cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequelae of the Dow Jones Fatwa and Evolution in Islamic Finance: The Real Estate Investment Example

The Dow Jones fatwa of 1998 (one of the most monumental fatawa in the history of modern Islamic finance) sets forth tests for inclusion of equity securities in an Islamic index and, in conjunction, established a series of tests for testing the permissibility of investment under applicable Shari'ah principles. In so doing, it institutionalized certain principles pertaining to (a) permissible variance or permissible impurity in the Shari'ah context, (b) cleansing and purification of impure income (e.g., interest income), and (c) determinations regarding equity investments in entities that conduct some haram or impermissible business activities that do not constitute "core business activities" of the relevant entity and its affiliates. While still one of the most widely applied tests in the equity investment context, some new indices and equity funds have more recently adopted modified versions of these tests. For example, the availability of operating statement information led to direct consideration of interest income and expense, rather than using the balance sheet tests, set forth in the Dow Jones fatwa, which estimate interest income and expense. As expected, the denominators of these newer tests changed to asset valuation measures or total revenue measures, rather than market capitalization measures. Some equity funds have built upon the permissible variance or impurity principles to further modify the tests to protect certain identifiable industries or circumstances (e.g., the hotel industry or hotels that serve alcohol to non-Muslims).More broadly, the permissible variance or impurity, cleansing and core business activities principles have been applied in a wide range of different contexts since the Dow Jones fatwa. One such area is real estate investing. These principles have been applied so as to address the conflicts between the Shari'ah principles and various markets realities. For example, under the relevant Shari'ah principles and precepts, tenants in a building owned by Shari'ah-compliant investors must not be involved in impermissible (haram) business activities and leases with those tenants must be Shari'ah compliant. These principles place Islamic finance in a disadvantaged market position, particularly in non-Muslim jurisdictions, as they preclude purchases and ownership of buildings where tenants include ATMs, restaurants serving alcohol, supermarkets that sell pork or beer, financial institutions, non-mutual insurance and a wide range of others. In addition, much of the commercial leasing market involves triple net leases, which are also violative of the Shari'ah. This paper is a an introductory consideration of the development of the three principles institutionalized in the Dow Jones fatwa as applied to this set of conflicts in Shari'ah-compliant real estate investments.
Hyperosmolality impairs ammonia-mediated inflammation: implications for the renal medulla.

Although ammonia modifies the third component of complement (C3) and activates the alternative pathway, inflammation is not seen in the renal medulla where ammonia concentrations are normally elevated. We examined the effect of the unique hyperosmolar milieu of the renal medulla on the interaction of ammonia with C3 and the capacity of ammonia-modified C3 (NH3.C3) to induce cytolytic injury and stimulate neutrophils (PMN). Incubation of purified human C3 with ammonia in concentrations found in urine results in significant disruption of the C3 thiolester bond compared with ammonia-free controls. Coincubation with urinary osmolytes and hyperosmolar NaCl and urea does not impair thiolester disruption over a range of ammonia concentrations. However, hyperosmolar NaCl and urea virtually abolish cytolytic injury mediated by the alternative pathway. Coincubation with the organic osmolytes betaine, sorbitol, and inositol fails to reverse this inhibitory effect of hyperosmolar NaCl and urea. Hyperosmolar NaCl and urea also suppress lytic injury mediated by ammonia and complement in MDCK, a cell line derived from canine distal tubular epithelium. Both PMN degranulation and respiratory burst responses to NH3.C3 are significantly blunted in the presence of hyperosmolar NaCl and urea. Hyperosmolality also impairs PMN responses to the formyl peptide N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Therefore, in an in vitro setting of hyperosmolar NaCl and urea, amidation of C3 occurs, but subsequent membrane-directed and receptor-mediated functions of NH3.C3 are markedly impaired.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The two SAMP repeats and their phosphorylation state in Drosophila Adenomatous polyposis coli-2 play mechanistically distinct roles in negatively regulating Wnt signaling.

The tumor suppressor Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) plays a key role in regulating the canonical Wnt signaling pathway as an essential component of the β-catenin destruction complex. C-terminal truncations of APC are strongly implicated in both sporadic and familial forms of colorectal cancer. However, many questions remain as to how these mutations interfere with APC’s tumor suppressor activity. One set of motifs frequently lost in these cancer-associated truncations is the SAMP repeats that mediate interactions between APC and Axin. APC proteins in both vertebrates and Drosophila contain multiple SAMP repeats that lack high sequence conservation outside of the Axin-binding motif. In this study, we tested the functional redundancy between different SAMPs and how these domains are regulated, using Drosophila APC2 and its two SAMP repeats as our model. Consistent with sequence conservation–based predictions, we show that SAMP2 has stronger binding activity to Axin in vitro, but SAMP1 also plays an essential role in the Wnt destruction complex in vivo. In addition, we demonstrate that the phosphorylation of SAMP repeats is a potential mechanism to regulate their activity. Overall our findings support a model in which each SAMP repeat plays a mechanistically distinct role but they cooperate for maximal destruction complex function.
Torpor Patterns and Microenvironment of the Eastern Chipmunk, Tamias striatus

Four chipmunks ( Tamias striatus ), implanted with temperature-sensitive radio transmitters, were released into outdoor artificial burrow systems in southeastern Michigan. These systems closely approximated natural burrows in design and dimensions. Torpor patterns, ambient temperatures, and the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the burrows were monitored throughout the winter. One animal remained euthermic at all times. The others underwent frequent periods of shallow torpor between December and February. Duration of the torpor cycles was usually less than 24 h, and the mean minimum body temperature during torpor was 16.6°C. The lowest body temperature recorded was 10°C. Nest temperatures during this period were between 2 and 5°C. The nest temperatures were highly stable on a daily basis and never fell below 2°C, whereas temperatures above the surface were frequently below — 10°C. Gaseous composition within the burrows was unstable. Mean oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were 17.8 and 3.2%, respectively, but oxygen concentrations as low as 14.4% and carbon dioxide concentrations as high as 6.4% were recorded.
Susceptibility of rabbits to pyrogenic and lethal effects of endotoxin after acute liver injury.

SummaryAdministration of a single large sublethal dose of CCl4 in the rabbit results in severe centrilobular hepatic necrosis and acute derangement of liver function, followed by rapid healing. At the height of the lesion (48 hours) animals are approximately 120 times more susceptible than normal animals to the lethal effect of bacterial endotoxin, whereas animals tested 7 days after CCl4 are only 4 times as susceptible as normals. Measurement of the 5-hour fever index following small doses of endotoxin (10-4 to 10-5 LD50) reveals that animals tested 48 hours after CCl4 are approximately 40 times more susceptible than normal rabbits to the pyrogenic action of endotoxin. Animals tested 5 days after CCl4 show only a normal febrile response. Normal rabbit liver is capable of detoxifying endotoxin in vitro, whereas liver from CCl4-treated rabbits is not. Results of these studies indicate that acute CCl4-induced liver injury in the rabbit is associated with enhanced susceptibility to both lethal and pyrogenic ...
Primary Epitheliotropic Intestinal T-cell Lymphoma in a Horse:

A 17-year-old Quarterhorse gelding with a clinical diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy was submitted for necropsy following a 4-5-month duration of weight loss, decreased appetite, and hypoproteinemia. Gross findings included multiple 1-2-cm diameter ulcers on the luminal surfaces of the duodenum and ileum. Histologic examination revealed individual large, round cells infiltrating much of the mucosal epithelium of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon in addition to multifocal areas of ulceration. Similar round cells infiltrated Brunner's glands and expanded the submucosa beneath the foci of ulceration. Immunohistochemical staining indicated the round cell population was of T-lymphocyte origin. Several features of this equine neoplasm bear similarities to enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma in humans.
P2-14-08: Hormone Receptor Status and Breast Cancer Survival among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women over 10 Years of Follow-Up.

Introduction: The joint presence or absence of expression of estrogen receptor (ER+/−), progesterone receptor (PR+/−), and Her2neu (Her2+/−) is now widely used to define the hormone receptor (HR) phenotype of breast tumors. HR phenotype influences breast cancer etiology, response to treatment and survival, which may vary by ethnic group. The triple negative phenotype (TNT: ER-/PR-/Her2-) is associated with the poorest survival and is more common in African American than white women. Few studies have assessed how HR status differs by Hispanic (H) versus non-Hispanic white (NHW) ethnicity in relation to survival. Methods: We analyzed data from the New Mexico site of the ‘Health, Eating, Activity and Lifestyle’ (HEAL) study for breast cancer mortality over 10 years of follow-up by HR phenotype and ethnicity for 126 H and 408 NHW women with invasive (I-IIIA), first primary breast cancer. Kaplan Meier curves were used to describe differences in survival by ethnicity and HR phenotype (ER+/PR+/Her2+, referent; ER+/PR+/Her2-; ER-/PR-/Her2+; and ER-/PR-/Her2-). Hazard ratios were estimated using Cox regression models stratified by phenotype and ethnicity, adjusting for age at diagnosis, stage, and diagnosis of another cancer (yes/no). Results: Kaplan Meier (KM) analysis indicated that the TNT phenotype was associated with poorer survival, particularly during the first 5 years, although the difference was not statistically significant after 10 years of follow-up (p=0.36). The prevalence of TNT was higher in H (10.3%) than NHW (6.6%) women, and H also tended to poorer survival than NHW women (p=0.17). In multivariate-adjusted models, women with a TNT phenotype had a 26% increased risk of death (HR=1.26 95% CI 0.62−2.6). In NHW women, the risk was 12% (HR=1.12 95% CI 0.43−2.9). Among H women, those with a TNT phenotype had a 17% increased risk of death (HR=1.17 95% CI 0.35−3.8) while those with ER-/PR-/Her2+ had a 46% increase (HR= 1.46 95% CI 0.40−5.3). Discussion: Although this analysis is limited by small numbers, the results suggest that H women may have worse 10-year survival rates than NHW women and that women with TNT have a higher risk of death regardless of ethnicity. These differences in survival could be due to a higher rate of recurrence or issues related to treatment. This study suggests that there is an ethnic disparity in survival by HR subtypes that should be examined in a larger population based study. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-14-08.
FUTURE OF ARAMID FIBER COMPOSITES AS A GENERAL ENGINEERING MATERIAL

The discovery of liquid crystalline solutions of extended chain aromatic polyamides led to a new family of high performance organic fibers with a unique combination of engineering properties. This paper focuses on the para-aramid, poly p-phenyleneterephthalamide, its basic structure/property relationships, its engineering properties, and applications in fiber-reinforced composites. Para-aramid tech-nology will continue to advance toward achieving fiber tensile properties closer to theoretical. New systems engineering design options will be possible in the future spectrum of composite applications. In aircraft, composite design will become more sophisticated and emphasize para-aramid damage tolerance and crashworthiness for primary structures in addition to strength and stiffness. Hence, the knowledge base will broaden for hybrids of para-aramid and carbon fiber. As aircraft composite technology advances, it will be applied to redesign of automotive parts. In communications, para-aramids will provide lightweight flexible support structures for fiber optical cables and help meet high circuit density needs for printed wiring board composites. Para-aramid engineered short fibers will continue to replace asbestos composites in a range of applications. As the world moves to more lightweight, energy efficient structures and devices, the possibilities are large for the future of aramid fiber composites as a general engineering material.
Feasibility and relevance of level I substation node counts in oropharyngeal carcinoma

Background The inclusion of level I in neck dissections for oropharyngeal carcinoma remains controversial. Our objectives were to evaluate the feasibility and relevance of substation node counts in level I of the neck dissection and to determine the specific substation location of metastases in level I in oropharyngeal carcinoma. Methods Sixty specimens were retrospectively analyzed after an orientation using a new paradigm of demarcating level I specimens into 8 substations. Results Three of the specimens (5%) in this study showed nodal metastasis in level I, one each in 3 different substations. All positive nodes in level I were associated with N+ disease in level II with 2 being radiographically occult (3.3%). Average total node count for level I was 8.1 (range, 2–19). Conclusion In oropharyngeal carcinoma, substation level I node quantification is feasible and relevant. This study shows a 5% risk to level I with metastasis in 3 different substations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2016
RELIABILITY OF THE WEAK OPIATE WITHDRAWAL SCALE FOR INNER-CITY OPIATE USERS '

Summay.-The reliab~lity (Kuder-Richardson 20) of the M-item Weak Opiate Withdrawal Scale was estimated for a sample of 70 inner-city men who used opiates and had passed through the acute withdrawal stage. Analysis suggested modification of the scale to exclude negatively worded as well as cognitively sophisticated items which elicir unreliable and paradoxical responses from this population. The Weak Opiate Withdrawal Scale is an 84-item scale empirically constructed from the Addiction Research Center Inventory (Haertzen, Meketon, & Hooks, 1970). Subjects are asked to reply true or false, as they feel loday, to a series of statements about their current physical and psychological state, e.g., "I have a pleasant feeling in my stomach," "My body feels larger than normal," and "I feel detached from the problems of everyday lde." The scale is scored by summing the irems co chat a higher total indicates increased symptomarology which is not acute but related ro longcr.rem withdrawal effects. Despite its standardization on opiate addicts and its potential uul~t~ (Hdertzen, 1974). a literature search indicated that the scale has not been used in recently published research on addiction or detoxification. In our dinical work with inner-city residents, we did not find the Weak Opiare Withdrawal Scale was an adequate predicror of the severity of protracted withdrawal symptomatology. In the present study, the first author (SJ) administered the scale to 70 male opiate users who showed chical signs of protracted withdrawal, including depressed affect, slight sleep disturbance, and agitation, following rhe~r ~nitial detoxification. Most of the respondents (n=64) were black or Hispanic. The mean age was 31 yr. (SD=7.3). The mean years of education was 11 (SD= 1.9), with a mode of 9. Most (n=53) had never married. Results.-The mean Weak Opiate Withdrawal Scale score was 34.3 (SD=9.9). Reliabhty analysis using the Kuder-Richardson-20 yielded an internal consistency index of 32. Five items, which addressed subjective distress associated with withdrawal, e.g., "I feel weak," showed che highest item-total correlation (35 to .62). All of these irems were coded in a posiuve direction. Of 26 negatively coded items, i.e., those whose wordings were reversed so that "false" indicated the presence of withdrawal, 15 had item-total correlations of .10 and below. Thus, irems with the lowest item-total correlations (.I0 and below) were over-represented by negauvely coded items. Moreover, a group of seven items with strongly negafive item-total correlauons (below -.15) were characterized by negative coding. It also should be stressed that the irems with poor item-total correlations Featured negative item stems, forcing respondents to concepruabze double-negatives when choosing the "false" option. While such features may be helpful ro correct
Pituitary Physiology and Endocrinology

The hypothalamic-pituitary unit plays a vital role in several crucial bodily functions. The hypothalamus integrates stimuli from a wide array of sources to control behavioral, metabolic, and autonomic processes. Homeostatic mechanisms governed by the hypothalamus include water metabolism, appetite control, temperature regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and autonomic functions. It also plays a role in memory, behavior, and emotions. Importantly, the hypothalamus regulates the production and secretion of pituitary hormones. Through this function, it serves a critical role in the integration of neural and hormonal activity.
Thinking about Chinese Mathematics Education Reform

The reform of mathematics education was an inevitable outcome of the progress of society. The new mathematics curriculum and Instruction had promoted the changes in teaching and learning mathematics in K-12. Based on many years Chinese mathematics teaching practice, the focus of mathematics education in China stressed “mathematics” rather than “education”. To successfully reform mathematics education in China, it’s necessary to consider the change of examination system based on the new mathematics standards.
Ketamine for agitation: a key cog in the prehospital treatment armamentarium wheelhouse

Although the etiology is impossible to determine in many cases of acute agitation, stimulant abuse and other drugs are often involved. For excited delirium syndrome specifically, an 8% mortality ha...
Role of Exchange Protein Directly Activated by Cyclic AMP Isoform 1 in Energy Homeostasis: Regulation of Leptin Expression and Secretion in White Adipose Tissue

Epacs (exchange proteins directly activated by cyclic AMP [cAMP]) act as downstream effectors of cAMP and play important roles in energy balance and glucose homeostasis. While global deletion of Epac1 in mice leads to heightened leptin sensitivity in the hypothalamus and partial protection against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, the physiological functions of Epac1 in white adipose tissue (WAT) has not been explored. Here, we report that adipose tissue-specific Epac1 knockout (AEKO) mice are more prone to HFD-induced obesity, with increased food intake, reduced energy expenditure, and impaired glucose tolerance. Despite the fact that AEKO mice on HFD display increased body weight, these mice have decreased circulating leptin levels compared to their wild-type littermates. In vivo and in vitro analyses further reveal that suppression of Epac1 in WAT decreases leptin mRNA expression and secretion by inhibiting cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein and AKT phosphorylation, respectively. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Epac1 plays an important role in regulating energy balance and glucose homeostasis by promoting leptin expression and secretion in WAT.
Abstract 23: Impact of Massachusetts Health Reform on Hospitalizations, Length of Stay and Costs of Inpatient Care: Does Safety-Net Status Matter?

Objective: There is widespread concern that large-scale insurance expansion - such as that anticipated from the Affordable Care Act - has the potential to cause sharp increases in health care utilization and costs. In the setting of Massachusetts’ landmark 2006 health care reform, we estimated pre-reform to post-reform changes in inpatient care volumes and costs, contrasting the experience of safety-net hospitals (SNH) as the predominant providers of care for targeted reform beneficiaries, with that of non-SNH. Study Design: We analyzed MA inpatient discharge on all discharges from 2004-2010 for 2,636,326 non-elderly patients (age 18-64) across all 66 short-term acute care hospitals. Safety-net hospitals were identified as those in the top quartile of hospitals in the proportion of hospital admissions with Medicaid, Free Care and self-pay as the primary payer. Using linear regression models we estimated hospital-level post-reform changes in (a) # admissions, (b) length of stay (LOS; days), (c) charge per day ($) and (d) charge per stay ($), separately for SNH and non-SNH, adjusting for patient demographics and comorbidities. We also examined changes for subpopulations by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES; defined using patient zip code median income). To isolate the impact of reform from secular trends, we treated the elderly as the “control” population. Findings: There was no significant post-reform change in the number of admissions; average quarterly number of admissions per hospital were 1,480 pre-reform and 1,520 post-reform (p=0.68). A similar pattern was found for admissions by SNH status, and for minority and low-income subpopulations. Average LOS increased by a smaller amount among SNH (0.20 days; 95% CI=[0.15, 0.25]) than among non-SNH (0.30 days; 95% CI=[0.27, 0.33]). Average charges per day decreased among SNH ($-198; 95%=[$-251, $-145]) and increased among non-SNH ($249; 95%=[$215, $284]). A similar trend with a larger difference was found for average charges per stay (SNH=$-477; 95%CI=[$-768, $-187] and non-SNH=$1,442; 95%CI=[$1,248, $1,635]). Similar trends were found for both acute and non-acute admissions. Among blacks, Hispanics and low-income patients, none of the measures indicated larger increase in SNH compared to that in non-SNH. Conclusion: Following MA health reform, utilization of inpatient care did not increase at SNH, the predominant providers of inpatient care for populations targeted by the reform, compared to non-SNH. A similar trend was found for acute and non-acute admissions, and for minority and low-income subpopulations. Future analyses in the coming months will test robustness of these findings using the non-elderly patients from comparison states as the control population. Implications: Insurance coverage expansion in MA may not have increased overall use of inpatient use and costs.
Asthma outcomes after adenotonsillectomy: A systematic review

Abstract Outcome objective For over fifty years, otolaryngologists, allergists, and immunologists have debated the effect of adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy on asthma outcomes in children. Although some have suggested that adenotonsillectomy may contribute to the subsequent development of asthma in children, others have argued that a common mechanism may cause both upper and lower airway disease, and that children who have symptoms severe enough to warrant adenotonsillectomy are also at increased risk of asthma and atopic disease. The link between asthma and upper airway disease may involve upper airway inflammation. Our goal is to perform a systematic review of asthma outcomes following adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy in the pediatric population. Our goal is to assess the effect of adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy on markers of asthma severity in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Methods We performed a systematic review using the PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases using search terms related to asthma, adenoidectomy, and adenotonsillectomy. Inclusion criteria were defined as pediatric subjects aged 18 years or younger with a history of asthma, undergoing adenoidectomy, or adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea. Database studies and case studies with or without control groups were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were patients with follow-up greater than 1 year after surgery, craniofacial syndromes, or additional significant comorbidities. Results A total of 567 abstracts were identified; 549 were excluded immediately. Eighteen full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and four articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. These data are consistent in correlating adenotonsillectomy in asthmatic children with decreased asthma severity. Markers of asthma severity including respiratory medication use, emergency room visits for asthma-related symptoms, overall asthma symptoms, and asthma-related exacerbations were all significantly reduced following adenotonsillectomy. Conclusion We present a systematic review of asthma outcomes following surgical intervention for sleep apnea in the pediatric population. All included studies found clinically significant reductions in markers of asthma severity after adenotonsillectomy. Though further prospective trials are needed to determine a causal relationship between adenotonsillectomy and modulation of asthma, the compilation of data suggest a definitive association.
Fatigue in float nurses: Patient, nurse, task, and environmental factors across unit work systems

Occupational fatigue in registered nurses (RNs) is associated with decreased nurse performance and job satisfaction, in addition to high burnout rates, increased work-related injuries and medication errors. With an ongoing emphasis on hospital safety, understanding nurse fatigue is essential. Previous studies have helped to quantify fatigue levels in RNs and identify sources of fatigue that span the work system. In order to explore unit-based factors that contribute to fatigue, we interviewed ten float nursing staff, who move between units within a hospital, about the sources of their fatigue, and the effects of unit factors on fatigue and coping. Sources of fatigue identified by float nurses include switching units multiple times during a shift, patient assignments and unit culture. Participants identified unit-specific factors that support nurse coping with fatigue including: teamwork, communication, and respect. These findings lead to recommendations for future studies and development of fatigue risk m...
A smart solar reactor for environmentally clean chemical processing

Solar thermal process reactors can convert intermittent solar radiation and reactants into energy dense, storable and transportable chemical fuels. This method uses concentrated solar energy as the source of high temperature process heat for the production of many commodities such as zinc, cadmium, magnesium, hydrogen and carbon with zero or minimal emissions. Transient inefficiencies due to natural fluctuations in solar radiation degrade product throughput in all solar reactors. It is therefore important to design a system that allows the reactor to respond to environmental factors in order to maintain semi-constant temperatures inside the reactor. Maintaining reactor operating conditions stabilizes process efficiency. Previously, the effects of various aperture geometries have been investigated through the use of ray-tracing and discrete ordinance numerical simulations. In this paper, a more complete concept for the aperture mechanism entitled the “sliding variable aperture” is presented. This variable aperture allows the solar reactor to dynamically respond to changing flux conditions. Optical simulations have been carried out in conjunction with a numerical method for determining the output of the reactor with a dynamic aperture and changing flux conditions. Historical weather data was gathered from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Convective losses were modeled based on a desired isothermal temperature and static standard operating environmental temperatures. Results from the optics simulations, reaction kinetics and the heat transfer model were used to find the range for the area of the gap for the aperture mechanism, which resulted with ranges between 13.8 to 52.3 cm for beam normal insolation amounts between approximately 165-1100 in order to maintain a minimum 1500 K internal cavity temperature inside the solar reactor.
Cross-Species Rhesus Cytomegalovirus Infection of Cynomolgus Macaques.

Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) are highly species-specific due to millennia of co-evolution and adaptation to their host, with no successful experimental cross-species infection in primates reported to date. Accordingly, full genome phylogenetic analysis of multiple new CMV field isolates derived from two closely related nonhuman primate species, Indian-origin rhesus macaques (RM) and Mauritian-origin cynomolgus macaques (MCM), revealed distinct and tight lineage clustering according to the species of origin, with MCM CMV isolates mirroring the limited genetic diversity of their primate host that underwent a population bottleneck 400 years ago. Despite the ability of Rhesus CMV (RhCMV) laboratory strain 68–1 to replicate efficiently in MCM fibroblasts and potently inhibit antigen presentation to MCM T cells in vitro, RhCMV 68–1 failed to productively infect MCM in vivo, even in the absence of host CD8+ T and NK cells. In contrast, RhCMV clone 68–1.2, genetically repaired to express the homologues of the HCMV anti-apoptosis gene UL36 and epithelial cell tropism genes UL128 and UL130 absent in 68–1, efficiently infected MCM as evidenced by the induction of transgene-specific T cells and virus shedding. Recombinant variants of RhCMV 68–1 and 68–1.2 revealed that expression of either UL36 or UL128 together with UL130 enabled productive MCM infection, indicating that multiple layers of cross-species restriction operate even between closely related hosts. Cumulatively, these results implicate cell tropism and evasion of apoptosis as critical determinants of CMV transmission across primate species barriers, and extend the macaque model of human CMV infection and immunology to MCM, a nonhuman primate species with uniquely simplified host immunogenetics.
Impact of Silver Nanoparticles on Wastewater Treatment

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, nanosilver) are used as an excellent antimicrobial agent in many consumer products. These nanoparticles are often released during washing and eventually enter wastewater treatment plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate how silver nanoparticles would affect wastewater treatment systems for organic and nutrient removal. The results demonstrated that nitrifying bacteria are especiall susceptible to inhibition by silver nanoparticles. At a concentration of 0.4 mg/L total AG, a mixture of silver ions and AgNPs (50:50 mass ratio, average size 15-21 nm) inhibited nitrification by 11.5 percent. During a nanosilber shock loading event lasting for 12 hours, a peak concentration of 0.5 mg/L Ag in the activated sludge basin (more than 95% assocated with biomass) was detected, resulted in a prolonged period (>1 month) of nitrification inhibition reaching a maximum of 50%, as evidenced by accumulations of ammonia and nitrite in the wastewater effluetn. In batch anaerobic digestion studies, AgNPs at the concentration of 19 mg/L (19,000 ppb) started to reduce cumulative biogas production, although the inhibition could be due to the accompanied nitrate in the nanosilver suspension. Results from the aerobic and anaerobic treatment studies suggest that accumulation of silver in acivated sludge may have a detrimental effect on nitrification and nutrient removal, if the concentration reaches theshold levels. The suggested threshold concentration of total silver including nanosilver in wastewater influent is 0.1 mg/L.
Non-polar GaN film growth on (0 1 0) gallium oxide substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition

To achieve the first demonstration of non-polar a-plane gallium nitride (GaN) epitaxy on (0 1 0) gallium oxide substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), a low temperature AlGaN nucleation layer was engineered. Specific low temperature AlGaN growth parameters were necessary because the gallium oxide substrate begins to decompose at ∼600 °C in the ambient of H2. To achieve a smooth GaN epitaxial surface, low V/III molar ratio, and low pressure were required. To characterize the GaN film, AFM along with an orientation-dependent crystal tilt mosaic study by X-ray diffraction was performed. We effectively reduced threading dislocation density by applying in situ SiN interlayers grown by MOCVD. The oxygen contamination in the GaN film was found to originate from the substrate decomposition during GaN growth and can be reduced more than 10 times by using GaN buffer layer grown under N2 ambient.
NCCN Debuts New Guidelines for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

For the first time, NCCN has published guidelines specifically geared toward treating myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The first set of guidelines was developed for myelofibrosis (MF), and was presented at the NCCN 22nd Annual Conference. Future guidelines will be issued for polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytopenia, and atypical MPNs. Patients with MF can have an unpredictable course, one that is largely dependent on the presence of certain molecular alterations. Models are currently emerging that take into account molecular factors. Only one drug is currently approved for MF, the oral JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib, which has been shown to significantly reduce splenomegaly and improve symptoms.
Racial Disproportionality in Prison

Incarceration has been a major growth industry in the United States over the past 40 years, and the United States is now the world leader in incarceration. African Americans have been most affected and are greatly overrepresented in jails and prisons. A major contributor to the growth in imprisonment has been changes in drug policies and drug laws, such as mandatory sentences for drug offenses. These laws had little effect on drug abuse or crime, but they did fill prison cells. Because of the detrimental effects that high incarceration rates have on a community and on tight state budgets, it is important that the political and criminal justice systems find innovative ways to reduce prison rates and do so without increasing crime.
P47 Accuracy of athlete single leg test on biodex balance system and y-balance for distinguising individuals with chronic ankle instability

Study Design Cross-sectional. Objectives To determine the accuracy of athlete single leg test on the Biodex balance system (BBS) and Y-balance test in distinguishing individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) from healthy controls. Background Lateral ankle sprains are common orthopaedic injuries that often result in chronic ankle instability characterised by many residual symptoms. Single leg standing test and Y-balance are commonly used to assess postural control in individuals with CAI. However, the accuracy of these tests for distinguishing individuals with CAI from healthy controls are unknown. Methods and Measures Eighteen individuals with unilateral CAI (age=22.4±2.8 years; IdFAI=21.3±8.3), 15 individuals with unilateral injury who are copers (age=22.4±3.2 years; IdFAI=7.3±2.5), and 18 healthy controls (age=22.2±3.0 years; IdFAI=2.9±3.1) participated. Everyone completed two 20 s trials of athlete single leg testing without visual feedback at Levels 4, 8 ,12, and static levels on the BBS. Each level corresponded to the degree of tilt of the platform surface with a lower number corresponding to lesser stability. Overall stability index (OSI) and sway area was calculated for each level. Maximum reach values of three trials for 3 directions (Anterior, postero-medial and postero-lateral) were recorded and used to calculate the composite score for the Y-balance test. Accuracy was quantified using area under curve from ROC curve analysis. Results Comparing CAI and controls, the accuracy ranged from 0.213 for Y-balance composite score (indicating failure to accurately distinguish CAI from Controls) to 0.62 for sway area at Level 8 (indicating poor accuracy). Comparing CAI and Copers, the accuracy ranged from 0.389 for OSI at Level 12 (indicating failure to accurately distinguish CAI from Copers) to 0.60 for sway area at Level 8 (indicating poor accuracy). Conclusion Athlete single leg testing on BBS and Y-balance test seem to have poor diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing individuals with CAI from healthy controls.
Much Virtue in O-Oh : A Case Study

The ‘O, o, o, o’ that follows Hamlet’s ‘The rest is silence’ in Shakespeare’s first folio has often been derided, but this signal is found in five other Shakespeare plays and in the works of dramatists as varied as Jonson, Middleton, Fletcher, Massinger, and Brome to indicate that a figure is dying, mortally wounded, or sick, or to generate a comic effect. Shakespeare was adept at using the tools at hand, but to understand his distinctive implementation of those tools requires a working knowledge of the theatrical vocabulary shared at that time by playwrights, players, and playgoers.
Sugar-Sweetened Beverage and Water Intake in Relation to Diet Quality in U.S. Children.

Introduction Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a major contributor to children’s added sugar consumption. This study examines whether children’s SSB and water intakes are associated with diet quality and total energy intake. Methods Using data on children aged 2–18 years from the 2009–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, linear regression models were used to analyze SSB and water intake in relation to Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) scores and total energy intake. Generalized linear models were used to analyze SSB and water intake in relation to the HEI-2010 scores. Analyses were conducted including and excluding caloric contributions from SSBs and were conducted in 2016–2017. Results SSB intake was inversely associated with the HEI-2010 total scores (9.5-point lower score comparing more than two servings/day with zero servings/day, p-trend Conclusions Children who consume SSBs have poorer diet quality and higher total energy intake than children who do not consume SSBs. Interventions for obesity and chronic disease should focus on replacing SSBs with water and improving other aspects of diet quality that correlate with SSB consumption.
Coronal (Frontal) Head

This chapter illustrates the anatomic section of frontal head. This is the most anterior coronal section. It shows the nasal bones above and, below them, the upper half of the nasal fossa formed by the frontal processes of the maxilla. It also shows the premaxilla. The upper portion of the bony nasal septum formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid is seen in this section. The lower half of the bony septum in this section is cartilaginous. The upper half of the nasal fossa is formed by the nasal bones and the frontal processes of the maxilla; the lower half is formed by the body of the maxilla. The most anterior section of the inferior turbinate bones and the premaxilla are seen. In the midline on the inferior surface of the premaxilla is the incisive foramen. The inferior part of the nasal septum is formed by the incisive crest, the most anterior part of the nasal crest of the maxilla. The nasal crest forms the most inferior portion of the bony nasal septum. The anterior border of the vomer articulates with the incisive crest. In all sections posterior to this one, the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum is formed by the vomer. The supraorbital nerve is a branch of the frontal nerve, which is a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. It is a sensory nerve that innervates the upper eyelid, the scalp of the frontal region, and the parietal region almost as far as the lambdoid suture.
Toward a New Paradigm of Psychology

Watson (1913) noted that “Psychology, as the behaviorist views it, is a purely objective, experimental branch of natural science, which needs introspection as little as do the sciences of chemistry and physics. It is granted that the behavior of animals can be investigated without appeal to consciousness. …The position is taken here that the behavior of man and the behavior of animals must be considered on the same plane; as being equally essential to a general understanding of behavior. It can dispense with consciousness in a psychological sense. The separate observation of ‘states of consciousness’ is, on this assumption, no more a part of the task of the psychologist than of the physicist. We might call this the return of a nonreflective and naive use of consciousness. In this sense, consciousness may be said to be the instrument or tool with which all scientists work. Whether or not the tool is properly used at present by scientists is a problem for philosophy and not for psychology (p. 176).” We see the foundation of separation of psychology and philosophy being laid in such assertions by established psychologists of those days. Watson (1913) worked hard to make psychology a science like other sciences, which can be seen in the following quote: “This suggested elimination of states of consciousness as proper objects of investigation in themselves will remove the barrier from psychology, which exists between it and the other sciences. The findings of psychology become the functional correlates of structure and lend themselves to explanation in physico-chemical terms (p. 177).” Thus, the journey for psychology to go away from philosophy and to become a part of natural science began during the turn of the last century, and scholars were willing to go to the extent of eliminating consciousness and cognition from psychology, which is now trying to find its way back with marginal success.
Cutaneous B-cell lymphomas: 2019 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management.

Disease overview Approximately one-fourth of cutaneous lymphomas are B-cell derived and are generally classified into three distinct subgroups: primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (PCFCL), primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (PCMZL), and primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type (PCDLBCL, LT). Diagnosis Diagnosis and disease classification are based on histologic review and immunohistochemical staining of an appropriate skin biopsy. Pathologic review and an appropriate staging evaluation are necessary to distinguish primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas from systemic B-cell lymphomas with secondary skin involvement. Risk stratification Disease histology remains the most important prognostic determinant. Both PCFCL and PCMZL are indolent lymphomas that infrequently disseminate to extracutaneous sites and are associated with 5-year survival rates that exceed 95%. In contrast, PCDLBCL, LT is an aggressive lymphoma with an inferior prognosis. Risk-adapted therapy PCFCL and PCMZL patients with solitary or relatively few skin lesions may be affectively managed with local radiation therapy. While single-agent rituximab may be employed for patients with more widespread skin involvement, multiagent chemotherapy is rarely appropriate. In contrast, management of patients with PCDLBCL, LT is comparable to the management of patients with systemic DLBCL.
Implementing a new student evaluation of teaching system using the Kotter change model

Kotter’s (1996. Leading Change. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press) model is one of the most frequently cited guides for implementing planned organizational change. While this model is widel...
Correction: Exploiting the transcriptional specificity of the alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase AMACR promoter for the molecular imaging of prostate cancer.

// Mariya Shapovalova 1 , Julia Davydova 2 , Christine Henzler 3 , Mark Daniel 4 , Scott M. Dehm 3 , Christopher A. Warlick 5 and Aaron M. LeBeau 1 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA 2 Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA 3 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA 4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA 5 Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA Correspondence to: Aaron M. LeBeau, email: alebeau@umn.edu Keywords: α-methylacyl-CoA racemase; molecular imaging; adenovirus; prostate cancer Received: October 17, 2018 Accepted: November 16, 2018 Published: November 30, 2018 ABSTRACT The metabolic protein alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is significantly overexpressed in prostate cancer compared to the normal prostate and other non-malignant tissue. Though an attractive target, there are no reports in the literature on leveraging the expression of AMACR for the molecular imaging of prostate cancer. Here, we used a molecular-genetic imaging strategy to exploit the transcriptional specificity of the AMACR promoter for the in vivo detection of prostate cancer using the reporter gene luciferase. We performed a stepwise truncation of the promoter and identified a 565 base pair minimal promoter for AMACR that retained both high activity and specificity. Following identification of the minimal promoter for AMACR, we used an advanced two-step transcriptional amplification system to maximize the promoter output. We showed that our optimized AMACR promoter can drive expression of luciferase for molecular imaging in subcutaneous xenograft models of androgen receptor-positive and androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer using a non-replicative adenovirus for gene delivery. Our results provide evidence that the AMACR promoter can be exploited to drive the cancer-specific expression of reporter genes and potentially even be incorporated into conditionally replicative adenoviruses for oncolytic therapy and other applications.
Automated Manufacturing of Mechatronic Parts by Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion

Abstract The powder-bed-based laser beam melting process (L-PBF) has become one of the most reliable and popular additive manufacturing technologies in the field of industrial production of metal components. Moreover, it is constantly evolving to ensure lower costs due to higher productivity as well as to enable the processing of new materials, such as tungsten or copper-alloys. In terms of machine developments, a number of trends are observable. On the one hand, machines become able to produce multi-material parts with an arbitrary distribution of at least two different materials. Therefore, the existing powder delivery system must be adapted. As multiple approaches for doing so already exist, it must be decided which is the most suitable. On the other hand, a further goal is to integrate sensors or actuators automatically, to create structural parts with fully encapsulated electronic components. For this automated process, a pick-and-place concept must be developed and integrated into an existing L-PBF machine. To implement this automated process extension, several adjustments to the system must be implemented. This paper presents approaches for realising the described concepts and the first results of the adapted manufacturing processes.
How Firms Use Director Networks in Setting CEO Pay

We examine how firms use the network of overlapping directorships to determine chief executive officer (CEO) compensation. We contribute to related work by empirically exploring two competing hypotheses. In the first hypothesis, networks propagate relevant information used to establish good pay practices. In the second hypothesis, director networks are used opportunistically to benefit the CEO. The empirical findings are generally consistent with the first hypothesis. Yet, the importance of director networks is reduced when the CEO is entrenched and when management hires a compensation consultant. The latter finding is especially pronounced when director networks predict a reduction in CEO pay.