cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymorphic aspects of male anthropoid honing premolars

A recent study has indicated that heritage may be an important component in explanations of interspecies variation in male anthropoid maxillary canines. To further test this hypothesis, comparative data for the maxillary canine's occlusal partner, the honing mandibular premolar, are presented. Relative to body mass, measurements of the honing premolar--length of the honing facet, mesiodistal length, and buccolingual breadth and shape (as expressed by the ratio of length to breadth)--show a similar but stronger heritage component than measurements of the maxillary canine. Results indicate that canine variation among male anthropoids has not yet been explained and that quantitative analyses of this issue will necessarily require a methodological approach which incorporates heritage as a factor.
Supplementary methadone self administration among methadone maintenance clients

Abstract The present study derives from two related questions: (1) Can methadone dose alterations act as reinforcers? (2) Do methadone dose alterations affect symptomatology of methadone maintained clients? Twenty three clients were offered six opportunities to alter their own methadone dose on a single day by as much as ±20 mg. Dose increases were selected on the vast majority of occasions (94.3%). Thus, supplemental methadone did function as a reinforcer for these clients. There was little evidence that dose increases which clients chose had any appreciable subjective effects. Neither symptomatology self reports nor judgements of dosage adequacy were significantly altered following acute methadone dose increases. The amount of supplemental methadone which clients self-administered could not be predicted by demographic characteristics, by length of time enrolled in maintenance treatment, by type or amount of illicit supplementary drug use, or by adequacy judgements of stable methadone dose. However, dosage self-regulation may have predictive potential as a measure of degree of behavioral dependence on narcotic drugs.
Magnitude of artificial dissipation for numerical simulations

We use a typical finite volume, central-differencing method with Lax-Wendroff time marching. The cases considered include both inviscid and viscous simulations with and without shock waves.
Genetic variation in CACNA1C affects brain circuitries related to mental illness

Context The CACNA1C gene (α-1C subunit of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel) has been identified as a risk gene for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, but the mechanism of association has not been explored. Objective To identify the neural system mechanism that explains the genetic association between the CACNA1C gene and psychiatric illness using neuroimaging and human brain expression. Design We used blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activation in circuitries related to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia by comparing CACNA1C genotype groups among healthy subjects. We tested the effect of genotype on messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of CACNA1C in postmortem human brain. A case-control analysis was used to determine the association of CACNA1C genotype with schizophrenia. Setting National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. Patients Healthy men and women of white race/ethnicity participated in the fMRI study. Postmortem samples from normal human brains were used for the brain expression study. Patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects were used in the case-control analysis. Main Outcome Measures BOLD fMRI, mRNA levels in postmortem brain samples, and genetic association with schizophrenia. Results The risk-associated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1006737) in CACNA1C predicted increased hippocampal activity during emotional processing ( P = .001 uncorrected, P (false recovery rate [FDR]) = .05, z = 3.20) and increased prefrontal activity during executive cognition ( P = 2.8e-05 uncorrected, P FDR = .01, z = 4.03). The risk-associated SNP also predicted increased expression of CACNA1C mRNA in human brain ( P = .002). CACNA1C was associated with schizophrenia in our case-control sample (odds ratio, 1.77; P = .03). Conclusions The risk-associated SNP in CACNA1C maps to circuitries implicated in genetic risk for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Its effects in human brain expression implicate a molecular and neural system mechanism for the clinical genetic association.
Origins of life: RNA made in its own mirror image

An RNA enzyme has been generated that can assemble a mirror-image version of itself. The finding helps to answer a long-standing conundrum about how RNA molecules could have proliferated on prebiotic Earth. See Letter p.440
Language is handy but is it embodied

Part 1 provides Arbib's reflections on the influence of Marc Jeannerod on his career. Part 2 recalls the Mirror System Hypothesis (MSH) for the evolution of the language-ready brain, a theory which emphasizes the role of manual action in grounding language evolution, thus giving one meaning for "language is handy". Part 3 then joins in current debates over the notion of whether or not language is embodied. Our overall argument is that embodiment is a graded rather than binary concept, and that embodiment provides the evolutionary and developmental core of concepts and language, but that the modern human brain supports abstraction processes that make embodiment little relevant in a wide range of language use. We urge that, rather than debate the extent of embodiment, attention should turn to the integration of empirical studies with computational modeling to delineate in detail processes of abstraction, generalization, metaphor and more, bridging between modeling of neural mechanisms in macaque that may be posited for the brain of the last monkey-human common ancestor (LCA-m) and computational modeling of human language processing. Part 4 suggests that variants of construction grammar are well-suited to the latter task.
Cellular dynamics of tRNAs and their genes.

This discussion focuses on the cellular dynamics of tRNA transcription, processing, and turnover. Early tRNA biosynthesis steps are shared among most tRNAs, while later ones are often individualized for specific tRNAs. In yeast, tRNA transcription and early processing occur coordinately in the nucleolus, requiring topological arrangement of ∼300 tRNA genes and early processing enzymes to this site; later processing events occur in the nucleoplasm or cytoplasm. tRNA nuclear export requires multiple exporters which function in parallel and the export process is coupled with other cellular events. Nuclear-cytoplasmic tRNA subcellular movement is not unidirectional as a retrograde pathway delivers mature cytoplasmic tRNAs to the nucleus. Despite the long half-lives, there are multiple pathways to turnover damaged tRNAs or normal tRNAs upon cellular stress.
Community-acquired pneumonia and sepsis

Sepsis is a frequent and often fatal complication of pneumonia. This article discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of sepsis in the setting of pneumonia. Particular consideration is given to the role of mechanical ventilation in amplifying organ dysfunction in sepsis and to treatments that have positive effects on sepsis mortality and respiratory dysfunction.
A Super-Ego for Cross-Cultural Research

Abstract L'A. formule une serie de principes, pratiques et ethiques, qui doivent presider a la conception et a la conduite des recherches interculturelles. Une bonne recherche interculturelle est (1) celle qui repose sur les efforts conjugues de deux ou plusieurs chercheurs de pays differents; (2) chacun d'eux doit ětre pris en charge, a la fois moralement et materiellement, par des institutions de chacun des pays concernes; (3) ils doivent s'attaquer a des problemes qui presentent un interět pour l'un et pour l'autre, non seulement du point de vue de la psychologie en tant que science, mais (4) du point de vue des problemes sociaux de notre temps. Ces recherches en collaboration doivent (5) partir d'une definition commune du probleme, (6) utiliser des methodes comparables, (7) mettre les donnees en commun; ces donnees etant la “propriete” de l'un et de l'autre des collaborateurs, chacun est libre (8) de proposer des interpretations personnelles, mais (9) ils doivent faire effort pour trouver des interpre...
A general lower and upper bound theorem of static stability

Abstract A statically stable state of a system subjected to conservative and dissipative forces is considered as a local minimum of the sum of the potential energy and the energy dissipated from the system subject to the kinematic constraints on the system. This stability criterion is investigated by the methods of optimization under constraints. A dual mathematical program, the maximization of the complementary energy of the system subject to equilibrium contraints, is constructed. Bounds on the kinematic state space of a system and energy dissipation are introduced as inequality constraints. Lower and upper bound conditions for the loads causing instability of the system are derived. By the upper bound condition, the system is unstable if the virtual work is negative in a kinematically admissible displacement, including rigid body components. By the lower bound condition, the system is stable if the gradient vectors of the active constraints with nonzero Lagrange multipliers span the space of feasible rigid body rotations. The existence of a nonempty feasible set for the dual program is also found to ensure the stability of the system.
Randomized prospective study of humeral shaft fracture fixation: intramedullary nails versus plates.

Objectives To compare the clinical and radiographic results for locked intramedullary (IM) nails and plates used in the treatment of humeral diaphyseal fractures. Design Prospective randomization by sealed-envelope technique of eighty-four patients into two study groups: those treated by intramedullary nailing (IMN group; n = 38) and those treated by compression plating (PLT group; n = 46). Setting Patients admitted consecutively to a university-affiliated Level I trauma center. Patient/participants All skeletally mature patients admitted to Harborview Medical Center with acute humeral shaft fractures requiring surgical stabilization. Fractures of the diaphysis were defined as being at least three centimeters distal to the surgical neck and at least five centimeters proximal to the olecranon fossa. Intervention Treatment with locking antegrade intramedullary humeral nails (Russell-Taylor design [Smith and Nephew Richards]) or with 4.5-millimeter dynamic compression and limited contact dynamic compression plates (AO design [Synthes]). Main outcome measurements Clinical outcome measurements included fracture healing, radial nerve recovery, infection, and elbow and shoulder discomfort. Radiographic measurements included fracture alignment, time to healing, delayed union, and nonunion. Results Follow-up averaged thirteen months. Forty-two fractures (93 percent) in the PLT group were healed by sixteen weeks versus thirty-three fractures (87 percent) in the IMN group (p = 0.70). Shoulder pain and a decrement in shoulder range of motion (ROM) were significant associations with IMN (p = 0.007 for both variables) but not with PLT. A decrement in elbow ROM was significantly associated with PLT (p = 0.03), especially for fractures of the distal third of the diaphysis, whereas elbow pain was not (p = 0.123). The sum of other complications demonstrated nearly equal prevalence for both treatment groups. Conclusions For patients requiring surgical treatment of a humeral shaft fracture, intramedullary nailing and compression plating both provide predictable methods for achieving fracture stabilization and ultimate healing.
The Density at 140° F. of the Materials Expressed as Fat by Various Volumetric Tests of Cream*

Summary 1. The density of the materials read as fat with the various volumetric tests was less than 0.9000 at 140° F. 2. The error in the volumetric tests due to variation in the density at 140° F. of the materials read as fat was the least with the Babcock test (about 0.55 per cent) followed in order by the N-butyl alcohol, the amyl alcohol, the Minnesota Nafis and the Minnesota 202 test (over 1.8 per cent).
Violence, mental illness, and the brain - A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 3 - From deep brain stimulation to amygdalotomy for violent behavior, seizures, and pathological aggression in humans.

In the final installment to this three-part, essay-editorial on psychosurgery, we relate the history of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in humans and glimpse the phenomenal body of work conducted by Dr. Jose Delgado at Yale University from the 1950s to the 1970s. The inception of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1974-1978) is briefly discussed as it pertains to the “determination of the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare regarding the recommendations and guidelines on psychosurgery.” The controversial work - namely recording of brain activity, DBS, and amygdalotomy for intractable psychomotor seizures in patients with uncontrolled violence – conducted by Drs. Vernon H. Mark and Frank Ervin is recounted. This final chapter recapitulates advances in neuroscience and neuroradiology in the evaluation of violent individuals and ends with a brief discussion of the problem of uncontrolled rage and “pathologic aggression” in today’s modern society – as violence persists, and in response, we move toward authoritarianism, with less freedom and even less dignity.
Design of Conjugated Polymers for the Optimization of Solar Cell Performance

The influence of polythiophene structure on polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells is described. Regioregularity is found to influence device stability and variation in the identity and distribution of alkyl substituents is found to affect device efficiency.
The role of CC and CXC chemokines in cardiac allograft rejection in rats.

Abstract Acute cellular rejection is due in part to an upregulation of chemokine genes, resulting in eventual cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The role of chemokines in acute cardiac allograft rejection is not fully characterized presently. These studies compared the patterns of expression for multiple chemokines in rodent cardiac allograft rejection. Allogeneic transplants were performed from Brown–Norway donors to Lewis recipients. Survival studies utilized daily administration of neutralizing antisera to MCP-1, CINC, and MIP-1α. Patterns of mRNA and protein expression were determined by Northern blots and immunohistochemistry. Allogeneic controls rejected at mean of 6.5 days. Neutralization of MCP-1 (10.8 days, P 0.05), significantly prolonged allograft survival. Message expression for the beta chemokines studied were increased by day 2 and continued to increase until day 6 just before rejection, while CINC levels did not change as dramatically after day 2. Chemokine protein levels mirrored mRNA patterns by IHC analysis. MCP-1 and MIP-1α appear to play regulatory roles in cardiac allograft rejection, while CINC is expressed, but not functional, in injury development. Beta chemokine activity should be studied further in hope of developing more targeted immunosuppression, or identifying specific chemokines that may be useful for immunosurveillance purposes.
Transient response of a global ocean-atmosphere model to a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide

Abstract The transient response of climate to an instantaneous increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has been investigated by a general circulation model of the coupled ocean-atmosphere-land system with global geography and annual mean insulation. An equilibrium climate of the coupled model is perturbed by an abrupt doubling of the atmospheric carbon dioxide. The evolution of the model climate during the 60-year period after the doubling is compared with the result from a control integration of the model without the doubling. The increase of surface air temperature in middle and high latitudes is slower in the Southern Hemisphere than the Northern Hemisphere The large thermal inertia of the ocean-dominated hemisphere is partly responsible for this difference. The effective thermal inertia of the oceans becomes particularly large in high southern latitudes. Owing to the absence of meridional barriers at the latitudes of the Drake Passage. a wind-driven. deep cell meridional circulatio...
The effects of illumination, d-amphetamine, and methylphenidate upon vigilance performance of squirrel monkeys

The effects of illumination, d-amphetamine, and methylphenidate on vigilance behavior were studied with four squirrel monkeys. Detection rates of an auditory signal were higher in the light than in the dark. Although methylphenidate did not alter performance, d-amphetamine lowered detection rates more in the light than in the dark, particularly in male squirrel monkeys. Results were interpreted in terms of altered arousal levels.
Database literature review: A new tool for experimental biology

The purpose of this review was to prepare data summaries that strengthen the connections between new research and the accumulated knowledge of the literature. To this end, we entered published data into a microcomputer database and then used the programming capabilities of the database to standardize data and generate summaries. As an example, we summarized data from papers that used stereology, a form of quantitative morphology, to describe ultrastructural changes in liver hepatocytes. We used standardized data to develop a ''one big experiment model'' of the literature and ultrastructural phenotypes to summarize structural analogies. The review illustrates how a database can be used to standardize results, reduce experimental biases, recover data, and search for biological correlations and patterns. A notable finding was that the ultrastructural phenotypes appear to be unique for each experimental data point, suggesting the use of this new data type as a generic biologic marker. We conclude from the results that a database literature review is an effective way of summarizing the literature and of creating new types of data.
The continued search for nonarbitrary metrics in psychology

H. Blanton and J. Jaccard examined the arbitrariness of metrics in the context of 2 current issues: (a) the measurement of racial prejudice and (b) the establishment of clinically significant change. According to Blanton and Jaccard, although research findings are not undermined by arbitrary metrics, individual scores and score changes may not be meaningfully interpreted. The author believes that their points are mostly valid and that their examples were appropriate. However, Blanton and Jaccard's article does not lead directly to solutions, nor did it adequately describe the scope of the metric problem. This article has 2 major goals. First, some prerequisites for nonarbitrary metrics are presented and related to Blanton and Jaccard's issues. Second, the impact of arbitrary metrics on psychological research findings are described. In contrast to Blanton and Jaccard (2006), research findings suggest that metrics have direct impact on statistics for group comparisons and trend analysis.
A comparison of phosphorus immobilization in sediments of freshwater and coastal marine systems

The extent to which sediments of aquatic systems immobilize or release phosphorus can affect dramatically the P content of overlying waters. Data from 48 different aquatic systems suggests that there may be a major difference between fresh- and salt-water systems in this immobilization. Under oxic conditions (water overlying sediments had dissolved oxygen > 0.5 mg/L) P is strongly immobilized in sediments of most fresh-water systems. In sediments of most salt-water systems P is released from sediments and behaves, essentially, as a conservative tracer of benthic decomposition. This difference in P cycling is large enough to have an influence on the often cited difference in phytoplankton nutrient limitation between fresh- and salt-water systems.
Generation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation by redox cycling of adriamycin and daunomycin.

Summary NADPH and purified P450 reductase cause oxygen consumption from the antitumor drugs daunomycin or adriamycin in excess of the amount of the drug present. A reduction-autoxidation cycle of quinone groups is postulated. During this cycle, the cooxidation of sulfite may be initiated. This latter oxidation is inhibited by superoxide dismutase, suggesting that superoxide radicals are formed. Hydrogen peroxide is also generated, presumably by non-enzymatic dismutation of superoxide. Rat liver microsomes also catalyze this redox cycling which is accompanied by the peroxidation of lipids. The experiments suggest that the formation of oxygen radicals followed by lipid peroxidation may be the basis for the cardiotoxic effects of these drugs.
Insulin-mediated Targeting of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase to GLUT4-containing Vesicles

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase is hypothesized to be a signaling element in the acute redistribution of intracellular GLUT4 glucose transporters to the plasma membrane in response to insulin. However, some receptors activate PI 3-kinase without causing GLUT4 translocation, suggesting specific cellular localization may be critical to this PI 3-kinase function. Consistent with this idea, complexes containing PI 3-kinase bound to insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes are associated with intracellular membranes (Heller-Harrison, R., Morin, M. and Czech, M. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 24442-24450). We report here that in response to insulin, activated complexes of IRS-1.PI 3-kinase can be immunoprecipitated with anti-IRS-1 antibody from detergent extracts of immunoadsorbed GLUT4-containing vesicles prepared from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The targeting of PI 3-kinase to rat adipocyte GLUT4-containing vesicles using vesicles prepared by sucrose velocity gradient ultracentrifugation was also demonstrated. Insulin treatment caused a 2.3-fold increase in immunoreactive p85 protein in these GLUT4-containing vesicles while anti-p85 immunoprecipitates of PI 3-kinase activity in GLUT4-containing vesicle extracts increased to a similar extent. HPLC analysis of the GLUT4 vesicle-associated PI 3-kinase activity showed insulin-mediated increases in PI 3-P, PI 3,4-P2, and PI 3,4,5-P3 when PI, PI 4-P, and PI 4,5-P2 were used as substrates. Our data demonstrate that insulin directs the association of PI 3-kinase with GLUT4-containing vesicles in 3T3-L1 and rat adipocytes, consistent with the hypothesis that PI 3-kinase is involved in the insulin-regulated movement of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane.
HYPERFINE AND ZEEMAN INTERACTIONS IN THE METASTABLE, c $sup 3$PI/sub u/, STATE OF H .

The magnetic hyperfine and ${g}_{F}$ constants were calculated for the $c^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}(1s, 2p)$ metastable state of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ using wave functions determined from the optimal-double-configuration model. The hyperfine constants differ by as much as 24% from previous values obtained using a single-configuration electronic wave function. The hyperfine constants are $a=21.98$ MHz, $b=471.14$ MHz, $c=59.37$ MHz, $d=\ensuremath{-}12.87$ MHz, where $a$ and $b$ are the orbital interaction of the electron with the nucleus and the Fermi contact interaction, respectively, and $c$ and $d$ arise from the dipolar interaction of electron and nucleus. With these values for the hyperfine constants, along with the experimental fine-structure splittings and a matrix-diagonalization procedure, the ${g}_{F}$ values were calculated and found to be in better agreement with experiment than the earlier theoretical values.
Design and performance of a polarimetric random noise radar for detection of shallow buried targets

A novel polarimetric ultra-wideband radar system operating in the 1-2 GHz frequency for subsurface probing applications is currently under development at the University of Nebraska. The radar system transmits white Gaussian noise. Detection and localization of buried objects is accomplished by correlating the reflected waveform with a time-delayed replica of the transmitted waveform. Broadband dual-polarized log-periodic antennas are used for transmission and reception. A unique signal processing scheme is used to obtain the target's polarimetric amplitude and phase response by frequency translation of the high depth resolution, low bandwidth-duration product, as well as simplified signal processing. This paper describes the unique design features of the radar system, develops the theoretical foundations of noise polarimetry, and provides experimental evidence of the polarimetric and resolution capabilities of the system.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thomas C. Hall, MD, FACP: in memoriam.

![Figure][1] Thomas Christopher Hall, one of the founders of American medical oncology, teacher, and researcher, left this life in his ninety-third year. Tom was born in New York City, and had a difficult childhood growing up in the time of the Depression. Tom excelled academically, and
IN VlTRO BINDING OF PHENYLALANYL‐tRNA TO NEONATAL AND ADULT MOUSE BRAIN RIBOSOMES

— The ability of brain ribosomes, isolated from mice of various ages, to bind phenylalanyl-tRNA was measured under various reaction conditions. In the presence of template RNA (polyuridylic acid) the binding could be measured by both enzymic and non-enzymic assays. In general, the binding requirements for the brain system were similar to those previously described for microbial and eukaryotic systems. Although previous studies have shown that ribosomes obtained from increasingly older mow brain tissue were less active in polyphenylalanine synthesis, no significant differences in phenylalanyl-tRNA binding to polysome complexes could be detected. The binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA by ribosomes isolated from both neonatal and mature mouse brain tissue was similar with regard to GTP and polyuridylic acid dependence, magnesium ion concentration and reaction kinetics. Similar binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA by young and mature brain ribosomes was also measured with ribonucleoprotein particles previously stripped with puromycin. The results are discussed in light of the rapid alteration of macromolecular synthesis during postnatal brain development and the possible role of the interaction between ribosomes and tRNA.
Generalist and specialist host–parasitoid associations respond differently to wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) defensive chemistry

1. Plant defensive chemistry is predicted to have a more negative effect on generalist herbivores and their parasitoids than on specialist herbivores and their parasitoids. 2. This prediction was examined by comparing the effects of the wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) toxin, xanthotoxin, on a generalist herbivore–parasitoid association [the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hubner, and its polyembryonic parasitoid, Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead)] and a specialist herbivore–parasitoid association [the parsnip webworm, Depressaria pastinacella (Duponchel), and its polyembryonic parasitoid, Copidosoma sosares (Walker)]. 3. Copidosoma floridanum brood sizes were smaller and experienced lower survivorship when reared in a host feeding on an artificial diet containing a low concentration of xanthotoxin. No T. ni hosts, parasitised or unparasitised, survived on a diet high in xanthotoxin. In contrast, C. sosares brood size and survivorship were unaffected by the presence of low levels of xanthotoxin in the host diet. Copidosoma sosares experienced reduced brood size and survivorship only when its host consumed a diet containing 15 times the level of xanthotoxin as the diet adversely affecting its congener. 4. The differences in response to xanthotoxin exhibited by C. floridanum and C. sosares are explained partly by a differential reduction in host quality and partly by differential exposure to xanthotoxin in host haemolymph. Unlike D. pastinacella, T. ni experienced reduced pupal weight and survivorship and prolonged developmental time on a low-xanthotoxin diet. More xanthotoxin passed unmetabolised into the haemolymph of T. ni than into the haemolymph of D. pastinacella.
Hyperfiltration studies VI. Salt rejection by dynamically-formed polyelectrolyte membranes

Abstract Salt-filtering layers can be formed on porous bodies by circulating by them pressurized solutions containing small concentrations of organic polyelectrolytes. These films reject substantial fractions of solute from dilute solutions, frequently with high transmission rates through the membranes (e.g. 100 to 200 gpd/ft 2 under 35 atm. pressure). Possibilities of applications in hyperfiltration (reverse osmosis) processes are discussed briefly.
Overcoming clinical barriers to exclusive breastfeeding

Although a large majority of US mothers now begin breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding rates fall far below national health objectives, with vulnerable populations being least likely to breastfeed exclusively. This article explores common personal and societal barriers to exclusive breastfeeding and offers evidence-based strategies to support mothers to breastfeed exclusively, such as ensuring prenatal education, supportive maternity practices, timely follow-up, and management of lactation challenges. The article also addresses common reasons nursing mothers discontinue exclusive breastfeeding, including the perception of insufficient milk, misinterpretation of infant crying, returning to work or school, early introduction of solid foods, and lack of support.
Radiation heat transfer in planar SOFC electrolytes

Because of their high operating temperatures, there has been speculation that thermal radiation may play an important role in the overall heat transfer within the electrode and electrolyte layers of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). This paper presents a detailed characterization of the thermophysical and radiative properties of the composite materials, which are then used to define a simple 2D model incorporating the heat transfer characteristics of the electrode and electrolyte layers of a typical planar SOFC. Subsequently, the importance of thermal radiation is assessed by comparing the temperature field obtained using a conduction model with those obtained using two coupled conduction/radiation models. Contrary to some published literature, these results show that radiation heat transfer has a negligible effect on the temperature field within these components, and does not need to be accommodated in comprehensive thermal models of planar SOFCs.
The stability of female social and mating preferences in the monogamous California mouse, Peromyscus californicus

Abstract Abstract. The stability of female social preferences for a male and its effect on subsequent mate preference was examined in the monogamous Peromyscus californicus by giving virgin females a choice of two tethered or yoke-restrained virgin males. Females were tested twice for 24 h with the same two males, first when not in oestrus and again during oestrus. In three experiments, females demonstrated significant social (association) preferences for a male within 24 h after first introduction. The vast majority of females maintained their initial social preference for the same male from the non-oestrous to the oestrous test, regardless of whether they were separated from males (experiment 1) or had constant access to males (experiments 2 and 3) between tests. Almost one third of all females, however, either reversed their initial preference or spent equal amounts of time in proximity to both males during the oestrous test. More than half of all females did not mate. Of the females that mated, only about 60% copulated with their preferred social partner. Thus, a female's social preference was not a reliable indicator of her mating preference. These results suggest that the link between female social and mating preferences may be established in the wild, in part, by a lack of opportunity to associate and mate with more than one male and that females may be reluctant to reproduce until the pair bond is well established.
Evaluation of Northern-Grown Crops as Hosts of Soybean Cyst Nematode

Abstract Sixty-two cultivars/varieties of thirteen crops grown in the northern Great Plains were evaluated for suitability as hosts of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) ...
Heart Failure with Recovered Ejection Fraction: Clinical Description, Biomarkers, and Outcomes

Background—We hypothesized that patients with heart failure (HF) who recover left ventricular function (HF-Recovered) have a distinct clinical phenotype, biology, and prognosis compared with patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HF-REF) and those with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HF-PEF). Methods and Results—The Penn Heart Failure Study (PHFS) is a prospective cohort of 1821 chronic HF patients recruited from tertiary HF clinics. Participants were divided into 3 categories based on echocardiograms: HF-REF if EF was <50%, HF-PEF if EF was consistently ≥50%, and HF-Recovered if EF on enrollment in PHFS was ≥50% but prior EF was <50%. A significant portion of HF-Recovered patients had an abnormal biomarker profile at baseline, including 44% with detectable troponin I, although in comparison, median levels of brain natriuretic factor, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1, troponin I, and creatinine were greater in HF-REF and HF-PEF patients. In unadjusted Cox models over a maximum fo...
Arachidonic acid stimulates interleukin-6 release from rat peritoneal macrophages in vitro: evidence for a prostacyclin-dependent mechanism.

Abstract Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine involved in the differentiation of B-cells to antibody secreting plasma cells, the activation of T-cells, and the stimulation of hepatocyte production of acute phase proteins. Because of the pro-inflammatory effects of this cytokine, we investigated the ability of the fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) to regulate the release of IL-6 from rat resident peritoneal macrophages (Mo) in vitro. AA (0.5–16 μM) stimulated IL-6 release during a 4 h incubation period in a biphasic manner, with 4 μM AA generating a peak of IL-6 release (3-5-fold). AA (0.5–16 μM) also induced an increasing release of the AA metabolite thromboxane B 2 (TXB 2 ). The AA-induced release of IL-6 occurred within 1–2 h of incubation, whereas TXB 2 concentrations were elevated within 5 min of AA treatment. The TX synthetase inhibitor CGS 12970 (4.0 μM and 40.0 μM) effectively blocked the generation of TXB 2 , but increased prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) generation and potentiated the release of IL-6. In addition, PGI 2 , as well as the PGI 2 agonists iloprost and cicaprost, stimulated IL-6 release from Mo by greater than 5-fold over vehicle-treated basal levels. These data suggest that PGI 2 (but not TXA 2 ) is involved in AA-induced IL-6 release from peritoneal Mo.
Molecular characterization of cDNAs encoding low-molecular-weight heat shock proteins of soybean.

Three cDNA clones (GmHSP23.9, GmHSP22.3, and GmHSP22.5) representing three different members of the low-molecular-weight (LMW) heat shock protein (HSP) gene superfamily were isolated and characterized. A fourth cDNA clone, pFS2033, was partially characterized previously as a full-length genomic clone GmHSP22.0. The deduced amino acid sequences of all four cDNA clones have the conserved carboxyl-terminal LMW HSP domain. Sequence and hydropathy analyses of GmHSP22, GmHSP22.3, and GmHSP22.5, representing HSPs in the 20 to 24 kDa range, indicate they contain amino-terminal signal peptides. The mRNAs from GmHSP22, GmHSP22.3, and GmHSP22.5 were preferentially associated in vivo with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-bound polysomes. GmHSP22 and GmHSP22.5 encode strikingly similar proteins; they are 78% identical and 90% conserved at the amino acid sequence level, and both possess the C-terminal tetrapeptide KQEL which is similar to the consensus ER retention motif KDEL; the encoded polypeptides can be clearly resolved from each other by two-dimensional gel analysis of their hybrid-arrest translation products. GmHSP22.3 is less closely related to GmHSP22 (48% identical and 70% conserved) and GmHSP22.5 (47% identical and 65% conserved). The fourth cDNA clone, GmHSP23.9, encodes a HSP of ca. 24kDa with an amino terminus that has characteristics of some mitochondrial transit sequences, and in contrast to GmHSP22, GmHSP22.3, and GmHSP22.5, the corresponding mRNA is preferentially associated in vivo with free polysomes. It is proposed that the LMW HSP gene superfamily be expanded to at least six classes to include a mitochondrial class and an additional endomembrane class of LMW HSPs.
Are Awareness Questionnaires Valid? Investigating the Use of Posttest Questionnaires for Assessing Awareness in Implicit Memory Tests

Two experiments—one employing a perceptual implicit memory test and the other a conceptual implicit memory test—investigated the validity of posttest questionnaires for determining the incidence of awareness in implicit memory tests. In both experiments, a condition in which none of the studied words could be used as test responses (i.e., the none-studied condition) was compared with a standard implicit test condition. Results showed that reports of awareness on the posttest questionnaire were much less frequent in the none-studied condition than in the standard condition. This was especially true after deep processing at study. In both experiments, 83% of the participants in the none-studied condition stated they were unaware even though there were strong demands for claiming awareness. Although there was a small bias in the questionnaire (i.e., 17% of the participants in the none-studied condition stated they were aware), overall, there was strong support for the validity of awareness questionnaires.
Effects of population density on emotionality and transfer of perceptual learning in rats

Albino rats were preexposed to circles and triangles in an otherwise visually sparse environment where the number of Ss per cage was varied. Animals that received no early experience with the forms were reared under identical population densities. In a subsequent circle-triangle discrimination task, both early experience and crowding were found to be significant sources of variance. Preexposed Ss learned the task in significantly fewer trials than nonexposed Ss, and crowded Ss mastered the task significantly faster than uncrowded Ss. In addition, it was found that crowded nonexposed Ss did not differ in their rate of task acquisition from Ss preexposed to the to-be-discriminated stimuli in uncrowded cages. It is possible that the observed effects of crowding on learning arose indirectly through the effects of crowding on emotionality.
Stratified Volume Diffractive Optical Elements as High Efficiency Gratings

We propose stratified volume diffractive optical elements as a new type of diffractive optical element that is capable of functioning as a high-efficiency grating in applications with requirements not suited to traditional holographic or diffractive optical techniques. In this approach, diffractive optical fabrication methods are used to construct an optical structure that emulates volume grating behavior. We discuss the diffraction properties of stratified volume diffractive optical elements and compare them with those used previously in both volume holographic optical elements and stratified volume holographic optical elements. A systematic design process is then presented for deriving structure parameters. We illustrate this process by designing a prototype stratified volume diffractive optical element to meet the operational specifications for a beam-scanning element in a spaceborne coherent wind lidar. We use numerical simulation to assess the performance of the prototype element, including sensitivity to fabrication errors.
The Re-Segregation of Public Education Now and After the End of Brown v. Board of Education

Approximately 50 years ago, Brown v. Board of Education was viewed by many as a turning point in American history that crystallized a national movement to eliminate state-enforced racially segregated public education. However, in recent years many parents, educators, and policy makers in education have begun to question whether Brown has made a substantive or symbolic impact on racially desegregating or providing quality education equity. Growing concerns about the ability of Brown to bring about meaningful desegregation and equity in education are exacerbated by the 2007 Supreme Court decision in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1. This article examines the re-segregation of public education in the post—Brown era, the implications of the recent Supreme Court ruling on voluntary integration plans, and strategies school districts may employ to promote school integration within the parameters of this Court decision.
Imatinib (Glivec®) as a paradigm of targeted cancer therapies

Imatinib (Glivec®, Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd, Basel, Switzerland) exemplifies the successful development of a rationally designed, molecularly targeted therapy for the treatment of a specific cancer. This article reviews the identification of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase as a therapeutic target in chronic myeloid leukaemia and the steps for the development of an agent to specifically inactivate this abnormality. The results of unprecedented clinical trials are reviewed alongside a description of resistance mechanisms and the development of novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors to circumvent resistance. As imatinib also inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of KIT and the platelet-derived growth factor receptors, the extension of imatinib to malignancies driven by these kinases is described. Finally, the application of the paradigm of targeting molecular pathogenetic events to other malignancies is explored.
OUR DOUBLE ANNIVERSARY

In June of 1952, ten years before the founding of the Association, the first meeting ever held on computational linguistics took place. This meeting, the succeeding ten years, and the first year of the Association are discussed. Some thoughts are offered as to what the future may bring.
Network and service management for wide-area electronic commerce networks

This paper focuses on the effective management of wideharea electronic commerce networks supporting services and applications that require high availability and reliability as well as fast reconstitution time, in the event of failures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Quantitative Study of Pitfalls in the FFT

The effects of aliasing (including pseudoaliasing), picket-fence effect, and leakage in the fast Fourier transform (FFT) are presented. A computer program was written to perform the FFT analysis of known inputs. The program has the capability of detecting aliasing by calculating an "aliasing coefficient" (Q), and will increase the sampling frequency and the number of points in the input sequence if aliasing occurs. The term "pseudoaliasing" is a phenomenon which is similar to aliasing (or fold-over) but related to the effects of picket fence and leakage. The "leakage coefficient" (ri) is a quantitative measure of the deviation from the fundamental frequency component with respect to the sampling frequency, when the input sequence has only one frequency component.
The Operations Model of the Birck Nanotechnology Center

The Birck Nanotechnology Center in Discovery Park at Purdue University is a multiuser facility with a large ISO 3/4/5 cleanroom and specialized laboratory facilities. With users from many schools and departments as well as outside academic and industrial users, the operations model must support a wide variety of needs. The BNC model utilizes a "triumvirate" model of laboratory management, and a Process and Equipment Owner concept of equipment staffing. The overall model minimizes the concept of laboratory ownership and promotes accountability within the staff for equipment operations. The pros and cons of this model will be discussed.
Quantifying the causal interactions in the brain using a measure of directed transinformation

Most of the brain's cognitive functions rely on the coordinated interactions of neuronal sources that are distributed within and across specialized brain areas. It is important to quantify these temporal interactions directly from neuroimaging data such as the electroencephalogram (EEG). A variety of measures have been proposed to quantify the neural interactions including linear correlation measures and nonlinear information theoretic measures. An important aspect of neural interactions is the direction of the information flow, i.e., the causal interaction between the different regions. In this paper, we propose using a directed transinformation measure (T measure) to quantify these causal interactions. This measure is a generalization of Granger causality and quantifies both the linear and nonlinear interactions between the signals. The proposed measure is applied to both simulated and real EEG signals and is shown to be sensitive to the dependencies between signals.
Stroop tasks reveal abnormal selective attention among psychopathic offenders.

Selective attention among offenders with psychopathy was investigated using 3 Stroop paradigms: a standard color–word (CW) Stroop, a picture–word (PW) Stroop, and a color–word Stroop in which the word and color were spatially separated (separated CW). Consistent with “overselective” attention, offenders with psychopathy displayed reduced Stroop interference on the separated CW and PW tasks relative to offenders who were not psychopathic. However, offenders with psychopathy displayed normal Stroop interference on the standard CW Stroop. Further, the reduced interference of offenders with psychopathy on the separated CW Stroop was accompanied by normal facilitation. These findings suggest a circumscribed attentional deficit in psychopathy that hinders the use of unattended information that is (a) not integrated with deliberately attended information and (b) not compatible with current goal-directed behavior. People with psychopathy are known for persistent antisocial behaviors that they enact with no appreciable signs of guilt, remorse, or responsibility. Strikingly, these behaviors persist despite good intelligence, intact judgment and reasoning abilities, and relatively low levels of anxiety or neuroticism. This apparent lack of cognitive or affective pathology has been referred to as a mask of sanity (Cleckley, 1976) and has led many to attribute the antisocial behaviors of psychopathic individuals to willful disobedience or maliciousness. Despite this mask of sanity, psychopathic individuals display subtle yet pervasive processing deficits that may underlie their disinhibited and antisocial behaviors. Psychopathic offenders are reliably distinguished from nonpsychopathic criminals by their poor passive avoidance (e.g., Lykken, 1957; Newman & Kosson, 1986), abnormal physiological responses to aversive cues (e.g.,
The relationship between vocal pitch-matching skills and pitch discrimination skills in untrained accurate and inaccurate singers.

Summary Few studies have compared the relationship between pitch discrimination accuracy and the accuracy of fundamental frequency (F o ) control. This study investigated the relationship between vocal pitch-matching skills, which is one method of testing F o control, and pitch discrimination skills in untrained accurate and inaccurate singers, and the effect of timbre on their pitch discrimination accuracy. Data showed that accurate singers had more precise discrimination and pitch-matching abilities compared with their inaccurate counterparts. Pitch discrimination was differentially affected by the timbre (eg, spectral differences) of comparison tones. In addition, results showed a significant relationship between pitch discrimination abilities and pitch-matching accuracy. The results suggest that accurate F o control is at least partially dependent on pitch discrimination abilities, which are important for accurate singing.