cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in the rhesus monkey's EEG responses to ethanol during chronic exposure.

This study was designed to document the changes in the CNS response to ethanol during chronic exposure in 5 male, 3.5–5.0 kg rhesus monkeys. Electrodes were implanted bilaterally into the amygdala, hippocampus and the calvarium over the frontal and temporal cortex. Ethanol or control solutions were administered intragastrically through indwelling cannulae. The 1.25 g/kg ethanol challenge dose was administered during EEG recordings. After one challenge dose, the animals received 60 days of chronic alcohol exposure (3.0 g/kg/day increasing to 8.0 g/kg/day). EEG was recorded every 10 days and analyzed by period analysis. Changes in the effect of the challenge dose were assessed by determining the percentage change of the EEG from pre-dose levels to selected times post-dose throughout the chronic alcohol exposure. The EEG response changed significantly during chronic alcohol treatment. Although each structure exhibited a slightly different pattern of change, the overall change was a shift from an excitatory response in the non-tolerant animal to an EEG slowing during chronic exposure. We suggest that such a change may be useful as a diagnostic marker for alcohol tolerance. In addition, the differential nature of the in vivo expression of alcohol tolerance in each brain area suggests that such analysis may provide a valuable tool for understanding the mechanism and expression of alcohol tolerance in the CNS.
Concentrations and speciation of arsenic along a groundwater flow-path in the Upper Floridan aquifer, Florida, USA

Arsenic (As) concentrations and speciation were determined in groundwaters along a flow-path in the Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA) to investigate the biogeochemical “evolution“ of As in this relatively pristine aquifer. Dissolved inorganic As species were separated in the field using anion-exchange chromatography and subsequently analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Total As concentrations are higher in the recharge area groundwaters compared to down-gradient portions of UFA. Redox conditions vary from relatively oxic to anoxic along the flow-path. Mobilization of As species in UFA groundwaters is influenced by ferric iron reduction and subsequent dissolution, sulfate reduction, and probable pyrite precipitation that are inferred from the data to occur along distinct regions of the flow-path. In general, the distribution of As species are consistent with equilibrium thermodynamics, such that arsenate dominates in more oxidizing waters near the recharge area, and arsenite predominates in the progressively reducing groundwaters beyond the recharge area.
Use of psychotropics in cancer patients

Abstract Psychotropic agents are underutilized in the cancer patient. A survey of the literature and clinical experience indicate the following. 1. Antidepressants could be used much more widely. However, before prescribing them it should be verified that the depression does not have a correctable medical etiology. 2. A major use of antipsychotic agents is to control the nausea and vomiting that are among the most common problems for the cancer patient. They could be utilized much more extensively to control delinum. 3. Benzodiazepines are extensively prescribed for sleep induction, but should be administered cautiously to the patient with pulmonary impairment, owing to the danger of respiratory depressant effects. The use of lithium or stimulants, pharmacology in the late phase of terminal illness, and future directions of research are other subjects examined.
A Test of Biological and Behavioral Explanations for Gender Differences in Telomere Length: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

The purpose of this study was to examine biological and behavioral explanations for gender differences in leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a biomarker of cell aging that has been hypothesized to contribute to women's greater longevity. Data are from a subsample (n = 851) of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, a population-based study of women and men aged 45 to 84. Mediation models were used to examine study hypotheses. We found that women had longer LTL than men, but the gender difference was smaller at older ages. Gender differences in smoking and processed meat consumption partially mediated gender differences in telomere length, whereas gender differences in estradiol, total testosterone, oxidative stress, and body mass index did not. Neither behavioral nor biological factors explained why the gender difference in LTL was smaller at older ages. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess gender differences in the rate of change in LTL over time; to identify the biological, behavioral, and psychosocial factors that contribute to these differences throughout the life course; and to determine whether gender differences in LTL explain the gender gap in longevity.
Pulmonary responsiveness to methacholine and disodium hexachloroplatinate (Na2PtCl6) aerosols in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

Abstract Hyperreactivity of the airways is a common finding in human asthma, and responsiveness to inhaled methacholine aerosols is routinely used for assessing airway irritability. Workers in precious metal refineries demonstrate pulmonary signs suggestive of asthma, presumably related to exposure to soluble platinum salts. In these workers, evidence of physiologic dysfunction precedes immunologic evidence (skin test) of disease, suggesting an initial pharmacologic mechanism. With a primate animal model for the screening of occupational asthmogens, 24 Cynomolgus monkeys were evaluated for their comparative pulmonary responsiveness to inhaled aerosols of methacholine and sodium hexachloroplatinate (Na2PtCl6). Average pulmonary flow resistance (RL), dynamic compliance (CL dyn), maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV), and respiratory frequency changes were evaluated after bronchoprovocation challenge. Both agents produced dose-dependent increases in RL, dose-dependent decreases in CL dyn and MEFV, and no effect on respiratory rates. Analyses of the correlation between concentration effects of the two agents showed no association between cholinergic airway irritability status and Na2PtCl6-induced bronchoconstriction. Na2PtCl6 bronchoprovocation produced significantly greater flow impairment at lower lung volumes when compared to methacholine concentrations with equipotent effects on RL and CL dyn. These compounds have differential effects on peripheral airway function. The lack of respiratory rate change seen on bronchoprovocation with these compounds, in comparison to the rapid shallow breathing in anesthetized monkeys following irritant or histamine challenge, indicates that neither aerosol stimulated pulmonary irritant receptors.
Upper airway genioglossal activity in children with sickle cell disease.

Study objectives The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in sickle cell disease (SCD) has been reported to be higher than that in the general pediatric population. However, not all subjects with SCD develop OSAS. We hypothesized that SCD patients with OSAS have a blunted neuromuscular response to subatmospheric pressure loads during sleep, making them more likely to develop upper airway collapse. Design Subjects with SCD with and without OSAS underwent pressure-flow measurements during sleep using intraoral surface electrodes to measure genioglossal EMG (EMGgg). Two techniques were applied to decrease the nasal pressure (P(N)) to subatmospheric levels, resulting in an activated and relatively hypotonic upper airway. The area under the curve of the inspiratory EMGgg moving time average was analyzed. EMGgg activity was expressed as a percentage of baseline. Changes in EMGgg in response to decrements in nasal pressure were expressed as the slope of the EMGgg vs. nasal pressure (slope of EMGgg-P(N)). Setting Sleep laboratory. Participants 4 children with SCD and OSAS and 18 children with SCD but without OSAS. Results THE MAJOR FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY WERE: (1) using the activated but not the hypotonic technique, the slope of EMGgg-P(N) was more negative in SCD controls than SCD OSAS; (2) the slope of EMGgg-P(N) was significantly lower using the activated technique compared to the hypotonic technique in SCD controls only; (3) similarly, the critical closing pressure, Pcrit, was more negative using the activated technique than the hypotonic technique in SCD controls but not in SCD OSAS. Conclusion This preliminary study has shown that children with SCD but without OSAS have more prominent upper airway reflexes than children with SCD and OSAS.
Dynamic linewidth of tunnelling injection laser

The dynamic linewidth of the recently demonstrated tunnelling injection laser is investigated. A significantly smaller dynamic linewidth is measured for this laser in comparison to the separate confinement heterostructure laser. A lower gain compression coefficient for this laser, deduced from measurements of the linewidth enhancement factor and the photon lifetime, is mainly responsible for reducing its dynamic linewidth, owing to the suppression of hot carrier effects by the tunnelling injection mechanism.
XRX-Köhler optical design and illumination optimization

This paper describes the optical and illumination design of a CPV solar energy system. The challenges of creating a highly efficient yet low-cost system architecture come from many sources, but are primarily limited by the photoelectron conversion efficiency of the cells and the illumination performance of the system for on-axis and off-axis pointing scenarios. Furthermore, the need for high solar spectral throughput, evenly concentrated sunlight, and tolerance to offaxis pointing places strict illumination requirements on the optical design. To be commercially viable, the cost associated with all components must be minimized so that when taken together, the absolute installed cost of the system in kWh is lower than any other solar energy method. We present two low-cost optical design embodiments of a dishbased concentration photovoltaic (CPV) system that utilize Kohler illumination to achieve good illumination uniformity across an array of solar cells. Further optimization for active shadowing compensation and compound electrical I-V curve modeling for the solar cell array is performed that allows realistic off-axis performance scenarios to be modeled with the correct power response sensitivity.
Pediatric Emergency Critical Care and Ultrasound

Zane R, Kosowsky J Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2014 333 pages, $47.25 ISBN-13: 978-1451190656 ISBN-10: 1451190654 Pocket Emergency Medicine, Third Edition, edited by Richard Zane and Joshua Kosowsky, is prefaced with a quotation from Sir William Osler, who wrote, “He who studies medicine without books sails an uncharted sea, but he who studies medicine without patients does not go to sea at all.” In this context, this book is presented as a life raft for the busy physician, resident, licensed independent practitioner, or student. A comparison to the current third edition of this vessel was found in the form of a well-used second edition copy that had made its way in and out of various lab coat pockets and rests in our emergency department’s reference library. Weighing in at 12 ounces and measuring 1 5 7.5 inches, this pocket-sized pal packs a punch. Unlike other larger “pocket guides” this tome easily slides in the lab coat pocket without leading to disequilibrium or ataxia. As with the prior edition, clinically relevant chapters are organized around presenting conditions rather than diagnoses. Each section can be reviewed in its bulleted format in a short one to two minute time period, perfect for on-shift rapid review of clinically relevant bedside pearls. The third edition demonstrates clear improvements compared with previous editions. The addition of references represents one significant update. Most sections have at least one literature reference; many are current within the past 5 years. Most sections present a level of detail appropriate for the topic at hand. The vast majority of topics are dealt with at appropriate length. Previously anemic chapters, including dermatology, appear have received needed content transfusions. A casualty of brevity, most of the procedures discussed are beneficial primarily at the student or early resident level (such abscess incision and drainage, lumbar puncture, central line, etc.). While the appendix section contains helpful tables and information not found elsewhere in the guide, the provided sedation doses would be improved by presenting drip rates in addition to initial doses of medication. Equations are included in the appendix but there are too few for this text to be a worthwhile reference source in this regard; as these are easily
An integral equation approach to the elastic interaction of two precipitates

Assuming a constant stress-free transformation strain or applied stress field, an integral equation is derived for the elastic distortion associated with two arbitrarily shaped precipitates possessing elastic constants different from those of the matrix phase. The precipitates are embedded in an infinite elastic matrix with the extension to the multi-inclusion problem being straightforward. The strain field associated with two spherical misfitting precipitates in isotropie media is calculated employing an iterative technique similar to that of Willis. It is shown that when the precipitate is elastically softer than the matrix, the internal strain field behaves qualitatively the same as for the case of a homogeneous system. When the precipitate is more rigid than the matrix, approximating the elastic constants of the precipitate with those of the matrix phase yields a qualitatively inappropriate representation of the strain field. Unter Annahme einer konstanten, spannungsfreien Umwandlungsdehnung oder eines konstanten, angewandten Spannungsfeldes wird eine Integralgleichung fur die elastische Verzerrung entwickelt, die mit zwei beliebig gestalteten Ausscheidungen verbunden ist, deren elastische Konstanten sich von denen des Grundgitters unterscheiden. Die Ausscheidungen werden als in einer unendlichen, elastischen Matrix eingebettet betrachtet. Diese Methode last sich auch leicht auf die Vielteilchen-variante ubertragen. Das Dehnungsfeld, das auf zwei nicht passenden Kugelausscheidungen in einem isotropen Medium beruht, wird mit einer iterativen Methode ahnlich der von Willis berechnet. Es wird gezeigt, das das innere Dehnungsfeld sich qualitativ so verhalt wie im Falle eines homogenen Systems, wenn die Ausscheidung elastisch weicher ist als die Matrix. Wenn die Ausscheidung jedoch harter ist als die Matrix, fuhrt die Annaherung der elastischen Konstanten der Ausscheidung an die der Matrixphase zu einer qualitativ unangemessenen Darstellung des Dehn ungsfeldes
Caffeine inhibits development of benign mammary gland tumors in carcinogen-treated female Sprague-Dawley rats.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of caffeine on the incidence of benign mammary tumors in carcinogen (DMBA) treated female Sprague-Dawley rats. Four different animal models were used in these studies, i.e., the administration of DMBA to: [1] 55 day old virgin rats; [2] 53 day old ovariectomized, estrogen treated virgin rats; [3] 135 day old virgin rats and [4] 135 day old parous rats. A high incidence of benign mammary fibroadenomas was observed in each of the four animal models. In addition, in the estrogen treated ovariectomized animals, a high incidence of secretory mammary gland cysts was observed. Caffeine (500 mg/L drinking water) was administered daily throughout the study commencing 3–31 days after carcinogen treatment. Caffeine treatment significantly (P<0.05 to P<0.001) reduced the incidence of benign mammary fibroadenomas in the 55 day old virgin rat model (P<0.01), in the 53 day old estrogen treated ovariectomized virgin rat model (P<0.05 to P<0.001) and in the 135 day old virgin rat model (P<0.05). The number of benign mammary fibroadenomas was reduced by caffeine in the 135 day old parous rat model but this reduction was not significant (P<0.10). In addition, in the estrogen treated ovariectomized virgin rat model, caffeine significantly (P<0.05 to P<0.001) reduced the incidence of mammary gland cysts. Caffeine treatment either increased or had no significant effect on body weight gains, depending upon the animal model. Thus, caffeine consumption can influence the development of benign mammary tumors (fibroadenomas and cysts) in carcinogen treated female Sprague-Dawley rats, an influence that was shown to be consistently inhibitory.
Gabapentin increases GABA-induced depolarization in rat neonatal optic nerve

Abstract Membrane potential changes of rat neonatal optic nerves were studied in a sucrose-gap chamber. Nipecotic acid (NPA), which blocks uptake and promotes release of GABA, resulted in a bicuculline-sensitive depolarization (3.08 ± 0.3 mV, n = 5). Pretreatment of the nerves with the anticonvulsant gabapentin (100 μM for 1 h) resulted in a near doubling of the NPA-induced depolarization (6.64 ± 0.54 mV, n = 5). Gabapentin itself did not alter membrane potential, nor did brief applications of gabapentin enhance the NPA- or GABA-induced depolarization. Thus, gabapentin appears to enhance the releasable pool of GABA in this CNS neural system. These results have implications for the mechanism of the anticonvulsant properties of gabapentin.
Cultivating Primary Students’ Scientific Thinking Through Sustained Teacher Professional Development

While the United States’ National Research Council (NRC 2012) and Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS 2013) advocate children’s engagement in active science learning, elementary school teachers in the US indicate lack of time to teach science regularly because of (1) school and district pressure to focus on English language arts and mathematics assessment scores in response to the country’s No Child Left Behind (2001) mandates; (2) a lack of preparation in teacher science content knowledge; and (3) a lack of science professional development opportunities. In response to these needs and focusing on the primary (Kindergarten–first–second) grade levels, the Project SMART professional development program was created and implemented over three school years in one high-poverty California school district comprised of diverse students, including 62 % English language learners. This qualitative report explores primary grades teachers’ experiences in the professional development program, providing teacher descriptions of impact on student learning and motivation as well as collegial trust gained through on-going collaboration with university faculty, district professional development facilitators, and among their school/district peers.
Antagonist displacement of brain morphine during precipitated abstinence.

Abstract In mice rendered physically dependent on morphine, naloxone elicited a brief precipitous fall in brain levels of morphine. The effect was maximal at about 15 minutes, lasted about 1 hour, and appeared to coincide with the time course of naloxone precipitated withdrawal.
Miller's paradox of information

Miller' and Popper2 have claimed that the 'straight rule' (Reichenbach's rule of induction) is inconsistent, on the basis of a 'paradox' formulated by Miller. Mackie3 has suggested that Miller's argument is fallacious, but his attempt to analyse the paradox in terms of the quantifiers involved at each stage of the derivation is essentially irrelevant. In a reply,4 Miller has rightly rejected this criticism. However, he has unfortunately further confused the issue by ignoring the central thesis of Mackie's note.
Reflections on an 18-Year Adventure Writing the ‘‘For Couples’’ Family Journal Column: An Annotated Bibliography

The author summarizes and provides an annotated bibliography based on 18 years of writing the ‘‘For Couples’’ column in The Family Journal. Articles are organized utilizing Jay Haley’s (1973) four ...
Surfactant protein-B polymorphisms and mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome

Objective: To determine whether polymorphisms of the surfactant protein B gene may be associated with increased mortality in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Design: A prospective cohort study. Setting: Four adult intensive care units at a tertiary academic medical center. Patients: Two hundred fourteen white patients who had met criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Patients were genotyped for a variable nuclear tandem repeat polymorphism in intron 4 of the surfactant protein B gene and the surfactant protein B gene 1580 polymorphism. For the variable nuclear tandem repeat surfactant protein B gene polymorphism, patients were found to have either a homozygous wild-type genotype or a variant genotype consisting of either a heterozygous insertion or deletion polymorphism. Logistic regression was performed to analyze the relationship of the polymorphisms to mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. In multivariate analysis, the presence of variable nuclear tandem repeat surfactant protein B gene polymorphism was associated with a 3.51 greater odds of death at 60 days in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome as compared to those patients with the wild-type genotype (95% confidence interval 1.39‐8.88, p 0.008). There was no association found between the 1580 variant and outcome (p 0.15). Conclusions: In this study, the variable nuclear tandem repeat surfactant protein B gene polymorphism in intron 4 is associated with an increased 60 day mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome after adjusting for age, severity of illness, and other potential confounders. Additional studies in other populations are needed to confirm this finding. (Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 2511‐2516)
Expanding the promiscuity of a natural-product glycosyltransferase by directed evolution

Natural products, many of which are decorated with essential sugar residues, continue to serve as a key platform for drug development1. Adding or changing sugars attached to such natural products can improve the parent compound's pharmacological properties, specificity at multiple levels2, and/or even the molecular mechanism of action3. Though some natural-product glycosyltransferases (GTs) are sufficiently promiscuous for use in altering these glycosylation patterns, the stringent specificity of others remains a limiting factor in natural-product diversification and highlights a need for general GT engineering and evolution platforms. Herein we report the use of a simple high-throughput screen based on a fluorescent surrogate acceptor substrate to expand the promiscuity of a natural-product GT via directed evolution. Cumulatively, this study presents variant GTs for the glycorandomization of a range of therapeutically important acceptors, including aminocoumarins, flavonoids and macrolides, and a potential template for engineering other natural-product GTs.
Fuel burn rates of commercial passenger aircraft: variations by seat configuration and stage distance

Abstract Aircraft fuel consumption is a very large component of airline costs. Fuel burn is also very important because it is highly correlated with emissions and contributes directly to transport externalities. This paper calibrates fuel burn in kilos per seat per nautical mile for aircraft using the EMEP/EEA aircraft inventory database. We then employ the model with OAG flight schedule data to evaluate fuel burn by flight routes and aircraft types at a global scale. The paper shows comparative fuel use among different distance based markets as well as among a variety of routes in the long-haul market. The results show geographical heterogeneity of fuel burn rates among a variety of routes, while controlling for seat configuration and stage distance. The paper finds that stage lengths centered on 1500–2000 NM have the lowest fuel burn rates under current technology, fleet composition, and seat configuration. These findings, together with comments on the viability of long range flights provide better understandings not only for the carbon taxation debates but also for operational efficiency of current aviation markets. The lower rates for moderate distance flights seems to favor networks without extreme links, and supports the use of a hub connection scheme.
NMR chemical shifts and intramolecular van der Waals interactions: carbonyl and ether systems

Abstract The correlation observed between chemical shifts and local intramolecular van der Waals energies as determined by molecular mechanics is extended to carbon systems containing carbonyl groups or ether linkages. The correlation is maintained for not only non-carbonyl carbons in such systems but also for carbonyl carbon and oxygen atoms and ether oxygen atoms as well. Comparison of our shift correlation with work involving a similar correlation with optical transitions provides a firmer base for the model and also suggests a possible reinterpretation of the underlying theory. Unusual effects are observed for carbons β to the carbonyl group which cannot as yet be explained in terms of either flaws of the force field model or available experimental and theoretical information on such systems.
A Closed‐Form Solution for Earthquake Location in a Homogeneous Half‐Space Based on the Bancroft GPS Location Algorithm

The traditional approach to both earthquake and Global Positioning System (GPS) location problems in a homogeneous half-space produces a nonlinear relationship between a set of known positions, seismic stations or GPS satellites, and an unknown point, an earthquake hypocenter or GPS receiver. Linearization, followed by an iterative inversion, is typically used to solve both problems. Although sources and receivers are swapped in the earthquake and GPS location problems, the obser- vation equation is the same for both, due to the principle of reciprocity. Consequently, the mechanical part of the solution of the equations is the same and single-step closed- form solutions for the GPS location problem, such as the Bancroft algorithm, can also be used to solve for earthquake hypocenters in a homogeneous half-space. This article applies the Bancroft algorithm to synthetic and real data for the Charlevoix seismic zone and compares the location of ∼1200 events estimated with both the Bancroft algorithm and HYPOINVERSE. The Bancroft algorithm shows quantifiable improve- ments in accuracy compared with traditional methods. We also show how tools com- monly used by the GPS community, such as the geometric dilution of precision, can be used to better estimate the precision of the results obtained by a seismic network.
Assessment of potential contrast sensitivity Part 1: Preoperative prediction of contrast sensitivity following intraocular lens implantation

Preoperative contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) were determined for 15 cataract patients using laser-generated patterns that effectively bypassed the optical components of the eye. These functions were compared with postoperative CSFs determined using traditional methods by transmission through the optics of the eye. Accurate prediction of postoperative contrast sensitivity occurred in 91% of the cases (ten of 11) for patients with preoperative visual acuity of 20/200 or better and in 67% of all the cases (ten of 15). Prediction failures occurred when the laser interferometer was not able to penetrate the cataract or when postoperative complications occurred. These results suggest that preoperative measurement of laser interferometric CSF is a useful predictor of postoperative CSF for patients with mild to moderate cataracts that can be bypassed by the laser and with better than 20/200 preoperative visual acuity. The problem of assessment when lens opacity is advanced is addressed in Part II.
A Markovian Model for Coarse-Timescale Channel Variation in Wireless Networks

A wide range of wireless channel models has been developed to model variations in received signal strength. In contrast to prior work, which has focused primarily on channel modeling on a short per-packet timescale (millisecond), we develop and validate a finite-state Markovian model that captures variations due to shadowing, which occur at coarser timescales. The Markov chain is constructed by partitioning the entire range of shadowing into a finite number of intervals. We determine the Markov chain transition matrix in two ways: 1) via an abstract modeling approach, in which shadowing effects are modeled as a lognormally distributed random process affecting the received power, and the transition probabilities are derived as functions of the variance and autocorrelation function of shadowing; and 2) via an empirical approach, in which the transition matrix is calculated by directly measuring the changes in signal strengths. We test the assumptions of our Markovian model using signal strength measurements collected over an 802.16e (WiMAX) network and a wireless multihop network deployed by Rice University, Houston, TX, USA. We compare the steady-state and transient performance of the model with those computed using the empirically derived transition matrix and those observed in the actual traces themselves.
A hybrid conjoint measurement and bi-criteria model for a two group negotiation problem

Abstract A hybrid negotiation model is presented for use by a mediator in resolving a dispute between two groups having conflicting sets of goals. A conjoint measurement technique is used to develop group members utility functions and preference structures. The members' utilities are then aggregated and used as input to construct a bi-criteria mixed integer linear programming negotiation model. Using an augmented-weighted Tchebycheff procedure, several efficient solutions are generated. These solutions are then used by a mediator as potential compromise contracts. The model is empirically tested using graduate students as decision makers in a marketing channel negotiation experiment. The results provide significant support for the proposed model.
Polarographic determination of formation constants for the oxygenation of several cobalt(II) schiff-base complexes

Abstract This paper descirbes a polarographic method for the determination of the formation constant for the binding of molecular oxygen with several cobalt(II) Schiff-base complexes. The method consists of determining, from the polarographic diffusion current for the reduction of the oxygenated complex, the oxygen partial pressure at which half of the complex is oxygenated. At this point, the partial pressure determined with a Clark-type membrane electrode is equal to the reciprocal of the formation constant, K oxy , for the oxygenated species. K oxy values of 0.128, 0.162 and 0.178 Torr −1 were obtained for the Co(II) SALEN, SALOPH and 3-methoxySALEN complexes, respectively, at 0° C in pyridine. This method can be used to determine K oxy values as large as 2.0 Torr −1 with an estimated uncertainty of 5–10%, based on the uncertainty of the oxygen electrode measurement.
Two predictors of CEO/CIO convergence

Effective communication and mutual understanding (i.e., convergence) between an organization's chief executive officer and chief information officer is an important factor in an organization's efforts to successfully exploit information technology. Communications theory predicts that greater communication frequency and channel richness lead to more such convergence. This research used a mail survey of 202 pairs of CEOs and CIOs to investigate the effect of communication frequency and channel richness on CEO/CIO convergence. More frequent communication between the CEO and CIO predicted convergence about the current and future role of IT. The use of richer channels did not predict convergence about the current role of IT. From a research perspective, the study extended theory about communication frequency, media richness, convergence, and the role of IT in organizations. It also provided additional validation of existing instruments to help future researchers studying communication and IT. From a managerial perspective, it provided direction for CEOs and CIOs who may be interested in increasing their mutual understanding of the role of IT and thus improving their relationship with each other.
Area Per Lipid and Elastic Deformation of Membrane Bilayers under Osmotic Stress

The energetics of membrane proteins and cellular functions are modulated significantly by membrane properties [1]. Accurate knowledge of cross-sectional area/lipid of membrane systems is pertinent for molecular dynamics simulations [2,3]. Here we address the sensitivity of lipid bilayer structure and fluctuations to osmotic pressure and temperature using solid-state 2H NMR spectroscopy. Applied stress allows us to probe intermembrane interactions including collective membrane motions and lipid protrusions [1,3]. Through 2H NMR studies [3] we obtain striking evidence for bilayer deformation due to application of osmotic pressure to model membranes (DMPC-d54) using polyethylene glycol as osmolyte. The average structure of the membrane is manifested in the segmental order parameters (SCD) of the lipids that are measured with 2H NMR spectroscopy. Measurements of membrane structural parameters such as bilayer thickness and area per lipid employ a mean-torque analysis of 2H NMR order parameters (SCD) [4]. These NMR measurements allow us to interpret the free energy cost of bilayer deformation when combined with complementary X-ray observables. NMR results are used to calculate the osmotic coefficient to distinguish the different regimes of intermolecular forces, thereby yielding insights into bilayer separation forces [2]. We calculated the elastic area compressibility modulus that describes the membrane deformation with osmotic pressure. The present NMR study distinguishes between different intermembrane forces, and suggests that the undulations dominate at intermediate intermembrane distances whereas protrusions act at short distances. The thermodynamic descriptions of these experimental measurements shed light on the effect of osmotic pressure on membranes and their implications for protein functions. [1] M.F. Brown et al. (2002) JACS 124,8471-8484. [2] K.J. Mallikarjunaiah et al. (2011) BJ 100, 98-107. [3] H.I. Petrache et al. (2000) BJ79, 3172-3192. [4] K.J. Mallikarjunaiah et al. (2012) to be submitted to PCCP.
The Limitations of Policy-Level Collaboration: A Meta-Analysis of CALFED

While collaboration has become a mainstream approach to managing natural resources, it faces difficulties in cases involving high-level policy. In 1994, state and federal partners agreed to collaborate on managing California's water resources in an effort known as CALFED. The program spent more than $3 billion on research, environmental restoration, and administration before its dissolution in 2007. Its outcomes are interpreted as having varying degrees of success. In this article, we identify theorized limitations of policy-level collaboration and use a meta-analysis of 32 sources on CALFED to evaluate the evidence explaining its dissolution. Our findings identified limitations in the literature related to problem, societal, and policy context, but highlighted different interpretations about politics, leadership, and governance arrangements. The lessons from CALFED include the limitations of adaptive management, the risk of dependence on political leadership, the challenges of an informal structure, and ...
ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS : TRANSMISSION OF VIRUS TO CHICKENS BY INFECTED MITES DERMANYSSUS GALLINAE AND RESULTING VIREMIA AS SOURCE OF VIRUS FOR INFECTION OF MITES.

Transmission of the virus of St. Louis encephalitis to normal chickens by the bite of infected mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) has been demonstrated. Both experimentally infected and naturally infected mites were shown to be capable of transferring the virus of St. Louis encephalitis to chickens by bite. Virus is present in the blood of such chickens in small amounts, so that demonstration of viremia was possible only by utilizing chorioallantoic passage in hens' eggs. However, there is sufficient virus present in the blood for uninfected chicken mites to acquire the virus by feeding on chickens in which viremia has resulted from previous bite of infected mites. Thus it has been shown that the arachnid vector Dermanyssus gallinae is capable of transmitting the virus of St. Louis encephalitis to normal chickens by bite and that such chickens can serve as a source of virus for uninfected mites.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of continuum neural fields

We survey recent analytical approaches to studying the spatiotemporal dynamics of continuum neural fields. Neural fields model the large-scale dynamics of spatially structured biological neural networks in terms of nonlinear integrodifferential equations whose associated integral kernels represent the spatial distribution of neuronal synaptic connections. They provide an important example of spatially extended excitable systems with nonlocal interactions and exhibit a wide range of spatially coherent dynamics including traveling waves oscillations and Turing-like patterns.
The Dielectric Constant of Air at High Pressures

The dielectric constant of aged, dry, dust-free air was measured at pressures up to 170 atmospheres by an electrometric method. It was found to increase linearly with the pressure.
Minimum weight design of stiffened cylinders subjected to pure torsion

Abstract A minimum weight design procedure along with actual designs of two typical fuselage type of stiffened circular cylindrical shell geometries subjected to pure torsion is presented. By formulating the weight of the composite shell as the objective function, an optimization technique is adopted to minimize it against general instability. In the design, all other possible failure modes, i.e. panel instability, skin wrinkling, local instability of stringers, yielding of skin and stiffener materials as well as failure mode interactions have been avoided. Typical opened type, like rectangular, tee, I, etc. and closed type, hat stiffener with all possible combinations are studied. For each shell geometry the best suited combination of stiffener geometries-are shown. In the first trial without minimum gauge (WMG), a design is obtained utilizing rectangular stringers and rectangular rings. Then the procedure is extended for other stiffener geometries to obtain a minimum gauge (MG) design. The effect of relaxing the MG on the weight of the stiffened shell is shown graphically and in tabular form which will be of added advantage to the designer while deciding about the MG. Since the smeared technique is employed in the analysis of stiffened shells, an upper bound on the stiffener spacing is initially employed. Then this bound is relaxed and its effect on the minimum weight design is studied for those types of stiffeners which proved economically feasible with bounded spacings. The procedure adopted in this work can be used for any other shell and stiffener geometry.
Anatomic Dimensions of the Patella Measured During Total Knee Arthroplasty

The anatomic measurements of 92 patellae with normal underlying bony structure were studied during total knee arthroplasty before and after resection of the articular surface. The articular surface of the patella was found to have an oval shape with a width-to-height ratio (46 x 36 mm) of 1.30. The dome was 4.8 mm high and displaced medially 3.6 mm. The medial facet was slightly thicker than the lateral facet (18 vs 17 mm). The lateral facet is 25% wider than the medial facet. Coverage provided by oval patellar prostheses was significantly better than with round prostheses. The patellae in women were significantly smaller than in men. Size differences and deformity need to be taken into account when the patella is prepared for resurfacing. It is recommended that the bony resection should be no greater than one third of the maximum patellar thickness to avoid alteration of normal bony structure. Key words: patella, total knee arthroplasty, anatomy.
Land and seabed deformation

The development of techniques to monitor undersea and ground surface deformation and sea level changes will be highlighted at a session of invited geodesy papers at the AGU Fall Meeting, to be held in San Francisco, Calif., December 3–7 , 1984. The oceans conceal the earth's largest sudden deformation events. Subduction earthquakes at great plate boundaries produce 10–20-m motions of the crust near offshore trenches. Inflation of undersea volcanoes and the spreading of midocean rifts also produce large changes that may go unnoticed. The great tsunami-generating earthquakes may be associated with unusually large vertical movements of the seabed; these earthquakes also may cause vast undersea landslides. Technologies to predict these large movements have potential for improving earthquake prediction, tsunami warning, and prediction of volcanic eruptions. Fred Speiss, chief editor of a recent National Academy of Sciences book on undersea deformation, will chair this session.
Children of alcohol misusers and school performance outcomes

Abstract Studies show that children of alcoholics constitute an at-risk population. The present study attempted to understand the impact of parental alcohol misuse on the school performance of children, based on a sample of 838 teenagers from alcohol misusing parents in Minnesota. These teenagers had significantly poorer performance in all the six measurements of school performance used. The study also identified a few protective factors: those who did well in school perceived that their parents had high expectations of them, rated themselves as generally healthy and assessed themselves to be religious.
Muscle activity and time to task failure differ with load compliance and target force for elbow flexor muscles

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the influence of load compliance on time to failure during sustained isometric contractions performed with the elbow flexor muscles at four submaximal target forces. Subjects pulled against a rigid restraint during the force task and maintained a constant elbow angle, while supporting an equivalent inertial load during the position task. Each task was sustained for as long as possible. Twenty-one healthy adults (23 ± 6 yr; 11 men) participated in the study. The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force was similar (P = 0.95) before the subjects performed the force and position tasks at each of the four target forces: 20, 30, 45, and 60% of MVC force. The time to task failure was longer for the force tasks (576 ± 80 and 325 ± 70 s) than for the position tasks (299 ± 77 and 168 ± 35 s) at target forces of 20 and 30% (P 0.19). The briefer times to failure for the position task at the lower forces were accompanied by greater rates of increase in elbow flexor muscle activity, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion. There was no difference in the estimates of external mechanical work at any target force. The dominant mechanisms limiting time to failure of sustained isometric contractions with the elbow flexor muscles appear to change at target forces between 30 and 45% MVC, with load compliance being a significant factor at lower forces only.
OXIDATIVE ADDITION OF DIHYDROGEN TO IR(BISPHOSPHINE)(1,5-CYCLOOCTADIENE)BF4 COMPLEXES : KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC SELECTIVITY

The activation of dihydrogen by cationic diphosphine complexes of Rh is the rate-determining and enantiodetermining step in the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral enamides. The addition of H2 to [Ir(bisphosphine)(COD)]+ (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) complexes is examined herein as a model for stereocontrol and dynamic processes related to catalytic hydrogenation. The diastereoselectivity of H2 oxidative addition to form diastereomeric [Ir(chiral bisphosphine)(H)2(COD)]+ complexes at −80 °C is kinetically controlled and varies substantially with the structure of the diphosphine. In one instance (chiral bisphosphine = CHIRAPHOS), the kinetic and thermodynamic selectivities of H2 addition are inverted; i.e., the dominant kinetic product is thermodynamically less stable than the minor kinetic product. For the [IrH2(Me-DuPhos)(COD)]+ system, quantitative analysis of the 2D NOE data using two-dimensional conformer population analysis (2DCPA) establishes the absolute stereochemistry and the three-dimen...
Effects of chemical exchange and dipole-dipole interactions on the proton relaxation rates of surface histidyl residues in human hemoglobins

Abstract Proton spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation rates of several C2 protons of the histidyl residues located on the surfaces of human normal adult and sickle cell hemoglobins have been measured as a function of the hemoglobin concentration (10 to 16% (wt/ vol)), temperature ( 17 to 37°C), pH (5.7 to 9.0), and resonance frequency (300 to 600 MHz). The relaxation rates are compared to those calculated from the crystal coordinates of the hemoglobin molecule, assuming dipole-dipole interactions modulated by Brownian tumbling. We have found that the initial recoveries of the longitudinal magnetization of several of the C2 proton resonances of the surface histidyl residues investigated are in good agreement with the spin-lattice relaxation rates predicted by this model. On the other hand, the spin-spin relaxation rates are found to increase with the square of the resonance frequency and appear to be affected by the chemical exchange process between the ionized and unionized forms of the imidazole ring of the histidyl residue. From the experimental results, the lifetime of the exchange process is estimated to be 8 ± 3 μs for all the resonance lines studied in 10% deoxyhemoglobin at pH 7.0 and at 25°C.
Asia's Unknown Uprisings Volume 1: South Korean Social Movements in the 20th Century

George Katsiaficas Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012, 480 pp Why do uprisings occur? Are they pathological phenomena? Why do uprisings erupt simultaneously in different places in the world? What are thei...
The Use of the Fear Survey Schedule and the Reinforcement Survey Schedule to Survey Possible Reinforcing and Aversive Stimuli among Juvenile Offenders

(1972). The Use of the Fear Survey Schedule and the Reinforcement Survey Schedule to Survey Possible Reinforcing and Aversive Stimuli among Juvenile Offenders. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 121, No. 2, pp. 255-261.
Test Review Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales

The CSBS is intended to generate profiles of strengths and weaknesses for a child across communicative, social-affective, and symbolic domains of development for use in diagnostic assessment and intervention planning. Because of the well documented variability in normal development of language, the sensitivity to different rates of growth in children is an important part of the CSBS. In order for abnormal variability to be detected, normal variability must be sufficiently handled by the conversion of raw scores to standard scores. Goodwyn (1995) examined the variability of CSBS standard scores over time in a small sample of normally developing infants using generalizability theory (Cronbach, Gleser, Nanda, & Rajaratnam, 1972). Generally, her findings indicated sensitivity of the instrument to varying rates of development across children, sensitivity to changes in children's abilities over time, and proper functioning of the normed scores.The relatively small sample size (N = 282) used in the development o...
Visually coupled acquisition targeting system: the seven year flight history

The Visually Coupled Acquisition Targeting System (VCATS) was initiated by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the Air Combat Command (ACC) to perform the risk reduction activities for developing a helmet-mounted tracker/display (HMT/D) in the air-to-air engagement arena. VCATS started as a one-year Operational Utility Evaluation (OUE) at Nellis Air Force Base (AFB), but expanded into a seven-year OUE, examining the human performance issues and the operational impacts of using an HMT/D for aircrews (See Figure 1). The VCATS system was designed and built with foresight and flexibility to allow upgrades more easily as technology and operational concepts evolved. This paper will trace this evolution of the VCATS system through initial design concept, system upgrades, technology transitions, and lessons learned.