cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stabilizing Queueing Networks with Setups

For multiclass queueing networks, dispatch policies govern the assignment of servers to the jobs they process. Production policies perform the analogous task for queueing networks whose servers are subject to switch-over delays or setups, a model we refer to assetup networks. It is well known that a poorly chosen dispatch policy may lead to instability of a multiclass queueing network, even when the traffic intensity at each station is less than one and the policy is nonidling. Not surprisingly, setup networks and production policies inherit these instability concerns. With this in mind, we define a family of "sensible" production policies that are adaptations of dispatch policies and restrict the frequency of setup performance.We provide a framework for proving the stability of a setup network operating under a sensible production policy. Central to this framework is the artificial fluid model of a setup network. The artificial fluid models presented are generalizations of standard fluid models of multiclass queueing networks; see, for example, Dai (1995). Unlike their standard fluid model counterparts, artificial fluid models do not arise directly from a limiting procedure on some discrete network process; hence the "artificial" qualifier. Nevertheless, stability of the artificial fluid model implies stability of the associated setup network, a connection paralleling the main result of Dai (1995).As an exercise in using the artificial fluid model framework for proving stability of setup networks, we investigate several production policies adapted from dispatch policies. One production policy of particular interest involves a modification of the first-in-first-out dispatch policy.
First-order system least squares (FOSLS) for coupled fluid-elastic problems

Mathematical models for the mechanical coupling between a moving fluid and an elastic solid are inherently nonlinear because the shape of the Eulerian fluid domain is not known a priori - it is at least partially determined by the displacement of the elastic solid. In this paper, a first-order system least squares finite element formulation is used to solve the nonlinear system of model equations using different iteration techniques, including an approach where the equations are fully coupled and two other approaches in which the equations are decoupled. The discrete linear system of equations is solved using an algebraic multigrid solver as a preconditioner for a conjugate gradient iteration. The numerical results show that the approach is optimal in the sense that computational cost is proportional to the degrees of freedom. The results also show that the choice of iteration method, from fully coupled to fully decoupled, does not significantly effect computational cost, but it does influence the error in the solution.
Field Trial of Alcohol-Server Training for Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Objective:An alcohol-server training program to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome was developed, implemented, and evaluated in a comparison study of public drinking establishments in New Mexico and Oregon.Method:The management and serving staffs of 148 establishments licensed for on-premise alcohol sales in the two states studied were trained to discourage alcohol consumption by pregnant customers. Pre- and post-tests of server responses to pregnant-appearing “pseudo-patron” actors ordering alcohol in experimental (n = 148) and comparison (n = 183) establishments were a key method of evaluating the efficacy of this intervention.Results:Within-group chi-square analyses compared rates of service refusal at baseline with 1-month, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up points for both the trained (experimental) and the comparison establishments. No differences were found between ex-perimental and comparison establishments at baseline at either site, but significant differences were found for New Mexico at each posttrai...
The blood-brain barrier is intact after levodopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian primates—Evidence from in vivo neuroimaging studies

It has been suggested, based on rodent studies, that levodopa (L-dopa) induced dyskinesia is associated with a disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB). We have investigated BBB integrity with in vivo neuroimaging techniques in six 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) lesioned primates exhibiting L-dopa-induced dyskinesia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed before and after injection of Gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) revealed an intact BBB in the basal ganglia showing that l-dopa-induced dyskinesia is not associated with a disrupted BBB in this model.
Representation and analysis of transfer lines with machines that have different processing rates

A transfer line is a tandem production system, i.e. a series of machines separated by buffers. Material flows from outside the system to the first machine, then to the first buffer, then to the second machine, the second buffer, and so forth. In some earlier models, buffers are finite, machines are unreliable, and the times that parts spend being processed at machines are equal at all machines. In this paper, a method is provided to extend a decomposition method to large systems in which machines are allowed to take different lengths of time performing operations on parts. Numerical and simulation results are provided.
Disorder among network-modifier cations in silicate glasses; new constraints from triple-quantum 17 O NMR

The state of ordering among network-modifier cations in molten silicates has a potentially large effect on their overall configurational entropy, on free energies of mixing, and on viscosity and diffusivity. Most models of thermodynamic and transport properties assume random mixing, but there is relatively little direct microstructural information to constrain the real extent of this disorder. Two-dimensional 17 O NMR can produce spectra that are free of quadrupolar broadening and thus in which peak widths for non-bridging oxygen sites directly reflect the extent of disorder in the local structural environment. In this report, we describe new data from triple-quantum magic-angle-spinning (3QMAS) NMR for a series of barium and calcium silicate glasses. Results are best explained by completely random mixing of Ba and Ca, confirming conventional modeling assumptions. Other recent data show, however, that significant ordering may be present (at least at the temperature of the glass transition) for modifier cations with greater differences in size or charge, and among network-forming cations.
The Impact of State Government Subsidies and Tax Credits in an Emerging Industry: Ethanol Production 1980–2007

This article examines the effects of state economic development incentives in the emerging ethanol industry. We compiled data on ethanol production capacity and subsidies/tax credits for all states for the years 1980-2007, a period that covers the complete emergence of the biofuel industry in the United States. Importantly, this time period was characterized by the passage of several state-level subsidies and tax breaks aimed at increasing ethanol production. Hence, this panel documents a substantial amount of within-state variation in policies from which to identify an effect. We find that some incentives directed at ethanol production have a significant effect on a state's production capacity.
Simulating riparian evapotranspiration: A new methodology and application for groundwater models

This paper describes the development and application of a new methodology to simulate riparian and wetland evapotranspiration (ET) in groundwater models. Traditional approaches for modeling ET are based on quasi-linear relationship between ET flux rate and hydraulic head (groundwater elevation). The approach presented here uses multiple non-linear, segmented flux curves that reflect the ecophysiology of the plant species in these systems. Five plant functional groups (PFGs) based on water tolerance ranges and rooting depths are used to elucidate the interactive processes of plant transpiration with groundwater conditions. ET flux rate curves set the extinction and saturation extinction depths and define the group's ET flux rate as a function of water table depth relative to the ground surface. The calculated ET loss from a riparian or wetland system is dependent on the contributing area of each plant functional subgroup present and water table conditions. The new methodology requires a fractional coverage for each of the PFGs present within the groundwater model cell and allows for more accurate assignment of land surface elevations. Model results for a case-study show significant differences in predicted ET and subsequent depth to groundwater between the new and the traditional approaches. The development of physiologically based transpiration curves combined with the traditional linear curve for bare soil/open water results in more accurate determinations of riparian ET and improved basin scale water budgets. The use of PFGs in combination with the new RIP-ET package provides an explicit link between groundwater and riparian/wetland habitat conditions and offers an opportunity to better manage and restore riparian and wetland systems.
Lower back pain

Lower back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly medical problems today [1, 2]. Pain is usually transitory and can arise from the intervertebral discs, bones, ligaments and muscles of the spine. Risk factors for LBP include genetic, environmental, psychosocial and biomechanical influences [3]. However, although 85% of LBP cases have no clear etiology, 97% may be due to musculoskeletal issues [4]. Lumbar curvature (lordosis) is one factor that generates shearing between adjacent vertebrae and at intervertebral joints. People with high degrees of lumbar lordosis, including pregnant women, can experience excessive shearing (Fshear) and compression (Fcompression) forces between lumbar vertebrae, most often between the last lumbar and the sacrum [3, 5]. In addition to other factors, including age-related spinal degeneration, high levels of Fshear and Fcompression can lead to painful muscle strain, joint capsule pain, disc herniation, inflammation (spondylitis), bone degeneration (spondylolysis) and vertebral displacement (spondylolisthesis) [3–5]. Evolutionary perspectives
Advanced silicon IC interconnect technology and design: present trends and RF wireless implications

Back-end-of-the-line (BEOL) trends in silicon integrated circuits (ICs) include fully planarized interconnect structures with six levels of nonlocal wiring, copper metallization for improved resistance and electromigration, dual damascene patterning for improved line definition and lower BEOL manufacturing cost, and low dielectric constant interlevel dielectrics for reduced line and coupling capacitance. Advanced IC design complexity is being alleviated by the use of intellectual property (IP) cores or macrocells, particularly for advanced application-specific ICs and system-on-a-chip (SOC) implementations. Virtual Design Environment software, developed for distributed design of advanced printed circuit board, will expand to the chip level as SOC designs incorporate IP cores and involve increasingly complex interconnect wiring design. These trends are summarized and synergistic front-end developments discussed and implications for RF wireless technologies are presented. A timetable for such technology and design trends is projected based upon the 1997 National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors.
Hydrodynamic Studies on the Manganese-Stabilizing Protein of Photosystem II †

The solution conformation of the manganese-stabilizing protein of photosystem II was examined by analytical ultracentrifugation. Sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium studies were performed. These experiments yielded values for s 20,w of 2.26 S with a diffusion constant, D ,o f 7.7 10 -7 cm 2 s -1 . This s value is significantly lower than the apparent s value of 2.6 S previously reported (Miyao, M., and Murata, N. (1989) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 977 , 315-321). The molecular mass of the protein, 26.531 kDa, was verified by MALDI mass spectrometry. The diffusion coefficient was also determined by dynamic light scattering. The z-weighted average of D was 6.8 10 -7 cm 2 s -1 . This result was somewhat lower than that observed by analytical ultracentrifugation due to the presence of slowly diffusing components in the sample. A two-component exponential fit of the dynamic light scattering data, however, gave D ) 7.52 10 -7 cm 2 s -1 for the major component of the sample, which is in excellent agreement with the value determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. The value of s*, the apparent sedimentation coefficient, was found to depend on the concentration of the protein and varied about 4% per milligram of protein. This is a feature of proteins which are asymmetric in solution. This asymmetry was examined using both the v-bar and Teller methods. Both methods indicated a significant degree of asymmetry for the manganese-stabilizing protein. Our findings indicate that the prolate ellipsoid model for the manganese-stabilizing protein is elongated in solution, with approximate dimensions of about 12.6 nm 3.0 nm, yielding an axial ratio of 4.2.
The distribution and extent of reflux and obstruction in patients with active venous ulceration.

ObjectivesThis study was performed to precisely define the underlying pathophysiology in patients with active venous ulcers.MethodsA PubMed search was conducted from 1991 to 2013 to select papers reporting the anatomic and physiologic etiology of ulceration in CEAP Class 6 patients. Studies which did not decipher between active and healed ulcers, did not use clear definitions, or did not give detailed accounts on the distribution/extent of venous pathology were excluded. Using the PRISMA guidelines, 12 studies were selected for further analysis.ResultsPrimary insufficiency was reportedly the most common etiology of ulcers. Reflux most frequently occurred in the superficial system, either isolated or in conjunction with perforating and/or deep systems. Combined superficial and deep disease was observed in a median of 11.6% of limbs (range of 0–48%). Triple system disease was seen in a median of 31.6% of limbs (range of 22–52%). Isolated deep reflux was infrequently reported (2.1–28.4% of limbs). Previous d...
Panic disorder, trait anxiety, and alcohol use in pregnant and nonpregnant women.

Objective: The present study examined differences in rates of panic disorder and trait anxiety in pregnant and nonpregnant women receiving care at an urban obstetrics and gynecology clinic. The study further examined correlates and differences in alcohol use among these women. In addition, the study assessed whether panic disorder and trait anxiety influence alcohol use and whether pregnancy status moderates these associations. Methods: The sample consisted of 412 pregnant and 139 nonpregnant women receiving care at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Health Systems' obstetrics and gynecology clinics for the first time. Participants completed a questionnaire packet, including instruments about emotional and psychologic functioning (eg, panic disorder, anxiety), health-related behaviors (eg, alcohol use), and demographic information. Results: Pregnant women were less likely than nonpregnant women to have panic disorder. There were no differences in trait anxiety levels between pregnant and nonpregnant women. After controlling for demographics, panic disorder and trait anxiety were significant predictors of greater alcohol use in pregnant and nonpregnant women. An interaction revealed that pregnant and nonpregnant women with low trait anxiety had similar levels of alcohol use; however, nonpregnant women with high trait anxiety consumed significantly more alcohol than pregnant women with high trait anxiety. Conclusions: Current study findings support the need to examine panic disorder and trait anxiety as potential risk factors for alcohol use among pregnant and nonpregnant women in the community. Findings have important implications for assessment and treatment of panic, anxiety, and alcohol use.
Automated trajectory synthesis from animation data using trajectory optimization

Trajectory optimization is a technique for finding dynamically feasible trajectories of a mechanical system that approximate a desired trajectory. These tools provide an excellent abstraction from a system's dynamics, allowing a user to animate a robot without considering dynamic complexities, including coupling, instability, and uncontrollable subspaces. The animator focuses on the more relevant ideas of expression and communication. The trajectory optimization bridges the gap between animator and robot, automatically projecting trajectories into the system's reachable set and determining the necessary inputs to the system. These techniques handle closed kinematic chains, constraints, and unstable systems without modification. We give a detailed overview of the optimization technique and present an example from the autonomous marionette project. A waving motion is animated for a two-dimensional arm and the corresponding dynamically-feasible trajectory is found for an under-actuated marionette arm. The trajectory is tested on robotic marionette platform and correctly approximates the original waving animation. The marionette arm is an excellent test bed because it is under-actuated, highly nonlinear, and highly coupled.
Supporting future ADS applications in ubiquitous computing environments using adaptive, context-sensitive middleware

Autonomous decentralized systems (ADS) applications usually have the equality, locality, and self-containment properties. These properties can be equated with the properties of applications in ubiquitous computing environments where devices are mostly autonomous, self-contained, and engage in peer-to-peer communications. The promise of ubiquitous computing as a significant part of future computing technology requires a new way of approaching ADS applications. Our position is that significant advances for distributed applications can be achieved by combining the respective strengths of ADS and ubiquitous computing.
Local and Target-Derived Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Exert Opposing Effects on the Dendritic Arborization of Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo

The dendritic and axonal arbors of developing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are exposed to two sources of BDNF: RGC dendrites are exposed to BDNF locally within the retina, and RGC axons are exposed to BDNF at the target, the optic tectum. Our previous studies demonstrated that increasing tectal BDNF levels promotes RGC axon terminal arborization, whereas increasing retinal BDNF levels inhibits RGC dendritic arborization. These results suggested that differential neurotrophic action at the axon versus dendrite might be responsible for the opposing effects of BDNF on RGC axonal versus dendritic arborization. To explore this possibility, we examined the effects of altering BDNF levels at the optic tectum on the elaboration of RGC dendritic arbors in the retina. Increasing tectal BDNF levels resulted in a significant increase in dendritic branching, whereas neutralizing endogenous tectal BDNF with function-blocking antibodies significantly decreased dendritic arbor complexity. Thus, RGC dendritic arbors react in opposing manners to retinal- versus tectal-derived BDNF. Alterations in retinal BDNF levels, however, did not affect axon terminal arborization. Thus, RGC dendritic arborization is controlled in a complementary manner by both local and target-derived sources of BDNF, whereas axon arborization is modulated solely by neurotrophic interactions at the target. Together, our results indicate that developing RGCs modulate dendritic arborization by integrating signals from discrete sources of BDNF in the eye and brain. Differential integration of spatially discrete neurotrophin signals within a single neuron may therefore finely tune afferent and efferent neuronal connectivity.
The impact of EEOC enforcement on the wages of black and white women: does class matter?

Abstract The procedures used by the EEOC have been broadly criticized. The critiques are that the EEOC does not completely investigate all charges, and does not apply the law to the fullest benefit of discrimination victims. This paper contributes to these critiques with a finding that, among women, benefits from EEOC enforcement are funneled to white women and black women with relatively high levels of education. This distribution of benefits is due to the EEOC’s investigation procedures.
Age-related decline of presumptive inhibitory synapses in the sensorimotor cortex as revealed by the physical disector.

The synapse, as the site of functional neural interaction, has been suggested as a possible substrate for age-related impairment of cognitive ability. Using the physical disector probe with tissue prepared for ultrastructural analysis, we find an age-related decline in the numerical density of presumptive inhibitory synapses in layer 2 of the sensorimotor cortex of the Brown Norway × Fisher 344 rat. This age-related decline in presumptive inhibitory synapses is maintained when the density of synapses is combined with the numerical density of neurons quantified from the same anatomical space to arrive at a ratio of synapses per neuron. The numerical density of these synapses declines between middle-aged (18 months) and old (29 months) animals by 36% whereas numerical density of neurons does not change between these ages, resulting in a decline in the ratio of presumptive inhibitory synapses per neuron in this cortical area. This study demonstrates a deficit in the intrinsic inhibitory circuitry of the aging neocortex, which suggests an anatomical substrate for age-related cognitive impairment. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:65–72, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adverse Reactions to Thalidomide in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Thalidomide is emerging as a useful agent in the management of several complications of disease due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We conducted three prospective studies of 56 HIV-infected patients who were treated with thalidomide for 14-21 days; 24 (43%) of these patients discontinued therapy owing to adverse reactions. Cutaneous and/or febrile reactions were the most frequent toxicities, arising in 20 (36%) of the patients. These reactions occurred after a mean interval (+/-SD) of 10 +/- 3 days and were associated with significantly lower CD4 T lymphocyte counts in reactors than in nonreactors (median count, 52.5/mm3 vs. 242 cells/mm3, respectively; P = .009). Four of four rechallenged patients experienced accelerated hypersensitivity; hypotension occurred in one case. Although sedation was an almost universal side effect among the patients, it was moderate or severe in only seven (13%); constipation was moderate or severe in five (9%) of the patients. Severe neuropathic symptoms and mood changes were each noted in two (4%) of the 56 patients. We conclude that the increasing use of thalidomide to treat HIV-infected patients must be accompanied by recognition of the drug's increased potential for toxicity in this population.
An economic model for bandwidth allocation in broadband communication networks

This paper originates an economic model for pursuing bandwidth allocation in broadband communication networks (with particular reference to multimedia communication). A user, who requests a certain type of connection service, will consume network resources (e.g. bandwidth). Each connection is associated with quality-of-service (QoS) requirement. A utility is defined for each user which reflects his satisfaction level over QoS provided by the network. Some reasonable assumptions are made on this utility. Then we formulate the bandwidth allocation of one ATM component into virtual paths (VPs) as a noncooperative game. Each VP requests the amount of bandwidth such that its users' satisfaction will be maximized. Two cases, namely unconstrained and constrained, are considered. On the other hand, the problem may be formulated as a cooperative game. The objective is to find an optimal bandwidth allocation such that the total utility of one ATM component will be maximized. Alternatively, the objective is to maximize the minimum utility among ATM VPs. It is shown that these two game problems may have the same solution for unconstrained case.
Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping

Flow cytometric analysis is a powerful tool to determine the lineage, phenotype, and other characteristics of hematopoietic cells. It uses the principles of light scattering and light excitation and the emission of fluorochrome molecules to generate specific multiparameter data from particles and cells. It is a highly sensitive technique that can quantify the expression of eight or more colors/markers on a single cell and therefore enables the identification of aberrant cells within a complex cellular background.
Factors Associated with Inpatient Hospital (Re)admissions in Medicare Beneficiaries in Need of Food Assistance

Little is known about pathways underlying inpatient hospital (re)admissions in older adults unable to meet basic needs. This study examined the factors associated with (re)admissions in a sample of low-income older Medicare beneficiaries in need of food assistance in Georgia in 2008 (N = 892, mean age 75.4 ± 8.8 years, 30.3% Black, 68.5% female). About 35.3% of the sample experienced 1 + hospital (re)admissions. (Re)admissions were significantly more likely in individuals who requested Older Americans Act Nutrition Program Home Delivered Meals services (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.4, 3.8), had more outpatient emergency room visits (1 visit: OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.4, 3.1; 2+ visits: OR 3.6; 95% CI 2.4, 5.4), and experienced greater multimorbidity (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4, 3.1). Support for home and community-based services may be critical in reducing potentially avoidable inpatient hospital (re)admissions.
Non-profit geographically constrained locator

There exist numerous non-profit entities and organizations that provide social services to those in need. These organizations may be governmental, secular, parochial, or religious. The services provided may be long term institutionalized support, seasonal or limited time benefits. Beneficiaries of social services may be restricted by age, sex, family status, citizenship, and/or income level. Given this variability, we envisioned the need to create an interactive geographically constrained web based social services client matching system. In this system, a client would enter basic demographic information and the system would return a set of available social services within a specific geographic area.As a first step in trying to create this system, undergraduate student Dan Myers investigated the viability of using Scrapy to crawl and scrape data from the web based on geographic location. Scrapy is an open-source web crawling framework written in Python. Scrapy was chosen because it is open source, widely used, and provides tools for both scraping and crawling [2]. The main focus of Dan Myers' project was to write a web crawler that utilizes regular expressions to extract relevant data from geographically targeted websites. Specifically, Dan's project used Scrapy to find all web mentions of physical addresses in the zip codes of the three most northern counties in Kentucky. The two main tasks for this project were (1) to use Scrapy's spider class to extract street addresses from the chosen zip codes and (2) to create a Scrapy item object to manage the data. This project demonstrated that by using the open source tool Scrapy, the problem of extracting geographically relevant information is faster and easier to manage than previously proposed systems such as the gazetteer approach used in the web-a-where project [1].The next phase of the project will be undertaken by a team of UR-STEM students in the summer of 2015. At NKU, UR-STEM (which stands for undergraduate research in STEM) is a paid summer research opportunity for students early in their college careers. A goal for this summer's research will be the creation of a fully working prototype of a web based non-profit geographically constrained locator. Depending on the quality of the code produced, the project may be released as the first version of an ongoing open source software project which could, potentially, lead to the creation of an HFOSS (Humanitarian Free and Open Source Software) project whose original programmers are all students [3].
Flail chest secondary to excessive rib resection in idiopathic scoliosis: case report.

Study Design. Case report. Objectives. To report a previously undescribed complication of scoliesis surgical treatment. Summary of Background Data: None available. Methods. Clinical case analysis. Results. Excessive rib resection resulted in a permanent flail chest. Conclusion. Rib resection (costoplasty) is a valuable procedure for obtaining bone graft and for esthetic reduction of rib prominence, but excessive removal and especially done twice can produce major disability.
Proliferative and functional impairment of pancreatic epithelial cells maintained in vitro.

The use of animal cells in monolayer culture for model studies of the ageing process has increased extensively during recent years. In this regard, comparatively more attention has been directed towards the limited division potential of human fibroblasts than to limits in specific functional capability of this or other cell types with time in culture (1). This may be understandable when one considers the dearth of information concerning factors, environmental or otherwise, which affect expression of differentiated function by cells in culture. Nonetheless, for many experimental gerontologists, the age-associated loss of ability to synthesize tissue-specific products is thought to represent a major consequence of tissue ageing: one which, in most cases, cannot be accounted for by concomitant loss of individual cells (2,3).
SU-F-P-57: A Novel Tool for Assessment of Spatial Field Gradient for MRI Conditional Items

PURPOSE: To develop a simple tool for determining spatial field gradient strength at specific MRI locations. METHODS: We experimented with a variety of implements, including a tape measure-type device and various ‘gradient yardsticks’. Through our work we realized that what was needed was a simple resource to indicate a device as ‘Yes/No/Maybe’, rather than assessing the actual spatial field gradient strength. To that end we came up with a simplified gradient map, based on the technical data, provided by the manufacturer. RESULTS: We identified one site as an initial pilot, and distributed a prototype there. The technologists immediately began to use it. In the words of the Chief Technologist, “This is just what we have been looking for”.Subsequently, maps were developed and distributed to all system sites. Conclusion: The tool simplifies the decision process for determining whether conditional devices will meet spatial field gradient limitations. It is meant to assist in determining which situations are simply addressed, and which require a higher level of scrutiny.
Gene Expression Patterns Are Altered in Athymic Mice and Metabolic Syndrome Factors Are Reduced in C57BL/6J Mice Fed High-Fat Diets Supplemented with Soy Isoflavones.

Soy isoflavones exert beneficial health effects; however, their potential to ameliorate conditions associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been studied in detail. In vitro and in vivo models were used to determine the effect of isoflavones on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In nude mice, consumption of Novasoy (NS) increased cholesterol and lipid metabolism gene expression, including Scd-1 (27.7-fold), Cyp4a14 (35.2-fold), and Cyp4a10 (9.5-fold), and reduced anti-inflammatory genes, including Cebpd (16.4-fold). A high-fat (HF) diet containing 0.4% (w/w) NS for 10 weeks significantly reduced percent weight gain (74.6 ± 2.5 vs 68.6 ± 3.5%) and hepatic lipid accumulation (20 ± 1.2 vs 27 ± 1.5%), compared to HF alone (p < 0.05) in C57BL/6J mice. NS also increased lipid oxidation and antioxidant gene expression while decreasing inflammatory cytokines. In vitro analysis in HepG2 cells revealed that genistein dose-dependently decreases oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation. So...
Optimal Allocation of Police Patrol Resources Using a Continuous-Time Crime Model

Police departments worldwide are eager to develop better patrolling methods to manage the complex and evolving crime landscape. Surprisingly, the problem of spatial police patrol allocation to optimize expected crime response time has not been systematically addressed in prior research. We develop a bi-level optimization framework to address this problem. Our framework includes novel linear programming patrol response formulations. Bender's decomposition is then utilized to solve the underlying optimization problem. A key challenge we encounter is that criminals may respond to police patrols, thereby shifting the distribution of crime in space and time. To address this, we develop a novel iterative Bender's decomposition approach. Our validation involves a novel spatio-temporal continuous-time model of crime based on survival analysis, which we learn using real crime and police patrol data for Nashville, TN. We demonstrate that our model is more accurate, and much faster, than state-of-the-art alternatives. Using this model in the bi-level optimization framework, we demonstrate that our decision theoretic approach outperforms alternatives, including actual police patrol policies.
Association between high-sensitivity troponin T and cardiovascular risk in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome: The ARIC study

Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, but there is heterogeneity in this risk. We evaluated whether high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-cTnT), a marker associated with cardiovascular disease, can stratify risk in MetS. Methods We evaluated associations between MetS (and groups with similar number of MetS components) and incident heart failure hospitalization, coronary heart disease, stroke and death using hs-cTnT categories after adjusting for risk factors/markers between 1996 and 2011 in 8204 individuals in the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study. Results The mean age of the population was 63 years (56% women, 19% Blacks). hs-cTnT levels were higher with MetS and with increasing MetS components. In individuals with MetS, higher hs-cTnT levels were associated with increased hazard ratios for heart failure, coronary heart disease and death. Within each number of MetS components, higher hs-cTnT was associated with progressively higher heart failure, coronary heart disease and death hazards. The association was particularly strong for heart failure. With increasing hs-cTnT categories, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for heart failure in individuals with MetS increased gradually from 1.68 (1.31-2.16) to 3.76 (2.69-5.26) ( p-trend < 0.001) compared with those with MetS and hs-cTnT < 5 ng/l; and respective hazard ratios with increasing hs-cTnT categories in those with all five MetS components ranged from 2.22 (1.17-4.21) to 4.23 (1.89-9.50) ( p-trend 0.004) compared with those with all five MetS components and hs-cTnT < 5 ng/l. However, mostly there were no significant interactions of hs-cTnT with MetS or its components. Conclusion hs-cTnT is useful for identifying MetS patients with increased hazards for coronary heart disease, death and particularly heart failure.
From Durban to the World

At their best, biographies are informative fragments of social, political, and intellectual history. The title of Ken Holmes’ fine biography of Aaron Klug betrays this larger purpose. The subtitle “a long way from Durban” might even have been “a long way from Zelva”—the shtetl in Lithuania where Klug was born. For Klug’s story—from Zelva to Durban (at age two), the universities of Witwatersrand (in Johannesburg) and Cape Town to Cambridge and Birkbeck College, and ultimately to the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB), its directorship, and presidency of the Royal Society—is a revealing, moving, and often entertaining microcosm of postwar intellectual and social history.
Residual Structure in the Denatured State of a Three-Helix Bundle Protein

The denatured state of a protein is canonically described as an ensemble of non-interacting random coil conformations. By studying a helical bundle protein under denaturing conditions, we have found that residual structure persists in its denatured state. Our work uses the upstream Ubiquitin-Associated domain, UBA(1), of the HHR23A protein as a model system to study residual structure in the denatured state ensemble. Multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments 1H-15N HSQC, HNCO, and HNCA were used to find backbone atom secondary chemical shifts which correspond to protein secondary structure with amino acid resolution. By comparing chemical shifts in moderate- to highly denaturing conditions of 4M, 5M, and 6M guanidine HCl to a reference state of 7M GdnHCl, UBA(1) shows residual helical content among all three helices. In contrast, the helical propensity is predicted by the program Agadir to be higher in helix 2 and negligible elsewhere, with the assumption that helices do not interact. The presence of relatively uniform helical content among all three helices may indicate stabilizing tertiary interactions despite highly denaturing conditions. To further probe tertiary interactions, single-residue mutants of UBA(1) will be used to determine if residues in the hydrophobic core or turn regions are contributing to stability of residual structure in the denatured state.
Information Cascades in the Classroom: Differing Responses of Men and Women to In-Class Feedback

Technology is used in undergraduate courses to engage students and provide feedback about understanding. TopHat is an application which asks students multiple choice questions mid-class. In this field experiment, we determine if displaying or hiding the distribution of peer responses has an impact on learning. When students see peer responses, we find evidence of information cascades on both correct and incorrect answers, but there is no effect on exam grades. The presence of information cascades suggests student performance on TopHat questions may not reflect individual understanding and the class’ responses may provide a distorted measure of comprehension. We find systematic differences between men and women which have implications for teaching.
Pancreatic and Duodenal Injuries (Don’t Mess with the…)

The comfort in performing complex operations in different parts of the body does not prepare you for the chaos of combat casualty care, for the stark limitations imposed by the austerity of far-forward combat trauma care, and for the experience and judgment required to understand the optimal care of the traumatically injured wartime patient. Whether you are an experienced pancreas surgeon or an experienced surgeon with minimal exposure to pancreas surgery, pancreaticoduodenal trauma will humble you. The keys to success in managing these extraordinarily challenging and relatively rare injuries are to prepare well in advance by reading and reviewing techniques and scenarios; keep the management principles as simple, straightforward, and quick as possible; try to delay complex or time-consuming reconstructions; and get help early.
Are HR Practices Culturally Bound? Employee Selection Practices in a Thai Multinational

This paper uses an in-depth case study of human resource (HR) practices in one of the world’s leading multinationals in the agro-food processing industry-the Charoen Pokphand (CP) Group, a Thai com...
Detection of maltodextrin and its discrimination from sucrose are independent of the T1R2 + T1R3 heterodimer.

Maltodextrins, such as Maltrin and Polycose, are glucose polymer mixtures of varying chain lengths that are palatable to rodents. Although glucose and other sugars activate the T1R2 + T1R3 “sweet” ...
Developing a Problem-Based Learning Approach to the Integration of Environmental and Occupational Health Topics into Medical School Curriculum.

Objectives A pilot study incorporating environmental and occupational health (EOH) learning objectives into medical school curriculum using problem-based learning approach. Methods One hundred eight-four Case Western Reserve University medical students participated in problem-based learning curriculum emphasizing EOH topics. Multiple choice (MCQ), short essay (SEQ), and summative short essay (SSEQ) questions assessed student knowledge. Two rating scale questions and one open-ended question determined student attitudes and confidence. Results Eighty percent of students answered 10 of 12 MCQs correctly. Students scored 70% on three of four SEQs and averaged 95.2% and 88.5% on two final SSEQs demonstrating improvement in student knowledge. Students rated the importance of and confidence in EOH topics as 4.4 and 3.9, respectively. Conclusion Problem-based learning facilitated inclusion of new EOH content in pre-clerkship curriculum leading to achievement of students' cognitive objectives, positive attitudes, and improved confidence in EOH topics.
777 Interdisciplinary and experiential education in occupational safety and health

Introduction The New York and New Jersey Education and Research Centre (ERC) provides a range of graduate continuing education for occupational safety and health (OSH) professionals in training. A key element of the education is to provide interdisciplinary and experiential education to industrial hygienists, ergonomists, occupational medicine physicians and other health and safety trainees to prepare them for the collaboration required to solve the complex occupational health and safety problems they will face in their careers. Methods The ERC has developed an innovative interdisciplinary and experiential training approach that provides an historical aspect, while allowing the graduate students to identify solutions to occupational issues from a multi-disciplinary approach. The ERC developed a tour that brings students to sites of historical and/or contemporary significance in the occupational safety and health and environmental fields. Sites included automobile manufacturing, a coal mine, a granite quarry, fishing boats, steel manufacturing, an asbestos mine, and others. Results The ERC has conducted twelve tours, and has included 208 trainees as participants. The participants consistently rate the tour as providing a high amount of OSH knowledge gained, and that the goal of providing interdisciplinary education was achieved. Conclusion This tour has been successful in bridging the OSH fields to better understand how occupational and environmental exposures have occurred, in order to prevent future exposures so that workplace conditions and health can be improved. Trainees state the experiential aspect provides knowledge and skills not otherwise learned in traditional educational experiences.
Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK-IMPACT): A Hybridization Capture-Based Next-Generation Sequencing Clinical Assay for Solid Tumor Molecular Oncology

The identification of specific genetic alterations as key oncogenic drivers and the development of targeted therapies are together transforming clinical oncology and creating a pressing need for increased breadth and throughput of clinical genotyping. Next-generation sequencing assays allow the efficient and unbiased detection of clinically actionable mutations. To enable precision oncology in patients with solid tumors, we developed Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK-IMPACT), a hybridization capture-based next-generation sequencing assay for targeted deep sequencing of all exons and selected introns of 341 key cancer genes in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors. Barcoded libraries from patient-matched tumor and normal samples were captured, sequenced, and subjected to a custom analysis pipeline to identify somatic mutations. Sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility of MSK-IMPACT were assessed through extensive analytical validation. We tested 284 tumor samples with previously known point mutations and insertions/deletions in 47 exons of 19 cancer genes. All known variants were accurately detected, and there was high reproducibility of inter- and intrarun replicates. The detection limit for low-frequency variants was approximately 2% for hotspot mutations and 5% for nonhotspot mutations. Copy number alterations and structural rearrangements were also reliably detected. MSK-IMPACT profiles oncogenic DNA alterations in clinical solid tumor samples with high accuracy and sensitivity. Paired analysis of tumors and patient-matched normal samples enables unambiguous detection of somatic mutations to guide treatment decisions.
Surface Estimation for Multiple Misaligned Point Sets

Two common tasks when processing point cloud data sets are surface estimation and point cloud registration. In this paper, a statistical approach is developed to solve both of these problems simultaneously. In particular, a surface is estimated from a pair of unregistered three-dimensional scans of the same spatial region. In this method, one point cloud defines the fixed coordinate system, and a rigid transformation is applied to the second cloud. Observations from both scans are considered a single realization of a Gaussian process. The registration problem is solved by jointly optimizing the likelihood over the parameters specifying the domain transformation and the mean and covariance functions. Given parameter estimates, surface estimation follows using the spatial stochastic model. While other existent approaches do not account for registration uncertainty, the likelihood-based approach to solving the registration and surface estimation problems jointly allows uncertainty in registration to be propagated to the surface prediction variance. The new method is motivated and illustrated using a digital elevation model estimation problem near the Chalk Cliffs in Colorado. The method developed is compared against the popular iterative closest point method. The results of a simulation study show significant improvement in transformation parameter estimates using the statistical approach. In a cross-validation experiment with the Chalk Cliffs data, there is an $$18\%$$ reduction in predictive mean squared error using the likelihood method over iterative closest point.