cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic population divergence in terrestrial vertebrates at macro scales

Phenotypic divergence between populations, i.e. how much phenotypes within a species vary geographically, is critical to many aspects of ecology and evolution, including eco-geographical trends, speciation and coexistence. Yet, the variation of divergence across species with different ecologies and distributions and the relative role of adaptive causes remains little understood. We predict that genetic control vs. phenotypic plasticity of traits, geographical distance and (assuming adaptation) environmental differences should explain much of the phenotypic variability between populations. We tested these predictions with body sizes of 1447 populations in 98 terrestrial vertebrate species. Population phenotypic variability differs strongly across species, and divergence increases with increasing levels of clade-typical phenotypic plasticity, the area covered by populations and body size. Geographical distance and environmental dissimilarity are similarly important predictors of divergence within species, highlighting a potential role for biotic and environmental conditions. Increased availability of phylogeographical and ecological data should facilitate further understanding of population divergence drivers at broad scales.
A Simplified Method for the Fusion of Two or More Amphibian Embryos

The technique of fusing amphibian embryos in parabiotic or telobiotic union has been used extensively in the past 50 years for a variety of experimental and educational purposes (see citations in Burns, 1955; Hamburger, 1942, 1960; Rugh, 1948). Failures with current techniques, however, are too frequent. These are occasioned, most commonly, by improper juxtaposition of the embryos to facilitate wound healing, by separation of the embryos as a result of ciliary action, by freeing the embryos from the operating dish prior to completion of wound healing, by damage produced in freeing the conjoined embryos, or by infection. Many of these difficulties arise because the methods of constraining the embryos in paraffin-beeswax or permoplast operating dishes obstruct the operator9s view. It is a less obvious, but important, disadvantage that this method also prevents the free flow of medium just at the time when optimal conditions are necessary for maintenance and healing. This is especially true when anesthetized embryos are conjoined.
Measuring Effective Teacher-Student Interactions From a Student Perspective A Multi-Level Analysis

This study applies multi-level analysis to student reports of effective teacher-student interactions in 50 upper elementary school classrooms (N = 594 fourth- and fifth-grade students). Observational studies suggest that teacher-student interactions fall into three domains: Emotional Support, Classroom Organization, and Instructional Support. Results of multi-level confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a three-factor model fits between- and within-classroom variability in students’ reports reasonably well. Multi-level regressions provide some evidence of criterion validity, with student reports at the classroom level related to parallel observations. Both classroom- and student-level student report data were associated with students’ reading proficiency and disciplinary referrals. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for future research on student reports of classroom interactions and their practical utility in teacher evaluation and feedback systems.
The Discovery of Manganites and the Colossal Magnetoresistance Effect

It is widely recognized that the first paper reporting results for manganites was presented in 1950 by Jonker and Van Santen [2.1]. In that first publication, La was replaced either by Ca, Sr, or Ba, and results for polycrystalline samples of (La,Ca)MnO3, (La,Sr)MnO3, and (La,Ba)MnO3 were reported. The main result was the appearance of ferromagnetism in these compounds, as described below. Jonker and Van Santen clarified in their first publication that the term “manganites” is not rigorous, and only compounds containing tetravalent Mn should actually be called manganites. However, they write “For the sake of simplicity the compounds containing trivalent, as well as those containing tetravalent, manganese will be designated as manganites”, a convention that it is still followed today.
Dynamic Braille Display Utilizing Phase-Change Microactuators

In this paper a phase-change microactuator is presented for use in a dynamic Braille display. The state of the art for phase-change actuators is briefly discussed. Then, key design parameters are specified which lead to the formation of a concept. The concept is characterized in terms of the design parameters, and key performance metrics such as actuation time (135-285 ms), and average power consumption (30-40 mW) have been simulated. In comparison to recent literature, the response time is expected to be improved by over two orders of magnitude, whereas average power consumption is also reduced.
Sample selection in credit-scoring models

Abstract We examine three models for sample selection that are relevant for modeling credit scoring by commercial banks. A binary choice model is used to examine the decision of whether or not to extend credit. The selectivity aspect enters because such models are based on samples of individuals to whom credit has already been given. A regression model with sample selection is suggested for predicting expenditures, or the amount of credit. The same considerations as in the binary choice case apply here. Finally, a model for counts of occurrences is described which could, in some settings also be treated as a model of sample selection.
A limit cycle suppressing arithmetic format for digital filters

In this paper it is be shown that any digital filter with a stable transfer function can be implemented free of limit cycles, if block floating point arithmetic is used in conjunction with the so-called exponent saturation and flush-to-zero option. A certain system dependent minimum block mantissa length is required. Limit cycle suppression is achievable regardless of the structure and the quantization format. This format is simple to implement even on fixed point processors and offers high dynamic range.
Demonstration of metal-dielectric negative-index metamaterials with improved performance at optical frequencies

We experimentally demonstrate a comparatively low-loss negative-index metamaterial with the magnitude of the real part of the index comparable with the imaginary part. Over 40% transmission is achieved in the negative-index region by structural adjustment of the impedance matching between the metamaterial and the air-substrate claddings. This structure has the potential of achieving high transmission and small loss in the negative-index region.
Practical solutions to common mammographic problems: tailoring the examination.

Received January 8. 1988; accepted after revision March 1,1988. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Roentgen Ray Society, San Francisco, CA, May 1988. 1Department of Radiology, Box 0628, Lk iversity of CaliforniaSchool of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143. AJR 151:31-39, July 1988 0361 -803X/88/151 1-0031 © American Roentgen Ray Society It is quite common for standard two-view-per-breast mammography to produce inconclusive results, especially among symptomatic patients and in interpreting baseline screening examinations. Many of these cases are read as indeterminate simply because the imaging evaluation is incomplete. In such circumstances, additional views prove invaluable in solving the mammographic “problems” raised on the standard examination. The ability to decide which extra views to obtain, and when to use them, is an important part of the expertise that every mammographer should develop. In discussing the problem-solving approach to mammography, I have assumed the use of dedicated mammographic equipment, capable of imaging in the craniocaudal projection with a vertical X-ray beam, in the lateral projection with a horizontal X-ray beam, and in all intermediate degrees of the oblique projection. I also have assumed that a properly designed breast compression device is used [1 ]. These features are essential for screen-film mammography and preferable for xeroradiography as well [1]. Use of a ceiling-mounted X-ray unit produces acceptable xeroradiographic images in standard projections, but the radiologist using this general-purpose equipment is limited in the ability to take full advantage of many special projections devised to solve mammographic problems. Every busy xeroradiographic breast imaging practice should have at least one dedicated mammographic unit available for such problem-solving examinations. There are so many potential approaches to completing the evaluation of inconclusive mammography examinations that an almost innumerable array of imaging permutations exists from which the radiologist may choose. To simplify the subject, I have concentrated on some of the more commonly encountered mammographic problems, indicating those solutions most likely to succeed. The reader is advised at the outset that every mammographic problem can be solved by a variety of acceptable methods and that my failure to discuss one of your personal favorites indicates only my own preference rather than the inadequacy of a specific alternative approach.
The Relationship Between Cell Size and Chloroplast Number in the Spores of a Moss, Polytrichum

The number of plastids per cell is positively correlated with cell size in immature, mature, and germinating spores, and in jacket cells of antheridia. Cell enlargement occurs ahead of plastid replication, and under normal circumstances cell size does not limit plastid number. Plastid number increases in dimensionally stable cells (1) during early spore development, (2) when, mature spores are incubated in chloramphenicol (CAP), and ( 3 ) after 8 h incubation in the dark without inhibitors present. Cycloheximide (CHI) prevents replication but not swelling during early germination. Thus, an increase in plastid number does not always require a change in cell size, and an increase in cell size is not always accompanied by an increase in plastid num ber. The findings are discussed in relation to other results implicating phytochrome-mediated cytoplasmic protein synthesis in plastid replication and nuclear control of plastid replication.
Load-Following Strategies for Evolution of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Into Model Citizens of the Grid

Proper converter design can allow solid oxide fuel cells operated as distributed generators to mutually benefit both the load and the electric utility during steady-state conditions, but dynamic load variations still present challenges. Unlike standard synchronous generators, fuel cells lack rotating inertia and their output power ramp rate is limited by design. Two strategies are herein investigated to mitigate the impact of a large load perturbation on the electric utility grid: 1) external use of ultracapacitor electrical storage connected through a DC-DC converter and 2) internal reduction of steady-state fuel utilization in the fuel cell to enable faster response to output power perturbations. Both strategies successfully eliminate the impact of a load perturbation on the utility grid. The external ultracapacitor strategy requires more capital investment while the internal fuel utilization strategy requires higher fuel use. This success implies that there is substantial flexibility for designing load-following fuel cell systems that are model citizens.
Hindered transport of large molecules in liquid‐filled pores

Transport in liquid-filled pores of molecular dimensions plays an important role in membrane separations, in various forms of chromatography, and in catalysis, to name a few examples. A frequent observation is that if the pore dimensions are of the same order as those of a solute molecule, the apparent diffusion coefficient of that solute is much lower than in bulk solution. Likewise, rates of convective transport of such solutes are generally lower than the product of bulk concentration and volume flow rate. Thus, solute transport is typically “hindered” or restricted. A key objective of research on hindered transport is to be able to predict the applicable transport coefficients from such fundamental information as the size, shape, and electrical charge of the solutes and pores. The present status of this research is reviewed.
TPX vacuum vessel transient thermal and stress conditions

The TPX vacuum vessel provides the vacuum boundary for the plasma and the mechanical support for the internal components. Another function of the vacuum vessel is to contain neutron shielding water in the double wall space during normal operation. This double wall space serves as a heat reservoir for the entire vacuum vessel during bakeout. The vacuum vessel and the internal components are subjected to thermal stresses induced by a nonuniform temperature distribution within the structure during bakeout. A successful Conceptual Design Review in March 1993 has established superheated steam as the heating source of the vacuum vessel. A transient bakeout mode of the vacuum vessel and in-vessel components has been analyzed to evaluate transient period duration, proper temperature level, actual thermal stresses and performance of the steam equipment. Thermally, the vacuum vessel structure may be considered as an adiabatic system because it is perfectly insulated by the strong surrounding vacuum and multiple layers of superinsulation. Important aspects of the analysis are described herein.
Querying and re-using workflows with VsTrails

We show how work flow systems can be augmented to leverage provenance information to enhance usability. In particular, we will demonstrate new mechanisms and intuitive user interfaces designed to allow users to query work flows by example and to refine work flows by analogies. These techniques are implemented in VisTrails, an open-source provenance-enabled scientific work flow system that can be combined with a wide range of tools, libraries, and visualization systems. We will show di erent scenarios where these techniques can be used to simplify the notoriously hard tasks of creating and refining work flows.
On the Interactions of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Sleep: Normal HPA Axis Activity and Circadian Rhythm, Exemplary Sleep Disorders

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays important roles in maintaining alertness and modulating sleep. Dysfunction of this axis at any level (CRH receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, or mineralocorticoid receptor) can disrupt sleep. Herein, we review normal sleep, normal HPA axis physiology and circadian rhythm, the effects of the HPA axis on sleep, as well as the effects of sleep on the HPA axis. We also discuss the potential role of CRH in circadian-dependent alerting, aside from its role in the stress response. Two clinically relevant sleep disorders with likely HPA axis dysfunction, insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea, are discussed. In insomnia, we discuss how HPA axis hyperactivity may be partially causal to the clinical syndrome. In obstructive sleep apnea, we discuss how HPA axis hyperactivity may be a consequence of the disorder and contribute to secondary pathology such as insulin resistance, hypertension, depression, and insomnia. Mechanisms by which cortisol can affect slow wave sleep are discussed, as is the role the HPA axis plays in secondary effects of primary sleep disorders.
Optimal clustering on the real line

Abstract The central limit theory associated with universally optimal and bounded locally optimal clustering is presented. The derivation makes use of a Donsker-type theorem for the quantile process that is also proven. Procedures for assessing the numbers of groups represented in the data are also presented.
Effectively Recruiting Faculty of Color at Highly Selective Institutions: A School of Education Case Study

In this study, we use the case study methodology to examine the faculty recruiting and hiring practices within a school of education at a highly selective private research university. The research question was, what are the practices and policies at the school of education that either promote or detract from recruiting and hiring of faculty of color? In order to answer this question, we conducted a review of the extant literature pertaining to the recruitment of faculty of color to research universities, looking for specific strategies that are considered to have a substantial impact on this practice. Then we collected and analyzed institutional data on faculty recruitment practices in one school of education for the past 5 years, looking at applicant pools, advertising strategies, and hiring practices. Lastly, we conducted qualitative interviews with past search committee chairs, school administrators, and recently hired faculty of color to understand the decision-making processes as they pertain to general faculty recruitment as well as hurdles to, and incentives for, recruiting faculty of color.
Refined multilayered plate elements based on Murakami zig–zag functions

Abstract This paper discusses the FEM use of Murakami zig–zag function (MZZF) in the two-dimensional modeling of multilayered plates. A literature overview is first conducted on the available works in which MZZF has been applied. MZZF is used to introduce the zig–zag effect in classical and higher order theories, which are formulated using only displacements as unknowns. MZZF is also considered to introduce the zig–zag effect in those theories, which are formulated on the basis of both displacement and transverse stress assumptions (mixed formulations). The present FEM formulation is validated by comparing the results with some available papers from the literature. A very thick plate (a/h = 4) is studied and the results are compared with the commercial code NASTRAN. Numerical results are presented to show both the effectiveness and limitations of MZZF in the modeling of layered plates. Linear up to forth order expansion for in-plane and out-of-plane displacements, in the thickness plate direction, has been compared. It has been concluded that MZZF consists of a valuable tool to enhance the performances of both classical and advanced theories. In particular, the conducted numerical evaluations have shown that it can be more convenient to enhance a plate theory by introducing the MZZF than refining it by adding two or three higher order terms. However, in order to well approximate local effects or study thick plates, advanced models (layer-wise or three-dimensional) are required.
Vehicle-type motion estimation from multi-frame images

A model for vehicle-type motion, which assumes that the motion is a rotation around an axis through the vehicle center followed by a forward translation along the main axis of the vehicle, is proposed. When the rotation and the amplitude of translation are constant, this type of motion is shown to be equivalent to a constant camera-centered motion. This indicates that a constant motion in the conventional camera-centered model, which is commonly considered to be artificial, can in fact be a reasonable model in real life. It is shown that a constant vehicle-type motion can be interpreted as a constant screw motion. A linear algorithm for estimating constant vehicle-type motion is presented, and experiments using real scene images are included. As an extension, vehicle-type motion with constant rotation and constantly accelerated translation is discussed. >
Staircase testing of a titanium alloy in the gigacycle regime

Abstract The objective of this research was to investigate the high cycle fatigue behavior of a titanium alloy using an ultrasonic fatigue system. Fatigue testing from 10 6 to 10 9 cycles under fully reversed cycling ( R = −1) was performed to determine the ultra-high cycle fatigue behavior of Ti–6Al–4V. The staircase test method was employed to obtain accurate values of the mean fatigue limit stress corresponding to fixed numbers of cycles up to 10 9 . These results were compared to similar data generated on conventional servohydraulic test systems and electromagnetic shaker systems to determine if there are any frequency effects. In addition, specimens were tested with and without cooling air to determine the effects of temperature on the fatigue behavior. Results indicate that the fatigue strength determined from ultrasonic testing was consistent with conventional testing. In addition, the temperature rise in this material during ultrasonic testing is insignificant and has no apparent effect on the endurance limit.
Molecular and cellular aspects of insulin-like growth factor action.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular and cellular aspects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) action. The IGF-I and IGF-II are pluripotent factors that regulate growth, differentiation, and the maintenance of differentiated function in numerous tissues and in specific cell types. Both IGFs are produced in largest amounts by the liver and are secreted into the circulation, where they function as classical endocrine agents by interacting with specific cell-surface receptors present on target tissues. The widespread distribution of IGF receptors, and the production and secretion of the IGFs themselves by almost all extrahepatic tissues, suggests that these factors employ autocrine and paracrine modes of action. The actions of the IGFs are also influenced by a family of IGF binding proteins that are found in the circulation and in extracellular fluids; these proteins may have positive or negative effects on IGF action through different mechanisms. The overall actions of these important molecules are governed by a complex interplay between ligands, receptors, and binding proteins. The levels and the regulation of each component contribute significantly to the ultimate biological effects manifested in a given situation.
Dental pathology in conventionally fed and pasture managed dairy cattle

Healthy teeth are important in the first stages of digestion for dairy cattle, yet little is known about bovine dental disease. This study aimed to investigate dental pathology of dairy cattle in two parts. First dairy cattle cadaver heads (n=11) were examined at the time of culling. Second, the authors performed oral exams in cattle fed a total mixed ration (TMR) (n=200) and pasture-based (n=71) grazing cattle. Cadaver heads were imaged using radiography and computed tomography before gross dissection to study dental anatomy and pathology. The most prevalent dental abnormalities were excessive transverse ridging of the occlusal surface, the presence of diastemas and third molar dental overgrowths (M3DO) in cadaver heads. Average thickness of subocclusal dentine ranged from 3.5 mm to 5.8 mm in cheek teeth but was >10 mm in maxillary teeth with M3DO. Radiographic findings were compared with oral examinations in live cattle. Prevalence of M3DO upon oral examination was 19 per cent and 28 per cent in herds of cattle fed a TMR diet and 0 per cent in a herd of grazing cattle. Dental abnormalities are prevalent in dairy cattle but due to thin subocclusal dentine in the cheek teeth, established equine dental treatment methodology is not appropriate for bovine cheek teeth with the exception of those that have developed M3DO.
Amiloride effect on diurnal cyclic Na and K excretion in rats

Amiloride was administered to rats during the peak and minimum of Na and K diurnal rhythmic excretion (i.e., during early dark phase and early light phase). In rats receiving a normal-K diet (2.34 ...
RECENT DECLINING AND STAGNANT TOWNS OF THE USSR

The characteristics of the more than 300 declining or stagnant Soviet towns with 15,000 or more people since 1959 are investigated based on the censuses of 1959, 1970 and 1979, and official estimates of 1974 and 1978. These towns are disproportionately located in the eastern USSR, especially in the Urals and West Siberia. Most of them are narrowly specialized coal-mining towns, especially numerous among sharply declining towns, and railroad towns. The vast majority were also small, young and on railroads, with an especially large number being on the Trans-Siberian Railroad, in particular, although a relatively high proportion suffer from being on rail-roads. Virtually none of the declining and stagnant towns of the 1959-70 period have experienced rapid growth since 1970; the majority have continued to be either declining or stagnant. Preliminary data on large cities from the 1979 census, as well as 1974 population estimates, tend to suggest that the number of declining and stagnant towns between 1970 and ...
Postoperative Outcomes of Children With Tetralogy of Fallot, Pulmonary Atresia, and Major Aortopulmonary Collaterals Undergoing Reconstruction of Occluded Pulmonary Artery Branches.

Background Patients with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and major aortopulmonary collaterals (TOF/PA/MAPCAs) undergoing unifocalization surgery are at risk for prolonged postoperative respiratory failure. We sought to understand whether patients undergoing reconstruction and incorporation of occluded pulmonary arterial branches were at risk for worse postoperative outcomes. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review to identify patients who underwent unifocalization or unifocalization revision with incorporation of occluded pulmonary artery branches. Patients with and without occluded branches were compared, with a focus on clinical outcomes. Results We studied 92 patients who underwent unifocalization procedures between 2010 and 2014, 17 (18%) of whom underwent reconstruction of occluded pulmonary artery branches. Patients with occluded vessels were more likely to require staged unifocalization procedures, although more than two thirds of this cohort eventually underwent complete intracardiac repair. Durations of mechanical ventilation, intensive care, hospital stay, and the need for early reoperation were similar between the two groups. Conclusions Occluded pulmonary arterial branches can be safely recruited into the pulmonary vasculature in patients with TOF/PA/MAPCAs without a significant difference in postoperative outcomes compared with patients who did not have an occluded branch. Incorporation of occluded branches may also facilitate ultimate complete intracardiac repair in this complex population of patients.
THE MEASUREMENT OF PERFORMANCE OF COMBUSTORS USING PASSIVE ACOUSTIC METHODS

This paper presents results obtained as part of an ongoing "proof of concept" program being carried out by the University of Nevada, Reno and the NASA Glenn Research Center. The goal of this program is to develop passive acoustic methods which can be applied to determine the performance of jet engines and/or turbines. Six (6) acoustic transducers were mounted around a ring on a High Pressure Burner Rig (HPBR) located at the NASA Glenn Research Center. Data were recorded using a multi-track Sony digital data recorder. The HPBR was operated over several hours using a prescribed "duty cycle" of different fuel/air mixtures. Several signal processing methods were applied to this data including time-frequency and correlation techniques. Some very interesting results were obtained and are presented in this paper including the ability to determine the fuel/air mixtures on a continuing basis using only passive acoustic signature analysis methods.
Vasopressor effect of synthetic 5-hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate in man.

Summary1. Intravenous injection of 0.3 γ/min. 5-hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate (5-HT) caused transitory elevation of local venous pressure; higher doses induced more marked elevation of local venous pressure and, when administered in short period of time, of arterial pressure. Elevation of systemic venous pressure was not obtained even with extremely high doses of 5-HT. 2. Intraarterial administration of 5-HT induced sustained elevation of pressure in the homolateral veins (30 minutes or longer). 3. Elevation of arterial pressure and generalized flushing followed injection into a patient with septal venous-arterial shunt of a dose of 5-HT unable to cause such effect in normal subjects. 4. It is postulated that injected 5-HT is quickly removed from the circulation, perhaps by platelets or by other cellular elements retained in capillary beds and released slowly at a later time.
Auger-Applicator for Applying Small Amounts of Granular Pesticides

The design and construction of an auger-applicator for applying small quantities of granular pesticides for control of red imported fire ants is described. The basic metering device is a modified ship auger bit that fits inside a stainless-steel tube and is driven by a variable-speed electric motor. The applicator can be mounted on a tractor, jeep, or truck and will apply a variety of granular formulations at low application rates in the range from 0.84 to 5.6 kg/ha (0.75 to 5 lb/acre) very accurately.
Parallelization of 3-D Global FDTD Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide Models at Resolutions on the Order of ∼1 km and Higher

Three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) models of the global Earth-ionosphere waveguide were first introduced in the early 2000s. These models have been applied to a wide variety of applications at ultralow and extremely low frequencies, including hypothesized earthquake precursors, Schumann resonances, and space weather hazards to electric power grids. The deployment of petascale supercomputers and future plans for exascale supercomputers introduce for the first time the possibility of generating ultrahigh-resolution FDTD models of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide at 1 km and higher globally. When including a magnetized ionospheric plasma algorithm, these models may simulate very low frequencies for the first time on a global scale and/or extend to altitudes well above 100 km as needed. We describe the parallelization strategy of efficient latitude–longitude FDTD Earth-ionosphere models and describe some example performances on the Blue Waters supercomputer, which has over 360 000 computational cores.
Abstract 4438: Effect of weight gain on quality of life in young indigent breast cancer survivors

Background: Prior studies have reported weight gain in over 50% of early stage breast cancer patients regardless of adjuvant therapy received. Weight gain may impair quality of life (QOL) and have a deleterious psychological impact on pts already suffering from loss of self-esteem and altered self-image. Little is known about the relationship between weight gain and QOL in young ethnic/racial minority or low socio-economic status (SES) breast cancer survivors. Louisiana has an obesity prevalence above 25% and has the third highest poverty level in the US. Louisiana State University Health in Shreveport provides cancer care to most residents with low SES. The objective of this study was to determine the association between weight gain after breast cancer diagnosis and QOL in young indigent long-term survivors. Methods: Pts with a history of stage 0-3 breast cancer diagnosed prior to age 50 and prior to 2006 were eligible. Pts, identified on clinic follow-up, signed an IRB approved informed consent and completed a self-administered questionnaire that combined demographics, co-morbidities, self-rated body image and QOL (Quality of Life in Adult Survivors Scale [QLACS]). The pts’ weight and height at diagnosis were obtained from the medical records. Percent weight change between time of diagnosis and study entry was calculated. Pts were classified according to their weight change (Δ5% increase versus Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4438. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4438
Amebiasis in the world.

Les problemes poses par les moyens diagnostiques sont d'abord analyses. Le pourcentage de la population infectee par les amibes dans le monde semble etre reste le meme, toutefois, par suite de l'accroissement de la population, la prevalence de l'infection a augmente. En 1984 probablement 500 millions de sujets sont infectes par E. histolytica et 38 millions ont presente une colite ou une amibiase extraintestinale. A l'echelle du globe, l'amibiase occupe probablement la 3eme place parmi les causes parasitaires de deces, derriere le paludisme et la schistosomiase
Forward and backward galaxy evolution in comoving cumulative number density space

Galaxy cumulative comoving number density is commonly used to forge progenitor/descendant links between observed galaxy populations at different epochs. However, this method breaks down in the presence of galaxy mergers, or when galaxies experience stochastic growth rates. We present a simple analytic framework to treat the physical processes that drive the evolution and diffusion of galaxies within comoving number density space. The evolution in mass rank order of a galaxy population with time is influenced by (1) the non-conservative nature of total galaxy number density driven by galaxies combining in mergers (which we tabulate as a galaxy ‘coagulation’ rate) and (2) galaxy ‘mass rank scatter’ driven by stochasticity in stellar-mass growth rates from in situ star formation and mergers. We quantify the relative contribution of these two effects to the total mass rank order evolution using the Illustris simulation. We show that galaxy coagulation is dominant at lower redshifts and stellar masses, while scattered growth rates dominate the mass rank evolution at higher redshifts and stellar masses. For a galaxy population at 10^(10) M⊙, coagulation has been the dominant effect since z = 2.2, but a galaxy population at 10^(11) M⊙ was dominated by mass rank scatter until z = 0.6. We show that although the forward and backward median cumulative number density evolution tracks are asymmetric, the backward median cumulative number density evolution can be obtained by convolving the descendant distribution function with progenitor relative abundances. We tabulate fits for the median cumulative number density evolution and scatter that can be applied to improve the way galaxy populations are linked in multi-epoch observational data sets.
Typhoid and Paratyphoid (Enteric) Fever

Abstract Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are systemic febrile illnesses caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and Paratyphi A, B, or C. Typhi causes 12 to 25 million cases annually with 1% mortality. South-central Asia and Southeast Asia have the highest incidence, but major epidemics occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Most infections are acquired via contaminated food or water. Multi-drug–resistant S. Typhi is common, but susceptibility to original first-line agents is re-emerging. In endemic settings, incidence is highest in children 1 to 5 years of age. Most cases are mild but can become life-threatening if not treated with antimicrobials. The differential diagnosis should reflect local febrile disease prevalence. Isolation of the causative organism is diagnostic. Antimicrobial choice depends on age, ability to take oral medications, availability, local antimicrobial resistance, and cost. Surgery in perforation cases is necessary. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends vaccination in areas with high incidence or high antimicrobial resistance, vaccines are not yet utilized in most endemic regions.
Robert Frost's ambivalence: Borders and boundaries in poetic and political discourse

Abstract Phrases from Robert Frost's well-known poem “Mending Wall” are often used to frame discussions of borders in academic and political discourse. Used by some to justify the construction of physical barriers, others have used excerpts from the poem to fundamentally question the truism it appears to project. In light of recent interest in borders, our paper returns to Frost's full poem and its contexts in order to define, theorize, and critically mobilize what we take to be a useful ambivalence regarding fences. We use Frost's formulations to address the universal difficulty of moving beyond the borders of our daily lives, whether imposed at the edges of the nation-state, inscribed in our social relations, or inferred within the formal dimensions of a poem. Working at the crossroads of political geography, psychoanalytic theory, and literary analysis we argue that addressing the central role of borders in our lives and Frost's deep ambivalence about fences and borders is a useful step in any political and aesthetic movement forward. We cannot be “good neighbors” in other words or even good co-inhabitants until and unless we acknowledge that we are ambivalent not only toward the Other, but also about the very concept of borders and boundaries itself. Ideas presented about ambivalence provide border scholars and political geographers with an opportunity to re-evaluate our positionality and recognize how our own humanity intersects with that of others.
Water-level fluctuations in North American prairie wetlands

Oscillatory water-level fluctuations are reversible changes in water levels around a long-term mean. Long-term water-level studies in wetlands in the prairie pothole region of North America and proxy data (e.g., tree rings) for water levels in this region indicate that oscillatory water-level fluctuations have occurred for thousands of years. Because there has been no standard set of terms to describe oscillatory water-level fluctuations, some terminology is proposed that is based on previous work on riverine wetlands. Changes in prairie wetland vegetation caused by oscillating water levels are called wet–dry cycles. Field studies indicate that two kinds of vegetation change are common during wet–dry cycles, fluctuations and successions. Fluctuations are changes in the relative abundance of species between the wet and dry phases of the cycles. They occur whenever the range of water levels during a cycle is small (ca. 50 cm), as in seasonal wetlands. Succesions are changes in species composition. They occur wherever the range of water levels is large (ca. 1.5–2.0 m), as in semi-permanent wetlands. During successions, high water levels during the wet phase can typically eliminate most emergent species and low or no water during the dry phase allows emergent species to become re-established from seed and terrestrial annuals to dominate the vegetation. Experimental studies at the ecosystem- and species-level have confirmed observations made during field studies of semi-permanent wetlands, e.g., that water depth tolerance is the primary determinant of distribution of emergent species. Both qualitative and quantitative assembly-rule models of wet–dry cycles have been developed. When adequate data are available, the latest quantitative models can accurately predict changes in composition and distribution of emergent vegetation in semi-permanent wetlands during all or parts of a wet–dry cycle.
The long term impact of an end-of-life communication intervention among veterans with COPD

Abstract Objective To assess if an end-of-life communication intervention with patients with COPD led to higher long-term documentation of advance care planning discussions at the end-of-life. Background We previously demonstrated that providing clinicians a patient-specific feedback form about patients' communication preferences improved the occurrence and quality of clinician communication about end-of-life care. Methods Among those individuals enrolled in the intervention study (2004–2007) who had died during the follow-up period (up to 2013), we assessed if patients in the intervention arm had more goals of care discussions and formal advance directives completed as compared to controls. We conducted logistic models accounting for provider level clustering, adjusting for age, FEV 1 , and race. Results Among the 376 patients in the study, 157 died (76 in the intervention arm, 81 in the control arm). Over an average duration of 3.6 years (from the time of the first study appointment to death), 115 (73%) patients engaged in 451 unique end-of-life care discussions. The intervention was not associated with a higher percentage of patients with documented end-of-life conversations (I:C 75% vs 72%, p = 0.63) or completion of advance care directives (26% vs 29%, p = 0.55). Conclusions Despite initially improving the occurrence of end-of-life conversations, the intervention did not increase the documentation of subsequent conversations about end-of-life care, nor did it improve documentation of advance directives. Future research should focus on testing multi-faceted, longitudinal, system-level interventions to enhance conversations about goals of care that promote goal-concurrent care.
Transformation of Non-polar Hydrocarbons in Soils

IR spectroscopy was used to monitor biodegradation of non-polar hydrocarbons in the presence of clay minerals. It reveals IR absorption bands (1170, 1270, 1610 cm−1) not present in the transformer fluid and identified as oscillations of aromatic hydrocarbon rings; C=O groups formed by oxidation of aliphatic chains also appeared. In aerobic soil, the main mechanism of oxidation of hydrocarbons is incorporation of oxygen into the hydrocarbon molecule, replacing bonds with low rupture energy (C–C, C–H) by bonds with higher rupture energy (C–O, H–O). At low temperatures and in the presence of ammonium, these intermediate products may be transformed to humic substances. This offers a mechanism of biodegradation akin to natural humification. The process may be accelerated by introducing specially formulated clay–bio-decomposer inoculum.
Ensemble Streamflow Forecasting across the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region with a Distributed Hydrological Model Forced by GEFS Reforecasts

AbstractThe quality of ensemble streamflow forecasts in the U.S. mid-Atlantic region (MAR) is investigated for short- to medium-range forecast lead times (6–168 h). To this end, a regional hydrological ensemble prediction system (RHEPS) is assembled and implemented. The RHEPS in this case comprises the ensemble meteorological forcing, a distributed hydrological model, and a statistical postprocessor. As the meteorological forcing, precipitation, and near-surface temperature outputs from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) 11-member Global Ensemble Forecast System Reforecast, version 2 (GEFSRv2), are used. The Hydrology Laboratory Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-RDHM) is used as the distributed hydrological model, and a statistical autoregressive model with an exogenous variable is used as the postprocessor. To verify streamflow forecasts from the RHEPS, eight river basins in the MAR are selected, ranging in drainage area...
P4.47 Modelling the impact of a hypothetical vaccine that prevents HSV-2 but increases susceptibility to hiv

Introduction An HSV-2 vaccine could reduce the health and economic burden of HSV-2, including neonatal herpes. However, such a vaccine might increase susceptibility to HIV infection through immune cell recruitment to genital tissues. If so, HSV-2 vaccination may decrease HSV-2 incidence but also increase HIV incidence. Methods We explored these tradeoffs in a mathematical model of HSV-2 transmission dynamics and vaccination that includes static HIV incidence using ordinary differential equations. We modelled scenarios resembling the United States in terms of HSV-2 and HIV transmission. We examined scenarios where HSV-2 vaccination either did or did not increase HIV susceptibility. We assumed that HSV-2 infection led to increased HIV susceptibility, but no other interactions between HSV-2 and HIV. Results Assuming vaccine efficacy against infectiousness of 0.5, vaccination may decrease HSV-2 incidence by 22%. However, when vaccination increases HIV susceptibility, this benefit comes at the cost of increased HIV incidence: 1.6, 2.0, or 2.5% in populations with low, moderate, and high HIV exposure rates, respectively. When vaccination does not increase HIV susceptibility, HIV incidence decreased by 7.0, 6.1, and 4.9%, respectively. The magnitude of these effects depend on additional factors such as the degree to which HSV-2 vaccination increases HIV susceptibility, HSV-2 vaccine coverage, and baseline HSV-2 prevalence. Conclusion Our analysis shows how models can describe tradeoffs of public health interventions offering substantial benefits and possible harms. Models can be used to weigh the relative benefits and costs of a specific intervention, or to examine whether an intervention results in a net gain or net loss in quality adjusted life years. Our analysis illustrates the need for updated estimates of the quality-of-life impact of HSV-2 in different individuals in order to weigh the public health benefits of HSV-2 vaccination against potentially adverse outcomes. More research is needed to better describe the interaction between HSV-2 and HIV infection and transmission.
Effects of Negative Affect, Urge to Smoke, and Working Memory Performance (n-back) on Nicotine Dependence.

Background: Three key domains including negative emotionality, incentive salience, and executive function form the core functional elements of addictive behaviors. Variables related to these broade...
Detection of surgical margins in oral cavity cancer: the role of dynamic optical contrast imaging

Purpose of review The quantity of tissue removed during an oncologic surgical procedure is not standardized and there are numerous reports of local recurrence despite histologically adequate resection margins. The oral cavity is one of the sites in the head and neck with high chances of recurrence following negative margins. To address this need, this article reviews the recent applications of Dynamic Optical Contrast Imaging (DOCI) towards both oral screening and the intraoperative evaluation of tumor margins in head and neck surgery. Recent findings Human ex-vivo and in-vivo trials suggest DOCI is well tolerated, low-cost, and sensitive for differentiating cancerous from normal tissues throughout the head and neck, in addition to the oral cavity. Ex-vivo imaging of OSCC specimens generated histologically verified image contrast. Furthermore, in-vivo intraoperative results demonstrate significant potential for image-guided detection and resection of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Summary DOCI augments tissue contrast and may enable surgeons to clinically screen patients for oral cancer, make histologic evaluations in vivo with fewer unnecessary biopsies, delineate clinical margins for tumor resection, provide guidance in the choice of biopsy sites, and preserve healthy tissue to increase the postoperative functionality and quality of life of the patient.
Divergence of perturbation series in Reggeon field theory

A lower bound on the contribution of $2n\mathrm{th}$-order perturbation theory to the two-point function for $0\ensuremath{\le}Dl4$ ($D$ is the number of spatial dimensions) is given; for zero mass (Pomeranchuk) the lower bound is ${c}^{n}{g}^{2n}{(n!)}^{3\ensuremath{-}\frac{D}{2}}$, while for nonzero mass (intercept below 1) it is ${c}^{n}{g}^{2n}n!$, where $g$ is the coupling constant and $c$ is an appropriate constant. Subtraction of divergences or restricting ourselves to skeleton diagrams does not change the type of behavior of these terms.
The Many Uses of Phosphates and Fibers

Almost every week several callers the world over inquire as to sources of phosphate fibers. They ask, “Are you manufacturing this product? Is anyone, anywhere, manufacturing this product?” Regretfully, I must tell them that I know of no commercial source of the fibers. Response to this product has been very rewarding to me, as an inventor. Monsanto’s management made a decision not to manufacture the product and to allow their patent estate to lapse, rather than pay annual fees required to keep the estate active. The problems with potential lawsuits are ever present.
Lightning to the Empire State Building-Part III [includes discussion]

Previous papers1,2 have reported lightning investigations conducted at the Empire State Building in New York City during the years 1935 through 1940. During 1941, 1947, 1948, and 1949 further data were obtained on all lightning stroke characteristics. This paper presents a summary of all data obtained during the 10 years in the form of frequency curves.