cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early male maturity in two stocks of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) transplanted to an experimental hatchery in southeastern Alaska

Progeny of 1976-brood chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Chickamin and Unuk rivers in southeastern Alaska were reared to the smolt stage in a hatchery 250 km northwest of their natal streams. As fingerlings, the fish were separated into eight groups to test the effect of stock, time of release, smolt size at release, and culture salinity on marine survival and rates of early male maturity (mature males returning earlier than the youngest mature females; i.e., ≤4 years in age). A total of 13 397 Chickamin River and 22 508 Unuk River smolts were tagged and released from the hatchery in 1978. From 1978 to 1982, 1373 fish from the Chickamin River and 1634 fish from the Unuk River stock were recovered in fisheries or as maturing fish returning to the release site. Age-5 chinook salmon of both sexes from the Chickamin River were larger than those from the Unuk River stock (P < 0.05), but age-6 fish of both stocks were similar in size, regardless of sex. Rates of early male maturity were 5.4–16.7% in the Chickamin River stock and 70.6–96.0% for the Unuk River stock, and stock was significant (P < 0.030) in determining early-male maturity. Smolt size at release, culture salinity, and time of release did not affect maturation age of males in either stock.
Diel Feeding Chronology, Rate of Gastric Evacuation, Daily Ration, and Prey Selectivity in Lake Washington Juvenile Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

Abstract Patterns of diel feeding chronology, rate of gastric evacuation, daily ration, and prey selectivity were determined by season and by fish length groups for Lake Washington juvenile sockeye salmon. In summer and fall, sockeye fed intensely during the afternoon through dusk. During the winter a high percentage of the population did not feed. Those fish that fed did so at a much lower rate than observed in summer and fall. No feeding occurred in the hours of darkness at any time of the year. Rates of gastric evacuation decreased with fish body size and increased with water temperature. The daily meal (total intake) generally increased while the daily ration decreased (daily meal/fish body weight) with increasing body size. During the winter the daily meal and daily ration were considerably lower than those observed in the summer and fall. Juvenile sockeye salmon in Lake Washington showed size-selective predation that had marked seasonal trends as well as marked trends among fish size groups. These p...
Solute–solvent interactions probed by picosecond transient Raman spectroscopy: S1trans‐4,4′‐diphenylstilbene in aromatic solvents

The picosecond transient Raman spectra of S1trans-4,4′-diphenylstilbene (DPS) in benzene and toluene at an excitation wavelength of 310 nm and probe wavelengths of 630 and 660 nm are presented. No significant dynamic variations between benzene and toluene in the change in peak position of vibrational modes in S1 DPS with delay were observed. These data indicate that vibrational relaxation occurs at similar rates in both solvents. The vibrational relaxation dynamics of S1 DPS in the aromatic solvents were also compared with those in dioxane and methylene chloride. It is suggested that specific solute–solvent effects contribute to vibrational relaxation in these solvents. It was found that the relative intensities of Raman bands that contain contributions from the phenyl–phenyl stretch are different for S1 DPS in toluene compared with S1 DPS in benzene. The difference in relative intensities is attributed to an equilibrium conformation in S1 DPS that is perturbed by the methyl group on toluene, giving rise to a variation in the conformation of the biphenyl group in S1 DPS. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of clofarabine in hematologic and solid malignancies—Development of a next‐generation nucleoside analog

Clofarabine is a new-generation nucleoside analog that has been synthesized to combine the most favorable pharmacokinetic properties of its congeners fludarabine and cladribine. In addition to inhibition of DNA polymerases and DNA synthesis, clofarabine acts as a strong inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RnR), an enzyme involved in regulating intracellular deoxynucleotide pools, and has a high affinity to the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCyd), the rate-limiting step in nucleoside phosphorylation.A review of the English literature was performed that included original articles and related reviews from the MEDLINE (PubMed) data base and from abstracts based on the publication of meeting materials. Although it was synthesized early in the 1980s, the development of clofarabine was stalled until 1993, when, through efforts at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, animal toxicology studies were conducted, and the first Phase I study was initiated in patients with hematologic and solid malignancies. Since then, clofarabine has demonstrated single-agent antitumor activity in pediatric and adult acute leukemias. By way of its unique metabolic properties, clofarabine also has lent itself to biochemical modulation strategies with other nucleoside analogs, such as cytarabine. Combinations of clofarabine with cytarabine have been studied in acute leukemia and currently are being evaluated in untreated elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Novel schedules are being explored in lymphoproliferative disorders and solid tumors. Clofarabine is a new nucleoside analog with considerable activity and an acceptable safety profile in acute leukemias.
Estimation of distribution overlap of urn models.

A classical problem in statistics is estimating the expected coverage of a sample, which has had applications in gene expression, microbial ecology, optimization, and even numismatics. Here we consider a related extension of this problem to random samples of two discrete distributions. Specifically, we estimate what we call the dissimilarity probability of a sample, i.e., the probability of a draw from one distribution not being observed in draws from another distribution. We show our estimator of dissimilarity to be a -statistic and a uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator of dissimilarity over the largest appropriate range of . Furthermore, despite the non-Markovian nature of our estimator when applied sequentially over , we show it converges uniformly in probability to the dissimilarity parameter, and we present criteria when it is approximately normally distributed and admits a consistent jackknife estimator of its variance. As proof of concept, we analyze V35 16S rRNA data to discern between various microbial environments. Other potential applications concern any situation where dissimilarity of two discrete distributions may be of interest. For instance, in SELEX experiments, each urn could represent a random RNA pool and each draw a possible solution to a particular binding site problem over that pool. The dissimilarity of these pools is then related to the probability of finding binding site solutions in one pool that are absent in the other.
Multi-user real-time wireless video with perceptual constraints

The current military and civil ground based surveillance and reconnaissance is characterized by a large number of sensor assets, feeding resource constrained analysis nodes, and constrained by extremely limited transport bandwidth. The complexity of such systems is captured by the Networks of Systems (NoS) concept which use tools from wireless engineering and control theory. In this paper, the role of perceptual quality constraints on video-based NoS is investigated. An algorithm to determine the feasible set of nodes and optimal packet schedule via a Markov decision process, given their perceptual constraints and channel qualities is proposed. The H.264/SVC codec is used for compression, while the visual information fidelity pixel-domain (VIFP) full-reference image quality assessment model is used to measure perceptual quality. The algorithm is implemented in custom C;; software with over-the-air transmissions using 802.11 WLAN hardware. Realtime encoding is done for over-the-air transmission of the video. The results indicate that gains of 10–30% can be realized for a three node system.
Persistence of relapse of morphine-seeking behavior in rats: the relative role of certain biological variables.

The theory that narcotic-induced protracted biological changes are responsible for relapse of opiatereinforced behavior was examined in the rat. Groups of rats were conditioned to prefer a distinctive environment by pairing it with morphine doses from 1–200 mg/kg, and were retested for persistence of this preference after a 3-week abstinence period. They were then observed for protracted sings such as sensitivity to naloxone, tolerance to morphine analgesia, hyperaggression, or changes in endocrine activity. Acquisition and relapse of the preference, as well as long-term tolerance, were dose related. None of the purported protracted signs showed any consistent relationship to the tendency to relapse. However, relapse correlated significantly with original acquisition scores in all relapsing groups. The results suggest that original conditioning factors, rather than protracted changes, are responsible for the observed relapse.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Injection After Myocardial Infarction Improves Myocardial Compliance

Cellular therapy for myocardial injury has improved ventricular function in both animal and clinical studies, though the mechanism of benefit is unclear. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of cellular injection after infarction on myocardial elasticity. Coronary artery ligation of Lewis rats was followed by direct injection of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into the acutely ischemic myocardium. Two weeks post-infarct, myocardial elasticity was mapped by atomic force microscopy. MSC-injected hearts near the infarct region were two-fold stiffer than myocardium from non-infarcted animals but softer than myocardium from vehicle-treated infarcted animals. After eight weeks, the following variables were evaluated: MSC engraftment and left ventricular geometry by histologic methods; cardiac function with a pressure-volume conductance catheter; myocardial fibrosis by Masson trichrome staining; vascularity by immunohistochemistry; and apoptosis by TUNEL assay. The human cells engrafted and expressed a cardiomyocyte protein but stopped short of full differentiation and did not stimulate significant angiogenesis. MSC-injected hearts showed significantly less fibrosis than controls, as well as less left ventricular dilation, reduced apoptosis, increased myocardial thickness, and preservation of systolic and diastolic cardiac function. In summary, MSC injection after myocardial infarction did not regenerate contracting cardiomyocytes but reduced the stiffness of the subsequent scar and attenuated post-infarction remodeling, preserving some cardiac function. Improving scarred heart muscle compliance could be a functional benefit of cellular cardiomyoplasty.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Literary vs. Technical Writing: Substitutes vs. Standards for Reality:

This article proposes a means of characterizing the difference between technical and literary writing, involving a theory of representation in which these distinct writing types are comparable to distinct types of visual representation. Any difference is only intelligible relative to a background of similarlity, but recent discussions of technical writing emphasize its similarity to literature and ignore significant differences. Distinct types of line drawings replicate the literary/technical contrast in a visual medium. This arises from two factors: 1) the way in which the drawing/text is perceived by the viewer/reader, as a substitute or as a standard; and 2) the predominant type of detail in the drawing/text, iterative or contrastive. Literature is most effective if perceived as a substitute for reality, predominated by iterative detail. Technical writing is most effective if perceived as a standard for evaluating reality, predominated by contrastive detail.
Separation and quantification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of arabinitol enantiomers to aid the differential diagnosis of disseminated candidiasis.

Abstract To differentiate increased arabinitol due to fungal (only d -arabinitol) and nonfungal origin, O-trifluoroacetyl derivatives of the enantiomers were separated using α-perpentylated cyclodextrin columns and measured by selected ion monitoring. Mean±S.D. d / l in normal serum: 1.40±0.42. l / l ratios > 2.24, defined as normal mean+2S.D., were considered outside normal range. D / L was > 2.2 in 10 of 12 confirmed candidiasis cases with one false negative and one borderline. Renal dysfunction without candidiasis yielded normal d / l despite high arabinitol concentrations. d / l in normal urine was nearly identical to that in serum despite 60 times larger concentration. d / l ratios, determined by peak heights or areas, could be used without the need to determine concentrations.
Extraction of target-specific spectral reflectance from remote observations

The usual goal of aircraft and satellite remote sensing is to extract information which is directly related to ground targets in spite of atmospheric degradation which often complicates target identification and classification. Empirical algorithms which attempt to characterize targets by their spectral shape (slope, curvature, etc.) have been successful under special conditions, but fail when spectral variations in the solar or atmospheric parameters overwhelm those of the target reflectance. It is possible to derive an algorithm based on derivatives of the radiative transfer equation. This makes it possible to define the conditions under which a derivative algorithm will be insensitive to atmospheric effects and allows estimation of expected errors. This paper describes the development of the "derivative ratio algorithm," based on derivatives of a simple radiative transfer equation. The limiting conditions of the algorithm are derived and demonstrated using examples of reflectance spectra of turbid water and an ash leaf.
Comparison of survival in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with fenfluramine to patients with primary pulmonary hypertension

To test whether the clinical presentation and prognosis of fenfluramine-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) differs from primary PH (PPH), we compared the clinical profile and outcome of 10 patients with fenfluramine-induced PH with that of 70 patients with PPH referred to our center over the same time frame and treated identically. Patients with diet pill PH were similar to those with PPH with respect to hemodynamics. However, patients with fenfluramine-induced PH had poorer survival: 1-year survival 50% versus 88%, and 3-year survival 17% versus 60%.
An autistic boy copes with a terminal illness.

Abstract David, a 12-year-old boy with autism, developed Ewing's Sarcoma and died 3 months later. This report describes the effects of both illnesses on David, his parents, and his care givers. The difficulties encountered in finding appropriate help in the care of both illnesses and in making difficult decisions are described. The presence of autism can affect medical management and the presence of terminal illness can affect the management of autism. Suggestions are offered for effective medical and psychiatric interventions that include a sensitivity to both illnesses in physicians and other care givers; a case manager to help find appropriate medical and psychiatric services; and the availability of combined medical and psychiatric units. J. Am. head. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1990, 29, 6:901–904.
Automating the DEVS modeling and simulation interface to web services

Web service technology is used to augment software reusability and composability providing XML-based message passing and operating system platform neutralization. Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) is commonly used to integrate web services called business processes, and implementations of BPEL vary according to venders. BPEL components have simple behavior. In this paper, we propose automatic generated DEVS interface to web services to apply a formal method to orchestrating web services to provide dynamic testing environment of business processes with DEVS modeling and simulation and to enhance the reusability of business processes and interoperability of instances of BPEL. We will show an environment of DEVS interface for Web Services to integrate and execute web services, and describe its components such as integration of web services, a XML document describing the integration, and creation and execution of DEVS models with a mechanism of dynamic invocation of web services.
UNIFORMITY OF IONIZING RADIATION ACTION ON SEVERAL TRANSFORMING FACTORS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

Abstract Preparations of transforming penumococcal DNA have been bombarded with 2-m.e.v. electrons and tested for transforming activity with respect to three drug-resistant factors and one metabolic factor. The results show no difference in radiation effect among these four factors. There appears to be a dispersion in the radiation sensitivity of transforming activity describable in terms of two radiosensitive molecular weights, one smaller than 1,000,000, and the other larger than 2,000,000. There is further indication that linked transforming factors involve mainly the higher sensitivity.
Regulation of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Transporters by Extracellular GABA

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporters on neurons and glia at or near the synapse function to remove GABA from the synaptic cleft. Recent evidence suggests that GABA transporter function can be regulated, although the initial triggers for such regulation are not known. One hypothesis is that transporter function is modulated by extracellular GABA concentration, thus providing a feedback mechanism for the control of neurotransmitter levels at the synapse. To test this hypothesis, GABA uptake assays were performed on primary dissociated rat hippocampal cultures that endogenously express GABA transporters and on mammalian cells stably expressing the cloned rat brain GABA transporter GAT1. In both experimental systems, extracellular GABA induces chronic changes in GABA transport that occur in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. In addition to GABA, ACHC and nipecotic acid, both substrates of GAT1, up-regulate transport; GAT1 transport inhibitors that are not transporter substrates down-regulate transport. These changes occur in the presence of blockers of both GABAA and GABAB receptors, occur in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors, and are not influenced by intracellular GABA. Surface biotinylation experiments reveal that the increase in transport is correlated with an increase in surface transporter expression. This increase in surface expression is due, at least in part, to a slowing of GAT1 internalization in the presence of extracellular GABA. These data suggest that the GABA transporter fine-tunes its function in response to extracellular GABA and would act to maintain a constant level of neurotransmitter at the synaptic cleft.
New Antibribery Guidelines for M&A Deals

Management traditionally tries to increase shareholder wealth with M&A deals. But there are risks. These days, the buyer's due diligence should be especially cautious about possible bribery existing in a target company. So the authors discuss some important new guidelines issued by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). These guidelines cover procedures to avoid liability and reduce the risk of civil and criminal action with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Los Alamos National Laboratory inertial confinement Fusion Program

The Los Alamos Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Program is focused on preparing for a National Ignition Facility. Target physics research is addressing specific issues identified for the Ignition Facility target, and materials experts are developing target fabrication techniques necessary for the advanced targets. We are also working with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on the design of the National Ignition Facility target chamber. Los Alamos is also continuing to develop the KrF laser-fusion driver for ICF. We are modifying the Aurora laser to higher intensity and shorter pulses and are working with the Naval Research Laboratory on the development of the Nike KrF laser.
From ERPs to Academics

Standardized tests have been used to forecast scholastic success of school-age children, and have been related to intelligence, working memory, and inhibition using neuropsychological tests. However, ERP correlates of standardized achievement have not been reported. Thus, the relationship between academic achievement and the P3 component was assessed in a sample of 105 children during performance on a Go/NoGo task. The Wide Range Achievement Test – 3rd edition was administered to assess aptitude in reading, spelling, and arithmetic. Regression analyses indicated an independent contribution of P3 amplitude to reading and arithmetic achievement beyond the variance accounted for by IQ and school grade. No such relationship was observed for spelling. These data suggest that the P3, which reflects attentional processes involved in stimulus evaluation and inhibitory control may be a biomarker for academic achievement during childhood.
Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitoring during Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy

A transcutaneous oxygen sensor was used to detect the development of hypoxemia in patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Measurements of transcutaneous Po2 (tcPo2) correlated well with arterial Po2 (PaO2), and correctly detected all instances when PaO2 was less than 65 mm Hg. The sensor was noninvasive and caused no adverse effects.
Mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells by subcutaneous injections of yeast-derived granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor: a phase I-II study.

A phase I-II study was conducted in 15 patients to determine the tolerability, efficacy and optimal dose of s.c. yeast-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC). PBSC were measured by the colony forming unit granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and burst forming unit erythroid (BFU-E) in vitro colony assays and CD34 flow cytometric analysis. GM-CSF was administered for 12 days as a single daily s.c. injection at 125 micrograms/M2 (n = 3), 250 micrograms/M2 (n = 3), 375 micrograms/M2 (n = 6) and 500 micrograms/M2 (n = 3). At these doses, sustained serum GM-CSF levels of approximately 100-400 pg/ml were observed for at least six hours. Most (97.2% or 175/180) of the planned GM-CSF doses were administered with no serious adverse effects at any of the dose levels. Three leukapheresis procedures were performed before and then after 8, 10 and 12 doses of s.c. GM-CSF. Compared with basal leukapheresis collections, s.c. GM-CSF mobilized leukapheresis collections yielded greater numbers of total white blood cells ([WBC] 15/15 patients or 100%, p < 0.001) mononuclear cells ([MNC] 8/15 patients or 53%, p = 0.55), CFU-GM (11/15 patients or 73%, p = 0.037), BFU-E (9/15 patients or 60%, p = 0.13) and CD34+ cells (6/15 patients or 40%, p = 0.15). The in vitro CFU-GM were augmented approximately two to tenfold in GM-CSF mobilized collections with no clear dose effects from 125-500/micrograms/M2. However, in vivo engraftment time to absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 500/mm3 correlated strongly with GM-CSF PBSC mobilizing dose (r2 = 0.99). We conclude that s.c. yeast-derived GM-CSF is a simple, effective and tolerable method for mobilization of PBSC.
Quantitative study of the effect of the environment on macroscopic quantum tunneling.

Data are presented on the temperature-dependent escape rates of a macroscopic system, a SQUID containing a highly damped Josephson junction, from its metastable state. These data provide the first quantitative confirmation of recent predictions of the exponential effects of temperature and damping on quantum tunneling in macroscopic systems in contrast to previously reported discrepancies. Predicted quantum corrections to thermally activated escape at high temperatures are not observed.
A linearization-based solution to an inverse problem in financial markets

Abstract Valuation of options and other financial derivatives critically depends on the specification of the stochastic process for the underlying assets. Values of financial derivatives are directly observable. These may be used to recover unobservable volatility surfaces (functions). This kind of inverse problems, where one looks for causes of observed effects, are usually “ill-posed”. This paper is concerned with the estimation of a local volatility surface by linearizing this inverse problem. The MAPLE programs that numerically implement the linearization algorithm show that the method is reasonably accurate for reconstruction of a volatility which is useful in the accurate pricing of exotic options.
Unilateral spatial neglect: Biases in contralateral search and fine spatial attention

Contralateral search and fine spatial attentional asymmetries, two aspects of hemispatial neglect, were examined in a total of 91 right brain damaged (RBD) and 40 non-aphasic left brain damaged (LBD) stroke rehabilitation inpatients. Fine spatial attentional asymmetries within a hemispace were found in both RBD and LBD patients on the LAVA figure-match test. This finding is in contrast to Gainotti's hypothesis that such problems in extracting contralateral visual information are uniquely characteristic of RBD patients. Furthermore, the study suggests that the gross search and fine attentional aspects of neglect are dissociable and may reflect different underlying mechanisms of hemispatial neglect.
Gluten antibodies and tropical sprue.

The incidence of circulating antibodies against cereal protein or its derivatives in celiac sprue varies from 23 to 47%, depending on the methods and antigens utilized. We have investigated the report that in tropical sprue such antibodies are absent. Our study has utilized both macro- and microimmuno-diffusion technics, gliadin as the antigen, and the serums of 30 patients with tropical sprue. A control group of 36 patients with chronic diarrhea due to other causes was also studied. Our results confirm the absence of circulating precipitins to gliadin in tropical sprue. Positive test results favor a diagnosis of celiac against tropical sprue. We explain this and some other differences between the two diseases on the basis of the localization of most of the intestinal pathology. The prevalent view that circulating antibodies to food proteins are due to an abnormal permeability of the injured mucosa to ingested particles is examined, and the alternative explanation is offered that they may be an expression of inadequate digestion above and preserved ileal function below.
Platinum germanides for long-wavelength infrared plasmonics

PtxGe1-x compositions were formed by thermal-annealing. Plasmonic characteristics such as propagation length, loss, and mode confinement were determined from measured complex permittivities. Fabricated grating structures were characterized via LWIR reflection taken at multiple incident angles.
Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District

Background Planners have relied on the urban development boundary (UDB)/urban growth boundary (UGB) and central business district (CBD) to encourage contiguous urban development and conserve infrastructure. However, no studies have specifically examined the relationship between proximity to the UDB/UGB and CBD and walking behavior. Purpose To examine the relationship between UDB and CBD distance and walking in a sample of recent Cuban immigrants, who report little choice in where they live after arrival to the U.S. Methods Data were collected in 2008–2010 from 391 healthy, recent Cuban immigrants recruited and assessed within 90 days of arrival to the U.S. who resided throughout Miami–Dade County FL. Analyses in 2012–2013 examined the relationship between UDB and CBD distances for each participant's residential address and purposive walking, controlling for key sociodemographics. Follow-up analyses examined whether Walk Score ® , a built-environment walkability metric based on distance to amenities such as stores and parks, mediated the relationship between purposive walking and each of UDB and CBD distance. Results Each one-mile increase in distance from the UDB corresponded to an 11% increase in the number of minutes of purposive walking, whereas each one-mile increase from the CBD corresponded to a 5% decrease in the amount of purposive walking. Moreover, Walk Score mediated the relationship between walking and each of UDB and CBD distance. Conclusions Given the lack of walking and walkable destinations observed in proximity to the UDB/UGB boundary, a sprawl repair approach could be implemented, which strategically introduces mixed-use zoning to encourage walking throughout the boundary's zone.
Mass spectroscopic analysis of Sup35NM prion polymerization.

Sup35NM, the prion determining domain of the protein responsible for the yeast prion phenomenon [Ψ], has become a powerful model for studying key processes in amyloid-related human diseases. One of these processes is a conformational conversion of soluble precursor protein into insoluble fibrillar structures. In this study, we created a set of Sup35NM mutants and used proteolytic digestion coupled with mass spectroscopy to monitor local structure of the protein during polymerization. Experimental data were compared to a network model and showed that during the conformational conversion residue Arg-28 became highly protected from cleavage, residue Arg-98 remained partially solvent exposed, and residues between 28 and 98 showed an intermediate degree of protection. In addition, we found that a distinct subset of proteolytic polypeptides spanning 28–98 residues segment spontaneously formed stable dimers. This finding suggests that the [29–98] region is the key interacting region of Sup35NM responsible for amyloid conversion.
Bio-oil via catalytic liquefaction of unhydrolyzed solids in aqueous medium

Bioethanol can be produced from lignocellulosic feedstock using a biochemical route involving enzymatic hydrolysis followed by microbial fermentation. During these processes, about 30 to 40% of the biomass is left behind as wet unhydrolyzed solids (UHS), depending on the type of biomass, enzyme loading, and duration of enzymatic hydrolysis. The UHS is mostly composed of lignin, bound enzymes, undigested recalcitrant carbohydrates and ash. The efficient conversion of UHS into bio-oil will increase the overall conversion efficiency of biomass to liquid fuels (bioethanol and bio-oil) and has the potential to reduce the cost of biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. In this paper we report the results of bio-oils production from UHS via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) under varying temperatures (280–350°C) and subcritical water conditions. The effects of K2CO3 and supported bimetallic CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts during HTL process were investigated. The UHS used in this study was produced after enzymatic h...
The onset of thermal convection in a fluid layer with time-dependent temperature distribution

Abstract The onset of convection in a fluid layer subject to internal heating and transient cooling from above is considered. The dynamic linear stability theory is applied and the dependency of the critical time on the Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, wave number of the perturbations, and the cooling rate is studied.
The Institutionalization of Stewardship: Theory, Propositions, and Insights from Change in the Edmonton Public Schools

Prior scholarship on stewardship as a principle of administration largely portrays stewardship as too idealistic and dependent upon situational factors to be institutionalized in large-scale organizations. Through a case study of the Edmonton Public Schools, this study explores the extent to which stewardship can be institutionalized as a central organizing principle, thereby ensuring performance and checking corruption in ways that are consistent with the primacy of intrinsic motivation. The study deepens our understanding of the challenges that managers face in reconciling stewardship with a bureaucratic context, documents practices that have been used to deal with these challenges, and more broadly discusses how it might be possible for islands of stewardship to emerge in a world governed by assumptions of human opportunism. To this end the paper develops a model of the choice that organization members face in deciding to elect a principal-agent or a stewardship posture within large-scale organizations...
Evolution of conformational principles in nucleic acids

The analysis of conformations of nucleic acids and polynucleotides have been greatly simplified by the important observations that the nucleotide building blocks exhibit two classes of preferred conformations and that the flexibility in the polynucleotide chain resides mainly in the internucleotide PO linkages.
Epistaxis due to Wegener's granulomatosis in a pediatric patient

Epistaxis is a common problem in children that typically is not severe and seldom requires hospitalization. The nose is a highly vascular structure with a large surface area; subsequently, it is highly predisposed to bleeding. Childhood vasculitides are very rare and are commonly diagnosed by characteristic lesions on imaging studies along with syndrome recognition by clinicians. We present a case of recurrent epistaxis that persisted over 3 months due to Wegener's granulomatosis in an adolescent that was misdiagnosed as a benign hemorrhage from Kiesselbach's plexus.
Generalized state-space systems

We present here a summary of the results of [1]. Related work appears in [15], [16]. We consider the time-invariant system of r first-order coupled linear differential equations E x(t) = A x(t) + B u(t) (1a) y(t) = C x(t) (1b) where x is an r-vector of internal variables, u is an m-vector of control inputs or forcing functions, and y is a p-vector of outputs.
The use of the mini-mental state examination in recruitment for substance abuse research studies.

Abstract Background Substance abuse is associated with cognitive impairment. Participation in clinical addiction research can be cognitively demanding. Screening tools can identify cognitively impaired subjects. We examined the use of the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) as an entry criterion in three randomized controlled substance abuse clinical trials. Methods In each of the three studies, we calculated the proportion of subjects excluded due to MMSE scores ( Results Of all persons screened for enrollment, 1.6% (171/10,791) were ineligible based solely on a MMSE score of Conclusion Screening for cognitive impairment using the MMSE excludes a small, but substantial, number of persons from addiction research studies. Cognitive ability, as captured by the MMSE may impact follow-up. These data support cognitive screening of substance abuse research subjects.
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria mutant lamin A primarily targets human vascular cells as detected by an anti-Lamin A G608G antibody.

Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man accession no. 176670) is a rare disorder that is characterized by segmental premature aging and death between 7 and 20 years of age from severe premature atherosclerosis. Mutations in the LMNA gene are responsible for this syndrome. Approximately 80% of HGPS cases are caused by a G608 (GGC→GGT) mutation within exon 11 of LMNA, which elicits a deletion of 50 aa near the C terminus of prelamin A. In this article, we present evidence that the mutant lamin A (progerin) accumulates in the nucleus in a cellular age-dependent manner. In human HGPS fibroblast cultures, we observed, concomitantly to nuclear progerin accumulation, severe nuclear envelope deformations and invaginations preventable by farnesyltransferase inhibition. Nuclear alterations affect cell-cycle progression and cell migration and elicit premature senescence. Strikingly, skin biopsy sections from a subject with HGPS showed that the truncated lamin A accumulates primarily in the nuclei of vascular cells. This finding suggests that accumulation of progerin is directly involved in vascular disease in progeria.
Effects of taurine and Guanidinoethane Sulfonate on toxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline

Abstract Monocrotaline (MONO), a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, causes pulmonary arterial hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy due to hepatic metabolism to the alkylating pyrrole dehydromonocrotaline. Taurine, a sulfonic amino acid, is hepato- and cardioprotective in a variety of conditions. We have examined the effects of taurine and its amidino analog, guanidinoethane sulfonate (GES), in rats injected i.p. with MONO (65 mg/kg). Taurine and GES were given as 1% solutions in drinking water beginning 14 days before administration of MONO and continuing for 14 days thereafter, when the rats were killed. The MONO group had right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hyperplasia. Compared with control, no significant changes in the right ventricle/left ventricle weight ratio, or the right ventricle/body weight ratio occurred in rats also given taurine or GES. Lung weights in these two groups were higher than in the control group, but below that of the MONO-alone group. The lethality of MONO over 14 days was decreased by taurine ( ld 50 for MONO alone 80 mg/kg; for MONO + taurine 121 mg/kg). Rats given only MONO had lower hepatic concentrations of GSH and cysteine (Cys), and higher activities of microsomal GSH transferase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. In rats also receiving taurine, hepatic GSH levels and GSH transferase activity were no different from control. γ-Glutamylcysteine (Glu-Cys) synthetase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities were elevated. In MONO-injected rats given GES, hepatic GSH levels were higher and Cys levels were lower than in either the MONO alone or MONO + taurine groups. γ-Glu-Cys synthetase activity was depressed. Microsomal GSH transferase, GSH peroxidase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities were elevated. Livers of MONO-injected animals showed higher levels of serine (reversed by both taurine and GES) and glycine (Gly; reversed by GES) and lower levels of glutamine. Compared with control rats, the following changes occurred in serum amino acids: MONO alone: increased aspartate, taurine and lysine; taurine-supplemented: increased taurine, methionine (Met) and lysine, and decreased Gly; GES-supplemented: decreased asparagine, serine, Gly, arginine, taurine, and valine. Compared with the MONO-alone group, the taurine-supplemented group had higher glutamate (Glu), Met and alanine, and the GES-supplemented group higher alanine and lower serine, Gly, arginine and valine. We conclude that taurine protects against MONO-induced lethality and right ventricular hypertrophy. GES also protects against right ventricular hypertrophy. However, these agents act by different mechanisms, taurine preventing many of the biochemical changes induced by MONO, with GES inducing additional changes.
A Historical Comparison of the Social Origins of Broadcasting Policy, 1896–1920

Using the United States and Great Britain as a comparative case study, this article employs a historical framework to consider the broad array of social, cultural, political, and economic contexts that led to divergent outcomes in the early development of broadcasting policy. This comparative historical analysis reveals the causal chains formed before the 1920s despite a period of post-war contingency. As a policy option, government control was removed in the United States but stayed in place in Britain after the war. This comparative approach can help to explain policy outcomes and inform modern policy debates.
Two heuristic techniques for service location: An evaluation and comparison

Abstract This paper presents a comparison/evaluation of heuristic methods that have been proposed by Khumawala and Ardalan for selecting a specified number of service facility sites. An extensive experimental design is developed and simulated. The study uses three performance criteria: CPU times, average % cost deviation from optimal solution, and the percentage of times each method gives the optimal solution. The results indicate that the Khumawala method performs better when the number of sites to be selected is greater than approx. 30% of the number of communities to be served, and the Ardalan method tends to be more efficient when only a few sites are to be selected.
We wander like birds: migration, indigeneity, and the fabrication of frontiers in the Sangha River basin of Equatorial Africa.

The flora and fauna of this region represent a richness of great natural, scientific, economic, esthetic and cultural value that is currently severely threatened by logging exploitation, encroaching human population and subsequent heavy illegal poaching for meat and ivory.... This reserve/park project includes a wildlife protection program, tourist development. . . and efforts to ensure the cultural integrity of the BaAka Pygmies of the region.
Electron plasma oscillations in the Venus foreshock

Plasma waves are observed in the solar wind upstream of the Venus bow shock by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter. These wave signatures occur during periods when the interplanetary magnetic field through the spacecraft position intersects the bow shock, thereby placing the spacecraft in the foreshock region. The electron foreshock boundary is clearly evident in the data as a sharp onset in wave activity and a peak in intensity. Wave intensity is seen to drop rapidly with increasing penetration into the foreshock. The peak wave electric field strength at the electron foreshock boundary is found to be similar to terrestrial observations. A normalized wave spectrum was constructed using measurements of the electron plasma frequency and the spectrum was found to be centered about this value. These results, along with polarization studies showing the wave electric field to be field aligned, are consistent with the interpretation of the waves as electron plasma oscillations.
Bandwidth limitations of phased array elements

Based on a forward scattering sum rule for a doubly periodic structure, fundamental limitation on the bandwidth of a free-space phased array element is derived. Expressions for bandwidth bounds are found in terms of the fractional bandwidth and the quality factor for wideband and narrowband responses. The derived bandwidth bound is numerically tested for a dipole array in free space.
Colonization of a headwater stream during three years of seasonal insecticidal applications

We investigated recolonization by insects of a small headwater stream in the southern Appalachian Mountains that was treated along its entire length with an insecticide (methoxychlor). Initial treatment (December 1985) resulted in massive insect drift. Applications continued seasonally for three years, and drift was measured during each treatment. Taxonomic composition of the drift indicated several responses: (1) Some taxa were eliminated. (2) A number of taxa occurred only sporadically following initial treatment. (3) Early instars for some taxa showed seasonal occurrences which closely paralleled known life cycles and flight periods of adults. Groups which provided strong evidence for aerial recolonization included several Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera (Peltoperlidae and Isoperla spp.), and Trichoptera (Parapsyche cardis, Diplectrona modesta, Pycnopsyche spp., and Lepidostoma spp.). (4) Some long-lived taxa survived and exhibited distinct growth through several treatment periods. These include Odonata (Lanthus and Cordulegaster), some Ephemeroptera, and some Diptera (Tipulidae, Ceratopogonidae, and Tanypodinae). (5) Some taxa which were not present at the time of initial treatment appeared during the experiment. Chironomidae dominated the drift in all samples, and the number of genera did not decrease during the three-year treatment period. Of the 27 chironomid genera identified, only Micropsectra decreased in proportional abundance during treatment. In contrast, several genera (Corynoneura, Meropelopia, Parametriocnemus, and Tvetnia) showed little change in relative abundance. Larsia (Tanypodinae) increased in proportional abundance during the treatment period.
Postweaning Behavior and Growth Performance of Early and Conventionally Weaned Beef Calves1

Forty beef cow-calf pairs (rotational grazing system) were used in each of 2 yr to evaluate postweaning stress, behavior, and growth of calves that varied in weaning age and in immediate postweaning proximity to their dams. The cow-calf pairs were blocked by cow and calf BW, age, breed, and calf sex, and allotted to one of four treatments (n = 10): early weaned (X¯ = 4 mo) with dams removed from (EWR) or stayed on (EWS) the same farm and conventionally weaned (X¯ = 7 mo) with dams removed from (CWR) or stayed on (CWS) the farm. An additional group of calves (n = 20) were weaned (X¯ = 7 mo) and immediately relocated to a feedlot. Behavioral observations (feeding/grazing, movement, resting, socializing, vocalizing, agnonistic activities) were made beginning at 1500 h on the weaning day and continued for 6 d. Individual and group observations were recorded at sunrise and sunset (for 1-h intervals) by two observers; group observations were recorded at 1200 h by one observer. The early weaned (EW) calves had greater frequency of stress vocalization (P<0.01) and pacing (P<0.02) than calves weaned at 7 mo. Calves of either age that remained within visual and auditory proximity of their dams (EWS and CWS) had greater frequency of stress vocalizations (P<0.01) than calves of either age isolated from their dams (EWR and CWR). However, these differences were reduced (P<0.01) after only 3 d. Calves of either age that were isolated from their dams continued to demonstrate distress behavior at the end of the 6-d observation period. Early weaned calves had a lesser total BW gain (P<0.05) from birth to relocation to the feedlot because of less ADG postweaning (4 to 7 mo; P<0.05) than CW calves. Calves weaned and relocated immediately to the feedlot had a lesser postweaning 28-d ADG (P<0.05) than calves on pasture with limited concentrate feeding postweaning. White blood cell counts (WBC) and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios (N:L) were not significantly different among treatments. These data indicate that weaning behavioral stress is minimized when calves are weaned at conventional (7 mo) weaning ages. Regardless of weaning age, postweaning stress (behavioral but not physiological) levels were reduced if dams remained within visual and auditory proximity after 3 d.