cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of independent software acceptance test in the space domain: A practitioner's view

This paper discusses management of the independent acceptance test activity in a space domain software development cycle. The goal of acceptance test is to independently verify functional software requirements to achieve a high level of confidence in the software system before release for operational use. Key management areas have been identified through internal independent acceptance test practice at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory for NASA's Radiation Belt Storm Probes software system. The key management areas have been categorized as People, Constraints, Needs and Quality (PCNQ). The supporting framework for management of the PCNQ factors encompasses the established lines and means of communications for the project, and the organizational culture. The PCNQ areas and their relationships must be strategically managed within the framework for an effective independent acceptance test of a spacecraft's mission software system. The concepts presented in this paper will promote understanding of the management role of an independent software acceptance test activity in the space domain.
How Can the Same Type of Prior Knowledge Both Help and Hinder Recall

When two pieces of information share associative features, models assume that they will facilitate recall when one piece cues the recall of the other (e.g., PIER 2, REM). This article, however, presents results showing that shared features processed under the same encoding and retrieval conditions can have opposing effects. Studied words had either exceptionally strong primary associates (SALT pepper) or relatively weak primaries (RAZOR sharp). Recall was cued with words that had preexisting links with their targets (SPICE or BLADE), and that were either linked to the primary associates or not. Such links produce shared associates that facilitated recall when weakly activated by their targets and that disrupted it when strongly activated. A second experiment showed that studying both the targets and their primary associates reduced the facilitation effect but had no influence on the magnitude of the interference effect. Shared information that is strongly attached to the studied target apparently becomes attached to the context regardless of whether it is directly studied or only implicitly activated, and this attachment produces competition at recall. In contrast, information that is weakly and only implicitly primed facilitates recall. These results are consistent with findings on false memories and can be explained by some models, but not without additional assumptions.
THE RELEVANT INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN

In this article we present a method for determining project acceptability in the presence of multiple internal rates of return. An internal rate of return is an interest rate that equates the present worth of a cash flow stream to zero. When unique, it provides valuable information about the return on the investment and is often viewed as a measure of efficiency. Unfortunately, this analysis is clouded when there are multiple internal rates of return, which can occur when a project is defined by a mixture of positive and negative cash flows. While many methods have been presented in the literature to deal with this problem, we believe ours to be unique in that it does not rely on the computation of another measure of worth, but rather, the identification of the relevant rate of return from the set of internal rates of return. We show that this rate always produces decisions consistent with present worth under the assumption that at least one real internal rate of return exists. In doing so, we provide new...
Noble metal nanostructure both as a SERS nanotag and an analyte probe.

We report nanotags encapsulated in Au–Ag nanostructure that are active in surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The Au–Ag nanoshells are filled with Ag via citrate reduction, entrapping label molecules in the process. The nanotags can be used for quantitative SERS measurements with the label molecules as internal reference.
Modem techniques in satellite communications

Since the mid 1980s, research and development in satellite modem techniques has been very active and has yielded promising results. In the article the author presents a summary of the current status of work in this area, and discusses the directions this work is taking. >
The N Terminus of Connexin37 Contains an α-Helix That Is Required for Channel Function

The cytoplasmic N-terminal domain of connexins has been implicated in multiple aspects of gap junction function, including connexin trafficking/assembly and channel gating. A synthetic peptide corresponding to the first 23 amino acids of human connexin37 was prepared, and circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance studies showed that this N-terminal peptide was predominantly α-helical between glycine 5 and glutamate 16. The importance of this structure for localization of the protein at appositional membranes and channel function was tested by expression of site-directed mutants of connexin37 in which amino acids leucine 10 and glutamine 15 were replaced with prolines or alanines. Wild type connexin37 and both substitution mutants localized to appositional membranes between transfected HeLa cells. The proline mutant did not allow intercellular transfer of microinjected neurobiotin; the alanine mutant allowed transfer, but less extensively than wild type connexin37. When expressed alone in Xenopus oocytes, wild type connexin37 produced hemichannel currents, but neither of the double substitution mutants produced detectable currents. The proline mutant (but not the alanine mutant) inhibited co-expressed wild type connexin37. Taken together, our data suggest that the α-helical structure of the connexin37 N terminus may be dispensable for protein localization, but it is required for channel and hemichannel function.
Instability of electrokinetic microchannel flows with conductivity gradients

Electrokinetic flow is leveraged in a variety of applications, and is a key enabler of on-chip electrophoresis systems. An important sub-class of electrokinetic devices aim to pump and control electrolyte working liquids with spatial gradients in conductivity. These high-gradient flows can become unstable under the application of a sufficiently strong electric field. In this work the instability physics is explored using theoretical and numerical analyses, as well as experimental observations. The flow in a long, rectangular-cross-section channel is considered. A conductivity gradient is assumed to be orthogonal to the main flow direction, and an electric field is applied in the streamwise direction. It is found that such a system exhibits a critical electric field above which the flow is highly unstable, resulting in fluctuating velocities and rapid stirring. Modeling results compare well with experimental observations. The model indicates that the fluid forces associated with the thin dimension of the c...
Effects of Strong Rapidly Varying Flows on Fluctuations in Dilute Polymer Solutions

The behavior of dilute polymer solutions in strong periodic flows is studied. On time scales much greater than the flow period fluctuations in centre-of-gravity position are governed by an anisotropic and enhanced diffusivity matrix. We demonstrate that the size and density of a diffusing cloud grows and decays, respectively, more rapidly than without flow. At high frequencies the polymer chain size and monomer diffusivity are enhanced by the same "factor" as the centre-of-gravity in a Rouse dynamics treatment. Density fluctuations are anisotropic and on the average reduced by flow. All effects are non-linear in the strain amplitude of the flow.
Word stress assignment in a text-to-speech synthesis system for British English

Abstract A technique for the assignment of word stress to isolated British English words is described. The input form of the word contains both morphological and phonological information. The input phonological form is more abstract than the normal phonemic transcription. All vowels are shown in unreduced form, allowing the stress rules to condition the subsequent reduction. The morphological analysis is based on a simple set of morpheme types. The input string is parsed into stress foot units. The stress foot units form the basis for the assignment of primary and secondary word stress. Unstressed vowels are reduced and certain other vowel modifications are performed. The results of testing the technique are compared with the performance of an affix-based method. The technique accounts for slightly more data than this taxonomic approach; this is because the latter uses a morphological shorthand to encode what are essentially phonological facts. The performance of the technique is also compared with that of two further methods and is found to be more satisfactory on both the theoretical and the practical levels.
Secrecy and New Religious Movements: Concealment, Surveillance, and Privacy in a New Age of Information

New religious movements offer important insights into many larger issues in contemporary culture, not least of which are the issues of religious secrecy and privacy in a new age of information. However, the role of secrecy in new religious movements is neither simple nor homogeneous, but rather extremely diverse and often changing in different social, political, and historical contexts. This article outlines five major forms of religious secrecy and examines one key example of each. To conclude, it suggests that the role of secrecy in these new religions raises profound questions about the delicate balance between religious freedom and national security in a new era of government surveillance and religious violence.
Steady potential responses in the lateral geniculate body.

Abstract 1. 1. Repetitive electrical stimulation of the optic nerve produces a steady potential field in the region of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body of the cat which persists for as long as 5 sec. after the end of stimulation. 2. 2. The amplitude of this steady potential response at a given point is an approximately linear, increasing function of the strength and frequency of stimulation within the threshold and maximum values of these variables. 3. 3. The amplitude of a maximum steady potential responsse at a given point to repetitive stimulation is approximately the same as that of the first post-synaptic response to a single shock of equal strength recorded at the same point. 4. 4. The distribution of this steady potential field is such as would accompany a steady potential gradient along the proximal portion of the geniculate neuron, the soma being negative to the axon. 5. 5. Photic stimulation produces similar steady potential responses which reflect the patterns of optic nerve fiber discharge described by previous investigations to follow illumination of the retina.
First-Line Treatment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Risk-Stratified Approach

Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in Western countries, with recent evidence suggesting that the disease should be divided into high- and low-risk categories. First-line treatment strategies vary, but combination chemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy has been an acceptable initial approach. It remains unclear whether patients at high risk should be treated similarly to patients at low risk, but clinical trials are attempting to resolve this issue. This review discusses the commonly used prognostic factors in CLL; reviews data on first-line therapy, with special focus on large prospective randomized studies; and provides insight as to how we might approach this disease using a risk-stratified approach.
Discrepancy Compared to Low Achievement Definitions of Reading Disability Results from the Connecticut Longitudinal Study

We used data derived from a survey sample, the Connecticut Longitudinal Study (CLS), to compare two commonly employed definitions of reading disability: a discrepancy-based model (D) and a low reading achievement model (L). We identified children satisfying each definition in second grade and compared the groups retrospectively in kindergarten and prospectively in fifth grade using parent-based, teacher-based, and child-based measures. Our findings suggest more similarities than differences between the reading disabled groups. The most salient differences were those related to ability and seem inherent in the definitions of the groups: Children identified as D have significantly higher verbal, performance, and full scale IQ scores than those identified as L. These findings suggest that both groups of children with reading disability, that is, those defined by either D or L, should be considered eligible for special education services.
Two types of short-term visual storage

Seven-letter words were flashed repetitively at various durations above and below the recognition threshold for single flashes. One form of a short-term storage effect was studied by measuring the interstimulus interval between flashes at which S reported that the stimulus became phenomenally discontinuous in time. Storage times reached a maximum of about 300 msec in this task. A second form of storage effect was measured by decreasing the interstimulus interval until S could correctly recognize a repeated stimulus whose duration was below the single-flash recognition threshold; this effect extended to 900 msec in some cases. Each of these effects was reliably obtained for both rare and frequent words. Both forms of storage were increased by providing a dark rather than a lighted adapting field between presentations of the test stimulus. Implications for Information processing of brief displays are discussed.
The annular crack surrounding an elastic fiber in a tension field

Abstract Matrix cracking in brittle-matrix fiber-reinforced composites is investigated when the fracture strain of the fiber is greater than that of the matrix. The axisymmetric problem of an infinitely long elastic fiber perfectly bonded to an elastic matrix which contains an annular crack surrounding the fiber is considered for the case of uniform longitudinal strain. The problem is formulated in terms of a singular integral equation with a Cauchy type kernel. When the inner crack tip terminates at the interface, it is shown that the characteristic equation is the same as that for the case of plane strain. Stress intensity factors at the crack tips are given when (a) the inner crack tip is away from the interface and (b) the inner crack tip is at the interface.
The cell content and secretion of water-soluble vitamins by several freshwater algae.

Three green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardii, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus, and one blue-green alga, Anabaena cyclindrica, were grown in chemically defined media. All the algac examined contained folates, β-carotene and vitamins C and E; several of the B-vitamins and vitamin A were found in varying amounts in some but not in all the algae examined. All the green algae secreted significant amounts of folate and biotin and all but Scenedesmus secreted pantothenate into their growth medium; Anabaena secreted folate and pantothenate.
Alteration of Mutation Frequency by Treatment with Actinomycin D

The frequency of lethal mutations occurring in Drosophila melanogaster was reduced by approximately one-half when irradiated males were treated with actinomycin D, which also inhibited the appearance of melanotic atypical growths in the strain used for the study.
Beyond the Lecture: Case Teaching and the Learning of Economic Theory

The use of the case method in a liberal arts college and a research university is discussed. The students' reactions a re reported as overwhelmingly positive. They felt that the cases were more useful than texts and lectures in learning about institutional arrangements, how to use economic data, and how to use economics to solve real problems.
Proclus and the Neoplatonic Syllogistic

An investigation of Proclus' logic of the syllogistic and of negations in the Elements of Theology, On the Parmenides, and Platonic Theology. It is shown that Proclus employs interpretations over a linear semantic structure with operators for scalar negations (hypernegation/alpha-intensivum and privative negation). A natural deduction system for scalar negations and the classical syllogistic (as reconstructed by Corcoran and Smiley) is shown to be sound and complete for the non-Boolean linear structures. It is explained how Proclus' syllogistic presupposes converting the tree of genera and species from Plato's diairesis into the Neoplatonic linear hierarchy of Being by use of scalar hyper and privative negations.
Analytical response of polychlorinated biphenyl homologues and isomers in thin-layer and gas chromatography

Abstract Except for pure synthetic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), estimation methods of PCB by thin-layer and gas chromatography with electron capture detection give comparable results. Both gives a good estimate of the true mass of a biologically modified residue, but where mostly hexachlorobiphenyls and above make up the residue, the estimate will be up to 50% too high. The Coulson detector does not, in our hands, yield comparable results with modified residues; the reason for this diffuse is not clear at present.
Inter-Parliamentary Union seeks peace in outer space

Abstract The Centenary Conference of the Inter-Parliamentary Union took place in London on 4–9 September 1989. Its deliberations focused largely on the issue of peaceful access to space and its exploitation for the benefit of all mankind. A resolution on the subject was adopted (see Documentation section of this issue). This report outlines the debate.
Feeds and Feeding Schedules for Indoor Nursery Culture of Postlarval Freshwater Prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii1

Potential feeds, feeding schedules, and feed supplements for growing M. rosenbergii postlarvae to a juvenile size of 0.5 g were evaluated. Postlarvae were grown in 69 L aquaria for 6 to 9 weeks at densities of 1.3 or 2.0/L at a water temperature of 28 C. An experimental diet (HFX-EXD-86X) and four commercially available feeds (Purina Trout Chow No. 2, Silver Cup Fish Feed—Salmon No. 3, Zeigler Shrimp Post Larval Granules No. 3, and MFC Clover Brand 38% Catfish Fingerling Crumbles) were tested. Prawns fed Purina Trout Chow No. 2 had the best survival and yield. Four feeding schedules were then evaluated with Purina Trout Chow No. 2 as the only food: once daily (at 1600 h), twice daily (at 0800 and 1600 h), twice daily (at 0800 and 2000 h), and three times daily (at 0800, 1600, and 2400 h). Prawns in the oncedaily treatment exhibited the best survival, final weight, yield, and food conversion ratio. A oncedaily frequency was then used to test the effects of supplementing the Purina diet with beef liver, squid mantle, codfish muscle, or cooked (scrambled) chicken egg, at 20% dry weight of the total diet. Prawns fed the beef liver supplement had the best final weight and yield.
Structural changes in flowers of Ipomoea tricolor during flower opening and closing

Examination of rib tissue of developing flower buds and flowers ofIpomoea tricolor utilizing the light and electron microscopes resulted in the identification of a group of inner epidermal cells which undergo dynamic structural changes during the two days prior to flowering, during flowering and during flower fading. Over a three-day period these cells undergo enlargement, modification of shape, reduction in wall thickness, extensive vacuolation and autophagic activity, transition from a ribosome-rich cytoplasm with stacked RER and dictyosome complexes to one with only a few isolated organelles and a limited number of ribosomes, and modification of the tonoplast membrane. In contrast, other cells of the rib vacuolate prior to flowering and exhibit no further changes. The structural changes in the inner epidermal cells suggest that they affect the turgor status of the cells and initiate the opening and eventual closing of the flower.
MICROWAVE SPECTRA OF THE ALKALI HALIDES

Data from the microwave spectra of all alkali halides excepting LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, and LiCl are given and analyzed in terms of molecular and nuclear constants. These yield internuclear distances and ionic radii for the gaseous alkali halides, molecular dipole moments, potential constants including four constants for some molecules, amount of covalent character from quadrupole coupling constants and from rotational effects, and mass ratios for isotopes of Li, K, Rb, Cl, and Br.
PLASTICITY AND CANALIZATION OF INSECT REPRODUCTION: TESTING ALTERNATIVE MODELS OF LIFE HISTORY TRANSITIONS

Life histories may show phases of both plasticity and canalization in response to feeding rate. Models for life history canalization and plasticity postulate a threshold for initiation of canalized developmental events. Some models postulate adaptive plasticity, whereas others postulate nonadaptive plasticity that results from environmental modulation of fixed development. These models have been tested by changing feeding rate at various times and determining when timing of life history events becomes unresponsive to those changes. This approach has been criticized because putative thresholds are usually not known. We use an alternative experimental design to test models of reproductive plasticity and canalization, and to estimate thresholds, in the grasshopper Romalea microptera. We develop mathematical models for published verbal models that predict how life history timing changes with feeding rate. Alternative models predict distinct relationships of time to oviposition vs. mean food intake that we test via experimental manipulation of food intake and nonlinear regressions. Regressions yield estimates of both the threshold and the duration of post-threshold development. A model postulating a fixed threshold and canalized post-threshold development provides the best, most parsimonious fit to data for this grasshopper. Thus, the simplest model, postulating no adaptive variation in development, is supported, a result that is consistent with previous experiments on this system using changing feeding rates. We use the estimate of the threshold (in units of food eaten) and measurements of hemolymph protein content to estimate the threshold in units of physiologically relevant storage. These results elucidate the structure of reproductive plasticity in this system and how this alternative experimental approach can provide testable predictions of developmental thresholds for further experiments on life history plasticity and canalization.
Molecular understanding of a potential functional link between antimicrobial and amyloid peptides

Antimicrobial and amyloid peptides do not share common sequences, typical secondary structures, or normal biological activity but both the classes of peptides exhibit membrane-disruption ability to induce cell toxicity. Different membrane-disruption mechanisms have been proposed for antimicrobial and amyloid peptides, individually, some of which are not exclusive to either peptide type, implying that certain common principles may govern the folding and functions of different cytolytic peptides and associated membrane disruption mechanisms. Particularly, some antimicrobial and amyloid peptides have been identified to have dual complementary amyloid and antimicrobial properties, suggesting a potential functional link between amyloid and antimicrobial peptides. Given that some similar structural and membrane-disruption characteristics exist between the two classes of peptides, this review summarizes major findings, recent advances, and future challenges related to antimicrobial and amyloid peptides and strives to illustrate the similarities, differences, and relationships in the sequences, structures, and membrane interaction modes between amyloid and antimicrobial peptides, with a special focus on direct interactions of the peptides with the membranes. We hope that this review will stimulate further research at the interface of antimicrobial and amyloid peptides – which has been studied less intensively than either type of peptides – to decipher a possible link between both amyloid pathology and antimicrobial activity, which can guide drug design and peptide engineering to influence peptide–membrane interactions important in human health and diseases.
FMR studies of Ag-doped CdCr2Se4

Abstract The ferromagnetic linewidth, spin-wave linewidth, and crystalline anisotropy are changed significantly when CdCr 2 Se 4 is doped with Ag. These changes are discussed.
Expression and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Hydrogenosomal [2Fe-2S] Ferredoxin from the Protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis

The heterologous expression and spectroscopic characterization of the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin from the sexually transmitted human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is described. Using oligonucleotide primers based on the deduced DNA sequence, the gene encoding the ferredoxin was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and cloned into a T7 RNA polymerase expression vector. Expression of the gene in Escherichia coli host HMS174(DE3) resulted in the high level production of the protein with the correctly assembled iron-sulfur cluster. The absorption, circular dichroism, resonance Raman, and EPR spectra of the recombinant protein revealed many differences from those of other [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins. The redox potential of the protein (-347 mV versus normal hydrogen electrode) was also determined. Whereas the amino acid sequence of T. vaginalis ferredoxin showed greatest homology to the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins found in bacteria and vertebrate mitochondria which function in cytochrome P450 oxidation pathways, the spectroscopic properties showed substantial dissimilarity. Differences in the biophysical properties and function of T. vaginalis ferredoxin are proposed to result from the characteristic amino acid sequence of the parasite protein near the cysteine residues that ligate the valence-localized Fe(III) site of the reduced cluster.
Central neurokinin 3 receptors increase systemic oxytocin release: interaction with norepinephrine.

Stimulation of central tachykinin receptors contributes to neuroendocrine functions of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system. However, the specific role of each tachykinin receptor subtype has not been completely characterized. Specifically, while neurokinin 3 (NK3) receptor stimulation increases systemic vasopressin, the effects on oxytocin (OT) are not known. Therefore, the present studies investigated the effect of central NK3 receptor stimulation with senktide on release of systemic and central OT. Furthermore, since central NK3 receptors activate noradrenergic systems, which contribute to OT release, the effects of α-adrenergic receptor blockade on senktide-induced changes in OT release were evaluated. Female rats were implanted with a cannula in the third cerebral ventricle, and changes in plasma OT concentration determined before and following central administration of senktide in vehicle-treated rats, and animals following central administration of the α-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine. Other rats were implanted with microdialysis probes adjacent to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and dialysate and plasma OT concentrations were determined before and during administration of senktide through the dialysis probe. Central senktide increased systemic OT release, which was prevented by pretreatment with phentolamine. Furthermore, there was no detectable change in extracellular OT concentration in the PVN during dialysis administration of senktide. These data demonstrate that activation of central NK3 receptors stimulates systemic release of OT by activation of central noradrenergic systems, apparently without increasing intranuclear OT release in the PVN.
Depression of complement activity in three strains of mice after tumor transfer

Both immune adherence and hemolytic complement activity were measured as a function of time after either intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of six transplantable tumors carried in three strains of mice. There was a lack of correlation between complement activity measured by these assays in accord with other studies on human cancer patients. The data indicate that host complement activity was depressed in all cases following tumor transfer and suggest that the serotherapy of murine tumors using passively administered anti-tumor serum may be compromised by host complement insufficient to mediate tumor cytolysis in vivo.
Spontaneous fission properiies and lieftime systematics

Abstract Half-lives for spontaneous fission of nuclides with even and odd numbers of particles are compared with recent theoretical calculations. A summary of odd particle hindrance factors is given. The most recent measurements of kinetic-energy and mass distributions and neutron emission for spontaneous fission of the heaviest nuclides are summarized and discussed.
Integrated Fly Control Program for Caged-Poultry Houses

In 1967 and 1968, populations of house flies, Musca Domestica L.; little house flies, Fannia canicularis (L.); black garbage flies, Ophyra leucostoma (Wiedemann), and predaceous manure-inhabiting mites (Parasitidae, Macrochelidae, and Uropodidae) at 3 poultry (caged laying hens) farms having a fly-control program were compared with 3 similar farms with no fly-control measures. Excellent fly control was demonstrated with a program based on early-season manure removal and adult fly control by insecticide-bait stations and 5 or 6 selective applications of insecticide to the inside upper parts of the poultry houses and the interior and exterior surfaces of the attached feed- and egg-storage buildings. Little house flies were controlled more easily than house flies. In the presence of a high population of black garbage flies at 1 farm in 1967, house flies and little house flies were rare. Populations of mites were variable, and no deterimental effects of the insecticide treatments were detected. The order of abundance was Urpodidae > Macrochelidae > Parasitidae. Parasitids appeared earliest in the season followed by macrochelids and uropodids, in that order. Toward the end of the fly season, parasitids disappeared first followed later by macrochelid and then uropodid population declines. A fly-activity index based on fecal spotting of white paper cards provided useful comparisons of farms, and development of that simple sampling tool is recommended.
Regulation of acetohydroxyacid synthetase in Bacillus subtilis.

In Bacillus subtilis, the activity of α aceto α hydroxyacid synthetase is inhibited by L-valine. The valine effect is antagonized by the simultaneous addition of L-isoleucine and L-leucine. Repression of enzyme formation required an excess of leucine and valine in the growth medium.
Linear waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs

Linear waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs, two-dimensionally periodic dielectric structures of finite height, are fundamentally different from waveguides in two-dimensional photonic crystals. The most important distinctions arise from the fact that photonic-crystal slab waveguides must be index-confined in the vertical direction ~while a band gap confines them horizontally!. We present a systematic analysis of different families of waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs, and illustrate the considerations that must be applied to achieve single-mode guided bands in these systems. In this way, the unusual features of photonic-crystal waveguides can be realized in three dimensions without the fabrication complexity required by photonic crystals with complete three-dimensional band gaps.
Numerical Prediction of Wakes in Cascades and Compressor Rotors Including the Effects of Mixing: Part I—Cascade Wakes Including the Effects of Incidence and Free-Stream Turbulence

The results of a numerical investigation to predict the flow in the wake regions of compressor cascades, and wakes and mixing in rotors are presented. Attention is given to the flow in compressor cascades including the effects of change in loading (incidence) and the inlet freestream turbulence intensity. The numerical analysis shows a slight increase in the total pressure loss coefficient through the cascade with increasing turbulence levels.
The crystal structure of bis(ethylenediammoniummonobromide)tetrabromocuprate(II)

Abstract The compounds ethylenediammoniumtetrabromocuprate(II), (NH3CH2CH2NH3)CuBr4 and bis(ethylenediammoniummonobromide)tetrabromocuprate(II), (NH3CH2CH2NH2 . HBr)2CuBr4, were prepared and the structure of the latter compound determined by the multiple film X-ray diffraction technique. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/m with a = 6.78 A, b = 20.15 A, c = 6.33 A, β = 94.9°, and Z = 2 (ϱcalc = 2.57, ϱobs = 2.55). Refinement by least squares on 944 reflections led to a final R of 10.9%. Four bromine atoms surround each copper atom in a very distorted compressed tetrahedral configuration at distances of 2.340(±0.003) to 2.450(±0.010) while the unique angles are 141.1(±0.3), 100.7(±0.2), 99.0(±0.2) and 118.1(±0.3). The ethylenediammonium ions are hydrogen bonded to the CuBr42− ions and the remaining two bromine atoms. The compound (NH3CH2CH2NH3)CuBr4 is isomorphous to the corresponding chloro complex and thus contains square planar CuBr42− ions.
Health Status and Service Use Comparison of Adolescents at a School-Based Health Clinic With Homeless Adolescents

Objective To examine the health status, risk-taking behaviors, and access-to-care issues of shelter-based homeless adolescents compared with a domiciled adolescent population from the same large US city. Subjects The samples consisted of 109 youth (aged 12-17 years) in emergency shelters and 1010 youth using school-based inner-city clinics. Interventions Adolescents completed a health history, which was followed by a physical examination. Results Homeless youth began sexual activity at an earlier age (median, 12 vs 13 years for homeless vs school-based youth), were less likely to have used birth control at their first sexual experience, and were twice as likely to have ever been pregnant. Oral and anal sex, same-sex activities (boys only), multiple sex partners in the past 30 days, depression, and substance use behaviors were reported more often by the homeless sample. The homeless youth were twice as likely to have visited an emergency department in the past 12 months. After adjustment for other risk factors, homelessness was an independent predictor of depression (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 7.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9-12.6), emergency department use in the past 12 months (adjusted OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7), and history of pregnancy (adjusted OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5.2) in the final logistic regression models. Conclusion This study confirms and extends past research indicating that homeless youth exhibit more risk-taking behaviors and suffer from poorer overall health than do nonhomeless youth.
Immunology: An innate regulatory cell

The finding that innate lymphoid cells can control the activity of CD4+ T cells reveals another potential form of immune-system regulation, and may help to explain how the body distinguishes resident from pathogenic bacteria. See Letter p.113 The recently characterized innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) can be classified functionally into three groups. Group 1 ILCs produce interferon-γ, group 2 cells express interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13 and amphiregulin, and group 3 ILCs produce IL-17A and IL-22. The function of ILCs in the presence of adaptive immunity and their potential to influence adaptive immune cell responses are largely unknown. A study in mice now shows that group 3 ILCs process and present antigen and control CD4+ T-cell responses to intestinal commensal bacteria through an MHC-class-II-dependent mechanism. This finding may be relevant to the pathogenesis of chronic human diseases associated with inflammatory host immune responses to commensal bacteria.
Portals for Arthroscopy of the Trapeziometacarpal Joint

We have studied the anatomy of the structures superficial to the trapeziometacarpal joint in cadavers in order to define safe entry points for arthroscopy of the joint.
REMOTE-REFERENCE MAGNETOTELLURICS: EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES*

During the past 3 years, major advances in the magnetotelluric technique have improved the quality of magnetotelluric data to the point where random errors in the impedance tensor and tipper are generally smaller than the uncertainty in their interpretation. The major factor in this improvement has been the introduction of the remote-reference technique, although the use of ultrasensitive magnetometers and minicomputers for in-field data processing has also been important. After a review of the remote-reference technique, this paper describes the equipment and procedures used for remote-reference magnetotellurics by the authors. Magnetometers using d.c. Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices typically have a sensitivity of 10 −14 T Hz −1/2 , a dynamic range of 10 7 in a 1 Hz bandwidth, and a slewing rate of 3 × 10 −5 .T s −1 at 10 kHz. The electric field measurements use conventional Cu-CuSO 4 electrodes. The remote magnetic reference signals are transmitted to the base station using FM analog telemetry. The data are collected and processed by a minicomputer based on an LSI-11 microprocessor; the essential results—for example, the apparent resistivities and the tipper components, with their probable errors—are available in the field. Practical details are given of the handling of superconducting devices, low temperature cryostats and liquid helium in the field. Various spurious noise sources are mentioned, and techniques for minimizing their effects are described.
Characterization of nuclear protein binding (AP-1, GR, and STAT) in the genetically obese (fa/fa) Zucker rat

There is evidence to suggest that obese populations have an increased susceptibility to various pathologic disorders. Both AP-1 and STAT nuclear binding proteins have been suggested to play a role in certain obesity-related diseases. The objective of our studies reported herein was to compare constitutive binding activity of nuclear proteins (AP-1, GR, and STAT), that may be relevant to obesity-related diseases in the obese (fa/fa) Zucker rat to lean (Fa/?) littermates. AP-1, GR, and STAT liver nuclear protein binding activity was analyzed using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). EMSA analysis of liver nuclear protein from obese and lean Zucker rats revealed high constitutive AP-1 binding activity in the obese animals. AP-1 binding activity in the obese rats was not further elevated by treatment with phenobarbital, a known inducer of AP-1 binding activity. No differences were observed in GR binding to a consensus GRE between obese and lean animals; however, STAT binding activity to a consensus GAS element was lower in liver tissue from obese Zucker rats. Our findings presented herein suggest that the fa/fa Zucker rat may be a suitable obese rodent model for studying the roles AP-1 and STAT may play in the pathologies of these diseases.
Variation of soil respiration at three spatial scales: Components within measurements, intra-site variation and patterns on the landscape

Abstract Soil respiration is an important component of terrestrial carbon cycling and can be influenced by many factors that vary spatially. This research aims to determine the extent and causes of spatial variation of soil respiration, and to quantify the importance of scale on measuring and modeling soil respiration within and among common forests of Northern Wisconsin. The potential sources of variation were examined at three scales: [1] variation among the litter, root, and bulk soil respiration components within individual 0.1 m measurement collars, [2] variation between individual soil respiration measurements within a site (
Interrogation of a wavelength tunable fiber Bragg grating sensor based ring laser for dynamic strain monitoring

Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are wavelength selective optical reflectors with excellent strain sensitivity and small sensing footprint, which makes them suitable as diagnostic sensors for structural health monitoring applications. In this work, we explore the narrowband wavelength selectivity of FBGs for optical feedback in a tunable fiber ring laser. The fiber ring laser consists of an erbium doped fiber laser that is pumped with a Raman laser (980 nm) to produce population inversion and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the C-band. The ASE light is used to illuminate a FBG sensor connected to the ring, and the reflected light from the sensor is fed back into the laser cavity to produce stimulated emission at the instantaneous center wavelength of the sensor. As the wavelength of the sensor shifts due mechanical or thermal strains, the wavelength of the optical output from the ring laser shifts accordingly. By combining the ring laser with a dynamic spectral demodulator for optical readout, the instantaneous wavelength of the ring laser is tracked with high temporal resolution. The fiber ring laser system offers several potential advantages in the diagnostic sensing of mechanical strains for SHM applications including, fully integrated laser and sensor system, high source power levels at the sensor wavelength, narrow spectral line-width, coherent spectral demodulation, and low system costs. In this work, we present experimental results that detail the feasibility of dynamic spectral tuning of the fiber ring laser at frequencies up to hundreds of kilohertz using a single FBG sensing element. Using multiple sensing elements, the fiber ring laser system would allow for active monitoring of dynamic strains in a multi-point sensor array configuration, which is particularly suitable for the localization of high frequency mechanical strains produced by impact loading and cracking events in structures.
Raman study of the metal—metal bonding in the molecules M2(CO)10-n(CNCH3)n(M = Mn, Re)

Abstract The effect of ligand substitution on the metal—metal bonding in the complexes M2(CO)10-n (CNCH3)n (M = Mn, Re) has been investigated by studying the metal—metal stretching mode in the Raman spectra. The result obtained suggests that CNCH3 substitution weakens the metalmetal bond. This is related to the increased π-electron repulsion in the CNCH3 substituted complexes. A study of the temperature dependence of the metal—metal stretching band shows the anharmonic nature of this motion.
A national curriculum in science

Mr. Williamson, chairman of the Department of Science Education at Oregon State University, presents the arguments for and against the establishment of a national science curriculum.
Noninvasive photoacoustic computed tomography of mouse brain metabolism in vivo

To control the overall action of the body, brain consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume. In humans and many other species, the brain gets most of its energy from oxygen-dependent metabolism of glucose. An abnormal metabolic rate of glucose and/or oxygen usually reflects a diseased status of brain, such as cancer or Alzheimer’s disease. We have demonstrated the feasibility of imaging mouse brain metabolism using photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), a fast, noninvasive and functional imaging modality with optical contrast and acoustic resolution. Brain responses to forepaw stimulations were imaged transdermally and transcranially. 2-NBDG, which diffuses well across the blood-brain-barrier, provided exogenous contrast for photoacoustic imaging of glucose response. Concurrently, hemoglobin provided endogenous contrast for photoacoustic imaging of hemodynamic response. Glucose and hemodynamic responses were quantitatively unmixed by using two-wavelength measurements. We found that glucose uptake and blood perfusion around the somatosensory region of the contralateral hemisphere were both increased by stimulations, indicating elevated neuron activity. The glucose response amplitude was about half that of the hemodynamic response. While the glucose response area was more homogenous and confined within the somatosensory region, the hemodynamic response area showed a clear vascular pattern and spread about twice as wide as that of the glucose response. The PACT of mouse brain metabolism was validated by high-resolution open-scalp OR-PAM and fluorescence imaging. Our results demonstrate that 2-NBDG-enhanced PACT is a promising tool for noninvasive studies of brain metabolism.
A chaotic approach to rainfall disaggregation

The importance of high-resolution rainfall data to understanding the intricacies of the dynamics of hydrological processes and describing them in a sophisticated and accurate way has been increasingly realized. The last decade has witnessed a number of studies and numerous approaches to the possibility of transformation of rainfall data from one scale to another, nearly unanimously pointing to such a possibility. However, an important limitation of such approaches is that they treat the rainfall process as a realization of a stochastic process, and therefore there seems to be a lack of connection between the structure of the models and the underlying physics of the rainfall process. The present study introduces a new framework based on the notion of deterministic chaos to investigate the behavior of the dynamics of rainfall transformation between different temporal scales aimed toward establishing this connection. Rainfall data of successively doubled resolutions (i.e., 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 hours) observed at Leaf River basin, in the state of Mississippi, United States of America, are studied. The correlation dimension method is employed to investigate the presence of chaos in the rainfall transformation. The finite and low correlation dimensions obtained for the distributions of weights between rainfall data of different scales indicate the existence of chaos in the rainfall transformation, suggesting the applicability of a chaotic model. The formulation of a simple chaotic disaggregation model and its application to the Leaf River rainfall data provides encouraging results with practical potential. The disaggregation model results themselves indicate the presence of chaos in the dynamics of rainfall transformation, providing support for the results obtained using the correlation dimension method.
Intrapartum hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury and subsequent cerebral palsy: medicolegal issues.

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury is an extremely important medicolegal problem for the practicing clinician.1 Brain injury that occurs during the perinatal period is one of the most commonly recognized causes of severe, long-term neurologic deficit in infants and children often termed cerebral palsy (CP).2 Despite marked improvements during the past several decades in perinatal practice aimed at improving care, the incidence of CP attributed to intrapartum asphyxia has remained essentially unchanged.3-6 This unanticipated observation appears to be attributable to several factors: 1. There is increasing evidence that in most cases the brain injury associated with CP is not related to perinatal events; 2. The improved survival of very low birth weight infants who are at great risk for developing hemorrhagic ischemic cerebral injury; 3. The limitations of current markers of perinatal stress used to identify those infants during labor at greatest risk for developing hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury secondary to intrapartum asphyxia; and 4. The lack of specific postnatal interventions to treat infants who develop hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).3-17 These observations raise two critical issues. First, can those cases of CP, attributed to intrapartum asphyxia, be identified and possibly prevented, and second, what are the legal issues raised by such injury? To attempt to answer these two questions, I will review the current understanding of the major neuropathologic subtypes associated with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury, the postulated mechanism(s) and timing of such injury, strategies for identification of high-risk infants, and potential preventative strategies. CP may be defined as a nonprogressive motor disorder of early onset that affects approximately 2 to 3 per 1000 school-aged children.3-5 The origin of the brain injury resulting in CP may occur during the antepartum, peripartum, or postnatal period. However, the overwhelming evidence suggests that in approximately 70% to 80% of cases, CP is antepartum in origin. …