cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Reparative Approach to Parole-Release Decisions

Scholars have argued for enhanced procedural protections at parole hearings, but for the most part without a focus on what substantive criteria ought to guide parole-release decisions. I undertake this normative project, first describing the approach to parole-release decision criteria from the perspective of four standard theories of punishment: retributive theory, deterrence theory, rehabilitation theory, and communicative theory. I argue that each of the respective criteria flowing from these theories of punishment is morally objectionable on two grounds: failure to respect the agency of prisoners, and failure to take seriously the limits of our knowledge. After setting forth these theories and the objections to which they are subject, I turn to draw lessons from how California’s parole-release system functions in practice. Drawing on both the theoretical and practical perspectives on parole-release criteria, I argue in favor of a fundamental change. I propose a “reparative approach” that builds on aspects of restorative justice and takes seriously respect for the moral agency of prisoners, victims, and the broader political community. On this approach, people directly affected by the crime join with others at the outset of a prisoner’s sentence to deliberate and decide upon reasonably achievable criteria that the prisoner would need to meet in order to be released. At the end of the prisoner’s judicially prescribed period of incarceration, the release decision would then be a ministerial determination of whether the prisoner has in fact met the criteria that were decided upon at the outset. I leave for future work the question of whether and how such a policy could be implemented in the context of the contemporary American criminal justice system.
A Model of the Influence of Marketing Objectives on Pricing Strategies in International Countertrade

As international markets become increasingly more competitive, firms must employ innovative marketing strategies merely to survive. One such strategy is the use of international countertrade. Offer...
A Probabilistic Radar Forward Model for Branched Planar Ice Crystals

AbstractPolarimetric radar measurements provide information about ice particle growth and offer the potential to evaluate and better constrain ice microphysical models. To achieve these goals, one ...
Locomotion of a multi-link non-holonomic snake robot with passive joints:

Conventional approaches in prescribing controls for locomoting robots assume control over all input degrees of freedom (DOFs). Many robots, such as those with non-holonomic constraints, may not req...
Effect of surface microtexturing on seawater-lubricated contacts under starved and fully-flooded conditions

Abstract Microtexturing has been implemented to analyze its efficacy in improving the tribological performance of polymeric materials for potential marine applications. Textured and untextured pins were fabricated using aromatic thermosetting copolyester (ATSP) and tested against a copper alloy. Experiments were conducted under both starved and fully flooded (submerged) conditions. Constant pressure experiments were applied at a wide range of velocities (0.008–1.518 m/s) under both lubrication conditions. It was found that, microtexturing could effectively reduce the friction coefficient under both starved (up to 26%) and submerged lubrications (up to 35%), depending on the sliding velocity. Moreover, texturing reduces oxidation of the metallic countersurface by up to 50%.
Research on relevant factors and the value on prenatal ultrasound diagnosis for coarctation of the aorta

Objective To improve the accuracy of prenatal diagnosis for coarctation of the aorta(CoA) by comparatively analyzing the relevant factors and their application value. Methods Cases of disproportion of ventricles and great vessels were selected between January 2011 and July 2018. Only liveborn fetuses with complete postnatal follow-up were included in the study. One hundred and twelve cases were retrieved and analyzed. According to the postnatal ultrasound and CT results, the patients were divided into gruop A and goup B. Different fetal echocardiography parameters and features were selected to evaluate the diagnostic value. Logistic regression analysis was used to select the best predictors of CoA and optimal cut-offs for these parameters were identified by ROC analysis. Results One hundred and thirty eight fetuses were suspected to be CoA, and 112 of them were born. They included 59 cases (52.9%) with CoA(Group A) and 53 cases (47.3%) without CoA(Group B). There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in gestational age, Z-score of diameter of left ventricle, ascending aorta (AAO) and aortic arch isthmus, main pulmonary artery (MPA)/AAO diameters ratio, and arterial duct/isthmus diameters ratio. The parameters most predictive of postnatal CoA selected by logistic regression and the cut-off values identified by ROC analysis were: gestational age at first diagnosis ≤34.5 weeks, Z-score of diameter of left ventricle 1.6. AUC yielded by these parameters in combination was 0.94(95%CI: 0.89-0.99). The study group were divided into two subgroups by gestational age at first diagnosis.The parameters and cut-off values in subgroups were selected by the same analysis as above: Group Ⅰ(≤34.5 weeks), Z-score of diameter of right ventricle >2.1, MPA/AAO diameters ratio>1.6; Group Ⅱ(>34.5 weeks), MPA/AAO diameters ratio>1.7, arterial duct/isthmus diameters ratio>2.3. Meanwhile, some ultrasound features(including aortic arch hypoplasia, retrograde blood flow of aortic isthmus) should also be considered to improve diagnostic accuracy. Conclusions Combined with the use of different ultrasound parameters and features at different gestational weeks can improve the accuracy of the prenatal diagnosis of CoA in the right heart dominant fetus. Key words: Echocardiography; Fetal; Congenital heart disease; Aorta coarctation
The Impact of an Early Reading Intervention with English Language Learners and Native-English-Speaking Children.

This study investigated the effectiveness of a supplemental reading program that emphasizes phoneme awareness and phonics with small groups composed of both at-risk native English-speakers and at-r...
Influence of early extubation on post-operative outcomes after pediatric lung transplantation.

Lung transplantation has become an accepted therapeutic option for a select group of children with end-stage lung disease. We evaluated the impact of early extubation in a pediatric lung transplant population and its post-operative outcomes. Single-center retrospective study. PICU within a tertiary academic pediatric hospital. Patients <22 years after pulmonary transplant between January 2011 and December 2016. A total of 74 patients underwent lung transplantation. The primary pretransplantation diagnoses included cystic fibrosis (58%), pulmonary fibrosis (9%), and surfactant dysfunction disorders (10%). Of 60 patients, 36 (60%) were extubated within 24 hours and 24 patients after 24 hours (40%). A total of seven patients (11.6%) required reintubation within 24 hours. Median length of stay for the early extubation group was shorter at 3 days ([(IQR) 2.2-4.7]) compared to 5 days (IQR, 3-7) (P = .02) in the late extubation group. Median costs were lower for the early extubation group with 13,833 US dollars (IQR, 9980-22,822) vs 23 671 US dollars (IQR, 16 673-39 267) (P = .043). Fourteen patients were in the PICU prior to their transplantation; this did not affect their early extubation success. Neither did the fact of requiring invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation before transplantation. Early extubation appears to be safe in a pediatric population after lung transplantation and is associated with a shorter LOS and decreased hospital costs. It may prevent known complications associated with mechanical ventilation.
What About Humans? Artificial Intelligence in Architecture

Artificial intelligence is about to reshape the architectural discipline. After discussing the relations between artificial intelligence and the broader question of automation in architecture, this article focuses on the future of the interaction between humans and intelligent machines. The way machines will understand architecture may be very different from the reading of humans. Since the Renaissance, the architectural discipline has defined itself as a conversation between different stakeholders, the designer, but also the clients and the artisans in charge of the realization of projects. How can this conversation be adapted to the rise of intelligent machines? Such a question is not only a matter of design effectiveness. It is inseparable from expressive and artistic issues. Just like the fascination of modernist architecture for industrialization was intimately linked to the quest for a new poetics of the discipline, our contemporary interest for artificial intelligence has to do with questions regarding the creative core of the architectural discipline.
Determining the molecular landscape and impact on prognosis in HPV-associated head and neck cancer.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a better prognosis than HNSCC due to other risk factors. However, there is significant heterogeneity within HPV-associated HNSCC and 25% of these patients still do poorly despite receiving aggressive therapy. We currently have no good molecular tools to differentiate and exclude this “high-risk” sub-population and focus on “low-risk” patients for clinical trials. This has been a potential barrier to identifying successful de-escalation treatment strategies in HPV-associated HNSCC. We conducted an analysis of molecular markers with a well-known role in the pathogenesis of HPV-associated HNSCC and hypothesized that these markers could help independently predict recurrence and prognosis in these patients and therefore help identify at the molecular level “low-risk” patients suitable for de-escalation trials. We analyzed 24 tumor specimens of patients with p16+ HNSCC who underwent definitive resection as primary treatment. Tissue microarray (TMA) was generated from the 24 pathology blocks and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using highly specific antibodies for our chosen biomarkers (PI3K-PTEN, AKT pathway, mTOR, 4EBP1, S6, and pAMPK, ERCC-1). Transcriptome data was also obtained for 7 p16+ HNSCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Data from the TMA and TCGA were analyzed for association of relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) with protein and gene expression of the chosen biomarkers. Increased pAMPK protein activity by IHC and AMPK gene expression by TCGA gene expression data was correlated with improved RFS with a trend towards statistical significance. This data suggests that increased pAMPK activity and expression may portend a better prognosis in HPV-associated HNSCC undergoing primary definitive resection. However, these findings require validation in larger studies.
A perspective on single-crystal layered oxide cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract As the demand for lithium-ion batteries grows exponentially to feed the nascent electric-vehicle and grid-storage markets, the need for higher energy density and longer cycle life becomes more apparent. Increasing the nickel content in the layered-oxide cathodes has been a dominant strategy to increase energy density, but this has exacerbated the surface reactivity concerns. Furthermore, the high states of charge associated with increased capacity lead to cracking of the polycrystalline cathode particles, which exposes fresh surfaces and accelerates capacity fade. Single-crystal cathode particles with low susceptibility to cracking have recently taken on intense interest due to their remarkable cyclability. Many different approaches to single-crystal synthesis have been explored, but there has been no systematic analysis of the different techniques to date. Furthermore, many reports have taken on a trial-and-error approach, ignoring well established literature on grain growth outside the battery field. This perspective reviews the literature on single-crystal cathode synthesis through the lens of classic grain growth theories, providing insight and hopefully accelerating the adoption of the promising single-crystal cathode morphology.
Becoming, belonging, and the fear of everything Black: autoethnography of a minority-mother-scholar-advocate and the movement toward justice

The compartmentalization of (dis)ability from race and ethnicity, and other identity markers serves to maintain these constructs at a safe distance from one another. Beyond these broader socially c...
HLA-C and KIR permutations influence chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk

A role for hereditary influences in the susceptibility for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is widely recognized. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are implicated in COPD pathogenesis, and functions of these leukocytes are modulated by interactions between their killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Class I molecules on target cells. We hypothesized HLA-Class I and KIR inheritance affect risks for COPD. HLA-Class I alleles and KIR genotypes were defined by candidate gene analyses in multiple cohorts of COPD patients (total n=392) and control smokers with normal spirometry (total n=342). Compared to controls, COPD patients had over-representations of HLA-C*07 and activating KIR2DS1, with under-representations of HLA-C*12. Particular HLA-KIR permutations were synergistic; e.g. the presence of HLA-C*07 + KIR2DS1 + HLA-C12null vs. HLAC*07null + KIR2DS1null + HLA-C12 was associated with COPD, especially among HLA-C1 allotype homozygotes (OR=18.5, 95%CI=3.7-90.9, p<0.0001). Cytotoxicity of COPD lymphocytes was more enhanced by KIR stimulation than those of controls (p=0.005) and was correlated with lung function (r=0.44, p=0.004). These data show HLA-C and KIR polymorphisms strongly influence COPD susceptibility and highlight the importance of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in COPD pathogenesis. Findings here also indicate HLA-KIR typing could stratify at-risk patients and raise possibilities HLA-KIR axis modulation may have therapeutic potential.
Detection and Mitigation of Cyberattacks Against Power Measurement Channels Using LSTM Neural Networks

In this paper a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network (NN) is used to detect cyberattacks against power measurement channels. The detection scheme can also mitigate the attack damaging effect on the operation of the receiving energy management system. This can secure more time to finalize the detection decision, which can potentially reduce the false positive detection rate. LSTM NNs have the ability to learn the temporal behavior of a time series through correlating the distinct features in the measurement time series, i.e. the input sequence. The output of the proposed LSTM NN scheme is used to adjust the input sequence in real-time to neutralize the corrupted measurements, while allowing the detection algorithm to continue to examine the next incoming measurements. Hence, the receiving energy management system only sees the corrected signal, which improves the system performance. In contrast to other techniques in the literature that mainly exploit the spatial correlation between the measurement channels, a single series measurement channel is used to examine the LSTM NN detection capability using only the temporal features of the measurement series. Unlike most of the techniques in the literature, this technique does not need labeled data during training. The detection scheme is simulated in the MATLAB software package and tested using five different attack patterns.
Amine prodrugs which utilize hydroxy amide lactonization. I. A potential redox-sensitive amide prodrug.

Several amides of 3-(3′,6′-dioxo-2′,4′-dimethylcyclohexa-l′,4′-diene)-3,3-diniethylpropionic acid (2) have been synthesized and tested as model redox-sensitive pro-prodrugs of amines. The reduction of these model pro-prodrugs generated hydroxy amide intermediates 4a-4h, the lactonization of which resulted in amine release. The rates of lactonization of 4a-4h were investigated at pH 7.4 and 37°C. The half-lives for appearance of the product lactone la from these intermediates were found to range from 1.4 to 3.4 min. With such rapid lactonization rates, it is believed that reduction will be the rate-limiting step in the two-step conversion of the pro-prodrug to the amine.
Prolonged follow-up after initial therapy with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Results of cancer and leukemia group B study 9153

BACKGROUND. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and toxicity of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) in patients with untreated, indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). METHODS. For this multicenter, single-arm, Phase II study, 44 patients with treatment-naive, stage III or IV, indolent NHL (International Working Formulation subtypes A, B, and C) were enrolled. Patients received 0.14 mg/kg per day of 2-CdA as a 2-hour bolus infusion for 5 consecutive days every 28 days until maximal response or a total of 6 cycles. RESULTS. Thirty-eight patients were eligible for response evaluation. The overall response rate was 100% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 90.8–100%), and the complete response rate was 31.6% (95% CI, 17.5–48.7%). In the intent-to-treat population, the median failure-free survival was 2.0 years (95% CI, 1.3–3.4 years), and the overall survival rate was 7.0 years (95% CI, 4.3–9.4 years). Six patients had sustained remissions that lasted a median of 8.7 years (range, from 5.9 years to ≥11 years). Although 68% of patients experienced at least 1 grade 3 or 4 event, consisting primarily of myelosuppression, severe infections were rare, with only 8 grade 3 infections. Four late malignancies (prostate adenocarcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ, and myelodysplasia) and 4 patients with large cell transformation were reported. CONCLUSIONS. 2-CdA is an active, well-tolerated therapy for patients with untreated, indolent NHL. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
CRA's 25th anniversary: the past, present, and future

This paper focuses on the past, present, and future rules and regulations implementing CRA as developed, applied, and enforced by the federal bank and thrift regulators. The past rules and regulations refer to those in effect during the law's first 18 years, through 1995, when CRA underwent its first major reform. The present CRA rules and regulations were adopted then, with the mandate that they would be reviewed for possible reform in 2002. The future rules and regulations are being drafted now by the regulators, based on their review of approximately 400 public comments; the reform recommendations should be released sometime during the second half of 2002. The future of CRA's legacy as arguably the perfect fair market regulation in a world of Compassionate Capitalism will depend upon the direction of these reforms. Optimal public policy by the bank and thrift regulators in this regard must represent the ideal balance between competing consumer and industry interests. This paper represents the first comprehensive analysis of the public comments and concludes with specific recommendations that will lead to optimal public policy.
Tracking moving sources using the rank-revealing QR factorization

The author investigates an updating scheme for the rank revealing QR (RRQR) algorithm described earlier by T.F. Chan (see Linear Algebr. Appl., vol.88, no 89, p.67-82 1987) and applies it to the direction of arrival problem. This technique allows for tracking of moving sources by taking advantage of the simplicity of the regular QR updating scheme and the rank-revealing property of the RRQR factorization. Subspace methods and the RRQR technique are reviewed. It is shown that the RRQR algorithm can be used to update signal and noise subspaces from the noise-free correlation matrix. Experimental results and comparisons with eigen-based signal and noise subspaces are presented. >
Gestational Weight Gain in Adolescent Compared with Adult Pregnancies: An Age-Specific Body Mass Index Approach

Objective To determine current trends in gestational weight gain (GWG) in adolescents, using adolescent specific body mass index (BMI), in relation to the 2009 Institute of Medicine GWG guidelines. Study design Population-based retrospective cohort using Ohio birth records (2006-2012). Analyses were limited to primiparous women with singleton nonanomalous live births and available data on BMI and GWG. GWG percentiles were stratified by maternal age (less than 15, 15-17, 18-19, and 20-34 years old) and prepregnancy BMI category. Adolescent specific BMI definitions were used for mothers less than 19 years. Results A total of 1 034 552 births occurred during the study period; 326 368 were included for analysis. Less than one-quarter of women gained the recommended amount of weight (20.6%). A large proportion of pregnancies had excessive GWG: 59.8% of mothers less than 15 years of age, compared with older adolescent (59.9%, 62.6%) and adult mothers (64.6%), P Conclusions Current GWG trends indicate that excessive weight gain is nearly as common in adolescents as in adult mothers.
Robustness analysis with parameter-varying integral quadratic constraints

The paper considers the analysis of the worst-case input/output gain of an interconnection of a known linear parameter varying system and a perturbation. The input/output behavior of the perturbation is described by an integral quadratic constraint (IQC). Recent results have shown that under certain technical conditions IQCs can be formulated as a finite horizon time domain constraint. The worst-case input/output gain of the interconnection can then be bounded using a dissipation inequality that incorporates the IQCs. Unlike the classical frequency domain approach to IQCs, this time domain interpretation opens up a new class of IQCs, where the IQC itself is parameter-varying. Various examples for parameter-varying IQCs for different classes of perturbations are given. A simple numerical example shows that the introduction of parameter-varying IQCs can lead to less conservative bounds on the worst-case gain.
Rigorous modeling of the frequency dependence of ohmic losses in high-speed electrical interconnections

A systematic methodology is presented for the development of SPICE-compatible models for printed circuit board interconnections exhibiting dispersion due to ohmic loss and skin effect. The important attributes of this methodology are: (a) a rigorous and computationally efficient approach for the extraction of the per-unit-length, frequency-dependent resistance and inductance matrices for a system of coupled interconnects. (b) The systematic development of an equivalent circuit for the discrete approximation of the generalized transmission line equations, that can be readily incorporated in standard SPICE-like circuit simulators.
Exploring the uncertainty associated with satellite-based estimates of premature mortality due to exposure to fine particulate matter

Abstract. The negative impacts of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure on human health are a primary motivator for air quality research. However, estimates of the air pollution health burden vary considerably and strongly depend on the data sets and methodology. Satellite observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) have been widely used to overcome limited coverage from surface monitoring and to assess the global population exposure to PM2.5 and the associated premature mortality. Here we quantify the uncertainty in determining the burden of disease using this approach, discuss different methods and data sets, and explain sources of discrepancies among values in the literature. For this purpose we primarily use the MODIS satellite observations in concert with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. We contrast results in the United States and China for the years 2004–2011. Using the Burnett et al. (2014) integrated exposure response function, we estimate that in the United States, exposure to PM2.5 accounts for approximately 2 % of total deaths compared to 14 % in China (using satellite-based exposure), which falls within the range of previous estimates. The difference in estimated mortality burden based solely on a global model vs. that derived from satellite is approximately 14 % for the US and 2 % for China on a nationwide basis, although regionally the differences can be much greater. This difference is overshadowed by the uncertainty in the methodology for deriving PM2.5 burden from satellite observations, which we quantify to be on the order of 20 % due to uncertainties in the AOD-to-surface-PM2.5 relationship, 10 % due to the satellite observational uncertainty, and 30 % or greater uncertainty associated with the application of concentration response functions to estimated exposure.
The price of insecurity: Public information transmission in zero-sum games

Alice has information relevant to a zero-sum game that Bob and Eve will be playing and she wants to help Bob. Alice is constrained to communicate publicly. How should she do it? What is the loss in utility to Bob compared to the case where Alice can communicate privately? We define the ratio of payoff achieved by Bob under optimal public signaling and that obtained through optimal private signaling as the ‘price of insecurity’. This price quantifies the value of secure communication between Alice and Bob. In some situations, some suitably designed public communication has the same value as secure communication. We explore the price of insecurity in different scenarios and show that a concave function on the unit simplex captures the value of public signaling. We derive an algorithm to compute the price of insecurity for a class of scenarios involving two games.
Managing Epilepsy Well: Emerging e-Tools for epilepsy self-management

article i nfo Keywords: Epilepsy Self-management e-Health Internet Technology e-Health tools Quality of life Meaningful access The Managing Epilepsy Well (MEW) Network was established in 2007 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Epilepsy Program to expand epilepsy self-management research. The network has employed collab- orative research strategies to develop, test, and disseminate evidence-based, community-based, and e-Health interventions (e-Tools) for epilepsy self-management for people with epilepsy, caregivers, and health-care pro- viders. Since its inception, MEW Network collaborators have conducted formative studies (n = 7) investigating the potential of e-Health to support epilepsy self-management and intervention studies evaluating e-Tools (n = 5). The MEW e-Tools (the MEW website, WebEase, UPLIFT, MINDSET, and PEARLS online training) and af- filiated e-Tools (Texting 4 Control) are designed to complement self-management practices in each phase of the epilepsy care continuum. These tools exemplify a concerted research agenda, shared methodological principles and models for epilepsy self-management, and a communal knowledge base for implementing e-Health to im- prove quality of life for people with epilepsy.
Introduction: Influences on College Student Learning

Class size, instructional approach, and teacher behavior constitute a set of factors that influence college student learning (Pascarella & Terenzini, 1991). However, a predominant focus on such factors belies the complexity of college teaching and learning. The articles that comprise this issue of the Peabody Journal of Education reflect the complexity of these two processes by acknowledging that teaching and learning at the collegiate level take place within a system of both external and internal influences. The articles in this issue identify influences on college student learning that have not customarily been viewed as affecting this learning, either directly or indirectly. These influences are political, organizational, social, and psychological in nature. The influences delineated in these articles spring from either a conceptual foundation or empirical evidence. They range from state-level policies and practices (political) to professorial pedagogical content knowledge (psychological). Thus, the articles of this issue offer a fresh perspective on college student learning and increase our knowledge and understanding of this complex phenomenon. Political forces shape college student learning in indirect ways. In the first article, James C. Hearn and Janet M. Holdsworth identify such ways by focusing on state-level policies and practices that influence college
Viroid synthesis: the question of inhibition by actinomycin D

Viroids, pathogenic, low molecular weight (105) single-stranded circular RNA molecules, represent a unique class of minimal infectious agents. Physical characterisation has culminated in the primary sequence of the 359 nucleotides comprising the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV)1. However, other than the dramatic expression of disease symptoms in plants2, little is understood of the synthesis and biological activity of the viroid RNA. Molecular hybridisation techniques resulted in the detection of both viroid complementary RNA3 and DNA4 sequences. The putative template role of the DNA sequences was reinforced by the reported inhibition of viroid synthesis by actinomycin D5–7. However, viroid-specified proteins do not seem to function in replication or pathogenesis, for in vitro translation has not been accomplished8,9. Furthermore, no AUG initiation triplets have been found in the primary sequence of PSTV or in the hypothetical complementary sequence. Viroid synthesis, therefore, may be characterised as a markedly host-dependent process and consequently potentially very sensitive to inhibition of DNA-directed functions by agents such as actinomycin D. The accumulation of viroid progeny in nuclei5,10and nuclear-rich subcellular fractions11 has provided clues to the mechanism of viroid synthesis. What was reported as a viroid complementary DNA sequence from DNA-rich extracts of Citrus exocortis viroid (CEV)-infected tissue6 has subsequently been positively identified as complementary RNA3 that may be associated with DNA-rich preparations. With further purification and treatment, no significant levels of viroid-complementary DNA can be detected in diseased Gynura aurantiaca or tomato. Therefore, we feel an RNA intermediate must assume a predominant role in any scheme for CEV replication and/or pathogenesis. We now report that synthesis of CEV and PSTV are not inhibited by actinomycin D concentrations which reduce host 5S RNA synthesis by 80%. Thus, the primary role of actinomycin D in viroid synthesis may reflect either inhibition of a host-specified function or a general toxic effect on cell metabolism, and not evidence for the replication through a DNA intermediate.
C. WRIGHT MILLS, SOCIOLOGY, AND THE POLITICS OF THE PUBLIC INTELLECTUAL

How are we to grasp the genealogy of the “public intellectual”? When, how, and at whose hands did this term first come into use, framing an ideal of democratic responsibility for those who devote their work life to fostering knowledge and criticism—an image usually raised as a reproach to academic insularity though also sometimes assailed for encouraging an evasion of scholarly rigor? At first blush, the phrase seems redundant: the emergence of “intellectual” simpliciter is usually linked to a particular episode—the Dreyfusards’ defense of the French republic—that already implied a commitment by writers, thinkers, and artists to political or civic action. From that time and place, the term traveled quickly across borders and before long to the United States, occasioning controversies from the start over who represented the “intellectual” as a social type and who did not, what activities or purposes best defined the role, and whether that role deserved respect, derision, or reinvention. To be sure, the social, cultural, and political world of “modern” societies has always featured individuals noted for scholarly, creative, speculative, or critical work that resonates with literate audiences attuned to key issues of the moment—whether such people were known as ministers, philosophes, journalists, poets, men or women of letters, Transcendentalists, or even, in some eighteenth-and nineteenth-century usages, natural philosophers or scientists. Nonetheless, the emergence of the noun “intellectual” (and its plural) from the early twentieth century, and its widening use since the 1920s, spawned a persistent and self-conscious discourse concerning the character, value or virtue of such figures. A skeptic might conclude that the addition of the modifier “public” has perpetuated old, tangled debates about intellectuals as such, without bringing with it much greater clarity. Words nonetheless are signs of historical troubles and social discontents. Excavating the usages of “public intellectual” over time can highlight some of the dilemmas that have confronted writers, critics, citizens, and political actors, past and present.
Rapid and specific detection of Salmonella in water samples using real-time PCR and High Resolution Melt (HRM) curve analysis.

A real-time PCR assay combined with a pre-enrichment step for the specific and rapid detection of Salmonella in water samples is described. Following amplification of the invA gene target, High Resolution Melt (HRM) curve analysis was used to discriminate between products formed and to positively identify invA amplification. The real-time PCR assay was evaluated for specificity and sensitivity. The assay displayed 100% specificity for Salmonella and combined with a 16–18 h non-selective pre-enrichment step, the assay proved to be highly sensitive with a detection limit of 1.0 CFU/ml for surface water samples. The detection assay also demonstrated a high intra-run and inter-run repeatability with very little variation in invA amplicon melting temperature. When applied to water samples received routinely by the laboratory, the assay showed the presence of Salmonella in particularly surface water and treated effluent samples. Using the HRM based assay, the time required for Salmonella detection was drastically shortened to less than 24 h compared to several days when using standard culturing methods. This assay provides a useful tool for routine water quality monitoring as well as for quick screening during disease outbreaks.
Study/Experimental/Research Design: Much More Than Statistics

Abstract Context: The purpose of study, experimental, or research design in scientific manuscripts has changed significantly over the years. It has evolved from an explanation of the design of the ...
Effects of a Late‐Life Suicide Risk–Assessment Training on Multidisciplinary Healthcare Providers

Older adults are among the highest at risk for completing suicide, and they are more likely to seek mental health services from providers outside of traditional mental health care, but providers across the spectrum of care have limited training in suicide risk assessment and management and particularly lack training in suicide prevention for older adults. An educational program was developed to increase awareness and improve suicide risk assessment and management training for a range of healthcare providers who may see older adults in their care settings. One hundred thirty-two participants from two Veterans Affairs Medical Centers participated in a 6.5-hour-long workshop in the assessment and management of suicide risk in older adults. Participants were asked to complete pre- and postworkshop case notes and report on subjective changes in knowledge, attitudes, and confidence in assessment and managing suicide risk in older adults. Participants included social workers, nurses, physicians, psychologists, and occupational therapists from a variety of care settings, including outpatient and inpatient medical, outpatient and inpatient mental health, specialty clinics, home, and community. After the workshop, participants demonstrated improvement in the overall quality of case notes (P = .001), greater ability to recognize important conceptual suicide risk categories (P = .003), and reported heightened awareness of the importance of late-life suicide. The results suggest that educational training may have beneficial effect on the ability of multidisciplinary care providers to identify and manage suicide risk in elderly adults.
A stable mid-IR, GaSb-based diode laser source for the cryogenic target layering at the Omega Laser Facility.

A stable 3-μm-wavelength, GaSb-based diode operated at room temperature has been investigated as a potential laser source for cryogenic target layering at the Omega Laser Facility for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. More than 50 mW of output power has been achieved at 14°C with high spectral and output-power stability.
Longitudinal analysis of activation markers on monocyte subsets during the development of simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis

Lentiviral encephalitis has been hypothesized to be associated with altered monocyte migration into the brain. CD14hi/CD16lo and CD14lo/CD16hi monocytes were expanded during acute infection; however, this expansion was not unique or greater in macaques that developed encephalitis. The proportion of monocytes that expressed CD62L, HLA-DR, CD16, CD64, and CD40 varied during the course of infection in macaques that eventually developed encephalitis. Taken together, these results suggest that changes in the proportion of circulating activated monocytes are not predictive of development of encephalitis, but this does not rule out the importance of activated monocytes in the development of encephalitis.
Haecceitism for Modal Realists

In this paper, I examine the putative incompatibility of three theses: (1) Haecceitism, according to which some maximal possibilities differ solely in terms of the non-qualitative or de re possibilities they include; (2) Modal correspondence, according to which each maximal possibility is identical with a unique possible world; (3) Counterpart theory, according to which de re modality is analyzed in terms of counterpart relations between individuals. After showing how the modal defended by David Lewis resolves this incompatibility by rejecting modal correspondence, I defend modal correspondence and develop an alternative strategy for reconciling these theses. Specifically, I examine Lewis’s arguments against non-qualitative counterpart theory and undermine them by developing a novel version of non-qualitative counterpart theory that appeals to a metaphysics of bare particulars. I then indicate how this version of non-qualitative counterpart theory accommodates both haecceitism and modal correspondence.
Selection of structural materials for hydrogen pipelines and storage vessels

Abstract The feasibility, both of using present transmission lines, and of developing new resistant line pipe and pressure vessel steels, is explored. Both appear possible but simple extrapolation of existing conditions for natural gas storage and transmission is inappropriate. Specifically, composition, heat treatment and weldability requirements are more severe for hydrogen transport; pressure vessel steels are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement and thus seamless vessels and/or protective liners are required; and high-strength resistant steels must be developed for compressors, valves and related equipment. These problems, while solvable, provide an urgent challenge to the materials engineer.
All-optical XOR gate with feedback using highly ge-doped nonlinear fiber

We demonstrate an all-optical XOR gate with feedback using cross-polarization-rotation in a highly Ge-doped-nonlinear fiber. The optical feedback employs a TOAD to clean up signal and for wavelength conversion, resulting in a wide-open eye diagram.
Carbonate saturation and the effect of pressure on the alkalinity of interstitial waters from the Guatemala Basin

Interstitial water samples were collected from the Guatemala Basin using an in situ sampler and by centrifuging box core sediment samples. Results from these two sampling methods for Mn, Si, PO4 agree well. There is a systematic difference in the alkalinity values, however, which suggests that CaCO3 (s) precipitates from the box core samples when they are brought from in situ pressure at 1 atm. Thus the alkalinity on box core samples is less than that on samples collected in situ. The magnitude of the alkalinity decrease can be calculated using basic thermodynamic principles and the observed and predicted differences agree well. Both sampling methods show a sharp drop in pH just below the sediment water interface which can be explained by the oxidation of organic matter by O2 in the absence of CaCO3. Alkalinity increases during the reduction of MnO2(s) and release of Mn2+ to the interstitial water. The result is that interstitial waters become undersaturated with CaCO3 immediately below the sediment/water interface and then return to or nearly to saturation at depth.
Psychological Needs and the Facilitation of Integrative Processes

ABSTRACT The assumption that there are innate integrative or actualizing tendencies underlying personality and social development is reexamined. Rather than viewing such processes as either nonexistent or as automatic, I argue that they are dynamic and dependent upon social-contextual supports Pertaining to basic human psychological needs. To develop this viewpoint, I conceptually link the notion of integrative tendencies to specific developmental processes, namely intrinsic motivation; internalization; and emotional integration. These processes are then shown to be facilitated by conditions that fulfill psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and forestalled within contexts that frustrate these needs. Interactions between psychological needs and contextual supports account, in part, for the domain and situational specificity of motivation, experience, and relative integration. The meaning of psychological needs (vs. wants) is directly considered, as are the relations between concepts of integration and autonomy and those of independence, individualism, efficacy, and cognitive models of “multiple selves.”
Rotation of elastic shear waves in laminated, structurally chiral composites

Abstract We present experimental and theoretical data to support the hypothesis that elastic shear waves can sense the microstructural handedness, if any, in a material. Structurally chiral composites are constructed by stacking identical uniaxial plates, their symmetry axes describing either a left- or a right-handed spiral. Four glass-reinforced laminated composites-left- and right-handed, pure uniaxial and random-were made to verify the effect of form or structural chirality on elastic shear wave propagation. The composites were characterized by using shear wave transducers in an ultrasonic through-transmission experiment. Test results indicate that shear waves transmitted through left- and right-handed chiral composites have polarization states that are rotated clockwise (CW) or counter-clockwise (CCW) with respect to the incident linearly polarized wave. The uniaxial sample and the random sample did not show this effect. This effect is similar to the rotation of the plane of polarization of electromagnetic waves in “optically” (electromagnetically) active media. Wave propagation in the samples was also analyzed numerically using a matrix representation method. The experimental data compares with the numerical results qualitatively.
Stationary biharmonic maps from Rm into a Riemannian manifold

For m ≥ 5, we prove that a stationary extrinsic (or intrinsic, respectively) biharmonic map u ∈ W2,2(Ω, N) from Ω ⊂ Rm into a Riemnanian manifold N is smooth away from a closed set of (m − 4)-dimensional Hausdorff measure zero. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From practice to theory: tightening the link via three fieldwork strategies.

Background. Theory that is directly linked with clinical experience has far greater relevance for nursing practice; however, problems continue to persist with the establishment of that linkage. The use of fieldwork as a strategy for developing and linking theory has enormous potential for enhancing the number of theories that truly fit the clinical practice realities of nursing. Traditionally, fieldwork has been conducted in contexts that are unfamiliar to the researcher. However, nurses have a wealth of clinical understanding in their areas of practice. Conduct of inquiry in a familiar practice area may facilitate identification of significant, clinically relevant concepts and expedite theory development that is closely linked to nursing practice. Aim of paper. A two-step fieldwork approach and three specific strategies are presented that have been found useful for developing theory that is tightly aligned with nursing practice. The strategies of theoretical selectivity, theoretical integration, and theory creation are described and an example of each presented. The strategies are an extension of the Hybrid Model of Concept Development. These strategies identify alternative paths for concept clarification and theoretical congruence through fieldwork in clinical settings. The focus of theoretical selectivity is elaboration of concept definition with selection among theories. In contrast, the focus of theoretical integration is the linking of a central concept with an existing theory or perspective in the prefieldwork phase and then using the full fieldwork to evaluate its usefulness. Lastly, the theory creation strategy emphasizes describing a phenomenon of interest, identifying influencing factors, and beginning to create relational statements. It is closest to standard inductive theory development.
A note on loop "optimization"

The well-known execution-time reduction by moving invariant code out of a loop can be applied to an unconditional jump. Yet, this simple "optimization" is overlooked by most programmers and compiler designers. This paper reveals the overlooked unconditional jump and shows how moving it can not only reduce execution time, but can standardize and simplify the prototype loop.
Studies of the hydrated oxonium radical H3O·(H2O)n and the ammoniated ammonium radical NH4·(NH3)n by neutralized ion beam techniques

Abstract Neutralized ion beam studies of the clusters NH 4 ·(NH 3 ) n and H 3 O·(H 2 O) n , n = 0–3, and their fully deuterated analogs are presented. Stabilization of the hypervalent monomer radicals is found to accompany solvation. Cluster stability is found to decrease with increasing size. Reasons for this observation are discussed. Internally excited clusters are found to stabilize efficiently through the sequential loss of structural units (NH 3 or H 2 O). The mixed isotopic dimer clusters (D 2 18 O)·D·(D 2 16 O) and (HDO)·D·(D 2 O) are also investigated. Presence of the D 3 16 O radical structural unit is found to be crucial to dimer stability. This is consistent with the results of earlier investigations involving the monomer which showed the surprising lifetime progression τ(D 3 16 O) ≫; τ(D 3 18 O) ⩾ τ(H 3 16 O).
Investigation of charge transfer in nanostructured hybrid solar cell using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy

In this paper, a novel type of nanostructured hybrid solar cell based on zinc oxide nanowires is proposed. The structure of the novel device is ITO/zinc oxide nanowire/poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT): single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT. In order to clarify the charge transfer process in the proposed nanostructure, Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) is employed to study the surface potential distribution at the interfaces between nanowires and their adjacent layers. A clear picture of the band alignment and charge transfer is obtained by studying surface potential change in the dark and under illumination. The role of SWNT is elucidated to be hole transporter, while zinc oxide nanowire is proved to act as electron transporter.