cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How family crises may limit engagement of youth with disabilities in services to support successful transitions to postsecondary education and employment

Abstract Youth with disabilities receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) experience multiple barriers to successful transitions to postsecondary education and employment. To improve outcomes for this group, the PROMISE Initiative funded six demonstration programs across the US to test a set of evidence-based services linked to improved employment and educational outcomes, such as case management, benefits counseling, and financial literacy training. Unfortunately, study youth and families did not fully engage in program services, perhaps diminishing effectiveness of the intervention and opportunities for better outcomes. The aim of this descriptive qualitative study was to document family crises experienced by PROMISE participants and explore how these crises contributed to their lack of engagement from the perspectives of case managers who worked with young SSI beneficiaries and their families. Focus groups with nine case managers representing six states from one PROMISE program identified five types of family crises: financial, transportation, behavioral, legal/corrections, and family conflict. Findings suggest that case managers may need additional resources to effectively address the crises encountered. Strategies and future interventions to address crisis situations are suggested.
Localocentricity, mental health and medical poverty in communication about sex work, HIV and AIDS among trans women engaged in sex work

Trans women engaged in sex work live at the intersections of discrimination against sex workers, women and transgender people. Dominant public health approaches have constructed trans women in sex ...
Synthesis of Imine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks Catalyzed by Metal Halides and in Situ Growth of Perovskite@COF Composites

The development of economical and versatile catalysts is of both technological and fundamental interest in the synthesis of COFs. Imine COFs are a widely investigated class of COFs commonly synthes...
Counselors Making Sense of Their Experiences as Allies to LGBTQ + Communities

Allies to the LGBTQ + communities play an essential role in fighting for change and dismantling oppressive systems that can result in emotional, mental, and physical harm. Ethical standards and con...
The effects of student location and teacher role on learning from ITV

Earlier research found a relationship between the location of a student or viewer with respect to a motion picture or television screen and his learning from or performance with respect to ma terial presented thereon. This relationship has most often been attributed to visual acuity factors. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that social psychological factors account for part or all of the relationship under certain condi tions. The hypothesis was supported by the findings.
Improving Transitions Of Care For Medically Complex Pediatric Cardiology Patients Through A Physician Home Visit Program: A Quality Improvement Project

BACKGROUND: Patients with congenital heart disease who are discharged following planned surgery or an acute illness are at high risk for re-admission within 14 days after discharge, especially if they have other medical devices such as gastric tubes and tracheostomy. METHODLOGY: Our goal was to decrease the 14 day re-admission rate in patients with congenital heart disease through home visits and close follow up conducted by a physician provider. Pediatric cardiology patients who had multiple admissions, defined to be at least two over a two month span, were selected for …
Synthesis of performance-advantaged polyurethanes and polyesters from biomass-derived monomers by aldol-condensation of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and hydrogenation

Functional polyurethanes and polyesters with tunable properties were synthesized from biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF)–acetone–HMF (HAH) monomers. HAH can be selectively hydrogenated over Cu and Ru catalysts to produce partially-hydrogenated (PHAH) and fully-hydrogenated (FHAH). The HAH units in these polymers improve the thermal stability and stiffness of the polymers compared to polyurethanes produced with ethylene glycol. Polyurethanes produced from PHAH provide diene binding sites for electron deficient CC double bonds, such as in maleimide compounds, that can participate in Diels–Alder reactions. Such sites can function to create crosslinking by Diels–Alder coupling with bismaleimides and can be used to impart functionality to PHAH (giving rise to anti-microbial activity or controlled drug delivery). The symmetric triol structure of FHAH leads to energy-dissipating rubbers with branched structures. Accordingly, the properties of these biomass-derived polymers can be tuned by controlling the blending ratio of HAH-derived monomers or the degree of Diels–Alder reaction. The polyester produced from HAH can be used in packaging applications.
Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infection following high-risk exposure: a test-negative design case-control study

Background: Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) continue to be recommended for mitigation of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. However, the effectiveness of NPIs in preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission remains poorly quantified. Methods: We conducted a test-negative design case-control study enrolling cases (testing positive for SARS-CoV-2) and controls (testing negative) whose molecular SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test results were reported to California Department of Public Health between 24 February-26 September, 2021. We used conditional logistic regression to assess predictors of case status among participants who reported contact with an individual known or suspected to have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 ("high-risk exposure") within ≤ 14 days of testing. Results: 643 of 1280 cases (50.2%) and 204 of 1263 controls (16.2%) reported high-risk exposures ≤ 14 days before testing. Adjusted odds of case status were 2.94-fold (95% confidence interval: 1.66-5.25) higher when high-risk exposures occurred with household members (vs. other contacts), 2.06-fold (1.03-4.21) higher when exposures occurred indoors (vs. not indoors), and 2.58-fold (1.50-4.49) higher when exposures lasted ≥ three hours (vs. shorter durations) among unvaccinated and partially-vaccinated individuals; excess risk associated with such exposures was mitigated among fully-vaccinated individuals. Mask usage by participants or their contacts during high-risk exposures reduced adjusted odds of case status by 48% (8-72%). Adjusted odds of case status were 68% (32-84%) and 77% (59-87%) lower for partially- and fully-vaccinated participants, respectively, than for unvaccinated participants. Benefits of mask usage were greatest when exposures lasted ≤ three hours, occurred indoors, or involved non-household contacts. Conclusions: NPIs reduced the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection following high-risk exposure. Vaccine effectiveness was substantial for partially and fully vaccinated persons.
Iterative Alignment Flows.

The unsupervised task of aligning two or more distributions in a shared latent space has many applications including fair representations, batch effect mitigation, and unsupervised domain adaptation. Existing flow-based approaches estimate multiple flows independently, which is equivalent to learning multiple full generative models. Other approaches require adversarial learning, which can be computationally expensive and challenging to optimize. Thus, we aim to jointly align multiple distributions while avoiding adversarial learning. Inspired by efficient alignment algorithms from optimal transport (OT) theory for univariate distributions, we develop a simple iterative method to build deep and expressive flows. Our method decouples each iteration into two subproblems: 1) form a variational approximation of a distribution divergence and 2) minimize this variational approximation via closed-form invertible alignment maps based on known OT results. Our empirical results give evidence that this iterative algorithm achieves competitive distribution alignment at low computational cost while being able to naturally handle more than two distributions.
An Introduction to Psychology for Attorneys

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various aspects of psychology for attorneys, explaining how the legal professionals can learn from psychologists, which possibilities have what kinds of errors and which possibilities seem to best survive empirical and conceptual criticism. Psychologists who are in the tradition of science can add information to forensic settings by accurately depicting the strengths and weaknesses of various theories, interventions, claims, and the like as well as by accurately summarizing the scientific evidence that has attempted to find error with these. Psychological research employs scientific methodology that is directly concerned with error and ways of eliminating error. A response class is composed of behaviors that affect the environment in a similar way, are influenced by the same types of antecedent stimuli, or are affected similarly by the same contingencies. A very common function that psychologists serve in forensic cases is the assessment of psychological characteristics and functioning. Assessment can cover depression, substance abuse, competency, criminal intent, dangerousness, parental fitness, and intelligence.
Smoothness and Rational Smoothness of Schubert Varieties

We discuss various criteria to determine which points \(\dot \upsilon : = \upsilon \mathcal{B} \in {X_w} \subset \mathcal{G}/\mathcal{B}\) are smooth or rationally smooth, where \(\mathcal{G}\) is any KaciaMoody group and υ ≤ w ∈ W .
On Induction vs. *-Continuity

In this paper we study the relative expressibility of the infinitary *-continuity condition $$ X \equiv V_n X$$ (*-cont) and the equational but weaker induction axiom $$X \wedge [\alpha ^* ](X \supset [\alpha ]X) \equiv [\alpha ^* ]X$$ (ind) in Propositional Dynamic Logic. We show: (1) under ind only, there is a first-order sentence distinguishing separable dynamic algebras from standard Kripke models; whereas (2) under the stronger axiom *-cont, the class of separable dynamic algebras and the class of standard Kripke models are indistinguishable by any sentence of infinitary first-order logic.
The pancreas and its heartless beginnings.

During embryonic development, the pancreas derives from two separate outgrowths of endodermal cells called the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds. These buds fuse to form the definitive pancreas. A new study shows that a bipotential cell population exists in the embryonic endoderm that gives rise to both the liver and the ventral pancreas. The decision by these cells to adopt either a pancreatic or hepatic cell fate is determined by their proximity to the developing heart.
Thermonuclear Processes on Accreting Neutron Stars

Theoretical models for X-ray burst sources that invoke thermonuclear flashes on the surface layers of an accreting neutron star are discussed. The historical development of X-ray burst observation is summarized, and a physical picture of a neutron star undergoing accretion is drawn. Detailed numerical computations of the evolution of the surface layers of such a star are reviewed. The need for general relativistic corrections to the model is pointed out. Finally, comparisons are made with observations of X-ray bursts, the rapid burster, fast X-ray transients, X-ray pulsars, and gamma-ray burst sources.
A Medical Liability Toolkit, Including ADR

This toolkit contains the elements needed to understand the problem of medical malpractice in America today, and whether alternative dispute resolution (i.e., arbitration) clauses might be viable among other tort reform options. The toolkit introduces medical liability as an intrinsic component of tort law, which itself must be understood as a part of private ordering if efforts at reform are to prove productive. After providing an overview of the nature of tort, the nature of medical liability, and the nature of the alleged “crisis,” the toolkit indicates how reform has been attempted at the state level. Particular attention is paid to efforts to encourage enhanced private ordering through alternative dispute resolution (“ADR”), both before and after alleged malpractice has occurred. The toolkit identifies characteristics that make enforcement of such clauses more likely and points to a possible federal role in standardizing and publicizing viable arbitration clause drafting. The toolkit also includes an up-to-date list of medical liability reforms in the fifty states, the only such list to exist in the country to the knowledge of the author. Finally, the toolkit contains samples of current ADR efforts, and indicates which efforts are likely to be acceptable to the courts.
Creating and observing stroboscopic molecular wave packets

Summary form only given. The molecular stroboscope effect provides an opportunity to study the entanglement of nuclear and electronic motion. When a Rydberg electron returns to the core of a molecule, it is scattered in a direction that depends on the orientation of the molecular axis. Ordinarily, rotation of the core produces random motion of the scattered electron. In the special case in which the rotational and Kepler periods are commensurate, the nuclear and electronic motions are synchronous, and therefore the interaction of the electron with the core is regular. This case is known as a stroboscopic state.
A radiation belt‐ring current forecasting model

[1] A radiation belt-ring current (RB-RC) forecasting model is presented. This model solves the convection-diffusion equation of plasma distribution in the 10 keV to a few MeV range. There are four major auxiliary components to the RB-RC model: a global magnetic field model, an electric field model, a plasma sheet model (plasma source), and a radial diffusion model. All four components are driven by solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions. In this paper, a brief description of the model and input parameters is given. This model has been used to simulate several geomagnetic storms. In particular, the effects of the inductive electric field on the evolution of the radiation belt electron fluxes are investigated in detail via a case study of the 12 August 2000 storm. It is found that, in general, the inductive electric field arising from the time-varying magnetic field can enhance the flux level around geosynchronous orbit during the recovery phase of the storms. The model is validated through comparing the simulation results with the Los Alamos National Laboratory satellite measurements. Further refinement and improvement of the model is also discussed.
The influence of production mechanisms on pick‐up ion loss at Mars

[1] This study quantifies the influence of ionization production mechanisms on ion escape and transport through near-Mars space. The Mars Test Particle simulation calculates the detailed ion velocity space distribution through a background magnetic and electric field model at specific locations. The main objective of this work is to extensively probe the sources of O+ ion escape relative to the production mechanisms: photoionization, charge exchange, and electron impact. Seven production methods are explored and compared, resulting in total production and loss rates differing up to two orders of magnitude. Photoionization was compared as a function of solar zenith angle and optical shadow. Charge exchange O+ production was studied with three methods: a constant rate assuming cold ion collisions, a constant rate proportional to the reaction cross-section and upstream solar wind bulk velocity, and finally a novel approach proportional to the cross-section and both the random and bulk velocity. Finally, electron impact ionization was considered as a constant and as a function of electron temperature. Of these methods, a baseline of the most physically relevant ion mechanisms was selected. Additionally, energy distributions at specific spatial locations highlight the individual ion populations in velocity space, revealing asymmetric and nongyrotropic features due to specific ionization methods. Analysis of the O+ flux and loss is in agreement with observations and also indicates a strong polar plume in the northern hemisphere for a given interplanetary magnetic field orientation. We calculate the total production and escape to be 2.5 × 1025 and 6.4 × 1024, respectively.
Phorbol ester stimulated Cip1 expression in p53-negative leukemic cells

In differentiating leukemic cells, cyclin-dependent kinase interacting protein (Cip1) is induced and stimulates a G(1) arrest. TPA treated U937 monoblastoid cells expressed Cip1, hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (Rb), arrested in G(1) and differentiated. PKC-zeta cells are U937 cells that overexpress the zeta isoform and display alterations in endogenous PKC isoform expression. TPA treated PKC-zeta cells undergo apoptosis without differentiating. TPA treated PKC-zeta cells express Cip1 and display substantial hypophosphorylation of Rb but fail to arrest in G(1). Thus, a novel phorbol ester dependent signalling pathway exists in which Cip1 induction is associated with the absence of a G(1) arrest and induction of apoptosis rather than differentiation.
The signal estimator limit setting method

Abstract In this paper, a new method of background subtraction is presented which uses the concept of a signal estimator to construct a confidence level which is always conservative and which is never better than e − s . The new method yields stronger exclusions than the Bayesian method with a flat prior distribution.
What do we really know about the heat flow of Venus (or anyplace else we can't stick with probes?)

Readers of TLE were introduced to the bulk similarities and bizarre differences between Venus and earth in “Geophysical interpretation of heat‐flow provinces of Venus utilizing Magellan SAR imaging” by Jeff Kelley (March 1998). In this short follow‐up, I would like to correct some inaccuracies in the earlier article, and share with the exploration geophysics community some of the ongoing consensus and controversy about Venus. Several compilations of papers on the post‐Magellan view of Venus are cited below. I will also point out other basic, related results for the moon and Mars.
West Nile virus and the climate

West Nile virus is transmitted by urban-dwelling mosquitoes to birds and other animals, with occasional “spillover” to humans. While the means by which West Nile virus was introduced into the Americas in 1999 remain unknown, the climatic conditions that amplify diseases that cycle among urban mosquitoes, birds, and humans are warm winters and spring droughts. This information can be useful in generating early warning systems and mobilizing timely and the most environmentally friendly public health interventions. The extreme weather conditions accompanying long-term climate change may also be contributing to the spread of West Nile virus in the United States and Europe.
Color-Kinematics Duality in One-Loop Four-Gluon Amplitudes with Matter

Four-point one-loop nonsupersymmetric pure Yang-Mills amplitudes with the duality between color and kinematics manifest have been constructed in previous work. Here, we extend the discussion to fermions and scalars circulating in the loop with all external gluons. This gives another nontrivial loop-level example showing that the duality between color and kinematics holds in nonsupersymmetric gauge theory. The construction is valid in any spacetime dimension and written in terms of formal polarization vectors. We also convert these expressions into a four-dimensional form with explicit external helicity states. Using this, we compare our results to one-loop duality-satisfying amplitudes that are already present in literature.
Dependence of Heat-Transfer coefficient for immersed surfaces in a gas-fluidized bed on pressure

Abstract The correlations and theories developed for the prediction of heat-transfer coefficients for immersed surfaces in fluidized beds are examined for their applicability and appropriateness at different pressures. It is found that the pressure dependence of minimum fluidization velocity and heat-transfer coefficient for ‘small’ and ‘large’ particle systems can be reconciled with an adequate interpretation of available correlations and model expressions on the basis of a recently proposed particle classification scheme. The latter utilizes the concept of Archimedes number to provide a particle classification scheme which interprets particles into different categories, keeping both hydrodynamic and thermal behaviors of the bed consistent with each other at the same time. Good agreement of the available experimental data with appropriate theories is demonstrated.
Rate and loudness manipulations in dysarthria: acoustic and perceptual findings.

Both rate reduction and increased loudness reportedly are associated with an increase in the size of the articulatory-acoustic working space and improved acoustic distinctiveness for speakers with ...
Crystal Structure of Cardiac-specific Histone Methyltransferase SmyD1 Reveals Unusual Active Site Architecture

SmyD1 is a cardiac- and muscle-specific histone methyltransferase that methylates histone H3 at lysine 4 and regulates gene transcription in early heart development. The unique domain structure characterized by a "split" SET domain, a conserved MYND zinc finger, and a novel C-terminal domain (CTD) distinguishes SmyD1 from other SET domain containing methyltransferases. Here we report the crystal structure of full-length SmyD1 in complex with the cofactor analog sinefungin at 2.3 A. The structure reveals that SmyD1 folds into a wrench-shaped structure with two thick "grips" separated by a large, deep concave opening. Importantly, our structural and functional analysis suggests that SmyD1 appears to be regulated by an autoinhibition mechanism, and that unusually spacious target lysine-access channel and the presence of the CTD domain both negatively contribute to the regulation of this cardiovascularly relevant methyltransferase. Furthermore, our structure also provides a structural basis for the interaction between SmyD1 and cardiac transcription factor skNAC, and suggests that the MYND domain may primarily serve as a protein interaction module and cooperate SmyD1 with skNAC to regulate cardiomyocyte growth and maturation. Overall, our data provide novel insights into the mechanism of SmyD1 regulation, which would be helpful in further understanding the role of this protein in heart development and cardiovascular diseases.
Providing Inmate Access to the Courts U. S. Prison Strategies for Complying With Constitutional Rights

As the federal courts have established the right of inmates to seek postconviction relief, prisons systems have struggled with a variety of strategies to come into compliance. Using data from a nat...
Deposition behavior in a low-temperature cascade arc torch (CAT) polymerization process

Two kinds of hydrocarbon type monomers and three kinds of organosilicons were polymerized by a low-temperature cascade arc argon plasma torch. Their deposition behaviors were studied as a function of experimental parameters and monomer elemental compositions. It was found that the normalized deposition rate (DR), expressed as deposition yield of DR/(FM) was determined by a composite operational parameter, W * (FM) c /(FM) where W is the power input, and (FM) c and (FM) m are the mass flow rates of carrier gases and monomers, respectively. Experimental results indicated that the deposition yield is highly dependent on the elementary compositions of monomers. Optical emission spectroscopy study on the argon plasma torch showed that the emission intensity of excited argon neutrals was proportional to the value of the parameter W * (FM) c . These results further certified that excited argon neutrals are the main energy carriers from the cascade arc column to activate monomers in the argon plasma torch.
Physical basis for Descartes ring scattering in laser-irradiated microdroplets

Stimulated Raman scattering from laser-irradiated microdroplets is observed from two distinct spatial regions, the droplet rim and a ringlike region encircling the laser beam axis on the droplet shadow face (the Descartes ring). With the use of two pulsed laser beams, a perturbing beam and a delayed stimulated-Raman-scattering pump beam, the physical mechanism for Descartes ring scattering is investigated. Evidence is obtained of a persistent mechanism that continues even after the perturbing laser pulse is turned off. This mechanism is tentatively identified as electrostriction. The possible existence of an additional prompt mechanism that requires overlap between perturbing and pump laser pulses is also discussed.
Interactions of hexacyano ions with [Ruen3]3+ and [Ruen3]2+ in solution

Abstract The intensity of outer-sphere charge transfer absorption ([Ru(CN) 6 ] 4− →[Ruen 3 ] 3+ ) in aqueous solution containing [Ru(CN) 6 ] 4− and [Ruen 3 ] 3+ at a 1:1 anion to cation ratio is almost the same as it is at a 2:1 ratio, but there is a shift to lower energy at the latter ratio, which is not altered when the ratio increases to 4:1. In 1.5×10 −2 M HO 3 SCF 3 a significant increase in intensity accompanies the change from the 1:1 to the 2:1 ratio, a shift also being observed, limiting values again being reached at the 2:1 ratio. We infer that at the 1:1 ratio, in the absence of extraneous electrolyte, hyper clustering of the putative ion pairs takes place, which is diminished when the anion is mono-protonated. Increasing the ratio of anion to cation causes declustering and we infer that at the 2:1 ratio anion–cation–anion triplets are formed consistent with the full occupation by anions of the trigonal faces of cation octahedra, with the expectation that for steric reasons they will have a much higher affinity for anions than equatorial sites. Inner-sphere substitution is unexpectedly rapid, very much more rapid than with [Ru(NH 3 ) 6 ] 3+ , where no evidence of substitution even over extended periods of time has been observed. The observations made in the kinetic studies, which include following the rate as a function of anion–cation ratio, are consistent with the view that clustering of ion pairs occurs, and that on increasing the ratio to 2:1 discrete ion triplets result. When, as in the present work, kinetics are done in the first-order mode — cations fully assembled into association with anions — to understand results, it must be taken into account that interactions between the anion and the cation can take a number of different forms. Many of these are unproductive for substitution, among them solvent separated structures, thus providing a basis for explaining why substitution in [Ruen 3 ] 3+ is more rapid than in [Ruen 3 ] 2+ .
Old issues, new eyes

This paper considers end user development (EUD) from the perspective of a veteran software professional. Many of the issues currently discussed in relation to EUD have existed almost from the dawn of computing. However, there are some modern trends that have the potential to affect both end user computing and professional software development.
Crime as a hobby: Taking an “involuntary discount” on expensive wines

Criminologists tend to associate themselves with one of several schools of thought concerning the etiology of crime: classical; pathological; or one of the several sociological perspectives such as strain/anomie, critical/conflict, structural functional ism, social disorganization, symbolic interaction/labeling, and social and cultural support. None of these schools appear to have a place in their domain for a crime hobbyist. Criminal typologies that address specific criminal behavior often identify a criminal type known as the occasional property offender and describe him/her as crude, unsophisticated, unknowledgeable, and involved with inexpensive items or, in more recent work, as a delighted scofflaw. This study examines a crime hobbyist who is serious about his pasttime, who carries it off with aplomb, sophistication, and at considerable cost to the victim. This study is intended to stimulate thought concerning the nature of typologies generally, as well as to provide a basis for possible future studi...
Binding characteristics of high-affinity dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonists, 11C-PPHT and 11C-ZYY-339 in rodents and imaging in non-human primates by PET

We have evaluated the in vitro autoradiographic binding characteristics and in vivo brain distribution of two high-affinity dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonists, (+/-)-2-(N-phenethyl-N-1'-11C-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin (11C-PPHT) and (+/-)-2-(N-cyclohexylethyl-N-1'-11C-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin (11C-ZYY-339) in rodents and in monkeys using positron emission tomography (PET). In vitro autoradiograms in rat brain slices with (11)C-PPHT and 11C-ZYY-339 revealed binding to dopaminergic regions in the striata, which was substantially (>90%) displaced by 10 microM sulpiride. Striatal binding was also removed in the presence of 5-guanylylimidophosphate (Gpp(NH)p), indicative of binding of these radiotracers to the high-affinity (HA) state. The results of in vivo studies in rats exhibited binding of the two radiotracers to the striata (striata/cerebellum approached 2 in 30 min). The regional selectivity to the striata was reduced by preadministration of haloperidol. PET studies in male rhesus monkeys using an ECAT EXACT HR+ scanner indicated localization of 11C-PPHT and 11C-ZYY-339 in the striata and thalamus. Striata to cerebellum and thalamus to cerebellum ratios were low (1.5 and 1.3, respectively, at 30 min postinjection) for both 11C-PPHT and 11C-ZYY-339, apparently due to the slower nonspecific clearance from cerebellum. These findings with 11C-PPHT and 11C-ZYY-339 indicate the possibility of in vivo imaging of high-affinity state of dopamine D2/D3 receptors in both the striata and the thalamus.
Corroboration of a Bioenergetics Model for Sockeye Salmon

Abstract We constructed a bioenergetics model for sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka and evaluated its sensitivity to parameter error. When used to predict annual growth, the model was most sensitive, in declining order of importance. to changes in the intercept of the dependence of consumption on body weight, the proportion of maximum consumption, the energy density of prey, low temperature and its associated proportion of maximum consumption in the temperaturedependence function, the intercept of the energy density relationship to predator weight, and the intercept of the relationship between body weight and respiration. Estimates of consumption from the model, when consumption was constrained by fixed growth, were quite insensitive to perturbation of all parameters except the energy density of prey. We computed consumption rates and energy budgets with the model and compared these with independently derived estimates for populations in Lake Dalnee, USSR; Lake Washington, USA; and Babine Lake, Canada. Th...
Dextran: A branched polymer and plasma expander

The method of Flory and a modification of the method proposed by Elias and Cornet and van Ballegooijen were used to determine theta conditions for samples of dextran and poly(vinyl pyrolidone). Light scattering and viscosity measurements made at the theta condition for dextrans of widely ranging molecular weights showed the second virial coefficient to be zero and were in agreement with the theory of Zimm and Kilb for branched polymers. Viscosity and osmotic pressure measurements were made on various mixtures of dextran and poly(vinyl pyrolidone) in water and the theta solvents determined by the above methods. Osmotic pressure measurements for various mixtures of high-molecular-weight dextrans and poly(vinyl pyrolidone) made in water showed a minimum in the number-average molecular weight and osmotic second virial coefficient at all three temperatures. This minimum did not occur in blends of a lower molecular weight dextran and poly(vinyl pyrolidone).
A scanning electron microscopic study of the molar surfaces of the mandibles of the brine shrimp (Cl. Branchiopoda: O. Anostraca).

Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the external morphology of the molar surface of the mandibles of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. Unlike many other branchiopod crustaceans, Artemia has symmetrical mandibles, ie, the molar surfaces of the two mandibles of an individual are similar in size and surface structure. Each molar area has three basic regions: the anterio-ventral region, posterio-dorsal region, and transition zone. On the anterio-ventral region there are complex, parallel furrows and ridges, which are specializations for clasping masses of fine, particulate food. The general surface of this ridged area is flat, except at the ventral and anterior edges, where there is a fringe of long projections that probably serve to retain food in the space between the paired mandibles. The posterio-dorsal region, which has simpler, more sparse cuticular projections, is adapted for reception of food. Stereomicrographs reveal that the general surface of this region is sloped and thus forms a cleft along the posterio-dorsal margin of the two apposed molar surfaces. Anatomical relstionships suggest that the cleft is an adaptation for accommodating maxillular setae that push food forward onto the mandibles. The transition zone has cuticular specializations that are morphologically intermediate between those of the anterio-ventral and posterio-dorsal regions. Three types of pores, possibly openings of glands or sensilla, were observed in the cuticle of the molar surface.
The characterization of carbon-supported iron catalysts: Chemisorption, magnetization, and Mössbauer spectroscopy

Abstract Chemisorption, Mossbauer effect, kinetics, and magnetic studies have been combined to characterize iron on V3G, a low surface area graphitic carbon, and on Carbolac-1, a porous, high surface area carbon black. Magnetic studies confirm the conducting, graphitic properties of V3G and the insulating, amorphous properties of Carbolac-1. All techniques show the iron on V3G to be in large particles which show ferromagnetic behavior. The iron on Carbolac-1 is highly dispersed, shows superparamagnetism and oxidation sensitivity characteristic of very small particles, and exhibits a decreased reducibility suggestive of a support interaction. These small iron particles show greatly decreased H 2 CO Chemisorption ratios at temperatures up to 473 K, a high olefin to paraffin ratio, and excellent activity maintenance during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
Removing patients from the liver transplant wait list: A survey of US liver transplant programs.

Guidelines are in place regarding who is a candidate for liver transplantation. Once a potential candidate is listed, there are no uniform guidelines indicating when he should be removed from the list because of a change in clinical status. A survey with 14 scenarios was sent to the medical and surgical directors of all liver transplant programs in the United States. In each scenario, clinical information was provided about a patient active on the transplant wait list. Data regarding a clinical change were provided, and responders were questioned whether they would remove the patient from the wait list. The scenarios were designed to address the issues of age, etiology of liver disease, renal dysfunction, respiratory failure, infection, failure to thrive, and social support. Two hundred four questionnaires were mailed with 47 responses (23%): 8 return to sender, 24 surgeons, and 15 hepatologists. All 11 United Network for Organ Sharing regions were represented. The responders were well distributed among university programs (n = 28), private practice programs (n = 10), and health maintenance organization programs (n = 1). Nine responses were from small-volume programs ( or =51 transplants). There was wide variability between responders regarding which patients should be removed from the transplant wait list. Patient age and etiology of liver disease led to the greatest discordance among responders. In conclusion, there is a lack of agreement and standardization among US liver transplant programs regarding who should be removed from the wait list for a change in clinical status.
Formation of elastomeric network polymers from ambient heterogeneous hydrosilations of carboranylenesiloxane and branched siloxane monomers

The Karstedt catalyst-catalyzed ambient-condition hydrosilation reactions in hexane of a monomeric vinyl-containing carboranylenesiloxane, 1, and three-branched siloxane crosslinker monomers were discovered to produce elastomeric network polymers at very rapid rates of formation. The flexible and transparent films of the saturated elastomeric network polymers were observed to possess low glass-transition temperatures (below -35 °C). Similar hydrosilation reactions at two different reactant ratios involving a diethynyl-containing carboranylenesiloxane, 2, and the siloxane crosslinkers produced partially hydrosilated and completely hydrosilated polymeric networked systems, which were transparent and elastomeric at room temperature. The glass-transition temperatures of all the polymeric systems formulated from 2 were below 0 °C. The elastomeric polymeric networks from 1 and 2 were found to have degradation temperatures in the range of 500-550 °C.
Reduced Fat Cheddar Cheese from Condensed Milk. 2. Microstructure

Abstract The microstructure of reduced fat Cheddar cheese manufactured from condensed milk was evaluated. Four cheese milk treatments were applied: control (uncondensed, 10.3% total solids) and condensed, 15.4, 18.3, and 22.2% total solids. Fat and moisture contents of the cheeses were 18.5 and 46.0; 18.2 and 45.1; 18.8 and 43.3; and 17.6 and 43.0%, respectively. An interrelationship was observed among cheese milk treatments, cheese body and texture scores, and microstructure from the cheeses. Body and texture scores decreased as concentration increased, and microstructure became increasingly rough and dense, with an uneven protein matrix. Control cheese body was rubbery, and the microstructure as observed by scanning electron microscopy was smooth. Body and texture of cheese from condensed milk with 22.2% solids was extremely firm and crumbly, and the microstructure reflected the firm and crumbly texture, with an uneven, layered protein matrix with poor curd particle fusion. Manufacturing processes (condensing) applied to cheese milk and cheese composition had an effect on microstructure and therefore affected the body and texture of reduced fat Cheddar cheese.
Hepatocyte growth factor induces an endothelin-mediated decline in glomerular filtration rate.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays a crucial role in renal development, injury, and repair. HGF also serves a protective role in chronic renal disease by preven...
Arginine vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist impairs maternal memory in rats

Abstract Primiparous female rats rapidly respond to foster pups following an extended separation from pups after an initial maternal experience. This consolidation of maternal behavior has been referred to as maternal memory. The neurochemical regulation of maternal memory is not clearly understood. One neuropeptide that may mediate maternal memory is arginine vasopressin (AVP), a neuropeptide which is modulated around the time of parturition and has an established role in learning and memory processes. Thus, the present studies examine the possible involvement of AVP in the establishment of maternal memory in female rats. Pregnant rats were implanted with chronic cannulae connected to subcutaneous osmotic minipumps filled with a V1a receptor antagonist [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP, 0.1–12.5 ng/h] or saline vehicle which were chronically infused either into the lateral ventricles or bilaterally into the medial amygdala beginning on day 18 of gestation. Both the osmotic pumps and the newborn pups were removed 24 h following parturition. The effects of the V1a antagonist treatments on social recognition and maternal behavior were measured following parturition and maternal memory was assessed following a ten day separation from pups. Whereas none of the AVP treatments affected the initial establishment of maternal behavior postpartum, maternal memory was impaired in rats infused into the amygdala with the AVP antagonist (1.25 and 12.5 ng/h). Social recognition was not impaired by intracerebroventricular infusion of either the 0.1 or 1.0 ng/h dose of the V1a antagonist. The present results suggest a role for medial amygdaloid V1a receptors in the establishment of maternal memory.
Loading of Substation Electrical Equipment with Emphasis on Thermal Capability Part II-Application

The methodology for establishing thermal loading capability of substation electrical equipment and material should recognize system loading and ambient weather conditions in addition to the unit thermal parameters. Application of a recently developed methodology may show significant potential economic benefits, improved utilization of substation plant investment and satisfactory service performance and equipment maintenance requirements.
Effects of acetazolamide and electrical stimulation on cerebral oxidative metabolism as indicated by the cytochrome oxidase redox state.

Abstract The intravenous administration of acetazolamide to rats caused a prompt oxidation of cytochrome a, a 3 that was associated with an increase in the rate at which this cytochrome underwent additional oxidation and reductive recovery after electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. These effects were not observed in animals made hypercapnic after ventilation with 5% CO 2 . The speed with which these and other metabolic and physiological events occur, after administering the drug, suggests that acetazolamide exerts its effects by complex mechanisms and that the site of action may be in the region of the blood-brain barrier, an area rich in carbonic anhydrase, and noradrenergic innervation.
A new algorithm and a new heuristic for serial supply systems

We present a new dynamic programming formulation for the stochastic multi-stage serial inventory system based on the cost of sub-system with fewer stages. A heuristic based on judiciously selected common downstream holding costs requires solving one newsvendor problem per stage. A closed-form approximate upper bound allows for accurate sensitivity analysis.
Fast track article: On accurate and efficient statistical counting in sensor-based surveillance systems

Sensor networks have been used in many surveillance systems, providing statistical information about monitored areas. Accurate counting information (e.g., the distribution of the total number of targets) is often important for decision making. As a complementary solution to double-counting in communication, this paper presents the first work that deals with double-counting in sensing for wireless sensor networks. The probability mass function (pmf) of target counts is derived first. This, however, is shown to be computationally prohibitive when a network becomes large. A partitioning algorithm is then designed to significantly reduce computation complexity with a certain loss in counting accuracy. Finally, two methods are proposed to compensate for the loss. To evaluate the design, we compare the derived probability mass function with ground truth obtained through exhaustive enumeration in small-scale networks. In large-scale networks, where pmf ground truth is not available, we compare the expected count with true target counts. We demonstrate that accurate counting within 1%-3% relative error can be achieved with orders of magnitude reduction in computation, compared with an exhaustive enumeration-based approach.
Robot-assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Initial Mayo Clinic Scottsdale experience

OBJECTIVE To review a single institution's experience with robotassisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed retrospectively all cholecystectomies performed with the assistance of a surgical robot at the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Ariz, from October 2002 to July 2003. Cholangiograms were obtained intraoperatively for patients with elevated results on liver function tests. The gallbladder was removed by the surgeon with the use of the robot. A surgical assistant at the operating table exchanged instruments in the robot arms and applied clips when needed. Total operating time, assembly time of the robot, complications, and postoperative course were evaluated. RESULTS Nineteen patients underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy; 16 had symptomatic cholelithiasis, 2 had gallbladder polyps, and 1 had acute cholecystitis. Of the 19 surgeries, 16 were completed successfully with robotic assistance. In 3 consecutive patients, a mechanical problem occurred with the robot; however, all procedures were completed laparoscopically. The mean set-up time, including patient positioning and preparation and robotic installation, was 28.1 minutes. The mean ± SD operating time was 82.3±17.9 minutes without a cholangiogram and 102±20.9 minutes with a cholangiogram. There were no complications and no conversions to an open procedure. CONCLUSION Robotic surgery offers many potential advantages, including surgeon comfort, elimination of surgeon tremor, improved imaging, and increased degrees of freedom of the operative instruments, compared with conventional laparoscopic surgery. However, patient outcomes and operative costs need to be evaluated further.
Instructional principles for self-regulation

The purpose of this article is to suggest principles for embedding support in instruction to facilitate self-regulation (SR) in less expert learners. The principles are based on an analysis of the growing body of research on the distinctive self-regulation differences between higher and lower achieving learners. The analysis revealed four instructional principles that designers should consider to provide support for self-regulation. Each principle is supported by research and instructional examples are included.
Kaposi's sarcoma occurring in a dermatome previously involved by herpes zoster

A 31-year-old black man with a history of intravenous drug abuse developed a mass in his neck, a biopsy of which revealed Kaposi's sarcoma. The patient underwent radiation therapy, and the mass diminished in size. Approximately 2 months later the patient developed a herpes zoster infection in the left T3 distribution. The vesicular eruption resolved, but postherpetic neuralgia remained. Two months after the herpes zoster infection, the patient developed many small nodules in the area of the prior vesicular eruption. Biopsy revealed these nodules to be Kaposi's sarcoma. At this time no other cutaneous lesions were present. We believe that these nodules represent the occurrence of the Koebner phenomenon in a patient with Kaposi's sarcoma and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Competitivity in Auction Markets: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation

The authors report successive rounds of theory and laboratory experiments investigating price-taking behavior and market efficiency. They focus on the impact of structural parameters as well as trading institution. The structural parameters involve noncompetitive supply and demand, and a new odd-lot trading procedure for divisible goods. The trading institutions include the continuous double auction and the one-shot clearinghouse as well as a new quantities-only clearinghouse institution. The authors present and justify an as-if complete information theory that explains the competitive outcomes and that correctly predicts highly noncompetitive outcomes in quantities-only clearinghouse markets. Copyright 1995 by Royal Economic Society.