cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk assessment in electronic assembly workers: Carpal tunnel syndrome

Symptoms that develop in workers after repeated mechanical injury may be overlooked until the disability affects their productivity and safety. Modifications in the design of hand-operated tools or adaptations in production ergonomics may prevent further damage and permit affected workers to recover while avoiding the development of repetitive cumulative trauma in workers who are new to the job task. This article describes the results of an on-site survey, a biomechanical analysis, and a special neurologic assessment in an electronic assembly plant and provides a structured approach to worker surveillance and intervention to reduce the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome caused by repetitive motions.
Effect of Cerebrovascular Risk Factors on Depression Treatment Outcome in Later Life

OBJECTIVE The vascular depression hypothesis posits that depression can arise in late life from cerebrovascular damage and that depression arising this way has a different clinical presentation and is more chronic and treatment-resistant than early-onset depression. This study tested the relationship of cerebrovascular risk factors (CVRF) to clinical presentation and treatment outcome in 156 subjects enrolled in a long-term maintenance treatment study of late-life recurrent major depression. METHODS CVRF scores were generated with the Probability of Stroke Risk Profile. Subjects with the highest one-third of scores were designated High CVRF, and their baseline clinical presentation and treatment outcomes were compared with the remaining subjects. RESULTS In the High-CVRF group, a greater proportion of subjects had first-onset depression after age 60. However, high CVRF score, late onset of depression, and their interaction had no effect on time-to-remission, need for adjunctive medication, or increased risk for recurrence during 3-year follow-up. Furthermore, high CVRF score and late onset of depression did not predict the associated clinical features of vascular depression, such as psychomotor retardation and lack of insight, previously described in the literature. CONCLUSION Optimism about the outcome of late-life depression treatment should not be diminished by the presence of high cerebrovascular risk.
X‐ray spectral states and high‐frequency QPOs in black holebinaries

The high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (HFQPOs) in the X-ray emission of black hole binaries and candidates are briefly reviewed with respect to the question of X-ray states. We use the prescription of McClintock & Remillard (2005), in which X-ray spectra and power density spectra are used to differentiate three main states of active accretion: “thermal”, “hard”, and “steep power-law”. Respectively, each state emphasizes a different physical element that may contribute radiation: the accretion disk, a jet, and a compact non-thermal corona. We focus on the four sources that exhibit pairs of HFQPOs with frequencies that scale in a 3:2 ratio. All of these HFQPOs are associated with the steep power-law (SPL) state. Furthermore, there is a clear trend in which the 2ν0 oscillation is seen when the source has high X-ray luminosity, while the 3ν0 QPO is seen at lower luminosity. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Where There is no Patient: An Anthropological Treatment of a Biomedical Category

This work anthropologically applies the concept of ‘personhood’ to the Western biomedical patient role, and through cross-cultural comparisons with wellness-seeker roles (e.g. among the Maya of Guatemala and others) it seeks to discern the implications for global healthcare of assuming the universality of the “patient” role. Here, particular ethnographic attention is given to the presumption of the “patient” role in places and situations where, because of cultural and linguistic variation in local wellness-seeker roles and practices, there may be no “patient.” It is hoped that establishing the biomedical patient role (with the clinical expectations, communicative and comportment practices that prefigure it) as acquired rather than intuitive, will help redirect cultural competence to the acquisition of patienthood, broadening it from an endless accrual of cultural inventories by physicians. Also it aims to shift existing biomedical associations of cultural variations in wellness-seeking away from a priori assessments of clinical defiance towards deeper understandings of the kinds of cultural differences that may make the difference treatment outcomes.
A hemoglobin‐based oxygen carrier solution for the treatment of parasite‐induced anemia in a Barbados sheep

Objective: To report the use of a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) solution in the treatment of parasite-induced anemia in a Barbados sheep and to review the literature related to this disease. Case summary: A 3-month old Barbados sheep was found recumbent, anorexic, and pale. History, laboratory work, and physical examination findings were consistent with inadequate tissue oxygenation because of severe anemia from gastrointestinal parasites. The sheep was treated with 10 mL/kg of an HBOC solution and showed immediate improvement in clinical and laboratory data. The sheep was discharged and had a complete recovery. New information provided: The use of HBOC solutions in sheep has been previously confined to acute hemorrhage in a research setting. This report describes the effects of HBOC administration in an anemic animal displaying signs of inadequate oxygen delivery.
Issues in Physician—Elderly Patient Interaction

The basis of an effective and satisfactory physician–patient relationship is found in the communication which occurs between these two individuals. By studying the interaction, we can learn much about the identities of the physician and patient, and how they view each other and the world. The interactional dynamics between physician and patient are unique. For example, even in initial medical encounters which involve the meeting of two strangers, patients and physicians deal with concerns as diverse as life and death as well as other intimate or personal issues. Researchers of physician–patient interaction seek to discover how communication evolves and how that communication reveals the multiple levels of meaning in the medical encounter.
Distribution of bromouracil in the pyrimidine oligonucleotides of drosophila DNA

DNA was isolated from Drosophila melanogaster larvae fed radioactive thymidine (TdR), bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), or one of these nucleosides together with 5-fluorouracil (FU) under identical conditions. The four DNA samples designated T-DNA, B-DNA, T(F)-DNA, and B(F)-DNA respectively were hydrolyzed with formic acid-diphenylamine, and the pyrimidine oligonucleotides of various chain lengths (isotichs) were ractionated by DEAE-celluclose chromatography. The distributions of the labeled thymine and bromouracil (BU) residues among the pyrimidine isostichs were determined, and compared for the four DNAs. These comparisons indicated the following: (1) Similarity of T-DNA and T(F)-DNA with respect to labeled thymine distribution among the pyrimidine isostichs (using the mononucleotide to pentanucleotide tracts for statistical comparisons) showed that TdR entering DNA synthesis via the salvage pathway has the same distribution whether the synthetic pathway is operating normally or is inhibited by FU treatment. (2) Quantitative comparison of the distribution of BU among the isostichs of B-DNA and B(F)-DNA with the distribution of labeled thymine in T-DNA showed significant differences, indicating that the organism does not accept BUdR indiscriminately at all thymine sites for DNA synthesis. (3) Comparison of the distribution of BU in B-DNA and B(F)-DNA showed that isostichs 1 and 3 differ significantly. The elution profiles of the isostichs also differed qualitatively between these DNAs. This analysis confirms differential incorporation of BUdR into Drosophila DNA in the presence of a thymidylate inhibitor. The observations on BUdR incorporation in Drosophila DNA have been discussed with relation to the high frequency of somatic cell mutations induced in imaginal disc cells by treatment with the analog in the presence of inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase.
Myth, Metaphor, Memory: Archeology of the Self

Myths and tales are a rich and powerful source of wisdom and comfort which can be used to nourish and stimulate imagery and expression of students' inner world experience within the frame-work of higher education. This article examines symbolic learning and creative expression in the form of theory, course development, and case examples.Our outward-oriented consciousness, addressed to the demands of the day, may lose touch with these inward forces; and the myths, states Jung, when correctly read, are the means to bring us back in touch. They are telling us in picture language of powers of the psyche to be recognized and integrated in our lives, powers that have been common to the human spirit forever, and which represent that wisdom of the species by which man has weathered the millenniums. Thus they have not been, and can never be, displaced by the findings of science, which relate rather to the outside world than to the depths that we enter in sleep. Through a dialogue conducted with these inward forces...
Neural regulation of calcium and amylase of rat parotid saliva (39891).

SummaryThe course of amylase and calcium secretion into saliva is described under diverse conditions of autonomic stimulation of parotid. Of special importance is the fact that for the first time calcium levels of saliva were measured under conditions of nerve stimulation. Initial levels of calcium with stimulation of the parasympathetic innervation were as high as those evoked by stimulation of the sympathetic innervation. While calcium and amylase levels were characteristically high with adrenergic stimulation (either following drug administration or nerve stimulation), amylase levels following stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve were characteristically low. In fact, a parallelism between secretion of calcium and amylase was not observed under conditions of cholinergic nerve stimulation, but was observed with adrenergic nerve stimulation. It is suggested that with cholinergic nerve stimulation mediation of calcium and amylase secretion may differ from that observed with adrenergic stimulation.
Integrating the role of requirements specification into the process of prototyping: the protospec

The protospec unifies the concepts of requirements specification and prototype into a single software engineering process. An example of the use of the protospec concept for requirements specification within expert systems development domain is presented. The requirements specification resulting from this example is evaluated from both a user and a software engineering point of view. The result is compared to results for three other specification approaches. >
Outcome of patients after air medical transport for management of nontraumatic acute intracranial bleeding.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with acute, intracranial bleeding (ICB), particularly from intracranial aneurysms, are believed to be at high risk for rebleeding or neurologic deterioration if subjected to noise, motion, or stress, but are transported by helicopter with increasing frequency. This study was undertaken to examine the characteristics, safety, and outcomes of air transport for patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or other forms of acute ICB in an air medical system. METHODS: Charts of all patients with spontaneous, acute ICB who were transported by air from 1986 through 1989 were reviewed. Age, gender, time of transport, transport management measures, pre- and post-transport Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital days, operations, and mortality were compiled for all patients and analyzed. RESULTS: Eighty-seven patients ranging in age from 2 to 83 years (mean: 47.5 +/- 18.5 years) met entry criteria. The source of bleeding was cerebral aneurysm in 37 patients; intraparenchymal hemorrhage in 29; an unidentified vascular source in 11; and arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in 10. Mean GCS score measured in 69 patients before and after transport was 10.5 +/- 4.5 Glasgow Coma Scale score did not change during transport in 61 patients (88%), improved in three (4%), and deteriorated in five (7%). Fifty-nine patients (69%) underwent operations, 36 (41%) within 24 hours of arrival. Mean ICU stay was 14 days (95% CI: 12-15); mean hospital stay was 36 days (95% CI: 27-45 days). Overall mortality was 25% (95% CI: 16-34 days). A GCS score of 3 to 8 at time of transport was associated with both increased hospital length of stay and higher mortality. Patients transported within eight hours of symptom onset had lower GCS scores, but outcome measures were not significantly different from those transported later. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency air medical transfer of patients with acute ICB for definitive neurosurgical care appears to be both safe and effective, and facilitates early definitive diagnosis and operative intervention.
Treatment of Neuroblastoma in Mice with Bromoacetylcholine and Bromoacetate

Bromoacetylcholine (30 mg/kg intratumor one to three times per day) and bromoacetate (12 mg/kg intratumor two times per day) inhibited neuroblastoma in A/J mice efficiently and prolonged the lifespan of these animals at least 200%. Since the neuroblastoma-inoculated A/J mice are considered to be comparable to human neuroblastoma, the cytolytic action of bromoacetylcholine and bromoacetate on murine neuroblastoma warrants further studies on patients. The fact that these tumors were cured in adult mice is very important because older children and adults with neuroblastoma have the poorest prognosis.
A Culturally Responsive Alternative to "Drill and Kill" Literacy Strategies: Deep Roots, Civil Rights.

This article describes two approaches to improving literacy in a high poverty, diverse urban high school. One curriculum program, “Striving Readers,” included a prescribed course of study for students reading below grade level along with schoolwide strategies. This approach did not improve targeted students’ reading scores or motivation to read. The alternative approach, “Deep Roots: Civil Rights,” was a culturally responsive curriculum that had a strong impact on the identified students’ academic development as well as their understanding of racism in this country. An examination of “Striving Readers” and “Deep Roots: Civil Rights” projects provides insight into the impact of the curriculum on student achievement and motivation. At a time when many schools are implementing the Common Core State Standards, this article is a reminder that a compelling, rigorous, culturally responsive curriculum best serves all our nation's schoolchildren. Projects such as “Deep Roots: Civil Rights” provide an effective alt...
Grounding a new information technology implementation framework in behavioral science: a systematic analysis of the literature on IT use

Many interventions to improve the success of information technology (IT) implementations are grounded in behavioral science, using theories, and models to identify conditions and determinants of successful use. However, each model in the IT literature has evolved to address specific theoretical problems of particular disciplinary concerns, and each model has been tested and has evolved using, in most cases, a more or less restricted set of IT implementation procedures. Functionally, this limits the perspective for taking into account the multiple factors at the individual, group, and organizational levels that influence use behavior. While a rich body of literature has emerged, employing prominent models such as the Technology Adoption Model, Social-Cognitive Theory, and Diffusion of Innovation Theory, the complexity of defining a suitable multi-level intervention has largely been overlooked. A gap exists between the implementation of IT and the integration of theories and models that can be utilized to develop multi-level approaches to identify factors that impede usage behavior. We present a novel framework that is intended to guide synthesis of more than one theoretical perspective for the purpose of planning multi-level interventions to enhance IT use. This integrative framework is adapted from PRECEDE/PROCEDE, a conceptual framework used by health planners in hundreds of published studies to direct interventions that account for the multiple determinants of behavior. Since we claim that the literature on IT use behavior does not now include a multi-level approach, we undertook a systematic literature analysis to confirm this assertion. Our framework facilitated organizing this literature synthesis and our analysis was aimed at determining if the IT implementation approaches in the published literature were characterized by an approach that considered at least two levels of IT usage determinants. We found that while 61% of studies mentioned or referred to theory, none considered two or more levels. In other words, although the researchers employ behavioral theory, they omit two fundamental propositions: (1) IT usage is influenced by multiple factors and (2) interventions must be multi-dimensional. Our literature synthesis may provide additional insight into the reason for high failure rates associated with underutilized systems, and underscores the need to move beyond the current dominant approach that employs a single model to guide IT implementation plans that aim to address factors associated with IT acceptance and subsequent positive use behavior.
Learning to be economical: The energy cost of walking tracks motor adaptation

Many theories of motor control suggest that we select our movements to reduce energy use. However, it is unclear whether this process underlies short-term motor adaptation to novel environments. Here we asked whether adaptation to walking on a split-belt treadmill leads to a more economical walking pattern. We hypothesized that adaptation would be accompanied by a reduction in metabolic power and muscle activity and that these reductions would be temporally correlated. Eleven individuals performed a split-belt adaptation task where the belt speeds were set at 0.5 and 1.5 m s(-1). Adaptation was characterized by step length symmetry, which is the normalized difference in step length between the legs. Metabolic power was calculated based on expired gas analysis, and surface EMG was used to record the activity of four bilateral leg muscles (tibialis anterior, lateral gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis and biceps femoris). All participants initially walked with unequal step lengths when the belts moved at different speeds, but gradually adapted to take steps of equal length. Additionally, net metabolic power was reduced from early adaptation to late adaptation (early, 3.78 ± 1.05 W kg(-1); and late, 3.05 ± 0.79 W kg(-1); P < 0.001). This reduction in power was also accompanied by a bilateral reduction in EMG throughout the gait cycle. Furthermore, the reductions in metabolic power occurred over the same time scale as the improvements in step length symmetry, and the magnitude of these improvements predicted the size of the reduction in metabolic power. Our results suggest that increasing economy may be a key criterion driving locomotor adaptation.
The psychology of password management: a tradeoff between security and convenience

Despite technological advances, humans remain the weakest link in Internet security. In this study, we examined five password-management behaviours to answer questions about user knowledge of password quality, motivation behind password selection and the effect of account type on password-management behaviour. First, we found that users know what constitutes a good/bad password and know which common password-management practices are (in)appropriate. Second, users are motivated to engage in these bad password-management behaviours because they do not see any immediate negative consequences to themselves (negative externalities) and because of the convenience-security tradeoff. Applying Construal Level Theory, we found that this tradeoff can be positively influenced by imposing a time frame factor, i.e. whether the password change will take place immediately (which results in weaker passwords) or in the future (which results in stronger passwords). Third, we found a time frame effect only for more important (online banking) accounts.
The Postperovskite Transition

The discovery of the postperovskite (PPv) transition has profound impact on our understanding of the core-mantle boundary (CMB) region. Unlike perovskite (Pv), the PPv phase has a layered structure of the SiO6 octahedra, which may lead to a large contrast in some properties with Pv. Recent studies have proposed unusual properties of PPv, such as a large positive Clapeyron slope, a large sensitivity of the transition depth to iron, a decrease in bulk sound speed at the transition, and a development of significant lattice preferred orientation. Many of the proposed properties can provide explanations for the intriguing seismic observations at the CMB region. Yet significant discrepancies still exist. However, rapid developments in mineral physics will continue to improve our knowledge on the changes across the PPv transition.
Zero-input limit cycles due to rounding in digital filters

A necessary condition for the existence of zero-input limit cycles of period T due to rounding in general digital filters is established. Also, geometric sufficient conditions are presented for the existence of limit cycles of period one, of period two and of period T due to rounding. Some illustrative examples are included. >
Maximizing expected utility over a knapsack constraint

The expected utility knapsack problem is to pick a set of items with random values so as to maximize the expected utility of the total value of the items picked subject to a knapsack constraint. We devise an approximation algorithm for this problem by combining sample average approximation and greedy submodular maximization. Our main result is an algorithm that maximizes an increasing submodular function over a knapsack constraint with an approximation ratio better than the well known ( 1 - 1 / e ) factor.
Changes in high FDG-avid tumor volumes during radiation therapy differ from that of CT gross tumor volumes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

18139 Background: To study whether changes in Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid tumor volumes (VPET) correlate with changes in CT gross tumor volumes (CTGTV) during the course of radiation therapy (RT)...
A Revisit of Material and Structural Failures

In this paper, we revisit the issues related to material and structural failures. In particular, we employ a similar bridging function between the typical structural failure, the so-called column buckling, and the typical material failure under compression, to link the low stress high cycle and the high stress low cycle fatigue. A part of the intention of this paper is to come up with simple formulas as guidelines in engineering practice for both material and structural failures in both static and dynamic situations.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Chronic Pain and Spinal Cord Injury: Review and Comment

AbstractThe problem of severe chronic pain following spinal cord injury (SCI) has been well delineated for many years. However, progress has been slow in determining which treatment procedures work for which type of SCI pain in a particular individual at a particular time. Reasons for such slow prog
Sinonasal epithelial cell expression of Toll-like receptor 9 is elevated in cystic fibrosis-associated chronic rhinosinusitis.

Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients frequently suffer from chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The extent to which alterations in sinonasal innate immunity contribute to this disease process is unknown. Activation of sinonasal epithelial cell (SNEC) Toll-like receptors (TLRs), an important component of the innate immune system, may be associated with the hyperinflammatory state observed in sinonasal mucosa of CF patients with CRS. This study compares expression of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), in SNRCs collected from CF subjects with CRS to that of normal control subjects. Methods This was a prospective study measuring TLR9 on SNECs collected via endoscopic-guided middle meatal brushings from 8 adult controls and 14 adult subjects with CF-associated CRS. Results TLR9 expression was significantly elevated in CF subjects at 91% ± 6% when compared with 76% ± 10% in normal controls (p = 0.001). Conclusion The significantly greater expression of sinonasal epithelial TLR9 in CF likely reflects increased antimicrobial innate immune activity in chronically colonized and frequently infected CF individuals. However, this finding contrasts with previously reported decreased epithelial TLR9 expression in eosinophilic CRS with nasal polyposis and may indicate differential modulation of innate immunity in Th1-predominent CF versus Th2-dominated CRS with nasal polyps, despite both being diseases of sinonasal mucosal inflammation.
The O2/N2 Ratio Gas Solubility Mystery

Oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) are the two most abundant gases in the Earth’s atmosphere and have generally similar physical properties, yet O2 is twice as soluble in water as N2, a feature that may have physiological and other biological consequences. Furthermore, examination of 47 other solvents shows that the mole-fraction solubility of O2 always exceeds that of N2, with O2/N2 solubility ratios ranging from 1.20 in n-dodecane to 2.31 in nitromethane. The greater solubility of O2 is especially puzzling since the molecular polarizability of N2, a feature normally associated with higher solubility, is greater than that of O2. Several theoretical and empirical approaches are explored in an effort to understand this observation: (1) molecular structure–property relationships, (2) thermodynamic analysis, (3) scaled particle theory, (4) ideal solution theory, and (5) quantum-chemical calculations. Speculations on the causes are offered.
Role of fluorophore-metal interaction in photoinduced electron transfer (PET) sensors: time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) study.

The origins of fluorescence quenching by Hg(II) ion chelation and fluorescence enhancement by Zn(II) ion chelation to a PET sensor are investigated. Specifically, the fluorescence quenching and enhancing mechanisms associated with the ligand ADPA (N-(9-anthracenylmethyl)-N-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-2-pyridinemethanamine), protonated ADPA and metal bound (Zn(II) and Hg(II)) ADPA are studied via density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) methods. The study found that a structural change in the excited state of ADPA induces reordering of the frontier molecular orbitals, and the S1 → S0 transition becomes a charge transfer transition from the fluorophore to the tertiary nitrogen of the dipicolylamine (DPA) unit, which is forbidden. Protonation on the tertiary amine or chelation of Zn(II) prevents such changes, and the HOMO-LUMO transition is contained within the fluorophore. Therefore, fluorescence is restored. The chelation of Hg(II), on the other hand, promotes extensive interaction between the Hg(II) ion and the fluorophore, which is reflected in the short Hg(II)-fluorophore distance (3.11 A). A noticeable structural change upon the S0 → S1 transition is observed in the Hg(II)-ADPA system as well, where the resulting S1 → S0 transition becomes a charge transfer transition from mercury to the fluorophore and the fluorescence is thus quenched. Therefore, the present DFT/TDDFT calculations reproduce the fluorescence on-off behavior associated with the entire ADPA family of complexes, which illustrates that the combination of DFT and TDDFT calculations, including excited state geometry optimization, can be a valuable tool to uncover the detailed fluorescence sensing mechanisms.
Pigeon: A Design Visualizer for Synthetic Biology

Pigeon is a Web-based tool that translates a textual description of a synthetic biology design into an image. It allows programmatic generation of design visualizations, is easy to learn, is easily extensible to new glyphs and notation, and can be connected to other software tools for visualizing their output. We present the Pigeon syntax, its current command set, and some examples of Pigeon programs and their output.
Cocaine and methamphetamine induce opposing changes in BOLD signal response in rats.

Abstract Background Neuroimaging studies in psychostimulant addicts have reported functional neural activity changes in brain regions involved in relapse. However, the difference between the effects of the psychostimulants methamphetamine and cocaine on neuronal activity in a similar setting not been clarified. Since studies in humans are limited by the inability to study the initial impact of psychostimulant drugs, we addressed this issue in a rat model. Objective Here, we report methamphetamine and cocaine-induced blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal change using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in rats receiving drug for the first time during the imaging session. Methods Twenty-three male Long Evans rats underwent fMRI imaging and received an intravenous infusion of methamphetamine, cocaine, or saline. Anatomical and pharmacological fMRI (pfMRI) were performed on a 7T BioSpec dedicated research MR scanner under isoflurane gas (1.5–2%). After collecting baseline data for 10 min, rats received drug over the next 10 min for a total 40 min scan time. Data were then preprocessed and statistically analyzed in anatomically defined regions of interest (ROIs) that have been implicated in persistent drug seeking and relapse. Results Methamphetamine during the imaging session resulted in a sustained negative BOLD signal change in key regions of the relapse circuit, except for the prefrontal cortex. In contrast, cocaine evoked a positive or unchanged BOLD signal in these same regions. In all of the investigated ROIs, there were no changes in BOLD signal following saline. Conclusion Acute methamphetamine and cocaine have distinct patterns of functional activity as measured by pfMRI.
Probabilistically assessing the role of nutrient loading in harmful algal bloom formation in western Lake Erie

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased in frequency and magnitude in western Lake Erie and spring phosphorus (P) load was shown to be a key driver of bloom intensity. A recently developed Bayesian hierarchical model that predicts peak bloom size as a function of Maumee River phosphorus load suggested an apparent increased susceptibility of the lake to HABs. We applied that model to develop load–response curves to inform revision of Lake Erie phosphorus load targets under the 2012 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. In this application, the model was modified to estimate the fraction of the particulate P (PP) load that becomes bioavailable, and it was recalibrated with additional bloom observations. Although the uncertainty surrounding the estimate of the bioavailable PP fraction is large, inclusion in the model improves prediction of bloom variability compared to dissolved reactive P (DRP) alone. The ability to characterize model and measurement uncertainty through hierarchical modeling allowed us to show that inconsistencies in bloom measurement represent a considerable portion of the overall uncertainty associated with load–response curves. The updated calibration also lends support to the system's apparent enhanced susceptibility to blooms. The temporal trend estimated by the model results in an upward shift of the load–response curve over time such that a larger load reduction is required to achieve a target bloom size today compared to earlier years. More research is needed to further test the hypothesis of a shift in the lake's response to stressors over time and, if confirmed, to explore underlying mechanisms.
Financial Evalution of Project Intestment in Highter Education

The rapid development of higher education in our country proposes new requirements for the investment principals and multi-sources.Under the circumstances,it becomes an important problem for the investment principal of higher education to make a comprehensive financial evaluation over the investment projects.The research on the investment project of higher education is on a starting point,and few studies concerned.By investigation and comparative analysis on the investment project evaluation of similar industry,and by using systematic method,the paper advances a guideline system for the financial evaluation of higher education investment projects,which may provide a theoretical gist and decision reference for the confirmation a reasonable scale of colleges and universities.
Nail surgery among Mohs surgeons: prevalence, safety, and practice patterns.

Background Among US dermatologists, Mohs surgeons perform most of the nail surgeries. The specific practice patterns and safety precautions have not been formally studied. Objective To study the practice patterns, safety precautions, and complications of this group when performing nail surgery. Methods A survey was sent electronically to all members of the American College of Mohs Surgery Listserv. The survey evaluated the demographics of the surgeons, the types of surgery performed, the techniques for obtaining a bloodless field, and complications. Results Those surgeons who performed more procedures in training tended to continue that practice and performed more surgeries when in practice, as did surgeons with greater time since completing fellowship. Complications were rare. Conclusion The data herein support that nail surgeries performed by Mohs surgeons are safe, with minimal complications, despite a broad range of approaches to obtaining a bloodless field and with a variety of procedures performed.
Some Homological Algebra

We collect here for ease of reference some terminology and results concerning chain complexes. Much of this will be well-known to anyone who has studied algebraic topology. The reader is advised to skip this section (or skim it lightly) and refer back to it as necessary. We will omit some of the proofs; these are either easy or else can be found in standard texts, such as Dold [1972], Spanier [1966], or MacLane [1963].
Assessing Muscle Protection with Pharmacological Post-Conditioning Agents in an Acute Ischemia Reperfusion Model

BackgroundCardiorespiratory complications remain as a primary source of morbidity in elective aortic surgeries and heart transplantations. This is in part due to induced tissue ischemia, resulting ...
Anomalous Twin Bands in AZ31 Magnesium Sheet Bending

Three-point bending was performed on an AZ31 magnesium sheet with a grain size ∼8.0 µm at room temperature. In-situ electron backscatter diffraction and metallography examinations revealed an anomalous twinning pattern during bending. In the compression zone, the {1012} twins appear in an extremely localized fashion, consisting of alternating twin bands. Each band comprises a high density of twins. In between the twin bands, twins are absent. As the bending angle increases, the twin bands grow into the tension zone although the stress disfavors the extension twinning.
STK40 Is a Pseudokinase that Binds the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase COP1.

Serine/threonine kinase 40 (STK40) was originally identified as a distant homolog of Tribbles-family proteins. Despite accumulating data attesting to the importance of STK40 in a variety of different physiologic processes, little is known about its biological activity or mechanism of action. Here, we show that STK40 interacts with Constitutive Photomorphogenic Protein 1 (COP1), relying primarily on a C-terminal sequence analogous to the motif found in Tribbles proteins. In order to further elucidate structure-function relationships in STK40, we determined the crystal structure of the STK40 kinase homology domain at 2.5 A resolution. The structure, together with ATP-binding assay results, show that STK40 is a pseudokinase, in which substitutions of conserved residues within the kinase domain prevent ATP binding. Although the structure of the kinase homology domain diverges from the analogous region of Trib1, the results reported here suggest functional parallels between STK40 and Tribbles-family proteins as COP1 adaptors.
Analysis of Tree Island Vegetation Communities

This chapter analyzes vegetation changes on tree islands surveyed in Water Conservation Area 3A between 1977-1986. Presence/absence was measured annually on 24m x 3m plots located on the head of each island. Based on a 15 year hydrologic record, the islands were divided into two groups: frequently flooded and frequently dry islands. In 1981 the frequently flooded islands experienced a drawdown, while the frequently dry islands experienced a drawdown and fire. After fire disturbance, frequently dry islands had a greater number of herbaceous species than frequently flooded islands. The lower number of herbaceous species on frequently flooded islands was maintained even after the flooded islands experienced drier conditions during drawdown. Ordination analysis of all species revealed that of the 15 environmental factors examined, the hydrological gradient represented by the 10 year mean water level and the time period since the last fire disturbance were most important, explaining about 45%of the variation of the data. A separate analysis of woody species frequency correlated most strongly with time since last bum and the difference between the maximum and minimum water levels over 15 years (extreme drought and flooding events) and the average amount of time that the islands were flooded. Woody species may respond to hydrologic parameters over a longer time frame, but long-term hydrologic data (greater than 15 years) was not available for analysis. Drawdown on the frequently flooded islands enabled rapid recruitment of some woody species from the seed bank. Based on the ordination analysis, species were divided into general groups along low, moderate, or high water and time since last bum parameters. From these life history traits, island vegetation composition was predicted under different environments.
Onsite Reuse of Reclaimed Wastewater in Winter to Determine Potential for Pollutant Runoff

The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in freezing conditions on the quality of runoff and to observe how soils respond to irrigation in freezing temperatures. Onsite irrigation systems were constructed on 6 bermed lots on a hillside in Coshocton County, Ohio. All runoff was collected in gutters at the bottom of the hill. Two lots were irrigated with artificial reclaimed wastewater, 2 with well water, and 2 were unirrigated. Runoff was collected through an average winter (2013) and a severe winter (2014). The infiltrative capacity of the plots was maintained during the average winter and yielded runoff on only one day. During the severe winter, runoff occurred on 11 days; of the regulated pollutants, only ammonia was significantly higher than the control plots. The volumes that ran off were lower than what was applied and the contaminate concentrations were lower than what was applied and did not exceed National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) effluent limits. The indication is that even in the worst-case scenario most of the pollutants were assimilated on site.
Co-operative Central Banking in Canada

In the Spring of 1951, after more than three years of planning, the organized leadership of the Canadian co-operative movement made a determined effort to persuade the Government of Canada to support before Parliament a bill to incorporate a national co-operative credit society–a national co-operative central bank. While this attempt did not succeed, the co-operative leaders, far from abandoning the proposal, intensified their efforts to secure this incorporation, and a campaign is being conducted throughout the country. In this article an examination will be made of the central co-operative credit societies now existing in the different provinces of Canada; their economic function will be considered and elements of strength and weakness found in them will be analysed. While the emphasis will centre on the provincial units, certain observations on the proposed national co-operative credit society will also be made. The principles of co-operative banking can be derived from observation of existing institutions. During the 1930's well-developed systems of co-operative credit were operating in almost every civilized country in the world. While these banking systems professed a certain similarity of purpose, embracing such characteristics as non-profit operation, low interest rates to borrowers, the accumulation of funds for the development of co-operatives, and the like, they exhibited a wide variety of organizational structures. Some of these societies served only co-operatives, while others dealt with the general public; some served only credit societies, others all types of co-operatives; some were primarily systems of agricultural credit, while others served urban tradesmen and producers; some operated under the aegis of the state while others were independent of state aid; some practised open membership, while others accepted as members only certain racial or religious segments of the population. Thus the problem of classification of co-operative banking systems is a difficult one.
Cone-specific measures of human color vision.

Purpose To describe a new test of color vision (cone-specific contrast sensitivity) and to evaluate its sensitivity in comparison to standard clinical tests. Methods Cone-specific colored letter charts were generated by computer and displayed on a color monitor. Each chart consists of colored letters that are most visible at the top but that gradually fade into a gray background. Cone contrast varies systematically on each chart so that letters are visible to only one cone type (L, M, or S cone). Cone-specific letter contrast sensitivity was measured in 30 color normals and 13 subjects with hereditary color deficiency. Values were compared to standard measures of color vision. Results In color normals, mean log contrast sensitivity was approximately the same on L-cone (1.84 +/- 0.08 log contrast sensitivity) and M-cone (1.87 +/- 0.08) tests but was reduced on the S-cone test (0.89 +/- 0.15) because of the fewer number of S-cones in the human retina. Subjects with red color deficiency showed significantly reduced contrast sensitivity on the L-cone test but normal performance on M- and S-cone tests. Subjects with green color deficiency showed decreased contrast sensitivity limited to the M-cone test. When standardized relative to variability, cone contrast sensitivity identified color deficiency unequivocally in all subjects, whereas FM 100 hue error scores detected 9 of 13 subjects with color deficiency. Conclusions Cone-specific contrast sensitivity provides a quantitative measure of normal color vision and indicates both type and severity of color deficiency. It is useful for diagnosing hereditary color deficiency and for monitoring early color vision loss in ocular and systemic disease.
Study of the sphenoid bone in human cranioschisis and craniorhachischisis.

A study of the sphenoid bone of five cases of human cranioschisis and craniorhachischisis is presented. All the sphenoid bones studied are similarly malformed regardless of the severity of the malformations and the extent in the degeneration of the nervous tissue. The most characteristic abnormalities common to all the sphenoid bones studied are: a reduction in the transverse diameter, a prominent rostrum occupying the anterior surface of the bone and an abnormal position of the bone in the base of the skull. The similarity of the abnormalities in all sphenoid bones studied supports the idea of a basic segmental disturbance in the axial cephalic mesoderm which may result from primary alterations of the somites. The cellular necrosis of somites found in experimentally induced cranioschisis support to above contentions.
Modeling of Uptake and Clearance of Inhaled Vapors and Gases

With progressing technology, toxicologists and hygienists confront the problem of securing safe exposure to an increasing number of air pollutants. The adverse biological effect of pollutants, like the therapeutic effect of drugs, is related to blood concentration and/or time integral of concentration in the target organs. Passage of pollutants from the environment to the target organ has the same significance as migration of drugs from the site of administration to the target organ. Pharmacokinetics describing the transport of drugs in the body is a potent tool for designing dosage regimens of optimum therapeutic effect [1]. Methods similar to those used by pharmacokineticists can be employed to design exposures with minimal undesirable biological effects.
An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship Between Sales Supervisory Behavior and Salesforce Job Satisfaction

Based upon the empirical and theoretical literature, a model of the relationship between sales supervision and salesforce job satisfaction is developed and empirically tested. The model hypothesizes that salesmen will experience greater job satisfaction when they receive more performance feedback and more opportunity to participate in their supervisor’s decision making processes, and when they have supervisors who are high on consideration and initiation of structure. In addition, because of recent empiriqal evidence suggesting a possible consideration/initiation of structure interaction effect on job satisfaction, a hypothesized interaction effect was examined in this study. The results suggest the provision of performance feedback is an important predictor of job satisfaction. Furthermore, the results indicate the sales supervisor’s consideration and initiation of structure are related to the salesman’s satisfaction with certain aspects of the job. Participation and consideration/initiation of structure interaction were not found to be significant predictors of salesforce job satisfaction.
Effect of Botulinum Toxin on the Spatial Distribution of Biceps Brachii EMG Activity Using a Grid of Surface Electrodes: A Case Study

Botulinum toxin (BT) is widely prescribed by physicians for managing spasticity post stroke. In an ongoing study, we examine the spatial pattern of muscle activity in biceps brachii of stroke survivors before and after receiving BT, examined over the course of 11 weeks (2 weeks before – 9 weeks after). We hypothesize that BT alters muscle electrophysiology by disrupting fiber neuromuscular transmission in an inhomogeneous manner and we seek to detect these changes using grid surface electromyography (sEMG). Also, we obtained B-mode ultrasound images to have an accurate interpretation of sEMG data by looking at the fiber angle and subcutaneous fat thickness distribution across muscle. Here, we are reporting a single case where a chronic stroke survivor received BT injection in the biceps brachii (BB). A 16x8 sEMG electrode grid was used to capture the muscle activity distribution of BB during sustained non-fatiguing isometric contraction at 40% of maximal voluntary (MVC) elbow flexion. We obtained the root mean squared (RMS) maps of the signal recorded at each of the $16 \times 8$ electrodes. We observed substantial changes in the RMS pattern of BB muscle after receiving BT. More than 80% decrease in sEMG amplitude (RMS) was observed for the channels around the BT injection site as well as about 74% elbow flexion force reduction at the time point of 3–4 weeks post-injection. We also found significant differences between the spatial voluntary activation pattern of pre and post BT RMS maps. We further observed a non-uniform effect and recovery caused by the BT on the distribution of muscle activity. In conclusion, we observed evidence of alteration of the amplitude and pattern of muscle activity after botulinum toxin injection and can document the capability of grid recordings to detect these pattern changes. Our major goals target further investigation to provide an indepth understanding of the effect of botulinum toxin injection at motor unit level.