cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raymond Williams, George Stocking, and Fin‐de‐Siècle U.S. Anthropology

One of the more vexing issues facing anthropologists today is the relationship of our discipline to an emergent discipline that has come to be called "cultural studies." That the name itself-cultural studies-seems presumptuous and threatening to anthropologists is a symptom of the intellectual stakes. As many anthropologists see it, if a new discipline can get away with calling itself cultural studies, then it poses a direct challenge to the scholarly authority of anthropology-for anthropology, as one origin story tells us, institutionalized itself within the U.S. academy by putting the culture concept on the intellectual map and making itself responsible for that concept and its purported relationship to "the world out there." However narrow (and historically oversimplified) such a view may be, it has the virtue of enticing us to reconsider, yet again, our intellectual roots, our complex relationship to the culture concept, and the relationship of that concept to the worlds we study and write about. As a step toward such a reconsideration, this article initiates a comparison of the works of Raymond Williams and George Stocking, two scholars who have done much, in the past four decades, to shape culture theory in anthropology and cultural studies respectively. In teaching culture theory to a mixed audience of graduate students of anthropology and literature, I usually begin with Williams's Culture and Society (1983, originally published in 1958) and Stocking's Race, Culture, and Evolution (1968). Both books present (among other things) revisionist histories of the culture concept, and both can be considered (after the fact) to be foundational texts in the disciplines that sprung up in their wake, cultural studies and the history of anthropology. The comparative reading proposed here is intended, then, to facilitate thinking about the uses of the culture concept in both anthropology and cultural studies and, more generally, about the intellectual positioning of the two disciplines vis-a-vis each other. The comparison proceeds in two "moments." The first concerns the role that Matthew Arnold plays in Culture and Society and Race, Culture, and Evolution. Using the figure of Arnold as an entry into these two works will allow me to sketch, comparatively, the quite different historical narratives that each
A constraint satisfaction algorithm for microcontroller selection and pin assignment

In prototyping and design of embedded systems, selection of the smallest possible microcontroller necessary to meet system requirements while minimizing power consumption and design size is desirable. With the myriad of microcontrollers available on the market, selecting the ideal microcontroller is a non-trivial task. In this work, we address this problem through the implementation of a constraint satisfaction algorithm that will assist in microcontroller selection by matching design requirements to the capabilities of individual microcontroller pins.
Machine vision using artificial neural networks with local 3D neighborhoods

Abstract Several approaches have been reported previously to identify internal log defects automatically using computed tomography (CT) imagery. Most of these have been feasibility efforts and consequently have had several limitations: (1) reports of classification accuracy are largely subjective, not statistical; (2) there has been no attempt to achieve real-time operation; and (3) texture information has not been used for image segmentation, but has been limited to region labeling. Neural network classifiers based on local neighborhoods have the potential to greatly increase computational speed, can be implemented to incorporate textural features during segmentation, and can provide an objective assessment of classification performance. This paper describes a method in which a multilayer feed-forward network is used to perform pixel-by-pixel defect classification. After initial thresholding to separate wood from background and internal voids, the classifier labels each pixel of a CT slice using histogram-normalized values of pixels in a 3 × 3 × 3 window about the classified pixel. A post-processing step then removes some spurious pixel misclassifications. Our approach is able to identify bark, knots, decay, splits, and clear wood on CT images from several species of hardwoods. By using normalized pixel values as inputs to the classifier, the neural network is able to formulate and apply aggregate features, such as average and standard deviation, as well as texture-related features. With appropriate hardware, the method can operate in real time. This approach to machine vision also has implications for the analysis of 2D gray-scale images or 3D RGB images.
Assistive living robot: a remotely controlled robot for older persons living alone

This paper describes the development of an assistive living robot, which is affordable and can be steered over the Internet by family member to remotely monitor and help assess the wellbeing of an older relative living alone. A commercially available iRobot Create platform was used as a starting point for the Assistive Living Robot. Our system (i) takes advantage of commercially available systems to reduce development cost and effort, (ii) acts as a video and audio communication tool between older persons and their family members or caregivers and (iii) can analyze the video feed to detect heart rate and breathing rate. The proposed system could be integrated with in-home monitoring sensors, which could be the trigger for alerting family members that an out of ordinary event is occurring, therefore, our robot could be woken up and sent to be used as over the Internet watchful eye.
First Report of Potato mop top virus Causing Potato Tuber Necrosis in Colorado and New Mexico

Potato mop top virus (PMTV) is considered the type member of the genus Pomovirus. PMTV is an important pathogen of potato vectored by the plasmodiophorid Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (Sss), which causes powdery scab of potato (1). Sss and PMTV are usually associated with cool and humid environments. PMTV-infected potato tubers generally exhibit internal hollow necrotic spots or concentric rings, and the virus is known to cause significant economic losses in Northern Europe, North and South America, and Asia (4). PMTV in the United States was first reported in Maine (2). Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers cv. FL2048 and cv. Atlantic were sent to our laboratory from fields in Saguache County in Colorado and in San Juan County in New Mexico, respectively, during the spring of 2013. The tubers from both locations had multiple, internal, concentric, necrotic arcs and circles. Internal tissue with necrotic lesion from six symptomatic tubers from each location were crushed in liquid nitrogen foll...
Mode of Action of RNA/DNA Oligonucleotides: Progress in the Development of Gene Repair as a Therapy for α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

We describe a technology developed for the site-specific correction of a single base carried on an episome or chromosome in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Critical to the development of this technology as a therapeutic device for treating genetic disorders, like α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency, is the establishment of a standardized assay to study its mode of action and structure-activity relationships (SARs). To this end, a positive-selection system in Escherichia coli has been developed to assess RNA/DNA oligonucleotide (RDO)-directed repair activity. We demonstrate that RDO-directed repair requires the concerted action of the two following repair proteins: the pairing protein RecA; and the mismatch recognition protein, MutS. SAR studies demonstrate that the RDO molecule is functionally asymmetric. The RNA-containing strand enables strand-pairing and stabilization of the molecule, and the DNA-containing strand confers the information transfer.
Revisiting Raman lidar: application of new techniques to improve system performance

BNL has been developing a remote sensing technique for the detection of atmospheric pollutants using resonance Raman LIDAR that has also incorporated a number of new techniques/technologies designed to extend it performance envelope. Chief among these new techniques is the use of pattern recognition to take advantage of the spectral fingerprint and a new laser frequency modulation technique, referred to as Frequency Modulated Excitation Raman Spectroscopy, designed to suppress broadband fluorescence. In the laboratory, broadband fluorescence suppression approaching 3 orders-of-magnitude has been achieved. In addition, the application of a BNL designed knife-edge Rayleigh filter has also bee demonstrated using our LIDAR system where spectral features as close as 200 cm-1 from the excitation line were observed. How all these features help increase the overall performance of Raman LIDAR will be discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Discovery and SAR of isonicotinamide BACE-1 inhibitors that bind β-secretase in a N-terminal 10s-loop down conformation

Abstract A series of low-molecular weight 2,6-diamino-isonicotinamide BACE-1 inhibitors containing an amine transition-state isostere were synthesized and shown to be highly potent in both enzymatic and cell-based assays. These inhibitors contain a trans-S,S-methyl cyclopropane P3 which bind BACE-1 in a 10s-loop down conformation giving rise to highly potent compounds with favorable molecular weight and moderate to high susceptibility to P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux.
Mother-infant feeding interactions in preterm and full-term infants

This study describes differences in feeding interactions in preterm and full-term infants shortly after birth (T1) and again at one month of age (T2). A group of “healthy” preterm infants (M GA=35 weeks) and a group of full-term infants were observed during a bottle-feed with their mothers. The Nursing Child Assessment of Feeding Scale (NCAFS) was administered, and mothers were asked to complete the Neonatal Perception Inventories (NPI) to assess perceptions of their infants. At T1 both preterm infants and their mothers had lower interactive scores on the NCAFS than full-term infants. One month later (T2), preterm mothers' scores had improved and were no longer significantly different from those of fullterm mothers, while differences between preterm and full-term infants, although diminished, remained significant. On the NPI, mothers of preterm and full-term infants showed few differences in preception of their infants. It is suggested that preterm and full-term dyads may face different tasks in their mutual adaptations during the first month of life.
Lysine reactivities of tropomyosin complexed with troponin

Abstract The relative reactivities of lysine residues of tropomyosin complexed with troponin have been measured in order to locate the binding site of troponin on tropomyosin in a complex between the two native proteins. The lysines were labeled with acetic anhydride using a competitive labeling procedure and the relative reactivities of tropomyosin lysine containing peptides were compared to those from tropomyosin labeled in the absence of troponin (S. E. Hitchcock-DeGregori, S. F. Lewis, and T. M.-T. Chou, (1985) Biochemistry24, 3305–3314). Analysis of about two-thirds of the lysines indicates that troponin affects the reactivities of lysines along the length of the tropomyosin, indicating long-range effects. The inferred binding site is more extensive than previously reported, about 25 nm, extending from res. 136 to the carboxy-terminus and to res. 30 beyond the end-to-end overlap in the amino-terminal region of the next tropomyosin molecule.
Dried distillers' grains with solubles : particle size effects on volume and acceptability of baked products

Composition and particle size of dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from different sources were tested for acceptability in baked foods. Effects of grinding DDGS on baked foods and physical dough properties of flour-DDGS blends were determined. Volume of neither muffins nor rolls was affected by sieve fractions, particle size distribution, grinding effects, or DDGS source. Sieving DDGS gave a whiter color, increased protein content farinograph absorption and crude ash, but reduced levels of ether extract and neutral detergent fiber as particle size was reduced from coarse to fine. Consumer acceptability of muffins or rolls was not altered by DDGS additions (P ≥ 0.05).
Single photon transduction in Limulus photoreceptors and the Borsellino-Fuortes model

The time-dependent probabilities for the output of the second stage of the Borsellino and Fuortes model for explaining the random kinetics of single photon responses (quantum bumps) observed in Limulus photoreceptors are derived. The expressions differ from those of Borsellino and Fuortes, who incorporated an incorrect assumption into their mathematical treatment. The expressions for the second stage are complex and suggest that formulating exact mathematical predictions from the model is difficult. Therefore, the model was tested by computer simulation of quantum bump kinetics. When gain and time scale were distributed equally among the ten stages, simulated bumps did not resemble quantum bumps recorded from voltage-clamped ventral photoreceptors of Limulus. The distribution of gain and time scale among the stages was varied, as well as the number of stages, but improvement of the match between simulated and real bumps was not achieved. It is concluded that a simple series of gain-producing reactions of the sort modeled by Borsellino and Fuortes is unlikely to underlie the generation of quantum bumps. Alternate possibilities are discussed.
Processing and Ignition Characteristics of Aluminum-Bismuth Trioxide Nanothermite System

During the past few years, significant progress has been made in the development of new nanoenergetic materials consisting of mixtures of metal and oxidizer nanopowders. It has been found that such reacting mixtures release energy by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude faster than similar systems consisting of micron-size reactants. In some cases, combustion-front velocities reach hundreds of meters per second. These new reacting systems find applications in both civilian and military sectors, including fast vaporization of active chemical components, fast heating of thermal batteries and main ingredients of new environmentally benign percussion primers or electric matches. This paper presents experimental results on ignition and combustion front propagation characteristics in the Al-Bi 2 O 3 nanothermite system. The effect of different coatings and inhibitors of the reaction of aluminum with water in the presence and without the presence of bismuth trioxide is discussed. In addition, thermodynamic analysis of the Al-Bi 2 O 3 reacting system and reaction kinetics measurements using differential scanning calorimetry are presented. Electrostatic discharge sensitivities of Al-Bi 2 O 3 , Al-MoO 3 , and Al-Fe 2 O 3 nanothermite systems were determined. It was found that all investigated nanothermite systems showed very high levels of electrostatic discharge sensitivity in the form of dry and loose powder.
Physico-chemical aspects of the removal of protein-bound substances by charcoal and other adsorbents of potential value in systems of artificial liver support: Part 2—Kinetics of removal

The kinetics of removal of protein-bound substances implicated in liver failure are measured. The overall Sherwood number for their adsorption is shown in some cases to be equal to the film Sherwood number, implying film diffusion control. In other cases, significant nondiffusional resistances were found. For a homologous series of bile salts the Sherwood number was found to increase as the degree of protein-binding decreased. For bilirubin the mean free kinetic lifetime of the unbound species was shown to be an important factor in determining the maximum possible rate of removal. A mathematical model was proposed to represent the binding of substrate to peripheral tissue and the blood-tissue interchange rate evaluated by reference to clinical data. The model shows that perfusion times considerably longer than currently envisaged are required before significant quantities of bound materials can be removed from the tissue.
Pertinent issues related to laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

PURPOSE: We describe the critical steps of the laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) technique and discuss how they impact upon the pertinent issues regarding prostate cancer surgery: blood loss, potency and continence. RESULTS: A major advantage of LRP is the reduced operative blood loss. The precise placement of the dorsal vein complex stitch associated with the tamponading effect of the CO2 pneumoperitoneum significantly decrease venous bleeding, which is the main source of blood loss during radical prostatectomy. At the Cleveland Clinic, the average blood loss of our first 100 patients was 322.5 ml, resulting in low transfusion rates. The continuous venous bleeding narrowed pelvic surgical field and poor visibility can adversely impact on nerve preservation during open radical prostatectomy. Laparoscopy, with its enhanced and magnified vision in a relatively bloodless field allows for excellent identification and handling of the neurovascular bundles. During open retropubic radical prostatectomy, the pubic bone may impair visibility and access to the urethral stump, and the surgeon must tie the knots relying on tactile sensation alone. Consequently, open prostatectomy is associated with a prolonged catheterization period of 2 - 3 weeks. Comparatively, during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy all sutures are meticulously placed and each is tied under complete visual control, resulting in a precise mucosa-to-mucosa approximation. CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic approach may represent a reliable less invasive alternative to the conventional open approach. Despite the encouraging preliminary anatomical and functional outcomes, prospective randomized comparative trials are required to critically evaluate the role of laparoscopy for this sophisticated and delicate operation.
Nonradiative energy back transfer from erbium in silicon by impurity Auger process

The investigations of the temperature dependence of intensity and decay time of the photoluminescence of Erbium in silicon show that the luminescence quenching is caused by a nonradiative energy back transfer from the excited Erbium. The electroluminescence decay is studied by applying different bias conditions during the decay. In a two-beam experiment the PL decay is monitored for different background excitation laser powers. The observed changes of the decay time are a strong evidence for the impurity auger effect as an efficient luminescence quenching mechanism of erbium in silicon. It is also shown that the fast initial luminescence decay component is related to the quenching by excess carriers. The power dependence, the decay profiles with two components and the two-beam experiment can be simulated by solving a set of rate equations considering the formation of excitons, the decrease of pumping efficiency by exciton auger recombination and the decrease of radiation efficiency by the impurity auger effect with free electrons.
Gas absorption into a turbulent liquid

Abstract Mass transfer coefficients were measured for the liquid phase for gas absorption into a turbulent liquid flowing down a long wetted-wall column. Helium, hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide were absorbed into distilled water over a Reynolds number range of 1300–8300. The results indicate that the liquid phase mass transfer coefficient is proportional to the molecular diffusion coefficient raised to the 0·54 power. The results are interpreted in terms of an eddy diffusivity model and indicate that the eddy diffusivity increases as the square of the distance from the interface.
Vascular Smooth Muscle: Quantitation of Cell Thickness in the Wall of Arterioles in the Living Animal in situ

The wall of microarterial vessels, in the living animal in situ, was examined at magnification up to x 6500 on the television screen. The optical resolution af the cell components of the wall was sufficiently clear to permit image formation and splitting for permanent recording and quantitation. Thickness of single smooth muscle cells at rest was estimated to be 2.08 microns (S.D. +/- 0.24 micron) and 2.78 microns (S.D. +/- 0.59 micron) by two different approaches. Changes in cell thickness during activity were also recorded and quantitated.
Preventing Alzheimer's disease : separating fact from fiction.

Alzheimer’s disease is an ever-increasing health concern among the aging population, and as we research new and existing treatments for this disease we begin to uncover possibilities for its prevention. Observational studies and animal models have provided promising findings and generated excitement, but placebo-controlled clinical trials are required to demonstrate true efficacy for these treatments. In the past two decades, clinical trials have led to the approval of symptomatic treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, including cholinesterase inhibitors and, more recently, an NMDA receptor antagonist. Clinical trials have also examined antioxidants, NSAIDs, hormone replacement, nutritional supplements and non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. While the results of many of these trials have been disappointing, new mechanisms targeting the hallmark pathology of Alzheimer’s disease are currently under investigation, including immunotherapy and secretase modulation, targeted at reducing the amyloid burden, for which we await the results. We review the evidence from completed trials, support for ongoing studies and propose directions for future research.
Perfect matchings in random bipartite graphs with minimal degree at least 2

We show that a random bipartite graph with n+n vertices and cn random edges, and minimum degree at least two, has a perfect matching whp. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 26, 2005Supported in part by NSF Grant CCR-9818411.
Perturbation analysis for gravitational and electromagnetic radiation in a Reissner-Nordström geometry

We consider the gravitational and electromagnetic fields produced by a charged (or uncharged) test particle moving in a Reissner-Nordstr\"om geometry as perturbations on the background Reissner-Nordstr\"om geometry and its associated electric field, respectively. The gravitational perturbations are expanded in tensor harmonics in the manner of Regge and Wheeler, while the electromagnetic field is expanded in vector harmonics. Following a previously proposed convention, we find that in the Einstein-Maxwell system of equations, electric gravitational multipoles couple only to electric (TM) electromagnetic multipoles and similarly for magnetic multipoles. It is possible to reduce the entire Einstein-Maxwell system for each type of multipole to two second-order Schr\"odinger-type equations.
Detecting depression in chronic pain patients: adequacy of self-reports

Depression, a complex psychobiological syndrome, has been found to be prevalent among individuals with chronic pain problems. It has been repeatedly recommended that chronic pain patients be routinely screened for depression. Many self-report questionnaires have been used to screen for depression although few have addressed potential limitations of using a self-report questionnaire to identify depressed chronic pain patients. Among the most serious problems is an over-diagnosis since typical neurovegetative symptoms of depression often resemble patients' medical/physical conditions. Some have suggested that the physical items should be replaced and others have suggested that a higher cut-off criteria for diagnosing depression should be used. In this study, the validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale was examined to determine (a) its sensitivity, specificity, and positive, and negative predictive value with chronic pain patients, (b) the biasing effect of somatic items, and (c) the optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression. The results support the predictive validity of the CES-D and suggest that a cut-off score of 19 should be used for diagnosing depression in chronic pain patients rather than the standard cut-off point of 16. Interestingly, the removal of the somatic items did not enhance the effectiveness of the CES-D. The discriminatory ability of somatic items with the total assessment of depression is discussed.
Adolescent immaturity in attention-related brain engagement to emotional facial expressions

Selective attention, particularly during the processing of emotionally evocative events, is a crucial component of adolescent development. We used functional magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI) with adolescents and adults to examine developmental differences in activation in a paradigm that involved selective attention during the viewing of emotionally engaging face stimuli. We evaluated developmental differences in neural activation for three comparisons: (1) directing attention to subjective responses to fearful facial expressions relative to directing attention to a nonemotional aspect (nose width) of fearful faces, (2) viewing fearful relative to neutral faces while attending to a nonemotional aspect of the face, and (3) viewing fearful relative to neutral faces while attention was unconstrained (passive viewing). The comparison of activation across attention tasks revealed greater activation in the orbital frontal cortex in adults than in adolescents. Conversely, when subjects attended to a nonemotional feature, fearful relative to neutral faces influenced activation in the anterior cingulate more in adolescents than in adults. When attention was unconstrained, adolescents relative to adults showed greater activation in the anterior cingulate, bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, and right amygdala in response to the fearful relative to neutral faces. These findings suggest that adults show greater modulation of activity in relevant brain structures based on attentional demands, whereas adolescents exhibit greater modulation based on emotional content.
Adaptive Slepian-Wolf decoding using particle filtering based belief propagation

A major difficulty that plagues the practical use of Slepian-Wolf coding (and distributed source coding in general) is that the precise correlation among sources need to be known a priori. To resolve this problem, we propose an adaptive Slepian-Wolf decoder using particle filtering based belief propagation. We show through experiments that the proposed algorithm can simultaneously reconstruct a compressed source and estimate the joint correlation between the sources. Further, comparing to the conventional Slepian-Wolf coder based on standard belief propagation, the proposed approach can achieve higher compression under varying correlation statistics.
The Practical Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children A Review of 12 Years' Experience with 236 Patients

Early recognition, adequate treatment, close observation, and systematic follow-up over a long period are essential to renal salvage in the child with vesicoureteral reflux. The decision whether and when to operate is made on a balance of factors by the pediatrician-urologist team. Among 236 patients with reflux diagnosed during childhood, reflux was stopped in 55 per cent of those treated medically and in 98 per cent of the more severe cases who were treated by ureteral reimplantation. Chronic pyelonephritis appeared or worsened during medical management in 12 per cent; no child showed new pyelonephritic scars or worsening of pyelonephritis after ureteral re implantation.
English Versus French: Language Rivalry in Tunisia

The Maghreb (Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) has long been thought of as a francophone bastion. Even after independence in the 1950s and early 1960s, countries in this region continued to use French as a tool for modernization and development. Along with progress in Arabization, however, today English is emerging as another linguistic option. This article considers the competition between English and French in Tunisian educational institutions and programs. Two periods are examined in post-protectorate Tunisia: the introduction of English (1956–80) and the spread of English (1980–present). Recent developments in Tunisia in English language policy and planning suggest that the decline in French linguistic influence may be accompanied by a future decrease in French political and economic status.
Consistency of Hearing Aid Use in Infants With Early-Identified Hearing Loss

Purpose To examine the consistency of hearing aid use by infants. A goal was to identify maternal, child, and situational factors that affected consistency of device use. Method Maternal interviews...
Partitioning the contributing role of biomechanical, psychosocial, and individual risk factors in the development of spine loads.

Abstract BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The role of biomechanical workplace factors in spine loading has been well documented. However, our understanding of the role of psychosocial and individual factors in producing spine loads is poorly understood. Even less is understood about the relative contribution of these factors with respect to kinematic, kinetic and muscle activity responses, as well as spine loading. PURPOSE: To explore the relative contribution of biomechanical and psychosocial workplace factors and individual characteristics on the biomechanical responses and spine loading. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: The contribution of various levels of workplace factors to spine loading was monitored under laboratory conditions. PATIENT SAMPLE: Sixty (30 male and 30 female) college-age individuals who were asymptomatic to low back pain. OUTCOME MEASURES: Trunk kinematics and kinetics, muscle activity and the three-dimensional spinal loads. METHODS: The subjects performed lifting tasks while being exposed to varying levels of biomechanical (lift rate, load weight and task asymmetry) and psychosocial (social support and mental concentration) workplace factors as well as an unexplored (load placement) workplace factor. RESULTS: The workplace job demands that had the largest contribution were load placement (4% to 30%) and load weight (15% to 55%). Mental concentration and social environment had a relatively small contribution to the spinal loads (up to 0.2%). Anthropometry played a large role in the shears (about 12% to 58%) but a relatively minor role in the compressive forces (about 3%). CONCLUSIONS: Under the given experimental conditions, load weight is the most important factor when controlling compression forces associated with lifting, but other factors, such as individual characteristics, significantly contribute to the shear loads. Thus, one must account for the weight lifted and the anthropometric dimensions when designing the workplace. For the first time, the relative contribution of workplace job demands and individual factors in the development of spine loading have been identified.
Localized Synchronous Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Esophagus and Hypopharynx Treated with Definitive Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy with a Unified Radiotherapy Plan

Because of common risk factors, synchronous squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus and head and neck are common, and their concurrent presence can significantly complicate disease eradication and survival. Here, we report the case of a patient with a history of extensive tobacco and alcohol use who was diagnosed with a localized thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and in whom positron-emission tomography–computed tomography discovered a nearby asymptomatic localized hypopharyngeal focus that was confirmed by biopsy to also be malignant. He was treated with definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy in a single unified radiotherapy plan, with surgery reserved for salvage treatment. He currently remains in remission without a need for surgical salvage. However, significant concern remains for both treatment failure and development of another primary because of “field cancerization.”
Ultra-reliable real-time control systems-future trends

Today's aircraft use ultra-reliable real-time controls for demanding functions such as Fly-By-Wire (FBW) flight control. Future aircraft, spacecraft and other vehicles will require greater use of these types of controls for functions that currently are allowed to fail, fail to degraded operation, or require human intervention in response to failure. Fully automated and autonomous functions will require ultra-reliable control. But ultra-reliable systems are very expensive to design and require large amounts of on-board equipment. This paper will discuss how the use of low-cost sensors with digital outputs, digitally commanded fault-tolerant actuation devices and interconnecting networks of low-cost data buses offer the promise of more affordable ultra-reliable systems. Specific technologies and concepts to be discussed include low-cost automotive and industrial data buses, "smart" actuation devices with integral fault masking capabilities, management of redundant sensors, and the fault detection and diagnosis of the data network. The advantages of integrating the control and distribution of electrical power with the control system will be illustrated. The design, installation, and upgrade flexibility benefits provided by an all-digital and shared network approach will be presented. The economic benefits of systems that can operate following failure and without immediate repair will be reviewed. The inherent ability of these redundant systems to provide effective built-in test and self-diagnostics capabilities will be described. The challenges associated with developing ultra-reliable software for these systems and the difficulties associated with exhaustive verification testing will be presented as will additional development hurdles that must be overcome.
Parallel magnetic resonance imaging with localized arrays and Sinc interpolation (PILARS)

Large arrays with localized coil sensitivity make it possible to use parallel imaging to significantly accelerate MR imaging speed. However, the need for auto calibration signals limits the actual acceleration factors achievable with large arrays. This paper presents a novel method for parallel imaging with large arrays. The method uses Sinc kernels for k-space data interpolation that only requires one phase parameter to be estimated using a small size of calibration signals. Phantom experiments show that the new method can achieve higher actual acceleration factors with comparable reconstruction quality.
Three-dimensional Linogram Reconstruction: Application To Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A novel method of image reconstruction from projections, linogram reconstruction, has previously been described in two dimensions. In this paper, I describe a three-dimensional linogram reconstruction algorithm which is a simple extension of the two-dimensional case. Reconstruction is from planar-integral projection data, which can be collected in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by using precisely-controlled magnetic field gradients. As in the two-dimensional case, this technique is shown to be computationally more efficient than 3D convolution-backprojection (CBP).
Drive to Justice: The Supreme Court's Decision in PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin

If you have chosen to read this Essay, you are probably somewhat familiar with the long court battle waged between the PGA Tour, Inc. ("PGA") and golfer Casey Martin. Moreover, you likely know that Martin ultimately prevailed at the United States Supreme Court in a 7 to 2 decision that upheld the lower courts' rulings directing the PGA to allow Martin to use a motorized cart in PGA golf tournaments as an accommodation for his disability. You might also be aware that Martin has been diagnosed "with Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome, a degenerative circulatory disorder that obstructs the flow of blood from his right leg back to his heart.” After a brief exposition of the underlying facts and procedural background of the dispute, this Essay will focus on the two principal legal issues involved in the case, and then assess the likely impact of the Court's decision on future cases.
Detection of low frequency drug resistant mutations in antiretroviral-treated HIV-1C infections

Purpose of the Study The objective of this study is to identify low frequency mutations in HIV-1C that cannot be detected by standard genotyping. We analysed samples from the Tshepo cohort in Botswana. Tshepo is an open-label, unblinded, randomised 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design study comparing 1) the rate of development and specific types of drug resistance mutational patterns among HIV-1C-infected adults treated with 6 initial HAART regimens; (2) the tolerability and efficacy of these HAART regimens; (3) evaluation of the When to Start HAART question as patients are initiated on HAART in two different baseline CD4+ cell count strata; and (4) comparing the shortand long-term effectiveness of two operational adherence strategies.
Privacy-Preserving Attribute Distribution Mechanism for Access Control in a Grid

This paper presents a privacy-preserving attribute distribution mechanism for an identity federation framework. Attribute-based access control (ABAC) is a highly flexible and scalable access control scheme which can deal with diverse security requirements in Grid environment. However, in ABAC the user attributes delivered by the Identity Providers for authorization decisions may cause some privacy violation. We developed an attribute release control scheme that can improve the privacy protection capability of the current security systems in Grids. The Shibboleth Identity Provider, GridShib, and Globus Toolkit are used for our implementation.
Multi-scale Modeling of Coal Gasification Processes in a Well-Stirred Reactor with Detailed Chemistry

Fuel synthesis through coal and biomass gasification can potentially provide a solution to the increasing demand of energy and transportation fuels. To theoretically understand the complex chemical processes in a gasifier and to identify the most influential parameters on syngas production, a multi-scale model with detailed chemistry was developed for the first time to simulate the gasification processes in a well-stirred reactor. The model considers gasphase and particle-phase reactions as well as coupling between the two phases at various scales (mass and energy exchange). The gas-phase reactions use the detailed chemistry GRIMech 1.2 including 177 elementary reactions and 31 species as well as multi-component transport properties and variable thermodynamic properties. For the particle-phase, four surface reactions were considered (C+O2=CO2, C+H2O=CO+H2, C+CO2=2CO, C+2H2=CH4). And the reaction rates were simulated by the diffusion-kinetic model with consideration of boundary layer diffusion. The coupling between the two phases including exchange of mass and energy were modeled. A code was developed to solve gas-phase and particle-phase governing equations. Numerical simulations were conducted to understand the gasification process and the effects of pressure, O2 concentration and H2 addition on gasification performance.
Quantum information transfer and entanglement with SQUID qubits in cavity QED: A dark-state scheme with tolerance for nonuniform device parameter

We investigate the experimental feasibility of realizing quantum information transfer (QIT) and entanglement with SQUID qubits in a microwave cavity via dark states. Realistic system parameters are presented. Our results show that QIT and entanglement with two-SQUID qubits can be achieved with a high fidelity. The present scheme is tolerant to device parameter nonuniformity. We also show that the strong coupling limit can be achieved with SQUID qubits in a microwave cavity. Thus, cavity-SQUID systems provide a new way for production of nonclassical microwave source and quantum communication.
TQM, teams and coalition success [engineering education]

The goals, organization, and operating procedures of SUCCEED (Southeastern University and College Coalition for Engineering Education), a coalition of the engineering colleges of eight southeastern US universities committed to a comprehensive revitalization of undergraduate engineering education, how the evolving strategic plan of the coalition is effecting and will require alterations in the present organizational structure. This proposed evolution draws on the success that has been realized through team efforts emphasizing TQM (total quality management). >
Culbersonia americana, a Rare New Lichen (Ascomycota) from Western America

Abstract Culbersonia americana, a new foliose lichen genus and species, is described from the mountains of Arizona and Peru. Although it has a unique set of identifying characters and apparently belongs to the family Physciaceae, all the material seen so far lacks apothecia, and evidence for familial placement for now remains inconclusive.
The Immunotherapy Roadmap

As new active agents are discovered and approved, it is clear that combinations of these immunotherapies will be needed to reject most human cancers. The era of personalized patient tumor analysis has arrived just in time to guide these combinations.
Imaging the Developing Human Brain

Questions about the development of the human nervous system have been addressed using a number of different experimental approaches. One method has been the examination of neurogenesis in autopsy studies of fetuses, infants, and young children. In autopsy studies, information has been recorded about the shape, size, cellular structure, and chemical makeup of the human brain at different stages in development. However, in postmortem studies individual subjects can be examined at only one point in development, leaving unanswered questions about individual differences in the course of maturation. In reviewing autopsy studies, careful assessment must be made as to the normality of the subjects examined. For example, in Conel’s (1939–1967) studies of the postnatal development of the human cerebral cortex in the six-month-old, his seven subjects died from various causes ranging from asphyxia to malnutrition. It is unclear what effect such maladies had on the brains of these infants.
INFLUENCE OF A SYNTHETIC ANALOGUE OF VASOPRESSIN ON SURVIVAL AFTER HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN RATS.

SummaryRats subjected to hemorrhagic shock, when given a vasoexcitatory synthetic polypeptide, PLV-2, showed increased survival rates. The mechanism(s) involved in the beneficial action of this drug cannot yet be precisely identified but may be related to a limited vasoconstrictor action as evidenced by a plateau-like pattern of the blood pressure response to its administration.
Varying preschool arrangements and self-concepts of educable mentally retarded children in grade 1.

Summmy.-Differences in measured self-concept among educable mentally retarded children in Grade 1 were examined. Subjects included 90 children randomly selected from larger populations with varying preschool experiences. An initial positive influence of preschool experience on self-concept in Grade 1 appeared to be more pronounced among those subjects exposed to nonhandicapped peers. The effect of early experience on achievement is well documented (2, 6). Several individuals (3, 5) state that the quality of eacly Life experiences directly affects the quality and nature of individual self-concepts. The purpose of this smdy was to examine the relationship between the nature of preschool experience and the self-concepts of mildly mentally retarded children during their first-grade year. Three groups of 30 mildly mentally retarded children were randomly selected from large^ populations of children with similar preschool experiences. The three groups were similar in terms of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors. Children were grouped according to whether they received their preschool education in classrooms containing only other handicapped children (segregated setting), in classrooms which contained both handicapped and nonhandicapped children (integrated setting), or lacked preschool experience completely. The students were individually given the Martinek-Ziachkowsky Self-concept Scale for Children during the fall and again in the spring of their first-grade year. The scale is a nonverbal, culture-fair measure of global self-concept. The scale requires no reading skills but compares favorably with other accepted self-concept insmments, as the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory: reliability = .88 and concurrent validity = .69. An analysis of variance indicated that upon entry into first grade those subjects who had received some type of preschool training had significantly more positive self-concepts than those who lacked preschool experience (Fa,a7 = 25.97, p = ,001). However, after four months experience in first grade, those subjects who received their preschool training in classrooms which in'Support of Dr. James Wilson, Chairman of Dissertation Committee (Blackbourn, 1985). Department of Educational Psychology, Mississippi Stare University, is acknowledged. Partial support for this study was provided by the Office of Institutional Research of Ste~hen F. Austin State Universitv. 3epartment of Counseling and 'special Education Programs, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas 75962.
Effects of Cerebral Ischemia in Various Strains of Rats.

SummaryEarly mortality following bilateral common carotid artery ligation varied from 0% to 100% depending on the strain of rats. Lethal effects of bilateral ligation were ameliorated by allowing a...
An Experimental Investigation on Unsteady Heat Transfer and Transient Icing Process upon Impingement of Water Droplets

This study presents an experimental investigation of a single droplet with different impingement velocity impinge on the hydrophilic and superhydrophobic substrates under normal and icing temperature by using high-speed image and infrared image techniques. The aim is to better understand the unsteady heat transfer and transient icing process of the aircraft icing caused by the supercooled large droplets, which has been recently identified as a severe hazard in aviation. The Reynolds number and Weber number of the impingement droplet ranged from 3708 to 6109 and from 117 to 319, respectively, while the temperature of the impingement substrate ranged from -5˚C to 5˚C. Droplet impingement, spreading, receding, and rebound phenomenon was recorded by a high-speed imaging system, while the surface temperature variation upon the impingement droplet on the substrate was recorded by an infrared imaging system. The time needed for the impingement droplet to be static on the superhydrophobic surface was much shorter than that on hydrophilic surface, while the time needed for cooling the impingement droplet on the superhydrophobic surface was much longer. The temperature variation on the surface of the impingement droplet was gradually on superhydrophobic substrate, while that on the hydrophilic substrate under icing temperature had obvious fluctuation. For the hydrophilic substrate, the temperature had little influence to the maximum spreading diameter of the impingement droplet, while the final receding diameter of the impingement increased with the decreasing of the substrate temperature, moreover, the water temperature decreasing speed increased while the icing process was faster. Lower droplet impingement velocity would lead to a slower cooing process of water and a slower icing process, while the temperature fluctuation at the surface center of the impingement droplet decreased for a shorter water receding time.