cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auditory brain-stem evoked potentials in cat after kainic acid induced neuronal loss. I. Superior olivary complex.

Auditory brain-stem potentials (ABRs) were studied in cats for up to 45 days after kainic acid had been injected unilaterally or bilaterally into the superior olivary complex (SOC) to produce neuronal destruction while sparing fibers of passage and the terminals of axons of extrinsic origin connecting to SOC neurons. The components of the ABR in cat were labeled by their polarity at the vertex (P, for positive) and their order of appearance (the arabic numerals 1, 2, etc.). Component P1 can be further subdivided into 2 subcomponents labeled P1a and P1b. The correspondences we have assumed between the ABR components in cat and man are indicated by providing a Roman numeral designation for the human component in parentheses following the feline notation, e.g., P4 (V). With bilateral SOC destruction, there was a significant and marked attenuation of waves P2 (III), P3 (IV), P4 (V), P5 (VI), and the sustained potential shift (SPS) amounting to as much as 80% of preoperative values. Following unilateral SOC destruction the attenuation of many of these same ABR components, in response to stimulation of either ear, was up to 50%. No component of the ABR was totally abolished even when the SOC was lesioned 100% bilaterally. In unilaterally lesioned cats with extensive neuronal loss (greater than 75%) the latencies of the components beginning at P3 (IV) were delayed to stimulation of the ear ipsilateral to the injection site but not to stimulation of the ear contralateral to the injection. Binaural interaction components of the ABR were affected in proportion to the attenuation of the ABR. These results are compatible with multiple brain regions contributing to the generation of the components of the ABR beginning with P2 (III) and that components P3 (IV), P4 (V), and P5 (VI) and the sustained potential shift depend particularly on the integrity of the neurons of the SOC bilaterally. The neurons of the lateral subdivision (LSO) and the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) of the SOC have a major role in generating waves P3 (IV) and P4 (V).
β+ Gamow-Teller strength in nuclei

Abstract The distribution of β + Gamow-Teller strength in 26 Mg, 54 Fe and 56 Ni is calculated in the QRPA and large-basis shell-model spaces. The quenching relative to the simplest j j coupled model found in the QRPA is similar to that found in a shell-model basis which includes 2p2h ground-state correlations within the major shell (sd or pf). For 26 Mg there is significant additional quenching found in the full sd shell-model space relative to the 2p2h model space. We explore the connection between this additional quenching and the transition from j j to SU (3) LS coupling via its relationship to the quadrupole collectivity. From this analysis we are able to estimate the total β + strength in 54 Fe and and 56 Ni which would be obtained in the full pf shell-model space. These calculations, together with the global quenching factor of 0.6, account for the observed strength in these nuclei. The quenching effects appearing in heavier nuclei are discussed.
FASTBUS Software Status

Computer software will be needed in addition to the mechanical, electrical, protocol and timing specifications of the FASTBUS, in order to facilitate the use of this flexible new multiprocessor and multisegment data acquisition and processing system. Software considerations have been important in the FASTBUS design, but standard subroutines and recommended algorithms will be needed as the FASTBUS comes into use. This paper summarizes current FASTBUS software projects, goals and status.
Herbicide Resistant Turfgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) by Biolistic Transformation

We have obtained transgenic plants from three cultivars of creeping bentgrass, a type of turfgrass used for golf greens. Two different vectors containing the bar gene, which confers resistance to the herbicide bialaphos, were used in the transformations. Transgenic plants were recovered from both plate and liquid selection of embryogenic suspension cultures on media containing 2 or 4 mg/l of bialaphos. Microprojectile bombardment of 8–14 filters in five different experiments, yielded a total of 271 plants that survived the initial spray concentration (1.5 mg/ml) of the commercial herbicide Herbiace™. Of these, 55 survived the higher spray rate (2 mg/ml). Presence of the bar gene in the bialaphos resistant plants was confirmed by PCR and Southern analysis. Transcripts corresponding to the bar gene were present in transgenic plants that showed bialaphos resistance. The 55 transgenic creeping bentgrass lines described are from the cultivars Emerald and Southshore. They are resistant to 5X the field rate of bialaphos and therefore may have commercial potential.
Multicomponent Induction Response In a Biaxially Anisotropic Formation

Advances in multicomponent induction logging data acquisition and processing make possible the characterization of biaxially anisotropic formations. However, understanding of induction response in a biaxially anisotropic formation lags behind. In this paper, analytic formulas are proposed that allow us to quickly model multicomponent induction responses in a biaxially anisotropic formation. The formula is accurate for the coaxial component and the ones for the coplanar components are reasonably accurate over the entire range of relative dip angles. The theory suggests that for a tool tilted in the xoz plane, the XXand YY-responses are affected primarily by Rx and Rz and have little dependence on Ry, the resistivity normal to the tool deviation plane. An immediate observation made from the theory is that in a vertical and near vertical well, a full tensor measurement may not be sufficient to resolve a biaxially anisotropic formation. Measurements at higher frequencies must be made to resolve the ambiguity.
Outage connectivity with collaboration in wireless ad hoc networks

This paper analyzes the connectivity of wireless ad hoc networks in both a non-cooperative scheme and a cooperative scheme. Assuming that nodes are randomly distributed with a Poisson process, the probability of full connectivity in a system can be raised by increasing the number of connectional trials at each node. Even though an infinite number of trials guarantee full connectivity in a system, it is not of practical concern because it may require infinite power and infinite delay. Instead, this paper analyzes the required number of connection trials for full connectivity mathematically and experimentally. In addition, this paper proposes a cooperative scheme to maximize the benefit from collaboration among nodes and simulates its results.
A Protein Complex Containing Mdm10p, Mdm12p, and Mmm1p Links Mitochondrial Membranes and DNA to the Cytoskeleton-based Segregation Machinery

Previous studies indicate that two proteins, Mmm1p and Mdm10p, are required to link mitochondria to the actin cytoskeleton of yeast and for actin-based control of mitochondrial movement, inheritanc...
Nickel-doped MnO2 nanowires anchored onto reduced graphene oxide for rapid cycling cathode in lithium ion batteries

Nickel-doped MnO2 nanowires were synthesized directly onto reduced graphene oxide (RGO) to generate a composite cathode material with improved high-rate cycling characteristics. The presence of RGO improves the electrochemical characteristics of the cathode in Li-ion half-cell architecture. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electrode cycling are confirm that RGO plays a major role in enhancing the ability of the NixMn(1-x)O2 to reversibly intercalate lithium ions at 1C rate. The chronocoulometric response of the RGO-based electrode shows the improvements originate from faster reaction kinetics and transport of Li+ coupled with increased specific capacitance and Li+ adsorption. (C) 2013 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
CHLORTHALIDONE COMPARED TO HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE IN REDUCING CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND NETWORK META-ANALYSES

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is the thiazide widely prescribed to treat hypertension. (e.g., HCTZ represented 96p of all thiazide prescriptions in the Veterans Administration [Ernst 2010].) Some have recently expressed a preference for chlorthalidone (CTDN). However, no head-to-head randomized
Factors influencing environmental attitude: The relationship between environmental attitude defensibility and cognitive reasoning level

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between factors believed to contribute to the formation of environmental attitudes by college nonscience majors. Key relationships addressed were the effects of a university environmental studies course on (a) environmental attitudes, (b) the amount of factual information that is brought to bear on an environmental attitude decision (defensibility), and (c) the linkages between the affective and the cognitive domains of freshman and sophomore students. When compared to the control group, the students who attended an environmental studies class did not significantly change their attitudes, but they did exhibit increases in their total [F(3, 132) = 5.91, p < 0.01] and count [F(3, 132) = 4.86, p < 0.01] levels of defensibility. These findings corroborate work performed by Kinsey (1978) and Kinsey and Wheatley (1980, 1984). In addition, students in the environmental studies course who had higher cognitive reasoning scores were more prone to increase defensibility [F(6, 129) = 3.78, p < 0.01]. These data imply a linkage between cognitive and affective domains in the environmental attitude decision-making process.
Expression of Alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells of the rabbit retina

Cholinergic agents affect the light responses of many ganglion cells (GCs) in the mammalian retina by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Whereas retinal neurons that express β2 subunit-containing nAChRs have been characterized in the rabbit retina, expression patterns of other nAChR subtypes remain unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the expression of α7 nAChRs in retinal neurons by means of single-, double-, and triple-label immunohistochemistry. Our data demonstrate that, in the rabbit retina, several types of bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and cells in the GC layer express α7 nAChRs. At least three different populations of cone bipolar cells exhibited α7 labeling, whereas glycine-immunoreactive amacrine cells comprised the majority of α7-positive amacrine cells. Some GABAergic amacrine cells also displayed α7 immunoreactivity; α7 labeling was never detected in rod bipolar cells or rod amacrine cells (All amacrine cells). Our data suggest that activation of α7 nAChRs by acetylcholine (A...
Tissue-specific spatial organization of genomes

Background: Genomes are organized in vivo in the form of chromosomes. Each chromosome occupies a distinct nuclear subvolume in the form of a chromosome territory. The spatial positioning of chromosomes within the interphase nucleus is often nonrandom. It is unclear whether the nonrandom spatial arrangement of chromosomes is conserved among tissues or whether spatial genome organization is tissue-specific. Results: Using two-dimensional and three-dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization we have carried out a systematic analysis of the spatial positioning of a subset of mouse chromosomes in several tissues. We show that chromosomes exhibit tissue-specific organization. Chromosomes are distributed tissue-specifically with respect to their position relative to the center of the nucleus and also relative to each other. Subsets of chromosomes form distinct types of spatial clusters in different tissues and the relative distance between chromosome pairs varies among tissues. Consistent with the notion that nonrandom spatial proximity is functionally relevant in determining the outcome of chromosome translocation events, we find a correlation between tissue-specific spatial proximity and tissue-specific translocation prevalence. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the spatial organization of genomes is tissue-specific and point to a role for tissue-specific spatial genome organization in the formation of recurrent chromosome arrangements among tissues.
Inertio‐gravity wave induced accelerations of mean flow having an imposed periodic component: Implications for tidal observations in the meteor region

The semidiurnal harmonic exhibits great day-to-day variability in amplitude and phase. In addition, the variability appears to be substantially local and random, suggesting a connection with gravity wave activity. We suggest that a significant contribution to the observed semidiurnal harmonic at meteor heights might result from inertio-gravity wave induced accelerations of the mean flow. The rate of wave forcing of the mean wind is related to the Doppler-shifted phase velocity, so that during alternate phases of an imposed mean wind oscillation interactions with waves that accelerate the mean wind in opposite senses may be favored. Thus the imposed mean wind may modulate the mean-flow acceleration at the imposed frequency. In this view, the semidiurnal character of the acceleration is a manifestation of the modulation of the interaction process by the semidiurnal tide. The variability of the semidiurnal harmonic would then reflect the local variability of inertio-gravity wave fluctuations and also nonlinear feedback on the waves. Calculations with a simple time-dependent wave-mean-flow model indicate that a wave-induced component of the semidiurnal harmonic with amplitudes comparable to the semidiurnal tide itself is possible.
The Insanity Plea in the Case of a Serial Killer

The authors comment on society's approach to criminal responsibility in the past and at present, and on the M'Naghten, the Durham, and the American Law Institute definitions of legal sanity. Some statistical studies concerning the frequency and success of the insanity plea in the United States are reported. The recent case of a serial killer, examined by the first author for the assessment of his legal sanity prior to his trial for fifteen homicides, is reported. This case raises insanity plea issues that fall outside the current American Law Institute insanity definition and the authors feel that it might contribute to further insanity plea reassessment in the years ahead.
COMPONENTS OF REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION BETWEEN NORTH AMERICAN PHEROMONE STRAINS OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER

Of 12 potential reproductive isolating barriers between closely related Z- and E-pheromone strains of the European corn borer moth (Ostrinia nubilalis), seven significantly reduced gene flow but none were complete, suggesting that speciation in this lineage is a gradual process in which multiple barriers of intermediate strength accumulate. Estimation of the cumulative effect of all barriers resulted in nearly complete isolation (>99%), but geographic variation in seasonal isolation allowed as much as approximately 10% gene flow. With the strongest barriers arising from mate-selection behavior or ecologically relevant traits, sexual and natural selection are the most likely evolutionary processes driving population divergence. A recent multilocus genealogical study corroborates the roles of selection and gene flow (Dopman et al. 2005), because introgression is supported at all loci besides Tpi, a sex-linked gene. Tpi reveals strains as exclusive groups, possesses signatures of selection, and is tightly linked to a QTL that contributes to seasonal isolation. With more than 98% of total cumulative isolation consisting of prezygotic barriers, Z and E strains of ECB join a growing list of taxa in which species boundaries are primarily maintained by the prevention of hybridization, possibly because premating barriers evolve during early stages of population divergence.
Cognate B Cell Signaling via MHC Class II: Differential Regulation of B Cell Antigen Receptor and MHC Class II/Ig-αβ Signaling by CD22

Recent studies demonstrate that MHC class II molecules can signal via associated Ig-αβ dimers, signal transducers previously thought to function only in B cell Ag receptor (BCR) signaling. Surprisingly, the biologic outputs of MHC class II and BCR ligation (by thymus-dependent Ags) differ, e.g., MHC class II signaling leads to robust proliferation and extension of pseudopods. It seemed possible that these differences might be due, at least in part, to differential use of inhibitory coreceptors thought to modulate membrane Ig signals. In this study, we demonstrate that CD22, an inhibitory BCR coreceptor, neither associates with nor functions in MHC class II/Ig-αβ signaling. Interestingly, CD22 is actively excluded from cell surface MHC class II aggregates.
Using Modal Analysis to Estimate Received Signal Levels for a Power-Line Carrier Channel on a 500-kV Transmission Line

This paper presents the results of a study on the use of modal analysis for estimating received signal levels of a power-line carrier (PLC) channel on high voltage transmission lines. The intent of the paper is to serve as a reference. Numerous papers have been written on modal analysis and signal propagation on overhead lines at PLC frequencies. However, for the information to be put to practical use requires reading numerous references, including references on transmission line modeling. Therefore, this paper provides information on transmission line modeling and modal analysis theory needed for using modal analysis for an actual calculation of received signal levels with results in the phase domain, which is the domain in which measurements are usually made. Modal analysis is used to calculate modal propagation constants, which are used in an equation that directly relates sending-end voltage to receiving-end voltage utilizing a multiphase reflection coefficient. To validate calculations using the described methods, field tests were performed on an energized 500-kV transmission line. Results from these tests in the form of a comparison of calculated versus measured voltage levels are provided.
Cortisone Inhibition of Nuclear RNA Polymerase of the Human Neoplasm, H. Emb. Rh. #1, Transplanted in Rats

The RNA polymerase of nuclei isolated from the human neoplasm, H. Emb. Rh. #1, which is transplanted in rats, has properties resembling those described for other mammalian tissues. The enzyme was inhibited by DNase, RNase, or actinomycin D, and its activity was dependent on the presence of all 4 ribonucleoside triphosphates. Administration of cortisone (1 mg/20 g body wt) to rats carrying tumor, 1 hr prior to sacrifice, resulted in a significant decrease in the rate of incorporation of CTP (cytidine-5'-triphosphate)-3H into the nuclear RNA of the neoplastic cells. The activity of acid RNase was not altered appreciably in the human tumor nuclei as a result of cortisone treatment. Cortisone was without effect when added directly to isolated nuclei at a final concentration of 25 μg/ per reaction mixture. (Endocrinology 83: 371, 1968)
Firms, Governments, and WTO Adjudication: Japan's Selection of WTO Disputes

What explains the selection of cases for WTO adjudication? This article explores the business conditions under which industries lobby their home government to use the WTO adjudication process and the political factors that influence government decisions. It explains the industry pattern of selection for international trade disputes as a function of the velocity of the business environment. While WTO adjudication is seen as costly and slow, a positive ruling brings broad benefits in terms of deterrence against future discrimination. Firms in static industries will invest in WTO dispute settlement to achieve these benefits, but firms in industries shaped by dynamic competition have high opportunity costs that make them less willing to pursue adjudication. This argument accounts for why there are fewer WTO cases about electronics industry issues than there are likely incidences of protectionist measures. Since Japan is a leading exporter and provides a government report with unique data on potential WTO disputes, it was chosen to test the argument in greater depth. Interviews with Japanese business officials and statistical analysis of an original data set provide support for the argument. The authors conclude that the passive attitude toward WTO adjudication by Japan's largest export industry, electronics, and the sensitivity of Japan's diplomatic relations with China have constrained the cases that Japan files. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of the WTO for dispute settlement is conditional upon the time horizon of the industry and the political relations among members.
Loving America and Longing for Home: Isma'il al-Faruqi and the Emergence of the Muslim Diaspora in North America

In this paper, I weave the experience of an emerging community of Muslim diaspora around a biographical narrative of the Muslim activist and scholar Isma'il al-Faruqi. Through this narrative, I illustrate that the diasporic experience begins in the place of origin and it does not inevitably lead toward a perpetual hybridization. The latter point is particularly significant because notions of diaspora and hybridity are conceptually linked and are often understood as a unidirectional cutting and mixing between the West and the East, or between the modern and the traditional. Al-Faruqi's experience shows that, in a Fanonian sense of colonialism, diasporic experience conveys living as a “stranger”, at and away from home. The postcolonial condition has made it possible for ethnically diverse communities of Muslims to reside in the West, but maintain strong connections with their place of origin. Adopting the allegory of the Prophet's migration or hijra, al-Faruqi constructed a fantastic notion of the ummah and a normative homo islamicus subject. Although he was profoundly influenced by the diversity of the Muslim Student Associations' constituency, al-Faruqi encouraged Muslims to transcend their differences and sought to conceive a discursively homogenous ummah. Ultimately, however, his project failed because it did not correspond to real life experiences of Muslims of the West. Historically, Muslim communities have negotiated the boundaries of Muslimhood and the social responsibilities it entails, both in their homelands and in their new home in the West — a new home that increasingly becomes hostile to their presence, and thereby further complicates their triangular diaspora/host society/homeland relationship.
DNA-Based Genetic Markers for Rapid Cycling Brassica Rapa (Fast Plants Type) Designed for the Teaching Laboratory

We have developed DNA-based genetic markers for rapid cycling Brassica rapa (RCBr), also known as Fast Plants. Although markers for B. rapa already exist, ours were intentionally designed for use in a teaching laboratory environment. The qualities we selected for were robust amplification in PCR, polymorphism in RCBr strains, and alleles that can be easily resolved in simple agarose slab gels. We have developed two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based markers and 14 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)-type markers spread over four chromosomes. The DNA sequences of these markers represent variation in a wide range of genomic features. Among the VNTR-type markers, there are examples of variation in a non-genic region, variation within an intron, and variation in the coding sequence of a gene. Among the SNP-based markers there are examples of polymorphism in intronic DNA and synonymous substitution in a coding sequence. Thus these markers can serve laboratory exercises in both transmission genetics and molecular biology.
SO2 Oxidation in Summertime Cloud Water at Whiteface Mountain

The rate of within cloud aqueous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide was calculated from existing laboratory data. For conditions typically encountered this rate was quite fast, at a few percent per minute, and was not effected by temperature, pH and liquid water content of the cloud. Summertime measurements at Whiteface Mountain of cloud water sulfate and H2O2 concentrations, pH, SO2, cloud liquid water content, along with air mass trajectories and enhanced satellite imagery, were used to verify the calculated oxidation rate. Because of the very low measurements of H2O2 and high SO2 concentrations within the clouds during a wintertime cloud water monitoring project for the 1983–1984 period, it was suspected that such an oxidation mechanism was not present.
A course in innovative product design: A collaboration between architecture, business, and engineering

The importance of innovation and entrepreneurship has grown significantly over the past decade. Institutions of higher education have recognized the increasing level of importance being placed globally on producing college graduates with the skills to innovate new products and services, and many are rising to the occasion. Recently, Texas A&M University has established a small business accelerator available to all students. In addition, the University has supported the development of a new course where junior and senior students across the University can interact and learn about ideation, innovative product development, and entrepreneurship. Looking across the literature, most institutions are moving in a direction of fostering entrepreneurship through interdisciplinary courses either within engineering, business or through partnerships between both. This new course is novel in that, in addition to integrating product development with entrepreneurship, it also incorporates the ideation and innovation processes through involvement of the College of Architecture. By embedding architecture students into the teams of engineering and business students, expertise in these areas is added to the teams. Finally, the course exposes all students to new tools such as the lean startup method and Launchpad Central.
Case 77: Cardiac Arrest at the Conclusion of Neurosurgery

Today you are anesthetizing an 8-month-old child (6 kg) who is otherwise healthy, for closure of craniosynostosis. Routine inhalational induction is done after all monitors are placed on the child. While the child is asleep, an intravenous (IV) line is established and a rocuronium 5 mg is given. The trachea is intubated successfully. Anesthesia is maintained with isoflurane 0.6–1.1 % in 50 % N2O in oxygen. Fentanyl 4 mcg and morphine 0.1 mg/kg is given. There is no problem until closure of the skin. At that time, reversal was given and the child started to breath spontaneously. The arterial blood gas, serum electrolytes, and coagulation profiles, taken an hour ago, are normal. Suddenly there is a decrease of the HR to 60 beats per minute (bpm) from 115 bpm and an increase of the BP to 140/80 from 90/60.
Meeting or Exceeding Physical Activity Guidelines is Associated with Reduced Risk for Cancer in Mexican-Americans

Background: Epidemiologic studies have shown that inadequate physical activity was associated with cancers in whites and other ethnic groups, but in Mexican-Americans data are limited. This study aimed to measure the association between physical activity and reported cancer risk in Mexican-Americans. Methods: Participants were drawn from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (n=3,391), a randomly selected Mexican-American cohort in Texas on the US-Mexico border. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Cancer was self-reported by the participants as being told by a health care provider that they had cancer. Results: Ninety-nine participants of the cohort (2.94%) reported a diagnosis of cancer. Compared to participants who did not meet US physical activity guidelines, subjects who met physical activity guidelines of 150 moderate and vigorous minutes per week (≥ 600 METs) reduced their risk for cancer by 87% (OR=0.13; 95% CI: 0.03-0.54), and subjects with total minutes per week of moderate and vigorous/strenuous activity greater than 745 METs decreased cancer risk by 86% [odds ratio (OR)=0.14; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03-0.60] comparing with their counterparts, after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, smoking and alcohol drinking status, education and total portions of fruit and vegetable intake. Conclusions: Meeting or exceeding recommended levels of moderate and vigorous physical activity was associated with a significantly reduced risk of reporting cancer by Mexican-Americans. Meeting or exceeding recommended levels of physical activity appears to be an effective target for cancer prevention and control among Mexican-Americans independent of BMI and other factors.
Lessons from a repeat pregnancy prevention program for Hispanic teenage mothers in east Los Angeles.

The conclusion of this quantitative and qualitative evaluation of 350 mothers delivering at Womens Hospital in East Los Angeles and recruited between April 1989 and December 1990 was that basic ethnographic research on teenage sexual and reproductive behavior is needed. Target groups of Hispanics for instance may not be homogenous and may require multiple strategies. New interventions should accommodate the effects of poverty the influence of significant others and the cultural meaning of relationships pregnancy childbearing contraceptive use and gender roles. Concern focused on the notion that limited program effects can be considered trivial. The point was made that bilingual mothers who had been in the US for some time and desired upward socioeconomic mobility were helped by the program. Also the program developed referral resources in child care school programs employment housing emergency aid and services for physical and sexual abuse. Additional funding was able to provide part-time work experiences in the clinic for a few of the teenagers which provided more social support solid work experience and incentives. Through the use of qualitative data counselors were able to prioritize teenage needs and thus supply needed food and housing before contraception. Qualitative data also helped to distinguish several different groups of Hispanics: those recent immigrants who wanted to be wives and mothers; bilingual adolescents desiring economic advancement; throw-away kids involved with drugs and gangs; and Central American teenagers who fled war-torn countries and desired a better life. There were pressing needs related to poverty and social circumstances that interfered with family planning program implementation. Recognition of the different lifestyles helped to direct services in appropriate ways. The statistical demographic profiles were presented and indicated that these teenage obstetric persons had significant social economic and medical risks. Many were at risk of repeat pregnancy because of living with their partner and not using contraception. Most were high school drop-outs. There was a high probability that many were illegal immigrants. Postpartum program drop-out rates were very high. Only 37 out of 244 cases and 106 controls remained after 2 years and 105 cases and 16 controls after 1 year. Residential mobility and poverty were obstacles to follow-up.
nihexporter: an R package for NIH funding data

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the major source of federal funding for biomedical research in the United States. Analysis of past and current NIH funding can illustrate funding trends and identify productive research topics, but these analyses are conducted *ad hoc* by the institutes themselves and only provide a small glimpse of the available data. The NIH provides free access to funding data via NIH EXPORTER, but no tools have been developed to enable analysis of this data. We developed the `nihexporter` R package, which provides access to NIH EXPORTER (http://exporter.nih.gov/) data. We used the package to develop several analysis vignettes that show funding trends across NIH institutes over 15 years and highlight differences in how institutes change their funding profiles. Investigators and institutions can use the package to perform self-studies of their own NIH funding.
A 300-mV ΔΣ Modulator Using a Gain-Enhanced, Inverter-Based Amplifier for Medical Implant Devices

An ultra-low-voltage low-power switched-capacitor (SC) delta-sigma (ΔΣ) modulator running at a supply voltage as low as 300 mV is presented for biomedical implant devices, e.g., cardiac pacemakers. To reduce the supply voltage, an inverter-based amplifier is used in the integrators, whose DC gain and gain-bandwidth (GBW) are boosted by a simple current-mirror output stage. The full input-feedforward loop topology offers low integrators internal swing, supporting ultra-low-voltage operation. To demonstrate the concept, a second-order loop topology was chosen. The entire modulator operates reliably against process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations from a 300 mV ± 10% supply voltage only, while the switches are driven by a charge pump clock boosting scheme. Designed in a 65 nm CMOS technology and clocked at 256 kHz, the simulation results show that the modulator can achieve a 64.4 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a 60.7 dB signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) over a 1.0 kHz signal bandwidth while consuming 0.85 μW of power.
Connotative Meaning and the Reading and Spelling Difficulty of Words

(1961). Connotative Meaning and the Reading and Spelling Difficulty of Words. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 107-112.
From opportunism to nascent conservation : The case of the Siona-Secoya.

Siona-Secoya hunters of the northwest Amazon strive to maximize short-term yields to provision their households with meat. The observed patterns of hunting more closely resemble the predictions of optimal foraging theory (OFT) than they do a conservation ethic. In the past the Siona-Secoya worried little about conservation because they believed that good shamans attracted abundant game. When hunting was poor, shamans performedyage ceremonies and appealed to supernatural gamekeepers for the release of more animals from the underworld. The sustainability of Siona-Secoya hunting was aided by factors such as low human population density, dispersed settlements within large hunting territories, settlement movement, and limited hunting technology. Today, increasing involvement in the national economy is leading the Siona-Secoya to invest more time in agriculture and wage labor, and less in traditional foraging activities. Colonization, deforestation, and industrial pollution now pose the greatest threats to wildlife in eastern Ecuador. Because of these changes, the Siona-Secoya are becoming interested in environmental protection and conservation. Several of their efforts to protect forest resources and mitigate pollution are discussed and evaluated.
Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Cirrhosis

The risk of thrombosis in patients with chronic liver disease is increasingly recognized. As patients with cirrhosis develop indications for anticoagulation therapy (e.g., venous thromboembolism, portal vein thrombosis, or atrial fibrillation), providers are left to make difficult decisions when selecting therapeutics with little evidence to rely on. Current practice supports the use of low molecular weight heparin or vitamin K antagonists in select patients with cirrhosis requiring anticoagulation. While traditional anticoagulants may be safe and effective in select patients with compensated cirrhosis, the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) is more controversial. DOAC are desirable as they do not require routine monitoring and can be taken orally. Unfortunately, patients with chronic liver disease were excluded from clinical trials that demonstrated efficacy and safety when compared to traditional anticoagulation. Data are now emerging that support the use of DOAC in well-compensated cirrhosis patients. However, further study is needed with all (traditional and DOAC) anticoagulation medications in patients with cirrhosis to better ensure safety and further understand pharmacologic properties in this challenging population.
Use of substrate volume and void space to examine the presence of three stonefly species (Plecoptera) among stream habitats

Seasonality of habitat use among the dominant stonefly species Isoperla fulva Claasen, Triznaka signata (Banks), and Prostoia besametsa (Ricker) in a New Mexico mountain stream is examined using interstitial volume (void space), water temperature, and current. Interaction of these variables with individual size (growth) was important in explaining the abundance of these species. Abundance was calculated as number of individuals per liter of substrate (sample volume). The use of sample volume permitted the comparison of biotic density between organic and mineral substrates. Void space and sample volume of leaf packs were highly related ( r2 = 0.83 and 0.90, respectively; P < 0.001) to leaf pack dry weight.
Madres para Niños: Engaging Latina Mothers as Consultees to Promote Their Children’s Early Elementary School Achievement

ABSTRACTThe Madres para Ninos (MpN) program uses consultee-centered consultation as a vehicle to help immigrant Latino parents focus and reframe their preexisting child advocacy skills toward their children’s successful transition into elementary school in a new geographic and cultural context. This article describes the Latina mother’s experience as consultee during the MpN ten-week group consultation process.
Long-term Efficacy of Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate in Patients With Detrusor Underactivity or Acontractility

Objective To evaluate long-term outcomes for men with benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) and concurrent detrusor underactivity (DUA) or acontractility following holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP). Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients with BPO and urodynamic evidence of DUA or acontractility secondary to a nonneurogenic etiology that underwent HoLEP at our institution over a 4-year period. Patients were included if they had at least 24 months of follow-up. Results We identified 9 patients with DUA and 8 patients with acontractility who met inclusion criteria with median ages of 76 and 75 years, respectively. Preoperatively, 7 (77.8%) men with DUA and 8 (100%) men with acontractility had catheter-dependent urinary retention for a median of 2 and 5 months, respectively. Postoperatively, 8 (88.9%) men with DUA and 5 (62.5%) men with acontractility were catheter free, with a median follow-up of 50.9 and 38.6 months, respectively. All the men requiring catheterization were voiding spontaneously, but used intermittent catheterization for elevated postvoid residuals. Conclusion HoLEP appears to be an effective surgical option for patients with BPO and detrusor hypocontractility or acontractility, with durable results at follow-up greater than 24 months. However, patients with acontractile bladders should be counseled on possible need to for intermittent catheterization that may be needed for high postvoid residuals.
Enforcement encourages participation in resource management: explaining a fisheries management paradox in Hawaii

This paper uses a case study of fisheries co-management in Hawaii to explore barriers to community participation in resource management and the reasons for these impediments. Our study suggests that while fishers may disobey regulations to maximise personal gain, they may also understand the necessity for regulations and desire more stringent enforcement. This seeming paradox reflects the tension between a recognised need to conserve resources through restricting harvests and competitive pressure among individual fishers. When fishers observe insufficient enforcement on the part of government agencies, this may fuel an already present sense of disrespect for and distrust of the government, inhibiting community participation in co-management efforts. This study suggests that rather than attempting to directly encourage community members to participate in co-management efforts, managers should instead focus on enhancing enforcement to alleviate communities' frustration and disrespect. Thus, enhanced enforcement efforts may boost participation in management activities and lead to a more sustainably managed resource.
Working with Medically Ill Patients

This chapter focuses on the various cultural aspects that affect the psychotherapy of medically ill patients. The physician and patient establish a relationship in which the physician functions as a healer in an authoritative role, taking responsibility over the treatment plan. The patient, in the role of the one being healed, takes a position of dependence on the physician and is a passive participant in the healing process. Beyond this basic physician-patient relationship, the healer-client relationship is subject to cultural variations. The general tendency is that if a society is autocratic, then the physician can also exercise more power in relating to the patient. In contrast, if the society is democratic, the physician tends to show more respect for the fights of the patient and to relate to the patient in a more egalitarian way. A physician should maintain cultural sensitivity in relating to the patient and his family and in handling the medical care of the patient. As a healer, he should keep his mind and his views open and avoid cultural rigidity or cultural blindness. It is desirable for the physician to keep his mind open and flexible in order to learn from the patient and his family, as they are the most appropriate sources of knowledge for clinical application. Culture also impacts how patients may interpret and react to medical diseases and the ways they respond to the treatments prescribed for them. Quite often, folk attitudes or cultural beliefs may not fit with modern medical approaches and in many cases, they conflict with professional concepts. Balancing and integrating these polarized situations is an art form. If it is decided that medical considerations take precedence over cultural beliefs, an effort should be made to carefully explain to the patient and family the medical reasons for this.
Abstract 1550: Frailty Decreases Health Related Quality of Life in Older Adults With Heart Failure

Background: While frailty has been discussed extensively in the geriatric literature it is limited in the cardiovascular literature. Frailty refers to a state of vulnerability secondary to co-occurring, multiple system deterioration. Health related quality of life (HRQOL) is known to be impaired in older adults with HF. But a possible relationship between frailty and HRQOL has not been explored. Objective: To determine if frailty explains unique variance in HRQOL in HF after adjusting for factors known to determine HRQOL- gender, income, ethnicity, health perception, and functional status. Methods: A frailty index score was developed by weighting age, number of co-morbid conditions, and the symptom severity of fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and chest pain using data from a benchmark sample of 130, primarily older (M 70±13.1 years), end stage HF (98% NYHA class III/IV) patients. The index was then tested in one sample (M 74±10.9 years, 87% NYHA class III/IV) and verified in a second sample (M 71±11.7 years, 92% NYHA class III/IV). A 2-step block regression analysis was used in which known predictors of HRQOL were entered first and the frailty index was entered in a second step. HRQOL was assessed using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) summary score. Results: In the first sample, known predictors of HRQOL explained 11% ( p 0.14) of the variance in HRQOL. When the frailty index score was added an additional 24% ( p 0.001) of the variance in HRQOL was explained. In the second sample, known predictors explained 15% ( p 0.04) of the variance in HRQOL and the frailty index score added an additional 40% ( p ≤0.001) of the variance. Conclusion: Frailty explains a significant amount of unique variance in HRQOL in older adults with HF. Assessing and treating indicators of frailty may be one way of improving HRQOL for these people.
Vitamin B1 deficiency in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS)

AbstractObjective: POTS is a heterogeneous disorder of the autonomic nervous system that can result from multiple etiologies. An increased prevalence of vitamin B12, vitamin D 25-OH and iron deficiencies has been observed in patients with POTS. This study examined the prevalence of vitamin B1 deficiency and assessed response to vitamin B1 supplementation in the deficient POTS patients.Methods and Results: Medical records of 65 consecutive patients with POTS evaluated at our clinic were reviewed. In this cohort (mean age 32, range 13–54 years; 89% female), 6% had vitamin B1 deficiency, and one of four deficient patients experienced significant improvement of POTS after oral vitamin B1 supplementation.Conclusion: A small subset of patients with POTS may have vitamin B1 deficiency. Testing for vitamin B1 deficiency and correcting the deficiency is recommended.
A Service-Oriented Approach to Interoperable and Secure Personal Health Record Systems

Personal health records (PHRs) have received increased attention in the health care industry. PHR systems allow individuals to collect, store, use, and share all or part of their medical records, lab results, medications, and self-entered health information. Today PHRs are provided by a broad array of players, including health care providers, health plans, employers, and technology vendors. Many existing PHR systems are institution-specific and have not been concerned with data interoperability and data protection with other vender systems. The paper reported here seeks to address this challenge by presenting an interoperable and secure service-oriented architecture (SOA) approach. We first analyze interoperability issues for contemporary electronic medical record (EMR) systems and health information exchanges (HIEs). We then present a SOA-based approach for the integration of EHR systems and PHR systems and identify the primary focus areas for interoperable and secure PHR systems. We further discuss functional services of a SOA-based PHR system and present a practical case study that demonstrates how interoperability and data security can be incorporated in a large PHR system. The paper concludes by discussing practical implications and future research in SOA-based PHR systems.
Assessing the evolution of power sector carbon intensity in the United States

In the United States, the electricity sector is a major focus for implementing policies to meet national, state, or local mandatory or voluntary CO2 emissions reductions goals. Thus, it is important to have timely and available information on greenhouse gas emissions generated by the power sector to ensure that the policies implemented achieve intended emissions reductions. This work is the first to develop a transparent method to compute the emissions intensity for the US electricity section from 2001 through 2017 at different temporal (annual, quarterly, monthly) and regional (US, NERC, and state) levels. We find that between 2001 and 2017 the average annual CO2 emissions intensity of electricity production in the United States decreased by 30%, from 630 g CO2 kWh−1 to 439 g CO2 kWh−1. This change in CO2 intensity is attributable to an increase in generation from natural gas and wind accompanied by a reduction in coal-fired power generation. The decline in carbon intensity varies across regions, with the largest reduction between 2001 and 2017 from power plants in the Northeast (58%) and the smallest reduction from power plants in the Texas region (27%). In absolute terms the South-central region saw the largest decrease in emissions intensity (358 g CO2 kWh−1) and Texas saw the smallest (164 g CO2 kWh−1). We also find that replacing coal generation with natural gas or renewables has increased the monthly correlation of CO2 intensity between regions. At the state level, Delaware saw the largest decrease in CO2 intensity (466 g CO2 kWh−1), and Idaho is the only state that has not decreased CO2 intensity since 2001.