cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hooks Baited with Darkness

SCOTT RUSSELL SANDERS, a Fellow of the American Academy since 2012, is Distinguished Professor of English, Emeritus, at Indiana University. He is also a novelist and essayist. His recent books include Earth Works: Selected Essays (2012), A Conservationist Manifesto (2009), and A Private History of Awe (2006). I 1⁄2rst read Walden when I was seventeen, the summer before starting college, at the urging of a high school teacher who sensed that my adolescent mind, brimming with questions, would bene1⁄2t from grappling with a truly radical thinker. Much of the book baffled me. The tone shifted unpredictably from conversational to prophetic, from jokey to stern, from earthy to mystical. I was bewildered by some of the lengthy sentences, which zigzagged among ideas and images, and I was stumped by the cryptic short ones, which seemed to compress whole paragraphs of meaning into a few words. Not yet having made any big decisions about how to lead my life, I couldn’t 1⁄2gure out what was troubling this Henry David Thoreau. So what if his neighbors thought he should use his Harvard degree to land a job and a wife, and then proceed to have kids, buy a house, get rich, and distribute alms to the poor? Couldn’t he just ignore the scolds and go his own way? Not yet having lost a loved one to accident, illness, or old age, I only dimly understood his brood ing about that amoral process we call nature. So what if armies of red ants and black ants slaughtered one another, herons gobbled tadpoles, a dead horse stank up the woods, or a thousand seeds perished for each one that took root? What did all that mayhem and waste have to do with us, the owners of souls aiming at heaven? At seventeen, still a believer in souls and heaven, I didn’t know which parts of the book were supposed to be wise and which parts cranky, so I read it
Enhancement of alkali optical pumping by quenching

Abstract Optical pumping of Cs in N 2 produces an abnormally large ground state spin polarization. The effect is shown to arise primarily from the removal of scattered resonance fluorescence by quenching, rather than from a modification of optical pumping probabilities.
Luteal phase support with human chorionic gonadotropin in assisted reproductive technology

The luteal phase is a critical component in supporting early pregnancy by forming the corpus luteum, and priming the endometrium for implantation following conception. Unfortunately, in assisted reproductive technology, ovarian stimulation protocols disrupt the hormonal milieu of the menstrual cycle, resulting in a largely defective luteal phase. For the last three decades, the optimum regimen for luteal phase support in assisted reproductive technology has been explored. Human chorionic gonadotropin was one of the first agents utilized to rescue the corpus luteum, given its high affinity for luteinizing hormone receptor. In this article, the author will summarize the role of human chorionic gonadotropin for luteal support in improving reproductive outcomes.
The loxodromic mapping problem

Paul Schweitzer [6] showed that this conjecture is false for C’ vector fields. The author [3] has constructed C* counterexamples. In this paper we describe a reduction of the problem by one dimension. That is, a vector field on S3 with no zeroes and no closed integral curves necessarily exists if there is a diffeomorphism of S* with a few dynamical properties. Begin with a Denjoy diffeomorphism [l]
Determinants of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for waiting passengers at bus stops

Abstract This research evaluates commuter exposure to particulate matter during pre-journey commute segments for passengers waiting at bus stops by investigating 840 min of simultaneous exposure levels, both inside and outside seven bus shelters in Buffalo, New York. A multivariate regression model is used to estimate the relation between exposure to particulate matter (PM 2.5 measured in μg m −3 ) and three vectors of determinants: time and location, physical setting and placement, and environmental factors. Four determinants have a statistically significant effect on particulate matter: time of day, passengers’ waiting location, land use near the bus shelter, and the presence of cigarette smoking at the bus shelter. Model results suggest that exposure to PM 2.5 inside a bus shelter is 2.63 μg m −3 (or 18 percent) higher than exposure outside a bus shelter, perhaps due in part to the presence of cigarette smoking. Morning exposure levels are 6.51 μg m −3 (or 52 percent) higher than afternoon levels. Placement of bus stops can affect exposure to particulate matter for those waiting inside and outside of shelters: air samples at bus shelters located in building canyons have higher particulate matter than bus shelters located near open space.
Gastrointestinal Infections in AIDS

Abstract ▪ As the largest lymphoid organ in the body, the gastrointestinal tract is a potential reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of the acquired immunodeficienc...
Virtual manipulation of topography to test potential pool–riffle maintenance mechanisms

In this study, numerical experimentation with two-dimensional hydraulic modeling of pool–riffle river topography drawing on the testbed data from the classic Keller (1971) study was used to investigate the effect of synthetically manipulating topography on the occurrence and magnitude of velocity and Shields stress reversals in a pool–riffle sequence. Reversals in velocity and shear stress have been used to explore mechanisms of pool–riffle maintenance, while Shields stress (a combined measure of transport capacity and substrate erodibility) is emerging in importance. The original site topography was modeled alongside six altered ones to evaluate the sensitivity of hydraulic reversals to subtle morphology — five incrementally wider pools and a filled pool. The Caamano (2009) criterion, a simplified geometric threshold for predicting velocity reversals, was applied to each terrain to evaluate its utility. The original pool–riffle topography was just over the threshold for a velocity reversal and well over the threshold for a strong Shields stress reversal. Overall, pool widening caused a predominantly local response, with change to pool hydraulics and no change in section-averaged velocity in the riffle beyond the initial widening of 10%. Filling in the pool significantly increased the magnitude of reversals, whereas expanding it eliminated the occurrence of a reversal in mean velocity, though the Shields stress reversal persisted because of strong differentiation in bed material texture. Using Shields stress as a reversal parameter enabled the quantification of pool modification effects on pool–riffle resiliency. The Caamano (2009) criterion accurately predicted reversal occurrence for the altered terrains with exaggerated effects, but failed to predict the weak reversal for the original topography. Two-dimensional modeling coupled with previously accepted hydrologic, geomorphic, and engineering analyses is vital in project design and evaluation prior to construction.
Physiologic versus neoplastic C-cell hyperplasia of the thyroid: Separation of distinct histologic and biologic entities

BACKGROUND Although hyperplasia of C-cells has been described in association with various pathologic and physiologic conditions, criteria for its diagnosis are poorly defined. Both neoplastic and physiologic C-cell proliferations have been lumped together under the umbrella designation of C-cell hyperplasia (CCH), creating considerable confusion among clinicians and pathologists. METHODS In order to compare the morphologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of the two major types of CCH, we examined thyroid sections of 17 patients with familial forms of C-cell hyperplasia and/or neoplasia and tissue sections of 19 thyroid glands known to have reactive or physiologic CCH (at least 50 C-cells per one low power field, 100×). Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stained sections and immunohistochemical stains for calcitonin were assessed in each case. RESULTS Physiologic or reactive CCH was not recognized with certainty on H & E stains in any of the cases due to morphologic similarities between C-cells and adjacent follicular cells. Detection of this form of hyperplasia, which was predominantly diffuse, required calcitonin immunostains and quantitative analysis. Conversely, nodular and diffuse neoplastic CCH was easily identified with conventional H & E stains at the periphery of 11/12 (92%) familial medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC). In the other five cases, neoplastic C-cell hyperplasia was the only pathologic finding on thyroidectomy performed for elevated serum calcitonin levels detected via provocative biochemical screening or identification of the mutated RET proto-oncogene by genetic analysis. The C-cells in this neoplastic form of CCH were large, mildly to moderately atypical, and confined within the basement membrane of thyroid follicles. Moreover, these cells were cytologically indistinguishable from those of invasive MTC cells. CONCLUSIONS Physiologic and neoplastic CCH are biologically and morphologically distinct entities. The former cannot be recognized with certainty with conventional stains and requires immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis for diagnosis. The latter consists of mildly to moderately atypical C-cells that can be identified with H & E stained sections. Consequently, the number of C-cells is of no importance for the diagnosis of neoplastic CCH which is considered to be the precursor (medullary carcinoma in situ) of invasive medullary carcinoma. Cancer 1996;77:750-6.
Green fluorescent protein imaging of tumour growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in mouse models

We have developed a way of imaging metastases in mice by use of tumour cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) that can be used to examine fresh tissue, both in situ and externally. These mice present many new possibilities for research including real-time studies of tumour progression, metastasis, and drug-response evaluations. We have now also introduced the GFP gene, cloned from bioluminescent organisms, into a series of human and rodent cancer-cell lines in vitro, which stably express GFP after transplantation to rodents with metastatic cancer. Techniques were also developed for transduction of tumours by GFP in vivo. With this fluorescent tool, single cells from tumours and metastases can be imaged. GFP-expressing tumours of the colon, prostate, breast, brain, liver, lymph nodes, lung, pancreas, bone, and other organs have also been visualised externally by use of quantitative transcutaneous whole-body fluorescence imaging. GFP technology has also been used for real-time imaging and quantification of angiogenesis.
Loss of pace capture on the ablation line: A new marker for complete radiofrequency lesions to achieve pulmonary vein isolation

Background Catheter ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation (AF) often involve circumferential antral isolation of pulmonary veins (PV). Inability to reliably identify conduction gaps on the ablation line necessitates placing additional lesions within the intended lesion set. Objective This pilot study investigated the relationship between loss of pace capture directly along the ablation line and electrogram criteria for PV isolation (PVI). Methods Using a 3-dimensional anatomic mapping system and irrigated-tip radiofrequency (RF) ablation catheter, lesions were placed in the PV antra to encircle ipsilateral vein pairs until pace capture at 10 mA/2 ms no longer occurred along the line. During ablation, a circular mapping catheter was placed in an ipsilateral PV, but the electrograms were not revealed until loss-of-pace capture. The procedural end point was PVI (entrance and exit block). Results Thirty patients (57 ± 12 years; 15 male [50%]) undergoing PVI in 2 centers (3 primary operators) were included (left atrial diameter 40 ± 4 mm, left ventricular ejection fraction 60 ± 7%). All patients reached the end points of complete PVI and loss of pace capture. When PV electrograms were revealed after loss of pace capture along the line, PVI was present in 57 of 60 (95%) vein pairs. In the remaining 3 of 60 (5%) PV pairs, further RF applications achieved PVI. The procedure duration was 237 ± 46 minutes, with a fluoroscopy time of 23 ± 9 minutes. Analysis of the blinded PV electrograms revealed that even after PVI was achieved, additional sites of pace capture were present on the ablation line in 30 of 60 (50%) of the PV pairs; 10 ± 4 additional RF lesions were necessary to fully achieve loss of pace capture. After ablation, the electrogram amplitude was lower at unexcitable sites (0.25 ± 0.15 mV vs. 0.42 ± 0.32 mV, P Conclusion Complete loss of pace capture directly along the circumferential ablation line correlates with entrance block in 95% of vein pairs and can be achieved without circular mapping catheter guidance. Thus, pace capture along the ablation line can be used to identify conduction gaps. Interestingly, more RF ablation energy was required to achieve loss of pace capture along the ablation line than for entrance block into PVs. Further study is warranted to determine whether this method results in more durable ablation lesions that reduce recurrence of AF.
Asymmetric distribution of nitrate reductase subunits in the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli: evidence derived from surface labeling studies with transglutaminase.

Abstract The enzyme transglutaminase has been used to label surface proteins of Escherichia coli cytoplasmic membranes by covalently attaching to them a small fluorescent primary amine, dansyl cadaverine. Spheroplasts lacking outer membrane, osmotically lysed vesicles from the spheroplasts, and vesicles made by breaking cells in a French pressure cell were each labeled with transglutaminase and dansyl cadaverine. When the total cytoplasmic membrane proteins of each were examined on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, three rather different labeling patterns were obtained. Labeling of the respiratory enzyme, nitrate reductase, in the membranes of each of these preparations was also examined. Membrane-bound nitrate reductase contains three subunits: A, B, and C. Dansyl cadaverine labeling of nitrate reductase in the presence of Triton X-100 indicated that subunits A and C could be labeled. When nitrate reductase was isolated from dansyl cadaverine-labeled spheroplasts, none of the subunits was labeled. When nitrate reductase was isolated from French press vesicles, subunit A was labeled and labeling was enhanced by the presence of nitrate during labeling. When nitrate reductase from osmotic vesicles was examined, subunit A was labeled in the presence of nitrate but no labeled subunits appeared when the vesicles were labeled in the absence of nitrate. It was concluded that (i) nitrate reductase is buried in the membrane with subunit A exposed only on the inner surface of the membrane, (ii) subunit C is sufficiently buried within the membrane so that it is inaccessible to transglutaminase, (iii) subunit B is not labeled under any condition, so its location is not known, and (iv) large osmotic vesicles are probably mosaics in which some protein components have been reoriented.
Human infestation with Cochliomyia hominivorax, the New World screwworm.

Primary screwworm infection is an important zoonotic disease with a widening geographic distribution. l In Central and South America and Africa, myiasis caused by the New World screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, is becoming an increasingly important public health problem. During the 1940s, aggressive U.S. public health policies effectively eradicated this disease, which had existed in humans and domestic livestock throughout the United States from Minnesota to the Gulf states.2 In recent years, accidental importation of C. hominivorax into North Africa has resulted in serious concerns that this disease may rapidly disseminate in livestock and human populations from Libya throughout the entire Nile River Valley. 3 Foreign travel to endemic areas during vacations, volunteer service, or extended military operations will place persons at risk of acquiring some form ofmyiasis. To illustrate the manifestations of infection with C. hominivorax, we describe a patient with a severe primary screwworm infestation of the external ear.
Chemical classification of a male housefly attractant

Abstract The non-polar lipids from housefly excrement which are attractive to male houseflies were fractionated and the constituent lipid classes were identified. The hydrocarbon fraction, which constituted about two-thirds of the lipid weight, contained the attractant activity. Cuticular hydrocarbons from houseflies also were attractive. The attractant was specific in that it attracted only sexually mature male flies. Gas chromatographic analyses of cuticular and faecal hydrocarbons disclosed similar qualitative and quantitative distributions of individual hydrocarbons.
Characterization of fertilinβ-disintegrin binding specificity in sperm-egg adhesion

Abstract An essential step leading to fertilization is the binding of a sperm to the egg plasma membrane. Fertilinβ, a membrane bound protein on the extracellular surface of sperm, partially mediates this binding via the α 6 β 1 integrin. Fertilinβ is a member of the still expanding family of ADAM proteins ( a d isintegrin a nd m etalloprotease) that are implicated in many cellular functions ranging from neurogenesis to myoblast fusion and cytokine processing. Fertilinβ contains a highly conserved motif (D/E)ECD in the disintegrin domain. This suggests that (D/E)ECD could be the consensus sequence for recognition of disintegrins by α 6 β 1 integrins. Previously, it has been demonstrated that small peptides containing different moieties of this consensus sequence are inhibitors of in vitro fertilization. In the present study, we sought to determine whether a four amino acid peptide sequence with two adjacent acidic residues improved inhibition, and investigated the importance for inhibition of a cysteine versus a cystine. A series of linear and cyclic peptides were synthesized, in which either one or both adjacent acidic residues in the sequence DECD were mutated to their corresponding amides (N or Q). To explore the required oxidation state of the cysteine in the (D/E)ECD sequence, it was protected as a mixed disulfide. Our results indicate that only one acidic residue is required for inhibition of fertilization and a reduced C is required.
Localization of spinal cord preganglionic neurons innervating the superior cervical ganglion in the golden hamster

The retrograde neuronal tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) was used to determine the location and distribution of preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord of the golden hamster. FG was injected unilaterally into the superior cervical ganglia. Labeled neurons were found only ipsilateral to the injection site in segments C8 to T5 of which the segments T1 to T3 contained about 98% of the labeled cells. Neurons were found in four regions of the spinal cord: the intermediolateral nucleus (43%), the lateral funiculus (55%), the central autonomic area (1%) and the intercalated region (less than 1%). In the intermediolateral nucleus, cells often were arranged in clusters of which several were seen in each spinal segment.
Optical characterization of nanopillar black silicon for plasmonic and Solar cell application

With the goal of improving photo-absorption of photovoltaic device and for plasmonic application we have fabricated nanopillar black silicon devices through etching-passivation technique which does not require any photomask and whole wafer scale uniformity is achieved at room temperature in a short time. We have carried out thorough optical characterization for nanopillar black silicon devices to be used for solar cell and plasmonic applications. Cathodoluminescence (CL), current dependent CL spectroscopy, photoluminescence (at room temperature and 77 K), Raman spectroscopy, reflectance and absorption measurement have been performed on the device. A thin layer of Ag is deposited to render with plasmonic property and the plasmonic effect is probed using surface plasmon enhanced fluorescence, angle dependent reflectance measurements, high resolution cathodoluminescence (CL), surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurement and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) experiment. We obtained reduction in optical reflection of ~ 12 times on b-Si substrate from UV to NIR range, the nanostructured fluorescence enhancement of ~40 times and the Raman scattering enhancement factor of 6.4×10 7 .
Academy report encourages NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative

The U.S. National Science Foundation should move ahead with plans and funding for its Ocean Observatories Initiative, a committee of the U.S. National Research Council recommended in a 21 July report. The committee chair and the NSF program director of ocean technologies and interdisciplinary coordination said the report amounts to an endorsement of the initiative. The Ocean Observatories Initiative is envisioned as a program to help the U.S. ocean science research community make sustained, in-situ observations and measurements in the oceans and on the sea floor. The research-driven initiative is one of a number of national and international efforts to establish a global ocean observing system; these efforts also include a proposed U.S. Integrated and Sustained Ocean Observing System, an operational observing system.
C/EBPα is required for proteolytic cleavage of cyclin A by calpain 3 in myeloid precursor cells

Abstract In this report, we present novel findings that implicate CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPα) in regulating the expression and activity of calpain 3 in vivoand data showing a new physiological substrate for calpain 3, cyclin A. Our results demonstrate that cleavage of cyclin A by calpain 3 occurs in mouse and human myeloid precursor cells. Calpain 3 cleaves cyclin Ain vitro and in vivo, resulting in the production of a truncated product that lacks the N-terminal destruction box required for its degradation at the end of mitosis. The cleaved form of cyclin A retains the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) binding domain and forms active complexes with cdk2. Calpain 3-mediated cleavage of cyclin A is lacking in C/EBPα−/− mice, which are not able to produce mature granulocytes. Our data support a model in which calpain 3-mediated cleavage of cyclin A in dividing myeloid progenitor cells is important for the onset of differentiation. Deficits in this pathway in C/EBPα−/− mice might contribute to the failure of these mice to produce mature granulocytes. These data reveal a new pathway involving tightly controlled post-translational processing of cyclin A during differentiation of granulocytes.
Electron microscopy of four-cell stages of the ascidians Ciona and Styela

Abstract The inclusions and submicroscopic structure of anterior and posterior blastomeres of four-cell stages of Ciona intestinalis and Styela barnharti were studied by means of electron microscopy. In both forms the blastomeres have an outer rim of inclusions consisting mainly of several types of yolk granules, mitochondria, and lipid droplets. The large inner core of hyaloplasm consists of closely packed vesicles and associated small granules. In Styela many mitochondria closely adhere to yellow lipid droplets, and in the posterior blastomeres there is a localization of these clusters to form the yellow crescent (mesoplasm) described by Conklin. Three times as many mitochondria and eight times as many lipid droplets are found in sections of posterior as compared to anterior blastomeres. It is concluded, on the basis of size, color, density, and degree of osmiophilia, that the yellow lipid droplets correspond to Conklin's “yellow mitochondria.” The clear anterior regions of the anterior blastomeres, probably the chorda-neuroplasm, is characterized by a thinning of the layer of inclusions. No localization of specific inclusions occurs in this area. The electron micrographs indicate that the visible areas of the living Styela barnharti egg, aside from the localization of yellow lipid droplets and the mitochondria to form the yellow crescent, are due to regional differences in the thickness of the peripheral rim of inclusions. In four-cell stages of Ciona over twice as many mitochondria are found, as indicated by counting mitochondria in sections, in posterior as compared to the anterior blastomeres. The vegetal cytoplasmic caps of the posterior blastomeres, which appear temporarily during the second cleavage, are composed largely of mitochondria. In the anterior blastomeres mitochondria are likewise localized in the vegetal region, and in both anterior and posterior blastomeres the mitochondria are distributed in gradient fashion near the cell membrane in a vegetal-animal direction. There is also a localization of large vesicles of unknown function in the hyaloplasm of the posterior blastomeres of Ciona . No differences were noted, in sections of four-cell stages of Ciona and Styela , in the endoplasmic reticulum of anterior and posterior blastomeres.
A versatile and quantitative computer-assisted photoelectronic technique used for the analysis of ciliary beat cycles.

The beat cycles of rabbit tracheal cilia in culture and Mytilus laterofrontal cirri were recorded using a phototransistor, transillumination, video, and phase-contrast microscopy. The photoelectronic signal and video image of the ciliary activity were simultaneously recorded as a composite image. The photoelectronic signal was converted into a digital signal by a data acquisition system for further computer processing. By the selection of a small detector area and accurate detector alignment, a simple, repetitive photoelectronic signal representing ciliary activity was obtained. This signal records the ciliary beat frequency and demonstrates the triphasic nature of the beat cycle. The photoelectronic signal can be precisely correlated with the ciliary activity by analysis of the composite video recordings to provide the duration of the effective, recovery, and rest phases of the beat cycle. The videophotoelectronic signal correlations were verified by high-speed cinematography. High-speed films of ciliary activity were digitized, and the image density of selected pixels was analyzed by computer with respect to time and ciliary motion. These studies indicate that duration of the phages of the beat cycle are differentially reduced with increased beat frequency; the effective phase duration was quickly reduced to a minimum. This was followed by the reduction of the duration of the recovery phase to a minimum. The rest phase continues to be reduced without reaching a minimum, over the range of beat frequencies observed. These results suggest that ciliary beat frequency may be regulated either by modifying the rates of dynein-microtubule interactions or the rate of transition from one beat phase to the next.
Advances in the design of organic resist materials

Abstract The resist materials used today in the fabrication of semiconductor devices were not expressly designed for this application. They were originally developed for use in the printing industry and were simply adopted by the electronics industry with relatively minor modifications. The performance of these resists was more than adequate for initial applications and, as a result, it was not necessary completely understand the chemistry responsible for lithographic behavior. However, the current resolution requirements and severe processing conditions in device manufacturing make it necessary to understand resist chemistry not only to maximize the performance of available materials but also to allow for the rational design of new materials. The paper discusses three topics which demonstrate that one can specifically design a resist system for optimal performance. The first deals with the generation of a negative tone image from a positive photoresist. The second topic addresses techniques for significantly reducing the time required to expose a resist. And finally, the materials requirements for the next generation of multilayer resist (MLR) systems will be discussed.
Local density augmentation in neat supercritical fluids: the role of electrostatic interactions

Abstract Motivated by a recent study of Saitow et al. [Chem. Phys. Lett. 368 (2003) 209–214 ], computer simulations and dielectric analyses are used to explore the effect electrical interactions have on density augmentation in supercritical fluoroform. Simulations of 2-site models of fluoroform and ethane show that electrical interactions increase local densities but not dramatically. The density augmentation simulated in both fluids (Δ ρ max =0.12 ρ c and 0.15 ρ c ) is much smaller than the value Δ ρ max ≅0.5 ρ c deduced by Saitow et al. from Raman measurements. This discrepancy can be reconciled if the observed vibrational shifts reflect mainly dipolar interactions, an interpretation justified by ab initio calculations.
Ambient Pressure Synthesis of Aerogel-Like Vanadium Oxide and Molybdenum Oxide

Abstract An ambient pressure method for drying sol-gel materials has been used to synthesize highly porous vanadium oxide and molybdenum oxide materials with aerogel-like properties. The resulting solids exhibit 80–90% porosity and high surface area (150–280 m 2 /g). The synthesis approach uses liquid exchange to replace the pore fluid with a low surface tension, nonpolar solvent that reduces the capillary pressures developed during drying. The technique is adaptable to the preparation of porous thin films.
The Treatment of 26 Thyrotoxic Patients with Thiouracil and a Review of Toxic Reactions in All (135) Reported Cases

IN THE two and one-half years since Mackenzie, Mackenzie, and McCollum (1) and Richter and Clisby (2) reported a striking goitrogenic action in animals as a result of the administration of sulfaguanidine and of phenyl-thiourea, respectively, no less than 51 articles have been devoted to a study of a number of aniline and thiourea derivatives of relatively low toxicity, which are capable of depressing the formation of thyroglobulin (3 to 53). A critically detailed analysis of the work covered by these communications is far outside the scope of the present report. However, several generally accepted facts emerge which may justify reiteration. 1. “Thyroid-active” sulfonamide and thiourea derivatives depress metabolism. 2. These compounds produce an enlargement and hyperplasia of the thyroid in animals and a hyperplasia in man. 3. The degree of hyperplasia may be quantitatively expressed through variations in the height of the follicular cell (20, 21, 37).
Three Types of Taxis Used in the Response of Acidovorax sp. Strain JS42 to 2-Nitrotoluene

Acidovorax sp. strain JS42 is able to utilize 2-nitrotoluene (2NT) as its sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. We report here that strain JS42 is chemotactic to 2NT and that the response is increased when cells are grown on compounds such as 2NT that are known to induce the first step of 2NT degradation. Assays with JS42 mutants unable to oxidize 2NT showed that the first step of 2NT metabolism was required for the induced response, but not for a portion of the constitutive response, indicating that 2NT itself is an attractant. The 2NT metabolite nitrite was shown to be a strong attractant for strain JS42, and sufficient nitrite was produced during the taxis assay to account for a large part of the induced response. A mutant with an inactivated ntdY gene, which is located adjacent to the 2NT degradation genes and codes for a putative methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein, showed a defect in taxis toward 2NT that may involve a reduced response to nitrite. Responses of a mutant defective for the energy-taxis receptor, Aer, indicated that a functional aer gene is required for a substantial part of the wild-type induced response to 2NT. In summary, strain JS42 utilizes three types of taxis to sense and respond to 2NT: constitutive 2NT-specific chemotaxis to directly sense 2NT, metabolism-dependent nitrite-specific chemotaxis that may be mediated by NtdY, and energy taxis mediated by Aer.
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Economy

Fuel cells with applications ranging from power generation to transportation need hydrogen as fuel. Hydrogen is not a source of energy, and hydrogen is not a readily available fuel. Hydrogen is more like electricity - an intermediary form of energy or an energy carrier. However, while electricity infrastructure is already in place, hydrogen infrastructure is practically nonexistent. It is this lack of hydrogen infrastructure that is considered to be one of the biggest obstacles to fuel cell commercialization. Commercialization of fuel cells, particularly for transportation and stationary electricity generation markets, must be accompanied by commercialization of hydrogen energy technologies, i.e., technologies for hydrogen production, distribution and storage. In other words, hydrogen must become a readily available commodity (not as a technical gas but as an energy carrier) before fuel cells can be fully commercialized. On the other hand, it may very well be that the fuel cells will become the driving force for development of hydrogen energy technologies. Fuel cells have many unique properties, such as high energy efficiency, no emissions, no noise, modularity, and potentially low cost, which may make them attractive in many applications even with a limited hydrogen supply. This creates what is often referred to as a 'chicken and egg problem' - does the development and commercialization of fuel cells come before development of hydrogen energy technologies or must hydrogen infrastructure be in place before fuel cells can be commercialized? Hydrogen as fuel cannot compete in today's market with the very fuels it is produced from (including electricity). Also, as any new technology, hydrogen energy technologies, such as fuel cells, are in most cases initially more expensive than the existing mature technologies, even when real economics is applied. Hydrogen energy technologies are expensive because the equipment for hydrogen production and utilization is not mass-produced. It is not mass-produced because there is no demand for it, and there is no demand because it is too expensive. This is a closed circle, or another chicken-and-egg problem. The only way for hydrogen energy technologies to penetrate into the major energy markets is to start with those technologies that may have niche markets, where the competition with the existing technologies is not as fierce and/or where they offer clear advantage over the existing technologies regardless of the price. Another push for commercialization may be gained through governmental and/or international subsidies for technologies that offer some clear advantages. Once developed, these technologies may help reduce the cost of other related hydrogen technologies, and initiate and accelerate their widespread market penetrations. This article discusses the role of fuel cells in the future Hydrogen Economy, and explores possible transition paths and strategies.
Nonpeptidic foldamers from amino acids: synthesis and characterization of 1,3-substituted triazole oligomers.

Nonpeptidic foldamers capable of displaying protein-like functionality were prepared by swapping amide bonds with 1,2,3-triazole rings. The overall conformation of these triazole oligomers is largely dictated by dipole−dipole interactions between adjacent rings. Solution NMR studies suggest that a zigzag conformation, which closely mimics the β-strand structure, predominates in two different tetramers.
RELIABILITY ESTIMATION WITH TIME-VARIANT LOADS AND RESISTANCES

This paper presents an efficient simulation-based technique to estimate the system reliability of structures that experience variation in loads and resistance over time. To arrive at a realistic reliability estimate of such structures, random process description of load variation and consideration of resistance degradation and periodic repair must be included. An adaptive importance sampling methodology for estimating the time-dependent system reliability of brittle structures is presented in this paper. In the proposed method, a simple enumeration scheme is used to identify one complete failure sequence of the structural system. This defines the initial failure domain to start the simulation. As the simulation progresses, the initial failure domain is refined adaptively to include other significant failure sequences and to accurately estimate the failure probability of the system. The proposed method removes the idealized simplifying assumptions of earlier analytical methods, facilitates easy addition of the reliability analysis module to structural analysis, and provides a fast and accurate estimate of the failure probability. Numerical examples presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method demonstrate its efficiency and promise.
A Scale to Study Logical Consistency of Ideas About Education

(1961). A Scale to Study Logical Consistency of Ideas About Education. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 443-455.
What do physicians read (and ignore) in electronic progress notes

Objective: Several studies have documented the preference for physicians to attend to the impression and plan section of a clinical document. However, it is not clear how much attention other sections of a document receive. The goal of this study was to identify how physicians distribute their visual attention while reading electronic notes. Methods: We used an eye-tracking device to assess the visual attention patterns of ten hospitalists as they read three electronic notes. The assessment included time spent reading specific sections of a note as well as rates of reading. This visual analysis was compared with the content of simulated verbal handoffs for each note and debriefing interviews. Results: Study participants spent the most time in the “Impression and Plan” section of electronic notes and read this section very slowly. Sections such as the “Medication Profile”, “Vital Signs” and “Laboratory Results” received less attention and were read very quickly even if they contained more content than the impression and plan. Only 9% of the content of physicians’ verbal handoff was found outside of the “Impression and Plan.” Conclusion: Physicians in this study directed very little attention to medication lists, vital signs or laboratory results compared with the impression and plan section of electronic notes. Optimizing the design of electronic notes may include rethinking the amount and format of imported patient data as this data appears to largely be ignored.
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Many patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy continue to have seizures despite medical therapy. For these patients, one recourse is surgical resection of the mesial temporal lobe, with its attendant risks. Noninvasive treatment with Gamma Knife radiosurgery is under active investigation as a possible alternative to open surgery. Accumulated evidence from multiple studies shows radiosurgery to be comparable in outcomes to surgical resection. A definitive randomized, controlled trial, the Radiosurgery or Open Surgery for Epilepsy (ROSE) trial, is currently underway, and further investigation of this promising treatment is crucial in our advancement of alternative therapies to treat refractory epilepsy.
Women's motivators for seeking treatment for alcohol use disorders

This study examined types of internal and external motivations for seeking treatment and the predictive utility of different types of motivation among 180 women with an alcohol use disorder (AUD) participating in a two-armed trial testing different individual and couple therapies for AUDs. Reasons for seeking treatment were coded for type of internal or external motivation. Most women (97%) cited internal reasons for seeking help, including: concern about progression of AUD (61.1%), health (43.3%), mental health (38.9%), and family (38.3%). Occupational concerns, an internal motivator cited by 6% of women, were associated with better drinking outcomes; interpersonal-family concerns were associated with poorer outcomes. Some motivators for seeking treatment may not be related to sustained changes in drinking, suggesting that understanding motivators for treatment may be inadequate to maintain change. Reasons for help-seeking may need to be addressed in treatment to produce long-lasting change.
Excimer Laser Radial Keratotomy

The central corneal flattening obtained by radial diamond knife incisions has been duplicated by radial laser incisions in 18 enucleated human eyes. The incisions, made by 193 nm far-ultraviolet light radiation emitted by the excimer laser, produced corneal flattening ranging from 0.12 to 5.35 diopters. Both the depth of the corneal incisions and the degree of central corneal flattening correlated with the laser energy applied. Histopathology revealed the remarkably smooth edges of the laser incisions.
Free-Free Continuum of Oxygen*

Oxygen is treated in an example calculation of the free-free absorption cross section. Wave functions for the free electron in the field of an oxygen atom under the assumption of no electron exchange or core polarization are calculated on the IBM 704. These wave functions are applied to the calculation of the free-free absorption corresponding to a particular continuum frequency and initial state energy. In this calculation the dipole acceleration form of the matrix element is computed. The matrix element calculation is carried out on the LGP-30. These partial cross sections are smeared over a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of initial electronic energies in order to obtain the free-free cross section. The results are in approximate agreement with the familiar classical Kramers result for an effective Z of 0.35, although the frequency dependence is noticeably different. We carry out the calculation for the temperatures 8000, 6000, and 4000°K and find there to be no temperature dependence in the cross section, at least in this range. The calculation is also carried out under the assumption of a mean electron velocity at 8000°K. The magnitude does not differ much although the wavelength dependence is somewhat less.
Weight Changes in Lactating Holstein Cows

Abstract Body weights and monthly milk yield from 1,004 Holstein lactations were studied. They were the average of two weighings while milk production was weighed daily. First-calf heifers gained the most weight (84 kg), whereas mature cows increased the least (34 kg). Second and later gestations were characterized by decreases in weight from the first to the second month of lactation, while first-parity animals gained slightly in this period. This difference was attributed to the mobilization of fat reserves by the older cows. First-calf heifers gained in this period owing to lower level milk yield and to continued growth.
Job preferences in the anticipatory socialization phase: A comparison of two matching models.

Abstract Decision-making about jobs has been the focus of a large body of research and numerous theories. This area of research has been characterized as being in a period of transition in which the future of job choice models must include more innovative and parsimonious methods. The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of two idiographic Person-Environment fit methods for predicting job preferences. The first method applies some ideas from social cognition research, specifically the self-concept′s relationship to the development of job preferences (self-to-prototype matching). The second method applies an expectancy-value approach to the development of job preferences. The predictive ability of both models were examined longitudinally using a sample of 86 MBA students who were studied while in the process of making a job choice. The longitudinal procedure in this study provided a separation between job and preference ratings, which was an improvement over earlier job preference methodologies. Both models significantly predicted job preferences although the expectancy-value model explained a higher proportion of variance. Implications for research on job preferences are discussed.
Multisolute extraction of organic acids by emulsion liquid membranes. II. Continuous flow experiments and models

Abstract This paper describes continuous flow mixer-settler emulsion liquid membrane extractions of phenol and binary mixtures of m -cresol and benzoic acid. The multisolute batch extraction models presented in the first paper are extended to the continuous flow configuration. For the experimental systems in this study, the reversible reaction approach correctly reflected solute competition for reagent, while the advancing front approach did not.
FLUORESCENT DNA BINDING DYE‐BASED APPROACH FOR MEASURING THE GROWTH OF AN ESCHERICHIA COLI LYSINE AUXOTROPH AND QUANTIFYING LYSINE

Microbiological assays for determination of bioavailable lysine appear to have many advantages. However, since the developed assay is based on bacterial growth and considerable optical density (OD) is required to detect distinguishable differences in extent of growth, it can be time consuming. The purpose of this study was to explore the fluorescence as an alternative method to measure bacterial growth instead of OD and examine the possibility to shorten the time required for the lysine assay. An assay based on SYTO 9 green fluorescent DNA binding dye (Live/Dead BacLight Protocol, Molecular Probes) was used to stain all bacteria in a population. Additional experiments were carried out to determine the ability of fluorescence based on SYTO 9 to overcome problems associated with high nonbacterial background that contributes to OD. From this study it appears that using fluorescence based on SYTO 9 green fluorescent staining, the E. coli lysine auxotroph growth assay can be completed in 9 h instead of 11 h and has the advantage of improved detection sensitivity. Problems associated with interference by high background nonbacterial OD can be partially resolved by fluorescence.
The synthesis of polythiolcarbamates

A series of polythiolcarbamates, [—CONH—X—NHCOS—Y—S]m, have been prepared in which X was either aliphatic or aromatic and Y was a wide variety of aliphatic groups. Synthesis of the polymers by two different methods, the tertiary aminecatalyzed solution polymerization of diisocyanates with dimercaptans and the interfacial polycondensation of bischlorothiolformates and diamines, proved that the polymers had the desired thiolcarbamate structure. Greater yields of lower molecular weight polymers were obtained by the diisocyanate method. Polythiolcarbamates were found to be highly insoluble white powders which tend to decompose in light, in hot solvents, and in aqueous base. They melt somewhat higher than their oxygen analogues, but are less thermally stable.
Corrections to "How Does TCP Generate Pseudo-Self-Similarity?"

In this note we would like to clarify and amend a number of points made in [3]. One of the central points in [3] was that although TCP’s exponential backoff algorithm can introduce noticeable correlations in traffic from individual flows, the resulting correlation structure is not selfsimilarity. The term “pseudo-self-similarity” was used to describe this correlation structure. This term, introduced in [4], was first used in [1] to describe the same correlation structure in TCP flows. An early version of our paper appeared as [2]. In [2], although we pointed out from simulations that the limited retransmission timeout (RTO) in TCP’s exponential backoff causes effects only over “limited timescales,” we did not make clear that TCP’s correlation structure was not self-similarity. Adding this point was the principal improvement in [3] over [2]. In [3] we wrote that [1] “extended our model” which does not credit [1] in two ways. First, [1] was the first to correctly and forcefully make the point that the correlation structure is not self-similarity due to limited RTO in exponential backoff. Second, the Markovian model in [1] was independently derived, is more detailed, and can be used to illustrate the correlation structure of both exponential back-off and congestion avoidance phases of TCP. We regret these inaccuracies in our paper.