cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Highly accurate modeling by using 2-dimensional calibration data set for model-based OPC verification

As the k1 factor and minimum feature sizes decrease, the use of optical proximity correction (OPC) is increasing and is getting more complex. The complexity increases the possibility of correction errors like improper placement of edges in the OPC output data such that the printed results will deviate from target design. In this paper we will describe new modeling method by using 2-dimensional test structures for model based verification of post OPC data. Recently, most of the semiconductor companies implement a system for model based verification (MBV) for post OPC data into a manufacturing data flow. In case of model based verification, the most important thing is the accuracy of model which is used to detect the potential hot spot and critical errors like pinching-bridging errors and CD variation. For good model accuracy, process change has to be feedback to the model generation step by injecting real wafer information. Therefore, optimization process of 2-dimensional data set is needed. We proposed new modeling method by using optimization process of calibration data set which consists of 2-dimensional structures. Also, we present results of MBV and discuss about constraints and considerations of model based verification.
Sorting the Wheat from the Chaff: What Makes for Good Evidence of Effectiveness in the Literature in Gifted Education?.

To provide an overview of the specific components that must be considered when making decisions about research in the field of gifted education, the authors describe and evaluate the three types of evidence— speculative or anecdotal, theoretical, and empirical—commonly offered in the literature of the field. Empirical, or evidence-based, research can be quantitative or qualitative (or mixed methods); it also can be interventional or non- interventional. An explanation and example of each type of empirical evidence are provided, along with key guide- lines for reviewing and judging each one. Next, the authors offer general considerations for evaluating specific components of research, regardless of the type of study (e.g., source of evidence, research design, research questions, effect size, sample, instrumentation). Considerations for judging meta-analyses are also offered. Putting the Research to Use: As educators in the field strive to make appropriate research-based decisions about the practices of identification, curriculum development, instruction, grouping, and counseling of gifted students, they are inundated with advice in the published literature that ranges from "arm-chair best thinking" about a given area of concern to hard-to-decipher, complex research tomes. Further, these resources often present conflicting directions. In this article we have attempted to provide a basic guide to examining and evaluating the array of pub- lications that are available on a given topic so that teachers, administrators, and counselors can, in fact, make informed decisions about best practice.
Mixed monolayers of cholesterol and hexadecyl—trimethylammonium bromide

Abstract Cholesterol monolayers were spread over solutions of hexadecyl—trimethylammonium bromide (HDTAB) with extensive precautions to avoid contamination. The force-area curves for the cholesterol-HDTAB monolayers were not dependent upon the HDTAB concentration. The primary effects of the HDTAB were to make the cholesterol monolayers more gaseous, and to increase the area per cholesterol molecule from 40 A2 to 70 A2 at the collapse point. The stabilizing effect of HDTAB on cholesterol black lipid membranes is discussed. The kinetics of diffusion of HDTAB from monolayers to bulk was observed to obey first order approach toward equilibrium.
1190 CARDIOPULMONARY CONSEQUENCES OF POSITIVE END-EXPIRATORY PRESSURE (PEEP)

Cardiopulmonary adaptation to PEEP was studied in 7 normal spontaneously breathing dogs during stepwise increase of PEEP to 3,6,9,12 and 15 cm H2O. Each pressure was sustained for 20 mins during which time a steady state was achieved. [To obviate protocol bias pressure changes were also made at random. The response to reduction of PEEP was also monitored, as was a control group kept at 1.0 cm H2O PEEP]. Increasing levels of PEEP produced [1] no change of tidal volume and inspiratory time; [2] a progressive fall of respiratory rate and minute volume; [3] progressive decrease of passive expiratory flow; and [4] generation of active expiration which became pre-inspiratory at the highest pressures. These responses occurred immediately and thus may be reflex in nature. As PEEP was increased, functional residual capacity (FRC) increased, specific pulmonary compliance fell, and progressively less of the applied airway pressure was transmitted to an esophageal balloon used for estimating pleural pressure. Whereas right atrial and pulmonary arterial pressures increased with increasing PEEP, cardiac output was not altered when compared with the control group. Thus PEEP may induce reflex changes in respiratory rhythm, as well as mechanical changes related to FRC and compliance. The former tend to compromize alveolar ventilation and work of breathing. The latter affect both ventilatory work and cardiovascular performance. (Supported by the NHLBI, NIH grant numbers HL 16137 and HL 07060).
Protein nanopore-gated bio-transistor for membrane ionic current recording

Although naturally occurring biological nanopores have shortcomings such as a relatively weak structural durability and a limited life-time, they are still intriguing candidates for nanobiosensing applications due to their sensitivity and specificity to analytes as well as various choices of ion channels depending on functionalities. In order to overcome limitations of biological nanopores, man-made solid-state nanopores have been explored. The fabricated solid-state nanopore is structurally durable and suitable for nanofabrication process yet it is still challenging to construct and a low throughput process, and lacks the chemical specificity of natural ion channels[1]. Can bionanotechnology be applied to improve this situation? Recent work has shown that nanomaterials (nanotubes, nanowires) can be gated by electrolyte, and even coated with lipid bilayers allowing charges of either the bilayer themselves[2]. These reports focus on time average changes in source/drain current due to gating by charges near the nanowire/nanotube. Thus, to date, no nanowire/nanotube device has been able to measure the time-dependent single ion channel recording.
Transsynaptic activity-dependent regulation of axon branching and neurotrophin expression in vivo.

The two major classes of activity-dependent neuroplasticity predict different consequences of activity alteration on circuit response. Hebbian plasticity (positive feedback) posits that alteration of neuronal activity causes a parallel response within a circuit. In contrast, homeostatic plasticity (negative feedback) predicts that altering neuronal activity results in compensatory responses within a circuit. The relative roles of these modes of plasticity in vivo are unclear, since neuronal circuits are difficult to manipulate in the intact organism. In this study, we tested the in vivo effects of activity deprivation in the superior cervical ganglion–pineal circuit of adult rats, which can be noninvasively silenced by exposing animals to constant light. We demonstrated that total deprivation of sympathetic activity markedly decreased the presence of axonal proteins in the pineal and reduced the density and thickness of sympathetic axonal arbors. In addition, we demonstrated that sympathetic inactivity eliminated pineal function and markedly decreased pineal expression of neurotrophins. Administration of β-adrenergic agonist restored the expression of presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins. Furthermore, compensatory axonal growth through collateral sprouting, normally seen following unilateral denervation of the pineal, was profoundly impaired in the absence of neural activity. Thus, these data suggest that sympathetic axonal terminals are maintained by neural activity that induces neurotrophins, which may act through a retrograde mechanism to preserve the integrity of axonal arbors via a positive feedback loop. Conversely, by using Hebbian-like neuroplasticity, silent yet intact circuits enter a hibernation mode marked by reduction of presynaptic axonal structures and dramatically reduced postsynaptic expression of neurotrophins.
Carcinogenicity studies of oxazepam in mice.

Abstract Carcinogenicity Studies of Oxazepam in Mice. Bucher, J. R., Shackelford, C. C., Haseman, J. K., Johnson, J. D., Kurtz, P. J., and Persing, R. L. (1994). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 23, 280-297. Oxazepam is a benzodiazepine widely used as a sedative-hypnotic and antianxiety drug. In chronic studies, groups of 60 male and 60 female Swiss-Webster (SW) or B6C3F 1 mice received oxazepam in feed at concentrations of 0, 2500, or 5000 ppm. Additional groups of 60 male and female B6C3F 1 mice received 125 ppm in feed to allow for study of mice with serum concentrations of oxazepam similar to those achieved in humans taking a therapeutic dose. At 57 weeks, treatment-related mortality of exposed SW mice caused the study to be terminated. Enhanced systemic amyloidosis contributing to heart failure was considered the principal cause of death. Hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas were increased in exposed SW mice. Survival of B6C3F 1 mice receiving 2500 and 5000 ppm oxazepam was also lower than that of controls. Early deaths were due to increased incidences of hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, and nearly all mice receiving 2500 ppm developed hepatocellular neoplasia. An increase in follicular cell hyperplasia of the thyroid gland occurred in all exposed groups of B6C3F 1 mice, and thyroid gland follicular cell adenoma was increased in exposed females. Further studies of the capacity of oxazepam to induce liver cell mitogenesis and an evaluation of the frequency of activated H- and K- ras oncogenes in the liver tumors of B6C3F 1 mice has shown that many of the neoplastic and nonneoplastic responses of mice to oxazepam resemble those observed with phenobarbital.
LeakChaser: helping programmers narrow down causes of memory leaks

In large programs written in managed languages such as Java and C#, holding unnecessary references often results in memory leaks and bloat, degrading significantly their run-time performance and scalability. Despite the existence of many leak detectors for such languages, these detectors often target low-level objects; as a result, their reports contain many false warnings and lack sufficient semantic information to help diagnose problems. This paper introduces a specification-based technique called LeakChaser that can not only capture precisely the unnecessary references leading to leaks, but also explain, with high-level semantics, why these references become unnecessary.At the heart of LeakChaser is a three-tier approach that uses varying levels of abstraction to assist programmers with different skill levels and code familiarity to find leaks. At the highest tier of the approach, the programmer only needs to specify the boundaries of coarse-grained activities, referred to as transactions. The tool automatically infers liveness properties of these transactions, by monitoring the execution, in order to find unnecessary references. Diagnosis at this tier can be performed by any programmer after inspecting the APIs and basic modules of a program, without understanding of the detailed implementation of these APIs. At the middle tier, the programmer can introduce application-specific semantic information by specifying properties for the transactions. At the lowest tier of the approach is a liveness checker that does not rely on higher-level semantic information, but rather allows a programmer to assert lifetime relationships for pairs of objects. This task could only be performed by skillful programmers who have a clear understanding of data structures and algorithms in the program.We have implemented LeakChaser in Jikes RVM and used it to help us diagnose several real-world leaks. The implementation incurs a reasonable overhead for debugging and tuning. Our case studies indicate that the implementation is powerful in guiding programmers with varying code familiarity to find the root causes of several memory leaks---even someone who had not studied a leaking program can quickly find the cause after using LeakChaser's iterative process that infers and checks properties with different levels of semantic information.
Uniqueness and differentiability of solutions of parametric nonlinear complementarity problems

We derive conditions for the local uniqueness of solutions of nonlinear complementarity problems (NCP). We then prove the existence, continuity, and directional differentiability of a locally unique parametric solution of the parametric NCP under stronger assumptions. In the absence of degeneracy this parametric solution is also shown to be continuously differentiable.
FZD7 has a critical role in cell proliferation in triple negative breast cancer

Breast cancer is genetically and clinically heterogeneous. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that is usually associated with poor outcome and lack of benefit from targeted therapy. We used microarray analysis to perform a pathway analysis of TNBC compared with non-triple negative breast cancer (non-TNBC). Overexpression of several Wnt pathway genes, such as frizzled homolog 7 (FZD7), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 and transcription factor 7 (TCF7) was observed in TNBC, and we directed our focus to the Wnt pathway receptor, FZD7. To validate the function of FZD7, FZD7shRNA was used to knock down FZD7 expression. Notably, reduced cell proliferation and suppressed invasiveness and colony formation were observed in TNBC MDA-MB-231 and BT-20 cells. Study of the possible mechanism indicated that these effects occurred through silencing of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, as evidenced by loss of nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and decreased transcriptional activity of TCF7. In vivo studies revealed that FZD7shRNA significantly suppressed tumor formation, through reduced cell proliferation, in mice bearing xenografts without FZD7 expression. Our findings suggest that FZD7-involved canonical Wnt signaling pathway is essential for tumorigenesis of TNBC, and thus, FZD7 shows promise as a biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for TNBC.
Computing the velocity field along contours (abstract only)

In this paper, we present a computational study of the measurement of motion. Similar to other visual processes, the motion of elements is not determined uniquely by information in the changing image; additional constraint is required to compute a unique velocity field. Given this global ambiguity of motion, local measurements from the changing image cannot possibly specify a unique local velocity vector, and in fact, may only specify one component of velocity. Computation of the full two-dimensional velocity field generally requires the integration of local motion measurements, either over an area, or along contours in the image. We examine the integration of local motion measurements along contours, using an additional constraint of smoothness of the velocity field. The predictions of an algorithm based on this constraint are compared with human motion perception on a few demonstrations.
Community Values In Southwest Water Management

This paper challenges the applicability of the policy framework, labeled the new resource economics, to Western water management, particularly as applied to two examples examined in the paper: the Papago Tribe in South Central Arizona, and Hispanic villages along the Upper Rio Grande River. Contrary to the assumptions of new resource cconomics, water is regarded by these communities not just as an economic commodity but as a special resource closely related to community values. The paper concludes that should policy prescriptions of the new resource economics framework be adopted, community control over resources and the maintenance of traditional values would be eroded. The political system for all its shortcomings serves these communities better than pure market allocation of water.
Enabling All Students to Learn in the Laboratory of Democracy

Studies indicate that students with learning disabilities often receive little instruction in social studies. Social studies is not simply a vehicle for enhancing reading skills but encompasses concepts and skills that are critical to students' eventual participation in our society. This article addresses ways to foster higher level thinking, problem-solving, and group skills by working with issues of importance to students with learning disabilities and promoting their futures as active citizens.
Measurements of He D3 profiles in solar plages

Measurements of the profiles of the He D3 lines in solar plages are presented as a probe of the plage atmosphere. Observations were made at selected positions in quiescent plages during the period October 1978-April 1979 by the 25-cm coronagraph/3-m coude spectrograph at the Mees Solar Observatory on Mount Haleakala. Individual D3 plage profiles are fit well with a two-component, differentially moving atmosphere with constant source function and total Doppler width. The principal absorption is attributed to nearly stationary material, with a kinetic temperature less than 17,200 K, and velocity distribution is found to represent a net downflow in the plage atmosphere extending to around 12 km/sec. The present results for individual plage profiles are also noted to be consistent with those of Namba (1963). Time series of D3 profiles at fixed plage positions and the velocity spectra for nearby photospheric lines are observed to show general enhancements at periods of around 5 min, with redshift leading variations in line width by about 49 deg. Interpretations of the width variation as temperature variations are found not to be consistent with the properties of acoustic wave modes in a stratified atmosphere, presumably indicating magnetic field effects.
Three intrinsic relationships of lattice parameters between intermediate monoclinic M C and tetragonal phases in ferroelectric Pb [ ( Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 ) 1-x Ti x ] O 3 and Pb [ ( Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 ) 1-x Ti x ] O 3 near morphotropic phase boundaries

Systematic analysis of extensive experimental data confirms the theoretical prediction of three intrinsic relationships of lattice parameters between the recently discovered intermediate monoclinic ${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{C}}$ phase and the conventional tetragonal phase in ferroelectric $\mathrm{Pb}[{({\mathrm{Mg}}_{1∕3}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2∕3})}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{x}]{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{Pb}[{({\mathrm{Zn}}_{1∕3}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2∕3})}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{x}]{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ near the morphotropic phase boundaries. These intrinsic relationships of lattice parameters are fulfilled by experimental data reported in the literature for different temperatures, compositions, and electric fields. They present quantitative evidence that the intermediate monoclinic ${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{C}}$ phase is a mixed state of nanometer-sized twin-related domains of the conventional ferroelectric tetragonal phase. The analysis supports the concept recently proposed by Khachaturyan and co-workers [Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 197601 (2003)] that the intermediate monoclinic ${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{C}}$ phase is adaptive ferroelectric and ferroelastic phase, which is homogeneous only on the macroscale while inhomogeneous on the nanoscale. Due to the small domain size and small ferroelastic strain, the conventional diffraction measurement does not resolve the lattice of individual nanodomains rather instead only perceives the average diffraction effect of nanotwins, yielding the experimentally observed monoclinic symmetry. The result indicates that the electric-field-induced domain-wall movement plays an essential role in the ultrahigh electromechanical responses of $\mathrm{Pb}[{({\mathrm{Mg}}_{1∕3}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2∕3})}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{x}]{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{Pb}[{({\mathrm{Zn}}_{1∕3}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2∕3})}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{x}]{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and the high-density domain walls associated with the nanotwins have a significant contribution to the peculiar material properties near the morphotropic phase boundaries.
Development and Testing of a Novel Centrifugal Gas Turbine Design: Combustor Development and Load Testing

A novel centrifugal gas turbine design was developed and prototype tested. The research effort consisted of the design, development, and full prototype testing of a 50 HP centrifugal gas turbine. The novelty of the centrifugal gas turbine concept is that it is based on a radial flow gas turbine consisting of a centrifugal compressor and impulse turbine mounted on the same side of a rotating wheel. The radial flow-vaned combustor is mounted on the wheel’s stationary shroud; consequently, there is no 180-degree flow turning required as in conventional radial flow gas turbines. This very simple and rugged gas turbine concept has the following major advantages: • Single rotating component (i.e., mechanically simple and compact gas turbine). • Portability. • Short axial span. • High tolerance to injection of particulate matter. • Simple construction; low manufacturing costs. This project included the conceptual design, structural and aerodynamic analysis, performance prediction modeling, detailed design, prototype fabrication, test rig instrumentation, compressor/turbine characterization, rotordynamic signature, combustor design, combustor testing, controls implementation, light-off testing, no-load testing, and performance testing of the gas turbine. Design analyses that were performed included 1-D thermodynamics, finite element structural and thermal, rotordynamic, 2-D blade path optimization, and 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Testing of all individual gas turbine elements (compressor, combustor, and turbine) as well as the entire assembly was completed. Tests showed that stable gas turbine combustion was achieved up to 26,000 RPM. The gas turbine reached self-sustaining power at 21,000 RPM and 405°C firing temperature. Thus, the centrifugal gas turbine concept was demonstrated to function properly and to achieve positive power output. However, the design output power was not achieved because of combustion stability range limitations at speeds above 20,000 RPM. Maximum output power achieved was 1.4 kW at 23,000 RPM. Recommendations are provided to overcome these operational limitations in the next model centrifugal gas turbine.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Root architectural responses of Betula lenta to spatially heterogeneous ammonium and nitrate

Inorganic soil nitrogen is often heterogeneously distributed, both spatially and in form (ammonium versus nitrate). Here we present information on the architecture of black birch (Betula lenta L.) root systems exposed to homogeneous and heterogeneous nitrogen environments. The major effects on root architecture were at the whole root system level in response to heterogeneity of nitrogen form rather than the effect of local of local nitrate or ammonium supply on local root growth. In the heterogeneous treatment, plant root systems had greater link lengths and more simple branching patterns. Root architectural responses to heterogeneous nitrogen, independent of localized responses to patches, suggest that in a seedling of B. lenta whole plant integration of its environment may override local control of root growth.
Sedimentation in inclined vessels

The rate of sedimentation of precipitated calcium carbonate in water was measured as a function of the solid concentration and the shape and angle of inclination of the container. It was found that an experimentally determined coefficient had to be included in the settling equation proposed by Nakamura to make it fit the data. Le taux de sedimentation dans l'eau du carbonate de calcium precipite est mesure en fonction de la concentration de solide, de la forme et inclinaison du contenant. Un coefficient empirique doit ětre inclus dans la relation de sedimentation, proposee par Nakamura, pour ětre en accord avec les resultats obtenus.
It's Role in Organizational Memory and Learning

Abstract This issue's look at learning organizations begins with a brief overview of the basic components of a learning organization – learning, memory, and organizational learning – and how they can be supported by today's information technologies.
The Cognitive Learning Measure: A Three-Study Examination of Validity

Instructional communication scholars have long been interested in creating and testing alternative approaches to measuring cognitive learning. One of the existing measures, the Cognitive Learning Measure (Frisby & Martin, 2010), has not yet been fully validated. This series of three studies examined the factorial and concurrent validity of the scale. Results revealed that a three-factor measurement model was a better fit to the data than the original unidimensional factor model. Concurrent validity was established with respect to student motives, affective learning, student interest, classroom participation, and out-of-class communication with their instructors. The measure is discussed as a viable option for both operationalization of cognitive learning and as a complement to other learning tests.
Methine-selective deuteration of V(acac)3, [Co(acac)2]4, and Al(acac)3

In solid state NMR studies of transition metal acetylacetonate complexes, peak assignments required complexes deuterated at methine or methyl positions. The preparation of methine-deuterated complexes-V(acac-3- 2 H) 3 , [Co(acac-3- 2 H) 2 ] 4 , and Al(acac-3- 2 H) 3 -is presented. This method is applicable to preparations of methyl-deuterated complexes as well
Coronary perforation after excimer laser coronary angioplasty: The excimer laser coronary angioplasty registry experience

Abstract Objective. This study assessed the frequency of perforation with excimer coronary angioplasty. Background. Coronary artery perforation after conventional percutaneous trasluminal coronary angioplasty is extremely rare. Because laser coronary angioplasty involves actual tissue ablation, it has an Increased potential for perforation. Methods. All patients in the Excimer Laser Coronary Angioplasty Registry were included in this prospective study. Those who had a perforation related to the procedure were compared with those who did not have this complication. Results. Of 2,759 consecutive patients in the Excimer Laser Coronary Angioplasty Registry, 36 (1.3%) had perforation. In these patients, the left anterior descending coronary artery was the most frequently treated vessel (53%). There were no differences in fiber sizes between patients with and those without perforation. Among the patients with perforation, 36.1% required coronary artery bypass surgery, 16.7% experienced an infarction and 5.6% had a fatal outcome. Among the patients without perforation, the rates were 3.1%, 3.8% and 0.6%, respectively. However, 41.7% of the patients with documented coronary artery perforation did not need coronary artery bypass surgery or experience myocardial infarction or death. No angiographic characteristics distinguished lesions with from those without perforation. The frequency of coronary artery perforation declined over time with increasing operator experience, from 1.6% in the first 1,888 patients to only 0.4% in the last 1,000 patients (p = 0.002). Conclusions. With increasing operator experience, the rate of perforation with excimer laser coronary angioplasty has decreased. When perforation occurs, subsequent event rates increase.
Rangeland Grazing as a Source of Steroid Hormones to Surface Waters

Cattle and other livestock excrete endogenous steroid hormones, including estrogens, androgens, and progestins; therefore, allowing grazing livestock direct access to surface waters can result in the release of steroids in agricultural watersheds. Elevated concentrations of steroids are problematic because low concentrations of certain steroids can affect fish reproduction. To assess the occurrence and transport of steroids arising from grazing cattle, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) was used to quantify a suite of estrogens, androgens, and progestins in small creeks impacted by rangeland grazing. Steroids were detected in 86% of samples from rangeland creeks where cattle had direct access to the water, with concentrations as high as 44 ng/L observed shortly after rain events at the beginning of the winter wet season. Estrogens were present at concentrations above the predicted no-effect concentrations for fish in 10-20% of the samples, and androstenedione was detected at concentrations higher than response thresholds for pheromonal communication in fish. The results suggest that, in certain cases, measures such as stream fencing in rangeland areas to limit direct discharge of animal wastes to surface waters or better manure management practices might be merited to protect ecosystem health.
Resistance Selection Studies Comparing the Activity of Razupenem (PTZ601) to Vancomycin and Linezolid against Eight Methicillin-Resistant and Two Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Strains

Multistep and single-step resistance selection studies were performed with razupenem, linezolid, and vancomycin against 10 methicillin (meticillin)-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains. After 20 daily subcultures, razupenem yielded only clones with MICs of >4 μg/ml in one strain (8 μg/ml) whose parent's MIC was already 4 μg/ml. After 18 to 49 passages in 6/10 strains, razupenem MICs rose from 0.016 to 2 μg/ml (parents) to 0.125 to 8 μg/ml (with clones stable after 10 drug-free subcultures). Single-step mutant selection frequencies were similarly low for razupenem and comparators.
Expression and functional analysis of CYP2D6.24, CYP2D6.26, CYP2D6.27, and CYP2D7 isozymes.

The objectives of this study were to compare the drug-metabolizing activity of human CYP2D6.24 (I297L), CYP2D6.26 (I369T), and CYP2D6.27 (E410K) allelic isoforms with wild-type CYP2D6.1 and to express the CYP2D7 protein derived from an indel polymorphism (CYP2D7 138delT) and investigate its possible codeine O-demethylase activity. Successful creation of individual cDNAs corresponding to CYP2D6*24 (2853 A>C), CYP2D6*26 (3277 T>C), and CYP2D6*27 (3853 G>A) allelic variants and CYP2D7 was achieved via molecular cloning. The corresponding proteins, CYP2D6.24, CYP2D6.26, CYP2D6.27, and CYP2D7, were expressed in insect cells by using a baculovirus-mediated expression system. All CYP2D proteins showed the empirical carbon monoxide difference spectra. We were surprised to find that the CYP2D7 protein was detected mainly in mitochondrial fractions, whereas all CYP2D6 allelic isoforms were present in the microsomal fraction. Furthermore, CYP2D7 did not produce any morphine from codeine. In contrast, CYP2D6.24, CYP2D6.26, and CYP2D6.27 allelic isoforms all showed active drug-metabolizing activities toward both codeine and dextromethorphan O-demethylation. Whereas CYP2D6.24 exhibited the highest intrinsic clearance in dextromethorphan O-demethylation (∼6-fold higher than that by CYP2D6.1), it had the lowest enzyme efficiency in codeine O-demethylation (∼50% lower than that by CYP2D6.1). Overall, the enzymatic consequences of CYP2D6 allelic isozymes are substrate dependent. These data would help preclinical and clinical assessments of the metabolic elimination of drugs that are mediated by human CYP2D enzyme.
Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function by Legionella pneumophila exoproducts.

Abstract Total exoproducts (relative molecular mass > 10000) from wild-type strains of Legionella pneumophila markedly inhibited human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) Superoxide anion generation, at sub-lethal concentrations, in response to four stimuli [1.7, 0, 0.6 and 3.4% of control for zymosan activated particles (ZAP), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore (A 23187), and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), respectively]. PMN chemotaxis towards fMLP and spontaneous migration, were also dramatically inhibited (2.8 and 2.9% of buffer-treated controls, respectively). In contrast, total exoproducts from the cas-1 strain of L. pneumophila, a protease-deficient mutant generated by ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis, failed to inhibit PMN superoxide production in response to ZAP and PMA and only partially inhibited PMN response to A 23187 and fMLP. PMN spontaneous migration was unaffected by treatment with total exoproducts from the mutant, while directed chemotaxis was partially inhibited (51.4%). These data demonstrated that L. pneumophila total exoproducts, primarily protease had significant inhibitory effects on normal PMN function and may play an important contributory role in the pathogenesis of legionnaire's disease.
Late-glacial and postglacial vegetational history of the Berkshires, western Massachusetts

A pollen analytical investigation of the sediments of Berry Pond, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, has demonstrated a sequence of pollen assemblage zones similar to those detected elsewhere in New England. From about 13,000 to 12,000 yr B.P. the vegetation of the region was treeless, probably tundra. By 11,500 yr tundra had been replaced by open boreal forest. Closed boreal forest became dominant by 10,500 yr. Boreal forests were replaced by mixed coniferous and deciduous forests with much white pine about 9600 yr ago. A “northern hardwoods” complex with much hemlock, beech, and sugar maple succeeded the mixed forests 8600 yr ago. Hemlock declined very rapidly approximately 4800 yr ago and was replaced by birch, oak, beech, ash, and red maple. This decline may have been biologically rather than climatically induced. There is a slight maximum of pine (much of it pitch pine) from 4100 to 2600 yr ago, perhaps indicative of warmer and/or drier conditions. There were slight changes in the forests about 1600 yr ago as chestnut immigrated and spruce and larch increased slightly. European land clearance and subsequent land abandonment are detectable in the uppermost levels.
On the mechanism of dimer formation in reaction of benzylic halides with sodium and lithium naphthalene

Bei Zugabe von Natrium- oder Lithium-naphthalin zu (I) in Tetrahydrofuran entstehen 85 bzw. 70% an (II) und l1 bzw. 26% an (III).
A Spreadsheet Model for Handling Streaming Data

We present a spreadsheet model for working with streaming data. Our prototype tool presents techniques to let the user stream data from web services and web input elements to a spreadsheet without preprogramming those sources into the tool. Spreadsheet cells record metadata about where and when the data came from, allowing the user to view and manipulate streaming data using temporal information. Starting and pausing a data stream in the spreadsheet can be controlled programmatically using values computed by spreadsheet cells, making the spreadsheet program highly dynamic and interactive. We demonstrate the range of our design with a series of examples highlighting its ability to create different kinds of applications that process real-time data from the web using simple spreadsheet formulas.
Isolation by tritium suicide of uridine-cytidine kinase-defective mutants in Chinese hamster V79 cells☆

Abstract Tritium suicide was shown to be a highly effective method for isolating mutants defective in uridine-cytidine kinase in the Chinese hamster lung cell line V79. The tritium suicide procedure consisted of three kill cycles. Survivors of one kill cycle were used for the next kill cycle. The kill cycles involved incorporation of [3H]uridine for 10 min, followed by storage of 3H-labelled cells at −70 °C for 4–7 days. Nine clones that survived the third kill cycle were tested for incorporation of [3H]uridine and for uridine kinase activity in extracts. Eight of these clones were defective in whole-cell uridine incorporation and in uridine kinase activity. A kinetic study was made on the uridine-cytidine kinase activity of three of the mutants. The apparent Vmax of the mutants was reduced approx. 10-fold when either uridine or cytidine was used as substrate. In contrast, the apparent Km of uridine was reduced approx. 12-fold in the mutants with only a 2-fold (probably insignificant) reduction in Km's for cytidine or for ATP.
Current state of knowledge on the behavior of steel liners in concrete containments subjected to overpressurization loads

In the United States, concrete containment buildings for commercial nuclear power plants have steel liners that act as the intemal pressure boundary. The liner abuts the concrete, acting as the interior concrete form. The liner is attached to the concrete by either studs or by a continuous structural shape (such as a T-section or channel) that is either continuously or intermittently welded to the liner. Studs are commonly used in reinforced concrete containments, while prestressed containments utilize a structural element as the anchorage. The practice in some countries follows the US practice, while in other countries the containment does not have a steel liner. In this latter case, there is a true double containment, and the annular region between the two containments is vented. This paper will review the practice of design of the liner system prior to the consideration of severe accident loads (overpressurization loads beyond the design conditions).
Development of an Anatomically Realistic Forward Solver for Thoracic Electrical Impedance Tomography

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has the potential to provide a low cost and safe imaging modality for clinically monitoring patients being treated with mechanical ventilation. Variations in reconstruction algorithms at different clinical settings, however, make interpretation of regional ventilation across institutions difficult, presenting the need for a unified algorithm for thoracic EIT reconstruction. Development of such a consensual reconstruction algorithm necessitates a forward model capable of predicting surface impedance measurements as well as electric fields in the interior of the modeled thoracic volume. In this paper, we present an anatomically realistic forward solver for thoracic EIT that was built based on high resolution MR image data of a representative adult. Accuracy assessment of the developed forward solver in predicting surface impedance measurements by comparing the predicted and observed impedance measurements shows that the relative error is within the order of 5%, demonstrating the ability of the presented forward solver in generating high-fidelity surface thoracic impedance data for thoracic EIT algorithm development and evaluation.
Thermodynamic modeling of the no-vent fill methodology for transferring cryogens in low gravity

The filling of tanks with cryogens in the low-gravity environment of space poses many technical challenges. Chief among these is the inability to vent only vapor from the tank as the filling proceeds. As a potential solution to this problem, the NASA Lewis Research Center is researching a technique known as No-Vent Fill. This technology potentially has broad application. The focus is the fueling of space based Orbital Transfer Vehicles. The fundamental thermodynamics of the No-Vent Fill process to develop an analytical model of No-Vent Fill is described. The model is then used to conduct a parametric investigation of the key parameters: initial tank wall temperature, liquid-vapor interface heat transfer rate, liquid inflow rate, and inflowing liquid temperatures. Liquid inflowing temperature and the liquid-vapor interface heat transfer rate seem to be the most significant since they influence the entire fill process. The initial tank wall temperature must be sufficiently low to prevent a rapid pressure rise during the initial liquid flashing stage, but then becomes less significant.
Applied Stress Affecting the Environmentally Assisted Cracking

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is affected by the mode of applied stress, i.e., tension, compression, or torsion. The cracking is measured in terms of initiation time to nucleate a crack or time to failure. In a simple uniaxial loading under tension or compression, it is observed that the initiation time can vary in orders of magnitude depending on the alloy and the environment. Fracture can be intergranular or transgranular or mixed mode. Factors that affect SCC are solubility of the metal into surrounding chemical solution, and diffusion rate (like hydrogen into a tensile region) of an aggressive element into the metal and liquid metallic elements in the grain boundaries. Strain hardening exponent that affects the local internal stresses and their gradients can affect the diffusion kinetics. We examine two environments (Ga and 3.5 pct NaCl) for the same alloy 7075-T651, under constant uniaxial tension and compression load. These two cases provide us application to two different governing mechanisms namely liquid metal embrittlement (7075-Ga) and hydrogen-assisted cracking (7075-NaCl). We note that, in spite of the differences in their mechanisms, both systems show similar behavior in the applied Kvs crack initiation time plots. One common theme among them is the transport mechanism of a solute element to a tensile-stress region to initiate fracture.
THE TELLURIC‐MAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD

The telluric-magnetotelluric method uses magnetotelluric measurements at the base site, but only telluric measurements at remote sites. It thus combines the economy, simplicity, and speed of the traditional telluric method with the quantitative advantages of the traditional magnetotelluric method. The dominant features of the combined method are the following: First, the time required to set up a telluric site is less by a factor of at least 5 than the time for a complete magnetotelluric site. Second, one does not need to record magnetic field data at the base site simultaneously with the electric field recorded at each remote site. One needs only enough magnetic data to adequately determine the base tensor. A telluric transfer tensor coupling electric field measurements at the base site and each remote site can be used to transfer the base impedance tensor to an impedance tensor at each remote site. By being much more selective of the magnetic data used in the analysis, one can significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Third, the data are analyzed to determine each element of the complex impedance tensor so that important phase information as well as amplitude information is available for interpretations which are more sophisticated than those currently attempted in conventional telluric surveys. Finally, in making the ultimate interpretation in terms of the impedance tensor rather than the telluric tensor used in conventional telluric surveys, one essentially refers the interpretation of remote electric field observations to the magnetic field at the base site rather than to the electric field. Both experience and model studies demonstrate that the magnetic field is much more homogeneous than the electric field in the vicinity of lateral heterogeneities; thus the selection of a proper base site is not as critical in the combined method as it is in the conventional telluric method.
Evaluation of personal aerosol samplers challenged with large particles

Abstract The Simplified Test Protocol, developed in our earlier studies for testing personal inhalable aerosol samplers, was evaluated in a specially designed small open-section, close-loop wind tunnel. The sampling efficiencies of three personal inhalable aerosol samplers (IOM, GSP, and Button Aerosol Sampler) were measured with 65 μm particles, using the Simplified Test Protocol at four inlet orientations to the wind ( 0, 90, 180 , and 270°). The results were compared with the data collected from other evaluation approaches. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has shown that there is no statistically significant difference in the samplers’ performance when they are tested in the small and large wind tunnels following the Simplified Test Protocol and in the large wind tunnel following the conventional approach (samplers on a full-size human manikin). Thus, the Simplified Test Protocol has been shown to be suitable for the performance evaluation of personal inhalable aerosol samplers. The new wind tunnel facility was also found useful for handling very large particles, which is a considerable advantage over traditional wind tunnels. Our new wind tunnel was successfully used to measure the sampling efficiencies of the IOM, GSP, and Button Aerosol Sampler when challenged with particles of up to approximately 250 μm aerodynamic diameter at wind velocities of 50 and 100 cm s −1 . The data show that the sampling efficiency of the IOM sampler depends significantly on the wind velocity and is above 100% for particles of 165 and 241 μm mass median aerodynamic diameter. This dependence is not statistically significant for the GSP and Button Aerosol Sampler, whose sampling efficiencies are similar to each other and do not change with increasing test particle size at the indicated wind velocities. Also, the sampling efficiencies of the GSP and Button Aerosol Sampler closely follow the independent data obtained by using a breathing and rotating manikin at a wind velocity of 100 cm s −1 . The new wind tunnel design is expected to enhance the ability to extend the inhalable convention beyond 100 μm .
Structural characteristics of purified glycinin from soybeans stored under various conditions.

Soybeans were stored in 84% relative humidity at 30 °C (adverse conditions) for 9 months and in 57% relative humidity at 20 °C, cold (4 °C), and an uncontrolled ambient garage for 18 months. Glycinin was isolated and purified; its structural properties were characterized. The purified glycinin from soybean in the adverse conditions was associated with a significant amount of sugar and showed reductions in hydrophobic interactions after 3 months; the total free sulfhydryl content in glycinin decreased, but the intramolecular disulfide bonds increased; the α-helix content of secondary structure slightly increased, but the β-sheet content decreased. The structure of glycinin purified from the other three conditions showed no significant changes for 18 months of storage when compared to the control. The molecular mass of glycinin remained in the range of 313-340 kDa during the whole storage period for the four conditions.
Temperature fluctuations in thermodynamic equilibrium

Abstract Temperature fluctuations in a system at equilibrium are calculated in such a way as to remove objections that consideration of such fluctuations is physically meaningless.
Correlation between Morphology and Defect Luminescence in Precipitated ZnO Nanorod Powders

ZnO nanorods were prepared at relatively low temperatures by homogeneous precipitation from zinc nitrate and urea in a water/ethylene glycol mixture. Crystal size and morphology are controlled by growth time and solvent composition. We observed a strong correlation between nanocrystals’ size/morphology and their optoelectronic defect-related properties. Smaller crystallites exhibited intense deep-defect luminescence and enhanced emission related to near-surface excitonic recombination. Longer growth times lead to formation of well-defined nanorods with hexagonal symmetry exhibiting reduced defect emission.
Adenocarcinoma in a Continent Colonic Urinary Reservoir

We report the first case of an adenocarcinoma developing in a continent ileocolonic urinary reservoir. The tumor presented 7 years after the urinary diversion and more than 6 years after the resection of a Dukes' B lesion of the left colon. This report demonstrates that the colonic segment used for urinary diversion retains its malignant potential and that surveillance pouchoscopy should be performed in these patients.