cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A biological microcavity laser

We have demonstrated a new semiconductor laser device that may be useful in high speed characterization of cell morphology for diagnosis of disease. This laser device has critical advantages over conventional cell fluorescence detection methods since it provides intense, monochromatic, low divergence light signals that are emitted from lasing modes confined by a cell. Further, the device integrates biological structures with semiconductor materials at the wafer level to reduce size and simplify cell preparation. This microcavity semiconductor laser comprises a vertical cavity surface-emitting semiconductor, to provide gain and feedback for light confined by cells, and a dielectric mirror to close the cavity. Transparent cells loaded into the cavity act as dielectric waveguides to define transverse electromagnetic modes. Light emitted from the microcavity can be resolved into narrow spectral modes, high-contrast/coherent light images, or time-dependent pulses that reveal cell morphology and size. We have used this laser device as a cytometer in two basic configurations. First, as a probe of individual cells by spectral analysis of cell modes. Second, as scanning cytometer for rapidly probing large numbers of cells by pulse height spectroscopy.
Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus: V. Studies on the nature of the temperature-sensitive lesion of the group C mutant ts447

Abstract Studies were carried out to determine which of the polypeptides coded by the group C reovirus temperature-sensitive mutant ts447, a double-stranded RNA-negative mutant, is mutated. Evidence was obtained from two lines of experimentation: 1. (i) In cells infected with this mutant at nonpermissive temperatures the structures within which viral double-stranded RNA is normally synthesized (DSRSS) are not formed; further, when shifted from permissive to nonpermissive temperatures, the rate of DS RNA synthesis decays at approximately the same rate at which plus-stranded template is used up during double-stranded RNA synthesis in vitro . ts447 DSRSS that are formed at permissive temperatures can synthesize double-stranded RNA at nonpermissive temperatures in vitro , but they are more heat-labile than wt DSRSS. These results suggest that the ts447 polypeptide that is mutated is a structural component of DSRSS. 2. (ii) In contrast to wt reovirus, ts447 forms two types of empty, or top component, particles: normal ones that are indistinguishable from those of wt virus, and aberrant ones which possess a slightly lower buoyant density and a capsid that (1) is only about one-half as thick as that of wt top component particles, (2) appears to consist of only one rather than two shells, and (3) lacks the two innermost core polypeptides λ1 and σ2. Independent evidence suggests that core polypeptides are among the structural components of DSRSS; the two lines of evidence therefore converge to suggest that the mutation of ts447 is either in polypeptide λ1 or in polypeptide σ2.
The role of a ubiquitin processing protease in Dictyostelium development (952.4)

The ubiquitin processing protease, UbpA (a homolog of yeast Ubp14 and human IsoT/USP5), is required for the growth-to-development transition of Dictyostelium. When ubpA¯ cells starve, they accumula...
Diagnostic Challenges in the Pathologic Evaluation of Barrett Esophagus

Abstract Context.—Barrett esophagus represents an unstable epithelium resulting from chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Patients with Barrett esophagus routinely undergo endoscopic examination to detect dysplasia and early carcinoma. Although appropriate classification of Barrett esophagus and neoplasia is usually straightforward, persistent esophageal inflammation may induce epithelial changes that mimic, or mask, dysplasia. Recent data also indicate that specific molecular changes occur in nondysplastic Barrett mucosa and herald the development of dysplasia and/or carcinoma. Objective.—To describe problematic aspects of biopsy interpretation in tissue samples of the gastroesophageal junction and distal esophagus, including the diagnostic criteria for Barrett esophagus, the importance of the gastric cardia, and pitfalls to the diagnosis of dysplasia. Ancillary studies that have recently emerged as potential adjuncts to the evaluation of patients with Barrett esophagus will be briefly discussed. Dat...
Rap1p telomere association is not required for mitotic stability of a C3TA2 telomere in yeast

Telomeric DNA usually consists of a repetitive sequence: C1–3A/TG1–3 in yeast, and C3TA2/T2AG3 in vertebrates. In yeast, the sequence-specific DNA- binding protein Rap1p is thought to be essential for telomere function. In a tlc1h mutant, the templating region of the telomerase RNA gene is altered so that telomerase adds the vertebrate telomere sequence instead of the yeast sequence to the chromosome end. A tlc1h strain has short but stable telomeres and no growth defect. We show here that Rap1p and the Rap1p-associated Rif2p did not bind to a telomere that contains purely vertebrate repeats, while the TG1–3 single-stranded DNA binding protein Cdc13p and the normally non-telomeric protein Tbf1p did bind this telomere. A chromosome with one entirely vertebrate-sequence telomere had a wild-type loss rate, and the telomere was maintained at a short but stable length. However, this telomere was unable to silence a telomere-adjacent URA3 gene, and the strain carrying this telomere had a severe defect in meiosis. We conclude that Rap1p localization to a C3TA2 telomere is not required for its essential mitotic functions.
Whose sabbath matters?, or, when does the weekend effect occur?

Abstract The weekend effect and other seasonal anomalies in financial markets are now familiar in many countries. In searching for explanations for the ‘weekend effect’ in particular, it would be helpful to know when exactly ‘it’ occurs, whatever the ‘it’ may be that produces the effect. Since most countries do not have weekend trading in financial assets, the timing of ‘it’ has not been narrowed down. Israel has trading in all financial assets (except currency trading) on Sunday. By examining day-of-the-week effects for Israel, it appears that the weekend effect occurs on Sunday late in the day, and not an Friday evening ar Saturday. Other seasonal anomalies in Israel seem to be similar to those elsewhere. The generalizability of the findings to other countries is discussed.
Adjuvant therapy in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Randomized trials to date have not consistently demonstrated a benefit in overall survival with the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or combined modality chemoradiation in patients with resected non—small-cell lung cancer. Subset analyses suggest a reduction in local relapse with adjuvant radiotherapy for patients with completely resected N2 disease. Improvements in patient selection and treatment plans are urgently needed.
The effects of food schedule adaptation on the ability of naloxone to suppress the aquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia

Naloxone suppressed the acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) in rats given no previous exposure to the feeding schedule. Adaptation to the feeding schedule prior to SIP acquisition attenuated this suppression. Specifically, water consumption, bout probability, licks/bout and maximum lick rates during the interpellet interval (IPI) were significantly increased by adaptation. Although adaptation attenuated the suppressive effects of naloxone on SIP, this attenuation was not complete. Adapted, naloxone-treated subjects displayed both decreased water consumption and bout probability as compared to distilled water-treated controls. Unlike the effects of adaptation on naloxone's suppression of SIP, adaptation completely eliminated naloxone's suppression of feeding. That adapted subjects ate at control levels while still displaying a lower level of SIP suggests that the suppressive effect of naloxone on the acquisition of SIP is not an indirect effect of naloxone on feeding, but rather a direct effect of naloxone on developing SIP. Given that naloxone has a general suppressive effect on drinking (including SIP), what remains to be determined is why naloxone has no effect on established SIP. Possible explanations for this are discussed.
Interaction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with human tear fluid components.

Purpose: Reflex human tears bind Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and prevent them from invading corneal epithelial cells. In this study, we assessed the effect of eye closure and the role of sialoglycoprotein (SG) in tears on bacterial binding and invasion. Methods: Human tears (reflex and closed-eye) were collected using a microcapillary tube. Reflex tears were separated into 13 fractions by high-performance liquid chromatography while high-molecular-weight components from closed-eye tears were separated into an SG/mucin fraction and a nonmucin fraction. Bacterial binding was quantified by viable counts and bacterial invasion was tested using the gentamicin survival technique. Results: Closed-eye tears bound significantly more bacteria than open-eye tears. Fractionation of reflex tears showed that 11 out of the 13 fractions bound bacteria, while all 13 fractions significantly reduced bacterial invasion of corneal epithelial cells. Surprisingly, the SG/mucin component of closed-eye tears resisted bacteria...
Neural function and structure among young men with cannabis dependence: Relationship to treatment response

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e2–e33 e29 Female opioid users may be at excess risk of becoming dependent soon after extra-medical prescription pain reliever use in adolescence but not in young adulthood: Estimates for the United States, 2002–2011 Hsueh-Han H. Yeh, J.C. Anthony Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States Aims: Here, we aim to estimate male-female differences in a rapid transition to a dependence syndrome, once there is occurrence of the first extra-medical use of prescription pain relievers (e.g., to get high, EMPPR). We also seek to shed light on variations for adolescent-onset versus later-onset EM users, as well as time trends in this transition probability. Methods: Nationally representative sample data from more than 28,000 EMPPR users come fromU.S. National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH, 2002–2011), with an IRB-approved protocol that involved computerized self-interview assessments of the study variables. Newly incident users initiated EMPPR use 0.05). Analyses of subgroup variation disclosed a possibly increasing time-trend in risk of dependence among newly incident EMPPR users. Conclusions: Building from Seedall & Anthony (2013) and Parker & Anthony (under review), we find some evidence that adolescent EMPPR users are more likely make a rapid transition and to become dependent, but this is not the case when EMPPR use starts inyoungadulthood.Underlying sex-associatedneurobiological and neuropsychopharmacologicalmechanisms deservemore attention as we seek to understand these developmental risk variations. Financial support: MSU research funds (HH) and NIDA K05DA015799 (JCA). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.758 Neural function and structure among young men with cannabis dependence: Relationship to treatment response Sarah W. Yip, Elise E. DeVito, Hedy Kober, Kathleen M. Carroll, Marc N. Potenza Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale, CT, United
The force-velocity relation of the rabbit digastric muscle.

Abstract In 30 animals, the digastric was made to pull actively against a slide loaded by a servo-controlled linear motor. Force and velocity were recorded at the end of active shortening to the in-situ (jaw-closed) muscle length. Passive and active force-length relations were also determined in 17 of the rabbits. The empirical force-velocity data were fitted to a hyperbolic equation. The average speed of muscle shortening at zero load was 14.67 cm/s. Mean maximum isometric force at in-situ length (P0) was 1267 g, and the mean ratio a P 0 was 0.18. The average time-to-peak twitch tension was 31.8 ms under isometric conditions. In-situ muscle-belly length was about 3 per cent less than optimum length for isometric force. Maximum muscle force was positively correlated with animal size, but maximum velocity showed no relation to force or length. The estimated maximum speed of sarcomere shortening was 26 μm/s, which is slightly slower than in fast limb muscles of the cat, and may indicate the presence of both histochemical type I and II fibres. The isometric force after shortening had ceased was less than P0, and was correlated with the velocity during shortening. This depression of isometric force may result from an alteration of the excitation-coupling system during activation. These observations suggest a role for the digastric in the rapid acceleration and deceleration of the mandible near the jaw-closed position during opening and closing.
The Erwinia amylovora avrRpt2EA Gene Contributes to Virulence on Pear and AvrRpt2EA Is Recognized by Arabidopsis RPS2 When Expressed in Pseudomonas syringae

The enterobacterium Erwinia amylovora is a devastating plant pathogen causing necrotrophic fire blight disease of apple, pear, and other rosaceous plants. In an attempt to identify genes induced du...
Photodegradation of dissolved organic matter in forested streams of the northern Great Lakes region

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component of aquatic ecosystems, and it influences a range of physical, chemical, and biological properties. Reactions induced by solar radiation may oxidize DOM to inorganic C or break large molecules into smaller ones. Therefore, photodegradable DOM is removed with exposure to light, and the remaining DOM pool might become less photodegradable as photorecalcitrant DOM accumulates. This possibility has led to speculation that previous light exposure might influence the susceptibility of DOM to photodegradation and that forested low-light streams might have highly photodegradable DOM. To assess this possibility, we measured: 1) the susceptibility of stream DOM to photoreactions and compared our results to studies in other aquatic ecosystems, 2) the relative importance of the ultraviolet (UV) portion of the solar spectrum to DOM photoreactions, and 3) the photoreactivity of DOM collected from streams with and without upstream lakes. We measured DOM properties of stream water exposed for ;56 h to 1 of 3 treatments: full sunlight, sunlight with the UV portion of the spectrum (,400 nm) removed, and a dark control. Exposure to light reduced the UV light-absorbing ability of DOM and, to a lesser extent, its concentration. Most alterations of DOM properties could be attributed to the UV portion of the solar spectrum. We found no evidence that previous light exposure significantly influenced photodegradability of stream DOM. Our results suggest that other DOM-processing agents, such as heterotrophic uptake, can obscure the effect of upstream photoexposure on downstream DOM photodegradability.
Predicting tensile properties of the bulk 96.5Sn-3.5Ag lead-free solder

Equations are presented for predicting tensile properties as functions of temperature and strain rate for the bulk-eutectic 96.5Sn-3.5Ag lead-free solder. At 25°C, we obtained 49.0 GPa for Young’s modulus based on acoustic measurements, which is higher than most of those measured by tensile tests that are subject to viscoelastic creep; 23.1 MPa and 26.3 MPa for yield stress and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of specimens that are cast, annealed, and aged at a strain rate of 2.0×10−4 s−1; 48.7% for total elongation, which is larger than most of the reported values. The presence of “initial defects” in the specimens, such as porosity and void, might cause the reduction in measured total elongations.
The effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on body composition in free-fed and diet-restricted rats.

The effects of the non-selective beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol (known for its anti-lipolytic activity) on body composition were investigated in growing male rats on normal unrestricted diet (N = 7) and on diet restriction (N = 7, 95% of controls). Three animals in each group were injected i.p. with 30 mg propranolol per kg body weight (bw) dissolved in saline, 5 days/week. This dose attenuates exercising heart rate by 25% and exercise training-induced enzyme activity. The remaining animals received saline. Fat, glycogen, moisture and non-ether extractable residue were determined in the homogenized residue of the whole animal. After 9 weeks on the experimental regimen, bw gain was significantly lower in the diet restricted rats, whereas propranolol had no effect on the bw gain. The percentage of fat, moisture and non-ether extractable residue were unchanged by either propranolol or diet restriction. However, glycogen content was significantly lower in the beta-blocked rats either with or without diet restriction. These data indicated that neither beta-adrenergic blockade nor minimal diet restriction influences the percentage body fat, whereas body glycogen content is decreased under both conditions.
Trait similarity and trait evaluation as correlates of attraction

The finding that trait similarity and attraction are correlated may be difficult to interpret. Research has indicated that attraction to another is related to the evaluative aspect of the beliefs about Other (i.e., to the extent that Other is believed to have positive attributes, he will be better liked) and that persons tend to attribute positive traits to themselves. To the extent that persons do this, both the similarity and evaluation hypotheses make the same prediction. In assessing the relative importance of each, both were found to make significant contributions to the prediction of attraction with similarity being less important than evaluation.
Palatability of Meat from Mule Deer

To determine the palatability of meat from mule deer, a 10-member trained sensory panel evaluated meat from seven mule deer harvested in Texas. Beef rib roast and venison rib roast, loin steaks and semimembranosus steaks, and ground meat patties (beef, venison, venison/beef, and venison/pork) were evaluated. Venison contained much less fat than beef. Beef was more palatable than venison except for tenderness. The main difference in palatability was that venison was less juicy than beef. Mixing ground venison with beef or pork increased the palatability of venison to that of ground beef.
EPITOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HUMAN WILD-TYPE AND MUTANT RAS PROTEINS USING MEMBRANE-BOUND PEPTIDES

Overlapping octapeptides encompassing the entire sequences of the human oncogene products Ha-ras, K-ras and N-ras protein were synthesized as spots on polypropylene membrane sheets. The binding of anti-ras protein monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the membrane-bound peptides was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Epitopes of 10 of 18 mAbs to the human ras proteins were mapped and identified by this procedure. The epitopes of nine of the mAbs are within residues 28-39 in the constant domain common to the three ras proteins, whereas the epitope of the tenth (mAb 21) spans residues 136-144 in Ha-ras. The minimal lengths of epitopes of all ten of the mAbs were further precisely mapped using peptides of varying length, and the tolerance for mAb binding of mutated epitopes was determined by systematically replacing each residue in the epitope with each of the 20 common amino acids. The results show that most of these mAbs have essentially the same binding specificity, namely for the sequence YDPT (residues 32-35) or for slightly longer sequences containing these residues. This site is in the switch 1 region (residues 32-38) in the ras effector loop, indicating that some of the same residues important for the interaction of ras with other proteins (GTPase-activating protein, neurofibromin or raf) are highly antigenic. In addition, we investigated epitopes and specificity of five mAbs against the activated human ras proteins by the same procedure. The information gained from this study should be useful both for study of the complicated functions of ras proteins and clinical detection of ras oncogenes in human tumor cells.
Forging new relations between states and institutions around accountability, autonomy, and the public good: The case of Virginia

The Commonwealth of Virginia overcame an environment of each institution for itself to craft an accountability process oriented around state needs.
The father's role in the socialization of his infant

Although research on fathers and infants increased dramatically during the past decade, it did so largely in a theoretical vacuum. Theories of development emphasize mother-infant relationships, with little attention, if any, given to father-infant relationships. As a result, studies of father-infant interactions tend to replicate procedures that have been used in mother-infant research. While useful, mimicking mother-infant research paradigms may blind investigators to salient aspects of development that are unique to and critical for father-infant relationships. In traditional families, study of mother-father-infant triadic interactions may reveal more useful information about the father's role in infant socialization, than the study of father-infant dyadic interactions. However, the study of triadic interactions may yield little useful information about father-infant interaction in the single parent family. Until a number of methodological issues are resolved, the literature on the father's role in the socialization of his infant must be interpreted cautiously.
The International Congress of Radiation Research at Burlington

(1959). The International Congress of Radiation Research at Burlington. International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 91-94.
Endopeptidase-24.15 in rat hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal axis

Endopeptidase-24.15 (E.C. 3.4.24.15; EP-24.15) cleaves several substrates found in the hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal axis, including gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the opioid peptides of the dynorphin family. We have examined the activity of EP-24.15 in these tissues as a function of maturation, of the estrous cycle, and in response to ovariectomy and estrogen replacement. A developmental regulation of EP-24.15-specific activity is apparent in anterior pituitary, in hypothalamus, and in the gonads. EP-24.15 is increased in the preoptic area and is decreased in the anterior pituitary in both male and female rats prior to puberty. The specific activity of EP-24.15 was increased following ovariectomy in the anterior pituitary and within medial and lateral preoptic nuclei. Testicular specific activity of EP-24.15 increased with age in a linear fashion, while ovarian EP-24.15 activity increased immediately prior to puberty, but returned to prepubertal levels by 65 days of age. The relevance of EP-24.15 to the metabolism of specific peptides is discussed.
Dual-junction single-photon avalanche diode

A new Geiger-mode single-photon detector, consisting of two p-n junctions, is presented. Owing the junctions' placement and depth, the device achieves high fill-factors with an extended spectral response. The device makes it possible, for the first time, to integrate dual-colour single-photon counting in a single pixel, as desirable in cross-correlation fluorescence experiments.
Gold planar wire array radiation sources at university scale generators and their applications

Various configurations of planar wires arrays (PWA) made from wires in a broad range of atomic numbers up to 74 (W) have been extensively tested on Zebra generator at the University of Nevada, Reno. In this work, we present the results of our experiments with PWA made of the wires with an even higher atomic number, specifically 79 (Au). Two different configurations (single and double PWAs) are considered. The diagnostic set included: x-ray detectors, laser shadowgraphy, time-gated and time-integrated x-ray pinhole cameras, time-integrated spatially resolved and time-gated spatially integrated x-ray spectrometers, and a bolometer. The total x-ray yield was measured along and perpendicular to the load plane and reached the highest value measured on Zebra so far for the single PWA (perpendicular to the plane, 32 kJ). Theoretical tools included non-LTE kinetic and wire ablation dynamic models. The full set of data using aforementioned diagnostics is analyzed and specific implosion and radiative characteristics of Au PWAs. The application of gold PWAs in compact hohlraum configurations on Zebra is highlighted. VisRad (Prism Computational Sciences), a 3-D view factor code, is used to simulate the multi-dimensional radiation environment with a special emphasis on radiation temperature calculations and uniformity at the re-emission target surface.
Language Learning and the Internationally Adopted Child

Since 1970, more than 250,000 internationally adopted children have added a welcome variety to our already diverse early childhood caseloads and classrooms. However, their presence also creates a distinctive clinical dilemma for the early childhood professionals who care for them. This paper presents a description of the early environmental influences on language development as well as an account of the typical language learning process of the internationally adopted child. Finally, practical implications are addressed as they relate to the work of the early childhood professional.
Tratamiento hormonal sustitutivo y enfermedades cardiovasculares

Despite biologically plausible mechanisms for cardiac protection and compelling evidence from observational studies suggesting that menopausal hormone therapy confers cardiovascular benefit, results of well-designed and conducted randomized clinical trials in healthy women and in women with established coronary heart disease displayed that menopausal hormone therapy failed to prevent clinical cardiovascular events and rather was associated with harms. Clinical trial of the SERM raloxifene also did not demonstrate a decrease in coronary events. It is unknown whether the earlier initiation of such therapies, i.e., at menopause, would result in favorable outcomes; or whether different hormonal preparations, lower doses, or alternate routes of administration would confer benefit. At present, proved coronary risk reduction strategies are requisite (albeit underutilized) for menopausal women; these include lifestyle and pharmacologic coronary preventive interventions. The baseline characteristics of menopausal women with coronary heart disease who were participants in cardiovascular outcome trials of menopausal hormone therapy or raloxifene were remarkably similar; globally, cardiovascular risk factors were not optimally controlled at entry into these trials, suggesting that more aggressive cardiovascular risk interventions are appropriate to achieve optimal target goals for menopausal women with documented coronary heart disease.
Role of numerical noise in ultra large-scale computing

We have reviewed the role of numerical noise (round off error) in different parts of computations. It is seen that product error is insignificant. Subtraction error can play a significant role when a system is ill conditioned or involves subtracting large numbers to obtain small numbers. However, phase error due to round off can dominate for ultra-large scale problems involving hundreds of wavelengths.
An iterative compositional model for subsurface multiphase flow

The governing equations describing multiphase flow with multicomponent solute transport may be cast in a number of forms. While mathematically equivalent, the numerical models based on each formulation differ in flexibility and efficiency. The set-iterative compositional formulation, a mathematical formulation that separates the solution of the phase-balance equations from the species balance is described herein. A mathematical model based on this formulation describes the flow of two mobile phases. Each phase may transport multiple chemical components. Mass exchange between phases is expressed by a linear kinetic equation. The numerical model based on the set-iterative compositional formulation is shown to model non-equilibrium phase partitioning, to provide a flexible framework that may be applied to organic mixtures with differing numbers of components and to yield a more efficient solution in comparison with models arising from standard compositional formulations.
A uniaxial viscoplastic model based on total strain and overstress

Abstract A previously proposed, uniaxial differential constitutive equation (E.R. C ernocky and E. K rempl , 1979a, b), nonlinear in the Cauchy stress and the engineering strain but linear in the stress and strain-rates, is specialized to an overstress model. It is shown by qualitative arguments that the solutions correspond to typical room-temperature viscoplastic behavior of AISI type 304 stainless steel. Two unknown coefficient functions are determined by extrapolation of room temperature relaxation data for this steel. The stiff first-order nonlinear differential equations are then numerically integrated for a variety of test histories. These include strain control with strain-rates from 10 −6 to 800s −1 , stress control with stressrates from 1.95 kPa s −1 to 19.5 MPa s −1 , instantaneous large changes in strain-rate and stress-rate, and partial unloading and reloading in strain and stress control and tension-tension cyclic creep. The computed results show good qualitative agreement with tests. Based on these results we consider that the model is a good representation of metal deformation behavior as long as the overstress does not change sign.
Interaction of the antimalarial drug fluoroquine with DNA, tRNA, and poly(A): 19F‐NMR chemical‐shift and relaxation, optical absorption, and fluorescence studies

The interaction of the fluorinated antimalarial drug fluoroquine [7-fluoro-4-(diethyl-amino-1-methylbutylamino)quinoline] with DNA, tRNA, and poly(A) has been investigated by optical absorption, fluorescence, and 19F-nmr chemical-shift and relaxation methods. Optical absorption and fluorescence experiments indicate that fluoroquine binds to nucleic acids in a similar manner to that of its well-known analog chloroquine. At low drug-to-base pair ratios, binding of both drugs appears to be random. Fluoroquine and chloroquine also elevate the melting temperature (Tm) of DNA to a comparable extent. Binding of fluoroquine to DNA, tRNA, or poly(A) results in a downfield shift of about 1.5 ppm for the 19F-nmr resonance. The chemical shift of free fluoroquine depends on the isotopic composition of the solvent (D2O vs H2O). The solvent isotope shift is virtually eliminated by fluoroquine binding to any one of the nucleic acids. 19F-nmr relaxation experiments were carried out to measure the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1), 19F{1H} nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE), off-resonance intensity ratio (R), off-resonance rotating-frame spin-lattice relaxation time (T), and linewidth for fluoroquine in the nucleic acid complexes. By accounting for intramolecular proton-fluorine dipolar and chemical-shift anisotropy contributions to the fluorine relaxation, all of the relaxation parameters for the fluoroquine–DNA complex can be well described by a motional model incorporating long-range DNA bending on the order of a microsecond and an internal motion of the drug on the order of a nanosecond. Selective NOE experiments indicate that the fluorine in the drug is near the ribose protons in the RNA complexes, but not in the DNA complex. Details of the binding evidently differ for the two types of nucleic acids. This study provides the foundation for an investigation of fluoroquine in intact cells.
Stability of Psychiatric Diagnoses among Acutely III Patients

A survey of patients admitted four or more times to the same acute care psychiatric hospital over a period of 3 years revealed that only 56 of 162 (34%) of such patients were discharged with the same diagnosis on each admission. Instability of diagnosis occurred despite the fact that previous diagnoses were known and that only relatively few diagnoses contributed to this degree of chronicity. Schizophrenia and mania were the most stable diagnoses with considerable overlap between them. Organic disorders were a variable diagnosis, often made in the context of chronicity, substance abuse or uncertainty. A diagnosis of substance abuse usually occurred in the context of other comorbid diagnoses which sometimes took precedence. Instability of diagnosis will continue so long as the diagnostic system is based so heavily on clinical criteria.
Think-Aloud Protocols and the Study of Comprehension

Although the think‐aloud method (TAM) is being used with increasing frequency in the study of text comprehension, many researchers remain skeptical of its value. In this article, we discuss assumptions behind TAM, the specific aspects of comprehension that it can reveal, as well as new directions for research that use TAM. In particular, we argue that TAM is a useful technique for tracking changes in the contents of working memory during comprehension, but we need new approaches to protocol analysis and more research on the relation between the verbal protocols and other assessments of discourse representations.
Integrating the business curriculum with a comprehensive case study: A prototype

Business schools continue to grapple with the issue of curriculum integration. Although faculty are encouraged to work conjointly and students are told that theories, concepts, and techniques learned in one course will be used in future courses, the challenge of integrationfrom course to course remains elusive. This article presents a model for curriculum integration developed by the business school at the State University of New York at Geneseo. The model uses a comprehensive case based on a real-world insurance company. Incoming business students will be presented with a synopsis of the case in their first year of business school. The same case with the relevant topical additions will continue to be used in all subsequent primary business courses. The article presents the rationale, methodology, and curriculum development of the case. The article also outlines how the school plans to integrate the case into the upper-level business courses.
The effect of tibial torsion on the dynamic function of the soleus during gait

An induced acceleration analysis (IAA) model was used to investigate the effect of tibial torsion on the ability of the soleus to support and propel the body during gait. The IAA approach is well suited for this study because it allows soleus action to be quantified in the presence of varying amounts of tibial torsion, while other factors such as body configuration and muscle activation are held constant. The results of the analysis showed that excess tibial torsion shifts the induced knee joint accelerations toward flexion, valgus and external rotation, and diminishes body center-of-mass support and propulsion. This analysis supports the concept that bony mal-alignment can lead to 'lever arm dysfunction'. The objective data correlate with previous clinical observations related to valgus stress, crouch and the role of the soleus in level walking. The IAA model provides a tool for examining various aspects of abnormal gait independently and quantitatively.
Do patient characteristics and initial progress in treatment moderate the effectiveness of telephone-based continuing care for substance use disorders?

Aims To determine whether substance use severity, psychiatric severity, social support, self-help attendance or motivation moderated substance use outcomes in a telephone-based continuing care intervention. Design A randomized study comparing three 12-week continuing care interventions: weekly telephone monitoring and counseling combined with a support group in the first 4 weeks (TEL), twice-weekly individualized relapse prevention (RP) and twice-weekly standard group counseling (STND). Methods Following completion of 4-week intensive out-patient programs (IOP), 359 patients with alcohol and/or cocaine dependence were assigned randomly to a continuing care condition and followed quarterly for 12 months. Ten potential moderator variables were examined in separate analyses. Two of these variables reflected pretreatment status, whereas the other variables were focused on performance while in the IOP. A composite risk measure was also constructed from dichotomized versions of seven of these variables, with higher scores indicating greater potential for relapse. The dependent measures were total abstinence and percentage of days abstinent from alcohol and cocaine in each quarter. Findings Of 40 interaction contrasts that were examined with individual risk indicator measures, only one reached the 0.05 level of significance. Patients with any alcohol use in IOP had a higher percentage of days abstinence in STND than in TEL. In addition, high scores on the composite risk indicator predicted higher total abstinence rates in STND than in TEL, whereas low to moderate scores predicted higher abstinence rates in TEL than in STND. Conclusion For most graduates of IOPs, the combination of brief weekly telephone therapeutic contacts and a support group in the first month produced outcomes that are as good as those obtained in more intensive face-to-face continuing care interventions. However, patients with current dependence on both alcohol and cocaine who make little progress towards achieving the central goals of IOP may have better outcomes if they receive twice-weekly group counseling following IOP.
Glomerular hemodynamics and the renin-angiotensin system in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Glomerular hemodynamics and the renin-angiotensin system in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Background Many studies have reported that blocking the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker in the patient with diabetes mellitus leads to an increase in renal plasma flow (RPF), no change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and a fall in filtration fraction. This constellation is generally attributed to predominant efferent arteriolar dilation. Methods This study examined the renal hemodynamic response to blocking the RAS with both captopril and candesartan on separate days in 31 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Results There was a wide range of changes in RPF and GFR in response to the two agents, each administered at the top of its dose-response range. The RPF response to the two agents was strongly concordant ( r = 0.65; P r = 0.81; P r = 0.83 and 0.66; P Conclusion Our data suggest that the intrarenal RAS is activated in over 80% of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Abundant evidence suggests that this activation predisposes to diabetic nephropathy.
Collaborative eye tracking for image analysis

We present a framework for collaborative image analysis where gaze information is shared across all users. A server gathers and broadcasts fixation data from/to all clients and the clients visualize this information. Several visualization options are provided. The system can run in real-time or gaze information can be recorded and shared the next time an image is accessed. Our framework is scalable to large numbers of clients with different eye tracking devices. To evaluate our system we used it within the context of a spot-the-differences game. Subjects were presented with 10 image pairs each containing 5 differences. They were given one minute to detect the differences in each image. Our study was divided into three sessions. In session 1, subjects completed the task individually, in session 2, pairs of subjects completed the task without gaze sharing, and in session 3, pairs of subjects completed the task with gaze sharing. We measured accuracy, time-to-completion and visual coverage over each image to evaluate the performance of subjects in each session. We found that visualizing shared gaze information by graying out previously scrutinized regions of an image significantly increases the dwell time in the areas of the images that are relevant to the task (i.e. the regions where differences actually occurred). Furthermore, accuracy and time-to-completion also improved over collaboration without gaze sharing though the effects were not significant. Our framework is useful for a wide range of image analysis applications which can benefit from a collaborative approach.
Efficient solution of sparse sets of design equations

A new algorithm is described which can help the engineer find efficient strategies for solving sets of equations of the sorts that arise in process design. The algorithm systematically exploits small subsets of equations that can be solved directly because they are linear in certain variables or can be reduced to solvable forms. Technically a combination of ‘partitioning’ and ‘indexing,’ it recognizes that ‘tearing’ to make the equation set ‘triangular’ for iteration may not minimize the number of variables which must be iterated, or ‘torn’. Requiring only simple matrix rearrangements, the algorithm has been implemented easily by hand for systems of 15 or more equations. It yields improvements in strategies published by Lee{et al.} and Christensen and thus makes plain the possibility of improving on published precedence-ordering and tearing algorithms for computer-aided design.
Nolinear model predictive control using Hammerstein models

Abstract Nonlinear models that are composed of a linear dynamic element in series with a nonlinear static element prove to be very attractive in describing the behaviour of many chemical processes. In this paper, a model predictive control scheme is proposed using the Hammerstein model structure. Two simulation examples, a pH neutralization process and a binary distillation column, are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Comparison of the effects of fluphenazine-N-mustard on dopamine binding sites and on behavior induced by apomorphine in supersensitive mice.

Abstract The effects of fluphenazine-N-mustard (FNM) on the binding of [3H]spiroperidol both in vitro and in vivo and on behavior produced by apomorphine were examined in mice. In vitro, FNM inhibited the binding of [3H]spiroperidol to membranes from the striatum in the mouse, with an IC50 of approximately 100 nM. In vivo administration of FNM resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the subsequent binding of [3H]spiroperidol with an ED50, of approximately 20 μmol/kg, (i.p.). To examine whether or not this interaction was irreversible, FNM was preincubated with striatal homogenates in vitro or administered in vivo; the striata were subsequently homogenized, washed extensively to remove reversibly bound FNM and then assayed by measuring the binding of [3H]spiroperidol to these washed membranes. The results showed that FNM caused a 50–60% blockade of the binding sites, suggesting that FNM irreversibly inhibits binding sites for spiroperidol. Studies of the effects of FNM on the function of dopamine showed that prior administration of FNM blocked the apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in mice with unilateral lesions of the striatum produced by 6-hydroxydopamine; the ED50 was 0.8 μmol/kg, (i.p.), a dose which was about 100-fold less than that found to inhibit the binding of [3H]spiroperidol by 50%. Half-maximum recovery of behavior occurred 4 days after the injection of FNM (20 μmol/kg, i.p.). Under similar circumstances, full recovery of the binding of [3H]spiroperidol occurred within 1 day. These data suggest that FNM interacts irreversibly with binding sites for [3H]spiroperidol, but the magnitude of this interaction was not predictive of its behavioral efficacy.
A political economy model of implementing pollution laws

Abstract A model of the implementation process as applied in pollution control is developed. It differs from previous bureaucracy models in that it subjects the control agency to pressures from both firms and procontrol citizen groups. Each of these three actors maximizes utility over environmental quality and some other variable. Environmental quality may be in the actor's preference function or it may represent derived demand. Working through the agency budget and other policy variables, each actor constrains another actor's attempts to move policy in preferred directions. This results in movement toward a concensus environmental quality, not necessarily the efficient quality. Several institutional changes are analyzed to demonstrate the workings of the model.
Evoked cortical responses to checkerboard patterns: Effect of check-size as a function of visual acuity

Abstract The size of checks (5–120′ subtense) comprising checkerboard patterns and the degree of focus (0 to ±5 diopters induced refractive error) of the patterns influenced certain components of visually evoked cortical responses. The amplitude of these components varied non-monotonically with check-size. The check-size which elicited responses of greatest amplitude depended on the magnitude of induced refractive error (degree of defocusing) and thus on visual acuity. When the patterns were sharply focused (no induced refractive error), relatively small checks (10–20′ subtense) elicited responses of greatest amplitude. When the patterns were progressively defocused (±1 to ±5 diopters induced refrractive error), progressively larger checks elicited the greatest responses. The amplitude of VERs appered to be related to the smallest check-size which was clearly percieved.
What are the programs in planning, programming, budgeting?

Abstract As organizations of all kinds grow larger, more diverse and more decentralized, they come to share a common error … that of unrealistic, imbalanced long-range planning. The application of program budgeting and systems analysis to this problem can establish realistic goals and more balanced and nearly optimal programs. In order to adapt the theories of planning-programming-budgeting systems to an educational organization, certain technical decisions must be made concerning program structure. For a multi-campus university such as the University of California, the question became one of projecting future resource and monetary requirements in such form that key policy decisions affecting resource requirements were readily apparent and that programmed requirements were translatable into budget categories. The base projections are the numbers of students by level and discipline. From these, resource and dollar requirements are assessed with regard to faculty, support (instructional equipment and supplies), capital outlay, plant maintenance and operation, and libraries. Those areas not based on student projections include organized research and public service. General administration projections are based on total expenditures. This breakdown provides a working structure from which to make finer allocations according to individual campus needs. Another technical consideration is the determination of the degree of centralization of decision-making. Program budgeting makes possible a higher degree of centralization but is consistent with any degree which is appropriate in the circumstances. The objective at the University of California is the progressive decentralization to the individual campuses not only of operating authority, but also of much initiative in planning. There are constraints, such as a dollar ceiling related to a specific student enrollment, but these do not prevent experimentation and diversity. The university-wide program model can serve as a standard, with allowances for advantageous transfers of funds with full understanding of their future consequences and implications, thus maintaining both local initiative and the systems approach.