cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Early-Immediate Gene EGR-1 Is Induced by Transforming Growth Factor-β and Mediates Stimulation of Collagen Gene Expression

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) stimulates collagen synthesis and accumulation, and aberrant TGF-beta signaling is implicated in pathological organ fibrosis. Regulation of type I procollagen gene (COL1A2) transcription by TGF-beta involves the canonical Smad signaling pathway as well as additional protein and lipid kinases, coactivators, and DNA-binding transcription factors that constitute alternate non-Smad pathways. By using Affymetrix microarrays to detect cellular genes whose expression is regulated by Smad3, we identified early growth response factor-1 (EGR-1) as a novel Smad3-inducible gene. Previous studies implicated Egr-1 in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. We found that TGF-beta induced rapid and transient accumulation of Egr-1 protein and mRNA in human skin fibroblasts. In transient transfection assays, TGF-beta stimulated the activity of the Egr-1 gene promoter, as well as that of a minimal Egr-1-responsive reporter construct. Furthermore, TGF-beta enhanced endogenous Egr-1 interaction with a consensus Egr-1-binding site element and with GC-rich DNA sequences of the human COL1A2 promoter in vitro and in vivo. Forced expression of Egr-1 by itself caused dose-dependent up-regulation of COL1A2 promoter activity and further enhanced the stimulation induced by TGF-beta. In contrast, the TGF-beta response was abrogated when the Egr-1-binding sites of the COL1A2 promoter were mutated or deleted. Furthermore, Egr-1-deficient embryonic mouse fibroblasts showed attenuated TGF-beta responses despite intact Smad activation, and forced expression of ectopic EGR-1 in these cells could restore COL1A2 stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings identify Egr-1 as a novel intracellular TGF-beta target that is necessary for maximal stimulation of collagen gene expression in fibroblasts. The results therefore implicate Egr-1 in the profibrotic responses elicited by TGF-beta and suggest that Egr-1 may play a new and important role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.
The DNA-activated protein kinase is required for the phosphorylation of replication protein A during simian virus 40 DNA replication

Abstract The 32-kDa subunit of replication protein A (RPA) is phosphorylated during the S phase of the cell cycle in vivo and during simian virus 40 DNA replication in vitro. To explore the functional significance of this modification, we purified a HeLa cell protein kinase that phosphorylates RPA in the presence of single-stranded DNA. By several criteria we identified the purified enzyme as a form of the DNA-activated protein kinase (DNA-PK), a previously described high molecular weight protein kinase that is capable of phosphorylating a number of nuclear DNA binding proteins. Phosphorylation of RPA by DNA-PK is stimulated by natural single-stranded DNAs but not by homopolymers lacking secondary structure. Studies with the simian virus 40 model system indicate that DNA-PK is required for DNA-replication-dependent RPA phosphorylation. Depletion of the kinase activity, however, has no effect on the extent of DNA replication in vitro. Our data support a model in which phosphorylation of RPA by DNA-PK is activated by formation of replication intermediates containing single- and double-stranded regions. This event may be involved in a signaling mechanism that coordinates DNA replication with the cell cycle.
Pair-correlation kinetics and the reversible diffusion-controlled reaction.

It has long been known that the time course of a bimolecular reaction occurring in a condensed host depends on the behavior of the nonequilibrium pair-correlation function for reactant pairs. The classical analysis of such reactions has led to a kind of standard rule: The association rate constant for a diffusion-controlled reaction is 4\ensuremath{\pi}DR and this rate constant produces the fastest possible kinetics. This result is only (approximately) true for the case of an irreversible reaction, however. Here, we reexamine this old problem, looking closely at the reversible case. We report a result that challenges the standard wisdom: When the reaction is highly reversible the relaxation of the related kinetics to equilibrium can be much faster than the model in which 4\ensuremath{\pi}DR is the association rate constant. We suggest that our work provides a natural resolution to a well-known, long-standing controversy in the study of electrically active impurities in silicon grown by the Czochralski method.
Analysis of scattering losses in photonic crystal structures using a Green's function-based approach

We present a theoretical analysis of propagation losses in photonic crystal waveguides due to fabrication imperfections. The analysis is performed using a Green's function-based technique with the layer Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method. This approach requires only the calculation of the complex mode behavior of the photonic crystal structure, from which the loss of a given mode is directly deduced. The accuracy and applicability of the method is discussed. The method will be demonstrated using two-dimensional photonic crystals with line-defect waveguides having a single fabrication defect.
Prolactin-thyroxine antagonism and the metamorphosis of visual pigments in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles.

The relationship between prolactin-thyroxine antagonism and the metamorphosis of visual pigments in larval amphibians has been investigated using bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles. Although prolactin-thyroxine antagonism is demonstrable by morphological criteria, ovine prolactin does not appear to antagonize thyroxine-induced rhodopsin synthesis. The hypothesis is offered that prolactin-thyroxine antagonism is the result of differential gene activities which are opposite in their physiological effects.
Stability and surface morphology of films obtained by a chemical vapor deposition process

Abstract A model is proposed to study the stability of a solid-gas interface under conditions of diffusive transport towards the surface. A dispersion relation is derived which relates the effects of species transport, surface diffusion, surface tension and geometrical factors with the stability of perturbations on the interface. The results indicate that two-dimensional perturbations of the surface are most critical and non-planar growth will be of a three-dimensional nature. The effects of substrate temperature and bulk phase concentration of the reacting species on the critical wavelength are also presented. Depending on the rate-limiting process and the temperature dependence of the transport parameters, the critical wavelength can either decrease or increase with increasing substrate temperature. Finally it is shown that the weakly non-linear form of the model reduces under certain conditions to either the deterministic Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation or the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation.
Molecular origin of Io's fast sodium

Neutral sodium emissions encircling Jupiter exhibit an intricate and variable structure that is well matched by a simple loss process from Io's atmosphere. These observations imply that fast neutral sodium is created locally in the Io plasma torus, both near Io and as much as 8 hours downstream. Sodium-bearing molecules may be present in Io's upper atmosphere, where they are ionized by the plasma torus and swept downstream. The molecular ions dissociate and dissociatively recombine on a short time scale, releasing neutral fragments into escape trajectories from Jupiter. This theory explains a diverse set of sodium observations, and it implies that molecular reactions (particularly electron impact ionization and dissociation) are important at the top of Io's atmosphere.
PHOTOMETRY OF PLUTO 2008–2014: EVIDENCE OF ONGOING SEASONAL VOLATILE TRANSPORT AND ACTIVITY

The New Horizons spacecraft will encounter Pluto in 2015 July. As this fast flyby will yield a picture of Pluto frozen in time, ground-based observations are key to understanding this dwarf ice planet, especially with regard to the seasonal transport of surface volatiles. This paper reports on changes in Pluto's rotational light curve as evidence for this transport. Historical observations are consistent with a stable frost pattern, but since 2002, changes began to appear in both light curves and Hubble Space Telescope maps. Our BVR observations at Table Mountain Observatory from 2008 to 2014 show evidence for sustained and continued albedo and color changes on Pluto. The B and V albedos are stable, but Pluto is becoming redder in color, particularly on its low-albedo side. This view is consistent with the transport of a bright volatile (nitrogen) with the uncovering of a substrate of red material such as photolyzed methane. As Buie et al. reported a B – V of 0.96 in 2002–2003, and our B – V was higher in 2008–2012, Pluto may have experienced a transient reddening in the 1999–2012 period. We also discovered an opposition supersurge in all three colors at very small solar phase angles (∼0.°10). Explosive geysers have been observed on Triton and Mars, the two other celestial bodies with receding polar caps. Because the physical conditions existing on Pluto are similar to those on Triton, we predict that plume deposits and possibly active plumes will be found on its surface.
LOCAL REDUCTION OF SPINDLE FIBER BIREFRINGENCE IN LIVING NEPHROTOMA SUTURALIS (LOEW) SPERMATOCYTES INDUCED BY ULTRAVIOLET MICROBEAM IRRADIATION

Irradiation of the mitotic spindle in living Nephrotoma suturalis (Loew) spermatocytes with an ultraviolet microbeam of controlled dose produced a localized area of reduced birefringence in the spindle fibers. The birefringence was reduced only at the site irradiated, and only on the spindle fibers irradiated. Areas of reduced birefringence, whether produced during metaphase or during anaphase, immediately began to move toward the pole in the direction of the chromosomal fiber, even though the associated chromosomes did not necessarily move poleward. Both the poleward and the chromosomal sides of the area of reduced birefringence on each chromosomal fiber moved poleward with about the same, constant, velocity. On the average, the areas of reduced birefringence moved poleward with about the same velocities as did the chromosomes during anaphase. The area of reduced birefringence was interpreted as a region in which most, though not necessarily all, of the previously oriented material was disoriented by the irradiation. The poleward movement of the areas of reduced birefringence indicates that the spindle fibers are not static, nonchangeable structures. The poleward movement possibly represents the manner in which the birefringent spindle fibers normally become organized. All the experiments reported were on primary spermatocytes which completed the second meiotic division subsequent to the experimentation. Since both the irradiated and the control cells completed the two meiotic divisions, the movement and irradiation effects studied in the first division were nondegenerative.
Problem Solving Videos for General Chemistry Review: Students' Perceptions and Use Patterns

We examined the use of problem solving videos (PSVs) as a substitute for general chemistry exam review sessions. We investigated student perceptions of course aspects regarding usefulness for supporting their learning of chemistry content. We also examined how students used the PSVs to further their learning. Students ranked the PSVs as more useful than other course components such as the textbook and exam review sessions. Weekly lectures, back tests, and online homework assignments were also ranked highly. A majority of our students viewed the PSVs, multiple views were common, and PSVs were mainly viewed for exam preparation. YouTube statistics corroborated this finding in that numbers of PSV views were maximal 4 days prior to and through each exam day. Students found step-by-step explanations and ability to control their own learning to be more helpful features of the PSVs. Shifting content to out-of-class video viewing frees up in-class time for tasks that promote learning at the higher levels of Bloom...
How do proteins recognize specific RNA sites? New clues from autogenously regulated ribosomal proteins.

Abstract Some ribosomal proteins which bind specifically to ribosomal RNA also act as translational repressors and recognize their encoding messenger RNAs. The messenger- and ribosomsl-RNA binding sites for four of these proteins are now well defined, and striking similarities in primary and secondary structure are apparent in most cases. These ‘consensus’ structures are useful clues to the features proteins use to recognize specific RNAs.
ETIOLOGY OF TRYPAN BLUE INDUCED ANTENATAL HYDROCEPHALUS IN THE ALBINO RAT.

Wistar strain albino rats were injected with 1 cm3 of a 1% solution of trypan blue. Three types of dye were used: Matheson, Coleman and Bell, Chroma-Gesellschaft and a highly purified sample. The dyes were injected on days 6, 7, and 8 of gestation. Fetuses were excised from days 16 through 20, fixed, decalcified where necessary, embedded in paraffin, serially sectioned and stained. Newborn young were treated similarly. Chroma-Gesellaschaft trypan blue was without reproductive or teratogenic effect at the above doses. Increasing the dose did not increase the teratogenicity but did yield a decrease in litter size. Both Matheson, Coleman and Bell trypan blue and the purified sample were teratogenic. The most frequent neural defect observed was hydrocephalus. Serial sections of the newborn hydrocephalics showed an occluded or extremely tenotic aqueduct of Sylvius in 31 of 33 sectioned animals. The fetuses collected from days 18 through 20 also had occluded or stenotic aqueducts if hydrocephalic. Aqueductal stenosis or occlusion was present in 17-day-old fetuses, but hydrocephalic was not conclusively demonstrated at this age. Sixteen-day-old fetuses did not have aqueductal occlusion in any of those examined, but stenosis was evident. It is concluded that the defect predisposing to hydrocephalus in the young of trypan blue treated rats of this strain is aqueductal stenosis or occlusion.
The millennium development goals and providers of women's health care: opportunity and action.

This article focuses on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) specifically those regarding the improvement of the lives of women and girls worldwide. It stresses that physicians and scientists remember the MDGs and how quickly the year 2015 is approaching at the XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology & Obstetrics and how many of the MDGs fall into the scope of obstetrics and gynecology.
Bone marrow examination for metastatic tumor. Aspirate and biopsy

A 6-year experience with bone marrow aspirates and biopsies (96 cases) positive for metastatic carcinoma is reviewed. Marrow examination detected secondary carcinoma in 58 cases (60%) despite negative roentgenographic and/or bone scan examinations. Breast carcinoma was the most frequent primary site. The bone marrow biopsy was superior to the aspirate in finding carcinoma (97% vs. 72%). However, in an occasional case, tumor was found only in aspirate preparations. Both procedures should be considered complementary and are recommended in the marrow evaluation of patients with carcinoma.
A Perfectly Matched Layer for Lossy Media at Extremely Low Frequencies

The perfectly matched layer (PML) has proven to be an effective means of absorbing outgoing waves for finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. This letter describes the development of a PML specifically for underwater simulations at low frequencies. This is a significant development for this project that involves simulations of electromagnetic signals for long distances under water.
Actions of the functional upstream domain of protein F1 of Streptococcus pyogenes on the conformation of fibronectin

Fibronectin (Fn), discovered by Harvard's Plasma Protein Program as plasma "cold-insoluble globulin" in the 1940s, has attracted much interest over the past three decades. One of the most interesting features of Fn is its ability to change shape in response to various environmental conditions and interactions with other substances found in the extra-cellular space. Here we examine the potential of the functional upstream domain (FUD) of Streptococcus pyogenes protein F1 to bring about changes in structure of Fn. In particular, we investigate the accessibility of Fn's 10th type III module that contains the integrin binding RGD motif. By use of monoclonal antibodies in a competitive ELISA assay, we found that FUD interacts with the amino-terminal type I modules of Fn to unveil the cell-binding region of Fn. This conformational change was achieved at sub-equimolar ratios of FUD/Fn monomer. We discuss the functional relevance of the interaction for both Fn and S. pyogenes and correlate the results with a conformational model of Fn that arose out of a collaboration between our laboratory and that of John Ferry.
Extracting functional information from microarrays: A challenge for functional genomics

The advent of the human and model organism genome project has provided an increasingly complete list of genes that code for the building blocks of life on Earth. Deciphering the functions of all these genes has proven to be no easy task. The availability of mountains of transcriptional profiling data from modern large-scale gene-expression technologies such as serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) (1), oligonucleotide arrays (2), and cDNA microarrays (3) represents a tremendous windfall for computational biologists who have largely migrated from many different fields. One article appearing in this issue of PNAS (4) introduces a novel computational approach, shortest path (SP) analysis, to assign gene functions in a transitive fashion along a correlation linkage path terminated by two known genes belonging to the same functional category. A major goal of microarray data analyses is to identify genes that interact with each other where not every player has a similar transcriptional profile.
Imaging in the Setting of Thoracolumbar Trauma: The Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Diagnose Injury to the Posterior Ligamentous Complex

There is renewed recognition of the importance of the posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) in assessing the stability of anterior column thoracolumbar injuries. The development of the thoracolumbar injury severity score and the subsequent thoracolumbar injury classification and scoring system has placed additional emphasis on accurately assessing the integrity of the PLC. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging is frequently used to assess the soft tissue structures, but current literature does not support the use of MRI findings in isolation to exclude injury. MRI should be used in concert with plan film and computed tomography findings and clinical signs and symptoms when evaluating for PLC injury.
Trisomy 13-15 in a male infant.

Summary 1. A male infant with trisomy 13–15 is described. The congenital malformations present are similar to those of previous cases, lending support to the view that they constitute a specific syndrome. 2. The present case is the first described in a male, and the first described in a non-Caucasian individual. 3. In addition to the congenital anomalies usually associated with this trisomy, others are described which have not previously been reported.
Leukemia inhibitory factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor increase activated Ras in a neuroblastoma cell line and in sympathetic neuron cultures.

: The cytokines leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) have been implicated in determination of neuronal phenotype as well as promotion of neuronal survival. However, the intracellular mechanisms by which their signals are transduced remain poorly understood. We have previously studied the regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide gene expression by LIF and CNTF in the NBFL neuroblastoma cell line. Because these cytokines induce tyrosine phosphorylation that may lead to Ras activation, we explored a possible role for Ras in LIF- and CNTF-induced signal transduction. In NBFL cells LIF increases activated Ras in a rapid, transient, and concentration-dependent manner. CNTF and a related cytokine, oncostatin M, produce similar increases. CNTF and LIF also increase activated Ras in neuron-enriched dissociated cultures of sympathetic ganglia. Moreover, these cytokines rapidly and transiently induce specific tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, p165 and p195. The protein kinase inhibitors K252a and staurosporine block LIF-induced increases in tyrosine phosphorylation, activated Ras, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mRNA in NBFL cells. These data support a possible role for Ras in the cell differentiation effects of LIF and CNTF.
An architecture for storage-hosted application extensions

The very rapid growth of data-intensive computing makes it attractive to perform computations locally, where data is stored. Large storage systems based on standard system technologies with server virtualization capabilities make it feasible to deploy application-specific processing onto the storage system, without jeopardizing the availability of the core storage service or degrading performance. Moreover, price and capacity differences between mainframes and these storage systems make this deployment attractive. We describe the design of a prototype system by which the IBM DS8000™ storage system can host application extensions, called adjuncts, that improve the operation of IBM z/OS® (mainframe) applications. These extensions process large amounts of data in operations such as searching, sorting, and indexing so that the host application need not even access most of the data. The benefits of application extensions result from applying system resources more efficiently. Application processing at the storage system magnifies the total throughput that can be achieved by the host application. Furthermore, by avoiding the transmission of large volumes of data through multiple hardware and software layers, processing often takes a shorter time at a lower cost.
MULTICULTURALISM AND UNICULTURALISM: A PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW

(1985). MULTICULTURALISM AND UNICULTURALISM: A PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW. American Review of Canadian Studies: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 205-212.
Resonance apparatus for damping measurements

The resonance apparatus was developed to characterize the damping properties of materials. The apparatus has been used extensively to determine Young’s modulus and loss factor of polymers in the kHz frequency range over a temperature range of -60 °C to 70 °C. However, very little work has been done in using the apparatus to characterize metallic materials. To demonstrate the limits of the instrument, measurements were made on a high damping material, an epoxy polymer, and a low damping material, aluminum. The loss factor for the epoxy polymer is 2.4, which is the highest value measured in this apparatus. The loss factor for the aluminum is 0.003, which is the lowest value measured in this apparatus. Based on the aluminum results, the accuracy and precision were found to be 2 pct for Young’s modulus. However, the accuracy and precision for loss factor were not as good as for the modulus.
High performance liquid chromatography of glycoconjugates

Stationary phases were prepared for the analytical and micropreparative high performance affinity chromatography of carbohydrates and glycoproteins by covalent attachment of lectins and certain biogenic amines to the surface of microparticulate, macroporous diol-silica. Columns packed with immobilized concanavalin A or wheat germ agglutinin afforded rapid separation of both glycoproteins and low molecular weight carbohydrates. The combined use of the two lectins in a mixed bed column or in two columns in series by sequential elution with the appropriate haptenic sugars facilitated the separation of mixtures having a broad range of complex carbohydrates. Chromatographic experiments for the study of the interaction of certain biogenic amines with immobilized glycoproteins used as the stationary phase led to the development of siliceous bonded phases with serotonin, tryptamine or phenylpropanolamine ligates. The sorbents thus obtained were mildly hydrophobic and cationic in contact with eluents of pH 8 or less. They were used for the separation of various carbohydrates; in addition they also proved effective for the separation of protein mixtures under conditions similar to those customarily employed in electrostatic or hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
You Do Not Talk about Fight Club if You Do Not Notice Fight Club: Inattentional Blindness for a Simulated Real-World Assault

Inattentional blindness—the failure to see visible and otherwise salient events when one is paying attention to something else—has been proposed as an explanation for various real-world events. In one such event, a Boston police officer chasing a suspect ran past a brutal assault and was prosecuted for perjury when he claimed not to have seen it. However, there have been no experimental studies of inattentional blindness in real-world conditions. We simulated the Boston incident by having subjects run after a confederate along a route near which three other confederates staged a fight. At night only 35% of subjects noticed the fight; during the day 56% noticed. We manipulated the attentional load on the subjects and found that increasing the load significantly decreased noticing. These results provide evidence that inattentional blindness can occur during real-world situations, including the Boston case.
Printed circuit antennas with integrated FET detectors for millimeter-wave quasi optics

Planar twin dipole microstrip antennas with integrated FET detectors which provide antenna patterns suitable for millimeter-wave quasioptical applications are discussed. The circuits are suitable for use as individual elements of an imaging array. A 63-GHz heterodyne mixer using such a circuit produced a system noise temperature of 7900 K. >
The myth of old money liberalism: the politics of the Forbes 400 richest Americans

According to the conventional view, old money is more liberal than new money. Although widely shared, this thesis of old money liberalism has never been demonstrated empirically. In this paper, I discuss the origins and elaboration of this thesis within the social science literature. I then present evidence to refute the thesis from a study of the politics of the Forbes 400 richest Americans and several similar samples of wealthy persons drawn from earlier decades. The results of this study show that old money is, if anything, more uniformly conservative than new money. The paper also reviews the explanations commonly given for the reputed liberalism of old money and argues that the acceptance of the thesis is based less on the persuasiveness of these arguments than upon longstanding beliefs about old and new wealth that are invoked by the theory. In the conclusion, I sketch an alternative theory of the political differences between old and new money that is more consistent with the empirical evidence.
Psychophysiological variables in cigarette smoking and reinforcing effects of nicotine

Abstract Studies of psychophysiological changes associated with cigarette smoking are reviewed. These changes are in the direction of increased metabolic activation and appear to be mediated by nicotine. The proposal is made that smoking behavior may be maintained by reinforcing effects of general autonomic activation following smoking. The importance of identification of those who smoke for physiological vs social factors is discussed in relation to the development of effective programs to treat smoking behavior.
Complete Genome of Bacillus pumilus Siphophage Glittering.

ABSTRACT Bacillus pumilus is a Gram-positive bacterium widely used in agriculture both as an antifungal and as a growth-promoting symbiont. B. pumilus is rarely infectious but has recently been shown to infect humans. Here, we present the complete genome of B. pumilus phage Glittering, a potential biocontrol agent for B. pumilus.
Mechanisms of desiccation tolerance in cyanobacteria

Drying of cells leads to damage resulting from crowding of cytoplasmic components, condensation of the nucleoid, increases in the Tm of membrane phase transitions, and imposition of stress upon cell walls. Prolonged desiccation leads to oxidation of proteins, DNA and membrane components through metal-dependent Fenton reactions, while Maillard reactions generate cross-linked products between the carbonyl groups of reducing sugars and the primary amines of nucleic acids and proteins. Although such damage restricts many organisms to aqueous environments, some, including many cyanobacteria, can tolerate the air-dried state for prolonged periods. Cyanobacteria in the Tintenstrich communities of exposed rock faces, Microcoleus and Lyngbya spp. in intertidal mats, chasmoendolithic Chroococcidiopsis spp. in the rocks of hot and cold deserts, and terrestrial epilithic crusts of Tolypothrix and Nostoc are examples that show a marked capacity to withstand the removal of their cellular water. For Nostoc commune, the ...
Application of data assimilation in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model to the study of day‐to‐day variability in the middle and upper atmosphere

[1] The Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF) is employed to perform data assimilation in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). To demonstrate the potential of the WACCM+DART for studying short-term variability in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT), results are presented based on the assimilation of synthetic observations that are sampled from a known model truth. We assimilate temperature and wind from radiosondes and aircraft, satellite drift winds, and COSMIC refractivity in the lower atmosphere, and SABER temperature observations in the middle/upper atmosphere. Relative to an unconstrained WACCM simulation, the assimilation of only lower atmosphere observations reduces the global root mean square error (RMSE) in zonal wind by up to 40% at MLT altitudes. Using data assimilation to constrain the lower atmosphere can therefore provide significant insight into MLT variability. The RMSE in the MLT is reduced by an additional 10–15% when SABER observations are also assimilated. The WACCM+DART is shown to be able to reproduce the large-scale features of the day-to-day variability in the zonal mean, migrating, and nonmigrating tides in the MLT. Though our simulation results are based on idealized conditions, they demonstrate that the WACCM+DART can reproduce the day-to-day variability in the MLT. Assimilation of real observations in the WACCM+DART will therefore enable significant insight into the real day-to-day dynamical variability from the surface to the lower thermosphere.
Technology and interconnect simulation for high-speed multi-chip modules

High-performance systems utilizing ASICs must consider the ASIC interconnection impact on speed and signal quality. ASIC-to-ASIC interconnection is often the limiting factor. A systematic, modular approach to SPICE modeling and simulation is described. It incorporates off-chip drivers, pads, bonding, packaging and inter-ASIC interconnects. Emphasis is placed on device approximations in order to reduce circuit simulation time. >
An improved version of the rate equation for molecular diffusion in a dispersed phase

A frequency domain analysis of reversible molecular diffusion in a granule or relatively stagnant drop of fluid reveals that for the larger values of time the rate equation reduces to Compared with an earlier time domain result the rate predicted is 15/π2 = 1.516 greater and this has been confirmed by results of experiment. An analysis of time constants shows that the dimensionless group relation defines mathematically that which is meant by the larger value of time limitation.
A quadrature LO generator using bidirectionally-coupled oscillators for 60-GHz applications

A technique for generating multiphase reference signals at mm-wave frequencies using coupled oscillators is proposed. Bidirectional coupling is introduced to solve two major issues in conventional multiphase coupled LC oscillators, namely phase noise degradation due to off-resonance operation and ambiguity in the output frequency. A quadrature frequency doubling topology using bidirectionally-coupled oscillators is also presented. An experimental prototype integrated in 90-nm CMOS provides output phases in increments of 45° and achieves a phase noise of −101 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset from a 19.6-GHz carrier. The quadrature 40-GHz signal generated on chip drives a single-sideband transmitter that achieves a sideband suppression of better than 45 dB.
Bladder cancer chemotherapy studies supported by the National Bladder Cancer Project

The collaborative group chemotherapy studies of the National Bladder Cancer Project are summarized with regard to intravesical and systemic agents. The necessity for longitudinal observations and data collection in all cases of bladder cancer, and not just those receiving chemotherapy, is also stressed.
Lower incidence of hypertensive complications during pregnancy in patients treated with low-dose aspirin during in vitro fertilization and early pregnancy

BACKGROUND: The use of aspirin during in vitro fertilization (IVF) has been investigated for its effect on pregnancy rates after IVF. In most of these studies, aspirin administration was then prolonged throughout the first trimester of pregnancy. By inhibiting vasoconstriction, the use of low-dose aspirin in the first trimester could influence placentation and therefore prevent or delay development of hypertensive pregnancy complications, such as pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and pre-eclampsia (PE). METHODS: This study involved the follow-up by questionnaires and hospital records of patients with an ongoing pregnancy in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on the effect of low-dose aspirin during IVF. Aspirin treatment was continued throughout the first trimester of pregnancy. The primary end-point of this follow-up study was the incidence of pregnancy complications. The original trial is registered with the Dutch Trial Register and as an International Standard Randomized Clinical Trial, No. ISRNCTM97507474. RESULTS: There were 54 patients who had ongoing pregnancies in the original trial; 90.7% returned the questionnaire and all Dutch hospital records were retrieved. A significant difference was found in the incidence of hypertensive pregnancy complications: 3.6% in the aspirin group and 26.9% in the placebo group (P < 0.05), resulting in numbers-needed-to-treat (NNT) of 10.3 to prevent hypertensive complications in one pregnancy after IVF treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of hypertensive complications was significantly lower in the group of women treated with low-dose aspirin throughout IVF treatment and first trimester of pregnancy. These results suggest a potential benefit of low-dose aspirin during IVF and first trimester to prevent hypertensive pregnancy complications. The findings justify further investigation in placebo-controlled randomized trials.
A framework for end-to-end verification and evaluation of register allocators

This paper presents a framework for designing, verifying, and evaluating register allocation algorithms. The proposed framework has three main components. The first component is MIRA, a language for describing programs prior to register allocation. The second component is FORD, a language that describes the results produced by the register allocator. The third component is a type checker for the output of a register allocator which helps to find bugs. To illustrate the effectiveness of the framework, we present RALF, a tool that allows a register allocator to be integrated into the gcc compiler for the StrongARM architecture. RALF simplifies the development of register allocators by sheltering the programmer from the internal complexity of gcc. MIRA and FORD's features are sufficient to implement most of the register allocators currently in use and are independent of any particular register allocation algorithm or compiler. To demonstrate the generality of our framework, we have used RALF to evaluate eight different register allocators, including iterated register coalescing, linear scan, a chordal based allocator, and two integer linear programming approaches.
They CAN and They SHOULD: Undergraduates Providing Peer Reference and Instruction

Peer learning dynamics have proven powerful in collegiate contexts. These dynamics should be leveraged at the undergraduate level in academic libraries for reference provision and basic information literacy instruction. Drawing on the literature of peer learning, documented examples of peer reference and instruction in academic libraries, and preliminary evidence from current practice at California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, this article provides support from the pedagogical standpoint that undergraduates not only can provide peer reference and instruction, but should . The relevance to other institutions and additional assessment methods for establishing the efficacy of peer instruction are also discussed.
Front-face fluorescence spectroscopy of hemoglobins.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the front-face fluorescence spectroscopy of hemoglobins (Hb). The intrinsic fluorescence of proteins provides a powerful spectroscopic tool to learn about dynamic protein structure. The correlation of site-specific conformational changes, as detected by spectroscopy, with the known crystal structure provides a more complete understanding of protein structural behavior. Because crystal intermolecular contacts may place a constraint on attaining the dynamic conformational states in solution, high-resolution, site-specific spectroscopy provides critical insights into protein conformation in its reactive milieu. Front-face fluorometry also has considerable applicability to the study of other macromolecules and cell organelles that have intense absorption as well as light scatter. Specific clinical applications of front-face fluorometry are well proven as highly sensitive assay. This chapter concludes that the intrinsic fluorescence of Hb is useful as a probe to assay dynamic, site-specific conformational changes in normal and mutant Hb.
Effects of consuming a diet high in fat and/or sugar on the locomotor effects of acute and repeated cocaine in male and female C57BL/6J mice

Drug abuse and obesity are serious public health problems. Dopamine plays a central role in mediating the reinforcing effects of drugs and food. Prolonged use of drugs is known to alter the function and/or sensitivity of many neurotransmitter systems, including dopamine; however, the impact of consuming foods high in fat and/or sugar is less clear. These studies characterized the locomotor effects of acute and repeated cocaine in male and female C57BL/6J mice consuming 1 of 4 diets: (a) standard chow + water; (b) standard chow + 10% sucrose solution; (c) high-fat chow + water; or (d) high-fat chow + 10% sucrose solution. The acute locomotor effects of cocaine (3.2-32.0 mg/kg) were evaluated 4 weeks after initiating dietary conditions; the effects of repeated cocaine administration were evaluated after 5, 6, 7, and 12 weeks. During acute tests, mice consuming a diet high in fat and/or sucrose exhibited greater locomotor responses to cocaine than mice consuming standard chow and water, regardless of sex. Although diet-induced enhancements persisted across repeated cocaine testing, locomotor sensitization developed more rapidly in females drinking sucrose (and consuming either standard or high-fat chow) than in females consuming standard chow and water. In addition to providing evidence that consuming a diet high in fat and/or sugar enhances abuse-related effects of cocaine in ways that might increase vulnerability to abuse cocaine, these studies identified a potentially important sex-related difference in the interaction between nutrition and cocaine effects, with the impacts of sucrose consumption being greater in females than in males.
Extreme decay of meteoric beryllium-10 as a proxy for persistent aridity

The modern Antarctic Dry Valleys are locked in a hyper-arid, polar climate that enables the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) to remain stable, frozen to underlying bedrock. The duration of these dry, cold conditions is a critical prerequisite when modeling the long-term mass balance of the EAIS during past warm climates and is best examined using terrestrial paleoclimatic proxies. Unfortunately, deposits containing such proxies are extremely rare and often difficult to date. Here, we apply a unique dating approach to tundra deposits using concentrations of meteoric beryllium-10 ((10)Be) adhered to paleolake sediments from the Friis Hills, central Dry Valleys. We show that lake sediments were emplaced between 14-17.5 My and have remained untouched by meteoric waters since that time. Our results support the notion that the onset of Dry Valleys aridification occurred ~14 My, precluding the possibility of EAIS collapse during Pliocene warming events. Lake fossils indicate that >14 My ago the Dry Valleys hosted a moist tundra that flourished in elevated atmospheric CO2 (>400 ppm). Thus, Dry Valleys tundra deposits record regional climatic transitions that affect EAIS mass balance, and, in a global paleoclimatic context, these deposits demonstrate how warming induced by 400 ppm CO2 manifests at high latitudes.
A kinetic flow technic for study of immune hemolysis.

SummaryA method for the kinetic analysis of the formation and disappearance of intermediates in immune hemolysis has been described. The interpretation of results obtained with it has been discussed, and certain applications indicated.
Catalyst Inefficiencies: Supported Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization Catalyst Yields Its Ensemble Rate from a Small Number of Molecular Active Sites

A supported ruthenium metathesis catalyst misleadingly appears efficient on the basis of ensemble rate data. Nonaveraged single-particle microscopy studies described herein reveal a significant interparticle and intraparticle reactivity heterogeneity and a potential of increasing catalytic efficiency. These SEM, EDS, and optical microscopy studies of ring-opening metathesis polymerization establish a mechanism for this spatial distribution in which most of the molecular ruthenium centers are catalytically inactive. Further, the morphology of the growing polynorbornene arises from its synthesis at individual catalytically active regions. These results suggest an expanded role for single-particle microscopy in detecting spatial reactivity heterogeneity and mechanisms of polymer morphology formation, even in such “large” systems of ∼1015 immobilized molecular complexes, and in employing this detected heterogeneity to identify and implement specific methods for improving catalysts.
Free energy barriers to evaporation of water in hydrophobic confinement.

We use umbrella sampling Monte Carlo and forward and reverse forward flux sampling (FFS) simulation techniques to compute the free energy barriers to evaporation of water confined between two hydrophobic surfaces separated by nanoscopic gaps, as a function of the gap width, at 1 bar and 298 K. The evaporation mechanism for small (1 × 1 nm2) surfaces is found to be fundamentally different from that for large (3 × 3 nm2) surfaces. In the latter case, the evaporation proceeds via the formation of a gap-spanning tubular cavity. The 1 × 1 nm2 surfaces, in contrast, are too small to accommodate a stable vapor cavity. Accordingly, the associated free energy barriers correspond to the formation of a critical-sized cavity for sufficiently large confining surfaces, and to complete emptying of the gap region for small confining surfaces. The free energy barriers to evaporation were found to be of O(20kT) for 14 A gaps, and to increase by approximately ∼5kT with every 1 A increase in the gap width. The entropy contri...
Analysis of monitoring results of lead and cadmium in 5 kinds of food in Jiangxi province in 2013

Objective To provide scientific basis for assessing food safety,developing food safety standards and taking appropriate control measures through understanding the current contamination status of lead and cadmium in food in Jiangxi province.Methods Sampling and detection of food were carried out according to"Jiangxi provincial program for food safety risk monitoring". Results The concentrations of lead and cadmium were detected in 1 216 food samples of 5 categories. The detection rate of lead was 81. 3%,it was more than 96% in dried edible fungus and infant formula food,and two nuts samples were over the limit standard. While the detection rate of cadmium was 45. 7%,it was more than 95% in dried edible fungus and crab,and 18 crabs samples were over the limit standard. Conclusion The contamination of lead and cadmium is ubiquitous in food,and varied a lot in different types of foods,needing specific measures. Due to the absence of limit standard for heavy metals such as cadmium in many kinds of foods,it was suggested to increase more food safety monitoring projects covering more food categories and test items to provide available data for formulation and revision of national standards. Pollutant limits of edible fungus and its relevant products,as well as crustacean aquatic products(crabs) were not intuitive in GB2762-2012,difficult to judge the pollution level,so it is urgent to revise the standard.
Cocaine and Pregnancy: Clinical and Methodologie Issues

As cocaine has become the drug of choice for thousands of Americans, its impact on perinatal health has crossed all socioeconomic and racial lines. Prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, and fetal disruption syndromes have resulted in a need for new and innovative methodologies for interventions in pregnancies complicated by cocaine and other drug use.
Deadlock-free local fast failover for arbitrary data center networks

Today, given data center networks' sizes and bursty workloads, it is likely that at any moment there is packet loss due to some type of failure in the network. This paper focuses on solving the two most common types of data center network failures: congestion and routing failures. Recently, there has been demand for lossless Ethernet (DCB) in data center networks as a solution to congestion failures. However, DCB complicates fault tolerance by introducing a new type of failure, deadlock. If DCB is enabled, then all routing must be deadlock free. To the best of our knowledge, this paper describes the first ever deadlock-free approaches to local fast failover that can be combined with DCB, DF-FI and DF-EDST resilience. Moreover, in the evaluation, this paper shows that DF-EDST resilience, which is the paper's main contribution, can improve fault tolerance without adversely impacting performance when compared to a state-of-the-art approach to deadlock-free routing. If, however, a small reduction in aggregate throughput is acceptable, then it is possible to build routes such that only 0.00001% of the total flows in the network are likely to fail given 16 edge failures on networks with 1K-4K hosts.
AltitudeOmics: Red Blood Cell Metabolic Adaptation to High Altitude Hypoxia

Red blood cells (RBCs) are key players in systemic oxygen transport. RBCs respond to in vitro hypoxia through the so-called oxygen-dependent metabolic regulation, which involves the competitive binding of deoxyhemoglobin and glycolytic enzymes to the N-terminal cytosolic domain of band 3. This mechanism promotes the accumulation of 2,3-DPG, stabilizing the deoxygenated state of hemoglobin, and cytosol acidification, triggering oxygen off-loading through the Bohr effect. Despite in vitro studies, in vivo adaptations to hypoxia have not yet been completely elucidated. Within the framework of the AltitudeOmics study, erythrocytes were collected from 21 healthy volunteers at sea level, after exposure to high altitude (5260 m) for 1, 7, and 16 days, and following reascent after 7 days at 1525 m. UHPLC–MS metabolomics results were correlated to physiological and athletic performance parameters. Immediate metabolic adaptations were noted as early as a few hours from ascending to >5000 m, and maintained for 16 da...