cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further analyses of the Delirium Rating Scale

The Delirium Rating Scale is a clinician-rated, 10-item symptom rating scale for assessment of delirium severity. In order to better understand the relationship between items of the scale and whether they reflect one or more underlying groupings or dimensions, further analyses of the originally published scale data were performed. Factor analysis revealed a strong single underlying dimension that could be further divided into two components: one comprising delusions, psychomotor behavior, cognition, sleep-wake cycle disturbance, and mood lability; the other comprising temporal onset of symptoms, perceptual disturbances, hallucinations, and fluctuation of symptoms. Implications for improved phenomenological understanding of delirium are discussed.
Nonlinear State Estimation Using Aggregate Modeling

The paper addresses the state estimation problem for a general class of nonlinear systems. Using an expansion of nonlinear drift dynamics in terms of an aggregate model, the authors analyze the stability of the estimation error equation. Although the treatment is limited to linear feedback, the method results in quadratically stable error dynamics inside a large subset of the state space. The authors tested and verified the proposed approach on the nonlinear dynamics of the rotary pendulum.
Preparation lessons learned from the Pittsburgh RET site: Maximizing success for teacher research and high school student impact

This is a summary of the presentation in the panel session ldquopromoting power through K-12 outreach and educationrdquo for the 2008 IEEE PES General Meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Setting the Bar for Laparoscopic Resection of Sporadic Insulinoma

Laparoscopic insulinoma resection (LIR) for sporadic disease is increasingly supported as a feasible and safe operation in small series of patients. To determine whether LIR is an acceptable alternative to the open operation, it is necessary to compare LIR to historical controls. The purpose of this study was to identify the skills and technology needed for LIR and establish outcome standards. A database of patients with benign sporadic insulinoma who underwent an open procedure at the Mayo Clinic was reviewed for demographics, imaging, operative/pathology reports, and outcomes. Outcomes were compared to a world-wide meta-analysis of patients who had undergone LIR reported in the English literature between 1996 and 2009. Two hundred fifteen patients underwent a primary open operation for benign sporadic insulinoma. Solitary tumors were found in 97%. Meta-analysis identified 232 patients who underwent LIR. The open and LIR groups underwent comparable operations that included enucleations (64 vs. 68%) and distal pancreatectomies (28 vs. 35%) (p = 0.06). The mean estimated blood loss, operating time, and length of stay were comparable between the open and LIR groups (p = NS). Pancreatic fistula occurred more often in the LIR group (24 vs. 11%, p < 0.05). A curative operation was performed in 98% of control patients and in 99% of the LIR group (p = NS). Multiple insulinomas are rare and a focused resection guided by imaging may be performed. LIR is associated with an increased incidence of pancreatic fistula. Success of LIR will depend on accurate multimodality preoperative imaging, skilled use of lap-US to replace palpation for localization, and safe methods to dissect the tumor adjacent to the pancreatic duct.
6. Adaptive reproduction: How timing of psychosocial stimulus affects birth outcome

In the United States approximately one in eight babies is preterm. Thirty percent of preterm births are attributable to endocrine/immune changes related to stress processing. The evolving contribution of the maturing placenta, an active endocrine and immune organ, to stress processing is understudied. This project evaluated Adaptive Reproduction as a theory for understanding how environmental stressors and psychoneurological states impact birth outcomes. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) does the impact of stress, depression, tobacco use and social support on adverse birth outcomes vary across the gestation? And (2) does the experience of perinatal intimate partner violence (IPV) affect the timing of the impact of these variables on birth outcomes? Multilevel structural equation modeling was performed on data from BabyBEEP (R01 NR05313), a smoking cessation intervention RCT for low-income pregnant women ( N = 695). Thirty-four percent of the women experienced perinatal intimate partner violence. Both hypotheses were supported. When controlling for other variables, stress and social support have paradoxical effects at different stages of pregnancy. In women experiencing perinatal IPV, depression in early pregnancy is associated with preterm birth. Adaptive reproduction provides plausible explanation for why psychoneuroimmune alterations lead to preterm birth and low birthweight. This explains how community and individual level preconceptional and prenatal interventions aimed at enhancing functional social support and stress resilience improve outcomes and suggests modifications in timing of the interventions for enhanced effects.
Ethanol enhances the stimulatory effects of lysophosphatidic acid on DNA synthesis but not cell proliferation in human and mouse fibroblasts.

Abstract Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a constituent of serum, is a positive regulator of cell growth, while ethanol (EtOH) has been shown to exert both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on mitogenesis. In this work, we examined possible interactions between the effects of EtOH and LPA on DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, activating phosphorylation of p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and p70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K) activity. In fibroblasts derived from human or mouse embryo or the skin of healthy human subjects, LPA (1–20 μM) and EtOH (40–80 mM) synergistically stimulated DNA synthesis in a zinc-dependent manner. Nevertheless, EtOH did not modify the stimulatory effect of LPA on the proliferation of human embryonal fibroblasts. In the presence of zinc, EtOH did not affect LPA-induced activating phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPKs, although an inhibitor of MAPK kinase inhibited the combined effects of LPA and EtOH on DNA synthesis. In contrast, in the presence of zinc, EtOH enhanced the stimulatory effect of LPA on p70 S6K activity. The results indicate that in human fibroblasts, in the presence of zinc, EtOH enhances the stimulatory effects of LPA on DNA synthesis, but not on cell proliferation, by a mechanism probably involving activation of p70 S6K.
Systems biology of the Neurospora biological clock

A major challenge of systems biology is explaining complex traits, such as the biological clock, in terms of the kinetics of macromolecules. The clock poses at least four challenges for systems biology: (i) identifying the genetic network to explain the clock mechanism quantitatively; (ii) specifying the clock's functional connection to a thousand or more genes and their products in the genome; (iii) explaining the clock's response to light and other environmental cues; and (iv) explaining how the clock's genetic network evolves. Here, the authors illustrate an approach to these problems by fitting an ensemble of genetic networks to microarray data derived from oligonucleotide arrays with approximately all 11 000 Neurospora crassa genes represented. A promising genetic network for the clock mechanism is identified.
Genomics for Improved Crop Production in India

Once upon a time, when the world was young, God asked the first man he was sending down to earth what kind of land he wanted to live on? Overwhelmed, the man burst out: “I want deep green valleys and snowy white mountains. I want fields of flowers, and gushing rivers. I want endless deserts and deep blue seas. I want calm lakes and splashing rivers. I want …” So God sent him to India (1). This land so richly bestowed by Nature with an incredible diversity of plants from crop species (e.g. rice) to spices, herbs, medicinal plants to flowers that are used in perfumes and cosmetics and have provided food, fiber, fuel and much more is about to witness a new revolution. To date this wealth of germplasms has mostly remained untapped. With the invent of Genomics these magnificent biodiversity of plants endowed with the richness of aroma, chemicals, biochemicals, biopharmaceuticals, exotic antioxidants, healthy oils etc. (that have potential to nourish the human body and health sickness) are within our reach. More than anybody else, Multinationals Biotech Companies have recognized the potential importance of these developments. Agriculture scientists in India are presented with a tremendous opportunity to take advantage of these developments. There is no longer a large land mass that is already not being used for agriculture. Therefore, future increases in crop production must be met with increased crop yields (2) accomplished in an environmentally and economically sustainable fashion. Scientists will also have to show the way to average farmers on, how they can participate in this revolution by developing high value health food crops that bring premium prices as an alternative to traditional agriculture. The availability of a second generation of DNA sequencing technologies that produce vast amount of sequence information has triggered a paradigm shift in genomics making the feasibility of sequencing of every plant genome within reach (3). Especially with the future developments in sequencing technologies now underway (National Institute of Health, USA; goal is to produce complete human sequence for $1000) cost and affordability will not be an issue. These new technologies and enabling platforms will make it easy to dissect genomes and decipher gene functions from diverse plant species making available the incredible treasure trove of
NY-ESO-1 Encodes DRB1*0401-restricted Epitopes Recognized by Melanoma-reactive CD4+ T Cells

The NY-ESO-1 gene is expressed by a range of human tumors and encodes HLA-A2-restricted melanoma peptides recognized by CD8+ CTLs. Here we report that the NY-ESO-1 gene also encodes two overlapping, but non-cross-reactive, HLA-DRB1*0401-presented peptides that are recognized by CD4+ T cells. The NY-ESO-1(119-143) peptide was able to induce specific CD4+ T cells in vitro from both an HLA-DRB1*0401+ normal donor and an HLA-DRB1*0401+ patient with melanoma. Bulk and cloned CD4+ T cells produced IFN-gamma specifically in response to, and also lysed, T2.DR4 cells pulsed with peptide NY-ESO-1(119-143) and the autologous tumor cell line, but not a DRB1*0401+ melanoma cell line that does not express NY-ESO-1. Interestingly, the NY-ESO119-143 peptide contains two overlapping putative "core" epitopes recognized by non-cross-reactive anti-NY-ESO-1(119-143) CD4+ T-cell clones. Taken together, these data support the use of this novel DR4-restricted tumor peptide, NY-ESO-1(119-143), or its two "sub-epitopes" in immunotherapeutic trials designed to generate or enhance specific CD4+ T-cell responses against tumors expressing NY-ESO-1 in vivo.
BCR-ABL1 Kinase: Hunting an Elusive Target with New Weapons

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib interfere with ATP-binding pocket to inhibit BCR-ABL1 kinase. A recent report in Cell by Grebien et al. paves the way for a new approach to target BCR-ABL1 kinase by interfering with its SH2-kinase domain interface.
Recent Advances in Spin Torque MRAM

The switching current of Spin Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) can be reduced significantly by using perpendicularly magnetized materials. The Ta|CoFeB|MgO system provides both high tunneling magnetoresistance and perpendicular anisotropy. Using this materials system we have demonstrated basic write functionality in fully integrated Spin Torque MRAM arrays. Here, we further demonstrate device scaling down to 20 nm diameter, opening up the possibility of ultra-dense Spin Torque MRAM.
Bilateral Paget's disease of the nipple: Case report

Paget's disease of the breast accounts for 1% to 4.1% of all cancers; however, bilateral Paget's disease is extremely rare. A case of bilateral Paget's disease is presented and treatment is described.
Ontogeny of vocalization in Jamaican fruit bats with implications for the evolution of echolocation

A long-standing question in bat biology is if the evolution of echolocation and flight are associated or if they evolved independently, and if so, which evolved first. We seek to use ontogeny as a surrogate for understanding linkages between flight evolution and echolocation in bats. To do this we quantify the onset of recognizable sonar calls in newborn Artibeus jamaicensis and the tempo of growth and development across several different postnatal flight stages. By dropping individuals from a perch beginning on day 1 postpartum, we recorded vocalizations and quantified their flight ability into five developmental stages (flop, flutter, flap, flight and adult). One-day-old individuals were capable of emitting sonar-like frequency-modulated (FM) calls during free-fall that were not significantly different from adult sonar calls in high and low frequency (kHz). However, bandwidth (kHz) did increase significantly with age as did sweep rate (kHz ms−1), whereas call duration significantly decreased. Few bats older than 18 days emitted communication calls as they fell and measured parameters of communication calls did not change significantly with age. Our data support the hypothesis that communication and sonar calls are discrete and independently derived at birth and thus have different evolutionary pathways as well.
StackLock with simple FSM

With a wide spread of malicious software attacks, run-time stack has been drawing attention because it is one of the most vulnerable points in computer architecture. Conventional stack layout, in which local variables for user input and control flow data such as return address are saved close to each other, is often the root of the attack vulnerability. This paper proposes a simple finite state machine to track usage of stack frame locations at a fine granularity of 2–bytes. Such a fine grain protection is necessary to distinguish adjacent stack frame locations, which allows detecting abnormal memory operations even in real mode running of a boot loader. The proposed scheme guarantees 2–byte granularity for preventing malicious writes in the stack using small additional memory space for the finite state machine.
The Unusual Binding Properties of the Third Distinct Teleost Estrogen Receptor Subtype ERβa Are Accompanied by Highly Conserved Amino Acid Changes in the Ligand Binding Domain

Three forms of estrogen receptor: ERalpha, ERbeta (ERbetab), and a second ERbeta, ERbetaa (formerly ERgamma) are present in teleost fish. All ERbetaas share amino acid changes in the ligand binding domain that may influence ligand specificity and receptor function. We compared binding specificities of the three ERs of the teleost fish, Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus. Bacterially expressed Atlantic croaker (ac) ERalpha, -betab, and -betaa fusion proteins showed specific, high affinity binding to 17beta-[(3)H]estradiol, with K(d) values of 0.61 +/- 0.013, 0.40 +/- 0.006, and 0.38 +/- 0.059 nm, respectively. Rank orders of binding were: diethylstilbestrol >> ICI182780 > 4-hydroxytamoxifen > ICI164384 > estradiol >/= zearalenone > moxestrol > tamoxifen > estrone >/= 17alpha-estradiol > estriol > 2-hydroxyestrone = genistein >> RU486 for acERalpha; ICI182780 > diethylstilbestrol > 4-hydroxytamoxifen > estradiol > ICI164384 > genistein > moxestrol > tamoxifen > zearalenone = estrone > estriol = 17alpha-estradiol > 2-hydroxyestrone >> RU486 for acERbetab; and estradiol >/= diethylstilbestrol > 4-hydroxytamoxifen > ICI182780 > ICI 164384 > estriol >/= genistein > moxestrol > zearalenone > estrone > 17alpha-estradiol > RU486 >/= tamoxifen > 2-hydroxyestrone for acERbetaa. acERbetaa showed higher relative binding affinities for estradiol, estriol, and RU486 and lower relative binding affinities for synthetic estrogens and antiestrogens than previously characterized ERs. Mutation of the conserved teleost substitutions (acERbetaaPhe(396)) to the ERalpha or ERbetab counterpart shifted diethylstilbestrol and tamoxifen affinities toward those of wild-type acERalpha and acERbetab, supporting the hypothesis that the positions with conserved residue changes in teleost ERs are important to ER structure and function.
California offshore wind energy potential

This study combines multi-year mesoscale modeling results, validated using offshore buoys with highresolution bathymetry to create a wind energy resource assessment for offshore California (CA). The siting of an offshore wind farm is limited by water depth, with shallow water being generally preferable economically. Acceptable depths for offshore wind farms are divided into three categories: � 20 m depth for monopile turbine foundations, � 50 m depth for multi-leg turbine foundations, and � 200 m depth for deep water floating turbines. The CA coast was further divided into three logical areas for analysis: Northern, Central, and Southern CA. A mesoscale meteorological model was then used at high horizontal resolution (5 and 1.67 km) to calculate annual 80 m wind speeds (turbine hub height) for each area, based on the average of the seasonal months January, April, July, and October of 2005/2006 and the entirety of 2007 (12 months). A 5 MW offshore wind turbine was used to create a preliminary resource assessment for offshore CA. Each geographical region was then characterized by its coastal transmission access, water depth, wind turbine development potential, and average 80 m wind speed. Initial estimates show that 1.4–2.3 GW, 4.4–8.3 GW, and 52.8–64.9 GW of deliverable power could be harnessed from offshore CA using monopile, multi-leg, and floating turbine foundations, respectively. A single proposed wind farm near Cape Mendocino could deliver an average 800 MW of gross renewable power and reduce CA’s current carbon emitting electricity generation 4% on an energy basis. Unlike most of California’s land based wind farms which peak at night, the offshore winds near Cape Mendocino are consistently fast throughout the day and night during all four seasons.
An Investigation of the Usability of Image-based CAPTCHAs

Objective: This research investigates the usability of image-based CAPTCHAs using performance, eye-gaze and subjective measures. Background: Several forms of image-based CAPTCHAs have recently been developed. Few studies have been conducted to examine their usability. Method: Twenty participants received training using four different CAPTCHAs: Asirra, ESP-PIX, SQ-PIX and IMAGINATION. The participants were then asked to complete the CAPTCHA challenge using five CAPTCHAs of each type. The participants were subsequently asked to complete the computer system usability questionnaire (CSUQ) and the NASA Task Load Index test. Upon completing all the tasks, the participants completed a final post-test subjective questionnaire ranking the CAPTCHAs based on preference. Results: Statistically significant differences among the CAPTCHAs were found for all dependent variables other than task completion time. Conclusion: Participants preferred Asirra and ESP-PIX to the other two CAPTCHAs.
Fast routing table lookup based on deterministic multi-hashing

New generations of video, voice, high-performance computing and social networking applications have continuously driven the development of novel routing technologies for higher packet forwarding speeds to meet the future Internet demand. One of the fundamental design issues for core routers is fast routing table lookup, which is a key problem at the network layer of the Internet protocol suite. It is difficult to scale the current TCAM-based or trie-based solutions for future routing tables due to increasing table size, longer prefix length, and demands for higher throughput. This paper focuses on hash-based lookup solutions that have the potential of offering high throughput at one memory access per packet. We design the first deterministic multi-hashing scheme with small indexing overhead, which evenly distributes address prefixes to hash buckets for routing-information storage. We minimize both the size of each bucket and the number of buckets that need to be fetched to the network processor for packet forwarding. Consequently, near-optimal routing throughput is achieved. Performance evaluations demonstrate that the proposed deterministic multi-hashing scheme can maintain a constant lookup rate of over 250 million packets per second with today's commodity SRAM, which is much faster than the existing hashing schemes.
Separation by “humming”: User-guided sound extraction from monophonic mixtures

In this paper we present a novel approach for isolating and removing sounds from dense monophonic mixtures. The approach is user-based, and requires the presentation of a guide sound that mimics the desired target the user wishes to extract. The guide sound can be simply produced from a user by vocalizing or otherwise replicating the target sound marked for separation. Using that guide as a prior in a statistical sound mixtures model, we propose a methodology that allows us to efficiently extract complex structured sounds from dense mixtures.
Robust H ∞ Filtering for Discrete-Time Systems with Nonlinear Uncertainties

In this paper, we consider the problem of robust Hinfin filtering for discrete-time systems with normbounded nonlinear uncertainties. The class of uncertain systems is described by a state-space model with linear nominal parts and norm-bounded nonlinear uncertainties on both state and output measurements. We proposed a method of converting such type of nonlinear uncertain system to a linear uncertain system, and presented a methodology for designing a robust H infin filter
Diphtheria treated unsuccessfully with sulfonamide compounds

F AULKNER 1 and Bowman 2 have recently reported two cases of uncomplicated diphtheria in which sulfanilamide rendered the use of antitoxin unnecessary. They suggested independently the possible favorable action of sulfanilamide in infections due to the Klebs-LS~er bacillus. W e wish, there%re, to record two fatal cases of proved diphtheria treated with azosulfamide and sulfanilamide, respectively, under apparently mistaken diagnoses of pseudomembranous hemolytic streptococcic sore throats.
Character is Experience

This extremely short essay argues that it is not conceptually possible to separate a person's character from her experiences in the world. It was published by the Brookings Institution's Center on Children and Families as part of a series of essays on Character & Opportunity. (It is a distillation of a piece of the argument of the book Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity.)
Hel-N1: an autoimmune RNA-binding protein with specificity for 3' uridylate-rich untranslated regions of growth factor mRNAs.

Abstract We have investigated the RNA binding specificity of Hel-N1, a human neuron-specific RNA-binding protein, which contains three RNA recognition motifs. Hel-N1 is a human homolog of Drosophila melanogaster elav, which plays a vital role in the development of neurons. A random RNA selection procedure revealed that Hel-N1 prefers to bind RNAs containing short stretches of uridylates similar to those found in the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) of oncoprotein and cytokine mRNAs such as c-myc, c-fos, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Direct binding studies demonstrated that Hel-N1 bound and formed multimers with c-myc 3' UTR mRNA and required, as a minimum, a specific 29-nucleotide stretch containing AUUUG, AUUUA, and GUUUUU. Deletion analysis demonstrated that a fragment of Hel-N1 containing 87 amino acids, encompassing the third RNA recognition motif, forms an RNA binding domain for the c-myc 3' UTR. In addition, Hel-N1 was shown to be reactive with autoantibodies from patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis both before and after binding to c-myc mRNA.
Rehearsal or Reorganization Two Patterns of Literacy Strategy Use in Secondary Mathematics Classes

This study presents two critical cases illustrating distinct patterns in teachers' use of literacy strategies in secondary mathematics classes. The cases are part of a professional development project designed to enhance teachers' pedagogical skills by developing content literacy strategies for use in secondary mathematics and science classrooms. Teachers' beliefs about teaching mathematics, their uses of writing and vocabulary development strategies, and goals for student learning were examined via interviews, classroom observations, reflections on teaching, and teacher posts to an on- line discussion forum. Results show patterns of literacy strategy use were related to teachers' views of pedagogy and of mathematics. Ned, who held a procedural approach to teaching mathematics, used strategies as a rehearsal tool to support remembering correct ideas, fact, and procedures. Christine, with a conceptual approach to teaching, used literacy strategies as a tool to support deepening and reorganizing student understanding of mathematical concepts and relationships.
Self adaptive body biasing scheme for leakage power reduction in nanoscale CMOS circuit

This paper presents techniques to determine the optimal reverse body bias (RBB) voltage to minimize leakage currents in modern nanoscale CMOS technology. The proposed self-adaptive RBB system finds the optimum reverse body bias voltage for minimal leakage power adaptively by comparing subthreshold leakage current (ISUBTH), gate tunneling leakage (IGATE), and band-to-band tunneling leakage currents (IBTBT) in standby mode. The proposed circuit has been designed and tested using 65nm bulk CMOS technology at 25oC under a supply voltage of less than 1V. The optimal RBB was achieved at -0.372V with 1.2% error in the test case of the paper, and the simulation result shows that it is possible to reduce the total leakage current significantly as much as 86% of the total leakage using the proposed circuit techniques.
Carbocyclization cascades of allyl ketenimines via aza-Claisen rearrangements of N-phosphoryl-N-allyl-ynamides.

A series of carbocyclization cascades of allyl ketenimines initiated through a thermal aza-Claisen rearrangement of N-phosphoryl-N-allyl ynamides is described. Interceptions of the cationic intermediate via Meerwein–Wagner rearrangements and polyene-type cyclizations en route to fused bi- and tricyclic frameworks are featured.
Incest, Freud's seduction theory, and borderline personality

In the early 1890s Freud expressed the belief that many cases of hysteria had a basis in childhood incest. Later he expressed a different view, emphasizing childhood fantasies of sexual intimacies with a parent that never actually took place. Freud never totally repudiated his original seduction theory, however, maintaining to the end of his life that at least some cases of actual incest occurred and that these instances underlay certain types of psychopathology. In our era we have become aware that incest is frequently a forerunner of subsequent borderline disorders, especially in women hospitalized with borderline personality disorder (B.P.D.). All the clinical manifestations of B.P.D. can be related to the prior incest experiences.
Systemic and renal lipids in kidney disease development and progression

Altered lipid metabolism characterizes proteinuria and chronic kidney diseases. While it is thought that dyslipidemia is a consequence of kidney disease, a large body of clinical and experimental studies support that altered lipid metabolism may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of kidney disease. In fact, accumulation of renal lipids has been observed in several conditions of genetic and nongenetic origins, linking local fat to the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Statins, which target cholesterol synthesis, have not been proven beneficial to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. Therefore, other therapeutic strategies to reduce cholesterol accumulation in peripheral organs, such as the kidney, warrant further investigation. Recent advances in the understanding of the biology of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) have revealed that functional HDL, rather than total HDL per se, may protect from both cardiovascular and kidney diseases, strongly supporting a role for altered cholesterol efflux in the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Although the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for lipid-induced renal damage have yet to be uncovered, several studies suggest novel mechanisms by which cholesterol, free fatty acids, and sphingolipids may affect glomerular and tubular cell function. This review will focus on the clinical and experimental evidence supporting a causative role of lipids in the pathogenesis of proteinuria and kidney disease, with a primary focus on podocytes.
The Economic and Budgetary Impact of Climate Policy in Portugal: Carbon Taxation in a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model with Endogenous Public Sector Behavior

The objective of this paper is to study $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ taxation in its dual role as a climate and fiscal policy instrument using a dynamic general equilibrium model of the Portuguese economy which highlights the mechanisms of endogenous growth and incorporates a detailed modeling of public sector behavior and accounts. In addition to the conventional marginal abatement cost curve, we present a pair of complementary marginal abatement cost curves which highlight the impact $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ taxation has on economic performance and public debt and are therefore directly relevant to the terms of the policy debate. These marginal abatement cost curves provide an effective tool for understanding the rate at which the environmental effectiveness, economic costs, and budgetary effects change with the tax level. Our results indicate that $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ taxes can be an important policy instrument for reducing emissions and promoting fiscal consolidation, although this will come at a cost in terms of economic performance. Simulation results suggest that a tax of 17.00 Euros per $$\hbox {tCO}_{2}$$ can satisfy existing climate policy targets. The tax revenue effects, together with reductions in public spending, yield a 4.8 % reduction in public debt. These desirable outcomes come at the cost of a 1.3 % reduction in GDP over the long term. Our analysis highlights that limiting public consumption expenditures can contribute to larger reductions in public debt, albeit at a marginally greater cost to economic activity. In turn, reducing public investment, although effective in reducing public debt, produces a much larger negative economic impact. This evokes an important trade-off, particularly pronounced in the present debates regarding austerity measures in the EU, between fiscal consolidation efforts and efforts to promote convergence to EU standards of living. These results further highlight that modeling assumptions with respect to public spending decision are not innocuous. An exogenous trajectory for public spending suggests substantially smaller GDP effects and substantially larger public debt effects for any given emissions target.
QUANTITATIVE MICRORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF NORMAL AND OSTEOPOROTIC BONE.

Quantitative microradiography has been developed for studying bone turnover and has been applied to a study of normal and osteoporotic human bone. Evidence is presented that this method is reproducible and provides an accurate measure of bone formation and resorption. It was demonstrated that bone from the majority of osteoporotic patients differs from normal bone by an increase in the amount of resorption. Bone formation levels are generally normal; however, in Cushing's syndrome, after corticosteroid therapy, and after immobilization, bone formation decreases.
Musical Expression on Wind Instruments: Perspectives from a Panel of Experts

Musical expression, or a performer’s interpretation of the aesthetic message intended by the composer, involves thoughtful manipulation of perceptual variables such as dynamics, tempo, articulation, and timbre. Musical expression is commonly associated with artistry and achievement in music, yet research on pedagogy for teaching musical expression to wind instrumentalists is limited. The purpose of this study is to use perspectives from professional wind instrumentalists and conductors to explore how musical expression on wind instruments is demonstrated and measured. The qualitative tradition of the Delphi method, with three rounds of data collection, provided the structure for answering the research questions. The importance of effectively communicating musical interpretation through performance was a recurring theme within the data collection as well as the literature review. Findings suggest that a performer’s abilities both to appropriately analyze the music and then to successfully communicate his or her interpretation of the music to a listener are critical for achieving artistry in musical expression. The study may provide valuable insight for a deeper understanding of pedagogical strategies needed for teaching musical expression to wind instrumentalists.
Damage imaging using non-contact air-coupled transducer/laser Doppler vibrometer system

In this work, a rapid imaging technique is proposed for imaging damage in metallic plates using a zero-lag cross-correlation imaging condition in the frequency domain. A fully non-contact, single-s...
A direct relationship between indoleacetic acid effects on growth and reducing sugar in tobacco tissue.

Numerous attempts have been made to relate the effects of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid (I.A.A.); naphthalene acetic acid; and related compounds) on growth of plants with specific changes in metabolism and cellular constituents. In the case of toxic effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) decreases or temporary rises and subsequent depletion of available carbohydrates have been reported (1–4). An increase in reducing capacity in tissues, measured by staining, has been obtained from treatments of bean stem cultures with 2,4-D (5).Recently Christiansen and Thimann (6) have demonstrated a decrease in reducing sugar in Pisum stem sections and Avena coleoptile sections grown for short periods of time in solutions of various compositions with auxin concentrations which promote growth. However, they report a similar decrease in controls without I.A.A. and even greater decreases of sugar from the addition of respiratory inhibitors, which completely stop growth, such as iodoacetate, arsenite, and fluoride....
Effect of Adjacent Rubbery Layers on the Physical Aging of Glassy Polymers

We investigate the effect of glassy–rubbery interfaces between neighboring polymer domains on the local stability and physical aging of confined glassy layers. We present results demonstrating how ...
Allergic Children: Their Psyche and Skin

Some children with allergic skin disease desire affection but fear rejection. This causes an emotional conflict that may express itself as an allergic skin condition. The child may use his skin problem to gain attention or control the household. On the other hand, organic skin disease often has emotional consequences.
Human platelet fibrinogen gamma chain structure

Human plasma fibrinogen is produced by liver parenchymal cells. Such molecules contain two classes of gamma-chains (gamma A, gamma'), which differ with respect to their COOH-terminal sequences. When fibrin is crosslinked in the presence of factor XIIIa and Ca2+, three types of gamma-dimer are formed (gamma A-gamma A; gamma A-gamma'; gamma'-gamma'). A separate fibrinogen pool is located in platelet alpha-granules. We analyzed this fibrinogen to determine whether gamma'-chains were present to the same extent (7%) that they are found in plasma fibrinogen. Electrophoretic analysis (Laemmli system) of reduced samples of the clot that formed subsequent to release of fibrinogen from thrombin-stimulated washed platelets, revealed a single crosslinked gamma-dimer band in the gamma A-gamma A position. Material collected into EDTA-containing buffer and subsequently crosslinked in the presence of added factor XIII and Ca2+ also revealed a gamma A-gamma A dimer band. This finding was further investigated by Western blotting of reduced gel specimens that had been reacted with an anti-gamma-chain antibody followed by 125I-labeled protein A. A single type of gamma-chain, gamma A, was present in the fibrinogen from a Triton X-100 or 10 M urea platelet lysate, or in noncrosslinked fibrin obtained from thrombin-treated platelets. Crosslinked reduced fibrin from thrombin-treated platelets or that prepared from the Triton lysate revealed a single type of gamma-dimer, gamma A-gamma A. We conclude that there are no gamma'-chains (less than 1%) in platelet fibrinogen. This structural difference from hepatic fibrinogen probably results from differences in the processing and/or regulation of the fibrinogen gamma-chain gene in megakaryocytes.
Molecular cloning and partial characterization of the coxsackievirus B3 genome. Brief report

The RNA genome of coxsackievirus B3 has been cloned and partially characterized by restriction mapping, partial sequence analysis, and hybridization to heterologous coxsackievirus B genomes. It differs significantly from the poliovirus genomic structure.
MO-FG-207B-03: Brain

State-of-the-Art in Radiomics in Radiology and Radiation Oncology Radiomics is the science of converting medical images into mineable data, data that are descriptive of “phenotypes,” which may provide diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic information. Genomics is the science of sequencing and analyzing the function and structure of genomes; the complete set of DNA in a single cell of an organism. In turn, imaging genomics (or radiogenomics) is concerned with the correlation between image-based features, as determined by radiomics, and gene expression, as determined by genomics. Imaging genomics arose from decades of work in at least three key areas: 1) sequencing of the human genome, 2) quantitative imaging, computer-aided diagnosis, therapy prognostics, and assessment of therapy response in preclinical and clinical research and practice; and 3) data science, including the burgeoning areas of genomics, preclinical and population-based disease modeling, individualized medicine, and big data. Imaging genomics may answer important questions in medicine by correlating validated, quantitative image phenotypes (through validated imaging biomarkers) with clinical data, histopathologic data, molecular classifications, genomic assays, and treatment outcomes. This approach could address some of the greatest health burdens, including cancer, cardiac disease, and arthritis. Participants will discuss the state-of-the-art of radiomics across multiple disease sites and modalities. Aspects of the presentations will include how to improve the quality of image-based phenotypes of normal and diseased tissue, how to better determine the relationships between these phenotypes and the underlying biology associated with the images, and how to create predictive models using the image-based phenotypes. Topics will also include: 1) creating, archiving, curating and sharing ultra-large datasets (“big data”); 2) standardizing image acquisition and processing methods; 3) standardizing and validating phenotype extraction methods and classifier designs; and 4) using high-throughput, robust, and validated phenotyping systems. H. Aerts, NIH; NCIH. Li, This research was funded in part by the University of Chicago Dean Bridge Fund,and by NCI U24-CA143848-05, P50- CA58223 Breast SPORE program. Hui Li received royalties from Hologic.W. Lu, This work was supported in part by the National Cancer Institute Grants R01CA172638.
Job creation and energy savings through a transition to modern off-grid lighting

A market transformation from inefficient and polluting fuel-based lighting to solar-LED systems is well underway across the developing world, but the extent of net job creation has not previously been defined. This article finds that current employment associated with fuel-based lighting represents approximately 150,000 jobs. New jobs will accompany the replacement technologies. A survey of major solar-LED lighting companies finds that 38 such jobs are created for each 10,000 people living off-grid for whom stand-alone solar-LED lights are suitable. Applying this metric, the number of new jobs already created from the current uptake of solar-LED lighting has matched that of fuel-based lighting and foreshadows the potential creation of 2 million new jobs to fully serve the 112 million households globally that currently lack electricity access, are unlikely to be connected to the major grid, micro-grids, or are able to afford more extensive solar systems. A likely greater number of additional jobs and employment income will be indirectly created or preserved via indirect employment, re-spending of energy savings, conservation of foreign exchange, enhanced literacy, and improved working conditions. In contrast, central grid expansion is unlikely to provide any net increase in jobs. The case of solar-LED lighting demonstrates that policymakers have tools to increase the pace of in-country job creation in the context of sustainable development, while minimizing job displacement, and improving the quality of employment. These tools include stimuli for domestic manufacturing or assembly of products; supporting peripheral businesses and services, such as training, recycling, financing, and impact assessment; and removing market barriers that slow the uptake of emerging technologies.
Chapter 11 – The Psychoanalytic Situation and the Nature of Change

This chapter addresses the question of what does and does not change as the result of an intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy or psychoanalysis conducted in childhood. To address this question the chapter presents the cases of Lisa, treated in childhood by Karen Marschke-Tobier and in young adulthood by Marianne Parsons, and of Jim, treated as a child and then again as a young adult by Calvin A. Colarusso. Jim entered analysis around the age of ten. The treatment lasted a little more than two years. Jim's treatment focused upon his oedipal masturbation conflicts. The analytic work led to considerable cognitive and emotional understanding in Jim of the connection between his phobias and his oedipal conflicts. Further, Lisa came to analysis as an extremely self-derogator, provocative and aggressive, demanding, fearful, and out-of-control child. Her self-image and self-esteem were extremely poor. There are four questions that have been proposed and discussed: What changed in the cases?; How do one understand the changes that have occurred?; What were the long-term effects of the changes that took place?; and What other changes might have been desirable in addition to or instead of the changes that seemed to take place?
Two Early Œdipus Works by Jean Cocteau

(1969). Two Early Œdipus Works by Jean Cocteau. Journal of the Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 165-176.
Family history of diabetes or cardiovascular disease and C-reactive protein concentration: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000.

Background Prospective studies have suggested that C-reactive protein concentration is associated with diabetes and coronary heart disease. The presence of a family history of diabetes or coronary heart disease is considered a risk factor for these conditions. Whether a family history of diabetes or coronary heart disease is associated with C-reactive protein concentration is uncertain. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was performed on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2000, a nationally representative survey of the U.S. population. Family histories of diabetes and coronary heart disease were self-reported. Results In unadjusted analyses ( n =3187), the geometric mean concentration of C-reactive protein was 1.7 mg/L, 1.9 mg/L, and 2.6 mg/L for participants with 0, 1, and ≥2 relatives with diabetes, respectively ( p for linear trend p =0.228). Univariate and multivariate analyses of data on 3344 participants showed that a family history of coronary heart disease was not significantly associated with C-reactive protein concentration. Conclusions Family histories of diabetes or coronary heart disease were not independently associated with C-reactive protein concentration, suggesting that the association between such family histories and diabetes and coronary heart disease are not explained by C-reactive protein concentration or perhaps by inflammation. Additional study of this subject is recommended, however.
Renal ornithine decarboxylase activity, polyamines, and compensatory renal hypertrophy in the rat.

We determined the role of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in compensatory renal hypertrophy (CRH) by relating renal ODC activity and polyamine content to kidney size, expressed as a percent of body weight, 1 wk after unilateral nephrectomy (UN). In normal rats, renal ODC activity increased from 11.0 +/- 7.4 (SD) to 36.7 +/- 15.4 pmol 14CO2.min-1.g wet wt-1 3 h after UN (P less than 0.002); 1 wk later the remaining kidney weight had increased from 0.38 to 0.46% body weight (P less than 0.001). Renal concentration of putrescine, the product of ODC's decarboxylation of ornithine, was increased 3, 8, and 48 h after UN, but concentrations of polyamines synthesized later in the pathway, spermidine and spermine, were not appreciably affected. Pretreatment with difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of ODC, as a 1% drinking water solution inhibited both base-line renal ODC activity and putrescine concentration as well as increases stimulated by UN, although concentrations of spermidine and spermine were not decreased. In these rats, CRH still occurred, since kidney weight increased from 0.36 to 0.46% (P less than 0.001). A 2% DFMO solution caused depletion of all three polyamines, but CRH took place nevertheless. In hypophysectomized rats, both increased renal ODC activity and CRH occurred as well, indicating that these two consequences of UN do not require intact pituitary function. Although increased renal ODC activity and CRH after UN are correlated in normal and hypophysectomized rats, CRH takes place in rats treated with DFMO despite inhibition of ODC activity and depletion of polyamines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)