cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Environmental Paradox of Cities: Gridded in Manhattan vs. Gridless in Dubai

On the occasion of the Manhattan grid’s bicentennial, this essay looks at New York City and Dubai through the lens of sustainability and their patterns of land use and street layout. It demonstrates that the virtues of the grid are based on the environmental paradox of cities: when humans inhabit dense urban space, they decrease their impact on the global environment faster than they increase their impact on the local environment; in other words, their ecological footprints per capita are smaller than in both low-density sprawl and cities of similar density with coarser, less permeable networks. Dubai, a modernist city of superhighways, superblocks and superhighrises, rapidly developed a disconnected pattern of homogenous enclaves that has served to limit physical accessibility, especially on public transit and foot, as well as to undermine the inherent vibrancy and sustainability of the compact, complex, connected, and complete urbanism of
A Brief History of the Study of Blood Pressure Control

Although the seriousness of high blood pressure in humans was appreciated in the 19th centruy, few studies were undertaken to help understand and correct the problem. Then in the 1900’s the pace quickened with a rapid succession of advances. First one, then many, reliable experimental models came into general use. The renin-angiotensin system was discovered and characterized in considerable detail. The importance of sodium was investigated using dietary manipulation, epidemiological studies, animal models, and lessons from the management of patients with renal disease who were undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Most recently, the subtleties of neural dysfunction have been studied using sensitive assays for catecholamines.
“Teaching Morality by Teaching Science:” Religiosity and Abortion Regret

In its 2007 Gonzales v. Carhart decision, the United States Supreme Court embraced the abortion regret argument to justify upholding the federal ban on late-term abortions. Although recognizing that there is “no reliable data to measure the phenomenon” of abortion regret (Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124, 159 (2007)), the Court nonetheless cited the Amicus Curie Brief of the Justice Foundation that included affidavits from “180 Women Injured by Abortion,” in which they detailed their post-abortion traumas (Sandra Cano was the plaintiff in the companion case to Roe v. Wade).
Introduction to Part II: Sensors to mHealth Markers

Markers of health, behaviors, and environmental risk factors that influence health and wellness represent one of the strongest new capabilities that has been enabled by the advent of mobile health. Once mobile sensor data has been transformed via computational models into mHealth markers, these markers can be used to monitor and improve health and wellness in a variety of ways.
Hemodialysis access thrombosis

For the over 400,000 patients in the United States dependent on hemodialysis, arteriovenous (AV) access thrombosis may lead to missed dialysis sessions, inpatient admissions and the need for placement of temporary dialysis catheters. It is also the leading cause of permanent access loss. Percutaneous declotting is generally preferred over surgical thrombectomy. Various percutaneous approaches can be employed including the lyse-and-wait technique, thromboaspiration, pulse spray aided pharmacomechanical thrombolysis, and use of mechanical thrombectomy device.
Variation in Birth Outcomes by Mother’s Country of Birth Among Hispanic Women in the United States, 2013:

Objectives:Despite knowledge that the Hispanic population is growing in the United States and that birth outcomes may vary by maternal country of birth, data on birth outcomes by maternal country o...
Software Requirements and Design

Managing the software development process is a difficult task. It is an art, requiring skillful integration of software technology, economics, and human relations (Boehm and Ross, 1989). The software project manager simultaneously satisfies several constituencies (users, customers, developers, maintainers, and management) whose desires frequently create fundamental conflicts that often result in functional, project, political, financial, technical, or systemic risk. Managing these components of risk involves identifying, measuring, and prioritizing them and developing and implementing plans to manage them. Software failure risk management techniques include modification of the development process to reduce the magnitude or frequency of loss, incorporation of controls to reduce vulnerability, development of recovery procedures, transference of risk to another party by subcontracting or purchase, and avoidance when risks are simply too high. Software failure risk assessment can provide the information to analyze functionality, financial, and project risks associated with failure due to faults in software. This information can modify the development process or suggest changes to system use that will reduce vulnerability.
Common Problems in Orthopedic Pathology Including Trauma, Reactive Conditions and Necrosis of Bone

The pathology and pathophysiology of bone healing is important from several aspects. For the surgical pathologist, it is critical to be able to distinguish normal fracture healing in bone from disordered healing and from bone neoplasms. For the orthopedic surgeon and the scientific investigator, the histologic appearances of healing allow a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the process. This permits, for example, the comparison of different methods of treatment. Additionally, an understanding of the cellular signals operating in bone healing, allows the clinician to manipulate and promote or modify osseous union.
Optimal Control of Gene Regulatory Networks with Unknown Cost Function

Most of the existing methodologies for control of Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs) assume that the immediate cost function at each state and time point is fully known. In this paper, we introduce an optimal control strategy for control of GRNs with unknown or partially-known immediate cost function. Toward this, we adopt a partially-observed Boolean dynamical system (POBDS) model for the GRN and propose an Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) methodology for quantifying the imperfect behavior of experts, obtained via prior biological knowledge or experimental data. The constructed cost function then is used in finding the optimal infinite-horizon control strategy for the POBDS. The application of the proposed method using a single sequence of experimental data is investigated through numerical experiments using a melanoma gene regulatory network.
Task-Based Learning in Task-Based Teaching: Training Teachers of Chinese as a Foreign Language

Task-based language teaching (TBLT) is increasingly becoming known for its distinct edge in developing learners’ functional competence. Although its potential in promoting content learning has yet to be realized and explored, it should be high, given TBLT's primary attention to meaning. To what extent does the potential play out in foreign language teacher education, a domain involving much content learning, is both an intellectually stimulating and practically meaningful question. This article reports on a semester-long study investigating task-based learning in a Chinese language teacher-training program that promotes TBLT. The participants were three Chinese-speaking trainees, who, while being exposed to TBLT, performed ongoing tasks. Data from one task—writing weekly reading journals—were analyzed for both content and language, quantitatively (using robust automated tools) and qualitatively. The results show tangible gains on both counts—understanding TBLT (content) and the ability to articulate it (language). The conceptual and methodological implications of the findings are discussed for future research.
Abstract WP331: Identifying Stroke Subtypes with High Accuracy Using Machine Learning and Icd-9 Claims Data

Introduction: Stroke research using widely available institutional, state-wide and national retrospective data is dependent on accurate identification of stroke subtypes using claims data. Despite ...
An Examination of Whether Mindfulness Can Predict the Relationship Between Objective and Subjective Attitudinal Ambivalence

Ambivalence is a mixed reaction toward an attitudinal object. Ambivalence is often viewed as aversive and people are motivated to reduce it. However, the presence of both strong positive and negative attitudes toward an object (objective ambivalence; OA) does not always lead to consciously experienced conflicted and torn feelings (subjective ambivalence; SA) or psychological discomfort. We hypothesized that the way people think about their inner experience can affect whether ambivalent attitudes lead to increased conflicted feelings. In five studies, we examined whether mindfulness predicts the relationship between objective and subjective ambivalence. We predicted that the acceptance aspect of mindfulness would attenuate the relationship between OA and SA, based on the idea that acceptance makes people more tolerant and less judgmental toward their inner states in general (and OA in particular). Although some findings across five studies were consistent with the prediction showing that acceptance attenuated the OA-SA relationship, other findings were not and even showed that acceptance strengthened the OA-SA relationship. A meta-analysis of the interaction effect across all studies failed to find support for predictions (r = -0.036 and 95% CI [-0.087; 0.022]). We discuss possible reasons for these mixed findings, and the implications of these studies.
Design of GaN/AlGaN/GaN Super-Heterojunction Schottky Diode

We present a systematic study on the design of a novel GaN/AlGaN/GaN super-heterojunction Schottky diode. Through physics-based TCAD simulation, we discuss three important design aspects: 1) how to design a GaN/AlGaN/GaN structure to form a high-density 2-D electron gas and to scale it to multiple vertically stacked channels with less risk in reaching the critical thickness limited by the strain in epitaxy; 2) how to reach charge balance and how sensitive is the breakdown voltage with respect to the doping imbalance; and 3) how to ensure that the processes of depleting and accumulating electrons and holes in the structure are fast enough for practical power switching applications.
Obalon Intragastric Balloon System Overview

A gastric balloon is an inflatable medical device that is temporarily placed into the stomach to reduce weight. It is marketed to provide weight loss when diet and exercise have failed, and surgery is not wanted or recommended. Obalon is a swallowable capsule that contains the balloon inside. The balloon is inflated using a device under fluoroscopy X-ray to confirm the placement inside the stomach without sedation. A fully inflated single balloon is an ellipsoid with a volume of approximately 250 cc. The Obalon Intragastric Balloon System consists of up to three balloons placed during a 6-month period. Proton-pump inhibitors are prescribed for the duration of the balloon. Contraindications of the balloon include inflammatory, pathophysiological, or structural abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract, poor patient compliance, and pregnancy. Most frequent adverse events are abdominal pain and nausea; serious complications are rare. Obalon System shows satisfactory weight loss results with a good safety profile.
Dense module searching for gene networks associated with multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease in which the immune system attacks the central nervous system. The molecular mechanisms contributing to the etiology of MS remain poorly understood. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of MS have identified a small number of genetic loci significant at the genome level, but they are mainly non-coding variants. Network-assisted analysis may help better interpret the functional roles of the variants with association signals and potential translational medicine application. The Dense Module Searching of GWAS tool (dmGWAS version 2.4) developed in our team is applied to 2 MS GWAS datasets (GeneMSA and IMSGC GWAS) using the human protein interactome as the reference network. A dual evaluation strategy is used to generate results with reproducibility. Approximately 7500 significant network modules were identified for each independent GWAS dataset, and 20 significant modules were identified from the dual evaluation. The top modules included GRB2, HDAC1, JAK2, MAPK1, and STAT3 as central genes. Top module genes were enriched with functional terms such as “regulation of glial cell differentiation” (adjusted p-value = 2.58 × 10− 3), “T-cell costimulation” (adjusted p-value = 2.11 × 10− 6) and “virus receptor activity” (adjusted p-value = 1.67 × 10− 3). Interestingly, top gene networks included several MS FDA approved drug target genes HDAC1, IL2RA, KEAP1, and RELA, Our dmGWAS network analyses highlighted several genes (GRB2, HDAC1, IL2RA, JAK2, KEAP1, MAPK1, RELA and STAT3) in top modules that are promising to interpret GWAS signals and link to MS drug targets. The genes enriched with glial cell differentiation are important for understanding neurodegenerative processes in MS and for remyelination therapy investigation. Importantly, our identified genetic signals enriched in T cell costimulation and viral receptor activity supported the viral infection onset hypothesis for MS.
Hold It Right There! Gonococci Preserve Epithelium Integrity during Intimate Adherence.

Exfoliation is used as a mechanism to remove bacterially infected cells from the body. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Muenzner and Hauck (2020) find that Neisseria gonorrhoeae blocks exfoliation by producing nitric oxide at the bacterial-host cell interface to promote tissue integrity. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli stimulates the same pathway, suggesting a common mechanism among bacterial pathogens.
Patient with Sepsis

Patients with sepsis in the intensive care unit present a challenge when it comes to pain control, as the balance between pain control and maintenance of their vital signs is paramount. Improving their pain risks losing the sympathetic tone that maintains their vitals including blood pressure, pulse, and perfusion. Therefore, priority is directed towards maintaining vital tissue perfusion and the usage of short/ultrashort acting analgesics is preferred with close attention to any change in vital signs. This can be accomplished through the use of multimodal analgesia and interventional pain techniques. The risks and benefits of various medications and interventions are discussed and an overall management strategy is outlined.
Hassles predict physical health complaints in undergraduate students: a dynamic structural equation model analysis of daily diary data

Daily hassles and physical health complaints are common among undergraduate students, and both are related to negative academic and psychosocial outcomes. However, the extent to which hassles or he...
Secure and Stateful Power Transitions in Embedded Systems

Power loss occurs in devices with a transient power supply, and it leads to the loss of volatile state information of the device. To protect the state, the device stores it as a checkpoint in non-volatile memory. The checkpoints are used to restore the device to the most recent stored state upon power-up. There are three facets of power transitions—cause, statefulness, and security, out of which the third facet is ignored in current embedded systems research. In this paper, we describe the intersection of two fields, stateful power transitions and secure embedded systems, which has largely been unexplored until now. We study the limitations introduced by the three facets of power transitions of embedded devices. We explore the vulnerabilities introduced by stateful power transitions and propose the Secure Intermittent Computing Protocol to overcome them. We analyze the overhead of each technology required to provide secure and stateful power transition and its effects on the duty cycle of an embedded device.
Room temperature hot-pressed Fe:ZnSe ceramic laser

We report the first room-temperature gain-switched Fe:ZnSe hot-pressed ceramics laser pumped by 2.94 μm radiation of mechanically Q-switched Er:YAG laser. The maximum output energy was 41 mJ with 25% slope efficiency at 3Hz repetition rate.
OAB-045: COVID-19 vaccine responsiveness in patients with Multiple Myeloma and Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

Background Multiple myeloma (MM) and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) are associated with significant immunoparesis. Based on the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need to understand whether patients are able to mount a sufficient response to COVID-19 vaccines. Methods Patients were vaccinated with BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer/BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), or JNJ-78436735 (Johnson & Johnson). SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) antibodies were detected with the Elecsys assay (Roche Diagnostics). Primary endpoint is S antibody detection 28 days after final vaccination. Secondary endpoints include functional serologic assessments and T-cell responses at 28 days, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months. Results 141 patients have been enrolled to date, 136 (91 MM and 45 WM) of whom had initial S antibody assessment. Median antibody titer was 178.0 (IQR, 16.10-1166.0) for MM and 3.96 (IQR, 0-282.8) for WM. S antibody response rate was 91% (83/91) in MM and 60% (27/45) in WM. However, response rates for achieving S antibody >100 U/mL were 56% (51/91) in MM and 33% (15/45) in WM. Vaccine-specific S antibody responses following mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, and JNJ-78436735 were 74% (25/34; p 100 u/mL occurred in 45% (9/20) as opposed to 65% (35/54) for VGPR+ (p100 U/mL occurred in 53% (19/36) and 56% (31/55), respectively (p=NS). Among WM patients, S antibody responses >100 U/mL occurred in 73% (8/11) (p Conclusions These preliminary data suggest impaired serologic responses following COVID-19 vaccines in patients with both MM and WM. Overall, WM patients showed more severe impairment of COVID-19 S antibody responses. Most previously untreated WM patients achieved S antibody responses, however suboptimal antibody responses were seen in WM patients who received rituximab within 12 months or on active BTK inhibitors. In MM patients, being in disease remission associated with improved S antibody response. Vaccination among MM and WM patients with MRNA-1273 elicited significantly higher S antibody response rates comparison to other vaccines. Complete serologic responses including neutralization and T-cell studies are pending and will be updated. Further understanding of the immunological response to COVID19 vaccination is needed to clarify patients risks, and necessity for booster or alternative protective measures against COVID-19.
A Challenging and Satisfying Career in Basic Science.

Dr. McSweeney is Regents Professor of Psychology and Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs at Washington State University (WSU). She received her B. A., Summa Cum Laude, from Smith College and her Masters and Ph.D. from Harvard University. She taught for one year at McMaster University before joining the faculty at WSU where she rose through the ranks to Regents Professor. Dr. McSweeney has served as Chair of the Department of Psychology, Chair of the Faculty Senate, and Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs at WSU. She also served as a member of the Executive Council, and as President of, the Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI). She has received awards from her university such as the 2002 Sahlin Faculty Excellence Award for Research, Scholarship and Arts and the 2004 Eminent Faculty Award, the university’s highest honor. She also received the Med Associates Distinguished Contributions to Behavioral Research Award from Division 25 of the American Psychological Association.
Ferroelectric plasma thruster for micro-propulsion

Summary form only given. Micro-spacecraft are of current interest, due to the possibility of reducing mission cost and risk by flying several spacecraft in formation. The applicability of micro-spacecraft to certain missions is predicted to depend on the availability of compact, lightweight, high specific impulse micro-propulsion systems. In addition, micro-propulsion will be required for attitude adjustment of space-based telescope interferometers, and imaging arrays. Chemical propulsion systems are capable of specific impulses of /spl sim/250 s. This may not be adequate to ensure a lightweight propulsion option for attitude adjustment, for instance. Electric propulsion options are capable of impulses of 1000 s or greater, making them a potentially attractive micro-propulsion option. The most highly developed electric propulsion concepts, ion and Hall thrusters, have been developed for larger craft and higher powers. Scaling these concepts to micro-propulsion relevance can be difficult. Therefore, there is a need for new, high impulse, compact electric micro-propulsion concepts. A new micro-propulsion option based on ferroelectric plasma production, with ponderomotive acceleration to achieve high ion exhaust velocities will be presented. Recent studies of a ferroelectric plasma source excited by RF applied power have shown significant emission of negatively and positively charged species from the surface of the dielectric. Positive currents from 30 to 370 mA have been observed emanating from an RF driven ferroelectric cathode. Ions produced in the surface plasma of the ferroelectric cathode can be accelerated ponderomotively, resulting in high ion velocities. The RF driven ferroelectric emitter produces a strong electric field gradient, enabling ponderomotive acceleration of the ions. The high dielectric constant of the ferroelectric helps to amplify the applied field gradient. Calculations of the ion exhaust velocity indicates that specific impulses in the 1000 s range are possible. Data from ferroelectric emission experiments will be presented in the context of the ion accelerator and electric micro-propulsion concept.
Folding under the influence.

Refolding experiments of acylphosphatase in the presence of trifluoroethanol, a cosolvent known to increase the stability of α-helices, suggest that productive folding depends on optimizing the number of native-like interactions present in the unfolded state.
On the diagnosability of decentralized, timed discrete event systems

We present a decentralized diagnostics framework for timed discrete-event systems. Using the causal network representation, we show how to synthesize a global, minimal diagnosis from diagnoses generated asynchronously by a collection of decentralized components. We also show system diagnosability results based on component diagnosability.
Burden, Coping and Health Status

This study investigates caregiver health, burden and coping strategies of family caregivers to institutionalized and community-dwelling Alzheimer's disease patients. Patient residence was significantly related to caregiver health status, sources of burden and the efficacy of various strategies for reducing burden. Implications for intervention with family caregivers are discussed.
The Relationship Between Corporate Social Performance, and Organizational Size, Financial Performance, and Environmental Performance: An Empirical Examination

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the corporate social performance of an organization and three variables: the size of the organization, the financial performance of the organization, and the environmental performance of the organization. By empirically testing data from 1987 to 1992, the results of the study show that a firm’s corporate social performance is indeed impacted by the size of the firm, the level of profitability of the firm, and the amount of pollution emissions released by the firm.
Dissemination of research in clinical nursing journals.

Aim. The purposes of the study were to describe the extent of research, clinical and evidence-based practice articles published in clinical nursing journals and to explore the communication of research and practice knowledge in the clinical nursing literature using citation analysis. Background. For nursing research to have an impact on clinical practice and build evidence for practice, findings from research must transfer into the clinical practice literature. By analysing the extent of research published in clinical nursing journals, the citations in those articles, and other characteristics of the nursing literature, we can learn more about the linkages between research and practice in nursing. Design. This was a descriptive study of 768 articles and 18901 citations in those articles. Methods. Feature articles were classified into four groups – (i) original research reports; (ii) clinical practice articles (non-data based papers on a clinical topic); (iii) systematic reviews, integrative literature reviews, guidelines and papers describing evidence-based practice; and (iv) others. Each citation was then examined to determine if it was a reference to a research study or to a document on clinical practice. Results. Nearly a third of the articles in clinical nursing journals were reports on research studies; another third addressed clinical practice. Of the 14232 citations analysed in clinical nursing journals, 6142 were to research reports (43·2%) and about the same number of citations were to clinical documents (n = 5844, 41·1%). Medical research articles were cited most frequently – 27·1% of the citations in clinical journal articles. Nursing research articles were only 7·6% of the cited documents in clinical publications. Conclusions. Dissemination of research findings in the clinical nursing literature occurred at two levels: through articles that reported studies of potential value to the nurse's practice and citations to research publications within articles. Relevance to clinical practice. Disseminating research in journals that are geared to clinicians is essential to increase nurses’ awareness of research findings that might be relevant to their practice. This study documented that articles in clinical nursing journals disseminated not only information about clinical practice, but also informed readers about research of potential value to the nurse's practice.
Synthesis of type 1 and 2 lacto series glycolipid antigens in human colonic adenocarcinoma and derived cell lines is due to activation of a normally unexpressed beta 1----3N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase.

Abstract Human colonic adenocarcinoma tissue and derived cell lines have been characterized by an abundance of different type 1 and 2 lacto series glycolipid antigens which are either low or not found in normal colonic mucosa. The enzymatic basis for the expression of contrasting glycolipid compositions between adenocarcinomas and normal colonic mucosa, as well as between derived cell lines, has been studied. The following results were of particular interest. (i) Abundant activities of beta 1----4galactosyltransferase associated with synthesis of both lactosylceramide and lactoneotetraosylceramide, beta 1----3galactosyltransferase for synthesis of lactotetraosylceramide, and an alpha 1----3/4fucosyltransferase responsible for synthesis of Lex and Lea antigens were found in normal colonic mucosa or in a normal mucosal epithelial cell line HCMC, or in both. Variable levels of these activities were found in adenocarcinoma tissues and in various established adenocarcinoma cell lines. In striking contrast, significant activity of a beta 1----3N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase responsible for synthesis of lactotriaosylceramide (Lc3) was found in various cases of colonic adenocarcinoma and cell lines, but was undetectable in normal colonic epithelial cells. (ii) In situ transfer of galactose to Lc3 was performed on histologic sections by preincubation of the tissue with acceptor glycolipid followed by incubation with UDP-galactose. The biosynthesized glycolipid was revealed by indirect immunofluorescence with the monoclonal antibody 1B2 which defines lactoneotetraosylceramide antigen. In these studies, histologic sections prepared from frozen normal proximal colon tissue were shown to lack native type 2 chain structures. However, transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose could be demonstrated in the epithelial cells of normal proximal colon after incorporation of Lc3 into the membranes, indicating the ability of normal colonic epithelial cells to synthesize type 2 chain core structures if the precursor Lc3 is available. In contrast, adenocarcinoma tissues showed significant native immunofluorescence with the antibody. These data suggest that an accumulation of both type 1 and 2 chain lacto series glycolipids with alpha 1----3- or alpha 1----4fucosyl substitution in human adenocarcinoma is due to enhanced beta 1----3N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase rather than enhancement of other enzymes. This enzyme may play a key role in regulating the level of various types of lacto series tumor-associated antigens with the lacto type 1 or 2 chain.
Will racial and ethnic disparities in health be resolved primarily outside of standard medical care

The American College of Physicians' position paper presents a largely “physician-centric” perspective on how to improve health of minorities. This “biomedical model” is spectacularly successful in ...
The array invariant.

A method is derived for instantaneous source-range estimation in a horizontally stratified ocean waveguide from passive beam-time intensity data obtained after conventional plane-wave beamforming of acoustic array measurements. The method has advantages over existing source localization methods, such as matched field processing or the waveguide invariant. First, no knowledge of the environment is required except that the received field should not be dominated by purely waterborne propagation. Second, range can be estimated in real time with little computational effort beyond plane-wave beamforming. Third, array gain is fully exploited. The method is applied to data from the Main Acoustic Clutter Experiment of 2003 for source ranges between 1to8km, where it is shown that simple, accurate, and computationally efficient source range estimates can be made.
Hydrogen Concentrations During Storage of 3013 Oxide Samples

As part of a surveillance program intended to ensure the safe storage of plutonium bearing nuclear materials in the Savannah River Site (SRS) K-Area Materials Storage (KAMS), samples of these materials are shipped to Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) for analysis. These samples are in the form of solids or powders which will have absorbed moisture. Potentially flammable hydrogen gas is generated due to radiolysis of the moisture. The samples are shipped for processing after chemical analysis. To preclude the possibility of a hydrogen deflagration or detonation inside the shipping containers, the shipping times are limited to ensure that hydrogen concentration in the vapor space of every layer of confinement is below the lower flammability limit of 4 volume percent (vol%). This study presents an analysis of the rate of hydrogen accumulation due to radiolysis and calculation of allowable shipping times for typical KAMS materials.
Estimating the 4DVAR analysis error of GODAE products

We explore the ocean circulation estimates obtained by assimilating observational products made available by the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) and other sources in an incremental, four-dimensional variational data assimilation system for the Intra-Americas Sea. Estimates of the analysis error (formally, the inverse Hessian matrix) are computed during the assimilation procedure. Comparing the impact of differing sea surface height and sea surface temperature products on both the final analysis error and difference between the model state estimates, we find that assimilating GODAE and non-GODAE products yields differences between the model and observations that are comparable to the differences between the observation products themselves. While the resulting analysis error estimates depend on the configuration of the assimilation system, the basic spatial structures of the standard deviations of the ocean circulation estimates are fairly robust and reveal that the assimilation procedure is capable of reducing the circulation uncertainty when only surface data are assimilated.
Rhinovirus and other respiratory viruses exert different effects on lung allograft function that are not mediated through acute rejection

Background Community acquired respiratory virus (CARV) infections in lung transplant recipients (LTR) have been associated with adverse outcomes, including acute rejection (AR) and decline in allograft function, in some but not in all studies. Methods Spirometry and transbronchial biopsy results of LTR diagnosed with CARV infection over a two-yr period were extracted from clinical records. Primary outcomes, studied at 1–2.5 months postinfection, were as follows: (i) incidence of biopsy-proven AR (grade >A0) and (ii) allograft function, defined by forced expiratory volume in one s (FEV1). A reference group of biopsies (n = 526) collected during the study period established the baseline incidence of AR. Rhinovirus (RV) and non-rhinovirus (non-RV) infections were analyzed as subgroups. Results Eighty-seven cases of CARV infection were identified in 59 subjects. Incidences of AR were similar in the post-CARV and reference groups and did not differ significantly after RV vs. non-RV infection. Allograft function declined significantly after non-RV infection, but not after RV infection. Conclusions In LTR, CARV infections other than RV are associated with allograft dysfunction at 1–2.5 months after infection. However, CARVs do not appear associated with AR at this time point. The impact of specific CARVs on lung allografts, including the development of chronic allograft rejection, merits further study.
Reduction of spontaneous alcohol drinking and physical withdrawal by levemopamil, a novel Ca2+ channel antagonist, in rats.

Abstract Neuronal Ca2+ channels have been shown to be involved in both alcohol drinking behavior in rats and nonhuman primates and in the manifestation of alcohol withdrawal symptoms in rodents. Experiments were performed to determine the effect of a single injection of levemopamil, a novel Ca2+ channel antagonist with antiserotonergic [5-hydroxytryptamine2 (5-HT2)] properties, on alcohol preference and alcohol withdrawal symptoms in alcohol-preferring (P) and Wistar rats, respectively. P rats were individually housed and provided free access to food, water, and a solution of 10% (v/v) ethanol. Ethanol, food, and water intakes were measured daily. After establishing a stable baseline, P rats were injected with levemopamil (0, 3.3, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) and their food, water, and alcohol intakes measured 24 h later. In a separate experiment, the ability of acute and chronic (12 consecutive days) administrations of levemopamil to suppress alcohol withdrawal symptoms in chronically alcohol-treated rats was studied. In addition, the effects of levemopamil on the level of monoamines in different areas of the brain, as well as its action in alcohol metabolism, were examined. Our findings showed that a single administration of levemopamil (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently attenuated alcohol intake and increased water intake in P rats. Both acute and chronic treatment with levemopamil reduced the alcohol withdrawal symptoms, overall seizure scores, and proportion of rats seizing. A single injection of levemopamil produced a clear, but not significant, trend to increase the 5-HT turnover rate in certain brain areas. This drug did not influence the pharmacokinetics of alcohol. Our results show that levemopamil exerts an inhibitory action on alcohol preference in alcohol-preferring rats and suppresses alcohol withdrawal symptoms in chronically alcohol-treated rats. Although the mechanism(s) of action is not fully understood, it is likely that levemopamil exerts its action by interfering with either neuronal Ca2+ channels and/or serotonergic systems, particularly 5-HT2 receptors.
Optical orientation of 6.7h107 Cd

Abstract Nuclear orientation of 6.7h 107 Cd has been achieved by optical pumping with 3261 A cadmium resonance radiation. The ratio of the nuclear resonance frequency of 107 Cd to that of stable 111 Cd in the same sample cell is ν( 107 Cd)/ν( 111 Cd) = 0.206 780 9(2) .
An anatomical study of cholinergic innervation in rat cerebral cortex.

Abstract The cholinergic innervation of rat cerebral cortex was studied by immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase. Stained bipolar cells, fibers and terminals were found in all areas of cortex. The density of cholinergic terminals was similar in all cortical areas with the exception of entorhinal and olfactory cortex, which showed a marked increase in the number of stained terminals. A laminar distribution of cholinergic terminals was found m many cortical areas. In motor and most sensory areas, terminal density was high in layer 1 and upper layer 5, and lowest in layer 4. Visual cortex, in contrast to other cortical areas, was characterized by a dense band of innervation in layer 4. It has been known that the majority of cortical cholinergic structures derive from a projection to cortex from large, multipolar neurons in the basal forebrain, which stain heavily for choline acetyltransferase. In this study, stained fibers were observed to take three different pathways from basal forebrain to cortex. The first, confined to medial aspects of forebrain and cortex, was observed to originate in the septal area, from where fibers formed a discrete bundle, swinging forward around the rostral end of the corpus callosum, then travelling caudally in the cingulate bundle. The second was found to consist of libers fanning out laterally from the area of the globus pallidus, travelling through the caudate, then continuing for various distances in the corpus callosum before finally turning into the cortex. A third pathway appeared to innervate olfactory and entorhinal cortex. Ibotenic acid injections were made in the area of the globus pallidus to study the effect of lesioning the lateral pathway on the cholinergic innervation in cortex. A major loss of choline acetyltransferase positive terminals was observed in neocortex. but retrosplenial, cingulate, entorhinal and olfactory cortex showed a normal density of cholinergic innervation. The borders separating areas with lesioned cholinergic input from non-lesioned areas were precise. The distribution of stained terminals remaining in cortical areas with lesioned basal forebrain innervation suggests that the basal forebrain projection to cerebral cortex, and not the intrinsic cortical cholinergic neurons, give rise to the laminar distribution of cholinergic terminals observed in normal cortex. To compare the relative densities of different cholinergic cortical systems, the distribution of choline acetyltransferase staining was compared with that of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P. which are co-localized in some choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons innervating cortex.
Supersymmetric Baryogenesis and Flavor Physics

We study the flavor physics implications of baryogenesis in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). Enhanced $B\ensuremath{-}\overline{B}$ mixing and $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rates are generic to all scenarios. Depending on the origin of the $\mathrm{CP}$ violating phase responsible for baryogenesis there could be a large neutron electric dipole moment, large $\mathrm{CP}$ violating $D\ensuremath{-}\overline{D}$ mixing, or $\mathrm{CP}$ violation in top quark production. We discuss how the combination of these measurements with the requirement of baryogenesis shed light on the MSSM parameter space and the source of $\mathrm{CP}$ violation.
Understanding long-term changes in microbial fuel cell performance using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Changes in the anode, cathode, and solution/membrane impedances during enrichment of an anode microbial consortium were measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The consortium was enriched in a compact, flow-through porous electrode chamber coupled to an air-cathode. The anode impedance initially decreased from 296.1 to 36.3 Ω in the first 43 days indicating exoelectrogenic biofilm formation. The external load on the MFC was decreased in a stepwise manner to allow further enrichment. MFC operation at a final load of 50 Ω decreased the anode impedance to 1.4 Ω, with a corresponding cathode and membrane/solution impedance of 12.1 and 3.0 Ω, respectively. An analysis of the capacitive element suggested that most of the three-dimensional anode surface was participating in the bioelectrochemical reaction. The power density of the air-cathode MFC stabilized after 3 months of operation and stayed at 422 ± 42 mW/m2 (33 W/m3) for the next 3 months. The normalized anode impedance for the MFC was 0.017...
Distribution of organic and reduced sulfur forms in marsh soils of coastal Louisiana

Soil samples from a Louisiana Barataria Basin brackish marshes were fractionated into acid-volatile sulfides (AVS), HCl-soluble sulfur, elemental sulfur, pyrite sulfur, ester-sulfate sulfur, and carbon-bonded sulfur. Inorganic sulfur composed 13% of total sulfur in brackish marsh soil with HCl-soluble sulfur representing 63–92% of the inorganic sulfur fraction. AVS represented less than 1% of the total sulfur pool. Pyrite sulfur and elemental sulfur together accounted for 8–33% of the inorganic sulfur pool. Organic sulfur, in the forms of ester-sulfate sulfur and carbon-bonded sulfur, was the most dominant pool representing the majority of total sulfur in brackish marsh. Results were compared to values reported for fresh and salt marshes. Reported inorganic sulfur fractions were greater in adjacent marshes, constituting 24% of total sulfur in salt marsh, and 22% in freshwater marshes. Along a salinity gradient, HCl-soluble sulfur represented 78–86% of the inorganic sulfur fraction in fresh, brackish, and salt marsh. Organic sulfur in the forms of ester-sulfate sulfur and carbon-bonded sulfur was the major constituent (76–87%) of total sulfur in all marshes. Reduced sulfur species, except elemental sulfur, increased seaward along the salinity gradient. Accumulation of reduced sulfur forms through sedimentation processes was significant in marsh energy flow in fresh, brackish and salt marshes.
Double-tuned hopping-coil probe for dynamic-angle-spinning NMR

Abstract A new design for a double-tuned dynamic-angle-spinning (DAS) probe that employs a RF coil wrapped directly around the stator is presented. The increased filling factor of this design and the smaller RF coil result in improved sensitivity and facilitate the incorporation of 1 H decoupling capabilities. Since the RF coil is reoriented with the spinning sample, the pulse lengths and sensitivity vary as the cosecant of the angle between the RF coil and the external magnetic field. However, this was not found to be a significant impediment to the usage of the probe. As a demonstration of the probe's performance a 1 H-decoupled 11 B DAS spectrum of boric acid is presented.
Sexual Harassment on Campus: Effects of Professor Gender on Perception of Sexually Harassing Behaviors

Undergraduate students viewed four videotaped vignettes that depicted potentially sexually harassing interactions between professors and students. Subjects were asked to evaluate the professor's behavior. The vignettes were composed so that two dimensions were manipulated: the sex of the initiator of the behavior and the type of behavior. Results of the study provided partial support of the following hypotheses: (1) the behaviors of female professors initiating potentially sexually harassing behaviors toward male students would be perceived as more appropriate than would the same behaviors initiated by male professors toward female students in identical situations; (2) female subjects would interpret the behaviors as more harassing than male subjects; and finally (3) subtle forms of harassment would be interpreted as more inappropriate by female students than by male students.
Solving a Polynomial Equation: Some History and Recent Progress

The classical problem of solving an nth degree polynomial equation has substantially influenced the development of mathematics throughout the centuries and still has several important applications to the theory and practice of present-day computing. We briefly recall the history of the algorithmic approach to this problem and then review some successful solution algorithms. We end by outlining some algorithms of 1995 that solve this problem at a surprisingly low computational cost.
Golgi fractions prepared from rat liver homogenates. I. Isolation procedure and morphological characterization.

In devising a new procedure for the isolation of Golgi fractions from rat liver homogenates, we have taken advantage of the overloading with very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles that occurs in the Golgi elements of hepatocytes approximately 90 min after ethanol is administered (0.6 g/100 g body weight) by stomach tube to the animals. The VLDLs act as morphological markers as well as density modifiers of these elements. The starting preparation is a total microsomal fraction prepared from liver homogenized (1:5) in 0.25 M sucrose. This fraction is resuspended in 1.15 M sucrose and loaded at the bottom of a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. Centrifugation at approximately 13 x 10(6)g.min yields by flotation three Golgi fractions of density >1.041 and <1.173. The light and intermediate fractions consist essentially of VLDL-loaded Golgi vacuoles and cisternae. Nearly empty, often collapsed, Golgi cisternae are the main component of the heavy fraction. A procedure which subjects the Golgi fractions to hypotonic shock and shearing in a French press at pH 8.5 allows the extraction of the content of the Golgi elements and the subsequent isolation of their membranes by differential centrifugation.
Structural basis of transmembrane domain interactions in integrin signaling

Cell surface receptors of the integrin family are pivotal to cell adhesion and migration. The activation state of heterodimeric αβ integrins is correlated to the association state of the single-pass α and β transmembrane domains. The association of integrin αIIbβ3 transmembrane domains, resulting in an inactive receptor, is characterized by the asymmetric arrangement of a straight (αIIb) and tilted (β3) helix relative to the membrane in congruence to the dissociated structures. This allows for a continuous association interface centered on helix-helix glycine-packing and an unusual αIIb(GFF) structural motif that packs the conserved Phe-Phe residues against the β3 transmembrane helix, enabling αIIb(D723)β3(R995) electrostatic interactions. The transmembrane complex is further stabilized by the inactive ectodomain, thereby coupling its association state to the ectodomain conformation. In combination with recently determined structures of an inactive integrin ectodomain and an activating talin/β complex tha...
Uterine artery sparing robotic radical trachelectomy (AS-RRT) for early cancer of the cervix

Abstract Objective To describe the surgical technique of uterine artery sparing robotic assisted radical trachelectomy (AS-RRT) for early stage cervical cancer. Methods We used our experience with AS-RRT performed at the University of Wisconsin-Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA, to present a detailed description of the surgical technique. Results The report details, step-by-step, our innovative surgical technique, supported by photos and illustrations. We also discuss potential difficulties with the surgical technique and offer solutions. Conclusion Technically, the surgery is feasible and could be performed by any gynecologic oncologist who is skilled in radical pelvic surgery and the robotic system. The long-term obstetric and oncologic outcome of this technique would be expected to match the outcome of the other radical trachelectomy techniques in the published literature, but is yet to be fully elucidated.