed little evidence of systematic and homogeneous change over time. Hence, the increasing cumulative GPA for undergraduates at the institution studied was not caused by a general relaxing of grading standards. Rather, the supposition is that more students are moving away from traditional curricula into courses and degree programs which they find have grading standards reflecting their abilities and/or interests.
Electrons, dislocations, and low‐temperature plastic deformation

The influence of electron drag processes on the plasticity of normal state metals is demonstrated in the case of zinc crystals. These results show that dislocations move as underdamped oscillators at low temperature and that dislocations flutters as they move. This flutter motion, in contrast to kink motion which is expected to have no long range stress, is the dominant drag process at temperatures below ≈ 4.2 K. Der Einflus von Elektronenreibungsprozessen auf die Plastizitat normaler Metalle wird fur den Fall von Zink-Kristallen vorgefuhrt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das sich die Versetzungen wie ungedampfte Oszillatoren bei tiefen Temperaturen bewegen und das sie wahrend der Bewegung „flattern”. Im Kontrast zur Kink-Bewegung, von der keine weitreichenden Spannungen erwartet werden, ist die Flatterbewegung der vorherrschende Reibungsprozes bei Temperaturen unterhalb etwa 4,2 K.
The Interplay Of Cultural Syndromes And Personality In Predicting Life Satisfaction Comparing Asian Americans and European Americans

This study explored how personality and cultural variables influence subjective well-being (SWB) in two different U.S. ethnic groups: Asian Americans and European Americans. Structural equation modeling analyses supported a hypothesized culture?personality model of SWB, in which the cultural syndromes of individualism and collectivism predict variations on personality dispositions (Big Five), which, in turn, influence life satisfaction through self- and relational esteem. Despite ethnic mean-level differences found for many of the variables, none of the pathways in the culture?personality model of SWB differed across our two ethnic groups. Furthermore, the culture?personality model of SWB fit the data more adequately than a competing personality?culture model of SWB, in which personality dispositions preceded cultural syndromes in predicting life satisfaction. A consistent finding was the stronger weight of self-esteem (compared with relational esteem) in predicting life satisfaction for both ethnic group...
Burma's Mass Lay Meditation Movement: Buddhism and the Cultural Construction of Power

Burma's Mass Lay Meditation Movement: Buddhism and the Cultural Construction of Power Ingrid Jordt Athens, Ohio University Press, 2007 xxii + 265pp., ill., glossary, bibliography, index, ISBN-13: 9...
Comparison of syn dehydrohalogenations from trans-1-bromo-2-chlorocycloalkanes promoted by complex base and by potassium tert-butoxide

Abstract Compared with t -BuOK- t -BuOH, syn eliminations from trans -1-bromo-2-chlorocycloalkanes (C4-C8) induced by NaNH2-NaO- t -Bu in THF are rapid, exhibit greater propensity for dehydrechlorination and show little sensitivity to ring size of the dihalocycloalkane.
Model-based software testing via incremental treatment learning

Model-based software has become quite popular in recent years, making its way into a broad range of areas, including the aerospace industry. The models provide an easy graphical interface to develop systems, which can generate the sometimes tedious code that follows. While there are many tools available to assess standard procedural code, there are limits to the testing of model-based systems. A major problem with the models are that their internals often contain gray areas of unknown system behavior. These possible behaviors form what is known as a data cloud, which is an overwhelming range of possibilities of a system that can overload analysts (Menzies et al., 2003). With large data clouds, it is hard to demonstrate which particular decision leads to a particular outcome. Even if definite decisions can't be made, it is possible to reduce the variance of and condense the clouds (Menzies et al., 2003). This paper presents two case studies; one with a simple illustrative model and another with a more complex application. The TAR3 treatment learning tool summarizes the particular attribute ranges that selects for particular behaviors of interest, reducing the data clouds.
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION OF FLUID FLOW OVER TRIANGULAR GRIDS

Abstract Discrete approximations to hyperbolic partial differential equations governing frictionless two-dimensional fluid flow are developed in Cartesian geometry for use over arbitrary triangular grids. A class of schemes is developed that conserves mass, momentum, and total energy. The terms of the governing equations are also approximated individually and their truncation error is examined. For test integrations, the schemes are applied to an equilateral triangular (homogeneous) grid on a beta plane. In one case, the same scheme is integrated over a square grid for comparison between four- and six-point differences. Both second- and fourth-order schemes are integrated and compared with a fine resolution solution.
New Englishes and criteria for naming them

: This paper argues for the extension of the term ‘new English’ to English creoles. It finds the distinction between ‘native’ and ‘indigenized/nativized’ Englishes as inadequate from the point of view of language genesis as the distinction between ‘indigenized’ and ‘creole’ Englishes. It argues that the criteria used for these distinctions are largely ethnographic and sociohistorical; more may be learned from treating them as different outcomes of the same language contact equation, which are determined by simply modifying the values of variables in the equation.
Impacts of snow cover fraction data assimilation on modeled energy and moisture budgets

Received 2 September 2012; revised 23 April 2013; accepted 31 May 2013. [1] Two data assimilation (DA) methods, a simple rule-based direct insertion (DI) approach and a one-dimensional ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) method, are evaluated by assimilating snow cover fraction observations into the Community Land surface Model. The ensemble perturbation needed for the EnKF resulted in negative snowpack biases. Therefore, a correction is made to the ensemble bias using an approach that constrains the ensemble forecasts with a single unperturbed deterministic LSM run. This is shown to improve the final snow state analyses. The EnKF method produces slightly better results in higher elevation locations, whereas results indicate that the DI method has a performance advantage in lower elevation regions. In addition, the two DA methods are evaluated in terms of their overall impacts on the other land surface state variables (e.g., soil moisture) and fluxes (e.g., latent heat flux). The EnKF method is shown to have less impact overall than the DI method and causes less distortion of the hydrological budget. However, the land surface model adjusts more slowly to the smaller EnKF increments, which leads to smaller but slightly more persistent moisture budget errors than found with the DI updates. The DI method can remove almost instantly much ofthe modeled snowpack,but this also allows the model system to quickly revert to hydrological balance for nonsnowpack conditions.
How do local-level legal institutions promote development? An exploratory essay

This paper develops a framework and some hypotheses regarding the impact of local-level, informal legal institutions on three economic outcomes: aggregate growth, inequality, and human capabilities. It presents a set of stylized differences between formal and informal legal justice systems, identifies the pathways through which formal systems promote economic outcomes, reflects on what the stylized differences mean for the potential impact of informal legal institutions on economic outcomes, and looks at extant case studies to examine the plausibility of the arguments presented. The paper concludes that local-level, informal legal institutions: (i) can support social substitutes for the enforcement of contracts, though these substitutes tend to be limited in range and scale; (ii) are flexible and could conceivably be adapted to serve the interests of the poor and marginalized if supportive organizational and social resources could be brought to buttress the legal claims of the disempowered; and (iii) are more likely to support personal integrity rights than the positive liberties that are also constitutive of development as freedom.
A Case Study of Teaching Musical Expression to Young Performers

What does it mean to teach musical expression to child performers? Is it teaching how to interpret a piece of music “correctly,” or is there more involved? In this case study, we explored the beliefs and practices of five teachers who specialized in teaching children to perform in a variety of musical performance areas, including violin, cello, piano, guitar, voice, and musical theater. To discover their pedagogy for teaching musical expressivity, we asked the initial questions, “How do these teachers define musical expression?” “What are the characteristics of an expressive performance for children?” and “Can musical expression be taught to children?” Data were collected through interviews with teachers and students, observations of lessons with children, and archival materials about each teacher’s studio practice. Transcripts of interviews, artifacts, and observed lessons were analyzed through emergent category coding and axial coding, using member checking and negative case analysis. Findings are discu...
Gain in the Caregiving Experience: Where Are We? What Next?

This critical review of 29 studies published through 1996 on the gain experienced among informal caregivers of older adults, identifies 13 conceptual (i.e., definitions and theoretical frameworks) and methodological (i.e., sampling, design, measurement, analysis) observations. Key limitations of prior research are highlighted and recommendations necessary for the advancement of research in this area of inquiry are made. Drawing upon relevant theoretical frameworks and the observations noted in this review, a conceptual framework is proposed to bring some consistency to the ways in which future research on positive aspects of caregiving proceeds.
Does a coexisting anxiety disorder predict persistence of depressive illness in primary care patients with major depression

Abstract We assessed whether a coexisting anxiety disorder predicts risk for persistent depression in primary care patients with major depression at baseline. Patients with major depression were identified in a 12-month prospective cohort study at a University-based family practice clinic. Presence of an anxiety disorder and other potential prognostic factors were measured at baseline. Persistent depressive illness (major depression, minor depression, or dysthymia) was determined at 12 months. Of 85 patients with major depression at baseline, 43 had coexisting anxiety disorder (38 with social phobia). The risk for persistent depression at 12 months was 44% greater [Risk Ratio (RR) = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–2.04] in those with coexisting anxiety. This risk persisted in stratified analysis controlling for other prognostic factors. Patients with coexisting anxiety had greater mean depressive severity [repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), p p
Holding on to a shifting substrate: plasticity of egg mass tethers and tethering forces in soft sediment for an intertidal gastropod.

Staying attached at a favorable site can be a major challenge for organisms in flow. Meeting this chal- lenge depends on properties of the attachment structure and substrate, the nature of fluid flow, and the ability to adjust attachment force in response to hydrodynamic conditions. A broad taxonomic range of adult stages use adhesion or suction to attach to hard substrates in intertidal habitats, which experience flow from waves and tidal currents. We address the unique challenges of attachment to soft sedi- ment in reproductive structures deposited on tidal flats. Egg masses of the opisthobranch mollusc Melanochlamys dio- medea are anchored to the sediment by a buried tether composed of gel and sediment. In the field, populations differed in absolute tethering force and tethering force per unit size ( tenacity). Population differences in tenacity persisted for egg masses oviposited under common condi- tions in the laboratory. Adults exposed to greater flow produced tethers with greater tenacity but without an in- crease in tether size. Tethers tended to fail by slippage rather than breakage, indicating that tethering force depends more on frictional interaction with sediment than on strength of the tether axis. These results suggest that adults respond to variation in risks of embryo dislodgment by adjusting the tethering properties of egg masses, and that these adjust- ments involve more than simple changes in tether length or mass.
Targeting CD22 reprograms b-cells and reverses autoimmune diabetes

OBJECTIVES—To investigate a B-cell–depleting strategy to reverse diabetes in naive NOD mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We targeted the CD22 receptor on B-cells of naive NOD mice to deplete and reprogram B-cells to effectively reverse autoimmune diabetes. RESULTS—Anti-CD22/cal monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy resulted in early and prolonged B-cell depletion and delayed disease in pre-diabetic mice. Importantly, when new-onset hyperglycemic mice were treated with the anti-CD22/cal mAb, 100% of B-cell–depleted mice became normoglycemic by 2 days, and 70% of them maintained a state of long-term normoglycemia. Early therapy after onset of hyperglycemia and complete B-cell depletion are essential for optimal efficacy. Treated mice showed an increase in percentage of regulatory T-cells in islets and pancreatic lymph nodes and a diminished immune response to islet peptides in vitro. Transcriptome analysis of reemerging B-cells showed significant changes of a set of proinflammatory genes. Functionally, reemerging B-cells failed to present autoantigen and prevented diabetes when cotransferred with autoreactive CD4+ T-cells into NOD.SCID hosts. CONCLUSIONS—Targeting CD22 depletes and reprograms B-cells and reverses autoimmune diabetes, thereby providing a blueprint for development of novel therapies to cure autoimmune diabetes.
What Makes a Patient Unhappy

The best way to avoid an unhappy postoperative patient is to do everything one can to optimize the preoperative consultation and select patients carefully. This article draws on the judgment of a cosmetic surgeon with years of experience. By focusing on the individual unique needs of each patient, and by not being afraid to say no, the wise surgeon can expect a very high satisfaction rate from patients.
Poster 84 Retrospective Analysis of Rivaroxaban Versus Fondaparinux for Thromboprophylaxis after Joint Replacement at an Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to compare safety, effectiveness, and cost of the new oral Factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban to fondaparinux, an injectable anticoagulant, for prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after hip or knee arthroplasty within an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF). Multiple reported studies have compared rivaroxaban with enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis; however, there are no published studies reported comparing safety and effectiveness of rivaroxaban versus fondaparinux.
Automatic feedback control of an Er-doped fiber laser with an intracavity loss modulator

Saturable absorber mode-locking of an Er-doped fiber laser is achieved over the entire parameter range with automatic gain control and active feedback stabilization using an intracavity loss modulator.
Rehabilitative Sanctions for Drunk Driving: an Experimental Evaluation

Under the Tennessee DWI Probation Follow-up Demonstration Project, 4,126 per sons arrested for drunk driving (DWI) in Memphis were classified as either social or problem driners and were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: control, probation supervision, education/therapy, or supervision plus education/therapy. Each client was followed up for at least two years after referral to the project. It was concluded that the treatment programs were not effective in reducing rearrests for DWI or for other misdemeanors and felonies. Arguments can be made that the treatment programs were inapproppriate for many of the project's clients. However, strong arguments can also be made that any such experiments, re gardless of the treatments tested, are unlikely to produce significant treatment ef fects because of other aspects of the sanctioning process.
Quality Control and Calibration of the Dual-Polarization Radar at Kwajalein, RMI

Weather radars, recording information about precipitation around the globe, will soon be significantly upgraded. Most of today s weather radars transmit and receive microwave energy with horizontal orientation only, but upgraded systems have the capability to send and receive both horizontally and vertically oriented waves. These enhanced "dual-polarimetric" (DP) radars peer into precipitation and provide information on the size, shape, phase (liquid / frozen), and concentration of the falling particles (termed hydrometeors). This information is valuable for improved rain rate estimates, and for providing data on the release and absorption of heat in the atmosphere from condensation and evaporation (phase changes). The heating profiles in the atmosphere influence global circulation, and are a vital component in studies of Earth s changing climate. However, to provide the most accurate interpretation of radar data, the radar must be properly calibrated and data must be quality controlled (cleaned) to remove non-precipitation artifacts; both of which are challenging tasks for today s weather radar. The DP capability maximizes performance of these procedures using properties of the observed precipitation. In a notable paper published in 2005, scientists from the Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies (CIMMS) at the University of Oklahoma developed a method to calibrate radars using statistically averaged DP measurements within light rain. An additional publication by one of the same scientists at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) in Norman, Oklahoma introduced several techniques to perform quality control of radar data using DP measurements. Following their lead, the Topical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Satellite Validation Office at NASA s Goddard Space Flight Center has fine-tuned these methods for specific application to the weather radar at Kwajalein Island in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, approximately 2100 miles southwest of Hawaii and 1400 miles east of Guam in the tropical North Pacific Ocean. This tropical oceanic location is important because the majority of rain, and therefore the majority of atmospheric heating, occurs in the tropics where limited ground-based radar data are available.
Strabismus after retinal detachment surgery: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

HE INCIDENCE of strabismus and diploT pia after retinal detachment surgery has been reported to be as high as 60%.' Fortunately, a large percentage of patients have only transient motility disturbances that have been attributed to postoperative periocular edema, decreased vision, and extraocular muscle swelling and hemorrhage. Recovery is often rapid, with only 5% to 25% of patients experiencing persistent diplopia longer than 3 months after retinal surgery (Table 1).*-Is ETIOLOGY Virtually every known retinal surgical procedure can cause strabismus, including cryopexy alone.4%6J6x17 The cause of strabismus can be divided into four major headings: mechanical, direct muscle injury, redirection of muscle force vectors, and sensory disruption (Fig 1). MECHANICAL Adhesions
Obligate Insect Endosymbionts Exhibit Increased Ortholog Length Variation and Loss of Large Accessory Proteins Concurrent with Genome Shrinkage

Extreme genome reduction has been observed in obligate intracellular insect mutualists and is an assumed consequence of fixed, long-term host isolation. Rapid accumulation of mutations and pseudogenization of genes no longer vital for an intracellular lifestyle, followed by deletion of many genes, are factors that lead to genome reduction. Size reductions in individual genes due to small-scale deletions have also been implicated in contributing to overall genome shrinkage. Conserved protein functional domains are expected to exhibit low tolerance for mutations and therefore remain relatively unchanged throughout protein length reduction while nondomain regions, presumably under less selective pressures, would shorten. This hypothesis was tested using orthologous protein sets from the Flavobacteriaceae (phylum: Bacteroidetes) and Enterobacteriaceae (subphylum: Gammaproteobacteria) families, each of which includes some of the smallest known genomes. Upon examination of protein, functional domain, and nondomain region lengths, we found that proteins were not uniformly shrinking with genome reduction, but instead increased length variability and variability was observed in both the functional domain and nondomain regions. Additionally, as complete gene loss also contributes to overall genome shrinkage, we found that the largest proteins in the proteomes of nonhost-restricted bacteroidetial and gammaproteobacterial species often were inferred to be involved in secondary metabolic processes, extracellular sensing, or of unknown function. These proteins were absent in the proteomes of obligate insect endosymbionts. Therefore, loss of genes encoding large proteins not required for host-restricted lifestyles in obligate endosymbiont proteomes likely contributes to extreme genome reduction to a greater degree than gene shrinkage.
Perceived Criticism: A Research Update for Clinical Practitioners

Perceived criticism (PC), an easily obtained measure that can be assessed using a single item, predicts a range of negative clinical outcomes. Evidence suggests that PC is not a proxy for neuroticism or other variables that could be relevant for prognosis. PC also shows incremental predictive validity over related constructs. This may be because PC appears to moderate how the brain processes criticism and how people respond to negative stimuli more generally. Despite evidence supporting PC's concurrent and predictive validity, the measure is not currently used in clinical practice. In an effort to bridge this science–practice gap, we review the PC literature and highlight its clinical relevance. We also provide suggestions for using PC in clinical practice to improve outcomes.
Cross-generational acceptance of and interest in advanced vehicle technologies: A nationwide survey

The number of older drivers on the roadways is increasing; at the same time, technology in the automotive environment is rapidly evolving. To investigate the potential impact of these converging changes, this study used a cross-generational approach to compare driver attitudes toward advanced automotive technologies. Approximately 1000 drivers between the ages of 18 and 85 located across the United States responded to a survey about their opinions regarding general technology, advanced in-vehicle technology, and near-horizon connected vehicle systems. Participant responses were categorized using a generational construct, sorting responses not only by age but by shared life experiences (e.g. economic circumstances, involvement in wartime activities, cultural movements, etc.). The oldest generation (the “Silent” generation) exhibited the least interest in and comfort with advanced technology, although they owned and used advanced in-vehicle technology at approximately the same rates as the two middle generations. The youngest generation (the “Millennial” generation) was most likely to be interested in and comfortable with technology, but was least likely to own vehicles with advanced technology. All participants expressed interest in safety-related connected vehicle systems, but less so in infotainment applications. Reservations regarding data security and system cost were shared across generations. These findings are framed in the context of an aging population with unique driving and vehicle needs, and provide information that may assist both with vehicle technology design aspects and the proposed large-scale implementation of connected vehicle systems, including considerations for seniors and emphasis on safety systems and data security.
The God Who Lives: Investigating the Emergence of Life and the Doctrine of God

Adam Pryor's book, The God Who Lives: Investigating the Emergence of Life and the Doctrine of God, made me remember the historic downtown of the capital city of my homeland, Budapest. The city is f...
Peri-operative blood-loss after total hip arthroplasty can be significantly reduced with topical application of epsilon-aminocaproic acid

To evaluate the peri-operative blood loss with the use of epsilon-aminocaproic acid (e-ACA) in total hip arthroplasty (THA). One hundred sixty patients treated with THA were followed; 5 g e-ACA diluted in 100 ml normal saline was applied intra-operatively. Eighty patients not receiving e-ACA (non e-ACA group) and eighty patients receiving e-ACA (e-ACA group) were compared regarding blood loss, need of transfusion, and thrombo-embolic complications. Blood loss (mean ± SD) for the non e-ACA group was 1678 ± 515 ml and for the e-ACA group 1403 ± 417 ml (p < 0.05). In the non e-ACA group 23 patients needed blood transfusions compared to ten patients in the e-ACA group (p < 0.05). Cost savings were $284.39 per patient. No patient in either group developed a thrombo-embolic complication. This study demonstrates a significant reduction in peri-operative blood loss after THA with topically applied e-ACA. The application of e-ACA reduced costs by lowering transfusion rates and did not increase thrombo-embolic events. e-ACA is safe and effective in reducing blood loss and cost-efficient in THA.
Density-Tuned Phase Behavior of Polyolefin Solutions in Supercritical Olefins: Toward Macromolecular Separations

Polymer solutions in supercritical fluids are unique because their phase behavior can be easily tuned with density. The statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) captures the relationship between the molecular forces and the bulk phase behavior in such systems. Quantitative phase diagrams and partition coefficients can be generated with SAFT on the basis of molecular structure and size. Such data are key to understanding the selectivity of supercritical fluids, and the role of staging in macromolecular phase separations.
Neural Correlates of Attentional Flexibility during Approach and Avoidance Motivation.

Dynamic, momentary approach or avoidance motivational states have downstream effects on eventual goal success and overall well being, but there is still uncertainty about how those states affect the proximal neurocognitive processes (e.g., attention) that mediate the longer-term effects. Attentional flexibility, or the ability to switch between different attentional foci, is one such neurocognitive process that influences outcomes in the long run. The present study examined how approach and avoidance motivational states affect the neural processes involved in attentional flexibility using fMRI with the aim of determining whether flexibility operates via different neural mechanisms under these different states. Attentional flexibility was operationalized as subjects’ ability to switch between global and local stimulus features. In addition to subjects’ motivational state, the task context was manipulated by varying the ratio of global to local trials in a block in light of recent findings about the moderating role of context on motivation-related differences in attentional flexibility. The neural processes involved in attentional flexibility differ under approach versus avoidance states. First, differences in the preparatory activity in key brain regions suggested that subjects’ preparedness to switch was influenced by motivational state (anterior insula) and the interaction between motivation and context (superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule). Additionally, we observed motivation-related differences the anterior cingulate cortex during switching. These results provide initial evidence that motivation-induced behavioral changes may arise via different mechanisms in approach versus avoidance motivational states.
OSTEOPOROSIS SYNDROMES : PATIENT SELECTION FOR CALCITONIN THERAPY

Abstract Synthetic calcitonin-salmon is a treatment option for older patients with postmenopausal osteoporotic syndromes. Some clinical trials reveal a simple suppression of annual bone-loss rates with calcitonin therapy, whereas others show significant dose-related increases in vertebral and long-bone mass. Response is greater in patients with high-turnover (type I) osteoporosis than in those with the low/normal (type II) form. Candidates for calcitonin-salmon therapy include older women with established vertebral fractures, those who are osteopenic by bone mass analysis, and those in need of preventive therapy because of an accumulation of risk factors.
Anaplastic parotid carcinoma ("malignant lymphoepithelial lesion") in seven Alaskan natives.

Seven anaplastic parotid carcinomas of apparent ductal origin interpreted as “malignant lymphoepithelial lesions” were detected among 19 neoplasms occurring in salivary glands during a 4-year period at the major hospital serving the native Alaskan (Eskimo, Indian, and Aleut) population, which is estimated at 55,350. Eskimos had been shown previously to have a higher than average incidence of neoplasms of the salivary glands. Thirteen similar cases in the literature were reviewed. Sixteen of the combined total of 20 patients resided in either the Alaskan or the Canadian Arctic; nine had metastases to lymph nodes when first treated. The patients’ ages ranged from 17 to 54 years, with an equal sex distribution. Of the 20 malignant lymphoepithelial lesions, all in the parotid gland, five resulted in death 9 months to 5 years after initial therapy. Two additional patients who died at 1 and 12 years may have had residual cancer.
Radiative energy addition to high pressure supersonic air

Recent studies on infrared energy addition to high-pressure air, motivated by the Radiatively Driven Hypersonic Wind Tunnel (RDHWT) concept, are presented. Experiments show that absorption properties of high-density air dramatically differ from those extrapolated from atmospheric-pressure data. A time-domain model is developed that describes the line interference phenomena and produces a good agreement with the absorption data. One-dimensional modeling of RDHWT with HF laser as the energy source is performed, taking into account real gas equation of state, the new absorption data, vibrational relaxation, and chemistry. Strong coupling of absorption, relaxation, chemistry, and gas dynamics is noted. The computations show the possibility to absorb and thermalize very large amounts of radiative power in high-density air, and to obtain hypersonic flows representative of high-altitude flight with Mach numbers above 10.
Avoiding Divergent Oscillation of a Cascode GaN Device Under High-Current Turn-Off Condition

The cascode structure is widely used for high-voltage normally-on GaN devices. However, the capacitance mismatch between the high-voltage GaN device and the low-voltage normally-off Si MOSFET may induce several undesired features, such as Si MOSFET reaches avalanche during turn-off and the high-voltage GaN device loses zero-voltage switching turn-on condition internally during a soft-switching turn-on process in every switching cycle. This paper presents another issue associated with the capacitance mismatch in the cascode GaN devices. Divergent oscillation could occur at high-current turn-off condition and, eventually, destroys the device. The intrinsic reason of this phenomenon is analyzed in detail in this paper. A simple solution is proposed by adding an additional capacitor whose position is critical and should be optimized. Experimental results validate the theoretical analysis and show that the proposed method improves device performance significantly under high-current turn-off condition.
The impact of stereotypes and supervisor perceptions of employee work–family conflict on job performance ratings

We draw on gender role theory to examine the relationships among employee-rated work–family conflict, supervisor perceptions of employee work–family conflict, employee gender and supervisor-rated job performance. We found that the relationship between employee-rated work–family conflict and supervisor perceptions of employee conflict varied based on both employee gender and the direction of conflict under consideration. Specifically, the relationship between the two rating sources (employee and supervisor) was stronger for male employees when conflict was considered. However, the relationship between the two rating sources was stronger for female employees when family-to-work conflict was considered. Supervisor perceptions of employee work–family conflict were negatively related to employee job performance ratings. More generally, we found support for a moderated mediation model such that the relationship between employee-rated work–family conflict and job performance was mediated by supervisor perception...
Hypothalamic Hormones: Releasing and Inhibiting Factors

The original observations of hypothalamic releasing factors for the pituitary thyroid stimulating and luteinizing hormones have now been expanded in the direction of fulfillment of the prophecy that many more factors, both releasing and inhibiting, exist. It is now possible to advance a unified concept of C N S-endocrine relationships with broad implications for many aspects of clinical medicine.
Electrophysiological Effects of Choline Chloride in Elderly Subjects

Cholinergic mechanisms have been shown to function in normal memory storage and retrieval processes, and have also been implicated in age-related memory loss. Cholinergic agonists, such as physostigmine, have been shown to improve certain aspects of long-term memory in humans (Davis et al., 1978). Choline chloride, a precursor of acetylcholine, was reported to produce some behavior improvement in patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (Boyd et al., 1977). In contrast, anticholinergics, such as scopolamine, induce cognitive impairments (Sitaram et al., 1978) similar to the cognitive deficits seen in patients with senile dementia (Drachman and Leavitt, 1974). It has been suggested that the long-term administration of cholinergic agents might benefit patients with age-related memory impairments. Recently choline chloride was administered to a group of elderly subjects with mild to moderate memory loss in order to assess the effect of choline on memory functioning (Mohs et al., 1978). This chapter reports preliminary results of electrophysiological testing performed on this same group of subjects. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of choline on the human electroencephalogram (EEG) and to relate these findings to any cognitive changes that might result from the use of this drug.
On Edge: the impact of race-related vigilance on obesity status in African-Americans.

OBJECTIVE Nearly half of African-Americans are classified as obese. Perceived racism has been associated with obesity, yet the internal experiences of racism have received little attention. African Americans who face racism may "ready themselves" to cope through survival strategies, including race-related vigilance. This study explores the association between race-related vigilance and obesity in African Americans. DESIGN AND METHODS The Reactions to Race module of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (years 2002-2010) was used. Our sample size consisted of 12,214 African-Americans. Race-related vigilance was assessed as: "How often do you think about your race?" and classified as: never, daily. Obesity was dichotomized as body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 vs. daily; 14% daily; 31% daily. CONCLUSIONS Frequently thinking about one's race was a risk factor for obesity in African-Americans in this study. Internalized impacts of racism captured through race-related vigilance may be particularly detrimental to African-Americans, driving their risk for obesity.
Mechanisms and Consequences of Break-Induced Replication

Homology-dependent repair of chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs) usually involves short tracts of DNA synthesis. However, repair of DSBs that have only one end with homology to a donor chromosome can occur by extensive DNA synthesis from the site of strand invasion to the telomere, a process referred to as break-induced replication (BIR). Recent studies of BIR initiated at DSBs have shown that DNA synthesis occurs by a conservative mechanism involving a migrating D-loop intermediate and is associated with a much higher rate of mutagenesis than normal S-phase synthesis. Furthermore, the invading strand is unstable and can switch to different templates increasing the risk of chromosome rearrangements. The mutagenic potential of BIR suggests it may play an important role in genome evolution as well as cancer etiology; however, it has raised the question of whether similar processes occur at collapsed replication forks.
Update and New Directions in Therapeutics for Neurological Complications of HIV Infections

The pace of therapeutic developments in HIV presents unique challenges to the neurologist caring for patients. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is remarkably effective in suppressing viral replication, preventing, and often even reversing disease progression. Still, not every patient benefits from cART for a variety of reasons, ranging from the cost of therapy and the burden of lifelong daily treatment to side effects and inadequate access to medical care. Treatment failure inevitably leads to disease progression and opportunistic complications. Many of these complications, even those that are treatable, produce permanent neurological disability. With ART, immune recovery itself may paradoxically lead to severe neurological disease; strategies for managing so-called immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome are beginning to show benefits. Effective cART may nevertheless leave in its wake persistent neurocognitive impairment. Treatments for persistent impairment despite virologic suppression and good immune recovery are being tested but are not yet proven. As we shall see, these treatments target several proposed mechanisms including cerebral small vessel disease, which is highly prevalent in HIV. Most recently, an ambitious initiative has been undertaken to develop interventions to eradicate HIV. This will require elimination of all infectious forms of viral nucleic acid throughout the body. The influence of these interventions on the brain remains to be characterized. Meanwhile, clinical investigators continue to develop antiretroviral treatments that optimize effectiveness, convenience, and tolerability, while minimizing long-term toxicities.
Acute Severe Thrombocytopenia Occurring After Administration of Eptifibatide Postpones Emergent Coronary Artery Surgery.

Introduction Eptifibatide is a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) receptor antagonist that inhibits fibrinogen binding to the activated GP IIb/IIIa site and prevents platelet-platelet interaction and clot formation. GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors improve outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome. Thrombocytopenia is a complication of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, but severe thrombocytopenia is unusual. Most reported cases of severe thrombocytopenia after eptifibatide occurred in patients with acute coronary syndrome. The authors describe a patient who developed acute profound thrombocytopenia after receiving eptifibatide before emergent coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Case presentation A 67-year-old man with a normal platelet count (220 K/uL) developed atrial fibrillation, left bundle branch block, and respiratory insufficiency consistent with acute coronary syndrome two days after colectomy. He received eptifibatide during cardiac catheterization, where three-vessel coronary artery disease was encountered. Emergent coronary artery surgery was planned, but the platelet count before surgery was 2 K/uL. Eptifibatide was discontinued, surgery was postponed, and acute coronary syndrome was treated with intraaortic balloon counterpulsation. Conclusions The authors describe the second reported case of eptifibatide-induced severe thrombocytopenia associated with cardiac surgery. In this case, discontinuation of eptifibatide and transfusion of apheresis platelets increased the platelet count (137 K/uL) the following day, and the patient subsequently underwent successful coronary artery surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass.
Medullary fixation of fractures of the forearm. A study of the medullary canal of the radius and a report of fifty fractures of the radius treated with a prebent triangular nail.

The history of medullary fixation, particularly of the forearm bones, is briefly reviewed. Results are reported of a detailed study of the size and contour of the medullary canal of 100 radii from cadavera. Medullary nails triangular in cross section have been devised for the forearm bones. The nail for the radius is prebent in accordance with anatomical data, and is made of a metal tempered to the proper resilience and rigidity. Results are reported for the first fifty patients in whom these nails have been used. Despite some early clinical errors, and despite some serious preoperative complications, there were fewer instances of malunion in this series than we have been able to obtain with closed methods, and fewer instances of non-union than have resulted from other methods of open reduction. The technique of insertion and extraction of the nails is described, and the indications given for their use in diaphyscal fractures. The technique is exacting, and if not properly performed may produce complications.
Implementing Pre‐Post Test Designs in Higher Education Evaluations

This chapter outlines the implementation of a pilot project to evaluate courses and an education program with pre-post designs in an undergraduate psychology program. This plan of evaluation incorporates a variety of pre-post test designs to measure the change in student performance across different contexts—including traditional and online courses—rather than rely solely on outcome measures without controls as is common in higher education evaluation. In addition to building on the essential value of this design, this chapter examines a largely faculty-directed evaluation program, which examines the need for expertise in instrument development and pedagogical scholarship, and demonstrates the importance of administrative support.
Synthetic Flows for Engineered Systems with Nonstationary Parameters: Study of Maui’s Wailoa Ditch

AbstractWater flow through engineered channels is important for decision making given its close ties to availability for allocation. However, planners often rely on estimates for natural streamflow, then use stream-by-stream assumptions and aggregation to estimate allocatable flows rather than directly assessing flows through engineered channels. Further, synthetic flows based on historical records can be unreliable when parameter nonstationarity due to effects like climate change is likely. This case study of the Wailoa Ditch, a major engineered surface water supply system on Maui, Hawaii, uses a natural experiment based on Maui’s declining rainfall to demonstrate and validate that both problems can be addressed. For Wailoa, synthetic and actual flow characteristics differ by less than 5% when historical records are adjusted to reflect changing rainfall. Direct simulation of Wailoa’s flows reproduces modern conditions more accurately than stream-by-stream approximations. Precipitation-based scenario anal...
Tuning exciton delocalization in organic crystalline thin films

Organic electronics have been drawing a lot of attention over the past few decades with recent commercial applications such as organic photovoltaics, OLEDs, and flexible organic displays. One of the key components for designing organic molecules suitable for electronic devices is a fundamental understanding of excitonic behaviors. Here we report on the fabrication and photoluminescence studies of crystalline thin film organic alloy systems, metal free and metal based octabutoxyphthalocyanine (MOBPcxH2OBPc1-x), and metal-free H2OBPc and octabutoxynapthalocyanine (H2OBNc) mixtures (H2OBNcxH2OBPc1-x). Crystalline thin films of these materials were deposited using an in-house developed pen writing technique that results in macroscopic long-range order even at the ratio of x = 0.5, which is unique and important for spectroscopic studies. Our experiments reveal that the coherent excitonic states of MOBPcxH2OBPc1-x and H2OBNcxH2OBPc1-x crystalline thin films can be tuned continuously as a function of alloy concentration (0 < x < 1). Moreover, the solution-processed technique used to fabricate these crystalline thin films provides us an unprecedented advantage in designing and controlling the bandgap tunability as well as achieving the desired exciton coherent length for variety of applications.
Stinging the Conscience: A Case of Severe Hymenoptera Anaphylaxis and the Need for Provider Awareness

ABSTRACTHymenoptera venom allergy accounts for approximately 17% of all cases of anaphylaxis. Insect stings are a common occurrence across the world, with significant impact on active duty personnel. Venom immunotherapy (VIT) provides an effective treatment for those with systemic reactions to insect stings and other similar indications. We present a case of severe reaction to hymenoptera venom requiring an epinephrine drip and provide an overview for primary care providers on who should be referred to allergy or an allergist, carry an epinephrine auto-injector, and be a candidate for VIT. As this case demonstrates, such a framework is critical as even patients with a history of severe reactions may have a delay in referral to specialty care. The preventable morbidity and mortality associated with hymenoptera venom allergy represents a clear imperative to identify those service members at risk for future systemic symptoms and to refer them for assessment and VIT therapy. Allergy evaluation and treatment w...
Transformation-optics simulation method for stimulated Brillouin scattering

We develop an approach to enable the full-wave simulation of stimulated Brillouin scattering and related phenomena in a frequency-domain, finite-element environment. The method uses transformation-optics techniques to implement a time-harmonic coordinate transform that reconciles the different frames of reference used by electromagnetic and mechanical finite-element solvers. We show how this strategy can be successfully applied to bulk and guided systems, comparing the results with the predictions of established theory.