cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design Within a Patriarchal Society: Opportunities and Challenges in Designing for Rural Women in Bangladesh

This paper examines the opportunities and issues that arise in designing technologies to support low-income rural women in Bangladesh. Through a qualitative, empirical study with 90 participants, we reveal systemic everyday challenges that women face that form the backdrop against which technology design could potentially happen. We discuss how technology is already impacting women's lives, sometimes by reinforcing their subservient role in society and sometimes used tactically by women to gain a measure of agency. The issues raised by our participants concerning technology's place in their lives provide HCI researchers with valuable guidance about what might (or might not) be appropriate to design for them. We also show how prevalent HCI research and design strategies may fit more poorly than expected into rural women's lives, and we discuss possible alternative design directions, and the ethical and pragmatic trade-offs that they entail. Our contribution is not to "solve" the problem of designing for low-income rural women, but to expand the HCI community's understanding of technology design within deeply patriarchal societies.
Double transition metal MXenes with wide band gaps and novel magnetic properties

Novel wide band gaps and magnetism in ordered titanium–vanadium, titanium–chromium, and titanium–manganese carbide and nitride based MXenes are predicted using density functional theory. Based on the recent synthesis of Ti centred double transition metal MXenes, we study MXenes with a central Ti layer and different surface early 3d metals, and various terminations, TiM2X2T (M = V, Cr, Mn; X = C, N; T = H, F, O, OH). While previously studied MXenes are strongly metallic, we predict surface metal and termination dependent metal–insulator transitions in the Cr–N and Mn–N series. A uniquely wide band gap over 1 eV is predicted for TiMn2N2F2 using the HSE06 density functional while the unterminated TiMn2N2 remains metallic. The entire TiCr2C2T series is predicted to be semiconducting. Distinct from the more common Ti–C MXenes, not all combinations of metals and terminations are predicted to be stable. Within the examined sets of materials, anti-ferromagnetic orders are generally most favorable. The new MXenes further extend the range of properties accessible in this family of two-dimensional nanomaterials.
Ionomycin-Induced Changes in Membrane Potential Alter Electroporation Outcomes in HL-60 Cells.

Abstract Previous studies have shown greater fluorophore uptake during electroporation on the anode-facing side of the cell than on the cathode-facing side. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that hyperpolarizing a cell before electroporation would decrease the requisite pulsed electric field intensity for electroporation outcomes, thereby yielding a higher probability of reversible electroporation at lower electric field strengths and a higher probability of irreversible electroporation (IRE) at higher electric field strengths. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by hyperpolarizing HL-60 cells using ionomycin before electroporation. These cells were then electroporated in a solution containing propidium iodide, a membrane integrity indicator. After 20 min, we added trypan blue to identify IRE cells. Our results showed that hyperpolarizing cells before electroporation alters the pulsed electric field intensity thresholds for reversible electroporation and IRE, allowing for greater control and selectivity of electroporation outcomes.
A discussion of item response theory and its applications in health status assessment

We read with great interest the 2 articles on the use of item response theory (IRT) measurement models in the arena of health status assessment. For reasons that are more accidental than logical, classic approaches have dominated health status assessment until very recently. Now, IRT is entering the field. This is accompanied by enthusiasm for the prospect of deriving better definitions of underlying constructs, new hope for the prospect of individual diagnosis, and an opportunity to turn our attention away from static tests and scales to items and the incremental information they provide. The careful use of IRT-based assessment, either by preselecting an item list that applies to the population being studied, or by computerized adaptive testing (CAT) can make assessment briefer, more flexible, more efficient, and if desired, more precise than conventional approaches.
Carbon-based nanomaterials elicit changes in physiology, gene expression, and epigenetics in exposed plants: A review

Abstract As the use of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) in various consumer goods continues to rise, it is imperative that we accumulate a better understanding of their impact and fate in the environment. In particular, it is important to have an understanding of how these materials may affect plants as these organisms have both economic importance and an impact on human health. CNMs have exhibited both beneficial and toxic effects, as well as no effect, on plant growth and reproduction. Exposure to CNMs has also had an effect on oxidative stress, water channels, phytohormones, gene expression, and epigenetics. The present review briefly discusses the current understanding and knowledge gaps of how exposure to CNMs might lead to changes in plant growth and physiology by altering gene expressions and epigenomes.
Basic Control Mechanisms of Sphincter of Oddi Motor Function

Human and experimental studies on the sphincter of Oddi have established that the sphincter is not a simple and passive smooth muscle portion of the biliary system; rather, it plays an active role in modulating bile flow into the duodenum in both the fasted and postprandial states. The sphincter appears to be under the control of a smooth muscle pacemaking-like region in the proximal sphincter that controls the frequency and direction of propagation of the phasic contractions. Immunohistochemical studies have documented the presence of dense concentrations of neuropeptide-containing myenteric nerves in the sphincter of Oddi. Physiologic studies have confirmed that these peptides, in combination with the classic gastrointestinal hormones, exert significant effects on biliary motility.
Executive Attention Moderates the Effect of Trait Anxiety on Hyperarousal Symptoms

The majority of individuals exposed to trauma do not go on to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); thus, researchers have sought to identify individual difference variables that make one p...
Frequency of medication error in pediatric anesthesia: A systematic review and meta-analytic estimate.

Background Clinical evidence shows that pediatric anesthesia patients are subject to a higher rate of life-threatening medical errors than their adult counterparts. Medication error in adult anesthesia is estimated to occur to 1 in 133 anesthetic administrations, but such a figure has not been determined for pediatric anesthesia patients. Individual studies of medication error in pediatric anesthesia have ranged from rates of 0.01% to 1.92% of anesthetic uses. The present study is a systematic review that employs a meta-analytic estimate to determine the rate of medication error in pediatric anesthesia. Methods A systematic review of the literature on pediatric anesthesia medication error was conducted using Medline, Cochrane Database, PROSPERO, and Clinicaltrials.gov. A meta-analytic estimate was used to determine the medication error rate for all of the included studies. Subgroup sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate possible sources of heterogeneity in included studies. Results Of the 433 initially screened records, 13 studies met inclusion criteria. Meta-analytic estimate of medication error rate across all studies was 0.08% (95% CI 0.05%-0.10%), or 1 out of 1250 anesthetics. Ten different countries were represented in the studies. Sample size of anesthetics reported on ranged from 296 to 2 316 635. Data collecting periods ranged from 3 months to 15 years. Six included studies individually reported higher rates of medication error in patients under 1 year of age. Conclusion The present systematic review revealed a medication error rate of 1 per 1250 anesthetic administrations in pediatric anesthesia. This result is significantly lower than would be expected given reported rates of medication error in adult anesthesia, which raises questions regarding the validity of research methods and reporting of medication error in pediatric anesthesia. Future investigations of medication error should employ methodologies other than self-reporting of error, such as retrospective chart review.
Discontinuous Policy and Distorted Choices: The Case of Acreage Control

Past acreage response studies have failed to recognize that government control policies have typically introduced taxes and subsidies which are discontinuous over acreage planted. The nature of this discontinuity is reviewed and its impact on profit maximizing choice analyzed. A general model suitable for econometric estimation which would accommodate this discontinuity in policy is introduced. The effect of the discontinuity is to preclude ordinary least squares estimation. An extension of Tobin's maximum likelihood method is introduced to resolve the estimation complications.
Wrist Joint Pain

The wrist joint is a versatile joint with several articulations that has numerous functions. It can also be prone to pain due to trauma, overuse, nerve compression, or a systemic disease process. This book chapter will briefly cover the anatomy of the wrist joint, clinical evaluation of the wrist joint, and treatments for wrist joint pain.
“The Emblem of Sleep for the Dead—And ‘Dope’ for the Living”: Armistice Day, the Flanders Poppy, and the National War Memorial, 1924–1932

This chapter addresses the Irish Free State during Cumann na nGaedheal’s leadership. The Free State government attempted to craft an independent state increasingly devoid of British symbols and origins. While the state did not actively disallow commemorative activities, it withheld support and stonewalled commemoration attempts when possible. Groups like the Anti-Imperialist League actively fought against those who wished to support Armistice Day. The debate over the Great War’s role in independent Ireland often turned bloody, with republicans attacking poppy wearers, and gradually edged out hope for ex-servicemen. Because of this ambivalence and violence, many Irish stuck to their own personal methods of remembrance or created new ones to avoid the slanderous claims of “imperialist” that might be thrown at them for attending a commemorative event.
Winding Shape Optimization in Transformers

Fringing fields near air gaps in some high-frequency transformers produce significant excess proximity-effect winding loss. We introduce a method that optimizes the winding shape of multi-winding components to reduce these losses. The method accounts for the interactions between different windings and between the windings and the air gaps when the windings are excited with the specific waveforms of a power converter application. Applied to a 45-W flyback example design, the method reduces total winding losses by 8%. The method is verified with an impedance analyzer and also applied to higher frequency and higher power components showing even more significant loss reduction.
Retrospective evaluation of 24 cases of gastrostomy tube usage in dogs with septic peritonitis (2009-2016).

Objective To describe the postoperative use of gastrostomy tubes (GT) in dogs with septic peritonitis. A secondary objective was to identify factors associated with GT placement and use that may be related to outcome. Design Retrospective study. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals Twenty-four dogs diagnosed with septic peritonitis with GT placement at the time of exploratory laparotomy. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Eighteen dogs (75%) survived to discharge. Eighteen dogs (75%) had a gastrointestinal source of septic peritonitis. Complications were reported in 12/24 (50%) patients. Four dogs (16.6%) had non-GT-related complications such as vomiting, regurgitation, or increased gastric residual volume. GT-related complications occurred in 8/24 (33.3%) dogs, the majority of which (6/8 [75%]) were minor and did not necessitate removal of the GT. Two dogs had major complications that required removal of the GT. Significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors were found between the length of time after placement of the GT to when they began eating and outcome (discharge versus death versus euthanasia) (P = 0.03), and GT dwell time (length of time the GT was in place) and outcome (P = 0.006). Clinically relevant correlations were found between the time after placement of the GT until feeding and time after placement until voluntarily eating (P = 0.0349), time after placement of the GT until voluntarily eating and length of hospitalization (P = 0.0391), and time after placement of the GT until feeding and length of hospitalization (P = 0.036). Conclusions GTs can be placed during exploratory laparotomy in dogs with septic peritonitis. They facilitate early enteral nutrition and are associated with few clinically significant complications. Prospective studies are needed to determine the optimal postoperative feeding plan and the effects of early enteral nutrition on serum albumin concentration in this patient population.
Critical Care Helicopter Overtriage: A Failure Mode and Effects Analysis

Abstract Objective: Overtriage (OT) of helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) poses significant burden to multiple stakeholders. The project aims were to identify the following: 1) associated factors, 2) downstream effects, and 3) focus areas for change. Methods: We undertook a failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) to evaluate our HEMS interfacility transport process. Data were collected from organizational finances and 3 key stakeholder groups: 1) interfacility patients transferred by HEMS in 2017 who were discharged from the receiving facility within 24 hours (n = 149), 2) flight registered nurses (n = 19), and 3) referring emergency medicine providers (EMPs) (n = 30) from the top HEMS users of 2017. The completed FMEA identified failure modes, the frequency and severity of effects, and unique risk profile numbers (RPNs). Results: Twelve failure modes were identified with 30 potential causes. Leading failure modes included inappropriate HEMS requests by EMPs (RPN = 343), inappropriate activation by EMS for interfacility transport (RPN = 343), and minimizing patient/family involvement in decision making (RPN = 315). Significant burdens to organizational finances and flight registered nurse satisfaction were identified. Conclusion: Associated factors for interfacility HEMS OT, downstream effects, and areas for change were identified. EMP and emergency medical services practices, HEMS processes, and shared decision making may affect regional OT rates.
Banks’ Capital Adequacy

The primary function of capital is to support the bank’s operations, act as a cushion to absorb unanticipated losses and declines in asset values that could otherwise cause a bank to fail, and provide protection to uninsured depositors and debt holders in the event of liquidation. Capital regulation is particularly important because deposit insurance and other elements of the federal safety net provide banks with an incentive to increase their leverage beyond what the market—in the absence of depositor protection—would permit.
Black American older adults' motivation to engage in osteoarthritis treatment recommendations for pain self-management: A mixed methods study

Abstract Background Osteoarthritis is a long-term condition, and four core treatments are recommended to minimize the interference of pain and symptoms on their daily function. However, older Black Americans have traditionally been at a disadvantage in regard to knowledge of and engagement in chronic disease self-management and self-care. Surprisingly, minimal research has addressed understanding motivational factors key to self-management behaviors. Thus, it is important to understand if older Black Americans’ self-management is supported by current recommendations for the management of symptomatic osteoarthritis and what factors limit or motivate engagement in recommended treatments. Objective Our objectives are to: (1) identify stage of engagement in four core recommended treatments for osteoarthritis, (2) describe the barriers and motivators to these recommended treatments, and (3) construct an understanding of the process of pain self-management motivation. Design A mixed-methods concurrent parallel design. Setting Participants were recruited from communities in northern Louisiana, USA. Participants Black Americans (≥50 years of age) with clinical osteoarthritis and/or provider-diagnosed osteoarthritis were enrolled. One hundred ten participants completed the study, and 18 of these individuals were also interviewed individually. Methods Data were collected using in-person surveys and interviews. Over a period of 11 months, close- and open-ended surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted with participants. Descriptive statistics describe utilization/engagement level as well as barriers and motivators of recommended treatments for non-surgical osteoarthritis. Content and thematic analyses of interviews summarized perspectives on the process and role of motivation in pain self-management. Results Overall, engagement levels in treatments ranged from very low to high. Over 55% of older Black Americans were actively engaged in two of the recommended treatments: land-based exercise and strength training. Major motivators included reduction in pain and stiffness and maintenance of mobility and good health. The majority of participants were not using water-based exercise and self-management education. Primary barriers were lack of access, time, and knowledge of resources. Conclusions In order to maximize the benefits of osteoarthritis pain self-management, older Black Americans must be equipped with the motivation, resources, information and skills, and time to engage in recommended treatment options. Their repertoire of behavioral self-management did not include two key treatments and is inconsistent with what is recommended, predominantly due to barriers that are difficult to overcome. In these cases, motivation alone is not optimal in promoting self-management. Providers, researchers, and community advocates should work collaboratively to expand access to self-management resources, particularly when personal and community motivation are high.
Amenability of representations and invariant Hahn–Banach theorems

Invariant Hahn–Banach theorems are proved in the context of right amenable, weakly almost periodic representations of semigroups on locally convex spaces. Applications are made to invariant means, invariant measures, and to Banach limits on weakly almost periodic flows. Additionally, invariant linear Hahn–Banach extension operators are shown to exist on suitable invariant subspaces of Banach spaces. The key construct on which these results depend is the lifting of a representation on a semigroup S to its coefficient compactification, the minimal compactification of S for which the lift is injective.
Amiodarone Alters Cholesterol Biosynthesis through Tissue-Dependent Inhibition of Emopamil Binding Protein and Dehydrocholesterol Reductase 24

Amiodarone is prescribed for the treatment and prevention of irregular heartbeats. Although effective in clinical practice, the long-term use of amiodarone has many unwanted side effects, including cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, and neurological toxicities. Our objective was to elucidate effects of amiodarone exposure on the cholesterol metabolism in cultured neuronal and non-neuronal cells and in individuals taking amiodarone. We observed that amiodarone increases distinct cholesterol precursors in different cell types in a dose-dependent manner. In liver and kidney cell lines, amiodarone causes increase in desmosterol levels, and in primary cortical neurons and astrocytes, amiodarone increases zymosterol, zymostenol, and 8-dehydrocholesterol (8-DHC). We conclude that amiodarone inhibits two enzymes in the pathway, emopamil binding protein (EBP) and dehydrocholesterol reductase 24 (DHCR24). Cortical neurons and astrocytes are more sensitive to amiodarone than liver and kidney cell lines. We confirmed the inhibition of EBP enzyme by analyzing the sterol intermediates in EBP-deficient Neuro2a cells versus amiodarone-treated control Neuro2a cells. To determine if the cell culture experiments have clinical relevance, we analyzed serum samples from amiodarone users. We found that in patient serum samples containing detectable amount of amiodarone there are elevated levels of the sterol precursors zymosterol, 8-DHC, and desmosterol. This study illustrates the need for close monitoring of blood biochemistry during prolonged amiodarone use to minimize the risk of side effects.
Flesh and Blood: Interrogating Freud on Human Sacrifice, Real and Imagined: by Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, Leiden, Brill, 2019, vi + 96 pp., $60.00 (paperback), ISBN 13 978-9004424791; ISBN 10 9004424792

It has been over eighty years since the death of Freud, a span of time in which critiques have been leveled at him from every imaginable methodological perspective, not to mention the numerous rebu...
Cocaine self-administration abolishes endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression of glutamatergic synapses in the ventral tegmental area.

Drugs of abuse, including cocaine, alter the mechanisms underpinning synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation of glutamatergic synapses in the mesolimbic system. These effects are thought to underlie addictive behaviors. In the ventral tegmental area (VTA), glutamatergic synapses also exhibit long-term depression (LTD), a type of plasticity that weakens synaptic strength. This form of synaptic plasticity is induced by low-frequency stimulation and mediated by endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling, which also modulates addictive behaviors. However, it remains unknown whether eCB-LTD in the VTA could be altered by cocaine use. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine the impact of cocaine self-administration on eCB-LTD of glutamatergic synapses onto VTA dopaminergic (DA) neurons. To that end, male rats underwent cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/infusion) or saline self-administration under the fixed ratio 1 schedule for 6-9 days. One day after the last self-administration session, the magnitude of eCB-LTD was examined using ex vivo whole-cell recordings of putative VTA DA neurons from naive rats and rats with saline or cocaine self-administration. The results revealed that cocaine self-administration abolished eCB-LTD. The cocaine-induced blockade of eCB-LTD in the VTA was mediated by an impaired function of presynaptic CB1 receptors. Collectively, these findings indicate that cocaine exposure blunts eCB-mediated synaptic plasticity in midbrain DA neurons. This effect could be one of the cellular mechanisms that mediate, at least in part, addictive behaviors.
E-commerce Query-based Generation based on User Review.

With the increasing number of merchandise on e-commerce platforms, users tend to refer to reviews of other shoppers to decide which product they should buy. However, with so many reviews of a product, users often have to spend lots of time browsing through reviews talking about product attributes they do not care about. We want to establish a system that can automatically summarize and answer user's product specific questions. In this study, we propose a novel seq2seq based text generation model to generate answers to user's question based on reviews posted by previous users. Given a user question and/or target sentiment polarity, we extract aspects of interest and generate an answer that summarizes previous relevant user reviews. Specifically, our model performs attention between input reviews and target aspects during encoding and is conditioned on both review rating and input context during decoding. We also incorporate a pre-trained auxiliary rating classifier to improve model performance and accelerate convergence during training. Experiments using real-world e-commerce dataset show that our model achieves improvement in performance compared to previously introduced models.
Abstract IA04: Targeting macrophages to promote anti-tumor immunity

Macrophages accumulate rapidly in tumors, where they promote immune suppression, tumor growth and resistance to therapy. Strategies to inhibit macrophage accumulation by blocking their recruitment from circulation have had limited therapeutic success. We found that the majority of macrophages in aggressive solid tumors accumulate by proliferation from c-Kit dependent tissue resident macrophages, rather than by trafficking from the circulation. Tissue resident macrophages express signatures of proliferation and profound immune suppression that correlate with unfavorable outcomes in cancer patients. By comparison, bone marrow derived macrophages express mixed signatures of inflammation and immune suppression that correlate with more favorable clinical outcomes. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of proliferation mechanisms suppressed the expansion of these macrophages, thereby limiting their accumulation in tumors and inhibiting tumor progression in mouse models of cancer. These results identify macrophage proliferation is a new target for the development of therapeutic strategies to stimulate anti-cancer immunity. Citation Format: Judith A. Varner. Targeting macrophages to promote anti-tumor immunity [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2020 Oct 19-20. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2021;9(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA04.
Post-Test Diagnostic Accuracy Measures of a Continuous Test With a Disease of Ordinal Multistages

Positive predicted value and negative predicted value are used by clinicians to evaluate how likely a disease stage is present given the test results. In contrast, positive and negative likelihood ...
Common Ownership, Executive Compensation, and Product Market Competition

The negative effects of common ownership on competition have received significant attention, but many proposed mechanisms for institutional investor influence seem implausible. We develop and test an analytical model of optimal compensation in an oligopoly with common ownership, focusing on revenue-based pay as a plausible channel through which institutional investors might influence competition. Our model implies a negative effect of common ownership on firms' use of revenue-based pay. Using both associative analyses and an event study difference-in-differences design based on plausibly exogenous institutional mergers, we find that common ownership has zero (or a marginally positive) effect on the use of revenue-based pay. Results involving relative performance incentives are similar. Collectively, our results provide no support for the notion that cross-owning block-holders influence compensation contracts in order to soften executives' incentives to compete aggressively.
Subspecialty Selection Impacts Research Productivity and Faculty Rank of Academic Orthopaedic Surgeons.

BACKGROUND Faculty promotion and research productivity are important for the overall career trajectory of academic orthopaedic surgeons. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role that subspecialty and demographic factors play in research productivity and academic advancement among orthopaedic surgeons. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of academic rank among orthopaedic surgeons in 2018. We identified academic orthopaedic programs in the United States from the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) and collected publicly available data for surgeons, including fellowship training, gender, faculty rank, geographic region, and years since residency, from institutional websites. Research productivity was defined with the Hirsch index (h-index) from Scopus, and the m-index was calculated from the surgeon's h-index and the date of the first publication. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to determine the variables that are associated with associate professorship, full professorship, and the h-index. RESULTS In this study, we identified and included 2,879 academic orthopaedic surgeons. Completion of a fellowship in foot and ankle (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 2.45 [1.17 to 5.15]), sports medicine (2.15 [1.12 to 4.15]), trauma (2.83 [1.42 to 5.66]), hand and upper extremity (2.20 [1.13 to 4.28]), musculoskeletal oncology (3.28 [1.49 to 7.21]), or upper-extremity reconstruction (3.20 [1.31 to 7.81]) was associated with associate professorship. Completion of a trauma fellowship was associated with full professorship (2.93 [1.27 to 6.77]). Completion of a fellowship in adult reconstruction (difference in least-squares means [95% confidence interval]: 5.01 [1.22 to 8.81]), sports medicine (4.52 [1.00 to 8.04]), spine (5.40 [1.63 to 9.18]), or upper-extremity reconstruction (10.64 [6.15 to 15.12]) or the completion of multiple fellowships (5.12 [1.27 to 8.94]) were independently associated with a higher h-index. Women had significantly lower h-indices than men at the assistant (median [interquartile range]: 3 [1 to 6] versus 4 [2 to 8]) and full professor (17 [12 to 26] versus 22 [13 to 34]) levels. There were no differences in the m-index between men and women at any academic rank. CONCLUSIONS Orthopaedic subspecialty selection is independently associated with research productivity and academic rank. The differences in research productivity may be important to consider when evaluating orthopaedic surgeons for promotion. While female surgeons had lower h-indices than their male counterparts, this difference was not seen when using the m-index.
Autonomous Vehicle Regulation and Trust

The autonomous vehicle (AV) industry works very hard to create public trust in both AV technology and its developers. Building trust is part of a strategy to permit the industry itself to manage the testing and deployment of self-driving vehicle technology without regulatory interference. The AV industry supplements its appeal for trust by extolling a plethora of public benefits that AV technology supposedly will bring to society. In this article, we examine the behavior of certain AV industry participants in various concrete situations, considering whether actions by these AV industry participants promote trust or, conversely, create concerns. To evaluate whether a particular action promotes trust, we consider both common sense intuitions as well as recommendations contained in three publications with intended global applicability: (i) the recently published IEEE Standard Model Process for Addressing Ethical Concerns during System Design (IEEE 7000); (ii) Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI; and (iii) Policy and Investment Recommendations for Trustworthy AI. These publications inform our analysis of practices that merit trust (and helps us identify those that do not). Our analysis identifies certain trust destroying practices, suggesting that the public should not accept either AV industry appeals for trust or take at face value the proffered narrative of benefits. We perceive a need for more regulation by federal, state and local governments. Despite our concerns, we discuss how the AV industry might earn trust by changing its adversarial approach to law, regulation and disclosure, starting by compliance with standards promulgated by the engineering community. AV industry participants should shift to cooperation with lawmakers and regulators by embracing engineering standards relating to safety, such as SAE J3018, and ethical principles which promote trust, such as identified in IEEE 7000. SAE J3016 should be replaced as a regulatory standard by a simpler rubric which promotes safety with less complexity. Cooperation might take place by use of negotiated rulemaking.
Semantic Processing, Semantic Memory, and Recall

Publisher Summary The objective in the current research program is to select a semantic strategy that would (1) facilitate recall in a variety of different tasks, (2) be relatively easy to teach, and (3) be relatively easy to learn and use. The first experiment is designed to compare different semantic processing strategies that might be effective with the free recall of unrelated items, but also adaptable to serial learning, paired- or multiple-associates tasks, cued recall, and so forth, with either related or unrelated stimuli. Retarded persons can be taught a strategy which, when they use it, works to facilitate their learning and memory. The present studies show that semantic processing can elevate the middle list items so that they are more similar to the recall for primacy and recency. The mechanism for this elevation may be the semantic processing per se or nothing more than an extended von Restoff effect whereby the stories serve only to isolate one block of items from another. If semantic processing is important, the elements that are responsible for the effect have yet to be specified.
An Age-Threshold Algorithm for Garbage Collection in Log-Structured Arrays and File Systems

A new algorithm for choosing segments for garbage collection in Log-Structured Arrays and Log-Structured File Systems is proposed and studied. The basic idea of our algorithm is that segments that have been recently filled by writes from the system should be forced to wait for a certain amount of time (the age-threshold) before they are allowed to become candidates for garbage collection. Among segments that pass the age-threshold, we select ones that will yield the most amount of free space. We show, through simulation, that our age-threshold algorithm is more efficient at garbage collection (produces more free space per garbage-collected segment) than previously known greedy and cost-benefit algorithms. It is also simpler to implement a scalable version of the age-threshold algorithm than to implement a scalable version of the cost-benefit algorithm. The performance of the age-threshold algorithm depends on a good choice of an age-threshold; therefore, we suggest methods for choosing a good age-threshold.
Click on Democracy: The Internet's Power to Change Political Apathy into Civic Action

From the Publisher: "Click on Democracy examines the first national election in which the Internet played a major role. The authors argue that the Internet's most profound political impact on Election 2000 was missed or underestimated. The reason: the difference the Internet made was more social than electoral, more about building political communities than about generating money and votes." "Voter turnout has dwindled over the past forty years, and today, fewer Americans are involved in civic activities. The real story of the Internet is its emergence as a community builder - under the radar of most political observers who focus on large institutions - in a society that has become politically disengaged and disenchanted." The authors of Click on Democracy talk at length with the people who use the Internet in new and effective ways, and who regularly harness the Internet's power as a networking tool for civic action. Viewed from this bottom-up perspective, the Internet emerges as an exciting and powerful source for renewal in civic engagement.
Modeling and Verification of Out-of-Order Microprocessors in UCLID

In this paper, we describe the modeling and verification of out-of-order microprocessors with unbounded resources using an expressive, yet efficiently decidable, quantifier-free fragment of first order logic. This logic includes uninterpreted functions, equality, ordering, constrained lambda expressions, and counter arithmetic. UCLID is a tool for specifying and verifying systems expressed in this logic. The paper makes two main contributions. First, we show that the logic is expressive enough to model components found in most modern microprocessors, independent of their actual sizes. Second, we demonstrate UCLID's verification capabilities, ranging from full automation for bounded property checking to a high degree of automation in proving restricted classes of invariants. These techniques, coupled with a counterexample generation facility, are useful in establishing correctness of processor designs. We demonstrate UCLID's methods using a case study of a synthetic model of an out-of-order processor where all the invariants were proved automatically.
A rationality-based modeling for coalition support

We present a game theoretic model for multi-agent resource distribution and allocation where agents in the environment must help each other to survive. Each agent maintains a set of two-tuples T=(A, P) called friendship values representing actual friendship and perceived friendship. The model directly addresses problems in reputation management schemes in multi-agent systems and peer-to-peer distributed systems. We present algorithms for maintaining the friendship values as well as a utility equation used in each agent's decision making. For an application problem, we adapted our formal model to the military coalition support problem in peace-keeping missions. Simulation results show that efficient resource allocation and sharing with minimum communication cost is achieved without centralized control.
Physiological and physical concomitants of caregiving: Introduction to special issue,

One of the most noble human attributes is the willingness and desire to care for impaired loved ones. Archeological data suggest that informal caregiving has been practiced since prehistoric times. During the hunting and gathering era, some clan members survived long after they sustained injuries (1), suggesting that they could not have met the overwhelming demands of stone age life without caregivers. Although informal caregivers have always provided a service to society, their place in the modem world is paramount. With numerous advances in medical technology, the number of Americans who are becoming old-old (80+ years) is greater than ever. And, although old age does not cause disease, it is related to several illnesses (2). One such illness is Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a progressive degenerative brain disease that is increasing rapidly in countries whose populations have long life expectancies (Switzerland, Scandinavia, North America). Currently there are 4 million victims of AD in the United States, and it is expected that by the year 2010 there will be 11 million such victims (3). Over time, persons with AD are less able to care for themselves, becoming more dependent on their caregivers. Long before death, many AD victims become so impaired that although they are technically alive, they are not able to perform very basic activities of daily living. Vitaliano, Dougherty, and Siegler (4) have delineated several reasons why caregivers are important to victims of AD and other dementias. These include the following: (a) they (particularly spouses) come from an age cohort whose population is increasing rapidly and is at increased risk of illness (5); (b) their stress is chronic and enduring (AD can last 15 years); (c) caregiver spouses are particularly vulnerable because they lose their AD spouses' companionship and this may exacerbate their physical/ emotional problems; (d) the combination of loss, prolonged distress, and biological vulnerabilities may compromise the physiological functioning of some caregivers and increase their risk of subsequent health problems; (e) caregiver physical illnesses are associated with their decisions to institutionalize their care recipients (6); and (f) by caring for AD victims, caregivers save society billions of dollars per year (3). These events beg the question: If informal caregivers become ill, who will care for them and their care recipients? Clearly, we must identify those caregivers who are at increased risk for illness. This special issue reports research findings that focus on associations of caregiving with physiological and/or physical impairment. With some exceptions, the focus is on older caregivers (primarily spouses) who are caring for AD victims. There are at least two rationales for such research. The first is preventative--if
Unraveling DNA Condensation with Optical Tweezers

Optical tweezers have revealed remarkable molecular details about cellular events, ranging from the movement of protein motors along molecular tracks to the unfolding pathways of RNA. In her Perspective, [Zhuang][1] introduces us to a new study ([ Case et al .][2]) in which optical tweezers are used to elucidate how condensin proteins help DNA to take on the condensed form that is essential for proper cell division. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/305/5681/188 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/305/5681/222
Fuzzy modeling and control of a nonlinear magnetic bearing system

This paper deals with the control of a levitated object with position dependent nonlinearity. We applied the fuzzy modeling and control to a nonlinear magnetic bearing system to obtain uniform desired performance over the entire clearance. We represented the nonlinear magnetic bearing by the Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy model, where a nonlinear global model is approximated by a set of linear local models. Then a model-based fuzzy controller, the so-called parallel distributed compensation (PDC), is employed. Simulation and experimentation results demonstrate that the controller provides excellent compensation for unstable/nonlinear characteristics of the magnetic bearing system and maximizes the controller's valid region of operation, while guaranteeing pre-specified transient performance.
The Relationship Between Momentary States of Therapist Self-Awareness and Perceptions of the Counseling Process

To investigate the role of momentary self-awareness, beginning therapists and their volunteer clients participated in a postsession process recall in which therapist helpfulness and momentary self-awareness were assessed along with client reactions. Therapist anxiety levels and strategies used to manage hindering self-awareness were also examined. Results suggest that momentary states of heightened therapist self-awareness may be hindering. Specifically, when therapists rated themselves as more self-aware from moment to moment during counseling sessions, they also rated themselves as more anxious before the session and their clients rated them as less helpful during the session. In addition, therapists reported using a variety of strategies to manage distracting self-awareness, including focusing on intervention planning and focusing on the client. Implications for therapist training are discussed.
Manufacturing precision and delicate parts

The manufacturing of small precision parts has always been a challenge because most manufacturing processes require mechanical cutting methods. The paper focuses on manufacturing small precision parts using the wire electrical discharge machining process. The wire EDM process cuts any conductive material using an electric arc to vaporize the material.
The hydrogen electrode reaction and the electrooxidation of CO and H2/CO mixtures on well-characterized Pt and Pt-bimetallic surfaces

Interrelationships between the kinetics of fuel cell reactions and the structure/composition of anode catalysts are reviewed. Model systems like Pt single crystals and well characterized Pt(hkl)/Pd and Pt3Sn(hkl) bimetallic surfaces are used to establish a link between the macroscopic kinetic rates and thermodynamic properties of the reacting system and the microscopic level of understanding of the bonding and reactivity of the reaction intermediates and spectator species. The results show that the hydrogen reaction is a structure sensitive process, with Pt(110) being an order of magnitude more active than either of the atomically “flatter” (100) and (111) surfaces. The difference in the activity at the crystal face is attributed to the structure sensitive adsorption of hydrogen (Hupd) and hydroxyl anions (OHad) and the effect these species have on the formation of an active intermediate (Hopd). The significant differences of the hydrogen reaction in alkaline versus acid electrolytes are thought to arise due to the presence of OHad, even close to the reversible potential of the hydrogen reaction in the alkaline electrolyte. The hydrogen reaction on Pt(hkl) modified by pseudomorphic Pd (sub)monolayers shows “volcano-like” behavior, having the maximum rate on Pt(111) modified by 1 ml of Pd. The physical model based on differences in the adsorption energies of Hupd and Hopd on Pd vs. Pt is used to rationalize the catalytic activity of Pd atoms. For the Pt(111)/CO system, a remarkable difference in both activity and stability of the p(2 × 2)–3CO ordered structures is observed between alkaline and acid solutions. The pH-effect is explained as the pH-dependent adsorption of OHad, which starts in the Hupd potential region at defect sites. The oxidation of H2 in the presence of CO occurs concurrently with CO oxidation on Pt and Pt bimetallic surfaces. The PtSn(111) system is used to demonstrate that both the bifunctional effect and the ligand effect contribute to the influence of Sn on the CO oxidation rate and for H2 oxidation process in the presence of CO. Keywords: hydrogen reaction; CO oxidation; H2/CO mixtures; electrocatalysis; bifunctional effect; electronic effect; single crystals; surface structure; surface morphology; bimetallic alloys; platinum; palladium; tin; ruthenium; molybdenum
Control mechanisms in oocyte growth and maturation.

Abstract Development of fertilizable female gametes involves characteristically nuclear and cytoplasmic transformations during the processes of oocyte growth and meiotic maturation. Present evidence concerning the nature and intra- and extra-oocytic origin of molecules regulating selected aspects of oocyte differentiation are discussed. Particular attention is given to the manner in which specific signals or triggers of oocyte maturation are transduced to change the properties of the oocyte. Data concerning the synthesis and local action of steroid hormones with the amphibian ovary and oocyte are discussed. The effects of secondary cytoplasmic factors, produced in response to steroids, on oocyte growth and maturation as studied in intact and enucleated oocytes are described. The results suggest that the developmental program underlying growth, meiotic arrest, reinitiation of meiosis and subsequent cell division is closely linked to morphological and molecular events occurring in the oocyte membrane and cortex.
Isolation and culture of anucleate protoplasts from cotton fiber; assessment of viability and analysis of regenerated wall polymers

Procedures were developed for the isolation and culture of an anucleate protoplast system from cotton fibers actively undergoing secondary wall synthesis. Because the fibers at this stage are elongated single cells (30 μm × 1–2 cm), most of the cellular vesicles released in the process of isolation are anucleate. After purification, the protoplast population was nuclei-free. When transferred to culture medium, the anucleate protoplasts (cytoplasts) synthesized starch, hydrolyzed fluorescene diacetate for up to 9 days and formed cell wall material for at least 7 days. The composition of the regenerated cell walls was dependent upon the substrate supplied in the medium: β-1,3-linked glucans were predominantly synthesized when 1 mM UDP[14C]glucose was supplied; β-1,4-linked glucans were predominantly synthesized when 1 mM [14C]-glucose was supplied. Thus the composition of the regenerated cell walls formed by the anucleate protoplasts was similar to the secondary cell wall synthesized by intact cotton fibers under the same culture conditions.