cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual Analytic Decision-Making Environments for Large-Scale Time-Evolving Graphs

Abstract Decision makers in multiple domains are increasingly looking for ways to improve the understanding of real-world phenomena through data collected from Internet devices, including low-cost sensors, smart phones, and online activity. Examples include detecting environmental changes, understanding the impacts of adverse manmade and natural disasters, and obtaining marketing intelligence on company profiles. Real-world observations from streaming data sources such as sensors, click streams, and social media are becoming increasingly common in many domains, including cybersecurity, infectious disease surveillance, social community networks, and web-based recommendation systems. An emerging approach is to leverage graph-based modeling of these events, to understand ongoing trends and predict future ones. Data scientists are faced with the challenge of analyzing large-scale graphs that are changing dynamically, while existing tools and metaphors for data collection, processing, storage, and analysis are not suitable for handling large-scale evolutionary graphs. This chapter describes visual analytics as a cognitive computing approach to improve decision making with large-scale dynamic graphs. We provide a conceptual introduction to time-varying graphs and various components of the visual analytics that affect the performance of decision support systems, including data management, analytics, visualization, and visual interaction. We provide techniques to improve the performance of each of these components in an integrated visual analytics framework. We also describe a visual graph analytics sandbox architecture and sample applications implemented within it.
Has the Clean Air Interstate Rule Fulfilled Its Mission? An Assessment of Federal Rule‐Making in Preventing Regional Spillover Pollution

The Environmental Protection Agency developed the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) to minimize sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants and prevent pollution spillover into downwind states. While observers of CAIR claim success in the reduction of air pollution, our innovative multivariate statistical analysis based on spatial and facility-level panel data finds mixed results concerning the rule's effectiveness. On the one hand, we find that CAIR facilities are associated with increases in the reduction rate of pollution compared to non-CAIR facilities. However, the evidence suggests that sulfur dioxide levels decreased in CAIR-mandated facilities before the actual implementation of the program. Additionally, on the one hand, CAIR facilities in the interior of states are associated with slower pollution reduction rates than those on the border. However, this difference in reduction rate does not change dramatically before or after the adoption or implementation of this rule. This suggests that the CAIR program was ineffective in targeting specific facilities most likely to contribute to interstate pollution. We conclude that while CAIR spurred the electrical utility industry to reduce air pollution, some of these reductions occurred before the actual implementation of the program. More substantially, gains in interstate spillover pollution did not occur by targeting specific facilities most likely to spillover but rather through the overall reduction of air pollution in the eastern states.
Consideration of BTI variability and product level reliability to expedite advanced FinFET process development

In this study, the variability of conventional planar (20nm System-on Chip, 20SoC) and FinFET (16nm FinFET, 16FF) time-zero Vt and Bias-Temperature Instability (BTI) induced aging is investigated, as well as its impact on SRAM and Logic product reliability. For 16FF, the Vt after aging is dominated by initial Vt distribution rather than BTI induced Vt shift, and their Vt sigmas are also superior to planar 20SoC. NBTI (Negative Bias Temperature Instability) relaxation between 20SoC and 16FF are comparable, while 16FF shows less PBTI (Positive Bias Temperature Instability) recovery due to the local high field on fin top. Correlation between SRAM static noise margin (SNM) and NBTI induced Vt shift concurs with the domination of initial Vt sigma for SNM drift. Chip and bit level High-Temperature Operating Life (HTOL) burn-in test with recovery phases demonstrates all the recovery occurs right after stress, so there is no Vt mismatch to make more Vmin tailing. Bit level AC and DC HTOL Vmin sigma concurs with the additional Vt mismatch by DC stress. Logic Vmin recovery at higher temperature demonstrates the signature of BTI contribution in Vmin. These results indicate that even some of the BTI features of 16FF are different from 20SoC, the adequate process optimization for initial Vt sigma tightening still dominates SRAM/Logic HTOL Vmin shift rather than BTI aging.
Price Reduction Strategy for a Multi-Category Retailer:

Multi-category businesses often reduce the price of one category to generate purchases for other categories. The extra profit from related purchases will hopefully justify the sacrificed margin in ...
Multiple feature affixation in Seenku plural formation

Nominal plural formation in Seenku involves two surface changes: fronting of the final vowel and raising of the final tone. Diachronically, the plural patterns likely derive from a suffix *- , which has been obscured through the loss of falling sonority diphthongs. By comparing plural formation to other morphophonological processes in Seenku, this paper argues that the plural suffix has been restructured as a featural suffix consisting of two features: the vocalic feature [+front], resulting in vowel fronting, and the tonal feature [+raised], resulting in tone raising. Given the atomic nature of the morphosyntactic feature plural, Seenku plural formation represents a strong case of multiple feature affixation, albeit a case that can be accounted for through Max constraints on feature values (Lombardi 2001, etc.) and Realize-Morpheme (van Oostendorp 2005; Trommer 2012) rather than the constraint Max-Flt argued for by Wolf (2007). A level-ordered approach retaining the vocalic suffix is also considered but is shown to suffer from a number of shortcomings, particularly with respect to tone and a challenging class of nasal stems. In short, this paper explores how the synchronic grammar copes with the vestiges of affixal morphology in a language that has undergone heavy reduction.
Characteristics of Effective Classroom Rules: A Review of the Literature:

Difficulty managing classroom behavior is a frequently recognized problem for teachers, especially teachers early in their careers. Classroom rules are identified as an integral part of effective c...
Kinetic Isotope Effect Studies to Elucidate the Reaction Mechanism of RNA-Modifying Enzymes.

Abstract The synthesis of specifically deuterated uridine, its incorporation into an RNA oligonucleotide substrate, and the use of the labeled substrate to determine the deuterium kinetic isotope effect for the reaction catalyzed by the pseudouridine synthases (enzymes that isomerize uridine to pseudouridine in RNA) are described. Both enzymes—TruB and RluA—display a primary kinetic isotope effect, which indicates the formation of a glycal intermediate in the ribose ring during turnover. Although the details of the protocols are specific to these two enzymes, the general methodology is readily adaptable to the synthesis and incorporation of other labeled nucleosides into any RNA molecule by in vitro transcription.
Optimal Management of Malacic Airway Syndromes

Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM), although uncommon, is increasingly recognized as a medical condition that may require treatment among patients with pulmonary disorders.1,2 The diagnosis of TBM is now often made on a CT scan done for reasons other than the confirmation of a suspected diagnosis of TBM. These “incidental” diagnoses of TBM need to be viewed with caution, as radiographic abnormalities do not always correlate with physiologic effects. TBM most often co-exists with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and it remains difficult to judge to what extent each diagnosis contributes to the symptoms of each patient. Typical symptoms that patients seek treatment for include dyspnea, cough, inability to clear secretions, and recurrent pulmonary infections. TBM can be treated by airway stent insertion (self-expanding metallic or silicone) or by membranous wall tracheobronchoplasty.
Cultivating epistemic empathy in preservice teacher education

Abstract This study investigates the emergence and cultivation of teachers' “epistemic empathy” in response to analyzing videos of student inquiry. We define epistemic empathy as the act of understanding and appreciating someone's cognitive and emotional experience within an epistemic activity—i.e., activity aimed at the construction, communication, and critique of knowledge. Our goals are (1) to conceptually develop the construct and contrast it to more general notions of caring and (2) to empirically examine epistemic empathy in the context of preservice teacher education. We discuss tensions in teachers' expressions of epistemic empathy, and we end with implications for research and practice.
Women in computer science: A liberal arts perspective

The computer science industry continues to expand acting as a catalyst for development in every field it extends into. However despite extensive study, internal challenges particularly those facing women, have not experienced an equivalent degree of advancement. In this paper we present our analysis of women's participation in the industry. Beginning with a brief summary of the past 30+ years, the forthcoming sections observe both academic and occupational arenas through a theoretical lens. Our research incorporates a succinct description of personality typing and its role as a constructive function to distinguish patterns that shape current facets of the computer industry. We also highlight a specific sociological behavioral pattern and how it affects change including the firsthand accounts by current students from specific nationalities providing a basis for identifying global methodologies. We also discuss the outcomes in both educational and occupational sectors including the applicability of liberal arts to the industry as well as recommendations on what can be done concludes our findings.
Relationship between Levetiracetam exposure and Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (P4.260)

Objective: To examine the relationship between levetiracetam(LEV) exposure and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) with regards to seizure frequency. Background: PNES is commonly experienced by epilepsy patients and makes up to 25% of all epilepsy clinic visits and up to 50% of EMU admissions. LEV can worsen existing psychiatric disorders or cause de novo irritability and aggression. We theorized that LEV might exacerbate PNES frequency given its psychiatric etiology. No studies have been published looking at this relationship. Design/Methods: We retrospectively found 36 EMU-confirmed PNES patients in our Level 4 Epilepsy center between 2014 and 2016. Patients were divided into current LEV-exposure group non-LEV group. These were further subcategorized into patients with or without psychiatric comorbidities. Independent t-test was performed between LEV and non-LEV group. One way ANOVA test was performed to assess the difference in seizure frequencies (seizures/month) between the four sub-groups followed by post-hoc analysis for group comparisons. Results: We found 36 patients with confirmed PNES. Most patients (24/36) had exposure to LEV and 19 had psychiatric comorbidities. 14 had stopped LEV while 9 were taking it currently. There was no significant difference (p=0.11) in seizure frequency between LEV (mean 10.04 and standard deviation 7.99) and non-LEV groups (mean 5.56 and standard deviation 9.43). Furthermore, the individual sub-group comparisons for seizure frequencies was also not significant even on least conservative post-hoc analysis (p = 0.47). Conclusions: Most patients with PNES had exposure to LEV. Contrary to our hypothesis, seizure frequency was similar between LEV and non-LEV groups, even in those with psychiatric comorbidities. This would suggest that LEV is safe to use in suspected PNES patients before confirmation. Further analysis with a larger sample size would help confirm this finding. Disclosure: Dr. Brown has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yarraguntla has nothing to disclose. Dr. Marawar has nothing to disclose.
Operant and Attributional Theories

Early in this century, American psychology rallied around the study of overt behavior, as had been suggested by Thorndike (1913) and Watson (1913). This perspective, which had its roots in the philosophy of logical positivism, demanded the use of operational definitions that were specified in terms of overt, observable behaviors. The most influential spokesperson for this position was undoubtedly Skinner (e.g., 1938), who proposed and elaborated an operant theory of behavior. Although the perspective is no longer as central to empirical psychology as it once was, there are still a number of psychologists who subscribe to a relatively orthodox operant perspective, and the field of applied behavior modification is firmly rooted in operant theory.
CHAPTER 7 – Polar Bear

The polar bear is the largest of the extant bears. Polar bears occur in most ice-covered seas of the Northern Hemisphere, including the coastal waters of the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas. The population has grown for nearly 25 years and is perhaps near carrying capacity. Growth has occurred despite dramatic increases in the numbers of people and the expansion of hydrocarbon developments in the Beaufort Sea region during the same period. Maternal denning, the phase of the polar bear life cycle in which they are most vulnerable, is widely scattered in remote areas on land and on the pack-ice. Human interference with denning on the pack-ice is unlikely, and the wide dispersion of land dens means population-level impacts of new developments may be minimized by aggressive management of human activities. However, because polar bears are apical predators in the arctic marine ecosystem, they also may be among the first mammals to show effects of broad-scale environmental changes such as global warming, which can adversely affect polar bear populations even when local effects are adequately managed. The biological potential for polar bears to recover from any perturbation is low because of their low reproductive rate. Hence, to maintain the present favorable situation, knowledge of population status must be kept current and new management challenges must be met head-on. Spatial and temporal restrictions on human activity can also prevent most dens from being disrupted but vigilance is mandatory despite a relatively optimistic outlook.
Inference on the Sources of Innovative Inefficiency Using Data Envelope Analysis and Semi-Parametric Bootstrapping

Using the US states plus the District of Columbia, output-oriented innovative efficiency scores are computed using data envelope analysis (DEA) where total patent counts serve as the measure of innovative output and industry and academic research and development expenditures, and numbers of research scientists, graduate students, and postdoctoral positions are inputs. In the second stage the extent to which state and local government fiscal policy explain the estimated inefficiency is considered. Using a truncated regression model where parameter inference is based on semi-parametric bootstrapping, our results indicate that reducing government administration expenditure share, increasing total education expenditure share, and reducing the share of revenues collected from institutions of higher learning all correlate with greater efficiency.
Using Slack to communicate with medical students

Academic libraries often make use of social networks like Facebook and Twitter to connect with their student users. While the Spokane Academic Library at Washington State University also employs this outreach strategy, the health sciences librarian was able to use a new type of social network called Slack to communicate more directly with the inaugural class of the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine. As a digital workspace for communication and collaboration, Slack provided the medical librarian with an effective medium through which to post library announcements and updates, as well as have individual conversations with students about library-related questions and concerns.
The tarantula toxin GxTx detains K + channel gating charges in their resting conformation

Allosteric ligands modulate protein activity by altering the energy landscape of conformational space in ligand-protein complexes. Here we investigate how ligand binding to a K+ channel's voltage sensor allosterically modulates opening of its K+-conductive pore. The tarantula venom peptide guangxitoxin-1E (GxTx) binds to the voltage sensors of the rat voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channel Kv2.1 and acts as a partial inverse agonist. When bound to GxTx, Kv2.1 activates more slowly, deactivates more rapidly, and requires more positive voltage to reach the same K+-conductance as the unbound channel. Further, activation kinetics are more sigmoidal, indicating that multiple conformational changes coupled to opening are modulated. Single-channel current amplitudes reveal that each channel opens to full conductance when GxTx is bound. Inhibition of Kv2.1 channels by GxTx results from decreased open probability due to increased occurrence of long-lived closed states; the time constant of the final pore opening step itself is not impacted by GxTx. When intracellular potential is less than 0 mV, GxTx traps the gating charges on Kv2.1's voltage sensors in their most intracellular position. Gating charges translocate at positive voltages, however, indicating that GxTx stabilizes the most intracellular conformation of the voltage sensors (their resting conformation). Kinetic modeling suggests a modulatory mechanism: GxTx reduces the probability of voltage sensors activating, giving the pore opening step less frequent opportunities to occur. This mechanism results in K+-conductance activation kinetics that are voltage-dependent, even if pore opening (the rate-limiting step) has no inherent voltage dependence. We conclude that GxTx stabilizes voltage sensors in a resting conformation, and inhibits K+ currents by limiting opportunities for the channel pore to open, but has little, if any, direct effect on the microscopic kinetics of pore opening. The impact of GxTx on channel gating suggests that Kv2.1's pore opening step does not involve movement of its voltage sensors.
Immunotherapy in selected patients with Down syndrome disintegrative disorder

Down syndrome disintegrative disorder (DSDD) is an increasingly identified condition characterized by cognitive decline, autistic characteristics, insomnia, catatonia, and psychosis in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. Previously we reported a higher rate of autoimmune thyroid disease in these patients compared with unaffected individuals with Down syndrome. We therefore hypothesized DSDD may in some cases be immune-mediated. Here we report four cases of DSDD treated with immunotherapy. Families were interviewed retrospectively for symptoms of cognitive decline, autism, catatonia, psychosis, and insomnia before and after treatment, using established scales where possible. Medical records were reviewed for evaluations and treatment. All four patients received intravenous immunoglobulin with or without additional immunotherapy. Significant improvements were seen in catatonia, insomnia, autistic features, cognition, and psychosis. In this small case series of patients with autoimmunity, core symptoms of DSDD improved significantly after immunotherapy. This supports the hypothesis that, in some patients, DSDD is immune-mediated. Immunotherapy should be considered in the treatment of DSDD, particularly in patients with a history of autoimmunity. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Immunotherapy may improve symptoms of catatonia, insomnia, autism severity, cognitive decline, and psychosis in Down syndrome disintegrative disorder.
Effect of naloxone on serum luteinizing hormone, cortisol and prolactin concentrations in anestrous beef cows.

Two experiments were conducted with the opioid antagonist naloxone to determine the effect of opioid receptor blockade on hormone secretion in postpartum beef cows. In Exp. 1, nine anestrous postpartum beef cows were used to measure the effect of naloxone on serum luteinizing hormone (LH), cortisol and prolactin concentrations. Cows received either saline (n = 4) or 200 mg naloxone in saline (n = 5) iv. Blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 2 h before and after naloxone administration. Serum LH concentrations increased (P less than .01) in naloxone-treated cows from 1.8 +/- .04 ng/ml before treatment to 3.9 +/- .7 ng/ml and 4.2 +/- .5 ng/ml at 15 and 30 min, respectively, after naloxone administration. In contrast, LH remained unchanged in saline-treated cows (1.6 +/- .3 ng/ml). Serum cortisol and prolactin concentrations were not different between groups. In Exp. 2, 12 anestrous postpartum beef cows were used to examine the influence of days postpartum on the serum LH response to naloxone. Four cows each at 14 +/- 1.2, 28 +/- .3 and 42 +/- 1.5 d postpartum received 200 mg of naloxone in saline iv. Blood samples were taken as in the previous experiment. A second dose of naloxone was administered 2 h after the first, and blood samples were collected for a further 2 h. Serum LH concentrations increased (P less than .01) only in cows at 42 d postpartum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Preoccupation with failure and adherence to shared baselines: Measuring high-reliability organizational culture.

AbstractObjectiveTo create, administer, and psychometrically examine a survey to measure two new organizational culture factors – preoccupation with failure and adherence to shared baselines – in h...
Doxorubicin as a fluorescent reporter identifies novel MRP1 (ABCC1) inhibitors missed by calcein-based high content screening of anticancer agents

Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) actively transports a variety of drugs, toxic molecules and important physiological substrates across the plasma membrane. It can confer broad-spectrum multidrug resistance and can decrease the bioavailability of many important drugs. Substrates of MRP1 include anti-cancer agents, antibiotics, antivirals, antidepressants and anti-inflammatory drugs. Using calcein as a fluorescent reporter in a high content uptake assay, we recently reported the identification of 12 MRP1 inhibitors after screening an anti-cancer library of 386 compounds. Here, we describe the development of a new high content imaging-based uptake assay using doxorubicin as a fluorescent reporter. Screening the same anti-cancer library of 386 compounds, the new assay identified a total of 28 MRP1 inhibitors including 16 inhibitors that have not been previously reported as inhibitors of MRP1. Inhibition of MRP1 activity was confirmed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy-based transport assays. Six drugs (afatinib, celecoxib, doramapimod, mifepristone, MK-2206 and rosiglitazone) were evaluated for their ability to reverse resistance of MRP1-overexpressing H69AR lung cancer cells against vincristine, doxorubicin and etoposide. Mifepristone and doramapimod were most effective in reversal of resistance against vincristine while mifepristone and rosiglitazone were most successful in resensitizing H69AR cells against doxorubicin. Furthermore, resistance towards etoposide was completely reversed in the presence of celecoxib or doramapimod. Selected drugs were also evaluated for resistance reversal in HEK cells that overexpress P-glycoprotein or breast cancer resistance protein. Our results indicate mifepristone and doramapimod as pan inhibitors of these three drug transporters while celecoxib exhibited selective MRP1 inhibition. Together, our findings signify the importance of MRP1 in drug discovery and demonstrate the effectiveness and value of doxorubicin-based high content screening approach. Anti-cancer agents that exhibit MRP1 inhibition may be used to reverse multidrug resistance or to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of various cancer chemotherapies. On the other hand, anti-cancer drugs that did not interact with MRP1 carry a low risk for developing MRP1-mediated resistance.
Ductal cell reprograming to insulin-producing cells as a potential beta cell replacement source for islet auto-transplant recipients

Abstract Islet cell autotransplantation is a new and promising therapy for maintaining blood glucose levels and improving the quality of life in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP). Though this therapy works well and helps in sustaining good metabolic function, many CP patients return to a diabetic state due to the exhaustion of transplanted islets. Reprogramming technology, by making use of the pancreatic exocrine compartment, can open the possibility of generating novel insulin-producing cells. A large pool of ductal cells is released along with islets during the human islet isolation process, but these cells are separated from the pure islets during the purification steps. Several lineage-tracing studies present evidence that these cells undergo dedifferentiation into a progenitor-like state from which they can be manipulated to form insulin-producing cells. This chapter presents an overview of the recent reports that demonstrate the potential of utilizing pancreatic ductal cells (PDCs) for reprogramming into insulin-producing cells, focusing on the recent advances and the conflicting views. By improving existing ductal cell culture methods and developing a better understanding of mechanisms by which these cells can be manipulated to form hormone-producing islet-like cells, PDCs could prove to be a strong clinical tool in providing an alternative beta cell source, thus helping CP patients maintain long-term glucose levels.
Una nueva interpretación de los diálogos socráticos de Platón

A study of the remainsof the other Socratic authors, and of Eschines in particular, makes clear that this dialogue form was essentially a genre of fictional "conversations with Socrates". freely invented even when the interlocutors were historical. Hence it is a mistake to regard Plato's earlier dialogues as a report of the philosophy of the historical Socrates. The present interpretation aims toreplace the notion of a "Socratic period" in Plato's philosophical development with a more unified View of Plato's work as a whole. Hence the notion of "prolepsis" is utilized to suggest that most of the so-called "Socratic-dialogues"are Written (and intended to be read) from the point of View of the socalled "middle dialogues".
Clinical application of limiting laryngeal mask airway cuff pressures utilizing inflating syringe intrinsic recoil.

Background Overinflation of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) cuff may cause many of the complications associated with the use of the LMA. There is no clinically acceptable (cost effective and practical) method to ensure cuff pressure is maintained below the manufacturer's recommended maximum value of 60 cm H2O (44 mmHg). We studied the use of the intrinsic recoil of the LMA inflating syringe as an effective and practical way to limit cuff pressures at or below the manufacturer's recommended values. Methods We enrolled 332 patients into three separate groups: LMAs inserted and inflated per standard practice at the institution with only manual palpation of the pilot balloon; LMA cuff pressures measured by a pressure transducer and reduced to < 60 cm H2O (44 mmHg); and LMA intra-cuff pressure managed by the intrinsic recoil of the syringe. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the pressure transducer group and the syringe recoil group for initial cuff pressure or cuff pressure 1 hour after surgery. Both the syringe recoil group and pressure transducer group were less likely than the standard practice group to have sore throat and dysphagia 1 hour after surgery. These differences remained 24 hours after surgery. Conclusions Syringe recoil provides an efficient and reproducible method similar to manometry in preventing overinflation of the LMA cuff and decreasing the incidence of postoperative laryngopharyngeal complications.
Neuropilin-2b facilitates resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Objective Innate and acquired resistance is the principle factor limiting the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung cancer. We have observed a dramatic upregulation of the cell surface co-receptor neuropilin-2b in lung cancers clinically treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors correlating with acquired resistance. We hypothesize that neuropilin-2b plays a functional role in acquired tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. Methods Non–small cell lung cancer proliferation and survival were determined during chronic tyrosine kinase inhibitor exposure in the presence or absence of neuropilin-2b knock-down. Interactions of neuropilin-2a and neuropilin-2b isoforms with PTEN and GSK3β were assessed by immunoprecipitation. Neuropilin-2a and neuropilin-2b mutants deleted for their cytoplasmic domains were used to identify regions responsible for neuropilin-2b–GSK3β interaction. Because GSK3β is known to phosphorylate and degrade PTEN, phospho-PTEN and total PTEN levels were assessed after transfection of neuropilin-2a and neuropilin-2b wild-type and mutant constructs. Results Non–small cell lung cancer cells chronically treated with gefitinib or osimertinib developed drug resistance and exhibited logarithmic growth in the presence of endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, neuropilin-2b knockdown cells remained sensitive to gefitinib. Likewise, neuropilin-2b knockdown suppressed and neuropilin-2a knockdown enhanced cellular migration. Acquired drug resistance and cell migration correlated with neuropilin-2b-dependent AKT activation with the intermediate step of GSK3β-dependent PTEN degradation. A specific binding site for GSK3β on the cytoplasmic domain of neuropilin-2b was identified with truncated protein constructs and computer modeling. Conclusions Neuropilin-2b facilitates non–small cell lung cancer resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and this biological effect relates to AKT activation. Neuropilin-2b GSK3β interactions appear to be essential for PTEN degradation and AKT activation in lung cancer cells. Disruption of the neuropilin-2b GSK3β interaction may represent a novel treatment strategy to preserve sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non–small cell lung cancer.
Cultivating Patient-Physician Communication About Vaccination Through Vaccine Metaphors

The ease of access to misinformation online leaves patients vulnerable to poor decision-making and perplexed as to who serves as a reliable authority in the dissemination of health-related truths. Of prominent concern in twenty-first century medicine, is the communication between physicians and patients regarding vaccines. This cultural circumstance presents a challenge to physicians to be effective and trustworthy communicators, a challenge that entails the development of crucial skills at the earliest stages of medical education. We describe a pedagogical intervention through which medical students are given the educational experience of metaphorical construction to communicate the importance of vaccination.
Multimodality adjuvant therapy and survival outcomes in stage I-IV uterine carcinosarcoma.

Objectives Uterine carcinosarcoma is a rare, aggressive form of uterine cancer with a high recurrence rate and poor survival at all stages. We sought to evaluate the outcomes of patients treated with chemotherapy versus a combination of chemotherapy and radiation (chemoradiation) to determine survival. Methods A multicenter retrospective analysis of patients with stage I–IV carcinosarcoma was conducted from January 2000 to December 2017. Inclusion criteria were primary surgical management, defined as hysterectomy ± salpingo-oophorectomy, comprehensive surgical staging and/or tumor debulking, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiation. Differences in the frequencies of stage, cytoreduction status, treatment delays and sites of disease recurrence were identified using Pearson’s χ2 test. Progression-free and overall survival rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Results Final analysis included 148 patients; 40.5% (n=60) chemotherapy and 59.5% (n=88) chemoradiation. The mean age was 67 years (range 39–89). Stage distribution included 24.3% stage I, 12.2% stage II, 37.2% stage III, and 26.3% stage IV. There was no difference in the frequency of stage (p=0.81), cytoreduction status (p=0.61), treatment delays (p=0.57), or location of recurrence (p=0.97) between cohorts. The most frequent location of recurrence was the abdomen (50.0%). The median progression-free survival favored chemoradiation over chemotherapy (15 vs 11 months, respectively), as did the median overall survival (26 vs 20 months, respectively). Chemoradiation was associated with a statistically significant improvement in 2 year progression-free survival (22.5% vs 13.6%; p=0.006) and 2 year overall survival (50.0% vs 35.6%; p=0.018) compared with chemotherapy alone. On subanalysis of patients receiving chemoradiation, ‘sandwich sequencing’ (chemotherapy–radiation–chemotherapy) was associated with superior overall survival compared with alternate therapy sequences (chemotherapy–radiation and radiation–chemotherapy) (34 months vs 14 months and 14 months, respectively) (p=0.038). Conclusions Chemoradiation was associated with improvement in both progression-free and overall survival for all stages of carcinosarcoma compared with chemotherapy alone.
Guided Missiles, Misguided Men: On the Dangers of Equating Scientific & Political Progress

Caught in the spirit of their age, Enlightenment thinkers like the Marquis de Condorcet assumed that scientific progress would naturally increase political emancipation. In the modern age, the naivety of this emancipatory view of science has never been clearer. Although Enlightenment thinkers saw science as a panacea, ironically, science's potential incompatibility with other fruits of Enlightenment reason--including liberal political theory and democracy--has never been clearer. Instead of science saving politics, it seems that politics must save science, that political institutions must regulate science in order to ensure its fruits heighten rather than diminish human consciousness.
Visualizing functional network connectivity difference between middle adult and older subjects using an explainable machine-learning method

In this study, we classified older (63 years old) from middle adult (45-63 years old) subjects by estimating whole-brain functional network connectivity (FNC) including the connectivity among subcortical network (SCN), auditory network (ADN), sensorimotor network (SMN), visual sensory network (VSN), cognitive control network (CCN), default mode network (DMN), cerebellar network (CBN) from the adult subjects (n = 9394; 45-81 y). We used three tree-based classifiers, including random forest (RF), XGBoost, and CATBoost. Next, we leveraged the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) approach as an explainable feature learning method to model the difference between the brain connectivity of the old and middle adult subjects. Opposed to the conventional statistical learning, which typically assesses each feature separately, the explainable machine learning method used here offers a generalized model in the connectivity difference between older and middle adults. Based on this method, we found that all three models successfully differentiate middle adult adults from older adults based on wholebrain FNC. We also found that all brain networks contributed to the top 20 features selected by the SHAP method in all three models. We highlighted the role of the CCN and SNC in differentiating between these two groups.
Hind limb muscle reconstruction in the incipiently opisthopubic large therizinosaur Nothronychus (Theropoda; Maniraptora)

Therizinosaurs are highly modified, probably herbivorous, theropods from the Upper Cretaceous of Asia and North America. They are characterized by an extensively pneumatized axial skeleton, and in the derived forms, an incipiently opisthopubic pelvis. The evolution of such a pelvis is expected to be associated with extensive modification of the muscular system. The muscular system is reconstructed using observed muscle scars, reconstructions of the theropods Staurikosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, the ornithischian Maiasaura, and extant crocodilians and birds. The results indicate convergence with birds and ornithischian dinosaurs, such that the retroverted pubis in some maniraptorans can be regarded as analogous with the postacetabular bar in ornithischians. Functional implications also make derived therizinosaurs, such as Nothronychus, in some respects convergent with birds as the pubis is retroverted, becoming fused with the ischium, a laterally flaring synsacrum, and an avian-like pes.
Four Singular Routes

In "The Adventure of the Empty House," various characters, including Sherlock Holmes, John Watson, Ronald Adair, and Sebastian Moran, travel through London on four routes. The story gives little detail about exactly where they go or what they see in the city. This map is the result of one effort to harness the knowledge of fans to track the movements of those characters.
Policy implementation as a tool for advancing equity in community college

This special issue examines the role of policy implementation in the community college context and the ways reforms are enacted to achieve or advance educational equity. In this introduction, we provide an overview of policy implementation, its current landscape within higher education, and the role it can and must serve for community colleges as a tool to advance equity efforts. The articles in this special issue provide a well-rounded overview of policy implementation efforts across various states and institutions. Authors examine promise programs, equity initiatives, articulation agreements, federally funded support programs, and race-conscious implementation. The community college context serves as a critical site of inquiry given that almost half of the undergraduate population is enrolled at a community college. Therefore, the following articles explore how to leverage policy implementation as a tool toward more equitable outcomes.
Maladaptive Perfectionism, Impostor Phenomenon, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students.

Suicide is a leading cause of death for young adults, and medical students experience elevated rates of suicide and suicidal ideation. The present study uses mediation analysis to explore relationships between suicidal ideation and two dysfunctional mindsets common among medical students: maladaptive perfectionism, high standards accompanied by excessive self-criticism, and impostor phenomenon, pervasive feelings of inadequacy despite evidence of competence and success. Two hundred and twenty-six medical students at a single institution completed an online survey which assessed maladaptive perfectionism, impostor phenomenon, and suicidal ideation. After calculating measures of association between all study variables, linear regression was conducted to establish the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and suicidal ideation. To evaluate whether impostor phenomenon mediated the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and suicidal ideation as hypothesized, a series of regression models were constructed and the regression coefficients were examined. The statistical significance of the indirect effect, representing the mediated relationship, was tested using bootstrapping. Significant positive associations between maladaptive perfectionism, impostor phenomenon, and suicidal ideation were observed. Impostor phenomenon score was found to mediate the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and suicidal ideation. Medical students who exhibit maladaptive perfectionism are at increased risk for feelings of impostor phenomenon, which translates into increased risk for suicide. These results suggest that an intervention targeted at reducing feelings of impostor phenomenon among maladaptive perfectionists may be effective in reducing their higher risk for suicide. However, interventions promoting individual resilience are not sufficient; systemic change is needed to address medicine’s “culture of perfection.”
The State of Interdependence with Nature Scale: Development and Initial Validation

The three studies reported in this article detail the development of the State of Interdependence with Nature Scale (SINS), a new self-report measure specifically designed to assess momentary fluct...
Enlightenment Scotland’s Philosophico-Chemical Physics

The physics of Lord Kelvin and James Clerk Maxwell drew on the natural philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment. John Anderson and John Robison, both Newtonians of course, were the most significant Scottish professors of natural philosophy in the eighteenth century — Anderson for four decades at Glasgow University, from 1757 until his death in 1796, and Robison for three decades at Edinburgh University, from 1774 until his death in 1805. Anderson taught William Meikleham, who was the Glasgow professor of natural philosophy during Kelvin’s undergraduate years there, and Anderson shaped the overall structure of the Glasgow natural philosophy course that continued through Kelvin’s early professorship. Robison, it has been argued, defined a particularly Scottish approach to natural philosophy that influenced Meikleham and later Kelvin and Maxwell. The most direct path from Newton to Kelvin and Maxwell passed through Enlightenment Scotland.
Member Education, Communications, and Cooperative Leadership Development

We have just finished discussions of such areas as cooperative financing, pooling, and marketing orders which are very important to the economic viability of a cooperative. They are also among the most tangible aspects of operating a cooperative in that capital requirements can be determined with a rather high degree of accuracy, and methods of assuring proportionate contributions to those needs can be found. Ways of distributing the accumulated equity which are consistent with cooperative principles are available.
Media Coverage of Biotechnology

Introduction Historical Overview Interferon Promises of Gene Therapy Cloning Genetics of Human Behavior The Reporting on Biotechnology Risk Keywords: media coverage; biotechnology
Pyeloplasty: A Transperitoneal Approach

Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children is a very common but at the same time also very challenging procedure. A growing body of literature confirms the feasibility and safety of this minimally invasive procedure. Parallel evidence indicates that laparoscopic pyeloplasty has many advantages for the patient, including shorter hospital stay, less postoperative pain, and better cosmesis. Results and complication rates seem to be at least equal to those of open surgery. However, for many surgeons this procedure remains a challenge, mainly because of the intracorporeal suturing techniques needed. Robot-assisted laparoscopy has the potential to facilitate mastery of the intracorporeal fine suturing necessary to perform a perfect, water-tight anastomosis between the renal pelvis and ureter. This will allow more surgeons to perform this delicate procedure successfully with much better ergonomics.
Hox Genes and Body Plan: Evolution

The development of diverse structures on the anterior–posterior axis of animal embryos is dependent on homeotic or Hox genes. The expression and function of the Hox genes varies during evolution and underlies some of the morphological differences in different animal taxa. Keywords: Homeotic; Hox; transcription; evolution; morphology
Pathogenicity of Ascosphaera Species for Larvae of Megachile Rotundata

SummarySeveral Ascosphaera species were tested for their pathogenicity for larvae of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata. Larvae were reared aseptically on a sterile pollen-based diet and inoculated at 6 days of age with spores of the fungi. A. aggregata caused the distinctive syndrome called ‘chalk brood’. Both A. apis and A. proliperda were pathogenic for larvae and produced syndromes similar to chalk brood in Apis mellifera. Chalk brood in M. rotundata was characterized by colour changes and sporulation of A. aggregala beneath the host cuticle. A. apis and A. proliperda caused no colour changes in infected larvae; white mycelia erupted through the cuticle before sporulation occurred. A. atra and A. major grew saprophytically on provisions of leafcutting-bee cells and did not cause larval disease. Spores taken from larvae killed by A. apis or A. proliperda grew less readily on the pollen diet, and appeared to be more virulent, than spores taken from subcultures.
Association of HbA1c With Hospitalization Among Patients With Heart Failure and Diabetes

Background: Comorbid diabetes is common in heart failure and associated with increased hospitalization and mortality. Nonetheless, the optimal treatment strategy for diabetes in heart failure patients remains poorly characterized, particularly among low income and minority populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between glycemic control and outcomes among patients with heart failure and diabetes who were seen in a safety net health care system. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of outpatients with heart failure and diabetes in the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, the largest municipal health care system in the United States. Subjects with diagnoses of heart failure and diabetes mellitus were included if they had an outpatient visit in 2007-2010 with an HbA1c performed in the prior 90 days. HbA1c and covariates, including demographics, comorbidities, vital signs, labs, and prior utilization, were obtained from the HHC data warehouse, which was linked to the New York State Inpatient Database and to New York State Vital Statistics to ascertain hospitalization and mortality events, respectively. Cox proportional hazard models were used to measure the association between HbA1c levels and outcomes of all-cause hospitalization, heart failure hospitalization, and mortality. Results: Of 4,723 patients with heart failure and diabetes, 42.6% were black, 30.5% were Hispanic/ Latino, 31.4% were Medicaid beneficiaries and 22.9% were uninsured. As compared to patients with an HbA1c of 8.0-8.9%, patients with an HbA1c of !6.5%, 6.5-6.9%, 7.0-7.9%, and $9.0% had an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) (95% CI) for all-cause hospitalization of 1.03 (0.90-1.17), 1.05 (0.91-1.22), 1.03 (0.90-1.17), and 1.13 (1.00-1.28), respectively. An HbA1c$9.0% was also associated with an increased risk of heart failure hospitalization (aHR 1.33; 95% CI 1.111.59) and a non-significant increased risk in mortality (aHR 1.20; 95% CI 0.99-1.45) when compared to HbA1c of 8.0-8.9%. Conclusions: Among a cohort of primarily minority and low income patients with heart failure and diabetes, an increased risk of hospitalization was observed only for an HbA1c greater than 9%.
A neural cell model of MSO

An explicit model of neural processing for individual cells in the medial superior olive (MSO) is developed. It is based on available physiological data and consists of a descriptive model of input patterns (characterizing the bushy cells in the AVCN) and an explicit MSO cell model that is expressed in terms of membrane conductances and potentials. The formulation of this model permits the evaluation of the reasonableness of parameter choices such as conductance values and time constants. For a given set of parameters, the MSO cell model generates patterns of firing, and these simulated output patterns are compared to actual patterns from physiological studies. Specific comparisons include discharge rates, vector strengths, and period histograms. It is argued that the results of these studies will provide insights into the binaural signal processing in MSO neurons and will provide a front-end for models of binaural psychophysics. >