cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Order of the chiral and continuum limits in staggered chiral perturbation theory

Duerr and Hoelbling recently observed that the continuum and chiral limits do not commute in the two dimensional, one flavor, Schwinger model with staggered fermions. I point out that such lack of commutativity can also be seen in four-dimensional staggered chiral perturbation theory (S{chi}PT) in quenched or partially quenched quantities constructed to be particularly sensitive to the chiral limit. Although the physics involved in the S{chi}PT examples is quite different from that in the Schwinger model, neither singularity seems to be connected to the trick of taking the n{sup th} root of the fermion determinant to remove unwanted degrees of freedom ('tastes'). Further, I argue that the singularities in S{chi}PT are absent in standard quantities in the unquenched (full) QCD case and do not imply any unexpected systematic errors in recent MILC calculations with staggered fermions.
Radar Propagation in Rock Salt

Four radar systems at three different frequencies are described which are useful in probing into salt for finding information of interest to miners. Ranges in salt to (a) the edge of a salt dome, (b) the top of the salt dome, (c) boreholes in salt, or (d) faults or hazards ahead of mining can be determined using one or more of these radar systems. Radar wave velocities in salt are determined by radar probing through pillars of known length, and then used to determine ranges in salt to timed radar reflections. Radar probing results are shown obtained in different salt mines probing upwards and downwards. Enclosed areas in the mine are the best radar station locations to probe into salt as air reverberation of radar energy is shortened.
The Comically Infinite Man1

A long time ago, I procured a little book edited by Soren Kierkegaard entitled The Sickness Unto Death (1849). What is more, I read it. (I must confess to having been first attracted to it solely by its title). For and as a tribute to Alastair Hannay I was inspired to set down in print this brief (altogether too brief, philosophically speaking) and unsystematic reflection. What struck me most palpably was the suggestion that, although our worldly endeavors and thus our publications are, so to speak, temporally limited, our despair is not. I write on the obligations and privileges of that mood.
New Dinopanorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA)

Six new species of the extinct family Dinopanorpidae (Mecoptera) are described in the new genus Dinokanaga gen. nov. from five Early (and early Middle?) Eocene Okanagan Highlands localities in British Columbia and Washington State. These are Dinokanaga hillsi sp. nov., D. wilsoni sp. nov., D. dowsonae sp. nov., D. andersoni sp. nov., D. sternbergi sp. nov., and D. webbi sp. nov. The family Dinopanorpidae is previously known only from a hind wing of Dinopanorpa megarche Cockerell, and an undescribed species of Dinopanorpa, both from the Paleogene of Primorye (Maritime Province) in Pacific coastal far-eastern Russia. The family includes mostly large species, with forewings up to 43 mm in length. Dinopanorpidae is particularly distinguished by a long R1 vein in both the fore- and hind wings, extending almost to the wing apex and bending posteriad distally. Their wings are mostly dark with light bands and spots; have many to extremely dense crossveins; and an expanded costal space in the basal quarter of the forewing, which is more developed in larger species. The rostrum is extended; the medigynium is without tongue-shaped structures.
Metformin Use Among Individuals at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

Excess total and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality remain very high among those with type 2 diabetes versus those without diabetes. Clinical trials to lower blood glucose have been disappointing probably because the participants were too late in the natural history of diabetes and already had extensive vascular disease. Insulin resistance measured simply by elevated fasting blood insulin is an early marker of β-cell stress and peripheral insulin resistance. Metformin will prevent development of diabetes among patients with impaired fasting glucose but only for the short term. Metformin reduces risk of coronary heart disease. The drug is safe, low cost, and may also prevent cancer. The combination of diet and exercise followed by metformin in the early phase of “insulin resistance” may reduce or delay both atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis complications associated with diabetes. Preventive therapy must begin much earlier than before clinical diagnosis of diabetes and aim to initially lower blood insulin levels or insulin resistance.
Pulmonary embolism presenting as a seizure in the immediate postpartum period

Seizures in the postpartum period are not always due to eclampsia, and the various potential aetiologies have a considerable amount of overlap leading to difficulty in diagnosis. Massive pulmonary ...
Philosophy of medicine and other humanities: toward a wholistic view.

A less analytic and more wholistic approach to philosophy, described as ‘best overall fit’ or ‘seeing how things all hang together,’ is defended in recent works by John Rawls and Richard Rorty and can usefully be applied to problems in philosophy of medicine. Looking at sickness and its impact upon the person as a central problem for philosophy of medicine, this approach discourages a search for necessary and sufficient conditions for being sick, and instead encourages a listing of “true and interesting observations” about sickness which reflect the convergence of a number of different viewpoints. Among the relevant viewpoints are other humanities disciplines besides philosophy and the social sciences. Literature, in particular, provides insights into the meaning and the uniqueness of episodes of sickness in a way that philosophers may otherwise fail to grasp.
Anomalous singularities in inclusive cross sections and the nature of Regge singularities

The analytic properties of the 1-particle inclusive cross sections are used to prove the presence of anomalous singularities in the asymptotic expression of the 3-to-3 amplitude in the single-Regge limit. The nature of the Regge singularities associated with such anomalous singularities is investigated.
Transverse pattern variations in a laser with a parabolic excitation profile

Transverse intensity profiles from a model for a laser with a parabolic transverse excitation profile are shown to change from symmetric to asymmetric patterns, with bistability between some patterns, as the frequency spacing between the transverse cavity modes is decreased. The parabolic excitation profile suppresses some of the nonlinear coupling of the transverse modes that predominates when the excitation profile is uniform. Nonetheless there are substantial qualitative similarities between the results for uniform and parabolic excitation, suggesting some generic governing principles for the pattern formation caused by mode competition and mode correlation.
BLM protein mitigates formaldehyde-induced genomic instability

Formaldehyde is a reactive aldehyde that has been classified as a class I human carcinogen by the International Agency for Cancer Research. There are growing concerns over the possible adverse health effects related to the occupational and environmental human exposures to formaldehyde. Although formaldehyde-induced DNA and protein adducts have been identified, the genomic instability mechanisms and the cellular tolerance pathways associated with formaldehyde exposure are not fully characterized. This study specifically examines the role of a genome stability protein, Bloom (BLM) in limiting formaldehyde-induced cellular and genetic abnormalities. Here, we show that in the absence of BLM protein, formaldehyde-treated cells exhibited increased cellular sensitivity, an immediate cell cycle arrest, and an accumulation of chromosome radial structures. In addition, live-cell imaging experiments demonstrated that formaldehyde-treated cells are dependent on BLM for timely segregation of daughter cells. Both wild-type and BLM-deficient formaldehyde-treated cells showed an accumulation of 53BP1 and γH2AX foci indicative of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs); however, relative to wild-type cells, the BLM-deficient cells exhibited delayed repair of formaldehyde-induced DSBs. In response to formaldehyde exposure, we observed co-localization of 53BP1 and BLM foci at the DSB repair site, where ATM-dependent accumulation of formaldehyde-induced BLM foci occurred after the recruitment of 53BP1. Together, these findings highlight the significance of functional interactions among ATM, 53BP1, and BLM proteins as responders associated with the repair and tolerance mechanisms induced by formaldehyde.
Metabolism and biliary excretion of N2fluorenylacetamide and Nhydroxy2Fluorenylacetamide

Abstract N-OH-FAA is metabolized and excreted in the bile more rapidly than is FAA. Treatment of rats with BP stimulates the metabolism and biliary excretion of FAA. Treatment with PB depresses both of these functions. The metabolism of N-OH-FAA is induced by treatment with BP but its biliary excretion is unaltered. PB affects neither the metabolism nor the biliary excretion of N-OH-FAA. It is concluded that metabolism is the rate-limiting process in the biliary excretion of FAA but not of N-OH-FAA.
ESTIMATING COTTON LEAF AREA INDEX NONDESTRUCTIVELY WITH A LIGHT SENSOR

AccuPAR, which is a relatively new instrument for estimating leaf area index (LAI) by measuring light interception, has wide distribution but only limited independent evaluation of its accuracy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of AccuPAR for estimating LAI of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planted on different row spacings. Cotton LAI was measured nondestructively with AccuPAR and destructively by taking plant samples three to four times during each growing season in 2002 and 2003 on research conducted at three locations in Mississippi, USA. The results suggested that meter accuracy was affected by differences between row spacing and the length of the light-sensing segment of the meter. Supplemental tests showed that meter accuracy improved with meter placement, which eliminated length differences and with near solar noon measurements, which minimized row-to-row shading overlap. We conclude that the meter can more accurately estimate row crop LAI when the under-canopy placement of the meter and the time of measurement are selected so that the light-sensing segment of the meter captures shading of an entire row cross-section and that row-to-row shading overlap is eliminated or minimized.
Thermoablation of colorectal liver metastasis

Thermoablation is a local therapy that is effective in in situ destruction of colorectal liver metastasis while preserving surrounding normal liver tissue. It is less invasive compared to surgery, easy to use, and can be repeated. The therapy provides local control of unresectable disease and is an alternative therapy for small resectable lesions in patients with insufficient hepatic reserve after resection or coexistent comorbid conditions. It can artificially increase the resection margin thus increasing the number of patient candidate for resection. When used in conjunction with liver resection it clears the liver of multiple lesions that are surgically inaccessible or unresectable. Main limitations of the treatment are local recurrence of the disease, treatment-related complications, and questionable impact on patient. Outcome of therapy can be improved when used as part of multimodality treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010; 101:699-705. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonscanned ladar imaging and applications

A scannerless laser detection and ranging (LADAR) system is presently in development for applications at Sandia National Laboratories. This LADAR design eliminates the need for a mechanical laser beam scanner which is often the system component that limits the use of laser radars for many applications. Range to the target scene is determined in this approach by measuring the phase shift of the intensity modulation on the received optical return compared to the reference. The approach used in this LADAR is unique because the method used to detect this phase shift is an array of time integrating detectors that also records the image of the target scene. An analytical model is presented that describes the LADAR system performance. Applications of this LADAR system also are reviewed. They include terminal guidance of advanced conventional munitions, perimeter surveillance of secure facilities, mapping potholes/cracks in the U.S. highway system for improved maintenance scheduling, active collision avoidance of commercial/private vehicles, robotic vision integrated into advanced manufacturing concepts, and a novel airborne multi-sensor system containing LADAR, SAR, and LIDAR to locate and measure the thickness of ocean oil spills.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Failure of bronchial lavage to detect elevated levels of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) in patients with acth-producing bronchial carcinoids

Saline lavage of the major bronchial segments was performed in five patients immediately preceding lobectomy to remove an ACTH-producing bronchial carcinoid. Lavage fluid from each bronchus was concentrated, and ACTH determinations were performed. Elevated concentrations of ACTH were not demonstrated in the aspirate from the bronchus containing the known tumor. Two additional patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome from an unknown primary source also underwent selective segmental bronchial lavage for ACTH determination. Neither patient demonstrated ACTH gradients in the lavage specimens. One was found to have an ACTH-producing bronchial carcinoid 18 months after negative lavage. Selective segmental bronchoscopic lavage with measurement of ACTH levels on the aspirate is not an effective technique for detecting ACTH-producing bronchial carcinoid tumor. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69: 1302, 1989)
Asimov’s “three laws of robotics” and machine metaethics

Using Asimov’s “Bicentennial Man” as a springboard, a number of metaethical issues concerning the emerging field of machine ethics are discussed. Although the ultimate goal of machine ethics is to create autonomous ethical machines, this presents a number of challenges. A good way to begin the task of making ethics computable is to create a program that enables a machine to act an ethical advisor to human beings. This project, unlike creating an autonomous ethical machine, will not require that we make a judgment about the ethical status of the machine itself, a judgment that will be particularly difficult to make. Finally, it is argued that Asimov’s “three laws of robotics” are an unsatisfactory basis for machine ethics, regardless of the status of the machine.
A serotonin sensitive guanylate cyclase associated with specific neurotransmitter binding sites on isolated synaptic membranes from mature rat brain.

Abstract Results from this study indicate that adult rat brain posesses guanylate cyclase activity sensitive to serotonin (5-HT) and localized in the synaptic plasma membrane. The enzyme appears to have multiple activation sites for 5-HT with specific activity maxima at the 5-HT concentrations of 5 × 10−10M and 7 × 10−8M respectively. The rates of guanosine-3′:5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) formation at these concentrations of 5-HT are, respectively, 170% and 307% above the endogenous or basal production rate of 2.7±0.3picomoles/minute/milligram of synaptosomal membrane protein. We have also been able to identify four distinct types (Type #1, #2, #3, and #4) of high affinity, specific binding sites for 5-HT on isolated synaptosomal membranes from rat brain. Dissociation constants of 2.6 × 10−10M, 2.5 × 10−9M, 7.0 × 10−9M, and 4.6 × 10−8M, characterize the binding of 5-HT to our sites of Type #1 through Type #4 respectively. The specific, high affinity binding was saturated at 5-HT concentrations of 5 × 10−10M for the Type #1 sites, 5 × 10−9M for our Type #2 sites, 1 × 10−8M for our Type #3 sites, and 7 × 10−8M for our Type #4 sites. The 5-HT concentrations producing saturation of our specific binding sites of Type #1 and Type #4 are virtually identical to those that elicit the two maxima of 5-HT stimulated cyclic GMP production, indicating that a membrane-bound guanylase cyclase may be closely associated with certain 5-HT receptors and/or re-uptake sites.
Relation of hypertension to changes in the arteries

Abstract Hypertension can damage small blood vessels, and this effect is best seen in the arterioles of the kidney, which undergo fibrinoid necrosis. It also has a potentiating effect on arteriosclerosis of the larger vessels such as the coronary, carotid, and vertebral arteries. The relation of hypertension to endarteritis fibrosa of the interlobular arteries of the kidney is not clear; while at one time it was felt that hypertension caused this lesion, recently acquired information raises the possibility that the arterial changes result from intravascular coagulation and may cause or accelerate the hypertension.
Growth and characterization of N-doped ZnSxSe1−x (0 ≦ x < 0.3) by molecular beam epitaxy

N-doped p-type ZnS x Se 1-x (0≤x<0.3) films were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using radio-frequency (RF) plasma. The net acceptor concentration N a -N d decreased monotonically with increasing S composition and N a -N d of 2.5×10 17 cm -3 was achieved for the ZnS x Se 1-x film with S composition of 0.29, which has a bandgap energy of 3.0 eV at 77 K. The relative intensity of the Ii peak (acceptor bound exciton) to DAP (donor-acceptor pair) emission increased with increasing S composition and the DAP emission became dominant with increasing temperature. From the temperature dependence of photoluminescence (PL) measurements, the activation energies of the N acceptor in ZnS x Se 1-x were estimated. The activation energy increased with increasing S composition and was comparable to that of ZnMgSSe
The characterization of a ternary system: Magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of Ni x Fe y Cr 1-x-y

We report techniques by which properties of thin films of ternary alloys of nickel iron and chromium have been measured as a function of composition. The method depends on the preparation of films whose composition is smoothly graded in the plane of the film. The properties are measured by techniques which are beam addressable such as electron microprobe or magneto-optical methods. Systematic trends in properties can be observed by this method with less influence of uncontrolled variables of synthesis and measurement than the standard technique using separate fabrications for each composition. The procedure makes an efficient use of sample preparation and measurement time. Results for the crystal lattice constant, magnetization, and atmospheric corrosion resistance are presented. These data show that compositions exist for which films 1 micrometer thick have magnetization in excess of 900 emu cm-3(1.13 weber m-2), coercivity less than 10 Oe, and outstanding corrosion resistance.
Polarization-insensitive MMI-coupled ring resonators in silicon-on-insulator using cladding stress engineering

We review the design considerations and experimental results of a novel design of polarization insensitive ring resonators in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) ridge waveguides. The polarization insensitive coupling is achieved using a multi-mode-interference (MMI) coupler. Cladding stress-induced birefringence is used to correct the round trip phase difference between the TE and TM polarizations. Experimental demonstration is presented for such ring resonators fabricated on SOI with 1.5 ?m Si waveguide core layer. For resonators with radius R = 200 ?m, polarization insensitive operation is achieved in both the resonance wavelength and linewidth over a ~ 4 nm wavelength range using a 7.5 ?m × 84 ?m MMI coupler and 0.8 ?m thick oxide cladding with -250 MPa stress, with the resonance wavelength shifts between TE and TM polarizations less than 3 pm. The quality factor Q of ~ 15,000 and free-spectral range (FSR) of 0.46 nm is measured. For resonators with a smaller radius of 50 ?m, similar FRS of 1.3 nm and extinction of 13 dB are observed for TE and TM, although the resonance wavelengths are shifted, in agreement with the theoretical prediction. By choosing the proper combination of the cladding stress and thickness, zero-birefringence condition can be achieved for resonators of different cavity lengths.
Effect of overmilking on blood leucocytes in the subcutaneous abdominal vein.

Abstract Blood samples were obtained from the subcutaneous abdominal vein of 20 cows before and immediately after normal milking, immediately after 15 minutes of overmilking, and 5, 30, and 90 minutes after overmilking. Twenty normally milked controls were sampled before, immediately after, and 5, 30, and 90 minutes after milking. Twenty nonmilked controls were sampled at the same intervals at individually predetermined milking times. At the sampling times leucocyte counts averaged 8,450, 8,050, 7,880, 7,930, 8,240, and 8,280 cells/mm 3 for the overmilked; 7,630, 7,340, 7,430, 7,630, and 7,650 cells/mm 3 for the normally milked; and 8,100, 8,000, 8,150, 8,140, and 7,960 cells/mm 3 for the nonmilked controls. The additional stimulation of overmilking appeared to prolong the decrease in leucocytes caused by normal milking.
The effects of certain nutritional conditions on the formation of purines and of ribonucleic acid in baker's yeast.

Abstract 1. 1. Baker's yeast, when incubated in the absence of phosphate, more than doubles its content of protein nitrogen and that of its organic non-protein nitrogen without any net increase of its content of purine compounds. On the other hand, when phosphate-starved yeast cells are transferred to a phosphate-containing medium, ourine and nucleic acid biosynthesis is resumed at rates which are approximately four times larger than those of the simultaneous protein and amino acid biosynthesis. (The rates were measured as the per cent increments of the initial concentrations of the respective cell constituents during a given time of incubation.) 2. 2. By the use of ethionine as a reagent for the intracellular trapping of adenine groups it has been demonstrated that yeast cells are capable of intense de novo synthesis of adenine groups without any simultaneous formation of RNA. 3. 3. Methionine has no significant role as a donor of one-carbon groups for purine biosynthesis in yeast. 4. 4. Acid-insoluble intracellular polyphosphates are utilized for nucleic acid biosynthesis in yeast as efficiently as orthophosphate present in the nutrient solutions. On the other hand, large accumulations of inorganic polyphosphates occur in yeast cells under conditions of complete inhibition of RNA formation.
AN ‘EFFECTIVE CUTTING TOOL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY’ BASED MODEL FOR TOOL–CHIP CONTACT IN MACHINING WITH MULTI-LAYER COATED CUTTING TOOLS

This paper presents a new modeling approach, based on Oxley's predictive model, for predicting the tool–chip contact in 2-D machining of plain carbon steels with advanced, multi-layer coated cuttin...
Suppression of erythromycin resistance in ery-M1 mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi.

After mutagenesis of the erythromycin-resistant Chlamydomonas reinhardi strain ery-M1b, four mutants were isolated, each more sensitive to erythromycin than ery-M1b. All four mutants carry the original ery-M1b mutation which confers resistance and a separate mutation (es) which partially suppresses resistance. The mutants are designated es5ery-M1b, es101ery-M1b, es105ery-M1b, and es115ery-M1b. The suppressor mutations represent at least three different Mendelian loci. The suppressor es101 is located on the same linkage group as ery-M1, while the other suppressors are not linked to ery-M1.
A first error indicator for micro–macro simulations of viscoelastic fluids having closed-form constitutive equations

An a posteriori error indicator for viscoelastic flow calculations is proposed by the author for a recently introduced method. This new method is derived from the Brownian configuration field approach and can be applied to models for which closed-form expressions already exist. Numerical results are presented in the context of the spectral element method to show the reliability of the error indicator. The benchmark problem of the flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid past a cylinder in a channel is used and we show that this new method is always more accurate than using a constitutive equation.
Research Methodology in the Management Sciences: Formalism or Empiricism

This paper analyses the major problems confronted in research on management problems. That management science can neither be completely formal nor completely empirical is emphasized. The conclusion reached is that a subtle interplay between the two is essential: factual and theoretical positions which are mutually compatible must be established in the development of useful problem solving algorithms. This condition suggests that the most powerful managerial algorithms are heuristic and computer-based.
A survey of the structure and function of pediatric continuity clinics.

• Continuity clinic is a mandated part of all accredited pediatric residency programs, yet there are minimal guidelines regarding structure and function. In 1988, we surveyed 101 residency programs, asking them to describe their continuity clinic experience. Eighty-seven residency programs (86%) responded to the 40-item questionnaire. The results showed clinics to be similar in many aspects, with consistent emphasis on developmental issues and anticipatory guidance. Areas of concern included lack of monitoring of the patient panel (31 % did not monitor), excess care for chronic diseases or handicapping conditions (mean, 22% of patients), and lack of training in telephone advice (43% provided no such training). ( AJDC . 1992;146:937-940)
Insights into the mechanisms of protective immunity against Cryptococcus neoformans infection using a mouse model of pulmonary cryptococcosis.

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening pneumonia and meningoencephalitis in immune compromised individuals. Previous studies have shown that immunization of BALB/c mice with an IFN-γ-producing C. neoformans strain, H99γ, results in complete protection against a second pulmonary challenge with an otherwise lethal cryptococcal strain. The current study evaluated local anamnestic cell-mediated immune responses against pulmonary cryptococcosis in mice immunized with C. neoformans strain H99γ compared to mice immunized with heat-killed C. neoformans (HKC.n.). Mice immunized with C. neoformans strain H99γ had significantly reduced pulmonary fungal burden post-secondary challenge compared to mice immunized with HKC.n. Protection against pulmonary cryptococcosis was associated with increased pulmonary granulomatous formation and leukocyte infiltration followed by a rapid resolution of pulmonary inflammation, which protected the lungs from severe allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM)-pathology that developed in the lungs of mice immunized with HKC.n. Pulmonary challenge of interleukin (IL)-4 receptor, IL-12p40, IL-12p35, IFN-γ, T cell and B cell deficient mice with C. neoformans strain H99γ demonstrated a requirement for Th1-type T cell-mediated immunity, but not B cell-mediated immunity, for the induction of H99γ-mediated protective immune responses against pulmonary C. neoformans infection. CD4+ T cells, CD11c+ cells, and Gr-1+ cells were increased in both proportion and absolute number in protected mice. In addition, significantly increased production of Th1-type/pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and conversely, reduced Th2-type cytokine production was observed in the lungs of protected mice. Interestingly, protection was not associated with increased production of cytokines IFN-γ or TNF-α in lungs of protected mice. In conclusion, immunization with C. neoformans strain H99γ results in the development of protective anti-cryptococcal immune responses that may be measured and subsequently used in the development of immune-based therapies to combat pulmonary cryptococcosis.
The Deontological Defense of Democracy: An Argument from Group Rights

: Democracy is regularly heralded as the only form of government that treats political subjects as free and equal citizens. On closer examination, however, it becomes apparent that democracy unavoidably restricts individual freedom, and it is not the only way to treat all citizens equally. In light of these observations, we argue that the non-instrumental reasons to support democratic governance stem, not from considerations of individual freedom or equality, but instead from the importance of respecting group self-determination. If this is correct, it implies that a state may choose democracy, but its right to self-determination means that it is also free, in principle, to decide in favor of some nondemocratic alternative.
Lysozyme and serum bactericidal action.

NORMAL human serum kills Gram-negative bacteria by the antibody-complement system1–4. Killed bacteria are converted to spheroplasts by lysozyme5–8. Subsequent loss of intracellular contents by spheroplasts leaves the empty cytoplasmic membranes or ghosts5,8. Serum action proceeds as follows8, using R for viable bacterial rod, R* for killed rod, S for spheroplast, and G for ghost:
Method for the Rapid Headspace Analysis of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Homogenate Volatile Constituents and Factors Affecting Quantitative Results

A rapid GC method was developed to analyze the headspace composition of cultivar Kent, Keitt, and Tommy Atkins mango homogenates. Factors affecting quantitative results were also studied. Of the 13 volatile compounds identified, 9 were terpene hydrocarbons: α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, myrcene, limonene, p-cymene, terpinolene, α-copaene, and caryophyllene. Volatile concentrations were quantified using peak height calibration curves (peak height vs concentration). Linear relationships were derived for all compounds except caryophyllene. Rate of peak height increase was slower at caryophyllene levels <2 ppm than at those ≥2 ppm. Volatile levels increased as homogenate was diluted with up to 50% water. Addition of CaCl2 during blending, to inhibit degradative enzymes, induced gelation, which resulted in decreased volatile concentrations in the headspace. Sonicating gelled homogenate resulted in partial liquefaction and an increase in headspace volatiles. These results indicate that significant interactions...
SAR speckle reduction by weighted filtering

Abstract The weighting filter is a new non-linear algorithm designed to reduce speckle noise in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and is presented in this article. Intrinsic similarities between this and the well documented sigma filter allow a useful quantitative comparison to be made that helps appraise the new technique. Implications drawn from these results, in both the real and Fourier domains, suggest that the new weighting filter may be a useful alternative when considering speckle suppression.
Ultrastructure of the tube-foot of an ophiuroid echinoderm, Hemipholis elongata.

Abstract The morphology of the tube-foot of the brittlestar, Hemipholis elongata was examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The entire surface of the tubefoot is covered by microvilli and a thick cuticle layer. At the tip of the tube-foot the cuticle layer is thinner and sensory-secretory complexes are seen. These are composed of two secretary cells and a central ciliated sensory cell. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the cilium which extends from the receptor cell ends flush with the surrounding microvilli. These studies suggest that the tube-feet in ophiuroids are important structures in sensory-reception, gasexchange as well as locomotion. The hemoglobin containing cells within the lumen of the tubefeet may serve in oxygen transport and storage.
Ideologies in crisis: political cleavages and electoral politics in Turkey in the 1990s

Abstract A case study of the Turkish political arena provides a window into processes of democratic consolidation at the margins of Europe. This study focuses on socio-political cleavages and aims to map the space of political competition in Turkey. This discussion is based on an analysis of the discourses that defined the 1995 national election campaign, in which the Islamist Party, the Welfare Party (RP), won a plurality of the votes nation-wide. Turkish media are used to identify four issue continua that defined the arena of competition in the campaign, and five political parties are placed at points along these continua. This study finds that, because Turkish political parties do not link economic and political issues in ‘typical’ right–left packages, a three-dimensional cleavage model that includes economic, political and ‘identity’-based dimensions best represents the coordinates of political competition in Turkey. In addition to creating a cleavage model for Turkish politics, this research explores the possibilities and limitations of applying social-cleavage models beyond the borders of Western Europe and the advanced industrial societies.
Double bifurcation optimization for reduction of secondary loading in neutral beam injectors

Abstract From the solution to coupled Poisson-Vlasov equations that solves the plasma sheath explicitly, an electrode design for the minimization of neutralizer ion induced secondary loading is considered. The loading using such a design is reduced by a factor of 330, virtually eliminating it. This has application to steady-state neutral beam injectors based on intense positive ion beams.
Longitudinal dispersion of composition differences in the airways of the lung

Abstract An analysis is made of longitudinal dispersion of concentration differences in the airways of the lung by applying standard fluid dynamic concepts to the morphometric data of Weibel [21]. Assuming gas of uniform concentration in the “respiratory zones” of the lung “back-mixing” with that in the anatomical dead space, a relationship is derived between P CO 2 at the lips and expired volume closely resembling the CO 2 elimination curve. This is discussed in relation to allowing for dispersion when deriving the true nature of regional and stratified inhomogeneity in the terminal airways.
Organochlorines including polychlorinated biphenyls in muscle, liver, and ovaries of cod, Gadus morhua

Twenty-three specific organochlorine contaminants and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), measured as three Aroclor® standards were analyzed in muscle, liver, and ovaries of cod, Gadus morhua, collected in the Northwest Atlantic. In general, contaminants were undetectable in muscle tissue, while concentrations were 10 times lower in ovaries than liver (wet weight). Comparison of results to other locations indicated a similarity between the ratio of the concentrations of p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDT, in liver of cod from the northern North Sea and from the Northwest Atlantic, although with lower levels in the present study. The ratio of α-HCH and γ-HCH was between that of the central and northern North Sea. Similar ratios tend to indicate similar residence times in the atmosphere, from source to sampling area. Comparison of ∑PCB and ∑DDT in the liver of cod from various geographical locations showed the following general trend in concentrations: Arctic, Northwest Atlantic, West Atlantic, Norway < North Baltic, Nova Scotia, North Sea < South Baltic. It was observed that if the liver concentration of one compound was low (high), there was a tendency for all compounds to be low (high). Cluster analysis of organochlorines in liver pointed to the presence of four basic clusters, which could reflect similar physical chemical properties within a group. Concentrations of organochlorines in ovaries were below levels expected to affect egg and larval viability.
Charge state distributions for 0.1–1.0 MeV Ne+ + Ne collisions using K x-ray measurements

Abstract High resolution measurements of K X-ray intensities are combined with total X-ray production cross sections and charge-state dependent fluorescence yields to obtain production cross sections for ions having one K and multiple L-shell vacancies. Deduced charge state distributions are compared with those determined from inelastic scattering studies and are used to set limits on the probability of having an electron in an excited state at the time of X-ray emission.
HAMPI: a solver for string constraints

Many automatic testing, analysis, and verification techniques for programs can be effectively reduced to a constraint generation phase followed by a constraint-solving phase. This separation of concerns often leads to more effective and maintainable tools. The increasing efficiency of off-the-shelf constraint solvers makes this approach even more compelling. However, there are few effective and sufficiently expressive off-the-shelf solvers for string constraints generated by analysis techniques for string-manipulating programs.We designed and implemented Hampi, a solver for string constraints over fixed-size string variables. Hampi constraints express membership in regular languages and fixed-size context-free languages. Hampi constraints may contain context-free-language definitions, regular language definitions and operations, and the membership predicate. Given a set of constraints, Hampi outputs a string that satisfies all the constraints, or reports that the constraints are unsatisfiable.Hampi is expressive and efficient, and can be successfully applied to testing and analysis of real programs. Our experiments use Hampi in: static and dynamic analyses for finding SQL injection vulnerabilities in Web applications; automated bug finding in C programs using systematic testing; and compare Hampi with another string solver. Hampi's source code, documentation, and the experimental data are available at http://people.csail.mit.edu/akiezun/hampi.
Functional Versus Morphological Diversity in Macroevolution

Studies of the evolution of phenotypic diversity have gained momentum among neontologists interested in the uneven distribution of diversity across the tree of life. Potential morphological diversity in a lineage is a function of the number of independent parameters required to describe the form, and innovations such as structural duplication and functional decoupling can enhance the potential for diversity in a given clade. The functional properties of organisms are determined by underlying parts, but any property that is determined by three or more parts expresses many-to-one mapping of form to function, in which many morphologies will have the same functional property. This ubiquitous feature of organismal design results in surfaces of morphological variation that are neutral with respect to the functional property, and enhances the potential for simultaneously optimizing two or more functions of the system.
Post image acquisition mitigation of excitation light leakage in patterned illumination based NIR fluorescence tomography

Excitation light leakage through fluorescence filters limits the sensitivity of fluorescence tomography. We demonstrate an image processing approach for suppressing the effects of excitation light leakage from NIR fluorescence images. Multiple excitation and fluorescence emission wavelength images of a fluorescence target buried in 1 % Liposyn solution were acquired by scanning an intensity modulated and line shaped NIR excitation source over the illumination/detection surface of the tissue phantom. Excitation images were used to identify the NIR source pattern and multiple global and local filters were designed to mitigate excitation light leakage in the fluorescence images. The image correction approaches were assessed by comparing the processed fluorescence images with the output of an adaptive finite element based photon diffusion model. The results show that localized error modeling based on the median reduces leakage effects by about 44 % compared to uncorrected data.
The Diffusion of Dyes Through Articular Cartilage in Vivo

1. A method is described for the supravital staining of articular cartilage. 2. The full thickness of articular cartilage of the distal portion of the femur of the rabbit is stained about ten to fifteen minutes after the intra-articular injection of three to four cubic centimeters of 0.5 per cent solution of neutral red. 3. Two cationic dyes (toluidine blue and methylene blue) and neutral red diffused readily through articular cartilage. Two anionic dyes did not. 4. Local injections of dye into the medullary space of the epiphysis failed to stain the overlying articular cartilage. Perfusion of dye through the aorta failed to stain articular cartilage which was isolated from the synovial membrane. 5. Diffusion of dyes into articular cartilage ceased one hour after death.
Reporting Ancova Results in Evaluation Settings

Evaluators often utilize ANCOVA-type techniques to assess the effects of innovative programs implemented in naturalistic settings. In this paper, design, analysis, and reporting considerations for the application of ANCOVA-type techniques in educational settings are described. Numerous examples are drawnfrom the national Follow Through evaluation, and suggestions for improving reports using ANCOVA-type techniques are presented. The overall perspective is that evaluation reports must be more precise and must indicate the limitations of the methodology used. In doing so, a more balanced description of a program and its effects is presented to the decision maker and to other stakeholders.
Chloride transport in primary cultures of rabbit colonocytes at different stages of development

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Ontogeny of colonic Cl- transport and its regulation has been characterized inadequately. The aim of this report was to study developmental changes in Cl- transport in primary cultures of rabbit distal colonocytes. METHODS: Colonocytes from newborn (7-9 days old), weanling (25-28 days old), and adult (6 months old) rabbits were cultured for 24 hours on a collagen IV matrix, and Cl- transport was measured using the fluoroprobe 6-methoxyquinolyl acetoethyl ester. RESULTS: Cl- permeabilities were dependent on [Cl-]o with maximal rates (in millimoles per liter per second) at [Cl-]o = 75 mmol/L (newborns; 0.15 +/- 0.04; weanlings; 0.2 +/- 0.02; and adults, 0.32 +/- 0.06). Influx was inhibited significantly by the Cl- channel (50 mumol/L diphenylamine-2-carboxylate) and the Na(+)-K(+)- 2Cl- cotransport (10 mumol/L furosemide) inhibitors. The adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent secretagogues, prostaglandin E1 (1 mumol/L), forskolin (1 mumol/L), and 8-bromo-cAMP (100 mumol/L), and the protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12-13 dibutyrate (1 mumol/L), increased Cl- influx significantly in all groups with adults showing greatest stimulation. However, taurodeoxycholate (0.025-1 mmol/L) had an effect only in the adult and the guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) activators STa and 8-bromo-cGMP had no effect. CONCLUSIONS: Rabbit distal colonocytes possess inhibitor-sensitive Cl- permeabilities even in neonates. However, the ontogeny of their regulation depends on the secretagogue-signaling pathway. (Gastroenterology 1996 Dec;111(6):1541-50)
Insulin-like growth factor-I and breast cancer therapy.

Despite improvements in breast cancer therapy in recent years, additional therapies need to be developed. New therapies may have activity by themselves or may have utility in combination with other agents. Population, preclinical, and basic data suggest the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system functions to maintain the malignant phenotype in breast cancer. Since the IGFs act via transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors, targeting of the key receptors could provide a new pathway in breast cancer. In addition, IGF action enhances cell survival, so combination of anti-IGF therapy with conventional cytotoxic drugs could lead to synergistic effects. In this review, we will discuss the rationale for targeting the IGF system, potential methods to disrupt IGF signaling, and identify potential interactions between IGF inhibitors and other anti-tumor strategies. We will also identify important issues to consider when designing clinical trials.
Ubiquitin recognition by FAAP20 expands the complex interface beyond the canonical UBZ domain

FAAP20 is an integral component of the Fanconi anemia core complex that mediates the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks. The ubiquitin-binding capacity of the FAAP20 UBZ is required for recruitment of the Fanconi anemia complex to interstrand DNA crosslink sites and for interaction with the translesion synthesis machinery. Although the UBZ–ubiquitin interaction is thought to be exclusively encapsulated within the ββα module of UBZ, we show that the FAAP20–ubiquitin interaction extends beyond such a canonical zinc-finger motif. Instead, ubiquitin binding by FAAP20 is accompanied by transforming a disordered tail C-terminal to the UBZ of FAAP20 into a rigid, extended β-loop that latches onto the complex interface of the FAAP20 UBZ and ubiquitin, with the invariant C-terminal tryptophan emanating toward I44Ub for enhanced binding specificity and affinity. Substitution of the C-terminal tryptophan with alanine in FAAP20 not only abolishes FAAP20–ubiquitin binding in vitro, but also causes profound cellular hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslink lesions in vivo, highlighting the indispensable role of the C-terminal tail of FAAP20, beyond the compact zinc finger module, toward ubiquitin recognition and Fanconi anemia complex-mediated DNA interstrand crosslink repair.
FETAL HEART RATE PATTERNS FOLLOWING EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA AND OXYTOCIN INFUSION DURING LABOUR

Summary By direct continuous electronic monitoring 360 fetuses were observed for cardiac decelerations occurring late in the uterine contraction cycle during labour in four maternal treatment groups. Neither epidural anaesthesia nor oxytocin stimulation was used in 119 patients (Group A); oxytocin stimulation with other forms of anaesthesia was used in 41 patients (Group B); epidural anaesthesia without oxytocin in 135 patients (Group C); and the combination of epidural anaesthesia and oxytocin stimulation in 65 patients (Group D). The frequency of uteroplacental insufficiency (Hon, 1967), patterns in Group A was 16.8 per cent; Group B, 26.8 per cent; Group C, 24.4 per cent and Group D, 40 per cent. When a fall in maternal systolic blood pressure of greater than 20 mm. Hg occurred during epidural anaesthesia, 72 per cent of fetuses developed utero-placental insufficiency patterns. When uterine hypertonus developed during oxytocin infusion 50 per cent of fetuses, including 5 of 7 fetuses subjected to tetanic contractions, developed late decelerations. Most fetuses who developed late decelerations had normal heart rate patterns before treatment. Control of oxytocin infusion and correction of hypotension by maternal hydration and avoidance of the supine position were usually accompanied by improvement in these ominous fetal heart rate patterns. There was no difference in neonatal outcome among the various treatment groups.
Nanoindentation studies of materials

Nanoindentation has become a commonplace tool for the measurement of mechanical properties at small scales, but may have even greater importance as a technique for experimental studies of fundamental materials physics. With high-resolution load-displacement data, discrete events including dislocation source activation, shear instability initiation, and phase transformations can be detected during a nanoindentation test. Recently-developed capabilities in, for example, high-temperature nanoindentation testing and in situ imaging of the indented volume, offer new quantitative details about these phenomena, and present many opportunities for future scientific inquiry.