cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Propaedeutic to chain-complete posets with basis

In this paper, several relations between members of a chain-complete poset (weaker than the relations relatively compact and IN introduced by Scott in his study of bases) are considered, with an eye toward examining whether all the properties of bases can be obtained from weaker axioms. It turns out that for all but one relation (relatively chain compact) one gets a weaker notion of bases than using relatively compact or IN. For relatively chain compact we conjecture that one gets a weaker notion of basis. However, we show that in the presence of bounded joins the existence of a basis derived from the relation of relatively chain compact implies the existence of a Scott basis if the cardinality of the chain-complete poset is less than the ω-th infinite cardinal. If one accepts the Continuum Hypothesis this means that the weaker relation is adequate in many posets likely to be of interest to computer science. Finally, even in the presence of the "weaker" type of basis in a complete lattice, the meet operation is continuous.
Electromagnetic Duality and Entanglement Anomalies

Duality is an indispensable tool for describing the strong-coupling dynamics of gauge theories. However, its actual realization is often quite subtle: quantities such as the partition function can transform covariantly, with degrees of freedom rearranged in a nonlocal fashion. We study this phenomenon in the context of the electromagnetic duality of Abelian $p$-forms. A careful calculation of the duality anomaly on an arbitrary $D$-dimensional manifold shows that the effective actions agree exactly in odd $D$, while in even $D$ they differ by a term proportional to the Euler number. Despite this anomaly, the trace of the stress tensor agrees between the dual theories. We also compute the change in the vacuum entanglement entropy under duality, relating this entanglement anomaly to the duality of an ``edge mode'' theory in two fewer dimensions. Previous work on this subject has led to conflicting results; we explain and resolve these discrepancies.
The Difficulty of Accounting for Women Who Critique Sharia in Northern Nigeria

I analyze three responses to Northern Nigeria’s reintroduction of full sharia penal law starting in 1999: the Western response, Nigerian male conservatives’ response, and the response of Nigerian women critical of the sharia experiment. I argue that this latter voice is the most difficult to account for as scholars. The reasons include, first, a constraint placed on Nigerian women to articulate their concerns as a battle over “true Islam”; second, Western feminist scholars’ concentration on the pitfalls of “imperial feminism”; and third, the ferocious backlash of conservative Nigerian men. Finally, I account for my own ambivalence as an ethnographer; while I find myself empathizing with their decolonizing project, I am disturbed by the assumption therein that men should “naturally” dominate women.
Impact of triggered palliative care consultation approaches on palliative care consult implementation in inpatient oncology.

95Background: Studies show palliative care (PC) delivered concurrently with cancer treatment improves outcomes, yet integration of PC with inpatient oncology is lacking. A promising approach to improve integration is a triggered palliative care consultation (TPCC), which is primarily based on clinical criteria (e.g. metastatic disease) and may include multiple strategies to support its use. This study evaluated the impact of two TPCC approaches on PC consult implementation (uptake and timeliness) in the solid tumor medical (MED) and gynecologic oncology (GYN) services at an academic medical center. Methods: MED TPCC used multiple strategies (chart review to identify eligible patients, training, clinician prompting); GYN TPCC used a single strategy (written guideline of clinical criteria for initiating a consult). PC consult information was obtained from medical charts and linked to all hospital encounter data for MED and GYN. The timeframe was 2010-2016 with TPCC onset in 2014 (GYN) and 2015 (MED). We com...
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Dynamics on $$\mathsf{SO(3)}$$

The configuration manifold is a product of copies of the special Euclidean group SE(3) embedded in \(\mathbb{R}^{6\times 6}\). A Lagrangian function \(L: T(\mathsf{SE(3)} \times \ldots \times \mathsf{SE(3)}) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{1}\) is introduced and variational methods are used to derive Euler–Lagrange equations and Hamilton’s equations. Several translating and rotating rigid body systems are studied to illustrate the developments.
Religious and Market Fundamentalisms

This chapter examines fundamentalist Christian education in the rural United States and the ways in which it allows for an increase of neoliberal education policies. Both forces are pushing an agenda that devalues critical thought, public institutions, and democracy in general. It begins with a look at the ways in which fundamentalist Christians have been able to take power in rural areas, and then examine the forms of education they are providing, with a critical analysis of three different homeschool providers as well as looking at several examples of Christian influence on public schools.
Unexpected isotopic variability in biogenic aragonite: A user issue or proxy problem?

Abstract The present study seeks to investigate sources of isotopic variability in the commonly used paleoclimate archive, the marine bivalve Arctica islandica, with an emphasis on the potential of human-induced variability arising from sampling techniques. Stable carbon (δ13Ccarbonate) and oxygen (δ18Ocarbonate) isotopes were analyzed for split (intra-sample) and replicate (intra- and inter-shell) samples taken from a group of laboratory-reared individuals, a natural population from northern Norway, and a natural population from the Gulf of Maine, USA. Compared to analytical uncertainty of 0.17‰ and 0.30‰ for δ13C and δ18O, respectively, among the natural populations, the mean difference between shell splits and shell replicates ranged from 0.12‰ and 0.33‰ for δ13C and δ18O, respectively. Our data suggest that heterogeneity of the carbonate material (i.e., large range of isotopic composition within one sample due to seasonal environmental variability) may contribute to “unexpected” variability more than human-induced error from sampling imprecision when collecting whole annual increments. Furthermore, δ13C from juvenile shells were highly variable (2σ standard deviation = 0.65‰), approximately four times more variable than analytical precision. High precision among δ18O measurements of the laboratory-reared shells confirm the presumption that shells reliably and consistently precipitate in isotopic equilibrium with ambient seawater. Monte Carlo simulations of measurements from this population allowed characterization of improvements in uncertainty at increasing levels of replication. Substantial reduction in uncertainty occurs when increasing from two to three shells, however replication using a total of four shells further decreased uncertainty to within the 99% confidence level. Published studies sometimes compensate for uncertainties by replicating records over multiple individuals or multiple transects within the one individual. Oftentimes, however, isotope records are constructed from single individuals or transects and therefore fail to provide thorough estimates of proxy error. Our findings suggest that replication of carbon and oxygen isotope measurements of contemporaneously produced aragonite is necessary in order to reduce proxy-derived noise. Furthermore, population-specific estimates of uncertainty related to natural variability among individuals should be investigated in order to provide more realistic representations of proxy noise when reporting isotope time series.
Chapter 32 Agriculture in the macroeconomy: Theory and measurement

Abstract Macroeconomic events and policies strongly influence agricultural sector outcomes. Chapters synthesized here delineate both feed-forward and feedback linkages between agriculture and the macroeconomy, examining how relationships change as countries develop and undergo structural transformation. Historically, most aggregate work by agricultural economists follows a neo-classical paradigm, and the micro-foundations approach to macroeconomics. More microeconomic approaches and some recent aggregate efforts address institutional issues and market imperfections that lie behind alternative approaches to macroeconomics. Controversies on macroeconomic theory and data limitations have constrained the extent to which macroeconomic issues have been incorporated into agricultural economics research.
THE SEPARATE EFFECTS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL pH ON CHLORIDE AND BROMIDE TRANSPORT IN HUMAN RED BLOOD CELLS

Publisher Summary The rapid chloride–bicarbonate exchange fluxes across the human erythrocyte membrane are facilitated by an intrinsic membrane mechanism probably the membrane spanning protein band 3. Several cleavage sites along the polypeptide chain of band 3 have been identified in the effort to characterize the topography of the protein in relationship to the lipid bilayer membrane, which forms the primary permeability barrier to small ions. Some cleavage sites are accessible only from the interior and some only from the exterior. This chapter discusses the reversible binding of dinitrostilbene disulfonate (DNDS). There is mutually exclusive binding of DNDS and chloride to external sites from which chloride is transported across the membrane into the cell. These two sites, the chloride transport site and the DNDS site, might be the same or quite different. Different sites show mutually exclusive binding through an allosteric mechanism. There are sites at which protons react that alter the transport of anions.
Robust Control Design for Linear Uncertain State Space Systems

In this chapter, we focus our attention on the issues of robust stabilization and control design of linear uncertain systems with real parameter variations in state space framework. Recall that in the previous two chapters, we addressed the stability robustness and performance robustness from analysis viewpoint, whereas in this chapter, we address the aspect of controller synthesis for linear uncertain systems. Henceforth, we use the words synthesis and design interchangeably in the context of robust control. Towards this direction, this chapter presents various robust control design methodologies under three categories: (i) design via perturbation bound analysis; (ii) stabilization and performance issues via quadratic stability concept, which in turn include techniques labeled as “Riccati equation-based methods” as well as “guaranteed cost control” (GCC) methods; and finally (iii) design via robust eigenstructure assignment. These results are presented in the above mentioned order. In an attempt to consolidate these various methodologies in an overview perspective, only the salient features of the design procedures are discussed with the finer detailed design algorithms left to the original references in which they appeared. In line with the main focus of this book, design procedures dealing with only linear systems with linear controllers for systems described by linear state space models are considered. Also, only uncertain systems with linear time-varying and/or time-invariant real parameters belonging to a compact set are emphasized.
A Fish Who Studies Water

I was born in New York City and attended public schools there. We spent our summers in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, where my father worked. These summers helped me develop an appreciation for nature that has remained with me. After graduating from high school, I attended Hobart College in Geneva, New York, and then became what the Germans called a Wandervogel (wandering bird). I lived in Greenwich Village and took courses at Columbia, New York University, and the New School for Social Research. Later I attended Penn State and the University of Oklahoma, before encountering Gardner Murphy who brought me to the Menninger Foundation in Topeka, Kansas, where I completed my PhD at nearby Lawrence. Coincidentally, my grandmother had attended Kansas University where she had grown up. My great-grandfather had a large clothing store in Lawrence (he hid under the bed dressed in women’s clothing during Quantril’s Raid), and his store is now an historical landmark.
Increasing the Reliability of Smart Metering System Using Millimeter Wave Technology

Millimeter wave (mmWave) technology has been advocated as a promising infrastructure to provide reliable communications, both in indoor and outdoor environments. In this paper, we extend the application of mmWave to the uplink communication between smart meters (SMs) and a gateway. Such a communication is subject to interference from SMs belonging to adjacent networks and blockage caused by human bodies, for instance. Using a three- dimension (3D) stochastic blockage model, we derive the outage probability. Accounting for human-body blockage, the high-signal to noise ratio (SNR) analysis shows a diversity gain of $(m_NM)$, where $m_N$ is the Nakagami-fading parameter of the non line of sight (NLOS) of the reference transmitter's channel and ℳ is the number of receive antennas at the gateway. Our analysis shows that the probability that an SM is in LOS decays exponentially with the link length and the density of blockages. Although at high SNR, blockage reduces the diversity gain, our numerical results show that blockage may improve the coverage probability at finite SNR.
Theoretical Foundations of Computational Experiment Approach to Secondary Mathematics

This chapter provides theoretical underpinning of computational experiment approach to pre-college mathematics curriculum. It reviews mathematics education research publications and (available in English) educational reform documents from Australia, Canada, England, Japan, Singapore and the United States related to the use of computers as tools for experimenting with mathematical ideas. The chapter links pioneering ideas by Euler about experimentation with mathematical ideas to the use of the word experiment in the modern context of pre-college mathematics curricula. It emphasizes the role of mathematics education reform in bringing computers first to the undergraduate level and gradually extending their use to include experimentation at the primary level. Several theoretical frameworks including signature pedagogy, Type I/Type II technology applications, parallel structures of teaching and learning, agent-consumer-amplifier framework, and collateral learning in the digital era are highlighted leading to the development of the notion of technology-enabled mathematics pedagogy (TEMP). One of the major characteristics of TEMP is its focus on the idea with ancient roots—the unity of computational experiment and formal mathematical demonstration. The relationship between technology-enabled experiment and solution-enabled experiment is introduced as a structure that makes computational experiment a meaning making process. It will be demonstrated how visual imagery can support deductive reasoning leading to an error-free computational experiment.
Time Inference Attacks on Software Defined Networks: Challenges and Countermeasures

Through time inference attacks, adversaries fingerprint SDN controllers, estimate switches flow-table size, and perform flow state reconnaissance. In fact, timing a SDN and analyzing its results can expose information which later empowers SDN resource-consumption or saturation attacks. In the real world, however, launching such attacks is not easy. This is due to some challenges attackers may encounter while attacking an actual SDN deployment. These challenges, which are not addressed adequately in the related literature, are investigated in this paper. Accordingly, practical solutions to mitigate such attacks are also proposed. Discussed challenges are clarified by means of conducting extensive experiments on an actual cloud data center testbed. Moreover, mitigation schemes have been implemented and examined in details. Experimental results show that proposed countermeasures effectively block time inference attacks.
Proving confidentiality in a file system using DISKSEC

SFSCQ is the first file system with a machine-checked proof of security. To develop, specify, and prove SFSCQ, this paper introduces DISKSEC, a novel approach for reasoning about confidentiality of storage systems, such as a file system. DISKSEC addresses the challenge of specifying confidentiality using the notion of data noninterference to find a middle ground between strong and precise information-flow-control guarantees and the weaker but more practical discretionary access control. DISKSEC factors out reasoning about confidentiality from other properties (such as functional correctness) using a notion of sealed blocks. Sealed blocks enforce that the file system treats confidential file blocks as opaque in the bulk of the code, greatly reducing the effort of proving data noninterference. An evaluation of SFSCQ shows that its theorems preclude security bugs that have been found in real file systems, that DISKSEC imposes little performance overhead, and that SFSCQ's incremental development effort, on top of DISKSEC and DFSCQ, on which it is based, is moderate.
Screening for HIV and linkage to care in adolescents: insights from a systematic review of recent interventions in high- versus low- and middle-income settings

Introduction Compared to adults, adolescents and young adults have a higher incidence of HIV infection, yet lower rates of HIV testing. Few evidence-based interventions effectively diagnose new HIV infections among adolescents while successfully providing linkage to care. Methods We conducted a systematic review of recent interventions to increase HIV testing among adolescents and young adults using data retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar, and using abstracts presented at the International AIDS Society conferences and Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections published between January 1, 2015, and April 28, 2018. Results We identified 36 interventions (N=14 in high- income countries and N=22 in low- and middle-income countries) that were published in the literature (N=28) or presented at conferences (N=8). Interventions were categorized as behavioral/educational, alternate venue/self-testing, youth-friendly services, technology/mobile health, incentives, or peer-based/community-based interventions. The studies consisted of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective and retrospective observational studies, and quasi-experimental/pre-post evaluations with variable sample sizes. Study designs, populations, and settings varied. All categories showed some degree of acceptability, yet not all interventions were effective in increasing HIV testing. Effectiveness was seen in more than one RCT involving technology/mobile health (2/3 RCTs) and alternative venue/self-testing (3/3 RCTs) interventions, and only in one RCT each for behavioral interventions, community interventions, and incentives. There were no effective RCTs for adolescent-friendly services. Data were limited on the number of new infections identified and on the methods to increase linkage to care after diagnosis. Conclusion Future studies should include combinations of proven methods for engaging adolescents in HIV testing, while ensuring effective methods of linkage to care.
MicroRNAs tame CRISPR-Cas9.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) repress target mRNAs, often with exquisite tissue specificity. Wang et al. exploit the specific expression of miRNAs to regulate guide production for Cas9. Their method enables novel strategies to simultaneously measure the activity of multiple miRNAs and restrict Cas9 binding or genome editing to precisely defined cell types.
Atypical eating behaviors in children and adolescents with autism, ADHD, other disorders, and typical development

Abstract Background: Previous research has not yet examined the prevalence of atypical eating behaviors in children and adolescents with autism compared to those with ADHD, other disorders, and typical development. Method: The sample comprised 2102 children: 1462 with autism, 327 with other disorders (e.g., ADHD, intellectual disability, language disorder, and learning disability), and 313 typical children, 1–18 years of age (mean 7.3). Atypical eating behaviors were assessed with the Checklist for Autism Spectrum Disorder based on a standardized parent interview conducted by licensed psychologists. Results: Atypical eating behaviors were significantly more common in autism (70.4%) than in children with other disorders (13.1%) and typical children (4.8%). For children with autism who had atypical eating behaviors, the most common behavior was limited food preferences (88%), followed by hypersensitivity to food textures (46%), other peculiar patterns most often eating only one brand of food (27%), pocketing food without swallowing (19%), and pica (12%). Grain products and/or chicken (usually nuggets) were the preferred foods for 92% of children with autism who had limited food preferences. For children with autism who had atypical eating behaviors, 25% had three or more atypical eating behaviors (vs. 0% for children with other disorders or typical development). Only children with autism had pica or pocketed food. Conclusions: The number and types of atypical eating behaviors found only in children with autism and not in children with other disorders or typical development should alert clinicians to the possibility of autism and the need to evaluate for autism in order to facilitate early identification and access to evidence-based treatment.
Solution Focused Therapy

Solution focused therapy originated with a group of marriage and family therapists in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (de Shazer, 1985, 1988; Nunnally et al., 1986). In the mid-1970s, this group of researcher clinicians began experimenting with the brief therapy approach originated at the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto, California (Watzlawick et al., 1974). The influence of the MRI model was initially noticeable in the Milwaukee group’s attention to problem formulation, goal setting, and the uses of homework assignments (de Shazer, 1982). Some influence from the Mil-an group of therapists (Selvini-Palazzolli et al., 1978) can be discerned in the early 1980s in task construction and use of timing (Nunnally & Berg, 1983). Influence from the Milan group can also be found in the Milwaukee group’s evolving uses of “systemic questioning” (Lipchik & de Shazer, 1986). By 1980 the Milwaukee group’s model of brief therapy had evolved to the point where it was distinctly their own although still rather close to the MRI brief therapy approach, as can be seen in a major work by de Shazer (1982). Probably the major innovations in the Milwaukee model at that time were the uses of positive feedback or “compliments” and a view of the problem pattern as a system with multiple points for intervention.
Priority Issues from a Health Implementation Plan: A Qualitative Study of Local Foundation and Nonprofit Leaders’ Perceptions

The purpose of this article is to examine how local leaders of health foundations and nonprofit organizations perceive key health issues (such as violence, housing, and chronic disease) included in a municipal health department’s implementation plan. Specifically, we examine how these leaders prioritize health issues and what their ideas are regarding how to address them. To do this, we used a semistructured interviewing strategy to gather feedback from 10 senior leaders of health foundations and 13 senior leaders of nonprofit agencies in the City of Chicago. We conducted a content analysis of these interviews and found that participants emphasized the importance of addressing broad conditions related to violence, economic development, and education across the lifespan using multisector collaboration strategies. These findings suggest that these foundation and nonprofit representatives consider social determinants of health to be key in promoting population health.
Psychophysical Investigation of Binocular Vision

(1989). Psychophysical Investigation of Binocular Vision. American Orthoptic Journal: Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 62-73.
The DEEDS platform: Support for integrated data and computing across the research lifecycle

Abstract The NSF Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure has recognized the emerging and evolving need for platforms that fully integrate data and computing workflows, and is calling for research to deliver systems that provide a full spectrum of data services and also offer a coherent coupling with computing software. The Digital Environment to Enable Data-driven Science (DEEDS) project has created a cross-domain, self-serve platform for data and computing that supports the entire end-to-end research investigation process. DEEDS offers interactive interfaces to 1) collect, manage, and explore data, 2) define and launch tools, 3) track computational workflows, 4) access toolkits for ad-hoc analytics, and 5) publish and share the investigations with broader research community. All interfaces are available from a single dashboard so that the workflow between data and tools is smooth and intuitive. This paper highlights the DEEDS platform capabilities for providing integrated data and computing services throughout the entire research investigation lifecycle and presents some examples from use cases that contributed to the platform development.
It's for you!: an iPhone development primer for the busy college professor

The iPhone is a magnificent development platform. If your students are not already clamoring for a course or advice on how to write iPhone (as well as iPod Touch) applications, they soon will. This paper describes how you can prepare for that moment by providing a roadmap, outlining key technologies that you and your students will need to master, to be able to develop (and sell!) iPhone applications.
Understanding climate change through Earth’s energy flows

A perspective is given on human-induced climate change, contrasting two complementary approaches. The first is the conventional approach of using climate models as a means for developing understand...
National trends and state-level variation in the duration of incoming quitline calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW during 2012–2015

IntroductionThe duration of incoming quitline calls may serve as a crude proxy for the potential amount of reactive counseling provided.AimsTo explore whether call duration may be useful for monitoring quitline capacity and service delivery.MethodsUsing data on the duration of incoming quitline calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW from 2012 through 2015, we examined national trends and state-level variation in average call duration. We estimated a regression model of average call duration as a function of total incoming calls, nationally and by state, controlling for confounders.ResultsFrom 2012 through 2015, average call duration was 11.4 min, nationally, and was 10 min or longer in 33 states. Average call duration was significantly correlated with quitline service provider. Higher incoming call volume was significantly associated with lower average call duration in 32 states and higher average call duration in five states (P-value <0.05). The relationship between call volume and call duration was not correlated with quitline service provider.ConclusionsVariation in average call duration across states likely reflects different service delivery models. Average call duration was associated with call volume in many states. Significant changes in call duration may highlight potential quitline capacity issues that warrant further investigation.
Chapter 3 – Knowledge Representation

The development of automated systems that manifest biomedical knowledge requires a mechanism to encode that knowledge for the computer. Although it is most straightforward for software engineers to program knowledge into procedural computer code, often computer systems need to be able to operate off the knowledge in a flexible manner. More important, our knowledge of the world invariably changes over time. As a result, developers may turn to a variety of declarative, symbolic formalisms for representing knowledge, including logic, frame systems, and rules. Developers also may choose to encode an ontology that enumerates the entities in an application area, and the relationships among those entities, and to use procedural code or Web services that operates on the ontology to produce the desired intelligent behavior. Each of these approaches has relative advantages, and highlights the inescapable trade-off between the expressivity of a formalism for representing knowledge and the computational tractability of the resultant system. Knowledge representation is possible only when the developers of the system and the users of the system agree to the meanings of the symbols that constitute the computer’s knowledge base. Because meaning is something that people must ascribe to a knowledge representation—and not an intrinsic property of the symbols—a principal challenge is for the developers and the users of a knowledge-based system to be certain of those meanings, and to ensure that the meanings do not drift over time.
Understanding citizen satisfaction with the police: results from a community survey

Over the last few decades, law enforcement has come to value aspects of its role as essential to its crime-fighting capacity, including legitimacy, procedural justice, quality of life matters, and ...
Management of Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer

Management of locally advanced esophageal cancer is evolving. Trimodality therapy with chemoradiation followed by surgical resection has become the standard of care. However, the value of planned surgery after response to therapy is in question. In this article, we discuss the current practice principles and evidence for the treatment of locally advanced esophageal cancer. Topics will include various neoadjuvant therapies, trimodality versus bimodality therapy, and outcomes for salvage esophagectomies. In addition, emerging novel therapies, such as HER2 inhibitors and immunotherapy, are available for unresectable or metastatic disease, enabling a greater armamentarium of tumor biology-specific treatments.
Recombinant Protein Production by Transient Transfection of Suspension-Growing Cells

Motivated by an increasing demand for the rapid production of milligrams of r-proteins, we have optimized a transfection procedure using polyethyleneimine (PEI) for the human embryonic kidney 293 cells (293) grown in suspension that is scalable. The human placental secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were used as reporter genes to respectively monitor productivity and transfection efficiency. The 293 cell line and two genetic variants expressing the SV40 large T-antigen (293T) or the EBNA1 protein (293E) were tested for transfection and protein expression using the pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen) and pTT vectors. Up to ten-fold higher expression level was obtained when transfecting 293E cells with the oriP-containing pTT vector compared to transfection of 293T cells with the SV40 ori-containing pcDNA3.1 vector. Various PEI polymers were tested and both linear and branched 25 kDa PEI proved to be the most efficient. Transfection efficiencies, as determined by FACS-analyses of GFP-positives cells 48 hours post-transfection (hpt), varied from 60 to 98%. The presence of serum in the culture medium significantly increased gene transfer and expression. High levels of expression were also reached when transfection mixture was added to cells in their conditioned medium (24h post-seeding) containing 1% serum. Transfection of a 500 ml bioreactor culture with pTT/SEAP (0.5 mg DNA) led to the accumulation of over 10 mg l-1 of active SEAP at 120 hours post-transfection.
Bare Versus Hair: Do Pubic Hair Grooming Preferences Dictate the Urogenital Microbiome?

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine whether the genitourinary microbiome differs between and within women with and without pubic hair. METHODS Premenopausal women who self-identified into 2 groups were recruited: in the "hair" group, women did not remove any pubic hair, and in the "bare" group, all pubic hair was removed routinely. Participants submitted a vaginal swab, a voided urine sample, and a catheterized urine sample, and then "crossed over." The "hair" group removed all hair for 1 month, and the "bare" group grew hair for 2 months. After crossover, participants again submitted a vaginal swab, a voided urine sample, and a catheterized urine sample. Ten participants acted as controls. DNA was extracted, and the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using the MiSeq platform. Paired-end sequences were imported into QIIME2-2018.6. Alpha diversity (the number and proportion of species in an individual sample) and beta diversity (differences in microbial composition between samples) were evaluated. RESULTS Forty-two participants were analyzed: 16 "bare to hair" crossovers, 16 "hair-to-bare" crossovers, and 10 controls. The microbiome varied by sample type: vaginal swabs had the lowest alpha diversity and catheterized urine had the highest (P < 0.001). At baseline, there were no differences in the alpha or beta diversity of urine or vaginal microbiomes between groups. Vaginal beta diversity at visit 2 was greater within crossovers than controls (P = 0.004), suggesting that altering hair status alters the microbiome composition. Urinary beta diversity was not different at visit 2 (P = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS Pubic hair status does not determine one's baseline genitourinary microbiome, but women who change their hair status may alter their vaginal microbiome.
Generating Converging Eigenenergy Bounds for Multidimensional Systems: A New Moment Representation, Algebraic, Quantization Formalism.

For low dimension systems admitting a moment equation representation (MER), the development of an effective eigenenergy bounding theory applicable to all discrete states had remained elusive, until now. Whereas Handy et al (1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 253) demonstrated the effectiveness of the {\it Moment Problem} based, Eigenvalue Moment Method (EMM), for generating arbitrarily tight bounds to the multidimensional, positive, bosonic ground state, its extension to arbitrary excited states seemed intractable. We have discovered a new, moment representation based, quantization formalism that achieves this. Unlike EMM, no convex optimization methods are required. The entire formulation is algebraic. As a result of our preliminary investigation, we are able to match, or surpass, the excellent, but intricate, analysis of Kravchenko et al (1996 Phys. Rev. A 54 287) with respect to the quadratic Zeeman effect, for a broad range of magnetic field strengths. Unlike their analysis, the proposed method is simple, involves no truncations, and the projection of the quantum operator is exact, within each moment subspace. Our new approach, the Orthogonal Polynomial Projection Quantization-Bounding Method (OPPQ-BM), exploits the implicit bounding capabilities of a previous method developed by Handy and Vrinceanu (2013 J. of Phys. A: Math. Theor. 46 135202). What emerges is a completely new type of analysis (i.e. constrained quadratic form minimization) that validates the importance of moment equation representations for quantizing physical systems. Whereas the underlying principles of EMM guarantee it to be more efficient than OPPQ-BM, the ability to implement algebraic computations, as opposed to pursuing nonlinear convex optimization methods (which can be relaxed through linear programming alternatives) recommends OPPQ-BM. We give an overview of the new method with applications.
Beamsteering Capability of a Leaky Wave-Based Curved High Impedance Surface Antenna

An ultrathin antenna based on a curved high impedance surface (HIS) is designed, which has wide beamscanning capability if the leaky wave is excited by proper selection of the feed location. The HIS-inspired curved printed antenna exploits the leaky wave properties of a linear arrangement of dogbone-shaped copper patches over a curved ground plane. By selecting the excitation port along the array demonstrates a beamscanning capability ranging from $\mathbf{-34^{\circ}}$ to $\mathbf{+34^{\circ}}$ . The curved HIS-based antenna exhibits a rather wide 3dB gain bandwidth. The thickness is in the order of a hundredth of a wavelength.
Stand der Technik

Fur die downsizing-gepragten Herausforderungen an Motordynamik und Nennleistung und der damit verbundenen Steigerung des Aufladegrades existieren verschiedene aufladetechnische Konzepte. Dazu zahlen u.a. zweistufige Aufladesysteme. Sie ermoglichen eine hohe spezifische Leistung und gleichzeitig einen spontanen Ladedruckaufbau durch die in Reihe geschaltete Hochdruck- und Niederdruckstufe, wodurch die Vorteile eines kleinen und eines grosen ATL verbunden werden (Freisinger et al. 2010, Lischer et al. 2010).
La dietética para el hombre sano en el pensamiento médico del mundo moderno

This article essentially analyzes dietetics in the eighteenth century on three differente levels: as a source of alimentation, as a way of life for individuals, and as a way of life for the social organism. On all three levels dietetics always had two overall objectives: the physical health of the body and the moral health of the individual. Based on these generic concepts, the caraacteristics of these two goals at each of the three levels mentioned above are analyzed, providing, in the author's view, an explanation of the structure of dietectics in the 1700s.
Multifunctional Separator Allows Stable Cycling of Potassium Metal Anodes and of Potassium Metal Batteries.

This is the first report of a multifunctional separator for potassium-metal batteries (KMBs). Double-coated tape-cast micro-scale AlF3 on polypropylene (AlF3 @PP) yield state-of-the-art electrochemical performance: Symmetric cells are stable after 1,000 cycles (2,000 hours) at 0.5 mA cm-2 and 0.5 mAh cm-2 , with 0.042 V overpotential. Stability is maintained at 5.0 mA cm-2 for 600 cycles (14,400 minutes), with 0.138 V overpotential. Post-cycled plated surface is dendrite-free, while stripped surface contains smooth SEI. Conventional PP cells fail rapidly, with dendrites at plating, and "Dead Metal" and SEI clumps at stripping. Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) cathode KMBs with AlF3 @PP display the enhanced capacity retention (91% at 100 cycles versus 58%). AlF3 partially reacts with K to form an artificial SEI containing KF, AlF3 and Al2 O3 phases. The AlF3 @PP promotes complete electrolyte wetting and enhances uptake, improves ion conductivity, and increases ion transference number. The higher of K+ transference number is ascribed to the strong interaction between AlF3 and FSI- anions, as revealed through 19 F NMR. The enhancement in wetting and performance is general, being demonstrated with ester- and ether-based solvents, with K-, Na- or Li- salts, and with different commercial separators. In full batteries AlF3 prevents Fe crossover and cycling-induced cathode pulverization. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Amplified Spontaneous Emission and Parasitic Oscillations in Nd : Glass Amplifiers

In early research on Nd:glass amplifiers, it was discovered that scaling performance to larger diameters was often invalid; in some cases the expected values of certain parameters were not even approached. That experience demonstrated that there are certain limits to the size of large-aperture amplifiers, determined primarily by the complementary effects of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and parasitic oscillations (PO). These effects result in less energy storage or gain/cm, for example, when an amplifier is scaled up to a larger diameter. The diameter and gain of a stage are important in determining the X-factor or ultimate power capability for short pulses as we will investigate in Chap.7. When X-factor analysis, including both ASE and PO, is combined with cost, optimized system designs may be arrived at (Chap.8).
Enteral Versus Parenteral Feeding in Critical Illness

Hypermetabolic, critically ill patients rapidly mobilize lean tissue, releasing large quantities of amino acids into the circulating amino acid pool for distribution to the liver, intestine, bone marrow, and injured or healing tissues. Within these sites, gluconeogenesis, immune cell proliferation, and fibroblast proliferation support the body’s attempts to seal and heal its injuries while maintaining defenses against bacterial challenges. Glutamine and alanine synthesis up-regulated through the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids by skeletal muscle provide specific fuels for enterocytes and rapidly proliferating immunocytes as well as sources of carbon skeletons for gluconeogenesis [1]. In addition, amino acids from the general amino acid pool are synthesized by the liver into acute-phase production to upregulate effectiveness of the reticuloendothelial system in clearing foreign material from the bloodstream [2]. While current opinion suggests that well-nourished patients can maintain a vigorous metabolic response for a week or perhaps longer, certain mechanisms of mucosal defenses may be influenced by nutrition support even in well-nourished patients.
Ambulatory quality indicators to prevent infection in sickle cell disease

The purpose of this study was to identify rates of adherence for three outpatient quality indicators noted by Wang et al. (Pediatrics 2011;128:484–493): (1) influenza vaccine, (2) pneumococcal immunizations, and (3)penicillin prophylaxis in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) in a Medicaid sample. These variables were chosen based on Wang and colleagues' suggestion that these variables are important for the assessment of the quality of care of children with SCD. We hypothesized that the overall rate of adherence would be poor with adults having worse rates of adherence than children. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Wisconsin State Medicaid database over a 5-year period to assess the preventative medication adherence of individuals with SCD. Preventative medication variables in this study included influenza vaccination,pneumococcal immunizations (PCV7, PPV23), and penicillin prophylaxis. As predicted, the 2003–2007 Wisconsin State Medicaid database showed patients with SCD had low adherence in terms of recommended influenza vaccinations (21.58% adherent), PPV23 pneumococcal immunizations (43.47% adherent), and penicillin prophylaxis (18.18% adherent). Pneumococcal immunizations for PCV7 were higher than expected (77.27%adherent). Although children tended to adhere to recommended preventative medications more than adults,overall adherence was low. Although we cannot explain why adherence is low, it is likely due to multiple factors at the patient- and provider-level. We encourage patients and providers to create a partnership to meet adherence recommendations, and we describe our strategies for increasing adherence.
Amplified Mechanically Gated Currents in Distinct Subsets of Myelinated Sensory Neurons following In Vivo Inflammation of Skin and Muscle

Primary afferents are sensitized to mechanical stimuli following in vivo inflammation, but whether sensitization of mechanically gated ion channels contributes to this phenomenon is unknown. Here we identified two populations of murine A fiber-type sensory neurons that display markedly different responses to focal mechanical stimuli of the membrane based on their expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Following inflammation of the hindpaw, myelinated, CGRP-positive neurons projecting to the paw skin displayed elevated mechanical currents in response to mechanical stimuli. Conversely, muscle inflammation markedly amplified mechanical currents in myelinated, CGRP-negative neurons projecting to muscle. These data show, for the first time, that mechanically gated currents are amplified following in vivo tissue inflammation, and also suggest that mechanical sensitization can occur in myelinated neurons after inflammation.
A Question of Rank

In this paper I will address the question of whether law schools act strategically in order to maximize their ranking, with a focus on their admissions process. Since U.S. News and World Report rankings dominate the market for law school rankings, I will examine possible strategies available to law schools who wish to maximize their ranking according to the U.S. News ranking algorithm, deriving specific hypotheses from this process. I will then use data from a variety of sources, including the American Bar Association and law schools themselves in order to test these hypotheses. I will also include some anecdotal case study evidence corroborating statistical findings, as well as a more general discussion of U.S. News's ranking methodology, and possible implications to affirmative action and minority admissions in law schools.
Optimal design layout of a tactical GSM communication system with nonuniform traffic

An algorithm suitable for tactical TDMA-GSM communication system design is developed. The algorithm computes the minimum number of base stations for a given geography and provides for maximum coverage in the presence of nonuniform offered traffic. Optimal antenna location and sectorization are used to achieve the target coverage. The algorithm produces two distinct cell shapes (hexagonal and square) as the topography and propagation environment are changed. The cell size adapts to the traffic pattern to ensure the required quality of service, specifically a maximum blocking probability. As compared to other published work, this layout algorithm provides a comprehensive approach that takes into account both the nonuniform offered traffic and the area's varied topography. Several realistic system specifications were considered to simulate the minimum cost system resulting in a 20% savings in the required number of base stations compared to traditional design methods
The Manifold of Elliptical Galaxies

Global properties of elliptical galaxies, such as the luminosity, radius, projected velocity dispersion, projected luminosity density, etc., form a two-dimensional family. This “fundamental plane” of elliptical galaxies can be defined by the velocity dispersion and mean surface brightness, and its thickness is presently given by the measurement error-bars only. This is indicative of a strong regularity in the process of galaxy formation. However, all morphological parameters which describe the shape of the distribution of light, and reflect dynamical anisotropics of stars, are completely independent from each other, and independent of the fundamental plane. The M/L ratios show only a small intrinsic scatter in a luminosity range spanning some four orders of magnitude; this suggests a constant fraction of the dark matter contribution in elliptical galaxies.
Picosecond nonradiative processes in neodymium-doped crystals and glasses:: Mechanism for the energy gap law

This report presents measurements of the {sup 4}G{sub 7/2} emission for 26 nd-doped materials. A model of nonradiative decay based on dipole-dipole energy is developed and found to be supported by the data.
Fracture and ductility in hot torsion of Nickel

Fracture of Nickel 270 under conditions of warm working and hot working was studied using a hot torsion testing device. Under all conditions, fracture initiates as wedge-type cracks at the peak on the torque-twist curve. A hot fracture initiation criterion is proposed based on the initial deformation conditions. The higher the temperature and the slower the strain rate, the smaller the strain at which fracture initiates. Under hot working conditions, fracture propagates slowly and microstructural evidence suggests that deformation aided diffusion processes predominate. Under conditions of warm working, fracture propagates more rapidly and grain boundary sliding processes predominate. Metallographic and other experimental evidence show that the softening process under all test conditions is dynamic recrystallization. The influence of changes in the kinetics of dynamic recrystallization on ductility and microcracking is discussed.