cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissecting the binding mechanism of the linker histone in live cells: an integrated FRAP analysis.

The linker histone H1 has a fundamental role in DNA compaction. Although models for H1 binding generally involve the H1 C-terminal tail and sites S1 and S2 within the H1 globular domain, there is debate about the importance of these binding regions and almost nothing is known about how they work together. Using a novel fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) procedure, we have measured the affinities of these regions individually, in pairs, and in the full molecule to demonstrate for the first time that binding among several combinations is cooperative in live cells. Our analysis reveals two preferred H1 binding pathways and we find evidence for a novel conformational change required by both. These results paint a complex, highly dynamic picture of H1–chromatin binding, with a significant fraction of H1 molecules only partially bound in metastable states that can be readily competed against. We anticipate the methods we have developed here will be broadly applicable, particularly for deciphering the binding kinetics of other nuclear proteins that, similar to H1, interact with and modify chromatin.
Dynamic light-scattering studies of poly(γ-benzyl α, l-glutamate)–benzyl alcohol system

We report the concentration and temperature dependencies of the diffusion coefficients obtained from dynamic light-scattering studies for the poly(γ-benzyl α, l-glutamate)-benzyl alcohol (PBLG–BA) system. These studies were made at dilute and semidilute polymer concentrations, mainly in the isotropic phase. The measured translational and rotational diffusion coefficients in dilute solutions are consistent with predictions based on wormlike chain models. The mutual diffusion coefficient in semidilute solutions shows a marked deviation from scaling predictions, demonstrating the strong coupling between the translational and rotational motions. The measured time evolution of the scattered intensity after the PBLG–BA system is suddenly quenched into the gel phase demonstrates that aggregation is a significant mechanism in the formation of the gel phase.
Optical Disc Recording At 50 Megabits/Second

An optical disc system is being developed to address wideband archival digital data storage applications. This system, which has the capability for "instant" playback (i.e., within a few bit periods), is configured about an RCA-proprietary "trilayer" optical disc structure. The optical disc has the potential for achieving high packing density (1011 bits/disc) and high data transfer rates. This paper discusses the RCA approach and experimental results of the implementation of an error detection and correction (EDAC) scheme and of a 50 Mb/s delay modulation encoding channel. The EDAC has been simulated using a computer program with raw data obtained from a readout of an optical disc at 40 Mb/s. The codes employed are described. The EDAC chosen gives about 100-to-1 improvement in error rates for 10 percent overhead. The 50 Mb/s delay modulation (DM) channel implementation will be described. Waveforms for the encoding and decoding signals are shown, along with a description of the logic circuitry used. Approaches for interfacing the encode/decode circuitry with external data equipment are also considered. The discussion of the DM channel includes a description of the synchronization and data identification signals and the manner in which they are serialized and inserted into the data stream.
Hybrid harmonic/finite element method for two-dimensional open boundary problems

Solution of open boundary problems is of considerable interest to scientists and engineers to obtain computational efficiency without sacrificing accuracy. The need for such solutions is being further emphasized by the advent of workstations with CAD software for design applications. A novel technique known as the "Hybrid Harmonic/Finite Element Method" is presented which uses a macroelement for the exterior and requires only potential continuity at the boundary nodes, with the interior finite elements.
A Survey of Recent Research on the Albigensian Cathari

The significant manuscript discoveries on medieval neo-Manichaeism in the last twenty-five years have raised the hope that the Albigensian riddle may now be more accurately and critically appraised. However, the problems are far from being solved. Despite penetrating essays and newly found sources, more clarification is needed on (a) the origins of Catharism. Henri-Charles Puech, of the College de France, has clearly summed up this question in “Catharisme medieval et Bogomilisme,” Accademia nazionale dei lincei: XII Convegno “Volta” promossa dalla classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche (Roma, 1957), pp. 56–84; (b) religion, where the question is not merely whether the Cathari were dualists, but to what degree. There is an excellent essay, partly solving this problem, by Hans Soderberg, La religion des Cathares: Etude sur le Gnosticisme de la basse Antiquite et du Moyen Age (Uppsala, 1949); (c) the political situation. “Occitanie,” later called Languedoc, was at the time independent of the Capetian Kings of France who undertook to integrate it, by the sword of Simon of Montfort, as discussed by Jacques Madaule, Le drame albigeois et le destin francais (Paris: B. Grasset, 1961); (d) Albigensianism coincided with courtly love, a subject which has not been sufficiently elucidated as to the relationship of the troubadours and Catharism, although numerous essays have been written about it.
Adhesion of chromium metallization on alumina surfaces prepared by sol-gel techniques

The adhesion of a sputter-deposited Cr metallization layer to alumina films prepared by a solution-gelation method has been investigated using a pull test. Alumina films with a range of thicknesses (1 to 6 Μm) were prepared by dipping commercially available polycrystalline alumina substrates into hydrolysed aluminium butoxide sols and fired for 1 h at 500, 900, or 1200 ‡C. Monolithic, crack-free films resulted both from pure alumina and Ti-doped alumina sols. The adhesion strength was dependent on the thickness of the alumina films, as well as on the temperature of the heat treatment. Failure occurred in part between the alumina film and the substrate and in part between the alumina film and the chromium layer. For alumina films fired at 500 ‡C, the adhesion strengths of 1 Μm thick films were greater than those measured for 3 and 6 Μm thick films because of the formation of greater mechanical bonds between alumina films and the substrate. The adhesion strength of the chromium layers was greatly improved by firing at 1200 ‡C. This increase in adhesion strength was attributed to an increase in the surface roughness of these specimens, which occurred due to crystallization of the sol layer. The adhesion strengths of films doped with Ti was not significantly different from those of the undoped films.
Sales as a vocation: The moral ethos of personal sales

Training in personal sales?from real estate, life insurance, and mutual funds to credit cards, personal computers, and higher education?is based on the assumption that the sales person is made and not born. Selling is an acquired skill, proficiency in which results from mastery of basic principles and techniques that are formulated in training programs, inculcated by trainers, and ap? plied by the sales force in the field. On the one hand, it is clear that repudiation of this principle would lead to the collapse of an entire industry?the armies of lecturers, consultants, and authors who market their alleged expertise in training salesmen. On the other hand, this consideration does not entail that the principle itself should be dismissed as nothing more than the self-serving rhetoric of the occupational group that exploits it as an ideology and lives off the benefits produced by its acceptance. On the contrary, commit? ment to the principle in the personal sales industry appears to be universal and unconditional. As a result, the principle seems to be more firmly grounded in the consciousness of industry leaders than even its most unrestrained proponents would have us believe. Marketing vice presidents conceive sales in terms of the conceptual apparatus of sales training programs: as a differentiated and graduated process of recruiting prospects and enlisting referrals, conducting the sales interview, closing the sale, and servicing the client. Sales managers subject their trainees to the disciplines of these programs: the convincing performance of "field tested," tried and true sales tracks and scripts; the versatile use of the telephone as a sales instrument through the practice of "smiling and dialing"; and the mastery of impression management and role-playing techniques that forge the personality of the salesperson into a highly refined tool of marketing strategy. Sales managers also impose on
The effects of selected organic solvents on the polymerization of acrylic acid to poly(ethylene terephthalate) by glow discharge

Six organic solvents with solubility parameters close to those of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), namely, dimethyl sulfoxide, γ-butyrolactone, dimethyl formamide, pyridine, tetrachlorethane, and chlorobezene, were selected as swelling agents to promote the incorporation and the subsequent polymerization of acrylic acid to PET films. Variables studied included time of swelling, temperature of swelling, and length of glow discharge treatment. Elevated temperature had greater effects on the inclusion of the swelling agents and acrylic acid than did the length of swelling. Polymerization was generally increased with longer glow discharge treatment time. Surface wettability as well as the moisture regain values of PET films were greatly improved by both the solvent and the glow discharge treatments. The solvent-assisted glow discharge polymerization process was found to impose modification of PET films not restricted to the surface. Morphological modification of the treated PET was confirmed by DSC data.
Species comparison of adenosine and β-adrenoceptors in mammalian atrial and ventricular myocardium

The antagonist radioligand 1,3-[3H]dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine ([3H]DPCPX) was used to characterize adenosine A1 receptors in membrane preparations from atrial and ventricular myocardium of rat, rabbit, guinea pig and pig. Kd values in crude membranes from guinea pig atria and ventricles (3.3 and 3.0 nM) were higher than those in the other species (ranges, 1.5-1.8 and 1.5-1.9 nM). Bmax values were greater in atria than in ventricles in all four species, and in atria and ventricles of guinea pig (76 and 34 fmol/mg), than in the other species (ranges, 15-17 and undetectable to 12 fmol/mg). In contrast, guinea pig Kd and Bmax values for beta-adrenoceptors, which were labelled with (-)3-[125I]iodocyanopindolol, fell within the range of values for the other three mammalian species. In semipurified membrane preparations from pig, [3H]DPCPX and the agonist radioligand [125I]-N6-4-aminobenzyladenosine appeared to label a similar population of receptors and gave comparable Kd values in atria (0.73 and 0.66 nM) and in ventricles (0.57 and 0.70 nM). In semipurified preparations from pig, the agonist R-(-)-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (R-PIA) displaced [3H]DPCPX in a manner consistent with the presence of both high- and low-affinity adenosine A1 receptors. The data from this study indicate that the density of adenosine A1 receptors in atria is greater than in ventricles, but similar Kd values suggest that the A1 receptor population is the same in the two cardiac tissues. Also, the data demonstrate that the [3H]DPCPX antagonist binding characteristics of guinea pig myocardium differ from those in rat, rabbit and pig.
The Great He-Cession: Why Feminists Should Rally For The End Of White Supremacist Capitalist Patriarchy

During the last global recession, economists, bloggers, and journalists from Australia to Canada argued that unemployment had hit white male workers harder than other demographic groups, spawning a...
Natural convection heat transfer from horizontal cylinders to air, water and silicone oils for rayleigh numbers between 3 × 102 and 2 × 107

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of heat transfer by natural convection from horizontal cylinders to air, water and three silicone oils. The experimental range of the Rayleigh number was from 2.5 × 102 to 1.8 × 107 and the Prandtl number varied from 0.7 to 3090. On the basis of the experimental data gathered here, three correlation equations have been determined. These equations have the same algebraic form and differ only in the method used in each to evaluate fluid properties as a function of temperature. The influence of viscous dissipation is discussed.
Resonant structure of the asteroid belt

Statistical techniques are applied to asteroid orbital data in an attempt to define the characteristics of the Kirkwood gaps in the distribution of the asteroids. A significant tendency is found for the eccentricities and inclinations of asteroid orbits to increase away from the gaps. These effects are observed throughout the distribution of main-belt asteroids. They are not merely confined to the immediate vicinities of the resonances and are not caused by observational selection effects. There is no evidence that the magnitude–frequency distribution of the asteroids changes near the gaps. Evidence is given for the existence of gaps in Hirayama families, possibly of a different nature from the classical Kirkwood gaps at locations corresponding to high order commensurabilities with Jupiter. These results support the theory that the Kirkwood gaps were formed by gravitational processes acting on individual asteroids throughout their lifetimes.
Radioimmunoassay of rabbit growth hormone.

Preparation of rabbit growth hormone which is suitable for trace labeling is described. The molecular weight of rabbit growth hormone as determined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis i s 18,000. The assay uses purified rabbit growth hormone labeled with radioiodine-125. An enzymatic procedure which utilizes 4 µg of lactoperoxidase and 0.88 mM hydrogen peroxide was adapted for the iodination. The antiserum was prepared in rhesus monkeys and used in the assay in a final dilution of 1:100,000. The reference standard had a potency of 0.60 IU/mg by the body weight gain bioassay. Separation of antibody-bound growth hormone from free growth hormone was achieved with goat anti-monkey gamma globulin. The affinity constant of the antigen-antibody reaction of the assay equaled 109 L/M and the average standard deviation of duplicate aliquots within a single assay over the range of 2 to 50 ng was 1.9 ng (4%). Interassay variability over the same range for unknowns measured in two different assays was 2.8 ng (6%). P...
A reliability study of three functional mobility assessment tools in fall risk evaluation

Falls accidents are one of the leading causes of older adults' injury death and nonfatal injuries. Numerous functional mobility assessment tools have been developed to evaluate the risk of fall since 1980s but none of them is fully satisfactory or generally accepted. The current study compared a promising method, the Postural-Locomotor-Manual test (PLM), with two commonly used tools, the Berg's balance test (BBT) and the timed Get-up & Go test (GU&G) in terms of their differences between healthy and fall prone groups. The PLM method measures both inherited and required motor skills as well as their coordination, by using a set of inertial measurement units (IMUs) instead of the traditional optoelectronic instruments. Results have shown that PLM parameters assessed by IMUs agreed well with those assessed by the optoelectronic instruments, and more importantly, had significant difference between groups with different fall risk.
Noninvasive reconstruction of the three-dimensional ventricular activation sequence during pacing and ventricular tachycardia in the rabbit heart

Ventricular arrhythmias represent one of leading causes for sudden cardiac death, a significant problem in public health. Noninvasive imaging of cardiac electric activities associated with ventricular arrhythmias plays an important role in better our understanding of the mechanisms and optimizing the treatment options. The present study aims to rigorously validate a novel three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac electrical imaging (3-DCEI) technique with the aid of 3-D intra-cardiac mapping during paced rhythm and ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the rabbit heart. Body surface potentials and intramural bipolar electrical recordings were simultaneously measured in a closed-chest condition in thirteen healthy rabbits. Single-site pacing and dual-site pacing were performed from ventricular walls and septum. VTs and premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) were induced by intravenous norepinephrine (NE). The non-invasively imaged activation sequence correlated well with invasively measured counterparts, with a correlation coefficient of 0.72 and a relative error of 0.30 averaged over all paced beats and NE-induced PVCs and VT beats. The averaged distance from imaged site of initial activation to measured site determined from intra-cardiac mapping was ∼5mm. These promising results suggest that 3-DCEI is feasible to non-invasively localize the origins and image activation sequence of focal ventricular arrhythmias.
Projected Hartree Product Wavefunctions. II. General Considerations of Young Operators

A discussion is given of the forms of two specific and one general Young operator for the irreducible representations of Sn important for fermion space functions. Comparisons are made of the projected Hartree product version of Lowdon's projected Hartree–Fock method with CI calculations.
Compressibility Effects on Dielectric Barrier Discharge Actuation and Boundary-Layer Receptivity

Dielectric barrier discharge actuators are promising candidates for supersonic boundary-layer transition control because of their ability to concentrate energy transfer in receptive regions in the depth of the boundary layer. A detailed understanding of the plasma–flow coupling mechanisms and optimum scaling in compressible flows is necessary to develop efficient actuation schemes. In this work, the dielectric barrier discharge momentum transfer to an unstable laminar boundary layer over a flat plate under different Reynolds and freestream Mach numbers is studied. A new coupled plasma–compressible flow solver using a block-structured adaptive mesh refinement algorithm is presented, which was developed to model the force field generated by the actuator. The spectral components of the force are used as source terms for the study of the influence of flow conditions and length scales on linear receptivity.
Circum-Iapetus paleogeography of the Precambrian-Cambrian transition with a new paleomagnetic constraint from Laurentia

Abstract The paleogeography of the Precambrian–Cambrian transition is still poorly known, but is fundamental for understanding Late Neoproterozoic climate extremes and the spatial associations of the rapidly evolving Ediacaran and Cambrian fauna. This period has also been proposed to host unusual geodynamic events such as rapid plate motions and/or the bulk tumbling of the Earth with respect to its spin axis, called true polar wander (TPW). New paleomagnetic and 40Ar–39Ar geochronologic results have been obtained from a pair of shallowly emplaced syenitic intrusions in western Quebec. The Mont Rigaud and the Chatham-Grenville stocks are related to a failed rift arm of the Iapetus Ocean. Both intrusions bear hornblendes which provide overlapping 40Ar–39Ar plateau ages of 533.2 ± 1.1 Ma (Mont Rigaud) and 531.4 ± 3.4 Ma (Chatham-Grenville), corresponding to Early Cambrian (Nemakit-Daldynian) time. Characteristic paleomagnetic (reversed) directions from both intrusions are easterly and shallow (D = 89.3°, I = 30.1°; α95 = 6.2, k = 38.8; N = 15 sites), and the Mont Rigaud intrusion also carries antipodal normal-polarity directions. The combined result yields a north paleopole at location 11.9°S 184.6°E; dp = 3.8° dm = 6.9°, placing the Montreal region at 16 ± 4°S paleolatitude in the Early Cambrian, in good agreement with Late Ediacaran and Middle to Late Cambrian paleomagnetic results from Laurentia. Laurentia likely resided at low southerly paleolatitudes throughout the Cambrian, ruling out a major inertial-interchange TPW event for Early to Middle Cambrian time. A comparison of Late Ediacaran to Middle Cambrian paleomagnetic results from Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia and elements of West Gondwana implies that by Early Cambrian time a large paleolatitudinal gap existed between Laurentia and its presumed conjugate rift margins, thus placing a wide Iapetus Ocean between them. The position of Baltica within the circum-Iapetus paleogeography is contentious, due to differing interpretations of the few paleomagnetic results. During Ediacaran time, Laurentia underwent large apparent polar wander that is manifested as motion from low latitude at 615 Ma to the south polar region at 590–575 Ma, and then rapidly back to low latitude by 565–550 Ma. The large and perhaps rapid apparent polar wander of Laurentia and other continents in the Ediacaran remains enigmatic and controversial.
Offspring of Patients with Affective Disorders: II

Nineteen children, aged 5 to 15, of 13 manic-depressive parents and 21 children aged 5 to 15 of 13 normal parents were evaluated for affective disorder using blind ratings and interviewers and employing both the Weinberg Criteria and the DSM-III. Significantly more index families had depressed children than normal families as measured by Weinberg and DSM-III Criteria. The presence of depression in the children did not correlate with age or sex and no manic or psychotic children were seen.
Multiple pathways of RNA processing and decay for the major leftward N- independent RNA transcript of coliphage lambda.

Abstract The major leftward l2 RNA transcript of coliphage lambda, synthesized in the absence of N product, is initiated at the leftward promoter (pL) and transcriptionally terminated immediately downstream from gene N at the first termination signal (tL1). Transcriptional mapping techniques have been used to define the post-transcriptional RNA processing and decay phases of the l2 RNA transcript. Ribonuclease III (RNase III) releases the pL-proximal lP°1 (containing the 5′-ppp terminus) and adjacent 1, RNA species from the l2 RNA; these appear to be the major RNase III-mediated events and occur after l2 RNA synthesis is completed. The remaining RNA segment of this transcript from ll downstream to tL1 is differentially and extremely labile to chemical decay either in the presence or absence of RNase III activity.
Population intervals and the true cost-of-living index with known price distributions

Abstract This note provides a simple closed form expression for an aggregate cost-of-living index when prices paid differ across consumers. Properties of the lognormal distribution are used to construct a population interval around the index so that a given fraction of consumers have a true cost-of-living index in the interval.
Non-markovian diffusion and Fokker-Planck equations for brownian oscillators

A generalized diffusion equation is derived from the Mori-Kubo generalized Langevin for a brownian oscillator subject to gaussian random but in general non-markovian noise. This equation involves a time-dependent diffusion function rather than a phenomenological diffusion constant. For long times the diffusion function approaches a constant for overdamped markovian oscillators; only in the limit of extreme overdamping is the phenomenological theory recovered. A previously derived generalized phase space Fokker-Planck equation for the brownian oscillator is shown to have incorrect short-time behaviour. The difficulty is traced to a transient systematic component of the Mori random force which is non-vanishing for classical lattices at 0 K. Fokker-Planck and diffusion equations for the brownian oscillator are derived from a generalized Langevin representation equivalent to, but distinct from, that of Mori and Kubo. The random force in this representation lacks the systematic transient component. The Fokker-...
Parallel guessing: a strategy for high-speed computation

Abstract Conventional approaches to speeding up image understanding computation involving conventional serial algorithms attempt to decompose these algorithms into portions that can be computed in parallel. Because many classes of algorithms do not readily decompose, one seeks some other basis for parallelism. In this paper we argue that “parallel guessing” for image analysis is a useful approach, and that several recent scene analysis algorithms are based on this concept. Problems suitable for this approach have the characteristic that either “distance” from a true solution, or the correctness of a guess, can be readily checked. We review image analysis algorithms that have a parallel guessing or randomness flavor.
Pedagogical influence of interaction with cooperating teachers on the efficacy beliefs of student teachers

Abstract Cooperating teachers are often identified as some of the most important figures in the preparation of new teachers, and the reasons are not difficult to understand. Surprisingly, however, very little research has been conducted to quantify the effects of cooperating teachers on student teachers. This study examines the impact of student teachers' perceived interactions with their cooperating teachers and the influence that interaction has on student teachers' self‐efficacy for teaching. Results indicate a moderate correlation between perceptions of teaching efficacy and cooperating teacher‐student teacher interactions. Differences were found in the frequency of interaction based on the certification level of the student teacher, with elementary level student teachers perceiving a greater amount of interaction with their cooperating teachers. However, no differences based on certification level were detected in perceived efficacy. Student teachers' perceptions of the level of guidance offered by t...
Comparison of DNA-binding proteins from mouse cells in culture.

Abstract DNA-binding proteins were isolated from separate clones of AKR mouse embryo cells, grown under standard conditions, by passage through DNA-cellulose columns and stepwise elution with 0.15 M, 0.6 M, and 2.0 M NaCl buffer. The eluants were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Incorporation of isotopic amino acid into at least one protein of the 0.15 M salt wash with a molecular weight of 80,000–90,000 was significantly lower when one clone was compared to another. Total 0.15 M NaCl eluted protein was found to inhibit the transcription of AKR J DNA into RNA in reactions directed by E. coli RNA polymerase.
Virus-like Particles Associated with Intracardiac Ganglionitis in 2 Cases of Sudden Unexpected Death

Two previously healthy young individuals died suddenly and unexpectedly, and in both of them there was ganglionitis in the heart, especially near the sinus node. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated virus-like particles in the vicinity of the ganglionitis of both hearts. Viral cardioneuropathy may play a role in the pathogenesis of sudden unexpected deaths and deserves further investigation.
IRBS and Social Work: A Survey of Program Directors' Knowledge and Attitudes.

The philosophical basis for the federal human subject protection policy is congruent with the values of the social work profession. The pragmatics are more complicated. The purpose of this study was to explore the attitudes toward, knowledge about, and practices of institutional review boards (IRBs) across colleges and universities as reported by social work program directors. Differences were found in program directors' reports of the time required for the initial review of submissions, the types of research considered exempt institutionally, and respondents' knowledge of IRBs. These findings provide support for the Council on Social Work Education's recommendation for increased involvement of social work educators in IRBs and related policies.
The origin of contrastive rhetoric revisited

Connor (1996, 1997) claims that the origin of early contrastive rhetoric lies in the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity. This article argues that her claim does not appear tenable. The Sapir-Whorf view of language as a causal determination is not compatible with Kaplan's (1966) position that rhetoric is evolved out of a culture. Furthermore, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is actually rooted in German ideas which also conflict with Kaplan's view. On the other hand, Hymes’ethnography of communication approach can be seen as an important historical antecedent for contrastive rhetoric. Kaplan's view appears to reinforce Hymes’position that it is culture rather than the linguistic form which is the frame of reference for the use of language.
Phenytoin: effects on calcium flux and cyclic nucleotides.

SUMMARY Previous studies have demonstrated that phenytoin alters calcium conductance in isolated presynaptic nerve endings (synaptosomes) from rat or rabbit brain. Drug concentrations of 0.08 ITIM (20 μg/ml) or higher inhibit stimulated calcium influx into synaptosomes depolarized by high concentrations of potassium (69 min) by 7–58%. Calcium transport into undepolarized synaptosomes is only inhibited by 0.4 min or greater concentrations of phenytoin. Recent investigations show that in mouse brain slices, phenytoin inhibited elevations of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP produced by ouabain or verat-ridine. In contrast, elevations of the two cyclic nucleotides produced by high concentrations of potassium were not inhibited by phenytoin, suggesting that the anticonvulsant suppresses depolarization-induced elevation of cyclic nucleotide levels in brain slices by inhibiting influx of sodium into cells. These data indicate that phenytoin inhibits both sodium and calcium influx into cells during cellular depolarization and alters regulation of brain cyclic nucleotide levels. Both of these actions may be important for the antiepileptic effect of phenytoin.
Effect of chronic treatment with mescaline upon tissue levels of the drug

Bei chronisch behandelten Ratten war die Mescalin-Konzentration in Gehirn und Leber niedriger als bei akut behandelten Tieren. Die Hemmung der Monoaminooxydase durch Vorbehandlung mit Pargylin erhohte signifikant die Mescalinmenge in der Leber. Ferner liessen die Untersuchungen den Schluss zu, dass die MAO oder andere Aminooxydasen, die durch Pargylin gehemmt werden, nicht die Hauptrolle bei den beobachteten Veranderungen in den Gewebekonzentrationen spielen.
The ultrastructure of the oyster brown cell, a cell with a fenestrated plasma membrane.

The oyster brown cell, a connective tissue cell of uncertain function and affinity, was characterized in the electron microscope by (1) the presence of large cytoplasmic granules, (2) fenestrations of the plasma membrane, and (3) an extensive tubular network originating in, or emptying into, the plasma membrane fenestrations. The brown cell did not appear to be a cell involved in glycogen storage or in the manufacture of “exportable” protein. The extensive tubular network and the membrane slits suggested that the brown cell may have been involved in the processing of biological fluids.
Plasma cyclic AMP in manic‐depressive illness

The postulated distrubance of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in manic-depressive illness was investigated by using plasma as the biological material. Cyclic AMP was measured by a protein-binding assay, which was found very satisfactory for the purpose of this study. In the drug-free state, depressed patients (n=28) had significantly lower and manic patients (n=9) significantly higher plasma concentrations of cAMP than controls. Unmedicated manic-depressive subjects had normal cAMP levels during normothymic phases (n=7). Cyclic AMP was reduced by neuroleptics in mania and elevated by tricyclics in depression. Lithium exerted a normalizing effect on cAMP in both phases of the illness. It is concluded that manic-depressive illness is associated with a disturbance in the cAMP system. The use of plasma rather than urine for the investigation of the state of cAMP in psychiatric disorders is advocated.
Gaussian Sum Approximations in Nonlinear Filtering and Control

Abstract This paper presents a survey of some recent results in the fields of nonlinear filtering and stochastic control resulting from the use of Gaussian sum approximations to certain density functions. When trying to estimate and control the state of a nonlinear stochastic dynamic system from noisy measurement data, the a posteriori density of the state conditioned on the measurement data contains all of the available information about the system state. If these densities were available, it should be possible to develop “optimal” estimation and control policies. The well-known Bayesian recursion relations describe the evolution of this a posteriori density in terms of given a priori densities, the system dynamics and measurement equations and the available data. Unfortunately, it is seldom possible to solve these closed forms for the required a posteriori densities. Over the last few years it has been shown that when the a priori densities are approximated by a sum of Gaussian densities with positive weighting coefficients that linear non-Gaussian problems can be solved analytically and that new natural solutions to nonlinear problems are available. Recently this method has been extended to dual deterministic optimal control problems.
The release of tritium upon deamination of 3,4-dihydroxy (2-3H) phenylethylamine by plasma amine oxidase.

Abstract Deamination of dihydroxy[2-3H]phenylethylamine (dopamine) by plasma amine oxidase (monoamine:O2 oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.3.4) results in the release of one of the two tritium atoms in the 2 position of the molecule. This phenomenon does not occur with mitochondrial amine oxidase.
Microwave spectrum of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene

Abstract The microwave spectrum of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene has been studied in the region 26.5–40 GHz. For the ground-state molecule, 170 lines have been assigned up to J = 34. From these the rotational constants and the centrifugal distortion constants were determined by least-squares fitting. The rotational constants are (in MHz): A = 17367.284 ± 0.011, B = 3138.186 ± 0.004, C = 3043.697 ± 0.004. The dipole moment has been determined from the Stark effect as (in Debye): μ a = 0.72 ± 0.01, μ b = 1.688 ± 0.003, μ c = 0.39 ± 0.02, μ = 1.875 ± 0.005. The rotational constants and dipole moment components indicate that the assigned conformer is the s-trans form. A rotational assignment has also been made for the first excited state of the torsional mode. The fundamental frequency of the torsional mode has been estimated as 142 ± 20 cm −1 from relative intensity measurement.
Delay in presentation and reperfusion therapy in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Background We studied the relationship between longer delays from symptom onset to hospital presentation and the use of any reperfusion therapy, door-to-balloon time, and door-to-drug time.
Acquisition of type IX collagen by the developing avian primary corneal stroma and vitreous

Abstract Previous investigations from our laboratory and others have demonstrated that type II collagen, once thought to be a cartilage-specific molecule, is also a component of both the primary corneal stroma and the vitreous of embryonic chickens. In the present immunohistochemical study we have examined the expression in these embryonic matrices of another “cartilage-specific” collagen, type IX, along with type II. In the cornea, type IX collagen is in the primary stroma, but is not detectable in the mature, secondary stroma. Even within the primary stroma this collagen has a brief, transitory existence. It first appears in the peripheral stroma at the time the endothelial cells begin to migrate along its posterior surface, and spreads throughout the stroma during the following 24–36 hr. The epitopes on type IX collagen then suddenly become undetectable just before this matrix swells and becomes populated by the periocular mesenchymal cells (future keratocytes). In comparison, collagen type II (along with type I) is present in the stroma before and long after these events. Deposition of immunodetectable type IX collagen in the developing corneal stroma thus seems to be independent of type II. In the vitreous, we observed type IX collagen along with type II as soon as authentic vitreous could be identified and at all subsequent stages of development. In this tissue, therefore, the expression of collagen types IX and II appears to be coordinate.
Beam coherence and x-ray windows

Beryllium windows are used on many X-ray synchrotron beamlines to separate and protect the ultra-high vacuum of the storage ring from the experimental environment. Currently, such a window is typically made of a thin, high-purity, beryllium foil, which may or may not have been polished. It is well known that these windows affect the transmitted beam quality. The impact ranges from non-perceptible to profound, depending on the experiment. The degradation of the X-ray beam is of increasing importance and concern, however, and in fact a number of beamlines now are run windowless or with a very small and thin silicon nitride window. There remain many instances where a large and robust window is desirable or necessary, and it is for this reason that developing windows that have little or no impact on the transmitted X-ray beam quality is important. This presentation reports on the progress in developing single-crystal beryllium X-ray windows. Due to its high purity and homogeneity, relative structural perfection, and high polishiblity single-crystal beryllium is an attractive window material candidate, particularly for beamlines conducting imaging or coherence-based experiments. Development of thin and uniform windows with less than 1 nm rms surface roughness and their preliminary characterization results are presented.
Fragments from an Autobiography

Tom Szasz once said to me that if I want to learn about psychiatry, I should not read Freud but rather Mark Twain and Dostoyevsky. I suggest that, for whatever reason, one must read Szasz. Playing on one of Szasz's chapter titles, he is psychiatry's hope just because he is the internal enemy and because psychiatry is its own enemy. Apparently Szasz is one of the few people who truly understands this. Too many scholars appear afraid and intimidated by critics, their professions, their shadows, and other ghosts. There is a joylessness, an everyday ennui, a gray preciseness in our literature; and it is suffocating us, advancing neither science nor mankind. Exclude Szasz. With power and wit this many-sided literary man, in a field where literary talent and scholarship are infrequently found together, deals with institutional psychiatry and his critics with dispatch if not gentility. Apparently it matters not whether he is alone fighting dragons or is supported and encouraged by those within and outside the system. As Szasz once asked me, "If one person claims that two plus two equals eight, and
Glial imaging during synapse remodeling at the neuromuscular junction

Glia are an indispensable structural and functional component of the synapse. They modulate synaptic transmission and also play important roles in synapse formation and maintenance. The vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a classic model synapse. Due to its large size, simplicity and accessibility, the NMJ has contributed greatly to our understanding of synapse development and organization. In the past decade, the NMJ has also emerged as an effective model for studying glia–synapse interactions, in part due to the development of various labeling techniques that permit NMJs and associated Schwann cells (the glia at NMJs) to be visualized in vitro and in vivo. These approaches have demonstrated that Schwann cells are actively involved in synapse remodeling both during early development and in post-injury reinnervation. In vivo imaging has also recently been combined with serial section transmission electron microscopic (ssTEM) reconstruction to directly examine the ultrastructural organization of remodeling NMJs. In this review, we focus on the anatomical studies of Schwann cell dynamics and their roles in formation, maturation and remodeling of vertebrate NMJs using the highest temporal and spatial resolution methods currently available.
The Experience of Schizophrenia: What's Gender Got To Do With It? A Critical Review of the Current Status of Research on Schizophrenia

The role of gender in schizophrenia is explored, and literature on gender and schizophrenia is critically reviewed. The importance of investigating gender differences in schizophrenia is underscored by the lack of sufficient research in this area to date and the comparative neglect of sociocultural issues during the "decade of the brain." The importance of incorporating gender factors into research analysis is demonstrated via an interdisciplinary discussion that involves psychiatric, anthropological, and sociological theory. Methodological and measurement issues in gender-based research are considered. Selected directions for future research initiatives that expand beyond a dichotomous comparison of "male" and "female" sex differences to examine the role of gender along a continuum as a sociocultural influence on schizophrenia onset, illness presentation, and treatment are presented.
Implementation of a Stabilizing Constrained Receding Horizon Regulator

The implementation of an infinite horizon regulator which allows incorporation of both input and state constraints in a receding horizon feedback strategy is presented. This implementation guarantees nominal closed loop stability of the constrained regulator for both stable and unstable discrete linear systems with feasible constraints. Feasibility of the constraints can always be achieved for stable systems by removing the state constraints at the beginning of the infinite horizon. For unstable systems, constrained stabilizability is required to ensure feasibility.
How Useful is Meta-analysis in Evaluating the Effects of Different Psychological Therapies?

Shapiro and Shapiro (1982) argue the case that meta-analysis has made, and will increasingly make, an important contribution to the evaluation of the effects of psychological therapies. Briefly stated, they make the following claims for meta-analysis: (1) Meta-analysis provides systematic and quantitative methods for summarizing and integrating the voluminous and diverse literature on psychotherapy. (2) Meta-analysis reduces (eliminates?) the subjective bias that is said to vitiate traditional, qualitative reviews of the literature. Consistent with similar allegations by Smith et al. (1980), Shapiro and Shapiro (1982) suggest that the conclusions drawn in “some” of these traditional reviews “are a function of the assumptions, predispositions and consequent biases of the reviewer.” Meta-analysis, however, is put forward as a distinct alternative to this sorry state of affairs, since it purportedly overcomes these sources of personal and professional bias and results in more objective more accurate evaluations of the evidence. (3) Meta-analysis has “the same superiority over a traditional literature review as that enjoyed by a systematic therapy outcome study over a series of impressionistic case reports.” (4) The advent of objective, quantitative meta-analytic procedures does not abolish the need for traditional literature reviews subjective and qualitative as they might be. The latter have their limited place, just as impressionistic clinical case reports can complement well-controlled experimental outcome studies.
Launch Detection Satellite System Engineering Error Analysis

Abstract : An orbiting detector of infrared (IR) energy may be used to detect the rocket plumes generated by ballistic missiles during the powered segment of their trajectory. By measuring angular directions of the detections over several observations, the trajectory properties, launch location, and impact area may be estimated using a nonlinear least-squares iteration procedure. observations from two or more sensors may be combined to form stereoscopic lines of sight (LOS), increasing the accuracy of the estimation algorithm. The focus of this research has been to develop a computer-model of an estimation algorithm, and determine what parameter, or combination of parameters will significantly affect on the error of the tactical parameter estimation. This model is coded in MATLAB, and generates observation data, and produces an estimate for time, position, and heading at launch, at burnout, and calculates an impact time and position. The effects of time errors, LOS measurement errors, and satellite position errors upon the estimation accuracy were then determined using analytical and Monte Carlo simulation techniques.
Understanding the Dynamic Behavior of Modern DPLL SAT Solvers through Visual Analysis

Despite the many recent improvements in the speed and robustness of DPLL-based SAT solvers, we still lack a thorough understanding of the working mechanisms and dynamic behaviour of these solvers at run-time. In this paper, we present TIGERDISP, a tool designed to allow researchers to visualize the dynamic behaviour of modern DPLL solvers in terms of time-dependent metrics such as decision depth, implications and learned conflict clauses. It is our belief that inferences about dynamic behaviour can be drawn more easily by visual analysis than by purely aggregate post-execution metrics such as total number of decisions/implications/conflicts. These inferences can then be validated through detailed quantitative analysis on larger sets of data. To this end, we have used TIGERDISP with the HAIFASAT and MINISAT solvers and have generated a few specific inferences about their relatively efficient and inefficient solving runs. We have then tested one of these inferences through quantitative analysis on a larger data set and have presented our findings in this paper. An important application of TIGERDISP would be in the development of a solver that employs adaptive algorithms. This is an area that has intrigued researchers in the past, but has not seen significant results for lack of a clear understanding as to what constitutes good progress during the run of a SAT solver. With better knowledge of dynamic behaviour, it is conceivable that an adaptive solver could be designed such that it switches between several competitive heuristics at runtime based on a quantitative analysis of its own dynamic behaviour.
Evaluating the inverse reasoning account of object discovery

Abstract People routinely make inferences about unobserved objects. A hotel guest with welts on his arms, for example, will often worry about bed bugs. The discovery of unobserved objects almost always involves a backward inference from some observed effects (e.g., welts) to unobserved causes (e.g., bed bugs). The inverse reasoning account, which is typically formalized as Bayesian inference, posits that the strength of a backward inference is closely connected to the strength of the corresponding forward inference from the unobserved causes to the observed effects. We evaluated the inverse reasoning account of object discovery in three experiments where participants were asked to discover the unobserved “attractors” and “repellers” that controlled a “particle” moving within an arena. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that participants often failed to provide the best explanations for various particle motions, even when the best explanations were simple and when participants enthusiastically endorsed these explanations when presented with them. This failure demonstrates that object discovery is critically dependent on the processes that support hypothesis generation—processes that the inverse reasoning account does not explain. Experiment 3 demonstrated that people sometimes generate explanations that are invalid even according to their own forward inferences, suggesting that the psychological processes that support forward and backward inference are less intertwined than the inverse reasoning account suggests. The experimental findings support an alternative account of object discovery in which people rely on heuristics to generate possible explanations.