cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EST: the new frontier in automatic test-pattern generation

An algorithm, called EST, is presented which is a new combinatorial automatic test-pattern generation (ATPG) branch-and-bound search algorithm, based on the generation of equivalent logic decompositions (search states) at each search decision point. The E-frontier is an efficient representation of a search state and is used with a hashing algorithm to detect equivalent search states. When EST matches an equivalent search state from a prior fault, and both prior and current faults are sensitized, EST completes the current fault test-pattern with values from the prior fault test-pattern and terminates search immediately. A new method of redundant fault analysis is also introduced that uniquely determines signal values for subsequent test-pattern search. Results show that this algorithm accelerates the base ATPG algorithm by a factor of 1.03 to 328 when considering all faults, a factor of 1347:1 for hard-to-test faults and a factor of 200000 for certain redundancy proofs for the test cases shown. >
Streptococcus sanguis-induced platelet clotting in rabbits and hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary consequences

By mimicking hemostatic structural domains of collagen, Streptococcus sanguis (aggregation-positive phenotype; Agg+) induces platelets to aggregate in vitro. To test the hypothesis that aggregation occurs in vivo, S. sanguis (Agg+ or Agg- suspension) was infused intravenously into rabbits. The extent of hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary changes and the fate of circulating platelets were Agg+ strain dose dependent. Within 45 to 50 s of the start of infusion, 40 x 10(8) CFU of the Agg+ strain caused increased blood pressure. Thirty seconds after infusion, other changes occurred. Intermittent electrocardiographic abnormalities (13 of 15 rabbits), ST-segment depression (10 of 15 rabbits), and preventricular contractions (7 of 15 rabbits) manifested at 3 to 7 min, with frequencies dose dependent. Respiratory rate and cardiac contractility increased during this phase. Blood catecholamine concentration, thrombocytopenia, accumulation of 111Indium-labeled platelets in the lungs, and ventricular axis deviation also showed dose dependency. Rabbits were unaffected by inoculation of an Agg- strain. Therefore, Agg+ S. sanguis induced platelet aggregation in vitro. Platelet clots caused hemodynamic changes, acute pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac abnormalities, including ischemia.
Cold Tolerance of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Across Geographic and Temporal Scales.

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal), is native to eastern Asia and is presently invading North America. Little is known about the exposure to and effects of winter temperatures in newly invaded regions on H. halys The overwintering habitats that this species utilizes vary greatly in their thermal buffering capacity. They naturally overwinter in aggregations beneath loose bark on trees and in cliff outcroppings, but will also commonly aggregate in buildings. Effects of cold temperatures such as mortality and freezing have yet to be quantified in the invading population. We report that H. halys is chill intolerant (i.e., dies before reaching its freezing point), and that the degree of cold tolerance of populations in North America differs by season, sex, and acclimation location. The mean winter supercooling point (± SEM) of individuals acclimated in Minnesota was -17.06 °C ± 0.13 and in Virginia was -13.90 °C ± 0.09. By using laboratory assays of lower lethal temperatures and ambient air temperature records, we accurately forecasted mortality for field experiments in Minnesota and Virginia. Temperature refugia provided by human-built structures are likely crucial for overwintering survival during atypically cold winters and possibly contribute to the northern geographic range expansion of this economically damaging insect in the temperate climates of North America.
The Quantity Theory of Money and Financial Accounting Measurement: On the Influence and Impact of a Flawed Theory

The Quantity Theory of Money is implicitly embedded in the arguments for price level adjusted financial statements - inflation accounting. Historically, the instability of commodity prices, which is due to changes in relative prices, is considered by one school of economic thought (monetarism) as a reflection of the instability of the value of nominal money. Monetarists maintain that it is the level of the money supply which accounts for the instability of commodity prices. Hence, (1) all changes in the level of the money supply is deemed responsible for changes in the general level of prices, and (2) with each increase in the general level of prices, paper money is said to lose value. In a money economy, nominal money prices reflect the underlying exchange ratios of the various commodities that are produced and exchanged for nominal money. In the absence of monetary dislocation (monetary revaluation or devaluation), any change in the nominal price of a commodity reflects a change in its purchasing power (a change in its exchange ratio vis-a-vis other commodities). Since the physical form of a commodity is relatively constant while the price varies, the simultaneity of these two conditions produces a sensory illusion that leads the monetarists to argue that the measuring device (money) is defective. This paper attempts to demonstrate (in the absence of monetary dislocation): (1) the stability of paper money, which makes it a valid measuring device; and (2) that the quantity theory of money, which is the basis of constant dollar accounting, is a flawed theory.
First and second dissociation constants of deuterio-o-phthalic acid in D2O from 5 to 50°C

The first and second dissociation constants of deuterio-o-phthalic acid in deuterium oxide have been determined by the emf method over the temperature range of 5 to 50°C. The pD values for potassium deuterium phthalate have been calculated from these two constants and experimentally verified. The thermodynamic properties for the dissociation of deuterio-o-phthalic acid have been evaluated. At 25°C, these values in the molality scale are: pK 1A =3.505, pK 2A =5.890, and pD=4.518. From K 1A and K 2A , respectively: ΔG o =20.003, 33.582 kJ-mol−1; ΔH o =2.851, 2.208 kJ-mol−1; ΔS o =−76.7, −105.2 J-mol−1-K−1; and ΔC =−52.7, −315.6 J-mol−1-K−1. The isotope effect is discussed.
Effect of Precursors on Lithium Infiltrated Silica Gels Studied by Xps

Lithium silicate gels of composition 15 mole % lithia - 85 mole % silica were prepared by soaking highly porous silica gels in aqueous LiNO3 or methanolic LiOH solutions. The fracture surfaces of these samples were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). High resolution XPS core level spectra were collected such that both chemical shift and atomic concentration could be determined. While the average lithium content was slightly higher in LiNO3 gels, only some of the lithium was associated with the silica network. In contrast, most of the lithium in LiOH gels was associated with the network.
Construction of Bryophyte Specimens Resource Library in Zhejiang Museum of Natural History

In order to improve the specimen resources of Zhejiang Museum of Natural History,a new bryophyte specimens resource library was planned to construct. By collecting bryophytes of Zhejiang and other regions of our country,we can make them to be wax leaf specimens,impregnated specimens and the biopsy specimens for preservation,and built the digital resource base of bryophyte specimens for source sharing. How to build the bryophyte specimens library was discussed,which provides the scientific basis and guarantee for the protection and utilization of bryophytes.
Antibodies to glycosphingolipid antigens in patients with immune-mediated cochleovestibular disorders.

Hypothesis: To determine the presence of antibodies against the glycosphingolipid antigen sulfated glucuronic lactosominyl paragloboside (SGLPG) in the sera of patients suspected of immune-mediated cochleovestibular disorders (IMCVD). Background: Glycospingolipids are molecules present on the surface of normal nerve cells and are considered antigenic. Previous studies have isolated these antigens in vestibular neuroepithelia, cochleovestibular nerves and endolymphatic sacs. Methods:The sera of 22 patients suspected of IMCVD were tested for antibodies against the antigen SGLPG. Thin-layer chromatography-immunostaining method was used. Results: Antibody titers were elevated in 63.6% of patients tested. Statistical significance (p < 0.0001) was achieved since reactivity was seen in only 7% of43 age-matched healthy controls. Conclusions: Antibodies to SGLPG antigens are present in some patients with IMCVD. Because SGLPD antigens have been previously isolated in the inner ear and the cochleovestibular nerve, these structures can potentially become targets for anti-SGLPG antibodies.
Personalized medicine approaches to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic periodontitis

Over the years, the multifactorial and interactive nature of periodontal disease challenged clinicians in an attempt to delineate a pattern for its destructive progression. Periodontal disease is caused by persistent inflammation of the periodontium in response to the colonization of microbes upon the tooth surface near the gingival margin and a subsequent biofilm formation resulting in irreversible attachment loss of marginal alveolar bone and associated periodontal ligament and migration of the junctional epithelium. In spite of the infectious nature of periodontal disease, identification of the oral microbiome and a complete understanding of its pathogenic pathway seem the most logical step toward the development of newer and effective approaches for periodontal therapy.
Role of cell adhesion molecules in endothelial cell/tumor cell communication and tumor cell extravasation

Metastasis is the spread of tumor cells from a primary site to select target organ(s). Colonization is initiated by attachment of blood-born cancer cells to organ-specific adhesion molecules expressed on the surface of microvascular endothelial cells. We have demonstrated that following adhesion and before extravasation gap junctional channels are established between tumor cells and endothelium ( J Cell Biol . 115:1375-1382, 1991). Here we expanded our studies to include other cell lines and by transfecting low lung metastatic murine melanoma B16-F0 cells with cDNA for gap junctional protein connexin43 (C×43) to examine the role of gap junctional communication in the metastatic process. Our data show that high lung metastatic tumor cells generally express high levels of C×43 mRNA and protein and strongly couple with endothelium. Gap junctional assembly is coincident with focal areas of adhesion between tumor cells and endothelial cells and is critically regulated by adhesion molecules, e.g., Lu-ECAM-1 (Murine L ung- E ndothelial C ell A dhesion M olecule-1). Stably transfected cells (B16-F0H3) expressing high levels of C×43 protein, when injected into syngeneic mice, produced significantly higher numbers of lung colonies than mock transfected B16-F0 cells. However, lung colony numbers were reduced when the transfected cells were preincubated with polyclonal antibodies directed against the extracellular domains of C×43, but not with preimmune serum. These antibodies also inhibited metabolic coupling between endothelium and high lung metastatic B16-F10 melanoma cells and significantly diminished the efficiency of B16-F10 to form lung colonies in vivo . These experiments provide support for the role of C×43 and tumor cell/endothelial cell communication in cancer metastasis.
[Tesla's First Footsteps into Chemical Sciences].

For the first time a complete list of Tesla's High School professors is provided. The excellency of his lecturers of chemistry and related sciences is put into the limelight. The books and articles about chemistry which Tesla read in his High School times are focused together with the related published works of his teachers. The pioneering spectroscopic research of Kirchhoff and Bunsen began in Tesla's early youth and had a considerable impact on Tesla's professors, especially on Martin Sekulic.
Effects of drugs of abuse on hippocampal plasticity and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory: contributions to development and maintenance of addiction

It has long been hypothesized that conditioning mechanisms play major roles in addiction. Specifically, the associations between rewarding properties of drugs of abuse and the drug context can contribute to future use and facilitate the transition from initial drug use into drug dependency. On the other hand, the self-medication hypothesis of drug abuse suggests that negative consequences of drug withdrawal result in relapse to drug use as an attempt to alleviate the negative symptoms. In this review, we explored these hypotheses and the involvement of the hippocampus in the development and maintenance of addiction to widely abused drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, alcohol, opiates, and cannabis. Studies suggest that initial exposure to stimulants (i.e., cocaine, nicotine, and amphetamine) and alcohol may enhance hippocampal function and, therefore, the formation of augmented drug-context associations that contribute to the development of addiction. In line with the self-medication hypothesis, withdrawal from stimulants, ethanol, and cannabis results in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory deficits, which suggest that an attempt to alleviate these deficits may contribute to relapse to drug use and maintenance of addiction. Interestingly, opiate withdrawal leads to enhancement of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Given that a conditioned aversion to drug context develops during opiate withdrawal, the cognitive enhancement in this case may result in the formation of an augmented association between withdrawal-induced aversion and withdrawal context. Therefore, individuals with opiate addiction may return to opiate use to avoid aversive symptoms triggered by the withdrawal context. Overall, the systematic examination of the role of the hippocampus in drug addiction may help to formulate a better understanding of addiction and underlying neural substrates.
Multi-terminal PCB escape routing for digital microfluidic biochips using negotiated congestion

This paper introduces a multi-terminal escape routing algorithm for the design of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) that control Digital Microfluidic Biochips (DMFBs). The new algorithm is based on the principle of negotiated congestion, which has been applied in the past to problems including FPGA routing and PCB escape routing for single-terminal nets. PCBs designed for Pin-constrained DMFBs, in which one control pin may drive multiple electrodes, require multi-terminal escape routing solutions. Experimental results indicate that negotiated congestion is more effective for multi-terminal escape routing than existing techniques, which are based on maze routing coupled with rip-up and re-route, yielding an overall reduction in the number of PCB layers in most the test cases that were tried.
Pro-inflammatory Cytokines, Biomarkers, Genetics and the Immune System: A Mechanistic Approach of Depression and Psoriasis

Abstract Objective To highlight the inflammatory and immunological mechanisms involved in depression and psoriasis. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed in various databases, in total 145 studies were selected. Results Depression and psoriasis have an association. Immune mechanisms —the actions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-10, IL-22, IL-17, interferon-γ, IL-1β, prostaglandin E2, C -reactive protein, IL-6, and IL-8 etc.—, and some genetic changes are involved. Conclusions A possible bidirectional relationship of psoriasis and major depression exists; i.e. the depression leads to psoriasis, and psoriasis leads to depression. We recommend more studies in the future to get a deeper and better understanding about this relationship.
Filling a Gap: Fetal Demise Simulation in Nursing Capstone Course

Abstract Gaps exist in nursing education simulations involving scenarios of death and dying, especially with fetal demise. To fill this gap in a BSN program, a fetal demise simulation was introduced. This simulation involves presimulation work, assigned roles, a simulation involving care during the immediate postpartum period, communication regarding fetal demise, and debriefing. Student satisfaction with this type of simulation has led to more simulation development involving mortality/morbidity in other levels of nursing education within this BSN program.
Increasing Burden of Complex Multimorbidity Across Gradients of Cognitive Impairment.

Introduction:This study evaluates the burden of multimorbidity (MM) across gradients of cognitive impairment (CI).Methods:Using data from the 2010 Health and Retirement Study, we identified individ...
Basics of Graph Limit Theory

This chapter summarizes some basic results from graph limit theory. The only background assumed here is the list of results from the previous chapter.
Application of reciprocal absorbing boundary condition to transient analysis of acoustic wave propagation

Abstract The Reciprocal Absorbing Boundary Condition (RABC) was recently introduced as an approach toward solution of elastic wave propagation problems in unbounded layered media. The idea underlying RABC is the application of time-domain reciprocity theorems which are valid not only for bounded but also for unbounded domains. Since these theorems involve the convolution integral of complete response time histories on the entire edge of the computational domain, the RABC is considered a “global” absorbing boundary condition in space and time. The “exact” nature of this approach offers accurate and effective treatment of wave propagation in infinite domains. We present in this paper an extension of RABC to the transient analysis of acoustic wave propagation. For the purpose of computations, we use a velocity-potential formulation of the wave equation. Multiple segments of the reciprocal absorbing boundary can be employed in arbitrary orientations, thus facilitating truncation of the unbounded domain. The performance of RABC when applied to acoustic media is demonstrated via numerical examples, including wave propagation and excitation of a cylindrical cavity embedded in an infinite channel.
Religious and Familial Factors in the Etiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Review:

The present study looks at the role of religious and familial factors in the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A review of the literature suggests that the results of the research in...
Improvements in health-related quality of life among smokers who quit after hospitalization

Abstract Few rigorous longitudinal assessments have examined health-related quality of life (HRQoL) changes after smoking cessation, especially among recently-hospitalized smokers. We compared the change in HRQoL between those who did or did not quit smoking 6 months after hospital discharge. Participants were 1357 smokers recruited for a cessation trial between 2012 and 2014 while hospitalized at two hospitals in Massachusetts and one in Pennsylvania. Cessation was defined as biochemically confirmed 7-day point prevalence abstinence at 6 months or as self-reported continuous abstinence at 1, 3, or 6 months post discharge. HRQoL measures included a single-item global health measure (SF1); the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) screening tool for psychological distress; and the EQ-5D-5L health utilities measure. Multivariable models controlled for age, sex, race, education, insurance, study site, study arm, discharge diagnoses, and baseline HRQoL. Improvements in HRQoL were evident in the first month after discharge among those achieving abstinence compared to continuing smokers. At 6 months post-discharge, those with biochemically confirmed cessation were 30% more likely to report at least good health by the SF1 (aRR 95% CI 1.14–1.45), 19% less likely to screen positive for psychological distress (aRR, 95% CI 0.68–0.93), and had EQ-5D-5L health utility scores 0.05 points (95% CI 0.02–0.08) higher than continuing smokers. Results were similar when assessed as a function of self-reported cessation. Hospital-initiated smoking cessation is associated with rapid statistically and clinically significant improvements in a range of HRQoL measures, providing an additional tool clinicians and health systems could use to encourage smoking cessation.
On the Approximation of Denotational Mu-Semantics

A signature Σ gives rise to a language LΣ(Var) by extending Σ with variables x ∈ Var and binding constructs μ x and ν x, corresponding to least and greatest fixed points respectively. The natural denotational models for such languages are bicomplete dcpos as monotone Σ-algebras. We prove that several approximating denotational semantics have the usual compositional semantics as their limit. These results provide techniques for relating syntactic and semantic concepts such as in full abstraction or completeness proofs. In the presence of an involutive antitone map on a bicomplete dcpo D we may translate the language LΣ(Var) into one with least fixed points only such that meanings are preserved. This allows an approximative semantics where least and greatest fixed points are simultaneously approximated by ‘unwindings’ in the syntax, provided that the limit semantics is substitutive. We discuss the principal difficulties of simultaneous unwindings in the absence of such semantic negations.
Association between death and loss of stage N2 sleep features among critically Ill patients with delirium.

Abstract Purpose Critically ill patients experience significant sleep disruption. In this study of ICU patients with delirium, we evaluated associations between the loss of stage N2 features (K-complexes, sleep spindles), grade of encephalopathy based on electroencephalography (EEG), and intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes. We hypothesized that loss of stage N2 features is associated with more severe grades of encephalopathy and worse ICU outcomes including death. Materials and methods This was an observational cohort study of 93 medical ICU patients without primary acute brain injury who underwent continuous EEG. Type and severity of critical illness, sedative-hypnotic use, length of stay, modified Rankin Scale at hospital discharge, and death during hospitalization were abstracted from the medical record. EEG was evaluated for grade of encephalopathy and sleep features. Results Patients without K-complexes or without sleep spindles had more severe encephalopathy and higher odds of death. The odds ratio for patients without K-complexes was 18.8 (p = .046). The odds ratio for patients without sleep spindles was 6.3 (p = .036). Conclusions Loss of stage N2 features is common and associated with more severe encephalopathy and higher odds of death. The absence of either Stage N2 feature, K complexes or sleep spindles, may have important prognostic value.
Optimizing Data Aggregation by Leveraging the Deep Memory Hierarchy on Large-scale Systems

Effective data aggregation is of paramount importance for data-centric applications in order to improve data movement for I/O or to facilitate complex workflows, such as in-situ analysis, as well as coupling models and data for multi-physics. A key challenge for data aggregation in current and upcoming architectures is the heterogeneity of memory and storage systems (including DRAM, MCDRAM, NVRAM or parallel file system). One has to take advantage of this hierarchy and the characteristics of each tier to achieve improved performance at scale. In this paper, we present a topology and memory-aware data movement library performing data aggregation on large-scale systems. We first detail our hardware abstraction layer to accomplish code and performance portability on various platforms. Next, we present a cost model taking into account the system interconnect and the memory properties to determine an appropriate location for aggregating data. We also describe how we have implemented a data aggregation mechanism through the read algorithm. Finally, we show how we can improve data movement on a visualization cluster and a leadership-class supercomputer up to 16K processes with a benchmark and two typical I/O kernels. Particularly, we demonstrate how our approach can decrease the I/O time of a classic workflow by 26%.
The Tripod Concept of the Upper Nasal Third

ImportanceThe tripod theory of the upper nasal third parallels the concept of the well-known nasal tip tripod. We are evaluating the idea that one can simply alter the upper nasal angles reliably w...
Bayesian Estimation in Autoregressive Models Using Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo

In most applications, there is uncertainty about the statistical model to be considered. In this paper, we consider a particular class of autoregressive time series models where the order of the model—which determines the dimension of parameter—is uncertain. A common approach for model selection is to balance model fit with model complexity using, say, an AIC criterion. However, such an approach provides no meaningful measure of uncertainty about the selected model. A Bayesian approach, on the other hand, which treats the model and model parameters as random variables, can directly accommodate model uncertainty. The challenge is that the Bayesian posterior distribution is supported on a union of spaces of different dimensions, which makes computation difficult. We review a reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo method for sampling from the posterior, and apply this method to provide a Bayesian analysis of simulated and real data. Acknowledgements: This work is supported by the UIC Liberal Arts and Sciences Undergraduate Research Initiative (LASURI) program. The author is also grateful for the guidance provided by the project’s faculty advisor, Professor Ryan Martin. Page 226 RHIT Undergrad. Math. J., Vol. 16, No. 2
Dynamical phase separation on rhythmogenic neuronal networks.

We explore the firing-rate model of excitatory neurons with dendritic adaptation (the Feldman-Del Negro model [J. L. Feldman and C. A. Del Negro, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 232 (2006)10.1038/nrn1871; D. J. Schwab et al., Phys. Rev. E 82, 051911 (2010)10.1103/PhysRevE.82.051911] interacting on a fixed, directed Erdős-Renyi network. This model is applied to the dynamics of the pre-Botzinger complex, the mammalian central pattern generator with N∼10^{3} neurons, which produces a collective metronomic signal that times inspiration. In the all-to-all coupled variant of the model, there is spontaneous symmetry breaking in which some fraction of the neurons becomes stuck in a high-firing-rate state, while others become quiescent. This separation into firing and nonfiring clusters persists into more sparsely connected networks. In these sparser networks, the clustering is influenced by k cores of the underlying network. The model has a number of features of the dynamical phase diagram that violate the predictions of mean-field analysis. In particular, we observe in the simulated networks that stable oscillations do not persist in the high-sensitivity limit, in contradiction to the predictions of mean-field theory. Moreover, we observe that the oscillations in these sparse networks are remarkably robust in response to killing neurons, surviving until only approximately 20% of the network remains. This robustness is consistent with experiment.
Economic Losses from Extreme Weather in the U.S. Gulf Coast Region: Spatially Differential Contributions of Climate Hazard and Socioeconomic Exposure and Vulnerability

Worldwide economic losses from extreme weather events (EWE) have increased over recent decades, with significant geographic heterogeneity in damages. The IPCC defines the risk from EWE as a function of the climate hazard, socioeconomic exposure, and vulnerability. Although these three drivers vary at fine spatial scales, spatial variability largely has been overlooked in assessments of the drivers of economic loss from EWE. Using cluster analysis, we developed a novel socio-climate hazard typology (SCT) that integrates locally defined climate hazard and socioeconomic exposure and social vulnerability typologies. The results identified 838 unique SCT types impacted by EWE across the Gulf Coastal United States during 1981-2010. We regressed the SCT types and their constituent hazard and socioeconomic components against the cumulative economic loss (1981-2010) from EWE for each SCT type. Across the landscape, economic damages of SCT types were determined by unique, spatially explicit combinations of different risk factors, even in explaining the same level of economic loss. For example, multi-billion-dollar damages in the central Gulf Coast and peninsular Florida were explained by different drivers of risk, with damages in the former explained by additive interaction between climate hazard and multiplicative interaction between climate hazard and socioeconomic exposure and vulnerability, and in the latter explained by socioeconomic exposure and vulnerability. These results highlight the need to diagnose additive and multiplicative interactions among drivers of EWE risk in a spatially explicit context.
Using targeting to recruit men and women of color into a behavioral weight loss trial.

The majority of participants in weight loss trials are non-Hispanic White women, while men and women of color are underrepresented. This study presents data obtained from non-targeted and targeted recruitment approaches in a trial of behavioral weight loss programs to (1) describe the yields from each approach and (2) compare the demographics, weight control histories, and study involvement of samples recruited by each approach. Data for this observational study include source of recruitment, demographic information, weight loss experiences (e.g., lifetime weight loss, current weight loss behaviors), and completion of the 6-month assessment visit. Men comprised 14.2% of participants who responded to non-targeted recruitment efforts, while targeted efforts yielded 50.4% men. Similarly, people of color comprised 12.8% of those who responded to non-targeted approaches, whereas targeted recruitment methods yielded 47.2% people of color. Men recruited through targeted methods were younger (p = 0.01) than men recruited through non-targeted means but were otherwise similar. Women of color recruited through targeted methods reported use of fewer weight loss strategies relative to women of color recruited through non-targeted means (p = 0.006) but were otherwise similar. There were no differences by recruitment method on retention to the study. Using targeted recruitment methods increased the ethnic and gender diversity of the recruited sample without reducing study retention. This targeting also increased the enrollment of women with less weight loss experience who may not have otherwise sought out a weight loss program. Developing and implementing a targeted recruitment plan should be considered early in the clinical trial development process. Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02368002. Registered on 20 February 2015.
Self-transcendence and life stories of humanistic growth among late-midlife adults.

Objective Self-transcendence is the experience of feeling connected to something greater than oneself. Previous studies have shown high scores on self-transcendence are associated with well-being and other psychological benefits, but have rarely examined the lived experiences of highly self-transcendent people. Method Black and White men and women in late-midlife completed Life Story Interviews and self-report measures of self-transcendence. In Study 1 (N = 144, Mage = 56.4), we used grounded theory methodology to differentiate the stories told by participants scoring either extremely high or extremely low on self-transcendence. In Study 2 (N = 125; Mage = 60.4), we created a quantitative coding scheme and scored 1,375 new life story scenes. Results In Study 1, six narrative themes were identified (closure, interconnectedness, lifelong learning, secure attachment, self-actualization, and spiritual pluralism) as part of a "humanistic growth story." In Study 2, four of the narrative themes were found to predict self-transcendence scores with significant effect sizes of β = .26 to .47. Conclusions In our sample, highly self-transcendent individuals tended to narrate their lived experiences as spiritual journeys of humanistic growth. This study adds to our understanding of one path of personality growth in late-midlife, that toward self-transcendence.
Low Income Fathers' Access to Health Insurance

Objectives. We examined the prevalence and correlates of private, public, and no health insurance among economically disadvantaged fathers, a group at high risk for poor health. Methods. Using a sample of 1,537 low-income fathers from a national birth cohort study, we used multinomial logistic regression analysis to estimate associations between paternal and family characteristics and fathers' insurance status. Results. 28% of the fathers had private, 14% had public, and 58% had no insurance. Within this economically disadvantaged group, being older, working full-time, having a previous job offering health insurance, and being married increased the likelihood, and being an immigrant and having an incarceration history reduced the likelihood, of having private (vs. no) insurance. Being disabled and being married to or cohabiting with the child's mother increased the likelihood of having public (vs. no) insurance. Conclusions. Most low-income fathers are employed and living with their child's mother but have no health insurance. Yet, they are expected to support their children. Public policy should focus on increasing access to health insurance among low-income men and ultimately improving the health and productivity of this often overlooked group.
Cardiovascular health in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: The SEARCH CVD Study

Objective In their Strategic Impact Goal Statement, the American Heart Association focused on primordial prevention of cardiovascular risk factors by defining metrics for ideal cardiovascular health (ICH). The prevalence of ICH among youth with type 1 diabetes is unknown. Youth with type 1 diabetes face an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) as they age. The purpose of this report was to examine the prevalence of ICH in a population of youth with type 1 diabetes and to examine the association of ICH with measures of cardiovascular structure and function. Research design and methods This report is based on SEARCH CVD an ancillary study to the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth. A total of 190 adolescents with type 1 diabetes had complete data on all of the ICH metrics at baseline and had measures of arterial stiffness [pulse wave velocity (PWV), brachial distensibility (BrachD), and augmentation index (AIx)] and carotid intima-media thickness completed at a follow-up visit [on average 5 yr after baseline (interquartile range 4–5)]. Results No subjects met the ICH criteria for all 7 metrics. Meeting an increasing number of ICH metrics was significantly associated with lower arterial stiffness [lower PWV of the trunk (β = −0.02 ±0.01; p = 0.004) and AIx (β = −2.2 ±0.66; p = 0.001), and increased BrachD (β = 0.14 ±0.07; p = 0.04)]. Conclusions Increasing number of ICH metrics was significantly associated with decreased arterial stiffness, but prevalence of ICH in this population was low. Youth with type 1 diabetes could benefit from improvements in their cardiovascular health.
Sparse regression models of pain perception

Discovering brain mechanisms underlying pain perception remains a challenging neuroscientific problem with important practical applications, such as developing better treatments for chronic pain. Herein, we focus on statistical analysis of functional MRI (fMRI) data associated with pain stimuli. While the traditional mass-univariate GLM [8] analysis of pain-related brain activation can miss potentially informative voxel interaction patterns, our approach relies instead on multivariate predictive modeling methods such as sparse regression (LASSO [17] and, more generally, Elastic Net (EN) [18]) that can learn accurate predictive models of pain and simultaneously discover brain activity patterns (relatively small subsets of voxels) allowing for such predictions. Moreover, we investigate the effect of temporal (time-lagged) information, often ignored in traditional fMRI studies, on the predictive accuracy and on the selection of brain areas relevant to pain perception. We demonstrate that (1) Elastic Net regression can be highly predictive of pain perception, by far outperforming ordinary leastsquares (OLS) linear regression; (2) temporal information is very important for pain perception modeling and can significantly increase the prediction accuracy; (3) moreover, regression models that incorporate temporal information discover brain activation patterns undetected by non-temporal models.
Nuclear receptor transcriptional coactivators in development and metabolism

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of nuclear receptor transcriptional coactivators in development and metabolism. The nuclear receptor superfamily in the human comprises 48 members that are ligand-regulated transcriptional factors and includes receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones, vitamin D3, retinoic acids, peroxisome proliferators, and others. Ligand-activated nuclear receptors regulate diverse biological processes, such as development, differentiation, neoplastic conversion, and several metabolic pathways, by controlling gene expression patterns in a cell- and gene-specific manner after binding to specific DNA sequences called “hormone responsive elements” located in the promoter regions of target genes. All nuclear receptors share a common structure with a highly conserved DNA-binding domain consisting of two zinc fingers, a C-terminal ligand (hormone)-binding domain, and two transcriptional-activation function (AF) domains termed AF-1 located in the N-terminal domain and AF-2 in the ligand-binding domain. While AF-1 functions in a ligand-independent manner, the transactivation of AF-2 domain is generally ligand dependent. Many of the unliganded nuclear receptors, including those for retinoid and thyroid hormone, are maintained mostly in the nucleus bound to DNA in a repressed state by nuclear receptor corepressors such as silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors. Upon ligand binding, the corepressors dissociate from the nuclear receptor to commence transcription of target genes. Certain other nuclear receptors, such as glucocorticoid receptor (GR), require ligand binding to facilitate their translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where the liganded receptor binds hormone responsive elements in DNA.
Algebraic independent component analysis: an approach for separation of overcomplete speech mixtures

We propose a novel algorithm for blind separation of sparse overcomplete sources called algebraic independent component analysis (AICA). The proposed AICA algorithm is computationally more efficient in estimating blindly the mixing matrix as compared to earlier proposed geometric ICA (geo-ICA) algorithms. AICA is based entirely on algebraic operations and vector-distance measures. Firstly, these choices lead to considerable reduction in the computational cost of the AICA algorithm. Secondly, the robustness of the algebraic operations against the inherent permutation and scaling in ICA simplifies the performance evaluation of the ICA algorithms using the proposed algebraic measure. Thirdly, the algebraic framework is directly extendable to any dimensional ICA problems exhibiting only a linear increase in complexity. The stability of similar algorithms has been comprehensively studied in the realm of geo-ICA. The algorithm has been extensively tested for overcomplete, undercomplete and "quadratic" ICA using unimodal sparse distributions such as the laplacian and gamma distribution for speech. Illustrative blind source separation simulation examples for overcomplete speech mixtures are also presented.
Ultrastructure of Bacterial Cells Infected with Bacteriophage PM2, a Lipid-containing Bacterial Virus

Abstract The cytological pattern of infection of a host pseudomonad with PM2, a lipid-containing bacterial virus, was investigated by electron microscopy. Normal and infected cells frequently contain a myelin figure, which is found in the nucleoid region or at the periphery of the cell. The most striking finding in this investigation was that completed virions are found in the cell adjacent to or in association with the cytoplasmic membrane. This localization is precise; virions are not found elsewhere in infected cells. The completed virions occasionally appear to be attached to the cytoplasmic membrane. The virus contains a darkly staining core surrounded by a tripartite envelope of a thickness of approximately 70 A, which is identical to the thickness of the cytoplasmic membrane. Lysing cells appear to undergo extensive damage of the cytoplasmic membrane prior to rupture of the L layer of the cell wall.
Infrared Parameterization and Simple Climate Models.

The geographical distribution of the annual mean and the annual cycle in surface temperature and satellite-observed IR is examined, and the spherical harmonic representation of the data fields is exploited to demonstrate how variances and covariances are dominated by the largest space and time scales. The geographical distribution of the annual cycle in the T and IR fields is explored; the strong imprint of the continents in both is clearly evident. The influence of the cloudiness of seasonal precipitation regimes on the IR annual cycle is also quite striking, especially over the subtropics. Analysis of the data shows that the simple form IR = A+BT (with A = 204 W/sq m and B = 1.93 W/sq m/K) explains 90 percent of the area-weighted variance in the annual mean and annual cycle of the zonally averaged IR field.
Hydrogen Bond Networks in Graphene Oxide Composite Paper: Structure and Mechanical Properties

A multilayered composite structure formed by a random stacking of graphene oxide (GO) platelets is an attractive candidate for novel applications in nanoelectromechanical systems and paper-like composites. We employ molecular dynamics simulations with reactive force fields to elucidate the structural and mechanical properties of GO paper-like materials. We find that the large-scale properties of these composites are controlled by hydrogen bond networks that involve functional groups on individual GO platelets and water molecules within the interlayer cavities. Water content controls both the extent and collective strength of these interlayer hydrogen bond networks, thereby affecting the interlayer spacing and elastic moduli of the composite. Additionally, the chemical composition of the individual GO platelets also plays a critical role in establishing the mechanical properties of the composite—a higher density of functional groups leads to increased hydrogen bonding and a corresponding increase in stiffn...
Market efficiency and cointegration: Some evidence in Pacific-Basin black exchange markets

This paper investigates the efficiency of the black exchange markets in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand. The study applies unit root and cointegration tests to examine black exchange market efficiency of Pacific-Basin countries. The generating process of black exchange rates appears to be a random walk. This is consistent with Gupta (1981) and other foreign exchange rate unit root test studies. Johansen cointegration tests are performed for these black exchange markets together with Japan and Singapore. The results suggest that there is at least one unit root among the black market exchange rates. Hence, black exchange markets are not collectively efficient.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layers above a Spectrum of Moving Waves

AbstractMomentum and scalar transport in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) is driven by a turbulent mix of winds, buoyancy, and surface gravity waves. To investigate the interaction between these processes, a large-eddy simulation (LES) model is developed with the capability to impose a broadband spectrum of time-varying finite-amplitude surface waves at its lower boundary. The LES model adopts a Boussinesq flow model and integrates the governing equations on a time-varying, surface-fitted, nonorthogonal mesh using cell-centered variables with special attention paid to the solution of the pressure Poisson equation near the wavy boundary. Weakly unstable MABLs are simulated with geostrophic winds increasing from 5 to 25 m s−1 and wave age varying from swell-dominated to wind-wave equilibrium. The simulations illustrate cross-scale coupling as wave-impacted near-surface turbulence transitions into shear-convective rolls with increasing distance from the water. In a regime with swell, low winds, a...
A transgenic insertion causing cryptorchidism in mice.

A distinctive feature of gonadal maturation in mammals is the movement to an extraabdominal location. Testicular descent is a complex, multistage process whereby the embryonic gonads migrate from their initial abdominal position to the scrotum. Failure in this process results in cryptorchidism, a frequent congenital birth defect in humans. We report here a new mouse transgenic insertional mutation, cryptorchidism with white spotting (crsp). Males homozygous for crsp exhibit a high intraabdominal position of the testes, associated with complete sterility. Heterozygous males have a wild-type phenotype, and homozygous females are fertile. Surgically descended testes in crsp/crsp males show normal spermatogenesis. Using FISH and genetic analyses, the transgenic insert causing the crsp mutation has been mapped to the distal part of mouse chromosome 5. Transgene integration resulted in a 550-kb deletion located upstream of the Brca2 gene. A candidate gene encoding a novel G protein-coupled receptor (Great) with an expression pattern suggesting involvement in testicular descent has been identified.
The establishment of imitation and its use for the development of complex behavior in schizophrenic children.

Abstract This paper presents a procedure for, and data pertaining to, the establishment of non-verbal imitative behavior in schizophrenic children, and the extension of such behavior for therapeutic usefulness into the child's day-to-day functioning. The program consisted of two parts, the initial part involving the training of imitative behavior on sixty tasks, ranging from the easy to the complex. Training in imitation was analogous to a discrimination training procedure, wherein the children were reinforced (usually with bites of food) for increasingly close approximations to the adult's behavior. The acquisition curves for each of the eleven children who underwent this training were positively accelerated, but their rates of acquisition varied enormously. Upon completion of the initial training of the sixty tasks, the training was extended into socially and intellectually useful behavior, such as personal hygiene, preschool games, drawing and printing, elementary interpersonal skills, etc.
A statistical critique of the USAFI tests of general educational development.

Data resulting from the administration of the USAFI Tests of General Educational Development to more than 1000 junior Air Force officers have been statistically analyzed to indicate the reliability of these tests, their correlation with school achievement, the comparability of their intercorrelations with intercorrelations among grades in school subjects, their capacity for differential diagnosis, their factorial composition, and their average item-test correlations. In the light of these findings and the finding that there is a low gradient between achievement on these tests and amount of formal education among these officers, the tests have been evaluated as possessing the practical validity suggested by their face validity for selection of young Air Force officers for assignment to study at civilian colleges and universities.