cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Test-expectancy and semantic-organization effects in recall and recognition

Two experiments examined whether people expecting recall are, compared with people expecting recognition, more likely to form associations between semantically related words in a list of to-be-remembered words. People were induced to expect either a recall or a recognition test on a critical list that included three conditions of semantic organization. Words in the unrelated (U) condition were semantically unrelated to all other words on the list, whereas words in the two related conditions were semantically related to one other list word. In the related-spaced (R-S) condition, the two related words appeared in input positions separated by 5-11 other items, whereas in the related-massed (R-M) condition, they appeared in adjacent input positions. Different groups received either an expected or unexpected recall (Experiment 1) or recognition (Experiment 2) test on the critical list. In both recall and recognition, (l) people expecting recall did better than those expecting recognition, (2) memory was worst for U words, next best for R-S words, and best for R-M words, and (3) the test-expectancy and semantic-organization effects were additive. A standardizedz-score measure of category dependency in memory indicated that (1) people expecting recall were not more likely than those expecting recognition to form interitem associations between the related words and (2) recognition was category dependent, but less so than recall. Within the framework of Anderson and Bower’s (1972, 1974) theory, these data indicate that, compared with people expecting recognition, those expecting recall are not more likely to form interitem associations by tagging more pathways connecting semantically related nodes but, rather, are more likely to tag the nodes themselves. The implications that semantic-organization effects in recognition have for the Anderson-Bower theory were also discussed.
Microfabricated Monolith Columns for Liquid Chromatography. Sculpting Supports for Liquid Chromatography

Monolith columns are generally fabricated by polymerization of monomers within a column. This paper reviews an alternative strategy in which the bed is microfabricated in an inorganic material by ablation. Channels of 1.5 μm width and 10 μm depth were sculpted in quartz by deep reaction ion etching. Using this approach chromatographic beds were constructed in which cubic support structures were created and arranged in rows to mimic particles in a conventional column. Beds ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions of “particles” with volumes of 15 nL to 15 μL were produced. Columns that had been derivatized with an octadecyl silane stationary phase were used to separate both low molecular weight analytes and peptides in the CEC mode. Plate height in the CEC mode was 1.2 μm at maximum efficiency.
Coastal urbanization: the challenge of management lag

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the response dynamics of management interventions in relation to coastal urbanization and its consequences for ecosystems and society.Design/methodology/approach – An extensive review of the literature was conducted on the characteristics of cities, sustainability science, and ocean governance/policy.Findings – In less than two decades the world's urban population is expected to add another 2.1 billion people with the majority located in coastal cities. Dramatic increases in human‐induced stressors to coastal ecosystems are inevitable. The consequences represent one of the most urgent challenges for mankind, yet the magnitude and time lines are under‐appreciated. Many urban challenges (e.g. pollution, infrastructure) do not scale linearly with population size. The result is that the per capita contribution to ecosystem stressors increases with urban growth. The environmental costs of time lags in management response therefore increase per unit time. Reduct...
Liquid Cooling of Power Thyristors

A method of determining a given heat exchanger's thermal properties from the characteristics of the cooling medium is discussed. A test method is presented with an example which helps to clarify the results. It is concluded from running tests using three to four different liquids that heat exchanger thermal performance data can be derived for liquids having a wide range of liquid properties.
The influence of feedback with different opinions on continued user participation in online newsgroups

With the popularity of social media in recent years, it has been a critical topic for social network designer to understand the factors that influence continued user participation in online newsgroups. Our study examines how feedback with different opinions is associated with participants' lifetime in online newsgroups. Firstly, we propose a new method of classifying different opinions among user interaction contents. Generally, we leverage user behavior information in online newsgroups to estimate their opinions and evaluate our classification results based on linguistic features. In addition, we also implement this opinion classification method into our SINCERE system as a real-time service. Based on this opinion classification tool, we use survival analysis to examine how others' feedback with different opinions influence continued participation. In our experiment, we analyze more than 88,770 interactions on the official Occupy LA Facebook page. Our final result shows that not only the feedback with the same opinions as the user, but also the feedback with different opinions can motivate continued user participation in online newsgroup. Furthermore, an interaction of feedback with both the same and different opinions can boost user continued participation to the greatest extent. This finding forms the basis of understanding how to improve online service in social media.
Measurement of Crystal Growth of α-Lactose

Abstract A method is described to measure growth rates of the individual faces of tomahawk-shaped α-lactose crystals. Results show good reproducibility and good linearity with time. They prove, together with growth studies of broken crystals, that the lactose crystal grows only in one direction of its principal axis and, therefore, has its nucleus in the apex of the tomahawk. Growth rates increase with a power of the supersaturation greater than unity, which power is different for different faces, thus altering the shape of the crystals. All the habits of lactose crystals found in dairy products are shown to be crystallographically equivalent to the tomahawk form and to arise from it by different relative growth rates of faces.
COLLATION AND UPWINDING FOR THERMAL FLOW IN PIPELINES: THE LINEARIZED CASE

Simulating thermal effects in pipeline flow involves solving a coupled non-linear system of first-order hyperbolic equations. The advection term has two large eigenvalues of opposite signs, corresponding to the propagation of high-speed sound waves, and one eigenvalue close to or even equal to zero, representing the much slower fluid flow velocity, which transports temperature. Standard collocation methods work well for isothermal flow in pipelines, but the stagnating eigenvalue causes difficulties when thermal effects are included. In a companion paper we formulate and analyse a new numerical method for the non-linear system which arises in thermal modelling. The new method applies to general coupled systems of non-linear first-order hyperbolic partial differential equations with one degenerate eigenvalue. In the present paper we focus on a linearized constant coefficient form of the thermal flow equations. This substantially simplifies presentation of the error analysis for the numerical scheme. We also include numerical results for the method applied to the fully non-linear system.
Eigenvalues of some nonlinear operators

Let deg(l h-4, B, 0) denote the Leray-Schauder degree of the mapping I hA at 0 and relative to the set B where B is a bounded open set which contains 0. Our results are obtained essentially by showing that deg(l XA, B, 0) is equal to deg(--/\A, , B n X, , 0) where A, is a finitedimensional approximation to A on a finite-dimensional subspace X, . We show (Theorem 1) that A has a bounded infinite set of eigenvalues which have 0 as a limit point and that for each of these eigenvalues l/h, the equation
Variability in Acetaminophen Labeling Practices: a Missed Opportunity to Enhance Patient Safety.

Confusion regarding a drug’s active ingredient may lead to simultaneous use of multiple acetaminophen-containing prescriptions and increase the risk of unintentional overdose. The objective of this study was to examine prescription labeling practices for commonly prescribed acetaminophen-containing analgesics, specifically focusing on how active ingredient information and concomitant use warnings were conveyed. Patients with new acetaminophen-containing prescriptions were recruited upon discharge from an emergency department in Chicago or at an outpatient, hospital-based pharmacy in Atlanta. Label information was transcribed from prescription bottles and patients’ knowledge of active ingredient was assessed by in-person interviews. Among the 245 acetaminophen-containing prescriptions, hydrocodone was the most common second active ingredient (n = 208, 84.8 %) followed by oxycodone (n = 28, 11.4 %). Acetaminophen was identified by its full name on 6.9 % (n = 17) of labels; various abbreviations were used in 93.1 % of cases. One hundred forty-seven bottles used auxiliary warning labels with the majority of labels (n = 130, 88.4 %) warning about maximum dose and 11.5 % (n = 17) about concomitant use. Most of the study participants (n = 177, 72.2 %) were not able to identify acetaminophen as an active ingredient in their prescription. There was no significant association between the use of unabbreviated labels including warning information and patients’ awareness of acetaminophen as an active ingredient (36.4 vs. 27.3 %, p = 0.50). We noted high variability in labeling practices and warning information conveyed to patients receiving acetaminophen-containing prescriptions. Missed opportunities to adequately convey risk information may contribute to the burden of acetaminophen-related liver injury.
Regulation of the NMDA Receptor Complex and Trafficking by Activity-Dependent Phosphorylation of the NR2B Subunit PDZ Ligand

Interactions between NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and the PDZ [postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95)/Discs large/zona occludens-1] domains of PSD-95/SAP90 (synapse-associated protein with a molecular weight of 90 kDa) family proteins play important roles in the synaptic targeting and signaling of NMDARs. However, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate these PDZ domain-mediated interactions. Here we show that casein kinase II (CK2) phosphorylates the serine residue (Ser1480) within the C-terminal PDZ ligand (IESDV) of the NR2B subunit of NMDAR in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylation of Ser1480 disrupts the interaction of NR2B with the PDZ domains of PSD-95 and SAP102 and decreases surface NR2B expression in neurons. Interestingly, activity of the NMDAR and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II regulates CK2 phosphorylation of Ser1480. Furthermore, CK2 colocalizes with NR1 and PSD-95 at synaptic sites. These results indicate that activity-dependent CK2 phosphorylation of the NR2B PDZ ligand regulates the interaction of NMDAR with PSD-95/SAP90 family proteins as well as surface NMDAR expression and may be a critical mechanism for modulating excitatory synaptic function and plasticity.
Authors and other Criminals: Authorship in Eighteenth‐Century Britain

In this essay on eighteenth-century authorship, Kathryn Temple sketches a history of authorship from the perspective of the cultural, regional, and national conflicts that led to modern authorship's emergence. Arguing that the figure of the modern author arose in the mid- to late-eighteenth century, not from an uncontested common moral and ethical center, but from a maelstrom of conflicting practices and standards emanating from an amazingly varied array of national, class, and gendered sources, she suggests that ‘literary scandals’ played a special role in the construction of a nationalized author in that they brought high, low, and official juridical culture together to construe what authorship would come to mean in the modern world.
Exploring Public Sector Communication Performance: Testing a Model and Drawing Implications

Despite its importance to agency effectiveness, communication performance is an understudied topic. This is partly attributable to the “performance predicament,” which arises because costs of communication are easier to measure than its benefits. In this study, we develop and test an exploratory model of public sector communication performance that is synthesized from the literature on public–private differences and organizational communication. This model is statistically significant and explains the variation in interpersonal, external, and internal communication performance. This is perhaps the largest empirical study on public sector communication to date. Our findings have two key implications for public managers. First, the constraints of red tape on communication performance can be overcome if key performance-enhancing conditions—goal clarity without rigidity and a culture that supports communication—are in place. Second, external communication poses more challenges and may require additional effort.
Signal transduction by P2-purinergic receptors for extracellular ATP.

Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), at micromolar/nanomolar concentrations, has been shown to induce significant functional changes in a wide variety of normal and transformed cell types. While ATP can be nonspecifically released from the cytosol of damaged cells, it is also co-packaged in certain exocytotic vesicles/granules containing conventional neurotransmitters and hormones. The diverse biologic responses to ATP appear to be mediated by a variety of so-called P2-purinergic, cell surface receptors that are activated upon binding ATP and other nucleotides. Recent physiologic, biochemical, and pharmacologic studies suggest that there are multiple ATP receptor subtypes. These include: (1) G-protein-coupled ATP receptors, which stimulate inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, Ca2+ mobilization, and activation of protein kinase C; (2) ATP receptors that directly activate nonselective cation channels in the plasma membranes of a variety of excitable cell types; and (3) ATP receptors that, via the rapid ...
Assessment of a dummy model in crash simulations using rating methods

With fast development in high performance computer area and modeling techniques, design of injury countermeasures based on numerical simulations could make the process more cost-efficient. To reduce the risks and uncertainties associated with the use of predictive models for design decision making, an increased attention should be paid to the validation process of human dummy models. The main goal of this study was to assess a numerical THOR dummy model in frontal crash environment using kinetic and kinematic test data and various validation metrics. A THOR-NT dummy positioned on a rigid planar seat and restrained by a standard 3-point shoulder and lap belt system was subjected to two frontal crash sled tests with “initial velocity 40 km/h”. In the numerical analysis, the dummy model was positioned in a test setup model using the same procedure employed in testing. The dynamic and kinematic data of dummy model were compared with corresponding test data using validation metrics implemented in two rating systems. The overall dummy kinematics, the 3D displacement time histories of certain dummy body regions, and the interaction forces of dummy with the sled and the belt obtained in simulation were in reasonable agreement with the corresponding test data. Generally, the rating scores showed to be sensitive to the validation metrics and to the weighting factors used in the assessment process. The current average score of THOR model positioned it in the “fair-to-acceptable” range, which would recommend it for use in impact simulations. The results of this study and the validation methodology may be used for further refinement of the current THOR model, in setting up future dummy tests, the assessment of other human dummy models, and the improvement of model rating methods.
A Tuned-Input Tuned-Output VCO in 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS

A fully-integrated 2.3-2.7 GHz differential voltage-controlled oscillator derived from the classical tuned-input tuned-output (TITO) topology in 0.18 mum CMOS is presented. It uses an auxiliary resonant tank for additional noise suppression and achieves measured phase noise values of -110 dBc/Hz and -130.5 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz and 1 MHz frequency offsets, respectively. With a current consumption of 7.5 mA from a 1.8 V supply, it achieves a figure-of-merit of 187.2 dBc/Hz.
Simplicity and Why the Universe Exists

If big bang cosmology is true, then the universe began to exist about 15 billion years ago with a 'big bang', an explosion of matter, energy and space from a singular point. This singularity is spatially and temporally pointlike; that is, it has zero spatial dimensions and exists for an instant (at t=O) before exploding with a 'big bang'. The big bang singularity is also lawless; Stephen Hawking writes:
Model-based design of air traffic controller-automation interaction

A model of controller and automation activities was used to design the controller-automation interactions necessary to implement a new terminal area air traffic management concept. The model was then used to design a controller interface that provides the requisite information and functionality. Using data from a preliminary study, the crew activity tracking system was used to help validate the model as a computational tool for describing controller performance.
Routing and scheduling for AdhoCell downlink data capacity enhancement

Poor coverage is a major concern in cellular networks; it is also an inherent problem in HSDPA/HDR-based 3G wireless downlink data access. Poor coverage lowers the overall utilization of the cell and results in location-dependent downlink throughput for mobile users. In this paper, we investigate issues related to the design and application of an ad hoc relay network (ARN) capable of relaying data from a 3G base station to mobile users and provide a more uniform downlink data access. In order to exploit the benefits of ARN, we propose the AdhoCell architecture based on a self-organized ARN. The architecture is flexible in terms of deployment and is easy to integrate with current 3G architectures. These features are based on the ARN design and route computation scheme that we present in this paper. To utilize the ARN in the most efficient manner, we propose a two-level scheduling strategy, where the base station and some of the ARN nodes participate. Simulation results show the performance of the proposed ARN scheme significantly improve the HSDPA system.
An Analysis of Determinants of Career Success for Elite Female Executive Chefs

This qualitative study investigated the career success of three elite women chefs in fine dining restaurants to identify the processes and conditions that enabled them to achieve and maintain executive chef positions in this historically male- dominated field. Each chef manifested an early passion for food. Drive, determina tion, talent, and a strong work ethic surfaced as they secured initial culinary training. The two who achieved three-star success were mentored by a classically-trained American male chef. To maintain and expand their success, it was necessary for them to create celebrity for themselves and their restaurants. The conflict created when these women attempted to balance work and family life was of such signifi cance, that the satisfactory resolution limited their entry into two-star status, primarily, into two groups: female chef/owners and female chefs without families.
Alterations in Adult Rat Heart after Neonatal Dexamethasone Therapy

Glucocorticoid treatment in preterm babies to prevent chronic lung disease causes myocardial hypertrophy and increased myocardial protein content. Although these changes are thought to be transient, there is evidence that dexamethasone (DEX) induces permanent myocardial abnormalities as well. We investigated whether a therapeutic course of neonatal DEX in rat pups produces anatomic and biochemical alterations in rat hearts during adult life. Twenty-four rat pups were treated with DEX on d 1, 2, and 3 (0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 μg/g) of life, with doses proportional to those used in preterm babies. Twenty-four control pups were treated with saline. At d 7, wk 8, or wk 45 (n = 8 per group) rats were killed. The anatomic parameters measured were body weight (Bw, in grams), heart (myocardial) weight (Hw, in milligrams), and the Hw:Bw ratio. Myocardial total protein (Prot) and DNA content were determined, and the Prot:DNA ratio was calculated. Histopathology and morphometry were performed on 45-wk-old rat hearts. In DEX-treated rat pups, at d 7, Bw and Hw were lower and the Hw:Bw ratio was increased. DNA content was lower, Prot higher, and Prot:DNA ratio was increased. In 8-wk-old rats Bw, Hw, DNA content, Prot content or Prot:DNA ratio did not differ between groups, but the Prot:DNA ratio still tended to be higher in DEX-treated rats. In 45-wk-old rats Hw and Hw:Bw ratio were significantly lower and Prot:DNA ratio higher in DEX-treated rats. Histopathologic analysis showed larger cardiomyocyte volume, length, and width, indicating hypertrophy, and increased collagen, indicating early degeneration of individual myocytes. In conclusion, neonatal DEX treatment in rat pups causes a permanent decrease in heart weight, as well as hypertrophy and early degeneration of cardiomyocytes during adulthood.
Interactive Glossy Reflections using GPU-based Ray Tracing with Adaptive LOD

We present an interactive GPU-based algorithm for accurately rendering high-quality, dynamic glossy reflection effects from both HDR environment maps and local scene objects. Our method uses hardware rasterization to produce primary pixels, and GPU-based BRDF importance sampling [CK07] to quickly generate reflected rays. We utilize a fast GPU ray tracer proposed by Carr et al. [CHCH06] to compute reflection hits. Our main contribution is an adaptive level-of-detail (LOD) control algorithm that greatly improves ray tracing performance during reflection shading. Specifically, we use the solid angle represented by each reflected ray to adaptively pick the level of termination in the BVH traversal step during ray tracing. This leads to 2 ∼ 3x speedup over an unmodified implementation of [CHCH06]. Based on the same solid angle measure, we derive a texture filtering formula to reduce reflection aliasing artifacts, taking advantage of hardware MIP mapping. This extends the filtering algorithm presented in [CK07] from environment mapping to local scene reflection. Using our algorithm, we demonstrate interactive rendering rates for several scenes featuring dynamic lighting and material changes, spatially varying BRDF parameters, and rigid-body object movement.
Genetic structure, admixture and invasion success in a Holarctic defoliator, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar, Lepidoptera: Erebidae).

Characterizing the current population structure of potentially invasive species provides a critical context for identifying source populations and for understanding why invasions are successful. Non-native populations inevitably lose genetic diversity during initial colonization events, but subsequent admixture among independently introduced lineages may increase both genetic variation and adaptive potential. Here we characterize the population structure of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar Linnaeus), one of the world's most destructive forest pests. Native to Eurasia and recently introduced to North America, the current distribution of gypsy moth includes forests throughout the temperate region of the northern hemisphere. Analyses of microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA sequences for 1738 individuals identified four genetic clusters within L. dispar. Three of these clusters correspond to the three named subspecies; North American populations represent a distinct fourth cluster, presumably a consequence of the population bottleneck and allele frequency change that accompanied introduction. We find no evidence that admixture has been an important catalyst of the successful invasion and range expansion in North America. However, we do find evidence of ongoing hybridization between subspecies and increased genetic variation in gypsy moth populations from Eastern Asia, populations that now pose a threat of further human-mediated introductions. Finally, we show that current patterns of variation can be explained in terms of climate and habitat changes during the Pleistocene, a time when temperate forests expanded and contracted. Deeply diverged matrilines in Europe imply that gypsy moths have been there for a long time and are not recent arrivals from Asia.
Effect of the Level of Inquiry on Student Interactions in Chemistry Laboratories

The central goal of our exploratory study was to investigate differences in college chemistry students' interactions during lab experiments with different levels of inquiry. This analysis was approached from three major analytic dimensions: (i) functional analysis; (ii) cognitive processing; and (iii) social processing. According to our results, which were based on the qualitative analysis of direct observations of different groups of students working in general chemistry laboratories, experiments that involved higher levels of inquiry were associated with an increase in the frequency of episodes in which students engaged in proposing ideas versus asking and answering each others' questions. Higher levels of inquiry also favored episodes in which experimental work was approached in a more exploratory (versus procedural) manner. Increased levels of inquiry were also associated with more frequent episodes of domination in which a few students in a group directed the actions of others. In general, our results elicit trends and highlight issues that can help instructors identify strategies to better support and scaffold productive engagement in the laboratory.
Sex differences in spatial ability: A lateralization of function approach

The current study was designed to examine whether the extent of the male advantage in performance on a spatial task was determined by the extent to which the task was right-hemisphere dependent. Participants included 108 right-handed men and women who completed the mental rotation, waterlevel, and paperfolding tasks, all of which were presented bilaterally. The results partially supported the hypothesis. On the mental rotation task, men showed a right-hemisphere advantage, whereas women showed no hemispheric differences; however, no overall sex differences were observed. On the waterlevel task, men outperformed women, and both men and women showed a right-hemisphere advantage. On the paperfolding task, no sex or hemispheric differences were observed. Although the findings of the current study were mixed, the study provides a framework for examining sex differences across different types of spatial ability.
Congenital Heart Defects

The symbolism associated with the heart in human thought and literature suggests that its function and its impairment will have psychological meaning that transcends the physiological. The heart has variously been seen as the seat of the emotions and the situs of the self. Aristotle thought of the brain as the cooling system for the heart. Affairs of the heart defy categorization into mind and body.
Majority Party Leadership and the Committee System in the House of Representatives

In this paper one party leadership strategy with respect to the committee system of the House is examined. Building on several relatively clear concepts such as compliance, quality of assignment, expectation, scarcity, and exchange, a very elementary, yet explicit, theory is constructed. It is shown that the leaders pursue a strategy of accommodation. The leaders increase the number of positions on those committees prized by the members in order to guarantee a steady supply of resources to gain leverage with the members. But a steady increase in the supply of positions reduces the scarcity of positions and hence their value to the leaders. Thus, a consequence of the strategy is the need periodically to reorganize or make adjustments in the committee system.
An Experimental Study of the Effect of Group Size on Larval Growth and Survivorship in the Imported Willow Leaf Beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The larvae of the imported willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting), feed in coordinated groups of full and half siblings during early development. When disturbed they exude an antipredator chemical, which may be more effective in groups. Two experimental studies were conducted to test for a group advantage. Groups of initial size 2–10 or 2–14 larvae were established and sampled from days 1 to 6 after hatching. The first study showed no effect of group size on survivorship nor on average leaf area consumed, but there was a significant effect of group size on larval growth. This suggested an increase in feeding efficiency with group size. In the second study the initial average rate of cannibalism for a group had a significant effect on subsequent individual growth rates, and survivorship increased with group size.
Polyhedral Constraints for Bounded-Memory Execution of Synchronized Filtering Dataflow

Dataflow models are important in parallel computing. A key question for a dataflow model is whether it can safely be executed within bounded memory. For dataflow models with static data producing and consuming rates, such as synchronous dataflow, the question can be answered before computations start. A bounded-memory static schedule can be constructed at the mean time if there exists one. When data rates are determined data-dependently at runtime, however, bounded-memory execution can be quite challenging. In this paper, we study synchronized filtering dataflow (SFDF), a model in which nodes can filter tokens data-dependently. When two data streams join at a node, they must be synchronized according to their global indices. These filtering and synchronization behaviors pose a challenge in scheduling SFDF applications, as they might require unbounded memory and therefore deadlock. We propose a general method to guarantee bounded-memory execution in the SFDF model. In our method, when a node filters a data token, it can send a special token called dummy message to notify receivers about the filtering. Each node schedules the sending of dummy messages according to specified dummy intervals, which must be chosen to ensure safe yet efficient execution. To characterize the space of safe dummy intervals for SFDF applications, we define a set of polyhedral constraints that bound the space of feasible intervals. We prove that these constraints are sufficient and necessary to guarantee bounded-memory execution of SFDF applications. For dataflow graphs that are series-parallel DAGs, we propose an efficient algorithm to eliminate redundant constraints. We also give experiments to show the impact of dummy interval configuration on scheduling dummy messages.
PSYCHOTHERAPY--A MEDICAL PROCEDURE?

The present status of psychotherapy has been reviewed and it has been pointed out that this treatment is unavailable to most psychiatric patients because the number of psychotherapists is inadequat...
Altered ion transport by tracheal glands in cystic fibrosis

Acini of tracheal glands from 12 humans without cystic fibrosis (CF) and from two CF patients were isolated by enzymatic digestion. They were plated on flasks coated with human placental collagen (...
Dynamic combinatorial key management scheme for sensor networks: Research Articles

Securing sensor networks has received much attention in the last few years. In a typical field deployment, a sensor network self-organizes, closely interacts with its physical environment, and works unattended possibly in a hostile environment such as a battlefield. In such environments, sensor networks are subject to node capture as well as a myriad of other attacks. Constrained energy, memory, and computational capabilities of sensor nodes mandate a clever design of security solutions to minimize overhead while maintaining secure communications over the lifespan of the network. In this paper, we propose a Dynamic Combinatorial Key management scheme, DCK, to provide efficient, scalable, and survivable dynamic keying in a clustered sensor network with a large number of sensor nodes. DCK employs the Exclusion-Basis Systems (EBS) as the underlying framework for key management at both the cluster and the sensor node levels. DCK enhances network security by localizing cluster key management functions, thus, limiting the impact of sensor node capture to the attacked cluster. Within a cluster, DCK decouples key generation, assignment, and distribution, and distributes the key management tasks among cluster nodes. Simulation results show that DCK is efficient in terms of energy consumption and storage. Also, it significantly outperforms other dynamic keying schemes, in particular with regards to energy consumed in key refreshment and re-keying after node capture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gradient recovery for elliptic interface problem: II. Immersed finite element methods

Abstract This is the second paper on the study of gradient recovery for elliptic interface problem. In our previous work Guo and Yang (2016) [17] , we developed a novel gradient recovery technique for finite element method based on the body-fitted mesh. In this paper, we propose new gradient recovery methods for two immersed interface finite element methods: symmetric and consistent immersed finite method (Ji et al. (2014) [23] ) and Petrov–Galerkin immersed finite element method (Hou et al. (2004) [22] , and Hou and Liu (2005) [20] ). Compared to the body-fitted mesh based gradient recovery method, the new methods provide a uniform way of recovering gradient on regular meshes. Numerical examples are presented to confirm the superconvergence of both gradient recovery methods. Moreover, they provide asymptotically exact a posteriori error estimators for both immersed finite element methods.
Protein Kinase C: The Drug Target One Must See

Copyright: © 2012 Das J. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Five years ago, the 30th birth anniversary of protein kinase C (PKC) was celebrated with much grandeur [1]. While it is difficult to say how small or big is the period of thirty five years in the life of a family of enzymes, more than 55,000 research articles have been published on PKCs ever since the discovery this family of enzymes in 1977 [2,3]. This means, on an average 1500 publications on PKCs were published every year. This speaks in itself regarding the importance of PKCs.
Viscoelastic Relaxation of HEMA-DMAEMA Responsive Hydrogels

Responsive hydrogels are a class of shape memory materials that undergo a large elastic volumetric change when interacting with a stimulus and can return to their original shape when that stimulus is removed. Important to their use in these device applications are the fundamental mechanical properties of these materials. The pH-sensitive 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl metha-crylate (HEMA-DMAEMA) hydrogel is a linear-viscoelastic polymer that is used in microfluidics because it can be easily polymerized within these devices and their special stimuli responsive capabilities making them ideal candidates for sensors and actuators. In the experiments described in this paper the stress relaxation due to a step strain is studied. The rise time for our experiments was 0.3 s and the step-strains ranged from 3 to 7 % strain. Relaxation was recorded over three decades of time (1, 10, 100 and 1000 s). It was found that within this range the HEMA-DMAEMA hydrogel displayed linear-viscoelastic behavior.
MRI Neuroanatomy of Rett Syndrome

The neuroanatomy of 11 females with Rett syndrome (RS) and 15 control subjects investigated in vivo with quantitative MRI is reported from Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
Persian complex DPs: How mysterious are they?

Persian complex DPs exhibit structural peculiarities with respect to the placement of the object marker for specific DPs and the position of embedded CPs. This article discusses these peculiarities as well as the internal structure of Persian complex DPs and the distribution of clitic pronouns in this language. It is argued that a base generation approach accounts more adequately for Persian and other languages that exhibit the following properties: lack of a wh-relative pronoun, presence of an invariant relative complementizer, and alternation between a gap and a pronoun representing the relativized head. Regarding the postverbal position of the embedded CP, it is argued that extraposition and VP-remnant face theoretical and empirical problems, while V-raising and XP movement, as instances of scrambling triggered by focus in this language, provide an adequate explanation for Persian data.
Freezing light: ultraslow EIT polariton in a three-level medium

Summary form only given. A large temporal (frequency) dispersion accompanying electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) leads to drastic slowing down of the group velocity of light, v/sub g/=c/(wdn(w))/dw/spl Lt/c has been shown in recent experiments. We show that by using spatial dispersion, which is due to an atomic motion, it is possible to freeze the light, i.e. to bring it to a complete stop or even reverse the direction of its propagation. We consider two different types of atomic motion: (i) uniformly moving atoms, i.e. atomic beam or uniformly moving sample, and (ii) atomic gas with a thermal distribution of the velocities in the cell which is at rest.
[Bladder storage and voiding dysfunctions : Side effects of drug therapy].

Storungen der Blasenspeicher- und Blasenentleerungsfunktion betreffen besonders Patienten beiderlei Geschlechts ab dem 60. Lebensjahr. Der demographische Wandel und die Zunahme der Pravalenz in den hoheren Lebensdekaden unterstreichen die klinische Relevanz dieser Erkrankungen. Da neben Verhaltensanderungen primar die medikamentose Therapie zur Behandlung dieser Erkrankungen eingesetzt wird, ist eine fundierte Kenntnis der zu erwartenden Nebenwirkungen – gerade vor dem Hintergrund der Polypharmazie im Alter – essentiell. Im Folgenden geben wir einen Uberblick uber die gangigsten Therapeutika mit ihrem Nebenwirkungsspektrum.
Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas

Commercial development of energy from renewables and nuclear is critical to long-term industry and environmental goals. However, it will take time for them to economically compete with existing fossil fuel energy resources and their infrastructures. Gas fuels play an important role during and beyond this transition away from fossil fuel dominance to a balanced approach to fossil, nuclear, and renewable energies. Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas illustrates this point by examining the many roles of natural and synthetic gas in the energy and fuel industry, addressing it as both a "transition" and "end game" fuel. The book describes various types of gaseous fuels and how are they are recovered, purified, and converted to liquid fuels and electricity generation and used for other static and mobile applications. It emphasizes methane, syngas, and hydrogen as fuels, although other volatile hydrocarbons are considered. It also covers storage and transportation infrastructure for natural gas and hydrogen and methods and processes for cleaning and reforming synthetic gas. The book also deals applications, such as the use of natural gas in power production in power plants, engines, turbines, and vehicle needs. Presents a unified and collective look at gas in the energy and fuel industry, addressing it as both a "transition" and "end game" fuel. Emphasizes methane, syngas, and hydrogen as fuels. Covers gas storage and transport infrastructure. Discusses thermal gasification, gas reforming, processing, purification and upgrading. Describes biogas and bio-hydrogen production. Deals with the use of natural gas in power production in power plants, engines, turbines, and vehicle needs.
A Framework for pre-training hidden-unit conditional random fields and its extension to long short term memory networks☆

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a simple unsupervised framework for pre-training hidden-unit conditional random fields (HUCRFs), i.e., learning initial parameter estimates for HUCRFs prior to supervised training.Our framework exploits the model structure of HUCRFs to make effective use of unlabeled data from the same domain or labeled data from a different domain. The key idea is to use the separation of HUCRF parameters between observations and labels: this allows us to pre-train observation parameters independently of label parameters. Pre-training is achieved by creating pseudo-labels from such resources. In the case of unlabeled data, we cluster observations and use the resulting clusters as pseudo-labels. Observation parameters can be trained on these resources and then transferred to initialize the supervised training process on the target labeled data. Experiments on various sequence labeling tasks demonstrate that the proposed pre-training method consistently yields significant improvement in performance. The core idea could be extended to other learning techniques including deep learning. We applied the proposed technique to recurrent neural networks (RNN) with long short term memory (LSTM) architecture and obtained similar gains.
Summary of the 2017 Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting

On June 24, 2017, the 22nd annual Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting was held as a satellite conference during the annual Research Society on Alcoholism (RSA) Scientific Meeting in Denver, Colorado. The 2017 meeting focused broadly on mechanisms that link alcohol to tissue injury and inflammation, and how this research can be translated to improve human health. Two plenary sessions composed the meeting, which first explored the association between alcohol and trauma/tissue injury, and finished with a discussion of alcohol and mucosal inflammation. The presentations encompassed diverse areas of alcohol research, from effects on the brain, to airway and pulmonary systems, to gut barrier disruption. The discussions also thoughtfully highlighted how current laboratory and clinical research can be used to prevent or treat alcohol-related morbidity and mortality.
David Oliver: Telehealth and telecare need a different approach.

“Technology and innovation are key to saving the NHS,” the former health secretary Alan Milburn wrote in the Observer .1 Milburn, who now chairs PricewaterhouseCoopers’ Health Insight Industries Oversight Board, said that “the world is on the verge of a huge leap forward in healthcare, driven by advances in knowledge and technology . . . an influx of new mobile and bio-devices will mean we will be able to check—and take greater control over—our health in a way never previously possible.” Milburn is hardly alone in this zeitgeist mantra, now repeated so often that it’s become a new orthodoxy. Many health policy commentators, politicians, and management consultants are pushing digital remote healthcare, seemingly ecstatic at a brave new world with less need for trained healthcare practitioners or face-to-face human contact. Private industry, not the NHS, is developing the technology, and this demands a potential return on costly …
The metabolism and significance of homocysteine in nutrition and health

An association between arteriosclerosis and homocysteine (Hcy) was first demonstrated in 1969. Hcy is a sulfur containing amino acid derived from the essential amino acid methionine (Met). Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) was subsequently shown in several age-related pathologies such as osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Also, Hcy is associated with (but not limited to) cancer, aortic aneurysm, hypothyroidism and end renal stage disease to mention some. The circulating levels of Hcy can be increased by defects in enzymes of the metabolism of Met, deficiencies of vitamins B6, B12 and folate or by feeding Met enriched diets. Additionally, some of the pharmaceuticals currently in clinical practice such as lipid lowering, and anti-Parkinsonian drugs are known to elevate Hcy levels. Studies on supplementation with folate, vitamins B6 and B12 have shown reduction in Hcy levels but concomitant reduction in certain associated pathologies have not been definitive. The enormous importance of Hcy in health and disease is illustrated by its prevalence in the medical literature (e.g. > 22,000 publications). Although there are compelling data in favor of Hcy as a modifiable risk factor, the debate regarding the significance of Hcy mediated health effects is still ongoing. Despite associations between increased levels of Hcy with several pathologies being well documented, whether it is a causative factor, or an effect remains inconclusive. The present review though not exhaustive, is focused on several important aspects of Hcy metabolism and their relevance to health.
Measuring Religion and Spirituality: Where are we and where are we Going?:

While the measurement of religion and spirituality has made significant progress in the past few decades, we have seen increasing criticism of the dominant paradigm in the psychology of religion–in...
Bringing Both Class and the State Back In: Toward a Marxist Freedom Approach to Political Economy

ABSTRACTFreedom is a core value centralized in Marxism. When applied to the study of political economy, Marxist freedom focuses, in its ontological sense, on the elimination of all forms of class coercion so that public coordination of individual preferences will proceed in a cooperative way to improve material living standards, reduce the working day, and promote all-round development of personality for all members of society. In its epistemological sense, Marxist freedom stresses the importance of developing thorough theories of social class and the state, so that meaningful post-revolutionary institutional innovations can be implemented to facilitate the ontological task of eliminating all forms of class coercion. While classical Marxist theories of social class and the state provide great insights into the class bias of bourgeois approaches to political economy and the adverse impact of capitalist market economy on human freedom, they tend to be ambiguous about the distinction between the state class ...
Empirical Approaches to a Functional Analysis of Imagery and Cognition

In investigating the role of imagery in learning, several approaches including material manipulation, instructional manipulation, presentation of interfering tasks, and individual differences have been adopted. The applicability of these approaches for investigating the functional role of imagery in other cognitive activities, in particular, problem solving and motor skill learning, are considered. It is argued that these approaches, or some variants of these approaches, can be fruitfully applied to imagery research in areas other than verbal learning. Possible pitfalls of each approach are discussed as well.