cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The initialization and sensitivity of multigroup models for the transmission of HIV.

We study two multigroup mathematical models of the spread of HIV. In the differential infectivity model, the infected population is divided into groups according to their infectiousness, and HIV is primarily spread by a small, highly infectious, group of superspreaders. In the staged-progression model, every infected individual goes through a series of infection stages and the virus is primarily spread by individuals in an initial highly infectious stage or in the late stages of the disease. We demonstrate the importance of choosing appropriate initial conditions, and define a new approach to distributing the initial population among the subgroups so as to minimize the artificial transients in the solutions due to unbalanced initial conditions. We demonstrate that the rate of removal in and out of a population is an important, yet often neglected, effect. We also illustrate the importance of distinguishing between the number of partners a person has and the number of contacts per partner. By assuming that people with many partners have fewer contacts per partner than people with few partners, we found that the epidemic is less sensitive to the partner acquisition rate than one might expect. However, because the probability of transmission of HIV per contact is low, the epidemic is very sensitive to the number of contacts per partner. Modeling this distinction is particularly important when estimating the impact of programs which encourage people to have fewer sexual partners.
Separation of proteins of nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) is used to fractionate the proteins of the 30–40 S nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. The major core proteins of the particles are eluted from a SynChropak AX-300 anion-exchange column before the more acidic higher-molecular-weight minor particle proteins. Each of the three major core proteins which can be separated from the other particle proteins by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are eluted from the SynChropak AX-300 column as one peak. Isoelectric focusing separates each of these three apparently homogeneous peaks into a series of charge isomers ranging in isoelectric pH (pI) from 5.5 to 9.0. The core proteins of the ribonucleoprotein particles have a strong affinity to each other and form aggregates. The elution of each of the charge isomers of the three major proteins in one peak and their elution from an anion exchanger before the elution of the more acidic higher-molecular-weight minor proteins of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles is explained by the formation of these aggregates. The separation of the total proteins of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles by h.p.l.c. is similar to the separation which can be obtained by preparative electrophoresis but the l.c. technique is simpler, substantially quicker, and adaptable to large-scale preparation.
Tephrochronology of the western Gulf of Mexico for the last 185,000 years

Tephra in 31 piston cores from the western Gulf of Mexico and 7 piston cores from the equatorial Pacific were analyzed by electron microprobe. Six ash layers in the western Gulf of Mexico were easily distinguished by TiO2, FeO, and CaO contents and correlated by geochemistry in order to determine the distribution pattern for each ash layer. Correlation by geochemistry is an easier, more accurate method than biostratigraphic correlation; some of the tephras were miscorrelated by biostratigraphy. The six tephras were dated by geochemical identification in a piston core with oxygen-isotope stratigraphy and the ages are Y5 (30,000 yr B.P.), Y6 (65,000 yr B.P.), Y8 (84,000 yr B.P.), X2 (110,000 yr B.P.), W1 (136,000 yr B.P.), and W2 (185,000 yr B.P.). Data from this study corroborated correlations of the Y8 tephra in the western Gulf of Mexico with the D layer in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. None of the other five layers in the Gulf of Mexico, however, were found in the Pacific Ocean. The limited distribution of the Y5, Y6, X2, and W2 ash layers close to Mexico indicates possible sources in Mexico. Tephra from the late Pleistocene La Primavera pumice in Mexico, however, does not correlate with the marine tephra.
Manually operatable on-chip bistable pneumatic microstructures for microfluidic manipulations

Bistable microvalves are of particular interest because of their distinct nature of requiring energy consumption only during the transition between the open and closed states. This characteristic can be highly advantageous in reducing the number of external inputs and the complexity of control circuitries since microfluidic devices as contemporary lab-on-a-chip platforms are transferring from research settings to low-resource environments with high integrability and a small form factor. In this paper, we first present manually operatable, on-chip bistable pneumatic microstructures (BPMs) for microfluidic manipulation. The structural design and operation of the BPM devices can be readily integrated into any pneumatically powered microfluidic network consisting of pneumatic and fluidic channels. It is mainly composed of a vacuum activation chamber (VAC) and a pressure release chamber (PRC), of which users have direct control through finger pressing to switch either to the bistable vacuum state (VS) or the atmospheric state (AS). We have integrated multiple BPM devices into a 4-to-1 microfluidic multiplexor to demonstrate on-chip digital flow switching from different sources. Furthermore, we have shown its clinical relevance in a point-of-care diagnostic chip that processes blood samples to identify the distinct blood types (A/B/O) on-chip.
Problems in the interpretation of apparent ‘radial growth phase’ malignant melanomas that metastasize

Background: The delineation of radial and vertical growth phases in primary cutaneous malignant melanomas has contributed to our understanding of melanoma progression and has enhanced the ability of pathologists to provide clinicians with meaningful prognostic information. Vertical growth phase (VGP) lesions have the potential to metastasize, but radial growth phase (RGP) melanomas are believed to lack competence for metastasis. Methods: We have identified three cases in which metastasis occurred in association with lesions initially interpreted as RGP melanomas. To determine whether these cases truly represented exceptional metastasizing RGP melanomas or VGP lesions incorrectly identified as RGP lesions, careful microscopic re-review of these cases was performed. Results: In one case, additional microscopic sectioning revealed a focus of vertical growth that was not evident on the original sections. In the other two cases, only radial growth was found. In one of these cases there was melanoma in situ with regressive changes, but no evidence for invasive melanoma. In the other, a RGP lesion was associated with an adjacent compound nevus with periadnexal involvement. Conclusions: These cases suggest that, while true RGP melanomas have an excellent prognosis, caution must be exercised in defining a lesion as having no metastatic potential when multiple sections of the primary lesion are unavailable, when the lesion is accompanied by regressive changes, or when there is an associated melanocytic nevus. It is possible that strictly defined RGP melanomas may metastasize in very rare cases. Our observations also suggest that metastatic potential is a function of numerous factors, and may not be evaluable on morphological grounds alone.
Comparison of bacterial regrowth in distribution systems using free chlorine and chloramine: a statistical study of causative factors

Bacterial regrowth was investigated over a 15-month period in distribution systems (DSs) of Durham and Raleigh in North Carolina. These two water utilities were chosen because they are adjacent to one another, have similar service area characteristics, and treat surface waters of similar characteristics with conventional processes (coagulation-sedimentation and dual-media filtration). The finished waters have similar chemical quality and regrowth potential as measured by assimilable organic carbon (AOC). The major difference in treatment is the choice of final disinfectants (chlorine in Durham and chloramine in Raleigh). Ten sampling sites (monthly sampling) were chosen in each system to give wide geographic coverage and correspondingly, a wide range of water residence times. Significant losses were observed in both chlorine and chloramine residual in the DSs that produced bacterial regrowth as measured by heterotrophic plate count (HPC). The frequency distributions for log HPC (133 observations from Durham and 135 observations from Raleigh) were statistically the same in the chlorinated and chloraminated DSs. A correlation analysis indicated that disinfectant residual is the most important factor determining HPC level. However, the resulting R2 value for a non-linear regression model that also included AOC, temperature, and pH as independent variables was less than 0.7. Bacterial regrowth as measured by HPC, is dependent upon a complex interaction of chemical, physical, and operational parameters that may not be captured by such a simple statistical relationship.
The Mechanism of the Peroxynitrite–Carbon Dioxide Reaction Probed Using Tyrosine☆

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-), which is produced in vivo by the reaction of nitric oxide (.NO) with superoxide (O2-.), is a selective oxidant. Peroxynitrite decomposes to form nitrate at neutral pH and the decomposition is accelerated by CO2, which is abundant in biological systems, but the mechanism of this CO2-assisted decomposition of peroxynitrite is not fully understood. Previously we showed that CO2 recycles and is a true catalyst in the reaction. In this work, we probed the reaction of peroxynitrite with a limiting amount of CO2 at pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C in the presence of tyrosine. Tyrosine does not react directly with peroxynitrite, but it is able to trap intermediates that arise from the CO2-peroxynitrite reaction. The addition of tyrosine to the CO2-peroxynitrite system results in a reduced rate of decay of peroxynitrite. This effect is easier to identify in later stages of the reaction, and therefore we have used the lifetime of peroxynitrite (the time it takes for the concentration of peroxynitrite to fall to 1/e of its initial value) to characterize the reaction. The values of the lifetime of peroxynitrite rapidly reach a plateau with increasing concentrations of tyrosine. However, even at the plateau value, the lifetime of peroxynitrite still is much shorter than that observed in the absence of added CO2. To rationalize these effects, we suggest that tyrosine partially traps intermediates that arise from the CO2-peroxynitrite reaction, causing the fraction of the CO2 that recycles to decrease and the lifetime of peroxynitrite to increase. Possible intermediates involved in the CO2-peroxynitrite reaction that could be trapped by tyrosine are discussed.
Pseudo-burst phenomenon in ideal adaptive systems

Abstract A phenomenon is described which is similar to the well-known burst phenomenon. With examples, it is shown that the responses of adaptive systems may exhibit large transients of the error signal, separated by quiet periods. In contrast to the burst phenomenon, the responses observed in this paper correspond to ideal systems, that is, adaptive systems without noise or unmodeled dynamics. Also, in accordance with the theory, the bursts do not occur indefinitely. Two examples are discussed. The first is shown to be very similar to the burst phenomenon. The second is found to be quite different, with its origin being in the internal excitation generated through the interaction of adaptation and control. An averaging analysis is provided, which highlights the uses and limitations of averaging for the analysis of adaptive systems.
Observations on Community College Leadership

External forces create demands that affect community college institutional effectiveness. Likewise, how leaders respond to those demands and their behavior within an institution can affect staff morale and effectiveness, and thus institutional effectiveness. The author describes leader behaviors that create a constrained and negative institutional climate and illustrates those behaviors with detailed scenarios. The following suggestion is made based on the author's observations: Leaders must maintain formal and informal communication channels to gain information that can help them to understand how their behavior is perceived by others. Such information can be used to develop positive leadership behaviors that can change institutional climate and thereby increase effectiveness.
Ethanol modulation of tumor necrosis factor and gamma interferon production by murine splenocytes and macrophages

Summary C57BL/6 female mice were fed a liquid ethanol (ETOH) diet (27% of calories derived from ETOH) for 5 months as an animal model of chronic alcohol use. A isocaloric liquid diet supplemented with maltose dextran was fed to controls. Splenocytes from ETOH-treated and control mice, and purified macrophages from normal mice and retrovirus infected mice were exposed in vitro to various concentrations of ETOH (0.1–1.0% v/v). The effect of chronic ETOH exposure in vivo, and of in vitro treatment with ETOH on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and gamma-interferon (IFN) production by cultured murine splenocytes and purified macrophages was investigated. Dietary ethanol did not significantly affect in vitro TNF or INF production. However, TNF and IFN production by splenocytes from mice fed either the ETOH or control diet decreased significantly when the cells were cultured with ETOH and stimulated with LPS or Con A in vitro. Thus ETOH in vitro directly down regulates TNF and IFN secretion by LPS-or Con A-stimulated spleen cells. ETOH treatment in vitro did not significantly change TNF production by purified peritoneal macrophage (PM) and thioglycollate-induced peritoneal macrophage (TPM) from normal mice, but increased TNF production by alveolar macrophage (AM). Although murine retrovirus infection per se increased TNF production it did not change the responsive pattern in TNF production of PM and TPM to ETOH in vitro and reduced the TNF production of AM.
Modeling of the electrical characteristics of SWIR/MWIR InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II MQW photodiodes

This paper reports the results of modeling of the electrical characteristics of SWIR/MWIR p-i-n photodiodes with type II InGaAs/GaAsSb multiple quantum wells (MQWs) as the absorption region. Bulk based model with the effective band gap of the type-II quantum well structure has been used in modeling of the experimental data. We investigated the dark current contributing mechanisms that are limiting the electrical performance of the diode. The quantitative simulation of the I-V characteristics shows, that the 200K to 290K performance of InGaAs/GaAsSb photodiodes is dominated by generation-recombination processes at the small reverse bias (-5V~0V). Above -10V, the trap-assisted tunneling current and direct tunneling current begin to dominate.
Entrainment versus resetting of a long RP tachycardia: what is the diagnosis?

t c s a p b c d t t d i t P s Case presentation A 71-year-old man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presented for electrophysiological study because of recurrent hospitalizations due to a long-RPinterval narrow complex tachycardia refractory to verapamil therapy. His 12-lead electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were normal. Baseline atrio-His and His-ventricular intervals measured 56 ms and 41 ms, respectively. During programmed atrial extrastimulation, dual atrioventricular (AV) node physiology was not observed. Retrograde conduction was midline (earliest at the anteroseptum) and confirmed to be over the fast pathway (FP) of the AV node by paraHisian pacing at multiple cycle lengths. Tachycardia was easily and reproducibly induced from both the ventricle and the atrium (Figure 1). The response of tachycardia to entrainment from the ventricle and diastolic ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs) are shown in Figures 2 and 3, espectively. Based on these observations, what is the mechnism of tachycardia?
A historical perspective of the impact of feedback on behaviour

Notes that during the past 100 years, a significant amount of social science research has attempted to elucidate the relationship between feedback and behaviour. Research designs and behavioural models clearly reflected the researcher’s basic assumptions about the determinants of human behaviour. Behaviourism, for example, had a pervasive influence on feedback research, especially during the first half of the century. During the 1940s, more cognitive approaches began to emerge. Recently, the importance of contextual variables has been recognized. Explores how these trends in psychology have affected feedback research and models. Also discusses the future of feedback research.
INTEGRAL ECOLOGY: A PERSPECTIVAL, DEVELOPMENTAL, AND COORDINATING APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Abstract Integral Ecology uses multiple perspectives to analyze environmental problems. Four of Integral Ecology's major analytical perspectives (known as the quadrants) correspond to the four divisions of the liberal arts and sciences: fine arts, natural science, social science, and humanities. Integral Ecology also utilizes the analytical perspective provided by the idea of cultural moral development. This perspective helps to reveal how stakeholders at different developmental stages disclose a phenomenon, in this case, a tropical forest that loggers propose to clear-cut. Integral Ecology takes into account all pertinent perspectives, in order to arrive at the best possible solution to environmental problems and conflicts.
A Comment on Stephen Page’s “What’s New about the New Public Management”

The authors observe that the attacks on the new public management often show a lack of familiarity with its theoretical base, ignore that it is a recognized management tool, and imagine dramaturgy when none exists.
Innate visual form preferences in the pecking behavior of young chicks.

1. Young chicks from the age of 1 to 91/2 days were tested daily for unrewarded two-dimensional form preferences in pecking behavior. 2. Forms having a 049 square inch area were found to be preferred, from high to low, as follows: serrated circle, oval, circle, hexagon, star, pentagon, square, rectangle, and diamond. 3. Chicks that were shown the same forms in a smaller size, .012 square inches in area, preferred them in the same order except that star shifted to last place. The smaller forms elicited a higher level of pecking behavior than did the large ones. 4. There were found increases in pecking behavior as a function of age up to the age of 5 days, after which there was a plateau. Up to (but not including) and after the age of 6-61/2 days the order of preferences for the forms was the same. 5. The disruption of the preference hierarchy at the age of 6-61/2 days is discussed in relation to the food imprinting that HESS (1962, 1964) has demonstrated to occur in chicks.
Critical linear difference equation: A study in pathology

Abstract : The paper discusses the structure of solutions of the linear scaler difference equation x(t + h) = x(t) + f(t), and in part its relationship to the differential equation x dot (t) = f(t). It is shown that the structure of solutions of the difference equation is critically dependent on h. For example, given f periodic, there is a dense set of h's for which there is not even a generalized periodic solution, no matter how smooth f is. Conditions on f for boundedness and uniform continuity of solutions are obtained and an example is presented to show that if f is almost periodic and the solution is bounded, the solution need not be almost periodic. (Author)
Comparing statistical software for microcomputers

Abstract The ever-expanding list of statistical packages presents the analyst using a microcomputer with an evaluation problem in the selection of software. In this study, the authors describe the personal computer environment in which the analyst must operate. They propose criteria which can facilitate evaluation of various packages and briefly describe some of the most recent entries into the marketplace.
The Secondaries of Solar-Type Primaries. I. The Radial Velocities

We studied for duplicity the 167 F7-G8 IV or V primaries within 25 pc of the Sun according to their Hipparcos parallaxes and between declinations of -30° and +75°. We obtained an average of 13 coude radial velocities with an accuracy of ±0.10 km s-1. Combining these measures with published data, we obtained 39 single-lined and 12 double-lined binaries with orbital elements. This material will be combined in a later paper with the known visual binaries to derive the secondary mass frequencies.
Integrated multi-quantum-well controller-modulator with high gain for low-power photonic switching

An integrated controller-modulator device, based on the enhanced Stark effect in multiquantum wells is demonstrated. The device is realised by one-step molecular beam epitaxy and selective etching of a heterojunction bipolar transistor with the quantum wells incorporated in the collector region. The device has built-in gain owing to transistor action and is cascadable, thereby lending itself to low-power photonic switching and associated optical logic applications. >
Research With African Americans: Lessons Learned About Recruiting African American Women

The authors briefly explore literature related to recruiting African American research participants, reflect on their experiences conducting body image research with a sample of African American college women in an earlier study (s. Kashubeck-West et al., 2008), and discuss some methodological and cultural challenges that they encountered during data collection for the study. Los autores exploran brevemente la literatura relacionada con el reclutamiento de individuos afroamericanos para participar en estudios de investigacion, reflexionan sobre sus experiencias al llevar a cabo estudios sobre imagen corporal con una muestra de mujeres afroamericanas universitarias en un estudio anterior (S. Kashubeck-West et al., 2008) y por ultimo discuten algunos de los desafios metodologicos y culturales con los que tuvieron que enfrentarse durante la recopilacion de datos para el estudio.
Renal complications of drug addiction.

Abstract The kidney is one of the target organs involved as a consequence of the systemic complications seen in drug abusers. This may manifest itself in one of the following forms: acute hepatitis with modest proteinuria (
Science Related Social Issues in the Elementary School: The Extended Case Study Approach.

Many elementary science teachers approach science as a body of knowledge. Thus, instruction is didactic, emphasizing the teacher-led presentation and memorization of information. This approach often fails to facilitate intrinsic motivation, utilize critical thinking, foster perceptions of relevance or utility, or capture the authentic flavor of inquiry-based science. The Extended Case Study (ECS) strategy offers elementary science teachers the potential to achieve many of those outcomes. This approach uses a community-based, science-related social issue (SRSI) as an instructional context to identify and develop science concepts as well as skills such as information processing, research methods, and decision making. This report describes how a class of Wisconsin fifth graders used the ECS approach to understand, analyze, investigate, and act on a science-related social issue in their community. The ECS approach provides a vehicle for teachers to coordinate an interdisciplinary Science-Technology Society or environmental education perspective with science knowledge and critical thinking in the elementary science classroom.
Distributed spatial memory in virtual human-robot team scenarios

This experiment investigates the spatial memory and attention when human acts as supervisor of one or two groups of distributed robot teams in a large virtual environment (VE). The problem is similar to learning a new environment and interpreting its spatial structure, e.g., [Mou and McNamara 2002], but less is known when attention is divided or locomotion is involved. Our motivation arises in the context of humans and robots acting cooperatively together as a team. Such teaming is becoming increasingly important in many scenarios, such as disaster relief, and wilderness search and rescue [Humphrey and Adams 2009].
Trade-offs between instantaneous and total capacity in multi-cell flash memories

The limited endurance of flash memories is a major design concern for enterprise storage systems. We propose a method to increase it by using relative (as opposed to fixed) cell levels and by representing the information with Write Asymmetric Memory (WAM) codes. Overall, our new method enables faster writes, improved reliability as well as improved endurance by allowing multiple writes between block erasures. We study the capacity of the new WAM codes with relative levels, where the information is represented by multiset permutations induced by the charge levels, and show that it achieves the capacity of any other WAM codes with the same number of writes. Specifically, we prove that it has the potential to double the total capacity of the memory. Since capacity can be achieved only with cells that have a large number of levels, we propose a new architecture that consists of multi-cells — each an aggregation of a number of floating gate transistors.
Weitreichender Elektronentransfer durch DNA-Filme

Unabhangig von der Position im DNA-Film wird kovalent an die DNA angeknupftes Daunomycin (DM) elektrochemisch effizient reduziert – ein Hinweis auf eine nur geringe Abhangigkeit des Elektronentransfers von der Entfernung. Nach Einfuhrung einer C-A-Fehlpaarung geht das elektrochemische Ansprechen drastisch zuruck (schematisch dargestellt). Die DNA-Doppelhelix kann demnach weitreichenden Elektronentransfer erleichtern, aber nur bei Vorliegen eines Ubertragungsweges durch einen geordneten π-Basenstapel.
LOCATING THE BLAZAR EMISSION SITE WITH FERMI VARIABILITY

This work presents a method for settling the following ongoing debate: is the GeV emission of powerful blazars produced inside the sub-pc size broad line region (BLR) or further out at scales of ~ 10 pc where the IR photon field of the dusty molecular torus dominates over that the UV field of the BLR? In the first case the GeV emission is most probably external Compton (EC) scattering of the ~ 10 eV BLR photons21, while in the second the seed photons for the EC GeV emission are the ~ 0.1 eV photons of the dust9 in the molecular torus8. The issue of the energy dissipation location is connected to the jet formation and collimation process25 and, as we argue here, can be resolved with Fermi spectral variability observations.
Gaps in preparedness of clergy and healthcare providers to address mental health needs of returning service members

To elucidate gaps in the preparedness of clergy and healthcare providers to care for service members (SM) with deployment-related mental health needs. Participants identified clinically relevant symptoms in a standardized video role play of a veteran with deployment-related mental health needs and discussed their preparedness to deal with SM. Clergy members identified suicide and depression most often, while providers identified difficulty sleeping, low energy, nightmares and irritability. Neither clergy nor providers felt prepared to minister to or treat SM with traumatic brain injury. Through a mixed methods approach, we identified gaps in preparedness of clergy and healthcare providers in dealing with the mental health needs of SM.
Long-term fatal outcomes in subjects with stroke or transient ischemic attack: fourteen-year follow-up of the systolic hypertension in the elderly program.

Background and Purpose— Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that hypertension increases the risk of stroke, and clinical trials have shown that antihypertensive therapy reduces this risk. Incident stroke was significantly decreased by treatment in the Systolic Hypertension in Elderly Program (SHEP) Trial, but the reduction in fatal events was not statistically significant. Methods— Vital status was determined for 4736 SHEP participants by matching to the National Death Index. We assessed the impact of antihypertensive treatment, stroke, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) during SHEP on long-term (mean, 14.3 years) mortality. Results— Treatment with a chlorthalidone-based antihypertensive regimen significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular death (adjusted relative risk [RR]=0.86; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.98, P=0.026) in the SHEP cohort without a significant (P=0.39) interaction with stroke status. Patients who sustained a stroke during SHEP had significantly higher all-cause mortality at the 14.3-year...
Reading the documentation of invoked API functions in program comprehension

Comprehending an unfamiliar code fragment requires an awareness of explicit usage directives that may be present in the documentation of some invoked functions. Since it is not practical for developers to thoroughly investigate every call, directives may be missed and errors may occur. We previously reported on a tool called eMoose, which highlights calls to methods with associated directives, and on a controlled comparative lab study in which eMoose users were more successful at fixing bugs in given code fragments. In this paper we attempt to shed light on the factors behind these differences with a detailed analysis of videos from the study. We argue that information foraging theory may explain the subjects' reading choices and the impact of our tool. We also suggest ways to structure documentation to increase the prospects of knowledge acquisition.
The genus Cephaloleia Chevrolat, 1836 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae)

The species of the Neotropical genus Cephaloleia Chevrolat, 1836 are revised. We present a key to the known larvae of Cephaloleia (8 species), a key to the 95 species known to occur in Mexico, Central America and the West Indies, and a key to the 138 species known to occur in South America. All identification keys were translated to Spanish. Descriptions for the 214 known species of Cephaloleia as well as illustrations for 212 species are presented. The following species are removed from Cephaloleia: C. bipartita Pic, 1926c is transferred to Hybosispa Weise, 1910; C. minasensis Pic, 1931 and C. viridis Pic, 1931 are transferred to Stenispa Baly, 1858. The following species are described as new: C. abdita sp. n. from Brazil; C. amba sp. n. from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru; C. angustacollis sp. n. from Ecuador; C. brevis sp. n. from French Guiana; C. calathae sp. n. from Costa Rica; C. chica sp. n. from Peru; C. conforma sp. n. from Costa Rica; C. crenulata sp. n. from Ecuador; C. gemma sp. n. from Bolivia and Brazil; C. horvitzae sp. n. from French Guiana; C. interrupta sp. n. from Costa Rica; C. kressi sp. n. from Costa Rica; C. lenticula sp. n. from Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, and Suriname; C. nana sp. n. from Ecuador; C. ochra sp. n. from Ecuador; C. stainesi sp. n. from Costa Rica; and C. susanae sp. n. from Brazil and Ecuador. Cephaloleia simoni Pic, 1934 is treated as Incertae sedis. The larvae of C. erichsonii Baly, 1858 and C. puncticollis Baly, 1885 are described and illustrated.
Die Seinsart der ethischen Grundordnungsgebilde

Das die ethischen Grundordnungsgebilde uberhaupt Sein besitzen, ist bereits dadurch gesichert, das sie eine Unterart der idealen Ordnungsgebilde uberhaupt darstellen. Doch ist die Besonderheit dieses Seins noch zu analysieren.
In Search of Adams' Other: Reexamination of Referents Used in the Evaluation of Pay

The paper provides a reexamination of Goodman's (1974) study of the referents used in evaluating pay. The present field research, largely in corroboration of Goodman (1974), found that perceptions of pay equity with respect to three classes of referents are strongly associated with pay satisfaction. In addition, pay valence was found to be associated with perceptions of equity vis-a-vis referent classes. This research was generally not supportive of Goodman's identification of factors affecting the selection of referents. Implications for future research are discussed.
Accuracy of Neonatal Transcutaneous Bilirubin Measurement in the Outpatient Setting

OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the effectiveness of transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) measurement in predicting risk for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in outpatients. DESIGN. Subjects were infants ≤8 days old seen in an outpatient clinic. Infants discharged with high-risk (HR) or high-intermediate risk (HIR) total serum bilirubin (TSB) values and jaundiced infants were recruited. TSB and TcB (BiliChek) levels were plotted on an hour-specific nomogram to determine risk for hyperbilirubinemia. RESULTS. A total of 79 infants provided 87 sets of TcB and TsB values. Mean bias and standard deviation between TcB and TsB was 1.5 ± 2.1 mg/dL for outpatients, compared with 2.7 ± 1.3 mg/dL for inpatients. The sensitivity and specificity of HR or HIR TcB for predicting an HR or HIR TSB were 87% and 58%, respectively. Of 9 infants readmitted for phototherapy, 1 had a low-risk TcB and high-risk TSB. CONCLUSIONS. TcB screening in the outpatient environment may not be safe and efficient.
NbO 2 -based low power and cost effective 1S1R switching for high density cross point ReRAM Application

In this paper, 5Xnm cross point cell array for the low power ReRAM operation was developed with 1S1R cell structure. Through the optimization of both TiOx/TaOx based-1R and NbO 2 based-1S stacks with TiN based-electrode, the world's first and best bipolar switching characteristics with the lowest operation current (20~50uA) and sneak current (~1uA) level were acquired.
Poly(α-Hydroxy Ester)/Short Fiber Hydroxyapatite Composite Foams for Orthopedic Application

A process has been developed to manufacture biodegradable composite foams of poly(DL-lactic- co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and hydroxyapatite short fibers for use in bone regeneration. The processing technique allows the manufacture of three-dimensional foam scaffolds and involves the formation of a composite material consisting of a porogen material (either gelatin microspheres or salt particles) and hydroxyapatite short fibers embedded in a PLGA matrix. After the porogen is leached out, an open-cell composite foam remains which has a pore size and morphology defined by the porogen. The foam porosity can be controlled by altering the volume fraction of porogen used to make the composite material. Foams made using NaCl particles as a porogen were manufactured with porosities as high as 0.84±0.01 (n=3). The short hydroxyapatite fibers served to reinforce the PLGA. The compressive yield strength of foams manufactured using gelatin microspheres as a porogen was found to increase with fiber content. Foams with compressive yield strengths up to 2.82±0.63 MPa (n=3) with porosities of 0.47±0.01 (n=3) were manufactured using 30% by weight hydroxyapatite fibers in the initial composite prior to leaching. These composite foams with improved mechanical properties may also be expected to have enhanced osteoconductivity and hence provide a novel material which may prove useful in the field of bone regeneration.
Nutrient enrichment alters storage and fluxes of detritus in a headwater stream ecosystem.

Responses of detrital pathways to nutrients may differ fundamentally from pathways involving living plants: basal carbon resources can potentially decrease rather than increase with nutrient enrichment. Despite the potential for nutrients to accelerate heterotrophic processes and fluxes of detritus, few studies have examined detritus-nutrient dynamics at whole-ecosystem scales. We quantified organic matter (OM) budgets over three consecutive years in two detritus-based Appalachian (USA) streams. After the first year, we began enriching one stream with low-level nitrogen and phosphorus inputs. Subsequent effects of nutrients on outputs of different OM compartments were determined using randomized intervention analysis. Nutrient addition did not affect dissolved or coarse particulate OM export but had dramatic effects on fine particulate OM (FPOM) export at all discharges relative to the reference stream. After two years of enrichment, FPOM export was 340% higher in the treatment stream but had decreased by 36% in the reference stream relative to pretreatment export. Ecosystem respiration, the dominant carbon output in these systems, also increased in the treatment stream relative to the reference, but these changes were smaller in magnitude than those in FPOM export. Nutrient enrichment accelerated rates of OM processing, transformation, and export, potentially altering food-web dynamics and ecosystem stability in the long term. The results of our large-scale manipulation of a detrital ecosystem parallel those from analogous studies of soils, in which net loss of organic carbon has often been shown to result from experimental nutrient addition at the plot scale. Streams are useful model systems in which to test the effects of nutrients on ecosystem-scale detrital dynamics because they allow both the tracking of OM conversion along longitudinal continua and the integrated measurement of fluxes of transformed material through downstream sites.
Response properties of long‐latency event‐related potentials evoked during NREM sleep

The experiments reported here sought to investigate whether the K-complex evoked during sleep is comprised of activity from two separate physiological systems with different response properties. To that end, the parameters of stimulation in a two tone auditory 'odd-ball' task were varied systematically as stimuli were presented to subjects during NREM sleep. During experiment 1, the frequency (pitch) of the odd-ball stimulus varied systematically while intensity (loudness) was matched between tones. During experiment 2, pitch was matched between tones while the loudness of the odd-ball stimulus was varied. The long-latency event-related potentials (ERPs) N2 and P3 could be dissociated from the K-complex (N3 and P4) in response to these parametric manipulations. Information processing occurs during sleep, and is reflected in ERPs with a morphology largely analogous to those observed under similar conditions while subjects are awake. The second (K-complex) system is sleep specific. A model was constructed to explain the activity of these two hypothesized systems. As predicted by the model, K-complex latency was longer in Stage 2 when N2 and P3 were also active, than in Stage 4 where N2-P3 activity was lessened. These results support the two-system hypothesis; electrical brain activity evoked during sleep should not be considered a unitary sleep-specific response. Furthermore, the data indicate that the K-complex is sensitive to the physical characteristics of stimuli, that the sleeping brain processes information to a high degree, and that the 'endogenous' components of the ERP observed in awake humans reflect more automatic processes than previously suspected.
Design, Expression, Purification, and Characterization, in Vitro and in Vivo, of an Antimelanoma Single-chain Fv Antibody Fused to the Toxin Gelonin

We constructed a single-chain anti-gp240 antibody (designated MEL sFv) and fused this to the recombinant toxin gelonin (rGel). MEL sFv-rGel was produced in bacterial expression plasmid (pET-32), and the protein composition was confirmed by both DNA sequencing and Western analysis. Inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis by the fusion construct demonstrated an IC(50) of 100 pM, comparable with that for native gelonin (104 pM). The MEL sFv-rGel fusion toxin bound to antigen-positive but not antigen-negative cells as assessed by ELISA. Internalization into A-375 target cells was demonstrable by 1 h after exposure. Against A-375 cells, MEL sFv-rGel demonstrated an IC(50) of approximately 8 nM, which was 250-fold lower than that for free rGel (2000 nM). The cytotoxic effects of the construct did not involve apoptosis because terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assays of treated cells were negative. (125)I-labeled MEL sFv-rGel demonstrated biphasic clearance of the construct from plasma (t(1/2) alpha and t(1/2) beta were 0.46 and 7.2 h, respectively). At 72 h after administration, xenograft studies showed that the tissue:blood ratio was highest for tumor followed by spleen, kidney, and liver. Groups of tumor-bearing nude mice were treated with fusion toxin at either 2 or 20 mg/kg. Compared with saline-treated controls, for which mean tumor burden increased 6-fold, the groups treated with the high and low doses of fusion construct showed no increase or only a 2-fold increase, respectively. These studies suggest that this recombinant fusion construct has potent cytotoxic activity both in vitro and in vivo and is an excellent candidate for clinical development.
Structure of linearization operators of the Korteweg–de Vries hierarchy equations expanded around single-soliton solutions

In this Letter, we analyze the structure of linearization operators of the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) hierarchy equations expanded around single-soliton solutions. We uncover the remarkable property that these linearization operators can be factored into the integro-differential operator which generates this hierarchy and the linearization operator of the KdV equation. An important consequence of this operator structure is that the linearization operators of all KdV hierarchy equations expanded around single-soliton solutions share the same complete set of eigenfunctions. Furthermore, these eigenfunctions are simply related to squared eigenstates of the Schrodinger operator with a soliton potential. Similar results hold for the adjoint linearization operators of this hierarchy.  2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Application of maximum-likelihood models to selection pressure analysis of group I nucleopolyhedrovirus genes

Knowledge of virus genes under positive selection pressure can help identify molecular determinants of species-specific virulence or host range without prior knowledge of the mechanisms governing host range and virulence. Towards this end, codon-based models of substitution were used in a maximum-likelihood approach to analyse selection pressures acting on 83 genes of group I nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs). Evidence for positive selection was found for nine genes: ac38, ac66, arif-1, lef-7, lef-10, lef-12, odv-e18, odv-e56 and vp80. The baculovirus DNA helicase gene (dnahel) was not found to be positively selected using models that allowed the intensity of selection pressure to vary among codon sites. Further analysis with a method that allows selection pressure intensity to vary among lineages suggests that positive selection may have occurred in dnahel during the divergence of Bombyx mori NPV and the NPVs of Autographa californica and Rachiplusia ou. NPV genes that have undergone positive selection may modulate the ability of different NPVs to replicate efficiently in cells (lef-7, lef-10, lef-12) or to establish primary infection of the midgut (odv-e18, odv-e56) of different host species.
Responsibilities and rewards: specifying design patterns

Design patterns provide guidance to system designers on how to structure individual classes or groups of classes, as well as constraints on the interactions among these classes, to enable them to implement flexible and reliable systems. Patterns are usually described informally. While such informal descriptions are useful and even essential, if we want to be sure that designers precisely and unambiguously understand the requirements that must be met when applying a given pattern, and be able to reliably predict the behaviors the resulting system exhibits, we also need formal characterizations of the patterns. In this paper, we develop an approach to formalizing design patterns. The requirements that a designer must meet with respect to the structures of the classes, as well as with respect to the behaviors exhibited by the relevant methods, are captured in the responsibilities component of the pattern's specification; the benefits that results by applying the pattern, in terms of specific behaviors that the resulting system is guaranteed to exhibit, are captured in the rewards component. One important aspect of many design patterns is their flexibility; our approach is designed to ensure that this flexibility is retained in the formalization of the pattern. We illustrate the approach by applying it to a standard design pattern.
Systemic chemotherapy decreases brain glucose metabolism.

Objective Cancer patients may experience neurologic adverse effects, such as alterations in neurocognitive function, as a consequence of chemotherapy. The mechanisms underlying such neurotoxic syndromes remain poorly understood. We here describe the temporal and regional effects of systemically administered platinum-based chemotherapy on glucose metabolism in the brain of cancer patients. Methods Using sequential FDG-PET/CT imaging prior to and after administration of chemotherapy, we retrospectively characterized the effects of intravenously administered chemotherapy on brain glucose metabolism in a total of 24 brain regions in a homogenous cohort of 10 patients with newly diagnosed non-small-cell lung cancer. Results Significant alterations of glucose metabolism were found in response to chemotherapy in all gray matter structures, including cortical structures, deep nuclei, hippocampi, and cerebellum. Metabolic changes were also notable in frontotemporal white matter (WM) network systems, including the corpus callosum, subcortical, and periventricular WM tracts. Interpretation Our data demonstrate a decrease in glucose metabolism in both gray and white matter structures associated with chemotherapy. Among the affected regions are those relevant to the maintenance of brain plasticity and global neurologic function. This study potentially offers novel insights into the spatial and temporal effects of systemic chemotherapy on brain metabolism in cancer patients.
Modern Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillator Systems Can Be Magnetic Resonance Imaging Safe In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of Safety and Function at 1.5 T

Background— MRI has unparalleled soft-tissue imaging capabilities. The presence of devices such as pacemakers and implantable cardioverter/defibrillators (ICDs), however, is historically considered a contraindication to MRI. These devices are now smaller, with less magnetic material and improved electromagnetic interference protection. Our aim was to determine whether these modern systems can be used in an MR environment. Methods and Results— We tested in vitro and in vivo lead heating, device function, force acting on the device, and image distortion at 1.5 T. Clinical MR protocols and in vivo measurements yielded temperature changes <0.5°C. Older (manufactured before 2000) ICDs were damaged by the MR scans. Newer ICD systems and most pacemakers, however, were not. The maximal force acting on newer devices was <100 g. Modern (manufactured after 2000) ICD systems were implanted in dogs (n=18), and after 4 weeks, 3- to 4-hour MR scans were performed (n=15). No device dysfunction occurred. The images were o...