cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energetic Impacts Evaluation of Eco-Driving on Mixed Traffic With Driver Behavioral Diversity

This study presents a fuel-economical driving strategy for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) and investigates its impacts on human-driven platoon's fuel efficiency, considering driver behavioral diversity. In mixed traffic where a limited number of CAVs and many human-driven vehicles share the road, the Eco-Driving strategy of CAVs, accomplished through vehicle connectivity and longitudinal dynamics control, can significantly reduce fuel consumption of CAVs, particularly during transient traffic conditions, by avoiding unnecessary braking and acceleration maneuvers which lead to excessive fuel consumption. This is implemented and validated by a vehicle longitudinal dynamic control design with an instantaneous power-based fuel rate estimation model. Moreover, such an Eco-Driving strategy will also help most of the following human-driven vehicles to improve fuel performance despite a highly diverse and uncertain driving characteristics spectrum. The car-following behaviors of a human-driven platoon are described by a microscopic traffic model with dedicated representations of the individual drivers' preferences. A comprehensive statistical investigation shows the fuel-saving benefits for a human-driven platoon by adopting the proposed Eco-Driving strategy for CAVs. Some special cases are discussed, as well. The results collectively demonstrate the positive impacts of CAVs, even with a low penetration rate, could potentially have on the energy efficiency of the transportation sector within the foreseeable future.
Relationships Between Pain, Life Stress, Sociodemographics, and Cortisol: Contributions of Pain Intensity and Financial Satisfaction

ObjectiveThe relationship between psychosocial stress and chronic pain is bidirectional. An improved understanding regarding the relationships among chronic pain, life stress, and ethnicity/race wi...
Clinical care of neonates undergoing opioid withdrawal in the immediate postpartum period

As the opioid epidemic escalates in westernized countries around the world, chronic opioid use during pregnancy has become a growing public health issue. There are increasing concerns that chronic maternal opioid use might adversely affect the developing fetal brain. Furthermore, the sudden discontinuation of the trans-placental opioid supply at birth puts newborns at acute risk for neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). NOWS is a multi-system disorder that has been identified in approximately 50-80% of neonates exposed to opioids due to chronic maternal use. Clinically, NOWS affects the central and autonomic nervous systems as well as the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. The clinical features of NOWS include hyperirritability, high-pitched crying, restlessness, tremors, poor sleep, agitation, seizures, sweating, fever, poor feeding, regurgitation, diarrhea, and tachypnea. NOWS is currently diagnosed using a clinical scoring tool followed by toxicological confirmation of the presence of opioids in meconium or tissue specimens. The first-line treatments for NOWS are non-pharmacologic comfort measures. If these measures fail, neonates may be treated with opioids and/or sedatives. Since the severity of NOWS can be highly variable, it is quite difficult to predict which opioid-exposed neonates will require pharmacotherapy and prolonged hospitalization. Factors associated with maternal polysubstance use, including the use of illicit substances and tobacco, have been associated with the increased severity and duration of NOWS. Since neonates with NOWS are at increased risk for long-term adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, ongoing monitoring beyond the neonatal period is essential.
Learning from the Process of Decision: The Parenting Plan

In the past twenty-five years, we have learned much about the legal system of decision concerning parental relationships with children. At the same time, behavioral scientists have learned much about the process of decision and about the problem of cooperation in particular. Chapter 2 of the ALI Principles – the principles concerning the “Allocation of Custodial and Decisionmaking Responsibilities for Children” – is the result of careful examination of the custody laws of the states, past and present, as well as scholarly studies and proposals from the United States and abroad. The Reporter has taken great care in setting objectives for the chapter, which are designed to avoid polarizing debate and yet promise to right some of the most ineffective or counterproductive aspects of child custody law. The objectives break down into three essential categories: (1) improving determinacy and predictability in the law of custodial and decisionmaking responsibility; (2) respecting and enhancing family autonomy by maximizing the effects of choices made by family members, not by the court or the state; and (3) codifying and institutionalizing fairness concerning race, ethnicity, sex, religion, sexual orientation, sexual conduct, economic circumstances, and functional relationships.Chapter 2 of the ALI Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution, with its emphasis on the parenting plan, has moved boldly away from much of what is problematic or counterproductive to the process of decision in parenting. It embraces much of what we have learned (and are learning) works for families and children. And it has laid the groundwork for a move away from child custody adjudication – a process that has proven largely ineffective and unresponsive to the needs of “dissolving” families.This article, written for and presented at the Symposium on the ALI Family Dissolution Principles, held at Brigham Young University’s J. Reuben Clark Law School on February 1, 2001, explores the concept of the parenting plan, as set forth in the ALI Principles, from the perspective of the study of decisionmaking strategies in the discipline of behavioral science. Taking the parenting plan as the negotiatory centerpiece in the evolution of child custody dispute resolution in the United States, the article considers it in the light of Game Theory – specifically the work of Professor Robert Axelrod about how, in situations where each individual has an incentive to be selfish, cooperation develops.
On the Evolution of the Canonical Dissent

Legal theorists increasingly have come to recognize and study the existence of a constitutional canon composed of highly authoritative legal texts that command special reverence in the law. Among these highly authoritative texts are a series of dissenting opinions-e.g., Justice Holmes's in Lochner v. New York, and Justice Harlan's in Plessy v. Ferguson -- that ironically are more famous than the majority opinions in most other cases. This Article examines the evolution of the dissenting canon, seeking to explain both the methods by which various dissenting opinions became canonized and the motivating factors behind these canonizations. Specifically, the Article argues that the canonization of dissenting opinions began as a New Deal phenomenon-linked to the public rejection of the Old Court's economic rights jurisprudence, as embodied in the majority opinion in Lochner v. New York. The canonization of Holmes's Lochner dissent, it is shown, was a product both of progressive intellectuals eager to usher in the New Deal, and of a judicial desire to memorialize the popular repudiation of the Old Court's philosophy. Other early canonizations of dissent followed the Lochner pattern, emerging only as responses to popular rejections of old precedents. But as time wore on, the Court began developing a new kind of canonization, whereby justices consciously lifted and adopted principles articulated in dissenting opinions of yore as authority for the formulation of new constitutional rights and rules. Several civil liberties dissents (involving, inter alia, First and Fourth Amendment rights) thus became canonized even before the majority opinions which they criticized had been overruled. The Article ends with a look at what the evolution of the dissenting canon teaches about the shape of the constitutional canon as a whole-noting, for instance, the central role that political conflict plays in the creation and elevation of canonical texts.
Equilibrium studies of uranyl complexes—II

Abstract A quantitative study of the interaction of uranyl ion with tartaric and malic acids has been carried out by means of the potentiometric method in the pH range 2–8 at an ionic strength of 1·0 (KNO 3 ) and 25°. On the basis of suitable mathematical treatments of the potentiometric data obtained over twenty five fold range of total concentration of metal species, it is concluded that binuclear complexes are formed in the pH range 2–4, in which the bridging between metal ions occurs through the ligand groups. Equilibrium constants for the formation of the metal chelates and the dimerization constants have been determined. The polynuclear species present in solution in the buffer region between 3 and 3 2 3 moles of base per mole of metal salt are found to be trimeric. Equilibrium constants for the hydrolysis of the (2:2) dimer and the formation of ternuclear complex are reported.
Maternity care of the indigent in private practice

Abstract Approximately 30 per cent of all maternity patients in Florida are qualified for help from welfare funds, and government financing of maternity care has a high priority with welfare planners. The various methods of handling indigent maternity patients in Florida are reported, and the private plan of care instituted in Clearwater, Florida, 2 years ago is compared with the previously existing public welfare clinic system. The new plan has proved successful in providing the indigent mother with better obstetric care, equalizing the indigent load among staff physicians, and restoring individual dignity to welfare patients by absorbing them into private practice.
Development of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system in zebrafish.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system in Zebrafish. Impressive advances have been made in understanding the genetic mechanisms that regulate PSNS development through studies in birds and rodents. Zebrafish studies that further define the anatomic and morphologic aspects of the developing PSNS should accelerate the pace of discovery in this field. Exploiting the forward genetics of the zebrafish system can contribute significantly to the identification of new genes and pathways that regulate PSNS development. These mutants also provide the means to genetically dissect PSNS developmental processes in vivo. Finally, this chapter postulates that the knowledge of the genes responsible for normal PSNS development in the zebrafish will help identify the molecular pathways that are affected in neuroblastoma. Ultimately, second generation suppressor screens based on the established PSNS mutants exhibiting proliferative abnormalities, typical of NB, can be used to identify potential genes and pathways that may be relevant to the development of effective therapies for this disease.
Hunting autoimmune disease genes in NOD: early steps on a long road to somewhere important (hopefully).

John Todd, Linda Wicker, and colleagues ([1][1]) published their first genome-wide linkage study of type 1 diabetes (T1D) using the diabetes-prone NOD mouse in 1991. This study first appeared as a featured article in Nature and is reprinted in this month’s issue of The Journal of Immunology. The
Family Feud: Mark Weiner, The Rule of the Clan

In The Rule of the Clan, legal historian Mark Weiner confronts the paradox that freedom requires law. He takes aim at one common assumption of libertarian political theory: a strong state is a threat to individual freedom. He warns that nostalgia for earlier, simpler societies is a deluded fantasy.Weiner examination of traditional societies throughout the world and across history show that they share a single broad organizational structure that belies their facial diversity: the clan. Within the clan, man, and even more strikingly, woman, is neither free nor an individual. She is subordinate to her function within the group – in the case of woman, reproduction. In the clan, there are no individual rights protected by law, only the honor of the extended family to be avenged by feud. Adopting the terminology of “founding father of legal history and legal anthropology, Henry Sumner Maine”, Weiner argues that individual rights only come into being with the development of the state when Status relations are superceded by Contract.Surprisingly, in his defense of the classical liberal ideal of individual rights and equality, Weiner implicitly rejects one of liberalism’s founding propositions: a vision of the free individual in the state of nature. Weiner’s thesis is more consistent with the speculative tradition of Continental theory than with American liberalism.
A chemical sensor for chloromethanes using a nanocomposite of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with poly(3-methylthiophene)

Abstract A vapor phase chemical sensor with a viewing area of 0.78 mm 2 (diameter 1 mm) is constructed using a novel nanocomposite material made up of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and poly (3-methylthiophene) that shows a change in electrical resistance upon exposure to different chloromethanes. The resistance change is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The sensor does not respond to methane, acetone, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, tetrahydrofuran, methanol and ethanol. The nanocomposite is characterized by well defined transitions in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The response time of the sensor is generally about 60–120 s. The sensor is capable of selectivity to any mixture made up of chloromethane and methane. The mechanism of sensing of chloromethanes is discussed.
Perfusion imaging of spinal cord contusion: injury-induced blockade and partial reversal by β2-agonist treatment in rats

Object Traumatic injury to the spinal cord results in considerable delayed tissue loss. The authors investigated the extent to which ischemia occurs following contusion-induced spinal cord injury and whether ischemia exacerbates tissue damage that leads to the loss of locomotor function. They also determined if ischemia is reversed with β2–adrenoceptor agonist treatment, which has been established to be neuroprotective following contusion injury. Methods The extent and role of circulation loss in spinal cord injury was determined in an established experimental model of contusion injury. The spinal cord dura mater of Wistar rats was exposed by performing a laminectomy at T-8 to T-11. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was then used to measure microcirculation in the exposed spinal cord. After imaging, a moderately severe contusion injury was produced using a weight-drop device unto the exposed dura at T-10. Perfusion imaging was again performed, scans were quantitated, and integrated intensities were compared...
Kinyuseisaku: Monetary Policy in Japan (A)

Toshihiko Fukui, Government of the Bank of Japan, faced a complex situation in the fall of 2007. An economic recovery had allowed the central bank to abandon its zero interest rate policy, which had been in place for years, and raise rates to 0.5%. The Bank of Japan was eager to increase them to more 'normal' levels to exert effective monetary policy. Yet the appropriate timing and approach was a controversial issue, especially as the government did not want a rate hike that could potentially hinder economic growth and increase its already large fiscal debt burden.
Systolic algorithms for tree pattern matching

The objective of tree matching is to find the set of nodes at which a pattern tree matches a subject tree. Several sequential and parallel algorithms have been proposed in the literature for this compute bound problem. Most of the parallel algorithms are based on the theoretical PRAM model of computation. In this paper, we propose two efficient parallel algorithms for tree pattern matching based on the linear systolic array model. The algorithms can be mapped onto any SIMD machine. The algorithms require O(n+m) time to perform the matching using either n or m processors, where n is the size of the subject tree and m is the size of the pattern tree. The algorithms represent a significant improvement over the existing ones in view of implementation.
Transgenic Mosquitoes Expressing a Phospholipase A2 Gene Have a Fitness Advantage When Fed Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Blood

Background: Genetically modified mosquitoes have been proposed as an alternative strategy to reduce the heavy burden of malaria. In recent years, several proof-of-principle experiments have been performed that validate the idea that mosquitoes can be genetically modified to become refractory to malaria parasite development. Results: We have created two transgenic lines of Anopheles stephensi, a natural vector of Plasmodium falciparum, which constitutively secrete a catalytically inactive phospholipase A2 (mPLA2) into the midgut lumen to interfere with Plasmodium ookinete invasion. Our experiments show that both transgenic lines expressing mPLA2 significantly impair the development of rodent malaria parasites, but only one line impairs the development of human malaria parasites. In addition, when fed on malaria-infected blood, mosquitoes from both transgenic lines are more fecund than non-transgenic mosquitoes. Consistent with these observations, cage experiments with mixed populations of transgenic and non-transgenic mosquitoes show that the percentage of transgenic mosquitoes increases when maintained on Plasmodium-infected blood. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the expression of an anti-Plasmodium effector gene gives transgenic mosquitoes a fitness advantage when fed malaria-infected blood. These findings have important implications for future applications of transgenic mosquito technology in malaria control.
Reactivation of murine cytomegalovirus by cyclophosphamide

THE high prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in transplant recipients is well known but our understanding of the risk factors involved is incomplete. It is thought that the role of immunosuppression is probably paramount. In a series of rheumatologic patients followed prospectively after initiation of cyclophosphamide therapy, a significant proportion (43%) developed CMV infection as evidenced by viruria and serologic response1. Since most of these infections were seen in initially seropositive patients, we believe that they represent reactivations of latent (herein defined as an infection in which no virus can be detected by standard plaque assays) or inapparent infection. Presumably, reactivation by immunosuppression also occurs in transplant recipients. Another risk factor for CMV infection in renal transplant recipients is the transfer of kidneys from donors seropositive for CMV into seronegative recipients2,3. We are using the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) model for better understanding of the factors involved in latency and reactivation of this group of herpeslike viruses and have shown that allografting will enhance chronic MCMV infection in the recipients4. We present here further observations on the mouse model, showing that latent MCMV infection can be reactivated by treatment with cyclophosphamide and that the transfer of latently infected spleen cells can lead to infections in recipients. We also show a role for immunosuppression in the latter situation.
A Phase-Locked Loop Motor Control System

This paper describes a motor control circuit for a dc motor using phase-locked loop techniques. The purpose of such a control loop is to provide very accurate speed control, repeatability, and synchronization capability.
Dark-induced changes in activity and compartmentalization of retinal calmodulin kinase in the rat

Calmodulin kinase (CaM kinase) activity and immunoreactivity were measured in the cytosol and crude synaptic membranes of light- and dark-adapted rat retinas. Dark adaptation increased the calcium-independent CaM kinase activity 2.7 times and calcium-stimulated activity 3.9 times in membrane fractions. Dark adaptation also increased membrane-bound CaM kinase immunoreactivity 2.4 times. In the cytosol, dark adaptation increased calcium- and calmodulin-independent kinase activity 3.3-fold but did not enhance calcium- and calmodulin-dependent activity. Soluble CaM kinase immunoreactivity was decreased by 13% by dark exposure. These changes in enzyme activity and immunoreactivity are likely due to changes in the endogenous state of autophosphorylation and compartmental concentrations of CaM kinase and may represent translocation of CaM kinase from cytosol to membranes. CaM kinase may have an important role in modulating visual processes.
Hooking Mortality of Lure-Caught Cutthroat Trout (Salmo clarki) in Relation to Water Temperature, Fatigue, and Reproductive Maturity of Released Fish

Abstract Experiments were conducted at Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming during the summers of 1967 and 1968 to assess the significance of water temperature, fatigue, and reproductive maturity of fish as factors contributing to hooking mortality of adult cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) released after capture with treble-hook lures. Fish caught by casting from shore and from anchored boats were held for observation in floating liveboxes from 10 to 30 days. Control groups obtained by non-angling methods were confined simultaneously. Trout survival was not measurably affected by water temperatures in the range of 37 to 62 F. Tiring induced by anglers deliberately “playing” fish for up to 10 minutes did not increase mortality. There was no indication that reproductively mature trout were less resistant to the effects of hooking and handling than adult fish not in prespawning condition. Trout losses in all experiments were within the expected range of mortality attributable to treble-hook lures.
Helical, dissipative, magnetohydrodynamic states with flow

It is shown that for an axially periodic column of magnetofluid driven by an applied axial electric field, the total rate of energy dissipation (Ohmic plus viscous) can be lowered by permitting a helical component with vortical flow in the solution. The principle of minimum energy-dissipation rate suggests that this partially helical state will be preferred to the axisymmetric one that exists for the same parameters. The result is consistent with the repeated appearance of such partially-helical states in several fully three-dimensional numerical computations and is not inconsistent with the data from some confinement experiments.
Modified fixed-length entropy coding for robust video compression

This paper proposes a modified Fixed-length Entropy Coding(FLC) algorithm suitable for MPEG-like hybrid-based video compression. In such applications, the alphabets of symbols sending to entropy coding are of heavy-tail distributions. Previously proposed algorithms either have poor compression efficiency or are computationally complex in this situation. The technique proposed in this paper extends the previous work for the important case of large alphabets by introducing a new alphabet segmentation and splitting algorithm. Simulation results show that for sources with relative large, skewed and heavy-tail distributed alphabets, the proposed approach has faster alphabet shrinking and higher compression efficiency compared with previous FLC approaches. A hybrid video codec using the proposed FLC is implemented and compared to a MPEG-2 video codec in both noise-free and noisy environments. The results demonstrate that the proposed FLC has similar compression gain as common VLC, and FLC codes provide more robustness to video streams than VLC codes. The proposed technique can be used to compress video sequences transmitted over channels with random bit errors.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging-guided brain tumor resection.

Objectives: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain activation data obtained at both 1.5 and 3 T to guide brain tumor resections using 1.5-T intraoperative MRI (ioMRI) guidance. Materials and Methods: From January 1997 to March 2006, fMRI was performed on 29 patients before attempted brain tumor resection. Functional MRI was used to identify and coregister areas of brain activation for motor (n = 18), speech (n = 6), motor and speech (n = 4), and short-term memory and speech (n = 1) with respect to the tumor using a 1.5-T and two 3-T MRI scanners. Surgical resection was accomplished using 2 different 1.5-T ioMRI systems. The appropriate MRI scan sequences were obtained during surgery to determine and maximize the extent of the surgical resection depending on the tumor type. Results: Of 29 patients, 20 (69%) had radiographically complete fMRI-guided tumor resections and 2 (7%) had successful MRI-guided brain biopsy because of the proximity of their astrocytomas to the eloquent cortex. The tumors were oligodendrogliomas (n = 16), astrocytomas (n = 4), meningiomas (n = 3), glioblastomas multiforme (n = 2), a pleomorphic astrocytoma (n = 1), and a dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (n = 1). The preoperative fMRI data were accurate in all cases. After tumor resection, 7 patients (26%) had transient neurologic deficits that resolved completely within 1 month of the surgical procedure in all cases. No adverse events associated with ferromagnetic instrumentation occurred. Conclusions: Functional MRI was accurate for localizing areas of eloquent neurologic function before ioMRI-guided brain tumor resection.
Indian Culture and Industrialization

The author examines some areas of conflict between American Indian and Western values and discusses the implications for the social organization of factories on reservations. Working from the assumption that some form of Indian culture will survive technological acculturation, the writer argues that factory employment would be more rewarding for Indians if the factories were organized to fit into Indian value patterns. Some possible areas of reorganization are suggested for experimentation.
Dispersal versus climate: Expansion of Fagus and Tsuga into the Upper Great Lakes region

Pollen records for American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) compiled from 50 sites in Michigan and Wisconsin, USA, show that both species entered the Upper Great Lakes region about 7000 yr B.P., reaching their western and southwestern boundaries between 2000 and 1000 yr B.P. Fagus advanced northward into lower Michigan as a continuous front, except where Lake Michigan posed a geographic barrier. Colonies were established on the far side of the lake after a 1000 year lag, implying that longdistance dispersal across a 100-km wide barrier can occur. The Fagus range may not have been in equilibrium with climate for one or two thousand years before this time, when seeds were dispersed across the lake to Wisconsin. Tsuga seeds may have been dispersed 150 km or more from Ontario to reach Upper Michigan. Scattered colonies were established 6000–7000 yr B.P. on either side of Lake Michigan, which did not pose a significant barrier to this wind-dispersed species, Tsuga spread rapidly over a large region prior to 5000 yr B.P. Subsequent expansion to the west occurred more slowly, and may reflect gradual climatic changes in northern Wisconsin during the second half of the Holocene. Tsuga's range may have been limited by dispersal, rather than climate, for an unknown length of time prior to 5000 yr B.P. During this period Tsuga was expanding its range rapidly. The study shows, however, that it is difficult to devise rigorous tests to distinguish between dispersal limitations and climate as factors limiting range limits in the past.
Randomized rejection procedure for the two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic

Abstract The two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test is unable to achieve an arbitrary probability of Type I error because it can only take on a limited number of discrete values. We offer a randomized procedure that achieves any specified value of α. We derive formulas for approximating the achievable p-values immediately above and below the desired value of α. For the value of the statistic corresponding to the p-value greater than α, our procedure rejects the null hypothesis randomly with probability sufficient to achieve the specified α. Such a procedure is particularly appropriate for simulation studies. Our procedure leads to a different continuity correction than the one proposed by Kim (J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 64 (1969) 1625), using the criterion that the continuity correction should cause the randomized procedure to reject the null hypothesis with probability α.
Farmer education and farm efficiency in Nepal : the role of schooling, extension services, and cognitive skills

This paper reports on the analysis of data from Nepal. The farm households surveyed were chosen so that about half were in a region exposed to the newly-introduced training-and-visit (T & V) extension service while the other half were exposed to less intensive, traditional extension services. Thus, in addition to providing information on the mechanisms of education's effects on efficiency, this study evaluates the impact of T & V extension as introduced in Nepal. Our study finds a positive effect of education on efficiency for the three major crops, but only with wheat was the effect statistically significant at standard levels. There is definite evidence of a threshold level of education (6 years) below which education's impact is small and above which the effect is important. The effect of education on efficiency is important only for adapting to changing circumstances. We found no evidence that education's effects should be attributed, even in part, to family background correlates or to a measure we had of ability. The farmer's numeracy did affect productivity in wheat production. Our measures of modernity and agricultural knowledge were uncorrelated with efficiency.
Thermodynamic modeling of site occupation in the γ′ phase of the NiAlHf system

Abstract A thermodynamic study is performed on the sublattice site occupation preference of hafnium in the ternary γ′ ordered phase of the NiAlHf system. The parameters used in the semiumpirical thermodynamic model are determined by fitting the ternary NiAlHf γ-γ′ phase boundaries and experimental thermochemical data for the corresponding binary systems. The model predicts that hafnium has a strong preference for the aluminum sites in the bulk γ′ phase, which is in agreement with atom probe field ion microscope and electron channeling measurements.
Segregation and Linkage Analyses of Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase Activity

Dopamine- β - h rydroxylase (DBH) activity in serum was measured by spectro-photometric methods in 95 persons of a large family (HGAR 2), along with 27 polymorphic ma
Biased Galaxy Formation and Measurements of β

Attempts to measure the cosmological density parameter Ωm using techniques that exploit the gravity-induced motions of galaxies constrain, in linear perturbation theory, the degenerate parameter combination β ≡ Ω/b, where the linear-bias parameter b is the ratio of the fluctuation amplitudes of the galaxy and mass distributions. However, the relation between the galaxy and mass density fields depends on the complex physics of galaxy formation, and it can in general be nonlinear, stochastic, and perhaps nonlocal. The one-parameter linear bias model is almost certainly oversimplified, which leads to the obvious question: What is the quantity β that is actually measured by different techniques? To address this question, we estimate β from galaxy distributions that are constructed by applying a variety of locally biased galaxy formation models to cosmological N-body simulations. We compare the values of β estimated using three different techniques: a density-density comparison similar to the POTENT analysis, a velocity-velocity comparison similar to the VELMOD analysis, and an anisotropy analysis of the redshift-space power spectrum. In most cases, we find that β estimated using all three methods is similar to the asymptotic value of Ω/bσ(R) at large R, where bσ(R) is the ratio of rms galaxy fluctuations to rms mass fluctuations on scale R. Thus, something close to the conventional interpretation of β continues to hold even for complex bias models. Moreover, we find that β estimates made using these three methods should, in principle, agree with each other. It is thus unlikely that nonlinear or scale-dependent bias is responsible for the discrepancies that exist among current measurements of β from different techniques.
A Broadside Dielectric Antenna

An antenna is described which makes use of the properties of a nonuniform dielectric transmission line to produce a broadside directive pattern. A simple array theory is developed which serves to predict the major features of the radiation patterns, thus providing the means for the engineering design of such antennas.
Sterigmatomyces, a new fungal genus from marine areas.

A new Deuteromycete genus,Sterigmatomyces, is described. Differentiation from non-filamentous yeast-like organisms is based on the formation of conidia on sterigmata. Neither blastospores nor ballistospores are formed. Sexual reproduction has not been observed.S. halophilus sp.n. as the type species and a variety,S. halophilus sp.n. var.indicus var. n., are described.
Operation of Hybrid III as a facility magnet

Hybrid III generated fields of 33.6 T in 1991 and 34.2 T in 1992, both in a room-temperature bore of 33 mm. Starting 1993 it has been operated as an FBNML facility magnet, generating either 33 T in a 33-mm bore or 22 T in a 144-mm bore. This paper describes our experience in operating Hybrid III over the past 8 months since December 1992. By the end of 1993, Hybrid III is expected to reach 23 T in the 144-mm bore and, with inserts employing superior alloys, 35 T in the 33-mm bore. >
Individual Film Wrapping of Fresh Florida Cucumbers, Eggplant, Peppers, and Tomatoes for Extending Shelf Life

Individual wrapping of fresh fruits and vegetables in heat-shrinkable film has gained widespread interest in the past several years. Several Florida fresh vegetables, namely cucumbers, eggplant, peppers, and tomatoes, have been studied to evaluate their response to a film wrapped environment Generally, film wrapping will reduce weight loss, maintain firmness, reduce color development of peppers and tomatoes; film wrapping has a varied effect on decay development depending on the type of decay organism and produce item. The use of a fungicide coated onto the film may provide partial control for some types of decays. The main decay problem with many Florida vegetables is bacterial soft rot, a decay known to be difficult to control.
Resistance Genes in the rp1 Region of Maize Effective Against Puccinia sorghi Virulent on the Rp1-D Gene in North America

Resistance in sweet corn conferred by the Rp1-D gene has controlled common rust, caused by Puccinia sorghi, in North American corn for nearly 15 years. Eleven isolates of P. sorghi virulent on corn with the Rp1-D gene were collected from Rp-resistant corn in 1999 from Wiscon-sin, Illinois, New York, and Minnesota. Isolates were increased on susceptible sweet corn. Urediniospores of nine isolates were bulked. Reactions of individual Rp genes in the rp1 region and reactions of linked combinations of Rp genes in the rp1 region (i.e., compound rust resistance genes) were evaluated against the bulked population of P. sorghi in several greenhouse trials. Reactions of individual and compound Rp genes also were evaluated against individual isolates of P. sorghi. Each trial contained at least two replicates of several lines with Rp genes and one susceptible check. Five to 10 two-leaved seedlings per line were inoculated at least twice with a suspension of urediniospores. Ten days after inoculation, rust reactions were rated:+ = sporulating uredinia, - = no sporulating uredinia, and I = chlorotic or necrotic tissue surrounding small uredinia. Four single genes, Rp1-E, Rp-G, Rp1-I, and Rp1-K, and eight compound genes, Rp1-JFC, Rp1-JC, Rp-GI, Rp-G5, Rp-GDJ, Rp-G5JD, Rp-G5JC, and Rp-GFJ, conferred resistance. Additional characterization of virulence in North American populations of P. sorghi that are avirulent against Rp1-D is necessary to determine if these genes will be as widely effective as the Rp1-D gene has been. Two subpopulations of P. sorghi were detected from the bulked population after it was sequentially cultured for at least five cycles on seedlings with Rp1-C or with Rp1-J. The subpopulation cultured on Rp1-J was avirulent on lines with Rp1-C/L/N, Rp1-B, and Rp1-M; whereas the subpopulation cultured on Rp1-C was virulent on lines with each of these genes. Both subpopulations were virulent on lines with Rp1-D.
South Continental Divide: Comparison of forecasts and runoff in the Platte, Arkansas, Rio Grande, and Colorado basins for 1939

In Colorado we have two interesting watersheds, namely, the Arkansas and the Poudre. For the former, the water-content and runoff for 1936, 1937, 1938, and 1939 correlate within very narrow limits, well within five per cent deviation for the Tennessee Pass snow-course records. Also a good relationship is shown by using the Hoosier Pass snow-course records which are for an adjacent drainage-basin. If all our surveys were as consistent as Tennessee Pass, East Portal Twin Lakes Tunnel, and Hoosier Pass, with respect to runoff, we could feel highly pleased with our work. However, we find some of the data considerably out of line as is evident by the records for the Poudre drainage. For the Arkansas forecast-curve, no correction for precipitation has been applied while for the Poudre we have attempted to so correct the water-content as to better align the plotted points. With such an adjustment we are able to fix a line showing a deviation of about 13 per cent.
A Computational Study of the Mechanism of Addition of Singlet Carbene Analogues to 1,3-Butadiene to Form 1,1-Dimethylmetallacyclopent-3-enes [MMe2C4H6, M = Si, Ge, Sn] and Their Reverse Retro-addition Reactions

B3LYP, MPW1K, and CCSD(T) electronic structure calculations were employed to investigate the mechanisms for the addition of singlet carbene analogues dimethylsilylene, Me2Si:, dimethylgermylene, Me2Ge:, and dimethylstannylene, Me2Sn:, to 1,3-butadiene to form 1,1-dimethylmetallacyclopent-3-enes and their reverse retro-addition reactions. The calculations suggest that silylenes and germylenes add to 1,3-butadiene to form the 1,2-adduct, vinylmetalliranes, and the 1,4-adduct, metallacyclopent-3-enes, via 1,2-addition and concerted 1,4-addition processes, respectively, while stannylenes add exclusively to form the 1,4-adduct. Our calculations also predict that direct rearrangements of vinylmetalliranes make minimal contribution to the formation of the 1,4-adducts since the retro-addition reactions of the metallylenes followed by 1,4-addition are much faster than the rearrangement reactions of vinylmetalliranes to form metallacyclopent-3-enes.
A Clash of Cultures in a Merger of Two Acquisition Project Offices

Abstract:This paper contributes to the knowledge of organizational culture in government offices. The paper documents a case study research method used to provide a systematic way of understanding clashes of cultures.This paper describes a merger between two U.S. Army Acquisition Project Offices during 2002. These two offices had diverse and different cultures. The authors will describe each culture before the merger, plus the resultant culture created by the merger. The cultural descriptions were done through an analysis of the basic characteristics of the organizational culture. The primary culture indicators were based on six selected characteristics: artifacts of culture, common language and conceptual categories, group boundaries, power and status, rewards and punishment, and value of people.An engineering manager can use this paper as a tool for understanding the issues involved in merging offices with different cultures.
483 PITUITARY FUNCTION IN PRIMARY MALNUTRITION DUE TO ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND OTHER EATING DISORDERS

The effects of nutritional state on pituitary function were studied using a combined pituitary stimulation test in 3 groups of 10 patients each. 1-Classical Anorexia Nervosa (AN) with a weight deficit for height (WDH) of 26.0±8.1%, aged 12–19 years. 2-Non-AN eating disorders with a WDH of 12.5±8.6%, aged 12–17 years. 3-Familial or constitutional short stature without pathological WDH and no nutritionally based growth disorder, aged 10–16 years. Each patient received seqentially IV TRH, LRH, regular insulin and PO L-Dopa. Serum TSH, glucose, cortisol, GH, LH and FSH, and prolactin were sampled periodically over 2 hrs. Basal T3, T4, Somatomedin-C and other chemistries were obtained. The peak TSH response was blunted and delayed in direct relation to the WDH. The ratio of the integrated TSH response from 0 min. to 45 min. divided by the 45 min. to 120 min. response was correlated to the WDH (p<0.001) and to recovery from hypoglycemia (p<0.001). Also, the recovery from hypoglycemia (p<0.001), the basal cortisol (p<0.05), and transferrin (p<0.05), all correlated to the WDH. The transferrin correlated to the T3 (p<0.01). The most underweight patients had the lowest T3, basal glucose and Somatomedin-C levels. This study shows the newly described integrated TSH ratio to correlate well to the WDH and the ability to recover from stress. Also demonstrated was that the responses noted were independant of the etiology of the eating disorder which resulted in the malnourished state.
A comparative study of the multiple forms of pig heart lipoyl dehydrogenase

Abstract The multiple forms of pig heart lipoyl dehydrogenase (NADH:lipoamide oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.3) have been resolved by isoelectric focusing in a pH 5–8 gradient and compared with respect to amino acid composition, free carboxyl group content, absorption spectral ratios, circular dichroism and fluorescence properties, specific activities, and relative reactivity with lipoic acid and lipoamide as substrates. No appreciable differences among the multiple forms have been detected in these comparisons. There is, however, considerable variation in the ratio of lipoyl dehydrogenase:diaphorase activities exhibited by the different forms.
Negative Pion-Proton Elastic Scattering at 1.51, 2.01, and 2.53 Bev/c Outside the Diffraction Peak

Differential elastic scattering cross sections for negative pi mesons on protons were measured for incident pi /sup -/ momenta at 1.51, 2.01, and 2.53 Bev/c with emphasis on the angular region outside the diffraction peak. Behavior of the large angle differential elastic cross section was examined as a function of energy from the energy of the highest known resonance in the pi /sup -/-N system into the region in which the total cross sections appear to be approaching an asymptotic value. ( L.N.N.)
Hypothalamic sites for cardiovascular and sympathetic modulation by prostaglandin E2

Abstract Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 , 0.5–5 nmol/kg) injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle of the rat increased the systemic blood pressure and heart rate in a dose dependent manner. These effects were accompanied by increases in plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentration. Injection of the low dose of prostaglandin E 2 into discrete hypothalamic nuclei induced a marked increase in heart rate, a moderate increase in the arterial blood pressure and a significant elevation of plasma norepinephrine level. This study suggests a possible central role for PGE 2 in modulation of cardiovascular dynamics and sympathetic nervous activity.
Viral immune evasion strategies and the underlying cell biology.

Evasion of the immune system by viruses is a well-studied field. It remains a challenge to understand how these viral tactics affect pathogenesis and the viral lifecycle. At the same time, the study of viral proteins involved in immune evasion has helped us to better understand a number of cellular processes at the molecular level. Here we review recent data on different viral tactics for immune evasion and highlight what these viral interventions might teach us about cell biology.
Fluorine-NMR Reveals Conformational Differences Between ClC-ec1 Operating In Transporter And “Channel-like” Modes

Despite its name, the CLC “chloride channel” family consists of both Cl−/H+ antiporters as well as chloride channels. This scenario presents a unique opportunity to investigate the molecular similarities and differences underlying these mechanisms. The crystal structure of the E. coli homolog ClC-ec1 provides an ideal framework for such an investigation, but this static picture alone cannot depict the protein movements that must occur during ion transport. In the present study we employ solution-state fluorine-NMR to monitor conformational changes in ClC-ec1 operating in three different transport modes. While ClC-ec1 normally behaves as a Cl−/H+ antiporter, it can be converted by point mutations into either a proton-independent chloride transporter or a chloride “channel-like” protein. In the case of wild-type ClC-ec1 (antiporter mode), we observe changes in the 19F NMR spectrum upon shifting from a pH at which there is little activity to a pH that promotes high activity. We show that much of this spectral change is due to structural changes occurring at the dimeric interface. The pH-dependent changes persist when the protein is converted into a proton-independent transporter, but are eliminated in the ClC-ec1 channel-like mutant. This indicates that the channel-like protein does not rely on the same series of conformational changes that occur during coupled or uncoupled transporter activity. These results demonstrate the usefulness of 19F NMR for studying CLC conformational changes and will be a springboard for future studies of CLC protein dynamics.
Lack of over-expression of T cell receptor Vβ5.2 in myelin basic protein-specific T cell lines derived from HLA-DR2 positive multiple sclerosis patients and controls

Abstract Based on studies reporting an overexpression of certain V genes in myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells from MS patients, immunotherapies targeting single TCR (V β 5.2, V β 6.1) are currently under way. In order to assess the basic assumption for one of these therapeutic strategies, i.e. the overexpression of V β 5.2 by MBP-specific T cells, we analyzed 100 MBP-specific T cell lines (TCL) for V β 5.2 expression. Only 4 out of 100 TCL expressed V β 5.2, and expression of this TCR gene is therefore not more frequent than expected from the normal peripheral blood distribution.
Hypernatremic state in hypermetabolic burn patients.

Fifty-one patients treated during the past 18 months, representing a total of 10.9% of the admissions to the burn unit, developed hypernatremia, with a serum sodium level above 145 mEq/liter; 60.8% of the patients had inadequate replacement of insensible fluid losses, and 31.3% of the cases developed hypernatremia during septic states. A small group of patients developed hypernatremia secondary to a solute diuresis with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or supranormal caloric feedings. Two patients were identified with an apparent derangement in the antidiuretic hormone mechanism, and were treated by the administration of vasopressin injection (Pitressin). Clinical assessment, serial body weights, accurate fluid intake and output records, and laboratory monitoring are essential to the diagnosis and treatment of the hypernatremic state in hypermetabolic burn patients.