cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of auroral acceleration types inferred from two‐satellite coincidences

[1] The relationship between monoenergetic electron acceleration and broadband electron acceleration is uncertain, although some have speculated that the latter is a temporal transient, and may evolve into the former. Here we have taken advantage of DMSP satellite coincidences to investigate the issue. We consider 1668 cases where one DMSP satellite observed an electron acceleration event covering at least 2 s, hence as many discrete accelerated spectra, and a second satellite subsequently observed an electron acceleration at the same location. The spatial coincidence required was tight, with a maximum separation of 0.1° magnetic latitude and 0.15 h magnetic local time. Time separations of 0–10 min were considered in 1 min bins, with auroral acceleration flagged as either monoenergetic, broadband, or a mixture of both. Within the first temporal bin (0–1 min), the second satellite had a high probability of observing the same type of aurora as the first, establishing consistency. When the first satellite observed monoenergetic aurora, the second satellite also observed monoenergetic aurora (about 80% of the time), and this continued to up to about 10 min of UT separation. In most of the other 20% of the cases, the second satellite also recorded monoenergetic acceleration but with an additional mixture of broadband acceleration. Thus monoenergetic aurora does not seem to typically evolve on a time scale of minutes. However, when the first satellite encounter was with broadband acceleration, the second encounter was highly time-dependent, with broadband dominating the second satellite encounter only in the 0–1 min bin. Between 1 and 5 min, the probability of observing a mixture of auroral types jumped, and after 6 min, the auroral acceleration was nearly as likely to be monoenergetic as broadband. Finally, if the first satellite encountered a mixture of acceleration, the second encounter was progressively more likely to be entirely monoenergetic aurora as time increased. These results are consistent with the idea that broadband aurora may be inherently a transient, and often progresses to monoenergetic aurora, while the latter is quasi-static.
Impaired jejunal absorption rates of essential amino acids induced by either dietary caloric or protein deprivation in man.

The alteration in transport specificity and jejunal absorption rates of essential amino acids before and after 2 weeks of either total starvation or isocaloric protein-free dieting were determined by an in vivo perfusion technique in 7 normal and 7 obese human volunteers. In addition, the possible change in the intestinal mucosal morphology during these dietary deprivations was investigated by light and electron microscopic examination of the tissue specimens obtained by peroral jejunal biopsy in 4 subjects. Both starvation and protein depletion resulted in the reduction of amino acid absorption rates in 12 subjects (normal as well as obese). However, the specificity of preferential amino acid absorption from equimolar mixtures of all eight essential amino acids was not affected by these dietary manipulations. Moreover, there was a decrease in the absorption rates of amino acids with high (leucine) as well as low (threonine) affinity for the amino acid carrier systems. The evidence for a reduction in the capacity of intestine to transport leucine after starvation was further supported by the demonstration of a lower rise in the plasma concentrations of leucine during the perfusion studies in starved subjects. In the face of reduced amino acid absorption rate, the jejunal mucosal histology and cell organelles appeared intact.
Family Learning Outdoors: Guided Participation on a Nature Walk.

This informal learning research project examined how guided participation processes support the use of cultural tools (such as scientific equipment) during a nature walk at one nature center. This paper analyzed family interactions outdoors using microethnographic methods. An informal learning framework based on guided participation and cultural tools allowed for an in-depth investigation of social facilitation used by a working class family: a grandmother, a mother, and two young sons. We identified three findings related to guided participation strategies that facilitated the use of cultural tools for this family, which are discussed in detail: (1) one guided participation process that emerged was the facilitating physical movements related to cultural tool use; (2) a second guided participation process that emerged was balancing the access to cultural tools to reflect family goals for both social harmony and supporting science interests; and (3) trail-based designed learning settings where outdoor explorations occur are important, but understudied, sites of learning for rural families. Implications of the study included the analytical importance of the constructs of cultural tools, guided participation, and embodied science knowledge for advancing research on family learning related to biology and environmental sciences. The research also suggested an expanded view of what counts as an informal science learning institution by including nature trails and related outdoor spaces alongside museums, science centers, and zoos in order to represent the everyday learning activities of rural families. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53: 919–942, 2016
In Vivo Imaging in Neurodegenerative Diseases

In vivo neuroimaging techniques provide a fundamental approach for neurological discovery. Popular tools such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and multiphoton microscopy (MPM), are widely used to discover and assess the physiological and pathological changes in the central nervous system (CNS). This chapter reviews the recent progress in advanced brain imaging modalities in neurodegenerative disease studies, as well as their utility in clinical diagnosis and treatment follow-ups. Furthermore, development of high-resolution imaging tools for small animal systems is highlighted given the potential to uncover the underlying mechanisms of neurodegeneration, which will ultimately lead to future therapeutic treatment strategies.
THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED CO2 ON PLANTS

Summary Four populations of Phlox drummondii and one population each of Datura stramonium and Abutilon theophrasti were grown in six growth chambers at 300, 600 and 900 μ l l−1CO2, all other environmental variables remaining constant. Changes in timing and numbers of flowers produced were species- and population-dependent. In general, P. drummondii and D. stramonium flowered earlier under high CO2 while A. theophrasti was not affected. Significant population × CO2 interactions were found for several flower production characters in P. drummondii, indicating differential response to elevated CO2 levels even within a species. In D. stramonium, increased biomass in high CO2 caused significantly larger fruits to be formed, but there was no significant increase in seed number. In A. theophrasti, individual seed weight increased with increasing CO2, but total seed weight per plant remained constant. These results are discussed in relation to their possible implications to plant community structure, and the effects on higher trophic levels (e.g. pollinators and plant predators). Qualitative as well as quantitative changes in plants in response to high CO2 must be studied with care to ensure correct predictions of the effects of the global rise in CO2.
Evidence for Metabolic α Hydroxylation of N -Nitrosopyrrolidine

Abstract Metabolic α hydroxylation of cyclic nitrosamines is important in the activation of these compounds to their ultimate carcinogenic forms. Direct evidence for this process is presented. Both α-hydroxynitrosopyrrolidine and 3-formyl-1-propanediazohydroxide, which are unstable intermediates resulting from α hydroxylation of nitrosopyrrolidine, were generated in aqueous solution from the stable precursors α-acetoxynitrosopyrrolidine and 4-( N -carbethoxy- N -nitrosamino)butanal. The major product resulting from the decomposition of α-hydroxynitrosopyrrolidine and 3-formyl-1-propanediazohydroxide was 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, the cyclic hemiacetal of 4-hydroxybutyraidehyde. The same product was isolated as its dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative after incubation of rat liver microsomes with nitrosopyrrolidine and after treatment of rats with nitrosopyrrolidine.
Investigation of distribution of soil antimony using sequential extraction and antimony complexed to soil-derived humic acids molar mass fractions extracted from various depths in a shooting range soil

Abstract Trace metal contamination from bullet fragments in shooting ranges is a major environmental concern. In particular, trace metals such as lead, antimony, and copper are toxic and have the potential to enter groundwater supplies and to be absorbed by plants. Soil humic acids can play a critical role in mobilizing some of these released metals through complexation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antimony complexed to soil-derived humic molar mass fractions extracted from various depths in a shooting range soil and to examine the distribution of antimony in various fractions of shooting range soils using sequential chemical extraction approach. The surface soil and soil core samples from a local shooting range were collected. Soil-derived humic acids were extracted from different depths of the top soil layer and characterized by various spectroscopic methods. Results of sequential chemical extraction demonstrated that Sb was found in shooting range in the upper 30 cm depth of the soil core. Highly elevated Sb is present in the exchangeable and ammonium acetate extracted fractions. Antimony is also present in the residual fraction in both surface and core soil samples, but is most likely present in a lithic phase which may not be readily bio-available. Leached antimony complexed to soil humic acid molar mass fractions was determined by size exclusion chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS). The results demonstrate that Sb is ‘tightly’ bound to humic acid mass molar mass fractions and confined in the top 10 cm of soil-derived humic acids.
A Phosphatase Controls the Fate of Receptor-Regulated Smads

In this issue of Cell, Lin et al. (2006) answer one of the long-standing questions in the TGFβ field by identifying a phosphatase, PPM1A, that directly dephosphorylates Smad2 and Smad3 to limit their activation.
Effects of brief therapy training on practicing psychotherapists and their clients.

A ten hour brief therapy training program with format representative of postgraduate training workshops was delivered to practicing psychotherapists at three public clinics. Training procedures and content were specified and provided to program participants in a manual. Clinician volunteers (n=22) were randomly assigned to Training (n=12) and Control (n=10) conditions. Pretraining assessments found no differences between Training and Control group therapists or their clients (n=176). Relative to clients of Control therapists. Trailed therapists' clients received more brief therapy, reported greater treatment satisfaction, had lower client-reported dropout rates, and obtained better therapist ratings of outcome. Possible causes of the training impact and its limitations were discussed.
Non-pharmacological and non-surgical resistance to stress ulcers in temperamentally and physiologically susceptible rats.

Abstract In a previous report [1] we have indicated that pre-stress exposure to repeated brief episodes of either enforced running in a motor-driven drum or restraint tended to protect rats againts stress-ulcers when subjected to reliably ulcerogenic amounts of either drumming or restraint. The data were generally consistent with a number of earlier reports by investigators from other laboratories using a variety of pre-stress manipulations and several different stressors. This earlier literature demonstrated that animals' physiological responses to a variety of stressful environmental conditions could be modified or lessened by repeated exposure to brief periods of those stressors. Although this general principle appears to be well established, it seems important that we identify a number of parameters of this phenomenon before we attempt to determine the physiological mechanisms that are involved. Among the many important issues which remain to be explored are questions concerning the nature of effective immunizing pre-stress experiences, the optimal amount and scheduling of those experiences, the durability of any observed resistance, and the generality of the relative immunity conferred by various pre-stress environmental conditions. The question addressed here is whether this sort of resistance to certain stressors can be induced in animals that are either temperamentally or physiologically vulnerable or predisposed to develop stomach lesions under stressful conditions.
Delayed memory for visual—haptic exploration of familiar objects

Long-term memory of haptic, visual, and cross-modality information was investigated. In Experiment 1, subjects briefly explored 40 commonplace objects visually or haptically and then received a recognition test with categorically similar foils in the same or the alternative modality both immediately and after 1 week. Recognition was best for visual input and test, with haptic memory still apparent after a week’s delay. Recognition was poorest in the cross-modality conditions, with performance on the haptic—visual and visual—haptic cross-modal conditions being nearly identical. Visual and haptic information decayed at similar rates across a week delay. In Experiment 2, subjects simultaneously viewed and handled the same objects, and transfer was tested in a successive cue-modality paradigm. Performance with the visual modality again exceeded that with the haptic modality. Furthermore, initial errors on the haptic test were often corrected when followed by the visual presentation, both immediately and after 1 week. However, visual test errors were corrected by haptic cuing on the immediate test only. These results are discussed in terms of shared information between the haptic and visual modalities, and the ease of transfer between these modalities immediately and after a substantial delay.
Critical identification of Mexican archaeological cotton remains

Measurements of cotton boll segments from caves near Mitla, Oaxaca, Mexico, datable between 700 and 1300 A.D., indicate that the archaeological material is more closely related to the modern racespunctatum andlatifolium ofG. hirsutum than it is to other races. This is supported by the shape of the bolls and, particularly, by the high percentage of tufted seeds found in the archaeological cotton.
Chemical nature and properties of parathyroid hormones

Abstract 1.1. A second hormone of the parathyroid glands, calcitonin, that lowers blood calcium has been postulated by Copp and Cameron on the basis of experiments in intact dogs. The reported hypocalcemic effects are characterized by rapid onset, small magnitude, and short duration. 2.2. The classic parathyroid hormone, a calcium-mobilizing polypeptide, has been most effectively purified from a phenol extract of bovine parathyroid glands by the use of countercurrent distribution or gel filtration. The molecular weight has been estimated at approximately 9000, with 76 to 83 amino acid residues in a single chain. Purified polypeptide preparations of lower molecular weight and lower specific biological activity have been obtained from extracts made with dilute hydrochloric acid and with acetic acid. 3.3. One plausible but unproved explanation of the loss, recovery, or enhancement of biological activity of the hormone when treated with various reagents is the reversible oxidation and reduction of the methionine residue (with a subsequent conformational change in the molecule about its active site(s)). 4.4. Biological assay methods in current use for following the purification of parathyroid hormone and for standardization are not sensitive enough for satisfactory quantitation of the hormone in blood or urine. However, new in vitro and immunochemical methods may satisfy this need and in addition provide the means for investigating possible species differences.
Surrogate Mixture Model for the Thermophysical Properties of Synthetic Aviation Fuel S-8: Explicit Application of the Advanced Distillation Curve

Fluid volatility is an important property of liquid fuels that previously has not been adequately addressed in the development of surrogate models for the thermophysical properties of these fluids. Especially important and timely is the development of surrogates for aviation fuels. In the present context, models refer to mathematical descriptions such as equations of state that provide a predictive capability. In this work, we demonstrate how the incorporation of volatility data, in the form of a distillation curve, leads to the development of improved surrogate models for aviation fuels. As an example, we present a seven-component surrogate mixture model for the thermophysical properties of a natural gas derived, synthetic aviation fuel known as S-8. We then compare the properties of the surrogate model with experimental density, sound speed, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and distillation curve data for the real fuel.
Inflammasome inhibition as a pathogenic stealth mechanism

The activation of inflammasomes containing NBD-LRR (NLRs) or non-NLRs is critical for effective host defense against microbial pathogens. Recent discoveries have uncovered a plethora of pathogenic strategies to inhibit inflammasome-mediated processing of IL-1β and IL-18. We review recent evidence for viral and bacterial manipulation of the inflammasome, ranging from perturbation of caspase-1 activation to targeting of specific inflammasome components.
N-[6-Amino-2-(heteroaryl)pyrimidin-4-yl]acetamides as A2A Receptor Antagonists with Improved Drug Like Properties and in Vivo Efficacy

In the present article, we report on a strategy to improve the physical properties of a series of small molecule human adenosine 2A (hA2A) antagonists. One of the aromatic rings typical of this series of antagonists is replaced with a series of aliphatic groups, with the aim of disrupting crystal packing of the molecule to lower the melting point and in turn to improve the solubility. Herein, we describe the SAR of a new series of water-soluble 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines where R1 is an aromatic heterocycle, R2 is a short-chain alkyl amide, and the typical R3 aromatic heterocyclic substituent is replaced with an aliphatic amino substituent. This approach significantly enhanced aqueous solubility and lowered the log P of the system to provide molecules without significant hERG or CYP liabilities and robust in vivo efficacy.
Management options for hepatic artery aneurysms.

A 70-year-old woman underwent an elective sigmoid resection for chronic diverticulitis. On the third postoperative day she suddenly developed abdominal pain and hypotension after a coughing episode. Radiologic evaluation demonstrated the presence of a hemoperitoneum. A celiac arteriogram was obtained in an effort to determine the cause of the hemorrhage. Four aneurysms of the intrahepatic portions of the left and right hepatic arteries were found. These aneurysms were successfully treated using steel coil embolization. Surgery has traditionally been the “gold standard” treatment of this rare entity. Recent reports have demonstrated the utillity of embolization in treating aneurysms of the hepatic arteries. This report reviews the current treatment options available in the management of hepatic artery aneurysms. Embolization of the aneurysms is recommended.
The effect of thermal excursions on the strength of aluminum alloys 6061 and 7075

Abstract The effect of various thermal excursions on the strengths of the aluminum alloys 6061-T6 and 7075-T73 has been studied. The excursions were representative of those anticipated for an aerospace vehicle during a mission. Slow temperature changes were produced in samples of each alloy by closed-loop joule heating, and rapid in-depth heating was produced by pulsed electron beams. Results show that thermal environments which increase the thermodynamic stability of the strengthening phases also tend to decrease the sensitivity of the alloys to strength degradation by rapid heating. This behavior is explained in terms of the kinetics of coarsening of the metastable second phase particles. A relationship is derived which permits prediction of strength as a function of thermal history, and the activation energies for particle coarsening determined using this relation compare favorably with values taken from the literature.
Tbl2KnownGene: A command-line program to convert NCBI.tbl to UCSC knownGene.txt data file

UNLABELLED The schema for UCSC Known Genes (knownGene.txt) has been widely adopted for use in both standard and custom downstream analysis tools/scripts. For many popular model organisms (e.g. Arabidopsis), sequence and annotation data tables (including "knownGene.txt") have not yet been made available to the public. Therefore, it is of interest to describe Tbl2KnownGene, a .tbl file parser that can process the contents of a NCBI .tbl file and produce a UCSC Known Genes annotation feature table. The algorithm is tested with chromosome datasets from Arabidopsis genome (TAIR10). The Tbl2KnownGene parser finds utility for data with other organisms having similar .tbl annotations. AVAILABILITY Perl scripts and required input files are available on the web at http://thoth.indstate.edu/~ybai2/Tbl2KnownGene/ index.html.
In vivo inhibition of mouse liver microsomal hydroxylating systems by methylenedioxyphenyl insecticidal synergists and related compounds.

Abstract A group of 27 compounds, including 7 synthetic methylenedioxyphenyl insecticidal synergists and 13 related natural products, several of which are also classed as synergists, were assayed with respect to in vivo inhibition on 2 hydroxylating systems of mouse liver microsomes, using dimethylaminopyrine and hexobarbital as substrates. In general, the structure activity co-relations are similar to those found for insecticidal synergism, indicating that synergists and related compounds are probably of comparable toxicological significance to mammals. There is an indication that some methylenedioxyphenyl compounds may exert a selective inhibitory action on microsomal hydroxylations, but on the whole the inhibition effected by methylenedioxyphenyl pesticidal synergists and related compounds appears non-specific in character, and does not appear particularly associated with the methylenedioxyphenyl ring structure.
Breast conserving therapy in breast cancer patients presenting with nipple discharge

Abstract Purpose: To retrospectively review the outcome of conservatively treated breast cancer patients who present with nipple discharge at initial diagnosis. Methods and Materials: The charts of 1097 patients undergoing conservative surgery and radiation therapy between January 1970 and December 1990 were reviewed. All patient data, including clinical, pathologic, treatment, and outcome variables were entered onto a computerized database. For the current study, specific attention was directed to the initial presenting symptoms and patients were divided into two groups: those presenting at initial diagnosis with nipple discharge (D/C-YES, n = 17), and those presenting without nipple discharge (D/C-NO, n = 1080). Results: As of August 1998, with a median follow-up of 12 years, the 10-year actuarial survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and breast relapse-free survival rates for the overall population were 73%, 78%, and 83%, respectively. Although the D/C-YES and D/C-NO groups were well balanced with respect to the majority of clinical factors, the D/C-YES patients had a higher percentage of DCIS histology (7.3% vs 1.2%, p Conclusions: Although patients presenting with nipple discharge may be suitable candidates for radiation therapy, local relapse rates were higher than those presenting without nipple discharge. The limitations of the study and implications regarding breast conserving management in patients presenting with nipple discharge are discussed.
Probing the Reactivity of Dimethylsulfoxonium Methylide with Conjugated and Nonconjugated Carbonyl Compounds: An Undergraduate Experiment Combining Synthesis, Spectral Analysis, and Mechanistic Discovery

We introduce students to dimethylsulfoxonium methylide (DMSY) epoxidation of aryl and nonconjugated aliphatic aldehydes and ketones without revealing that DMSY cyclopropanates enones by Michael-initiated ring closure (MIRC). Each student performs the reaction of DMSY with one of nine carbonyl compounds, including four enones, and then analyzes the 13C NMR and IR spectra of their reaction product in comparison with spectra of their carbonyl substrate. The spectra of products from aryl and nonconjugated aldehydes and ketones show the expected absence of a carbonyl peak and the addition of two upfield 13C peaks (indicating carbonyl epoxidation), whereas spectra of products from enones unexpectedly (to the student) display a carbonyl peak, no alkene 13C peaks, and three (instead of two) additional upfield 13C peaks. Identification of the latter products as cyclopropyl ketones leads to a discussion of conjugate addition and MIRC, and it stresses the avoidance of making false assumptions regarding the outcome of chemical reactions.
Mathematics, ideology, and the politics of infinitesimals: mathematical logic and nonstandard analysis in modern China

I first met Ivor Grattan-Guinness and his wife Enid in the late summer of 1970. I was in England following an intensive course in German at the Goethe Institute in Prien am Chiemsee, and had arrang...
Whose intentions predict? Power over condom use within heterosexual dyads.

According to major theories of behavioral prediction the most proximal psychological predictor of an individuals behavior is that individuals intention. With respect to interdependent behaviors such as condom use however relationship dynamics influence individuals power to make decisions and to act. OBJECTIVE: The current study examines how relationship dynamics impact 3 condom use relevant outcomes: (a) the individual forming his or her own intention to use condoms (b) the couple forming their joint intention to use condoms and (c) actual condom use behavior. METHOD: We conducted a 2-wave longitudinal study of young heterosexual adult couples at high risk for HIV infection involving the collection of both individual- and couple-derived data. RESULTS: Results demonstrate the importance of both person (e.g. biological sex and dispositional dominance) and relational (e.g. relational power and amount of interest in the relationship operationalized as commitment and perceived alternatives to the relationship) factors in predicting condom use intentions and behavior. Individuals who are lower in dispositional dominance are likely to incorporate their partners intentions into their own individual intentions; the intentions of individuals who have less interest in the relationship are more highly predictive of the couples joint intention; and the intentions of men and individuals higher in relationship power are more likely to exert a direct influence on condom use. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for improving the health of high-risk individuals including suggesting situations in which individuals are highly influenced by their partners intentions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA all rights reserved).
Visual Thinking and Gender Differences in High School Calculus.

This study sought to examine calculus students’ mathematical performances and preferences for visual or analytic thinking regarding derivative and antiderivative tasks presented graphically. It extends previous studies by investigating factors mediating calculus students’ mathematical performances and their preferred modes of thinking. Data were collected from 183 Advanced Placement calculus students in five high schools. Students’ visual preferences were not influenced by gender. Statistically significant differences in visual preference scores were found among high- and low-performing students. Thus, the results suggest that stronger preference for visual thinking was associated with higher mathematical performances.
A Thermodynamic Investigation of the Redox Properties of VPO Catalysts

The redox properties of a vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalyst with a V:P ratio of one were investigated using Coulometric Titration at 873 K. Equilibrium between (VO)2P2O7 and VOPO4 exists at a P(O2) of 3 × 10−4 atm, corresponding to ΔG of −60 kJ/mol O2. This value for VPO is significantly lower than that measured with other vanadium-containing catalysts that have been studied. Furthermore, compared to other vanadium catalysts, V+4 was stabilized against further reduction at lower P(O2). These redox thermodynamics may help to explain the unique catalytic properties of VPO catalysts for partial oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride.
Fractional quantum Hall effect on the two-sphere: A matrix model proposal

We present a Chern-Simons matrix model describing the fractional quantum Hall effect on the two sphere. We demonstrate the equivalence of our proposal to particular restrictions of the Calogero-Sutherland model, reproduce the quantum states and filling fraction and show the compatibility of our result with the Haldane spherical wave functions.
Effects of d-amphetamine on human aggressive responding maintained by avoidance of provocation

Male subjects were administered placebo and three doses of d-amphetamine (5, 10 and 20 mg per 70 kg of body weight) under double-blind conditions in a laboratory setting which provided both aggressive and nonaggressive response options. the nonaggressive response was button pressing maintained by the presentation of points which were exchanged for money. The aggressive response was pressing another button which ostensibly resulted in the subtraction of points from a fictitious person. Aggressive responding was initiated by subtracting points from the subject. Point subtractions were attributed to the other person. Aggressive responding was maintained by an avoidance contingency between aggressive responses and scheduled provoking point subtraction presentations. d-Amphetamine increased nonaggressive responding, while aggressive responding was increased at the 10 mg dose and 20 mg resulted in significant decreases in aggressive responding relative to the 10 mg dose. Comparisons with previous research indicate that the contingency relationship between aggressive responses and presentation of provoking point subtractions can alter the effects of d-amphetamine on aggressive responding.
Isolation of human Val354 -plasminogen as an elastolytic fragment of human Glu1 -plasminogen.

Limited elastolysis of native human plasminogen affinity chromatography variants 1 and 2 results in the formation of a number of polypeptide fragments that can be purified by a combination of Sepharose-lysine affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Two newly identified fragments, both of which retain their lysine binding properties, are the kringles 1–4 region, from variants 1 and 2, and an activatible fragment with an NH2 — terminal sequence of VAL-GLN-ASP, termed VAL354-plasminogen.
Regional changes in nitrate loadings in the Upper Mississippi River Basin under predicted mid-century climate

The Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB) drains an area of 492,000 km2 primarily from five states in the central US. Alterations in climate variability and change will lead to changes in hydrologic behavior of the region with implications in the fate and transport of nutrient loadings. This impact assessment study evaluated the long-term changes in annual water yield and nitrogen loadings in the UMRB using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), with mid-century (2046–2065) climate change projections as predicted by the ensemble of ten general circulation models. Predicted precipitation change ranged from −1.6 to 6.3 % at the subwatershed level while the mean temperature was found to be more consistent over the entire basin with an average increase of 2.8 °C. The SWAT-predicted streamflow decreased by 5 % on an average annual basis at the watershed outlet (Grafton, Illinois) with significant monthly variation. Streamflow increased during the winter months of December, January, and February and decreased during the summer with up to a 41 % reduction in July. The nitrogen loading pattern was found to vary widely from a decrease of 3 kg/ha to an increase of 8 kg/ha at the subwatershed level, with an average increase of 1 kg/ha over the entire basin. Portions of the UMRB in Illinois are expected to shift toward adverse conditions for nitrogen loading (and thus greater potential for exporting), whereas portions of the UMRB in Iowa are expected to experience a decrease in nitrogen loads under predicted mid-century climatic conditions for the existing land and nutrient management.
High temperature corrosion and crack growth of SiCSiC at variable oxygen partial pressures

Abstract Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and subcritical crack growth measurements of chemical-vapor-infiltrated SiC matrix reinforced with Nicalon fibres and with a 1 μm thick C fiber-matrix interface have been conducted at 1100 °C over O 2 Ar mixtures ranging from 0.25% to 20.0% O 2 . The TGA and interface recession measurements both gave linear reaction kinetics for O 2 concentrations of 2.0% or less and a reaction order of unity. Subcritical crack growth measurements demonstrated that the crack velocity, in the stress-intensity-independent stage II regime, increases with increasing O 2 /Ar ratio. Also, the transition from stage II to the stress-intensity-dependent stage III regime is shifted to lower stress intensities with increasing O 2 /Ar ratio. A time-dependent crack growth model that incorporates creep of the bridging SiC fibers and the removal of the C interfacial layer by oxidation successfully explains the subcritical crack growth characteristics.
Transient radiation of a single-cycle sinusoidal pulse from a thin dipole

Abstract The behavior of the radiated electric field from a half-wave dipole in free space excited by a single-cycle sinusoidal voltage is studied. The zero-order approximate solution for the current along the antenna in the frequency domain is used, so that the time-dependent current as well as the radiated electric field can be calculated and interpreted easily. Under a suitable matched condition, the time dependent current along each half-section of the dipole is made up of a current pulse traveling from the feed-point and a reflected one from the end-point. However, the radiated electric field consists of five overlapping signals exhibiting that radiation takes place only from the discontinuities of the dipole antenna. Both current and the radiated electric field are extended in time due to the reflection of current from the end-points of the dipole antenna. It appears that the spectral bandwidth of the radiated electric field is narrower than that of the exciting voltage pulse. This phenomenon may be due to the filtering effect of the half-wave dipole.
Investigation of the Potential Energy Surface for the First Step in the Alkaline Hydrolysis of Methyl Acetate

The potential energy surface for the first step of the alkaline hydrolysis of methyl acetate was explored by a variety of methods. The conformational search routine within SPARTAN was used to determine the lowest energy AM1 and PM3 structures for the anionic tetrahedral intermediate. Ab initio single point and geometry optimization calculations were performed to determine the lowest energy conformer, and the linear synchronous transition (LST) method was used to provide an initial structure for transition state optimization. Transition states were obtained at the AM1, PM3, 3-21G, and 3-21 + G levels of theory. These transition states were compared with the anionic tetrahedral intermediates to examine the assumption that the intermediate is a good model for the transition state. In addition, the Cramer/Truhlar SM3 solvation model was used at the semiempirical level to compare gas phase and aqueous alkaline hydrolysis of methyl acetate. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adaptive refinement for arbitrary finite-element spaces with hierarchical bases

Abstract An adaptive refinement algorithm is presented and interpreted as the selective enrichment of a finite-element space through the hierarchical basis. Each elemental division corresponds exactly to the inclusion of a small number of new basis functions, while existing basis functions remain unchanged. Which bases to add, i.e., which division to perform, are determined so that those that make the largest contribution to the function are included first. The space of C ° p th-degree piecewise polynomials over triangles are used for illustration, but the techniques apply to any family of function spaces that can be represented with a hierarchical basis. Numerical examples are presented to show that the technique can regain the optimal (smooth) order of convergence for the solution of partial differential equations with nonsmooth solutions.
Arginine Vasopressin Levels Are Elevated and Correlate With Functional Status in Infants and Children With Congestive Heart Failure

Background— Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a vasoactive hormone that acts on the kidney to conserve solute-free water and produces a potent vasoconstrictive effect during hypovolemic states. AVP levels are elevated in adults with congestive heart failure (CHF), and early clinical trials using AVP antagonists are being conducted. The purpose of this study was to determine if AVP levels (1) are elevated in children with CHF attributable to left ventricular dysfunction or pulmonary overcirculation attributable to large left-to-right shunts and (2) can predict functional clinical status. Methods and Results— AVP levels were measured in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and CHF and in patients with large left-to-right intracardiac shunts. Each patient with DCM (ejection fraction percent <40%) was classified as NYHA functional class I through IV when the AVP level was drawn. Serum sodium was measured, serum osmolality was calculated, and echocardiograms and chest radiographs were performed on all study ...
Field evaluation of effect of temperature on release of Disparlure from a pheromone-baited trapping system used to monitor gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Traps baited with disparlure, the synthetic form of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), sex pheromone are used to detect newly founded populations and estimate population density across the United States. The lures used in trapping devices are exposed to field conditions with varying climates, which can affect the rate of disparlure release. We evaluated the release rate of disparlure from delta traps baited with disparlure string dispenser from 1 to 3 yr across a broad geographic gradient, from northern Minnesota to southern North Carolina. Traps were deployed over ≈12 wk that coincided with the period of male moth flight and the deployment schedule of traps under gypsy moth management programs. We measured a uniform rate of release across all locations when considered over the accumulation of degree-days; however, due to differences in degree-day accumulation across locations, there were significant differences in release rates over time among locations. The initial lure load seemed to be sufficient regardless of climate, although rapid release of the pheromone in warmer climates could affect trap efficacy in late season. Daily rates of release in colder climates, such as Minnesota and northern Wisconsin, may not be optimal in detection efforts. This work highlights the importance of local temperatures when deploying pheromone-baited traps for monitoring a species across a large and climatically diverse landscape.
The Relationship Between the Consequences Adolescents Expect from Smoking and Their Behavior: A Factor Analysis with Panel Data1

The expected consequences of behavior are basic to many modern theories of behavior and to programs designed to influence behavior. In this research, 52 consequences expected from smoking cigarettes were measured in a panel study of 1,406 adolescents. Six factors were identified through factor analysis of these consequences. Multivariate analyses generally indicated that the negative physical/social factor predicted the initiation of smoking and the pleasure factor predicted smoking initiation and increased smoking among those who were smokers at the beginning of study. The other factors-positive peer relationships, negative peer relationships, habit, and health-were either unrelated to subsequent smoking behavior or inconsistently related across the multiple measures of behavior. The research is considered in the context of theory, methods, and programs related to adolescent cigarette smoking.
Singapore share recommendations using technical analysis

Recent statistical studies of the Singapore Stock Exchange generally conclude that the market is “weak-form efficient”. This means that technical analysis or the study of past share prices cannot reliably forecast future prices and lead investors to returns which exceed the market. This article reports on a study of 292 technical analysis-based investment recommendations made over a five year period, November 1979 to April 1984, by a Singapore investment advisory firm. The objective was to test whether this firm was able to use technical analysis to select common share investments which would allow investors to earn an excess return. After adjusting for trading commissions, market trends, and risk, the recommended shares did not outperform the market. Thus, the results correspond with what would be expected in a weakly efficient market.
Morphological Priming, Fragment Completion, and Connectionist Networks

Abstract Long-term morphological priming is a form of repetition priming in which the identification of a word is primed by the prior presentation of a morphologically related word. We investigated morphological priming using a variant of the fragment completion task in which a word is briefly presented with one of its letters replaced by a pattern mask and subjects attempt to identify the letter “hidden” by the mask. In Experiment 1 a levels-of-processing manipulation at study was found to affect free recall but not masked fragment completion, suggesting that repetition priming in the latter task is not the result of explicit memory processes. Subsequent experiments revealed that both masked and standard fragment completion are influenced by morphological priming and that, although this effect cannot be attributed to the orthographic and phonological similarity of morphologically related words, it does vary in magnitude as a function of orthographic similarity. These results are consistent with a connectionist account of morphological priming in which morphological effects arise from the activation dynamics of a connectionist network even though morphological relationships are not explicitly represented in this network.
The α5β1 integrin associates with a dystrophin-containing lattice during muscle development

The organization of the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin on skeletal muscle was studied in culture and in sections from adult and embryonic tissue using monoclonal antibodies specific for the alpha 5 subunit. The alpha 5 beta 1 integrin showed changes in organization and in the molecules with which it colocalizes. On early myoblasts, possessing a fibroblast-like morphology, the alpha 5 integrin organization was indistinguishable from that on fibroblasts; it was expressed prominently and localized in numerous focal contacts around the cell periphery. In bipolar myoblasts and early myotubes, the alpha 5 integrin was expressed only weakly and localized in a small number of focal contact-like structures. As myogenesis proceeded there was an apparent increase in integrin expression and a change in organization. In addition to the focal contact-like structures that persist throughout myogenesis in vitro, a dense lattice-like structure of integrin appeared. Fibrillar fibronectin, talin, and non-muscle alpha-actinin did not colocalize with the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin in the lattice structure as they did in the focal contact-like structures. However, dystrophin, which displayed a diffuse distribution earlier, now colocalized with the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin in the punctate lattice. Coincident with the registration of myofibrils into visible sarcomeres, the prominent dense, lattice structure disappeared leaving the focal contact-like structures as the only regions of organized alpha 5 beta 1 integrin. Despite the presence of the beta 1 integrin in neuromuscular or myotendinous junctions in vivo and on myotubes in vitro, the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin was not present in either junction. These observations suggest that the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin is involved in the adhesion of muscle to the extracellular matrix, the organization of the dystrophin-containing lattice, and the organization of nascent myofibrils which emanate from the focal contact- and stress fiber-like structures in muscle. Other integrins appear to anchor myofibrils at the myotendinous and neuromuscular junctions.
Iterative residual rescaling

We consider the problem of creating document representations in which inter-document similarity measurements correspond to semantic similarity. We first present a novelsubspace-basedframework for formalizing this task. Using this framework, we derive a new analysis ofLatent Semantic Indexing(LSI), showing a precise relationship between its performance and theuniformityof the underlying distribution of documents over topics. This analysis helps explain the improvements gained by Ando's (2000)Iterative Residual Rescaling(\ours) algorithm: \ours\ can compensate for distributional non-uniformity. A further benefit of our framework is that it provides a well-motivated, effective method for automatically determining the rescaling factor \ours\ depends on, leading to further improvements. A series of experiments over various settings and with several evaluation metrics validates our claims.