cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Effects of Row, Diagonal, and Column Screen Formats on Search Time and Strategy.

Abstract Effects on the speed of accurately locating a target character string within row, diagonal, and column information format categories, which also differed across two levels of packing, were investigated within a factorial experimental design. Subjects reported the presence or absence of the target, which was possibly located within a formatted display of 48 strings presented on a video display terminal (VDT) screen. Format categories impacted significantly on search times, and more rapid detection of a target was observed for tightly packed displays in comparison to loosely packed displays. Categories interacted with packing, and a metric of the format's information complexity was related to search times only within the context of the format's information local density. Regression and residual analyses showed that the tightly packed row display was best in terms of speed of information detection and of occasioning a similar orderly search strategy among the subjects.
Review of the interpretations of luminescence phenomena.

After a brief discussion of the importance of the interpretations of luminescence phenomena to the design and improvement of phosphors and to the modern electronic theory of solids, the general theoretical approaches and models are presented. The particular scopes of application and limitations of the electronic band theory model and the configurational coordinate model are stressed. Phenomenological analyses of temperature-quenching of efficiency and afterglow, two-stage afterglow, thermoluminescence, electron retrapping, and positive hole migration, that have been developed and emphasized during the past decade, are reviewed and compared with experimental data. In addition, the atomistic interpretations that have been qualitatively developed and are being quantitatively refined are briefly presented. The need for an absolute theory of luminescence, by means of which the significant properties of phosphors can be quantitatively computed from first principles, is emphasized.
Water suppression without signal loss in HR-MAS 1H NMR of cells and tissues

In cell and tissue samples, water is normally three orders of magnitude more abundant than other metabolites. Thus, water suppression is required in the acquisition of NMR spectra to overcome the dynamic range problem and to recover metabolites that overlap with the broad baseline of the strong water resonance. However, the heterogeneous cellular environment often complicates water suppression and the strong coupling of water to membrane lipids interferes with the NMR detection of membrane associated lipid components. The widely used water suppression techniques including presaturation and double pulsed field gradient selective echo result in more than a 70% reduction in membrane associated lipid components in proton spectra of cells and tissues compared to proton spectra acquired in the absence of water suppression. A water suppression technique based on the combination of selective excitation pulses and pulsed field gradients is proposed to use in the acquisition of high resolution MAS NMR spectra of tissue specimens and cell samples. This pulse sequence methodology enables efficient water suppression for intact cells and tissue samples and eliminates signal loss from cellular metabolites.
Adaptive hypersensitivity to estrogen: mechanism for sequential responses to hormonal therapy in breast cancer.

Clinical observations demonstrate that women with breast cancer often respond to subsequent endocrine manipulation after resistance to initial hormonal therapy develops. As a mechanistic explanation for these findings, we hypothesized that human breast tumors can adapt in response to the pressure exerted by endocrine therapy with development of hypersensitivity to estradiol. To understand the signaling pathways responsible, we examined estrogenic stimulation of cell proliferation in a model system and provided in vitro and in vivo evidence that long-term deprivation of estradiol (LTED) causes adaptive hypersensitivity. Even though the estrogen receptor α (ERα) is markedly up-regulated in LTED cells, the enhanced responses to estradiol do not appear to involve mechanisms acting at the level of transcription of estrogen-regulated genes. We found that ERα co-opts a classical growth factor pathway and induces rapid nongenomic effects that are enhanced in LTED cells. Estradiol binds to cell membrane-associated ERs, physically associates with the adaptor protein Shc, and induces its phosphorylation. In turn, Shc binds Grb2 and Sos, which result in the rapid activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. These nongenomic effects of estradiol produced biological effects, as evidenced by Elk-1 activation and by morphological changes in cell membranes. The mechanistic pathways involved in adaptive hypersensitivity suggest that inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase pathways might prevent the development of adaptive hypersensitivity and allow more prolonged efficacy of endocrine therapies.
Genetic polymorphism of human anodal tear protein.

Electrophoresis of human tears on slab polyacrylamide gels showed five phenotypes among anodal tear proteins. These phenotypes are the expression of autosomal codominant alleles. Gene frequencies are as follows: for Caucasians, At 1=0.99, At 3=0.01; for Negroes, At 1=0.97, At 2=0.03; for Chinese, At 1=0.98, and At 4 and At 5 are both approximately 0.008.
Synthesis and characterization of an acid catalyst for acrylic-melamine resin systems based on colloidal unimolecular polymer (CUP) particles of MMA-AMPS

Abstract Colloidal unimolecular polymer particles (CUPs) based on poly(methyl methacrylate-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) were synthesized and characterized and its potential for use as a blocked acid catalyst for curing of acrylic-melamine based resin systems were evaluated. These CUPs were synthesized by the process of water reduction of acrylic copolymers and had zero volatile organic content (VOC). The curing performance of CUPs was evaluated by way of pencil hardness, micro-indentation hardness and solvent resistance measurements. These sulfonic acid containing CUPs catalyzed the curing of acrylic-melamine systems effectively and were found to provide final resin properties comparable to the commercially used blocked acid catalysts. On a molar equivalent basis, the amount of CUP catalyst required for the final cured film properties was lower than the commercial blocked acid catalyst. NMR analysis confirmed that the commercial acid catalyst leached out of the cured film when exposed to water for 24 h while the CUP catalyzed coating did not.
Finite coverings by subgroups with a given property

Let be a group-theoretic property. We say a group has a finite covering by -subgroups if it is the set-theoretic union of finitely many -subgroups. The topic of this paper is the investigation of groups having a finite covering by nilpotent subgroups, n -abelian subgroups or 2-central subgroups. R. Baer [12; 4.16] characterized central-by-finite groups as those groups having a finite covering by abelian subgroups. In [6] it was shown that [ G: Z C ( G )] finite implies the existence of a finite covering by subgroups of nilpotency class c , i.e. ℜ c -groups. However, an example of a group is given there which has a finite covering by ℜ 2 -groups, but Z 2 ( G ) does not have finite index in the group. These results raise two questions, on which we will focus our investigations.
Evidence for a receiver bias underlying female preference for a male mating pheromone in sea lamprey

Receiver bias models suggest that a male sexual signal became exaggerated to match a pre-existing sensory, perceptual or cognitive disposition of the female. Accordingly, these models predict that females of related taxa possessing the ancestral state of signalling evolved preference for the male trait in a non-sexual context. We postulated that female preference for the male-released bile alcohol mating pheromone, 3 keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS), of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) evolved as a result of a receiver bias. In particular, we propose that migratory silver lamprey (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis), a basal member of the Petromyzontidae, evolved a preference for 3kPZS released by stream-resident larvae as a means of identifying productive habitat for offspring. Larval silver lamprey released 3kPZS at rates sufficient to be detected by migratory lampreys. Females responded to 3kPZS by exhibiting upstream movement behaviours relevant in a migratory context, but did not exhibit proximate behaviours important to mate search and spawning. Male silver lamprey did not release 3kPZS at rates sufficient to be detected by females in natural high-volume stream environments. We infer that female silver lamprey cue onto 3kPZS excreted by stream-resident larvae as a mechanism to locate habitat conducive to offspring survival and that males do not signal with 3kPZS. We suggest that this female preference for a male signal in a non-sexual context represents a bias leading to the sexual signalling observed in sea lamprey.
Librarian Status at US Research Universities: Extending the Typology

A typology of librarian status developed for land grant universities is extended to US research universities. Land grant librarians are tenure-track faculty in 70% of institutions. Librarians in the expanded population have that status slightly more than half the time. Institution size, geographic region, and public/private governance are discussed.
The community is the content

Vue d'ensemble sur une initiative de presse universitaire dans le domaine de l'edition electronique. Modele emergent de communautes electroniques comme lieux de recherche scientifique en ligne
Green Gold or Green Wash: Environmental Consequences of Biofuels in the Developing World ∗

Previous articles in this session have addressed the market and food security consequences of the current rapid expansion in demand for liquid biofuels. This article explores the potential consequences for the environment in developing countries. By far, the most important impacts arise from the increase in prices of major agricultural commodities and the resulting changes in land use. These effects are the focus of this article and we present some preliminary simulation results for Brazil. Expansion of processing facilities resulting in growth in demand for fresh water and the resulting waste products can produce locally significant environmental impacts, but we do not address these effects here.
Immunological responses to a murine mammary adenocarcinoma. outgrowth of pulmonary occult metastases induced by immunosuppressive perturbations

Intravenously (i.v.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) injected T1699 tumor cell subpopulations (Ts, and TL1–1) were destroyed more rapidly in BALB/c nu/nu athymic mice than in syngeneic DBA/2J mice. The number of artificial pulmonary metastases of TL1–1 tumors was significantly lower, and the growth rate of s.c. Ts, and TL1–1 tumors was correspondingly slower in the nude mice. No macroscopic outgrowth of pulmonary metastases of Ts tumors was detected in either group of s.c. tumor-bearers, even though the s.c. tumors progressed and killed the hosts. Unexpectedly, however, s.c. implantation in normal DBA/2J mice of lung homogenates not only from DBA/2J but also from s.c. Ts tumor-bearing BALB/c nu/nu mice produced tumors, suggesting that significant numbers of clonogenic Ts cells were present in the lungs of animals without spontaneous outgrowth of pulmonary metastases. Perturbations of s.c. Ts tumor-bearing DBA/2J or BALB/c nu/nu mice with immunosuppressive drugs or with anti-mouse thymocyte serum, respectively, induced rapid outgrowth of pulmonary metastases.
An elementary proof of the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion

This paper presents an elementary proof of the well-known Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion. The novelty of the proof is that it requires only elementary geometric considerations in the complex plane. This feature makes it useful for use in undergraduate control system courses.
Degenerative behavior of epithelial cells in the colonic crypt of the mouse following administration of colonic carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.

Abstract The degenerative behavior of cells following administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine was analyzed in its target organ, the distal colon of the mouse. Within 3–6 h after carcinogen treatment, an increasing number of epithelial cells in the proliferative compartment of the crypt degenerated. Degenerating cells were present most frequently as phagosomes in the neighboring epithelial cells, and infrequently as pyknotic nuclei being extruded from the epithelial lining in the crypt. Epithelial cells prelabeled with [ 3 H] thymidine degenerated first, followed by those not prelabeled, indicating that the carcinogen-induced degeneration of cells occurred after passage of cells through the DNA synthesis phase.
Acute reduction of brain serotonin and 5-HIAA following food consumption: Correlation with the ratio of serum tryptophan to the sum of competing neutral amino acids

In a series of experiments designed to test further our hypothesis that brain tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindole levels vary post-prandially as a function of the serum tryptophan to competitor ratio (i.e., ratio of serum tryptophan concentration to the sum of the concentrations of competing neutral amino acids), rats fasted overnight were allowed to consume for two hours single meals containing carbohydrates, fats, and various amino acids:Diet 1 contained no amino acids;Diet 2 contained five neutral amino acids known to compete with tryptophan for uptake into the brain;Diet 3 lacked tryptophan and the five competitors, but contained twelve non-neutral amino acids found in dietary protein;Diet 4 contained tryptophan and these same twelve non-neutral amino acids. The diet-induced modifications in brain tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoles followed closely the changes in the serum tryptophan/competitor ratio, but not in serum tryptophan alone: The ingestion ofDiet 4 raised serum tryptophan, but not the serum ratio, brain tryptophan or 5-hydroxyindoles;Diet 3 did not raise serum tryptophan, but did elevate the serum ratio, brain tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoles.Diet 2 caused major reductions in serum tryptophan, the serum ratio, and brain tryptophan and the 5-hydroxyindoles. This diet might provide a simple, atraumatic means for lowering brain serotonin in studies of the physiology of serotonergic neurons. These studies provide further evidence that the effect of insulin on brain tryptophan uptake is not direct, but instead mediated via insulin-induced changes in the serum tryptophan/competitor ratio.
Theory of differential centrifugation in angle-head rotors.

Abstract Differential centrifugation is much used for the isolation and purification of virus. Appropriate conditions of rotor speed, time, number of cycles, etc. are usually chosen empirically. Simple equations are presented here for the prediction of the amount of material that will be recovered in each sedimentation class. These equations suggest choices of centrifugation conditions for improved yield and purity.
Riboswitches--to kill or save the messenger.

Devising a switch by which RNA self-destructs and a means of controlling the switch represent a new approach to gene therapy.
Mammalian preimplantation development: the cell surface.

V. Lectin Interaction VI. Antigenic Reactivity With Specific Antisera A. Mouse fetal germ cells B. Mouse unfertilized egg C. Mouse blastocyst D. Mouse ectoplacental cone E. Mouse teratocarcinoma F. Mouse sperm G. Mouse placenta H. Mouse cerebellum I. Mouse spleen J. Mouse intracisternal A particles K. Human chorionic gonadotropin L. Human cold insoluble globulin (LETS) VII. Histocompatibility Antigen Expression VIII.
Disposition of fluorescein-labelled dextran (150 kD) in isolated perfused livers from control and diabetic rats.

Abstract Isolated perfused livers were used to study the hepatic disposition of fluorescein-labelled dextran with a MW of 150 kD (FD-150), in control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A 100-μl volume of FD-150 solution (10%, w/v) was injected as a rapid bolus dose into the inlet catheter of the isolated livers, and samples were collected from the outlet catheter in 2-sec intervals for 80 sec. Statistical moment theory was used to calculate the distribution and elimination parameters of the tracer based on the concentrations of FD-150 in the outflow. The values (mean±SD) of mean transit time, volume of distribution, and extraction ratio of FD-150 in the isolated livers from control rats were 16.3±2.00 sec, 0.298±0.054 ml/g liver, and 0.24, respectively. Similar values were obtained in diabetic livers, suggesting that streptozotocin-induced diabetes does not affect the hepatic disposition of FD-150.
Smoking Dependence across the Levels of Cigarette Smoking in a Multiethnic Sample

Objectives The Brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) is a multi-dimensional smoking dependence measure that assesses primary dependence motives (PDM; e.g., core dependence marked by tolerance, craving) and secondary dependence motives (SDM; e.g., auxiliary dependence motives such as cognitive enhancement, weight control). However, the relationship between PDM, SDM, and smoking level remains unclear. Thus, we examined these scales across smoking levels in a diverse sample of smokers. Methods Participants were 2376 African American, Latino, and non-Hispanic White smokers recruited using an online panel research company. The sample included 297 native nondaily smokers (never smoked daily), 297 converted nondaily smoker (previously smoked daily for ≥ six months), 578 light daily smokers (≤ 10 cigarettes per day [cpd]), and 597 moderate to heavy daily smokers (> 10 cpd). Methods Results of a multinomial logistic regression showed that for each unit increase in SDM, after controlling for PDM, the odds of being a native nondaily, converted nondaily or light smoker vs. moderate to heavy smoker increased by 29% to 56% (ps < 0.001). In the model, higher PDM scores were associated with lower odds of being a native nondaily, converted nondaily, or light smoker vs. a moderate to heavy daily smoker (ps < 0.001). Conclusion Nondaily and light smokers endorse higher secondary dependence motives relative to their primary dependence motives. Smoking cessation trials for nondaily and light smokers might address these secondary motives within the context of counseling intervention to enhance abstinence.
Working-class Reactions to the New Immigration in Palermo (Italy)

Alors que Palerme a longtemps ete une region d'emigration, elle connait aujourd'hui une immigration. L'idee selon laquelle les ouvriers manifestent le plus facilement un comportement raciste envers les immigres n'est pas verifiee ici : certes, ils craignent une certaine competition mais ils ne les designent pas sous des termes racistes et reconnaissent qu'ils occupent des postes a statut et paies inferieurs aux leurs. Certains comparent, tout en nuancant leurs propos, l'emigration de Palerme et l'immigration actuelle
Comparison of ST segment depression in upright treadmill and supine bicycle exercise testing

Abstract Significant differences in the hemodynamic response to upright and supine exercise have been reported in patients with coronary artery disease. The purpose of the present study was to compare the degree of myocardial ischemia as assessed by ST segment depression during upright treadmill and supine bicycle exercise in 98 patients with coronary artery disease and in 34 patients with normal coronary arteries. The amount of ST segment depression at maximal exercise in patients with coronary artery disease was 0.90 ± 0.80 mm for treadmill and 1.34 ± 1.09 mm for supine bicycle (p Thus, the degree of ST segment depression in patients with coronary artery disease is significantly greater during supine bicycle exercise than during upright treadmill testing at the onset of angina, at similar rate-pressure products, at similar heart rates, at similar MET levels and at maximal exercise. Supine bicycle exercise electrocardiography is significantly more sensitive, yet equally specific for the dejection of coronary artery disease when compared with upright treadmill exercise electrocardiography.
A Terminal/Time Share Based Method for Interactive Left Ventricular Volume Estimation

A terminal/time share system for operator interactive left ventricular volume estimation is described. The system concept could provide a cost effective alternative to comparable minicomputer based methods and a potential for software resource sharing among several geographically remote users.
Perceived Power and Physical Violence in Marital Conflict

Relations among perceived marital power, the demand/withdraw interaction pattern, and self-reports of the use of verbal aggression and physical violence were examined in a sample of 42 married couples. Couples completed several self-report questionnaires and discussed two areas of marital dissatisfaction, one identified by the wife and one identified by the husband. These interactions were rated for the use of the demand/withdraw interaction pattern. Regression analyses revealed that lower levels of perceived power by the husbands and higher levels of perceived power by the wives were associated with the use of verbal aggression and violence by husbands and wives, the husband demand/wife withdraw interaction pattern was associated with husband's use of verbal aggression, and the wife demand/husband withdraw pattern was associated with husband's verbal aggression and violence and with wife's violence.
Amygdala central nucleus lesions effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit

Abstract The present study was designed as an initial step in determining the specific anatomical systems of the amygdala which may contribute to the expression of conditioned heart rate responding during aversive Pavlovian conditioning in the New Zealand rabbit. Animals receiving either small or large radio-frequency lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala demonstrated a significant attenuation of the conditioned bradycardia response to the conditioned stimulus when compared to that demonstrated by control animals. No significant effects of the lesions on baseline heart rate or on the heart rate orienting response to the conditioned stimulus were observed. Central nucleus lesions also produced a significant effect on the unconditioned heart rate response to the unconditioned stimulus manifested in an increased duration and prolonged habituation of the unconditioned response. The results are consistent with anatomical and physiological evidence suggesting the involvement of the central nucleus in the expression of emotional responses including accompanying cardiovascular alterations.
FHL4: NK cells pack less punch

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis (HLH) includes several genetic disorders of immune-cell regulation that commonly lead to death if not diagnosed and treated promptly. In this issue of Blood, Bryceson and colleagues provide new insights into the pathogenesis of a subtype of HLH caused by germline mutations in STX11, the gene encoding syntaxin-11.
A STUDY OF THE CARPOPHORE OF THE UMBELLIFERAE

The carpophore of the Umbelliferae is commonly referred to as an axis or as an axial structure (Lindley, Drude, Gray, Le Maout and Decaisne, Britton and Brown, Hutchinson, etc.). Certain authors go so far as to state definitely that the carpophore is a prolongation of the receptacle between the carpels. Most of them, however, merely call it "axial" or a "central axis." The axial theory of the nature of the carpophore is based apparently on its axis-like appearance and form. This theory, although commonly held, has not been universally accepted, and there have been brought forward other explanations of the morphology of the carpophore. A second interpretation denies the existence of the carpophore as a separate structure and considers it composed of portions of the carpels. The carpophore is, therefore, appendicular in nature, according to the proponents of this second theory, among whom are von Mohl, Van Tieghem, Eichler, and Henslow. This theory rests largely on anatomical evidencethe position and course of the vascular bundles. Other explanations of the carpophore have been proposed but none of these has been of sufficient plausibility to become commonly held. Recent investigations in floral anatomy have clearly demonstrated the fallibility inherent in interpretations of floral structures based mainly on general morphological features. Careful studies of the vascular system of the flower have, in many cases, disclosed the true nature of floral parts which had previously been misinterpreted. The validity of such anatomical evidence is recognized today. It would seem, therefore, that a thorough investigation of the vascular structure of flowers and fruits of representative genera of the Umbelliferae should furnish evidence sufficient to establish the true morphology of the carpophore; and with this in mind the present study was undertaken. Genera from the three subfamilies into which the family is divided were studied, these being so chosen as to include representatives of as many of the tribes as material available permitted. One or more species of twenty-five genera were studied. For the examination of the material there were prepared complete cross-sectional series of flowers and fruits. In the case of most of the species studied, fruits of several ages were cut, including, when possible, mature fruits. Certain of the Umbelliferae show pleomorphism of the flowers with
Residential Design Guidelines, Aesthetic Governmentality, and Contested Notions of Southern California Suburban Places

Since the 1970s, San Gabriel Valley suburban cities have become a desirable destination for thousands of immigrants from Taiwan, Hong Kong, mainland China, and Southeast Asia, but their remaking of existing residential landscapes has provoked controversy and opposition. At play are two contrasting real estate value regimes: a regional or transnational perspective held by most immigrants and a traditional or preservationist view advocated by long-term, mostly white residents. This study explores the role of urban planners' use of residential design guidelines to limit and shape home construction practices in four cities. The delineation of common components of “aesthetic governmentality,” including episteme, identities, visibility, techne, and ethos, framed the examination of the guidelines and design review procedures. Analysis reveals the challenges planners and design review boards face implementing regulations based on expert understandings of visual architectural forms. Although initially resistant to such design requirements, immigrants finally complied by hiring design professionals in the same way long-term residents do.
The diffusion of self-avoiding random walk in high dimensions

We use the Brydges-Spencer lace expansion to prove that the mean square displacement of aT step strictly self-avoiding random walk in thed dimensional square lattice is asymptotically of the formDT asT approaches infinity, ifd is sufficiently large. The diffusion constantD is greater than one.
P32-labeling of common malaria mosquitoes: assimilation by larvae and retention and transfer during mating.

Larvae of Anopheles quadrimculatus Say exposed to P32 in distilled water (0.25-0.5 µCi/ml) assimilated about 4½-6 times as much P32 in the same period as larvae exposed to the clement in infusions of desiccated hog liver and dried brewers’ yeast. Addition of treated food (0.5 µCi/mg) did not increase the uptake of P32 unless the larvae were allowed to feed on it at least 2-3 days before they pupated. Longer exposures and greater doses generally resulted in proportional increases in the amount of P32, found in the adults. About 20-30% of the radioactivity in the larval stage was retained by 5 to 14-day-old adults. Labeled males transferred about 0.065% of their total radioactivity to females in the semen during copulation. When 280 tagged males and 560 laboratory-reared wild females were released into an area where small populations of A. quadrimaculatus were indigenous, 3 of 222 females collected during the next 5 days were radioactive (7-25 count/min above background). Thus, the laboratory males were capable of inseminating wild females.
Alternative splicing, phylogenetic analysis, and craniofacial expression of zebrafish tbx22

Mutations in human TBX22 cause X-linked cleft palate with ankyloglossia syndrome (CPX; OMIM 303400). Since the secondary palate was an adaptation to breathing on land, we characterized zebrafish tbx22 to study molecular mechanisms regulating early vertebrate craniofacial patterning. Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) analyses revealed two zebrafish tbx22 splice isoforms, tbx22-1 and tbx22-2, encoding proteins of 444 and 400 amino acids, respectively. tbx22-1 resembles canonical Tbx22 orthologs, while tbx22-2 lacks conserved N-terminal sequence. Developmental RT-PCR revealed that tbx22-1 is maternally and zygotically expressed, while tbx22-2 is expressed zygotically. WISH analyses revealed strong tbx22 mRNA expression in ectomesenchyme underlying the stomodeum, a bilaminar epithelial structure demarcating early mouth formation, and in early presumptive jaw joints. Zebrafish tbx22 expression mirrored some aspects of mammalian Tbx22, consistent with roles in early vertebrate face patterning. These studies identify an early transcription factor governing vertebrate facial development, which may underlie common craniofacial birth disorders. Developmental Dynamics 238:1605–1612, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Application of fast-light in gravitational wave detection with interferometers and resonators

In this paper, we study several designs for interferometric gravitational wave detectors, and the potential for enhancing their performance with a fast-light medium. First, we explore the effect of such a medium on designs similar to those already planned for Advanced LIGO. Then we review the zero-area Sagnac interferometer for GW detection, comparing its properties against the more conventional GW detector based on a Michelson interferometer. We next describe a modified version of such a detector where the Sagnac interferometer is replaced by a zero-area Sagnac ring resonator fed by an external laser. We then consider a GW detector based on an active, zero-area Sagnac ring resonator, where a gain medium is present inside the cavity. Finally, we show that if a medium with negative dispersion, which yields the fast-light effect, is also present inside this detector, then its sensitivity to GW strain is enhanced by the inverse of the group index of the dispersive medium. We describe conditions under which t...
Systematic review offers cautious support for positive effects from ABA-based early intervention programs for children with autism spectrum disorder

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Peters-Scheffer, N., Didden, R., Korzilius, H., & Sturmey, P. (2011). A meta-analytic study of the effectiveness of comprehensive ABA-based early intervention programs for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 60–69. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: This study was supported by Stichting De Driestroom, Elst, The Netherlands; the original authors of this research do not report any conflicts of interest.
An ontology analysis tool

The success of the Semantic Web has been linked with the use of ontologies on the Semantic Web. Given the important role of ontologies on the Semantic Web, the need for domain ontology development and management are becoming more and more important to most kinds of knowledge-driven applications. Numerous proposed approaches to evaluating an ontology depend on the purpose of evaluation. Some tools evaluate ontologies for correctness, completeness and redundancy so that applications do not use poorly or incorrectly formulated ontologies; others have developed methodologies to ensure the consistency and completeness of an ontology throughout its entire lifetime. Recent proposals by researchers also suggest the importance of tools to help analyze ontologies for re-use by consumers. The scarcity of theoretically and empirically validated measures for consumer analysis of ontologies has motivated our research to develop an ontological analysis tool that can be used on both intensional and extensional ontologies...
An investigation of the C12 + He3 reactions at bombarding energies between 1.8 and 5.4 MeV

The differential cross sections at several angles and some angular distributions of the following outgoing radiations induced by He3 in C12 targets from 1.8 to 5.4 MeV were measured; elastic He3, proton groups corresponding to the formation of the N14 ground state and excited states at 2.311, 3.945, 4.91, 5.10, 5.69, 5.83, 6.23, 6.44 and 7.03 MeV (p0 to p6, p8, p9 and p11), the 6.44 MeV gamma ray (γ6.44) following the p9 group, and the α groups corresponding to the formation of the C11 ground state and the first excited state at 2.00 MeV. Proton groups to N14 states at 6.05 and 6.70 MeV (p7 and p10) were not observed. Both the p9 and the corresponding γ6.44 show a strong isolated resonance at 2.990±0.010 MeV with Γlab = 125±10 keV. Analyses at this resonance on the elastic He3, p9, γ6.44, p1 and n0 data, assuming pure compound nucleus formation as the reaction mechanism, yielded Jπ = 52+ for the corresponding state in O15∗ at 14.46 MeV and even parity for the 6.44 MeV state of the residual nucleus N14. Indications of resonances at 2.45±0.04, 2.75±0.04, 3.28±0.04, 3.60±0.04, 4.20±0.01, 4.37±0.04, 4.6±0.1 and 5.0±0.1 MeV, corresponding to the states in O15 at 14.03, 14.27, 14.69, 14.95, 15.43, 15.57, 15.75 and 16.07 MeV were also observed.
Structure of copolymer films created by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Abstract The interface structure in copolymer films made using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) has been probed for the first time using X-ray reflectivity. Copolymer films made from comonomers benzene (B), octafluorocyclobutane (OFCB), and hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) show extremely sharp interfaces and scattering length density depth profiles that are uniform with depth, making them useful for optical applications. The polymer/air interface has an rms roughness (∼5 A) that is only slightly larger than that of the supporting substrate (∼3 A). Addition of either benzene or HMDS as a comonomer in the deposition of OFCB alters a transient deposition behavior at the silicon oxide interface that occurs when using only OFCB. For the B–OFCB copolymer films, a facile control of refractive index with monomer feed composition is achieved. A nonlinear variation in the X-ray scattering length density with composition for the HMDS–OFCB copolymer films is consistent with the nonlinear visible light refractive index (632.8 nm) variation reported earlier.
Correlated quantum measurement of a solid-state qubit

We propose a solid-state experiment to study the process of continuous quantum measurement of a qubit state. The experiment would verify that an individual qubit stays coherent during the process of measurement (in contrast to the gradual decoherence of the ensemble-averaged density matrix), thus confirming the possibility of qubit purification by continuous measurement. The experiment can be realized using quantum dots, single-electron transistors, or superconducting quantum interference devices.
Fragmentation of cellulose by the major Thermomonospora fusca cellulases, Trichoderma reesei CBHI, and their mixtures.

binding and hydr~lysis.~~",' ~~~~ There also have been severa1 st~dies~~~~~~~,~ ~ investigating how various cellulases act synergistically to yield higher rates and extents of hydrolysis than would be predicted from the sum of the hydrolytic activities of the individual enzymes. In most of these studies only cellulase binding and reducing sugar formation were measured. Very little is known about the fragmentation activities of pure cellulases and their mixtures. It has been known for some time that cellulose undergoes fragmentation during enzymatic hydrolysis.6,28 Several investigators have observed transverse cracks and complete tranverse breakage of cellul~se.~~'~~~ ~~~~ Others have observed an increase in the number of cellulose and a shift in the volume fraction distrib~tion.~',~' The rate and extent of particle formation particles 10,18,19,23,26 * To whom all correspondence should be addressed. during hydrolysis increase linearly with increasing enzyme c~ncentration.'~,'~,~~,~'"~ Also, the rate and extent of fragmentation, as measured by changes in mean particle volume with time, decrease with decreasing initial particle size.31 It has been reported that both endoglucanases (E) and exoglucanases (CBH) are capable of fragmenting cell~lose,'~~~~~ ~~ but that the bulk of the fragmentation activity is associated with endoglucana~es.~ ~~~~ Wood et al.43 concluded that a mixture of endoglucanases and exoglucanases is necessary to fragment cotton fiber. In this study, the fragmentation activity of Thermomonospora fusca E , E , E s , Trichoderma reesei CBHI, and mixtures of these cellulases was measured. T. fusca E2 and Es were selected because of their high CMC activity, which is characteristic of highly active endoglucana~es,~' and the availability of clones for the production of these pure enzymes. T. fusca E3 was selected because it gives synergism when mixed with the other T. fusca cellulases, while i? reesei CBHI was selected to determine whether cross mixing a fungal cellulase and a bacterial cellulase would yield synergism.
Effects of Dynamic Corrective Feedback on ESL Writing Accuracy

Though recent research has shown that written corrective feedback (WCF) may improve aspects of writing accuracy in some English as a second language (ESL) contexts, many teachers continue to be confused about the practical steps they should utilize to help their students improve their writing. Moreover, some have raised concerns as to whether commonly used approaches to ESL writing pedagogy and grammar instruction are effective in helping students improve their linguistic accuracy. This article describes an instructional strategy we developed for improving students' accuracy based on insights gleaned from practice, research, and theory. We refer to this instructional methodology as dynamic WCF. The article also discusses a test of the methodology's efficacy that compared the performance of two groups of students, one using a conventional process approach to writing instruction and the other using the dynamic WCF approach. Test results demonstrated that although rhetorical competence, writing fluency, and writing complexity were largely unaffected by the dynamic WCF pedagogy, significant improvement was observed for writing accuracy.
Identifying Initial Molecular Targets of PDT: Protein and Lipid Oxidation Products

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) generates singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) which oxidizes biomolecules in the immediate vicinity of its formation. The phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 localizes to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and the primary targets of Pc 4-PDT are expected to be lipids and proteins of those membranes. The initial damage then causes apoptosis in cancer cells via the release of cytochrome c (Cyt-c) from mitochondria into the cytosol, followed by the activation of caspases. That damage also triggers the induction of autophagy, an attempt by the cells to eliminate damaged organelles, or when damage is too extensive, to promote cell death. Cyt-c is bound to the cytosolic side of the mitochondrial inner membrane through association with cardiolipin (CL), a phospholipid containing four unsaturated fatty acids and thus easily oxidized by 1 O 2 or by other oxidizing agents. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidation of CL loosens its association with Cyt-c, and that the peroxidase activity of Cyt-c can oxidize CL. In earlier studies of Cyt-c in homogeneous medium by MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-ESI-MS, we showed that 1 O 2 generated by Pc 4-PDT oxidized histidine, methionine, tryptophan, and unexpectedly phenylalanine but not tyrosine. Most of the oxidation products were known to be formed by other oxidizing agents, such as hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical anion, and peroxynitrite. However, two products of histidine were unique to 1 O 2 and may be useful for reporting the action of 1 O 2 in cells and tissues. These products, as well as CL oxidation products, have now been identified in liposomes and mitochondria after Pc 4-PDT. In mitochondria, the PDT dose-dependent oxidations can be related to specific changes in mitochondrial function, Bcl-2 photodamage, and Cyt-c release. Thus, the role of PDT-generated 1 O 2 in oxidizing Cyt-c and CL and the interplay between protein and lipid targets may be highly relevant to understanding one mechanism for cell killing by PDT.
The fungal and bacterial flora of stored white cabbage.

1. The predominant organisms isolated from the outer wrapper leaves of freshly harvested white cabbages were: bacteria, yeasts, Alternaria spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium spp. and Penicillium spp. 2. Few qualitative or quantitative changes were seen in the leaf surface flora during storage at 2°C for up to 33 weeks. 3. Numbers of bacteria, particularly fluorescent and pectolytic pseudomonads, were considerably higher on cabbages drenched with fungicide or water than on corresponding undrenched cabbages.
Performance Visualization and Behavioral Disruption: A Clarification

Current data suggest that performance visualization is an effective way to reduce communication apprehension (Ayres, Hopf, & Ayres 1997), but performance visualization has not been as effective in reducing behavioral disruption as might be expected (Ayres & Hopf, 1992; Ayres et al. 1995). One reason for this seems to be the way the rigidity and agitation (Mulac & Sherman, 1973) have been treated in these investigations. In effect, researchers exposed people to performance visualization regardless of whether they exhibited rigid or agitated behavior and then reported whether changes occurred in both of these variables. That procedure is questionable because any person who exhibits rigidity will by definition not exhibit agitation. In order to examine the impact of this confounding factor in work on performance visualization, two studies were undertaken. The first study focused on rigidity and the second on agitation. These studies suggest that performance visualization is more effective in reducing agitati...
Pediatric angiosarcoma of the heart: a unique presentation and metastatic pattern.

We report the seventh case of angiosarcoma of the heart in a child. The patient was a 23-month-old female who presented for lower extremity limping and underwent open surgical biopsy of the femur. Immediately postoperatively, she developed pericardial tamponade, and a bulky intracardiac mass was discovered as the underlying cause. The mass was composed of highly pleomorphic tumor cells reactive for the endothelial markers CD31, CD34, and factor VIII–related antigen (FVIII-RA). Staging evaluation revealed widespread metastases involving the brain, ovaries, and bone marrow. She died of complications of metastatic disease 8 months following initial presentation. Unusual features of this case include the young age of the patient, left-sided nature of the cardiac tumor, presentation secondary to metastatic disease, and the pattern of metastases. The literature on cardiac angiosarcoma, which is limited to six case reports in the pediatric population, is also reviewed.
Multi-Domain Risk and Protective Factor Predictors of Violent Behavior among At-risk Youth.

This study extends prior examination of adolescent violence etiology, drawing on an ethnically diverse, community accessed, yet emotionally vulnerable sample (N=849) of adolescents at-risk for school dropout. A balanced risk and protective factor framework captured theorized dimensions of strain, coping, and support resources. We tested the combined and unique contribution of risk and protective components spanning individual, peer/school, and family predictor domains, including victimization histories. Hierarchical regressions yielded significant overall explanation of violent behaviors as well as unique predictors within each of the three domains. Tests for sex differences and moderating effects suggested that levels of risk and protective factors differed for males and females, although the functional relationships to violence were the same for both sexes. Results are discussed relative to prevention and early intervention programs; particularly the importance of understanding adolescent violent behavi...
Atmospheric compensation in the presence of clouds: an adaptive empirical line method (AELM) approach.

Many methods exist to invert airborne imagery from units of either radiance or sensor specific digital counts to units of reflectance. These compensation algorithms remove unwanted atmospheric variability allowing objects on the ground to be analyzed. Low error levels in homogenous atmospheric conditions have been demonstrated. In many cases however, clouds are present in the atmosphere which introduce error into the inversion at unacceptable levels. For example, the relationship that is defined between sensor reaching radiance and ground reflectance in a cloud free scene will not be the same as in an adjacent region with clouds in the surround. A novel method has been developed which utilizes ground based measurements to modify the empirical line method (ELM) approach on a per-pixel basis. A physics based model of the atmosphere is used to generate a spatial correction for the ELM. Creation of this model is accomplished by analyzing whole-sky imagery to produce a cloud mask which drives input parameters to the radiative transfer (RT) code MODTRAN. The RT code is run for several different azimuth and zenith orientations to create a three-dimensional representation of the hemisphere. The model is then used to achieve a per-pixel correction by adjusting the ELM slope spatially. This method is applied to real data acquired over the atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) site in Lamount, OK. Performance of the method is evaluated with the Hyperspectral Digital Imagery Collection Experiment (HYDICE) instrument. The sensitivity to spectral sampling is also assessed by down-sampling the HYDICE data to the spectral response of the multi-spectral system Wildfire Airborne Sensor Program LITE (WASP Lite). Finally a method to utilize this approach when additional sensors (like a sky camera) are not available is
Calcium antagonists for the treatment of systemic hypertension

As shown by large-scale clinical trials, the antihypertensive effectiveness of diuretics has been associated with a dramatic decrease in the incidence of stroke. This decrease, however, has not been accompanied by a similar reduction in atherosclerotic complications of hypertension, perhaps because other risk factors are important contributors to cardiovascular disease. In particular, a pathophysiologic relationship appears to exist between high blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, diabetes and dyslipidemia. Thus, metabolically neutral antihypertensive agents such as calcium antagonists, which have no adverse effects on serum lipids and insulin sensitivity and can reduce left ventricular mass, are particularly suitable for the treatment of hypertension and attendant cardiovascular complications.