cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The normal organization of the lateral posterior nucleusin the golden hamster and its reorganization after neonatal superior colliculus lesions

Abstract We have studied the normal organization of the hamster lateral posterior nucleus and its reorganization after neonatal superior colliculus lesions. First, we divided the lateral posterior nucleus into rostrolateral, rostromedial and caudal subdivisions and determined the normal distributions of terminals contributed to each division by the ipsilateral and contralateral superior colliculi, the ipsilateral posterior neocortex and the contralateral retina. Since the rostrolateral subdivision receives most of the projections from the ipsilateral superior colliculus, our studies concentrated on this region. The rostrolateral subdivision contains synaptic clusters formed primarily by medium-sized M-terminals synapsing around a central dendrite. Electron microscopic observations showed that the majority of M-terminals are from the ipsilateral colliculus, although a few are contributed by the contralateral colliculus and retina. Therefore, after an ipsilateral neonatal colliculus lesion the synaptic clusters must develop in the absence of their major input. The next step was to examine the distributions of the remaining afferents to the rostrolateral subdivision in adult animals which had received ipsilateral neonatal colliculus lesions. In these cases, the normally restricted projection fields of the contralateral colliculus and the retina expand until they share a border in the rostrolateral subdivision. In contrast the cortical projection, which normally extends throughout the lateral posterior nucleus, is reduced in the region containing retinal terminals. At the ultrastructural level, we found morphologically normal synaptic clusters and showed the M-terminals now occupying the clusters are contributed by the remaining colliculus and the retina. The results suggested that the afferents to the lateral posterior nucleus normally compete for synaptic space and that this competition continues after a neonatal colliculus lesion. In our final experiments, we performed various combinations of neonatal lesions (bilateral superior colliculus, superior colliculus and retina, superior colliculus and cortex) and found that the remaining afferents expand their terminal fields still further in the absence of two inputs.
Knowledge and Perspectives of Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Among Female African Immigrants in the Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area

Black women in the USA have both a higher percentage of late-stage diagnoses as well as the highest rates of mortality from breast cancer when compared to women of other ethnic subgroups. Additionally, Black women have the second highest prevalence of cervical cancer. Many reports evaluating the cancer outcomes of Black women combine data on African-born immigrants and US-born Blacks. This categorization ignores subtle yet important cultural differences between the two groups, which may ultimately affect breast and cervical cancer screening practices. Therefore, this study investigated knowledge and awareness levels of breast and cervical cancer screening practices among female African-born immigrants to the USA residing in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area. Data were collected from 38 participants through key informant interviews, focus group sessions, and a sociodemographic questionnaire over a 3-month study period. Results suggest that fatalism, stigma, and privacy are among the major factors that affect the decision to seek preventative screening measures for breast and cervical cancer among this population. Additionally, the study implies that cervical cancer awareness is significantly lower among this population when compared to breast cancer. This study highlights differences between women of African descent residing in the USA and the need for continued research to increase understanding of the manner in which immigrant status affects health-seeking behavior. This information is critical for researchers, physicians, and public health educators aiming to design culturally appropriate interventions to effectively reduce the prevalence of breast and cervical cancer among female African immigrants living in the USA.
Public Sector Unions Shaping Hospital Privatization: The Creation of Boston Medical Center:

In this paper the author examines, through a case study of a hospital merger in Boston, MA, the ways in which a locally scaled union strategy can shape privatization. She first examines recent economic changes in the US hospital industry, which have resulted in a record number of mergers, closures, and conversions. A case study of the merger between a public hospital, Boston City Hospital, and a private hospital, Boston University Hospital, into the private, nonprofit, Boston Medical Center is presented to demonstrate the ways in which unions can participate in setting the terms of such mergers. The strategy of one labor union local in particular, the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 285, is examined in regard to protecting both the provision of public healthcare and the conditions of employment during and after the process of privatization. By utilizing a local strategy and waging a highly public campaign, leaders of SEIU Local 285 were able to build coalitions with other labor unions a...
Immunoperoxidase localization of papillomavirus antigen in cutaneous warts and bowenoid papulosis

Using the immunoperoxidase technique and a broadly cross-reactive antiserum which detects infection with any papillomavirus, papillomavirus capsid antigen was demonstrated in 25 of 48 cutaneous papillomas and in two of 38 cutaneous dysplasias. Both positive dysplastic lesions were diagnosed on histopathologic examination as bowenoid papulosis. Antigen-positive cutaneous warts were scattered in all age categories and at all body sites. In addition, there was little variation in antigen expression by morphologic type of wart. Antigen was localized in the nucleus of superficial epithelial cells. The amount of staining was variable, with some warts showing large numbers of stained nuclei. In other warts only isolated cells stained. In both cases of bowenoid papulosis, small foci of positively stained cells were observed. The finding of papillomavirus antigen in two of 21 cases of bowenoid papulosis is suggestive of an etiologic relationship between this lesion and a papillomavirus. An examination of antigen-negative cases of bowenoid papulosis for a papillomavirus genome will be necessary to confirm these results.
Verification and Validation of RANS Turbulence Models in Commercial Flow Solvers

st -order or better, indicating the formal order may be less than 2 for these applications. Since Cobalt and RavenCFD turbulence models perform comparable to or better than NASA’s verified models and since rigorous code verification with an exact solution is not possible without access to source code, the presented evidence suggests these turbulence models are implemented correctly for these or similar flow conditions and configurations. Estimates of uncertainty due to numerical error are included (all cases less than 1.7%), and some turbulence model validation is provided by comparing computational results with experiment. Specifically, the S-A and SARC turbulence models show excellent agreement with experiment for velocity profiles downstream of the 2-D jet in the planar shear case; for the NACA 0012 drag coefficient for α=0°, S-A and SST agree within 1.2% of experiment, SARC within 2%, and k-ω within 4%.
Functional Analysis of a Predicted Flavonol Synthase Gene Family in Arabidopsis

The genome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains five sequences with high similarity to FLAVONOL SYNTHASE1 (AtFLS1), a previously characterized flavonol synthase gene that plays a central role in flavonoid metabolism. This apparent redundancy suggests the possibility that Arabidopsis uses multiple isoforms of FLS with different substrate specificities to mediate the production of the flavonols, quercetin and kaempferol, in a tissue-specific and inducible manner. However, biochemical and genetic analysis of the six AtFLS sequences indicates that, although several of the members are expressed, only AtFLS1 encodes a catalytically competent protein. AtFLS1 also appears to be the only member of this group that influences flavonoid levels and the root gravitropic response in seedlings under nonstressed conditions. This study showed that the other expressed AtFLS sequences have tissue- and cell type-specific promoter activities that overlap with those of AtFLS1 and encode proteins that interact with other flavonoid enzymes in yeast two-hybrid assays. Thus, it is possible that these "pseudogenes" have alternative, noncatalytic functions that have not yet been uncovered.
Movers and Shuckers: Interdependent Prepayment Decisions

We model competing risks of mortgage termination where the borrower faces a repeated choice to continue to pay, refinance the loan, move or default. Most previous empirical work on mortgage prepayment has ignored the distinction between prepayments triggered by refinancing and moving, combining them into a single prepayment rate. We show that financial considerations are the primary drivers of the refinance choice while homeowner characteristics have more influence on the move decision. We demonstrate that these differences are statistically significant and that combining these two distinct choices into a single measure of prepayment shifts coefficients toward zero and produces inaccurate predictions of aggregate termination rates. For example, a combined model underestimates the effect of the market price of the loan on refinancing; it misses entirely the opposite effects of borrower income on moving and refinancing. Our results suggest that existing prepayment models are inconsistent predictors of mobility-driven prepayment and underestimate the effect of market conditions and borrower characteristics on refinancing and housing decisions. Our findings have great significance to mortgage investors because mobility-driven prepayments are likely to be a more significant source of prepayments in the next decade.
Attrition of Older Adults in Longitudinal Surveys: Detection and Correction of Sample Selection Bias Using Multigenerational Data

Objectives. The purpose of this study was (a) to investigate whether attrition due to death and nonresponse leads to bias in estimated growth–decline trajectories when only complete data are used in longitudinal research, and (b) to examine the extent of the bias and possible solutions. Methods. The study sample was a subset of the Longitudinal Study of Generations and included data from 208 G1–G2 parent–child dyads and 538 G2–G3 dyads over 30 years. We used a latent growth–decline curve model based on full information maximum likelihood estimation in order to compare parents’ and adult children’s reports on older respondents’ health and intergenerational solidarity by parents’ attrition status. Results. Results indicated that attrition due to mortality biased estimates of respondents’ assessments of their functional health status over time, and parents’ perceptions of the quality of the parent–child relationship deteriorated more rapidly among those who died by Time 7, but nonresponse did not seriously bias estimates of these measures. Using proxies, we found that functional impairment increased more rapidly when children reported about parents, especially in advanced old age. Discussion. These results support the use of full information in estimating growth curves where mortality is present but raise concerns when using child proxies to evaluate parental health or the quality of intergenerational relationships.
Temperament, Parenting, and Moral Development: Specificity of Behavior and Context

This longitudinal study highlights the role of specific parenting behaviors in specific contexts when predicting moral development in children of varying temperament types. A sample of mother-child dyads took part in a competing demands task involving differing "do" and "don't" contextual demands when the child was 2 years of age. Child temperament was also assessed at this time, yielding inhibited, exuberant, and low-reactive temperament groups. Children's moral behavior was assessed at 5.5 years of age. Models examining the interaction of temperament and mother behaviors in each context indicated that mother's reasoning/explanation and ignoring in the "do" context predicted later moral behavior in inhibited children, whereas redirection and commands in the "don't" context predicted moral behavior in exuberant children.
Signal Processing for Fast Image Reconstruction

Recent research in signal and image processing has led to a number of powerful new algorithms and novel approaches to many classical problems of signal estimation, image reconstruction, spectral analysis, and parameter estimation. Many of these results are relevant to image formation problems encountered in medical imaging. Here, we briefly discuss some relevant results obtained by our research group on signal and image processing at the University of Illinois as part of our work on SDIO/IST sponsored projects.
Nonlinear waves near a cut-off frequency in an acoustic duct – a numerical study

Cut-off frequencies are well known in acoustic ducts to be the thresholds of propagation and evanescence. If at one end of a duct the piston oscillates at very near the cut-off frequency, cross-duct resonance occurs and the linearized theory breaks down. This paper studies the nonlinear response, near a cut-off frequency of a guided wave, as an initial-boundary-value problem. The asymptotic state is shown to be governed by a modified cubic Schrodinger equation. Numerical solutions are then obtained for inputs of finite and long duration. In addition to the characteristics of the input envelope, two quantities control the transient phenomenon: frequency detuning and nonlinearity. Under certain circumstances, energy can be trapped near the piston long after a short-lived input has expired, while for a sustained input there is no sign of a steady state. Dissipation is not considered.
Crystal Structures of the TRAF2: cIAP2 and the TRAF1: TRAF2: cIAP2 Complexes: Affinity, Specificity, and Regulation

Summary TRAF1/2 and cIAP1/2 are members of the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) and the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) families, respectively. They are critical for canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathways. Here, we report the crystal structures of the TRAF2: cIAP2 and the TRAF1: TRAF2: cIAP2 complexes. A TRAF2 trimer interacts with one cIAP2 both in the crystal and in solution. Two chains of the TRAF2 trimer directly contact cIAP2, and key residues at the interface are confirmed by mutagenesis. TRAF1 and TRAF2 preferentially form the TRAF1: (TRAF2) 2 heterotrimer, which interacts with cIAP2 more strongly than TRAF2 alone. In contrast, TRAF1 alone interacts very weakly with cIAP2. Surprisingly, TRAF1 and one chain of TRAF2 in the TRAF1: (TRAF2) 2 : cIAP2 ternary complex mediate interaction with cIAP2. Because TRAF1 is upregulated by many stimuli, it may modulate the interaction of TRAF2 with cIAP1/2, which explains regulatory roles of TRAF1 in TNF signaling.
Energy recovering static memory

This paper proposes an energy-recovering (a.k.a. adiabatic) static RAM with a novel driver that reduces power dissipation by efficiently recovering energy from the bit/word line capacitors. Powered by a single-phase sinusoidal power-clock, our SRAM delivers read and write operations with single-cycle latency. To that end, a precharge-low scheme is employed along with a modified sense amplifier design that achieves high efficiency at differential voltages near V/sub SS/. A simple control circuit is used to maintain driver operation in synchrony with the power-clock waveform. Feedback circuitry from the driver output to the control circuit ensures that out driver remains efficient, independent of the access pattern. Our energy recovering SRAM functions correctly while achieving substantial energy savings over a wide range of supply voltages and operating frequencies. Hspice simulations of a simple full-custom adiabatic 256/spl times/256 SRAM, that includes the energy recovering bit/word line drivers, the cell array, and the sense amplifiers, show over 2.6x energy savings at 3V, 300MHz in comparison with its conventional counterpart.
The resources of the Lower St. Lawrence Valley

(1921). The resources of the Lower St. Lawrence Valley. Scottish Geographical Magazine: Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 178-184.
Substance-Abusing Mothers in the Child Welfare System

Federal demonstration programs funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) have been aimed at preventing and/or treating alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use in pregnant women and women of childbearing age. The programs described in this article support women’s development in various adult roles, one of which is childbearing. The ability of women to bear children is often one way in which ATOD-using women develop a connection to mainstream society and exert some control over their lives. That is, childbearing often serves to define a woman’s role in a world that is otherwise disempowering. As one woman who had borne eight children by age 26 said: “As long as you take my babies away, I will keep having them.”
Children's Emotionality and Social Status: A Meta-analytic Review

Over the last 15 years, the role of emotions in children's peer relations has received greader attention. The purpose of the meta-analytic review was to determine the magnitude of the relation between negative emotionality (NE) and positive emotionality (PE) and social status. Based on 54 independent samples, the overall effect size for the relation between children's NE and social status was in the moderate-to-small range, and this effect size was similar across all types of NE (i.e., general measures of NE, anger, fear and sadness). Based on 10 independent samples, the overall effect size for the relation between children's PE and social status was in the small range. We found that the assessment method for anger significantly moderated the relation between anger and social status, and the context in which PE was observed significantly moderated the relation between PE and social status. This article concludes with a set of recommendations for the next generation of research on children's emotional and social competence.
CEO Age and Financial Reporting Quality

SYNOPSIS: This study examines the association between chief executive officer (CEO) age and the financial reporting quality of firms. The financial reporting qualities examined are the meeting or beating of analyst earnings forecasts and financial restatements. Based on extant research, we hypothesize that older CEOs are associated with higher-quality financial reporting. Using a sample of 3,413 firms for the period 2005 to 2008, we find a positive association between CEO age and financial reporting quality. Specifically, we find that CEO age is negatively associated with firms meeting or beating analyst earnings forecasts and financial restatements. Our study therefore extends the corporate governance and financial reporting quality literature by identifying CEO age as a determinant of financial reporting quality. Data Availability: Data are publicly available.
A novel mechanism of myostatin regulation by its alternative splicing variant during myogenesis in avian species.

Myostatin (MSTN) is a key negative regulator of muscle growth and development, and an increase of muscle mass is achieved by inhibiting MSTN signaling. In the current study, five alternative splici...
Bile acid formation in man: metabolism of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in bile fistula patients

a-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is thought to be an intermediate in human bile acid synthesis. This conclusion is based on in vivo experiments in animals and on in vitro studies in which homogenates of animal and human livers were used. To further establish that this compound is an in- termediate in human bile acid synthesis, its metabolism was studied in subjects with complete bile fistulas. After administra- tion of aH-labeled 7a-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one by single in- travenous injection, approximately 85% of the administered isotope was recovered in the bile during the first 12 hr. More than 96% of the radioactivity recovered in the bile was identi- fied as either chenodeoxycholic acid or cholic acid, with only a trace amount of the radioactivity present as neutral sterols. This study gives support to the hypothesis that 7a-hydroxy-4- cholesten-3-one is a natural intermediate in human bile acid synthesis.
The Role of Surgery in Metastatic Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common sarcomas and mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Macroscopically complete (R0/R1) resection is the standard treatment for localized resectable GIST with adjuvant imatinib therapy recommended for patients with intermediate or high-risk disease. In patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic GIST, imatinib has significantly improved outcomes. However, while most patients achieve partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD) on imatinib (with maximal response typically seen by 6 months on treatment), approximately half will develop secondary resistance by 2 years. Available data suggest that cytoreductive surgery may be considered in patients with metastatic GIST who respond to imatinib, particularly if a R0/R1 resection is achieved. The benefit of surgery in patients with focal tumor progression on imatinib is unclear, but may be considered. Patients with multifocal progression undergoing surgery generally have poor outcomes. Thus, surgery should be considered in patients with metastatic GIST whose disease responds to imatinib with a goal of performing R0/R1 resection. Optimal timing of surgery is unclear but should be considered between 6 months and 2 years after starting imatinib. Although surgery in patients with metastatic GIST treated with sunitinib is feasible, incomplete resections are common, complication rates are high, and survival benefit is unclear. Therefore, a careful multidisciplinary consultation is required to determine optimal treatment options on a case-by-case basis. Finally, patients with metastatic GIST should resume tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment postoperatively.
Koons: Interest Deduction and FLP Valuation Practice Pointers

The Tax Court's Koons decision explains the rules for allowing an estate to deduct interest payments, and it details how the court arrived at a determination of the value of a family limited liability company interest.
High energy expenditure is not protective against increased adiposity in children

Summary Background Low levels of energy expenditure (TEE) may contribute to excess weight during childhood, but limited longitudinal data exist. Objectives This is to test whether low TEE during the first 6 years of life could predict excess weight status at 8 years. Methods Total energy expenditure from doubly labelled water, weight, stature, waist circumference and fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM) in children at 0.25, 2, 4 and 6 years of age. This cohort includes individuals at high (n = 27) and low risk (n = 26) for childhood obesity, based upon whether pre-pregnant maternal obesity. A linear mixed effects model was fit to TEE. Individual variation was accounted for as a random effect. Residual TEE was calculated for age and individually averaged across time. Results Fat-free mass (kg) was highly correlated (R2 = 0.91) with TEE (kcal/day), and waist circumference and sex were also significant predictors of TEE. TEE residual tracked within individuals. TEE residuals did not correlate with either BMI or %fat at age 8 years. Conclusion Using the residual TEE approach to identify high and low TEE during the first 6 years of life did not explain excess weight at 8 years of life in this cohort of children at high and low risk of obesity based upon maternal obesity status.
Economic Stress and Domestic Violence: Examining the Impact of Mortgage Foreclosures on Incidents Reported to the Police

The empirical research on the relationship between mortgage foreclosures and crime continues to evolve, and, with few exceptions, the results generally show that there is a relationship between community measures of mortgage foreclosure and crime levels. Lacking in this literature are studies that considered how foreclosures may impact domestic violence. For many families, home mortgages have significant meaning as an indicator of financial stability and represent a long-term commitment to a community through home ownership and the accompanying social and financial investments. Families who are threatened with the loss of their home to foreclosure experience a decrease in their financial status, and the stress triggered by the crisis may place them at greater risk for family violence. In this study, we examine the relationship between mortgage foreclosures and family violence. Using longitudinal panel data for Massachusetts cities and towns, our study focuses specifically on the years 2005-2009, the period that includes the Great Recession. We find that after controlling for other community indicators of economic health, higher levels of monthly mortgage foreclosures lead to higher levels of domestic violence. Language: en
Jean Pucelle and Giovanni Pisano

In the Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux, Pucelle took inspiration not only from Duccio's Maesta, as is well known, but also from Giovanni Pisano's pulpit in S. Andrea, Pistoia. Here too the borrowings are selective and complex, and offer fresh insight into the range of qualities Pucelle esteemed in trecento art. Interest in sculptural form helps to explain his turn to a grisaille painting technique. It is briefly suggested that aspects of the Duc de Berri's patronage should be related to his appreciation of the roots of Pucelle's innovative art in the monumental art forms of both sculpture and panel painting.
Critical power for self-focusing in the case of ultrashort laser pulses

We attempt to evaluate the applicability of the concept of the critical power for self-focusing, originally developed for intense quasi-continuous-wave (cw) beams, to the case of ultra-intense and ultrashort laser pulses propagating in air. Our results show that, unlike in the cw case, no particular value of peak pulse power can be viewed as a sharp demarcation line between linear and nonlinear propagation regimes. Our analysis further reveals the important role played by chromatic dispersion in the propagation dynamics of the laser pulse.
From Microprocessors to Nanostores: Rethinking System Building Blocks for the Data-Centric Era

We are entering an exciting era for systems design. We can expect the first exascale computer (with one million trillion operations per second) to appear around the end of the next decade. In addition to continued advances in performance, we are also seeing tremendous advances around improving power, sustainability, manageability, reliability, and scalability. Power management, in particular, is now a first class design consideration, and recently, system designs have gone beyond optimizing just operational energy consumption to examining the total lifecycle energy consumption of systems for better environmental sustainability. Similarly, the emergence of cloud computing, in addition to introducing a new exciting model for delivering computing, has enabled and demonstrated significant advances in scalability and innovations in the software stack. Looking further out, emerging technologies (such as photonics, non-volatile memory and 3D stacking) and new workloads (around data-centric workloads) offer interesting new opportunities. The confluence of all these trends motivates a rethinking of system design, one driven by these emerging future workloads and better leveraging hardware-software codesign for upcoming technologies. In this paper, we discuss these opportunities and examine what such a rethinking means for the basic systems’ building blocks of the future, specifically speculating on a likely design approach that we call “nanostores” and its implications.
Analysis on Accident of Main Shaft Bending of HP-IP Rotors in Large Steam Turbine and its Countermeasures

Tracking several main shaft bending accidents of HP-IP rotors in 300MW steam turbine in recent years.Based on rotor dynamics,plastoelasticity and material mechanics,combined with the structural characteristics of the HP-IP rotors material mechanical properties,the process and mechanism of the main shaft bending of the HP-IP rotors are summarized and analyzed,some measures and suggestions to prevent the accidents of the main shaft bending are proposed.
Negotiation of the Montana - National Park Service Compact

In 1994, the State of Montana and the United States signed a compact settling the reserved water rights for Yellowstone National Park, Glacier National Park, and Big Hole Battlefield National Monument. Negotiators were the Montana Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission, the National Park Service, and the U.S. Department of Justice. The Compact protects current private water use, allocates water for future appropriations, and maintains high levels of instream flow for streams shared by private users and the national parks. In addition, a controlled groundwater area was created to limit and monitor groundwater use outside Yellowstone Park that might affect hydrothermal features within the Park. This paper explains the legal and technical analyses of reserved and private water rights, and describes the negotiation process used to finalize the compact.
Strategies for quality control of enoxaparin sodium

Enoxaparin sodium has anticoagulant activity,and it can inhibit thrombosis formation.Enoxaparin sodium is the sodium salt of a low-molecular-weight heparin that is an anticoagulation agent widely used in preventing venous thrombus embolism(VTE).Enoxaparin sodium is obtained by alkaline depolymerisation of the benzyl ester derivative of heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa.The goal of this article is to provide research strategies for the quality control based on the structure and production process of enoxaparin sodium.Terminal control of the product was discussed in this article,which can provide a suggestion for the drafting of quality specifications.
Identification of antisperm antibodies on sperm of infertile men.

An indirect radiolabeled antiglobulin test for plasma antisperm antibodies was modified so that sperm-associated antibodies could be identified. Ten of 16 (63%) infertile men with plasma IgG antisperm antibodies were found to have an elevated sperm-associated IgG. Two of these men with an elevated sperm-associated IgG also had an elevated sperm-associated IgA; one other man with plasma IgG antisperm antibodies, but no detectable sperm-associated IgG, was noted to have an elevated sperm-associated IgA. Eighteen infertile men with a history that suggested antibody-mediated infertility did not have plasma IgG antisperm antibodies; one (6%) of these men was found to have an elevated sperm-associated IgG; none of these 18 men were found to have an elevated sperm-associated IgA. No patient was found to have sperm-associated IgM.
The electrospray and its application to targeted drug inhalation.

This review explains the fundamentals of electrostatic spray (electrospray) atomization, with emphasis on operation in the so called cone-jet mode, which produces droplets with a very narrow size distribution. Since the control of droplet size is key to maximizing distal lung deposition, the electrospray should be well-suited to targeted drug inhalation. Electrospray droplets are a few micrometers in diameter, but they originate from a much larger nozzle, which allows nebulization of suspensions without clogging. Also discussed are: the physical principles of the break-up of the liquid ligament; droplet dispersion by Coulombic forces; and the most important scaling law linking the droplet size to liquid flow rate and liquid physical properties. The effects of the most critical of those properties may result in some restrictions on drug formulation. Droplets produced by electrospray are electrically charged, so to prevent electrostatic image forces from causing upper respiratory tract deposition. The charge is neutralized by generating a corona discharge of opposite polarity. Briefly discussed are the main differences between the laboratory systems (with which the electrospray has been quantitatively characterized during research in the past 10 years) and commercial electrospray inhalers under development at BattellePharma. Some remarkable miniaturization has incorporated liquid pump, power supply, breath activation, and dose counter into a palm-size portable device. The maximum flow rates dispersed from these devices are in the range of 8-16 μL/s, which makes them suitable for practical drug inhalation therapy. Fabrication is economically competitive with inexpensive nebulizers. Dramatic improvements in respirable dose efficiency (up to 78% by comparison with commercial metered-dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers) should ensure the commercialization of this promising technology for targeted drug inhalation.
Selected highlights in American soil science history from the 1980s to the mid-2010s

Abstract The beginning of the 20th century through the 1970s were good times for soil science in the USA, with relatively strong funding and overall growth in the profession. However, the soil science discipline in the USA hit hard times in the 1980s and 1990s. Federal funding for soil survey work began to decline as did student numbers in university programs and membership in the Soil Science Society of America (SSSA). Despite this, there were still many positive advances within soil science in the USA during these two decades. There was an increased use of geophysical instrumentation, remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and global positioning systems (GPS), and research began in digital soil mapping, all of which lead to better understanding of the spatial distribution and variability of soils. Many NRCS soil products were put online, making them widely available to the general public, the use of soil knowledge was expanded into new areas such as archaeology and environmental work, and historic connections to geology were re-established. While expansion into new areas required soil science to evolve as a field, separating the discipline to an extent from its agricultural roots, it also helped reinvigorate the discipline. As we move through the early parts of the 21st century, student numbers are increasing in university soil science programs and membership in SSSA is at an all-time high. Digital soil mapping is being incorporated into the National Cooperative Soil Survey, and the impact of humans on the soil system is being fully recognized. The importance of soils is being recognized by events such as the United Nations declaration of 2015 as the “International Year of Soils”. The expansion of soils into new areas and widening recognition of the importance of soils gives the field hope for a bright future in the USA.
Effect of Molybdenum on Hepatic Enzymes and Minerals of Female Rats

Molybdenum (Mo) supplementation at a level of 10 ppm in drinking water has been demonstrated to exert inhibitory effect on the N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary carcinoma incidence in female Sprague-Dawley rats1. The total number of palpable tumors was significantly lowered by the 10 ppm Mo supplementation, whereas 0.1 and 1.0 ppm Mo showed no significant effect2. Twenty ppm Mo supplementation, on the other hand, exhibited a promoting effect on the carcinogenesis. In the present study, the effect of graded levels of Mo supplementation on hepatic Mo- and some Cu-enzymes was investigated in an attempt to discern possible participations of the enzymes in anticarcinogenesis.
Acute mental disorders and short and long term morbidity in patients with third degree flame burn: A population-based outcome study of 96,451 patients from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database (2001-2011).

Background Although burn patients with preexisting mood disorders have been shown to have diminished clinical recovery, acute mental disorders (AMD) are often unrecognized despite a link with post-traumatic stress disorder and social maladjustment later on. This study assessed the clinical profile of a large cohort of burn patients who developed AMD compared to those with chronic mental illness (CMI) and those without mental health problems to assess the impact of AMI on burn outcomes. Methods Admission data on 96,451 patients with third degree flame burns was abstracted from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database from 2001 to 2011. AMD was defined as adjustment disorder (ICD-10 codes F43.2–F43.29) and acute stress disorder (F43.0), while CMI was defined as major depressive disorder (F33.0–F33.9) and bipolar disorder (F31.0–F31.9). Data was compared across three subgroups: AMD, CMI, and patients without any mood disorders. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test, and continuous variables were compared using Student t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Multivariate analysis using the “backward Wald” method was performed to calculate odds ratios (OR) and determine independent factors which increased the risk of developing AMD after burn. Results 979 (1%) burn patients were diagnosed with AMD, compared to 5971 (6.2%) with CMI and 89,501 (92.8%) without mood disorders at the time of the burn. Patients with AMD were significantly younger, predominantly male and Caucasian. Patients with AMD had a higher frequency of multiple third-degree burn sites. AMD patients had a significantly longer length of hospitalization and shorter actuarial survival. More AMD patients lacked social or family support, suffered from alcoholism or illicit drug abuse, and had a history of psychological trauma or self-inflicted injuries compared to other groups. After burn, 4.9% of AMD patients developed burn wound infections, 5.0% had nutritional deficiencies, 1.7% had skin graft failure, 0.7% had acute psychosis, and 3.7% had suicidal ideation, p < 0.05. Multivariate analysis identified age 10–39 (OR 4.6), alcoholism (OR 1.4), drug abuse (OR 1.9), psychoses (OR 1.4), and total body surface are (TBSA) 10–39% third degree burns (OR 1.8) as independently associated with developing AMD, p < 0.005. Conclusion The development of AMD in burn patients is associated with poor clinical outcomes including longer hospitalization, decreased survival, and increased complication rates. Premorbid psychopathology, substance abuse and age were associated with a higher incidence AMD after burn than was the severity of the burn wound itself. Routine screening for psychological symptoms of AMD should be performed in all burn patients to avoid increased rates of short and long-term morbidity and mortality.
Lasing and anti-lasing in a single cavity

Using Parity-time symmetry, we experimentally realize lasing and anti-lasing at the same equency in a single cavity. Because of the time-reversal property, the demonstrated lasing and anti-lasing resonances share common resonant features such as identical frequency dependence, coherent in-phase response and line spectral resolution. Lasing and anti-lasing in a single device offers a new route for light modulation with high contrast approaching the ultimate limit.
Reducing microwave absorption with fast frequency modulation

We study the response of a two-level quantum system to a chirp signal, using both numerical and analytical methods. The numerical method is based on numerical solutions of the Schr\"odinger solution of the two-level system, while the analytical method is based on an approximate solution of the same equations. We find that when two-level systems are perturbed by a chirp signal, the peak population of the initially unpopulated state exhibits a high sensitivity to frequency modulation rate. We also find that the aforementioned sensitivity depends on the strength of the forcing, and weaker forcings result in a higher sensitivity, where the frequency modulation rate required to produce the same reduction in peak population would be lower. We discuss potential applications of this result in the field of microwave power transmission, as it shows applying fast frequency modulation to transmitted microwaves used for power transmission could decrease unintended absorption of microwaves by organic tissue.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Inverted NiO@NixMn1-xO Core-Shell Nanoparticles

Magnetic core-shell nanoparticles have the potential for numerous applications, such as in magnetic recording media, magnetic resonance imaging, drug delivery or hyperthermia, and spin valves. Inverse core-shell nanoparticles, comprised of an antiferromagnetic (AFM) core covered by a ferromagnetic (FM) or ferrimagnetic (FiM) shell, are of current interest due to the tunability of their magnetic properties. NiO is typically antiferromagnetic in nature and has a Neel temperature of 523 K. Our primary objective in this project is to synthesize and characterize inverted core-shell nanoparticles (CSNs) comprised of a NiO (AFM) core and a shell consisting of a NixMn1-xO (FM/FiM) compound. The synthesis of the CSNs was made using a two-step process. The NiO nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical reaction method. Subsequently, the NiO nanoparticles were used to grow the NiO@NixMn1-xO CSNs using our hydrothermal nano-phase epitaxy method. XRD structural characterization shows that the NiO@NixMn1-xO CSNs have the rock salt cubic crystal structure throughout. SEM-EDS data indicates the presence of Mn in the CSNs. SQUID magnetic measurements show that the CSNs exhibit AFM/FM or AFM/FiM characteristics with a coercivity field of 425 Oe at 5 K. The field cooled vs zero field cooled hysteresis loop measurements show a significant exchange bias effect between the AFM NiO core and FM/FiM NixMn1-xO shell of the CSNs. The results of additional TEM and magnetic characterization are discussed.
Both NHERF3 and NHERF2 are necessary for multiple aspects of acute regulation of NHE3 by elevated Ca2+, cGMP, and lysophosphatidic acid

NHERF2 and NHERF3 are apical membrane multi-PDZ domain-containing proteins that are involved in regulation of intestinal NHE3. This study demonstrates that NHERF2 and NHERF3 have overlapping roles ...
Origins of tobacco harm reduction in the UK: the ‘Product Modification Programme' (1972–1991)

Objective To better understand the current embrace of long-term nicotine maintenance by British governmental agencies and tobacco harm reduction by several leading British public health organisations, describe the context and deliberations of the UK’s first formal tobacco risk reduction programme: ‘Product Modification’. Methods Analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents, news archives and Parliamentary debate records. Results From 1972 to 1991, the British government sought to investigate safer smoking through the ‘product modification programme9. The Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health (ISCSH) advised the British government on these efforts and collaborated with the tobacco industry, with which government then negotiated to determine policy. The ISCSH operated from four industry-backed premises, which contributed to the ISCSH’s support of safer smoking: (1) reduced toxicity indicates reduced risk; (2) collaboration with the tobacco industry will not undermine tobacco control; (3) nicotine addiction is unavoidable; (4) to curtail cigarette use, solutions must be consumer-approved (ie, profitable). These premises often undermined tobacco control efforts and placed the ISCSH at odds with broader currents in public health. The product modification programme was abandoned in 1991 as the European Community began requiring members to adopt upper tar limits, rendering the ISCSH redundant. Policy implications Endorsements of reduced harm tobacco products share the same four premises that supported the product modification programme. Current tobacco harm reduction premises and policies supported by the British government and leading British public health organisations may reflect the historical influence of the tobacco industry.
Del Olimpo al laboratorio: El hombre artificial

In 1910, Horacia Quiroga published El hombre artificial (The Artificial Man), a periodical novel in which three scientists use their different areas of expertise to create a new man. Through these characters, Quiroga develops the Greek myth of Prometheus. Although this myth has been used throughout history in other novels, poems and plays, Quiroga's new myth offers a new glimpse into Prometheus, incorporating culturally varied mythological elements. This novel is an example of mythopoesis, which Harry Slochower defines as a reaction to crisis. However, El hombre articifial is the first novel in which the main characters become the vessels through which Hindi mythological characteristics are added to the Greek myth. This synthesis of myths acts as an example of Carl Jung's collective unconscious.
Adverse Events Associated With Aesthetic Dermal Fillers: A 10-Year Retrospective Study of FDA Data:

This study investigates the reported adverse events arising with various aesthetic dermal fillers by type and brand name. It reveals rare but dangerous complications associated with a widely used e...
Aerobic Oxidation of Xylose to Xylaric Acid in Water over Pt Catalysts.

Energy-efficient catalytic conversion of biomass intermediates to functional chemicals can make bio-products viable. Herein, we report an efficient and low temperature aerobic oxidation of xylose to xylaric acid, a promising bio-based chemical for the production of glutaric acid, over commercial catalysts in water. Among several heterogeneous catalysts investigated, Pt/C exhibits the best activity. Systematic variation of reaction parameters in the pH range of 2.5 to 10 suggests that the reaction is fast at higher temperatures but high C-C scission of intermediate C5 -oxidized products to low carbon carboxylic acids undermines xylaric acid selectivity. The C-C cleavage is also high in basic solution. The oxidation at neutral pH and 60 °C achieves the highest xylaric acid yield (64 %). O2 pressure and Pt amount have significant influence on the reactivity. Decarboxylation of short chain carboxylic acids results in formation of CO2 , causing some carbon loss; however, such decarboxylation is slow in the presence of xylose. The catalyst retained comparable activity, in terms of product selectivity, after five cycles with no sign of Pt leaching.
The Role of Cardiovascular Reactivity in Hypertension Risk

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the occurrence of cardiovascular hyperactivity in the prehypertensive state. In doing so, we will focus on studies of persons having a parental history of hypertension or who are borderline hypertensive. This discussion will examine interactions between behavioral challenges, cardiovascular reactivity, and hypertension risk. We also will present a model of hypertension in Chapter 14 that emphasizes cardiovascular hyperreactivity along with genetic risk of hypertension as factors leading to development of the disorder. Chapter 7 addressed racial differences in cardiovascular reactivity. Our goal is to evaluate the possibility that behavioral factors may influence the development of hypertension.
Divided Infringement Claims

Patent law is territorial. It is also designed to deal with the circumstance of unified infringement by a single actor. But modern commerce is not limited by national boundaries or by corporate forms. Patents written to cover modern technologies, particularly network computing technologies, are attempting to bring the distributed acts of different users around the globe into the ambit of a territorial legal system that looks for a single infringer. Not surprisingly, the effort to do so has created significant problems for patent cases. Two of those problems are the subject of our article. They involve what we call divided or distributed patent claims - claims that are infringed only by aggregating the conduct of more than one actor, or aggregating conduct that occurs in more than one country. Patent law doesn't deal well with either class of divided patent claim. Prosecutors and litigators need to be aware of these problems in order to most effectively represent their clients.