cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of volatile sulfur compounds by microbial decomposition of sulfur-containing amino acids in soils

Abstract Evolution of volatile sulfur compounds from soils treated with S-containing amino acids was studied by sensitive gas chromatographic techniques involving use of a flame photometric detector fitted with a sulfur filter. The following volatile sulfur compounds were identified as products of microbial decomposition of S-containing amino acids in soils under aerobic or waterlogged conditions: methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide (evolved from soils treated with methionine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine sulfone or S-methyl cysteine); ethyl mercaptan, ethyl methyl sulfide and diethyl disulfide (evolved from soils treated with ethionine or S-ethyl cysteine); and carbon disulfide (evolved from soils treated with cystine, cysteine, lanthionine or djenkolic acid). Small amounts of dimethyl sulfide and carbon disulfide were evolved from soils treated with homocystine, and trace amounts of carbonyl sulfide were evolved from soils treated with lanthionine or djenkolic acid. No volatile sulfur compounds were evolved from soils treated with cysteic acid, taurine, or S-methyl methionine. The amounts of sulfur volatilized from soils treated with the 14 S-containing amino acids studied represented from less than 0·1 per cent to more than 50 per cent of the sulfur added as amino acid. Hydrogen sulfide could not be detected as a gaseous product of microbial decomposition of S-containing amino acids in soils under aerobic or waterlogged conditions.
Blunted accumbal dopamine response to cocaine following chronic social stress in female rats: exploring a link between depression and drug abuse

Rationale Women have twice the risk as men to develop depression. Approximately, 24% of major depression disorder cases have comorbid disorders with substance abuse. Several central systems, including dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways, are thought to be involved in such comorbidity.
Possible solar primordial hydrogen in the Pesyanoe meteorite.

Abstract Large concentrations of hydrogen and helium, released quantitatively at low temperatures, T ⩽ 700°C, were detected in the Pesyanoe meteorite by gas chromatographic analysis. The hydrogen concentration (H2) was 8.4 × 10−2 cc STP/g, while the helium concentration was 1.0 × 10−2 cc STP/g, giving a He to H ratio of 0.06. It is suggested that this hydrogen and helium was solar-wind injected.
Frostbite and Chilblains in Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle

InThe Jungle, authorUptonSinclair uses cold exposure injuries to illustrate exploitation of America’s laboring classes by ruthlessly venal industrialists during theearly 20thcentury. In thebook,working-class immigrants inChicago’smeatpacking industrysuffervaryingdegreesofcold injuryasaconsequenceofhostileworkingconditions. Injuries rangefrom milder forms, including frostnip (superficial, local paresthesias without tissue destruction), chilblains (painful edematous erythematous lesionsdue toacuteor repetitiveexposure tonear-freezingcold), tomore serious conditions, such as frostbite (tissue destruction).
PAMAM dendrimer-azithromycin conjugate nanodevices for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infections

Abstract Chlamydia trachomatis is an important bacterial pathogen known to be etiological in genital infections, as well as several serious disease sequelae, including inflammatory arthritis. Chlamydiae can persist in infection, making treatment with antibiotics such as azithromycin (AZ) a challenge. The authors explore the use of neutral generation-4 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as intracellular drug-delivery vehicles into chlamydial inclusions. Azithromycin was successfully conjugated with the dendrimers, and the conjugate (D-AZ) released ∼90% of the drug over 16 hours. The conjugate readily entered both the Chlamydia -infected HEp-2 cells and the chlamydial inclusions. The conjugate was significantly better than free drug in preventing productive infections in the cells when added at the time of infection, and better in reducing the size and number of inclusions when added either 24 hours or 48 hours post infection. These studies show that dendrimers can deliver drugs efficiently to growing intracellular C. trachomatis , even if the organism is in the persistent form. From the Clinical Editor In this report, the use of polyamidoamine dendrimers as intracellular drug-delivery vehicles into chlamydial inclusions is investigated. This method results in efficient intracellular delivery of azithromycin to address chlamydia infection.
Temperature-induced changes in the flexibility of the loop between SH1 (Cys-707) and SH3 (Cys-522) in myosin subfragment 1 detected by cross-linking.

Abstract The ability of dibromobimane to cross-link SH1 (Cys-707) in the 21-kDa C-terminal segment to SH3 (Cys-522) in the 50-kDa middle segment of the myosin S1 heavy chain has been examined as a function of nucleotide binding and temperature. The results obtained indicate that, while the reagent rapidly reacts with SH1 at both 25 and 4 °C, its ability to cross-link to SH3 is highly dependent on temperature. At 25 °C, substantial cross-linking from monofunctionally labeled SH1 to SH3 occurs, in agreement with recent work of Mornet, Ue, and Morales (1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82 , 1658–1662) and of Ue (1987, Biochemistry 26 , 1889–1894) and with their conclusion that a loop, allowing SH1 and SH3 to reside at the cross-linking span of dibromobimane, preexists in the protein. At 4 °C, however, negligible amounts of cross-linking are observed whether or not a nucleotide is present, despite indications that SH1 is labeled rapidly by the reagent at this temperature. The inability to form this cross-link is not due to an alternate cross-link between monofunctionally labeled SH1 and another thiol in the 21-kDa segment. These results indicate that this loop exists at 25 °C and does not exist (or exists only transiently) at the lower temperature.
A radiometric assay for hepatic epoxide hydrase activity with [7-3H] styrene oxide☆

Abstract [7-3H]styrene oxide is converted to [7-3H]styrene glycol by a hepatic epoxide hydrase. Differential extraction of the incubation medium provides the basis for a rapid, simple method to assay epoxide hydrase activity. Unreacted substrate is first removed by extraction into petroleum ether followed by extraction of the glycol into ethyl acetate for assay by scintillation spectrometry. Enzyme activity is present in liver and kidneys and is localized exclusively in the microsomal fraction. The simplicity of the present assay permits the use of epoxide hydrase a a marker enzyme for microsomal membranes. The specific activity of this enzyme in hepatic microsomes increases during maturation of rats and following pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene.
Purification and properties of intracellular lamba DNA rings.

Intracellular lambda DNA has been purified from bacteria infected with lambda phage. The prediction from sedimentation properties that one intracellular form of lambda DNA is a twisted, closed-circular molecule has been confirmed by observation in the electron microscope. Two unique forms of lambda DNA are present in infected cells: twisted, closed-circular molecules (component I) and open-circular molecules (component II). One single-strand scission is sufficient to convert component I to component II. Both components I and II, either native or denatured, are able to infect spheroplasts. The infective entity present after denaturation of component I is a molecule in which strand separation has not occurred. That present after denaturation of component II is a single-strand ring; single-stranded linear molecules are not infective. The ionic strength dependence of the sedimentation rate of components I and II and phage lambda DNA has been studied. For comparative purposes, similar studies have been made with φX174 replicative form. A new consequence of DNA circularity is evident from these studies.
Quantitative analysis of the central-chest lymph nodes based on 3D MDCT image data

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. In lung-cancer staging, central-chest lymph nodes and associated nodal stations, as observed in three-dimensional (3D) multidetector CT (MDCT) scans, play a vital role. However, little work has been done in relation to lymph nodes, based on MDCT data, due to the complicated phenomena that give rise to them. Using our custom computer-based system for 3D MDCT-based pulmonary lymph-node analysis, we conduct a detailed study of lymph nodes as depicted in 3D MDCT scans. In this work, the Mountain lymph-node stations are automatically defined by the system. These defined stations, in conjunction with our system's image processing and visualization tools, facilitate lymph-node detection, classification, and segmentation. An expert pulmonologist, chest radiologist, and trained technician verified the accuracy of the automatically defined stations and indicated observable lymph nodes. Next, using semi-automatic tools in our system, we defined all indicated nodes. Finally, we performed a global quantitative analysis of the characteristics of the observed nodes and stations. This study drew upon a database of 32 human MDCT chest scans. 320 Mountain-based stations (10 per scan) and 852 pulmonary lymph nodes were defined overall from this database. Based on the numerical results, over 90% of the automatically defined stations were deemed accurate. This paper also presents a detailed summary of central-chest lymph-node characteristics for the first time.
Optical spectroscopy and crystal field analysis of Eu3+ in calcium tartrate tetrahydrate

Abstract The fluorescence of Eu3+-doped single crystals of calcium tartrate tetrahydrate was investigated using laser-excited site-selective spectroscopy. The fluorescence spectrum at 514.5 and 488 nm revealed the presence of three sites for Eu3+. A phenomenological crystal field analysis was conducted on the basis of the observed 7F0–4 energy levels, using D2 symmetry. The covalent character of the europium oxygen bond in the three sites is found to vary.
The unified data structure capability in Madcap VI

The data structures which form an integral part of the Madcap VI programming language are described. The initialization (declarationand constructor) expressions and selector expressions of these structures are defined and their implementation using “codewords” is discussed. Structures, since they can contain references to other structures (including themselves), have the form of directed trees (graphs). Variables of primitive data type (real, complex, etc.) are naturally considered as degenerate graphs, merely single nodes. The possibility for both multiword and fractional-word representation of structures is evident, but the language itself is implementation-independent. Thus a “field” is simply a substructure. The Madcap VI data structures are compared to data structure concepts in PL/I.
Recombinant production and purification of novel antisense antimicrobial peptide in Escherichia coli

A fusion protein was genetically engineered that contains an antimicrobial peptide, designated P2, at its carboxy terminus and bovine prochymosin at its amino terminus. Bovine prochymosin was chosen as the fusion partner because of its complete insolubility in Escherichia coli, a property utilized to protect the cells from the toxic effects of the antimicrobial peptide. This fusion protein was purified by centrifugation as an insoluble inclusion body. A methionine linker between prochymosin and the P2 peptide enabled P2 to be released by digestion with cyanogen bromide. Cation exchange HPLC followed by reversed-phase HPLC were used to purify the P2 peptide. The recombinant P2 peptide's molecular mass was confirmed by mass spectrometry to within 0.1% of the theoretical value (2480.9 Da), and the antimicrobial activity of the purified recombinant P2 against E. coli D31 was determined to be identical to that of the chemically synthesized peptide (minimal inhibitory concentration of 5 mg/mL). Although the yield of the fusion protein after expression by the cells was high (16% of the total cell protein), the percentage recovery of the P2 peptide in the inclusion bodies was relatively low, which appears to be due to losses in the cyanogen bromide digestion step.
Rough Manhood: The Aggressive and Confrontational Shop Culture of U.S. Auto Workers during World War II

Recognizing the existence of multiple masculine identities and the distinction between rough manhood and respectable manhood, this article focuses on one dimension of rough manhood--the aggressive and combative behavior among workers and between workers and managers in the American automobile industry. Though many auto workers aspired to the social responsibility and economic security of respectable manhood, in the 1920s and 1930s the dramatic changes of line and mechanized production, work reorganization and degradation, and economic deprivation challenged their ambitions toward respectability and fostered their rough shop-floor demeanor and behavior. The United Automobile Workers' Union grievance records revealed that the auto workers' contentious engagements, ranging from playful mischief to savage fights, sometimes represented a simple defense of personal autonomy and dignity and sometimes directly challenged the symbols or realities of managerial authority.
Classical stability of round and squashed seven-spheres in eleven-dimensional supergravity

Four-dimensional field equations are derived for perturbations of the seven-sphere size and squashing parameter in eleven-dimensional supergravity configurations in which the rank-four tensor gauge field strength is proportional to the four-dimensional volume element. Field equations are also derived for perturbations in the size of a round or squashed Einstein-metric ${S}^{7}$ and in the magnitude of gauge-field-potential components proportional to an antisymmetric torsion tensor on these seven-spheres. The known anti---de Sitter---invariant solutions with round or squashed seven-spheres are shown to be classically stable to these perturbations.
Identification of residues involved in v-Src substrate recognition by site-directed mutagenesis.

To study the role of the catalytic domain in v-Src substrate specificity, we engineered three site-directed mutants (Leu-472 to Tyr or Trp and Thr-429 to Met). The mutant forms of Src were expressed in Sf9 cells and purified. We analyzed the substrate specificities of wild-type v-Src and the mutants using two series of peptides that varied at residues C-terminal to tyrosine. The peptides contained either the YMTM motif found in insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) or the YGEF motif identified from peptide library experiments to be the optimal sequence for Src. Mutations at positions Leu-472 or Thr-429 caused changes in substrate specificity at positions P+1 and P+3 (i.e. one or three residues C-terminal to tyrosine). This was particularly evident in the case of the L-472W mutant, which had pronounced alterations in its preferences at the P+1 position. The results suggest that residue Leu-472 plays a role in P+1 substrate recognition by Src. We discuss the results in the light of recent work on the roles of the SH2, SH3 and catalytic domains of Src in substrate specificity.
Negative chemical ionization in quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry: Effects of applied voltages and reaction times

The effects of applied voltages and reaction times on negative ion chemical ionization in the quadrupole ion trap are investigated. Mass-selected ejection of undesired reagent ions and selective mass storage of only negative ions are required for practical negative ion chemical ionization. This is achieved by application of rf and dc voltages to the ring electrode to control the mass-to-charge ratios one polarity) of ions stored, as well as by application of a supplemental rf voltage applied across the endcap electrodes to selectively eject ions of a particular mass-to-charge ratio. Even with careful control of these parameters, negative chemical ionization is not as sensitive as electron ionization and positive chemical ionization because of the lack of thermal electrons in the ion trap. Mass selection of the hydroxide anion as a reagent ion and exclusion of all positive ions provide [M − H]− ions with little or no fragmentation for a wide variety of compounds.
NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF THE PION-NUCLEON FORWARD SCATTERING AMPLITUDE

The real part of the forward elastic scattering amplitude for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$-proton scattering has been evaluated from experimental cross sections by means of dispersion relations. Recent measurements indicate two peaks in the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-proton total cross section at 590 and 870 Mev incident pion kinetic energy. Tables of the real part of the forward scattering amplitude for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$-proton scattering are presented as a function of incident pion kinetic energy in the laboratory. The forward scattering amplitudes obtained from some recent ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ scattering experiments are compared with the calculations. Measurement of the forward charge-exchange cross section appears to be the most suitable way of investigating the predictions of the dispersion relation at high energies. The possibility of detecting Coulomb interference at small angles is also discussed.
Leukogram abnormalities in gnotobiotic pigs infected with porcine circovirus type 2

Abstract Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a single-stranded circular DNA virus that is the causative agent of porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD), a disease complex affecting swine around the world. Although this virus is believed to negatively affect the host's immune system, the mechanism by which PCV2 induces disease is not completely understood. This report describes a series of PCV2 experiments using the gnotobiotic pig model in which a relationship was demonstrated between abnormal leukograms and development of clinical disease in PCV2-infected pigs. When compared to control pigs the leukogram was characterized by a decrease in lymphocytes within 14 days post inoculation (dpi) followed by an increase in neutrophils 7–14 days later. No significant changes in the circulating monocyte, basophil, and eosinophil cell populations were detected. The combination of an absolute neutrophilia and lymphopenia produced a neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio that was predictive of clinical disease and was inversely correlated with the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Based on previous reports, the lymphopenia may be attributed to a direct cytolytic effect of the virus and could negatively affect the pig's immune response. The role of the neutrophilia in the pathogenesis of PCVAD in gnotobiotic pigs is unknown.
Elution and displacement analysis of insulin and adrenocorticotropic peptides on pre-treated carbon.

Abstract It has been shown that the properties of charcoal with respect to adsorption may be modified by pretreatment with a saturator in order to achieve satisfactory chromatographic resolution of the substances to be analysed. The bulk of the more strongly adsorbed material can be separated from other components by sectional displacement and/or rechromatography on more highly saturated columns. The concentration of the saturator must be fixed close to the critical saturation point , which is the concentration of the saturator above which the highly adsorbed component begins to appear in the eluate. By this procedure, elution and displacement analyses of insulin have been performed, whereby it was demonstrated that the hormone exhibits chromatographic homogeneity. Adrenocorticotropic peptides have also been investigated, and it has been found that a 5-fold purification from a starting material having a potency of approximately 50 U.S.P. units per mg can be achieved by the new procedures herein described.
Women's experience of bed rest in high-risk pregnancy.

Objective: To explore women's experience of bed rest in high risk pregnancy. Design: Naturalistic, qualitative. Sample, Setting: Twelve adult, pregnant women on prescribed bed rest of a minimum of 20 hours per day and for at least 3-weeks duration were interviewed in one Western state of the U.S.A. regarding their experiences. Findings: Three major themes were perceptions of high risk pregnancy, perceptions of bed rest, and the experience of time and restricted movement. The women described a high level of physical, emotional, familial, and economic hardship resulting from the bed-rest experience. Having adequate income, health insurance, and a supportive relative to take over household responsibilities were dimensions of successful maintenance of bed rest in the women. Conclusions: The routine obstetric procedure of bed-rest should be reevaluated in light of its lack of demonstrated effectiveness and potential to seriously harm women and their families. Clinical Implications: Women should be fully informed about controversies surrounding the efficacy of bed rest in pregnancy and encouraged to participate in decisions when complications occur regarding the prescription of prolonged bed rest.
A full demand response model in co-optimized energy and reserve market

It has been widely accepted that demand response will play an important role in reliable and economic operation of future power systems and electricity markets. Demand response can not only influence the prices in the energy market by demand shifting, but also participate in the reserve market. In this paper, we propose a full model of demand response in which demand flexibility is fully utilized by price responsive shiftable demand bids in energy market as well as spinning reserve bids in reserve market. A co-optimized day-ahead energy and spinning reserve market is proposed to minimize the expected net cost under all credible system states, i.e., expected total cost of operation minus total benefit of demand, and solved by mixed integer linear programming. Numerical simulation results on the IEEE Reliability Test System show effectiveness of this model. Compared to conventional demand shifting bids, the proposed full demand response model can further reduce committed capacity from generators, starting up and shutting down of units and the overall system operating costs.
Determination of small amounts of chloride by volhard titrationEvaluation of operator determinate end-point error

Summary The applicability of the Volhard titration to the determination of small amounts of chloride in solutions of high ionic strength has been examined. A rigorous derivation of the operator determinate end-point error, which is applicable to all analyses involving back-titrations and visual end-point detection, is presented together with a method for its empirical evaluation. Employ of the operator determinate end-point error has enabled determination of small amounts of chloride (0.00 to 0.090%) in ammonium nitrate, ammonium perchlorate, and potassium perchlorate with an average absolute error of 0.0004%, 0.0007%, and 0.0015%, respectively.
Modal Logics of Stone Spaces

Interpreting modal diamond as the closure of a topological space, we axiomatize the modal logic of each metrizable Stone space and of each extremally disconnected Stone space. As a corollary, we obtain that S4.1 is the modal logic of the Pelczynski compactification of the natural numbers and S4.2 is the modal logic of the Gleason cover of the Cantor space. As another corollary, we obtain an axiomatization of the intermediate logic of each metrizable Stone space and of each extremally disconnected Stone space. In particular, we obtain that the intuitionistic logic is the logic of the Pelczynski compactification of the natural numbers and the logic of weak excluded middle is the logic of the Gleason cover of the Cantor space.
The synthesis of melatonin by the trout retina

Trout retinae were shown to contain melatonin, which was present in highest (p<.05) concentration during the photophase portion of a light-dark cycle. Pinealectomy was found not to perturb either the rhythm or the titer of retina melatonin. These results suggest that the trout retina is a melatonin-synthesizing tissue.
On the Perseus Cluster of Nebulae

The Perseus cluster of nebulae (R.A. 3h 15m, Dec. +41° 15', 1930; gal. long. 118°, lat. - 13°) according to Hubble and Humason [1] contains about 500 nebulae scattered over an area nearly 20 in diameter and lies at a distance of 11 million parsecs. As is the case with most clusters investigated, counts of nebulae made on photographs which were obtained with the 18-inch Schmidt telescope show that the Perseus cluster is considerably larger than was originally derived from the photographs taken with the large reflectors whose very severely restricted fields make them unsuitable for the efficient analysis of objects subtending large angles. For quite a different reason the analysis of the spatial distribution of the nebulae in the Perseus cluster with the 18-inch Schmidt telescope also presents considerable difficulties. The cluster is projected on a field of the Milky Way so rich in stars, that, because of the small scale of the telescope, the blurred images of close pairs and groups of stars may easily be mistaken for extragalactic nebulae. This error can partly be avoided by taking a number of well-focused photographs while the telescope is being drifted slightly in a different direction for each photograph. Groups of stars are likely to betray themselves by an image containing sharp streaks such as should not be expected in a drifted image of a nebula. Also, the precaution was taken to identify all of the nebulae involved several times through a repeated analysis conducted during several years and making use of many photographs taken on various emulsions. It is therefore felt that the results presented here can be viewed with more confidence than might have been originally hoped for.
Industry costs of equity

Abstract Estimates of the cost of equity for industries are imprecise. Standard errors of more than 3.0% per year are typical for both the CAPM and the three-factor model of Fama and French (1993). These large standard errors are the result of(i) uncertainty about true factor risk premiums and (ii) imp ecise estimates of the loadings of industries on the risk factors. Estimates of the cost of equity for firms and projects are surely even less precise.
Low-Dose Continuous Insulin Therapy for Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Prospective Comparison With “Conventional” Insulin Therapy

Low-dose insulin infusion has recently been used to treat ketoacidosis. We have prospectively compared patients with ketoacidosis either treated with insulin infusion at the rate of 6 units per hour or with high-dose, intermittent subcutaneously administered insulin, with emphasis placed on the hormonal responses. Basal glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone levels were elevated in both groups. Cortisol and growth hormone levels did not fall with therapy in either group but glucagon levels fell in parallel with glucose levels in both groups. There was no difference in the time taken for glucose levels to fall below 250 mg/100 ml between groups. Whereas both methods of therapy appeared to be equally effective, low-dose infusion had the advantages of ease of administration, a predictable, relatively linear rate of fall of glucose levels, and ability to be stopped abruptly in the event of hypoglycemia. ( Arch Intern Med 137:1377-1380, 1977)
The Effectiveness of Drug Education Programs: A Critical Review

Twenty-seven studies were reviewed to determine whether school-based drug abuse prevention efforts have succeeded. Most of the studies reviewed either did not examine program impact on actual drug using behavior or were not designed with a degree of scientific rigor sufficient to warrant acceptance of their findings as valid. Those studies leading to reliable results regarding program effect on drug use were contradictory in their conclusions. In view of the possibility that educational efforts aimed at drug abuse prevention may be counterproductive, it is suggested that school-based programs henceforward be designed and conducted as experiments with controlled manipulation of relevant variables.
Dietary flavonoids and the MLL gene: A pathway to infant leukemia?

Infant leukemia, diagnosed in the first 12 months of life, is extremely rare in the United States; the overall annual incidence is estimated to be approximately 37 cases per million infants (1). Certain demographic information with respect to incidence may provide important clues regarding etiology. White infants experience about a 50% higher risk than black infants, and females about a 50% higher risk than males (1). The observation of a higher risk in infant females is particularly notable given the overall higher risk of leukemia (≈30%) in male children under the age of 15 as compared with female children (2).
Enthalpy and specific heat of a series of Pu/Ga alloys at elevated temperatures☆

Abstract The enthalpies and the specific heats of high purity Pu, and of a series of Pu-Ga alloys containing 1.00, 2.01, 3.34, 6.56, 7.56 and 8.54 at.% Ga, have been determined in the wide range of the δ-phase, and in the partial range of the ϵ-phase, using a calibrated ice calorimeter. The enthalpies show a positive deviation from linearity as a function of temperature, indicating a positive temperature dependence of the corresponding specific heats at constant pressure. The derived values of specific heats for the δ-phase vary approximately between 25.0 and 50.0 J/mole °C. They are similar to the values previously reported for the nominal purity 3.3 at.% Ga alloys. However, the two values of the specific heats in the ϵ-phase are of the order of 56–57 J/mole °C, and are higher than the one value reported previously.
Cues for Early Discrimination of Conspecific Song in the White‐Crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)

In song learning, white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) begin memorizing conspecific song models at around 20 d of age. Even prior to song memorization, however, between 10 and 20 d of age, these birds respond differently to playbacks of conspecific and heterospecific songs. To investigate the acoustic cues underlying this early song discrimination, we measured the vocal responses of newly fledged young to playbacks of modified conspecific and heterospecific songs. Fledgling white-crowned sparrows responded more strongly to songs containing conspecific notes than to songs containing notes from other species. In contrast, the presence or placement of an introductory whistle, present in all white-crowned sparrow songs, did not affect response levels. A whistle has previously been shown to serve as an acoustic cue for song memorization and production in this species. Such different responses to the species-typical introductory whistle at different stages suggests that developmental changes occur in the template system underlying song learning, the factors governing song recognition, or both.
The role of the public administration in fighting corruption

The issue of corruption has come to centre stage. The economic consequences of pervasive corruption, and the recent trends towards democratization, have increased the pressure for accountability and transparency from those in office. Acknowledges that there are no easy solutions or models that can be applied in the fight against corruption. Argues that, while each country is unique in its own history and culture, its political and administrative systems, and its stage of development, similarities do exist, and experience and lessons are often transferable. Building on the notion of a national integrity system as a comprehensive approach to fighting corruption, examines two of the eight pillars of such a system, namely public sector anti‐corruption strategies and watchdog agencies.
The 13- and 20-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist Depression Scale: psychometric properties in primary care patients with minor depression or dysthymia.

Objective:Depression scales that are responsive to changes in clinical symptoms are important for clinical monitoring and outcomes assessment in longitudinal studies. We evaluated the psychometric properties and responsiveness to clinical change of the 13- and 20-item versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist Depression Scale (HSCL-D).Methods:A secondary data analysis from a large 11-week, multicenter clinical trial, comparing three treatments was performed. Adult patients with minor depression or dysthymia and a score of ≥ 10 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were recruited from primary care clinics. Item-total correlations and Cronbach alphas were computed for HSCL-D-13 and HSCL-D-20. Clinical response at 11 weeks was defined by a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) < 10, clinical remission by a HDRS < 7, and criterion symptom remission by ≤ 1 DSM-III-R criterion symptoms. Standardized effect sizes and Guyatt's responsiveness statistic were determined for the 13- and 20-item HSCL-D.Resu...
Developing and maintaining state-wide adolescent pregnancy prevention coalitions: a preliminary investigation

In-depth interviews with leaders of state-wide adolescent pregnancy prevention coalitions in the southern US provided support for the Katz and Kahn model of organizational growth. The coalitions located in the states of Alabama Maryland North Carolina Virginia and West Virginia differed extensively in terms of their structures activities philosophies and context. None had more than 25 full-time salaried staff members and many coalition members had a primary organizational allegiance to another organization (e.g. the state). Despite these deviations from the organizations conceptualized by Katz and Kahn the 5 pregnancy prevention coalitions conformed to the theoretical model in their behavioral cycles. In the Katz and Kahn model organizational growth proceeds from primitive systems to stable organizations and finally to an elaboration of structures. During the primitive stage there is little formal structure a lack of definition of goals and agenda but a loose assemblage of persons united by common beliefs. In this early stage all 5 coalitions held state-wide conferences produced newsletters prepared reports for a wider constituency and attempted to expand the leadership base. Characteristics of the middle stage in the theoretical model are staff formation development of an authority hierarchy and committee structure and the emergence of controversy. In this stage the pregnancy prevention coalitions worked to become established in the legislative and administrative arenas introduced communities to scientific needs assessment and developed program evaluation protocols. Problems at this stage included insufficient resources leadership burnout and a lack of experience in community organization. At the time of the survey no coalition had achieved the 3rd stage; elaboration of structures characterized by relative independence from state government permanent staff and financial support and recognition as the major player in the field. The wide differences between the 2 most influential and advanced coalitions--in Maryland and North Carolina--are illustrative of Katz and Kahns theory of equifinality (the ability to start in different places and use different means to reach the same end).
Thirty years of international business scholarship in Canada

Upon the invitation of the Hemant Merchant (Editor, Strategic Management and International Business Division) I have reviewed the development of international business (IB) scholarship in Canada and related this to my own research conducted while I was a faculty member at the University of Winnipeg 1970–79, Concordia University 1979–80, Dalhousie University 1980–87, and the University of Toronto 1987–98. I have developed a retrospective analysis of four key thematic areas of research that are specifically relevant in a Canadian context. Copyright © 2008 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Sur invitation de Hemant Merchant (redacteur en chef specialise du Departement Gestion strategique et commerce international), j'ai fait le point sur le developpement des recherches en commerce international (IB) au Canada et relie ce developpement aux recherches que j'al menees alors que j'etais professeur a l'Universite de Winnipeg (1970–1979), a l'Universite Concordia (1979–1980) et a l'Universite de Toronto (1987–1998). Cet article propose une analyse retrospective de quatre poles thematiques de recherche qui sont particulierement pertinents dans le contexte canadien.
Brain Lesions, Central Masking, and Dichotic Speech Perception

A dichotic CV syllables task and an auditory central masking task were administered to 10 right hemisphere stroke, 10 left hemisphere stroke, and 10 age-matched controls. When data for all subjects were considered within and across groups, it was found that lateralized performance measures for dichotic listening and central masking were highly correlated (r = .647, p < .05 for controls; r = .810, p < .005 for R-CVA; r = .648, p < .05 for L-CVA; r = .833, p < .0001 for all subjects). The data suggest that some aspects of dichotic performance that have been previously attributed to changes in verbal processing are more adequately explained as being the result of a general binaural asymmetry of auditory perception.
Association between somatic growth trajectory and cognitive functioning in young children with sickle cell disease

Children with sickle cell disease are at risk of cognitive deficits and somatic growth delays beginning in early childhood. We examined growth velocity from age 2 years (height and body mass index progression over time) and cognitive functioning in 46 children with sickle cell disease 4 to 8 years of age. Height-for-age velocity was not associated with cognitive outcomes. Higher body mass index velocity was associated with higher scores on global cognitive and visual-motor abilities but not processing resources or academic achievement. Body mass index progression over time may be a clinically useful indicator of neurocognitive risk in sickle cell disease, as it may reflect multiple sickle cell disease–related risk factors.
Feeding of Psoroptes ovis (Acari: Psoroptidae) on cattle.

Washed bovine erythrocytes labeled in vitro with radioactive chromium were resuspended in physiological saline and injected into an 11-month-old Hereford heifer that was heavily infested with the common scabies (sheep scab) mite of cattle and sheep, Psoroptes ovis . After 24 h the mites were harvested and the radioactivity measured. The mites contained an average of 1 μl of blood per 100 mg of mites and had digested ca. 37% of the hemoglobin. The data show that P. ovis mites ingest erythrocytes during feeding on cattle but not to the extent that they do while feeding on rabbits as determined in an earlier study.
L10p and P158DEL DJ‐1 mutations cause protein instability, aggregation, and dimerization impairments

A variety of mutations in the gene encoding DJ-1 protein cause autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism. Recently, a novel pathogenic homozygous DJ-1 missense mutation resulting in the L10P amino acid substitution was reported. In a separate study, a novel homozygous mutation resulting in the deletion of DJ-1 residue P158 was also reported to be causative of disease. The specific effects of the novel L10P and P158DEL mutations on protein function have not been studied. Here, L10P and P158DEL DJ-1 proteins were assessed for protein stability, dimerization, solubility, subcellular localization, and protective function in comparison with WT and the L166P DJ-1 pathogenic variant. It was discovered that, compared with WT protein, L10P, L166P, and P158DEL DJ-1 variants exhibited dramatically reduced protein stabilities. Degradation of each of the pathogenic mutants appeared to be mediated in part by the proteasome. Interestingly, unlike L166P DJ-1, the L10P and P158DEL DJ-1 variants retained the ability to dimerize with WT DJ-1 protein; however, neither of these mutants was able to form homodimers. Additionally, the L10P, L166P, and P158DEL DJ-1 variants exhibited altered profiles on size-exclusion chromatography and demonstrated reduced solubilities in comparison with WT protein, and the latter aberration could be exacerbated in the presence of MG-132. Furthermore, cells stably expressing L10P DJ-1 were more vulnerable to treatments with proteasome inhibitors, suggesting that L10P DJ-1 may be toxic to cells under conditions of proteasome stress. Taken together, these findings suggest that diverse aberrant mechanisms, including alterations in protein stability and protein folding, are associated with the pathogenicity of the L10P and P158DEL DJ-1 variants.
Point of Use Household Drinking Water Filtration: A Practical, Effective Solution for Providing Sustained Access to Safe Drinking Water in the Developing World

The lack of safe water creates a tremendous burden of diarrheal disease and other debilitating, life-threatening illnesses for people in the developing world. Point-of-use (POU) water treatment technology has emerged as an approach that empowers people and communities without access to safe water to improve water quality by treating it in the home. Several POU technologies are available, but, except for boiling, none have achieved sustained, large-scale use. Sustained use is essential if household water treatment technology (HWT) is to provide continued protection, but it is difficult to achieve. The most effective, widely promoted and used POU HWTs are critically examined according to specified criteria for performance and sustainability. Ceramic and biosand household water filters are identified as most effective according to the evaluation criteria applied and as having the greatest potential to become widely used and sustainable for improving household water quality to reduce waterborne disease and death.
Assessment of thermodynamic properties of alloys by combining the embedded-atom and the quasiharmonic methods

Abstract The Embedded Atom Method (EAM) was combined with the quasiharmonic approximation to determine the enthalpies and the free energies of mixing for a number of binary f.c.c. and b.c.c. metallic solid solutions. In each case, the EAM potential functions were determined using only the data for the constituent elements. It was found that when two f.c.c. elements are mixed to form an f.c.c. solid solution, the combination of the EAM and the quasiharmonic methods gives a fairly good assessment of the thermodynamic properties of the solid solution. On the other hand, when an f.c.c metal and an b.c.c. metal are combined to produce either an f.c.c. or an b.c.c solid solution, the same approach fails to predict correctly the enthalpies and the free energies of the mixing. However, at least over a composition range reasonably good predictions can still be obtained for the relative thermodynamic stability of the f.c.c. and the b.c.c. structures which is of interest in the analysis of diffusionless phase transformations, such as the martensitic transformation.
Comparison of the α-glucosidases of saccharomyces produced in response to five non-allelic maltose genes

Abstract A comparison has been undertaken of the α-glucosidases produced in Saccharomyces in response to 5 non-allelic maltose genes. The partially purified enzymes were found to be indistinguishable in regard to heat inactivation, electrophoretic mobility, chromatography from CM-cellulose or DEAE-cellulose columns, neutralization with specific antiserum, or substrate specificity. In each of the genotypes only a single species of α-glucosidase was observed.
On Mighton's characterization of graphic matroids

Mighton (2008) [5] recently gave a new characterization of graphic matroids. This note combines Mighton's approach with a result of Cunningham (1982) [4] to provide a shorter, more direct proof of Mighton's result.
Altering iodine metabolism in the calf by feeding iodine-binding agents.

Effects of feeding cottonseed meal and anion-exchange resin on iodine absorption and excretion by calves were investigated. Each additional amount of resin fed from .3 to 3.5 g/kg body weight further increased fecal excretion from single oral iodine-131 and intravenous iodine-125 doses. By feeding 3 to 10 g cottonseed meal/kg body weight, excretion of oral iodine-131 given daily was increased 7 to 94% in feces and reduced as much as 35% in urine, but plasma iodine-131 was not changed. Introducing 1 g resin/kg body weight daily into the diet increased fecal iodine-131 excretion three to five times that with cottonseed meal alone and reduced both plasma and urinary iodine-131. The same amount of resin fed daily had similar effects on excretion of iodine-131 injected subcutaneously each day. Although iodine depletion by a highly efficient iodine binder (resin) in the gastrointestinal tract is probable, iodine binding by a natural feed constituent (cottonseed meal) was relatively inefficient.
Chloroquine neither eliminates liver stage parasites nor delays their development in a murine Chemoprophylaxis Vaccination model

Chemoprophylaxis Vaccination (CVac) confers long lasting sterile protection against homologous parasite strains in humans, and involves inoculation of infectious sporozoites (SPZ) under drug cover. CVac using the drug chloroquine (CQ) induces pre-erythrocytic immunity in humans that includes antibody to SPZ and T-cell responses to liver stage (LS) parasites. The mechanism by which CVac with CQ induces strong protective immunity is not understood as untreated infections do not confer protection. CQ kills blood stage parasites, but its effect on LS parasites is poorly studied. Here we hypothesized that CQ may prolong or perturb LS development of Plasmodium, as a potential explanation for enhanced pre-erythrocytic immune responses. Balb/c mice with or without CQ prophylaxis were infected with sporozoite forms of a luciferase-expressing rodent parasite, Plasmodium yoelii-Luc (Py-Luc). Mice that received primaquine, a drug that kills LS parasites, served as a positive control of drug effect. Parasite burden in liver was measured both by bioluminescence and by qRT-PCR quantification of parasite transcript. Time to appearance of parasites in the blood was monitored by microscopic analysis of Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood smears. The parasite load in livers of CQ-treated and untreated mice did not significantly differ at any of the time points studied. Parasites appeared in the blood smears of both CQ-treated and untreated mice 3 days after infection. Taken together, our findings confirm that CQ neither eliminates LS parasites nor delays their development. Further investigations into the mechanism of CQ-induced protection after CVac are required, and may give insights relevant to drug and vaccine development.
TWO INTERPRETATIONS OF FEINBERG'S THEORY OF RIGHTS

Christopher Wellman argues that Joel Feinberg fails to grasp the distinction between will theories and interest theories. According to Wellman, this failure leads Feinberg to defend a will theory in “The Nature and Value of Rights” and an interest theory in “The Rights of Animals and Unborn Generations” and therefore to hold an inconsistent theory of rights. Wellman's interpretation of Feinberg is plausible. I will argue that there is another plausible interpretation and that the texts do not allow us to determine which of the two plausible interpretations is correct. I will also argue that this alternative interpretation allows Feinberg to avoid Wellman's charge of inconsistency but has problems of its own. Along the way, I will make some points about how to defend a theory of rights and about the strengths and weaknesses of the will and interest theories of rights. (Wellman holds that choice theories are a subset of will theories. I have argued elsewhere that it is better to see will theories as a subset of choice theories. However, how one cuts up the field is irrelevant to the issue at hand. For the sake of argument, I will assume that Wellman's topology is correct.)