cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagrammatic Expansion of Pulse-Coupled Network Dynamics

We introduce a framework wherein various long-time measurements of a pulse-coupled network's stationary dynamics can be expanded in terms of the network's connectivity. Such measurements include the occurrence rate of pulses as well as higher-order correlations in activity between various nodes in the network. The various terms in this expansion can be interpreted as diagrams corresponding to subnetworks of the original network which span both space (in terms of the network's graph) as well as time (in the sense of causality).
Laurence Stybel's Reaction to David C. Gilmore's Comments

Professor Gilmore might be surprised to learn that I agree with him. I agree that job previews in the form of role plays or cases would be a great idea. Professor Gilmore suggested that my article focuses primarily on short-term outcomes rather than long-term outcomes. Once again, I agree with him. We may be seeing different contexts. As a practitioner, my clients are focused on dealing with the crisis of the short term, and I am retained to help them. I agree with Professor Gilmore that it would be good to think beyond the next 36 months. But I am not hired to lecture to Boards and to CEOs. I do find that most Boards that hire us to do CEO searches have a 24–36-month focus. And CEOs tend to have a 12–36-month focus. This may reflect that our practice is biased toward the volatile technology sector and private equity–dominated companies. In the context of my practice, the eyes of the majority of owners are firmly focused on the Exit door. And that exit is often 12–36 months away. This is not to say that my clients are correct. I agree with Professor Gilmore. It would be nice to focus on the longer term. In my world, my clients’ fixation on the exit strategy dominates their perspective. Once again, I agree with Professor Gilmore. A longer term perspective is of greater value. I don’t work with many companies that have an 8+ year framework. Examples would be higher education, museums, hospitals, religious institutions, and real estate development. Professor Gilmore stated that “Stybel suggested that this LM [Leadership Mandate] be revealed only after the successful candidate has been chosen” (Gilmore & Turner, 2010, p. 126). He has problems with this, and stated those problems forcefully in his article.
Regulation of the immune response by stress‐activated protein kinases

Activation of immune cells to mediate an immune response is often triggered by potential 'danger' or 'stress' stimuli that the organism receives. Within the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family, the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) group was defined as group of kinases that activated by stimuli that cause cell stress. In the immune cells, SAPKs are activated by antigen receptors (B- or T-cell receptors), Toll-like receptors, cytokine receptors, and physical-chemical changes in the environment among other stimuli. The SAPKs are established to be important mediators of intracellular signaling during adaptive and innate immune responses. Here we summarize what is currently known about the role of two sub-groups of SAPKs - c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and p38 MAPK-in the function of specific components of the immune system and the overall contribution to the immune response.
THE SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF AMERICIUM(III) IN HCl SOLUTIONS BY 2,6-BIS[(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)METHYL]PYRIDINE N,P,P'- TRIOXIDE

ABSTRACT The liquid/liquid extraction of Am(III) from nitric acid solutions with chloroform solutions of 2,6 bis[(diphenylphosphino)methyl] pyridine N,P,P′ trioxide (ENOPOPO) is examined. Americium(IU) is efficiently extracted from aqueous solutions at high nitric acid concentrations (DAM0>3000 at 6M HNO3) and can be totally back extracted from the organic phase at 0.01M HNO3. The ligand dependency data suggest that two ligand molecules are coordinated to the americium. Additional aspects of the extraction mechanism are described.
Cerebellar infarction: Analysis of twenty-one cases

Review of 3000 cranial computed tomography scans performed in the past 7 years at North Carolina Memorial Hospital revealed 21 patients who showed evidence of cerebellar infarction. The presenting symptoms and signs closely resembled benign labyrinthine disease. Five of the patients presented for seemingly unrelated medical problems and had no history suggestive of recent cerebellar insult. Hypertension and cardiovascular disease were common in these patients, and in the majority of instances, the cerebellar deficits were mild and showed progressive resolution. Angiograms demonstrated numerous, often diffuse abnormalities. Computed tomography scanning is mandatory for patients with sudden onset of labyrinthine or cerebellar signs or symptoms. Cerebral angiography is recommended to detect potentially treatable vascular lesions.
The indirect hemagglutination test for amebiasis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the specificity of the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test in the differential diagnosis of amebiasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Sera from 511 patients with inflammatory bowel disease were tested by the IHA and 6 (1%) were positive. Five were positive at low levels of titers, whereas the sixth specimen had a strong positive reaction. Upon reexamination, the patient furnishing the high titered serum was found to be harboringEntamoeba histolytica. A heterogeneous control group of sera from 147 subjects also was tested and low-level positive IHA titers occurred in 3 (2%). The results indicate that the IHA test for amebiasis is of value as another laboratory procedure for the differential diagnosis of amebiasis and inflammatory bowel diseases.
Mindfulness and trauma: implications for treatment

Mindfulness, originally a construct used in Eastern spiritual and philosophical traditions, has found new utility in psychotherapy practice. Mindfulness practice has been recently applied to treatments of several psychological and health related problems, and research is showing successful outcomes in psychological interventions incorporating mindfulness practices. Several schools of psychotherapy have theorized why mindfulness may be an effective intervention. One population which would theoretically be benefited by mindfulness practice in treatment consists of those individuals who have experienced traumatic events and are exhibiting post-traumatic stress disorder and/or related correlates of past trauma. The present paper gives a general review of the application of mindfulness to clinical psychology interventions. Additionally, we explain how mindfulness is applicable to our integrative behavioral approach to treating trauma and its sequelae. Specifically, this paper will (a) give a general overview of the conceptions and applications of mindfulness to psychology and psychotherapy and provide a brief account of the concepts origins in eastern traditions; (b) discuss the theoretical conceptualization of clinical problems that may relate to the long-term correlates of trauma; (c) describe how mindfulness, acceptance and the therapeutic relationship can address trauma symptoms and discuss a modified treatment approach for trauma survivors that incorporates mindfulness and acceptance practices into traditional exposure treatment.
Prospective System Assessments Used to Enhance Patient Safety: Case Studies From a Collaboration of Engineers and Hospitals in Southwest Washington State

It is no secret that healthcare, in general, has become an increasingly complicated mixture of technical systems, complex processes and intricate skilled human interactions. Patient care processes have followed this same trend. The healthcare industry, itself, has acknowledged that it is fraught with high-risk and error prone processes and cite medication management systems, invasive procedures and diagnostic methods. Complexity represents opportunity for unanticipated events, process failures and undesirable outcomes. Traditionally when a patient care process fails, accountability was focused on the individual clinician error. However, increasing, healthcare is following the lead of other high-risk industries (e.g. chemical, aerospace, nuclear, etc.) that give attention to the characteristics the overall system that contribute to the failure. The focus has shifted to identification of systemic weaknesses and vulnerabilities. Increasing the healthcare industry is using prospective system assessment methods to evaluate the high-risk systems and processes. This paper describes results of collaboration between engineers and community hospitals in Southwest Washington State between 2002 and 2007 in applying prospective system assessment methods to a range of the high-risk healthcare systems and processes. The methods used are Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis and Probabilistic Risk Assessment. The two case studies presented are: 1) an interhospital FMEA on patient transfer and 2) a risk assessment of mental health patients who present themselves in a hospital Emergency Department.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Metal-Binding Sites Are Designed to Achieve Optimal Mechanical and Signaling Properties

Many proteins require bound metals to achieve their function. We take advantage of increasing structural data on metal-binding proteins to elucidate three properties: the involvement of metal-binding sites in the global dynamics of the protein, predicted by elastic network models, their exposure/burial to solvent, and their signal-processing properties indicated by Markovian stochastics analysis. Systematic analysis of a data set of 145 structures reveals that the residues that coordinate metal ions enjoy remarkably efficient and precise signal transduction properties. These properties are rationalized in terms of their physical properties: participation in hinge sites that control the softest modes collectively accessible to the protein and occupancy of central positions minimally exposed to solvent. Our observations suggest that metal-binding sites may have been evolutionary selected to achieve optimum allosteric communication. They also provide insights into basic principles for designing metal-binding sites, which are verified to be met by recently designed de novo metal-binding proteins.
Holographic spherical mirror as a receiver optical front end for wireless in-house infrared communications

Exploiting the unique properties of holographic optical elements, a novel design for the receiver optical subsystem used in Multi-Spot Diffusing Configuration (MSDC) is proposed. With a holographic spherical mirror (HSM) as an optical front-end, the receiver would achieve significant improvements in the electrical signal-to-noise ratio compared to a bare photodetector. Though better performance could be achieved using other types of optical concentrators, the multifunctionality of the HSM, its small size, light weight, and low-cost make it a promising candidate for a user's portable equipment in broadband indoor wireless multimedia access.
Smoke-derived karrikin perception by the α/β-hydrolase KAI2 from Arabidopsis

Genetic studies in Arabidopsis implicate an α/β-hydrolase, KARRIKIN-INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) as a receptor for karrikins, germination-promoting butenolide small molecules found in the smoke of burned plants. However, direct biochemical evidence for the interaction between KAI2 and karrikin and for the mechanism of downstream signaling by a KAI2–karrikin complex remain elusive. We report crystallographic analyses and ligand-binding experiments for KAI2 recognition of karrikins. The karrikin-1 (KAR1) ligand sits in the opening to the active site abutting a helical domain insert but distal from the canonical catalytic triad (Ser95-His246-Asp217) of α/β-hydrolases, consistent with the lack of detectable hydrolytic activity by purified KAI2. The closest approach of KAR1 to Ser95-His246-Asp217 is 3.8 A from His246. Six aromatic side chains, including His246, encapsulate KAR1 through geometrically defined aromatic–aromatic interactions. KAR1 binding induces a conformational change in KAI2 at the active site entrance. A crevice of hydrophobic residues linking the polar edge of KAR1 and the helical domain insert suggests that KAI2–KAR1 creates a contiguous interface for binding signaling partners in a ligand-dependent manner.
Should ranolazine be used for all patients with ischemic heart disease or only for symptomatic patients with stable angina or for those with refractory angina pectoris? A critical appraisal.

Introduction: Ranolazine is a novel antianginal and anti-ischemic agent, that, unlike other available antianginal drugs in the United States (beta-blockers, organic nitrates, and calcium channel blockers), has no significant effect on either heart rate or blood pressure. Its exact mechanism of action is unknown. Ranolazine does increase electrocardiographic QTc interval in a dose-related manner, but at therapeutic doses it has no proarrhythmic effects. Ranolazine (ER) at doses of 500 and 1,000 mg twice daily is currently approved for the treatment of angina pectoris either as monotherapy or added to beta-blockers, nitrates, and calcium channel blockers. Ranolazine (ER) is currently not approved for the treatment of unstable angina, silent ischemia, or cardiac arrhythmias. The most common adverse effects reported in clinical trials during ranolazine (ER) treatment are dizziness, headaches, constipation, and nausea. Areas covered: Recent changes in ranolazine (ER) labeling have led to its increased use for ...
The Effects of Smoke Carcinogens on Bone

The greatest cause of preventable morbidity and mortality is smoking, and one of the often-underappreciated effects of smoking is profound bone loss. The existing clinical paradigm for smoking is that there is a low turnover osteoporosis. This review highlights findings from recent clinical trials and animal research demonstrating either support or conflict with the existing paradigm. Clinically, it is noted that markers of bone formation are often normal in smokers; these clinical findings conflict with well-conducted animal research demonstrating that carcinogens acting on the aryl hydrogen receptor can significantly reduce osteoblast formation and function. Regarding bone resorption, highlights from recent clinical studies suggest that bone remodeling is increased in smokers. Directly contradicting this enhanced osteoclastogenesis are several animal studies all demonstrating significant inhibition of osteoclast formation and function upon exposure to smoke carcinogens. Future research is needed to clarify whether smoking is truly a low bone remodeling osteoporosis, or an osteoclast-driven bone destruction, with inappropriately normal bone formation.
Noncooperative Differential Games

This paper, having a tutorial character, is intended to provide an introduction to the theory of noncooperative differential games.
Drug delivery techniques for treating age-related macular degeneration.

Introduction: Currently, the standard therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration involves the use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs, which are delivered by repeated office-based intravitreal injections. This treatment is generally very effective in stabilizing or improving vision, although repeated injections create a burden for patients, family members and physicians. In addition, the cumulative risks of endophthalmitis and other complications increase with the number of injections. Areas covered: In the clinic, much attention is focused on the relative efficacies of the three major anti-VEGF medications (bevacizumab, ranibizumab and aflibercept) as well as the most popular re-injection regimens (monthly, as-needed and treat-and-extend). In theory, intravitreal anti-VEGF drug delivery with sustained-release devices would offer similar visual results with fewer required re-injections. Various approaches have been studied, including noninvasive techniques, intraocular im...
More talk, less paper: Predicting the accuracy of substituted judgments

Abstract purpose: To study the accuracy of substituted judgments regarding life-sustaining therapies and other therapies made by surrogate decision makers and to investigate factors associated with more accurate predictions. patients and methods: A total of 50 pairs of ambulatory patients and surrogates, chosen according to a legal hierarchy, underwent separate interviews in which surrogates were asked to predict the preferences of patients for eight modes of medical therapy in three clinical scenarios, given only yes or no as response options. Patient preferences, their surrogates' predictions, and the extent of agreement between the two were measured. The total number of correct predictions constituted the Surrogate Accuracy in Matching Patient Preferences Scale (SAMPPS). Sociodemographic factors associated with agreement were also assessed. results: Agreement between patients and surrogates ranged from 57% to 81%. The mean SAMPPS score was 17 of 24 correct. Kappa (k) coefficients, which measure inter-rater concordance, were positive for 23 of 24 items and were 0.3 or greater (P conclusion: When pressed to choose, surrogates can predict the preferences of patients for life-sustaining therapies with an imperfect accuracy that nonetheless significantly exceeds the agreement expected due to chance alone. Exhorting surrogates to give their “best estimate” and encouraging prior discussions may improve accuracy. Houses of worship might be important target sites for campaigns to improve public awareness about advance directives.
Filtration barriers in the coelomic sac of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii.

The crayfish coelomic sac forms a protein-free urine by ultrafiltration. Ultrastructural studies of the coelomic sac wall reveal two layers which may represent filtration barriers to the hemolymph proteins. These are the fibrillar basement membrane and the epithelial slit diaphragm. The diaphragm in P. clarkii, as revealed by fixation with tannic acid, has a unique substructure unlike that previously described in the mammalian glomerulus. The diaphragm appears as two parallel, helical filaments joined to each other and the plasma membranes of adjacent foot processes. Ferritin, a molecule which resembles the monomer of crustacean hemocyanin in size and several other physical-chemical properties, was used as an ultrastructural tracer to determine which layer in the coelomic sac acts as the barrier to molecules the size of hemocyanin. The penetration of ferritin into the subepithelial region of the basement membrane and the absence of this tracer from the urinary space indicate that the slit diaphragm is an important barrier to ferritin and presumably hemocyanin.
Application of facility location theory to groundwater remediation

Abstract A facility location method developed in this paper derives efficient pumping-well configurations for removing plumes of contaminated groundwater. The method incorporates a modified version of the Location Set Covering Model (LSCM), with a direction-dependent distance threshold, and the theoretical time-dependent capture zone of an extraction well. The objective of the model formulation is to find the locations of the minimum number of wells that capture a plume of known geometry within a specified period of time. A numerical particle tracking scheme is used to verify capture for LSCM-derived pumping-well configurations. The development of stagnation points or local zones of low velocity generally precludes complete contaminant plume removal (that is, a 100 per cent capture efficiency) within a specified time horizon. However, capture efficiency can be improved by an iterative procedure in which the LSCM is constrained to include wells within uncaptured areas identified through particle tracking for a previous solution. A removal efficiency of 90 per cent was attained in an application of the approach. The approach is not difficult to implement, and the formulated integer programming model can be solved with the branch-and-bound method.
The right to privacy: Behavior as property

An adequate discussion of rights must consider at least four separate but related questions, namely, the definition, justification, relation and implementation of the right under view. Definition is basic since one must first specify the meaning of the concept in question; in this case, one must ask whether the right to privacy is a distinct right-concept or whether it is subsumable under some other category of right. If privacy is indeed a separate right conceptually understood, the next logical step is to determine whether there is in fact such a moral right and what reasons can be given for and against such a claim. Once this has been established, one should show how the right to privacy is related to other well-established rights, e.g. liberty and property. Finally, no discussion of rights would be complete without some mention of the legal and political institutions needed to implement, maintain and secure this right. Let us consider these questions in turn.
Personalized medicine for AML

Almost a decade ago, Gillil and proposed a model of leukemogenesis for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this model, AML results from activating mutations in genes that confer increased proliferation and survival capabilities (class I mutations) acting in concert with chromosomal abnormalities or gene mutations that block differentiation and subsequent apoptosis (class II mutations). In this issue of Blood, Bach as and colleagues present data that clearly demonstrate mutational shifts in class I/II genes that occur between diagnosis and relapse in children with AML. The authors suggest that these findings may allow for personalized treatment.
Patterns of identity: Basques and the Basque nation

Subjectivity is an integral component of ethnicity and nationalism and its continued examination remains vital for understanding the appeal that the nation holds for the individual. In this Q methodological study 30 statements regarding attachment to the Basque nation were administered to 31 self‐defined Basques to uncover ways in which that ethnic community identifies with its nation. Following Q sorting and factorial rotation, two distinct forms of national identity emerged: the Active Basque who views the nation in a multifaceted, approving manner while perceiving its existence to be threatened by both external and internal forces; and secondly the Non‐national Basque who also identifies with elements of the Basque collective yet is opposed to the concept of the ‘Basque nation’. The national cause, for the Non‐national Basque, is linked to violence and destruction and the nation is rejected as a means of ethnic preservation. These two identity types are interpreted and compared, providing an understand...
The Dvorak Scientific Typewriter Keyboard

(1934). The Dvorak Scientific Typewriter Keyboard. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 19-20.
Regulated Co-translational Ubiquitination of Apolipoprotein B100 A NEW PARADIGM FOR PROTEASOMAL DEGRADATION OF A SECRETORY PROTEIN

Presentation of a wild-type secretory protein, apolipoprotein B100 (apoB), to the cytosol for ubiquitin-proteasome proteolysis has been observed in HepG2 cells. A currently accepted model for proteasomal degradation of secretory proteins is retrograde translocation of the substrate polypeptides from the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) back to the cytosol. In this report, we present evidence that newly synthesized apoB becomes exposed to the cytosol and targeted to the proteasomes in a co-translational manner. Thus, after protein translation was synchronized with puromycin, partially synthesized apoB polypeptides were found to be conjugated to ubiquitin. The magnitude of co-translational ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of apoB was increased when cells were pretreated with either herbimycin A to induce cytosolic Hsp70 or with an inhibitor of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; both treatments impede translocation of nascent apoB across the ER membrane. These treatments also decreased secretion of apoB and increased its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. We suggest that translocation arrest with subsequent co-translational exposure to the cytosol provides an alternative model to explain how mammalian secretory proteins can overcome topological segregation by the ER membrane and undergo degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Generation of Parametric Equivalent-Area Targets for Design of Low-Boom Supersonic Concepts

A tool with an Excel visual interface is developed to generate equivalent-area (A(sub e)) targets that satisfy the volume constraints for a low-boom supersonic configuration. The new parametric Ae target explorer allows users to interactively study the tradeoffs between the aircraft volume constraints and the low-boom characteristics (e.g., loudness) of the ground signature. Moreover, numerical optimization can be used to generate the optimal A(sub e) target for given A(sub e) volume constraints. A case study is used to demonstrate how a generated low-boom Ae target can be matched by a supersonic configuration that includes a fuselage, wing, nacelle, pylon, aft pod, horizontal tail, and vertical tail. The low-boom configuration is verified by sonic-boom analysis with an off-body pressure distribution at three body lengths below the configuration
Atomic physics on a synchrotron: Crucial experiments

Abstract Various types of synchrotron experiments in atomic and molecular physics are discussed. Among other things, these experiments bear on the three-body continuum Coulomb problem, strong correlation/multiple processes, photoabsorption by unusual states, and probes of small interactions.
Inheritance of resistance and genetic relationships among soybean plant introductions to races of soybean cyst nematode

The objectives of this study were to determine if genes for resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN) in soybean PI 437654 were identical or different from the genes in Peking, and PI 90763. The F2 plants and F3 families were studied from crosses between PI 437654, Peking, and PI 90763. The cross PI 437654 × susceptible Essex was included to determine inheritance of resistance to SCN. For Race 3, PI 437654 was found to have genes in common with Peking and PI 90763. The segregation in PI 437654 × Essex indicated the presence of one dominant and two recessive genes. For Race 5, PI 437654 indicated the presence of similar genes as those in PI 90763 and Peking whereas, PI 437654 × Essex indicated the action of the segregation ratios of two dominant and two recessive genes. For Race 14, the data from the cross PI 437654 × PI 90763 indicated monogenic inheritance with resistance being dominant; whereas PI 437654 × Peking showed a recessive gene controlling resistance. The segregation in PI 437654(R) × Essex(S) suggested one dominant and two recessive genes for Race 14 reaction.
On-orbit test results from the EO-1 Advanced Land Imager

The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) is the primary instrument flown on the first Earth Observing mission (EO-1), launched on November 21, 2000. It was developed under NASA's New Millennium Program (NMP). The NMP mission objective is to flight-validate advanced technologies that will enable dramatic improvements in performance, cost, mass, and schedule for future, Landsat-like, Earth Science Enterprise instruments. ALI contains a number of innovative features designed to achieve this objective. These include the basic instrument architecture which employs a push-broom data collection mode, a wide field of view optical design, compact multi-spectral detector arrays, non-cryogenic HgCdTe for the short wave infrared bands, silicon carbide optics, and a multi-level solar calibration technique. During the first ninety days on orbit, the instrument performance was evaluated by collecting several Earth scenes and comparing them to identical scenes obtained by Landsat7. In addition, various on-orbit calibration techniques were exercised. This paper will present an overview of the EO-1 mission activities during the first ninety days on-orbit, details of the ALI instrument performance and a comparison with the ground calibration measurements.
Chloromercuration of cyclopentadiene

Abstract Conditions are described for the complete chloromercuration of cyclopentadiene to provide C 5 (HgCl) 6 , and similarly for the formation of C 5 (HgC 2 H 3 O 2 ) 6 . Under other conditions, less extensive substitution results. Limited observations on properties and reactions of C 5 (HgCl) 6 are recorded.
Design of an electric powertrain for a Ford F150 crew cab truck utilizing a lithium battery pack and an interior PM synchronous machine drive

The design of an electric drive system for a Ford truck is presented. The electric drive system is designed to have similar performance to the stock truck, a 2002 model year Ford F150, with a 4.2L 150kW (peak) gasoline-powered engine. The power capabilities of lithium batteries from two manufacturers have been measured to aid in designing a battery pack that can supply sufficient voltage, power and range. A prototype interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous machine has been designed that can produce the desired output power with the chosen battery pack and a commercial motor controller. Dynamometer test results are provided for the machine that demonstrates a close match to the predicted performance. Additionally, the other vehicle system components that must be electrified as well as the custom data acquisition and battery management systems are described.
The effect of pyridostigmine pretreatment on oxime efficacy against intoxication by soman or VX in rats.

This study was done to assess the effects of pyridostigmine (PYR) on a) the accumulation of labelled VX and soman within the brain, b) the therapeutic efficacy of atropine and oxime (2-PAM or HI-6) against intoxication by VX and soman and c) oxime-induced reactivation of inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In all experiments, rats were given PYR (131 micrograms/kg, im; I70 dose for whole blood AChE) or vehicle 30 min prior to nerve agent. In estimating 3H-agent the accumulation in the brain or estimating blood AChE activity, sufficient soman (47 micrograms/kg, iv) or VX (21.3 micrograms/kg, iv) was given to inhibit 50% of brain AChE activity. In assessing therapeutic efficacy and oxime-induced reactivation of blood AChE, rats were pretreated with PYR, challenged with agent and treated with atropine (16 mg/kg, im) and HI-6 or 2-PAM (100 umoles/kg, im) 30 sec post agent. Whole blood was collected by tail bleeding to monitor peripheral AChE activity at various time points before and after PYR and challenge. Pyridostigmine failed to alter covalent binding of labelled VX or soman in the brain. The 24-hr survival data showed that PYR reduced the therapeutic benefit of atropine and oxime against VX intoxication (but not soman). Protective ratios in VX-challenged rats given vehicle or PYR and treated with atropine + 2-PAM decreased slightly from 2.5 to 2.1 (p > .05), whereas with atropine + HI-6 they decreased significantly from 3.8 to 2.4. Also, AChE reactivation by HI-6 in VX-challenged rats was greater (p < .05) in vehicle- than in PYR-pretreated rats. HI-6 significantly reactivated AChE activity in both pretreatment groups (PYR or vehicle) given soman. The data suggest that PYR decreases the overall recovery of inhibited AChE in VX-challenged rats given HI-6; under the conditions used, this adverse effect decreases atropine+oxime efficacy against VX-induced lethality.
Evaluation of Ultrasonically Determined Elasticity‐Porosity Relations in Zinc Oxide

Ultrasonically determined elastic moduli in ZnO samples sintered to various densities were evaluated using both an empirical model and the Mori-Tanaka effective field theory. Both approaches have been successfully used to model the modulus-porosity relations in several material systems. In the present investigation, application of the empirical model predicted elastic moduli which deviated significantly from the experimental results. The deviation was attributed to the porosity dependence of Poisson's ratio which was neglected in this model. When this dependence was accounted for empirically, the fit to the experimental data was improved dramatically. Analysis of the data in the context of the Mori-Tanaka model indicates that the porosity shape changes significantly during the sintering process. This analysis may provide a convenient way to quantitatively compare such changes for ceramic materials prepared by different processing techniques, such as by conventional and microwave sintering.
Political conflict and rural industrialization in China

Abstract Rural industries have advanced especially rapidly since the Cultural Revolution. Although the political shift of late 1976 created doubt about their future, little significant difference exists between the earlier and present basic approaches. Rural industrialization has been stressed as a way to develop the economies of the larger rural collectives (brigades and communes). This process is quite advanced in some suburban and relatively developed rural areas, where commune and brigade industries employ substantial proportions of the local labour force, and contribute as much as half or more of total output, thus paving the way for the transition to a higher level of collective organization and ownership in the countryside.
Software Metrics: Progress after 25 Years?

This article traces the increasing sophistication and use of software measurement over the past 25 years. It highlights four obstacles to more effective use of measurement: dealing with uncertainty, anticipating change, measuring "soft" characteristics, and developing heuristics.
Single Event Upsets in RAMs Induced by Protons at 4.2 GeV and Protons and Neutrons below 100 MeV

Several different types of random-access-memories (RAMs) have been tested for soft upset susceptibility under a variety of different particle bombardments including thermal neutrons, GeV protons, and protons and neutrons below 100 MeV and with few exceptions found to suffer single event upsets. Devices tested included 4K, 16K and 64K dynamic RAMs and 4K NMOS and 256×4 CMOS static RAMs. Mean upset fluences varied from 106 particles/cm2-upset for 64K dynamic RAMs up to no upsets observed for the 256×4 CMOS RAM. No thermal neutron induced upsets are believed to have occurred. GeV protons, simulating primary cosmic rays, caused upsets at levels of 107 particles/cm2-upset.
Galactose transport in rabbit ileum.

The four unidirectional fluxes of galactose across the mucosal and serosal borders of rabbit ileum have been evaluated as functions of galactose concentration on a single piece of tissue from simultaneous measurements of mucosal-to-serosal and serosal-to-mucosal fluxes using14C- and3H-galactose and the steady-state ratio of the two isotopes in the tissue. The effects of Na removal, ouabain and a hypertonic serosal solution on these fluxes was investigated. Galactose was actively transported across the mucosal membrane under control conditions; this process was inhibited by Na removal and ouabain as a result of a decrease in flux from mucosal solution to cell and an increase in flux in the opposite direction. Effective galactose permeability of the serosal membrane was comparable to that of the mucosal membrane. Galactose transfer across the serosal membrane did not appear to conform to simple diffusion and may involve a facilitated transfer mechanism although a weak active transport from serosal solution to cell cannot be ruled out. Galactose movement at the serosal side of the cell was not influenced by Na.
A model of cell growth dynamics

Abstract A simple two-stage cell growth model accounts for many universal features of cell behavior. A cell is assumed to comprise two basic compartments, a synthetic one (s) and a structural/genetic one (n). A doubling of n is a necessary and sufficient condition for cell division, regardless of the state of s. It is argued that confirmation of a cell model based on single cell growth curves is of little value—that more sensitive tests can be obtained by studying simulated populations of the model cells. A population model based on the above assumptions shows a close similarity in dynamic behavior to that of actual cell populations. Phenomena accounted for include lag and stationary phases, increased cell size and changed chemical composition of cells at higher growth rates, absence of lag phase from inocula of rapidly growing cells, continuation of cell division after removal from nutrient, cell division response lag, and other dynamic and steady state properties including temperature effects. The possible chemical identities of the compartments are explored in the light of current experimental evidence. Shortcomings of the model are discussed.
Salinity Response of Trace Element Concentration in Crassostrea virginica

IN a search for ecologically significant variations in elemental concentrations in marine invertebrate skeletons, the concentrations of several trace elements in shells of Crassostrea virginica have been investigated. Samples of 71 specimens from 11 stations along the American coast between Massachusetts and Texas were analysed spectrographically for magnesium, strontium, manganese, sodium, boron, and copper. Correlations between elemental concentrations and the temperatures and salinities at which the oysters grew were assessed statistically.
Highly ordered interstitial water observed in bone by nuclear magnetic resonance.

NMR was used to study the nanostructure of bone tissue. Distance measurements show that the first water layer at the surface of the mineral in cortical bone is structured. This water may serve to couple the mineral to the organic matrix and may play a role in deformation. Introduction: The unique mechanical characteristics of bone tissue have not yet been satisfactorily connected to the exact molecular architecture of this complex composite material. Recently developed solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques are applied here to the mineral component to provide new structural distance constraints at the subnanometer scale. Materials and Methods: NMR dipolar couplings between structural protons (OH− and H2O) and phosphorus (PO4) or carbon (CO3) were measured using the 2D Lee-Goldburg Cross-Polarization under Magic-Angle Spinning (2D LG-CPMAS) pulse sequence, which simultaneously suppresses the much stronger proton-proton dipolar interactions. The NMR dipolar couplings measured provide accurate distances between atoms, e.g., OH and PO4 in apatites. Excised and powdered femoral cortical bone was used for these experiments. Synthetic carbonate (∼2-4 wt%)-substituted hydroxyapatite was also studied for structural comparison. Results: In synthetic apatite, the hydroxide ions are strongly hydrogen bonded to adjacent carbonate or phosphate ions, with hydrogen bond (O-H) distances of ∼1.96 A observed. The bone tissue sample, in contrast, shows little evidence of ordered hydroxide. Instead, a very ordered (structural) layer of water molecules is identified, which hydrates the small bioapatite crystallites through very close arrangements. Water protons are ∼2.3-2.55 A from surface phosphorus atoms. Conclusions: In synthetic carbonated apatite, strong hydrogen bonds were observed between the hydroxide ions and structural phosphate and carbonate units in the apatite crystal lattice. These hydrogen bonding interactions may contribute to the long-range stability of this mineral structure. The biological apatite in cortical bone tissue shows evidence of hydrogen bonding with an ordered surface water layer at the faces of the mineral particles. This structural water layer has been inferred, but direct spectroscopic evidence of this interstitial water is given here. An ordered structural water layer sandwiched between the mineral and the organic collagen fibers may affect the biomechanical properties of this complex composite material.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Composition of the Atmosphere in some Large American Cities.

Abstract The air of 14 American cities was examined for the following poly cyclic hydrocarbons: pyrene, benzo [a] pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo [k] fluoranthene, perylene, benzo [g, h, i]perylene, anthanthrene and coronene. Usually, fluoranthene, chrysene, and benz[a]anthracene were also found in ambient air samples. In all urban samples the concentration of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was generally greater in winter than in summer. The ratios of benzo[a]pyrene to benzo-[g, h, i]perylene and to coronene are introduced as possible indicators of air pollution due to automobile exhaust fumes or coal combustion pollution.
Measuring absolute group delay of multistage converters

This paper describes new calibration and measurement techniques for measuring absolute group delay of frequency converters with multiple mixing stages. The calibration methodology used is Agilent's Vector Mixer Calibration (VMC), where reflection measurements are used to characterize a calibration mixer, which is then used as a characterized through adapter to calibrate a frequency-translating test system for absolute magnitude and phase. The measurement methodology includes the use of a "meta-LO", which is a local oscillator derived from the LOs used for the converter under test. The meta-LO drives a reference mixer and the calibration mixer. For converters employing embedded LOs for which there is no access, but where access to a common time base is provided, an alternative measurement methodology is described.
Weaving a Multimethodology and Mixed Methods Praxis Into Randomized Control Trials to Enhance Credibility

Most disciplines within the health and social sciences regard randomized control trials (RCTs) as the “gold standard” of evidence-based practice (EBP). The move toward mixed methods within evidence-based research has proven daunting to many researchers, and few best practices for RCT mixed methods studies currently exist. This article provides some strategies for incorporating mixed methods into RCT designs. Furthermore, the author argues for the value of also infusing a multimethodological approach into RCT mixed methods projects to further offer research strategies for enhancing the credibility of RCT research findings through, for example, incorporating participants’ lived experiences and methodological reflexivity into the research process. The bulk of this article presents four case studies that analyze how researchers in diverse fields have taken a multimethodological praxis into account in their RCT mixed methods projects, including the integration of a mixed methods multimethodological component i...
Measurement of the current distribution on monopoles in a large volume of hot plasma

Measurements have been made of the amplitude and phase distributions of the current on monopoles of various lengths (λ0/4 ω, the antenna-current distribution undergoes an anomalous change. An oscillating nature in the amplitude distribution and the reversal of phase change in the phase distribution are observed.
Neuro-Ophthalmologic Presentations of Hemicrania Continua

Purpose We describe a series of patients with hemicrania continua, a rare indomethacin-responsive primary headache syndrome, who presented for evaluation with neuro-ophthalmologic signs and symptoms. Design Observational case series. Methods Nine patients between the ages of 29 and 58 years were seen with various neuro-ophthalmologic findings and a unilateral continuous headache. A detailed history was taken from each patient, followed by a focused ophthalmologic and neurologic examination. The risks and benefits of treatment with indomethacin were discussed. Patients were instructed to call after several days of treatment to report any change in their headache and neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms, in addition to any adverse side effects. Results All patients responded favorably to indomethacin, with rapid near-complete or complete resolution of headache and autonomic symptoms, and treatment was initiated as early as possible. Conclusions Because of its absolute response to indomethacin, recognizing the neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms of hemicrania continua as a component of the headache syndrome is critical for prompt initiation of treatment.
Production of an endo-polygalacturonate trans-eliminase by a potato dry-rot pathogen, Fusarium roseum ‘Avenaceum’, in culture and in diseased tissue

Abstract Fusarium roseum (Lk.) Snyd. and Hans. ‘Avenaceum’, which causes a dry rot of Solanum tuberosum L., produces an extracellular endo-polygalacturonate trans -eliminase when cultured on a potato broth-pectic acid medium or on intact potato tubers. This enzyme is calcium dependent and exhibits maximum activity between pH 9·0 and 9·5. It has been purified 117-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation and electrofocusing (pH range 7 to 10), and behaves as a single component with an isoelectric point of pH 8·2. It has a molecular weight of c . 30·5 × 10 3 as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and gel filtration in Sephadex G-75. Both crude and purified preparations of the enzyme cause maceration and cell death of potato tuber tissue.
Epidermal growth factor stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation in the neonatal mouse: association of a M(r) 55,000 substrate with the receptor.

Abstract Administration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to neonatal mice resulted in rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of specific substrates in liver, kidney, lung, bladder, skin, and brain as detected by Western blot analysis of tissue homogenates with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. In the liver, three prominent EGF-dependent substrates of M(r) approximately 170,000, 120,000, and 55,000 were detected. A number of less prominent EGF-dependent substrates also were noted. Maximal tyrosine phosphorylation of pp170, pp120, and pp55 occurred within 5 min of subcutaneous injection and the levels of these phosphoproteins remained elevated for at least 45 min. Direct hepatic injection of EGF resulted in the tyrosine phosphorylation of these substrates within 60 sec of treatment. Tyrosine-phosphorylated pp170 was identified as the EGF receptor (EGFR). The tyrosine-phosphorylated pp55 substrate appeared to be associated with EGFR; both pp55 and EGFR were adsorbed to EGF-Affi-Gel, wheat germ lectin-Sepharose, and anti-EGFR antibodies bound to protein A-Sepharose. pp55 was not immunoreactive with anti-EGFR antiserum by Western blot analysis, indicating that it was not a fragment of the receptor. These results were confirmed by repeating the liver experiments using 32P-labeled neonatal mice. Increased amounts of 32P-labeled pp170 and pp55 were detected in anti-EGFR immunoprecipitates from liver extracts of EGF-treated animals as compared with controls. Phospho amino acid analysis of the 32P-labeled phosphoproteins revealed that EGF stimulated both serine and tyrosine phosphorylation in pp55 as well as in EGFR. The neonatal mouse may be a useful model for the study of signal transduction mediated by a variety of growth factors.