cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race/Ethnic Disparities in the Utilization of Treatment for Drug Dependent Inmates in U.S. State Correctional Facilities

Abstract Background Research has documented racial and ethnic disparities in utilization, access, continuity, and quality of care for psychiatric disorders including treatment for substance use disorders among those with similar need in the general community. Currently, the extent of racial and ethnic disparities in treatment within U.S. correctional facilities is unknown. Methods This study examines race/ethnic disparities in treatment for drug dependent inmates using the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities. Fixed effects logistic regression is used to analyze treatment outcomes for 5180 inmates housed within 286 prisons. The analysis accounts for differences in background characteristics (i.e., age, gender, marital status, foreign born status, veteran status), socioeconomic characteristics (i.e., education, employment prior to incarceration), mental health (i.e., diagnosis with a serious mental illness), and incarceration experiences (i.e., current conviction, previous incarceration episodes, time served, additional sentencing requirements, external social support, disciplinary violations). Results The findings identify a remarkable unmet need among drug dependent inmates in that less than one-half of drug dependent inmates had received any type of treatment in prison at the time of the interview with the most common treatment type being self-help groups. Compared to whites, drug dependent Latino inmates have significantly lower odds of utilizing treatment, yet there are no significant black-–white disparities found. Conclusion The current study suggests that treatment for drug dependent inmates needs to be expanded to include clinically or medically based treatment since the failure to address addictions in the criminal legal system has been identified as the single most significant reason for rearrest and recidivism once released.
The influence of social networking web sites on the evaluation of job candidates.

This study investigated how the content of social networking Web site (SNW) pages influenced others' evaluation of job candidates. Students (N = 148) evaluated the suitability of hypothetical candidates for an entry-level managerial job. A 2 x 4 design was employed: resumes were either marginally qualified or well qualified for the job. SNW printouts reflected (a) an emphasis on drinking alcohol, (b) a family orientation, or (c) a professional orientation; participants in a control group received no Web page information. In addition to a main effect for resume quality, applicants with either a family-oriented or a professional-oriented SNW were seen as more suitable for the job and more conscientious than applicants with alcohol-oriented SNW pages. They were more likely to be interviewed. If hired, they were also likely to be offered significantly higher starting salaries. Results are discussed in terms of implications for both managers and applicants.
Reflections on the National Mathematics Advisory Panel Final Report

In March 2008, the National Mathematics Advisory Panel final report was released. This report was produced in response to an executive order from President George W. Bush. The report is important because of its subject matter—improving mathematics teaching and learning—its historically significant genesis, and the strong position that the report takes on the primacy of quantitative methods in education research. The author briefly introduces the report and then draws attention to some of the main points in the commentaries offered in this special issue of Educational Researcher. The special issue ends with a rejoinder from the chair and co-chair of the report.
Evaluating business information systems fit: from concept to practical application

Attempting to explain information systems success and failure is a complex task. To measure it is perhaps more complex and compounded by difficulties related to the concept of measurement in a social context. The prevalent approach taken to date revolves around the concept of ‘fit’, as defined by the contingency approach in organizational theory. In reviewing this, a proposal is made for an interpretive approach to measurement. This paper attempts to provide such an approach through the development of a framework that aims to improve understanding for the researcher and practitioner alike. The formative part of the framework seeks to collect data relating to the fit of the information system and its environment along the dimensions of decision making, innovation and information acquisition and distribution. The latter part of the framework uses repertory grids to gain an understanding of both what is perceived as wrong with the system and what is perceived as wanted from the system; the latter acting as a basis for corrective action. A description of action research applying the framework in an organizational setting is given and representative empirical results are examined. The paper concludes with a discussion of the value of the framework and the major conclusions that can be drawn from its application.
Cryo electron microscopy of unstained, unfixed RecA-cssDNA complexes

Complexes of RecA protein with phi X174 circular single-stranded DNA (cssDNA) with and without ATP gamma S were rapidly frozen and embedded in a thin layer of vitreous ice. The electron micrographs of these frozen-hydrated complexes clearly show visible helicity. Quantitative image analyses of these micrographs reveal the helical pitch and the axial rise between DNA bases of these complexes. Both of these structural parameters of RecA-cssDNA complexes increase significantly when ATP gamma S is present. These observations agree qualitatively but not quantitatively with those from negative stained specimens and confirm the general model that the interactions among RecA molecules and between RecA and DNA could change according to the functional states of the RecA-cssDNA complex.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita responsive to dapsone therapy.

Antecedents: L'epidermolyse bulleuse acquise (EBA) est une affection chronique caracterisee par la formation de bulles sous-epidermiques qui est frequemment rebelle au traitement. Objectif: Presenter le cas d'un homme de 58 ans qui a eu pendant un an des lesions bulleuses au niveau des mains, des avant-bras, du tronc, du cuir chevelu et de la muqueuse buccale. L'examen histopathologique a revele la presence de bulles sous-epidermiques et les etudes d'immunofluorescence directe et indirecte etaient compatibles avec le diagnostic d'EBA. Le patient n'a reagi favorablement ni au niacinamide, ni a la tetracycline ni a la prednisone administree par voie orale a la dose de 40 mg par jour. Methodes: La cicatrisation complete des bulles s'est produite dans les deux mois qui ont suivi l'amorce d'un traitement de dapsone par voie orale a la dose de 150 mg par jour. Conclusion: La dapsone peut s'averer efficace dans certains cas d'EBA.
Confidence Bounds and Hypothesis Tests for Normal Distribution Coefficients of Variation

For normally distributed populations, we obtain confidence bounds on a ratio of two coefficients of variation, provide a test for the equality of k coefficients of variation, and provide confidence bounds on a coefficient of variation shared by k populations.
GIS-BASED ANALYSIS OF STORM VULNERABILITY CHANGE AT PEA ISLAND, NC

In August 2011, Hurricane Irene opened multiple small breaches along the Outer Banks of North Carolina, USA. To predict storm damage to barrier islands, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) has developed the storm impact scale for barrier islands, which assesses vulnerability based on the configuration of the pre-storm terrain relative to storm characteristics. We present the vulnerability of Pea Island to Hurricane Isabel (2003) and Irene (2011) using an efficient GIS-based implementation of the storm impact scale. This implementation employs a least cost path approach to automated topographic feature extraction and a remote sensing approach to wrack line extraction for storm parameter estimation. The assessed vulnerability along with high-resolution topographic visualizations based on a decadal time-series of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data suggest that the location of the breach formation was a function of the pre-storm terrain. With the presented methodology, the geospatial information required to identify vulnerable areas can efficiently be extracted so that management strategies can be implemented before storm damage occurs.
Global Cardiovascular Disease and the Academic Public Health Curriculum

The epidemic of cardiac risk factors and cardiovascular disease in developing regions has reached sub-Sahara Africa. This global reality needs to energize the academic public health establishment to incorporate this phenomenon in its curriculum. The focus for control of these risk factors and illnesses will need to be on their cultural, political, and economic upstream drivers. The schools of public health will need to collaborate with a broad array of university disciplines to craft a focused and appropriate curriculum with which to train the next generation of global health professionals.
A modeling of the structure and favorable H-docking sites and defects for the high-pressure silica polymorph stishovite

Employing first-principles methods, the docking sites for H were determined and H, Al, and vacancy defects were modeled with an infinite periodic array of super unit cells each consisting of 27 contiguous symmetry nonequivalent unit cells of the crystal structure of stishovite. A geometry optimization of the super-cell structure reproduces the observed bulk structure within the experimental error when P1 translational symmetry was assumed and an array of infinite extent was generated. A mapping of the valence electrons for the structure displays mushroom-shaped isosurfaces on the O atom, one on each side of the plane of the OSi3 triangle in the nonbonded region. An H atom, placed in a cell near the center of the super cell, was found to dock upon geometry optimization at a distance of 1.69 A from the O atom with the OH vector oriented nearly perpendicular to the plane of the triangle such that the OH vector makes a angle of 91° with respect to [001]. However, an optimization of a super cell with an Al atom replacing Si and an H atom placed nearby in a centrally located cell resulted in an OH distance of 1.02 A with the OH vector oriented perpendicular to [001] as observed in infrared studies. The geometry-optimized position of the H atom was found to be in close agreement with that (0.44, 0.12, 0.0) determined in an earlier study of the theoretical electron density distribution. The docking of the H atom at this site was found to be ∼330 kJ mol−1 more stable than a docking of the atom just off the shared OO edge of the octahedra as determined for rutile. A geometry optimization of a super cell with a missing Si generated a vacant octahedra that is 20% larger than that of the SiO6 octahedra. The valence electron density distribution displayed by the two-coordinate O atoms that coordinate the vacant octahedral site is very similar to those displayed by the bent SiOSi angles in coesite. The internal distortions induced by the defect were found to diminish rather rapidly with distance, with the structure annealing to that observed in the bulk crystal to within about three coordination spheres.
Limits on the maximum attainable efficiency for solid-state lighting

Artificial lighting for general illumination purposes accounts for over 8% of global primary energy consumption. However, the traditional lighting technologies in use today, i.e., incandescent, fluorescent, and high-intensity discharge lamps, are not very efficient, with less than about 25% of the input power being converted to useful light. Solid-state lighting is a rapidly evolving, emerging technology whose efficiency of conversion of electricity to visible white light is likely to approach 50% within the next years. This efficiency is significantly higher than that of traditional lighting technologies, with the potential to enable a marked reduction in the rate of world energy consumption., There is no fundamental physical reason why efficiencies well beyond 50% could not be achieved, which could enable even greater world energy savings. The maximum achievable luminous efficacy for a solid-state lighting source depends on many different physical parameters, for example the color rendering quality that is required, the architecture employed to produce the component light colors that are mixed to produce white, and the efficiency of light sources producing each color component. In this article, we discuss in some detail several approaches to solid-state lighting and the maximum luminous efficacy that could be attained, given various constraints such as those listed above.
The immunomodulating neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) suppresses LPS-stimulated TLR4 with IRAK-M in macrophages

Since α-MSH suppresses endotoxin-induced inflammation by innate immunity, it is possible that α-MSH can suppress the interface between innate and adaptive immunity mediated by TLR4-stimulated macrophages. Endotoxin-stimulated macrophages treated with α-MSH are suppressed in nitric oxide and IL-12p70 production, and cannot enhance antigen-stimulated IFN-γ production by Th1 cells. In macrophages treated with α-MSH, the inhibitory molecule IRAK-M is bound to IRAK-1, the proximal intracellular signal molecule of endotoxin-bound TLR4. These results further demonstrate the dynamic contribution of the nervous system, and the role of α-MSH in modulating the innate and adaptive immune interface in an inflammatory response.
31. Vertebrate pest management in windbreak systems

Abstract Wild animals, as well as livestock, can harm windbreak plantings by feeding and other activities. New plantings are particularly susceptible. When damage occurs, or can be predicted, it is often cost-effective to take preventive or corrective measures to control damage. Typical damage caused by wild vertebrates such as rodents, lagomorphs and birds, as well as by livestock, is described. Categories of damage-control measures include exclusion, cultural practices and habitat modification, frightening stimuli, repellents and population reduction.
Hadamard transform time-of-flight mass spectrometry: A high-speed detector for capillary-format separations

This work demonstrates that with an intrinsic duty cycle of 50% and spectral storage speeds up to 277 spectra s-1 Hadamard transform time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HT-TOFMS) is a promising detector for any capillary-format separation that can be coupled to MS by electrospray ionization. Complete resolution of the components of a nine-peptide standard was achieved by coupling pressurized-capillary electrophoresis (pCE) to HT-TOFMS. The addition of pressure to the separation capillary decreased analysis times and stabilized the electrospray ionization source. Pulsed-pressurized injection of reserpine was used to experimentally simulate narrower peaks than those obtained in the pCE. HT-TOFMS was able to sample peaks having widths in the millisecond range.
Low-temperature characterization of buried-channel NMOST

A comprehensive characterization of buried-channel NMOS transistors at low temperatures down to 30 K is reported. The mobilities of both surface (accumulation) and bulk (buried-channel) electrons were determined as a function of surface electric field and gate bias voltage, respectively, at low temperatures. Both surface electron mobility and buried-channel electron mobility increase with decreasing temperatures. However, a peak in the buried-channel electron mobility is observed around 80 K if the neutral region extends to regions of high impurity concentrations near the surface. A modified MOSCAP (Poisson solver) was used to obtain spatial distributions of carriers and to predict the C-V curves. Low-frequency noise measurements at low temperatures were carried out at gate voltages corresponding to the accumulation, depletion, and inversion modes of operation of the device. In the accumulation mode, a 1/f dependence is observed similar to surface-channel devices. In the depletion mode, a generation-recombination type of noise is observed with a peak around 150 K. In the inversion mode, noise that is related to the hole inversion layer is observed. >
Effect of Cortisone on the Fate of I131 Early After Its Uptake by the Rat Thyroid

A comparison of hypophysectomized rats receiving cortisone with similar rats not given corticoid therapy showed that in the former the thyroidal binding of I131 was promoted during the first 16 min after I131 injection. Thyrotropin (TSH) augmented the uptake of I131 by the thyroids of hypophysectomized rats (measured 8 min after I131 injection), but did not improve the efficiency of its organic binding. When such rats were treated with cortisone before TSH was given, the binding of I131 in the thyroid was more efficient. Similarly, intact rats given large doses of cortisone had a higher percentage of thyroidal I131 in the organic form (8 min after the administration of the isotope) than did their untreated counterparts. Cortisone treatment appears to facilitate organic binding of I131 which has entered the thyroid recently.
Validation and evaluation of common large-area display set (CLADS) performance specification

Battelle is under contract with Warner Robins Air Logistics Center to design a Common Large Area Display Set (CLADS) for use in multiple Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (C4I) applications that currently use 19- inch Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs). Battelle engineers have built and fully tested pre-production prototypes of the CLADS design for AWACS, and are completing pre-production prototype displays for three other platforms simultaneously. With the CLADS design, any display technology that can be packaged to meet the form, fit, and function requirements defined by the Common Large Area Display Head Assembly (CLADHA) performance specification is a candidate for CLADS applications. This technology independent feature reduced the risk of CLADS development, permits life long technology insertion upgrades without unnecessary redesign, and addresses many of the obsolescence problems associated with COTS technology-based acquisition. Performance and environmental testing were performed on the AWACS CLADS and continues on other platforms as a part of the performance specification validation process. A simulator assessment and flight assessment were successfully completed for the AWACS CLADS, and lessons learned from these assessments are being incorporated into the performance specifications. Draft CLADS specifications were released to potential display integrators and manufacturers for review in 1997, and the final version of the performance specifications are scheduled to be released to display integrators and manufacturers in May, 1998. Initial USAF applications include replacements for the E-3 AWACS color monitor assembly, E-8 Joint STARS graphics display unit, and ABCCC airborne color display. Initial U.S. Navy applications include the E-2C ACIS display. For these applications, reliability and maintainability are key objectives. The common design will reduce the cost of operation and maintenance by an estimated $3.3M per year on E-3 AWACS alone. It is realistic to anticipate savings of over $30M per year as CLADS is implemented widely across DoD applications. As commonality and open systems interfaces begin to surface in DoD applications, the CLADS architecture can easily and cost effectively absorb the changes, and avoid COTS obsolescence issues.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Temperature Independent Adsorbate Structure of 4-Octyl-, 4-Decyl-, and 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonates at the Al2O3/Water Interface

In situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy and linear dichroism (LD) analysis were used to characterize the Gibbs' surface excess (Γ) and molecular orientation (ϑ, mean tilt from the interface normal) of sodium 4-n-octylbenzenesulfonate (SOBS), sodium 4-n-decylbenzenesulfonate (SDeBS), and purified sodium 4-n-dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDoBS) adsorbed at the Al2O3/water interface. The Γ values were confirmed by the solution depletion method. The ϑ values were determined separately for the phenyl rings, alkyl chains, and SO3- head groups. Thin films (150−220 nm) of Al2O3 on the surface of ZnSe IR internal reflection elements allowed in situ IR ATR adsorption measurements on a model hydrophilic solid from the near IR to 950 cm-1. Both Γ and ϑ for SOBS and SDeBS were insensitive to ionic strength, but were slightly sensitive to pH and temperature. The crystal structure of SOBS·1/2H2O was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and compared with polarized sin...
Cell-Free Rolling Mediated by L-Selectin and Sialyl Lewisx Reveals the Shear Threshold Effect

Abstract The selectin family of adhesion molecules mediates attachment and rolling of neutrophils to stimulated endothelial cells. This step of the inflammatory response is a prerequisite to firm attachment and extravasation. We have reported that microspheres coated with sialyl Lewis x (sLe x ) interact specifically and roll over E-selectin and P-selectin substrates (Brunk et al., 1996; Rodgers et al., 2000). This paper extends the use of the cell-free system to the study of the interactions between L-selectin and sLe x under flow. We find that sLe x microspheres specifically interact with and roll on L-selectin substrates. Rolling velocity increases with wall shear stress and decreases with increasing L-selectin density. Rolling velocities are fast, between 25 and 225 μ m/s, typical of L-selectin interactions. The variability of rolling velocity, quantified by the variance in rolling velocity, scales linearly with rolling velocity. Rolling flux varies with both wall shear stress and L-selectin site density. At a density of L-selectin of 800 sites/ μ m 2 , the rolling flux of sLe x coated microspheres goes through a clear maximum with respect to shear stress at 0.7 dyne/cm 2 . This behavior, in which the maintenance and promotion of rolling interactions on selectins requires shear stress above a threshold value, is known as the shear threshold effect. We found that the magnitude of the effect is greatest at an L-selectin density of 800 sites/ μ m 2 and gradually diminishes with increasing L-selectin site density. Our study is the first to reveal the shear threshold effect with a cell free system and the first to show the dependence of the shear threshold effect on L-selectin site density in a reconstituted system. Our ability to recreate the shear threshold effect in a cell-free system strongly suggests the origin of the effect is in the physical chemistry of L-selectin interaction with its ligand, and largely eliminates cellular features such as deformability or topography as its cause.
The in vivo behaviour of twenty-four strains of alfalfa mosaic virus

Abstract The in vivo behaviour of 24 strains of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) in cells of tobacco leaves was investigated by electron microscopy of thin sections. In the cytoplasm the particles of 13 of the strains packed in four distinct aggregation forms which are described in detail. These aggregation forms appear to be strain specific. The particles of the other 11 strains were not found to aggregate in the cytoplasm of tobacco. In an attempt to find how two of the types of cytoplasmic aggregates of AMV particles were formed, samples were taken at regular intervals from plants infected with Caldy and 15 64 strains. Aggregates were found in Caldy infected plants from the earliest stage (2 days) at which virus particles were detected. Particles were found in 15 64 infected plants 2 days after inoculation and aggregates, first detected in the third day sample, became common by the fifth day; but the cause of the aggregates was not detected. Possible mechanisms of aggregation formation are discussed. Aggregates which resembled those formed by virus particles were found in nuclei of tobacco plants infected with 15 64 , AMV 425, and VRU strains. AMV-like particles were extracted from nuclei from plants infected with 15 64 strain. Aggregates of long rod-shaped particles were found in the nuclei of plants infected with three strains. Those associated with 15 64 and ATCC 91 strains were in loose aggregates whereas those associated with Caldy strain were in large crystalline aggregates. Both types of aggregate of long tubular particles were usually found near the nucleoli. The long rod-shaped particles extracted from nuclei from 15 64 and Caldy infected tobacco were indistinguishable in the electron microscope.
Accounting, innovation, and incentives

Abstract This paper studies two scenarios of incentive issues related to innovation: the first is related to organizational innovation and the second is related to technological innovation. In the first scenario, we show that diversification across substitutive projects can actually make incompetent management more visible, and hence reduce incentive costs. In the second scenario, we illustrate that the new accounting standard on goodwill impairment may have a positive impact on incentive contracts even when the agent does not have control over the result of the impairment test. In both scenarios, we emphasize the out-of-equilibrium stewardship role of accounting information. We also stress the importance of distinguishing information content from value of information in contracting.
PEDOT/Nafion composite thin films supported on Pt electrodes: Facile fabrication and electrochemical activities

Abstract Poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene(PEDOT)/Nafion composite thin films were prepared by a facile electrochemical polymerization approach. These films were characterized by wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic/electric force microscopy (AFM/EFM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), potential step chronoamperometry (PSC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The as-prepared film was dense and smooth and had nearly uniform PEDOT and Nafion distribution on the nanometer scale with slight localized phase segregation. Electrochemical experiments revealed a PEDOT/Nafion stable potential window and a PEDOT/Nafion overoxidation potential window. Hole mobility in the film was quantified by PSC technique and charge transport theory, and was verified independently by EIS technique.
Inducement of miracidia-immobilizing substance in the hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata.

Abstract Lie K. J. , Jeong K. H. and Heyneman D. 1980. Inducement of miracidia-immobilizing substance in the hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata. Intemational Journal for Parasitology10: 183–188. More than 85% of echinostome-infected albino B. glabrata laboratory strain snails develop miracidia-immobilizing substance(s) (MIS) in the hemolymph, while less than 5% of control uninfected snails show this ability. Snails infected with Echinostoma lindoense show a strong miracidial immobilizing test (MIT) when homologous miracidia are exposed to the hemolymph and a moderate response when E. liei and Paryphostomum segregatum miracidia are used. Infection with E. paraensei results in a high level of hemolymph MIS with E. lindoense miracidia, a moderate one with P. segregatum miracidia, and a weak one when hemolymph is tested against E. liei as well as the homologous E. paraensei miracidia. Infection with E. liei induces a strong MIT with E. lindoense miracidia whereas only a moderate one was observed when using homologous or P. segregatum miracidia. Infection with P. segregatum gives a moderate MIT reaction to miracidia of the homologous species, as well as to E. lindoense and E. liei, and only a weak response to E. paraensei miracidia. Infection with S. mansoni fails to induce hemolymph that shows MIS to any of the parasites tested. Production of hemolymph MIS is temporary. It begins one day postexposure, reaches its maximum 10–14 days postexposure, and declines to the preinfection level several weeks later. Infection of snails with irradiated parasites also results in a temporary production of hemolymph MIS. Uninfected snails show a tissue-extract MIS, which is especially strong when digestive gland extracts are used. However, these snails give little or no evidence of a hemolymph MIS.
Some new data on the lateralization of noise signals with large interaural time differences

Blodgett, Wilbanks, and Jeffress (1956) showed that the human auditory system can utilize interaural time differences considerably greater than those which can arise in a free sound field to lateralize noise signals. Some new data are reported on the effect of large interaural time differences upon judgments of sidedness. The results show that subjects can detect interaural time differences as large as 10 msec as differences in direction or position, and that subjects can distinguish between uncorrelated noise and noise signals with interaural correla- tions as small as r <.02 as differences in sidedness.
Social Issue Emergence on the Web: A Dual Structurational Model

In this paper, we unravel the complex ontological relationship between the empirical hyperlink networks enacted by strategic organizational actors and the epistemic issue networks enacted by decision makers who navigate hyperlinks to construct the boundaries of an issue. To conceptualize this relationship, we present a dual structurational model of issue network emergence that demonstrates the processes by which decision makers come to read and structure their comprehension of an issue out of their experience navigating a hyperlink network. We then discuss how the emergence of an issue network from a hyperlink network has consequences for both the decision makers that wish to act on the social issue and the organizational actors who create links. The model is demonstrated using the Chicago Climate Action Plan, a climate change initiative underway in Chicago, as an abbreviated case study. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermodynamics of superspreading

A simple model for calculation of the spreading coefficient of an aqueous surfactant solution on an apolar solid is proposed. The spreading coefficient is predicted to have two components: i) the van der Waals component, which is similar to the spreading coefficient of the alkane, making up the surfactant tail; and ii) the monolayer frustration component, dependent on the bending moduli and the spontaneous curvature of the surfactant. The frustration term is minimized at a negative spontaneous curvature. In order for a solution to spread, the van der Waals component of the spreading coefficient must be positive and larger than the monolayer frustration term. The spreading is facilitated by surfactants having very short and branched alkyl tails.
Continental Rifts: Evolution, Structure and Tectonics

Twenty one “friends of continental rifts” wrote Continental Rifts: Evolution, Structureand Tectonics. They define the object of their passion as elongate tectonic depressions along which the entire lithosphere has been modified by extension. Strictly speaking, passive margins and highly extended terranes such as the Basin and Range are not included in this definition, but the authors consider them to be related to continental rifts. The authors hail from academia and set as their main goal “an improved understanding of the fundamental lithospheric processes of rifting, with primary focus on deep structures and processes associated with rifting.” Consequently, many well-known extensional systems, for example, the North Sea grabens, the Suez Basin, onshore and offshore eastern China, and large areas of southeast Asia, are barely considered. Rift aficionados from the petroleum industry will find very little to interest them in this book.
Response of Finite Periodic Beam to Turbulent Boundary-Layer Pressure Excitation

T is well established by now that the random pressure fluctuations resulting from eddies moving in a boundary-layer turbulent flow can severely excite the exterior of a vehicle traveling at high speed through certain media (air, water). The vibrations so induced will inflict fatigue damage on the structure which must be taken into consideration in the design to ensure that the probability is high for the vehicle to survive its intended service life. To assess the fatigue life, it is necessary to know the statistical properties of the structural response.1 The usual construction of a flight vehicle fuselage or a ship hull consists of thin skin reinforced by stiffeners, known as the skin-stringer panel construction. The analysis of actual skinstringer panels is too complicated; therefore, an idealized model needs to be selected for mathematical treatment. Early papers in the literature on structural response to boundary-laye r
Inclusion, One Step at a Time A Case Study of Communication and Decision Making Across Program Boundaries

A public school district relocated one of its early childhood special education classrooms to a private childcare facility in order to enable social interaction with typically developing children. ...
Absorption and metabolism of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,4-pentadienal (Spydust).

Abstract 5-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2,4-pentadienal (NPPD) was recently alleged to have been used as a tracking agent to monitor the activities of U.S. citizens in the Soviet Union. In order to better assess human risk from possible exposure to this compound the absorption and metabolism of [ 14 C]NPPD has been investigated in male F344 rats. These studies have revealed that NPPD was readily and quantitatively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, distributed throughout the tissues, metabolized, and rapidly excreted primarily in urine. NPPD was sparingly absorbed following dermal administration of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/cm 2 . The amount absorbed increased as the dose increased but the percentage of the dose absorbed decreased as the dose increased, e.g., 50% (5 of 10 μg applied) of the low dose was absorbed but only 5% (50 of 100 μg applied) of the high dose was absorbed. The material absorbed after dermal administration was rapidly excreted and the distribution and metabolism of the dermally administered compound was no different from oral administration. A total of five metabolites, 4-nitrocinnamic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, 4-nitrohippuric acid, 4-acetamidocinnamic acid, and 4-nitrobenzoic acid, were identified by cochromatography with authentic standards and comparison of UV spectra. These metabolites are formed by oxidative metabolism of the pentadienal side chain, reduction of the nitro group, and/or conjugation of the resulting amino group with acetate or carboxylic acid with glycine.
The Geography of Japanese Development Aid to China, 1978–98

Japan is the largest donor of development aid to China, and China is the largest recipient of international aid and arguably the most significant emergent transitional economy in the world. A survey of Japan's aid is helpful in any attempt to understand the impact of aid on China's national and regional development and on state strategies. Japan's aid is closely tied to the health of Japan's economy—the second largest economy in the world. Though certainly not unique in this regard, Japan's aid has a reputation for serving Japan's own national interests at the expense of the recipient nation's environmental and social conditions. The results of this survey reveal: (a) clearly defined and specific geographic patterns to Japan's aid to China; (b) changing sectoral patterns in Japan's aid to China; (c) important institutional changes underway in Japan's aid programs; and (d) a transfer of capital from Japan to China which serve the divergent goals of each state, though not necessarily in ways intended by eac...
Effects of tick saliva on the migratory and invasive activity of Saos-2 osteosarcoma and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells

In previous studies we showed that tick saliva modulates the migratory activity of cells involved in the wound healing response. Since cell migration is a prerequisite for tumor invasion and metastasis, we examined the effects of tick saliva on the migratory and invasive activity of Saos-2 osteosarcoma and MDA-MB-231 (MB-231) breast cancer cells and the potential signaling pathways that may be affected. Saliva inhibited basal and agonist-induced Saos-2 and MB-231 migration and invasion through a matrigel-coated filter. In the Saos-2 cells, saliva suppressed epidermal growth factor (EGF)-activation of Akt/Protein Kinase B, however, only basal extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity was affected in MB-231 cells. EGF receptor (EGFR) overexpression masked the effect of saliva on MB-231 cells, but its ability to inhibit MB-231 migration was enhanced by the EGFR inhibitor PD 168393 and MEK inhibitor U0126. Our data indicate that the mechanisms ticks have evolved to regulate the wound healing response have generalized effects on the migratory and invasive activities of metastatic cancer cells.
Synthesis of Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts with Linear Alkyl Carbene Complexes

Second-generation ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts with linear alkyl carbenes were needed to install a linear alkyl end group on ROMP polymers. The ethylidene complexes RuCl2(PCy3)(SIMes)CHMe (PCy3 = tricyclohexylphosphine; SIMes = 1,3-bis(mesityl)imidazolidin-2-ylidene) and RuCl2(3BP)2(SIMes)CHMe (3BP = 3-bromopyridine) were readily accessible by reaction of RuCl2(PCy3)(SIMes)CHPh with 2-butene. Synthesis of higher alkyl analogues, such as propylidene and heptylidene, are complicated by the intervention of olefin isomerization. Although slightly less reactive than the parent complex, these complexes are suitable catalysts for both ADMET and ROMP.
The pattern of DNA synthesis in the lens epithelium and the annular pad during development and growth of the chick lens.

The pattern of DNA synthesis in the epithelium and the annular pad was studied during development and growth of the chick lens. Cell populations in the inner and the middle regions of the annular pad progressively enter the terminal cell cycle during development. DNA-synthesizing cells gradually become localized in the peripheral epithelium and in the outer region of the annular pad. DNA synthetic activity decreases rapidly in the central region of the lens epithelium. Analysis of the cell numbers suggests that the central epithelial cell population gradually enters a stationary phase. This phenomenon, coupled with progressive localization of cell replication in the peripheral epithelium and the outer region of the annular pad, establishes a specific growth pattern.
Characterization of the placental barrier to murine enterovirus infection

We performed studies to characterize the mechanisms responsible for development during gestation of a placental barrier to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) in a murine model of gestational enterovirus infection. Electron microscopy of placentae infected in early gestation revealed TMEV-induced changes in the decidua, giant cell, spongiotrophoblast, and labyrinth layers; in contrast, placentae infected in middle and late pregnancy demonstrated degenerative changes in the decidua, giant cell, and spongiotrophoblast layers but not in the labyrinth. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of placentae infected in early or late gestation demonstrated accumulation of monocytes/macrophages in infected, histologically damaged labyrinths, but no infiltration of immune cells into infected but histologically normal placental regions. Silver staining of placentae from dams inoculated in late gestation with inert gold beads the size of TMEV virions revealed beads within the decidua, giant cell, and spongiotrophoblast layers, but restriction of beads from labyrinths, similar to the usual distribution of TMEV in placentae infected in late pregnancy. These experiments suggest that anatomical relationships, and not systemic immune response, appear to be a major contributor to the murine placental barrier to TMEV.
Thermochemical insights into refractory ceramic materials based on oxides with large tetravalent cations

Ceramic materials based on the fluorite structure and its derivatives are important for applications in solid oxide fuel cells, sensors, catalysts, gate dielectrics, thermal barrier coatings, and nuclear waste immobilization. The interplay of oxygen vacancy formation and short and long range ordering of vacancies and of cations determines the physical properties and dominates the thermodynamics of these materials. Recent calorimetric data for nanophase zirconia polymorphs, for yttria stabilized zirconia, hafnia, and ceria, and for a series of titanate pyrochlores illustrate the systematics of structure stability relations.
Enhanced fatigue resistance in 316L austenitic stainless steel due to low-temperature paraequilibrium carburization

Abstract Fully reversed fatigue tests have been performed on wrought 316L stainless steel samples after low-temperature carburization. The resulting 25 μm case depth, with a surface hardness three times that of the core and a surface compressive stress greater than 2 GPa, leads to significantly enhanced fatigue performance. The so-called endurance limit (defined as the stress at which the fatigue life is 10 7 cycles) increased from about one-third to about one-half the yield stress (from ∼200 to ∼325 MPa). Fractographic investigations reveal that the surface stresses change the preferred site of fatigue crack nucleation from the surface for noncarburized samples to the interior for carburized samples.
Reductive cyclizations of allenic ketones by dissolving metals

Abstract The dissolving metal reductions of certain allenic carbonyl compounds leads to the formation of cyclic alcohols with high regioselectivity.
A nonstandard result about path continuity

The purpose of this note is to show that the nonstandard characterization of approximate continuity given in [4] by Wattenberg holds more generally in the context of "continuity paths" described by Bruckner, O'Malley and Thomson [3]. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the principal elementary tools of nonstandard £nalysis: the transfer principle, internality and concurrence. [1] is a readily understandable reference. Beyond these, the more powerful extension of concurrence called saturation is of critical importance. [2] (page 27) illucidates this sufficiently. Let At denote a higher order structure including tt and its Lebesgue measure space, and *At a x-saturated nonstandard extension of At. With x assumed to be sufficiently large Wattenberg made the following definition. DEFINITION 1. x E *[0, 1] is negligible in case there is a standard set A C [0, 1] so that (i) st(x) is a point of dispersion for A, (ii) x 6 'A. Let Af denote the set of negligible points of *[0,1]. Then, Wattenberg proved the following:
Infralimbic D2 receptor influences on anxiety-like behavior and active memory/attention in CD-1 mice

Ventromedial prefrontal cortical (vmPFC) dopamine (DA) influences attentional aspects of cognition and anxiety-like behavioral responding in rodents. The present study investigated the role of D2 receptors on spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze and anxiety-like behavior in a two-trial elevated plus-maze (EPM) procedure in CD-1 mice following vmPFC infusions of the D2 antagonist, sulpiride, and the D2 agonist, quinpirole. Pretrial 1 quinpirole infusions did not influence any anxiety measure (with the exception that the lowest dose increased protected stretch attends), but reduced protected exploration activity (closed-arm entry/time ratios and wall rearing). In Trial 2 24 h later (no injection), quinpirole exerted an anxiolytic behavioral profile relative to Trial 2 control mice (enhanced open-arm entry/time ratios, unprotected head dips), with no effects on protected exploration or risk assessment activity. Pretrial 1 sulpiride infusions enhanced unprotected exploration (open-arm entry/time ratios, unprotected stretch attend, and head dips), but did not influence protected exploration or risk assessment in the EPM. In Trial 2, 24 h later (no injection), sulpiride extended this anxiolytic profile to reduced protected exploration and risk assessment activity (closed-time ratio, protected stretch attend, and head dips). In the Y-maze, whereas quinpirole disrupted alternation performance (5- and 10-nmol dose) concomitant with marked repetitive same-arm returns (SAR) at the highest dose, sulpiride disrupted alternation performance concomitant with marked repetitive SAR behavior at the lowest dose only. These data indicate that although infralimbic (IL) quinpirole and sulpiride infusions similarly disrupted alternation performance in the Y-maze and reduced Trial 2 anxiety-like responding in the EPM, these drugs differentially produced these effects.
Radiative association and inverse predissociation of oxygen atoms

The formation of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ by radiative association and by inverse predissociation of ground-state oxygen atoms is studied using quantum-mechanical methods. Cross sections, emission spectra, and rate coefficients are presented and compared with prior experimental and theoretical results. At temperatures below 1000 K, radiative association occurs by approach along the 1 $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{\mathit{u}}$ state of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and above 1000 K inverse predissociation through the B $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathrm{u}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state is the dominant mechanism. This conclusion is supported by a quantitative comparison between the calculations and data obtained from hot oxygen plasma spectroscopy.
Evaluation of aortic stenosis by spectral analysis of the murmur

A relation between the peak transaortic pressure gradient and the frequency content of the murmur (r = 0.79) was demonstrated in a prospective “test” set of 50 patients with the clinical diagnosis of aortic stenosis. After heart sounds were recorded and digitized, three segments of the systolic murmur were isolated and analyzed by fast Fourier transform technique. An average frequency spectrum was quantitated by a previously described empiric spectral estimator. Clinical data and spectral ratio were correlated with the transaortic pressure gradient and aortic valve area was calculated from cardiac catheterization data. The best prediction of the transaortic pressure gradient was obtained when a 170 ms murmur segment was analyzed and when the predictive algorithm also included the aortic dimension (r = 0.87). The aortic valve area was poorly predicted (r = −0.48) unless estimates of blood flow and valvular calcification were included in the algorithm (r = 0.84). Further refinement of this technique may provide a noninvasive and clinically useful method for the estimation of aortic valve stenosis.