cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional viscoelastic instabilities in a four-roll mill geometry at the Stokes limit

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of viscoelastic fluids in the Stokes limit with a four-roll mill background force (extended to the third dimension) were performed. Both the Oldroyd-B model and FENE-P model of viscoelastic fluids were used. Different temporal behaviors were observed depending on the Weissenberg number (non-dimensional relaxation time), model, and initial conditions. Temporal dynamics evolve on long time scales, and simulations were accelerated by using a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). Previously, parameter explorations and long-time simulations in 3D were prohibitively expensive. For a small Weissenberg number, all the solutions are constant in the third dimension, displaying strictly two-dimensional temporal evolutions. However, for a sufficiently large Weissenberg number, three-dimensional instabilities were observed, creating complex temporal behaviors. For certain Weissenberg values and models, the instability that first emerges is two-dimensional (in the x, y plane), and then the solution develops an instability in the z-direction, whereas for others the z instability comes first. Using a linear perturbation from a steady two-dimensional background solution, extended to three dimensions as constant in the third dimension, it is demonstrated that there is a linear instability for a sufficiently large Weissenberg number, and possible mechanisms for this instability are discussed.
Some pivot schemes for the linear complementarity problem

We are concerned with solutions to the LCP: $$ \begin{gathered} w = q + {\rm M}z; w, z \geqslant 0; w_i z_i = 0; i = 1, 2. \ldots , n \hfill \\ (M is n by n; q a column). \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
Incidence and Ecology of the Chaga fungus (Inonotus obliquus) in Hardwood New England/Acadian Forests

Inonotus obliquus (Ach. ex Pers.) Pilat is a fungal pathogen of birch trees (Betula spp.) and other hardwoods that produces a sterile conk known colloquially as chaga. Chaga has medicinal value as ...
PICH regulates the abundance and localization of SUMOylated proteins on mitotic chromosomes.

Polo-like kinase-interacting checkpoint helicase (PICH) interacts with SUMOylated proteins to mediate proper chromosome segregation during mitosis. The results demonstrate that PICH controls the as...
CDS trading and nonrelationship lending dynamics

We investigate how credit default swaps (CDSs) affect lenders’ incentives to initiate new lending relationships. We predict that CDSs reduce adverse selection that nonrelationship lead arrangers face when competing for loans. Consistently, we find that a loan is more likely to be syndicated by a nonrelationship lead arranger following CDS trading initiation on a borrower’s debt. We also show that borrowers that obtain loans from nonrelationship lead arrangers in the post-CDS trading initiation period are more opaque, in line with the effect of CDSs being more pronounced for borrowers for which adverse selection costs are higher. Further analyses show that, relative to relationship lead arrangers, nonrelationship lead arrangers have lower monitoring incentives in the post-period, as reflected by less restrictive covenants and performance pricing provisions they impose and by the reduced loan shares they retain. Moreover, we find that borrowers of nonrelationship lead arrangers following CDS trading initiation have higher growth opportunities and more volatile operations, consistent with such borrowers benefiting more from weaker restrictions on their activities imposed by lenders. Lastly, lower monitoring incentives of CDS-protected nonrelationship lead arrangers also decrease the propensity of inexperienced participants to join their syndicates. Overall, our findings suggest that CDS trading significantly changes nonrelationship lending dynamics.
Use of expedited post-operative protocol for children undergoing appendicostomy reduces length of hospitalization.

Abstract Background An appendicostomy (ACE) is a surgical option for antegrade enemas in children with severe constipation and/or fecal incontinence who have failed medical management. In 2019, we initiated an expedited post-operative protocol and sought to examine our short-term outcomes compared with our historical cohort. Methods A retrospective review was performed of all children undergoing ACE between 2017 and 2020. Children were excluded if they underwent an associated procedure (e.g. colon resection). Patients were divided into two cohorts: historical cohort (2017–2018, Group A) and the expedited protocol (2019 to present, Group B). The primary outcome was length of stay. Results 30 patients met inclusion (Group A = 16, Group B = 14). The most common indications for ACE were constipation (50%) and constipation or fecal incontinence associated with anorectal malformation (43%). Group B experienced a decreased length of stay (1 vs 3 days, P = 0.001) without differences in 30-day surgical site infection (7.1% vs 18.8%, p = 0.61) or unplanned visit (15.4% vs 18.8%, p = 1.0). Group B had a higher prevalence of MiniACE® button placed through the appendix vs. Malone (42.8% vs 12.5%, p = 0.10). Conclusions Our expedited post-op protocol decreased length of stay without other significant adverse clinical sequelae. Level of evidence Retrospective Comparative Study, Level III.
Evaluation of a mandatory theory-based physical activity course on motivation among predominantly Hispanic college students.

OBJECTIVE The present study aims to examine the impacts of a mandatory physical activity (PA) course on exercise motivation among predominately Hispanic college students. The course was designed based on the Self-Determination Theory to increase students' PA motivation. Methods: A total of 383 college students (nmales=126; nfemales=257; Mage=19.6; 67.6% Hispanic/Latino[a]) participated in the course and completed the Behavioral Regulation to Exercise Questionnaire-2 at the beginning (pretest) and the end of the course (post-test). This questionnaire measured five motivation constructs: amotivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, introjected regulation, and identified regulation. Results: Findings showed significant increases from pretest to post-test in all five motivation constructs (ps < 0.01). Conclusions: Although the mandatory PA curriculum successfully increased the intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, introjected regulation, and identified regulation among college students, amotivation was also increased. These outcomes suggested some positive impacts on Hispanic college students' motivation to participate in PA. Findings can assist researchers and educators in developing, implementing, and evaluating required PA courses in colleges and universities.
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for COVID-19 Lung CT Scans Classification Detection

COVID-19 disease has been taking away millions of lives from the earth since 2020. Thousands of people have lost their lives because of the shortage of limited medical resources. To tackle this urgent issue, this paper proposed a CNN classification model based on application to help a patient determine if COVID-19 infects lung CT scan of the patient. The application contains a user interface based on the Flask framework, combined with a trained CNN model, which will proceed with the CT scan uploaded by the patient and inform the patient of the result. Additionally, the application simulates a personal virtual assistant, which can be utilized to answer patients' queries. The personal virtual assistant, also known as a chatbot, is made with Natural Language Processing (NLP), which will transfer the patient's input into tokens and return the most likely response to the patient. Unfortunately, after constructing the CNN model, the prediction was not highly accurate. The experimental result demonstrated that the loss value is generally decreasing throughout the training process, and the accuracy score is generally increasing. However, the overall performance was not smooth, which means the model was unstable. The reason that causes this problem is the shortage of the training dataset.
Spin-transfer and fieldlike torques in antiferromagnets

The phenomenon of spin-transfer torque (STT) in an antiferromagnet (AFM) is reexamined in terms of the incoming and outgoing spin currents. In contrast to the conventional approach, our model treats the STT as a result of the electron spin angular momentum transfer to the entire monodomain magnetic structure rather than to the individual sublattice magnetizations. This treatment enables the analysis to account for not only the destructive role of electron spin relaxation but also the potentially incomplete loss of electron spin phases that can either enhance the STT or suppress it depending on the structure parameters. Application of the developed model to the dynamical equation of the AFM order parameter illustrates the qualitative and quantitative differences with the conventional approach. Unlike the latter, our results predict a strong dependence of the STT on the orientation of the electron spin polarization relative to the magnetic anisotropy axes of the AFM. A similar characteristic also reveals a complex interplay in the N\'eel vector dynamics that can lead to a sublinear response of the oscillation frequency to the strength of the spin current. The impact of the fieldlike torque that can arise likewise from the spin injection is examined as well for a comprehensive account. The numerical calculations elucidate further the conditions that can elicit efficient manipulation of the magnetic states in an AFM under a spin-polarized current.
Noun classes in Arapesh

For some Latin nouns, gender is correlated with conceptual categories; for example, nouns denoting plants are routinely feminine. For others, gender is correlated with the phonology of the stem; thus, third declension nouns whose stems end in -c, -e, -l, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, -us and -uus are characteristically neuter, a fact that schoolchildren were long forced to memorize. This curious observation might seem to be just that, an accident, were it not for the existence of languages whose entire gender and declension systems are organized along phonological lines. This article is devoted to one of these languages, Arapesh, a language of the Torricelli family, spoken near the north coast of Papua New Guinea. My discussion of Arapesh is based entirely on Reo Fortune’s (1942) grammar.
Olecranon tip osteoarticular autograft transfer for irreparable coronoid process fracture: a biomechanical study

Background We hypothesized that transfer of the olecranon tip for simulated type III coronoid fracture would restore posterior ulnohumeral translation to a level not different from that in the intact state.
Emotional Competence and Aggressive Behavior in School-Age Children

Examined emotional competence in 87 children, aged 7-10 years, who varied with respect to reports of aggressive behavior to determine whether individual differences in emotional competence characterize children with higher levels of aggressive behavior. Emotional competence was assessed during a 1-hr lab visit that included (a) an observational period consisting of a modified disappointment paradigm, (b) assessment of cognitive and language abilities, and (c) 2 structured emotion interviews. Children with higher levels of aggressive behavior exhibited more intense and frequent expressions of anger, both as reported by mothers and as observed during the disappointment paradigm. Less sophisticated ability to identify the causes of emotion also characterized children with higher levels of aggressive behavior. Gender moderated the relation between aggressive behavior and type of emotion identified such that reports of happiness (in response to receiving a disappointing prize) were associated with lower levels of reported aggressive behavior for boys. The value of assessing children's emotional competence in the context of an emotionally arousing situation is suggested by these findings.
Design Conversations with Your Computer: Evaluating Experiential Qualities of Physical Form

This paper describes a prototype system that evaluates an architectural design using the designer’s theories about how to manifest experiential qualities in physical form. The system uses AI methods in conjunction with geometric and non-geometric knowledge to represent experiential qualities, e.g. privacy, in terms of concrete details of a design, e.g. wall dimensions and locations. This paper describes the organization and implementation of the system, and reports the results of an experiment in which the system was used to evaluate Frank Lloyd Wright Prairie houses.
Design and engineering of a man-made diffusive electron-transport protein☆

Maquettes are man-made cofactor-binding oxidoreductases designed from first principles with minimal reference to natural protein sequences. Here we focus on water-soluble maquettes designed and engineered to perform diffusive electron transport of the kind typically carried out by cytochromes, ferredoxins and flavodoxins and other small proteins in photosynthetic and respiratory energy conversion and oxido-reductive metabolism. Our designs were tested by analysis of electron transfer between heme maquettes and the well-known natural electron transporter, cytochrome c. Electron-transfer kinetics were measured from seconds to milliseconds by stopped-flow, while sub-millisecond resolution was achieved through laser photolysis of the carbon monoxide maquette heme complex. These measurements demonstrate electron transfer from the maquette to cytochrome c, reproducing the timescales and charge complementarity modulation observed in natural systems. The ionic strength dependence of inter-protein electron transfer from 9.7×10(6) M(-1) s(-1) to 1.2×10(9) M(-1) s(-1) follows a simple Debye-Huckel model for attraction between +8 net charged oxidized cytochrome c and -19 net charged heme maquette, with no indication of significant protein dipole moment steering. Successfully recreating essential components of energy conversion and downstream metabolism in man-made proteins holds promise for in vivo clinical intervention and for the production of fuel or other industrial products. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biodesign for Bioenergetics--the design and engineering of electronic transfer cofactors, proteins and protein networks, edited by Ronald L. Koder and J.L. Ross Anderson.
Quetzalcoatlite: A new octahedral-tetrahedral structure from a 2 × 2 × 40 μm3 crystal at the Advanced Photon Source-GSE-CARS Facility

The structure of quetzalcoatlite, Zn_6Cu_3(TeO_3)_2O_6(OH)_6(Ag_xPby)Cl_(x+2y), x + y ≤ 2, Z = 1, was solved and refined using data collected at the Advanced Photon Source-GSE-CARS facility, using a 2 × 2 ×40 μm^3 single crystal. The structure is trigonal, space group P31m, a = 10.145(1), c = 4.9925(9) A, V = 445.0(1) A^3, and was refined to R = 5.1 for 395 unique observed reflections. Te6+O6 octahedra and Jahn-Teller distorted Cu^(2+)O_4(OH)_2 octahedra share edges to form layers parallel to (001), and ZnO_2(OH)_2 tetrahedra share vertices to form six-member rings parallel to (001). Layers of octahedra and tetrahedra alternate along c, and form a new framework structure by vertex sharing. Channels through the framework parallel to c are occupied by Ag, Pb, and Cl ions. Electron microprobe analysis revealed Ag and Cl overlooked in the original microchemical analysis. Up to one-third of the Ag was substituted by Pb, and a Pb-rich analog may exist.
Classical and alternative activation of rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells by inflammatory stimuli.

The ability of rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSEC) to become activated in response to diverse inflammatory stimuli was analyzed. Whereas the classical macrophage activators, IFNγ and/or LPS upregulated expression of iNOS in HSEC, the alternative macrophage activators, IL-10 or IL-4 + IL-13 upregulated arginase-1 and mannose receptor. Similar upregulation of iNOS and arginase-1 was observed in classically and alternatively activated Kupffer cells, respectively. Removal of inducing stimuli from the cells had no effect on expression of these markers, demonstrating that activation is persistent. Washing and incubation of IFNγ treated cells with IL-4 + IL-13 resulted in decreased iNOS and increased arginase-1 expression, while washing and incubation of IL-4 + IL-13 treated cells with IFNγ resulted in decreased arginase-1 and increased iNOS, indicating that classical and alternative activation of the cells is reversible. HSEC were more sensitive to phenotypic switching than Kupffer cells, suggesting greater functional plasticity. Hepatocyte viability and expression of PCNA, β-catenin and MMP-9 increased in the presence of alternatively activated HSEC. In contrast, the viability of hepatocytes pretreated for 2 h with 5 mM acetaminophen decreased in the presence of classically activated HSEC. These data demonstrate that activated HSEC can modulate hepatocyte responses following injury. The ability of hepatocytes to activate HSEC was also investigated. Co-culture of HSEC with acetaminophen-injured hepatocytes, but not control hepatocytes, increased the sensitivity of HSEC to classical and alternative activating stimuli. The capacity of HSEC to respond to phenotypic activators may represent an important mechanism by which they participate in inflammatory responses associated with hepatotoxicity.
Use of information theory with discrete models of continuous systems

A technique is presented whereby the Shannon entropy can be used to define two parameters—the effective range and the uncertainty index—which can be used to quantify consistently the uncertainty in realistic continuous systems by comparing the probability distribution associated with the actual system to a uniform distribution having the same entropy value. Knowing the entropy value of a distribution which describes a system can allow decision-makers to choose more easily between systems in order to achieve a given objective. It also provides a metric for ranking the importance of input parameters for a given system based upon their relative impact upon the total uncertainty of the output of the system. Since the data collected from most engineering systems are actually a set of discrete samples, a method is introduced to calculate the Shannon entropy using spreadsheet software and then calculate the effective range and uncertainty index. The technique is used to choose between two policies for an example...
Reviewer acknowledgement 2014

The Editors of the International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology would like to thank all of our reviewers, both external and Editorial Board Members, who have contributed to the journal in Volume 2014 (2014) and whose valuable support is fundamental to the success of the journal.
THE RELATION BETWEEN LONGEVITY AND OBESITY IN HUMAN BEINGS.

During recent years there has developed an increased interest in the question of the dependence of life span on various factors, such as weight, sex, country versus city dwelling, lipoprotein concentration in blood plasma, cigarette smoking, and exposure to high-energy radiation, and much statistical information about it has been gathered.(1) Some effort has also been made, in the case of factors, such as radiation exposure, that can assume a series of values, to express by an equation the relation between the average life span of populations differing with respect to this factor and the parameter representing the factor. Usually a linear equation has been used, often a single term, corresponding to proportionality between the decrease in expected life span and the parameter.
Scheduling customer arrivals to a stochastic service system

An efficient algorithm for determining the optimal arrival schedule for customers in a stochastic service system is developed. All customers arrive exactly when scheduled, and service times are modeled as iid Erlang random variables. Costs are incurred at a fixed rate per unit of time each customer waits for service, and an additional cost is incurred for every unit of time the server operates beyond a scheduled closing time. The objective is to minimize total operating cost. This type of problem arises in many operational contexts including transportation, manufacturing, and appointment-based services. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 46: 549–559, 1999
The iterated mod problem

Abstract The iterated mod problem is this: given a, b1, b2, …, bn, all integers or all polynomials in Q [x], is ((… ((a mod b1) mod b2) …) mod bn) = 0? When the inputs are integers, we prove the problem P-complete with respect to log-space reductions, whereas in the polynomial case, we prove the problem is in NC. The significance of these results lies primarily in the similarity between the iterated mod problem and the Euclidean algorithm. We also show that the superincreasing knapsack problem is P-complete, using a very similar proof.
Field evaluation of a portable blood lead analyzer in workers living at a high altitude: a follow-up investigation.

BACKGROUND: Field-portable instruments can offer expeditious analytical results to health professionals in field settings and in areas lacking laboratory infrastructure. This study further evaluated an electroanalytical field-portable instrument, which rapidly analyzes blood lead concentrations. METHODS: A portable anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) instrument was evaluated utilizing paired samples from 243 employees working at an elevation of approximately 3,800 meters in Peru. Each worker donated two venous blood samples, one of which was analyzed by the ASV device and the other by a reference analytical method, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). RESULTS: According to the GFAAS results, the mean blood lead concentration measured was 46(+/-16) mug/dl; this was significantly greater than the mean ASV measurement of 32(+/-11) mug/dl (paired t-test; P < 0.0001). The accuracy of the ASV estimation decreased as the measured blood lead concentration increased. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this investigation were significantly different from the previous study, which was conducted near sea level. The exact causes for the discrepancies between the portable ASV results from the two studies are unclear, but are thought to be related to differences in blood chemistry between the Midwestern United States and Peruvian Andes worker cohorts. Portable ASV blood lead measurements from populations living at high altitudes should be viewed with caution. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:656-662, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reliability modeling of metal interconnects with time-dependent electrical and thermal stress

A reliability model for electromigration-induced failure in metal interconnects under time-dependent stress is introduced. In contrast to existing reliability models that are based upon the assumption that stress is constant throughout the useful life of a system, this model includes provisions for the more realistic situation where both thermal stress and current stress are time-dependent. A single parameter which can be represented as a real number is used to incorporate the total effects of the stress history making this approach applicable for dynamic power/thermal management algorithms.
Delayed self-recognition in autism: A unique difficulty?

Achieving a sense of self is a crucial task of ordinary development. With which aspects of self do children with autism have particular difficulty? Two prior studies concluded that children with autism are unimpaired in delayed self-recognition; we confirm and clarify this conclusion by examining it in conjunction with another key aspect of self understanding, including several needed controls and contrasts. Three groups of children were tested in a delayed self-recognition paradigm as well as a self-other action memory card game in which they took turns placing pictures with an adult: 3-year-olds (n = 25), 5-year-olds (n = 27), and children with autism spectrum disorder (n = 20). Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) demonstrated impaired performance on self-other recall compared to both typical 5-year-olds and typical 3-year-olds, but were not significantly different on delayed self-recognition. Results are discussed with regard to the unique profile of self-related performance in autism.
Soft tissue anatomy of the tongue and floor of the mouth: An ultrasound demonstration

Ultrasound technology has not been used extensively in the study of normal and abnormal oral physiology and speech. Features such as soft tissue detail, real-time motion display, and subject safety make ultrasound ideal for imaging the tongue and the floor of the mouth. This study demonstrates visualization of the muscles of the tongue and floor of the mouth for a normal subject using ultrasound imaging. By employing submandibular transducer placement of realtime sector scanners, tongue anatomy and motion were continuously visualized in sagittal or coronal planes. In addition to the entire tongue surface, much of the intrinsic anatomy was identified including: the genioglossus, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and digastric muscles; fascial boundaries such as the median fibrous septum, floor intermuscular septum, and paramedian septums; and the hyoid bone. A tongue excised from a human cadaver was scanned using ultrasound and dissected to confirm the anatomy seen in the live tongue. Tongue surface shape and configuration of the intrinsic tissue structures were observed and compared for the phonemes /k/, /u/, and /i/. Anatomical landmarks in the resting and speaking tongue are discussed as well as applications in the fields of speech science and speech pathology.
A quantitative method for determining medial migration of the humeral head after shoulder arthroplasty: preliminary results in assessing glenoid wear at a minimum of two years after hemiarthroplasty with concentric glenoid reaming.

Hypothesis Glenoid erosion and medial migration of the humeral head prosthesis have been observed after most types of shoulder arthroplasty. A method of measuring the change in humeral head position with time after shoulder prosthetic arthroplasty was applied it to 14 shoulders that underwent humeral hemiarthroplasty with concentric glenoid reaming. We hypothesized that the measurement technique would be reproducible and that the rate of wear would be small in the series of shoulders studied. Materials and methods Standardized anteroposterior and axillary radiographs were obtained after surgery. Two examiners measured the position of the humeral head center in relation to scapular reference coordinates for the anteroposterior and axillary projections and plotted these values against time after surgery. The change in position was characterized as the slope of this plot. Shoulders were included if there were at least 3 sets of postoperative films, the last being at least 2 years after surgery. Results The slopes measured by the 2 examiners agreed within 0.5 mm/y for the anteroposterior and the axillary projections. For the series of shoulder arthroplasties, the rate of movement of the head center toward the scapula was less than 0.4 mm/y for either examiner in either projection. Discussion Medial migration is a concern after any type of shoulder arthroplasty, whether a hemiarthroplasty, a biological interpositional arthroplasty, or a total shoulder arthroplasty. Quantifying the rate of medial migration over time after shoulder arthroplasty is an important element of clinical follow-up. Conclusions This is an inexpensive, practical, and reproducible method that can be used to determine the rate of medial migration of the humeral head on plain radiographs after shoulder arthroplasty. The average rate of medial migration in the shoulders in this study was small.
Sensitivity of a GCM Climate to Enhanced Shortwave Cloud Absorption

Abstract Recent studies by Cess et al. and Ramanathan et al. find that clouds absorb significantly more shortwave radiation than currently modeled by general circulation models. Initial calculations for the global annual shortwave energy budget imply that including the additional shortwave cloud absorption leads to an additional 22 W m−2 absorption in the atmosphere, with an equivalent reduction of shortwave flux at the surface. The present study investigates the climate implications of enhanced cloud absorption with the use of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model. The GCM response to this forcing is to warm the upper troposphere by as much as 4 K. The additional shortwave heating in the upper troposphere reduces the strength of the Hadley circulation by 12% and leads to lower surface wind speeds in the Tropics. In turn, these lower wind speeds lead to a 25 W m−2 reduction in surface latent heat flux.
Structure-function relationships in rat brainstem subnucleus interpolaris: VII. Primary afferent central terminal arbors in adults subjected to infraorbital nerve section at birth.

Prior studies in this series have clarified the normal organization of subnucleus interpolaris and the response of higher-order neurons to neonatal deafferentation. The present report describes the response of individual rat trigeminal primary afferents to transection of the infraorbital (IO) nerve on the day of birth. Physiologically characterized afferents in adult animals were labeled by intraaxonal injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Qualitative and quantitative examination of the interpolaris collaterals of 62 recovered neurons revealed: (1) an increase in the transverse area of vibrissa afferent terminal arbors, (2) a decrease in the number of boutons per collateral of vibrissa afferents, (3) a decrease in the bouton density of both vibrissa and guard hair primary afferents, (4) a decrease in the circularity of guard hair afferent arbors, (5) an increase in the number of collaterals given off by nociceptive fibers, and (6) abnormal primary afferent topography. The data support the hypothesis that vibrissa afferents respond to neonatal axotomy by central arbor expansion, but not by sprouting. Arbor expansion provides a morphological substrate for the abnormal histochemical staining patterns seen in animals subjected to IO damage in the early postnatal period.
Cytologic examination of urine from patients with interstitial cystitis.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a cytologic examination of urine from patients with interstitial cystitis (IC). STUDY DESIGN: Patients included in this study fit the definition of IC established by the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Cytologic material was identified by checking the pathology archives against medical record numbers of patients with biopsy-confirmed IC. Cytologic preparations included cytocentrifuge samples and filters. Representative material was submitted for toluidine blue staining. RESULTS: Thirty-three urine specimens from 14 patients with IC were included in the study. All urines showed acute inflammation, predominantly polymorphonuclear cells. Fourteen (42%) specimens contained eosinophils, and 10 (30%) contained cells resembling mast cells. Other findings included numerous degenerated cells, reactive transitional cells and hematuria. Toluidine blue staining of urine cytocentrifuge samples failed to demonstrate metachromatic staining of the presumed mast cells. DISCUSSION : Cytologic examination of urine from patients with IC showed consistent but nonetheless nonspecific findings. The predominant characteristic was the presence of inflammatory cells, mostly neutrophils and occasionally eosinophils.
Latin America's Neocaudillismo: Ex-Presidents and Newcomers Running for President . . . and Winning

Latin Americans have been voting for a surprisingly large number of ex-presidents and newcomers in presidential elections since the late 1980s. This article looks at both the demand and supply sides of this phenomenon by focusing on economic anxieties and party crises as the key independent variables. Sometimes the relationship between these variables is linear: economic anxieties combined with party crises lead to rising ex-presidents and newcomers. At other times the relationship is symbiotic: the rise of ex-presidents leads to party crises, economic and political anxieties, and thus the rise of newcomers. This article concludes that the abundance of ex-presidents and newcomers in elections—essentially, the new face of Latin America’s caudillismo—does not bode well for democracy because it accelerates de-institutionalization and polarizes the electorate. P residential elections in Latin America since 1988 exhibit an unusual trend. A large number of former presidents have been running for office and often winning. Counting only candidates who are not trivial—that is, who obtain more than 10 percent of the vote—at least one ex-president has run in roughly half the elections in which ex-presidents were constitutionally allowed to compete. They have won in almost 40 percent of the races. At the same time, the number of political newcomers—that is, candidates with virtually no political experience—is also large: nontrivial newcomers have competed in almost 20 percent of all elections. Latin Americans are displaying an electoral preference for two quite distinct candidates: ex-presidents and newcomers. This is an odd phenomenon. The electoral salience of ex-presidents and newcomers is a departure from the experience of democracies in Europe, where these types of candidates are infrequent. This trend also contradicts prominent theories about electoral choice, such as the view that electoral choice is contingent on economics and curricula vitae (Alesina 1994). In moments of economic downturn, according to this theory, voters tend to prefer candidates with resumes that combine reliability (i.e., a proven record of experience in office) with some detachment from the status quo that presumably makes the candidate more able to pursue change (Dalton and Wattenberg 1993). In Latin America,
Fatal fat embolism syndrome in a child with undiagnosed hemoglobin S/beta+ thalassemia: a complication of acute parvovirus B19 infection.

Anemia, mental status changes, and fatal respiratory failure complicated a febrile illness in a previously healthy 14-year-old black female. At autopsy, widespread fat emboli and bone marrow necrosis were found. Hemoglobin electrophoresis on an antemortem, pretransfusion specimen revealed hemoglobin S/β thalassemia. Acute parvovirus B19(PV B19) infection was suspected. Postmortem serum and a variety of paraffin-embedded tissues were assayed for PV B19 DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expected PCR product was identified in the serum specimen and in paraffin-embedded sections of bone marrow, kidney, spleen, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, and gastrointestinal tract; lung, liver, ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, brain, heart, and pancreas were negative. PV B19 infection is highly contagious and may be rapidly fatal in children with hemoglobinopathies by several mechanisms, including fat embolism. Therefore, there exists the risk of multiple deaths within a family. The acute infection may be ea...
GROWTH STUDIES ON FRUITS.

In recent years the literature has contained numerous investigations on the rate of growth. These have ranged from studies on the rate of growth of the dairy cow to bacteria. Increase in length, breadth, and weight have all been used as criteria of growth. Among these investigations there is no mention of the growth of fruits. In fact, as far as the writer is aware, only one single experiment has ever been published in which the growth of a fruit was measured throughout the growth period.1 This was an experiment by Anderson (1) in 1895 on the fruit of Cucurbit a Pepo, in which weight was measured by a self registering balance. The growth of fruits is somewhat different from that of other plant organs, being mainly a storing up process, and for this reason it has been thought worth while to investigate their growth, also. In the summer of 1924 preliminary studies of the growth of fruits were commenced. The intention in the beginning was to measure growth of individual fruits by weighing them on the plant at intervals of a week during the growing season. To do this it would be necessary to select easily grown fruits of considerable size, with long and flexible peduncles. The plants finally selected were: Cucurbit a Pepo var. coTvdensa (scalloped summer squash), Cucumis Melo (muskmelon), C. sativus (cucumber), and Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato). It soon became obvious that it would not be feasible to measure growth by the increase in weight of fruits on the vines. Therefore another method was developed, namely the measurement of the volume of a fruit by the displacement of water in a calibrated container. By this method the increase in growth, as represented by increase in volume, could be measured fairly rapidly and accurately with the least disturbance of the plant and without injuring the fruit. The first measurement was made at the time when the blossoms had just appeared. At this time the young fruits (ovaries) differed somewhat in size, but physiologically they were of the same age. In the case of the tomato it was necessary to obtain an average volume of the ovary by collecting a large number (200 to 400) from flowers
Functional communication screening in individuals with traumatic brain injury.

The feasibility of a novel instrument, the Functional Communication Scale (FCS), was determined for individuals with moderate-to-mild cognitive-communication deficits secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI). A group design including 30 adults with confirmed diagnosis and communication problems was utilized. Conversational samples with each participant were videotaped and rated for 13 FCS items. Three raters with diverse clinical experiences rated the elicited samples. Results identified significant and positive relationships between the cognitive-communication severities and the total FCS scores. Significant inter- and intra-rater reliability scores were found for the three raters. The FCS also determined significant differences between individuals with and without concurrent aphasia or dysarthria. No obvious differences were found between males and females nor between individuals with the primary diagnosis of TBI vs other neurological aetiologies. These findings have implications for assessing the adeq...
UO2. Matrix Dissolution Rates and Grain Boundary Inventories of Cs, Sr, and Tc in Spent Lwr Fuel

Experimental methods have been developed for measuring the grain-boundary inventories of radionuclides and for determining whether the UO2 matrix of spent light-water reactor fuel dissolves congruently. Both methods depend upon first separating the fuel into individual grains. With the grain boundaries thus exposed, the associated inventories of radionuclides can be completely dissolved and measured. To determine whether the UO2 matrix of spent fuel dissolves congruently, the fuel grains were placed in a flow-through column and water was pumped through the column at a rate sufficient to maintain the concentration of U in the column effluent far below saturation. Once the grain-boundary material has dissolved, the forward dissolution rate of the UO2 matrix can be measured and, by measuring the concentrations of other radionuclides in the column effluent, the degree of congruency of the dissolution process can be determined. Data obtained to date indicate that the grain-boundary inventories of Cs, Tc, and Sr are approximately equal to gap inventories and that the fractional dissolution rate of Cs from the U02 matrix is approximately equal to that of U, i.e., the Cs and U dissolved nearly congruently. In addition, the data appear to show a gradient in the concentrations of Cs and Sr across the individual UO2 grains.
Origin of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive fibers in guinea pig parasympathetic cardiac ganglia.

This study was conducted to determine the origin(s) of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive (NOS-IR) fibers within guinea pig atrial whole-mount preparations containing the cardiac ganglia. Intrinsic NOS-IR cardiac neurons exhibited choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity, indicating that they were cholinergic as well as nitrergic. Comparison of control versus 72-hour explant culture preparations indicated that most of the nitrergic fibers within cardiac ganglia were extrinsic. The extrinsic NOS-IR fibers were not IR for ChAT (marker of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons), tyrosine hydroxylase (marker of catecholaminergic sympathetic postganglionic axons), or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (marker of afferent fibers). Separate NOS-IR and ChAT-IR neurons were present within medullary regions containing the cardiovascular regulatory nuclei (nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus), but no cells were found that exhibited both NOS immunoreactivity and ChAT immunoreactivity. The small size and location of the medullary NOS-IR neurons suggested they were probably interneurons. Only an occasional sympathetic postganglionic cell in the stellate ganglion complex exhibited NOS immunoreactivity. NOS-IR cells were present in dorsal root ganglia (thoracic 1-5), but these typically also exhibited CGRP immunoreactivity. NOS-IR cells were also present in the nodose ganglia, but only some exhibited CGRP immunoreactivity. We concluded that virtually all the extrinsic NOS-IR nerve fibers represented an afferent fiber input that was separate from the substance P (SP)/CGRP-containing population of sensory fibers. Furthermore, much of this NOS innervation is probably derived from the nodose ganglia.
Undulating paired disclinations (oily streaks) in lyotropic liquid crystals

Optical microscopy reveals regular periodic undulations of the lateral position of the axes of paired disclinations or «oily streaks» in thin, fully hydrated lyotropic liquid crystals of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) in the Lα (smectique A) phase. These undulations explain the characteristics dark bands that traverse the paired disclinations on observation with crossed polarizers. When paired disclinations are adjacent, their undulation periods become equal and lock in phase. The undulations appear spontaneously in all paired disclinations on formation of homeotropically aligned specimens in the Lα phase Observations au microscope optique revelant la presence d'ondulations de la position laterale des axes de desinclinaisons appariees dans la phase smectique A de minces cristaux liquides lyotropes, totalement hydrates, de dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine
Projections of the locus coeruleus and adjacent pontine tegmentum in the cat.

The projections of the locus coeruleus and adjacent pontine tegmentum have been studied using anatomical and physiological methods in the cat. Axonal trajectories were traced using either the Fink-Heimer I method following electrolytic lesions, or the autoradiographic method after injection of tritiated proline into the nucleus. Results with both methods were similar. Axons of locus coeruleus neurons ascended ipsilaterally through the mesencephalon lateral to the medial longitudinal fasciculus, ventrolateral to the central gray. In the caudal diencephalon, the ascending fibers entered the centrum medianum-parafascicular complex where they diverged into two fascicles; a dorsal fascicle which terminated in the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, and a ventral fascicle which gave off fibers to the ventrobasal complex and reticular nucleus of the thalamus while continuing ventrolaterally into the lateral hypothalamus medial to the internal capsule. Fibers of the ventral fascicle ascended in the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta and were traced through the preoptic region into the septum. Fibers could not be consistently traced to the cerebral cortex, and were not seen at all in the cerebellum. Throughout the ascending course of the path from the locus coeruleus, axons were given off to the pretectal area, the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei, and the amygdala; fibers passed contralaterally through the posterior commissure, the midline thalamus, and the supraoptic commissure. Fibers descending from the locus coeruleus surrounded the intramedullary portion of the facial nerve and further caudally were observed ventrolateral to the hypoglossal and dorsal vagal nuclei. The axonal trajectories visualized with degeneration and autoradiographic methods followed closely those previously shown for reticular formation neurons, but were also similar to locus coeruleus projections revealed by histofluorescence methods. After injections of horseradish peroxidase into the centrum medianum-parafascicular complex, lateral hypothalamus or preoptic region, labeled neurons were located in the locus coeruleus, nucleus subcoeruleus, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. Reticular formation neurons were not labeled. Neurons in locus coeruleus and adjacent pontine tegmentum could be antidromically activated by stimulation in the rostral midbrain or caudal diencephalon. Our data indicate that both adrenergic and non-adrenergic neurons of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum have similar projections.
Vub from the hadronic invariant mass spectrum in semileptonic B decay

Abstract The hadronic invariant mass spectrum for the inclusive charmless semileptonic decay B → X u e ν e is studied. Particular attention is paid to the region s h d 2, which may be useful for extracting the value of |Vub|. The se of the spectrum to the parameter Λ ≡ m b − mb is explored. Perturbative QCD corrections to dΓ/ds h of order αs2β0 are calculated. For s h ∼ Λ mb nonperturbative QCD effects are important and the shape of the invariant mass spectrum is controlled by the B meson matrix element of an infinite sum of local operators. The utility of the hadronic mass spectrum for extracting |Vub| is explored.
AN IMPROVED MULTIRATE FEEDBACK SCHEME FOR WIRELESS CHANNEL IDENTIFICATION

Abstract In an earlier paper we had presented a novel dual channel identification approach for mobile wireless communication systems. Unlike traditional channel estimation methods that rely on training symbols, this approach used a bent-pipe feedback mechanism requiring the mobile station (MS) to send portions of its received signal back to the Base Station (BS) for wireless channel identification. Using a filter-bank decomposition concept, we introduced an effective algorithm for identifying both the forward and the reverse channels based only on this feedback information. This new method permits transfer of computational burden from the MS to the resource rich BS and leads to significant savings in bandwidth consuming training signals. This paper proposes a more informative feedback method leading to significant performance improvement over our earlier scheme.
Low-temperature properties of plant-produced RAP mixtures in the Northeast

The impact of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials on pavement performance is an important topic of study in the industry due to environmental and cost benefits. The primary concern for increasing allowable RAP percentages in hot mix asphalt relates to the presence of aged materials, which may embrittle the mixture and decrease cracking resistance. Low-temperature cracking is a major distress in cold temperature climates, such as the Northeastern United States. Currently, there are several procedures to analyse low-temperature performance of asphalt binders and mixtures. However, these methods use different starting (initial) temperatures and cooling rates that may not represent actual field temperatures and cooling rates. This paper presents the results of a study on low-temperature performance of plant-produced RAP mixtures. Eighteen mixtures from three states were tested with varying RAP contents (0–40%) and different virgin binder grades. The objectives of the study were to: (1) evaluate the imp...