cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variational Method¶for Stable Polytropic Galaxies

It is shown that polytropic galaxies which obey the generalized Emden-Fowler law are minimizers of appropriate Energy-Casimir functionals. They are dynamically stable under spherically symmetric perturbations.
An analytical formulation of bispectral densities for multiple degree-of-freedom systems

Expressions for the bispectral density functions for multi-degree-of-freedom spring–mass–damper systems possessing quadratic nonlinearities and subject to Gaussian excitation are derived. The derivation uses a Volterra-series model for the system response and yields expressions for both auto-spectra, where the output of only one degree-of-freedom is used, and cross-spectra, where the bispectral density contains multiple output-response time series. The proposed formulation is used to identify the presence and location of quadratic nonlinearities in multiple degree-of-freedom systems. Results show that the ability to detect and localize nonlinearity is heavily dependent on which particular bispectral density is utilized.
Electron Microscopy as a Method of Identifying Clays

Electron microscope studies show that most of the clay minerals have morphological characteristics which can be effectively used to aid in their identification. In addition, detailed studies at high magnification have provided structural information not obtainable by other means. In the kaolinite group each of the common minerals has a clear-cut and diagnostic morphology. However, much more work is needed on flint clays and the kaolins in soils before the same can be said of these varieties. Continued study of halloysite reveals significant details pertinent to the form and structure of the tubular crystals. Illites from different sources show interesting differences in form which reflect variation in the degree of crystallinity. An illite from the Ordovician Oswego formation shows an unusual development of narrow to broad lath-shaped crystals. Except for lower content of iron and magnesium the material has all the characteristics of other illites. The thinnest laths are of the same order of thickness as the flakes of more common illites. Certain mixed-layer minerals are identical in morphology with some varieties of illite. The minerals of the moutmorillonite group have been the most difficult of the clay minerals to characterize on the basis of morphology. The lath-shaped crystals of certain beidellites, sauconite, nontronite, and hectorite are diagnostic. The metal shadowing technique shows that many of the laths approach one unit cell in thickness. The morphology of many montmorillonites is dependent upon the mode of sample preparation. The replica method offers a means of studying clay particles in their natural state but this technique is still in the early stages of development as it relates to the clay minerals.
Effects of mineral fillers on hot-mix asphalt laboratory-measured properties

It is well recognized that mineral fillers play an important role in the properties of mastics and hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. Better understanding of the effects of fillers on the properties of mastics and HMA mixtures is crucial to good mix design and high performance of HMA mixtures. This paper presents a laboratory investigation into the effects of different fillers on some properties of asphalt mastics and HMA mixtures. Three filler types and four filler contents were used to obtain the master curves of mastics and to characterize the stiffening effect of filler in mastics. The effects of filler on the characteristics of HMA mixtures were also investigated. The properties of HMA mixtures evaluated include optimum asphalt cement (AC) content, indirect tensile (IDT) strength, toughness index (TI), tensile strength ratio (TSR) and asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) rut depth. The results suggested that fillers had significant influence on the properties of HMA mixtures. With the increase of filler cont...
Hypothesis testing: is clozapine's superior efficacy dependent on moderate D2 receptor occupancy?

Background: How clozapine exerts superior antipsychotic efficacy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia is not known. Moderate (rather than “full”) occupancy of D2 postsynaptic receptors may be crucial, perhaps by achieving a more effective D1/D2 or serotonin-2a/D2 ratio. The objective of this study was to test the moderate occupancy hypothesis of clozapine's superior efficacy. Methods: Data from the New York effectiveness of clozapine study were used to compare 6-week clozapine treatment results in patients discontinuing oral neuroleptic medication with similar patients discontinuing long-acting depot neuroleptic. The latter group is assured “full” D2 occupancy during the 6-week clozapine treatment. Results: If moderate occupancy is crucial for superior efficacy, the oral discontinuation group should manifest more improvement. Both groups showed the 6-week improvement expected with clozapine therapeutics [31% and 29% reduction in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores in the depot and oral groups, respectively]. An analysis of covariance (for baseline BPRS) revealed no difference in change scores (df = 1,100; F = 0.17; p = ns). Conclusions: The reduced D2 occupancy hypothesis is rejected.
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the nucleocapsid protein of Bunyamwera virus.

Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) is the prototypic member of the Bunyaviridae family of segmented negative-sense RNA viruses. The BUNV nucleocapsid protein has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified protein has been crystallized and a complete data set has been collected to 3.3 A resolution at a synchrotron source. Crystals of the nucleocapsid protein belong to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 384.7, b = 89.8, c = 89.2 A, β = 94.4°. Self-rotation function analysis of the X-ray diffraction data has provided insight into the oligomeric state of the protein as well as the orientation of the oligomers in the asymmetric unit. The structure determination of the protein is ongoing.
The corticobasal syndrome–Alzheimer’s disease conundrum

Corticobasal syndrome (CBS), once thought to be pathognomonic for corticobasal degeneration pathology, is increasingly reported with various underlying pathologies. Alzheimer’s disease is one such pathology, also once believed to be unique for its clinical syndrome of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. CBS is believed to result from topography of asymmetric parietofrontal cortical lesion involvement, rather than lesion subtype. However, this topographical pattern is strikingly different to that typically associated with AD for unclear reasons. This article will focus on CBS with underlying AD pathology (CBS-AD), and will review associated clinical, imaging and demographic factors. Predicting AD pathology is of marked interest as disease-modifying therapies loom on the horizon, with biomarkers and imaging research underway. By reviewing the literature for CBS-AD case reports and series and contrasting them with CBS with underlying corticobasal degeneration pathology cases, the article aims to examine factor...
The changing family relationships of adolescent girls.

The TAT is used to investigate the changing relationships of adolescent girls to their parents. The hypothesis posed is that the relationship between mother and daughter should be characterized by more conflict during the pubertal period, the relationship between father and daughter being more tranquil during the same period. Greater interaction, both disharmony and harmony, in the mother-off-spring relationship than in the father-offspring relationship is noted at all five age levels used in the experiment. However, the proportions of themes classified as equilibrium and disequilibrium remains the same in both relationships, suggesting the greater mother-offspring disharmony to be a function of greater interaction of mothers and daughters. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
The substitution of complexing substances for boron in plant growth.

Self-sustaining and self-propagating chemical reactions between Zircaloy- 2 and water have been obtained. High speed movies have been taken to illustrate the physical phenomenon involved. Qualitative results are reported for a test program limited to experiments at atmospheric pressure, stagnation, and 40 to l504DEF subcooling, with power inputs of increasing exponentials in the range of 2 to 20 milliseconds. The chemical reaction was initiated at, or very close to, the melting point of Zircaloy, proceeded with varying rates, and sustained itself to complete loss of sample in some cases. The reaction showed the characteristics of a combustion process rather than an explosion. Based on the qualitative interpretation of the data, it is recommended that a further refined program of both analytical and experimental scope be immediately initiated. (auth)
Imaging aspects of neurologic emergencies in children treated for non-CNS malignancies.

There is a paucity of radiologic literature addressing neurologic emergencies in children receiving therapy for non-CNS primary malignancies. In the acute setting, many of these children present to local community hospitals. This pictorial is from a single institutional experience describing the spectrum of neurologic emergencies seen in children with non-CNS cancers. We hope to familiarize pediatric radiologists with these entities in order to expedite diagnosis, facilitate treatment, and minimize morbity and mortality that may be associated with these complications.
Photo-assisted phase transition in antiferroelectric thin films for optical switching and storage

It is known that significant change of birefringence accompanies field- induced antiferroelectric-to ferroelectric phase transition in antiferroelectric thin films. When an antiferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin film material was bounded by a semiconducting indium-tin oxide (ITO) layer, however, the phase transition was suppressed by an effect of the PZT-ITO interface. Radiation of near- ultraviolet light has shown to be effective in eliminating the interfacial suppression to the phase transition. This phenomenon has furnished a UV-activated birefringence in the PZT thin films for optical switching and storage.
The Dominant Species of Ostrea

IN reviewing the characters of the dominant species of oysters, Ostrea, of which something is known of the life-history as well as the shell-characters, two distinct types are recognisable.
RRR-α-Tocopheryl Succinate Modulation of Human Promyelocytic Leukemia (HL-60) Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

Abstract HL‐60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells can be induced to differentiate to granulocytes by retinoic acid and dimethyl sulfoxide or monocyte‐macrophages by phorbol esters and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3. These studies show that RRR‐α‐tocopheryl succinate (TS) inhibits HL‐60 cell proliferation and induces the HL‐60 cells to differentiate toward a functionally deficient macrophage‐like cell. TS at (15 μg/ml) was found to suppress HL‐60 cell proliferation by 63% and 89% at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. This suppression of proliferation, however, is not permanent and requires the presence of TS. HL‐60 cells treated for 48 hours with TS (15 μg/ml) were found to be blocked in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. HL‐60 cells blocked in the G2/M cell cycle phase by TS expressed normal levels of the transferrin receptor. TS‐treated HL‐60 cells exhibited binucleated morphological appearance; however, the cells did not exhibit chemo‐taxis, phagocytosis, or changes in the expression of the cell surf ace markers, ...
RAINFALL PERIODICITY AS A MAJOR FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF FLOWERING RACES OF CAMPHORWEED (HETEROTHECA SUBAXILLARIS)

Plants of camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris sensu latiore) were raised in a uniform garden at Northampton, Mass., from seed taken from 19 sites in different parts of the range of the species. Flowering races were observed. Flowering time at Northampton correlated with periodicities of rainfall at the seed source in most instances. The earliest-flowering plants were obtained from areas where above-average amounts of rainfall occur in spring, while the later-flowering plants came from sites where above-average rainfall occurs in mid- to late summer. Other workers have oVserved a correlation between the frost-free season and the formation of flowering races in prairie grasses, Eupatorium rugosum, and other plants. There is little correlation between the frost-free season and the formation of flowering races in Heterotheca and it is postulated that, within the range of camphorweed, periodicity of rainfall is a more critically limiting factor.
Cardiovascular pathology in dialysis patients with spinal cord injury.

: Necropsy findings were examined in 20 male patients with end-stage renal disease associated with longstanding spinal cord injury and treated with maintenance hemodialysis. All patients exhibited cardiovascular abnormalities. Fibrinous pericarditis was found in 50% of the patients. Left and right ventricular hypertrophy was present in 45% and 20% of the cases, respectively. The respective incidences of left and right ventricular dilatation were 40% and 30%. Cardiac amyloidosis was noted in 25% of the cases, whereas myocardial fibrosis was found in 45% of the patients. Valvular abnormalities were limited to one case of aortic stenosis and two cases of mitral ring dilatation. No evidence of infective endocarditis was observed despite the high incidence of infections in this population. Whereas 45% of the patients exhibited some degree of coronary arteriosclerosis, none exhibited evidence of acute myocardial infarction and only one showed pathologic changes consistent with old myocardial infarction. Aortic atherosclerosis was noted in the majority of patients.
Generational differences in work values: a study of hospitality management

Purpose – While many studies focusing on work values have been conducted, few of them were specifically focused on generational differences within the hospitality context. This study aims to explore the structure of hospitality management work values and the perceived differences among three generations of managers and supervisors in the hospitality industry.Design/methodology/approach – A survey of 398 managers and supervisors from hospitality organizations in the USA was conducted.Findings – A total of 15 work values were identified along with their hierarchical order. A four‐dimensional (comfort and security, professional growth, personal growth, and work environment) work value structure shared by hospitality workforce and generational differences in work values of the hospitality industry were found.Research limitations/implications – The findings of this study are limited to a managerial workforce of the hospitality industry in a US tourism destination.Practical implications – Implications are drawn...
A direct effect of forskolin on sodium channel bursting

A long-lasting component of current through voltage-dependent Na channels is believed to contribute to the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential. Here we report that in cardiac ventricular myocytes forskolin increases the contribution of a very slow component of decay (tau = 36 +/- 16 ms, n = 13) in ensemble currents in response to step depolarizations to 0 mV. Long-lasting bursts of openings (mean duration of 27 +/- 14 ms, n = 10) accounted for this behavior. The slow time constant of decay was not altered by forskolin (5-50 microM). Rather, an increase in the probability of bursting behavior produced a forskolin concentration-dependent increase in the amplitude of this very slow component. This action of forskolin was not the result of stimulation of adenylyl cyclase because it was not affected when cAMP-dependent phosphorylation was inhibited by the protein kinase inhibitor H-89, and it could not be mimicked by addition of isoproterenol, membrane-permeant cAMP [8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP], or the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. In addition, bursting was not augmented by guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP [gamma S]) either applied to the bath or directly to the intracellular face of the channel in inside-out macropatches. Furthermore, 1,9-dideoxy-forskolin, which does not stimulate adenylyl cyclase and 6-(3-dimethylaminopropionyl)-forskolin, a hydrophilic derivative of forskolin, also augmented late channel activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
GaAs/AlGaAs travelling wave electro-optic modulator with an electrical bandwidth >40 GHz

A GaAs/AlGaAs travelling wave Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator with novel slow wave electrodes was fabricated on undoped epitaxial layers. The device has a measured electrical bandwidth of >40 GHz at 1.55 /spl mu/m.
Control-Oriented Modeling of Transcritical Vapor Compression Systems

This paper presents a methodology for developing a low order dynamic model of a transcritical air-conditioning system, specifically suited for multivariable controller design. An 11th-order nonlinear dynamic model of the system is derived using first principles. Analysis indicates that the system exhibits multiple time scale behavior, and that model reduction is appropriate. Model reduction using singular perturbation techniques yields physical insight as to which physical phenomena are relatively fast/slow, and a 5th-order dynamic model appropriate for multivariable controller design. Although all results shown are for a transcritical cycle, the methodology presented can easily be extended to subcritical cycles.
Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum in a child concomitant with an entrapped coin and a duodenal polyp

Summary Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum (IDD) is a rare congenital anomaly. We present the report of an 8-year-old girl who had an entrapped coin in an IDD for 3 years that was associated with recurrent pancreatitis. Besides, a duodenoduodenal intussusception was found during the course of investigation and it seemed that a concomitant duodenal polyp contributed to the development of the intussusception. In view of the rarity of each of the aforementioned situations and the improbability of these conditions occurring together, this unusual and possibly unique case is therefore reported here.
Optoelectronic ATM switch using VCSEL and smart detector arrays

A 2D VCSEL/CMOS array and a GaAs smart detector array are used in the design and implementation of a high performance optoelectronic ATM switch based on 3-stage cross-point switching architecture.
Degrees of Formal Systems

In this paper we answer some of the questions left open in [2]. We use the terminology of [2]. In particular, a theory will be a formal system formulated within the first-order calculus with identity. A theory is identified with the set of Godel numbers of the theorems of the theory. Thus Craig's theorem [1] asserts that a theory is axiomatizable if and only if it is recursively enumerable. In [2], Feferman showed that if A is any recursively enumerable set, then there is an axiomatizable theory T having the same degree of unsolvability as A . (This result was proved independently by D. B. Mumford.) We show in Theorem 2 that if A is not recursive, then T may be chosen essentially undecidable. This depends on Theorem 1, which is a result on recursively enumerable sets of some independent interest. Our second result, given in Theorem 3, gives sufficient conditions for a theory to be creative. These conditions are more general than those given by Feferman. In particular, they show that the system of Kreisel described in [2] is creative.
A graph partitioning approach to signal decoding with applications in biomedicine

A partitioning theorem is applied to reduce greatly the computational complexity involved in the search of graphs representing high-level constraints in one-dimensional and multidimensional biomedical signal-decoding problems. For an N node graph the overall solution will generally involve O( square root N) complexity, a significant reduction with respect to conventional decoding approaches. The authors highlight the following advantages of the partitioning approach over conventional left-to-right strategies. (1) The planar separator theorem (PST) used provides a drastic reduction in computational cost from O(N) to O( square root N). (2) The PST provides a flexible and systematic way of selecting nodes with which to make a high pruning safety per computational load evaluation of all the paths in the graph. (3) The partitioning can be done offline so that many 'preparations' of graph can be attempted before it is used in a search. (4) Since nodes are selected at scattered locations throughout the graph, rather than always from the left, better statistical use of the observations is made in doing evaluations in the partitioned case. >
A century of epidemiologic transition in the United States

Abstract In the present paper, the theory of the Epidemiologic Transition is applied to describe the population and health dynamics in the United States during the last century. The data presented indicate that the U.S. experience belongs to what is referred to as the “Classical” model. The mortality decline in the U.S. occurred during the latter 19th century and marked a shift from pandemics of infection to degenerative and man-made diseases. The transition favored children more than the old, females more than males, and whites more than nonwhites. Mortality decline in 19th century U.S. owed little to medical progress, sanitation measures, or organized health services. More important determinants were improvements in living standards, personal hygiene, nutrition, housing, and ecologic recession of certain diseases. Fertility in the U.S. started to decline toward the end of the 19th century, a decline that was primarily socially determined. In recent decades, however, the organized element has become visible. The theory of the Epidemiologic Transition can be applied to other populations as well and can be helpful in determining the directions to take in efforts to control population growth. The fact that the theory distinguishes three different models of the transition alerts population students and policymakers to the fallacy of applying the population dynamics and solutions of one model to countries belonging to a different model.
Spin-aligned CN(X2Σ+) from the photodissociation of ICN and BrCN

Abstract We report the first observation of a nascent photodissociation product of 2 Σ symmetry, whose electron spin is aligned preferentially relative to the fragment rotational angular momentum. Spin—orbit interaction can align spins during the dissociation process, and electron correlation can couple this spatial information to the 2 Σ species.
Determination of cluster size distributions using an optical pulse particle size analyzer

We have developed an instrument that is specifically designed to measure cluster size distributions in colloidal dispersions. In this instrument, individual clusters pass single file through an optical flow channel, a portion of which is illuminated by a uniform laser beam. As each cluster passes through the illuminated region, it scatters a pulse of light, which is collected at angles of less than 3° and imaged at the surface of a photomultiplier tube. Multichannel pulse-height analysis yields a histogram of the cluster size distribution. The distinguishing feature of this instrument is its specific use of lowangle light scattering for cluster size analysis. We demonstrate that at sufficiently low angles, pulse height is proportional to the square of the number of monomeric units in a cluster—independent of cluster shape or orientation. Using polystyrene microspheres in water (relative refractive index m = 1.2), we show that this proportionality holds for sphere diameters as large as three times the wavelength of the incident light. Scattering from individual particles and from clusters of spheres is discussed in terms of Rayleigh, Rayleigh-Gans-Debye, and Mie theories.
THE MOTHER'S ROLE IN INFANT DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW.

Mother-child interaction ha s been a subject of considerable interest [or many years . It is genera l1y accepted that mothering affects th e child'sdevelopment. However, th ere is considerable controversy about which patte rns of mothering influence th e child and wha t processes are involved. Because of the di fficulties in human mother-child research, itis not possibl e at present to offer any defini te answers to these problems, However, a review of th e major ideas pursued to date seems valuable both: ( I) to evalua te th e th eories th at have been proposed, (2) to indica te the lines for future research.
Synthesis of Allyl Silanes Using Trimethylsilyllithium in the Presence of Copper(I) Iodide

Abstract Allyl silanes have been prepared by reaction of allylic halides with trimethylsilyllithium in the presence of copper(I) iodide.
Fluctuation Measurements With two Separated Probe Arrays on the Same Flux Tube

We conducted a set of experiments on the TEXT-U tokamak using two Langmuir probe arrays separated by 12 m located on or near the same magnetic flux tube. The magnetic flux tube location is determined by driving one set of probes with a single frequency wave and measuring the waves at the downstream location. The driven wave propagates as a shear-Alfven wave. From the combination of the driven waves and the location of peak correlation of background turbulence we are able to estimate an average k‖ for the background turbulence. The high coherence (>0.6) of the background turbulence signals from probes separated by 12 m suggests that most of the power in edge turbulence is contained in long structures (>18 m) in the parallel direction.
Utility of 111Indium-pentetreotide Scintigraphy in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors

Background Neuroendocrine (NE) tumors pose a diagnostic challenge with the need to utilize a combination of biochemical analysis, standard cross-sectional imaging, and more recently, nuclear medicine scans such as 111indium–pentetreotide scintigraphy (somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, SRS; OctreoScan, Covidien Imaging Solutions, Hazelwood, MO). In this study we sought to evaluate the clinical utility of scintigraphy in the diagnosis and management of patients with NE tumors at a major university hospital.
Uncertainties in the Composition of World Population in the Twenty-First Century

Past interest in long-range global population projections has been almost exclusively centered on future population size and, to some extent, on changes in the age structure. Uncertainties concerning future demographic dynamics are typically dealt with by preparing multiple projections, distinguished by differing fertility trajectories ranging from high to low. The usual assumption, that the constituting units of the global population— countries and regions—all follow the same variant projection (such as high or low), masks another potential uncertainty of future population dynamics: uncertainty in the composition of the global total by the relative sizes of its constituting units. Using a set of long-range population projections covering the period 2000–2100, this note explores plausible ranges of this uncertainty with reference to six constituting units of the global population.
Results of whole brain radiotherapy and recursive partitioning analysis in patients with brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma: a retrospective study.

Abstract Purpose To determine the benefit of whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) and the use of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classification system in patients with brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Methods and materials We identified 46 consecutive patients with brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma who were treated with WBRT at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation between 1983 and 2000. We reviewed their charts for patient and tumor characteristics and categorized them according to the RTOG RPA classes. Results The median follow-up and survival time for all 46 patients (15 women and 31 men) was 3.0 months. The median radiation dose was 3000 cGy in 10 fractions. Patients who received higher radiation doses (>3000 cGy) survived longer than those who received 3000 cGy or less than 3000 cGy (8.5 months vs. 2.7 months vs. 0.4 months, p = 0.0289). However, the Karnofsky performance status and RPA class were confounding factors in these data. The median survival for patients by RTOG RPA class was 8.5 months for Class I ( n = 2), 3 months for Class II ( n = 37), and 0.6 months for Class III ( n = 7, p = 0.0834). Conclusion Despite the relatively poor prognosis of patients who receive WBRT alone, it appears that they benefit from this palliative treatment. The RTOG RPA classification system may be a useful tool in assessing prognosis in this patient population.
Toward systems ecology

Can we adapt our understanding of bioecological systems to develop efficient, effective and sustainable man-made systems? It is perhaps not an overstatement to say that sustainable human development is unrealistic without major reliance on information technology. Yet, without a cohesive systems ecology to guide the use of information, how can we expect to manage today's complex systems? Whether they be man-made, human or organizational, systems based on a systems ecology could more quickly lead to knowledge and enterprise integration for the betterment of humankind.
The Changing Patterns of Systemic Fluoride Intake

Fluorosis prevalence has increased in North America since the 1930's-1940's. It may also have increased since 1970, though the evidence for that is less clear. Continued monitoring will help determine whether increased fluorosis prevalence in children in the United States is a cohort effect from the 1970's. This review considers the evidence for an increase in fluoride ingestion from all sources since the 1970's. If an increase has occurred, the most likely sources are fluoride dietary supplements, inadvertent swallowing of fluoride toothpastes, and increased fluoride in food and beverages. For adults, there is no evidence from dietary surveys to show that fluoride intake has increased over the last generation. Dietary surveys for children aged six months to two years are similarly inconclusive, though the great variation in fluoride content of various infant foods might be obscuring real effects. The data on fluoride intake by children from food and beverages, infant foods included, are not strong enough...
General form of string corrections to supersymmetry transformation in D=10, N=1 supergravity☆

Abstract We present the O( α ′ 3 ) heterotic string corrections to the supersymmetry transformation rules of D =10, N =1 supergravity multiplet, which satisfy the on-shell closure of supersymmetry. We also generalize this result to higher orders in α′, assuming a natural form of the leading O( α ' n ) heterotic string corrections to the effective action of the supergravity multiplet. We find no modification to the Killing spinor equations for the gravitino and dilatino at O(α′ 3 ) or higher, whenever fermionic condensates are absent.
Aflatoxin Production On Couscous

Abstract A study to determine whether couscous as prepared in North Africa constitutes a potential source of aflatoxin intake. Couscous readily supports the production of B 1 B 2 , G 1 and G 2 aflatoxins by Aspergillus para-siticus with optima at 28°C and 96% R.H., conditions found in North Africa during the rainy season in poorly prepared or stored couscous. No aflatoxin is produced below 11% moisture or 20°C. In deep beds of couscous, no aflatoxin in produced, though there may be profuse mycelial growth, perhaps due to decreased oxygen tension.
The call-timing algorithm of the white-lipped frog,Leptodactylus albilabris

1. The call-timing algorithm of the white-lipped frog,Leptodactylus albilabris, was studied in the field using playback of conspecific advertisement calls (‘chirps’) recorded with a digital electronic device developed for these studies. 2. A call refractory period is present. The interval between the onsets of successive chirps from one individual is always greater than this period of time. 3. Call timing is characterized further by a delayed, post-stimulus inhibition period during which a subject does not initiate a chirp. The calling gap produced by this delayed inhibition seems to be necessary for continued chorusing, and thus may be an important component of intraspecific communication in this species. 4. Calling males show spontaneous chirp interval distributions that suggest an underlying periodic call oscillator with noise or random variability. 5. Call timing was investigated also in one individual ofLeptodactylus melanonotus. Data from this frog suggest that call timing in this species also involves a noisy periodic call oscillator, a refractory period, and delayed, post-stimulus inhibition.
Molecules, morphology, fossils, and the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales.

Morphological analyses of seed plant phylogeny agree that Gnetales are the closest living relatives of angiosperms, but some studies indicate that both groups are monophyletic, while others indicate that angiosperms are nested within Gnetales. Molecular analyses of several genes agree that both groups are monophyletic, but differ on whether they are related. Conflicts among morphological trees depend on the interpretation of certain characters; when these are analyzed critically, both groups are found to be monophyletic. Conflicts among molecular trees may reflect the rapid Paleozoic radiation of seed plant lines, aggravated by the long branches leading to extant taxa. Trees in which angiosperms are not related to Gnetales conflict more with the stratigraphic record. Even if molecular data resolve the relationships among living seed plant groups, understanding of the origin of angiosperm organs will require integration of fossil taxa, necessarily using morphology.
Solar Cycle 23: An Anomalous Cycle?

The latest SOHO VIRGO total solar irradiance (TSI) time series is analyzed using new solar variability measures obtained from full-disk solar images made at the San Fernando Observatory and the Mg II 280 nm index. We discuss the importance of solar cycle 23 as a magnetically simpler cycle and a variant from recent cycles. Our results show the continuing improvement in TSI measurements and surrogates containing information necessary to account for irradiance variability. Use of the best surrogate for irradiance variability due to photospheric features (sunspots and faculae) and chromospheric features (plages and bright network) allows fitting the TSI record to within an rms difference of 130 ppm for the period 1986 to the present. Observations show that the strength of the TSI cycle did not change significantly despite the decrease in sunspot activity in cycle 23 relative to cycle 22. This points to the difficulty of modeling TSI back to times when only sunspot observations were available.
Onychodystrophy in Lichen Striatus

: Lichen striatus is a common childhood eruption, but only rare reports link cutaneous manltestions and onychodystrophy. We report a case of lichen striatus and onychodystrophy in a 12-year-old girl, only the eighth such patient in the dermatologic literature. Nail changes may precede the rash of Lichen strlatus and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of isolated nail dystrophy in children.
Rural and urban similarities and differences in private substance abuse treatment centers.

Abstract Although previous research has considered the unique treatment needs of rural residents, little research has investigated the potential differences in the availability of treatment services in rural and urban areas. Using three waves of longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of privately-funded substance abuse treatment centers, this research compared rural and urban treatment centers with regard to the availability of clinical levels of care, the offering of specialty treatment tracks, the adoption of treatment innovations, and the average costs of care. Results indicate that rural and urban centers were similar in their increasing provision of inpatient psychiatric levels of care and their decreasing offering of more intensive levels of chemical dependency services between 1995 and 2001. Rural and urban centers were increasingly likely to offer specialty treatment tracks for women, adolescents, clients with HIV/AIDS, and relapsing clients over time, but rural centers were les...
The Rationale for Treating the Nodule in Dupuytren’s Disease

Dupuytren’s disease encompasses a spectrum of fibroblastic disorders in the hands and feet (rarely in the penis) that range from a single nodule in the palm of a hand to a progressive mass of nodules and cords that coalesce with normal structures, and through the process of contracture, produce crippling deformities. The process always begins with a nodule, which is the engine of the disease. Over the last 50 years, there has been a chain of studies concerning Dupuytren’s disease that have shed light on what is transpiring in the development of the nodule. In 2006, Al-Qattan1 published a review of factors in the pathogenesis of Dupuytren’s disease. The article, an extension and amplification of those concepts, has as its goal the focus on the initial events and their location in the development of the disease, highlighting factors that will allow the clinician to be more proactive in the early treatment of Dupuytren’s disease and provide a rationale for the treatment of the nodule, as well as to improve recurrence rates, postoperatively. The article represents the author’s interpretation of the results of the studies to be presented and is influenced by his personal experience of 48 years with wound healing and the management of patients with Dupuytren’s disease with intralesional injections of nodules with triamcinolone and with expanded dermofasciectomies and full-thickness grafts for patients with extensive and significant contractures.
Differential uptake of human β-glucuronidase isoenzymes from spleen by deficient fibroblasts

Summary Two fractions of β-glucuronidase have been separated from an extract of human spleen by salt elution from DEAE. The two fractions correspond to two bands on gel acrylamide electrophoresis at pH 4.3. The 0.02 M NaCl eluate gives an immunodiffusion reaction of identity with β-glucuronidase purified from liver, and is taken up poorly by deficient human fibroblasts. The 0.1 M eluate fails to cross react with the antibody to the liver enzyme, and is taken up avidly by deficient fibroblasts.
Cognitive deficits in patients with heart failure: a review of the literature.

Purpose Chronic heart failure (HF) and cognitive impairments (CI) are common problems in the elderly. Both are associated with increased mortality and disability, decreased quality of life, and increased health care costs. While these conditions may occur by chance in the same individual, there is increasing evidence that HF is independently associated with CI. The purpose of this article is to review and critique the literature addressing the prevalence, type, and severity of CI in HF patients, the clinical factors associated with CI, and the potential pathophysiology underlying the development of CI, and to recommend priority areas for future research. Results Memory and attention deficits are the most frequently occurring CI in this patient population, followed by slowed motor response times and difficulties in problem solving. Prevalence rates range from 30% to 80% depending upon the age of the patients and the characteristics of the sample being studied. Most patients have mild impairments, although as many as one fourth may have moderate to severe CI. The relationship between left ventricular ejection fraction and cognition is inconsistent and may be nonlinear. The pathophysiology underlying the development of CI in HF patients may be related to both cerebral infarction and cerebral hypoperfusion either alone or in combination. Conclusions The current literature is limited by studies with sometimes small or nonrepresentative samples, few matched control studies, and lack of longitudinal data that could indicate the conditions that favor the development of CI over time. Future research needs to focus on (1) determining the types, frequency, and severity of impairments in cognitive functioning among a representative sample of HF patients, (2) explicating the pathological mechanisms and the clinical factors that underlie the development of cognitive deficits, and (3) identifying the ways CI influences quality of life. Interventions can then be developed to prevent or delay the occurrence of CI or to minimize their effect on patient self-management and quality of life.
Institutionalized obstacles to development: The case of Egypt

Abstract Slow economic development in Egypt and other developing countries results from an institutionalized behavior pattern based on Indecision, Procrastination, and Indifference (IPI). The IPI behavior, given the socioeconomic and political environment, results in frustrated or lack of entrepreneurship, low incentives, low productivity, low incomes, low savings, and hence slow development. Five major institutions help to breed, sustain, and perpetuate the IPI behavior pattern; these are religion, family structure, land tenure, education, and government. The costs and benefits of IPI are distributed differentially among economic classes in a way that helps to maintain the status quo , and change will come primarily by a change in the distribution of benefits or the class structure. The model is illustrated by reference to both private and public sectors.
Gene Therapy In Lung Transplantation: Effective Gene Transfer Via The Airways

Abstract Objectives: Gene therapy may provide a means of modifying factors that contribute to the development of pathologic processes in transplanted lungs. Experiments were designed to study the feasibility of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer by way of the airways to the transplanted lung. Methods: Orthotopic left lung transplantation (Lewis to Lewis rats) was performed on four groups of animals. 300 μl of adenovirus solution encoding for β-galactosidase was infused into the left bronchus of donor rats at viral concentrations of 10 8 pfu/ml ( n = 5), 10 9 pfu/ml ( n = 6), and 10 10 pfu/ml ( n = 6), and the lung was ventilated for 5 minutes. Controls ( n = 6) received medium only. Seven days after transplantation, native and transduced, transplanted lungs were harvested. Sections of lung were fixed and stained with a solution of X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactopyranoside) and staining was evaluated for distribution by cell type and intensity. Results: β-Galactosidase expression was absent in the control group and in the native lungs. Two of five lungs in the 10 8 group expressed β-galactosidase, but in a limited distribution and intensity. All six lungs in the 10 9 group and five of six lungs in the 10 10 group expressed β-galactosidase. The distribution and intensity of β-galactosidase expression ranged from only a few cells staining per slide to up to 75%. Pneumocytes were the most frequently stained cell type followed by alveolar macrophages. Conclusions: Gene transfer to the transplanted lung via the bronchial route is feasible and offers a novel technique to modify pathologic processes in the transplanted lung. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:638-43)
Parsing populism: Who is and who is not a populist these days?

Donald Trump is but Bernie Sanders isn't; Syriza is, sometimes. In analysing the state of contemporary populism, Jan-Werner Muller argues that it is not just anti-elitist, but also necessarily anti-pluralist, and in this exclusive claim to representation lies its profoundly undemocratic character.
Women Who Win: Social Backgrounds, Paths to Power, and Political Ambition in Latin American Legislatures

Research on women in Latin American politics in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s showed that very few women ran for and won political office and that those who did often did not fit the mold of the typical legislator. Yet significant cultural, social, and political changes have occurred over the past 30 years, and few studies have reexamined the types of women who win political office in the region today. In this article, I examine the social backgrounds, paths to power, and political ambition of women and men elected to national legislatures in Argentina, Colombia, and Costa Rica. I argue that women and men are likely to be more similar than different, given the tight constraints imposed on legislative candidates in democratic elections, and empirically examine this hypothesis with data from an original survey of legislators conducted in 2001–2. I find that, indeed, women and men are quite similar on an array of characteristics. Women who win elected office in Latin America today do so by playing the traditional, male-defined, political game.
Developmental and Genetic Outcomes in Children Conceived Through Assisted Reproductive Technologies

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for singleton, twin, and other multiple births. 2. Describe the role of fertility in adverse outcomes seen with ART births. 3. Review the association of birth defects with ART. 4. Delineate the association of disease of genomic imprinting with ART. 5. Describe the relationship between ART and the subsequent incidence of neurodevelopmental sequelae. In the 1977 ruling “Carey v. Population Services International,” the United States Supreme Court ruled that the decision to bear children is constitutionally protected. (1) Significant interest already had been shown in the development and improvements of in vitro fertilization (IVF) for infertile couples. The first human pregnancy and human birth using IVF were reported by Steptoe and Edwards in the United Kingdom. (2) Their work resulted in the first baby born via reproductive technologies, Louise Brown, born on July 25, 1978, at Oldham General Hospital in Oldham, United Kingdom. (3) She was born via a planned cesarean section, and her birthweight was 2.61 kg. The first successful viable IVF in the United States was performed by Jones and Seager-Jones in 1981 in Norfolk, Virginia. (4) Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have seen a recent surge in popularity. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that 122,872 cycles of ART were initiated in 2003, resulting in the delivery of 48,756 neonates, (5) accounting for approximately 1% of all neonates delivered in the United States. The percentage is higher in many countries, including Denmark, where it is estimated that 5% of all deliveries are with the assistance of ART. (6) Couples pursue ART for myriad reasons, including tubal transport factors, ovulatory dysfunction, uterine factors, endometriosis, male- and female-specific factors, and when a cause of infertility is unknown. (5) It would be very …
Avidity mechanism of dendrimer-folic acid conjugates

Multivalent conjugation of folic acid has been employed to target cells overexpressing folate receptors. Such polymer conjugates have been previously demonstrated to have high avidity to folate binding protein. However, the lack of a monovalent folic acid–polymer material has prevented a full binding analysis of these conjugates, as multivalent binding mechanisms and polymer-mass mechanisms are convoluted in samples with broad distributions of folic acid-to-dendrimer ratios. In this work, the synthesis of a monovalent folic acid–dendrimer conjugate allowed the elucidation of the mechanism for increased binding between the folic acid–polymer conjugate and a folate binding protein surface. The increased avidity is due to a folate-keyed interaction between the dendrimer and protein surfaces that fits into the general framework of slow-onset, tight-binding mechanisms of ligand/protein interactions.