cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'To Support this Constitution': Judicial Supremacy in the Twentieth Century

This paper examines the expanded role of the U.S. Supreme Court in interpreting the Constitution and striking down laws as unconstitutional in the twentieth century. It situates this transformation of the Court in the broader political environment within which the Court operates and argues that the Court's expanded role has been staunchly defended and encouraged by powerful political actors and that the Court has been careful to operate within the bounds of expected political support. In particular, the conservative wing of the Republican Party was instrumental in defending the Court and judicial review as essential institutions within American constitutionalism against progressive challenges in the early twentieth century, forcing progressives to abandon their initial hostility to judicial review as contrary to popular government in favor of a new emphasis on the ultimate consistency between democracy and an appropriately active Court. As Robert Dahl expected, the Supreme Court has not been actively countermajoritarian, but contrary to his expectations this has still been consistent with a constitutionally active Court.
In search of reasonable doubt: A systematic examination of selected quantification approaches.

A number of different approaches have been used to quantify jurors' use of the decision criterion known as reasonable doubt. The purpose of the present study was to determine which of a select group of these approaches could be utilized to match the actual decisions of individuals role-playing jurors for an assault trial. Simon's (1970) rank-order approach, a self-report approach, an approach derived from Statistical Decision Theory (Fried, Kaplan, & Klein, 1975), and one derived from Justice White's explanation of theJohnson v. Louisiana (1972) decision were each used to estimate values for reasonable doubt. The estimates were then used to recreate the individual decisions, and the recreated decisions were then compared to the actual decisions. The results indicated that every approach accurately matched the actual decisions at a better-than-chance rate, although the rank-order and decision theory approaches were most accurate. The reasonable doubt estimates obtained from each of the approaches were also used to examine the basic assumption underlying the Thomas and Hogue (1976) juror decision model. Only the estimates from the decision theory approach provided consistent support for the assumption. A variety of methods were suggested for more definite determinations of the accuracy of the approaches tested, and the relative merits of the approaches were discussed.
Antigenic Differences Between Exoantigens, Mycelial and Conidial Antigens in Aspergillus

Antibodies to the genus Aspergillus have been detected or measured by a variety of fundamentally different immunologic techniques. A classification of antibody detection systems into primary, secondary and tertiary tests has been previously proposed1 and discussed in relation to Aspergillus antibody2, 3. Quantitative primary binding tests have permitted sensitive measurement of the total humoral as well as class-specific immune response to a spectrum of Aspergillus antigens, and have been utilized with increasing frequency in the past decade. The availability of a variety of sensitive immunoassays has focused increasing attention on the isolation and characterization of immunoreactive Aspergillus antigens.4–11
Numerical Simulation and Mould Design of Auto Connecting Rod

With analysis of auto connecting rod forming process, the forming technology has been decided. The bend forming process has been simulated by use of Msc.Super Form software.As per the analog result, by analyzing the characteristics of several forming processes, the forming project has been finally put forward. The bending, preforging, and forging moulds have been designed.
Calcium-independent afterdepolarization regulated by serotonin in anterior thalamus.

Previous studies have identified an afterdepolarization (ADP) in thalamocortical neurons that is mediated by an upregulation of the hyperpolarization-activated current I h . This ADP has been suggested to play a key role in the generation of spindle oscillations. In the lateral geniculate nucleus, upregulation of I h has been shown to be signaled by a rise in intracellular calcium leading to the activation of adenylate cyclase and formation of cAMP. However, it is unclear how generalizable this mechanism is to other thalamic nuclei. We have used whole cell recording to examine the electrophysiological properties of neurons of the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, a nucleus thought not to undergo spindle oscillations. We now report that cells in this nucleus also display an ADP mediated by I h . Surprisingly, the ADP and the underlying upregulation of I h persisted even after buffering intracellular calcium and blocking calcium influx. These results indicate that, in neurons of the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, an I h -mediated ADP can occur through a mechanism that does not involve a rise in intracellular calcium. We next examined the possibility that this calcium-independent ADP might be modulated by serotonin. Serotonin produced a robust enhancement in the amplitude of the ADP even after strong buffering of intracellular calcium and blockade of calcium channels. These results indicate that neurons of the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus display a calcium-independent, I h -mediated ADP and that this ADP is a target for regulation by serotonin. These findings identify a novel mechanism by which serotonin can regulate neuronal excitability.
Mass and heat transfer coefficients

In a blood oxygenator, the blood spends approximately 2 s passing through the device. Estimate a minimum value for h m , the mass transfer coefficient characterizing oxygen transport from the plasma to the inside of a red blood cell (RBC), such that the RBCs are completely (i.e. >99%) oxygenated before leaving the oxygenator (100% oxygenated refers to the maximum oxygen loading the cells can achieve in this oxygenator if the RBCs were left in the oxygenator for a very long time). You may assume that the RBCs entering the device are 50% oxygenated. Let the volume of each RBC be 98 µm 3 and its surface area be 130 µm 2 . The diffusion coefficient of oxygen both in plasma and inside of the cell can be taken as 2 × 10 −5 cm 2 /s. A porous block attached to an air line emits tiny air bubbles (of diameter 0.15 mm, 21% oxygen) at the bottom of a fish tank filled with water at 25 °C. The absolute pressure in the bubbles at the bottom of the tank is 1.07 × 10 6 g/cm per s 2 when they are released. They reach their terminal upward velocity almost instantly, since they enter the tank at nearly this velocity. Find the rate of oxygen transfer from one of these bubbles to the water. You may neglect the concentration of oxygen already in the water. The diffusion coefficient of oxygen in water is 2 × 10 −5 cm 2 /s.
The Conversion of N{O_3}^ - to N{H_4}^ + in Klebsiella Pneumoniae

In soil environments several microbial oxidations and reductions of nitrogen (N) may occur depending on the conditions. Figure 1 shows those of interest to this study. Anaerobically, NO3 − is reduced to NO2 −, which can be converted to gaseous forms and the N lost, or may be converted to NH4 + and assimilated or excreted and the N conserved through interaction with soil particles.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Pathological Characteristics of Resected Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Background Prospective studies have identified obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) as a risk factor for increased overall cancer incidence and mortality. The potential role of OSA in the risk or progression of specific cancers is not well known. We hypothesized that pathological differences in pancreatic cancers from OSA cases compared to non-OSA cases would implicate OSA in pancreatic cancer progression. Methods We reviewed the medical records of 1031 patients who underwent surgical resection without neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) at Johns Hopkins Hospital between 2003 and 2014 and compared the TNM classification of their cancer and their overall survival by patient OSA status. Results OSA cases were significantly more likely than non-OSA cases to have lymph node-negative tumors (37.7% vs. 21.8%, p = 0.004). Differences in the prevalence of nodal involvement of OSA vs. non-OSA cases were not associated with differences in other pathological characteristics such as tumor size, tumor location, resection margin status, vascular or perineural invasion, or other comorbidities more common to OSA cases (BMI, smoking, diabetes). A logistic regression model found that a diagnosis of OSA was an independent predictor of lymph node status (hazard ratio, 0.051, p = 0.038). Patients with OSA had similar overall survival compared to those without OSA (HR, 0.89, (0.65-1.24), p = 0.41). Conclusion The observed pathological differences between OSA-associated and non-OSA-associated pancreatic cancers supports the hypothesis that OSA can influence the pathologic features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Study of Electro-osmotic flow in microfluidic devices

Several fluid movement techniques in microchannel have been introduced in the past, the most recent technique is by applying an electric field to a fluid enclosed between capillary surfaces. This technique is called electrokinetically driven flow. The modeling and simulation of electrokinetic transports of fluid in various typical micro-channel geometries such as T-channel, L-channel, and curved channel were done in this paper using commercial simulation software Coventorwarereg. The study has focused on finding the effects of electroosmotic forces on the micro-scale flow fields, and flow control of electroosmotic flow in micro-geometries including the dispersion of liquid flow in the micro channels of different geometries.
The Partisan Gap and Women State Legislative Candidates

A major reason women remain underrepresented in state legislatures is that they are underrepresented as candidates. This underrepresentation is particularly pronounced among Republican women. The goal of this research is to understand what factors shape the representation of women among legislative candidates across the states, and most importantly, to explore whether these factors differ by party. The results show that different dynamics are shaping the emergence of Democratic and Republican women’s candidacies consistent with the distinct cultures of the two parties.
Abstract 2901: The role of basal and BRAF inhibitor-induced autophagy-driven secretion in remodeling the melanoma tumor secretome

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Autophagy is a homeostatic process of cellular self-digestion and is an adaptive therapy resistance mechanism in cancer. Emerging studies indicate that autophagy is involved in secretion through non-classical mechanisms. It is not well understood, however, how this secretory function modifies the molecular composition of the tumor secretome, which plays an important role in tumor growth and tumor immune responses. In this work, we focused on the role of both basal and BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi)-induced autophagy in melanoma cells harboring BRAF V600E, a missense mutation observed in ∼60% of melanoma tumors. Using quantitative proteomics we previously showed that a small number of proteins were differentially secreted by low and high autophagy melanoma cells grown in three-dimensional culture. Secreted proteins associated with high autophagy included IL-1β, IL-8, LIF, FAM3C, and DKK3, which have known roles in tumorigenesis. Further, serum collected from untreated metastatic melanoma patients with high tumor autophagy levels exhibited higher levels of these proteins than serum from low autophagy patients. In the current study, melanoma cells with high autophagy and the BRAF V600E mutation (1205Lu) were treated with the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720, the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), PLX4720+HCQ, and the autophagy inducer rapamycin. The increase in autophagic flux upon the addition of PLX4720 or rapamycin was confirmed by western blotting and tandem fluorescently tagged LC3 (mCherry-eGFP-LC3). Secretomes were compared using quantitative proteomics, which resulted in identification of 1154 proteins with a false discovery rate of less than 1%. Hierarchical clustering and principal components analysis showed that secretomes from cells treated with the autophagy inducers rapamycin or PLX4720 correlated more closely with each other than those treated with HCQ either alone or in combination. A panel of proteins involved in extracellular matrix modification, cell-cell adhesion, and inflammation (including FAM3C and LIF) significantly increased in the supernatants of cells treated with PLX4720 or rapamycin and decreased in supernatants from cells treated with HCQ or HCQ+PLX4720. These results demonstrate that autophagy plays an active role in modifying the molecular composition of the tumor secretome. Proteins specifically shed in response to BRAF inhibitors and/or autophagy inhibition may have utility in the clinic for diagnostic and pharmacodynamic applications. Citation Format: Adam Kraya, David W. Speicher, Ravi Amaravadi. The role of basal and BRAF inhibitor-induced autophagy-driven secretion in remodeling the melanoma tumor secretome. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2901. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2901
The grapes and wrath: using resveratrol to treat the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic shock

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol found in grapes, has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in a variety of conditions. Recently, resveratrol has been investigated as a potential adjunct to resuscitation therapy for hemorrhagic shock-a condition characterized by tissue hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. Although standard resuscitation restores tissue perfusion, it can exacerbate oxidative stress and organ damage. In rodent models of severe hemorrhagic shock, resveratrol mitigates reperfusion injury, preserves organ function, and improves survival. While many of these benefits can be attributed to its ability to activate sirtuin 1, resveratrol interacts with many targets that are relevant to ischemia-reperfusion. Here, we explore the probable mechanisms, potential benefits, and possible problems associated with administering resveratrol as an adjunct during resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock.
P143 Incorrect allele assignment by Sanger is novel allele by NGS

Aim The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene family encodes the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in humans. Being the most polymorphic region of the human genome, it has proven difficult to fully characterize. NGS has shown that it is able overcome this challenge and provide unambiguous and accurate HLA typings. NGS typing of all patients and donors is now standard practice for our center. Previously, high resolution typing would be provided by Sanger sequencing (SBT) with many ambiguous allele pairs ruled out by RSSOP. This study seeks to show the difference in typing assignments between our previous strategy of combined SBT & RSSOP vs typing by NGS for two proficiency samples. Methods We typed two proficiency samples by SBT/RSSOP and NGS. This provided us with the typing resolution that we previously would have reported. These same samples were tested by NGS using Omixon’s Holotype HLA kit. A DNA library was created by pooling 24 samples total and sequenced on the Illumina Miseq using a Micro Kit. NGS analysis was performed with Omixon’s HLA Twin 2.1.0. Results NGS provided a higher resolution and less ambiguous typing than SBT/RSSOP. In Sample 1, the HLA typing was not A∗02:380, A∗30:01:01, but in fact A∗02:01:01 and a novel variant of A∗30:01:01. The variant produced a missense SNP in codon 139 from GCG to GTG which resulted in an amino acid change from alanine to valine. In Sample 2, with SBT/RSSOP, we were not able to obtain a common 4 digit typing for HLA-B and therefore were not sure if the B∗15 or B∗46 was the common allele. NGS was able to unambiguously assign B∗15:58, B∗46:01:01. Conclusions SBT/RSSOP was not able to provide the correct typing for HLA-A for Sample 1. By utilizing NGS, we were able to determine that this sample had a novel allele that was not characterized by SBT/RSSOP. In addition, NGS has been useful for us in obtaining more accurate and unambiguous typings as can be seen in both samples described here. Download : Download high-res image (236KB) Download : Download full-size image
Green infrastructure and its catchment-scale effects: an emerging science.

Urbanizing environments alter the hydrological cycle by redirecting stream networks for stormwater and wastewater transmission and increasing impermeable surfaces. These changes thereby accelerate the runoff of water and its constituents following precipitation events, alter evapotranspiration processes, and indirectly modify surface precipitation patterns. Green infrastructure, or low-impact development (LID), can be used as a standalone practice or in concert with gray infrastructure (traditional stormwater management approaches) for cost-efficient, decentralized stormwater management. The growth in LID over the past several decades has resulted in a concomitant increase in research evaluating LID efficiency and effectiveness, but mostly at localized scales. There is a clear research need to quantify how LID practices affect water quantity (i.e., runoff and discharge) and quality at the scale of catchments. In this overview, we present the state of the science of LID research at the local scale, considerations for scaling this research to catchments, recent advances and findings in scaling the effects of LID practices on water quality and quantity at catchment scales, and the use of models as novel tools for these scaling efforts. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Predicting autumn phenology: How deciduous tree species respond to weather stressors

Abstract Shifts in the timing of autumnal leaf coloration and leaf drop in temperate forests with climate change can have substantial impacts on community and ecosystem processes (e.g. altered carbon/nitrogen cycling and biotic interactions). However, the environmental control of autumn phenology remains significantly understudied in striking contrast to spring phenology. In this study, we used linear mixed effects model with ground-based phenology observations in northeastern USA and found that both weather stressors (e.g. heat- and drought-stress and heavy rainfall) during the growing season and spring phenology significantly affected inter-annual variation in autumn phenology of twelve dominant deciduous tree species. While warm temperatures and drought lead to later fall phenology for most species, heavy rainfall and heat stress lead to earlier leaf coloration and leaf drop. We also found that the phenological sensitivities to weather stressors are diversely species-specific. Under future climate change projections, we predicted that greater summer heat-stress in the future will cause abbreviated leaf coloration seasons for most species. Our mixed-effects modeling framework suggested that accounting for phenological variations among individual trees, species and sites largely improved model predictions, which should not be overlooked in phenological model development. Our study improves our understanding of how species-specific autumnal phenology responds to weather stresses, and describes a new modeling framework to investigate both inter-annual phenological changes and local variations among trees, species, and sites. Our predictions on autumn phenological shifts will help in assessing the effects of climate change on forest community and ecosystem processes in the future.
An Expanded Benchmarking of Beyond-CMOS Devices Based on Boolean and Neuromorphic Representative Circuits

The latest results of benchmarking research are presented for a variety of beyond-CMOS charge- and spin-based devices. In addition to improving the device-level models, several new device proposals and a few majorly modified devices are investigated. Deep pipelining circuits are employed to boost the throughput of low-power devices. Furthermore, the benchmarking methodology is extended to interconnect-centric analyses and non-Boolean logic applications. In contrast to Boolean circuits, non-Boolean circuits based on the cellular neural network demonstrate that spintronic devices can potentially outperform conventional CMOS devices.
Differentiating invasive and pre-invasive lung cancer by quantitative analysis of histopathologic images

We are developing automated radiopathomics method for diagnosis of lung nodule subtypes. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using quantitative methods to analyze the tumor nuclei and cytoplasm in pathologic wholeslide images for the classification of pathologic subtypes of invasive nodules and pre-invasive nodules. We developed a multiscale blob detection method with watershed transform (MBD-WT) to segment the tumor cells. Pathomic features were extracted to characterize the size, morphology, sharpness, and gray level variation in each segmented nucleus and the heterogeneity patterns of tumor nuclei and cytoplasm. With permission of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) project, a data set containing 90 digital haematoxylin and eosin (HE) whole-slide images from 48 cases was used in this study. The 48 cases contain 77 regions of invasive subtypes and 43 regions of pre-invasive subtypes outlined by a pathologist on the HE images using the pathological tumor region description provided by NLST as reference. A logistic regression model (LRM) was built using leave-one-case-out resampling and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for classification of invasive and pre-invasive subtypes. With 11 selected features, the LRM achieved a test area under the ROC curve (AUC) value of 0.91±0.03. The results demonstrated that the pathologic invasiveness of lung adenocarcinomas could be categorized with high accuracy using pathomics analysis.
Nietzsche on Inequality, Education, and Human Flourishing

As recent policy debates demonstrate, schools in democratic societies are often under political and cultural pressure to equalize achievement among all students, even if it necessitates diverting resources from the most educationally advantaged to the least educationally advantaged. The assumption is that maximizing student potential is a zero-sum game, and the best way to increase achievement in the least advantaged group is to focus the majority of attention on their needs, even if it diminishes the potential of the most advantaged group. The question is whether this is a good assumption. Friedrich Nietzsche argues that it is not. In Schopenhauer as Educator, Nietzsche argues that inequalities of talent and achievement are actually productive of excellence in all students. He believes that attempts to minimize inequality by slowing the progress of the highest-achieving backfires. While it is supposed to help the lowest-achieving, it actually serves to diminish their flourishing. This is not to say that he wants to do away with all equality. Rather, he believes that flourishing cultures can embody a fundamental equality that is more meaningful than the false equality that demands similar levels of achievement among students. I examine Nietzsche’s reasons for believing that inequalities of talent and achievement may improve the well-being of the highest-achieving and lowest-achieving, and all students in between. While Nietzsche’s ideas are too radical to adopt wholesale, they raise important questions concerning how best to educate all students, no matter what their level of ability.
A Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Liquid Crystals

In this paper, a reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna (MPA) in the S-band is presented. Three different nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) with birefringence Δn/Δe in the range of (0.05-0.25)/(0.18-0.80) were used as a grounded substrate below the microstrip patch. The full-wave numerical results of the MPA showed a tuning range from 1.8% to 6.8%.
Analysis of shock wave unsteadiness using space and time correlations applied to shadowgraph flow visualization data

Unsteady flow characteristics of a normal shock wave, a lambda foot, and a separated turbulent boundary layer are investigated within a unique test section with supersonic inlet flow. The supersonic wind tunnel facility, containing this test section, provides a Mach number of approximately 1.54 at the test section entrance. Digitized shadowgraph flow visualization data are employed to visualize shock wave structure within the test section. These data are analyzed to determine shock wave unsteadiness characteristics, including grayscale spectral energy variations with frequency, as well as time and space correlations, which give coherence and time lag properties associated with perturbations associated with different flow regions. Results illustrate the complexity and unsteadiness of shock-wave-boundary-layer-interactions, including event frequencies from grayscale spectral energy distributions determined using a Lagrangian approach applied to shock wave location, and by grayscale spectral energy distributions determined using ensemble-averaging applied to multiple closely-located stationary pixel locations. Auto-correlation function results and two-point correlation functions (in the form of magnitude squared coherence) quantify the time-scales of periodic events, as well as the coherence of flow perturbations associated with different locations, over a range of frequencies. Associated time lag data provide information on the originating location of perturbation events, as well as the propagation direction and event sequence associated with different flow locations. Additional insight into spatial variations of time lag and flow coherence is provided by application of magnitude squared coherence analysis to multiple locations, relative to a single location associated with the normal shock wave.
CD74 Is a Regulator of Fas-Mediated Apoptotic Signaling

Resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis in hematopoietic cancers interferes with the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy. Our prior studies of human herpesvirus 8 oncoprotein K1 showed that K1 binds to Fas and interferes with activation of Fas-mediated apoptotic signaling (Wang, W, et al, Blood2007; 109:5455–62). Herpesvirus proteins often mimic host proteins or their functions, we thus searched for cellular proteins associated with inactive Fas in order to identify potential regulators of Fas signaling. We identified CD74, the invariant light chain of the major histocompatibility class II complex, associated exclusively with inactive/activation resistant Fas in B-cell lymphoma-derived BJAB cell line. Interestingly, overexpression of CD74 has been previously reported in ~ 90% of hematopoietic cancers and derived cell lines (Stein, R, et al., Ciln Cancer Res.2007; 13: 5556s–63s), as well as in ~ 80% of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (Ioachim, H.L., Am J Surg Pathol.1996; 20: 64–71). The role of CD74 in carcinogenesis was thus suspected. Through siRNA suppression of CD74 expression in BJAB cells we have determined that CD74 positive cells are more resistant to agonistic antibody CH-11-induced Fas-mediated apoptosis then the CD74 siRNA transfected cells (38 ± 7.8 % vs. 54 ± 9.8 %; P = 0.045). In addition, a challenge with agonistic anti-Fas antibody showed a significant survival advantage of the mice expressing CD74 in their livers over the vector-transfected mice (83% vs. 0 %; P P
In-group Bias and the Police: Evidence from Award Nominations

This paper examines the impact of in-group bias on the internal dynamics of a police department. Prior studies have documented racial bias in policing, but little is known about bias against officers due to lack of available data. We construct a novel panel dataset of Chicago Police Department officers, with detailed information on officer characteristics and work productivity. Exploiting quasi-random variation in supervisor assignment, we find that white supervisors are less likely to nominate black officers than white or Hispanic officers. We find weaker evidence that male supervisors are less likely to nominate female officers than male officers. We explore several theories of discrimination that can explain our main findings. Requiring interaction between supervisors and officers reduces the minority nomination gap, but white supervisors still exhibit in-group favoritism. Our findings suggest departments should focus on policies that address in-group bias due to its effect on career advancement.
Modeling Hydrogen Chloride and Aluminum Surface Interactions for Spacecraft Fire Safety Applications

Experiments and modeling were performed to determine the surface kinetics of gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl) with aluminum surfaces subjected to various treatments. HCl and other acid gases are a s...
Management of Barrett’s esophagus with dysplasia refractory to radiofrequency ablation

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is very effective for eradication of flat Barrett's mucosa in dysplastic Barrett's esophagus after endoscopic resection of raised lesions. However, in a minority of the time, RFA may be ineffective at eradication of the Barrett's mucosa. Achieving complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia can be challenging in these patients. This review article focuses on the management of patients with dysplastic Barrett's esophagus refractory to RFA therapy. Management strategies discussed in this review include optimizing the RFA procedure, optimizing acid suppression (with medical, endoscopic, and surgical management), cryotherapy, hybrid argon plasma coagulation, and EndoRotor resection.
Instability driven surface patterns: Insights from direct three-dimensional finite element simulations

Abstract Surface patterns driven by mechanical instability commonly form in thin-film structures with a compliant substrate. In this study a practical three-dimensional (3D) finite element modeling approach is employed to directly simulate surface instabilities. It is based on our previously developed embedded imperfection technique in two-dimensions, and is now successfully implemented in 3D to capture sinusoidal wrinkling under uniaxial compression and the checkerboard pattern under equi-biaxial compression. The numerical approach overcomes typical challenges in computationally modeling thin-film buckling instability without the need of sophisticated treatment. The simulation results show that instability-controlled surface patterning is not an instantaneous process. A local disturbance in deformation originates from the imperfection site and propagates outward, eventually leading to a uniform pattern across the entire surface.
Population Balance Model Development Verification and Validation of Cooling Crystallization of Carbamazepine

Using process modeling to understand process dynamics and potentially explore the design space of a crystallization process is difficult because of its complex nature with many factors at play, suc...
Revealing Character and Addressing Voters' Needs in the 1992 Presidential Debates: A Content Analysis.

(1993). Revealing Character and Addressing Voters' Needs in the 1992 Presidential Debates: A Content Analysis. Argumentation and Advocacy: Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 88-105.
Stability of thin fluid films characterised by a complex form of effective disjoining pressure

We discuss instabilities of fluid films of nanoscale thickness, with a particular focus on films where the destabilising mechanism allows for linear instability, metastability, and absolute stability, depending on the mean film thickness. Our study is motivated by nematic liquid crystal films; however, we note that similar instability mechanisms, and forms of the effective disjoining pressure, appear in other contexts, such as the well-studied problem of polymeric films on two-layered substrates. The analysis is carried out within the framework of the long-wave approximation, which leads to a fourth-order nonlinear partial differential equation for the film thickness. Within the considered formulation, the nematic character of the film leads to an additional contribution to the disjoining pressure, changing its functional form. This effective disjoining pressure is characterised by the presence of a local maximum for non-vanishing film thickness. Such a form leads to complicated instability evolution that we study by analytical means, including the application of marginal stability criteria, and by extensive numerical simulations that help us develop a better understanding of instability evolution in the nonlinear regime. This combination of analytical and computational techniques allows us to reach novel understanding of relevant instability mechanisms, and of their influence on transient and fully developed fluid film morphologies. In particular, we discuss in detail the patterns of drops that form as a result of instability, and how the properties of these patterns are related to the instability mechanisms.
Clinical outcomes after increasing bladder outlet resistance without augmentation cystoplasty in neurogenic bladder.

Summary Introduction Patients with neurogenic bladder (NGB) and urinary incontinence (UI) due to low bladder outlet resistance may require bladder neck procedures (BNPs) to achieve continence. These patients may also have reduced bladder capacity and or elevated detrusor storage pressures that require augmentation cystoplasty (AC). AC is not without complications that include risks for bladder rupture, urolithiasis, urinary tract infections and metabolic issues. Avoidance of AC would be helpful in patients with neurogenic urinary incontinence that have safe bladder parameters in the setting of low bladder outlet resistance. Objective To determine if pre-operative urodynamics could select children with NGBs and UI for isolated BNPs without AC. Additionally we sought to determine the safety of BNPs without AC and future need of AC with long-term follow-up. Study design This is an IRB-approved retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing BNPs for management of neurogenic UI over a 17-year period. We separated these BNP patients into two groups: No AC + BNP (Group 1) vs. AC + BNP (Group 2). Our primary analyses focused on postoperative outcomes for patients in Group 1. Outcomes assessed included additional surgical procedures, urodynamic changes, development of CKD, new hydronephrosis (HDN) and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Secondary analysis included the timeline for the development of any bladder deterioration that necessitated AC in Group 1. Results 93 patients underwent BNP at a mean age of 10.8 years. Thirty did not have AC at the time of surgery (Group 1). These children had larger (p Discussion We found that from our cohort of patients who had normal bladder compliance and normal/near normal expected capacity preoperatively 40% required subsequent AC. We were unable to find pre-operative clinical parameters which predicted failure or conversion to AC. We found that 43.3% of our BNP without AC patients had no subsequent invasive procedures with mean 6-year follow-up. We found that none of our patients developed any degree of CKD. Finally, we found that the majority of patients that converted to AC after their BNP did so within the first 2 years after their initial BNP and no patients required augmentation 5 years post their initial BNP. This data validates that these patients require very strict follow up, particularly in the first 5 years after surgery. Conclusions BNP without AC is safe in only a few selected patients with NGB. Despite preoperative selection, there are significant changes in bladder dynamics and 40% required subsequent augmentation. Bladder deterioration occurs early and generally in the first 2 years. Since there are no apparent reliable pre-operative variables predicting the need for subsequent AC, parents should be counseled regarding vigilant post-operative follow-up. Download : Download high-res image (76KB) Download : Download full-size image Summary Fig. . Augmentation free following their initial bladder neck procedure.
Flow Characterization of a High Performance S.I. Engine Intake System - Part 1: Experimental Analysis (2003-01-0623)

In this work an experimental analysis is performed to evaluate the influence of different flow bench test conditions and system configurations on the flow characteristics in the intake system of a high performance 4-valve, SI Internal Combustion Engine: valve lift, test pressure drop, throttle valve aperture, throttle valve opening direction in respect to the intake system layout (i.e. clockwise/counterclockwise), presence of the tumble adaptor. To this aim, experimental tests are performed on a Ducati Corse racing engine cylinder head, by measuring the discharge coefficient and the tumble coefficient. The several experimental data obtained by combining the different operational and geometrical parameters are analysed and discussed. Since the flow pattern is widely dependent on the tumble condition onset, particular attention is given to the comparison between the dicharge coefficient values obtained in standard flow bench configuration and the ones measured by inserting the tumble adaptor for the tumble coefficient evaluation. A marked dependence of the tumble coefficient on the throttle valve opening direction, evidenced at part load aperture, was also analysed by means of 3D numerical simulations.
Pulse oximetry

The pulse oximeter, a widely used noninvasive monitor of arterial oxygen saturation, has numerous applications in anesthesiology and critical care. Although pulse oximetry is considered sufficiently accurate for many clinical purposes, there are significant limitiations on the accuracy and availability of pulse oximetry data. This article reviews both the clinical uses of the pulse oximeter and the limitations on its performance. The pulse oximeter is generally acknowledged to be one of the most important advances in the history of clinical monitoring.
Changing the Online Climate via the Online Students: Effects of Three Curricular Interventions on Online CS Students’ Inclusivity

Motivation: Although CS Education researchers and practitioners have found ways to improve CS classroom inclusivity, few researchers have considered inclusivity of online CS education. We are interested in two such improvements in online CS education—besides being inclusive to each other, online CS students also need to be able to create inclusive technology. Objectives: We have begun developing a new approach that we term “embedded inclusive design” to address both of these goals. The essence of the approach is to integrate elements of inclusive design education into mainstream CS coursework. This paper presents three curricular interventions we have developed in this approach and empirically investigates their efficacy in online CS post-baccalaureate education. Our research questions were: How do these three curricular interventions affect (RQ1) the climate among online CS students and (RQ2) how online CS students honor the diversity of their users in the tech they create? Method: To answer these research questions, we implemented the curricular interventions in four asynchronous online CS classes across two CS courses within Oregon State University’s Ecampus and conducted an action research study to investigate the impacts. Results: Online CS students who experienced these interventions reported feeling more included in the major than they had before, reported positive impacts on their team dynamics, increased their interest in accommodating diverse users, and created more inclusive technology designs than they had before. Discussion: These results provide encouraging evidence that embedding elements of inclusive design into mainstream CS coursework, via the interventions presented here, can increase both online CS students’ inclusivity toward one another and the inclusivity of the technology these future CS practitioners create.
Assessment of Demand Response Particibility Potential Based on Cost-Effective Process Design

Abstract In this work, a model-based analytical framework is proposed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of process design alternatives with respect to their ability to participate (particibility) in Demand Response (DR) services (such as load shifting under the Day-Ahead market) through the use of supply curves. The supply curves relate available DR capability to the investment cost of process design, and are constructed based on a specific DR service. Using the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) wholesale electricity market as a reference, the proposed framework is implemented to demonstrate the cost-benefits of considering DR aspects at the design stage. As a motivating example, the developed framework is illustrated using a CSTR-storage model, for which supply curves are generated under different scenarios. A visualization is provided of the effect of the process design capacities on the DR capability, as well as the limitations on the load-shifting capacity of a given process design.
Tissue-specific gene expression shows a cynipid wasp repurposes oak host gene networks to create a complex and novel parasite-specific organ

Every organism on Earth depends on interactions with other organisms to survive. In each of these interactions, an organism must utilize the limited toolbox of genes and proteins it possesses to successfully manipulate or cooperate with another species, but it can also co-opt the genome machinery of its partner to expand its available tools. Insect-induced plant galls are an extreme example of this, wherein an insect hijacks the plant's genome to direct the initiation and development of galls consisting of plant tissue. However, previous transcriptomic studies have not evaluated individual tissues within a gall to determine the full extent to which a galling insect manipulates its host plant. Here we demonstrate that the cynipid wasp Dryocosmus quercuspalustris creates a complex parasite-specific organ from red oak tissue via massive changes in host gene expression. Our results show that the gall wasp is not merely modifying oak leaf tissue but creating extensive changes in gene expression between galled and ungalled tissue (differential expression in 28% of genes) and distinct gall tissue types (20% of genes). The outer gall tissue shows increases in various plant defence systems, which is consistent with its predicted functional role of protecting the wasp larva. The inner larval capsule shows suppression of large parts of the plant innate immune system and evidence for the wasp utilizing the plant's RNA interference mechanisms, which may be a potential mechanism for the wasp's control on gall growth.
Strategically revealing intentions in General Lotto games

In this paper, we highlight scenarios in General Lotto games where there exist incentives to reveal one's intentions to an opponent. The General Lotto game is a popular model of competitive resource allocation. We study a multi-step extension where one player has the option to publicly pre-commit resources to battlefields before play begins. In response, the opponent decides which of these battlefields to secure by matching the pre-commitment with its own resources, and which of them to withdraw from entirely. They then engage in a General Lotto game over the remaining set of battlefields. We show that the weaker-resource player never has an incentive to pre-commit, while a stronger player can have incentives to pre-commit. However, this is not necessarily true in settings where the battlefield valuations are asymmetric across players. This setting is known to admit a richer set of outcomes, where multiple payoff-distinct equilibria can arise in simultaneous play. We show that pre-committing in this environment can guarantee a payoff that exceeds the second-highest equilibrium payoff from simultaneous play. Our work highlights the strategic role that revealing information plays can have in a variety of adversarial contexts.
Luther on Women: A Sourcebook

1. Introduction 2. Eve and the nature of women 3. Mary 4. Biblical women other than Eve and Mary 5. Marriage and the family 6. Sexuality 7. Childbirth 8. Katharina von Bora, Luther's wife 9. Luther and other contemporary women 10. Witchcraft and magic Further reading Index.
Transfection of the Human Heme Oxygenase Gene into Rabbit Coronary Microvessel Endothelial Cells

Heme oxygenase* (HO) is a stress protein and has been suggested to participate in defense mechanisms against agents which may induce oxidative injury such as metals, endotoxin, heme-hemoglobin and various cytokines. Overexpression of HO in cells might therefore protect against oxidative stress produced by certain of these agents, specifically heme and hemoglobin, by catalyzing their degradation to bilirubin, which itself has anti-oxidant properties. We report here the successful in vitro transfection of rabbit coronary microvessel endothelial cells with a functioning gene encoding the human HO enzyme. A plasmid containing the cytomegalovirus promoter and the human HO cDNA complexed to cationic liposomes (Lipofectin) was used to transfect rabbit endothelial cells. Cells transfected with human HO exhibited a ≈3.0-fold increase in enzyme activity and expressed a several-fold induction of human HO mRNA as compared to endogenous rabbit HO mRNA. Transfected and non-transfected cells expressed Factor VIII antigen and exhibited similar acetylated low density lipoprotein uptake (two important features which characterize endothelial cells) with greater than 85% of cells staining positive for each marker. Moreover, cells transfected with the human HO gene acquired substantial resistance to toxicity produced by exposure to recombinant hemoglobin (rHb) and heme as compared to non-transfected cells. The protective effect of HO overexpression against heme/hemoglobin toxicity in endothelial cells shown in these studies provides direct evidence that the inductive response of human HO to such injurious stimuli represents an important tissue adaptive mechanism for moderating the severity of cell damage produced by these blood components.
STRUCTURAL MATERIALS FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS

This paper traces the evolution of ABS hull steels resulting from important technological developments, service related problems and special applications that have led to the diversification of shipbuilding materials. The American Bureau of Shipping has "Rules" and "Guides" for building and classing a wide variety of marine structures. Material applications for such vessels as ultra large crude carriers (supertankers), offshore drilling units, and liquefied gas carriers are discussed. Because of the Bureau's international activities, specification formulations must take into account adaptability, availability and cost, in addition to primary technical considerations.
Experiences in program understanding

The application of reverse engineering technologies to large-scale legacy software systems offers the opportunity to regain a measure of control and understanding of the software. This activity can leverage the software developer's actions and knowledge, and augment the software development and maintenance processes.This paper motivates the use of program understanding technologies through a description of our experiences to date in the Program Understanding project. Following a project introduction, an overview of work to date is outlined, followed by a review of many of the applied research opportunities available in this area and a discussion of the issues that have occurred as a result of the ongoing applied research project. Future research directions and summary comments are then detailed.Further information detailing the authors' initial research experiences are in [1].