cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Class to Race: Essays in White Marxism and Black Radicalism

From Class to Race: Essays in White Marxism and Black Radicalism. By Charles W. Mills. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003. 312p. 26.95 paper.The author of the influential The Racial Contract (1997) has gathered together a provocative collection of his essays. These disparate papers do not form an argument for an overarching thesis. Nor do they converge on a single theme, for example, the need to shift away from a focus on class toward race, as the title might suggest. Rather, the essays reveal the recent changes in Charles Mills's philosophical interests, away from core problems in orthodox Marxism toward the project of developing a critical race theory. One constant throughout is Mills's attempt to demonstrate that the methods of analytic philosophy are not inherently “bourgeois,” as many radicals have supposed, but can be usefully applied to problems that concern leftists. Yet unlike much of analytic philosophy, these essays are never boring but instead are generously laced with the author's characteristic biting sarcasm and bold humor.
Inborn Errors of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acid Metabolism

Two superimposed metabolic sequences, transsulfuration and the methionine/homocysteine cycle, form the pathway for methionine metabolism in mammalian liver. This combined pathway was formulated first to explain observations in subjects with homocystinuria caused by cystathionine synthase deficiency. Since that time additional inborn errors have been discovered, and currently we know of human subjects with isolated defects in all of the reactions of the combined pathway with only one exception: betaine homocysteine methyltransferase. Studies of these inborn errors have contributed significantly to our knowledge of human methionine metabolism and to the clinical consequences of impaired metabolism. Transsulfuration appears to function primarily for the metabolism of excess methionine, and each of the 5 defects in this pathway results in the accumulation of 1 or more of the normal metabolites. Thus, studies of these disorders may provide insight into both the potential pathological sequelae of nutritional methionine excess as well as whether laboratory testing allows the detection of excess.
Cross-layer QoS-aware communication for ultra wide band wireless multimedia sensor networks

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are distributed systems of wirelessly networked devices that allow retrieving video and audio streams, still images, and scalar sensor data. WMSNs will be a crucial component of mission-critical networks to protect the operation of strategic national infrastructure, provide support to counteract emergencies and threats, and enhance infrastructure for tactical military operations. To enable these applications, WMSNs require the sensor network paradigm to be re-thought in view of the need for mechanisms to deliver multimedia content with a pre-defined level of quality of service (QoS). In this paper, a new cross-layer communication architecture based on the time-hopping impulse radio ultra wide band technology is described, whose objective is to reliably and flexibly deliver QoS to heterogeneous applications in WMSNs, by leveraging and controlling interactions among different layers of the protocol stack according to applications requirements. Simulations show that the proposed system achieves the performance objectives of WMSNs without sacrificing on the modularity of the overall design.
Observations of Japanese men and children in public places: a comparative study.

The popular image of Japanese men, both in the United States and Japan, is that of “salaryman” who works such long hours that he has no time left for his children. The little empirical evidence available, however, suggests that Japanese men have familial involvement patterns not unlike those of men in the United States. In the study reported here, prepubertal children and adult males in Japan and the USA were observed together disproportionately more often during those times when men were not precluded (by work) from being with children. Further, during those periods children were more likely to be found in groups containing men rather than with women only. In both countries women continue to be the primary caregivers of children. However, previous research has shown that men in the USA, compared to men in other cultures, are not totally uninvolved; Japanese men are not either.
Amphidromy And Migrations Of Freshwater Shrimps. II. Delivery Of Hatching Larvae To The Sea, Return Juvenile Upstream Migration, And Human Impacts

Hatching (Stage-1) larvae of amphidromous shrimps do not feed and must reach salt water within a few days to molt to Stage 2, the first feeding instar. Stage-1 larvae are transported from to the sea after upstream hatching by drifting in stream flow or are carried to estuaries for hatching by females migrating downstream. Hatching usually occurs during seasons or periods of high stream flow. After development in the sea, newly metamorphosed benthic postlarvae (juveniles) must find stream mouths and migrate upstream to the adult freshwater habitat. Such migrations are striking, occurring during periods of low but continuous flow, with many juveniles walking or swimming alongside the shore at night. The migratory behavior is a positive rheotaxis, with downstream river flow the directional cue. Juveniles are capable of climbing over or around low obstacles in their path provided that there is some downstream flow. Both larval drift and juvenile migrations are blocked by high dams without passageways and by the reservoirs behind them. Water extraction from streams is a significant source of larval mortality. Human impacts can be mitigated by appropriate conservation measures, e.g., restriction of water extraction during periods of larval abundance, and construction of passageways up and around dams and reservoirs to allow juvenile migration to upstream habitats.
In Vitro Experimental Models for Studying Drug Biotransformation

Metabolism plays a cardinal role in determining the efficacy and safety of a new chemical entity (NCE). Too fast or too slow metabolism of an NCE can lead to lack of efficacy or severe adverse events. An NCE can sometimes either inhibit or induce the activity of the enzyme responsible for its metabolism. Inhibition of an enzyme can lead to a sudden, unexpected increase in exposure of the culprit NCE or of another coadministered compound, cleared by the enzyme whose activity is inhibited. Induction can lead to sudden increase in clearance of the NCE or in the formation of an undesirable metabolite. The evaluation of enzyme inhibition and induction together is part of drug–drug interaction (DDI) risk, so named because, in most cases, the enzyme inhibition or induction caused by one NCE affects the exposure, efficacy, and safety of another coadministered drug. Numerous in vitro tools address various aspects of metabolism — metabolic stability, metabolite/reactive intermediate (RI) formation, enzyme inhibition, enzyme induction — and integrate all this into evaluating a DDI risk for an NCE. This article aims to summarize the most commonly used current in vitro ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) tools, used in drug discovery and development to best understand the metabolism of an NCE for its safe and efficacious use in humans. Keywords: absorption; ADME; in vitro; in vivo; disposition; metabolism; clearance; pharmacokinetics; drug–drug interactions; pharmacokinetics mass spectrometry
Effect of age on visuomotor functional MR imaging.

Rationale and Objectives. We sought to determine the effect of age on functional MR imaging experiments performed with visual and motor stimulation. We hypothesized that there would be a diminution in the amplitude of fMRI activation with increasing subjects’ age. Materials and Methods. We used fixed effects models to study the amplitude of activation during a block design visuomotor task in three different age groups: old (mean: 75 years; standard deviation: 6 years), middle-aged (mean: 52 years; standard deviation: 9 years) and young (mean: 29 years; standard deviation: 5 years). Each group included 7 subjects. Regions of interest (ROI) were left primary motor area (LM1), supplementary motor area (SMA), and right and left occipital (RO, LO) visual areas. Individual subjects and group statistical parametric maps (SPMs) were generated for each ROI, and then the mean amplitude of activation was compared using the group analysis and t test. Results. The young age group showed higher amplitude of activation than middle and old age groups in all ROI (P 0.01 uncorrected). Unpaired two tailed t test results between the groups showed significant differences between middle and young, and old and young age groups in all ROIs (P 0.05), with the exception of old and young age groups in RO region (P 0.11). Conclusion. The group analysis, and unpaired t test results reveal higher amplitude of fMRI activation in the young versus the old and middle-aged groups. © AUR, 2005
Relation of maternal intelligence and schooling to offspring nutritional intake

For parents and children living in less developed countries the contributions of maternal education level to child survival and growth has been well established. What is less clear is the mechanism through which more education for women in less developed countries translates into positive child outcomes. Given evidence linking education to adult intellectual performance, and evidence linking children’s dietary quality to development, we hypothesised that more educated or more intelligent women in less developed countries may be providing a more nutritionally adequate diet to their offspring. This hypothesis was tested on a sample of 76 Egyptian mothers and their toddlers and a sample of 57 Egyptian mothers and their school age children living in an agricultural village outside of Cairo. Our predictor variables consisted of family demographics, maternal years of education, and maternal performance on four subscales from the Egyptian WAIS-R plus the Raven’s Matrices. Over a 12-month period dieticians collec...
Comparing sensitivity analysis methods to advance lumped watershed model identification and evaluation

Abstract. This study seeks to identify sensitivity tools that will advance our understanding of lumped hydrologic models for the purposes of model improvement, calibration efficiency and improved measurement schemes. Four sensitivity analysis methods were tested: (1) local analysis using parameter estimation software (PEST), (2) regional sensitivity analysis (RSA), (3) analysis of variance (ANOVA), and (4) Sobol's method. The methods' relative efficiencies and effectiveness have been analyzed and compared. These four sensitivity methods were applied to the lumped Sacramento soil moisture accounting model (SAC-SMA) coupled with SNOW-17. Results from this study characterize model sensitivities for two medium sized watersheds within the Juniata River Basin in Pennsylvania, USA. Comparative results for the 4 sensitivity methods are presented for a 3-year time series with 1 h, 6 h, and 24 h time intervals. The results of this study show that model parameter sensitivities are heavily impacted by the choice of analysis method as well as the model time interval. Differences between the two adjacent watersheds also suggest strong influences of local physical characteristics on the sensitivity methods' results. This study also contributes a comprehensive assessment of the repeatability, robustness, efficiency, and ease-of-implementation of the four sensitivity methods. Overall ANOVA and Sobol's method were shown to be superior to RSA and PEST. Relative to one another, ANOVA has reduced computational requirements and Sobol's method yielded more robust sensitivity rankings.
The Myhill—Nerode Theorem for Term Automata

In the last lecture we generalized DFAs on strings to term automata over a signature Σ and demonstrated that automata-theoretic concepts such as “final states” and “run” were really more general algebraic concepts in disguise. In this lecture we continue to develop this correspondence, leading finally to a fuller understanding of the Myhill—Nerode theorem.
Ultrastructural Evaluation of Oocytes During Atresia in Rat Ovarian Follicles

Mammalian females are born with a finite number of ovarian oocytes, the vast majority of which ultimately undergo degeneration by atresia. The overall process of ovarian follicular atresia has been morphologically well described only in large antral follicles. Additionally, little attention has been focused on ultrastructural changes in the oocyte. Furthermore, most such morphological studies were performed prior to identification of apoptosis as a mechanism of physiological cell death. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to use electron microscopy to compare the process of atretic oocyte degradation in ovarian follicles of female Fischer 344 rats (38 days old) with ultrastructural characteristics of apoptosis. Examination of ovarian follicles revealed that nucleolar segregation, cytoplasmic or nuclear condensation, apoptotic body formation, and chromatin margination along the nuclear membrane are never observed in atretic oocytes during the degenerative process. Instead, early morphological changes in atretic oocytes include retraction of granulosa cell- and oocyte-derived microvilli and condensation of mitochondria and loss of cristae. These occurrences coincide with initiation of granulosa cell apoptosis. After most granulosa cells are lost, more severe changes occur, including segmentation of the oocyte and cytoplasmic vacuolization as atresia progresses. Thus, these results suggest that, during atresia, oocytes are removed by physiological oocyte cell death, a method that does not involve classically described apoptosis.
Pseudokarst and Non-dissolutional Caves

Pseudokarst caves form by fluid flow (rheogenic—lava tubes and glacier caves); particle disarticulation (suffusion or piping caves, tafoni); by large-scale rock failure (fracture or crevice caves), and by the results of that failure (talus caves); and by coastal processes (littoral or sea caves). The Northeast contains all these pseudokarst cave types, but crevice caves and talus caves are the dominant type, with sea caves abundant but restricted to rocky coasts. Glaciation, by oversteepening slopes, and by subsequent isostatic rebound, greatly enhances crevice cave and talus cave formation. Glacial eustasy and isostatic rebound form, and then preserve, sea caves. The abundance of massive crystalline rocks in the region creates large fractures, and upon failure, large talus blocks, assisting pseudokarst cave development. These cave types are shallow and surficial, and are likely removed by each ice advance, to be formed again upon ice retreat. Only the lava tube of King Phillips Cave in Connecticut is a definite pre-glacial pseudokarst cave. Crevice caves of over 300 m (1000 ft) in length, e.g. Eagle Cave, Adirondack Mountains, NY or Xanadu Cave, Shawangunks, NY, and talus caves of similar or greater size, e.g. TSOD Cave, Adirondacks, NY or MBDATHS Cave, White Mountains, NH exist along with hundreds of smaller examples.
THE ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF PEPSIN.

The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of Northrop's pure crystalline pepsin has been determined. The curve of calculated molecular extinction coefficients is given. There is noted a general resemblance of the absorption curve for pepsin to that for urease and tyrosine; the absorption band is maximum at 2750–2800 A.µ., minimum near 2500. A slight hump on either side of the peak of the extinction curve may be significant.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Interactions during Spontaneous Testicular Recrudescence in Golden Hamsters

Golden hamsters exposed to short days (<12.5 h Iight/24 h) show a decrease in serum FSH and LH resulting, after 10-12 weeks, in testicular regression. This is followed by a spontaneous rise in serum FSH and LH (weeks 15-23) and a concomitant maturation of the reproductive system. In this study, we examined the interaction of negative feedback mechanisms and photoperiodic effects during the period of spontaneous recrudescence in hamsters exposed to continual short day treatment (LD 6 h:18 h). After 2 weeks, animals were divided into 4 groups. One group served as intact controls. Another group of intact males received 5 mm testosterone implants (in Silastic tubing). The others were castrated; half of these received testosterone implants. Five animals were sacrificed every 2 weeks in the control group and every week in the treatment groups. Spontaneous testicular recrudescence occurred between weeks 15-27 in control animals and weeks 20-29 in animals with testosterone implants. Analysis of serum gonadotropins in each treatment group revealed a temporal difference in the peak of FSH and LH that appears to correlate with circulating levels of testosterone. These data suggest that alternations in gonadotropin release during spontaneous testicular recrudescence may be controlled by a gradual change in the set point of the sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to testosterone.
Arginine Induced Stimulation of Rabbit Sperm Motility

l-Arginine stimulation of ejaculated rabbit sperm motility was quantitated by a spectrophotometric procedure. Stimulation of sperm motility was correlated to arginine concentration, incubation time, and pH. A maximum increase in motility of 85% was apparent for up to 7 hr with 10−1 M l-arginine. A significant decrease in the ability of l-arginine to stimulate sperm motility was observed at pH values less than 7.0 and greater than 8.0. The percent stimulation was inversely proportional to the initial motility of the sperm sample.
Effect of indapamide on volume-dependent hypertension, renal haemodynamics, solute excretion and proximal nephron fractional reabsorption in the dog

Indapamide, a newly developed antihypertensive agent with modest diuretic properties, reduced mean arterial pressure toward normal in dogs made hypertensive with salt and DOCA, while low-dose furosemide (0.1 mg per day) and hydrochlorothiazide (1 and 50 mg per day) did not result in similar degrees of blood pressure control. Indapamide, low-dose furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide treatment all resulted in similar decreases in body weight suggesting that the antihypertensive effect of indapamide occurs through a mechanism independent of contraction of extracellular fluid volume. Intravenous indapamide at doses of 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg caused progressive increases in sodium, potassium and chloride excretion when urine losses were replaced by isotonic saline to prevent extracellular fluid volume contraction. Only at 3.0 mg/kg did plasma potassium decrease significantly (2.92 +/- 0.03 to 2.69 +/- 0.05 mmol/l; p less than 0.05). Neither glomerular filtration rate (GFR) nor renal blood flow (flowmeter) decreased in a dose-related manner; however, effective renal plasma flow assessed by para-aminohippurate clearance did decrease about 15% at the highest dose (p less than 0.05). Proximal re-collection micropuncture studies demonstrated decreased proximal reabsorption. Cortical diluting segment reabsorption was decreased, but CNa + CH2O/GFR increased from 7% to 11% (p less than 0.05). These results indicate that, at doses up to 3.0 mg/kg, indapamide causes a natriuresis which is modest and similar to that seen with thiazides. No decrease in GFR or renal blood flow was observed. This drug apparently exerts a natriuretic effect through an inhibition of solute reabsorption in both the proximal nephron and the cortical diluting segment.
Results of the Fieldwork

Fieldworkers traveled out to their destinations. The fieldworkers surveyed and coded adults and children. Fieldworkers came home. The following is what they found.
Why Add an ERP to a Laparoscopic Case: The Colorectal Experience

The introduction of enhanced recovery after surgery was prompted by the increasing recognition that surgical stress caused by major surgery is a significant factor for postoperative morbidity and length of stay. As Kehlet points out in his 1997 paper, “the key pathogenic factor in postoperative morbidity, excluding failures of surgical and anesthetic techniques, is the surgical stress response with subsequent increased demands on organ function” (Kehlet, Br J Anaesth 78(5):606–617, 1997). This stress response manifests in a myriad of ways (pain, nausea, ileus, sleep disturbance, immobilization) that prevent timely recovery and discharge from hospital. The emphasis was made for a unifying, all encompassing team effort to prevent and treat these obstacles to recovery. This concept of multidisciplinary cooperation and well-defined patient care protocols has translated to the fast track protocols or enhanced recovery programs (ERP) that we have come to know. While this review focuses on colorectal surgery, the same principles are applicable across the spectrum of abdominal and thoracic procedures.
Is Online Learning the Silver Bullet for Men of Color? An Institutional-Level Analysis of the California Community College System

ABSTRACTThe spread of online courses and programs in community colleges across the nation has contributed to a redefinition of open-access education. Accordingly, the growth in online courses has drawn attention to the value of different instructional modalities, particularly with regard to their effectiveness in learning, retention, and success. As a result, this study sought to determine whether or not there were differences in students’ academic success and course retention for community college men by racial/ethnic affiliation. This study used institutional data on men enrolled in California’s community college system to provide greater insight into the effect of online learning on student success. Findings illustrated that Asian, Black, Latino, and White men were more likely to have higher success outcomes when engaged in face-to-face modalities. There were no clear patterns in which online modality was better than others with regards to success, except for Black men. For these men, asynchronous with...
The Morality of Anti-Consumerism in America

The United States has become an increasingly consumerist society which many scholars argue harms the environment, exacerbates global inequality and impairs the well-being of over-consuming individuals. Given the ethical importance of these consequences, I consider whether and how individual-level measures of morality are associated with individual-level attitudes of Anti-Consumerism. In particular, I test whether two different individual-level conceptualizations of morality (Moral Absolutism and Other-oriented Morality) are associated with attitudes of Anti-Consumerism (Anti-materialism and Voluntary Simplicity). Using Science of Generosity nationally representative survey data, I find Moral Absolutism is positively associated with Anti-materialism, an effect that is moderated by religiosity. I also find that Other-oriented Morality is positively associated with Voluntary Simplicity, but unassociated with Anti-Materialism. I then discuss an emerging puzzle of why religion and Moral Absolutism in America c...
Half-Lives of the First Excited States in Sn 117 , Te 121 , Te 123 , and Sb 123

Half-lives of the first excited states of ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{117}$ [161 keV, (0.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03) nsec], ${\mathrm{Te}}^{121}$ [214 keV, (0.062\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015) nsec], ${\mathrm{Te}}^{123}$ [159 keV, (0.186\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020) nsec], and ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{123}$ [161 keV, (0.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05) nsec] were measured by the delayed coincidence method. The transitions are predominantly $M1$ and are retarded by a factor of between 30 and 140 relative to the Weisskopf estimate. The $E2$ speeds of these transitions are also inferred from published data and vary from 0.1 to 30 times single-particle speed.
Response of a Small Mammal Community to Water and Nitrogen Treatments in a Shortgrass Prairie Ecosystem

The response of small mammal communities to continuous water and nitrogen treatments on 1 hectare (ha) plots of shortgrass prairie was monitored over a 4 year period. Small mammals were live-trapped 18 times on each of eight plots representing water, nitrogen, water plus nitrogen, and control treatments. Four species ( Microtus ochrogaster , Onychomys leucogaster, Peromyscus maniculatus , and Spermophilus tridecemlineatus ) were captured. Analysis of variance with the variability in population densities (individuals/ha) partitioned between treatments and sample dates indicates significant treatment effects for all four species. Population densities of Microtus and Peromyscus were significantly higher (P < .001 and F < .02, respectively) on the water plus nitrogen treatment than on other treatments; Onychomys populations were significantly higher ( P < .05) on the nitrogen and control treatments than on the water and water plus nitrogen treatments; Spermophilus populations were significantly higher ( P < .05) on the nitrogen and control treatments than on the water plus nitrogen treatment. Analysis of variability in total small mammal biomass (grams, g, live weight/ha) also indicates significant treatment effects. Total biomass on the water plus nitrogen treatment was significantly higher ( P < .001) than on other treatments. Proportional species composition of the small mammal communities differed, with Microtus occurring primarily on the two “wet” treatments, Onychomys occurring primarily on the two “dry” treatments, and Peromyscus and Spermophilus occurring on all treatments. The ratio of community respiration to community consumption on the water plus nitrogen treatment, and to a lesser extent on the water treatment, is lower than on the nitrogen and control treatments as a result of the higher proportion of grazing herbivores (that is, Microtus ) on these treatments. Small mammal utilization of food resources never exceeded 4 percent of the available plants or 34 percent of the available arthropods on any of the treatments. Results tentatively support the hypothesis that changes in the small mammal communities were tightly coupled to changes in vegetation structure.
Application of Microwave-Induced Combustion and Isotope Dilution Strategies for Quantification of Sulfur in Coals via Sector-Field Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

In recent years, microwave-induced combustion (MIC) has proved to be a robust sample preparation technique for difficult-to-digest samples containing high carbon content, especially for determination of halogens and sulfur. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has applied the MIC methodology in combination with isotope dilution analysis for sulfur determinations, representing the first-reported combination of this robust sample preparation methodology and high-accuracy quantification approach. Medium-resolution mode sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was invoked to avoid spectral interferences on the sulfur isotopes. The sample preparation and instrumental analysis scheme was used for the value assignment of total sulfur in Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2682c Subbituminous Coal (nominal mass fraction 0.5% sulfur). A description of the analytical procedures required is provided, along with metrological results, including an estimation of the overall method uncert...
Diagnostic Value of Tuberculosis Antibody Detection in Children with Tu-berculosis

Objective To study the diagnostic value of tuberculosis antibody detection in children with tuberculosis. Methods 60 cases of children with tuberculosis were selected as the observation group and 60 cases of non-tuberculosis patients were selected as the control group, both groups were treated in the hospital from April 2013 to May 2014. The tuberculin test(PPD test) and serum tuberculosis antibody detection were performed in the two groups of children, and the results of the two groups were comparatively analyzed. Results There were 47 positive cases detected by PPD test and the positive rate was 78.3% which were significantly higher than 21 cases and 35.0% of tuberculosis antibody detection, and the differences were statistically significant(P 0.05). The sensitivity of tuberculosis antibody detection was lower. The positive cases and rate by PPD test of the observation group were 12 cases and 20%, which were significantly higher than 0 case and 0 of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P0.05), the specificity of tuberculosis antibody detection is higher. Conclusion The tuberculosis antibody detection is suitable for being taken as a reference for diagnosis of children with tuberculosis, which is of sensitivity and specificity combined with other diagnostic methods and is of important medical value.
Engineering physical and chemical properties of softwood kraft lignin by fatty acid substitution

Abstract A process to attach fatty acids to lignin is reported which alters its thermal behavior. By attaching saturated C18 fatty acids to OH groups, stable lignin stearates (LS) of controllable degrees of substitution (DS) were synthesized. Interesting physical properties were observed, wherein LS was observed to melt and flow at temperatures as low as 50 °C. Melting was possible due to the crystallization of stearate chains when LS was purified by precipitation. A NMR method was established for quantification of the degree of substitution. At very high %DS values (close to 100%), the melting phenomenon was reversible, but at low %DS, melting occurred only during the 1st heating ramp during thermal cycling. The ability of LS to plasticize polystyrene (PS) is reported wherein integral blend films containing up to 25% by weight of LS were formed. The Tg of the blended films could be lowered by 22 °C using LS relative to PS. Lignin stearates have the potential to serve as interesting compounds for their ability to plasticize not only PS but other thermoplastic materials as well.
Pre-hospital Management

Survival after drowning depends on a well-functioning chain of survival, starting outside the hospital and continuing in-hospital during the post-resuscitation phase. Prehospital care personnel provide the opportunity to perform rapid rescue from submersion events. Reestablishing ventilation before cardiac arrest nearly assures no long-term neurological sequelae [1, 2]. However, if the drowning victim sustains cardiac arrest, CPR provides the best chance of neurological recovery. Controversy exists over the optimal method for performing CPR. Research suggests that bystander chest compressions alone may be better than rescue breathing combined with chest compressions (standard CPR) for resuscitating patients with sudden cardiac death [3]. These studies excluded drowning victims and others with an asphyxial cause of cardiac arrest. Unlike sudden cardiac death, drowning victims asphyxiate which leads to cardiac arrest, so maximizing oxygenation in addition to perfusion during CPR may improve outcome [4, 5]. Two prospective, population-based cohort studies support performing standard CPR for drowning victims (rescue breathing and chest compressions) [6, 7] and bystanders may play an important role [8]. Thus, it is recommended that drowning victims with no signs of life be provided chest compressions with rescue breathing rather than compression CPR alone.
Numerical Methods: Concepts

This chapter reviews numerical methods involved in numerical analysis. To begin with, numerical analysis is a rapidly growing field with new techniques being developed constantly. The chapter discusses methods that can be used for ordinary differential equations and, sometimes, also partial differential equations. It also discusses methods that can only be used for partial differential equations.
Improved Lennard-Jones Parameters for Accurate Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The outcome of molecular dynamics simulation highly depends on the quality of the force field parameters used. While bonded and electrostatic parameters can be obtained automatically using gas phase quantum mechanical computations, the van der Waals parameters need systematic parameterization against experimental liquid phase data. In most cases, those parameters haven't been significantly refined since the early parameterization of additive force fields and their improvement appears as a mandatory step toward the development of a more accurate model.We collected the density, the heat of vaporization, and the solvation free energies of more than 500 compounds from experimental data. Those molecules were carefully picked to encompass all types of atomic van der Waals parameters for C, H, N, O, S, P, F, Cl and Br which are commonly used to simulate biomolecular systems and for drug design. As a starting point, we used the Lennard-Jones parameters of the General Amber Force Field (GAFF) as well as their bond and angle terms. The electrostatic and dihedral terms where reparameterized using the General Automated Atomic Model Parameterization (GAAMP). We ran liquid and gas phase simulations of the selected compounds to compute the different properties and optimize parameters by using analytical first derivatives of density and heat of vaporization. The solvation free energies will then be used for validation.Significant improvement on the prediction of the different experimental properties could be obtained. Further more, we could determine two additional atom types in order to reproduce experimental data more accurately. The parameters will be made globally accessible through the GAAMP web server and efforts are put into place to extend this approach to the Drude oscillator polarizable force field.
Thinking outside the (Ideas) Box: Education as life-saving aid during protracted refugee situations

Libraries Without Borders is an international nonprofit organization committed to the transformative change education can effect in post-disaster contexts, particularly refugee camps. In 2014, Libr...
Cassandra in the Classroom: Teaching and Moral Madness.

Moral madness is a symptom of the moral violence experienced by teachers who are expected to exercise responsibility for their students and their work, but whose moral voice is misrecognized as self-interest and whose moral agency is suppressed. I conduct a feminist ethical analysis of the figure of Cassandra to examine the ways in which teachers may be driven to moral madness.
An overview of IGCC systems

Abstract The Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is a complex system, which couples technologies of gasification, gas cleanup, and a gas turbine (GT)/steam turbine combined cycle unit together for the generation of electricity in a more efficient, environmentally benign manner than conventional pulverized coal combustion plants. The gasification unit can convert any carbon-based fuel to synthetic or synthesis gas (a mixture of mainly carbon monoxide and hydrogen, commonly referred to as syngas). Sulfur, trace contaminants like mercury, and even carbon dioxide (if a carbon capture option is selected) are removed prior to fuel combustion in the GT. Because these plants operate at high pressures, the removal of these contaminants is much more efficient, and the capital cost is reduced because of the lower volumetric flow rate of only the fuel gas before combustion, as compared to post-combustion cleanup systems where the combusted gases have a much larger flow rate because they are at an ambient pressure and have more gases than just the fuel gas. The carbon monoxide in the syngas can be shifted in the presence of steam to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which can be separated and removed. The clean syngas or hydrogen-rich gas is fed to the combined cycle unit to generate electricity. This combination of technologies allows for greater fuel flexibility, higher thermal efficiency, and lower emissions compared with today’s coal-fired combustion-based power generation technologies. This chapter provides an overall introduction to the key technologies involved in IGCC plants. Considering that none of these new technologies are sustainable, unless they can be shown to be economically competitive, a summary of various economic analyses is presented. Furthermore, cogasification of biomass and coal is introduced as a means to reduce the effective CO2 emissions because the CO2 emitted by biomass is actually carbon-neutral. Finally, the utilization of polygeneration is introduced as a means to create more value-added end products via gasification technology.
Generalized preconditioning and undirected minimum-cost flow

We present a nearly-linear time approximation algorithm for uncapacitated minimum-cost flow in undirected graphs, along with a more general framework for approximately solving problems of the form: find x satisfying Ax = b with minimal norm ||x||, where the norm is generally non-Euclidean. For most of the extensive applications of the latter problem, the exact constraints are essential, so an x satisfying Ax = b with almost-minimal norm is acceptable, while relaxing Ax = b to Ax ≈ b significantly beyond numerical precision is not. On the other hand, existing nearly-linear time solvers for non-Euclidean norms use dual or penalty methods, yielding the opposite notion where ||x|| is minimal while ||b − Ax|| ≤ t−Ω(1) after t iterations. We show that by composing solvers of the latter type, we may obtain solvers of the more-useful former type. Convergence of the composed solvers depends strongly on a generalization of the classical condition number to general norms. Following our framework, the task of the algorithm designer for such problems is reduced to that of designing a generalized preconditioner for A.Applying the framework to uncapacitated minimum-cost flow, we present an algorithm that, given an undirected graph with m edges labelled with costs, and n vertices labelled with demands, takes ϵ−2m1+o(1)-time and outputs a flow routing the demands with total cost at most (1 + ϵ) times larger than minimal, along with a dual solution proving near-optimality. The generalized preconditioner is obtained by embedding the cost metric into l1, and then considering a simple hierarchical routing scheme in l1 where demands initially supported on a dense lattice are pulled from a sparser lattice by randomly rounding unaligned coordinates to their aligned neighbors. Analysis of the generalized condition number for the corresponding preconditioner follows that of the classical multigrid algorithm for lattice Laplacian systems.
Attachment as a Moderating Factor Between Social Support, Physical Health, and Psychological Symptoms:

This study investigated the extent to which perceived social support functioned as a protective factors, and dimensions of insecure attachment (i.e., avoidant and anxious) functioned as risks facto...
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Hematologic Malignancies

Patients with B-cell hematologic malignancies who progress through first- or second-line chemotherapy have a poor prognosis. Early clinical trials with autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have demonstrated promising results for patients who have relapsed or refractory disease. Lymphodepleting conditioning regimens, including cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, pentostatin, bendamustine, interleukin-2, and total body irradiation, are often administered before the infusion of CAR T cells, allowing for greater T-cell expansion. The major toxicity associated with CAR T-cell infusions is cytokine release syndrome (CRS), a potentially life-threatening systemic inflammatory disorder. The quick onset and progression of CRS require rapid detection and intervention to reduce treatment-related mortality. Management with tocilizumab can help ameliorate the symptoms of severe CRS, allowing steroids, which diminish the expansion and persistence of CAR T cells, to be reserved for tocilizumab-refractory patients. Other toxicities of CAR T-cell therapy include neutropenia and/or febrile neutropenia, infection, tumor lysis syndrome, neurotoxicity and nausea/vomiting. A review of patients' medications is imperative to eliminate medications that may contribute to treatment-related toxicities. Studies are ongoing to help optimize patient selection, preparation, safety, and management of individuals receiving CAR T cells. Long-term follow-up will help establish the place of CAR T cells in therapy.
Implementation of clinical effectiveness guidelines for solid organ injury after trauma: 10-year experience at a level 1 pediatric trauma center.

Abstract Background Diagnostic imaging of pediatric blunt abdominal trauma is evolving in light of increased attention to radiation exposure. We hypothesize that the implementation of imaging guidelines has reduced total CT scans without missing clinically significant injury. Methods We retrospectively reviewed blunt trauma patients age 0–17 with solid organ injury who underwent CT scan at our academic level 1 pediatric trauma center between 2005 and 2014. Variables including total annual trauma admissions and CT scans, demographics, injury characteristics, and procedures were recorded. Descriptive statistics, Fisher exact and rank sum testing were performed. p Results Overall percentage of abdominal CT scans decreased significantly after protocol implementation. There were 498 solid organ injuries in 403 subjects. There was a significant decrease in the median percentage of low grade injuries (1.3% versus 0.6%; p=0.019) but no difference in high grade injuries (1.3% versus 1.1%; p=0.394). No patient had death, readmission or delayed diagnosis of injury requiring intervention. Conclusion Implementation of imaging guidelines for blunt abdominal trauma decreased the incidence of low grade solid organ injuries at our institution, but did not inhibit diagnosis and safe management of high grade injuries. Selective imaging of trauma patients decreases childhood radiation exposure and does not result in delayed bleeding or death. Level of evidence Level III, retrospective study.
13C Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Using a Trimeric Gd3+ Complex as an Additive

Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is one of the most successful techniques that resolves the insensitivity problem in liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) by amplifying the signal by several thousand-fold. One way to further improve the DNP signal is the inclusion of trace amounts of lanthanides in DNP samples doped with trityl OX063 free radical as the polarizing agent. In practice, stable monomeric gadolinium complexes such as Gd-DOTA or Gd-HP-DO3A are used as beneficial additives in DNP samples, further boosting the DNP-enhanced solid-state 13C polarization by a factor of 2 or 3. Herein, we report on the use of a trimeric gadolinium complex as a dopant in 13C DNP samples to improve the 13C DNP signals in the solid-state at 3.35 T and 1.2 K and consequently, in the liquid-state at 9.4 T and 298 K after dissolution. Our results have shown that doping the 13C DNP sample with a complex which holds three Gd3+ ions led to an improvement of DNP-enhanced 13C...
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Its Management

A 75-year-old woman notes increasing difficulty with reading and walking down steps in dim light over the past 6 months. During her last comprehensive eye examination 1 year ago, she recalls that she had been diagnosed with early cataracts and also was told she had the beginning signs of macular degeneration. While she was somewhat anxious with this latter diagnosis, her doctor told her to consider taking a dietary supplement. She bought a multivitamin with lutein over the counter as she heard from a friend that people with macular degeneration should take this supplement. She believed that her progressive difficulty with vision was either because her glasses needed changing or her cataracts were worsening, or she was just losing vision with age.
The relationship of early special class placement and the self-concepts of mentally handicapped children.

Ninety-eight mentally handicapped students of junior high school age were grouped according to time of placement in a special class. Self-concept ratings were obtained to evaluate the relationship of time of placement in a special class and self-concept. The relationship of self-concept to CA, MA, and sex was also investigated.
Highly parallel single-cell force cytometry.

Single-cell traction-force measurements performed on fluorescently labelled elastomeric surfaces can probe the physiological and pathological behaviour of thousands of cells in a single experiment.
Hermes: a heterogeneous-aware multi-tiered distributed I/O buffering system

Modern High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems are adding extra layers to the memory and storage hierarchy named deep memory and storage hierarchy (DMSH), to increase I/O performance. New hardware technologies, such as NVMe and SSD, have been introduced in burst buffer installations to reduce the pressure for external storage and boost the burstiness of modern I/O systems. The DMSH has demonstrated its strength and potential in practice. However, each layer of DMSH is an independent heterogeneous system and data movement among more layers is significantly more complex even without considering heterogeneity. How to efficiently utilize the DMSH is a subject of research facing the HPC community. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of Hermes: a new, heterogeneous-aware, multi-tiered, dynamic, and distributed I/O buffering system. Hermes enables, manages, supervises, and, in some sense, extends I/O buffering to fully integrate into the DMSH. We introduce three novel data placement policies to efficiently utilize all layers and we present three novel techniques to perform memory, metadata, and communication management in hierarchical buffering systems. Our evaluation shows that, in addition to automatic data movement through the hierarchy, Hermes can significantly accelerate I/O and outperforms by more than 2x state-of-the-art buffering platforms.
A direct reconstruction technique to retrieve phase in a non-linear curvature wavefront sensor

A new technique for phase retrieval in non-linear Curvature Wavefront Sensors is presented. Unlike the iterative Gerchberg-Saxton technique, this technique retrieves pupil phase in a single step. It starts by calculating the optical transfer function from several images each with its own known aberration. It then solves for the pupil phase by inverting the process of autocorrelation, which, in effect, produced the optical transfer functions.
Fatigue behavior of graphite-epoxy laminates at elevated temperatures

An examination and analysis is presented of the elevated temperature fatigue behavior of multidirectional graphite-epoxy laminates in terms of single lamina behavior. The laminate strength is predicted by considering the cyclic stress field in each lamina, the interlaminar stresses, and the experimentally determined temperature-effect 'shifting factors'. The initial failure of a lamina in a laminate is examined first in terms of stress redistribution, and then in terms of total failure and final laminate fracture; these analytical results are then compared with the actual fatigue behavior of T300/5208 graphite-epoxy composite laminates. In view of the agreement obtained, it is concluded that the temperature 'shifting factors' introduced here enable one to predict long-term behavior at a given temperature from short-time testing at elevated temperatures.