cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of photovoltaic systems for rural electrification at remote Islands

Abstract The photovoltaic power generation system introduced in 1950s has no pollution, no noise, no fuel and convenient maintenance characteristics as compared with other conventional generation systems. However, despite these inherent advantages, there are some limitations yet in the utilization of PV system because of high capital cost of the system including solar cell and power conditioning system. Recently, in order to expand the utilization area of PV system, its possible application as a viable option for rural electrification has been under investigation. This paper discusses the operation results of three stand-alone PV systems installed to supply the electric power at remote islands. Results show that the PV system with suitable battery capacity and diesel generator as back-up power supplies can be sufficiently adopted for the remote island electrification.
Making related errors facilitates learning, but learners do not know it

Producing an error, so long as it is followed by corrective feedback, has been shown to result in better retention of the correct answers than does simply studying the correct answers from the outset. The reasons for this surprising finding, however, have not been investigated. Our hypothesis was that the effect might occur only when the errors produced were related to the targeted correct response. In Experiment 1, participants studied either related or unrelated word pairs, manipulated between participants. Participants either were given the cue and target to study for 5 or 10 s or generated an error in response to the cue for the first 5 s before receiving the correct answer for the final 5 s. When the cues and targets were related, error-generation led to the highest correct retention. However, consistent with the hypothesis, no benefit was derived from generating an error when the cue and target were unrelated. Latent semantic analysis revealed that the errors generated in the related condition were related to the target, whereas they were not related to the target in the unrelated condition. Experiment 2 replicated these findings in a within-participants design. We found, additionally, that people did not know that generating an error enhanced memory, even after they had just completed the task that produced substantial benefits.
The Large Crater Origin of SNC Meteorites.

A large body of evidence strongly suggests that the shergottite, nakhlite, and Chassigny (SNC) meteorites are from Mars. Various mechanisms for the ejection of large rocks at Martian escape velocity (5 km/sec) have been investigated, but none has proved wholly satisfactory. This article examines a number of possible ejection and cosmic-ray exposure histories to determine which is most plausible. For each possible history, the Melosh (1984, 1985, 1987) spallation model is used to estimate the size of the crater required to produce ejecta fragments of the required size with velocities not less than 5 km/sec and to produce a total mass of solid ejecta consistent with the observed mass flux of SNC meteorites. Estimates of crater production rates on Mars are then used to evaluate the probability that sufficiently large craters have formed during the available time. The results indicate that the SNC meteorites were probably ejected from a very large crater (greater than 100 kilometers in diameter) about 200 million years ago, and that cosmic-ray exposure of the recovered meteorites was initiated after collisional fragmentation of the original ejecta in space at much later times (0.5 to 10 million years ago).
PREFERENCE FOR INTERNUCLEOTIDE LINKAGES AS A FUNCTION OF THE NUMBER OF CONSTITUENTS IN A MIXTURE

Phosphoimidazolide-activated ribomononucleotides (*pN; see Scheme I) are useful substrates for the nonenzymatic synthesis of oligonucleotides. In the presence of metal ions dilute neutral aqueous solutions of *pN (0.01 M) typically yield only small amounts of dimers and traces of oligomers; most of *pN hydrolyzes to yield nucleoside 5'-monophosphate (5'NMP). An earlier investigation of *pN reactions in highly concentrated aqueous solutions (up to 1.4 M) showed, as expected, that the percentage yield of the condensation products increases and the yield of the hydrolysis product correspondingly decreases with *pN concentration (Kanavarioti 1997). Here we report product distributions in reactions with one, two, or three reactive components at the same total nucleotide concentration. *pN used as substrates were the nucleoside 5'-phosphate 2-methylimidazolides, 2-MeImpN, with N = cytidine (C), uridine (U), or guanosine (G). Reactions were conducted as self-condensations, i. e., one nucleotide only, with two components in the three binary U,C, U,G, and C,G mixtures, and with three components in the ternary U,C, G mixture. The products are 5'NMP, 5',5'-pyrophosphate-, 2',5'-, 3', 5'-linked dimers, cyclic dimers, and a small percentage of longer oligomers. The surprising finding was that, under identical conditions, including the same total monomer concentration, the product distribution differs substantially from one reaction to another, most likely due to changing intermolecular interactions depending on the constituents. Even more unexpected was the observed trend according to which reactions of the U,C,G mixture produce the highest yield of internucleotide-linked dimers, whereas the self-condensations produce the least and the reactions with the binary mixtures produce yields that fall in between. What is remarkable is that the approximately two-fold increase in the percentage yield of internucleotide-linked dimers is not due to a concentration effect or a catalyst, but to the increased complexity of the system from a single to two and three components. These observations, perhaps, provide an example of how increased complexity in relatively simple chemical systems leads to organization of the material and consequently to chemical evolution. A possible link between prebiotic chemistry and the postulated RNA world is discussed.
Extracellular terpenoid hydrocarbon extraction and quantitation from the green microalgae Botryococcus braunii var. Showa

Abstract Mechanical fractionation and aqueous or aqueous/organic two-phase partition approaches were applied for extraction and separation of extracellular terpenoid hydrocarbons from Botryococcus braunii var. Showa. A direct spectrophotometric method was devised for the quantitation of botryococcene and associated carotenoid hydrocarbons extracted by this method. Separation of extracellular botryococcene hydrocarbons from the Botryococcus was achieved upon vortexing of the micro-colonies with glass beads, either in water followed by buoyant density equilibrium to separate hydrocarbons from biomass, or in the presence of heptane as a solvent, followed by aqueous/organic two-phase separation of the heptane-solubilized hydrocarbons (upper phase) from the biomass (lower aqueous phase). Spectral analysis of the upper heptane phase revealed the presence of two distinct compounds, one absorbing in the UV-C, attributed to botryococcene(s), the other in the blue region of the spectrum, attributed to a carotenoid. Specific extinction coefficients were developed for the absorbance of triterpenes at 190 nm (e = 90 ± 5 mM −1 cm −1 ) and carotenoids at 450 nm (e = 165 ± 5 mM −1 cm −1 ) in heptane. This enabled application of a direct spectrophotometric method for the quantitation of water- or heptane-extractable botryococcenes and carotenoids. B. braunii var. Showa constitutively accumulates ∼30% of the dry biomass as extractable (extracellular) botryococcenes, and ∼0.2% of the dry biomass in the form of a carotenoid. It was further demonstrated that heat-treatment of the Botryococcus biomass substantially accelerates the rate and yield of the extraction process. Advances in this work serve as foundation for a cyclic Botryococcus growth, non-toxic extraction of extracellular hydrocarbons, and return of the hydrocarbon-depleted biomass to growth conditions for further product generation.
Conceptual distance matters when building on others' ideas in crowd-collaborative innovation platforms

In crowd-collaborative innovation platforms, other contributors' ideas can serve as sources of inspiration for creative ideas, but what patterns of interactions with others' ideas are most helpful? We investigate the hypothesis that building on inspiration sources that are conceptually far from one's target domain are most helpful, a popular hypothesis with mixed empirical support. We predict the success rate of 2,344 ideas for 12 different design challenges in a collaborative Web-based innovation platform based on their cited sources' conceptual distance from the target domain (measured using probabilistic topic modeling of the ideas). Surprisingly, we find that innovators who cite conceptually near sources of inspiration achieve a higher success rate than those who prefer far sources. We discuss implications for research and development of crowd-collaborative innovation platforms.
SU(2) lattice gauge theory and the convergence of the t expansion

We have extended the t expansion of Horn and Weinstein to higher order for Hamiltonian SU(2) lattice gauge theory. We have calculated connected matrix elements up to /sup c/ in the vacuum sector and /sup c/ in the string sector. These data are then utilized to compute the 0/sup ++/ glueball mass M, the string tension sigma, and their ratio R = M/sup 2//sigma. We find evidence for the convergence of the t expansion in that the calculations are improved by including higher-order terms. R appears to approach a constant value (M/sigma/sup 1/2/approx. =3.3) at weak coupling, which is consistent with Euclidean lattice Monte Carlo results.
Hydrodynamic characteristics of a magnetically stabilized air fluidized bed of an admixture of magnetic and non-magnetic particles

Fluidization characteristics of a bed consisting of an admixture of iron (90 mass%, 1416 μm) and copper (10 mass%, 935 μm) shots stabilized by an external uniform magnetic field collinear with the gas velocity vector are investigated over an extended range of magnetic field intensity (up to 17 430 A/m) and air velocity (up to a maximum of 8.3 m/s) at ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. The fluidization behavior is observed at eight magnetic field intensity (H) values. Minimum fluidization (Ums) and minimum bubbling (Umh) velocities are reported as a function of (H). Umf) is independent of H and the variation of Umb with H is expressed by: Umb = Umf exp (0.103H) where H is in kA/m. Bed voidage is measured as a function of superficial fluidizing air velocity at each H and is found to increase slowly with increase in air velocity for all those H values where the bed integrity is preserved.
Thin, flexible secondary Li-ion paper batteries.

There is a strong interest in thin, flexible energy storage devices to meet modern society needs for applications such as interactive packaging, radio frequency sensing, and consumer products. In this article, we report a new structure of thin, flexible Li-ion batteries using paper as separators and free-standing carbon nanotube thin films as both current collectors. The current collectors and Li-ion battery materials are integrated onto a single sheet of paper through a lamination process. The paper functions as both a mechanical substrate and separator membrane with lower impedance than commercial separators. The CNT film functions as a current collector for both the anode and the cathode with a low sheet resistance (∼5 Ohm/sq), lightweight (∼0.2 mg/cm2), and excellent flexibility. After packaging, the rechargeable Li-ion paper battery, despite being thin (∼300 μm), exhibits robust mechanical flexibility (capable of bending down to <6 mm) and a high energy density (108 mWh/g).
Stereo perception and dead reckoning for a prototype lunar rover.

This paper describes practical, effective approaches to stereo perception and dead reckoning, and presents results from systems implemented for a prototype lunar rover operating in natural, outdoor environments. The stereo perception hardware includes a binocular head mounted on a motion-averaging mast. This head provides images to a normalized correlation matcher, that intelligently selects what part of the image to process (saving time), and subsamples the images (again saving time) without subsampling disparities (which would reduce accuracy). The implementation has operated successfully during long-duration field exercises, processing streams of thousands of images. The dead reckoning approach employs encoders, inclinometers, a compass, and a turn-rate sensor to maintain the position and orientation of the rover as it traverses. The approach integrates classical odometry with inertial guidance. The implementation succeeds in the face of significant sensor noise by virtue of sensor modelling, plus extensive filtering. The stereo and dead reckoning components are used by an obstacle avoidance planner that projects a finite number of arcs through the terrain map, and evaluates the traversability of each arc to choose a travel direction that is safe and effective. With these components integrated into a complete navigation system, a prototype rover has traversed over 1 km in lunar-like environments.
The economy of free and open source software in the preservation of digital artefacts

Purpose – Free and open source software (FOSS) brings many benefits to digital preservation; however it is not “free”. If the context in which free and open source software tools are created and employed is examined, it becomes clear that: the sustainability of any software (FOSS, custom or commercial) to ensure the preservation of the digital heritage will depend on careful assessment of, and provision for, the costs (implicit and explicit) entailed in the production and continued employment of these tools. The purpose of this paper is to focus on FOSS and archiving of the digital heritage.Design/methodology/approach – Portico, a not‐for‐profit digital preservation service, explores the costs of FOSS based on its experiences as a working archive with an extremely long time horizon.Findings – There are considerable benefits to FOSS, including its openness and the broad‐based testing of it in real‐world situations. FOSS tools can provide considerable cost savings over proprietary tools. However, FOSS is ne...
In situ hybridization localization of the Na+ channel β1 subunit mRNA in rat CNS neurons

Abstract Localization of Na + channel β1 subunit (Naβ1) mRNA was examined in adult rat hippocampus, cerebellum and spinal cord by in situ hybridization histochemistry. In hippocampus, Naβ1 mRNA was strongly expressed by CA3 followed by CA1 pyramidal cells and dentate granule cells. In cerebellum, strong Naβ1 mRNA expression was observed in Purkinje cells and moderate expression in granule cells and scattered cells of the molecular layer. In spinal cord, neurons in gray matter exhibited moderate to strong expression of Naβ1 mRNA. These results provide the first localization study of Naβ1 mRNA in the CNS, demonstrating a differential expression in different neurons.
Guaianolides and chromenes from Calea species

Abstract Chemical analysis of Calea berteriana yielded, besides the known flavonoid acacetin and the sesquiterpene lactone calbertolide C, three new guaianolides, desacyl-8-tiglylsubcordatolide A and 8-epi-8-tiglylrupicolins A and B. C. prunifolia provided acacetin, calbertolide C, desacyl-8-tiglylsubcordatolide A, and two new chromenes, prunichromenes A and B. From C. solidaginea acacetin, heliangine, calbertolide C, 8-epi-8-tiglylrupicolin A and desacyl-8-tiglylsubcordatolide A were isolated. The structures of the new compounds were established by chemical and spectral methods.
Forecasting Stock Market Volatility with Regime-Switching GARCH Models

This paper compares different GARCH models in terms of their ability to describe and forecast financial time series’ volatility from one-day to one-month horizon. To take into account the excessive persistence usually found in GARCH models that implies too smooth and too high volatility forecasts, Markov Regime-Switching GARCH (MRS-GARCH) models, where the parameters are allowed to switch between a low and a high volatility regime, are analyzed. Both gaussian and fat-tailed conditional distributions for the residuals are assumed, and the degrees of freedom can be state-dependent to model possible time-varying kurtosis. The empirical analysis demonstrates that Markov Regime-Switching GARCH (MRS-GARCH) models do really outperform all standard GARCH models in forecasting volatility at shorter horizons according to a broad set of statistical loss functions. At longer horizons standard asymmetric GARCH models fare the best. Tests for equal predictive ability of the Diebold-Mariano type and for superior predictive ability, such as White’s Reality Check and Hansen’s SPA test, confirm these results rejecting the presence of better models than the MRS-GARCH with normal innovations. However, according to a VaR-based loss function this model fares much worse than the others at all horizons. Also we find that no model clearly outperforms the others at all horizon under this risk-management evaluation criterion.
Effects of antiserum containing thyroglobulin antibody on the chicken thyroid gland.

Abstract The role of thyroglobulin antibody in spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis was investigated. Obese strain (OS) chickens are genetically susceptible to severe or mild disease depending upon their histocompatibility types ( B 1 B 1 or B 4 B 4 , respectively). They were repeatedly injected with OS serum containing a high titer of thyroglobulin antibody. This regimen significantly increased lymphoid infiltration of the thyroid gland in the mildly afflicted B 4 B 4 chickens but had no observable effect on B 1 B 1 chickens genetically predisposed to severe thyroiditis. The removal of thyroglobulin antibody from the serum prior to injection ablated the activity of the serum. This same OS serum pool did not, however, cause thyroiditis when injected into normal Cornell strain (CS) B 1 B 1 chickens (neonatally thymectomized or unoperated). It is concluded, therefore, that thyroglobulin antibody plays a pathogenic role in this spontaneously occurring autoimmune thyroiditis, although other factors present in OS (but not CS) chickens are also required for the disease to develop.
Dynamical LEED study of Pd ( 111 ) − ( 3 × 3 ) R 30 ° − Xe

A low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) study of $\mathrm{Pd}(111)\ensuremath{-}(\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3})R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Xe}$ at 77 K indicates that the Xe adsorption site is on top of the Pd atoms. The Xe--Pd bond length is $3.07\AA{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06\AA{}.$ The substrate structure is essentially unrelaxed from the bulk structure. These results contrast with an earlier spin-polarized LEED study, which indicated that hollow sites are occupied in this structure. The low-coordination-site geometry for Xe on Pd(111) is discussed in the context of earlier experimental studies and recent density functional theory results for Xe adsorption on metal surfaces.
AGE-ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN BETA -ADRENERGIC MODULATION ON RAT CARDIAC EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that the ability of beta-adrenergic receptor (beta AR) stimulation to increase cardiac contractility declines with aging. In the present study, the control mechanisms of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, including calcium current (ICa), cytosolic Ca2+ (Cai2+) transient and contraction in response to beta AR stimulation were investigated in ventricular myocytes isolated from rat hearts of a broad age range (2, 6-8, and 24 mo). While the baseline contractile performance and the Cai2+ transient did not differ markedly among cells from hearts of all age groups, the responses of the Cai2+ transient and contraction to beta-adrenergic stimulation by norepinephrine (NE) diminished with aging: the threshold concentration and the ED50 increased in rank order with aging; the maximum responses of contraction and Cai2+ transient decreased with aging. Furthermore, the efficacy of beta AR stimulation to increase ICa was significantly reduced with aging, and the diminished responses of the contraction and Cai2+ transient amplitudes to NE were proportional to the reductions in the ICa response. These findings suggest that the observed age-associated reduction in beta AR modulation of the cardiac contraction is, in part at least, due to a deficit in modulation of Cai2+, particularly the activity of L-type calcium channels.
Remembering the Real Questions

When people are sick, or think they are, they seek answers to three fundamental questions: What's happening to me?, which comes from the need to explain the present; What's going to happen to me?, which comes from the need to predict the future; and What can be done to improve what happens to me?, which comes from the need to create a better future than would otherwise occur. In modern times, physicians have been the preeminent providers of answers to these questions, but it is important to recognize that the medical profession does not have an uncontested monopoly on satisfying this basic need. Faced with a raging medical marketplace, many physicians believe that medicine's central position is being undermined and that our ethical heritage is being replaced by a mercantile philosophy. Indeed, other health professionals seem eager to position themselves to fill the void created by medicine's perceived shortcomings in addressing this fundamental quest of human nature. To obviate this unacceptable turn of events, physicians must refocus attention on providing the best answers to those basic questions. Internists, by virtue of their strong tradition of scientific rigor and acknowledged role as the gateway to cutting-edge medicine, are uniquely positioned to do so.
Approximate Confidence Intervals for p When Double Sampling

This article reviews literature on confidence intervals for p, assuming (Bernoulli) single, double, and multistage sampling. Methods used to produce approximate single-sampling confidence intervals extend to double sampling as well. A new Wilson approximate confidence interval procedure for double sampling is compared with existing procedures in terms of general interval properties, such as interval invariance, and performance (in terms of actual coverage probability and expected length) for double-sampling plans from the literature.
Electron spin-lattice relaxation of the [Cu(1.5) ... Cu(1.5)] dinuclear copper center in nitrous oxide reductase

Relaxation times have been obtained with time-domain EPR for the dinuclear mixed valence [CuA(1.5) ... CuA(1.5)[ S = 1/2 center in nitrous oxide reductase, N2OR, from Pseudomonas stutzeri, in the TN5 mutant defective in copper chromophore biosynthesis, in a synthetic mixed valence complex, and in type 1 and 2 copper complexes. Data confirmed that the intrinsic electron spin-lattice relaxation time, T1, for N2OR in the temperature range of 6-25 K is unusually short for copper centers. At best, a twofold increase of T1 from g perpendicular to g parallel was measured. Optimized fits of the saturation-recovery data were obtained using both double-exponential and stretched-exponential functions. The temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate of mutant N2OR is about T5.0 with the stretched-exponential model or T3.3 and T3.9 for the model using the sum of two exponentials. These T1s are intrinsic to the mixed valence [CuA(1.5) ... CuA(1.5)] center, and no interaction of the second copper center in wild-type N2OR with the [CuA(1.5) ... CuA(1.5)] center has been observed. The T1 of the mixed valence center of N2OR is not only shorter than for monomeric square planar Cu(II) complexes, but also shorter than for a synthetic mixed valence complex, Cu2(N[CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NHCH2CH2]3N). The short T1 is attributed to the vibrational modes of type 1 copper and/or the metal-metal interaction in [CuA(1.5) ... CuA(1.5)].
Function-oriented synthesis: biological evaluation of laulimalide analogues derived from a last step cross metathesis diversification strategy.

Laulimalide is a potent microtubule stabilizing agent and a promising anticancer therapeutic lead. The identification of stable, efficacious and accessible analogues is critical to clinically exploiting this novel lead. To determine which structural features of laulimalide are required for beneficial function and thus for accessing superior clinical candidates, a series of side chain analogues were prepared through a last step cross metathesis diversification strategy and their biological activities were evaluated. Five analogues, differing in potency from 233 nM to 7.9 μM, effectively inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Like laulimalide, they retain activity against multidrug resistant cells, stabilize microtubules and cause the formation of aberrant mitotic spindles, mitotic accumulation, Bcl-2 phosphorylation and initiation of apoptosis. Structural modifications in the C23−C27 dihydropyran side chain can be made without changing the overall mechanism of action, but it is clear that this subunit has more...
Neutrophil Mac-1 and MEL-14 adhesion proteins inversely regulated by chemotactic factors

The neutrophil Mac-1 and gp100MEL-14 adhesion proteins are involved in neutrophil extravasation during inflammation. Both the expression and activity of Mac-1 are greatly increased after neutrophil activation. In contrast, neutrophils shed gp100MEL-14 from the cell surface within 4 minutes after activation with chemotactic factors or phorbol esters, releasing a 96-kilodalton fragment of the antigen into the supernatant. Immunohistology showed that gp100MEL-14 was downregulated on neutrophils that had extravasated into inflamed tissue. The gp100MEL-14 adhesion protein may participate in the binding of unactivated neutrophils to the endothelium; rapid shedding of gp100MEL-14 may prevent extravasation into and damage of normal tissues by activated neutrophils.
Documento para o encontro de especialistas em aspectos da discriminação racial relativos ao gênero

Tanto os aspectos de genero da discriminacao racial quanto os aspectos raciais da discriminacao de genero nao sao totalmente apreendidos pelos discursos dos direitos humanos. O presente documento, baseado no crescente reconhecimento de que as discriminacoes de raca e de genero nao sao fenomenos mutuamente excludentes, propoe um modelo provisorio para a identificacao das varias formas de subordinacao que refletem os efeitos interativos das discriminacoes de raca e de genero. Este documento tambem sugere um protocolo provisorio a ser seguido, a fim de melhor identificar as situacoes em que tal discriminacao interativa possa ter ocorrido e, alem disso, defende que a responsabilidade de lidar com as causas e as consequencias dessa discriminacao deva ser amplamente compartilhada entre todas as instituicoes de direitos humanos.
Mass Media Displacement and Saturation

This study addresses the contradiction between the theoretical displacement of incumbent media by new media versus empirical evidence of rising consumption of both new and incumbent media. By analyzing 4 years of biannual daypart media consumption surveys, this research reveals trends in the consumer use of advertiser-supported media in the United States. Large gains were seen in new media, such as Internet and e-mail, whereas incumbent media such as television, radio, newspapers, and magazines held steady or grew in core dayparts. The differential rates of change, with new media growing at twice the rate of incumbent media, created an overall increase in the consumption of ad-supported media. Implications for the displacement hypothesis, media saturation, simultaneous media consumption, and media management are discussed. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
Quantum mirages in scanning tunneling spectroscopy of Kondo adsorbates: Vibrational signatures

Scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy on Kondo systems consisting of magnetic atoms adsorbed upon nonmagnetic metal surfaces has demonstrated the ability of suitable two-dimensional nanostructures (such as ``quantum corrals'') to influence the surface electron transport that is part of the total scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) process. In a well known paradigm, an elliptical arrangement of Co atoms adsorbed on Cu(111) gives rise to an apparent enhanced electronic communication between points on the surface which are near the two elliptical foci. The question addressed here is whether a similar imaging/mirage effect has the potential for being interesting and/or useful when ``focused'' tunneling processes also involve the vibrational modes of the Kondo adsorbate. Theory for the total process of tip-to-corral-state tunneling, focus-to-focus transport via (corral) surface states [following Agam and Schiller Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 484 (2001)], and adsorbate resonance scattering has been developed within a localized polaron framework for incorporation of vibrational effects. Calculated lineshapes illustrate the potential utility of tunneling spectroscopy for obtaining detailed, atomic scale understanding of the role of the elliptical nanostructure size, shape, and chemical composition (as manifest in resonance characteristics) on both surface transport processes and also on the measurement methodologies required to probe such systems. This presents unusual challenges since all the characteristic energies (resonance position and width, vibrational, relaxation, and quantum corral) are likely to be of comparable magnitude in realistic experimental STM Kondo systems.
Institutional Review Boards: Virtue Machines Or Villains?:

A Central purpose of institutional review boards is to preserve and maintain the safety and integrity of human subjects. While this is the manifest purpose, some people might question the actual effects IRBs have on the research enterprise. This paper explores whether IRBs may actually create situations where researchers feel forced to compromise either their research or their personal integrity in order to have research projects approved by institutional review boards. A review of the literature is combined with consideration of current practice and implications. A specific focus examines different views of the function of the IRB process. Several theoretical assumptions emerge which furnish direction for future empirical study.
Internet-Based Communication

Google the question, “How is the Internet changing the way we communicate?,” and you will find no shortage of opinions, or fears, about the Internet altering the way we communicate. Although the Internet is not necessarily making communication briefer (neither is the Internet making communication less formal), the Internet is manifesting our preference for writing over speaking. I propose that our preference for communicating through Internet-based text derives from a fundamental feature of writing: In contrast to speech, which is most often synchronous, text is most often asynchronous.
Historic Preservation and Development in Banjul, The Gambia

The city of Banjul and Gambia colony were established as part of the British abolition efforts on the West African coast in 1816. Unfortunately, the role of Banjul and Gambia in ending the trans-Atlantic slave trade is overshadowed by the current emphasis within the heritage tourism sector on the local dynamics of the slave trade. This, coupled with the continual expansion of port facilities within the capital city of Banjul, has led to the rapid disappearance of much of the nation’s colonial past. This article addresses the challenges and possibilities for cultural resource management as an aid to development and interpretation in Banjul and The Gambia.
Diamond growth by methane injection into hydrogen-oxygen flames

Abstract Diamond growth has been observed in rich hydrogen-oxygen flames with post-flame injection of methane near the substrate. The deposit size and growth rate have been measured for various gas injection geometries, flame conditions and substrate temperatures. The mixing between the injected methane and the surrounding flame has been examined by measuring the radial profiles of several species at the substrate. The CH 4 , H 2 and CO profiles have been acquired using sampling mass spectrometry, and the CH 3 profiles have been obtained using resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization. The chemical environment has also been simulated numerically. The comparison between the observed diamond deposits, the measured species profiles and the numerical simulations suggests that oxidation may limit the deposit size with the present injection geometry. Several refinements to this method are possible to enhance mixing and to reduce or eliminate oxidation problems.
Potentiation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β signaling mediated by integrin-associated MFG-E8

Objective— Pericytes/pericyte precursors produce MFG-E8 in vivo, and this α v integrin ligand enhances angiogenesis in tumors and in oxygen-induced retinopathy in mice. Inhibition of MFG-E8 production or function attenuates platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced migration of pericyte/pericyte precursor-like 10T1/2 cells in vitro. Herein, we describe mechanisms by which MFG-E8 modulates PDGF-BB:PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ) signaling in 10T1/2 cells. Methods and Results— Small interfering RNA depletion of MFG-E8 from 10T1/2 cells or antibody inhibition of MFG-E8 action enhanced PDGF-BB-dependent degradation of PDGFRβ and attenuated signaling. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed transient association of MFG-E8 with PDGFRβ in PDGF-BB-treated 10T1/2 cells and reduced PDGFRβ-focal adhesion kinase association in MFG-E8-depleted cells. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that MFG-E8 binding to 10T1/2 cells was RGD motif and α v dependent but PDGF-BB treatment independent, whereas colocalization of MFG-E8 with PDGFRβ was enhanced by PDGF-BB. Ubiquitination of PDGFRβ was also increased in MFG-E8 small interfering RNA-transfected cells. Conclusion— Integrin α v -bound MFG-E8 associates with PDGFRβ and focal adhesion kinase after PDGF-BB treatment, results in cell surface retention of PDGFRβ, delays receptor degradation, potentiates downstream signaling, and enhances migration of 10T1/2 cells. MFG-E8 may promote angiogenesis, in part, via cell autonomous actions on pericytes or pericyte precursors that result in enhanced PDGF-BB:PDGFRβ signaling mediated via integrin-growth factor receptor cross-talk.
The Predictability of Winter Snow Cover over the Western United States

A set of model runs was made with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model, version 3 (CCM3) to investigate and help assess the relative roles of snow cover anomalies and initial atmospheric states on the subsequent accumulation and ablation seasons. In order to elucidate the physical mechanisms responsible for the large impact in one case but small impact in the other, two experiments with CCM3 were made that imposed an exaggerated initial snow cover [1-m snow water equivalent (SWE)] over the western U.S. domain. One run was started on 1 December, the other on 1 February. These runs made it clear that the high albedo of snow was the dominant physical process. An additional set of runs with realistic yearly snow anomalies was also made. Results suggest that for runs starting in February (late winter), the initial prescription of snow cover is more important than the initial atmospheric state in determining the subsequent evolution of snow cover. For runs starting in December (early winter), the results are less clear, with neither the initial snow cover nor the initial state of the atmosphere appearing to be the dominant factor. In February, when the sun is relatively high in the sky and days are longer, the albedo effect is a dominant factor; while in December the sun was too low in the sky and days too short for the albedo effect to be important. As the winter season progressed, the subsequent accumulation of snow eliminated the effects of the initial December anomalies.
The extrusion and performance of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) hose reinforced with short cellulose fibers

Short fibers of natural cellulose treated to provide dispersability and strong interfacial bonding are ideal reinforcements for plasticized vinyl compounds. The development of substantial strength and stiffness in unidirectional composites indicates the reinforcing potential of these high aspect-ratio fibers in soft compositions. Special extrusion dies developed to control fiber directionality in rubber extrudates are equally applicable to vinyl hose. The unusual expanding geometry of these tools aligns the fibers toward the circumferential direction to provide optimum reinforcement against contained pressure loading. Thus, reinforced poly(vinyl chloride) air and water hoses can be produced in a single extrusion step, since all of the necessary reinforcement is contained in the compound.
GaN Doped with Neodymium by Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy for Potential Lasing Applications

We provide an investigation of in situ doping of GaN with the RE element Nd by plasma assisted-molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE). GaN epilayers are grown on c-plane sapphire and free standing GaN substrates and the Nd doping is controlled by an effusion cell. The ideal growth conditions for Nd incorporation maintaining crystal quality in GaN were investigated. The optical absorption characteristics indicate that the GaN:Nd epilayer remains transparent at the Nd emission wavelength of interest. For the highest Nd effusion cell temperatures, Rutherford backscattering and secondary ion mass spectrometry data indicate ˜5 at. % in epilayers grown on c-plane sapphire. X-ray diffraction found no evidence of phase segregation up to ˜1 at. % Nd. The highest luminescence intensities correspond to a doping range 0.05-1 at. %, with the strongest emission occurring at 1.12 eV (1107 nm). We also present the Stark energy sublevels of Nd3+ ions in GaN as determined by luminescence spectra. Photoluminescence excitation spectra reveal an optimal excitation energy of 1.48 eV (836 nm). We correlate the photoluminescence spectra with transitions from the 4 F 3/2 excited state to the 4 I 9/2, 4 I 11/2, and 4 I 13/2 multiplets of the Nd3+ ion for above (325nm) and below (836nm) bandgap excitation. Spectral correlation of the Nd emission multiplets in addition to site-selective spectroscopy studies using combined excitation-emission spectroscopy with confocal microscopy indicate enhanced substantial doping at the Ga site compared to other techniques (ion implantation and co-sputtering).
Manliness, Male Virtue and History Writing at the Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Court

When one compares Ottoman chronicles written in the wake of the failed Vienna campaign of 1683 to those composed prior to 1682 and finally to those completed in 1658 one finds, first, that gendered conceptions were central to the authors' depictions of the era and, second, that the model of manliness and male virtue that the authors conceived changed greatly. To authors writing during the first decade of Mehmed IV's reign (1648–58), male virtue was expressed in self-mastery, the mastery of subordinates, particularly women, and the control of financial resources. Authors in the period between 1658 and 1682 imagined manliness in terms of bravery – manifested in hunting and waging war, labelled interchangeably ghaza or jihad – and Islamic zeal. After 1682, writers again returned to an understanding of male virtue and manliness centred on self-control. This article explains the reasons for this change in conceptions of manliness and male virtue by relating it to the dynamic competition between courtly factions patronising literary production. The need to curry favour with these factions was reflected in the writers' choice of literary genre, which intervened discursively to offer different images of the sultan and valide sultan (queen mother).
Federal Air-Quality Standards and Their Implementation

With the enactment of the Clean Air Act amendments in 1970, the federal government, essentially an interested bystander as recently as 1960, became the dominant presence in air pollution control. The current statute provides for federal research, financial support of state control programs, and interstate compacts (secs. 101-106). It retains, in vestigial form, a cumbersome conference procedure (sec. 115) copied from the earlier water-pollution statute and never much used in air pollution. irect federal regulatory authority was substantially increased by the 1970 amendments: the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) may now adopt emission standards not only for new vehicles (sec. 202) but also for all aircraft (sec. 231), for new stationary sources of any type that “may contribute significantly to air pollution” (sec. 111), and for any source of a “hazardous” air pollutant, that is, one that “may cause, or contribute to, an increase in mortality or … in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness” (sec. 1 12); it may also regulate the contents of motor-vehicle fuels (sec. 211). An emergency provision authorizes the federal agency, absent adequate state or local action, to sue to enjoin any emissions contributing to “an imminent and substantial endangerment to the health of persons” (sec. 303). Yet everyday control of most existing stationary sources remains subject to an awkward joint federal-state system of air-quality standards. That system is the subject of the present article.
The effect of thiol and ene structures on thiol–ene networks: Photopolymerization, physical, mechanical and optical properties

Abstract The photopolymerization of four different types of ene monomers with both primary and secondary multifunctional thiols has been evaluated. To understand the effect of ene monomer structures on polymer properties, a comprehensive investigation of the basic physical, mechanical and optical properties was conducted for the secondary and primary thiol–ene networks. The results indicate that ene structure and functionality can significantly affect the rigidity and the physical and mechanical properties of the thiol–ene networks. The heat capacity in the rubber state correlates with the network crosslink density and flexibility of the ene component. Networks formed from the secondary thiol–ene systems are basically equivalent to those made from primary thiol–enes with respect to physical, mechanical and optical properties. The secondary thiol monomer samples evaluated were found to have exceptional storage stability and relatively low odor.
LESS Is More ... But Needs Even More

s/process.cfm?title=Technology+%26+Instruments:+ Robotics/Laparoscopy&searchType=title. [8] Canes D, Berger A, Aron M, et al. NOTES and single port surgery. What patients want [abstract]. J Endourol. In press. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2011.08.020
Pharmacist- versus physician-obtained medication histories

Purpose. Physician-obtained medication histories were compared to those obtained by a pharmacist. Methods. Patients whose medication histories were obtained were included in the evaluation if they were at least 18 years old and admitted to an internal medicine service at the University of Virginia Medical Center. Data were collected in two phases. The first 20 patients identified for inclusion were asked to provide an accurate medication history to pilot test the medication history form used by the pharmacist and received no pharmacist follow-up or interventions. In the second phase, patients were asked to provide an accurate medication history, and a pharmacist intervened when discrepancies in the pharmacist-obtained medication history were identified. Results. A total of 55 patients were included in the study. The pharmacists identified 614 medications for these patients, compared with 556 identified by the physicians ( p ≤ 0.001). The pharmacist documented significantly more medication doses and dosage schedules than did physicians (614 versus 446 and 614 versus 404, respectively) ( p ≤ 0.001 for both comparisons). The pharmacist identified 353 discrepancies, including 58 medications not initially identified from the physician-obtained histories. The pharmacist intervened for 161 discrepancies, correcting 142 after contacting the respective physician; 19 medication discrepancies could not be justified by the physician. Conclusion. A total of 353 discrepancies were identified when medication histories obtained by physicians were compared with those obtained by a pharmacist during the study. During the intervention phase, the majority of discrepancies identified were either corrected by the pharmacist after contacting the respective physician or justified by the physician.
The face wins: Stronger automatic processing of affect in facial expressions than words in a modified Stroop task

Affective words and faces each seem to be evaluated automatically, but it is unclear if they differ from one another in perceptual salience as measured by automaticity. The current study examined a possible hierarchy among affective stimuli using a modified photo–word Stroop task. Positive and negative words were superimposed across faces expressing positive (happy) and negative (angry, sad) emotions. Participants categorised the valence of faces and words. Across two experiments, interference effects were seen for both stimulus types. However, larger interference effects occurred during judgements of words than expressions, suggesting affective faces are processed more automatically than affective words. When the strength of positive and negative expressions is compared, angry expressions resulted in a larger interference effect than sad, and happy expressions produce interference similar to that of angry faces. The latter result contrasts with research suggesting potential threat stimuli are processed m...
Lossless compression of predicted floating-point geometry

The size of geometric data sets in scientific and industrial applications is constantly increasing. Storing surface or volume meshes in standard uncompressed formats results in large files that are expensive to store and slow to load and transmit. Scientists and engineers often refrain from using mesh compression because currently available schemes modify the mesh data. While connectivity is encoded in a lossless manner, the floating-point coordinates associated with the vertices are quantized onto a uniform integer grid to enable efficient predictive compression. Although a fine enough grid can usually represent the data with sufficient precision, the original floating-point values will change, regardless of grid resolution. In this paper we describe a method for compressing floating-point coordinates with predictive coding in a completely lossless manner. The initial quantization step is omitted and predictions are calculated in floating-point. The predicted and the actual floating-point values are broken up into sign, exponent, and mantissa and their corrections are compressed separately with context-based arithmetic coding. As the quality of the predictions varies with the exponent, we use the exponent to switch between different arithmetic contexts. We report compression results using the popular parallelogram predictor, but our approach will work with any prediction scheme. The achieved bit-rates for lossless floating-point compression nicely complement those resulting from uniformly quantizing with different precisions.
Legitimizing the Child-Free Family: The Role of the Family Counselor:

Counselors aspiring to cultural sensitivity are directed to consider multiple factors, including issues of family values, and to become aware of personal value stances and what implications these values may have for their counseling practice. This article will focus on society’s pronatal biases by exploring the stereotypes ascribed to child-free families, by reviewing the professional literature on these families, and by offering implications for family counseling.