cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal serum progesterone concentration and early conceptus development of bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro.

Abstract The hormone progesterone is essential for proper embryonic development. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between recipient serum concentrations of progesterone, at the time of embryo transfer and at conceptus recovery, on conceptus development from in vivo- or in vitro-produced embryos. Embryos were produced in vivo by superovulation of Holstein cows (IVO; n=17) or in vitro with either serum-containing (IVPS; n=27) or serum-restricted medium (IVPSR; n=34). Single grade I blastocysts from each embryo production system were transferred into heifers on day 7 of development. Conceptuses were recovered on day 17 of gestation and classified as complete, degenerated, or no conceptus. Compared with the IVO group, in vitro-produced embryos had more ( P = 0.055) degenerated conceptuses (IVO, 0%; IVPS, 18.5%; and IVPSR, 20.6%). There were no differences in progesterone concentrations at the time of transfer when recipients received either male or female embryos ( P > 0.05). Progesterone concentrations in recipients receiving in vivo-produced embryos were higher ( P 194 mm) conceptuses were recovered on day 17, heifers receiving in vitro-produced embryos had lower ( P = 0.05) serum concentrations of progesterone on day 7 compared with those receiving in vivo-produced embryos (IVPS, 2.2 ± 0.5; IVPSR, 2.3 ± 0.5; IVO, 3.9 ± 0.5 ng/mL). In conclusion, differences in autonomy may exist between in vitro- and in vivo-produced embryos during the period of conceptus elongation with in vitro-produced embryos relying more on intrinsic factors to influence elongation.
A feasibility analysis of discharge of non-contact, once-through industrial cooling water to forested wetlands for coastal restoration in Louisiana

Abstract Louisiana has had a high rate of coastal wetland loss due mainly to the isolation of the Mississippi River from the deltaic plain. We conducted a feasibility analysis of using once-through, non-contact industrial cooling water for restoring subsiding forested wetlands in coastal Louisiana. We considered the impacts of heated water and high nutrient and sediment concentrations. River diversions introduce sediments and nutrients to stimulate the productivity and accretion of coastal wetlands. Since increases in sediments and nutrients can cause water quality problems, we analyzed the assimilative capacity of the swamp. Based on a loading rates analysis, we estimated that the following nutrient reductions would occur: 75% for NO3, 50% for TN, 60–75% for TP, and 100% for suspended sediments. Because of the concern of impacts from heated water, it is likely that the temperature of the cooling water will have to be decreased before discharge. Altering the duration and location of the discharge are ways to minimize the impact of temperature. We recommend that a pilot study be carried out to determine the effects of heated water on the functioning of the system, the retention of sediments and nutrients, and the impacts of different discharge scenarios.
Translocation of Fetal Ovine Skeletal Muscle Glut 1 and Glut 4 in Response to Selective Hyperglycemia and Selective Hyperinsulinemia • 1494

Previous studies have defined separate and interactive effects of fetal plasma glucose (Gf) and insulin (If) concentrations on increasing fetal glucose utilization. To determine the role of glucose transporter proteins in enhancing net fetal tissue glucose uptake, we simultaneously measured fetal ovine glucose uptake and assessed the subcellular distribution of skeletal muscle Glut 1 (basal) and Glut 4 (insulin responsive) after “clamp” periods of 30-60 minutes, 2.5 hours, and 24 hours of selective hyperglycemia (↑G) or selective hyperinsulinemia(↑I). During the 2.5 hour period of ↑G, Gf increased from 20 to 39 mg/dl (p<0.01) without a change in If. In 2.5 hours of ↑I, If increased from 16 to 73 uU/ml (p<0.01) without a change in Gf. Under both study conditions, fetal glucose uptake increased, from 6.7 to 9.5 mg/min/kg (↑G) and from 7.5 to 11.4 mg/min/kg (↑I). Similar responses were observed at 30-60 minutes and 24 hours. Semi-quantitation of immunohistochemical analysis of hind limb skeletal muscle Glut 1 and Glut 4 revealed a sarcolemmal (SL) association of Glut 1 and an intracellular (IC) aggregation of Glut 4 at zero time. ↑G caused an 8-fold increase at 24 hours and ↑I caused a 4-fold increase at 30-60 minutes in the number of cells showing an SL association of Glut 1. In contrast, neither ↑G or ↑I altered the SL association of Glut 4 at any of the three time points. We conclude that high glucose and insulin concentrations independently translocate fetal ovine Glut 1 to the SL in a time dependent fashion, while not affecting Glut 4 translocation. Under both conditions, translocation of Glut 1 may contribute toward increasing net fetal glucose uptake.
Mortality books for 1820 to 1849 from the Parish of St. Bride, Fleet Street, London.

[Abstract unavailable] Cited in: Burnham JC (2009). Accident Prone: A history of technology, psychology, and misfits of the machine age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN-13: 978-0-226-08117-5. The book was favorably reviewed by David Hemenway in Injury Prevention (2011), doi: 10.1136/ip.2011.031658. Special Thanks to Dr. Burnham for providing an electronic copy of the bibliographic notes that accompany each chapter. This greatly facilitated adding previously unidentified records to the SafetyLit database. SafetyLit users may obtain a listing of the book's references by searching using the following Textword(s) Exact query: "Burnham-Accident-Prone". Language: en
Circulation of federal documents in academic depository libraries

Abstract A postcard-questionnaire was mailed to 213 academic depository libraries to survey their policies regarding circulation of U.S. Government documents. Of the 196 responding libraries, 90% circulate documents to the academic clientele and 35% circulate to the general public as well. The type of access (closed or open stacks) or the nature of the collection (separate or integrated) has no impact on documents circulation. Forty-three percent of the libraries which circulate documents encounter problems in their return on time. However, 63% of them are satisfied by the success of their remedial steps.
Lorentzian model of roots for understory yellow birch and sugar maple saplings.

Abstract Total 66 small ( R 2 = 0.96 and 0.98) and smallest root mean squared deviations (RMSD=7.85 and 7.02) among all the examined models. The model also accurately simulated small fine root (⩽2.0 mm in diameter), coarse fine root (>2.0–5.0 mm) and coarse root (>5.0 mm) biomass (R2=0.87–0.99; RMSD=2.24–6.41), and the root traits (R2=0.71–0.99; RMSD=0.19–19.38). The study showed yellow birch roots were longer, larger, had more endings (tips) and grew faster than sugar maple roots. The root traits were largely distributed to small fine roots, sharply decreased from small fine roots to coarse fine roots, the fewest in coarse roots except for root volume. When trees were large, coarse root biomass increased more rapidly than fine root biomass, but vise versa when the trees were small.
Submarine karst belt rimming the continental slope in the Straits of Florida

Nine submarine sinkholes have been surveyed and mapped with side-looking sonar and echo-sounder profiles in the Straits of Florida. These structures are irregularly distributed across the surface of the South Florida Margin, forming a discontinuous belt along the edge of the slope. The sinkholes occur in water depths too great to have ever been exposed above sea level, and some are several times larger than any known subaerial sinkholes in North America. Because most karst morphologies are the product of groundwater circulation, the distribution of submarine sinkholes in the Florida Straits may be directly related to the paleohydrology of the South Florida Platform.
Co-operative self-assembly of cholesterol and γ-oryzanol composite crystals

Cholesterol and γ-oryzanol co-crystallization occurs when equal ratios of the two compounds or excess γ-oryzanol is present in the solution. Excess cholesterol produces macroscopic fibrillar crystals from the melt prior to the co-crystallization and formation of radial fine fibers under slow cooling conditions. The cholesterol fibrillar crystals then facilitate cholesterol-γ-oryzanol co-crystallization producing fine fibers that nucleate from the surface of the cholesterol crystals. Equal ratios of cholesterol and γ-oryzanol or excess γ-oryzanol allow the radial fine fibers to nucleate from the melt without the need of an internal crystal template.
Factors governing glucose induced elevation of cyclic 3'5' AMP levels in pancreatic islets.

Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels of isolated perifused pancreatic islets were elevated by high levels of glucose concomitantly with initiation of enhanced insulin secretion. The rise of cAMP was biphasic and seemed to be related to the temporal biphasic kinetics of insulin release. However, the temporal profiles of cAMP level changes and of insulin release differed; the major rise of the cAMP levels was seen during the initial phase, whereas insulin secretion was more pronounced during the second phase of release. Glucose-induced cAMP elevation required the presence of extracellular Ca++. Mannoheptulose completely blocked cAMP elevation due to high glucose. Exogenous insulin which has been shown by others to inhibit insulin secretion in vitro, blunted the glucose-induced cAMP rise. These observations and data in the literature are compatible with the concept that under physiological conditions glucose governs the intracellular cAMP levels in a Ca++ dependent manner — either directly or indirectly through metabolic effects.
The influence of potassium and chloride ions on the membrane potential of single muscle fibers of the crayfish.

Abstract 1. 1. The quick-change method of Hodgkin & Horowicz (1959) was used to estimate transport numbers for K + and Cl − in tonic muscle fibers. 2. 2. The transport number for K + is three to four times that for Cl − . 3. 3. A method is presented for calculating Cl − and K + fluxes from changes in membrane potential. 4. 4. There is a marked discrepancy between calculated curves for membrane potential changes in time and the experimental results: the membrane repolarizes more than predicted. 5. 5. Gamma-aminobutyric acid increases Cl − conductance twelve-fold; K + conductance is unchanged. 6. 6. There is anomalous rectification for K + flux.
Doubly hydrogen-bridged 1,2-diphenylenediboranes derived from 9-chloro-9-borafluorene and ligand exchange reactions

Abstract Cyclic 1,2-diphenylenediboranes containing a doubly hydrogen-bridged structure, including 1,2-(2,2 ′ biphenylylene)diborane(I) and 1,2-(2,2 ′ biphenylylene)-1,2-diethyldiborane (II), are conveniently prepared by treating 9-chloro-9-borafluorene with NaBH 4 and Na(Et) 3 BH, respectively. The reaction mechanism involves an initial Cl–H exchange to form 9-borafluorene containing a reactive 5-member ring diarylborane moiety, which subsequently engages in a facile ring expansion with the in situ formed B–H containing residue (BH 3 or HBEt 2 ) to result in cyclic 1,2-diphenylenediboranes compounds. The doubly hydrogen-bridged structure shows good thermal stability up to 50 °C. Upon thermal cleavage at higher temperature, all free B–H groups become very reactive involving hydroboration with α-olefin. The complexization study also reveals that this intradiborane moiety forms a 1:2 complex with a strong base, such as pyridine.
Simplified analysis of a trifragment rotor disk interaction with a containment ring

Computerized analysis of shear failure at initial fragment collision during trifragment rotor disk interaction with containment rings
Joint conditional simulations and the spectral approach for flow modeling

The use of data to condition single random fields has a well-established history. However, the joint use of data from several cross-correlated random fields is not as well developed. For example, the use of both transmissivity and head data in a steady state 2-d stochastic flow problem is essentially an inverse problem that is very important for both flow and transport predictions. This problem is addressed here by using a combination of numerical simulation and analytical methods and its application illustrated. The type of information conveyed by the different data categories is explored. The results presented are especially interesting in that head and transmissivity each give different information: Head values would appear to constrain the geometry of the paths while transmissivity data yields information about travel times. The linearized model is expanded to an iterative procedure and the “true” conditional distribution at several locations is compared with the iterative solution. The problem mentioned above is one with a special transfer function specified by the flow equation. In the second part of the paper a Fast Fourier Transform method for generation and conditioning of two or more random fields is introduced. This procedure is simple to implement, fast and very flexible.
An inventory of wetland impoundments in the coastal zone of Louisiana, USA: Historical trends

We inventoried wetland impoundments in the Louisiana, USA, coastal zone from the late 1900s to 1985. Historically, impoundment of wetlands for reclamation resulted in direct wetland loss after levees (dikes) failed and the impounded area was permanently flooded, reverting not to wetland, but to open-water habitat. A current management approach is to surround wetlands by levees and water control structures, a practice termed semi-impoundment marsh management. The purpose of this semi-impoundment is to retard saltwater intrusion and reduce water level fluctuations in an attempt to reduce wetland loss, which is a serious problem in coastal Louisiana. In order to quantify the total impounded area, we used historic data and high-altitude infrared photography to map coastal impoundments. Our goal was to produce a documented inventory of wetlands intentionally impounded by levees in the coastal zone of Louisiana in order to provide a benchmark for further research.
Expression of the human beta-globin gene following retroviral-mediated transfer into multipotential hematopoietic progenitors of mice

Efficient transfer of the beta-globin gene into primitive hematopoietic progenitors was achieved with consistent and significant expression in the progeny of those cells. Retroviral vectors containing the intact genomic human beta-globin gene and the neomycin (G418)-resistance (neoR) gene were constructed. These gave titers of 10(6) or more neoR colony-forming units/ml when packaged in psi 2 cells. Mouse bone marrow cells were infected by coculture with producer cells and injected into lethally irradiated animals. Several parameters were varied to enhance infection frequency of colony-forming units, spleen (CFU-S); overall 41% of 116 foci studied contained an intact proviral genome. The human beta-globin gene was expressed in 31 of 35 CFU-S-derived spleen colonies that contained the intact vector genome at levels ranging from 1% to 5% of that of the mouse beta-globin genes. Infected bone marrow cells were also injected into genetically anemic W/Wv recipients without prior irradiation. Human beta-globin chains were detected in circulating erythrocytes by immunofluorescent staining with a specific monoclonal antibody. All animals injected with donor cells that had been cultured in G418 (1 mg/ml) for 48 hr after retroviral infection had circulating erythrocytes containing human beta-globin chains between 3 and 8 weeks after transplantation.
Pituitary oncocytomas: clinical features, characteristics in cell culture, and treatment recommendations

To determine whether there are significant differences between oncocytomas and pituitary adenomas, we evaluated clinical features, treatment regimens and outcome in 23 males and 9 females (average age 64 years, range 43–81 years) with the histologic diagnosis of pure pituitary oncocytomas (>95% oncocytes). Symptom duration was six to twelve months in 6 cases (19%) and more than one year in 19 cases (59%). Three patients presented with sudden onset of symptoms, and were found to have hemorrhage within their tumors. Visual loss (69%) and symptoms of hypopituitarism (44%) were the most common presenting complaints. Preoperative endocrine profiles revealed abnormalities in most cases, including pituitary insufficiency in 56% and hyperprolactinemia in 59%. The tumors were typically large at presentation; all but one had suprasellar extension. 28 patients underwent transsphenoidal tumor resections; 4 underwent subfrontal craniotomies. Gross dural invasion was found at surgery in 11 cases. At a mean followup of 31 months (range 2–68 months), recurrent tumor was identified in 4 patients (12.5%). Tumor size, dural invasion, preoperative endocrine profile, and postoperative radiotherapy did not correlate with recurrence. Among seven oncocytomas grown in culture, five demonstrated two distinct cell types consisting of oncocytes and typical adenoma cells, respectively. Oncocytomas often have a different clinical presentation than functional pituitary adenomas.
Culvert replacement and stream habitat restoration: Implications from brook trout management in an Appalachian watershed, U.S.A.

Large-scale culvert replacement programs could benefit migratory fish populations by reconnecting reproductive and foraging habitats in fragmented watersheds. The objectives of this study were to: (1) identify stream and culvert characteristics contributing to fish passage barriers within an Appalachian watershed, U.S.A.; (2) quantify the total amount of Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) reproductive habitat isolated above culverts; and (3) use an ecological currency to identify culvert replacement priorities and stream mitigation credit opportunities. We surveyed 120 state-owned culverts and used a fish passage assessment filter to determine the “passability” of each culvert. We then constructed a geographic information system stream network model to quantify the amount of trout reproductive habitat isolated by culverts. Ninety-seven percent of surveyed culverts were classified as obstacles or complete barriers to trout dispersal. Culvert impassability was higher in small streams with slopes exceeding 3–5%, suggesting a direct relationship between slope and impassability. Thirty-three percent of Brook trout reproductive habitat, representing over 200 km of stream, was isolated by culverts. This is a conservative estimate, because we did not survey privately or federally owned culverts. The top 20 prioritized culverts accounted for nearly half of the habitat loss. Our results indicate that standard culvert designs placed in streams with slopes exceeding 5% consistently produce trout dispersal barriers and should be avoided during new road construction. The process developed here provides an efficient method for identifying culvert replacement priorities and may be used to maximize watershed scale benefits of stream restoration.
Genetic and environmental factors in human carcinogenesis

MOST HUMAN cancers are triggered or propagated by exposure to environmental agents. Carcinogenesis is an expression of a complex interplay between exogenous factors that may be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin, and the evoked responses in the host that are under genetic control. Conversion of a normal cell to neoplastic phenotype involves molecular activation and expression of transforming genes. Transformation of a normal cell to a cancer cell represents a self-perpetuating programming error, a genetic malfunctioning of the integrated control systems for cell proliferation and differentiation. The “sudden” clinical expression of a malignant neoplasm obscures recognition that symptomatic cancer is the phenotypic endpoint of a sequence of molecular and biochemical events occurring over an induction-latency period measured in years. In experimental systems, the length of the latency period varies with the type and dose of the tumorigenic agent, intrinsic susceptibility of target cells modulated by host immunogenetic characteristics, and tumor growth kinetics. The natural history of neoplastic development evolves through stages of initiation, promotion and autonomous progression. Initiation is a stochastic, multistep process that involves one or more generally irreversible, heritable alterations in the basic structure of cellular DNA that may have been induced by such diverse factors as genotoxic chemicals, ionizing radiation or oncogenic viruses. As defined by Farber [2], promotion is the “process whereby an initiated tissue. . develops focal proliferations, one or more of which may act as precursors for subsequent steps in the carcinogenic process.” The rate of progression of promotional steps in response to exogenous and endogenous growth promoting factors is dose dependent and may exhibit a measurable threshold as well as a maximal response. The critical molecular events are associated with selective proliferation and altered gene expression. The phenotypic features of autonomous progression are exponential growth, increased invasiveness, and alterations in the biochemical, morphologic, and karyotypic characteristics of the neoplasm [3]. Various multistage and multihit quantitative models for carcinogenesis have been proposed to accommodate a conceptual framework for interpreting experimental and epidemiological data. A highly desirable property of a model would be that it enables testing or validation through experimentation and human observational study. The effective use of mathematical models requires an appreciation of underlying biologic and
Sleep and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Purpose of reviewSleep disorders are pervasive in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The patient with COPD is especially vulnerable to sleep-induced gas exchange aberrations. Most sleep disturbances affect the quality of life and some potentially affect survival in these pat
Operant variability when reinforcement is delayed.

Operant responses are often weakened when delays are imposed between the responses and reinforcers. We examined what happens when delayed reinforcers were contingent upon operant responsevariability. Three groups of rats were rewarded for varying their response sequences, with one group rewarded for high variability, another for middle, and the third for low levels. Consistent with many reports in the literature, responding slowed significantly in all groups as delays were lengthened. Consistent with other reports, large differences in variability were maintained across the three groups despite the delays. Reinforced variability appears to be relatively immune to disruption by such things as delays, response slowing, prefeeding, and noncontingent reinforcement. Furthermore, the small effects on variability depended on baseline levels: As delays lengthened, variability increased in the low group, was statistically unchanged in the middle group, and decreased in the high group, an interaction similar to that reported previously when reinforcement frequencies were lowered. Thus, variable operant responding is controlled by reinforcement contingencies, but sometimes differently than more commonly studied repetitive responding.
Northrop Frye in the Elementary Classroom

Northrop Frye (1912–1991) was one of the leading literary theorists of his day, and this article shows the ways in which his theories continue to be relevant for both the field of literary criticism and elementary classroom education today. The author, an eminent scholar in the field of children’s literature in her own right and a student of Northrop Frye, presents her interpretation of his major theories as they relate to reading and writing pedagogy in the elementary school classroom. This article articulates some of the key issues developed in the author's book, The Child As Critic, which has undergone a number of printings and editions, and which may well be as close as we get to a handbook for teaching the art of literature, as Northrop Frye might have written it.
Direct inhibition of arcuate proopiomelanocortin neurons: a potential mechanism for the orexigenic actions of dynorphin

Dynorphin, an endogenous ligand of kappa (κ) opioid receptors, has multiple roles in the brain, and plays a positive role in energy balance and food intake. However, the mechanism for this is unclear. With immunocytochemistry, we find that axonal dynorphin immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus is strong, and that a large number of dynorphin-immunoreactive boutons terminate on or near anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) cells. Here we provide evidence from whole-cell patch-clamp recording that dynorphin-A (Dyn-A) directly and dose-dependently inhibits arcuate nucleus POMC neurons. Dyn-A inhibition was eliminated by the opioid receptor antagonist nor-BNI, but not by the μ receptor antagonist CTAP. The inhibitory effect was mimicked by the (κ)2 receptor agonist GR89696, but not by the 1 receptor agonist U69593. No presynaptic effect of (κ)2 agonists was found. These results suggest that Dyn-A inhibits POMC neurons through activation of the (κ)2 opioid receptor. In whole-cell voltage clamp, Dyn-A opened G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK)-like channels on POMC neurons. Dynorphin attenuated glutamate and GABA neurotransmission to POMC neurons. In contrast to the strong inhibition of POMC neurons by Dyn-A, we found a weaker direct inhibitory effect of Dyn-A on arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons mediated by both 1 and (κ)2 receptors. Taken together, these results indicate a direct inhibitory effect of Dyn-A on POMC neurons through activation of the (κ)2 opioid receptor and GIRK channels. A number of orexigenic hypothalamic neurons release dynorphin along with other neuropeptides. The inhibition of anorexigenic POMC neurons may be one mechanism underlying the orexigenic actions of dynorphin.
Histologic, immunofluorescent, and antinuclear antibody findings in PUVA-treated patients

Twenty-two patients with psoriasis were treated with PUVA therapy for over two years. Skin biopsies from sun-exposed skin were evaluated before, during, and after PUVA therapy. No statistically significant epidermal changes were found when looking for hyperkeratosis, atrophy, melanin, or melanocyte numbers. No dyskeratosis was found. Dermal changes, including alterations in elastic tissue and collagen, were not statistically significant. Amyloid deposits were absent. The amount of mucin deposition was found to correlate with the length of PUVA therapy. In four patients, the mucin disappeared after withdrawal of PUVA, suggesting that this change is reversible.
The Relationship between the Availability of a Children's Television Program and Song Recognition

Since the advent of children's educational television, there has been much speculation but little research conducted on the possible effect of such programming on children's music learning. The present investigation was undertaken to determine if third-grade children could identify songs from the show Barney & Friends. Results indicated that (a) there was not a positive relationship between students' self-reported frequency of watching Barney & Friends and song recognition; (b) taken as a whole, the group of popular songs was identified significantly more often than not, whereas the group of “Barney ” songs tended not to be recognized by the group of frequent viewers; (c) when songs had their lyrical content altered on the show, students did not tend to remember those songs in the new formats; and (d) boys tended to say that they watched the show significantly less often than did girls.
Plasma non-ideality effects on the photon–electron scattering contribution to radiative opacities

Abstract Photon–electron scattering (Compton and Thomson scattering) can be a significant contribution to plasma radiative opacities under conditions where the atoms in the plasma are fully ionized. For high plasma densities and low temperatures, plasma non-ideality effects due to strong coupling and electron degeneracy can lead to a reduction in the amount of photon scattering expected as compared to the ideal Compton scattering case. In the present work, we will examine some of the consequences of these non-idealities and evaluate their effects on the frequency dependent and Rosseland mean opacity. We will examine electron screening and other plasma collective effects as well as electron degeneracy as it effects both initial and final scattering states. We will examine lowest order corrections to existing scattering formulae and discuss the consequences of the next highest order corrections. Comparisons will be made with existing Los Alamos National Laboratory opacity tables for hydrogen for some specific cases where these effects produce significant changes in the Rosseland means.
Enhanced Anthocyanin Extraction from Red Cabbage Using Pulsed Electric Field Processing

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on anthocyanin extraction from red cabbage using water as a solvent. Mashed cabbage was placed in a batch treatment chamber and subjected to PEF (2.5 kV/cm electric field strength; 15 micros pulse width and 50 pulses, specific energy 15.63 J/g). Extracted anthocyanin concentrations (16 to 889 microg/mL) were determined using HPLC. Heat and light stabilities of the control and PEF-treated samples, having approximately the same initial concentrations, were studied. PEF treatments enhanced total anthocyanin extraction in water from red cabbage by 2.15 times with a higher proportion of nonacylated forms than the control (P 0.05). Practical Application: An innovative pretreatment technology, pulsed electric field processing, enhanced total anthocyanin extraction in water from red cabbage by 2.15 times. Manufacturers of natural colors can use this technology to extract anthocyanins from red cabbage efficiently.
Self-aligned silicon fins in metallic slits as a platform for planar wavelength-selective nanoscale resonant photodetectors

We propose and demonstrate a novel nanoscale resonant metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector structure based on silicon fins self-aligned to metallic slits. This geometry allows the center wavelength of the photodetector’s spectral response to be controlled by the silicon fin width, allowing multiple detectors, each sensitive to a different wavelength, to be fabricated in a single-step process. In addition, the detectors are highly efficient with simulations showing ~67% of the light (λ = 800 nm) incident on the silicon fin being absorbed in a region of thickness ~170 nm whereas the absorption length at the same wavelength is ~10 µm. This approach is promising for the development of multispectral imaging sensors and low-capacitance photodetectors for short-range optical interconnects.
On the zonal‐scale selection and vertical structure of equatorial intraseasonal waves

Observed tropical intraseasonal oscillations exhibit a preferential zonal scale of wavenumber one or two and a baroclinic structure with largest flow field amplitude in the upper troposphere. Unstable interaction of boundary layer friction-induced moisture convergence with condensational heating could cause the scale selection and result in the asymmetric baroclinic structure by means of coupling of vertical normal modes. A vertically continuous linear model describing two-dimensional equatorial motion demonstrates this feedback mechanism and permits detailed study of vertical structure of unstable moist Kelvin waves.
Physical, Chemical and Cooking Qualities of Eggs as Affected by Five Methods of Home Preservation

Abstract THE work described in this paper was undertaken in an attempt to obtain further information on comparative physical, chemical and cooking qualities of eggs stored by five different methods of preservation that could be easily duplicated in the home. Methods chosen for study were waterglass, freezing, application of a commercial creamy emulsion, oiling, and coating with a plastic. The eggs were tested at the end of three and six months’ storage. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Clean, grade AA eggs from New Hampshire hens were delivered daily from the college poultry farm to the laboratory during a three-week period. All eggs except those to be frozen were dated, numbered, weighed and marked with their individual fresh weights. The eggs treated by means of commercial creamy emulsion, oiling and plastic coating were packed, small end down, in paper egg cartons. All eggs were stored in the dark at 50 to 60°F. and at a . . .
Oxygen loss in biosphere 2

Oxygen concentrations have dropped sharply in the air of “Biosphere 2,” an enclosed experimental ecosystem located in southern Arizona. Biosphere 2 is a 3.15-acre airtight structure roofed in glass and underlain by an impermeable liner. It houses an artificial ecosystem containing soil, air, water, flora, and fauna and was built primarily as an apparatus for the experimental investigation of biogeochemical cycles, whole ecosystems, and life-support systems for space habitation [see Nelson et al., 1993]. O2 in Biosphere 2 decreased during the first 16 months of closure from the ambient 21% to 14%, enough to cause health problems in the human occupants. We present evidence that the O2 loss is caused by microbial respiration of the excessive amount of organic matter incorporated into the experiment's soils and furthermore, that the respired CO2 is reacting with the structure's concrete to form calcium carbonate.
Reduced Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity in the Motor Cortex during Rest in Limb-Onset Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of motor neurons that leads to paralysis and eventually death. There is evidence that atrophy occurs in the primary motor cortex (M1), but it is unclear how the disease affects the intrinsic connectivity of this structure. Thus, the goal of this study was to examine interhemispheric coupling of low frequency blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal fluctuations in M1 using functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging during rest. Because disease progression is rapid, high-functioning patients were recruited to assess neural changes in the relatively early stages of ALS. Twenty patients with limb-onset ALS participated in this study. A parceling technique was employed to segment both precentral gyri into multiple regions of interest (ROI), thus increasing sensitivity to detect changes that exist along discretely localized regions of the motor cortex. We report an overall systemic decrease in functional connectivity between right and left motor cortices in patients with limb-onset ALS. Additionally, we observed a pronounced disconnection between dorsal ROI pairs in the ALS group compared to the healthy control group. Furthermore, measures of limb functioning correlated with the connectivity data from dorsal ROI pairs in the ALS group, suggesting a symptomatic relationship with interhemispheric M1 connectivity.
A Minimally Supervised Approach for Detecting and Ranking Document Translation Pairs

We describe an approach for generating a ranked list of candidate document translation pairs without the use of bilingual dictionary or machine translation system. We developed this approach as an initial, filtering step, for extracting parallel text from large, multilingual---but non-parallel---corpora. We represent bilingual documents in a vector space whose basis vectors are the overlapping tokens found in both languages of the collection. Using this representation, weighted by tf·idf, we compute cosine document similarity to create a ranked list of candidate document translation pairs. Unlike cross-language information retrieval, where a ranked list in the target language is evaluated for each source query, we are interested in, and evaluate, the more difficult task of finding translated document pairs. We first perform a feasibility study of our approach on parallel collections in multiple languages, representing multiple language families and scripts. The approach is then applied to a large bilingual collection of around 800k books. To avoid the computational cost of O(n2) document pair comparisons, we employ locality sensitive hashing (LSH) approximation algorithm for cosine similarity, which reduces our time complexity to O(n log n).
Anesthesia is a risk factor for drug and alcohol craving and relapse in ex-abusers

Relapse to cocaine, heroin, and alcohol is a common occurrence in ex-abusers of these substances. Although there are many potential causes for relapse, we postulate that one cause in some people may be re-exposure in an anesthesia setting to a drug similar to the formerly abused drug. We hypothesize, for example, that opioids given during and after surgery may reinstate craving for, and initiate subsequent seeking of, heroin in former abusers. There are a substantial number of animal studies and some human studies documenting a reinstatement phenomenon in which an experimenter-administered psychoactive drug can precipitate drug-seeking behavior in 'abstinent' animals and humans. There is concern amongst health professionals and patients alike on this issue, and we discuss possible avenues of research, both preclinical and clinical, to explore the validity of our hypothesis.
Forearm neurovascular responses during mental stress and vestibular activation.

Autonomic responses may underlie associations among anxiety, vestibular dysfunction, and unexplained syncope. Mental stress (MS), an anxiety-inducing stimulus, causes forearm vasodilation, whereas ...
Phage Display of Adenovirus Type 5 Fiber Knob as a Tool for Specific Ligand Selection and Validation

Adenovirus (Ad) vectors are most potent for use as gene delivery vehicles to infect human cells in vitro and in vivo with high efficiency. The main limitation in utilization of Ad as a gene transfer vector is the lack of specificity. Genetic modifications of Ad capsid proteins resulting in incorporation of foreign polypeptide ligand sequences can redirect the vector towards target cells. However, in many cases the incorporated ligands lose specificity or lead to conformational changes influencing virion integrity. In order to select target-specific ligands a priori structurally compatible with Ad, we propose a system for displaying polypeptide sequences in the context of the Ad fiber knob on the surfaces of filamentous bacteriophages. To establish this concept, we displayed the wild-type Ad serotype 5 knob and knobs containing c-Myc epitopes and six-histidine sequences in the pJuFo phage system. The knobs remained trimeric and bound the coxsackievirus-Ad receptor, and the phage knob-displayed ligands recognized and bound their cognates in the phage-displayed knob context. Further development of this system may be useful for candidate ligand fidelity and Ad structural compatibility validation prior to Ad modification.
Confucianism, Marxism, and Pragmatism: The Intellectual Contexts of Engineering Education in China

Sensitivity to cross-cultural and cross-national differences in engineering education and practice is essential for globally competent engineers. Those who fail to pay close attention to the historical-cultural contexts of engineering do so at their own peril, increasing the likelihood that their gaps in knowledge and misconceptions will lead to failed collaborations, projects, and products. This chapter aims to support this thesis by describing the historical and intellectual contexts for engineering education in contemporary China. It starts by presenting a variety of controversial issues in current global discourses on China’s engineering education, e.g., distinct understandings of professionalism and accountability, and different approaches to defining core bodies of knowledge, competencies, and other learning outcomes. It argues that these controversies mainly arise from insufficient understandings of three key intellectual contexts of Chinese engineering education: Confucianism (historical), Marxism (ideological), and economic pragmatism (economic). It is then followed by analyses showing how these three intellectual contexts historically contributed to shaping China’s unique developmental trajectory of engineering education. The three dimensions are not presented and judged in historical sequence, but instead framed as interwoven and coproduced, with real and present implications for the culture and character of engineering education and practice. Finally, this chapter attempts to use the three-dimensional framework as an interpretative tool to reflect on the practical issues proposed in the first part. In so doing, it highlights the relevance and implications of the intellectual contexts of global engineering education and policymaking in contemporary China. The chapter’s main thesis is further advanced by revisiting an influential cross-national, comparative study of engineering education, which helps show how discourses originating outside of China frequently provide impoverished or oversimplified understandings of the Chinese context.
A Qualitative Examination of Smoke-Free Policies and Electronic Cigarettes Among Sheltered Homeless Adults.

Abstract Purpose. To examine attitudes toward smoke-free policies and perceptions of e-cigarette use among homeless adults. Approach. A cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted. Setting. Study setting comprised seven transitional homeless shelters with indoor smoke-free policies in San Diego County; facilities differed in outdoor restrictions on smoking. Participants. Sixty-six current or former smokers were the study participants. Method. Participants completed a questionnaire on smoking behaviors, perceived antitobacco norms, and attitudes toward smoke-free policies, and attended a focus group interview that explored these topics. We used a directed content analysis approach to analyze the focus group transcripts. Results. Clients in facilities with outdoor restrictions on smoking had stronger perceived antitobacco norms than those in facilities without such restrictions. We identified the following major themes: attitudes toward smoke-free policies, the use of e-cigarettes, the addictive potenti...
Design of a Fatigue Resistant Ni-free PdTi-base SMA

Two main challenges in the design of reliable shape memory alloys for medical devices are improving fatigue life and addressing biocompatibility issues such as Ni hypersensitivity. This study presents the optimized design of a low-Ni (Pd,Ni)50(Ti,Al)50 alloy and the characterization of a peak-strengthened Ni-free (Pd,Fe)50(Ti,Al)50 superelastic alloy. Precipitate size, phase fraction, and phase composition are measured using Atom Probe Tomography (APT). From this data, thermodynamic and kinetic descriptions of the 2-phase field containing coherent L21 Heusler precipitates in a B2 matrix are developed. The optimum radius for precipitation strengthening in these systems is determined via experimentally calibrated strengthening models to be 2.3 nm. Enhanced fatigue resistance of a peak-strengthened Ni-free alloy design is validated via thermal and mechanical cycling.
Repairable file and storage systems

The data contents of an information system may be corrupted due to human errors, malicious attacks or untrusted software. The financial loss of such corruption is typically proportional to the amount of time required to recover the system's data/service. Recognizing that it is impossible to build absolutely secure computer systems and that human errors are inevitable, this dissertation proposes a repairable system framework which greatly reduces data loss and system downtime with minimum cost and performance penalty. We illustrate that repairability is affordable and ready to be integrated into main stream file/storage system. Repairable file/storage system needs to perform two tasks. First it has to maintain all the raw data so that every update is undoable. Secondly it has to keep track of data updates due to errors and attacks so that only the data affected by mistakes or attacks are rolled back to their last known consistent state. We develop two novel comprehensive versioning schemes for repairable NFS file server and for repairable SAN storage system. We design a simple solution for dependency tracking and integrate it with both schemes. We also developed an NFS trace play toolkit and gained experience on trace driven file system evaluation. For the repairable file system, we focus on the performance optimization in the absence of failures and errors. Empirical measurements show that the performance overhead due to repairability is less than 10%. For the repairable storage system, more focuses are shifted to the integration with traditional fault tolerance techniques. Evaluation results show that the repairable storage system is available upon any single point of failure, including disk failure with and without data losses, power failure, network failure and software crash failure.
Giberson's Glass Studio

Edward Englehardt Giberson, the proprietor, is a skilled glassblower whose business is on the verge of bankruptcy. He works in his studio almost every day, and his products sell reasonably well. On average, he has at least a two-week backlog of orders. He realizes his prices are too low, yet the artistic nature of his products makes it difficult to set prices based on any systematic assessment of demand or comparison with similar products. In desperation, he turns to the consulting club of a nearby graduate business school for help in establishing both a pricing policy and a production policy that he hopes will lead to profitable operations and a positive cash flow. Clearly, continuing business as usual is not an option for Giberson.
Preserving 'His Masters' Voice': the archival significance of master recordings

Master recordings as products created by the music industry are some of the greatest time capsules in American culture. Throughout the history of the music industry master recordings received little attention and were not appreciated for the informational and evidential values held within the recordings. American archival theory provides the solution to help prevent the loss of master recordings and hence the loss of a piece of America’s culture. Through archival preservation and partnerships between record companies and independent archives, master recordings and the American culture contained within them have a better chance than ever of surviving for many years to come.
Predictors of Subjective Outcome After Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Unexplainable pain after medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) remains a leading cause for revision surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the patient-specific variables that may influence subjective outcomes after medial UKA to optimize results. Methods Retrospectively, we analyzed 104 consecutive medial UKA patients. The evaluated parameters consisted of age, body mass index, gender, preoperative radiographic severity of the various knee compartments, and preoperative and postoperative mechanical axis alignments. Results At an average of 2.3-year follow-up, our data demonstrate that body mass index, gender, and preoperative severity among the various knee compartments do not influence Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) results. Preoperatively, patients aged P = .001), pain (9.7 vs 7.6, P = .041), and total (37.2 vs 47.6, P = .028) scores vs patients aged ≥65 years. Postoperatively, only the difference on the WOMAC stiffness subscale remained significant between both age groups, in favor of patients aged ≥65 years (1.0 vs 1.5, P = .035). A postoperative varus mechanical axis alignment of 1°-4° correlated to significantly superior WOMAC pain ( P = .03), function ( P = .04), and total ( P = .04) scores compared to a varus of ≤1° or ≥4°. Conclusion Our data suggest that greater pain relief can be expected in patients aged
The impact of implementation of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology on the surgical treatment of thyroid nodules.

Published data suggest that the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC) is valuable in directing therapy of thyroid nodules. Literature examining the effect of the BSRTC on mana...