cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Species of Closely Related Endosymbiotic Dinoflagellates in the Greater Caribbean have Niches Corresponding to Host Coral Phylogeny

Symbiotic dinoflagellates in the genus Breviolum (formerly Symbiodinium Clade B) dominate coral communities in shallow waters across the Greater Caribbean. While some formally described species exist, mounting genetic, and ecological evidence indicate that numerous more comprise this genus, many of which are closely related. To test this, colonies of common reef-building corals were sampled across a large geographical range. Phylogenetic and population genetic markers then used to examine evolutionary divergence and delineate boundaries of genetic recombination. Three new candidate species were distinguished by fixed differences in nucleotide sequences from nuclear and chloroplast DNA. Population connectivity was evident within each lineage over thousands of kilometers, however, substantial genetic structure persisted between lineages co-occurring within sampling locations, signifying reproductive isolation. While geographically widespread with overlapping distributions, each species is ecologically distinct, exhibiting specific mutualisms with phylogenetically distinct coral hosts. Moreover, significant differences in mean cell sizes provide some morphological evidence substantiating formal species distinctions. In providing evidence that satisfies the biological, phylogenetic, ecological, and morphological species concepts, we classify and formally name Breviolum faviinorum n. sp., primarily associated with Caribbean corals belonging to the Caribbean subfamily Faviinae; B. meandrinium n. sp., associated with corals belonging to the family Meandrinidae; and B. dendrogyrum n. sp., a symbiont harbored exclusively by the threatened coral Dendrogyra cylindrus. These findings support the primary importance of niche diversification (i.e. host habitat) in the speciation of symbiotic dinoflagellates.
The influence of Latinx American identity on pain perception and treatment seeking.

Introduction Latinx-Americans are underserved across healthcare contexts, and racial disparities in pain management are pervasive. One potential contributor is racial bias in pain perception - including low-level implicit biases and explicitly held lay-beliefs. Delays in seeking pain treatment may compound these disparities. However, experiments testing these factors in the context of Latinx-American pain are limited, and mechanisms by which Latinx-American group-membership influences pain perception and treatment are not understood. Methods Here, Latinx-American and White-American participants read vignettes including a Latinx or White patient's pain description and numerical pain rating. Participants then rated how much pain they thought each patient was in using the same numerical scale. Participants also reported how much pain they themselves would need to experience to prompt treatment-seeking. Results In contrast to prior work identifying lay beliefs that Latinx-Americans feel less pain than White-Americans, participants in the current study revealed a bias in the opposite direction. This was largely driven, however, by Latinx-American participants, who have been under-represented in previous studies of empathy and pain perception. Latinx-Americans ascribed more pain to patients overall - irrespective of patient race - relative to White-Americans. Latinx-American participants also reported that their own pain would need to be significantly more intense before seeing a doctor. Conclusion These results suggest that, relative to White-Americans, Latinx-Americans may be more likely to believe people are in more pain than they report - or may be more perceptive of others' pain - and that they may be in more pain upon presenting to medical settings.
Abstract 28: Regular Aerobic Exercise Counteracts Endothelial Vasomotor Dysfunction Associated With Insufficient Sleep

Insufficient sleep, defined as chronic short sleep duration (<7 h/night), is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We have previously demonstrated that insufficient sleep is ...
High-Impedance, Broadband and Compact RMS Detectors for On-Chip Measurements of Millimeter Wave Voltages for Built-In Self-Testing and Debugging

The high testing cost and challenges of debugging millimeter-wave (mm-wave) CMOS integrated circuits are ameliorated by integrating high-impedance broadband and compact root mean square (RMS) detectors as part of circuits to enable on-chip measurements. The detectors have negligible impact to circuit operation and area, and enable sensing of mm-wave (30 GHz to 300 GHz) voltages using dc/low frequency measurements. The detectors in conjunction with tuning elements can be used to improve circuit performance and yield.
84 Association between gun owner attitudes and their behavior in private firearm sales

Statement of Purpose Federal government only regulates individuals ‘in the business’ of selling firearms, leaving private firearm sales unregulated unless action is taken at the state level. Private sellers are less likely than licensed dealers to conduct background checks and most guns used in crime originate from sales in unregulated markets. This study examines whether private sellers’ attitude that it is the responsibility of a seller to ensure buyers passed a background check prior to making a sale is associated with them checking purchasers for eligibility on their last sale. Methods/Approach This study uses data from a nationally representative, web-based survey of 1,444 individuals who personally owned guns. Respondents who self-reported participating in the private market (N=238) were asked whether they had ensured purchasers were eligible to buy a firearm on their last private sale. Respondents were also asked to rate the extent to which they agreed it was a seller’s responsibility to ensure purchasers had passed a background check. Logistic regression was used to test for differences in behaviors based on sellers’ perception of responsibility for ensuring purchaser eligibility. Results Just 44% of respondents checked purchasers for eligibility on their last private sale. Less than half (46%) of private sellers agreed that it is seller responsibility to ensure purchasers passed a background check. Agreement was significantly associated with reporting ensuring purchasers were eligible to own a firearm on their last private sale (58% to 36%). Conclusion A low number of background checks in the private market are occurring. Increasing sellers’ feelings of responsibility may increase background and permit checks in the private market. Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science Our findings suggest that programs or campaigns to increase private sellers’ feelings of responsibility may increase the number of background checks conducted in the private market.
The relationship between cerebral artery stenosis and carotid artery elasticity in the ischemia stroke patients by echo-tracking technique

Objective To study the relationship between the cerebral artery stenosis and the carotid artery elasticity in the ischemia stroke patients by echo-tracking technique.Methods Ninety-two ischemia stroke patients were divided into both the mild cerebral arteries stenosis and moderate-severe cerebral arteries stenosis groups.CT angiography was performed to evaluate the stenosis of cerebral artery.The changes of the carotid diameter during cardiac cycles were obtained by echo-tracking technique and the quantitative parameters of pressure-strain elastic modulus (Ep),stiffness (β) and arterial compliance (AC) were calculated automatically. Results ①There were significant differences (P＜0.05) between the ischemia stroke patient group and the normal adults group in β，Ep and AC.② There were significant differences (P＜0.05) between the mild cerebral arteries stenosis groups and the moderate-severe cerebral arteries stenosis groups in β and Ep.AC was lower in patients with the mild cerebral arteries stenosis groups than that in the moderate-severe cerebral arteries stenosis groups.Conclusions The carotid artery elasticity in ischemia stroke patients were significantly different from normal adults.In the ischemia stroke patients,the stiffer the carotid artery was,the higher the likelihood of moderate-severe cerebral stenosis was. Key words: Ultrasonography; Brain infarction; Carotid arteries; Elasticity
BOARDING SCHOOL: A SIMPLE APPROACH TO REDUCE SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH INFECTIONS IN ORANG ASLI CHILDREN OF SUNGAI SIPUT, PERAK, 2017

Soil transmitted helminth (STH) infection is a major public health concern among the indigenous children of Malaysia. Precarious living conditions at home including unavailability of water, drinking of contaminated water, poor sanitation and livestock presence, are known risk factors for the infection. In order to provide better living conditions, these children are enrolled in boarding schools. This study was conducted to determine whether boarding schools is a solution in reducing soil transmitted helminth infection among Orang Asli children in Sg Siput, Perak, Malaysia. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 204 schoolchildren aged 7-17 years from three boarding schools in Sungai Siput, Perak from January to March 2017. Stool samples were collected and examined using direct smear and Kato-Katz technique. Information on sociodemographic and environmental conditions were collected using a modified Demographic Health Survey (DHS) questionnaire. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics Processor 20.0.Out of a total of 204 children, only 48% (n= 97) were infected with at least one type of STH species which showed a reduced prevalence as compared to previous studies conducted among home dwelling schoolchildren with overall prevalence of 78-97%. Majority of the children had monoparasitism (31%; n=63) with moderate intensity by T trichuira (n=51, 25%). Univariate analysis shows that unavailability of water at home has a statistically significant association with STH infection among boarding school children (OR=0.73; 95% CI= 0.56-0.95 p=0.021). Multivariate analysis proves children who had unavailability of water at home has 2.1 times more likelihood of getting an STH infection (OR= 2.08; 95%CI= 1.07-4.07; p= 0.032).This study demonstrates a reduced STH prevalence among Orang Asli boarding school children as better living condition there limits the spread of STH infection among them.
CoenzymeQ in cellular redox regulation and clinical heart failure.

Abstract Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is ubiquitously embedded in lipid bilayers of various cellular organelles. As a redox cycler, CoQ shuttles electrons between mitochondrial complexes and extramitochondrial reductases and oxidases. In this way, CoQ is crucial for maintaining the mitochondrial function, ATP synthesis, and redox homeostasis. Cardiomyocytes have a high metabolic rate and rely heavily on mitochondria to provide energy. CoQ levels, in both plasma and the heart, correlate with heart failure in patients, indicating that CoQ is critical for cardiac function. Moreover, CoQ supplementation in clinics showed promising results for treating heart failure. This review provides a comprehensive view of CoQ metabolism and its interaction with redox enzymes and reactive species. We summarize the clinical trials and applications of CoQ in heart failure and discuss the caveats and future directions to improve CoQ therapeutics.
Strong Coupling on a Forbidden Transition in Strontium and Nondestructive Atom Counting

We observe strong collective coupling between an optical cavity and the forbidden spin singlet to triplet optical transition $^{1}S_{0}$ to $^{3}P_{1}$ in an ensemble of $^{88}\text{Sr}$. Despite the transition being 1000 times weaker than a typical dipole transition, we observe a well-resolved vacuum Rabi splitting. We use the observed vacuum Rabi splitting to make nondestructive measurements of atomic population with the equivalent of projection-noise limited sensitivity between subsequent measurements and with minimal heating [$l0.01$ (photon recoils)/atom]. This technique may be used to enhance the performance of optical lattice clocks by generating entangled states and reducing dead time.
Transition Phenomena on Airfoils Operating at Low Chord Reynolds Numbers in Steady and Unsteady Flow

The post-separation behavior of the laminar boundary layer has received considerable attention with regard to low Reynolds number aerodynamics [378]. In this flow regime, the boundary layer on an airfoil often remains laminar downstream of the minimum pressure and then separates to form a separated shear layer. Provided the adverse pressure gradient is not too large, the flow can recover sufficient energy through entrainment to reattach to the airfoil surface. At reasonable Reynolds numbers (> 50, 000), transition takes place in the separated shear layer. If the entrainment of fluid is sufficient to eliminate the reverse flow, the separated shear layer may reattach to the airfoil surface. Thus, on a time-averaged basis, a region of recirculating flow is formed. Since the bubble acts as a boundary layer trip, the phenomena is referred to as a transitional separation bubble. At low Reynolds numbers, the transitional bubble can occupy 15–40% of the airfoil surface. Hence, accurate prediction of its existence and extent, relative to airfoil performance, is necessary in the design of efficient low speed airfoils.
Eye, Orbit, Ear, Nose, and Throat Studies Using MRI

The sections in this article are 1 MRI of the Eye 2 MRI of the Orbit 3 MRI of the Ear 4 MRI of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses 5 MRI of the Neck 6 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Inertial Confinement Fusion

Edward Teller has been a strong proponent of harnessing nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes. There are two approaches: Plowshare, which utilizes macro-explosions, and inertial confinement fusion, which utilizes micro-explosions. The development of practical fusion power plants is a principal goal of the inertial program.
Differences in emotion modulation using cognitive reappraisal in individuals with and without suicidal ideation: An ERP study

Difficulties in emotion regulation have been associated with increased suicidal thoughts and behaviours. The majority of studies have examined self-reported use of emotion regulation strategies. In contrast, the current study focused on a direct measure of individuals’ ability to use a specific emotion regulation strategy, cognitive reappraisal, using the late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential component that reflects attention to emotional stimuli. Specifically, the cognitive reappraisal ability of 33 undergraduate students was assessed via an image-viewing task during which the participants had to passively view, increase or reduce their emotions in response to looking at neutral, positive or dysphoric images. We found that participants with a history of suicidal ideation (SI) had significantly higher LPP when asked to reduce negative emotion in response to dysphoric images, compared to individuals with no history of SI. These findings suggest that difficulties with using cognitive rea...
THE ROLE OF GELATINE/ALUM SIZING IN THE DEGRADATION OF PAPER: A STUDY BY SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY IN LITHIUM CHLORIDE/N,N-DIMETHYLACETAMIDE USING MULTIANGLE LIGHT SCATTERING DETECTION

Thus far, studies on the ageing of paper have largely ignored the role of sizing. The impact of gelatine/alum sizing on cellulose degradation upon ageing was therefore investigated. In order to study the long-term behaviour of the gelatine/alum/cellulose systems, pure cellulose paper was sized and artificially aged in heat/humidity environmental chambers. The paper was dissolved in lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide (LiCI/DMAc) and analysed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) on a poly(styrene-divinyl benzene) column set with refractive index (RI) and multi-angle light scattering (MALS) detectors. Results showed a decrease in the molar mass of cellulose upon ageing. The presence of alum in the paper significantly increased the degradation rate. Gelatine appeared to slow the alum-induced degradation.
The pathway from the dorsomedial thalamus to the frontal lobe

Abstract The relationship between the nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami (DM) and the frontal lobe was investigated both anatomically and physiologically. Stimulation of DM evoked potentials of both long and short latency in frontal cortex. The long latency response waxed and waned but did not react to tetanic stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation or to anesthesia in the same manner as the classical recruiting response. The subcortical distribution of the sites producing the short latency response correlated well with the anatomical distribution of the pathway from DM to frontal cortex. The long latency response is suppressed by tetanic or paired stimulation of another DM point, the nuclei ventralis anterior or reticularis, and the septum, but the short latency response is unaffected by such stimuli. The long latency response seems to be the characteristic response of DM, and the short latency response appears to be due to stimulation of fibers of passage to frontal cortex. Stimulation of nuclei ventralis anterior, reticularis and septum can evoke long latency potentials in both DM and frontal cortex.
Effect of fragility on relaxation of density fluctuations in glass

Abstract Density fluctuations play a crucial role in governing the optical, mechanical, thermodynamic, and kinetic properties of glass. The relaxation of density fluctuations displays an inherently nonmonotonic behavior, yielding a minimum in fluctuations following a quench and isothermal hold. Here we investigate the impact of liquid fragility on the relaxation of density fluctuations in the nonequilibrium glassy state. While fragility has a direct impact on the kinetics of the relaxation process, the minimum level of density fluctuations is unaffected by changes in fragility alone. The magnitude of density fluctuations can be minimized by tailoring the thermal history of the glass.
Hemodialysis removal of norfloxacin

The effect of hemodialysis on norfloxacin removal was evaluated in 7 patients. Single 800-mg doses of the drug were given to the subjects prior to dialysis using cuprophan hollow fiber dialyzers. Arte
Structure and Biological Importance of the Spn1-Spt6 Interaction, and Its Regulatory Role in Nucleosome Binding

Eukaryotic transcription and mRNA processing depend upon the coordinated interactions of many proteins, including Spn1 and Spt6, which are conserved across eukaryotes, are essential for viability, and associate with each other in some of their biologically important contexts. Here we report crystal structures of the Spn1 core alone and in complex with the binding determinant of Spt6. Mutating interface residues greatly diminishes binding in vitro and causes strong phenotypes in vivo, including a defect in maintaining repressive chromatin. Overexpression of Spn1 partially suppresses the defects caused by an spt6 mutation affecting the Spn1 interface, indicating that the Spn1-Spt6 interaction is important for managing chromatin. Spt6 binds nucleosomes directly in vitro, and this interaction is blocked by Spn1, providing further mechanistic insight into the function of the interaction. These data thereby reveal the structural and biochemical bases of molecular interactions that function in the maintenance of chromatin structure.
Screening of Barrett's esophagus with string-capsule endoscopy: a prospective blinded study of 100 consecutive patients using histology as the criterion standard

Background The yield of wireless capsule endoscopy for Barrett's esophagus (BE) has not been compared with its true criterion standard, histology. Objective To determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of string capsule endoscopy (SCE) for the screening of BE by using specialized intestinal metaplasia as the criterion standard. Design Prospective, blinded, comparative study. Setting Endoscopy unit, Veterans Affairs medical center. Patients Patients with chronic reflux symptoms who were undergoing EGD for screening for BE. Interventions SCE performed immediately before EGD. Main Outcomes Measures The yield of SCE was compared with EGD for the visual and histologic diagnosis. Results One hundred patients, 86 men and 14 women, with a mean age of 56.5 years. The sensitivity and the specificity of SCE for the visual diagnosis of BE were 78.3% and 82.8%, respectively, when compared with EGD; the kappa index was 0.676. The sensitivity and the specificity of SCE for the histologic diagnosis of BE were 93.5% and 78.7%, respectively, with a kappa index of 0.66. No complications occurred; the procedure was well tolerated, and 80% of the patients indicated that they would prefer SCE to EGD. A total of 4 capsules were used for the study. Conclusions When compared with EGD, SCE had an acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the visual diagnosis of BE and compared favorably when histology was used as the criterion standard. SCE was safe and well tolerated, with a high patient's preference rate, and it may prove to be cost effective for the screening of this condition.
Dynamics of CO2-plasticized electron transport in au nanoparticle films : Opposing effects of tunneling distance and local site mobility

The electron-transport properties of unlinked and linked solid-state films of very small “Au38” nanoparticles (monolayer protected clusters, or MPCs) remarkably change in opposing directions upon contact with increasing pressures of CO2 gas (0∼6.6 MPa). Electronic conductivities (σEL) of dropcast, unlinked Au MPC films increase up to 31-fold with increasing CO2 pressure, while σEL of dithiol-linked Au MPC films decreases with increasing CO2 pressure. In conductivity by electron hopping between electron donor and acceptor Au MPC cores, the organic protecting ligands serve as a solvent shell whose properties influence the dynamics of electron transport. Exposure of Au MPC films to CO2 and consequent swelling by CO2 (or organic vapor) sorption into the monolayers changes two key factors: core edge-to-edge electron tunneling distances (dHOP) and a previously underappreciated effect of dimension and/or frequency of local core thermal motions. Swelling induces increases in both, but depending on which factor i...
The National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Networks on Asthma in Inner City Children: An approach to improved care

Asthma in inner-city children is prevalent, has increased severity, and for many patients poses difficulty in achieving control. Although some of the limitations to asthma control in inner-city children include socioeconomic burdens, other factors, such as environmental allergens, pollutants, infections, and stress, contribute significantly to the disease burden found in these children. As a consequence of these unmet needs for asthma control in inner-city children, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases established research networks with an ultimate goal of improving care for this at-risk population. The Inner-City Asthma Network Program began in 1991 and has, over the ensuing years, funded 3 distinct networks that have a common goal: to improve care for the child with asthma. Each of these networks has expanded our knowledge about asthma in the inner cities and asthma in general. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases' efforts continue with the current inner-city network, the Inner City Asthma Consortium 2. The following article will discuss the application of these inner-city networks to the study of asthma, the contributions of each of the individual networks, and how newly proposed efforts under the Inner City Asthma Consortium 2 propose to improve our understanding and eventual control of asthma in inner-city children.
Variable Fidelity Differential-Algebraic Equation Model Correlation

ABSTRACT A formulation for selecting operator and control inputs to a high fidelity dynamics model, governed by differential-algebraic equations, is presented to minimize deviation in its response relative to that of a lower fidelity model that is also governed by differential-algebraic equations of motion. An adjoint variable method for computing sensitivity of the error measure defined is derived and implemented in a nonlinear programming formulation that is suitable for iterative minimization of the error functional. A numerical example using a multibody mechanism is presented to demonstrate effectiveness of the method and provide insights into means for effectively formulating problems of model correlation and strategies for their solution
Transition-metal aluminide formation: Ti, V, Fe, and Ni aluminides

The heats of formation for binary and ternary 3d transition-metal (Ti, V, Fe, and Ni) aluminides are calculated from first principles within the local density approximation. The calculated heats for Ti and Ni aluminides are typically within {approximately}0.02 eV/atom of the experimental values, while the Fe aluminides heats appear to be overestimated by {approximately}0.15 eV/atom. This discrepancy appears to be related to the local density underestimation of the on-site magnetic energy in elemental Fe that enters the alloy heat of formation. The stabilities of selected ternary phases are also discussed, and it is shown that sublattice disorder may stabilize some ternary phases. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Occult gastrointestinal blood loss in marathon runners.

Excerpt Runners have developed several unique health problems, including "runner's anemia." A review of studies of runner's anemia shows that ferritin (1-2), serum haptoglobin (1-3), and serum iron...
Improving the efficacy and stability of coronary reperfusion following thrombolysis: Exploring the thrombin hypothesis

A major assumption in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) implies that the speed of coronary arterial reperfusion correlates directly with the overall extent of myocardial salvage, and that the extent of myocardial salvage, in turn, determines the absolute reduction in patient mortality. While a growing experience has made it clear that myocardial salvage-independent (time-independent) mechanisms of benefit also exist, few would argue with the hypothesis that the greatest benefit derived from coronary thrombolysis occurs with early (time-dependent) treatment. Thus, improvements in the efficacy of reperfusion and the stability of reperfusion are likely to have considerable impact on patient outcome.
Efficient regression of general-activity human poses from depth images

We present a new approach to general-activity human pose estimation from depth images, building on Hough forests. We extend existing techniques in several ways: real time prediction of multiple 3D joints, explicit learning of voting weights, vote compression to allow larger training sets, and a comparison of several decision-tree training objectives. Key aspects of our work include: regression directly from the raw depth image, without the use of an arbitrary intermediate representation; applicability to general motions (not constrained to particular activities) and the ability to localize occluded as well as visible body joints. Experimental results demonstrate that our method produces state of the art results on several data sets including the challenging MSRC-5000 pose estimation test set, at a speed of about 200 frames per second. Results on silhouettes suggest broader applicability to other imaging modalities.
Growth rate dependencies for computerized identification of ecological associations

When all possible permutations of specific growth rates vs concentrations are graphed, roles of members of an ecosystem become evident. A scatter plot indicates that the organism is not consuming the other constituent, whereas points that fall in line define the relationship of specific growth rate to the food for that organism.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY REFLECTION IN EXISTENTIAL FAMILY THERAPY

The author uses Gabriel Marcel's topology of primary and secondary thought to clarify and outline the process of reflection in Existential Family Therapy. Clinical material is used to illustrate the differences between primary and secondary reflection during the practice of Existential Family Therapy.
The electronic structure and stabilities of the symmetric gas phase anion clusters of hydrogen fluoride

Abstract Ab initio UHF, MP2 and MP4 calculations were used to study the geometries, the electronic structure and the thermochemical stabilities of the gas phase anionic clusters of hydrogen fluoride, (HF) n − , for n =2–6. Basis sets up to the aug-cc-pVDZ set were employed. These were augmented with a 6-term even tempered (sp) cavity set. The thermochemical stabilities of these complexes against vertical ionization as well as dissociation to various products were determined. These clusters involve a single shell of two to six HF molecules complexed in a symmetrical head-to-head orientation. They show higher thermochemical stabilities than similar clusters of water and ammonia and have stabilities similar to those of the neutral hydrogen bonded clusters of hydrogen fluoride. As with water, the smallest stable anionic cluster of hydrogen fluoride has two monomers which is considerably smaller than those observed for ammonia. The integrated electron densities as well as the natural bond orbital analysis reveals that a significant portion of the excess electron density is localized in the cavity region interior to the hydrogen atoms of the inner shell. The stability of the clusters increased with the number of monomers. Cavity orbitals had a nominal effect on the properties of the complexes and effected the prediction of the geometrical features of the complexes more than their stability.
Perinatal outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease.

Objective: To determine whether inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with increased risk for adverse perinatal outcome.Methods: A case–control study of 116 singleton pregnancies with IBD compared to 56 398 singleton controls delivered between 1986 and 2001.Results: Patients with IBD were slightly older (32.8 vs. 30.6 years, p < 0.001), more likely to be Caucasian or Asian than Black or Latino (92% vs. 57%, p < 0.001) and have private health insurance (33% vs. 3%, p < 0.001). IBD was associated with an increased risk for labor induction (32% vs. 24%, p = 0.002), chorioamnionitis (7% vs. 3%, p = 0.04) and Cesarean section (32% vs. 22%, p = 0.007), but there were no differences in neonatal outcomes. Subgroup analysis demonstrated an increased risk for low birth weight (LBW) in the ulcerative colitis group vs. the Crohn's disease group (19% vs. 0%, p = 0.002). Patients with prior surgery for IBD had a lower incidence of LBW (0% vs. 12%, p = 0.03). Flares during pregnancy were associated with an incr...
The La Follettes of Wisconsin: Love and Politics in Progressive America

Dynastic political families have been an American tradition since the birth of the Republic. Indeed, a good part of our entire political history could be written simply by setting out the family histories of the Adamses, Roosevelts, Longs, and Kennedys. To that illustrious list must be added the La Follettes of Wisconsin, and they are brought vividly to life as never before in this collective biography by veteran journalist Bernard Weisberger. Magnetic, theatrical, intensely loved and passionately denounced, Robert Marion "Fighting Bob" La Follette was the rebel knight of the Progressive vanguard and a family patriarch in the larger-than-life tradition of Joe Kennedy. As governor of Wisconsin (1901-1906) and U.S. Senator (1906-1925) he battled uncompromisingly for his vision of democracy - an idealistic mixture of informed citizenry and enlightened public servants combining to produce a utopian egalitarianism. By contrast, the private man, often isolated and defeated by social forces beyond his understanding or control, suffered from intense periods of depression and relied heavily on his family for survival. With his beloved wife, Belle Case La Follette, a Progressive journalist in her own right, "old Bob" raised their brood to perceive a unique personal and family responsibility for challenging (and curing) society's ills. His first child, Fola, left her stage career to campaign for suffrage; Robert Jr. followed his father to the Senate in 1925, when he was only thirty; and, in 1930, youngest son Phil became the old man's heir as Governor of Wisconsin and as the state's leading Progressive figure. Not unlike the twentieth century's other political "first family, " however, the LaFollette saga ends in largely unrealized promise and tragedy. Fola, Phil, and Bob all ultimately abandoned public life, the latter two after bitter defeat and disillusionment. Finally, in February of 1953, "young Bob" took his own life. An intimate portrait of the Progressive movement
Exposure to televised alcohol ads and subsequent adolescent alcohol use.

OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of televised alcohol commercials on adolescents' alcohol use. METHODS Adolescents completed questionnaires about alcohol commercials and alcohol use in a prospective study. RESULTS A one standard deviation increase in viewing television programs containing alcohol commercials in seventh grade was associated with an excess risk of beer use (44%), wine/liquor use (34%), and 3-drink episodes (26%) in eighth grade. The strength of associations varied across exposure measures and was most consistent for beer. CONCLUSIONS Although replication is warranted, results showed that exposure was associated with an increased risk of subsequent beer consumption and possibly other consumption variables.
Solvent-Free Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxidized Oleochemicals Using Stearates/Stearic Acid, and Its Applications

Toxic solvent and strong acid catalysts causing environmental issues have been mainly used for ring-opening of epoxidized oleochemicals. Here, we demonstrated that magnesium stearate (Mg-stearate) was a high efficient catalyst for solvent-free ring-opening of epoxidized methyl oleate, a model compound of midchain epoxide. Mg-stearate resulted in the highest yield (95%) and conversion rate (99%) toward midchain alkoxyesters under the same conditions (160 °C, 12 h) superior to other fatty acid derivatives such as a Lewis acid (lithium and sodium stearate) and Bronsted acid (stearic acid). Based on this chemical study, we synthesized biogrease and thermoplastic using epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and Mg-stearate via one-pot, solvent-free, and purification-free process. Mg-stearate played a significant role as a reactant for epoxide ring-opening and as a thickener when excess loading rate was used; viscosity increased from 1800 to 4500 Pa·s at 25 °C when ESO:Mg-stearate increased from 1:1 equiv to 1:2, then behaved like thermoplastics (T(g) = -27 °C, T(m) = 90 °C) with 1:4.
Chemodectoma of the orbit

A chemodectoma is a highly characteristic tumor that arises most commonly from the carotid body and glomus jugulare. A chemodectoma of the orbit in a 55-year-old housewife is reported. Decreased blood pressure and marked fluctuation of pulse rate noted upon manipulation of the tumor might be explained on the basis of catecholamine secretion by the tumor cells. The pathologist cannot on a histologic basis predict when a chemodectoma is apt to metastasize, since benign-appearing rumors have metastasized after protracted latent periods. However, metastases from these tumors are rare and are predominantly to the lungs, but may involve the skeleton. Multicentric chemodectomas are more frequent among patients with a familial history of carotid body tumors. Surgical excision of these neoplasms is the treatment of choice when possible, but inoperable tumors may be expected to respond to radiation therapy.
Effect of extracellular pH on presteady-state and steady-state current mediated by the Na+/K+ pump.

A ouabain sensitive inward current occurs in Xenopus oocytes in Na+ and K+ -free solutions. Several laboratories have investigated the properties of this current and suggested that acidic extracellular pH (pHo) produces a conducting pathway through the Na+/K+ pump that is permeable to H+ and blocked by [Na+]o. An alternative suggestion is that the current is mediated by an electrogenic H+-ATPase. Here we investigate the effect of pHo and [Na+]o on both transient and steady-state ouabain-sensitive current. At alkaline or neutral pHo the relaxation rate of pre-steady-state current is an exponential function of voltage. Its U-shaped voltage dependence becomes apparent at acidic pHo, as predicted by a model in which protonation of the Na+/K+ pump reduces the energy barrier between the internal solution and the Na+ occluded state. The model also predicts that acidic pHo increases steady-state current leak through the pump. The apparent pK of the titratable group(s) is ∼6, suggesting that histidine is involved in induction of the conductance pathway. 22Na efflux experiments in squid giant axon and current measurements in oocytes at acidic pHo suggest that both Na+ and H+ are permeant. The acid-induced inward current is reduced by high [Na+]o, consistent with block by Na+. A least squares analysis predicts that H+ is four orders of magnitude more permeant than Na+, and that block occurs when 3 Na+ ions occupy a low affinity binding site (K 0.5 = 130 ± 30 mM) with a dielectric coefficient of 0.23 ± 0.03. These data support the conclusion that the ouabain-sensitive conducting pathway is a result of passive leak of both Na+ and H+ through the Na+/K+ pump.
Advantages of a dual-tracer model over reference tissue models for binding potential measurement in tumors

The quantification of tumor molecular expression in vivo could have a significant impact for informing and monitoring emerging targeted therapies in oncology. Molecular imaging of targeted tracers can be used to quantify receptor expression in the form of a binding potential (BP) if the arterial input curve or a surrogate of it is also measured. However, the assumptions of the most common approaches (reference tissue models) may not be valid for use in tumors. In this study, the validity of reference tissue models is investigated for use in tumors experimentally and in simulations. Three different tumor lines were grown subcutaneously in athymic mice and the mice were injected with a mixture of an epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted fluorescent tracer and an untargeted fluorescent tracer. A one-compartment plasma input model demonstrated that the transport kinetics of both tracers was significantly different between tumors and all potential reference tissues, and using the reference tissue model resulted in a theoretical underestimation in BP of 50% ± 37%. On the other hand, the targeted and untargeted tracers demonstrated similar transport kinetics, allowing a dual-tracer approach to be employed to accurately estimate BP (with a theoretical error of 0.23% ± 9.07%). These findings highlight the potential for using a dual-tracer approach to quantify receptor expression in tumors with abnormal hemodynamics, possibly to inform the choice or progress of molecular cancer therapies.
Targeting the Cell Wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Structure and Mechanism of L,D-Transpeptidase 2

Summary With multidrug-resistant cases of tuberculosis increasing globally, better antibiotic drugs and novel drug targets are becoming an urgent need. Traditional β-lactam antibiotics that inhibit D,D-transpeptidases are not effective against mycobacteria, in part because mycobacteria rely mostly on L,D-transpeptidases for biosynthesis and maintenance of their peptidoglycan layer. This reliance plays a major role in drug resistance and persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) infections. The crystal structure at 1.7 A resolution of the Mtb L,D-transpeptidase Ldt Mt2 containing a bound peptidoglycan fragment, reported here, provides information about catalytic site organization as well as substrate recognition by the enzyme. Based on our structural, kinetic, and calorimetric data, we propose a catalytic mechanism for Ldt Mt2 in which both acyl-acceptor and acyl-donor substrates reach the catalytic site from the same, rather than different, entrances. Together, this information provides vital insights to facilitate development of drugs targeting this validated yet unexploited enzyme.
Reduction of the drug-induced nephrotoxicity by ATP-MgCl2. 1. Effects on the cis-diamminedichloroplatinum-treated isolated perfused kidneys.

Abstract cis -Diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP), a widely used cancer chemotherapeutic agent, has been shown to cause dose-dependent acute renal failure (ARF) probably secondary to a direct nephrotoxic effect on proximal tubule cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether administration of ATP-MgCl 2 could ameliorate the deleterious effects of CDDP. Isolated rat kidneys were perfused for 2 hr with a 3.5 g % dextran T-110-Krebs HCO 3 solution containing 100 μg/ml of CDDP. [ 3 H]Inulin was added to measure GFR. Trace amounts of 14 C-methylated cytochrome c (cyt) were added to the perfusate to determine the protein reabsorptive capacity (a sensitive indicator of tubular damage) of isolated perfused rat kidneys. Cyt, inulin radioactivity, and [Na + ] were measured in the perfusate and urine in control and CDDP-treated kidneys. In additional experiments, ATP-MgCl 2 was added simultaneously (0.3 m M ) or 1 hr (2 m M ) after CDDP treatment. The results indicate that after 2 hr of perfusion, CDDP treatment led to a marked inhibition of protein reabsorption with only a minimal decrease in Na + and H 2 O absorption. Furthermore, GFR was not significantly altered despite a marked diuresis. Post-treatment with ATP-MgCl 2 led to partial alleviation of the nephrotoxic effect of CDDP after 1 hr of perfusion. ATP-MgCl 2 treatment simultaneously with CDDP, however, fully protected the protein reabsorptive capacity of CDDP-treated kidneys. The potential for administering ATP-MgCl 2 simultaneously with CDDP suggests a new therapeutic modality in preventing ARF due to CDDP therapy.
Incorporation Of Angular Emissivity Effects In Long Wave Infrared Image Models

A radiometric model designed to facilitate target to background image modeling has been developed (c.f. Schott & Biegel 1985) . The model was designed to incorporate atmospheric transmission, upwelled and ciownwelled path radiance and variations in these factors as a function of view angle. The radiometric model has been applied to Idnetic temperature image models to simulate long wave infrared image characteristics, including spatial resolution and scale. A limitation of the model as presented to this point has been the lack of empirical data on emissivities of natural objects. This paper includes a description of two devices for measurement of the hemispheric and angular emissivity from large irregular surfaces. Emissivities for selected materials are presented and incorporated into the model. The effect of emissivity on simulated images is discussed. This model is being developed as part of an overall effort to expand long wave infrared image science. The potential for application of the expanded model to sensor performance evaluation and target recognition assessment are discussed.
Tandospirone activates neuroendocrine and ERK (MAP kinase) signaling pathways specifically through 5-HT1A receptor mechanisms in vivo.

Tandospirone, an azapirone, is a selective serotonin1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonist. The effects of tandospirone on plasma hormones and on mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity in the brain of male rats were studied. Tandospirone produced a time- and dose-dependent increase in plasma levels of oxytocin, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), corticosterone, and prolactin. The minimal dose of tandospirone that led to a significant elevation of plasma oxytocin, ACTH, and prolactin levels was 1.0 mg/kg (s.c.), while the minimal dose for corticosterone release was 3.0 mg/kg (s.c.). The ED50 of tandospirone was 1.3 mg/kg for oxytocin, 1.2 mg/kg for ACTH, 3.0 mg/kg for corticosterone, and 0.24 mg/kg for prolactin. Pretreatment with the specific 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100,635 (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.) completely blocked the effects of tandospirone on plasma levels of oxytocin, ACTH, and corticosterone but shifted the dose–response curve for prolactin to the right. Tandospirone injection (10 mg/kg, s.c.) stimulated the MAP kinase signaling cascade, specifically the phosphorylation of p42/44 extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase in phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) levels in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) as well as the dorsal raphe nucleus 5 min following tandospirone injection. These increases were blocked by pretreatment with WAY 100,635 (0.3 mg/kg). The results are the first evidence that systemic 5-HT1A receptor agonist administration produces a rapid increase in p-ERK levels in vivo, providing further insight into the signaling mechanisms of the 5-HT1A receptor.
The coronal loop controversy: TRACE analysis

Abstract The temperature distribution along coronal loops provides an important clue for solving the coronal heating problem. Recent analysis, however, has produced conflicting results. Here, we analyze in detail one component of this analysis – the effect of background subtraction on the temperature of loops observed with the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE). Specifically, we selected 10 coronal loops that were visible in the TRACE 171 A and 195 A passbands. We chose between 20 and 30 pixel along each loop and background pixels to correspond with the loop pixels. Temperature analysis was done in three different ways: (1) standard TRACE analysis of the loop pixels with no background subtraction; (2) constant background subtraction for each TRACE image; (3) pixel pair background subtraction. Each method produced a temperature estimate for the selected pixels. We find that a flat line is an excellent fit to the temperature results – the analysis indicates that the temperature of the loop is uniform along the length visible by TRACE. However, if we select random pixels and plot the temperature results in the same way, these pixels indicate that the temperature of this “structure” is also uniform. We conclude therefore, that in the cases considered here, the image ratio analysis does not produce a physically meaningful value of plasma temperature; in addition, background subtraction makes no significant difference to the temperatures results.
Kinetics of precipitation of aluminium 8-quinolinolate from basic aluminium chloride

Abstract AlCl3 precipitates quantitatively as Al(8-quinolinolate)3 at 20° in 0·5 hr, whereas the amount of aluminium precipitating from Al2(OH)5Cl ( 5 6 basic) as 8-quinolinolate depends on time and temperature with an apparent activation energy of 27·9 ± 1·4 kcal. This behaviour is interpreted as due to equilibria between polynuclear aluminium cations in the 5 6 basic solution.
Borderland Queer: Narrative Approaches in Clinical Work with Latina Women Who Have Sex with Women (WSW)

This article seeks to examine the use of narrative approaches as an effective counseling technique for exploring and validating the multi-layering oppressions often encountered by Latina women who have sex with women (WSW). Research exploring the lives and perspectives of Latina WSW remains a newly charted field with possibilities for acquiring information about sexual identity and best practices in working with this community. Their sexual minority status coupled with ethnic/racial gender identities present the added challenges of racism and sexism. To fully meet the specific needs of this population within a mental health setting, counselors must utilize an empowering approach that will draw from the strengths of the Latina WSW community, which will allow for open expressions of experiences and validation of their unique narratives. In this article, the author explores the relevant literature and proposes that narrative techniques can be powerful tools in addressing the racism, homophobia, and sexism th...