cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Firm-specific training in an incentive-compatible contract

Abstract If upon entering a firm, a worker becomes immobile a firm may exploit this immobility by paying a less than promised wage. In this paper, firm-specific training can enable the firm to offer an incentive compatible contract with the result that training may exceed that in a world with costlessly enforced contracts.
The impact of technology in the workplace: examining those who the impact crushed

After a glance into the recent history of the impact of the computer on unemployment it becomes quite easy to see how the technology has changed where people work, how they work or if they work at all. This brief overview examines some of the basic questions asked a number of years ago in this area. It concludes that the problems of employment are complex. The author reviews characteristics and early classifications of workers who were displaced by technology. The problems identified some 30 or 40 years ago continue today. The brief overview concludes with a discussion of an entirely new set of circumstances thrust on today’s worker when an organization refuses to automate, displaces workers and moves offshore.
Halofuginone: Laboratory Titration of Anticoccidial Activity in Young Turkeys

Abstract Halofuginone was tested at 0, 1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 ppm in the feed against single and mixed infections of recent field isolates of Eimeria adenoeides, E. meleagrimitis, and E. gallopavonis. Severe infections were produced in unmedicated, infected controls. Weight gains were significantly improved by 1.5 or 3 ppm of halofuginone, and intestinal lesion scores and fecal droppings scores were greatly reduced. Oocyst shedding was reduced 91 to 100% by halofuginone treatments. Treatment with 6 ppm of halofuginone gave good protection but appeared to depress weight gains slightly. Treatment with 3 ppm was optimal for the control of all species of coccidia and for optimum performance.
Comment on right-handed-current restrictions

Current-algebra, PCAC (partial conservation of axial-vector current) restrictions on the structure of the ..delta..S = 1 nonleptonic Hamiltonian are reexamined. The result (..delta..I = 1/2 chirality) = (..delta..I = 3/2 chirality) is strengthened, while the conclusion that the chirality is left-handed survives but is weakened slightly by more careful analysis.
A gas flow proportional detection system for the determination of boron in aerosol samples and other sample types

This work describes the design, fabrication, and testing of a lucite bodied proportional gas detection system for the analysis of boron in selected samples via detection of the charged particles produced in the 10B(n,α)7Li reaction induced by thermal neutrons. The detector was designed for internal placement of samples; the sample types of major interest were airborne aerosols collected on filters or particulate impaction plates. Samples were irradiated with the detector in the thermal neutron field produced in the graphite thermal column of the University of Lowell's one megawatt research reactor. Determined sensitivities for boron varied from 6.2·10−8 to 1.73·10−6 cpm·ng−1 (n·cm−2J·s−1)−1 depending on the physical characteristics of the samples. For a nominal counting time of ten minutes the lower limit of mass detection of natural boron was determined to be 12.1 nanograms. The analytical method was applied to the estimation of boron in fourteen samples of natural aerosols collected on membrane filters. Analysis of prepared samples and natural aerosol samples by ICP emission showed good agreement with analysis via the (n,α) reaction. Application of the method to other sample types was demonstrated by the determination of boron in samples of borosilicate glass and borated polyethylene.
AUTHORS' RESPONSE: "The Foundations of Posttraumatic Growth: New Considerations"

In response to comments on our model of posttraumatic growth, we consider the validity of reports of posttraumatic growth, appropriate methodology to use to assess posttraumatic growth, and its relation with other variables that appear to bear a resemblance to posttraumatic growth (e.g., well-being and psychological adjustment). The potentially important role of proximate and distal cultural factors is also addressed. Clinicians are encouraged to use interventions that facilitate posttraumatic growth with care, so as not to create expectations for posttraumatic growth in all trauma survivors, and to instead promote a respect for the difficulty of trauma recovery while allowing for the exploration of possibilities for various kinds of growth even in those who have suffered greatly.
Effect of Particle Size and Shape on the Infrared Absorption of Magnesium Oxide Powders

Magnesium oxide powders obtained from three sources exhibit strikingly different infrared absorption spectra. These differences are correlated herein with variations in the size and shape of the particles in the powders, and are interpreted in terms of both Fr\"ohlich-type (surface) modes and classical electromagnetic scattering theory. (1) Reagent-grade MgO powder exhibits a strong and broad absorption centered at 550 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, the position of which is determined by the Fr\"ohlich-type fundamental frequency for spherical particles that are small compared with the radiation wavelength. The absorption broadening results from variations in particle size and shape. The presence of double particles gives rise to a secondary absorption near 460 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. (2) MgO smoke in various matrices absorbs strongly at the bulk-mode frequency (401 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) owing to the presence of both individual large cubical particles and long chains of small cubical particles. A second strong absorption occurs at 490 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in Nujol, or at 546 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ on polyethylene plates; these frequencies represent a surface mode of small MgO cubes. A shoulder at still higher frequencies is ascribed to surface modes of rod-shaped particles. (3) MgO powder obtained from thermally decomposed MgC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ absorbs strongly at the bulk-mode frequency (401 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$), because of the presence of large flakelike particles having a very fine grain structure. With increasing grain size, the principal absorption shifts to lower frequencies, and a secondary absorption, near 490 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in Nujol, appears as a result of absorption by small MgO particles.
Alterations in Performance and Muscle Composition of Young Turkeys in Response to Dietary Amino Acid Balance

Abstract Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of essential (EAA) and nonessential amino acid (NEAA) supplementation of a 22% protein corn-soybean meal diet on the performance of muscle composition of male Large White turkeys from 7 to 21 days of age. The 22% protein diet was supplemented with DL-methionine (MET) or a combination of MET and L-lysine (LYS) in Experiment 1. Additions in Experiment 2 included MET; and EAA mixture of MET, LYS, L-threonine, and L-valine; and a mixture of NEAA equal to 2% crude protein combined with either the MET or EAA supplement. Controls received a 30% protein diet. Each diet was fed ad libitum to five and four pens of eight poults in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Maximum performance was obtained with the 30% protein diet in both experiments. Methionine was confirmed as the first-limiting amino acid in the 22% protein diet. Lysine addition to the MET-supplemented low protein diet adversely affected performance in Experiment 1, suggesting that LYS was not the second most limiting amino acid. The EAA supplement elicited growth equal to the 30% protein diet although feed efficiency remained inferior. Increases in growth and feed efficiency were associated with NEAA addition. Changes in the weights of the pectoralis and gastrocnemius muscles due to diet, albeit directly related to body weight, were independent of muscle composition. The composition of gastrocnemius muscle was relatively insensitive to dietary manipulation. Pectoral ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentrations increased with a decrease in dietary protein. Amino acid supplementation reduced DNA concentration without altering muscle RNA. A decrease in protein concentration in the pectoralis muscle resulting from reduced dietary protein was alleviated by adding the EAA mixture.
Fission-Excitation Functions in Interactions of C 12 , O 16 , and Ne 22 With Various Targets

The fission cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{f}$ in the bombardment of Cs, Pr, Tb, Ho, ${\mathrm{Er}}^{170}$, Tm, ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{174}$, Lu, ${\mathrm{W}}^{182}$, Au, and Bi with ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$, Tm with ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$, and Tb with ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{22}$ have been measured as a function of projectile energy. The technique consists of counting coincident fission-fragment pairs with two Au surface-barrier Si detectors. The results are given in units of the total interaction cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{R}$, and as a function of the excitation energy $E$ of the compound nucleus. It is demonstrated that for a constant value of $E$ for a compound nucleus $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{f}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{R}}$ is a function of the mass of the ion used and thus of the angular momentum of the nucleus. Fission for the systems investigated takes place only for nuclei formed in a complete fusion of the ion and the target nuclei. The cross section of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{CF}}$ for this process is shown to be nearly independent of $E$ and the target used. We find $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{CF}}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{R}}$ to be 0.70 and 0.45 for ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ and ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{22}$, respectively. From the ratio $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{f}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{CF}}}$, experimental $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{f}}{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}}$ values are obtained and compared to theoretical ones. The following values in MeV with a standard deviation of 2 MeV for the experimental fission threshold for a nonrotating nucleus are obtained: 34.9, 26.5, 25.1, 24.6, 24.2, 20.4, 19.8, 18.2, and 17.0 for the compound nuclei ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{149}$, ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{157}$, ${\mathrm{Ta}}^{175}$, ${\mathrm{Re}}^{181}$, ${\mathrm{Os}}^{186}$, ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{185}$, ${\mathrm{Pt}}^{190}$, ${\mathrm{Au}}^{191}$, and ${\mathrm{Po}}^{198}$, respectively. These values, when corrected for shell effects, fit well the formula for a nonrotating charged liquid drop: ${{E}_{f}}^{L}=6.76(0.75\ensuremath{-}x){A}^{\frac{2}{3}}$. Here, $x=\frac{(\frac{{Z}^{2}}{A})}{{(\frac{{Z}^{2}}{A})}_{\mathrm{crit}.}}$ and we obtain the value 48.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0 for ${(\frac{{Z}^{2}}{A})}_{\mathrm{crit}.}$. The ratio between the level-density parameters for fission and neutron evaporation $\frac{{a}_{f}}{{a}_{n}}$ is found to be 1.22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05; this ratio is independent of nuclear type. In particular, the ratio is nearly the same inside and outside the region of the closed shell. Values for moments of inertia can not be evaluated from the analysis.
The Elastic Scattering of High Velocity Electrons by Mercury Atoms and the Agreement with Mott's Theory

The angular distribution of electrons scattered elastically by single mercury atoms has been studied for electrons of 900, 1160, 1600 and 2000 volts energy. The angle range was 8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 48\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The values of the scattered intensities have been plotted and compared with the corresponding theoretical curves computed in accordance with Mott's theory. The theoretical and experimental curves for 900 volt-electrons differ markedly in shape. The slope of the experimental curve is much greater for small angles than that of the theoretical curve. The departure from Mott's curve decreases progressively for electron velocities corresponding to 1160, 1600 and 2000 volts energy. The 2000 volt curve shows good agreement with the corresponding theoretical curve.
Constitution and Bylaws Committee report

Duringng th e past two years, the AP-S Constitution and Bylaws Committee, with the help of many members of the Society, has updated and reorganized the Society's Constitution and Bylaws. An additional document, called the Society's Operating Manual, was also created to describe and streamline the many activities of the Society. This document, along with the Society's new Constitution and Bylaws, will be posted on the Society's Web page at http://www.ieeeaps.org/. According to the existing Constitution (Article IX, Section I), any changes to the Society's Constitution, after proper approvals, must he published in the Magnzine to notify the Society membership of the changes. Accordingly, the new Constitution is presented. The Bylaws have also heen updated and approved by the Society's Administrative Committee and the necessary IEEE committees. The new Bylaws also appear here. In accordance with the existing Constitution (Article IX, Section Z), the new Bylaws also go into effect 30 days from the publication date of this notice.
Extra-adrenergic mechanisms responsible for the effects of glucose-insulin-potassium solution on vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation.

Abstract In 53 chloralose-anesthetized dogs, the actions of glucose (10 mg/kg per min), insulin (0.025 U/kg per min) and potassium (0.025 mEq/kg per min) on the ventricular fibrillation and repetitive extrasystole thresholds were examined. Measurements were initially made in the control state and then repeated at 30, 60 and 120 minutes of infusion of glucose-insulin-potassium solution at a constant rate of 1.23 ml/min. The dogs received on the average 36 g of glucose, 44 U of insulin and 44 mEq of potassium over a 2 hour period. In the nonischemic myocardium, the infusion raised the threshold for ventricular fibrillation and repetitive extrasystole to a peak of 94 and 61 percent, respectively, without significantly changing serum potassium or circulating catecholamine concentration. In the ischemic myocardium, the incidence of spontaneous ventricular fibrillation during 10 minutes of coronary occlusion was reduced from 83 percent in the control state to 17 percent with glucose-insulin-potassium infusion. However, the infusion did not alter the incidence of ventricular fibrillation associated with reperfusion. Because cardio-cardiac sympathetic reflexes are elicited in response to coronary occlusion, the effect of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on ventricular vulnerability during left stellate ganglion stimulation and norepinephrine infusion was investigated. The infusion completely prevented the reduction in the vulnerable period threshold during stellate stimulation and norepinephrine infusion. Furthermore, the peak protection afforded by the infusion was greater than that achieved with beta adrenergic blockade and was still present in catecholamine-depleted hearts. It is concluded that infusion of glucose-insulin-potassium solution protects against ventricular fibrillation in the normal and ischemic canine heart but not during reperfusion. This protection may be due in part to antagonism of adrenergic activity; however, the primary influence of the solution is mediated by extra-adrenergic mechanism.
Psychology of the Scientist: XXIII. Experimenter Expectancy, Experimenter Experience, and Pascal's Wager

Data and conclusions presented by Ingraham and Harrington (1966) on the effects of E's expectancy on the performance of rats are examined closely, re-analyzed statistically, and interpreted somewha...
Chromosomal site(s) of integration of herpes simplex virus type 2 thymidine kinase gene in biochemically transformed human cells

To investigate the chromosomal site(s) of integration of the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) thymidine kinase (TK) gene in biochemically transformed human cells, transformed human cells[HeLa (BU25)/HSV-2-6 Cl 4] were fused with TK-deficient mouse fibroblast [LM(TK−)] cells and seven lines of human—mouse somatic cell hybrids [HL/1… HL/7] were isolated. Enzyme assays demonstrated that the HL somatic cell hybrid lines expressed significant TK activity. That the TK activity was HSV-2 specific was verified by disc PAGE analyses, by superinfection experiments with TK-negative HSV mutants, and by enzyme neutralization experiments with anti-HSV-2 TK immunoglobulins. The seven HL somatic cell hybrid lines contained a complement of mouse chromosomes and one or more human chromosomes. The sensitivities of the HL hybrid lines to poliovirus types 1 and 2 and to diphtheria toxin were also studied. The poliovirus challenge experiments showed that hybrid lines HL/1, HL/3, HL/4 and HL/5 were completely resistant to poliovirus and that less than 25% of the cells in line HL/2 were destroyed, indicating that with the exception of HL/2, human chromosome 19 was not retained in the human—mouse hybrid cells. Hybrid lines HL/1-1, HL/2-1, HL/3, HL/4, HL/5, HL/6 and HL/7 were insensitive to diphtheria toxin, indicating that human chromosome 5 was not retained in these human—mouse hybrid cells. Karyotype analyses showed that the only human chromosome found in hybrid lines HL/3, HL/4, HL/5 and HL/6 was marker chromosome M13; this chromosome was present in the majority of HL/3 cells and in all HL/4, HL/5, and HL/6 hybrid cells. The same chromosome was present in all cells of hybrid HL/7, in 17/19 analyzed mitosis of HL/2, and in all cells of HSV-2 TK-positive HL/2 subclones but, in addition, several other human chromosomes were found in the HL/7 and HL/2 hybrid lines. After counterselection with bromodeoxyuridine (Brd Urd), chromosome M13 was absent from all analyzed cells of HSV-2 TK-negative, Brd Urdcounterselected HL/2 subclones, but some of the other human chromosomes were still present. Morphology and G banding analyses suggest that M13 is an isochromosome formed from the short arm of human chromosome X. The only human chromosome present in cells of somatic hybrid HL/1 and four of its HSV-2 TK-positive subclones was chromosome 17 with a translocation on the short arm. This chromosome was present in all cells of hybrid HL/1 and its subclones and was absent in all cells of four analyzed HSV-2 TK-negative, Brd Urdcounterselected subclones. The preceding experiments demonstrate that the HSV-2 TK gene is associated with human marker chromosome M13 and modified human chromosome 17 in HSV-2-transformed human line, HeLa(BU25)/HSV-2-6 Cl 4.
Pediatric intestinal leiomyosarcomas: Case report and review of the literature

Primary intestinal leiomyosarcomas in children are rare tumors. Twenty-seven previous cases are documented in the literature with little information available on the treatment, survival, and prognostic factors surrounding these tumors. The authors report the 28th case of pediatric intestinal leiomyosarcoma and its follow-up, that of a newborn presenting with intestinal obstruction. Follow-up from all previously reported cases is not recorded and is needed. Our patient, like most children with this tumor, underwent complete excision with no evidence of recurrence at 5 years. Visceral metastases from these neoplasms are atypical, and recorded long-term prognosis may be favorable, unlike their counterpart in the adult population.
Schistosoma mansoni: eosinophilia and the development of lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to soluble egg antigen in inbred mice.

Abstract Mice of four inbred strains (A/J, C/57BL/6J, CBA/J, BALB/c) were compared as definitive hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. All four strains allowed the maturation of adult worms, but the percentage of recovery of mature worms varied widely according to strain (A/J, 36%, C/57BL/6J, 42%; CBA/J, 58%; BALB/c, 78%). The cell-mediated immune response of these mice to a soluble schistosomal egg antigen was determined by in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis during the course of the infection. All strains exhibited this response by 1 1 2 –2 weeks after oviposition, but the reaction was of low degree and transient in BALB/cmice. Peripheral blood eosinophil counts were determined during infection in A/J and CBA/J mice; three periods of eosinophilia (of varying intensities) were noted corresponding in time to initial cercarial penetration, development of adult worms, and production of eggs.
Fixed points of fiber maps of Montgomery–Samelson fiberings over intervals

Abstract A Montgomery–Samelson (MS) fibering is a fibering with singularities such that the singular fibers are points. A fiber map is a map that preserves fibers and takes singular fibers to singular fibers. For MS fiberings that are the suspension of a map of a space to a point, and hence the base space is an interval, we obtain a formula for the minimum number of fixed points among all fiber maps that are fiber homotopic to a fiber map from the fibering to itself. The formula calculates that minimum number in terms of the minimum number of fixed points among the maps homotopic to self-maps of nonsingular fibers that are restrictions of the fiber map. These minimum numbers can often be computed by Nielsen fixed point theory. We present an example of an MS fibering in which the total space and nonsingular fibers are simply-connected and yet, in contrast to fiber maps of fiberings without singularities, for each natural number k there is a fiber map f [ k ] such that the minimum number of fixed points of the fiber maps fiber homotopic to f [ k ] is k .
The N−H···S Hydrogen Bond in (TACN)2Fe2S6 (TACN = Triazacyclononane) and in Model Systems Involving the Persulfido Moiety: An ab Initio and DFT Study

Extended Huckel, DFT, and ab initio MP2 calculations have been carried out to rationalize the unprecedented structural characteristics of the recently synthesized complex (μ−η1-S2)3 (Fe-TACN)2 (TACN = triazacyclononane). The orbital interaction diagram between the metal−macrocycle dimer and the three disulfide ligands accounts for some of the observed properties of the complex: diamagnetism, existence of an Fe−Fe single bond, nucleophilicity of the terminal sulfur atoms. The unprecedented occurrence of a M2S6 core, as the very unusual μ−η1 coordination of the S2 ligands, however, requires further analysis. It was assumed that the key to the structural singularities of this complex should be sought in the network of intramolecular H···S bonds revealed by the crystallographic analysis and involving all six NH groups and all three terminal S atoms. We therefore report the first quantitative theoretical investigation of the energetics of intramolecular H···S bonds. Geometry optimizations have been carried ou...
Evaluation of hematuria and proteinuria: how should a pediatrician proceed?

Purpose of review Finding blood or protein in the urine of a patient can be the source of immense anxiety. The list of diseases that result in these findings is quite long. Thus, many pediatricians believe that an exhaustive investigation is necessary to be certain of the cause. The review will discuss the major causes of hematuria and proteinuria in the pediatric population, and discuss a rational approach to the evaluation of these conditions. Recent findings A number of recent studies have examined the results of mass screenings of school-age children and the final outcome of examination of children with hematuria and/or proteinuria. Most children with either isolated hematuria or isolated proteinuria had benign disease processes. Children with combined hematuria and proteinuria had a higher prevalence of significant kidney disease. Summary The urinalysis combined with the history and physical examination should indicate the cause of hematuria and proteinuria in most cases. Significant renal disease can be ruled out with a minimal amount of work-up in most patients. The presence of hematuria and proteinuria together significantly increases the likelihood of significant renal disease and should prompt a referral to a specialist.
In vivo elemental analysis by counting neutron-induced gamma rays for medical and biological applications

Non-invasive in vivo elemental analysis is a technique used to assess human body composition which is indicative of nutritional status and health condition. The in vivo measurement of the body's major elements is used for a variety of medical studies requiring the determination of the body's compartments (protein, fat, water, bone). Whole body gamma-ray counters, consisting of Nal(Tl) crystal detectors in a shielded room, are used for measuring in vivo the body's Ca, Cl, Na and P by delayed neutron activation analysis. Thermal neutrons from a moderated 238Pu-Be source are used for the measurement of total body nitrogen (and thus protein) and chlorine at low radiation exposure (0.80 mSv). The resulting high energy prompt gamma-rays from nitrogen (10.83 MeV) and chlorine (6.11 MeV) are detected simultaneously with the irradiation. Body fat (the main energy store) and fat distribution (which relates to risk for cardiovascular disease) are measured by detecting C and O in vivo through fast neutron inelastic scattering. A small sealed D-T neutron generator is used for the pulsed (4 - 8 KHz) production of fast neutrons. Carbon and oxygen are detected by counting the 4.44 and 6.13 MeV gamma-rays resulting from the inelastic scattering of the fast neutrons from the 12C and 16O nuclei, respectively. One use of this method is the systematic study of the mechanisms driving the age-associated depletion of the metabolizing, oxygen-consuming cellular compartment of the body. The understanding of this catabolism may suggest ways to maintain lean tissue and thus to preserve quality of life for the very old.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Critical Notes on the Acceleration Principle

I. Change of output versus variation of demand, 253; capacity requirements as inducing investment, 254; the change in output as a necessary condition for induced investment, 258; the change in output as a sufficient condition of induced investment, 261. — II. The regularly progressive economy, 262; autonomous investment and equilibrium, 262; mathematical reformulation of the model, 265; generalizations, 269. — III. Concluding reflections on the acceleration principle, 272.
An equivalence between models of restricted selection and genetic groups

An equivalence between a model of restricted selection and a model of genetic groups is presented. This correspondence leads to a realization of how genetic groups account for selection. Specifically, genetic groups act to remove the covariance between predictions of sire merit and functions of the true selection differentials. Further results illustrate a correspondence between models of selection on random effects and models of selection on residuals. Application of the results is useful, not in establishing concrete definitions for the structure of genetic groups, but in the analysis of how groups account for selection.
Cascade refrigeration system synthesis based on exergy analysis

Abstract Refrigeration systems are very important to chemical/petrochemical process industries because their performances are closely related to product quality, energy usage efficiency, and plant profitability. Hitherto, the optimal synthesis of a cascade refrigeration system with multiple refrigerants and multiple temperature levels presents considerable challenges and systematic studies combined with thermodynamic insights and mathematical-programming approaches in this area are still lacking. In this paper, a general methodology for the optimal synthesis of such cascade refrigeration system to maximize the energy efficiency has been developed. The exergy-temperature chart combined with the exergy analysis is presented to comprehensively analyze the thermodynamic nature of a refrigeration system, which provides a solid foundation for the conceptual design/retrofit of the complex refrigeration system. An exergy-embedded MINLP model has also been developed for the optimal synthesis of a general cascade refrigeration system. The efficacy of the developed methodology is demonstrated through a case study on the retrofit of a cascade refrigeration system for an ethylene plant.
Estimation of the annihilation component in p̄ p interactions

We derive formulas to estimate the inclusive distribution of charged pions due to annihilation which utilize $\overline{p}p\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{pp}$ differences in a way that does not violate charge symmetry.
Low-Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Rays as an Indicator of Primary Source Characteristics and Interstellar Propagation

Low energy spectrum of cosmic rays as indicator of primary source characteristics and interstellar propagation
Heat Transfer Distribution of Various Rib Geometries for Developing Flow at High Rotation Numbers

The Coriolis force and centrifugal buoyancy have a significant effect on the cooling performance for rotating internal serpentine coolant channels in gas turbine blades. As coolant flow in rotation is highly complex, detailed knowledge of the heat transfer over a surface will greatly enhance the blade designer’s ability to predict hot spots so coolant may be distributed effectively. The present study uses a novel transient liquid crystal technique to measure heat transfer on a rotating, radially outward coolant channel, which is a simplified model of the actual coolant channels. Various rib types such as 90°, W, and M-shaped ribs of varying types are used to roughen the walls. The present study measures the effects of high rotation numbers (Ro) on the performance and heat transfer distribution of different rib types in developing flow. The present study measures how effective the ribs are up to Ro = 0.5. The Reynolds number (Re) is held constant at 12,000. Results show that in the developing region, the W and M-shaped “high-performance” ribs are just as effective as the simple 90° ribs for increasing heat transfer. The entrance effect in the developing region causes significantly high baseline heat transfer enhancement which may explain why ribs are not as effective as they are in the fully developed region. As the rotation number is increased, results show that the heat transfer on the trailing side increases, while the leading side decreases to a limit and remains constant. For all rotational cases, the W and M-shaped ribs show large changes to the heat transfer distributions on the leading and trailing sides.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Regeneration and duplication following operations in situ on the imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract A technique is described which allows defects to be made in situ in the imaginal discs of immature Drosophila larvae. Bisection of the second leg disc across the upper-lower axis results in regeneration of the remainder of the disc from the upper portion, and mirror-image duplication of the anlagen in the lower half (Figs. 2–5, Table 1). The upper half, retaining its connection to the larval epidermis, is able to evert; the lower half metamorphoses as an uneverted implant. Partial bisection of the disc often results in the production of branched legs in which one branch is complete but the other is a double half (Figs. 7–9). These cases can be interpreted as resulting from regeneration from one cut surface and duplication from the other. Pattern triplications have been obtained by partial bisections of the wing disc (Fig. 10), and these can be interpreted in a similar manner. It is suggested that regeneration and duplication are identical phenomena, resulting from the properties of of the anlagen at the cut edge. Cases of regeneration and duplication in other insect and vertebrate systems are discussed, and interpreted on the basis of gradients of developmental capacity (Fig. 11).
The Steepest Descent Method for Orthogonal Polynomials on the Real Line with Varying Weights

We obtain Plancherel-Rotach-type asymptotics valid in all regions of the complex plane for orthogonal polynomials with varying weights of the form on the real line, assuming that V has only two Lipschitz continuous derivatives and that the corresponding equilibrium measure has typical support properties. As an application, we extend the universality class for bulk and edge asymptotics of eigenvalue statistics in unitary invariant Hermitian random matrix theory. We develop a new technique of asymptotic analysis for matrix Riemann-Hilbert problems with nonanalytic jump matrices suitable for analyzing such problems even near transition points where the solution changes from oscillatory to exponential behavior.
The hemodynamic consequences of hemorrhage and hypernatremia in two amphibians

1. Graded hypovolemia was induced by hemorrhagic blood loss and graded hypernatremia by salt load in the toad,Bufo marinus, and the bullfrog,Rana catesbeiana. Maximal blood flow rates in the systemic arches and arterial and venous pressures were measured during activity after each stress. 2. Maximal blood flow rates in theB. marinus did not decline until blood loss exceeded 5% of initial body mass. InR. catesbeiana, losses of 2% initial body mass caused a decline (Fig. 1). 3. Maximal heart rates did not change with hemorrhage (Fig. 2). The decline in blood flow rates with hemorrhage was due to declining pulse volumes in both species (Fig. 3). 4. Arteriovenous pressure difference declined with hemorrhage in both species (Fig. 4). Peripheral resistance increased with hemorrhage in parallel with compromised blood flow rates (Fig. 5). 5. Plasma sodium concentration slightly increased with hemorrhage, while plasma protein concentration and hematocrit declined. Lymphatic compensation for hemorrhagic loss is indicated in both species (Fig. 6). 6. Induced hypernatremia compromised blood flow rates in both species at plasma sodium concentrations above 175 mM. The decline in flow rates was principally a result of a decrease in pulse volume, though maximal heart rates also declined (Figs. 2, 3, 7). 7. Induced hypernatremia had no effect on the arteriovenous pressure difference inB. marinus but caused it to decline inR. catesbeiana. Peripheral resistance increased in onlyB. marinus but notR. catesbeiana (Figs. 4, 5). Hematocrit did not change with salt load, indicative of a constant vascular volume.
Experimental and Theoretical Characterization of H2OOO

This report presents the preparation and characterization of H2OOO+, an important intermediate in water−oxygen chemistry. The H2OOO+ cation was produced by co-deposition of H2O/Ar with radio frequency discharged O2/Ar at 4 K and was identified by four fundamental infrared absorptions. Quantum chemical calculations indicate a doublet ground state with a H2O−O2 hemi-bonded Cs structure.
Characterization of Polyimides by Combining Mass Spectrometry and Selective Chemical Reaction

Selective chemical reaction was employed to overcome problems related to molecular characterization of polyimides due to their insolubility. N-Methylethanolamine was used to induce ring opening, and chain cleavage was carried out by reaction with hydrazine. These reactions were used to enhance solubility of poly(trimellitic anhydride-co-4,4‘-methylenedianiline), poly(pyromellitic dianhydride-co-4,4‘-oxydianiline), and its amic acid form in MALDI and ESI friendly solvents, thus enabling their qualitative analysis by these techniques for the first time. Derivatives of poly(trimellitic anhydride-co-4,4‘-methylenedianiline), made with 2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate to introduce charge on the polymer, were used to increase ionization efficiency and intensity in positive ion MALDI spectra.
A Measurement of Photon Production in Electron Avalanches in CF4

Abstract This paper presents a measurement of the ratio of photon to electron production and the scintillation spectrum in a popular gas for time projection chambers, carbon tetrafluoride (CF 4 ), over the range of 200–800 nm; the ratio is measured to be 0.34 ± 0.04 . This result is of particular importance for a new generation of dark matter time projection chambers with directional sensitivity which use CF 4 as a fill gas.
Understanding and resolving adherence problems.

The expert panel report version 2 (EPR-2) is a comprehensive set of recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of asthma. However, physicians demonstrate scant adoption of many of the key evaluation and treatment components of the EPR-2, with primary care physicians being less likely to adopt EPR-2 recommendations than specialist physicians. Patients also demonstrate very limited adoption of physician recommendation such as the use of medications as prescribed. Predictors of physician and patient nonadherence are reviewed, as modifiable predictors may be targets for interventions to enhance adherence. Finally, areas for future efforts are identified.
Erythrocyte membrane AChE, Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg2+ ATPase activities in mothers and their premature neonates in relation to the mode of delivery

AbstractAim. To investigate erythrocyte membrane AChE, Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities in mothers and their full-term or premature newborns in relation to the mode of delivery. Methods. Blood was obtained from mothers pre- and post-delivery and the umbilical cord (CB) of their full-term newborns: Group A1 (n = 16) born with vaginal delivery (VD), Group B1 (n = 14) full-terms with scheduled cesarean section (CS), Group A2 (n = 12) prematures with VD, Group B2 (n = 14) prematures with CS. Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and common laboratory tests were measured with routine methods, and the membrane enzyme activities spectrophotometrically. Results. TAS was reduced in mothers post VD and in the CB whereas remained unaltered in CS mothers and their newborns. AChE and Na+, K+-ATPase were increased in mothers post VD. AChE was lower in the CB of prematures than that of full-terms independently of the mode of delivery. Na+, K+-ATPase activity was increased in the groups of mothers post VD and decreased...
Power motion imaging can improve image quality in stress conditions with tachycardia

Backgrvund: Stress echocardiographic studies are useful, but the evaluation of wall motion is sometimes suboptimal. The recently developed technique of power motion imaging can enhance mobile tissue definition. Hypothesis: The study was undertaken to determine whether power motion imaging improves endocardial definition during tachycardia compared with conventional two-dimensional (2-D) imaging. Methods: Twenty pigs were studied during pacing rates of 100, 120, and 150 beats/min. We compared power motion imaging with standard 2-D imaging using systolic thickening visualization (STV) scores (3 = excellent definition of systolic thickening ˜ 0 = total lack of visualization of systolic thickening) at each heart rate. We calculated the sum of the scores of 22 left ventricular segments as the overall STV score, and also calculated the sum of the scores in 10 parasternal segments and 12 apical segments separately. Results: The overall STV scores in both imaging methods were similar at 100 beats/min, but scores for power motion imaging were significantly higher than those of usual 2-D imaging at 120 and 150 beats/min. Using power motion imaging, the overall STV scores were similar as heart rate was increased; however, while using standard 2-D imaging, STV scores were significantly decreased as heart rate was increased. Findings were analyzed separately by parasternal and apical images. Especially in the parasternal images, the scores were significantly increased as heart rate was increased using power motion imaging. Conclusions: We conclude that power motion imaging improves the detection of endocardial border in stress condition with tachycardia, and thus this modality is useful for stress echocardiography.
Hybrid 2-µm Er:Fiber/Tm:Fiber Frequency Comb

We present a 2-µm frequency comb based on a spectrally broadened mode-locked Er:fiber laser. A single-clad Tm/Ho:fiber is used as a self-pumped pre-amplifier, a double-clad Tm:fiber amplifier boosts the system to high output power.
TL 333, a benzhydro[g]quinoline, stimulates both D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors: implications for the selectivity of LY 141865 towards the D-2 receptor.

TL 333, (trans-N-ethyl-6, 7-dihydroxyctahydrobenzo[g]-quinoline), stimulates both D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors. In contrast, LY 171555 (the active enantiomer of the selective D-2 agonist LY 141865) and LY 149632 stimulate only D-2 receptors. The structural differences between TL 333, LY 171555 and LY 149632 are discussed with regards to understanding the basis for the selective D-2 agonist activity of LY 171555 or LY 149632.
Lattice-Vibration Eigenvectors and Applications Thereof for NaCl and KCl

Eigenvectors and eigenvalues for vibrations of the rocksalt lattice were computed in the harmonic approximation on the rigid-ion model and on a deformation-dipole model. The eigenvectors are useful in visualizing the actual motion of the ions in the normal modes, and thence for classifying the modes. The eigenvectors furthermore provide a basis for perturbation treatment. With them were computed the frequencies of the local modes, and the corresponding amplitudes of impurity-atom vibrations, that result from point mass defects in NaCl and KCl. (auth)
PCBs in striped bass collected from the Hudson River, New York, during fall, 1981.

Previous results have been based on the use of the standard filet (edible portion), and levels of PCBs were determined by pattern matching, which estimates individual Aroclor mixtures. Concentrations are determined by assigning unique PCB congeners to the individual Aroclor mixtures. It has been established that many PCBs are not retained by a living organism; thus, reported levels may be high due to pattern matching. This study reports levels quantified on a peak to peak basis. The objectives of the present study were to determine the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in striped bass, to compare these with levels estimated by pattern matching, to determine any association of concentration to length, and to investigate the effects on measured levels of trimming and edible portion.
Soft tissue tumors in beagles injected with 241Am citrate

The occurrence of soft tissue tumors has been studied in 117 beagles assigned to 8 dosage groups of between 2 and 26 animals each and injected with 0.07 to 104 kBq 241Am kg-1 as the citrate. In addition, 133 control beagles given no radioactivity were used as a comparison group. All 250 dogs were maintained under identical conditions and were observed for their entire lifespans. An important competing risk for the appearance of soft tissue tumors appeared to be the occurrence of skeletal malignancy, and at the highest injected activity (104 kBq kg-1), kidney and liver failure brought about the death of both of the two dogs in this group. Thyroid and liver were the only soft tissues that exhibited greater concentrations of 241Am than the skeleton. Liver tumors were associated with 241Am exposure (p 0.10) as compared with the occurrence in controls. There was a greater relative occurrence of all vaginal tumors in control animals than in dogs given 241Am, a situation also found for all tumors of the pancreas, skin, testis, and mammary glands and for malignant ovarian tumors. All of these differences were statistically significant. The survival of animals given 0.07 to 0.59 kBq 241Am kg-1 could not be established (p > 0.10) as significantly different from controls, but the survival of all groups given 1.8 to 104 kBq kg-1 was decreased (p < 0.05). There was no indication in our studies of a positive association between relative exposure to 241Am and the occurrence of mammary tumors, mast cell sarcomas originating outside the liver, lymphosarcoma or tumors of marrow, including leukemia.
Influence of body mass index on the age-related slope of total and regional bone mineral content.

The influence of body mass index (BMI) on T scores for total body bone mineral content (TBBMC) and regional bone mineral content (RBMC) was studied in 186 healthy women: 100 postmenopausal, 35 perimenopausal, and 51 premenopausal. The three groups were divided by BMI >25 kg/m2 and BMI 20. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) concentration was higher in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with BMI 25 kg/m2 and BMI 25 kg/m2; the decline of trunk RBMC was more significant (P < 0.0001). These findings confirm the influence of BMI and gonadal status on bone mass.
Perceiving Affordances of Hockey Sticks by Dynamic Touch

The haptic subsystem of dynamic touch is sensitive to the relation between a held object's distribution of mass and the object's affordances. In four experiments participants used dynamic touch to gauge the suitability of differently weighted hockey sticks for performing power (transferring maximal force) and precision (intercepting a moving object) actions. Results showed that perceivers could use dynamic touch to perceive the affordances of the hockey sticks. Perceptual sensitivity to action-relevant object properties was modified when novice participants were given the opportunity to discover subtle task constraints by actually performing the hockey tasks. Expert (collegiate-level) hockey players' ratings reflected attunement to the constraints that prompted changes in novices' responses.
Identification of HLA-DRB1-bound self-peptides following measles virus infection☆

We developed a B-lymphocyte cell line derived from a measles seropositive individual who was homozygous for the HLA-DRB1*0301 allele. Peptides associated with the HLA-DRB1*0301 protein were purified from this lymphoblastoid cell line after infection with the Attenuvax measles vaccine virus (Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA) and with "sham" infection. More than 40 peptide sequences were obtained by nano-scale reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC/MS/MS). These peptides originated from 21 different source proteins--the majority from membrane-bound proteins. Most of the peptides (>73%) bound to HLA-DRB1*0301 appeared to be in lower abundance on measles-infected cells compared to the "sham-infected" cells. However, 26% of the identified peptides seem to have increased expression after measles infection. Measles vaccine virus infection did not change the level of HLA-DR expression. We demonstrate the power of nano-LC/MS/MS in the rapid determination of changes in the spectrum and expression of HLA-DRB1*0301-bound peptides after infection with measles virus. This provides further knowledge of the changes in peptide expression after viral infection and provides a powerful tool for identifying HLA-presented host and viral epitopes in the context of class II HLA molecules.
Phosphorylation by Cyclin C/Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 following Mitogenic Stimulation of Murine Fibroblasts Inhibits Transcriptional Activity of LSF during G1 Progression

Transcription factor LSF is required for progression from quiescence through the cell cycle, regulating thymidylate synthase (Tyms) expression at the G1/S boundary. Given the constant level of LSF protein from G0 through S, we investigated whether LSF is regulated by phosphorylation in G1. In vitro, LSF is phosphorylated by cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin C/CDK2, and cyclin C/CDK3, predominantly on S309. Phosphorylation of LSF on S309 is maximal 1 to 2 h after mitogenic stimulation of quiescent mouse fibroblasts. This phosphorylation is mediated by cyclin C-dependent kinases, as shown by coimmunoprecipitation of LSF and cyclin C in early G1 and by abrogation of LSF S309 phosphorylation upon suppression of cyclin C with short interfering RNA. Although mouse fibroblasts lack functional CDK3 (the partner of cyclin C in early G1 in human cells), CDK2 compensates for this absence. By transient transfection assays, phosphorylation at S309, mediated by cyclin C overexpression, inhibits LSF transactivation. Moreover, overexpression of cyclin C and CDK3 inhibits induction of endogenous Tyms expression at the G1/S transition. These results identify LSF as only the second known target (in addition to pRb) of cyclin C/CDK activity during progression from quiescence to early G1. Unexpectedly, this phosphorylation prevents induction of LSF target genes until late G1.