cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid basketry: interweaving digital practice within contemporary craft

Contemporary 3D printing and traditional craft rarely meet in the same creation. They tend to live in different worlds. In this paper, the author argues for merging these two distinct traditions. To that end, he developed hybrid basketry, a medium where 3D-printed structures are shaped to allow the growth and development of hand-woven patterns. While the 3D-printed plastic elements contribute the aesthetics of the digital curvatures and manifolds, the hand-woven reed, jute, and canvas fibers infuse the baskets with a unique organic appeal. The author discusses his motivation, describes the making process, and presents four hybrid baskets, integrating a deeper discussion on the place of craft and tradition within our contemporary approach to design and fabrication.
Upregulation of cardiac NOS due to endotoxemia and vagal overactivity contributes to the hypotensive effect of chronic ethanol in female rats

We previously reported that chronic ethanol lowers blood pressure in female rats. In this study, hemodynamic, biochemical, and immunoblot analyses were performed to investigate: (i) the roles of cardiac contractility and autonomic activity in the hypotensive action of ethanol, and (ii) whether endotoxemia-induced upregulation of cardiac and/or vascular nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms underlies the hypotensive and cardiac effects of ethanol. Telemetric monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, and myocardial contractility (dP/dt(max)) was performed in female rats receiving liquid diet with or without ethanol (5% w/v, 13weeks). Autonomic control was assessed by frequency domain analysis of interbeat intervals (IBI) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Compared with pair-fed controls, ethanol caused sustained reductions in blood pressure, heart rate, and+dP/dt(max). Ethanol feeding increased the spectral power of high-frequency band (IBI(HF), 0.75-3Hz) and decreased the low-frequency band (IBI(LF), 0.25-0.75Hz) and IBI(LF/HF) ratio, suggesting increased cardiac parasympathetic dominance. In contrast, vascular tone was not affected by ethanol because SBP spectral bands and plasma norepinephrine remained unchanged. Myocardial expressions of eNOS and its upstream regulators, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt, and plasma endotoxin and nitrite/nitrate were increased by ethanol. Myocardial iNOS was also increased by ethanol whereas nNOS remained unchanged and aortic levels of all NOS isoforms were not altered by ethanol. These findings suggest that facilitation of myocardial PI3K/Akt/eNOS and iNOS pathways, due possibly to ethanol-induced endotoxemia and/or increased cardiac parasympathetic dominance, might constitute a cellular mechanism for the reduced myocardial contractility and hypotension caused by ethanol in female rats.
Reduction of display artifacts by random sampling

The application of random-sampling techniques to remove visible artifacts (such as flicker, moire patterns, and paradoxical motion) introduced in TV-type displays by discrete sequential scanning is discussed and demonstrated. Sequential-scanning artifacts are described; the window of visibility defined in spatiotemporal frequency space by Watson and Ahumada (1982 and 1983) and Watson et al. (1983) is explained; the basic principles of random sampling are reviewed and illustrated by the case of the human retina; and it is proposed that the sampling artifacts can be replaced by random noise, which can then be shifted to frequency-space regions outside the window of visibility. Vertical sequential, single-random-sequence, and continuously renewed random-sequence plotting displays generating 128 points at update rates up to 130 Hz are applied to images of stationary and moving lines, and best results are obtained with the single random sequence for the stationary lines and with the renewed random sequence for the moving lines.
Endothelialization and Flow Conditioning of Fibrin-Based Media-Equivalents

It is generally accepted that endothelialization and subsequent development of a functional endothelium are of paramount importance to the success of any bioartificial artery. In this study, we aimed to assess the ability of smooth muscle cell-remodeled, fibrin-based media-equivalents (MEs) to be en- dothelialized, examine the morphological changes of endothelial cells (ECs) associated with exposure to physiologically-relevant shear stress in a custom-built bioreactor, and determine if adher- ent ECs are capable of withstanding average physiological shear stresses. It was found that MEs could be readily endothelialized with surface coverages of 98.8 ± 0.9% after two days, and the ECs expressed von Willebrand factor. Furthermore, EC retention remained high (steady: 96.5 ± 4.4%, pulsatile: 94.3 ± 4.3%) under exposure to physiologically relevant shear stresses for 48 h. The results indicate that these MEs are conducive to generating an EC monolayer, with the ECs possessing adhesion strength sufficient to withstand physiological shear stress and maintain a normal phenotype.
Computational and experimental study of liquid sheet emanating from simplex fuel nozzle

A computational model for flow in a simplex nozzle has been established to predict the characteristics of the liquid sheet emanating from it. An important aspect of the numerical method is the accurate tracking of the liquid/gas interface. Because the interface geometry is not known a priori, it must be determined as part of the solution. The arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian numerical method with finite volume formulation was employed for this purpose. To validate the computational and numerical modeling, experiments have been conducted on a large-scale nozzle using flow visualization techniques. The gas/liquid interface locations inside the nozzle, as well as just downstream of the orifice, have been determined for a range of mass flow rates and injector geometries. Using these measurements, the liquid film thickness and angle of the liquid sheet has been determined. Comparisons of the computational predictions with the experimental measurements show excellent agreement. Results indicate that the current theoretical correlations based on inviscid flow assumptions underestimate the film thickness and overestimate the spray angle significantly in large scale nozzles. It was found that an increase in the atomizer constant K [xAp/(D m d o )] results in decreasing the spray angle and increasing the liquid film thickness, where Ap is the total swirl slot area, D m is the effective spin chamber diameter, and d o is the orifice diameter. The discharge coefficient also increases with the atomizer constant.
The signal-averaged electrocardiogram in predicting coronary artery disease.

Abstract The ability to noninvasively detect coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization was studied using a signal-averaged electrocardlogram. An initial study of 13 patients revealed that a QRS duration ≥100 msec, a root mean square voltage in the terminal 40 msec of the QRS 28 msec were suggestive of CAD. These parameters were then used prospectively to examine 40 consecutive patients with chest pain of undetermined etiology referred for cardiac catheterization. Patients with CAD had significantly longer filtered QRS and LAS durations and lower root mean square voltages compared with patients without CAD. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of a single parameter ranged from 62% to 76%, 74% to 89%, and 75% to 87%, respectively. Thus the signal-averaged electrocardiogram may be a useful tool in evaluating patients for the presence of CAD.
Spinodal decomposition in particle-laden Landau-Levich flow

We examine Landau-Levich coating by a suspension of spherical particles. For particles larger than the liquid film thickness, capillary forces lead to self-assembly of monolayer particle aggregates. We observe two regimes of deposition, find coating fraction as a function of wall speed, and propose a spinodal decomposition (Cahn-Hilliard) model for this pattern formation process.
On ultrasmall silicate grains in the diffuse interstellar medium

The abundance of both amorphous and crystalline silicates in very small grains is limited by the fact that the 10 ?m silicate emission feature is not detected in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM). On the basis of the observed IR emission spectrum for the diffuse ISM, the observed ultraviolet extinction curve, and the 10 ?m silicate absorption profile, we obtain upper limits on the abundances of ultrasmall (a 15 ?) amorphous and crystalline silicate grains. Contrary to previous work, as much as ~10% of interstellar Si could be in a 15 ? silicate grains without violating observational constraints. Not more than ~5% of the Si can be in crystalline silicates (of any size).
Organizations as constitutional systems

Four theoretical approaches to the study of organizations that can be identified in the relevant literature are compared: Thegoal paradigm, theexchange paradigm, thenexus of contracts paradigm, and theconstitutional paradigm. It is argued that the latter provides the more fruitful theoretical perspective in that it reconciles an individualist methodology with an account of organisations as corporate actors, as units of collective action.
Electrostatics of lipid bilayer bending.

The electrostatic contribution to spontaneous membrane curvature is calculated within Poisson-Boltzmann theory under a variety of assumptions and emphasizing parameters in the physiological range. Asymmetrical surface charges can be fixed with respect to bilayer midplane area or with respect to the lipid-water area, but induce curvatures of opposite signs. Unequal screening layers on the two sides of a vesicle (e.g., multivalent cationic proteins on one side and monovalent salt on the other) also induce bending. For reasonable parameters, tubules formed by electrostatically induced bending can have radii in the 50–100-nm range, often seen in many intracellular organelles. Thus membrane associated proteins may induce curvature and subsequent budding, without themselves being intrinsically curved. Furthermore, we derive the previously unexplored effects of respecting the strict conservation of charge within the interior of a vesicle. The electrostatic component of the bending modulus is small under most of our conditions and is left as an experimental parameter. The large parameter space of conditions is surveyed in an array of graphs.
Complications of cyclosporin therapy.

Cyclosporin (CsA) therapy has improved the outcome of allotransplants. Because of a relatively selective action on T lymphocytes, CsA therapy causes fewer immunosuppressive complications of infection or malignancy compared to previous chemical agents, which were relatively nonspecific in their spectrum of action on lymphoid versus nonlymphoid cells. Gastrointestinal complaints after oral administration and vasomotor reactions after intravenous administration represent pharmacologic toxicities rarely of major clinical import. Drug-induced complications involve primarily the neuroectodermal, or the mesenchymal hepatic and renal, systems. While the former group of complications are rarely severe, mesenchymal nephrotoxicity poses a major limitation of drug therapy. On the one hand, reductions by 33% of normal renal function in patients treated with CsA for autoimmune disease appear to be reversible on discontinuance of therapy. On the other hand, severe renal dysfunction occurs in transplant recipients, particularly in the presence of concomitant therapy with nephrotoxic drugs. In the kidney transplant setting, numerous factors exacerbate the druginduced injury, including adverse donor procurement conditions, prolonged graft storage, and allograft rejection. Since the clinical and histologic findings in CsA nephrotoxicity tend to be pleiomorphic, no single diagnostic or therapeutic strategy has emerged. However, insights gained through pharmacologic monitoring of renal allograft recipients suggest that the group at increased risk for nephrotoxicity can be identified by elevated serum drug trough levels, increased area under the plasma time concentration curve, prolonged elimination half-life, and heightened pharmacodynamic sensitivity to CsA. Analysis of pharmacologic data in conjunction with clinical results should provide drug regimens of maximal therapeutic index with minimal risk of complications.
An asymmetric synthesis of D-1,6-Diepicastanospermine

D-1,6-Diepicastanospermine has been prepared via reaction of an allylstannane with the arabinose derivative 1a. This reaction was almost 100 % stereoselective, but the corresponding allylations of aldehydes 1b–d gave mixtures of isomers. Variable stereodifferentiation in these reactions can be attributed to the influence of the distal (γ) chiral center.
Tuning Your Fuel-Gas Delivery System

Saudi Aramco has focused more attention in recent years on fuel-gas conditioning for land-based industrial and aeroderivative combustion gas turbines (CGTs). Hydrocarbon dew points and entrained solids are two important fuel quality issues that frequently trouble CGT operators, partly because they cannot be guaranteed by the fuel suppliers and they are rarely monitored by the operators. This paper addresses these issues and offers some practical advice to optimize the design and operation of fuel gas delivery systems. Saudi Aramco has been testing an automated on-line dew point monitor capable of detecting both hydrocarbon and aqueous dew points in natural gas. Dew point monitoring, conducted at three locations on the fuel gas grid, revealed wide variations in the hydrocarbon and aqueous dew points due to a variety of conditions. Gas production and pipeline operations accounted for the most dramatic variations in dew points, but exposure of pipelines to the weather can also be important. Measurement of pipeline solids for the purpose of sizing and placement of particle filters have also been explored. Pipeline scraping, gas velocities, length of pipeline span, pipeline junctions, and control valves are all considerations for solid control strategies. The optimized design and operation of a CGT fuel system is highly dependent on dew point control and efficient removal of entrained pipeline solids. Practical experience in monitoring hydrocarbon and aqueous dew points, pipeline solids control, and optimizing fuel conditioning equipment are considered.
The Meinwald reaction of alkyl propionates. Synthesis of the C1–C9 fragment of aurisides

Abstract The C1–C9 northern fragment of aurisides 12a was prepared in eight steps and 41% overall yield starting from Grieco's bicyclic lactone (+)-4 . The synthesis features a key stereoselective Meinwald reaction of the lithium enolate of alkyl propionate with the functionalized δ-lactone 3 .
Intersection homology of toric varieties and a conjecture of Kalai

We prove an inequality, conjectured by Kalai, relating the g-polynomials of a poly- tope P ,af ace F, and the quotient polytope P=F, in the case where P is rational. We introduce a new family of polynomials g(P;F), which measures the complexity of the part of P \far away" from the face F ; Kalai's conjecture follows from the nonnegativity of these polynomials. This nonnegativity comes from showing that the restriction of the intersection cohomology sheaf on a toric variety to the closure of an orbit is a direct sum of intersection homology sheaves. Mathematics Subject Classication (1991). Primary 14F32; Secondary 14M25, 52B05.
Adoption of Biometric Authentication Systems: Implications for Research and Practice in the Deployment of End-User Security Systems

Recent security lapses have demonstrated the importance of augmenting authentication protocols in sensitive areas of the economy, such as financial services and banking. In addition, new legislative requirements for secondary authentication mechanisms have highlighted the use of biometric technology as a reliable, but not required, means of authentication. The focus of this study examines the factors that influence the adoption of biometric authentication in organizations. The research model measures the relative contribution that variables in three categories (External Pressure, Readiness, and Perceived Benefits) have in the intent to adopt biometric authentication in financial services institutions. Managers of these institutions were surveyed, and the resulting model indicates that, as expected, the intent to adopt is driven by competitive factors, an organization's financial resources, and the perceived benefits associated with the technology. An important unanticipated finding from this research is t...
Unlocking Color and Flavor in Superconducting Strange Quark Matter

Abstract We explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter with massless u and d quarks as a function of the strange quark mass m s and the chemical potential μ for baryon number. Neglecting electromagnetism, we describe the different baryonic and quark matter phases at zero temperature. For quark matter, we support our model-independent arguments with a quantitative analysis of a model which uses a four-fermion interaction abstracted from single-gluon exchange. For any finite m s , at sufficiently large μ we find quark matter in a color-flavor-locked state which leaves a global vector-like SU (2) color+ L + R symmetry unbroken. As a consequence, chiral symmetry is always broken in sufficiently dense quark matter. As the density is reduced, for sufficiently large m s we observe a first-order transition from the color-flavor-locked phase to color superconducting phase analogous to that in two-flavor QCD. At this unlocking transition chiral symmetry is restored. For realistic values of m s our analysis indicates that chiral symmetry breaking may be present for all densities down to those characteristic of baryonic matter. This supports the idea that quark matter and baryonic matter may be continuously connected in nature. We map the gaps at the quark Fermi surfaces in the high density color-flavor-locked phase onto gaps at the baryon Fermi surfaces at low densities.
On calibrating computer controlled cameras for perceiving 3-D scenes☆

Abstract A problem that arises is getting computers to perceive 3-D scenes is relating information from several different viewpoints. In particular, if the computer moves its sensor, it has to be able to predict changes in images of objects it has seen without having to completely re-recognize them. A solution to this problem has been implemented at Stanford using a calibrated camera model which expresses the relation between object space and image space as a function of the computer's control variables. The modelling problem is relatively well understood. Calibration techniques, however, are not. This article deals with these.
The synthesis of 6,6′-cyclo-6′-deoxyhexofuranosyluracils via a diazomethane-promoted ring-enlargement reaction

The protected 5′-oxo-6,5′-cyclouridine 13 reacts with diazomethane to afford mostly the spiro-epoxide 18 (79%), but it also undergoes ring-expansion to give the corresponding 5′-oxo-6,6′-cyclonucleoside 16. Under the conditions of the reaction, ketone 16 reacts further with diazomethane to give the enol ether 20 (12% overall), the isomeric 4-methoxy nucleoside 15 (2%), and the spiro-epoxide 19 (4.4%). Acid hydrolysis of the enol ether 20, followed by reduction of the resulting ketone with sodium borohydride, affords a separable mixture of the 5′S (L-talo) and 5′R (D-allo) methylene-bridged cyclonucleosides 7 and 8, respectively. From proton nmr measurements, it appears that the 6′-methylene groups of these cyclonucleosides project towards the 2′,3′-edge of the furanose ring.
Ethics and Clinical Research

Human experimentation since World War II has created some difficult problems with the increasing employment of patients as experimental subjects when it must be apparent that they would not have been available if they had been truly aware of the uses that would be made of them. Evidence is at hand that many of the patients in the examples to follow never had the risk satisfactorily explained to them, and it seems obvious that further hundreds have not known that they were the subjects of an experiment although grave consequences have been suffered as a direct result of experiments described here. There is a belief prevalent in some sophisticated circles that attention to these matters would “block progress.” But, according to Pope Pius XII,1 “. . . science is not the highest value to which all other orders of values . . . should be subordinated.”
Constraints and generalized gauge transformations on tree-level gluon and graviton amplitudes

Writing the fully color dressed and graviton amplitudes, respectively, as \( \textbf{A} = \left\langle {C} \mathrel{\left | {\vphantom {C A}} \right. } {A} \right\rangle = \left\langle {C} \mathrel{\left | {\vphantom {C {M\left| N \right.}}} \right. } {{M\left| N \right.}} \right\rangle \) and \( {\textbf{A}_{gr}} = \left\langle {{\tilde{N}}} \mathrel{\left | {\vphantom {{\tilde{N}} {M\left| N \right.}}} \right. } {{M\left| N \right.}} \right\rangle \), where \( \left| A \right\rangle \) is a set of Kleiss-Kuijf color ordered basis, \( \left| N \right\rangle \), \( \left| {\tilde{N}} \right\rangle \) and \( \left| C \right\rangle \) are the similarly ordered numerators and color coefficients, we show that the propagator matrix M has (n − 3)(n − 3)! independent eigenvectors \( \left| {\lambda_j^0} \right\rangle \) with zero eigenvalue, for n-particle processes. The resulting equations \( \left| {\lambda_j^0} \right\rangle = 0 \) are relations among the color ordered amplitudes. The freedom to shift \( \left| N \right\rangle \to \left| N \right\rangle + \sum\nolimits_j {{f_j}\left| {\lambda_j^0} \right\rangle } \) and similarly for \( \left| {\tilde{N}} \right\rangle \) where fj are (n − 3)(n − 3)! arbitrary functions, encodes generalized gauge transformations. They yield both BCJ amplitude and KLT relations, when such freedom is accounted for. Furthermore, fj can be promoted to the role of effective Lagrangian vertices in the field operator space.
Gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking without fundamental singlets

Abstract The messenger sector of existing models of gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking may be simplified by using a non-renormalizable superpotential term to couple the vector-like quark and lepton messenger fields to a chiral gauge invariant of the supersymmetry-breaking sector. This eliminates the need for a fundamental singlet and for an additional gauge sector needed to generate appropriate expectation values for the singlet component fields. This scenario is more natural if the supersymmetry-breaking sector itself involves a non-renormalizable superpotential. Several examples are constructed based on non-renormalizable SU ( n ) × SU ( n −1) supersymmetry-breaking theories.
Convexity analysis of active contour problems

A general active contour formulation is considered and a convexity analysis of its energy function is presented. Conditions under which this formulation has a unique solution are derived; these conditions involve both the active contour energy potential and the regularization parameters. This analysis is then applied to four particular active contour formulations, revealing important characteristics about their convexity, and suggesting that external potentials involving center-of-mass computations may be better behaved than the usual potentials based on image gradients. Our analysis also provides an explanation for the poor convergence behavior at concave boundaries and suggests an alternate algorithm for approaching these types of boundaries.
Synthesis of para-substituted bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethyl benzoates

para-Substituted bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ylmethyl benzoates were synthesized by the Diels-Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with the corresponding para-substituted allyl benzoates, and optimal reaction conditions were found. The product structure was confirmed by independent synthesis and IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
A Structure–Conduct–Performance Perspective of How Strategic Supply Chain Integration Affects Firm Performance

There are several factors that affect a firm's ability to successfully integrate internally and externally for organizational improvement. This study seeks to understand the relationship between a firm's strategy, its supply chain integration efforts, and firm performance. Leveraging the theoretical lens of structure–conduct–performance from the industrial organization economics literature, and utilizing both archival and survey data, we describe how firms may align their internal and external supply chain integration strategies with customers and suppliers. In doing so, these internal and external integration strategies affect the firm's ability to respond to customer demand, which then impacts operational and financial performance. Our work provides theoretical and empirical evidence of these relationships and thus extends prior strategic supply chain integration literature.
Violence does not influence early pregnancy loss.

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between physical violence, controlling behavior, and spontaneous abortion (SAB). Design Nested case-control study. Setting Emergency department of a university hospital. Patient(s) One thousand one hundred ninety-nine pregnant women. Intervention(s) Main outcome measure(s) Physical violence and controlling behavior. Result(s) Cases experienced a SAB (n = 392) and controls maintained their pregnancy through 22 weeks (n = 807). Fifteen percent of women reported violence during the pregnancy, and 49% had reported one or more past episodes of violence. We found no relationship between any measure of physical violence (past, current, or by perpetrator) and the risk of SAB. Conclusion(s) Although physical violence was very prevalent in the study population, exposure to violence did not influence the risk of SAB.
The Search for the Dark Matter: WIMPs and MACHOs

Review talk presented at the Texas/PASCOS Symposium, Berkeley, CA, Dec 1992. We review the status of experiments and ideas relevant for the detection of the dark matter which is suspected to be the dominant constituent of the Universe. Great progress is being made and the chances are non-negligible that one of the many currently in-progress experiments will discover the nature of the dark matter. We discuss the main dark matter candidates, and review the experiments relevant to each of them.
Archaeology as space technology: Digging for gender and class in holy land

Contemporary archaeology offers three methodological options: the classlcal, the processual or scientific, and the post-processual. I propose a stance of "chastened realism" that integrates aspects of all three options toward a program for recovering information about non-elite sectors of ancient societies, and particularly for reconstructing their systems of gender, kinship, and labour The discipline of archaeology manipulates space in the effort to understand it. However the space that one seeks to understand - that is, to manage epistemologically - is space that already has undergone material, logical, and ideological management. Archaeology in the mode of "chastened realism" is a reflective technique for understanding multiply managed space. Examples taken from gender archaeology as conducted in the Amerleas suggest how questions of gender and economic organization might be investigated in Israel, with particular attention to the city of Sepphorts in Galilee in the era of the Gospels and the Mishnah (1-2 century C.E.).
A convenient synthesis of 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose and its reduction product, 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-l-arabinitol☆☆☆

Abstract Methyl β- d -xylopyranoside in a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide and 2-methoxypropene containing a little hydrogen chloride gave preponderantly the 2,3-O-isopropylidene derivative, which was readily converted into its 4-trifluoromethanesulfonate. The facile displacement of the triflate group gave a 4-azido-4-deoxy-α- l -arabinopyranoside derivative, and this, on mild acid treatment, was hydrolyzed to the 2,3-diol, or under more vigorous conditions to 4-azido-4-deoxy- l -arabinose. Methyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-4-azido-4-deoxy-α- l -arabinopyranoside, from the diol, appears (1H-n.m.r. data) to exist as an equilibrating mixture of the 4C1 and 1C4 conformers in chloroform solution. The reduction of the azido sugar by hydrogen over Pd/C in 6 m HCl yielded 4-amino-4-deoxy- l -arabinopyranose as its hydrochloride; in 0.1 m HCl, further reactions occurred to give 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino- l -arabinitol as the final product. The aminodeoxypentose from lipid A precursor IIA, isolated from a Salmonella mutant by Raetz et al. in 1985, was shown to be identical with the synthetic aminoarabinose by t.l.c., 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy, and g.l.c. of the acetylated reduction products.
Nonlocal Effects on D-branes in Plane-Wave Backgrounds

We argue that the effective field theory on D3-branes in a plane-wave background with 3-form flux is a nonlocal deformation of Yang-Mills theory. In the case of NSNS flux, it is a dipole field theory with lightlike dipole vectors. For an RR 3-form flux the dipole theory is strongly coupled. We propose a weakly coupled S-dual description for it. The S-dual description is local at any finite order in string perturbation theory but becomes nonlocal when all perturbation theory orders are summed together.
Measuring forest landscape patterns in the Cascade range of Oregon, USA.

Abstract This paper describes the use of a set of spatial statistics to quantify the landscape pattern caused by the patchwork of clearcuts made over a 15-year period in the western Cascades of Oregon. Fifteen areas were selected at random to represent a diversity of landscape fragmentation patterns. Managed forest stands (patches) were digitized and analysed to produce both tobular and mapped information describing patch size, shape, abundance and spacing, and matrix characteristics of a given area. In addition, a GIS fragmentation index was developed which was found to be sensitive to patch abundance and to the spatial distribution of patches. Use of the GIS-derived index provides an automated method of determining the level of forest fragmentation and can be used to facilitate spatial analysis of the landscape for later coordination with field and remotely sensed data. A comparison of the spatial statistics calculated for the two years indicates an increase in forest fragmentation as characterized by an increase in mean patch abundance and a decrease in interpatch distance, amount of interior natural forest habitat, and the GIS fragmentation index. Such statistics capable of quantifying patch shape and spatial distribution may prove important in the evaluation of the changing character of interior and edge habitats for wildlife.
How the First Stars Regulated Local Star Formation. I. Radiative Feedback

We present numerical simulations of how a 120 -->M☉ primordial star regulates star formation in nearby cosmological halos at -->z ~ 20 by photoevaporation. Our models include nine-species primordial chemistry and self-consistent multifrequency conservative transfer of UV photons with all relevant radiative processes. Whether or not new stars form in halos clustered around a Population III star ultimately depends on their core densities and proximity to the star. Diffuse halos with central densities below 2-3 cm−3 are completely ionized and evaporated anywhere in the cluster. Evolved halos with core densities above 2000 cm−3 are impervious to both ionizing and Lyman-Werner flux at most distances from the star and collapse as quickly as they would in its absence. Star formation in halos of intermediate density can be either promoted or suppressed depending on how the ionization front (I-front) remnant shock compresses, deforms, and enriches the core with H2. We find that the 120 -->M☉ star photodissociates H2 in most halos in the cluster, but that catalysis by H− restores it a few hundred kiloyears after the death of the star, with little effect on star formation. Our models exhibit significant departures from previous one-dimensional, spherically symmetric simulations, which are prone to serious errors due to unphysical geometric focusing effects.
Ohmic contacts for GaAs devices

Abstract Contact alloys were developed for use on a wide variety of GaAs devices such as high temperature transistors and Gunn oscillators. The alloys are composed of silver, indium and germanium for n -type GaAs and of silver, indium and zinc for p -type GaAs. Fabrication steps that require temperatures of up to 770°K for already contacted devices can be performed. GaAs transistors can be operated over a range from 20 to 770°K using Ag-In-Ge contacts for emitter and collector and Ag-In-Zn contacts for the base. Gunn oscillators have been built for the frequency range between 13 and 26 GHz with efficiencies as high as 3 percent at 15.8 GHz and as high as 1 percent at 25 GHz in continuous wave operation. A simple technique was developed to evaluate the specific contact resistance on thin epitaxial layers. Specific contact resistance is well below 10 −4 ω-cm 2 on 0.1 ω-cm or lower resistivity p - or n -type GaAs. The highest value was 1 × 10 −3 ω-cm 2 measured on 0.6–2.6 ω-cm n -type GaAs.
Chirping for efficiency enhancement of the free electron laser

Abstract One-dimensional numerical studies have been made of free electron laser oscillators in which the incident electron energy varies (chirps) as a function of time over each micropulse. Optical radiation resonant with such micropulses is chirped in frequency. The highest calculated efficiency (up to 8.1% for wavelengths near 10 μm) has been obtained in cases where the optical pulse at saturation is short compared to the slippage.
Highly Diastereoselective and General Synthesis of Primary β-Fluoroamines

A short, high yielding protocol has been developed for the highly diastereoselective (dr >20:1) and general synthesis of primary β-fluoroamines by the enantioselective α-fluorination of aldehydes, conversion into the N-sulfinyl aldimine, nucleophilic addition of various organometallic species, and 1° amine liberation.
A Comprehensive Model to Predict Simplex Atomizer Performance

The pressure swirl atomizer, or simplex atomizer, is widely used in liquid fuel combustion devices in the aerospace and power generation industries. A computational, experimental, and theoretical study was conducted to predict its performance. The Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian method with a finite-volume scheme is employed in the CFD model. Internal flow characteristics of the simplex atomizer, as well as its performance parameters such as discharge coefficient pray angle and film thicknes are predicted. A temporal linear stability analysis is performed for cylindrical liquid sheets under three-dimensional disturbance The model incorporates the swirling velocity component, finite film thickness and radius that are essential features of conical liquid sheets emanating from simplex atomizers. It is observed that the relative velocity between the liquid and gas phases, densit ratio and surface curvature enhance the interfacial aerodynamic instability. The combination of axial and swirling velocity components is more effective than only the axial component for disintegration of liquid sheet. For both large and small-scale fuel nozzles, mean droplet sizes are predicted based on the linear stability analysis and the proposed breakup model. The predictions agree well with experimental data at both large and small scale.
String theory, black holes, and SL(2, R) current algebra)

Abstract We analyse in detail the SL(2, R ) black hole by extending standard techniques of Kac-Moody current algebra to the non-compact case. We construct the elements of the ground ring and exhibit W ∞ type structure in the fusion algebra of the discrete states. As a consequence, we can identify some of the exactly marginal deformations of the black hole. We show that these deformations alter not only the spacetime metric but also turn on non-trivial backgrounds for the tachyon and all of the massive modes of the string.
Regional Income Inequality and International Trade

This study investigates the effects of trade on income inequality across regions in the United States. Using both structural and price-based measures of regional trade involvement, we evaluate the effects of trade on inequality within and across states, the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan portions of the states, and the major census regions. Across all states and metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, we found that trade affects inequality primarily via import and export prices. In contrast to our expectations, however, a weaker dollar--more expensive imports and cheaper exports-is associated with the worsening of a state's position relative to other states and greater inequality within the state. Across the census regions, both our price and orientation measures had significant effects, but the direction of these effects varied by region. Whereas many regions benefited from cheaper imports, states in regions that are traditionally home to low-wage sectors, including the Southeast and South Central regions, were made relatively worse off by lower import prices and by greater orientation toward import-competing goods. Our findings rein- force notions about the uneven impacts of globalization and suggest that policy measures are needed to ensure that both the benefits and costs of involvement in international trade are shared across regions.
An overview of independent, third-party computer maintenance

Describing the major reasons for its growth and providing a brief history, this paper gives a synoptic view of a new computer sub-industry: independent, third-party computer maintenance and field support services. It details the major modes of delivery of maintenance and field support services now available to users and compares them to one another. The organization and the technical services provided by independent, third-party contracting firms are described. Particular attention is paid to the special needs of mixed-vendor computer system users.
A systematic plan for firearms law reform

That was the worst day of my presidency. Something fundamental in America has to change,� remarked President Obama, digesting the tragic massacre of 20 grade-school children in Newtown, Connecticut.1 The United States has nearly as many firearms as inhabitants; while mortality rates from most major causes of injury have significantly declined, the number of annual firearms fatalities (32 163 in 2011) has not decreased.2 Even the political discussion in the wake of Newtown resulted in a spike in firearm sales. President Obama's plan to reduce firearm violence includes (1) closing background check loopholes; (2) banning assault weapons and high-capacity magazines; and (3) improving mental health services.
Synthesis and characterization of deep-coloured squarylium dyes for laser optical recording media

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of some deep-coloured squarylium dyes was studied with respect to the development of media in optical recording systems. The reaction of 3-ethyl-2-methylbenzothiazolium iodide and squaric acid in benzene/1-butanol gave 2,4-bis[(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolylidene)methyl]-cyclobutadienylium-1,3-diolate (λ max 667nm) and its iodide adduct type compound as by-product. The latter was a new compound and had an absorption maximum at 796 nm. Similarly an iodide adduct of 2,4-bis[(3-ethyl-2-benzoselenazolylidene)methyl] cyclobutadienylium-1,3-diolate was also synthesized from 3-ethyl-2-methylbenzoselenazolium iodide and squaric acid. This compound had an absorption maximum at 815 nm, i.e. in the infrared wavelength region. Thus, these new dyes with an iodine atom and a butoxy group generally absorbed at a much longer wavelength (120–130 nm) than the corresponding parent dyes. The structures of the dyes is also discussed on the basis of IR and ESCA analyses.
Technical Change and the Distribution of Income in Rural Areas

It is not ... the new technology which is the primary cause of the accentuated imbalances in the countryside. It is not the fault of the new technology that the credit service does not serve those for whom it was originally intended; that the extension services are not living up to expectations; that the panchayats are political rather than development bodies; that security of tenure is a luxury of the few; that rents are exorbitant; that for the greater part tenurial legislation is deliberately miscarried; or that wage scales are hardly sufficient to keep soul and body together. [25] Wolf Ladejinsky--1969
ATOM TRANSFER AND EXCHANGE REACTIONS INVOLVING OXYGEN, SULFUR AND SELENIUM

Abstract A systematic comparison has been made of the reaction conditions required to bring about the thermal transfer or exchange of Group 16 terminal elements between Group 15 molecular centers. Where reaction conditions were suitable, kinetic analyses have been performed, with the observed second-order behavior supporting the presumed bimolecular character of these reactions.
The relationship between frequency of family dinner and adolescent problem behaviors after adjusting for other family characteristics.

Abstract Objective To examine the association between frequency of family dinners (FFD) and selected problem behaviors for adolescents after adjusting for family connectedness, parental awareness, other family activities, and other potentially confounding factors. Methods Data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997. The primary variable of interest is self-reported FFD in a typical week. Problem behaviors studied are substance-use, physical violence, property-destruction, stealing, running away from home, andgang membership. Multivariate logistic models are estimated for each behaviors. Linear regression models are estimated for behavior-frequency for the sub-samples engaging in them. Analysis is done separately by gender. Results FFD is negatively associated with substance-use and running away for females; drinking, physical violence, property-destruction, stealing and running away for males. Conclusion Family meals are negatively associated to certain problem behaviors for adolescents even after controlling rigorously for potentially confounding factors. Thus, programs that promote family meals are beneficial.
Engineering Analysis of Penile Hemodynamic and Structural-Dynamic Relationships: Part III-Clinical Considerations of Penile Hemodynamic and Rigidity Erectile Responses

Purpose: The extent to which hemodynamic erectile responses predict penile buckling forces has not previously been analytically investigated. An engineering study was performed to compare hemodynamic data with penile buckling force values. Methods: Dynamic infusion pharmacocavernosometry studies in 21 impotent patients (age 43, range 24‐62 y) were accomplished to obtain information during penile erection concerning hemodynamic values, penile buckling forces and their determinants: intracavernosal pressure, erectile tissue mechanical properties and penile geometry. Results: In the 21 patients, discrepancies existed in several patients who demonstrated normal hemodynamic values (low flow-to-maintain and high equilibrium intracavernosal pressures) but elevated cavernosal compliance values and diminished penile buckling forces. There was poor correlation between cavernosal compliance and equilibrium intracavernosal pressure (ra70.36); better correlation between compliance and expandability (ra70.72) and best correlation between dimensionless compliance and the dimensionless product of expandability with equilibrium pressure (ra70.88). These data implied that cavernosal compliance was dependent on multiple factors, not only equilibrium intracavernosal pressure. Conclusions: Hemodynamic indices which correlate with intracavernosal pressure alone do not predict penile buckling forces since the latter are dependent not only on intracavernosal pressure but also on penile geometry and erectile tissue properties. The most relevant tissue property in predicting adequate penile buckling forces is cavernosal expandability. A new impotence classification system and diagnostic algorithm based on the determinants of penile rigidity and not exclusively on hemodynamic responses is proposed.
Enhancing BWR proliferation resistance fuel with minor actinides

Abstract To reduce spent fuel for storage and enhance the proliferation resistance for the intermediate-term, there are two major approaches (a) increase the discharged spent fuel burnup in the advanced light water reactor- LWR (Gen-III Plus), which not only can reduce the spent fuel for storage, but also increase the 238 Pu isotopes ratio to enhance the proliferation resistance, and (b) use of transuranic nuclides ( 237 Np and 241 Am) in the high burnup fuel, which can drastically increase the proliferation resistance isotope ratio of 238 Pu/Pu. For future advanced nuclear systems, minor actinides (MA) are viewed more as a resource to be recycled, and transmuted to less hazardous and possibly more useful forms, rather than simply disposed of as a waste stream in an expensive repository facility. As a result, MAs play a much larger part in the design of advanced systems and fuel cycles, not only as additional sources of useful energy, but also as direct contributors to the reactivity control of the systems into which they are incorporated. In the study, a typical boiling water reactor (BWR) fuel unit lattice cell model with UO 2 fuel pins will be used to investigate the effectiveness of minor actinide reduction approach (MARA) for enhancing proliferation resistance and improving the fuel cycle performance in the intermediate-term goal for future nuclear energy systems. To account for the water coolant density variation from the bottom (0.76 g/cm 3 ) to the top (0.35 g/cm 3 ) of the core, the axial coolant channel and fuel pin were divided to 24 nodes. The MA transmutation characteristics at different elevations were compared and their impact on neutronics criticality discussed. The concept of MARA, which involves the use of transuranic nuclides ( 237 Np and/or 241 Am), significantly increases the 238 Pu/Pu ratio for proliferation resistance, as well as serves as a burnable absorber to hold-down the initial excess reactivity. It is believed that MARA can play an important role in atoms for peace and the intermediate-term of nuclear energy reconnaissance.
Applications of inverse chromatography in organic geochemistry. II: Measurement of solute activity coefficients in organic geopolymers by gas chromatography

Gas chromatography has been used to measure the molal activity coefficiets of a series of nonpolar organic solutes in sedimentary organic matter and its various extractable components. Organic matter from a peat deposit of higher plant origin in the Florida Everglades was isolated at three depths in the peat core. The organic matter was then fractionated into its lipid, humic acid and humin components, and the activity coefficients measured for solutes ranging in electronic polarizability from pentane to dichloroethane. Activity coefficients, which are a thermodynamic measure of the affinity of a solute for a polymeric solution, show a reasonable correlation with electronic polarizability for the total organic matter and its lipid and humin fractions. There is also a marked increase in he lipophilic character of the humin fraction with increasing depth of burial. In spite of this chage in humin solution capabilities, however, all of the solutes exhibit decreased affinities for the deeper total organic matter, which we believe is due to its lower lipid content, as well as a somewhat lower affinity for the more mature lipid fraction. Solid state 13C NMR spectra of the unfractioned organic matter and the humic acid and humin fractions give some insight into the relatoinship between their structure and sorption characteristics, although the chemical basis for the evolution of the nonpolar, lipophilic humin at depth is not readily apparent.