cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seventeen Ways to Get Parents Involved in Substance Abuse Education.

Parents are encouraged to take a larger role in the prevention of chemical dependency in their children. Parent participation in support groups has been described as the new frontier and was encour...
Dimensions of women's long-term postabortion experience.

Purpose To explore and describe the long-term postabortion experience as lived by women, at least 5 years after a first-trimester-induced abortion. Methods This phenomenological study used semistructured interviews and constant-comparison analysis. Stories of 17 women were recorded on audio tape, transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed. Results Women who had induced abortions represented several ethnic groups, religions, and occupations, and were single, married, or divorced. The average number of years from abortion to interview was 18.9 (range 6-31 years). The age range at first abortion was 14 to 43, and at interview was 23 to 60 years of age. Five themes emerged within the women's stories: Making the Decision, Coping With the Memories, Gaining Perspective, Seeking Help, and Recognizing Its Worth. Most women who participated in this study were able to integrate the abortion experience into their lives, and had found meaning in the abortion experience. Clinical implications This study provides yet more reasons why nursing should encourage women to prevent unplanned pregnancies through fertility control. Women in this study described many life-changing experiences, both positive and negative, because of an abortion. Therefore, preabortion counseling should be sensitive and include information about possible long-term effects. Postabortion support should acknowledge spiritual issues, and include steps women can take to help heal themselves, such as grief counseling and mourning rituals when appropriate.
Power Trouble: Performativity as Critical Theory

Although Judith Butler’s theory of the performativity of gender has been highly influential in feminist theory, queer theory, cultural studies, and some areas of philosophy, it has yet to receive its due from critical social theorists. This oversight is especially problematic given the crucial insights into the study of power – a central concept for critical social theory – that can be gleaned from Butler’s work. Her analysis is somewhat unique among discussions of power in its attempt to theorize simultaneously both the features of cultural domination in contemporary societies and the possibilities of resistance to and subversion of such domination. Although I will maintain here that this attempt is not entirely successful, I nevertheless argue that Butler’s account makes crucial contributions to a feminist critical theory of power; as a result, it merits much more serious attention from critical theorists. I begin by claiming that feminist accounts of power have reached a critical impasse, the result of which is a demand for an analysis of power that can simultaneously theorize both the domination relations that create and sustain certain groups as subordinant and the possibilities for resistance to and subversion of those relations. In order to demonstrate that Butler’s account of power attempts to meet this demand, I go on to lay out the conception of power implicit in Gender Trouble, Butler’s early formulation of the theory of performativity. In that work, Butler adopts a Foucauldian framework and, hence, her account of power inherits a Foucauldian problem (all-to-familiar by now to this audience): the problem of agency. As a result of this inheritance, Gender Trouble founders on the traditional philosophical cleavage between determinism and voluntarism. After laying out this troubling implication of the early version of performativity, I examine Butler’s recent reformulations – in her books Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex” and Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative, and in her contributions to Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange – which attempt to overcome this problem by appealing to the Derridean notion of citationality or iterability. I maintain that this notion allows Butler to make the crucial link between sexed individuals and the culturally hegemonic norms that govern their production that was missing in her early formulation. Citationality thus solves one of the problems plaguing the theory of performativity and allows Butler to begin to move feminist discussions of power beyond their current impasse. Despite its solution of the Foucauldian problem of agency, however,
Employment Preference for Veterans: Montana's Restrictive Approach:

The present study focuses on political events in Montana in 1983 as changes in its veterans' preference law were debated and legislated. It analyzes the problems that veterans' preference requirements pose for personnel management and the actions taken by one state in response to them. Analysis of this case indicates that the restrictions placed on the scope of employment preference for veterans resulted, in large part, from concerns over the effects of veterans' preference requirements upon equal employment opportunities for women Similar concerns may be reflected in recent efforts by other states to restrict employment preference for veterans
Martingales and efficient forecasts of effective mortgage rates

Economic theory and empirical evidence indicate that the optimal near-term forecast of a long-term rate is (approximately) today's rate; the no-change model should provide excellent near-term forecasts of a long-term rate. This article estimates the longest forecast horizon over which no-change predictions of each of three mortgage-related interest rates pass a series of quality tests. The empirical results reject the optimality of no-change predictions of the one-year Treasury bill rate for all forecast horizons. Since October 1979, the tests support the hypothesis that no-change predictions of the 30-year conventional home mortgage and GNMA rates are optimal for forecast horizons of up to three-quarters-ahead.
The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Survey of O VI Emission in the Milky Way

We present a survey of O VI λ1032 emission in the Milky Way using data from the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite. The observations span the period from launch in 1999 to 2003 July. Our survey contains 112 sight lines, 23 of which show measurable O VI λ1032 emission. The O VI λ1032 emission feature was detected at all latitudes and exhibits intensities of 1900-8600 photons s-1 cm-2 sr-1. Combined with values from the literature, these emission measurements are consistent with the picture derived from recent O VI absorption surveys: high-latitude sight lines probe O VI-emitting gas in a clumpy, thick disk or halo, while low-latitude sight lines sample mixing layers and interfaces in the thin disk of the Galaxy.
Soliton and strong Langmuir turbulence in solar flare processes

The occurrence of modulational instability in the current sheet is investigated. Particular attention is drawn to the plasma micro-instability in this current sheet (i.e., the diffusion region) and its relation to the flare process. It is found that the solitons or strong Langmuir turbulence is likely to occur in the diffusion region under solar flare conditions in which the electric resistivity could be greatly enhanced by several orders of magnitude in this diffusion region. The result is a significant heating and stochastic acceleration of particles. Physically, the occurrence of soliton and strong Langmuir turbulence can be identified with a sudden eruption of an electric current leading to a local vacuum in which an electric potential is formed and results in the release of a huge amount of free energy. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the transition of the magnetic field, velocity, and plasma density from the outer MHD region into the diffusive (resistive) region and, then, back out again with the completion of the energy conversion process. This is all made possible by an increase of resistivity by 4–5 orders of magnitude over the classical value.
GAMMA RADIATION EFFECTS ON NYMPHS OF THE DAMSELFLY ARGIA TRANSLATA.

Although considerable work has been done on the effects of radiation on various insects (O'Brien and Wolfe 1964), no study has been found dealing with the effects of gamma radiation on an aquatic species. Howden and Crossley (1961) studied the distribution of adult aquatic insects in the area of a radioactive waste disposal lake, and Peredel'skill and Borgatyrey (1959) studied the scattering of radioisotopes by aquatic insect larvae, but did not report observations on radiation damage to the insects themselves. An initial contribution in this field is presented here.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENGLISH-ONLY POLICY IN THE TERTIARY EFL CONTEXT IN TAIWAN

Abstract: The implementation of English-only policy in the English classes at Wenzao Ursuline College of Languages in Taiwan has continued for nearly 40 years. Its advantages and disadvantages have also been debated and challenged because of the rising demands on students’ English proficiency in Taiwan. This study intended to reexamine the efficiency of the implementation of English-only policy in the English learning at a college of languages in Taiwan. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the process of data collection. 279 English major and non-English major students were invited to answer questionnaires, and six participants were invited to join interviews. The process of data analysis included the analysis of both the quantitative questionnaire data and the qualitative interview data. This study found students’ progress in English listening and speaking proficiency in the basic and lower-intermediate levels because of English-only policy. However, the interaction between teachers and some students was hampered because of the policy. Also, the ambiguity emerging in the insistence on using English only blocked some learners from comprehending the meanings of the texts they were learning, specifically the texts in the upper-intermediate and intermediate-advanced levels of English reading and writing courses. This study also found that proper tolerance of using both students’ native language and English in TEFL classes in the way of code-switching may help students more than the implementation of English-only policy in a tertiary TEFL context.
User satisfaction and demand models for personal radio planning

This paper discusses user satisfaction and demand projections for the CB Radio Service and for possible new personal radio services at VHF or UHF frequencies. These projections were generated by a computer model developed by the Advanced Research Resources Organization (ARRO) for the FCC's Personal Radio Planning Group (PRPG). The model uses data obtained from a national survey of users and nonusers of CB radio which assessed people's communication needs, perceptions of radio services, radio equipment purchasing behavior, radio use behavior, and lifestyle. The inputs to this model are the public's perception of how well a service can accomodate various communication needs, in comparison with CB radio, and equipment cost. The perception estimates are based on the services projected performance and social characteristics.
Uncovering the Biochemical Milieu of Myofascial Trigger Points Using In Vivo Microdialysis

Objectives: To 1. confirm our previous findings demonstrating the unique biochemical milieu of substances associated with pain and inflammation in an active myofascial trigger point [TrP] in the upper trapezius muscle, and 2. determine whether these findings are unique to the upper trapezius when compared with a remote uninvolved site in the upper medial gastrocnemius muscle.Methods: We developed and successfully utilized a novel microanalytical system, employing a minimally invasive 32-gauge needle, capable of the in vivo collection of small volumes [∼ 0.5 μ l] and subnanogram levels [< 75 kDa] of solutes from muscle tissue. The needle also serves as a surrogate acupuncture needle during routine treatment of TrPs. This system provides us the unprecedented ability to safely explore and measure the local biochemical milieu of TrPs before, during, and after a local twitch response [LTR]. We previously found elevated levels of inflammatory mediators, neuropeptides, catecholamines, and cytokines at a standard...
Design parameterization and tool integration for CAD-based mechanism optimization

Abstract This paper presents an open and integrated tool environment that enables engineers to effectively search, in a CAD solid model form, for a mechanism design with optimal kinematic and dynamic performance. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of such an environment, design parameterization that supports capturing design intents in product solid models must be available, and advanced modeling, simulation, and optimization technologies implemented in engineering software tools must be incorporated. In this paper, the design parameterization capabilities developed previously have been applied to support design optimization of engineering products, including a High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV). In the proposed environment, Pro/ENGINEER and SolidWorks are supported for product model representation, DADS (Dynamic Analysis and Design System) is employed for dynamic simulation of mechanical systems including ground vehicles, and DOT (Design Optimization Tool) is included for a batch mode design optimization. In addition to the commercial tools, a number of software modules have been implemented to support the integration; e.g., interface modules for data retrieval, and model update modules for updating CAD and simulation models in accordance with design changes. Note that in this research, the overall finite difference method has been adopted to support design sensitivity analysis.
Seismological structure of the upper mantle: a regional comparison of seismic layering

Abstract We investigate seismic layering (i.e., discontinuities, regions of anomalous velocity gradients, and anisotropy) and its lateral variability in the upper mantle by comparing seismic models from three tectonic regions: old (∼100 Ma) Pacific plate, younger (∼40 Ma) Philippine Sea plate, and Precambrian western Australia. These models were constructed by combining two data sets: ScS-reflectivity profiles, which provide travel times and impedance contrasts across mantle discontinuities, and observations of frequency-dependent travel times of three-component turning (S, sS, SS, sSS, SSS, Sa) and surface (R1, G1) waves, which constrain the anisotropic velocity structure between discontinuities. The models provide a better fit to observed seismograms from these regions than the current generation of global tomographic models. The Australian model is characterized by high shear velocities throughout the upper 350 km of the mantle, with no low-velocity zone (LVZ) in the isotropically averaged shear velocities. In contrast, the oceanic models are characterized by a thin, high-velocity seismic lid underlain by a distinct LVZ, with a sharp boundary (the G discontinuity) separating them. The G is significantly deeper beneath the western Philippine Sea plate than beneath the (older) Pacific (89 and 68 km, respectively), implying that thermal cooling alone does not control the thickness of the lid. We interpret this discontinuity as a compositional boundary marking the fossilized base of the melt separation zone (MSZ) active during sea-floor spreading. No discontinuity is detected at the base of the LVZ in the oceanic models. The S velocity gradient between 200 and 410 km depth is much steeper in the oceans than beneath Australia. This high oceanic gradient is probably controlled by a decrease in the homologous temperature over this depth interval. The relative depths of the transition zone (TZ) discontinuities are consistent with Clapeyron slopes expected for an olivine-dominated mineralogy. The 660-km discontinuity displays variability in its amplitude that appears to correlate with its depth; shallow and bright beneath the Pacific, deep and dim beneath Australia and the Philippine Sea. Such behavior is possibly caused by the juxtaposition of the olivine and garnet components of the phase transition. Radial anisotropy extends through the upper 250 km of the mantle in the Australia model and through the upper 160 km of the two oceanic models. The magnitude of anisotropy is consistent with that expected for models of horizontally oriented olivine, and the localization of anisotropy in the shallowest upper mantle implies that it reflects strain associated with past or present tectonic events.
Caught in the Currents: Pollution, Risk, and Environmental Change in Marine Space

Human interactions with the marine environment and pollution hold broad lessons for understanding environmental change. Expanding geographical inquiry beyond its traditional, land-based foci and delving deeper into marine environment and risk issues offers fruitful avenues by which to elaborate and refine our understanding of nature-society relationships. I present a case study of marine petroleum transportation risks in the Straits of Malacca to illustrate the complex history of political and economic processes across a range of scales and shaping the risks in the Straits. The inescapable tension between generalizing global social and environmental processes and recognizing the array of local differences drives ongoing policy debates in the Straits, as it does increasingly for many global environmental problems.
Dental caries in older adults with diabetes mellitus

The prevalence of type II diabetes mellitus increases with age. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of coronal and root-surface caries experience among older adults with different levels of diabetes control. Subjects were 42 community-dwelling, dentate adults aged 54-86 yrs, including 24 diabetics and 18 nondiabetic controls. Coronal and root-surface caries and restorations were evaluated. Diabetics had fewer teeth than nondiabetics, especially those with poorer glycemic control. The mean decayed/filled surface (DFS) and filled surface (FS) values were higher, and the mean decayed surface (DS) and missing surface (MS) values were lower in nondiabetics than in diabetics, and in well-controlled diabetics compared with poorly controlled diabetics. After adjusting for missing teeth, the data were expressed as a percentage of the available surfaces, and the significant differences in DFS and FS disappeared. However, the p-values for mean number of DS and MS remained very similar to those for %DS and %MS. The number of root-surface caries was higher for the diabetics than for nondiabetics, but no corresponding difference was observed between well-controlled and poorly controlled diabetics. The results of this study suggest that diabetes and poor glycemic control may not be associated with an increased prevalence of past coronal and root-surface caries experience in older adults, but there is a tendency for more active caries lesions and missing teeth.
Determination of neuraminic (sialic) acid, glucose and fructose in spinal fluid☆☆☆

Abstract A procedure is described for the colorimetric determination of neuraminic acid, fructose, and glucose in spinal fluid. The amount of total neuraminic acid, as determined by the orcinol test, is calculated after due correction for fructose and glucose interference. The method has been compared with an ion-exchange method, with favorable results. The procedure is rapid, requires a very small amount of spinal fluid, and can be used routinely for the determination of total, free, and bound neuraminic acid, fructose, and glucose.
The Accuracy and Rationality of US and Australian Household Inflation Forecasts: A Comparative Study of the Michigan and Melbourne Institute Surveys*

Median household 1-year-ahead consumer price inflation forecasts generated by the Michigan survey of US households and the Melbourne Institute survey of Australian households are tested for accuracy, bias and efficiency, and compared with naive forecasts, forecasts derived from financial market phenomena, and forecasts of professional economists. In the post-1993:1 period which encompasses the Melbourne Institute's 2006 revision of the Australian series, both countries’ household forecasts are unbiased, efficient and relatively accurate. In the earlier period (1978:1–1993:1), the Melbourne series exhibits substantial upward bias. Several potential explanations for the inferior early Melbourne performance are offered.
Phase-invariant variational methods for transition amplitudes of atomic collisions

A variational functional for transition amplitudes is introduced which is invariant under phase changes of trial wave functions, stationary around the exact transition amplitudes, and avoids divergences in numerical applications. Euler-Lagrange equations are derived and briefly considered for parametric and basis-set expansions of wave functions. A detailed analysis is presented of a procedure to improve upon time-dependent Hartree-Fock amplitudes. Variational corrections are derived in terms of one-electron transition density functions and also introducing atomic basis sets. The way in which the procedure can be used to correct results for electron transfer in atomic collisions is discussed in some detail.
Threat as a Motivator of Political Activism: A Field Experiment

The research reported here examined the effects of two potential motivators of political activism—policy change threat and policy change opportunity—in a field experiment. Different versions of a letter were sent by a political lobbying organization to potential contributors. One version highlighted threats of undesirable policy changes, another version highlighted opportunities for desirable policy changes, and the third version did neither. Policy change threat increased the number of financial contributions made to the interest group, but policy change opportunity did not. Policy change opportunity increased the number of signed postcards returned to be sent to President Clinton, but policy change threat did not. These findings highlight the impact of interest group recruitment strategies on citizen responsiveness and demonstrate the need to account for sources of motivation in order to more fully understand when, why, and how citizens choose to become politically active.
HIV-1 Infection of Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells and Their Role in Trafficking and Viral Dissemination

Patients with HIV-1 often present with a wide range of hematopoietic abnormalities, some of which may be due to the presence of opportunistic infections and to therapeutic drug treatments. However, many of these abnormalities are directly related to HIV-1 replication in the bone marrow (BM). Although the most primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) are resistant to HIV-1 infection, once these cells begin to differentiate and become committed HPCs they become increasingly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and permissive to viral gene expression and infectious virus production. Trafficking of BM-derived HIV-1-infected monocytes has been shown to be involved in the dissemination of HIV-1 into the central nervous system (CNS), and it is possible that HIV-1 replication in the BM and infection of BM HPCs may be involved in the early steps leading to the development of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) as an end result of this cellular trafficking process. In addition, the growth and development of HPCs in the BM of patients with HIV-1 has also been shown to be impaired due to the presence of HIV-1 proteins and changes in the cytokine milieu, potentially leading to an altered maturation process and to increased cell death within one or more BM cell lineages. Changes in the growth and differentiation process of HPCs may be involved in the generation of monocyte populations that are more susceptible and/or permissive to HIV-1, and have potentially altered trafficking profiles to several organs, including the CNS. A monocyte subpopulation with these features has been shown to expand during the course of HIV-1 disease, particularly in HAD patients, and is characterized by low CD14 expression and the presence of cell surface CD16.
Time-resolved reflectance measurements on layered tissues with strongly varying optical properties

Most biological tissues consist of layers with different optical properties. A few examples are the skin, the esophagus, the stomach and the wall of arteries. An understanding of how the light propagates in such layered systems is a prerequisite for any light based therapy or diagnostic scheme. In this study we investigate the influence of different kinds of layers on time resolved reflectance measurements. Experiments were performed on layered gel phantoms and the results compared to Monte Carlo simulations and diffusion theory. It is shown that when a low absorbing medium is situated on top of a high absorbing medium, the absorption coefficient of the lower layer is accessible if the differences in the absorption coefficient are only small. In the case of large difference the optical properties of the upper layer dominate the signal and shield information on the lowest layer. The degree of this shielding effect depends on layer thickness as well as optical properties. In the case of an almost absorption and scattering free layer in between two normal tissues, an overall increase of the signal is visible. However, the overall shape of the curve is about preserved. The apparent scattering coefficient is slightly decreased, while the apparent absorption coefficient is unaltered.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Disrupting Mer receptor tyrosine kinase expression prevents autoimmune chronic graft-versus-host disease.

The Mer receptor tyrosine kinase mediates apoptotic cell phagocytosis and modulates macrophage cytokine production. Mer knockout mice (Mer-KO) have defective clearance of apoptotic debris and develop systemic lupus erythematosus-like autoimmune disease. Because of their spontaneous autoimmune propensity, we wondered whether Mer-KO mice (backcrossed 10 generations onto C57BL/6) might be particularly susceptible to the systemic lupus erythematosus-like autoimmunity induced by chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Using the well-established cGVH model (bm12 → B6 mice), we were surprised to observe that the Mer-KO mice were protected from the development of GVHD. Mer-KO recipients of bm12 spleen cells failed to develop detectable anti-dsDNA and antichromatin autoantibodies, while the B6 hosts produced significant amounts of these antibodies that peaked at week 2. Slightly increased levels of rheumatoid factor were found in Mer-KO mice, although much lower than B6 control hosts. Mer-KO mice did not develop splenomegaly. The lack of autoantibody formation was not due to an absence of alloreactivity, because spleen cells from bm12 mice proliferated equally in response to irradiated wild-type and Mer-KO irradiated spleen cells. GVHD developed normally in F1 (Mer-KO × B6) hosts given bm12 donor cells, thus indicating that the failure to develop GVHD was not due to mer-KO-derived minor MHC genes. These findings indicate a hitherto unrecognized requirement for Mer in the genesis of alloreactivity-induced autoimmunity. Future experiments will determine whether this reflects the role of this kinase in recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, its function in regulating cytokine production, or perhaps a new function in the immune response.
Forty mouse strain survey of water and sodium intake

We measured voluntary water and sodium intakes of 40 inbred strains of mice. Groups of approximately 10 males and approximately 10 females from each strain received a series of 48-h tests with a choice between a bottle of water and a bottle of one of the following: water, 25, 75, and 225 mM NaCl, 25, 75, and 225 sodium lactate. Sodium solution intakes were influenced by strain, sex, anion and concentration: Nine strains drank significantly more chloride than lactate, and only one strain (I/LnJ) drank significantly more lactate than chloride. The other 30 strains drank similar volumes of chloride and lactate. Sodium intakes were higher in females than males of 8 strains and did not differ by sex in the other 32 strains. Some strains had consistently high sodium intakes and preferred all sodium solutions to water (129S1/SvImJ, MA/MyJ, NZW/LacJ and SWR/J), some showed indifference (i.e. preferences not significantly different from 50%) to all concentrations tested (A/J, C57BL/6J, FVB/NJ and SEA/GnJ), and some had consistently low sodium intakes (AKR/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/10J, CBA/J, DBA/2J, I/LnJ, JF1/Ms, LP/J, NON/LtJ, PERA/EiJ, PL/J, and RIIIS/J). The results illustrate the diversity of voluntary sodium intake in mice and will assist in the selection of appropriate strains for focused genetic and physiological analyses.
Tiempo, espacio y frecuencia en la fibrilación ventricular

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the main immediate cause of sudden, unexpected cardiac death. It appears in the electrocardiogram (ECG) as an aperiodic, irregular rhythm, giving the impression that electrical activation of the ventricles is highly complex and disordered. Unfortunately, despite many years of research and speculation, it has still not been possible to confirm or reject that idea, and therefore, the mechanism underlying VF continues to be a highly debated subject. During the second half of the 20th century, the predominant hypothesis to explain both VF and atrial fibrillation (AF) was based on multiple wavefronts that propagated in a random and disorganized manner.1 In 1994, Authur T. Winfree2 introduced in the Western literature a new alternative theory involving “threedimensional electrical rotors” that would become unstable when the thickness of the ventricular wall exceeded a critical value. Winfree believed that in some cases various rotors could be “anchored” in the ventricles to collectively maintain activity similar to fibrillation, even when recording electrodes revealed apparently periodic electrical activity. That hypothesis was consistent with experimental findings showing that the heart could sustain reentrant activity around a functional obstacle,3 and led to the suggestion that rotors could be the organizing centers for VF. Since then, a large number of studies have addressed the involvement of rotors and spiral waves, either stable or unstable, in VF.4-6 This has led to the development of new analytic techniques that allow quantification of Time, Space, and Frequency in Ventricular Fibrillation
PREMATURE RUPTURE OF THE MEMBRANES, A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Premature rupture of the membranes leading to perinatal death was analyzed in a prospective study of 59,379 pregnancies. 183 cases were placed in the category when the membranes ruptured before 37 weeks gestation or 20 or more hours before the onset of labor. The fatal disorder had a frequency of 3.8/1000 live births. Most of the ruptures appeared secondary to amniotic fluid bacterial infections. 87% of the cases had congenital pneumonia, 71% chorioamnionitis and 59% funisitis. The disorder decreased after 27 weeks gestation when antimicrobial activity appears in the amniotic fluid. It increased again after 37 weeks when bacteria normally gain access to the amniotic fluid in increased numbers. The late gestational peak was comprised almost entirely of the poor suggesting that antimicrobial activity may have been reduced in their amniotic fluids. Gravida who made many clinic visits had higher weight gains at each gestational age than did those who made fewer visits and those who made many visits had a very low frequency of the fatal disorder. The disorder was strongly associated with suboptimal pregnancy weight gain and the resultant neonates had a pattern of growth retardation characteristic of undernutrition. There was a 10 fold increase of the disorder with placenta previa and smaller increases with obesity, hypertension, ambulatory work during pregnancy, prior pregnancies, abrotions, fetal deaths, preterm deliveries and infant's blood group B. (Supported by U.S.P.H.S. contract N01-NS-2311).
Phage-based magnetostrictive-acoustic microbiosensors for detecting Bacillus anthracis spores

Magnetostrictive particles (MSPs) as biosensor platform have been developed recently. The principle of MSPs as sensor platform is the same as that of other acoustic wave devices, such as quartz crystal microbalance. In this paper, the fabrication, characterization and performance of phage-based MSP biosensors for detecting Bacillus anthracis spores are reported. A commercially available magnetostrictive alloy was utilized to fabricate the sensor platform. The phage was immobilized onto the MSPs using physical adsorption technology. The following performance of the phage-based MSP sensors will be presented: sensitivity, response time, longevity, specificity and binding efficacy. The performance of the sensors at static and dynamic conditions was characterized. The experimental results are confirmed by microscopy photographs. The excellent performance including high sensitivity and rapid response is demonstrated. More importantly, it is experimentally found that the phage-based MSP sensors have a much better longevity than antibody-based sensors.
New Environmental Theories: Empathizing With Nature: The Effects ofPerspective Taking on Concern for Environmental Issues

In this article, I propose that concern for environmental problems is fundamentally linked to the degree to which people view themselves as part of the natural environment. Two studies are reported that test aspects of this theory. The first study describes the structure of people’s concern for environmental problems. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis showed a clear three-factor structure, which I labeled egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric. A second study examined the effects of a perspective-taking manipulation on egoistic, social-altruistic, and biospheric environmental concerns. Results showed that participants instructed to take the perspective of an animal being harmed by pollution scored significantly higher in biospheric environmental concerns than participants instructed to remain objective. In more than 30 years of psychological research, a variety of social psychological theories have been applied to explain attitudes about environmental issues and proenvironmental behavior. One source for theories is social psychological research on prosocial behavior. In this article, I draw on recent theoretical research on altruism and empathy to sketch the beginnings of a broad socialcognitive theory for environmental concern. I argue that the types of environmental concerns people develop are associated with the degree to which they view themselves as interconnected with nature. Data from two studies provide evidence that (1) environmental concerns are clustered into three types and (2) taking the
Mass spectrometric evidence for aldehyde adduction in carboxymyoglobin.

Lipid oxidation generates secondary oxidation products, which compromise myoglobin (Mb) redox stability. Although lipid oxidation-induced discoloration in carboxymyoglobin (COMb) is documented, the molecular basis for interactions between COMb and lipid oxidation products has not been investigated. Our objective was to characterize the adduction of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a reactive lipid oxidation product, with COMb, utilizing mass spectrometry. Equine COMb and equine OxyMb (0.15 mM) were incubated with HNE (1.0 mM) at pH 7.4, 37 °C (physiological condition) for 6 h, and at pH 5.6, 4 °C (typical meat storage condition) for 7 days. The samples were analyzed in Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). MS spectra revealed that HNE formed mono-, di-, and tri-adducts with COMb at physiological conditions, whereas mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-adducts were detected in OxyMb. This observation suggested a lower reactivity of COMb towards HNE at physiological conditions, compared to OxyMb. In contrast, at meat storage conditions, HNE formed mono- and di-adducts with both COMb and OxyMb, thus revealing a similar trend for aldehyde adduction in the cherry-red colored Mb redox forms. The present study is the first to report HNE adduction in COMb, and proteomic investigations are underway to determine the sites of HNE adduction in COMb.
Participation of the elderly in residential conservation programmes

Abstract Although greater-than-average opportunities for residential energy-efficiency improvements exist among the elderly, most conservation programmes are not successful in reaching this subgroup. This paper reviews evidence on elderly participation in utility, federal and state programmes. Even though most of these programmes fail to attract elderly participants there are exceptions. The features and marketing strategies of successful programmes designed to reach the elderly include door-to-door canvassing with free installation of measures, recruitment and verification of eligibility through existing community groups, peer services and counselling by other senior citizens, shared savings programmes offered in retirement villages, and rebate programmes that offer highly visible measures with short paybacks. Although there are a few successful programmes, as a whole, coverage of the elderly by utility, federal and state programmes is limited and a large majority of the elderly receive no assistance.
Oil and Development in Venezuela During the Twentieth Century

Introduction A Theoretical Framework A Short Review of Methodological Problems and Data Sources The Effects and Contribution of Oil to the Economics of Venezuela, 1910-22 The Effects and Contribution of Oil to the Economics of Venezuela, 1922-29 The Contribution of Oil and Its Effects on the Economy of Venezuela, 1930-36 The Contribution of Oil and Its Effects on the Economy of Venezuela, 1936-42 The Contribution of Petroleum and Its Effects on the Economic Development of Venezuela, 1943-57 The Contribution of Petroleum and Its Effects on the Economic Development of Venezuela, 1958-73 The Contribution of Petroleum and Its Effects on the Economic Development of Venezuela, 1974-85 The Contribution of Petroleum and Its Effects on the Economic Development of Venezuela, 1986-90 Bibliography Index
Issues related to clinical trials of oral and biologic disease-modifying agents for Sjögren's syndrome.

Published studies and trials of oral and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for the treatment of Sjogren's syndrome have shown disappointing results. Improvements in trial design, including development of consortia for the conduct of national and international multicenter studies and use of standardized classification and outcome measures coupled with the emergence of newer biologic, immunomodulatory, and small molecule agents, hopefully will result in the addition of disease-modifying agents to the armamentarium.
The Euro and mergers: What are the opportunities and risks?

Americans who want to play the M&A game on European soil should go in with their eyes wide open, warn the authors. The differences between the U.S. and European environments are so great that even seasoned players can feel the ground shifting unexpectedly beneath them. But to ignore the opportunities would be disastrous. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of insecticide resistance-related cytochrome P-450 expression in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Two protein bands, resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, account for most of the cytochrome P -450 in Drosophila melanogaster . P -450-A is ubiquitous among strains tested; whereas P -450-B is unique to certain strains. Dimethylnitrosamine demethylase activity is associated with P -450-B. Biochemical and genetic analyses showed that genes located on chromosome II were required for P -450-B expression. These genes were mapped within an interval that includes a major insecticide-resistance locus. Regulatory loci on chromosome III were required for maximum expression of P -450-B. One of these regulatory loci was mapped at another major resistance locus on chromosome III. There was a good correlation between P -450-B expression and resistance to phenylurea among the different strains tested. These results indicate that Drosophila can be a useful model to study the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance.
Parliamentary Scrutiny of Rights in the United Kingdom: Assessing the Work of the Joint Committee on Human Rights

This article examines the work of the Joint Committee on Human Rights (JCHR) and assesses its effectiveness in safeguarding fundamental rights in the United Kingdom. In 2001, Parliament created the JCHR to scrutinize legislation for compliance with the Human Rights Act 1998 and the UK's international human rights commitments. Data on the impact of JCHR reports on the work of Parliament and courts are collected and used to evaluate the efficacy of parliamentary scrutiny committees devoted to human rights. Is the use of a human rights scrutiny committee an effective mechanism of rights review? Since the success of the ‘Commonwealth model of constitutionalism’ ultimately depends on the effectiveness of parliaments in safeguarding rights, the extent to which the JCHR's work influences the drafting of proposed bills; contributes to more informed parliamentary debate; and, ultimately, prevents bills with rights problems from becoming law, is likely to interest scholars and reformers alike.
The Electronic Bookmobile.

Bookmobiles have been an important part of public library service for over a century. Traditionally they have delivered recreational reading material, but new technologies now make it possible for high‐tech bookmobiles to provide a full range of information services. Telecommunications options such as mobile data radio, cellular telephone, and the use of satellites make online circulation, database searching, and facsimile service feasible for library mobile units. Optical disc and other compact storage technologies as well as state‐of‐the‐art navigation systems also have bookmobile applications. Unfortunately, the high cost of technology, particularly for mobile telecommunications, is among the problems delaying the development and commonplace use of ‘electronic bookmobiles’.
Conflict, Intervention, and Resolution: The Third Party's Negotiated Role.

This report is based on an evaluation project conducted at two underground coal mines located in the southeastern United States. The purpose of the project was to assist management by identifying the reasons that one mine, among the seven owned and operated by the contractor, had recently experienced a dramatic decrease in production, while the rates of absenteeism and accidents increased. The information upon which this report is based was gathered through interviews conducted with miners employed at the least productive and the most productive mines, as well as management, staff personnel, and federal officials. The findings suggest that intangible factors may have accounted for the wide disparity of work performance. A partial explanation is framed within the vested interests of the contending groups and the discussion illustrates that group commitment is strengthened and that special interests are maintained through engaging in conflict as a normative aspect of organizational behavior.
Endogenous Formation of Cooperation Structures

Abstract I consider a cooperation-formation game in which players choose independently with whom they wish to cooperate in a given coalitional game, and players' payoffs follow a solution imposed on the coalitional game. I study the resulting equilibrium cooperation structure and how cooperation evolves under best-response and fictitious-play learning processes.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C71, C72.
ARE MAGNETICALLY ACTIVE LOW-MASS M DWARFS COMPLETELY CONVECTIVE?

Stars on the main sequence are expected to be completely convective if their mass lies below a certain value, Mcc. Standard stellar structure codes suggest that Mcc is in the range 0.3-0.4 M☉. In the present paper we examine several nonstandard additions to stellar structure in order to quantify their effects on the value of Mcc. We find that by including magnetic field effects, Mcc may fall to values that are significantly smaller than the standard range. This result is of interest in understanding why coronae and chromospheres in active M dwarfs fail to exhibit detectable alterations at spectral class M3-M4. The structural properties of our magnetic models also explain why active M dwarfs tend to have radii that are larger than expected for their Teff values or Teff values that are too low for their radii. Our results lead us to predict that certain stars that are classified as late L or T stars may actually have masses of 0.1-0.15 M☉.
One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Glycooxazolines, N‐Glycoaminooxazolines, and N‐Glycothiazolines from Glycals

Novel one-pot syntheses of N-glycooxazolines (N at C-1), N-glycoaminooxazolines, and N-glycothiazolines have been developed. Thus, the reaction of tri-O-benzyl-D-glucal or tri-O-benzyl-D-galactal with aryl amides, heteroaryl amides, thioamides, and substituted ureas in the presence of N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) in dry propionitrile at 45 °C afforded the cyclized products in good yields. When tris(O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-D-glucal was employed, the 2-deoxy-2-iodoglycosylamide was isolated instead. Treatment of this newly formed glycosylamide with an anhydrous base afforded the O-glycooxazoline (O at C-1) in high to moderate yields. Product outcomes and the overall stereoselectivity of the reactions were found to be highly dependent on the nature of the sugar protecting group, the nature of the substituent on the amide, and the reaction temperature.
A Spermatozoa-Associated Factor Regulates Proenkephalin Gene Expression in the Rat Epididymis

The gene encoding the opioid peptide precursor preproenkephalin is expressed at high levels in the initial segment of the adult rat epididymis. Expression is localized to principal cells, the secretory epithelial cells lining the epididymal duct. During development, epididymal proenkephalin mRNA levels show a pronounced increase at about 44 days of age, coincident with the initial entry of spermatozoa into the epididymal lumen. Hypophysectomy leads to a 60-fold decrease in epididymal proenkephalin mRNA levels. Testosterone replacement can prevent this decline in a manner consistent with an effect upon spermatogenesis. Castration studies demonstrate that a gonadal factor other than testosterone directly regulates epididymal proenkephalin expression, and the results of efferent duct ligation suggest that this factor must be supplied through an intact connection of the testis and epididymis. Proenkephalin mRNA levels in the epididymis correlate with the decline and reappearance of spermatozoa induced by the ...