cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation of vacuum ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet radiation by nonlinear processes with excimer lasers

High spectral brightness rare gas halogen (RGH) sources can be used to generate coherent extreme ultraviolet radiation by either harmonic generation mechanisms or direct multiquantum excitation of appropriate gain media. With the use of a 4 GW 193 nm (ArF*) system operating at a pulse duration of ~ 10 ps, harmonic generation has been studied in several atomic and molecular media and used to generate ~ 20 kW at 64.3 nm and ~ 200 W at 38.6 nm. In addition, stimulated emission in molecular hydrogen, on both the Lyman and Werner bands excited by two quantum absorption at 193 nm, has resulted in the generation of radiation as short as 117.5 nm at an efficiency of conversion approaching one percent. Finally, a discussion of applications to basic measurements involving plasma diagnostics and condensed matter surface studies is given.
Wide-Bandwidth CO 2 Laser Photomixers

The development in recent years of high-performance, wide-bandwidth HgCdTe photodiodes has led to greatly increased CO2 laser heterodyne system capabilities in the GHz region. Near-ideal heterodyne performance has been obtained, not only with single photodiodes, but with quadrantal and 12-element photodiode arrays. Wide-bandwidth photodiode design considerations, fabrication, and heterodyne evaluation techniques and results are presented here, along with a discussion of the factors that limit heterodyne performance and the feasibility of extending the bandwidth into the 5 to 10 GHz region.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Carnot Heterogeneous Database Project: Implemented Applications

The Carnot project was an ambitious research project in heterogeneous databases. It integrated a variety of techniques to address a wide range of problems in achieving interoperation in heterogeneous environments. Here we describe some of the major implemented applications of this project. These applications concern (a) accessing a legacy scientific database, (b) automating a workflow involving legacy systems, (c) cleaning data, and (d) retrieving semantically appropriate information from structured databases in response to text queries. These applications support scientific decision support, business process management, data integrity enhancement, and analytical decision support, respectively. They demonstrate Carnot‘s capabilities for (a) heterogeneous query processing, (b) relaxed transaction and workflow management, (c) knowledge discovery, and (d) heterogeneous resource model integration.
Reconstitution and properties of homologous and chimeric HIV-1.HIV-2 p66.p51 reverse transcriptase.

Metal chelate affinity chromatography has been used to follow reconstitution of the 66- and 51-kDa human immunodeficiency (HIV)-1 and HIV-2 reverse transcriptase (RT) subunits into heterodimer, as well as chimeric enzymes comprised of heterologous subunits. By adding a small N-terminal polyhistidine extension to the 51-kDa subunit of either enzyme, reconstituted RT could be recovered from a cell lysate by chromatography on Ni(2+)-nitrilotriacetic acid-Sepharose. Homologous RT subunits rapidly associated to form the respective heterodimers (1-p66.1-p51 and 2-p66.2-p51) when bacterial lysates containing the individual components were mixed. Under the same conditions, association of p66 HIV-2 and p51 HIV-1 RT was inefficient and could be improved slightly by prolonged incubation of the respective p66 and p51 subunits. In contrast, HIV-1 p66 RT rapidly associated with the 51-kDa subunit of the HIV-2 enzyme. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity was associated with all reconstituted enzymes, and the response of each chimeric RT to an inhibitor selective for the HIV-1 enzyme indicated that sensitivity to inhibition was determined by the source of its 66-kDa subunit.
An analysis of spectator motives and media consumption behaviour in an individual combat sport: cross-national differences between American and South Korean Mixed Martial Arts fans

This study compared the motives and media consumption behaviours of American and South Korean spectators of Mixed Martial Arts. Significant cross-national differences were noted in sport interest, vicarious achievement, aesthetics, national pride and violence. Backward regression analyses indicated that sport interest, fighter interest and drama predicted media consumption at the American event, while sport interest, drama and adoration were significant predictors at the Korean event.
Genes on the 90-kilobase plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium confer low-affinity cobalamin transport: relationship to fimbria biosynthesis genes.

A cloned fragment of Salmonella typhimurium DNA complemented the defect in cobalamin uptake of Escherichia coli or S. typhimurium btuB mutants, which lack the outer membrane high-affinity transport protein. This DNA fragment did not carry btuB and was derived from the 90-kb plasmid resident in S. typhimurium strains. The cobalamin transport activity engendered by this plasmid had substantially lower affinity and activity than that conferred by btuB. Complementation behavior and maxicell analyses of transposon insertions showed that the cloned fragment encoded five polypeptides, at least two of which were required for complementation activity. The nucleotide sequence of the coding region for one of these polypeptides, an outer membrane protein of about 84,000 Da, was determined. The deduced polypeptide had properties typical of outer membrane proteins, with an N-terminal signal sequence and a predicted preponderance of beta structure. This outer membrane protein had extensive amino acid sequence homology with PapC and FaeD, two E. coli outer membrane proteins involved in the export and assembly of pilus and fimbria subunits on the cell surface. This homology raises the likelihood that the observed cobalamin transport did not result from the production of an authentic transport system but that overexpression of one or more outer membrane proteins allowed leakage of cobalamins through the perturbed outer membrane. These results also suggest that the 90-kb plasmid carries genes encoding an adherence mechanism. Images
Increasing the efficiency of medical research with dynamic research summaries for researchers and consumers.

Literature reviews are usually the first step in conducting medical research projects.They often lead to the creation of a useful research question. However, this initialstep in medical research contains inefficiencies, which if removed, could speedup the research process and thereby enhance development of innovative healthrelated products. In addition, existing research article databases offer informationwhich is inaccessible to most lay consumers. This article proposes an alternativeapproach for allowing researchers to assess the state of research in a particulararea called â€œdynamic research summaries.â€? These summaries would offer a regularlyupdated narrative of existing research in any given area. They could increasethe speed at which researchers of all levels review literature and develop usefulresearch questions. In addition, this article proposes translating this informationinto a consumer friendly form that enhances the ability of non-expert consumersto review existing research relevant to their illness or a loved oneâ€™s illness. Thisconsumer friendly version could also be translated into other languages, such asSpanish in the US, to increase accessibility for minority groups that speak otherlanguages more proficiently. Finally, the article discusses the potential of either thepublic or private sector leading efforts to develop dynamic Carisoprodol research summaries forexperts and consumers
Nascap-2k Spacecraft-Plasma Environment Interactions Modeling: New Capabilities and Verification

Nascap-2k is a three-dimensional computer code that models interactions between spacecraft and plasma environments in low-Earth, geosynchronous, auroral, and interplanetary orbits. The code builds on physical principles, mathematical algorithms, and user experience developed over three decades of spacecraft charging research. Nascap-2k has improved numeric techniques, a modern user interface, and a simple, interactive satellite surface definition module (Object ToolKit). Capabilities Include surface charging in geosynchronous and interplanetary orbits, sheath and wake structure and current collection in low-Earth orbits, and auroral charging. External potential structure and particle trajectories are computed using a finite element method on a nested grid structure and may be visualized within the Nascap-2k interface. Space charge can be treated either analytically, self-consistently with particle trajectories, or consistent with imported plume densities. Particle-in-cell (PIC) capabilities are available to study dynamic plasma effects. Previously, we reported on the accuracy of Nascap-2k's charging and current collection calculations by comparing computed currents and potentials with analytic results, and by comparing Nascap-2k results with published calculations using the earlier lower resolution codes, NASCAP/GEO, NASCAP/LEO, and POLAR. Here we examine the accuracy and limitations of two new capabilities of Nascap-2k: modeling of plasma plumes such as generated by electric thrusters and enhanced PIC computational capabilities. Nascap-2k models one or more ion engine plumes in full three-dimensional geometry, including plume-plume and plume-spacecraft interactions. The primary thruster beam, parameters describing the neutral efflux, and the initial charge-exchange plume are imported from a PlumeTool-generated file. Nascap-2k generates and tracks charge-exchange Ions to obtain plasma densities and calculates potentials consistent with plasma densities and object surfaces. Nascap-2k's PIC capability has been expanded to include boundary injection, particle splitting, and substep charge deposition. The boundary injection replaces collected particles in long running calculations. The particle splitting allows for modeling the effects of the thermal distribution of velocities, as well as accommodating particle weight to variable grid cell volume. The substep charge deposition makes possible calculations in which two effects have significantly different timescales. We use calculations for simple geometries to explore the accuracy and limitations of these capabilities.
Hydrogels and Scaffolds for Immunomodulation

For over two decades, immunologists and biomaterials scientists have co-existed in parallel world with the rationale of understanding the molecular profile of immune responses to vaccination, implantation, and treating incurable diseases. Much of the field of biomaterial-based immunotherapy has relied on evaluating model antigens such as chicken egg ovalbumin in mouse models but their relevance to humans has been point of much discussion. Nevertheless, such model antigens have provided important insights into the mechanisms of immune regulation and served as a proof-of-concept for plethora of biomaterial-based vaccines. After years of extensive development of numerous biomaterials for immunomodulation, it is only recently that an experimental scaffold vaccine implanted beneath the skin has begun to use the human model to study the immune responses to cancer vaccination by co-delivering patient-derived tumor lysates and immunomodulatory proteins. If successful, this scaffold vaccine will change the way we approached untreatable cancers, but more importantly, will allow a faster and more rational translation of therapeutic regimes to other cancers, chronic infections, and autoimmune diseases. Most materials reviews have focused on immunomodulatory adjuvants and micro-nano-particles. Here we provide an insight into emerging hydrogel and scaffold based immunomodulatory approaches that continue to demonstrate efficacy against immune associated diseases.
Comparative geochronology in the reversely zoned plutons of the Bottle Lake Complex, Maine: U-Pb on zircons and Rb-Sr on whole rocks

The Bottle Lake Complex is a composite granitic batholith emplaced into Cambrian to Lower Devonian metasedimentary rocks. Both plutons (Whitney Cove and Passadumkeag River) are very coarse grained hornblende and biotite-bearing granites showing petrographic and geochemical reverse zonation. Two linear whole rock Rb/Sr isochrons on xenolith-free Whitney Cove and Passadumkeag River samples indicate ages of 379±5 m.y. and 381±4 m.y., respectively, in close agreement with published K-Ar ages for biotite from Whitney Cove of 377 m.y. and 379 m.y., and for hornblende 40Ar/39Ar determinations from Passadumkeag River which indicate an age of 378±4 m.y. The initial Sr isotopic ratio for Whitney Cove is 0.70553 and for Passadumkeag River is 0.70414. A whole-rock isochron on a suite of xenoliths from the Passadumkeag River granite indicates a whole rock Rb-Sr age of 496±14 m.y., with an initial Sr isotopic ratio of 0.70262. Two types of zircon exhibiting wide petrographic diversity are evident in variable proportions throughout the batholith. One of these types is preferentially found in a mafic xenolith and it is widely dispersed in the host granites forming discrete grains and probably as inclusions in the other type of zircon. U-Pb analyses of zircons give concordia intercept ages of 399±8 m.y. for Whitney Cove, 388±6 m.y. for Passadumkeag River, 415 m.y. for a mafic xenolith in Passadumkeag River, and 396±32 for combined Whitney Cove and Passadumkeag River granite. The zircons show a spread of up to 20 m.y. in the 207Pb/206Pb ages. Omitting the finest zircon fraction in the Passadumkeag River results in a concordia intercept age of 381±3 m.y., in better agreement with the whole-rock Rb-Sr and mineral K-Ar ages. For the Whitney Cove pluton, exclusion of the finest fraction does not bring the zircon age into agreement with the Rb-Sr data. Age estimates by the whole rock Rb-Sr, mineral K-Ar and Ar-Ar methods suggest that the crystallization age of the plutons is about 380 m.y., slightly younger than the U-Pb zircon intercept ages. A possible reason for this discrepancy is that the zircons contain inherited lead. Thus, zircon U-Pb ages might represent a mixture of newly developed zircon and older inherited zircon, whereas the Rb-Sr whole rock age (380 m.y.) reflects the time of crystallization, and the argon ages result from rapid cooling after emplacement.
A continuous pervaporation membrane reactor for the study of esterification reactions using a composite polymeric/ceramic membrane

The esterification reaction between acetic acid and ethanol was studied in a continuous flow pervaporation membrane reactor utilizing a polymeric/ceramic composite membrane. For a range of experimental conditions reactor conversions were observed which are higher than the corresponding calculated equilibrium values. This is due to the ability of the membrane to remove water, a product of the reaction. A theoretical model has been developed which gives a reasonable fit of the experimental results.
Antibody-mediated neutralization of Ebola virus can occur by two distinct mechanisms

Human Ebola virus causes severe hemorrhagic fever disease with high mortality and there is no vaccine or treatment. Antibodies in survivors occur early, are sustained, and can delay infection when transferred into nonhuman primates. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from survivors exhibit potent neutralizing activity in vitro and are protective in rodents. To better understand targets and mechanisms of neutralization, we investigated a panel of mAbs shown previously to react with the envelope glycoprotein (GP). While one non-neutralizing mAb recognized a GP epitope in the nonessential mucin-like domain, the rest were specific for GP1, were neutralizing, and could be further distinguished by reactivity with secreted GP. We show that survivor antibodies, human KZ52 and monkey JP3K11, were specific for conformation-dependent epitopes comprising residues in GP1 and GP2 and that neutralization occurred by two distinct mechanisms; KZ52 inhibited cathepsin cleavage of GP whereas JP3K11 recognized the cleaved, fusion-active form of GP.
Advances in the extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric optical fiber sensors

In this paper, recent advances in the extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) optical fiber sensors are reported. We present a theoretical analysis of the output from an optical fiber extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI) based on Kirchhoff diffraction theory. The resulting equation is solved using numerical integration. The results of the theoretical analysis predict the fringe period and contrast typically seen for the EFPI. Experimental verification of the theoretical analysis is presented. An extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) fiber sensor with a micro-lens is demonstrated. The micro-lens is formed at the output endface of the lead-in fiber by fusing this fiber endface into a spherical surface. Experiments for the lensed EFPI and standard EFPI fiber sensors indicate that the decay rate of the fringe contrast versus the air gap in the lensed EFPI sensor is much smaller than that in a standard EFPI sensor.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Causes of the decrease in cardiovascular mortality

Abstract In the last 15 years (there has been a dramatic, unprecedented decrease in the mortality rate from cardiovascular disease in the United States, especially from coronary heart disease and stroke. Possible causes of the decline in the coronary heart disease mortality rate include the development of the concept of acute coronary care, new drugs, sophisticated surgical techniques such as coronary artery bypass, noninvasive diagnostic methods for earlier disease detection, and the identification of specific cardiovascular risk factors. The decrease has been temporarily related to increased risk factor awareness and modification (cigarette smoking cessation, hypertension control, diet change and reduction in cholesterol). Thus, both primary prevention through lifestyle changes and improved treatment regimens have played a role in the decline. Recent studies showing the benefit of cholesterol reduction emphasize the potential for even greater decreases.
Regulation of vascular surgery by the federal government.

Governmental regulation of medicine seeks to protect patients and employees providing health care and to insure fair reimbursement for services. This report outlines workplace regulation of bloodborne pathogens and ergonomics. The investigation of potential Medicare fraud and abuse is reviewed. Mechanisms that control physician payment policy, including the Relative Base Resource Value System, the Correct Coding Initiative, and Current Procedural Terminology, are described.
Elimination of the cold-chain dependence of a nanoemulsion adjuvanted vaccine against tuberculosis by lyophilization

Next-generation rationally-designed vaccine adjuvants represent a significant breakthrough to enable development of vaccines against challenging diseases including tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria. New vaccine candidates often require maintenance of a cold-chain process to ensure long-term stability and separate vials to enable bedside mixing of antigen and adjuvant. This presents a significant financial and technological barrier to worldwide implementation of such vaccines. Herein we describe the development and characterization of a tuberculosis vaccine comprised of both antigen and adjuvant components that are stable in a single vial at sustained elevated temperatures. Further this vaccine retains the ability to elicit both antibody and TH1 responses against the vaccine antigen and protect against experimental challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These results represent a significant breakthrough in the development of vaccine candidates that can be implemented throughout the world without being hampered by the necessity of a continuous cold chain or separate adjuvant and antigen vials.
Economic efficiency, antitrust and rate-of-return

This paper examines the economic consequences of using excessive rates-of-return to detect and prosecute cartels. We find that this policy leads to inefficient factor utilization, but always increases output and welfare. The rate-of-return policy may yield greater social gains than a welfare-based antitrust policy.
Metallo-Responsive Liquid Crystalline Monomers and Polymers

A series of liquid crystalline ligand-containing monomers with chemo-responsive properties has been prepared and studied. These molecules are functionalized derivatives of the 2,6-bisbenzimidazolylpyridine (Bip) ligand. Tailoring the size of the aromatic core and the length of two pairs of alkyl substituents allows the preparation of mesogens with a range of tunable thermal liquid crystalline transitions and phases. The binding of lanthanide- and/or transition metal salts to the ligand containing mesogens results in a transition from a liquid crystalline to an isotropic state. Acyclic diene metathesis of the monomers yielded either oligomers or polymers, dictated by whether the alkene is either terminal or nonterminal, respectively. Both oligomers and polymers exhibit enantiotropic liquid crystalline behavior and become isotropic in the presence of metal ions.
Mathematical operations by optical processing

Some recent developments in coherent optical processing are described in this paper. Specifically, the use of one or more elementary gratings to perform useful processing operations and computer-generated spatial filters to obtain generalized transforms are discussed. Applications incorporating nonlinear optical elements and optical feedback into the processing system are also presented.
Damping in iron during and after deformation

Abstract The damping in pure iron was studied during and following deformation. The most notable feature of the damping data is the very slight effect of deformation on the magnitude and characteristics of the damping. It is believed that this is due to the fact that magnetic effects are the dominant source of damping in pure iron. The amplitude-independent damping following deformation was investigated as a function of time over a temperature range of 0 – 50 °C. A theoretical expression was employed which assumed three independent contributions to the damping: Snoek pinning (short range interstitial ordering), Cottrell pinning (long range interstitial ordering) and domain-wall pinning (short range interstitial ordering). The expression was shown to be consistent with the data.
The Short-term Effects of Antioxidant and Zinc Supplements on Oxidative Stress Biomarker Levels in Plasma: A Pilot Investigation

Purpose To determine if short-term Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) antioxidant and zinc supplementation affects biomarkers of oxidative stress, possibly serving as a predictor of their efficacy. Design Prospective interventional case series. Methods Nineteen subjects, 12 with intermediate or advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (AREDS categories 3 or 4) and 7 non-AMD controls, were admitted to the Vanderbilt General Clinical Research Center and placed on a controlled diet for 7 days. Antioxidant and zinc supplements were stopped 2 weeks prior to study enrollment. Dietary supplementation with 500 mg vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin E, 15 mg β-carotene, 80 mg zinc oxide, and 2 mg cupric oxide per day was instituted on study day 2. Blood was drawn on study days 2 and 7, and plasma concentrations of cysteine (Cys), cystine (CySS), glutathione (GSH), isoprostane (IsoP), and isofuran (IsoF) were determined. Results Short-term AREDS supplementation significantly lowered mean plasma levels of CySS in participants on a regulated diet ( P = .034). No significant differences were observed for Cys, GSH, IsoP, or IsoF. There were no significant differences between AMD patients and controls. Conclusions This pilot interventional study shows that a 5-day course of antioxidant and zinc supplements can modify plasma levels of CySS, suggesting that this oxidative stress biomarker could help predict how likely an individual is to benefit from AREDS supplementation. Further, CySS may be useful for the evaluation of new AMD therapies, particularly those hypothesized to affect redox status.
Advanced missions to primitive bodies

Six interplanetary spacecraft, three earth orbital experiments, and one spacecraft orbiting Venus will observe comets Halley and Giacobini-Zinner in 1985-86. At comet Halley, attempts will be made to image the nucleus, remote sensing will be made by spectrometers in wavelength ranges from the IR to the UV, and in-situ observations will be made with neutral, ion and dust mass spectrometers. Plasma measurements will be made at both comets and at comet Halley the upstream solar wind flux will be simultaneously monitored by nearby spacecraft. In the post-Halley era, there are several missions being planned for the continued exploration of the solar system's most primitive bodies - comets and asteroids.
A Monte Carlo Study of Molecular Spintronics Devices

Molecular spintronics devices (MSDs) are capable of harnessing the controllable transport and magnetic properties of molecular device elements and are highly promising candidates for revolutionizing computer logic and memory. These advanced MSD can enable the next generation of instrumentation and control devices for the wide range of mechanical engineering systems. A MSD is typically produced by placing magnetic molecule(s) between the two ferromagnetic electrodes. Recent experimental studies show that some magnetic molecules produced unprecedented strong exchange couplings between the two ferromagnetic electrodes, leading to intriguing magnetic and transport properties in a MSD. Future development of MSDs will critically depend on obtaining an in-depth understanding of the molecule induced exchange coupling, and its impact on MSD’s switchability, functional temperature range, stability etc. However, the large size of MSD systems and unsuitable device designs are the two biggest hurdles in theoretical and experimental studies of magnetic attributes produced by molecules in a MSD. This research theoretically studies the MSD by performing Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). The effect of magnetic molecule induced exchange coupling was studied at different temperature and for different device sizes — represented by a 2D Ising model. Our MCS shows that thermal energy of the MSD strongly influenced the molecular coupling effect. We studied the effect of a wide range of molecule-metal electrode couplings on the fundamental properties of MSDs. If molecules induced exchange coupling increased beyond a threshold limit a MSD acquired dramatically new attributes. Our MCS exhibited that the transition points in MSD’s magnetic properties was the interplay of temperature and molecular coupling strength. These simulations will allow the understanding of fundamental device mechanisms behind the functioning of novel MSDs. Our MSD model represents a myriad of magnetic molecules and ferromagnets combinations promising for realizing experimental MSDs. These MCS will also assist in designing new class of MSDs with desired attributes for advanced computers and control systems.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Nano-imprint lithography: Templates, imprinting and wafer pattern transfer

Nano-imprint lithography is attracting attention as a low cost method for printing nanometer-scale geometries and has obtained placement on the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors as a potential lithography solution at the 32 and 22nm fabrication nodes [International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2003 ed.]. As a result, nano-imprint technology and infrastructure development related to template infrastructure, imprinting capabilities, and wafer-level pattern transfer processes are essential to successfully make the transition from research and development to a viable manufacturing processing technique suitable for multiple applications. Motorola Labs has been focusing on developing the template and wafer-level processes while optimizing the imprinting process and collaborating with external partners to optimize both the inspection and repair of imprint templates. This paper reviews recent results of the above-mentioned focus areas.
The Formula Periodic Table for Benzenoid Hydrocarbons and the Unifying Theory of a Periodic Table Set

Abstract The evolution of the concept of a periodic table set is traced. The criteria of a periodic table set are given and the general properties that result from this construct are detailed. The periodic table of elements and the formula periodic table for benzenoid hydrocarbons are two examples of a periodic table sets. Examples of specific correlations of the latter table are given.
Eye–hand coordination of symmetric bimanual reaching tasks: temporal aspects

Both synchronous and asynchronous coordination modes have been evidenced in bimanual movements, but psychology and motor control literatures seem to be inconclusive about what factors specifically drive these modes and when one is preferred over the other. The goal of the present study was to determine the relationship between visual feedback and the temporal symmetry/asymmetry of the two hand movements in symmetric bimanual reach movements by a systematic analysis of eye movements and their role in coordination. The coupling/decoupling of hand movements caused by the competing visual demands of each task was analyzed in a bimanual experimental paradigm in which the objects to be transported, tolerances of the placement targets, and inter-target distance were varied. The results show that although temporally symmetric until peak velocity, the extent of synchrony during the terminal phases of hand movements was significantly influenced by the visual demand associated with the experimental conditions. Four distinct eye-hand coordination patterns were identified, based on sequencing of hand movements and timing of gaze shifts from one target to another. These patterns significantly affected the kinematics of hand movements and the degree of temporal synchrony in terminal phases, thus stressing the importance of a rigorous analysis of eye movements in understanding the mechanisms of eye-hand coordination. When faced with competing visual demands, left hand guidance required more foveal visual information of the target, while right hand control could proceed until the terminal stages with the target in the peripheral field of view, thus indicating an asymmetry in the feedback requirements of the two hand systems when accuracy is critical.
Recombinase-directed chromosome engineering in plants

Abstract Directed recombination of specific sequences can be utilized to bring about profound changes in gene expression and genome organization. In past years, the deployment of site-specific recombination systems in the plant genome has produced site-directed excision and inversion of transgens, integration of exogenous DNA into genomic recombination sites, and the rearrangement of chromosome segments. In particular, the rearrangement events that involve large segments of host DNA represent a novel approach to genome engineering and show promise for precise, predictable and reproducible restructuring of higher eukaryotic genomes. In the light of recent reports of plant genome synteny, the concept of reshuffling blocks of chromosome information into new combinations may lead to exciting opportunities for creating new plant varieties for basic research and practical applications.
A Scale-Dependent Power Asymmetry from Isocurvature Perturbations

If the hemispherical power asymmetry observed in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) on large angular scales is attributable to a superhorizon curvaton fluctuation, then the simplest model predicts that the primordial density fluctuations should be similarly asymmetric on all smaller scales. The distribution of high-redshift quasars was recently used to constrain the power asymmetry on scales k ≃ 1.5h Mpc^(-1), and the upper bound on the amplitude of the asymmetry was found to be a factor of 6 smaller than the amplitude of the asymmetry in the CMB. We show that it is not possible to generate an asymmetry with this scale dependence by changing the relative contributions of the inflaton and curvaton to the adiabatic power spectrum. Instead, we consider curvaton scenarios in which the curvaton decays after dark matter freezes out, thus generating isocurvature perturbations. If there is a superhorizon fluctuation in the curvaton field, then the rms amplitude of these perturbations will be asymmetric, and the asymmetry will be most apparent on large angular scales in the CMB. We find that it is only possible to generate the observed asymmetry in the CMB while satisfying the quasar constraint if the curvaton's contribution to the total dark matter density is small, but nonzero. The model also requires that the majority of the primordial power comes from fluctuations in the inflaton field. Future observations and analyses of the CMB will test this model because the power asymmetry generated by this model has a specific spectrum, and the model requires that the current upper bounds on isocurvature power are nearly saturated.
(001) Exchange-coupled FCC/L10 FePt bilayers

Abstract Exchange coupling between hard and soft magnetic materials has implications for both permanent magnet and magnetic recording technologies. This paper looks at exchange coupling of FCC FePt epitaxially grown onto (0 0 1) oriented L10 FePt deposited on (0 0 1) MgO substrates at elevated temperature. By varying the thickness of the FCC layer there is a relaxation of the single crystal FCC layer that produces a polycrystalline microstructure as evidenced by the development of rings in the electron diffraction pattern. A concurrent decoupling of the layers is apparent from magnetization curves with two distinct switching fields as the FCC layer thickness is increased above 20 nm. The results shown here confirm the importance of the epitaxial relationship between materials of disparate anisotropies in maintaining strong exchange coupling.
A Randomized Study of Home vs. Clinic Follow-up Visits After Early Postpartum Discharge. • 655

A Randomized Study of Home vs. Clinic Follow-up Visits After Early Postpartum Discharge. • 655
Virtual reality: A new tool for interdisciplinary psychology research.

Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to become a powerful scientific research tool for psychologists. VR serves as a bridge between different disciplines of psychology. Findings in one area are often easily applied to others, encouraging researchers who use VR to collaborate with experts from various fields. To support these claims, I will describe VR research on the following psychological topics, spanning several levels of analysis and several disciplines of psychology. In the process, I will describe how these various levels of analysis can inform and build upon each other. 1. Perception: Tactile augmentation, a technique for giving VR users the sensation of "touching" virtual objects with their real hands. 2. Memory and Cognition: Virtual-Reality monitoring, the decision process by which people try to distinguish memories of real events from memories of virtual events. 3. Clinical Psychology: VR exposure therapy for treatment of spider phobia: A case study. 4. Medical applications of VR: Use of VR t...
Migrating an incident reporting system to a CCPS process safety metrics model

Abstract A major chemical company established a formal incident investigation and reporting system several years ago. The original system focused heavily on worker-related injuries, illnesses, and near-misses and was used primarily to track statistics reportable to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). This Occupational Injury and Illness (OII) approach has been recognized to be an ineffective tool for measuring, predicting, and preventing process safety incidents. The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) recently published guidelines on how to establish safety metrics for the measurement and reduction of process safety incidents. The process safety metrics approach relies upon leading and lagging metrics to improve organization process safety. This paper is a case study of the analysis of one organization’s incident database, which represents approximately five years of data from over a dozen facilities. The aim of this investigation was to extract useful process safety metrics from the incident investigation and reporting system, which would be pertinent to the types of process units and process functions at these facilities. This paper will discuss the approach taken to extract process incident information from an OII-based database and present the difficulties of performing an analysis on such a database. This paper provides guidance on how to migrate an existing OII-based reporting system to a program that includes process safety metrics in accordance with industry best practices.
Ion transport through bilayer membranes mediated by pyrogallol[4]arenes

Abstract Pyrogallol[4]arenes result from the condensation of 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene and an aldehyde. The compounds studied have linear and branched sidechains: n-propyl, isopropyl, 3-pentyl, n-hexyl, 4-heptyl, n-octyl, n-undecyl, and n-dodecyl. The ability of these compounds to form pores in bilayer membranes, their aggregation behavior, and their ion transport behavior have been studied. The n-alkyl and branched alkyl chained derivatives show significantly different behavior in their membrane activity.
Effects of communication failure on speaker and listener behavior.

Thirty pairs of college students communicated over a microphone-earphone link to solve problems that required them to exchange information about ambiguous line drawings. Speakers described designs for visually separated listeners who attempted to choose matching stimuli from arrays. The listeners' choices and changes in the speakers' descriptions over a series of trials were studied as a function of variations in an experimentally induced communication failure (distortion of the speakers' descriptions). Tape recordings were made of the speakers' descriptions and verbatim protocols were constructed. Analysis of the tape recordings and protocols revealed that speakers modified their verbal behavior significantly when listeners made errors. Speakers used three main strategies to cope with the distortion: (1) they gave longer descriptions, (2) they talked slower, and (3) they used more redundant speech.
The relationship of paranatal experience to oxygen saturation in newborn infants.

Summary The blood oxygen saturation of 323 infants delivered vaginally under varying obstetrical circumstances was studied during the first hour of life. Samples of blood were taken from the cord at birth and from the heel at 10, 30, and 60 minutes. 1. In the series of 244 uncomplicateddeliveries, the mean oxygen saturation of cord blood was 61 per cent. Individual values varied widely, from a few cases with values as low as 10 to 19 per cent to 3 per cent who were already normally oxygenated (90 per cent or over). 2. Low cord values did not precludesubsequent normal oxygenation. The mean values for the uncomplicated cases at 10, 30, and 60 minutes were 81, 90, and 94 per cent, respectively. The per cent of infants who achieved the normal neonatal level also increased rapidly from 31 per cent at ten minutes to 79 per cent at one hour. 3. Of these 244 babies, the groupdelivered under regional (pudendal block only) or no anesthesia showed oxygen saturation levels in the cord and 10-minute samples superior to those of babies delivered by inhalation anesthetics or continuous caudal. These differences are significant at the 0.01 probability level. 4. In this group of uncomplicatedcases, the use of light analgesia resulted in cord oxygen levels superior to those obtained under moderate analgesia. The difference did not reach statistical significance, however. 5. Seventy-nine infants were illustrativeof complications of the prenatal period, of the delivery, or both. Prenatal complications alone were not reflected by the cord or subsequent blood oxygen saturation, the mean cord value for twenty-five such infants being the same as that of the uncomplicated group (61 per cent). In the fifty-four cases where the delivery situation itself was complicated (with or without prenatal abnormalities), the mean cord value fell to 54 per cent, a significant difference. 6. When the criterion of normaloxygenation by one hour was used, 21 per cent of the uncomplicated group failed to achieve this level, whereas 29 per cent of the prenatally complicated and 37 per cent of the delivery-complicated groups remained below the normal 90 per cent level at one hour. 7. If the criterion of satisfactoryclinical condition at birth was employed, of the uncomplicated group only 4 per cent required oxygen resuscitation and only 10 per cent were in otherwise unsatisfactory condition at birth, a total of 14 per cent. Fifty-six per cent of the prenatally-complicated and 39 per cent of the delivery-complicated group were thus affected. 8. Twenty-five infants requiring oxygen resuscitation were not included in the previous oxygen analyses except for the cord sample. Even with the administration of oxygen, they showed inferior oxygenation throughout the first hour and 43 per cent were still below the normal 90 per cent level at the end of an hour.
Glial-derived growth factor signaling pathway in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Glial-derived growth factor (GDNF), which is the ligand of RET is reported to be essential for the development of enteric nervous system. A GDNF knockout mouse model has shown that the gastric region is a critical passing site between GDNF-RET-independent neuroblasts (colonizing the esophagus) and GDNF-RET-dependent neuroblasts (colonizing the small and large bowel). The earliest GDNF site of production is the mesenchyme and the outer smooth muscle cell (SMC) layer of the developing bowel. In the mature gastrointestinal tract the presence of GDNF is restricted to enteric glial cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of GDNF and RET in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). Methods: Full-thickness muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from 8 IHPS patients at pyloromyotomy and from 8 age-matched controls without gastrointestinal disease. Indirect immunohistochemistry was performed using avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method with anti-GDNF and anti-RET antibodies. Quantitative analysis was performed using sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for GDNF. Results: GDNF- and RET-positive nerve fibers were absent or markedly reduced in IHPS compared with controls. GDNF was expressed strongly by smooth muscle cells of both muscular layers in IHPS, whereas no GDNF expression was detected in pyloric muscle of controls. The quantity of total GDNF in IHPS was significantly higher than in controls ( P Conclusions: The lack or markedly decreased number of GDNF-positive nerve fibers in IHPS supports the hypothesis of a selective immaturity of the enteric glia in the muscular layers in IHPS. The strong expression of GDNF in smooth muscle cells in IHPS and the increased levels of GDNF in IHPS suggest a compensatory mechanism by which the smooth muscle cells continue to produce GDNF until maturation of the enteric glial cells occurs. J Pediatr Surg 35:835-839. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Phrasing, linking, judging: Communication and critical phenomenology

When two people dispute reality claims resulting from different perceptions of the power matrix in their working relationship, and the discourse of one operates according to assumptions that are heterogeneous to that of the other, how might their respective tableaus be evaluated? Whose interests ultimately guide the formal and/or informal adjudication of such disputes when they take place on the grounds of institutional 1 life? These questions have become central to my research on ambiguous cases of harassment in which different senses of reality collide and damages are felt, but no clearcut violations of law can be found. Interviews and conversations with alleged harassers and harassees have broadened my critical concerns to include how agents mandated with resolving harassment complaints are able to do so while keeping the integrity of each disputant and the interests of the institution at heart/in mind. 2 In this paper I discuss how Maurice Merleau-Ponty's seminal work in communication phenomenology and Jean-Francois Lyotard's complementary theory of the differend have influenced my thinking about the social disease known as sexual harassment. To illustrate their contributions to this debate, I present and critically analyze an alleged harasser's narrative taken from my current research with Jacqueline Martinez (1992). Martinez and I are concerned with how power, ambiguity, and desire are constructed or dissimulated communicatively in harassment complaints - both formal and informal - and how an ostensible harassment situation might be resolved without valorizing mechanistic forms of communication among people in institutional environments. I conclude the essay with a plea that supports the idea that abysses between men and women are cultural gaps that should not necessarily be eliminated but cultivated into new idioms of communication amenable to the human and institutional interests of any particular dispute.
Maternal deaths in an urban perinatal network, 1992-1998.

Abstract Objective: The object of this study was to use an in-depth peer-review process to determine the maternal mortality ratio at a single urban perinatal center and to identify factors associated with fatal outcomes to elucidate opportunities for preventive measures to reduce the maternal mortality ratio. Study Design: Between 1992 and 1998 all maternal deaths occurring within our perinatal network were identified. A peer-review committee was established to review all available data for each death to determine the underlying cause of death, whether it was related to pregnancy, and whether the death was potentially preventable. Results: There were 131,500 births and 42 maternal deaths, for a maternal mortality ratio of 31.9 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. The adjusted pregnancy-related maternal mortality ratio was 22.8 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, with 37% of those deaths (11/30) deemed potentially preventable and a provider factor cited in >80% of these. Pulmonary embolus and cardiac disease together accounted for 40% of the pregnancy-related deaths. Conclusion: Local maternal mortality ratios identified through a peer-review process indicate that the magnitude of the problem is much greater than is recognized through national death certificate data. The high proportion of potentially preventable maternal deaths indicates the need for improvement in both patient and provider education if we are to reduce the maternal mortality ratio to 3.3 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, the stated national health goal of Healthy People 2000. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1207-12.)
Gram-Staining Mechanism of Superficial Oral Epithelial Cells

On the basis of cytochemical tests, the gram-staining reaction of superficial human oral epithelial cells, principally perinuclear in distribution, was found to be caused by certain undetermined moieties of cytoplasmic amino acids rather than by nucleic acids, a possibility suggested by its intracellular distribution.
Fighting bugs: remove, retry, replicate, and rejuvenate

Even if software developers don't fully understand the faults or know their location in the code, software rejuvenation can help avoid failures in the presence of aging-related bugs. This is good news because reproducing and isolating an aging-related bug can be quite involved, similar to other Mandelbugs. Moreover, monitoring for signs of software aging can even help detect software faults that were missed during the development and testing phases. If, on the other hand, a developer can detect a specific aging-related bug in the code, fixing it and distributing a software update might be worthwhile. In the case of the Patriot missile-defense system, a modified version of the software was indeed prepared and deployed to users. It arrived at Dhahran on 26 February 1991 - a day after the fatal incident.