cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Acquisition of Prosody: Evidence from French- and English-learning Infants*

The reduplicative babbling of five French- and five English-learning infants, recorded when the infants were between the ages of 7;3 months and 11;1 months on average, was examined for evidence of language-specific prosodic patterns. Certain fundamental frequency and syllable-timing patterns in the infants’ utterances clearly reflected the influence of the ambient language. The evidence for language-specific influence on syllable amplitudes was less clear. The results are discussed in terms of a possible order of acquisition for the prosodic features of fundamental frequency, timing, and amplitude.
Legal Issues: Red Flags and Willful Blindness: Is the DMCA Safe Harbor Less Safe?

The Internet has become the go-to place for distributing media content. Be it iTunes music and video, Amazon Kindle ebooks, Xfinity TV Go for streaming television shows, even literature.org for the full-text of A Tale of Two Cities, there is very little media content that is not available through the Internet. For a fee that is. And, certainly in the case of copyrighted media content, a fee is not uncommon and completely appropriate. Copyright law exists to give the owner of created works the right to charge for their works as part of the motive to encourage the creation of new works. Whether it’s the $9.99 to download a Kindle ebook, $1.29 for an iTunes song, or streaming TV shows as part of my Comcast service, the Internet provides a substantial amount, if not the majority, of revenue to content owners. There is, however, a dramatic and continuing proliferation of copyright infringement over the Internet. The downside of digital is that it can be perfectly replication and virally distributed to uncounted users from a single source. When that replication and distribution with the intent of avoiding paying the fees intended to be associated with the work, it is considered copyright infringement and is illegal.
Mathematical Simulation of Petal Oxygenation

Abstract The delivery of oxygen to fetal tissues is a complex function of the interaction of the factors affecting placental O 2 and CO 2 transfer, fetal circulatory rates and distribution, and O 2 and CO 2 exchange in fetal tissues per se. We have simulated the first two of these subsystems mathematically in an attempt to better understand the role and relative importance of each factor in the overall process.
Mediation and Moderation of Religion-Substance Abuse Relationships By Genotype

BackgroundThe negative correlation between substance abuse and religiosity is well-established, and often cited as a mechanism through which religiosity affects general health. However, little research has examined the mechanism underlying the addiction/religiosity relationship itself. Previous literature on substance abuse documents significant relationships of substance abuse disorders with dopamine and serotonin transporters genes. Other studies demonstrate genetic underpinnings to religiosity. The current study sought to evaluate how religiosity, substance abuse, and genetics may interact.MethodsData were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), which surveyed over 15000 subjects in four waves, from age 12 to 38. Genotyping was performed for candidate genes previously correlated with mental health: the serotonin transporter promoter (5HTTLPR), dopamine transporter (DAT1), dopamine receptor subtype 4 (DRD4), and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA). For this analysis genotypes were dichotomized by activity levels, per previous literature. Religious variables (attendance, importance of religion, and prayer) were modeled across Waves I-IV using growth mixture modeling. To these models, genotypes were added to assess mediation relationships. Stratified analyses were performed to test for moderation of religion/addiction relationships by genotype.ResultsEvidence of mediation of the religion/substance abuse relationship was apparent for 5HT and DAT. DAT appeared to mediate the relationship of baseline binge drinking to later religious attendance. Multiple relationships of religious importance and frequency of prayer to future substance abuse became non-significant when controlled for 5HTTPLR. Moderation analysis found substantial variation in religion/substance use relationships according to genotype. ConclusionsThis analysis indicates that religiosity may relate to addiction partially through correlation with genes, and that religion/substance use relationships may vary by genotype. Further research on the relationship of 5HTLLPR to religious phenomena, particularly personal prayer, is warranted. Improved understanding of how religion reduces substance abuse will inform prevention and treatment efforts.
Memory Binding Test Predicts Incident Dementia: Results from the Einstein Aging Study.

BACKGROUND The Memory Binding Test (MBT) demonstrated good cross-sectional discriminative validity and predicted incident aMCI. OBJECTIVE To assess whether the MBT predicts incident dementia better than a conventional list learning test in a longitudinal community-based study. METHODS As a sub-study in the Einstein Aging Study, 309 participants age≥70 initially free of dementia were administered the MBT and followed annually for incident dementia for up to 13 years. Based on previous work, poor memory binding was defined using an optimal empirical cut-score of≤17 on the binding measure of the MBT, Total Items in the Paired condition (TIP). Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess predictive validity adjusting for covariates. We compared the predictive validity of MBT TIP to that of the free and cued selective reminding test free recall score (FCSRT-FR; cut-score:≤24) and the single list recall measure of the MBT, Cued Recalled from List 1 (CR-L1; cut-score:≤12). RESULTS Thirty-five of 309 participants developed incident dementia. When assessing each test alone, the hazard ratio (HR) for dementia was significant for MBT TIP (HR = 8.58, 95% CI: (3.58, 20.58), p < 0.0001), FCSRT-FR (HR = 4.19, 95% CI: (1.94, 9.04), p = 0.0003) and MBT CR-L1 (HR = 2.91, 95% CI: (1.37, 6.18), p = 0.006). MBT TIP remained a significant predictor of dementia (p = 0.0002) when adjusting for FCSRT-FR or CR-L1. CONCLUSIONS Older adults with poor memory binding as measured by the MBT TIP were at increased risk for incident dementia. This measure outperforms conventional episodic memory measures of free and cued recall, supporting the memory binding hypothesis.
Immune Escape: Immunosuppressive Networks

Tumors that become clinically apparent have invariably developed ways to escape immune control. The mechanisms of escape are multiple and diverse and do not necessarily require the loss by tumor cells of expression of antigens recognized by the immune system. More commonly, tumor-specific T cells are rendered dysfunctional by a number of soluble and cell surface-bound molecules that are produced or modified by the action of cancer cells or suppressive and regulatory immune cells recruited to the tumor. Overall, the obstacles that prevent tumor rejection are active at several levels, affecting T-cell priming, functional differentiation, recruitment to the tumor, survival and effectors’ function inside the tumor. The multifaceted nature of these immunosuppressive networks represents a formidable obstacle to the success of immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the recent achievements of therapeutics targeting key checkpoint receptors highlight the great potential of strategies that are based on selective disruption of immunosuppressive networks.
Can Argumentation Always Deal with Dissensus

The literary critic Stanley Fish has issued a challenge to argumentation. Dissensus cannot be resolved rationally since dissenters accept incompatible basic premises not on evidence but as constituting what evidence is. There are no objective principles of evidence or value to which one could appeal in resolving disagreements of opinion. One’s basic principles rather express core self-defining commitments, accepted on faith. Different faith means different principles of evidence. One’s basic faith is immune both to critical scrutiny and to support through argumentation. Fish goes further. The liberal stance holds that some basic premises are open to objective agreement while others are matters of ideology. Only those positions open to objective discussion are reasonable. Argumentation theory presupposes the liberal stance. Fish holds that this stance then is itself an ideological view betraying an intolerance of ideological commitment, antithetical to the liberal stance. Liberalism is involved in a dilemma. We argue that argumentation theory can deal with Fish’s dilemma. Basic principles of evidence in effect are warrants. Fish has ignored that warrants can be backed in various ways. Not all warrants, then, need be matters of faith. Fish may reply that it is basic warrants which are matters of faith, reflecting self-defining existential commitments, the other warrants one accepts being derivative from the basic warrants. Without such basic warrants, one cannot recognize relations of evidence. We argue that this view can be easily counterexampled for warrants backed for example on empirical evidence. However, Fish may reply that claims of evidence for meaning and value, as opposed to merely descriptive matters, do depend on basic commitments, and argumentation cannot resolve dissensus here. But how does recognition of a particular prima facie duty, for example, rely on a basic commitment? Rather can we see recognition of such “lower level” judgments of value or meaning and basic commitments defining meaning or value in reflective equilibrium and thus in mutual support? Does recognition of this equilibrium depend on some basic commitment? Cannot one recognize the degree of reflective equilibrium in a given belief system, whether or not it is one’s own? Could one see one’s individual judgments in better reflective equilibrium with the basic axioms of some other culture? Could one then argue for the essential axioms of that other culture? Could one come to see that a basic axiom of another world view had greater explanatory power than one’s own basic axiom? This again is a matter involving argumentation. Fish’s skepticism of argumentation is not justified.
BRUGADA PHENOCOPY UNMASKED AFTER A MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT

The electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern of Brugada syndrome (BrS) has characteristic findings and is associated with fatal ventricular arrhythmias. Brugada phenocopy (BrP) ECG findings are identical to the syndrome but are elicited by certain clinical circumstances. A 56 year old Caucasian female
The Chloroprocaine Controversy: I. A Hypothesis to Explain the Neural Complications of Chloroprocaine Epidural

Epidural anesthesia using chloroprocaine (especially in the pregnant woman) has recently been associated with a number of persistent serious neurological complications. Fortunately, this occurrence is infrequent but the underlying causes are unknown. We present the thesis that the complications seen (anterior spinal artery syndrome, cauda equina syndrome) are vascular in origin. The basic cause of clinical complications is a “waterfalls phenomenon,” following the introduction of excessive fluid volume intrathecally associated with systemic hypotension. Serious decrease in tissue perfusion results from cerebrospinal fluid hypertension because of low spinal space compliance and decreased vascular perfusion pressure. We suggest a therapeutic regime in the presence of a total spinal following an attempted epidural block.
Astrocytes in chronic pain and itch

Astrocytes are critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS. Increasing evidence suggests that a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including chronic pain, may result from astrocyte 'gliopathy'. Indeed, in recent years there has been substantial progress in our understanding of how astrocytes can regulate nociceptive synaptic transmission via neuronal-glial and glial-glial cell interactions, as well as the involvement of spinal and supraspinal astrocytes in the modulation of pain signalling and the maintenance of neuropathic pain. A role of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of chronic itch is also emerging. These developments suggest that targeting the specific pathways that are responsible for astrogliopathy may represent a novel approach to develop therapies for chronic pain and chronic itch.
TCT-681 In-Hospital and Short-Term TAVR Outcomes in Patients With and Without Unrevascularized Coronary Artery Disease

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is an established therapeutic option in patients with severe aortic stenosis who are considered high or intermediate risk for surgery. Despite the high prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the TAVR population, the treatment of CAD at the time
Parasocial forgiveness: The roles of parasocial closeness and offense perceptions:

Recent research suggests that robust predictors of interpersonal forgiveness, such as relationship closeness and offense severity, also predict forgiveness of a parasocial target. We extend this wo...
What drives student success? Assessing the combined effect of transfer students and online courses

Four-year institutions of higher education in the United States are experiencing two major trends: 1. a growing number of transfer students and 2. students taking an increasing proportion of their ...
The Hermeneutics of Givenness

Hermeneutics is very often taken for granted: every statement, and by derivation, every fact or phenomenon, would have to be interpreted. This remains obvious, indeed. But, precisely because it looks obvious, we cannot avoid the question asking why it is so. And an answer may remain puzzling, as we could imagine that any correct formulation or description would need no additional commentary to be understood univocally. This could even define the utility of a correct use of language. However, notwithstanding the array of philosophical emendations of daily language (by grammar as well as semantics), we have all experienced that this univocity remains beyond our reach. Here, we suggest that hermeneutics becomes compulsory because the intuition of what gives itself overflows most of the times, if not always, what shows itself and what can be explained or understood by concepts. The excess of the intuition on the concept allows, more than that, asks for a hermeneutics. Therefore, far from a phenomenology of givenness forbidding hermeneutics, it opens its broad and unescapable field.
Designing naphthopyran mechanophores with tunable mechanochromic behavior.

Mechanochromic molecular force probes conveniently report on stress and strain in polymeric materials through straightforward visual cues. We capitalize on the versatility of the naphthopyran framework to design a series of mechanochromic mechanophores that exhibit highly tunable color and fading kinetics after mechanochemical activation. Structurally diverse naphthopyran crosslinkers are synthesized and covalently incorporated into silicone elastomers, where the mechanochemical ring–opening reactions are achieved under tension to generate the merocyanine dyes. Strategic structural modifications to the naphthopyran mechanophore scaffold produce dramatic differences in the color and thermal electrocyclization behavior of the corresponding merocyanine dyes. The color of the merocyanines varies from orange-yellow to purple upon the introduction of an electron donating pyrrolidine substituent, while the rate of thermal electrocyclization is controlled through electronic and steric factors, enabling access to derivatives that display both fast-fading and persistent coloration after mechanical activation and subsequent stress relaxation. In addition to identifying key structure–property relationships for tuning the behavior of the naphthopyran mechanophore, the modularity of the naphthopyran platform is demonstrated by leveraging blends of structurally distinct mechanophores to create materials with desirable multicolor mechanochromic and complex stimuli-responsive behavior, expanding the scope and accessibility of force-responsive materials for applications such as multimodal sensing.
Enhancing fracture-network characterization and discrete-fracture-network simulation with high-resolution surveys using unmanned aerial vehicles

A workflow is presented that integrates unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery with discrete fracture network (DFN) geometric characterization and quantification of fluid flow. The DFN analysis allows for reliable characterization and reproduction of the most relevant features of fracture networks, including: identification of orientation sets and their characteristics (mean orientation, dispersion, and prior probability); scale invariance in distributions of fracture length and spatial location/clustering; and the distribution of aperture values used to compute network-scale equivalent permeability. A two-dimensional DFN-generation approach honors field data by explicitly reproducing observed multi-scale fracture clustering using a multiplicative cascade process and power law distribution of fracture length. The influence of aperture on network-scale equivalent permeability is investigated using comparisons between a sublinear aperture-to-length relationship and constant aperture. To assess the applicability of the developed methodology, DFN flow simulations are calibrated to pumping test data. Results suggest that even at small scales, UAV surveys capture the essential geometrical properties required for fluid flow characterization. Both the constant and sublinear aperture scaling approaches provide good matches to the pumping test results with only minimal calibration, indicating that the reproduced networks sufficiently capture the geometric and connectivity properties characteristic of the granitic rocks at the study site. The sublinear aperture scaling case honors the directions of dominant fractures that play a critical role in connecting fracture clusters and provides a realistic representation of network permeability.
Weight management for adults with mobility related disabilities: Rationale and design for an 18-month randomized trial.

Abstract Adults with mobility related disabilities (MRDs) represent an underserved group with a high prevalence of overweight/obesity and limited options for weight management. We previously demonstrated clinically meaningful 12-month weight loss in adults with MRDs (−6.2%, 36% ≥5% of baseline weight) using an enhanced Stop Light Diet (eSLD) delivered using at home face-to-face behavioral sessions and optional physical activity. However, the costs/logistics associated with intervention delivery by individual home visits limits the potential for scaling and implementation of this approach. Thus, we will conduct a two-arm randomized trial in 128 overweight/obese adults with MRDs to compare weight loss (6 mos.) and maintenance (12 mos.) between interventions utilizing the eSLD, behavioral counseling, and increased physical activity delivered to individual participants in their homes or delivered to groups of participants in their homes remotely via video conferencing. The primary aim will compare weight loss between interventions arms across 6 months. Secondarily, we will compare weight loss (0–18 mos.), the proportion of participants who achieve clinically meaningful weight loss (≥5%) from 0 to 6 and 0 to18 months, and changes in quality of life from 0 to 6 and 0 to 18 months between interventions arms. We will also conduct cost, cost-effectiveness and contingent valuation comparisons and explore the influence of behavioral session attendance, compliance with the recommendations for diet and physical activity, self-monitoring of diet and physical activity, barriers to physical activity, sleep quality, and medications on weight change across 6 and 18 months. NCT registration NCT04046471
Evolution of Microstructure, Residual Stress, and Tensile Properties of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel Under Heat Treatments

This study investigated the microstructure, residual stress, and tensile properties of directed energy deposited stainless steel 316L (SS316L) under thermal annealing. Microstructure characterization shows the as-printed sample has laser-generated patterns where dendritic structure is observed at the edge of the patterns and cellular structure dominates the interior region. The thermal annealing at 983 and 1093°C effectively removes the dendritic/cellular structures. Synchrotron x-ray diffraction reveals that the as-printed SS316L exhibits compressive residual stress of − 197.4 MPa, which is greatly relieved to − 53.8 MPa after annealing at 1093°C. The room temperature tensile testing indicates that the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength drop from 378 MPa and 502 MPa in the as-printed sample to 258 MPa and 446 MPa in the annealed samples (1093°C), respectively. Our study provides insights into the relationship among microstructure, residual stress, and tensile properties of laser additive manufactured SS316L.
Betamethasone Induces a Unique Transcriptome in Neural Stem Cells

Twelve percent of pregnant women receive glucocorticoids (sGCs) to reduce the risks to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with preterm birth in infants. The two most commonly administered sGC are Dexamethasone (Dex) and Betamethasone (Beta) and they serve to decrease the severity of respiratory distress, intraventricular hemorrhage and necrotizing enterocolitis. However, repeated administration of sGC has been shown to be associated with adverse neurological outcome and depends on the type of sGCs used, dose, timing of sGCs administration and sex. We have previously shown that prenatal exposure to Dex in a murine model lead to sex specific changes in the transcription response and in the biological function of neural stem cells and to long-term changes in brain architecture and behavior. Beta is the predominant sGC used prenatally in the United States, therefore these studies investigated the cellular and molecular responses to beta exposure on the neural stem cells in-vitro and anatomical organization of the brain in-vivo. Murine NSCs were isolated from the E14.5 cerebral cortex and exposed to 10-7 M Dex, 10-7 M Beta, or Vehicle for 4 or 24 hours and the immediate and long-term impact on transcription, proliferation and neuronal, glial and oligodendrocyte differentiation examined. Affymetrix genome transcriptional analyses reveal sex specific responses to Dex vs Beta in 4 hours. In females 682 genes were differentially regulated by Dex compared to 576 by Beta. In contrast, 875 were altered by Dex and 576 by Beta in males (Fold change > +/- 1.5, P< 0.05). Select target genes were independently validated by QPCR. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to identify unique and overlapping pathways that were altered by Dex vs Beta. In males, Dex uniquely altered 34 pathways including, Thyroid Hormone Metabolism, ERK5 Signaling and Opioid Signaling while Bata altered 33 pathways including, Phagasome formation, IL-7 Signaling and JAK STAT signaling. In Females, Dex altered 45 pathways including Calcium Signaling, Serotonin Receptor Signaling and Xenobiotic Signaling, while Beta altered 46 pathways including, FXR/RXR Activation, Tec Kinase Signaling and D-myo-Inositol-5-Phosphate Metabolism. Another 35 pathways were altered by both Dex and Beta but they showed differences in genes activated or repressed. Dex and Beta, both significantly altered genes involved in proliferation and differentiation therefore the biological response of NSC to sGCs stimulation in vitro and the long term consequences of sGC exposure in-vivo was compared. Distinct differences in cell proliferation, glial and oligodendrocyte differentiation were observed. These results reveal gene targets, cellular pathways and processes that are differentially altered by prenatal Dex vs Beta exposure. Our finds may provide insights into the sex specific neurological outcomes observed in children exposed to sGCs in-utero.
Mega Bot – The Healthcare Chatbot

This project aims to help people to check their health condition before going to a hospital this saves a lot of time and value and also allows you to know your symptoms in advance. It can perform tasks related to symptoms same like a doctor who takes a checkup but in a more accurate way. Machine Learning (ML), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Deep-Learning (DL) and IOT are used to detect the symptoms and checks the temperature. This algorithm using dependencies such as pysklearn, nltk, Tensor Flow, OpenCV, AI, and Raspberry Pi. It usually enters by entering the login details and then it asks you to click the start button and then you can say “yes” or “no” and then it finally uses to suggest the online doctors. There are also way more features like face checkup, fever checkup and third party infermedica API. The face checkup is used to check the emotions and fever is used to detect temperature and then third party infermedica API deals with your symptoms.
Effects of social media on firm value for U.S. restaurant companies

Abstract This study explores a relationship between a restaurant firm’s social media activity and firm value. Although social media have become significant in restaurateurs’ communications with existing and potential customers, the actual financial consequences thereof seem unclear, and little empirical evidence is available. This study’s findings suggest a positive and linear effect of restaurant firms’ activities in social media on firm value (Tobin’s q ) after controlling for several firm characteristics.
A Response—Competition Model Designed to Account for the Aversion to Feed on Conspecific Flesh

Publisher Summary In recent years, a great deal of laboratory research has been devoted to the study of experimentally induced food aversions. Animals come to reject an initially attractive food item, because its ingestion is paired with a malaise inducing agent. This chapter is concerned with a second and rather different kind of food aversion; one that requires no special experimental procedures because it occurs quite spontaneously in many species living in their natural environment, as well as under laboratory conditions. It is shown that this naturally occurring food aversion is acquired in the sense that it develops during the course of the primary socialization process, at least in Norway rats and probably in many other flesh-eating species as well. Since it is so widespread, this food aversion deserves its own experimental analysis, aimed at identifying its sensory and motivational bases, neural substrate, and ontogeny. Apart from its own intrinsic interest, research on the present food aversion may also uncover important similarities and differences between this naturally occurring aversion and the malaise-induced aversions referred to earlier. Further, research on this food aversion may shed additional light on the interdependence of two major classes of behavior-sociality and food getting. Finally, the experimental analysis of the present food aversion using animals may provide a useful perspective in which to view the current controversy among anthropologists concerning the ecological vs cultural determinants of cannibalism among humans.
Thermophilic Sporeforming Bacilli That Mimic Fastidious Growth Characteristics and Colonial Morphology of Legionellae

Gram-negative bacilli resembling legionellae were isolated from contaminated culture media. These bacilli are distinguishable from legionellae by their thermophilic characteristic.
Factors That Influence the Employment Decision of Minority Students in Seeking Jobs in the Hospitality Industry

This study utilized a survey questionnaire methodology to assess the employment factors that influence the decisions of minority applicants when seeking employment in the hospitality industry. Attitudes of minority students towards the hospitality sectors; Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Food Service were also identified. Overall, students rated institutional food service management below the hotel and restaurant sectors. This may have hiring .implications to the segments within the institutional sector, including college and university food services.
Evidence for age as a modifier of genetic associations for lipid levels.

Summary In order to identify novel genetic variants that influence plasma lipid concentrations, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) comprised of 411 children under 18 years of age, ascertained at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, all of whom were of European, African, or Mexican descent. Promising associations (p < 10−5) were subsequently examined in 1040 additional youths and 3508 adults from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a diverse population-based study. Three genotype–phenotype associations replicated in NHANES III youths and three associated in NHANES III adults at p < 0.05; however, no single association was significant in both youths and adults. The most significant association (p= 0.009) in NHANES III youths was between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and intronic rs2429917 among participants of African descent. Given the known age dependency of lipid levels, we also tested for gene–age interactions in NHANES III participants across all ages. We identified a significant (p= 0.024) age-dependent association between SGSM2 rs2429917 and LDL-C. This finding illustrates the utility of using children to discover novel variants associated with complex phenotypes and the importance of considering age-dependent genetic effects in association studies of lipid levels.
Robust constrained-LMS adaptive beamforming algorithm

The existing adaptive beamforming algorithms are known to degrade if some of underlying assumptions on the environment, sources, or sensor array become violated and this may cause even slight mismatches between the actual and presumed array responses to the desired signal. Similar types of degradation can take place when the signal array response is known precisely but the training sample size is small. In this paper, on the basis of constrained-LMS (CLMS) algorithm, we propose a robust constrained-LMS (RCLMS) algorithm. Our robust constrained-LMS algorithm provides excellent robustness against the desired signal mismatches, offers fast convergence rate and makes the mean output array SINR consistently close to the optimal one. Computer simulations show better performance of our RCLMS algorithm as compared with the classical CLMS algorithm.
Metabolic side effects of antipsychotics: focus on hyperglycemia and diabetes.

Approximately 16 million people in the United States have diabetes, and the World Health Organization has estimated that the worldwide prevalence of diabetes will more than double from 1995 to 2025. Type 2 diabetes, the most common form of diabetes, may be 2 to 4 times more prevalent in patients with severe mental disorders. Within the psychiatric community, there is a great deal of concern about diabetes as a potential side effect of antipsychotic agents. An important population to remember in the context of treatment-emergent hyperglycemia is the 20 million people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (fasting plasma glucose > 110 mg/dL and 140 mg/dL and < 200 mg/dL according to the American Diabetes Association). This prediabetic condition has a 5% to 10% annual risk of converting to diabetes. One hypothesis for antipsychotic treatment-emergent diabetes during double-blind, randomized, controlled trials is that people who develop diabetes soon after the initiation of drug therapy for schizophrenia may have had undiagnosed IGT or diabetes before they started treatment. The emergence of diabetes in clinical practice may be due to an observation effect, but because the incidence of diabetes is greater in people with severe mental illnesses, it is crucial for psychiatrists to be aware of national guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes.
A Diet High in Wheat Fiber Decreases the Bioavailability of Soybean Isoflavones in a Single Meal Fed to Women

The absorption of some dietary components may be inhibited by dietary fiber. To study the effect of dietary fiber on the bioavailability of Isoflavones, seven healthy women were randomly assigned in a crossover design to a control diet containing 15 g dietary fiber or a wheat fiber-supplemented diet containing 40 g dietary fiber, both fed with a single dose of 0.9 mg isoflavones/kg body weight from tofu or texturized vegetable protein (TVP). The fiber-rich diet produced 55% lower plasma genistein at 24 h after soy dosing (P < 0.05) and reduced total urinary genistein by 20% (P < 0.03). Urinary daidzein was not significantly related to fiber intake. Highly insoluble, dietary wheat fiber reduced the absorption of genistein probably by its bulking effect and hydrophobic binding to this compound. Urinary genistein was greater by 23% after tofu than after TVP consumption (P < 0.02), but the percentage of ingested genistein recovered in urine was not affected by soy product intake. The higher urinary genistein after tofu consumption compared with TVP was apparently due to differences in amount of genistein between these soy foods, not the different forms of genistein present in these two soy food products.
Work in progress: establishing formal academic programs in engineering education

The national need for engineering education reform is widely recognized. Long-term and sustainable engineering education reform requires a pipeline for educating future engineering faculty and professionals interested in pursuing careers in K-12 teaching and administration. Purdue University is evaluating the development of a new framework for promoting engineering education reform. As part of this framework, new undergraduate and graduate degree programs in engineering education (B.S., M.S., and Ph.D.) are being considered. We present for discussion, a vision to legitimize, institutionalize, and advance the establishment of formal academic programs in engineering education and provide descriptions of the proposed programs, program coursework, admissions criteria, and anticipated job opportunities for graduates of such programs.
Gastrointestinal motor correlates of vomiting in the dog: Quantification and characterization as an independent phenomenon

The gastrointestinal motor correlates of vomiting were examined in 8 dogs. Each dog was chronically implanted with extramural strain gage force transducers distributed along the gastrointestinal tract. The following gastrointestinal motor responses accompanied vomiting activated spontaneously or after apomorphine administration (2.5-15 micrograms/kg, i.v.): (a) a retrograde peristaltic contraction (RPC), (b) a peri-RPC inhibitory period, (c) a post-RPC series of phasic contractions, and (d) a post-RPC inhibitory period. These same motor patterns occurred without the somatomotor responses associated with vomiting but sometimes with regurgitation under the following conditions: (a) spontaneously, (b) one-third of the time after low doses of apomorphine (2.5-5.0 micrograms/kg, i.v.), or (c) after the intragastric administration of hypertonic saline or a vinegar solution. We concluded that a set of gastrointestinal motor responses accompany vomiting and that this set of responses represents an independent phenomenon. This phenomenon was vagally mediated but only one phase, the RPC, was cholinergically mediated. Our results suggest that the vomiting center may consist of two functionally distinct parts that are activated sequentially: one controlling the gastrointestinal responses and the other the somatomotor responses.
Active Management Framework for Distributed Multimedia Systems

The successful deployment of next-generation distributed multimedia systems is significantly dependent on the efficient management support that improves the performance and reliability of such applications at run-time. In this paper, we describe an active management framework based on programmable monitoring agents and event-filter-action recursive model. Active management enables users to define reconfigurable and self-directed monitoring tasks that can be automatically customized at run-time in order to track the system behavior. Using this active management framework, the monitoring agents can be programmed to modify their monitoring tasks dynamically based on observed events information, and initiate the appropriate management actions accordingly. This paper also emphasizes the importance of active management for supporting a scalable, highly responsive and nonintrusive distributed management infrastructure. The presented framework, which is referred to as HiFi monitoring system, supports a comprehensive environment including code instrumentation, user subscription, agents administration, event filtering and action service. Examples of using HiFi in managing large-scale distributed multimedia systems are also shown.
A relaxation type multigrid parallel algorithm for power system transient stability analysis

An algorithm is presented that exploits the maximum parallelism that the transient stability analysis problem can offer. By applying a stable integration method such as the trapezoidal rule, the overall algebraic-differential set of equations is usually transformed into a unique algebraic problem at each time step. By utilizing an indirect method for the solution of the set of nonlinear equations, a parallelism in space (that is, for all equations) and in time (that is, for all time steps) is obtained. The formulation permits, easily, the implementation of multigrid techniques. Theoretical aspects of the existence, uniqueness, and convergence of the algorithm are discussed. >
Digital libraries and the social web: collections and platforms

This is a preprint of a chapter whose final and definitive form was co-published in Exploring Digital Libraries: Foundations, Practice, Prospects by Facet Publishing (2014) and ALA Neal-Schuman (2014).
A selective cannabinoid CB2 agonist attenuates damage and improves memory retention following stroke in mice

Aims We have recently demonstrated that treatment with a cannabinoid CB2 agonist was protective in a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The present study aimed to determine whether these protective effects of CB2 agonism would extend to a mouse photoinjury model of permanent ischemia and determine associated alterations in cognition and infarct size.
Chapter 3 Theory of Thermal Radiation and Radiative Properties

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the basic theory of thermal radiation and electrodynamics, as well as the definition and prediction of optical and radiative properties of solid materials. This chapter describes the thermodynamics foundation of the Stefan-Boltzmann law and the Planck law of blackbody radiation. Definitions of the radiative properties and their relationships are then presented, for example, emissivity, absorptivity, and reflectivity for opaque materials, as well as the reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance for semitransparent materials. Brief discussions on effective emissivity and radiative transfer in participating media are also presented. Maxwell's electromagnetic wave theory is introduced for the prediction of reflection and transmission at the interfaces as well as in multilayer structures. Frequency-dependent dielectric function models are described for metals, dielectric materials or insulators, and semiconductors, in the visible (VIS) and infrared (IR) regions. In 1900, Planck introduced the concept of energy quanta in order to derive the law of thermal radiation. In 1905, Einstein used the concept of energy quantization to explain the phenomenon of photoelectric emission. Later in 1924, de Broglie hypothesized that a physical particle could also exhibit wave nature. Wave-particle duality became an established foundation of quantum mechanics and more broadly modern physics. According to this theory, radiation is made of discrete energy quanta, called photons. The energy of an individual photon is proportional to its frequency. A blackbody absorbs all radiation impinged onto it and emits the maximum amount of radiation at any given temperature. Theoretically, a blackbody can be realized by a vacuum enclosure whose walls are kept at a constant temperature.
Situationally embodied curriculum: Relating formalisms and contexts

This study describes an example of design-based research in which we make theoretical improvements in our understanding, in part based on empirical work, and use these to revise our curriculum and, simultaneously, our evolving theory of the relations betweencontextsanddisciplinaryformalisms.Priortothisstudy,wecompletedafirstcycle of design revisions to a game-based ecological sciences curriculum to make more apparent specific domain concepts associated with targeted learning standards. Of particular interest was using gaming principles to embed standards-based science concepts in the curricular experiencewithoutunderminingthesituativeembodimentcentraltoourdesignphilosophy. InStudyOnereportedhere,thesamefirst-cycleelementaryteacherusedtherefinedsecond- cycle curriculum, again with high-ability fourth graders. We then analyzed qualitative and quantitative data on student participation and performance to further refine our theory and revise the curriculum. In Study Two, another teacher implemented a further refined second- cycle curriculum with lower achieving fourth graders, including several students labeled as having special needs. We use the design trajectory and results to illustrate and warrant the creation of a situationally embodied curriculum that supports the learning of specific disciplinary formalisms. C
Adenovirus calcium phosphate coprecipitates enhance squamous cell carcinoma gene transfer.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer offers a potential new treatment strategy for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN). Initial studies on some SCCHN cell lines have shown that these cells can be resistant to adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, requiring large amounts of vector and long infection times. The objectives of this study were to identify the barriers to gene transfer in three SCCHN lines, FaDu, SCC-9, and SCC-15, and to develop a method to circumvent the obstacles. We hypothesized that a low expression of adenovirus receptors may limit adenovirus infection and this may be overcome by using adenovirus complexed with calcium phosphate coprecipitates. Methods: Using standard cell and molecular biology techniques, infectively of SCCHN cells was investigated. Results: Using Cy3-labeled adenovirus, we found minimal binding of adenovirus to FaDu cells and variable levels of binding among SCC-9 and SCC-15 cells. Northern blot analysis indicated that messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts for coxsackie-adenovirus receptor, which binds adenovirus, were absent in FaDu cells but present in SCC-9 and SCC-15 cells. Integrin αvβ5, which binds and facilitates internalization of adenovirus, were expressed at low levels in all three cell types. We overcame these barriers by using adenovirus complexed with calcium phosphate precipitates. Total transgene expression and the number of cells expressing transgene were increased in all three cancer lines using adenovirus complexed with calcium phosphate precipitates compared with adenovirus that was not complexed. Conclusions: Data in the present study suggest that adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to SCCHN cell lines is a result of limited viral receptors. Delivering adenovirus in a calcium phosphate coprecipitate enhanced gene transfer and, perhaps, the therapeutic index.
THE EFFECT OF GYPSUM AMENDMENT ON TRANSPORT OF PHOSPHORUS IN A SANDY SOIL

The effect of gypsum amendment on transport of phosphorus (P) in a Pineda sand (loamy, silicious, hyperthermic Arenic Glossaqualf) was investigated in a leaching column experiment. Phosphorus was either placed on the surface of the soil or mixed with the surface 2 cm depth of soil in the column. Gypsum amendment decreased the transport of P in soil. Compared to the unamended soil, transport of P decreased by 35 and 54% in soils amended with 4.5 and 9.0 M.T./ha gypsum, respectively. The transport of P was further decreased by 74% when P was premixed with the surface 2 cm of soil. The transport of P was not influenced by the SO4 ion from gypsum amendment. Instead, formation of Ca-P precipitate appeared to be responsible for the decreased transport of P in the gypsum-amended soil.
Using a subsurface drip irrigation system to measure crop water use

Procedures are presented for determining crop water use and crop coefficients for a row crop, using a neutron scattering probe with an efficient subsurface drip irrigation system. One procedure is called the slope-projection method, and the other is called a covariance procedure. Field tests were conducted with full-season, narrow-row cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on a well-drained, sandy soil in a semiarid environment over a 5-year period. The goal was to improve automated irrigation scheduling, by relating evapotranspiration (ET) to growing degree days (GDD). The result, using a Penman–Monteith reference ET, was an average midseason crop coefficient of 1.11, with a standard error of 0.056. With class A pan evaporation as the reference ET, the average midseason crop coefficient was 0.877, with a standard error of 0.029. A fifth-order polynomial for the pan-based crop coefficient as a function of GDD was programmed into a controller and used successfully to irrigate a field automatically for one season.
Effects of the facial osseous defect morphology on gingival dynamics after immediate tooth replacement and guided bone regeneration: 1-year results.

Purpose This article describes different scenarios of facial osseous defects when the osseous-gingival relationship exceeds 3 mm and evaluates the effects of the morphology of the compromised facial bone on gingival dynamics after immediate tooth replacement and guided bone regeneration. The implant success rate and peri-implant bone change were also reported. Materials and Methods Twenty-three patients treated consecutively with the mean age of 39.5 years (range, 25 to 63 years) underwent immediate tooth replacement and guided bone regeneration in sockets with facial bony defects exceeding 3 mm. Facial bony defects were categorized into V-, U-, and Ultra-U (UU)-shaped. The patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically at 1-year after implant placement. Results At 1-year, the implant success rate was 100% (23/23). No marginal bone change of greater than 1 mm was observed. Greater than 1.5 mm of facial gingival recessions were noted in 8.3% (1/12) of V-shaped, 42.8% (3/7) of U-shaped, and 100% (4/4) of UU-shaped defects. Conclusions U- and UU-shaped defects showed significantly higher frequency and magnitude of facial gingival recession (>1.5 mm) when compared with V-shaped defects 1-year after immediate tooth replacement and guided bone regeneration. It is important to identify the type of facial bony defect during diagnosis and treatment planning, so that appropriate treatment can be prescribed. The combination of delayed implant placement after staged reconstruction of unfavorable U- and UU-shaped labial extraction socket defects should be considered in areas of high esthetic concern.
Estimation of diffusion path slopes at zero-flux plane compositions

A zero-flux plane (ZFP) for component i is a plane where the interdiffusion flux of the component goes to zero within the diffusion zone of a multi-component diffusion couple. ZFPs develop due to diffusional interactions among the diffusing species and have been identified in several ternary systems, such as Cu-Ni-Zn, Fe-Ni-Al and Cu-Ag-Au. In this paper a relation for the estimation of the slopes of diffusion paths at ZFP compositions in terms of thermodynamic data and atomic mobilities is derived and is utilized in calculating the diffusion path slopes for several couples in the Cu-Ni-Zn ternary system.