cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auditory perception and reading disability

Many years ago, Dr. Samuel Orton, neuropsychiatrist who had studied the problem of reading disability in children, and Anna Gillingham, a psy chologist and teacher, wrote about the importance of the relationship between auditory perceptual disabilities, language and speech development, and a specific reading disability. Within recent years the strength of this relationship has come to be more and more recognized. Myklebust (1954, p. 158) defined auditory perception as the ability to "structure the auditory world and select those sounds which are immediately pertinent to adjustment." This is a general definition, one which could stand some expansion. In the first place, for auditory perception to take place there must be normal hearing acuity. Any abnormality of the ear canal, ear drum, bones of the middle ear, or damage to the delicate inner ear can interfere with the passage of sound to the cortex and thus interfere with auditory perception. The central processing of sounds is carried on by portions of the cere bral cortex. This processing is what people generally refer to when they use the term "auditory perception." Until fairly recently, the cortex was thought of as merely a passive re ceiver of stimuli. However, A. R. Luria (1966) described his hypothesis which develops the idea of the auditory portions of the cortex functioning as selective analyzers. According to this theory, the cortex analyzes and synthe sizes signals while they are in the process of arriving. As this happens, the cortex selects, or becomes sensitive to, those portions of the incoming stimuli that are needed to make the task meaningful. Other characteristics are ignored or placed in a lower position of importance. For language, this would mean that the auditory portion of the cortex is capable of extracting the linguistic meaning from the incoming message, ignoring those portions which do not add to the meaning. At the same time, paralinguistic aspects, such as pitch, rhythm, inflection, and intensity, which may carry meaning in addition to the lexical meanings of the words, may also be observed.
Properties of chondrules in EL3 chondrites, comparison with EH3 chondrites, and the implications for the formation of enstatite chondrites

— The study of chondrules provides information about processes occurring in the early solar system. In order to ascertain to what extent these processes played a role in determining the properties of the enstatite chondrites, the physical and chemical properties of chondrules from three EL3 chondrites and three EH3 chondrites have been examined by optical, cathodoluminescence (CL), and electron microprobe techniques. Properties examined include size, texture, CL, and composition of both individual phases and bulk chondrules. The textures, distribution of textures, and composition of silicates of the EL3 chondrules resemble those of EH3 chondrules. However, the chondrules from the two classes differ in that (1) the size distribution of the EL chondrules is skewed to larger values than EH chondrules, (2) the enstatite in EL chondrules displays varying shades of red CL due to the presence of fine-grained sulfides and metal in the silicates, and (3) the mesostasis of EH chondrules is enriched in Na relative to that of EL chondrules. The similarities between the chondrules of the two classes suggest similar precursor materials, while the differences suggest that there was not a single reservoir of meteoritic chondrules, but that their origin was fairly local. The differences in the size distribution of chondrules in EH and EL chondrites may be explained by aerodynamic and gravitational sorting during accumulation of the meteoric material, while differences in CL and mesostasis properties may reflect differences in formation conditions and cooling rate following chondrule formation. We argue that our observations are consistent with the formation of enstatite chondrites in a thick dynamic regolith on their parent body.
Some results on the invertibility of nonlinear operators

The objective of this paper is to present certain conditions guaranteeing invertibility of a nonlinear operator between normed linear spaces. The idea is to approximate the given operator by an invertible, possibly linear operator, and reduce the problem to the contraction mapping principle. Several theorems of this kind are given, which appear as generalizations of some early results by I.W. Sandberg, and estimates for an “approximate inverse” are established. Finally, introducing certain “invertibility indices,” further sufficient and necessary conditions for invertibility are given.
Revascularisation itérative des membres inférieurs avec des veines de cadavre pour sauvetage de membre

Nous avons evalue notre experience des allogreffes veineuses de cadavre cryopreservees (AVCC) pour les revascularisations jambieres chez les patients ayant un echec de pontage ou n'ayant aucune veine autogene appropriee. Les dossiers de tous les patients qui ont eu une revascularisation des membres inferieurs avec une AVCC pour ischemie critique de membre ont ete revus. La demographie, le vaisseau traite, et les suites postoperatoires ont ete analyses. Les patients qui ont eu un pontage iteratif en veine de cadavre ont ete compares a ceux recevant pour la premiere fois une veine de cadavre. Les taux cumules de permeabilite, de sauvetage de membre, de mortalite, et les facteurs lies aux resultats etaient determines avec la methode de Kaplan-Meier avec les risques proportionnels de Cox. Entre janvier 2000 et decembre 2006, 66 AVCC ont ete utilisees chez 56 patients sur 1.726 pontages. Il y avait 36 hommes et 20 femmes, et l'âge moyen etait de 71,67 ± 10,50 ans. Le suivi moyen etait de 12,12 ± 14,16 mois. Soixante-dix-huit pour cent des patients avaient deja eu un pontage, et 50% des echecs concernaient des pontages en PTFE. Les indications operatoires etaient une gangrene (73%) et des douleurs de repos (27%). L'index cheville-bras preoperatoire moyen etait de 0,43 ± 0,16, et passait a 0,89 ± 0,18 a 30 jours (p = 0,001). Les complications liees a la procedure etaient l'infection de pontage (3,4%), la thrombose de greffe (3,4%), les faux-anevrysmes (3,4%), et les hemorragies (2,3%). Les taux cumules de permeabilite primaire, primaire assistee, secondaire, de sauvetage de membre, avec les intervalles de confiance etaient respectivement de 0,19 (0,10-0,36), 0,29 (0,18-0,47), 0,42 (0,29-0,60), 0,73 (0,62-0,86), et 0,77 (0,65-0,90). Les resultats des reinterventions allaient dans le meme sens. L'analyse multivariee montrait que les facteurs predictifs d'un plus grand risque de perte secondaire de la permeabilite etaient l'âge >70 (rapport de risque [OR] = 3,13, p = 0,009) et les patients ayant une revascularisation secondaire (OR = 3,36, p = 0,015). Les patients plus âges (OR = 2,92, p = 0,042) et ceux en insuffisance renale (OR = 2,92, p = 0,019) avaient un plus grand risque de mortalite. Les AVCC restent une option pour la revascularisation iterative des membres inferieurs pour sauvetage de membre s'il n'y a aucune veine autogene disponible. Cependant, les taux de permeabilite sont mauvais, et les patients de plus de 70 ans ont des resultats moins bons.
Effects of phospholipids on lipid oxidation of a salmon oil model system

Total lipid (TL), neutral lipid (NL), and phospholipid (PL) fractions were extracted from bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) white and dark muscle with skin. The effects of each fraction on the oxidative stability of a refined salmon oil model system was measured by monitoring changes in the 2-thiobarbituric acid assay and decreases in the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to palmitic acid (C22:6/C16:0) following incubation at 55°C or 180°C. Phospholipid fractions at 2.5% and 5.0% (wt/wt) of oil improved the oxidative stability of oils incubated at both temperatures compared to controls, TL- and NL-supplemented oils at similar concentrations. Phospholipid fractions exhibiting antioxidant properties contained an average of 34% DHA as compared to only 15% in the NL and TL fractions.
Stem cell-derived endothelial cells/progenitors migrate and pattern in the embryo using the VEGF signaling pathway.

Endothelial precursor cells respond to molecular cues to migrate and assemble into embryonic blood vessels, but the signaling pathways involved in vascular patterning are not well understood. We recently showed that avian vascular patterning cues are recognized by mammalian angioblasts derived from somitic mesoderm through analysis of mouse–avian chimeras. To determine whether stem cell-derived endothelial cells/progenitors also recognize global patterning signals, murine ES cell-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) were grafted into avian hosts. ES cell-derived murine endothelial cells/progenitors migrated extensively and colonized the appropriate host vascular beds. They also formed mosaic vessels with avian endothelial cells. Unlike somite derived-endothelial cells, ES cell-derived endothelial cells/progenitors migrated across the host embryonic midline to the contralateral side. To determine the role of VEGF signaling in embryonic vascular patterning, EBs mutant for a VEGF receptor (flk-1−/−) or a signal (VEGF-A−/−) were grafted into quail hosts. Flk-1−/− EB grafts produced only rare endothelial cells that did not migrate or assemble into vessels. In contrast, VEGF-A−/− EB grafts produced endothelial cells that resembled wild-type and colonized host vascular beds, suggesting that host-derived signals can partially rescue mutant graft vascular patterning. VEGF-A−/− graft endothelial cells/progenitors crossed the host midline with much lower frequency than wild-type EB grafts, indicating that graft-derived VEGF compromised the midline barrier when present. Thus, ES cell-derived endothelial cells/progenitors respond appropriately to global vascular patterning cues, and they require the VEGF signaling pathway to pattern properly. Moreover, EB–avian chimeras provide an efficient way to screen mutations for vascular patterning defects.
Moderate alcohol consumption and lower levels of inflammatory markers in US men and women.

Abstract Objective Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with substantially lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We assessed the relationship between alcohol intake and inflammatory markers to partially explain this beneficial effect. Methods and results From two large prospective studies, we sampled 959 healthy male and 473 healthy female health professionals with reported alcohol intake. Markers of inflammation were soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors 1 and 2 (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). We found significant inverse linear trends for sTNF-R1 ( p -trend p -trend=0.002 men; 0.08 women) with increasing alcohol intake. Compared to non-drinkers, men who consumed on average 1–2drinks/day had 26% lower CRP (−0.66mg/L, p =0.13), and 36% lower IL-6 (−1.12pg/ml, p =0.02) levels. Among women, a similar though stronger association was observed at half drink per day. Compared to non-drinkers, both men and women who consumed 1–2drinks/drinking day had significantly lower sTNF-R1 (−9% in men, −6% in women) and sTNF-R2 (−7% in men, −6% in women) levels as well as lower CRP (−10% in men, −32% in women) and IL-6 (−45% in men, −27% in women) levels. Conclusions Alcohol in moderation is associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers and may lower risk of CVD through these mechanisms.
Mesh denoising via L0 minimization

We present an algorithm for denoising triangulated models based on L0 minimization. Our method maximizes the flat regions of the model and gradually removes noise while preserving sharp features. As part of this process, we build a discrete differential operator for arbitrary triangle meshes that is robust with respect to degenerate triangulations. We compare our method versus other anisotropic denoising algorithms and demonstrate that our method is more robust and produces good results even in the presence of high noise.
Abstinence-related changes in sleep during treatment for cocaine dependence.

Background Former sleep studies among non-treatment seeking chronic cocaine users had captured polysomnographic changes for as long as three weeks of abstinence.
Superposition of finite deformations in Mooney-Rivlin materials

Six controllable states are known to exist for all homogeneous, isotropic, incompressible, elastic bodies. It is shown that certain pairs of these controllable states may be superposed in Mooney-Rivlin materials thereby constructing new controllable states for these materials.
Clara cell protein in full-term pregnancies: The influence of intrauterine growth restriction†

Background Clara cell protein (CC16) is an immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory broncho-alveolar-derived molecule and a biomarker of pulmonary epithelial cells maturity and alveolo-capillary membrane injury. Intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) neonates may present with structural lung immaturity, impaired immunocompetence and increased risk for respiratory infections and chronic obstructive lung disease in later life. Objectives To investigate circulating CC16 concentrations in maternal, fetal, and neonatal samples from IUGR and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) pregnancies. Methods Serum CC16 concentrations were determined by EIA in 40 mothers and their 20 IUGR and 20 AGA singleton full-term fetuses–neonates on postnatal days 1 (N1) and 4 (N4). Results No significant differences in CC16 concentrations were observed between IUGR and AGA groups. In both groups, maternal CC16 concentrations were lower compared to N1 and N4 ones (P < 0.001 in each case). Fetal CC16 concentrations were significantly lower compared to N1 and N4 ones (P < 0.001 in each case). In the AGA group, N1 CC16 concentrations were significantly higher than N4 ones (P < 0.001). Combining groups, N1 CC16 concentrations positively correlated with gestational age (r = 0.364, P = 0.021). Finally, the effect of gender, parity, and maternal age on CC16 concentrations was not significant. Conclusions The lack of differences in CC16 concentrations between IUGR and AGA groups possibly suggests that the lung immaturity and later respiratory diseases, associated with the former, may not be related to early CC16 deficiency. CC16 concentrations increase with advancing gestational age and peak on the first day of life, possibly indicating a vital role of the protein in fetal lung maturation and extrauterine pulmonary adaptation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45:1186–1191. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Determining the structure of a biosynthetic pathway from incorporation measurements

Abstract Incorporation data, collected judiciously from a biosynthetic tracer experiment, can be processed to yield a considerable body of detailed information
Catabolite repression of aconitate hydratase in Bacillus subtilis

Abstract The synthesis of aconitate hydratase (citrate(isocitrate) hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.3) in Bacillus subtilis 168 is released from catabolite repression during nutrient-limited growth on media deficient in phosphate or nitrogen. Sulfate and tryptophan limitation lead to increased repression. The rate-limiting addition of adenosine increases the differential rate of aconitate hydratase synthesis in cultures of an adenine auxotroph of B. subtilis. The addition of adenosine to cultures gowing under nitrogen limitation causes a prolonged and complete repression of aconitate hydratase synthesis. It is concluded that restriction of anabolism itself does not cause an increase in catabolite repression in B. subtilis 168. The response of enzyme synthesis to nutrient deprivation depends on the nutrient limited. The data suggest that the effector of catabolite repression of aconitate hydratase is metabolically related to adenosine triphosphate.
Placebo-controlled trial of indole-3-carbinol in the treatment of CIN

Abstract Objective. Most precancerous lesions of the cervix are treated with surgery or ablative therapy. Chemoprevention, using natural and synthetic compounds, may intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis and prevent the development of invasive disease. Our trial used indole-3-carbinol (I-3-C) administered orally to treat women with CIN as a therapeutic for cervical CIN. Methods. Thirty patients with biopsy proven CIN II–III were randomized to receive placebo or 200, or 400 mg/day I-3-C administered orally for 12 weeks. If persistent CIN was diagnosed by cervical biopsy at the end of the trial, loop electrocautery excision procedure of the transformation zone was performed. HPV status was assessed in all patients. Results. None (0 of 10) of the patients in the placebo group had complete regression of CIN. In contrast 4 of 8 patients in the 200 mg/day arm and 4 of 9 patients in the 400 mg/day arm had complete regression based on their 12-week biopsy. This protective effect of I-3-C is shown by a relative risk (RR) of 0.50 ((95% CI, 0.25 to 0.99) P = 0.023) for the 200 mg/day group and a RR of 0.55 ((95% CI, 0.31 to 0.99) P = 0.032) for the 400 mg/day group. HPV was detected in 7 of 10 placebo patients, in 7 of 8 in the 200 mg/day group, and in 8 of 9 in the 400 mg/day group. Conclusions. There was a statistically significant regression of CIN in patients treated with I-3-C orally compared with placebo. The 2/16α-hydroxyestrone ratio changed in a dose-dependent fashion.
Effect of Ionic Strength on Dynamic Viscoelastic Behavior of Myosin during Thermal Gelation

The effect of ionic strength on the thermal gelation process of myosin was investigated by dynamic viscoelasticity measurements. The dynamic viscoelastic behavior of myosin was divided into three ionic strength groups. Each ionic strength group was closely related to the state of myosin molecules before the rise in temperature. Both the head and the tail portions of the molecule participated in the gel formation of myosin, but the temperature ranges differed. It was proposed that the first development of gel elasticity of myosin (30–45 °C) was attributed many to the tail portions of the molecules and that the second development (above 50 °C) was mainly to the head portions.
Luminal flow induces eNOS activation and translocation in the rat thick ascending limb

Nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) acts as an autacoid to inhibit NaCl absorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (THAL). In the vasculature, shear stress...
Heterologous expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant rat cysteine dioxygenase.

Abstract Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO, EC 1.13.11.20) catalyzes the oxidation of cysteine to cysteine sulfinic acid, which is the first major step in cysteine catabolism in mammalian tissues. Rat liver CDO was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a 26.8-kDa N-terminal fusion protein bearing a polyhistidine tag. Purification by immobilized metal affinity chromatography yielded homogeneous protein, which was catalytically active even in the absence of the secondary protein-A, which has been reported to be essential for activity in partially purified native preparations. As compared with those existing purification protocols for native CDO, the milder conditions used in the isolation of the recombinant CDO allowed a more controlled study of the properties and activity of CDO, clarifying conflicting findings in the literature. Apo-protein was inactive in catalysis and was only activated by iron. Metal analysis of purified recombinant protein indicated that only 10% of the protein contained iron and that the iron was loosely bound to the protein. Kinetic studies showed that the recombinant enzyme displayed a Km value of 2.5 ± 0.4 mm at pH 7.5 and 37 °C. The enzyme was shown to be specific for l-cysteine oxidation, whereas homocysteine inhibited CDO activity.
A Comprehensive Fetal Monitodng Program for Nursing Practice and Education

Fetal monitoring is a critical part of obstetric nursing. Health-care institutions must educate staff, validate their competency, and evaluate their practice to assure high-quality care in fetal monitoring. This article chronicles the development of a comprehensive program for nursing education and practice in fetal monitoring. Basic education and credentialing, recredentialing, in-service and continuing education, policies and procedures, standards of care, terminology, quality assurance, and linkage with a professional advancement system are reviewed.
State Support for Higher Education: A Political Economy Approach

This research examines state support for higher education by first ascertaining the amount supplied and demanded of this service. The approach assumes that supply and demand occur simultaneously, and that each is affected by higher education spending policies among the states. We argue that enrollment is the most satisfactory proxy for both supply and demand. State policy is measured as expenditure effort. We estimate three time-series equations using two-stage least squares regression with data for the years 1986–95. In the final equation, supply/demand (enrollment) emerges as the strongest predictor of state spending effort. Commitment to higher education (effort) is also especially sensitive to variations in the number of employees (per student). Employee costs clearly are a major factor in fueling increases in state higher education spending effort. State per capita income exerts a negative effect on the final dependent variable. Poor states exert greater financial effort in support of their colleges and universities than do more affluent states.
Professional Socialization: Implications for Occupational Therapy Education

This article examines the implications that adult socialization theory can have on occupational therapy education. Sociological literature about professional socialization is reviewed and related to the preparation of occupational therapists. The discussion includes a description of the goals, processes, and participants in professional socialization. Consistency of socializing influences is presented as a critical factor in the formation of strong professional role identities. Finally, the article considers which values and attitudes may be transmitted during the socialization process for occupational therapists and other health professionals.
Roots: Early explorations of the pathways of uridine diphosphate galactose in man and in microorganisms

Thirty years ago, a number of human inborn errors in carbohydrate metabolism were explored with specific enzymatic tests on blood samples (hemolysates). Hereditary galactosemia was the first example. When the inoperative step in galactose metabolism was specified, the basis for the diet therapy used on the galactosemic infants, namely galactose-free diet, could be shown to be securely founded. As far as galactose metabolism is concerned, the cells of the infant are faced with two problems: (i) the conversion of dietary lactose (galactosyl glucose) to glucose and its catabolites involved in energy metabolism, and (ii) the conversion of dietary glucose or lactose to galactosyl units of glycolipids and glycoprotein cell structures. Subsequent studies on microorganisms revealed several types of hereditary defect in galactose metabolism. One type which permits the bacteria to develop a normal carbohydrate pattern in their cell walls includes an enzyme defect, like that described in the cells of the galactosemic infant. Two other types, with the inability to synthesize UDPGlc or UDPGal from glucose, do not permit the bacteria to build the fabric of the normal bacterial cell wall. This is the subject for discussion.
Definition of an entry research vehicle

Within the last year, there has been a growing interest in technology which would support the development of vehicles which can maneuver in the atmosphere while returning from orbit and vehicles which can fly in the atmosphere at hypersonic speeds for sustained periods of time. This rebirth of interest in hypersonics is partly a result of a developing awareness of the potential benefits which can be derived from vehicles with capability to operate between the limits of existing aircraft and spacecraft. Examples of the types of maneuvers which are projected for this new class of vehicles are presented. Challenges provided by the considered maneuvers are summarized, taking into account a synergetic or atmospheric plane change. The plane change maneuver will require a Thermal Protection System (TPS). Attention is given to the definition of a Shuttle launched entry research vehicle experiment. Details regarding the synergetic plane change are considered along with the maneuvering entry, vehicle heating, and experiments and instrumentation.
Relationship between Hunter Color Values and β‐Carotene Contents in White‐Fleshed African Sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas Lam)

White-fleshed sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam) are a major food crop in Uganda. This study was done to evaluate carotenoid content in sweetpotatoes and to relate the color of the sweetpotatoes to the β-carotene present. A Hunter Color Tristimulus Meter was used to determine the color and the β-carotene was determined by reverse-phase HPLC. Regression analysis was carried out on the color values L, a, b, b/a and tan-1 b/a to determine which color value could be used to express the content of β-carotene in white-fleshed sweetpotatoes. The ‘b’ color value appeared to be the best estimation for correlation at 0·74 in this study for raw roots and 0·09 for puree. The ‘a’ value was 0·39 for raw roots and 0·16 for puree, L was -0·74 for raw roots and -0·45 for puree. © 1997 SCI.
Adaptive Formation of Fatty Acid Activating Enzyme in Chilomonas paramecium1

SYNOPSIS. Chilomonas paramecium contains 2 different fatty acid activating enzymes (FAAE), one of which utilizes acetate as a substrate, while the other catalyzes the reaction with either butyrate or hexanoate. The site of greatest activity of these enzymes was found to be not in the mitochondrion, but in the “soluble” portion of the cell. Synthesis of acetyl FAAE is constitutive; this enzyme is present regardless of the substrate in the growth medium. The synthesis of the butyryl-hexanoyl FAAE is induced by the presence of either of the substrates. The details of induction of the butyryl enzyme in acetate-grown cells, and the de-adaptation of cells grown in butyrate and transferred to acetate, are given. One mole of pyrophosphate is produced for each mole of CoA-SH reacting, (thus establishing the prevalence of the acyl-adenylate pathway in Chilomonas fatty acid activation.
Lingual Retention and the Elimination of the Visible Clasp Arm

ABSTRACT The modern removable partial denture (RPD), in response to the increased esthetic demands of our patients, is no longer acceptable if it requires visible buccal and facial clasp arms for retention. By eliminating the bracing arm and having its functions taken by paralleled guide planes and precise, positive rests, the retentive element, a lingual circumferential wire clasp arm, will provide the same amount of retentive force as if it were placed on the buccal surface and will not be visible. Designs for the major connector either plate the lingual surface of the abutment or, as in a lingual bar, leave that surface open. Both of these situations are adaptable to the lingual retentive clasp and are illustrated in this article. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Design features such as metal clasps needed for the retention of RPDs can be very unsightly, creating an esthetic problem. This article reviews the concepts for creating lingual clasp arms that enhance the esthetic quality of prostheses. (J Esthet Restor Dent 19:247–255, 2007)
Lycopodium spores used in condom manufacture: Associated health hazards

The recommendation that condoms be used to limit the transmission of AIDS has resulted in their increased utilization. One major brand of non-lubricated condoms was demonstrated to be coated withLycopodium clavatum spores, a product of known hazardous nature. Used previously in the manufacture of diverse products including hair powder, suppositories, and surgical gloves, these spores have caused allergic reactions ranging from hay-fever to more serious giant cell granulomas. This foreign-body response can simulate neoplastic disease, tuberculosis, or syphilis. Physicians should take note of the possibility that granulomatous masses on areas of the body that come in contact with condoms could be traced to these spores. These granulomas are non-lethal, do not lead to cancer, and are easily remedied; this is a relatively minor health problem compared to AIDS, a lethal, sexually acquired disease that might be contracted through sexual activity unprotected by condoms.
Ocular Lymphoma in a Patient With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Purpose To treat large-cell lymphoma in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and bilateral vitreous cells. Methods The patient underwent a diagnostic vitrectomy. Results Biopsy of the vitreous specimen disclosed large B-cell lymphoma. Large B-cell lymphoma occurring in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is referred to as Richter's syndrome. Conclusions Large-cell lymphoma of Richter's syndrome can occur in the eye. This case expands the clinical spectrum of organ involvement in Richter's syndrome.
In vivo measurement of hindlimb neuromuscular function in mice.

Introduction:In vitro or in situ methods to assess neuromuscular performance in rodents are invasive and inadequate to fully assess large hindlimb muscles. Methods: An in vivo hindlimb exertion force test (HEFT) was developed to quantify muscle function peak force (PF), peak rate of force development (PRFD), and short- and long-latency reaction times (SLRT and LLRT, respectively) in C57BL/6J mice. Results: PF did not change with one- and three-times-per-week repeated HEFT trials, demonstrating assessment reproducibility. However, PRFD decreased with trial, indicating that mice modified response behavior while achieving the same PF. Separately, mice were subjected to 14 days of hindlimb suspension (HS) to induce muscle atrophy. Concomitant with decreased lean carcass and individual muscle masses, HS mice showed reduced PF and LLRT. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that HEFT is an effective tool for evaluating in vivo hindlimb neuromuscular performance due to disuse muscle atrophy and potentially for other disease and injury models. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Methylphenidate and hyperactivity: effects on teacher behaviors

Teacher interactions with hyperactive and comparison boys were observed during classroom activities. A double-blind, methylphenidate-placebo cross-over design was used within the hyperactive group. With no knowledge of any child's diagnosis or drug status, the teacher was more intense and controlling toward hyperactive boys taking placebo than toward either medicated hyperactive boys or comparison boys; her behavior did not differ toward the latter two groups. Discussion focused on the need to consider the broad social ramifications of pharmacologic treatment programs.
Philosophy for computers some explorations in philosophical modeling

Philosophical modeling has a long and distinguished history, but the computer offers new and powerful prospects for the creation and manipulation of models. It seems inevitable that the computer will become a major tool in future philosophical research. Here I offer an overview of explorations in philosophical computer modeling that we in the Group for Logic and Formal Semantics at SUNY Stony Brook have undertaken: explorations regarding (1) the potential emergence of cooperation in a society of egoists, (2) self-reference and paradox in fuzzy logic, (3) a fractal approach to formal systems, and (4) on-going explorations with models for the emergence of communication. The attempt is not to give a detailed report on any of these but to give a bird s-eye view of them all, emphasizing the general form that the models take, the philosophical motivations behind them, and the kinds of philosophical results that they may have to offer.
Ketamine infusion for sickle cell pain crisis refractory to opioids: a case report and review of literature.

This article reports a rare case of the use of low-dose ketamine infusion as an adjuvant to opioids to treat pain in sickle cell disease. A 31-year-old African-American male with history of sickle cell disease presented to the emergency department with complaints of chest tightness, multiple joint pain, and headache for 1 week. His vital signs and physical examination were unremarkable. His admission lab included hemoglobin of 8.4 g/dl, reticulocyte count of 16.3 %, bilirubin of 1.7 mg/dl, and LDH of 1,267 U/l. Chest X-ray showed middle and lower lobe opacity and interstitial thickening. He was treated for acute pain crisis and community-acquired pneumonia with intravenous fluids, supplemental oxygen, and intravenous levofloxacin. He was placed on fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), oxycodone, ketorolac, and methadone with co-analgesic gabapentin and venlafaxine. Over the course of his hospitalization, his chest pain resolved, but the joint pains continued. He was then transferred to the ICU and was discharged a day later after 7 days of ketamine infusion. Ketamine is a noncompetitive antagonist at the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. This property has been shown to modulate opioid tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. There have been a very few published reports on the use of low-dose ketamine in sickle cell pain management. A PubMed search revealed four published articles (Table 1). Fourteen out of the 17 cases (82.35 %) who received ketamine infusion showed improvement in self-reported pain intensity and significant reduction in opioid dosage. Only one patient (5.9 %) developed serious side effect leading to discontinuation of the drug. A low-dose ketamine can be an option for pain control in sickle cell disease. Randomized trial is required to establish this benefit of ketamine over currently available therapies.
MUC16 expression during embryogenesis, in adult tissues, and ovarian cancer in the mouse

Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is an antigen that is elevated in the serum of women with ovarian carcinoma, but can also be detected in serum from healthy women. CA125 is expressed in 80% of human ovarian cancers, as well as in normal adult endometrium, lung, and amnion. The gene encoding human CA125 was identified as MUCIN16 (MUC16). A database search identified the orthologous mouse gene, Muc16. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and RNA in situ hybridization detected Muc16 transcripts in the surface epithelia of the upper respiratory tract, the mesothelia lining body cavities and the internal organs, as well as male and female reproductive organs, and the amnion. Antibodies raised against human MUC16 do not recognize mouse MUC16. Therefore, a rabbit anti-mouse polyclonal antibody against recombinant mouse MUC16 was generated. Immunohistochemistry using this anti-mouse MUC16 antibody revealed expression in the luminal epithelia of the trachea, the epithelia of the secretory glands in the oral cavity, the surface of the olfactory epithelia, as well as mesothelial cells lining body cavities (i.e., pleural, peritoneal, and pelvic cavities), and male and female reproductive organs. In addition, MUC16 protein was detected in other cell types, such as the surface epithelia of the cochlear duct and chief cells of the stomach, suggesting multiple roles for MUC16. In mouse serous epithelial ovarian cancer, MUC16 protein was detected at the apical surface of well-differentiated tumors, but not poorly differentiated tumors. These findings document the presence of MUC16 in murine ovarian cancer and in normal tissues and provide a foundation for future functional studies.
Rhodamine 123 inhibits bioenergetic function in isolated rat liver mitochondria

Rhodamine 123 accumulates in the mitochondria of living cells and exhibits selective anticarcinoma activity. The biochemical basis of toxicity was investigated by testing the effect of the dye on isolated rat liver mitochondria. Much lower concentrations of rhodamine 123 were required to inhibit ADP-stimulated respiration and ATP synthesis in well-coupled energized mitochondria than were required to inhibit uncoupled respiration and uncoupler-stimulated ATP hydrolysis. The amount of rhodamine 123 associated with the mitochondria was several-fold greater under energized as compared to non-energized conditions, which may explain why coupled functions appeared to be more sensitive than uncoupled functions to inhibition at low concentrations of rhodamine 123. It was concluded that the site of rhodamine 123 inhibition is most likely the F0F1 ATPase complex and possibly electron transfer reactions as well.
Efficient calculation of detection probabilities

Radiation transport simulations have found wide use as a detector and system design tool for smuggled nuclear material interdiction applications. A major obstacle to the utility of Monte Carlo radiation transport to this class of problems is the computational burden associated with simulating a spanning set of threat scenarios. One common method for circumventing this obstacle models a subset of detailed scenarios which are considered representative of the system. Another simplifies the threat scenarios, enabling many cases to be simulated at the cost of a loss of fidelity. This paper demonstrates a new approach to the problem of modeling a very large scenario set. The scenario is disaggregated into components in which radiation transport may be simulated independently. Green's functions for each submodel are generated, parameterized with respect to major scenario variables, and convolved to create a depiction of the radiation transport within the entire scenario. With this approach, the computation time required to model many different scenarios is greatly reduced. The theoretical basis of this algorithm is presented along with validation results that show it to be comparable in fidelity to more computationally intensive methods, in particular brute-force simulation.
Improving End-User Proficiency: Effects of Conceptual Training and Nature of Interaction

Users of information technology form mental models that reflect' their understanding and knowledge of an information system. These models affect the proficiency with which they use these systems. In this paper, we draw upon assimilation theory of learning to propose and test a two-stage model of mental model development. We examined the effects of two types of training method, namely conceptual model and procedural, and two levels of nature of interaction, namely novel and simple tasks, on end-users' proficiency in forming accurate mental models of an electronic mail system. Our results indicate that the actual mental models of the system formed by the users predict learning success instead of the type of training provided. Subjects who formed mental models that were conceptual in nature performed significantly better than those who formed mental models that were procedural. Main effects for nature of interaction were not significant. However, we observed a significant interaction effect between the models formed by the users and the nature of their interaction with the system. Our findings suggest that end-user performance is enhanced through training methods that provide good conceptual models but only if users form conceptual mental models and retain them.
Earnings, Book Values, and Dividends in Equity Valuation*

Abstract. The paper develops and analyzes a model of a firm's market value as it relates to contemporaneous and future earnings, book values, and dividends. Two owners' equity accounting constructs provide the underpinnings of the model: the clean surplus relation applies, and dividends reduce current book value but do not affect current earnings. The model satisfies many appealing properties, and it provides a useful benchmark when one conceptualizes how market value relates to accounting data and other information. Resume. L'auteur elabore et analyse un modele dans lequel il conceptualise la relation entre la valeur marchande d'une entreprise et ses benefices, ses valeurs comptables et ses dividendes actuels et futurs. Deux postulats de la comptabilisation des capitaux propres servent de charpente au modele: a) la relation du resultat global s'applique et b) les dividendes reduisent la valeur comptable actuelle sans influer, cependant, sur les benefices actuels. Le modele presente de nombreuses proprietes interessantes et il peut, fort utilement, servir de repere dans la conceptualisation de la relation entre la valeur marchande et les donnees comptables et autres renseignements.
Differential effect of oncotic pressure on cerebral and extracerebral water content during cardiopulmonary bypass in rabbits.

To study the effect of oncotic pressure on brain water content during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), 14 anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits underwent 60 min of nonpulsatile CPB at normothermia. Animals were grouped according to the composition of the circuit priming fluid. Group 1 animals (n = 7) received a priming fluid (6.5% hydroxyethyl starch in 0.72 N NaCl; 323 +/- 13 mOsm/kg [mean +/- SD]) that maintained normal colloid oncotic pressure (COP) during CPB (19.0 +/- 1.5 mmHg). Group 2 animals (n = 7) received a priming fluid (0.9 N NaCl; 324 +/- 23 mOsm/kg) that led to a hypooncotic state (COP = 6.2 +/- 1.2 mmHg). Blood chemistries and hemodynamics were recorded every 15 min during CPB. Animals were given additional priming fluid and sodium bicarbonate during CPB to maintain a circuit flow of 85 ml.kg-1.min-1 and arterial pH greater than 7.35. There were no significant differences between groups 1 and 2 with respect to temperature, central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, PaO2, PaCO2, plasma sodium concentration, or osmolality at any time during CPB, although osmolality increased in both groups. After 60 min of bypass, animals were killed and organ water contents were determined by wet/dry weight ratios. A separate group of nine similarly prepared and anesthetized animals that did not undergo cannulation or CPB also underwent measurement of plasma chemistries and tissue water contents and served as nonbypass controls (group 3). Brain and kidney water contents were unaffected by oncotic pressure, whereas duodenum and skeletal muscle had significantly greater water content (P = 0.003 and P = 0.008, respectively) after hypooncotic CPB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Monotonically convergent algorithms for symmetric tensor approximation

Abstract Reduced rank approximations to symmetric tensors find use in data compaction and in multi-user blind source separation. We derive iterative algorithms which feature monotonic convergence to a minimum of a Frobenius norm approximation criterion, for a certain rank-r Tucker product version of the approximation problem. The approach exploits the gradient inequality for convex functions to establish monotonic convergence, while sparing the cumbersome step size analysis required from a manifold gradient approach. It likewise overcomes some limitations of symmetric versions of alternating least-squares. The computational load per iteration amounts to computing an unfolded matrix and a QR decomposition.
DomainBuilder – an authoring system for visual classification tutoring systems

In previous work, we developed SlideTutor - an Intelligent Tutoring System that teaches visual classification problem-solving in Pathology, and shown that use of the system is associated with rapid learning gains Development of the SlideTutor system and content has required many years of effort by system developers, knowledge engineers and domain experts Both cases and domain ontologies must be manually created and validated The scope of medical knowledge that must be covered is extremely large The further development of tutoring systems for visual classification in medical domains (including our own) requires software that reduces this high development burden Towards this goal, we sought to create a generic framework for developing visual classification tutoring systems in medical fields such as Pathology or Radiology In this interactive event, we present the first and most difficult step towards such a generic visual classification ITS authoring system – the component for creating and validating cases and domain ontologies.
Negative filament tension of scroll rings in an excitable system

Scroll rings are three-dimensional spiral waves of excitation that rotate around circular filaments. In a modified Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, these filaments expand, buckle, and build up gradients in rotation phase. The instability is caused by negative filament tension $(\ensuremath{-}4.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}∕\mathrm{s})$. Initial deformations are strongest in the direction normal to the filament's osculating plane, and their growth rates decrease rapidly with increasing wave number.
HIV-1 integrase modulates the interaction of the HIV-1 cellular cofactor LEDGF/p75 with chromatin

Background: Chromatin binding plays a central role in the molecular mechanism of LEDGF/p75 in HIV-1 DNA integration. Conflicting results have been reported in regards to the relevance of the LEDGF/p75 chromatin binding element PWWP domain in its HIV-1 cofactor activity. Results: Here we present evidence that re-expression of a LEDGF/p75 mutant lacking the PWWP domain (ΔPWWP) rescued HIV-1 infection in cells verified to express background levels of endogenous LEDGF/p75 that do not support efficient HIV-1 infection. The HIV-1 cofactor activity of LEDGF/p75 ΔPWWP was similar to that of LEDGF/p75 wild type (WT). A possible molecular explanation for the nonessential role of PWWP domain in the HIV-1 cofactor activity of LEDGF/p75 comes from the fact that coexpression of HIV-1 integrase significantly restored the impaired chromatin binding activity of LEDGF/p75 ΔPWWP. However, integrase failed to promote chromatin binding of a non-chromatin bound LEDGF/p75 mutant that lacks both the PWWP domain and the AT hook motifs (ΔPWWP/AT) and that exhibits negligible HIV-1 cofactor activity. The effect of integrase on the chromatin binding of LEDGF/p75 requires the direct interaction of these two proteins. An HIV-1 integrase mutant, unable to interact with LEDGF/ p75, failed to enhance chromatin binding, whereas integrase wild type did not increase the chromatin binding strength of a LEDGF/p75 mutant lacking the integrase binding domain (ΔIBD). Conclusions: Our data reveal that the PWWP domain of LEDGF/p75 is not essential for its HIV-1 cofactor activity, possibly due to an integrase-mediated increase of the chromatin binding strength of this LEDGF/p75 mutant.
Selection, Availability, and Opportunity: The Conditional Effect of Poverty on Terrorist Group Participation

Poverty is often identified as a determinant of terrorist group participation, but existing research reveals mixed support for this relationship. Some studies find that macroeconomic decline is associated with increased production of terrorists, but micro-level research suggests terrorists have above average socioeconomic status and educational attainment. In this article, the author argues that poverty should increase terrorist group participation only for individuals with high education. The author suggests that as a result of terrorist group selection preferences and the lower opportunity costs for militant group membership in economically depressed environments, the likelihood of terrorist group participation should be highest for the highly educated, poor members of any population. The author tests the hypotheses using data from Krueger and Maleckova (2003) on participation in Hezbollah, adding an interaction term to their model. The results support the hypotheses. Poverty increases the likelihood of participation in Hezbollah only for those with at least high school education.