cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ocean bottom seismometer facilities available

The Office of Naval Research, together with Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of Washington, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, is pleased to announce the formation of two national Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) facilities. Recent advances in marine seismic and acoustic research, including whole Earth tomography, seismic refraction tomography, detailed passive seismology, high-resolution seismic refraction, and marine ambient noise studies, require a suite of identical calibrated seafloor instruments for analysis of array data collected by OBS capable of sustained deployment periods. Such instruments require a recording capability that is substantially improved in terms of bandwidth, recording capability, fidelity, and deployment duration over that possible just a few years ago. Recognizing a deficiency in existing instrumentation, in 1987 ONR embarked on an effort to fund the design and construction of a new generation of OBS. Thirty-one instruments are now available for general use, and we encourage investigators to use the national OBS facilities as an effective means of acquiring state-of-the-art ocean floor seismic data. The two OBS facilities will be managed and operated on a joint institutional basis by WHOI and MIT, and SIO and UW, respectively. While the instruments will be managed and operated by the OBS facilities, ownership of the OBS will be retained by
Decisions based on conflicting and inaccurate observations

Abstract Subjects learned the accuracies of 8 cues in a series of 50 learning trials and then used pairs of these cues to predict which of two equally likely symbols occurred in each of 100 test trials. It was concluded that: (a) estimates of cues with very high or very low accuracies are better than estimates of cues with intermediate accuracies; (b) accurate cues are perceived more realistically than are inaccurate cues; (c) people tend to maximize expected payoff when faced with conflicting information in binary choice problems; (d) conformity pressures, i.e., the desire to agree with two reports, strongly interfere with maximization if there is uncertainty about the maximizing response, but conformity pressures exert little influence when there is no uncertainty about the maximizing response.
Analysis of intestinal cell proliferation after guanethidine-induced sympathectomy. I. Stathmokinetic, labelling index, mitotic index, and cellular migration studies.

Guanethidine-induced sympathectomy in the rat during the neonatal period (injection of 20 μg/g body weight every 48 h from day of birth until day 14) produces an absolute reduction in the number of sympathetic ganglion cells, but no significant alteration of body weight. Superior cervical ganglia show 79.8 % fewer cell bodies at 15 days and 92.3 % at 45 days; coeliac ganglia exhibit an 81.0 % reduction at 15 days and 89.6 % at 45 days in guanethidine-treated rats as compared to normal controls. The sympathetic ganglion cells that remain after treatment have an abnormal morphological appearance with distended mitochondria and depletion of endoplasmic reticulum. Sympathectomy produces a prolongation of the generation cycle time (Tc) as measured by the colchicine-induced mitotic arrest technique, and a decrease in labelling, mitotic, and migration indices. In addition, sympathectomy suppresses the amplitude of the circadian rhythm in mitotic activity. The general suppression of this activity in the intestinal epithelium is more pronounced in the jejunum and ileum than in the duodenum. Variation in the effectiveness of sympathectomy on the inhibition of intestinal cell proliferation may be related to segmental differences in cell proliferation, to segmental differences in innervation, and/or to segmental variation in the effectiveness of guanethidine.
NEPHRON SPARING SURGERY FOR SUSPECTED MALIGNANCY: OPEN SURGERY COMPARED TO LAPAROSCOPY WITH SELECTIVE USE OF HAND ASSISTANCE

Purpose: Laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery has been reported rarely, likely due to technical difficulty when using only laparoscopic instrumentation. Hand assisted techniques may facilitate the procedure in select cases while maintaining the benefits of minimally invasive surgery. We prospectively compared the laparoscopic with selective hand assistance and open surgical approaches to nephron sparing surgery for suspected malignancy.Materials and Methods: We compared our initial 10 laparoscopic nephron sparing procedures for suspected malignancy, including 8 with hand assistance, in 9 patients (11 tumors) with 11 consecutive open surgical procedures for similar indications. Standard laparoscopic technique was used in cases of an exophytic mass with shallow penetration into the parenchyma. Otherwise hand assistance was used. Recovery data were obtained prospectively using self-administered questionnaires.Results: Although mean operative time was 24% greater in the laparoscopic group, recovery was more f...
Survival of Acute Hypernatremia Due to Massive Soy Sauce Ingestion

Abstract Background Intentional massive sodium chloride ingestions are rare occurrences and are often fatal. Objectives There are a variety of treatment recommendations for hypernatremia, ranging from dialysis to varying rates of correction. We report a case of acute severe hypernatremia corrected with rapid free-water infusions that, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported. Case Report A 19-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department in a comatose state with seizure-like activity 2 hours after ingesting a quart of soy sauce. He was administered 6 L of free water over 30 min and survived neurologically intact without clinical sequelae. Corrected for hyperglycemia, the patient's peak serum sodium was 196 mmol/L, which, to our knowledge, is the highest documented level in an adult patient to survive an acute sodium ingestion without neurologic deficits. Conclusion Emergency physicians should consider rapidly lowering serum sodium with hypotonic intravenous fluids as a potential management strategy for acute severe hypernatremia secondary to massive salt ingestion.
Albumin-induced resoprtion of fetal rat bonein vitro

Some serum albumins cause resorption of living bonein vitro. This effect of albumin is concentration-dependent. Dialyzed albumin and albumin heated at 55° retain full bone resorbing activity; heat denatured albumin is inactive. The albumin effect is inhibited by elevated pH. No correlation exists between bone resorbing activity and the capacity of albumins to bind calcium ions or to donate hydrogen ions. Thyrocalcitonin, glucagon, glucocorticoids and actinomycin D antagonize albumin-induced bone resorption.
Low‐cost manufacturing of patterned films with nano‐precision for display applications

— Much attention has been given to methodologies for patterning optical films with nanoscale precision at the scale and economics required by the flat-panel-display industry. By using Fluorocur® mold materials, the PRINT® (Pattern Replication in Nonwetting Template) technology enables low-cost manufacturing of precise microscale and nanoscale features with single-nanometer precision from virtually any material.
Characterization of projective graphs

We denote the distance between vertices x and y of a graph by d(x, y), and pij(x, y) = ∥ {z : d(x, z) = i, d(y, z) = j} ∥. The (s, q, d)-projective graph is the graph having the s-dimensional subspaces of a d-dimensional vector space over GF(q) as vertex set, and two vertices x, y adjacent iff dim(x ⌢ y) = s − 1. These graphs are regular graphs. Also, there exist integers λ and μ > 4 so that μ is a perfect square, p11(x, y) = λ whenever d(x, y) = 1, and p11(x, y) = μ whenever d(x, y) = 2. The (s, q, d)-projective graphs where 2d3 ≤ s < d − 2 and (s, q, d) ≠ (2d3, 2, d), are characterized by the above conditions together with the property that there exists an integer r satisfying certain inequalities.
Control of Solenopsis invicta with delayed-action fluorinated toxicants

The fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, was accidentally imported into the southern United States and has become a serious medical and agricultural pest of nine southeastern states and Puerto Rico. For a bait toxicant to be effective in fire ant control it must have delayed activity over a wide range of concentrations. Less than 1% of the 7500 compounds screened since 1958 has had delayed action. This paper describes several classes of fluorinated compounds that exhibit delayed activity. These compounds are used to illustrate the following three approaches to the discovery of delayed-action toxicants: (a) random screening of compounds for delayed action; (b) design of delayed activity through the synthesis of pro-insecticides; and (c) serendipity. As a result of these investigations two new classes of insecticides were discovered. A compound from one of these classes (tetrahydro-5,5-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-ethynyl)-2-propenyl-idene) hydrazone, has been commercialised, while one or more compounds from the second new chemical class (fluorinated sulphonamides) are under development. Fluorinated delayed-action insecticides have made significant contributions to current fire ant control and will no doubt play a role in the future.
Neural responses from the wind-sensitive interneuron population in four cockroach species

Abstract The wind-sensitive insect cercal sensory system is involved in important behaviors including predator detection and initiating terrestrial escape responses as well as flight maintenance. However, not all insects possessing a cercal system exhibit these behaviors. In cockroaches, wind evokes strong terrestrial escape responses in Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica, but only weak escape responses in Blaberus craniifer and no escape responses in Gromphadorhina portentosa. Both P. americana and B. craniifer possesses pink flight muscles correlated with flight ability while B. germanica possesses white flight muscles that cannot support flight and G. portentosa lacks wings. These different behavioral combinations could correlate with differences in sensory processing of wind information by the cercal system. In this study, we focused on the wind-sensitive interneurons (WSIs) since they provide input to the premotor/motor neurons that influence terrestrial escape and flight behavior. Using extracellular recordings, we characterized the responses from the WSI population by generating stimulus–response (S–R) curves and examining spike firing rates. Using cluster analysis, we also examined the activity of individual units (four per species, though not necessarily homologous) comprising the population response in each species. Our main results were: (1) all four species possessed ascending WSIs in the abdominal connectives; (2) wind elicited the weakest WSI responses (lowest spike counts and spike rates) in G. portentosa; (3) wind elicited WSI responses in B. craniifer that were greater than P. americana or B. germanica; (4) the activity of four individual units comprising the WSI population response in each species was similar across species.
RD114 envelope proteins provide an effective and versatile approach to pseudotype lentiviral vectors

Lentiviral vectors derived from the HIV-1 genome offer great promise for gene therapy due to their ability to transduce non-dividing cells and sustain long-term expression of transgenes. The majority of current lentiviral vectors are pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis viral envelope (VSV-G). VSV-G equips lentiviral vectors with a broad host cell tropism and increased stability. Increased particle stability enables viral supernatants to be concentrated by high-speed centrifugation to enhance their infectivity. Despite its efficacy, VSV-G is cytotoxic - a feature that prohibits the development of stable cell lines that constitutively express this envelope. Therefore, non-toxic envelope proteins are being investigated. RD114 is an attractive alternative because it also provides increased particle stability and its receptor is widely expressed on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In this study, the packaging efficiency of three envelope proteins, RD114, RDpro and VSV-G, were evaluated with two lentiviral vectors (TRIP GFP and HPV-402). RDpro is an RD114-HIV chimera designed to pseudotype lentiviral vectors more efficiently. In transient systems, VSV-G generated titers of 10(8) and 10(7) viral particles/mL for TRIP GFP and HPV-402. RDpro possessed titers of 10(7) and 10(6), while RD114 titers were one log lower for each vector. Despite having relatively lower titers, RD114 proteins are less toxic; this was demonstrated in the extension of transient transfection reactions from 48 to 96 h. VSV-G transfections are generally limited to 48 h. In regard to gene therapy applications, we show that RDpro supernatants efficiently transduce peripheral blood HSCs. The versatility of RD114 envelopes was again demonstrated by using a 'mixed' expression system; composed of stably expressed RD114 envelope proteins to pseudotype lentiviral vectors generated in trans (titer range 10(3)-10(5)). Our data show that RD114 envelope proteins are effective and versatile constructs that could prove to be essential components of therapeutic lentiviral gene transfer systems.
A Refined Approach to Evaluating Global Developmental Delay for the International Medical Community

Abstract Background Global developmental delay is usually defined as significant delay in two or more domains of development. Etiologic diagnosis generally proves difficult and the etiology remains undetermined in up to 62% of these children. Those in whom an etiology is established generally undergo an exhaustive and costly diagnostic evaluation, even though this may not change the medical or therapeutic management of the delay. The history and physical examination may provide up to 40% of etiologic diagnoses if adequately conducted. Methods We performed a critical review of the literature on global developmental delay via PubMed. Results Five major etiologic categories for global developmental delay were identified and traits of the history and physical examination suggestive for their diagnosis were described. Additionally, current diagnostic tools and their benefits and limitations were appraised. Conclusions We propose an improved approach to enhance clinical diagnosis in both resource-rich and resource-limited settings favoring early intervention and management.
Towards Continuous Authentication in Internet of Things Based on Secret Sharing Scheme

In this paper, we propose a novel continuous authentication protocol for the Internet of Things based on secret sharing scheme. This protocol provides secure and efficient authentication for frequent message transmissions in short session time intervals. The protocol introduces a novel use of secret sharing scheme, that is, the secret is used as an authenticator and the shares are used as authenticator tokens. Each token is an outcome of a function of time that binds the secret share to a specific point in time during the session such that the share can only be revealed in that specific time. The share can be linked back to the secret and, hence, the message source can be authenticated. Security evaluation of the protocol shows that it fulfills the stated security requirements and addresses the listed attacks. Performance evaluation of the protocol shows that it is lightweight in terms of computation and communication costs, thus addressing the resource-constrained IoT endpoints.
Effect of temperature of CO2 injection on the pH and freezing point of milks and creams.

The objectives of this study were to measure the impact of CO2 injection temperature (0 degree C and 40 degrees C) on the pH and freezing point (FP) of (a) milks with different fat contents (i.e., 0, 15, 30%) and (b) creams with 15% fat but different fat characteristics. Skim milk and unhomogenized creams containing 15 and 30% fat were prepared from the same batch of whole milk and were carbonated at 0 and 40 degrees C in a continuous flow CO2 injection unit (230 ml/min). At 0 degree C, milk fat was mostly solid; at 40 degrees C, milk fat was liquid. At the same total CO2 concentration with CO2 injection at 0 degree C, milk with a higher fat content had a lower pH and FP, while with CO2 injection at 40 degrees C, milks with 0%, 15%, and 30% fat had the same pH. This indicated that less CO2 was dissolved in the fat portion of the milk when the CO2 was injected at 0 degree C than when it was injected at 40 degrees C. Three creams, 15% unhomogenized cream, 15% butter oil emulsion in skim milk, and 15% vegetable oil emulsion in skim milk were also carbonated and analyzed as described above. Vegetable oil was liquid at both 0 and 40 degrees C. At a CO2 injection temperature of 0 degree C, the 15% vegetable oil emulsion had a slightly higher pH than the 15% butter oil emulsion and the 15% unhomogenized cream, indicating that the liquid vegetable oil dissolved more CO2 than the mostly solid milk fat and butter oil. No difference in the pH or FP of the 15% unhomogenized cream and 15% butter oil emulsion was observed when CO2 was injected at 0 degree C, suggesting that homogenization or physical dispersion of milk fat globules did not influence the amount of CO2 dissolved in milk fat at a CO2 injection temperature of 0 degree C. At a CO2 injection temperature of 40 degrees C and at the same total CO2 concentration, the 15% unhomogenized cream, 15% vegetable oil emulsion, and 15% butter oil emulsion had similar pH. At the same total concentration of CO2 in cream, injection of CO2 at low temperature (i.e., < 4 degrees C) may produce a better antimicrobial effect during refrigerated shelf life due to the higher concentration of CO2 in the skim portion of the cream.
Empirical mechanism design: methods, with application to a supply-chain scenario

Our proposed methods employ learning and search techniques to estimate outcome features of interest as a function of mechanism parameter settings. We illustrate our approach with a design task from a supply-chain trading competition. Designers adopted several rule changes in order to deter particular procurement behavior, but the measures proved insufficient. Our empirical mechanism analysis models the relation between a key design parameter and outcomes, confirming the observed behavior and indicating that no reasonable parameter settings would have been likely to achieve the desired effect. More generally, we show that under certain conditions, the estimator of optimal mechanism parameter setting based on empirical data is consistent.
In situ autofluorescence visualization of human trabecular meshwork structure.

PURPOSE To characterize the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the human trabecular meshwork (TM) by two-photon excited (TPEF) autofluorescence (AF) and optical sectioning without conventional histologic embedding and sectioning. METHODS Viable human ex vivo explants of the anterior chamber angle containing the aqueous humor drainage tissue in situ were imaged by TPEF to localize AF and Hoechst 33342 nuclear fluorescence. An autofluorescent marker in Schlemm's Canal (SC) aided SC situ visualization. En face and orthogonal views of the TM were generated. RESULTS In the innermost uveal TM, AF signals outlined an intricate 3-D network of fine branching beams with large openings between the beams. In the adjacent corneoscleral TM, beams were thicker and coalesced as plate-like structures with pore-like openings. Linear and coiled AF fibers were visible on the background AF of beams. Deeper, in the external TM, this organization changed to fine fiber arrays orientated in the tissue's longitudinal axis, reminiscent of the cribriform plexus of the juxtacanalicular TM (JCT). In the outermost JCT, AF of fine fibers was sparse, then undetectable as optical sections approached the inner wall of SC. Cell nuclei were closely associated with the TM structural extracellular matrix. CONCLUSIONS We have used TPEF and optical sectioning to exploit AF as a useful method to visualize the structure of the human conventional aqueous drainage pathway in situ. Ancillary nuclear staining allowed cell association with the AF structures to be seen. This approach revealed a unique 3-D perspective of the TM that is consistent with known TM structural characteristics.
Predictors of the Age-Related Increase in Blood Pressure in Men and Women

BACKGROUND The age-related increase in blood pressure frequently observed in men and women may be more related to deleterious alterations in physical fitness, body composition, and diet than to a true aging phenomenon. Our purposes were to: (a) characterize the relationship between age and blood pressure in normotensive men and women; (b) identify physiological predictors of the age-related increase in blood pressure; and (c) examine whether the relationship between age and blood pressure persists after controlling for differences in these predictor variables. METHODS Three hundred and sixty four Caucasian men (17-80 yr) and 215 Caucasian women (18-81 yr) were characterized for supine resting blood pressure, peak oxygen consumption, body composition, body fat distribution, plasma insulin and glucose concentrations, and nutritional intake. RESULTS In men, the relationship between age and mean arterial pressure (MAP) (r = .25, p < .01) was no longer significant (partial r = .07, p = .20; 0.03 mmHg increase per year) after four predictor variables of MAP (fat mass, sum of 9 skinfolds, alcohol intake, and supine heart rate) were statistically controlled. In women, the relationship between age and MAP (r = .44, p < .01) no longer existed in women younger than 62 years of age (partial r = .06, p = .46; .04 mmHg increase per year) after three predictor variables of MAP (waist-to-thigh ratio, supine heart rate, and alcohol intake) were held constant, whereas in women older than 62 the relationship persisted (partial r = .37, p < .01; 0.9 mmHg increase per year). CONCLUSION In healthy Caucasian men and women between 17-81 years of age: (a) The relationship between MAP and age was stronger in women than in men, primarily due to an accelerated increase in MAP in women older than 62 years of age; (b) the age-related increase in MAP in men was primarily related to an increase in body fatness, whereas in women the distribution of fat was the primary factor; and (c) after the influence of the predictor variables of MAP were controlled, the relationship between MAP and age persisted in women beyond 62 years of age, but not in women younger than age 62 or in men of any age.
Comparison of human performance by knowledge domain: Types, frequency, and sequencing of errors made while interacting with an information system

This study investigated whether measures of error type, frequency, and sequencing contribute to understanding how different types of domain knowledge influence human performance when using information systems. Micro-level analyses of errors were conducted to compare the performance of two groups using a geographical information system (GIS). Error types, error frequency, error sequencing, and task completion were measured and compared for the two groups. The two groups were similar in frequency of type of errors; both committed terminological and trial errors more frequently than the other 10 types. Error patterns or sequences were likewise similar, and domain of expertise did not affect task completion time. The group with domain knowledge in computer science showed a somewhat greater tendency to commit certain knowledge-based errors (KBEs), indicating an association between knowledge-based errors and procedural knowledge. The group with domain knowledge in geography committed certain rule-based errors (RBEs) more often, indicating an association between rule-based errors and declarative knowledge. Therefore, error type does hold promise as a measure of the relationship between domain knowledge type and human performance using information systems.
Seasonal and spatial variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vapor-phase and PM2.5 in Southern California urban and rural communities

Fifteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in two rural communities (Atascadero and Lompoc) located several hundred km northwest of Los Angeles and in four urban communities 40–100 km downwind of Los Angeles (San Dimas, Upland, Mira Loma, and Riverside), during all seasons, from May 2001 to July 2002. PM2.5 and vapor-phase PAHs were collected, on prebaked quartz fiber filters and PUF-XAD-4 resin, respectively, at 113 LPM, during 24 h periods, every eighth day, and quantified by HPLC-Fluorescence. At all sites vapor-phase PAHs contained > 99.9% of the total PAH mass and were dominated by naphthalene (NAP), which varied from about 60 ng m − 3 in Lompoc, a community with light traffic, to ∼580 ng m − 3 in Riverside, a community traversed by ∼200,000 vehicles day− 1. During summer pollution episodes in urban sites, NAP concentrations reached 7–30 times annual averages. Except for summer episodes, concentrations of low MW PAHs showed small seasonal variations (∼2 times higher in win...
Clamped Corticosterone (B) Reveals the Effect of Endogenous B on Both Facilitated Responsivity to Acute Restraint and Metabolic Responses to Chronic Stress

To determine the effects of both corticosterone (B) and chronic stressors on acute ACTH responses to restraint, young male rats were exposed to streptozotocin-induced diabetes, cold (5–7°C) or intracerebroventricular (icv) neuropeptide Y (NPY) for 5 d and then exposed to restraint within 2 h after lights on. Two groups of rats were studied: intact and adrenalectomized replaced with B pellets that maintained plasma B in the normal mean 24-h range of intact rats. In addition to ACTH and B responses to restraint on d 5, body weight, food intake, fat depots, glucose and other hormones were measured to determine the role of stress-induced elevations in B on energy balance. ACTH responses to restraint were normal in intact rats subjected to diabetes or cold. By contrast, there was no ACTH or B response to restraint in NPY-infused intact rats. All 3 groups of chronically stimulated adrenalectomized rats with clamped B had facilitated ACTH responses to restraint compared to their treatment controls. Overall food ...
Complexes of 4-aminopyrimidine and 4-hydroxypyrimidine with water: computed relative thermodynamic stabilities

Abstract Relative thermodynamic stabilities in two series of isomeric complexes of substituted pyrimidine (4-aminopyrimidine; 4-hydroxypyrimidine, 4-oxypyrimidine) with water have been computed. Description of the isomers is based on ab initio SCF calculation, with energetics corrected by the second order perturbation treatment. The relative stabilities are evaluated in terms of partition functions constructed from the calculated dimeric parameters. In each of the sets several relative stability interchanges are found. The interchanges are manifested in a considerable heat capacity term enhancement.
Adolescent depression: A review of the literature

This article is a review of relevant literature concerning depression, a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that strikes adolescents in a variety of ways and with varying degrees of intensity. The definitions, prevalence, theoretical approaches, and related variables of adolescent depression are discussed. Finally, adolescent depression is discussed in relation to nursing process and nursing research.
Reprogramming an ATP-Driven Biological Machine into a Light-Gated Protein Nanocage

Supramolecular protein assemblies are attractive materials for engineering nanoscale machines with controllable functions. Protein monomers have been engineered to self-assemble into symmetrical complexes, metal-templated structures and cage-like architectures. The mechanistic complexity of protein machines, however, has made it difficult to engineer assemblies with not only new architectures but also desired functions. Here we describe an approach to controlling functional states of a protein assembly with light. The approach uses covalently attached molecular spacers that reversibly switch interatomic distances upon illumination. We applied this strategy to convert an ATP-dependent homo-oligomeric group II chaperonin to a light-driven machine that undergoes large-scale conformational changes between open and closed states visualized by single particle cryo-electron microscopy. The resulting light-gated nanocontainer can capture and release non-native cargos. The design principle of alternately stabilizing conformational states by switching atomic distances illuminates the cooperativity of evolved protein assemblies and provides a strategy for engineering other light-controlled biologically inspired machines.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Effect of territory quality on intrusion rate in nonbreeding hummingbirds

Experimental reductions of productivity on feeding territories of Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte anna) decreased intrusion rate. This trend contrasts with the absence of strong correlations between intrusion rate and productivity in previous experimental studies. Consideration of sample sizes, productivity rates, and time-dependent influences on intrusion rate (e. g., day-to-day changes in weather) indicates that this difference resulted from the more natural spatial distribution of artificial flowers used in this study.
The presence of a hernia sac in congenital diaphragmatic hernia is associated with better fetal lung growth and outcomes.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the presence of a hernia sac and fetal lung growth and outcomes in infants with Congenital, Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH). Methods The medical records of all neonates with CDH treated in our institution between 2004 and 2011 were reviewed. The presence of a hernia sac was confirmed at the time of surgical repair or at autopsy. Data were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests where appropriate. Multivariable regression and survival analyses were applied. Results Of 148 neonates treated for CDH, 107 (72%) had isolated CDH and 30 (20%) had a hernia sac. Infants with a hernia sac had significantly lower need for ECMO, patch repair, supplemental oxygen at 30 days of life, and shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay. Ninety-three patients had prenatal imaging. The mean observed-to-expected total fetal lung volume in the sac group was higher throughout gestation. Although a greater percentage of sac patients had liver herniation as a dichotomous variable, the amount of herniated liver (%LH and LiTR) was significantly lower in the presence of a hernia sac. Conclusion The presence of a hernia sac in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia is associated with less visceral herniation, greater fetal lung growth, and better post-natal outcomes.
DISTURBANCES IN CONCEPTUAL SPACE INVOLVING LANGUAGE AND SPEECH

We report on a patient, with a CT-verified low density lesion in the right parietal area, who exhibited not only deficits in left conceptual space, but also in reading, writing, and the production of speech. He presented with a left homonymous hemianopia, tactile inattention, and dysphasia that quickly resolved, leaving a left-sided inattention and less marked dysphasia. Several language tasks and language-based imagery tasks revealed poor language processing of the left portion of words which could be remedied if the patient was instructed to do things like spell the word backwards. The overall results were consistent with the idea that some aspects of language processing involve spatial mechanisms.
SOME ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF LEAF EXTRACTS.

This study was originated in an attempt to account for the visible difference in appearance of toluenized leaves dried in air and in hydrogen. It was extended to include several other methods of leaf-killing, to determine the significance of changes noted in the absorption spectra of the leaf extracts. Marked differences, dependent upon the method of preparation of extracts, have been noted by Strain (5) for certain of the xanthophyll components, and it was thought that equally striking changes in the chlorophyll components might be found. Because many of these differences can be ascertained only by the use of an adsorbent, adsorption studies have been made to supplement the spectroscopic data. Few methods of adsorption?none, so far, to the writer's knowledge, for plant pigments?are adequate for detecting quantitatively the differences in the ratios of the various components for a leaf under study. In spite of this drawback, the adsorbent furnishes a useful check on changes which may take place in the pigment complex, and in many instances prevents differences in the spectroscopic data from being ascribed to wholly erroneous causes. Inulin has been found in this laboratory to be an extremely useful adsorbent for separating the a and b components of chlorophyll from crude leaf extracts in petroleum ether. It has two apparent advantages over sucrose, its markedly lower hygroscopicity and the fact that purification of the leaf extracts is unnecessary.
Cognitive inhibition in depression

Abstract Cognitive inhibition is a key mechanism in the regulation of emotion. There is emerging evidence that depression is characterized by deficits in the inhibition of mood-congruent material. These deficits could result in prolonged processing of negative, goal-irrelevant aspects of presented information thereby hindering recovery from negative mood and leading to the sustained negative affect that characterizes depressive episodes. Indeed, it has been suggested that deficits in cognitive inhibition lie at the heart of memory and attention biases in depression, and set the stage for ruminative responses to negative events and negative mood states. A ruminative response style results in a heightened vulnerability to experience episodes of major depression. Recent research has demonstrated that deficient inhibition of negative material is associated with heightened rumination. In this article, we review the depression literature with a focus on studies that investigate cognitive inhibition in depressed participants and in participants who report a history of major depressive episodes. In addition, we summarize neurobiological findings that indicate a strong relation between depression and deficits in inhibition and we take a closer look at the relation of inhibition, rumination and mood regulation.
Regulation of NF-κB signaling by oxidized glycerophospholipid and IL-1β induced miRs-21-3p and -27a-5p in human aortic endothelial cells

Exposure of endothelial cells (ECs) to agents such as oxidized glycerophospholipids (oxGPs) and cytokines, known to accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions, perturbs the expression of hundreds of genes in ECs involved in inflammatory and other biological processes. We hypothesized that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in regulating the inflammatory response in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) in response to oxGPs and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Using next-generation sequencing and RT-quantitative PCR, we characterized the profile of expressed miRNAs in HAECs pre- and postexposure to oxGPs. Using this data, we identified miR-21-3p and miR-27a-5p to be induced 3- to 4-fold in response to oxGP and IL-1β treatment compared with control treatment. Transient overexpression of miR-21-3p and miR-27a-5p resulted in the downregulation of 1,253 genes with 922 genes overlapping between the two miRNAs. Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis predicted that the two miRNAs were involved in the regulation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. Overexpression of these two miRNAs leads to changes in p65 nuclear translocation. Using 3′ untranslated region luciferase assay, we identified 20 genes within the NF-κB signaling cascade as putative targets of miRs-21-3p and -27a-5p, implicating these two miRNAs as modulators of NF-κB signaling in ECs.
DeWorm: A Simple Protocol to Detect Wormhole Attacks in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

The wormhole attack is considered to be a serious security attack in multihop ad hoc and sensor networks. We propose ``DeWorm'', a simple protocol to effectively detect wormhole attacks without the need for special hardware and/or strict location or synchronization requirements. DeWorm makes use of discrepancies in routing information between neighbors to detect wormholes. A simulation based analysis of DeWorm for a variety of scenarios shows that the proposed protocol can detect wormhole attacks with a high detection rate, a low false positive rate and low overhead. Further, in comparison to other wormhole detection protocols, the proposed protocol is simple, localized, and capable of detecting a variety of types of wormhole attacks including physical layer wormholes.
The combinatorics of symmetric functions and permutation enumeration of the hyperoctahedral group

Abstract We study permutation enumeration of the hyperoctahedral group Bn through a combinatorial use of the Bn-analogues of symmetric functions, denoted AB. We define an appropriate homomorphism ζ:AB → Q[x] and remarkably, applying this homomorphism to one of the bases of AB produces polynomials which correspond to enumerating Bn with respect to descents. Applying ζ to a second basis corresponds to enumerating a conjugacy class of Bn with respect to a new descent type statistic which arises naturally.
Focal Cooling Devices for the Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy

Focal cooling may provide a safe, nondestructive alternative to resective and disconnective strategies that have been proposed or used to control refractory epilepsy. Observations of the effects of direct application of iced saline on the cortical surface during cortical mapping surgery and induced seizures have led to interest in developing implantable cooling therapy devices for refractory localizable epilepsies. In this article, the authors provide an overview of the historical background, physiology, and animal and human data leading to the development of implantable cooling devices for the treatment of medically refractory epilepsy.
Geophysical prospecting in the Lake Victoria goldfields

Two areas of the Lake Victoria Region in Tanzania, where most of the old gold prospects are situated, were chosen for a comprehensive mineral survey. Since most of the country is covered by tropical soils, geophysical methods were applied. The gold occurs in quartz veins, shear zones and impregnation deposits, sometimes closely associated with sulphides or graphites, mostly in the archean country rocks of the Nyanzian System. The Nyanzian rocks form irregular shaped rafts in the roof of the central granite and have nearly the same physical properties as the gold occurrences. This obstacle was overcome by a special combination of geophysical methods:
Overview of nuclear fragmentation models and needs

It has been known for some time that adequate assessment of spacecraft shield requirements and concomitant estimates of astronauts radiation exposures from galactic cosmic radiation requires accurate, quantitative methods for characterizing these radiation fields as they pass through thick absorbers. The main nuclear interaction processes involved are (1) nuclear elastic and inelastic collisions, and (2) nuclear breakup (fragmentation) and electromagnetic dissociation (EMD). Nuclear fragmentation and EMD are important because they alter the elemental and isotopic composition of the transported radiation fields. At present, there is no suitably accurate theory for predicting nuclear fragmentation cross sections for all collision pairs and energies of interest in space radiation protection. Typical cross-section differences between theory and experiment range from about 25 percent to a factor of two. The resulting errors in transported flux, for high linear energy transfer (LET) particles, are comparble to these cross-section errors. In this overview, theoretical models of heavy ion fragmentation currently used to generate input data bases for cosmic-ray transport and shielding codes are reviewed. Their shortcomings are discussed. Further actions needed to improve their accuracy and generality are presented.
Monocyte-Endothelial Cell Interactions in the Development of Atherosclerosis

The activation of endothelial cells at atherosclerotic lesion-prone sites in the arterial tree results in the up-regulation of cell adhesion molecules and chemokines, which mediate the recruitment of circulating monocytes. Accumulation of monocytes and monocyte-derived phagocytes in the wall of large arteries leads to chronic inflammation and the development and progression of atherosclerosis. This review discusses the nature of these molecules and the mechanisms involved in the early steps of monocyte recruitment into atherosclerotic lesion sites within the vessel wall.
Spatial Frequency Domain Technique: An Approach for Analyzing the Scanning Laser Acoustic Microscope Interferogram Images

Abstmf-An acoustic interferogram of equal phase wavefronts is produced with the scanning laser acoustic microscope. The interferogram contains information about the ultrasonic velocity distribution of the specimen under investigation. Through appropriate signal processing, the information can be transformed into a one-dimensional velocity map. This has been done quite successfully in the spatial domain, where the specimen is relatively homogeneous. For heterogeneous specimens, the spatial domain technique often fails. A new technique has been developed to reduce the interferograms to a one-dimensional velocity map. This approach operates in the spatial frequency domain and appears to be more reliable for heterogeneous specimens than the spatial domain approach. The theory and implementation of the spatial frequency domain technique (SFDT) are reported, and the two techniques are compared with each other. SFDT utilizes a smaller pixel size than the spatial domain technique. In addition SFDT is faster and more noise tolerant. The extension of the SFDT to produce two-dimensional velocity distribution images is also reported.
A novel cyanobacterium exhibiting an elevated tolerance for iron

Studies directed at cyanobacteria inhabiting iron-depositing hot springs may provide insights into the role of both ancient and contemporary cyanobacteria mediated iron transformations. Here we phylogenetically, morphologically and physiologically characterize a novel cyanobacterium isolated from an iron-depositing hot spring. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the bacterium is a representative of a new genus, exhibiting a maximum 95.2% homology to database sequences. The isolate is a unicellular cyanobacterium with bladder-like cells typically packed as duplexes, or in extracellular polymeric substance covered clumps and small chains without the ability to produce baeocystes. No growth without added combined nitrogen occurred. While requiring relatively large amounts of iron for growth (>40 lM), the isolate was shown to facilitate removal of iron from culture media. These results suggest that the isolate may be an important component of an iron-depositing microbial community. The name ‘‘Chroogloeocystis siderophila’’ for this cyanobacterium is proposed. � 2004 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Combined visually and geometrically informative link hypothesis for pose-graph visual SLAM using bag-of-words

This paper reports on a method to combine expected information gain with visual saliency scores in order to choose geometrically and visually informative loop-closure candidates for pose-graph visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). Two different bag-of-words saliency metrics are introduced—global saliency and local saliency. Global saliency measures the rarity of an image throughout the entire data set, while local saliency describes the amount of texture richness in an image. The former is important in measuring an overall global saliency map for a given area, and is motivated from inverse document frequency (a measure of rarity) in information retrieval. Local saliency is defined by computing the entropy of the bag-of-words histogram, and is useful to avoid adding visually benign key frames to the map. The two different metrics are presented and experimentally evaluated with indoor and underwater imagery to verify their utility.
Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies

The dystrophinopathies Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD and BMD) represent the most common inherited disorders of muscle. Improvements in cardiac care, attention to respiratory function, and judicious use of spinal correction surgery have led to increased survival in the DMD population. Meanwhile, advances in molecular therapeutics have led to promising therapies that are in or are entering clinical trials. An understanding of the dystrophinopathies, and recent advances in their molecular diagnosis and treatment, is of benefit to practicing neurologists.
Efficient retrieval and spatial querying of 2D objects

Besides traditional applications (e.g., CAD/CAM and Trademark registry), new multimedia applications such as structured video, animation and MPEG-4 standard require the storage and management of well-defined objects. For efficient retrieval of 2D objects by shape, we propose three index structures on features that are extracted from the objects' minimum bounding circles (MBC). A major observation is that those features are unique per object and can be utilized to filter out non-similar candidates. To evaluate our techniques, we conducted a simulation study on a database of 2D objects. The results show the superiority of our techniques as compared to a naive indexing (at least 40% improvement in I/O cost). We also identify one of the indexing structures as the superior one, independent of the size of the database and the number of vertices of the objects.
Conversion to atorvastatin in patients intolerant or refractory to simvastatin therapy: the CAPISH study.

OBJECTIVE To examine the safety and efficacy of switching from simvastatin to atorvastatin in patients who had either an inadequate lipid-lowering response with, or an adverse reaction to, simvastatin. PATIENTS AND METHODS The Conversion to Atorvastatin in Patients Intolerant or Refractory to Simvastatin Therapy (CAPISH) study was designed in 2 parts: a retrospective cohort study of patients (group A), identified from a large pharmacy database, who converted from simvastatin to atorvastatin at a single academic military medical center (between April 1998 and March 2002) and a prospective cohort study of patients (group B) monitored in a lipid clinic at the same institution (between April 2002 and March 2003). Group A was identified by 2 or more simvastatin prescription fills and at least 1 atorvastatin prescription fill. Group B was identified by a physician-perceived need to switch from simvastatin to atorvastatin. Clinical, pharmaceutical, and laboratory records of both cohorts were reviewed. RESULTS Approximately 1 in 4 simvastatin-treated patients discontinued therapy during a 4-year period. The most common reason for switching to atorvastatin was inadequate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol control, although asymptomatic creatine kinase (CK) elevation and myalgias were also common. In most cases of myositis and in nearly all cases of rhabdomyolysis, patients were taking 80 mg of simvastatin. Achievement of National Cholesterol Education Program LDL cholesterol goals increased from 25% to 63% in group A and from 13% to 78% in group B, both P CONCLUSION Atorvastatin was well tolerated in patients who previously were taking simvastatin. Serum lipid panels were improved substantially and CK levels were decreased without compromise to patient safety.