cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alf1p, a CLIP-170 Domain-containing Protein, Is Functionally and Physically Associated with α-Tubulin

Tubulin is a heterodimer of alpha- and beta-tubulin polypeptides. Assembly of the tubulin heterodimer in vitro requires the CCT chaperonin complex, and a set of five proteins referred to as the tubulin cofactors (Tian, F., Y. Huang, H. Rommelaere, J. Vandekerckhove, C. Ampe, and N.J. Cowan. 1996. Cell. 86:287-296; Tian, G., S.A. Lewis, B. Feierbach, T. Stearns, H. Rommelaere, C. Ampe, and N.J. Cowan. 1997. J. Cell Biol. 138:821-832). We report the characterization of Alf1p, the yeast ortholog of mammalian cofactor B. Alf1p interacts with alpha-tubulin in both two-hybrid and immunoprecipitation assays. Alf1p and cofactor B contain a single CLIP-170 domain, which is found in several microtubule-associated proteins. Mutation of the CLIP-170 domain in Alf1p disrupts the interaction with alpha-tubulin. Mutations in alpha-tubulin that disrupt the interaction with Alf1p map to a domain on the cytoplasmic face of alpha-tubulin; this domain is distinct from the region of interaction between alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. Alf1p-green fluorescent protein (GFP) is able to associate with microtubules in vivo, and this localization is abolished either by mutation of the CLIP-170 domain in Alf1p, or by mutation of the Alf1p-binding domain in alpha-tubulin. Analysis of double mutants constructed between null alleles of ALF1 and PAC2, which encodes the other yeast alpha-tubulin cofactor, suggests that Alf1p and Pac2p act in the same pathway leading to functional alpha-tubulin. The phenotype of overexpression of ALF1 suggests that Alf1p can act to sequester alpha-tubulin from interaction with beta-tubulin, raising the possibility that it plays a regulatory role in the formation of the tubulin heterodimer.
Prostaglandin E2 Causes Contraction of Rat Aortic Rings by Activating Thromboxane A2/endoperoxide Receptors

Prostaglandin (PG) I2 causes vasoconstriction in isolated blood vessels and yet lowers blood pressure. This study was conducted to study the vascular effects of PGE2 on isolated vascular tissues. PGE2 (10–2000 ng/ml) caused a concentration-dependent contraction of quiescent rat aortic rings, and the contraction was greater in endothelium-denuded than in endothelium-intact rings. PGE2-induced contraction was also enhanced by prior treatment of quiescent endothelium-intact rat aortic rings with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), or the nitric oxide inactivator oxyhemoglobin. PGE2 also caused an additional contraction of norepinephrine (NE)-precontracted rat aortic rings, but the additional contraction was similar in endothelium-intact or de-endothelialized rings. Pretreatment of endothelium-intact NE precontracted rings with L-NAME, or oxyhemoglobin, or the endothelin A and B receptors antagonist PD-142,893, or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin did not af...
“On indirect speech acts and linguistic communication: A response to bertolet”

Suppose a diner says, ‘Can you pass the salt?’ Although her utterance is literally a question (about the physical abilities of the addressee), most would take it as a request (that the addressee pass the salt). In such a case, the request is performed indirectly by way of directly asking a question. Accordingly this utterance is known as an indirect speech act. On the standard account of such speech acts, a single utterance constitutes two distinct speech acts. On this account then, ‘Can you pass the salt?’ is both a question and a request. In a provocative essay, Rod Bertolet argues that there are no indirect speech acts. According to Bertolet, ‘Can you pass the salt?’ is only a question. It is a question that merely functions as a request (without also being one). In this paper we respond to Bertolet's skeptical argument. Appealing to Searle's theory of speech acts and to certain features of linguistic communication, we argue that, despite Bertolet's challenge, there is good reason to countenance indirect speech acts.
Customizing household mobile robot for remote laboratories

Recent technological inventions in electronics and communication technologies allow us to do a range of activities over the Internet. Some of these activities we could not even think of a few years ago. With this new scenario, performing experiments that involve real hardware remotely over the Internet is now a reality. However, considering the complexities of technologies involved with remote laboratories, some of the experimental systems need to be modified/customized before they can be integrated within a remote laboratory system. One such system is a mobile robot that can be used for various student learning laboratory activities. This paper will report the customizing process of a household mobile robot so that it can be integrated within a remote laboratory facility.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SUBCUTANEOUS NODULES IN RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

The foregoing comparative study on the subcutaneous nodules in rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis is presented as part of an investigation which has been conducted in this clinic on the relationship of the two clinical entities, rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis. It is believed that the present study has shown that these lesions are highly characteristic of the two diseases and that they represent different phases of the same, fundamental, pathological process. However, it should be pointed out that the presence of closely related or even identical lesions in two, separate, clinical entities cannot be considered as valid evidence in support of the hypothesis that the two diseases are etiologically related. Comparative clinical studies on the relationship of rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis will be presented in a succeeding communication. These studies, as well as serological investigations on the two diseases which have been reported elsewhere (23, 24), lend further support to the conception that rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis are intimately related and possibly different responses of affected individuals to the same etiological agent.
A fiber optic angular sensor for biomedical applications

A description is given of a fiber-optic angular sensor designed and tested for use in biomedical applications where accurate measurement of the angle of an object displaced is required. The information obtained will allow the physician to prescribe better treatment in cases of neuromuscular damage. The sensor can also be used for measuring the degree of tremor in patients with Parkinson's disease. Another potential application is in gravitational biology, when a subject is in between a supine and an upright position. The sensor is free from electromagnetic hazards and has a high sensitivity. >
Ontogeny of Stem Cell Factor Receptor (c-kit) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Ovine Corpus Luteum

Stem cell factor (SCF) is a pleiotropic growth factor that is expressed by the ovine corpus luteum throughout its life span by both small and large steroidogenic cells. Determination of the action of SCF, however, requires localization of its receptor, c-kit; therefore, the objectives of the present study were to identify and localize c-kit within corpora lutea. Two cDNAs encoding different portions of the c-kit molecule were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. The first was a 558-base pair (bp) cDNA encoding portions of the transmembrane and tyrosine kinase domains; the second was a 632-bp cDNA encoding most of the ligand-binding domain. Expression of c-kit was quantified by RNase protection assay of total cellular RNA collected on Days 3, 7, 10, 13, and 16 (n = 4, 4, 5, 4, and 4 per group, respectively) of the estrous cycle (Day 0 = estrus). The level of c-kit mRNA was low early in the luteal phase, reached (p < 0.05) maximum levels on Day 13, and then decreased (p < 0.01) on Day 16. On Day 3 (n = 4), c-kit was expressed in a cell-specific manner throughout the corpus luteum; identity of the specific cell types expressing c-kit could not be determined at this stage. On Day 14 (n = 4), c-kit did not appear to be expressed within large luteal cells but was prominently expressed in cells that surrounded large luteal cells and that possessed the morphological characteristics of small luteal cells and endothelial cells. Given the temporal regulation of c-kit expression within the corpus luteum, these data suggest that luteal SCF may act locally.
Voxel-based shape decomposition for feature-preserving 3D thumbnail creation

In this work, we study the problem of voxel-based shape decomposition and simplification to create simplified 3D models, called 3D thumbnails, which preserve the salient features of their original models to facilitate users' interactive browsing. The proposed method decomposes a 3D model into multiple parts and simplifies each decomposed part individually. In this process, a 3D model is first converted into a voxel-based shape representation and a rough skeleton is extracted using the thinning operation. Then, a skeleton refinement algorithm is proposed to fine-tune the thinned skeleton and decompose the skeleton into multiple groups. The remaining processing steps include: (1) taking body measurements of each part with PCA transformation and (2) creating the 3D thumbnail by primitive approximation. It is shown by experimental results that the proposed voxel-based scheme outperforms the mesh-based scheme in the sense that the resultant 3D thumbnail can preserve more features when it is greatly simplified.
Infrequent Causes of Disequilibrium in the Adult

This content focuses on some of the less common causes of dizziness in the adult. The diseases have been divided into the 2 broad categories of those causing chronic symptoms and those causing episodic symptoms. Presented here are the unusual causes of chronic disequilibrium in the adult, including bilateral vestibular loss, progressive supranuclear palsy, spinocerebellar ataxias, and mal de debarquement. Also discussed are the unusual causes of episodic disequilibrium in the adult, including psychogenic disequilibrium, vestibular paroxysmia, episodic ataxia, vestibular seizures, and cervicogenic vertigo.
Early emergence and selection of a SIV-LTR C/EBP site variant in SIV-infected macaques that increases virus infectivity.

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)b, and C/EBP binding sites in the HIV/SIV- long terminal repeat (LTR) are crucial for regulating transcription and for IFNb-mediated suppression of virus replication in macrophages, the predominant source of productive virus replication in the brain. We investigated sequence variation within the SIV-LTR C/EBP sites that may be under selective pressure in vivo and therefore associated with disease progression. Using the SIV-macaque model, we examined viral LTR sequences derived from the spleen, a site of macrophage and lymphocyte infection, and the brain from macaques euthanized at 10, 21, 42, 48 and 84 days postinoculation (p.i.). A dominant variant, DS1C/A, containing an adenine-to-guanine substitution and a linked cytosine-to-adenine substitution in the downstream (DS1) C/EBP site, was detected in the spleen at 10 days p.i. The DS1C/A genotype was not detected in the brain until 42 days p.i., after which it was the predominant replicating genotype in both brain and spleen. Functional characterization of the DS1C/A containing SIV showed increased infectivity with or without IFNb treatment over the wild-type virus, SIV/17E-Fr. The DS1C/A C/EBP site had higher affinity for both protein isoforms of C/EBPb compared to the wild-type DS1 C/EBP site. Cytokine expression in spleen compared to brain implicated IFNb and IL-6 responses as part of the selective pressures contributing to emergence of the DS1C/A genotype in vivo. These studies demonstrate selective replication of virus containing the DS1C/A genotype that either emerges very early in spleen and spreads to the brain, or evolves independently in the brain when IFNb and IL-6 levels are similar to that found in spleen earlier in infection.
Competitive interactions and persistence of two nematode species that parasitize Drosophila recens

Drosophila recens is parasitized in the wild by two nematodes, Howardula aoronymphium, a host generalist, and Parasitylenchus nearcticus, a host specialist known only from D. recens. In order to understand how these two parasite species coexist, we compared their ability to infect and grow in D. recens, their effects on host fecundity and survival, and whether one parasite species was competitively superior in double infections. The specialist nematode P. nearcticus had greater rates of infection and reproduction than the generalist H. aoronymphium, and completely sterilized females in single and mixed infections. The specialist was competitively superior in mixed infections, as generalist motherworms were significantly smaller than in single infections. These results suggest that P. nearcticus might competitively exclude H. aoronymphium if D. recens were the only host available. It is likely that H. aoronymphium persists in D. recens by transmission from other, more suitable host species.
The Preparation and Characterization of the Fluorinated Dinuclear Heteropolyoxotungstate Anion with Loosely Coordinated Water Molecule: [(H2O)CuO5ZnO4W11O28F2]8−

Abstract The ammonium salt of the fluorinated heteropolyanion, [(H2O)CuO5ZnO4W11O28F2]8−, has been isolated in the crystalline form The X-ray powder pattern of this compound is similar to that of (NH4)8[Co2W11O40H2]·xH2O for which a single crystal structure has been solved10 The anion has the distorted Keggin structure Evidence from the visible spectrum indicates that the Cu2+ ion occupies the octahedral position vacated by the missing W6+ ion. Accordingly, we assigned the Zn2+ ion to occupy the inner tetrahedral cavity in the Keggin structure Other evidence from elemental analyses, thermal studies, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry support that the structure is a modification of the well known Keggin structure It appears that the water molecule coordinated to the Cu2+ ion in the heteropolyanion could be removed easily either by slight heating or exposure to a drying agent It could also be replaced by suitable ligands such as NH3, pyridine, pyrazine, SCN−, and...
Power, Ideology, and Technological Determinism

A Commentary on Taylor Dotson’s “Technological Determinism and Permissionless Innovation as Technocratic Governing Mentalities: Psychocultural Barriers to the Democratization of Technology”
Abstract 372: Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Regulates Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1-dependent Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Carotid Plaques of Symptomatic Patients with Carotid Stenosis

Aims: Unstable atherosclerotic plaques in carotid artery are characterized by rupture of their fibrous cap, leading to transient ischemic attack or stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Our aim was to investigate the expression and function of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) on plaque stability involving matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and examine the effect of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in symptomatic (S) compared to asymptomatic (AS) patients with carotid stenosis. Methods and Results: The mRNA transcripts for TREM-1, MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9) and collagen type I and III were analyzed by qPCR and immunofluorescence, respectively in whole plaque and plaque smooth muscle cells (pSMCs) isolated from carotid endarterectomy tissues of patients with carotid stenosis. The mRNA transcripts of TREM-1, MMP-1 and MMP-9 were increased while Col I and Col III mRNA transcripts were decreased in pSMCs of S compared to AS patients. Stimulation of pSMCs with TNF-α furth...
QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION IN PEROMYSCUS. I. TESTS OF THE HOMOGENEITY OF GENETIC COVARIANCE STRUCTURE AMONG SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

Phenotypic and additive genetic covariance matrices were estimated for 15 morphometric characters in three species and subspecies of Peromyscus. Univariate and multivariate ANOVAs indicate these groups are highly diverged in all characters, P. leucopus having the largest body size, P. maniculatus bairdii the smallest, and P. maniculatus nebrascensis being intermediate. Comparing the structure of P and G within each taxon revealed significant similarities in all three cases. This proportionality was strong enough to justify using P in the place of G to analyze evolutionary processes using quantitative genetic models when G can not be estimated, as in fossil material. However, the similarity between genetic and phenotypic covariance structures is sufficiently low that estimates of the genetic parameters should be used when possible. The additive genetic covariance matrices were compared to examine the assumption that they remain constant during evolution, an assumption which underlies many applications of quantitative-genetic models. While matrix permutation tests indicated statistically significant proportionality between the genetic covariance structures of the two P. maniculatus subspecies, there is no evidence of significant genetic structural similarity between species. This result suggests that the assumption of constant genetic covariance structure may be valid only within species. (It does not, however, necessarily imply a causal relationship between speciation and heterogeneity of genetic covariance structures.) The low matrix correlation for the two P. maniculatus subspecies' genetic covariance matrices indicates G may not be functionally constant, even within species. The lack of similarity observed here may be due partly to sampling variation.
Fluoride and osteoporosis.

ConclusionThere is substantial evidence that fluoride could play a major role in the treatment of established osteoporosis. If properly applied, this treatment could augment vertebral bone mass and inhibit fractures.However, certain problems of fluoride therapy have limited its wider applicability or acceptance. First, it has a very narrow therapeutic window. Thus, it has been difficult to maintain blood fluoride level above the therapeutic threshold without exceeding the toxic threshold. Second, fluoride treatment has been associated with frequent gastrointestinal and rheumatic complications, approximating 24 and 29%, respectively. Third, fluoride treatment may cause the formation of a mechanically defective bone. Fourth, fluoride may be toxic on osteoblasts at high concentrations. Thus, the beneficial effect of fluoride may be self-limiting. Finally, 25–30% of patients may not respond to fluoride.It is our conviction that these limitations of fluoride therapy may be largely overcome by the intermittent ...
Solution-Processed CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles on 3D Carbon Fiber Papers for Durable Oxygen Evolution Reaction

We report CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized using a facile hydrothermal growth and their attachment on 3D carbon fiber papers (CFPs) for efficient and durable oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The CFPs covered with CoFe2O4 NPs show orders of magnitude higher OER performance than bare CFP due to high activity of CoFe2O4 NPs, leading to a small overpotential of 378 mV to get a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Significantly, the CoFe2O4 NPs-on-CFP electrodes exhibit remarkably long stability evaluated by continuous cycling (over 15 h) and operation with a high current density at a fixed potential (over 40 h) without any morphological change and with preservation of all materials within the electrode. Furthermore, the CoFe2O4 NPs-on-CFP electrodes also exhibit hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance, which is considerably higher than that of bare CFP, acting as a bifunctional electrocatalyst. The achieved results show promising potential for efficient, cost-effective, and durable hydrogen generation a...
Spaces of von Neumann Type

This chapter develops the mathematical foundations for the time-evolution of a physical systems as a three-dimensional motion picture (time-ordering). Our objective is to construct the mathematical version of a physical film on which space-time events can evolve. We first construct the film using infinite tensor products of Hilbert spaces, which is natural for physics. Although von Neumann [VN2] did not develop his theory for our purpose, it will be clear that it is natural for our approach. This film, as a Hilbert space, will be used as the ambient space in Chap. 7 for the Feynman (time-ordered) operator calculus. In order to make the theory available for applications beyond physics, we extend von Neumann’s method to construct infinite tensor products of Banach spaces. (This approach makes it easy to transfer the operator calculus to the Banach space setting.) We assume that the reader has read Sect. 1.4 of Chap. 1 This section provides a fairly complete introduction to the finite tensor product theory for both Hilbert and Banach spaces.
Discriminatively learning factorized finite state pronunciation models from dynamic Bayesian networks.

This paper describes an approach to efficiently construct, and discriminatively train, a weighted finite state transducer (WFST) representation for an articulatory feature-based model of pronunciation. This model is originally implemented as a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN). The work is motivated by a desire to (1) incorporate such a pronunciation model in WFSTbased recognizers, and to (2) learn discriminative models that are more general than the DBNs. The approach is quite general, though here we show how it applies to a specific model. We use the conditional independence assumptions imposed by the DBN to efficiently convert it into a sequence of WFSTs (factor FSTs) which, when composed, yield the same model as the DBN. We then introduce a linear model of the arc weights of the factor FSTs and discriminatively learn its weights using the averaged perceptron algorithm. We demonstrate the approach using a lexical access task in which we recognize a word given its surface realization. Our experimental results using a phonetically transcribed subset of the Switchboard corpus show that the discriminatively learned model performs significantly better than the original DBN.
Casey and a Woman's Right to Know: Ultrasounds, Informed Consent, and the First Amendment

Twenty years after Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey was decided, courts across the country are being called on to apply the Court’s undue burden test to novel abortion regulations. The most recent wave of regulation involves the use of ultrasound technology. Twenty-two States currently require physicians to perform, offer to perform, or follow specific protocols when performing an ultrasound prior to any abortion procedure. National attention, however, has focused on the growing number of States that require physicians to display and describe the ultrasound images to a woman seeking an abortion. Three States — Texas, North Carolina, and Oklahoma — have already passed such legislation, and several other States currently are considering similar bills. The ultrasound statutes in Texas, North Carolina, and Oklahoma were immediately challenged in the state and federal courts. Instead of focusing on the woman’s Fourteenth Amendment due process rights, the central issue in the federal cases has been whether physicians have a First Amendment right to be free from compelled disclosures relating to the ultrasounds. The federal courts have struggled with how to resolve these First Amendment claims within the abortion context. While the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the Texas speech-and-display statute, state and federal courts enjoined similar statutes in Oklahoma and North Carolina.This article explores the split between and among the courts that have addressed the First Amendment challenges to these mandatory speech-and-display regulations. In particular, the article evaluates how Casey’s undue burden test affects the First Amendment speech rights of physicians in the abortion context. Drawing on Casey’s references to Wooley v. Maynard and Whalen v. Roe, the article concludes that the government has broad authority to mandate disclosures designed to inform a woman’s decision about an abortion. Under Casey, mandatory speech-and-display requirements that do not impose a substantial obstacle to a woman’s exercise of her right to abortion are constitutional if they are reasonable, which Casey defines as being truthful, nonmisleading, and relevant. As a result, the article contends that courts should uphold the Texas, North Carolina, and Oklahoma ultrasound statutes — as well as the similar statutes being considered by state legislatures across the country — against First Amendment challenges of physicians.
The Detection of Liver Cell Damage by Plasma Enzyme Changes in Goats Given Immature Fasciola Hepatica Directly into the Biliary System

SUMMARY Immature flukes transferred directly into the biliary system of goats produced increases in the plasma enzyme activity of glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) and ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT). This was taken to indicate that flukes living in the bile ducts, in an experimental situation in which the migratory stage had been prevented, produced liver cell damage.
CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF A HOLISTIC EDUCATION SCHOOL EVALUATION TOOL USING MONTESSORI ERDKINDER PRINCIPLES

OF DISSERTATION CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF A HOLISTIC EDUCATION SCHOOL EVALUATION TOOL USING MONTESSORI ERDKINDER PRINCIPLES The purpose of this study was to construct a holistic education school evaluation tool using Montessori Erdkinder principles, and begin the validation process of examining the proposed tool. This study addresses a vital need in the holistic education community for a school evaluation tool. The tool construction process included using Erdkinder literature to justify the development of each item through the use of an item matrix, ultimately leading to the development of the 23 item formative Montessori Erdkinder School Evaluation Survey. The validation process included a series of three Rasch Rating Scale Model analyses with data from a sample school. The validation process used item anchoring estimates from the earlier analyses in the later analyses and included determining the tool’s dimensionality, reliability, item fit, possible differential item functioning, and comparing the order of item difficulty levels to the holistic model of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Results of the study showed that six items had issues with fit and would need to be revised, and that the items in the cognitive and moral facet will need to be revised to better match Maslow’s model. This study provides the foundation for the development of a holistic education evaluation or accreditation system, and constructed a resource that could be directly implemented in schools.
Role of isavuconazole in the treatment of invasive fungal infections

Despite recent advances in both diagnosis and prevention, the incidence of invasive fungal infections continues to rise. Available antifungal agents to treat invasive fungal infections include polyenes, triazoles, and echinocandins. Unfortunately, individual agents within each class may be limited by spectrum of activity, resistance, lack of oral formulations, significant adverse event profiles, substantial drug-drug interactions, and/or variable pharmacokinetic profiles. Isavuconazole, a second-generation triazole, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in March 2015 and the European Medicines Agency in July 2015 for the treatment of adults with invasive aspergillosis (IA) or mucormycosis. Similar to amphotericin B and posaconazole, isavuconazole exhibits a broad spectrum of in vitro activity against yeasts, dimorphic fungi, and molds. Isavuconazole is available in both oral and intravenous formulations, exhibits a favorable safety profile (notably the absence of QTc prolongation), and reduced drug-drug interactions (relative to voriconazole). Phase 3 studies have evaluated the efficacy of isavuconazole in the management of IA, mucormycosis, and invasive candidiasis. Based on the results of these studies, isavuconazole appears to be a viable treatment option for patients with IA as well as those patients with mucormycosis who are not able to tolerate or fail amphotericin B or posaconazole therapy. In contrast, evidence of isavuconazole for invasive candidiasis (relative to comparator agents such as echinocandins) is not as robust. Therefore, isavuconazole use for invasive candidiasis may initially be reserved as a step-down oral option in those patients who cannot receive other azoles due to tolerability or spectrum of activity limitations. Post-marketing surveillance of isavuconazole will be important to better understand the safety and efficacy of this agent, as well as to better define the need for isavuconazole serum concentration monitoring.
The Deep Roots of Economic Development in the U.S. States

The “Deep Roots” literature investigates the effects of deep cultural variables on outcomes. We attempt to identify how these deep cultural variables actually affect per capita output by expanding Putterman and Weil’s (2010) inquiry on the effects of State History and Agricultural History to the populations of the fifty U.S. States. In the course of this application, we uncover two distinct points while giving a qualified validation of Putterman and Weil. First, the effects of deep roots on outcomes are only clearly apparent after controlling for the percent of the population that is non-Hispanic white because that population is negatively correlated with per capita income after controlling for State History or Agricultural History. Second, while we find some support of the conclusion that deep roots impact outcomes by altering institutions, deep roots do not have any impact on liberal economic institutions at the state level.
The Association Between Peer and Self-Assessments and Professionalism Lapses Among Medical Students:

Peer and self-assessments are widely used to assess professionalism during medical school as part of a multisource feedback model. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between peer and self-assessments and professionalism lapses at a large medical school. A retrospective case-control study design was used to compare peer and self-assessment scores from Years 1 to 3 of medical school for students who had been cited for professionalism lapses during medical school (case group; n = 78) with those of a randomly selected control group ( n = 230). Students in the case group had significantly lower peer assessment scores than students in the control group during all 3 years. Year 3 peer assessment scores showed the greatest difference (cases = 7.81 ± 0.65, controls = 8.22 ± 0.34, p < .01). Students with lower peer assessment scores were also significantly more likely to have been cited for a professionalism lapse (odds ratio = 6.25, 95% CI [3.13, 11.11], p < .01). This study reinforces the value of peer assessments of professionalism, which may be useful to help identify students who may be at risk for professionalism lapses during medical school.
Interior permanent magnet machines with rare earth and ferrite permanent magnets

This paper proposes a novel interior permanent magnet machine (IPMM) design in which the rotor employs U-shape magnet cavities filled with both rare earth and ferrite permanent magnets (PMs). The design aims to replace a portion of rare earth PM materials by ferrite magnets in order to minimize the material cost. The proposed design has been developed based on the Camry 2007 V-type IPMM, which serves as the baseline design in the performance comparison. The performance of the proposed design has been verified by the finite element method (FEM). The proposed design uses 20% fewer rare earth materials to achieve a 4% higher torque performance than the baseline design. The demagnetization analysis proves that the ferrite PMs in the proposed design have the same susceptibility as that of the rare earth PMs in the Camry design to the demagnetization field.
Small-signal analysis of S-hybrid step-down DC-DC converter

As desired in mobile applications, S-Hybrid converter that merges switched-inductor and switched-capacitor operations can significantly relieve on-board thermal issues by distributing heat loss over an input cable and allowing zero onboard inductor. In this architecture, the input cable is used as inductor for power conversion. This paper presents detailed smallsignal analysis of S-Hybrid converter that considers non-idealities of circuit components including equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the cable, on-state resistance of semiconductor switches, and ESR of capacitors. State-space averaging is utilized to fully describe and analyze impacts of each parasitic component on the converter dynamics. Simplified transfer functions to provide controller design insight are derived and verified in comparison with full modeling and simulation. A controller for a 15W prototype converter is designed to verify the analyses and demonstrate improved transient response.
Grasping the Interplay between the Verbal Cultural Diversity and Critical Thinking, and Their Consequences for African American Education

The role language has in human learning has been discussed in the context of its impact on culture through African American communities. A strong link between thinking and language through the framework of question asking was reported. This essay improves upon Crogman and Trebeau’s (2016) Generated Question Learning Model by incorporating language and comprehension as major tenets. The proposed argument is centered on language as the determinant of structured thinking, which in essence brings about learning through sensory experience. Further, the case was made for issues that may emerge in learning when the cultural norms of the learner are ignored.
Use of Cadaveric Models in Simulation Training in Spinal Procedures

Traditionally, surgical skills are meant to be acquired through years of experience in the operating room (OR) on live patients. This chapter introduces the use of cadaveric models in spine surgery, how such laboratories are organized worldwide. Spine surgery is associated with increased morbidity due to the complexity of these surgical procedures, so the increasing need for improvement of postoperative results forces the physicians on enchasing the effectiveness of their surgical standards. Spine surgery’s high exacting nature is common ground due to the complex anatomy as well as the dangers surgeons can face intra- and postoperatively. Cadaveric training programs offer the infrastructure and the personnel to face this need through a combination of theoretical and practical training through up-to-date teaching, make a truly very meaningful advance to improve patient care, and improve the quality of spine surgery. Included in this chapter are the advantages and disadvantages of cadaveric spine surgery, as well as the methods through which spine surgeons are introduced to recognize the anatomical landmarks of each part of the spine and learn how to perform certain surgical procedures of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. Additionally, the new role of minimally invasive surgery is being presented and how training using cadavers can potentially expand our therapeutic options. Despite some limitations in this type of training, cadaver-based surgical skill learning courses are worldwide recognized as the gold standard in surgical training. New doctors, as well as medical professionals, are encouraged to practice spine surgery on cadaveric models, which gives them the best way to effectively improve their skills and make significant progress in achieving their treatment goals effectively.
Low Angle Approximations to the Theory of Alternating Electric Field Light Scattering

The intensity of light scattered from a solution of rotationally asymmetric macromolecules placed in a small alternating electric field is calculated for the limit of small scattering angles. These calculations demonstrate that the alternating double frequency component of the scattered light intensity is proportional to bOb2 where bl is the coefficient of the spherical harmonic Y l O in an expansion of the scattering amplitude. Similarly, the intensity of the steady component of scattering is proportional to b o 2 . Using the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye approximation, the bl are calculated for prolate and oblate spheroids.
Stratifications and Mappings

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses stratifications and mappings. One of the fundamental objectives of the theory of singularities of mappings is to study the local structure of a smooth mapping. The local structure of a smooth mapping may be extremely complicated, for example, any closed subset of Euclidean space is the 0-set of some smooth real-valued function. The chapter also discusses the Whitney conditions, systems of tubular neighborhoods, locally integrable vector fields, polynomial mappings, and topological stability. To state Lojasiewicz's result, it discusses the notion of a semianalytic subset of a real analytic manifold. The chapter discusses the notion of an infinitesimally stable mapping, which is related to the notion of a smoothly stable mapping, considering the nonproper case where it turns out that infinitesimal stability is the more useful notion.
Endovascular Thrombectomy in Acute-Onset Ischemic Stroke – beyond the Standard Time Windows: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

Endovascular thrombectomy following an acute ischemic stroke can lead to improved functional outcome when performed early. Current guidelines suggest treatment within 6 h after symptom onset. Recent studies including the DEFUSE-3 and DAWN trials demonstrate that some patients may benefit from thrombectomy up to 16 and 24 h after symptom onset, respectively. We present a case of delayed thrombectomy in a 43-year-old man with acute dysarthria, left-sided weakness, and visual neglect. Initial MRI/A demonstrated a small completed stroke and a thrombus in the right middle cerebral artery. Thirty-seven hours after symptom onset, his weakness acutely worsened. A repeat MRI revealed an unchanged core infarct volume and a cerebral angiogram suggested an abrupt occlusion of the right distal M1. Thrombectomy was performed with complete reperfusion and the patient's strength recovered following the procedure. We compared our clinical reasoning with the DEFUSE-3 and DAWN study criteria, and conclude that there is a subset of patients that may safely benefit from thrombectomy in later time windows beyond the trial criteria, especially in the setting of clinical examination of imaging mismatch.
REKLAME I RODNI STEREOTIPI: VAŽNOST MEDIJSKE PISMENOSTI

Reklame su jedan od najrasirenijih oblika medijskih i kulturnih proizvoda, kojima smo svjesno ili nesvjesno izloženi svakodnevno. Moderna oglasivacka industrija postala je sredisnja institucija tržisno-industrijske ekonomije na koju se godisnje potrosi vise stotina milijardi dolara. Strucnjaci za medije slažu se da je ucinak oglasavanja na stavove, ponasanje i emocije vrlo snažan, osobito kada se radi o djeci i mladima. Trend je da reklame rijetko prikazuju prednosti proizvoda ciju prodaju pokusavaju potaknuti, a sve vise namecu određene životne stilove koje mladi usvajaju kao dio njihovih identiteta i obrazaca ponasanja. To se prvenstveno odnosi na rodne stereotipe i nerealne prikaze ženskih i muskih tijela kao glavnih komponenti oglasavanja. Posebno je važno pitanje posljedica ceste izloženosti rodnim stereotipima u oglasavanju na psihosocijalnoj i socijalnoj razini. Kako bi se smanjili negativni ucinci reklama, potrebno je djelovati na vise razina. Drustvena razina ukljucuje provođenje odgovorne medijske politike i definiranje etickih standarda u oglasavanju. Na individualnoj razini, roditelji i nastavnici trebaju preuzeti odgovornost za razvijanje medijske pismenosti djece i mladih.
Recent Legal Developments: Correctional Case Law: 2011

This annual survey examines important prisoners' rights cases decided by the U.S. Courts of Appeals during 2011. These cases addressed constitutional questions about inmate-on-inmate violence, lockdowns, delayed medical care, custodial suicide, gender identity disorder, excessive staff force, unsolicited mail, religious dress and diets, impermissible staff retaliation, cross-gender searches, and procedural due process. In addressing these constitutional questions, the U.S. Courts of Appeal created new law and/or applied clearly established law. Because the U.S. Supreme Court will only rarely grant certiorari to appellants, the U.S. Courts of Appeals remain the de facto courts of last resort for all but a few prisoners who challenge the constitutionality of the manner of their confinement.
Effectiveness of shortened time interval to postpartum visit in improving postpartum attendance: Design and rationale for a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background/Aims Recent evidence suggests that there are numerous benefits to scheduling postpartum visits as early as 3 weeks post-delivery. However, findings are not conclusive due to methodological limitations. This report discusses the unique aspects of a randomized controlled trial's (RCT) design, intervention, and strategies to maintain participant retention. Methods This study was a four-year, prospective, open-label RCT conducted at the Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center. Women who recently delivered a healthy, full-term baby vaginally, were randomized to receive a 3–4 or 6–8 weeks postpartum appointment and were followed for 18 months. Results A total of 364 women participated in this study. A large proportion of women were retained in the study as demonstrated by the high completion rates at the 18-month follow-up interview (Total sample: 87.6%; 3–4 weeks group: 88.0%; 6–8 weeks group: 87.3%). Similarly, high adherence to the protocol-directed postpartum visit schedule was reported in the overall study sample (79.7%), as well as in the 3–4 (70.5%) and 6–8 (90.0%) week postpartum groups. Conclusion The study design offered unique features which ensured excellent participant completion and adherence rates, despite the presence of hard-to-track women who typically do not return for their postpartum visits.
Protecting Sacred-groves: Community-led Environmental Organizing by Santhals of Eastern India

In the face of widespread degradation of natural resources (including deforestation), and socio-economic disparities, underserved populations from rural and indigenous spaces of the global south fa...
Changes to vertebrate tissue stable isotope (δ 15 N) composition during decomposition

During carcass decomposition, tissues undergo biochemical changes: Cells autolyze, enteric microbes ferment cellular products, and tissues degrade. Ultimately, decomposition fluids are released as an ephemeral nitrogen (N) and carbon source to the surrounding environment. However, decomposition fluids are δ15N-enriched relative to body tissues, leading to a disconnect between starting tissue composition and ending fluid composition. It remains largely unknown when or if tissues exhibit δ15N enrichment postmortem despite the importance of tissue stable isotopes to ecologists. To test our hypothesis that tissues would become progressively δ15N-enriched during decay, soft tissues and bone were collected from beaver carcasses at five time points. All soft tissues, including muscle, were significantly δ15N-enriched compared to fresh tissues, but were not as enriched as decomposition fluids. Tissue breakdown is initially dominated by anaerobic autolysis and later by microbe and insect infiltration, and partly explains decay fluid isotopic enrichment. We speculate that after rupture, preferential volatilization of δ15N-depleted compounds (especially ammonia) contributes to further enrichment. These results constrain the timing, rate, and potential mechanisms driving carcass isotopic enrichment during decay, and suggest that found carcasses (e.g., road kill) should be used with caution for inferring trophic ecology as decay can result in significant postmortem δ15N enrichment.
Culture's Influence on Business Negotiations in Four Countries

The usefulness of a theoretical model of the determinants of business negotiation outcomes is tested in a simulation with business people from four countries (the United States, Japan, Brazil and Spain). The article is an extension of Graham, Mintu, and Rodgers (1994), and also directly tests Hofstede's and Hall's theories of culture. A problem-solving approach results in higher negotiation outcomes for Americans when their partners reciprocate. Role (buyer or seller) is the key determinant of profits for Japanese negotiations; that is, buyers do better than sellers. For the Spanish negotiators, a problem-solving approach actually yielded lower profits. For the Brazilians, interpersonal attractiveness lead to higher partner satisfaction.
Parametrized and inspiral-merger-ringdown consistency tests of gravity with multiband gravitational wave observations

The gravitational wave observations of colliding black holes have opened a new window into the unexplored extreme gravity sector of physics, where the gravitational fields are immensely strong, nonlinear, and dynamical. Ten binary black hole merger events observed so far can be used to test Einstein's theory of general relativity, which has otherwise been proven to agree with observations from several sources in the weak- or static-field regimes. One interesting future possibility is to detect gravitational waves from GW150914-like stellar-mass black hole binaries with both ground-based and space-based detectors. We here demonstrate the power of testing extreme gravity with such multiband gravitational-wave observations. In particular, we consider two theory-agnostic methods to test gravity using gravitational waves. The first test is the parametrized test where we introduce generic non-Einsteinian corrections to the waveform, which can easily be mapped to parameters in known example theories beyond general relativity. The second test is the inspiral-merger-ringdown consistency test where one derives the mass and spin of a merger remnant from the inspiral and merger-ringdown independently assuming general relativity is correct, and then check their consistency. In both cases, we use Fisher analyses and compare the results with Bayesian ones wherever possible. Regarding the first test, we find that multiband observations can be crucial in probing certain modified theories of gravity, including those with gravitational parity violation. Regarding the second test, we show that future single-band detections can improve upon the current tests by roughly 3 orders of magnitude, and further 7--10 times improvement may be realized with multiband observations.
Anomalous dehydration of 2-phenylindole-3-carboxamide to 2-phenylindole-3-carbonitrile by lithium aluminum hydride@@@Anomale Dehydratisierung von 2-Phenylindol-3-carbonsäureamid zu 2-Phenyl-indol-3-carbonitril mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid (Kurze Mitteilung): Short communication

Steric factors have been shown to be responsible for the anomalous dehydration of 2-phenylindole-3-carboxamide (1) to 2-phenylindole-3-carbonitrile (3) by lithium aluminum hydride. This steric effect was also reflected in the reactions of 2-phenylindole (4) and its derivatives.
What Do We Know about the University Contribution to Regional Economic Development? A Conceptual Framework:

There are a rapidly growing number of scientific studies analyzing the role of university and higher educational institutions in regional economic development. In this study, the author reviews the...
Epidemiologic study of myelodysplastic syndromes in a racially diverse inner-city population.

7125 Background: The International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) and the revised IPSS (IPSS-R) are used to assess prognosis after diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). They are based on ...