cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introductory Remarks by Chairman

This particular symposium on tracer methodology coincides almost exactly with the twentieth anniversary of the first shipment of radioactive material by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to the general scientific public. It might be appropiate, therefore, to pause for a glance back to the years when the radioisotope production facilities at Oak Ridge, which underlie so much of biological research in the past two decades, were being developed [1]. Since my concern with radioisotopes, no more than average since then, played a central role in that development, such a glance may give your chairman a bit of “status” in this company [2].
EUS for Pain Control in Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer

Chronic abdominal pain is often associated with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic malignancy, and it is a major cause of patient morbidity and healthcare cost. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided celiac plexus block (CPB) and celiac plexus neurolysis (CPN) are viable options for treatment of chronic abdominal pain in these clinical situations and have advantages over analgesic medications and/or percutaneous CPB/CPN. Technique for EUS-guided CPB/CPN varies from center to center, but all facilitate delivery of medication to the area of the celiac plexus in a safe, controlled manner via a transgastric anterior approach. Published reports demonstrate that EUS-guided CPN for pancreatic cancer pain is beneficial in selected patients and is at least as effective as percutaneous CPN. Comparatively, studies have shown that for chronic pancreatitis pain, CPB provides a lower degree of analgesia and a shorter duration of effect, whether by EUS or percutaneous approach. Serious complications from EUS-guided CPB/CPN are rare. Recently, direct targeting of the celiac plexus ganglia for block or neurolysis has been investigated and may provide greater analgesic effect than traditional CPB/CPN. Other areas of research include variations in injection technique and use of brachytherapy.
Gaussian Wave Packets

We summarize here the basic properties of the Gaussian wave packet solution to the Schrodinger equation for the free particle.
The use of intravenous tPA for the treatment of severe frostbite

Abstract Objective tPA and anticoagulation for treatment of severe frostbite have been reported suggesting differences in imaging techniques, route of tPA administration and management of patients after tPA infusion. This is a report of our results following a protocol of Tc-99m scanning, intravenous tPA administration, followed by either systemic anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy. Methods Patients admitted to our burn center between February 13, 2015 and February 13, 2016 for frostbite who met inclusion criteria were treated with Tc-99m scan and intravenous tPA followed by systemic anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy. Inclusion criteria included rewarming had not started more than 24 h prior to the scan and no contraindications to the use of tPA. Results Fifteen patients met inclusion criteria and 12 were treated according to the protocol. Nine received scans with 2 showing normal perfusion. Seven displayed perfusion defects and received intravenous tPA. Five recovered fully after tPA. Two who showed improved but abnormal scans after tPA experienced bleeding complications necessitating stopping heparin/Coumadin. Those two went on to partial amputation of digits. Conclusion The use of intra-arterial or intravenous tPA along with angiography or Tc-99m scanning followed by systemic anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy may be beneficial to patients suffering frostbite.
Mexican American Student Resistance: From Spontaneity to Organization

ABSTRACTHaving challenged student resistance scholarship for glorifying forms of resistance that tend to be self-destructive to students, the field has shifted to supporting and advancing more transformational forms of resistance, such as organizing campaigns for social justice issues. While this is a welcome advance, the conception of transformative employed by researchers tends to be limited to reformist agendas. Situating student resistance in a historical context through a re-reading of Marx and Lenin offers a deeper framework for understanding and organizing student resistance. Making these points, I draw on the Mexican American historical and contemporary context for illustrations.
The weakness of weak ties for novel information diffusion

Weak ties are thought to facilitate the diffusion of information through social networks because of their tendency to span otherwise distant subgroups. However, this logic assumes that weak relationships have the same capacity to transmit information as those that are strong. I argue that weak ties, especially the kind that span subgroups, are often also lower-capacity. Due to a lack of trust, an unwillingness to share benefits, or a limited ability to understand one another, an individual is less likely to share novel information across these ties. In standard models of diffusion imported from epidemiology, even reduced-capacity links would still aid diffusion. However, accounting for reduced capacity in a new model of diffusion that captures realistic features of information sharing in human groups, I demonstrate that hesitation to share across weak links substantially impedes overall diffusion. Moreover, I show that the addition of weak ties to a social network can strictly reduce the extent and speed of information diffusion. Increasing density by adding weak ties can make diffusion strictly worse by crowding out the use of higher-capacity ties. I present the results of simulated information diffusion on both hypothetical networks generated to possess varying levels of density and homophily, as well as on real social networks in two Ugandan villages shown to be responsible for face-to-face information sharing.
Germanium–Tin/Cadmium Sulfide Core/Shell Nanocrystals with Enhanced Near-Infrared Photoluminescence

Ge1–xSnx alloy nanocrystals and Ge1–xSnx/CdS core/shell nanocrystals were prepared via solution phase synthesis, and their size, composition, and optical properties were characterized. The diameter of the nanocrystal samples ranged from 6 to 13 nm. The crystal structure of the Ge1–xSnx materials was consistent with a cubic diamond phase, while the CdS shell was consistent with the zinc blende polytype. Inclusion of Sn alone does not result in enhanced photoluminescence intensity; however, adding an epitaxial CdS shell onto the Ge1–xSnx nanocrystals does enhance the photoluminescence up to 15-fold versus that of Ge/CdS nanocrystals with a pure Ge core. More effective passivation of surface defects, and a consequent decrease in the level of surface oxidation, by the CdS shell as a result of improved epitaxy (smaller lattice mismatch) is the most likely explanation for the increased photoluminescence observed for the Ge1–xSnx/CdS materials. With enhanced photoluminescence in the near-infrared region, Ge1–xSn...
Detecting generalized roughness faults in synchronous-generator bearings using the energy in the current spectrum

Many synchronous generator failures are caused by degradation initiated by the onset of generalized roughness in bearings. This paper demonstrates an approach for detecting the existence of generalized-roughness conditions in operational generators. The method tracks the energy contained in the stator current. It has been tested in the laboratory using a 5kW, 480V synchronous generator. Generalized-roughness faults are produced in that setup by injecting shaft currents into the machine so that failures naturally develop during operation. An accelerated failure mechanism is described, and experimental results are presented.
Scanning Electron-Probe Techniques for Diverse Nonmetallurgical, Industrial Applications

Techniques and procedures are described which have proven especially valuable for rapid qualitative and semiquantitative electron-probe microanalysis of nonmetallographic specimens, wherein rough or irregular surface structures must often be analyzed as they occur, and samples may have low physical stability, coarse, porous texture, fragile structures, high and varying electrical resistivity, and/or surface conditions which prevent deposition of a conducting film. The techniques include: (1) the use of various conducting epoxy resins and glues for specimen mounting, (2) a simple vacuum technique for void-free mounting of fragile, porous particles without heat or pressure, (3) extensive use of background X-ray images along with characteristic X-ray images and scaler counting for semiquantitative interpretation of element distributions, compensating for topographical effects or gross variations in sample density or both, and (4) the advantageous use of peak/background ratios for quantitative measurements of element distributions at low concentrations under adverse specimen conditions.
A phase I, open-label, dose-escalation study of amrubicin in combination with lenalidomide and weekly dexamethasone in previously treated adults with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.

This phase 1 study investigated the safety of the anthracycline amrubicin combined with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in adults with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. A standard 3 + 3 design was used. Patients received intravenous amrubicin 40–80 mg/m2 on day one, lenalidomide 15 mg orally on days 1–14, and dexamethasone 40 mg orally weekly on 21 day cycles. 14 patients were enrolled, and completed a median of three cycles. The maximum tolerated dose was not reached. One patient experienced dose limiting toxicity of dizziness and diarrhea. The most frequent non-hematologic toxicity was infection (79%). Serious adverse events included cord compression and sepsis. Three patients (21%) had a partial response or better, and seven (50%) had stable disease. The median duration of response was 4.4 months, and the median progression-free survival was 3 months. Amrubicin combined with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, was safe and demonstrated clinical activity in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01355705
Improving arterial surgery outcomes: Combating restenosis with nanotechnology and redox modulation

Atherosclerosis, remains the leading cause of death and disability in Western countries. Current therapeutic modalities for the treatment of arterial disease include balloon angioplasty and stenting. However, the success rate of these procedures is limited due to the development of arterial restenosis secondary to neointimal hyperplasia. Redox intervention using nitric-oxide-based therapies or small electrophiles inhibit restenosis in various animal models. Whereas human studies using redox-based therapies have for the most part not shown differences in clinical outcomes, some studies using local delivery have shown promising results. Hence, the biggest challenge for successful clinical translation is the targeted delivery of the therapeutic in the right amount at the right site. My work focused on the development of local and/or targeted delivery systems with redox-based therapies. We have successfully inhibited restenosis with local periadventitial or intraluminal delivery of diazeniumdiolates, or cinnamic aldehyde. We developed S-nitrosated nano-scale fibers that administered systemically, locally target the injured arterial segment, and successfully inhibit restenosis. Targeted delivery is a promising approach to translate redox based therapies from the bench to the clinic.
The Role of Drug Testing

Perhaps the most controversial drug-related issue to originate in the 1980s concerned drug testing. In 1982, a National Institute on Drug Abuse booklet on employee drug abuse failed to even mention the subject of drug screens; by 1990, over 60% of 1000 companies conducted some form of employee drug testing.1 This increase in drug testing emanated from an increasing awareness of the deleterious effects that drug use inflicts on businesses in the form of increased health care costs, greater safety risks, increased employee theft, and decreased productivity. Consider the following: As many as 65% of the young people entering the work force have used illegal drugs.2 The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) estimates that one out of eight workers between the ages of 26 and 35 abuse drugs, including alcohol, while at work.3 For younger workers aged 18 and 25, the numbers are even higher: 20% use drugs on the job.3 Drug users incur medical costs that on average are three times as high as the rest of a company’s employees. Drug users are absent from work twice as often as nonusing employees.4 Users are five times as likely to be involved in accidents when off the job.4 Contrary to the beliefs of many people, the majority of drug users are employed (see Figure 8.1).
Development of chimeric collectins with enhanced activity against influenza A virus.

These studies demonstrate that it is possible to alter the carbohydrate recognition and viral neutralizing activities of SP-D through replacing the SP-D CRD with that of either conglutinin or MBL. These proteins have been useful tools in confirming that, 1. the enhanced ability of conglutinin to inhibit IAV infectivity as compared to SP-D results from differences in the CRDs of these proteins, and 2. the substantial greater viral aggregating and opsonizing activities of SP-D as compared to MBL result from differences in the N-terminal and collagen domains of these molecules. The chimeric collectins had significantly greater viral aggregating and neutralizing activity than either parent collectin from which they were derived. Hence, such constructs could be of therapeutic value in treatment of IAV infection. Although the two chimerae had similar activity against IAV, substantial differences were noted between their ability to bind to or aggregate bacteria (Hartshorn et al, unpublished data). Hence, there are probably significant differences between the functional properties of the CRD of conglutinin and that of MBL which need to be examined in further studies.
Antiepileptic Drugs: Second and Third Generation

Anticonvulsant medications, often called antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), are sometimes classified by the “generation” in which they were developed and introduced. This chapter focuses on pharmacologic properties and clinical use of second- and third-generation AEDs. These include clobazam, eslicarbazepine acetate, ezogabine/retigabine, felbamate, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, perampanel, pregabalin, rufinamide, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin, and zonisamide.
Lesion segmentation for MR spectroscopic imaging using the convolution difference method.

Purpose Delineation of lesion boundaries from volumetric MRSI metabolite ratio maps using a method that accounts for the spatial response function of the acquisition and variable spectral quality and is robust to signal heterogeneity within the lesion. Methods A novel method for lesion segmentation, termed convolution difference, has been developed that is robust to signal heterogeneity within the lesion and to differences in the spatial response function. Procedures are described for processing metabolite ratio maps and to exclude regions of inadequate spectral quality. This method was evaluated using computer simulations, and the results were compared with an iterative thresholding technique that determines an optimal amplitude threshold, and with the use of a fixed amplitude threshold. These methods were evaluated for segmentation of volumetric MRSI studies of gliomas using maps of the choline to N-acetylaspartate ratio, and a qualitative comparison of lesion volumes carried out. Results Simulation studies indicated improved performance for the convolution difference method when applied to ratio maps. Variations in tumor volume were observed for the in vivo studies between the convolution difference and the iterative thresholding methods; however, visual analysis indicates that both showed improved accuracy in comparison to using a fixed amplitude threshold. Conclusion This study reinforces previous reports indicating that the use of fixed threshold values for segmentation of maps with broad spatial response functions can result in errors in lesion volume definition. A novel segmentation method, termed the convolution difference, has been introduced and demonstrated to be robust for segmentation of volumetric MRSI metabolite data.
Revascularization of coronary chronic total occlusions with subintimal tracking and reentry followed by deferred stenting: Experience from a high-volume referral center.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether a variation of an abandoned antegrade percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) technique, termed subintimal tracking and reentry (STAR), could be a safe and effective strategy to contend with complex coronary chronic total occlusions (CTO) when other strategies fail. BACKGROUND Complex CTOs require advanced techniques such as the retrograde approach, which is associated with higher complication rates than antegrade strategies. METHODS The medical records of 32 consecutive patients who underwent deferred stenting following STAR (DSS) between January 2015 and May 2017 at a high-volume referral center were retrospectively reviewed. The primary endpoint was technical success at the time of a second procedure following STAR-based balloon angioplasty, defined as successful stenting or the presence of Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group (TIMI) 3 flow with <50% residual stenosis if the vessel caliber was inappropriate for stenting. RESULTS Of 781 CTO PCI procedures, STAR was performed in 45 (5.8%) and DSS in 32 (4.1%), constituting the analysis cohort. The median Japanese-CTO score was 2.5 [interquartile range (IQR) 1.0-3.0]. Median inter-procedure time was 2.4 months [1.7-3.3 months]. Technical success was achieved in 28 (88%) patients; 23 (72%) patients were treated with stents and 5 (16%) with balloon angioplasty alone. Combined complications included one clinical perforation, one MI, and one stent thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS Deferred stenting after subintimal plaque modification via the STAR technique is a safe and effective strategy to contend with complex CTO lesions when other techniques are prohibitively high risk or have failed.
Like Us on Facebook: Social Capital, Opinion Leadership, and Social Media Word-of-Mouth for Promoting Cultural Goods

While the role of paid advertising in online environments has diminished, electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) has become increasingly valuable. This study sought to determine if consumers’ trust in their social media network, defined as social capital, or identification as an opinion leader better predicted social media eWOM related to cultural goods. The key finding was that perceived opinion leadership consistently best predicted Facebook eWOM.
Genetic variant in fragile histidine triad gene (FHIT) and mortality in prostate and breast cancers: Results from the Prostate, Lung, Colon, Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) and Women’s Health Initiative (WHI).

5076 Background: Prostate and breast cancers combined account for over 10% of all cancer deaths each year in the U.S. Previous studies detected familial concordance in prostate and breast cancer-sp...
An Analysis of the Sectional Classification of Anthurium (Araceae): Comparing Infrageneric Groupings and Their Diagnostic Morphology with a Molecular Phylogeny of the Genus

This study presents an evaluation of the currently accepted sectional classification of the genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae) in light of a recently published molecular phylogeny for the group. In general, disagreements between these two occur because many diagnostic morphological characters used in the sectional classification turned out to be highly homoplasious within Anthurium, with multiple independent gains or losses of seemingly similar morphologies in distantly related clades. A new sectional classification of Anthurium that more accurately represents species relationships and the evolutionary history of the genus is much needed, and here we propose the first steps toward it. Results from this study suggest that out of the 18 sections and two series recognized in Anthurium, only seven of these groups are monophyletic (i.e., sections Andiphilum (Schott) Croat, Calomystrium (Schott) Engl., Dactylophyllium (Schott) Engl., Leptanthurium (Schott) Engl., Polyphyllium Engl., Tetraspermium (Schott) Engl., and the newly recognized section Multinervia (Croat) Carlsen & Croat, previously a series within section Pachyneurium (Schott) Engl.). All other sections are either not monophyletic or their monophyly could not be accurately tested. A complete revision of the sectional classification of Anthurium will require a more comprehensive taxon sampling and a better supported molecular phylogeny.
Studying the Effects of Alcohol Advertising on Consumption

The effects of advertising on alcohol consumption (and alcohol abuse) are controversial, and research on the subject has produced mixed results. An economic theory underlying the general relationship between advertising and consumption can help explain this variance, however. Studies that use national data on annual alcohol advertising expenditures measure advertising at a high level with little yearly change and are likely to find no effect on consumption. In contrast, studies that use local-level data measured over the course of a year find wide variation in the level of advertising and are likely to conclude that alcohol advertising significantly increases alcohol consumption. To mitigate consumption increases, some countries and localities have tested alcohol advertising bans or counter advertising campaigns. Studies of advertising bans show a decrease in alcohol consumption to some degree when intervening factors are controlled. Counter advertising likewise reduces alcohol consumption. Thus, policymakers can choose from various forms and combinations of these strategies to curb consumption and, presumably, alcohol abuse.
End Time at Hand: Innocent III, Joachim of Fiore, and the Fourth Crusade

Scholarly defenders of the orthodoxy of the Calabrian abbot Joachim of Fiore (d.1202) present him as a conventional monastic theologian and exegete of his time. The fact that Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) cited Joachim’s commentary on the Book of Revelation in a letter written in October 1204, they argue, placed a papal seal of approval on Joachim’s thought. A critique of that position, this paper shows that Joachim’s exegesis of Revelation was far less mainstream than has been maintained, and that, far from identifying Innocent as a paid-up Joachite, his letter of 1204 was a one-shot rhetorical ploy, swiftly abandoned, and best understood in the context of the politics of the Fourth Crusade and in the light of what Innocent says on the same themes in other contexts.
Cybersecurity features of digital medical devices: an analysis of FDA product summaries.

Objectives To more clearly define the landscape of digital medical devices subject to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversight, this analysis leverages publicly available regulatory documents to characterise the prevalence and trends of software and cybersecurity features in regulated medical devices. Design We analysed data from publicly available FDA product summaries to understand the frequency and recent time trends of inclusion of software and cybersecurity content in publicly available product information. Setting The full set of regulated medical devices, approved over the years 2002–2016 included in the FDA’s 510(k) and premarket approval databases. Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was the share of devices containing software that included cybersecurity content in their product summaries. Secondary outcomes were differences in these shares (a) over time and (b) across regulatory areas. Results Among regulated devices, 13.79% were identified as including software. Among these products, only 2.13% had product summaries that included cybersecurity content over the period studied. The overall share of devices including cybersecurity content was higher in recent years, growing from an average of 1.4% in the first decade of our sample to 5.5% in 2015 and 2016, the most recent years included. The share of devices including cybersecurity content also varied across regulatory areas from a low of 0% to a high of 22.2%. Conclusions To ensure the safest possible healthcare delivery environment for patients and hospitals, regulators and manufacturers should work together to make the software and cybersecurity content of new medical devices more easily accessible.
Opioid-Prescribing Practices in Plastic Surgery: A Juxtaposition of Attendings and Trainees

The rates of opioid abuse and overdose in America have risen in parallel with the rates of opioid prescribing by physicians. As such, we sought to examine the prescribing practices among plastic surgery attendings and trainees to determine the need for more thorough education. A survey was distributed to all ACGME-accredited plastic surgery residency programs and included questions regarding opioid-prescribing practices and self-rated ability pertaining to opioid management. Trends in prescribing practices based on prescriber position were analyzed using cumulative odds ordinal logistic regression with proportional odds and Chi-squared tests for ordinal and nominal variables, respectively. We received 78 responses with a wide geographical representation from plastic surgery residency programs: 59% of respondents were male and 39.7% female, 29.5% were attendings, 26.9% senior residents, 29.5% junior residents, and 14.1% interns. Compared with attendings, interns prescribe fewer pills (p < 0.05) and were significantly more likely to prescribe oxycodone (p < 0.03). Junior residents were 4.49 times more likely (p = 0.012) and senior residents 3.65 times more likely (p = 0.029) to prescribe additional opioids to avoid phone calls and follow-up visits. Interns and senior residents were significantly less comfortable than attendings in managing patients requesting additional opioids (p < 0.02). The results of this survey demonstrate that knowledge deficits do exist among trainees, and that trainees are significantly less comfortable than their attending counterparts with opioid prescribing and patient management. Therefore, the implementation of a thorough postoperative pain management education in residency may be a cogent strategy in mitigating the opioid crisis. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
The Relationship between Altered Load and Impaired Diastolic Function in Conscious Dogs with Pacing Induced Heart Failure

The complexities of diastolic dysfunction are being recognized with increasing frequency. Prior studies of diastolic dysfunction in both clinical disease states and experimental models have overlooked the major role which altered loading conditions may play in the evolution of diastolic dysfunction. In order to determine the relative importance of the multiple determinants of diastolic dysfunction in disease states requires a large animal model, suitable for chronic study in which the determinants can be controlled independently. This manuscript reviews recent work from our laboratory in which we investigated the mechanisms of diastolic dysfunction in conscious dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy induced by rapid ventricular pacing.
Fulfillment in the role of academic nurse leader: A grounded theory study.

Abstract Background Unlike many other disciplines, academic nurse leaders are challenged with multiple expectations. The many vacancies in these positions indicate that further study on this phenomenon is needed to disclose aspects of their roles. Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe the factors that influence academic nurse leaders' role attainment and fulfillment. Method Analysis of 18 interviews with nurse deans, directors, and chairpersons was performed with grounded theory methodology. Results Personality traits such as having a “skillset” and a “sense of calling” positively affected the nurse leader's role attainment and fulfillment. Other outside factors that affected role fulfillment were “experiencing a variety of relationships”, “seeing positive change”, “enjoying creative freedom”, “experiencing professional growth” and “having support from administration”. Some negative themes that resulted in a lack of fulfillment were “feeling overwhelmed with the number of hours and duties”, “being coerced into the role”, the “faculty shortage” and a “lack of mentorship”. Conclusion By disclosing aspects of fulfillment and the academic nurse leader role, recruitment and retention within academic leadership will be affected.
8 – Rule Interaction

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the notion of applying rules in sequence that plays a fundamental role in the development of generative phonology. The chapter also examines several conceptions about how a set of phonological rules applies to relate an underlying representation (UR) to its corresponding phonetic representation (PR); the kinds of claims these conceptions make about the nature of language; and these claims are evaluated in the light of relevant data from a variety of languages. The consideration that led most generative phonologists to adopt partially ordered rules are emphasized and an overview on the direct mapping hypothesis (DMH), which claims that the set of phonological rules is applied directly to the UR to give as output the corresponding PR, is provided. The essential claim of the DMH is that the input structure to each of the phonological rules is the underlying representation. The applicability of a rule is entirely a function of whether the underlying form meets the input requirements of that rule. The phonetic representation is then the result of applying the changes called for by the rule to the UR. The effects of a rule are necessarily irrelevant to the applicability of any other rule as only the underlying form determines whether a rule applies or not. This view then claims that URs are mapped into PRs without postulating intermediate levels of representation.
Integrating optical phase change materials on silicon photonic components for improved performance

Silicon photonics is considered to be the leading platform to achieve faster data transfer speeds on-chip. However, the weak electro-optic coefficient of silicon limits the maximum achievable data rates. A hybrid solution consisting of a silicon photonic backbone and an incorporated optical phase change material (O-PCM) that provides improved optical functionality may provide the solution for realizing broadband, low power, small footprint on-chip photonic devices capable of achieving record modulation speed. In this presentation, we discuss theoretical and experimental work integrating O-PCMs in silicon photonic devices, including sub-picosecond optical switching using a hybrid silicon-vanadium dioxide waveguide.
The Challenge of Clearly Counting COVID-19 Cases in Children.

* Abbreviation: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 In this issue of Pediatrics , Sisk et al1 used state and territory health department data to describe temporal and geographic trends in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among children over a 4-month period. The authors found that in the latter half of the study period, the proportion of cases identified in children increased threefold to fourfold from the start of the study period. We were struck by several features of this report, which we feel have implications for COVID-19 surveillance. First, there was substantial heterogeneity across the data sources aggregated regarding definitions (including the chronological definition of a child) and the data reported. There was also variation across surveillance methods regarding which tests were used and reported. For example, Texas only reports confirmed cases, defined by polymerase chain reaction, and does not report rapid antigen tests, which define a probable case,2 … Address correspondence to Andrea T. Cruz, MD, MPH, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin St, Suite A2210, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: acruz{at}bcm.edu
The Egyptian protest movement in the twittersphere: An investigation of dual sentiment pathways of communication

Abstract During the course of the Egyptian civil movement in 2011, excessive suppression of the protesters caused a great deal of humanitarian concerns across the world. Egyptian protesters were supported not only in the Arabic-speaking world, but also throughout the English speaking world. The Twittersphere 1 became a valuable arena for individuals to communicate amongst each other regarding important social movement issues. This paper is a study of the communication on Twitterverse consisting of both English and Arabic tweets and the sentiments expressed therein during the Egyptian protest movement. We focus on the research questions: what sentiments of Tweeters relate to signals of protest communication?, and how do protest related tweets in two languages in the Twitter sphere, that are a proxy of two different and important cultural groups, compare with each other? In order to understand the protest communications in Twittersphere, we examine a dual pathways model that relates to emotional and goal related sentiments. We apply this model to examine the online protest in Egypt. Our findings reveal the emotions and goal related sentiments that are fundamental for intention to protest across the two languages. We find that anger, fear, pride and hope were the prime sentiments regarding intention to or support of protest, regardless of language.
Predicting early necrosis of colorectal liver metastases using volumetric enhancement on baseline MRI and oil deposition on post-cTACE unenhanced CT

To predict tumor necrosis after conventional TACE (cTACE) in patients with colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) based on volumetric oil deposition on CT one day after treatment. Thirty-four lesions in 20 men and 6 women were included in this IRB-approved HIPAA-compliant, retrospective lesion-by-lesion-based study. Semiautomatic volumetric segmentation of target lesions was performed on baseline MRI and post-treatment CT. Predicted percentage of tumor necrosis was defined as 100%—(%baseline MRI enhancement—%CT oil deposition). Necrosis on post-TACE MRI was measured after volumetric segmentation to assess the accuracy of predicting tumor necrosis. The relationship between predicted necrosis percent and post-cTACE measured necrosis percent on MRI was compared using Pearson correlation analysis. Inter-reader agreement was calculated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) after using the same method. Patients in this cohort had a mean age of 64 ± 14 years. Mean percentage of the viable tumor on pre-cTACE venous phase MRI was 58.5% ± 23.9%. Mean oil deposition was 19.8% ± 14.6%. Mean percentage of calculated necrosis one month after cTACE was 59.2% ± 22.7% on venous phase MRI, which had a significant correlation with predicted necrotic percentage of 61.3% ± 19.3% (r = 0.89, p < 0.0001). ICC for enhancement percentage on pre-cTACE and post-cTACE venous phase MRIs were 0.93 (95% CI 0.83, 0.97) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.66, 0.94), respectively. ICC for oil deposition was 0.92 (95% CI 0.81, 0.96). Measuring oil deposition of the whole tumor on CT one day after cTACE can assist to predict post-cTACE tumor necrosis.
The Geographic Evolution of the U.S. Auto Industry (Part 1)

The authors examine changes in the footprint of the auto industry in the United States, starting in 1980 and tracking them through 2003. Their formal analysis of assembly and supplier plant locations traces the reorientation of the auto region from one that extends east-west to one that stretches north-south over this period. To accommodate the large size of the file and the number of illustrations, the article has been divided into two smaller files.
Diagnosis and Management of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome during Labor.

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a disorder in which patients with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 develop awake hypercapnia with a partial pressure of carbon dioxide ≥45 mm Hg, in the absence of other diseases that may produce alveolar hypoventilation. Additional clinical features include sleep disordered breathing, restrictive lung disease, polycythemia, hypoxemia, and an increased serum bicarbonate concentration (≥27 mEq/L). Anesthesia providers should be familiar with OHS because it is often undiagnosed, it is associated with a higher mortality rate than obstructive sleep apnea, and it is projected to increase in prevalence along with the obesity epidemic. In this case, a 33-year-old obese woman with presumed OHS developed respiratory acidosis during induction of labor. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment was initiated, but the patient continued to have hypercapnia. A cesarean delivery was recommended. The patient had baseline orthopnea due to her body habitus; thus, despite adequate labor analgesia, a cesarean delivery was completed with general endotracheal anesthesia. We believe this patient had OHS despite a serum bicarbonate 70 mm Hg, and a hemoglobin <16 g/dL, which would typically rule out OHS. Pregnant women experience a decrease in serum bicarbonate concentration due to progesterone-mediated hyperventilation, an increase in arterial oxygenation from increased minute ventilation and higher cardiac output, and a decrease in hemoglobin due to the physiologic anemia of pregnancy. Thus, OHS may be defined differently in pregnant than in non-pregnant patients.
How a woman’s myomectomy saved her father’s life: evidence of fumarate hydratase deficient uterine leiomyoma and early detection of germline variants in Fumarate Hydratase

Objective To describe a Case of a personal and family history of early uterine leiomyomatosis that revealed a pathogenic variant in the FH gene encoding fumarate hydratase. After the patient’s diagnosis, a first degree relative was detected with early stage renal cell carcinoma. The patient decided to undergo preimplantation genetic testing to reduce the risk to her future children. Design A Case report of autosomal dominant hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome where the patient underwent two cycles of in vitro fertilization (IVF) with preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disease/aneuploidy (PGT-MA) that resulted in three unaffected, euploid embryos. Setting Large academic single center hospital Patient(s) A 35 year old nulligravida with a personal history of early onset uterine leiomyomatosis and family history of renal cell carcinoma and uterine leiomyomas, who is heterozygous for a pathogenic variant in FH and diagnosed with HLRCC syndrome. Informed consent was obtained. Interventions Two laparoscopic myomectomies were performed, and tissue was sent for histopathology and immunostaining. HLRCC syndrome was confirmed by germline testing and two cycles of PGT-MA were performed. Main outcome measures Through preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disease and aneuploidy (PGT-MA), the patient was able to mitigate the risk of passing a known familial variant to her future children. Results After two cycles of IVF-PGT-MA, three unaffected embryos were available for transfer. An unaffected, euploid embryo was transferred for pregnancy and patient is currently pregnant in her second trimester. Conclusions Pathogenic variants in FH should be suspected in patients with early onset uterine leiomyomas and a family history of cutaneous and/or uterine leiomyomas. Familial variant testing is crucial in identifying relatives at risk in order to start early screening.
It is Not so Simply Because an Expert Says it is so: The Reliability of Gang Expert Testimony Regarding Membership in Criminal Street Gangs: Pushing the Limits of Rule 702

It Is Not So Simply Because an Expert Says It Is So: The Reliability of Gang Expert Testimony Regarding Membership in Criminal Street Gangs: Pushing the Limits of Rule 702 addresses the reliability of gang expert testimony regarding membership in criminal street gangs. Professor Gomez argues that the criteria used by gang experts are not based on objective criteria and thus the expert's testimony regarding gang membership does not survive the reliability analysis required by evidentiary rules concerning expert testimonyThe article begins with a brief history of criminal street gangs and the traditional responses of the criminal justice system. Professor Gomez then reviews the history of gang injunctions, the procedural aspects of their use, and the significant effect gang injunctions have had on the incarceration rates in minority communities. The article then focuses on one issue raised by the use of gang injunctions the reliability of the testimony of the gang expert.The focus of the article is an in-depth analysis of the criteria used by gang experts to prove membership in a criminal street gang. Professor Gomez concludes that the criteria lack an objective basis and do not survive the reliability analysis required by Texas Rules of Evidence 702 and comparable evidentiary rules.
Evidence for Chemical Communication in Primates

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemical signaling systems in primates and other mammals. The importance of olfaction in the life of numerous primate species under natural conditions is reviewed. The emission and reception of olfactory signals is clearly apparent from the observation of their behavior patterns. The research on the rhesus monkey under laboratory conditions suggested that the male receives information about the hormonal status of his female partner by olfactory pathways. Males made temporarily anosmic failed to detect increases in the attractive properties of their partners, but did so when their olfactory acuity returned. To demonstrate the role of olfactory mechanisms in the behavioral interactions of the pair, it is necessary to conduct experiments to exclude the role of visual signals, and also to exclude the role of afferent stimulation. The olfactory signal appeared to be present in the vaginal secretions of estrogen-treated females. The behaviorally active components are extractable into ether and have acidic properties: they are identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry as a series of volatile, short-chain aliphatic acids.
NEONATAL ALBUMINURIA FOLLOWING VAGINAL AND ABDOMINAL DELIVERY.

Abstract An immunologic method was used to measure albumin in urine of the newborn infant. Urine specimens were obtained from 19 normal babies who were delivered vaginally and from 6 normal babies who were delivered abdominally. On the day of delivery 20 of the 25 urine samples were found to contain measurable amounts of albumin. The average albumin concentration for the vaginal group was 19.3 mg. per liter and for the cesarean section group 4.8 mg. per liter. Follow-up urine specimens obtained from 19 of the infants between the second and the fifth postpartum days were all found to contain albumin. With the exception of 1 infant all the follow-up urine samples contained larger concentrations of albumin than did the samples on the delivery day. Four of the 6 cesarean sections were repeat sections performed prior to any labor. Three of these babies excreted albumin at birth. This indicates that labor is not the sole cause of albuminuria in the neonate. Clinical evidence for fetal anoxia in the vaginal delivery group was associated with higher levels of albuminuria on the delivery day than were present in the uncomplicated vaginal deliveries. However, 2 infants that were delivered by cesarean section because of fetal bradycardia did not have elevated urinary albumin.
Androgen Biosynthesis and Gene Defects

Formation of the male external genitalia in human beings requires the production of dihydrotestosterone during the critical period of sexual differentiation at 8–12 weeks of gestation. At this time, chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulates responsive Leydig cells to convert cholesterol to testosterone, which is transformed to dihydrotestosterone in target tissues. Mutations in the genes encoding the enzymes, cofactor proteins, receptors, and stimulatory hormones may disrupt this process at various steps, leading to congenital defects in androgen production and male pseudo-hermaphroditism. Defects in gonadotropin-releasing hormone will not interfere with fetal androgen production but will prevent the production of luteinizing hormone (LH) and not allow pubertal progression. This article describes the syndromes caused by mutations in these genes, focusing on the clinical and biochemical features of disorders that impair enzymatic steps in dihydrotestosterone production.
An Exponentially-Weighted Probabilistic Data Association Filter for Maneuvering Targets

An algorithm is presented for tracking multiple targets which are rapidly maneuvering in an environment in which false measurements may occur. The real-time algorithm combines a fading memory probabilistic data association filter and a recursive least-squares estimation procedure to estimate the state and the acceleration of the maneuvering target. Identification of the existence of a maneuver is not required.
Boolean Algebras on a Classical Phase Space

We begin with a brief account of the usual description of a classical mechanical system with a finite number of degrees of freedom. Associated with such a system there is an integer n, and an open set M of the n-dimensional space R n of n-tuples (x 1, x 2 , ... , x n) of real numbers. n is called the number of degrees of freedom of the system. The points of M represent the possible configurations of the system. A state of the system at any instant of time is specified completely by giving a 2n-tuple (x 1, x 2, ... , x n , p 1, ... , p n ) such that (x 1, ... , x n ) represents the configuration and (p 1, ... , p n ) the momentum vector, of the system at that instant of time. The possible states of the system are thus represented by the points of the open set M × R n of R 2n . The law of evolution of the system is specified by a smooth function H on M × R n , called the Hamiltonian of the system. If (x 1 (t), ... , x n (t), p 1 (t), ... , p n (t)) represents the state of the system at time t, then the functions x i (·), p i (·), i =1, 2, ... , n, satisfy the well known differential equations: (1) (1)
Future of the Smart Grid

Technologies exhibit trends that allow us to anticipate innovation far beyond the limited smart-grid horizon. A few core themes are smaller scale power and energy generation and management (including nanogrids), development of power system information theory, greater ease and flexibility in power transmission (including wireless power transmission), the ability to harness power from geomagnetic storms, and the integration of quantum phenomena with the power grid (including quantum communication, computation and energy teleportation). Power system information theory enables Maxwell's demon within the power grid, opening new possibilities for power and energy. Nanoscale communication networks are discussed for future nanogrids. On the opposite extreme, space-based power generation is also explored.