cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shared decision making in critical care: a clinical reality and an ethical necessity

Objective To formulate a theory of shared decision making in critical care that accounts for both the legal and ethical warrants for informed consent, and the roles of nurses and patients' family members in shaping decision making. Methods Review of relevant essays and books on informed consent and narrative theory, with emphasis on arguments about the limits of informed consent and the elements of narrative theory. Findings The theory of informed consent seems to apply to the model of a competent patient undergoing a simple procedure, but this model may not fit in the ICU for several reasons: Critical care is a process that unfolds over time. It includes a host of risks and involves a variety of persons such as nurses and families, and often the patient cannot participate in the decision. A review of the critiques of informed consent theory showed that the theory cannot adequately justify what risks should be disclosed to a patient and how the patient should understand those risks. This finding indicates a serious flaw that is all the more compelling in the setting of the ICU. Fortunately, narrative provides a theory for how the many persons involved can negotiate meaning to reach a shared decision. Conclusion Informed consent occurs when the patient understands the facts; understanding adheres to meaning, and meaning is achieved through narrative. Thus, a theory of shared decision making that uses narrative resolves the problems of informed consent and substantiates the important roles of nurses and patients' families in critical care.
History of the general hospital psychiatric inpatient unit: 1947 to 1986

Thirty-five years ago, the Mount Sinai unit was considered the state of the art for inpatient psychiatry. Now, short-term hospitalization, active management techniques, and quick dispositions are the practice. At the rate at which neurophysiology and psychiatry are expanding, I have to anticipate that inpatient psychiatric care will again change radically, and long before another 35 years. I doubt that the psychiatric unit of today that I have described will still be recognizable in 10 years.
The unstable ice nucleation properties of Snomax bacterial particles

Snomax® is often used as a surrogate for biological ice nucleating particles (INPs) and has recently been proposed as an INP standard for evaluating ice nucleation methods. We have found the immersion freezing properties of Snomax particles to be substantially unstable, observing a loss of ice nucleation ability over months of repeated droplet freezing measurements of the same batch of Snomax stored as dry pellets in a freezer. This reflects the fragility of the most ice active large protein aggregates, and presents issues for the use of Snomax as an INP standard. The ice nucleation properties we determined using a fresh Snomax batch agreed well with the recent method intercomparison from the INUIT project, while an older batch did not. Using an oil-immersion droplet freezing technique, repeated freezes of Snomax droplets resulted in a decrease in ice nucleation ability after successive refreezes. We attribute this to the disruption or displacement of the most ice active protein aggregates that are thought to contain the ice nucleants. Partitioning of the protein aggregates from the droplet into the immersion oil that is accelerated by droplet freezing events could explain the observed decrease in freezing ability. Droplets in mineral oil or low viscosity silicone oil experienced a smaller reduction in freezing temperature then when squalene oil was used. The effect of the immersion oil may be specific to proteinaceous biological particles and we have not observed it in non-proteinaceous materials. Caution is warranted in the use of oil-immersion droplet freezing methods to determine immersion freezing properties.
Daughter of Eve, "Femme Fatale", and Persecuted Artist: The Mythic Transgressive Woman in Oscar Wilde's and Richard Strauss's "Salome"

Historically, Salome was an unexceptional figure who never catalyzed John the Baptist's death. However, in Christian Scripture, she becomes the dancing seductress as fallen daughter of Eve. Her stepfather Herod promises Salome his kingdom if she dances for him, but she follows her mother’s wish to have John beheaded. In Strauss’s opera, after Wilde's Symbolist-Decadent play, Salome becomes independent of Herodias’ will, and the mythic avatar of the femme fatale and persecuted artist who Herod has killed after she kisses John's severed head. Her signature key of C# major, resolving to the C major sung by Herod and Jokanaan at her death, represent her tragic fate musically.
Indications for antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B in pregnant mothers.

The use of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the setting of pregnancy needs to be individualised based on limited data. We report a case of a 34-year-old Korean-American woman with a history of pregnancy with emergent caesarean section due to prolonged labour in the setting of HBV e-antigen (HBeAg) positive chronic HBV with a pretreatment baseline HBV DNA level of 110000 000 million copies per mL. Her first delivery was complicated by mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV infection to her daughter despite standard active and passive immunoprophylaxis. Our case report highlights an important clinical decision-making step regarding the timing of antiviral therapy in the management of chronic HBV in pregnant women with high risk of MTCT.
Aircraft Turbine Sound and Vibrations Signatures for a Synthetic Kerosene Fuel

Aero gas turbine engines generate high levels of sound across a wide frequency spectrum. The total sound energy produced by the engine is composed of multiple thermodynamic sources, including the air intake, combustion, and exhaust. The focus in this research is the investigation of the combustion noise. The combustion process is complex and dependent upon the properties of the fuel being used. Different fuels have different reaction and evaporation times, indicating that the noise may increase or decrease between each type of fuel. Fuels can affect how a turbine produces a sound output that will eventually be perceived by the human ear. In this study, two fuels were used in the operation of an aircraft gas turbine in the Georgia Southern University’s Aerospace Engine Laboratory. The SR-30 gas turbine is capable of operating at a maximum speed of 80,000 rpm, produce a maximum thrust of 40 lbf, has a pressure ratio of 3.4 to 1, and a specific fuel consumption of 1.22 lbfuel/lbthrust per hour. The fuels used were Jet-A fuel and two synthetic kerosene fuels. Synthetic fuels are attractive in the aviation industry because of their potential for reducing energy dependence and the growing need for higher efficiencies, while reducing emissions. While synthetic fuels show multiple benefits for their use over traditional jet fuels, the sound and vibration signatures were less investigated and this brought the need of this paper. This is especially important if the sound shows a noticeable decibel difference of three decibels or more. The three decibels difference is key, since humans can perceive a difference in sound, based on the logarithmic scale for decibel, of three decibels or more. Hence, A-weighting would be used for the determination of a noticeable difference in sound. This study investigates the vibrations characteristics within the 1/3 octave band of 400 Hz. The sound and vibrations of the engine were measured with an advanced Bruel & Kjaer condenser microphone and piezoelectric tri-axial accelerometer. The sound and vibration characteristics in the mid frequency range is of particular interest regarding combustion of the gas turbine. It has been determined that a 7 dB(A) difference between the reference fuel and the synthetic fuel was achieved at 400 Hz on a 1/3 octave band analysis. Overall, sound signals coming from one of the synthetic kerosene fuels was higher than Jet-A. The highest fuel throughout the vibrations signals overall was Jet-A and at least one of the synthetic kerosene fuels. All data was processed using a Constant Percentage Bandwidth analysis. Understanding the combustion from the sound and vibrations point-of-view can help to foresee the potential danger to the components of the engine, understand the potential effects of sound on the human passenger, and work towards a design to mitigate these phenomena, if necessary.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
INFLUENCES FROM EARLY ACCOUNTING LITERATURE ON CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH

This study explored the citation of pre-1960 literature in a body of contemporary accounting research. In a database of nearly 11,000 citations from 428 source articles, 117 pre-1960 accounting citations were identified. From the set of 413 nonhistorical articles, forty pre-1960 accounting citations were found. This study also examined the breadth of coverage of these citations and their distribution among journals. The results showed that many pre- 1960 accounting documents traditionally considered important were not cited. This result may be useful to accounting historians by helping them to identify early research traditions that are in danger of being forgotten by nonhistorians.
The FeII-FeIV and FeIII-FeV manifolds in an expanded world of Gif chemistry

The Gif systems for the selective functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons based on the reactions of Superoxide with FeII and of hydrogen peroxide with FeIII are described. Both systems are relatively efficient, but not nearly so efficient as the electrochemical system developed in collaboration with Prof. G. Balavoine and Dr. Aurore Gref (Universite de Paris-Sud-Orsay, France). All of the systems afford mainly ketones. This is an unusual selectivity, which implies a non-radical mechanism. It has been proven for the FeIII-H2O2 system that the activation of the FeIII is independent of the formation of ketone, which involves a hydroperoxide (derived from oxygen) as an intermediate. This intermediate controls the formation of ketone and of secondary alcohol. The addition of a number of trapping reagents such as BrCCl3 diverts the reaction from oxygenation to bromide formation. Although BrCCl3 is indeed a good trap for carbon radicals, the pattern of selectivity across a range of saturated hydrocarbons is completely different for Gif chemistry when compared with normal radical bromination. The chemistry is explained in terms of an FeV oxenoid species that inserts itself into secondary C-H bonds (a compromise between bond strength and steric hindrance). This gives an FeV intermediateA with an iron-carbon bond, which is probably rapidly reduced to the FeIII state by hydrogen peroxide. Then oxygen is inserted into the FeIII-C bond. Hydrolysis affords the isolateable intermediate hydroperoxide (intermediateB). A system based ontert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) is described. This is similar to the above Gif systems, but the kinetic isotope effect is very different and the selectivity for adamantane substitution is different. However, FeIII is activated by TBHP to an FeV oxenoid which, after reaction with a hydrocarbon, reacts with oxygen to give a hydroperoxide. So the pattern of intermediatesA andB is maintained with TBHP. Radical chemistry is involved in some of the reactions that involve ionic coupling to saturated hydrocarbons. The importance of the FeII-FeIV manifold in providing a mechanism that permits the selective functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons by ionic trapping with chloride, azide, and other anions is made manifest. Comparison is made with the FeIII-FeV manifold where ionic trapping is never seen. Traditional Fenton chemistry (hydroxyl radical formation) is not operative here, but the trapping does involve the formation of carbon radicals. These react very efficiently with anions bonded to FeIII.
Comparison of a large area CZT detector to a spectroscopic CdTe detector for X-ray fluorescence computed tomography

X-ray fluorescence CT (XFCT) imaging is a promising molecular imaging modality with high spatial resolution and non-radioactive high atomic number tracers for medical imaging. While dozens of bench-top experiments proofed the concept of the approach, scalability for clinical systems with high molecular sensitivity at acceptable doses is not yet accomplished. This study compares a spectroscopic CdTe detector which was used for XFCT measurements beforehand to a CZT detector with scalable active area. The results show that the CZT detector is able to provide better image quality due to higher detection efficiency even with a significantly reduced energy resolution and absorbing enclosure.
QoS-Aware Joint BBU-RRH Mapping and User Association in Cloud-RANs

Cloud radio access network (C-RAN) is a promising wireless network architecture that can reduce the energy consumption by the centralized cloud architecture and subsequently decrease the number of required traditional base station sites and the site support equipments. C-RAN consists of the baseband units (BBUs) and the remote radio heads (RRHs). BBUs are pooled in a central cloud, i.e., the BBU pool is to provide powerful computation and storage resources while RRHs are distributed across multiple sites to provide coverage and interact with user equipments. In order to exploit the benefits of C-RAN, each BBU can be actualized by a virtual machine, i.e., virtual BBU (VB). VBs can be initiated and shut down as needed to serve clusters of RRHs (i.e., many-to-one mapping between RRHs and BBUs). RRHs can be turned into the sleep mode to reduce the energy consumption. In this paper, we jointly optimize BBU-RRH mapping and user association with the objective to minimize the system cost incurred by the energy bill from RRHs and VB rentals under the constraint of user quality of service, which is formulated as an integer linear programming problem. Furthermore, we decompose the joint problem into two subproblems and design a time-efficient algorithm to solve the problem. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm performs close to the optimal solutions obtained from CPLEX.
Myocarditis with tremelimumab plus durvalumab combination therapy for endometrial cancer: A case report

Abstract Background Fulminant myocarditis has been reported in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. We present the first described case of acute immune-mediated myocarditis and myositis associated with durvalumab plus tremelimumab combination therapy. The patient was undergoing treatment for advanced endometrial cancer. Case presentation A 75-year-old Caucasian female presented with difficulty ambulating due to neck protraction, imbalance, and increased shortness of breath with exertion 3 weeks after her first durvalumab and tremelimumab administration for advanced endometrial cancer. While the patient's initial laboratory data showed an acute transaminitis and elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK), consistent with myositis, she developed complete heart block and ventricular dysfunction, with elevated troponins. Endomyocardial biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of immune-mediated myocarditis. She was treated with high-dose steroids and mycophenolate mofetil, which led to eventual native conduction and left ventricular ejection fraction recovery. Upon discharge, she was titrated off of steroids over 8 weeks and her mycophenolate was subsequently stopped. A follow-up computed tomography scan revealed progression of metastatic disease. The patient remains alive using supplemental oxygen 3 months after admission. Conclusions Durvalumab plus tremelimumab combination therapy can lead to fulminant immune-mediated myocarditis. This patient's myocarditis was amenable to treatment with high-dose intravenous steroids and mycophenolate.
Induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A1 by the flavonoid chrysin in Caco-2 cells--potential role in carcinogen bioinactivation.

Purpose. Dietary flavonoids, present in fruits, vegetables and beverages have been demonstrated to be protective in cancer. Recently, we showed that the flavonoid chrysin induced UDP-glucuronosyl- transferase (UGT) activity and expression in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. In the present study, we determined the specific UGT isoform(s) induced and whether this induction facilitates glucuronidation and potential detoxification of the colon carcinogen 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (N-hydroxy-PhIP).
Green’s Functions in One Dimension

Our treatment of differential equations, with the exception of SOLDEs with constant coefficients, did not consider inhomogeneous equations. At this point, however, we can put into use one of the most elegant pieces of machinery in higher mathematics, Green’s functions, to solve inhomogeneous differential equations.
Spinal Cord Surgery

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses spinal cord surgery. It also reviews the current surgical management for intramedullary neoplasms. The optimal management of these neoplasms remains controversial. The majority of these tumors are histologically benign, with low grade astrocytomas being the most common in children, whereas ependymomas are the most common histology in adults. Tumors of the intramedullary spine account for only 5 to 10% of all central nervous system tumors. The most common single tumor type in children is the fibrillary astrocytoma, which accounts for 45 (39%) of the tumors. There are 31 gangliogliomas, which are almost as common as the low-grade fibrillary astrocytoma in pediatric populations. Intramedullary tumors may remain asymptomatic for a long time or cause nonspecific complaints that make the diagnosis difficult. The most common symptom of an intramedullary tumor in adults is pain. The pain may be diffuse or radicular in nature. There is no characteristic feature of the pain distribution in patients with intramedullary tumors, but patients with an intramedullary ependymoma tend to have dysesthetic pain as compared to astrocytomas.
Timing of Extracerebral Operations in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients

Care of the polytrauma patient with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) requires the clinician to navigate among sometimes conflicting priorities, concerns, and objectives—toward a goal of optimizing outcomes and minimizing potential harms. For all polytrauma patients, the initial triage and resuscitation effort should be focused and efficient, with an emphasis on attending to the “ABCs.” For the patient with comorbid severe TBI, this phase of care must superimpose considerations relevant to the treatment of primary brain injury and mitigation of secondary insults.
Narcissism and Dark Personality Traits

Considered by many to be a “dark” personality trait, narcissism likely occupies a central position in the dark personality nomological net. The present chapter provides an overview of research findings and challenges involving the Dark Triad traits: narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. Possible “fourth” traits that may comprise a Dark Tetrad—greed, spite, and sadism—are also discussed, especially in relation to narcissism. This chapter also discusses dark personality trait assessment, general differences and similarities between narcissism and the abovementioned dark personality traits, and current research findings on the Dark Triad and Dark Tetrad. Key issues and controversies regarding the factor structure of the Dark Triad and the efficacy of its expansion to include other dark traits (e.g., a Dark Tetrad) are also discussed. The chapter closes discussing future directions for dark personality traits, including novel assessment methods, further validation, and narcissism’s place in an expanded nomological network of dark traits.
Character of temporal variability in stock productivity influences the utility of dynamic reference points

Abstract Reference points identify benchmarks, thresholds, or decision points for fisheries management, and are commonly defined by stock status indicators that presume equilibrium population conditions in the absence of fishing (e.g., equilibrium biomass, B0). However, equilibrium population biomass may be an inappropriate reference level when stock productivity is influenced by environmental change, predator-prey dynamics, ecosystem thresholds, and myriad other factors. Simulations were conducted to compare equilibrium-based (static B0) and non-equilibrium based (dynamic B0) indicators of stock status under alternative states of nature driven by time-varying recruitment dynamics (productivity regime), fishing dynamics (mortality regime), and species life history. Using dynamic B0 often implied a different state of the stock under directional productivity regime shifts, but was more similar to static B0 reference points under cyclic or white noise productivity scenarios. Uncertainty in stock status arising from incorrectly identifying changes in system productivity generally outweighed the uncertainty associated with initial equilibrium conditions. Empirical results across 18 U.S. West Coast groundfish stock assessments indicated predominantly small differences (
Repeat patch testing in a patient with allergic contact dermatitis improved on dupilumab.

Dupilumab, the first monoclonal antibody approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD), inhibits interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 via blockade of IL-4Ra, inhibiting helper T cell (Th)2 signaling. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) has a complex and dynamic pathophysiology, in which at least 1 or more of the Th1, Th2, and Th17/22 pathways may mediate reactions. Patients with AD are at risk of ACD. Here we present a patient with AD and ACD who was patch tested before starting dupilumab and during therapy.
Beam propagation simulation of large phased laser arrays

Directed energy (DE) systems composed of large numbers of combined laser beams have been proposed for a number of applications, including illumination of photovoltaic cells on the moon and spacecraft propulsion. It is important to understand how the design parameters of these systems and perturbations such as misalignment and phase error affect their performance. It is also useful to evaluate the effects of phase and amplitude screens. This paper describes the development of a tool that can simulate the beam profile of over ten billion coherently combined laser elements at astronomical distances with user set locations, mode fields, amplitudes, phases, and pointing vectors.
Tetrakis(1,2-di­amino­benzene)-κ2N;κ4N,N′-nickel(II) dichloride

The title complex, [Ni(C6H8N2)4]Cl2, consists of a centrosymmetric octahedral six-coordinate nickel(II) coordination complex cation and two chloride ions. The Ni atom sits on a crystallographic inversion center. Two of the 1,2-di­amino­benzene ligands are chelating and the other two are monodentate. The chelating ligands define an equatorial plane and the monodentate ligands are axially trans. In addition to one hydrogen bond between the non-coordinated N atom of the monodentate ligand and an adjacent metal complex, there is extensive hydrogen bonding to the chloride ions.
Linguistic Fingerprints of Pro-vaccination and Anti-vaccination Writings

Vaccination hesitancy has been gaining public attention as a global health threat. With the echo chamber effect of social media and the prevalence of misinformation, it is becoming more important to understand all aspects of anti-vaccination attitudes, especially when facts to the contrary can solidify rather than change beliefs. Starting with the question of what might drive anti- or pro-vaccination views, this paper describes a new, balanced corpus of vaccination writings. In order to gather all the linguistic signals, corpus analysis as well as feature selection and classification tasks are used to explore themes and motivations that define each class. Our results reveal that anti-vaccination writings are typically less formal. Results also indicate the possibility that the authors of such writings are processing trauma. These findings suggest that future health promotion efforts should make attempts not to talk down to individuals and should stem from a place of understanding.
The clinical problem of the lethality of insomnia: a new empirical exploration from a clinical trial.

CITATION:Moul DE. The clinical problem of the lethality of insomnia: a new empirical exploration from a clinical trial. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(8):1225–1227.
Spirituality: a psychological resource for managing academic-related stressors

Academic stress causes anxiety, distress, and fear, which are detrimental to students’ psychological well-being. Studies on the kinds of spiritual practices that could help college students manage ...
On the generality of neural image features

Often the filters learned by Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) from different image datasets appear similar. This similarity of filters is often exploited for the purposes of transfer learning. This is also being used as an initialization technique for different tasks in the same dataset or for the same task in similar datasets. Off-the-shelf CNN features have capitalized on this idea to promote their networks as best transferable and most general and are used in a cavalier manner in day-to-day computer vision tasks. While the filters learned by these CNNs are related to the atomic structures of the images from which they are learnt, all datasets learn similar looking low-level filters. With the understanding that a dataset that contains many such atomic structures learn general filters and are therefore useful to initialize other networks with, we propose a way to analyse and quantify generality. We applied this metric on several popular character recognition, natural image and a medical image dataset, and arrive at some interesting conclusions. On further experimentation we also discovered that particular classes in a dataset themselves are more general than others.
Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction

A newborn boy did not void in the first 12 h of life after full-term gestational age (GA) birth. He has since voided with a marginal urine stream. Prenatal course was unremarkable and had normal imaging at 20 weeks GA. A renal/bladder ultrasound (RBUS) was obtained on day of life #1 prior to calling for consultation, which is visible below. The patient is preparing to discharge home per the NICU team at the referring hospital. He has an otherwise normal physical examination and there is no family history of urologic anomalies.
Relationships among Inorganic Arsenic, Nutritional Status CpG Methylation and microRNAs: A Review of the Literature:

Inorganic arsenic is a naturally occurring toxicant that poses a significant and persistent challenge to public health. The World Health Organization has identified many geographical regions where inorganic arsenic levels exceed safe limits in drinking water. Numerous epidemiological studies have associated exposure to inorganic arsenic with increased risk of adverse health outcomes. Randomized clinical trials have shown that nutritional supplementation can mitigate or reduce exacerbation of exposure-related effects. Although a growing body of evidence suggests that epigenetic status influences toxicity, the relationships among environmental exposure to arsenic, nutrition, and the epigenome are not well detailed. This review provides a comprehensive summary of findings from human, rodent, and in vitro studies highlighting these interactive relationships.
Suicide and suicidality in children and adolescents with chronic illness: A systematic review

Abstract Suicide is currently the second leading cause of death for children and adolescents. Evidence suggests that the presence of a chronic medical illness is an independent risk factor for suicidality and completed suicide in both youth and adults. In addition, the period of childhood and adolescence is already a time of marked vulnerability for psychiatric disorders and suicidality, and youth with medical conditions or chronic illnesses are at an even greater risk for suicide. Previous research has identified elevated risk of suicidality in youth with chronic illness; however, the specific risk factors, psychiatric comorbidities, and etiology for suicide and related behaviors are unique, differ by illness, and are far less understood. The current systematic review provides an evaluation and synthesis of empirical literature from the past 30 years that investigated the relationship between specific chronic illnesses, suicide, and suicidality in a pediatric (under 18) population. Results of this synthesis demonstrate that the effects of chronic illness on youth suicidality are not homogenous as the pathways and risk factors can vary greatly for each specific disease. Given the considerable etiological heterogeneity for suicidality, this review provides clinicians and medical professionals with a clearer pathway to identification and delineation of risks for suicidality in specific illnesses allowing for better informed and more accurate interventions for children and adolescents with chronic illnesses who are at risk for suicide.
The PROMISⓇ-Plus-Osteoarthritis of the Knee (OAK) profile measure integrates generic and condition-specific content to enhance relevance and efficiency.

Abstract Objective The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-Plus-Osteoarthritis of the Knee (OAK) profile integrates universal PROMIS items with knee-specific items across 13 domains. We evaluated the psychometric properties of a subset of six domains associated with quality of life in people with OAK. Study Design and Setting In a cross-sectional study of OAK patients (n=600), we estimated reliability using Pearson and Spearman correlations with Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscores and known-groups validity with PROMIS Global Health. Measure responsiveness was tested via paired t-tests in a longitudinal study (n=238), pre/post total knee replacement. Results Across the six domains, internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.77−0.95 and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients) was ≥0.90. Correlations with Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscores and PROMIS Global supported convergent and divergent validity. Known-groups validity testing revealed better scores in all domains for high vs. low global status groups, and knee-specific items added value in physical function and pain. All domains reflected (p Conclusion The six PROMIS-Plus-OAK profile domains demonstrated good psychometric characteristics. The measure integrates universal and knee-specific content to provide enhanced relevance, measurement precision and efficient administration for patient care and clinical research.
Emergency Remote Library Instruction and Tech Tools

During spring 2020, emergency remote teaching became the norm for hundreds of higher education institutions in the United States due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Librarians were suddenly tasked with moving in-person services and resources online. For librarians with instruction responsibilities, this online mandate meant deciding between synchronous and asynchronous sessions, learning new technologies and tools for active learning, and vetting these same tools for security issues and ADA compliance. In an effort to understand our shared and unique experiences with emergency remote teaching, the authors surveyed 202 academic instruction librarians in order to answer the following questions: (1) What technology tools are academic librarians using to deliver content and engage student participation in emergency remote library sessions during COVID-19? (2) What do instruction librarians perceive as the strengths and weaknesses of these tools? (3) What digital literacy gaps are instruction librarians identifying right now that may prevent access to equitable information literacy instruction online? This study will deliver and discuss findings from the survey as well as make recommendations toward best practices for utilizing technology tools and assessing them for equity and student engagement.
Crohn’s Disease and the Mesentery

Recent evidence suggests that the mesentery has a role in the pathogenesis Crohn’s disease. Initiation and amplification of intestinal inflammation appears to originate in the mesenteric lymphatic system. Mesenteric adipocytes, fibroblasts, dendritic cells and lymphocytes coordinate immune responses to food and other antigens that have the potential to activate intestinal autoimmunity. The anatomic and histologic relationships between the intestine and the mesentery in Crohn’s disease are visualized in areas of fat wrapping. The process of fat wrapping, a common manifestation of Crohn’s disease, appears to be generated both within the mesentery and the intestinal wall. Mesenteric panniculitis, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the mesentery shares many common features with other forms of inflammatory bowel disease.
Structure and randomness

There are many bits and pieces of folklore in mathematics that are passed down from advisor to student, or from collaborator to collaborator, but which are too fuzzy and non-rigorous to be discussed in the formal literature. Traditionally, it was a matter of luck and location as to who learned such folklore mathematics. But today, such bits and pieces can be communicated effectively and efficiently via the semiformal medium of research blogging. This book grew from such a blog.In 2007, Terry Tao began a mathematical blog, as an outgrowth of his own website at UCLA. This book is based on a selection of articles from the first year of that blog. These articles discuss a wide range of mathematics and its applications, ranging from expository articles on quantum mechanics, Einstein's equation E = mc2, or compressed sensing, to open problems in analysis, combinatorics, geometry, number theory, and algebra, to lecture series on random matrices, Fourier analysis, or the dichotomy between structure and randomness that is present in many subfields of mathematics, to more philosophical discussions on such topics as the interplay between finitary and infinitary in analysis.Some selected commentary from readers of the blog has also been included at the end of each article. While the articles vary widely in subject matter and level, they should be broadly accessible to readers with a general graduate mathematics background; the focus in many articles is on the 'big picture' and on informal discussion, with technical details largely being left to the referenced literature.
Sounding Like a Lawyer

The easiest way for a lawyer to impress clients, judges, and colleagues is simply to sound like a lawyer. Choose formal alternatives in lieu of shorter informal words, and use jargon and Latinisms whenever possible. Aim to fill page limits by saying everything twice or two times, and introduce sentences with empty "throat-clearing" clauses. When running low on space, just cite to authority instead of explaining the point you are trying to make. Sounding like a lawyer can be the easiest way to make an impression on your audience.
To Flop Is Human: Inventing Better Scientific Approaches to Anticipating Failure

Postmortems and autopsies, at the individual and hospital unit levels, are disciplined approaches to learning from medical failures. “Safety factors” that engineers use in designing structures and systems are based on past failures or trials and experiments to find points of failure. The applied social sciences, including education sciences, labor economics, and criminology, have less clarity about failure. While a bridge collapse is usually plain and spectacular, failures of education innovations or attempts at crime control are often quieter, not spectacular, and often occur for no transparent reasons. The applied social sciences lack disciplined, well-developed, and explicit approaches to anticipating the failure to meet expectations in testing the effectiveness of programs, analyzing the failures, and building a cumulative knowledge base on the phenomenon. Our fields can, for instance, identify “what works” pretty well from randomized controlled trials. However, little serious attention has been dedicated to understanding “why” and “how” a particular intervention failed to meet expectations in well-executed randomized controlled trials. This essay discusses a variety of research initiatives that are designed to better understand failure, especially in controlled trials. Keywords: failure; postmortems; social sciences; labor economics; criminology; research
Evaluation of a novel pulsatile extracorporeal life support system synchronized to the cardiac cycle: effect of rhythm changes on hemodynamic performance.

Arrhythmias are a frequent complication during extracorporeal life support (ECLS). A new ECLS system can provide pulsatile flow synchronized to the patient's intrinsic cardiac cycle based upon the R wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG). It is unclear how the occurrence of arrhythmias may alter the hemodynamic performance of the system. This in vitro study evaluated the effect of simulated arrhythmias on hemodynamics during R wave-triggered pulsatile ECLS. The ECLS circuit with an i-cor diagonal pump and iLA membrane ventilator was primed with whole blood at room temperature. Flow and pressure data were collected at 2.5 and 4 L/min for each condition using a customized data acquisition system. Pulsatile ECLS flow was R wave synchronized to an ECG simulator using 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 assist ratios. Conditions tested included sinus rhythm at 45 and 90 bpm, supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), ventricular tachycardia (VT), and irregular rhythms such as ventricular fibrillation. Pulsatile mode was successfully triggered by ECG signals of normal sinus rhythm, SVT, VT, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and ventricular bigeminy with assist ratios 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. Regular rhythm at 90 bpm generated the best surplus hemodynamic energy (SHE). For SVT and VT, an assist ratio of 1:2 resulted in maximum pulsatile flow waveforms with optimal SHE at 2.5 L/min flow rate. At 4 L/min, SHE declined and the pressure drop increased independent of arrhythmia condition. Irregular rhythms still produced adequate pulsatile wave forms at lower pulsatile frequency. This study demonstrated the feasibility of generating pulsatile ECLS flow with the novel ECG-synchronized i-cor system during various simulated rhythms. The optimal rate for pulsatile flow was 90 bpm. During irregular rhythms, the lower pulsatile frequency was the more reliable synchronization mode for generating pulsatile flow.
HIV-1 Selectively Infects a Subset of Nonmaturing BDCA1-Positive Dendritic Cells in Human Blood

The infection of cultured monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) with HIV-1 involves CD4 and CCR5 receptors, while transmission to T cells is enhanced at least in part by the lectin DC-SIGN/CD209. In the present study, we studied BDCA-1+ myeloid DCs isolated directly from human blood. These cells express CD4 and low levels of CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors, but not DC-SIGN. The myeloid DCs replicate two R5 viruses, BaL and YU2, and transfer infection to activated T cells. The virus productively infects a small fraction of the blood DCs that fail to mature in culture, as indicated by the maturation markers CD83 and DC-LAMP/CD208, and the expression of high CD86 and MHC class II, in contrast to many noninfected DCs. A greater proportion of BDCA-1+ DCs are infected when the virus is pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis envelope VSV-G (5-15%), as compared with the R5 virus (0.3-3.5%), indicating that HIV-1 coreceptors may limit the susceptibility of DCs to become infected, or the endocytic route of viral entry used by HIV/vesicular stomatitis virus enhances infectivity. When infected and noninfected cells are purified by cell sorting, the former uniformly express HIV p24 gag and are virtually inactive as stimulators of the allogeneic MLR, in contrast to potent stimulation by noninfected DCs from the same cultures. These results point to two roles for a small fraction of blood DCs in HIV-1 pathogenesis: to support productive infection and to evade the direct induction of T cell-mediated immunity.
Calcium and transmitter release.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the experiments on the relation between [Ca 2+ ] in and transmitter release at synapses, with an emphasis on the neuromuscular junction. Then, the quantitive models of calcium action, starting with the simplest and adding variables stepwise are discussed, until a model with the minimum complexity consistent with the data is reached. The models are compared to the data for transmitter release at synapses. In the end, the implications of the model for the control of spontaneous quantal release and for synaptic facilitation are considered. The simplest realistic model for Ca 2+ action in triggering the quantal release of neurotransmitter takes into account the following: the Ca 2+ that enters following stimulation adds to [Ca 2+ ] in already present in the resting terminal. Then there is a cooperative interaction in release, n Ca 2+ binds to a receptor to trigger the release of a quantum, and there are a finite number of release sites. There are several reasons to believe that the mechanism of Ca 2+ action in eliciting secretion is substantially different at the neuromuscular junction and the adrenal medulla.
A comparison of neural nets to statistical stubborn classification problems

This paper addresses two types of problems which prove difficult for traditional classifiers: having very limited training data for at least one class, and having classes with a large amount of overlap. Issues discussed will include the (1) use of nearest neighbor methods and neural nets for classification of data which is completely inseparable by linear and quadratic classifiers, (2) dealing with training sets of unequal size from each class.
An algebraic approach to analysis and control of time-scales

Abstract : The structure of time-scales in systems of the form x = A(epsilon)x is related to the invariant factors of A(epsilon) when this matrix is over the ring of functions analytic at 0. This relationship motivates the study of invariant factor assignment in the matrix A(epsilon) + B(epsilon) K(epsilon) by choice of K(epsilon). Results on this problem have implications for assignment of timescales by state feedback in systems of the form x = A(epsilon)x + B(epsilon)u. Work in this direction is presented. (Author)
Good moments add up for inflammatory health: Associations of momentary positive events with inflammatory state and responsiveness

Growing evidence suggests that positive emotions are protective against inflammation, yet less is known about the role of day-to-day positive experiences in inflammatory processes. This research examined the frequency of momentary positive events in relation to circulating inflammatory markers and stimulated inflammatory responses (ex vivo to an endotoxin challenge). In a racially diverse sample of 164 adults ages 26–65, positive events were measured 5 times per day for 14 days using smartphone-based momentary assessments. Blood was collected at the end of this 14-day period and assayed for pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin[IL]-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha), anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory responses. The frequency of momentary positive events was unrelated to circulating IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-alpha, controlling for sociodemographics, body mass index, comorbid conditions, menopause, and tobacco and alcohol use. However, people who experienced more frequent positive events showed lower stimulated production of log IL-6 (fully-adjusted B = −0.20, SE = 0.10, p = 0.044) and log TNF-alpha (B = −0.30, SE = 0.09, p = 0.002), but not significantly lower stimulated log IL-8 (B = −0.18, SE = 0.11, p = 0.105) or log IL-10 (B = −0.27, SE = 0.17, p = 0.106). These findings suggest that minor positive events in daily life, although unrelated to basal inflammatory state, may confer salutary benefits by reducing inflammatory responses to an immune challenge.
Employment-Related Salaries and Benefits in Social Work: A Workforce Survey

The purpose of this study was to develop a descriptive benchmark of social work employment in Arizona and to provide useful information to administrators, job seekers, and prospective social work students. The results, based on telephone and Internet surveys to a random sample of 463 NASW Arizona members, indicate that salary was positively related to level of education and years of social work employment experience. Salary was also higher for men than for women and higher for social workers with administrative roles compared to other roles. Access to employee-related benefits appeared widespread. Implications are provided for administration and future research.
Fast electrons in small solar flares

Because ~5–100 keV electrons are frequently accelerated and emitted by the Sun in small flares, it is possible to define a detailed characteristic physical picture of these events. This review summarizes both the direct spacecraft observations of non-relativistic solar electrons, and observations of the X-ray and radio emission generated by these particles at the Sun and in the interplanetary medium. These observations bear on the basic astrophysical process of particle acceleration in tenuous plasmas. We find that in many small solar flares the ~5–100 keV electrons accelerated during flash phase constitute the bulk of the total flare energy. Thus the basic flare mechanism in these flares essentially converts the available flare energy into fast electrons. These electrons may produce the other flare electromagnetic emissions through their interactions with the solar atmosphere. In large proton flares these electrons may provide the energy to eject material from the Sun and to create a shock wave which could then accelerate nuclei and electrons to much higher energies.
Science and Ethics: Ethics in Science

In the course of reflecting on the issues dealt with in this book, I was reminded of an incident that took place when I was in the fifth or sixth grade during my elementary education. One of my elementary school's graduates had gone on to Harvard to do a Ph.D. with David Riesman, the renowned sociologist. For his Ph.D., he was studying how various groups in society viewed scientists. Toward that end, he administered a questionnaire to all the students in my grade asking us a variety of questions, essentially aimed at detecting whether children viewed scientists as markedly different from other people. The only question I remember was the following: What is a scientist most likely to do while on vacation – study a new science, work on research, or do what other people do? I recall thinking, “Well, scientists are human, just like everyone else, so they do what all people do – spend time with family, travel, etc.” The graduate student called me out of class a week later, after processing the data, and informed me that I had the best understanding of how scientists behave and asked me to further elaborate on my answers. I remember explaining that people's humanness took precedence over their occupations – how could it not? Years later, in reading Hume, I recalled my opinion, and had it buttressed when Hume said, in essence, that one can be a philosopher (or scientist) but one must be first a man.