cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beam loss rates with an internal gas target in an electron-cooled storage ring Implications for luminosity optimization

Abstract Measurements have been made in the Cooler ring at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility (IUCF) of the mean lifetime of stored and electron-cooled proton beams in the presence of various target gas species at two ring locations differing in dispersion. A broad range of beam energy Tb, target atomic number Zt and thickness xt was employed. The loss (removal) cross sectionσL per target atom, extracted from the lifetime measurement, exhibits a minimum for small xt which is found to scale with ( Z t T b ) 2 . This behavior is expected because forward Coulomb scattering from target nuclei should be the dominant loss mechanism under the conditions of measurement. A marked increase in σL for larger xt is attributed to emittance growth arising from multiple scattering in competition with the transverse cooling rate. Lattice dispersion at the target increases the contribution to beam heating by electrons in the target atoms and introduces an additional loss mechanism. From the measured σL and beam lifetime, a time cycle may be selected which gives the optimum time-averaged luminosity for a given experiment. Scaling of σL allows prediction of the optimum luminosity over the full operating regime of the cooling ring.
Second-order reaction in a semibatch reactor

Previous work developed an analytical solution for a second-order reaction in a semibatch reactor that is applicable over small changes in reactor volume. This article develops a solution for the same system that applies when volume changes are large.
Chemical actinometry at 147.0 nm

Hexafluoroacetone (HFA) and O2 were photolyzed at 147.0 nm to investigate their use in chemical actinometry. The products, CO for the former and O3 in the latter case, were monitored. For accurate comparison, both of these substances were irradiated by a single light source with two identical reaction cells at 180° to each other. The light intensities I were measured under the same integrated as well as instantaneous photon flux based on ϕ and ϕCO (quantum yield) as 2 and 1, respectively. Optimum conditions for maximum product yield were 5.0 torr HFA pressure and an O2 flow rate of 200 ml/min at 1 atm pressure for a 20-minute photolysis period. For light intensity variations between 1.09 × 1014 and 2.10 × 1015 photons absorbed/sec, the ratio I/IHFA was found to be unity. Calibration with the commonly used N2O actinometer for a ϕ value of 1.41 showed that I/IHFA and I/I are unity. Both HFA and O2 are suitable chemical actinometers at 147.0 nm with ϕCO and ϕ of 1 and 2, respectively. The light intensity determination in the first case involves the measurement of only one product which is noncondensible at 77°K, whereas wet analysis for O3, the only product, in the second actinometer is necessary. Both of these determinations are quite simple and are preferable over product analysis in N2O actiometry, wherein N2 separation from other noncondensibles at 77°K is required.
Distribution of the error term for the number of lattice points inside a shifted circle

Define $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {N_x (R)\, = \,\# \,\left\{ {n\, \in \,Z^d \,|\,|x\, - \,n|\, \leqslant \,R} \right\}} & {(x\, \in \,[0,\,1[^d )} \\ \end{array}$$ (1.1) and $$F_x (R)\, = \,R^{ - \frac{{d\, - \,1}} {2}} \,[N_x (R)\, - \,R^d \,\text{Vol}_d \,B(1)]$$ (1.2) where B(1) is the unit ball in R d . Thus N x (R) is the number of lattice points in Z d in the R-ball centered at x and F x (R) is the normalized difference with the volume of the ball. We are interested in the problem of the distribution of F x (R) as a function of R for given x.
Free-boundary simulations of DIII-D plasmas with the NIMROD code

Modeling long-wavelength instabilities in modern tokamak discharges provides many numerical challenges due to the extreme temporal and spatial stiffness as the plasma becomes nearly collisionless. To meet these numerical challenges, the NIMROD code uses a high-order finite-element representation for the poloidal plane, and a pseudo-spectral method for the toroidal direction. The spectral convergence of the high-order elements is important for resolving anisotropic heat conduction at realistic parameters. Simulation results of a tokamak disruption which requires anisotropic heat conduction show that most of the heat flux is concentrated in the divertor region, but not where the initial strike points are located.
Paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum in a patient with normal right heart hemodynamics.

A 32-year-old man with paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum at the level of the chordae tendineae and with normal right heart hemodynamics is presented. It appears that, in absence of severe left ventricular dysfunction or intraventricular conduction defect, paradoxical septal motion is not entirely specific for right ventricular volume overload and may represent a rare normal variant
Performance predictions of a tubular SOFC operating on a partially reformed JP-8 surrogate

Abstract This paper uses chemically reacting flow models to explore the effect of upstream JP-8 steam reforming on the performance of a tubular, anode-supported, solid-oxide fuel cell. In all cases studied in this paper, a steam–carbon ratio of 3 is used for the reformer inlet. However, by varying the reformer temperature, the methane concentration in the reformate stream can be varied. In this study methane mole fractions are varied between 0 and 20%, on a dry basis. The methane mole fraction is found to have a substantial effect on fuel-cell efficiency, power density, and heat-release profiles. The paper also explores the effects of internal reforming chemistry and electrochemical charge transfer on the gas-phase kinetics and propensity for deposit formation. A detailed reaction mechanism is used to describe methane steam reforming on Ni within the anode, while a detailed gas-phase mechanism is used to predict the gas-phase composition in the fuel channel.
Dipole effects and the work functions of the single crystal LaB6

Abstract Both the interior dipole structure normal to the polar surface of a crystal and any dipole layer at the surface itself contribute to the surface work function. For LaB 6 , the structures of the unreconstructed (100), (110) and (111) faces or the reconstructions believed to characterize the (110) and (111) surfaces would produce dipole layers and differences in work function among these surfaces which are at least an order of magnitude greater than the differences which have been measured. Modification in ionic charge at sites making up the outermost surface dipole layers can markedly affect the dipole contribution to the work functions and it is argued that such charge modification may occur as a general phenomenon in ionic crystals.
The 46° Halo and Its Arcs

Ice crystals in the form of right hexagonal prisms have faces that form 90° prisms. Light rays were traced through these prism faces by computer calculation, and the light patterns that would be produced in the sky for a particular distribution of crystal orientations were simulated. Crystals with random orientations produce a 46° halo. Hexagonal plate crystals with nearly horizontal end faces produce circumzenithal and circumhorizontal arcs. Hexagonal column crystals with horizontal axes produce supralateral and infralateral arcs. Plate crystals spinning about a horizontal axis that is a face diagonal of the crystal produce a series of arcs touching the 46° halo. Each of these effects was simulated for several elevations of the sun.
Distinct Structure and Signaling Potential of the γδTCR Complex

Alpha beta and gamma delta T cells are distinguished by the clonotypic subunits contained within their TCRs. Although the alpha beta TCR has been well characterized, much less is known about the gamma delta TCR. Here, we report that, unlike alpha beta T CRs, most gamma delta TCRs expressed on ex vivo gamma delta T cells lack CD3 delta. Despite this structural difference, signal transduction by the gamma delta TCR is superior to that of the alpha beta TCR, as measured by its ability to induce calcium mobilization, ERK activation, and cellular proliferation. Additionally, the TCR complexes expressed on primary gamma delta T cells contain only zeta zeta homodimers; however, following activation and expansion, Fc epsilon R1 gamma is expressed and is included in the gamma delta TCR complex. These results reveal fundamental differences in the primary structure and signaling potential of the alpha beta- and gamma delta TCR complexes.
American Studies: An Annotated Bibliography

This major new three-volume bibliography of an annotated listing of American Studies monographs published between 1900 and 1983; There are over 8,000 descriptive entries in a wide range of categories: these include anthropology and folklore, art and architecture, history, literature, music, political science, popular culture, psychology, religion, science and technology and sociology. Compiled by the Center for American Culture Studies at Columbia University under the sponsorship of the American Studies Association, the bibliography will prove to be a unique and invaluable reference work.
Atheromatous pseudo-occlusion of the internal carotid artery

In the past year, three patients were referred for microvascular bypass surgery for relief of symptoms secondary to an apparently occluded internal carotid artery (ICA). Careful review of the late films of their initial arteriographic series or repeat arteriography with a specialized technique revealed a thin trickle of contrast medium flowing antegrade through a region of extreme stenosis. This thin line of contrast material ascended slowly to meet the column of contrast medium in the cavernous carotid segment that was filling by collateral circulation. Surgical exploration of the neck in these patients revealed a patent but collapsed ICA distal to a localized atheromatous plaque. These patients have been asymptomatic following carotid endarterectomy. This distinctive angiographic appearance may be described as "atheromatous pseudo-occlusion." Once recognized, carotid endarterectomy is the logical treatment of choice.
Lateral transport of Mn in the north-east Pacific Gyre oxygen minimum

Accurate measurement of the concentration and fluxes of a wide range of dissolved and participate materials in the water column is need to quantify the global cycling of heat, water and chemical constituents1. An important aspect of any Global Ocean Flux study is the lateral transport of materials at basin or global scales; to study lateral transport, useful tracers of water-mass movements must be identified. Here we report that Mn is rapidly removed (−0.027 µmol m−3 yr−1) from the north-east Pacific Gyre dissolved-Mn maximum onto biogenic particles sinking through the oxygen minimum (500−1,100 m). To support removal, dissolved Mn must be supplied within the oxygen minimum at net advective horizontal transport rates of ˜0.6−0.9 cm s−1. The high affinity of dissolved Mn for particles, together with the readily discernible differences in inshore/offshore dissolved distributions, indicate that Mn Is a chemical tracer with great potential in future studies of large-scale circulation processes in the ocean1.
Synthesis of an enantiopure isoxazolidine monomer for β3-aspartic acid in chemoselective β-oligopeptide synthesis

Abstract The synthesis of an enantiopure isoxazolidine monomer for the incorporation of β3-aspartic acid residues into β3-oligopeptides via chemoselective α-ketoacid–hydroxylamine amide formation is disclosed. This route involves nitrone cycloaddition of 3-thiophenylpropanal and circumvents limitations of other potential starting materials.
Yes, God has Beliefs!

It is beyond question that most ordinary religious believers would find talk about God as having beliefs strange, puzzling, and objectionable. God doesn't believe things, he knows them, and if some philosophers, overlooking or ignoring this obvious point, still speak of God as having beliefs – well, that says something about those philosophers!Recently this view of the ordinary believer has received help from an unexpected source, namely William P. Alston, who in his paper, ‘Does God Have Beliefs?’ makes a strong case for a negative answer to its title question. To be sure, Alston's reasons for this conclusion are rather more complex than those we have attributed to the ordinary believer; he specifically eschews a ‘cheap way of winning a victory’ by means of the claim that knowledge excludes belief by conceptual necessity (p. 292). Nevertheless, by a longer train of reasoning he comes to the same conclusion, and since this reasoning involves a new and more adequate conception of divine knowledge, and additionally solves two outstanding problems in thedoctrine of omniscience (the foreknowledge problem, and the problem of divine knowledge of propositions containing essential indexicals), the trip is well worth taking.
Production of 22:2Δ5,Δ13 and 20:1Δ5 in Brassica carinata and soybean breeding lines via introduction of Limnanthes genes

Seed oils of meadowfoam (Limnanthes douglasii, L. alba) contain very long-chain fatty acids of strategic importance for a number of industrial applications. These include the monoene 20 1Δ5 and the diene 22:2Δ5,Δ13. Engineering of meadowfoam-type oils in other oilseed crops is desirable for the production of these fatty acids as industrial feedstocks. Accordingly, we have targeted Brassica carinata and soybean (Glycine max) to trangenically engineer the biosynthesis of these unusual fatty acids. An L. douglasii seed-specific cDNA (designated Lim Des5) encoding a homolog of acyl-coenzyme A desaturases found in animals, fungi and cyanobacteria was expressed in B. carinata, which resulted in the accumulation of up to 10% 22:2Δ5,Δ13 in the seed oil. In soybean, co-expression of Lim Des5 with a cDNA (Lim FAE1) encoding an FAEl (elongase complex condensing enzyme) homolog from L. douglasii resulted in the accumulation of 20:1Δ5 to approximately 10% of the total fatty acids of seeds. The content of C20 and C22 fatty acids was also increased from 25% in seeds co-expressing the Lim. douglasii Des5 and FAE1 cDNAs. In contrast, expression of the Lim Des5 in Arabidopsis did not produce the expected 20:2Δ5,Δ11 in the seed oil. Cumulatively, these results demonstrate the utility of soybean and B. carinata for the production of vegetable oils containing novel C20 and C22 fatty acids, and confirm that the preferred substrates of the Lim Des5 are 20:0 and 22:1Δ3, respectively.
Fast k-selection algorithms for graphics processing units

Finding the kth-largest value in a list of n values is a well-studied problem for which many algorithms have been proposed. A naive approach is to sort the list and then simply select the kth term in the sorted list. However, when the sorted list is not needed, this method does quite a bit of unnecessary work. Although sorting can be accomplished efficiently when working with a graphics processing unit (GPU), this article proposes two GPU algorithms, radixSelect and bucketSelect, which are several times faster than sorting the vector. As the problem size grows so does the time savings of these algorithms with a sixfold speed-up over GPU sorting for float vectors larger than 224 and for double vectors larger than 220, ultimately reaching a 19.1 times speed-up for double vectors of length 228.
Wilms' tumor: factors influencing long-term survival.

The records of 62 patients with Wilms' tumor were reviewed. The over-all survival was 43.6 per cent. Age was a big factor in survival; 51.5 per cent of the children whose diagnosis was made before 2 years of age survived, while only a 33 per cent survival rate occurred when the diagnosis was made after the age of 2 years. When metastases were present at operation or within 2 years after treatment, the long-term survival rate was 12.8 per cent; 84.6 per cent of the patients with no metastases survived. Although actinomycin D could not be statistically shown to improve the chances for survival in this series, we favor its continued use as an adjunct to nephrectomy and irradiation.
Anomalous spin glass behavior in the geometrically frustrated magnet Ni0.75 : Fluormica

Abstract We report the magnetic properties of a fluormica clay intercalated with magnetic Ni2+ ions. The composition of the fluormica host is carefully selected to result in three-quarters Ni2+ filling of a triangular lattice of possible cation gallery sites. Although three-quarters filling is consistent with formation of a (2 × 2)R0 ° superlattice (e.g the kagome lattice), X-ray diffraction studies of the Ni0.75: fluormica material show no evidence for superlattice ordering of the Ni2+ ions. The nearest-neighbor magnetic interaction is antiferromagnetic with a Weiss temperature Θw = −8 K. As a consequence of the triangular coordination of the magnetic ions, Ni0.75 : fluormica has geometric magnetic frustration. A spin-glass-like transition occurs at TG = 4.5 K. We observe anomalous dynamical properties in this glass, including a region of temperature-independent magnetization relaxation reminiscent of systems in which quantum fluctuations drive the dynamics. We compare and contrast these results with prior experimental and theoretical work on the analogous compositionally ordered system, the 2D kagome antiferromagnet.
Delayed-type hypersensitivity response is better preserved in mice following insufflation than after laparotomy

Background: Our laboratory has previously used pig and rat models to demonstrate that delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to an antigen challenge is suppressed following laparotomy compared to insufflation. The purpose of this study was to develop a practical and reliable mouse DTH model that could be used in future studies to test immunomodulating drugs and therapies.
Destruction of chemical warfare agents using metal–organic frameworks

Chemical warfare agents containing phosphonate ester bonds are among the most toxic chemicals known to mankind. Recent global military events, such as the conflict and disarmament in Syria, have brought into focus the need to find effective strategies for the rapid destruction of these banned chemicals. Solutions are needed for immediate personal protection (for example, the filtration and catalytic destruction of airborne versions of agents), bulk destruction of chemical weapon stockpiles, protection (via coating) of clothing, equipment and buildings, and containment of agent spills. Solid heterogeneous materials such as modified activated carbon or metal oxides exhibit many desirable characteristics for the destruction of chemical warfare agents. However, low sorptive capacities, low effective active site loadings, deactivation of the active site, slow degradation kinetics, and/or a lack of tailorability offer significant room for improvement in these materials. Here, we report a carefully chosen metal-organic framework (MOF) material featuring high porosity and exceptional chemical stability that is extraordinarily effective for the degradation of nerve agents and their simulants. Experimental and computational evidence points to Lewis-acidic Zr(IV) ions as the active sites and to their superb accessibility as a defining element of their efficacy.
Supporting dynamic, third-party code customizations in JavaScript using aspects

Web sites and web browsers have recently evolved into platforms on top of which entire applications are delivered dynamically, mostly as JavaScript source code. This delivery format has sparked extremely enthusiastic efforts to customize both individual web sites and entire browsers in ways the original authors never expected or accommodated. Such customizations take the form of yet more script dynamically injected into the application, and the current idioms to do so exploit arcane JavaScript features and are extremely brittle. In this work, we accept the popularity of extensions and seek better linguistic mechanisms to support them.We suggest adding to JavaScript aspect-oriented features that allow straightforward and declarative ways for customization code to modify the targeted application. Compared to most prior aspect-related research, our work has a different motivation and a different target programming environment, both of which lead to novel design and implementation techniques. Our aspect weaving is entirely integrated into a new dynamic JIT compiler, which lets us properly handle advice to first-class functions in the presence of arbitrary aliasing, without resorting to whole-program code transformations. Our prototype demonstrates that an aspect-oriented approach to web-application customization is often more efficient than current idioms while simplifying the entire process.
Potassium and cyst nematode effect on nutrition of soybean cultivars with resistance to cyst nematode

Abstract Greenhouse and laboratory research studied K and CI nutrition of four soybean [Glycine max (L) Merril] cultivars with differential resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN, Heterodora glycines Ichinohe). The cultivars: Forrest (Group V, resistant to races 1 and 3), Bradley (Group VI, resistant to races 1, 3 and 4), Essex (Group V, susceptible), and Davis (Group VI, susceptible∗) were used. Potassium treatments were zero K, K2SO4 and KCI, and SCN treatment was zero and 500 eggs/100 g of previously sterilized soil. Single plants were grown for 30‐days in 400 g of soil in 3.5 cm pots maintained at 23°C. Plants were separated into roots and shoots for analysis. Post harvest SCN cyst counts were completed to evaluate cultivar‐K treatment effect on SCN population dynamics and treatment effects on root and shoot K, Ca, Mg and CI. Cyst counts were a function of cultivar resistance and inoculation, and were not affected by K treatment. Root and shoot weights of all cultivars were lower In the SCN inoculat...
Radiometric calibration of MODIS with reference to Landsat-7 ETM+

The Remote Sensing Group at the University of Arizona has used ground-based test sites for the vicarious calibration of airborne and satellite-based sensors. Past work has focused on high-spatial-resolution sensors that are well- suited to the reflectance-, irradiance-, and radiance-based methods. Application of these methods to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) with its lower spatial resolution pose a challenge for vicarious calibraiton. This work presents a cross-calibration approach using the high spatial resolution sensor Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (TEM+) on the Landat-7 platform that allows the reflectance-based results of ETM+ to be scaled to the larger footprint of MODIS. This calibration takes into account the changes in solar zenith angle due to the 40- minute separation in overpass times of the two sensors which view the test sites on the same day with the same view angle. Also included are corrections due to the spectral differences between the sensors. Early results show that MODIS and ETM+ agree to better than 5% in the solar reflective for bands not affected by atmospheric absorption.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Training Experiences with GPS in the Merchant Marine

The merchant marine of the United States, like that of most other nations, comprises a wide range of commercial vessels with only loose links among the various sectors. The existence of a full constellation of GPS satellites, however, has produced a growing acceptance of GPS by the maritime end-user community as a navigational standard. This process has been accelerated by a desire on the part of government and ship operators alike to reduce the likelihood of groundings resulting from navigational errors. The acceptance of this standard, however, has led to an unexpected consequence in that mariners may be too willing to over-rely on the GPS-generated information that has become available. In this paper we report observations concerning the training of maritime cadets in the use of GPS-equipment. Furthermore, personal experience with the use of GPS in actual navigation situations is described. Through this experience we have been able to detect a broad range of simple equipment-user mistakes. These mistakes, though easily prevented, are not easily detected unless some thought has been given ahead of time to constructing the piloting routine so that the navigator is automatically alerted to a problem. It is shown that a small adjustment in the way a marine GPS receiver is typically used will provide an automatic cross-check with radar navigation techniques that are popular in the merchant marine.
INHIBITION OF DNA SYNTHESIS IN MURINE BONE-MARROW CELLS BY AET AND CYSTEAMINE.

Studies were designed to determine whether AET and cysteamine would alter DNA synthesis in mammalian hemic cells. in vivo studies were performed on young male Swiss mice injected with tritiated thymidine, and in vitro studies were made with bone marrow from either hybrid or Swiss mice. In the in vitro studies a one-hour exposure to tritiated thymidine was allowed. It was shown that AET administered to mice, at times and concentrations compatible with its use as a radioprotective agent both in vitro and in vivo leads to a marked inhibition of DNA synthesis. Cysteamine also inhibited bone-marrow DNA synthesis in vitro. (H.M.G.)
Radiative auger effect in ion-atom collisions☆

Abstract The radiative Auger effect, RAE, is observed for Al and Si bombarded by 1–2 MeV H + . This is the first observation of the RAE X-ray edge using ion excitation. The KL 23 L 23 RAE edge energy and the relative intensity are in agreement with the previously reported electron and photon induced spectra.
Sphingolipid Metabolism, Oxidant Signaling, and Contractile Function of Skeletal Muscle

Abstract Significance: Sphingolipids are a class of bioactive lipids that regulate diverse cell functions. Ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate accumulate in tissues such as liver, brain, and lung under conditions of cellular stress, including oxidative stress. The activity of some sphingolipid metabolizing enzymes, chiefly the sphingomyelinases, is stimulated during inflammation and in response to oxidative stress. Ceramide, the sphingomyelinase product, as well as the ceramide metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate, can induce the generation of more reactive oxygen species, propagating further inflammation. Recent Advances: This review article summarizes information on sphingolipid biochemistry and signaling pertinent to skeletal muscle and describes the potential influence of sphingolipids on contractile function. Critical Issues: It encompasses topics related to (1) the pathways for complex sphingolipid biosynthesis and degradation, emphasizing sphingolipid regulation in various muscle fibe...
Design of an integrated aerial image sensor

The subject of this paper is a novel integrated aerial image sensor (IAIS) system suitable for integration within the surface of an autonomous test wafer. The IAIS could be used as a lithography processing monitor, affording a "wafer's eye view" of the process, and therefore facilitating advanced process control and diagnostics without integrating (and dedicating) the sensor to the processing equipment. The IAIS is composed of an aperture mask and an array of photo-detectors. In order to retrieve nanometer scale resolution of the aerial image with a practical photo-detector pixel size, we propose a design of an aperture mask involving a series of spatial phase "moving" aperture groups. We demonstrate a design example aimed at the 65nm technology node through TEMPEST simulation. The optimized, key design parameters include an aperture width in the range of 30nm, aperture thickness in the range of 70nm, and offer a spatial resolution of about 5nm, all with comfortable fabrication tolerances. Our preliminary simulation work indicates the possibility of the IAIS being applied to the immersion lithography. A bench-top far-field experiment verifies that our approach of the spatial frequency down-shift through forming large Moire patterns is feasible.
Anaesthesia for paediatric dentistry

Dental treatment is one of the most common reasons for administering general anaesthesia to children. Most operative paediatric dentistry is carried out to treat dental caries, which is a preventable disease of the mineralized tissues of the teeth. Dental treatment may involve the restoration of teeth, extraction or surgical removal of teeth that cannot be restored, and scaling of teeth to prevent periodontal problems. In children, these procedures are often associated with a significant amount of pain and anxiety, for which pharmacological behaviour management is required.
Lilies Do Not Spin: A Challenge to Female Social Norms

The saying about the birds and lilies presents a challenge to the expected domestic roles of men, in providing food, and women, in providing clothing, opening the possibility that these duties can be neglected because of a higher priority. This challenge is relevant to situations reflected in other Q texts. The challenge is a threat both to a family's livelihood and to honor status. Evidence is presented showing that spinning and weaving have special importance in cultural models of the ideal woman and contribute to a woman's honor. This evidence broadens our awareness of the potential conflict with social norms in the birds and lilies passage.
DAG inlining: a decision procedure for reachability-modulo-theories in hierarchical programs

A hierarchical program is one with multiple procedures but no loops or recursion. This paper studies the problem of deciding reachability queries in hierarchical programs where individual statements can be encoded in a decidable logic (say in SMT). This problem is fundamental to verification and most directly applicable to doing bounded reachability in programs, i.e., reachability under a bound on the number of loop iterations and recursive calls. The usual method of deciding reachability in hierarchical programs is to first inline all procedures and then do reachability on the resulting single-procedure program. Such inlining unfolds the call graph of the program to a tree and may lead to an exponential increase in the size of the program. We design and evaluate a method called DAG inlining that unfolds the call graph to a directed acyclic graph (DAG) instead of a tree by sharing the bodies of procedures at certain points during inlining. DAG inlining can produce much more compact representations than tree inlining. Empirically, we show that it leads to significant improvements in the running time of a state-of-the-art verifier.
Experience of using COTS components for deep space missions

In recent years, NASA has adopted a faster, better, and cheaper philosophy for space exploration. This philosophy mandates space missions to be accomplished with much lower cost, shorter development cycle, and more capabilities than ever. In order to meet these challenges, starting 1998, NASA's Office of Space Science has initiated the Advanced Deep Space Systems Technology Program, also known as X2000, to develop advanced technologies for future deep-space exploration missions. One of the focus technology development areas is advanced avionics, which is being developed by the Center for Integrated Space Microsystems (CISM) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Under X2000 and CISM, a breakthrough multi-mission avionics system is being developed. This avionics system employs low cost hardware and software products that are widely available in the commercial market. By using COTS through out the system, we expect to significantly reduce both the development cost as well as the recurring cost of the system, and thus be able to meet the faster, better, cheaper challenges. On the other hand, COTS are not specifically developed for applications such as deep-space missions. Therefore, the real challenges are: How to select COTS technologies How to overcome their shortcomings in space applications.
Quellcode der Unit Standard

Viele der hier implementierten Routinen werden oft in meinem Programmieralltag benotigt und sind sicher schon von vielen erfunden und geschrieben worden.
RSYN: a system for automated synthesis of reliable multilevel circuits

Conventional logic synthesis systems are targeted towards reducing the area required by a logic block, as measured by the literal count or gate count; or, improving the performance in terms of gate delays; or, improving the testability of the synthesized circuit, as measured by the irredundancy of the resultant circuit. In this paper, we address the problem of developing reliability driven logic synthesis algorithms for multilevel logic circuits, which are integrated within the MIS synthesis system. Our procedures are based on concurrent error detection techniques that have been proposed in the past for two level circuits, and adapting those techniques to multilevel logic synthesis algorithms. Three schemes for concurrent error detection in a multilevel circuit are proposed in this paper, using which all the single stuck at faults in the circuit can be detected concurrently. The first scheme uses duplication of a given multilevel circuit with the addition of a totally self-checking comparator. The second scheme proposes a procedure to generate the multilevel circuit from a two level representation under some constraint such that, the Berger code of the output vector can be used to detect any single fault inside the circuit, except at the inputs. A constrained technology mapping procedure is also presented in this paper. The third scheme is based on parity codes on the outputs. The outputs are partitioned using a novel partitioning algorithm, and each partition is implemented using a multilevel circuit. Some additional parity coded outputs are generated. In all three schemes, all the necessary checkers are generated automatically and the whole circuit is placed and routed using the Timberwolf layout package. The area overheads for several benchmark examples are reported in this paper. The entire procedure is integrated into a new system called RSYN. >
HIV treatment decisions and transmitted drug resistance.

drug-resistant virus. Specifically, they note that the proportion of newly infected patients with drug-resistant virus was greatest during the years when the smallest proportion of chronically infected patients had detectable plasma virus loads. The authors identify several limitations of their study, including variation in sample sizes of newly infected patients from year to year and the use of individuals with undetectable plasma virus load as a surrogate marker for both the effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy and, conversely, the proportion of “potential transmitters” within the population each year. The authors also note that the population of potential transmitters was quite heterogeneous and included an unknown proportion of treatment-naive patients for whom the presence of drug resistance should be negligible. Perhaps more important is the fact that the newly infected patient population represents a relatively small proportion of patients in this study (0.4%‐3.5% of the total). One must be cautious about conclusions drawn from such a small convenience sample. Several
Stable swarming by mutual interactions of Attraction/Alignment/Repulsion

In this paper we present a general decentralized controller for a swarm of agents with a dynamic topology to move in a given environment. The controller utilizes the hypothesis of attraction/alignment/repulsion (A/A/R) interactions which is widely used to model fish schools in mathematical biology community.We assume that during the swarm?s motion, each agent can sense and interact with its neighbors via mutual A/A/R interactions, while following the gradient force of the environment. The environment is assumed to have identical effects on all agents. With the assumption of connected graph, we show that the controller makes the velocities of all swarm members asymptotically converge to a common value. The contributions of this paper are two folds. First, the controller is general and works for any specific function of the A/A/R interactions. In other words, this paper analytically proves the common A/A/R model of fish schools in the literature. Second, all the information needed by the controller can be locally sensed, therefore, communication modules and associated problems (such as communication noise and time delay) are avoided. Simulation results are presented to verify the controller.
Ethical dimensions of non-aggressive fetal management.

Summary This article discusses the clinical ethics concept of the fetus as a patient, and identifies the implications of this for non-aggressive fetal management. The clinical ethical concept of the fetus as a patient is explained by reference to the ethical principles of beneficence and respect for autonomy. We argue that non-aggressive fetal management is ethically justified when there is a very high probability – but sometimes less than complete certainty – about the diagnosis, and either (1) a very high probability of death as an outcome of the anomaly diagnosed, or (2) survival with a very high probability of a severe and irreversible deficit of cognitive developmental capacity as a result of the anomaly diagnosed.
Differential Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Nutritional Environment on β-Cell Mass Development and Turnover in Male and Female Rats

Fetal nutrient and growth restriction is associated with development of type 2 diabetes. Although the exact mechanisms responsible for this association remain debated, intrauterine and/or postnatal maldevelopment of β-cell mass has been proposed as a potential mechanism. To address this hypothesis, β-cell mass development and turnover was assessed in rats exposed to either intrauterine and/or postnatal caloric/growth restriction. In total, four groups of male and female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 69) were developed and studied: 1) control rats, i.e. control mothers rearing control pups; 2) intrauterine calorically and growth-restricted rats, i.e. 50% prenatal calorically restricted pups cross-fostered to control mothers; 3) postnatal calorically and growth-restricted rats, i.e. 50% calorically restricted mothers rearing pups born to control mothers; and 4) prenatal and postnatal calorically and growth restricted rats, i.e. 50% calorically restricted mothers rearing intrauterine 50% calorically restricted pups. Intrauterine growth restriction resulted in approximately 45% reduction of postnatal β-cell fractional area and mass characterized by reduced rate of β-cell replication and decreased evidence of neogenesis. In contrast, β-cell fractional area and weight-adjusted β-cell mass in postnatal growth restriction was approximately 30% higher than in control rats. Rats exposed to both intrauterine and postnatal caloric and growth restriction demonstrated approximately 80% decrease in β-cell mass, reduction in β-cell replication, and decreased evidence of neogenesis compared with control. Neither intrauterine nor postnatal caloric restriction significantly affected the rate of β-cell apoptosis. These data support the hypothesis that intrauterine maldevelopment of β-cell mass may predict the increased risk of type 2 diabetes in adult life.
Electrolysis-based parylene-balloon actuators

This work reports the design, fabrication, testing and modeling of electrolysis-based fully encapsulated parylene balloon actuators. The proposed actuators have the advantage of high force at low power and low voltage. The main issues are low actuation speed and limited number of actuation cycles due to loss of water by permeation through the balloon membrane. In our case, the actuators are targeted to move neuroprobes after implantation, where slow movement is acceptable but low power consumption is of demand.
Antigen uptake in the gut: immunologic implications

Abstract Since the principal function of the gastrointestinal tract is that of digestion and absorption of nutrients, it is often assumed that intraluminal protein antigens are completely digested and thus are not transported in appreciable quantity across the epithelium into the lamina propria or systemic circulation. There is now, however, increasing experimental and clinical evidence to suggest that large antigenic molecules can penetrate the intestinal epithelial surface in quantities of no nutritional importance, but possibly immunological significance 1–3 . In this review Allan Walker discusses our current understanding of small intestinal permeability to antigens and the potential importance of excessive absorption of macromolecules in mechanisms of immunologically mediated clinical disease.
A consensus ‘Honeycrisp’ apple (Malus × domestica) genetic linkage map from three full-sib progeny populations

The apple cultivar Honeycrisp is emerging in North American markets due to its outstanding eating quality. A set of three ‘Honeycrisp’ progeny populations from the University of Minnesota apple breeding program were utilized to construct parental and consensus ‘Honeycrisp’ linkage maps to enable marker-assisted breeding. Two populations were segregated for fruit texture traits and a third was of interest in examining disease resistance. All available individuals were genotyped with the International RosBREED SNP Consortium (IRSC) apple 8K SNP array v1, for a total of 318 progeny individuals. Three unique ‘Honeycrisp’ parental maps (‘Honeycrisp’ × ‘Monark,’ ‘Honeycrisp’ × ‘Gala,’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ × MN1764) were developed, consisting of 1,018, 1,042, and 1,041 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, respectively. Among all three ‘Honeycrisp’ parental maps, 951 SNP markers were in common. Combining these maps with the MergeMap tool, a consensus ‘Honeycrisp’ linkage map with 1,091 SNP markers was developed with an average distance of 1.36 cM between consecutive markers. The ‘Honeycrisp’ consensus map was largely in agreement with the physical position of markers in the ‘Golden Delicious’ reference genome sequence (v1.0, as of February 2013). The consensus linkage map is informative for an elite cultivar that is being utilized in breeding programs worldwide for its superb fruit quality traits.
Inference, circularity, and begging the question

I develop a syntactic concept of circularity, which I call propositional circularity. With respect to a given use of an argument advanced as a statement of inference for the benefit of a reasoner R, if the direct and indirect premises R would have to accept in order to accept the conclusion includes the conclusion, then the collection of premises is propositionally circular. The argument fails to display a type of inference that R can perform. Appealing to propositional circularity, I articulate a sufficient condition for a use of an argument to beg the question, highlighting why question-begging is a defect.
Attitudinal Consequences of the Preemployment Polygraph Examination1

An important factor concerning the use of the polygraph in employment settings has been overlooked: How does the polygraph experience affect a new employee's work-related attitudes? In two experiments, subjects were exposed to different hiring scenarios-one included a polygraph examination, the other did not—and then responded to a questionnaire of work-related attitudes. Results indicated that preemployment polygraph examinations may induce negative work-related attitudes. These findings suggest that the polygraph experience acts as a symbolic communication from the employer to the prospective employee, imparting information that may induce feelings of distrust and dislike. Moreover, the polygraph experience may be interpreted by prospective employees as evidence of high levels of employee theft, thus establishing a new (higher) norm of peer theft behavior.
The story of the evolution of a unique tai chi form: origins, philosophy, and research.

The purpose of this article is to introduce a unique tai chi form that has been successfully implemented in two large randomized clinical trials. The intervention is composed of a series of tai chi movements chosen for their particular meanings, thus adding a cognitive component to the practice of a moving meditation. Over the last decade, the intervention has continued to evolve as it has been used in different populations. Most recently, medical qigong has been integrated to strengthen its potential impact on a variety of biobehavioral measures associated with cardiometabolic risk in women. Following an appraisal of the authors’ process as well as the philosophy, practice, and research of tai chi and qigong, the authors share the story of their intervention to contribute to the evolving research of these safe, well-received, low-cost, and beneficial practices.
Gonadal Function in Underfed Rats: I. Effect of Pineal Gland and Constant Light on Maturation and Fecundity

Rats were underfed from birth to determine the effects of chronic food deprivation on gonadal function. Pups were allowed to nurse for 12 h out of 24 untilthey were weaned. Thereafter,they received 50 percent of the daily amount of food consumed by controls. Besides being underfed, animals were also pinealectomized and/or maintained in constant light. Although delayed, vaginal opening occurred in all underfed groups. Two or three extended estrous cyclesoccurred aftervaginalopening, then the animals became anestrus; however, cycling was restored when they were placed in constant light or with a male. Despite irregularestrous cycles in underfed females, they copulated, became pregnant and gave birth to littersof normal size and composition. Similarly, underfed males impregnated fed females. Continuous illumination or pinealectomy stimulated compensatory hypertrophy in the remaining ovary afterhemiovariectomy both in ratsunderfed from birth and in starved adults which had achieved normal growth prior to underfeeding; however, the lattertreatment was not as effectiveas the former. It did, however, increase ovarian weight prior to surgery. The adverse effects of underfeeding on reproductive function may be due to physiologic alteration resulting in a new pattern of control, rather than simply a reduced rate or lack of function due to less available energy, since the gonads may be stimulated to renewed activity by environmental or surgical manipulations.
Custom 14-Bit, 125MHz ADC/Data Processing Module for the KL Experiment at J-Parc

We present a custom 16-channel ADC/data processing module, designed for a high energy physics kaon experiment at JPARC (Japan particle accelerator research complex). This Board will receive signals from the cesium iodide (Csl) calorimeter, and will be one of the two ADC modules in the experiment's DAQ system. Each analog PMT pulse is amplified and passed through a 10-pole filter/shaper, before being applied to a 14-Bit, 125MHz sample-and-hold ADC chip. Sampling for all 3,200 calorimeter channels is simultaneous on one low jitter system clock. Data are then processed locally with field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) that perform the board total energy calculation and determine real-time energy related values for the system trigger supervisor. These values are presented in both parallel and serialized formats on the front panel. The module is provided with a pipeline, up to 25us (3,200 samples) long, which stores the acquisitions, awaiting the system trigger pulse. After a trigger, data are packed and buffered for readout. The readout can be performed via the VME32/64 backplane, or via the front panel optical link.
Health Functionality of Organosulfides: A Review

Phytonutrients are chemicals that are derived from plants and aid in both human health as well as the prevention of chronic disease. One type of phytonutrient classification is organosulfides which includes mostly cruciferous vegetables, as well as garlic. Allium, sulforaphane, glutathione, and isothiocyanates are organosulfides that are examined in this current review of literature for their anti-carcinogenic, anti-thrombotic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidative effects. The following review will also focus on specific research examining the effects of organosulfides on health outcomes such as prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, diabetes, and hypertension.