cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of Fatty Acids by Adipose Tissue and Liver of Cows Fed Normal, Restricted Roughage or MgO Supplemented Rations

Abstract Two Latin square experiments used 11 lactating cows to study dietary effects on fatty acid metabolism in serum, liver, and adipose tissue. Lipoprotein lipase and fatty acid esterifying activities from adipose tissue homogenates were increased and milk fat depressed when the ration was switched from normal to restricted-roughage, high-grain. Fatty acid esterification in liver was correlated (r = .89) with milk fat concentration but was not uniformly affected by ration. Mammary gland uptake of triglycerides from dextran sulfate precipitable lipoproteins and milk fat percentage was greater for cows fed MgO supplemented rations than for cows fed the other rations. The proportion of stearic acid decreased and C 18:1 increased in the dextran sulfate precipitable lipoprotein triglycerides for cows fed restricted-roughage, high-grain rations compared to those fed other rations. Only stearic acid was selctively assimilated by the mammary gland. Cholesterol linoleate increased in the dextran sulfate precipitable lipoproteins when rations were switched from normal to restricted-roughage, high-grain. Changes in both serum lipids and tissue enzymes are associated with an increased flux of fatty acids toward adipose tissues during restricted-roughage, high-grain feeding.
Characterization of a MEMS based optical system for free-space board-to-board optical interconnects

We demonstrate alignment of an array of VCSELs to detectors, using a MEMS-based lens system for free-space board-to-board optical interconnects. Our optical system is capable of aligning up to 5 degrees of freedom.
Majorana Component in the Imaginary Potential for p + α Scattering

A phenomenological, imaginary potential is incorporated into resonating-group calculations for the $p+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ system. The introduction of this potential allows, at energies above the reaction threshold of 18.35 MeV (c.m.), a more detailed comparison with experiment than was possible with previous resonating-group calculations. The calculations are compared with elastic scattering differential-cross-section data, polarization data, and spin-rotation-parameter data which exist between 23 and 75 MeV (c.m.). From this comparison it is concluded that a Majorana component whose strength varies with energy is very likely present in the imaginary potential.
Opportunity-Based Dynamic Transit Accessibility in Southern California: Measurement, Findings, and Comparison with Automobile Accessibility

Accessibility to public transportation is an important element for the specification of activity participation and travel behavior models, the assessment of level of service by public transportation, equity analysis, and the design of public transportation provision. Although transit ridership is lower in the United States than in other countries, transit serves a segment of the population that may benefit substantially from its provision. The relative attractiveness of public transportation depends critically on its performance in terms of the accessibility provided to link people with employment and activity opportunities. In practice, an effective method to derive such indicators and related performance measures is lacking. An opportunity-based transit accessibility measure applied to the Southern California Association of Governments megaregion is presented. The indicators computed are sensitive to the availability of opportunities for travelers within a day (e.g., related to the opening and closing h...
Eigenvalue comparison of the Legendre and Chebyshev polynomial nodal models of the 1-D multigroup diffusion equation

Abstract The development of the Legendre, type I and type II Chebyshev polynomial nodal models are presented for the 1-D multigroup diffusion equation. General expressions for all expansion orders and polynomial types were developed. The eigenvalue solutions for the three nodal models were compared using the second- through eighth-order polynomial expansions. It was observed that these eigenvalues converge to the same value with increasing orders of polynomial expansions. It was concluded that the use of any one of the polynomial expansions over the other two, as applied to the 1-D multigroup diffusion equation, does not produce any significant advantage.
Association Between Progranulin and β-Amyloid in Dementia With Lewy Bodies

Recent studies demonstrated that progranulin plays an integral role in the pathogenesis of frontotemporal dementia. To begin to explore the role of progranulin in dementia with Lewy bodies, we investigate its association with pathologic proteins that characterize this disease. We assessed immunoreactivity for progranulin in medial temporal lobe structures of 12 cases of dementia with Lewy bodies. Similar data were collected for β-amyloid burden, and α-synuclein pathology. Blinded investigators used a 0-3—point scale to quantify progranulin burden. Double labeling for progranulin and β-amyloid was also performed. We were able to demonstrate progranulin immunoreactivity throughout the medial temporal lobe in all dementia with Lewy body cases. We identified a significant positive correlation (r = 0.606; P = .037) between β-amyloid burden and progranulin. There was no significant correlation between α-synuclein pathology or Braak stage and progranulin. Progranulin and β-amyloid co-localized in plaques in deme...
Modeling light saturation curves for photosynthesis: An exponential function

A model for light saturation curves of photosynthesis is presented. This model describes the relationship between the rate of gross photosynthesis and irradiance. Experimental data suggest that in many cases this model can be simplified to the hyperbolic tangent function.
Ventilation Modifications for Light Restriction Programs with Broiler Breeders

Abstract Ventilation modifications necessary to convert curtain-sided houses to light-tight, mechanically ventilated units are discussed. The key component used is a fan light trap that reduces light intensities by a factor of 25,000 to 1 and causes minimal reductions in fan air discharge. Typical performance results for breeders using a complete light-restriction program are presented using the mentioned fan light trap, light-tight curtains, and hooded air inlets to alter a conventional commercial house to a light-restricted environment. Inside light intensities were reduced to less than .5 lx (.05 ft-c) while fans were running during periods of bright sunlight.
Cemented Glenohumeral Fixation: Standard of Care—Affirms

Cemented humeral stem fixation in shoulder joint arthroplasty has been, and continues to be the “gold standard” to ensure satisfactory implant orientation and stability. The most commonly performed type of shoulder arthroplasty is hemi-arthroplasty in the face of comminuted fracture. Appropriate stem height and version relative to the glenoid is paramount in obtaining a satisfactory result. This has been proven to be reliably reproducible through cement fixation of the stem with careful reattachment of the tuberosities. Total shoulder arthroplasty in rheumatoid patients with questionable bone stock likewise has relied upon “cementation” of the humeral component to ensure secure fixation, prevent loosening and avoid subsidence. In younger patients it is tempting to want to avoid cement in the proximal humerus, nonetheless most studies have demonstrated loosening of the humeral component not to be problematic once cement has been used. In addition, newer modular componentry allows head removal (without stem removal) providing ready access to the glenoid should glenoid revision be needed. The ability to add antibiotics within the cement mantle in high-risk patients additionally affords an advantage in treating and/or avoiding infection. Survivorship studies have not demonstrated any advantage of cementless versus cement fixation of the humeral component in shoulder arthroplasty. Temporizing techniques such as cup arthroplasty and hybrid techniques such as placing tantalum weave surfaces proximally for enhanced tuberosity fixation may have a role, but do not replace the long-standing efficacy of cement fixation of the humeral component in the vast majority of patients requiring shoulder arthroplasty.
A millimeter wave technique for measuring ice thickness on the Space Shuttle's external tank

A solution is presented for detecting and measuring ice that can form on the spray-on foam insulation protecting Space Shuttle fueltanks. The method involves the measurement of the emission properties of the fueltank with a mm-wave radiometer. Emission from the insulated panel is measured for the case of insulation with the original rough surface and the case of insulation sanded down to have a smooth surface. The radiative transfer calculations are facilitated by using a smooth surface, and experimental evidence demonstrates the effective and accurate prediction of ice thickness on the smooth surface. The panel with a rough surface is measured, and the emmision levels are higher than those predicted by model calculations. Sensitivity to ice thickness is similar in both situations in spite of the bias introduced by the rough surface.
Quality of Life and Psychosocial Adaptation to Chronic Illness and Disability Preliminary Analysis of a Conceptual and Theoretical Synthesis

This article describes and presents an initial analysis of a quality-of-life—based model of psychosocial adaptation to chronic illness and disability. This model, termed disability centrality, repr...
Influence of the environment on the Coulomb blockade in submicrometer normal-metal tunnel junctions.

Submicrometer normal-metal tunnel junctions were fabricated with thin-film leads of either about 2 k\ensuremath{\Omega}/\ensuremath{\mu}m or about 30 k\ensuremath{\Omega}/\ensuremath{\mu}m. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics at millikelvin temperatures displayed a much sharper Coulomb blockade for the high-resistance leads than for the low-resistance leads. The zero-bias differential resistance increased as the temperature was lowered, flattening off at the lowest temperatures. A heuristic model based on the quantum Langevin equation is developed, which explains these effects qualitatively in terms of the Nyquist noise generated in the leads; in this model, the flattening of the zero-bias resistance arises from zero-point fluctuations. The data are also compared with a more accurate phase-correlation model that treats the junction and the circuit coupled to it as a single quantum circuit. This model accounts for the observed I-V characteristics quite accurately except near zero bias where it overestimates the dynamic resistance by roughly 50% at the lowest temperatures. This model, however, does not account for the flattening of the zero-bias resistance at the lowest temperatures. It is suggested that the addition of quantum fluctuations in the junction to the phase-correlation theory may account for this discrepancy.
E. H. Carr, Winston Churchill, Reinhold Niebuhr, and US: The case for principled, prudential, democratic realism

(1995). E. H. Carr, Winston Churchill, Reinhold Niebuhr, and US: The case for principled, prudential, democratic realism. Security Studies: Vol. 5, Roots of Realism, pp. 314-353.
Identification of Carboxyl-terminal MCM3 Phosphorylation Sites Using Polyreactive Phosphospecific Antibodies

The functionally related ATM (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated) and ATR (ATM-Rad3-related) protein kinases are critical regulators of DNA damage responses in mammalian cells. ATM and ATR share highly overlapping substrate specificities and show a strong preference for the phosphorylation of Ser or Thr residues followed by Gln. In this report we used a polyreactive phosphospecific antibody (alpha-pDSQ) that recognizes a subset of phosphorylated Asp-Ser-Gln sequences to purify candidate ATM/ATR substrates. This led to the identification of phosphorylation sites in the carboxyl terminus of the minichromosome maintenance protein 3 (MCM3), a component of the hexameric MCM DNA helicase. We show that the alpha-DSQ antibody recognizes tandem DSQ phosphorylation sites (Ser-725 and Ser-732) in the carboxyl terminus of murine MCM3 (mMCM3) and that ATM phosphorylates both sites in vitro. ATM phosphorylated the carboxyl termini of mMCM3 and human MCM3 in vivo and the phosphorylated form of MCM3 retained association with the canonical MCM complex. Although DNA damage did not affect steady-state levels of chromatin-bound MCM3, the ATM-phosphorylated form of MCM3 was preferentially localized to the soluble, nucleoplasmic fraction. This finding suggests that the carboxyl terminus of chromatin-loaded MCM3 may be sequestered from ATM-dependent checkpoint signals. Finally, we show that ATM and ATR jointly contribute to UV light-induced MCM3 phosphorylation, but that ATM is the predominant UV-activated MCM3 kinase in vivo. The carboxyl-terminal ATM phosphorylation sites are conserved in vertebrate MCM3 orthologs suggesting that this motif may serve important regulatory functions in response to DNA damage. Our findings also suggest that DSQ motifs are common phosphoacceptor motifs for ATM family kinases.
Parameters influencing the spray behavior of waterborne coatings

The influence of liquid pressures and orifice diameters on the sprayability of non-Newtonian, waterborne latex coatings, that vary in latex particle size and thickener composition are examined in this study. It is observed that the higher the dynamic uniaxial extensional viscosities (DUEVs, ηe) of the coatings, the larger the Sauter mean diameters (SMDs) of the spray droplets and the broader the droplet size distributions. The shear viscosities at high shear rates and the parameter reflecting shear elasticity, the storage moduli, at low deformation rates do not correlate with the droplet sizes and the distributions observed. In addition to these observations, the Sauter mean diameters of spray droplets decrease with increasing spray pressures and with decreasing orifice diameters; however, with increasing pressures, pulsations in the fluid due to turbulence create areas of high and low droplet density. The relationship of the SMD to orifice diameters using fan nozzles is defined by the relationship: $$SMD/d_h = 5.5[\sigma \eta _e ^4 /(p_A d_h ^3 \Delta P_L ^2 )]^{0.25} + 2[\sigma p_L /(p_A d_h \Delta P_L )]0.25$$ The experimental results associated with each of these parameters are discussed in the text.
Short-form Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2: tests of reliability and validity among patients with osteoarthritis.

Objective To validate a short-form Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 (AIMS2-SF) among 147 patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Methods We used factor analysis to identify domains of functional health associated with OA. Multitrait scaling analysis was used to evaluate the reliability and validity of the AIMS2-SF. Results The results suggested that upper body limitations should be distinguished from lower body limitations in the physical function scale. The AIMS2-SF was psychometrically sound, with all 5 scales having high item-discriminant validity and Cronbach's alpha reliability above the 0.70 criterion (except 0.67 for the social function scale). Conclusion The AIMS2-SF is a reliable and valid instrument among patients with OA. Because of its simplicity and ease of application, it may be useful in routine evaluation of health status, in clinical research, and in predicting use of medical services among OA patients.
The Frequency of Gonadotropin-Releasing-Hormone Stimulation Differentially Regulates Gonadotropin Subunit Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression*

The hypothalamic decapeptide GnRH is known to regulate the synthesis and secretion of LH and FSH by pituitary gonadotrope cells. The frequency of pulsatile GnRH secretion changes and LH and FSH are differentially secreted in various physiological situations. To investigate the potential role of altered frequency of GnRH stimulation in regulating differential secretion of LH and FSH, we examined the effects of GnRH frequency on expression of the alpha, LH beta, and FSH beta genes. GnRH pulses (25 ng/pulse) were administered to castrate testosterone-replaced rats at intervals of 8-480 min to cover the range of physiological pulsatile GnRH secretion. Fast frequency GnRH pulses (8-min pulse intervals) increased alpha-subunit mRNA concentrations 3-fold above those in saline-pulsed controls (controls, 1.01 fmol cDNA bound/100 micrograms pituitary DNA) and LH beta mRNA by 50% (controls, 0.18 fmol cDNA bound), but FSH beta mRNA was unchanged (controls, 0.38 fmol cDNA bound). GnRH pulses given every 30 min increased all three subunit mRNAs (alpha, 3-fold, LHbeta, 2-fold; FSH beta, 2-fold), and acute LH release and serum FSH concentrations were maximal after this frequency. Slower frequency GnRH stimuli (120- to 480-min pulse intervals) did not change alpha and LH beta mRNA levels, but increased FSH beta mRNA 2- to 2.5-fold, and FSH secretion was maintained. Equalization of the total dose of GnRH given at different intervals over 24 h confirmed the frequency dependence of subunit mRNA expression. Fast frequency GnRH stimuli (8 min) increased alpha mRNA 1.5- to 2.5-fold, while the same total GnRH doses were ineffective when given at slow frequency (480 min). Similarly, LH beta mRNA was only increased by GnRH pulses given at 8-min intervals. In contrast, FSH beta mRNA increased 2-fold after pulses given every 480 min, and the 8-min pulse interval was ineffective. The data show that the frequency of GnRH stimulation can differentially regulate gonadotropin subunit mRNA expression and may be a mechanism that enables a single GnRH peptide to selectively regulate gonadotropin subunit gene expression and hormone secretion.
Contactless optical scanning of fingerprints with 180° view

Fingerprint recognition technology is an integral part of criminal investigations. It is the basis for the design of numerous security systems in both the private and public sectors. In a recent study emulating the fingerprinting procedure with widely used optical scanners, it was found that, on average, the distance between ridges decreases about 20% when a finger is positioned on a scanner. Using calibrated silicon pressure sensors, the authors scanned the distribution of pressure across a finger, pixel by pixel, and also generated maps of the average pressure distribution during fingerprinting. Controlled loading of a finger demonstrated that it is impossible to reproduce the same distribution of pressure across a given finger during repeated fingerprinting procedures. Based on this study, a novel method of scanning the fingerprint with more than a 180 degrees view was developed. Using a camera rotated around the finger, small slices of the entire image of the finger were acquired. Equal sized slices of the image were processed with a special program assembling a more than 180 degrees view of the finger. Comparison of two images of the same fingerprint, namely the registered and actual images, could be performed by a new algorithm based on the symmetry of the correlation function. The novel method is the first contactless optical scanning technique to view 180 degrees of a fingerprint without moving the finger. In a machine which is under design, it is expected that the full view of one finger would be acquired in about a second.
Mechanisms of respiratory tissue injury from cigarette smoking

Cigarette smoking can be viewed as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower airways. Two of the major lung injuries that can result are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by chronic mucus hypersecretion and cough; emphysema is a destructive process of the alveolar spaces. Tissue injury may result from the actions of degradative enzymes derived from such inflammatory cells as neutrophils and monocytes. In addition, oxidative injury from inflammatory cells and from oxidants in smoke may participate in the pathogenesis of these smoking-related illnesses.
Implications of chronic wasting disease, cougar predation, and reduced recruitment for elk management

ABSTRACT Emerging diseases and expanding carnivore populations may have profound implications for ungulate harvest management and population regulation. To better understand effects of chronic wasting disease (CWD) and cougar (Puma concolor) predation, we studied mortality and recruitment of elk (Cervus elaphus) at Wind Cave National Park (WICA) during 2005–2009. We marked 202 elk (83 subadult M and 119 subadult and ad F) with Global Positioning System (GPS) collars, observed 28 deaths during 74,220 days of monitoring, and investigated 42 additional deaths of unmarked elk found dead. Survival rates were similar for males and females and averaged 0.863 (SE = 0.025) annually. Leading causes of mortality included hunting (0.065, SE = 0.019), CWD (0.034, SE = 0.012), and cougar predation (0.029, SE = 0.012). Marked elk killed by hunters and cougars typically were in good physical condition and not infected with CWD. Effects of mortality on population growth were exacerbated by low rates of pregnancy (subadult...
Petroclival mixed meningioma

Summary We present a 47-year-old lady with a large dumb-bell petroclival–cavernous sinus meningioma. The tumour was of mixed histopathology; the anterior part, in relationship to the cavernous sinus, was a syncitial meningioma and the posterior part in the petroclival region was a transitional meningioma. The two histological subtypes of meningioma within the same tumour displayed remarkable differences in their radiological features, nature of extensions, relationship with the adjoining structures and consistency. The clinical course of the two subtypes was also different. The unusual features of this case are reported and the relevant literature briefly reviewed.
The Impact of Integrating Community Health Workers Into the Patient-Centered Medical Home

Objectives: Establishing patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs) that deliver comprehensive care can be challenging for practices serving diverse populations. Integrating community health workers (CHWs) as members of the care team is one approach to deliver such care; however, little is known about this process. We study an approach of integrating CHWs into PCMHs with predominantly Latino, pediatric asthma patients and examine the impact on care delivery. Methods: A case study was conducted to examine the integration of 8 CHWs into 5 PCMHs in an academic medical center located in a large, urban setting. Data associated with referrals to CHW practice-based education and support and to a care coordination program, as well as survey results from providers on the impact of CHWs in PCMHs were collected and analyzed over the study period. Results: More than 750 families of children with asthma received education and support from CHWs from February 2011 through December 2013. The number of referrals to the care c...
α-Glucosidase synthesis in batch and continuous culture ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Glucose prevents maltose utilization bySaccharomyces cerevisiae in batch culture, whereas in a mixed carbohydrate-limited chemostat, maltose and glucose were consumed simultaneously. The specific activity of α-glucosidase was dependent on the dilution rate as well as the proportion of maltose in the mixture. Maximum specific activities in the batch and chemostat cultures on mixtures of maltose and glucose were lower than corresponding values observed on maltose alone.
An Evaluation of Quantitative and Probability-of-Precipitation Forecasts during the 1984–85 Warm and Cold Seasons

Abstract Objective precipitation guidance has been evaluated for specific regions within the continental United States during the period 1984–85. Cold-season precipitation probability skills for seven locations range from 52% at 12–24 h forecast range to about 21% at 36–48 h range. While these skills show the probability forecasts to be generally useful, an examination of forecasts with an absolute error of greater than 0.5 reveals this smaller sample to contain a disproportionately large number of observed precipitating events. This suggests that large-error-precipitation-probability forecasts have an unexpectedly large number of essentially unforecasted precipitation events, rather than false alarms. Warm-season precipitation probability skills are generally lower and show more variability within a given forecast range, with values ranging from 38 to 6% at 24–36 h range. Limited-area Fine-Mesh (LFM model, cold-season, quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) for specific cities show no skill beyond a...
Reactions of p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphinate with fluoride and hydroxide ion in nonionic micelles : Kinetic salt effects

Abstract Reactions of p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphinate (p-NPDP) with OH− and F− are inhibited by micelles of dodecyl polyoxyethylene ethers C12E10 and C12E23. Rate constants decrease sharply in very dilute surfactant and become approximately constant as p-NPDP becomes fully micellar bound, with inhibition by approximately an order of magnitude. The first-formed fluoridate is detected by NMR spectroscopy in reaction with F− in DMSO-d6:D2O 85:15 v/v, but not in other conditions. Kinetic salt effects on the micellar reactions are ion specific. Bulky anions, ClO−4 and naphthalene-2-sulfonate ion (ONs−), inhibit reactions much more than small ions, and (C7H15)4N+ accelerates reaction of F−. Micellar incorporation of ONs− in the micelles is demonstrated by changes in 1H-NMR spectra of the surfactants. Comparison of rate constants of reaction of F− in PEG (MW 104) and in nonionic micelles shows that the micellar inhibition is due largely to lower ionic concentrations in the micelles than in water.
An improved procedure for the synthesis of labelled fatty acids utilizing diethyl malonate

An improved procedure for the preparation and purification of labeled fatty acids by malonic ester synthesis has been developed. This method uses the different hydrolysis rates of the monoalkylmalonic ester intermediate and its dialkylmalonic ester side product. A convenient GC–MS monitoring technique allows performing this 3-step procedure without isolation of intermediates and gives a good yield. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HIGHER-ORDER ACCURATE, POSITIVE SEMIDEFINITE ESTIMATION OF LARGE-SAMPLE COVARIANCE AND SPECTRAL DENSITY MATRICES

A new class of large-sample covariance and spectral density matrix estimators is proposed based on the notion of flat-top kernels. The new estimators are shown to be higher-order accurate when higher-order accuracy is possible. A discussion on kernel choice is presented as well as a supporting finite-sample simulation. The problem of spectral estimation under a potential lack of finite fourth moments is also addressed. The higher-order accuracy of flat-top kernel estimators typically comes at the sacrifice of the positive semi-definite property. Nevertheless, we show how a flat-top estimator can be modified to become positive semi-definite (even strictly positive definite) while maintaining its higher-order accuracy. In addition, an easy (and consistent) procedure for optimal bandwidth choice is given; this procedure estimates the optimal bandwidth associated with each individual element of the target matrix, automatically sensing (and adapting to) the underlying correlation structure.
The professional development of an entomologist.

AbstractAn account of the development of biological interest, and specifically interest in bees, by Charles D. Michener. Included topics are the role of graduate students and the relationship between behavioral studies and systematics. Sections are (a) upbringing, including initiation of biological interests, (b) early studies of bees, (c) student work at the University of California, Berkeley, (d) work at the American Museum of Natural History and in the U.S. Army, and (e) work at the University of Kansas, especially wild bee behavior and bee systematics.
A Service-Oriented Architecture in a Multi-Agency Environment: A Case Study in Enterprise Dynamics

Many of the challenges faced by today?s government-international trade, health care, and national security-require complex multi-agency responses involving public and private networked institutions cooperating on a global scale. In this paper, we examine the service-oriented architecture (SOA)-based approach in supporting the overall enterprise architecture used by the federal government for information sharing among multiple agencies. We apply SOA industrial concepts along with the Business Process Executable Language (BPEL) service broker model to enhance a set of geographic information system-based business performance modeling and planning tools middleware (Integrated Enterprise Engineering Workbench (IEEW)). Applying the SOA concept and the BPEL model has advanced the IEEW one step further in its scope to serve as a case study for the modernization planning and integration of information systems for the multi-agency challenge of monitoring and managing international trade.
A Tale of Two Kindergartens: New Zealand and the United States

Cultural exchange among nations and peoples cultivates empathy, knowledge sharing, and global thinking. However, we must always keep in mind the diverse history, demographics, cultural mores, and attitudes that affect national and local policies, routines, and interpersonal interactions. Knowledge sharing among pre- and inservice teachers in different cultures can broaden viewpoints and influence classroom management and teaching and learning strategies. As we make our way through the 21st century, global citizenship becomes increasingly important for the leaders of tomorrow. All teachers should be prepared to equip students for living and working in a globalized world and facing the complex challenges of inequality, climate change, rapid urbanization, and more. This article describes an international student teaching experience.
Occult tethered cord syndrome: the case for surgery.

Object Controversy exists regarding proper indications for surgical lysis of the terminal filum in children with voiding dysfunction and tethered spinal cord. Recently, surgery has been offered to children who have a normally positioned conus medullaris and no terminal filum abnormality visible on 1.5-tesla magnetic resonance images (referred to as minimal or occult tethered cord syndrome [TCS]). The author evaluates existing clinical and scientific evidence relevant to this controversy. Methods Five retrospective, observational, noncontrolled studies of surgical terminal filum lysis for occult TCS in children were identified. Two further studies in which the authors reported surgical results in children with a normal-level conus medullaris were also identified. Conclusions These studies document encouraging clinical outcomes following surgery. Clinicopathological evidence suggests that occult TCS may result from radiographically occult structural abnormalities of the terminal filum. Although a prepondera...
A measurement-based admission control algorithm for integrated service packet networks

Many designs for integrated services networks offer a bounded delay packet delivery service to support real-time applications. To provide a bounded delay service, networks must use admission control to regulate their load. Previous work on admission control mainly focused on algorithms that compute the worst case theoretical queueing delay to guarantee an absolute delay bound for all packets. In this paper, we describe a measurement-based admission control algorithm (ACA) for predictive service, which allows occasional delay violations. We have tested our algorithm through simulations on a wide variety of network topologies and driven with various source models, including some that exhibit long-range dependence, both in themselves and in their aggregation. Our simulation results suggest that measurement-based approach combined with the relaxed service commitment of predictive service enables us to achieve a high level of network utilization while still reliably meeting the delay bound.
Upregulation of Na+ and Ca2+ transporters in arterial smooth muscle from ouabain-induced hypertensive rats.

Prolonged ouabain administration (25 μg·kg−1·day−1 for 5 wk) induces “ouabain hypertension” (OH) in rats, but the molecular mechanisms by which ouabain elevates blood pressure are unknown. Here, we...
Phase 1 study of dose escalation in hypofractionated proton beam therapy for non-small cell lung cancer.

Background Many patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cannot undergo concurrent chemotherapy because of comorbidities or poor performance status. Hypofractionated radiation regimens, if tolerable, may provide an option to these patients for effective local control. Methods and Materials Twenty-five patients were enrolled in a phase 1 dose-escalation trial of proton beam therapy (PBT) from September 2010 through July 2012. Eligible patients had histologically documented lung cancer, thymic tumors, carcinoid tumors, or metastatic thyroid tumors. Concurrent chemotherapy was not allowed, but concurrent treatment with biologic agents was. The dose-escalation schema comprised 15 fractions of 3 Gy(relative biological effectiveness [RBE])/fraction, 3.5 Gy(RBE)/fraction, or 4 Gy(RBE)/fraction. Dose constraints were derived from biologically equivalent doses of standard fractionated treatment. Results The median follow-up time for patients alive at the time of analysis was 13 months (range, 8-28 months). Fifteen patients received treatment to hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes. Two patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity possibly related to treatment; 1 received 3.5-Gy(RBE) fractions and experienced an in-field tracheoesophageal fistula 9 months after PBT and 1 month after bevacizumab. The other patient received 4-Gy(RBE) fractions and was hospitalized for bacterial pneumonia/radiation pneumonitis 4 months after PBT. Conclusion Hypofractionated PBT to the thorax delivered over 3 weeks was well tolerated even with significant doses to the lungs and mediastinal structures. Phase 2/3 trials are needed to compare the efficacy of this technique with standard treatment for locally advanced NSCLC.
Three‐Rib Circus: Women and Historical Discourse in Rebro Adama

W ith its snappy dialogue and melange of comedy, tragedy, and social satire, Viacheslav Krishtofovich's 1990 domestic drama, Adam 's Rib (Rebro Adama), remains one of the most popular perestroika-era films. Vladimir Kunin's award-winning screenplay is based loosely on Anatolii Kurchatkin's 1989 House of Women (Babii dom), a novella about a family of women-a divorced mother, her two daughters "from very different husbands," and a paralyzed grandmother.' In the screenplay and contemporaneous kinopovest',2 Kunin sharpens the conflicts of Kurchatkin's slice-of-life drama, both driving its issues to the wall, to extreme definitions, and infusing the narrative with additional layers of meaning-the imbrications of gender issues in contemporary Russia and a broader historical commentary that Krishtofovich explores in the film.
Magnetically assembled 30 nm diameter nickel nanowire with ferromagnetic electrodes

Facile, cost-effective, and manufacturable techniques to create single-nanowire based devices with good electrical interconnects is demonstrated by combining template directed electrodeposition, magnetic assembly, and a post-annealing in a reducing environment. Nickel nanowires with a diameter of approximately 30 nm were electrodeposited from low-stress nickel sulfamate baths at room temperature using in-house made anodized alumina as a nanotemplate. After electrodeposition, nanowires were released from the template, efficiently positioned, trapped, and assembled on ferromagnetic electrodes using the magnetic interaction between the nanowires and the electrodes. By annealing the interconnect in a reducing environment of 5%H2+95%N2 at 300 °C for 30 min, the interconnect's resistance was dramatically reduced from >10 M Ω to 835 Ω. Magnetotransport studies at 300 K on a single nickel interconnect with diameters ranging from 30 to 200 nm show a strong diameter dependent magnetoresistance, which might be attributed to different domain structure within the interconnect.
Instrumental Bias in Motivated Reasoning: More When More Is Needed

Abstract Decision makers must often make judgments in an environment in which they have a strong motivation to reach a particular conclusion. While normative theory would indicate that they should use available information to make their most accurate judgment without being influenced by the conclusion or outcome it may imply, evidence from the social judgment literature suggests that motivation does bias the judgment process. Specifically, decision makers motivated to support a particular conclusion tend to adopt information processing strategies most likely to yield the desired conclusion. We propose and empirically demonstrate two extensions to the motivation literature. First, we argue that motivated reasoning isinstrumental,meaning motivated decision makers bias their judgments more or less as needed to support the desired conclusion, subject to “reasonableness” constraints. Second, we propose that motivated decision makers exhibitconfidence bolsteringand thereby remain at least as confident as non-motivated decision makers in their biased estimates. We illustrate that motivated subjects even report confidence in utilizing these estimates outside the original motivating context. We investigate motivational effects within a business context involving forecasting, strategic decision making, and new product introductions. We explore the impact of motivation on quantitative forecasts and estimates, rather than on social judgments and perceptions. In addition, we go a step beyond the judgment phase to demonstrate that motivation influences choice.
Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for the Palliation of Painful Bone Lesions

Pain related to bone tumors, whether benign or malignant, can be significantly debilitating to patients. Unfortunately, there is no single optimal treatment solution for tumor-related bone pain. Many treatment options exist for the palliation of bone pain, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. This article discusses the use of bland arterial embolization for the purpose of pain control in patients with both primary and metastatic bone tumors. Considerations for patient selection and preparation, procedural steps, overcoming technical challenges, potential complications, and follow-up care will be reviewed using case examples.
Ancestral State Reconstruction for Dendroctonus Bark Beetles: Evolution of a Tree Killer

ABSTRACT While most bark beetles attack only dead or weakened trees, many species in the genus Dendroctonus have the ability to kill healthy conifers through mass attack of the host tree, and can exhibit devastating outbreaks. Other species in this group are able to successfully colonize trees in small numbers without killing the host. We reconstruct the evolution of these ecological and life history traits, first classifying the extant Dendroctonus species by attack type (mass or few), outbreaks (yes or no), host genus (Pinus and others), location of attacks on the tree (bole, base, etc.), whether the host is killed (yes or no), and if the larvae are gregarious or have individual galleries (yes or no). We then estimated a molecular phylogeny for a data set of cytochrome oxidase I sequences sampled from nearly all Dendroctonus species, and used this phylogeny to reconstruct the ancestral state at various nodes on the tree, employing maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Our reconstr...
Influence of aboveground tree biomass, home age, and yard maintenance on soil carbon levels in residential yards

With the rapid urbanization of natural lands, researchers have begun to examine the capacity of urban soils to store carbon (C), with recent attention to residential yards. We performed a case study to examine four potential influences on soil C levels in residential yards. In 67 yards containing trees, we examined the relationship of soil C (kg m−2) to tree aboveground biomass, home age (3–87 years), yard maintenance (fertilization, irrigation, mulching or bagging lawn clippings), and soil texture (% clay, % sand, % silt), at three depths (0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, and 30–50 cm). Six tree aboveground biomass data sets were developed: 1) biomass, 2) biomass*(1/distance from tree), 3) biomass ≤ 15 m from sample site, 4) biomass ≤ 10 m, 5) biomass ≤ 5 m, and 6) biomass ≤ 4 m. Biomass ≤ 5 m and biomass ≤ 4 m had the greatest explanatory power for soil C at 30–50 cm depth (P = 0.001, R2 = 0.28; P = 0.05 R2 = 0.39, respectively). The relationship between soil C and home age was positive at 0–15 cm (P = 0.0003, R2 = 0.19), but constant at the two lower depths. Yard maintenance had no significant influence on soil C levels across home age. At 0–15 cm, soil C increased with % silt (P = 0.006, R2 = 0.12). Overall, trees in turfgrass yards may have a stabilizing effect on soil C levels below 15 cm but minimal influence above 15 cm.
Circadian influences on myocardial infarction

Components of circadian rhythm maintenance, or “clock genes,” are endogenous entrainable oscillations of about 24 h that regulate biological processes and are found in the suprachaismatic nucleus (SCN) and many peripheral tissues, including the heart. They are influenced by external cues, or Zeitgebers, such as light and heat, and can influence such diverse phenomena as cytokine expression immune cells, metabolic activity of cardiac myocytes, and vasodilator regulation by vascular endothelial cells. While it is known that the central master clock in the SCN synchronizes peripheral physiologic rhythms, the mechanisms by which the information is transmitted are complex and may include hormonal, metabolic, and neuronal inputs. Whether circadian patterns are causally related to the observed periodicity of events, or whether they are simply epi-phenomena is not well established, but a few studies suggest that the circadian effects likely are real in their impact on myocardial infarct incidence. Cycle disturbances may be harbingers of predisposition and subsequent response to acute and chronic cardiac injury, and identifying the complex interactions of circadian rhythms and myocardial infarction may provide insights into possible preventative and therapeutic strategies for susceptible populations.
Clinical virology of rhinoviruses.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the various aspects of the clinical virology of rhinoviruses. Some attributes of the virus and epidemiology of disease that have clinical relevance, the efficiency of methods for detecting the presence of the virus in the human respiratory tract, and the means by which symptomatic illness is produced by rhinovirus infection of the respiratory tract are described Rhinoviruses cause more infections in humans than any other microorganism. The chapter also discusses the attributes of virus and the epidemiology of disease. These acid-sensitive picornaviruses infect epithelial cells following inoculation onto the nasal mucosa and are detected reliably in nasopharyngeal secretions. Rhinovirus colds occur year round, with a peak of illness in the fall. Type-specific serum antibody correlates with protection against infection. The fact that there are at least 100 different immunotypes makes development of an effective vaccine unlikely. The chapter presents various techniques for the detection of rhinovirus, such as sampling and cell culture, and polymerase chain reaction.
Overview of Monitoring in Endoscopy

Gastrointestinal endoscopy has evolved rapidly over the past 30 years and has become one of the larger specialties in medicine. An increasing number of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are being performed with the aid of the flexible endoscope. With this expansion in the use of endoscopy came the routine administration of premedication. The endoscopist thus became a part-time anaesthetist. The lack of proper studies to evaluate the untoward effects of diazepam and, later, midazolam, at their introduction led to an unfortunate increase in reports of fatalities after the introduction of midazolam. Later studies showed the safety of these agents when properly administered, but the affair served to focus attention on monitoring in gastrointestinal endoscopy. The benefits of using extracorporeal monitoring equipment during endoscopy has not been proved in clinical trials, and because of this those bodies that issue guidelines on medical practice, such as the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy...
Mitral valve abnormalities in congestive heart failure

Mitral regurgitation (MR) of at least mild severity is present in up to 90% of patients with advanced congestive heart failure (CHF) due to systolic dysfunction ([1][1]). It had long been assumed that MR results primarily from left ventricular (LV) and mitral annular enlargement due to pathologic
Neuroimaging Diagnosis of Primary Brain Neoplasms in Childhood

While not as frequent as in the adult population, primary neoplasm of the brain still constitutes the most frequently encountered solid tumor arising in the pediatric age group [1,2]. Tumors may be encountered in all age groups during childhood [3]. Supratentorial tumors predominate in the first year of life, whereas infratentorial tumors are more frequent in the age range of 1–8 years [3-5]. In the second decade of life, the proportions of infratentorial vs. supratentorial tumors are similar to what is encountered in the adult population, with a predominance of tumors in the supratentorial space. In general, there is a tendency toward less aggressive glial tumors in children than in adults; however, primary brain tumors still account for significant morbidity and mortality in the pediatric age group. More aggressive therapies have also had a greater negative impact on brain development especially when used in the first decade of life. Early diagnosis is still the key to aggressive management and outcome, and other than increased clinical surveillance, imaging plays the most important role of all of the laboratory modalities both in diagnosis and in follow-up.
Dynamics of Green Rentals over Market Cycles: Evidence from Commercial Office Properties in San Francisco and Washington DC

This study examines the rental rate dynamics of green commercial office properties in the San Francisco and Washington DC metropolitan areas. We match the list of U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC...
Enhancement of uridine uptake in the kidney papilla by urea.

SummaryThe urea concentration in the kidney papilla is normally 175 times higher than that in the kidney cortex and the rest of the body. The effect of the high urea concentration on the uptake of uridine was investigated in the rat kidney papilla and cortex. High concentrations of urea (540 mM) were found to increase [14C]uridine uptake into papillary but not into cortical slices. Thus the urea concentration plays a role in regulating uridine uptake in the kidney papilla and may thereby conserve an important substrate for RNA synthesis and intermediary metabolism.This work was supported in part by Public Health Service Grants AM-11793, AM-5209, AM-13058, MH-16076, 57-164, and NIAMDD Special Fellowship AM-52183 to F.G.T., and by American Cancer Society Grant IN97A.