cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic flame spectrometry based on polarization-modulated optical phase conjugation by resonant degenerate four-wave mixing

Abstract Doppler-free flame spectrometry based on polarization-modulated optical phase conjugation in an air-acetylene flame is reported as a sensitive analytical technique with high spectral resolution using a relatively weak continuous-wave dye laser. Optical signal detection is efficient since the signal is a coherent time-reversed replica of the probe beam. Utilizing polarization properties of the phase conjugate wavefront and the resonant degenerate four-wave mixing process, polarization-modulated detection is demonstrated to offer many advantages. Signal-to-noise ratio is enhanced by at least a factor of 20 as compared to amplitude-modulated detection. Detection limit of Doppler-free sodium spectrum is reported at 0.2 ng ml .
A Global Convergence Result with Applications to Periodic Solutions

Abstract We establish a global convergence result and then apply it to show that under appropriate hypotheses every positive solution of the difference equation x n + 1 = ∑ i = 0 m A i x n − 2 i , n = 0, 1,…, converges to a period two solution.
Amlodipine: A Randomized, Blinded Clinical Trial in 9 Cats with Systemic Hypertension

The efficacy of amlodipine (AML) was tested in hypertensive cats in a placebo-controlled, randomized, blinded clinical trial. Five cats were randomized to receive 0.625 mg AML once daily and 4 cats to receive placebo (PLA) once daily. The average systolic blood pressure (SBP) recorded by the Doppler method on day 0 was 212 +/- 21 mm Hg in the AML group and 216 +/- 32 mm Hg in the PLA group. On day 7, the cats receiving AML had a significantly lower average daily SBP (160 +/- 30 mm Hg) but SBP in the PLA group was unchanged (207 +/- 31 mm Hg). On day 7, all cats receiving PLA and one cat receiving AML were crossed over to the other group because of inadequate response. Blood pressure did not decrease adequately in 3 cats by day 14 (7 days of PLA and 7 days AML) and the treatment code was broken. Each of these cats was subsequently administered 1.25 mg AML daily. Cats requiring 1.25 mg AML once daily (6.1 kg +/- 0.7 kg) weighed significantly more than cats that responded to 0.625 mg AML once daily (4.1 +/- 0.7 kg). The average daily SBP recorded in the 6 cats that completed the study was significantly lower after 16 weeks of treatment (152 +/- 14 mm Hg) compared to day 0 (221 +/- 24 mm Hg). Three cats were euthanized before completion of the study. All 3 cats were responders to AML on day 7. SBPs measured 24 hours after AML administration were similar to the average daily SBP, suggesting that AML effectively controlled SBP for a 24-hour period. AML was shown to be an effective once-daily antihypertensive agent when administered to cats at a dosage of 0.18 +/- 0.03 mg/kg sid.
TWO STUDIES OF LATENT EXTINCTION IN THE U-MAZE

Deese (3) has reported two findings, one of which has received considerable attention. He found that a spatial discrimination built up in a simple U-maze extinguished more rapidly following exposure of Ss to the empty goal box than it did in Ss required to make the choice response without prior experience of the empty goal box, and that while a significant degree of spontaneous recovery occurred in the response-extinction condition, no such effect could be found following the same number of non-response extinction trial^.^ Nine related studies have been reported, of which seven ( 2 , 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 1 2 ) confirm the general observation that response strength can be reduced without actual non-reinforced performance of the response, while two (1, 11) report negative results. None of these studies, however, has been designed to check on Deese's findings concerning failure of spontaneous recovery following latent extinction. The present study is an attempt to replicate the essential findings of Deese. In the conduct of these experiments, an effort was made to duplicate closely Deese's apparatus and conditions, with the exceptions noted below.
Definitions of Second-Order Approximation and of Flexible Functional Form

Abstract Second order approximations are widely used in demand modeling, although Diewert and Lau have provided different definitions of ‘second order approximations’. We identify the relationship of each of those definitions to existing definitions in the mathematics of local approximation orders.
Scattering Effects in Photoelectric Emission from Solids. I

A simple model of photoelectric emission is solved essentially exactly. The model consists of a one-dimensional solid whose free-electron-like conduction band is cut off by a potential step representing the surface. Inside are sparse random local elastic scattering centers. The rate equations of Kane are derived rigorously, and hence expressions are obtained for the number of photoelectrons which escape with and without scattering as a function of the mean free path, the electromagnetic penetration depth, and the transmission coefficient of the surface barrier.
Smad3 knockout mice exhibit impaired intestinal mucosal healing.

Altered transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) expression may contribute to inflammatory bowel disease and modulate epithelial cell restitution. Interference with TGFβ-mediated signaling inhibits excisional skin wound healing, but accelerates healing of incisional cutaneous wounds and wounds in some other tissues. Therefore, we sought to clarify the potential role of Smad3-dependent TGFβ signaling in intestinal mucosal healing in Smad3 null mice. Jejunal serosal application of filter disks saturated with 75% acetic acid yielded a circumscribed reproducible ischemic mucosal ulcer 1 day later. We compared ulcer area at 3 and 5 days to day 1 in Smad3 knockout mice and syngeneic wild-type mice, and evaluated mucosal immunoreactivity at the ulcer edge for TGFβ, phosphorylated (activated) focal adhesion kinase (pFAK), phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase (pERK), proliferating cell nuclear antigen and apoptosis by TUNEL. Ulcer healing in Smad3 null mice was 17% less at day 3 (n=14, P=0.022) and 15% less at day 5 (n=14, P=0.004) than in wild-type littermates. In wild-type mice, pFAK, pERK and TGFβ immunoreactivity were elevated in epithelium immediately adjacent to the ulcer compared with more distant mucosa. However, this pattern of immunoreactivity for pFAK, pERK and TGFβ was not observed in Smad3 null mice. Smad3 null mice exhibited increased epithelial proliferation and no differences in apoptotic cell death compared with wild types, suggesting that ulcer healing may reflect differences in restitutive cell migration. Thus, Smad3-dependent disruption of the TGFβ signaling pathway impairs the healing of murine intestinal mucosal ulcers and alters patterns of activated FAK and ERK immunoreactivity important for cell migration at the ulcer edge. These studies suggest a significant role for Smad3-dependent TGFβ signaling in intestinal mucosal healing.
Narrative Construction as Sensemaking: How a Central Bank Thinks

How do elite policy-making groups make sense of complex and ambiguous environments while remaining consistent with the group’s institutionalized operating model? This paper identifies a sensemaking process based in shared narrative construction. It is a social process of pattern recognition involving abduction, the comparison of culturally approved models to the current conditions to establish relevant facts and events; plotting, the reordering of those facts and events into a plausible narrative; and selective retention, the collective negotiation of a policy choice that fits the emerging narrative. This paper uses verbatim transcripts of meetings at the Federal Reserve to explore how policy makers use a logic of appropriateness to identify relevant cues and integrate them with existing models by weaving sensible plots. These plots are designed to control the supply of money and credit and maintain the legitimacy of the central bank.
Robust control of an islanded microgrid

A variety of distributed control strategies have been applied to microgrids, including master-slave, current mode control, and droop [1], [2], [3]. Droop control has received a great deal of attention and has been implemented with rudimentary modifications in order to improve performance [4], [5]. Prior work has typically assumed that the droop coefficients are constant and relied on elementary control design [6]. Two fundamental issues that have not been addressed using these approaches, are the ability to design an inverter to operate in a microgrid without analyzing the entire microgrid and improved transient performance using dynamic controllers of order greater than one. These issues will be addressed in this paper by designing a dynamic controller using Glover McFarlane loop shaping [7].
Visual search performance in the neglect syndrome

Patients with hemispatial neglect fail to respond to stimuli on one side of space. We assessed to what extent the complexity and number of visual stimuli on both sides determine the severity of neglect. Patients with neglect were required to find specified targets in a cluttered visual field. Two sets of stimuli were used. One set produced effortless and parallel search performance in normal controls; the other set was more complex and produced serial search performance in normal controls. Both sets of stimuli resulted in a serial performance pattern in the patients. Their baseline search performance on both sides was similar when all stimulus items were restricted to one side. A pronounced difference between the two sides was evident when stimuli appeared on both sides. Search for targets on the intact side of space was unaffected by distractors on the neglected side, whereas search for targets on the neglected side was slowed disproportionately by distractors on the intact side. The slowing on the neglected side was more severe during the more demanding search task and when more items were present on the intact side. The results indicate that neglect is associated with an inability to move attention from objects on the intact side to items on the neglected side.
Synthesis and conformational studies of 2-β-chloro, 2-α-fluoro, and 2-β-fluoro derivatives of 2-deoxy-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid

Abstract 5-Acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra- O -acetyl-2,3,5-trideoxy-2-fluoro- d - glycero -α- and -β- d - galacto -2-nonulosonic acid methyl esters and the β-chloro analog were synthesized from N -acetylneuraminic acid. Their 1 H- and 13 C-n.m.r. spectra were completely assigned by using single-frequency decoupling, off-resonance decoupling, and spin-simulation programs. Bond angles estimated from the 1 H coupling-constants indicate that all of the compounds adopt the 2 C 5 ( l ) conformation with minor conformational differences in the C 3 side chain. 5-Acetamido-2,3,5-tri-deoxy-2-fluoro- d - glycero -α- and -β- d - galacto -2-nonulosonic acid and their methyl esters were also prepared.
Timely completion of class requirements: Effects of student and faculty gender

Male and female students have displayed different reactions to the gender of their faculty. This research was designed to explore whether biases exist early in the school term. Students’ unfavorable attitudes toward instructors were measured by the extent to which they delayed completing a course requirement: participation in a subject pool. Students scheduled a date upon which to participate in a research study. Discrepancies between their scheduled and their actual participation dates reveal that male students delayed their requirement (a) more when their instructors were female than when they were male, and (b) more than female students when the instructors were female. Supporting data suggest that the delayed completion time reflects lower evaluations of female faculty. Discussion focuses on implications in academic settings.
Parental expectations for young children: Day care versus preschool

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine parental expectations for the curriculum content of preschool and day care programs. Subjects were 111 mothers and fathers of three and four year old children enrolled in either a day care or preschool program. Results revealed no significant differences between preschool versus day care parents in terms of expectations for the curriculum content. Analyses indicated that fathers had higher expectations and more favorable attitudes towards instruction in academic and athletic areas than mothers, while both mothers and fathers had higher expectations in academic, artistic, and compliance areas for girls compared to boys. Implications for early childhood programs are discussed.
The Cauchy Problem for an Axially Symmetric Equation and the Schwarz Potential Conjecture for the Torus

Abstract We present our results in this paper in two parts. In the first part, we consider the Cauchy problem for the axially symmetric equation ∂ 2 x u + ∂ 2 y u + k x ∂ x u = 0 with entire Cauchy data given on an initial plane (see Eq. (2.1)). We solve the Cauchy problem and obtain its solutions in two cases, depending on whether k is a positive even integer or k is a positive odd integer. For k odd, we demonstrate that the solution has more singularities due to the propagation of the singularities of the coefficients. In the second part, the Cauchy problem for the same equation is considered, but instead, its entire Cauchy data are given on an initial sphere (see Eq. (3.1)). Whenever k is a positive even integer, we obtain the global existence of the solution and determine all possible singularities. Whenever k is a positive odd integer, we discuss both local and global solutions. As a consequence of our results in this paper, we show that the Schwarz Potential Conjecture (see the Introduction) for the even dimensional torus is true.
A chronological assessment of Lake Okeechobee (Florida) sediments using multiple dating markers

Reconstructing recent limnological history often relies on lead-210 dating to accurately ascribe a chronology to a sediment profile. In Lake Okeechobee, Florida, a large, shallow subtropical lake that may experience severe mixing, multiple dating methods are required to confirm that conformable sedimentation has been preserved and that the assumptions of the 210Pb method are satisfied. This study uses stratigraphic profiles of heavy metals, 137Cs, PCBs and pollen as independent dating markers to validate the sediment chronology as determined by 210Pb for three cores from the central mud zone of the lake. Unsupported 210Pb and most dating markers show distinct concentration/depth profiles, suggesting that the sediments have not been severely mixed for at least the last 75 years. Onset and maximum activity of the radioisotope 137Cs in the cores coincides with the 210Pb-dated interval of 1945–1970. This agrees well with the known timing of atmospheric deposition of 137Cs that resulted from above-ground nuclear testing during late 1940s until 1963. Sediment core profiles of atmospherically deposited metals such as Zn and Pb, which reflect regional increases during industrialization and decreases after regulation in the 1970s, exhibit expected concentration increases and peaks coinciding within 5–15 years of the predicted 210Pb dates. Uranium, a contaminant in some phosphate fertilizers, shows large concentration increases at core depths dated to be about 1950 by 210Pb, matching the intensification of agriculture after WWII. PCBs, which are expected to peak in the early 1970s, were measured in one core, and the observed peak corresponds to a 210Pb date of about 1960. Pollen makers were unable to verify specific events, but increases in disturbance taxa and declines in native types correspond generally with the expected dates assigned by 210Pb dating. Conformity between the 210Pb defined dates and independent markers of < ±15 years confirm that Lake Okeechobee sediments do preserve a sequential and reliable stratigraphic history of the lake, useful for reconstructing past limnological conditions.
The influence of epithelia on cartilage and loose connective tissue formation by limb mesenchyme cultures.

Abstract In order to explain the observation that normally nonchondrogenic limb mesenchyme forms extensive cartilage in culture, the possibility that limb ectoderm inhibits chondrogenesis is examined. Small pieces of quail or chick ectoderm are grafted onto micromass cultures of wing mesenchyme from stage 23–34 chick embryos. The presence of nonridge wing or several other epithelia results in increased collagen accumulation in the underlying mesenchyme, a delay in cell differentiation, and the eventual formation of loose connective tissue, as determined by transmission electron microscopy. The influence can occur across Nuclepore filters having 0.1-μm-diameter pores and ultrathin Millipore filters, but not across Millipore filters of standard thickness. The influence is not contact dependent since cell processes do not cross these filters. The apical ectodermal ridge has the additional effect of stimulating mesenchymal outgrowth. These results support the idea that the ectoderm plays a direct but negative role in the formation of a chondrogenic core within the developing limb.
Longitudinal manpower planning models

Abstract : Manpower planning models for a system consisting of many skill categories are formulated; the particular application is to the enlisted force in the U.S. Navy. Interactive computer models of these theoretical formulations have been developed and implemented to aid decision-makers who wish to test the effects of alternative manpower policies on staffing requirements and future manpower budgets.
Effects of speech supplementation strategies on intelligibility and listener attitudes for a speaker with mild dysarthria

Speech supplementation strategies (alphabet cues, topic cues, and combined topic and alphabet cues) have been shown to have a positive effect on speech intelligibility for many individuals with dysarthria, particularly those with severe and profound intelligibility deficits (Hustad, Auker, Natale, & Carlson, 2003a; Hustad, Jones, & Dailey, 2003b). However, less attention has been given to speakers with moderate and mild intelligibility problems; therefore, the effects of speech supplementation strategies are largely unknown for these individuals. The present study examined the effects of speech supplementation strategies on intelligibility scores and listener attitudes for one speaker with mild spastic dysarthria secondary to cerebral palsy. Results showed different findings from previous studies. In the present study, the only speech supplementation strategy that significantly increased intelligibility was alphabet cues. Attitude ratings for each strategy followed a different pattern than intelligibility...
Surface modification of titanium for load-bearing applications.

Titanium and its alloys are extensively used in load-bearing metallic devices. They are bioinert material and, therefore, get encapsulated after implantation into the living body by a fibrous tissue that isolates them from the surrounding tissues. Here we report modification of titanium surface using bioactive tricalcium phosphates (TCP) and nanoscale TiO2 to enhance cell-materials interaction. We have introduced bioactivity in Ti using laser-assisted coating of TCP and by anodization to grow surface TiO2 at room temperature using a mixed aqueous solution of sodium fluoride, citric acid and sulfuric acid as electrolyte. TCP coating showed a columnar Ti grains at the substrate side of the coating and transitioned to an equiaxed grains at the outside. Coating hardness increased from 882 ± 67 to 1029 ± 112 Hv as the volume fraction of TCP increased in the coating. For TiO2 nanotubes, microscopic analysis showed tubes of 50 nm in diameter with wall thickness of 15 nm and typical length between 200 nm and 1 micron based on anodization times. Effects of TCP and nanoscale TiO2 coating on bone cell-material interaction were examined by culturing osteoprecursor cells (OPC1) on coated surfaces. Antibacterial activity analysis using metallic Ag via electrodeposition showed over 99% antibacterial activity against the growth of colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The Importance of Politics in Engineering: Lessons from a Hands-On Experience

ASCE’s congressional fellow for 2001 recounts her experiences in Congress. She stresses the importance of direct involvement in the political process on the part of engineers. After summarizing the state of the nation’s infrastructure, she explains how engineers can make a difference in this area and thus ensure the safety and well-being of the public. In particular, engineers can use their status in the community to raise public awareness of the need for infrastructure funding. Projects in Massachusetts are cited to illustrate the economic benefits conferred by infrastructure improvements.
Demonstration of common and stage-specific anti-Hepatozoon mocassini antibodies in experimentally infected unnatural lizard hosts

Abstract This study examines the immunological response to Hepatozoon mocassini in lizards. Three lizard species were infected experimentally with H. mocassini . Baseline and post-infection (PI) sera were assayed for anti- H. mocassini meront and gametocyte antibody by immunohistochemistry and IFA. Seroconversion occurred at 38 d PI with endpoint IFA titers of 1:64. Antisera from non-parasitaemic and parasitaemic lizards exhibited similar affinities for merozite and gametocyte antigens. Antibody specific for the membranes of gametocyte-infected erythrocytes was demonstrated exclusively in parasitaemic lizards. The results demonstrate that lizards infected with snake haemogregarines mount an antibody response with common and stage-specific components.
POLITICAL REDISTRICTING: A REVIEW

The political redistricting problem can be viewed as one of dividing an area into relatively equally populated districts which are compact and contiguous, while preserving existing political and community ties, and providing proportional representation for minorities. Several disciplines have contributed to the literature of political redistricting theory and practice. This paper reviews that subset of the literature which deals with methods for creating districting plans. Emphasis is placed on the demographic, geographic and political criteria used in districting, and on the methodological features of computer districting algorithms.
Cases and Controversies: How Novitiates Are Trained to Be Masters of the Public Policy Universe

Public policy schools were established 30 years ago to provide analytic and management skills to aspiring policy professionals. A centerpiece of policy management training has been the action-centered teaching case, modeled after the cases long used in business schools. Though other aspects of public management teaching and research have been vigorously debated, little attention has been paid to the content of teaching cases.Taking these texts as a central element in policy student socialization, the authors ask what implicit lessons they convey. A close reading of 10 best-selling cases from the Kennedy School of Government finds the policy world to be the domain of high-level, lone protagonists beset by hostile political forces; collaborative problem-solving is rare, street-level actors insignificant, and historical, social, and institutional contexts of minimal importance. The article discusses the implications of this construction and raises questions about its appropriateness for the training of future public servants. © 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Teacher perceptions of student behavior as a function of class size

In an attempt to describe class size effects on student behavior that might be predictable from one setting to the next, the author proposes a social psychology framework. He hypothesizes that social loafing, deindividuation, and social facilitation can explain patterns of student participation, off-task behavior, and in-class performance, respectively, as a function of the size of the class. Data from interviews with eight middle-school teachers suggest that these concepts are marginally applicable to the behaviors in question. At the same time, other class size effects on student behavior are described which may be inherent in class size and thus be reasonably predictable.
Recent trends in surgical bacteriology

Abstract This description of current trends in surgical bacteriology has taken the field at its broadest definitions. That further progress will be made is clear. It is also quite clear that most of the bottlenecks preventing the application of biological knowledge to the clinical setting rest in incomplete control of bacterial complications caused by new therapeutic maneuvers.
Applications of computer-assisted tax research in academic tax programs☆

Abstract The use of computer-assisted tax research by students and faculty has begun to increase rapidly after being available for over 15 years. Factors contributing to this increased usage include accessibility to the data bases by microcomputers, transmission technology improvements, the emergence of new competitors, and the growth of specialized tax programs. The purpose of this research was to determine the nature and extent of the use of computer-assisted tax research in academic tax programs. A survey was conducted of all schools with American Taxation Association members, AACSB accreditation, and/or graduate tax programs. Current users project increased use while the 71% of respondents who are nonusers overwhelmingly cite cost constraints as the deterrent, with pessimism about the possibility of adopting CATR in the near future.
On merging user-supplied topic ontologies on the semantic web

The Semantic Web [2] is a vision of a new generation of the WWW that will enable computational agents to process data that have well-defined formal semantics. Agents can use reasoning to infer new information from statements located on different Web sites. Just like the current WWW, the Semantic Web makes no attempt to centralize publishing, effectively allowing anyone to publish any statement. Thus judging reliability of information becomes a practical requirement.
Update in Perioperative Medicine 2011

The field of perioperative medicine continues to mature as evidenced by the growing number of high-quality articles published each year. This is encouraging given the increasingly complex patient population that routinely undergoes major surgery. Furthermore, as surgeons have become more sub-specialized, there is increased reliance on the generalist to perform consultative medicine for the preoperative patient, as well as co-manage patients throughout the hospitalization.
Decentralized cooperative manipulation with a swarm of mobile robots

In this paper we consider cooperative manipulation problems where a large group (swarm) of non-articulated mobile robots is trying to cooperatively control the velocity of some larger rigid body by exerting forces around its perimeter. We consider a second-order dynamic model for the object but use a simplified contact model. We seek solutions that require minimal information sharing among the swarm members. We present a velocity control law that is asymptotically stable. In the case of a constant desired velocity, it is shown that no coordination is required between the swarm members. For more complex trajectories we introduce a decentralized feed-forward component that uses an online consensus estimate of the swarm's configuration. The results are illustrated in simulation.
A thermal desorption study of the kinetics of uranium hydride decomposition

Abstract The decomposition of uranium hydride powder was studied using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). In the TDS spectra, three distinct decomposition peaks were observed. However, only the high temperature peak was associated with an activation energy, calculated to be 43 kJ/mol H. This activation energy was used to construct outgassing diagrams that can be used to estimate the temperature and time dependence of UH3 decomposition. Potential models for explaining the three decomposition peaks and, thus, the decomposition mechanism are also presented and compared with H desorption energies calculated from first principles. Additional experiments on α-U coupons containing UH3 corrosion pits were also performed. In those samples in excess of 6 peaks are observed. It is shown that the first three hydrogen peaks are related to the decomposition of UH3.
Left main coronary artery aneurysm in association with severe atherosclerosis: A case report and review of the literature

Aneurysms of the coronary arteries occur in from 0.3% to 4.9% of angiograms. Only 12 cases of left main artery (LMA) aneurysms have been reported. Of these, seven were associated with atherosclerosis in patients more than 56 years old. This report details the case of a 39-year-old patient with a large LMA aneurysm associated with atherosclerosis.
A Decision-Theory Approach to Missile Defense

The defense being attacked by a warhead concealed in a cloud of decoys has a problem that belongs in the realm of decision theory. Here it is assumed that the defense gets one measurement on each object, this measurement is subject to error and it, thus considered a random variable. Measurements on decoys come from one distribution, those on warheads come from another. The total cloud is, thus a sample of which one element is the oddball, or outlier. This paper shows how to maximize the defensive probability of hitting the outlier under the two situations first, with the objects strung out so they must be treated sequentially, second, when all the objects appear at once.
Thermal vaporization and deposition of gallium oxide in hydrogen

Abstract The thermodynamics of gallium oxide vaporization and deposition in Ar–6% H2 at elevated temperatures are described. It is shown that Ga2O3 vaporizes in H2 as Ga2O(g) at elevated temperatures. During thermal processing the Ga2O(g) moves to cooler zones of the furnace, back reacts with H2(g) and H2O(g) and condenses out as Ga(l) and Ga2O3(s). Upon removal from the furnace, the exposed Ga forms a ubiquitous surface oxide of Ga2O3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to examine heat treated Ga2O3 powders and vaporization products deposited onto SiO2 and Cu substrates. In agreement with the thermodynamic predictions, these data demonstrate that the deposition product contained Ga2O3 and metallic Ga. Analysis of the XPS spectra also revealed an intermediate oxidation state for Ga. The precise bonding of this state could not be demonstrated conclusively, but it is suggested that it may be solid Ga2O. For coherent product deposition on Cu the metallic Ga concentration increases and the Ga2O3 concentration decreases with sputtering depth, suggesting the metallic Ga in the outermost layers of the deposit is readily oxidized during air exposure.
Thermal Characterizations of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers

Abstract This review emphasizes the breadth of metallic and metallic-like polymers evaluated as to thermal properties. Techniques usefully applied to particular systems are noted with the aim of suggesting their application to other systems.
Pediatric neurodegenerative white matter processes: leukodystrophies and beyond

Pediatric neurodegenerative white matter processes are complex, numerous and result from a vast array of causes ranging from white matter injury or inflammation to congenital metabolic disorders. When faced with a neurodegenerative white matter process on neuroimaging, the first step for the radiologist is to determine whether the findings represent a congenital metabolic leukodystrophy or one of various other white matter processes. In this review we first describe a general approach to neurodegenerative white matter disorders. We will briefly describe a few white matter diseases that mimic metabolic leukodystrophies. In the second half of the review we discuss an approach to distinguishing and classifying white matter leukodystrophies.
Low-power 2.5 Gbit/s VCSEL driver in 0.5 [micro sign]m CMOS technology

0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology is used to drive oxide-confined low-threshold current vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes at 2.5 Gbit/s. The 7 mW power consumption for the optoelectronic transmitter is twenty times less than a 3.6 V electronic positive emitter coupled logic transmit circuit and four times less than a 3.6 V electronic low voltage differential signal transmit circuit.
Queueing analysis of finite buffer token networks

This paper introduces analytic models for evaluating demand assignment protocols in realistic finite buffer/finite station network configurations. We present a solution for implicit and explicit token passing systems enabling us to model local area networks, such as Token Bus. We provide, for the first time, a tractable approximate solution by using an approach based on restricted occupancy urn models. The presented approximation involves the solving of linear equations whose number is linear and equal only to the number of buffers in the system. It is demonstrated that in addition to its simplicity, the presented approximation is also highly accurate.
Diet vs. shape content of popular male and female magazines: A dose-response relationship to the incidence of eating disorders?

We hypothesized that the substantial difference in incidence of eating disorders between men and women would be correlated with a similar difference in sociocul-tural norms promoting thinness. The 10 popular magazines most commonly read by young men and young women were examined for advertisements and articles promoting weight loss or shape change. The women's magazines contained 10.5 times as many advertisements and articles promoting weight loss as the men's magazines (p <.005), the same ratio reported from several sources for cases of anorexia nervosa. Men, however, were disproportionately subjected to incentives to change body shape compared to weight loss (p <.01). This study supports the hypothesis that the comparative frequency of eating disorders in males vs. females is more closely related to the differing extent of gender-related reinforcement of related dieting behavior than any known biological parameter. It is plausible that a dose-response relationship exists between sociocultural reinforcements promoting thinness and the incidence of eating disorders in any particular population group.
Onset of induced atrial flutter in the canine pericarditis model.

Abstract To test the hypothesis that induced atrial flutter evolves from a transitional rhythm, the onset of 99 episodes of induced atrial flutter (mean cycle length 135 ± 18 ms) lasting >5 min in 40 dogs with sterile pericarditis was first characterized. In 85 (86%) of the 99 episodes, atrial flutter was preceded by a brief period (mean 1.4 ± 0.9 s, range 0.4 to 42) of atrial fibrillation. Then, in 11 open chest studies, atrial electrograms were recorded simultaneously from 95 pairs of right atrial electrodes during the onset of 18 episodes of induced atrial flutter (mean cycle length 136 ± 16 ms). Atrial flutter was induced by a train of eight paced atrial beats, followed by one or two premature atrial beats (7 episodes) or rapid atrial pacing (11 episodes). A short period of atrial fibrillation (mean cycle length 110 ± 7 ms) induced by atrial pacing activated the right atrium through wave fronts, which produced a localized area of slow conduction. Then unidirectional conduction block of the wave front occurred for one beat in all or a portion of the area of slow conduction. This permitted the unblocked wave front to turn around an area of functional block and return through the area of slow conduction that had developed the unidirectional conduction block, thereby initiating the reentrant circuit. The location of the unidirectional block relative to the direction of the circulating wave fronts determined whether the circus movement was clockwise or counterclockwise. The area of slow conduction and unidirectional conduction block occurred where the wave front crossed perpendicular to the orientation of the atrial muscle fibers, suggesting a role for anisotropic conduction. These areas included the high right atrial portion of the sulcus terminalis (10 episodes), the low right atrial portion of the sulcus terminalis (4 episodes) and the pectinate muscle region (4 episodes). It is concluded that the development of a localized area of slow conduction in the right atrium followed by unidirectional conduction block in this area produced during a short period of atrial fibrillation or rapid atrial pacing is necessary for atrial flutter to occur in this model.
Cartilage resurfacing: filling defects.

Chondral defects with no significant bone involvement can be managed arthroscopically using surface treatments such as debridement and drilling, abrasion arthroplasty, and microfracture. Chondral defects can also be managed arthroscopically using osteochondral autografts (mosaicplasty) or by cartilage cell transplant or periosteal grafts, both of which are performed in open surgery. The arthroscopic surface treatments are best reserved for small defects, but cell transplantation and mosaicplasty have been used for defects up to 3 cm in diameter. Periosteal grafting can be used for large defects affecting an entire condyle, but clinical experience with this procedure is limited and it is still considered investigational. Larger osteochondral defects (uncontained defects greater than 3 cm in diameter and greater than 1 cm in depth) are managed using osteochondral allografts. Realignment osteotomy should be considered in conjunction with any of these techniques in the presence of a coexisting deformity.
MBE SimGen strained monolayer superlattices

Abstract SimGen strained monolayer superlattices (SMSs) have been fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and characterized using photoluminescence (PL) for optical properties and using Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction to verify their structural integrity. Luminescence features below the Si Energy bandgap have been observed and attributed to either dislocations in the buffer layer or to energy band transitions in the SMS. The effect of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on the superlattice structure and on these transitions is reported and a model is proposed to explain the obtained results.
The Co-ordination of Mathematics and Physics with Electrical-Engineering Subjects

NO DEFENSIVE arguments are required to justify the need and desirability of co-ordination between mathematics, physics, and electrical-engineering subjects; such co-ordination must exist to some degree in every electrical-engineering curriculum and the essential objective of this symposium is to create a discussion of views and to reveal the instrumentalities whereby such co-ordination may be and is achieved.
Development of Outcome Measures for Therapeutic Trials of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Abstract“The chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a clinically defined condition characterized by severe disabling fatigue and a combination of symptoms that prominently features self-reported impairments in concentration and short-term memory, sleep disturbances and musculoskeletal pain” (1). The variability of the course and severity of CFS combined with slow and infrequent full recovery and the lack of a defined etiology have complicated the implementation of therapeutic clinical trials. The goal of the workshop was to begin a systematic consideration of clinical trials issues and outcome measures that could be used to evaluate CFS therapies in a definitive manner for safety and efficacy. The focus of the workshop was on common issues applicable across therapies rather than on the merits of individual therapies.Careful study design is critical to all trials. New methods and measures of health status will aid in determining the extent of change related to therapeutic interventions. Approaches and methods u...
Shrinking lung syndrome as a manifestation of pleuritis: a new model based on pulmonary physiological studies.

Objective. The pathophysiology of shrinking lung syndrome (SLS) is poorly understood. We sought to define the structural basis for this condition through the study of pulmonary mechanics in affected patients. Methods. Since 2007, most patients evaluated for SLS at our institutions have undergone standardized respiratory testing including esophageal manometry. We analyzed these studies to define the physiological abnormalities driving respiratory restriction. Chest computed tomography data were post-processed to quantify lung volume and parenchymal density. Results. Six cases met criteria for SLS. All presented with dyspnea as well as pleurisy and/or transient pleural effusions. Chest imaging results were free of parenchymal disease and corrected diffusing capacities were normal. Total lung capacities were 39%–50% of predicted. Maximal inspiratory pressures were impaired at high lung volumes, but not low lung volumes, in 5 patients. Lung compliance was strikingly reduced in all patients, accompanied by increased parenchymal density. Conclusion. Patients with SLS exhibited symptomatic and/or radiographic pleuritis associated with 2 characteristic physiological abnormalities: (1) impaired respiratory force at high but not low lung volumes; and (2) markedly decreased pulmonary compliance in the absence of identifiable interstitial lung disease. These findings suggest a model in which pleural inflammation chronically impairs deep inspiration, for example through neural reflexes, leading to parenchymal reorganization that impairs lung compliance, a known complication of persistently low lung volumes. Together these processes could account for the association of SLS with pleuritis as well as the gradual symptomatic and functional progression that is a hallmark of this syndrome.
On the spectral features associated with peroxide reactivity of the coupled binuclear copper active site in type 2 depleted and native Rhus laccase

We report herein an X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) determination of the oxidation state of the copper sites in T2D and native Rhus laccase. The increase in intensity of the 330 nm absorption feature which results from peroxide titration of T2D laccase (T3:[Cu(I)Cu(I)], T1:[Cu(II)]) is found to correlate linearly with the percent of oxidation of the binuclear copper site (determined by XAS analysis). This indicates that peroxide oxidizes but does not bind to the T3 site. We have used this correlation to determine that native laccase, as isolated, contains ∼25% reduced T3 sites and that all spectral changes observed upon peroxide addition to native laccase can be accounted for by oxidation of these reduced sites. The importance of this result to previous reports of peroxide binding at the laccase active site is discussed.
Training Young Adults with LD for Careers in the Human Services: More than Meets the Eye

This article presents a program that emphasizes social skills as well as specific job skills to prepare young adults with learning disabilities for the world of work in the field of human services.
Radio-Frequency Thrombosis of Vascular Malformations with a Transvascular Magnetic Catheter

A tiny magnetic electrode catheter introduced into the human carotid artery has been mechanically and magnetically propelled, with fluoroscopic control, to cranial arteriovenous malformations. Radio-frequency heating of the catheter tip in successive positions occludes abnormal blood vessels.
Quality reporting that addresses disparities in health care.

More than a decade has passed since the landmark Institute of Medicine report Unequal Treatment documented the sizeable and pervasive disparities that affect the US health care system.1 Yet there has been little evidence of progress toward eliminating, or even reducing, these inequities in care. Furthermore, there is increasing concern that existing policy efforts designed to improve quality may, in fact, worsen disparities in care. Most recently, the Medicare pay-for-performance effort with the largest financial penalties, the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program, was found to disproportionately penalize safety-net facilities that primarily care for disadvantaged and poor populations.2 Findings such as these have prompted national discussions about the possibility of adjusting quality-performance scores for the socioeconomic status (SES) of patient populations.3
The transformation of working‐class ethnicity: Corporate control, Americanization, and the Polish immigrant middle class in Bayonne, New Jersey 1915–1925

(1984). The transformation of working‐class ethnicity: Corporate control, Americanization, and the Polish immigrant middle class in Bayonne, New Jersey 1915–1925. Labor History: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 53-82.
Synthesis and characterization of (η3-CPh3)Re(CO)4, a thermal precursor for generation of the Re(CO)5 radical

Le complexe est le produit de la reaction de NaRe(CO) 5 avec Ph 3 CPF 6 . Il reagit a la temperature ambiante avec CO pour former le radical *Re(CO) 5 . Reactivite et caracterisation par spectrometrie RMN et IR. Etude de la structure par diffraction RX des composes obtenus a l'etat cristallin
LPS, TLR4 and infectious disease diversity

Innate immune receptors recognize microorganism-specific motifs. One such receptor-ligand complex is formed between the mammalian Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-MD2-CD14 complex and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Recent research indicates that there is significant phylogenetic and individual diversity in TLR4-mediated responses. In addition, the diversity of LPS structures and the differential recognition of these structures by TLR4 have been associated with several bacterial diseases. This review will examine the hypothesis that the variability of bacterial ligands such as LPS and their innate immune receptors is an important factor in determining the outcome of infectious disease.
Stereoselective hydroxylation at the aliphatic carbons of 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrenes by rat liver microsomes

Optically active 7-hydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene and 8-hydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene were identified as two of the major metabolites formed by incubation of 7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene with rat liver microsomes. Optically active 9-hydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene and 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene were similarly identified as two of the minor metabolites of 9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene. The formation of these metabolites was abolished either by prior treatment of liver microsomes with carbon monoxide or the absence of NADPH, but was not inhibited by an epoxide hydrolase inhibitor. The results indicate that the aliphatic carbons of dihydro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may undergo stereoselective hydroxylation reactions catalyzed by the cytochrome P-450 system of rat liver microsomes.
Investigative evaluation and litigation

Investigative evaluation can untangle a web of misdirection and intrigue and weave a strong fabric of evidence.