cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation and change in type in the developing flow of a nonlinear viscoelastic fluid

Abstract Developing flow in the entrance of a planar slit is considered. A general nonlinear constitutive equation is used which accurately represents measured viscometric properties of both low- and high-density polyethylene melts, and a finite element orthogonal collocation method is used to compute the developing velocity and stress profiles. The local elliptic-hyperbolic character of the flow is determined, and the conditions under which a local change in type, as well as the range of convergence of the solution, are identified in terms of characteristic Reynolds and Weissenberg numbers. The range of convergence of the solution for the two sets of melt properties is shown to be significantly different.
Multiple Production of Pions in Nuclear Collisions

The statistical theory of meson production in nuclear collisions is given a fully covariant formulation. A single parameter of the dimensions of a mass appears in the theory, which is normalized by matching a single experimental number. Numerical results for various processes are presented. A simple recurrence relation between the covariant phase-space integrals greatly facilitates the computations.
Order parameter of inhomogeneous superconductors

Abstract The configuration-averaged thermodynamic free-energy 〈f〉 of an inhomogeneous superconductor is calculated within a Gaussian approximation of the Ginzburg-Landau formalism. The equilibrium order parameter gy (T) shows a systematic depression below the predicted BCS values, whereas the critical exponent β remains unchanged. These predictions are supported by recent tunneling measurements in Al—Al2O3)—Pb junctions done by Gray and Schuller. The small tails observed in these experiments are explained by the existing Josephson coupling between Al and Pb order parameters.
Indomethacin promotes germinal matrix microvessel maturation in the newborn beagle pup.

Although indomethacin has been demonstrated to prevent germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage in clinical and animal studies, the mechanism of action of this agent to prevent hemorrhage remains unclear. Previous studies have demonstrated both that the microvessels in the germinal matrix of newborn beagle pups undergo basement membrane maturation during the first 4 postnatal days and that indomethacin may promote laminin deposition in tumor cell culture systems. We employed the newborn beagle pup model to test the hypothesis that indomethacin may stimulate laminin deposition in germinal matrix microvessels. Newborn pups were randomized to receive either 0.1 mg/kg/dose i.p. indomethacin or an equal volume of saline diluent. Pups received doses of study medication once a day for 1, 2, or 3 days and were studied on postnatal days 1, 2, 3, or 4. Pups were anesthetized and systemically perfused with buffered formalin; the brains were removed and prepared for immunohistochemical study. Sections stained with Bandeiraea lectin demonstrated that there was no difference in germinal matrix vessel density among the postnatal ages studied; similarly, there were no differences in vessel density between saline- and indomethacin-treated animals at any postnatal age. Quantification of germinal matrix stained intensity by confocal microscopy demonstrated significant increases in indomethacin-treated pups for both laminin staining at postnatal days 2 (p = 0.05) and 3 (p = 0.0009) and type V collagen staining at postnatal day 2 (p = 0.011). Although staining for beta 1 integrins increased across postnatal ages, there were no differences between saline- and indomethacin-treated animals. These data suggest that indomethacin may stimulate basement membrane deposition in the germinal matrix microvessels of newborn beagle pups to prevent germinal matrix and/or intraventricular hemorrhage.
Educational Assessments in Latin America: The State of the Art

On s’interesse de plus en plus a travers le monde aux evaluations dans la domaine de l’education. Cet article decrit les progres que plusieurs pays d’Amerique latine ont realise dans ce secteur, y compris la participation de l’Amerique latine a un ensemble d’initiatives internationales. L’article expose quelques questions et problemes et indique comment les programmes d’evaluation de ces pays pourrait etre mieux exploites pour ameliorer la qualite de l’education. Interest in educational assessments has grown throughout the world. This paper examines advances in educational assessments in several countries of Latin America, including Latin American participation in a variety of international efforts. The paper identifies issues and problems and suggests how assessment programs in this region can be used more effectively to improve the quality of education.1
Derivation and test of accuracy of an IBM-like hamiltonian for a model with SO(5) × SO(5) symmetry

Abstract An interacting boson model (IBM) type of hamiltonian is derived from a model which simulates (in two dimensions) a two-level shell model with quadrupole and pairing interactions and carries the symmetry SO(5) × SO(5). This derivation is based upon a variational method for the trace of the hamiltonian designed to decouple collective from non-collective degrees of freedom. The results for such an IBM are compared with the results of exact diagonalizations. A conjecture is made that the actual IBM may be related to a hybrid of boson mappings rather than to one definite mapping.
Ignition phase transition of a polymer: Convective exposure

The ignition of a semi-infinite solid polymer under convective exposure is investigated. A quasi-steady approximation is used for the gas phase and the transient effect is accounted for in the solid phase only. Both surface and gas phase chemical reactions are included simultaneously. The ignition mechanism is studied in terms of the concurrent heat transfer, mass transfer, mass transfer and chemical processes at the surface as well as in the gas phase. The gas phase governing equations are integrated independently from the solid phase energy equation using the Adams-Moulton subroutine. Corrections to the iterative procedure are carried out by establishing a set of perturbation equations and using the Newton-Raphson and least-squares methods. The results indicate that ignition occurs in the heterogeneous mode within a narrow range of low flow velocities and high temperatures. An ignition phase transition point exists, and within a wide range of high flow velocities, ignition switches to the homogeneous mode.
Simultaneous modeling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with nonparametric kinetic and dynamic models

Three models, linked in series, can be used to analyze combined pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data arising from non—steady-state experiments. A PK model relates dose to plasma drug concentration (Cp); a link model relates Cp to drug concentration at the effect site (Ce); and a PD model relates Ce to drug effect (E). All three submodels can be stated parametrically. Recently the use of a nonparametric PD submodel has been proposed (CLIN PHARMACOL THER 1984;35:733-41). In this article we use an extended nonparametric approach that represents both the PK and PD models nonparametrically, but retains a parametric link model. Cp data from several PK models and E data from several PD models were simulated. After the addition of noise to both the Cp and E data, they were analyzed by both the parametric and extended nonparametric methods. The methods were compared by how well they estimated the PD model. To assess robustness, the effect of misspecification of the PK submodel on the goodness of estimation of both methods was also compared. In the absence of model misspecification, the parametric method usually estimates the PD model better than the nonparametric method. However, this difference in the performances diminishes and even reverses when the PK model is misspecified. Because one can rarely be certain that model misspecification is absent, the nonparametric approach may offer a distinct advantage for routine analysis of PK/PD data. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1986) 40, 86–93; doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.143
Countering crime and corruption: A school-based program on the US— Mexico border

The Border Project was a 36-lesson course developed by Mexican and US teachers to build support for a culture of lawfulness and further the rule of law. The conclusion of the project's evaluation was, simply put, that the students learned the lessons taught. While the impact on their attitudes and behaviors was more mixed, participation did appear to strengthen overall belief in rules among some groups of San Diego students and the sense of interpersonal competency among students in Tijuana. These positive findings were reinforced by an increased awareness among students in both settings of the importance of self-esteem in resisting bad behavior, the difficulties encountered in rejecting criminal associations and the gradual erosion that often leads individuals into crime and corruption. In addition, the legal reasoning skills of Tijuana students appeared to have been enhanced as a result of their participation in the project. Self-reported behavior, however, was unchanged.
Web-Scale Multimedia Information Networks

The abundance of multimedia data on the Web presents both challenges (how to annotate, search, and mine) and opportunities (crawling the Web to create large structured multimedia data bases which can be used to do inference effectively). Because of the huge data volume, considering all semantic concepts as on the same (flat) level is not viable. In this paper, we introduce a unified STRUCTURED representation called multimedia information networks (MINets), which incorporates ontology and cross-media links, covering both content and context knowledge. Ontology and cross-media structures are constructed and expanded by automatically constructing MINets from web-scale data by state-of-the-art information extraction and knowledge-based population techniques. The resultant MINet will contain a wide range of linkages, including logical, statistical, and semantic relations among informative concept nodes, which connects proliferative ontology as well as cross-media web-scale resources together. The raw data collected in construction phase often contain much noisy, incomplete, or even conflicting information which could be detrimental to information extraction and utilization. Then, the redundant link structure can be utilized to distill MINets and improve quality of information (QoI). Moreover, advanced inference theory and system can be built upon the linked MINets, and then high-level ontological knowledge can be inferred and integrated in a logically harmonious network structure in MINets which is consistent with human cognition. Even more, as information channels, the ontology and cross-media links in MINets connect informative knowledge resources together, which makes it possible to increase the portability of information between different resources to increase information utilization levels.
Immunochemical Detection of Antigens in Self-incompatibility Genotypes of Cabbage

RECENT advances in immunochemistry permit the characterization of tissue specific antigens, and thus provide highly sensitive techniques for the study of gene action1. Of the new techniques available, immunodiffusion offers the following advantages over other serological tests: (a) multiple antigens from particular tissues can be resolved so that the antigens characteristic of different genotypes can be assessed; (b) only a small amount of plant tissue is needed to provide the test antigen; and (c) immunodiffusion tests are simple and easy to set up. This communication deals with the use of immunodiffusion to detect antigenic differentiation in plant tissues, specifically in relation to the control of self-incompatibility by multiple alleles of an “S” locus in plants2–6.
Comparison of early systolic and early diastolic regional function during regional ischemia in a chronically instrumented canine model

Depressed left ventricular function during the early part (first third) of both systole and diastole in the resting state have been reported to be sensitive indicators of coronary artery disease in patients with normal global function at rest. To evaluate the possible mechanisms of these findings, 11 dogs were chronically instrumented with segmental function sonomicrometers in the left circumflex and left anterior descending coronary artery distribution, circumflex coronary flow probes and cuff occluders, aortic flow probes and ventricular pressure transducers. Percent segmental function during the first third of systole and diastole was measured in the control state and with graded circumflex artery flow reductions. Significant decreases in early systolic function with ischemia in the circumflex artery distribution were partially offset by compensatory augmented shortening in the left anterior descending artery distribution. With ischemia in the circumflex distribution, there was prolonged contraction into diastole manifested as impaired relaxation. Simultaneously, in the left anterior descending artery distribution, there was minimal compensatory enhanced relaxation. These results suggest that early systolic dysfunction in ischemic segments may be offset by enhanced function in nonischemic segments, rendering minimal, if any, change in global systolic function. Early diastolic dysfunction in ischemic segments exceeds compensatory changes in nonischemic areas by two-to four-fold. Hence, early diastolic functional indexes may be more sensitive indicators of ischemia at rest than early systolic functional indexes.
Towards a Culture of Application: Science and Decision Making at the National Institute of Standards & Technology

How does the research performed by a government mission agency contribute to useable technologies for its constituents? Is it possible to incorporate science policy mechanisms for increasing benefits to users in the decision process? The United States National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) promises research directed towards industrial application. This paper considers the processes that produce science and technology at NIST. The institute’s policies for science provide robust examples for how effective science policies can contribute to the emergence of useful technologies. To progress towards technologies that can be years away, the agency uses several means for integrating the needs of eventual information users into the prioritization process. To accomplish this, NIST units, such as the Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, incorporate mechanisms for considering user need and project impact into different stages of its scientific decision processes. This, and other specific strategies that the agency utilizes for connecting the supply of science to information demand, provide lessons for generating useable science.
Congestion, Changing Metropolitan Structure, and City Size in the United States

Using the Nationwide Personal Transportation Study surveys of 1977 and 1983-84, this article demonstrates that there is no discernible relationship between city size class and trip lengths, times, and speeds, and that commuting speeds did not decline between 1977 and 1983. The most convincing explanation of why congestion did not become more severe is the continued spatial decentralization of both firms and households, which permitted travel economies, especially for suburban residents in larger cities. The continued competitiveness of the large metropolitan areas is mainly attributable to this adjustment process.
Model for the in vivo assembly of nascent Ld class I molecules and for the expression of unfolded Ld molecules at the cell surface.

To characterize the process of class I assembly and maturation, we have studied the Ld molecule of the mouse. Previous studies have shown that a significant proportion of intracellular and surface Ld molecules can be detected in an alternative conformation designated Ldalt1. Nascent Ldalt molecules are non-peptide ligand associated and are weakly associated with beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m). Unexpectedly, when monoclonal antibodies were added directly to the lysis buffer, significant amounts of Ldalt/beta 2m heterodimer were detected, suggesting that beta 2m association is not necessarily sufficient to induce Ld conformation. By contrast, addition of peptide to cell lysates rapidly induced the folding of beta 2m-associated Ldalt to conformed Ld. Furthermore, the time course and dynamics of this conversion correlated precisely with peptide binding to Ld. The precursor-product relationship of Ldalt and conformed Ld was also visualized in vivo by pulse-chase analysis of BALB/c splenocytes. To investigate the factors that regulate intracellular transport of class I molecules, expression of Ld was studied in the peptide transport-deficient cell line, RMA.S-Ld, and in beta 2m-/- splenocytes. In contrast to wild-type cell lines, both Ldalt and conformed Ld are poorly expressed at the cell surface of RMA.S-Ld and beta 2m-/- splenocytes. Therefore, surface expression of Ldalt is dependent upon the concomitant expression of conformed Ld molecules. To determine whether surface Ldalt molecules can result from melting of conformed Ld molecules, surface Ld molecules were loaded with several different known Ld peptide ligands. Complexes of Ld with different ligands were found to have dramatically disparate surface half-lives. Importantly, the Ld peptide complexes that turned over the most rapidly resulted in the most gain in surface Ldalt, implying that peptide dissociation can induce the accumulation of nonconformed Ld heavy chains at the cell surface.
Requirement for YaeT in the Outer Membrane Assembly of Autotransporter Proteins

Autotransporters constitute the largest group of secreted proteins in gram-negative bacteria. Autotransporter secretion involves the insertion of a carboxy-terminal beta barrel into and the translocation of an amino-terminal domain across the outer membrane. Here, we demonstrate that secretion of autotransporters from several organisms requires the outer membrane assembly factor YaeT.
Facets of interwar unemployment

Interwar Unemployment in International Perspective, edited by Barry Eichengreen and Timothy Hatton (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988) pulls together what economists know about interwar unemployment. The book contains two overview chapters, by Eichengreen and Hatton and by Newell and Simons, and nine studies of different countries’ interwar unemployment experiences. Certainly any assessment of unemployment—its causes, its cures, its incidence, and its implications for economic welfare—must rest on the base of knowledge about what the first prolonged episode of high unemployment in the 1930’s was like. The stakes for historians are high, because high unemployment in the 1930’s played a crucial role in the rise of Hitler. And the stakes for economists are high, for interwar unemployment was a crucial factor pushing macroeconomics down the Keynesian road in the twentieth century. We therefore read the collection of studies that Eichengreen and Hatton have orchestrated with an eye on two questions: Were the economists of the 1930’s and 1940’s correct in their assessment of the Great Depression and their decision to turn macroeconomics down the Keynesian road? And what lessons should economists draw from the decade of the 1930’s—especially in view of the return of persistent high unemployment in Europe in the 1980’s?
Has the U.S. Stock Market Become More Vulnerable over Time

This study demonstrates that the cross-sectional variation of systematic risk and systematic liquidity has increased from 1963 to 2008. Both have increased significantly for large-capitalization companies but have declined significantly for small-cap companies. These findings have several implications for investment managers, including the declining ability to diversify return volatilities and liquidity shocks by holding liquid, large-cap stocks. The findings suggest that the vulnerability of the U.S. equity market to unanticipated events has increased over the past few decades.
Regression models for binary time series with gaps

Time series of discrete random variables present unique statistical challenges due to serial correlation and uneven sampling intervals. While regression models for a series of counts are well developed, only few methods are discussed for the analysis of moderate to long (e.g. from 20 to 152 observations) binary or binomial time series. This article suggests generalized linear mixed models with autocorrelated random effects for a parameter-driven approach to such series. We use a Monte Carlo EM algorithm to jointly obtain maximum likelihood estimates of regression parameters and variance components. The likelihood approach, although computationally extensive, allows estimation of marginal joint probabilities of two or more serial events. These are crucial in checking the goodness-of-fit, whether the model adequately captures the serial correlation and for predicting future responses. The model is flexible enough to allow for missing observations or unequally spaced time intervals. We illustrate our approach and model assessment tools with an analysis of the series of winners in the traditional boat race between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, re-evaluating a long-held belief about the effect of the weight of the crew on the odds of winning. We also show how our methods are useful in modeling trends based on the General Social Survey database.
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and quasielastic light scattering from crystals

A methodology is proposed whereby a systematic analysis may be carried out of the spectrum of light scattered quasielastically by crystals. It involves: (i) determination of the equations satisfied by the crystal's thermodynamic variables, taking into account irreversible processes of energy dissipation, (ii) solution of such equations for the chosen scattering vector and the relevant crystalline symmetry, and (iii) determination of the spectrum by means of the Onsager hypothesis relating the solutions obtained and the correlation functions involving the same variables. The methodology was applied to K${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and to the superionic conductor Rb${\mathrm{Ag}}_{4}$${\mathrm{I}}_{5}$. The degrees of freedom associated with the diffusing silver ions in Rb${\mathrm{Ag}}_{4}$${\mathrm{I}}_{5}$ were assumed to be characterized by an internal (strain-independent) temperature and taken into account by means of a relaxing internal specific heat, the relaxation time being related to the hopping frequency. As the temperature is lowered, the ionic conductivity decreases, with a consequent decrease in the relaxation frequency and thus an increase in the Rayleigh intensity, typical of "central-peak behavior," is predicted.
Distributed system-level control of vehicles in a high-performance material transfer system

In this paper, a fully-distributed system-level control architecture is described for dispatching, routing, and collision avoidance of multiple passive vehicles moving in a guideway network formed by a multitude of propulsion units. Propulsion units cooperate using a communication network with a topology identical to that of the guideway network, eliminating the need for explicit knowledge of global topography and enabling rapid real-time response to service requests using a parallel, shortest-route algorithm. The concepts developed are applied to a high-performance system in which vehicles respond to spontaneous requests to transfer material from point to point in manufacturing facilities in seconds rather than the minutes required in conventional AGV and conveyor systems. In this application, the vehicle and propulsion-unit lengths are on the same order of magnitude, the propulsion-unit-length/maximum-vehicle-velocity time characteristic is small, and the ratio of the number of propulsion units to the number of vehicles is large. >
The relation of drift to benthos density and food level in an artificial stream1

The relationship between drift rates, benthos density, and food level for select taxa of stream invertebrates was studied in an artificial stream system to determine if drift is independent of or dependent on population density, and if food level affects drift rates. Two taxa were introduced in a range of densities at a single level of periphyton food, and the drift from each density was measured. Four taxa were introduced in a range of densities at low and high food levels, and the drift from each density at each food level was measured. The drift of all taxa, examined by simple linear regression analysis, at each food level was judged a density independent response to increasing population density. The drift of three taxa at a given density was significantly greater at the lower food level: it is suggested that increased activity in searching for food at the lower food level resulted in increased drift.
Extracting Protein-Protein Interactions from MEDLINE Using Syntactic Roles

With rapid growth in genomics research in last decade, amount of information a biomedical researcher has to keep track of and understand has increased tremendously. We present a fully automated information extraction system to aid these researchers to identify and locate gene and protein interactions in biomedical text. Our extraction system handles complex sentences and extracts multiple and nested interactions specified in these sentences. Experimental evaluations with two other state of the art extraction systems indicate that the IntEx system achieves better performance without the labor intensive pattern engineering requirement.
Estrogenic regulation of body weight in the female rat.

Abstract For a period of weeks subsequent to bilateral ovariectomy, female rats given unlimited access to food increased their food intakes and the rates at which they gained body weight; this resulted in elevated levels of body weight. Restricting ovariectomized (ovx) rats to their preoperative level of food intake (restricted diet), prevented this excessive gain in body weight. Estradiol benzoate (EB) treatments of 0.5 μg per day for 15 consecutive days partially reversed pre-occurring weight gain in obese ovx rats; this was accompanied by a reduction in food intake. In contrast, identical EB treatment for nonobese ovx rats (restricted diet) did not result in any loss of body weight or change in food intake. Oil-treated nonobese ovx rats gained a small amount of weight relative to their EB-treated counterparts, despite the similarity in their food intakes. Thus, part of the increased weight gain observed after ovariectomy may be independent of changes in food consumption, and related to removal of estrogenic influences from metabolic and behavioral processes involved in energy balance. The weight limiting actions of estradiol were far more pronounced in animals already obese or facing impending obesity than in animals in which excessive weight gain was prevented. The data also suggest that estradiol is more effective in preventing than in reversing the weight gain associated with ovariectomy, and that estrogenic influences on the body weight set point are manifested with very short latencies. These findings support earlier conclusions that estradiol does not regulate food intake directly, but secondarily controls consumption as a means of weight regulation.
Distributed authentication in Kerberos using public key cryptography

The authors describe a method for fully distributed authentication using public key cryptography within the Kerberos ticket framework. By distributing most of the authentication workload away from the trusted intermediary and to the communicating parties, significant enhancements to security and scalability can be achieved as compared to Kerberos V5. Privacy of Kerberos clients is also enhanced. A working implementation of this extended protocol has been developed, and a migration plan is proposed for a transition from traditional to public key based Kerberos.
Excretion of tumor-associated antigen(s) in the urine of patients with colon carcinoma.

Urine samples collected from patients with colon carcinoma and from normal donors were tested for antigenic activity by the microcomplement fixation assay. When autologous serum was used as the antibody source, 65.4% (17/26) of the urine samples from patients with colon carcinoma were positive for antigen as opposed to only 10% (2/20) from normal volunteers. Absorption of a representative serum with cultured colon cancer cells completely removed reactivity against its autologous urine. Using this serum to screen urine from colon carcinoma patients, antigenic activity was found in 71.4% (30/46) of the samples; however, only 10% (2/20) of the urine samples from apparently healthy volunteers were positive. Analysis of urine samples collected from three patients before and after resection of their primary colon carcinoma and from nine patients undergoing hyperthermia for liver metastases revealed that two of the patients who had curative surgical procedures had marked decreases in urinary antigen levels by the second postoperative day, while the third patient whose disease was unresectable had no significant decrease. Seven of nine patients with metastatic disease had a greater than four fold increase in antigen activity after hyperthermia and chemotherapy. These results suggest that tumor-associated antigens were excreted into urine, possibly the result of treatment-caused tumor necrosis. Therefore, assessment of tumor-associated antigen(s) in the urine of patients with colon carcinoma may serve as a marker for response to treatment of this disease.
Greater Orthostatic Tolerance in Young Black Compared With White Women

We hypothesized that orthostatic tolerance is higher in young, healthy black compared with white women. To determine orthostatic tolerance, 22 women (11 black and 11 white) underwent graded lower body negative pressure to presyncope. We measured blood pressure, heart rate, and R-R interval (ECG) continuously at baseline and through all of the levels of lower body negative pressure. Blood samples were taken at baseline along with presyncope for the measurement of plasma catecholamine concentrations, serum aldosterone concentration, and plasma renin activity. Cumulative stress index, the sum of the product of time and lower body negative pressure, was the indicator of orthostatic tolerance. Orthostatic tolerance in the black women was greater than in the white women [cumulative stress index: −1003 (375) versus −476 (197); P P −1 · h −1 ; P P
A millennial perspective on Arctic warming from 14C in quartz and plants emerging from beneath ice caps

[1] Observational records show that the area of ice caps on northern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada has diminished by more than 50% since 1958. Fifty 14C dates on dead vegetation emerging beneath receding ice margins document the persistence of some of these ice caps since at least 350 AD. In situ cosmogenic 14C in rock surfaces, and 14C in plant macrofossils from lake-sediment cores demonstrate that the plateau remained ice-free through the middle Holocene, but has supported ice caps for more than 2000 of the past 2800 years. The rapid disappearance of these ice caps over the past century, despite decreasing summer insolation, further demonstrates the unusual character of 20th Century warmth. Widespread ice-cap expansion ∼1280 AD early in the Little Ice Age, and intensified expansion ∼1450 AD, coincide with peak stratospheric volcanic aerosol loading and reduced solar luminosity, suggesting that these mechanisms may have initiated ice-cap growth, subsequently maintained by strong positive feedbacks.
Exploring Being: An International Dialogue

Nurses and other health professionals are in a privileged position in that they are called to be with people and their families at some of the most important moments in persons’ lives. In order to better prepare nurses for this awesome and challenging responsibility, a session of the 11th International Human Becoming Conference held in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, on November 6, 2004, reflected on famous quotations on Being and related Being to nursing practice. The human becoming school of thought is unique in its willingness to face the important but difficult question, what is Being?
Effect of Ratio of Basal Diet Fat to Test Fat on the True Metabolizable Energy of the Test Fat

Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of basal dietary fat on the true metabolizable energy (TME) of test fats differing in composition and physical properties. Two samples of blended fats and one sample of tallow were tested using a simplified corn-soy basal diet with all of the fat extracted and with the extracted fat added back in increasing increments up to 10% of the diet. The test fats were added at levels of 5 to 15%, resulting in ratios of basal fat to test fat of 0:15 to 10:5. The TME of tallow and one of the blends was improved as the ratio of basal fat:test fat was increased from 1:4.5 up to 7.5:7.5, at which point there were no significant differences in TME among the fats. Even at a more narrow ratio (5:10), the TME of the tallow was equal to or higher than that of either blend. Fatty acid absorption was determined using the fat-free diet to determine endogenous fat excretion. Absorption of 18:0 and, to a lesser extent, 16:0 was improved as the ratio of basal fat:test fat was increased from 0:15 to 7.5:7.5. The TME of the tallow was the same when fed with extracted (fat-free) basal as with the unextracted basal suggesting involvement of two separate mechanisms.
Effects of Sulfur Mustard on Cytokines Released from Cultured Human Epidermal Keratinocytes

The release of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was measured from epidermal keratinocytes in an attempt to characterize the immunologic response in keratinocytes following exposure to bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (sulfur mustard, HD). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure cytokine levels in adult and neonatal culture human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) 3 h after exposure to 0.50 and 1.0 mM HD. A two-way analysis of variance was carried out for cell type and HD concentration. That analysis showed significant differences between cell types for IL-1α and IL-1β (p =.001 and p =.015, respectively). In both of these cytokines, release in neonatal HEK decreased less than in adult HEK. A significant effect of HD concentration was shown only for IL-1β (p <.001), with cytokine release decreasing with increasing HD dose. In addition, a significant cell donor type by HD concentration interaction effect was found for IL-1β under the experimental conditions described in materials and methods. With increasing HD concentration, the relative decrease in cytokine release was much greater for adult than for neonatal HEK.
Genetics and genomics of human ageing

Ageing in humans is typified by the decline of physiological functions in various organs and tissues leading to an increased probability of death. Some individuals delay, escape or survive much of this age-related decline and live past age 100. Studies comparing centenarians to average-aged individuals have found polymorphisms in genes that are associated with long life, including APOE and FOXOA3, which have been replicated many times. However, the associations found in humans account for small percentages of the variance in lifespan and many other gene associations have not been replicated in additional populations. Therefore, ageing is probably a highly polygenic trait. In humans, it is important to also consider differences in age-related decline that occur within and among tissues. Longitudinal data of age-related traits can be used in association studies to test for polymorphisms that predict how an individual will change over time. Transcriptional and genetic association studies of different tissues have revealed common and unique pathways involved in human ageing. Genomic convergence is a method that combines multiple types of functional genomic information such as transcriptional profiling, expression quantitative trait mapping and gene association. The genomic convergence approach has been used to implicate the gene MMP20 in human kidney ageing. New human genetics technologies are continually in development and may lead to additional breakthroughs in human ageing in the near future.
Uranium Oxide Phase Equilibrium Systems: III, UO2–ZrO2

The UO2–ZrO2 phase equilibrium system contained no new compounds but was found to contain extensive solid solution. The UO2 solid solution was cubic and extended up to 52 mole % ZrO2. Its lattice parameter varied from 5.46 to 5.32 a.u. with an increasing percentage of ZrO2. The zirconia solid solution when examined by quenching techniques was tetragonal and extended from 53 to 100% ZrO2. There were some indications that ZrO2 transformed to a polymorphic form other than monoclinic or tetragonal at approximately 1900°C.
Nursing Home Receiverships: Design and Implementation

The enforcement of legal standards governing nursing home care and safety involves complex determinations due to the precarious conditions of most residents and the vast shortage of nursing home beds. This is particularly true when residents must be transferred. This article advocates the interim measure of statutory nursing home receiverships to protect the health and safety of residents and the nursing home property while determinations regarding sanctions or compliance are being made.Section II examines the statutory receivership provisions of four states and explains why such an approach is best suited for the effective enforcement of standards while also protecting residents from life-threatening transfers and preventing facilities from closing. In Section III, the article documents the path of the Village Nursing Home in New York City from a substandard facility to a high-quality, community-based nursing home through a statutory receivership model. Finally, Section IV analyzes the Village Nursing Home example, identifying difficulties in the implementation of a statutory receivership and also the factors contributing to its success. The article concludes by identifying flaws of statutory receiverships. Through court orders, courts play an important role in providing a remedy to such flaws, but community participation and interest in nursing homes is also integrally related to ensuring nursing home care and safety.
Overview of Dark Matter Searches at the ATLAS Experiment

After a brief introduction a concise summary of some of ATLAS experiment’s stragies to search for dark matter is presented. Emphasis is given to searches in channels involving the Higgs boson.
Asian and Black Intersectionality in Racial Discrimination Policy 1866-1954

Exhaustive survey of national policy toward blacks 1910-1954, with prefatory summary of policies between 1866-1910. Demonstrates that the concept of racial discrimination from the start applied both to blacks and Asians, that this unity of conception was periodically lost to both elected branches and the Supreme Court, but that eventually the unity was recaptured. Progress toward a mature anti-discrimination policy for Asians depended on its developing for blacks and vice versa. The two developments were co-dependent.
The Significance and Challenges of Monocyte Impairment: For the Ill Patient and the Surgeon.

Abstract Background: Trauma, major elective surgery, and overt sepsis can lead to a cascade of immunological change. A subset of these patients will have a degree of immune suppression that leads to hyporesponsive innate defenses, increasing the risk of infective co-morbidity and death. This article is an overview of monocyte impairment in the high-risk surgical patient. Specifically, our primary focus is on observations made pertaining to monocyte function and pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning this impairment. Clinical factors influencing monocyte function are also discussed. Methods: A Pubmed search was conducted to review aspects of monocyte impairment in the surgical patient. Search terms included “monocyte impairment,” “immunoparalysis,” and “endotoxin tolerance” cross-referenced against terms including “trauma,” “major surgery,” and “sepsis.” Results: Findings revealed a broad variety of monocyte defects reported in surgical patients. They ranged from altered cytokine responses, particularl...
Abstract 278: Domain-specific Roles for GRK2 in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure

During heart failure (HF), cardiac levels and activity of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase (GRK) GRK2 are elevated, increasing phosphorylation, desensitization and down-regulation of β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) and other cardiac GPCRs. Increased GRK2 participates in adverse remodeling and contractile dysfunction during HF, while inhibition via a carboxy-terminal peptide, βARKct, enhances heart function and can prevent HF development. Mounting evidence supports the idea of a dynamic “interactome” in which GRK2 can uncouple GPCRs via novel protein-protein interactions. Several novel GRK2 interacting partners are important for adaptive and maladaptive myocyte growth including Gq, the signaling trigger for maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, leading to HF. Importantly, GRK2 contains a putative amino-terminal Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS) domain (βARK-RGS). This domain directly interacts with Gq and appears to inhibit signaling without altering Gq enzymatic activity. Therefore, this domain may alter hypertrophic responses in the heart and represent a novel role for GRK2 and a potential therapeutic target to limit maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy. We have begun to address this by generation of novel transgenic (Tg) mice with cardiac-specific expression of the RGS domain of GRK2. Using a trans-aortic constriction (TAC) model of pressure overload hypertrophy, we found that expression of βARK-RGS demonstrates anti-hypertrophic effects. Echocardiographic analysis post-TAC revealed reduced left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPW) in βARK-RGS compared to non-transgenic littermate controls (NLC) (0.85 vs 1.0 mm LVPWd at 4 weeks). RT-PCR analysis found decreased hypertrophic factor transcripts, such as ANF for which the nearly 18-fold increase post TAC was completely inhibited in βARK-RGS mice. Further, the progression to HF was inhibited in βARK-RGS mice, but not NLCs, 14 weeks post-TAC. While mechanistic characterization is underway, these data support our hypothesis that the RGS domain of GRK2 may serve as a non-canonical inhibitor of Gq-mediated hypertrophic signaling in the heart and highlight how this research may pave the way for novel GRK2-based therapeutic approaches to prevent hypertrophy and HF.
3D Numerical Investigation of Effect of Milling Process Parameters on High Speed Milling of Ti-Al6-V4

Titanium alloys are widely used in aerospace industry owing to excellent mechanical properties. While because of high chemical reactivity and low thermal conductivity, titanium alloys are classified as hard-to-cut materials. In this paper, Finite Element Method (FEM) is employed to conduct numerical investigation in the effects of milling process parameters (milling speeds, feed per tooth, and axial depth of cut) on three-dimensional (3D) high speed milling of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). The tool material used is Carbide and Johnson-Cook plastic model is employed to model the workpiece due to its capability of modeling large strains, high strain rates, and temperature dependent visco-plasticity. Different milling speeds, feed per tooth, and axial depth of cut are used to explore the effects of the milling process parameters on the cutting temperature, cutting forces, and power required for machining. This model provides fundamental understanding of cutting mechanics of the 3D high speed milling of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V).© 2012 ASME
Effects of Arriving Atom Kinetic Energy on the Structure and Magnetic Properties of Thin Sputter-Deposited Films

Thin multilayer films are of growing importance as magnetic sensors. One key parameter in their performance is the interlayer magnetic coupling field which can vary in both sign and strength. Experiments performed to explore the effects of sputter deposition methods on the coupling fields observed for Co/Cu multilayers and spin valves on single crystal substrates are described. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy is used to qualitatively understand the large differences in observed coupling fields.
Diffusion approximation and higher-order diffusion equations for optical tomography of osteoarthritis: A comparable study

A higher-order diffusion model is employed for optical tomography of osteoarthritis. The use of higher-order-model in a stand-alone framework provides significant improvement in reconstruction accuracy. However, this is not the case in the image-guided setting.
Application of Plasma Ignition Technology in 600 MW Supercritical Unit

Plasma ignition technology has been applied in large-scale thermal power unit in recent years for its character of economics,environmental protection,safety and high efficiency.Combined with the application in Guangxi Fangchenggang Power Plant with the capacity of 600MW supercritical unit,the paper introduces the operation mode,technical requirement control logic of plasma ignition technology.
Effects of land use and invasive fishes on prairie pothole wetland condition

iii CHAPTER 1 LINKAGES AMONG LAND USE, CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS, INVASIVE FISHES, AND BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES IN PRAIRIE POTHOLE WETLANDS 1 Abstract
On the use of energy concentrating beamformers and filters for detection of wideband angularly spread signals

Slepian described the filter that maximizes the in- band energy while minimizing the out-of-band energy. Claus, Kadota and Romain applied Slepian's results to spatially filter out angularly distributed interference. An important benefit of this approach is that both coherent and incoherent interference can be accommodated. The approach discussed here extends their work by defining matrix filters capable of filtering for a fixed angular sector, [thetas1,thetas2], over a range of frequencies. A detector of scattered broadband signals arriving within [thetas1,thetas2] is then specified. The detector is shown to possess important invariances and approximate optimality properties related to Scharf's Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) matched subspace detector.
Diary of Intense Pain: The Postcolonial Trap and Women’s Rights

In “Diary of Intense Pain: Postcolonial Trap and Women’s Rights,” Eze argues that writing back to the Empire barely addresses the needs of Africans as individuals; rather it insinuates a postcolonial ideology comparable to the oppressive traditional cosmology that the African women writers are challenging. NoViolet Bulawayo and Chinelo Okparanta have been criticized, by mostly male critics, as serving the imperial needs of Western audiences by indulging in a pornographic display of poverty and misery. But this so-called poverty porn consists of instances of intense pain that African patriarchal cultures have inflicted on African women’s bodies. In this context, “Diary of Intense Pain: Postcolonial Trap and Women’s Rights,” discusses Bulawayo’s We Need New Names (2013) and Okparanta’s Happiness, Like Water (2013).
Diffusing Void Model for Granular Flow

The gravitational flow pattern of granular media in a confined geometry is assumed to be caused by the upward motion of voids generated at the discharge orifices. The model describes some well known and unique features of granular flows such as the deformation of the free surface, the formation of dead zones, the flow around obstacles with its companion void regions and the formation of cascading zones. It also predicts an unexpected velocity profile in a flow expansion as well as the propagation of dilation waves whose scaling solutions are presented. These thin two-dimensional beds are also found to behave very differently from three-dimensional beds.