cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distance between Sets

SINCE the publication of our communication on the metric properties of the one-complement of Jaccard's similarity coefficient1, we have learned that this result was shown earlier by Marczewski and Steinhaus2. We regret the consequent redundancy of our paper. We tried to ensure its novelty by searching standard references and enquiring among mathematicians and statisticians, but apparently the earlier work, more extensive than ours, is not well known. We hope publication of our paper will have the positive effect of making it more well known. It is interesting that the earlier work also occurred in an ecological context3. A discussion of these and other properties of this useful function occurs in a recent contribution by Holgate4, who refers to it as the Marczewski–Steinhaus coefficient of similarity.
Application of the Weiss molecular field theory to the B‐site spinel

A molecular field treatment of the B-site spinel was used to determine the ordering temperatures and the asymptotic Curie temperature in terms of the exchange integrals. The theory was developed from a 16-sublattice model and took into account interactions between an atom and its nearest to fourth-nearest neighbors. Experimental values of the ordering temperatures and the asymptotic Curie temperature were then used to determine the exchange integrals for the systems Hg1−xCdx Cr2 S4, CdCr2S4(1−y)Se4y, and Zn1−xCdxCr2Se4.
Colloid retention at air–water interface in a capillary channel

Abstract With the purpose of better understanding of interactions between colloids and air–water interface (AWI) as applied to natural unsaturated porous media, pore-scale experiments were conducted using confocal microscopy with sulfate (hydrophobic) and carboxylate-modified (hydrophilic) polystyrene microspheres as model colloids. Static experiments in an open capillary channel were performed at four solution chemistries to investigate the effects of electrostatic interactions and surface tension on colloid interactions with AWI. Additional experiments were conducted using a microfluidic channel to improve visualization and evaluate the interactions in a dynamic system. Electrostatic interactions, colloid contact angle, and surface tension (due to the influence of surface tension on hydrophobic attraction between a colloid and AWI) had an effect on colloid retention at AWI. The experimental behavior of colloids was quantitatively evaluated using the treatment of hydrophobic force available in the literature, which reproduced the observed experimental trend. The presence of an attractive force between a colloid and AWI, which depends on colloid and AWI hydrophobicity and scales in magnitude with electrostatic force, was demonstrated. Theoretical estimation of the colloid–AWI interactions (including electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydrophobic interactions) as well as experimental observations suggest that retention of colloids at AWI occurs mainly via secondary-minimum retention due to hydrophobic attraction. While the retained colloids can be transported with AWI, secondary-minimum retention also serves as a means to deliver colloids to the contact line (contact region of air, water, and solid phases), where more significant retention was observed.
Two identical noninteracting sites in an ion channel revealed by proton transfer

The functional consequences of single proton transfers occurring in the pore of a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel were observed with patch recording techniques. These results led to three conclusions about the chemical nature of ion binding sites in the conduction pathway: The channel contains two identical titratable sites, even though there are more than two (probably four) identical subunits; the sites are formed by glutamate residues that have a pKa (where K(a) is the acid constant) of 7.6; and protonation of one site does not perturb the pKa of the other. These properties point to an unusual arrangement of carboxyl side-chain residues in the pore of a cation channel.
Collaboration on the edge of chaos

Research at the Institute for Simulation and Training has uncovered the curious fact that human psychomotor activity is mathematically chaotic at high performance levels. This chaotic behavior manifests both when humans are acting alone and when they are interacting with semi-autonomous devices in real and simulated environments. Other studies have reported that robots alone also exhibit mathematically chaotic behavior. This has led to the working hypothesis that chaotic measures such as the Lyapunov exponent can be used to quantify performance levels in human robot collaboration in an objective way. Experiments are in progress to help better understand and quantify the occurrence of chaotic behavior in human robot collaboration. The expectation is that Lyapunov exponent and other chaos-related measures will prove useful as diagnostic tools for both operational tasks and for training. Our goal is to investigate using overt actions (navigational inputs now and possibly other things like facial expression in the future) for capturing the Lyapunov exponent in real time and as a function that varies over time in response to behaviors. The challenge is to determine which factor to measure for a specific type of task. Additional research will be needed to link task to human psychophysical activity and to robot activity as well as the ability to transition between data modes as tasks change.
Using mobile phones to determine transportation modes

As mobile phones advance in functionality and capability, they are being used for more than just communication. Increasingly, these devices are being employed as instruments for introspection into habits and situations of individuals and communities. Many of the applications enabled by this new use of mobile phones rely on contextual information. The focus of this work is on one dimension of context, the transportation mode of an individual when outside. We create a convenient (no specific position and orientation setting) classification system that uses a mobile phone with a built-in GPS receiver and an accelerometer. The transportation modes identified include whether an individual is stationary, walking, running, biking, or in motorized transport. The overall classification system consists of a decision tree followed by a first-order discrete Hidden Markov Model and achieves an accuracy level of 93.6p when tested on a dataset obtained from sixteen individuals.
Single versus tandem radar sensor target tracking in the adaptive cruise control environment

The multiple target tracking performance of a multiple model technique is investigated. The performance when using a single radar sensor is compared to that when a tandem radar set is employed and the technique implemented is a combination of the interactive multiple model algorithm and the probabilistic data association filter. The investigation shows that the inclusion of a second redundant radar sensor significantly improves the tracking performance of the multiple model technique with only a slight increase in the computation cost. The ability to initiate, maintain, and terminate the tracks of multiple targets in a cluttered adaptive cruise control environment is improved a) by reducing the chances of wrongfully terminating tracks when targets are not "picked up" during a small number of consecutive radar scans and b) by reducing the state estimate covariances. A method for showing this latter improvement involves calculating the spectrum of the relative covariance matrix. These benefits of the redundant sensor counter those of a complementary sensor where a greater field of view is afforded.
Suppression of intrachannel nonlinear effects using pseudoternary constrained codes

In this paper, a novel approach for suppressing the intrachannel nonlinear effects using pseudoternary constrained codes is proposed. A significant Q-factor improvement of up to 9.75 dB is obtained. The eye opening penalty (EOP) is also significantly improved by more than 10.24 dB.
Highly sensitive image-derived indices of water-stressed plants using hyperspectral imaging in SWIR and histogram analysis

The optical signature of leaves is an important monitoring and predictive parameter for a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses, including drought. Such signatures derived from spectroscopic measurements provide vegetation indices - a quantitative method for assessing plant health. However, the commonly used metrics suffer from low sensitivity. Relatively small changes in water content in moderately stressed plants demand high-contrast imaging to distinguish affected plants. We present a new approach in deriving sensitive indices using hyperspectral imaging in a short-wave infrared range from 800 nm to 1600 nm. Our method, based on high spectral resolution (1.56 nm) instrumentation and image processing algorithms (quantitative histogram analysis), enables us to distinguish a moderate water stress equivalent of 20% relative water content (RWC). The identified image-derived indices 15XX nm/14XX nm (i.e. 1529 nm/1416 nm) were superior to common vegetation indices, such as WBI, MSI, and NDWI, with significantly better sensitivity, enabling early diagnostics of plant health.
In hospital complications after total joint arthroplasty.

Abstract Total joint arthroplasty is a safe and successful procedure. However, numerous complications may present after elective arthroplasty. This study prospectively collected data on systemic and local in hospital complications after 15 383 joint arthroplasties, which included 8230 total hip arthroplasties and 7153 total knee arthroplasties. In general, the incidence of complications was higher after knee arthroplasty, simultaneous bilateral surgery, and revision surgery. There were 22 (0.16%) deaths in this cohort. We identified 486 major systemic complications, the most common was pulmonary embolism (152), followed by tachyarrhythmia (92) and acute myocardial infarction (36). There were 109 major local complications, including 16 vascular injuries, 29 peripheral nerve injuries, 25 periprosthetic fractures, and 18 dislocations. Total joint arthroplasty, despite its success, can be associated with rare serious and life-threatening complications. This study provides a baseline of complications that can occur after elective joint arthroplasty.
Electronic Structures of β-SiC(001) Surfaces and Al/β-SiC(001) Interface

Surface electronic structures of β-SiC reconstructed (001) surfaces and the Al/β-SiC(001) interface have been investigated by employing a tight-binding method. Distinct surface electronic characteristics corresponding to different surface reconstructions are discussed based on the interpretation of surface density of states. The calculations of the Al/β-SiC (001) interface indicate that aluminum deposition on β-SiC(001) surface may induce the substrate to return to the ideal unreconstructed surface and that Al-C interaction is stronger than Al-Si interaction. Al deposition on C-rich surfaces may form a better bonded interface than that on the Si-rich surfaces. Our findings are in good agreement with available experimental and theoretical results.
Using fuzzy partitions to create fuzzy systems from input-output data and set the initial weights in a fuzzy neural network

We create a set of fuzzy rules to model a system from input-output data by dividing the input space into a set of subspaces using fuzzy partitions. We create a fuzzy rule for each subspace as the input space is being divided. These rules are combined to produce a fuzzy rule based model from the input-output data. If more accuracy is required, we use the fuzzy rule-based model to determine the structure and set the initial weights in a fuzzy neural network. This network typically trains in a few hundred iterations. Our method is simple, easy, and reliable and it has worked well when modeling large "real world" systems.
US survey finds higher availability of palliative care programs, palliative physicians and consultation teams and palliative outpatient services in National Cancer Institute centres compared to non-NCI centres.

Commentary on: D Hui, A Elsayem, M De la Cruz, et al.. Availability and integration of palliative care at US cancer centers. JAMA2010;303:1054–61.
Simulation study of peak junction temperature and power limitation of AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs under pulsed and CW operation

The authors have used a 3-D transmission-line matrix (TLM) modeling method to study the junction temperature distribution and power limitation of device geometries with multiple embedded heat sources. Peak values of the junction temperature against the dissipated power density under both pulsed and CW operation are presented for a typical power AlGaAs/GaAs HBT structure. These data should facilitate the rapid determination of junction temperature for a given output power, which is of paramount importance in power device design. >
A Description of What Happens When an Examinee Takes a Multiple-Choice Reading Comprehension Test

This study investigated the strategies a group of college students used to complete a portion of a standardized reading comprehension test. Twenty-six students were randomly assigned to either an introspective interview, in which the subjects explained to a researcher what they were doing and thinking as they read the test passages and answered the multiple-choice questions, or a retrospective interview, in which the students completed the test without interruption and then recounted for the researcher how they had gone about the task. Data analysis resulted in the identification of three broad categories of processing behavior: an overall approach to the test task, reading strategies, and test-taking strategies. In addition, difficulties encountered by the subjects were identified. Results indicate that the common element in each subject's approach to the test was a focus on getting to the questions as quickly as possible and then using the questions to direct a search of the passage to locate the best possible information to answer the questions. The implications of these results for better understanding the relationship between test-taking behavior and reading are discussed.
MINIMUM WAGE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES

Abstract : A report is made on the provisions and effects of U.S. minimum wage laws, referring almost entirely to teenage youths. The discussion involves employment, the business cycle, job distribution, school attendance, and policy interactions.
Transitional to Formal Operational: Using Authentic Research Experiences to Get Non-Science Students to Think More Like Scientists.

University and high school students not pursuing a science, technology, engineering, and/or mathematics (STEM) course of study demonstrate less developed scientific reasoning than their STEM-based peers. Previous studies show that the majority of non-STEM students can be classified as either concrete operational or transitional reasoners in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, whereas in the science student population formal operational reasoners are far more prevalent. In this paper, we will look at the literature concerning the non-STEM population of students and their development in scientific reasoning. We will also discuss the development and implementation of activities designed to target hypothetico-deductive reasoning, coordination of theory and evidence, and thinking about the relative value of evidence. We will also discuss an authentic research experience we have begun introducing in our classrooms to facilitate the transition from transitional to formal operational reasoning.
Information invariants in robotics. II. Sensors and computation

A theory of information invariance that includes sensors and computation is suggested. The author's results generalize the work of M. Blum and D. Kozen (1978). Detailed yet abstract models of physical autonomous mobile robots are considered together with generalizations and variations on compasses and orientation sensors. A generalized and stratified theory of the power of such sensory-computational devices is developed. It is hoped that information invariants can serve as a framework in which to measure the capabilities of robot systems, to quantify their power, and to reduce their fragility with respect to assumptions that are engineered into the control system or the environment. The authors believe that the equivalences that can be derived between communication, internal state, external state, computation, and sensors, can prove valuable in determining what information is required to solve a task, and how to direct a robot's actions to acquire that information to solve it. >
An Iteratively-Trained Segmentation-Free Phrase Translation Model for Statistical Machine Translation

Attempts to estimate phrase translation probablities for statistical machine translation using iteratively-trained models have repeatedly failed to produce translations as good as those obtained by estimating phrase translation probablities from surface statistics of bilingual word alignments as described by Koehn, et al. (2003). We propose a new iteratively-trained phrase translation model that produces translations of quality equal to or better than those produced by Koehn, et al.'s model. Moreover, with the new model, translation quality degrades much more slowly as pruning is tightend to reduce translation time.
The precaruncular approach to the medial orbit

BackgroundMost approaches to the medial orbit and lower provide suboptimal access and leave visible scars. The transcaruncular approach is an improvement over previous procedures, but disadvantages...
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS BASED GENE THERAPY ENHANCES THE EFFICACY OF MITOMYCIN C FOR THE TREATMENT OF HUMAN BLADDER TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA

ABSTRACTPurpose: Oncolytic replication competent herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV) mutants have the ability to replicate in and kill malignant cells. We have previously reported the ability of replication competent HSV to control bladder cancer growth in an orthotopic murine model. We hypothesized that the combination of a chemotherapeutic agent used for intravesical treatment, namely mitomycin C (MMC) (Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, New Jersey), and oncolytic HSV would exert a synergistic effect for the treatment of human transitional cell carcinoma.Materials and Methods: We used mutant HSV NV1066 (Medigene, San Diego, California), which is deleted for viral genes ICP0 and ICP4, and selectively infects cancer cells, to treat the transitional cell carcinoma lines KU19–19 and SKUB. Cell survival was determined by lactate dehydrogenase assay for each agent as well as for drug-viral combinations from days 1 to 5. The isobologram method and the combination index method of Chou-Talalay were used to ...
Human/automation response strategies in tactical conflict situations

A human-in-the-loop simulation was conducted that examined off-nominal and tactical conflict situations in an advanced Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) environment. Traffic levels were set at two times (2X) and three times (3X) current day levels and the handling of tactical conflict situations was done either with or without support from Tactical Separation Assisted Flight Environment (TSAFE) automation. Strategic conflicts and all routine tasks performed in today's system were handled by ground-based automation. This paper focuses on the response strategies observed in two scripted tactical conflict situations and how they differed according to whether or not automated resolution support was provided by TSAFE. An examination of the two situations revealed that when TSAFE automation was active, participants tended to provide additional, complementary maneuvers to supplement the tactical vector issued by TSAFE. This also included a greater tendency to use both aircraft in a conflict pair. When TSAFE support was not available, participants tended to use single vector or altitude maneuvers and were more likely to attempt resolutions using a single aircraft as well. Some issues that arose through the operations simulated in this study related to the need for the Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP) to be able to have final authority over the issuance of TSAFE maneuvers as well as the importance of having awareness of the immediate traffic situation in making effective and safe time-critical decisions.
Prolonged Postsurgical Survival Without a Pulmonic Valve: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Pulmonic valve stenosis is usually congenital and causes right-sided heart failure secondary to pressure overload. We report the case of a 56-year-old male with congenital pulmonary valve stenosis who presented with severe right heart failure 32 years after pulmonary valvectomy. He subsequently underwent pulmonary valve replacement and did well. Pulmonary valvectomy is an uncommon treatment for pulmonary stenosis and this is the longest documented survival of a patient without a pulmonic valve. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advanced model and analysis of series resistance for CMOS scaling into nanometer regime. I. Theoretical derivation

An advanced series resistance model is developed to accurately predict source/drain (S/D) series resistance of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) in the nanometer regime. The series resistance is modeled by division into four resistance components named SDE-to-gate overlap, S/D extension, deep S/D, and silicide-diffusion contact resistance, considering the nonnegligible doping-dependent potential relationship in MOS accumulation region due to scaled supply voltage, current behavior related to heavily doped ultra-shallow source/drain extension (SDE) junction, polysilicon gate depletion effects (PDE), lateral and vertical doping gradient effect of SDE junction, silicide-diffusion contact structure, and high-/spl kappa/ dielectric sidewall. The proposed model well characterizes unique features of nanometer-scale CMOS and is useful for analyzing the effect of source/drain parameters on CMOS device scaling and optimization.
Revisiting an identity-based view of sustainable competitive advantage

Those of us who contributed to the Journal of Management’s 1991 special issue on a resourcebased view of the firm began with the assumption that it is possible for a firm to gain and maintain a sustainable competitive advantage. Based on that general premise, we presented various arguments suggesting that a firm’s resources represent a major source of that potential advantage. Ten years later, I begin this revisit of my identity-based view of sustainable advantage by questioning our premise that it is possible to gain a sustainable advantage based on any particular core competency, no matter how inimitable. I then review what we have learned during the past decade about organizational identities and identification and their role in creating and destroying a firm’s temporary competitive advantages.
Identity Negotiation in Decision Making Groups: A Case Study

This research examined the negotiation of self, other, and group identities in seven ongoing decision-making groups. The interaction selected for examination was the final group meeting during which those group members present were to divide among all group members a set number of class extra credit points. The transcripts of the decision-making conversations were examined in terms of a number of questions suggested by the literature in negotiation and identity bargaining. In general, the results of the analysis point to a need to re-examine assertions concerning what communication in bargaining situations should look like.
Strengthening Health Systems to Address New Challenge Diseases (NCDs)

In the realms of social and economic development, low- and middle-income countries differ in many ways. Yet in the realm of health, they share an emerging challenge: the compound burden of increasingly prevalent chronic and noncommunicable diseases, combined with a backlog of disease and illness associated with “underdevelopment” and typically related to preventable infections.As the backlog recedes in the face of progress in public health and medicine, the relative burden of chronic and noncommunicable disease increases. Although the epidemiological landscape varies among countries, it is universally true that it will be increasingly defined by aging populations and by what have previously been called “noncommunicable diseases,” or NCDs — but which we believe should be called New Challenge Diseases, with the same acronym.
Spectral Methods to Advance Understanding of Dissolved Organic Carbon Dynamics in Forested Catchments

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) has long been recognized to be a critical water quality characteristic in forested catchments, as it is a major component of the carbon balance and energy cycle in aquatic ecosystems, and is highly relevant to a diversity of environmental problems. Challenges remain in quantifying fluxes of DOC in surface waters, and understanding its composition and reactivity. Here, we review the use of simple spectral methods to quantify DOC concentration and composition in surface waters. We discuss use of absorbance spectroscopy, which has been widely used as a surrogate for DOC concentration and as an indicator of changing DOC composition in waters of forested catchments; and the use of fluorescence spectroscopy, where spectral analyses of three-dimensional excitation-emission matrices are used to characterize sources of DOC. Finally, we discuss future needs in fluorescence biogeochemistry.
Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis and Hypophosphatemia Induced by Arginine

Arginine monohydrochloride is a cationic amino acid widely used to test pituitary function (1). In the recent past, its use for the treatment of severe metabolic alkalosis and hepatic encephalopathy was often recommended (2–4). Recognition of its potential for severe hyperkalemia (5,6) prompted the cautious use of this compound. Its use, however, is bound to continue in view of the widespread administration of amino acids in the course of hyperalimentation. This study was undertaken to systematically examine the effect of arginine, at a dose similar to that commonly used clinically, on urinary acidification and plasma electrolyte composition. Our results are in keeping with previous studies showing the development of metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia during a brief infusion. They further demonstrate that arginine, like other cationic amino acids (7–9), markedly impairs proximal bicarbonate reabsorption. Of interest, a significant fall in plasma phosphate was uncovered by these studies. This could not be ascribed to renal phosphate wastage because phosphate excretion decreased markedly. Hence, arginine induces proximal renal tubular acidosis associated with hypophosphatemia without a renal phosphate leak.
Accelerated Recovery of Hematopoiesis with Radioprotective Cu-DIPS

Copper (II) (3, 5-diisopropylsali cylate)2 (Cu-DIPS), administered to mice 3 hr prior to exposure to 8.0 Gy irradiation, increased the 42 day survival rate from 40% to 85%. Treatment with Cu-DIPS significantly accelerated spleen repopulation and the recovery of immune responsiveness following irradiation.2 In the present study the effects of Cu-DIPS on the recovery of hematopoietic activity in bone marrow and spleen following irradiation were investigated.
Thin film adhesion characterization by microwedge scratching of precracked fine lines

A new procedure for obtaining accurate work of adhesion values for stiff films as thin as 0.5 µm or less is presented in this paper. The technique is based on fabrication of a two-dimensional test structure using a photolithographic alignment sequence. With precracks of variable length at the end of a fine line, a well known stress state is imposed before delamination. The test structure allows simple analytical equations to be applied to approximate the strain energy release rate, G. Finite element method is used to obtain more accurate values of G as well as of mode mixity. For short crack lengths, no buckling occurs, and the phase angle is near mode II. Kinking into the glass substrate is observed when the measured critical strain energy release rate, Gc, is greater than glass, but not when Gc is less than glass. When the precrack is lengthened, buckling may occur before delamination. In this case the phase angle has a large mode I component, and the crack remains in the interface even in the case of the strong interface.
Comment II on “Topological angular momentum in electron exchange excitation of a single atom”

A recent article by Williams et al. [Phys. Rev. A 85, 022701 (2012)] highlights a discrepancy between experiment and theory for the linear light polarization ${P}_{2}$ measured after impact excitation of zinc atoms by a spin-polarized electron beam. The claim is made that current collision theories must be modified by including a geometric (Berry) phase in the calculations in order to reproduce the experimental data for Zn and similar data from the M\"unster group for Hg. We show that the $e$-Hg data can be qualitatively reproduced by our fully relativistic $B$-spline $R$-matrix approach without any further modification.
A Little Dab’ll Do Ya

Drs Slayton and Dubik have disclosed no financial relationship relevant to this commentary. This commentary does not contain a discussion of an unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device. Fluoride toothpaste has been recognized for many years as an effective therapeutic agent for the prevention of dental cavities, but there are conflicting recommendations for its use.1 To bring some order to the discourse the American Dental Association (ADA) Council on Scientific Affairs has published new recommendations.2 Brushing teeth with fluoride toothpaste should begin as soon as teeth erupt. Brushing should be supervised and typically occur 2 times per day. For children <3 years …
An improved ARG7-based selection cassette with highly efficient transformation rates and a small size suitable for complex expression constructs

Abstract In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the ARG7 locus constitutes one of the first and most widely used selection markers. Until now it has been available only as a large, intractable genomic fragment unsuitable for incorporation in complex expression constructs and exhibiting poor transformation efficiency. Here we succeed in significantly improving the ARG7 nuclear marker by placing the short arginosuccinate lyase (ASL) cDNA under its own promoter and 5′ UTR and by including the first ASL intron. We test the new ARG7 marker in three different arginine auxotrophic strains and show highly superior transformation efficiencies compared to the conventional genomic ARG7 marker. The plasmid carrying the shorter ARG7 selection cassette has been deposited at the Chlamydomonas Resource Center under the name pHR11.
Role of rostral ventrolateral medulla in centrally mediated pressor responses

The region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) plays an important role in central nervous system regulation of cardiovascular function. The initial purpose of these studies was to determine whether synaptic activation of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors in the RVLM might mediate central pressor responses. Blockade of EAA receptors in the RVLM with kynurenic acid abolished pressor responses evoked by stimulation of sciatic nerve afferents but had no effect on increases in arterial pressure produced by stimulation of hypothalamic sites. To determine whether synaptic transmission in the RVLM, independent of EAA receptor activation, was a prerequisite for the production of hypothalamic pressor responses, axonal conduction and/or synaptic transmission were pharmacologically interrupted in the RVLM. Blockade of synaptic transmission with muscimol or kainic acid attenuated, but did not eliminate, hypothalamic pressor responses. Concurrent blockade of synaptic and axonal transmission in the RVLM with lidocaine produced the greatest reduction of hypothalamic pressor responses. Collectively, these results suggest that central pressor responses are not uniformly mediated by synaptic activation of neurons within the RVLM. Instead, a combination of synaptic transmission and axonal conduction within and possibly outside the region of the RVLM may be required for the production of many centrally mediated pressor responses.
Endometrial adenocarcinoma and the polycystic ovary syndrome.

While endometrial adenocarcinoma is the second most common female genital malignancy, only four per cent of the cases occur in women less than 40 years of age. The relative rarity of this disease in young women requires that we be especially attuned to those who are at high risk. This paper presents two case reports of women with polycystic ovarian disease who developed endometrial adenocarcinoma at 24 years of age. The pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian disease and its relationship to the development of endometrial adenocarcinoma are discussed.
Abstract 4546: Ubc9 sumoylation is required for its interaction with CDK6 through SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) and regulates CDK6 sumoylation in glioblastoma

Small ubiquitin-like modifier-1 (SUMO1) is a conserved member of the ubiquitin-related protein family. Recently we have shown that the cell cycle G1 phase cyclin-dependent kinase-6 (CDK6) is modified by SUMO1 in glioblastoma (Bellail et al., Nat Commun. 2014). CDK6 sumoylation stabilizes CDK6 protein and its kinase activity and drives cell cycle progression for the cancer development and progression. SUMO1 is covalently attached to the Lysine 216 of the CDK6 protein through catalytic reactions by an E1 (SUMO-activating enzyme 1/2) and an E2-conjugating enzyme (UBC9). In this study, we further showed that UBC9 is phosphorylated by CDK1 kinase during mitosis and UBC9 phosphorylation increases the interaction of UBC9 with CDK6 and enhances SUMO1-CDK6 conjugation. Knockdown of SUMO1 by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) abolishes the interaction of UBC9 and CDK6 and SUMO1-CDK6 conjugation. UBC9 is conjugated by SUMO1 and recognizes its substrate protein through interaction of SUMO1 and SUMO-Interacting motif (SIMs) on the substrate protein. Indeed, the survey of CDK6 amino acid sequence and structure identified four SIMs on CDK6 protein. Each SIM was mutated to abrogate its binding property. Of the 4 SIMs, the CDK6-SIM4 is responsible for UBC9-CDK6 interaction as demonstrated by the finding that mutation of the first two amino-acids of the SIM sequence abolishes UBC9-CDK6 interaction and SUMO1-CDK6 conjugation. Our data show that UBC9 sumoylation is required for its interaction with CDK6 protein through SIM and thus involved in glioblastoma progression. Citation Format: Anita Bellail, Chunhai Hao. Ubc9 sumoylation is required for its interaction with CDK6 through SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) and regulates CDK6 sumoylation in glioblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4546.
A DDDAS CO Monitoring System: An Experimental Exploration

DDDAS, the framework which bridges the simulation domain and the experimental domain through a two-way feedback loop, has been applied to a wide variety of problems, such as traffic management, financial management, weather and climate prediction, disaster management, and social and behavioral modeling. The particular application studied in our research group is how to use mobile sensors to track a plume that is advected by wind.
The Development of Recurrent Seizures after Continuous Intrahippocampal Infusion of Methionine Sulfoximine in Rats: A Video-Intracranial Electroencephalographic Study

Glutamine synthetase is deficient in astrocytes in the epileptogenic hippocampus in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). To explore the role of this deficiency in the pathophysiology of MTLE, rats were continuously infused with the glutamine synthetase inhibitor methionine sulfoximine (MSO, 0.625 μg/h) or 0.9% NaCl (saline control) unilaterally into the hippocampus. The seizures caused by MSO were assessed by video-intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring. All (28 of 28) of the MSO-treated animals and none (0 of 12) of the saline-treated animals developed recurrent seizures. Most recurrent seizures appeared in clusters of 2 days' duration (median; range, 1 to 12 days). The first cluster was characterized by frequent, predominantly stage I seizures, which presented after the first 9.5 h of infusion (median; range, 5.5 to 31.7 h). Subsequent clusters of less-frequent, mainly partial seizures occurred after a clinically silent interval of 7.1 days (median; range, 1.8 to 16.2 days). The ictal intracranial EEGs shared several characteristics with recordings of partial seizures in humans, such as a distinct evolution of the amplitude and frequency of the EEG signal. The neuropathology caused by MSO had similarities to hippocampal sclerosis in 23.1% of cases, whereas 26.9% of the animals had minimal neuronal loss in the hippocampus. Moderate to severe diffuse neuronal loss was observed in 50% of the animals. In conclusion, the model of intrahippocampal MSO infusion replicates key features of human MTLE and may represent a useful tool for further studies of the cellular, molecular and electrophysiological mechanisms of this disorder.
Four-tap RF canceller evaluation for indoor in-band full-duplex wireless operation

Analog self-interference mitigation techniques are currently being investigated in a variety of operational settings for In-Band Full-Duplex (IBFD) systems. The significant multipath effects of realistic environments, such as inside buildings, can severely limit performance. The influence of different transceiver parameters on the effectiveness of a four-tap RF canceller using a tapped delay line architecture was characterized with a set of indoor measurements. The prototype canceller yielded up to 30 dB of cancellation over bandwidths ranging from 10 to 120 MHz centered at 2.45 GHz, and produced a combined analog system isolation that reached above 85 dB.
CrowdVerge: Predicting If People Will Agree on the Answer to a Visual Question

Visual question answering systems empower users to ask any question about any image and receive a valid answer. However, existing systems do not yet account for the fact that a visual question can lead to a single answer or multiple different answers. While a crowd often agrees, disagreements do arise for many reasons including that visual questions are ambiguous, subjective, or difficult. We propose a model, CrowdVerge, for automatically predicting from a visual question whether a crowd would agree on one answer. We then propose how to exploit these predictions in a novel application to efficiently collect all valid answers to visual questions. Specifically, we solicit fewer human responses when answer agreement is expected and more human responses otherwise. Experiments on 121,811 visual questions asked by sighted and blind people show that, compared to existing crowdsourcing systems, our system captures the same answer diversity with typically 14-23% less crowd involvement.
Secondary predication and functional projections in French

This paper focuses on the structural properties of secondary predication. It is argued, based on an analysis of French depictive and resultative secondary predicates, that secondary predicates are functional projections of the category Gender, they form constituents of their own, and they contain a PRO subject coindexed with a main subject or object. Configurationally, they are of two types: subject-oriented secondary predicates, which are adjoined to VP, and object-oriented secondary predicates, which are adjoined to VP (if resultative) or are sisters of V! (if depictive). Compared with previous analyses of secondary predication, the present one corroborates early proposals about the constituency and internal make-up of secondary predicates (Stowell 1981, 1983; Chomsky 1981). The main difference lies in the nature of the constituent itself: it is argued here that it is a functional projection, namely GenderP, a proposal which owes much to late 1980s and early 1990s explorations in the nature of syntactic categories. In particular, the present analysis leads to the proposal that Agr$_s$ and Agr$_o$ (Chomsky 1991) should, at least in languages like French, be identified as Person and Gender, respectively. The lack of productive resultative constructions in French is also addressed.
Vagus nerve stimulation in pregnant rats and effects on inflammatory markers in the brainstem of neonates

BackgroundVagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an Food and Drug Administration-approved method delivering electrical impulses for treatment of depression and epilepsy in adults. The vagus nerve innervates the majority of visceral organs and cervix, but potential impacts of VNS on the progress of pregnancy and the fetus are not well studied.MethodsWe tested the hypothesis that VNS in pregnant dams does not induce inflammatory changes in the cardio-respiratory control regions of the pups' brainstem, potentially impacting the morbidity and mortality of offspring. Pregnant dams were implanted with stimulators providing intermittent low or high frequency electrical stimulation of the sub-diaphragmatic esophageal segment of the vagus nerve for 6-7 days until delivery. After birth, we collected pup brainstems that included cardio-respiratory control regions and counted the cells labeled for pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α) and high mobility group box 1.ResultsNeither pup viability nor number of cells labeled for pro-inflammatory cytokines in nucleus tractus solitarii or hypoglossal motor nucleus was impaired by VNS. We provide evidence suggesting that chronic VNS of pregnant mothers does not impede the progress or outcome of pregnancy.ConclusionVNS does not cause preterm birth, affect well-being of progeny, or impact central inflammatory processes that are critical for normal cardiovascular and respiratory function in newborns.
Old Field Communities and Restoration Potential at Mammoth Cave National Park, USA

Abstract Old fields (at least 67 years since abandonment) within Mammoth Cave National Park, USA are dominated by coniferous species (Juniperus virginiana L. and Pinus virginiana) instead of the desired deciduous species (Carya glabra, Quercus alba, Q. muehlenbergii, Q. prinus, and Q. velutina) that dominate much of the rest of the park. Species composition above ground and in the seedbank of old fields and adjacent desired future condition areas, (identified by the United States National Park Service (NPS) as oak and hickory-dominated) were evaluated and compared. Species composition and dominance have shifted from oak species toward conifer-dominated stands due to previous land conversion to agriculture and the exclusion of fire. Management practices that can be implemented by the NPS to alter the condition of the old fields to achieve the desired future condition include thinning treatments and reintroduction of the historic fire regime.
Creating Teachable Moments... and Making Them Last

The article investigates what the content (rather than the process) of instruction can do to motivate oftentimes ill-prepared students with predominantly extrinsic interests in their education. Among the four content-related conditions of classroom learning that are described, particular emphasis is placed on the relationship between teaching for cognitive dissonance and reflective self-assessment. The former is seen as a main condition for creating teachable moments, the latter as a vehicle for turning them into lasting learning experiences. The discussion of these issues is based on work done in three specific courses and on additional evidence from the literature.
Recategorization of tumor stage in patients with node-negative oral tongue cancer: Impact of the eighth edition American Joint Committee staging system.

Background To evaluate recategorization of pT1-3N0 oral tongue cancer, from seventh to eighth editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging classification, and impact on overall survival (OS). Methods Using the National Cancer Database, 1277 patients were categorized using tumor size and depth of invasion with seventh and eighth AJCC staging systems and evaluated for OS. Results Tumor-category was unchanged in 82.9% and upstaged in 17.1% patients with eighth AJCC. The 3-year OS was 85.3%, 76.6%, and 77.0% with seventh AJCC compared to 87.1%, 75.1%, and 81% with eighth AJCC, for patients with pT1N0, pT2N0, and pT3N0 disease, respectively. Improved discrimination of pT1N0 vs pT2N0 for OS on multivariate analysis was seen for eighth AJCC (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.98, P = .03) but not for patients with pT3N0, with seventh AJCC (HR = 1.02, 95% CI:0.53-1.98, P = .95), and eighth AJCC (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.52-1.42, P = .55). Conclusion Eighth edition AJCC staging leads to improved discrimination of OS between pT1N0 and pT2N0 but not for patients with pT3N0.
"My blood sugar is higher on the weekends": Finding a Role for Context and Context-Awareness in the Design of Health Self-Management Technology

Tools for self-care of chronic conditions often do not fit the contexts in which self-care happens because the influence of context on self-care practices is unclear. We conducted a diary study with 15 adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes and their caregivers to understand how context affects self-care. We observed different contextual settings, which we call contextual frames, in which diabetes self-management varied depending on certain factors - physical activity, food, emotional state, insulin, people, and attitudes. The relative prevalence of these factors across contextual frames impacts self-care necessitating different types of support. We show that contextual frames, as phenomenological abstractions of context, can help designers of context-aware systems systematically explore and model the relation of context with behavior and with technology supporting behavior. Lastly, considering contextual frames as sensitizing concepts, we provide design direction for using context in technology design.
Phantom Phenomena and Anesthetically Induced Proprioceptive Block

Phantom phenomena may be produced predictably by subarachnoid and epidural anesthesia. They cannot be abolished by general anesthesia. Anatomy and physiology of proprioceptive block are reviewed and a hypothesis is proposed to explain this occurrence. It is suggested that similar mechanisms may occur in natural phantom sensations.
The design and construction of the Helix rich detector

The High-Energy Light Isotope eXperiment (HELIX), is a new balloon-borne 1 Tesla magnet spectrometer to measure light isotopic abundances including $^{10}$Be and $^9$Be to energies of ~3GeV/nuc. This requires precise measurements of the rigidity and velocity of the detected particles, necessitating a multi-system detector. The detectors include a magnet/particle tracker for measuring the rigidity, and both time-of-flight and ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors for measuring the particle velocity and charge. The energy range of interest, high altitude environment, and proximity to the magnet present a challenging environment for a RICH detector. HELIX uses a proximity-focused RICH with an aerogel radiator above a 1m$^2$ focal plane populated with 12,800 silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). In this contribution we will describe the design of the RICH and discuss progress towards the fabrication and characterization of the focal plane components.
Normative Principles for Evaluating Fairness in Machine Learning

There are many incompatible ways to measure fair outcomes for machine learning algorithms. The goal of this paper is to characterize rates of success and error across protected groups (race, gender, sexual orientation) as a distribution problem, and describe the possible solutions to this problem according to different normative principles from moral and political philosophy. These normative principles are based on various competing attributes within a distribution problem: intentions, compensation, desert, consent, and consequences. Each principle will be applied to a sample risk-assessment classifier to demonstrate the philosophical arguments underlying different sets of fairness metrics.