cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of therapeutic hypothermia in the management of acute spinal cord injury

Abstract This review paper investigates the history, efficacy, and administration of systemic and local hypothermia for spinal cord injury (SCI). It summarizes the published experimental and clinical evidence on hypothermia for SCI and analyzes the potential for further research. Early experimental animal research showed that local hypothermia improved recovery and gain of function after acute SCI. However, in the early 1970s, clinical research findings did not coincide with results of these animal trials, which led to a loss of interest in local hypothermia. Since the 1980s, systemic hypothermia has been successfully used to treat SCI in both animals and humans. An abundance of positive evidence suggests that clinical trials are needed to determine the effectiveness of hypothermia for SCI. As a first step, we investigated the published clinical and experimental evidence on the use of hypothermia for SCI patients, who have few available treatment options. We searched PubMed for English-language reports published from 1940 to 2016 containing terms related to SCI treatment using hypothermia. We reviewed all articles on local hypothermia and acute SCI or on systemic hypothermia and acute SCI. Bibliographies of retrieved publications were also screened for additional citations. Ninety-six papers were selected. The clinical use of hypothermia is most successful if applied according to certain optimized parameters (e.g., duration, temperature, time from injury to initiation of cooling, and rewarming time). Preliminary data suggest that modest systemic hypothermia applied for 48 h provides the best therapeutic value, but the parameters for use of local hypothermia vary greatly. Experimental evidence and some clinical evidence suggest that both local hypothermia and systemic hypothermia are beneficial for acute SCI. Future research should focus on defining the optimal levels of parameters. Large, multicenter, controlled clinical trials are needed to investigate its therapeutic potential.
Limited effects of source population identity and number on seagrass transplant performance

Global declines in coastal foundation species highlight the importance of effective restoration. In this study, we examined the effects of source population identity and diversity (one vs. three sources per plot) on seagrass (Zostera marina) transplant success. The field experiment was replicated at two locations in Massachusetts with adjacent natural Zostera marina beds to test for local adaptation and source diversity effects on shoot density. We also collected morphological and genetic data to characterize variation within and among source populations, and evaluate whether they were related to performance. Transplants grew and expanded until six months post-transplantation, but then steadily declined at both sites. Prior to declines, we observed variation in performance among source populations at one site that was related to morphological traits: the populations with the longest leaves had the highest shoot densities, whereas the population with the shortest leaves performed the worst at six months post-transplantation. In addition, multiple source plots at this same transplant site consistently had similar or higher shoot densities than single source plots, and shoots from weak-performing populations showed improved performance in multiple source plots. We found no evidence for home site advantage or benefits of population-level genetic variation in early transplant performance at either site. Our results show limited effects of source population on early transplant performance and suggest that factors (e.g., morphology) other than home site advantage and population genetic variation serve a role. Based on our overall findings that transplant success varied among source populations and that population diversity at the plot level had positive but limited effects on individual and plot performance, we support planting shoots from multiple source sites in combination to enhance transplant success, particularly in the absence of detailed information on individual source characteristics.
Streptococcus anginosus is associated with postoperative intraabdominal collections in appendicitis

Abstract Aim of study Streptococcus anginosus group (SA) (formerly Streptococcus milleri ) are pathogens recognised to have a high risk of postoperative collection in appendicitis, although little data exist specifically in children. We performed a retrospective review of all microbiological data from appendicectomies to assess whether there was an association in children. Methods A retrospective case note review of patients admitted to a paediatric tertiary centre coded for appendicitis from January 2015 to October 2016 was completed. Initial length of stay (LOS), cumulative hospital days, histology, microbiology, and radiology reports were recorded. The postoperative antibiotic regimen was based on surgeon's choice and not standardised. Main results 231 children were identified, and 18 were excluded. In the remainder, 169 (78.9%) had positive microbiology cultures, and of these 45 were positive for SA (26.6%). There was no significant variation in monthly incidence (P=0.58). Patients with SA+ve cultures were associated with complicated appendicitis on histology (P=0.01), longer LOS and cumulative hospital days (P=0.001), and increased likelihood of developing postoperative collections (P=0.001). The relative risk of developing a postoperative collection with SA+ve cultures was 2.40. There was no difference in time to presentation, histology, or intervention between SA and non-SA patients who developed collections. All SA cultures were sensitive to penicillin and erythromycin. Conclusion SA cultured from intraoperative serial swabs is associated with an increased risk of developing postoperative collection (2.40). Using this information with standardisation of antimicrobial management may reduce the rate of postoperative complications in paediatric appendicitis. Level of evidence Level II prognosis study.
Microorganisms in Evaporites: Review of Modern Geomicrobiology

The “geomicrobiology” of evaporites—microorganisms and associated biomaterials preserved in saline minerals—has seen great progress over the past decade. There are many new reports of culturing archaea and bacteria (Stan-Lotter et al. 1999, 2002; Vreeland et al. 2000, 2007; Mormile et al. 2003; Gruber et al. 2004; Schubert et al. 2009b, 2010a; Gramain et al. 2011), sequencing prokaryote DNA (Radax et al. 2001; Fish et al. 2002; Park et al. 2009; Panieri et al. 2010; Gramain et al. 2011), and identifying organic compounds such as beta carotene and cellulose (Griffith et al. 2008; Schubert et al. 2010b; Lowenstein et al. 2011) from ancient samples of halite (NaCl) and gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O). Tiny droplets of brine trapped within evaporite minerals, called fluid or brine inclusions, seem to be an important, but not exclusive, haven for microbes and biomaterials in buried evaporites. Given the expanded interest in microbial life in evaporites, and the potential implications regarding the search for life in the solar system, it seemed worthwhile to summarize the most important findings in the geomicrobiology of evaporites. The last such summary of advances in the geomicrobiology of ancient evaporites was by Vreeland and Powers (1999), so the focus here is on the last 10 years.
Distance scaling of electric-field noise in a surface-electrode ion trap

We investigate anomalous ion-motional heating, a limitation to multi-qubit quantum-logic gate fidelity in trapped-ion systems, as a function of ion-electrode separation. Using a multi-zone surface-electrode trap in which ions can be held at five discrete distances from the metal electrodes, we measure power-law dependencies of the electric-field noise experienced by the ion on the ion-electrode distance $d$. We find a scaling of approximately $d^{-4}$ regardless of whether the electrodes are at room temperature or cryogenic temperature, despite the fact that the heating rates are approximately two orders of magnitude smaller in the latter case. Through auxiliary measurements using application of noise to the electrodes, we rule out technical limitations to the measured heating rates and scalings. We also measure frequency scaling of the inherent electric-field noise close to $1/f$ at both temperatures. These measurements eliminate from consideration anomalous-heating models which do not have a $d^{-4}$ distance dependence, including several microscopic models of current interest.
Development of a novel diffractive optical element which detects the center wavelength of a light source using a multiplex fresnel hologram

In our previous study, it was cleared that a Fresnel hologram was able to image the design pattern even if the wavelength of incident light had wavelength width of about 50 nm to the design wavelength. In this study, we propose a novel diffractive optical element which detects the center wavelength of a light source using a multiplex Fresnel hologram. Moreover, the designed Fresnel holograms were evaluated by experiments using spatial light modulators. The diffraction images of designed Fresnel holograms were taken with CCD camera. Then, the center wavelength of light source was detected from the cross correlation value between the design image and the diffraction image using image processing. As a result, it was found that the diffraction efficiency becomes the maximum value when the design wavelength coincides with the center wavelength of the light source.
Immune profiling of microsatellite instability-high and polymerase ε ( POLE )-mutated metastatic colorectal tumors identifies predictors of response to anti-PD-1 therapy

Background: Microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) and polymerase e ( POLE )-mutated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) represent hypermutated and ultramutated tumor phenotypes, respectively, that may predict benefit to checkpoint blockade [anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)]. Methods: Immune profiling through multispectral fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a multimarker staining panel was performed on pretreatment tumor specimens from a cohort of MSI-H or POLE mCRC patients treated with PD-1 blockade at our institution to identify candidate predictors of response to checkpoint inhibitors. Results: From 4/2013 to 1/2017, a total of 237 mCRC patients with molecularly profiled tumors were screened. Five MSI-H and three POLE -mutated mCRC patients were treated with checkpoint inhibitors. Immune profiling identified higher CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of responders (CR or PR as best response) than nonresponders (SD or PD as best response). Responders had significantly higher densities of CD8+ PD-1+ TILs than nonresponders (P=0.0007). PD-L1 expression (P=0.73), CD4+ T-cell density (P=0.39), and CD4+ FOXP3+ T-cell density (P=0.68) did not significantly differ, but the percentage of CD4+ Tbet+ T-cells (Th1 phenotype) was also significantly higher in responders than nonresponders (P=0.0007). Conclusions: Higher densities of CD8+ TILs, PD-1-expressing CD8+ TILs, and tumor-infiltrating immune cells with a Th1 phenotype in the TME may predict response to checkpoint inhibitors in MSI-H and POLE -mutated mCRC.
Self-medication of mood and anxiety disorders with marijuana: Higher in states with medical marijuana laws

Abstract Background Self-medication with drugs or alcohol is commonly reported among adults with mood or anxiety disorders, and increases the risk of developing substance use disorders. Medical marijuana laws (MML) may be associated with greater acceptance of the therapeutic value of marijuana, leading individuals to self-medicate. Methods The study utilized data from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (2004–2005). Participants were sampled from households in the general population and included adults with a mood or anxiety disorder in the past 12 months (n = 7418), and the subset of those who used marijuana and no other drug (n = 314). Weighted logistic regression models predicted the prevalence of self-medication with drugs in U.S. states with and without MML, adjusting for individual and state-level covariates. As a negative control, analyses were repeated for self-medication with alcohol. Results Overall, self-medication with drugs was 3.73 percentage points higher (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93–6.53) among those living in MML states (p = 0.01). For the subpopulation that only used marijuana, self-medication with drugs was 21.22 percentage points higher (95% CI: 3.91–38.53) among those living in MML states (p = 0.02). In contrast, self-medication with alcohol had nearly identical prevalence in MML and non-MML states, overall and for drinkers. Conclusions Among adults with mood or anxiety disorders, living in a medical marijuana law state is associated with self-medication with marijuana. While additional research is needed to determine the reasons for this association, clinical screening for self-medication with marijuana may be particularly important in states with medical marijuana laws.
Recall in Financial Settings: The Effects of Encoding Specificity and Mental Imagery

Financial information is often presented in different formats. As a result, preparers and users may initially encode financial data into memory when viewing one format, and then later try to recall that information when viewing another presentation format. This study examines whether format presentation at encoding and retrieval affects recall of financial information. We also investigate whether memory for financial information can be improved with a simple technique that uses mental imagery to reinstate the original encoding conditions. We find that even a minor change in the presentation format has significant effects on memory for financial information. Our results also suggest that the use of mental imagery to reinstate the original format may significantly improve memory for such information. Implications of these findings for accounting decision making are discussed.
Aperture synthesis with a monochromatic metasurface imaging system for 3D near-field imaging

Microwave imaging systems have become increasingly prevalent owing to their ability to obtain 3D images while penetrating optically-opaque materials. These capabilities have motivated the development of various microwave imaging systems for applications ranging from security screening to biomedical imaging. Recent demonstrations have evidenced the idea that metasurface apertures can improve the hardware characteristics of microwave imaging systems due to their lightweight, low-cost, and planar nature. While metasurfaces can improve the antenna hardware, the large spectral bandwidth required for microwave imaging still incurs complex, costly, and performance-limiting RF components. To address the drawbacks inherent to using a large bandwidth, recent works have suggested that near-field microwave imaging can be performed at a single frequency point. In this work, monochromatic imaging is demonstrated by deploying two metasurface apertures to form a near-field microwave imaging system. By leveraging the unique radiation patterns emitted by metasurfaces, a pair of metasurface antennas, one acting as a transmitter and the other as a receiver, can acquire range and cross range information with measurements taken at a single frequency. We will show that this operation can then be supplemented by introducing aperture synthesis in the height direction to obtain fully 3D images. To account for the unusual illumination strategy, a reconstruction algorithm based on the range migration algorithm is formulated and implemented to enable efficient reconstruction of 3D images. Ultimately, the metasurface hardware, aperture synthesis, and monochromatic operation are combined to form an imaging system with high performance capabilities, without requiring complex and costly hardware.
Automated telephone calls to enhance colorectal cancer screening: economic analysis.

Colorectal cancer screening has been shown to be a cost-effective intervention, but uncertainty remains over the most cost-effective methods for increasing screening rates. We used data from a pragmatic randomized controlled trial to estimate the cost-effectiveness of an automated telephone intervention from a managed care perspective. Intervention group patients received calls for fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) screening. Electronic medical records confirmed whether a patient had completed screening. We searched patient’s electronic medical record for any screening (defined as FOBT, flexible sigmoidoscopy, double contrast barium enema, or colonoscopy) during follow-up. Intervention costs included project implementation and management, telephone calls, patient identification and tracking. Costs of screening included FOBT (kits, mailing and processing) and any completed screening tests during follow-up. We estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the cost per additional screen. Results At 6 months average costs per patient in the intervention group were $37 (25% screened) and $34 (19% screened) in the control groups. The ICER at 6 months was $40 per additional screen. The probability of cost-effectiveness was 0.49, 0.84 and 0.99 for willingness to pay thresholds of $40, $100 and $200, respectively. Similar results were seen at 9 months. Screening rates and cost-effectiveness differed by age. A greater increase in FOBT testing was seen for patients aged 70 years and over (45 per 100 intervention, 33 per 100 control) compared with younger patients (25 per 100 intervention, 21 per 100 control). The intervention was dominant (lower costs and greater proportion of patients screened) for patients aged 70 years and over and was $73 per additional screen for younger patients.
Functionized Polyolefins Prepared by Borane Approach

Despite commercial success, the inert nature of polyolefins significantly limits their end uses, particularly, those in which adhesion or compatibility with other materials is paramount. Unfortunately, there is only very limited success in the functionalization of polyolefins by the existing processes. Polyolefins are mainly prepared by Ziegler-Natta polymerization, such catalysts are normally incapable of incorporating functional group-containing monomers because of catalyst poisonings1. On the other hand, post-polymerization processes suffer from other problems, such as the degradation2 of polymer backbone. It is clear that there is a fundamental need to develop new chemistry which can address the challenge of preparing functionalized polyolefins, especially polypropylene and poly(1-butene) with controllable molecular weight and functional group concentration.
Catalytic Regio- and Enantioselective Haloazidation of Allylic Alcohols

Herein we report a highly regio- and stereoselective haloazidation of allylic alcohols. This enantioselective reaction uses readily available materials and can be performed on a variety of alkyl-substituted alkenes and can incorporate either bromine or chlorine as the electrophilic halogen component. Both halide and azido groups of the resulting products can be transformed into valuable building blocks with complete stereospecificity. The first example of an enantioselective 1,4-haloazidation of a conjugated diene is reported as well as its application to a concise synthesis of an aza-sugar.
Preliminary Validation of an Adaptive Tactical Training Model: Cognitive Alignment With Performance-Targeted Training Intervention Model

Abstract Effective decision-making is a hallmark of military leadership, and development of decision-makers is critical to military strategy. The Cognitive Alignment with Performance-Targeted Training Intervention Model (CAPTTIM) was developed to aid training of optimal decision-making. A subject's cognitive state suggests when the subject is exploring the decision environment versus exploiting it, and decision performance classifies whether or not the subject is making optimal decisions. CAPTTIM indicates whether those factors are aligned for achieving optimal decision-making—exploiting the environment and making optimal decisions—or not. This study identified each subject's CAPTTIM status in real time during a decision task and, when cognitive state was misaligned with decision performance, provided feedback to influence the subject's future decisions. Results provide preliminary validation of CAPTTIM: different decision-making trajectories were revealed, and those subjects who received CAPTTIM-oriented feedback were more likely to reach optimal decision-making.
M-Pattern: A novel scheme for improving the security of Android Pattern unlock against smudge attacks

Abstract Smudge attacks are a threat specifically targeting Android pattern unlock. Current solutions improve the security of pattern unlock by significantly reducing its usability. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme called M-Pattern to improve the security of pattern unlock against smudge attacks without significantly compromising the usability. A security analysis was performed to demonstrate that M-Pattern can have significantly stronger security than normal pattern unlock by just using two simple patterns. A pilot user study was also carried out to investigate the usability of M-Pattern.
Art, Science, and Education: An Interview with Professor Susan McConnell

Susan McConnell is the Susan B. Ford Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Stanford University. McConnell studies the development of the cerebral cortex, the brain region that controls our highest cognitive and perceptual functions. McConnell explores the mechanisms by which young neurons acquire an identity and establish specific connections. Her studies provide insights into the process of how the brain wires itself up during normal development. She has earned two of Stanford's highest teaching honors, the Hoagland Prize for Undergraduate Teaching and the Walter J. Gores Award for Excellence in Teaching. From 2010-2012, she co-chaired a university-wide commission that evaluated undergraduate education at Stanford. McConnell also created the The Senior Reflection in Biology, where students in the year-long course undertake a creative project about a scientific topic that is meaningful to them. McConnell travels several times a year to capture intimate photographs of wildlife on the velds of South Africa, Namibia, and elsewhere in southern Africa. The stunning images she captures of wildlife in Africa have been featured in magazines and blogs, including a cover of Smithsonian magazine. Biography adapted from and photo from Susan McConnell’s profiles at https://profiles.stanford.edu/susan-mcconnell and http://www.hhmi.org/scientists/susan-k-mcconnell.
Large-Scale Image Geo- Tagging Using Affective Classification

Images have always had a significant effect on their viewers at an emotional level by portraying so much in a single frame. These emotions have also been involved in human decision making. Machines can also be made emotionally intelligent using ‘Affective Computing’, giving them the ability of decision making by involving emotions. Emotional aspect of machine learning has been used in areas like E-Health and E-learning etc. In this paper, the emotional aspect of machines has been used to perform Geo-tagging of an image. The proposed solution concentrates on a hybrid approach towards Affective Image Classification where the Elements-of-Art based emotional features (EAEF) and Principles-of-Art based emotional features (PAEF) are combined. Firstly, experiments are performed on these two sets of features individually. Then, these two sets are combined to obtain a Hybrid feature vector and same experiments are performed on this feature vector. On comparison of results, it is indicated that the hybrid approach gives better accuracy then either individual approach. Images in this research work are downloaded from Yahoo Flickr Creative Commons 100 Million (YFCC100M) dataset which contains the co-ordinates of millions of images and are free to use.
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs, have a substantial role in medical practice. They are commonly acquired as over-the-counter medications but may also be prescribed for their ability to relieve pain, alleviate inflammation, and reduce fever. NSAIDs work by inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX), affecting the production of mediators involved in pain pathways and inflammation. NSAIDs have become well known for a multitude of adverse effects, which stem from altering the homeostatic properties of cyclooxygenase in various organs. In an attempt to mitigate some of the adverse effects, COX-2 selective medications were introduced; however, there still remain undesired reactions and potential harm from their use.
The Complexity of the Homeopathic Healing Response Part 1: The Role of the Body as a Complex Adaptive System in Simillimum-Initiated Recovery from Disease.

Background The concepts of complex systems science enhance the understanding of how people develop and recover from disease. Living systems (human beings, animals, and plants) are self-organizing complex adaptive systems (CAS): that is, interconnected networks. CAS maintain life by initiating and carrying out non-linear dynamical changes to optimize survival fitness and function in the context of an ever-changing environment. Aims In Part 1 of this two-part paper, we relate concepts from complex systems science to homeopathic healing. The systemic changes of homeopathic healing involve adaptive patterns of responses to salient signals (similia) for reversing disease patterns and generating emergent multi-symptom healing over time. Methods and Results This narrative review relates homeopathic clinical practice theory to complex systems and network research. Homeopathic medicines communicate individually salient environmental information to the organism, with effects that are multi-system and indirect. The body's defense mechanisms recognize the self-similar information that the correctly chosen simillimum medicine at low dose conveys as a weak external/internal environmental stressor or danger signal (hormetin) to mobilize neural and cellular defenses. The body networks then use endogenous cell to cell signaling and amplify the small magnitude signal information. The results are disproportionately large: that is, non-linear, adaptive, modifications across the inter-connected self-organized biological networks/sub-systems of the body. CAS amplification mechanisms for small or weak signals include stochastic resonance, time-dependent sensitization, and hormesis. Conclusions The body as a complex system has the capacity for self-organization, emergence and self-similarity over global (overall health and wellbeing) and local (organ) levels of organization. These features are key for future research on the systemic healing that evolves over time during individualized homeopathic treatment.
Use of Imitation Training for Targeting Grammar: A Narrative Review.

Purpose The purpose of this narrative review was to examine the evidence for imitation training for targeting grammar in children with developmental language disorder. Method Studies investigating ...
Field Philosophy and Social Justice

Field philosophy is a method of philosophical practice. As such, it is open or neutral with regard to topic and content, to the social location of collaborators, and to the type of outcome or produ...
Preparing for delivery of the Lunar Ice Cube compact IR spectrometer payload

Lunar Ice Cube, scheduled to be launched on ARTEMIS I in late 2021, is a deep space cubesat mission with the goals of demonstrating 1) a cubesat-scale instrument (BIRCHES) capable of addressing NASA HEOMD Strategic Knowledge Gaps related to lunar volatile distribution (abundance, location, and transportation physics of water ice), and 2) cubesat propulsion, via the Busek BIT 3 RF Ion engine. The mission will also demonstrate the AIM/IRIS microcryocooler for the first time in deep space. BIRCHES integration is nearly complete, with several changes made to the thermal design to improve detector performance. Final preflight instrument testing and calibration, our ongoing concern to be emphasized here, have been delayed due to the mandated closure rules of NASA facilities. Lunar Ice Cube, along with two other cubesats deployed from ARTEMIS I, Lunar Flashlight and LunaH-Map, will be the first deep cubesat missions to deliver science data to the Planetary Data System.
Leadership Disruption: Time to Reimagine Leadership Talent

Rapid changes in the global orbit, whether these are demographics, politics, pandemics or even technology shifts, all have considerable implications for leaders. The current world context is disrupting leadership practices because they are no longer meeting the needs of organizations and are forcing the reimagining of the talent needed to lead in this volatile era. Disruption: The global turmoil, whether it is a pandemic of galactic size, a political upheaval, an economic crisis, or even a seismic shift in the technology, disruption is shifting the role of leadership as we know it. To reimagine how to lead in the disruptive landscape, there are four actions needed to incorporate into organizational conversations: reality, relevancy, rethinking, and reimagining. The shadow side of not paying attention to those four objectives causes leaders to fruitlessly waste time and money by focusing on superficial skills and abilities. Conclusion: “In characterizing an era with a specific label, one runs the risk of making a claim that cannot be substantiated. And yet, the leadership disruption label fits clearly in the 21st century as the global planet seems to be under a strong magnetic force of uncertainty and chaos. Leading through disruption presents a unique set of opportunities and challenges for leaders to not only reinvent themselves but to reimagine their organizations. Leaders will need a distinct set of skills to lead successfully through the disruption: act decisively, never panic, communicate clear directions to the teams, solve problems creatively, and achieve the results to be the most thorough transformation [4]. Adding to the label disruptive leadership, Palus and Horth [19] contend that the words volatile, multidimensional, and unprecedented are key descriptors when leading through challenges.
Verification and Validation of Log-Periodic Power Law Models

We propose and implement a nonlinear Verification and Validation (V&V) methodology to test two fitting procedures for the log-periodic power law model (LPPL), a model that has diverse applications across data analysis, but known estimation issues. Prior studies have focused on ex-post analyses of rare events: Earthquakes, glacial break-off events, and financial crashes. Or, on non-dynamical simulations such as additive noise or resampling. Our results reject an estimation scheme that pre-conditions observed data by fitting and removing an exponential trend. We validate a subordinated algorithm, and confirm that it passes Feigenbaum's criticism, which articulates a broad hurdle for ex-post statistical learning from rare events.
Relationship Between Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Age and IQ in Preschool and School-Age Children and Adolescents with Autism and with ADHD

Relationships between sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and age and IQ were investigated in children with autism and/or ADHD covering broader age and IQ ranges than in previous studies. Mothers rated 1436 children with autism and 1,056 with ADHD (2–17 years, IQs 9–149) on Pediatric Behavior Scale SCT items. Increasing age correlated with SCT in the autism, ADHD-Combined, and ADHD-Inattentive samples. SCT prevalence rates were 22% preschool, 29% early childhood, 41% late childhood, and 50% adolescence. Correlations between IQ and SCT were small and negative. SCT was lowest in children with above average intelligence. Children referred for autism and ADHD should be assessed for SCT, irrespective of IQ and age, given SCT’s high prevalence and association with social and academic impairment.
Stabilizing spiral structures and population diversity in the asymmetric May–Leonard model through immigration

We study the induction and stabilization of spiral structures for the cyclic three-species stochastic May–Leonard model with asymmetric predation rates on a spatially inhomogeneous two-dimensional toroidal lattice using Monte Carlo simulations. In an isolated setting, strongly asymmetric predation rates lead to rapid extinction from coexistence of all three species to a single surviving population. Even for weakly asymmetric predation rates, only a fraction of ecologies in a statistical ensemble manages to maintain full three-species coexistence. However, when the asymmetric competing system is coupled via diffusive proliferation to a fully symmetric May–Leonard patch, the stable spiral patterns from this region induce transient plane-wave fronts and ultimately quasi-stationary spiral patterns in the vulnerable asymmetric region. Thus, the endangered ecological subsystem may effectively become stabilized through immigration from even a much smaller stable region. To describe the stabilization of spiral population structures in the asymmetric region, we compare the increase in the robustness of these topological defects at extreme values of the asymmetric predation rates in the spatially coupled system with the corresponding asymmetric May–Leonard model in isolation. We delineate the quasi-stationary nature of coexistence induced in the asymmetric subsystem by its diffusive coupling to a symmetric May–Leonard patch, and propose a (semi-)quantitative criterion for the spiral oscillations to be sustained in the asymmetric region.
Copper intrauterine contraceptive device event rates following insertion 4 to 8 weeks post partum

There is a consensus in the literature that intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) should not be inserted within 8 weeks post partum because of reported greater rates of pregnancy, expulsion, and perforation. This greater incidence of event rates was observed in certain clinics that used large plastic IUDs, mainly the loops. In an effort to determine whether the interval from delivery to insertion of a copper-bearing IUD caused altered event rates, an analysis of studies of parous women who were using five different copper-bearing IUDs was undertaken. During the time of these studies, 411 women had an IUD inserted between 4 and 8 weeks post partum, whereas 1,197 women had the IUD inserted more than 8 weeks after a term delivery. At the end of 1 and 2 years of use, there were 4,164 and 6,816 woman months of experience, respectively, in the women with postpartum insertion, and 11,647 and 19,733 woman months of experience with insertion more than 8 weeks post partum. There were no uterine perforations in this experience, and there were no significant differences in the termination rates of any event between the two groups. This retrospective analysis indicates that copper IUDs can be inserted at the time of the routine postpartum examination without concern that the rate of accidental pregnancy, expulsion, or removal for bleeding and/or pain will be increased in comparison with a later insertion.
Sex-dimorphic behaviour development in the human: prenatal hormone administration and postnatal socialization

An interdisciplinary integrative approach must be utilized in the study of psychosexual differentiation. The approach must capitalize on data derived from non-human models, from experiments of nature, and from experiments of nurture. Studies from non-human primates strongly suggest the influence of prenatal sex hormone levels on postnatal sexually dimorphic behaviours. Starting from this basis we have studied sixty young adult men whose mothers received, during pregnancy, diethylstilboestrol, diethylstilboestrol and natural progesterone, natural progesterone, or synthetic progesterone. They have been compared with matched controls not exposed in utero to exogenous hormones. Studies of socialization patterns must document the differential developmental experiences, if any, of children with atypical and typical sex-typed behaviours. To this end, we are studying 60 boys whose behaviour before puberty was decidedly feminine, and their parents, and contrasting them with masculine boys and their parents. We are also studying 50 girls whose behaviour before puberty was 'masculine', and contrasting them with 'feminine' girls. Additionally, we are studying the sexually dimorphic behaviour of children of sexually atypical parents. The parents have either undergone sex-change surgery (male-to-female or female-to-male) or are homosexual. Data from the three studies are presented. A call is made to researchers working with non-human primates to test and extend these findings.
THE CURRENT PREVALENCE OF GONOCOCCAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN

In one 6-month period, nine children, ages 11 months through 14 years, presented with gonococcal infections to the Strong Memorial Hospital Pediatric Emergency Department. These patients included young girls with vaginitis whose mothers had gonorrhea and a 10-year-old boy whose sexual contact was a 9-year-old girl. Gonorrhea in children is increasing and takes the form of conjunctivitis, arthritis, or genitourinary infection. The infection seems to be transmitted most often by contamination in the infant, involuntary sexual contact in the young child, and voluntary sexual contact in the older but not necessarily pubescent child. The physician treating children must be aware of the prevalence and characteristics of this type of infection and should use his influence in a preventive manner as well.
Radial distribution of meteoric particles in interplanetary space

The heliocentric distribution of meteoric particles in interplanetary space is derived, with consideration of the Poynting-Robertson effect, interparticle collision processes and cometary dust injection. Radial distribution functions were derived for zodiacal dust, radar meteors and the meteoroids of mass 10 to the -9th to about 10 to the -10th g (normalized to 1 AU). The number density was found to depend on particle size.
Turning the World Upside Down: Gender and Inversion in the work of David Underdown

The concept of inversion, or the world turned upside down, was a central theme in the work that David Underdown produced in the second half of his scholarly career. His writing on the subject began with the subject of scolds and skimmingtons, but extended over time to the examination of Jacobean court scandals and Jacobean drama. This article examines the development of Underdown's thinking about the subject, and in particular his emerging conviction that inversion provided a way of connecting the social, cultural, and political history of early modern England. Finally, it reflects on Underdown's unfinished manuscript on the subject, and shows how the study of inversion in early modern society and culture illuminates, and is illuminated by postmodern approaches to identity, the feminist concept of patriarchal equilibrium, and recent scholarship on humor.
Chemoreception and mechanoreception in the gastropod molluscPleurobranchaea californica

1. Sensory reception in the molluscPleurobranchaea californica was studied in whole animals and surgically reduced preparations by delivering chemical and mechanical stimuli while observing behavior or recording extracellularly the responses of the corresponding nerves. Sensory structures studied included the rhinophores, tentacles and oral veil. 2. Specimens reliably (50% or more) exhibited feeding responses to 10 of 18 amino acids tested (Table 1), including alanine and glycine. In 14 electrophysiological experiments on the rhinophore, medium to high centripetal responses to alanine and/or glycine were obtained in 7 preparations (Fig. 2), while little or no response was obtained in 7 preparations. Responses to different amino acids were sometimes mediated by the same centripetal unit (Fig. 2). 3. The rhinophore nerves showed vigorous excitatory responses to variations in the salt concentration (Figs. 3, 4), osmolarity (Figs. 5, 6), and pH (Figs. 7, 8) of sea water solutions directed onto the rhinophore sensory epithelium. The rhinophore and tentacle nerves showed strong excitatory responses to various salt solutions directed onto the corresponding sensory structure, including 1 osmolar NaCl, NaBr, NaI, Na2SO4 and KCl, but not LiCl (Table 2). Curves relating extracellular discharge to stimulus strength typically showed a minimum in the physiological range and increases to either side of this range (Figs. 4, 8). 4. All nerves studied showed excitatory responses to stimulation with mechanical stimuli (Figs. 9–11). Maps of receptive fields of different nerves (Fig. 10) delineated areas of functional innervation for each nerve and showed little overlap. The same centripetal unit(s) typically responded to mechanostimulation of a wide peripheral area (Fig. 11). 5. All nerves studied showed excitatory responses to application of liquefied food substances to the sensory structures (Figs. 12–15). Dose response curves for different food stimuli (Fig. 13) were similar except at higher stimulus strengths, where mean discharge rates were significantly different for different foods. These and other data furnish neurophysiological evidence for discrimination between different food stimuli, as suggested also by earlier behavioral studies (Davis et al. 1980). 6. For all stimuli, severing the afferent nerves leading from the peripheral sensory epithelium abolished electrophysiological responses. Therefore the responses observed were mediated by the sensory epithelium rather than by direct stimulation of peripheral ganglia or nerves. 7. It is concluded that the rhinophores, tentacles and oral veil participate not only in food detection but also have the sensory capacity to detect changes in several other environmental parameters. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that incoming afferent information is processed by peripheral ganglia before it is relayed centrally.
Sonography of supraspinatus tendon abnormalities in the neutral versus Crass and modified Crass positions: a prospective study.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate how well the neutral arm position correlates with the Crass and modified Crass positions in sonographic evaluation of supraspinatus tendon abnormalities. Methods A prospective study was performed on 32 shoulders in 31 patients with shoulder pain. Images were acquired in the long axis of the supraspinatus tendon in the neutral, Crass, and modified Crass positions and were reviewed independently of each other by 2 radiologists in consensus. The images were evaluated for visualized tendon length, tendinosis, partial- or full-thickness tears, calcific tendinosis, subdeltoid bursitis, and enthesopathic changes. Kappa values of agreement between neutral and Crass and neutral and modified Crass positions were determined. Results The mean visualized tendon lengths were 1.78, 2.83, and 2.77 cm in the neutral, Crass, and modified Crass positions, respectively. Kappa agreements between neutral and Crass and neutral and modified Crass positions were as follows: perfect agreement for calcific tendinosis (neutral versus Crass, κ =1.00; neutral versus modified Crass, κ = 1.00), almost perfect agreement for full-thickness tears (neutral versus Crass, κ = 0.85; neutral versus modified Crass: κ= 0.92) and tendinosis (neutral versus Crass, κ = 0.93; neutral versus modified Crass, κ = 0.86), substantial agreement for enthesopathic changes (neutral versus Crass, κ= 0.80; neutral versus modified Crass, κ= 0.61) and subdeltoid bursitis (neutral versus Crass, κ = 0.63; neutral versus modified Crass, κ = 0.75), and moderate agreement for partial tears (neutral versus Crass, κ = 0.44; neutral versus modified Crass, κ = 0.47). Conclusions For patients who cannot tolerate the Crass or modified Crass position, the neutral position can show full-thickness tears, tendinosis, calcific tendinosis, enthesopathic changes, and bursitis.
Working with Narratives: Coping Strategies in African American Folk Beliefs and Traditional Healing Practices

This article will discuss healing across cultures and describe narrative practice as a means of access to coping strategies in African American folk beliefs and traditional healing practices. Four elements were found in empirical research on folk healing among African Americans: spirituality, ritual, the power of words, and dreams. These culture-specific healing elements often emerge as themes in personal narratives about coping in response to stress, crisis, and trauma. Viewing healing elements as themes is a useful framework for construing meanings from clients' experiences of stress, trauma, and crisis and coping strategies embedded in folk beliefs and traditional healing practices. Additionally, the author presents a structured interview questionnaire for identifying folk healing themes, illustrates narrative practice as an approach for integrating folk beliefs and healing practices, and discusses implications for clinical training.
Action video games and informal education: Effects on strategies for dividing visual attention

Abstract Two experiments investigated the effects of video game expertise on divided visual attention in college students. Divided attention was measured by using response time to targets of varying probabilities at two locations on a computer screen. In one condition the target appeared 10% of the time in one location (low probability position), 80% of the time in the other location (high probability position), and 10% of the time in both locations. In the other condition the target appeared 45% of the time in each position (equiprobable or neutral positions) and 10% of the time in both positions. The subjects for Experiment 1 represented two extremes of video game skill (labeled experts, novices), whereas the subjects for Experiment 2 were an unselected group with a continuous distribution of video game performance (labeled more skillful, less skillful). Experiment 1 established that video game experts were similar to novices in manifesting an attentional benefit (manifested in faster response time) at the high probability position (relative to a neutral or equiprobable position). However, unlike novices, experts did not show an attentional cost (manifested as slower response time) at the low probability position (again relative to a neutral position). Experts also had significantly faster response times than novices at both the 10% and 80% positions, but not at the 45% position. Experiment 2 established that video game experience was a causal factor in improving strategies of divided attention. Five hours of play on a video game called Robotron produced a significant decrease in response time at the 10% location, the locus of the expert-novice difference in Experiment 1.
Tracking inequality : stratification and mobility in American high schools

What has happened since formal tracking was dismantled in U.S. high schools? In this provocative book, SFamuel Lucas reveals that many unintended consequences actually served to transform and submerge a stubborn system of in-school inequality. Drawing on nationally representative data and highly sophisticated methodologies, Lucas examines how the contemporary curricular structure works, including the scope of the structure, mobility within the structure, how an individual's location in the structure is socially patterned, and the consequences of these locations for a student's college entry and career path. These issues are then skillfully linked to long-standing debates about stratification processes within schools and the relationship between schools and Western societies. Appendixes at the end of the book include detailed information about the author's methods of analyses, providing an excellent model for further research.