cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Randomized Evaluation of Videoconference Meetings for Medical Students' Mid-clerkship Feedback Sessions.

Author(s): Zhou, Zhengqiu; Mims, Theresa; Dugan, Adam; Trott, Terren; Sanderson, William; Bronner, Jonathan | Abstract: Introduction: Videoconferencing has been employed in numerous medical education settings ranging from remote supervision of medical trainees to conducting residency interviews. However, no studies have yet documented the utility of and student response to videoconference meetings for mid-clerkship feedback (MCF) sessions required by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME).Methods: From March 2017 to June 2018, third-year medical students rotating through the mandatory, four-week emergency medicine (EM) clerkship at a single medical school were randomly assigned either to a web-based videoconference meeting via Google Hangouts, or to a traditional in-person meeting for their MCF session. To compare students’ MCF experiences we sent out an electronic survey afterward to assess the following using a 0-100 sliding scale: overall satisfaction with the meeting; the effectiveness of communication; the helpfulness of the meeting; their stress levels, and the convenience of their meeting location. The survey also collected data on these demographic variables: the name of the faculty member with whom the student met; student gender, age, and interest in EM; location prior to meeting; meeting-method preference; and number of EM shifts completed.Results: During the study period, 133 third-year medical students responded to the survey. When comparing survey responses between individuals who met online and in person, we did not detect a difference in demographics with the exception of preferred meeting method (p=0.0225). We found no significant differences in the overall experience, helpfulness of the meeting, or stress levels of the meeting between those who met via videoconference vs. in-person (p=0.9909; p=0.8420; p=0.2352, respectively). However, individuals who met in-person with a faculty member rated effectiveness of communication higher than those who met via videoconference (p=0.0002), while those who met online rated convenience higher than those who met in-person (pl0.0001). Both effects remained significant after controlling for preferred meeting method (pl0.0001 and p=0.0003, respectively) and among EM-bound students (p=.0423 and pl0.0110, respectively).Conclusion: Our results suggest that LCME-required MCF sessions can be successfully conducted via web-based programs such as Google Hangouts without jeopardizing overall meeting experience. While the convenience of the meetings was improved, it is also important for clerkship directors to note the perceived deficit in the effectiveness of communication with videoconferencing.
It Might Not Be “Just Artic”: The Case for the Single Sound Error

Purpose The purpose of this article is to explore the ways in which children with mild speech sound disorders (SSDs)—that is, single sound errors—may be at risk for difficulties with phonological a...
Spack-Based Packaging and Development for HEP

The art event-based analysis framework is used by multiple Intensity Frontier and other experiments and projects in High Energy Physics (HEP). A system of tools and scripts based around a Fermilab-originated package management system called UNIX Product Support (UPS) has evolved to provide development, packaging, release management, and distribution of the art suite, related experimental software and external dependencies in relocatable binary form.The existing system has limitations in environments such as macOS with System Integrity Protection (SIP) enabled and the various High Performance Computing (HPC) systems that the field of HEP is increasingly looking to leverage. This has led to a search for other ways of providing experiments with a packaging and build system that meets their needs. We describe our efforts to develop a packaging and release management system based on the Spack HPC package management tool to replace the existing UPS-based system. We additionally describe a companion system: SpackDev and cetmodules, allowing simultaneous development of multiple HEP software packages in a consistent environment. A successful implementation of the intended system would have applicability across HEP rather than merely to the users of the art framework.
Polymer infused composite metal foam as a potential aircraft leading edge material

Abstract The leading edge of aircraft wings must be free from three-dimensional disturbances caused by insect adhesion, ice accretion, and particle wear in order to improve flight performance, safety, and fuel efficiency of the aircraft. An innovative solution was explored in this work by infusing stainless steel composite metal foam (S-S CMF) with a hydrophobic epoxy resin system. S-S CMF was made with 100% stainless steel using a powder metallurgy technique. The infused epoxy filled the macro- and microporosities, unique to S-S CMF’s structure, creating a product with a density similar to that of aluminum. The contact angle, wear rate, erosion resistance, and insect adhesion of the novel infused composite metal foam were measured and compared to aluminum, epoxy and stainless steel. The infusion process was determined to fill up to 88% of the pores within the S-S CMF and was found to reduce wettability and insect residue accretion. The contact angle of the infused S-S CMF was 43% higher than its parent material, stainless steel, and 130% higher than aluminum. Insect residue maximum height and areal coverage were reduced by 60 and 30%, respectively, compared to aluminum. Grit blast experiments to simulate erosion resulted in a greater roughness increase for aluminum than for the parent epoxy resin or the resin-infused S-S CMF. These results suggest that the durability and performance of infused S-S CMF was superior compared to aluminum, which is the current leading edge material of choice. Based on the promising results under relevant wear and erosion conditions, it is concluded that the infused S-S CMF can offer a potential tailored replacement to aluminum leading edge material.
Building a Patient-Centered Weight Management Program: A Mixed Methods Project to Obtain Patients' Information Needs and Ideas for Program Structure.

Achieving and maintaining weight loss for large segments of the population remains elusive, despite evidence demonstrating the value of many weight management programs. This study aimed to gather patients’ perceptions on weight management education needs, and ideas for the structure of a weight management program to be delivered in community pharmacies. This was an exploratory mixed methods study combining qualitative focus group interviews with a cross-sectional survey. Three focus group interviews were conducted, along with a brief survey based on focus groups findings and sent to all eligible participants. The survey allowed for individual responses on the program components and narrowing down of focus group findings. Nearly half of the respondents (45.9%) wanted further education on limiting carbohydrate and sugar intake. Participants were most interested in identifying different exercises appropriate for those with physical limitations (48.6%). Most participants preferred 1 h meetings (70.3%) that contain a mix of one-on-one and group meeting formats (67.6%). The results of the study suggest a three-month weight management program, with a combination of group and individual in-person meetings occurring twice per month, would be of most interest to patients.
Assessment of Medical Reports Uncertainty through Topic Modeling and Machine Learning

Medical uncertainty is identified as one of the most important factors leading to miscommunication between health care providers and patients. Along with the rapid growth of Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning techniques, more opportunities to understand medical uncertainty became available, including quantifying and modeling medical uncertainty. In this work, we obtained more than 20,000 radiology teaching files as medical reports from multiple resources. Uncertainty ontologies were also obtained from two resources. We expanded the uncertainty term list by applying topic model Word2Vec to identify similar terms to original uncertainty ontologies. The teaching files were quantified into 5 uncertainty level classes by the sum of the Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) of the expanded uncertainty terms list. Results from topic modelling were used to produce features. The product of TF-IDF results of uncertainty terms in teaching files and the topic model results were then used to train classifiers to predict the uncertainty level in medical reports. Our exhaustive experimental analysis showed that Decision Tree can classify uncertainty level of medical reports at overall accuracy 82%, which is higher than K-nearest Neighbor (80%) and Naive Bayes (75%). The model can be used to identify medical reports' uncertainty level and limit miscommunication between parties and reduce diagnostic errors.
Soft anharmonic phonons and ultralow thermal conductivity in Mg3(Sb, Bi)2 thermoelectrics

The candidate thermoelectric compounds Mg3Sb2 and Mg3Bi2 show excellent performance near ambient temperature, enabled by an anomalously low lattice thermal conductivity (κl) comparable to those of much heavier PbTe or Bi2Te3. Contrary to common mass-trend expectations, replacing Mg with heavier Ca or Yb yields a threefold increase in κl in CaMg2Sb2 and YbMg2Bi2. Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of phonons in the series AMg2X2 (A = Mg, Ca, and Yb; X = Bi and Sb) based on inelastic neutron/x-ray scattering and first-principles simulations and show that the anomalously low κl of Mg3X2 has inherent phononic origins. We uncover a large phonon softening and flattening of low-energy transverse acoustic phonons in Mg3X2 compared to the ternary analogs and traced to a specific Mg-X bond, which markedly enlarges the scattering phase-space, enabling the threefold tuning in κl. These results provide key insights for manipulating phonon scattering without the traditional reliance on heavy elements.
Perioperative Management of Pediatric Patients with Moyamoya Arteriopathy

Pediatric patients with moyamoya arteriopathy are at high risk for developing new onset transient or permanent neurologic deficits secondary to cerebral hypoperfusion, particularly in the perioperative period. It is therefore essential to carefully manage these patients in a multidisciplinary, coordinated effort to reduce the risk of new permanent neurologic deficits. However, little has been published on perioperative management of pediatric patients with moyamoya, particularly in the early postoperative period during intensive care unit admission. Our pediatric neurocritical care team sought to create a multidisciplinary periprocedural evidence- and consensus-based care pathway for high-risk pediatric patients with moyamoya arteriopathy undergoing anesthesia for any reason to decrease the incidence of periprocedural stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). We reviewed the literature to identify risk factors associated with perioperative stroke or TIA among patients with moyamoya and to gather data supporting specific perioperative management strategies. A multidisciplinary team from pediatric anesthesia, neurocritical care, nursing, child life, neurosurgery, interventional neuroradiology, neurology, and hematology created a care pathway for children with moyamoya undergoing anesthesia, classifying them as either high or standard risk, and applying an individualized perioperative management plan to high-risk patients. The incidence of neurologic sequelae before and after pathway implementation will be compared in future studies.
Modeling the "pop" in winter terrain park jumps

Epidemiological studies of injuries at ski resorts have found that jumping generally poses a significantly greater risk of spine and head injuries to patrons than other actions. Jumping activities in resorts are now centered in terrain parks containing man-made features, which provides an opportunity to mitigate injury rates through better engineering design. However, the use of engineering design has been questioned by the National Ski Areas Association because of the issue of rider variability (Freestyle Terrain Park Notebook, National Ski Areas Association, Lakewood, CO, 2008), and this view was implicitly supported in a recent paper by Shealy et al. ["Jumper Kinematics on Terrain Park Jumps: Relationship between Takeoff Speed and Distance Traveled," J. ASTM Int., Vol. 7(10), 2010, pp. 1-10], who studied jumper trajectories for two terrain park jumps and reported no correlation between takeoff speeds and landing distances. Although their theoretical analysis was flawed, the undeniable fact remains that rider actions can substantially influence trajectory. In particular, riders can "pop," i.e., jump (or drop) before takeoff, thereby changing the initial velocity in terms of both direction and magnitude. In this paper I expand on an earlier Newtonian analysis to include this effect and use the field data of Shealy et al. to constrain the range of realistic pop speeds. I find that pop speeds in the range of −2.48 to +1.12 m/s account for the range of landing distances measured by Shealy et al. Because the rider variability due to pop is bounded, similar Newtonian analyses can provide bounds on the range of trajectories, landing positions, landing velocities, and equivalent fall heights that might be useful to winter terrain park designers. KEYWORDS: Terrain park jump design, trajectory analysis, rider variability, jumper pop, terrain park jump safety Language: en
Pure signet ring cell type early gastric carcinoma with extensive lymph node metastases--a case report.

A 42-year old man was admitted with indigestion and left upper quadrant pain. A gastrofiberscopic examination revealed a depressed, discolored lesion (1.5 × 1.5 cm) with converging irregular radiating folds in the antral portion, suggestive of early gastric cancer (type IIc). Histologically, signet ring cell carcinoma was seen. A subtotal gastrectomy was performed and the opeartive findings showed a shallow depression in the anterior wall of the greater curvature side in the antrum and multiple perigastric lymph node enlargment. On microscopic examination, the authors observed pure signet ring cell carcinoma confined to the mucosa but with widespread lymph node metastases.
Contextualizing the Adoption of Electric Collaboration Tools: System and Team Considerations

This study suggests that individuals’ technology adoption decisions in the context of online collaboration tools are based on individual-level assessments of the technology, as well as on group-level attributes of the team with which one needs to work. Thus, a multilevel model of online collaboration technology adoption is proposed and tested, using hierarchical linear modeling techniques applied to a sample of 96 individuals who were nested in 34 virtual teams. Our findings suggest that a team member’s perceptions regarding the usefulness of an online collaboration tool positively affect his or her behavioral intentions to use this tool in a similar context in the future. Furthermore, after controlling for individual level perceived usefulness, group potency, as a team-level concept, incrementally and positively affected team members’ intentions to use the online collaboration technology with a similar team in the future. Some implications and future research directions are discussed.
Stimulation of rat erythrocyte P2X7 receptor induces the release of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids

Background and purpose: Red blood cells (RBCs) are reservoirs of vasodilatory, antiaggregatory, and antiinflammatory lipid mediators—epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). This study addresses the formation and release of erythrocyte-derived EETs in response to ATP receptor stimulation that may represent an important mechanism regarding circulatory regulation. Experimental approach: Erythrocyte EET formation and release were investigated by incubating rat RBCs in physiological salt solution with agents that effected ATP release via P2 receptor stimulation of phospholipase A2 and epoxygenase-like activities with activation of the ATP secretory mechanism. EETs were analyzed by gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Key results: EETs were released from rat RBCs: 14,15-, 11,12-, 8,9- and 5,6-EETs in a ratio of 1.2:1.0:0.9:0.8. EETs were produced by epoxidation of arachidonic acid catalyzed by hemoglobin. Spontaneous release of EETs, 0.66±0.14 ng per 109 RBCs, was dose-dependently increased by an ATP analog, BzATP, and inhibited by P2X7 receptor antagonists. 5 μM ATP increased release of EETs over 20% to 0.83±0.15 ng per 109 RBCs; 10 μM BzATP tripled the amount of EET release to 1.87±0.20 ng per 109 RBCs. EET release by ATP or BzATP was not associated with hemolysis. Carbenoxolone, a gap junction inhibitor that inhibits ATP release, and glibenclamide, an inhibitor of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which is required for ATP release, inhibited the spontaneous and stimulated EET release from RBCs. Conclusions and implications: EETs are produced and released from RBCs via a mechanism that is mediated by ATP stimulation of P2X7 receptors coupled to ATP transporters, pannexin-1 and CFTR. British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 1033–1040; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707311
Biochemical and structural studies of actomyosin-like proteins from non-muscle cells. II. Purification, properties, and membrane association of actin from amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract Actin, an apparently universal component of eukaryotic cells, has been purified from Dictyostelium amoebae to electrophoretic homogeneity. Purification was facilitated by newly discovered solubility properties of actomyosin in 30% sucrose. A quantitative assay for the Dictyostelium actin is described which is based on its ability to activate muscle heavy meromyosin ATPase activity. The specific activity of purified amoeba actin for activation of heavy meromyosin is nearly the same as that of purified muscle actin. The molecular weight of the Dictyostelium actin is identical with that of muscle actin, as judged by co-electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gels. The amoeba actin, like muscle actin, forms Mg2+-paracrystals with a helical repeat of about 360 A. Some of the Dictyostelium actin is associated with membrane in a MgATP-stable linkage. Myosin is found in membrane preparations in a MgATP-labile linkage, presumably due to association with the membranelinked actin.
Benefits from Private Antitrust Enforcement: Forty Individual Case Studies

This Paper presents information about forty of the largest recent successful private antitrust cases. To do this, the paper gathers information about each case, including, inter alia, (1) the amount of money each action recovered for the victims of each alleged antitrust violation, (2) what proportion of the money was recovered from foreign entities, (3) whether government action preceded the private litigation, (4) the attorney's fees awarded to plaintiffs' counsel, (5) on whose behalf money was recovered (direct purchasers, indirect purchasers, or a competitor), and (6) the kind of claim the plaintiffs asserted (rule of reason, per se, or a combination of the two). A separate Study, forthcoming in the University of San Francisco Law Review (available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1090661), aggregates and analyzes this information. That Study also compares the total monetary amounts paid in all forty cases, as well as from the subset of the forty cases that also resulted in criminal penalties, to the total criminal antitrust fines imposed during the same period by the United States Department of Justice ("DOJ"), and also to the deterrence effects of the prison sentences that resulted from DOJ prosecutions during this period. The overall goal of the project is to take a first step toward providing an empirical basis for assessing whether private enforcement of the antitrust laws serves its intended purposes and is in the public interest. The results of the Study show that private antitrust enforcement helps the economy in many ways. It very significantly compensates victims of illegal corporate behavior, and is almost always the only way they can receive redress. Private enforcement often prevents foreign corporations from keeping the many billions of dollars they illegally obtain from individual and corporate purchasers in the United States. The Study also shows that almost half of the underlying violations were first uncovered by private attorneys, not government enforcers, and that litigation in many other cases had a mixed public/private origin. The evidence also shows that private litigation probably does more to deter antitrust violations than all the fines and incarceration imposed as a result of criminal enforcement by the U.S. Department of Justice. This is one of the most surprising results from our Study. We do not know of any past study that has documented that private enforcement has such a significant deterrence effect as compared to DOJ criminal enforcement.
Three‐dimensional surface displacements and rotations from differencing pre‐ and post‐earthquake LiDAR point clouds

[1] The recent explosion in sub-meter resolution airborne LiDAR data raises the possibility of mapping detailed changes to Earth's topography. We present a new method that determines three-dimensional (3-D) coseismic surface displacements and rotations from differencing pre- and post-earthquake airborne LiDAR point clouds using the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. Tested on simulated earthquake displacements added to real LiDAR data along the San Andreas Fault, the method reproduces the input deformation for a grid size of ∼50 m with horizontal and vertical accuracies of ∼20 cm and ∼4 cm, values that mimic errors in the original spot height measurements. The technique also measures rotations directly, resolving the detailed kinematics of distributed zones of faulting where block rotations are common. By capturing near-fault deformation in 3-D, the method offers new constraints on shallow fault slip and rupture zone deformation, in turn aiding research into fault zone rheology and long-term earthquake repeatability.
Biomedical research's unpaid debt NIH's initiative to support and implement fairer competition for minority students is a welcome step to redress the exploitation of African Americans by science

Louis Agassiz, a Swiss‐born American naturalist, was a leading and influential scientist in the 19th century. He was Professor of Zoology and Geology at Harvard University, the first foreign secretary of the US National Academy of Sciences, President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the founding director of Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology. In a letter to his mother, written in 1846, he wrote: “It was in Philadelphia that I first found myself in prolonged contact with negroes; all the domestics in my hotel were men of color. I can scarcely express to you the painful impression that I received, especially since the feeling that they inspired in me is contrary to all our ideas about the confraternity of the human type and the unique origin of our species. But truth before all. Nevertheless, I experienced pity at the sight of this degraded and degenerate race, and their lot inspired compassion in me in thinking that they are really men. Nonetheless, it is impossible for me to reprocess the feeling that they are not of the same blood as us. In seeing their black faces with their thick lips and grimacing teeth, the wool on their head, their bent knees, their elongated hands, their large curved nails, and especially the livid color of the palm of their hands, I could not take my eyes off their face in order to tell them to stay far away. And when they advanced that hideous hand towards my plate in order to serve me, I wished I were able to depart in order to eat a piece of bread elsewhere, rather than dine with such service. What unhappiness for the white race—to have tied their existence so closely with that of negroes in certain countries! God preserve us …
Impairment of monocytic function during Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

Abstract During acute infection, Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease, causes immunosuppression by mechanisms that are not fully delineated. Since mononuclear phagocytes are major target cells in trypanosomiasis, we investigated monocytic function during acute T. cruzi infection. A series of human monocyte and macrophage hybridomas, which represent clonal expansions of subpopulations of human macrophages and possess many normal monocytic functions, were successfully infected with T. cruzi. Clones 63 and 53, chosen for stability in long-term culture, were studied extensively after infection with T. cruzi. Following infection of clone 63, the trypomastigote did not transform into the amastigote multiplicative form, suggesting that clone 63 did not support the entire T. cruzi life cycle. The typical life cycle was completed in clone 53, and thus, clone 53 was used in subsequent studies. Following infection, clone 53 lost expression of class II antigens compared with uninfected cells (DR of 2.2% versus 29.3% and mean channel fluorescence intensity [mean channel] of 4.1 versus 30.5, DQ of 2.3% versus 15.6% and mean channel of 5.4 versus 11.4, and DP of 6.3% versus 27.2% and mean channel of 10.3 versus 33.4). The expression of Class I antigens (87.9% versus 82.8%; mean channel, 20 versus 120) and the adhesion molecules LFA-1 (72.9% versus 28.7%; mean channel, 50.7 versus 23.7) and LFA-3 (10.8% versus 0.7%; mean channel, 20.7 versus 15.1) was increased in infected cells compared with that in uninfected cells. Production of interleukin-1 alpha was decreased and interleukin-6 production was increased in infected clone 53 compared with those in the uninfected cells, while production of tumor necrosis factor alpha was increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chemical Castration for Child Predators: Practical, Effective, and Constitutional

INTRODUCTION Every year approximately 100,000 to 500,000 children are sexually molested in the United States.2 This results in 10–25% of children being sexually abused by the age of eighteen—out of which 30–40% are females and 10–15% are males.3 With such high rates, child sexual abuse can be classified as an epidemic across the country. Friends, family members, and strangers commit these crimes.4 There are those who are attracted solely to children and others who are mainly attracted to adults, but occasionally attack children.5 While a number of different punishments and treatments have been implemented, there is no cure for such a condition.6 People are left wondering what to do, how to stop these offenders, and how they can keep their young children safe from such unspeakable horror.
What Work Is Real? Changing Roles of Farm and Ranch Wives in South-eastern Ohio.

Abstract The paper discusses the changing tasks of farm and ranch wives during the period 1910–1985 in a county in the economically depressed region of south-eastern Ohio. Analysis is based on interviews conducted in the summer of 1985 with women aged from 27 to 86. Some task changes are due to technological innovation in the home and the farm and to broader industrial restructuring within the agricultural manufacturing system. Other changes follow from patriarchal rules and divisions of labour within the family. Technological innovation is implemented into a gendered and hierarchical division of labour. The discussion emphasizes the role perceptions of the women, noting the words and methods they themselves use to describe their role. What emerges is a picture of a role which tends to ‘absorb the slack and tension’ generated by the multiple changes within agriculture. The gendered division of labour continues, often altered and with manifest role confusion, but clearly gendered.
The reduction of attack instigated aggression

Abstract Thirty subjects competed with an opponent in a reaction time task to avoid receiving shock. The opponent initially set only the highest possible intensity shock for the subjects. The opponent then adopted one of three strategies to reduce the intensity of shocks set by the subjects. In one condition the opponent set shock intensities which matched those set by the subject. In a second condition the opponent set shocks which were not contingent upon those set by the subject but which were identical to those set by the opponent who matched the subject's settings. The opponent in the third condition suddenly reduced the intensity of his settings and chose only the least intense possible shock for the subject. All three conditions resulted in reduced aggression. This decrement was greatest and most rapid among those subjects who were exposed to a precipitous decrease in the intensity of attack.
Destabilization of the thermohaline circulation by atmospheric eddy transports

Abstract Simple proem models have been developed to investigate the role of atmosphere-ocean feedbacks in the stability of the current mode of the thermohaline circulation in the North Atlantic. A positive feedback between the meridional atmospheric transport of moisture and the high-latitude sinking thermohaline circulation (EMT feedback) has been found to help destabilize the latter. The minimum perturbation required to shut off the high-latitude sinking is considerably smaller when this feedback is included. Also, the high-latitude sinking is shut off much faster with this feedback than without it, given a perturbation of the same magnitude. There is also a strong positive feedback between atmospheric heat transport and the thermohaline circulation, but this can be modeled accurately on the global scale by using a properly tuned Newtonian cooling law for the surface beat flux. Idealized flux adjustment experiments suggest that the sensitivity of the real climate is not represented well in coupled atmos...
On invariant manifolds of nonlinear discrete-time input-driven dynamical systems

The present research work proposes a new approach to the problem of finding invariant manifolds for nonlinear discrete-time input-driven real analytic dynamical systems. The formulation of the problem is conveniently realized through a system of nonlinear first-order functional equations (NFEs) and a rather general set of necessary and sufficient conditions for solvability is derived. The solution of the aforementioned system of NFEs is proven to be a locally analytic invariant manifold that under certain conditions coincides with the stable or unstable manifold of the system, and which can be easily computed with the aid of a symbolic software package such as MAPLE. Finally, the proposed method is applied to an enzymatic bioreactor dynamics example.
Dynamo action in a stably stratified core

Summary. The main part of the geomagnetic field is regenerated by dynamo action in the fluid outer core. It is commonly assumed that convective motion drives the dynamo, although there is no proof that the core is convecting. The density profile through the core is not sufficiently resolved to discriminate between a homogeneous (convecting) core and one that is stably stratified. The core may be stably stratified, at least in limited regions. We have formulated a theory for dynamo action in a stably stratified fluid. We have demonstrated that a field of inertial gravity waves propagating through a rotating, electrically conducting fluid can act as a dynamo. The effect of the Coriolis acceleration is to give the waves an elliptical polarization and a net helicity. This helicity can give rise to an α-effect and therefore a field of waves can generate a dynamo of the α2-type. We have developed a kinematic dynamo model that is driven only by inertial gravity waves. The model consists of a field of small-amplitude waves propagating horizontally in a plane fluid layer that has a uniform stratification and is rotating about an arbitrary axis. The steady state mean-field induction equation has been solved for the case of a monofrequency wavefield. It reveals that dynamo action can occur if the wavefield has a preferred propagation direction relative to the rotation axis. The efficiency of the dynamo depends on the dimensionless parameter S which is the ratio of the Brunt–Vaisala frequency to the rotation rate. Dynamo efficiency is inversely proportional to S, so that increased stratification requires increased wave energy to reach dynamo conditions. Stable stratification does not prevent dynamo action; indeed, a stably stratified core can under proper conditions support an efficient dynamo.
Active membrane transport driven by dynamic asymmetry.

Abstract The influence of chemical oscillations on membrane transport systems with mobile carriers is investigated. If dynamic asymmetry occurs so that conditions on only one side of the membrane oscillate, a type of active transport can occur. For example, permeant can be transported from region 1 where its time-average concentration is low to region 2 where time-average permeant concentration is higher when the latter concentration oscillates. No additional driving force beyond dynamic asymmetry is necessary for such active transport to occur. Fluctuations in any quantity which influences the boundary carrier-permeant complex concentration in a nonlinear fashion can alter the behavior of the membrane transport system.
Fingerprinting trifoliate orange germ plasm accessions with isozymes, RFLPs, and inter-simple sequence repeat markers

Trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] is frequently used as a parent in citrus rootstock breeding, but the origin and amount of genetic diversity in germ plasm collections are poorly understood. Most accessions are self-compatible, but produce a mixture of sexual and apomictic seedlings. Variation among 48 vegetatively propagated trifoliate orange accessions was assessed at seven isozyme loci, together with the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected by 38 probe-enzyme combinations and the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers generated by 11 primers. Isozymes and RFLPs detected few polymorphisms among accessions, although genetic analysis has shown that the common phenotype is heterozygous for four isozyme and at least four RFLP loci. ISSR amplification generated multiple banding profiles with an average of 58 fragments/primer/accession. These fragments were repeatable across DNA samples extracted from different trees of the same accession or extracted at different times, and across separate PCR runs. Seventeen unique marker phenotypes were identified. The 48 trifoliate orange accessions were classified into four major groups based on polymorphic ISSR markers. All large-flowered accessions are in group 4, while small-flowered accessions are in group 3. Many ISSR markers segregated in progeny derived by open-pollination (probably mostly selfing) of a common accession, indicating that these ISSR markers are also heterozygous. Accessions having identical genotypes for a large number of heterozygous markers are unlikely to have diverged by recombination. Thus the limited divergence we detected among most accessions most likely originated by mutation. ‘Monoembryonic’ and ‘Simmons’ differed from other accessions only in the loss of specific markers, indicating that they originated as zygotic seedlings of individuals similar to the common genotype. Three accessions recently introduced from China have relatively different fingerprints with 3–14 unique ISSR markers, and probably represent a much more divergent germ plasm that may be a valuable breeding resource.
The Effects of Temperature on the Solid-Surface Luminescence Properties of Benzo(f)quinoline Adsorbed on Filter Paper:

Experimental values of fluorescence quantum yield, phosphorescence quantum yield, and phosphorescence lifetime were acquired at temperatures from 23° to –180°C for the protonated form of benzo(f)quinoline adsorbed on filter paper. From the experimental values, triplet formation efficiencies, rate constants for phosphorescence, and rate constants for the radiationless transition from the triplet state were calculated. The results showed the various interrelationships of the solid-surface radiative and nonradiative processes. In addition, the results indicated that the modulus of the solid matrix is an important factor in enhancing phosphorescence quantum yield.
Understanding hunger and developing indicators to assess it in women and children

Abstract The lack of an operational definition for hunger has been frequently cited as a barrier to progress in addressing the problem. The purposes of this research were to develop an understanding of hunger from the perspective of women who had experienced it and to construct and evaluate indicators to measure hunger directly in similar populations. In-depth interviews were conducted with 32 women of childbearing age from rural and urban areas of Upstate New York. Qualitative analysis of the responses yielded a conceptualization of hunger that included two levels: the individual and household. Hunger at each of these levels had quantitative, qualitative, psychological and social components. These women also viewed hunger as a managed process. Based on this conceptualization of hunger, survey items were developed and evaluated, using data from a questionnaire administered to 189 women from the same geographical area. Three scales, one each for household, women's, and children's hunger, emerged and were found to be valid and reliable indicators for measuring hunger directly in this population.
Regional evolution and entrepreneurship: roles, eras and the space economy

This article provides a broad historical overview of the entrepreneurial function, its innovative roles and their emergence in major historical epochs, and the impact of these roles on the sectoral and space economies. Five major entrepreneurial roles are identified, and are related to major macroeconomic changes over four historical epochs, starting with the late 18th century and on through to the present. The relationship between entrepreneurial innovation and regional economic change is explored by linking each entrepreneurial role to the sectoral changes that transform the space economy over long periods.
Pre-steady-state properties of bovine heart mitochondrial ATPase: a nucleotide-dependent H+ burst

Abstract The transient kinetics of bovine heart mitochondrial ATPase (F 1 ) depleted of loosely bound nucleotides were observed. The activation process which was shown as a lag time before steady-state hydrolysis observed previously (Clark et al. (1984) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 233, 378–392) was preceded by a proton burst when F 1 was stripped of its loose nucleotides. 5′-Adenylylimidodiphosphate (Ado PP [NH] P or MgATP binding is shown to cause proton release. Maximum proton release per F 1 free of loosely bound nucleotides is observed with MgATP. Modification with NBD-CL of F 1 that was nucleotide-depleted eliminated the proton burst, which suggests that the modified tyrosine (i.e., in the catalytic subunit) is directly involved in the release of protons.
Propagating spin modes in canonical quantum gravity

One of the main results in canonical quantum gravity is the introduction of spin network states as a basis on the space of kinematical states. To arrive at the physical state space of the theory, though, we need to understand the dynamics of the quantum gravitational states. To this aim we study a model in which we allow for the spins, labeling the edges of spin networks, to change according to simple rules. The gauge invariance of the theory, restricting the possible values for the spins, induces propagating modes of spin changes. We investigate these modes under various assumptions about the parameters of the model.
Tuftsin Promotes an Anti-Inflammatory Switch and Attenuates Symptoms in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease mediated by infiltration of T cells into the central nervous system after compromise of the blood-brain barrier. We have previously shown that administration of tuftsin, a macrophage/microglial activator, dramatically improves the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a well-established animal model for MS. Tuftsin administration correlates with upregulation of the immunosuppressive Helper-2 Tcell (Th2) cytokine transcription factor GATA-3. We now show that tuftsin-mediated microglial activation results in shifting microglia to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Moreover, the T cell phenotype is shifted towards immunoprotection after exposure to tuftsin-treated activated microglia; specifically, downregulation of pro-inflammatory Th1 responses is triggered in conjunction with upregulation of Th2-specific responses and expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). Finally, tuftsin-shifted T cells, delivered into animals via adoptive transfer, reverse the pathology observed in mice with established EAE. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that tuftsin decreases the proinflammatory environment of EAE and may represent a therapeutic opportunity for treatment of MS.
The Blackening of Photographic Emulsions by Low Speed Electrons

New type of electron spectrograph.---Electrons from an oxide coated filament are accelerated to a cylindrical anode, coaxial with the filament, having a narrow slit for one of its elements. The whole system is placed in a uniform magnetic field parallel to the filament. Those electrons which pass through the slit focus in the plane normal to that containing the filament and the slit. 22 volt electrons have been focused sharply. An extremely accurate direct determination of $\frac{e}{m}$ should be possible with this arrangement.The results indicate that the blackening of photographic emulsions by low speed electrons is due to radiation produced by electron impact on the surface of the emulsion and is a discontinuous function of the electron speed. For electrons with speeds below 100 volts, the blackening apparently depends upon the grain size and gelatine thickness of the emulsion. A thin film of fluorescent lubricating oil on the emulsion greatly increases its sensitivity. Schumann plates have an enormous sensitivity.
Performance study of marginal posterior density estimation via Kullback-Leibler divergence

In this article, we introduce Kullback-Leibler (K-L) divergence as a performance measure of marginal posterior density estimation. We show that the K-L divergence can be used to compare two density estimators as well as to assess convergence of a marginal density estimator. We also examine performance of the importance-weighted marginal density estimation (IWMDE) proposed by Chen (1994) under the K-L divergence and we further extend the IWMDE to some more complex Bayesian models where the kernel method, which is widely used for estimating marginal densities using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling outputs is not applicable. Finally, we use a constrained linear multiple regression model as an example to illustrate our methodology.
Differences in self-reported oral health among community-dwelling black, Hispanic, and white elders.

Objectives: To compare differences in self-rated oral health among community-dwelling Black, Hispanic, and White adults aged 60 and older. Method: A total of 4,859 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004) provided self-report information on oral health. Results: Blacks and Hispanics reported poorer self-rated oral health than Whites. In separate dentate and edentulous groups, socioeconomic status, social support, physical health, clinical oral health outcomes, and dental checkups accounted for much of the difference in self-rated oral health in Blacks, but significant differences remained for Hispanics. Discussion: The study findings may have important implications for health policy and program development. Programs and services designed for minority populations should target treatments for dental diseases and include components that take into account subjective evaluations of oral health conditions and perceived dental needs of the individuals.
On the Separation of Isotopes in Quantity by Electromagnetic Means

The limitations imposed by space charges on the separation of ions in the usual magnetic mass spectrograph and the possibility of trapping electrons in the ion beam are described. It is found that high voltages and intense magnetic fields are required for moderate ion currents unless these are neutralized. Calculations are given on velocity modulated or interrupted ion beams and the performance of a modulated separator is described. The theory of a radial magnetic separator is given in some detail and an experimental arrangement of such a separator proved more successful than the separator employing modulation. Some ion sources and suggested improvements are described.
Translocation of the Cytoplasmic Domain of ADAM13 to the Nucleus Is Essential for Calpain8-a Expression and Cranial Neural Crest Cell Migration

ADAMs are transmembrane metalloproteases that control cell behavior by cleaving both cell adhesion and signaling molecules. The cytoplasmic domain of ADAMs can regulate the proteolytic activity by controlling the subcellular localization and/or the activation of the protease domain. Here, we show that the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM13 is cleaved and translocates into the nucleus. Preventing this translocation renders the protein incapable of promoting cranial neural crest (CNC) cell migration in vivo, without affecting its proteolytic activity. In addition, the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM13 regulates the expression of multiple genes in CNC, including the protease Calpain8-a. Restoring the expression of Calpain8-a is sufficient to rescue CNC migration in the absence of the ADAM13 cytoplasmic domain. This study shows that the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM metalloproteases can perform essential functions in the nucleus of cells and may contribute substantially to the overall function of the protein.
Clustering the tagged web

Automatically clustering web pages into semantic groups promises improved search and browsing on the web. In this paper, we demonstrate how user-generated tags from large-scale social bookmarking websites such as del.icio.us can be used as a complementary data source to page text and anchor text for improving automatic clustering of web pages. This paper explores the use of tags in 1) K-means clustering in an extended vector space model that includes tags as well as page text and 2) a novel generative clustering algorithm based on latent Dirichlet allocation that jointly models text and tags. We evaluate the models by comparing their output to an established web directory. We find that the naive inclusion of tagging data improves cluster quality versus page text alone, but a more principled inclusion can substantially improve the quality of all models with a statistically significant absolute F-score increase of 4%. The generative model outperforms K-means with another 8% F-score increase.