cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Re(Examining) Relations between CHC Broad and Narrow Cognitive Abilities and Reading Achievement

Previously, Evans and colleagues (2001) utilized simultaneous multiple regression to examine relations between Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC; Schneider & McGrew, 2012) broad and narrow cognitive abilities and reading achievement across the school age span. Although their findings suggest that many broad/narrow abilities had clinically significant effects on reading achievement they failed to account for the potential moderating effects of the general factor. To account for these effects, the current study employed hierarchical multiple regression analysis to reexamine the relationships between CHC dimensions and reading achievement after controlling for the effects of the general factor with 4,722 participants ages 6-18 from the Woodcock Johnson III Psychoeducational Battery (WJ III; Woodcock, McGrew, & Mather, 2001a). Results from the present study indicate that the full scale GIA composite (as a proxy for g ) consistently accounted for large effects across the school age span for all of the reading achievement variables that were assessed. Among the broad and narrow abilities, only Gc consistently accounted for meaningful proportions of reading scores beyond g . As a consequence, researchers are encouraged to give greater consideration to the dimensionality of broad and narrow CHC measures when examining cognitive-achievement relationships or they may risk over-interpreting the predictive effects associated with these indices. Potential implications for clinical application of CHC theory are also discussed.
New host records for Bathypalaemonella serratipalma (Caridea: Bathypalaemonellidae) in the northern Gulf of Mexico

The caridean shrimp Bathypalaemonella serratipalma was photographed by a remotely operated vehicle at 1120–2223 m in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The shrimp was living on previously unreported host cnidarians of the families Isididae and Alcyoniidae, and a black coral (Antipatharia), as well as previously reported gorgonian hosts ( Chrysogorgia and Iridogorgia spp.). We did not observe interactions between B. serratipalma and other invertebrates living on these hosts, nor did the shrimp occur on the same host cnidarians as the anomurans Uroptychus nitidus or Eumunida picta .
Innervated Free Flap Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: A Systematic Review

Background Reconstruction of large abdominal wall defects provides unique challenges to the plastic surgeon. Reconstruction with innervated free flaps has been described and allows for true functional replacement of “like with like.” The authors sought to determine the frequency and outcomes of such reconstructions. Methods A literature review was performed using MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Collaboration Library for research articles related to innervated free flaps in abdominal wall reconstruction. Results Nine case series (16 patients) were included who underwent free flap reconstruction of the abdominal wall with motor and/or sensory innervation. Reconstruction was performed with latissimus dorsi ( n = 5), tensor fascia lata ( n = 4), rectus femoris ( n = 2), combined tensor fascia lata-anterolateral thigh ( n = 2), combined vastus lateralis-tensor fascia lata-anterolateral thigh flaps ( n = 2), and vastus lateralis-anterolateral thigh ( n = 1). All but one reconstruction had motor neurotization performed ( n = 15), while only 12.5% ( n = 2) had sensory neurotization performed. At least 66.6% of patients ( n = 10) who had motor neurotization regained motor function as evidenced by documented clinical examination findings while 93.3% ( n = 14) had “satisfactory” motor function on author's subjective description of the function. Both flaps that had sensory innervation were successful with Semmes–Weinstein testing of 3.61. Conclusion A majority of neurotized free flap reconstructions for abdominal wall defects have been performed for motor innervation, which is almost invariably successful. Sensory neurotization has been carried out for a small number of these reconstructions, and also has been successful. Improvements in techniques and outcomes in innervated free flap abdominal wall reconstruction are important to advancing efforts in abdominal wall transplantation.
Contextual Chemical Ecology: Male to Male Interactions Influence European Corn Borer Male Behavioral Response to Female Sex Pheromone in a Flight Tunnel

The responses of European corn borer, Ostrina nubilalis (Hubner), males in a flight tunnel to sex pheromone, [11-tetradecenyl acetate (97:3, Z:E)] was dependent upon the context in which the males ...
A novel combined interventional radiologic and hepatobiliary surgical approach to a complex traumatic hilar biliary stricture

Abstract Introduction Benign strictures of the biliary system are challenging and uncommon conditions requiring a multidisciplinary team for appropriate management. Presentation of case The patient is a 32-year-old male that developed a hilar stricture as sequelae of a gunshot wound. Due to the complex nature of the stricture and scarring at the porta hepatis a combined interventional radiologic and surgical approach was carried out to approach the hilum of the right and left hepatic ducts. The location of this stricture was found by ultrasound guidance intraoperatively using a balloon tipped catheter placed under fluoroscopy in the interventional radiology suite prior to surgery. This allowed the surgeons to select the line of parenchymal transection for best visualization of the stricture. A left hepatectomy was performed, the internal stent located and the right hepatic duct opened tangentially to allow a side-to-side Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (a Puestow-like anastomosis). Discussion Injury to the intrahepatic biliary ductal confluence is rarely fatal, however, the associated injuries lead to severe morbidity as seen in this example. Management of these injuries poses a considerable challenge to the surgeon and treating physicians. Conclusion Here we describe an innovative multi-disciplinary approach to the repair of this rare injury.
Asymmetric Information, Reputation, and Welfare in Online Credit Markets

This paper studies the impact of reputation/feedback systems on the operation of online credit markets using data from Prosper.com. The ability of lenders to recover their loans is one of the main concerns in these markets, where the problems of asymmetric information are two-fold. On the one hand, borrowers differ in their inherent risks; on the other hand, additional incentives are necessary to motivate borrowers to exert effort. In this paper, I investigate the channels through which reputation/feedback systems improve the total welfare of market participants when both adverse selection and moral hazard are present. A finite-horizon dynamic model of a credit market in which borrowers and lenders interact repeatedly over time is developed and then estimated. I prove the identification of the distribution of borrowers' private types and utility primitives based on variations in borrowers' repayment histories, transitions of their characteristics, and interest rates. In the counterfactual analysis, I find that 22 percent of welfare loss from asymmetric information is due to adverse selection, while 78 percent is due to moral hazard. Furthermore, I find that 95 percent of the inefficiency induced by asymmetric information is eliminated by the reputation system. I consider a policy intervention that protects borrowers from accidental loss of reputation. My results suggest that incorporating a payment protection insurance into the market further improves total welfare.
Neoplasia and the Heart: Pathological Review of Effects With Clinical and Radiological Correlation

The intersection of oncological and cardiovascular diseases is an increasingly recognized phenomenon. This recognition has led to the emergence of cardio-oncology as a true subspecialty. This field is not simply limited to primary cardiac tumors or complications of chemotherapeutic medications. Rather, it also encompasses metastatic cardiovascular complications and secondary cardiovascular effects of the underlying neoplasia. This review will broadly cover primary and metastatic cardiac neoplasms, as well as secondary cardiovascular effects of extracardiac neoplasia (e.g., amyloidosis, carcinoid valvulopathy, and chemotherapeutic cardiotoxicities).
U.S. spent-fuel disposal strategies and international safeguards

Domestic safeguards for fissile nuclear materials are universal, and a variety of international safeguards regimes are applicable, in most member states of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), to declared nuclear facilities dedicated to peaceful missions. The U.S. strategy to dispose of all spent nuclear fuels (SNFs) and high-level wastes (HLWs) in engineered geologic repositories has a sometimes-overlooked consequence, namely, the need to maintain domestic and international safeguards in perpetuity. The Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), which has the responsibility to accept and store the spent fuels in the long term either in surface facilities or in engineered geologic repositories, has yet to include safeguards issues in their mission plan.'' There are several stages in the nuclear fuel cycle where materials usable in weapons are available for diversion. This discussion, however, is limited to the potential diversion of spent fuels for clandestine plutonium recovery. The concepts proposed here highlight safeguards elements necessary for a pragmatic safeguards system for SNF from nuclear power generation. The efforts required to initiate and maintain a verifiable international safeguards regime are examined in the context of a typical storage facility in the United States.
Focusing with Axially Symmetric Fields

The most commonly used electron and ion optical elements are the lenses that serve for focusing charged particle beams. These are equivalent to the axially symmetric lenses of light optics, the basic properties of which were introduced in Section 1-4-2. The existence of the electron optical index of refraction (Section 2-6) proves the possibility of producing electron and ion lenses on the basis of the close analogy between light optics and the motion of charged particle beams in electromagnetic fields. The general properties of axially symmetric electrostatic and magnetic fields and the basic methods of their calculation were already treated in Chapter 3. In this chapter a detailed investigation of their focusing properties will be given.
Tipping the Scales of Justice: Deconstructing an Expert's Testimony on Cross-Examination

American law is not a singlediscourse, but is the product of diverse andoften discordant voices; nowhere is this moreapparent than during the cross-examination ofparties and witnesses at trial. The sequentialorganization of witness examinations has drawn the attention of conversation analysts,who have examined the effects of theturn-taking system governing suchexaminations on the organization of theinteraction that occurs. This article appliesthe theoretical framework thus developed to theanalysis of an attorney's management of expertcross-examination in a medicalmalpractice case. The article demonstratesthat, rather than simply attempting todiscredit an opposing witness' testimony, thecross-examining attorney actively exploits thequestion-answer sequence by using it as aplatform for the construction of a competingand contrasting version of the facts, and thatthis construction occurs simultaneously withthe deconstruction of the witness' directtestimony. It is shown that, by posingstrategic questions, challenging evasiveanswers, building selected descriptions, andtransforming hypothesis into fact, thecross-examining attorney seeks to substitutehis reanalysis for the witness' testimony.
High sensitivity active flat optics optical phased array receiver with a two-dimensional aperture

Optical phased arrays (OPAs) on integrated photonic platforms provide a low-cost chip-scale solution for many applications. Despite the numerous demonstrations of OPA transmitters, the realization of a functional OPA receiver presents a challenge due to the low received signal level in the presence of noise and interference that necessitates high sensitivity of the receiver. In this paper, an integrated receiver system is presented that is capable of on-chip adaptive manipulation and processing of the captured waveform. The receiver includes an optoelectronic mixer that down-converts optical signals to radio frequencies while maintaining their phase and amplitude information. The optoelectronic mixer also provides conversion gain that enhances the system sensitivity and its robustness to noise and interference. Using this system, the first OPA receiver with a two-dimensional aperture of 8-by-8 receiving elements is demonstrated which can selectively receive light from 64 different angles. The OPA receiver can form reception beams with a beamwidth of 0.75° over an 8° grating-lobe-free field of view.
Using Bacterial Transcriptomics to Investigate Targets of Host-Bacterial Interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans

The interactions between a host and its resident microbes form complicated networks that can affect host physiology. Disentangling these host-microbe interactions can help us better understand mechanisms by which bacteria affect hosts, while also defining the integral commensal protection that host-associated microbiota offer to promote health. Here we utilize a tractable genetic model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, to study the effects of host environments on bacterial gene expression and metabolic pathways. First, we compared the transcriptomic profiles of E. coli OP50 in vitro (on agar plates) versus in vivo (fed to C. elegans host). Our data revealed that 110 biosynthetic genes were enriched in host-associated E. coli. Several of these expressed genes code for the precursors and products needed for the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are important for innate immune and stress responses, as well as pathogenicity. Secondly, we compared the transcriptomic profiles of E. coli fed to hosts with different genetic backgrounds, including the long-lived daf-2/insulin like growth factor (IGF) receptor and short lived daf-16/FOXO transcription factor mutants. We find that hosts genetics also alters bacterial metabolic pathways. Given that bacteria influence host health, this transcriptomics approach can elucidate genes mediating host aging.
Long-Term Effects of Breast Cancer Surgery, Treatment, and Survivor Care

Women are increasingly surviving breast cancer, but up to 90% experience unexpected long-term sequelae as a result of treatment. Symptoms may include physical, functional, emotional, and psychosocial changes that can dramatically alter the quality of life for breast cancer survivors. Primary care clinicians, including midwives, are likely to care for these women and should be familiar with common symptoms, treatment, and best practices to avoid permanent dysfunction. A holistic approach to assessment, treatment, and referral as needed is the most effective strategy. Although women experience significant changes after breast cancer treatment, many fail to receive thorough assessment of their symptoms, education about interventions, and treatment options to optimize health promoting strategies. Disparities exist in treatment availability, options, and survivorship. Long-term physical changes include anatomic changes, chronic pain, phantom breast pain, axillary web syndrome, and lymphedema. In addition, women may have decreased strength, aerobic capacity, mobility, fatigue, and cognitive dysfunction. Emotional and psychosocial changes include depression, anxiety, fatigue, concerns about body image, and issues with sexuality. Treatment should be multifactorial based on thorough assessment of symptoms and can include medication, exercise, counseling, physical and occupational therapy, and alternative and complementary therapies. Primary care and gynecologic clinicians are well positioned to provide thorough evaluation, education, treatment, and referral for the most common sequelae of mastectomy and breast cancer treatments.
Long-term field performance of a conventional and modified bioretention system for removing dissolved nitrogen species in stormwater runoff.

Abstract Bioretention systems are efficient at removing particulates, metals, and hydrocarbons from stormwater runoff. However, managing dissolved nitrogen (N) species (dissolved organic N, NH4+, NO2−, NO3−) is a challenge for these systems. This paper reports the results of a long-term field study comparing N removal of: 1) a modified bioretention system that included an internal water storage zone containing wood chips to promote denitrification and 2) a conventional bioretention system. The systems were studied, without and with plants, under varying hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) and antecedent dry conditions (ADCs). Both bioretention designs were efficient at removing NH4+ (83% modified, 74% conventional), while removal of NOx (NO2−-N + NO3−-N) was significantly higher in the modified system (81% modified, 29% conventional). Results show that the addition of an internal water storage zone promotes denitrification, resulting in lower effluent TN concentrations (
Small-scale population genetic structure of the sand bubbler crab Scopimera ryukyuensis in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Generally, the gene flow of marine organisms is well maintained, but some local populations of coastal species are genetically differentiated even on a small scale (genetic patchiness). Small-scale isolation can be crucial for understanding genetic diversity within a species. The present study examined the population genetic structure of the sand bubbler crab Scopimera ryukyuensis, which is endemic to the Ryukyu Islands in the northwestern Pacific. A total of 52 haplotypes of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I were recovered from 197 specimens collected from four islands. The haplotype and nucleotide diversities were relatively high in the central Ryukyus (Amami-Oshima and Okinawa Islands) with some exceptions but were low at the southern edge of the geographical distribution of the species, i.e., the southern Ryukyus (Ishigaki and Iriomote Islands). Pairwise FST analysis suggested that the gene flow of S. ryukyuensis was largely restricted. The local populations of the species are differentiated among islands, except for stations on Ishigaki Island and a station on Iriomote Island. Moreover, a clear intra-island population genetic structure was observed within Amami-Oshima and Iriomote Islands, e.g., only 20 km between stations. Small-scale isolation among local populations may be a common tendency for coastal species in the Ryukyu Islands, considering the results of previous studies on corals.
Near Infrared Spectral Imaging of Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedicine

Single-walled carbon nanotubes, as a subset of nanomaterials with near infrared imaging and sensing capabilities, have unique characteristics that are being leveraged for biomedical applications. The combination of a linear scaffold amenable to multiple classes of functionalization and environment-responsive intrinsic bandgap photoluminescence makes SWCNTs powerful building blocks for engineering optical sensors. Whether using these sensors for investigating fundamental biological processes, applying them for drug discovery, developing tools for small-animal pre-clinical research, or refining the material for eventual use in the clinic, there are multiple unmet needs in biomedicine that could successfully be addressed using single-walled carbon nanotubes.
In Girum Revisited: From Guy Debord’s dérive to the Situationist View of History

This article presents the concept of contemporary mobility in relation to the writings and actions of the Situationist group, particularly in Guy Debord’s concepts of urban derive and psychogeography, as reflected in his last film In girum imus nocte et consumimur igni (1978). Connecting different disciplines, the paper examines the concept of mobility in its relation to history, philosophy, art and urbanism.
A motion prediction confidence estimation framework for prediction-based radiotherapy gating.

PURPOSE Motion prediction can compensate for latency in image-guided radiotherapy and has been an active area of research. However, motion predictions are subject to error and variations. We have developed and evaluated a novel motion prediction confidence estimation framework to improve the efficacy and robustness of prediction-based radiotherapy gating decision-making. The specific scenario of adaptive gating in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided radiotherapy is studied as an example, but the method generalizes to other modalities and motion management setups. METHODS The proposed prediction confidence estimator is based on a generic training/testing paradigm and consists of a weighted combination of three components: the prediction model's goodness of fit, variation in the prediction using a leave-one-out process and the velocity of the tracked target. Roughly, these terms quantify respectively the consistency between prediction and the training data, the robustness of model inference, and the stability due to target speed. The weight parameters and the action level in triggering beam-off decision are optimized. The method is assessed and validated in 8 healthy volunteer and 13 patient studies using a 0.35T MRI-guided radiotherapy system predicting 0.25-0.33 s ahead. The effect of the action level on the predicted gating decision accuracy, beam-on positive predictive value (PPV) and median distance between the predicted and ground-truth target centroids were evaluated. Statistical significance was evaluated using a paired t-test. The tradeoff between these performance metrics and gating duty cycle was assessed. RESULTS Use of the confidence estimator threshold increased gating accuracy by up to 2.42%, increased PPV by up to 3.00%, and reduced the median centroid distance up to 0.28 mm. The confidence estimator threshold on average increased gating accuracy to 96.5% (P = 2.08 × 10-4 ), increased PPV to 96.7% (P = 1.46 × 10-5 ), reduced the median centroid distance to 0.54 mm (P = 1.71 × 10-5 ) at the cost of reducing the gating duty cycle by 14.3% to 48.5%. Hyperparameter tuning revealed that contrary to intuition, the velocity term offered only minimal performance improvement in some cases but also introduced potential stability issues. The combination of goodness of fit and leave-one-out prediction variation provided the most effective confidence estimator, yielding universally better performance in gating decisions. CONCLUSION Confidence estimation utilizing prediction model fitness criterion and validation principles can complement prediction methods to guide MRI-guided radiotherapy gating. Results from both volunteer and patient studies showed improved gating quality.
Cut and Paste for Cancer Treatment: a DNA Nanodevice that cuts out an RNA Marker Sequence to Activate a Therapeutic Function

DNA nanotechnology uses oligonucleotide strands to assemble molecular structures capable of performing useful operations. Here, we assembled a multifunctional prototype DNA nanodevice, DOCTR, that recognizes a single nucleotide mutation in a cancer marker RNA. The nanodevice then cuts out a signature sequence and uses it as an activator for a "therapeutic" function, namely, the cleavage of another RNA sequence. The proposed design is a prototype for a gene therapy DNA machine that cleaves a housekeeping gene only in the presence of a cancer-causing point mutation and suppresses cancer cells exclusively with minimal side effects to normal cells.
Accretion, jets and winds: High‐energy emission from young stellar objects – Doctoral Thesis Award Lecture 2010

This article summarizes the processes of high-energy emission in young stellar objects. Stars of spectral type A and B are called Herbig Ae/Be (HAeBe) stars in this stage, all later spectral types are termed classical T Tauri stars (CTTS). Both types are studied by high-resolution X-ray and UV spectroscopy and modeling. Three mechanisms contribute to the highenergy emission from CTTS: 1) CTTS have active coronae similar to main-sequence stars, 2) the accreted material passes through an accretion shock at the stellar surface, which heats it to a few MK, and 3) some CTTS drive powerful outflows. Shocks within these jets can heat the plasma to X-ray emitting temperatures. Coronae are already well characterized in the literature; for the latter two scenarios models are shown. The magnetic field suppresses motion perpendicular to the field lines in the accretion shock, thus justifying a 1D geometry. The radiative loss is calculated as optically thin emission. A mixture of shocked and coronal gas is fitted to X-ray observations of accreting CTTS. Specifically, the model explains the peculiar line-ratios in the He-like triplets of Ne IX and O VII. All stars require only small mass accretion rates to power the X-ray emission. In contrast, the HAeBe HD 163296 has line ratios similar to coronal sources, indicating that neither a high density nor a strong UV-field is present in the region of the X-ray emission. This could be caused by a shock in its jet. Similar emission is found in the deeply absorbed CTTS DG Tau. Shock velocities between 400 and 500 km s–1 are required to explain the observed spectrum (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In Vivo Detection of Apoptosis

After several decades of debate, it is now widely acknowledged that apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is central to homoeostasis and normal development and physiology in all multicellular organisms, including humans. The dysregulation of apoptosis can lead to the destruction of normal tissues in a variety of disorders, including autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases (too much apoptosis) or the growth of tumors (too little apoptosis). In addition, effective therapy of tumors requires the iatrogenic induction of programmed cell death by radiation, chemotherapy, or both. Given the central role of apoptosis, it would be desirable to have a noninvasive imaging method to serially detect and monitor this process in cancer patients undergoing conventional radiation and chemotherapy treatments as well as for the development and testing of new drugs. In this article, the latest modalities and contrast agents described in the literature for the imaging of apoptosis in vivo are reviewed. First, the most recent developments in the biochemical characterization of the many intracellular pathways involved in this complex process are discussed. Next, a variety of new radionuclide tracers, including radiolabeled annexin V and caspase inhibitors for PET and SPECT, are described. Finally, the use of MRI, MR spectroscopy, and ultrasound as possible alternative imaging modalities for the imaging of apoptosis is addressed.
Challenging a South Red Atlantic: A Post-Liberationist Critique of the Hispanic Caribbean

This chapter proposes an uprooted critique that allows me to take apart the official discourses and even glimpse forms to think “inoperative communities” (Nancy). Problematising identity discourses I elaborate a critique of the “mestizaje” ideology, which serves as a foundation for the Cuban nation and was expanded to a Global South scale characterised by revolutionary discourses. I argue that the paradigm of the Latin African subject served to sustain a transatlantic historical link that justified Cuban support to the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola during the Angolan Civil War. Such a paradigm was also instrumental to “export” a kind of nationalist identity that rendered the existing social and racial hierarchies invisible in both countries.
Performance and optimization studies of oil extraction from Nannochloropsis spp. and Scenedesmus obliquus

Abstract The amount of water removed from harvested algae and the required quantity of solvent for efficient oil recovery impact the overall economic viability of transforming algae to bioenergy. Thus, in this study, the effect of total solids (TS) content and solvent-to-biomass ratio on oil recovery from Nannochloropsis oculata and Nannochloropsis salina (both referred to in this work as Nannocloropsis spp. and representative of marine species of algae) and Scenedesmus obliquus (a freshwater specie) was studied using modified Bligh & Dyer (B-D) method and Soxhlet extraction (with either hexane or ethanol as solvent). Adopting the modified B-D method, a maximum oil content exists between 10 and 20 wt% TS. Oil recovered with ethanol (with no pretreatment) and hexane (on acid hydrolyzed algae) with thimble increases with both TS (varied from 10 to 20 wt%) and solvent-to-biomass ratio (varied from 10 to 25). Conversely, oil yield increases with solvent-to-biomass ratio but reduces with TS due to enhanced mixing and mass transfer, increase in partition coefficient of lipids during downstream separation at lower TS, and implementation of hexane extraction without thimble. Hexane extraction was subsequently performed on acid hydrolyzed algae in a scale-up model and a 98% performance was achieved while about 60% of algal oil at the optimum data point was transformed to biodiesel with no significant impact by the solvent-to-biomass ratio or scale-up. Ethanol recovers mostly polar lipids and potentially forms an azeotrope with water which makes green diesel production less favorable and solvent recoverability challenging, respectively while the use of a large quantity of chloroform is unsafe. Thus, ethanol extraction and modified Bligh-Dyer methods were not performed in the scale-up model. Results from the application of our techno-economic analysis (TEA) model indicate that predicted sale price of Hydrotreated Algal Oil (HTAO) at each of the oil extraction data points decreases with increase in the oil content of algae, using a base case of 10000 barrel per day of HTAO with credits from animal feed and nutraceutical production. At the optimum data point, the predicted sale price of HTAO is $8.59 per gallon.
Specific Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders

This chapter covers the following conditions: achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, small bowel dysmotility, dumping, and gastroparesis. This chapter includes drug class, brand/trade names, manufacturer, dosage, indications, contraindications/cautions, adverse effects, drug Interactions, pregnancy advice, lactation safety, relative cost of nifedipine, botulinum toxin, isosorbide dinitrate, erythromycin, metoclopramide, azithromycin, prucalopride, domperidone, octreotide, dexlansoprazole, and loperamide.
Multi-stage strategic trade policy in a differentiated duopoly

Abstract We consider a three-stage, non-cooperative game between two countries and two firms (duopoly) under a “reciprocal market model” to identify the optimal trade policy in the presence of tariffs and subsidies, but also allowing each country to commit to free trade. Even in the presence of demand uncertainty and horizontal product differentiation, it is established that there always exists a subgame perfect equilibrium in which one of the countries chooses protection while the other country chooses free trade.
Identifying Examiner-Related Threats to Validity in the Forensic Assessment of Disability

As the number of disability claims increases, so does the demand for forensic disability evaluations. However, an examiner's lack of knowledge and understanding of the nature and nuances of disability evaluations can threaten the validity of these evaluations. Although many threats to validity are outside the control of the examiner, this article identifies eight examiner-related threats to validity in terms of conceptual errors, errors in data collection, and inferential errors. Following this, six suggestions for reducing such threats are presented.
On Metropolis Integrators for Molecular Dynamics

This paper invites the reader to experiment with an easy-to-use MATLAB implementation of Metropolis integrators for Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation. These integrators are analysis-based, in the sense that they can rigorously simulate dynamics along an infinitely long MD trajectory. Among explicit integrators for MD, they seem to be the only ones that satisfy the fundamental requirement of stability. The schemes can handle stiff or hard-core potentials, and are straightforward to set up, apply and extend to new situations. Potential pitfalls in high dimension are discussed, and tricks for mitigation are given.
The feeling physician: educating the emotions in medical training

In this paper, I first address what medical students learn about appropriate (or tolerated) professional attitudes and emotions in the clinical context and how the performance of emotional positions that create distance between doctor and patient and the defining of patients as other is encouraged through the informal and hidden curricula. Next, I examine what we know about medical students’ emotions. I then identify particular problematic emotional attitudes that can emerge in medical students toward patients, especially vulnerable patients who are marginalized or stigmatized in the healthcare system. To better understand this phenomenon, I discuss how such emotions emerge in response to both intrapsychic and systemic pressures. The paper then examines alternative models of healthcare that prioritize connection and solidarity with patients, considers how concepts such as emotional intelligence and emotional regulation may be pertinent in the training of future physicians and notes the relevance of such models and concepts to curricular innovation.
Hippocampal lesion and transitive inference: dissociation of inference-based and reinforcement-based strategies in pigeons.

A typical nonverbal transitive inference task (TI) consists of several overlapping discriminations (A+ B−, B+ C−, C+ D−, D+ E−, where letters indicate stimuli and pluses and minuses denote reinforcement and nonreinforcement). A choice of stimulus B in a novel pair BD is interpreted as indicative of a TI (if B > C and C > D, then B > D). Although hippocampus has been implicated in nonverbal TI, it is not clear whether it simply maintains memory of associative values or stores an ordered representation of stimuli. We investigated the effect of hippocampal lesion on TI in pigeons while controlling reinforcement history so that reliance on associative values would lead to a choice of a stimulus D in the pair BD instead of a choice of a stimulus B expected by inferential mechanisms. Prior to the lesion, some of the pigeons (relational group; n = 4) have selected B over D indicating TI, while other birds (associative group; n = 6) chose D over B suggesting reliance on associative values. Hippocampal lesion had no effect on postlesion performance in associative group. In contrast, the relational group that preferred stimulus B in a pair BD before lesion showed a near-chance performance after the lesion. Our results demonstrate that hippocampus may be involved in creating a representation of an ordered series of the stimuli instead of maintaining reinforcement history of each stimulus. In addition, we provide a behavioral procedure suitable for dissociating different behavioral strategies used to solving TI task. Finally, we show for the first time the involvement of avian hippocampus in the task that is not explicitly spatial in nature. These results further confirm the notion that avian hippocampus is functionally analogous to mammalian hippocampus despite the significant differences in their anatomy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geometric image masking for segmenting dynamic projected imagery

Projected interfaces are gaining popularity as a means of access to information anywhere in a space without the need for special devices or monitors. In this context, it is of particular interest to automatically steer the projected interface to appropriate surfaces based on the location of the user in the space. This requires the users be tracked precisely, and in real time, as they move about in the environment, in spite of continuously varying and moving projected imagery in the background. This is challenging as the projection regions also appear as foreground. This paper presents a geometric image masking technique that separately segments out regions corresponding to the user and projected imagery in multiple camera views, and enables precise three-dimensional tracking of the user.
A 2 cycle 1 Mbit 4 way set associative 4 way interleave multi-processor L2 directory with array access/cycle 2.5 nsec

An experimental 2-cycle, 1-Mbit, 4-way set-associative, 4-way interleave, multiprocessor L2 directory with array access and cycle time equal to 2.5 ns is described. The directory function has three components: (1) address transmission and arbitration around a 17.3/spl times/17.3 chip (/spl sim/1/2 cycle), (2) directory array access (1 full cycle), and (3) tag compare (/spl sim/1/2 cycle). The directory array access design uses a combination of self-resetting and synchronous techniques that allow the array access to span 2 clock cycles even though the array can be pipelined at a single cycle frequency. The combination of synchronous techniques with self-resetting circuits allows the array cycle time to functionally change with the machine cycle time, yielding a greater sense-amplifier margin at longer cycles while maintaining the pipelining benefits of self-resetting circuitry. The process that the design is based upon is a 0.5-micron technology with a 0.25-micron effective gate length and 5 layers of metal. The SRAM cell size is 4.6/spl times/7.2 microns/sup 2/, a full 6-transistor cell with a single layer of poly, and a local area interconnect using a damascene tungsten process. The total directory area is 4 interleaves/spl times/5.6 mm/spl times/5.3 mm = 118.7 mm/sup 2/.
Long Term Trends in Liver Neoplasm Epizootics of Brown Bullhead in the Black River, Ohio

Since 1980, liver neoplasms in brown bullhead and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sediment have been researched in a series of studies on the Black River in Lorain, Ohio. In the early 1980s the liver cancer prevalence in fish of age 3 and older was high, ranging from 22% to 39% of the adult population. These high cancer rates corresponded to high levels of PAHs in the sediment resulting from long-term releases by an upstream coking facility (USX). In 1983 this coking plant was closed, and by 1987 the PAH in sediment had declined by about two orders of magnitude. Coincidentally the tumor prevalence in 1987 was only about one-fourth of that in the early 1980s. In 1990, the most contaminated sediments were dredged. Neoplasm surveys in 1992 and 1993 found liver tumor frequencies in mature bullhead were as high as or higher than in the early 1980s. However liver tumor incidence declined in 1994, especially among age 3 fish, where neoplasm incidence was zero. These age 3 fish were the first group sampled that were not present during the 1990 dredging. These data are consistent with a hypothesis that the increase in tumor prevalence in 1992 and 1993 was caused by exposure to buried PAH-contaminated sediments released by the dredging. This research points out the insight provided by long term effects studies.
Measurement of Human Serum Ceruloplasmin by Its p-Phenylenediamine Oxidase Activity

Optimum reaction conditions were evaluated for assay of serum ceruloplasmin by measurement of its p -phenylenediamine oxidase activity. The pH optima of p -phenylenediamine oxidase activities of human and rat ceruloplasmins were 5.45 and 5.2, respectively. The p -phenylenediamine oxidase activity of rat ceruloplasmin was markedly inhibited by phosphate (0.1 mol/liter), that of human ceruloplasmin only slightly. These reaction conditions were judged to be optimum for the ceruloplasmin assay: ( a ) substrate: p -phenylenediamine dihydrochloride, 8.9 mmol/liter; ( b ) buffer: acetate, 0.1 mol/liter; ( c ) chloride concentration: 21 mmol/liter; ( d ) serum dilution: 31-fold; ( e ) incubation: 37°C for 30 min; ( f ) spectrophotometry: 530 nm ( vs. a "serum blank" containing NaN3). Using these reaction conditions, we devised an improved technique for measuring serum ceruloplasmin. The coefficients of variation of replicate analyses by this technique were 1.25% (for "within-run" precision) and 2.8% (for "day-to-day" precision). The mean concentration of ceruloplasmin in sera from 29 healthy men was 0.315 g/liter (SD = ± 0.049, range = 0.233 to 0.402).
General Anesthetic Binding to α4β2 nAChR and Its Effects on Global Dynamics

The neuronal α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is a target for general anesthetics. Currently available experimental structural information is inadequate to understand where anesthetics bind and how they modulate the receptor motions essential to function. Using our published open-channel structure model of α4β2 nAChR, we identified and evaluated six amphiphilic interaction sites for the volatile anesthetic halothane via flexible ligand docking and subsequent 20-ns molecular dynamics simulations. Halothane binding energies ranged from −6.8 to −2.4 kcal/mol. The primary binding sites were located at the interface of extracellular and transmembrane domains, where halothane perturbed conformations of, and widened the gap among, the Cys-loop, the β1-β2 loop, and the TM2-TM3 linker. The halothane with the highest binding affinity at the interface between the α4 and β2 subunits altered interactions between the protein and nearby lipids by competing for hydrogen bonds. Gaussian network model analyses of the α4β2 nAChR structures at the end of 20-ns simulations in the absence or presence of halothanes revealed profound changes in protein residue mobility. The concerted motions critical to protein function were also perturbed considerably. Halothane's effect on protein dynamics was not confined to the residues adjacent to the binding sites, indicating an action on a more global scale.
A bound for the dimension of the automorphism group of a homogeneous compact complex manifold

Let X be a homogeneous compact complex manifold, and let Aut(X) be the complex Lie group of holomorphic automorphisms of X. Examples show that dim Aut(X) can grow exponentially in n = dim X. In this note it is shown that dim Aut(X) < n 2 - 1 + ( 2n - 1 n - 1 ) when n ≥ 3. Thus, dim Aut(X) is at most exponential in n. The proof relies on an upper bound for the dimension of the space of sections of the anticanonical bundle, K* Y = det T Y , of a homogeneous projective rational manifold Y of dimension m: dim H 0 (Y,K* Y ) < ( 2m+1 m )
The central activity of parasympathomimetics on gastric secretory function.

Abstract The effect of pilocarpine nitrate and methacholine chloride on the basal gastric secretory response was examined in seven chloralose-urethane anesthetized dogs equipped with gastric fistulas and sterotaxically positioned brain stem cannulas. Duodenal motor activity was also measured in four of them and salivation was followed in all seven. Both compounds produced an increase in gastric secretory volume, total acidity, chloride and pepsin output when they were instilled into the region of the inferior cerebellar peduncle of six dogs. Concurrent increases in duodenal motor activity were observed in three, defecation in three, salivation in four and lacrimation in one. Neither compound produced significant gastroduodenal changes following bilateral vagotomy but did continue to elicit ptyalism and lacrimation. The results suggest that cells located solely in the region of the inferior cerebellar peduncle send projection fibers directly or indirectly to the dorsal motor nuclei of the vagi. It appears likely that the gastroduodenal responses were mediated via the nuclei of the solitary tract. Such an indirect pathway could also account for the defecatory, salivatory and lacrimal responses. The relatively prompt onset of activity suggests that the gastroduodenal responses were probably entirely neural in nature and not mediated neurohumorally through the pituitary-adrenal axis. The results also suggest that acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter in the region of the inferior cerebellar peduncle and that cells located there may play a significant role in regulating gastric secretion, intestinal motility and salivation.
Density and speed of sound measurements of hexadecane

Abstract The density and speed of sound of hexadecane have been measured with two instruments. Both instruments use the vibrating-tube method for measuring density. Ambient pressure (83 kPa) density and speed of sound were measured with a commercial instrument from T = (290.65 to 343.15) K. Adiabatic compressibilities are derived from the density and speed of sound data at ambient pressure. Compressed liquid density was measured in a second instrument and ranged from T = (310 to 470) K with pressures from (1 to 50) MPa. The overall relative expanded uncertainty of the compressed liquid density measurements is 0.10–0.13% (k = 2). The overall relative expanded uncertainty (k = 2.3) of the speed of sound measurements is 0.2% and that of the ambient pressure density measurements is approximately 0.04% (k = 2.3). The ambient pressure and compressed liquid density measurements are correlated within 0.1% with a modified Tait equation.
Hierarchical structure in perceptual representation.

Abstract A theoretical framework for perceptual representation is presented which proposes that information is coded in hierarchical networks of nonverbal propositions. The hierarchical structure of the representations implies selective organization: Some subsets of a figure will be encoded as integral, structural units of that figure, while others will not. A context-sensitive metric for the “goodness” of a part within a figure is developed, corresponding to the probability that the subset will be encoded as a structural unit. Converging evidence supporting this position is presented from four different tasks using simple, straight-line figures. The tasks studied are (a) dividing figures into “natural” parts, (b) rating the “goodness” of parts within figures, (c) timed verification of parts within figures, and (d) timed mental synthesis of spatially separated parts into unitary figures. The results are discussed in terms of the proposed theory of representation, the processes that operate on those representations, and the general implications of the data for perceptual theories.
Biology of the Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Eastern Massachusetts

The Japanese beetle (JB), Popillia japonica Newman, is a major pest of ornamentals and turf in the Northeast. Daily collections of JB adults from pheromone plus floral scent lure traps indicated that JB adults are particularly active from mid-July through mid-August and that populations peak in late July. Dissections of adult reproductive systems indicated that, while systems develop quite rapidly, JB were not fully mature when they first emerged from the soil and initiated flight. The majority of adults were not fully mature until mid-August, and oviposition appeared to peak at that time. Eggs were recovered from turf samples in early September, first instars were recovered in October, and second instars were recovered in April, indicating that at least a portion of the population (ca. 10%) required 2 years to complete its development.
Understanding the Last Days of Life: Information and Resources for Patients and Family Members

The purpose of this article is to describe my experience during the last few days of my father's life. My father had been suffering with dementia for approximately eight years. As a family, we worked together to plan his care. However, we were not prepared for his last days of life. Understanding the process helped me cope with the end of my father's life. The end of the article includes links to some freely available resources to help you, your family, and your patrons.
The synthesis of 1,4-diazacycl[3,2,2]azine

The diazaanalog of “cycl[3,2,2]azine”, “1,4-diazacycl[3,2,2]azine” (1,4,7b-triazacyclopent-[cd]indene) and its 2-methyl derivative were prepared. These compounds are subject to facile acid-catalyzed hydrolysis affording substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.