cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human substantia nigra neurons encode decision outcome and are modulated by categorization uncertainty in an auditory categorization task.

The ability to categorize stimuli – predator or prey, friend or foe – is an essential feature of the decision-making process. Underlying that ability is the development of an internally generated category boundary to generate decision outcomes. While classic temporal difference reinforcement models assume midbrain dopaminergic neurons underlie the prediction error required to learn boundary location, these neurons also demonstrate a robust response to nonreward incentive stimuli. More recent models suggest that this may reflect a motivational aspect to performing a task which should be accounted for when modeling dopaminergic neuronal behavior. To clarify the role of substantia nigra dopamine neurons in uncertain perceptual decision making, we investigated their behavior using single neuron extracellular recordings in patients with Parkinson's disease undergoing deep brain stimulation. Subjects underwent a simple auditory categorical decision-making task in which they had to classify a tone as either low- or high-pitched relative to an explicit threshold tone and received feedback but no reward. We demonstrate that the activity of human SN dopaminergic neurons is predictive of perceptual categorical decision outcome and is modulated by uncertainty. Neuronal activity was highest during difficult (uncertain) decisions that resulted in correct responses and lowest during easy decisions that resulted in incorrect responses. This pattern of results is more consistent with a “motivational” role with regards to perceptual categorization and suggests that dopamine neurons are most active when critical information – as represented by uncertainty – is available for learning decision boundaries.
A Methodological Approach to the Problem of Administrative Control in Human Service Organizations

Students of delivery systems in education and the other human services are making increasing use of concepts drawn from organization technology, control theory, and human system design. These concepts are frequently integrated in computer simulation models where alternative management decisions, policies, and organization structures can be tested prior to implementation. The authors explore the direction of this development and point to potential areas of application and research. The central theme of the article is one of control and the relationship between control, structure, and workflow of human service organizations.
Abstract 15604: Combinatorial Treatment with HDAC6 and DNA Methylation Modifiers in Attenuating Lung Vascular Hyperpermeability in LPS-induced Inflammatory Lung Injury

Introduction: The pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by progressive respiratory failure with bilateral alveolar infiltrates and lung edema due to severe disruption of the lung vascular endothelial barrier. No effective therapy is currently available for prevention and treatment of this condition that is often fatal. No study has examined the efficacy of DNA methyl transferase inhibitor (5-Aza 2-deoxycytidine-Aza) and a specific histone deacetylase6 (HDAC6) inhibitor (Tubastatin A, BioVision, CA) combination (referred to as Aza+HDAC6) on inflammation, apoptosis and endothelial barrier function during sepsis. Hypothesis: Combinatorial treatment with Aza+HDAC6 would preserve lung microvascular endothelial barrier function and prevent protein-rich tissue fluid accumulation during sepsis. Methods and Results: The trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TER) and capillary filtration coefficient (K fc ) data show that in LPS-exposed endothelial cells and mice, therapy with Aza+HDAC6 leads to a significant decrease in lung microvascular permeability as compared with either alone. In an ALI mouse model, post-injury treatment with a single dose of Aza+HDAC6 prevented lung injury and afforded a significantly higher survival rate (80%) as compared with mice treated with either Aza or HDAC6 alone. These effects were mediated by a significant attenuation of adverse lung histopathological changes and preservation of endothelial barrier integrity. Aza+HDAC6 also significantly reduced the lung myeloperoxidase content (MPO) and neutrophil infiltration in the ALI model. The protection was ascribed to the activation of Bcl2-STAT3 signaling pathway and enhanced acetylation of histone markers on the CD31 promoter. Conclusions: These data for the first time show the efficacy of Aza+HDAC6 therapy in preventing ALI in LPS-induced endotoxemia, and suggest an essential role of DNMT and HDAC6 in pathogenesis of ALI. This novel combinatorial regimen may improve and prolong the lives of patients with ALI associated with sepsis.
Which test is best for diagnosing peanut allergy in South African children with atopic dermatitis

Methods. This was a prospective, observational study at a paediatric university hospital in Cape Town, SA. Children with AD, aged 6 months - 10 years, were recruited randomly. They were assessed for sensitisation and allergy to peanut by questionnaire, skin-prick tests (SPTs), immuno solid-phase allergen chip (ISAC) tests, ImmunoCAP component tests to Ara h 1, 2, 3, 8 and 9, and incremental food challenges. Results. One hundred participants (59 Xhosa (black Africans) and 41 of mixed race, median age 42 months) were enrolled. Overall, 44% of patients were peanut sensitised and 25% had a true peanut allergy. SPTs and ImmunoCAP Ara h 2 produced the highest areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting peanut allergy in peanut-sensitised patients. The ISAC test was less sensitive, more specific and produced significantly lower median values than ImmunoCAP tests. Ara h 2 was the most useful component in differentiating allergy from tolerance in both ethnic groups, being positive in 92% of allergic and 40% of sensitised but tolerant children (p<0.001). There was little additional contribution from Ara h 1 and 3. Ara h 8 and 9 were associated with tolerance. Commonly used 95% positive predictive values (PPVs) for SPTs, peanut-specific IgE and Ara h 2 levels fared suboptimally in our population. Maximum PPVs for this study population were found at SPT 11 mm, peanut IgE 15 kU/L and ImmunoCAP Ara h 2 of 8 kU/L, but these adjusted levels still had suboptimal PPVs in Xhosa subjects. Severe peanut allergy was associated with increased median peanut IgE and Ara h 2. Conclusions. The component Ara h 2 was useful for differentiating allergy from tolerance in both ethnic groups in this SA cohort. Ninetyfive percent PPVs for peanut allergy tests may need to be revised, especially in Xhosa patients. An SPT result ≥11 mm as well as Ara h 2 ≥8 kU/L had the best predictive value for peanut allergy.
MEANINGFULNESS AND INTRALIST SIMILARITY IN ROTE MEMORIZATION

The study examined the effect of meaningfulness and intralist similarity on serial anticipation learning by 24 volunteers who were given trigram lists to be learned by oral serial anticipation. A sign test performed on total scores for serial anticipation was significant. It was concluded that the lower the intralist similarity and the higher the meaningfulness, the faster the learning.
Raman Scattering in Alloy Semiconductors: "Spatial Correlation" Model

Using a "spatial correlation" model with a Gaussian correlation function we have for the first time quantitatively explained the broadening and asymmetry of the first-order longitudinal-optic phonon Raman spectrum induced by alloy potential fluctuations. The systems studied were the representative alloy semiconductors ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}\mathrm{As}/\mathrm{GaAs}$ and ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.47}$${\mathrm{In}}_{0.53}$As/InP. This analysis provides important insights into the microscopic nature of the alloy potential fluctuations.
The role of non-genomic information in maintaining thermodynamic stability in living systems.

Living systems represent a local exception, albeit transient, to the second law of thermodynamics, which requires entropy or disorder to increase with time. Cells maintain a stable ordered state by generating a steep transmembrane entropy gradient in an open thermodynamic system far from equilibrium through a variety of entropy exchange mechanisms. Information storage in DNA and translation of that information into proteins is central to maintenance thermodynamic stability, through increased order that results from synthesis of specific macromolecules from monomeric precursors while heat and other reaction products are exported into the environment. While the genome is the most obvious and well-defined source of cellular information, it is not necessarily clear that it is the only cellular information system. In fact, information theory demonstrates that any cellular structure described by a nonrandom density distribution function may store and transmit information. Thus, lipids and polysaccharides, which are both highly structured and non-randomly distributed increase cellular order and potentially contain abundant information as well as polynucleotides and polypeptides. Interestingly, there is no known mechanism that allows information stored in the genome to determine the highly regulated structure and distribution of lipids and polysacchariedes in the cellular membrane suggesting these macromolecules may store and transmit information not contained in the genome. Furthermore, transmembrane gradients of H$^+$, Na$^+$, K$^+$, Ca$^+$, and Cl$^-$ concentrations and the consequent transmembrane electrical potential represent significant displacements from randomness and, therefore, rich potential sources of information.Thus, information theory suggests the genome-protein system may be only one component of a larger ensemble of cellular structures encoding and transmitting the necessary information to maintain living structures in an isoentropic steady state.
Common problems and preparation measures in configuration of total parenteral nutrition

In the configuration of total parenteral nutrition, questions such as compatibility of medicines were inappropriate,drug concentration ratio was undeserved,preparation order was confused were easily appear. Therefore,one should do adequate preparation,strictly implement standard operation,strengthen the audit and check of nutrient,pharmacists offer rational drug use the technical support,strengthen the sterility of the preparation conditions.
Screening for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Cervicitis and Implications for Pregnancy Outcome. Are We Testing and Treating at the Right Time

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of gonorrheal and chlamydial cervicitis (GCC) on the risk of preterm labor (PTL) and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). STUDY DESIGN A large cross-sectional sample of patients (N = 1,120) was studied. Data on samples for GCC and pregnancy outcome were entered into a database from a retrospective chart review. RESULTS There were 1,120 pregnancies with adequate data for analysis. Of those pregnancies 933 were unaffected by GCC, and 187 were affected. The rates of preterm delivery were 17.79% and 16.58% for GCC-negative and GCC-positive pregnancies, respectively. PPROM occurred in 3.97% and 2.67% of GCC-negative and GCC-positive pregnancies, respectively. PTL occurred in 8.25% and 8.02% of GCC-negative and GCC-positive pregnancies, respectively. No outcomes met statistical significance. When pregnancy outcomes were analyzed by trimester of infection, there was a higher risk of preterm delivery but not preterm labor with earlier infection. This did meet statistical significance. There was a trend towards lower rate of cesarean section in the infected group of patients, which did not meet statistical significance. CONCLUSION Maternal infection with gonorrhea and/or chlamydia is not associated with PPROM or PTL.
Internal Language Barrier: Addressing Disconnects in Discourse at the Collegiate Writing Level

One of the most difficult issues students face during their First-Year Composition courses relates to their understanding of the concept of the language of academia. Instead of learning how to use the conventions of their personal discourse communities—or native discourse conventions (NDC)— to help create an amalgam of their languages and the language of academia, students feel compelled to learn and utilize what they perceive as a completely new language, disregarding the idea that an overlap exists between academic discourse communities and NDC. The resulting creation conflicts with the language used in students’ NDC and fails to represent academic language accurately. This project focuses on utilizing an in-text outline during the prewriting process as an outlet for students to write their ideas using their NDC. With the help of focused conferencing, students can learn to mold and transition the ideas from their in-text outlines into the language of academia.
Alkoxido-, amido-, and chlorido derivatives of zirconium- and hafnium bis(amido)cyclodiphosph(V)azanes: Ligand ambidenticity and catalytic productivity

Abstract Bis(tert-butylamido)cyclodiphosph(III)azanezirconium- and hafnium dichloride are good polyethylene pre-catalysts, but due to the basicity of their phosphorus(III) atoms they suffer from ligand degradation. To lessen the Lewis-acid attacks on these complexes, the phosphorus-nitrogen ligands were oxidized with sulfur to afford the corresponding bis(tert-butylamido)cyclodiphosph(V)azanes, which are devoid of such very Lewis-basic sites. These modified ligands, however, no longer bind the metals in the desired κ2N,N′ fashion, but laterally in the catalytically inactive κN,κEl mode. Treatment of the Group 4 metal dichlorides with sodium tert-butoxide afforded the bis(tert-butylamido)cyclodiphosph(III)azanemetal di-tert-butoxides in high yields. These compounds were amenable to sulfur oxidation, yielding bis(tert-butylamido)cyclodiphosph(V)azanemetal di-tert-butoxides in equally high yields. The oxidized complexes retain the κ2N,N′ structure, prompting us to reinvestigate a similar oxidation of the bis(tert-butylamido)cyclodiphosph(III)azanemetal dichlorides. The dichloride complexes were more difficult to oxidize, but ultimately bis(tert-butylamido)cyclodiphosph(V)azanezirconium- and hafnium dichlorides were obtained and shown to be more productive catalysts than their phosphorus(III) counterparts.
Identification and regulation of emotions in adults of varying weight statuses.

Comparing individuals of varying weight statuses on their identification and regulation of emotions may increase our understanding of mechanisms that drive excess weight gain and highlight more pre...
Drift: Paule Delsol inside and outside the French New Wave

This essay studies the long-overlooked French New Wave filmmaker Paule Delsol, focusing on her debut feature, La Derive (Drift, 1962–1964). Using archival primary documents, the essay first examine...
Creating and Managing Your Professional Digital Footprint

This workshop helps members create and manage a professional digital footprint. Topics covered include: Discuss the importance of creating and maintaining an online presence; Evaluate different tools/concepts to manage your digital footprint; Create your own digital footprint plan.
Pulmonary Embolism (PE) with Thrombolytic Therapy

Unfractionated heparin is the preferred anticoagulant while the effects of thrombolysis are evident. Oral anticoagulants are not recommended to be administered concurrently with thrombolytics and while direct oral anticoagulants have not been adequately studied after thrombolysis, use can be considered after the effects of thrombolysis are no longer present in select patients.
Sticking to rough surfaces using functionally graded bio-inspired microfibres

Synthetic fibrillar adhesives inspired by nature, most commonly by the gecko lizard, have been shown to strongly and repeatedly attach to smooth surfaces. These adhesives, mostly of monolithic cons...
Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Proteins in Skeletal Development and Disease

The identification of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) provided a foundation for subsequent studies in lipoprotein metabolism, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and many other fundamental biological functions. The importance of the LDLR led to numerous studies that identified homologous molecules and ultimately resulted in the description of the LDL-receptor superfamily, a group of proteins that contain domains also found in the LDLR. Subsequent studies have revealed that members of the LDLR-related protein family play roles in regulating many aspects of signal transduction. This review is focused on the roles of selected members of this protein family in skeletal development and disease. We present background on the identification of this subgroup of receptors, discuss the phenotypes associated with alterations in their function in human patients and mouse models, and describe the current efforts to therapeutically target these proteins to treat human skeletal disease.
Fast volume reconstruction for 3D PIV

Presented is a memory-efficient and highly parallelizable method for reconstructing volumes, based on a homography fit synthetic aperture refocusing method. This technique facilitates rapid processing of very large amounts of data, such as that recorded using high-speed cameras, for the purpose of conducting 3D particle imaging velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry.
The impact of transient heat transfer on tissue culture cell distribution

It is common practice to subculture adherent eukaryotic cells in multi-well plates at room temperature before 37 °C incubation for growth. Under these conditions, cell distribution was non-uniform with a higher density of cells near the edges of the wells. Non-uniform cell density can alter cell behaviour in numerous biological assays and can result in variability when using automated plate readers on intact cells. This study investigated the possibility that the non-uniform cell distribution was caused by temperature gradients in the growth medium and well walls. Cell density analyses revealed significantly greater cell densities near well walls. Temperature distribution was documented using infrared imaging and temperature-sensitive LCD films, and a transient heat transfer mathematical model was developed to characterise the system and compared to the cell density results. The model predicts that an initial less-than-1 °C temperature gradient is present in the well shortly after initiating 37 °C incubation, leading to preferential cell adhesion to the warmer edges of wells in the first ∼30 min of incubation. Techniques to remediate non-uniform cell distribution were evaluated, and a simple method proved effective to promote uniform cell densities across wells of 24-well plates.
Visual Materials and Online Access: Issues Concerning Content Representation

ture addressing the topic of intellectual access to visual materials. However, while conducting the investigation it became clear that none of the authors had presented a general overview of the difficulties surrounding the topic itself. Several areas covered in detail in several separate articles are examined here, since it was felt that a higher and more holistic view of the current situation surrounding image access was needed. The painting La trahison des images (The Treachery of Images) by Ren? Magritte stands as an appropriate metaphor for the state of affairs concerning intel lectual access to images. While the realistic representation of the pipe is definitely a believable image, it is certainly not a pipe. Similarly, much of the research into content representation of images appears not to recognize a number of basic issues under lying the difficulty in achieving satisfactory results in this area. One of the critical reasons for the lack of tools and techniques for access to visual materials is the low status these materials have historically held in libraries and archives.1 Most collections of cultural materials and their visual surrogates remain, at least in part, unindexed in the basic sense. At the same time pressures to "make it all available" continue to rise at a nearly exponential rate.2 While it sounds alarmist to state this, a comparable analogy to the print world would be to expect a book collection, indexed as it would have been in a pre-card-catalog era, to be fully acces sible online within a few months.
N6-(2-Deoxy-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2,6-diamino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-5-N-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-formamidopyrimidine Adducts of 1,3-Butadiene: Synthesis, Structural Identification, and Detection in Human Cells

1,3-Butadiene (BD) is an environmental and occupational toxicant classified as a human carcinogen. BD is metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases to 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), which alkylates DNA to form a range of nucleobase adducts. Among these, the most abundant are the hydrolytically labile N7-guanine adducts such as N7-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-guanine (N7-EB-dG). We now report that N7-EB-dG can be converted to the corresponding ring open N6-(2-deoxy-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2,6-diamino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-5-N-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-formamidopyrimidine (EB-Fapy-dG) adducts. EB-Fapy-dG lesions were detected in EB-treated calf thymus DNA and in EB-treated mammalian cells using quantitative isotope dilution nanoLC-ESI+-MS/MS. EB-Fapy-dG adduct formation in EB-treated calf thymus DNA was concentration dependent and was greatly accelerated at an increased pH. EB-FAPy-dG adduct amounts were 2-fold higher in base excision repair-deficient NEIL1–/– mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) as compared...
Tailoring concurrent shear and translational vibration control mechanisms in elastomeric metamaterials for cylindrical structures

Abstract The implementation of engineered metamaterials in practical engineering structures for vibration control purposes is challenged by a lack of understanding on the specific interaction mechanisms present among finite-sized metamaterials and the greater host structures. This research begins to address such knowledge gap by establishing an analytical framework to study the dynamic response and coupling mechanisms between elastomeric metamaterial inclusions embedded within a cylindrical host structure, representative of a variety of engineering systems. The analysis is formulated based on energy methods, and approximately solved by the Ritz method. Following experimental validation, the analysis is leveraged to reveal deep understanding on the precise mechanisms of coupling between such elastomeric metamaterial inclusions and the host structure. Several non-intuitive roles of parameter changes are conclusively revealed. For instance, while the decrease in open angle ratio of the inclusion cross-section geometry and the increase in the central core radius both appear to increase the significance of the core mass, the analysis reveals that the primary inclusion characteristic tuned by such parameter changes is the dynamic stiffness of the inclusions. Together, the dynamic mass and dynamic stiffness work to induce two tuned-mass-damper-like behaviors that lead to broadband vibration attenuation capabilities. The results of this research encourage attention to the study of specific problems whereby metamaterials directly interact with host structures to accurately understand the working mechanisms of vibration control for sake of optimal practical implementation.
Influence of cold stress on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes Bug600 and ScottA in lethal alkali, acid and oxidative stress

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the influence of cold stress (4 °C) on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes Bug600 and ScottA in lethal alkali, acid and oxidative stress in broth and in distilled water. Four distinct patterns were observed: (1) Survival of cold stressed L. monocytogenes was increased by 1–4 logs in lethal alkali stress (pH 12.3 NaOH or KOH); (2) Survival of cold stressed L. monocytogenes was decreased by 1–4 logs in lethal acid stress (pH 1.3 HCl or H3PO4); (3) Survival of cold stressed L. monocytogenes was increased by 1–4 logs in lethal oxidative stress (1500 ppm H2O2); and (4) No difference in survival of cold stressed L. monocytogenes was observed in lethal oxidative stress by chlorine (1000 ppm NaOCl) compared to control. These patterns were also consistently observed for survival of L. monocytogenes cells in lethal alkali, acid or oxidative stress after adaptation of cold stress at 4 °C in low nutrient conditions (1/10 TSBYE). These findings demonstrate that cold stressed cells of L. monocytogenes Bug600 and ScottA have greater tolerance to lethal alkali and some oxidative stresses that are commonly employed by the food industries to kill this foodborne pathogen.
On the Design of Optimal Noise Transfer Functions for Delta–Sigma Modulators

One of the popular methods of designing a noise transfer function (NTF) used in the synthesis of a delta–sigma modulator (DSM) is to optimally place its zeros across the signal band of interest while minimizing the in-band noise power. The distribution of the poles of the NTF is considered secondary. In this brief, we provide a method to design a discrete-time NTF from a normalized analog highpass filter in which the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of the squared-magnitude function of the filter are optimized to minimize the energy in the band of interest, in addition to satisfying the realizability constraints required to synthesize a DSM. We compare the performance of the NTFs designed using our method with those designed using one of the well-known methods in terms of the signal-to-quantization noise ratio (SQNR). It is shown that the SQNR of the NTFs designed using our method is higher than that of the NTFs designed using the well-known methods.
Development of a Scalable Synthesis for an Inhaled pan-JAK Inhibitor

A scalable synthesis of a pan-JAK inhibitor is described. The original synthesis by the Medicinal Chemistry group has been modified to develop a new protecting group strategy, a 3-step telescoped s...
The Role of Business Leaders in Community Sustainability Coalitions: A Historical Perspective

The environmentalist Paul Hawken recently published an article in Orion Magazine in which he lauded the hundreds of thousands of organizations in the USA and countries around the globe that are working to find solutions to an array of increasingly serious environmental, economic, and social justice problems. These groups come from all parts of civil society, including business. As Hawken puts it, they include “research institutes, community development agencies, village- and citizen-based organizations, corporations, networks, faith-based groups, trusts, and foundations.” They are part of broad-based, grassroots movements that are working, often collaboratively, at the local as well as national and international levels, to restructure communities and economies to ameliorate poverty and avert the looming social and economic crises that will result from – or be worsened by – the great environmental problems of our times: climate change, toxic air and water pollution, and the depletion of natural resources.
Application of native mass spectrometry in studying intrinsically disordered proteins: A special focus on neurodegenerative diseases

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are integral part of the proteome, regulating vital biological processes. Such proteins gained further visibility due to their key role in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. IDPs however, escape structural characterization by traditional biophysical tools owing to their extreme flexibility and heterogeneity. In this review, we discuss the advantages of native mass spectrometry (MS) in analysing the atypical conformational dynamics of IDPs and recent advances made in the field. Especially, MS studies unravelling the conformational facets of IDPs involved in neurodegenerative diseases are highlighted. The limitations and the future promises of native MS while studying IDPs have been discussed.
Contrastive mental causation

Any theory of mind needs to explain mental causation. Kim’s (upward) exclusion argument concludes that non-reductive physicalism cannot meet this challenge. One classic reply is that mental properties capture the causally relevant level of generality, because they are insensitive to physical realization. However, this reply suggests downward exclusion (if mental properties are causally efficacious, their physical realizers are causally impotent), contrary to physicalism’s assumption of closure. This paper shows how non-reductive physicalists can solve this problem by introducing a contrastive account of causation with non-exhaustive contrasts. That view has independent justification, because it is also needed to solve other puzzles. On this theory, both a mental property and its physical realizer can cause the same physical effect without lapsing into any problematic overdetermination when they cause that effect in contrast with distinct foils. This contrastive solution has advantages over previous accounts of mental causation and is defended against objections.
Facebook vs. Twitter: An Examination of Differences in Behavior Type and Substance Based on Psychological Factors

In this paper, we discuss the differences between Facebook and Twitter users in terms of their activity on the sites and how this may be related to the personality and trait affect of users. Differences between the types of activity users create, comment on, share, and "like" may lead to further insight about the psychological factors that influence the use of social networking sites and how they may vary between Facebook and Twitter. In particular, we examine several specific types of activity which may help in this regard: 1. the frequency of use of the social networking platform; 2. the topic of a particular activity, and 3. the type of activity. The type of activities are the normal modes of interaction on a social networking site, such as creating a new post, or liking, sharing, or commenting on an existing one. Categories of content are generalized classifications, such as a political post versus a post that is more informational in nature. The results indicate that there are some similarities between users of both platforms related to their type and the content of their activities. However, there are some interesting differences.
Tenant Rights, Eviction, and Rent Affordability

We use state-level differences in the legal relationship between landlords and tenants to estimate the impact of these differences on housing markets. We construct a search-theoretic model of landlord and tenant search and matching, which predicts that an increase in the cost of eviction reduces the number of evictions, but raises rents and homeless rates, and lowers housing supply and vacancy rates. To test these predictions, we construct an annual index to measure the level of the legal protection of tenant rights in each state. Our instrumental variable results indicate while a one-unit increase in the Tenant-Right Index reduces eviction rate by 8.9 percent, rental housing is 6.1 percent more expensive in areas where tenants have more protections against landlords. A higher Tenant-Right Index is also associated with a decrease in housing supply and an increase in the homeless rate. Taken together, our findings highlight a significant trade-off between tenant protections and rent affordability. Thus the welfare effects of tenant rights depend on the presumably large benefits for those who avoid eviction versus a loss of consumer surplus for other housing consumers.
Implementation of two alcohol reduction interventions among persons with hazardous alcohol use who are living with HIV in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam: a micro-costing analysis

Hazardous alcohol use is detrimental to persons with HIV (PWH), impacting medication adherence and liver function, yet globally resources to target alcohol use behavior in this population are limit...
O sistema de justiça juvenil na perspectiva sociológica: Entre frouxa articulação e linha de montagem

The paper promotes a bibliographic review on juvenile justice in the sociology field in Brazil. The studies are divided into three groups: the classic ones, which focus on the socio-demographic profile of adolescents conflicting the law; a second group, composed, in its majority, of ethnographic content studies, reinforcing the argument of loose coupling; and, finally, ratifying the idea of assembly line justice, research on the integration of institutions. The article demonstrates the strengthening of organizational approaches and the prominence of criminal subjection processes in the recent trajectory of juvenile justice in the country.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment to Optimize the Glymphatic Environment in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Measured With Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter, Intracranial Pressure Monitoring, and Neurological Pupil Index.

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a complex pathophysiology that has historically been poorly understood. New evidence on the pathophysiology, molecular biology, and diagnostic studies involved in TBI have shed new light on optimizing rehabilitation and recovery. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) on peripheral and central glial lymphatics in patients with severe TBI, brain edema, and elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) by measuring changes in several parameters regularly used in management. Methodology This was a retrospective study at a level II trauma center that occurred in 2018. The study enrolled patients with TBI, increased ICP, or brain edema who had an external ventricular drain placed. Patients previously underwent a 51-minute treatment with OMT with an established protocol. Patients received 51 minutes of OMT to the head, neck, and peripheral lymphatics. The ICP, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measured by ultrasonography, and Neurological Pupil Index (NPi) measured by pupillometer were recorded before, during, and after receiving OMT. Results A total of 11 patients were included in the study, and 21 points of data were collected from the patients meeting inclusion criteria who received OMT. There was a mean decrease in the ONSD of 0.62 mm from 6.24 mm to 5.62 mm (P = 0.0001). The mean increase in NPi was 0.18 (P = 0.01). The mean decrease in ICP was 3.33 mmHg (P= 0.0001). There was a significant decrease in CSF output after treatment (P = 0.0001). Each measurement of ICP, ONSD, and NPi demonstrated a decrease in overall CSF volume and pressure after OMT compared to CSF output and ICP prior to OMT. Conclusions This study demonstrates that OMT may help optimize glial lymphatic clearance of CSF and improve brain edema, interstitial waste product removal, NPi, ICP, CSF volume, and ONSD. A holistic approach including OMT may be considered to enhance management in TBI patients. As TBI is a spectrum of disease, utilizing similar techniques may be considered for all forms of TBI including concussions and other diseases with brain edema. The results of this study can better inform future trials to specifically study the effectiveness of OMT in post-concussive treatment and in those with mild-to-moderate TBI.
Analysis of Injury Among Aged Population in Rural Areas of Jiangxi during 2009-2013

Objective This work was to understand the epidemiological characteristics of injury in rural elderly population, in order to provide evidence for the intervention measures. Methods The data of old patients in injury surveillance sentinel hospital from2009 to 2013 were analyzed by descriptive method. Results A total of 6011 cases were analyzed, and the ratio of male to female was1.23:1. The age group of highest risk was 60 ~ 69 years old(62.15%). The main causes of injury were fall injury(69.32%) and traffic injury(13.12%), mainly of accidental injury(97.52%) occurring in leisure time, during housework, paid work or driving traffic(96.84%) from 2009 to 2013. 65.90% of these cases were mild and 32.10% were moderate. Conclusion Fall and traffic accident are major causes of the injury to the elderly in rural areas. Such injuries can be controlled or prevented by the consciousness and behavior of people, and also by safety monitoring, diet and nutrition control, improvement in public facilities, scientific training and psychological counseling.
Recurrent Neural Networks Based Online Behavioural Malware Detection Techniques for Cloud Infrastructure

Several organizations are utilizing cloud technologies and resources to run a range of applications. These services help businesses save on hardware management, scalability and maintainability concerns of underlying infrastructure. Key cloud service providers (CSPs) like Amazon, Microsoft and Google offer Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) to meet the growing demand of such enterprises. This increased utilization of cloud platforms has made it an attractive target to the attackers, thereby, making the security of cloud services a top priority for CSPs. In this respect, malware has been recognized as one of the most dangerous and destructive threats to cloud infrastructure (IaaS). In this paper, we study the effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) based deep learning techniques for detecting malware in cloud Virtual Machines (VMs). We focus on two major RNN architectures: Long Short Term Memory RNNs (LSTMs) and Bidirectional RNNs (BIDIs). These models learn the behavior of malware over time based on run-time fine-grained processes system features such as CPU, memory, and disk utilization. We evaluate our approach on a dataset of 40,680 malicious and benign samples. The process level features were collected using real malware running in an open online cloud environment with no restrictions, which is important to emulate practical cloud provider settings and also capture the true behaviour of stealth and sophisticated malware. Both our LSTM and BIDI models achieve high detection rates over 99% for different evaluation metrics. In addition, an analysis study is conducted to understand the significance of input data representations. Our results suggest that in particular cases, input ordering does have some affect on the performance of the trained RNN models.
Antipassivization and Pivot Construction in Ergative Languages

Topics on antipassivization and pivot construction in ergative languages have drawn many discussions among linguists. Different approaches and accounts have been proposed. However, ergative-absolutive case assignment and phenomena like split ergativity are still harsh questions for linguists to offer a natural and proper explanation. This present paper, based on the discussion on Manning’s Inverse Grammatical Relation account (Manning, 1995), proposes a modified approach on case assignment and antipassivization rule for the pivot construction of certain ergative languages within HPSG framework. This would bring more lights to the understanding of ergativity in the future.
Chronic respiratory disease disparity between American Indian/Alaska Native and white populations, 2011–2018

American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations have been disproportionately affected by chronic respiratory diseases for reasons incompletely understood. Past research into disease disparity using population-based surveys mostly focused on state-specific factors. The present study investigates the independent contributions of AI/AN racial status and other socioeconomic/demographic variables to chronic respiratory disease disparity in an 11-state region with historically high AI/AN representation. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) spanning years 2011–2018, this work provides an updated assessment of disease disparity and potential determinants of respiratory health in AI/AN populations. This cross-sectional study used data from the BRFSS survey, 2011–2018. The study population included AI/AN and non-Hispanic white individuals resident in 11 states with increased proportion of AI/AN individuals. The yearly number of respondents averaged 75,029 (62878–87,350) which included approximately 5% AI/AN respondents (4.5–6.3%). We compared the yearly adjusted prevalence for chronic respiratory disease, where disease status was defined by self-reported history of having asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine if being AI/AN was independently associated with chronic respiratory disease. Covariates included demographic (age, sex), socioeconomic (marital status, education level, annual household income), and behavioral (smoking, weight morbidity) variables. The AI/AN population consistently displayed higher adjusted prevalence of chronic respiratory disease compared to the non-Hispanic white population. However, the AI/AN race/ethnicity characteristic was not independently associated with chronic respiratory disease (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.79–1.10 in 2017). In contrast, indicators of low socioeconomic status such as annual household income of <$10,000 (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.64–2.49 in 2017) and having less than high school education (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.16–1.63 in 2017) were positively associated with disease. These trends persisted for all years analyzed. This study highlighted that AI/AN socioeconomic burdens are key determinants of chronic respiratory disease, in addition to well-established risk factors such as smoking and weight morbidity. Disease disparity experienced by the AI/AN population is therefore likely a symptom of disproportionate socioeconomic challenges they face. Further promotion of public health and social service efforts may be able to improve AI/AN health and decrease this disease disparity.
Trends in Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Insertion Between 1988 and 2018 in Olmsted County

Abstract Objectives This study sought to describe trends in cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) insertion over the past 3 decades in Olmsted County. Background Trends in CIED insertion in the United States have not been extensively studied. Methods The Rochester Epidemiology Project is a medical records linkage system comprising the records of all residents of Olmsted County from 1966 to the present. CIED insertion between 1988 and 2018 was determined using International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision, International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision, and Current Procedural Terminology codes. Age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates, adjusted to the 2010 US White population, were calculated. Trends in incidence over time, across age groups, and between sex are estimated using Poisson regression models. Results The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of device implants for the study period were as follows: overall CIED: 82.4 (95% CI: 79.2-85.6); permanent pacemaker (PPM): 62.9 (95% CI: 60.0-65.7); implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD): 14.0 (95% CI: 12.6-15.3); and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT): 5.6 (95% CI: 4.7-6.4) per 100,000 per year. The overall incidence of CIED insertion increased between 1988 to 1993 and 2000 to 2005 and then decreased between 2000 to 2005 and 2012 to 218 (P Conclusions The incidence values for PPM and ICD implants are decreasing, while the incidence of CRT implants is increasing. CIEDs are increasingly inserted in the elderly, men, and patients with higher comorbidities.
Research on Fault Inversion Verification Technology Based on Practical-Test-Platform of Distribution Network

The practical test can truly reflect the electromagnetic transient characteristics generated in the operation process of distribution network, but the test process is complex, the topology change is inconvenient, and the high-voltage test also has a certain degree of danger, which is not suitable for frequent test and display. This paper proposes an inversion verification technology based on the monitoring data of the Practical-Test-Platform of distribution network. Based on the data obtained in the practical test, constructed the $\pi$ type equivalent circuit line. The positive sequence impedance and zero sequence impedance parameters of $\pi$ type equivalent circuit structure of all line sections of the Practical-Test-Platform are derived by using the calculation principle of symmetrical sequence component. Then the Practical-Test-Platform is digitized in MATALAB/ Simulink environment, and the inversion is carried out in the way of execution of a ground-short-circuit fault test respectively on the same node. The simulation results show that the ground-short-circuit fault waveform obtained by this inversion method has a high similarity with the original fault, which verifies the high referenced value of the inversion verification technology.
Mathematical morphology-based point cloud analysis techniques for geometry assessment of 3D printed concrete elements

Abstract In 3D printing of cement-based materials, it is imperative to ensure geometrical consistency of the print with the as-designed/modeled system. Time-dependent, deformable systems like concrete present multiple challenges in ensuring appropriate post-print quality. This paper presents a suite of point cloud comparison techniques, which can be used individually or in combination, to quantify the amount of mismatch between the as-designed and as-printed systems, using morphological analysis. A semi-quantitative error distance method is proposed, which can be easily accomplished using direct mapping of the actual and reference point clouds. A print accuracy index (PAI) based on centroidal distances is proposed as a global quantifier of the print quality. Furthermore, a topological set theory (TST)-based approach is used to determine layer-wise overlap, which helps in isolating localized inconsistencies. The methods are tested on a variety of small cuboids, and further verified using a larger mortar print. It is expected that these methodologies can be suitably adapted to indicate the efficiency of the print, after the fact, or during printing. The latter facilitates in-line quality checks, that can in turn lead to real-time alterations in the materials or processes.
Small Firm Survival and Technological Activity

The paper investigates the post entry performance of small firms competing under different technological environments. Small firm survival is compared over technical and non-technical products and over stages of differing technological activity. The empirical results, in the context of the product life-cycle framework, show that small firms enjoy a higher probability of survival in stages of high technological activity, and in products that are more technical in nature. Technological activity is also seen to affect the shape of the hazard rate function, implying that the relation between technological activity, age and small firm survival may be complex.
Bayesian passive sonar tracking with conventional beamformer-level data

A likelihood function for a multi-sensor, passive sonar Bayesian tracker may use data directly from the array elements or, alternatively, from the output of a conventional beamformer (CBF). Here, we compare the performance of a Bayesian tracker when using element- versus CBF-level data. We observed that, provided the CBF's beams are sufficiently closely spaced, the tracker's performance with CBF-level data is similar to when it is using element-level data. However, when the spacing between CBF beams becomes too large, tracker performance with CBF-level data degrades significantly, particularly when the target is located between the maximum response axes of two adjacent beams.