cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Governs the Proton Ordering in Ice XV

Powder neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy experiments for ice XV, the recently discovered proton-ordered polymorph of ice VI, suggest that the protons arrange in an antiferroelectric structure with P1 symmetry, contrary to several density functional theory predictions of a ferroelectric Cc structure. Here, we find that higher-level fragment-based second-order perturbation theory (MP2) and coupled cluster theory (CCSD(T)) electronic structure calculations predict that the experimentally proposed proton ordering is indeed slightly more stable than the other possible structures. These calculations reveal a close competition between the structure with the strongest local hydrogen bonding (Cc) and the one with the most favorable “delocalized” hydrogen bond cooperativity effects (P1), with the latter being preferred by ∼0.4 kJ/mol per molecule. The results reiterate the importance of viewing ice networks as a whole instead of focusing on pairwise hydrogen-bonding interactions.
Gaza's Humanitarianism Problem

This essay explores the possible negative consequences of identifying the current situation in Gaza primarily as a humanitarian problem. Scholarship on the complicated effects of humanitarian action in general, the early history of humanitarian intervention in the lives of Palestinians, and the current politics of aid in Gaza all underscore these problems. The essay reflects on several aspects of what can be called the ““humanitarianism problem”” in Gaza by considering both how humanitarianism is sometimes deployed as a strategy for frustrating Palestinian aspirations and the often unintended political effects of the most well-intentioned humanitarian interventions.
Pathogenesis of HIV-HCV Coinfection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV-1 are often harbored in the same host, establishing chronic infections typically characterized by persistent viremia. HIV-1 has deleterious effects on the course of HCV infection by increasing the rate of HCV viral persistence, quantitative HCV RNA levels, and ultimately the liver fibrosis progression rate. Conversely, HCV may blunt the effectiveness of immune reconstitution following antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected individuals. Better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these clinical observations may facilitate novel and effective therapeutic interventions that tackle the clinical conundrums raised by HIV/HCV coinfection.
Elucidating the initial dynamics of electron photodetachment from atoms in liquids using variably-time-delayed resonant multiphoton ionization

We study the photodetachment of electrons from sodium anions in room temperature liquid tetrahydrofuran (THF) using a new type of three-pulse pump–probe spectroscopy. Our experiments use two variably-time-delayed pulses for excitation in what is essentially a resonant 1+1 two-photon ionization: By varying the arrival time of the second excitation pulse, we can directly observe how solvent motions stabilize and trap the excited electron prior to electron detachment. Moreover, by varying the arrival times of the ionization (excitation) and probe pulses, we also can determine the fate of the photoionized electrons and the distance they are ejected from their parent Na atoms. We find that as solvent reorganization proceeds, the second excitation pulse becomes less effective at achieving photoionization, and that the solvent motions that stabilize the excited electron following the first excitation pulse occur over a time of ∼450 fs. We also find that there is no spectroscopic evidence for significant solvent ...
Retrofitting suburbia. Open space in Bellevue, Washington, USA

Abstract This paper traces the maturation of Bellevue's urban pattern with particular attention to open spaces and stormwater drainage. Several significant events set the current course and led to a new interpretation of the city—country continuum. The seemingly conventional suburban values of this community led the citizens to oppose dispersed commercial development and re-focus the community's development energies on the downtown. More recently, re-zoning of the downtown area, development incentives and design guidelines have been leading to a re-invention of downtown following urban village models. The community resisted burdening itself with the exorbitant costs of engineered drainage systems and gambled on a surface drainage system. In 1974 Bellevue adopted a surface drainage system originally out of financial imperative, placing it at the forefront of innovative stormwater management. Working cooperatively, stormwater engineers and parks planners are weaving a complex web of public open space that integrates the utilitarian public corridors of the city with older patches of park land. The maturing of Bellevue represents a new constellation of values and evolving settlement patterns for the old suburbs.
Implementation of a multiscale Bayesian classification approach for hyperspectral terrain categorization

In this paper we discuss the implementation of a multi-scale Bayesian classifier that operates on hyperspectral data in both the spatial as well as the spectral domain, the Sequential Maximum A Posteriori (SMAP) classifier. Class assignments are modeled as a Markov random process in multi-resolution scale. For applications such as terrain categorization, the SMAP algorithm results in an improved classification that is less noisy than spectral-only based techniques. In addition, for highly overlapping classes, the SMAP significantly outperforms conventional discriminant function approaches. We present the results of the SMAP classifier on several hyperspectral datasets and discuss an extension of the algorithm to perform shading and sub-pixel analyses.
Biosynthetic pathways of filaggrin and loricrin—two major proteins expressed by terminally differentiated epidermal keratinocytes

We have used immunoelectron microscopy to map the biosynthetic pathways of loricrin and filaggrin in epidermal keratinocytes at successive stages of differentiation in newborn mouse skin. The filaggrin epitope is first detected in large, irregularly shaped, keratohyalin granules (F-granules) in the stratum granulosum, and then distributed throughout the cytoplasms of the innermost layers of stratum corneum cells. We conclude that the poly-protein filaggrin precursor is first accumulated in F-granules, from which it is subsequently released and processed into filaggrin, and becomes associated with the densely packed bundles of keratin filaments inside stratum corneum cells. Its diminished visibility in the outer layers correlates with the known degradation of filaggrin to free amino acids. Loricrin is first detected in small round keratohyalin granules (L-granules), and subsequently at the periphery of cells throughout the stratum corneum. Labeling of purified keratinocyte envelopes establishes that this loricrin epitope is exposed only at their inner (cytoplasmic) surface. Thus loricrin is initially accumulated in L-granules, to be released at a specifically programmed stage of keratinocyte maturation, and incorporated into the covalently cross-linked lining of the cell envelope. Since loricrin is rich in cysteine, L-granules account for the sulfur-rich keratohyalin granules described earlier. Proposals are made to rationalize why, subsequent to synthesis, filaggrin precursor and loricrin should be segregated both from each other and from the rest of the cytoplasm.
Comparative cytological study of Phasianus colchicus, Meleagris gallopavo, and Gallus domesticus.

Since viable intergeneric hybrids between the chicken (Gallus domesticus) and the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) have been reported, as well as interfamilial hybrids between the chicken and the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), the chromosome complements of the pheasant and the turkey were compared with that of the chicken. In these three species belonging to the order Galli, the Z-chromosomes appeared to be identical, while the autosomal complements of the pheasant and the turkey differed radically from that of the chicken. It was noted with some surprise that the pheasant of the family Phasianidae and the turkey of the family Meleagridae have very similar chromosome complements, at least so far as gross morphology of somatic metaphase chromosomes is concerned.
Gonadal steroid control of preprocholecystokinin mRNA expression in the limbic-hypothalamic circuit: comparison of adult with neonatal steroid treatments.

The neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) is involved in the regulation of female, but not male, reproductive behavior. In both sexes, estrogen regulates the expression of CCK in adulthood within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdaloid nucleus. These areas are parts of an interconnected limbic system-hypothalamic circuit, the development of which is influenced by estrogen during the early postnatal period. This is the same period during which central nervous system (CNS) expression of CCK is dramatically increased, suggesting that the male and female patterns of CCK expression may be the result of early postnatal exposure to estrogen. In the present experiment, the expression of preprocholecystokinin (pCCK) mRNA was determined by in situ hybridization with an isotopically labeled pCCK complementary RNA and emulsion autoradiography in animals whose neonatal and adult gonadal steroid levels had been manipulated. The number of pCCK-expressing cells in animals that were gonadectomized as adults was determined by neonatal estrogen, but stimulation with steroids in adulthood induced a similar number of pCCK-expressing cells in both sexes in the medial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Neonatal treatment of females with estrogen or testosterone, followed by ovariectomy in adulthood, eliminated the sex difference in pCCK mRNA expression. Males treated neonatally with the aromatase inhibitor androstenedione (to block metabolism of testosterone to estrogen) and orchidectomized in adulthood had a level of pCCK mRNA expression that was similar to that of ovariectomized females. These data suggest that, during neonatal development, estrogen determines the constitutive expression of pCCK mRNA in the medial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, resulting in higher levels of pCCK mRNA expression in males than in females. However, exogenous gonadal steroids induce the same levels of pCCK mRNA expression in adult females, indicating that the levels of gonadal steroids and the patterns of their secretion are the predominant influences on the sexually dimorphic adult levels of pCCK mRNA expression. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Passion, containment, and commitment-essential elements of groups across the lifespan in Bruce Springsteen's work.

Abstract The group, with its intensity, interaction, roles and dynamics, is an important unit of experience in everyday life, in psychotherapy groups, and in Bruce Springsteen's music. This paper explores experiences of and ideas about real life groups throughout the lifecycle through Springsteen's music, framed in concepts from a broad group literature including clinical psychology, social psychology, group psychotherapy, sociology, anthropology, and organizational psychology. The lifecycle includes adolescence and the role of the group to contain all its passions; the work world with its excitements and disillusionments; encounters with loss, and the holding power of the group; experiences of dissolution of the group, and possibilities for recommitment; and the passion and support of the group during celebrations. Themes of passion, containment, and commitment weave throughout the narrative.
Negative Consequences of Dichotomizing Continuous Predictor Variables

Marketing researchers frequently split (dichotomize) continuous predictor variables into two groups, such as with a median split, before performing data analysis. The practice is prevalent but its effects are not well understood. In this paper, we present historic results on the effects of dichotomization of normal predictor variables rederived in a regression context that may be more relevant to marketing researchers. Then, we present new results on the effect of dichotomizing continuous predictor variables having a variety of non-normal distributions and examine the effects of dichotomization on model specification and fit in multiple regression. We conclude that dichotomization has only negative consequences and should be avoided.
Relative cross-sections for formation of the shielded isomeric pair 134mCs and 134Cs in medium energy fission

Abstract The cross-section ratio of 134Cs and 134mCs has been measured for fission of 233U, 235U and 238U induced by helium ions of 27–42 MeV, for fission of 237Np induced by deuterons of 21 MeV and for fission of 233U induced by γ-rays with an energy of up to 16 MeV. Comparison of the results with calculations based on a statistical theory of the spin distribution of level densities in excited nuclei shows that in the case of low angular momentum of the fissioning nucleus (γ-ray induced fission) the fragments are produced with a mean intrinsic angular momentum which is larger than the angular momentum of the fissioning nucleus. The isomer ratio results also show that when the angular momentum of the fissioning nucleus is increased (helium-ion-induced) this is at least partially transferred into additional intrinsic angular momentum of the fragment. Measurements of the angular dependence of the isomer ratio revealed no significant differences between the isomer ratio at 90° and at 170°. The half-life of 134mCs has been remeasured and found to be 2·91 ± 0·02 hr in agreement with earlier results.
The significance of white-crowned sparrow song.

The behavioral significance of song was investigated in white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) of both the Nuttall and Gambel races. It was found that the birds will perform a response to terminate the conspecific song and will reverse that learned response when the response contingencies are reversed. The birds respond in the same manner to an alien species song, but not as readily. The response is obtained only if the birds are photostimulated: Birds whose reproductive organs are in a regressed state are unresponsive to the testing procedures.
Induction of apoptosis by dexrazoxane (ICRF-187) through caspases in the absence of c-jun expression and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) activation in VM-26-resistant CEM cells.

Abstract Dexrazoxane (ICRF-187) is an inhibitor of the catalytic activity of DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) that does not stabilize DNA–topo II covalent complexes. Here, we examined cytotoxic signaling by ICRF-187 in human leukemic CEM cells and a teniposide (VM-26)-resistant subline, CEM/VM-1. Treatment of CEM and CEM/VM-1 cells with ICRF-187 induced apoptotic cell death characterized by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation, and induction of at least caspase-3- and -7-like protease activities (but not caspase 1). Treatment of these cells with Z -Asp-2,6-dichlorobenzoyloxymethyl-ketone, a potent inhibitor of apoptosis, inhibited ICRF-187-induced DEVD-specific caspase activity and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. ICRF-187-induced apoptosis in CEM cells was associated with transient induction of c- jun and activation of c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase 1 (JNK1). However, CEM/VM-1 cells, which were 3-fold more sensitive than CEM cells to ICRF-187 due to a decrease in topo II activity, exhibited ICRF-187-induced apoptosis in the absence of c- jun induction and JNK1 activation. These results indicate that catalytic inhibition of topo II by ICRF-187 leads to apoptosis through at least a caspase-3- and -7-like protease-dependent mechanism and suggest that c- jun and JNK1 are not required in ICRF-187-induced apoptosis in CEM cells.
We Did LibQUAL+(r)-Now What? Practical Suggestions for Maximizing Your Survey Results

ABSTRACT The LibQUAL+(r) survey has been completed by numerous users at academic libraries in the U.S. and abroad. While there is often great momentum both internally and externally to participate in the survey, working with survey results can present a challenge for college and undergraduate library staff who may not have the time or the technical know-how to extract meaningful insights from the data. This paper discusses some of the efforts undertaken by previous survey participants, proposes simple steps that participants can take to get the most out of their LibQUAL+(r) survey results, and includes suggestions for additional readings and resources. doi:10.1300/J106v14n03_05
Implications of Queer Theory for the Study of Religion and Gender: Entering the Third Decade

This essay explores the conceptual and contextual shifts in queer theoretical work as it is entering into its third decade of articulation. The essay reviews important recent themes in, and examines implications of, queer theoretical scholarship for the study of religion and gender. I suggest that among the implications are a (more) undisciplined study of religion (and secularism) that takes seriously shifts resulting from transnational and diasporic queer scholarship, shifts in conceptions of agency and resistance resulting from analyses and critique of homonormative positions, and can critically intervene in homonationalism and Islamophobia.
Drug-Free Macromolecular Therapeutics: Induction of Apoptosis by Coiled-Coil-Mediated Cross-Linking of Antigens on the Cell Surface

A new paradigm was designed for apoptosis induction mediated by the biorecognition of coiled-coil motifs at the Raji B cell surface. The heterodimerization of complementary peptides, one bound to Fab’ antibody fragment, the other as grafts to HPMA copolymer, results in crosslinking of CD20 target antigens, and consequently, initiation of apoptosis.
Amorphous stabilization and dissolution enhancement of amorphous ternary solid dispersions: combination of polymers showing drug-polymer interaction for synergistic effects.

The purpose of this study was to understand the combined effect of two polymers showing drug–polymer interactions on amorphous stabilization and dissolution enhancement of indomethacin (IND) in amorphous ternary solid dispersions. The mechanism responsible for the enhanced stability and dissolution of IND in amorphous ternary systems was studied by exploring the miscibility and intermolecular interactions between IND and polymers through thermal and spectroscopic analysis. Eudragit E100 and PVP K90 at low concentrations (2.5%–40%, w/w) were used to prepare amorphous binary and ternary solid dispersions by solvent evaporation. Stability results showed that amorphous ternary solid dispersions have better stability compared with amorphous binary solid dispersions. The dissolution of IND from the ternary dispersion was substantially higher than the binary dispersions as well as amorphous drug. Melting point depression of physical mixtures reveals that the drug was miscible in both the polymers; however, greater miscibility was observed in ternary physical mixtures. The IR analysis confirmed intermolecular interactions between IND and individual polymers. These interactions were found to be intact in ternary systems. These results suggest that the combination of two polymers showing drug–polymer interaction offers synergistic enhancement in amorphous stability and dissolution in ternary solid dispersions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:3511–3523, 2014
Multi-view transfer learning with a large margin approach

Transfer learning has been proposed to address the problem of scarcity of labeled data in the target domain by leveraging the data from the source domain. In many real world applications, data is often represented from different perspectives, which correspond to multiple views. For example, a web page can be described by its contents and its associated links. However, most existing transfer learning methods fail to capture the multi-view {nature}, and might not be best suited for such applications.To better leverage both the labeled data from the source domain and the features from different views, {this paper proposes} a general framework: Multi-View Transfer Learning with a Large Margin Approach (MVTL-LM). On one hand, labeled data from the source domain is effectively utilized to construct a large margin classifier; on the other hand, the data from both domains is employed to impose consistencies among multiple views. As an instantiation of this framework, we propose an efficient optimization method, which is guaranteed to converge to e precision in O(1/e) steps. Furthermore, we analyze its error bound, which improves over existing results of related methods. An extensive set of experiments are conducted to demonstrate the advantages of our proposed method over state-of-the-art techniques.
Dialogue in American Political Campaigns? An Examination of Issue Convergence in Candidate Television Advertising

The theory of issue ownership holds that competing candidates should avoid discussing many of the same issues during a campaign. In contrast, theories of democracy suggest that competitive elections are the mechanism by which the public can hold politicians accountable. To determine the extent to which each theory depicts current campaigns, we develop a new measure of “issue convergence” and test whether or not issue convergence increases as the competitiveness of the race increases. Using new data based upon television advertising aired in U.S. Senate campaigns from 1998 through 2002, we find that issue engagement or dialogue occurs more frequently than indicated by previous research. We also find that issue engagement increases with the competitiveness of the race but that issue engagement decreases as the gap in financial resources between candidates increases.
Analysis of Glycerol-3H Transport in the Frog Oocyte by Extractive and Radioautographic Techniques

The efflux of glycerol-(3)H from mature R. pipiens oocytes was studied by extractive analysis and by quantitative radioautography using techniques suitable for diffusible solutes. Extractive analysis was used to determine the total cellular concentration of tracer, and radioautography, regional intracellular concentrations, at equilibrium and as a function of efflux time, t(E). The efflux was resolvable into four kinetic fractions: cytoplasmic fast and slow fractions, and nuclear fast and slow fractions. The fast fractions represent freely diffusible glycerol in the two compartments; the solvent space accessible to glycerol is unity in the nucleus (germinal vesicle), but only 0.73 in the cytoplasm. The efflux of both fast fractions from the cell is determined by the permeability of the cortical membrane, with neither the nuclear membrane nor diffusion in the cytoplasm detectably slowing the flux. The permeability at 13.6 degrees C is 2.2 x 10(-5) cm/sec. The slow fractions leave the cell at about one-tenth the rate of the fast; the interpretation is that these fractions represent glycerol bound to impermeant cellular constituents. The size of these constituents is below the radioautographic resolution; in the cytoplasm, they appear not to be the yolk platelets. The extent of binding is about fourfold greater, per milliliter of compartment water, in the cytoplasm than in the germinal vesicle.
Effect of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination on mycobacterium-specific cellular proliferation and tumor necrosis factor alpha production from distinct guinea pig leukocyte populations

In this study, we focused on three leukocyte-rich guinea pig cell populations, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells, resident peritoneal cells (PC), and splenocytes (SPC). BAL cells, SPC, and PC were stimulated either with live attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra or with live or heat-killed virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv (multiplicity of infection of 1:100). Each cell population was determined to proliferate in response to heat-killed virulent H37Rv, whereas no measurable proliferative response could be detected upon stimulation with live mycobacteria. Additionally, this proliferative capacity (in SPC and PC populations) was significantly enhanced upon prior vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Accordingly, in a parallel set of experiments we found a strong positive correlation between production of antigen-specific bioactive tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and prior vaccination with BCG. A nonspecific stimulus, lipopolysaccharide, failed to induce this effect on BAL cells, SPC, and PC. These results showed that production of bioactive TNF-α from mycobacterium-stimulated guinea pig cell cultures positively correlates with the vaccination status of the host and with the virulence of the mycobacterial strain.
Structure and dynamics of the G121V dihydrofolate reductase mutant: lessons from a transition-state inhibitor complex.

It is well known that enzyme flexibility is critical for function. This is due to the observation that the rates of intramolecular enzyme motions are often matched to the rates of intermolecular events such as substrate binding and product release. Beyond this role in progression through the reaction cycle, it has been suggested that enzyme dynamics may also promote the chemical step itself. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a model enzyme for which dynamics have been proposed to aid in both substrate flux and catalysis. The G121V mutant of DHFR is a well studied form that exhibits a severe reduction in the rate of hydride transfer yet there remains dispute as to whether this defect is caused by altered structure, dynamics, or both. Here we address this by presenting an NMR study of the G121V mutant bound to reduced cofactor and the transition state inhibitor, methotrexate. NMR chemical shift markers demonstrate that this form predominantly adopts the closed conformation thereby allowing us to provide the first glimpse into the dynamics of a catalytically relevant complex. Based on 15N and 2H NMR spin relaxation, we find that the mutant complex has modest changes in ps-ns flexibility with most affected residues residing in the distal adenosine binding domain rather than the active site. Thus, aberrant ps-ns dynamics are likely not the main contributor to the decreased catalytic rate. The most dramatic effect of the mutation involves changes in µs-ms dynamics of the F-G and Met20 loops. Whereas loop motion is quenched in the wild type transition state inhibitor complex, the F-G and Met20 loops undergo excursions from the closed conformation in the mutant complex. These excursions serve to decrease the population of conformers having the correct active site configuration, thus providing an explanation for the G121V catalytic defect.
Potential importance of bacteria and fungi in nitrate assimilation in soil

Abstract Soil microorganisms can use a wide range of N compounds but are thought to prefer NH4+. Nevertheless, 15N isotope dilution studies have shown that microbial immobilization of NO3− can be an important process in many soils, particularly relatively undisturbed soils. Our objective was to develop a method for measuring NO3− immobilization potential so that the relative contributions of bacteria and fungi could be determined. We modified and optimized a soil slurry method that included amendments of KNO3, glucose, and methionine sulfoximine (an inhibitor of N assimilation) in the presence of two protein synthesis inhibitors: chloramphenicol, which inhibits bacteria, or cycloheximide, which inhibits fungi. By adding 15N-labeled KNO3, we were able to measure gross rates of NO3− production (i.e., gross nitrification) and consumption (i.e., gross NO3− immobilization). We found that bacteria, not fungi, had the greatest potential for assimilating, or immobilizing, NO3− in these soils. This is consistent with their growth habit and distribution in the heterogeneous soil matrix.
The hazardous waste research center at louisiana state university

Hazardous waste and the problems associated with its proper disposal are the concerns of the Hazardous Waste Research Center (HWRC), located on the Baton Rouge Campus of Louisiana State University. The Center is a part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's “Centers of Excellence” program to conduct long-term fundamental research in 3 major areas: (1) incineration/combustion; (2) alternate methods of treatment/destruction; (3) chemicals/materials interaction and stabilization. The projects are interdisciplinary in scope, with faculty members from civil, mechanical, and chemical engineering, chemistry, and the marine sciences participating. Future research directions will change to keep pace with the problems and needs of industry, waste handlers, government, and the public. The Hazardous Waste Research Center, in dealing with current problems and anticipating future needs, will help reduce the risk and/or extent of negative impact on the environment, on human health, or on the economy of the nation due to improper management or disposal of hazardous wastes.
IgG Anticardiolipin Antibody Titer >40 GPL and the Risk of Subsequent Thrombo-occlusive Events and Death A Prospective Cohort Study

Background Anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) have been associated with an increased risk of stroke and thrombo-occlusive events. Little is known about the influence of aCL on recurrent thrombo-occlusive events. Methods Consecutively identified patients (n=132) with focal cerebral ischemia [stroke=112, transient ischemic attack (TIA)=20] harboring aCL of at least 10 GPL units at the time of their index event were prospectively followed to estimate the effect of aCL titer on time to and risk of subsequent thrombo-occlusive events (stroke, TIA, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction) and death. On the basis of prior literature, we divided patients into those with aCL ≤40 GPL (n=111; mean age, 63±14 years; mean follow-up, 1.95 years) and those with aCL >40 GPL (n=21; mean age, 54±20 years; mean follow-up, 1.50 years). Results There was no difference between groups for prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, atrial fibrillation, prior TIA, or sex. The GPL >40...
Execution-based prediction using speculative slices

A relatively small set of static instructions has significant leverage on program execution performance. These problem instructions contribute a disproportionate number of cache misses and branch mispredictions because their behavior cannot be accurately anticipated using existing prefetching or branch prediction mechanisms.The behavior of many problem instructions can be predicted by executing a small code fragment called a speculative slice. If a speculative slice is executed before the corresponding problem instructions are fetched, then the problem instructions can move smoothly through the pipeline because the slice has tolerated the latency of the memory hierarchy (for loads) or the pipeline (for branches). This technique results in speedups up to 43 percent over an aggressive baseline machine.To benefit from branch predictions generated by speculative slices, the predictions must be bound to specific dynamic branch instances. We present a technique that invalidates predictions when it can be determined (by monitoring the program's execution path) that they will not be used. This enables the remaining predictions to be correctly correlated.
Distribution and origin of patterned ground on Mullins Valley debris-covered glacier, Antarctica: the roles of ice flow and sublimation

We map polygonally patterned ground formed in sublimation tills that overlie debris-covered glaciers in Mullins Valley and central Beacon Valley, in southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, and distinguish five morphological zones. Where the Mullins Valley debris-covered glacier debouches into Beacon Valley, polygonal patterning transitions from radial (orthogonal) intersections to non-oriented (hexagonal) intersections, providing a time-series of polygon evolution within a single microclimate. We offer the following model for polygon formation and evolution in the Mullins Valley system. Near-vertical cracks that ultimately outline polygons are produced by thermal contraction in the glacier ice. Some of these cracks may initially be oriented radial to maximum surface velocities by pre-existing structural stresses and material weaknesses in the glacier ice. In areas of relatively rapid flow, polygons are oriented down-valley forming an overall fan pattern radial to maximum ice velocity. As glacier flow moves the cracks down-valley, minor variations in flow rate deform polygons, giving rise to deformed radial polygons. Non-oriented (largely hexagonal) polygons commonly form in regions of stagnant and/or near-stagnant ice. We propose that orientation and morphology of contraction-crack polygons in sublimation tills can thus be used as an indicator of rates of subsurface ice flow.
A connectionist approach to primitive shape recognition in range data

The authors present the definition and construction of a vision system for recognizing 3-D objects whose surfaces are composed of planar patches and patches of quadrics of revolution. A significant percentage of man-made objects can be modeled using such surfaces. The authors concentrate on the subject of surface parameter estimation from noisy depth maps. Local surface parameter extraction is an important step toward 3-D object recognition. They propose a method that uses the curvature properties of polynomial approximations to the range data. The actual process of surface parameter extraction is framed as a set of hierarchical parameter-space transforms. Any one transform computes only a partial geometric description that forms the input to a next transform. An iterative refinement scheme is used to compute measures of confidence for geometric descriptions within the parameter spaces. This organization is motivated by connectionist visual recognition systems. >
Bacteria‐driven production of alkyl nitrates in seawater

Aircraft- and ship-borne measurements have shown that the ocean is a large, diffuse source for short chain (C1–C3) gas phase alkyl nitrates (RONO2). Photochemical production of RONO2 has been demonstrated previously as a viable mechanism in surface waters; however, it cannot account for the observed depth profile of RONO2, suggesting an additional, dark RONO2 production mechanism. We present measurements of gas phase C1–C5 alkyl nitrates emitted from seawater in a controlled mesocosm experiment conducted under low-light conditions in a glass-walled wave channel. Ethyl and butyl nitrate emission rates from seawater are strongly correlated with the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria (R2 ≥ 0.89) and show no correlation to chlorophyll a concentration. Controlled flask experiments conducted using ambient and sterile seawater, inoculated with a heterotrophic bacterium, confirm that bacterial driven production of select RONO2 can proceed efficiently in the absence of light.
IMPLEMENTATION OF NEMO-OPA IN CONFIGURATION ORCA-R025

Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici, Bologna, Italy Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Bologna, Italy
First Impressions from the 2000 Census of China

This report briefly describes the 2000 census of China sketches the highlights of preliminary tabulations and discusses issues related to data quality. The author states that the census is notable for its design and expanded content reflecting Chinas increasing complexity and the rising demand for social data to inform policy. Several innovations distinguish this fifth census from the four previous ones: a confidentiality statement appears on the census form; the forms are designed for optical character scanning; and census documents can be accessed from an official census Web site. The census questionnaire was also changed to provide a collection of standard items for every person in every household and an unprecedented scope for data collection on issues of concern to Chinas policymakers. The data released provide the basis for only very general and tentative conclusions on national trends and regional trends. Although there is as yet no basis on which to evaluate the survey the potential for error in this census is considerable. Thus users should proceed with caution until the data have been carefully evaluated.
Recall as a self-limiting process

Presentation of only some category names as retrieval cues following presentation of a categorized list enhanced recall of the cued categories relative to free recall, but reduced recall of the noncued categories (Experiment 1). This recall interference from recall of cued categories increased with the number of category names presented (Experiment 2), and was not due merely to delaying the subject with an interfering interpolated task (Experiment 3). The results argue against theories assuming that categories are recalled via associations from previously recalled categories. Rather, the results suggest that recall of categories acts in a manner to limit recall of additional categories, in agreement with the characterization of recall as a sampling-with-replacement process as described by Rundus.
Sociology: a computational approach to sociological explanations

The capacity to explain important elements of social life is central both to the development of sociological theory and to teaching sociology. This research seeks to expand our understanding of sociological explanation through a computational approach. Explanations commonly encountered in introductory sociology texts are used to develop a typology of explanatory forms. A computational strategy that represents sociological knowledge using a combination of frames, semantic networks, and procedural rules is described. It is then demonstrated that this approach can generate the full range of these explanations for all logical combinations of conditions and for the full scope of sociological knowledge. This approach is also shown to be capable of identifying appropriate explanations, assessing the quality of explanations, and generating new insights.
Linking Late Pleistocene alpine glacial erosion and continental margin sedimentation: Insights from 40Ar/39Ar dating of silt-sized sediment, Canterbury Basin, New Zealand

Abstract Quaternary climatic and eustatic cycles in mid-latitude regions have led to more extensive alpine glaciations and continental shelf progradation, respectively. However, the glacial influence on sediment fluxes to the ocean creating continental margin strata is poorly documented. This contribution analyzes the provenance of fine sediment accumulating on the continental shelf during the Late Pleistocene to evaluate the influence of glacial cycles on sediment erosion and routing to the continental shelf. Taking advantage of the contrasting bedrock ages exposed across the Southern Alps, New Zealand, we perform 40 Ar/ 39 Ar incremental heating on the bulk silt-size sediment from three drill sites of IODP Expedition 317, Canterbury Basin, New Zealand. The results suggest that a large proportion of sediment accumulating on the continental shelf results from erosion within the Main Divide fault zone of the Southern Alps. Sediment 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age fluctuations over this time period suggest that bedrock with various 40 Ar/ 39 Ar cooling ages has been differentially eroded in the upper Waitaki River catchment and mixed in the Waitaki–Canterbury sediment-routing system. Across-shelf variations in sediment 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age reflect changing modes of sediment dispersal on the continental shelf. Fluvial material, likely derived from the main drainage divide zone, preferentially accumulates in the middle continental shelf, whereas material representing erosion of older bedrock (Torlesse Terrane), located lower in the drainage basin, is dispersed uniformly across the shelf. The age signature of the muddy sediment accumulating on the continental shelf reflects Late Pleistocene landscape evolution of the Southern Alps and its influence on sediment dispersal to the continental shelf.
Using corn stover and dried distillers grains with solubles to conserve stockpiled forages and improve reproductive performance and progeny growth in fall-calving beef cows1

Angus-cross, fall-calving beef cows (n = 153) were used in this experiment. The objective was to determine whether incorporating a period of corn stover and dried distiller grains with solubles (DDGS) feeding into a preexisting nutritional program that included grazing stockpiled tall fescue affects reproductive performance and progeny growth. On Julian d 267 cows were stratified and allotted by BW, BCS, and calving date (if calved) to receive 1 of 2 isocaloric dietary treatments through timed AI (TAI; Julian d 336): stockpiled tall fescue (CON) or corn stover plus DDGS (DG; DDGS at 0.7% of BW/d). Following timed AI, CON cows were fed grass hay, and DG cows were placed on stockpiled tall fescue until grass was exhausted (Julian d 20) and then fed grass hay. Cow BW and BCS did not differ during the supplementation period. The proportion of cows cycling at breeding-season initiation tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in CON(92.2%) than in DG-treated (80.6%) cows. Pregnancy rates from timed AI did not differ between the CON (42.4%) and DG (50.0%) treatment. However, breeding-season pregnancy rates were greater (P = 0.03) in the DG (89.6%) than CON (74.2%) treatment. Progeny from cows fed DG were heavier at 62 d of age and at weaning (P ≤ 0.03) when compared with CON progeny. In summary, including a dietary period of corn stover and DDGS to a traditional management practice of grazing stockpiled tall fescue and feeding hay resulted in greater breeding-season pregnancy rates and heavier progeny.
Chronic Meningitis: Simplifying a Diagnostic Challenge

Chronic meningitis can be a diagnostic dilemma for even the most experienced clinician. Many times, the differential diagnosis is broad and encompasses autoimmune, neoplastic, and infectious etiologies. This review will focus on a general approach to chronic meningitis to simplify the diagnostic challenges many clinicians face. The article will also review the most common etiologies of chronic meningitis in some detail including clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, treatment, and outcomes. By using a case-based approach, we will focus on the key elements of clinical presentation and laboratory analysis that will yield the most rapid and accurate diagnosis in these complicated cases.
Impact of Mutations on the Structure of the Human Potassium Channel KCNQ1

Approximately one in 2000 newborns are affected by congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS), which is a life-threatening cardiac disorder. Mutations in the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNQ1 and its accessory protein KCNE1 cause 50% of congenital LQTS. Up to now, more than 400 mutations have been identified in KCNQ1 from LQTS subjects. The mechanistic effects of many of these mutations remain unknown. In the present study, we have investigated the specific effects of 32 KCNQ1 mutations on the structural properties of isolated voltage-sensor domain of KCNQ1 using solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The 32 mutations are disease causing, benign, or of unknown significance. The high quality NMR spectra of wild type and of one engineered double mutation E160R-S225E serve as reference spectra, representing the open state (active conformation) and closed state (inactive conformation) forms of the channel, respectively. Mutants were labeled with 15N and purified into lysomyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (LMPG) detergent micelles. The 1H-15N TROSY-heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy spectrum of each mutant was collected and compared with the reference spectra. The effect of each mutation on the equilibrium between the channel active conformation and inactive conformation was determined. These results will advance our understanding of the molecular basis of LQTS pathogenesis and will be important for the rational design of anti-arrhythmia therapeutics for patients harboring KCNQ1 mutations.
Survival in unresectable AJCC stage I and II HCC and the effect of DEB-TACE: SEER versus tertiary cancer center cohort study

Aim: To evaluate overall survival (OS) in unresectable American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I/II hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with drug-eluting-bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) versus best supportive care. Materials & methods: OS in consecutive patients with AJCC stage I/II unresectable HCC diagnosed in 2005–2010 who underwent DEB-TACE and similar patients from SEER with no surgery/radiation recommended/performed was evaluated. Results: Median OS from HCC diagnosis was 28.9 months (DEB-TACE) versus 10.0 months (SEER), p < 0.0001. Median OS was 36.3 months (DEB-TACE) versus 12.0 months (SEER) in AJCC I, and 27.9 months (DEB-TACE) versus 10.0 months (SEER) in AJCC II, p < 0.0001. Significant independent prognostic factors for OS were single primary tumor, no vascular invasion, normal α-fetoprotein and DEB-TACE. Conclusion: DEB-TACE in patients with unresectable AJCC stage I/II HCC was a significant independent prognostic factor for greater OS in a population-based study.
Optimal Covariance Minimization Algorithm for the Continuous Kalman Filter

The classical Kalman filter algorithms obtain an optimal Kalman gain matrix by computing a stationary value for the covariance time derivative. This approach has proven to be extremely valuable for many engineering and scientific applications. The innovation of this work is that it develops a direct optimization approach for computing optimal Kalman gains. The resulting gain calculations rigorously minimize the a posteriori error covariance by computing a stationary value directly for the error covariance, as a function of correction gains for the filter. In addition, the resulting gain solutions directly minimize the measurement errors for the Filter. Algorithmic computational differentiation is used for generating the sensitivity partial derivatives required in the error covariance minimizing necessary conditions. A first-order correction strategy is presented for minimizing the elements of the error covariance matrix. A generalized covariance differential equation is developed that automatically generates the 2 through 4 order moments for covariance, skewness, and Kurtosis, which are used to minimize the covariance matrix. The optimal Kalman gains are obtained numerically: no closed-form analytic solutions are available. Initial numerical experiments have been limited to Kalman gain sensitivity calculations. The basic methodology easily generalizes to handle state sensitivities for the plant and sensor. The proposed analysis approach is expected to be broadly useful for estimation and control problems, where model uncertainty is important for engineering level of fidelity applications.
Understanding the Practice of Discovery in Enterprise Big Data Science: An Agent-based Approach

Abstract Scientific discovery is substantially a social process. It involves organizational and inter-personal dynamics, resource and data constraints, biases and fads, as well as serendipity and chance encounters that are usually hardly represented in formal depiction of discovery. In this era of big data science, with heavy reliance on crowd-sourced data, open innovation, and collaborative analytics, the effect of the social and material realms on the process and practice of discovery is likely to become more acute. Understanding, and possibly predicting, the roles of these new data practices, organizational dynamics, and social infrastructures in shaping discovery can inform the design of more effective tools for enterprise big data science. In this paper, we present an agent-based model of the practice of discovery in big data science. Using a simulation system based on the practice-based approach to work study, the concept of bounded rationality, and the Gaia methodology for simulating organizations, we model big data science as an activity occurring within the social and organizational context of an enterprise. We present the background of this work, give an overview of the conceptual design of the model, and show some initial results.