cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-range triggered earthquakes that continue after the wave train passes

[1] Large earthquakes can trigger distant earthquakes in geothermal areas. Some triggered earthquakes happen while the surface waves pass through a site, but others occur hours or even days later. Does this prolonged seismicity require a special mechanism to store the stress from the seismic waves that differs from ordinary aftershock mechanisms? These questions have driven studies of long-range triggering since the phenomenon's discovery. Here I attempt to answer the questions by examining the statistics of triggered sequences. Two separate observations are consistent with the prolonged sequences being simply local aftershocks of earthquakes triggered early in the wave train. First, the sequences obey Omori's Law over both short (1 hour) and longer (5 day) time intervals. Secondly, the number of observed triggered earthquakes in the first hour after the wave train can be predicted from the number of earthquakes triggered during the wave train. Even the very vigorous 10-day triggering at Long Valley from the 1992 Landers Mw 7.3 earthquakes can be interpreted as the aftershocks of either a local M ≈ 4.1 earthquake or an equivalent combination of several smaller mainshocks. Therefore, long-range triggering does not need to include a mechanism to produce sustained stresses other than the process that generates aftershocks of the earthquakes that occur while the wave train is passing.
Prenatal Sonographic Diagnosis of a Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation in a Twin

Arteriovenous malformations are the most common vascular congenital malformation of the brain. The vein of Galen arteriovenous malformation (VGAM) consists of end-to-end aneurysms in which the artery and vein connect without intervening capillaries. Cardiomegaly with congestive heart failure and increased intracranial pressure with hydrocephaly are the most common features in the neonate. In this case report, both features are present in utero. Prenatal morbidity and mortality are high due to cardiac failure. The authors present a case of spontaneous delivery at 35 weeks with one twin affected with vein of Galen aneurysm.
SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO OZONE FORMATION IN SOUTHEAST TEXAS

[1] A source-oriented SAPRC-99 gas phase photochemical mechanism was incorporated into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to determine the contributions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to predicted net ozone (O3) formation rates during the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) from 16 August to 7 September 2000. Contributions from biogenic sources, diesel vehicles, highway gasoline vehicles, off-highway gasoline vehicles, solvent utilization, petroleum industries, other industries and wildfires were determined. Peak column-averaged O3 formation rate due to industrial sources averaged over this episode was approximately 8.5 ppb hr−1. Contributions of gasoline vehicles and solvent utilization were large in urban areas to the west of the industrial region with highest column-averaged formation rates of 3.7 and 1.4 ppb hr−1, respectively. Large regional contributions of biogenic sources to O3 formation were predicted with highest O3 formation rate of 11.9 ppb hr−1 in downwind rural areas. Wildfires could contribute to large O3 formation but their influence was generally localized. Analysis of 2400 back-trajectories from areas with maximum daily 8-h O3 greater than 90 ppb showed that industrial sources were the largest anthropogenic sources of VOC that contributed to the these high O3 events, followed by gasoline vehicle sources. The median of relative contributions from biogenic and anthropogenic sources from this analysis was approximately 60% and 40%, respectively. Analysis of the back-trajectories where 1-h peak O3 concentrations were greater than 120 ppb showed that the median relative contributions due to anthropogenic sources were increased to over 60%. This suggests that high O3 events in the HGB region were driven by anthropogenic VOC emissions from industrial sources.
Community disorder, victimization exposure, and mental health in a national sample of youth

This study considers whether elevated distress among youth living in more disordered neighborhoods can be explained by personal exposure to violence and victimization, level of non-victimization adversity, and family support. Analyses were based on a sample of 2,039 youth ages 10 to 17 who participated in the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence, a national telephone survey conducted in 2008. Using structural equation modeling, we find no direct effects of community disorder on distress, once the significant mediating effects of victimization, family support, and adversity are taken into account. Using a comprehensive measure of victimization covering several domains of experiences, we show that past-year exposure to child maltreatment, sexual victimization, peer assault and bullying, and property crime each significantly mediate the community disorder-distress association. A measure of the total number of victimization types to which youth were exposed (i.e., level of "poly-victimization") had the strongest mediating effect. Language: en
Assignment of the Heme Axial Ligand(s) for the Ferric Myoglobin (H93G) and Heme Oxygenase (H25A) Cavity Mutants as Oxygen Donors Using Magnetic Circular Dichroism

U V-visible absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) data are reported for the cavity mutants of sperm whale H93G myoglobin and human H25A heme oxygenase in their ferric states at 4 °C. Detailed spectral analyses of H93G myoglobin reveal that its heme coordination structure has a single water ligand at pH 5.0, a single hydroxide ligand at pH 10.0, and a mixture of species at pH 7.0 including five-coordinate hydroxide-bound, and six-coordinate structures. The five-coordinate aquo structure at pH 5 is supported by spectral similarity to acidic horseradish peroxidase (pH 3.1), whose MCD data are reported herein for the first time, and acidic myoglobin (pH 3.4), whose structures have been previously assigned by resonance Raman spectroscopy. The five-coordinate hydroxide structure at pH 10.0 is supported by MCD and resonance Raman data obtained here and by comparison with those of other known five- coordinate oxygen donor complexes. In particular, the MCD spectrum of alkaline ferric H93G myoglobin is strikingly similar to that of ferric tyrosinate-ligated human H93Y myoglobin, whose MCD data are reported herein for the first time, and that of the methoxide adduct of ferric protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester (Fe III PPIXDME). Analysis of the spectral data for ferric H25A heme oxygenase at neutral pH in the context of the spectra of other five-coordinate ferric heme complexes with proximal oxygen donor ligands, in particular the p-nitrophenolate and acetate adducts of Fe III PPIXDME, is most consistent with ligation by a carboxylate group of a nearby glutamyl (or aspartic) acid residue.
The Social Foundations of Institutional Order: Reconsidering War and the “Resource Curse” in Third World State Building:

This manuscript departs strongly from conventional accounts that ascribe a central role to war and the threat of war in Third World state building. Similarly, it challenges the conventional wisdom that abundant exportable natural resource wealth is likely to provoke institutional atrophy. Instead, it argues that a set of logically prior conditions—the social relations that govern the principal economic sectors and the pattern or intraelite conflict or compromise—launch path-dependent processes that help determine when, and if, either strategic conflict or resource wealth contribute to, or impede, institutional development. The argument is tested in the comparative analysis of the state-building process in two Andean neighbors (Chile and Peru), both of which are situated in similar strategic and natural resource environments but which produced qualitatively different outcomes in terms of state capacity or “strength.”
Scaling of poly-encapsulated LOCOS for 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology

We demonstrate the scaling of Poly-Encapsulated LOCOS (PELOX) for 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology without detrimental effects on gate oxide and shallow source/drain junction integrity. As-grown bird's beak punchthrough is shown to fundamentally limit the scalability of LOCOS-based schemes for narrow nitride features. A quantitative comparison of bird's beak punchthrough is made between LOCOS, Poly-Buffer LOCOS (PBL), and PELOX. The PELOX scalability is emphasized by evaluating the impact of the polysilicon-sealed cavity length for narrow nitride features. We present the realization of a 1 /spl mu/m active/isolation pitch fully meeting the geometry and off-leakage requirements of 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technologies (VDS/spl les/5 V). This field-implant-free isolation module avoids unnecessary process complexity by successfully integrating scaled PELOX with the split well-drive-in scheme. A highlight of this new approach is that the NMOSFET characteristics are largely width-independent down to 0.3 /spl mu/m dimensions. >
Job Authority and Breast Cancer

Using the 1957–2011 data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, I integrate the gender relations theory, a life course perspective, and a biosocial stress perspective to explore the effect of women’s job authority in 1975 (at age 36) and 1993 (at age 54) on breast cancer incidence up to 2011. Findings indicate that women with the authority to hire, fire, and influence others’ pay had a significantly higher risk of a breast cancer diagnosis over the next thirty years compared to housewives and employed women with no job authority. Because job authority conferred the highest risk of breast cancer for women who also spent more hours dealing with people at work in 1975, I suggest that the assertion of job authority by women in the 1970 s involved stressful interpersonal experiences, such as social isolation and negative social interactions, that may have increased the risk of breast cancer via prolonged dysregulation of the glucocorticoid system and exposure of breast tissue to the adverse effects of chronically elevated cortisol. This study contributes to sociology by emphasizing gendered biosocial pathways through which women’s occupational experiences become embodied and drive forward physiological repercussions.
A protocol for WDM star coupler networks

The authors propose a media access protocol for an optical star-coupler network in which the stations are equipped with fixed transmitters and tunable receivers and use wavelength-division multiplexing. The protocol, called the group TDM scheme (GTDM), is a reservation-based scheme in which the nodes are assembled into groups. The nodes within a group communicate with the nodes of other groups using the TDM scheme, but they make reservations using the dynamic allocation scheme (DAS), which has been proposed earlier. GTDM tries to overcome the drawbacks of TDM (unnecessary high delays under low load) and DAS (high signaling costs) by providing a trade-off between packet delay and signaling costs. Analytical and simulation results show that GTDM can achieve good performance with low signaling complexity. It is also shown to perform better than hybrid TDM (HTDM), a hybrid of TDM and DAS, for a given signaling complexity. >
Skin Abnormalities in Mice Transgenic for Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1: Implications for the Regulation of Desquamation and Follicular Neogenesis by Plasminogen Activator Enzymes

Plasminogen activator enzymes have been implicated in the regulation of growth, migration, and differentiation which occur continually in normal epidermis and cyclically in the hair follicle. To elucidate further the importance of plasminogen activation in epidermal physiology, studies were conducted using mice transgenic for human plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). The epidermis of the newborn (4-7 days) transgenic mice was flaky and showed delayed hair growth compared to that of their control littermates. Histologic analyses revealed a greatly thickened stratum corneum in the transgenics. By 2 weeks after birth, no differences in epidermal morphology were apparent between transgenic and control littermates. Using in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and in situ reverse zymography techniques, epidermal PAI-1 expression was correlated temporally with the aberrant epidermal morphology. These data implicate plasminogen activator activity in the regulation of epidermal shedding and follicular neogenesis.
Teachers' Memories of Schooling: The Sociocultural Injuries and the Mis-Education of Mexican Teachers in the Barrio.

Relying on life history and memory as methodology, this essay unearths the memories of schooling of five Mexican American teachers at a dual-language school in San Antonio, locating their memories of trauma within the history of language oppression and cultural exclusion in U.S. public schools. In re(membering) their schooling experiences as working-class, Spanish-speaking, racialized students in San Antonio’s segregated Westside, teachers pointed to schools as the source of their miseducation and trauma and framed these experiences within a shared history of institutionalized language oppression and educational inequality. Historias, semi-structured life history interviews, and conocimiento—reflexive and dialogical focus groups—reveal that teachers’ memories of racialized cultural violence in schools are central to their personal and professional identity formation. As ethnic/ race teachers with embodied knowledge of racialized cultural violence, they transform the culture of schooling for Mexican origin students as they move within the dialectic of domination and empowerment in their everyday teaching practices.
Security Kernels: A Solution or a Problem?

Security kernels are now emerging from the R&D community. Unfortunately the quality of these systems has not lived up to original expectations. While useful for allowing users of various security levels to share common hardware, the original problem that they were designed to solve, security kernels are less than ideal for solving applications that are truly multi-level, the problem that now needs to be addressed. Based upon experience gained in both the use and limitations of security kernels, recommendations are provided as to where the next thrust for providing secure systems should proceed.
When Placebic Information Differs From Real Information Cognitive and Motivational Bases of Mindful Reactions to Informational Social Influence

The present experiments investigated how individuals’ cognitive thinking styles and the influence agent’s sex would affect the extent to which people mindfully respond to informational social influence. In Study 1, participants played a trivia game with an ostensible partner via computer and were presented with either real information that provided a rationale for the partner’s choice or placebic information that merely restated accompanying self-confidence ratings in verbal format. As predicted, real information was more likely than was placebic information to elicit conformity (a) among high compared to low rationals, (b) when the partner expressed the highest ambiguity (50% confident), and (c) when a female compared to a male character represented the partner, albeit only among men. By employing more direct measures of information processing, reaction time and perceived validity of the partner’s claims, Study 2 confirmed that greater acceptance of real rather than placebic information stemmed from more...
Study on power system out-of-step criterion based on WAMS

In this paper, a novel integrated criterion to identify the critical cluster for power system out-of-step control, which includes both history and future information of WAMS measured rotor angle curves. And a composite criterion is proposed to judge whether the DSP (dynamic saddle point) on electromagnetic output power-rotor angle curve plane is the true DSP which results in losing transient stability. Finally, the flowchart description of the proposed out-of-step criterions is given. The simulation results of WSCC and the ‘North China-Central China-East China’ UHV grid demonstrate that the proposed method works well. It can identify the instability of power system even when the characteristic of instability is not obvious, so it is helpful to realize the fast islanding in large interconnected power systems.
Some Aspects of the Structural, Mechanical and Electronic Properties of SiC

issues. These include the material employed in the reactor walls, the cladding material for the fissile nuclear fuel, and the material used for retaining the fission products. In addition to long term resistance to irradiation, the materials used in a nuclear reactor must have excellent mechanical and corrosion properties in order to tolerate the thermal shocks as well as the high temperature and severe corrosive environments that they will encounter during operation. One of the materials that has long been considered for this purpose is SiC, a material that is used both for its ceramic characteristics, as well as its wide bandgap semiconducting properties. In this paper, after reviewing the structure of various SiC polytypes, we discuss recent results on the mechanical and fracture properties of single polytype, single crystal 4H-SiC that has recently become available. We also discuss one of the many cases where lattice defects in the crystal affect the electronic properties of this high-temperature semiconductor.
Higher-Order Constrained Variational Problems on Principal Bundles with Applications to Optimal Control of Underactuated Systems

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between optimal control problems for underactuated mechanical systems with symmetries and the classical calculus of variations problem for constrained higher-order mechanical systems, where the configuration space of both problems are principal bundles. We give necessary optimality conditions for the optimal control problem using the constrained higherorder Lagrange-Poincare equations which are derived from the constrained higher-order variational problem.
Genetic sexing for a mosquito sterile-male release

Two strains of Anopheles culicifacies have been synthesized in which the dieldrin resistance locus on chromosome 3 has been translocated to the Y chromosome. Both strains appear sufficiently stable for the preferential recovery of males for mass production of mosquitoes for field releases.
Myositis ossificans circumscripta. Report of four cases without history of injury.

1. Four cases of myositis ossificans circumscripta are presented. 2. It remains an obscure condition but there are characteristic clinical, radiological and microscopical features. 3. While the majority of cases arise as a direct result of injury, these four cases suggest that this is not always so ; the diagnosis from osteosarcoma, bone or joint infection may then be difficult. 4. Noble9s classification (1924) of myositis ossificans is adequate and should be accepted. Confusion would be avoided if cases such as those presented here were included in the classification suggested.
Effects of substituted benzylphenols and triflumuron on the reproduction of the face fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

The chemosterilant effect of various chemicals administered orally, topically, and tarsally on the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, is described. The chemicals tested were J2922, 5-ethoxy-6-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-1,3-benzodioxole; J2581, 5-ethoxy-6-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-1,3-benzodioxole; J2644, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(4-methoxyphenylmethyl) phenol, and the benzoylphenylurea triflumuron. J2644 and triflumuron were not toxic at the lowest concentration that caused 100% inhibition of egg hatching and caused sterility even when flies were already inseminated or near oviposition. Minimum sterilizing concentrations of J2922 and J2581 were highly toxic. All chemicals caused 100% sterility in females; only J2644 caused some male sterility. Sterility induced by J2644, J2922, and J2581 in females was reversible and fertility was restored by the third gonotrophic cycle, whereas fertility of females treated with triflumuron was not restored until the fourth cycle. J2922 and J2581 affected egg hatching and ovarian development, as indicated by atrophied ovaries and ovaries containing eggs without respiratory masts. This effect was greater in the second gonotrophic cycle after treatment.
Effect of Substrate Layer Variation on Package Warpage

As requirements for thinner packages continue to be driven by increased device functionality, warpage has become more and more of a concern in package design and processing. Designers are limited by available materials whose properties are not always capable of achieving low warpage targets. Outside of materials development, techniques in the fabrication processing of organic substrates have served as an important secondary approach to reducing package-level warpage. This is becoming more and more important as the substrate thickness is reduced. For a thin substrate, each layer has a marked impact on the substrate's mechanical character, so each must be specified carefully. In addition, a thin substrate is more sensitive to parameter variation within design tolerance and processing windows, resulting in higher warpage standard deviation, which is another challenge for warpage control. In this paper, several substrate attributes are studied to determine the magnitude of their effect on overall package warp...
PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS: Pneumonia

Diabetes mellitus is often identified as an independent risk factor for developing lower respiratory tract infections. Pulmonary infections, such as those caused by Mycobacterum tuberculosis, mucor, Staphylococcus aureus, and gram-negative bacteria may occur with an increased frequency whereas infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella, and influenza may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The predisposition to lower respiratory tract infections may represent alterations in pulmonary host defenses at several levels. The purpose of this article is to review the spectrum of pulmonary infections encountered in the diabetic patient, focusing on predisposing defects in pulmonary host defense, highlighting characteristic clinical features, and discussing diagnostic approaches, therapeutic interventions, and prophylaxis in this patient population.
Climate Risk Analysis for Financial Institutions.

The climate change phenomenon is widely understood to be magnified by harmful greenhouse gases (GHGs) that are by-products of emissions yielded from advances in human engineering in the energy, technology, transportation, and land development industries. Effectively, the pollution that is being generated from human activities is actively contributing to the imbalance in the planet’s climate, therefore creating the scenario where human prosperity may be severely hindered in the near future. Global industrial incentives, regulations, and policies have been formed to mitigate the climate change phenomenon in the form of monetized financial instruments that can help manage the amount of global pollution permitted, financial climate risk disclosures that keep investors informed about climate-related impacts to investments, and environmental sustainability analysis that validates the business continuity of an investment impacted by environmental risks. The management of future pollution that may contribute to furthering climate change by financially incentivizing more prudent business practices and climate-friendly organizational strategies has created opportunities for climate change investment research. Geographical Information Systems that can provide insight into different aspects of global climate change facilitates datadriven financial investment decisions which can create a dynamic and robust relationship between the financial and scientific aspects of leveraging climate change mitigation. This chapter will explore the historical background of global climate change polices and legislation over recent decades; the financial instruments, markets, and risk disclosures that resulted from these policies; the relevant scientific and investment approaches regarding climate change mitigation; how Geographical Information Systems can serve as a crucial tool in the financial applications of climate change mitigation and the future prospects of Geographical Information Systems in this domain.
Sales and use of rodenticides in rural area of Xiamen city

Objective To understand the sales and use of rodenticides in rural area of Xiamen city.Methods The random sampling among four suburban areas was used to access the basic information of farmers and the routes of rodenticide intoxication,the species and use proportion of rodenticide for sale in local pesticide sale department.Results The rodenticides for sale in rural area of Xiamen city included bromadiolone poison bait,bromadiolone stock solution,talon poison bait and talon stock solution.Of all peasant households,14.48% had used stock solution and 22.07% had used rodenticides.Rodenticides were mainly used during March to May.78.13% farmers bought rodenticide by themselves.Conclusion The main rodenticides used in rural area of Xiamen city were bromadiolone and talon in form of stock solution and poison bait.
Maternal Glucose Homeostasis in Rats Given Marginal Zn Diets

It has been demonstrated that rats given a marginal-Zn diet toward the end of pregnancy produce large for gestational age (LGA) pups.1 The reasons for this are unclear, but the fact that glucose is the major metabolic fuel for the developing fetus, together with evidence of altered glucose utilisation in animals and humans given suboptimal Zn diets,3,4 suggests that the increased weight of pups may be linked to changes in carbohydrate metabolism. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of marginal Zn intake during the latter stage of pregnancy in rats on fetal growth, blood glucose and insulin levels, and maternal glucose tolerance and circulating insulin concentration.
Eine Lackschicht eingespart

Aufsehen erregt derzeit ein neues Lackierkonzept, das den Fuller uberflussig macht. Die Funktion des Fullers wird auf die angrenzenden Lackschichlen Elektrotauchlack oder Basislack verlagert. Damit lassen sich die Gesamtkoslen der Lackierung im Decklackbereich um etwa 30 Prozent senken.
A Strategy for Material Supply Chain Sustainability: Enabling a Circular Economy in the Electronics Industry through Green Engineering

Rapid innovation in the field of electronic technologies through the use of rare earth and specialty elements (RESE) has made the electronics industry one of the most rapidly evolving industries to date. However, innovations to harvest these same materials from complex waste streams have not kept pace, thus leading to an unsustainable material supply chain reliant on the mining of increasingly difficult-to-extract ores. Here, we aim to provide a strategy to mitigate these challenges, identifying the technical research and development needed to further sustainable electronics through Green Engineering and the vision of a “circular economy”. This strategy includes (1) design devices for disassembly, (2) materials for substitution, (3) manufacturing processes that enable the use of recycled materials, (4) fabrication efficiency, (5) technology interventions to enable e-waste recovery, (6) methods to collect and separate e-waste components, (7) technologies to digest and recover RESE, and (8) technologies to ...
Synthesis of Nanoscale Devices for Neural Electrophysiological Imaging

A device with nanometric resolution in space and millisecond resolution in time, intended for neural electrophysiological imaging applications, is being developed and fabricated for in vitro experimentation. The device consists of (i) an integrated circuit (IC) platform and (ii) a carbon nanotube/polymethylmethacrylate composite construct. Arrays of equi-spaced multiple gold electrodes were fabricated using combined e-beam and optical lithography to achieve three types of IC platforms with three different scales of resolution. Carbon nanotubes were synthesized on silicon dioxide substrates using a chemical vapor deposition method. Subsequently, the carbon nanotube arrays were infiltrated with in situ polymerized polymethylmethacrylate to achieve electrical insulation between adjacent nanotube bundles. The composite construct was fabricated and exhibited electrical conductivity and connectivity between two faces of the composite along the length of the nanotubes. The carbon nanotube arrays grown on silicon dioxide exhibited uniform length and a high level of alignment, which was preserved subsequent the in situ polymerization process. The devices can be deployed as an interface between ICs and mammalian cells.
Cross-generational effects of alcohol dependence in humans on HRAS and TP53 methylation in offspring.

Aim We hypothesized that cross-generational effects of alcohol exposure could alter DNA methylation and expression of the HRAS oncogene and TP53 tumor suppressor gene that drive cancer development. Methods DNA methylation of the HRAS and TP53 genes was tested in samples from young participants (Mean age of 13.4 years). Results Controlling for both personal use and maternal use of substances during pregnancy, familial alcohol dependence was associated with hypomethylation of CpG sites in the HRAS promoter region and hypermethylation of the TP53 gene. Conclusion The results suggest that ancestral exposure to alcohol can have enduring effects that impact epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation that controls expression of genes that drive cancer development such as HRAS and TP53.
9.2 Coarse-Grained Methods: Theory

We consider the theory and applications of coarse graining biological molecules such as proteins and RNA molecules. Emphasis is made on the basic theory that makes these calculations possible, starting from atomically detailed description of individual molecules and continuing to studies of elastic networks. The review is divided into two parts: Spatial and temporal coarse graining. The challenges of coarse graining in space and time can be very different. They are nevertheless alike in many ways, allowing for greater insight and benefit if combined to a single framework.
Interrupting situated practices: critical incidents in international partnerships

This paper examines the initial steps of an internationally funded project focused on enhancing teachers’ conceptual and pedagogical knowledge of literacy development in the Western Cape of South A...
Data availability and feasibility of various techniques to predict response to volume expansion in critically ill patients.

Objective: The accuracy of various techniques to predict response to volume expansion in shock has been studied, but less well known is how feasible these techniques are in the ICU. Methods: This is a prospective observation single-center study of inpatients from a mixed profile ICU who received volume expansion. At time of volume expansion, we determined whether a particular technique to predict response was feasible, according to rules developed from available literature and nurse assessment. Results: We studied 214 volume expansions in 97 patients. The most feasible technique was central venous pressure (50%), followed by vena cava collapsibility, (47%) passive leg raise (42%), and stroke volume variation (22%). Aortic velocity variation, and pulse pressure variation, and were rarely feasible (1% each). In 37% of volume expansions, no technique that we assessed was feasible. Conclusions: Techniques to predict response to volume expansion are infeasible in many patients in shock.
Educator Sexual Misconduct and Texas Educator Discipline Database Construction.

The purpose of this research is to describe Texas educator sexual misconduct (ESM) by examining 8 years of sanctions issued to educators (N = 1415) for either sexual misconduct or inappropriate rel...
An economic theory of altruism based on rankings in a stable social hierarchy

In order to fully understand the interaction between selfish and non-selfish actors, social scientists need rigorous formal models of other-regarding preferences. While the current models clearly present progress relative to the self-interest approach, the evidence also makes it clear that further theoretical progress is warranted. There is ample opportunity for improving our understanding of other-regarding behavior. This paper develops a theory of economic altruism entirely compatible with self-interest utility maximization by rational individuals. Sympathy arises when someone is interested in improving somebody else’s condition, and this will also enhance the utility of the one who acts. Construed in that way, sympathetic behavior is essentially self-interested behavior. A question addressed in this paper is whether a sympathetic population of individuals will exert their income-producing labor differently than a population of egoistic individuals. Two parameters suffice to characterize the altruistic conduct of an individual: a parameter governing the individual’s ranking in a social hierarchy and a parameter determining the sensitivity of an individual’s sympathy for others at different social ranks. The main testable implication of the theory is that in a large population, where each individual has a concave utility function embodying sympathy, the altruistic behavior of any specific individual is determined by his rank in the social hierarchy. A second implication is that in a horizontal social hierarchy, the most altruistic people in the population are those in the middle of it.
Structured, Focused Uncertainty: Information Analysis for Multi-Method Comparative Case Studies

In this paper, we propose drawing on advances in the field of information theory and uncertainty analysis to strengthen the case study method of structured, focused comparison. Structured, focused comparison can be very effective when a set of cases aligns to clearly show the impact of one or two central variables. However, real problems in politics tend to have many sources of uncertainty and change. Just as in large-N regression methods, we need a way to assess the relative explanatory power of different factors in those frequent contexts where several variables affect an outcome. Typical statistical approaches are unhelpful for analyzing complex nonlinear problems with a small number of cases. The information theory approach can improve the structured, focused case study method by providing systematic, comparable, and replicable measures of uncertainty and influence for the factors of interest. These analytic tools can enhance case study findings and ensure the maximum leverage for discerning between alternative explanations. After explicating the method of structured, focused comparison and the information theory approach, we demonstrate the analytic process by applying it to two prominent examples of structured, focused comparisons - Alexander George and William Simon’s The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy (1971; 1994), and Michael Krepon and Dan Caldwell’s The Politics of Arms Control Treaty Ratification (1991). In each example, the information theory approach sharpens the analysis and provides additional insights into the comparative results. This promising but underappreciated approach should have a more prominent place in the social scientist’s multi-methods toolbox.
Fundamentals of Anthropometric Survey Measurement Techniques

In the modern technologically based society there is increased recognition of the basic importance of human population dimensional measures. This is reflected in the observation that some 85% of the major anthropometric studies world-wide have been completed during the past 20 years. The emphasis on military population studies has resulted in models for the increasing number of civilian-based surveys. But as the need for population surveys increases, new techniques and methods must be developed to increase the accuracy, quality and quantity of measures, and the means to quickly reduce and interpret these data. Bioanthropologists have greatly benefited from the technical contributions of other disciplines, particularly that of bioengineering, biostatistics, and biophysics. In reviewing recent technological advances and some current survey problems, this paper presents a brief overview of the state-of-the-art of anthropometric survey techniques and methods.
On derivations and solutions of master equations and asymptotic representations

A linear semi-group for both: Markov processes and non-Markov processes as they occur in the description of macroscopic systems is introduced. The elegance of the semigroup approach is demonstrated by the derivation of the master equation for a Markov process which undergoes continuous and discontinuous jumps. By use of nonlinear transformations of stochastic processes a class of processes is found for which the whole stochastic kinetics reduces mainly to the kinetics of a general Gauss-Markov process. Further the convergence of sequences of Markov processes to a limiting Markov process is studied. In this context, a semi-group formulation for the validity of various expansion methods of master equations developed recently is given and the convergence of functionals of the original process to a limiting transformed process is investigated. Some results are illustrated for the behaviour of the stochastics in a bistable tunnel diode. A model for macroscopic irreversibility is introduced using a sequence of non-Markov processes which converges to a Fokker-Planck process. Finally a few accomplishments on some recent related works are given.
Biological Uptake of CO2

Uptake of CO 2 by higher plants is diffusion limited. CO 2 diffuses down a concentration gradient from the air to the photosynthetic site. This gradient is created by biochemical fixation of CO 2 in photosynthetic tissue. The rate of CO 2 diffusion down the gradient is determined by the size of the gradient and the conductance of structures separating the air and fixation sites. It is not the purpose of this review to give a rigorous treatment of either the diffusion or biochemical limitations of CO 2 uptake, but to give a brief description of the physiology of CO 2 uptake in higher plants and discuss how CO 2 uptake is influenced by both biochemical carboxylation and diffusion parameters.
"Abusing Addiction": Our Language Still Isn't Good Enough.

Previous research has found initial evidence that word choice affects the perception and treatment of those with behavioral health disorders. These previous studies have relied on vignette-based me...
Trauma Airway Management: Induction Agents, Rapid Versus Slower Sequence Intubations, and Special Considerations

Trauma patients who require intubation are at higher risk for aspiration, agitation/combativeness, distorted anatomy, hemodynamic instability, an unstable cervical spine, and complicated injuries. Although rapid-sequence intubation is the most common technique in trauma, slow-sequence intubation may reduce the risk for failed intubation and cardiovascular collapse. Providers often choose plans with which they are most comfortable. However, developing a flexible team-based approach, through recognition of complicating factors in trauma patients, improves airway management success.
The Native California Commons: Ethnographic and Archaeological Perspectives on Land Control, Resource Use, and Management

For nearly 50 years, a subset of California archaeology has been concerned with the possible effects of prehistoric hunting on indigenous fauna. This interest began in earnest in the late 1960s when Paul S. Martin proposed the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis in which he argued that the entire North American continent ca. 13,000 years ago was essentially the scene of a massive tragedy of the commons in which 36 genera of mostly large animals were rendered extinct by newly arriving hunters. The overkill, or blitzkrieg, hypothesis has remained on the books since then, but in the 1990s it was supplanted by smaller-scale, regional models that argued for less extreme impacts from hunting that caused depression of game populations rather than extinction. Relying on optimal foraging concepts, such models suggested that in targeting large, highly visible, high-caloric yield prey such as elk, deer, sea lions, and sturgeon, hunter/fishers reduced populations of highly ranked animals and forced shifts to smaller more elusive prey such as sea otters, rabbits, and smaller fish. Countering such overexploitation models are theories of Native conservation, which also date back to the 1960s and typically argue for masterful management of the western North American resource landscape via such methods as controlled burning and ritually mediated resource sharing. In this chapter we argue that the archaeological evidence is not especially kind to the extremes of either overkill or Native stewardship; both are largely hyperbole. There is clear evidence for prehistoric extinction of one species, the flightless duck (Chendytes lawi), along the California coast over a period of 8000 years, while shellfish on the Southern California Islands show definite diminution over time due to increasingly frequent human harvest. Still, human population in most of California was below the carrying capacity, and fisheries were so rich that Native peoples had no effect on them—negative or positive—whatsoever. Indeed, demographics, especially from the coastal zone, raise serious questions about the ability of Native people to affect most indigenous fauna. At the time of historic contact, sociopolitical organization in most of western North America was defined by innumerable small autonomous polities with owned/tightly controlled resource patches within them. The degree to which such structures were intended to accomplish “stewardship” is at best debatable inasmuch as they mostly promoted exclusive use of localized resources for groups and individuals. Anadromous fisheries in Northwestern California were effectively shared and remained highly productive, but at the same time, there is no evidence for large-scale cooperative agreements to manage other resources whose distributions transcended the limits of small political units such as migrating waterfowl or sea mammals. Nonetheless, most resources remained abundant owing to an epiphenomenal demographic situation that included an almost unthinkably rich and diverse resource base.
Characterizing duplicate code snippets between stack overflow and tutorials

Developers are usually unaware of the quality and lineage of information available on popular Web resources, leading to potential maintenance problems and license violations when reusing code snippets from these resources. In this paper, we study the duplication of code snippets between two popular sources of software development information: the Stack Overflow QA a significant number (31%) of answers that contained a duplicate code block were chosen as the accepted answer. Qualitative analysis reveals that developers commonly use Stack Overflow to ask clarifying questions about code they reused from tutorials, and copy code snippets from tutorials to provide answers to questions.
Associations between parental media monitoring style, information management, and prosocial and aggressive behaviors

Parental monitoring of adolescent media use has been associated with decreased negative effects of media on adolescent behavior, but we know little about the explanatory mechanisms behind these ass...
Influence of the E-Cigarette Emission Profile by the Ratio of Glycerol to Propylene Glycol in E-Liquid Composition

The use of electronic cigarettes (E-cig) is popular because of the perception that they are less addictive and safer compared to the traditional cigarettes. Nevertheless, there are still harmful effects associated with chemicals emitted from E-cig. Identifying the sources of the emitted compounds can be challenging because of the differences in the design of E-cig devices and the variability in the composition of E-cig liquids used in these devices. In this study, the emission profiles from impurity-free E-liquids containing only propylene glycol and glycerol in various percentage ratios along with two commercially available E-liquids were evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This study approach allows the elucidation of the transformation pathways of the major emitted compounds without the confounding effects of existing impurities or flavor ingredients added to E-liquids. Analysis of the vapor phases of E-cig emissions detected toxicants such as acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzaldehyde, as well as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds. The amount of glycerol in the E-liquids has a major effect on the concentration of these hazardous compounds emitted because the concentration of these chemicals increased with increasing glycerol percentage in the E-liquid. Acetaldehyde and acrolein increased by 175-fold and 28-fold, respectively, when the glycerol composition was increased from 0 to 80%. Benzaldehyde, naphthalene, diphenyl ether, and glycerol along with menthol and nicotine that were present in the commercial E-liquids were also detected in the aerosol condensates. The cascade impactor data on the distribution of the nicotine and menthol in different size fractions from >2.5 to <2.5 μm allow the estimates of the extent of toxicant deposition in different parts of the pulmonary system including the oropharynx region, the trachea as well as inside the alveoli and bronchioles. In summary, users of E-cig are exposed to harmful chemicals even if the E-liquids contain only propylene glycol and glycerol without flavorings, nicotine, or impurities. Furthermore, this study shows that E-liquids containing higher percentages of glycerol will produce higher levels of toxicants compared to E-liquids with similar percentages of propylene glycol. This finding has important implications to E-cigarette vendors and manufacturers, consumers, and regulatory agencies.
A Model of Political Bias in Social Science Research

In 2019 at the SPSP Political Psychology Pre-Conference, key stakeholders and researchers were invited to debate the question “does ideological diversity impact the quality of our research?” If Cla...
Balance and Dizziness Disorders in the Elderly: a Review

Dizziness and balance disorders affecting the elderly are among the most common causes of medical consultation. In an aging population, the number of cases is expected to increase, proving to be a growing public health concern. This review aims to summarize exciting, new research done on this topic. Virtual reality and Internet-based vestibular rehabilitation have shown promise in providing low-cost, at-home care for older adults suffering from dizziness and balance disorders. Furthermore, new research has crafted an effective preventative screening guide for falls in the elderly. Dizziness and balance disorders in the older adult should be considered multifactorial and so can be extremely difficult to diagnose. Physicians and other healthcare providers must be equipped with up-to-date knowledge on dizziness and balance disorders to effectively diagnose and manage this problem in the elderly. Future studies should fill in current gaps in knowledge, while further developing various forms of effective therapy.