cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Schematic Method for Sustainable Material Selection of Toxic Chemicals in Design and Manufacturing

Toxic chemicals used in product design and manufacturing are grave concerns due to their toxic impact on human health. Implementing sustainable material selection strategies on toxic chemicals can substantially improve the sustainability of products in both design and manufacturing processes. In this paper, a schematic method is presented for characterizing and benchmarking the human health impact of toxic chemicals, as a visual aid to facilitate decision-making in the material selection process for sustainable design and manufacturing. In this schematic method, the human health impact of a toxic chemical is characterized by two critical parameters: daily exposure risk R and environmental persistence T. The human health impact of a toxic chemical is represented by its position in the R ― T two-dimensional plot, which enables the screening and benchmarking of toxic chemicals to be easily made through comparing their relative positions in the characterization plot. A case study is performed on six toxic chemicals commonly used as solvents for cleaning and degreasing in product development and manufacturing.
The operator product expansion of /N=4 SYM and the 4-point functions of supergravity

We give a detailed Operator Product Expansion interpretation of the results for conformal 4-point functions computed from supergravity through the AdS/CFT duality. We show that for an arbitrary scalar exchange in AdSd+1 all the power-singular terms in the direct channel limit exactly match the corresponding contributions to the OPE of the operator dual to the exchanged bulk field and of its conformal descendents. The leading logarithmic singularities in the 4-point functions of protected N=4 super-Yang–Mills operators (computed from IIB supergravity on AdS5×S5) are interpreted as O(1/N2) renormalization effects of the double-trace products appearing in the OPE. Applied to the 4-point functions of the operators Oφ∼(trF2+⋯) and OC∼(trFF+⋯), this analysis leads to the prediction that the double-trace composites [OφOC] and [OφOφ−OCOC] have anomalous dimension −16/N2 in the large N, large gYM2N limit. We describe a geometric picture of the OPE in the dual gravitational theory, for both the power-singular terms and the leading logarithms. We comment on several possible extensions of our results.
Measures of Spectral Efficiency in Land Mobile Radio

Measures of spectral efficiency are very important to the resolution of contemporary issues in land mobile radio (LMR), because they a) allow the comparison of existing and proposed systems in terms of their spectral efficiency; b) permit estimates to be made of the ultimate capacity of various system types at different levels of development; and c) are useful in setting minimum standards for spectral efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to review the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of various measures of spectral efficiency that have been proposed.
Spotting Suspicious Link Behavior with fBox: An Adversarial Perspective

How can we detect suspicious users in large online networks? Online popularity of a user or product (via follows, page-likes, etc.) can be monetized on the premise of higher ad click-through rates or increased sales. Web services and social networks which incentivize popularity thus suffer from a major problem of fake connections from link fraudsters looking to make a quick buck. Typical methods of catching this suspicious behavior use spectral techniques to spot large groups of often blatantly fraudulent (but sometimes honest) users. However, small-scale, stealthy attacks may go unnoticed due to the nature of low-rank Eigen analysis used in practice. In this work, we take an adversarial approach to find and prove claims about the weaknesses of modern, state-of-the-art spectral methods and propose fBox, an algorithm designed to catch small-scale, stealth attacks that slip below the radar. Our algorithm has the following desirable properties: (a) it has theoretical underpinnings, (b) it is shown to be highly effective on real data and (c) it is scalable (linear on the input size). We evaluate fBox on a large, public 41.7 million node, 1.5 billion edge who-follows-whom social graph from Twitter in 2010 and with high precision identify many suspicious accounts which have persisted without suspension even to this day.
Is “sometime” sometimes better than “always”?: intermittent assertions in proving program correctness

This paper explores a technique for proving the correctness and termination of programs simultaneously. This approach, the intermittent-assertion method, involves documenting the program with assertions that must be true at some time when control passes through the corresponding point, but that need not be true every time. The method, introduced by Burstall, promises to provide a valuable complement to the more conventional methods.The intermittent-assertion method is presented with a number of examples of correctness and termination proofs. Some of these proofs are markedly simpler than their conventional counterparts. On the other hand, it is shown that a proof of correctness or termination by any of the conventional techniques can be rephrased directly as a proof using intermittent assertions. Finally, it is shown how the intermittent-assertion method can be applied to prove the validity of program transformations and the correctness of continuously operating programs.
Effectiveness of oral versus intraperitoneal administration of erythropoietin in stimulating erythropoiesis.

While it has been suggested that orally transmitted erythropoietin can stimulate erythropoiesis, in vitro studies have shown that this glycoprotein is inactivated by incubation with various proteolytic enzymes. This study, utilizing the incorporation of 59Fe in the plethoric mouse, suggests that orally administered erythropoietin is ineffective in stimulating erythropoiesis.
Revealing dark matter substructure with anisotropies in the diffuse gamma-ray background

The majority of gamma-ray emission from galactic dark matter annihilation is likely to be detected as a contribution to the diffuse gamma-ray background. I show that dark matter substructure in the halo of the Galaxy induces characteristic anisotropies in the diffuse background that could be used to determine the small-scale dark matter distribution. I calculate the angular power spectrum of the emission from dark matter substructure for several models of the subhalo population and show that features in the power spectrum can be used to infer the presence of substructure. The shape of the power spectrum is largely unaffected by the subhalo radial distribution and mass function, and for many scenarios I find that a measurement of the angular power spectrum by Fermi will be able to constrain the abundance of substructure. An anti-biased subhalo radial distribution is shown to produce emission that differs significantly in intensity and large-scale angular dependence from that of a subhalo distribution which traces the smooth dark matter halo, potentially impacting the detectability of the dark matter signal for a variety of targets and methods.
Classification and Casimir invariants of Lie-Poisson brackets

Abstract We classify Lie–Poisson brackets that are formed from Lie algebra extensions. The problem is relevant because many physical systems owe their Hamiltonian structure to such brackets. A classification involves reducing all brackets to a set of normal forms, and is achieved partially through the use of Lie algebra cohomology. For extensions of order less than five, the number of normal forms is small and they involve no free parameters. We derive a general method of finding Casimir invariants of Lie–Poisson bracket extensions. The Casimir invariants of all low-order brackets are explicitly computed. We treat in detail a four field model of compressible reduced magnetohydrodynamics.
A computer animation movie language for educational motion pictures

The value of motion picture films as an effective teaching aid has been long established. In recent years, preliminary efforts have demonstrated the feasibility of producing animated films by means of a digital computer in conjunction with a microfilm recorder. A block diagram of the computer animation movie process is indicated in Figure 1. A programming language is used to translate the motion picture script into a computer program. The program, usually in the form of a deck of cards, is processed by the digital computer which generates a magnetic tape output for input to the microfilm recorder. The recorder, containing a cathode ray tube and motion picture camera, produces an exposed roll of film that is then developed to yield the finished motion picture.
Interactive analysis and display of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in real time

Abstract The development of fast, relatively inexpensive graphics terminals permits the integration of interactive display with on-line, real time signal analysis in dedicated minicomputer systems. Interactive display in the context of electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis includes: (1) control over form and parameters of an isometric plot using hidden line suppression and floating level; (2) selection of function and transform to graph; and (3) expansion or contraction of coordinate axes and timerscale, from ‘wide angle’ views of the course of several hours of recording of the entire scalp, to ‘telescopic’ blow-ups of the details of two or three seconds of activity in a single channel. The analysis paradigms function on-line and in real time, and incorporate parallel time domain and spectral analyses on data from eight or fewer electrode placements. Spectral estimates of power and simple coherences are typically formed using ensemble averages of non-overlapping one-half to two second periodograms obtained by Fast Fourier Transform. Transient analysis uses heuristic strategies to isolate clinically significant patterns, such as the sharp paroxysmal wave forms associated with the epilepsies. Instrumental and extra-cerebral artifact are partially eliminated by algorithms based upon heuristic criteria. Parameters of spectral and transient analysis are interactively alterable to facilitate varying experimental paradigms. To implement such systems, which can be both compute and I/O bound, it is necessary to optimize systems software. A simple and multitasking executive coordinates program task modules. Memory space and computing time are conserved through extensive use of dynamic buffer allocation and double precision integer arithmetic.
Nonlinear analysis of anisotropic rods using curvature transformation and including warping

Abstract A model for analyzing the nonlinear behavior of Isotropic rods was recently presented, based on principal curvature transformations, use of generalized coordinates, and adopting Euler-Bernoulli and inextensionality assumptions. It was shown to be sufficiently accurate for many design purposes, when the resulting deflection shapes can be reasonably expected to be well approximated by a superposition of free vibration modes. This is, apparently, the case for a large number of nonlinear beam bending-torsion dynamics problems including, for example, helicopter rotor blades. The present paper extends that model so as to include anisotropic materials and a general accounting for warping of cross-sections, different from most approaches in the literature. Rigid movement of cross-sections, such as associated with pure extension and shear deformations due to transverse shear or torsion, are considered as special cases of warping, but rigid rotations which remain normal to the deformed neutral axis, such as occur in Euler-Bernoulli beam bending, are not. This leads to a general and efficient model, easy to apply in many useful cases. Examples of this model's utility are presented in the form of studies of the tension of a pretwisted rod and the bending of a beam with sandwich construction. Good agreement is obtained with exact analytic results, and modal convergence behavior is shown to be quite different for global deflection behavior, on the one hand, and local deflections of the cross-sections, on the other hand, near boundaries with warping constraint, such as blade roots.
Fast, approximate synthesis of fractional Gaussian noise for generating self-similar network traffic

Recent network traffic studies argue that network arrival processes are much more faithfully modeled using statistically self-similar processes instead of traditional Poisson processes [LTWW94, PF95]. One difficulty in dealing with self-similar models is how to efficiently synthesize traces (sample paths) corresponding to self-similar traffic. We present a fast Fourier transform method for synthesizing approximate self-similar sample paths for one type of self-similar process, Fractional Gaussian Noise, and assess its performance and validity. We find that the method is as fast or faster than existing methods and appears to generate close approximations to true self-similar sample paths. We also discuss issues in using such synthesized sample paths for simulating network traffic, and how an approximation used by our method can dramatically speed up evaluation of Whittle's estimator for H, the Hurst parameter giving the strength of long-range dependence present in a self-similar time series.
Saxion Emission from SN1987A

We study the possibility of emission of the saxion, a superpartner of the axion, from SN1987A. The fact that the observed neutrino pulse from SN1987A is in excellent agreement with the current theory of supernovae places a strong bound on the energy loss into any non-standard model channel, therefore enabling bounds to be placed on the decay constant, fa, of a light saxion. The low-energy coupling of the saxion, which couples at high energies to the QCD gauge field strength, is expected to be enhanced from QCD scaling, making it interesting to investigate if the saxion could place stronger bounds on fa than the axion itself. Moreover, since the properties of the saxion are determined by fa, a constraint on this parameter can be translated into a constraint on the supersymmetry breaking scale. We find that the bound on fa from saxion emission is comparable with the one derived from axion emission due to a cancellation of leading-order terms in the soft-radiation expansion.
Palladium-catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions for the synthesis of substituted piperazines.

Abstract A strategy for the stereoselective preparation of enantiomerically enriched cis -2,6-disubstituted piperazines from amino acid precursors is described. The target compounds are generated in 95–99% ee with good to excellent levels of diastereoselectivity (usually 14:1 to >20:1) using Pd-catalyzed carboamination reactions between aryl or alkenyl halides and substituted ethylenediamine derivatives to form the heterocyclic rings. The synthesis requires only 4–5 steps from commercially available amino acids, and allows for the modular construction of piperazines bearing different substituents at N 1 , N 4 , C 2 , and C 6 . The use of this strategy for the construction of 2,3-disubstituted piperazines, fused bicyclic piperazines, and tetrahydroquinoxalines is also reported. In addition, the mechanism of the key carboamination reactions is discussed, and new models that predict and explain the stereochemical outcome of these transformations are presented.
Knot Types, Homotopies and Stability of Closed Elastic Rods

The energy minimization problem associated to uniform, isotropic, linearly elastic rods leads to a geometric variational problem for the rod centerline, whose solutions include closed, knotted curves. We give a complete description of the space of closed and quasiperiodic solutions. The quasiperiodic curves are parametrized by a two-dimensional disc. The closed curves arise as a countable collection of one-parameter families, connecting the m-fold covered circle to the n-fold covered circle for any m,n relatively prime. Each family contains exactly one self-intersecting curve, one elastic curve, and one closed curve of constant torsion. Two torus knot types are represented in each family, and all torus knots are represented by elastic rod centerlines.
Structural features and surface heat transfer associated with a row of short-hole jets in crossflow

Abstract Surface streak experiments coupled with flow visualization and numerical simulations were used to investigate short length-to-diameter injection holes for geometries of interest to the gas turbine industry. The flow field results were also related to measured surface heat transfer coefficients in the downstream region of the jets. Geometric surface topology maps inferred from “oil and lampblack” surface streak experiments give insights into the flow field, as well as boundary layer disruption, and ultimately the convective heat transfer coefficient enhancement in the wake region of the jets. A secondary counter-rotating vortex pair (CRVP) with the opposite sense of rotation as the well-documented main CRVP is present in some configurations and is found to noticeably enhance the attachment event in the wake region and correspondingly enhance the convective heat transfer coefficient. The separation and attachment regions corresponding to the separation and attachment of boundary layer fluid brought about by jet–crossflow interaction was found to strongly affect the heat transfer on the surface downstream of the jets. The relative strength of the attachment events, and therefore the effect on h , is dependent on the trajectory of the CRVP, presence or absence of the secondary CRVP, and the attachment of crossflow fluid that has accelerated around the issuing jet. In addition to providing information about the crossflow boundary layer disruption, the surface topological results relate the signature of the surface shear stress to the coherent flow structures in the flow field being investigated.
Acylcyanamides: Versatile Synthetic Intermediates

Abstract An improved general procedure for the preparation of acylcyanamides is described. Preliminary experiments have demonstrated that acylcyanamides exhibit a rich chemistry. For example, acylcyanamides are easily converted into highly reactive dianions which, in turn, undergo facile alkylation with primary halides or oxidative coupling with moleculariodine.
Extended-body effects in cosmological spacetimes

We study the dynamics of extended test bodies in flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker spacetimes. It is shown that such objects can usually alter their inertial mass, spin and center-of-mass trajectory purely through the use of internal deformations. Many of these effects do not have Newtonian analogs and exist despite the presence of conserved momenta associated with the translational and rotational symmetries of the background.
Asymmetric synthesis of anti-aldol segments via a nonaldol route: synthetic applications to statines and (-)-tetrahydrolipstatin.

An asymmetric synthesis of anti-aldol segments via a nonaldol route is described. The strategy involves a highly diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized tetrahydrofuran derivatives from optically active 4-phenylbutyrolactone. Treatment of the tetrahydrofuran derivatives with a Lewis acid and acetic anhydride provided the corresponding ring-opened styrene derivatives. Oxidative cleavage of the styrene derivatives provided access to the anti-aldol segments. The utility of this methodology was demonstrated by the synthesis of statine derivatives and pancreatic lipase inhibitor, (−)-tetrahydrolipstatin.
DEEP MIXING AND METALLICITY: CARBON DEPLETION IN GLOBULAR CLUSTER GIANTS

We present the results of an observational study of the efficiency of deep mixing in globular cluster red giants as a function of stellar metallicity. We determine [C/Fe] abundances based on low-resolution spectra taken with the Kast spectrograph on the 3 m Shane telescope at Lick Observatory. Spectra centered on the 4300 A CH absorption band were taken for 42 bright red giants in 11 Galactic globular clusters ranging in metallicity from M92 ([Fe/H] = –2.29) to NGC 6712 ([Fe/H] = –1.01). Carbon abundances were derived by comparing values of the CH-band strength index S 2(CH) measured from the data with values measured from a large grid of SSG synthetic spectra. Present-day abundances are combined with theoretical calculations of the time since the onset of mixing, which is also a function of stellar metallicity, to calculate the carbon depletion rate across our metallicity range. We find that the carbon depletion rate is twice as high at a metallicity of [Fe/H] = –2.3 than at [Fe/H] = –1.3, which is a result qualitatively predicted by some theoretical explanations of the deep mixing process.
Nonlinear self-consistent theory for crossed-field devices.

A closed, nonlinear set of fluid equations that is based on the electron guiding-center orbits and is generally applicable to the analysis of crossed-field, slow-wave devices, is developed. The equations are used to model the behavior of the crossed-field amplifier. The dielectric response from the spoke charge is self-consistently included. A mean-field approximation is introduced to express the effect of the spoke charge on the rf mode profile. The dielectric modifications are then parametrized by an average amplitude factor \ensuremath{\Lambda}^ and an average phase shift \ensuremath{\psi}^ from the vacuum values. In the synchronous with the rf signal frame of reference the streamlines follow the equipotential surfaces of the transformed fields. In the steady state, the flow is incompressible. A uniform-density, constant-height electron hub feeds the current spokes. The secondary electron production at the cathode is computed self-consistently through the secondary-emission coefficient and the average impact energy. The spoke current is determined by the difference of the E\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}B drift at the top of the hub from the rf phase velocity. At small space-charge density relative to the Brillouin density, the dielectric corrections enter as a rotation ${\mathit{e}}^{\mathit{i}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\psi}}\mathrm{^}}$ of the complex growth rate relative to the growth without spoke self-fields. The numerical solutions for arbitrary space charge are compared with previous results without spoke-field effects. An increase in the rf gain and in the anode dc current is observed at any given operation point, despite a small drop in the efficiency. It is concluded that the increase in the rf field strength in the anode-cathode space, caused by the spoke self-field, compensates for the detuning effects from the modifications on the rf mode profile. In reentrant devices, the recycling of the space charge further increases the output power and the level of noise generated by the output-input feedback.
QCD with zero, two and four flavors of light quarks - results from QCDSP

Abstract We present the results from full QCD simulations with four flavors of light staggered dynamical quarks on QCDSP supercomputer. Previous results are reproduced and the simulation reported here yields new results consistent with our previous runs. The hadron spectrum obtained with Wilson valence fermions reported here will allow us to determine if our earlier conclusions are independent of lattice formalism.
SPECTROSCOPY OF PUTATIVE BROWN DWARFS IN TAURUS

Quanz and coworkers have reported the discovery of the coolest known member of the Taurus star-forming complex (L2 {+-} 0.5), and Barrado and coworkers have identified a possible protostellar binary brown dwarf in the same region. We have performed infrared spectroscopy on the former and the brighter component of the latter to verify their substellar nature. The resulting spectra do not exhibit the strong steam absorption bands that are expected for cool objects, demonstrating that they are not young brown dwarfs. The optical magnitudes and colors for these sources are also indicative of background stars rather than members of Taurus. Although the fainter component of the candidate protostellar binary lacks spectroscopy, we conclude that it is a galaxy rather than a substellar member of Taurus based on its colors and the constraints on its proper motion.
Allergy in childhood

Many factors that enter into the problem of the initiation of allergy have been considered in a previous paper of this series in which the various modes of acquisition were treated.1Here attention will be directed mainly to certain observations relative to the early beginnings and the natural course that allergy follows with increasing age. I have limited my observations to the four major syndromes eczema, asthma, hay fever and urticaria. A correlation of such observations, I believe, will help in the early diagnosis of these conditions and, if properly treated, should tend to abort further progress of the allergic syndromes. THE ONSET Practically all students concerned with allergy in adults find that from 50 to 60 per cent of their patients give a history of onset in childhood. The early careful observations of the beginnings of allergy, however, were first made by pediatricians, among whom should be mentioned
Spatial variation of correlation times for 1D phase turbulence

Abstract For one-dimensional phase-turbulent solutions of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation with rigid boundary conditions, we show that there is a substantial variation of the correlation time τ c ( x ) with spatial position x in moderately large systems of size L . These results suggest that some time-averaged properties of spatiotemporal chaos do not become homogeneous away from boundaries for large systems and for long times.
The asymmetric kharasch reaction. Catalytic enantioselective allylic acyloxylation of olefins with chiral copper(I) complexes and tert-butyl perbenzoate

Abstract Olefins were treated with tert-butyl perbenzoate in the presence of hiral copper(I) triflate bisoxazoline complexes to give non-racemic allyl benzoates as products. The yields range from 34 to 62% and the enantiomeric excesses from 30 to 81%. A model for the selectivity is proposed.
Two non-centrosymmetric cubic seleno-germanates related to CsCl-type structure: Synthesis, structure, magnetic and optical properties

Abstract Two related non-centrosymmetric, cubic, quaternary chalcogenides, containing europium have been synthesized employing the molten flux method and by the reaction of europium halides with the ternary seleno-germanate, Na6Ge2Se6. The reactions of Eu, Ge and Se were accomplished in a molten Na2Se2 flux at 800 °C for 150 h in an evacuated fused silica ampoule and yielded Na2EuGeSe4 (I). Similarly, Na0.75Eu1.625GeSe4 (II), could be synthesized at slightly lower temperature (750 °C) with a different starting ratio of Eu, Ge, Se and Na2Se2. A reaction between EuCl3 and Na6Ge2Se6 in 1:2 ratio at 650 °C for 96 h in an evacuated fused silica ampoule yielded Na2EuGeSe4 (I), while the reaction between EuI2 and Na6Ge2Se6 in 1:1 ratio under similar conditions yielded Na0.75Eu1.625GeSe4 (II). Crystal data for these compounds are as follows: I, cubic, space group I4¯3m (no. 217), a=7.3466(3), Z=2; II, cubic, space group I4¯3d (no. 220), a=14.7065(8), Z=16. The crystal structures of I and II are closely related and can be compared to a CsCl-type and its ordered superstructure, respectively. These compounds are semiconductors with optical band gaps around 2 eV. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility indicated that both compounds are paramagnetic with μeff.=7.6 and 7.73 μB, for I and II, respectively, close to the theoretical value of 7.94 μB for Eu2+. Raman spectroscopic characterization of the compounds is also reported.
Content Validity and Satisfaction With a Stroke Caregiver Intervention Program

Background and Purpose: Establishing evidence of content validity and satisfaction is an integral part of intervention research. The purpose of this article is to describe content validity and satisfaction relative to the Telephone Assessment and Skill-Building Kit (TASK), an 8-week follow-up program based on individualized assessment of stroke caregiver needs. Design and Methods: The TASK intervention enables caregivers to develop skills based on assessment of their own needs. During the development of the TASK program, 10 experts rated the validity of the TASK intervention components for accuracy, feasibility, acceptability, and problem relevance. After incorporating feedback from the experts, a randomized controlled clinical trial was instituted using a convenience sample of 40 stroke caregivers to determine satisfaction (usefulness, ease of use, and acceptability) with the TASK intervention (n=21) compared with an attention control group (n=19). Data collection occurred between March 2005 and June 2006. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t tests, and content analysis. Findings: Expert ratings on a 1 to 5 scale, with 5 being strongly agree, provided evidence of content validity (accuracy 4.71, feasibility 4.46, acceptability 4.40, problem relevance 4.67). Caregivers in the TASK group scored significantly higher than the attention control group on all satisfaction measures (usefulness p=.02; ease of use p=.02; acceptability p=.05). Qualitative comments from caregivers provided further evidence of satisfaction. Conclusions: Evidence of content validity and user satisfaction for the TASK intervention relative to an attention control group was found. Clinical Relevance: The TASK program may be a viable telephone-based program that can be implemented by nurses to support family caregivers during the first few months after stroke survivors are discharged home.
Concurrent processing for nonlinear analysis of hollow rectangular structural sections

A concurrent processing algorithm is developed for a materially nonlinear analysis of hollow square and rectangular structural sections and implemented on a special purpose multiprocessor computer at NASA Langley Research Center referred to as the Finite Element Machine (FEM). The cross-sectional thrust-moment-curvature relations are generated concurrently using a tangent stiffness approach, and yield surfaces are obtained that represent the interaction between axial load and biaxial moments. For the study, a maximum speed-up factor of 7.69 is achieved on eight processors.
Physics at high energy photon photon colliders

Abstract I review the physics prospects for high energy photon photon colliders, emphasizing results presented at the LBL Gamma Gamma Collider Workshop. Advantages and difficulties are reported for studies of QCD, the electroweak gauge sector, supersymmetry, and electroweak symmetry breaking.
Autoplastic and homoplastic parathyroid transplantation

Six cats were thyroparathyroidectomized and autoplastically grafted with the two external parathyroids. In four animals the glands were implanted into a pocket cut in the sternohyoid muscle; the remaining two cats were transplanted in the rectus abdominis muscle. The parathyroids were dissected free from all investing membranes, the dissection being done in a half and half mixture of warm, sterile Ringer's solution and blood serum of the animal from which the glands were taken. In some instances the parathyroids remained in the solution for fifteen minutes before implantation. Table I summarizes the principal results of the experiment.In a series of homoplastic transplantations, twenty-eight cats were used, the donor of the glands being of the same sex as the recipient, and as nearly the same age as possible. The grafts were of two types with respect to the time when made: (1) immediately following the onset of tetany symptoms; (2) simultaneous or criss-cross operations in which the parathyroids of two ca...
Computer assisted interrogation

Computer Assisted Interrogation (CAINT) is a system of computer programs for use in man-machine communications. Its principal function is to enable a computer to elicit information from a man by interrogating him---asking him a program of questions where the program follows a logical course depending both on information available before the interrogation started and on that gained during the interrogation. The information acquired is intended to be put to immediate practical use, in updating a data base, generating reports, or driving other interrogations.
Auxiliary/Master Microprocessor CAMAC Crate Controller Applications

The need for further sophistication of an already complex serial CAMAC control system at Fermilab lead to the development of an Auxiliary/Master CAMAC Crate Controller. The controller contains a Motorola 6800 microprocess- or, 2K bytes of RAM and 8K bytes of PROM memory. Bussed dataway lines are time shared with CAMAC signals to provide memory expansion and direct addressing of peripheral devices without the need of external cabling. The Auxiliary/Master Crate Controller (A/MCC) can function as either a Master, i.e., stand alone, crate controller or as an Auxiliary controller to Fermilab's Serial Crate Controller (SCC). Two modules, one single and one double-width, make up an A/MCC. The double-width module contains the necessary crate controller hardware, i.e., read/write registers, station number registers, dataway cycle timing generator, etc. in addition to hardware providing input and output block transfer capabilities through the SCC. When the A/MCC is used as an auxiliary controller, the single-width module contains the microprocessor, RAM, PROM, MPU clock, and the timing and logic circuitry required for interleaving A/MCC and SCC dataway cycles as well as extending memory via dataway lines. When the A/MCC is functioning as a master crate controller, the first single-width module or one with DMA cycle-stealing transfer capabilities may be used. The module, in this latter case, need not and thus does not have dataway cycle interleaving capabilities. The microprocessor has one nonmaskable and one maskable vectored interrupt. The maskable interrupt has eight sublevels of vectored interrupts for ease of interrupt prioritizing and servicing.
3D structures on relativistic jets

Abstract The properties of wave-like helically twisted normal mode structures on steady relativistic jets are summarized. Wave speeds are a function of the wavelength and less than the jet speed. However, normal mode interference can lead to both stationary and superluminal phase effects. A maximum pressure fluctuation criterion suggested by numerical simulations of axisymmetric relativistic jets is used to find the maximum asymmetric jet distortions and velocity fluctuations. Cyclic transverse velocity fluctuation can lead to variation in the flow direction on the order of the relativistic beaming angle. Resulting variation in the Doppler boost factor can lead to significant brightness asymmetries as helical structures twist around the jet beam. Growth of these structures is reduced as the jet density, Lorentz factor or Mach number are increased. Maximum jet distortion is reduced as the Lorentz factor increases and this suggests a reduction in mass entrainment or other non-linear disruptive processes that influence the morphological development of radio sources.
A cellwise method for the optimization of large central receiver systems

Abstract The total number of heliostats in the collecter field determines the approach to the optical simulation problem. For large central receiver systems, it is desirable to introduce a cell model which establishes an array of representative heliostats (see Ref.[1] for central receiver systems). We now have an arsenal of computer programs which allows us to optimize the arrangement of heliostats in the collector field subject to the approximations of the cell model. Each cell contains an arbitrary regular two dimensional array of heliostats. For practical reasons we have limited our current study of the 100 MWe commercial model to four categories of heliostats arrangement; (1) radial cornfields, (2) radial staggers, (3) N.-S. cornfields, and (4) N.-S. staggers. The most important results from the 100 MWe commercial model optimization study are: 1. (1) Staggers are better than cornfields. 2. (2) The increased cost of the tower and receiver subsystems has moved the solution to a larger cell size and a shorter tower. 3. (3) No panels should be deleted from the south side of the cykindrical receiver, and 4. (4) The collector field trims to a 360° configuration. The center of the collector field is north of the tower and some compromise may be made to prevent excessive panel power asymmetry. Currently, this problem is solved by using preheat panels in the southern part of the receiver.
Capital inflows, exchange market pressure, and credit growth in four transition economies with fixed exchange rates

Abstract With the transition from planned economic systems to membership in the European Union, capital inflows and domestic credit have expanded tremendously in Central and Eastern Europe. Four of these countries—Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria—maintain fixed exchange-rate regimes, which may face pressure because of rapid credit growth or during a slowdown. This study uses a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) approach to assess the contribution of capital inflows to exchange market pressure in these four countries, as well as to the growth of domestic credit. Both FDI and non-FDI flows are shown to feed credit growth in Bulgaria, but not the Baltics. Relatively volatile flows, particularly non-FDI inflows, reduce EMP in three of the four countries.
The Mass Dependence between Protoplanetary Disks and their Stellar Hosts

We present a substantial extension of the millimeter (mm) wave continuum photometry catalog for circumstellar dust disks in the Taurus star-forming region, based on a new ''snapshot'' {lambda} = 1.3 mm survey with the Submillimeter Array. Combining these new data with measurements in the literature, we construct a mm-wave luminosity distribution, f(L{sub mm}), for Class II disks that is statistically complete for stellar hosts with spectral types earlier than M8.5 and has a 3{sigma} depth of roughly 3 mJy. The resulting census eliminates a longstanding selection bias against disks with late-type hosts, and thereby demonstrates that there is a strong correlation between L{sub mm} and the host spectral type. By translating the locations of individual stars in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram into masses and ages, and adopting a simple conversion between L{sub mm} and the disk mass, M{sub d} , we confirm that this correlation corresponds to a statistically robust relationship between the masses of dust disks and the stars that host them. A Bayesian regression technique is used to characterize these relationships in the presence of measurement errors, data censoring, and significant intrinsic scatter: the best-fit results indicate a typical 1.3 mm flux density of {approx}25 mJy for 1 M{submore » Sun} hosts and a power-law scaling L{sub mm}{proportional_to}M{sub *}{sup 1.5-2.0}. We suggest that a reasonable treatment of dust temperature in the conversion from L{sub mm} to M{sub d} favors an inherently linear M{sub d} {proportional_to}M{sub *} scaling, with a typical disk-to-star mass ratio of {approx}0.2%-0.6%. The measured rms dispersion around this regression curve is {+-}0.7 dex, suggesting that the combined effects of diverse evolutionary states, dust opacities, and temperatures in these disks imprint a full width at half-maximum range of a factor of {approx}40 on the inferred M{sub d} (or L{sub mm}) at any given host mass. We argue that this relationship between M{sub d} and M{sub *} likely represents the origin of the inferred correlation between giant planet frequency and host star mass in the exoplanet population, and provides some basic support for the core accretion model for planet formation. Moreover, we caution that the effects of incompleteness and selection bias must be considered in comparative studies of disk evolution, and illustrate that fact with statistical comparisons of f(L{sub mm}) between the Taurus catalog presented here and incomplete subsamples in the Ophiuchus, IC 348, and Upper Sco young clusters.« less
Second thoughts on the human prospect

Next to writing his own obituary, what every writer would most welcome, I suppose, is a chance to review his own books. To begin with, this would present an opportunity to voice those enthusiasms and extravagances the critics have unaccountably failed to express. But then there is also the possibility of criticizing his own work from a truly privileged position one that makes up for its obvious lack of objectivity by its special access to the writer's intentions, doubts and convictions. Thus I welcome this invitation to review An Inquiry into the Human Prospect a little more than a year after it was written. This is particularly the case because I have no occasion to complain about the reception, or at least the notoriety, given the book. Few things I have written have drawn the attention that was accorded The Human Prospect a fact that should fill me with satisfaction, did I not believe it was largely the result of purely accidental factors. I wrote my Inquiry between July 1972 and August 1973, during a time when, save for international monetary complications, a relative tranquility characterized international relations and most domestic affairs. Then, like a thunderbolt, the Arab-Israeli war broke out in the fall of 1973, followed shortly thereafter by the imposition of the Arab oil embargo
Exterior powers of the reflection representation in Springer theory

Let $$ {H^*}\left( {{\mathcal{B}_e}} \right) $$ be the total Springer representation of W for the nilpotent element e in a simple Lie algebra $$ \mathfrak{g} $$ . Let Λ i V denote the ith exterior power of the reflection representation V of W. The focus of this paper is on the algebra of W-invariants in $$ {H^*}\left( {{\mathcal{B}_e}} \right) \otimes {\Lambda^*}V $$ and we show that it is an exterior algebra on the subspace $$ {\left( {{H^*}\left( {{\mathcal{B}_e}} \right) \otimes V} \right)^W} $$ in some cases that were not previously known. This result was established for e = 0 by Solomon [28] and was proved by Henderson [17] in types A, B, C when e is regular in a Levi subalgebra. The above statement about the W-invariants implies a conjecture of Lehrer–Shoji [19] about the occurrences of Λ i V in $$ {H^*}\left( {{\mathcal{B}_e}} \right) $$ , which was originally stated when e is regular in a Levi subalgebra. In this paper we prove the Lehrer–Shoji conjecture in all types and its natural extension to any nilpotent e, not only those that are regular in a Levi subalgebra. In the last part of the paper we make a connection to rational Cherednik algebras and this leads to an explanation for the appearance in Springer theory of the Orlik–Solomon exponents coming from hyperplane arrangements. This connection was established in the classical groups in [19], [30] after being observed empirically by Orlik, Solomon, and Spaltenstein in the exceptional groups.
Isolation and characterization of the protein that co-purifies with soybean (Glycine max L.) glycinin

Soybean (Glycine max. L.) glycinin (11S) purified by the Thanh and Shibasaki method (J. Agric. Food Chem. 24, 1117–1121 (1976)) is usually 90% pure. One of the impurities present in such glycinin preparations is the sulfur-rich salt-soluble globulin (SRP). The SRP which co-purifies with glycinin is resolved when such glycinin preparations are chromatographed on a DEAE DE-53 anionexchange column. It represented up to 5.32% of the total protein recovered. Hydrophobic and disulfide exchange interactions are the likely forces responsible for the co-purification of SRP with glycinin.
Signal reconstruction from multiple correlations: frequency- and time-domain approaches: comment

Giannakis [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A6, 682 ( 1989)] presented several approaches to reconstruction of one-dimensional deterministic sampled signals from their multiple correlations. I discuss the time-domain approach of Giannakis for reconstruction of infinite-duration signals. For model selection, rank determination of a certain matrix is needed. I give a counterexample, showing that the rank of such a matrix is not necessarily what has been claimed by Giannakis. For parameter determination, a certain other matrix is assumed to be of full rank. I give an example showing that the full-rank assumption is not always true.
Thiamine in plants: aspects of its metabolism and functions.

Abstract Thiamine diphosphate (vitamin B1) plays a fundamental role as an enzymatic cofactor in universal metabolic pathways including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In addition, thiamine diphosphate has recently been shown to have functions other than as a cofactor in response to abiotic and biotic stress in plants. Recently, several steps of the plant thiamine biosynthetic pathway have been characterized, and a mechanism of feedback regulation of thiamine biosynthesis via riboswitch has been unraveled. This review focuses on these most recent advances made in our understanding of thiamine metabolism and functions in plants. Phenotypes of plant mutants affected in thiamine biosynthesis are described, and genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data that have increased further our knowledge of plant thiamine metabolic pathways and functions are summarized. Aspects of thiamine metabolism such as catabolism, salvage, and transport in plants are discussed.
On the curvature tensor of the Hodge metric of moduli space of polarized Calabi-Yau threefolds

In this article, we give an expression and some estimates of the curvature tensor of the Hodge metric over the moduli space of a polarized calabi-Yau threefold. The symmetricity of the Yukawa coupling is also studied. In the last section of this article, an extra restriction of the limiting Hodge structure for the degeneration of Calabi-Yau threefolds is given.
Modeling tensorial conductivity of particle suspension networks

Significant microstructural anisotropy is known to develop during shearing flow of attractive particle suspensions. These suspensions, and their capacity to form conductive networks, play a key role in flow-battery technology, among other applications. Herein, we present and test an analytical model for the tensorial conductivity of attractive particle suspensions. The model utilizes the mean fabric of the network to characterize the structure, and the relationship to the conductivity is inspired by a lattice argument. We test the accuracy of our model against a large number of computer-generated suspension networks, based on multiple in-house generation protocols, giving rise to particle networks that emulate the physical system. The model is shown to adequately capture the tensorial conductivity, both in terms of its invariants and its mean directionality.
Nanofabrication of Self-Assembled Monolayers Using Scanning Probe Lithography

This Account focuses on our recent and systematic effort in the development of generic scanning probe lithography (SPL)-based methodologies to produce nanopatterns of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The key to achieving high spatial precision is to keep the tip−surface interactions strong and local. The approaches used include two AFM-based methods, nanoshaving and nanografting, which rely on the local force, and two STM-based techniques, electron-induced diffusion and desorption, which use tunneling electrons for fabrication. In this Account we discuss the principle of these procedures and the critical steps in controlling local tip−surface interactions. The advantages of SPL will be illustrated through various examples of production and modification of SAM nanopatterns and their potential applications.