cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of Dry Cured Ham Process for Control of Pathogens

ABSTRACT: The dry curing process for hams to control Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated. Fresh hams, surface inoculated with each microorganism, were processed by a commercial style process. There was no significant (p < 0.05) difference in reduction of microbial populations between ham sampling locations (cushion, butt, hock). Interaction of salt concentration (8%), pH (5.5), ham storage temperature (20 °C), and ham aw (0.92) limited staphylococcal proliferation. Mean log reduction of Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes populations on inoculated hams after 69 d of curing were 5.5, 5.5, and 4.0 CFU/cm2, respectively and after 120 d were 5.7, 5.5, and 4.8 CFU/cm2, respectively. Keywords: dry cured ham, Salmonella, Esherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus
Another look at coffee drinking and cancer of the urinary bladder.

Abstract A relationship between coffee drinking and bladder cancer reported by Cole has been partially confirmed using data on patients admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute between 1957 and 1966. The effect was found in men but not for women. The respective risks for persons drinking one or more cups of coffee daily were 1.46 for men and 0.80 for women relative to nondrinkers. The relationship remains after adjusting for cigarette smoking. Further analysis to explore the specificity of the relationship suggested that the minority who did not drink coffee were exceptional in other ways. This suggests that the relationship is probably nonspecific.
Analysis of curing of a sustained release coating formulation by application of NIR spectroscopy to monitor changes associated with glyceryl monostearate

AbstractFor controlled release, latex or pseudolatex coatings to function as designed, it must be cured at temperatures at or slightly above the polymer's glass transition temperature. The focus of this study is to develop an understanding of the curing process and to develop near infrared spectroscopy as a tool for monitoring curing. Differential scanning calorimetry studies were used to determine how the thermal properties of glyceryl monostearate (GMS) and its polymorphic forms relate to the extent of Eudragit® polymer coat curing at different curing temperatures. The different GMS melting endotherms were used to monitor the extent of curing and as references for model development. The calculated melting peak areas for the GMS were plotted versus time and found to be dependent on time and temperature used for curing. Principal component analysis and parallel factor analysis were used to investigate the effect of curing on the films and showed that spectral changes could be could be directly related to ...
A simple data grid using the Inferno operating system

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the efficacy of using the Inferno operating system to set up a simple data grid.Design/methodology/approach – The paper demonstrates the set up and concepts of a simple data grid using the Inferno operating system.Findings – The research finds that a secure but simple data grid can be set up to access documents wherever they may be.Practical implications – The data grid makes it very simple to move files from machines as if the user was using one virtual machine.Originality/value – There is no need to use complex systems to set up a data grid, it can be done easily without much overhead.
On virtual work and stress in granular media

Abstract A granular medium can be treated as an equivalent continuum. Appropriate representative stresses can be derived from the virtual work principle. However, the expression of virtual work is not unique and therefore may lead to different results of stress expressions in terms of discrete quantities—contact forces, contact moments, and branch vectors. In this paper, we introduced a generalized expression of virtual work that includes the restriction of boundary conditions. To show the advantages of the current expression, the virtual work expression is applied to derive expressions for stress, couple stress, a higher-order stress, and the stress moment. A distinction is made between the average stress within a granular volume and the representative stress that is conjugate with the representative strain of the volume. The current work is compared with that of [International Journal of Solids and Structures 38 (2) (2001) 353–367], and the current stress expressions are shown to satisfy three essential conditions of a stress measure.
The Incentive Structures of Co-operative Retail Buying Groups:

The paper analyses aspects of the incentive structures of a co-operative organizational form called a retail buying group. It is suggested that the incentive structure which is devised or which emerges to ensure member loyalty and commitment will influence group development in terms of the scope of activities undertaken, membership size and feasibility of maintaining a co-operative structure. Two aspects of the incentive structure, the rule for sharing co-operative surplus and decisions about the level of collective savings are viewed as major factors shaping group outcomes.
Emptying of viscoelastic liquids from model gravure cells

Abstract The influence of viscoelasticity on the emptying of liquids from model gravure cells is studied via numerical simulations. The simulations use a finite-element/front-tracking method, and viscoelastic effects are described with the FENE-P model. Two different model configurations featuring moving contact lines are considered. In the first, there is a free surface and an outlet boundary, and the liquid is driven out of a cavity by a combination of horizontal substrate motion and an imposed pressure gradient. In the second, there are two free surfaces, and the liquid is driven out of the cavity through both horizontal and vertical substrate motion. For the first configuration, it is found that viscoelasticity aids cavity emptying through gradients in the first normal stress difference that are generated by the relative motion of the substrate and cavity. For the second configuration, vertical substrate motion promotes cavity emptying, with the effect enhanced when viscoelasticity is present.
Unexpected diversity displayed in cDNAs expressed by the immune cells of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

We recently identified a unique family of transcripts, the 185/333 family, that comprise ∼60% of the mRNAs induced by coelomocytes from the purple sea urchin in response to immunological challenge ...
Scattering of Electrons in Helium

THE energetic relations in collisions between electrons and gas molecules have been made the study of a very large group of workers, all of whose results show the essentially unmechanical nature of the processes involved. Our picture of the nature of such a collision must remain incomplete, however, until the angular relationships of the electron and molecular paths are also known.
Selegiline effects on cocaine-induced changes in medial temporal lobe metabolism and subjective ratings of euphoria

To test the effect of selegiline, a specific monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor, on the cerebral metabolic and euphorigenic effects of cocaine in experienced users, eight cocaine-dependent (CD) subjects were evaluated using a within-subjects design. Each subject participated in two pairs of [F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) scans (baseline scan followed 24 h later by a second scan obtained in conjunction with a 40-mg cocaine infusion) performed before and after a 1-week period of daily treatment with 10 mg selegiline administered orally. The hippocampus and amygdala were evaluated because of their hypothesized involvement in the addiction process, and the thalamus was evaluated as a comparison region. Following 7 days of selegiline treatment, the magnitude of the subjective euphoria (“high”) produced by cocaine infusion was reduced by 40% (cocaine by selegiline interaction F = 7.15, df = 1,21, p = .014) . Selegiline treatment also altered glucose utilization (normalized against whole brain counts) in the two limbic regions, but not the thalamus. In the amygdala, the effects of cocaine differed, depending upon whether or not patients were being treated with selegiline (cocaine by selegiline interaction F = 4.67, df = 1,19.8, p = .043) . A different effect was observed in the hippocampus, where selegiline treatment decreased metabolic activity irrespective of whether cocaine was given (main effect F = 7.70, df = 1,20, p = .012) . The concomitant changes in both the subjective experience of the “high” and normalized amygdala glucose utilization after selegiline treatment, suggest that a relationship exists between cocaine-induced euphoria and limbic metabolism. The data suggest that selegiline may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of cocaine dependence.
Quantitative liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry warfarin assay for in vitro cytochrome P450 studies.

A sensitive assay using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has been established for the quantitative analysis of cytochrome P450 form-specific activities using warfarin as a probe substrate. Four metabolites, 6-, 7-, 8-, and 10-hydroxywarfarin, were chromatographically resolved within 10 min using gradient mobile phases. The mass spectrometry was operated under negative ionization mode. The MS/MS product ion spectra of warfarin and the metabolites were generated using collision-activated dissociation and interpreted. The abundant product ions of the metabolites were selected for quantification applying multiple reaction monitoring. Quantification was based on a quadratic or power curve of the peak area ratio of the metabolite over the internal standard against the respective concentration of the metabolite. This assay has been validated from 2 to 1000 nM for 10-hydroxywarfarin and from 2 to 5000 nM for 6-, 7-, and 8-hydroxywarfarin and successfully applied to evaluate cytochrome P450-mediated drug-drug interactions in vitro using human hepatocytes and liver microsomal preparations.
Iue observations of Neptune for H Lyman‐α emission

Neptune has been observed on seven occasions with the International Ultraviolet Explorer Observatory (IUE, Boggess et al. 1978) in an attempt to detect planetary H Ly-α line emission. The observing technique is the same as previously employed in IUE observations of Uranus, described in detail by Clarke et al. (1986), and consists of spatial separation of the planetary emission from background geo-coronal and interplanetary H Ly-α emissions within the spectrograph aperture. No emission has been detected from Neptune in any of the observations, with 1 σ upper limits to the planet-averaged surface brightness as low as 180 Rayleighs. Despite poorer sensitivity in observing Neptune from Earth orbit compared to the other planets, the intrinsic brightness is significantly less than the 400-1500 R that would be expected from scaling arguments. This upper limit does not rule out scattered solar H Ly-α emission from a Jupiter-like atmosphere, and it does not rule out auroral emission from an active magnetosphere. The main significance is for the efficiency of the electroglow process on Neptune, and Neptune is significantly less efficient at producing bright aurora and/or electroglow than Uranus. This may further indicate that Neptune has a lower upper atmospheric temperature than Uranus.
Developing expert medical teams: toward an evidence-based approach

Current health care literature cites communication breakdown and teamwork failures as primary threats to patient safety. The unique, dynamic environment of the emergency department (ED) and the complexity of patient care necessitate the development of strong interdisciplinary team skills among emergency personnel. As part of the 2008 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference on "The Science of Simulation in Healthcare," our workshop group identified key theory and evidence-based recommendations for the design and implementation of team training programs. The authors then conducted an extensive review of the team training literature within the domains of organizational psychology, aviation, military, management, and health care. This review, in combination with the workshop session, formed the basis for recommendations and need for further research in six key areas: 1) developing and refining core competencies for emergency medicine (EM) teams; 2) leadership training for emergency physicians (EPs); 3) conducting comprehensive needs analyses at the organizational, personnel, and task levels; 4) development of training platforms to maximize knowledge transfer; 5) debriefing and provision of feedback; and 6) proper implementation of simulation technology. The authors believe that these six areas should form an EM team training research platform to advance the EM literature, while leveraging the unique team structures present in EM to expand team training theory and research.
State Control of Unsolicited E-mail: State of Washington v. Heckel

Abstract One of the most frequent complaints from Internet users concerns the endless flood of unwanted e-mail, also known as spam. These unsolicited messages attempt to sell everything from get-rich pyramid schemes to stop-smoking seminars, from Viagra to chain letters to hair- loss treatments. No Internet user is immune from this constant barrage of unsolicited e-mail. In the world of spamming, no claim is too preposterous and no promise is too fantastic.1
Microstructure, morphology, and failure modes of polymer-modified asphalts

The effects of polymer modification on microstructure, morphology, and failure modes of asphalt binders and their concretes were investigated using various test methodologies that have been newly developed or modified. Results from the good and bad samples (i.e., a new Marshall concrete specimen and an aged road core, flexible pavement that showed signs of stripping, respectively) confirmed the reliability and applicability of the test methods. Two different viscosity-graded asphalt binders, AC-5 and AC-10, with two types of network thermoplastics, styrene-butadiene-styrene and styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers, were studied for void morphology, binder phase morphology, statistical void image analysis, and failure modes as a function of polymer concentration and test temperature. One of the most striking results is that a highly entangled fibrillar network structure has been observed from both straight and polymer-modified asphalt binders after an electron beam etching. It was also obser...
Protection from Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Memantine

This study investigates whether the uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist, memantine, is able to protect dissociated cortical neurons from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity (GIE). Treatment with glutamate resulted in a significant loss of synchronization of neuronal activity as well as a significant increase in the duration of synchronized bursting events (SBEs). By administering memantine at the same time as glutamate, we were able to completely prevent these changes to the neuronal activity. Pretreatment with memantine was somewhat effective in preventing changes to the culture synchronization but was unable to fully protect the synchronization of electrical activity between neurons that showed high levels of synchronization prior to injury. Additionally, memantine pretreatment was unable to prevent the increase in the duration of SBEs caused by GIE. Thus, the timing of memantine treatment is important for conferring neuroprotection against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Finally, we found that GIE leads to a significant increase in the burst duration. Our data suggest that this may be due to an alteration in the inhibitory function of the neurons.
Infants’ Instrumental Social Interaction with Adults

The role of social interaction in guiding children’s development is receiving increasing attention as an explanation for children’s rapid learning (Azmitia, 1988; Newman, Griffin, & Cole, 1989; Rogoff, 1986, 1990; Valsiner, 1987; Vygotsky, 1978; Wertsch, 1979). This increasing emphasis on the facilitating role of adults and peers helps to place child development in context, rather than focusing on individual children as if they develop in a vacuum, uninfluenced by the people around them and by the social and technological inventions they learn to employ.
Confirmation and extension of the validity of the Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 (MSWS-12).

Abstract Objective The Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 (MSWS-12) is a 12-item patient-rated measure of the impact of MS on walking. As validation of scores from a measure is an ongoing and evolving process, the provision of additional evidence is warranted that confirms and extends the validity of inferences from scores on the MSWS-12. Method Participants (N = 133) were recruited through support group meetings of the Greater Illinois and Indiana State Chapters of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, and wore an accelerometer for a seven-day period and completed the MSWS-12 and other outcome measures. Results Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a single-factor model provided an adequate fit for MSWS-12 scores. MSWS-12 scores demonstrated strong evidence of internal consistency. The correlations between MSWS-12 scores with scores from other scales, including an accelerometer, were consistent with our a priori hypotheses. Conclusion We provide evidence that both confirms and extends the validity of inferences from scores of the MSWS-12 as a measure of the impact of MS on walking in a community-based sample of individuals with MS.
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-like activity of Solanum malacoxylon extract on calcium transport

CATTLE grazing the South American egg plant, Solanum malacoxylon, develop hypercalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia resulting in severe calcinosis1. The active principle in the plant stimulates intestinal calcium transport2–4 and bone mineral resorption2,4 in laboratory animals. It resembles vitamin D except that it is water soluble1,5 and exerts its initial action and declines in activity more rapidly2. Recent work6 suggests that the factor closely resembles 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-D3), a metabolite of vitamin D3 formed in the kidney7, in that it overcomes the inhibition by dietary strontium8 of vitamin D3-induction of the intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) and, concomitantly, calcium absorption9.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Rhenium−Tin Complexes with μ2-η3-Bridging CO2 Ligands

The synthesis and characterization of CO2-bridged rhenium−tin complexes, Cp*Re(CO)(NO)(CO2)M (2, M = Sn(Cl)Me2; 6, M = Sn[(O2C)Re(NO)(CO)Cp*]Me2) are described; both compounds have been structurally characterized and exhibit different binding modes of the CO2 ligands as well as different coordination numbers for the tin atoms. Comparisons of the DRIFTS data on 2 with analogs involving two transition metals show similar dependence of the νasym band position of the CO2 ligand on the coordination geometry at the metal center which binds the carboxyl oxygens.
High-performance GaN and AlxGa1-xN ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes grown by MOCVD on bulk III-N substrates

Wide-bandgap GaN-based avalanche photodetectors (APDs) are important for photodetectors operating in UV spectral region. For the growth of GaN-based heteroepitaxial layers on lattice-mismatched substrates such as sapphire and SiC, a high density of defects is introduced, thereby causing device failure by premature microplasma breakdown before the electric field reaches the level of the bulk avalanche breakdown field, which has hampered the development of III-nitride based APDs. In this study, we investigate the growth and characterization of GaN and AlGaN-based APDs on bulk GaN and AlN substrates. Epitaxial layers of GaN and AlxGa1-xN p-i-n ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Improved crystalline and structural quality of epitaxial layers was achieved by employing optimum growth parameters on low-dislocation-density bulk substrates in order to minimize the defect density in epitaxially grown materials. GaN and AlGaN APDs were fabricated into 30μm- and 50μm-diameter circular mesas and the electrical and optoelectronic characteristics were measured. APD epitaxial structure and device design, material growth optimization, material characterizations, device fabrication, and device performance characteristics are reported.
Oxidative modification of cytochrome c by singlet oxygen

Singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) is a reactive oxygen species that may be generated in biological systems. Photodynamic therapy generates (1)O(2) by photoexcitation of sensitizers resulting in intracellular oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis. (1)O(2) oxidizes amino acid side chains of proteins and inactivates enzymes when generated in vitro. Among proteogenic amino acids, His, Tyr, Met, Cys, and Trp are known to be oxidized by (1)O(2) at physiological pH. However, there is a lack of direct evidence of oxidation of proteins by (1)O(2). Because (1)O(2) is difficult to detect in cells, identifying oxidized cellular products uniquely derived from (1)O(2) could serve as a marker of its presence. In the present study, (1)O(2) reactions with model peptides analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry provide insight into the mass of prominent adducts formed with the reactive amino acids. Analysis by MALDI-TOF and tandem mass spectrometry of peptides of cytochrome c exposed to (1)O(2) generated by photoexcitation of the phthalocyanine Pc 4 showed unique oxidation products, which might be used as markers of the presence of (1)O(2) in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Differences in the elemental composition of the oxidized amino acid residues observed with cytochrome c and the model peptides suggest that the protein environment can affect the oxidation pathway.
Intervening with Military Couples Struggling with Issues of Sexual Infidelity

Both the prevalence and adverse impact of infidelity argue for the importance of disseminating evidence-based interventions for couples struggling with this highly disruptive event. We describe an integrative approach for promoting recovery from infidelity drawing on empirically supported treatments for couple distress as well as empirical literature regarding recovery from interpersonal trauma and recovery from relationship injuries. We then describe a structured 8 session adaptation of this protocol tailored to military couples struggling with issues of infidelity. Reaching these high-risk couples requires extending both the availability and efficacy of services delivered by professionals within the military from diverse disciplines. We present initial findings indicating that US Army chaplains receiving training in this structured protocol not only can learn information regarding the conceptual underpinnings and specific interventions comprising this treatment, but also can apply it appropriately in analog clinical situations. We conclude with suggestions for extending dissemination efforts to reduce acute adverse consequences experienced by service members and their partners experiencing infidelity.
Microcomputer usage in disaster preparedness and response

Microcomputers are being implemented in state and local emergency manage ment agencies. This paper summarizes field data gathered in five states (Flor ida, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Virginia), and sixteen local jurisdictions within them, regarding the patterns of implementation for disas ter preparedness. Major implementation barriers, changes in use patterns, and organizational impacts are discussed. Primary uses during several actual dis aster responses are described as well as important uses and adaptations made after the disaster response.
Save the tree of life or get lost in the woods

Background The wealth of prokaryotic genomic data available has revealed that the histories of many genes are inconsistent, leading some to question the value of the tree of life hypothesis. It has been argued that a tree-like representation requires suppressing too much information, and that a more pluralistic approach is necessary for understanding prokaryotic evolution. We argue that trees may still be a useful representation for evolutionary histories in light of new data.
Inefficient scavenging of aerosol sulfate by non-precipitating clouds in polluted air

Abstract We present measurements of the scavenging efficiency ( β ) of aerosols bearing Se and As (mass median diameter around 0.5 μ m) by non-precipitating clouds associated with large frontal systems. The measurements were made during July 1995 and September–October 1993 at Whiteface Mountain summit. The site was influenced by highly polluted (based on aerosol loadings) as well as relatively clean air masses. Scavenging efficiency varied from 0.48 to 0.89; however, most values fell between 0.55 and 0.65. The highest values were associated with clouds where the pre-cloud aerosol SO 4 concentration was μ g m -3 , mean β of 0.78±0.06 compared to 0.60±0.05 when SO 4 concentration was >5 μ g m -3 . We also demonstrate that β based on SO 4 , the most common aerosol used in earlier scavenging studies, can be biased high due to contributions of SO 4 in the cloud water from oxidation of dissolved SO 2 .
Iron deficiency: an overlooked predisposing factor in angular cheilitis

Reestablishing an optimal iron balance eliminated angular cheilitis in a 25-year-old pregnant woman with borderline anemia. A case of angular cheilitis caused by iron deficiency is presented. The patient had borderline anemia and was three months pregnant at the time of examination.
Asymmetric Induction in Methyl Ketone Aldol Additions to α-Alkoxy and α,β-Bisalkoxy Aldehydes: A Model for Acyclic Stereocontrol

A systematic study of methyl ketone aldol additions under nonchelating conditions with α-alkoxy and α,β-bisalkoxy aldehydes is described. Additions to aldehydes containing a single α-alkoxy stereocenter generally provide the product diastereomers in accord with the Cornforth/polar Felkin-Anh models for carbonyl addition. Vicinal asymmetric induction is sensitive to the aldehyde α-alkyl substituent, but is relatively insensitive to the nature of the alkoxy protecting group. Aldehyde π-facial selectivity in additions to substrates containing an additional β-alkoxy-substituted stereocenter exhibits a striking dependence on the relative configuration of the α- and β-stereocenters. Aldehydes with the α- and β-alkoxy substituents in an anti relationship in most cases exhibit good diastereoselectivity, while aldehydes with the α- and β-alkoxy substituents in a syn relationship unexpectedly give product mixtures. A stereochemical model based on Cornforth-like transition-state arrangements is proposed.
Equation of state of polymer melts: General formulation of a microscopic integral equation theory

A microscopic statistical mechanical theory for the virial equation of state of polymer liquids is developed by combining reference interaction site model (RISM) integral equation methods for flexible chain molecules with a superposition approximation for three‐body orientational correlation functions. A compact expression for the pressure is obtained for athermal (hard core) fluids by neglecting explicit chain end effects. An analytical analysis of three‐body contributions to the equation of state is carried out for flexible polymers and the scaling dependence on chain length and monomer density is derived. The merits and disadvantages of the compressibility route to the equation of state are briefly discussed, along with the inclusion of attractive intermolecular forces via thermodynamic perturbation theory.
Container fleet-sizing for part transportation and storage in a two-level supply chain

This research addresses the fleet-sizing of containers that are used for the protection, transportation, and storage of parts between a component plant and multiple assembly plants. These containers are needed for the storage of completed parts as they are produced, and also for storage of parts as they are used in assembly. The containers are reusable, expensive, occupy a large amount of space when empty or full, and are required to maintain production. An analytical model is developed for the minimum container fleet size that results in no production stoppages due to lack of containers assuming no system variability. The model considers the discrete nature of part production and shipping as well as differences in available production and transportation time. The model is shown to be accurate and provides insight into the factors that affect container fleet size and production stoppage trade-offs.
Infrared Spectra Of Carbon Monoxide On Evaporated Nickel Films: Low Temperature Thermal Detection Technique

A novel thermal detection scheme has been developed and combined with the techniques of rapid scan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to make sensitive, high resolution measurements of the vibrational spectrum of carbon monoxide molecules on evaporated nickel films. Adsorbed molecules are detected by attaching a germanium resistance thermometer to the sample, cooling the assembly to liquid helium temperatures, and measuring the temperature changes which occur when infrared radiation is absorbed. Spectra are presented for a range of CO coverages on an evaporated nickel film and a film damaged by ion bombardment. The positions, shapes, and intensities of the spectral lines from linear and bridge bonded CO molecules give information about the surface structure of the metal films and about the different ordered phases of the adsorbed molecules.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The development of the liver and pancreas in Amblystoma punctatum

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. May 1915. Major: Biology. 1 computer file (PDF); 87 pages.
Dominance of surface barriers in molecular transport through silicalite-1

Development of microporous materials with hierarchical structures of both micro/mesopores leads to molecular transport at nanometer length scales. For novel microporous materials including three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous imprinted (3DOm-i) zeolites and zeolite nanosheets, particle dimensions are below 35 nm resulting in surface-dominated structures. At the same time, the existence of surface-controlled mass transport including undefined “surface barriers” has been observed to reduce apparent diffusivity of hydrocarbons by orders of magnitude. This paper systematically characterizes cyclohexane transport in silicalite-1 by zero length chromatography (ZLC) to determine apparent diffusivity varying over 3 orders of magnitude in particles ranging from 35 nm to 3 μm. Three proposed mechanisms for surface barriers including surface pore narrowing, surface pore blockage, or surface desorption are evaluated by comparison with particle-size/diffusivity data. It is concluded that transport control in small p...
Efferent projections of the ectostriatum in the pigeon (Columba livia)

The ectostriatum is a major visual component of the avian telencephalon. The core region of the ectostriatum (Ec) receives visual input from the optic tectum through thalamic nuclei. In the present study, the efferent projections of the ectostriatum were investigated by using the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and biotinylated dextran amine. Projection patterns resulting from these tracers were confirmed by the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B. When anterograde tracers were injected in Ec, primary projections were seen traveling dorsolaterally to the belt region of the ectostriatum (Ep) and the neostriatal area immediately surrounding Ep (Ep2). Neurons in Ep sent projections primarily to the overlying Ep2. The efferents of Ep2 traveled dorsolaterally to terminate in three telencephalic regions, from anterior to posterior: (1) neostriatum frontale, pars lateralis (NFL), (2) area temporo-parieto-occipitalis (TPO), and (3) neostriatum intermedium, pars lateralis (NIL). A part of the archistriatum intermedium and the lateral part of the neostriatum caudale also received somewhat minor projections. In addition, some neurons in Ec were also the source of direct, but minor, projections to the NFL, TPO, NIL, and archistriatum intermedium. The topographical relationship among the primary (Ec), secondary (Ep and Ep2), and tertiary (NFL, TPO, NIL) areas indicate that the neural populations for visual processing are organized along the rostral-caudal axis. Thus, the anterior Ec sent efferents to the anterior Ep, which in turn sent projections to anterior Ep2. Neurons in the anterior Ep2 sent projections to NFL and the anterior TPO. Similarly, the intermediate and posterior Ec sent projections to corresponding parts of Ep, whose efferents projected to intermediate and posterior Ep2, respectively. The intermediate Ep2 gave rise to major projections to TPO, whereas posterior Ep2 neurons sent efferents primarily to NIL. The organization of this neural circuit is compared with those of other sensory circuits in the avian telencephalon, as well as the laminar arrangement of the mammalian isocortex.
The crystal structure of an intramolecular trans-sialidase with a NeuAcα2→3Gal specificity

Abstract Background: Intramolecular trans-sialidase from leech ( Macrobdella decora ) is a unique enzyme which cleaves the terminal neuraminic acid (NeuAc) residue from sialoglycoconjugates, releasing 2,7-anhydro-neuraminic acid (2,7-anhydro-NeuAc). It is the first enzyme found to exhibit strictly specific cleavage of NeuAc α 2→3Gal linkages in sialoglycoconjugates. The release of 2,7-anhydro-NeuAc instead of NeuAc implies a unique mechanism, in which the sialosyl linkage is transferred within the sialoglycoconjugate rather than hydrolyzed. The aims of the structural study were to gain structural insight into the strict specificity and unique mechanism of this unusual enzyme. Results: The 2.0 a crystal structure of recombinant leech intramolecular trans-sialidase has been solved by multiple isomorphous replacement. The 1.8 a structure of the enzyme in complex with 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-NeuAc was also solved. The refined model comprising residues 81–769 has a catalytic β -propeller domain (C), a N-terminal lectin-like domain (II) and an irregular β -stranded domain (III) inserted into the catalytic domain. The structure reveals several possible carbohydrate-binding features: domain II has a concave face, like that of other sialidases, and there is a suitable surface charge distribution at the domain III–C interface. Conclusions: Structural comparisons showed closer evolutionary relationships to bacterial sialidases than to viral neuraminidases. Mainchain and sidechain atoms around Thr593 make the glycerol-binding pocket incapable of accommodating an extended equatorial 6-glycerol group, implying that the 6-glycerol group of the reaction intermediate may occupy an axial position, which is also required by the catalytic mechanism. The steric hindrance introduced by the bulky sidechain of Trp734 above the 2-carboxylate group may explain the lack of water involvement in the cleavage reaction and the substrate specificity.
Vitamin C contents in processed Florida citrus juice products from 1986-1995 survey

Vitamin C content in citrus juices processed in Florida was studied. A total of 2299 samples from February 1986 through October 1995 (908 frozen concentrated orange juices, 401 orange juices from concentrate, 319 pasteurized orange juices, 213 pasteurized grapefruit juices, and 458 grapefruit juices from concentrate) were obtained from 21 Florida processors for analysis of vitamin C. Means, standard deviations of the means, and maximum and minimum values are presented for each product on the basis of milligrams of vitamin C per 100 mL of product. Variations are reported for month, year, and manufacturing plant for each type of juice. Keywords: Vitamin C; citrus juice; orange juice; grapefruit juice; Florida
Comparison of transport properties of the reduced folate carrier and folate receptor in murine L1210 leukemia cells

This laboratory previously described an L1210 murine leukemia cell line with a functional defect in the reduced folate carrier and increased expression of folate receptor-beta (F2-MTXrA). This cell line was used to characterize methotrexate (MTX) influx mediated by folate receptor-beta and to compare this with influx mediated by the reduced folate carrier in L1210 parental cells. Influx of 0.2 microM MTX in F2-MTXrA cells was one-third that of L1210 cells and was abolished by very low concentrations of folic acid. Kinetic analysis revealed that MTX transport mediated by folate receptor-beta exhibited an influx kappa t one-third, and an influx Vmax one-fourth, that of the reduced folate carrier. Metabolic inhibitors markedly suppressed influx in F2-MTXrA cells but had no effect on MTX influx in L1210 cells. MTX influx in both cell lines was inhibited by the organic anions probenecid, sulfobromophthalein, and CI-920, but to a lesser extent in F2-MTXrA cells. The inhibitory effects of these anions on transport in F2-MTXrA cells could be attributed to their inhibition of MTX binding to the folate receptor. Although MTX influx in both cell lines was not sodium dependent, removal of extracellular chloride increased influx 2-fold in L1210 cells while markedly inhibiting influx in F2-MTXrA cells. Substitution of Cl- with isethionate or NO3- partially restored influx in the latter cells, whereas SO4(2-) was inhibitory. Anions enhanced MTX binding to folate receptor-beta with isethionate > SO4(2-) > Cl-. Decreasing the buffer pH to 6.2 produced a 69% reduction, and a 260% increase, in MTX influx in L1210 cells and F2-MTXrA cells, respectively. The data indicate that folate receptor-beta-mediated MTX influx has properties fundamentally different from transport mediated by the reduced folate carrier in terms of energy, ion, and pH dependence. There was no evidence indicating that these processes are functionally linked.
Active sensing for dynamic, non-holonomic, robust visual servoing

We consider the problem of visually servoing a legged vehicle with unicycle-like nonholonomic constraints subject to second-order fore-aft dynamics in its horizontal-plane. We target applications to rugged environments characterized by complex terrain likely to significantly perturb the robot's nominal dynamics. At the same time, it is crucial that the camera avoid “obstacle” poses where absolute localization would be compromised by even partial loss of landmark visibility. Hence, we seek a controller whose robustness against disturbances and obstacle avoidance capabilities can be assured by a strict global Lyapunov function. Since the nonholonomic constraints preclude smooth point stabilizability we introduce an extra degree of sensory freedom, affixing the camera to an actuated panning axis on the robot's back. Smooth stabilizability to the robot-orientation-indifferent goal cycle no longer precluded, we construct a controller and strict global Lyapunov function with the desired properties. We implement several versions of the scheme on a RHex robot maneuvering over slippery ground and document its successful empirical performance.
Real-Time Sensing of Sag Geometry During GTA Welding

Seam tracking and weld penetration control are two fundamental issues in automated welding. Although the seam tracking technique has matured, the latter still remains a unique unsolved problem. It was found that the full penetration status during GTA welding can be determined with sufficient accuracy using the sag depression. To achieve a new full penetration sensing technique, a structured-light 3D vision system is developed to extract the sag geometry behind the pool. The laser stripe, which is the intersection of the structured-light and weldment, is thinned and then used to acquire the sag geometry. To reduce possible control delay, a small distance is selected between the pool rear and laser stripe. An adaptive dynamic search for rapid thinning of the stripe and the maximum principle of slope difference for unbiased recognition of sag border were proposed to develop an effective real-time image processing algorithm for sag geometry acquisition. Experiments have shown that the proposed sensor and image algorithm can provide reliable feedback information of sag geometry for the full penetration control system.
Characterization of metabolites of Δ8,9-dehydroestrone in dogs

Δ8,9-Dehydroestrone is the fifth most abundant component in the conjugated equine estrogen preparation Premarin®, representing about 2 to 6% of the total steroids in the tablet. The metabolism of this estrogen has been determined in female beagle dogs after acute peroral administration. 17β-Dihydro-Δ8,9-dehydroestrone(17β-Δ8,9-dehydroestradiol) and 17α-dihydro-Δ8,9dehydroestrone(17α-Δ8,9-dehydroestradiol) have been identified as the major metabolites in plasma and urine. These metabolites, along with the unchanged drug, were isolated and purified by ether extraction and thin-layer chromatography of the urine samples after enzyme hydrolysis. The trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of the isolated metabolites were characterized by comparison of their mass spectra and chromatographic properties with those of synthetic reference standards.
Extreme ultraviolet lithography for circuit fabrication at 0.1-μm feature size

Projection lithography is driven to shorter wavelengths to meet the demand for smaller critical dimensions in advanced computer chips. This trend logically extends to the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) region, where reduction imaging can be achieved using all-reflective optics. The wavelength region of primary interest is from 11 nm to 14 nm, where multilayer reflective coatings have demonstrated reflectivity greater than 60%. The leading candidate for a practical, compact source of EUV radiation is a laser plasma source, which provides sufficient conversion efficiency, about 1%, in the relevant bandwidth. This paper discusses the concept of EUV lithography bassed on a laser plasma source and describes a laboratory EUV lithography tool currently being characterized.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF TRYPAN-RED TO THE TISSUES AND VESSELS OF THE EYE AS INFLUENCED BY CONGESTION AND EARLY INFLAMMATION

In as far as the observations reported have a bearing on the movements of fluid within the eye, they are, for the most part, in accord with views at present generally accepted. On the other hand, we know of no other way in which it may be so readily demonstrated that simple and even temporary local circulatory changes may profoundly alter the distribution of substances from the circulating blood to the extravascular fluids and tissues. In the light of these observations, it would seem that such changes might easily account for marked idiosyncrasies in the action of poisonous drugs, and as well probably for other factors in drug action.
Preventing cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events after stroke: eprosartan or nitrendipine?

Preventing cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events after stroke: eprosartan or nitrendipine?
On the relationship between relativistic electron flux and solar wind velocity: Paulikas and Blake revisited

[1] Thirty years ago Paulikas and Blake (1979) showed a remarkable correlation between geosynchronous relativistic electron fluxes and solar wind speed (Vsw). This seminal result has been a foundation of radiation belt studies, space weather forecasting, and current understanding of solar wind radiation belt coupling. We have repeated their analysis with a considerably longer-running data set (1989–2010) from the Los Alamos National Laboratory energetic particle instruments with several surprising results. Rather than the roughly linear correlation between Vsw and log (flux), our results show a triangle-shaped distribution in which fluxes have a distinct velocity-dependent lower limit but a velocity-independent upper limit. The highest-electron fluxes can occur for any value of Vsw with no indication of a Vsw threshold. We also find a distinct solar cycle dependence with the triangle-shaped distribution evident in 2 declining phase years dominated by high-speed streams but essentially no correlation in 2 solar maximum years. For time periods that do show a triangle-shaped distribution we consider whether it can be explained by scatter due to other parameters. We examine the role of time dependence and time lag in producing the observed distribution. We also look at the same statistical relationship but at energies ≪1 MeV. We conclude that the relationship between radiation belt electron fluxes and solar wind velocity is substantially more complex than suggested by previous statistical studies. We find that there are important ways in which the “conventional wisdom” stating that high-velocity wind drives high-MeV electron fluxes is, in general, either misleading or unsupported.
Liver X receptor inhibits the synthesis and secretion of apolipoprotein A1 by human liver-derived cells

The liver X receptor (LXR) agonist TO901317 inhibited the synthesis of apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) by human liver-derived cells, including the formation of lipid-poor, prebeta-migrating high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Despite activation of the lipid transporter ABCA1 under these conditions, cellular efflux of PL and cholesterol from liver cells was also reduced. By assaying transcription from full-length and truncated promoters and by site-directed mutagenesis, the effect of LXR and its ligand was localized to a binding site for hepatic nuclear factor-4 (HNF4) in the proximal apo A1 promoter (-132/-119 bp). Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of apo A1 transcription complexes from control and ligand-activated cells showed an increase in the binding of reported apo A1 transcriptional inhibitor COUP-TF, which competes with HNF4 for DNA binding. It also identified LXR in the apo A1 transcription complex of TO901317-treated cells. Displacement of HNF4 from the -132/-119 bp promoter DNA sequence in the presence of TO901317 was confirmed by gel shift analysis. These data indicate that LXR can be a significant negative regulator of apo A1 transcription and HDL synthesis.
Phospholipid and surfactant protein A concentrations in tracheal aspirates from infants requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

To test the hypothesis that infants with severe respiratory failure and the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are surfactant deficient, we measured the amount of surfactant phospholipids, disaturated phosphatidylcholine, surfactant protein A, and protein in tracheal aspirates from 22 infants, who received ECMO therapy for respiratory failure with meconium aspiration syndrome (n=18) or pneumonia (n=4). Tracheal suction material was obtained in a standardized way every 4 hours during the period of ECMO treatment and pooled for 24-hour periods. During ECMO, mean total phospholipid, disaturated phosphatidylcholine, and surfactant protein A values in tracheal asplrates increased and protein values decreased significantly, predominantly during the 72-hour period before infants were weaned from ECMO. Of the 22 infants, 14 had an increase in tracheal aspirate phospholipid values of more than 200% and were found to need a shorter period of ECMO support ( p p