cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Headlight Form Preference Using a Choice Based Conjoint Analysis

The measurement and understanding of user aesthetic preference for form is a critical element to the product development process and has been a design challenge for many years. In this article preference is represented in a utility function directly related to the engineering representation for the automobile headlight. A method is proposed to solicit and measure customer preferences for shape of the automobile headlight using a choice task on a main-effects conjoint survey design to discover and design the most preferred shape.© 2007 ASME
Spatial patterns of diabetes related health problems for vulnerable populations in Los Angeles

Background Rates for Diabetes Mellitus continue to rise in most urban areas of the United States, with a disproportionate burden suffered by minorities and low income populations. This paper presents an approach that utilizes address level data to understand the geography of this disease by analyzing patients seeking diabetes care through an emergency department in a Los Angeles County hospital. The most vulnerable frequently use an emergency room as a common care access point, and such care is especially costly. A fine scale GIS analysis reveals hotspots of diabetes related health problems and provides output useful in a clinic setting. Indeed these results were used to support the work of a progressive diabetes clinic to guide management and intervention strategies.
Preferential effect of isoflurane on top-down vs. bottom-up pathways in sensory cortex.

The mechanism of loss of consciousness (LOC) under anesthesia is unknown. Because consciousness depends on activity in the cortico-thalamic network, anesthetic actions on this network are likely critical for LOC. Competing theories stress the importance of anesthetic actions on bottom-up ‘core’ thalamo-cortical (TC) versus top-down cortico-cortical (CC) and matrix TC connections. We tested these models using laminar recordings in rat auditory cortex in-vivo and murine brain slices. We selectively activated bottom-up vs. top-down afferent pathways using sensory stimuli in vivo and electrical stimulation in brain slices, and compared effects of isoflurane on responses evoked via the two pathways. Auditory stimuli in vivo and core TC afferent stimulation in brain slices evoked short latency current sinks in middle layers, consistent with activation of core TC afferents. By contrast, visual stimuli in vivo and stimulation of CC and matrix TC afferents in brain slices evoked responses mainly in superficial and deep layers, consistent with projection patterns of top-down afferents that carry visual information to auditory cortex. Responses to auditory stimuli in vivo and core TC afferents in brain slices were significantly less affected by isoflurane compared to responses triggered by visual stimuli in vivo and CC/matrix TC afferents in slices. At a just-hypnotic dose in vivo, auditory responses were enhanced by isoflurane, whereas visual responses were dramatically reduced. At a comparable concentration in slices, isoflurane suppressed both core TC and CC/matrix TC responses, but the effect on the latter responses was far greater than on core TC responses, indicating that at least part of the differential effects observed in vivo were due to local actions of isoflurane in auditory cortex. These data support a model in which disruption of top-down connectivity contributes to anesthesia-induced LOC, and have implications for understanding the neural basis of consciousness.
Race as a Self-Schema Affecting Recall in Black Children:

Black six- and seven-year olds, living in the Philadelphia metropolitan area and participating in summer day camp programs sponsored by various public and private agencies, listened to prerecorded stories while attending to accom panying picture books. One third of the subjects were as signed to one of three experimental groups. Subjects in Experimental Group I listened to two stories with Black characters; subjects in Experimental Group II listened to the two stories with White characters; and subjects in Experi mental Group III listened to two stories with animal charac ters. After each story, the children were asked four questions designed to elicit their recall of the story's events and characters. The results are discussed within the theoretical framework of self-schema. Implications for the effects of educational material and media upon the learning behavior of Black children are examined.
Closed-loop MBE growth of droplet-free GaN with very metal rich conditions using Metal Modulated Epitaxy with Mg and In

Improvements to the Metal Modulated Epitaxy (MME) technique are achieved through computer controlled shutter transitions based on feedback from RHEED transients (S. D. Burnham and W. A. Doolittle, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 24, 2100 (2006) [1]), thus creating a closed-loop control system for nitride MBE, the first of its kind. A high-sensitivity 22 bit camera is used to determine when RHEED transients have subsided, upon which a shutter transition is initiated allowing the efficient buildup and depletion of the metal bilayer, which improves surface morphology and growth rate compared to the standard MME technique. RMS surface roughness was reduced by 41% by using this “Smart Shuttering” improvement to MME. A substantially higher peak concentration of Mg, approaching 2% atomic concentration, was achieved using the MME technique. As expected, a negligible amount of In was incorporated into the very Ga-rich films. Using the new closed loop control system developed for MBE, the surface morphology was improved for GaN films while highly repeatable holes concentrations as high as 4.7×1018 cm–3 with 1.07 cm2/V-sec mobility was obtained. This approach offers great promise for improved reproducibility and improved material quality. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Global Analysis of Cell Type-Specific Gene Expression

The tissues and organs of multicellular eukaryotes are frequently observed to comprise complex three-dimensional interspersions of different cell types. It is a reasonable assumption that different global patterns of gene expression are found within these different cell types. This review outlines general experimental strategies designed to characterize these global gene expression patterns, based on a combination of methods of transgenic fluorescent protein (FP) expression and targeting, of flow cytometry and sorting and of high-throughput gene expression analysis.
Speed Photo–Radar Enforcement and Its Effects on Speed in Work Zones:

Automated speed photo-radar enforcement (SPE) in work zones was implemented for the first time in the United States in Illinois. This paper presents the results of the effectiveness of SPE on the basis of three data sets collected in two work zones. SPE was effective in reducing the average speed and increasing compliance with the work zone speed limit in all three data sets. In almost all cases in which SPE was implemented, the average speeds were significantly lower than the work zone speed limit. The average free-flowing speed of cars was reduced by 4.2 to 7.9 mph, and that of trucks by 3.4 to 6.9 mph. SPE reduced the percentage of cars and heavy vehicles exceeding the speed limit significantly. The percentages of free-flowing cars exceeding the speed limit were reduced from 39.8% to 8.3% in Data Set 1, from 30.4% to 4.2% in Data Set 2, and from 93.2% to 45.5% in Data Set 3. The percentages of free-flowing heavy vehicles exceeding the speed limit were reduced from 17.3% to 4.2% in Data Set 1; from 6.1%...
An ultrafast Geiger-mode single-photon avalanche diode in 0.18-μm CMOS technology

We demonstrate a new single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) device, which utilizes the silicon-dioxide shallow-trench isolation (STI) structure common to all deep-submicron CMOS technologies, both for junction planarization and as an area-efficient guard-ring. This makes it possible to achieve an order-of-magnitude improvement in fill factor and a significant reduction in pixel area compared with existing CMOS SPADs, and results in improved SPAD performance. We present numerical simulations as well preliminary experimental results from a test chip, which was manufactured in an IBM 0.18 μm CMOS technology, and which incorporates the devices. With these new and efficient structures, 12 μm-pitch pixels with sub-10ns dead times are achievable without requiring active recharge, creating the opportunity to integrate large arrays of these ultra-fast SPADs for use in biological imaging systems.
A study of Through-Silicon-Via impact on the 3D stacked IC layout

Through-Silicon-Via (TSV) is the enabling technology for the fine-grained 3D integration of multiple dies into a single stack. These TSVs occupy non-negligible silicon area because of their sheer size. This significant silicon area occupied by the TSVs and the interconnections made to the TSVs greatly affect area, power, performance, and reliability of 3D IC layouts. Well-managed TSVs alleviate congestion, reduce wirelength, and improve performance, whereas excessive TSVs not only increase the die area, but also have negative impact on many design objectives. In this paper, we study the impact of TSV on various aspects of 3D layouts. We use GDSII layouts of 2D and 3D designs, and thoroughly compare the pros and cons of TSV usage. We propose a new force-directed 3D gate-level placement that efficiently handles TSVs. In addition, we present an algorithm that assigns TSVs to nets to complete routing that involves TSVs. This algorithm, together with our 3D placer, is integrated into a commercial P&R tool to generate fully validated GDSII layouts. Our experiments based on synthesized benchmarks indicate that our algorithms help generate GDSII layouts of 3D designs that are optimized in terms of area, wirelength, and metal layer count.
The pp24 phosphoprotein of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus contributes to viral genome packaging.

Background The Gag protein of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, a betaretrovirus, contains a phosphoprotein that is cleaved into the Np24 protein and the phosphoprotein pp16/18 during virus maturation. Previous studies by Yasuda and Hunter (J. Virology. 1998. 72:4095–4103) have demonstrated that pp16/18 contains a viral late domain required for budding and that the Np24 protein plays a role during the virus life cycle since deletion of this N-terminal domain blocked virus replication. The function of the Np24 domain, however, is not known.
Application of fecal steroid techniques to the reproductive endocrinology of female verreaux's Sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi).

Solid phase extraction, high performance liquid chromatography, and radioimmunoassay were used to test the validity of fecal steroid analysis for assessing ovarian function in sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). Daily fecal samples were collected over a 4 month period from two cycling female sifaka, and single samples were collected from females during normal gestation and males while housed at the Duke University Primate Center. Tests of radioimmunoassay validity indicated that solid phase extraction and microradioimmunoassay techniques were reliable and accurate methods for quantifying ovarian steroids in sifaka feces. The progesterone (P4 ) antibody specifically quantitated only P4 , while several estrogen metabolites made small contributions to immunoreactive measures of estradiol (E2 ). A 1:10 dilution reduced these contributions to 3-15% of the estimated E2 concentration. Although the spectral data suggested that E2 was not the major metabolite present, it accounted for the majority of the immunoreactivity at normal assay dilutions. Fecal profiles of immunoreactive E2 and P4 in the conceptive female resembled serum profiles of other strepsirhines. E2 and P4 were elevated at the end of the conceptive cycle and were more markedly increased in late pregnancy in the two pregnant females. Mating behavior and indices of sexual interest were observed in conjunction with E2 peaks, although not all peaks were accompanied by observations of sexual behavior. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Guideline for the prevention and control of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in healthcare settings.

Affiliations: 1. Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; 2. Center for Evidence-Based Practice, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 3. Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Received July 7, 2011; accepted July 15, 2011; electronically published September 1, 2011. This article is in the public domain, and no copyright is claimed. 0899-823X/2011/3210-0001. DOI: 10.1086/662025 editor’s note
H2 State Feedback Control Synthesis of Continuous-time Uncertain Markov Jump Linear Systems

This paper is concerned with the problem of designing robust H2 state feedback controllers for continuous-time Markov jump linear systems with polytopic uncertainties. A new method for designing robust H2 controllers is presented in terms of solutions to a set of linear matrix inequalities. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.
Risk assessment of hurricane storm surge for New York City

[1] Hurricane storm surge presents a major hazard for the United States. We apply a model‐based risk assessment methodology to investigate hurricane storm surge risk for New York City (NYC). We couple a statistical/deterministic hurricane model with the hydrodynamic model SLOSH (sea, lake, and overland surges from hurricanes) to generate a large number of synthetic surge events; the SLOSH model simulations are compared to advanced circulation model simulations. Statistical analysis is carried out on the empirical data. It is observed that the probability distribution of hurricane surge heights at the Battery, NYC, exhibited a heavy tail, which essentially determines the risk of New York City being struck by a catastrophic coastal flood event. The peaks‐over‐threshold method with the generalized Pareto distribution is applied to estimate the upper tail of the surge heights. The resulting return periods of surge heights are consistent with those of other studies for the New York area. This storm surge risk assessment methodology may be applied to other coastal areas and can be extended to consider the effect of future climate change.
The effects of intermittent faults on the reliability of digital systems

Reliability of a system is evaluated on the basis of faults which are permanent in nature, but in reality system failures are due to faults which are intermittent in nature. Intermittent fault describes a fault or an error that is occasionally present due to unstable hardware or software states. When the system is subject to intermittent and permanent faults, a model for studying reliability of digital systems is set up in this paper which is based on Markov model containing three states. >
Poster Abstract: Controlling Actuation in Central HVAC Systems in Buildings

Modern building HVAC systems consist of thousands of sensors and actuators networked together for control and monitoring of operations. Traditional Building Management Systems (BMS) are vertically integrated systems and usable by trained operators. Recent advances in literature has democratized this information by integrating information from diverse sources and making it available to third-party developers through standard APIs. We present Building Control Engine (BCE) that allows developers to safely control the actuators in the HVAC system. BCE provides an abstraction for handling the growing safety and reliability concerns when HVAC systems are made publicly available for actuation control. We focus on the Variable Air Volume (VAV) box in the HVAC system, and develop BCE by analyzing and actuation of a VAV in a real building. We show that ensuring reliability and safety of operation is non-trivial as actuators have hierarchical dependencies. BCE captures this domain knowledge and ensures developers cannot cause damage to actuators by checking for both frequency and range of control. In addition, BCE allows static checking of control sequences and rolls back the actuators to safe operation in case of application failure.
Innovative free space optical communication and navigation system with high data rate communication, precision ranging, range rate measurements, and accurate spacecraft pointing

We report an innovative free Space optical communication and navigation system which provides high data rate communication, precise measurements of spacecraft ranging, range rate, and accurate spacecraft pointing. A complete breadboard system was built. It includes both space and ground terminals. Along with 622MBPS data link, two way ranging were conducted. 23μm ranging and 23μm/s range rate accuracies were achieved in 1 second integrating time. These ranging performance is not sensitive to the communication error rate. The high ranging and range rate accuracies were achieved through the relative phase measurement of transmit and receive clock with Dual Mixer Timer Difference measurement apparatus.
The effects of harvest date and CO2-enriched storage atmospheres on the storage and shelf-life of strawberries

SummaryStrawberries, cv Cambridge Favourite, picked early during the 1979, 1980 and 1981 seasons were less susceptible to fungal spoilage during cool storage at 2°C or shelf-life at 15°C than fruit harvested from the same crops later during each of these seasons. Polyethylene-covered pallets of soft fruit commercially treated with a patented sealing and CO2-injection system were found after transportation to contain between 3 and 16% CO2, most containing <10%. In experiments to simulate conditions in commercially-treated pallet-packs of strawberries, 3, 5 or 10% CO2 (in air) did not consistently retard spoilage of fruit by Botrytis cinerea or Mucor piriformis during six days at 2°C or during subsequent shelf-life in air at 15°C; 10% CO2 also caused persistent off-flavours. Although these CO2-enriched atmospheres did not reduce wastage or extend the post-harvest life of Cambridge Favourite strawberrries, the use of polyethylene covers on pre-cooled strawberries is recommended to help keep the fruit cool an...
The Structural Role of Feed-Forward Loop Motif in Transcriptional Regulatory Networks

We present multiple approaches to identify the significance of topological metrics that contribute to biological network robustness. We examine and compare the communication efficiency of transcriptional networks extracted from the bacterium Escherichia coli and the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using discrete event simulation based in silico experiments. The packet receipt rate is used as a dynamical metric to understand information flow, while unsupervised machine learning techniques are used to examine underlying relationships inherent to the network topology. To this effect, we defined sixteen features based on structural/topological significance, such as transcriptional motifs, and other traditional metrics, such as network density and average shortest path, among others. Support vector classification is used with these features after parameters were identified using a cross-validation grid-search method. Feature ranking is performed using analysis of variance F-value metric. We found that feed-forward loop (FFL) based features consistently show up as significant in both the bacterial and yeast networks, even at different noise levels. We then use a supervised machine learning technique (random forests) to investigate the structural prominence of the FFL motif in information transmission using subnetworks (larger sample size compared to the unsupervised approach) extracted from Escherichia coli transcriptional regulatory network. Further, we study the role of FFLs in signal transduction within the complete Escherichia coli regulatory network. Although our work reveals a minimal role of FFLs in signal transduction, it highlights the structural role of FFLs in information transmission captured by random forest regression. This work paves the way to design specialized engineered systems, such as wireless sensor networks, that exploit topological properties of natural networks to attain maximum efficiency.
Depression Predicts All-Cause Mortality: Epidemiological evaluation from the ACCORD HRQL substudy

OBJECTIVE Depression affects up to 20–25% of adults with type 2 diabetes and may increase all-cause mortality, but few well-designed studies have examined the effects of depression on the full range of cardiovascular disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 2,053 participants in the ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) Health-Related Quality of Life substudy completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 measure of depression symptoms at baseline and 12, 36, and 48 months. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) (95% CI) for the time-varying impact of depression on protocol-defined clinical outcomes with and without adjustment for demographic, trial-related, clinical, and behavioral variables. RESULTS In fully adjusted models, depression was not significantly related to the ACCORD primary composite outcome (cardiovascular death, nonfatal heart attack, or stroke) (HR 1.53 [95% CI 0.85–2.73]) or to the ACCORD microvascular composite outcome (0.93 [0.53–1.62]), but all-cause mortality was significantly increased both in those with PHQ-assessed probable major depression (2.24 [1.24–4.06]) and PHQ score of ≥10 (1.84 [1.17–2.89]). The effect of depression on all-cause mortality was not related to previous cardiovascular events or to assignment to intensive or standard glycemia control. Probable major depression (by PHQ-9) had a borderline impact on the ACCORD macrovascular end point (1.42 [0.99–2.04]). CONCLUSIONS Depression increases the risk of all-cause mortality and may increase the risk of macrovascular events among adults with type 2 diabetes at high risk for cardiovascular events.
High-Frequency EPR Study of the Ferrous Ion in the Reduced Rubredoxin Model [Fe(SPh)4]2-

High-frequency (94−371 GHz) EPR data are reported for powdered samples of [PPh4]2[Fe(SPh)4], an accurate model for the reduced site of rubredoxins. This is the first HFEPR investigation of an S = 2...
Graphical Solution Method and Basic Optimization Concepts

An optimization problem having two design variables can be solved by plotting all the functions of the problem on a graph sheet. This graphical optimization procedure is described to achieve two objectives: (1) to solve any two-variable optimization problem and (2) to introduce some terminology and concepts related to the solution process that are used in later chapters when optimality conditions and numerical methods for solution of the optimization problems are discussed. Mathematica and MATLAB plotting capabilities are used to develop a step-by-step procedure to plot all the constraint functions, identify the feasible side of each constraint and identify the feasible set for the problem. Cost (objective) function contours are plotted and the optimum point is identified on the graph. The graphical solution process is used to introduce the idea of an infeasible problem, unbounded problem, and problem that has multiple optimum points. Two practical problems are solved to demonstrate the graphical solution process.
Community College Study Abroad and Implications for Student Success: Comparing California and New Jersey Community Colleges

The percentage of community college students who complete a program to earn a degree or certificate is less than 50 % and the time it takes most community college students to complete their program is generally longer than three years (AACC 2015). Research shows that when specific programmatic changes are introduced to the community college environment there is evidence for success (Crosta 2013). The California Community College Student Outcomes Abroad Research Project (CCC SOAR) conducted a multivariate regression analysis on students who studied abroad and those who did not to see if the programmatic change of studying abroad influenced student success (Raby et al. 2014). Bergen Community College and Brookdale Community College in New Jersey used a variation of the CCC SOAR methodology to assess the impact of study abroad on student success (Thomas et al. 2015). The importance of this study is that by using a similar process in three different contexts there is an increased reliability in the findings. The ensuing analysis is significant because it adds to the growing body of literature which supports the positive impact of study abroad on student success:
Course notes rotational symmetries on surfaces: theory, algorithms, and applications

Rotational symmetry fields appear in a wide range of applications in computer graphics, such as quadrangular and triangular remeshing, texture and geometry pattern synthesis, painterly rendering, pen-and-ink sketching, street network modeling, and computer architecture. In all of these applications, an orientation field is needed to guide the tiling of the surface (remeshing) and placement of graphics primitives (e.g., painting strokes, hatches, street segments, texture and geometry patterns). The continuity and smoothness of the input rotational symmetry field as well as its topology of the rotational symmetry field (singularities), can greatly influence the quality of the application results. In this course note, we will start with vector fields, a special kind of rotational symmetry fields that are important in their own right. We will cover the topology as well as smoothness of vector fields and provide algorithms for vector field design and analsysi. Next, we will extend the work to the general N-way rotational symmetry fields and provide algorithms for the representation, analysis, design, processing, and visualization of such fields.
Sustained Dye Release Using Poly(urea-urethane)/Cellulose Nanocrystal Composite Microcapsules.

The aim of this study is to develop methods to reinforce polymeric microspheres with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to make eco-friendly microcapsules for a variety of applications such as medicines, perfumes, nutrients, pesticides, and phase change materials. Surface hydrophobization treatments for CNCs were performed by grafting poly(lactic acid) oligomers and fatty acids (FAs) to enhance the dispersion of nanoparticles in the polymeric shell. Then, a straightforward process is demonstrated to design sustained release microcapsules by the incorporation of the modified CNCs (mCNCs) in the shell structure. The combination of the mCNC dispersion with subsequent interfacial polyurea (PU) to form composite capsules as well as their morphology, composition, mechanical properties, and release rates were examined in this study. The PU microcapsules embedded with the mCNC were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphologies of the microcapsul...
Annual Review of Nuclear Science, Volume 17, 1967

(1968). Annual Review of Nuclear Science, Volume 17, 1967. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 356-356.
Understanding the Role of Temperature and Cathode Composition on Interface and Bulk: Optimizing Aluminum Oxide Coatings for Li-Ion Cathodes.

Surface coating of cathode materials with Al2O3 has been shown to be a promising method for cathode stabilization and improved cycling performance at high operating voltages. However, a detailed understanding on how coating process and cathode composition change the chemical composition, morphology, and distribution of coating within the cathode interface and bulk lattice is still missing. In this study, we use a wet-chemical method to synthesize a series of Al2O3-coated LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 and LiCoO2 cathodes treated under various annealing temperatures and a combination of structural characterization techniques to understand the composition, homogeneity, and morphology of the coating layer and the bulk cathode. Nuclear magnetic resonance and electron microscopy results reveal that the nature of the interface is highly dependent on the annealing temperature and cathode composition. For Al2O3-coated LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2, higher annealing temperature leads to more homogeneous and more closely attached coati...
Placental Pathologic Conditions in Anticardiolipin Antibody Positive Women Whose Infants Had Congenital Heart Defects

Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACLA) are present in 10% of women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Other associations with ACLA are arterial and venous thrombosis, cerebral infarction, pulmonary hypertension, preterm delivery, and fetal growth retardation. A previous prospective study of infants of mothers with positive ACLA identified an increased incidence of congenital heart disease in this population. As a follow-up, the placentas of the initial 40 ACLA-positive patients were studied to determine whether there was an increased incidence of infarct or thrombosis compared with that in control subjects matched for maternal age and gestational age within the same 2-year period. The age of ACLA-positive mothers was 30 +/- 5 years versus 29 +/- 5 years in the ACLA-negative mothers. Gestational age was 37 +/- 2 weeks in both groups; placental weight was 553 +/- 169 gm in the ACLA-positive group versus 593 +/- 117 gm in the ACLA-negative group. The birth weight was 2972 +/- 709 gm in infants of ACLA-positive mothers and 2920 +/- 674 gm in infants of ACLA-negative mothers. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in gestational age, maternal disease, placental histologic findings, placental weight, type of delivery, or type of ACLA. Twenty-seven ACLA-positive women were receiving prednisone. Chi square analysis showed the ACLA-positive mothers to have more spontaneous abortions (p = 0.02) and to have more children with congenital heart disease (5 ventricular septal defects and 2 atrial septal defects) (p = 0.006). In summary, infants born with congenital heart defects in women positive for ACLA did not have significant placental pathologic conditions when compared with control infants.
Grosz v. Museum of Modern Art

In Grosz v. Museum of Modern Art, the family of artist George Grosz sued to recover paintings of his that, they asserted, were stolen by the Nazis from his dealer following the artist’s flight from Germany, and were later acquired by the Museum of Modern Art. This chapter examines the adjudication of the case, which presented the courts with a series of questions concerning the statute of limitations.
Distinct miRNA profile in prognosis of early CTCL.

In this issue of Blood , Lindahl et al report that expression of 3 microRNAs (miRNAs) (miR-106b-5p, miR-148a-3p, and miR-338-3p) in tissues of the mycosis fungoides (MF) subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is highly predictive of disease progression. 1
Therapeutics for Adult Nail Psoriasis and Nail Lichen Planus: A Guide for Clinicians

Nail psoriasis (NP) and nail lichen planus (NLP) can be limiting, stigmatizing and difficult to treat. Dermatologists commonly treat psoriasis and lichen planus but when associated onychodystrophy is present or is an isolated finding, some develop apprehension. The goal of this review is to develop therapeutic ladders to be used as a guide for the management of NP and NLP in everyday clinical practice. Evidence-based therapies for NP are robust and range from topical treatments to conventional systemic therapies (i.e., methotrexate, cyclosporine), new oral agents (i.e., apremilast and tofacitinib), and biologics. The literature for treatment of NLP is severely limited, with therapy mainly consisting of topical, intralesional, or systemic corticosteroids or methotrexate.
Severe Cardiac Involvement Is Rare in Patients with Late-Onset Pompe Disease and the Common c.-32-13T>G Variant: Implications for Newborn Screening

Based on a review of a large patient cohort, published literature, and 3 newborn screening cohorts, we concluded that children diagnosed through newborn screening with late-onset Pompe disease and the common heterozygous c.-32-13T>G variant require frequent cardiac follow-up with electrocardiography for arrhythmias. However, there is limited evidence for performing repeated echocardiography for cardiomyopathy.
Helical instability in MagLIF due to axial flux compression by low-density plasma

The MagLIF (Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion) experiment at Sandia National Labs is one of the three main approaches to inertial confinement fusion. Radiographic measurements of the imploding liner have shown helical structuring that was not included in MagLIF scaling calculations but that could fundamentally change the viability of the approach. We present the first MagLIF linear dynamics simulations, using extended magnetohydrodynamical (XMHD) as well as standard MHD modeling, that reproduce these helical structures, thus enabling a physical understanding of their origin and development. Specifically, it is found that low-density plasma from the simulated power flow surfaces can compress the axial flux in the region surrounding the liner, leading to a strong layer of axial flux on the liner. The strong axial magnetic field on the liner imposes helical magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor perturbations into the imploding liner. A detailed comparison of XMHD and MHD modeling shows that there are defects in the MHD treatment of low-density plasma dynamics that are remedied by inclusion of the Hall term that is included in our XMHD model. In order to obtain fair agreement between XMHD and MHD, great care must be taken in the implementation of the numerics, especially for MHD. Even with a careful treatment of low-density plasma, MHD exhibits significant shortcomings that emphasize the importance of using XMHD modeling in pulsed-power driven high-energy-density experiments. The present results may explain why past MHD modeling efforts have failed to produce the helical structuring without initially imposing helical perturbations.
Vascular Wall PO2 Following Carbon Monoxide Exposure

Cigarette smoking and atherosclerosis may be linked to vascular wall damage caused by carbon monoxide (CO), nocotine or exposure to other toxic substances. Vascular wall hypoxia may play an important role in this process. Schneiderman and Goldstick (1,2) have simulated the effect of CO exposure on O2 transport to the wall of the human thoracic aorta using a computer model. The wall of the thoracic aorta and other large blood vessels must depend on O2 supply from both the vessel lumen and from the microvasculature of the outer wall (vasa vasorum). A two layer tissue model was chosen to represent the vascular wall in their analysis, with the tissue properties (O2consumption rate, Q, diffusivity, D, and solubility, K) for each layer estimated from the literature. The location and value of the minimum PO2 (Pmin) in the wall will depend on these tissue properties, as well as the wall dimensions and boundary conditions at the inner endothelial and outer adventitial edges of the a vascular portion of the wall. The computer studies indicate that Pmin will decrease with increasing levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) within the range experienced by heavy smokers (up to 20%). Their model predicts that the middle or inner medial layer is most susceptible to hypoxic damage.
Automatic Music Timbre Indexing

Music information indexing based on timbre helps users to get relevant musical data in large digital music databases. Timbre is a quality of sound that distinguishes one music instrument from another among a wide variety of instrument families and individual categories. The real use of timbre-based grouping of music is very nicely discussed in (Bregman, 1990). Typically, an uncompressed digital music recording, in form of a binary file, contains a header and a body. A header stores file information such as length, number of channels, rate of sample frequency, etc. Unless being manually labeled, a digital audio recording has no description on timbre, pitch or other perceptual properties. Also, it is a highly nontrivial task to label those perceptual properties for every piece of music object based on its data content. Lots of researchers have explored numerous computational methods to identify the timbre property of a sound. However, the body of a digital audio recording contains an enormous amount of integers in a time-order sequence. For example, at a sample frequency rate of 44,100Hz, a digital recording has 44,100 integers per second, which means, in a oneminute long digital recording, the total number of the integers in the time-order sequence will be 2,646,000, which makes it a very big data item. Being not in form of a record, this type of data is not suitable for most traditional data mining algorithms. Recently, numerous features have been explored to represent the properties of a digital musical object based on acoustical expertise. However, timbre description is basically subjective and vague, and only some subjective features have well defined objective counterparts, like brightness, calculated as gravity center of the spectrum. Explicit formulation of rules of objective specification of timbre in terms of digital descriptors will formally express subjective and informal sound characteristics. It is especially important in the light of human perception of sound timbre. Time-variant information is necessary for correct classification of musical instrument sounds because quasi-steady state, where the sound vibration is stable, is not sufficient for human experts. Therefore, evolution of sound features in time should be reflected in sound description as well. The discovered temporal patterns may better express sound features than static features, especially that classic features can be very similar for sounds representing the same family or pitch, whereas changeability of features with pitch for the same instrument makes sounds of one instrument dissimilar. Therefore, classical sound features can make correct identification of musical instruments independently on the pitch very difficult and erroneous.
Spirals on the sea

Spiral eddies were first seen in the sun glitter on the Apollo Mission 30 years ago; they have since been recorded on SAR missions and in the infrared. The spirals are globally distributed, 10-25 km in size and overwhelmingly cyclonic. They have not been explained. Under light winds favorable to visualization, linear surface features with high surfactant density and low surface roughness are of common occurrence. We have proposed that frontal formations concentrate the ambient shear and prevailing surfactants. Horizontal shear instabilities ensue when the shear becomes comparable to the coriolis frequency. The resulting vortices wind the liner features into spirals. The hypothesis needs to be tested by prolonged measurements and surface truth. Spiral eddies are a manifestation of a sub-mesoscale oceanography associated with upper ocean stirring; dimensional considerations suggest a horizontal diffusivity of order 103 m2 s-1.
Unexpected strength–ductility response in an annealed, metastable, high-entropy alloy

Abstract The design of non-equiatomic high-entropy alloys (HEAs) opens huge compositional space to develop new materials with exceptional properties. Among them, HEAs with flexible microstructures showed an adaptive phase stability that enhanced the work hardening (WH) ability of the material drastically. With the same motive, here we present a new friction stir processed Fe39Mn20Co20Cr15Si5Al1 HEA that demonstrated an unexpected strength–ductility response just upon annealing. The inter-competing precipitation and grain/twin formation events during low-temperature annealing resulted in an unexpected f.c.c. (γ) → h.c.p. (ɛ) transformation. This unusual phase evolution triggered development of refined, ɛ-dominated microstructure coupled with a uniformly dispersed fine γ phase. The controlled 〈c+a〉 slip and twinning in the ɛ phase along with the transformation of a refined γ matrix resulted in higher elongation of 52% with enhanced ultimate tensile strength of 1.12 GPa during deformation. Thus, the metastability-assisted design of ɛ-martensite-dominant HEAs by annealing opens a new path to obtain strong yet ductile alloys, which is otherwise not feasible in conventional steel/HEA designs.
Tweeting the Attack: Predicting Gubernatorial Candidate Attack Messaging and Its Spread

Political campaign scholars have been concerned about the nature and effects of negative messages. Although much research has examined attack advertisements in broadcast media, more research is needed to understand attack messaging on social media. We conducted a content analysis of campaign tweets generated by candidates who ran for governor in 2014 in the United States. We examine the variables that relate to campaign attack message posting and predict its spread. Analysis suggests challengers are more likely to attack, but incumbent-generated messages are more likely to spread. We also found that attack messages are more likely than advocacy messages to be retweeted.
Collaboration on a Grand Scale: Creating a High-Impact Educational Orientation Experience Through Campus and Library Partnerships

Abstract To meet the challenge of reaching out to a large and diverse group of first-year students (∼7,000), the Department of Library Learning Services at Penn State partners with units across its University Park campus, as well as all other library departments, to plan an annual Open House. What started as a simple walking tour of the building fifteen years ago has become an important educational event with strategic learning outcomes, introducing students to library facilities and resources. Ultimately, the result of this evolution and the many successful partnerships is an event with an average annual attendance of 3,500 students and an overwhelmingly positive student response to the activities and library personnel.
Passive restoration of vegetation and biological soil crusts following 80 years of exclusion from grazing across the Great Basin

Restoration targets for biological soil crusts are largely unknown. We surveyed seven 80‐year‐old grazing exclosures across northern Nevada for biocrusts to quantify reference conditions at relatively undisturbed sites. Exclosures were associated with the following plant communities: Wyoming big sagebrush, black sagebrush, and areas co‐dominated by winterfat and Wyoming big sagebrush. Cover of biocrusts and shrubs were generally higher than other plant groups at these sites, regardless of being inside or outside of the exclosures, suggesting these groups make up most of the native flora across the region. Important in forming soil structure, cyanobacteria of the order Oscillatoriales were less abundant and diverse in black sagebrush communities. Grazing had a negative effect on the abundance of Oscillatoriales but not the number of algal taxa, including cyanobacteria. Abundance of light algal crusts were not influenced by plant community or grazing. Dark algal crusts were generally less abundant on grazed sites. Influences of plant community and grazing were most apparent when accounting for reproductive rates of lichens and mosses based on establishment mechanisms. Abundance of shrubs, perennial grasses, Oscillatoriales, fast reproducing biocrusts and the number of algal and cyanobacterial taxa, varied by plant community, suggesting that restoration should be plant community specific. We demonstrate the affinity of rapidly reproducing biocrusts for winterfat‐Wyoming big sagebrush co‐dominated plant communities, regardless of grazing pressure. Across sites, the effects of grazing were most evident on the abundance of Oscillatoriales and slowly reproducing biocrusts following 80 years of cessation from grazing.
China and the ASEAN Economies: Interdependence and Rivalry

This chapter surveys trade developments in goods, particularly as related to international supply chains, and discusses trade policy issues such as the recent spread of non-tariff barriers to trade. The chapter then discusses the impact of the US-China trade war on the corporate sectors of various economies. The chapter also considers demographic, education and research and development (R&D) trends that will influence trade between China and Southeast Asia in the future, as well as foreign direct investment (FDI) trends between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members and China, and infrastructure investments under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). After examining monetary cooperation, environmental concerns and territorial disputes in the South China Sea, the chapter concludes with a discussion of power relations in Asia.
MASS TRANSFER COOLING, A MEANS TO PROTECT HIGH SPEED AIRCRAFT

Publisher Summary This chapter describes mass transfer cooling that is a means to protect high speed aircraft. Mass transfer cooling leads to a considerable reduction in the conductive heat flow to the skin of a vehicle, especially, with a light-weight gas. In this way, the amount of heat that has to be absorbed by the heat sink and, therefore, the mass of this sink can be effectively reduced. Real conditions on a re-entering object differ by various factors from those assumed in the calculations, the results of which have been presented, as well as from the conditions under which the wind tunnel tests have been performed. The extremely high temperature in the air surrounding the object leads to dissociation and possibly to ionization of the air, and the coolant gas released from the skin may react chemically with the air. Various calculations have been performed and are reported in the literature that studies these effects separately. The general conclusion can be drawn from their results that these effects do not change the heat flux into the surface essentially for conditions. This is also true for the situation that a liquid film covers the surface.
Oxidative stress in early pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia.

Abstract Introduction Preeclampsia (PE), one of the most serious complications of pregnancy, is characterized by endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. The pathophysiology of the disease is still unknown; however, evidence suggests that placental and maternal oxidative stress promote the disease process. Several studies have assessed levels of oxidative stress during pregnancy, but after diagnosis of PE. However, few studies have examined oxidative stress before PE diagnosis. Thus, the present work was aimed to gain further insight into the role of oxidative stress prior to diagnosis of PE (i.e. 12–20 weeks of gestation) and to further understand and predict PE incidence. Methods Blood levels of superoxide (O2 −) and erythrocyte antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels were measured in 23 preeclamptic pregnant women and 91 women with normal pregnancies. We further used logistic regression of O2 − and each antioxidant level as the main predictor variable for PE risk. Results CAT activity, GSH, and Total glutathione (TGSH) were significantly lower with All PE pregnant groups, whereas O2 − levels were modestly, but significantly, higher in women with mild PE. Logistic regression analysis suggests increased CAT activity in pregnant women is associated with a decreased odds of being preeclamptic. Conclusion CAT is the only antioxidant as shown in our study to be related to the severity of the disease and may be a promising predictor for PE. Further studies are warranted to investigate the use of CAT as a novel therapeutic for PE.