cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sutter's Mill dicarboxylic acids as possible tracers of parent-body alteration processes

Dicarboxylic acids were searched for in three Sutter's Mill (SM) fragments (SM2 collected prerain, SM12, and SM41) and found to occur almost exclusively as linear species of 3- to 14-carbon long. Between these, concentrations were low, with measured quantities typically less than 10 nmole g−1 of meteorite and a maximum of 6.8 nmole g−1 of meteorite for suberic acid in SM12. The SM acids' molecular distribution is consistent with a nonbiological origin and differs from those of CMs, such as Murchison or Murray, and of some stones of the C2-ungrouped Tagish Lake meteorite, where they are abundant and varied. Powder X-ray diffraction of SM12 and SM41 show them to be dominated by clays/amorphous material, with lesser amounts of Fe-sulfides, magnetite, and calcite. Thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis shows mass losses up to 1000 °C of 11.4% (SM12) and 9.4% (SM41). These losses are low compared with other clay-rich carbonaceous chondrites, such as Murchison (14.5%) and Orgueil (21.1%). The TG data are indicative of partially dehydrated clays, in accordance with published work on SM2, for which mineralogical studies suggest asteroidal heating to around 500 °C. In view of these compositional traits and mineralogical features, it is suggested that the dicarboxylic acids observed in the SM fragments we analyzed likely represent a combination of molecular species original to the meteorite as well as secondary products formed during parent-body alteration processes, such as asteroidal heating.
Regulation of start site usage in the leader exons of the rat insulin-like growth factor-I gene by development, fasting, and diabetes.

Rat insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNAs with different 5'-untranslated region/prepeptide coding sequences result from transcription initiation in one of two leader exons. While not altering the mature IGF-I coding sequence, these different leaders potentially encode two distinct IGF-I prepeptides, one of 48 amino acids (exon 1) and one of 32 amino acids (exon 2). Within exon 1, transcription initiation is dispersed (i.e. occurs over a approximately 350-basepair region), while within exon 2, it is highly localized. A fourth exon 1 start site, residing only approximately 30 basepairs from its 3' end, is suggested on the basis of RNase protection assays; its use would produce an mRNA encoding a third distinct IGF-I leader peptide of 22 amino acids. We have determined that during postnatal development, and as a result of insulinopenic diabetes and fasting, choice of transcription start sites within exon 1 in the liver is coordinately regulated, i.e. use of all start sites increased during development and decreased in the two catabolic states. Transcription initiation at the single major site within exon 2 was also reduced in diabetes and fasting. Insulin replacement therapy and refeeding restored the levels of all transcripts coordinately. During postnatal development, however, transcripts initiating within exon 2 exhibited a different developmental profile than did exon 1 transcripts, increasing especially at the onset of GH-dependent linear growth. In liver, therefore, negative regulation of exon 1 and exon 2 transcription start site usage occurs in catabolic states, while in development, differential regulation of exon 1 and exon 2 transcription start sites occurs.
Phylogeny through brain traits: the mammalian family tree.

Wagner trees based on the analysis of 15 brain characters scored on 154 specimens of 134 mammalian species show consistent patterns of relationship among the taxa, i.e. (1) monotremes are the primitive complement of the group uniting marsupials and placentals; (2) among marsupials, diprotodont Australian forms are more derived; (3) placental mammals divide into two groups of orders, roughly the ferungulates (carnivores, ungulates, and subungulates) and the unguiculates-plus-gliroids (chiropterans, dermopterans, lagomorphs, rodents, primates, and insectivores including elephant shrews); (4) edentates sit at the base of or just before the placental dichotomy; (5) the tree shrew and tarsier show the same pattern of distribution of brain traits as some rodents, as do prosimians and New World monkeys.
Clear-Water Scour Around Bridge Abutments Under Backwater Conditions

An experimental study was conducted of the depth of clear-water scour around the end of a square-edged bridge abutment terminating in the floodplain of a compound channel. The study's purpose was to improve current techniques of abutment scour prediction, which are based primarily on laboratory studies in rectangular channels. It is indicated that a discharge contraction ratio arising from a theoretical contraction scour analysis for equilibrium conditions can be used for explaining the effect of flow distribution on the local abutment scour depth in the case where significant backwater occurs from bridge contraction. The use of reference values of approach flow depth and velocity in the floodplain for undisturbed conditions without the bridge is shown to collapse experimental results for scour depth in both the case of a contraction with negligible backwater, and the case of a contraction with significant backwater in the bridge approach section.
Stimulus preference and cue function in young children's concept attainment.

Abstract The present study investigated the relationship between the cue function of color and form dimensions and stimulus preference by young children in concept attainment. In the first experiment, the preferred dimension was either relevant or irrelevant to solution. If the preferred dimension was relevant, concept learning was facilitated; if the preferred dimension was irrelevant, learning was retarded. In a second experiment, color and form were relevant and redundant to solution. After learning, Ss were tested for specific learning on color and form. Errors occurred predominantly on the nonpreferred dimension. Both sets of results support the interpretation that stimulus preferences act as initial perceptual responses and influence the order of attainment for dimensional concepts.
Integrating Xgrid into the HENP distributed computing model

Modern Macintosh computers feature Xgrid, a distributed computing architecture built directly into Apple's OS X operating system. While the approach is radically different from those generally expected by the Unix based Grid infrastructures (Open Science Grid, TeraGrid, EGEE), opportunistic computing on Xgrid is nonetheless a tempting and novel way to assemble a computing cluster with a minimum of additional configuration. In fact, it requires only the default operating system and authentication to a central controller from each node. OS X also implements arbitrarily extensible metadata, allowing an instantly updated file catalog to be stored as part of the filesystem itself. The low barrier to entry allows an Xgrid cluster to grow quickly and organically. This paper and presentation will detail the steps that can be taken to make such a cluster a viable resource for HENP research computing. We will further show how to provide to users a unified job submission framework by integrating Xgrid through the STAR Unified Meta-Scheduler (SUMS), making tasks and jobs submission effortlessly at reach for those users already using the tool for traditional Grid or local cluster job submission. We will discuss additional steps that can be taken to make an Xgrid cluster a full partner in grid computing initiatives, focusing on Open Science Grid integration. MIT's Xgrid system currently supports the work of multiple research groups in the Laboratory for Nuclear Science, and has become an important tool for generating simulations and conducting data analyses at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The 62Ni (3He, d) 63Cu reaction at 11.0 MeV

Abstract A total of 13 levels including four unresolved multiplets in 63 Cu below 2.8 MeV excitation energy was excited via the 62 Ni( 3 He,d) 63 Cu reaction with 11.0 MeV incident energy. Angular distributions were measured for 12 of the deuteron groups. Ten of these distributions were fitted with DWBA curves, and spectroscopic factors ( C 2 S ) were extracted.
Specific heat of unsaturated 4He films near Tγ

Abstract We report new measurements of the specific heat of unsaturated 4He films formed on 2000 A Nuclepore filters. The data show a rounded maximum shifted from the bulk λ temperature. This shift agrees well in magnitude with that determined from other measurements of the onset of superfluid flow.
The EB1 homolog Mal3 stimulates the ATPase of the kinesin Tea2 by recruiting it to the microtubule.

Tea2 is a kinesin family member from Schizosaccharomyces pombe that is targeted to microtubule tips and cell ends in a process that depends on Mal3. Constructs of Tea2 containing the motor domain only or the motor domain plus the N-terminal extension are monomeric, whereas a construct including the first predicted coiled coil region is dimeric. These constructs have a low basal rate of ATP hydrolysis of
Densities, Viscosities, and Refractive Indices of Poly(ethylene glycol) 200 and 400 + Cyclic Ethers at 303.15 K

Densities, ρ, kinematic viscosities, ν, and refractive indices, nD, were determined for poly(ethylene glycol) 200 and 400 + 1,3-dioxolane, + 1,4-dioxane, + oxolane (tetrahydrofuran, THF), and + oxane (tetrahydropyran, THP) binary mixtures over the entire range of composition at 303.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. The excess molar volumes, , deviations in viscosities, Δη, and deviations in molar refractions, ΔR, calculated from experimental measurements, are always negative. The results were correlated with the Redlich−Kister polynomial. The McAllister multibody interaction model was used to correlate the kinematic viscosities of liquid mixtures with mole fractions. The viscosity dependence on temperature was investigated between 297.15 and 309.15 K for some solutions in a restricted composition range.
Flux of Eolian Sediment in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: A Preliminary Assessment

Data from passive sediment traps installed at locations throughout the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica provide for an initial assessment of rates of transport of dust (sediment transported in sus...
Glycolipids that Elicit IFN-γ-Biased Responses from Natural Killer T Cells

Natural killer T (NKT) cells recognize glycolipids presented by CD1d. The first antigen described, α-galactosyl ceramide (αGalCer), is a potential anticancer agent whose activity depends upon IFN-γ secretion. We report two analogs of αGalCer based on a naturally occurring glycosphingolipid, plakoside A. These compounds induce enhanced IFN-γ that correlates with detergent-resistant binding to CD1d and an increased stability of the lipid-CD1d complexes on antigen-presenting cells. Structural analysis on one of the analogs indicates that it is more deeply bound inside the CD1d groove, suggesting tighter lipid-CD1d interactions. To our knowledge, this is the first example in which structural information provides an explanation for the increased lipid-CD1d stability, likely responsible for the Th1 bias. We provide insights into the mechanism of IFN-γ-inducing compounds, and because our compounds activate human NKT cells, they could have therapeutic utility.
Autoradiographic patterns in cultured leucocytes of the domestic fowl

Abstract In the domestic fowl the chromosomoids synthesize DNA earlier than the chromosomes as demonstrated by the uptake and distribution patterns of tritiated thymidine in leucocyte cultures. Such an asynchrony is considered to be related to previously described differences claimed for the smaller chromatin elements in the fowl.
Theoretical studies of the solar wind phenomenon

This paper is a review of current theoretical topics concerning the solar wind. Broadly speaking the questions outstanding at the present time concern the loss of angular momentum to the sun, the origin of the fluctuations observed in the wind at the orbit of earth, conditions in the wind in regions yet unvisited by spacecraft (inside the orbit of Venus, beyond the orbit of Mars, and out of the plane of the ecliptic), conditions at the terminus of the wind, etc. The question of angular momentum loss is important in understanding the evolution of the sun to its present form with a slowly rotating surface. Evidence from both comet and spacecraft observations of the wind indicate that the rate at which angular momentum is being carried away by the solar wind is very large, of the order of 1031 dyne/cm in the gas flow and half as much by the interplanetary magnetic field. But theory cannot account for more than about 1030 dynes/cm in the gas without special assumptions. The fluctuations presently observed in the wind at the orbit of earth have scales ranging upward from 102 km. Their presence is puzzling because fluctuations with scales less than about 106 km are not expected to survive from the sun. Presumably, therefore, the fluctuations are generated by the velocity differences of more than 100 km/sec in the wind from different regions in the solar corona and by instabilities produced by the anisotropy of the electrons of the wind plasma. Conditions in the wind at places far removed from the orbit of earth can be inferred from the behavior of cosmic rays. The evidence is that the wind becomes relatively placid beyond about 5 AU, extending from there out to 30–300 AU without much small-scale turbulence. There are also some suggestions that the wind may perhaps be less turbulent toward the sun from 1 AU, and that the wind may be faster and more turbulent at higher solar latitudes. But the ambiguity of the situation does not permit a firm conclusion on this yet.
Cyclic flexure and laminar flow synergistically accelerate mesenchymal stem cell-mediated engineered tissue formation: Implications for engineered heart valve tissues

Abstract Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are relatively accessible and exhibit a pluripotency suitable for cardiovascular applications such as tissue-engineered heart valves (TEHVs). Recently, Sutherland et al. [From stem cells to viable autologous semilunar heart valve. Circulation 2005; 111(21): 2783–91] demonstrated that BMSC-seeded TEHV can successfully function as pulmonary valve substitutes in juvenile sheep for at least 8 months. Toward determining appropriate mechanical stimuli for use in BMSC-seeded TEHV cultivation, we investigated the independent and coupled effects of two mechanical stimuli physiologically relevant to heart valves—cyclic flexure and laminar flow (i.e. fluid shear stress)—on BMSC-mediated tissue formation. BMSC isolated from juvenile sheep were expanded and seeded onto rectangular strips of nonwoven 50:50 blend poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) and poly( l -lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds. Following 4 days static culture, BMSC-seeded scaffolds were loaded into a novel flex-stretch-flow (FSF) bioreactor and incubated under static ( n = 12 ), cyclic flexure ( n = 12 ), laminar flow (avg. wall shear stress=1.1505 dyne/cm2; n = 12 ) and combined flex-flow ( n = 12 ) conditions for 1 ( n = 6 ) and 3 ( n = 6 ) weeks. By 3 weeks, the flex-flow group exhibited dramatically accelerated tissue formation compared with all other groups, including a 75% higher collagen content of 844±278 μg/g wet weight ( p 0.05 ), and an effective stiffness (E) value of 948±233 kPa. Importantly, collagen and E values were not significantly different from values measured for vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) -seeded scaffolds incubated under conditions of flexure alone [Engelmayr et al. The independent role of cyclic flexure in the early in vitro development of an engineered heart valve tissue. Biomaterials 2005; 26(2): 175–87], suggesting that BMSC-seeded TEHV can be optimized to yield results comparable to SMC-seeded TEHV. We thus demonstrated that cyclic flexure and laminar flow can synergistically accelerate BMSC-mediated tissue formation, providing a basis for the rational design of in vitro conditioning regimens for BMSC-seeded TEHV.
Regulatory barriers to pollution prevention : a position paper of the implementation council of the American institute for pollution prevention

Pollution prevention/waste minimization is a win-win-win situation for government, industry, and the public, which offers more than just protection of the environment for all. Industry gains from reduced capital and operating costs, reduced liabilities, cleaner and safer working conditions, conservation of energy and material resources, and the opportunity for government and industry to work together in a cooperative manner. However, a number of regulatory barriers exist which discourage pollution prevention/waste minimization. This paper provides examples from the aluminum, chemical, petroleum, and wood treating industries of how these regulatory barriers become disincentives. To promote pollution prevention/waste minimization, Congress and the U.S. EPA need to reexamine those RCRA provisions which support a command and control strategy that creates the barriers. The barriers include the distinction between value and valueless materials, offsite storage requirements prior to reuse/recycle, the “Derived f...
Mathematical modeling of macrophage activation in left ventricular remodeling post-myocardial infarction

The macrophage plays a key role in regulating the remodeling of the left ventricle (LV) post-myocardial infarction (MI). However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of macrophage activations were understudied. The goal of this study, therefore, was to establish a framework for macrophage activations and build a mathematical model based on the framework by integrating computational and experimental approaches. Accordingly, we established a framework including myocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and interlukin-1 (IL-1), IL-10, and tumor necrosis-alpha (TNF-α) based on literature, established a set of ordinary differential equations as the mathematical model, and primarily validated the model with experimental results. This study provides a useful tool to further study macrophage activations.
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia and Insulin Resistance

Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL), originally identified by Goldstein et al,1 Rose et al,2 and Nikkila et al3 in the early 1970s, is a metabolic defect in lipoprotein metabolism that is associated with a predominance of small, dense LDL particles and appears to be a consequence of hepatic overproduction of apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100). Characteristic lipoprotein abnormalities include increases in apoB with variable manifestations of hyperlipidemia, including hypertriglyceridemia and/or increases in LDL cholesterol. Although FCHL has historically been viewed as a monogenic disorder, more recent analyses suggest that the disorder may be predicted by a threshold model in which apoB level genotype and LDL subclass phenotype interact to increase the risk of FCHL.4 Despite the fact that FCHL appears to be the most common genetic cause of hyperlipidemia and almost certainly predisposes to more coronary heart disease (CHD) events than any other known genetic disorder, the mechanism for increases in hepatic overproduction of apoB-containing lipoproteins remains unclear. Moreover, although genes have been identified that may contribute to the dyslipidemia of FCHL,5 a genetic explanation for the increases in apoB production is lacking. Insulin resistance is also associated with small, dense LDL and lipoprotein abnormalities, including hypertriglyceridemia and/or reductions in HDL cholesterol. However, increases in apoB …
Predictors of favorable outcome following naltrexone treatment

Abstract In order to determine the type of patient most likely to benefit from opiate antagonist therapy, a series of multivariate regression analyses were performed on a sample of male veterans who completed induction on naltrexone. Patient background characteristics, demographic factors and during-treatment variables were used to predict outcome measured at 1-month follow-up. Employment at the start of naltrexone and length of naltrexone therapy were significantly related to better outcome at 1-month follow-up. Treatment duration was clearly the best outcome predictor. The finding that at least 30 days of naltrexone therapy was necessary for significant improvement at 1-month follow-up but that longer periods of treatment were not necessarily associated with greater gains suggests that treatment can be limited and still be relatively successful. A second set of analyses attempted to discover patient characteristics predictive of longer treatment duration. Results showed that patients who were employed and/or married at the start of naltrexone therapy were more likely to stay in treatment longer. Similar results have been obtained by others suggesting that these patients have the best family and social supports to sustain a positive treatment outcome. In addition, they may also be more ‘motivated’ since they have the most to lose personally and financially by readdiction.
In Situ Biodegradation of High Explosives in Soils: Field Demonstration

The first field pilot-scale demonstration of a technology for in situ remediation of vadose zone soils contaminated with high explosives (HEs) has been performed at the Department of Energy's Pantex Plant. The HEs of concern at the demonstration site were hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and the 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) metabolite 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB). Concentrations ranged from 70 ppm, above the (prior to 1999) risk reduction clean-up criteria of 2.6 and 0.51 ppm, respectively. The shallow (<10 m depth) soils at the site could not be excavated due to the presence of buried utilities. Based on previous laboratory studies, it was found that the contaminated soils had indigenous microbial populations that could be stimulated to degrade the RDX and TNB anaerobically. A 5-spot well pattern with injection at the central well and extraction at the four outer wells (each 4.6 m from the injection well) was used to flood the target vadose zone soils with nitrogen gas with the intent of stimu...
Local public health systems and the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases

Objectives. We examined the associations of local public health system organization and local health department resources with county-level sexually transmitted disease (STD) incidence rates in large US health jurisdictions.Methods. We linked annual county STD incidence data (2005–2008) to local health department director responses (n = 211) to the 2006 wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Local Public Health Systems, the 2005 national Local Health Department Profile Survey, and the Area Resource File. We used nested mixed effects regression models to assess the relative contribution of local public health system organization, local health department financial and resource factors, and sociodemographic factors known to be associated with STD incidence to county-level (n = 307) STD incidence.Results. Jurisdictions with local governing boards had significantly lower county-level STD incidence. Local public health systems with comprehensive services where local health departments shoulder much of the e...
Nuclear waste under glass, further discussion

J. J. Crovisier and J. Honnorez [1988] discuss an article by W. W. Maggs, “Mg May Protect Waste Under Glass” [Maggs, 1988] summarizing work by A. Barkatt (Catholic University, Washington, D.C.), B. P. Glass (University of Delaware, Newark), and S. Alterescu and J. A. O'Keefe (NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Md.). We found that seawater is orders of magnitude less corrosive t h an fresh water in attacking tektite glass; traced the protective effect to the presence of magnesium, at a level of about 1.3 g/L in seawater; and suggested that the effect might be useful in protecting nuclear waste glasses from corrosion. Crovisier and Honnorez first make the point that the rate of corrosion of glass is, in principle, a function of the ratio of surface area 5 to the effective volume V. This concept, which is usually discussed in American literature under the name of S/V effects, is discussed by Crovisier and Honnorez in terms of the “permeability of the environment.” These effects have been carefully considered throughout our work (see, for example, Barkatt et al. [19867rsqb;). It turns out that in the sea the effective S/V is so small that the effects referred to by Crovisier and Honnorez can be ignored.
Combinatorial Repression of the Hypoxic Genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by DNA Binding Proteins Rox1 and Mot3

The hypoxic genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are transcriptionally repressed during aerobic growth through recruitment of the Ssn6/Tup1 general repression complex by the DNA binding protein Rox1. A second DNA binding protein Mot3 enhances repression of some hypoxic genes. Previous studies characterized the role of Mot3 at the hypoxic ANB1 gene as promoting synergy among one Mot3 site and two Rox1 sites comprising operator A of that gene. Here we studied the role of Mot3 in enhancing repression by Rox1 at another hypoxic gene, HEM13, which is less strongly regulated than ANB1 and has a very different arrangement of Rox1 and Mot3 binding sites. By assessing the effects of deleting Rox1 and Mot3 sites individually and in combination, we found that the major repression of HEM13 occurred through three Mot3 sites closely spaced with a single Rox1 site. While the Mot3 sites functioned additively, they enhanced repression by the single Rox1 site, and the presence of Rox1 enhanced the additive effects of the Mot3 sites. In addition, using a Rox1-Ssn6 fusion protein, we demonstrated that Mot3 enhances Rox1 repression through helping recruit the Ssn6/Tup1 complex. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that Rox1 stabilized Mot3 binding to DNA. Integrating these results, we were able to devise a set of rules that govern the combinatorial interactions between Rox1 and Mot3 to achieve differential repression.
Understanding web browsing behaviors through Weibull analysis of dwell time

Dwell time on Web pages has been extensively used for various information retrieval tasks. However, some basic yet important questions have not been sufficiently addressed, eg, what distribution is appropriate to model the distribution of dwell times on a Web page, and furthermore, what the distribution tells us about the underlying browsing behaviors. In this paper, we draw an analogy between abandoning a page during Web browsing and a system failure in reliability analysis, and propose to model the dwell time using the Weibull distribution. Using this distribution provides better goodness-of-fit to real world data, and it uncovers some interesting patterns of user browsing behaviors not previously reported. For example, our analysis reveals that Web browsing in general exhibits a significant "negative aging" phenomenon, which means that some initial screening has to be passed before a page is examined in detail, giving rise to the browsing behavior that we call "screen-and-glean." In addition, we demonstrate that dwell time distributions can be reasonably predicted purely based on low-level page features, which broadens the possible applications of this study to situations where log data may be unavailable.
A deliberative method for ranking risks (II): Evaluation of validity and agreement among risk managers

A deliberative method for ranking risks was evaluated in a study involving 218 risk managers. Both holistic and multiattribute procedures were used to assess individual and group rankings of health and safety risks facing students at a fictitious middle school. Consistency between the rankings that emerged from these two procedures was reasonably high for individuals and for groups, suggesting that these procedures capture an underlying construct of riskiness. Participants reported high levels of satisfaction with their groups' decision-making processes and the resulting rankings, and these reports were corroborated by regression analyses. Risk rankings were similar across individuals and groups, even though individuals and groups did not always agree on the relative importance of risk attributes. Lower consistency between the risk rankings from the holistic and multiattribute procedures and lower agreement among individuals and groups regarding these rankings were observed for a set of high-variance risks. Nonetheless, the generally high levels of consistency, satisfaction, and agreement suggest that this deliberative method is capable of producing risk rankings that can serve as informative inputs to public risk-management decision making.
Differential Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors on Normal and Oncogenic EGFR Signaling and Downstream Effectors

Constitutive activation of EGFR due to overexpression or mutation in tumor cells leads to dysregulated downstream cellular signaling pathways. Therefore, EGFR as well as its downstream effectorshavebeenidentifiedasimportanttherapeutictargets.The FDA-approved small-molecule inhibitors of EGFR, gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva), are clinically effective in a subset of patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors harbor activating mutations within the kinase domain of EGFR. The current study examined effects of these drugs in 32D cellsexpressingnative (WT)oroncogenic (L858R) EGFR aswell as in cancer cell lines A431 and H3255. Distinct patterns for gefitinib and erlotinib inhibition of EGFR autophosphorylation at individual tyrosines were revealed for wild-type (WT) and L858R EGFR. Phosphorylation of Y845 has been shown to be important in cancer cells and Y1045phosphorylation islinkedtoCbl-mediated
GERMAN READING IN ELEMENTARY COURSES

THE German reading lesson is a subject which should receive more careful consideration. Too often teachers feel that they have performed their whole duty, when they have taught the elements of German grammar to a beginning class. In fact, they devote their whole attention to better methods of presenting the subjunctive mood, the passive voice, the modal auxiliaries and equally interesting topics, while the question of German reading is left to take care of itself. Such a state of affairs is deplorable, for really nothing is more vital in successful language teaching than that the proper reading habits be formed at the outset. The character of the material read and its mode of treatment during a student's first two years of language study not infrequently determine his whole attitude toward a particular language. For after all, the amount of language instruction given in class is slight compared with the amount of reading and independent study which the student must do, who is to have pleasure and success in his language pursuits. All that we can hope to do in the classroom is to awaken interest in the foreign language by the wise selection of reading material and by our showing the student how to read by himself intelligently and with increasing mastery and appreciation of the language. The teacher can supply inspiration, incentive and method. The student must do the rest. Accordingly, the right selection of the reading material in the earlier stages of language instruction is all important. The stories should be easy, full of human interest, abounding in action and devoid of many abstract terms. Reading that is too difficult will discourage the average student at the start and make a subject distasteful to him which otherwise might develop into a real joy. If the plot is clever and there is plenty of action, his attention is held; he is eager to do some extra reading in order to follow the thread of the story, and when he is called upon in class to answer conversational questions in the foreign tongue, he has the plot and incidents so well in mind that he easily understands the teacher's
Combining an optical resonance biosensor with enzyme activity kinetics to understand protein adsorption and denaturation

Abstract Understanding protein adsorption and resultant conformation changes on modified and unmodified silicon dioxide surfaces is a subject of keen interest in biosensors, microfluidic systems and for medical diagnostics. However, it has been proven difficult to investigate the kinetics of the adsorption process on these surfaces as well as understand the topic of the denaturation of proteins and its effect on enzyme activity. A highly sensitive optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonator was used to study a catalytic enzyme's adsorption processes on different silane modified glass substrates (plain glass control, DETA, 13F, and SiPEG). The WGM sensor was able to obtain high resolution kinetic data of glucose oxidase (GO) adsorption with sensitivity of adsorption better than that possible with SPR. The kinetic data, in combination with a functional assay of the enzyme activity, was used to test hypotheses on adsorption mechanisms. By fitting numerical models to the WGM sensograms for protein adsorption, and by confirming numerical predictions of enzyme activity in a separate assay, we were able to identify mechanisms for GO adsorption on different alkylsilanes and infer information about the adsorption of protein on nanostructured surfaces.
NetComm: a network analysis tool based on communicability

Motivation: Set-based network similarity metrics are increasingly used to productively analyze genome-wide data. Conventional approaches, such as mean shortest path and clique-based metrics, have been useful but are not well suited to all applications. Computational scientists in other disciplines have developed communicability as a complementary metric. Network communicability considers all paths of all lengths between two network members. Given the success of previous network analyses of protein–protein interactions, we applied the concepts of network communicability to this problem. Here we show that our communicability implementation has advantages over traditional approaches. Overall, analyses suggest network communicability has considerable utility in analysis of large-scale biological networks. Availability and implementation: We provide our method as an R package for use in both human protein–protein interaction network analyses and analyses of arbitrary networks along with a tutorial at http://www.shawlab.org/NetComm/. Contact: ude.mcb@wahsac Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The True Meaning of Electromagnetic Diversity Seen Through the First Principles of Fundamental Physics

The word diversity in the dictionary implies variety in form. And the basic concept derived from these principles is that if one has multiple copies of the same system, presumably one would have a better chance of achieving the desired goals. The fundamental problem with this simplistic way of reasoning is that one needs to understand the physical environment where such an experiment needs to be carried out and how one should interpret the final result. The current state of the art applies some statistical framework to the physical scene to explain the added advantage of diversity. To appreciate the true physical significance of diversity we have to go back to the roots! We need to understand first what the statistical framework implies and secondly how it relates to the problem at hand. So we need to address the following questions: 1. Who first introduced the concept of ensemble averaging in physics and in what context? 2. What is the physical significance of ensemble averaging? 3. How does ensemble averaging apply to the vector antenna problem?
The control of dense real-time discrete event systems

The authors introduce dense real-time into the supervisory control of discrete event systems. They give conditions for the existence of a controller. If the plant and specification behaviors are represented by timed automata, there is a supremal controllable sublanguage of the specification language for a subclass of synthesis problems. The synthesized supervisor is polynomial in the number of automata states and exponential in the timing information. >
A Rural Diabetes Support Group

Rural residents with diabetes often feel isolated from health professionals. Support groups provide a bridge between formal health care and the self-help that is practiced by clients with diabetes. Increased knowledge and social support can lead to increased glucose control in adults with diabetes. The purpose of this project was to address the social support and educational needs of rural residents with diabetes by implementing an adult diabetes support group. Future research on implementing support groups would guide advanced practice nurses and nurse educators in developing more appropriate support groups for clients.
The Perioperative Management of Pheochromocytoma in Children

The perioperative experiences of 15 children and adolescents who underwent a total of 18 surgical procedures for resection of a pheochromocytoma were analyzed to determine clinical or hemodynamic events associated with intraoperative or postoperative complications. Of the pre- and intraoperative factors assessed, only preoperative resolution of symptoms and normalization of blood pressure were predictive of uncomplicated outcome. No intraoperative factors were statistically associated with outcome, but the four patients with complicated outcomes had had aggressively administered intraoperative fluids. Noninvasive measures of cardiac function did not help predict outcome; however, echocardiography results were available only for six patients. Two of the patients with complicated outcomes had cardiac dysfunction, suggesting undiagnosed catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy in the other two with complicated outcomes. Intraoperative fluids should be given based on intraoperative blood pressures, the presence or absence of prior adrenergic blockade, and assessment of preoperative myocardial function. If preoperative myocardial dysfunction is revealed, intraoperative measurement of right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures may be indicated.
Fabric-Property Relationships in Fine Granular Materials

AbstracV In this investigation fabric-property relationships were studied in a silty fine sand sized crushed basalt- an artificial 'soil' that has previously been used to simulate lunar soil. The fabric was characterized by measuring preferred orientations of grains, and pore size distribution was determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry. When deposited by pouring, the grains acquired strong preferred orientations in the horizontal direction and formed pores between 1 and 30 #m dia. Densification by static or dynamic compaction resulted in near random grain arrangement and pore sizes between 0.1 and 10 ~m dia. Strength in direct shear and one-dimensional compressibility with the associated lateral stresses were measured. The strength was up to 30 per cent higher when the sample was sheared normal to the preferred orientation of grains than when the shearing was parallel to the orientation direction. This is to be expected, as shearing across the preferentially oriented grains should involve breakage or reorientation of many grains. At a given initial void ratio the compressibility of statically compacted specimens was larger (up to 30 per cent higher axial strain) than that of dynamically compacted specimens at very low stresses. At higher stresses both samples exhibited equal compressibility, suggesting that the grains become more randomly arranged at low void ratios (comparing samples of equal initial void ratios).
A Rapid Assessment of Reptilian Diversity on Union Island, St. Vincent and the Grenadines

ABSTRACT. Union Island, St. Vincent and the Grenadines (8.4 km2) has an unusually diverse reptilian fauna for such a small area, but lacks native or well-established introduced amphibians. In June 2010, we conducted a rapid assessment of 10 sites (coastal or with some variation of dry forest habitats) chosen on the basis of vegetative complexity, height and extent of canopy, and degree of human disturbance. We encountered 10 of the 15 species recorded from Union, missing only a few secretive litter-dwelling or fossorial forms and a recently introduced species for which the current status is unknown. Shannon-Weiner indices of diversity were negatively correlated with vegetative complexity, but the density of Anolis aeneus, the most frequently encountered species, was positively correlated with complexity. We supplemented the rapid assessment with visual surveys for Corallus grenadensis, an arboreal boid, smaller individuals of which feed largely on anoles. Encounter rates for C. grenadensis were not correl...
Gain, loss and personal responsibility: The role of motivation in resource valuation decision-making

The paper examines the issue of whether willingness to pay (WTP) or willingness to accept (WTA) is the most appropriate indicator of the benefits or costs that people realize from a change in an environmental asset. Specifically, the paper addresses the disparity between estimates obtained in contingent valuation research with these different measures, and it suggests a reason for the disparity that requires an expanded model of valuation. The model focuses on the context in which valuation decisions are made, accounting for the role of change position (gain or loss) and motives like personal responsibility and altruism in influencing resource values. The paper also calls for an expanded inductive approach to researching the issues raised by the model. It reports some initial results from inductive research that suggest that WTP is the most appropriate indicator, but the paper calls for further research that addresses the issues this finding raises.
The Conceptual Relation Between IP Rights and Infringement Remedies

This Essay contributes to a symposium held at George Mason University, and sponsored by GMU's Center for the Protection of Intellectual Property, on the common ground between creators and inventors in intellectual property. The Essay focuses on the legal concepts involved in remedy determinations in copyright and patent infringement suits. In its 2006 decision eBay v. MercExchange, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down a decision widely viewed as weakening the relationship between a judgment of infringement and the entry of an injunction prohibiting the infringement. The opinions in the Supreme Court and lower courts joust about how the property in a patent relates to the remedies for infringement. Much scholarly commentary on the eBay decision follows Calabresi and Melamed's 1972 'Cathedral' article and studies infringement remedies using the vocabulary of property rules and liability rules.Both the judicial opinions and the Cathedral-inspired scholarly commentary make problematic conceptual assumptions about the meanings of: property, infringement, injunctive relief, and awards limiting prevailing infringements to money damages. This Essay recounts relevant conceptual-philosophy scholarship critiquing the conceptual assumptions about remedies made in the Cathedral framework. The Essay adapts those prior critiques to account for the special features of small-component/large-assembly undue hardship arguments in property disputes, and applies those critiques so adapted to eBay-related issues.When soundly conceived, a 'property right' consists of a right of exclusive use over an asset. Such a right gives a proprietor presumptive freedom to dispose of the asset as she likes, but that freedom may be limited in cases in which the asset gets justifiably entangled with the labor or property of others. Orders of injunctive relief and damages-only awards specify the circumstances in which the owner retains her disposition rights and the ones in which she claims more control over disposition than her exclusive use entitles her to. Several of the judicial opinions in eBay misstated these concepts by portraying the property in patents as a 'right to exclude'; this portrait makes property rights seem broader and more likely to generate injunctive relief than they are in social concepts or practice. The Cathedral-inspired commentary portrays damages-only awards as 'liability rules'; this portrait misstates the conceptual character of damages-only awards, and does so in ways that obscure the normative influence that 'property' can have in remedy determinations.
Preparing for Cultural Diversity Through Education

A MERICA’S increasingly diverse population is preventing the “pot” from melting. There is no longer an expectation that all cultures are to be blended into one homogenous nation (Beckham, 1992). The number of minorities in this country has continued to grow dramatically from 1980 to 1990.” The Asian Pacific, Hispanic, and black populations have grown 107%, 53%, and 13%, respectively, whereas the white population has grown only 6%” (Friedman, 1992, p. 10). We, as professional health care providers, must prepare ourselves to deal with this growing diversity in the American population. To effectively provide quality care for patients of diverse cultures, we must go beyond cultural awareness and sensitivity (Leininger, 1991). We must provide care that incorporates the cultural values and beliefs. The acknowledgment and understanding of cultural values, beliefs, and barriers that can influence an individual’s behavior towards health and illness should become an ongoing component of our staff development process. A group’s learned and common values, beliefs, norms, and practices that direct thinking, decisions, and patterns of behavior have been described by Leininger as the group’s culture (Leininger, 1985). Culture is an entity that provides the individual with a powerful sense of belonging and identity. This is evident when we examine the importance of our own culture in our daiIy lives. Values are those things that we hold important. Values influence our decision-making process and behaviors. Understanding a culture’s value orientation can be instrumental in understanding the behavior of its people. Some cultures value the extended family with a system that determines role designation. For example, a
Nondisruptive Dissolution of Hyperpolarized (129)Xe into Viscous Aqueous and Organic Liquid Crystalline Environments.

Studies of hyperpolarized xenon-129 (hp-(129)Xe) in media such as liquid crystals and cell suspensions are in demand for applications ranging from biomedical imaging to materials engineering but have been hindered by the inability to bubble Xe through the desired media as a result of viscosity or perturbations caused by bubbles. Herein a device is reported that can be reliably used to dissolve hp-(129)Xe into viscous aqueous and organic samples without bubbling. This method is robust, requires small sample volumes (<60 μL), is compatible with existing NMR hardware, and is made from readily available materials. Experiments show that Xe can be introduced into viscous and aligned media without disrupting molecular order. We detected dissolved xenon in an aqueous liquid crystal that is disrupted by the shear forces of bubbling, and we observed liquid-crystal phase transitions in (MBBA). This tool allows an entirely new class of samples to be investigated by hyperpolarized-gas NMR spectroscopy.