cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Substerilization Doses of Co60 Gamma Radiation on the Cold-Storage Life Extension of Shucked Soft-Shelled Clams and Haddock Fillets

Total aerobic-facultative and anaerobic (clostridia) macrocolony count data are presented, with analysis and interpretation, for both haddock fillets and shucked soft-shelled clams which received doses of from 50,000 to 800,000 rad of Co(60) gamma rays. These data indicated that haddock fillets may be maintained in good condition at refrigeration temperatures above freezing for about 1 week at 6 C, and approximately 2 weeks at 0 C, when treated with from 50,000 to 150,000 rad of ionizing radiation. In the dose range from 200,000 to 350,000 rad, the storage life may be extended up to some 2 weeks at 6 C, and 3 weeks at 0 C. Treatments in the dose range from 400,000 to 500,000 rad may defer spoilage for about 1 month, and doses of 550,000 to 650,000 rad afford protection against bacterial spoilage up to approximately 1.5 months. At the high substerilization doses of 700,000 to 800,000 rad, haddock fillets may be held for from 2 to 3 months in refrigerated storage before becoming unfit for marketing and consumption. Shucked soft-shelled clams can be held for about 2.5 weeks at 0 C and close to 12 days at 6 C, when given low substerilization doses of from 50,000 to 150,000 rad of ionizing radiation. At doses of from 200,000 to 350,000 rad, the clams may be preserved effectively for periods up to 3 weeks at 0 or 6 C, and some 6 weeks at these temperatures with doses of about 450,000 rad. With treatments of 500,000 to 600,000 rad, the storage life may be extended for some 2 months, and at doses of 650,000 to 800,000 rad the shucked clams remain in a good state of preservation for up to 3 months at temperatures of 0 to 6 C. Thus, it would appear that shucked soft-shelled clams may be maintained for significantly longer periods in refrigerated storage than haddock fillets when the same radiation treatments are applied to each product. Clostridia levels in both products were relatively low initially, and were reduced significantly by the gamma rays at the doses studied. Moreover, those clostridia that survived the radiation treatments were found to remain at safe, low levels during the various periods in refrigerated storage employed for these products, a very encouraging result from the public health, as well as commercial, standpoint.
Current-driven plasmonic boom instability in three-dimensional gated periodic ballistic nanostructures

An alternative approach of using a distributed transmission line analogy for solving transport equations for ballistic nanostructures is applied for solving the three-dimensional problem of electron transport in gated ballistic nanostructures with periodically changing width. The structures with varying width allow for modulation of the electron drift velocity while keeping the plasma velocity constant. We predict that in such structures biased by a constant current, a periodic modulation of the electron drift velocity due to the varying width results in the instability of the plasma waves if the electron drift velocity to plasma wave velocity ratio changes from below to above unity. The physics of such instability is similar to that of the sonic boom, but, in the periodically modulated structures, this analog of the sonic boom is repeated many times leading to a larger increment of the instability. The constant plasma velocity in the sections of different width leads to resonant excitation of the unstable plasma modes with varying bias current. This effect (that we refer to as the superplasmonic boom condition) results in a strong enhancement of the instability. The predicted instability involves the oscillating dipole charge carried by the plasma waves. The plasmons can be efficiently coupled to the terahertz electromagnetic radiation due to the periodic geometry of the gated structure. Our estimates show that the analyzed instability should enable powerful tunable terahertz electronic sources.
Germination of Spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus Induced by Analogues of Dipicolinate Di-Anion

The structural specificity required for induction of germination of spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus by analogues of dipicolinate in buffer at pH 5.5 is similar to that found previously with spores of Bacillus megaterium and calcium chelate salts at pH 8. 4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylate, but no other analogue tested, is as effective as dipicolinate di-anion.
Adaptive fuzzy logic control

A systematic design procedure for fuzzy linguistic controllers with adaptive or learning capability is introduced. The design is based on stability and hierarchy of identification and control. The fuzzy rule-base is stored in a fuzzy hypercube and the fuzzy control action is computed via a fuzzy inference mechanism. Initial conditions for the elements of a fuzzy hypercube are obtained by an offline fuzzy clustering mechanism with large-grain uncertainty. Two fuzzy algorithms are developed: the first one is a fuzzy identification-learning algorithm and the second is a fuzzy control-inferencing algorithm. The fuzzy identification-learning algorithm updates the membership functions on the action side of the rules and the fuzzy control-inferencing algorithm calculates fuzzy control data. This approach guarantees the stability, convergence, and robustness of the closed-loop feedback system. >
Engineering Careers Case Study: K-12 Recruitment Initiative

AbstractThis article discusses a project that implemented several systemic educational reforms in order to determine whether they would increase the awareness of high school students of potential science, math, and engineering careers enough to pursue one of these disciplines in college. The College of Engineering (COE) at San Jose State University (SJSU) in California coordinated the project that included educational reforms that helped increase engineering enrollments over a 5-year period. This vertical slice partnership was unique because it was composed of 12 organizations and educational institutions including the Hewlett Packard Foundation, the COE at SJSU, six K–5 schools, two middle schools, and two high schools in the East San Jose School District. The Hewlett Packard Foundation funded the project and provided personnel who participated in the project. The project demonstrated that the systemic educational reforms that were implemented to modify the delivery methods for math and science courses a...
SAT Over BOINC: An Application-Independent Volunteer Grid Project

BOINC is a well-known middleware application for distributing projects over a volunteer grid. Most popular BOINC projects are designed for a specific research problem. Lacking is a general-purpose project that allows researchers, with no experience with the BOINC API and little means of hosting a server, to dispatch their own parallel computations to the volunteer grid. This paper describes a BOINC boolean satisfiability (SAT) solver that accepts equations submitted by external contributers via a Python module or a web interface. It parallelizes the SAT equation, dispatches sub problems to volunteer clients, assembles the result, and returns it to the researcher. The solver is shown scale with the number of nodes, and outperforms serial SAT solvers, even with the BOINC overhead, for SAT equations of 40 variables or more. The project uses a flexible framework so that future solvers can be built with it.
Droplet enhanced microfluidic-based DNA purification from bacterial lysates via phenol extraction

Microfluidic platforms have been developed to demonstrate DNA purification via liquid extraction techniques at the microscale using an aqueous phase containing either protein, DNA, or a complex cell lysate and an immiscible receiving organic (phenol) phase. Initially, a serpentine device was used to investigate protein partitioning between the aqueous and organic phase, and DNA purification when both protein and DNA were mixed in the aqueous phase and infused conjunctly with the phenol phase. This two-phase system was studied using both stratified and droplet-based flow conditions. The droplet-based flow resulted in a significant improvement of protein partitioning from the aqueous phase into the organic phase due to the convective flow recirculation inside each droplet improving material transport to the organic–aqueous interface. A second device was designed and fabricated to specifically extract plasmid DNA from bacterial lysates using only droplet-based flows. The plasmid recovery using the microdevice was high (>92%) and comparable to the recovery achieved using commercial DNA purification kits and standard macroscale phenol extraction. This study presents the initial steps toward the miniaturization of an efficient on-chip DNA sample preparation using phenol extraction which could be integrated with post-extraction DNA manipulations for integrated genomic analysis modules.
Diverticulitis of the colon

Diverticulosis affects both sexes about equally, but diverticulitis is more common in females. Twenty-five per cent of patients with diverticulosis will develop diverticulitis; this percentage rises as the follow-up period lengthens. The probability of developing a complication increases with each attack of diverticulitis and when diabetes coexists. The morbidity and mortality (6.5 per cent) associated with these complications remain high. Consequently, elective operation during a quiescent stage of recurrent diverticulitis appears increasingly preferable to the urgent and often multistaged procedures necessary for complicated diverticulitis. Staged procedures—resecting the diseased segment during the first operation, if possible—remain the safest method for treating these complications.
Wiederaufbau der Sloboda-Brücke Novi Sad – Teil II

Die bei einem NATO-Luftangriff 1999 teilweise zerstorte Schragseilbrucke uber die Donau bei Novi Sad, Serbien wurde in den Jahren 2002 bis 2005 wieder instand gesetzt. Diese Fortsetzung des Berichtes aus Stahlbau 73 (2004), 10, S. 811–817 befast sich im wesentlichen mit der Montage, den Ausbauarbeiten und dem Bruckentest.
Tao/Lipunan, Moral/Imoral: 27 Macario Pineda at Reinhold Niebuhr

Macario Pineda’s novels, particularly his 1947 masterpiece Ang Ginto sa Makiling , engage fundamental questions about the moral nature of the human person and the possibility of societal transformation. Though dissimilar in personal background and social milieu from Pineda, Reinhold N iebuhr, social ethicist in twentieth-century American society, raises these same questions in his 1932 classic Moral Man and Immoral Society . Moreover, they similarly base their responses in Christian Faith. Pineda is uncompromising in his belief in the moral capacity of the person, especially when nurtured through education, to do good and thus to establish “Makiling,” his symbol of the transformed society, in our midst. Though convinced too of the individual moral goodness, Niebuhr is deeply aware of the powerful and corrupt forces at play in modern society, and therefore foresees an unrelenting struggle between individual goodness and society. Both Pineda and Niebuhr’s responses offer food for thought at a time when these same questions plague contemporary Philippine society.
Lipids in the paracloacal gland secretions of dwarf (Paleosuchus palpebrosus) and smooth-fronted (P. trigonatus) caimans

Abstract Lipids in the paracloacal gland secretions of three male and one female dwarf caimans ( Paleosuchus palpebrosus ) and of one female smooth-fronted caiman ( P. trigonatus ) were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Acetates, butanoates, fatty acids, and aliphatic alcohols, including 3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-1-yl (citronellol), were indicated in all individuals. Butanoates occur in both species, but fewer of them were observed in the P.trigonatus . 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-l-yl acetate was found in a male P. palpebrosus and hexadecyl propanoate was found in all males. P. trigonatus contains C~2–C~6 pentanoates, but only tetradecyl pentanoate was observed in a male P. palpebrosus . Pentadecanoic and hexadecanoic acids occur in P. palpebrosus ; free fatty acids were not detected in the P. trigonatus . The results of our analysis of the paracloacal gland lipids of Paleosuchus spp. are compared with those reportad in other crocodilians.
The Degree of Dependence Between Multiple-Treatment Effect Sizes.

We examined the degree of dependence between standardized-mean-difference effect sizes in multiple-treatment studies in meta-analysis in terms of the correlation formula provided by Gleser and Olkin (1994). To explore the impact of group size and the values of the true multiple-treatment effect sizes, we simplified the formula for the correlation in terms of the ratio of group sizes and under conditions of equality of sample and effect sizes. The results showed that the group-size ratio affects the correlation between effects much more than do the values of the effect sizes. A relatively smaller control-group size and large effect sizes of the same sign were associated with stronger dependence. We also showed that ignoring the dependence between individual standardized-mean-difference effect sizes always decreases the precision of differences in mean effects across studies in a meta-analysis. The difference in precision was largest when treatment groups were much larger than the control group, regardless ...
Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses among individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Prevalence of post-TBI depression (PTBID) ranges from 12 to 60% and is generally higher than rates reported in the general population. The wide range in reported rates is attributed to methodological variability across studies, including measurement and sampling differences. Several systematic reviews have been published in the past 5 years, reporting on outcomes for depression across different classes of interventions, including pharmacological, biomedical and behavioural. The consensus across reviews is that more research is necessary to develop evidence-based practice guidelines. The present narrative review synthesises the findings of previous studies, focusing on the nature of the interventions, the eligibility criteria for inclusion and the assessment of outcome. Pharmacological studies are generally more rigorous methodologically, but provide mixed findings. Other biomedical interventions are only at the initial stages of research development, including case and pilot studies. The results of behavioural studies are positive regarding improvements in mood. However, the number of efficacy studies of behavioural interventions for depression is extremely limited. Recommendations for designing interventions are provided.
Design of Non-Cysteine-Containing Antimicrobial β-Hairpins: Structure−Activity Relationship Studies with Linear Protegrin-1 Analogues†

Protegrins are short, cationic peptides that display potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. PG-1, the first of the five natural analogues discovered, forms a rigid antiparallel two-stranded beta-sheet that is stabilized by two disulfide bonds. The two strands of the sheet are linked by a short two-residue loop segment. Removal of the disulfide bridges (e.g., in Cys --> Ala analogues) is known to cause marked loss of antimicrobial activity. We have used basic principles of beta-hairpin design to develop linear analogues of PG-1 that lack cysteine but nevertheless display PG-1-like activity. Our most potent reengineered molecules contain three essential design features: (i) the four cysteine residues of PG-1 are replaced by residues that have high propensity for beta-strand conformation, (ii) D-proline is placed at the i + 1 position of the reverse turn to promote a type II' beta-turn, and (iii) amino functionality is incorporated at the gamma-carbon of the D-proline residue to mimic the charge distribution of the natural beta-hairpin. Structural studies revealed that the antimicrobial potency of the non-disulfide-bonded peptides can be correlated to the stability of the beta-hairpin conformations they adopt in aqueous solution. The presence of 150 mM NaCl was found to have little effect on the antimicrobial activity of PG-1, but one of our linear analogues loses some potency under these high salt conditions. Despite this discrepancy in salt sensitivity, NMR and CD data indicate that neither PG-1 nor our linear analogue experiences a significant decrease in beta-hairpin conformational stability in the presence of 150 mM NaCl. Thus, salt inactivation is not due to destabilization of the beta-hairpin conformation. Furthermore, our results show that beta-sheet design principles can be used to replace conformation-stabilizing disulfide bridges with noncovalent conformation-stabilizing features.
Maintenance of mother-child aversive relationships: A fresh look at an old controversy

Data were obtained from 46 mother-child pairs from the Child Behavior Institute (CBI) at the University of Tennessee. These mother-child dyads were referred for psychological help because of the child’s aversive behavior. Child-parent interactions were quantified using a multi-code, observational system. Correlational and multiple regression analyses (stepwise) were conducted to find the best predictor of the child’s aversive behavior. Results showed that the child’s aversive behavior was significantly correlated with the mother’s aversive, indiscriminate, and compliance behaviors. The regression analysis showed mother’s aversive behavior to be the best predictor of the child’s aversive behavior. Moreover, our results seem to point out that the compliance hypothesis is more effective in predicting child aversive behavior than the predictability hypotheses. It appears that since the two hypotheses are dealing with similar processes, they are more complementary than oppositional.
At a different tempo: what goes wrong in online cross-cultural group chat?

Cross-cultural communication has become increasingly prevalent in organizations and education systems. Such communication often takes place in a distributed fashion, and many studies have examined the impact of computer-mediated communication (CMC) on distributed cross-cultural groups. For example the literature points to cultural factors that could cause communication failures, such as individualism vs. collectivism, high context vs. low context, and power distance. We contend that language proficiency, a basic and fundamental difference between people from English speaking countries and other countries, is often neglected by researchers. Therefore, we have begun a detailed investigation of cross-cultural group chat. We chose text chat as a target technology because previous studies reported it as non-native speakers' preferred choice for CMC. Our study revealed that language proficiency played a pivotal role in cross-cultural group chat. When people conversed at different levels of proficiency, turn taking was severely disrupted, causing confusion and neglect of discussion points. We also found that some native speakers hold back ideas to accommodate the non-fluency of non-native speakers, slowing down the group process and outcomes. Working from these findings, we discuss possible designs that could assist both non-native and native speakers in cross-cultural group chat.
Tobacco anionic peroxidase overexpressed in transgenic plants : Aerobic oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid

Abstract We have investigated the catalytic properties of the tobacco anionic peroxidase with regards to the oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). As judged by oxygen uptake, the homogeneous enzyme was capable of oxidizing IAA in the absence of additional cofactors such as manganese ion, hydrogen peroxide and phenols. Phenolic substrates such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acids, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt or phenol inhibited the oxidation of IAA. The spectral changes in the course of IAA oxidation allow us to conclude that the oxidation cycle is functioning separately from peroxidation. The addition of trace amounts of hydrogen peroxide to the reaction eliminates a distinctive lag phase in the consumption of oxygen. This activation by hydrogen peroxide is connected with the formation of compound II, which appears to be a key intermediate in the oxidation process. However, there is still no direct evidence regarding the mechanism of initiation of IAA oxidation, though the appearance of the ferrous form has been clearly demonstrated. There is some indirect evidence of IAA hydroperoxide formation in the course of aerobic oxidation of IAA by the tobacco enzyme based on the slight inhibition effect of catalase. The results obtained have been rationalized in the reaction scheme, which proposes the existence of an enzyme-substrate complex and is in agreement with the previous data on IAA oxidation catalysed by horseradich and turnip peroxidases.
Appropriate Services: Examining the Case Classification Principle

This study analyzes whether appropriate service delivery, defined as risk level appropriate treatment and supervision services, reduces recidivism. Utilizing a dataset collected for the purpose of ...
Low-momentum delta production in the 13C(p, d)12C∗ reaction☆

Abstract Cross sections for the reaction 13 C(p, d) 12 C ∗ in coincidence with back-to-back, out-of-plane, two-proton decays at high excitation energies (140–420 MeV) are presented for E p = 800 MeV at deuteron laboratory angles of 2.5°, 5.0°, and 9.0°. At all angles a resonant-like enhancement in the cross section is observed at 241 MeV of excitation energy with a width of 55 MeV. Some features of these data indicate that this structure may be related to the formation of low-spin (ΔN −1 ) states in 12 C.
New methods for the preparation of biospecific adsorbents and immobilized enzymes utilizing trichloro-s-triazine

Abstract Methods for preparing biospecific adsorbents and immobilized enzymes utilizing Sepharose CL as a support and trichloro-s-triazine as the linking agent are described. The difficulties encountered during conventional aqueous and mixed aqueous-phase reactions of trichloro-s-triazine with insoluble polyols, particularly reagent hydrolysis, are avoided by performing the activation reactions in anhydrous organic phase and replacing the second chlorine on the triazine ring by an aromatic amine. Ligands can be coupled to the activated support in either aqueous or organic phase. The methods have been applied to the attachment of a number of different enzymes, proteins, and small-molecule ligands to Sepharose. The superiority of the triazine linkage to the cyanogen bromide linkage is demonstrated.
Distorted visual feedback effects on drawing in Parkinson's disease

Abstract We investigated the effects of distorted visual feedback on the drawing performance of a group with Parkinson's disease (PD) and a control group. Twenty older healthy adults and 20 PD patients copied figures onto a digitizer tablet with a pen under normal and distorted visual feedback conditions. PD patients were less able than controls to adjust the size of their drawing to compensate for distortions in visual feedback. The effect was particularly pronounced when patients were required to draw smaller than normal. Nevertheless, with practice, PD patients showed a similar degree of improvement in size as controls, although they did not match the control group's level of performance. Overall, these findings support the notion that PD may have specific difficulty adjusting to a change in gain (or discrepancy) between visual and kinesthetic feedback when they must alter the size of their drawing. These findings point to the putative role of the basal ganglia in adjusting for the intermodal discrepancy between sensory feedback, and re-scaling the size of movements.
Heart failure disease management in an indigent population.

Abstract Background Multidisciplinary disease management programs (MDMP) have demonstrated reduced hospitalizations in motivated pretransplant heart failure populations, but little is known about their effectiveness in largely indigent patients who are not transplant candidates. Methods and Results We studied 35 patients with heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) ≤45% enrolled in an MDMP who were either indigent or funded by Medicaid/Medicare. This nonrandomized sample consisted of 14 patients identified because they had hospital readmission rates of ≥2 per year (group A) and 21 patients referred by their primary care physicians because they were difficult to manage (group B). Group A patients were New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV, aged 25 to 87 years (mean 57 ± 17 SD) and had an EF of 15% to 45% (29% ± 11%). Group B patients were NYHA class II or III, aged 35 to 86 (57 ± 16) years and had an EF of 20% to 45% (28% ± 10%). Data were compared for the year before enrollment in the MDMP and the year afterward. In group A hospital admissions decreased from 33 to 3, a 91% reduction, and NYHA class improved to class II-III ( P P Conclusions A multidisciplinary heart failure program can improve functional status and reduce hospitalization and net costs compared with conventional care in indigent non–transplant candidate patients. (Am Heart J 2001;141:254-8.)
Studying Absenteeism in Principles of Macroeconomics: Do Attendance Policies Make a Difference?.

The primary objective of this article is to see if and how attendance policy influences class attendance in undergraduate-level principles of macroeconomics classes. The second objective, which is related to the first, is to examine whether the nature of the attendance policy matters in terms of its impact on class attendance behavior. The results provide strong support that having an explicit attendance policy reduces absenteeism. The results relating to the nature of the attendance policy point to the greater effectiveness of a policy that punishes students for missing class rather than one that rewards students for good attendance.
Is there a Valid and Reliable Assessment of Diagnostic Knee Arthroscopy Skill

Background The Basic Arthroscopic Knee Skill Scoring System (BAKSSS) has construct validity as an objective measure of arthroscopic proficiency when used to assess the task of performing arthroscopic meniscectomies on cadaver knees. The reliability of this instrument is unknown.
Planktonic larvae 05 act like passive particles in turbulent near-bottom flows1

The hypothesis that infaunal polychaete larvae (Mediomastus ambiseta) sink through the water like passive particles in turbulent near-bottom flows was tested in the field with two geometrically different sediment traps. Laboratory flume experiments dictated the a priori prediction that larvae would be significantly overcollected by one trap design relative to the other. In field experiments, this a priori prediction was always supported. Thus, Mediomastus larvae may be distributed in near-bottom waters according to the hydrodynamical processes governing the distribution of fine suspended sediments. Other processes that could have produced the patterns of larval collections between the trap designs now must be tested against the passive sinking hypothesis. Because the passive sinking hypothesis could not be falsified in these field experiments, considerations of hydrodynamical phenomena must be included in future studies of larval settlement. For example, larvae may first reach the seabed at sites where sediments with similar fall velocities would initially settle.
An introduction to silicon neural analogs

Synthetic neural systems that operate in real time have been fabricated using analog complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor (CMOS) very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The analog silicon system surpasses the computational power of a general-purpose digital computer because, from device physics to circuit architecture, its form parallels the functional organization of the neural system. Because the CMOS circuit represents neural processing directly in hardware, it is not simply a simulation tool but rather an analog neural system that is embedded in, and interacts with, the real world.
Resections of the upper aerodigestive tract for locally invasive thyroid cancer.

background : In view of the indolent nature of most cancers of the thyroid, particularly of the papillary and follicular variety, the decision to remove a segment of the upper aerodigestive tract when the cancer is either close to or invading this area is a difficult one. It was felt relevant to review the experience at the M.D. Anderson Hospital to see when such resections were necessary, how they were repaired, and the survival rates. patients and methods : Of the 1,098 patients with cancers of the thyroid treated surgically at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1954 to 1993, 46 underwent resections of some portion of the upper aerodigestive tract for invasive cancer. These included 35 patients who had histories of prior surgical treatment with or without radiation or radioactive iodine therapy. The operations included 27 total and 5 partial laryngectomies, 1 circumferential and 13 partial resections of the trachea, and 5 circumferential and 10 partial esophagectomies. Several patients had combinations of these procedures. Details of the repairs are provided. Postoperative radiation or radioactive iodine treatment was administered when indicated. results : Local recurrence was infrequent. Most deaths occurred from either pulmonary metastasis or causes other than the cancer. The 5-year survival rate for all patients exceeded 50%. More than 70% of patients with papillary and follicular cancers survived for 5 years, and some for up to 30 years. conclusions : Although it cannot be stated with any degree of certainty if a resection of a portion of the upper aerodigestive tract should be done at the time of the initial surgical procedure, it is apparent that there are some situations in which the resection should be done because of severe local problems A variety of methods of repair are available, and the survival rate is greater than 50% for all such procedures, with those having the papillary and follicular variety surviving for 5 years in more than 70% of cases. Patients can exist with severe local problems for a number of years and it is sometimes the patient who decides when the resection should be done.
Deterministic context-sensitive languages: Part I

A context-sensitive grammar G is said to be CS(k) iff a particular kind of table-driven parser, T k ( G ) , exists. Corresponding to each T k ( G ) , we define a class of parsers T ¯ k ( G ) . T k ( G ) is itself a T ¯ k ( G ) . The main results are: 1. Any processor T ¯ k ( G ) for a CS(k) grammar G accepts exactly the sentences of G. 2. The set of languages generable by CS(k) grammars is exactly the set of languages accepted by deterministic linear-bounded automata (DLBA's). 3.(a) It is undecidable whether there exists any k ⩾ 0 such that an arbitrary CSG is CS(k). (b) For every fixed k ⩾ 0, there is no algorithm that will decide if G is CS(k) and also construct T k ( G ) if it exists. 4. For any DLBA M, algorithms are given to (i) construct a CS(k) grammar GM that generates the language accepted by M, and (ii) construct a processor T ¯ 1 ( G M ) . 5. CS(k) grammars are unambiguous. 6. The sentences of a CS(k) grammar can be parsed in a time proportional to the length of their derivations.
A Simple Isolation Incubator for Specialized Rearing of Salmonid Eggs and First-Feeding Fry

Abstract The construction of an isolation incubator for small-scale fish culture and research is described. The simple, inexpensive (US$5) isolation incubator is routinely used to incubate as many as 100 green eggs of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha through the first-feeding fry stage of development at the Idaho Department of Fish and Game's Eagle Fish Hatchery. The incubator is small (2.5-L volume) and portable, requires a small amount of water per individual unit (500–1,200 mL/min), and provides a way to incubate multiple rearing groups in a quarantine environment through the early stages of fish development. Although these incubators have been used exclusively for incubation of salmonid eggs and fry, we expect this design can be used to successfully incubate eggs of other fish species.
Is Conceptual Atomism a Plausible Theory of Concepts

Conceptual atomism is the view according to which most lexical concepts lack ‘internal’ or constituent structure. To date, it has not received much attention from philosophers and psychologists. A central reason is that it is thought to be an implausible theory of concepts, resulting in untenable implications. The main objective of this paper is to present conceptual atomism as a viable alternative, with a view to achieving two aims: the first, to characterize and to elucidate conceptual atomism; and the second, to dispel some misconceptions associated with it. My aim is to show that the prospect of conceptual atomism is a promising one.
Measurement of Transient Heat Flux and Surface Temperature Using Embedded Temperature Sensors

A method for resolving inverse heat conduction problems using approximating polynomials is described. The coefficients are obtained by constraining the even-numbered spatial derivatives of the polynomial at two points within the domain using the heat equation. The result is a linear time-invariant system that can be implemented as a digital filter and is suitable for application in a real-time sensor. The method places no restrictions on boundary or initial conditions, and temperature dependence of transport properties is accounted for in an approximate way. The performance of the model has been validated using analytical and numerical solutions, and results are presented in the frequency and time domains for several orders of polynomials. A propagation of error analysis is presented and is used to establish the optimum location of the sensors.
Localization of Basement Membrane Components in Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid

We examined the distribution of laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin in subepithelial vesicles of oral mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP). Indirect immunofluorescence staining of these macromolecules was performed on 10 frozen biopsy specimens of oral MMP. We found type IV collagen in the connective tissue floor and laminin in the epithelial roof of these lesions. Our results suggest that the inflammatory injury in oral MMP may disrupt the interaction of laminin with type IV collagen in the basement membrane zone.
A Kleinian group with contractible quotient not simply connected at infinity

We give an example of a co-compact Kleinian group Γ which contains a subgroupΓ 0 having the property that ℝ3/Γ 0 is contractible but not simply connected at infinity.
Essence, Necessity, and Demonstration in Aristotle

Although the comments that follow are largely critical, I want to express at the outset my great admiration for Marko Malink’s excellent book. It makes a major contribution to our understanding of Aristotle’s logic and the broader philosophical commitments that underlie it. It is also a model of exegetical clarity and philosophical rigor the rest of us working in this field should strive to emulate. I want to explore some of the implications of Malink’s interpretation of the modal syllogistic in the Prior Analytics for Aristotle’s theory of demonstration in the Posterior Analytics. I’ll do so by focusing on Malink’s account of the connection between essence and necessity. I’ll argue that if Malink’s account of the modal syllogistic is correct, and in particular if his account of the connection between essence and necessity is correct, then a broad range of demonstrations Aristotle presents in the Posterior Analytics cannot be modal syllogisms. Malink may happily accept this as a consequence of his view. Still, it seems worth showing that this is a consequence of his view. I’ll also argue that Malink’s account of the connection between essence and necessity risks committing Aristotle to an unattractive form of essentialism.
Effect of orifice length-to-diameter ratio on mixing in the spray from a pair of unlike impinging jets

Orifice length-to-diameter ratio effect on spray mixture uniformity from unlike impinging jets
Alpha-Lactalbumin in Bovine Serum: Relationships with Udder Development and Function

Abstract Concentrations of α -lactalbumin in blood from cattle in various physiological states were measured as an index of udder development and function. Included were primiparous heifers during gestation and the peripartum period, nonlactating, nonpregnant cows hormonally induced into lactation, and cows milked two or three times daily in early, middle, or late lactation. Concentrations of α -lactalbumin in serum increased in two phases during gestation. Initial values (7.3ng/ml, up to 120 d prepartum) rose, then leveled at 29.9ng/ml on d 120 to 30 prepartum. Concentrations subsequently increased, averaging 133.2ng/ml over the 30 d prior to parturition. During the peripartum period, α -lactalbumin rose from 221.2ng/ml on d 4 prepartum, peaked at calving (918.8ng/ml), then declined, stabilizing at approximately 500ng/ml (1.5 to 3 d postpartum). Concentrations of α -lactalbumin in cows induced to lactate were low on d 1 to 9 of hormone treatment (15.7ng/ml), rose to a maximum on d 17 (803.4ng/ml), then fell to a plateau (185.8ng/ml) on d 21 to 25. α -Lactalbumin concentrations were higher in early (101.9ng/ml) than in middle or late lactation (81.4 and 79.2ng/ml, respectively). Concentrations were also greater in twice versus thrice milked cows (101.9 vs. 73.0ng/ml). Changes in α -lactalbumin concentrations in serum are associated with developmental and functional status of the udder. The measurement provides a noninvasive method to assess mammary gland activity.
Organic photovoltaics: Efficient relaxation

A study on carrier-collection efficiency in various organic photovoltaic systems now reveals that ultrafast relaxation of photoexcitations within the manifold of charge-transfer states does not impede mobile charge carrier generation.
ICT for Development: Are Brazilian Students Well Prepared to Become Global Citizens?.

The way globalization is present in our lives today provides an array of opportunities and requires individuals to acquire new knowledge and skills in order to become active and responsible citizens in their societies and in the world. This study suggests that Brazilian students demonstrate that they are using information and communication technologies (ICT) in socially valued ways to be informed about what is happening in the world, to communicate with people all over the world and to promote social justice and inclusion. These Brazilian students, and future leaders, appear to be using ICT in order to face the challenges offered by the globalized world, possessing the appropriate knowledge and skills to be global citizens. Les TIC pour le developpement : les etudiants bresiliens sont‐ils bien prepares a devenir des citoyens du globe ? La facon dont la globalisation est presente dans nos vies aujourd’hui offre un large eventail de possibilites et exige des individus qu’ils acquierent de nouvelles connaiss...
Clinical Questions in Online Health Communities: The Case of "See your doctor" Threads

Online health communities are known to provide psychosocial support. However, concerns for misinformation being shared around clinical information persist. An existing practice addressing this concern includes monitoring and, as needed, discouraging asking clinical questions in the community. In this paper, I examine such practice where moderators redirected patients to see their health care providers instead of consulting the community. I observed that, contrary to common beliefs, community members provided constructive tips and persuaded the patients to see doctors rather than attempting to make a diagnosis or give medical advice. Moderators' posts on redirecting patients to see their providers were highly associated with no more follow up replies, potentially hindering active community dynamic. The findings showed what is previously thought of as a solution-quality control through moderation-might not be best and that the community, in coordination with moderators, can provide critical help in addressing clinical questions and building constructive information sharing community environment.
Synthesis and characterization of nonsteroidal-linked M(CO)(3)+ (M = 99mTc, Re) compounds based on the androgen receptor targeting molecule flutamide.

Androgen receptors are overexpressed in most primary and metastatic prostate cancers. A series of single photon emission computed tomography imaging agents (SPECT) utilizing the organometallic radi...
Endoscopic implantation of a biopolymer in the lower esophageal sphincter for gastroesophageal reflux: A pilot study

Abstract Background: GERD is the most frequent disorder of the esophagus. Endoscopic minimally invasive treatment is desirable. However, the results of injection techniques have been disappointing. Methods: A pilot study was conducted in patients with GERD, who required continuous therapy with a proton pump inhibitor, in which ethylene-vinyl-alcohol was injected into the muscle of the gastric cardia. Primary endpoints were the safety of the procedure, the effect on lower esophageal sphincter pressure and the stability of the injected material. A secondary endpoint was the effect on heartburn score after discontinuation of treatment with a proton pump inhibitor. Results: Ethylene-vinyl-alcohol injection into the cardia resulted in circular diffusion of the product in 10 of 15 cases, suggesting that implantation into the muscle is feasible. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure was increased in 13 of 15 cases at 1 month and was sustained at a median follow-up of 6 months (range 4-12 months). Mean ± SEM of lower esophageal sphincter pressures (15 patients) were 12.2 ± 0.9, 18.7 ± 1.5 ( p = 0.001 at baseline), and 16.7 ± 1.3 mm Hg ( p = 0.038 from baseline) at, respectively, baseline, 1 month follow-up, and final follow-up. There was also a sustained reduction in heartburn score (off proton pump inhibitor) (3.40 ± 0.13 vs. 1.53 ± 0.24 and 1.87 ± 0.26 at baseline vs. 1 month and final follow-up, respectively; p Conclusions: Ethylene-vinyl-alcohol implantation in the muscle of the cardia is feasible and safe. It leads to a sustained increase in resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure. This is associated with a sustained improvement in heartburn score for patients who previously required continuous therapy with a proton pump inhibitor. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:335-41.)
Oxidation of tertiary amines by hexachloroacetone

Abstract Triethylamine and ethyldiisopropylamine are oxidized by hexachloroacetone. The vinyldialkylamines are acylated by hexachloroacetone, a discussion of the mechanism is presented.
The ascription of meaning: A Wittgensteinian perspective

Following Wittgenstein's concept of meaning‐as‐use, this essay argues that the ascription of meaning should be based on the satisfaction of contextual criteria. The usefulness of this notion is demonstrated by showing how it can serve as a bridging concept between general rules and situated contexts.
Modulation of Adenylylcyclase by Protein Kinase C in Human Neurotumor SK-N-MC Cells: Evidence that the α Isozyme Mediates Both Potentiation and Desensitization

Exposure of human SK-N-MC neurotumor cells to 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased isoproterenol stimulation of cyclic AMP levels by severalfold. This potentiation was blocked by inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) and did not occur in cells in which PKC had been down-regulated. PMA treatment also enhanced the stimulation by dopamine, cholera toxin, and forskolin. Thus, the effect of PMA on the adenylylcyclase system was postreceptor and involved either the guanine nucleotide binding regulatory (G) proteins or the cyclase itself. As PMA treatment did not impair the inhibition of isoproterenol stimulation by neuropeptide Y, an involvement of the inhibitory G protein Gi was unlikely. Cholate extracts of membranes from control and PMA-treated cells were equally effective in the reconstitution of adenylylcyclase activity in S49 cyc- membranes, which lack the stimulatory G protein subunit Gs alpha; thus, Gs did not appear to be the target of PMA action. Membranes from PMA-treated cells exhibited increased adenylylcyclase activity to all stimulators including Mn2+ and Mn2+ plus forskolin. In addition, activity was increased when control membranes were incubated with ATP and purified PKC from rat brain. This is consistent with a direct effect of PKC on the adenylylcyclase catalyst in SK-N-MC cells. PMA treatment also resulted in a shift to less sensitivity in the K(act) for isoproterenol but not for dopamine or CGP-12177 (a beta 3-adrenergic agonist) stimulation. Thus, the beta 1 but not the D1 or beta 3 receptors were being desensitized by PKC activation. Analysis of SK-N-MC cells by western blotting with antibodies against different PKC isozymes revealed that both the alpha and zeta isozymes were present in these cells. Whereas PKC-alpha was activated and translocated from cytosol to membrane by phorbol esters, the zeta isozyme was not. Thus, PKC-alpha, which has been implicated in desensitization in other cell lines, also appears to potentiate adenylylcyclase activity.
Critiquing the Critics: Statistical Analysis of Music Critics' Rating Distributions as a Measure of Individual Refinement

In order to evaluate rating behavior among modern music critics, a previously compiled database that randomly sampled 352 different critics' ratings of more than 15,000 albums was utilized. Potential quantitative markers of rating refinement were explored by analyzing frequency distributions of album ratings. As a group, critics' ratings were found to be roughly normally distributed, but individual critics were found to vary widely in rating behavior, as evidenced by both visual inspection of histograms and related statistics, such as skewness, kurtosis, z-score ranges, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov calculations. Precision remains an area in need of improvement among all critics, with the rating scales varying between only 10-20% precision, and ceiling effects with somewhat negatively skewed distributions occurring among some critics.
Numerical study of the effects of icing on finite wing aerodynamics

The sectional and total aerodynamics load characteristics of moderate aspect ratio wings with and without simulated glaze leading-edge ice are studied using a three-dimensional, compressible Navier-Stokes solver. The wing has an untwisted, untapered planform shape with NACA 0012 airfoil section. The aspect ratio of the wing is chosen to be 5. Comparisons of computed surface pressures and sectional loads with experimental data for identical configurations are given. The abrupt decrease in the wing stall angle as a result of the leading edge ice formation is numerically demonstrated.
Correlation of sulfuric acid-water partial pressures

Abstract The measured partial pressures of sulfuric acid and water above aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid in the (low) temperature range 363 K to 443 K were correlated to within 16 percent on the average by hypothesizing vapor-phase solvation of sulfuric acid and water. The temperature coefficient of the chemical equilibrium constant of the complex is 16.2 kcal. Previous correlations, which assumed ideal gases, were as much as an order of magnitude low in predicting sulfuric acid partial pressures. Liquid-phase fugacities, which had been determined from calorimetric and emf measurements, were taken from the literature for use in this study.