cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of calcium in maintaining motility in mouse spermatozoa

Maintenance of mouse sperm motility requires exogenous Ca+2 in most, but not all, samples of epididymal spermatozoa. In these samples, the loss of motility with time is the same in Tris/NaCl buffer containing 1.7 mM Ca+2 (medium TNC) as it is in complete culture medium used for in vitro fertilization (medium CM) over the first 2 hours; spermatozoa in medium TNC lose motility at more rapid rate thereafter. The cation specificity for maintenance of motility is unusual in that both Sr+2 and Mg+2 substitute for Ca+2, with Mg+2 being the more effective. In the absence of Ca+2, these samples of mouse epididymal spermatozoa in Tris/NaCl buffer (medium TN) lose motility in about 30 minutes. If Ca+2 is added after incubation in TN for 15 minutes, motility is maintained as well as it is in medium TNC. If Ca+2 is added at 30 minutes, motility is partially restored. But if Ca+2 is added after 60 minutes, there is no restoration of motility. Spermatozoa suspended in medium TNC lose motility rapidly on addition of EGTA in excess of the Ca+2 present. Attempts to show uptake of Ca+2 by spectrophotometric assay, by effects of Ca+2 on oxidative metabolism, and by electron probe X-ray microanalysis were unsuccessful; motility is not maintained by entry of Ca+2 into the cells. Our results are consistent with a Ca+2 site on the plasma membrane and suggest that these sites function as oligomers of ordered subunits whose structure requires Ca+2. In the absence of Ca+2, the ability to form the oligomer is lost with time, possibly due to an irreversible conformational change.
Functional connections are established between giant nerve fibers in grafted earthworms

Giant fiber interconnections were examined in successful grafts between two posterior portions of earthworms (Eisenia foetida). Electrophysiological and histological results indicated that cell-specific interanimal connections were formed between the medial giant fibers (MGF) in these preparations. Similar interconnections were formed between the paired lateral giant fibers (LGF), except that these involved the apposed left and right LGFs. Establishment of reliable and bidirectional conduction of LGF and MGF spikes across the graft occurred 2–4 days and 7–14 days after grafting, respectively. Subsequently, conduction across the graft remained effective for at least 6 weeks. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that grafted giant fibers are joined by a direct electrical connection, involving either fusion or an electrical synapse.
Environmental variation is directly responsible for short‐ but not long‐term variation in forest‐atmosphere carbon exchange

Tower-based eddy covariance measurements of forest-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange from many sites around the world indicate that there is considerable yearto-year variation in net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Here, we use a statistical modeling approach to partition the interannual variability in NEE (and its component fluxes, ecosystem respiration, Reco, and gross photosynthesis, Pgross) into two main effects: variation in environmental drivers (air and soil temperature, solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and soil water content) and variation in the biotic response to this environmental forcing (as characterized by the model parameters). The model is applied to a 9-year data set from the Howland AmeriFlux site, a spruce-dominated forest in Maine, USA. Gap-filled flux measurements at this site indicate that the forest has been sequestering, on average, 190gCm � 2 yr � 1 , with a range from 130 to 270gCm � 2 yr � 1 . Our fitted model predicts somewhat more uptake (mean 270gCm � 2 yr � 1 ), but interannual variation is similar, and wavelet variance analyses indicate good agreement between tower measurements and model predictions across a wide range of timescales (hours to years). Associated with the interannual variation in NEE are clear differences among years in model parameters for both Reco and Pgross. Analysis of model predictions suggests that, at the annual time step, about 40% of the variance in modeled NEE can be attributed to variation in environmental drivers, and 55% to variation in the biotic response to this forcing. As model predictions are aggregated at longer timescales (from individual days to months to calendar year), variation in environmental drivers becomes progressively less important, and variation in the biotic response becomes progressively more important, in determining the modeled flux. There is a strong negative correlation between modeled annual Pgross and Reco (r 5� 0.93, P � 0.001); two possible explanations for this correlation are discussed. The correlation promotes homeostasis of NEE: the interannual variation in modeled NEE is substantially less than that for either Pgross or Reco
Epigenomics in Environmental Health

This review considers the emerging relationships between environmental factors and epigenetic alterations and the application of genome-wide assessments to better define these relationships. First we will briefly cover epigenetic programming in development, one-carbon metabolism, and exposures that may disrupt normal developmental programming of epigenetic states. In addition, because a large portion of epigenetic research has focused on cancer, we discuss exposures associated with carcinogenesis including asbestos, alcohol, radiation, arsenic, and air pollution. Research on other exposures that may affect epigenetic states such as endocrine disruptors is also described, and we also review the evidence for epigenetic alterations associated with aging that may reflect cumulative effects of exposures. From this evidence, we posit potential mechanisms by which exposures modify epigenetic states, noting that understanding the true effect of environmental exposures on the human epigenome will require additional research with appropriate epidemiologic studies and application of novel technologies. With a more comprehensive understanding of the affects of exposures on the epigenome, including consideration of genetic background, the prediction of the toxic potential of new compounds may be more readily achieved, and may lead to the development of more personalized disease prevention and treatment strategies.
Impact of a Retrotrigonal Layer Backup Stitch on Post-Prostatectomy Incontinence

pads. Results: In group 1, the continence rate at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively was 40.4%, 70.2%, and 90.4%, respectively; in group 2, the continence rate was 42.1%, 70.1%, and 89.7%, respectively. The median (95% confidence interval) time to continence recovery was four months (range, 1 to 12 months) in group 1 and four months (range, 1 to 9 months) in group 2. Kaplan-Meier curves showed no significant difference in the recovery of continence between the two groups (log rank test, p=0.629). Conclusions: A RTBS does not appear to improve urinary incontinence after RALP. Further anatomical study and prospective randomized studies will be needed to confirm this.
Encapsulation of the interstellar abundant H3+ in a C60 fullerene

The possible encapsulation of the interstellar abundant H3+ ion inside a C60 fullerene cage has been examined by using the Hartree-Fock (HF) and the second order Moller-Plesset perturbation (MP2) methods both with the 6-31G** basis set. It was found that H3+ forms various stable endohedral complexes inside the cage. Six configurations have been examined among which four were stable compared with the separated initial species, the dissociated H2 + H+ inside the cage being the most stable. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Changes in Frequencies of a Laminated Plate Caused by Embedded Piezoelectric Layers

HE three-dimensional linear theory of elasticity is used to delineate the effect of the thickness, stiffness, and mass density of piezoelectric (PZT) layers on the ® rst ® ve natural frequencies of a simply supported graphite/epoxy laminated plate with PZT layers embedded in it. Platelike smart structures are usually made of PZT patches either embedded in or bonded to the bounding surfaces of a plate. In this Note, an attempt is made to ascertain changes in the natural frequencies of the underlying plate due to the PZT patches. Problem Formulation Consider a simply supported graphite/epoxy laminated plate with PZT layers embedded in it. The plate is assumed to be made of a homogeneous, orthotropic, linear elastic material and the PZT of a homogeneous, transversely isotropic, linear piezoelectric material poled in the thickness direction. Their constitutive relations are
Recognizing the Precursors of Failure in School

Most of the children who fail in school come from educationally high-risk groups which are identifiable in the preschool years. Early recognition allows for constructive planning and in some cases the interposition of specific therapy (Table 1). Aall physicians should be aware of the relationships between these high-rish categories and future educational failure. The physician needs to accept responsibility for properly ensuring that the child will experience a wholesome, enriching experience in the school years. If the above measures were applied widely, a substantial reduction in the incidence of school failure among American children would be realized.
Eating patterns in patients with spectrum binge-eating disorder.

Objective—We sought to describe meal and snack frequencies of individuals with recurrent binge eating and examine the association between these eating patterns and clinical correlates. Method—Data from 106 women with a minimum diagnosis of recurrent binge eating were utilized. Meal and snack frequencies were correlated with measures of weight, eating disorder features, and depression. Participants who ate breakfast every day (n=25) were compared with those who did not (n=81) on the same measures. Results—Breakfast was the least, and dinner the most, commonly consumed meal. Evening snacking was the most common snacking occasion. Meal patterns were not significantly associated with clinical correlates; however, evening snacking was associated with binge eating. Discussion—Our findings largely replicated those reported in earlier research. More research is needed to determine the role of breakfast consumption in binge eating.
Cell cycle-dependent localization of the CDK2-cyclin E complex in Cajal (coiled) bodies

We have found that CDK2 and cyclin E, but not cyclin A, accumulates within Cajal bodies (CBs) in a cell cycle-dependent fashion. In the absence of cyclin E, CDK2 is not enriched in the CB compartment, suggesting that the translocation of CDK2 to CBs is dependent on cyclin E. CDK2 and cyclin E could be recruited to CBs as a functional complex or CBs may serve as 'docking stations' for CDK2-cyclin E activation by CAKs during the G(1)/S transition. Notably, CDK7-cyclin H-Mat1 complexes are known to accumulate in CBs. Treatment of cells with inhibitors of either CDKs (olomoucine, 200 microM) or RNA polymerase I (actinomycin D, 0.05 microgram/ml), results in a striking reorganization of CDK2 and p80 coilin to the nucleolar periphery. Furthermore, we demonstrate that p80 coilin can be phosphorylated by purified CDK2-cyclin E complexes in vitro. Thus coilin and other CB proteins appear to be downstream targets of CDK2-cyclin E complex-mediated signaling pathways regulating cell cycle progression and controlling aspects of CB function. Possible roles for CDK2 and cyclin E in the well-documented association of CBs, histone gene clusters and RNA 3' end processing factors are discussed.
Neutrophils from critically ill septic patients mediate profound loss of endothelial barrier integrity

Sepsis is characterized by systemic immune activation and neutrophil-mediated endothelial barrier integrity compromise, contributing to end-organ dysfunction. Studies evaluating endothelial barrier dysfunction induced by neutrophils from septic patients are lacking, despite its clinical significance. We hypothesized that septic neutrophils would cause characteristic patterns of endothelial barrier dysfunction, distinct from experimental stimulation of normal neutrophils, and that treatment with the immunomodulatory drug β-glucan would attenuate this effect. Blood was obtained from critically ill septic patients. Patients were either general surgery patients (Primary Sepsis (PS)) or those with sepsis following trauma (Secondary Sepsis (SS)). Those with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were identified. Healthy volunteers served as controls. Neutrophils were purified and aliquots were untreated, or treated with fMLP or β-glucan. Endothelial cells were grown to confluence and activated with tissue necrosis factor (TNF)-α . Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) was used to determine monolayer resistance after neutrophils were added. Groups were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Neutrophils from all septic patients, as well as fMLP-normal neutrophils, reduced endothelial barrier integrity to a greater extent than untreated normal neutrophils (normalized resistance of cells from septic patients at 30 mins = 0.90 ± 0.04; at 60 mins = 0.73 ± 0.6 and at 180 mins = 0.56 ± 0.05; p < 0. 05 vs normal). Compared to untreated PS neutrophils, fMLP-treated PS neutrophils caused further loss of barrier function at all time points; no additive effect was noted in stimulation of SS neutrophils beyond 30 min. Neutrophils from ARDS patients caused greater loss of barrier integrity than those from non-ARDS patients, despite similarities in age, sex, septic source, and neutrophil count. Neutrophils obtained after resolution of sepsis caused less barrier dysfunction at all time points. β-glucan treatment of septic patients’ neutrophils attenuated barrier compromise, rendering the effect similar to that induced by neutrophils obtained once sepsis had resolved. Neutrophils from septic patients exert dramatic compromise of endothelial barrier integrity. This pattern is mimicked by experimental activation of healthy neutrophils. The effect of septic neutrophils on the endothelium depends upon the initial inflammatory event, correlates with organ dysfunction and resolution of sepsis, and is ameliorated by β-glucan.
An Experimental Model for Myocarditis and Congestive Heart Failure after Rabbit Coronavirus Infection

In a model for virus-induced myocarditis and congestive heart failure, rabbit coronavirus infection was divided into acute (days 2-5) and subacute (days 6-12) phases on the basis of day of death and pathologic findings. During the acute phase, the principal histologic lesions were degeneration and necrosis of myocytes, myocytolysis, interstitial edema, and hemorrhage. The severity of these changes increased in the subacute phase. Pleural effusion and congestion of the lungs and liver were also present at this time. Myocarditis was detected by day 9 and peaked by day 12. Heart weights and heart weight-to-body weight ratios were increased, and dilation of the right ventricular cavity became prominent early in infection and persisted. In contrast, dilation of the left ventricle occurred late in the subacute stage. Virus was isolated from infected hearts between days 2 and 12. These data suggest that rabbit coronavirus infection progresses to myocarditis and congestive heart failure.
Testing the SI × SC rule: Pollen–pistil interactions in interspecific crosses between members of the tomato clade (Solanum section Lycopersicon, Solanaceae)

 Premise of the study: Interspecifi c reproductive barriers (IRBs) act to ensure species integrity by preventing hybridization. Previous studies on interspecifi c crosses in the tomato clade have focused on the success of fruit and seed set. The SI × SC rule (SI species × SC species crosses are incompatible, but the reciprocal crosses are compatible) often applies to interspecifi c crosses. Because SI systems in the Solanaceae affect pollen tube growth, we focused on this process in a comprehensive study of interspecifi c crosses in the tomato clade to test whether the SI × SC rule was always followed.  Methods: Pollen tube growth was assessed in reciprocal crosses between all 13 species of the tomato clade using fl uorescence microscopy.  Key results: In crosses between SC and SI species, pollen tube growth follows the SI × SC rule: interspecific pollen tube rejection occurs when SI species are pollinated by SC species, but in the reciprocal crosses (SC × SI), pollen tubes reach ovaries. However, pollen tube rejection occurred in some crosses between pairs of SC species, demonstrating that a fully functional SI system is not necessary for pollen tube rejection in interspecific crosses. Further, gradations in the strength of both pistil and pollen IRBs were revealed in interspecific crosses using SC populations of generally SI species.  Conclusion: The SI × SC rule explains many of the compatibility relations in the tomato clade, but exceptions occur with more recently evolved SC species and accessions, revealing differences in strength of both pistil and pollen IRBs.
Omphalocele with duodenal stenosis.

Abstract A case of omphalocele with associated duodenal stenosis, thought to be the first of its kind, is reported. Two operative procedures were required to correct the anomalies. Early surgery is mandatory in the treatment of large omphaloceles and preferably should be performed within the first hour following delivery.
Three-Dimensional Visualization of Objects in Turbid Water Using Integral Imaging

In this paper, we demonstrate three-dimensional (3D) visualization of objects in turbid water. The sensing is performed by integral imaging. Multi-perspectives images are degraded due to light scattering and are treated by statistical image processing and computational 3D reconstruction algorithms to remedy the effects of scattering and to visualize the 3D scene. Reconstruction distances and underwater elemental images are calculated according to Snell's law. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on 3D reconstruction of objects in turbid water using integral imaging. Experimental results are presented.
Robotic-assisted surgery in the management of endometrial cancer

Advanced laparoscopic procedures for hysterectomy and staging lymphadenectomy were not widely adopted for management of endometrial cancer despite nearly 20 years of improvements in laparoscopic technology. Many surgeons have recently embraced da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopy in preference to traditional laparoscopy because of its technological advantages of wristed instrumentation, high-definition 3-D optics, ergonomics and autonomy of camera control; the majority of women with endometrial cancer in the USA now undergo robotic-assisted surgery. The purpose of this article is to review the robotic surgical techniques for hysterectomy, pelvic and aortic lymphadenectomy procedures, and the current comparative literature discussing perioperative outcomes. Additionally, literature that discusses challenges managing obese patients and robotic surgical costs are reviewed. Future multi-institutional, prospective registration studies comparing perioperative outcomes, complications, pain, recovery time, cost and long-term clinical outcomes with open, laparoscopic and robotic procedures will be necessary to completely appreciate the impact of robotic-assisted technology.
Beckett's film, "which could only have been played by buster keaton"

AbstractThis article uses Deleuze's three-part theory of the movement-image as a way to investigate the potential importance of his unexplored claim about the casting of Beckett's Film. In “The Greatest Irish Film” Deleuze writes that the starring role in Film “could only have been played by Buster Keaton” (in Essays Critical and Clinical, trans. Daniel W. Smith and Michael A. Greco (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1997) 23), but he does not explain why. Here, I return to the Bergsonian basis of Deleuze's film theory, as well as to early responses to Beckett's Film, in order to complicate our understanding of Deleuze's perception-image, action-image, and especially his affection-image.
Student Affairs Collaborating With Academic Affairs: Perceptions Of Individual Competency and Institutional Culture

The desire by campus leaders to continually improve the effectiveness and efficiency of higher education has led to the development of collaborations between student affairs and academic affairs. Scholars sufficiently tout the importance of these programs, providing case examples and practical advice on how to make them successful. Less research exists that empirically examines collaboration on the individual or organizational level. This study contributes to the field of knowledge in student affairs work by measuring collaboration as a competency, measuring institutional culture in relation to collaboration, comparing collaboration competency based upon subspecialty, and identifying predictors of collaborative skills in student affairs professionals.
Talonavicular Arthroscopy for Osteochondral Lesions: Technique and Case Series

Background:Traditional treatment of talonavicular osteochondral lesions (OCLs) requires an open procedure. Arthroscopic microfracture of talonavicular OCLs may provide a viable, minimally invasive ...
Fabrication of micropatterned polymeric nanowire arrays for high-resolution reagent localization and topographical cellular control

Herein, we present a novel approach for the fabrication of micropatterned polymeric nanowire arrays that addresses the current need for scalable and customizable polymer nanofabrication. We describe two variations of this approach for the patterning of nanowire arrays on either flat polymeric films or discrete polymeric microstructures and go on to investigate biological applications for the resulting polymeric features. We demonstrate that the micropatterned arrays of densely packed nanowires facilitate rapid, low-waste drug and reagent localization with micron-scale resolution as a result of their high wettability. We also show that micropatterned nanowire arrays provide hierarchical cellular control by simultaneously directing cell shape on the micron scale and influencing focal adhesion formation on the nanoscale. This nanofabrication approach has potential applications in scaffold-based cellular control, biological assay miniaturization, and biomedical microdevice technology.
Fractures of the pelvis. Fundamentals of management.

Fractures of the pelvis fall easily into two groups: isolated fractures and those in which the continuity of the pelvic ring is broken. Except for acetabular fractures, most of them can be reduced and immobilized by nonoperative means. Operative reduction is rarely indicated but surgical intervention for the repair of visceral damage is required frequently. The anatomy, mechanics and treatment of pelvic fractures are reviewed.
Archaeological and Historical Investigations for the Mission Road Realignment Project, San Antonio, Texas

The Mission Road Realignment Project proposes to relocate the current position of Mission Road, which transects the original Mission Concepcion quadrangle, farther west and in the vicinity of the road's 18th-century location. Archaeological testing conducted by the Center for Archaeological Research sought to determine if significant cultural resources would be adversely impacted by the road relocation project. Intensive testing established that no significant remains were located within or adjacent to the proposed right-of-way.
Intellectuals and the People: Portrayals of the Rebel in the 2011 Egyptian Uprising

Apart from attempts to account for the massive support provided by Egyptian writers to President Abd al-Fatah al-Sisi, the 25th of January uprising was rarely explored from the standpoint of Egyptian intellectuals. Yet, during the uprising, some did take an active part in the events, such as forging an image of the revolution and its actors through opinion columns. However, by promoting what became an iconic image of the Egyptian protester—middle class youth, peacefully seeking liberty and rights—they drew on the same discourses as those adopted by their counterparts in the semi-official press: the belief that the uprising threatened to unleash the oppressed masses who would embark on the destruction of the State. This article attempts to shed light on the conditions associated with the 25th of January revolution by exploring op-eds published in several Egyptian private dailies during the first years of the uprising.
Photoetched clad with embedded heatpipes for mobile electronics

Aluminum-cored clads offer attractive properties for constructing thin, lightweight cases and other thermal management structures for mobile electronics. Additional possibilities open up when the clad is modified by a two-step photoetching process. The focus of this paper is a free-convection cooled structure with small heatpipes embedded within channels etched into a 0.6 mm thick stainless-steel clad aluminum plate. We performed experiments and simulations for both this novel embedded heatpipe structure and conventional spreader-plate designs. We applied a Percent of Envelope Power (PEP) steady-state heat-transfer metric to compare their performance, and found that this and other similar metrics may be equivalent when average temperatures can be accurately determined. Our results demonstrate that photoetched clads with embedded heatpipes and engineered air gaps have the potential to significantly enhance mobile electronic device cooling and allow higher point-load power inputs without increasing product thickness or the maximum surface temperature to which users are exposed.
Sigma Cyclic and Serial Rings

The first three sections of this chapter present the structure of serial rings of Warfield [75]. The main theorem 25.3.4 characterizes when every finitely presented left module over a ring R is a direct sum of uniserial modules: this happens iff R is itself such a direct sum both as right and left module, that is, iff R is serial. (See Section 0 for definitions.) In this case, then for any finitely generated submodule M of a finitely generated projective module P, there are “stacked” decompositions of P and M into direct sums of uniserial modules (see 25.3.3ff). Moreover, any Noetherian serial ring is decomposable into a finite product of Artinian and (semi)prime rings (25.3.5). This is reminiscent of the theorems of Chatters (20.30) for hereditary rings, and Krull-Asano-Goldie 20.37, for principal ideal rings, and, in fact, Robson’s general method (20.35) used to prove these also applies here.
An Executive Function of the Hippocampus Pathway Selection for Thalamic Neuronal Significance Code

The information in this chapter is based on studies of the neural correlates of conditioned avoidance behavior in rabbits. The results have fostered a conceptualization of the functional relevance of the hippocampus to avoidance behavior, and to learning and memory processes considered more generally.
Precision assessment of public attitudes toward genetic testing

Public attitudes toward genetic testing are largely unknown. Furthermore, as medical practices vary widely among different regions around the world due to differences in cultural, sociopolitical, and economical environments, people from different regions may have drastically different attitudes. Even for the same individual, the attitude may vary depending on the purpose and type of genetic testing and the disorder to be tested for. It seems to me what is called for is a "precision" approach to gauging people's attitude toward genetic testing. In the current issue of the American Journal of Medical Genetics: Part A, Fu et al. reported a carefully designed study that began to fill this gap, although more work need to be done for different disorders and among other populations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis With Hypertriglyceridemia-Induced Acute Pancreatitis As First Presentation Of Diabetes Mellitus: Report Of Three Cases

ABSTRACT Objective: We present a series of three cases of hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis with concurrent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) as first presentation of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult patients. This triad has been described in previous literature; however, it is extremely rare in previously undiagnosed diabetic patients. We discuss the potential mechanism, diagnosis, management strategies, and prognosis in these cases. Methods: Three patients with no known history of diabetes mellitus or hyperlipidemia presented with diabetic ketoacidosis, elevated serum triglycerides, and typical symptoms of acute pancreatitis. Diagnosis was confirmed with abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan, and all three patients were managed in intensive care units, received aggressive fluid repletion, intravenous insulin, and lipid-lowering agents. Results: Two patients had uneventful recovery with rapid resolving hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. One patient had severe complication of acute kidney ...
Proto-Differentiability of Set-Valued Mappings and its Applications in Optimization

Abstract Proto-differentiability of a set-valued mapping (multifunction) G from one Euclidean space to another is defined in terms of graphical convergence of associated difference quotient multifunctions. The nature and consequences of the property are investigated in considerable detail to provide a basis for applications. Applications are demonstrated for the theory of optimization by verifying the proto-differentiability of some of the most important multifunctions in that theory, specifically multifunctions giving the set of solutions to a parameterized system of constraints or to a parameterized variational inequality or collection of optimality conditions. The fact that such multifunctions are actually differentiable in this a generalized sense has not previously been detected.
Hall-effect and resistivity measurements at room temperature and −165°C on chromium-nickel alloys

Abstract The Hall-coefficient R H and the electrical resistivity of Cr-Ni alloys was measured at room temperature and −165°C. An alloy with 3.6 at. % Ni showed at −165°C the highest R H value. It was found that the R H values of Cr-Ni alloys were similar to those found for Cr-Fe alloys, if plotted as a function of electron concentration.
Sensitivity of carbon stores in boreal forest moss mats - effects of vegetation, topography and climate

In northern regions, moss and lichen mats are the major carbon-cycling interface between soils and the atmosphere. We aimed to quantify sensitivity of ground layer nutrient stores to environmental predictors, to better understand interactions with vegetation, topography and climatic conditions. With non-destructive forest inventory techniques, we estimated distributions of biomass, carbon and nitrogen among moss/lichen ground layers in a 1.1 million-ha watershed within Alaska’s boreal forest region. Using nonparametric multiplicative regression, we fit response surfaces and quantified sensitivity to environmental predictors. Across 96 sites, half the ground layer biomass values were in the range 4750–18,900 kg ha−1 (25th to 75th percentiles). Carbon and nitrogen stores peaked in older stands and those with little forb cover (suggesting low disturbance) and low incident radiation. Among functional groups, the most abundant were nitrogen-fixing feather mosses, which formed extensive carpets. Nutrient stores were most sensitive to local vegetation and topography predictors, but less sensitive to regional climate. Moss and lichen mats in boreal forests are substantial carbon and nitrogen stores, with consequences for carbon sequestration and ecosystem productivity. Their environmental sensitivity suggests that ground layer nutrient stores could decrease if global changes promote vascular vegetation expansions and intensifying wildfire regimes.
Validation of the sensitivity based Thevenin Index on large systems

Monitoring the long-term voltage stability of the power grid is necessary to ensure its secure operation. This paper presents a new Wide-Area Measurement (WAMS) based Voltage Stability Index, called the Sensitivity based Thevenin Index (STI), that is calculated using sensitivities. The novelty of this index is that it is the first WAMS based method whose value is equal to the Local Thevenin Index (LTI) measured locally at the Phasor Measurement Units (PMU). The wide-area nature of the STI makes it very robust to measurement noise and provides the control-center with a method to verify the LTI received from a PMU. This ensures that the operator can take the proper control actions, even when the PMU transmits spurious or noisy LTI. Validating results are presented for the IEEE 30 Bus and the MATPOWER 3120 Polish Summer systems, verifying that the STI can be used to validate the LTI measured at the PMU locally in a quick manner and establishing the robustness of the STI to measurement noise.
Transforming growth factor-β: From its effect in T cell activation to a role in dominant tolerance

Transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 is an important immunoregulatory cytokine involved in maintenance of self tolerance and T cell homeostasis [1]. It is produced by several immune and non-immune cell types and functions in both autocrine and paracrine manners [1]–[3]. Regulatory T cells (Treg) cells are the primary source of TGFβ1 for controlling autoimmune disease. Blockade of TGFβ signaling in T cells causes severe autoimmune disease in mice [4, 5]. However, TGFβ signaling in T cells under inflammatory conditions also causes the development of experimentally induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for human multiple sclerosis (MS) disease [6]. This review focuses on recent findings concerning the function of TGFβ1 in T cells and immune tolerance, and it discusses implications of these findings for therapeutic intervention in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Cyclic Cushing’s Disease

Cyclic Cushing’s disease (CD) is characterized by fluctuations in clinical or biochemical indices of hypercortisolism, and is often marked by periods of ­disease activity alternating with relative quiescence. Retrospectively collected data suggest that cyclic CD accounts for approximately 15–19% of all CD cases. The pathogenesis of this condition remains obscure. Other than the presence of spontaneous fluctuations in its course, there are no distinguishing clinical or laboratory features of cyclic CD. However, the presence of varying degrees of hypercortisolism during its natural history frequently leads to major diagnostic difficulties, confounding the interpretation of diagnostic testing. Furthermore, assessment of the outcome of therapeutic interventions can be hampered by the intermittent nature of hypercortisolism inherent in cyclic CD. Prospective studies may be helpful in further elucidating the natural history of cyclic CD and molecular studies will be needed to understand the pathophysiology of this enigmatic and challenging condition.
The role of protein kinase C in signal transduction, growth control and lipid metabolism.

Of the numerous protein kinases present in mammalian cells protein kinase C (PKC) is of particular interest to the field of lipid metabolism because various lipids influence the activation of this enzyme system. These lipid activators include phosphatidylserine, cis-unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid, oleic acid), diacylglycerol, inositol phosphates, fecapentaene, phorbol ester tumor promoters and related compounds, and cholesterol sulfate. The activation of PKC can, in turn influence lipid metabolism by causing feedback inhibition of phospholipase C., activation of phospholipase A2 and activation of phospholipase D (1–6).
Transcriptional regulation of CD4+ TH cells that mediate tissue inflammation.

Acquired and genetic immunodeficiencies have revealed an indispensable role for CD4+ T cells in the induction of protective host immune responses against a myriad of microbial pathogens. Influenced by the cytokines present in the microenvironment, activated CD4+ T cells may differentiate into several highly-specialized helper subsets defined by the production of distinct signature cytokines tailored to combat diverse classes of pathogens. The process of specification and differentiation is controlled by networks of core, master, and accessory transcription factors, which ensure that CD4+ T helper (TH ) cell responses mounted against an invading microbe are of the correct specificity and type. However, aberrant activation or inactivation of transcription factors can result in sustained and elevated expression of immune-related genes, leading to chronic activation of CD4+ TH cells and organ-specific autoimmunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular basis of CD4+ TH cell differentiation and examine how combinatorial expression of transcription factors, which promotes genetic plasticity of CD4+ TH cells, can contribute to immunological dysfunction of CD4+ TH responses. We also discuss recent studies which highlight the potential of exploiting the genetic plasticity of CD4+ TH cells in the treatment of autoimmune and other immune-mediated disorders.
Practice Variability Across Disciplines Caring for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

INTRODUCTION Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is often managed by non-cardiologists, but little is known about how their practice differs from that of cardiologists. We aimed to quantify differences in the diagnosis and treatment of HFpEF between these groups. Hypothesis We hypothesized that diagnosis and treatment practices for HFpEF would vary widely and differ between cardiologists and non-cardiologists, and that there would be relevant differences in approach to HFpEF and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods We anonymously surveyed cardiologists and non-cardiologists (Internal Medicine, Medicine/Pediatrics, Family Medicine, Geriatrics) on practices related to diagnosing and managing HFpEF at two academic centers (University of Michigan and Weill Cornell Medicine). Response data were compared using chi-squared analysis. Results Of 1,010 physicians surveyed, 245 completed a significant portion and 192 completed the entire survey. Among participants, 18% were cardiologists, 82% non-cardiologists, and 45% resident physicians. Survey data are shown in the Table . Over 90% of non-cardiologists reported caring for patients with HFpEF routinely. Most were unaware of HFpEF diagnostic guidelines, and commonly used ventricular diastolic dysfunction and natriuretic peptides to rule in or out a HFpEF diagnosis. Non-cardiologists were less likely than cardiologists to prescribe an aldosterone antagonist for HFpEF. Non-cardiologists were more likely to refer the majority of their HFrEF patients to cardiology (63%) compared to HFpEF (37%, p Conclusions Cardiologists and non-cardiologists vary significantly in the diagnosis and treatment of HFpEF. While imperfect guidelines must be clarified through further research, opportunity exists to improve diagnosis and processes of care.
Normative values of the Rey Word Recognition Test in college athletes.

AbstractImproved detection of sport-related concussions can be enhanced by performance validity tests, such as the Rey Word Recognition Test (WRT). The WRT is brief and in the public domain but no ...
Capturing vehicular space headway using low-cost LIDAR and processing through ARIMA prediction modeling

The paper proposes a low-cost system to capture spatial vehicle headway data and process the raw data by filtering outliers using a novel filtering process. Multiple sensors and modules are integrated to form the system. The sensors used are compact, lightweight, low-cost and have low power consumption. A single beam 1-Dimensional Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) was used for capturing the space headway data, a Global Positioning System (GPS) to map each data point with a timestamp and position and also a camera to capture video data with an overlay of date, time, distance and speed in real-time. The filtering technique utilizes the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) prediction modeling and mean-filtering. The data captured is stored in a Raspberry Pi module. The data is later processed by using the filtering technique to obtain the least outliers. The overall system has enabled to capture spatial headway data and speed of the vehicle at a very low cost and the data obtained can be used for car-following model analysis and speed-density analysis.
Temporizing External Fixation vs Splinting Following Ankle Fracture Dislocation

Background:Closed reduction and splinting followed by outpatient management is standard of care for temporizing most ankle fractures. However, ankle fracture-dislocation potentially warrants a diff...
Aptamers as Reversible Sorting Ligands for Preparation of Cells in Their Native State

Although antibodies are routinely used to label and isolate a desired cell type from a more complex mixture of cells, via either fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS), such antibody labeling is not easily reversible. We describe an FACS and MACS compatible method to reversibly label and purify cells using aptamers. Magnetic beads loaded with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-binding antagonistic aptamer E07 specifically isolated EGFR-expressing cells, and pure, label-free cells were recovered via treatment with an "antidote" oligonucleotide complementary to the aptamer. Additionally, while FACS sorting cells with E07 or EGFR antibody yielded EGFR(+) cells with impeded EGFR signaling, stripping off the aptamer via antidote treatment restored receptor function, returning cells to their native state, which was not possible with the antibody. The ability to reversibly label or isolate cells without compromising their function is a valuable, versatile tool with important implications for both the laboratory and clinic.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the dual specificity phosphatase genes and risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infant.

BACKGROUND Differences in the susceptibility of preterm infants to develop necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) implicate potential genetic differences in response to the inflammatory stimuli leading to NEC. Dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are a key suppressor pathway of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pro-inflammatory signaling pathway. We hypothesized that inherited single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DUSP genes contribute to NEC susceptibility in premature infants. METHODS Patients admitted between 2010 and 2015 born at < 32 weeks GA and≤1,500 g BW with stage II+NEC (cases; n = 50) and age, weight-matched controls (n = 38) were included. Blood samples were collected for DNA isolation. Agena Mass Array assay was used to examine 31 SNPs in 9 different DUSP genes. Calculated minor allele frequencies (MAF) for cases and controls were compared using χ2 and logistic regression. RESULTS The presence of the rs704074 SNP was associated with a 48% decreased risk of developing NEC (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.27- 1.01, p = 0.04). The odds of surgical NEC decreased by 78% (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.06- 0.84, p = 0.027) for each copy of rs704074/G allele in patients with NEC. CONCLUSION In this small single-center pilot study, DUSP-6 SNP (rs704074) was associated with a lower risk of developing NEC and surgical NEC, the most severe form of NEC, in preterm infants.
Interface dominated deformation mechanisms in two-phase fcc/B2 nanostructures: Nishiyama-Wasserman vs. Kurdjumov-Sachs interfaces

Abstract Crystallographic orientation relationship (OR) in two-phase alloy microstructures determines their heterophase interfacial structures, and may influence their corresponding deformation mechanisms. Here, using prototypical fcc-Ni and bcc-ordered B2-NiAl phases, we have compared and contrasted the effect of fcc/B2 Nishiyama-Wasserman (NW) and Kurdjumov-Sachs (KS) heterophase interfaces on the deformation mechanisms prevalent in fcc-B2 nanostructures. For this purpose, we have uniaxially deformed fcc-B2 bicrystals, and multicrystals containing B2 lamellae via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The NW and KS interfaces acted as source and sink for fcc and B2 dislocations, and were susceptible to shearing via fcc twins. However, both interfaces differed in their ability to influence deformation mechanisms, and maintain interfacial structure under the influence of shear stresses. Inside the fcc phase, NW interfaces preferentially promoted stacking fault tetrahedra formation during the early stages of plastic deformation, while KS interfaces facilitated { 1 1 1 } 〈 1 1 2 〉 fcc twining. B2 dislocation plasticity also appears to have been affected. We also learn that the { 1 1 1 } fcc NW interface is highly sensitive to shear stresses, and after prolonged deformation it’s interfacial structure closely resembled deformed { 1 1 1 } fcc KS interface. Mechanistic insights gained from MD is expected to inform alloy design approaches that aims to control the relative fractions of Nishiyama-Wasserman and Kurdjumov-Sachs interfaces.
The Psychodynamics of Low Vision: A Preliminary Study:

A preliminary study using a small sample of 20 visually impaired subjects found that psychological characteristics may be important determinants of the subject's acceptance of low-vision aids. The ...
Disparities in the Population at Risk of Severe Illness From COVID-19 by Race/Ethnicity and Income.

Identifying those at heightened risk of severe illness from novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential for modeling the disease, designing return-to-work criteria, allo-cating economic assistance, advancing health equity, and limiting morbidity and mortality. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified the criteria associated with the risk of severe complications from COVID-19 infection (Appendix Table 1, available online).1 Structural inequities have shaped racial, ethnic, and income disparities for the majority of these criteria. To date, there has been limited analysis of the proportion of the population that is at risk in the U.S. on the basis of these criteria, risk factors by race/ethnicity or income.2 Preliminary national data on cases by race/ethnicity suggest that disparities in hospitalization are already developing.3 Quantifying disparities in risk is important for allocating resources to prevent, identify, and treat COVID-19‒related severe illness and limit diverging outcomes for already vulnerable subgroups.
Characterization of layered Dielectric Composites by Radar Techniques

We report an approach to extract the dielectric properties and the layer thickness in a composite sandwich structure using a multiple frequency microwave technique. A simple plane wave model is used to calculate the amplitude and time of arrival for the reflection from each boundary. Frequency domain data are converted by either Fourier Transform or the Matrix Pencil Method to peak amplitude and time of arrival. Using a Simplex search algorithm, material properties and thickness are found by minimizing the square of the errors between the theoretical and experimental data set.
Topology Optimization of Tribological Composites for Multifunctional Performance at Sliding Interfaces

Abstract This paper presents the first application of topology optimization to designing multifunctional tribological composites. In particular, composites are designed to minimize temperature rise caused by frictional heating associated with wear at sliding interfaces. Wear and frictional heating both have significant influence on the performance of tribological composite systems. A steady-state heat transfer model is used to obtain the thermal field within the sliding body, including a frictional heat flux boundary condition determined by the steady-state wear response of the bi-material composite sliding interface. The material thermal conductivity and frictional heat generated within each material are interpolated using the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization optimization method. The optimization problem is solved using a gradient-based optimizer, the Method of Moving Asymptotes, with sensitivities obtained by the adjoint method. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and utility of the established optimization framework. It is found that the average and maximum temperature rises are reduced by 40–60% compared to reference structures with the same material volume fractions.