cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Religion in a State University

TO BRING out the chief emphasis I desire to make, let me describe our objective as an attempt to provide a basis for reflective loyalty in relation to religious belief and practice. We would hold "reflection" and "loyalty" in equal balance. Our aim is not merely informational and academic. It is frankly dynamic and social, in the sense that we seek to educate the whole person and not merely the intellect. We start with the assumption that religion is and ought to be both a field of study and a motivating experience, and we want to assist the student to a better possession of it both as knowledge and as commitment. Students are questing for a philosophy of life adequate for our times. We think that the teaching of religion can meet this challenge by combining historical, rational knowledge with an emphasis upon vital faith. We have been criticized by some educational leaders for this dual approach. For example, a liberal arts dean of one state university after visiting us for several days recommended that his university should not adopt our plan. The reason for this recommendation is contained in these words: "Any proper teaching on the subject of religion must place religion in the objective world where it is to be studied along side of, and by the same methods which we apply to sticks and stones, minerals, coral and oil, plants, worms and beetles, plant diseases and insect pests-and every other object in the realm of human knowledge." Our answer to this is, "When religion is taught like sticks or stones, it is mis-taught, for religion, like music, is an art, and it must be appreciated before it is understood." We recognize three main factors in the teaching situation: first, religion as a factor in human history; second, religion as a factor in the life of the individual student; and third, religion as a factor in the life of the teacher. We cannot avoid any of these factors if we would; we should not if we could. Hence, our objective is to maintain a staff of teachers who understand religion both as an historical science and as a profession of faith and who have an ability to bring to bear upon the student, who already has some kind of religion, good, bad, or indifferent, a better understanding of the historic role of religion in human history and of its rational and emotive place in human life, and to do this as a basis for reflective loyalty in mind and heart to some controlling faith. This way of stating our objective enables us to take full cognizance of the fact that religion is a variable in regard to the three factors above mentioned; its history at many points is variously understood and interpreted, its preconditioning influence in students widely differs, and its most qualified teachers are not agreed among themselves on many important issues.
International and Domestic Commodities and the Theory of Prices

The assumption of independent national price systems, in theory and in treatment of current problems, 409. — I. No domestic and no international prices; only local prices, more or less sensitive to external conditions, 410; merchandise and services, wholesale and retail prices, not differentiated in the terms "international" and "domestic" commodities, 413. — II. Parallelism in movement of wholesale price indices, 413; Internationalization of the commodity price structure, 414. — III. Illusion of domestic price structure for wholesale merchandise: large or sustained movement not essential to price interdependence, 422; defective market data and apparent price deviations, 432; limitations upon actual deviation; a priori indications of high correlation, 433. — IV. Reformulation: the local category consists mainly of services and retail prices, 436; merchandise at wholesale is international, 437; regional prices structurally related, 442. — V. Practical applications: farm relief, 452; export combinations, 453; tariff and monetary problems, 455. — VI. Regional prices of international goods: as affected by foreign exchange, 456; by movement of specie or changes in purchasing power, 457; a possible reconciliation with orthodox theory, 458; price stabilization through credit policies of central banks, 459.
A method for the analysis of ultra-trace levels of semi-volatile and non-volatile organic compounds in snow and application to a Greenland snow pit

Abstract A method was developed to quantify a suite of organic compounds from snow melt water samples present at trace level concentrations, using a dichloromethane liquid–liquid extraction and GC–MS. Samples from a 3-m snow pit sampled in 2005 from Summit, Greenland were analyzed using the method developed, and a profile of organics over the past ∼4 years was compiled. Supporting data including the concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), low molecular weight acids, and trace elements were determined using well established methods. The results show that low molecular weight acids contribute a significant percentage, up to 20%, of the measured TOC. Hopanes were measured quantitatively for the first time in Greenland snow. Hopanes, as well as PAHs, are at very low concentrations and contribute 0.0002–0.004% to TOC. Alkanes and alkanoic acids were also quantified, and contribute less than 1% and up to 7%, respectively to TOC. No apparent seasonal pattern was found for specific classes of organic compounds in the snow pit. The lack of seasonal pattern may be due to post-depositional processing.
Calpain Plays a Central Role in 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-Induced Neurotoxicity in Cerebellar Granule Neurons

1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced neurotoxicity has previously been attributed to either caspase-dependent apoptosis or caspase-independent cell death. In the current study, we found that MPP(+) induces a unique, non-apoptotic nuclear morphology coupled with a caspase-independent but calpain-dependent mechanism of cell death in primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay in CGNs exposed to MPP(+), we observed that these neurons are essentially devoid of caspase-dependent DNA fragments indicative of apoptosis. Moreover, proteolysis of a well recognized caspase-3 substrate, poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP), was not observed in CGNs exposed to MPP(+). In contrast, calpain-dependent proteolysis of fodrin and pro-caspases-9 and -3 occurred in this model coupled with inhibition of caspase-3/-7 activities. Notably, several key members of the Bcl-2 protein family appear to be prominent calpain targets in MPP(+)-treated CGNs. Bid and Bax were proteolyzed to truncated forms thought to have greater pro-death activity at mitochondria. Moreover, the pro-survival Bcl-2 protein was degraded to a form predicted to be inactive at mitochondria. Cyclin E was also cleaved by calpain to an active low MW fragment capable of facilitating cell cycle re-entry. Finally, MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity in CGNs was significantly attenuated by a cocktail of calpain and caspase inhibitors in combination with the antioxidant glutathione. Collectively, these results demonstrate that caspases do not play a central role in CGN toxicity induced by exposure to MPP(+), whereas calpain cleavage of key protein targets, coupled with oxidative stress, plays a critical role in MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity. Our findings underscore the complexity of MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity and suggest that calpain may play a fundamental role in causing neuronal death downstream of mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction.
Formation and characterization of a single Trp-Trp cross-link in indolicidin that confers protease stability without altering antimicrobial activity

Indolicidin is a 13-residue cationic, antimicrobial peptide-amide isolated from the cytoplasmic granules of bovine neutrophils. The unique composition of indolicidin distinguishes it from alpha-helical and beta-structured cationic peptides, because five of indolicidin's 13 residues are tryptophans: H-Ile-Leu-Pro-Trp-Lys-Trp-Pro-Trp-Trp-Pro-Trp-Arg-Arg-NH(2). Solid phase synthesis of indolicidin gave rise to a minor byproduct that possessed unusual fluorescence and UV absorbance properties compared with authentic indolicidin. The byproduct was purified by combined ion exchange and reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography steps and was shown be identical to authentic indolicidin in its microbicidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Mass analysis of the byproduct revealed a 2-atomic mass unit reduction compared with indolicidin, suggesting the deprotonation of two indole side chains to form an intrachain delta(1),delta(1)'-ditryptophan derivative. We confirmed the nature of the cross-linked byproduct, termed X-indolicidin, by absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy, peptide mapping, and sequence analysis. Edman degradation revealed that Trp-6 and Trp-9 were covalently cross-linked. Compared with indolicidin, X-indolicidin was partially resistant to digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin, suggesting that the ditryptophan stabilizes a subset of molecular conformations that are protease resistant but that are absent in the native structure.
SU‐FF‐I‐86: Esophagus Segmentation in Thoracic CT Images for Radiotherapy Planning

Purpose: Contouring organs at risk in thoracic CTimages for radiotherapy planning is labor intensive. We propose a technique to semiautomatically segment the esophagus in thoracic CTimages.Method and Materials: We used training datasets to learn the distribution of relative spatial location of esophagus centers with respect to neighboring structures and to construct models of their anterior‐posterior (x) and left‐right (y) coordinate trajectories as a function of cranial‐caudal (z) position after local normalization by transverse scaling and translation. In the z direction, we selected 8 anatomical reference points and matched these points for each training set. We observed that the centers can be modeled by a single cubic polynomial in the sagittal plane and by a shape‐preserving spline in the coronal plane. To segment the esophagus in a 3D dataset, we estimated the center based on histograms for each reference slice and fit the polynomial center models for other slices. We then used level‐sets to locate the esophagus wall. We initialized the level‐set function and shape prior using the estimated centers and updated to minimize an energy functional combining several existing region, shape and smoothness terms to impose a smooth slice‐to‐slice change of ellipse parameters. Results: Testing on 8 subjects against expert segmentations, the center‐estimation algorithm achieved 2mm average error in the x‐direction but was less accurate in the y‐direction with a 4.3mm average error. The level‐set method improved the average error in y‐direction to 2.8mm. Conclusion: Segmentation of the esophagus using prior information from training including spatial dependence between neighboring structures and models of the esophagus centers can be performed with a level set approach. Using spatial information and slice‐to‐slice smoothing improves the performance for regions with no contrast. Acknowledgement: The work of first and fourth author was supported by NIH/NCRR Center for Integrative Biomedical Computing (CIBC), P41‐RR12553‐09.
Endothelial 12(S)-HETE vasorelaxation is mediated by thromboxane receptor inhibition in mouse mesenteric arteries

Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites mediate endothelium-dependent relaxation in many vascular beds. Previously, we identified the major AA 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LO) metabolite of mouse arteries a...
Approximate Correspondences in High Dimensions

Pyramid intersection is an efficient method for computing an approximate partial matching between two sets of feature vectors. We introduce a novel pyramid embedding based on a hierarchy of non-uniformly shaped bins that takes advantage of the underlying structure of the feature space and remains accurate even for sets with high-dimensional feature vectors. The matching similarity is computed in linear time and forms a Mercer kernel. Whereas previous matching approximation algorithms suffer from distortion factors that increase linearly with the feature dimension, we demonstrate that our approach can maintain constant accuracy even as the feature dimension increases. When used as a kernel in a discriminative classifier, our approach achieves improved object recognition results over a state-of-the-art set kernel.
Determination of magnesium in tissue by the Titan yellow method in the presence of silver and mercury.

SummaryThe interference of Ag and Hg in determination of Mg by the Titan yellow dye method is demonstrated. A method is described for prevention of Ag interference by use of sodium thiocyanate and illustrated with analysis on brain tissue.
Modernism on Trial: C. Brancusi v . United States (1928)

We all know that the revolution in art – or the revolutions in the arts – that resulted in the emergence of what we loosely call “modernism” created a great deal of excitement and controversy. Noise and shouting filled the air. Critics opposed to the new currents saw in them the possibility of the destruction of everything noble in the Western tradition of the arts and perhaps even Western civilization itself. Defenders of the new ways were only slightly less acrimonious, if at all, and between the two there were continuing tumultuous and occasionally bitter arguments.
Formulaic Methods of Estimating Calorie Requirements in Mechanically Ventilated Obese Patients: A Reappraisal

A variety of formulae are used by clinicians to estimate calorie requirements in hospitalized obese patients. Many of these formulae have been validated by determining their correlation to calorie requirements as determined by indirect calorimetry (IC). The use of correlation coefficients (CC) in this manner may be misleading. A more appropriate statistical method, limits of agreement (LA), for comparing clinical measurements has recently been described by Bland and Altman. We obtained a total of 188 IC measurements on 113 obese (>120% IBW), mechanically ventilated patients. These were compared by CC and LA to seven formulaic methods of determining calorie requirements. All formulae correlate significantly with IC. Analysis by LA indicated acceptable bias in several formulae (eg, 21 kcal/kg, Ireton-Jones obese patients (IJ), Ireton-Jones ventilatory patients, (VEE); however, the uniform lack of precision demonstrated by all formulae renders their clinical utility questionable.
An estimate of the power required to eliminate trailing vortices by suction

The feasibility of reducing the hazards of trailing vortices on closely spaced parallel runways is examined. The proposed solution involves the application of suction along the runways. A simplified computer simulation indicated that the application is feasible and that the required horsepower is modest.
Advances in label-free screening approaches for studying sirtuin-mediated deacetylation.

The sirtuin enzymes, a class of NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases, are a focal point of epigenetic research because of their roles in regulating gene expression and cellular differentiation by deacetylating histones and a host of transcription factors, including p53. Here, the authors present two label-free screening methodologies to study sirtuin activity using high-throughput mass spectrometry. The first method involves the detection of native peptides and provides a platform for more detailed mechanistic studies by enabling the concurrent and direct measurement of multiple modification states. The second method obviates the need for substrate-specific assay development by measuring the O-acetyl-ADP-ribose co-product formed by sirtuin-dependent deacetylation. Both methodologies were applied to investigating the deacetylation of multiple-peptide substrates by multiple-sirtuin enzymes. Kinetic data, including binding constants, inhibition, and, in some cases, activation, are demonstrated to correlate we...
Cell specific dopamine modulation of the transient potassium current in the pyloric network by the canonical D1 receptor signal transduction cascade.

Dopamine (DA) modifies the motor pattern generated by the pyloric network in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, by directly acting on each of the circuit...
Dorsal-Ventral patterning: Crescent is a dorsally secreted Frizzled-related protein that competitively inhibits Tolloid proteases

In Xenopus, dorsal–ventral (D–V) patterning can self-regulate after embryo bisection. This is mediated by an extracellular network of proteins secreted by the dorsal and ventral centers of the gastrula. Different proteins of similar activity can be secreted at these two poles, but under opposite transcriptional control. Here we show that Crescent, a dorsal protein, can compensate for the loss of Sizzled, a ventral protein. Crescent is a secreted Frizzled-Related Protein (sFRP) known to regulate Wnt8 and Wnt11 activity. We now find that Crescent also regulates the BMP pathway. Crescent expression was increased by the BMP antagonist Chordin and repressed by BMP4, while the opposite was true for Sizzled. Crescent knock-down increased the expression of BMP target genes, and synergized with Sizzled morpholinos. Thus, Crescent loss-of-function is compensated by increased expression of its ventral counterpart Sizzled. Crescent overexpression dorsalized whole embryos but not ventral half-embryos, indicating that Crescent requires a dorsal component to exert its anti-BMP activity. Crescent protein lost its dorsalizing activity in Chordin-depleted embryos. When co-injected, Crescent and Chordin proteins greatly synergized in the dorsalization of Xenopus embryos. The molecular mechanism of these phenotypes is explained by the ability of Crescent to inhibit Tolloid metalloproteinases, which normally degrade Chordin. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that Crescent was a competitive inhibitor of Tolloid activity, which bound to Tolloid/BMP1 with a KD of 11 nM. In sum, Crescent is a new component of the D–V pathway, which functions as the dorsal counterpart of Sizzled, through the regulation of chordinases of the Tolloid family.
Treatment of Scleroderma Skin Ulcers Using Becaplermin Gel and Hydrocolloid Membrane

Skin ulcers can be very painful and detrimental in patients with systemic sclerosis, or systemic scleroderma. A brief review of scleroderma skin ulcers is presented, as well as a case study that demonstrates the effectiveness of becaplermin gel supplemented by oral immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of ulcers resulting from systemic sclerosis. The time to healing (approximately 3 months) was comparable to that associated with the oral agents and surgical interventions specifically designed to help heal scleroderma ulcers. Except for incisional biopsy, no surgical procedures were performed. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(6): 350-354, 2002)
Searching for Government Performance: The Government Performance and Results Act

f there is a single theme that characterizes the public sector in the 1990s, it is the demand for performance. A mantra has emerged in this decade, heard at all levels of government, that calls for documentation of performance and explicit outcomes of government action. While this demand has emerged from governors' offices, state legislatures, and city and country governments, perhaps no activity better embodies this request than the federal Government Performance and
HIV-1 assembly and cellular trafficking pathways: current understanding and potential for future therapeutics

HIV-1 assembly occurs at the plasma membrane of cells or on intracellular membranes as a result of the complex interplay of viral structural proteins and cellular vesicular transport systems. A number of recent discoveries have revealed direct interactions between the viral Gag and Env proteins and cellular molecules involved in trafficking. These direct interactions are often mediated by discrete motifs that may be suitable as targets for antiretroviral therapy in the future. Discrete motifs within the p6 region of Gag bind and recruit members of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport complex of proteins for regulation of particle budding. Gag interacts directly with the δ subunit of the cellular adaptin AP-3, and this interaction mediates movement of Gag to the multivesicular body (MVB). TIP47 has been identified as a linker between Gag and Env that directs vesicular movement of this complex within the cell, leading to Env incorporation into virions. Additional cellular determinants of ass...
Pulmonary capillary pressure in horses undergoing alteration of pleural pressure by imposition of various upper airway resistive loads

Summary We hypothesised that changes in pleural pressure induced by resistive breathing would affect transmural pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillary, and pulmonary wedge pressures. Seven horses were assigned to exercise with each of 4 upper respiratory resistive loads in random order at intervals of at least 2 days: 1) control — no added resistive loads; 2) inspiratory resistive load (Iobst) — left laryngeal hemiplegia; 3) expiratory resistive load (Eobst) — one-way valve in the right nostril; and 4) combined inspiratory and expiratory resistive loads (CIEobst) — left nostril occlusion. On each occasion, the horses performed an incremental exercise protocol consisting of exercise episodes of 3 min duration at 75, 90, and 100% of maximal heart rate (HRmax). Pulmonary artery and oesophageal pressures were recorded continuously. Subsequent analysis was carried out on the pulmonary arterial pressure signal with the oesophageal pressure signal subtracted, hence the pulmonary vascular pressures in this paper approximate transmural pressures. Pulmonary vascular pressures, heart rate, and arterial blood gas tensions were measured at each level of exercise. Pulmonary capillary and pulmonary wedge pressures were determined from the pulmonary artery waveform after dynamic occlusion of a branch of the pulmonary artery. During exercise, peak expiratory oesophageal pressure was more positive in horses with Eobst and CIEobst (adjusted means=43, and 39 mmHg, respectively) compared with control (adjusted mean=23 mmHg) (P = 0.0001). Peak inspiratory oesophageal pressure was more negative in horses at exercise with Iobst and CIEobst (adjusted means=-42 and -39 mmHg, respectively) compared with control (adjusted mean=-26 mmHg)(P = 0.0012). Eobst was associated with an increase in mean oesophageal pressure while Iobst was associated with a decrease in mean oesophageal pressure. There were significant increases in mean pulmonary artery pressure in horses with CIEobst (adjusted means = 82 mmHg) and in pulmonary wedge pressure in horses with CIEobst and Iobst (adjusted means=51, and 55 mmHg, respectively) when compared to control (73 and 42 mmHg, respectively) (P = 0.0001). Pulmonary capillary pressure was significantly increased in horses with CIEobst or Iobst (adjusted means=61 mmHg, 63 mmHg, respectively) when compared to control (adjusted mean=50 mmHg)(P = 0.0001). At maximal exercise intensity with inspiratory obstruction, the mean oesophageal (pleural) pressure was -17 mmHg while the mean pulmonary capillary pressure was 77 mmHg. The latter exceeds the reported 75 mmHg threshold for capillary failure in horses. We conclude that inspiratory resistive breathing can lead to a significant increase in transmural pulmonary capillary pressure which may contribute to loss of capillary integrity and rupture.
Exposure to brake dust and malignant mesothelioma: a study of 10 cases with mineral fiber analyses.

Objectives: A large number of workers in the USA are exposed to chrysotile asbestos through brake repair, yet only a few cases of malignant mesothelioma (MM) have been described in this population. Epidemiologic and industrial hygiene studies have failed to demonstrate an increased risk of MM in brake workers. We present our experience of MM in individuals whose only known asbestos exposure was to brake dust and correlate these findings with lung asbestos fiber burdens. Methods: Consultation files of one of the authors were reviewed for cases of MM in which brake dust was the only known asbestos exposure. Lung fiber analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in all cases for which formalin-fixed or paraffinembedded lung tissue was available. Results: Ten cases of MM in brake dust-exposed individuals were males aged 51–73 yr. Nine cases arose in the pleura and one in the peritoneum. Although the median lung asbestos body count (19 AB/g) is at our upper limit of normal (range 0–20 AB/g), half of the cases had levels within our normal range. In every case with elevated asbestos fiber levels by SEM, excess commercial amphibole fibers were also detected. Elevated levels of chrysotile and non-commercial amphibole fibers were detected only in cases that also had increased commercial amphibole fibers. Conclusions: Brake dust contains exceedingly low levels of respirable chrysotile, much of which consists of short fibers subject to rapid pulmonary clearance. Elevated lung levels of commercial amphiboles in some brake workers suggest that unrecognized exposure to these fibers plays a critical role in the development of MM.
Utility Pumps and the Value of Partial Compliance

Individual act utilitarianism requires that each moral agent bring about the best world accessible to him on each occasion of choice.1 It has been known for some time that act utilitarianism permits moral agents to flout some rules of common moral inheritance. For instance, since one additional broken promise has no perceptible effect on the institution of promise keeping, there seems to exist no empirical basis for prohibiting such a violation.2 And since no single contribution to famine relief, population control or environmental protection perceptibly improves existing conditions, there seems to be no act utilitarian reason to recommend them. Of course, while individual compliance with these familiar moral prescriptions lacks empirical justification, act utilitarians acknowledge that they must forego the considerable benefits forthcoming from general compliance with (at least parts of) commonsense morality.
A Minimal Pair of $\Pi^0_1$ Classes

A pair of sets (A0, A1) forms a minimal pair if A0 and A1 are nonrecursive, and if whenever a set B is recursive both in A0 and in A1 then B is recursive. C. E. M. Yates [8] and independently A. H. Lachlan [4] proved the existence of a minima] pair of recursively enumerable (r.e.) sets thereby establishing a conjecture of G. E. Sacks [6]. We simplify Lachlan's construction, and then generalize this result by constructing two disjoint pairs of r.e. sets (A0, B0) and (A1B1) such that if C0 separates (A0, A1 and C1 separates (B0, B1), then C0 and C1 form a minimal pair. (We say that C separates (A0, A1) if A0 ⊂ C and C ∩ = ∅.) The question arose in our study of (Turing) degrees of members of certain classes, where we proved the weaker result [2, Theorem 4.1] that the above pairs may be chosen so that C0 and C2 are merely Turing incomparable. (There we used a variation of the weaker result to improve a result of Scott and Tennenbaum that no complete extension of Peano arithmetic has minimal degree.)
Increasing Secondary Ion Yields: Derivatization/SIMS

When an energetic particle strikes a surface,several events happen. Primarily, the particle penetrates the surface and is implanted, but in doing so it imparts energy to the surface, which is partitioned in many ways. It is generally accepted that in metals the energy, for keV particles, is partitioned through momentum transfer collisions [1]. This cascade disrupts the surface and results in emission of electrons, neutrals and ions. Molecular SIMS is concerned with the partitioning of this energy in the surface.and ultimately in the production of ions from species adsorbed on the surface. This paper discusses mechanisms of ion production from adsorbed organics. The production of positively-charged ions is emphasized, but the mechanisms proposed are just as applicable to negatively-charged species. From understanding of the mechanisms, one can optimize the production of ions and thereby increase the sensitivity of a SIMS analysis.
Bile secretory apparatus: evidence for a vesicular transport mechanism for proteins in the rat, using horseradish peroxidase and [125I]insulin.

The morphologic mechanisms involved in the uptake, transport, and secretion of proteins into bile were studied in rat liver in vivo. When both horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and insulin were injected into the portal veins of anesthetized rats, these proteins were subsequently detected in bile. Utilizing the technique of combined cytochemistry and quantitative autoradiography, both HRP and [125I]insulin were coincidentally localized within endocytic vesicles within the interior of hepatocytes at various time points after their simultaneous intraportal injection. The data suggest that both proteins followed two pathways involving endocytic vesicles of approximately 1000 A in diameter. In the first pathway these protein-containing vesicles were transported through the hepatocyte and subsequently fused with the bile canalicular membrane, resulting in secretion of contained proteins into the biliary space. The second pathway also involved endocytosis into 1000 A vesicles, but these vesicles were transported to the Golgi region and its associated system of lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (GERL). Whether the proteins in these vesicles were later secreted into bile was unclear. Measurement of HRP and [125I]insulin or its metabolites, in bile, provided direct evidence that exogenously administered proteins (or their fragments) gain entrance into the biliary space. Studies in which metabolites of [125I]insulin, [125I]monoiodotyrosine (MIT), and 125I, were injected intraportally, demonstrated that less than 10% of [125I]MIT and less than 1.5% of Na125I were retained in perfusion-fixed and processed liver tissue. This study suggests that proteins in blood plasma are taken up by hepatocytes and secreted into bile via a vesicular transport mechanism.
Effect of Temperature on Electrical Resonance in Leopard Frog Saccular Hair Cells

Smotherman, M. S. and P. M. Narins. Effect of temperature on electrical resonance in leopard frog saccular hair cells. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 312–321, 1998. Leopard frog saccular hair cells exhibit a...
Bone marrow infiltration in infants with disseminated neuroblastoma

10056 Background: The INSS definition of stage 4S neuroblastoma allows a bone marrow infiltration (BMI) no greater than 10%. More extensive involvement is to be consider stage 4. However, the degre...
The prediction accuracy of dynamic mixed-effects models in clustered data

Clinical prediction models often fail to generalize in the context of clustered data, because most models fail to account for heterogeneity in outcome values and covariate effects across clusters. Furthermore, standard approaches for modeling clustered data, including generalized linear mixed-effects models, would not be expected to provide accurate predictions in novel clusters, because such predictions are typically based on the hypothetical mean cluster. We hypothesized that dynamic mixed-effects models, which incorporate data from previous predictions to refine the model for future predictions, would allow for cluster-specific predictions in novel clusters as the model is updated over time, thus improving overall model generalizability. We quantified the potential gains in prediction accuracy from using a dynamic modeling strategy in a simulation study. Furthermore, because clinical prediction models in the context of clustered data often involve outcomes that are dependent on patient volume, we examined whether using dynamic mixed-effects models would be robust to misspecification of the volume-outcome relationship. Our results indicated that dynamic mixed-effects models led to substantial improvements in prediction accuracy in clustered populations over a broad range of conditions, and were uniformly superior to static models. In addition, dynamic mixed-effects models were particularly robust to misspecification of the volume-outcome relationship and to variation in the frequency of model updating. The extent of the improvement in prediction accuracy that was observed with dynamic mixed-effects models depended on the relative impact of fixed and random effects on the outcome as well as the degree of misspecification of model fixed effects. Dynamic mixed-effects models led to substantial improvements in prediction model accuracy across a broad range of simulated conditions. Therefore, dynamic mixed-effects models could be a useful alternative to standard static models for improving the generalizability of clinical prediction models in the setting of clustered data, and, thus, well worth the logistical challenges that may accompany their implementation in practice.
Laser Desorption Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry: Mechanisms of Desorption and Analytical Applications

Mechanistic aspects of laser desorption (LD) polar organics are the subject of intense investigation by many research groups [1,2]. There exist two broad classes of experimental conditions for LDMS [3]. One involves low power, broad beam lasers with thick (>1 um) sample layers. The other makes use of a highly focused laser (1 um2) and thin sample films. Similarly, there are two broad categories of desorption mechanism: thermal and non-thermal. Low power densities, long pulse lengths, and thick sample layers are conditions that favor thermal desorption; i.e., a process occurring under the influence of sample temperature.
Abstract A2-60: Phospho-proteomic analysis of MEK inhibition in mutant NRAS melanoma

Melanoma is a devastating form of skin cancer with limited therapeutic options. Fifteen to twenty percent of melanoma patients have an activating mutation in NRAS, a small GTPase. NRAS has several downstream effectors, the most well-characterized is RAF leading to activation of MEK/ERK. While there are no FDA-approved targeted therapies for melanoma patients with a primary mutation in NRAS, one form of targeted therapy that has been explored is MEK inhibition. Phase I to III studies of MEK inhibitors in mutant NRAS melanomas have shown disappointing clinical efficacy, the reasons for which are unclear. In 3D systems that mimic the dermal microenvironment, we found a heterogeneous response in our panel of mutant NRAS melanoma cells to the allosteric MEK inhibitor, trametinib. To explore the underlying basis of this heterogeneity, we utilized a high-throughput reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) platform to identify compensatory signaling alterations. The RPPA analysis of phospho-proteomic changes in NRAS mutant melanoma in response to trametinib indicated a compensatory increase in AKT signaling. Interestingly, we detected a decrease in mitogen inducible gene 6 (MIG6), a negative regulator of ERBB receptors. The overexpression of MIG6 led to a negative regulation of EGFR (ERBB1) and ERBB2, and subsequent decrease in AKT activation. Conversely, the depletion of MIG6 increased EGFR and ERBB2 signaling. Either depletion of MIG6 or addition of EGF increased migration of NRAS mutant cells treated with trametinib, an invasive phenotype that may mitigate the negative effects of trametinib on cell growth. Our results indicate a potential role for the combined inhibition of EGF/ERBB receptors and MEK in NRAS mutant melanoma patients. Citation Format: Ha Linh Vu, Michael A. Davies, Andrew E. Aplin. Phospho-proteomic analysis of MEK inhibition in mutant NRAS melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Computational and Systems Biology of Cancer; Feb 8-11 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 2):Abstract nr B1-13.
Pediatric Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Transphyseal Versus Physeal-Sparing Techniques:

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is becoming more common in skeletally immature individuals, and it may be performed with transphyseal or physeal-sparing techniques. A number of studies have assessed the outcomes of these techniques, but there is a need to systematically evaluate the pooled data from these studies.Purpose:To compare the differences in demographics and outcomes of transphyseal and physeal-sparing techniques by assessing (1) demographics, (2) incidence of growth disturbances, and (3) graft survivorship in the pediatric population.Study Design:Systematic review.Methods:A thorough review of 3 databases was performed to identify all studies that evaluated outcomes after pediatric reconstruction based on transphyseal or physeal-sparing techniques. After completing our search and cross-referencing for additional sources, 43 reports were identified for this review. Reports were analyzed for differences in demographics as well as incidence of leg-length discrepancies, angular d...
Identity, legitimacy, and chaste widows

ABSTRACTI will sketch an evolutionary map of the four versions of Chineseness and explore the corresponding changes in the ideologies of the Chinese culture. A focal point is to diagram the shifting currents of moral realism vs. nihilism, cultural universalism vs. particularism and to explain how political legitimacy becomes entangled with personal identity and, as an example, how chaste widows can constitute a potent political rhetoric.
Effects of glucosamine and Celadrin on platelet function.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of glucosamine and celadrin on platelet function. DESIGN: Baseline values were determined on the Chronolog 570VS platelet aggregometer with whole blood aggregation impedance readings using 2 different concentrations of ADP (5μM, 10μM), collagen (1μg/mL), arachidonic acid (0.5mM/L) and an Accumetrics whole blood platelet aggregation cartridge assay for P2Y12 receptors were obtained from 24 healthy volunteers. These subjects then took the suggested doses of Glucosamine with Celadrin (Stockbridge Naturals) as advertised (estimated 1500mg daily) for 2 weeks. Platelet aggregation analyses, as described above, were obtained after treatment. Statistics performed via a McNemar test. MAIN OUTCOME: Five of twenty-four subjects had at least a 20% difference in whole blood aggregation using the 5μM concentration of ADP. A total of 6 and 7 subjects also showed a significant difference in platelet aggregation with administration of collagen and arachidonic acid, respectively. No significant differences were found with Accumetrics assay for P2Y12 in any of the subjects. CONCLUSION: Glucosamine and celadrin may inhibit platelet aggregation in some individuals via aspirin-like effects as well as inhibition of ADP receptor P2Y1 but not P2Y12. ABBREVIATIONS:ADP = adenosine diphosphate, NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, EDTA = ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, WBA = whole blood aggregation, CBC = complete blood count, PGE = prostaglandin-E
Tautomerism and the receptor action of histamine: a mechanistic model.

The effect of deprotonation of histamine monocation on the dominant tautomeric forms of the molecule was analyzed theoretically from molecular orbital calculations ab initio. The electron charge redistribution caused by the interaction of the monocation with a negatively charged group. In both cases the result is a shift in the dominant tautomeric form caused by a change in the reactivity of the ring nitrogens, as demonstrated by the molecular electrostatic potentials and total molecular energies. A model for the role of this induced tautomerism in the activation of the histamine H2 receptor is proposed on the basis of these findings.
A teaching booklet for patients receiving mantle field irradiation.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To design a booklet for use in educating patients with Hodgkin's disease about mantle field irradiation. DATA SOURCES Published articles, book chapters, and clinical experience. DATA SYNTHESIS Information about the actual mantle field irradiation treatment and its acute side effects, self-care measures, and late effects are included in the booklet, along with a self quiz. CONCLUSIONS Feedback from patients and staff is positive. Early detection of and intervention for herpes zoster infection has improved. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE The booklet can be used in conjunction with other teaching tools for radiation therapy and skin care and as a written reference for patients and staff.
Brain Metastasis From Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

Background Metastatic disease is a well-known sequela of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). Metastic spread to the brain is unusual. Case Description A 56-year-old man was found to have a high grade MPNST of the sciatic nerve. Despite en-bloc excision of the sciatic nerve mass and local radiation postoperatively, he developed pathologically confirmed systemic metastases. He was found to have lung nodules and received chemotherapy 25 months after the diagnosis, and 32 months after the initial diagnosis, he presented with left leg weakness and sensory changes and was found to have a lesion of the frontal lobe for which he received palliative radiation. He developed systemic metastases and died 35 months after initial presentation. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 179 patients treated at our institution with MPNSTs since 1994. This was the only case of a pathology proven brain metastasis, resulting in an incidence of 0.5%. Literature review revealed 21 cases. The mean age was found to be 37.5 years, and mean survival after development of a brain metastasis was 9.9 months. Conclusions Brain metastases from MPNSTs are very rare and represent a poor prognosis, with survival after brain metastasis reported to be approximately 10 months. Early and effective initial diagnosis and treatment of MPNSTs likely represent the best opportunity for increased overall survival.
Phase I multicenter trial of interleukin 6 therapy after autologous bone marrow transplantation in advanced breast cancer.

Our purpose was to determine the maximum tolerated dosage of rhIL-6 after high-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy and autologous BMT in patients with advanced breast cancer. Twenty patients (median age 43.5 years) received either CY and thiotepa (n = 3) or CY, thiotepa and carboplatin (n = 17) for 4 days. Unpurged autologous BM was reinfused 72 h later. Daily rhIL-6 therapy began the day of marrow infusion and continued until recovery of neutrophils (> or = 1.5 x 10(9)/l) and platelets (> or = 50 x 10(9)/l) or for a maximum of 28 days at a dosage of 0.3 microgram/kg/day (n = 7), 1 microgram/kg/day (n = 6) or 3 micrograms/kg/day (n = 7). Two of the initial 4 patients given rhIL-6 at 0.3 mu/kg i.v. experienced grade 4 hyperbilirubinemia, so subsequent patients received s.c. rhIL-6. Most toxicities attributable to rhIL-6 were reversible or mild constitutional symptoms, but dose-limiting grade 4 hyperbilirubinemia also occurred in 3 of the 7 patients receiving the 3 micrograms/kg dose. At the 0.3 and 1 microgram/kg/day doses, 8 of 13 patients completed the study vs. only 2 of 7 at the 3 micrograms/kg/day dose. During rhIL-6 treatment, neutrophil recovery (> or = 500 x 10(6)/l) occurred in 12 patients and platelet recovery (> or = 20 x 10(9)/l) occurred in 6 patients, 5 of whom received the 0.3 or 1 microgram/kg/day s.c. dose. The maximal tolerated dose of rhIL-6 after autologous BMT appeared to be 1 microgram/kg/day s.c., a dose appreciably lower than the maximal tolerated dose after conventional cytotoxic therapy.
Chinese Consumers’ Perception of Social Game: A Phenomenological Study

The current chapter examines the consumer meanings of social game among a non-student social group, that is, urban white-collar workers, in the unique cultural context of China. Specifically, the chapter reveals how urban white-collar professional users of Chinese social network sites experience, perceive, understand, and interpret different social games on the SNS by investigating a Chinese SNS: Happy Network (www.kaxin001.com). Some experts have claimed that the Happy Network is the best copy of Facebook, though it differs in two ways: First, Happy Network focuses on a different user group. The foundational users of Facebook are college students; the first users of Happy Network were urban, white-collar professionals. Second, Happy Network focuses on online games. During its early developmental stage, the most popular games were “Trading Friends” and “Parking War”. Similar to Facebook though, the site allows users to change their personal status, store and share photos and music, write and share blogs, exchange short messages, send gifts, test themselves, launch polls or reports, and so forth. These functions are activated through various modules embedded in the site, which are updated and added regularly.
Divalproex CF. Propanolol for Migraine Prophylaxis

Migraine frequency was reduced in two-thirds of adult patients treated at the Allegheny Hdche Ctr, Pittsburgh, with either divalproex or propanolol cf to 19% with placebo.
Quantifying the relationship between pollinator behavior and plant reproductive isolation

Pollinator behavior is an important contributor to reproductive isolation in plants. Despite hundreds of years of empirical research, we lack a quantitative framework for evaluating how variation in pollinator behavior causes variation in reproductive isolation in plants. Here I present a model describing how two aspects of pollinator behavior, constancy and preference, lead to reproductive isolation in plants. This model is motivated by two empirical observations: most co-occurring plants vary in frequency over space and time and most plants have multiple pollinators that differ in behavior. These two observations suggest a need to understand how plant frequency and pollinator frequency influence reproductive isolation between co-occurring plants. My model predicts how the proportion of heterospecific matings varies over plant frequencies given pollinator preference and constancy. I find that the shape of this relationship is dependent on the strength of pollinator behavior. Additionally, my model incorporates multiple pollinators with different behaviors to predict the proportion of heterospecific matings across pollinator frequencies. I find that when two pollinators display different strength constancy the total proportion of heterospecific matings is simply the average proportion of heterospecific matings predicted for each pollinator. When pollinators vary in their preference the pollinator with the stronger preference disproportionally contributes to the predicted proportion of total heterospecific matings. I apply this model to examples of pollinator-mediated reproductive isolation in Phlox and in Mimulus to predict relationships between plant and pollinator frequency and reproductive isolation in natural systems.
Large-Scale International Datasets—What We Can and Cannot Learn from Them, and How We Could Learn More

The chapters in this section focus on a variety of important ideas, including mathematical affect, values, forms of mathematics knowledge, and teacher evaluation. Socioeconomic equity themes are woven throughout. Several chapters provide models of ways to be sensitive to national contexts when conducting international comparisons, such as attending to how countries’ histories and political systems might affect mathematics outcomes. This crosschapter analysis highlights these and other strengths of the five chapters and also points to ways in which analyses of international datasets could be improved, including greater attention to multiple comparisons, caution in interpreting self-reported data, and a more consistent reporting of effect sizes to clearly communicate results. Future mathematics education research could benefit from more collaboration across data collection efforts, as well as the establishment of a longitudinal international dataset.