cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lessons Learned in the Decommissioning of the Stardust Spacecraft

The Stardust spacecraft completed its prime mission in 2006, returning samples from the coma of comet Wild 2 to earth in the sample return capsule. Still healthy, and in a heliocentric orbit, the Stardust spacecraft was repurposed for a new mission - Stardust NExT. This new mission would take the veteran spacecraft to a 2011 encounter with comet Tempel 1, providing a new look at the comet visited in 2005 by the Deep Impact mission. This extended mission for Stardust would push it to the limits of its fuel reserves, prompting several studies aimed at determining the actual remaining fuel on board. The results were used to plan mission events within the constraints of this dwindling resource. The team tracked fuel consumption and adjusted the mission plans to stay within the fuel budget. This effort intensified toward the end of the mission, when a final assessment showed even less remaining fuel than previously predicted, triggering a delay in the start of comet imaging during the approach phase. The flyby of comet Tempel 1 produced spectacular up close views of this comet, imaging previously seen areas as well as new territory, and providing clear views of the location of the 2005 impact. The spacecraft was decommissioned about a month after the flyby, revealing that the fuel tank was now empty after having flown successfully for 12 years, returned comet dust samples to earth, and flown by an asteroid and two comets.
Considerations of Specific Pathogen-Free Swine (SPF) in Xenotransplantation

The purpose of this manuscript was to introduce the complexities involved in defining both the appropriate health status and the management programs for SPF swine as they may relate to xenotransplantation. One factor that must always be considered in using swine is that they are considered agricultural animals regardless of their purpose and are regulated as such by municipalities, states, and countries. There are nonflexible regulations related to the interstate transportation of swine and even greater hurdles to international transportation. For example, I tried unsuccessfully for three years to transport a single breeding animal with a congenital heart defect to collaborators in the United Kingdom. Bureaucratic factors on both sides of the Atlantic proved insurmountable because the regulations were formulated for economic and isolation purposes and no exceptions could be granted for research animals. Another factor to be considered is the designation of SPF swine, which in this species has a specific proprietary connotation. If the finalized program for production of swine for xenotransplantation proves to be different from the already established SPF program, then a different designation may have to be used. For example, a term like "xenografic defined flora (XDF)" swine could be used to avoid confusion with the already established registry. If xenotransplantation using swine becomes a reality, then it is important that the parameters used to select such animals be defined in advance. It is unlikely that conventionally reared animals of uncertain health status will be widely accepted because of legal and ethical considerations. Likewise, I do not believe that the use of swine for xenotransplantation will be able to avoid the regulatory measures already in place for laboratory animals. The multidisciplinary approach to the problem initiated by the Institute of Medicine workshop is the most appropriate mechanism for resolving the issues.
Drugs associated with more suicidal ideations are also associated with more suicide attempts.

CONTEXT: In randomized controlled trials (RCTs), some drugs, including CB1 antagonists for obesity treatment, have been shown to cause increased suicidal ideation. A key question is whether drugs that increase or are associated with increased suicidal ideations are also associated with suicidal behavior, or whether drug-induced suicidal ideations are unlinked epiphenomena that do not presage the more troubling and potentially irrevocable outcome of suicidal behavior. This is difficult to determine in RCTs because of the rarity of suicidal attempts and completions. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether drugs associated with more suicidal ideations are also associated with more suicide attempts in large spontaneous adverse event (AE) report databases. METHODOLOGY: Generalized linear models with negative binomial distribution were fitted to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event (AE) Reporting System (AERS) data from 2004 to 2008. A total of 1,404,470 AEs from 832 drugs were analyzed as a function of reports of suicidal ideations; other non-suicidal adverse reactions; drug class; proportion of reports from males; and average age of subject for which AE was filed. Drug was treated as the unit of analysis, thus the statistical models effectively had 832 observations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reported suicide attempts and completed suicides per drug. RESULTS: 832 drugs, ranging from abacavir to zopiclone, were evaluated. The 832 drugs, as primary suspect drugs in a given adverse event, accounted for over 99.9% of recorded AERS. Suicidal ideations had a significant positive association with suicide attempts (p Language: en
A case study of model‐based Bayesian dose response estimation

A Bayesian nonlinear longitudinal Emax model for a binary endpoint was used to characterize the dose-response relationship for a new treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The model includes prespecified parametric functions for the dependence of response on dose level and time. It was selected based on pharmacometric input about likely dose and time trends. The longitudinal model was useful for combining data collected at different doses and times from two different studies. The example illustrates the utility of more substantive parametric models to guide selection of doses outside the initial dosing range when designing an additional phase 2 study and for extrapolating shorter-term phase 2 dose response to longer-term phase 3 studies, as is often required for dosing decisions in drug development for chronic diseases. Comparison of the estimated dose response from the longitudinal model with a corresponding logistic regression model applied at a single time point also demonstrated improved precision. Specification of an informative prior distribution based on numerous sources of prior information is described. This was the most difficult step in the analysis and one that has limited the use of Bayesian methods in similar applications. Model fit was evaluated and the potential impact of some model deficiencies on the dosing decision was assessed. Analyses of the combined studies identified doses likely to achieve a targeted effect in larger and longer confirmatory trials.
The Transcriptional Promoter Regulates Hypermutation of the Antibody Heavy Chain Locus

A somatic process introduces mutations into antibody variable (V) region genes at a high rate in many vertebrates, and is a major source of antibody diversity. The mechanism of this hypermutation process remains enigmatic, although retrospective studies and transgenic experiments have recently suggested a role for transcriptional regulatory elements. Here, we demonstrate that mouse heavy (H) chain loci in which the natural VH promoter has been replaced by a heterologous promoter undergo hypermutation. However, while the distribution of mutation in such loci appears normal, the frequency of mutation does not. Conversely, moving the VH promoter 750 bp upstream of its normal location results in a commensurate change in the site specificity of hypermutation in H chain loci, and the foreign DNA inserted into the VH leader intron to produce this promoter displacement is hypermutated in a manner indistinguishable from natural Ig DNA. These data establish a direct mechanistic link between the IgH transcription and hypermutation processes.
Advanced solderless flexible thermal link

Thermal links play a vital role in the thermal management of space based cryogenically cooled instruments by connecting the cold heat sink with a cooled component. When the heat sink is the cold block or cold tip of a cryocooler, usually mounted on a very fragile tube, the design becomes particularly challenging. It is required that this link be highly flexible, have a low thermal resistance, and a low mass so as to not impose significant inertial loading during the harsh vibration environment of launch. The authors have developed a simple technique for constructing solderless links to meet such stringent thermal, flexibility, durability, and mass constraints.
The influence of pore fluids and frequency on apparent effective stress behavior of seismic velocities

Although poroelastic theory predicts that the effective stress coefficient equals unity for elastic moduli in monomineralic rocks, some rock elastic wave velocities measured at ultrasonic frequencies have effective stress coefficients less than one. Laboratory effective stress behavior for P-waves is often different than S-waves. Furthermore, laboratory ultrasonic velocities almost always reflect high-frequency artifacts associated with pore fluids, including an increase in velocities and flattening of velocity-versus-pressure curves. We have investigated the impact of pore fluids and frequency on the observed effective stress coefficient for elastic wave velocities by developing a model that calculates pore-fluid effects on velocity, including high-frequency squirt dispersion, and we have compared the model's predictions with laboratory data. We modeled a rock frame with penny-shaped cracks for three situations: vacuum dry, saturated with helium, and saturated with brine. Even if the frame modulus depends only on the differential stress, the saturated-rock effective stress coefficient is predicted to be significantly less than one at ultrasonic frequencies because of two effects: an increase in the fluid bulk modulus with increasing pressure and the contribution of high-frequency squirt dispersion. The latter effect is most significant in soft fluids (helium in this experiment) in which the fluid-bulk modulus is less than or comparable to the thin-crack pore stiffness.
A Comparison Study on the Densification Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Gelcast Versus Conventionally Formed B4C Sintered Conventionally and by Microwaves

The utilization of microwave energy for reaching high temperatures necessary to densify B{sub 4}C powder is compared with conventional means of sintering by evaluating the mechanical properties after densification. Microwave energy has been shown to be an effective means for achieving high sintered densities, even though temperatures of {approximately} 2,250 C are required. In this study, green preforms of B{sub 4}C specimens were sintered by both conventional and microwave heating. This study also utilized an advanced forming method called ``Gelcasting`` developed at ORNL. Gelcasting is a fluid forming process whereby high solids suspensions of powders containing dissolved monomers are cast into a mold, then polymerized or ``gelled`` in situ. This investigation compares microstructures and mechanical properties of both Gelcast B{sub 4}C and ``conventionally`` die-pressed B{sub 4}C. The microstructures and final mechanical properties of B{sub 4}C specimens are discussed.
International Productivity Differences, Infrastructure, and Comparative Advantage*

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the effect of infrastructure provision on industry-level productivity and international specialization, as suggested by Clarida and Findlay’s (1992) model. We calculate total factor productivity (TFP) for 18 developed and developing countries and 10 manufacturing industries, and study the effects of supplies of roads, telecommunications and electric power on international variations in sectoral TFP, i.e. comparative advantage. We also examine the effects of infrastructure on the sectoral composition of output across countries. Using a three-stage least-squares estimation strategy to control for endogeneity of infrastructure provision, we find that infrastructure, especially roads, helps to explain patterns of comparative advantage and international specialization.
A force gauge for measurement of longitudinal stresses in a blood vessel in situ

Abstract A force gauge designed to measure longitudinal stress in a blood vessel in situ was tested for frequency response, force-displacement coefficient, hysteresis, linearity, and stability of calibration and baseline. These performance characteristics were found to be adequate. Typical results from a dog experiment were used to illustrate the application of the gauge under physiological conditions.
Fisheries Sustainability via Protection of Age Structure and Spatial Distribution of Fish Populations

Abstract Numerous groundfish stocks in both the Atlantic and Pacific are considered overfished, resulting in large-scale fishery closures. Fishing, in addition to simply removing biomass, also truncates the age and size structure of fish populations and often results in localized depletions. We summarize recent research suggesting that an old-growth age structure, combined with a broad spatial distribution of spawning and recruitment, is at least as important as spawning biomass in maintaining long-term sustainable population levels. In particular, there is evidence that older, larger female rockfishes produce larvae that withstand starvation longer and grow faster than the offspring of younger fish, that stocks may actually consist of several reproductively isolated units, and that recruitment may come from only a small and different fraction of the spawning population each year. None of these phenomena is accounted for in current management programs. We examine alternative management measures that addre...
Overview analysis of adjuvant therapies for melanoma--a special reference to results from vaccinia melanoma oncolysate adjuvant therapy trials

A phase III, randomized, double-blind, multi-institutional vaccinia melanoma oncolysate (VMO) trial was performed for patients with stage III (AJCC) melanoma. When compared with the control vaccinia virus (V) therapy, VMO therapy did not show clinical efficacy in the final analysis of data from this trial. However, the data did allude to significant therapeutic efficacy with VMO therapy if it had been compared with an observation arm. Therefore, a comparative overview statistical analysis was performed to identify the therapeutic efficacy of VMO. This review compares VMO results with data from the treatment and observation arms of other prominent randomized anti-melanoma biologic trials (i.e., ECOG EST 1684; SWOG, IFN-gamma (J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87 (1995) 1710); WHO IFN-alfa-2a (ASCO 14 (1995) 410); Mayo IFN-alfa-2a (J. Clin. Oncol. 13 (1995) 2776); French IFN-alfa-2a (ASCO 15 (1996) 437). The analysis was carried out comparing the disease-free interval (DFI) and overall survival (OS). The analysis shows that the VMO results are fairly comparable to the results of the treatment arms from the ECOG and Mayo trials at the 5-year mark; percent DFI 0.37, 0.37, and 0.4, percent OS 0.48, 0.46, 0.47, respectively. In some cases, VMO DFI is superior to the observation arms from other studies; ECOG, Mayo, and WHO; 0.37 versus 0.26, 0.3, 0.27 (4 years), respectively. These comparative results suggest that the vaccinia arm is not a true observation arm in the VMO trial, and the VMO could have shown an enhanced efficacy had the trial included a no-treatment observation control arm.
Psychoendocrine Responses of Mother and Infant Monkeys to Disturbance and Separation

In mammalian and avian species, it is essential that the young maintain at least periodic contact with their mother in order to obtain nurturance and warmth. This contact is ensured through the development of emotional dependency or attachment, as well as by the complementary distress reaction that occurs following sudden or forced separation of mother and infant. During the last several years, our laboratory has investigated this response as a way of evaluating how mother and infant primates cope with stressful situations. This research not only has generated new information on the nature of attachment processes in nonhuman primates but has also provided a unique way of determining how young organisms cope with stress. In addition to demonstrating that social relationships are important in the mediation of stress and coping, we have found that the concepts developed in the stress literature have a surprising degree of applicability to an understanding of the dynamics of mother-infant relationships.
Ethnic Variations in the Connection Between Work-Induced Family Separation and Turnover Intent

Using conservation of resources theory, this study examines the role of resources in the relationship between work-induced family separation and workers’ intentions to leave their employment and how these relationships vary across ethnic groups. Analyses of a large representative sample of military members reveal that family separation is significantly related to intent to leave the military and that this relationship is partially mediated by resources for all ethnic groups. Work- and family-related resources are the most strongly related to both separation and turnover for all ethnic groups, but significant ethnic variations are found for most paths in the model. Results are discussed in terms of applications inside and outside the military and potential implications for conservation of resources theory.
Multiscreen backpropagator for fast 3D elastic prestack migration

Due the huge amount of computation and internal memory required, wave backpropagation becomes the bottleneck of prestack migration or other 3D imaging/inversion procedures. We propose to use the multi-screen backpropagator for 3D prestack migration in laterally inhomogeneous background (depth migration). Multi-screen (phase-screen for scalar waves, elastic complex-screen for elastic waves) backpropagator shuttles between space-domain and wavenumber-domain using FFT and therefore avoids the time-demanding matrix multiplication. The time saving is tremendous for large-size elastic wave problems. Because it needs to store the medium parameters only one grid-plane for each step, the enormous computer memory saving makes it capable of handling large 3D problem prohibitive to other methods. The method of elastic complex screen (ECS) is a one-way propagation algorithm by neglecting the backscattered waves. However, all the forward multiple-scattering effect, such as the focusing/defocusing, diffraction, interference, wave conversion between P and S, interface waves, guided waves, etc., can be correctly handled. In this paper first the Love integral and Love migration integral are introduced. The formulation of elastic complex-screen as elastic wave one-way propagator is summarized. Numerical tests and comparisons with other full-wave methods (elastic wave finite difference and eigenfunction expansion method) are presented to show the validity of the propagator. Finally, two numerical examples of single-shot prestack migration using the ECS backpropagator, one for homogeneous background and the other for inhomogeneous background, are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Problems and Promises of Meta-Analysis in Special Education

The paper discusses problems resulting from the substitution of meta-analysis for qualitative reviewing of special education research, employing Cooper's (1982) framework for assessing integrative research reviews and using illustrations from research on class placement and mainstreaming. The pressure to maximize the number of observations in a meta-analysis may lead to the inclusion of inappropriate subject, treatment, and measurement categories. Meta-analysts often fail to meet the criteria for the inferential tests they apply. They also tend to underplay methodological problems common to a body of research. Meta-analysts could make more useful contributions if they were more thoughtful about both the methodology and substance of special education rather than tending toward blind empiricism. The greatest promise of meta-analysis is to encourage numerous small-scale studies which can then be quantitatively integrated. The development of meta-analytic techniques for qualitative research is another promisi...
COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND SIMULATED MOTION OF A CONTROLLABLE PARAFOIL AND PAYLOAD SYSTEM

For parafoil and payload aircraft, control is affected by changing the length of several rigging lines connected to the outboard side and rear of the parafoil leading to complex changes in the shape and orientation of the lifting surface. Flight mechanics of parafoil and payload aircraft most often employ a 6 or 9 DOF representation with the canopy modeled as a rigid body during flight. The effect of control inputs is idealized by the deflection of parafoil brakes on the left and right side of the parafoil. Using a small parafoil and payload aircraft, glide rates and turn performance were measured and compared against a 9 DOF simulation model. This work shows that to properly capture control response of parafoil and payload aircraft, tilt of the parafoil canopy must be accounted for along with left and right parafoil brake deflection. NOMENCLATURE z y p , , : Components of angular velocity of payload in payload reference frame ) (b . p p p r q p , , : Components of angular velocity of parafoil in parafoil reference frame ) ( p . p b m m , : Mass of payload and parafoil. zc yc xc F
Understanding Quantitative Research in Counseling Psychology An Elusive Endeavor in an Increasingly Diverse Discipline

This reaction to the three core contributions in the Scientific Forum of the May 2005 issue of The Counseling Psychologist discusses the strengths of each article, the significance of the findings to the field of counseling psychology, the methodological limitations, and the future direction and implications for teaching, research, and practice.
POPULATION-SPECIFIC DEMOGRAPHIC ESTIMATES PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO DECLINES OF LARK BUNTINGS (CALAMOSPIZA MELANOCORYS)

Abstract Many North American prairie bird populations have recently declined, and the causes of these declines remain largely unknown. To determine whether population limitation occurs during breeding, we evaluated the stability of a population of prairie birds using population-specific values for fecundity and postfledging survival. During 2001-2003, we radiomarked 67 female Lark Buntings (Calamospiza melanocorys) to determine annual fecundity and evaluate contributing factors such as nest survival and breeding response (number of breeding attempts and dispersal). Collectively, 67 females built 112 nests (1.67 ± 0.07 nests female−1 season−1; range: 1–3); 34 were second nests and 11 were third nests. Daily nest survival estimates were similar for initial and later nests with overall nest survival (DSR19) of 30.7% and 31.7%, respectively. Nest predation was the most common cause of failure (92%). Capture and radiomarking of females did not affect nest survival. Lark Bunting dispersal probabilities increase...
Simulation Methods for Modeling Amorphous Polymers

During recent years, computer simulation has developed as a powerful research tool to study polymer materials properties. Simulation provides a molecular-level description of the amorphous material, necessary to understand its structure and to formulate the mechanisms of material behavior. Molecular simulation of bulk polymers has become a reality and has been applied to study properties important to polymer applications, such as glass transition temperature, small molecule sorption and diffusion, plastic and elastic deformation, and molecular mobility mechanisms. Methods designed to simulate the amorphous polymers structure are discussed in the following review.
The Stanley Milgram Papers: A Case Study on Appraisal of and Access to Confidential Data Files

Decisions regarding the appraisal of confidential records, as well as the establishment of access policies for researchers, are difficult questions that archives must occasionally confront. In such situations, it is necessary to balance the confidentiality and privacy rights of the subjects of the records with the needs of serious researchers. This case study describes one institution's attempt to appraise the confidential data files from a landmark experiment in social psychology. The article further considers ways to protect the privacy of the experiment's subjects while still making the information in the data files available for research.
Trauma: Contemporary Directions in Theory, Practice, and Research, by Shoshana Ringel and Jerrold R. Brandel (Eds.)

In this age of cataclysmic political and social events, the concern about the impact of traumatic experience on our clients and our selves continues to dominate the clinical arena. We, therefore, o...
Classification of Irrigable Lands

Land classification as conducted in the Bureau of Reclamation is on the basis of utility for irrigation farming. Three main types are made which are similar in main essentials but differ in detail ...
Eligibility for PCSK9 treatment in 734 Hypercholesterolemic patients referred to a regional cholesterol treatment center with LDL cholesterol ≥70 mg/dl despite maximal tolerated cholesterol lowering therapy

Background LDL cholesterol (LDLC) lowering has been revolutionized by PCSK9 inhibitors, Alirocumab (Praluent) and Evolocumab (Repatha), approved as adjuncts to maximally tolerated cholesterol lowering therapy in heterozygous (HeFH) or homozygous (HoFH) familial hypercholesterolemia, and/or clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) where LDLC lowering is insufficient.
A Structural-Acoustic Finite Element Method for Predicting Automobile Vehicle Interior Road Noise

A structural-acoustic finite element model of an automotive vehicle is developed and experimentally evaluated for predicting the structural-borne interior noise in the passenger compartment when the vehicle travels over a randomly rough road at a constant speed. The structural-acoustic model couples a structural finite element model of the vehicle with an acoustic finite element model of the passenger compartment. Measured random road profile data provides the prescribed power spectral density excitation applied at the tire-patch contact points to predict the structural-borne interior road noise. Comparisons of the predicted and measured interior noise for laboratory shaker excitation, tire patch excitation, and vehicle travel over a randomly rough road are used to assess the accuracy of the model.Copyright © 2009 by General Motors
Wavefield Tomography Using RTM Backscattering

Reverse time migration (RTM) backscattering contains kinematic information that can be used to constrain velocity models. The backscattering results from the correlation between forward and back propagated wavefields originating at sharp interfaces, e.g. sediment-salt interfaces. The synchronization between these wavefields depends on the sediment velocity section and on the correct interpretation of the sharp boundary. Therefore, we can use backscattering events along with reflection and diving waves to define a joint optimization problem for velocity model building. The gradient required for model optimization suffers from cross-talk, similar to the more conventional RTM images. In order to avoid the cross-talk, we use a directional filter based on Poynting vectors which preserves the components of the wavefield traveling in the same direction. Using backscattered waves for constraining the velocity in the sediment section requires defining the top of salt in advance, which implies a dynamic workflow for model building in salt environments where both sediment velocity and salt interface change iteratively during inversion.
Using Medicaid Claims and Dosing Guidelines to Assess the Prescribing and Outcomes of Conventional Antipsychotics

Background: While newer atypical antipsychotics are considered the treatment of choice for schizophrenia, it is important to study dosing guidelines for conventional antipsychotics as they continue to be used alone or in combination with newer agents for patients who are refractory to treatment with newer agents. Few studies have used Medicaid claims for this purpose, even though they provide a readily available and objective means of assessing dosing in relation to guidelines and outcomes of prescribing. Objective: To examine a new multi-method approach for studying dosing guidelines and outcomes of prescribing in Medicaid recipients receiving conventional antipsychotics. Methods: Data were collected from medical records, Medicaid prescription and hospital claims, and case managers in 8 county-based delivery systems in Wisconsin during a 12-month period in 1989-1990 as a part of a larger naturalistic study. Eligible patients had a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia, a prescription for oral antipsychotics, and no hospitalizations during baseline (first quarter). Results: Of 159 patients, 46.5%, 32.1%, and 21.4% had baseline antipsychotic doses below, above, and within the guidelines, respectively. Patients dosed above the guidelines were 4 times more likely to be hospitalized after baseline (p < 0.05) than those within the guidelines after controlling for adherence, baseline functioning, and past hospitalizations. Further analysis showed that the high-dose/hospitalization relationship was mediated or explained in part by adverse effects. Conclusions: The use of Medicaid claims revealed a substantial amount of prescribing outside of guidelines and an increased risk of hospitalization during the study period. Future trials are needed to compare this methodologic approach with other approaches and to determine whether current dosing patterns and outcomes have changed.
Hostage Rescue Surgery

In the early morning hours of 1 April, 2003, a combined force of US Marines, Army Rangers, Navy SEALS, and Special Operations aviation assets conducted a daring rescue of Private Jessica Lynch from Saddam Hospital in Nasiriyah, Iraq. The first successful rescue of a female POW demanded a special set of medical preparations. Suffering from multiple injuries, possible psychological and/or sexual abuse, disorientation including geographic and social isolation presented challenges to the health care providers charged with her repatriation. Unfortunately, the increase in kidnapping whether by terrorist networks, drug cartels, or piracy clans shows no sign of diminishing. Aid workers, relief organizations, leisure sailors, or travelers have, all too often, represented the soft targets for these outfits. Most events occur in remote locations with sparse or nonexistent medical support structure offering little in the way of complex multidisciplinary surgical expertise.
Observation and Analysis on Humidity Deformation in Hydraulic Thin-walled Structures

The humidity,as a kind of volumetric force and long-term load,may have certain influences on some thin-walled structures such as face plates of faced rockfill dams.It should be highlighted and assessed.According to long-term monitoring data of four projects,it is demonstrated that the humidity deformation of hydraulic structures can be measured and studied by use of non-stress meters under some conditions.
King Ludd Sets Up Shop in the Zone: Narrator as Trickster in Gravity's Rainbow

We have in Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow a narrator who would embrace, who would delight in the double-entendre Nietzsche's translator constructs for the word lieth. By gratuitously and a-contextually transporting the fundamental ambiguity of this pun to Pynchon's Zone, we make available certain insights into not only the anatomy, but also the affective presence of Pynchon's work, that is, its capacity to act upon itself, to influence the world it describes. At the very least, I propose here one possible itinerary, a segment of an Autobahn that "lieth" as a route through a work of highly complex and shifting meaning.
The Gram-Stained Smear and Its Interpretation

This classic technique deserves wider application than in the laboratory identification of cultured organisms for which it is now most often used. In particular, direct staining of clinical specimens and examination of the slides by the physician is urged as an invaluable shortcut to early clinical decisions, including those for specific additional studies. Guidelines are given for doing the stain as well as a “portfolio” of its results.
Dynamic Data Warehousing

Data warehouses and on-line analytical processing (OLAP) tools have become essential elements of decision support systems. Traditionally, data warehouses are refreshed periodically (for example, nightly) by extracting, transforming, cleaning and consolidating data from several operational data sources. The data in the warehouse is then used to periodically generate reports, or to rebuild multidimensional (data cube) views of the data for on-line querying and analysis. Increasingly, however, we are seeing business intelligence applications in telecommunications, electronic commerce, and other industries, that are characterized by very high data volumes and data flow rates, and that require continuous analysis and mining of the data. For such applications, rather different data warehousing and on-line analysis architectures are required. In this paper, we first motivate the need for a new architecture by summarizing the requirements of these applications. Then, we describe a few approaches that are being developed, including virtual data warehouses or enterprise portals that support access through views or links directly to the operational data sources. We discuss the relative merits of these approaches. We then focus on a dynamic data warehousing and OLAP architecture that we have developed and prototyped at HP Labs. In this architecture, data flows continuously into a data warehouse, and is staged into one or more OLAP tools that are used as computation engines to continuously and incrementally build summary data cubes, which might then be stored back in the data warehouse. Analysis and data mining functions are performed continuously and incrementally over these summary cubes. Retirement policies define when to discard data from the warehouse (i.e., move data from the warehouse into off-line archival storage). Data at different levels of aggregation may have different life spans depending on how they are to be used for downstream analysis and data mining. The key features of the architecture are the following: incremental data reduction using OLAP engines to generate summaries and enable data mining; staging large volumes and flow rates of data with different life spans at different levels of aggregation; and scheduling operations on data depending on the type of processing to be performed and the age of the data.
PERMutation Using Transposase Engineering (PERMUTE): A Simple Approach for Constructing Circularly Permuted Protein Libraries.

Abstract Rearrangements that alter the order of a protein's sequence are used in the lab to study protein folding, improve activity, and build molecular switches. One of the simplest ways to rearrange a protein sequence is through random circular permutation, where native protein termini are linked together and new termini are created elsewhere through random backbone fission. Transposase mutagenesis has emerged as a simple way to generate libraries encoding different circularly permuted variants of proteins. With this approach, a synthetic transposon (called a permuteposon) is randomly inserted throughout a circularized gene to generate vectors that express different permuted variants of a protein. In this chapter, we outline the protocol for constructing combinatorial libraries of circularly permuted proteins using transposase mutagenesis, and we describe the different permuteposons that have been developed to facilitate library construction.
Automatic HAL generation for embedded multiprocessor systems

Automated hardware design flows considerably speed up the development of embedded systems and are a useful asset during architecture exploration phase. However, any existing software has to be adapted for every new system. In this work we will demonstrate, how a Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) for device addresses and properties can be automatically generated from a formal system description while providing sufficient abstraction from hardware details. Comparison to earlier projects show that this saves between 40--50 person-weeks of work per IP. Necessary device specific information is stored using a novel approach that allows the compiler to remove unused data. We will show with a real imaging application that this can reduce the amount of memory used by the HAL from ≈ 9.5% to ≈ 5.1% of the available scratchpad memory. It will also be shown that the overhead of this HAL only depends on the level of abstraction that is used by the application and that performance and memory usage will equal a hard-coded solution in the case that an application uses compile-time constant device identifiers.
Image Reconstruction for a Radiation Field Mapping Device

A proof-of-principle device for producing isodose maps of the radiation field due to an arbitrary gamma-ray source distribution has been constructed. Borrowing methodology from medical computerized tomography imagining radiation fields are scanned with a pair of collimated ionization chambers by a series of rotations and translations. Experimental considerations limit each scan to two carriage positions, resulting in highly distorted maps. By modeling the map distortion as the result of a linear, space invariant degrading function, an inverse filter was used to remove the distortion. Application of the inverse filter has proved fruitful, and high-quality accurate maps have been produced.
Frequency of Molecular and PET/CT Complete Remissions in Patients with Multiple Myeloma after Autologous Followed by Reduced-Intensity Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplants.

Despite recent advances multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable hemat ologic malignancy with a median survival of about 4 years. Autologous stem cell transplant (SCT) followed by reduced-intensity allogeneic SCT (tandem auto-allo) is a promising new approach designed to combine maximal tumor reduction and graft-versus-myeloma effect. The definition of complete response (CR) after tandem auto-allo is based on conventional serologic, radiologic, and pathologic parameters (Blade criteria). Because more sensitive molecular and radionuclear techniques are available, we evaluated the predictive value of these techniques after tandem auto-allo. Our hypothesis is that minimal residual disease (MRD) after tandem auto-allo likely predicts relapse and that, if identified early, patients with MRD may be candidates for novel salvage therapies. We employed patient-specific clonal Ig gene polymerase chain reactions using marrow and blood cells, and whole-body positron-emission tomography/CT scans (PET/CT) to assess patients after tandem auto-allo. PCR detects and estimates molecular MRD. PET/CT may detect occult medullary and extramedullary (soft tissue) disease. In patients achieving CR by the Blade criteria, we determined the frequency with which PCR and PET/CT findings were concordant. We have treated 10 patients with MM, 8 men and 2 women, with tandem auto-allo. Median age was 50.5 years (range, 37–58). There was no peri-transplant mortality, but 3 patients have died of progressive disease at 278, 398, and 402 days post-allo. Seven patients are alive at a median of 337 days (101–1187) post-allo, one with persistent myeloma and one awaiting evaluation. The remaining 5 patients are in CR by standard criteria (immunofixation negative). Their current status is shown below. In sum, 2/5 have negative PCR and PET/CT findings; 1/5 has negative PCR and equivocal PET/CT findings; and 2/5 have positive PCR, one with positive PET/CT findings. Of note, all had negative PCR results using peripheral blood cells. The equivocal PET/CT showed low-level uptake in areas of prior myeloma in the pelvis. The positive PET/CT showed increased uptake in cervical and portacaval lymph nodes, but whether these findings represent occult myeloma is unclear. Overall, based on intention-to-treat in this small series, the frequency of CR with concordant PCR and PET findings is in the 20% to 30% range; and the frequency with which patients may become candidates for novel early salvage regimens is similar. A systematic approach using these methods after tandem auto-allo clearly merits further investigation.
Irrigation Waters as a Source of Pathogenic Microorganisms in Produce: A Review

There is increasing evidence that consumption of raw fresh produce is a major factor contributing to human gastrointestinal illness. A wide variety of pathogens contribute to foodborne illnesses, including bacteria (e.g., Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli), protozoa (e.g., Cryptosporidium, Giardia), and viruses (e.g., noroviruses). Large-scale production of produce typically requires some form of irrigation during the growing season. There is a rapidly growing body of research documenting and elucidating the pathways of produce contamination by waterborne pathogens. However, many gaps still exist in our knowledge and understanding. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive approach to the issue, including the most recent research. Topics covered include temporal and spatial variabilities, and regional differences, in pathogen and indicator organism concentrations in water; direct and circumstantial evidence for contaminated water as a source of foodborne pathogens; fate and transport of pathogens and indicator organisms in irrigation systems, and the role of environmental microbial reservoirs; and current standards for irrigation water quality and risk assessment. A concerted effort by researchers and practitioners is needed to maintain food safety of fresh produce in an increasingly intensive food production system and limited and declining irrigation water resources.
EBV-Associated Follicular Dendritic Cell Tumor of the Spleen.

Abstract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) expressing follicular dendritic cell proliferations in the spleen is an extremely rare but distinct variant of follicular dendritic cell tumor (FDCT). This neoplasm typically presents as an intra-abdominal mass with a predilection to involve spleen or liver with histologic features reminiscent of inflammatory pseudotumor (IP). However, in contrast to IP, this distinct FDCT consistently is associated with EBV. A subset of splenic tumors previously reported as examples of IP or inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor represent EBV-associated FDCT retrospectively. Despite morphologic similarity with IP, at least focal proliferation of follicular dendritic cells can often be demonstrated using follicular dendritic cell markers. Based on the limited published cases (Cheuk W, et al: Am J Surg Pathol , 2001; 25:721–731), these proliferations can recur and/or metastasize but in contrast to classical intra-abdominal FDCT, their clinical behavior remains indolent. We report a case of 37-year-old gentleman who presented with a four month history of left-sided abdominal and flank pain, 8 lbs weight loss over a month, and on and off night sweats during the past two years. Initial blood tests including a CBC, LDH, electrolytes, renal and liver function were all within normal limits. CT scan of abdomen and pelvis revealed a 5.5 cm in diameter solitary splenic mass with cystic and solid components (Figure 1). There was no intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Hepatitis panel, EBV DNA PCR and also HIV serology were all negative. The patient underwent splenectomy due to clinical impression of a lymphoproliferative disorder. Pathology: The spleen weighed 237 grams and contained a solitary, 6 cm in greatest dimension, well circumscribed tumor. Histologically, the tumor was composed of a mixed population of small lymphocytes, histiocytes, plasma cells, and variable numbers of large oval to spindle cells. The spindle cells in some foci exhibited a storiform growth pattern. Neither overt cytologic atypia nor significant increased mitotic activity was present. Flow cytometric analysis revealed no monoclonal B-cell population or abnormal T-cell proliferation. Cytogenetic analysis revealed normal 46,XY karyotype in 20 metaphases. By paraffin immunohistochemistry, the spindled cells were positive for follicular dendritic cell markers CD21, CD35 and CD23. In situ hybridization using EBV RNA (EBER) probes revealed abundant EBV RNA transcripts in the nuclei of spindled and large oval cells (Figure 2). The spindle cells were negative for S-100 and ALK protein. The systemic symptoms resolved following splenectomy with no additional treatment. Six months after splenectomy, the patient remains asymptomatic and disease free at last clinical follow up. Download : Download high-res image (187KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure Download : Download high-res image (282KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure
Decision-making skills of emerging adults aging out of foster care

Abstract This study examines the decision-making skills of emerging adults that have aged out of foster care and transitioned to independent life. Emerging adults face a wide variety of life-direction determining decisions and those aging out of foster care experience even more significant transitional issues. Youth aging out of foster care may lack the requisite decision-making competencies for coping with these challenges. This study compares the decision-making skills of foster care alumni to a group of similar individuals who were not involved in the child welfare system. Using a validated quantitative survey instrument, 29 foster care alumni and 29 demographically similar non-fostered participants described their general decision-making skills and elaborated on their personal experiences of reaching the age of majority. Statistical analyses of group differences indicate foster alumni score lower on overall decision-making skills and the decision-making process. In anecdotal comments, foster alumni tended to focus on their experience of leaving the foster system, while the non-fostered population elaborated on what it was like to become a legal adult. This study suggests that youth aging out of the foster care system may need support with the aspects of decision-making relating to the generation of alternatives and inferential reasoning about decision consequences as one way to augment and improve the transitional services designed to prepare foster youth for independent life.
Bypassing transients of pre-insertion resistor during energization of MMC-HVDC stations

In a modular multilevel converter (MMC) station, a circuit breaker (CB) with a pre-insertion resistor (PIR) is required to be installed to suppress the inrush current due to the saturation of the converter transformer during the energization of the MMC station. The insertion time of the PIR depends on the specific design of the MMC-HVDC projects, usually in the order of seconds. When the PIR is bypassed from the energization circuit, the resulting switching transients can lead the converter transformer to be saturated. The caused high inrush currents are able to endanger the MMC station and reduce the transformer life-cycle. In order to understand the corresponding transients and perform the simulation study, this paper presents a test model, including a MMC station, a HVDC feeder and an external network. Two cases with different bypassing strategies are simulated in this paper to identify an appropriate bypassing time.