cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ALASKA: A Mathematica package for two-state kinetic analysis of protein folding reactions

A Mathematica package (ALASKA) has been developed to simplify the measurement of protein folding kinetics by analysis of 1H NMR lineshape analysis. This package reads NMR data in ASCII format and can simulate an aromatic 1 NMR spectrum with or without lineshape broadening from chemical exchange. We describe the analysis of a urea denaturation series of a fast-folding protein, the G46A/G48A variant of monomeric λ repressor.
Application of intelligent information retrieval techniques to a television similar program guide

The advent of Digital Television and the "Connected Home" has led to an information overload to the viewer. A lot of research has been conducted towards developing interactive program guide services and products that attempt to simplify the television viewing experience. Closed captions that are part of the transmission signal of the programs aired have been identified as a good source of information [1]. Information Retrieval techniques may be applied to closed caption transcripts to create applications such as the one we describe here, called the "Similar Program Guide (SPG)". Such a guide would notify the user of programs being aired on other channels, similar to the one he/she is currently watching or similar to the ones in the user's profile. Additionally, this guide would allow users to compile their favorite programs and thus maintain user profiles. In this paper we discuss the approaches for development of the application. We use Information Retrieval techniques as the basis for this application.
Induction of Terminal Differentiation in Epithelial Cells Requires Polymerization of Hensin by Galectin 3

During terminal differentiation, epithelia become columnar and develop specialized apical membrane structures (microvilli) and functions (regulated endocytosis and exocytosis). Using a clonal intercalated epithelial cell line, we found that high seeding density induced these characteristics, whereas low density seeding maintained a protoepithelial state. When cells were plated at low density, but on the extracellular matrix of high density cells, they converted to the more differentiated phenotype. The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein responsible for this activity was purified and found to be a large 230-kD protein, which we termed hensin. High density seeding caused hensin to be polymerized and deposited in the extracellular matrix, and only this form of hensin was able to induce terminal differentiation. Antibodies to hensin blocked the change in phenotype. However, its purification to homogeneity resulted in loss of activity, suggesting that an additional protein might be necessary for induction of terminal differentiation. Here, we found that a 29-kD protein specifically associates with hensin in the ECM. Addition of purified p29 restored the activity of homogenously purified hensin. Mass fingerprinting identified p29 as galectin 3. Purified recombinant galectin 3 was able to bind to hensin and to polymerize it in vitro. Seeding cells at high density induced secretion of galectin 3 into the ECM where it bundled hensin. Hence, the high density state causes a secretion of a protein that acts on another ECM protein to allow the new complex to signal the cell to change its phenotype. This is a new mechanism of inside-out signaling.
Flow induced coalescence of drops in a viscous fluid

This paper summarizes recent experimental studies of flow-induced coalescence of viscous drops in a viscous fluid in the absence of inertial effects. These studies are based on visual observations of small drops (20–100 μm diameter) that collide in the linear flows generated by a four-roll mill. We consider a pair of polymeric fluids that are Newtonian under the flow conditions relevant to coalescence phenomena, and in addition consider the effect of adding a “copolymer” of the two polymers to the interface, which acts as a surfactant. By direct observation, we can generate quantitative data on the collision trajectories and the conditions for coalescence. These observations have also uncovered several “new” phenomena. Among these are the fact that coalescence frequently occurs during the part of the collision after the drops have already rotated to a configuration where they are being pulled apart by the external flow. This occurs for at least some of the collision trajectories for all fluids where the v...
Escape tactics and effects of perch height and habituation on flight initiation distance in two Jamaican anoles (Squamata: Polychrotidae)

El escape de las largarijas Anolis estainfluenciado por el microhabitat y la distancia de iniciacion de escape incrementa el riesgo de depredacion. Las diferencias en el uso de microhabitats entre ecomorfos afecta el comportamiento de escape, pero solo dos estudios han reportado diferencias ecomorfologicas en la distancia de iniciacion de escape entre las especies de las Antillas Mayores. Se estudio el efecto de riesgo de depredacion y la influencia del microhabitat en el comportamiento de escape, mediante 1208 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 58 (4): 1199-1209, December 2010 la realizacion de experimentos de campo con Anolis lineatopus y A. grahami, en el campus de la Universidad West Indies en Mona, Jamaica. Debido a que las variaciones ecomorfologicas de Anolis han evolucionado independientemente en cada isla de las Antillas Mayores, la relacion entre ecomorfos y el comportamiento de escape son pobremente conocidos. Se caracteriza el uso del microhabitat y las tacticas de escape, se determinan las relaciones entre la distancia de iniciacion de escape y los dos factores de riesgo (habituacion a presencia humana y altura a la que se posan) de Anolis lineatopus, una lagartija que habita en troncos-tierra y A. grahami, una lagartija de troncos-partes mas altas. Los tamanos de muestra para A. lineatopus y A. grahami fueron: 214 y 93, para uso del microhabitat y destinos de escape 74, para presencia humana 34 y para perchas altas 125 y 34. Las dos especies se presentan en microhabitats similares y mostraron tacticas de escape parecidas, pero exhibieron diferencias claves esperadas para sus ecomorfos. Ambas especies fueron vistas con frecuencia en el suelo y en los arboles, pero A. lineatopus fue encontrada mas frecuentemente en el suelo y debajo de A. grahami. Ambas especies escaparon del suelo a esconderse en los arboles y huian con igual frecuencia sin cambiar de direccion. La frecuencia de huir hacia arriba fue mayor para A grahami. Ambas especies mostraron habituacion al tener distancias mas cortas de iniciacion de escape en zonas con exposicion frecuente a la gente y la distancia de iniciacion de escape incrementa cuando la altura de la percha disminuye, porque las lagartijas tienden a subir mas al estar fuera de nuestro alcance cuando se posan en la parte baja. La relacion entre la distancia de iniciacion de escape y altura de la percha puede aplicar a otros ecomorfos de Anolis que huyen hacia arriba cuando estan posados en las partes bajas de los arboles.
A whitebox approach for automated security testing of Android applications on the cloud

By changing the way software is delivered to end-users, markets for mobile apps create a false sense of security: apps are downloaded from a market that can potentially be regulated. In practice, this is far from truth and instead, there has been evidence that security is not one of the primary design tenets for the mobile app stores. Recent studies have indicated mobile markets are harboring apps that are either malicious or vulnerable leading to compromises of millions of devices. The key technical obstacle for the organizations overseeing these markets is the lack of practical and automated mechanisms to assess the security of mobile apps, given that thousands of apps are added and updated on a daily basis. In this paper, we provide an overview of a multi-faceted project targeted at automatically testing the security and robustness of Android apps in a scalable manner. We describe an Android-specific program analysis technique capable of generating a large number of test cases for fuzzing an app, as well as a test bed that given the generated test cases, executes them in parallel on numerous emulated Androids running on the cloud.
El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomena

At intervals that vary from 2 to 10 yr sea-surface temperatures and rainfall are unusually high and the tradewinds are unusually weak over the tropical Pacific Ocean. These Southern Oscillation El Nino events which devastate the ecology of the coastal zones of Ecuador and Peru, which affect the global atmospheric circulation and which can contribute to severe winters over northern America, often develop in a remarkably predictable manner. But the event which began in 1982 has not followed this pattern.
Sorting the Signals from the Signals in the Noisy Environment of Inflammation

Necrotic cells release dozens, possibly hundreds, of molecules that stimulate the inflammatory response. Healthy cells in the environment react to these by secreting other inflammatory mediators to amplify the response. In response to acute necrotic injury in the liver, neutrophils follow a restricted set of molecular cues to move along the sinusoids through the inflamed tissue and into the zone of necrosis, as demonstrated by intravital microscopy to view leukocyte migration live and in real time. Necrosis initiates an intricate interplay between damage-associated molecular pattern molecules, stromal inflammatory cells, and neutrophils. This results in a series of clear molecular signals, enabling neutrophils to follow an intravascular chemokine gradient along the sinusoid in the region where blood still circulates and a formyl peptide gradient through the nonperfused region to the necrotic focus.
The parallel process of resistance by clients and therapists to starting groups: A guide for nurses

Abstract Group psychotherapy is well recognized as a treatment modality with a powerful healing capacity. Yet, as experienced group therapists will attest, it is immensely difficult to begin a group. Assembling clients who have sufficiently dealt with their resistance to join a psychotherapy group is a painstaking process. Students in group psychotherapy training programs also find beginning a new group an arduous and frustrating task. The authors have had the benefit of a postgraduate group psychotherapy training program to build on the expertise and skills already familiar to the Clinical Nurse Specialist. Our understanding of the parallel process in the resistance to beginning a group grew out of our training experience. We will explore within the parallel process framework some of the factors that make the development of a group psychotherapy practice so complex. Parallels will be drawn between clinician resistance to beginning a new group and cllent resistance to joining a group.
Application of Stochastic Finite Element Methods to Study the Sensitivity of ECG Forward Modeling to Organ Conductivity

Because numerical simulation parameters may significantly influence the accuracy of the results, evaluating the sensitivity of simulation results to variations in parameters is essential. Although the field of sensitivity analysis is well developed, systematic application of such methods to complex biological models is limited due to the associated high computational costs and the substantial technical challenges for implementation. In the specific case of the forward problem in electrocardiography, the lack of robust, feasible, and comprehensive sensitivity analysis has left many aspects of the problem unresolved and subject to empirical and intuitive evaluation rather than sound, quantitative investigation. In this study, we have developed a systematic, stochastic approach to the analysis of sensitivity of the forward problem of electrocardiography to the parameter of inhomogeneous tissue conductivity. We apply this approach to a two-dimensional, inhomogeneous, geometric model of a slice through the human thorax. We assigned probability density functions for various organ conductivities and applied stochastic finite elements based on the generalized polynomial chaos-stochastic Galerkin (gPC-SG) method to obtain the standard deviation of the resulting stochastic torso potentials. This method utilizes a spectral representation of the stochastic process to obtain numerically accurate stochastic solutions in a fraction of the time required when employing classic Monte Carlo methods. We have shown that a systematic study of sensitivity is not only easily feasible with the gPC-SG approach but can also provide valuable insight into characteristics of the specific simulation.
Methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium block of amine currents through the ryanodine receptor reveals single pore architecture.

The homotetrameric structure of the ryanodine-sensitive intracellular calcium (Ca2+) release channel (ryanodine receptor (RyR)) suggests that the four RyR subunits either combine to form a single pore or that each RyR subunit is an independently conducting pathway. Previously we showed that methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium (MTSEA+) covalently modifies the RyR to reduce current amplitudes in a time-dependent and stepwise manner. To ascertain the number of functionally conducting pores in the RyR, two approaches were combined: modification of the receptor by MTSEA+ and the use of different sized current carriers. Previous reports (Tinker, A., and Williams, A. J. (1993) J. Gen. Physiol. 102, 1107–1129) have shown that the organic cations methylamine, dimethylamine, ethylamine, and trimethylamine are permeant through the RyR but with reduced current amplitude depending upon the diameter of the respective amine. Experiments using the thiol reagent MTSEA+ to modify the channel protein showed that the current amplitudes decrease in steps leading to complete block of the channel when cesium (Cs+) is the current carrier. MTSEA+ modification decreased the number of channel substates as the diameter of the current carrier increased. Comparison of the degree of inhibition of MTSEA+-modified currents allows for differentiation between the two models for channel architecture. These results demonstrate that the conduction pathway for the RyR is comprised of a single central pore.
Momentum and Occam's Razor: Behavioral Delayed Overreaction or Arbitrage-Cost and Risk-Premium Dynamics?

Previous research documents evidence that stocks with high (low) returns in the past 3-12 months subsequently have high (low) returns in the subsequent 3-12 months, but thereafter this 'momentum' effect is reversed. Jegadeesh and Titman (2001) tentatively attribute these phenomena to behavioral delayed overreaction. I present an alternative hypothesis that these phenomena are due to the combined effects of arbitrage cost dynamics and risk premium dynamics. I develop a dynamic cost/risk model based on this hypothesis. I then conduct empirical tests of the model. The evidence strongly favors the cost-risk dynamics hypothesis. In particular, the model predicts an inverse-U (sawtooth) relationship between sorting-period (contemporaneous) market returns and momentum profits, and empirics are consistent with these predictions.
The Cross Roads of the East

Egypt had served as a trade-center for variant cultures and businesses for millenia before Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria in 330 B.C. Not only was the political history of Egypt over three thousand years old—the First Dynasty was established about 3400 B.C.—but Jews had traveled in and out at least since Joseph was sold into slavery by his brothers in the middle of the second millenium B.C. With the establishing of the city, Jewish merchants found both it and the country ideal for commercial purposes. Large numbers of Jews settled throughout Egypt, so that by the time of Jesus of Nazareth over 100,000 Israelites lived in Alexandria and perhaps a million in the country at large—nearly one-seventh of the country’s population.1 They would presently be found in all strata of society from the lowest to nearly the highest. Despite the early presence of Jewish merchants and settlers, however, the Greeks never credited the Jews with playing any role in founding the city, and seemed to admit the Jews were an important part of the city only when they felt the latter did not fully enter into urban life.
Constant-time 2D and 3D through-bond correlation NMR spectroscopy of solids under 60 kHz MAS

Establishing connectivity and proximity of nuclei is an important step in elucidating the structure and dynamics of molecules in solids using magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. Although recent studies have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of proton-detected multidimensional solid-state NMR experiments under ultrafast-MAS frequencies and obtaining high-resolution spectral lines of protons, assignment of proton resonances is a major challenge. In this study, we first re-visit and demonstrate the feasibility of 2D constant-time uniform-sign cross-peak correlation (CTUC-COSY) NMR experiment on rigid solids under ultrafast-MAS conditions, where the sensitivity of the experiment is enhanced by the reduced spin-spin relaxation rate and the use of low radio-frequency power for heteronuclear decoupling during the evolution intervals of the pulse sequence. In addition, we experimentally demonstrate the performance of a proton-detected pulse sequence to obtain a 3D (1)H/(13)C/(1)H chemical shift correlation spectrum by incorporating an additional cross-polarization period in the CTUC-COSY pulse sequence to enable proton chemical shift evolution and proton detection in the incrementable t1 and t3 periods, respectively. In addition to through-space and through-bond (13)C/(1)H and (13)C/(13)C chemical shift correlations, the 3D (1)H/(13)C/(1)H experiment also provides a COSY-type (1)H/(1)H chemical shift correlation spectrum, where only the chemical shifts of those protons, which are bonded to two neighboring carbons, are correlated. By extracting 2D F1/F3 slices ((1)H/(1)H chemical shift correlation spectrum) at different (13)C chemical shift frequencies from the 3D (1)H/(13)C/(1)H spectrum, resonances of proton atoms located close to a specific carbon atom can be identified. Overall, the through-bond and through-space homonuclear/heteronuclear proximities determined from the 3D (1)H/(13)C/(1)H experiment would be useful to study the structure and dynamics of a variety of chemical and biological solids.
Decreased intracellular survival of an fkpA mutant of Salmonella typhimurium Copenhagen.

The fkpA gene of Salmonella typhimurium encodes a protein similar to the macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) proteins of Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia trachomatis. Because Mip proteins enhance the ability of these intracellular pathogens to survive within macrophages and epithelial cells, we tested whether the product of the fkpA gene would have the same effect on the intracellular growth of a virulent strain of S. typhimurium. By a series of P22 transductions, the fkpA gene of S. typhimurium Copenhagen was replaced with the inactive fkpA1::omega-Cm gene from Escherichia coli, creating the mutant S. typhimurium KY32H1. The Copenhagen and KY32H1 strains were equally able to enter Caco-2 cells (an epithelial cell line) and J774.A1 cells (a macrophage-like cell line). However, compared to the parent, the fkpA mutant survived less well in both types of cells during the first 6 h after infection. The number of viable intracellular S. typhimurium Copenhagen bacteria remained constant 6 h after infection of Caco-2 cells, but the viability of S. typhimurium KY32H1 decreased significantly by 4 h postinfection. The fkpA mutant also exhibited a reduced ability to survive intracellularly in J774.A1 cells as little as 2 h postinfection. Complementation of the fkpA mutation by a plasmid-borne wild-type fkpA gene from E. coli restored the ability of S. typhimurium KY32H1 to grow normally in J774.A1 cells. Thus, expression of the mip-like fkpA gene confers on S. typhimurium Copenhagen properties analogous to those mediated by the Mip proteins in other intracellular pathogens, suggesting that this mechanism may play a role in the virulence and/or intracellular growth of numerous bacteria.
Molecular mechanisms of trauma-induced neuronal degeneration.

Recent studies suggest that various neuron-specific responses, including activation of glutamate receptors, muscarinic receptors, and oxidative stress, contribute to the events leading to brain and spinal cord neuronal degeneration after trauma. These specific mechanisms and possible future treatments are highlighted in this review. Language: en
Postoperative outcomes in patients with perforated bowel: early versus late intervention.

Abstract Background Time to intervention is suggested to be a crucial factor for a number of surgical conditions. In this study, we aim to examine the postoperative outcomes associated with the timing of surgical intervention in patients with perforated bowel. Materials and methods Cross-sectional study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, 2003-2010. The study population included adult (≥18 y) inpatients who had perforated intestine or colon and underwent bowel surgery. Results A total of 5412 (64.6%) patients who had an early surgical intervention on same day of admission and 2985 (35.4%) patients who had a delayed surgery were included. Patients with comorbidities or those in hospitals in the Northeast region of the United States were more likely to have a delayed intervention (P 15 d (P Conclusions Patients treated in the Northeast of the United States were more likely to experience a delayed surgery. Delay of surgical intervention is associated with unfavorable outcomes only in older patients or those with comorbidities.
Opposite-sign dilepton production in nu micro interactions.

We report on a high-statistics bubble-chamber experiment using the Fermilab 15-ft bubble chamber filled with a heavy neon/hydrogen mixture exposed to a wide-band neutrino beam. In a sample of 106 000 ..nu../sub ..mu../ interactions 249 events with a positron (P/sub e//sup +/>0.3 GeV/c) and a negative muon were observed. After corrections, the rate for opposite-sign dilepton production for ..nu../sub ..mu../ charged-current events is (0.52 +- 0.09)%. The E/sub ..nu../ dependence of this rate from threshold to roughly-equal200 GeV is presented. The kinematic distributions and strange-particle content of the dilepton events are consistent with those expected from charm-particle production in neutrino interactions. A total of 58 neutral strange particles (..lambda -->..p..pi../sup -/, K/sub S//sup 0/..--> pi../sup +/..pi../sup -/)= are observed in these events, where less than 16 are expected from conventional charged-current interactions. The presence of a significant excess of ..lambda..'s is evidence for substantial charmed-baryon production.
Comparative Analysis of Forms of Calcium and Inorganic Phosphorus in Human and Cow's Milk

It is a common observation that rickets occurs less frequently in breast-fed infants than in those which are artificially fed. The antirachitic superiority of human milk is not due to a greater content of vitamin D.1 Moreover, cow's milk contains more Ca and P than does breast milk and the ratio of Ca:P is lower in the former. It was thought that, in spite of its lower content of total Ca and P, human milk might contain a larger amount of the most effective forms of these elements and that therein might lie an explanation for the difference in antirachitic value of the 2 kinds of milk.In a recent communication,2 a technic was described which rendered it possible to separate the Ca of serum into 4 forms and the P into 2. The technic involved removal, by means of dry BaSO4, of the adsorbable forms of Ca and of inorganic P from the serum and from the corresponding ultrafiltrate. It was shown3 further that one of the forms, namely the filtrable, adsorbable Ca-P complex, was the one primarily involved in bone ...
Comparative Effects of Endotoxin and Gelatin on Reticuloendothelial Activity.

SummaryColloidal carbon ink (C11/ 1431a) and various commercial gelatin preparations were pyrogenic in rabbits. Cross-tolerance studies indicated the existence of endotoxin in pyrogenic gelatins. Three of seven gelatin preparations depressed carbon phagocytosis in rats when administered 30 minutes prior to the clearance test; however, no significant correlation existed between gelatin pyrogenicity and depression of phagocytosis. All 3 RE interacting gelatins had alkaline isoelectric ranges. Gelatin pretreatment depressed a subsequent carbon clearance while endotoxin induced a marked but delayed increase in carbon phagocytosis. Chronic injections of endotoxin markedly stimulated the RES as reflected in enhanced phagocytosis and splenomegaly; in contrast, chronic gelatin administration produced no such effects. It appears that the influence of gelatin on the RES is not mediated solely by a pyrogenic endotoxin contaminant.
Redefining Intersectionality Theory through the Lens of African American Young Adolescent Girls' Racialized Experiences.

The research presented uses intersectionality theory as a lens to study the racial identity construction of four African American young adolescent girls. The findings suggest that race was largely ...
Research on Slagging Prevention in 600-MW Supercritical Boilers with Four-Wall Tangential Firing

In order to solve the serious slagging problem in a 600-MW supercritical boiler of a power plant,research was conducted to figure out the slagging locations based on the analysis of features on the structure of the boilers with wall tangential firing.Testing combined with numerical simulation was adopted in the research.By watching the peep holes and blowing the soot blower one by one,slagging was located around the burner nozzles rather than the lower part of the platen superheater where slagging frequently happened.Analysis showed that there is deviation existing in the furnace temperature distribution;low ash fusion temperature of the as-fired coal and high cross-sectional thermal load in the burner zones are the main reasons for furnace slagging.Some countermeasures were taken and the slagging problem in the boiler was solved successfully.Also,this method can be a reference for other types of boilers.
Method for Diagnosing the Vibration Fault of a Centrifugal Pump Based on the Visual Graph Network Node Importance Measure

In the light of the nonlinear and unsteady characteristics of the vibration signals from a centrifugal pump,proposed was a method for diagnosing a fault of a centrifugal pump based on the visual graph network node importance measure( shortly referred to as visual graph network). A network was built by using the visual graph method and its characteristic parameters were extracted from the network. An analysis of the four kinds of network of the centrifugal pump,i. e. normal,non-aligned,non-balanced and loosened in the foundation,came to a conclusion that more accurate network information can be extracted from the visual graph network than from the relevant coefficient network and the former can be used to more accurately diagnose and analyze any fault of the centrifugal pump. By measuring the important nodes of the network,the authors obtained comprehensive evaluation results of the importance of the nodes in the network. The BC( betweenness centrality) index was used to diagnose fault,the correct percentage of a diagnosis can be up to 98. 7%,more applicable for fault diagnosis compared with other indexes. It has been found that the method based on the visual graph and network node importance measure can diagnose more accurately any vibration fault of a centrifugal pump.
One-Stage Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Carcinoma: Operative Mortality, Cost/Benefit Analysis

AbstractAn analysis of cystectomies performed between September 1, 1969 and December 31, 1974 was conducted to determine the rates of morbidity (59 per cent) and operative mortality (4.1 per cent). Comparison of these figures for single operations with data published from other sources concerning staging of the therapeutic procedures suggests that there is no benefit for the patient relative to surgical morbidity or mortality if the latter course is followed. Conversely, prolongation of hospital experience, multiple operations, absence from productive activity and increased health care cost are associated with the staged procedures. Application of cost-benefit analysis suggests that this experience may act as a model to evaluate competing forms of therapy involving other disorders. When costs are not equivalent and benefits are the not be offered except for unusual circumstances.
Virological studies on an experimental minimal disease herd of pigs.

SUMMARY Rectal swabs were collected at monthly intervals for 16 months from a minimal disease (MD) pig herd established with eleven females and two males which were derived from five hysterotomies on conventional sows. Only six viruses were isolated from the swabs on pig kidney cell cultures, at the sixth, fifteenth and sixteenth months, and all were porcine enteroviruses which produced a cytopathic effect similar to that of the V13 strain. Antibodies to Talfan virus or a porcine parvovirus were not found in samples of serum collected from the foundation stock at monthly intervals, but certain sera contained adenovirus antibodies, and antibodies against V13 and three of the enteroviruses which were isolated from the herd. No Talfan antibodies were found in sera collected from the progeny of the foundation stock. The general health of the herd was good, but pre-weaning losses, in four of the eleven litters of pigs which were produced, were high, owing to savageing by the sows.
Aphasia, etiology and classification.

A simple and practical classification of the aphasic disorders encountered in clinical practice emphasizes the so-called receptive aphasias because these are often due to emboli, infections and tumors. Their accurate recognition may reveal that they are not always manifestations of simple apoplexy and may call for specific and effective treatment.
Experimental Investigation of Free Liquid Metal Jets in Vacuum: Preliminary Results for IFE Chamber Wall Protection Applications

Experiments are under way at UCLA to simulate the liquid slab jets of the HYLIFE-II Inertial Fusion Reactor. Measurements of surface ripple and break-up length are made based on photographic images...
The Effect of Gelatin Structure on Silver Halide Film

AbstractAseries of film coatings was prepared from an X-ray type emulsion and dried at temperatures ranging from 14 to 30°C. Both the degree of triple-helix formation based on diITerential scanning calorimetry and the size of long wavelength X-ray scatterers increased with decreasing drying temperature. These structure changes Improved film physical properties, but also, Put greater stress on the grains which caused increased fog. Avery sensitive X-ray diffraction technique, high-angle Bragg diffractiOn, demonstrated that this greater stress caused a more inhomogeneous silver halide lattice spacing.
X-Linked Infantile Spasms

Two unrelated families with X-linked infantile spasm syndrome were studied genetically by two-point and multipoint linkage analyses at the University Hospital Gasthuisberg, and Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, and University of Antwerp, Belgium.
Low Energy Trajectories for Space Travel Using Stability Transition Regions

Abstract Low energy trajectories for motion for spacecraft, or small bodies, can be constructed by using chaotic dynamics associated with stability transition regions. These regions are generally near planetary bodies, and can be numerically estimated. We present an explicit analytic approximation for a region of this type. A new transfer from the earth to the moon was flown in 1991 demonstrating this approach. A number of applications are discussed, to both spaceflight and astronomy.
Use of inverse modelling and Bayesian optimization for investigating the effect of biochar on soil hydrological properties

Abstract Physical properties of biochar such as small particle size and high porosity can modify soil properties and help to improve soil water dynamics. However, there has been no consistent long-term measurements of change in soil physical properties due to biochar application under real field conditions. In this study, we use a unique dataset of soil water content measurements in a corn-soybean cropping system (with biochar and no-biochar) for two years. Soil water content was measured every 30 min at 4 different depths and with 3 replications in corn plots. The effect of biochar was expected to be the difference between the physical soil properties of the two treatments. The APSIM model, a process-oriented crop model, was employed in order to find the physical properties of biochar and no-biochar treatments by using inverse modeling. First, a global sensitivity analysis was carried out to find the most sensitive inputs for the APSIM model for soil water simulation. Then the Metropolis-Hasting algorithm was used to inversely estimate the APSIM soil input properties using the soil moisture measurements. Results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the drainage upper limit (DUL) was the most sensitive soil property followed by saturated hydraulic conductivity (KS), saturated water content (SAT), maximum rate of plant water uptake (KL), maximum depth of surface storage (MAXPOND), lower limit volumetric water content (LL15) and lower limit for plant water uptake (LL). The difference between the posterior distributions (with and without biochar) showed an increase in DUL by approximately 10%. No considerable change was noted in LL15, MAXPOND and KS whereas SAT and LL showed a slight increase and decrease in biochar treatment respectively compared to no-biochar.
HEALTH PHYSICS ENGINEERING

Abstract The first obligation of the health physicist is the prevention of radiation exposures. The earliest opportunity to practice this prevention is in the design and engineering of nuclear installations. The function of health physics engineering is to reduce all accident risks to the lowest level compatible with the economic and technical requirements of the proposed facility. This paper describes the health physics problems encountered in the design, construction and operation of a ten megawatt university reactor facility. The total facility to be described consists of the highest flux university reactor facility in the United States together with a laboratory complex of 18 radioisotope labs, a 5000 Ci cobalt irradiator, 300 kV X-ray irradiator, hot cell, shops, library, and offices. The tendency in all fields of science is toward specialization. Health physics is no exception. Each topic within the framework of the discipline is being further differentiated. Health physics engineering must include an integration of all relevant topics (factors) as they influence design and engineering. It is then a systems engineering problem. The engineer is an applied scientist. He uses the findings, facts and formulas of all sciences in attaining a problem solution. The health physicist must have a diverse background of science from which to withdraw information applicable to the solution of an engineering problem. These inter-relationships and dependencies are defined.
Why All the Chafing over Chomsky

The course in introductory psychology which I took as a freshman at the University of Missouri, in 1925, was taught by Max F. Meyer, who, in 1911, had written the first psychology textbook with the word “behavior” in the title. Meyer had been originally trained (in Germany) as a physicist, with only a tangential interest in psychology; and when he emigrated to the United States and entered the latter field, it was with an intransigent objectivism which pervaded his writings and which he would not allow his students to violate, even in the slightest degree, in the classroom. As a behaviorist, Meyer thus antedated John B. Watson, whom I also read avidly; and A. P. Weiss had been one of Meyer’s early students. So if I lay claim to having once been a “primitive behaviorist” myself, I submit that my credentials are of the highest order.
ATLANTIS II Account

A brief account is given of the events leading to and occurring during the 1965 ATLANTIS II trip to the hot brine region of the Red Sea.
Environmental and Economic Impacts of Reducing U.S. Agricultural Pesticide Use

Several studies suggest that it is technologically feasible to reduce pesticide use in the United States 35—50% without reducing crop yields (PSAC, 1965; OTA, 1979; NAS, 1989; Palladino, 1989). Two recent events in Denmark and Sweden support these assessments. Denmark developed an action plan in 1985 to reduce the use of pesticides 50% before 1997 (Mogensen, 1989). Sweden also approved a program in 1988 to reduce pesticide use by 50% within 5 years (NBA, 1988). The Netherlands is developing a program to reduce pesticide use 50% in 10 years (Suddeutsche Zeitung, 1989). These proposals, along with Huffaker’s (1980) assessment that the United States overuses pesticides, prompted us to investigate the feasibility of reducing the annual use of synthetic organic pesticides by approximately one-half.
Medicalizing obesity: individual, economic, and medical consequences.

Given the ever-rising costs associated the condition and its associated comorbidities, perhaps it's time to recognize obesity as a medical problem.
U.S. Consumer Response to Original Styles Featuring Traditional Burmese Textiles

The focus of this study was to: (1) create five contemporary fashion designs reflecting visual art styles (Dondis, 1973) and incorporating colorful traditional Burmese plain fabrics and "Acheik" fabrics as well as Burmese traditional costume and artifacts as inspirations; (2) analyze the consumers' responses to FEA attributes across five different garment styles; and (3) measure the aesthetic appeal of Burmese traditional fabric within fashion designs. Since Burmese textiles were being promoted, Burmese cultural apparel and artifact styles were used as inspiration in creating the range of visual styles articulated by Dondis (1973). The conceptual framework for creating the survey design and analysis was the Functional, Expressive and Aesthetic (FEA) Consumer Needs Model (Lamb & Kallal, 1992). The survey deployed through an Amazon Mechanical Turk online survey was used to a 200 women sample. The purposive sample was 19-40 years of age, mostly white, college educated and from 40 U.S. states.
Dissatisfied Members in Florida LLCs: Remedies

Florida’s 2013 LLC Act locks in members of Florida LLCs to an unprecedented extent by removing the statutory right of members to be bought out. This article begins with a review of the challenges that dissatisfied members will face should they seek relief in court, including the objection that their claims are derivative, rather than direct, and that they have not met the statutory requirements to expel problematic members or dissolve the firm. Florida courts can respond to the difficult plight of members in closely-held LLCs in two basic ways. First, they can recognize that there is no reason in policy to mechanically apply to closely-held LLCs the derivative lawsuit doctrine that has developed either in the context of corporations or in the context of limited partnerships with investors who knew from the outset that they would be locked in to investments over which they had no control. They can join other courts that have recognized direct actions in the case of closely-held LLCs when to do so would not expose the LLC or its members to a multiplicity of suits, result in an unfair advantage over other members, or jeopardize the expectations of creditors. They can point to the comprehensive direct action provision of the 2013 LLC Act, which suggests a simple, single requirement for a direct action, and reflects the desirability of greater uniformity among the states. Second, they can grant dissolution, or lesser remedies such as a buyout, when members are being oppressed in any one of a number of well-recognized ways. These two steps should grant some relief, at least in the case of closely-held LLCs, from the imposition of a corporate model the members probably never anticipated.
Near-equilibrium isotope fractionation during planetesimal evaporation.

Abstract Silicon and Mg in differentiated rocky bodies exhibit heavy isotope enrichments that have been attributed to evaporation of partially or entirely molten planetesimals. We evaluate the mechanisms of planetesimal evaporation in the early solar system and the conditions that controlled attendant isotope fractionations. Energy balance at the surface of a body accreted within ~1 Myr of CAI formation and heated from within by 26Al decay results in internal temperatures exceeding the silicate solidus, producing a transient magma ocean with a thin surface boundary layer of order We model the Si and Mg isotopic composition of bulk Earth as a consequence of accretion of planetesimals that evaporated subject to the conditions described above. The results show that the best fit to bulk Earth is for a carbonaceous chondrite-like source material with about 12% loss of Mg and 15% loss of Si resulting from near-equilibrium evaporation into the solar protostellar disk of H2 on timescales of 104 to 105 years.
Effects of Aspirin on Growth Factor Release From Freshly Isolated Leukocyte-Rich Platelet-Rich Plasma in Healthy Men: A Prospective Fixed-Sequence Controlled Laboratory Study:

Background:The benefits of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are believed to be in part dependent on growth factor release after platelet activation. Platelet activation is complex and involves multiple m...
Calcium-catalyzed pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass components.

Abstract The present study examines the effect of calcium pretreatment on pyrolysis of individual lignocellulosic compounds. Previous work has demonstrated that the incorporation of calcium compounds with the feedstock prior to pyrolysis has a significant effect on the oxygen content and stability of the resulting oil. The aim of this work was to further explore the chemistry of calcium-catalyzed pyrolysis. Bench-scale pyrolysis of biomass constituents, including lignin, cellulose and xylan is performed and compared to the oils produced from pyrolysis of the same components after calcium pretreatment. The resulting oils were analyzed by quantitative GC–MS and SEC. These analyses, together with data collected from previous work provide evidence which was used to develop proposed reaction pathways for pyrolysis of calcium-pretreatment biomass.
Entrepreneurs: Why They Are Essential to Industry Success, Global Trends and Opportunities and How to Recruit Top Talent

This paper addresses the importance of entrepreneurs in business (insurance, travel, hospitality, marketing, tourism and all industry generated from sales entrepreneurs) and entrepreneurship global trends and opportunities. It also provides practitioner tools for recruitment and selection of top talent to generate the best success.
Cost-optimal evaluation of centralized and distributed microgrid topologies considering voltage constraints

Abstract Optimal design of hybrid renewable mini-grids requires both economic and power quality considerations. Existing modeling approaches address these considerations via separate or loosely coupled models. Here, we extend REopt—a techno-economic optimization model developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory—to consider both within a single model. REopt formulates the design problem as a mixed-integer linear program that solves for a site's optimal technology mix, sizing, and operation to minimize life cycle cost. REopt has traditionally assumed a single node system. In the work presented here, we expand the REopt platform to consider multiple connected nodes with associated voltage constraints. In order to do this, we model power flow using a fixed-point linear approximation method. We then use the model to explore design considerations of mini-grids in Sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, we evaluate under what combinations of transmission line distance and capacity it is technically viable and economically preferable to build multiple isolated mini-grids versus an interconnected, centralized system.
T-Scan: A Genome-wide Method for the Systematic Discovery of T Cell Epitopes.

T cell recognition of specific antigens mediates protection from pathogens and controls neoplasias, but can also cause autoimmunity. Our knowledge of T cell antigens and their implications for human health is limited by the technical limitations of T cell profiling technologies. Here, we present T-Scan, a high-throughput platform for identification of antigens productively recognized by T cells. T-Scan uses lentiviral delivery of antigen libraries into cells for endogenous processing and presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Target cells functionally recognized by T cells are isolated using a reporter for granzyme B activity, and the antigens mediating recognition are identified by next-generation sequencing. We show T-Scan correctly identifies cognate antigens of T cell receptors (TCRs) from viral and human genome-wide libraries. We apply T-Scan to discover new viral antigens, perform high-resolution mapping of TCR specificity, and characterize the reactivity of a tumor-derived TCR. T-Scan is a powerful approach for studying T cell responses.
Sustaining Programs: Lessons Learned from Former Federal Grantees

A common concern of federal funders and grant recipients is how to sustain program activities once their federal funding period ends. Federal funding can be intended to develop or seed a program but not necessarily to continue its activities indefinitely. Understanding the importance of programmatic sustainability, the Office of Population Affairs (OPA) conducted research in 2015 on the elements that contribute to sustainability. As part of the Sustainability Study, OPA collected information from former Pregnancy Assistance Fund (PAF) program grantees. Grantees that were awarded cohort 1 PAF program funding (2010–2014) but not awarded cohort 2 funding (2014–2017) were eligible for study inclusion because their OPA funding ended more than 1 year prior to the Sustainability Study, allowing for an assessment of sustainability after federal funding. Seven former PAF grantees were identified as eligible. Interviews were conducted with six of these grantees; grant applications and interim final reports from all seven were reviewed. Five lessons emerged from interviews and review of grant documentation. Programs successfully continuing beyond the federal grant period tended to (1) diversify funding sources, (2) communicate regularly with key stakeholders, (3) form partnerships with like-minded programs, (4) consider implementing evidence-based interventions, and (5) begin planning for sustainability early. By considering these lessons learned from the research, grantees can be well positioned to continue beyond a federal grant period. The lessons garnered from the Sustainability Study have informed, expanded, and affirmed OPA’s sustainability toolkit, sustainability framework, and technical assistance.