cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Substitutional C, Ordering Effects and Interdiffusion in Epitaxial GE-C and GE-RICH GE-SI-C Alloys

We report on the epitaxial growth of Ge-C and Ge-Si-C alloys (C<10%) grown on Si(100) and Ge(100) substrates using low temperature (∼200°C) molecular beam epitaxy. Thin films (50–70 nm) were characterized in-situ by RHEED and ex-situ by transmission electron microscopy, xray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The films were annealed at 750°C and 850°C in an Ar atmosphere to study interdiffusion effects. Raman spectroscopy of Ge-C on Ge indicates the existence of a Ge-C local mode at 530cm−1 and is direct evidence for the presence of substitutional C in Ge. The GeSiC alloys grown on Ge do not show the Ge-C local mode, consistent with preferential Si-C bonding. There is evidence for strain enhanced solubility of C based on a comparison of the substitutional C content in Ge-C films on Si (∼1 at %) and on Ge substrates (∼0.1 at %). Silicon interdiffusion in annealed Ge-C samples is strongly suppressed by the presence of C. A simple diffusion model is used to illustrate Si indiffusion in Ge.
A content‐analysis test of Richard M. Weaver's critical methodology

Since the appearance in 1953 of Richard M. Weaver's novel analysis of the rhetoric of Burke and Lincoln, scholars in the field of communication have repeatedly questioned the representativeness of the examples Weaver used to support his conclusions. The present study tests the validity of Weaver's conclusion that Lincoln habitually argued from genus and that Burke habitually argued from circumstance. The study rests on an examination of three speeches, randomly selected from the career of each speaker, and is conducted in terms of Weaver's hierarchy of “the sources of argument.” The results fully support Weaver's conclusions in the case of Lincoln. In the case of Burke, Weaver's conclusions are upheld—but in a qualified sense.
Quality of life assessment after peroral endoscopic myotomy

Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) is a promising treatment option for motor disorders of the esophagus. The purpose of this study was to assess quality of life (QOL) postoperatively. All patients who presented to our institution for surgical treatment of achalasia after 2011 were asked to complete QOL (SF-36), dysphagia, reflux severity index, and GERD questionnaires in clinic preoperatively and postoperatively at approximately 3 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year. Those patients who underwent a POEM procedure (n = 37) demonstrated a significant improvement in dysphagia scores, reflux severity scores, and GERD scores (p < 0.05) at each time point. SF-36 questionnaires specifically demonstrated a significant improvement in several concepts. At 3 weeks, emotional well-being scores were significantly higher (p = 0.006). At 6 months, the following concepts were significantly higher: emotional well-being (p = 0.039), social functioning (p = 0.038), and general health (p = 0.029). At 1 year, the following concepts were significantly higher: role limitations due to physical health (p = 0.001) and social functioning (p = 0.002). There is a significant improvement in several measures of QOL after POEM, which is comparable to that seen after laparoscopic Heller myotomy.
A vibrational study of the metal—olefin bond in norbornadiene complexes of Rh(I), Pd(II) and Pt(II)

Abstract Vibrational assignments of the complexes [RhClC7H8]2, PtCl2C7H8, and PdCl2C7H8 have been undertaken. A reinvestigation of the norbornadiene spectrum was necessary and a new set of assignments is given. The shift in energy of bands I and II and the out-of-plane olefinic CH wagging modes, as well as the relative energies of the bands associated with the metal—olefin motions are consistent with the total metal—norbornadiene interaction following the order Rh>Pt>Pd and the extent of the π component being ordered as Rh⋍Pt>Pd.
Human-robot interaction research for current and future military applications: from the laboratory to the field

Unmanned air and ground vehicles are an integral part of military operations. However, the use of the robot goes beyond moving the platform from point A to point B. The operator who is responsible for the robots will have a multitude of tasks to complete; route planning for the robot, monitoring the robot during the mission, monitoring and interpreting the sensor information received by the robot, and communicating that information with others. As a result, the addition of robotics can be considered a burden on the operator if not integrated appropriately into the system. The goal of the US Army Research Laboratory's Human Robotic Interaction (HRI) Program is to enable the Soldier to use robotic systems in a way that increases performance, that is, to facilitate effective collaboration between unmanned systems and the Soldier. The program uses multiple research approaches; modeling, simulation, laboratory experimentation, and field experimentation to achieve this overall goal. We have basic and applied research in HRI to include supervisory control, mounted and dismounted robotic control, and mitigation strategies for the HRI environment. This paper describes our HRI program across these various domains and how our research is supporting both current and future military operations.
Perceived Usefulness Of Information Technology: A Cross-National Model

AbstractAs the world globalizes and more multinationals operate in foreign locales, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how people react to information technology. In this paper, we use a combined social institutions and national culture approach to examine how these are related to one component of the technology acceptance model. Specifically, we hypothesize that three social institutions (degree of industrialization, degree of social inequality, and religiosity) and three national culture dimensions (uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and individualism) are related to the perceived usefulness of information technology. Because of the cross-level nature of our study, we use Hierarchical Linear Modeling to test our hypotheses on 26,999 individuals from 24 nations. Results support four of the six hypotheses (degree of industrialization, degree of social inequality, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity). Results reject hypotheses for religiosity and individualism. Implications of our find...
Electrochemical transformation of SWNT/Nafion composites

The electrochemical performance of single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT)/Nafion composite electrodes were studied in sulfuric acid solutions. Electrochemical oxidation of the highly dispersed SWNTs within the Nafion matrix results in a dramatic morphological change in the SWNTs. As evidenced by transmission electron microscopy, small bundles of straight-line SWNTs change into curved bundles with relatively sharp contours. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicates increased electrochemical impedance in the oxidized SWNT/Nafion composites. Reduction of the composites at low potentials reverses impedance to near original values. However, the morphological change of the SWNTs is irreversible. In addition, the electrochemical capacitance of the composite electrode increases significantly after the oxidation-reduction cycle. Our results demonstrate that electrochemical oxidation and reduction treatment of the composite is also potentially useful for modifying the SWNT sidewalls, which results in an enhancement of the electrochemical capacitance of SWNTs.
Supply of Storage Theory and Commodity Equilibrium Prices with Stochastic Production

When future production is a random variable, the equilibrium price for a commodity will be that which yields the maximum expected discounted utility of the consumption quantities and the supply of storage. The equilibrium consumption schedule is obtained with the dynamic programming techniques of inventory theory.
Phencyclidine (PCP) and dizocilpine (MK801) exert time‐dependent effects on the expression of immediate early genes in rat brain

The mRNA expression pattern for four different immediate early genes was examined dynamically in rat brain after administration of phencyclidine (PCP; 0.86 or 8.6 mg/kg) or MK801 (0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg). Following each treatment, the expression of cfos, cjun, junB, and zif268 mRNA changed distinctively and dynamically between 1 and 48 hours. cfos mRNA was induced in cortical areas at early times after either dose of PCP or of MK801; the change was especially prominent in cingulate and auditory cortices. zif268 mRNA showed an early (1 hour) activation and a delayed (24-48 hour) suppression after PCP and MK801 in neocortical areas. PCP also caused cjun and junB mRNA induction in cortical areas at early times, with a distribution and time course similar to its effects on cfos mRNA. No alterations in cfos, cjun, or junB mRNA were found in neocortical or hippocampal areas at any delayed time (>6 hours) after PCP treatment, whereas suppression of zif268 expression was prominent even at 48 hours post-treatment. CPP, a competitive NMDA antagonist, showed a similar pattern of effects on cfos and zif268 mRNA expression. These functional consequences of a PCP- or MK801-induced reduction in NMDA-sensitive glutamate transmission may be relevant to an understanding of animal NMDA pharmacology and/or to clinical psychotomimetic side effects of antiglutamatergic treatments.
Architecture, Patterns, and Mathematics

Nikos Salingaros posits the importance of architectural pattern in man’s intellectual development, examining how twentieth century architectural attitudes towards decoration and pattern have impoverished man’s experience of both mathematics and the built environment.
Spatial Emission Characteristics of a Capillary-Burner Excitation Source for a Flame Infrared Emission (FIRE) Radiometer

A complete mapping of the lateral and radial intensities of the 4.4-μm emission (antisymmetric CO2 stretch) resulting from the direct introduction of carbon dioxide, a homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons, and benzene into a hydrogen/air combustion flame supported on a capillary burner has been carried out. Both concentrated (99% methane, ethane, propane, and butane) and dilute (1% methane, ethane, propane, and benzene) hydrocarbons were studied. Flame profiles produced by the introduction of carbon dioxide were used to indicate the effects of local variations in source temperature and carbon dioxide number density in the absence of combustion. The radial profiles produced by the introduction of carbon dioxide and the hydrocarbons revealed a considerable amount of off-axis emission, believed to result from a zone of low temperature along the central vertical axis of the burner. Combustion of analyte appeared to be a diffusion-controlled process. For aliphatic hydrocarbons, combustion produced nearly quantitative amounts of carbon dioxide, provided the flame was not overloaded. For benzene, combustion produced particulate carbon, and the resulting blackbody emission was not strictly related to analyte concentration or carbon number. Blackbody emission may also result from the incomplete combustion of longer chain aliphatic hydrocarbons (propane and butane), if the burner is overloaded.
Smoking motives in the prediction of affective vulnerability among young adult daily smokers

Abstract The primary aim of this study was to examine whether smoking to reduce negative affect was uniquely related to a range of affective vulnerability factors (e.g., anxiety sensitivity, anxious arousal, and negative affectivity) among daily smokers. Participants were 276 young adult daily smokers (124 females; M age = 25.12 , SD = 10.37 ). Partially consistent with prediction, the motivation to smoke to reduce negative affect was significantly related to anxiety sensitivity and negative affectivity, but not anxious arousal; the observed significant effects were above and beyond other theoretically relevant factors (e.g., smoking rate, years smoked, age, gender). In contrast to prediction, habitual smoking motives demonstrated significant incremental associations with anxiety sensitivity and anxious arousal symptoms. These results suggest that there are important associations between certain smoking motives and negative affective states and that such relations are not attributable to other smoking factors (e.g., smoking rate).
Investigation of Cd, Cu, Ni and 234Th in the colloidal size range in the Gulf of Maine

Size-fractionated seawater samples were collected from the Gulf of Maine to determine the fraction (fc/d) of total dissolved ( ∼ 1–10 mg L−1), such as in near-shore and estuarine waters.
Anatomic variations of the radial artery: significance when harvesting for coronary artery bypass grafting

The Journal of Thoracic 3. Bigelow WG, Barnes WT. Ruptured aneurysm of aortic sinus. Ann Surg. 1959;150:117-21. 4. Edwards JE, Burchell HB. The pathological anatomy of deficiencies between the aortic root and the heart, including aortic sinus aneurysms. Thorax. 1957;12:125-39. 5. Sawyers JL, Adams JE, Scott SW Jr. Surgical treatment for aneurysms of the aortic sinuses with aorticoatrial fistula: experimental and clinical study. Surgery. 1975;41:46-8.
Crystal structure of the human K2P TRAAK, a lipid- and mechano-sensitive K+ ion channel.

TRAAK channels, members of the two–pore domain K+ (potassium ion) channel family K2P, are expressed almost exclusively in the nervous system and control the resting membrane potential. Their gating is sensitive to polyunsaturated fatty acids, mechanical deformation of the membrane, and temperature changes. Physiologically, these channels appear to control the noxious input threshold for temperature and pressure sensitivity in dorsal root ganglia neurons. We present the crystal structure of human TRAAK at a resolution of 3.8 angstroms. The channel comprises two protomers, each containing two distinct pore domains, which create a two-fold symmetric K+ channel. The extracellular surface features a helical cap, 35 angstroms tall, that creates a bifurcated pore entryway and accounts for the insensitivity of two–pore domain K+ channels to inhibitory toxins. Two diagonally opposed gate-forming inner helices form membrane-interacting structures that may underlie this channel’s sensitivity to chemical and mechanical properties of the cell membrane.
An empirical study on improving quality of coal-mining refuse for re-vegetation using amendments.

Re-vegetation on closed mining-sites for carbon sequestration and/or bio-energy production is one of the strategies of addressing the world-wide issues of energy crisis and global warming. However, mine soils including coal-mining refuse usually have poor quality and are unfavorable to plant growth. Thus, the major objective of this study was to improve quality of coal-mining refuse under laboratory conditions using zeolite, flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGD), flyash, and biosolids at 10% (w/w) rate. Chemical analysis did not indicate any significantly high concentrations of toxins in the solid or the solution phase, suggesting that soil acidity was the principal chemical constraint hindering re-vegetation. In this context, FGD was the best among the tested materials for increasing soil pH and improving lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) seed germination, while application of biosolids significantly enhanced soil aggregate stability. Specifically, laboratory tests showed that application of FGD increased pH of the acidic coal refuse samples from initial 3.80-4.66 to 5.70-6.60 and enhanced the growth of germinated lettuce seedlings in mine soil solution from 2.9-4.4 cm to 5.9-8.6 cm. The biosolids amendment increased the geometric mean diameter of the mine soil aggregates from the antecedent 0.93-0.99 mm to 1.13-1.25 mm. However, use of zeolite and fly-ash did not significantly improve the soil quality.
Has price competition changed hospital revenues and expenses in New York

This study analyzes the factors that influenced hospital expenses and revenues prior to and following the enactment of the New York State Health Care Reform Act of 1996 (HCRA)-the period from 1994-1999. HCRA was expected to encourage price competition which in turn was anticipated to lower hospital revenues and expenses. We measured the differential effects on hospital revenues and expenses in markets with varying degrees of competition. We also measured the relationship between hospital revenues and expenses and the increased concentration resulting from the formation of local hospital systems. We found that revenues and expenses both grew more slowly for hospitals located in more competitive markets; hospital systems that increased concentration tended to have higher revenues. In the short run at least, price competition induced by HCRA did constrain both hospital expense and revenue growth, although the increase in hospital mergers countered this trend.
Employment Behavior of Adolescent Family Members

Employment of adolescents age 16 through 18 in two-parent families was analyzed in relation to personal and family characteristics, adolescent orientations and expectations, attitudes toward working, and parental attitudes toward working. Data are representative of families in selected metropolitan areas and small towns in six states. Significant differences were found in the factors contributing to employment of males and of females. Males ap peared more likely to emphasize career goals rather than immediate monetary rewards as reasons for working. Daughters were more likely to work if the mother was working, but sons were less likely to do so. Females were more likely to work if they viewed family income as inadequate; males less likely. Working adolescents generally reported that their job had a positive rather than negative effect on their overall quality of life, but they were neither happier nor unhappier with non-work domains of life (family, school, leisure) than non- working youths.
The Ricardian rent and the allocation of land under uncertainty: Comment

Results on the comparative statics of land rent under uncertainty published in this journal are extended. Rent increases under any first-degree (second-degree) stochastically dominating shift in the random variable if the utility function is increasing (increasing and concave). Rent also increases under an increasing utility function if costs at the initial optimum level of expected output decreases. Copyright 1997 by Oxford University Press.
PTSD diagnoses, subsyndromal symptoms, and comorbidities contribute to impairments for breast cancer survivors

The clinical importance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology for cancer patients is unclear. The association between the magnitude of cancer-related PTSD symptoms, comorbidity, and functioning is tested. Breast cancer patients (N = 74) were assessed at diagnosis/surgery, followed, and screened for cancer-related PTSD 18 months later. Participants then completed diagnostic interviews and PTSD (n = 12), subsyndromal PTSD (n = 5), and no symptom (n = 47) patient groups were identified. Posttraumatic stress disorder cases were distinguished by having experienced violent traumas and anxiety disorders predating cancer, whereas subsyndromal cases were not. Also, longitudinal data show that PTSD covarys with poorer functioning and lower quality of life among breast cancer survivors. Both PTSD and subsyndromal PTSD were associated with employment absenteeism and the seeking of mental health services.
An MBoC favorite: Cell contact-dependent regulation of epithelial-myofibroblast transition via the Rho-Rho-kinase-phospho-myosin pathway.

In the current era of genomics, proteomics, and other “omics,” there is a need to revitalize the old encyclopedic way of thinking about complex natural phenomena. This paper (Fan et al., 2007) is a great example of “new encyclopedism” bringing together seemingly unrelated areas, in this case, cytoskeletal remodeling and gene regulation. The authors dissected a key signaling pathway that transforms epithelial cells into myofibroblasts and involves epithelial junctions, the actomyosin cytoskeleton, and the nucleus. This article has stimulated me to look outside the “narrow interests” box and appreciate the ability of cells to adapt their major structural and signaling modules for different homeostatic and functional needs.
The association between stock returns and foreign GAAP earnings versus earnings adjusted to U.S. GAAP

Abstract This study examines the association between stock returns and foreign GAAP earnings versus earnings adjusted to U.S. GAAP. Using a sample of foreign firms with common stock or American Depositary Receipt (ADR) traded in U.S. exchanges, we compare the returns-earnings relations between U.S. and foreign GAAP-based earnings. Results based on the JA test indicate that earnings based on foreign GAAP are more closely associated with contemporaneous stock returns than earnings reconciled to U.S. GAAP. We find evidence that our results may be driven by institutional factors which are specific to foreign markets.
The effect of bystander CPR on survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims

The effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was studied in 2142 emergency medical service (EMS) cardiac arrest runs. When bystander CPR was administered to cardiac arrest victims, 22.9% of the victims survived until they were admitted to the hospital and 11.9% were discharged alive. In comparison, the statistics for cardiac arrest victims who did not receive bystander CPR were 14.6% and 4.7%, respectively (p less than 0.001). A critical factor in patient survival was the amount of time that elapsed before the EMS personnel arrived and administered CPR. Patients who received bystander CPR were more likely to have ventricular fibrillation when the EMS arrived. Other factors relating to patient survival were the location of the victim at the time of the cardiac arrest and the age of the victim. Understanding these factors is important in developing community strategies to treat patients with cardiac arrest out of hospital.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF INTERFERON.

Abstract An investigation into the biochemical action of interferon has been carried out. When uninfected chick embryo fibroblast tissue culture cells were exposed for 18–24 hours to interferon at levels 10 times that which would cause a 50% inhibition in virus growth, no regular effects were found on the rate of synthesis of protein, DNA, rapidly labeled RNA, or of a number of smaller molecules. In CEF cells infected with Sindbis virus, on the other hand, interferon inhibited the synthesis of rapidly labeled, phenol-released RNA, both early in the course of infection, when little or no virus RNA was being made, and later. In other experiments, a 15-minute pulse exposure of cells to radioactive uridine was followed by a cold uridine “chase,” and slowly labeled RNA was studied. Pretreatment of the cells with interferon led to a decreased amount of radioactivity in the slowly labeled RNA in infected and uninfected cells. It is tentatively suggested that this latter effect is due to an inhibition of transfer from rapidly labeled to slowly labeled RNA.
Glass transition of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Abstract It has been found that commercial poly(ethylene terephthalate) film exhibits current glow curves which have maxima at 73.5 ± 3.4°C and at 105.3 ± 3.4°C. These current glow curves were obtained by measuring the current flowing under zero bias as the temperature was raised 1°C/min. A typical curve, for untreated 1-mil du Pont Mylar A, is seen in Fig. 1. Although a paper on this study will shortly be submitted for publication, some conclusions of that paper may be stated here.
Reactions of Trimethylsilyl Cyanide with α-Keto Esters: Selective Preparation of Either Methyl 4-(Trimethyl-silyl) oxy-4-cyano-2-oxopentanoate or Methyl 2-(Trimethylsilyl) Oxy-2-cyano-4-oxopentanoate

Abstract The reaction of methy1 2,4-dioxopentanoate (3) with TMSCN in the presence of zinc iodide affords the TMS protected cyanohydrin enol ether 4, from which the TMS protected cyanohydrin 1 can be obtained. Treatment of 3 with TMSCN alone gives the isomeric cyanohydrin 2. Reactions of two other α-keto esters with TMSCN are shown to proceed without a catalyst.
The Application of Microprocessors in a National Laboratory

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) has long been involved in automation using minicomputers in the laboratory environment. This involvement has enabled LLL to become familiar with the problems of implementing computer systems. As a result of experience with computer system problems, LLL was in a very good position in 1972 to take advantage of the new microcomputer technology. In the fall of that year, LLL selected the Intel 8008 microprocessor and decided to create a standard system within the Laboratory. The main function of this standard was ''To make current technology easy to use and allow for upgrading to new technology.'' These are powerful arguments for implementing standards in a research environment. The reasons for standardization are to reduce design time, stop duplication of effort and ease the design processes of the final system. The support for such a system is possible because there is only one system to support rather than a proliferation of systems as happened in the commercial microprocessor area. The LLL system is discussed.
Effects of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, and sterigmatocystin on viability, rates of development, and body length in two strains of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera)

Abstract Two wild-type laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster, Florida-9 (sensitive to aflatoxin (AF) B1-induced toxicity) and Lausanne-S (resistant to AFB1-induced toxicity) were tested to determine relative degress of sensitivity to growth from the egg stage on media containing 0.2, 0.6, 2.0, and 4.0 ppm AFB1, AFG1, AFB2, or sterigmatocystin (ST). Data indicate that strain Florida-9 is quite sensitive to AFG1 toxicity at both the egg-pupa and egg-adult stages of development while Lausanne-S is quite resistant to such toxic effects. For Lausanne-S, AFB1 > AFG1 in relative toxicity, while for Florida-9, AFG1 > AFB1. The latter is noteworthy since vertebrate studies consistently show that AFB1 is a significantly stronger carcinogen and mutagen than AFG1. Possible explanations are discussed. Neither strain tested displayed toxic responses to the presence of AFB2 or ST in the culture media; however, the 4.0-ppm Lausanne-S treatment displayed a significantly lower adult mortality rate than the control, indicating that Lausanne-S flies may benefit from the presence of ST in the culture medium.
The twofold promise of the CORC project

The two‐pronged approach of OCLC’s CORC project is described by a participant in the project’s beta test. One element is the building of a collection of catalog records of Internet accessible resources, reflecting two different metadata standards. The development of automated cataloging features and the issues of link maintenance are discussed. The second major element of the project is building a database of metasites or “pathfinders” that serve as subject guides to the Internet. The two types of pathfinders are examined along with the important role that they can play in a library’s organization of Web resources.
Can Government Regulate Portion Sizes

A New York City Board of Health regulation limiting portion sizes of sugar-sweetened beverages was struck down this year, but the case may help address fundamental questions about whether restricting portion sizes is defensible on public health and legal grounds.
Scholarly Communication and Bibliometrics

Frontispiece - Derek J de Solla Price Introduction - Christine L Borgman PART ONE: THEORY AND PERSPECTIVE Understanding Science - Belver C Griffith Studies of Communication and Information Disciplinary Work and Interdisciplinary Areas - Sydney J Pierce Sociology and Bibliometrics Reconciling Structure and Process in the Study of Scholarly Communication - Leah A Lievrouw PART TWO: BIBLIOMETRIC RESEARCH METHODS A View of Studies on Bibliometrics and Related Subjects in Japan - S Miyamoto, N Midorikawa and K Nakayama Author Co-citation Studies - Howard D White Overview and Defense Who Carries the Field? Communication Between Literary Schools and Critics - Karl Erik Rosengren The Absence of Co-citation as a Clue to Undiscovered Causal Connections - Don R Swanson Hierarchies and Clusters Among Communication and Library and Information Science Journals, 1977 - 1987 - Ronald E Rice PART THREE: EMPIRICAL STUDIES An Author Co-citation Analysis of Two Research Traditions - Everett M Rogers and Charlotte A Cottrill Technology Transfer and the Diffusion of Innovations A Co-citation Study of AIDS Research - Henry Small and Edwin Greenlee Mapping Authors in Intellectual Space - Katherine W McCain Population Genetics in the 1980s International Scientific Cooperation and Awareness - H F Moed and R E DeBruin A Bibliometric Case Study of Agricultural Research Within the European Community Core Journals of the Rapidly Changing Research Front of "Superconductivity" - Terrance A Brooks Editors-in-Chief of Medical Journals - S Zsindely and A Schubert Identifying the Important Theorists of Communication - James R Beniger Use of Latent Measures to Test Manifest Assumptions in Scholarly Communication Conclusions - William Paisley The Future of Bibliometrics
Lithographic flare measurements of EUV full-field projection optics

We demonstrate direct flare measurements of 4-mirror projection optics in the Engineering Test Stand (ETS) using a conventional resist clearing method (the Kirk method). Two extreme UV lithographic projection optics, one with higher flare than the other, have been characterized and the results compared. The measured results have also been compared to analytical calculations based on measured mirror roughness and the extended point spread function. Full-field flare across the 24 mm field width has been measured, and we have verified that flare is constant across the field for EUV lithography as predicted. Horizontal (H) and vertical (V) flare bias has been observed and the cause of the H-V flare bias has been investigated. The main cause has been identified to be anisotropic mirror polishing. Simulations with the 2D Power Spectral density function have confirmed the experimental results.
Biochemical and behavioral effects of steroids on GABAA receptor function in long- and short-sleep mice.

Abstract The in vitro and in vivo effects of alphaxalone, a steroid anesthetic, and two physiological steroids, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) and pregnenolone sulfate (PS), on GABA A receptor function were evaluated in long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mice. In vitro, both alphaxalone and THDOC enhanced GABAergic inhibition as measured by [ 3 H]FNZ binding and GABA-stimulated 36 Cl − flux. However, with the exception of alphaxalone potentiation of [ 3 H]FNZ binding, which was greater in SS brain regions, LS and SS mice did not differ in their degree of enhancement. Pregnenolone sulfate produced mixed agonistic and antagonistic effects on GABAergic function, dependent upon brain region, with few differences between the lines of mice. In vivo effects of these steroids on sleep time indicated that, like other anesthetic agents, THDOC and alphaxalone induced longer sleep times in LS mice. Antagonism by PS of ethanol-induced sleep time was observed in LS mice only; however, this effect was dependent upon the dose of ethanol used and on the vehicle used to prepare the steroid. Pentobarbital-induced sleep time was not reduced by PS treatment in either line of mouse. These results demonstrate that few differences in sensitivity of the GABAergic receptor to these steroids exist between LS and SS mice. Thus, unlike the differences between LS and SS mice in GABAergic mediation of responses to ethanol and benzodiazepines, there is little genetic variability in subtypes of GABA A receptors capable of modulation by steroids in these lines of mice.
Failure of the Local-Field Concept for Hysteresis Calculations

The “local field” is the electric or magnetic field of external sources and of all molecules or particles except the one under examination, at the position of that one. The concept is useful in the molecular theory of dielectrics, where the basic relations are linear. It has also been applied, however, to magnetically interacting single-domain particles in a ferromagnetic powder; here the relations not only are nonlinear but involve discontinuous irreversible jumps, for which instability conditions are decisive. The local-field concept is then unreliable. In a two-particle system, for example, the local-field method examines the stability of one moment with respect to rotation in a fixed field due to the other moment and to external sources; this procedure imposes a constraint, for in the actual system the two moments may rotate simulatneously and independently. The incorrectness of the local-field method is demonstrated here by calculations for two-and three-particle chains of spheres and for two- and three-part composite cylinders. The concept of an interaction field that merely displaces the hysteresis loops of the particles without changing their widths, as in a common interpretation of the Preisach model, is thus erroneous.
The synthesis and characterization of [M(C8H5N2N=NH)3](BPh4), where M = Tc or Re. Tris-diazene chelate complexes of technetium(I) and rhenium(I)

Abstract The reaction of ammonium pertechnetate or tetrabutylammonium perrhenate with the chelating organohydrazine hydralazine hydrochloride gives the Tc( I ) (or Re( I )) cationic tris-chelate complex [M(C 8 H 5 N 2 N=NH) 3 ] + , which is isolated as the tetraphenylborate salt. These dark green complexes are freely soluble in ethanol but decompose in solution in the absence of excess ligand. The infrared spectra of these complexes show no peaks associated with ν(M=O), nor associated with ν(C=N) or ν(N=N), indicative of exclusively chelated organodiazene ligation. A weak absorption near 3250 cm −1 is associated with ν(N-H) from the organodiazene ligands. The FAB(+) mass spectra of the complexes show the free parent ions for both metals. For the technetium complex M + = 573 m/z and for the rhenium complex M + =661 m/z . The technetium complex's mass spectrum also shows a peak of 417 m/z associated with a fragment from the loss of one of the three chelated diazene ligands. The 99 Tc NMR spectroscopy shows the technetium complexes resonance occurring in the established Tc(V) region, at ∼1620 ppm. This downfield shift is attributed to a paramagnetic shielding effect. These complexes are electrochemically active, with each complex exhibiting a pair of reversible oxidations. One of the two observed processes is likely ligand based, since it occurs at very similar E 1/2 values for both the rhenium and technetium complexes.
Oscillatory segregation at a metal alloy surface: Relation to ordered bulk phases.

Some transition-metal alloys exhibit a complex surface segregation, where the composition oscillates with depth. Here, such behavior is predicted to occur for CuAu(100), based on Monte Carlo calculations using an empirical classical potential for multicomponent systems. A simple model shows that this behavior is related to the existence of an ordered phase in the bulk phase diagram, with the depth of the segregation diverging at the bulk ordering temperature. This accords with the observed behavior of PtNi, which has a phase diagram similar to CuAu. The role of surface orientation is discussed, as is the related nonoscillatory surface segregation of alloys exhibiting a bulk miscibility gap.
The application of FRET biosensors to visualize Src activation

Src kinase, the first tyrosine kinase discovered, has been shown to play critical roles in a variety of cellular processes, including cell motility/migration, mechanotranduction, and cancer development. Based on fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), we have developed and characterized a genetically encoded single-molecule Src biosensor, which enables the imaging and quantification of temporal-spatial activation of Src in live cells. In this paper, we summarize the application of this biosensor to study a variety of cellular functions. First, we introduced a local mechanical stimulation by applying laser-tweezer-induced traction on fibronectin-coated beads adhered to the cells. Using a membrane-anchored Src biosensor, we observed a wave propagation of Src activation in a direction opposite to the applied force. This Src reporter was also applied to visualize the interplays between cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesions. The results indicate that integrin-ligation can induce Src activation around cell-cell junctions and cause the disruption of adherens junctions. Lastly, the flow-induced dynamic Src activation at subcellular levels was visualized by the FRET biosensor simultaneously with actin-fused mCherry, a red fluorescence protein. Our results indicate that shear stress induced a moderate up-regulation of Src activation in the whole cell, but a significant translocation of active Src from perinuclear regions toward cell periphery. In summary, our novel Src biosensor has made it possible to monitor key signaling transduction cascades involving Src in live cells with temporal-spatial characterization in mechanobiology.
The in vitro inhibition of hepatic catalase by boiled aqueous extracts from a human carcinoma of the stomach and from human non malignant stomach epithelium

Abstract Boiled aqueous extracts from the tissue of a human carcinoma of the stomach and from human nonmalignant stomach epithelium were each found to inhibit crystalline hepatic catalase in vitro. These extracts consisted of amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, and nucleosides. The crysteine content of these extracts appeared to be largely responsible for their inhibition of catalase.
Effects of toluene inhalation on detection of auditory signals in rats

Inhalation of organic solvents can affect vigilance and reaction time in humans. An animal model of vigilance was designed to assess the effects of toluene on these processes. Adult male Long-Evans rats were trained to detect auditory signals (20-msec increases in the intensity of white noise). Two to 4 s after each signal (or blank period), two retractable levers were inserted into the test chamber. A press on one lever after a signal and on the other lever after a blank resulted in the delivery of food. Signal detection analysis showed that sensitivity (Sensitivity Index, SI) and response bias (Responsivity Index, RI) increased with signal intensity, indicating that loud signals were more detectable than soft signals and that the animals' criterion for responding "signal" increased with signal intensity. Response latency for correct choices was faster for signal trials than for blank trials. Toluene vapor was added to the airstream of these chambers at concentrations of 0, 1000, 1500, or 2000 ppm, either 10 or 30 min before testing and for the duration of each 1-h test. In air, SI increased across the duration of the test; this within-session improvement was reversed by toluene. RI did not change in air; it was decreased by toluene at the beginning of each exposure session, returned to the control level during exposure to 1000 and 1500 ppm toluene and exceeded air control after 40 min exposure to 2000 ppm toluene. Latency increased monotonically across toluene concentrations and time on test. Neither signal intensity nor the duration of toluene exposure before testing altered these effects of toluene. SI, RI, and latency baselines were recovered after toluene exposure indicating that no persistent effects of toluene were detectable. This conclusion was supported by data from other rats showing that toluene exposure (2000 ppm for 2 h/day for 4 consecutive days) did not affect auditory thresholds, as determined by reflex modification of an acoustic startle response using a 16 kHz tone as a prepulse stimulus, 7 or 17 days after exposure to toluene. Finally, rats tested immediately or 20 min after exposure to 0, 1000, 1500, or 2000 ppm toluene were not affected by the vapor, indicating that the impairment observed during toluene inhalation did not persist beyond the period of exposure.
Function of 3′ non-coding sequences and stop codon usage in expression of the chloroplast psaB gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The rate of mRNA decay is an important step in the control of gene expression in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and cellular organelles. Factors that determine the rate of mRNA decay in chloroplasts are not well understood. Chloroplast mRNAs typically contain an inverted repeat sequence within the 3' untranslated region that can potentially fold into a stem-loop structure. These stem-loop structures have been suggested to stabilize the mRNA by preventing degradation by exonuclease activity, although such a function in vivo has not been clearly established. Secondary structures within the translation reading frame may also determine the inherent stability of an mRNA. To test the function of the inverted repeat structures in chloroplast mRNA stability mutants were constructed in the psaB gene that eliminated the 3' flanking sequences of psaB or extended the open reading frame into the 3' inverted repeat. The mutant psaB genes were introduced into the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mutants lacking the 3' stem-loop exhibited a 75% reduction in the level of psaB mRNA. The accumulation of photosystem I complexes was also decreased by a corresponding amount indicating that the mRNA level is limiting to PsaB protein synthesis. Pulse-chase labeling of the mRNA showed that the decay rate of the psaB mRNA was significantly increased demonstrating that the stem-loop structure is required for psaB mRNA stability. When the translation reading frame was extended into the 3' inverted repeat the mRNA level was reduced to only 2% of wild-type indicating that ribosome interaction with stem-loop structures destabilizes chloroplast mRNAs. The non-photosynthetic phenotype of the mutant with an extended reading frame allowed us to test whether infrequently used stop codons (UAG and UGA) can terminate translation in vivo. Both UAG and UGA are able to effectively terminate PsaB synthesis although UGA is never used in any of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast genes that have been sequenced.
Fifty Years of Trade Policy: The Policy Lessons

F IVE major lessons for successful global trade management, defined as steady reductions in barriers and maintenance of an effective rules-based system, emerge from the first fifty years of the GATT/WTO. They need to be applied to the present situation to set the stage for another half century of successful multilateral trade cooperation. I will summarise the key headings at the outset and then elaborate each, concluding with proposals for the WTO agenda for the early part of the twenty-first century.
Multiple stable states and hysteresis in continuous, oscillating cultures of budding yeast

The conditions that precede the onset of autonomous oscillations in continuous yeast cultures were studied in three different types of experiments. It was found that the final state of the culture depended on the protocol used to start up the reactor. Batch cultures, switched to continuous operation at different stages of the batch growth curve, all exhibited similar dynamics—ethanol depletion followed by autonomous oscillations. Small perturbations of the distribution of states in the reactor, achieved by addition of externally grown cells, were able to quench the oscillatory dynamics. Reaching the desired operating point by slow dilution rate changes gave rise to different final states, two oscillatory states and one steady state, depending on the rate of change in dilution rate. The multiplicity of stable states at a single operating point is not explained by any current distributed model and points toward a segregated mechanism of these oscillations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 305–312, 2001.
The geometry of inductive reasoning in games

This paper contributes to the recent focus on dynamics in noncooperative games when players use inductive learning. The most well-known inductive learning rule, Brown’s fictitious play, is known to converge for games, yet many examples exist where fictitious play reasoning fails to converge to a Nash equilibrium. Building on ideas from chaotic dynamics, this paper develops a geometric conceptualization of instability in games, allowing for a reinterpretation of existing results and suggesting avenues for new results.
Identification of Metallic-Smelling 1-Octen-3-one and 1-Nonen-3-one from Solutions of Ferrous Sulfate

Taste threshold tests of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) solutions have been confounded by the presence of putative odorants. To detect the presence of odorants released from these solutions solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used to collect volatiles in the headspace above FeSO4 solutions. Gas chromatography-olfactometry of samples collected over three time periods (1, 5, and 16 h) and at two temperatures (22 and 37 degrees C) revealed the presence of several metallic-smelling odorants in the headspace. Using authentic standards, two of the odorants were conclusively identified as 1-octen-3-one and 1-nonen-3-one. Trace levels of other odorants were also detected, but dilution experiments indicated that 1-nonen-3-one was at least 10 times more potent than anything else released from the solutions. 1-Octen-3-one and 1-nonen-3-one are excellent candidates for the metallic odor responses often observed in threshold testing of solutions of FeSO4.
A new feature ranking method in a HMM-based handwriting recognition system

In this paper, we propose a new feature ranking method in a recognition system, by introducing the concept of the effectiveness of the distinguishing power of features and considering the correlation among features. To find the subset of most important features, first, the best feature can be identified by its effective distinguishing power and put in an empty feature set. Then, each of the remaining features is ranked based on their effective distinguishing capacity contribution and the highest-ranked feature is added to the selected subset. This process is repeated till the performance of the system reaches its peak or the effective distinguishing contribution falls below a certain value. The application of this method to an existing handwriting recognition system showed strong support for our methodology of feature ranking.
Optimal k-Anonymity with Flexible Generalization Schemes through Bottom-up Searching

In recent years, a major thread of research on k-anonymity has focused on developing more flexible generalization schemes that produce higher-quality datasets. In this paper we introduce three new generalization schemes that improve on existing schemes, as well as algorithms enumerating valid generalizations in these schemes. We also introduce a taxonomy for generalization schemes and a new cost metric for measuring information loss. We present a bottom-up search strategy for finding optimal anonymizations. This strategy works particularly well when the value of k is small. We show the feasibility of our approach through experiments on real census data
Coastal-Trapped Waves in a Continuously Stratified Ocean

Abstract The theory of coastal-trapped waves is extended to include the general features of continuous density stratification, variable bottom topography, and a finite coastal wall. In the limit of a vanishing coastal wall, topographic Rossby waves are the only class of sub-inertial frequency, trapped wave motion. The stratification effect on topographic Rossby waves depends on both the local baroclinic radius of deformation and the characteristic offshore length scale of the wave motion. For intermediate density stratification, long waves are nearly depth-independent in the shelf region, and are bottom-trapped in the slope region. The topographic Rossby waves reduce to the barotropic shelf waves and the bottom-trapped waves in the limits of small and large density stratification, respectively. In the general case of comparable influences from the coastal wall and bottom slope effects, baroclinic Kelvin waves and topographic Rossby waves are eigenmodes of the system. The eigenfunctions are modified from t...