cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semantics for probabilistic inference

A number of writers (Joseph Halpern and Fahiem Bacchus among them) have offered semantics for formal languages in which inferences concerning probabilities can be made. Our concern is different This paper provides a formalization of nonmonotonic inferences in which the conclusion is supported only to a certain degree. Such inferences are clearly 'invalid' since they must allow the falsity of a conclusion even when the premises are true. Nevertheless, such inferences can be characterized both syntactically and semantically. The 'premises' of probabilistic arguments are sets of statements (as in a database or knowledge base); the conclusions categorical statements in the language. We provide standards for both this form of inference, for which high probability is required, and for an inference in which the conclusion is qualified by an intermediate interval of support.
Management Strategy, the CEO's Cognitive Style and Organizational Growth/Decline.

Develops a model which links organizational growth and decline to competitive strategy, the strategy‐making process and the personal characteristics of the chief executive officer. The model was empirically tested for private liberal art colleges where the size of the student enrolment is a dominant factor for the vitality of the institution. The major findings of the study are: enrolment growth is associated with focused strategy, the CEO innovative style, differentiation and assertive strategy‐making process; and the major discriminating factors between institutions experiencing enrolment growth and institutions experiencing enrolment decline are focused strategy and the CEO innovator cognitive style. Discusses and examines the policy implications of the study.
Obesity: Autonomic circuits versus feeding

The central neural regulation of feeding and autonomic outflow are not always parallel in energy homeostasis, and a dysfunction of autonomic neural circuits rather than feeding behavior could be a primary causative factor in obesity.
Optimal gain schedules for visuomotor skill training using error-augmented feedback

Motor Learning is heavily governed by sensory feedback, and artificially enhancing feedback influences learning as seen in our previous works. This study provides a model-based approach in determining the optimal gain schedules for augmented feedback on a visuomotor learning task. Using Gaussian process regression, we modeled the phenomenological process of learning to operate a robot with visual rotation. We then used Pontryagin's minimum principle to achieve the optimal feedback gain schedules that yield the fastest learning, the highest post-training performance, and both at the same time. Our results reveal that the instantaneous error feedback should be doubled (×1.92) throughout the training if the fastest learning is desired. However if the highest post-training performance is desired along with the fastest learning, the feedback gain should be gradually varied from 1.92 to 1. This study explores a novel approach to optimize specific aspects of training for areas such as robotic-neuro-rehabilitation, teleoperation, sports coaching, and human-machine interactions.
An Experimental Study of Characteristic Combustion-Driven Flow for Cfd Validation

A series of uni-element rocket injector studies were completed to provide benchmark quality data needed to validate computational fluid dynamic models. A shear coaxial injector geometry was selected as the primary injector for study using gaseous hydrogen/oxygen and gaseous hydrogen/liquid oxygen propellants. Emphasis was placed on the use of non-intrusive diagnostic techniques to characterize the flowfields inside an optically-accessible rocket chamber. Measurements of the velocity and species fields were obtained using laser velocimetry and Raman spectroscopy, respectively Qualitative flame shape information was also obtained using laser-induced fluorescence excited from OH radicals and laser light scattering studies of aluminum oxide particle seeded combusting flows. The gaseous hydrogen/liquid oxygen propellant studies for the shear coaxial injector focused on breakup mechanisms associated with the liquid oxygen jet under sub-critical pressure conditions. Laser sheet illumination techniques were used to visualize the core region of the jet and a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer was utilized for drop velocity, size and size distribution characterization. The results of these studies indicated that the shear coaxial geometry configuration was a relatively poor injector in terms of mixing. The oxygen core was observed to extend well downstream of the injector and a significant fraction of the mixing occurred in the near nozzle region where measurements were not possible to obtain Detailed velocity and species measurements were obtained to allow CFD model validation and this set of benchmark data represents the most comprehensive data set available to date As an extension of the investigation, a series of gas/gas injector studies were conducted in support of the X-33 Reusable Launch Vehicle program. A Gas/Gas Injector Technology team was formed consisting of the Marshall Space Flight Center, the NASA Lewis Research Center, Rocketdyne and Penn State. Injector geometries studied under this task included shear and swirl coaxial configurations as well as an impinging jet injector.
Video gaming accessibility

Video games are becoming less and less usable by people with disabilities every day. These disabilities include cognitive, visual, and mobility. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the necessity of making video games accessible. This will be done through looking at benefits, current work for all disabilities, and how it's looked at by the law. The topic of video gaming accessibility is especially important in today's age with the disabled population rising. It is important to not let the disabled be left out of the enjoyment of video games.
First-known high-nuclearity silver–nickel carbonyl cluster: nanosized [Ag16Ni24(CO)40]4− possessing a new 40-atom cubic Td closed-packed metal-core geometry

The redox reaction of silver acetate with [Ni6(CO)12]2− (2) in acetonitrile has afforded in low yields (≤10%) a close-packed silver–nickel carbonyl cluster: namely, the pseudo-Td [Ag16Ni24(CO)40]4− tetraanion (1) as the [PPh3Me]+ salt. This well-defined, dark brown bimetallic cluster, which is air-unstable and light-sensitive, is the first example of a microscopic ccp chunk of quasi-silver metal that is stabilized by close-packed carbonyl-ligated transition-metal layers. The overall 40-atom metal-core geometry, which corresponds to a heretofore unknown 36-atom Td polyhedron encapsulating four interior atoms, may be described as a central ccp Ag16 kernel that is connected by direct Ag–Ni bonding with four tetrahedrally disposed equilateral triangular Ni6(CO)10 fragments. The particular close-packed condensation mode of each ν2 Ni6 triangular layer to one of the four tetrahedrally oriented Ag-centered hexagonal Ag7 layers of the Ag16 kernel results in each of the four tetrahedrally-connected interior Ag atoms in the Ag16Ni24 core having a localized hcp environment. Of the 10 carbonyl groups per ν2 Ni6 equilateral triangle, three are each terminally coordinated to a corner Ni atom, six are each edge-connected to one of the two pairs of linked Ni atoms along the three Ni3 edges, and the remaining one caps the inner triangle of the Ni6 triangle. Both its structure and composition were unambiguously established via a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis with a SMART CCD area detector diffractometry system. The maximum metal-core diameter in 1 is ca. 0.98 nm (av.) along each of the four three-fold axes.
Review of Rover fuel element protective coating development at Los Alamos

The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) entered the nuclear propulsion field in 1955 and began work on all aspects of a nuclear propulsion program with a target exhaust temperature of ∼2750 K (Kirk 1990). A very extensive chemical vapor deposition coating technology for preventing catastrophic corrosion of reactor core components by the high temperature, high pressure hydrogen propellant gas was developed. Over the 17‐year term of the program, more than 50,000 fuel elements were coated and evaluated. Advances in performance were achieved only through closely coupled interaction between the developing fuel element fabrication and protective coating technologies. The endurance of fuel elements in high temperature, high pressure hydrogen environment increased from several minutes at 2000 K exit gas temperature to 2 hours at 2440 K exit gas temperature in a reactor test and 10 hours at 2350 K exit gas temperature in a Hot Gas test. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the rationale for selection of coating materials used (NbC and ZrC), identify critical fuel element‐coat interactions that had to be modified to increase system performance, and review the evolution of protective coating technology.
Topography of the esophageal peristaltic pressure wave

Topographic plots constructed from conventional esophageal manometric waves were examined in 12 healthy volunteers to better understand spatial relationships of peristaltic contractions. Typical postdeglutitive waves were spatially interconnected using a computerized gridding and plotting system. Contour plots of the resultant peristaltic contraction revealed a consistent separation of a proximal pressure segment from the prominent distal contraction at 21.7 +/- 1.3% of the esophageal length. A second trough in the contraction sequence was found in 11 (91.7%) of the subjects at 64.0 +/- 2.7% of esophageal length separating the distal (smooth muscle) esophagus into two contraction segments. Similar topographic studies were also performed in eight symptomatic patients with frequent double-peaked waves. Poor alignment of the two distal contraction segments was observed in six (75%) of the eight patients. These topographic plots demonstrate previously unrecognized wave relationships and suggest that two neuromuscular contraction units can be detected in the distal smooth muscle esophagus. This technique should be useful in understanding altered relationships of these units under differing physiological conditions or with disease.
Evidence of transient topographic disequilibrium in a landward passive margin river system: knickpoints and paleo-landscapes of the New River basin, southern Appalachians

The upper New River basin of the southern Appalachian Mountains, a major tributary of the modern Ohio River, represents the unglaciated headwaters of the Tertiary Teays River system of eastern North America. Dating of relict fluvial gravels have suggested that New River incision may be outpacing lowering of the surrounding uplands, but physical evidence of transient topographic disequilibrium has yet to be identified. We use focused topographic analysis of the upper New River basin to delineate a perched, low-relief paleo-landscape that is experiencing transgressive dissection due to incision by the New River and its tributaries. Accelerated incision has decoupled hillslopes from the drainage network, generating knickpoints which represent the boundary between remnants of the paleo-landscape and actively adjusting topography downstream. Steepening of hillslopes downstream of knickpoints suggests dynamic headward migration which, along with knickpoint occurrence throughout the drainage network, is inconsistent with the development of fixed stream profile convexities atop strike-extensive geologic contacts. In the absence of tectonic forcing, we favor a climatically-forced drop in external base level as driver of the incision pattern we observe. Plio-Pleistocene glacial damming and diversion of the Teays River to form the modern Ohio River lowered regional base level for the study area, potentially forcing the paleo-landscape developed during the Teays era to adjust to the modern drainage pattern. The upper New River may therefore represent the potential for glacially-driven drainage rearrangement to drive transient topographic evolution hundreds of kilometers away from the ice margin, long after the disappearance of ice sheets. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of discharge rate from pressurized vessel blowdown through sheared pipe

It is a common industrial practice to store chemicals in large vessels. For emergency response management, prediction of the impacted area due to the dispersion of a chemical accidentally released from a vessel is crucial. Therefore, accurate estimation of the release rate and condition of the flowing stream is warranted. Based on this need, a general purpose quasi-steady model is developed which can calculate the discharge rate from a tank-pipe system (rupture in the tank or shearing of an attached pipe). The tank may contain gas, vapor, saturated or sub cooled liquid (under its own vapor pressure or padding pressure). The model output includes the history of the tank variables i.e., pressure, temperature, mass content, liquid level as well as the transient outflow of chemicals from a rupture or pipe as a function of momentary tank thermodynamics condition. The results of the model for the case of two phase flow through a pipe are validated against experimental data. Charts are provided which show the effect of the pipe length and the padding pressure on the discharge of the tank content.
Effects of diffusion and mass flows on C IV and Si IV lines formed in the solar atmosphere

A model for the transition region is derived from an initial interpretation of EUV observations, assuming ionization equilibrium and constant elemental abundance with height. The effects of diffusion and mass flows are then included in the initial model and the emergent profiles of several C IV and Si IV lines are computed. It is found that diffusion and mass flows have a strong effect on both the emergent intensity and spectral shape of these lines. Diffusion acts to deplete the transition region of heavy ions to an extent which depends on the detailed temperature and density structure. The net effect is a weighting of the coronal emission relative to that in the transition. On the basis of the results, it is suggested that the downflows observed in the network in lines of C IV and Si IV could be due to gravitational settling of the ions following their injection, via diffusion, into the corona from spicules. When flows are superposed on the basic diffusion model, the rapid change in elemental abundance characteristic of the model is virtually eliminated and the coronal contribution to the emission in C IV and Si IV lines becomes negligible relative to that in the transition region. Flows have a strong effect on the computed line intensities and introduce large asymmetries into the line shapes.
Measurement of silicon II relative ƒ-values

Abstract 32 g ƒ values for silicon II (and 4 for silicon III) have been determined to 20 per cent precision by Boltzmann plots at temperatures from 2.40 to 1.75 eV. A pulsed arc within a pyrex tube is the source. A Kerr cell shuttered spectrograph detects the radiation.
Complexes of trialkylamine-N-oxides and cobalt(II)☆

Abstract Triethylamine-N-oxide (TENO) as the hemihydrate and tripropylamine-N-oxide (TPNO) monohydrate have been isolated and used in preparing complexes with cobalt(II). Two classes of compounds were isolated: molecular bis complexes of the type Co L 2 X 2 ( L = TENO, TPNO; X = Cl − , Br − , I − , SCN − ) and ionic tetrakis complexes having the formula (Co L 4 )(ClO 4 ) 2 Both sets of complexes have essentially tetrahedral coordination geometry both in acetonitrile solution and in the solid state. Addition of excess TPNO to solutions of Co(TPNO) 2 X 2 cuases formation of Co(TPNO) 4 2+ but no further change. Addition of excess TENO to either Co(TENO) 2 X 2 or Co(TENO) 4 2+ solutions produces a new 5-coordinate species, Co(TENO) 5 2+ .
An Empirical Representation of Reflection from Rough Surfaces—Part I

The paper presents empirical equations for reflection from surfaces, based largely on the goniophotometric data of Torrance and Sparrow. The new equations allow the calculation of honspecular peaks for metals over a considerable range of angles and surface roughnesses. Further employment of the methods of this paper should allow extension to other materials and conditions, thus replacing an immense amount of numerical data by a few equations.
SU‐FF‐T‐533: Target and Peripheral Dose During Patient Repositioning with the Gamma Knife APS Device

Purpose: Measure unaccounted dose delivered to the target site and its periphery from the defocused and transit beam during automatic positioning system (APS) repositioning for Gamma Knife Radiosurgery.Methods and Materials: A stereotactic head‐frame was attached to a 16cm diameter spherical phantom with a calibrated ion‐chamber at its center. Using a fiducial‐box to determine the coordinates of the target, a CT scan with 1mm slice thickness was taken of the phantom and registered in the GammaPlan TPS. 10Gy to the 50% isodose line was prescribed to the target site for all measurements. Plans were generated for the 18mm, 14mm and 8mm helmets with varying number repositions for each plan to determine the relationship of measured dose with number of repositions of the APS system and helmet size. The shot isocenter was identical in the entire study and there was no movement of APS between various shots; this allows for measurement of transit dose (couch moves from the focus to defocused position and back) and the least defocused dose (at defocused couch position). The couch was suspended in the defocused position allowing intracranial defocused dose measurements. Results: Dose increases with frequency of repositioning and collimator size. Overdose of up to 5.713±0.066% at target position can result from couch transfer. Dose rate of 8.807±0.411cGy/min (18mm helmet) and 5.891±0.509cGy/min (8mm helmet) where measured. During couch transit, the target receives more dose than peripheral regions; in the defocused position, the greatest dose is superior on the phantom where dose rate is 4.910±0.005cGy/min. Conclusion: APS repositioning results in additional dose to the target site and its periphery for multi‐shot runs. Doses in superior regions should be monitored due to epilation. Consideration of conformity index is suggested, especially around critical structures (e.g. optic nerve), when generating a treatment plan as risk of toxicity is a concern.
Brain Surface Conformal Parameterization With the Ricci Flow

In brain mapping research, parameterized 3-D surface models are of great interest for statistical comparisons of anatomy, surface-based registration, and signal processing. Here, we introduce the theories of continuous and discrete surface Ricci flow, which can create Riemannian metrics on surfaces with arbitrary topologies with user-defined Gaussian curvatures. The resulting conformal parameterizations have no singularities and they are intrinsic and stable. First, we convert a cortical surface model into a multiple boundary surface by cutting along selected anatomical landmark curves. Secondly, we conformally parameterize each cortical surface to a parameter domain with a user-designed Gaussian curvature arrangement. In the parameter domain, a shape index based on conformal invariants is computed, and inter-subject cortical surface matching is performed by solving a constrained harmonic map. We illustrate various target curvature arrangements and demonstrate the stability of the method using longitudinal data. To map statistical differences in cortical morphometry, we studied brain asymmetry in 14 healthy control subjects. We used a manifold version of Hotelling's T2 test, applied to the Jacobian matrices of the surface parameterizations. A permutation test, along with the cumulative distribution of p-values, were used to estimate the overall statistical significance of differences. The results show our algorithm's power to detect subtle group differences in cortical surfaces.
Acneiform eruptions associated with epidermal growth factor receptor–targeted chemotherapy

A relatively newer class of chemotherapy agents, known as the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGF-RIs), is being used to treat advanced stages of solid tumors. Acneiform eruptions are a frequent adverse effect and one which has been associated with increased survival in some studies. We describe 3 patients who presented shortly after initiation of EGF-RI therapy. Characteristics included an absence of comedones, facial and truncal involvement, and a perifollicular lymphoneutrophilic infiltrate detected on biopsy. Lesion counts were reduced with topical adapalene and oral tetracyclines in two patients. Patient 3 had dramatic clearance with low-dose isotretinoin (20 mg daily) until completion of EGF-RI therapy. Acneiform eruptions are a common adverse reaction to EGF-RI therapy and can be treated with traditional acne therapy. This should not be considered a drug hypersensitivity eruption or allergy, and patients should continue therapy. For patients with severe eruptions, oral isotretinoin is a consideration.
Incidence algebra antipodes and Lagrange inversion in one and several variables

Developpement d'une approche combinatoire de la formule d'inversion de Lagrange a l'aide d'antipodes de l'algebre d'incidence
Effects of socioeconomic status and perceived affluence on anomia

This study analyzes (1) the effects of affluence perception on anomia and (2) the importance of affluence perception as an intervening variable interpreting the effects of race, education, and income on anomia. The analysis uses survey data from a probability sample of adults in Hamilton County (Cincinnati), Ohio. Affluence perception is found to be positively related to anomia and to account for part of the effects of race, education, and income on anomia. The three demographic variables, however, have stronger independent effects on anomia that cannot be accounted for by perception of affluence.
Metamorphic origin of the Coeur d'Alene base- and precious-metal veins in the Belt basin, Idaho and Montana

Fluid inclusions, geochronology, and field studies show that the world-class base- and precious-metal veins of the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana, are the product of deformation coupled with regional metamorphism of the Belt basin around 850 Ma. Fluid-inclusion data show that the mineralizing solutions were complex CO2-CH4-CnHm-N2-H2O-NaCl fluids that changed in composition from CH4-CnHm-rich fluids in the older Zn-rich veins to CO2-rich fluids in the younger Ag-rich veins. Ore deposition occurred at about 250 to 350 °C and at pressures in excess of 1 kbar.
The Economics and Sociology of Religious Giving: Instrumental Rationality or Communal Bonding?

Religious individuals commonly make sizable monetary sacrifices by contributing to their congregations. This social action resides in the overlap of religious and economic realms of behavior, creating a certain tension. Following a Weberian approach to social inquiry, I treat religious giving as social action whereby individuals direct their value-rational and instrumental-rational behavior towards others. Using data from the American Congregational Giving Survey and the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey, I test hypotheses derived from a rational choice perspective, the sense of solidarity one feels, and from the religious meaning of the giver. Rational choice hypotheses produce mixed results, the solidarity impact is confirmed, and high levels of religiosity have a strong impact on giving.
Determination of transient and steady-state creep of metal-matrix composites by a secant-moduli method

Abstract A theoretical model which can reflect the weakening constraint power of the ductile matrix in the course of creep deformation is established to estimate the development of transient and steady-state creep strain of a fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composite. This method makes use of the secant moduli of the elastic-creeping matrix in the construction of a linear comparison composite, and, when coupled with an energy approach recently proposed by Qiu and Weng (1992 , J. appl. Mech., 59, 261–268), it can also account for the effect of non-uniform stress fields on the overall creep to a certain extent. The theory is applied to a Borsic/aluminium system to examine the anisotropic creep behavior along the axial and transverse directions. As compared to the predictions of Zhu and Weng's (1990 , Mech. Mater. 9, 93–105) mean-field theory and Wang and Weng's (1992 , ASME J. Engng Mater. Tech. 114, 237–244) local theory (both were based on the elastic constraint and were intended for the small creep range), the results are close to both along the axial directions, but along the transverse direction the secant-moduli method is found to provide a softer response for the composite. A direct comparison to the experimental data under transverse tension shows that the theory is quite accurate even at 35% of fiber volume fraction. The theoretical model is finally employed to estimate the growth of the maximum interfacial tensile stress under a transverse loading with and without a superimposed lateral compression, and it is found that, such a local tension, which is responsible for the onset of interfacial cracking, can grow quite significantly during the creep process, especially with the assistance of the lateral compression.
Unified description of the resonance peak and incommensuration in high- T c superconductors

We present a unified description of the resonance peak and low-energy incommensurate response observed in high-${T}_{c}$ cuprate superconductors. We argue that both features have a purely magnetic origin and they represent universal features of an incommensurate spin state both below and above the superconducting transition temperature. In this description the resonance peak is the reflection of commensurate antiferromagnetism. Our theoretical scenario gives an account of the main features observed in various families of superconductors and predicts those not yet observed, like a resonance peak in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{NiO}}_{4+x}.$
The Potential for Exhaust Heat Recovery by Thermochemical Recuperation for Hydrogen Enriched Internal Combustion

In internal combustion engines a large portion of the chemical energy held in the original fuel is exhausted as waste heat. This exhaust heat represents a significant potential source of energy to be harnessed. The thermochemical recuperation process uses an endothermic reformation reaction to upgrade fuel into a hydrogen rich gas, thereby converting a portion of the exhaust heat into chemical energy. Enriching the primary fuel mixture with this hydrogen rich gas enables combustion with very lean or dilute mixtures resulting in low temperature combustion. The low temperature combustion regime can achieve higher efficiency and lower emissions than standard combustion regimes. Hydrogen enrichment via thermochemical recuperation does not require hydrogen refueling station infrastructure nor significant on-board hydrogen storage and could be used with existing engines. This technology shows promise in increasing the efficiency and reducing the emissions in internal combustion engines while also laying the groundwork for hydrogen production technologies and eventually for fuel cell systems. The promise of future application of this technology motivates further investigations. Thermochemical recuperation to produce the hydrogen required is carried out through a series of processes starting with fuel and water vaporization, superheating of the vapor and finally reformation of the mixture in a catalytic reactor. Based on the fuel being reformed and the catalyst being used, each of these processes takes place at a different temperature. The difference between the temperatures of these processes and the temperature of the exhaust stream drives heat transfer and determines the amount of thermal energy potentially recovered. This work will use computer models to explore various strategies for recovering thermal energy using a thermochemical recuperation process. The parameters used in this modeling effort come from reformation experiments and engine experiments underway in the Hydrogen Production and Utilization Laboratory at the University of California, Davis as well as engine and reformer models.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A Research Scientist's Perspective on the Management of Kesterson Reservoir: A Marsh Contaminated with Selenium-Rich Agricultural Drain Water

ABSTRACT The unexpected discovery of deformed bird embryos linked to selenium toxicity at Kesterson Reservoir required rapid response. Research on groundwater hydrology, geochemistry, and ecology was initiated. Selenium input was stopped and a phased approach was proposed to detoxify the remaining inventory. Clean-up methods were planned, beginning with the simplest. These proposed techniques began with in situ selenium immobilization under wet (anoxic) conditions and ended with scraping off the contaminated topsoil. Cost estimates ranged from $5 million to $200 million. Recommendations to managers based on research findings were contradictory. Many agency scientists, influenced perhaps by policy concerns, disagreed with others using a strictly scientific approach. Cost-effective management was jeopardized by disagreements on accuracy and precision of data. At public hearings scientific witnesses were unable under oath to agree on apparently straightforward data. Conclusions reached by university research...
Voided Urine Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Testing for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Surveillance

Purpose: Fluorescence in situ hybridization is gaining popularity for transitional cell carcinoma screening. We determined the accuracy of fluorescence in situ hybridization for identifying upper tract transitional cell carcinoma.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of our upper tract transitional cell carcinoma database from 2005 to 2008 identified 35 patients with upper tract transitional cell carcinoma who submitted voided urine specimens for fluorescence in situ hybridization at commercial laboratory during a routine office visit. Each patient was evaluated endoscopically in the operating room within 3 months of sampling. Suspicious lesions were biopsied and treated. Transitional cell carcinoma in the lower or upper tract was proved by direct visualization, positive biopsy or upper tract cytology read as positive or highly suspicious for malignancy.Results: Of the patients 35 satisfied study inclusion criteria. A total of 67 fluorescence in situ hybridization specimens were submitted. Upper t...
Reply to Warneken: Social experience can illuminate early-emerging behaviors

We admire the groundbreaking work of Felix Warneken and thank him for his questions about our report (1), which builds upon his work.
The geographic distribution of physician assistants in the US: Clustering analysis and changes from 2001 to 2008

Analysis of the geographic distribution of physician assistants (PAs) across the US explores their practice patterns as well as how and why they changed between 2001 and 2008. Cartographic results suggest that PAs are more clustered across the US than medical doctors (MDs) and that their clusters are larger. In addition, the largest low-PA cluster grew noticeably between 2001 and 2008. Statistical results suggest that PAs did not continue to practice in underserved places in 2008 as they had in 2001. An economic explanation is the most plausible for the latter result, but further analyses with disaggregate data is necessary to generalize such results.
Rituximab Skin Reaction Skin Hyperpigmentation with Minocycline Baclofen-Induced Psychosis Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Hypothyroidism Myoclonus with Low-Dose Hydromorphone Hyponatremia with Newest Antidepressant Lingual Lesions with Orally Disintegrating Risperidone Quetiapine-Induced Erythema Multiforme Minor

RITUXIMAB SKIN REACTION A 37-year-old male was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The specific type of lymphoma was a rare one – primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. The patient apparently had a rash consisting of confluent erythematous skin patches near his right axilla, and after many years the rash had gotten worse over the previous 2 months. He was treated with many corticosteroid creams and had only partial remission. Therapy was initiated with intravenous (IV) rituximab (Rituxan) at a dose of 375 mg/m. By the end of the first hour of the first infusion (administered at 50 mg/h), the patient developed hives at the site of the patches of tumor and previous excision scars. The urticarial reaction subsided when the infusion was stopped for 1 hour. The infusion was restarted, and there were no further problems. In fact, the patient continued through a complete course of seven more infusions and did not have any further problems. He was pretreated with oral acetaminophen, and the intravenous antihistamine, chlorpheniramine, before each of the treatments. The authors suggest that the urticaria developed due to the first-dose killing of Bcells in the sites of the disease, which caused a local cytokine release. They do not believe that this was actually a hypersensitivity reaction and suggest that more of these effects may be occurring but are not seen because pretreatment with antihistamines may suppress these reactions. Hospital Pharmacy Volume 42, Number 1, pp 14–21 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
Differential effects of interferon-γ on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in high-grade human gliomas versus primary astrocytes

We compared effects of interferon-γ (IFNγ) on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in malignant human glioma cell lines and cultured primary human astrocytes. While IFNγ inhibited interleukin-1β (IL1β)-induced expression of COX-2 in the glioma cells, it enhanced expression in primary astrocytes. This differential effect correlated with the observed modulation of NFκB and AP-1 DNA binding activity; reduced in the glioma cells, increased in primary astrocytes. Furthermore, IFNγ had a significantly greater anti-proliferative effect on the glioma cells than COX inhibitors. This inhibitory effect of IFNγ on expression of COX-2 in human glioma cells may have relevance for immunotherapies directed against high-grade gliomas.
Radiative corrections to heavy-Higgs-scalar production and decay.

A simple formalism, based on the Goldstone-boson equivalence theorem, is described for calculating O(g/sup 2/m/sub H//sup 2/m/sub W//sup 2/) radiative corrections in the standard model. We apply this method to heavy-Higgs-boson decays and find that the dominant decay rates GAMMA(H..-->..W/sup +/W/sup -/) and GAMMA(H..-->..ZZ) are enhanced by a factor 1+(g/sup 2/8..pi../sup 2/)(m/sub H//sup 2/m/sub W//sup 2/) (1916-3)8..sqrt..3 ..pi..+(548..pi../sup 2/). The same enhancement applies to heavy-Higgs-boson production from W/sup +/W/sup -/ and ZZ fusion. Corrections of O(g/sup 2/lnm/sub H/) are also briefly discussed.
Premorbid brain size is a determinant of functional reserve in abstinent crack-cocaine and crack-cocaine–alcohol-dependent adults

Studies of Alzheimer's disease patients show that individuals with larger premorbid brains have a later onset of disease, or a lessened severity of cognitive impairment, or both. This may be due to a "functional reserve" associated with the greater number of neurons and synapses available in larger brains. We used magnetic resonance imaging and the MicroCog Assessment of Cognitive Functioning to examine the association between intracranial volume (premorbid brain size) and neuropsychological function in abstinent crack-cocaine and crack-cocaine-alcohol dependent individuals. There were no significant differences between the crack-only and the crack-alcohol dependent participants in neuropsychological performance or in intracranial volume. The abstinent cocaine-dependent individuals (both crack-only and crack-alcohol) were significantly impaired in many neuropsychological domains. Intracranial volume accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in neuropsychological performance. This result is consistent with the finding in the Alzheimer's literature that larger brains can maintain function to a greater degree, or for a longer period of time, in the face of cerebral disease or insult. Functional reserve may be a heretofore little recognized protective mechanism of the brain that has consequences for the severity of expression of cerebral disease or insult throughout life.
Borylated Polyolefins and their Applications

Different preparative routes for the attachment of organoboron moieties to polyolefins and applications of such materials are reviewed. Preparation from boron-functionalized monomers represents one possible synthetic strategy with free radical polymerization, Ziegler–Natta polymerization, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization methods as the most thoroughly studied procedures. Recent advances in the preparation of boron-containing polymers through polymer modification reactions provide an interesting alternative that allows for the facile preparation of well-defined organoboron polymers of various architectures including homo polymers, random copolymers, block copolymers, and telechelic polymers. New opportunities for organoboron polymers as supported catalysts, sensors, luminescent materials, device components, and precursors to ceramics are briefly discussed.
Virulence or Competition

Commensal bacteria are necessary to clear pathogenic bacteria from the mammalian intestine during infection.
High-Temperature Batteries

Author(s): Cairns, EJ; Dunning, JS | Abstract: The state of the art for high-temperature batteries is presented and discussed. Emphasis is given to the lithium alloy/metal sulfide and sodium/sulfur cells. Other systems considered include lithium/chlorine and sodium/metal halide. Cell chemistry and performance and life-limiting factors are reviewed for all of the systems and the status of investigations in critical problem areas is given. Recent advances in the demonstration of high specific energy and expectations for future improvement are presented.
Imagery in the Phaedrus: Seeing, Growing, Nourishing

This paper explores three connected sets of imagery in the Phaedrus: nourishing, gardening, and seeing, which are linked together by a common emphasis on movement and flowing. The dialogue emphasizes love, beauty, and madness with its unusual setting beside a stream out in nature. Despite this, I argue that Socrates insists in the end that the real work of philosophy is rational and sober and requires a return to the city, where more permanent seeds of knowledge and wisdom can be planted through use of an orderly, non-imagistic method.
Cultural Predictors of Physical and Mental Health Status among Mexican American Women: A Mediation Model

This study, using secondary data analysis, examined a mediation model of acculturation and ethnic pride as predictors of physical and mental health outcomes in a sample of 561 Mexican American women. Factors postulated as mediators were family support and religiosity. Systematic across-group comparison analyses were conducted to examine sources of differences in the mediation model between immigrant and non-immigrant women. The results partially supported the hypothesized mediation model, indicating that family support, but not religiosity, was a significant mediator in the relationship between ethnic pride and mental health problems. In addition, as differences between immigrant and non-immigrant women were observed only in the variables means, but not in the factor loadings or regression paths, the model tested may capture a common psychosocial process that affects these women and their health outcomes. Overall, this study offers important implications for future research and the design of intervention programs for Mexican American women.
The adsorption of CO and oxygen on Cu layers on a W(110) surface

Abstract The adsorption of CO, and to a lesser extent that of oxygen on Cu layers deposited on a W(110) surface has been investigated by thermal desorption. Auger, and XPS measurements. For CO the amount adsorbed decreases monotonically with Cu thickness from 1–5 layers. For O there is a slight increase for 1 layer, followed by a steep decrease up to 4 Cu layers where the amount adsorbed levels off. CO adsorption shifts the core levels of Cu (observed for 1 layer of Cu) to higher binding energy by 0.4 eV; the O 1s level of CO is also shifted to higher binding energy by 1.5 eV, relative to CO/W(110) suggesting that electron transfer from CO occurs but is passed on to the underlying W. For O adsorption there is very little shift in the Cu core levels or in the O 1s level, relative to O/W(110). Thermal desorption of CO at saturation coverage from Cu/W(110) shows desorption peaks at 195, 227 and 266 K, as well as small peaks associated with CO desorption from clean W, namely a peak at 363 K and β-desorption peaks at 1080 and 1180 K. As CO coverage is decreased the 195 and 227 K peaks disappear successively; the W-like peaks remain unchanged in intensity. It is argued that the latter may be due to adsorption on bare W at domain boundaries of the Cu overlayer, while the 190–266 K peaks are associated with adsorption on Cu, but probably involve reconstruction of the Cu layer. For n = 2–8 a single but composite peak is seen, shifting from 180 to 150 K as Cu thickness increases as well as a minor peak at 278 K, which virtually vanishes on annealing the Cu deposit at 850 K. The effect of tungsten electronic structure on the behavior of adsorbates on the Cu overlayers, as well as similar effects in other snadwich systems are discussed.
A New Network‐Based Rapid‐Static Module for the NGS Online Positioning User Service – OPUS‐RS

"The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) operates the Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) as a means to provide the GPS users with easier access to the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS). OPUS allows the users to submit their GPS data files to NGS, where the data are processed to determine position coordinates using NGS computers and software. OPUS is fully automatic, and the results are emailed back to the user, usually within a few minutes. OPUS is intended for the use in the conterminous U.S. and most territories. Currently, OPUS accepts a minimum of two hours of GPS data, with a recommendation of submitting at least four hours to improve the solution. In order to reduce the required user session duration, a rapid-static module (OPUS-RS) is currently under implementation, in collaboration with the Satellite Positioning and Inertial Navigation (SPIN) Lab at The Ohio State University. The OPUS-RS is based on the Wide Area Rapid-Static (WARS) module of the Multi Purpose GPS Processing Software (MPGPSa), and it is an implementation of the Network RTK algorithm applied in the software. The new module reduces the required session duration to 10Ð15 minutes while centimeter-level accuracy is still achievable. Presented in this paper is the first demonstration and feasibility test of the OPUS-RS. The analyses consist of a subnetwork of the State of Michigan CORS with station separations of 247Ð292 km and base-rover distances of 135Ð162 km. A 24-hour data set was post-processed in 144 sessions of 10 minutes each with 30-s data sampling rate. The ambiguity resolution success ratio, speed and reliability, along with the positioning results are analyzed. The results show that 97% success ratio was achieved. Applying a second iteration to the unresolved cases improved the success ratio to 100%. The analyses were performed on 18 February 2005 under unfavorable ionospheric conditions when a minor geomagnetic storm took place with maximum Kp = 6+. The resulting coordinate accuracy is better than 1 cm for the horizontal components and than 3 cm for the vertical one. "
Special report: Sense of urgency at SEC developments conference

What's on the SEC's mind for 2004? Our authors attended the latest SEC Developments Conference to find out. With the recent demise of Arthur Andersen, and a spate of bankruptcies that cost investors billions of dollars, there was a sense of urgency in the air. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Binding of the Cyclophilin 40 Ortholog SQUINT to Hsp90 Protein Is Required for SQUINT Function in Arabidopsis

SQN (SQUINT) is the Arabidopsis ortholog of the immunophilin CyP40 (cyclophilin 40) and promotes microRNA activity by promoting the activity of AGO1. In animals and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CyP40 promotes protein activity in association with the protein chaperone Hsp90. To determine whether CyP40 also acts in association with Hsp90 in plants, we examined the interaction between SQN and Hsp90 in vitro and tested the importance of this interaction for the function of SQN in planta. We found that SQN interacts with cytoplasmic Hsp90 proteins but not with Hsp90 proteins localized to chloroplasts, mitochondria, or the endoplasmic reticulum. The interaction between SQN and Hsp90 in vitro requires the MEEVD domain of Hsp90, as well as several conserved amino acids within the tetratricopeptide repeat domain of SQN. Amino acid substitutions that disrupt the interaction between SQN and Hsp90 in vitro also impair the activity of SQN in planta. Our results indicate that the interaction between CyP40 and Hsp90 is conserved in plants and that this interaction is essential for the function of CyP40.
Dimeric Mouse IgA is Transported into Rat Bile Five Times More Rapidly than into Mouse Bile

The kinetics of the biliary dimeric IgA transport in rats is well documented from studies on animals with cannulated bile ducts, while in mice such information rests on the analysis of samples periodically removed from the gall bladder and on serum disappearance rates. We have quantitatively compared the kinetics of IgA transport in these two rodents by using affinity-purified radiolabelled monomeric and dimeric M315 IgA which specifically binds dinitrophenyl (DNP). Bile collection procedures, sample analysis, and administration of the radiolabelled M315 were the same for both species, although in mice the cystic duct was ligated to prevent reflux of any bile or IgA from the gall bladder into the common bile duct. A pronounced selection for transport of dimeric M315 was seen in both species. When dimeric M315 was administered, it was recovered in the dimeric form from the bile of both species, and 60-80% could specifically bind to DNP-gelatin. When monomeric M315 was administered, very little was transported, and the IgA recovered in bile had a much lower capacity to bind DNP-gelatin and appeared to be of low molecular weight. Approximately 60% of the intravenously administered dimeric IgA was transported into bile of both species but biliary transport of the heterologous dimeric IgA into rat bile was five times more rapid than the transport of the dimeric M315 into its homologous species, the mouse. Hence, IgA transport in these species is similar in specificity, integrity of the transported IgA and in the percentage cleared, while differing significantly in the rate of transport. This cannot be ascribed to the species source of the IgA.
Bayesian hot spot detection in the presence of a spatial trend: application to total nitrogen concentration in Chesapeake Bay

Extreme concentrations of water quality variables can cause serious adverse effects in an ecosystem, making their detection an important environmental issue. In Chesapeake Bay, a decreasing gradient of total nitrogen concentration extends from the highest values in the north at the mouth of the Susquehanna river to the lowest values in the south near the Atlantic ocean. We propose a general definition of ‘hot spot’ that includes previous definitions and is appealing for processes with a spatial trend. We model these data using the Bayesian Transformed Gaussian (BTG) random field model proposed by De Oliveira et al. (1997), which combines the Box–Cox family of power transformations and a spatial trend. The median function is used as the measure of spatial trend, which offers some advantages over the customarily used mean function. The BTG model is fitted by an enhanced Monte Carlo algorithm, and the methodology is applied to the nitrogen concentration data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.