cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban Life and Health in the Nineteenth Century

THIS CHAPTER BEGINS BY DESCRIBING HOW PREEXISTING unhealthy conditions were exacerbated by the industrial revolution in U.S. and European cities at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The industrial revolution prompted a growth in industrialization, immigration, and urbanization,1 and as a result, pollution increased, sanitation declined, and housing and infrastructure were overwhelmed by rising population. Next is an account of how this situation led to a decline in health for many segments of the urban population and how many urban areas were also affected by significant civil unrest and periodic devastating fires. Altogether, these conditions set the stage for a complex crisis involving health, safety, and the environment.
Introduction to Settlers, Creoles and Historical Reenactment

Historical reenactment begins with the assumption that history can be managed: it can be framed, reproduced, brought closer, and it can be made part of our human experience again, in a reassuring way. In the process it will become not only more vivid, but also more intelligible and shapely. The past shall be made more intimately part of the present, and because it comes so close we shall get to know history as it really is. The emphasis on realism in reenactment—having just the right fabric for the clothes, just the right food in the kitchen, and just the right lock on the gun—offers a challenge which, if successfully met, allows the reenactor simultaneously to represent and to experience what happened in history, and to live out its authenticity in the eye of the world as a special form of mimesis. There might be tears, shouting, and sulks on the way to this achievement, but such disturbances are the incidental guarantees of the truth of the performance and the pleasure that goes with it: nothing good comes easy. However, in the excitements, trials, and conflicts of the reenactment it is often possible to observe the germ of something that is not quite shapely or symmetrical, something that can skew the whole performance and leave it looking not at all as we had expected. We can call it contingency, chance or accident; but whatever we call it, if it grows from a germ into an event, it takes history out of our hands and turns it into History, a painful and surprising force with its own drift and meaning, and perhaps too fiercely obscure to be really known at all. When History happens to us in this unpredictable way the passions of reenactment become very powerful indeed, and instead of possessing the past we are possessed by it.
1369 Close-up diet DCAD, urine pH, and total plasma calcium at calving on a commercial Jersey herd.

Inducing a compensated metabolic acidosis by feeding anionic salts in close-up cows has been shown by some researchers to be a useful strategy for milk fever prevention. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the daily variability of the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) in close-up diets; 2) evaluate the daily variability of urine pH and the proportion of cows that were properly acidified based on urine pH; 3) determine if acidification levels were maintained as parturition approached; 4) investigate the relationship between DCAD level and urine pH; and 5) evaluate the association between urine pH days prior to calving and postpartum calcium concentration on a commercial Jersey herd.
Confinement and Stabilization of Fyn SH3 Folding Intermediate Mimetics within the Cavity of the Chaperonin GroEL Demonstrated by Relaxation-Based NMR

The interaction of two folding intermediate mimetics of the model protein substrate Fyn SH3 with the chaperonin GroEL, a supramolecular foldase/unfoldase machine, has been investigated by 15N relaxation-based nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (lifetime line broadening, dark state exchange saturation transfer, and relaxation dispersion). The two mimetics comprise C-terminal truncations of wild-type and triple-mutant (A39V/N53P/V55L) Fyn SH3 in which the C-terminal strand of the SH3 domain is unfolded, while preserving the remaining domain structure. Quantitative analysis of the data reveals that a mobile state of the SH3 domain confined and tethered within the cavity of GroEL, possibly through interactions with the disordered, methionine-rich C-terminal tail(s), can be detected, and that the native state of the folding intermediate mimetics is stabilized by both confinement within and binding to apo GroEL. These data provide a basis for understanding the passive activity of GroEL as a foldase/unfolda...
Evaluation of Macular Vascular Abnormalities Identified by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Sickle Cell Disease.

Purpose To evaluate macular vascular flow abnormalities identified by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) in patients with various sickle cell genotypes. Design Prospective, observational case series. Methods This is a single-institution case series of adult patients with various sickle cell genotypes. All patients underwent macular OCT-A (Avanti RTVue XR). Images were analyzed qualitatively for areas of flow loss and quantitatively for measures of foveal avascular area, parafoveal flow, and vascular density. The findings were compared by sickle cell genotype and retinopathy stage and correlated to retinal thickness and visual acuity. Results OCT-A scans of 82 eyes from 46 patients (60.9% female, mean age 33.5 years) were included. Sickle cell genotypes included 27 patients with hemoglobin SS (58.7%), 14 SC (30.4%), 4 beta-thalassemia (8.7%), and 1 sickle trait (2.2%). Discrete areas of flow loss were noted in 37.8% (31/82) of eyes overall and were common in both SS (40.0%, 20/50 eyes) and SC (41.7%, 10/24 eyes). Flow loss was more extensive in the temporal and nasal parafoveal subfields of the deep plexus with sickle SC or proliferative retinopathy. Retinal thickness measurements correlated with vascular density of the fovea, parafovea, and temporal and superior subfields. Visual acuity correlated with foveal avascular zone area and parafoveal vascular density in the superficial and deep plexi. Conclusions Areas of abnormal macular vascular flow are common in patients with various sickle cell genotypes. These areas may be seen at any retinopathy stage but may be more extensive with sickle SC or proliferative retinopathy.
Cross-Language Retrieval via Transitive Translation

The growth in availability of multi-lingual data in all areas of the public and private sector is driving an increasing need for systems that facilitate access to multi-lingual resources. Cross-language Retrieval (CLR) technology is a means of addressing this need.
Multivalent polymers displaying M2 macrophage-targeting peptides improve target binding avidity and serum stability.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) display a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from pro-tumoral/anti-inflammatory “M2-like” to antitumoral/pro-inflammatory “M1-like” subtypes and, consequently, high intratumoral M2-to-M1 ratios are typically indicative of poor disease prognosis. Cancer immunotherapies that selectively modulate M2-like TAMs, enabling reversal of the M2-to-M1 ratio, represent a promising anticancer intervention but are difficult to implement due to the lack of effective targeting systems. In this study, we report the development of high avidity, M2 macrophage-selective targeted drug delivery platforms based on M2 macrophage-targeting peptides (M2pep) grafted onto poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide). Furthermore, these M2pep-grafted polymers also exhibit improved serum stability along with M2 macrophage-selective toxicity.
Development of a global aerosol model using a two-dimensional sectional method: 2. Evaluation and sensitivity simulations

Global aerosol simulations are conducted by using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 with the Aerosol Two-dimensional bin module for foRmation and Aging Simulation version 2 (CAM5-chem/ATRAS2) which was developed in part 1. The model uses a two-dimensional (2-D) section representation with 12 size bins from 1 nm to 10 μm and 8 black carbon (BC) mixing state bins, and it can calculate detailed aerosol processes and their interactions with radiation and clouds. The simulations have similar or better agreement with aerosol observations (e.g., aerosol optical depth, absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD), aerosol number concentrations, mass concentrations of each species) compared with the simulations using the Modal Aerosol Model with three modes. Sensitivity simulations show that global mean AAOD is reduced by 15% by resolving BC mixing state as a result of two competing effects (optical and lifetime effects). AAOD is reduced by 10-50% at low- and mid-latitudes in the 2-D sectional simulation because BC absorption enhancement by coating species is reduced by resolving pure BC, thinly coated BC, and BC-free particles in the model (optical effect). In contrast, AAOD is enhanced by 5-30% at high-latitudes because BC concentrations are enhanced by 40-200% over the regions by resolving less CCN active particles (lifetime effect). The simulations also suggest a model which resolves more than 3 BC categories (including BC-free particles) is desirable to calculate the optical and lifetime effects accurately. The complexity of aerosol representation is shown to be especially important for simulations of BC and CCN concentrations and AAOD.
Color Blindness in Mentally Retarded Children.

Recent studies of mentally retarded children have found substantially higher rates of color blindness than are usually reported for the general population. In 2 of these studies, sex differences in...
Trace chemical partitioning in construction and demolition debris fines: process and market implications

Construction and demolition debris (CDD) fines, a residue generated from mechanized CDD recycling, can often be beneficially reused. Concentrations of chemicals of potential concern in CDD fines should be evaluated prior to being reintroduced into the environment to assess risk and make informed decisions about appropriate reuse opportunities. The distribution of trace chemicals in CDD fines as a function of particle size was measured to evaluate if concentrations in the bulk material can be reduced by removing certain particle size ranges through screening. Chemicals of potential concern, including arsenic, lead, sulfate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), were characterized in four different size fractions (19–4.8 mm, 4.8–0.84 mm, 0.84–0.3 mm, < 0.3 mm) of CDD fine samples collected from 12 US CDD recycling facilities throughout the US. Results revealed that aluminum, arsenic and chromium concentrations were distributed evenly throughout all four size fractions. As for the remaining chemicals, most samples had lower concentrations in the 19–4.8 mm size range. In some samples and for certain chemicals, removal of the finer size fractions reduced overall concentrations in CDD fines, suggesting that additional processing may be worth further investigation.
Associations of mitochondrial polymorphisms with sporadic colorectal adenoma

Somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been reported in colorectal adenomatous polyps (adenomas), the precursors to most colorectal cancers. However, there are no reports of associations of germline variation in mitochondrial DNA with adenoma risk. We investigated associations of germline polymorphisms in the displacement loop (D-loop) and non-D-loop region of the mitochondrial genome with incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma in three pooled colonoscopy-based case-control studies (n = 327 adenoma cases, 420 controls) that used identical methods for case and risk factor ascertainment. We sequenced a 1124 bp fragment to identify all genetic variation in the mitochondrial D-loop region, and used the Sequenom platform to genotype 64 tagSNPs in the non-D-loop region. We used multivariable unconditional logistic regression to estimate associations of the polymorphisms with adenoma. The odds ratios (OR) for associations of four polymorphisms in the HV1 region (mt16294, mt16296, mt16278, mt16069) with adenoma were 2.30, 2.63, 3.34, and 0.56, respectively; all 95% confidence intervals (CI) excluded 1.0, however, after correction for multiple comparisons, none of the findings remained statistically significant. Similar results were found for six polymorphisms in the non-D-loop region. In the HV1 region poly C tract, relative to those with 5 repeats, the ORs for those with fewer or more repeats were, respectively, 2.29 (95%CI 1.07-4.89) and 0.63 (95%CI 0.36-1.08), but repeat numbers in the HV2 region were not associated with adenoma. These findings suggest that mitochondrial D-loop HV1 region polymorphisms may be associated with colorectal adenoma risk and support further investigation.
Comparing Therapeutic versus Prophylactic Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: Does Indication Inform Oncologic and Reconstructive Outcomes?

BACKGROUND Initially performed only in prophylactic cases, indications for nipple-sparing mastectomy have expanded. Trends and surgical outcomes stratified by nipple-sparing mastectomy indication have not yet been fully examined. METHODS Demographics and outcomes for all nipple-sparing mastectomies performed from 2006 to 2017 were compared by mastectomy indication. RESULTS A total of 1212 nipple-sparing mastectomies were performed: 496 (40.9 percent) for therapeutic and 716 (59.1 percent) for prophylactic indications. Follow-up time was similar between both the therapeutic and prophylactic nipple-sparing mastectomy groups (47.35 versus 46.83 months, respectively; p = 0.7942). Therapeutic nipple-sparing mastectomies experienced significantly greater rates of major (p = 0.0165) and minor (p = 0.0421) infection, implant loss (p = 0.0098), reconstructive failure (p = 0.0058), and seroma (p = 0.0043). Rates of major (p = 0.4461) and minor (p = 0.2673) mastectomy flap necrosis and complete (p = 0.3445) and partial (p = 0.7120) nipple necrosis were equivalent. The overall rate of locoregional recurrence/occurrence per nipple-sparing mastectomy was 0.9 percent: 2.0 percent in therapeutic nipple-sparing mastectomies and 0.1 percent in prophylactic nipple-sparing mastectomies (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Approximately 40 percent of nipple-sparing mastectomies are currently performed for therapeutic indications. Therapeutic nipple-sparing mastectomies had higher rates of infectious complications and reconstructive failure. Rates of locoregional cancer recurrence/occurrence are low, but occur significantly more often after therapeutic nipple-sparing mastectomy. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, III.
A Workload Characterization of the SPEC CPU2017 Benchmark Suite

The Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) CPU benchmark suite is commonly used in computer architecture research and has evolved to keep up with system microarchitecture and compiler changes. The SPEC CPU2006 suite, which remained the state-of-the-art for 11 years was retired in 2017, and is being replaced with the new SPEC CPU2017 suite. The new suite is expected to become mainstream for simulation-based design and optimization research for next-generation processors, memory subsystems, and compilers. In this paper, we extensively characterize the SPEC CPU2017 applications with respect to several metrics, such as instruction mix, execution performance, branch and cache behaviors. We compare the CPU2017 and the CPU2006 suites to explore the workload similarities and differences. We also present detailed analysis to enable researchers to intelligently choose a diverse subset of the CPU2017 suite that accurately represents the whole suite, in order to reduce simulation time.
COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION AND OTHER COMORBIDITIES | Attention Deficit Disorder and Epilepsy in Children

Cognitive and behavioral problems of all types are extremely common in association with childhood epilepsy, even in the so-called ‘benign’ epilepsy syndromes. Behavioral disorders highly contribute to the morbidity of epilepsy. Timely diagnosis and intervention may prevent permanent developmental impairments, although this type of positive result must be evaluated further. The purely inattentive subtype of attention deficit disorder is more common in children with epilepsy than in the general population and appears specific to epilepsy; in contrast, general behavioral problems are more likely to be related to chronic illness and family dynamics. Attention deficit disorder (ADHD) in children with epilepsy is most likely due to a complex interaction between biological and psychosocial factors. Biological factors may be permanent or state-dependent, and can potentially be reversed with treatment. Anticonvulsant toxicity may contribute to attentional and behavioral dysfunction in children with epilepsy, but may also have a positive effect owing to suppression of seizures and interictal epileptiform activity. Children with epilepsy and attentional problems require a stepwise diagnostic approach, including evaluation of seizure control, interictal spiking, and anticonvulsant side-effects, as well as psychosocial and educational factors. Although treatment guidelines for ADHD do not exist in this population, large numbers of case studies have shown that treatment with stimulant medications such as methylphenidate is safe and effective and should be utilized, given the high morbidity associated with untreated attentional problems.
Radiology of the Lower Extremity

While the field of forensic medicine is said to have begun at some indefinite time five or six centuries ago, the origins of forensic radiology can be described more precisely. Wilhem Conrad Rontgen (Fig. 1)—professor of physics, director of the Physics Institute, and Rector of the University of Wurzburg—observed an unusual phenomenon while experimenting with cathode ray tubes on November 8, 1895. After 50 d of intensive investigation, he determined that he had discovered a new kind of ray (“eine neue Arte von Strahlen”), one that could penetrate solid, opaque materials and produce photographic representations of their contents. He called them “X-rays” because “x” was the symbol of the unknown. A manuscript was produced and immediately accepted for presentationat the January 23, 1896, meeting of the Wurzburg Physical Medicine Society (1). As sometimes happens today, word of his findings were “leaked” to the popular press and flashed by telegraph and cable throughout the electrified world, reaching New York on January 8, 1896 (2). The potential for applying this new ray to the task of forensic problem solving was recognized almost immediately.
Multicultural influences on child-rearing practices: implications for today's pediatric dentist.

A vividly compelling portrait of the oral health status for a growing and diverse population of American children has painted for us by Dr. Casamassimo. Many children in this country of minority and ethnic backgrounds live in environments with which many practitioners have limited experience. Many pediatric dentists have already indicated that they perceive parenting styles to change in their lifetime, and these changes have necessitated changes in behavior management techniques used. If we, as pediatric dentists, are to provide care for the growing population of “minority” children, then we need to develop an appreciation of the diversity of circumstances and difficulties many families live with on a daily basis. I will speak about the diversity of cultural factors that influence child-rearing practices and specifically relate the effects of differing child-rearing practices on dental disease etiology, prevention, and care seeking. The dental disease focus of my presentation will also be early childhood caries, not only because it is the cause of most pain and suffering for children, but also because it is only what pediatric dentists are trained to treat and are capable of managing. Let me preface my remarks by stating that, while parenting practices have, in general, been undergoing changes that likely have affected the way we practice as clinicians, there has been very little published research on child-rearing practices. There has been even less research on the role of cultural influences on child rearing practices. What little has been published will be the subject of my presentation this morning, interspersed with some anecdotal information from the clinical experiences of colleagues and my own experiences.
A Sociocognitive Approach to Language Development and Its Implications for Education

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the relationship between children's language development and their social interactions with others. The development of language knowledge, in relationship to social and cognitive knowledge may be viewed in several ways. The earliest explanations of language development were formulated within learning theory; these explanations fit within a reductionist model. The view that language knowledge includes both semantic and syntactic structures fits within the interactionist model, which holds that language knowledge and cognitive knowledge are interrelated. The sociocognitive approach to language development is characterized by the study of the development of communicative competence consisting of the rules of language structure and use. Communicative competence involves the knowledge of language structure, specifically, the rules of phonology, syntax, semantics. Rules of sequencing account for coherence in any sequence of utterances in a conversation.
Incorporating Robustness Analysis into Urban Transportation Planning Process

When developing a regional transportation plan (RTP), growth assumptions are made for socioeconomic factors such as population, housing, and employment for a future planning horizon. In turn, these factors become the basis of projecting future transportation networks, streets, highways, transit loadings, and the resulting traffic flows. Like any future forecasting, these assumptions are bound to contain some errors.
ANAPHYLAXIS: Diagnosis and Treatment

In 1901, Portier and Richet 6 studied immunization of animals against sea anemones toxins. At that time, the Prince of Monaco was an avid supporter of scientific research, and the initial studies were done in the Mediterranean Sea on his yacht.* *The principality of Monaco recently issued a stamp featuring the Prince of Monaco, Drs Portier and Richet, a Portuguese Man-o-War, the yacht, and the year 1901. Dr Portier and Dr Richet initiated their studies looking at the stings from Portuguese Man-O-Wars, but in completing their studies they finished using sea anemones, which were more readily available to them when they returned to Paris. 6 They were examining the immune response to the toxins and they discovered something unexpected: While endeavoring to determine its toxic dose we soon discovered that some days must elapse before fixing it; for several dogs did not die until the fourth or fifth day after administration, or even later. We kept those which had been given a dose insufficient to kill, in order to carry out a second investigation upon them when they had completely recovered. At this point an unforeseen event occurred. The dogs which had recovered were intensely sensitive, and died a few minutes after the administration of small doses......... These two factors—a. increased sensitivity to a poison after previous injection of the poison, and b. an incubation period necessary for this state of increased sensitivity to develop—constitute the two essential and sufficient conditions for anaphylaxis. 6 Dr Richet, who was the senior member of the partnership, received the Noble prize in medicine or physiology for this discovery in 1913. 6 They coined the term anaphylaxis to describe this. This came from the Greek a meaning "not" or "against" and phylaxis derived from the Greek word phylaxis meaning "a guarding" or "protection" so aphylaxis was against protection or the opposite to protection. Dr Portier and Dr Richet added the extra syllable making it anaphylaxis because aphylaxis was dysphonic. Therefore, anaphylaxis means a detrimental reaction to a substance.
Recruitment of participants for the Estrogen Replacement and Atherosclerosis (ERA) trial. a comparison of costs, yields, and participant characteristics from community- and hospital-based recruitment strategies.

Abstract This paper documents recruitment for the Estrogen Replacement and Atherosclerosis trial, a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind angiographic trial of the effects of opposed and unopposed estrogen on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women (average scheduled duration of follow-up 3.2 years). We compare costs, yields, and participant characteristics between community-based and hospital-based recruitment strategies. We further compare community-based enriched sources (i.e., those that allowed self-selection or targeted women with known health characteristics) and nonenriched sources. Data gathered on potential participants include method of contact, clinical site, eligibility, completion of screening visits, and randomization rates. Demographic data on participants include age, race, education, marital status, and income. Self-reported health status, smoking status, lipid level, ejection fraction as well as history of chest pain, hypertension, and diabetes were recorded at baseline. Recruitment costs were estimated from employee salaries and costs of screening tests and procedures. Yields were compared by clinical site and by method of contact. Enriched sources of recruitment yielded higher percentages of enrolled participants than nonenriched sources. Both types of source resulted in demographically similar participants. Costs of community-based recruitment were less than hospital-based recruitment; however, screening costs were higher. Overall, screening and recruitment averaged $2508 per randomized participant. Control Clin Trials 2001;22:13–25
Collaborative Virtual Reality for Low-Latency Interaction

In collaborative virtual environments, users must often perform tasks requiring coordinated action between multiple parties. Some cases are symmetric, in which users work together on equal footing, while others are asymmetric, in which one user may have more experience or capabilities than another (e.g., one may guide another in completing a task). We present a multi-user virtual reality system that supports interactions of both these types. Two collaborating users, whether co-located or remote, simultaneously manipulate the same virtual objects in a physics simulation, in tasks that require low latency networking to perform successfully. We are currently applying this approach to motor rehabilitation, in which a therapist and patient work together.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with dynamic obstruction and high left ventricular outflow gradients associated with paradoxical apical ballooning.

BACKGROUND Acute left ventricular (LV) apical ballooning with normal coronary angiography occurs rarely in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (OHCM); it may be associated with severe hemodynamic instability. METHODS, RESULTS We searched for acute LV ballooning with apical hypokinesia/akinesia in databases of two HCM treatment programs. Diagnosis of OHCM was made by conventional criteria of LV hypertrophy in the absence of a clinical cause for hypertrophy and mitral-septal contact. Among 1519 patients, we observed acute LV ballooning in 13 (0.9%), associated with dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and high gradients, 92 ± 37 mm Hg, 10 female (77%), age 64 ± 7 years, LVEF 31.6 ± 10%. Septal hypertrophy was mild compared to that of the rest of our HCM cohort, 15 vs 20 mm (P < 0.00001). An elongated anterior mitral leaflet or anteriorly displaced papillary muscles occurred in 77%. Course was complicated by cardiogenic shock and heart failure in 5, and refractory heart failure in 1. High-dose beta-blockade was the mainstay of therapy. Three patients required urgent surgical relief of LVOT obstruction, 2 for refractory cardiogenic shock, and one for refractory heart failure. In the three patients, surgery immediately normalized refractory severe LV dysfunction, and immediately reversed cardiogenic shock and heart failure. All have normal LV systolic function at 45-month follow-up, and all have survived. CONCLUSIONS Acute LV apical ballooning, associated with high dynamic LVOT gradients, may punctuate the course of obstructive HCM. The syndrome is important to recognize on echocardiography because it may be associated with profound reversible LV decompensation.
Mechanisms of Resistance to the Contact-Dependent Bacteriocin CdzC/D in Caulobacter crescentus

ABSTRACT The Cdz bacteriocin system allows the aquatic oligotrophic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus to kill closely related species in a contact-dependent manner. The toxin, which aggregates on the surfaces of producer cells, is composed of two small hydrophobic proteins, CdzC and CdzD, each bearing an extended glycine-zipper motif, that together induce inner membrane depolarization and kill target cells. To further characterize the mechanism of Cdz delivery and toxicity, we screened for mutations that render a target strain resistant to Cdz-mediated killing. These mutations mapped to four loci, including a TonB-dependent receptor, a three-gene operon (named zerRAB for zipper envelope resistance), and perA (for pentapeptide envelope resistance). Mutations in the zerRAB locus led to its overproduction and to potential changes in cell envelope composition, which may diminish the susceptibility of cells to Cdz toxins. The perA gene is also required to maintain a normal cell envelope, but our screen identified mutations that confer resistance to Cdz toxins without substantially affecting the cell envelope functions of PerA. We demonstrate that PerA, which encodes a pentapeptide repeat protein predicted to form a quadrilateral β-helix, localizes primarily to the outer membrane of cells, where it may serve as a receptor for the Cdz toxins. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the function and mechanisms of an atypical, contact-dependent bacteriocin system. IMPORTANCE Bacteriocins are commonly used by bacteria to kill neighboring cells that compete for resources. Although most bacteriocins are secreted, the aquatic, oligotrophic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus produces a two-peptide bacteriocin, CdzC/D, that remains attached to the outer membranes of cells, enabling contact-dependent killing of cells lacking the immunity protein CdzI. The receptor for CdzC/D has not previously been reported. Here, we describe a genetic screen for mutations that confer resistance to CdzC/D. One locus identified, perA, encodes a pentapeptide repeat protein that resides in the outer membrane of target cells, where it may act as the direct receptor for CdzC/D. Collectively, our results provide new insight into bacteriocin function and diversity.
Abstract 410: Prostaglandin E2 Reduces Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 2 in Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signals differently through its 4 receptor subtypes (EP1-EP4) to elicit diverse physiologic/pathologic effects. We previously reported that PGE2 via its EP3 receptor reduces...
What Do Patients Say About Doctors Online? A Systematic Review of Studies on Patient Online Reviews

Background: The number of patient online reviews (PORs) has grown significantly, and PORs have played an increasingly important role in patients’ choice of health care providers. Objective: The objective of our study was to systematically review studies on PORs, summarize the major findings and study characteristics, identify literature gaps, and make recommendations for future research. Methods: A major database search was completed in January 2019. Studies were included if they (1) focused on PORs of physicians and hospitals, (2) reported qualitative or quantitative results from analysis of PORs, and (3) peer-reviewed empirical studies. Study characteristics and major findings were synthesized using predesigned tables. Results: A total of 63 studies (69 articles) that met the above criteria were included in the review. Most studies (n=48) were conducted in the United States, including Puerto Rico, and the remaining were from Europe, Australia, and China. Earlier studies (published before 2010) used content analysis with small sample sizes; more recent studies retrieved and analyzed larger datasets using machine learning technologies. The number of PORs ranged from fewer than 200 to over 700,000. About 90% of the studies were focused on clinicians, typically specialists such as surgeons; 27% covered health care organizations, typically hospitals; and some studied both. A majority of PORs were positive and patients’ comments on their providers were favorable. Although most studies were descriptive, some compared PORs with traditional surveys of patient experience and found a high degree of correlation and some compared PORs with clinical outcomes but found a low level of correlation. Conclusions: PORs contain valuable information that can generate insights into quality of care and patient-provider relationship, but it has not been systematically used for studies of health care quality. With the advancement of machine learning and data analysis tools, we anticipate more research on PORs based on testable hypotheses and rigorous analytic methods. Trial Registration: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42018085057; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=85057 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/76ddvTZ1C)
Center of Mass Calculation in Combination with MS/MS Allows Robust Identification of Single Amino Acid Polymorphisms in Clinical Measurements of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) measurement by high-resolution accurate mass-mass spectrometry (HRAM-MS) is replacing IGF-1 immunoassays and allows for identification of single amino acid vari...
Treating binge eating and food addiction symptoms with low-carbohydrate Ketogenic diets: a case series

Many patients with obesity and comorbid binge eating symptoms present with the desire to lose weight. Although some studies suggest that dietary restriction can exacerbate binge eating, others show dietary restriction is associated with significant reductions in binge eating. The effect of a particular type of dieting on binge eating, the ketogenic diet (a high fat, moderate protein, very low carbohydrate diet), is not known. We report on the feasibility of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet initiated by three patients (age 54, 34, and 63) with obesity (average BMI 43.5 kg/m2) with comorbid binge eating and food addiction symptoms. All patients tolerated following the ketogenic diet (macronutrient proportion 10% carbohydrate, 30% protein, and 60% fat; at least 5040 kJ) for the prescribed period (e.g., 6–7 months) and none reported any major adverse effects. Patients reported significant reductions in binge eating episodes and food addiction symptoms including cravings and lack of control as measured by the Binge-Eating Scale, Yale Food Addiction Scale, or Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale modified for Binge Eating, depending on the case. Additionally, the patients lost a range of 10–24% of their body weight. Participants reported maintenance of treatment gains (with respect to weight, binge eating, and food addiction symptoms) to date of up to 9–17 months after initiation and continued adherence to diet. Although the absence of control cases precludes conclusions regarding the specific role of ketogenic diets versus other forms of dietary restriction, this is the first report to demonstrate the feasibility of prescribing a ketogenic diet for patients with obesity who report binge eating and food addiction symptoms. Further research should seek to reproduce the observed effects in controlled trials as well as to explore potential etiologies.
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: Case Study and Review of the Literature

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a pathology characterized by orthostatic headaches, diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and low to normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressures. We present the case of a 46-year-old male with refractory postural headaches, found to have a diffuse CSF leak throughout the cervicothoracic (C1-T12) spine. His neurological status declined rapidly to a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of eight, necessitating bilateral subdural drain placement. Despite an overall brisk neurologic recovery, the patient remained unable to speak for nearly a week after the return of the remainder of his function. This raised the concern for possible cerebellar mutism. We review the multiple modalities used in this patient's treatment and explore possible explanations for the failure of initial therapy. The placement of bilateral subdural drains was a temporizing measure to treat the patient's neurologic decline, but it was likely the epidural blood patch with prolonged bedrest that hastened the patient's recovery. His speech function also returned with time and repeated therapy.
Subjective social status is indirectly associated with short-term smoking cessation through nicotine withdrawal symptoms:

This study used data collected from a smoking cessation program (N = 146) to evaluate whether subjective social status was indirectly associated with smoking cessation through nicotine withdrawal s...
Defining the Specific Pathogen-Free State of Xenopus Using TaqMan Assays.

Colonies of valuable inbred and transgenic laboratory-reared Xenopus frogs maintained for research constitute naive populations of animals susceptible to some opportunistic infectious diseases. Therefore, it is prudent to characterize any new animal acquisitions before introduction into an existing colony as a biosecurity measure to preclude the concurrent introduction of an infectious microorganism associated with the new animal(s). In addition, some pathogens of Xenopus, such as Chlamydia and Mycobacterium spp, are zoonotic diseases, placing frog aquarists at risk for acquiring an infection. Because it is not cost effective to test for all diseases of Xenopus frogs, we have defined a subset of prevalent infectious microorganisms and developed TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect these agents. The specific pathogens in our test panel were selected from relatively recent publications where they reportedly caused morbidity and/or mortality in Xenopus laevis and/or X. tropicalis The assays herein do not constitute a comprehensive list of infectious diseases of Xenopus frogs. Therefore, a frog devoid of the infectious agents in our test panel are characterized as "specific pathogen-free." Three of the described quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays detect many species within their genus (i.e., qPCRs for ranaviruses, Chlamydia spp, and Cryptosporidia spp).
PANDORA: An Architecture-Independent Parallelizing Approximation-Discovery Framework

In this article, we introduce a parallelizing approximation-discovery framework, PANDORA, for automatically discovering application- and architecture-specialized approximations of provided code. PANDORA complements existing compilers and runtime optimizers by generating approximations with a range of Pareto-optimal tradeoffs between performance and error, which enables adaptation to different inputs, different user preferences, and different runtime conditions (e.g., battery life). We demonstrate that PANDORA can create parallel approximations of inherently sequential code by discovering alternative implementations that eliminate loop-carried dependencies. For a variety of functions with loop-carried dependencies, PANDORA generates approximations that achieve speedups ranging from 2.3x to 81x, with acceptable error for many usage scenarios. We also demonstrate PANDORA’s architecture-specialized approximations via FPGA experiments, and highlight PANDORA’s discovery capabilities by removing loop-carried dependencies from a recurrence relation with no known closed-form solution.
A Light in Dark Times: The New School for Social Research and Its University in Exile,: by Judith Friedlander (Columbia University Press, 2019), $42.00 457pp., ISBN 978 0 23118 018 4

In 1969, Robert Paul Wolff published a brilliant book entitled The Ideal of the University. It set forth (and critiqued) four different visions of what a university should be. First, Wolff discusse...
Concerns of women regarding pregnancy and childbirth during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Objective Better understand knowledge, attitudes and practices of pregnant women and mothers of infants around coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods A 58-item electronic survey was distributed to pregnant and postpartum women (infants 12 months) who were >15 years, English-speaking and enrolled in prenatal programs. Data is summarized using central tendency, frequencies and nonparametric statistics. Results Of 114 (51 % response rate) participants, 82.5 % reported negative changes in mental status measures (e.g. stress, anxious thoughts, changes in sleep patterns). All reported risk-reduction behavior changes (e.g. handwashing/use of sanitizer, social distancing). Significant changes were reported in employment and financial status due to the pandemic. Increases in alcohol consumption among postpartum women were also reported. Few reported changes in prenatal, infant or postpartum healthcare access. Conclusion This study provides initial insight into the knowledge, attitudes and practices of pregnant and postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study is limited as participants represent a single Midwest community and social desirability response bias may have impacted responses. However, results may inform future interventions to support pregnant women and mothers of infants during pandemics. Practice implications Providers should consider the impact of such events on mental status, access to resources and changes in behaviors.
Self-Contamination and Failure Modes During PPE Doffing: A Comparison of Two Powered Air-Purifying Respirator Hoods

Background: High-level personal protective equipment (PPE) protects healthcare workers (HCWs) during the care of patients with serious communicable diseases. Doffing body fluid–contaminated PPE presents a risk of self-contamination. A study assessing HCW failure modes and self-contamination with viruses during PPE doffing found that, of all PPE items, the highest number of doffing failure modes and highest self-contamination risk occurred during removal of the 1-layer powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) hood. Hood type may affect contamination risk; however, no experimental evidence exists comparing hood types. Objective: We quantified and compared the risk of self-contamination with viruses during doffing of a 1e-layer versus a 2-layer PAPR hood. Methods: In this study, 8 HCWs with experience using high-level PPE donned PPE contaminated on 4 prespecified areas with 2 surrogate human viruses, bacteriophage MS2 (a nonenvelope virus) and Φ6 (an enveloped virus). They completed a clinical task then doffed PPE according to a standard protocol. Following doffing, inner gloves, hands, face, and scrubs were sampled for viral contamination using infectivity assays. HCWs performed the entire sequence twice, first with a 1-layer hood with 1 shroud then with a 2-layer hood with 2 shrouds. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare viral contamination between the 2 hood types. HCWs were video-recorded to identify failure modes in their doffing process using a failure modes and effects analysis to identify ways that individual actions deviated from optimal behavior. Results: Φ6 transfer to hands, inner gloves, and scrubs were observed for 1 HCW using the 1-layer hood versus scrubs only for 1 HCW using the 2-layer hood. MS2 transfer to hands was observed for 2 HCWs using the 1-layer hood versus none using the 2-layer hood. Inner glove contamination was observed for 6 of 8 HCWs using the 1-layer hood versus 2 of 8 using the 2-layer hood. Conclusions: A significantly higher number of MS2 virus was recovered on the inner gloves of HCWs using the 1-layer versus the 2-layer hood (median difference, 2.27×104; P = .03). In addition, 31 failure modes were identified during removal of the 2-layer hood versus 13 failure modes for the 1-layer hood. The magnitude of self-contamination depends on the type of PAPR hood used. The 2-layer hood resulted in significantly less inner glove contamination than the 1-layer hood. However, more failure modes were identified during the doffing process for the 2-layer hood. In conclusion, the failure modes identified during the use of the 2-layer hood were less likely to result in self-contamination compared to the failure modes identified during use of the 1-layer hood. Funding: None Disclosures: None
Correlation between Bulk Thermodynamic Measurements and the Low-Temperature-Resistance Plateau in SmB 6

Topological insulators such as SmB${}_{6}$ have widespread uses in spintronics and quantum computation applications. New experiments suggest that the low-temperature conductivity of SmB${}_{6}$ can be modulated via carbon doping, providing a chemical way to control resistivity.
How Social Influence Processes Generate Cohesion in Task Groups

We introduce a theoretical argument linking group structure to an individual’s cohesion in collectively oriented task groups. We posit that status, the distribution of opinions, and social categori...
Breast Cancer in the Elderly: An Observational Study Investigating Compliance of Screening Mammography in an Underserved Community.

Background: The incidence of breast cancer increases with age. Individuals living in higher socioeconomic communities also have higher incidence secondary to early detection of breast cancer from increased accessibility to mammograms. This retrospective study studied the percentage of new breast cancer cases in the elderly between 2010 and 2019, and investigated the compliance of screening mammography in some of the medically underserved suburbs of southern Chicago. Methods: The parameters used to power this study include “age greater than 70” and “2010 to present” at the time the study was first initiated. The final data set contained 381 electronic health records (EMRs) that met the parameters of interest. We specifically looked at method of diagnosis, stage at diagnosis, date of last normal screening mammogram, hormone status, histology, race, and smoking history. Results: Thirty percent of the breast cancer patients diagnosed at our institution were over 70 years of age between 2010 and 2019. Of the 381 patients included in the overall sample, 45% were diagnosed with breast cancer by screening mammogram, and 52% of individuals in the 70 - 75 age group were diagnosed with breast cancer by screening mammography. Only 40% of individuals in the 75+ age group were diagnosed with breast cancer by screening mammogram (P = 0.0234). Furthermore, in the overall sample, 63% had a normal screening mammogram at some time prior to their breast cancer diagnosis. In the 70 - 75 age group, 76% had a normal screening mammogram at some time prior to their breast cancer diagnosis. In the 75+ age group, only 54% had a normal screening mammogram at some time prior to their breast cancer diagnosis (P < 0.0001). Individuals in both age groups were more likely to have early-stage breast cancers and luminal A hormone expression. Conclusions: Decreased compliance to screening mammography is observed in the elderly living in underserved communities. Since the elderly are underrepresented in research, organizations do not have sufficient information to recommend screening mammography in the elderly. With increasing life expectancy, observational studies have demonstrated a mortality benefit with screening mammography by early detection of breast cancer, favorable breast cancer characteristics and potentially higher cure rates. Socioeconomic factors also affect screening compliance and likely influenced the results of our study. Future studies should investigate how individual factors influence screening mammography compliance in the elderly in underserved communities. World J Oncol. 2021;12(5):155-164 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/wjon1397