cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The rust on the magic bullet

Antioxidants for cataract prevention bite the dust Cataract is still the leading cause of blindness and low vision in most of the developing world.1 With the ageing of the population, even large increases in surgery rates will not keep pace with the increasing incidence of cataract. Minor decreases in incidence and progression of cataract could have a large impact on the burden of blindness and low vision. In India, it is estimated that there are 100 million eyes blind (visual acuity <6/60) as a result of cataract.2 This issue of the BJO (p 847) reports the results of a randomised clinical trial of antioxidant supplementation to prevent the onset and/or progression of cataract in south India.3 The unfortunate news is that antioxidant supplementation had no impact on cataract progression in this population. Although such “negative” trials are often seen as disappointments, and sometimes the authors have difficulty getting the results published, it is important to know whether to bother to spend money …
Mechanisms of gastric acid secretion in the fetal rabbit

Background. The parietal cell specific protein H + /K + -adenosine triphosphatase (H + /K + -ATPase) is responsible for gastric acid secretion in adult mammals ; however, its ontogeny and role in fetal acid secretion are unknown. The purpose of this study was twofold : (1) to determine the ontogeny of gastric acid secretion and parietal cell H + /K + -ATPase expression in the fetal rabbit and (2) to determine the role of H + /K + -ATPase in fetal acid secretion. Methods. For the ontogeny studies 88 fetuses from nine time-mated rabbits were studied at successive gestational ages. Gastric fluid and amniotic fluid pH were measured, and total gastric acid was determined by titration. Gastric microsomal protein was analyzed by Western blot analysis for H + /K + -ATPase expression by using a monoclonal antibody to the 94 kd α-catalytic subunit. To determine the role of H + /K + -ATPase in fetal acid secretion, 37 fetuses at day 26 from four time-mated rabbits were treated with (1) omeprazole (20 mg/kg) injection into the amniotic sac (n = 13), (2) carrier injection (n = 12), or (3) no injection (n = 12). Fetal gastric pH and titratable acid were measured at day 28. Results. Amniotic fluid pH was neutral (7.44 to 7.64) throughout the third trimester. Gastric fluid pH was neutral (7.42 to 7.51) until day 25, when it decreased to 7.16 ± 0.23 (p < 0.05) and subsequently fell to 5.37 ± 0.05 by day 30. Titratable gastric acid (micromoles) increased from 0 at day 20 to 54.7 ± 5.4 by day 30. By use of Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, gastric microsomal H + /K + -ATPase expression was absent from days 20 through 25 of gestation and first detectable at day 26, with qualitative increases to term. Omeprazole significantly inhibited pH (5.45 ± 0.13 in controls, 5.56 ± 0.12 with carrier injection, and 6.01 ± 0.10 with omeprazole injection ; p < 0.05). Conclusions. These data suggest that (1) gastric acid secretion begins at day 25 of gestation and increases to term, (2) gastric microsomal H + /K + -ATPase expression is first detectable at day 26 of gestation, and (3) omeprazole inhibits, but does not abolish, gastric acid secretion in the fetal rabbit. We conclude that gastric acid secretion is present before birth in the fetal rabbit and is mediated, in part, by omeprazole-sensitive H + /K + -ATPase.
Accuracy of selective sentinel lymphadenectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: effect of clinical node status at presentation.

Background Both neoadjuvant chemotherapy and selective sentinel lymphadenectomy (SSL) are increasingly being used in treating primary breast cancer. It is important to determine whether SSL can be used after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and whether clinical node status at presentation affects accuracy of SSL. Study design Between 1995 and 2003, 53 evaluable cases of invasive breast cancer were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by SSL and completion axillary node dissection. The accuracy of SSL and the number of failed SSLs were assessed in the entire group and in the subset that were clinically node positive at presentation. Results The sensitivity of SSL was 96%, the negative predictive value was 96%, and the sentinel node identification rate was 94%. Of the 53 evaluable patients, 23 had clinically node-positive disease at presentation (43%) and the remainder were clinically node negative (57%). Of the successfully completed SSL, the status of the sentinel lymph node corresponded to that of overall axillary status in 49 of 50 patients (accuracy rate 98%). Two of the 23 patients with clinically node-positive disease at presentation had unsuccessful SSL. Of the remaining 21 patients with a clinically positive axilla before systemic therapy, a false-negative SSL result occurred in 1 patient (accuracy 95%, sensitivity 91%). Conclusions Selective sentinel lymphadenectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is both feasible and accurate. Although early reports found a lower performance of SSL after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, this study suggests reevaluation of the current practice of full axillary lymph node dissection in this setting, particularly in those patients who are clinically node negative at presentation.
The pharmacology of chronic pain management

" ORPHINE, THE active alkaloid in opium, . was discovered in 1803 after many of the world's cultures had already acknowledged the euphoric and analgesic effects of opium for centuries. 1 Since then, there has been growing knowledge of the neuropharmacology of opioid analgesia. Opioids are a class of drugs that are derived from the opium of the poppy flower. They are distinctive in that, as opposed to other analgesics, there is no ceiling dose, z which allows for increased analgesia with increased doses. These increases are essentially only limited by observed side effects. The mechanism of action is through activation of opioid receptors throughout the nervous system. The agonist group of opioids that are used for chronic pain management achieve analgesia primarily through a subset of these receptors called the/z~-opioid receptors. There are several other subsets that when activated are responsible for the side effects seen with opioids (eg, respiratory depression, constipation, sedation). 1 This system of pain modulation is extensive and includes peripheral nerve endings (primary afferent nociceptors), dorsal horn of the spinal cord, midbrain, brain stem, thalamus, limbic system, and cortex. L3 The opioids are metabolized by the liver, and they should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment. The metabolites are at least partially excreted in the urine. Therefore, in drugs that have an active metabolite (such as morphine) or toxic metabolite (such as meperidine, whose metabolite normeperidine may lead to seizures with accumulation), renal dysfunction may also significantly affect the dose, schedule, and choice of opioid. The long-term use of opioids in the treatment
Notes on Four Additional Whitman Photographs

Describes the four previously unpublished Whitman photographs presented on the back cover of the issue.
Who remembers a hot summer or a cold winter? The asymmetric effect of beliefs about global warming on perceptions of local climate conditions in the U.S.

Abstract This paper explores the phenomenon of local climate perception and the extent to which public perceptions match climate conditions as recorded in instrumental climate data. We further examine whether perceptions of changes in local climates are influenced by prior beliefs about global warming, through the process of motivated reasoning. Using national survey data collected in the United States in 2011, we find that subjective experiences of seasonal average temperature and precipitation during the previous winter and summer were related to recorded conditions during each season. Beliefs about global warming also had significant effects on subjective experiences with above-normal temperatures, particularly among those who believed that global warming is not happening. When asked about the summer of 2010, those who believed that global warming is not happening were significantly less likely to report that they had experienced a warmer-than-normal summer, even when controlling for demographics and local climate conditions. These results suggest that the subjective experience of local climate change is dependent not only on external climate conditions, but also on individual beliefs, with perceptions apparently biased by prior beliefs about global warming.
The structural design of an advanced short take‐off vertical landing combat aircraft — part 1

Reports on the MSc group design project of students at the College of Aeronautics, aerospace vehicle design in 1995. The students worked on advanced short take‐off and vertical landing of a combat aircraft. Details the project showing aircraft dimensions and design. Full assessment of the results is pending, but outlines a number of problems faced by the students.
Digitalis and experimental myocardial infarction.

Abstract Acetylstrophanthidin tolerance tests were carried out in a series of farm pigs in the conscious unrestrained state. Serial testing of these animals showed that the dose to produce cardiac arrhythmias, the duration of the arrhythmias, and the gastrointestinal toxic dose were predictable and stable measures. Three groups of animals were compared: a control group, a sham operated group, and a group who experienced gradual circumflex coronary occlusion and subsequent infarction. The experimental infarction was induced by an Ameroid constrictor. With this technique, it was possible to carry out serial observations of acetylstrophanthidin tolerance during the evolution of the infarction. The toxic dose, the duration and the arrhythmias, and the gastrointestinal intoxicating dose remained unchanged in the control and sham groups. In the 8 animals studied during the evolution of experimental myocardial infarction, the average intoxicating dose was reduced by approximately 1 3 , the arrhythmias lasted twice as long and the usual pattern of cardiac intoxication preceding G1 symptoms was reversed.
The energy dependence of the reaction of N+2 with CS2

The reaction of N+2 with CS2 is studied as a function of center-of-mass kinetic energy over the range from thermal to 0.5 eV. The overall reaction displays little dependence on energy, with an average of all determinations given (1.2 ± 0.1) × 10−9 cm3 s−1, about 80% of the calculated collisional value. Two products are observed, namely S+ and CS+2; the ratio S+:CS+2 of the primary products changes from about 60:40 to about 20:80 as the center-of-mass kinetic energy increases from 0.15 to 0.65 eV. The reduced zero-field mobility of N+2 in He was determined to be 20 ± 1 cm2V−1s−1, in good agreement with previously reported values.
Determinants of Credit Spreads in Commercial Mortgages

This article examines the cross-sectional and time-series determinants of commercial mortgage credit spreads as well as the terms of the mortgages. Consistent with theory, our empirical evidence indicates that mortgages on property types that tend to be riskier and have greater investment flexibility exhibit higher spreads. The relationship between the loan-to-value (LTV) ratio and spreads is relatively weak, which is probably due to the endogeneity of the LTV choice. However, the average LTV ratio per lender has a strong positive relation with credit spreads, which is consistent with the idea that lenders specialize in mortgages with either high or low levels of risk, and that high LTV mortgages require substantially higher spreads. Finally, we observe that spreads widen and mortgage terms become stricter after periods of poor performance of the real estate markets and after periods of greater default rates of outstanding real estate loans.
Heart rate recovery, exercise capacity, and mortality risk in male veterans

Background: Both impaired heart rate recovery (HRR) and low fitness are associated with higher mortality risk. In addition, HRR is influenced by fitness status. The interaction between HRR, mortality, and fitness has not been clearly defined. Thus, we sought to evaluate the association between HRR and all-cause mortality and to assess the effects of fitness on this association.Methods: Treadmill exercise testing was performed in 5974 male veterans for clinical reasons at two Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (Washington, DC and Palo Alto, CA). HRR was calculated at 1 and 2 min of recovery. All-cause mortality was determined over a mean 6.2-year follow-up period.Results: Mortality risk was significantly and inversely associated with HRR, only at 2 min. A cut-off value of 14 beats/min at 2 min recovery was the strongest predictor of mortality for the cohort (hazard ratio = 2.4; CI 1.6–3.5). The mortality risk was overestimated when exercise capacity was not considered. When both low fitness and low HRR were ...
Population Structure of Geosmithia morbida, the Causal Agent of Thousand Cankers Disease of Walnut Trees in the United States

The ascomycete Geosmithia morbida and the walnut twig beetle Pityophthorus juglandis are associated with thousand cankers disease of Juglans (walnut) and Pterocarya (wingnut). The disease was first reported in the western United States (USA) on several Juglans species, but has been found more recently in the eastern USA in the native range of the highly susceptible Juglans nigra. We performed a comprehensive population genetic study of 209 G. morbida isolates collected from Juglans and Pterocarya from 17 geographic regions distributed across 12 U.S. states. The study was based on sequence typing of 27 single nucleotide polymorphisms from three genomic regions and genotyping with ten microsatellite primer pairs. Using multilocus sequence-typing data, 197 G. morbida isolates were placed into one of 57 haplotypes. In some instances, multiple haplotypes were recovered from isolates collected on the same tree. Twenty-four of the haplotypes (42%) were recovered from more than one isolate; the two most frequently occurring haplotypes (H02 and H03) represented 36% of all isolates. These two haplotypes were abundant in California, but were not recovered from Arizona or New Mexico. G. morbida population structure was best explained by four genetically distinct groups that clustered into three geographic regions. Most of the haplotypes isolated from the native range of J. major (Arizona and New Mexico) were found in those states only or present in distinct genetic clusters. There was no evidence of sexual reproduction or genetic recombination in any population. The scattered distribution of the genetic clusters indicated that G. morbida was likely disseminated to different regions at several times and from several sources. The large number of haplotypes observed and the genetic complexity of G. morbida indicate that it evolved in association with at least one Juglans spp. and the walnut twig beetle long before the first reports of the disease.
The Face as Fingerprint : Mediation, Silence, and the Question of Identity in Ingmar Bergman’s « Persona »

This volume is dedicated to readings of the borderline informed by Psychoanalysis. My essay is an exception to that rule. In it, I analyze Ingmar Bergman’s Persona (1966) with an eye to the dangers of a one-way conversation. Interestingly, Persona dramatizes an inversion of a typical psychoanalytic session, for here the patient says nothing and her nurse confesses. The aftermath of this inversion and its consequences are explored with the help of the Italian feminist, Adrianna Cavarero, the Danish Philosopher, Soren Kierkegaard, and the Serbian performance artist, Marina Abramovic. Enjoining a debate within psychoanalysis from the border regions of existential and feminist philosophy, I argue that the silence of an interlocutor creates a mask screening the speaker from the mutual recognition needed for a healthy sense of identity. This essay argues the case for conversation.
Potential Role of the Gene Transcription Factor Cyclic AMP-Responsive Element Binding Protein in Ethanol Withdrawal-Related Anxiety

This investigation examined the effects of acute and chronic ethanol exposure and its withdrawal on the cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) and the activator protein-1 (AP-1) gene transcription factors in the rat brain. The anxiogenic effects of ethanol withdrawal after acute or protracted ethanol treatment of rats were measured by the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test. It was observed that ethanol withdrawal after acute ethanol treatment has no effect on open-arm activity (percent of open-arm entries and the mean percent of time spent on the open arms) of rats on the EPM test. On the other hand, the time course studies of the development of anxiety during ethanol withdrawal (0, 12, 24, and 72 h) after 15 days of ethanol treatment indicate that peak anxiety (significant decrease in open-arm activity) occurred at 24 h of ethanol withdrawal in rats. It was observed that acute ethanol treatment and its withdrawal (24 h) had no effect on CRE- or AP-1 DNA-binding activities in the rat cortex as determined by the electrophoretic gel-mobility shift assay. It was also found that chronic ethanol treatment and its withdrawal (24 h) had no effect on AP-1 DNA-binding activity in the rat cortex. Investigation of the time course studies of changes in CRE-DNA-binding activity during ethanol withdrawal (0, 12, 24, and 72 h) after 15 days of ethanol treatment indicated that the peak reduction of CRE-DNA-binding activity occurred at 24 h of ethanol withdrawal. The changes in the immunolabeling of the CREB-related target, that is, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in the rat cortex during chronic ethanol treatment and its withdrawal (24 h) were examined using western blotting. It was found that 24 h but not 0 h of ethanol withdrawal after 15 days of ethanol treatment caused a significant decrease in the immunolabeling of BDNF in the rat cortex. Fluoxetine (alone) treatment of rats for 1 or 15 days had no effect on open-arm activity and cortical CRE-DNA-binding activity. However, when fluoxetine was administered concurrently with ethanol treatment for 15 days, it caused a reversal of the anxiogenic effects of ethanol withdrawal and antagonized the down-regulation of CRE-DNA-binding activity and of the decrease in immunolabeling of BDNF in the cortices of ethanol-withdrawn rats. On the other hand, acute fluoxetine treatment produced normalization of the reduction of cortical CRE-DNA binding in ethanol-withdrawn rats (24 h) but did not reach the level of significance compared with normal control rats. Acute fluoxetine treatment had no effect on anxiety in ethanol-withdrawn rats. Taken together, these results suggest the possibility that decreased CRE-DNA-binding activity in the rat cortex may be associated with the molecular mechanisms of ethanol dependence (i.e., ethanol withdrawal-related anxiety).
Analysis of variable-degree HDG methods for convection-diffusion equations. Part II: Semimatching nonconforming meshes

In this paper, we provide a projection-based analysis of the hversion of the hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin methods for convectiondiffusion equations on semimatching nonconforming meshes made of simplexes; the degrees of the piecewise polynomials are allowed to vary from element to element. We show that, for approximations of degree k on all elements, the order of convergence of the error in the diffusive flux is k+ 1 and that that of a projection of the error in the scalar unknown is 1 for k = 0 and k + 2 for k > 0. We also show that, for the variable-degree case, the projection of the error in the scalar variable is h-times the projection of the error in the vector variable, provided a simple condition is satisfied for the choice of the degree of the approximation on the elements with hanging nodes. These results hold for any (bounded) irregularity index of the nonconformity of the mesh. Moreover, our analysis can be extended to hypercubes.
Large-Signal Models

Many electronic devices, such as power amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, switches, etc., operate in the large-signal regime. The term large-signal refers to the magnitude of the RF signal relative to the operating bias. Therefore, die magnitude of the RF signal that produces large-signal effects can vary widely, depending upon the type of device and the bias conditions under which the device operates. For example, semiconductor power diodes may be operated with 100’s or 1000’s of volts applied bias, sustaining 10’s to 100’s of volts of RF or operating signal before large-signal effects become significant; whereas, a submicron quantum well device may be in the large-signal regime with only microvolt or millivolt RF voltage applied.
The biology of the gonococcus.

Gonorrhea has been known since antiquity. Today, this disease is the most commonly reported infectious disease in the U.S. The natural environment of the etiological agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is man. In this host, the organism usually parasitizes mucosal surfaces populated by columnar epithelial cells. Under certain conditions, the gonococcus may disseminate or spread to adjacent organs. The gonococcus is well adapted to its environment and is a successful parasite. Until recently, gonococci were uniformly sensitive to penicilin. However, a plasmid encoding beta-lactamase has been identified in some isolates. Most strains exhibit specific requirements for various amino acids, vitamins, purines, and pyrimidines. Only glucose, pyruvate, and lactate are utilized as sources of energy. Glucose is dissimilated by a combination of the Entner-Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways. A tricarboxylic acid cycle is also present and active under certain conditions. Structurally, the cell envelope of the gonococcus resembles that of a typical Gram-negative bacterium. Gonococci are highly autolytic, especially in older cultures or after depletion of the energy source. Autolysis is not due solely to peptidoglycan hydrolysis, but appears to involve a destabilization of the outer membrane as well. Cell surface components such as pili, lipopolysaccharide, outer membrane proteins, and a capsule are associated with the virulence and pathogenicity of this organism.
Democratic Morality and the Freedom Academy Debate: A Conflict about Institutionalizing Propaganda in America, 1954–1968

Abstract Controversy in America over propaganda's compatibility with democratic traditions and institutions has endured throughout the twentieth century While some scholars have examined how that controversy manifested in media and as an academic issue, scant work has documented how the conflict unfolded within government itself. This article traces and analyzes one debate in government about propaganda involving the proposed contractions of a “Freedom Academy”—an institute that, if built, would have distributed domestic government propaganda and trained private American citizens to use propaganda themselves in fighting the cold war. The article places opposition between critics and enthusiasts of the Freedom Academy within the larger context of an enduring debate in American intellectual history about propaganda and democratic morality. It argues that the issue has deep significance for both media history and broader social and political history involving America's search for national identity
Abstract IA04: PTEN regulation and output

PTEN is one of the most frequently mutated and epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes in cancer. The PTEN gene encodes intracellular (PTEN) and secreted (PTEN-L) protein isoforms that have lipid phosphatase activity. The secreted isoform has the ability to enter cells in trans. PTEN tumor suppression occurs through PI3K-dependent and independent mechanisms. Recent progress involving PTEN function, isoforms, enzyme regulation, and attempts at therapy will be presented. Citation Format: Ramon E. Parsons. PTEN regulation and output. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Targeting the PI3K-mTOR Network in Cancer; Sep 14-17, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(7 Suppl):Abstract nr IA04.
It Takes Two: Momentary Co-occurrence of Affective States during Computerized Learning

We investigated the incidence of momentary co-occurrence of affective states in a computerized learning environment. Novice students (N = 99) used a learning environment designed to teach the basics of computer programming. Only 46 of these students reported a sufficient number of co-occurring affective states for statistical modeling. Two co-occurring pairs of affective states occurred at rates higher than chance: Confusion/Uncertainty + Frustration and Curiosity + Flow/Engagement. We found that the co-occurrence of Curiosity + Flow/Engagement was related to success and fewer errors when testing code as well as the use of available hints and overall performance.
Cost-Effective Information Extraction from Lists in OCRed Historical Documents

To work well, machine-learning-based approaches to information extraction and ontology population often require a large number of manually selected and annotated examples. In this paper, we propose ListReader which provides a way to train the structure and parameters of a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) without requiring any labeled training data. The induced HMM is a wrapper---a function that hides within it the complexities of low-level processing---in ListReader's case the complexities of information extraction from OCRed historical documents. The HMM wrapper is capable of recognizing lists of records in text documents and associating subsets of identical fields across related record templates. The algorithmic training method we employ is based on a novel unsupervised active grammar-induction framework. The training produces an HMM wrapper and uses an efficient active sampling process to complete the mapping from wrapper to ontology by requesting annotations from a user for automatically-selected examples. We measure performance of the final HMM in terms of F-measure of extracted information and manual annotation cost and show that ListReader learns faster and better than a state-of-the-art baseline and an alternate version of ListReader that induces a regular-expression wrapper.
Emerging treatment for ALK-positive lung cancer.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Lung cancer is associated with poor prognosis and limited benefit from chemotherapy. The treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been revolutionized by the discovery of targetable genetic alterations, including the ALK fusion oncogene.Areas covered: Three drugs have been approved for clinical use in ALK-positive patients – crizotinib, ceritinib and alectinib. Unfortunately, treatment resistance inevitably develops. Several mechanisms of acquired resistance are reported. In this review, we will discuss emerging treatment options in ALK-positive advanced NSCLC and strategies to overcome resistance mechanisms, including newer generation of ALK inhibitors, Hsp90 inhibitors and immunotherapy.Expert opinion: Tremendous advances have been made in the treatment of ALK-positive lung cancers, but management hurdles still exist, including universal development of resistance to ALK inhibitors and limited CNS activity. Given that specific treatment strategies target distinct patterns ...
Study on Biological Exposure Indices of Dimethylformamide

[Objective]To study the biological exposure indices of dimethylformamide(DMF) in China.[Methods]Gas chromatography was used to detect the concentrations of the dimethylformamide(DMF) in the workplace air and the levels of N-methylformamide(NMF) in the urine of the workers after working shift end.The relationship between DMF concentration and urine N-methylformamide level was analyzed.[Results]The levels of NMF in urine of workers with DMF exposure were closely and positively related with air DMF concentration in workplaces.(Y=0.3389X+3.0297,r=0.9986,P0.01).The biological exposure indices(BEI)of dimethylformamide were calculated by the regression equation according to the national hygiene standard of dimethylformamide in workplace.[Conclusion]The recommendation to BEI of workers with DMF exposure is 12.0 mg/gCr of NMF after working shift end.
Influence of Peak Factors on Site Amplification from Random Vibration Theory Based Site‐Response Analysis

Abstract Studies have shown that random vibration theory (RVT) site‐response analysis predicts site amplification at the natural site frequencies that are systematically larger than the results obtained from time series (TS) analysis using a suite of input TS. A critical part of the RVT approach is the peak factor, defined as the ratio of the peak to root mean square (rms) value of a signal. This study investigates the influence of different peak factor models on the site amplification estimated by RVT site‐response analysis. It is shown that the use of the Vanmarcke (1975) peak factor model rather than the Cartwright and Longuet‐Higgins (1956) peak factor model predicts site amplification in better agreement with those predicted by TS analysis, although some differences remain for some cases. Larger differences between the RVT and TS results occur for sites with smaller natural frequencies, for earthquakes of smaller magnitude, and for sites with larger bedrock shear‐wave velocities. Accounting for the increase in duration due to site response in the RVT analysis minimizes the differences between RVT and TS analysis. Recommendations are provided regarding the cases where RVT provides site amplification reasonably similar to TS analysis.
Seeing as a Non-Experiental Mental State: The Case from Synesthesia and Visual Imagery

The paper argues that the English verb ‘to see’ can denote three different kinds of conscious states of seeing, involving visual experiences, visual seeming states and introspective seeming states, respectively. The case for the claim that there are three kinds of seeing comes from synesthesia and visual imagery. Synesthesia is a relatively rare neurological condition in which stimulation in one sensory or cognitive stream involuntarily leads to associated experiences in a second unstimulated stream. Visual synesthesia is often considered a case of illusory visual experience. This, however, turns out to be a questionable characterization, as there is evidence suggesting that the brain must cognitively process the stimulus in order for the associated synesthetic experience to arise. Furthermore, some very vivid, visual forms of synesthesia do not involve additional processing in the visual cortex. Visual synesthetic experience is likely to be a non-veridical state of seeming rather than an illusory visual experience. Visual seeming states are cognitive states distinct from visual experiences in terms of their representational richness and their neural correlates. Visual seeming states that are non-deviantly causally related to the states of affair they represent constitute a type of non-experiental seeing. Introspective seeming states that are non-deviantly causally related to underlying visual images constitute a second type of non-experiental seeing. The English verb ‘to see’ can denote all three types of seeing, which is to say that ‘to see’ is polysemous.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells Are Dependent On Homologous Recombination Only During Active Cell Cycle in Nuclease-Mutant Exonuclease1mut mice

Abstract 1225 Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance and self-renewal is crucial for long term tissue repopulation and immune function. HSC populations require functional DNA repair pathways in order to maintain their reconstitution capabilities but the pathways involved and the mechanisms of regulation are still being elucidated. It has been proposed that quiescent HSCs rely on the error prone non homologous end joining pathway for DNA double strand break (DSB) repair while HSCs in cycle use both NHEJ and the high fidelity homologous recombination (HR), but functional in vivo studies have not yet been completed. Exonuclease 1 participates in homologous recombination. We used Exo1 mut fibroblasts to demonstrate that loss of Exo1 function results in a defective HR response, increased sensitivity to DSB inducing agents, and aberrant DNA damage signaling. However, Exo1 mut mice did not appear to require HR to maintain quiescent HSCs at steady state or to respond to DNA damage. Exo1 mut mice were able to sustain long term serial repopulation, displayed no defect in competitive repopulation or quiescence maintenance, and did not display increased sensitivity to whole body ionizing radiation (IR). In contrast, when Exo1 mut HSCs were pushed into cell cycle with 5-Fluorouracil, the hematopoietic population and HSCs became hypersensitive to IR stress relative to WT B6 mice, as shown by decreased bone marrow cellularity, colony forming unit defects, loss of the HSC population, and finally animal death. Thus, loss of Exo1, and in turn fully functional HR, in quiescent HSC is not critical to stem cell function, survival, or recovery after DNA damage, whereas HR mediated repair of DNA damage is essential for HSC maintenance after cell cycle entry. In HSCs, DNA damage repair response, and sensitivity is dependent on cell cycle. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Ordinal Magnitude Scaling for Automated Lane Keeping Displays

It is crucial for drivers to be able to understand the state and reliability of vehicle automated systems. Visual displays may be helpful in conveying automation status, but they must be designed carefully, with full understanding of drivers' mental models, and be evaluated to verify the display's communicative intent is being realized. The current paper presents and tests basic visual dynamic displays to display this information and discusses a methodology to test user mental models. Participants viewed 9 possible display manipulations in the context of lane keeping, each with 5 levels of information to determine matches with users' expectations. The results point to mixed mental models regarding the displays, showing the importance of empirical testing with users. The methods and findings are discussed in terms of application to the future design of "human-automation interfaces".
Novel pathlength saturation effects in modulation spectroscopic techniques

Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy (WMS) has been extensively used as a tool for sensitive detection through precise measurements of the absorption lineshape function of gaseous species. In this paper pathlength saturation in wavelength modulation spectroscopy is studied. New effects are found when one takes advantage of demodulation at higher harmonics of the modulation frequency. We show here that modulation spectroscopy is a much more sensitive probe of these effects. In particular, when synchronous detection is performed at higher harmonics of the modulation frequency, even very small pathlength saturation effects become clearly visible. The method discussed allows one to probe lineshape profiles by observing how the signal profile varies with absorption pathlength. In particular, the signal around line center displays effects of saturation that are characteristic of the lineshape. This method is powerful because, ultimately, all the information about any measurement is contained in the lineshape profile. Since different lineshape profiles exhibit different saturation behavior, higher harmonic detection provides a new method to perform sensitive detection. We have shown effects of saturation on the central lobes of harmonic signals. We also show that there are definite relationships between the variation of the individual side lobes as well as their relative magnitudes that yield further information about the lineshape function.
PLASMA EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID AND THE EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID TO ARACHIDONIC ACID RATIO IN 8,010 PATIENTS WITH SEVERELY ELEVATED LDL-C (>190 MG/DL): CAUSE FOR ALARM?

Background: In the Japan Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS) a low plasma EPA (<150 ug/mL) and a low EPA to arachidonic acid (EPA/AA) ratio (<0.75) were associated with increased major coronary events. In Japan, it has been proposed that patients who are either classified as
Mastery motivation and executive functions as predictors of adaptive behavior in adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy or myelomeningocele.

Purpose/objective To examine mastery motivation and executive functions or behaviors as predictors of adaptive behavior in adolescents and young adults with congenital neurodevelopmental conditions. Method Participants were 2 groups of adolescents and young adults, ages 13-29, including 43 with cerebral palsy and 36 with myelomeningocele living with a parent or caregiver. Participants completed measures of mastery motivation, executive functions or behaviors, and a measure of adaptive behavior. Results Group differences in mastery motivation, executive functions and executive behaviors, and adaptive behavior profiles were not significant. Mastery motivation, executive functions, and executive behaviors explained a significant portion of variance in adaptive behavior. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of assessing and addressing motivational and executive needs in developing interventions to promote independence. Findings also suggest the need for more comprehensive assessment of adaptive behaviors that include the ability to self-direct others in the completion of tasks necessary for successful daily functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record
Perturbative and global anomalies in bosonic analogs of integer quantum Hall and topological insulator phases

We study perturbative and global anomalies at the boundaries of bosonic analogs of integer quantum Hall (BIQH) and topological insulator (BTI) phases using a description of the boundaries of these phases in terms of a nonlinear sigma model (NLSM) with Wess-Zumino term. One of the main results of the paper is that these anomalies are robust against arbitrary smooth deformations of the target space of the NLSM which describes the phase, provided that the deformations also respect the symmetry of the phase. In the first part of the paper, we discuss the perturbative $\text{U}(1)$ anomaly at the boundary of BIQH states in all odd (space-time) dimensions. In the second part, we study global anomalies at the boundary of BTI states in even dimensions. In a previous work [Lapa et al., Phys. Rev. B 95, 035149 (2017)] we argued that the boundary of the BTI phase exhibits a global anomaly which is an analog of the parity anomaly of Dirac fermions in three dimensions. Here, we elevate this argument to a proof for the boundary of the two-dimensional BTI state by explicitly computing the partition function of the gauged NLSM describing the boundary. We then use the powerful equivariant localization technique to show that this global anomaly is robust against all smooth deformations of the target space of the NLSM which preserve the $\text{U}(1)\ensuremath{\rtimes}{\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ symmetry of the BTI state. We also comment on the difficulties of generalizing this latter proof to higher dimensions. Finally, we discuss the expected low-energy behavior of the boundary theories studied in this paper when the coupling constants are allowed to flow under the renormalization group.
Health Communication Theory and Research: A Definitional Overview

The purpose of this overview is to better define the field and boundaries of health communication, to further delineate the role of the communication scholar, and to identify needs for the future s...
Chance, necessity and the origins of life: a physical sciences perspective

Earth9s 4.5-billion-year history has witnessed a complex sequence of high-probability chemical and physical processes, as well as ‘frozen accidents’. Most models of life9s origins similarly invoke a sequence of chemical reactions and molecular self-assemblies in which both necessity and chance play important roles. Recent research adds two important insights into this discussion. First, in the context of chemical reactions, chance versus necessity is an inherently false dichotomy—a range of probabilities exists for many natural events. Second, given the combinatorial richness of early Earth9s chemical and physical environments, events in molecular evolution that are unlikely at limited laboratory scales of space and time may, nevertheless, be inevitable on an Earth-like planet at time scales of a billion years. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Reconceptualizing the origins of life’.
Novel thin temperature and expansion sensors for li-ion battery monitoring

This paper introduces a combined temperature and displacement sensor for new measurements of physical parameters which can inform multi-physics based models of Li-ion batteries. These flexible sensors can be placed directly on the cell to measure intercalation effects which can improve battery state estimation. The sensors were characterized on individual Panasonic cells and subsequently, packaged into a 76 cell Ford Focus hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) pack, which was cycled for 5000 equivalent miles. Results showed improvement in temperature estimation capability with the combination of sensor and model. However, the low expansion of the hard cased cells limited utility of the eddy current sensors.
The Evolution of Semiconductor Superlattices and Other Quantum Structures

Following the past two decades’ evolutionary path in the interdisciplinary research of semiconductor superlattices and quantum wells, significant milestones are presented, with emphasis on electric field-induced effects in the frontier of semiconductor physics associated with technological advances.
The optic neuropathies

Clinical diagnosis of optic neuropathies is based on the association of visual loss, altered color vision, relative afferent pupillary defect (if the optic neuropathy is unilateral), and changes in optic nerve appearance. Clinical characteristics often allow an etiologic diagnosis. This article emphasizes the two most common causes of optic neuropathies: inflammatory optic neuritis in younger people and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in older people.
Financial Structure and Asymmetric Monetary Transmission: Implications of a Differential Interest Elasticity of Aggregate Demand

The ECB’s conduct of the common European monetary policy raises the question whether the interest rate transmission mechanism works symmetrically across the member countries. The simple model in the introduction illustrated how asymmetries in interest rate transmission across the EMU member countries affect the ECB’s policy-making and the macroeconomic implications of symmetric or asymmetric shocks for the individual member countries taking account of the reaction function of the ECB. The setup was extremely simple and neglected, for example, the interaction between EMU and the rest of the world.
Analyzing Twitter Data

So far we have discussed the collection and management of a large set of Tweets. It is time to put these Tweets to work to gain information about the data we have collected. This chapter focuses on two key aspects of Twitter data for data analysis: networks and text.
Impact of injection strategies on combustion characteristics, efficiency and emissions of gasoline compression ignition operation in a heavy-duty multi-cylinder engine:

Gasoline compression ignition using a single gasoline-type fuel for direct/port injection has been shown as a method to achieve low-temperature combustion with low engine-out NOx and soot emissions...
Multi-objective optimization based on machine reliability and process-dependent product quality for FDM system

With increasing application of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), it is important to develop a reliability model and maintenance plan strategies for FDM machines. This paper studies the impact of machine component degradations and process parameter deviations on the FDM system reliability. The contribution of this paper is to integrate both FDM machine reliability and process-dependent product quality in a system reliability model. The machine reliability is determined by component degradations. All component failures are subject to exponential distributions with time-dependent failure rates. The process-dependent product quality is used to quantify the impact of process parameters on product quality. The Flashforge Guider fabrication machine is used as a case study. The reliability model of this machine is analyzed during its operation time. Based on the reliability model, the optimal maintenance plans using multi-objective optimization method are obtained. The minimum life cycle cost and cumulative failure probability functions are taken as optimization objectives. Comparisons among the optimal maintenance plans and the solution without preventative maintenance (PM) are investigated. The implementation of PM improves the system reliability and reduces the life cycle cost. Through the Pareto frontiers, the trade-off is obtained between life cycle cost and cumulative failure probability functions. Numerical results for the optimization of FDM system operations are provided.
Measuring instrumental activities of daily living in non-demented elderly: a comparison of the new performance-based Harvard Automated Phone Task with other functional assessments

Impairment in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) may occur in the earliest stages of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, there are few reliable measures of IADL in MCI or that have a sufficient range of scores in clinically normal (CN) elderly. The objective of this pilot study was to examine the convergent validity of a phone performance-based IADL instrument, the Harvard Automated Phone Task (APT), designed to measure the earliest IADL changes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with other sensitive performance-based and subjective measures of everyday functional capacity among CN and MCI participants. Twenty-nine CN and 17 MCI participants were administered the Harvard APT, the computer performance-based Czaja Functional Assessment Battery (CFAB), and the AD Cooperative Study ADL prevention instrument (ADCS ADL-PI) participant and study partner versions; in addition, 52 different CN and 7 MCI participants were administered the Harvard APT and the Subjective Study Partner and Participant-reported (SSPP) IADL scale. The Harvard APT was compared with the three other IADL assessments. In both CN and MCI, better performance on the Harvard APT was associated with better performance on the CFAB. In CN, better performance on the Harvard APT was associated with better ADCS ADL-PI participant-reported IADL, while in MCI better performance on the Harvard APT was associated with better ADCS ADL-PI study partner-reported IADL. Furthermore, in CN better performance on the Harvard APT was associated with better SSPP-IADL participant and study partner-reported IADL. In this small pilot study, the Harvard APT, a brief, self-administered, objective measure of IADL performance, appears to correlate well with other sensitive measures of everyday functioning, providing good preliminary convergent validity for this new measure. Moreover, it appears to perform well across both CN and MCI participants, which suggests that it is a promising measure of early, clinically meaningful functional change. This may not be the case as suggested in our small sample for subjective IADL scales that may perform differentially depending on the reporter (self vs. study partner) across the clinical spectrum possibly due to diminishing awareness of IADL difficulties in individuals who become cognitively impaired. Secondary prevention trials in AD have a great need for such ecologically valid and reliable measures of early IADL changes.