cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Archaeology of the Caribbean: The Saladoid Phenomenon

Based on the archaeological evidence in the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico, the migration of a new group of people into the Caribbean in the last few centuries b.c. was very obvious. In contrast to the chipped and ground stone assemblages of the preceramic people, the elaborate ceramics of the new arrivals, with their brilliant white-and-red designs, were impossible to miss. Also in contrast with earlier occupations, the new colonists lived in large, permanent villages, grew crops, and interacted with their environments in different ways. Rouse classified their distinctive pottery as belonging to the Saladoid series, named after the site of Saladero in Venezuela (Boomert 2000:217–51; Keegan 2000; Rouse 1992:30–7). Because of the contrast of this new archaeological evidence with the earlier sites, the arrival of Saladoid people was viewed as a major migration of South American people up the Lesser Antillean chain, overwhelming, displacing, or absorbing the previous occupants. Saladoid sites with remarkably similar archaeological characteristics have been found on most of the islands. Caribbean archaeologists have viewed this as a wave of migration creating a Saladoid horizon, which swept through the Antilles as far as eastern Dominican Republic and had a major impact on all subsequent Caribbean history. In recent years this picture has become somewhat more complicated. It now seems likely that the migrating group was more diverse than previously thought, possibly involving multiple groups. The process of migration probably involved voyages of reconnaissance, short-lived settlements, and retreats.
Ontogenesis of Intestinal Nutrient Transport in Domestic Chickens (Gallus gallus) and Its Relation to Growth

ABSTRACr.-We measured intestinal (brush-border) uptake of the sugars glucose and fructose, and of the amino acid proline, each week from one day posthatching to 12 weeks of age in a rapidly growing strain of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus, White Cornish x Rock). Small-intestine mass increased as the 0.74 power of body mass, the same power as resting metabolic rate of the whole bird. Even on a constant diet, nutrient uptake varied with age, according to ontogenetic patterns that differed among nutrients. From the beginning to end of the 12-week period, glucose uptake per milligram of intestinal tissue remained on the average approximately constant, fructose uptake increased in the distal intestine, and proline uptake per milligram declined across all intestinal regions. Uptake capacity integrated over the whole length of the intestine generally increased for all three solutes, mostly as a consequence of increases in intestinal mass. A steep, brief, many-fold increase in glucose uptake appeared in two-week-old chicks, coinciding with increasing thermal independence and the exhaustion of yolk reserves. A similarly steep, brief, many-fold increase in proline uptake at week 6 coincided with the onset of molt and high relative growth rates. Comparisons of integrated nutrient-uptake capacities with estimated nutrient intakes suggest that intestinal nutrient uptake capacity is closely matched to dietary nutrient intake during growth. This supports the hypothesis that the intestine's capacity to assimilate nutrients may pose a proximal constraint on the rate of growth in precocial species. Received 1 November 1990, accepted 6 February 1992.
GaAsBi alloys for photovoltaic and thermophotovoltaic applications

In this study, we focus our attention on GaAs1-xBix, a ternary compound with decreasing bandgap as the Bismuth (Bi) content is increased. GaBi belongs to a group of materials known as semi-metals and possesses an optical below zero: This implies that the material bandgap can theoretically change from 1.42 eV (x=0) to −1.45 eV (x=1). Presented in this study is an examination of how the band structure and associated properties such as the optical bandgap and lattice constant of GaAsBi change with varying Bi content. GaAsBi is examine through the use of density functional theory based simulations and compared to experiment and simulation from the literature. Changing the Bi content allows for a number of candidate lattice-matched substrates including GaAs, Ge, and InP. Finally, the simulated performance of a single junction GaAsBi solar photovoltaic cell is also compared to a Germanium cell under identical standard conditions.
Assessing feasibility of delivering pharmacogenetic testing in a community pharmacy setting

Aim: To describe the rationale and design of a study evaluating the delivery of pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing in community pharmacies. Study rationale: Pharmacists have expressed interest in offering PGx testing; however, their lack of knowledge and experience, patients’ acceptance and feasibility are unknown in this setting. Study design: Through a cluster randomized trial, we will assess pharmacist and patient experiences with delivery of PGx testing as a standalone service or integrated into medication therapy management services. Anticipated results: We anticipate that PGx testing can be delivered in a community pharmacy setting and accepted and valued by patients. Conclusion: This study is expected to provide valuable evidence about the real-world feasibility and acceptance of a community pharmacist-delivered approach of PGx testing.
Abstract 222: CCN5 Overexpression Triggers Early Amplification Followed by Regression of Electrical Remodeling in a Pressure Overload Rat Model

The matricellular proteins CCN2 & CCN5 play opposing roles in pressure overload hypertrophy (PoH). While CCN2 promotes adverse remodeling, CCN5 suppresses fibrosis and therefore may be an important therapeutic target. Since arrhythmias are prevalent during early stages of PoH, we investigated the electrophysiological (EP) effects of CCN5 gene transfer (GT) in a rat model. We hypothesized that CCN5 GT prevents electromechanical dysfunction in PoH. Methods: 4 wk old rats underwent aortic constriction and were randomized to receive AAV9 CCN5 or an empty vector (E) 3 wks later. In vivo hemodynamic analysis followed by ex vivo EP measurements using high resolution optical action potential (AP) mapping were performed at 9 or 21 wks of PoH. Results: CCN5 GT did not prevent but rather amplified early electromechanical remodeling as fractional shortening was significantly reduced, AP duration prolonged, and conduction velocity (CV) impaired in AAV9 CCN5 compared to AAV9 E hearts (Fig, top). Remarkably EP remodeling in AAV9 CCN5 hearts was largely reversed by 21 wks of PoH (Fig, top). To probe the basis of these unexpected findings, we tested whether CCN5 GT alters the EP substrate in normal (fibrosis free) hearts. Indeed AAV9 CCN5 GT caused significant CV slowing, consistent with a potent effect on excitability that was independent of fibrosis (Fig, bottom). Conclusions: CCN5 GT alters myocardial conduction by directly modulating gap junction and/or Na channel function. EP remodeling is amplified during early PoH but undergoes regression at later stages possibly through reversal of fibrosis. CCN5 modulates the EP substrate via fibrosis dependent (late) and independent (early) effects.
Autonomy and self-respect: The importance of autonomy

For many years we have been hearing that autonomy is important. Immanual Kant held that autonomy is the foundation of human dignity and the source of all morality; and contemporary philosophers dissatisfied with utilitarianism are developing a variety of new theories that, they often say, are inspired by Kant. Autonomy has been heralded as an essential aim of education; and feminist philosophers have championed women's rights under the name of autonomy. Oppressive political regimes are opposed on the grounds that they deny individual autonomy; and respect for the autonomy of patients is a recurrent theme in the rapidly expanding literature on medical ethics. Autonomy is a byword for those who oppose conventional and authoritative ethics; and for some existentialists, recognition of individual autonomy is apparently a reason for denying that there are objective moral standards. Both new rights theorists and the modern social contract theorists maintain that their theories best affirm autonomy. Finally, and not least in their esteem for autonomy, well known psychologists speak of autonomy as the highest stage of moral development. Recently, however, the importance of autonomy has been questioned from a variety of sources. Utilitarian critics have struck back at the neo-Kantians, and a group of moral philosophers, sometimes labeled “personalists,” have challenged the Kantian ideal that we should be moved by regard for impartial principles rather than concern for particular individuals. A “different voice” is being heard, emphasizing aspects of morality too often ignored in the persistent praise of autonomy.
Dynamic Control of Chromosome Topology and Gene Expression by a Chromatin Modification

The function of chromatin modification in establishing higher-order chromosome structure during gene regulation has been elusive. We dissected the machinery and mechanism underlying the enrichment of histone modification H4K20me1 on hermaphrodite X chromosomes during Caenorhabditis elegans dosage compensation and discovered a key role for H4K20me1 in regulating X-chromosome topology and chromosome-wide gene expression. Structural and functional analysis of the dosage compensation complex (DCC) subunit DPY-21 revealed a novel Jumonji C demethylase subfamily that converts H4K20me2 to H4K20me1 in worms and mammals. Inactivation of demethylase activity in vivo by genome editing eliminated H4K20me1 enrichment on X chromosomes of somatic cells, increased X-linked gene expression, reduced X-chromosome compaction, and disrupted X-chromosome conformation by diminishing the formation of topologically associated domains. H4K20me1 is also enriched on the inactive X of female mice, making our studies directly relevant to mammalian development. Unexpectedly, DPY-21 also associates specifically with autosomes of nematode germ cells in a DCC-independent manner to enrich H4K20me1 and trigger chromosome compaction. Thus, DPY-21 is an adaptable chromatin regulator. Its H4K20me2 demethylase activity can be harnessed during development for distinct biological functions by targeting it to diverse genomic locations through different mechanisms. In both somatic cells and germ cells, H4K20me1 enrichment modulates three-dimensional chromosome architecture, demonstrating the direct link between chromatin modification and higher-order chromosome structure.
Monitoring task engagement using facial expressions and body postures

As more industries adopt the use of robots to increase productivity, there is an increased need for effective human-robot interaction training, especially in the case of heavy and high precision robots. This implies the need for easy assessment methods that ensure accurate and personalized employee training. Most current assessments are done via manual observation and surveys. This paper addresses the need for the design of intelligent systems to assess a user's training needs based on the user's behavior and engagement while performing a vocational task simulation. In this paper, we propose a multi-sensory intelligent system to predict user engagement using facial expression and body posture data while the user performs a task to provide cognitive assessment of the user's capabilities, a critical factor in successful vocational performance using robots.
Analog Abstraction, Computation, and Numerical Analysis

This paper discusses the first step in analog (and mixed signal) abstraction utilized in large-scale Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA), encoded in open-source SciLab / Xcos based toolset. Analog computation becomes relevant with the advent of FPAA devices, particularly the SoC FPAA devices and resulting design tools. Analog and digital systems have tools to model resolution and computational noise and computation energy; analog and digital approaches have their own optimal computing regions. Abstraction of Blocks in the FPAA block library makes the SoC FPAA ecosystem accessible to system-level designers while still enabling circuit designers the freedom to build at a low level. The FPAA block library provides a starting point for discussing the fundamental block concepts of analog computational approaches. These discussions begin the framework for a theory of analog algorithm complexity theory, and careful methods for comparison of techniques.
The Limits on Unstable Heavy Particles

In this talk, I will describe some recent work with Glashow(1) on the question: do there exist in our universe unstable heavy particles?
Left-to-Right On-Line Parsing

One of the major characteristics of our algorithm is that an input sentence is parsed strictly from left to right. Although some other parsing algorithms, including Earley’s algorithm and breath-first ATN, also have this characteristic, only a few practical systems, if any, have taken advantage of it. Taking advantage of this left-to-right-ness, we have implemented on-line parsing on the basis of our parsing algorithm. The on-line parser starts parsing as soon as the user types in the first word of a sentence, without waiting for the end of line. In this section, we describe the benefits of instantiation of on-line parsing, and discuss some of its practical applications.
To care but never to prolong

What levels of life-prolonging medical interventions, if any, are appropriate for moderately and severely demented older people? This opinion piece includes a recent study of physicians' attitudes, which helps focus the controversy and examine the varied opinions that exist both internationally and within particular countries.
Observation of a new 11Δu ← B1Δg transition of C2

Observation de 6 bandes vibroniques d'une nouvelle transition electronique 1 1 △μ←B 1 △ g centree a ν 00 =45507 cm −1 par spectrometrie REMPI
PhysOnline: An Open Source Machine Learning Pipeline for Real-Time Analysis of Streaming Physiological Waveform

Real-time analysis of streaming physiological data to identify earlier abnormal conditions is an important aspect of precision medicine. However, open-source systems supporting this workflow are lacking. In this paper, we present PhysOnline, a pipeline built on the open-source Apache Spark platform to ingest streaming physiological data for online feature extraction and machine learning. We consider scalability factors for horizontal deployment to support growing analysis requirements. We further integrate real-time feature extraction, including pattern recognition methods as well as descriptive statistical components to identify temporal characteristics of waveform signals. These generated features are then used for machine learning and for real-time classification of abnormal conditions. As a case study, we present the online classification of electrocardiography recordings for screening Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (PAF) and demonstrate that our pipeline can predict persons developing PAF at least 45 min. before an episode of that condition. This pipeline can be applied in domains where pattern matching, temporal abstractions, and morphological characteristics can be used for real-time classification of streaming time-series data.1
Internal Colonization and Revolt: Rap as an Underground Political Discourse in Oakland, CA

This paper briefly explores the relationship between the Black Panther Party (B.P.P.) and local rap music in Oakland, California to compare this relationship to mainstream rap music. As rap music continues to gain exposure and popularity, hip-hop culture has increasingly become a topic in the social sciences and humanities. However, most studies of hip-hop culture have predominately focused on the mass-market trend toward worldwide commercialization of rap rather than fully examining how underground units continue to inform and innovate the mass trend. Inadequate attention is currently paid to the political development of rap as an underground narrative from a single location. Summarizing results from primary sources drawn from Oakland, CA, this paper contends that rap’s development partly stems from origins in the “war” between the Black Panther Party (B.P.P.) and COINTELPRO efforts. There are two major local consequences to this starting point. First, the messages in rap from Oakland, CA over the past thirty years were shaped and influenced by the militant, radical, and political nature of the B.P.P. in a way that mainstream rap music was not. Second, the styles of rap from Oakland, CA gained attention about a decade after other domestic locations (such as New York, NY) and on the basis of street authenticity being marketable. This raises significant questions about the agenda setting role of local rap artists — namely, their ability to create messages and styles of music that are more resistant to co-optation even while achieving a modicum of local popularity and commercial appeal. As such, this paper offers new insights into urban politics and provides a new outlook on addressing fundamental questions of power and equality in a liberal democracy.
The United States of America: Accountability, High-Stakes Testing, and the Demography of Educational Inequality

The present chapter explores research principally published between 1980 and 2017 on race/ethnic inequality in the United States. Considerable research has attempted to discern the sources of achievement test-score gaps among racial, ethnic, and social class groups as assessed on standardized tests. Explanations for lower test scores by minority-group children and those from low-income families, neighborhoods, and schools on national standardized tests, such as the National Assessment of Educational Progress and on state-wide tests mandated by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 have explored differences among groups of children, differences in families and neighborhoods, and differences in schools and school teachers. The chapter examines responses to these test score differences by White dominant group members and discusses issues of color-blind racism, as well as minority reactions to such racism in Critical Race Theory. Differences between minority and majority perceptions and explanations for achievement gaps and their attendant inequalities continue to impact the current the national political discourse.
Theory, Field, and Laboratory: The Continuing Dialogue

Reinhard Selten has proposed a four-step schema for policy analysis, consisting of (1) focus on a section of reality, (2) formal modelling of that reality, (3) comparison of outcomes under different institutional arrangements, and (4) pursuit of empirical research based on those comparisons. In this paper, we apply Selten’s schema to common-pool resources and the problems that they face. We show how the last decade of research has conformed to Selten’s pattern. In particular, we stress the role field studies and controlled laboratory experiments have played in building behavioral theories for these resources - a role we expect to see expand in the future.
Association between weight loss and serum biomarkers with risk of incident cancer in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery cohort.

Abstract Background Bariatric surgery reduces cancer risk in populations with obesity. It is unclear if weight loss alone or metabolic changes related to bariatric surgery cause this effect. Objective We evaluated the relationship between surgical weight loss and serum biomarker changes with incident cancer in a bariatric surgery cohort. Setting Ten U.S. clinical facilities. Methods The Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery 2 (LABS-2) is a prospective multicenter cohort (n = 2458, 79% female, mean age = 46). We evaluated weight and serum biomarkers, measured preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively, as predictors for incident cancer. Associations were determined using Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for weight loss, age, sex, education, and smoking history. Results Over 8759 person-years of follow-up, 82 patients reported new cancer diagnosis (936 per 100,000 person-years, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 749–1156). Cancer risk was decreased by approximately 50% in participants with 20% to 34.9% total weight loss (TWL) compared with Conclusions After bariatric surgery, cancer risk is reduced >50% when weight loss exceeds 20% TWL compared with patients with
Spatial Auditory Cueing for a Dynamic Three-Dimensional Virtual Reality Visual Search Task:

Maintaining spatial awareness is a primary concern for operators, but relying only on visual displays can cause visual system overload and lead to performance decrements. Our study examined the ben...
African-American COVID-19 Mortality: A Sentinel Event.

![Figure][1] “Nothing captures the nature of health inequities as clearly as the persistent life expectancy gap between whites and blacks.”—Alan R. Weil, JD, MPP ([1][2])The tragic higher coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) mortality in African Americans (AAs) and other racial/ethnic
Formal Verification of Robotic Cell Injection systems up to 4-DOF using HOL Light

Cell injection is an approach used for the delivery of small sample substances into a biological cell and is widely used in drug development, gene injection, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in-vitro fertilization. Robotic cell injection systems provide the automation of the process as opposed to the manual and semi-automated cell injection systems, which require expert operators and involve time consuming processes and also have lower success rates. The automation of the cell injection process is obtained by controlling the orientation and movement of its various components, like injection manipulator, microscope etc., and planning the motion of the injection pipette by controlling the force of the injection. The conventional techniques to analyze the cell injection process include paper-and-pencil proof and computer simulation methods. However, both these techniques suffer from their inherent limitations, such as, proneness to human error for the former and the approximation of the mathematical expressions involved in the numerical algorithms for the latter. Formal methods have the capability to overcome these limitations and can provide an accurate analysis of these cell injection systems. Model checking, i.e., a state-based formal method, has been recently used for analyzing these systems. However, it involves the discretization of the differential equations capturing the continuous dynamics of the system and thus compromises on the completeness of the analysis of these safety-critical systems. In this paper, we propose a higher-order-logic theorem proving (a deductive-reasoning based formal method) based framework for analyzing the dynamical behavior of the robotic cell injection systems upto 4-DOF. The proposed analysis, based on the HOL Light theorem prover, enabled us to identify some discrepancies in the simulation and model checking based analysis of the same robotic cell injection system.
Differences Between Attached and Detached Cadaveric Prosections on Students' Identification Ability During Practical Examinations.

Cadaveric prosections are effective learning tools in anatomy education. They range from a fully dissected, sometimes plastinated, complete cadaver (in situ prosections), to a single, carefully dissected structure detached from a cadaver (ex situ prosections). While most research has focused on the advantages and disadvantages of dissection versus prosection, limited information is available on the instructional efficacy of different prosection types. This contribution explored potential differences between in situ and ex situ prosections regarding the ability of undergraduate students to identify anatomical structures. To determine if students were able to recognize the same anatomical structure on both in situ and ex situ prosections, or on either one individually, six structures were tagged on both prosection types as part of three course summative examinations. The majority of students (61%-68%) fell into one of the two categories: those that recognized or failed to recognize the same structure on both in situ and ex situ prosections. The percentage of students who recognized a selected structure on only one type of prosection was small (1.6%-31.6%), but skewed in favor of ex situ prosections (P ≤ 0.01). These results suggest that overall students' identification ability was due to knowledge differences, not the spatial or contextual challenges posed by each type of prosection. They also suggest that the relative difficulty of either prosection type depends on the nature of the anatomical structure. Thus, one type of prosection might be more appropriate for teaching some structures, and therefore the use of both types is recommended.
Rare earth elements and yttrium in Pennsylvanian coals and shales in the eastern part of the Illinois Basin

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) concentrations in Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata in the eastern part of the Illinois Basin (Indiana), specifically targeting coals and marine shales associated with the coals. Samples were collected from several coal mines and three boreholes. In total, 105 samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), including 69 coals, 31 shales, and 5 paleosols. Concentrations of REY in the coals vary from less than 200 ppm to more than 3000 ppm (on ash basis). Indirect evidence, including REY versus ash relationships, REY distribution patterns, and REY content in raw coal compared to that in washed coal, suggests that the organic association may be an important mode of REY occurrence in these coals. The Lower Block and the Upper Block Coal Members of the Brazil Formation and some coals of the Staunton Formation have the highest REY concentrations among those studied. Concentrations of REY in marine shales range from less than 200 to 800 ppm on ash basis. The majority of shale samples studied vary little from the REY values of the continental crust, but some show enrichments. Our results suggest that, while post-combustion coal ash of the high-REY coals are a potential source of these elements, significant efforts and resources are needed to make the studied shales a viable REY resource.
Guideline Adherence in Dyspepsia Investigation and Treatment.

Introduction: The impact of dyspepsia guidelines on clinical practice may be poor. Provider adherence with dyspepsia guidelines was examined to determine their impact on clinical practice. Methods: Provider adherence with the 2005 American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines for the Management of Dyspepsia and the 2017 American College of Gastroenterology and Canadian Association of Gastroenterology joint Dyspepsia Management Guidelines was assessed on a national level using data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). Patient visit data, including reason for visit of dyspepsia, diagnosis of dyspepsia, or diagnosis of H. pylori infection from NAMCS years 2012 through 2015, were used. Provider adherence with dyspepsia management guidelines was determined based upon provision of at least one recommended test or treatment for dyspepsia. Results: Providers appeared to adhere to the 2005 ACG guidelines for 49.7% of patient visits. Providers appeared to adhere to the 2017 ACG/CAG guidelines for 51.0% of patient visits. Conclusions: Provider adherence with the 2005 ACG and the 2017 ACG/CAG Dyspepsia Management Guidelines was determined to be low in this study, highlighting the need to increase evidence-based medical treatment and efficient resource use for dyspepsia.
Calibration of polygenic risk scores is required prior to clinical implementation: results of three common cancers in UKB.

Background SNP-based polygenic risk scores have recently been adopted in the clinic for risk assessment of some common diseases. Their validity is supported by a consistent trend between their percentile rank and disease risk in populations. However, for clinical use at the individual level, the reliability of score values is necessary considering they are directly used to calculate remaining lifetime risk. Objectives We assessed the reliability of polygenic score values to estimate prostate cancer (PCa), breast cancer (BCa) and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in three incident cohorts from the UK Biobank (n>500 000). Methods Cancer-specific Genetic Risk Score (GRS), a well-established population-standardised polygenic risk score, was calculated. Results A systematic bias was found between estimated risks (GRS values) and observed risks; β (95% CI) was 0.67 (0.58–0.76), 0.74 (0.65–0.84) and 0.82 (0.75–0.89), respectively, for PCa, BCa and CRC, all significantly lower than 1.00 (perfect calibration), p Conclusion Assessing the calibration of polygenic risk scores is necessary and feasible to ensure their reliability prior to clinical implementation.
The Non-licensed Doctor

According to critics more than 10,000 “doctors” are now practicing in the U.S. without benefit of proper medical licensing. These are not people with questionable credentials, or graduates from diploma mills, or physician’s assistants or nurses practicing beyond their qualifications. We’re talking about outright imposters, individuals who have no official qualifications at all. Apart from this, other critics contend that fully 10% of the 450,000 licensed physicians practicing are incompetent. The difficulties arise mainly with elderly doctors and family physicians, not specialists, it is contended.
A Statistical Optimization of Co/Pd Multilayers Patterned via Block Copolymer Lithography

A statistical Design of Experiments was carried out on the nanopatterning of Co/Pd multilayers using block copolymer templating and ion milling. The multilayers were patterned into welldefined 30 nm nanopillars. The effect of varying ion mill beam power and etch angle on the coercivity of the resulting nanopillars was studied by response surface methodology. The results indicated that an etch angle of between 50° and 60° was optimal for yielding coercivity greater than 3.5 kOe, starting with a full-film coercivity of 1.5 kOe. A further study of coercivity versus etching time was conducted, resulting in a maximum coercivity of 6.6 kOe. Vacuum annealing of the ion-milled nanopillars were found to yield a significant increase in coercivity, indicating reversal of ion irradiation damage.
Interaction of Adeno-associated Virus Rep78 with p53: Implications in Growth Inhibition

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a nonpathogenic, single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the parvoviridae family. Onco-suppressive properties of AAV against adenovirus, a DNA tumor virus, have been well documented. Rep78, a major regulatory protein of AAV, is believed to be responsible for its antioncogenic properties. Most DNA tumor viruses disturb the cell cycle pathways by essentially abrogating the functions of p53. Here we present evidence that AAV acts as an antiproliferative agent against adenovirus by protecting the adenoviral-mediated degradation of p53 as confirmed by both Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation analysis with anti-p53 antibody. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the AAV Rep78 is physically bound to p53 in vivo. Furthermore, the binding of purified p53 to the AAV Rep78 affinity column confirms their interaction. These results document for the first time that the antiproliferative effects of AAV against adenovirus are mediated, at least in part, by the interaction of AAV Rep78 with p53.
A Two-Level Primitive Equation Atmospheric Model Designed for Climatic Sensitivity Experiments

Abstract A useful but as yet under-utilized tool for climatic studies is an atmospheric model in which the time evolution of large-scale eddies is resolved explicitly, but in a relatively simple dynamical framework. One such model is described in detail in this study–a two-level primitive equation model on a sphere with variable static stability, finite-differenced in the meridional direction but Fourier analyzed and then very severely truncated in the zonal direction. Two versions of the model-moist and dry–are developed, the maintenance of the model's static stability being markedly different in the two versions. Statistically steady states are obtained for a variety of spectral truncations For both versions of the model in order to determine the fewest zonal wavenumbers one can retain and still obtain a reasonable zonally averaged circulation. Including only one wave, of wavelength typical of strongly unstable waves in mid-latitudes, results in a circulation with a subpolar jet as well as a subtropical...
Financing Decisions and Advertising: An Empirical Study of Capital Structure and Product Market Competition

Abstract We study how a firm’s financial structure affects the intensity with which it competesin the product market. Using a sample of firms that raise significant amounts of capital, westudy the extent of their non-price competition, as measured by their advertising expenditures,following this event. We find that after controlling for other factors, firms whose financialleverage has decreased as a result of the new funding increase their advertising competitionsignificantly more than firms whose leverage has increased. We undertake both aninstrumental variables approach and a “reverse causality” test to address the issue of theendogeneity of the capital structure and advertising decisions and show that it is indeedcapital structure changes that influence the degree of advertising competition. We also findthat the reaction of the sample firms’ industry rivals is influenced as well by their capitalstructures. Specifically, we find that a rival firm responds more (less) aggressively --- relativeto its’ peers --- in the increase of its’ own advertising, if it is less (more) levered than thesample firm in its’ industry that has initiated the more intense advertising competition.Overall, our results support the view that financial leverage appears to have a “dampening”effect on the intensity with which a firm chooses to compete in the product market.
Abstract 13304: Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-1) Reduces Lipid Oxidation and Foam Cell Formation via Downregulation of 12/15-lipoxygenase

We have previously shown that IGF-1 infusion in Apoe-/- mice decreased atherosclerotic plaque size, macrophages (MF) and lipids suggesting that IGF-1 suppressed MF-derived foam cell formation. 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX) promotes oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and MF uptake of oxidized LDL (OxLDL) to form foam cells. We found that IGF-1 infusion (1.5 mg/kg/d) in Apoe-/- mice fed a Western diet decreased plaque LOX expression (immunostaining, 67±6% decrease) and aortic LOX mRNA (36±4% decrease). IGF-1 reduced serum OxLDL (19.7% decrease) and malondialdehyde (a marker of lipid oxidation, 22% decrease), suggesting that IGF-1 suppressed lipid oxidation. To determine the effects of IGF-1 on lipid oxidation and the role of LOX we exposed human THP-1 MF to 0-50 ng/ml IGF-1 for 0-24 h. IGF-1 dose- and time-dependently reduced LOX protein and mRNA levels (49±5% and 48±6% decrease at 24 h, Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively) and decreased expression of STAT-6 transcription factor (38±4% decrease). STAT6-specific siRNA reduced both STAT6 and LOX protein levels indicating STAT6 involvement in LOX transcriptional regulation. IGF-1-induced LOX decrease was prevented by PI3 kinase inhibition (LY2940032, 50 uM). Incubation of IGF-1-treated THP-1 MF with LDL (150 ug/ml, 48h) showed that IGF-1 markedly suppressed the ability of MF to oxidize lipids (TBARS assay, 65±4% decrease) and to form foam cells (Oil Red staining, 64±4% decrease). Peritoneal MF from LOX-/- mice had a basal reduction in cell-mediated LDL oxidation and foam cell formation vs. wild type (WT) MF. IGF-1 reduced LDL oxidation and formation of foam cells by WT MF but these effects were blocked in LOX-/- MF suggesting that the ability of IGF-1 to reduce LDL oxidation and foam cell formation was dependent on its ability to downregulate LOX. Thus, IGF-1 reduced LOX expression in atherosclerotic plaques and suppressed lipid oxidation in Apoe-/- mice. IGF-1 decreased LOX expression in cultured MF via a PI3 kinase- and -STAT6 dependent transcriptional mechanism, resulting in marked reduction in MF-mediated LDL oxidation and foam cell formation. These data strongly suggest that IGF-1-induced MF LOX downregulation plays a major role in the ability of IGF-1 to exert anti-atherosclerotic effects.
Spatial genetic structure of suspected remnant and naturalized populations of muskellunge and evidence for introgression between stocked and native strains

Abstract Achievement of management goals to maintain, enhance, or re-establish fish species of management importance in the Great Lakes often relies on hatchery supplementation. Issues may arise when individuals of hatchery origin are super-imposed upon natural stocks, particularly when resident species are naturally in low abundance such as with most Muskellunge ( Esox masquinongy ) populations. We used 12 microsatellite loci to survey 450 individuals from 13 populations to quantify the contributions of stocked individuals to the current Muskellunge stock structure in Michigan and document evidence of inter-strain hybridization. Genetic differentiation among populations based on variance in allele frequency was moderately high (mean F st = 0.18), and was largely attributed to stocking history. The major genetic discordance was found among populations inhabiting waters with native Great Lakes and native and introduced Northern Muskellunge strains. We identified five genetic lineages, corresponding to native stocks (one Great Lake and two Northern strains) and two Northern Muskellunge strains obtained from other states and stocked across Michigan. Analyses revealed that the majority of populations sampled were composed of multiple hatchery strains of Northern Muskellunge, including waters connected to the Great Lakes and in waters with remnant native stocks. Admixtures of stocked strains and evidence of inter-strain hybridization were widespread. Collectively, data reveal that hatchery programs have the potential to restructure native fish populations on a statewide basis. Greater attention to current genetic stocks of both donor and recipient populations is advised to ensure that future supplementation efforts do not further erode the integrity of native stocks.
Predictors of Satisfaction Among College-Educated African American Women in Midlife

There has been little theorizing or empirical research on satisfaction among African American women at midlife. This study addresses this gap by examining predictors of satisfaction in 3 cohorts (N = 202) of midlife college-educated African American women. Specifically, 3 domains of satisfaction were examined: overall life satisfaction, personal satisfaction, and work satisfaction. Results revealed that the women were highly satisfied with their work situation, their personal life, and generally with how their life had turned out so far. Overall life satisfaction was predicted by the women's perceptions of personal control, role quality, household burden, and their cohort status. Work satisfaction was best predicted by the women's sense of personal control and role quality. Lastly, household burden and physical well-being emerged as significant predictors of personal satisfaction. Implications of the findings and recommendations for future research are offered.
Comparison of six commercial human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) enzyme immunoassay kits for detection of antibody to HTLV-I and -II

Three licensed and three research human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits were evaluated with a panel of 213 serum or plasma samples which were previously tested by the indirect immunofluorescence method for HTLV-I and -II antibodies. The three research kits were found to be more sensitive and specific than the three licensed kits.
A note on cost-share equilibrium and owner-consumers

The contributions of J. Farrell (Econ. Letters 19, 1985, 303–306) and A. Mas-Colell and J. Silvestre (J. Econ. Theory 47, 1989, 239–256) have studied the implications of two unanimity principles when a firm is owned by the consumers. Interestingly, both approaches lead to what J.E. Roemer and J. Silvestre (The proportional solution for economies with both public and private ownership, mimeo, University of California, Davis, 1991) call proportional allocations. We compare these approaches and analyze how well they serve as equilibrium foundations for proportional allocations. In a nutshell, the conclusion is that Farrell's unanimity principle is simpler than Mas-Colell and Silvestre's, but (assuming that the cost function is convex) the latter always works (i.e., equilibrium exists and yields proportional allocations) while the former may not (equilibrium may not exist, in other words, proportional allocations may not be supportable as equilibria).
Social behaviour of a colony of the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris)

Abstract The social behaviour of a colony of yellow-bellied marmots was studied from June 18th to August 30th, 1955; July 12th to August 24th, 1956; June 10th to August 23rd, 1957; and June 14th to August 21st, 1961. The colony is located along a river terrace near the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park on the east side of the Snake River slightly south of the junction of the Lewis and Snake Rivers. The home-burrow is where the young are reared, where an animal normally spends the night, and where an animal goes when an alarm call is given. Auxiliary burrows are used temporarily as a place of refuge. The burrows are connected by a trail system that directs the movements of the animals. The distribution of adults and litters indicated a preference for burrows in the central part of the colony. Patterns of home range were of three types, those with no overlap, those with slight overlap and those with major overlap. Animals which utilized the same home range frequently avoided one another. The shape of the home range depended primarily on the nearness of the feeding area. Agonistic behaviour modified both size and shape of home ranges. Some home ranges were larger when the population was more dense or when agonistic behaviour was more frequent. Patterns of home range tended to change during the first two weeks of August when some animals hibernated. Changes in home range from year to year were correlated with changes in the individuals occupying home-burrows. The animals emerged from their burrows at about sunrise. There was a morning peak of activity followed by a midday low with a subsequent second peak of activity in the late afternoon. All the animals entered their burrows by 30 minutes after sunset. Communication between marmots involved the senses of sight, smell, touch, and, most importantly, hearing. The alarm call was given in response to any kind of intrusion into the life of the colony. No particular animal acted as a sentinel. Olfactory communication consisted of the “greeting” in which two animals sniffed each other's cheeks. One or two animals were dominant. Several tended to be submissive to all with which they had contact. Females with young may be aggressive in the vicinity of their home-burrows toward other animals, but may be submissive in other parts of the colony. Other relationships seem best characterized by a kind of neutrality in which each of the two animals avoids the other. Dominance is characterized by independence of action, tail flagging and grooming. Submissiveness is characterized by avoidance of other animals, slinking posture with tail down and submission to being groomed. Territorial behaviour does not seem to occur in the yellow-bellied marmot. Hibernation began in the second week of August. Conflicts and alert calls were less numerous and activity in general greatly decreased. Increased wandering was shown by some adults. It is postulated that agonistic behaviour is one of the factors that limits the number of marmots on a colony site.
A Contribution toward a Monograph of the Scatopsidae (Diptera) Part V, the Genus Colobostema Enderlein

The genus Colobostema was proposed by Enderlein in 1920. The characters he cited as diagnostic are strictly venational, as in his other genera, and are equally difficult to apply. This is another of the genera that has been rejected by Duda (1928a), but on the basis of structures other than the wing veins it is here considered to be a distinct and valid genus.
Physiological and mutational protein variations in the ciliary membrane of Paramecium.

Abstract The proteins in the ciliary membrane of wild-type and mutant Paramecium tetraurelia are examined with SDS and IEF gels. Over 80% of the proteins in the ciliary membrane belong to two groups: the immobilization antigen (I-Ag), which is a 220–280 kD surface protein, and a set of at least four integral proteins slightly over 40 kD (the 40 k), most of which focus near pH 4.0 (the acidic 40 k). Variations of the I-Ag in its apparent molecular weight appear spontaneously in different clones of the same strain and can be triggered by changing the culture temperatures. We discovered that the members of the acidic 40 k family also vary in their relative proportion. Furthermore, the variations in I-Ag and those in acidic 40 k are tightly coupled. The concerted changes suggest a co-regulation in the synthesis of these proteins. The ciliary membranes of 20 mutants of 11 complementation groups known for their behavioral and electrophysiological defects are examined. Coupled variations of I-Ag and acidic 40 k among clones, similar to those of the wild type, are seen. Besides the I-Ag and the acidic 40 k, this membrane has over 60 other species of proteins, most of which are invariant. Shifts in the isoelectric points of two of these minor proteins have been correlated with two different mutations, ‘fast-2’ and ‘paranoiac A’. No electrophoretic shifts can be correlated with the ‘pawn B’ mutation as found by Merkel et al. [35].
Simple dimer containing dissociatively stable mono-imidazole ligated ferrohemes

In weakly coordinating solvents FeII meso-(N-methylimidazol-2-yl)porphine 1Fe exists as a stable dimer (Kd = 50 ± 30 nM) that binds ligands without undergoing dissociation and is presently the simplest complex in which the mono-imidazole ligation of a ferroheme is enforced without excess imidazole in solution.
The diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism with a discussion of the end results

When properly performed, thyroidectomy improves or cures every patient with hyperthyroidism. It is our opinion that a patient who shows a normal metabolism and no symptoms of hyperthyroidism two years after a thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism should be considered favourably for life insurance.