cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combinatorial Optimization Problems

Combinatorial optimization problems possess a discrete special structure, such that it is very difficult to develop general purpose test problems, as well as general purpose software for solving them. For the exact solution of these problems, usually an equivalent integer programming formulation is provided to an IP solver, that uses branch and bound to solve it. For a suboptimal solution, many heuristic procedures have been refined over the years, and there exist procedures designed to provide suboptimal solutions to general combinatorial optimization problems, given that the problem has been put into some prespecified format.
Modulation of tumoricidal function in alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients by interleukin-6

Previous studies have demonstrated that alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients are impaired in their ability to develop tumoricidal function when stimulated by activators such as interferon γ + lipopolysaccharide. However, these same macrophages have been shown to develop significant tumoricidal function when precultured with macrophage-depleted allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors, an effect that was lost by the elimination of natural killer cells from the allogeneic lymphocyte population. In the present study, the effect of each activation condition on the expression of mRNA for interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and IL-6 was determined using reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction. The results show that the non-permissive activation condition is associated with the expression of mRNA for IL-6 while the permissive activation condition is not. Antibodies against IL-6 were subsequently shown to permit the development of tumoricidal function in alveolar macrophages stimulated with interferon γ + lipopolysaccharide while IL-6 protein was shown to inhibit the stimulatory action of allogeneic lymphocytes on the development of tumoricidal function in the same alveolar macrophages. Neither the permissive (i.e. allogeneic lymphocyte stimulation) nor the non-permissive (i.e. interferon γ + lipopolysaccharide) activation condition had any effect on the capacity of alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients to express mRNA for IL-1α, IL-1β or TNFα These results show that IL-6 can regulate the ability of alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients to be stimulated by interferon γ + lipopolysaccharide to develop significant tumoricidal function. They also show that allogeneic lymphocytes have the capacity to downregulate IL-6 mRNA synthesis by alveolar macrophages thereby permitting the development and/or expression of macrophage tumoricidal function.
Progeny Production and Adult Longevity of Cryptolestes pusillus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) on Broken and Whole Corn at Selected Humidities

Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr) adults lived longer and produced significantly more progeny on corn ( Zea mays L.) at 75 and 84% RH than at 43% RH. Beetles generally produced more progeny on coarsely cracked corn than on meal, halves, or whole kernels. Humidity (with one exception) did not significantly affect progeny production on identical diets at 75 and 84% RH. Males lived longer than females. Longevity and progeny production on whole-corn kernels at all humidities and on all diets at 43% RH were greatly reduced.
Characterization of guinea pig plasma lipoproteins: the appearance of new lipoproteins in response to dietary cholesterol

Dietary cholesterol induces a hemolytic anemia in guinea pigs, accompanied by changes in the lipid composition of red cells and of plasma lipoproteins. This report presents a characterization of the lipoprotein species present in each main density class in both control and cholesterol-fed guinea pigs. Traces of a typical high density lipoprotein (HDL) were detected in control plasma. HDL from cholesterol-fed, anemic guinea pigs differed from control HDL in electron microscopic appearance and lipid and peptide composition. Long stacks of discs were observed in the electron microscope in addition to smaller, spherical particles characteristic of control HDL. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) from cholesterol-fed, anemic guinea pigs had two main populations, which were separated by gel chromatography. One population appeared in the electron microscope as large transparent discs and contained mainly unesterified cholesterol and phospholipids in a 2:1 molar ratio. The other population resembled control LDL in size and composition except for its high unesterified cholesterol content. Dietary cholesterol also altered the composition and decreased the electrophoretic mobility of very low density lipoproteins. Gel electrophoretic and immunochemical evidence indicates that a peptide (mol wt 35,000) appears in lipoproteins from cholesterol-fed, anemic guinea pigs that is undetectable in those of controls. Similarities between the cholesterol-induced lipoprotein abnormalities in guinea pigs and those reported in patients with obstructive jaundice, biliary cirrhosis, type III hyperlipoproteinemia, or familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency are discussed.
Electrolytes and the electrocardiograim.

High or low concentrations of plasma potassium or calcium are detectable on the electrocardiogram. Recognition of the electrocardiographic changes that accompany electrolyte disturbances is useful ...
From digital processors to analog building blocks: Enabling new applications through ultra-low voltage design

Moore's Law has received much attention over the last decades. However, the lesser known “Bell's law” has potentially had equal impact on the transformation of electronic systems. Bell's law dictates that every decade the size of a complete computing system shrinks in volume by 100x while the number of such devices per person increases. Bell's law has driven the transformation of gigantic mainframes in the 1960s to small handheld devices in the new millenium. It is generally held, that the next class of computing systems on the trajectory of Bell's law are miniature sensing systems that will instrument numerous aspects of our daily lives. In particular, we focus on millimeter sized systems which, being nearly invisible, will open up a host of new application areas in computing such as medical implantable devices for monitoring vital signs and disease, surveillance and entry detection, and environmental monitoring.
CMT-Bone — A Proxy Application for Compressible Multiphase Turbulent Flows

CMT-bone is a proxy app of CMT-nek, which is a solver of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations for multiphase flows being developed at University of Florida. While the objective of CMT-nek is to perform high fidelity, predictive simulations of particle laden explosively dispersed turbulent flows, the goal of CMT-bone is to mimic the computational behavior of CMT-nek in terms of operation counts, memory access patterns for data and performance characteristics of hardware devices (memory, cache, floating point unit, etc.). CMT-bone, as a proxy app, has a tremendous potential to be an important benchmark to realize tradeoffs in HPC software, hardware, and algorithm design aspart of the co-design process.
FAT ACCUMULATION IN THE PERI-INFARCT BORDER ZONE OF HEMORRHAGIC MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IS MEDIATED BY PERSISTENT IRON DEPOSITS

Background: Fat deposition in chronic myocardial infarctions (MI) is a common finding. It is typically observed in the peri-infarct border zone (BZ) of old scars and has been linked to adverse outcomes in the chronic post-MI setting. To date, the mechanism underlying fat accumulation in infarcted
Un Apprentissage Démythifie

Nadia Fahmy-Eid, Micheline Dumont, Maitresses de maison, mattresses d'ecole Femmes, famille et education dans l'histoire du Quebec . Montreal : Boreal Express, 1983.
Oxaliplatin toxicity: preliminary evaluation in inbred mouse

1315 Oxaliplatin is an antineoplastic platinum and has become an integral part of various chemotherapy protocols. However, acute neutropenia and a cumulative, sensory neurotoxicity affect its clinical use. There are no current evidence-based recommendations for oxaliplatin-induced toxicity. If the toxicity could be predicted, various strategies could be proposed to prevent or reduce oxaliplatin’s toxicity. The laboratory inbred mouse provides an ideal model system for the study of oxaliplatin toxicity. In this study, oxaliplatin was administered to 26 DBA/2J female mice at 10mg/kg by I.P followed by analysis of neutropenia, and neurotoxicity. Individual animals (control, n=2; treated, n=5) were bled on day 0, 3, 7, 10, 14 from lateral saphenous vein. Creatinine/Bilirubin levels were also determined to assess liver and renal toxicity. Neutrophil toxicity (control, n=2; treated, n=5) was determined on days 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, and 14 after treatment. For neurotoxicity study, oxaliplatin, and vehicle were administered on day 1, 14 (two doses) or on day 1, 14, and 28 (three doses), sciatic nerve was obtained on day 28, 42 or 56. Sciatic nerve studies were performed using toluidine blue staining. The results showed that oxaliplatin-induced neutropenia nadir was 35% of baseline (Grade=3) on day 6 after treatment, then returned to baseline on day 11 after treatment. Creatinine and bilirubin levels did not increase during the study. Toluidine blue staining that showed sciatic nerve pathological change varied intensity of axonal atrophy and axonal loss in fascicles (all grade 1 or 2 neurotoxicity) in mice received three doses group but not two dose group. Neurotoxicity was observed in 40% or 60% of mice on day 42 or 56 in the three dose treatment group, respectively. No neurotoxicity was found on day 28, 42 in the two dose group. Our data demonstrated that oxaliplatin can induce neutropenia, and cumulate neurotoxicity, in the absence of liver and renal toxicity. We are now expanding the studies to use multiple inbred mice strains to facilitate genomic analysis for both neutropenia and neurotoxicity. These data may provide a model for evaluating oxaliplatin-based therapy to develop strategies to prevent or reduce the neurotoxicity side-effect for clinical chemotherapy.
Survival Outcomes for Patients With T3N0M0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Glottic Larynx.

Importance Radiotherapy (RT)–based organ preservation approaches for patients with advanced laryngeal cancer have been established stepwise through prospective randomized clinical trials. However, broad adoption of these approaches has stimulated discussion about long-term results challenging their applicability in a heterogeneous patient population, most recently for patients with T3 disease. Objective To define outcomes in patients with clinical T3N0M0 glottic laryngeal cancer treated with definitive surgical and RT-based approaches. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included patients treated from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2013, with a median follow-up time of 58 months (range, 0-126.6 months) in the National Cancer Database. Of the 4003 patients with T3N0M0 disease, 2622 received definitive therapy defined by the study protocol. Data were obtained from the clinical oncology database sourced from hospital registry data that are collected from more than 1500 Commission on Cancer–accredited facilities. Data were analyzed from September 14, 2016, through April 24, 2017. Interventions Radiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, surgery, surgery and RT, or surgery and chemoradiotherapy. Main Outcomes and Measures Five-year overall survival (OS). Results A total of 2622 patients (2251 men [85.9%] and 371 women [14.1%]; median age, 64 years [range, 19-90 years]) were included in the analytic cohort. In the overall patient cohort, the adjusted 5-year survival probability was 53%. No statistical differences were observed between the primary surgery (53%; 95% CI, 48%-57%) and primary RT (54%; 95% CI, 52%-57%) cohorts. In multivariate analysis, patient factors associated with decreased OS included age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03-1.04), insurance status (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06-1.50), and increasing comorbidity (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.02-1.42). Conclusions and Relevance Current management of T3N0M0 glottic laryngeal cancer relies largely on RT-based organ preservation approaches. The present study substantiates randomized clinical trial data supporting the use of RT-based organ preservation approaches for patients with T3N0M0 glottic laryngeal cancer without compromising OS.
Evaluation of Abortion Stigma in the Workforce: Development of the Revised Abortion Providers Stigma Scale

Abstract Objectives We report on the development of a scale measuring abortion providers’ experiences of stigma. Study Design Using previous measures, qualitative data, and expert review, we created a 49-item question pool. We administered questions to 315 abortion providers before participation in the Providers Share Workshop. We explored the factor structure and item quality using exploratory factor analysis. We assessed reliability using Cronbach's alpha. To test construct validity, we calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between the stigma scales, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the K10 measure of psychological distress. We used Stata SE/12.0 for analyses. Results Factor analysis revealed a 35-item, five-factor model: worries about disclosure, internalized states, social judgment, social isolation, and discrimination (Cronbach's alphas 0.79–0.94). Our stigma measure was correlated with psychological distress (r = 0.40; p Conclusions Psychometric analysis of this scale reveals that it is a reliable and valid tool for measuring stigma in abortion providers, and may be helpful in evaluating stigma reduction programs.
Plants just say NO to pathogens

Plants under attack from pathogens can activate a series of cellular defence responses, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROIs). One puzzle has been that the levels of these ROIs don't seem to be high enough to kill the pathogens, and two groups have now found out why. It turns out that the ROIs collaborate with nitric oxide, to form a binary switch that fine tunes the defence-response pathway.
Poly-Microbial Interaction with Human Papilloma Virus Leading to Increased Risk for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas

750 bacterial taxa reside in the oral pharynx and oral cavity with additional populations of fungi and viruses. This initial microbial presence is independent of host inflammatory response and produces a persistent level of microbial populations. In time a dependent phase characterized by a constant level of inflammatory host responses becomes evident that can overwhelm constitutive mucosa protection to initiate a process of epithelial cell transformation after additional challenges are presented (e.g., oxidative stress, DNA damages). For example, ethyl alcohol products and diets high in glucose are metabolized and increase microbial proliferation and attachment to oral keratinocytes. One result is release of carcinogens such as acetaldehyde. Consequently a loss of epithelial mucosa intercellular attachment and integrity is expected to create more access to basal oral keratinocyte populations by human papilloma virus (HPV) and oral microbes such as Streptococci sp. This interaction increases risk for malignant transformation as HPV subtypes such as 16 initiate oncogenic changes associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In contrast the oncogenic status for Streptococci sp. is unclear but there are similarities between these two different types of microbes. These include transmission through sexual activity, oropharyngeal colonization, a similar means for attachment using heparan sulfate binding proteins, and a activation of particular differentiation and cell growth regulatory pathways (e.g., EGFr/MAPKp38/PTEN/AKT/JNK/c-fos/myc/HIFs-Cyclin D1-p16-p21waf1/CIPI- p53-Rb). Ultimately, cooperation between Streptococci sp. and HPV 16 results in a loss of differentiation of keratinocytes and malignant transformation particularly in environments that include metabolism of tobacco derived poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or ethyl alcohol to produce DNA damage (bulky adducts) in basal keratinocyte populations. Expansion of transformed clones of these damaged epithelial cells is associated with migration through basement membrane and underlying stroma. Presence of a robust and complex cooperation between microbes requires consideration as important etiologic factors for HNSCC.
Design of a Cam-Actuated Robotic Leg

This paper presents a concept for a single-degree-of-freedom robotic leg, where the lower and upper leg are each controlled by a cam. The two cams are mounted on a common shaft, and are rotating at the same speed. The relevant equations for the mechanism’s kinematics are first developed, to express the position of the foot in terms of the cam’s angular displacement and various design parameters such as link lengths. Next, the design problem is formulated as an optimization, where the objective is to minimize an error metric that compares the foot position to the desired trajectory of the foot. The constraints in the optimization problem include important parameters such as the pressure angle of the cams, as well as a set of constraints to ensure that the leg will fit on an appropriately sized legged robot. Finally, the results are discussed, with a focus on what the advantages and disadvantages of this leg design might be as compared to other types of robotic leg designs.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
New Heuristics for Flowshop Scheduling

In the flowshop scheduling problem, n jobs are to be processed on m machines. The order of the machines is fixed. We assume that a machine processes one job at a time and a job is processed on one machine at a time without preemption. Let t p (i, j) denote the processing time of job j on machine i and t c (i, j) denote the completion time of job j on machine i. Let Jj denote the j-th job and M i the i-th machine. The completion times of the jobs are obtained as follows. For i = 1, 2,..., m and j = 1, 2,..., n, t c (M 1, J 1) = t p (M 1, J 1);t c (M i , J 1) = t c (M i−1, J 1) + t p (M i , J 1);t c (M 1, J j ) = t c (M 1, J j−1) + t p (M 1, J j ); t c (M i , J j ) = max{t c (M i−1, J j ),t c (M i ,J j−1)} + t p (M i ,J j ). Makespan is defined as the completion time of the last job, t c (M m , J n ). The goal is to obtain the n-job sequence that minimizes the makespan. The search space consists of n! possible job sequences. The problem is NP-hard.
Serious Games, Simulations, and Case-Based Reasoning

Advances in technology, the relative availability/affordability of technology, the growth of distance education, and the increased emphasis in the computer as a primary communicative tool (e-mail, chat rooms, etc.) within society all make “now” the right time to merge gaming and education into effective educational multi-user virtual environments. These engaging, synchronous online environments have the potential to support constructivist, problem-based learning. The overall design game designis educationally significant in that it models learning. During games, players obtain rewards based on achievements, experience evaluation and repetition, build upon previous knowledge, and control their investment in the game. Therefore, not unlike players in video games, students in higher education science courses are asked to demonstrate/apply specified knowledge and ultimately achieve a particular goal based on performance. These ideas align with the instructional design goals within distance education courses. When utilized to support distance education courses, gaming formats can be designed to incorporate specific, or all, knowledge levels and offer opportunities to enhance higher level learning processes, such as strategic knowledge.
A Lightning Stroke Counter

The design of a simple, compact and inexpensive electronic counter for registering the number of lightning strokes occurring within known area is presented. Performance of the counter was compared with a visual observation of lightning activity with approximately 96 percent of the strokes being registered. Use of weather radar equipment indicated the ability of the counter to detect storms at ranges up to 100 miles.
Repression of Transcription Factor AP-2 Alpha by Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Reveals a Novel Transcriptional Circuit in basal-squamous Bladder Cancer

The discovery of bladder cancer transcriptional subtypes provides an opportunity to identify high risk patients, and tailor disease management. Recent studies suggest tumor heterogeneity contributes to plasticity of molecular subtype during progression and following treatment. Nonetheless, the transcriptional drivers of the aggressive basal-squamous subtype remain unidentified. As PPARγ has been repeatedly implicated in the luminal subtype of bladder cancer, we hypothesized inactivation of this transcriptional master regulator during progression results in increased expression of basal-squamous specific transcription factors (TFs) which act to drive aggressive behavior. We initiated a pharmacologic and RNA-seq-based screen to identify PPARγ-repressed, basal-squamous specific TFs. Hierarchical clustering of RNA-seq data following treatment of a panel of human bladder cancer cell lines with a PPARγ agonist identified a number of TFs regulated by PPARγ activation, several of which are implicated in urothelial and squamous differentiation. One PPARγ-repressed TF implicated in squamous differentiation identified is Transcription Factor Activating Protein 2 alpha (TFAP2A). We show TFAP2A and its paralog TFAP2C are overexpressed in basal-squamous bladder cancer and in squamous areas of cystectomy samples, and that overexpression is associated with increased lymph node metastasis and distant recurrence, respectively. Biochemical analysis confirmed the ability of PPARγ activation to repress TFAP2A, while PPARγ antagonist studies indicate the requirement of a functional receptor. In vivo tissue recombination studies show TFAP2A and TFAP2C promote tumor growth in line with the aggressive nature of basal-squamous bladder cancer. Our findings suggest PPARγ inactivation, as well as TFAP2A and TFAP2C overexpression cooperate with other TFs to promote the basal-squamous transition.
Solvent and polymer H/D isotope effects on miscibility in Poly(ethylene oxide)/Ethanol system

Abstract Various combinations between deuterated/nondeuterated poly(ethylene oxide) and (fully and partly) deuterated/nondeuterated ethanol solvents were investigated by small-angle neutron scattering. It was found that the deuteration process has strong effects on the polymer solution behavior when approaching the solubility limit upon cooling. Deuteration of the polymer and/or of the solvent can change the character of mixing/demixing and even 'flip' the upper/lower critical solution temperature trends in experimental temperature range.
Perinatal depression care pathway for obstetric settings

Perinatal depression is common and can have deleterious effects on mothers, infants, children, partners, and families. Despite this, few women who screen positive for depression receive psychiatric treatment. A comprehensive perinatal depression care pathway includes: (1) screening, (2) assessment, (3) triage and referral, (4) treatment access, (5) treatment initiation, (6) symptom monitoring, and (7) adaptation of treatment based on measurement until symptoms remit. This depression care pathway provides a scaffold on which to frame the challenges encountered when, and the opportunities that exist for, addressing depression in obstetric settings. Comprehensive interventions that address each step on the care pathway are needed to support obstetric practices in providing high-quality, evidence-based, effective treatment including pro-active follow-up for depression management. Despite recent attention being brought to, and significant progress in the field of maternal mental health, gaps in care persist. Ultimately, depression care needs to be fully integrated into obstetric care. Additionally, more targeted maternal mental health support and structure are needed for integration to occur and ultimately be optimized. Specific areas requiring more attention include consistency of screening, evaluation of patients with a positive depression screen for bipolar disorder, anxiety or substance use disorders, and monitoring of symptom improvement.
Solution-Processed Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics: From Molecular Design to Device Performance

Recent research efforts on solution-processed semitransparent organic solar cells (OSCs) are presented. Essential properties of organic donor:acceptor bulk heterojunction blends and electrode materials, required for the combination of simultaneous high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmittance of photovoltaic devices, are presented from the materials science and device engineering points of view. Aspects of optical perception, charge generation-recombination, and extraction processes relevant for semitransparent OSCs are also discussed in detail. Furthermore, the theoretical limits of PCE for fully transparent OSCs, compared to the performance of the best reported semitransparent OSCs, and options for further optimization are discussed.
Data for semi-permanent cationic coating for protein separations

Abstract Protein separations and analyses are fundamental to fields of study that include biochemistry, biology, physiology, drug discovery, pharmaceuticals, as well as agricultural and food based industries. Here, we provide the data from a novel phospholipid-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide coating capable of separating cationic and anionic proteins with high efficiency. Capillary electrophoresis separations of protein standards were utilized to characterize the performance of the novel coating. Using capillary electrophoresis with UV absorbance detection a working pH range of 4–9 was identified, with reproducibility in time ≤1% relative standard deviation, and plate counts for proteins as high as 480,000 plates (lysozyme, pH 7). Further details and results from these data are available in the work reported by Crihfield et al. and can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460397 [ 1 ].
Machine Learning-based Irrigation Control Optimization

Irrigation schedules on traditional irrigation controllers tend to disperse too much water by design and cause runoff, which results in wastage of water and pollution of water sources. Previous attempts at tackling this problem either used expensive sensors or ignored site-specific factors. In this paper, we propose Weather-aware Runoff Prevention Irrigation Control (WaRPIC), a low-cost, practical solution that optimally applies water, while preventing runoff for each sprinkler zone. WaRPIC involves homeowner-assisted data collection on the landscape. The gathered data is used to build site-specific machine learning models that can accurately predict the Maximum Allowable Runtime (MAR) for each sprinkler zone given weather data obtained from the nearest weather station. We have also developed a low-cost module that can retrofit irrigation controllers in order to modify its irrigation schedule. We built a neural network-based model that predicts the MAR for any set of antecedent conditions. The model's prediction is compared with a state-of-the-art irrigation controller and the volume of water wasted by WaRPIC is only 2.6% of that of the state-of-the-art. We have deployed our modules at residences and estimate that the average homeowner can save 38,826 gallons of water over the course of May-Oct 2019, resulting in savings of $192.
Burden and Patterns of Multimorbidity: Impact on Disablement in Older Adults.

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the burden and patterns of multimorbidity on disability domains. Design In a cross-sectional study of 425 older adults from the Boston Rehabilitative Impairment Study of the Elderly, participants self-reported 13 chronic conditions and underwent assessment of body function (leg strength, velocity, and power, trunk extensor endurance, leg range of motion, foot sensation), activities (400-m walk test, Short Physical Performance Battery, Late Life Function and Disability Instrument function scores) and participation (Late Life Function and Disability Instrument participation scores). The association between multimorbidity patterns (identified by latent class analysis) and disablement measures, as well as multimorbidity burden (captured by a multimorbidity score) and disablement measures, was tested. Results Latent class analysis identified three classes-low multimorbidity, high multimorbidity, and predominantly musculoskeletal conditions. Class membership (multimorbidity pattern) was not associated with disablement measures, but multimorbidity score was associated with poor performance in all domains. A 1-point higher multimorbidity score was associated with lower scores in body functions (by 0.06 SD unit), activities (0.07-0.10 SD units), as well as participation (0.07-0.09 units). Conclusion Multimorbidity counts may be an excellent tool for risk stratification and identification of persons in need of rehabilitation. To claim cme credits Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME CME OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to (1) describe and distinguish the effect of multimorbidity burden and multimorbidity patterns on three disability domains in older adults; (2) identify and discuss possible reasons why high multimorbidity burden may result in a restriction among social participation in older adults; and (3) detect disability risk among older patients during clinical assessment by using a simple count of common chronic conditions. Level Advanced ACCREDITATION: The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Privacy and Data Protection

Since 1850 there has been increased attention to data confidentiality in the census. Title 13 of the U.S. Code makes confidentiality mandatory. Census personnel take lifelong oaths to keep the data confidential, and many statistical protections have been developed to mask data about individuals. The digital era has made data confidentiality more difficult to assure, in part because the abundance of commercially and publicly available data that is not protected can potentially be used to re-identify a respondent within the census. An algorithmic process called differential privacy will be deployed for the 2020 Census. By using “noise injection,” this process increases the uncertainty of identifying a particular person. The scientific community has raised the issues of whether the increased privacy is an acceptable trade-off for accuracy, and of what effects a differentially private census might have on other data bases that depend upon the census. The Census Bureau is also preparing for cyberthreats including hacking, fake websites, misinformation, and disinformation.
Risk of Prostate Cancer Associated With Familial and Hereditary Cancer Syndromes

PURPOSERecently developed clinical guidelines suggest that men in families with specific cancer syndromes, such as hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC), consider genetic testing, especially ...
Technological Advances in Prosthesis Design and Rehabilitation Following Upper Extremity Limb Loss

The complexity of the human extremity, particularly the upper extremity and the hand, allows us to interact with the world. Prosthetists have struggled to recreate the intuitive motor control, light touch sensation, and proprioception of the innate limb in a manner that reflects the complexity of its native form and function. Nevertheless, recent advances in prosthesis technology, surgical innovations, and enhanced rehabilitation appear promising for patients with limb loss who hope to return to their pre-injury level of function. The purpose of this review is to illustrate recent technological advances that are moving us one step closer to the goal of multi-functional, self-identifiable, durable, and intuitive prostheses. Surgical advances such as targeted muscle reinnervation, regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces, agonist-antagonist myoneural interfaces, and targeted sensory reinnervation; development of technology designed to restore sensation, such as implanted sensors and haptic devices; and evolution of osseointegrated (bone-anchored) prostheses show great promise. Augmented and virtual reality platforms have the potential to enhance prosthesis design, pre-prosthetic training, incorporation, and use. Emerging technologies move surgeons, rehabilitation physicians, therapists, and prosthetists closer to the goal of creating highly functional prostheses with elevated sensory and motor control. Collaboration between medical teams, scientists, and industry stakeholders will be required to keep pace with patients who require durable, high-functioning prostheses.
In the Spirit of Ubuntu: Educating and Leading Through an African-Centered Paradigm

Developing college access in high schools for students from marginalized backgrounds (i.e., low socioeconomic status, people of color, and first-generation) is important because these students enro...
Clinically Silent Brain Injury and Perioperative Neurological Events in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Device: A Brain Autopsy Study

Current studies underestimate the prevalence of brain injury in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), as CT scans are not sensitive in detecting cerebral ischemia. Using postmortem neuropathological evaluation, we sought to characterize the types and risk factors of brain injury in LVAD patients. We reviewed 24 LVAD patients who underwent brain autopsy with gross and microscopic examinations from 1993 through 2019 at a single tertiary center. Patients who expired less than 7 days after implantation or who underwent explantation more than 7 days before death were excluded. Our study demonstrated that all LVAD nonsurvivors developed brain injury. The most common brain injury was hemorrhage (71%), followed by infarct (42%) and hypoxic ischemic brain injury (HIBI) (33%), and 10 patients (42%) presented with more than 1 brain injury. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and intracranial hemorrhage were present in 33% and 42%, respectively. In those with intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage (25%) and intracerebral hemorrhage (25%) were more common than subdural hematoma (4%). Intracranial hemorrhage was associated with driveline infection (P = 0.047), and HIBI was associated with prior history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = 0.037). Fourteen (60%) had clinically silent brain injury with 65% of hemorrhages and 70% of infarcts being silent. However, the impact of silent brain injury on neurologic outcome and mortality remains unclear. Standardized neurologic monitoring and surveillance are recommended to better detect these clinically silent brain injury.
Design and Flight Test Validation of a UAS Lateral-directional Model Predictive Controller

Recent advances in computer technologies have increased the processing power on-board unmanned aerial aircraft. Computationally potent avionic systems have provided new opportunities to implement more adaptive and capable flight controllers. Model predictive control is emerging as a method for controlling unmanned aircraft, satisfying state and control constraints, and improving aircraft performance in the presence of external disturbances and nonlinear and unsteady aerodynamics. Although model predictive controllers provide many advantages over classical or modern control methods (such as PID or LQR), their practical applications have been limited to high-level path plannings, guidance logic, and control of slow robots with less complex dynamics. This work presents the development of an inner-loop model predictive control flight controller and successful validation and verification of its performance in actual flight tests. The work also investigates the impact of number of horizon points on the performance of the model predictive controller in the presence of wind and other external disturbances.
A Multichannel High-Frequency Current Link Based Isolated Auxiliary Power Supply for Medium-Voltage Applications

The auxiliary power supply (APS) is one of the critical components inside medium-voltage (MV) power converters. Besides high insulation capability and small footprint, low common-mode (CM) coupling capacitance and multichannel output are the desired features of APS in the emerging silicon-carbide-based MV converters due to their fast switching speed. This article presents the design and optimization procedure of a high-density isolated APS using an LCCL-LC resonant topology with an operating frequency of 1 MHz. The proposed design procedure attains consistent soft-switching operation under a random number of output channels. The galvanic isolation is realized by a current-fed single-turn 1 MHz transformer that can achieve a breakdown voltage of over 20 kV while maintaining a small size. Design optimization on the insulation system of the current transformer is proposed to obtain both high partial-discharge inception voltage (PDIV) and low coupling capacitance. Finally, two versions of APSs are developed, using air and silicone as dielectric materials, which can reach PDIV of over 5 and 16 kV, respectively. The corresponding coupling capacitances are 1.86 pF and 3.6 pF. Both designs can provide a maximum power of 20 W on the receiving side, and 120 W on the sending side.
Congestion-Aware Routing, Rebalancing, and Charging Scheduling for Autonomous Electric Mobility-on-Demand System

In this paper, we investigate the problem of routing, rebalancing, and charging for autonomous electric mobility-on-demand systems with respect to traffic congestion. We analyze the problem at the macroscopical level and use a volume-delay function to capture traffic congestion. To solve this problem, we first formulate an optimization problem for routing and rebalancing. Then, we present heuristic algorithms to find the loop of the flow and examine the energy constraints within the resulting loop. We impose charging constraints on re-routing problem so that the new solution satisfies the energy constraint. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of our method through simulation.
Fission Surface Power Technology Development Testing at NASA's Early Flight Fission Test Facility

Fission surface power (FSP) systems could be used to provide power anytime, anywhere on the surface of the Moon or Mars. FSP systems could be used at polar locations, at locations away from the poles, or in permanently shaded regions, with excellent performance at all sites. A potential reference 40 kWe option has been devised that is cost-competitive with alternatives while providing more power for less mass anywhere on the lunar surface. The reference FSP system (FSPS) is also readily extensible for use on Mars. At Mars the system would be capable of operating through global dust storms and providing year-round power at any Martian latitude. Under the NASA Exploration Technology Development Program (ETDP), NASA and the Department of Energy (DOE) have begun technology development on Fission Surface Power (FSP). The primary customer for this technology is the NASA Constellation Program which is responsible for the development of surface systems to support human exploration on the moon and Mars. The objectives of the FSP technology project are: 1) Develop FSP concepts that meet expected surface power requirements at reasonable cost with added benefits over other options. 2) Establish a hardware-based technical foundation for FSP design concepts and reduce overall development risk. 3) Reduce the cost uncertainties for FSP and establish greater credibility for flight system cost estimates. 4) Generate the key products to allow Agency decision-makers to consider FSP as a viable option for flight development. To be mass efficient, FSP systems must operate at higher coolant temperatures and use different types of power conversion than typical terrestrial systems. The primary reason is the difficulty in rejecting excess heat to space. Although many options exist, NASA s current reference FSP system uses a fast spectrum, pumped-NaK cooled reactor coupled to a Stirling power conversion subsystem. The reference system uses technology with significant terrestrial heritage while still providing excellent performance on the surface of the moon or Mars. Recent testing at NASA s Early Flight Fission Test Facility (EFF-TF) has helped assess the viability of the reference FSP system, and has helped evaluate methods for system integration. In June, 2009, a representative pumped NaK loop (provided by Marshall Space Flight Center) was coupled to a Stirling power converter (provided by Glenn Research Center) and tested at various conditions representative of those that would be seen during actual FSP system operation. In all areas, performance of the integrated system exceeded project goals. High-temperature NaK pump testing has also been performed at the EFF-TF, as has testing of methods for providing long-duration NaK purity.
Borrowing-Proofness of the Lindahl Rule in Kolm Triangle Economies

Allocation rules can be manipulated in a variety of ways. Agents may misrepresent their preferences, a possibility that has been extensively studied. They can also take advantage of the control they have over resources, and different kinds of stratagems of this type have been identified. For instance, in a classical exchange economy in which resources are allocated by means of the Walrasian rule, an agent may benefit from withholding some of his endowment. He may even benefit from destroying some of it. Also, he may benefit from transferring some of his endowment to someone else (of course without this second agent being hurt, thereby having no reason not to accept the transfer). For a discussion of these phenomena, see Gale (1974), Aumann and Peleg (1974), Postlewaite (1979), and Thomson (1987a,b). Additional manipulation opportunities are discussed in Thomson (2007).
Age-associated inflammation enhances macrophage-pathogen interactions in vitro. (INC7P.400)

Increasing age is associated with elevated levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, termed inflammaging. This inflammatory state can modulate a variety of immune functions and contribute to the increased susceptibility of the elderly to numerous infection diseases. Using Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) as a model pathogen we evaluated the influence of inflammation on macrophage function in vitro using the aged mouse model. We detected elevated basal levels of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs of naive old mice, and pulmonary macrophages were shown to be in a pre-activated state(elevated mRNA for IRF-1, IRGM1 and CIITA). Furthermore, lung macrophages from old mice had altered trafficking marked by enhanced phago-lysosome (P-L) fusion upon infection with M.tb in vitro, which was refractory to enhancement by IFN-gamma activation. When old mice were placed on a diet of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen for 2 weeks prior to isolation of lung macrophages, this pre-activated phenotype was reversed in old mice. These data demonstrate that the hyper-inflammatory state of the lung in old mice can influence the early interactions of immune cells with M.tb and that this phenotype can be reversed by NSAIDs. These data suggest that inflammaging in the lung could have a beneficial impact on innate immune function during infection, but the long term consequences of this phenotype in the context of M.tb infection are currently unknown.
The Cholesterol-Lowering Action of Plant Stanol Esters

Plant sterols and stanols derived from wood pulp and vegetable oils lower total and LDL cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol absorption from the intestine in humans. Plant stanols are virtually unabsorbable, which makes them more ideal hypocholesterolemic agents than plant sterols. The esterification of plant stanols has allowed their incorporation into various foods such as margarine without changing the taste and texture of those foods. Plant stanol esters at a level of 2-3 g/d have been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol by 10-15% without side effects. Plant stanol esters appear to be a helpful dietary adjunct to a prudent diet to lower cholesterol.
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in intron 2 of CYP21P: evidence for a higher rate of mutation at CpG dinucleotides in the functional steroid 21-hydroxylase gene and application to segregation analysis in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Background: Intron 2 of CYP21 , the functional steroid 21-hydroxylase gene contains several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We tested the hypothesis that intron 2 of the pseudogene, CYP21P, might also be polymorphic and provide markers for segregation analysis of this region of the genome, including observable markers for segregation analysis of CYP21 gene deletions. A comparison of SNPs in both genes might provide insights into the rates of mutation in these duplicated genes. Methods: After amplification with PCR, we examined restriction site polymorphisms in intron 2 of CYP21P in 24 members of the parental generation of the Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain families and selected offspring. Results: Intron 2 of CYP21P contains frequent SNPs around nucleotide 398 and nucleotide 509, which can be typed by PCR/restriction enzyme digestion with Hae III. Of the 48 CYP21P alleles examined, 44 could be characterized unambiguously. Of these 44 alleles, 4 were deleted, and the frequencies of restriction at the polymorphic Hae III sites were 20 of 40 at nucleotide 398 and 30 of 40 at nucleotide 509. Both polymorphisms result from C→T transitions that occur at CpG dinucleotides. The frequencies of C at these nucleotides in CYP21P are significantly higher than at the corresponding nucleotides in CYP21 of the same individuals ( P <0.01). Conclusion: These data suggest that these CpG dinucleotides are more frequently mutated in CYP21 than in CYP21P , and that several mutations at CpG dinucleotides in the coding regions of CYP21 might result from CpG instability rather than the more usually proposed mechanism of gene conversion. These frequent SNPs provide useful markers for studying both allelic segregation of CYP21 , particularly for chromosomes with known CYP21 deletions, and for investigating the origin of these polymorphisms.
An Evaluation of Day Reporting Centers for Parolees

During the period between 1982 and 2007, the number of Americans incarcerated in prisons and jails increased a staggering 274% (Pew Center on the States, 2009). The United States also witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of persons on community supervision during this time period (Pew Center on the States, 2009), largely because of the collective belief that community-based sanctions and supervision could alleviate prison overcrowding and increasing incarceration costs (Morris and Tonry, 1990; Petersilia, 1998; Wodahl, Ogle, and Heck, 2011). However, researchers have determined that the increase in the community-supervised population is correlated with a subsequent increase in revocation rates (Hughes, Wilson, and Beck, 2001; Travis and Lawrence, 2002), thus producing evidence that offenders revoked from community supervision comprise a significant portion of the incarcerated population (Wodahl