cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Do Islamists Run for Parliament and What Do They Make of It When They Get There

Most of our understanding of political party behavior is based on the assumption that parties participate in elections in order to affect policy and gain office. Islamist movements in the Arab world (whether salafi, Muslim Brotherhood, Hizb al-Tahrir, or other), however, describe a far broader set of goals than mere legislation, policy-making, and political posturing. Indeed, some largely eschew electoral politics as a tool for pursuit of personal piety and a more virtuous society. Even those that do participate in electoral politics generally insist that holding office is a distant or secondary consideration.Yet in recent years, some Islamist movements have invested far more heavily in elections, especially parliamentary elections than they did in the past. Why do they do so and what do they do with the seats they win? In this paper, I will examine in more detail why Islamists run for parliament and what happens when they get there. I will focus on two cases where their parliamentary experience has been especially notable - Jordan (where their participation is of longer standing) and Kuwait (where they have also shown considerable electoral and parliamentary skills).The cases show that broad reform movements have strong motivations to enter parliaments even if governing is not an immediate goal (obtaining legal protection, developing political experience, and reaching out to new constituencies). But they also show that there are considerable costs as well (movement unity, provoking repression, and alienating hardcore supporters with the specter of compromise on principles). In the semi-authoritarian settings in the Arab world, existing regimes are able to manipulate the balance of benefits and costs in order to secure the desired level of participation from the movements. And indeed, in both cases the Islamist movement is now in a state of crisis partly because they have discovered the costs of participation and the limits of what parliamentary seats can do for them. The paper is organized in four sections:• First, I will examine the attractions and dangers participation in parliamentary elections pose for Islamist movements. I will conclude this first section by showing how four decisions are particularly difficult: participation, party formation, forming alliances, and determining a parliamentary agenda.• Second, I will examine how the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood and its political wing, the Islamic Action Front, have confronted these decisions.• Third, I will turn attention to the Kuwaiti Muslim Brotherhood and its political offshoot, the Islamic Constitutional Movement, to show how it has reacted to the liberalized but hardly democratic political order.• Finally, I will reflect more broadly on how participation in parliaments has affected Islamist movements and led them into crisis.
Immature myeloid progenitors promote disease progression in a mouse model of Barrett’s-like metaplasia

// Jianping Kong 1 , Hong Sai 1 , Mary Ann S. Crissey 1 , Nirag Jhala 2 , Gary W. Falk 1 , Gregory G. Ginsberg 1 , Julian A. Abrams 3 , Hiroshi Nakagawa 1 , Kenneth Wang 4 , Anil K. Rustgi 1 , Timothy C. Wang 3 , John P. Lynch 1 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 2 Department of Pathology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 3 Division of Gastroenterology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 4 Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Correspondence to: John P. Lynch, e-mail: lynchj@mail.med.upenn.edu Keywords: Barrett’s esophagus, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), IL-17, S100A9, IL-1β Received: August 14, 2015 Accepted: October 02, 2015 Published: October 12, 2015 ABSTRACT Cdx2, an intestine specific transcription factor, is expressed in Barrett’s esophagus (BE). We sought to determine if esophageal Cdx2 expression would accelerate the onset of metaplasia in the L2-IL-1β transgenic mouse model for Barrett’s-like metaplasia. The K14-Cdx2::L2-IL-1β double transgenic mice had half as many metaplastic nodules as control L2-IL-1β mice. This effect was not due to a reduction in esophageal IL-1 β mRNA levels nor diminished systemic inflammation. The diminished metaplasia was due to an increase in apoptosis in the K14-Cdx2::L2-IL-1β mice. Fluorescence activated cell sorting of immune cells infiltrating the metaplasia identified a population of CD11b + Gr-1 + cells that are significantly reduced in K14-Cdx2::L2-IL-1β mice. These cells have features of immature granulocytes and have immune-suppressing capacity. We demonstrate that the apoptosis in K14-Cdx2::L2-IL-1β mice is CD8 + T cell dependent, which CD11b + Gr-1 + cells are known to inhibit. Lastly, we show that key regulators of CD11b + Gr-1 + cell development, IL-17 and S100A9, are significantly diminished in the esophagus of K14-Cdx2::L2-IL-1β double transgenic mice. We conclude that metaplasia development in this mouse model for Barrett’s-like metaplasia requires suppression of CD8+ cell dependent apoptosis, likely mediated by immune-suppressing CD11b + Gr-1 + immature myeloid cells.
FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREENING: THE USE OF FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS AS AN ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTION ‐ PART 1

Part 1 of this two‐part series (presented in the June issue of IJSPT) provided an introduction to functional movement screening, as well as the history, background, and a summary of the evidence regarding the reliability of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS™). Part 1 presented three of the seven fundamental movement patterns that comprise the FMS™, and the specific ordinal grading system from 0‐3, used in the their scoring. Specifics for scoring each test are presented. Part 2 of this series provides a review of the concepts associated with the analysis of fundamental movement as a screening system for functional movement competency. In addition, the four remaining movements of the FMS™, which complement those described in Part 1, will be presented (to complete the total of seven fundamental movements): Shoulder Mobility, the Active Straight Leg Raise, the Trunk Stability Push‐up, and Rotary Stability. The final four patterns are described in detail, and the specifics for scoring each test are presented, as well as the proposed clinical implications for receiving a grade less than a perfect “3”. The intent of this two part series is to present the concepts associated with screening of fundamental movements, whether it is the FMS™ system or a different system devised by another clinician. Such a fundamental screen of the movement system should be incorporated into pre‐participation screening and return to sport testing in order to determine whether an athlete has the essential movements needed to participate in sports activities at a level of minimum competency. Part 2 concludes with a discussion of the evidence related to functional movement screening, myths related to the FMS™, the future of functional movement screening, and the concept of movement as a system. Level of Evidence: 5
Period doubling in a perturbed sine-Gordon system, a long Josephson junction

Abstract A route to chaos, by period-doubling bifurcation, has been found in a perturbed sine-Gordon system which describes the dynamics of long Josephson junctions in a magnetic field. The chaotic motion is within Fiske steps and it is caused by irregular motion of solitons. Negative dynamic resistance regions are found in the chaotic regime and they are compared with experimental results.
Organizations: Where Did It All Go Wrong?

Organizations are complex systems consisting of numerous intricate sub-elements that coordinate and collaborate to solve problems, and resolve issues as a single entity. So far there have been nume...
Indirect effects of heavy metals on parasites may cause shifts in snail species compositions.

We studied the direct and indirect effects of pollution on the distributions and abundances of two closely related species of pulmonate freshwater snails. Physella columbiana is more numerous at heavy metal–polluted lakes, and Lymnaea palustris is more numerous at reference lakes. Both species are present at all sites, as are predatory bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). The direct effects examined included the snails' growth and reproduction in both the presence and absence of heavy metals and their short-term survival when exposed to large concentrations of heavy metals. The indirect effects were the species' ability to elude capture by sunfish and the diversity and abundance of parasites within the snails. We found that heavy metals had little direct effect on growth and reproduction and that both species acquired similar levels of metals in their tissues. Interestingly, P. columbiana (the more abundant species in polluted lakes) actually exhibited higher recruitment in the absence of metals than did L. palustris (reference lakes). L. palustris has life history characteristics that favor increased growth and reduced reproduction. These characteristics resulted in decreased predation of adults by gape-limited predators and a greater ability to cope with heavy parasite burdens. P. columbiana exhibited slower growth, which resulted in increased predation although higher reproduction rates may compensate. The major effect of heavy metals on species distributions was indirect on the snails' parasites. Parasites appeared to be very susceptible to metals, and this resulted in lower parasite diversity and intensities at polluted sites for both species of snails. P. columbiana may only be able to outcompete L. palustris at polluted sites due to the indirect effects of heavy metals; the negative effect of heavy metals on parasites, and a proposed negative effect of metals on the foraging ability of sunfish that favors the faster-reproducing P. columbiana.
Theory and simulation of NMR spectroscopic imaging and field plotting by projection reconstruction involving an intrinsic frequency dimension

Intrinsic frequency differences in an NMR signal may be regarded as describing a projection of a pseudo-object on a nonspatial axis. The frequency differences produced by imposition of a linear field gradient on an object with a single sharp resonance line describe a projection of the object on axes in ordinary space. When differences of both kinds exist in a signal, it corresponds to a projection of a pseudoobject along some direction in a space defined by an intrinsic frequency axis as well as by the usual spatial axes. The projection directions relative to the intrinsic frequency axis in this space depend upon the gradient amplitudes. This general formulation permits such intrinsic frequency differences as those resulting from spectra and magnetic field inhomogeneities to be recovered by projection reconstruction methods, and clearly resolved images of spatial distributions of the nuclear spin magnetization to be obtained in the presence of such differences. In the full-volume case, because rapidly switched gradients are not required to do volume imaging with this technique, it may be used with any NMR spectrometer (even with cw spectra); this is not the case with techniques employing selective excitation and multidimensional Fourier transforms (I). We present here the general theoretical formulation of this new technique and computer simulations in two
Wanting to Get It Right: Commentary on Lillard and Joseph

The articles by Lillard and by Joseph are an example of how apparently divergent empirical results may turn out to reflect interesting differences between children and adults.
Association of Bacterial L-Phase Organisms in Chronic Infections.

THE pathogenicity, in the classic sense, of bacterial L-phase cells has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. The association of the L-phase of certain bacteria with diverse clinical states has been noted in the past, and this association is being reported more frequently as knowledge and interest in these forms have increased1–9. Such reported investigations lead to the assumption that host resistance mechanisms tend to create the L-phase of a bacterium. Experiments designed to determine the possible pathogenicity of the bacterial L-phase have usually ignored the host. It is not unreasonable to assume that the L-phase is the bacterial form most readily handled by normal host resistance mechanisms.
Borane and tribromoborane adducts of some 2-substituted pyridine compounds

The borane and tribromoborane adducts of 2-bromopyridine, 2-chloropyridine, 2-fluoropyridine, and 2-cyanopyridine were successfully prepared, except in the case of the reaction between BBr3 and 2-cyanopyridine in which an insertion reaction gave bromo-(2-pyridyl)methylideneaminodibromoborane. The m.p., IR, 1H NMR and 11B NMR spectra of all compounds prepared are reported. An evaluation of the electronegativity and steric effects of the pyridine substituent in relation to the donor-acceptor strength of the dative bond has been made along with a discussion of the change in the electron density occurring within the pyridine ring system.
An oxidative defect in metabolic myopathies: Diagnosis by noninvasive tissue oximetry

Metabolic myopathies due to a variety of enzymatic deficiencies are well recognized. The dynamics of oxygen delivery and utilization during exercise have not been observed previously in these disorders. We used a noninvasive optical technique to measure oxygen consumption in the exercising limb in normal subjects and patients with metabolic myopathies. We measured near-infrared spectra of hemoglobin in the gastrocnemius muscle during treadmill exercise in 10 normal subjects, 1 patient with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, 2 patients with myophosphorylase deficiency, 3 patients with phosphofructokinase deficiency, and 2 patients with carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency. All normal subjects demonstrated a sustained deoxygenation during exercise, indicating an efficient utilization of delivered oxygen. The patient with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency demonstrated consistent oxygenation during exercise, indicating an underutilization of delivered oxygen. In the patients with myophosphorylase or phosphofructokinase deficiency, abnormal oxygenation during exercise indicated an oxidative defect due to a lack of pyruvate production. In the patients with myophosphorylase deficiency, changes in oxidation coincident with glucose utilization and "the second wind phenomenon" were observed. Patients with carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency demonstrated a normal deoxygenation during exercise. Noninvasive tissue oximetry during exercise demonstrates specific abnormalities in a variety of metabolic myopathies, indicating abnormal oxygen utilization, and will be a useful addition to the clinical investigation of exercise intolerance.
Injury prediction in a side impact crash using human body model simulation.

Abstract Background Improved understanding of the occupant loading conditions in real world crashes is critical for injury prevention and new vehicle design. The purpose of this study was to develop a robust methodology to reconstruct injuries sustained in real world crashes using vehicle and human body finite element models. Methods A real world near-side impact crash was selected from the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) database. An average sedan was struck at approximately the B-pillar with a 290 degree principal direction of force by a lightweight pickup truck, resulting in a maximum crush of 45 cm and a crash reconstruction derived Delta-V of 28 kph. The belted 73-year-old midsized female driver sustained severe thoracic injuries, serious brain injuries, moderate abdominal injuries, and no pelvic injury. Vehicle finite element models were selected to reconstruct the crash. The bullet vehicle parameters were heuristically optimized to match the crush profile of the simulated struck vehicle and the case vehicle. The Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) midsized male finite element model of the human body was used to represent the case occupant and reconstruct her injuries using the head injury criterion (HIC), half deflection, thoracic trauma index (TTI), and pelvic force to predict injury risk. A variation study was conducted to evaluate the robustness of the injury predictions by varying the bullet vehicle parameters. Results The THUMS thoracic injury metrics resulted in a calculated risk exceeding 90% for AIS3+ injuries and 70% risk of AIS4+ injuries, consistent with her thoracic injury outcome. The THUMS model predicted seven rib fractures compared to the case occupant's 11 rib fractures, which are both AIS3 injuries. The pelvic injury risk for AIS2+ and AIS3+ injuries were 37% and 2.6%, respectively, consistent with the absence of pelvic injury. The THUMS injury prediction metrics were most sensitive to bullet vehicle location. The maximum 95% confidence interval width for the mean injury metrics was only 5% demonstrating high confidence in the THUMS injury prediction. Conclusions This study demonstrates a variation study methodology in which human body models can be reliably used to robustly predict injury probability consistent with real world crash injury outcome.
Beyond words: effective graphics and metadata are keys to concise scientific communication

Eric Gustafson (2011) urges us to rethink the format of the research paper in light of (1) a growing literature in general and online in particular, and (2) web-enabled technologies that can facilitate access to voluminous supporting materials, including original and processed data, details about materials and methods, and summaries in terms of tables, graphics, visualizations, simulation outputs, codes, tools, and more. I concur that changes are needed to improve the clarity, utility, accessibility, and durability of the literature. Here I want to argue that, to make such improvements, far more attention needs to be focused on the quality of our graphical communication and on metadata broadly construed. My intention here is to point to some resources that can help authors improve the quality of their graphical communication and to consider the value of metadata in making their research discoverable and durable.
The nontruncated marginal of a truncated bivariate normal distribution

Inference is considered for the marginal distribution ofX, when (X, Y) has a truncated bivariate normal distribution. TheY variable is truncated, but only theX values are observed. The relationship of this distribution to Azzalini's “skew-normal” distribution is obtained. Method of moments and maximum likelihood estimation are compared for the three-parameter Azzalini distribution. Samples that are uniformative about the skewness of this distribution may occur, even for largen. Profile likelihood methods are employed to describe the uncertainty involved in parameter estimation. A sample of 87 Otis test scores is shown to be well-described by this model.
A neuropolyendocrine syndrome: mucosal neuromas, pheochromocytoma, and medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Abstract The occurrence of multiple mucosal neuromas, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma in five members of one family is described. Of special interest is the fact that in such cases the oral neuromas appear first and are often evident at birth or during the first few years of life. Their presence in addition to other facial anomalies associated with the syndrome should alert the clinician to the possibility of grave endocrinopathies.
Management of early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer.

"Early" epithelial ovarian carcinoma encompasses a spectrum of patients with diseases that have markedly different survivals, ranging from indolent lesions truly confined to the ovary to high-grade lesions that have a significant chance of occult metastasis at the time of diagnosis. The basic principles of management rest on an adequate primary surgical procedure that removes all gross disease and accurately assesses the sites at risk for metastasis with a comprehensive staging laparotomy. After a comprehensive staging laparotomy, patients can be stratified into low-risk and high-risk groups. Those with low-risk disease have such a low risk of recurrence that the toxicity of adjuvant therapy is not warranted. Although patients with high-risk disease have a high enough of a risk of recurrence to justify consideration of adjuvant therapy, their ultimate prognosis may be determined more by an accurate determination of the stage of disease rather than by currently available, marginally effective or ineffective therapy. Patients who are thought to have early stage disease on the basis of inadequate staging procedures either should undergo a restaging laparotomy or receive therapy for the possibility of occult advanced disease.
Response to Uncritical Acceptance of Combination Treatment of Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor in Nondiabetic Renal Disease Trial Results

The reason Griffin and Bidani1 were cited among “the expert nephrologists who have accepted the results of the Combination Treatment of Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor in Nondiabetic Renal Disease Trial”2 was this statement in their 2006 paper …
Water and Sustainability: Reflections from the Western United States

What do we mean when we speak of water and sustainability – certainly we include having sufficient clean water for our daily needs: keeping our water taps flowing with clear, safe-to-drink water; keeping our showers and toilets running; maybe watering the garden or having a sprinkler for the kids to run through on a hot summer’s day. But these domestic uses account for only about 10% of the water used in the 11 Western states whereas irrigation accounts for approximately 85% of the water withdrawn (Hutson 2004). Irrigation is also the dominant use of water worldwide and irrigated agriculture supplies some 40% of the world’s food (Vorosmarty and Sahagian 2000). So water sustainability also means having enough to eat. And in a world focused on, “peak oil” and, “reducing our carbon footprint,” a world in which we must become ever more reliant on renewable sources of energy, what could be more renewable than hydroelectric power? So water sustainability also means a light to read by and the (electrical) power behind the World Wide Web. But then there is also the natural world. Lichatowich titled his book Salmon Without Rivers, capturing an image that no Northwesterner would want. So water sustainability is more than just human needs, it is about salmon, ducks, and waterfalls. In fact, water sustainability is about balancing all of our needs and wants in an uncertain future.
Delivery of fluorescein to the anterior chamber using the corneal collagen shield.

Abstract Collagen corneal shields show promise as an alternative method of drug delivery to the eye. The authors quantified collagen shield delivery of sodium fluorescein to the aqueous humor in human volunteers using fluorophotometry. Collagen shields that had been immersed in 0.01 % sodium fluorescein were applied to eyes of human volunteers. The shields delivered significantly more fluorescein to the aqueous humor at 2 and 4 hours compared with drops of the same concentration instilled every 30 minutes for 4 hours ( P P = 0.0003, respectively) or daily wear soft contact lenses presoaked in 0.01 fluorescein ( P P
A closed form solution for falling cylinder viscometers

The paper presents a theory of the flow of a viscous fluid in a falling cylinder viscometer. The velocity profile for the flow in infinite tube and finite tube are obtained in finite form. That allows us to determine quite easily the influence of various parameters involved on the fluid flow and on the motion of the cylinder. Also a formula written in finite form is obtained for the determination of the viscosity coefficient. All these formulae contain a term that can describe the influence of a magnetic field on the motion of the falling cylinder. A comparison of the viscosities determined according to the present theory and with a cone-plate viscometers show a good agreement.
Taste perception in three individuals on a low sodium diet.

There is little information on the effect of dietary sodium on taste responses to sodium in humans. Since individuals with hypertension are routinely suggested to maintain a low sodium diet, knowledge of effects of changes in dietary sodium on taste is important. Three subjects were placed on a low sodium diet for three and a half weeks. Detection thresholds for salt and sucrose solutions, and sensory and hedonic responses to salt in soup and sucrose in Kool-Aid were monitored before, during, and after placement on the diet. Detection thresholds for salt and sugar solutions, and intensity and pleasantness ratings of sweetened Kool-Aid were unaffected by dietary manipulation whereas intensity and pleasantness ratings of salt in soup were altered. While the subjects were on the low sodium diet, highly salted soup was judged to taste less intense and more pleasant compared with pre- and post-diet periods. These data parallel results obtained with sodium deficient rats.
MULTIPLE PROCESSING STRATEGIES AND THE CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF VERBAL REASONING TESTS

This study examines the influence of processing strategies, and the associated metacomponents that determine when to apply them, on the construct validity of a verbal reasoning test. Three strategies for solving verbal analogy items were examined: a rule-oriented strategy, an association strategy, and a partial rule strategy. Construct validity was studied in two separate stages: construct representation and nomothetic span. For construct representation, evidence was obtained that all three strategies, and their related metacomponents, are associated with performance on analogy items. For nomothetic span, the current study found that all three strategies contribute to individual differences in verbal reasoning and to the predictive validity of the test. The results of this study also point to the utility of metacomponents as constructs for describing and understanding test performance. Implications of the results for test development and theories of aptitude are elaborated.
Lipoxygenation in rat brain

Abstract It has been previously claimed that rodent brain possesses lipoxygenase activity, based upon the structure of products which were formed from arachidonic acid and the inhibition of this activity by “lipoxygenase inhibitors”. Our studies confirm that various positional isomers of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE) are formed (e.g., 15-, 12-, 11-, 9-, 8- and 5-HETE) by brain homogenate and that their production is inhibited by certain lipoxygenase inhibitors, such as nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) but not by cyclooxygenase or cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. However, stereochemical analysis indicated racemic distributions of these products suggesting that they were not formed by a lipoxygenase enzyme but rather by a peroxidative process. It should also be noted that the presence of 12(S)-lipoxygenase activity could be demonstrated by stereochemical analysis only when the brain was not perfused properly, indicating this activity was due to blood cell contamination. It is known that many lipoxygenase inhibitors are also capable of inhibiting peroxidative reactions apparently due to their free radical scavenging properties. For these reasons, it is essential that the stereochemical purity of purported lipoxygenase products be determined and that previous claims of lipoxygenase activity in mammalian brain be reexamined.
In vitro inhibition of Herpesvirus sylvilagus by phosphonoacetic acid and phosphonoformate.

Phosphonoacetic acid and phosphonoformate were examined as inhibitors ofHerpesvirus sylvilagus replication in cultured cells. Both drugs produced significant inhibition at a minimum concentration of 25 micrograms per milliliter.
Contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy in young breast cancer patients with and without genetic cancer risk assessment.

Background Decisions regarding contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy (CRRM) among women diagnosed with unilateral breast cancer can potentially be influenced by age at diagnosis and other factors. In this study, we examined the use of CRRM before versus after genetic cancer risk assessment (GCRA) in women diagnosed with breast cancer before age 50.
Liberal dilemmas, conservative problems: F.A. Hayek and ideological tension

The late Austrian philosopher and economist Friedrich von Hayek is well‐known for expounding a variety of liberalism which is informed by conservative insights. The tensions implicit in this ideological fusion are many, and critics disagree on the extent to which his ‘conservative‐liberal’ synthesis is a viable one. With reference to the tension which exists within, as well as between, the liberal and conservative ideologies, this paper argues that the importance of Hayek's synthesis is not its internal coherence (to the extent that this can be ascertained). Rather, the major contribution of his synthesis resides in its illumination of the tensions exemplified by both the ideologies he attempted to combine.
Amphetamine, chlorpromazine and clonidine effects on self-stimulation in caudate or hypothalamus of the squirrel monkey☆

Abstract In 2 separate groups of squirrel monkeys and within 3 animals low rates of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) elicited from caudate or lateral hypothalamic brain sites were increased by as much as 200% above control levels by amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg). Thresholds for responding were decreased by 50%. Increasing the drug dose from 2 to 10mg/kg produced response inhibition at both brain sites. The duration of inhibitory action of amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg) on ICSS from the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) area of the lateral hypothalamus was 6 hr. At caudate sites ICSS did not occur until 48 hr had elapsed. A 10 mg/kg dose of amphetamine produced a duration of action of 36 hr in the MFB and 84 hr in the caudate. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg decreased caudate ICSS significantly more than lateral hypothalamic ICSS. At 1.0 mg/kg the duration of action of CPZ was 6 hr at lateral hypothalamic brain sites and 24 hr at caudate sites. At a 2.0 mg/kg CPZ dose the duration of action was 12 hr in the MFB and 36 hr in the caudate. A dose of 0.10 mg/kg of clonidine blocked high rates of MFB ICSS while within the same animal caudate ICSS was much less affected. Higher doses (0.25 mg/kg) sedated the animal and ICSS was equally inhibited at both sites. These findings, using ICSS as a behavioral measure, suggest that the effects of amphetamine and CPZ involve not only hypothalamic structures but more anterior telencephalic sites as well. The prolonged actions of amphetamine and CPZ on caudate ICSS suggest that drugs acting, in part, on dopamine containing neurons will interfere with certain caudate mediated behavior. Further, since hypothalamic but not caudate ICSS sites are more dose sensitive to drugs that selectively act on NE containing neurons, other amines in addition to NE may play a role in the support of ICSS.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate as a therapeutic agent

The bioactive sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), formed by activation of sphingosine kinase in response to diverse stimuli, is an important lipid mediator that has novel dual actions - both inside and outside of cells. S1P is the ligand for a family of five G protein-coupled receptors. Activation of these GPCRs by S1P or dihydro-S1P regulates diverse processes, including cell migration, angiogenesis, vascular maturation, heart development, and neurite retraction. There is also abundant evidence that S1P can function as a second messenger important for regulation of calcium homeostasis, cell growth, and suppression of apoptosis. In many cases, the intracellular level of S1P and ceramide, another important sphingolipid metabolite associated with cell death and cell growth arrest, coordinately determine cell fate. Changes in S1P and ceramide have been implicated in a number of pathological conditions in which apoptosis plays an important role. Importantly, radiation-induced oocyte loss in adult female mice, the event that drives premature ovarian failure and infertility in female cancer patients, was completely prevented by in vivo therapy with S1P. Understanding the biosynthesis, metabolism and functions of S1P can uncover new targets for the pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications of S1P.
Exploring the effects of group testing on graduate students’ motivation and achievement

This study explored the impact of individual versus two‐person group testing on graduate students’ achievement and motivation to learn while enrolled in a 16‐lesson educational research methods course. Students in two sections of the course were exposed to the same content and instructional methods, with one exception: students in one section took three professor‐created, criterion‐referenced examinations (during lessons 6, 11 and 16) individually, whereas students in the other section took the same examinations with a partner with whom they could examine and discuss the test items in order to derive a common answer. At the end of the course, the motivation to learn of all students was assessed. Results revealed that students tested with a partner achieved significantly higher scores on two of the examinations and demonstrated significantly higher levels of motivation to learn than did students taking the examinations alone. Qualitative analysis of the students’ written expressions concerning the course a...
Women's Work and Women's Property: Household Social Relations in the Maraka Textile Industry of the Nineteenth Century

A history of the Maraka textile industry provides a glimpse into the fitful and uneven social and economic changes taking place during the nineteenth century in the area of the Western Sudan that is now part of Mali. Although the major historical events of this period are well understood, historians know very little about the social and economic history of the West African interior. Exactly how the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade, renewed Islamic militancy, and European territorial encroachment influenced African societies remains poorly understood. This is even more apparent for the Middle Niger valley, located near the geographical center of continental West Africa. Paradoxically, the gradual end of the Atlantic slave trade and the coincident expansion of the so-called legitimate trade in agricultural crops increased the use of slaves within Africa to meet demand for all types of African goods. The nineteenth century was thus an era of commodity production and market activity which was probably unparalleled in the history of West Africa prior to this period. The inhabitants of the Middle Niger participated in these changes, and this study describes what these changes meant to one group of African men and women.
Sodium-independent binding of L-[3H]proline to hippocampal synaptic membranes.

L-[3H]Proline binds specifically and saturably to rat hippocampal synaptic membranes in the absence of inorganic ions. Saturation isotherms constructed in Hepes-Tris buffer best fit a model of a single independent population of binding sites with a dissociation constant of 1.6 μM and maximum density of 16 pmol/mg protein. The rank order of displacement of radioligand by proline analogues suggests that binding sites of this type could be receptors responsible for proline-induced retinal spreading depression and inhibition of memory consolidation.
Linear energy relationships for the octahedral preference of Mg, Ca and transition metal ions.

The geometry, atomic charges, force constants, and relative energies of the symmetric and distorted M2+(H2O)4(F−)2, M3+(H2O)4(F−)2, M2+(H2O)3(F−)2, and M3+(H2O)3(F−)2 metal complexes, M = Mg, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cr, V, were calculated by using the B3LYP/TZVP density functional method in both gas phase and aqueous solution, modeled using the polarized continuum model. The deformation energy associated with moving one water ligand 12° from the initial “octahedral” arrangement, in which all O−M−O, O−M−F, and F−M−F angles are either 90° or 180°, was calculated to examine the angular ligand flexibility. For all M2+(H2O)4(F−)2 complexes, this distortion increased the energy of the complex in proportion to the electrostatic potential-derived (ESP) charge of the metal, and in proportion to D−10, where D is the distance from the distorted ligand to its closest neighbor. The octahedral stability was further examined by calculating the energies for the removal of a water ligand from the octahedral complex to...
Message impact: What percentage is nonverbal?

Mehrabian's formula for message impact was reconsidered. Multiple regression analyses of four messages were undertaken in which the all‐channel condition was the criterion variable and the verbal, vocal, and facial channels predictor variables. Regression equations for each message were quite different from Mehrabian's formula and from each other. A “contextual”; rather than an “additive”; model of nonverbal communication was supported.
Calcitriol Promotes Augmented Dopamine Release in the Lesioned Striatum of 6-Hydroxydopamine Treated Rats

Current therapies for Parkinson’s disease (PD) offer symptomatic relief but do not provide a cure or slow the disease process. Treatments that could halt progression of the disease or help restore function to damaged neurons would be of substantial benefit. Calcitriol, the active metabolite of vitamin D, has been shown to have significant effects on the brain. These effects include upregulating trophic factor levels, and reducing the severity of some central nervous system lesions. While previous studies have shown that calcitriol can be neuroprotective in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rodent models of PD, the present experiments were designed to examine the ability of calcitriol to promote restoration of extracellular dopamine (DA) levels and tissue content of DA in animals previously lesioned with 6-OHDA. Male Fischer-344 rats were given a single injection of 12 µg 6-OHDA into the right striatum. Four weeks later the animals were administered vehicle or calcitriol (0.3 or 1.0 µg/kg, s.c.) once a day for eight consecutive days. Three weeks after the calcitriol treatments in vivo microdialysis experiments were conducted to measure potassium and amphetamine evoked overflow of DA from both the left and right striata. In control animals treated with 6-OHDA and vehicle there were significant reductions in both potassium and amphetamine evoked overflow of DA on the lesioned side of the brain compared to the contralateral side. In animals treated with 6-OHDA followed by calcitriol there was significantly greater potassium and amphetamine evoked overflow of DA from the lesioned striatum compared to that from the control animals. The calcitriol treatments also led to increases in postmortem tissue levels of DA in the striatum and substantia nigra. These results suggest that calcitriol may help promote recovery of dopaminergic functioning in injured nigrostriatal neurons.
Incidence of chemotherapy‐induced, long‐term amenorrhea in patients with breast carcinoma age 40 years and younger after adjuvant anthracycline and taxane

BACKGROUND Twenty-five percent of all women with breast carcinoma are premenopausal and are at risk for chemotherapy-induced menopause with long-term side effects. Although there is considerable documentation of the rates of chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea with classic adjuvant regimens, there are inadequate data that address the impact of taxanes on menstrual function in this setting. The objective of this analysis was to determine the incidence of long-term amenorrhea (≥ 12 mos) in women with breast carcinoma age 40 years and younger after adjuvant anthracycline and taxane-based chemotherapy, with or without subsequent tamoxifen. METHODS The authors identified 235 premenopausal women with breast carcinoma age 40 years or younger who were treated with adjuvant anthracycline and taxane-based chemotherapy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from January 1997 to June 2003. RESULTS One hundred sixty-six patients met all eligibility criteria and had sufficient follow-up for evaluation. The median age of patients at diagnosis was 36 years (range, 27–40 yrs). All patients had regular pretreatment menses, 25 patients (15%) developed long-term amenorrhea, and 141 patients (85%) resumed menstruation. Eighty-two patients (49%) also received tamoxifen: The incidence of amenorrhea among them was 17%. There was a statistically significant association between age and the development of amenorrhea, with older women at higher risk. (P < 0.01) CONCLUSIONS The sequential addition of a taxane to standard adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy did not appear to produce a high rate of chemotherapy-related amenorrhea compared with historic controls. To increase the information available to assist young patients who are considering adjuvant therapy, prospective studies should incorporate menstrual function ascertainment by patient-reported history and assays of ovarian function. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Identifying minefields in clutter via collinearity and regularity detection

Detecting minefields in the presence of clutter is an important challenge for the Navy. Minefields have point patterns that tend to exhibit regularity such as equal-spacing and collinearity that provide potentially valuable discriminants against natural occuring clutter. These tendencies arise because of a variety of compelling factors including strategic doctrine, safety, tactical and economic efficiency, and perhaps most intriguing, the human element. In this paper, we introduce several simple procedures to detect regularity in point proceses including the empty boxes test (EBT) and its extensions, the skeptical likelihood test (SLT), and a Fourier-based method. Several possible methods to specifically detect collinearity are also discussed. The preliminary detection performance of a variety of these minefield detection methods are investigated using simulated data and a point pattern extracted from real sensor data.
Electron-lattice instabilities suppress cuprate-like electronic structures in SrFeO 3 / SrTiO 3 superlattices

Using ab initio density-functional theory we explore the behavior of thin layers of metallic ${d}^{4}$ ${\text{SrFeO}}_{3}$ confined between the ${d}^{0}$ dielectric ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ in a superlattice geometry. We find that the presence of insulating ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ spacer layers strongly affects the electronic properties of ${\text{SrFeO}}_{3}$: for single ${\text{SrFeO}}_{3}$ layers constrained to their bulk cubic structure, the Fermi surface is two dimensional, nested, and resembles that of the hole-doped superconducting cuprates. A Jahn-Teller instability couples to an octahedral tilt mode, however, to remove this degeneracy resulting in insulating superlattices.
Polymorphisms in fatty acid binding protein 5 show association with type 2 diabetes

Genes for the fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) family encode small 14-15 kDa cytosolic proteins and can be regulated during type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. This study compared association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FABP1-5 with T2DM in different ethnic groups. Associations with T2DM of SNPs in these proteins were assessed in African American (AA), non-Hispanic White (NHW), and Hispanic American (HA) individuals. A total of 650 DNA samples were genotyped; control samples were obtained from Coriell's North American Human Variation Panel Repository (NAHVP) of apparently healthy individuals and T2DM cases were taken from the American Diabetes Association GENNID Study. The rs454550 SNP of FABP5 showed a significant association with T2DM in NHW (OR: 9.03, 95% CI: 1.13-71.73, p=0.014). Our analysis also identified a new FABP5 SNP (nSNP) that showed a significant association with T2DM in NHW (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.19-0.99, p=0.045) and AA (OR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.03-0.80, p=0.016). The Ala54Thr FABP2 polymorphism was significantly associated with T2DM in HA individuals only (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.05-3.27, p=0.032). All other FABP SNPs did not show association with T2DM. These findings suggest a potential distinct role(s) of SNPs in FABP5 and FABP2 genes in T2DM in different populations.
Treating adolescents with social anxiety disorder in school: an attention control trial.

Background: Anxiety disorders are often undetected and untreated in adolescents. This study evaluates the relative efficacy of a school-based, cognitive-behavioral intervention compared to an educational-supportive treatment for adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Methods: Thirty-six students (30 females), ages 14 to 16, were randomized to a 12-week specific intervention, Skills for Social and Academic Success (SASS), or a credible attention control matched for structure and contact, conducted in school. Results: Independent evaluations and adolescent self-reports indicated significant reduction in social anxiety for SASS compared to the control group. Parent reports of their children’s social anxiety did not discriminate between treatments. In the specific intervention, 59%, compared to 0% in the control, no longer met criteria for social anxiety disorder following treatment. Superiority of the SASS intervention was maintained 6 months after treatment cessation. Conclusions: The study provides evidence that intervention for social anxiety disorder that emphasizes exposure and social skills is efficacious. Results indicate that clinical improvement is sustained for at least 6 months, and that, overall, adolescents with social anxiety disorder do not respond to non-specific treatment. This investigation has public health implications by demonstrating that effective interventions can be transported to nonclinical settings. Keywords: Social anxiety, adolescents, attention-control trial, school-based intervention, behavior therapy.
Retroviral vector-mediated transfer and expression of human tissue plasminogen activator cDNA in bovine brain endothelial cells.

OBJECTIVES: Gene transfer of thrombolytic enzymes to vascular endothelial cells may influence the kinetics of intravascular thrombosis. This study defines the potential for gene transfer of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) into bovine brain endothelial cells (BBEC). METHODS: The retroviral vectors derived from murine leukemia virus (MuLV) were used to transfer human tPA cDNA to BBEC. The tPA activity, tPA antigen and tPA inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) antigen were determined in the supernatant of transduced (BBEC/tPA) cell cultures by an immunoassay. RESULTS: The tPA antigen and enzymatic activity in cell culture supernatants of BBEC/tPA transduced cells were 75 ng/ml and 14 IU/ml after 4 days, that was 25 and 28-fold higher compared to the respective values in control cells. The PAI-1 antigen was not affected by tPA cDNA transfer. The Western blot assay of cell lysates confirmed that the majority of tPA in BBEC/tPA transduced cells was in the form of free tPA. While the maximal transduction efficiency of BBEC with an amphotropic MuLV vector was about 15%, a MuLV pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein envelope achieved high > 90% maximal transduction efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The fibrinolytic activity of brain endothelial cells can be enhanced by transferring human tPA cDNA. These findings provide an initial step in implementation of future studies that investigate the use of this technology as an adjunctive treatment for cerebrovascular disease.