cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local and inter-regional contributions to PM2.5 nitrate and sulfate in China

Abstract Emissions of NO x , SO 2 and primary nitrate and sulfate from seven regions in China (North, Northeast, East, Central, South, Southwest and Northwest) were separately tracked in a source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to quantify the local and inter-regional contributions to PM 2.5 nitrate and sulfate concentrations in different cities and provinces. In January, high concentrations of nitrate (∼30 μg m −3 ) occurred in the North China Plain (NCP) and the Middle and Lower Yangtze Plain (MLYP), as well as the Sichuan Basin. NO x emissions from North, Central and East China were transported over long distances to form rather uniform concentration of nitrate in the NCP and MLYP regions and significantly impacted nitrate concentrations in downwind regions as far as the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in South China. Wintertime sulfate concentrations demonstrated a more significant inter-regional southward transport pattern and wider spatial distributions than nitrate. The top-five ranked provinces with combined nitrate and sulfate concentrations (Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Anhui and Hunan) were all affected by emissions from the North, Central and East China, in addition to their local region emissions. In August, slower northerly and northeasterly wind reduced inter-regional transport. Nitrate and sulfate concentrations peaked in North China as dilution was more severely restricted by mountain ranges further north. Three of the top five high concentration provinces (Tianjin, Hebei and Beijing) were located in North China and had more than 55% of local region contributions. Emissions from North China accounted for ∼20% in the remaining two provinces (Shandong in East China and Henan in Central China). In addition to emissions from North China, ∼30% or more of the nitrate and sulfate concentrations in four of the top five high concentration provinces (Tianjin, Henan, Hebei and Shandong) were due to emissions from East China. Time series of daily regional contributions in three megacities (Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing) and a large city cluster (PRD) also indicated stronger and more frequent inter-regional transport in winter than in summer. Although the cities were mostly affected by local region emissions, influences of long range transport were especially obvious for sulfate concentration in the PRD region in winter, where emissions from North, East and Central China often accounted for more than 80% of the total concentrations. The results from this study suggest that provincial or region-level emission controls alone may not be sufficient to effectively reduce nitrate and sulfate concentrations in many areas and coordinated local and inter-regional emission control strategies are necessary for the country.
Diagnostic methods for peripheral arterial disease in the san luis valley diabetes study

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus. In the first phase of the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study, diagnostic criteria for PAD were evaluated in 607 controls and 343 diabetics. Normal ranges, and the lowest 2.5 percentile of the distribution of ankle/arm systolic blood pressure ratios were derived from a non-diabetic subset of the population with a very low probability of PAD. From this subgroup, abnormal ankle/arm ratios were defined as less than: 0.94 at rest, 0.73 after exercise, and 0.78 after reactive hyperemia. Using these criteria, PAD was identified in 130 subjects from the study population of 950 (prevalence of 13.7%). In contrast, a history of intermittent claudication, or an absent pulse in the extremity were uncommon findings in the study population, and thus had a low sensitivity and positive predictive value for PAD diagnosed by vascular laboratory criteria. We conclude that vascular laboratory tests provide a useful, and objective means of determining the prevalence of PAD in a geographically-based population of diabetic and control subjects.
Investigation of Film Curing Stages by Dielectric Analysis and Physical Characterization

A dielectric analysis (DEA) method was developed to monitor the curing of Eudragit RS30D plasticized with 20% acetyltributyl citrate and to investigate the effects of over curing on the barrier properties of the film. Permittivity (e′) obtained from DEA is related to the degree of mobility of permanent dipoles present in the sample. Changes in the e′ values were observed in various film sample types cured at 60 °C. Four distinct regions of curing were identified from the e′ versus time curves; namely, under-cured, optimally-cured, over-cured, and super-cured. The e′ values were high in under-cured films, and decreased to a minimum when the films became optimally-cured. Continued curing beyond the optimum stage caused an increase in the e′ values, corresponding to an over-cured stage, whereas in the super-cured region, the values decreased again. The changes in dielectric properties manifested the changes in the structure of the film, which correlated with the dissolution rates of the active drug from the film-coated beads as well as with the changes on their surface morphology at the same stage of cure. A mechanism of film curing was proposed based not only on the dielectric properties and dissolution data but also on the amount of plasticizer remaining in the film-coated beads, the changes in film thickness, and the surface electron micrographs of the cured film-coated beads.
Sharing Stories: Reflections on Fieldwork in Post‐Earthquake Port‐au‐Prince

Keywords: anthropology of disaster, Haiti, fieldwork, Haiti earthquake, Caribbean, ecology and environment, development
Longitudinal Evaluation of the Excisional New Attachment Procedure in Humans

Evaluation of the Excisional New Attachment Procedure (ENAP) was extended to 3 years postoperatively. Generally, there was an overall mean increase in sulcus depth of 0.5 mm; an overall mean increase in recession of 0.1 mm; and an overall mean decrease in the amount of previously gained new attachment of 0.6 mm between 1 year and 3 years after surgery. These values reflected a statistically significant, but clinically insignificant, difference in mean sulcus depth and mean attachment level between the two evaluation periods. Only one tooth site demonstrated clinical findings worse than those determined preoperatively. These results are similar to those of other longitudinal studies.
Proper holomorphic self-maps of plane regions

If ω is a connected open set in C, whose connectivity is finite hut larger than 2, then every proper holomorphic map from R to Cl is one-to-one. On the orher hand , for every positive integer m there are regions ω ⊂C, of infinite connectiviry, which admit proper holomorphic self-maps of mulitiplicity m. ∗
Rotational strengths and anisotropies for molecular rotation of NHDT and PHDT

Abstract The known experimental molecular g tensors for NH3 and PH3 are translated and rotated to give g tensors in the new principal axis coordinate systems produced by isotopic substitution of hydrogen. The new g tensors are then used to calculate rotational strengths and anisotropies for the chiral molecules NHDT and PHDT for rotational transitions in order to determine the magnitudes of these quantities. The largest of the rotational anisotropies are of the order of (3–5)×10−6 which places them less than an order of magnitude smaller than current vibrational circular dichroism capability.
A general procedure for obtaining paired comparisons from multiple rank orders

From a theoretical point of view, paired comparisons and the law of comparative judgment provide an excellent approach to the problem of psychological measurement. However, if a reasonably large number of stimuli are to be investigated, paired comparisons become extremely time-consuming and fatiguing to the subjects. A balanced incomplete block design, requiring multiple rank order judgments for each subject, provides an efficient experimental method for obtaining paired comparisons judgments. Features of the analysis proposed for this design are discussed in detail. A program for the analysis is available for the IBM 650 electronic computer.
Power reduction through measurement and modeling of users and CPUs: summary

Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) is one of the most commonly used power reduction techniques in high-performance processors. DVFS varies the frequency and voltage of a microprocessor in real-time according to processing needs. Although there are different versions of DVFS, at its core DVFS adapts power consumption and performance to the current workload of the CPU. Specifically, existing DVFS techniques in high-performance processors select an operating point (CPU frequency and voltage) based on the utilization of the processor. This approach integrates OS-level control, but such control is pessimistic. Existing DVFS techniques are pessimistic about the user. Indeed, they ignore the user, assuming that CPU utilization or the OS events prompting it are sufficient proxies. A high CPU utilization simply leads to a high frequency and high voltage, regardless of the user’s satisfaction or expectation of performance. Existing DVFS techniques are pessimistic about the CPU. They assume worst-case manufacturing process variation and operating temperature by basing their policies on loose worstcase bounds given by the processor manufacturer. A voltage level for a given frequency is set such that even the worst shipped processor of a given generation will be stable at the highest specified temperature. In response to these observations, we have developed, implemented, and evaluated the following two new power management techniques that can be readily employed independently or together. We elaborate on these techniques in detail elsewhere [4].
Dr. Elizabeth Helly

I had no interest in science whatsoever until my junior year in high school, when I met Dr. Elizabeth Helly. She appeared to have but two interests: her students and mathematics.
Ethical dilemmas in decision making at limits of neonatal viability.

The survival rate for extremely preterm infants has improved over the last two decades. Although the incidence of such births is about 2%, the impact of preterm birth on these infants, their families, health-care providers, and society is profound. The birth of an extremely low birth weight (ELBW) and early gestational age infant poses complex medical, social, and ethical challenges to the family and health-care professionals. Survivors have an increased risk of chronic medical problems and disability. It is difficult to make decisions while trying to provide optimal medical care to the infant and supporting the family when delivery occurs at the threshold of viability because outcome at that time is highly unpredictable. Such decisions may have lifelong consequences for those involved. An individualized prognostic strategy appears to be the most appropriate approach. While keeping the patient’s best interest as the primary objective, the goal is to reach, through a process of effective communication between the parents and physicians, a consensual decision that respects the parents’ wishes and promotes physician beneficence.
Cohesin Is limiting for the suppression of DNA damage-induced recombination between homologous chromosomes.

Double-strand break (DSB) repair through homologous recombination (HR) is an evolutionarily conserved process that is generally error-free. The risk to genome stability posed by nonallelic recombination or loss-of-heterozygosity could be reduced by confining HR to sister chromatids, thereby preventing recombination between homologous chromosomes. Here we show that the sister chromatid cohesion complex (cohesin) is a limiting factor in the control of DSB repair and genome stability and that it suppresses DNA damage–induced interactions between homologues. We developed a gene dosage system in tetraploid yeast to address limitations on various essential components in DSB repair and HR. Unlike RAD50 and RAD51, which play a direct role in HR, a 4-fold reduction in the number of essential MCD1 sister chromatid cohesion subunit genes affected survival of gamma-irradiated G2/M cells. The decreased survival reflected a reduction in DSB repair. Importantly, HR between homologous chromosomes was strongly increased by ionizing radiation in G2/M cells with a single copy of MCD1 or SMC3 even at radiation doses where survival was high and DSB repair was efficient. The increased recombination also extended to nonlethal doses of UV, which did not induce DSBs. The DNA damage–induced recombinants in G2/M cells included crossovers. Thus, the cohesin complex has a dual role in protecting chromosome integrity: it promotes DSB repair and recombination between sister chromatids, and it suppresses damage-induced recombination between homologues. The effects of limited amounts of Mcd1and Smc3 indicate that small changes in cohesin levels may increase the risk of genome instability, which may lead to genetic diseases and cancer.
ALTERATIONS IN NEURONAL CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS AFTER CEREBRAL HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA IN RABBITS. † 2247

ALTERATIONS IN NEURONAL CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS AFTER CEREBRAL HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA IN RABBITS. † 2247
Generation of nitro radical anions of some 5-nitrofurans, and 2- and 5-nitroimidazoles by rat hepatocytes

Nitrofurantoin, nifurtimox, nifuroxime, nitrofurazone, misonidazole, benznidazole, ronidazole, and ornidazole were reduced to their respective nitro radical anions by intact rat hepatocytes at pH 7.4. The nitrofurantoin radical anion and other nitro anion radicals generated inside these cells were detected with ESR spectroscopy. Broadening of the signals from nitrofurantoin anion radicals was accomplished with paramagnetic transition metals, implying that the radicals were outside the cell in the medium. Rat hepatocytes are well suited for in situ electron spin resonance investigations of free radical metabolites and represent a model for the as yet unobtained direct detection of free radical metabolites in liver.
Sudden infant death syndrome and hypertriiodothyroninemia: comparison of neonatal and postmortem measurements.

Serum triiodothyronine concentrations in victims of sudden infant death syndrome, when comparedwith those of both living and dead controls, were found to be elevated to a degree comparable to those found in a previous study. Thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and thyroglobulin values were not elevated. Neonatal triiodothyronine and thyroxine values, determined on specimens collected within a few days of birth for most of the sudden infant death syndrome victims, did not differ significantly from those of comparable peers in their birth cohort. These results indicate that hypertriiodothyroninemia may serve as a useful postmortem diagnostic marker for the syndrome but not as a premortem predictor. Parenthetically, thyroid hormones appear to remain stable in either a frozen or dried state for up to two years.
Thermal diffuse scattering in high-resolution electron holography

Abstract A theory for wave function simulations with inclusion of thermal diffuse scattering (TDS) in electron holography is outlined. The inelastic thermal diffuse scattered electrons do not contribute to the sidebands but introduce an absorption factor in the simulated elastic wave. The TDS absorption effects are significant in the simulated amplitude but not in the phase and become important only when the image resolution approaches atomic level (
Decentralized robust control invariance for a network of integrators

Robust control of networked storage devices is considered. Each network node is a storage element modeled as single-state, discrete time integrator with bounded control input and subject to additive bounded disturbance. Nodes exchange matter through links of limited capacity. We characterize the maximal robust control invariant set and consider a decentralized solution to the robust feasibility problem. We show how to compute the set of link capacities which ensure the feasibility of the proposed decentralized design by using convex optimization. The results allow to guarantee persistent feasibility when decentralized control strategies are used to robustly control the network flow while satisfying nodes and links capacity constraints.
Rapid Calcium Modulation in Cells: Direct Intracellular Access using Nanostraws

Intracellular calcium plays a role in a host of cellular functions ranging from synaptic transmission to gene expression. As a transient, short-range signaling molecule, calcium is often presented in complex signal patterns, including oscillations and bursts. The concerted action of pumps, channels, and buffers in conjunction with the ion-impermeable cell membrane tightly regulates these calcium signals spatially and temporally but simultaneously impedes our ability to study the action of calcium. Many techniques measure changes in intracellular calcium, providing insights into the specificity of these signal patterns, but fewer are capable of controlling calcium levels in cells. Patch clamp pipette access can be used to modulate calcium in small numbers of cells, but larger scale control often requires disruption of normal calcium signaling using drugs such as thapsigargin, in order to couple intracellular calcium to an external calcium signal. Here we present a new technology to rapidly modulate intracellular calcium. Using supported nanotubes called “nanostraws,” we demonstrate direct ionic delivery into cells. The dimensions of the nanostraws (∼100 nm x 1 μm tall) allow them to spontaneously penetrate the cell, thereby allowing calcium to bypass the lipid membrane and its constituent calcium channels through the nanostraws. Calcium delivery is controlled by fluid flow, and intracellular calcium oscillations can be induced and modulated in amplitude and frequency. While previous studies have perturbed long-term cell behavior using nanostraws and similar systems, here we apply the technique to transient signaling by rapid intracellular calcium modulation and characterize the spatiotemporal delivery using calcium indicators (e.g. Fluo-4, GCaMP6). By circumventing the intrinsic calcium regulatory mechanisms, nanostraws provide direct access and the ability to mimic biological calcium oscillations, adding a new method for decoding the role of calcium signal patterns and their effects on downstream signaling.
Effect of the antioxidant BHT on reducing depletion of chlorothalonil in treated wood after 54 months of ground-contact exposure

Abstract Since co-addition of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) increased the efficacy of organic biocides in protecting wood in laboratory and outdoor exposure tests, and it was suggested that the antioxidant might also help protect organic biocides against microbial degradation, the latter hypothesis was tested. Stakes were examined that had been treated with different levels of the organic biocide chlorothalonil, with and without two levels of the antioxidant BHT co-added, and exposed for 54 months in ground contact at two locations with high or severe deterioration hazard. Three replicate stakes were removed from each treatment set/location, and chlorothalonil and BHT depletion was measured at three positions in each stake. Biocide depletion was generally lower in the ground-contact sections of stakes that were treated with the two higher chlorothalonil levels and BHT than for matched stakes without co-added BHT, possibly due to BHT protecting the biocide against bacterial and/or fungal degradation. However, a protective effect was only observed in one-half of the ground-contact portion of stakes treated with the lowest chlorothalonil level and in approximately one-half of the above-ground section of the stakes at all three biocide treatment levels. Further studies are needed to definitively determine if BHT can reduce depletion of different organic biocides in above-ground or ground-contact wood. BHT depletion generally ranged from approximately 30–50% after exposure for 54 months. The termite and fungal decay efficacy of the remaining stakes after exposure for 67 months showed that stakes co-treated with BHT and chlorothalonil generally had better fungal and termite ratings than stakes treated with only the biocide.
Interdisciplinary health education and career choice in rural and underserved areas.

Purpose To assess the association between an educational rural health interdisciplinary programme (RHIP) and subsequent practice in US rural and underserved locations. Methods We carried out a longitudinal cohort study of RHIP students and randomly selected classmate controls for the years 1990–2001, using a mailed survey. Outcomes Main outcome measures were first rural, any rural, first underserved and any underserved practice locations. Multivariate statistical methods were used to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) by discipline while controlling for possible extraneous variables. Results Of 1396 surveys delivered, 820 were returned, giving a response rate of 59%. After exclusions, results from 255 RHIP and 534 control students were analysed for outcomes. Pharmacy students on the RHIP chose first and any rural practice locations more often than reference controls (PRs = 2.59 and 1.97, respectively; P < 0.05). Therapies (occupational, physical and speech therapy) RHIP students were associated with all 4 practice outcomes more often (PRs = 2.07, 1.85, 1.68 and 1.65, respectively; P < 0.05). Pharmacy and Therapies control students with rural training chose first rural and any rural practices more often (PRs = 2.58 and 1.62, respectively; P < 0.05 for both). Medicine and Nursing students did not choose outcome practice locations more often, but had small sample sizes and large numbers of controls with rural training. Rural health interdisciplinary students rated participation in rural training more highly as a factor in choosing first rural practices than did the controls who chose similar practices. Conclusions Participation in RHIP and other rural training experiences may stimulate subsequent career choices in rural and underserved locations for Pharmacy and Therapies students. Other studies are needed to confirm these findings and answer questions raised by these data.
Expression of mRNA encoding basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in developing and adult rat brain

Abstract Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a multipotential peptide with trophic, mitogenic, and differentiating effects on the central and the peripheral nervous system. Expression of the mRNA for bFGF has been shown to be temporally and regionally regulated in developing and adult rat brain. Although there are discernible levels of bFGF protein in the late embryonic rat brain and high levels in the mature rat brain, bFGF mRNA levels are low and difficult to detect at all stages. A sensitive Northern blotting technique for imaging bFGF transcripts is described. Thin surface-tension gels allow maximum resolution of mRNAs. Multiple bFGF mRNA transcripts are detected in adult rat brain at 6.0, 3.7, 2.5, 1.8, 1.6, 1.4, and 1.0 kb in about equal amounts, while in embryonic rat brain, the 1.8-kb mRNA is the most abundant. Homology between bFGF and the 28S ribosomal RNA leads to a hybridization pattern that is difficult to interpret in the developing brain. The design of probes to avoid this nonspecific interaction is discussed. Methods for resolving sense and antisense mRNAs are described. The high-affinity bFGF receptor FGFR1, which has tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity, is expressed in both developing and adult rat brain, with a message size of 4.3 kb detected by Northern analysis. Finally, methods for measuring bFGF protein to correlate with the presence of mRNA in the developing brain are discussed.
Hand ischemia after radial artery cannulation.

Background Hand ischemia is a rare but potentially devastating complication of radial artery cannulation for arterial monitoring. The causes and ultimate outcomes of hand ischemia after radial artery cannulation are unclear. Study design My colleagues and I reviewed the clinical course of radial cannula-induced arterial thrombosis in eight patients during a recent 5-year period. Results Mean (± SD) duration of radial artery ischemia was 3 ± 2 days. Injuries were associated with advanced (grade IIb) ischemia that affected the entire hand in four patients and first three digits in the other four patients. Radial artery thrombosis was documented using noninvasive tests or arteriography in all patients. Five injuries were initially treated with thrombectomy and patch angioplasty (n = 4) or vein graft interposition (n = 1); two others were treated nonoperatively with vasodilators, and one was observed without treatment. Three of the four patch angioplasty repairs occluded within 24 hours. Regardless of patency, all patients who survived arterial repairs had continuing ischemia that resulted in digital gangrene or amputation. In contrast, gangrene developed in only one patient treated nonoperatively. Conclusions These data show that hand ischemia after radial artery cannulation is associated with high risk of tissue loss or amputation. Operative repair offered no advantage over nonoperative therapy in prevention of digital gangrene in this series. We hypothesize that digital gangrene results from distal embolization from the site of the initial arterial thrombosis, producing ischemia that is not remediated by radial artery revascularization. Nonoperative therapy with vasodilators can be equally effective in treating cannula-induced radial artery injuries in some patients.
In Vivo Genomic Footprinting of the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Long Terminal Repeat Enhancer Sequences in HTLV-1-Infected Human T-Cell Lines with Different Levels of Tax I Activity

The Tax protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) enhances viral gene expression through sequences in the U3 region of the viral long terminal repeat. These sequences consist of three imperfect 21-bp repeats (TRE-1s) and a region between the promoter-central and promoter-proximal 21-bp repeats (TRE-2). The TRE-1s contain a core cyclic AMP response element (CRE) motif and can be bound by CREB, ATF-1, ATF-2, and other members of the CREB-ATF superfamily of transcription factors. Tax enhances CREB binding to TRE-1 in vitro, and it promotes dimerization of CREB as well as other bZIP proteins. Using ligation-mediated PCR on in vivo dimethyl sulfate-treated HTLV-1-infected cell lines MT-2 and MT-4, we have compiled a profile of protein occupancy in the HTLV-1 enhancer sequences in the presence of high (MT-2) and low (MT-4) levels of biologically active Tax I. The in vivo footprinting showed that all three TRE-1s were bound by protein(s), but only in MT-2 cells. In MT-2 cells, all TRE-1s showed strong protection of the G residues in the central CRE, and the footprints extended to differing degrees into the GC-rich flanking sequences. This indicated Tax I-dependent loading of transcription factors onto the HTLV-1 TRE-1s in vivo. In vivo footprinting on TRE-2 indicated that this region was bound by proteins regardless of the Tax I status of the cell line. However, the presence of Tax I increased the extent and altered the profile of proteins binding TRE-2 in vivo.
How to make a hippocampal dentate gyrus granule neuron

Granule neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) receive their primary inputs from the cortex and are known to be continuously generated throughout adult life. Ongoing integration of newborn neurons into the existing hippocampal neural circuitry provides enhanced neuroplasticity, which plays a crucial role in learning and memory; deficits in this process have been associated with cognitive decline under neuropathological conditions. In this Primer, we summarize the developmental principles that regulate the process of DG neurogenesis and discuss recent advances in harnessing these developmental cues to generate DG granule neurons from human pluripotent stem cells.
Likelihood and other approaches to prediction in dynamic models

Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of generating multi-period predictions from two simple dynamic models, an autoregressive model and a geometric random walk. The autoregressive model constitutes a useful paradigm for many of the practical problems of prediction because it possesses a number of features that differentiate it sharply from the standard linear regression model. The geometric random walk model is widely used in macroeconomics and finance and is fundamentally non-normal. The ideal situation for the prediction problem would be to know the true density of the future observations. Unfortunately, that density depends on parameters that are unknown and must be estimated. We analyze six prediction functions — approximations of the true density — that attempt to circumvent this problem. We contrast the theoretical properties of the likelihood prediction function proposed by Cooley and Parke (1986) with certainty equivalence prediction functions and mean-squared error prediction functions. The results of a Monte Carlo study illustrate the relative performance of the alternative prediction functions for conditional predictions and for the analysis of policy interventions. The results confirm the importance of accounting for parameter uncertainty and approximating the true shape of the future density.
The growth and doping of Al(As)Sb by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

AlSb and AlAs{sub x}Sb{sub 1{minus}x} epitaxial films grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition were successfully doped p- or n-type using diethylzinc or tetraethyltin, respectively. AlSb films were grown at 500 C and 76 torr using trimethylamine or ethyldimethylamine alane and triethylantimony. The authors examined the growth of AlAsSb using temperature of 500 to 600 C, pressures of 65 to 630 torr, V/III ratios of 1--17, and growth rates of 0.3 to 2.7 {micro}m/hour in a horizontal quartz reactor. SIMS showed C and O levels below 2 {times} 10{sup 18} cm{sup {minus}3} and 6 {times} 10{sup 18} cm{sup {minus}3} respectively for undoped AlSb. Similar levels of O were found in AlAs{sub 0.16}Sb{sub 0.84} films but C levels were an order of magnitude less in undoped and Sn-doped AlAs{sub 0.16}Sb{sub 0.84} films. Hall measurements of AlAs{sub 0.16}Sb{sub 0.84} showed hole concentrations between 1 {times} 10{sup 17} cm{sup {minus}3} to 5 {times} 10{sup 18} cm{sup {minus}3} for Zn-doped material and electron concentrations in the low to mid 10{sup 18} cm{sup {minus}3} for Sn-doped material. They have grown pseudomorphic InAs/InAsSb quantum well active regions on AlAsSb cladding layers. Photoluminescence of these layers has been observed up to 300 K.
Direct and indirect transgenerational effects alter plant-herbivore interactions

Theory suggests that environmental effects with transgenerational conse- quences, including rapid evolution and maternal effects, may affect the outcome of eco- logical interactions. However, indirect effects occur when interactions between two species are altered by the presence of a third species, and can make the consequences of trans- generational effects difficult to predict. We manipulated the presence of insect herbivores and the competitor Medicago polymorpha in replicated Lotus wrangelianus populations. After one generation, we used seeds from the surviving Lotus to initiate a reciprocal transplant experiment to measure how transgenerational effects altered ecological inter- actions between Lotus, Medicago, and insect herbivores. Herbivore leaf damage and Lotus fecundity were dependent on both parental and offspring environmental conditions. The presence of insect herbivores and Medicago in the parental environment resulted in transgenerational changes in herbivore resistance, but these effects were non-additive, likely as a result of indirect effects in the parental environment. Indirect transgenerational effects interacted with more immediate ecological indirect effects to affect Lotus fecundity. These results suggest that explanations of ecological patterns require an understanding of transgenerational effects and that these effects may be difficult to predict in species-rich, natural communities where indirect effects are prevalent.
A Non-Singleton Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System for universal image noise removal using Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization

Removing Mixed Gaussian and Impulse Noise (MGIN) is considered to be very important in the domain of image restoration, but it is a somewhat more challenging topic than removing pure Gaussian or impulse noise. Therefore, relatively fewer works have been published in this area. This paper pro poses a Non-Singleton Interval Type-2 (IT2) Fuzzy Logic System (FLS) for MGIN removal, explains how it can be designed based on a Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, and shows that it provides both quantitatively and visually much better results compared to other often-used non-fuzzy techniques as well as its Type-1 and singleton IT2 counterparts.
Diel heat transport within the hyporheic zone of a pool-riffle-pool sequence of a losing stream and evaluation of models for fluid flux estimation using heat.

Hyporheic water is thought to infiltrate at the head of a riffle, which in turn is complemented by upwelling back to the stream at the tail of the riffle in a pool–riffle–pool (PRP) sequence. Heat tracing is a potentially useful method to characterize these hyporheic flow paths and quantify associated fluxes. Temperature was monitored within a PRP sequence for several days. Temperature in the hyporheic zone reflected the diel temperature change in the river but not uniformly. The observed thermal pattern exhibited deeper penetration of thermal oscillations below the head pool and shallower penetration below the tail pool. This pattern is consistent with the conceptual model of hyporheic exchange over a PRP sequence. One-dimensional analytical heat transport models were used at different points below the PRP sequence to estimate distributed vertical fluid fluxes. The calculated fluxes exhibit a trend that follows the expected distribution for a PRP sequence but modified for a losing stream (net fluid flux into the streambed). Deviation of both magnitude and distribution of fluxes from the conceptual ‘‘downwelling-to-upwelling’’ model is due partly to the dominantly losing conditions at the study site, but the trends are consistent with a losing stream undergoing hyporheic exchange. Violation of the assumptions in the analytical models most likely adds error to flux estimates. For this study, flux estimation methods using a temperature time-series amplitude analysis more closely matched field measurements than phase methods.
A Research-trip to the Maldive Islands, 1982

I have a hidden admiration for those with the chutzpah to write books in the tradition of Up Against It in Wanga-Wanga Land . Thus I greeted with enthusiasm the invitation of this journal's editors to recount ina light-hearted way the experiences of my fieldwork in the Maldive Islands during January, 1982.
Comparison of lateral release versus lateral release with medial soft-tissue realignment for the treatment of recurrent patellar instability: a systematic review

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to present a systematic review of the literature to compare surgical success of lateral retinacular release (LRR) or LRR with medial soft-tissue realignment (MR) for recurrent lateral patellar instability. Methods: We searched MEDLINE and PubMed databases for all English-language studies reporting surgical management of recurrent lateral patellar instability with LRR or with LRR and MR. Exclusion criteria included a minimum follow-up Results: Fourteen studies met inclusion criteria. There were 247 knees with a minimum 2-year follow-up after LRR and 220 after LRR with MR. In the LRR patients, there were 56 cases (probability 0.227, odds 0.293) of recurrent lateral patellar instability, 26 of which were postoperative patellar dislocations. In the LRR with MR patients, there were 14 cases (probability 0.064, odds 0.068) of recurrent instability, 12 of which were dislocations. The frequency-weighted mean success with respect to instability in the LRR studies was 77.3% compared with 93.6% in the LRR with MR studies. The odds of subsequent instability after LRR were significantly greater than after LRR with MR with respect to any postoperative instability ( P P = .045), and recurrent subluxation ( P Conclusions: This systematic review found that isolated LRR yields significantly inferior long-term results with respect to symptoms of recurrent lateral patellar instability compared with LRR with MR. Level of Evidence: Level III, systematic review of level III and IV studies.
Fluctuations in Humidity, Temperature, and Horizontal Wind as Measured by a Subcloud Tethered-Balloon System

A system is described for measuring atmospheric temperature, humidity, and wind speed continuously and simultaneously at more than one level between 50 and 600 m above the ocean or land surface. The design of the system is presented. This consists of a modulator-transmitter unit which is suspended from a tether line supported by a balloon and controlled by a winch. Data are transmitted by radio link to a receiver-demodulator and recorder at the surface. Results are given which show that the system is capable of acquiring simultaneous time series of meteorological variables at two levels. This presents a viable, though not complete, method for acquiring time series data in a region of the atmosphere previously poorly sampled. The data presented suggest that turbulent mixing in this layer is governed by moist plumes on a scale of 100 m or more. Spectra of humidity are in good agreement with the Kolmogoroff minus-five-thirds law in the inertial subrange between 0.1 and 0.5 Hz. These spectra seem consistent with previous findings and support the suggested scale and role of the moist plumes in the turbulent transfer processes in the subcloud layer.
White boys' ratings of pictures of whites and blacks as related to amount of familiarization.

120 fourth- and fifth-grade white boys were shown photographs of four white and four black boys, the various white and black pictures being presented 1, 5, 10, or 20 times. Ss then rated these photographs, plus two (one white, one black) not previously exposed, on a scale indicating the extent to which they “would like to bring the boy home to spend some time with them and their families.” (a) The black pictures were rated more favorably than were the white pictures; and (b) increasing familiarization was associated with an increase in favorability for black pictures but a decrease for white pictures. These results were discussed with reference to certain of the explanations that have been offered regarding the attitudinal effects of stimulus familiarization.
Earth Resource Observations from an Orbiting Spacecraft

Gemini photography and other satellite images have demonstrated some of the advantages of small-scale views of the earth from space. Long-lived satellites providing uniform repetitive coverage will add the dimension of time to our interpretive process and aid in better understanding the dynamics of earth.
AID and mismatch repair in antibody diversification

In response to antigen, B cells undergo a series of specialized genetic events to produce the 'ideal' population of antibodies to prevent and eradicate infections. Although these events — somatic hypermutation, gene conversion and class-switch recombination — have been recognized for many years, the enzymes that are involved have remained elusive. The recent discovery that activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and the mismatch repair (MMR) system are involved in these processes has led to new models of the biochemical events that generate antibody diversity. However, there is still considerable uncertainty about the mechanism of action of AID, and there are differing viewpoints about the role of MMR.
Characterization of the reaction of GDP-mannose with dolichol phosphate in liver membranes.

The Mn2+-dependent mannosyl transfer reaction between GDP-[14C]mannose and dolichol phosphate, which is catalyzed by liver membranes, could not be followed accurately with the existing assay systems. Thus, GDP-[14C]mannose is hydrolyzed rapidly by a pyrophosphatase present in microsomal and Golgi fractions from liver cells. The rate of the hydrolysis is rapid enough to limit the extent of incorporation of [14C]mannose into endogenous acceptors. AMP was an effective inhibitor of the pyrophosphatase in Golgi membranes, and protected GDP-mannose from metabolism in alternative pathways. In the presence of AMP it was possible accurately to follow the time course of synthesis of dolichol phosphate [14C]mannose over short time periods. Even though the time course of the reaction was measured over 2 s intervals, no linear portion could be detected in plots of product formed versus time. The kinetics of synthesis did, however, fit an equation for a first-order kinetic process. The basis for the first-order kinetics seems related to the very small amounts of dolichol phosphate in membranes. The values of the first-order rate constant is dependent on the concentrations of GDP-mannose and Mn2+ added to the assays.
A domain-specific modeling approach to realizing user-centric communication

Advances in communication devices and technologies are dramatically expanding our communication capabilities and enabling a wide range of multimedia communication applications. The current approach to develop communication-intensive applications results in products that are fragmented, inflexible, and incapable of responding to changing end-users' communication needs. These limitations have resulted in the need for a new development approach of building communication applications that are driven by end-users and that support the dynamic nature of communication-based collaboration. To address this need, the Communication Virtual Machine (CVM) technology has been developed to support rapid specification and automatic realization of user-centric communication applications based on a domain-specific modeling approach. The CVM technology consists of a domain-specific modeling language (DSML), the Communication Modeling Language (CML), that is used to create communication models, and a semantic rich platform, the CVM, that realized the created communication models. In this paper, we report on our experiences of applying a systematic approach to engineering CML and the synthesis of CML models in CVM. Based on a feature model describing the taxonomy of the user-centric communication domain in a network independent manner, we develop the meta-model of CML and its different concrete syntaxes. We also present a behavioral specification (dynamic semantics) of CML that enables the dynamic synthesis of user-centric communication models into an executable form called communication control script. We validated the CML semantics using Kermeta, a meta-programming environment for engineering DSMLs, and evaluated the practicality of our approach using a CVM prototype and a set of experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Di-Sec: A distributed security framework for heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are deployed for monitoring in a range of critical domains (e.g., health care, military, critical infrastructure). Accordingly, these WSNs should be resilient to attacks. The current approach to defending against malicious threats is to develop and deploy a specific defense mechanism for a specific attack. However, the problem with this traditional approach to defending sensor networks is that the solution for the Jamming attack does not defend against other attacks (e.g., Sybil and Selective Forwarding). In reality, one cannot know a priori what type of attack an adversary will launch. This work addresses the challenges with the traditional approach to securing sensor networks and presents a comprehensive framework, Di-Sec, that can defend against all known and forthcoming attacks. At the heart of Di-Sec lies the monitoring core (M-Core), which is an extensible and lightweight layer that gathers statistics relevant for the defense mechanisms. The M-Core allows for the monitoring of both internal and external threats and supports the execution of multiple detection and defense mechanisms (DDMs) against different threats in parallel. Along with Di-Sec, a new user-friendly domain-specific language was developed, the M-Core Control Language (MCL). Using the MCL, a user can implement new defense mechanisms without the overhead of learning the details of the underlying software architecture (i.e., TinyOS, Di-Sec). Hence, the MCL expedites the development of sensor defense mechanisms by significantly simplifying the coding process for developers. The Di-Sec framework has been implemented and tested on real sensors to evaluate its feasibility and performance. Our evaluation of memory, communication, and sensing components shows that Di-Sec is feasible on today's resource-limited sensors and has a nominal overhead. Furthermore, we illustrate the basic functionality of Di-Sec by implementing and simultaneously executing DDMs for attacks at various layers of the communication stack (i.e., Jamming, Selective Forwarding, Sybil, and Internal attacks).
Nine-month-olds extract structural principles required for natural language

Infants' ability to rapidly extract properties of language-like systems during brief laboratory exposures has been taken as evidence about the innate linguistic state of humans. However, previous studies have focused on structural properties that are not central to descriptions of natural language. In the current study, infants were exposed to 3- and 5-syllable words from one of the two artificial languages that employed the same stress assignment constraints found in natural languages. Infants were able to generalize beyond the stress patterns encountered during familiarization to new patterns reflecting the same constraints. The results suggest that infants are able to rapidly extract the types of structural information required for human language.
Cardiac Malformations in the Rat Induced by Maternal Hypercapnia with Hypoxia

Forty-seven pregnant rats were exposed for 24 hours to a gas mixture of 6% carbon dioxide, 10% oxygen and 84% nitrogen on different days during gestation. The earliest exposure was on the fifth day after observed copulation, the latest on the sixteenth. The hearts of 370 newborn test rats were studied in serial sections and compared with those from 111 newborn control rats. The over-all incidence of cardiac malformations was 28.1% in the experimental animals and 4.5 % in the controls. In the test groups, severe structural anomalies resulted from exposures as early as the fifth day of gestation. The results of the present and of previous experiments suggest that maternal hypercapnia in the presence of normal and low oxygen tensions is markedly teratogenic for the cardiovascular system in the rat.
Carbon composite for a PEM fuel cell bipolar plate

The current major cost component for proton exchange membrane fuel cells is the bipolar plate. An option being explored for replacing the current, nominal machined graphite component is a molded carbon fiber material. One face and the volume of the component will be left porous, while the opposite surface and sides are hermetically sealed via chemical vapor infiltration of carbon. This paper will address initial work on the concept.
History of behavior modification

Behavior modification encompasses a variety of conceptual and theoretical positions, methodological approaches, treatment techniques, and historical developments. Because behavior modification is not a monolithic approach, it is important to convey the range of developments that converged over the course of the history of the field. This chapter traces the history of behavior modification as a general movement. Individual conceptual approaches and techniques that comprise behavior modification are obviously important in tracing the history, but they are examined as part of the larger development rather than as ends in their own right. This chapter examines major influences that finally led to the formal development of behavior modification and behavior therapy.1