cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some suggestions for a new theory of cell division

A number of shortcomings of the diffusion drag force theory of cell division are pointed out, especially in regard to the difficulties of interpreting mitotic phenomena. As an alternative a different theory is outlined, based on the emphasis of colloidal phenomena in the nucleus. The nucleus is assumed to contain very long molecules, which are disoriented in the resting stage but which become oriented prior and during the mitosis, forming the mitotic spindle. Such an oriented structure is of the nature of a tactoid. The molecular mechanism of the formation of the spindle is outlined and some equations are derived which suggest possible quantitative verification. The interplay of the molecular forces is assumed also to be responsible for the splitting of the chromosomes. Arrangement of chromosomes in the equatorial plate and their movement to the poles are discussed, and equations describing those phenomena are outlined.
Bringing anime to academic libraries: a recommended core collection

Purpose – This paper aims to provide reasons for developing an anime collection within academic libraries as well as providing guidance in starting such a collection. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based upon research of literature and anime-related websites, as well as familiarity gained through viewing anime. Findings – Anime is a medium that can be used to explore all genres, as well as universal themes, and provide a glimpse of Japanese life. The study of film has been accepted for decades and the study of animation has grown from that but has been restricted to primarily American animation. Anime is animation specific to Japan which can inspire students and faculty to explore another culture. Libraries should provide classic anime that can support cross-cultural and interdisciplinary studies. By creating an anime collection, a library will provide their community with engaging materials that can be used for enjoyment as well as study. A list of core titles is included. Originality/value ...
Toward a More Comprehensive Medical Anthropology: The Case of Adolescent Psychopathlogy

This article argues for a more comprehensive analytical approach in medical anthropology than is currently followed, one that combines attention to structuralfactors (political, economic, medicallpsychiatric), experiential/symbolic expressions and meanings, and biological/bodily features of disorders. We show how subject matter that may be defined as "adolescent psychopathology" would be better understood by a comprehensive approach than by partial views. Three areas within adolescent psychopathology are chosen as illustrative: anorexia nervosa, dissociation, and social aggression. Each of these, like adolescence itself, is powerfully shaped by historical and contemporary cultural influences, and each implicates important theories in medical anthropology. [medical anthropology, cross-cultural psychiatry, adolescence, eating disorders, dissociation, aggression]
Coaxial scattering as a probe of surface structure: (1 × 2)- and (1 × 3)-Pt(110)

Abstract The technique of coaxial scattering is described and its capabilities are demonstrated on (1 × 2)- and (1 × 3)-Pt{110} reconstructed surfaces. The apparatus consists of a pulsed rare gas ion beam line with time-of-flight analysis of backscattered neutrals and ions at a scattering angle of ∼ 180° using a microchannel plate detector. Both azimuthal δ and incident α angle scans versus backscattering intensity are presented and analyzed in terms of shadowing and blocking cones and classical trajectory simulations. Coaxial scattering, as compared to non-coaxial scattering (θ
An Improved Method for Calculating Iterative Learning Control Convergence Rate

In Iterative Learning Control (ILC), the lifted system is often used in design and analysis to determine convergence rate of the learning algorithm. Computation of the convergence rate in the lifted setting requires construction of large NxN matrices, where N is the number of data points in an iteration. The convergence rate computation is O(N2 ) and is typically limited to short iteration lengths because of computational memory constraints. In this article, we present an alternative method for calculating the convergence rate without the need of large matrix calculations. This method uses the implicitly restarted Arnoldi method and dynamic simulations to calculate the ILC norm, reducing the calculation to O(N). In addition to faster computation, we are able to calculate the convergence rate for long iteration lengths. This method is presented for multi-input multi-output, linear time-varying discrete-time systems.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A convergent composite mapping Fourier domain iterative algorithm for 3-D discrete tomography

The discrete tomography problem is to reconstruct a binary function defined on a discrete lattice from its sums in directions parallel to the axes of the lattice. The problem has multiple solutions; we wish to determine a solution close, in the least-squares sense, to a specified starting function. We formulate the problem in the Fourier domain, and use the Agarwal–Cooley fast convolution or Good–Thomas fast Fourier transform to unwrap the multidimensional (2-D or 3-D) problem into a long 1-D problem, in which the given projection data specify some values of the DFT of the 1-D sequence of binary values. The z-transform of the DFT values, evaluated on the unit circle, yields these binary values. The problem is now to determine the minimum perturbation of the unconstrained DFT values of the starting function which cause a Toeplitz matrix to lose rank. This type of problem is well-known in spectral estimation. We obtain a new iterative algorithm which converges to a solution of the discrete tomography problem close to the starting function.
Counseling Prisoners: Ethical Issues, Dilemmas, and Cautions

Counseling prisoners involves multiple ethical and therapeutic choices and risks. Prison environments emphasize external control and security. Thus, work in such settings challenges the role of the counselor as a facilitator of client responsibility for independent decision making.
Drug transfer across intact rat intestinal mucosa following surgical removal of serosa and muscularis externa.

The in vitro absorption kinetics for salicylate ion were followed through rat intestinal membranes from which the serosa and longitudinal and transverse layers of the muscularis externa had been removed. Techniques are described where up to 15 cm. of intestine may be stripped of musculature so that absorption studies may be carried out utilizing commonly employed in vitro methods such as the everted sac, the Crane-Wilson technique, and a perfusion apparatus. A histological examination of the stripped intestinal mucosa showed that the section consisted of epithelium, underlying lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, and submucosa. The latter two layers do not remain when mucosa is isolated by scraping off the mucosal surface with a glass slide, but they are necessary for maintaining an intact epithelial membrane during in vitro transport studies. Transfer rates were measured using 10 cm. of everted intestine in a perfusion apparatus and 5 cm. of everted intestine made into a Crane-Wilson sac. Absorption rates for salicylate through stripped intestinal segments were found to be 1.5–1.8 times greater than those found with nonstripped segments.
Characteristics of the atmospheric state and the surface radiation budget at the tropical western Pacific ARM Site

The Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program has been operating a radiation and cloud observing station in the tropical western Pacific (TWP) since October, 1996. This station includes instruments for measuring the surface radiation budget, characteristics of the atmospheric column that affect that budget, and surface meteorological parameters. Our purpose here is both to introduce some of the fundamental characteristics of the tropical western Pacific region and to show some interesting properties of the data that have emerged from our analyses thus far. The column concentration of water vapor is very high in this region and dominates the downward flux of infrared at the surface. For shortwave radiation, clouds dominate the surface budget. We have compared the surface shortwave cloud forcing from the ARM site with previous observations from this region. Finally, we have examined the vertical distribution of clouds in periods of active and suppressed convection and find interesting contrasts between these regimes.
A Chronicle of Production: The Creation of an Enunciative Framework in le Rouge et le Noir

Avec l'epigraphe du roman, Stendhal met en scene un simulacre du lieu de l'enonciation. Il souligne le fait que la verite n'existe pas ici et maintenant, dans ce lieu (le roman). Referentialite et theorie de la representation dans ce roman| leur lien avec le mode de production capitaliste
S. epidermidis Influence on Host Immunity: More Than Skin Deep

The mammalian immune system communicates with skin-resident microbes, and some of these microbes provide benefits to the host. In a recent paper in Nature, Naik et al. (2015) provide evidence that the murine epidermis permits S. epidermidis, a skin-specific bacterium, to shape the immune response.
THE DENATURATION OF EGG ALBUMIN BY ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION.

The coagulation of isoelectric egg albumin solutions, on exposure to ultraviolet radiation, involves three distinct processes, (1) the light denaturation of the albumin molecule, (2) a reaction between the light denatured molecule and water which may be similar to heat denaturation but occurs at a lower temperature, and (3), the flocculation of the denatured molecules to form a coagulum. The light denaturation is unimolecular, independent of temperature, and occurs over a wide pH range. The reaction between the light denatured molecule and water has a temperature coefficient of 10+ and occurs rapidly at 40°C., a temperature at which heat denaturation is inappreciable.
Continuous Silicon Wafer Manufacturing by EFG Method

A comprehensive two-dimensional numerical model, which accounts for heat/mass transfer, solidification, and electromagnetic field, has been developed to simulate the silicon tube growth by the Edge-defined film-fed (EFG) method. A multi-block grid system has been employed to yield a high accuracy in the vicinity of die tip with relatively low CPU time, and the solution procedure is satisfied the flux conservation at the block interface. Selected results of magnetic and temperature fields have been presented for the silicon tube growth system of 30cm in diameter and 0.3mm in thickness. Two local models have also been developed to study the effect of the size of window opening and tube thickness on the maximum growth rate using the inner and outer heater temperature profiles as boundary conditions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Supreme Court Authority in the Judiciary A Study of Remands

In the relationship between the Supreme Court and lower courts, one important issue is the extent to which lower court judges recognize and respond to the Supreme Court's authority. This article explores the Court's authority through a study of cases remanded by the Court during the 1965-1974 terms. We examine the relationship between the outcomes of cases in the lower courts after Supreme Court remands and several conditions that seem likely to affect the strength of the Court's authority. The statistical results indicate that most of these conditions have a significant impact on outcomes. More broadly, these results provide evidence that the Court's authority is a significant force in shaping the behavior of judges in the lower courts.
An integrated vision system based on coining algorithms

Abstract This article describes an integrated computer vision system that is based on the principle that improved function can better be achieved by combining weak and idiosyncratic operators than by striving to “fine-tune” a single operator. This binding or fusional principle emerged during the past decade of research on organic systems. The system combines many of the attributes of a visual image to segregate three-dimensions in a way that overcomes the deficiencies that have long been known to hamper computer image processing. The system can be applied to object detection and recognition, autonomous control, and manufacturing inspection.
Effect of Washers and Bolt Tension on the Behavior of Double-Lap S2-Glass Fabric Epoxy Composite Joints

Experimental characterization of thick composite bolted joints is performed to study the effect of washer size and bolt preload on bearing properties. S2-glass fabric-epoxy composite coupons [0/90; +45/−45 @ 10 sets] of 12.5 mm thickness were tested under double shear tensile loading. Two different washer sizes and thicknesses were used in this investigation. A force washer is used to monitor the clamp load variation during the test. It has been found that the initial bolt tension (preload) and washer size have a significant effect on bearing stiffness and bearing strength of thick composite joints. For a low bolt preload, test data shows a significant clamp load increase with the joint displacement. However, the percentage increase in clamp load is reduced as the preload is increased to 50kN. The outward buckling and delamination of the laminate in the composite coupons were found to be the main cause for clamp load increase.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Hypouricemia in Hodgkin's disease. Report of an additional case.

A case of disseminated Hodgkin's disease and hypouricemia is reported. Serum uric acid values prior to chemotherapy ranged from 0.7 to 1.7 mg% in association with a markedly elevated uric acid clearance. The etiology of the defect in renal handling of uric acid in this syndrome remains to be elucidated.
Management of anaphylaxis in child care centers: evaluation 6 and 12 months after an intervention program.

Background Many young children with a history of allergic reactions or anaphylaxis spend considerable time in child care centers. We previously reported that a significant knowledge deficit exists in anaphylaxis recognition, evaluation, and treatment and that greater anaphylaxis education is needed among child care providers. Objective To determine whether child care centers can recognize, evaluate, and treat anaphylactic episodes in children aged 1 to 6 years 6 months and 1 year after attending an allergy seminar. Methods All 39 child care centers participating in the original study were selected to complete 6-month and 1-year follow-up surveys using a similar questionnaire. Those who did not attend the seminar or complete all the previous surveys were excluded. Results At 6 months and 1 year, 37 and 29 centers, respectively, completed surveys. There was a significant improvement regarding when to administer intramuscular epinephrine compared with before the allergy seminar. However, only 48% of the centers at 6 months ( P = .02) and 31% at 1 year ( P = .002) knew how to correctly administer intramuscular epinephrine compared with 77% four weeks after the seminar. With time, there was a significant decline in correctly recognizing typical anaphylaxis symptoms, including abdominal cramping, chest tightness, shortness of breath, low blood pressure, and diarrhea, whereas symptoms such as hives, swelling, and wheezing continued to be identified correctly. Conclusions There is a need for renewed anaphylaxis education among child care providers. Initially, this intervention significantly increased the ability of child care center staff to recognize, evaluate, and treat anaphylaxis, but knowledge diminished gradually at 6-month and 1-year follow-up.
Convergence of Fourier Methods for Navier-Stokes Equations

Abstract The Fourier-Galerkin method is used to simulate fluid flows in two and three dimensions, on domains with periodic boundary conditions. It is proved that the numerical solution converges towards the solution of Navier-Stokes equations. The rate of convergence depends on the smoothness of the mathematical solution. Finally, it is shown that the Fourier-Galerkin method can be interpreted as a projection method. This observation may lead to more sophisticated convergence proofs.
Reduced alpha widths for nuclei with N >= 84,Z <= 84.

The reduced alpha widths of even-even nuclei with Ngreater than or equal to84,Zless than or equal to84 display a systematic behavior with only few anomalies. The widths were deduced from the known alpha-decay half-lives and branching ratios, with penetration factors calculated from realistic cluster wave functions. Predictions are reported for the half-lives of naturally occurring long-lived nuclei as well as the half-lives and branching ratios of short-lived proton-rich nuclei away from the line of beta stability.
Mechanisms for increased expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) in lactating rats

Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) and the bile acid pool size are increased 2 to 3-fold in lactating postpartum rats. We investigated the interaction of nuclear receptors with the Cyp7a1 proximal promoter and the expression of regulatory signaling pathways in postpartum rats at day 10 (PPd10) versus female controls to identify the mechanisms of increased expression of Cyp7a1, which is maximal at 16 hours. Liver X receptor (LXRα) and RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) recruitment to Cyp7a1 chromatin were increased 1.5- and 2.5-fold, respectively, at 16 hours on PPd10. Expression of nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR), LXRα, liver receptor homolog (LRH-1), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), and short heterodimer partner (SHP) messenger RNA (mRNA) and coactivator peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) mRNA was unchanged in PPd10 versus controls at 16 hours, whereas chicken ovalbumin upstream transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) was decreased 40% at 16 hours. Investigation of a repressive signaling pathway, the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in PPd10 versus controls, showed decreased mRNA expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF; decreased 60% at 16 hours) and tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met (decreased 44%–50% at 16 hours), but these were not accompanied by decreased expression of phosphorylated c-Jun. Importantly, expression of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) mRNA in the ileum was decreased 70% in PPd10 versus controls, whereas phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) protein expression in liver was decreased 88% at 16 hours. Conclusion: The increased recruitment of LXRα, a Cyp7a1 stimulatory pathway, and decreased expression of FGF15 and phosphorylated Erk1/2, a Cyp7a1 repressive pathway, combined to increase Cyp7a1 expression during lactation. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
Heart excitatory and inhibitory substances in molluscan ganglia

Abstract 1. 1. Nerve and heart tissue extracts from some molluscs are known to contain heart excitatory material in addition to 5HT. We have used Sephadex G-15 columns to analyze this material. Eluted fractions were assayed on hearts of the clam Mercenaria mercenaria treated with 1-methyl-lysergic acid butanolamide and with Mytelase in order to counteract 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine. 2. 2. Extracts from ganglia of M. mercenaria gave rise to four peaks of cardioexcitatory activity (peaks A, B, C, D). Extracts from clam hearts gave rise only to peaks A, B and C. Extracts from ganglia of the snail Busycon canaliculatum gave rise to peaks C and D. 3. 3. Peaks A, B and C from either the calm or the snail were completely inactivated by treatment with proteolytic enzymes; peak D was not inactivated.
Inhibition of corneal angiogenesis by ascorbic acid in the rat model

To evaluate the effect of topically administered ascorbic acid on experimentally induced corneal neovascularization in the rat model. Corneal chemical cauterization of 72 eyes in Long-Evans male rats was performed using silver nitrate/potassium nitrate sticks. Nine groups of eight eyes were used to evaluate eight concentrations of ascorbic acid with one group of eight eyes serving as a control. Topical instillation of 100 mg/ml non-pH-neutralized ascorbic acid was performed in one group while the remaining seven groups were evaluated using pH-neutralized ascorbic acid in concentrations of 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 500 µg/ml, and 250 µg/ml. The percentage of corneal neovascularization and burn stimulus score was determined for all the eyes. The means of percent of corneal neovascularization in ascorbic acid 100 mg/ml (non-neutralized), 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 500 μg/ml, 250 μg/ml, and control group were 17.50 ± 12.80 (p = 0.001), 17.00 ± 19.30 (p = 0.001), 15.25 ± 13.26 (p = 0.001), 17.62 ± 11.89 (p = 0.001), 28.87 ± 23.08 (p = 0.001), 29.62 ± 16.91 (p = 0.001), 60.12 ± 8.50 (p = 0.04), 65.62 ± 2.26 (p = 0.185), and 68.25 ± 4.06, respectively (Tables 1 and 2). All animals had a burn score of 2+ or higher (Table 1). Ascorbic acid applied in a topical solution appears to inhibit corneal neovascularization in the rat model of inflammatory neovascularization in concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal dose-effect relation was in our model found in concentrations between 1 mg and 500 µg/ml. At concentrations below 500 µg/ml there was no statistically significant inhibition in the degree of corneal neovascularization compared to control.
Hydrogen ions and buffer base.

Abstract It is agreed that acids and bases may be defined in terms of transfers of hydrogen ion. In the body, however, since hydrogen ion changes are almost completely buffered, they cannot be measured adequately as such but only in terms of the accompanying reciprocal change in buffer anions. These are conveniently termed "buffer base" and as proton acceptors may indeed be defined as "base." The principle of electroneutrality permits this same numerical quantity to be derived as the excess of cations over fixed anions and provides another, and often more convenient, way of determining the same quantity. Changes in each of the factors involved occur simultaneously and are different ways of looking at the same thing. It is not meaningful to try to call any one the "cause" of another. Since the same quantity is determinable as either cation or anion it is most convenient to simply call it buffer "base." Change in buffer base quantitates a non-respiratory or "metabolic" alteration in acid-base balance. In pure "respiratory" disturbances buffer base does not change, prior to secondary responses. Here, hydrogen ions are redistributed among the buffer anions, i.e., there are reciprocal alterations in the bicarbonate and non-bicarbonate buffer anions. Thus determination of buffer base separates non-respiratory or metabolic and respiratory acid-base disturbances. Individual ionic effects may be conveniently examined with respect to their effect on buffer base. Although hydrogen ion is the reference point for the entire development (which is consistent with the Bronsted theory), it is convenient to talk directly about effects of other ions rather than to return to the hydrogen ion at every step. We believe it is easier and clearer, once the idea is explained, to say that "an increase of fixed cation over fixed anion is an increase in buffer base" than to say that "an increase in fixed cation over fixed anion is a convenient way to determine an increase in total buffer anions, which in turn is a convenient way to determine a decrease in hydrogen ion." Either is quite acceptable and neither statement leaves the erroneous impression that it is possible to describe a complex situation with a single term or that the pH or hydrogen ion concentration alone adequately describes the disturbance.
Amino-functionalized single-chain bolalipids: Synthesis and aggregation behavior of new basic building blocks ☆

Herein, we report the synthesis of two novel, amino-functionalized single-chain bolalipids and, based on those, a general synthetic approach for the insertion of various carboxylic acids into the bolalipid headgroups, e.g. α-lipoic acid for one-dimensional fixation of gold nanoparticles, sorbic acid for polymerization experiments, or lysine for the use in gene delivery systems. The temperature- and pH-dependent self-assembly of amino-functionalized bolalipids into nanofibers and micelles was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Rheological measurements were used to describe the macroscopic behavior of the formed temperature switchable hydrogels that can be fine-tuned for drug delivery applications. We showed that the viscoelastic properties of the hydrogel strongly depend on ionic interactions between bolalipid headgroups as well as on the ability to form hydrogen bonds.
Propagation of spatial coherence in fast pulses

Diffraction and interferometry with fast pulses are analyzed for the case that the fields are partially correlated in time and in space. This generalizes a previous work [Schoonover, J. Mod. Opt.55, 1541(2008)], where only the temporal correlations of pulsed fields were considered in a Young's interferometer. The meaning of the interferograms is addressed for measurements taken in the near, Fresnel, and far zones of the source. It is shown that single-shot measurements cannot generally be used to infer statistical properties of the source, rather, data averaged over many pulses must be used.
Aspects of endocannabinoid signaling in periimplantation biology

Physiological roles of endocannabinoids, a group of endogenously produced cannabinoid-like lipid molecules that activate G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, are being increasingly appreciated in female reproduction. Adverse effects of cannabinoids on female fertility have been suspected for decades; however, underlying molecular and genetic bases by which they exert these effects were not clearly understood. The discovery of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), endocannabinoid ligands (anandamide and 2-acylglycerol) as well as their key synthetic and hydrolytic pathways has helped to better understand the roles of cannabinoid/endocannabinoid signaling in preimplantation embryo development, oviductal embryo transport, embryo implantation and postimplantation embryonic growth. This review focuses on various aspects of the endocannabinoid system in female fertility based on studies that used knockout mouse models. The information generated from studies in mice is likely to shed deeper insight into fertility regulation in women.
Hepatic cryosurgery in the treatment of unresectable metastases

The treatment of unresectable hepatic metastases has generally been limited to systemic or intra-arterial chemotherapy. Cryosurgery has the advantage of potentially ablating such unresectable tumours. From November 1987 to August 1994, 140 patients underwent 155 procedures using hepatic cryosurgery with and without resection for documented metastatic disease. Intra-operative ultrasound was used for monitoring the freezing zone. The tumours were frozen using liquid nitrogen cooled to −196°C for 15 min. The median number of lesions treated was three. Median hospital stay was 10 days. The operative mortality was 4%. Complications included coagulopathy, hypothermia, myoglobinuria, pleural effusions, ATN and infection. The median survival for all patients was 22 months. Of those patients followed for more than 2 years, the median survival was 25 months. Of the 65 patients that are still alive, the median follow-up is 27 months.
The Surgical Treatment of Primary Malignant Lymphoma of the Lung

instances. As the fact that primary malignant lymphoma of the lung could be treated surgically has become accepted, the literature reporting the various results of treatment has included an increasing number of cases.4’6’7’9”3’7 In few reported cases, however, is the follow-up period sufficiently long to indicate clearly whether or not the surgeon was able to alter the course of the disease. Five years have passed since Cooley, McDonald and Clagett4 reported a series of nine cases of primary pulmonary lymphoma. A follow-up study of these patients and a report of experience with subsequent cases, therefore, were thought advisable. Material and Methods As a prelude to a clinicopathologic study of primary malignant lymphoma of the lung, a proper definition of conditions that form the basis for the assumption that the disease is primary in the lung is necessary. Accordingly for our study we decided that the condition first must be shown histologically by adequate biopsy to be a malignant lymphoma. To establish that the lymphoma is predominantly within the lung rather than a mediastinal structure requires direct examination, usually at thoracotomy. The procurement of a specimen that is definitely from a malignant lymphoma by either bronchoscopic or needle biopsy methods was not considered to be sufficient evidence that the process was primary in the lung. Our second condition, therefore, was an absence of evidence both at thoracotomy and in the case record that the malignant lymphoma in the lung was part of a disseminated process or that the lung was involved secondarily. Since lesions can be found in the lung in approxi
Analysis of a measured neutron background below 6 MeV for fast-neutron imaging systems

Abstract Detailed and accurate information on the neutron background is relevant for many applications that involve radiation detection, both for non-coincidence and coincidence countings. In particular, for the purpose of developing advanced neutron-detection techniques for nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear safeguards, the energy-dependent, ground-level, neutron-background information is needed. There are only a few previous studies available about the neutron background below 10 MeV, which is a typical neutron energy range of interest for nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear-safeguards applications. Thus, there is a potential for further investigation in this energy range. In this paper, neutron-background measurement results using organic-liquid scintillation detectors are described and discussed, with a direct application in optimization simulations of a fast-neutron imager based on liquid scintillators. The measurement was performed in summer 2011 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, and the measurement setup consisted of several EJ-309 liquid scintillators and a fast waveform digitizer. The average neutron flux below 6 MeV was measured to be approximately 4e−4 counts/cm 2 /s. In addition, the relationship between the neutron-background count rate and various environmental quantities, such as humidity, at Earth's ground level was investigated and the results did not reveal any straightforward dependences. The measured pulse height distribution (PHD) was unfolded to determine the energy spectrum of the background neutrons. The unfolded neutron-background spectrum was implemented to a previously-created MCNPX-PoliMi model of the neutron-scatter camera and simple-backprojection images of the background neutrons were acquired. Furthermore, a simulated PHD was obtained with the MCNPX-PoliMi code using the “Cosmic-Ray Shower Library” (CRY) source sub-routine which returns various types of radiation, including neutrons and photons at a surface, and accounts for solar cycle, altitude, and geomagnetic deflection. Comparison between the measured and simulated PHDs shows very good agreement.
An analytical solution for unsteady, inviscid jet formation due to asymmetric 2-d ring collapse

Here we derive a closed form analytical solution for an unsteady inviscid jet caused by the asymmetric collapse of a 2-d ring using linearized, small disturbance, velocity potential theory and classical analytical methods. Use is made of both the Laplace transformation and elementary eigenfunction expansions to solve the associated governing equations. The streamwise diffusion term, e.g. φrr is shown to be second order and is neglected. Jet shape that was computed using the analytical model is compared with CTH (hydrocode) simulations and limited experimental data and shown to provide reasonable agreement. Jet spreading is shown to be consistent with classical turbulent jet scaling in accordance with known shaped charge jet hydrodynamic assumptions. With confidence that the analytical solution is a viable tool we consider the numerical issues associated with rotational symmetry, the effect of boundary loading disturbance to the jet and the effect of finite arrival time detonation wave conditions. Thus we conclude that this model provides a simple, but useful supplement to conventional hydrocode simulation jetting phenomenon due to asymmetric loading of 2-d circular rings.
PTSD not an anxiety disorder? DSM committee proposal turns back the hands of time.

The proposed DSM-5 changes to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), reviewed in detail in the last month's issue by Friedman et al.[1] include the addition of symptoms, changes to the symptom clusters, and re-conceptualization of PTSD as a “trauma and stressor-related disorder” instead of an anxiety disorder. The rationale for this shift is unclear, under-developed, and unsupported. It is our strong opinion that, at this point, there is insufficient evidence for PTSD to be considered distinct from the anxiety disorders as outlined below.
Azure A-Schiff, alcian blue, HIO4-Schiff, Naphthol yellow S--a sequential staining method for paraffin sections.

Paraffin sections from tissue fixed 4-12 hr in 10% formalin containing 0.5% cetyl pyridinium chloride, and washed 2 hr, were stained as follows: (1) Hydrolyze in 5 N HCl at room temperature for 8.5-9 min, or use standard Feulgen hydrolysis at 60 C. (2) Stain in azure A-Schiff, 0.5% in bisulfite bleach (1 N HCl, 5; 10% Na2S2O5, 5; and distilled water 90—parts by volume) for 10 min. (3) Place in bisulfite bleach 2 changes, 2 min each; wash in water, 1-2 min. (4) Stain in Alcian blue (0.1% in 0.01 2V HCl, pH 2.0) for 10 min. (5) Place in 0.01 N HCl for 2-3 min; wash in water for 1-2 min. (6) Oxidize in 0.5% HIO4 for 5 min; wash in water, 1-2 min. (7) Stain in Schiff's leucofuchsiu, 10 min. (8) Treat with bisulfite bleach as in step 3; wash in running water, 10 min. (9) Stain in naphthol yellow S (0.01% in 1% acetic acid) for 1-2 min. (10) Place in 1% acetic acid for 2 min, dehydrate in tertiary butanol, clear and cover. Result: DNA is deep blue; acidic mucins are light blue; neutral polysaccharides, red to m...
Access to health care: effects of public funding on the uninsured.

Purpose: To determine whether a state funding policy influenced access to health care for the uninsured in one county of the American Midwest. Design: The Aday, Andersen, and Fleming (1980) Access Framework guided this descriptive study. The Framework indicates that health policy may directly affect the characteristics of the health care system, which in turn may affect utilization patterns and satisfaction of consumers. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey in 1996 was used to explore client satisfaction with care at Health Care Access (HCA), the only organization in the county that received funding under a new state policy. HCA's purpose was to provide primary health care to the medically underserved. Satisfaction was measured using an adapted version of the Patient Satisfaction with Health Care Provider Scale (Marsh, 1996). To measure utilization patterns according to insurance status, data were collected to determine visits to the Emergency Department (ED) at the only hospital (LMH) in the county before and after implementation of the state policy. ED data were collected for 1988, 1990, 1993, and 1995; initial funding to HCA began in April 1992. Findings: Within 3 years after state funding was initiated, uninsured visits to the ED decreased by almost 40%, while insured visits continued to increase. The survey results showed that HCA clients had a high level of satisfaction. Conclusions: This descriptive study showed that the change in state policy increased access to health care for the medically underserved.
Racially Charged Cookies and White Scholarships: Anti-Affirmative Action Protests on American College Campuses

Between 2001 and 2012, students at colleges throughout the United States protested affirmative action policies using various tactics, most notably anti-affirmative action “bake sales,” where the price of the goods was based on the race of the purchaser: white males were charged the most; blacks and Latinos, the least. Other means of protest included “whites-only” or equal opportunity scholarships, an “equal opportunity carnival,” and other satirical productions. Through qualitative content analysis of print and online materials about each protest, I found that the motivations of these protesters can be understood using Eduardo Bonilla-Silva’s theories of color-blind racism, particularly the concepts of “abstract liberalism” and “minimization of racism.” I also contend that a secondary goal of these demonstrations is to establish white racial identity as a public identity upon which claims of “reverse discrimination” and oppression can be built.
Progress in Characterizing the Route to Geostrophic Turbulence and Redesigning Thermally Driven Rotating Annulus Experiments

In this paper we calculate Lyapunov exponents and adapt a diagnostic tool, originally used for another purpose by Lorenz (1969), to characterize the degree and nature of the chaotic behavior observed in a thermally driven rotating fluid annulus at different points in parameter space as a control parameter (the rotation rate) is varied over a significantly wide range. We also report on our initial progress toward making the annulus experiments more relevant to the behavior of baroclinic waves in Earth's atmosphere. Owing to the existence of a background potential vorticity gradient, baroclinic waves in the atmosphere propagate both meridionally and vertically and are not trapped as they are in conventional annulus experiments. Our approach involves the redesign of such experiments through the application of radiational heating from above to provide a background potential vorticity gradient on which baroclinic waves can travel. These experiments are in their earliest stage of design and implementation. If successful, they promise to provide a new paradigm for future experiments with thermally driven rotating fluids.
Chemistry of Superoxide Radical in Seawater: Reactions with Organic Cu Complexes

Organically complexed Cu can be a significant sink of photoproduced superoxide (O2-) in seawater. Using pulse radiolysis, we examined the rate constant of catalytic dismutation (kcat) of O2- in the presence of Cu complexed by strong (L1) and weaker (L2) organic ligands present in coastal seawater samples and produced by cultures of Synechococcus sp. In the coastal samples examined, CuL2 complexes were almost as reactive towards O2- as inorganically complexed Cu species (kcat = 2.9−8.1 × 108 M-1 s-1). Furthermore, kcat was invariant with added Cu (5−60 nM), implying that the added Cu formed a single type of Cu complex or a mixture of complexes with very similar O2- reactivities. Significant differences between kcat values of estuarine and coastal samples were observed, suggesting an effect of organic ligands from terrestrial sources. CuL1 complexes produced by Synechococcus sp. were found to be less reactive (kcat < 1 × 108 M-1 s-1). The high reactivity of CuL2 complexes decreases estimates of steady-state...
Moiré Home-study Program

A common problem in teaching the moire-fringe-analysis method is providing an out-of-class practical exercise. Here is such an exercise easily produced on a copier with differing input data for each student.
Hospital and flight program reimbursement for patients transferred by helicopter

Abstract To determine the reimbursement status of a helicopter aeromedical program and its sponsoring hospital, the financial records of all patients transported by a university hospital-based helicopter aeromedical service during a one-year period of time were examined. The flight program was able to collect only 43% of patient charges, recouping only 24% of its operating costs. The hospital collected 57% of its total charges to patients transported by the helicopter aeromedical program. Reimbursers paying on a per-diem basis comprised 36% of the payors and had collection rates of 50% and 10% for the hospital and flight program, respectively. Cost-based insurers constituted 20% of the payors, provided 44% of program revenue, and had collection rates of 92% for the hospital and the flight program. If cost-based payors had reimbursed on rates similar to the per-diem payors, the hospital would have recovered only 49% of its charges and the flight program, would have recovered only 26% of its charges, recouping only 15% of its operating costs. In conclusion, reimbursement for helicopter aeromedical services and for the care provided to aeromedically transferred patients is poor. Sponsoring institutions are consequently subjected to significant financial stress that possibly challenges the fiscal viability of some programs.
Working with Immigrant Clients: Perils and Possibilities for Social Workers:

This exploratory study reports qualitative data gathered from focus groups with social workers who work with immigrant clients in New York City. Social workers were asked to identify challenges and opportunities they encounter as they work with immigrant clients, families, and communities. The author conducted focus groups with 36 social workers. The findings highlight challenges with service delivery systems, how to improve serving the immigrant population, and policy consequences. Most previous studies related to immigration have been from the vantage point of the client. This study fills a gap by exploring the challenges faced by the worker and offers solutions about how to manage the difficult work when serving immigrant clients, particularly the undocumented.
Total synthesis of racemic dehydrofuropelargones

Abstract The two racemic dehydrofuropelargones 12 and 13 were prepared by total synthesis and found to be identical with the natural furopelargones C and D respectively.
Predictability of seasonal east coast winter storm surge impacts with application to New York's Long Island

The characteristics of seasons with enhanced east coast winter storm (ECWS) and storm surge activity are identified from among a set of global atmospheric circulation indices and local land and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Without regard for storm strength or surge potential, the most active ECWS seasons occur in association with El Nino events. There is also some indication that such seasons are preferred under the positive phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). In terms of storm surge potential, forecasts of strong ECWS activity are more skillful than direct forecasts of the number of extreme surge events. In both cases, SSTs off the southeast US coast and in the Gulf of Mexico differentiate high seasonal activity from relatively inactive seasons. Warmer-than-normal SSTs in both regions during summer provide a measure of storm activity in the subsequent winter. The results provide a means of anticipating seasonal ECWS activity, and to some degree impacts, that is similar to widely used forecasts of tropical storm activity. From a predictive standpoint, forecasts of active strong storm seasons and low surge activity exhibit fairly high false alarm ratios. However, the false alarm rate for forecasts of low storm activity or high surge activity is less than 10%. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Penicillin treatment of gas gangrene

Abstract 1.1. Three cases of gas gangrene in which the patients were treated with penicillin are presented. One of the patients received penicillin alone, and the other two sulfamerazine in addition. 2.2. Systemic penicillin without local application was used with satisfactory results in all patients. 3.3. In the cases presented the use of penicillin appeared to reduce the extent of radical surgery usually necessary. ∗ ∗Med Scott Brown, M. T., made the bacteriological studies and drew the charts of the clinical courses of these cases.
Intracellular third loop domain of angiotensin II type-2 receptor. Role in mediating signal transduction and cellular function.

The present study tests the hypothesis that the unique intracellular third loop domain of angiotensin II type-2 (AT2) receptor is essential for the subsequent intracellular signaling and plays an important role in mediating receptor function. Synthetic intracellular third loop peptide of the AT2 receptor (AT2-3LP, 22 amino acids) and control peptide consisting of the same amino acid composition in random sequence were delivered into adult rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells by cationic liposome-mediated transfection. Successful intracellular peptide delivery was confirmed by microscopic localization of the fluorescein-labeled AT2-3LP within the cells and also by co-immunoprecipitation of the 125I-labeled 3LP complexed with Gi protein using anti-Giα antibody. The AT2-3LP-transfected cells showed reduction of serum-stimulated DNA synthesis and cell proliferation as well as a decrease in mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, simulating the effects of AT2 receptor stimulation. The antagonistic effect of the AT2-3LP on mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and DNA synthesis were reversed by pertussis toxin and sodium orthovanadate. Thus, our data suggest that the intracellular third loop domain of the AT2 receptor is closely linked with the cellular signaling pathways of vascular smooth muscle cells in which Gi and protein-phosphotyrosine phosphatase are involved, resulting in the alteration of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and in growth inhibition.
Mortality patterns and detection bias from carcass data: An example from wolf recovery in Wisconsin

We developed models and provide computer code to make carcass recovery data more useful to wildlife managers. With these tools, wildlife managers can understand the spatial, temporal (e.g., across time periods, seasons), and demographic patterns in mortality causes from carcass recovery datasets. From datasets of radio-collared and non-collared carcasses, managers can calculate the detection bias by mortality cause in a non-collared carcass dataset compared to a collared carcass dataset. As a first step, we provide a standard procedure to assign mortality causes to carcasses. We provide an example of these methods for radio-collared wolves (n = 208) and non-collared wolves (n = 668) found dead in Wisconsin (1979–2012). We analyzed differences in mortality cause relative to season, age and sex classes, wolf harvest zones, and recovery phase (1979–1995: initial recovery, 1996–2002: early growth, 2003–2012: late growth). Seasonally, illegal kills and natural deaths were proportionally higher in winter (Oct–Mar) than summer (Apr–Sep) for collared wolves, whereas vehicle strikes and legal kills were higher in summer than winter. Spatially, more illegally killed collared wolves occurred in eastern wolf harvest zones where wolves reestablished more slowly and in the central forest region where optimal habitat is isolated by agriculture. Natural mortalities of collared wolves (e.g., disease, intraspecific strife, or starvation) were highest in western wolf harvest zones where wolves established earlier and existed at higher densities. Calculating detection bias in the non-collared dataset revealed that more than half of the non-collared carcasses on the landscape are not found. The lowest detection probabilities for non-collared carcasses (0.113–0.176) occurred in winter for natural, illegal, and unknown mortality causes. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.