cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Examination of the Copyright Alert System as a Method of Stemming Online Copyright Infringement

With the rise of BitTorrent and other filesharing services, content producers and distributors have struggled to protect copyrighted material from being shared online without permission. This paper will examine the technological and legal methods that American industry groups and broadband ISPs are using to try to protect copyrighted content, with particular attention paid to the development and implementation of the Copyright Alert System. It will include a brief history of industry responses to online piracy, and will conclude by judging the extent to which current copyright law has succeeded in preventing unauthorized online content distribution.
Emerging Trends in Optic Neuritis and Associated Demyelinating Diseases

Optic neuritis is a disease of extreme importance from the point of view of neuro-ophthalmologists. As a disease entity, it includes a spectrum ranging from the typical demyelinating isolated optic neuritis to that associated with systemic diseases such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica and other atypical forms. This chapter discusses the clinical manifestations of the disease—the signs, symptoms, and the pertinent examination findings; it also highlights the required investigations and the differential diagnoses. The initial management of acute optic neuritis is described and also details about the prognosis in terms of the risk of developing the major associated neurological diseases, i.e., multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica is discussed in detail. The long-term management strategies are also explained.
Targeted Treatment and Survival Following Relapse after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Acute Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome in the Contemporary Era

Introduction/Objectives Relapse is the most frequent cause of treatment failure after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT). While transplant-related mortality has decreased substantially over the last few decades, little progress has been made in outcomes and no standard of care exists for patients (pts) with post-alloHCT relapse. In the recent era, several new therapies, including targeted agents, have been approved for ALL, AML, and MDS. We conducted a study to evaluate outcomes of pts with these diseases who relapse after alloHCT in the contemporary period with routine availability of these newer therapeutic agents. Methods We performed a single-institution retrospective cohort study to review treatment strategies and outcomes of relapse post-alloHCT. We identified 420 adults who received their first alloHCT in 2010-2018 using any conditioning regimen or donor source. Overall, 115 (27%) pts experienced relapse (ALL=17/64 [27%], AML=67/242 [28%], MDS=31/114 [27%]) and were included in the analysis. Results Myeloablative (54%) matched-unrelated donor grafts (50%) were the most common types of HCTs. Peripheral blood stem cell graft (49%) and bone marrow graft (48%) were used the most. Median time from alloHCT to relapse was 5 (range 1-65) months, and 83% of relapses occurred within the first year. Only 24% and 11% of pts experienced grade II-IV acute and any chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prior to relapse, respectively. Seven of 17 pts had Ph+ ALL. Mutation panel was tested in 56% of AML and MDS. Median follow-up period after relapse was 19 (range 6-80) months. The estimated survival after relapse is shown in figure 1. Table 1 summarizes the treatments used for relapse after alloHCT. Targeted therapy was associated with a trend towards better survival compared to other therapies (Fig 2, HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.41-1.03, p=0.06). Matched unrelated (vs. matched sibling, HR 1.70, p=0.027) or haploidentical donor grafts (HR 2.69, p=0.003), presence of grade II-IV acute GVHD before relapse (HR 2.46, p 12 months, HR 6.34, p 12 months, HR 3.16, p=0.005) were adverse prognostic features with survival after relapse post-alloHCT (Table 2). Conclusion Outcomes of pts with ALL, AML, and MDS who relapse following alloHCT remain poor in the contemporary era when several newer therapies, including targeted agents, are available for their treatment. Targeted agents were used only in a minority of post-alloHCT relapses likely due to the combination of pt status, absence of the target mutation, the agents' availability, and other factors. Pts who developed grade II-IV acute GVHD and had shorter "disease-free" duration from unrelated or haploidentical donor grafts had the significantly shorter survival following relapse. More innovative treatment strategies to prevent and treat relapse post-alloHCT are needed.
Automated estimates of state interest group lobbying populations

A number of strides have been taken in recent years to measure interest group populations in the American states, but sorting these groups by economic sector requires substantial investment in time and personnel. This paper introduces an automated process to estimate the industry of interest groups, using only their names. We discuss the advantages and hurdles of using automated methods and then employ a supervised learning method that produces a reliable set of estimations of the sector of more than six hundred thousand interest groups in the states. We validate these estimates in a number of ways, showing that they closely correlate to datasets employed in the literature, can replicate published results and reflect real-world events.
Restructuring Radiology Education to Improve Imaging Specificity

Quotes such as "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" (Benjamin Franklin) and "a good doctor cures the disease, but a great doctor cures the cause" (Amit Kalantri), are poignant reminders of the overwhelming power of preventive medicine on population health. Why, then, would it not be that the health of our medical system would not benefit from the same sort of ideas? Medical imaging is considered over utilized and numerous strategies have attempted to address this including "Choosing Wisely," American College of Radiology appropriateness criteria, clinical decision support instruments and others. Most of these have been partially successful, but none have yet to turn the tide of over imaging. Here, we propose a multipronged strategy to target education of all audiences - medical students, residents/fellows, and practicing physicians. Education on the breadth of imaging options, the limitations of radiology tests, when not to image, as well as when to use highly specific imaging tests, here serves as the preventive measure to curb the spread of overutilization.
Implementation of Video Visits During COVID-19: Lessons Learned From a Primary Care Practice in New York City

Background: During the height of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, there was an unprecedented demand for "virtual visits," or ambulatory visits conducted via video interface, in order to decrease the risk of transmission. Objective: To describe the implementation and evaluation of a video visit program at a large, academic primary care practice in New York, NY, the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design and participants: We included consecutive adults (age > 18) scheduled for video visits from March 16, 2020 to April 17, 2020 for COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 related complaints. Intervention: New processes were established to prepare the practice and patients for video visits. Video visits were conducted by attendings, residents, and nurse practitioners. Main measures: Guided by the RE-AIM Framework, we evaluated the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, and Implementation of video visits. Key results: In the 4 weeks prior to the study period, 12 video visits were completed. During the 5-weeks study period, we completed a total of 1,030 video visits for 817 unique patients. Of the video visits completed, 42% were for COVID-19 related symptoms, and the remainder were for other acute or chronic conditions. Video visits were completed more often among younger adults, women, and those with commercial insurance, compared to those who completed in-person visits pre-COVID (all p < 0.0001). Patients who completed video visits reported high satisfaction (mean 4.6 on a 5-point scale [SD: 0.97]); 13.3% reported technical challenges during video visits. Conclusions: Video visits are feasible for the delivery of primary care for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Crash Risk-Based Prioritization of Basic Safety Message in DSRC

Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) is one of the key technologies enabling safety-critical applications for intelligent transportation system (ITS). Considering the significance of such safety-of-life applications, it is of utmost importance to guarantee reliable delivery of basic safety messages (BSMs). However, in accordance with a V2X network being inherently dynamic in key aspects such as vehicle density and velocity, the networking behavior of a DSRC system is usually highly complicated to analyze. In addition, the United States Federal Communications Commission (US FCC) recently proposed the so-called “5.9 GHz band innovation,” which includes a plan to reduce bandwidth for DSRC to 10 MHz at best from 75 MHz. Motivated from these challenges, the necessity of “lightening” load of a DSRC network has become essential to keep safety-related operations from performance deterioration. To this end, this paper proposes a protocol that prioritizes transmission of a BSM from a vehicle according to the level of accident risk of the vehicle. The proposed protocol uses the distance of a vehicle from a danger source as the metric to determine the priority for transmission. Our results show that this protocol effectively prioritizes the transmission opportunity for dangerous vehicles, and hence results in higher performance in terms of key metrics–i.e., average latency, packet delivery rate ( $\mathsf {PDR}$ ), and inter-reception time ( $\mathsf {IRT}$ ).
Delamination Detection in Fiber Metal Laminates Using Ultrasonic Wavefield Imaging

This work presents a novel, non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method for detecting delaminations in fiber metal laminate (FML) plate-like structures. FMLs are rapidly replacing other materials in many aerospace applications because of their superior mechanical properties, including improved tolerance to fatigue, corrosion, and impact damage. However, delaminations can occur deep in the plate, and since access is limited to the composite face during most operations, the ability of traditional NDE techniques to discern these defects is limited. Many researchers have proposed using ultrasonic guided waves to image defects, but the anisotropic nature of wave propagation in FMLs and the subtlety of defects between metal and fiber-reinforced composite layers necessitate a new approach. In contrast to repeated transient excitations proposed in other literature, the method proposed here utilizes the full-field, steady-state response of an FML plate to ultrasonic excitation. Thus, the inspection time is shortened as the delay between measurements is removed, and a higher-energy input improves the signal-to-noise ratio. A 2D scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) is used to record the measurements at discrete points, while a piezoelectric transducer supplies the ultrasonic excitation. The steady-state response is processed to visualize defects on a pixel-by-pixel basis and locate potential regions of delamination in the FML plate. In this study, the one-dimensional response of a plate-like T800 graphite composite Ti-6Al-4V FML specimen with known areas of delamination is simulated. Two defect-detection features, based on simulated physical phenomena—detrended Hilbert envelope magnitude (DHEM) and low-pass local phase derivative (LLPD)—are subsequently evaluated over a wide range of excitation frequencies, to determine an optimal input for increased precision. Results from these simulations suggest potential guidelines to achieve a rapid and reliable NDE method for delamination detection in FML structures.
Specificity, magnitude, and kinetics of MOG-specific CD8+ T cell responses during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has traditionally been thought to be almost exclusively mediated by CD4+ effector T cells. Here, we provide evidence for the existence of mouse CD8+ T cells that are specific for an epitope of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Using a panel of truncated MOG peptides, we have identified the minimal epitope recognized by these T cells as MOG 37–46. This peptide, while possessing relatively low affinity for H-2Db, efficiently stimulates IFN-γ production from MOG-specific CD8+ T cell lines in vitro and induces EAE in vivo. To further characterize the magnitude and kinetics of expansion of the MOG-specific CD8+ T cell population in vivo, we used MOG 37–50/H-2Db MHC tetramers to visualize MOG-specific CD8+ effectors in the peripheral lymphoid organs and central nervous system during the course of EAE induction and progression. Our results identify MOG-specific CD8+ T cells in the central nervous system prior to and after the onset of disease, suggesting that CD8+ T cells are a possible target for therapeutic intervention during EAE.
Real-Time Systems: An Introduction and the State-of-the-Art

This encyclopedia article gives an overview of the broad area of real-time systems. This task is daunting because real-time systems are everywhere, and yet no generally accepted definition differentiates real-time systems from non-real-time systems.
Radioimmunoassay of serum chorionic gonadotropin activity in normal pregnancy.

Abstract A double-antibody radioimmunoassay method using 125 I-labeled LH has been utilized to measure serum HCG activity throughout normal pregnancy and in the postpartum period. HCG activity can be detected as early as 5 to 7 days after the date on which it was believed that implantation had occurred. Serum HCG levels reach a peak between 60 and 80 days of gestation, fall slightly between day 110 and 220, and after a slight rise remain plateaued until term. After delivery, serum HCG levels fall rapidly to a level less than 1 I.U. per milliliter within 96 hours, followed by a somewhat more gradual decrease to the follicular and luteal phase levels of LH within 15 days post partum. The advantages and potential use of the radioimmunoassay method for HCG are discussed.
Sco X-1 and Cyg X-2.

The means by which Sco X-1 and Cyg X-2 may be fitted into the theoretical framework of binary x-ray sources is described. Spectroscopic and photometric properties are considered. 9 references. (BJG)
Vancomycin Pharmacokinetics in Neonates Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Vancomycin is administered as both prophylaxis and treatment in neonates receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), typically after surgery. An open-label, retrospective study was conducted to determine dosing strategies in all neonates who received vancomycin during ECMO and compare pharmacokinetic values with those of matched controls not receiving ECMO. Fifteen neonates receiving ECMO were given vancomycin infused into the circuit, with dosages based on weight and gestational age. Blood for serum concentrations was drawn around the third dose, for trough concentrations immediately before the dose, and for peak concentrations 1 hour after infusion. Samples were analyzed by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. The most frequent regimen for both groups (8 ECMO, 13 controls) was 10 mg/kg every 8 hours. It produced peak and trough concentrations of 27.5 +/- 4.3 and 13.7 +/- 2.7 microg/ml, and 23.0 +/- 5.4 and 13.2 +/- 4.5 microg/ml, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis using a one-compartment model revealed volume of distribution of 0.45 +/- 0.18 L/kg, half-life of 8.29 +/- 2.23 hours, and total body clearance of 0.65 +/- 0.28 ml/min/kg in ECMO recipients. Volume of distribution and clearance were not significantly different in controls (0.39 +/- 0.12 L/kg, 0.79 +/- 0.41 ml/min/kg), but half-life was shorter (6.53 +/- 2.05 hrs, p = 0.02). Based on long volume of distribution in neonates receiving ECMO, we recommend that empiric vancomycin regimens incorporate a longer dosing interval than the 6-8 hours commonly recommended for term infants. The effects of severity of illness on drug elimination require additional study.
Psychiatric Illness and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Studies evaluating the risk of cardiovascular disease in the psychiatrically ill yield mixed results. Phobic anxiety in men is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, particularly sudden coronary death. This finding is in need of replication in women, and hypotheses regarding the potential mechanisms for this association warrant pilot testing. Other than this finding, there is only weak evidence supporting an association between psychiatric illness and risk for cardiovascular disease. This is surprising in light of the strong evidence that psychiatric illness in general is associated with elevated rates of cigarette smoking. In addition, there may also be higher rates of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and physical inactivity in some psychiatric disorders. Why the high rates of cigarette smoking and possibly other cardiovascular disease risk factors have not translated into consistently detectable elevated cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with psychiatric diagnoses is not apparent. Weaknesses in study designs and variations in assessment methods may partially explain the inconsistent results. Future studies of cardiovascular disease in the psychiatrically ill should be prospective, use nonclinical samples of men and women, have clear diagnostic criteria, determine order of onset of the two disorders if they coexist, and control for variability in known cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Metrology system for Space Interferometry Mission's system testbed 3

The Space Interferometry mission's nano-meter class System Testbed has implemented an external metrology system to monitor changes in the length & orientation of the science interferometer baseline vector, which cannot be monitored directly. The output of the system is used in real time fringe tracking of dim stars. This paper describes the external metrology system, its mathematical representation, limitations, and method for estimating the length & orientation of the science baseline vector. Simulations and current system performance are presented and discussed.
Application of PAC to study equilibrium point defects in intermetallic compounds

A new method has been developed to measure properties of equilibrium, or thermal, defects in intermetallics using the technique of perturbed angular correlations of gamma rays (PAC). After quenching, thermal defects are detected microscopically by distinctive nuclear hyperfine interaction signals produced when they localize next to probe atoms present in high dilution. Using a Schottky defect model and applying the law of mass action to defect equilibria, a linear Arrhenius temperature dependence is predicted for a “normalized” monovacancy site fraction. We have observed such linear dependences in PAC experiments on NiAl, CoAl and TiAl using the111In probe. Features of the method are summarized, of which the most important are the abilities to discriminate between different defects and to determine absolute vacancy concentrations, formation enthalpies and entropies. Extremely large formation entropies have been obtained for NiAl, CoAl and TiAl, suggesting vacancy concentrations of ∼ 15% at the melting temperatures.
A remark on estimating the mean of a normal distribution with known coefficient of variation

Let X1, X2, …, Xn be iid N(μ, aμ2) (a>0) random variables with an unknown mean μ>0 and known coefficient of variation (CV) √a. The estimation of μ is revisited and it is shown that a modified version of an unbiased estimator of μ [cf. Khan RA. A note on estimating the mean of a normal distribution with known CV. J Am Stat Assoc. 1968;63:1039–1041] is more efficient. A certain linear minimum mean square estimator of Gleser and Healy [Estimating the mean of a normal distribution with known CV. J Am Stat Assoc. 1976;71:977–981] is also modified and improved. These improved estimators are being compared with the maximum likelihood estimator under squared-error loss function. Based on asymptotic consideration, a large sample confidence interval is also mentioned.
Sustainability science and education in the neoliberal ecoprison

As part of the general ‘greening’ of prisons in the last decade of neoliberalization and the formation of institutionalized programs to provide science and environmental education opportunities for the incarcerated, the Sustainability in Prisons Project (SPP), a partnership between Evergreen State College and the Washington State Department of Corrections, has become the most vibrant partnership in the US to mesh the cultures and institutions of environmental science and corrections. Drawing attention to the SPP’s anchoring mission, which is ‘to bring science and nature into prisons,’ this article looks at environmental science education in the contemporary prison in light of recent discussions of neoliberal science and ecobiopolitical theory, with the final aim of developing what amounts to a carceral political ecology of environmental education amid an ever expanding neoliberal penal State.
The Temporal Structure of the Forward Roll: Inter- and Intra-Limb Coordination

Investigations of the temporal structure of actions like walking, running, and hopping have given us information about movement's underlying structure. 'Rules' governing the timing of these cyclic, repetitive skills might be similar to those found for other actions. The forward roll was selected for study because there had been some previous investigation of the course of its development (Williams 1980). Children, aged 5, 7, and 9 years participated in this study. Analysis of the absolute and relative timing of selected actions revealed no statistical differences. A subset of these data was digitized to permit a deeper analysis of the rolling action. Correlation coefficients examining inter- and intra-limb timing relationships suggested the presence of tight coupling between segments in young children. Linkages were found between hip and leg segments as well as between hand contact and leg action. Magnitudes of correlations fell across the ages tested. This pattern of differences suggested that young children constrained their body segments more tightly than older subjects, to offset control problems like balance. Older subjects were more willing, or able to remain off balance for longer periods, in order to build greater speed during performance.
The misshapen head.

The evaluation and management of infants with potentially misshapen heads presents many challenges. Diagnostic dilemmas for the pediatric primary care provider can be significant. Is a particular infant’s head shape normal or abnormal? How does one define geometric and anthropomorphic features? Does the head circumference measurement bear any significance? Should skull radiographs be obtained? What about computed tomography scans? To whom should this infant be referred: a neurosurgeon, plastic surgeon, physical therapist, or geneticist? And, perhaps most difficult, what does one tell the parents? Pediatric subspecialists caring for these patients must be dedicated to a comprehensive and compassionate multidisciplinary approach. Primary objectives include the early and thorough evaluation of the suspected cranial abnormality and its optimal management, resulting in the greatest patient benefit at the lowest risk. Establishing an effective line of communication among family and health care team members is imperative. A rewarding part of our jobs as care providers is the alleviation of fear and anxiety that haunts parents who believe their infant may be “deformed.” Thus, clarification and education become paramount. After the introduction of the “Back to Sleep” program for the prevention of sudden infant death syndrome, evaluation of the misshapen head has become a very common referral problem for pediatric neurosurgeons. The vast majority of these represent positional plagiocephaly—flattening of the occipital region produced by chronic pressure effects on the calvarium in infants who lie supine. Because the cranial sutures remain open in this entity, nonsurgical management is generally highly effective. This includes positional alteration; physical therapy if any underlying … Address correspondence to Todd A. Maugans, MD, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Fletcher 5, Burlington, VT 05401. Email: todd.maugans{at}vtmednet.org
Evidence That Obesity Risk Factor Potencies Are Weight Dependent, a Phenomenon That May Explain Accelerated Weight Gain in Western Societies

BACKGROUND We have shown that individuals at the highest percentiles of the body mass index (BMI) distribution (i.e., most overweight) experience greater increases in body weight from sedentary lifestyle than those from the lowest percentiles. The purpose of the current analyses was to assess whether recent, accelerated increases in obesity could potentially be due to increased vulnerability to obesity risk factors as the population has become more overweight. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Quantile regression was used to compare BMI population percentiles to obesity risk factors (lower education, diets characterized by high-meat/low-fruit content, parental adiposity) in two independent samples of men (N(1) = 3,513, N(2) = 11,365) and women (N(1) = 15,809, N(2) = 10,159). The samples were subsets of the National Walkers' (Study 1) and Runners' (Study 2) Health Studies whose physical activities fell short of nationally recommended activity levels. The data were adjusted for age, race, and any residual effects of physical activity. The regression slopes for BMI vs. education, diet, and family history became progressively stronger from the lowest (e.g., 5(th), 6(th)…) to the highest (e.g., …, 94(th), 95(th)) BMI percentiles. Compared to the 10(th) BMI percentile, their effects on the 90(th) BMI percentile were: 1) 2.7- to 8.6-fold greater in women and 2.0- to 2.4-fold greater in men for education; 2) 3.6- to 4.8-fold greater in women and 1.7- to 2.7-fold greater in men for diet; and 3) 2.0- to 2.6-fold greater in women and 1.7-fold greater in men for family history. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Thus we propose risk factors that produce little weight gain in lean individuals may become more potent with increasing adiposity. This leads us to hypothesize that an individual's obesity is itself a major component of their obesogenic environment, and that, the cycle of weight gain and increased sensitivity to obesity risk factors may partly explain recent increases in obesity in western societies.
Quantitative Study of Electroporation-Mediated Molecular Uptake and Cell Viability

Electroporation's use for laboratory transfection and clinical chemotherapy is limited by an incomplete understanding of the effects of electroporation parameters on molecular uptake and cell viability. To address this need, uptake of calcein and viability of DU 145 prostate cancer cells were quantified using flow cytometry for more than 200 different combinations of experimental conditions. The experimental parameters included field strength (0.1-3.3 kV/cm), pulse length (0.05-20 ms), number of pulses (1-10), calcein concentration (10-100 microM), and cell concentration (0.6-23% by volume). These data indicate that neither electrical charge nor energy was a good predictor of electroporation's effects. Instead, both uptake and viability showed a complex dependence on field strength, pulse length, and number of pulses. The effect of cell concentration was explained quantitatively by electric field perturbations caused by neighboring cells. Uptake was shown to vary linearly with external calcein concentration. This large quantitative data set may be used to optimize electroporation protocols, test theoretical models, and guide mechanistic interpretations.
Three addition theorems for some q -Krawtchouk polynomials

Theq-Krawtchouk polynomials are the spherical functions for three different Chevalley groups over a finite field. Using techniques of Dunkl to decompose the irreducible representations with respect to a maximal parabolic subgroup, we derive three addition theorems. The associated polynomials are related to affine matrix groups.
Automated detection of lung nodules in CT scans : False-positive reduction with the radial-gradient index

We present a number of approaches based on the radial gradient index (RGI) to achieve false-positive reduction in automated CT lung nodule detection. A database of 38 cases was used that contained a total of 82 lung nodules. For each CT section, a complementary image known as an "RGI map" was constructed to enhance regions of high circularity and thus improve the contrast between nodules and normal anatomy. Thresholds on three RGI parameters were varied to construct RGI filters that sensitively eliminated false-positive structures. In a consistency approach, RGI filtering eliminated 36% of the false-positive structures detected by the automated method without the loss of any true positives. Use of an RGI filter prior to a linear discriminant classifier yielded notable improvements in performance, with the false-positive rate at a sensitivity of 70% being reduced from 0.5 to 0.28 per section. Finally, the performance of the linear discriminant classifier was evaluated with RGI-based features. RGI-based features achieved a substantial improvement in overall performance, with a 94.8% reduction in the false-positive rate at a fixed sensitivity of 70%. These results demonstrate the potential role of RGI analysis in an automated lung nodule detection method.
Bio-integrated electronics

Biology is curved, soft and elastic; silicon wafers are not. Semiconductor technologies that can bridge this gap in form and mechanics will create new opportunities in devices that require intimate integration with the human body. This paper provides an overview of ideas for electronics, sensors and actuators that offer the performance of state-of-the-art, wafer-based systems but with the mechanical properties of a rubber band. We explain the underlying materials science and mechanics of these approaches, and illustrate their use in bio-integrated, ‘tissue-like’ devices with unique diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities, when conformally laminated onto the heart, brain or skin. Demonstrations in animal models and in humans illustrate the diverse functionality offered by these technologies, and suggest several clinically relevant applications.
Diffraction in crystalline colloidal-array photonic crystals

We characterized the diffraction and crystal structure of a crystalline colloidal array (CCA) photonic crystal composed of 270 nm diameter polystyrene spheres which have a nearest neighbor spacing of approximately 540 nm. This CCA diffracts light in first order at approximately 1200 nm and shows strong diffraction in the visible spectral region from higher order planes. We quantitatively examined the relative diffraction intensities of the putative fcc (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes. Comparing these intensities to those calculated theoretically we find that the crystal structure is fcc with significant stacking faults. Essentially, no light transmits at the Bragg angle for the fcc (111) planes even through thin approximately 40 microm thick CCA. However, much of this light is diffusely scattered about the Bragg angle due to crystal imperfections. Significant transmission occurs from thin samples oriented at the Bragg condition for the fcc (200), (220), and (311) planes. We also observe moderately intense two-dimensional diffraction from the first few layers at the crystal surfaces. We also examined the sample thickness dependence of diffraction from CCA photonic crystals prepared from approximately 120 nm polystyrene spheres whose fcc (111) planes diffract in the visible spectral region. These experimental observations, aided by calculations based upon a simple but flexible model of light scattering from an arbitrary collection of colloidal spheres, make clear that fabrication of three-dimensional photonic band gap crystals will be challenged by crystal imperfections.
The symbiosis of politics and crime in Lithuania

Abstract The article argues that since the mid 1990s organized crime in Lithuania has undergone significant transformation. During the early 1990s organized crime was characterized by groups challenging the state in the process of privatization of state property. At this time the most important mode of organized criminal activities was coercion, intimidation and violence. Since the mid 1990s the degree of violence typical to organized criminality has declined significantly. Instead organized crime associations have became active in attempting to partially appropriate the state by influencing, bribing and corrupting state actors. Membership of organized crime associations also underwent changes. Formally a number of prominent crime groups were made up of socially homogenous, lower class “outsiders” who used violence as the primary means of domination and enrichment. Contemporary criminal associations typically are comprised of informal networks of individuals of higher socio-economic standing, who are infl...
715-5 Reteplase vs Alteplase Patency Investigation During Myocardial Infarction Trial (RAPID 2)

It has been previously shown that double-bolus reteplase (r-PA) resulted in superior TIMI 3 flow rates at 60 and 90 minutes and follow-up compared to “standard” dose (100 mg/3 hours) alteplase (t-PA). To test whether this regimen was also superior to “accelerated” (100 mg/90 minutes) dose t-PA we studied 320 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). Patients were randomized to receive either 10 + 10 mu (30 minutes apart) bolus doses of rPA or a 90-minute “accelerated” dose of t-PA. All patients received aspirin and IV heparin. Patency and TIMI3 flow rates were determined at 30,60, and 90 minutes and prior to discharge. The trial was completed 1 September 1994. A preliminary analysis of the baseline characteristics in the first 164 patients showed the average age was 58.4 years, 79% were male, 52% were current smokers. 9% had a prior history of MI. 43% had hypertension, and 25% had prior angina. The median time to treatment was 2.2 hours (25–75%tiles, 1.6–3.8 hours). The infarct related artery was the anterior descending in 36%, the right coronary in 52%, and the circumflex artery in 11% of patients. In the combined data from both treatment groups, there were 14 deaths (8.6%), 4 strokes (2.4%), and 15.9% had “rescue” PTCA at 90 minutes because of continued coronary occlusion. A complete comparative analysis of the angiographic and clinical findings in the r-PA and “accelerated” t-PA treatment groups will be presented.
Nitrogen Fixation and Transfer in a Mixed Stand of Alfalfa and Bermudagrass

Information about dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation and transfer is needed to determine potential benefits from growing binary mixtures of alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) and hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] on Coastal Plain soils of the USA. Our objectives were to quantify N 2 fixed by alfalfa and transferred to bermudagrass. 'Alfagraze' alfalfa was grown at row spacings (RS) of 23, 46, 69, and 91 cm in a mixed stand with 'Coastal' bermudagrass on a Darco loamy fine sand (loamy siliceous, semiactive thermic Grossarenic Paleudult). The mixed stand was fertilized with 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112 kg N ha -1 applied for each bermudagrass regrowth. Isotope dilution was used to estimate N 2 fixation and subsequent transfer to bermudagrass in the zero-applied N plots. Wider alfalfa RS significantly increased bermudagrass yields. Higher N rate (NR) significantly improved bermudagrass yield during cool temperature and drought stress periods in 1994 and 1996. Narrower RS and higher NR significantly increased alfalfa production. Legume N derived from the atmosphere ranged from 42 to 91% and the fixed N yield ranged from 80 to 222 kg N ha -1 yr -1 . Bermudagrass N derived from atmospheric N 2 fixation ranged from 1.0 to 77%, and the transfer N yield (TNY) was ≤18 kg N ha -1 yr -1 . Results varied depending on harvest date, year, treatment, and grass yield. Alfalfa RS had little effect on TNY. The low bermudagrass yield and subsequent TNY in this binary forage production system suggest that monoculture alfalfa may be the best approach for managing alfalfa on Coastal Plain soils.
Influence of weight classification on walking and jogging energy expenditure prediction in women.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of weight classification on predicting energy expenditure (EE) in women. Twelve overweight (body mass index [BMI] = 25-29.99 kg/m2) and 12 normal-weight (BMI = 18.5-24.99 kg/m2) women walked and jogged 1,609 m at 1.34 m.s-1 and 2.23 m.s-1, respectively, while EE was assessed using indirect calorimetry and compared to several other prediction methods (American College of Sports Medicine [ACSM], 2010; Heyward, 2006; Leger & Mercier, 1984; McArdle, Katch, & Katch, 2006; Pandolf, Givoni, & Goldman, 1978; van der Walt & Wyndham, 1973). More error occurred with overweight EE prediction compared to normal-weight EE prediction. The ACSM and Heyward methods for walking and the McArdle et al. method for jogging most accurately predicted EE for both groups. Weight classification influences EE prediction accuracy and, thus, is important to consider when using these prediction methods.
Oligoaniline-Containing Supramolecular Block Copolymer Nanodielectric Materials

We report a new generation of nanodielectric energy storage materials based on supramolecular block copolymers. In our approach, highly polarizable, conducting nanodomains are embedded within an insulating matrix through block copolymer microphase separation. An applied electric field leads to electronic polarization of the conducting domains. The high interfacial area of microphase-separated domains amplifies the polarization, leading to high dielectric permittivity. Specifically, reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization was used to prepare block copolymers with poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) as the insulating segment and a strongly acidic dopant moiety, poly-(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPSA), as the basis for the conducting segment. The PAMPSA block was complexed with an oligoaniline trimer to form a dopant-conjugated moiety complex that is electronically conductive after oxidation. For the undoped neat block copolymers, the increase of the PMA block length leads to a transition in dielectric properties from ionic conductor to dielectric capacitor with polarization resulting from migration of protons within the isolated PAMPSA domains. The oligoaniline-doped copolymers show remarkably different dielectric properties. At frequencies above 200 kHz, they exhibit characteristics of dielectric capacitors with much higher permittivity and lower dielectric loss than the corresponding undoped copolymers.
Particle trajectories above sinusoidal terrain

As heavy particles fall towards windswept topography, their motion is governed partly by gravitational forces and partly by fluid forces resulting from the relative motion of the particles through the flow field. Topographically induced perturbations of the flow field distort particle paths and ultimately modify deposition patterns at the surface. Here, we calculate trajectories of particles falling toward a series of low-amplitude hills. Particle motion is obtained by simplifying the dynamical equations of particle motion to kinematic form and then applying perturbation techniques. This simplification is possible when the timescale of fluid motions is much longer than the characteristic response-time of the particles. It is shown that, under the right atmospheric conditions, alternating regions of convergent and divergent particle-paths will occur. an extension of the trajectory analysis yields expressions that predict the point of surface impact as functions of the initial release point. This leads to a method for predicting the point along the surface where deposition is either a maximum or a minimum.
Movements of Hatchery-reared Rainbow, Brook, and Brown Trout Stocked in a Virginia Mountain Stream

Abstract During May 1979, 1,061 catchable-sized, hatchery-reared rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and brown trout (Salmo trutta) were tagged and stocked in pool and riffle habitats in Big Stony Creek, Giles County, Virginia. Of this total, the movement patterns of 275 recovered trout were determined through voluntary tag return and creek census information. Most (75%) of the trout were recovered within 1 km of their respective release sites; 16% remained within the initial stocking locations. Most of the recaptured brook trout (69%) and rainbow trout (59%) were recovered downstream, whereas brown trout (69%) moved primarily upstream. The median dispersal distances for brook trout (195 m downstream) and rainbow trout (60 m downstream) were not significantly different from one another, but were significantly different (P < 0.001) from that of brown trout (90 m upstream). Although trout stocked in pools generally exhibited less movement than those stocked in riffles, the ...
Etched Electrochemical Detection for Electrophoresis in Nanometer Inner Diameter Capillaries

Capillary electrophoresis in nanometer inner diameter capillaries allows for the analysis of extremely small volume samples, such as the contents of single cells. However, the utilization of these ultrasmall capillaries requires a very sensitive and low volume detector. An improved method for end-column amperometric detection for capillary electrophoresis in nanometer inner diameter (i.d.) capillaries is presented. This new method involves etching both the electrode and the detection end of the capillary. These design improvements allow for better alignment between the capillary bore and the electrode. As a result, dead volume in the detector is minimized. The etched method for electrochemical detection in ultrasmall capillaries provides average coulometric efficiencies of 70 +/- 10% for dopamine and 40 +/- 20% for catechol in 770 nm i.d. capillaries. Furthermore, this technique provides peak efficiencies as high as 100,000 theoretical plates and detection limits as low as 340 zmol for both dopamine and catechol.
Inhibition of glutathione peroxidase by cadmium and other metal ions

Abstract The inhibition of selenium-glutathione peroxidase by metal ions was studied by means of a direct spectrophotometric assay that monitors at 237 nm the decrease of GS− concentration with time. Cadmium (II) and zinc (II) ions were the most potent inhibitors, while silver (I), mercury (II), cobalt (II), and lead (II) inhibited to a lesser extent. Inhibition by these metal ions was competitive with respect to the donor substrate, GSH. Competitive inhibition was verified for cadmium (II) ion by means of an assay employing Ellman's reagent, 5,5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid. Inhibition by cadmium (II) ion was noncompetitive with respect to the acceptor substrate, t-butyl hydroperoxide. Inhibitor constants obtained from Lineweaver-Burk plots and binding constants obtained from Scatchard plots were comparable. Correlation of inhibitor constants with chemical and physical properties showed a dependence on the softness of the metal ion as an acid and also a dependence on ionic size.
User costs: Information as a social good vs. information as a commodity

Abstract Dr. Detlefsen examines the social, economic, technological and political polarities in which the arguments surrounding access to government information are cast, such as fee vs. free, information-rich vs. information-poor, traditional vs. nontraditional media, collections vs. connections, and government vs. free enterprise. She talks about the exclusion of whole classes (including librarians) from technological education and the division of the haves and the have-nots which is exacerbated by the information society.
Economic Incentives for Managing Infectious Animal Disease: Discussion

Concern for animal disease is as old as humans' domestication of animals to provide food and power for farming and transportation. For most of human history, this concern arose largely from the impacts of disease on the productivity of animal-dependent economic activities. This concern remains powerful today. The scope and depth of concern for domestic animal disease has expanded in the last century and especially in recent years with the discovery and increasing understanding that animals, both domestic and wild, are the origin of established and emerging human diseases, and that domestic animals can transmit diseases to wildlife, including endangered and important game species. Increased disease risks from expanded trade and global environmental change create a need for greater vigilance, protections, and research to guide management and control. Economic research needed to inform policy is especially lacking. The articles in this session identify critical questions relevant to distinctly different aspects of the problem, and address them from innovative, but distinctly different, analytical perspectives. Gramig and Wolf (GW) are concerned with the structure of internal
Controlling photoimaging of epoxies by blending to a specific molecular weight

An epoxy formulation developed for a photoimaging application was found to exhibit poor clean-out in the developing solvent depending on the lot of one of the base resins. Size exclusion chromatographic (SEC) analysis of the residual material showed it to be a high molecular weight (Mw) fraction of the base resin EpiRez SU-8. The resin was fractionated, and it was demonstrated that removing the high Mw fraction from the formulation enhanced its developability. Lower Mw versions of this resin were evaluated and found to be unsuitable. However, blending one of these resins (EpiRez SU-6) with the SU-8 resulted in a formulation that exhibited excellent developability. Mathematical relationships were calculated that enabled blends to be made, resulting in a defined molecular weight regardless of the lots of resins used.