cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partners in Pathology: A Collaborative Model to Bring Pathology to Resource Poor Settings

Pathology provides a critical bridge between the patients, their physicians and the therapeutic and surgical interventions that can be provided to them. Clinicians caring for patients in resource poor settings may provide basic healthcare, which does not include access to pathologic services; however, the value of pathology in alleviating health disparities for underserved patients is substantial when implemented. Partners in health is a comprehensive, community-based healthcare organization with clinics in 7 countries—most among the poorest in the world—which has the ability to obtain surgical biopsies and, if a pathologic diagnosis can be rendered, provide treatment, and long-term follow-up. Over the past 5 years, pathologists from the Brigham and Women's Hospital have collaborated with clinicians from partners in health to meet this need which included 129 cases from Haiti and Rwanda and a range of pathology: 64 malignancies, 28 normal tissue or nondiagnostic specimens, 16 infectious or inflammatory cases, 8 benign lesions, and other rare entities. Providing pathology services in resource poor settings through collaboration with clinicians working on-site is only hindered by the establishment of a working collaboration; however, the benefits are enormous and include patient access to curative or tailored therapies, logistical management of treatment resources, and exposure of pathologists to unique and challenging cases.
The electromagnetics of light transmission through subwavelength slits in metallic films

By numerically calculating the relevant electromagnetic fields and charge current densities, we show how local charges and currents near subwavelength structures govern light transmission through subwavelength apertures in a real metal film. The illumination of a single aperture generates surface waves; and in the case of slits, generates them with high efficiency and with a phase close to –π with respect to a reference standing wave established at the metal film front facet. This phase shift is due to the direction of induced charge currents running within the slit walls. The surface waves on the entrance facet interfere with the standing wave. This interference controls the profile of the transmission through slit pairs as a function of their separation. We compare the calculated transmission profile for a two-slit array to simple interference models and measurements [Phys. Rev. B 77(11), 115411 (2008)].
On the Contributions of Barbara Bergmann to Economics

Abstract This paper examines the major economic contributions of Barbara R. Bergmann. After presenting her personal background information, it gives an overview of her theoretical framework. This is followed by her critique of economic methodology and an examination of her major contributions in micro-simulation, feminist analysis of labor markets and the family, and policy-oriented work focused on improving the lives of women and children. The essay concludes with a brief discussion of Bergmann's unique qualities as an activist economist in the pursuit of social change.
Human Rights and Toleration in Rawls

In a Society of Peoples as Rawls conceives it, human rights function as “criteria for toleration.” This paper defends the conception of human rights that appears in Rawls’ The Law of Peoples as normatively and theoretically adequate. I claim that human rights function as criteria for determining whether or not a given society or legal system can be tolerated. As such, “human rights” are not themselves basic facts or judgments or ascriptions, but rather the means by which we collectively attempt to secure public criteria for evaluating what can and cannot be tolerated. Human rights are one expression of the fundamental value commitments of Political Liberalism to reasonableness and tolerance. If correct, this account provides good reasons for concluding that Political Liberalism has a normatively adequate conception of global justice.
The 27-bp repeat polymorphism in intron 4 (27 bp-VNTR) of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene is associated with albumin to creatinine ratio in Mexican Americans

The T-786C, Glu298Asp, and 27 bp variable number of tandem repeats (27 bp-VNTR-a/b) polymorphsims of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene are thought to alter nitric oxide production and contribute to the development of vascular and renal disease risk. The objective of this study is to investigate whether these three polymorphisms examined previously by others are associated with cardiovascular and renal disease risk in Mexican Americans. Study participants (N = 848; 21 families) were genotyped for T-786C, Glu298Asp, and 27 bp-VNTR-a/b polymorphisms by PCR followed by restriction digestion. Association analyses were performed by a measured genotype approach implemented in the program SOLAR. Of the phenotypes (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, body mass index, waist circumference, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), and estimated glomerular filtration rate) examined for association, the 27 bp-VNTR-a/b variant exhibited statistically significant association with ACR (P = 0.047) after accounting for the trait specific covariate effects. In addition, the promoter variant (T-786C) showed a significant association with triglycerides (P = 0.034) after accounting for covariate influences. In conclusion, the present study adds evidence to the role of eNOS candidate gene polymorphisms in modulating the risk factors related to cardiovascular-renal disease in Mexican Americans although the magnitude of the genetic effect is small.
Examination of Older Females' Grip Characteristics

Loss of grip strength due to aging has been widely reported by researchers but other factors may also be influential in age-related hand function declines. For instance, older adults have demonstrated a propensity to orient fingertip forces in a manner different from younger adults. Additionally, a slowing in the maximal rate of force development due to aging has been found in muscle groups ranging from the biceps to the quadriceps. These grip characteristics may independently, or concurrently, affect hand function. Using the Multi-axis (MAP) dynamometer, we evaluated the ability of younger and older adult female participants to rapidly generate a maximal voluntary grip exertion. The maximum grip force, rate of force development (N/sec) and grip force vector orientation were measured. Older female participants had 69% the grip force, 62% the rate of force development, and had grip force vector orientations shifted 5.9 degrees as compared to younger female participants. The ability to use one's hands is critical for completing activities of daily living and retaining independence. The differences in grip characteristics measured in this study may improve our understanding of the loss of function in older adults' hands more than the decline in grip strength alone. Language: en
The influence of iron and aluminum on the kinetics of precipitation in NiTa alloys

Abstract The metastable γ′ and γ′′ phases can be precipitated independently of each other in NiTa alloys by employing small additions of iron and aluminum. The relatively small coherency strains and surface energies associated with both types of precipitate particles result in a high resistance to particle coarsening in alloys of appropriate composition. The kinetics of the γ′′ precipitation are determined by diffusion-controlled precipitate growth, and coarsening does not begin until after 300 h at 973 K. Although the γ′ precipitates begin to coarsen at earlier times, the rate of coarsening is extremely slow and is controlled by the diffusion of aluminum. The difference in the observed growth rates for the γ′′ phase between the ternary and quaternary alloys has been identified with the influence of aluminum and iron additions on the solubility of tantalum in the matrix phase.
Estimation of Enceladus Plume Density Using Cassini Flight Data

The Cassini spacecraft was launched on October 15, 1997 by a Titan 4B launch vehicle. After an interplanetary cruise of almost seven years, it arrived at Saturn on June 30, 2004. In 2005, Cassini completed three flybys of Enceladus, a small, icy satellite of Saturn. Observations made during these flybys confirmed the existence of water vapor plumes in the south polar region of Enceladus. Five additional low-altitude flybys of Enceladus were successfully executed in 2008-9 to better characterize these watery plumes. During some of these Enceladus flybys, the spacecraft attitude was controlled by a set of three reaction wheels. When the disturbance torque imparted on the spacecraft was predicted to exceed the control authority of the reaction wheels, thrusters were used to control the spacecraft attitude. Using telemetry data of reaction wheel rates or thruster on-times collected from four low-altitude Enceladus flybys (in 2008-10), one can reconstruct the time histories of the Enceladus plume jet density. The 1 sigma uncertainty of the estimated density is 5.9-6.7% (depending on the density estimation methodology employed). These plume density estimates could be used to confirm measurements made by other onboard science instruments and to support the modeling of Enceladus plume jets.
America's First Battles, 1776-1965

This volume, a collection of eleven original essays by many of the foremost U.S. military historians, focuses on the transition of the Army from parade ground to battleground in each of nine wars the United States has fought. Through careful analysis of organization, training, and tactical doctrine, each essay seeks to explain the strengths and weaknesses evidenced by the outcome of the first significant engagement or campaign of the war. The concluding essay sets out to synthesize the findings and to discover whether or not American first battles manifest a characteristic "rhythm." "America's First Battles" provides a novel and intellectually challenging view of how America has prepared for war and how operations and tactics have changed over time. The thrust of the book the emphasis on operational history is at the forefront of scholarly activity in military history."
The in vitro characterization of the inhibition of mouse brain protein kinase-C by retinoids and their receptors.

The mechanism of the in vitro inhibition of Ca2+-, phosphatidylserine-dependent protein kinase C (PK-C)2 by the purifiedholo (ligand-saturated) forms of cellular retinol-binding protein (cRBP) and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (cRABP) was studied. We report here that i) the PK-C-inhibitory action ofholo-cRBP andholo-cRABP is due to their respective ligands, all-trans-retinol and all-trans-retinoic acid; ii) the reduced phosphorylation of theholo-retinoid-binding proteins and brain cytosolic proteins is not the result of a retinoid-induced soluble phosphatase or protease activity; iii) retinoids reduce PK-C affinity for calcium and phosphatidylserine in vitro; and iv) the structure-function activity of the retinoids and the specific interaction of these effect of retinoids on plasma membrane-associated PK-C activity pays a significant role in defining the early epigenetic aspects of PK-C-dependent tumor promotion and may be a physiological mechanism by which retinoids induce terminal differentiation in cell types that do not express soluble retinoid-binding proteins.
Rates of nitrification and ammonium dynamics in northeastern Chukchi Sea shelf waters

Abstract Nutrient concentrations are often depleted in surface waters during the late summer open-water period in the northern Chukchi Sea. Yet the rate of re-supply of nutrients to the pelagic environment controls phytoplankton community abundance and productivity, which in turn influences the benthic components of this relatively shallow ecosystem. We measured nitrogen cycling rates at four experimental stations on the northeastern Chukchi Sea shelf in the western arctic. At each station, rates for net NH 4 + regeneration, actual NH 4 + uptake, and nitrification were measured using 15 N isotope enrichment methods with 24-h bottle incubations under both light and dark conditions. Net NH 4 + regeneration rates throughout the water column ranged between −0.25 and 0.23 μmol N L −1 h −1 , with highest net positive regeneration occurring under light exposure in surface waters. Actual uptake rates ranged between −0.41 and −0.01 μmol N L −1 h −1 . Nitrification rates (measured at two stations) were generally highest in the sediment overlying waters, ranging between 0.14 and 0.67 μmol N L −1 h −1 , and appear to account for most NH 4 + uptake. Calculations of turnover time indicate that N is recycled within one day throughout the water column under natural conditions in the northern Chukchi Sea. Our findings confirm the results of previous studies that suggest a significant portion of surface nutrients on the Chukchi Shelf are products of horizontal advection through the Anadyr Current but also highlight the role of sediment regenerated N in supporting water-column primary production.
Explaining personality or explaining variance? A comment on Creed and Funder (1998):

Based on factor analyses of the private self-consciousness scale, Creed and Funder (1998) posit ‘two faces of private self-consciousness’: self-reflectiveness, which relates to negative outcomes, and internal state awareness, which relates to positive outcomes. The significance of this distinction is questioned. I contend (i) that the existence of two subfactors is a fatal deficiency in the private self-consciousness scale, not a benefit; (ii) that factor analysis can never discover aspects of personality; (iii) that only an underlying theoretical network, not unique variance, makes a scale useful; and (iv) that the SR and ISA distinction exemplifies the undesirable Aristotelian approach (Lewin, 1931) to personality. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceptual Elaboration and Memory in Older Adults

This experiment investigated the effects of perceptual elaboration on the memory performance of 15 older (M = 70.4 years) and 15 younger adults (M = 25.2 years). Participants were presented tachistoscopically with line drawings that varied in contour completeness. As predicted, both old and young persons' identification response times for those drawings increased with decreases in contour completeness, indicating increased elaborative processing (Kunen et al., 1979). Moreover, a moderate decrease in contour completeness was associated with increased recall of the drawings for both age groups, although older persons identified the drawings more slowly and recalled fewer drawings than did younger persons. These findings complement those of Park et al. (1986) and demonstrate that older persons engage in active cognitive elaboration of pictorial stimuli when those stimuli are presented in such a way as to encourage elaboration.
Modulation of inhibition in a model of olfactory bulb reduces overlap in the neural representation of olfactory stimuli

In a neural model of olfactory bulb processing, we demonstrate the putative role of the modulation of two types of inhibition, inspired by electrophysiological data on the effect of acetylcholine and noradrenaline on olfactory bulb synaptic transmission. Feedback regulation of modulation based on bulbar activity serves to 'normalize' the activity of output neurons in response to different levels of input activities. This mechanism also decreases the overlap between pairs of output patterns (Mitral cell activities), enhancing the discrimination between overlapping olfactory input patterns. The effect of the modulation at the two levels of interneurons is complementary: while an increase in periglomerular inhibition decreases the number of responding output neurons, a decrease in granule cell inhibition increases the firing frequencies of these neurons.
Determination of phenylbutazone, tolbutamide and metabolites in plasma and urine using chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Quantitative analytical procedures for the analysis of phenylbutazone and tolbutamide levels in plasma have been developed which involve the addition of deuterium labeled internal standards to plasma followed by extraction and direct sample insertion into a mass spectrometer operating under chemical ionization conditions. Peak height ratios used to calculate plasma levels were determined by using either selected ion monitoring or repetitive scan data. The scan approach was used in a related procedure for the simultaneous determination of tolbutamide and two metabolites from urine. The accuracy, precision and sensitivity of the direct sample insertion approach to drug level measurement has been determined. Examples are given of data obtained in the course of pharmacokinetic studies in which this analytical approach appears to offer advantages in the analysis of multicomponent mixtures encountered in drug–drug interaction studies.
Preclinical and clinical studies of docetaxel and exisulind in the treatment of human lung cancer.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The majority of patients with non-small cell lung cancers present with inoperable disease because of the presence of metastases to regional lymph nodes or other metastatic sites. About one third of patients have stage IV disease with metastases to distant organs at the time of diagnosis. The prognosis for these patients is very poor. With best supportive care the median survival is only 4 months and the 1-year survival rate is 10% to 15%. Current chemotherapy combinations improve the survival and quality of life for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. With two-drug combinations, median survival is increased to 8 months or more and 1-year survival is increased to 35% to 40%. Still, complete response rates are low and more than 80% of patients die within 1 year of diagnosis. The improvements created by current therapies led to studies of chemotherapy in the second-line setting. Docetaxel has been shown to improve survival of patients who failed platinum-based chemotherapy and was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for therapy in this setting. However, response rates were very low and survival very short. Therefore, new therapies are urgently needed. Exisulind is a novel oral anticancer agent that holds promise for the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Exisulind was originally developed as a chemoprevention agent for colorectal cancer. Preclinical studies showed that exisulind could prevent polyp formation and inhibit the growth of colorectal cancers. Subsequent preclinical studies showed that exisulind also inhibited the growth of human breast, prostate, and lung cancers. Phase I clinical studies showed that twice-daily oral doses could be given safely and would provide peak concentrations that were equivalent to those required for in vitro effects. These observations lead to the studies of the combination of exisulind and docetaxel in preclinical and clinical studies in human lung cancer described in this article.
Searching Locally-Defined Entities

When consuming content, users typically encounter entities that they are not familiar with. A common scenario is when users want to find information about entities directly within the content they are consuming. For example, when reading the book "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", a user may lose track of the character Mary Jane and want to find some paragraph in the book that gives relevant information about her. The way this is achieved today is by invoking the ubiquitous Find function ("Ctrl-F"). However, this only returns exact-matching results without any relevance ranking, leading to a suboptimal user experience. How can we go beyond the Ctrl-F function? To tackle this problem, we present algorithms for semantic matching and relevance ranking that enable users to effectively search and understand entities that have been defined in the content that they are consuming, which we call locally-defined entities. We first analyze the limitations of standard information retrieval models when applied to searching locally-defined entities, and then we propose a novel semantic entity retrieval model that addresses these limitations. We also present a ranking model that leverages multiple novel signals to model the relevance of a passage. A thorough experimental evaluation of the approach in the real-word application of searching characters within e-books shows that it outperforms the baselines by 60%+ in terms of NDCG.
Bound states and asymptotic limits for quantum chromodynamics in two dimensions

For quantum chromodynamics in two dimensions in the limit of an increasing number of colors (${N}_{C}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$) with $\frac{{g}^{2}{N}_{C}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\equiv}{m}^{2}$ fixed, the meson bound-state problem requires the solution to 't Hooft's integral equation. For low masses, we express the 't Hooft equation as an explicit matrix problem, which enables us to calculate accurate masses ${{m}_{n}}^{2}$, ($n=0,1,\dots{},50$) and wave functions ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{n}^{a\overline{b}}(x)$ for the quark ($a$)-antiquark ($\overline{b}$) bound states. In the large-mass (or WKB) limit, the 't Hooft equation is solved analytically. We obtain the spectrum ${{m}_{n}}^{2}={\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}{m}^{2}(n+\frac{3}{4})+({{m}_{a}}^{2}+{{m}_{b}}^{2})\mathrm{ln}n+C({{m}_{a}}^{2})+C({{m}_{b}}^{2})+O(\frac{1}{n})$, where $C({{m}_{a}}^{2})$ is explicitly calculated. The corresponding WKB wave function, ${{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{a\overline{b}}}_{n}(x)\ensuremath{\simeq}\sqrt{2}sin[(n+1)\ensuremath{\pi}x+{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{n}^{a\overline{b}}(x)]$, has a phase shift ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{n}^{a\overline{b}}(x)$, which is crucial for obtaining the following new asymptotic results for meson bound-state amplitudes: (1) The normalization of the scaling term for ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X$ and ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}X$ is demonstrated to agree exactly with the parton model.(2) The inclusive cross section for ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hX}$ is given by the sum over quark fragmentation ($a\ensuremath{\rightarrow}h+b$) functions ${D}_{\frac{h}{a}}({x}_{F})={|{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{n}^{\mathrm{ab}}(\frac{1}{{x}_{F}})|}^{2}$, where the complex amplitude ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{n}^{a\overline{b}}(x)$ is the analytic continuation of the wave function ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{n}^{\mathrm{ab}}(x)$ to $xg1$. (3) Regge powers are shown to have the correct phase $A\ensuremath{\sim}{s}^{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{a\overline{b}}(0)}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}i\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{ab}}(0)}$. These calculations explicitly verify that hard (parton) and soft (dual-Regge) physics can indeed be combined and illustrate the new physics resulting from this unification.
Impact of Multi-access Links on the Internet Topology Modeling

Comprehensive analyses that aim to better understand the topology of real world networks have been an important research challenge. Internet topology measurement studies provide samples of the underlying network at various levels. Although router-level Internet topology measurement systems target low level Internet infrastructure, they primarily focus on the Layer-3 connectivity and ignore the underlying multi-access links. In this paper, in addition to the thoroughly studied degree distribution, we analyze the subnet and interface distributions of major Internet topology datasets. We also investigate the impact of the higher granularity modeling at link level versus router level modeling. Our analysis establishes a foundation for the Layer-2 Internet topology generation and introduces the link layer characteristics into the network modeling.
The survival of Ceratocystis fagacearum in South Carolina

This research, which involved observing and sampling artificially inoculated oak-wilted turkey oak trees, substantiates previous field observations that C. fagacearum does not quickly kill oak trees in South Carolina. C. fagacearum seems to quickly lose virulence during the first growing season following inoculation. Rather than being quickly killed, as occurs with infected red oaks in more temperate climates, oak trees in South Carolina either survive infection or die much more slowly. Moisture, total carbohydrate, and reducing sugar contents of infected trees indicate that these trees suffer an initial physiologic trauma. Branches die first, followed by upper stems, and in few cases lower stems. Some trees, however, have survived inoculation, and initial partial wilting, but have since recovered.
Visual abilities and foraging behaviour of predatory fish

Abstract A complementary interplay between investigations of proximate and ultimate questions about behaviour is one of the hallmarks of ethology. Yet with the increasing specialization of both physiological and evolutionary studies, examples of cross-fertilization are becoming harder to find. One exception to this trend is a recent paper in Science 2 , on the relationship between retinal growth and the ability of fish to detect their planktonic prey, that is likely to generate interest among behavioural ecologists who have been using optimality theory to investigate the adaptive basis of foraging behaviour.
Haematological aspects of HIV infection

Multiple interacting factors contribute to the haematological manifestations of HIV disease. The effects of HIV-1 infection influence all haemopoietic cell lineages resulting in a spectrum of haematological abnormalities. Even in the absence of other pathological processes, bone marrow morphology is invariably abnormal, and anaemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia are all common during the course of disease. Intercurrent opportunistic infections may cause bone marrow suppression or induce specific cytopenias. Therapies used to treat HIV and its complications are frequently implicated as the cause of haematological dysfunction, and many have significant myelotoxic side-effects. Insights into the molecular basis for many of these abnormalities have permitted a clearer understanding of the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection. Recombinant human growth factors that may be used to treat isolated cytopenias or to ameliorate the myelotoxic effects of other essential therapies. Lymph opoietic growth factors and the use of gene modified cells provide future therapeutic strategies that may alter the course of HIV disease.
Matched asymptotic solutions of the coalescence-redispersion model for unmixed feed stream plug flow reactors

Matched asymptotic expansions are given for the first moments of the concentration distribution function of Curl's coalescence-redispersion population balance model when mixing is faster than reaction. The physical situation considered is an unmixed feed stream tubular reactor with a plug flow residence time distribution in which the single reaction A + nB → P occurs. The asymptotic expansions lead to analytical expressions for species conversion in such reactors and thus obviate the need for numerically tedious Monte Carlo simulations. It is also demonstrated that the perturbation technique applies in a straightforward manner to situations with competing reactions and that the analytical calculations compare favourably with Monte Carlo simulations.
Pyruvate kinase M2 and its evolving role as a prognostic marker in systemic malignancies besides colorectal carcinomas

To the editor: I read with great interest the recent article by Cantillo et al. [1]. Interestingly, recent data suggest that tumor M2-pyruvate kinase may influence prognosis in a number of systemic malignancies besides colon carcinomas. For instance, there is a close co-relationship between microvessel density as well as tumor prognosis in biliary tract carcinomas and biliary M2-pyruvate kinase levels. Using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, biliary M2-pyruvate kinase has a sensitivity of nearly 90 % for identifying biliary tract carcinomas [2]. Similarly, tumorM2-pyruvate kinase plays a role in the evolution of gastric carcinomas. It does this by modulating p65 and Bcl-xL function [3]. Accentuated tumor expression by gastric carcinomas usually points to a poor clinical outcome and a worse prognosis. Higher tumor M2-pyruvate kinase levels are also seen in pancreatic malignancies and may help to distinguish aggressive exocrine tumor types from benign chronic pancreatitis [4]. The sensitivity of tumor M2-pyruvate kinase as a tumor marker in pancreatic malignancies is similar to CA 19.9 and averages to about 95 %. Chemotherapeutic agents such as cyclosporine attenuate tumor M2-pyruvate kinase expression and thereby mitigate tumor growth in breast malignancies in a dose-dependent manner [5]. Tumor M2-pyruvate kinase can also be used in assessing prognosis in cervical carcinomas. For instance, the stage of the cervical malignancy correlates closely with tumor M2pyruvate kinase levels [6]. A similar relationship between tumor prognosis and tumor M2-pyruvate kinase levels is seen in pulmonary malignancies. In fact, use of agents such as cisplatin in conjunction with tumor M2-pyruvate kinase interfering RNA results in enhanced apoptosis and attenuates tumor growth in pulmonary malignancies [7]. The tumor volume is markedly reduced following administration of the combination. The above examples clearly illustrate the evolving role of tumor M2-pyruvate kinase in oncology and the need for further studies to fully elaborate its prognostic role in other gastrointestinal malignancies.
Leisure-time physical activity and mortality in a multiethnic prospective cohort study: the Northern Manhattan Study.

Abstract Purpose To examine whether the survival benefit of exercise is modified by obesity. Methods In the Northern Manhattan Study, we collected baseline sociodemographics and cardiovascular disease risk factors. The primary exposure was leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and the outcomes were total, vascular, and nonvascular deaths (non-VaD). LTPA was defined as any versus none and metabolic equivalent score category (total activity weighted by intensity). We used Cox models to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results A total of 3298 participants (mean age 69 years, 52% Hispanic, 63% women) were followed over a mean of 11.8 years with 1589 total deaths (641 vascular, 819 nonvascular). Any activity (adjusted HR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.75–0.94) was associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality and non-VaD, but not VaD. We found an interaction (P Conclusions We found no evidence of an independent survival benefit of LTPA among those with BMI more than 30. The health benefits of exercise should be considered in the context of obesity.
In the shadow of a steel recycling plant in these neoliberal times: health disparities among Hispanics in a border colonia

Neo-liberal principles and practices of limited government and market economies prevail in many global regions, especially at borders. This research examines health outcomes in Westway colonia, immediately adjacent to a steel recycling plant owned by the largest steel corporation in the world and in the Texas–Mexico borderlands, posing the questions and testing hypotheses about the incidence of cancer and respiratory and mental illnesses in an economically and politically impoverished region of Mexican Americans and immigrants. Using community-based participatory research and drawing on sources from mixed methods – ethnographic presence and both descriptive statistics and stepwise multiple regression from a random sample of 104 households, with 400 individuals within them – we demonstrate that years living in Westway (statistically significant in multivariate analysis) and closer location (in descriptive analysis) are related to negative health outcomes. Poor mental health is related to respondents’ worri...
Effect of Tranylcypromine on Adrenocortical Secretion in the Dog

Tranylcypromine in doses of 2 mg/kg or more inhibits the output of 17-hydroxycorticoids from the adrenal following administration of ACTH in the dog. This drug, which has been used clinically as an antidepressant, does not interfere with the Porter-Silber method. The increase in 17-hydroxycorticoid secretion produced by angiotensin II is also inhibited. ACTH secretion is not inhibited. The drug reduces the output of cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol while increasing that of corticosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone and aldosterone. This suggests that it acts by inhibiting adrenocortical 17α-hydroxylase. (Endocrinology 80: 510, 1967)
Human cytotrophoblasts acquire aneuploidies as they differentiate to an invasive phenotype.

Through an unusual differentiation process, human trophoblast progenitors (cytotrophoblasts) give rise to tumor-like cells that invade the uterus. By an unknown mechanism, invasive cytotrophoblasts exhibit permanent cell cycle withdrawal. Here, we report molecular cytogenetic data showing that ∼20 to 60% of these interphase cells had acquired aneusomies involving chromosomes X, Y, or 16. The incidence positively correlated with gestational age and differentiation to an invasive phenotype. Scoring 12 chromosomes in flow-sorted cytotrophoblasts showed that more than 95% of the cells were hyperdiploid. Thus, aneuploidy appears to be an important component of normal placentation, perhaps limiting the proliferative and invasive potential of cytotrophoblasts within the uterus.
A comparison of the energy budgets of three species of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

This investigation compares the energy budgets of three species of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants along an altitudinal transect in southern California. All three demonstrate similar seasonal patterns, with high foraging activity and high respiratory costs in mid-summer and little or no activity during winter. Respiration, predominantely metabolism of the workers, was estimated to account for 84–92% of the energy assimilated by the nests. The remaining 8–16% of the energy was invested in the production of new individuals. However, total production was not correlated with food input. It is suggested that worker care of the brood may be the most important determinant of brood production, and thus food may not be a direct limiting resource in harvester ants. A higher percentage of production is invested in workers than in reproductives in all three species. The species usually partition similar proportions of energy between the production of males and females, but since females are larger, more males are produced. Although the species are in different habitats and have very different numbers of workers per nest, the numbers of sexuals produced per nest are similar. The sex-ratio appears to be ecologically determined. Nests that were provided with additional food invested more energy in the production of males. Control nests, nests which had food removed and older nests invested more in the production of females or invested equally in the production of the two sexes.
Treatment of Unilateral Acute Sixth-Nerve Palsy with Botulinum Toxin

Abstract We studied 29 consecutive patients with acute unilateral sixth-nerve palsy, who received botulinum toxin injection to the antagonist medial rectus muscle. The average interval between onset of palsy and treatment was 40 days and the mean follow-up from the last injection was 14 months. Before treatment, esotropia in the primary position ranged from 12 to 45 prism diopters and limitation to abduction in the affected eye ranged from −2 (approximately 15 degrees lateral to midline) to −6 (15 degrees nasal to midline). After treatment, 22 of 29 patients (76%) had complete recovery of motility as determined by version testing. Of the seven patients with a residual abduction deficit, two had fusion in the primary position, three had fusion with prismatic correction, and two patients required subsequent surgery. Botulinum toxin injection seems to be an effective treatment option in cases of acute unilateral sixth-nerve palsy.
The potential of laser scanning cytometry for early warning of algal blooms in desalination plant feedwater

Abstract When algal blooms (such as red tide) occur, early detection of increased algal growth in intake water offers desalination plant operators advanced warning of severe fouling and provides the necessary time for preventative measures. Monitoring basic water quality measurements such as turbidity, silt density index (SDI), dissolved oxygen, and bulk fluorescence can approximate algal activity; however, these measurements lack the resolution needed to accurately track growth throughout all phases of a bloom event. This study investigates the use of a laser scanning cytometer (LSC) that detects algal cells over a wide range of concentrations (50–150,000 cells/ml), and characterizes cell shape, size, and distribution parameters through fluorescence signal imaging. Water samples are filtered to collect algae on a 0.2-μm membrane surface. Sample volume is variable so cells can be concentrated. The membrane surface is scanned with a 635-nm diode laser and the signal is processed to generate a cell count and distribution image. LSC performance was comparable to fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry over a range of concentrations that may be encountered during a bloom event. The applicability of LSC was demonstrated using laboratory-grown cultures and seawater samples taken during a bloom event off of the coast of Long Beach, CA.
Outcomes of endometrial cancer patients undergoing surgery with gynecologic oncology involvement.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to compare the outcomes of patients with endometrial cancer who had primary surgery with gynecologic oncology involvement at university or community hospitals. METHODS: The study population consisted of all patients who had primary surgery for endometrial cancer with involvement of the attending physicians of the Division of Gynecologic Oncology. The patients were divided into two groups based on whether their surgery was performed at a university or community hospital. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted from the medical records. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to Quetelet index (kg/m2); intervals between biopsy and consultation, consultation and surgery, and biopsy and surgery; estimated blood loss; incidence of operative or hospital complications; frequency of appropriate surgical staging; stage distribution; histology or grade; and hospital stay. Patients at a university hospital were significantly older, had a higher severity index, were more likely to have had a vaginal hysterectomy, and participate in a research protocol. Both the Quetelet index and the severity index were significantly higher for patients who had vaginal hysterectomy than for those who had either laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy or total abdominal hysterectomy. When analyzed by surgical approach, the frequencies of pelvic and paraaortic lymph node sampling were comparable between the groups. Both the Quetelet and severity indices were significantly higher for patients who did not have lymph node sampling. CONCLUSION: Involvement of a gynecologic oncologist at the time of primary surgery for endometrial cancer was associated with comparable outcomes in both the university and community hospital setting.
An Alcohol Policy Evaluation of Drinking and Driving in Hillsborough County, Florida:

Driving under the influence (DUI) is a serious crime that contributes to approximately 9% of traffic-related crashes, injuries, and fatalities in the state of Florida. Specifically, Hillsborough County, which includes Tampa, has the highest rate of DUI-related occurrences in the state of Florida. There are several gaps in policy, enforcement, and treatment that need to be addressed before Hillsborough County can shed this dubious distinction. To this end, 15 key stakeholders involved in alcohol policy were interviewed about law enforcement, judicial, and treatment issues. Several obstacles to reducing DUI crime emerged: inadequate case preparation time, case overload, prosecution challenges such as leniency and inconsistency in sentencing, and the need for more collaboration between law enforcement, the judicial system, and treatment providers. Suggested recommendations included the addition of a DUI court, stricter legal and treatment requirements, and mandatory blood testing.
Strain energy of thermally stressed multilayer panels and its sensitivity coefficients

A study is made of the effect of lamination and material parameters of thermally stressed multilayer composite panels on the strain energy and its sensitivity coefficients obtained by the three-dimensional thermoelasticity model. The sensitivity coefficients measure the sensitivity of the strain energy to variations in the different lamination and material parameters of the panel. The strain energy and sensitivity coefficients obtained by the three-dimensional model are used as the basis for assessing the accuracy of the corresponding quantities obtained by two-dimensional first-order shear deformation theory. Numerical results are presented for antisymmetrically laminated angle-ply panels subjected to linear temperature variation through the thickness. The numerical results demonstrate the accuracy of the strain energy and its sensitivity coefficients obtained by the first-order shear deformation theory, for the range of parameters considered, and the importance of the particular terms in the strain energy, which vanish for single-layer panels.
Melatonin and gonadotropin secretion after acute exercise in physically active males

Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone (T) and melatonin were measured in seven physically active male volunteers after exercise on a treadmill using the Bruce protocol. Measurements were made on blood samples obtained before exercise, within 30 s after exercise, at 15 min after exercise, and subsequently at 30-min intervals after exercise for a total duration of 180 min. Serum LH concentration fell from a peak post-exercise level of 15.7 (4.7) IU·l−1 [mean (SD)] to a nadir of 10.3 (2.4) IU·l−1 (P<0.004). Nadir values in individual volunteers were seen between 60 and 150 min after exercise. This fall in serum LH was paralleled by a similar fall in the concentration of serum T. Serum melaonin concentrations did not change significantly after exercise. It is concluded that melatonin, despite is reported anti-gonadotropic properties, does not play a role in the depression of serum LH after acute strenuous exercise in physically active males
Comparison of three methods of particulate measurement in Chicago air

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of suspended particulate concentrations were taken in Chicago over an 8-month period with an integrating nephelometer, a 6-stage fractionating sampler, and a Hi-Vol air sampler. The correlation coefficient ( r ) between light scattering coefficient, b scat , and the Hi-Vol measurements was 0.75. The light scattering coefficient was found to be highly correlated with the impactor stages which had cut-off diameters of 0.38 μm ( r = 0.79) and 0.84 μm ( r = 0.89). These associations were independent of relative humidity. In contrast, correlations between b scat and all other size fractions, and with TSP, were greatly affected by relative humidity. Relatively strong relationships were also found between NO 2 , O 3 and b scat which support the contention that nephelometer measurements are a reflection of photochemical activity.
Are serial Condorcet rules strategy-proof?

Abstract. This paper explores the extent to which majority rule is invulnerable to manipulation by individuals and coalitions, even when majority rule is used to select more than one alternative. The resulting rule may or may not be strategy-proof, depending on the size of the coalitions that can form, and on the nature of the individual preferences over sets of alternatives. No individual can manipulate with respect to a wide family of preferences over sets. The only restriction on the domain of true and revealed individual preferences is that the selection rule is always well defined.
Effects of Non-Proportional Damping on the Residual Vibrations of Mode-Coupled Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Machines

Ultra-precision manufacturing (UPM) machines are used to fabricate and measure complex parts having micrometer-level features and nanometer-level tolerances/surface finishes. Therefore, low-frequency residual vibrations that occur during the motion of the machines’ axes must be minimized. Recent work by the authors has revealed that coupling vibration modes of passively-isolated UPM machines can provide conditions for drastic reduction of residual vibrations vis-a-vis the recommended practice of modal decoupling. This paper presents an investigation into the effects of non-proportional (NP) damping on the conclusions reached in the authors’ prior work. With NP damping added, the conditions under which mode coupling is beneficial relative to decoupling are seen to remain largely the same. However, NP damping is shown to significantly influence the conditions under which the system’s response is most sensitive to mode coupling. Design guidelines for maximally exploiting the benefits of mode coupling are presented and demonstrated experimentally on a UPM machine.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Cloning and sequencing of the porcine lactoferrin cDNA.

Summary. cDNA clones encoding the entire porcine lactoferrin protein were isolated and sequenced. The porcine lactoferrin cDNA sequence presented here is 2259 bp in length and encodes a leader peptide of 19 amino acids and a mature protein of 684 amino acids. Comparisons with other lactoferrins indicate a single glycosylation site. The iron- and anion-binding sites, and the cysteine residues involved in disulphide bonds, are conserved between the lactoferrin proteins.
Ginzburg-Landau free energy functional of color superconductivity at weak coupling

We derive the Ginzburg-Landau free energy functional of color superconductivity in terms of the thermal diagrams of QCD in its perturbative region. The zero mode of the quadratic term coefficient yields the same transition temperature, including the preexponential factor, as the one obtained previously from the Fredholm determinant of the two-quark scattering amplitude. All coefficients of the free energy can be made identical to those of a BCS model by setting the Fermi velocity of the latter equal to the speed of light. We also calculate the induced symmetric color condensate near ${T}_{c}$ and find that it scales as the cubic power of the dominant antisymmetric color component. We show that in the presence of an inhomogeneity and a nonzero gauge potential, while the color-flavor locked condensate dominates in the bulk, the unlocked condensate, the octet, emerges as a result of a simultaneous color-flavor rotation in the core region of a vortex filament or at the junction of super and normal phases.
Models, modeling, and the design of the study

Abstract In this chapter three theoretical models linking verbal ability, nonverbal ability, family background, and study behaviors with college GPA are presented. The sample, consisting of 142 US and 42 Estonian University students, is described. Finally, the procedure used to conduct the study is summarized and the methods used to analyze the data are reviewed.