cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voices of Ghana, 2nd Edition

Voices of Ghana, 2nd Edition, reissues a breakthrough 1958 literary anthology, and will appeal to scholars of independence-era media cultures, as well as scholars of Ghanaian literatures, cultures ...
Towards a Substance-Theory of Substance

For the past three chapters, we have been examining two accounts of the ontological structure of substances. According to one, substances are wholes whose constituents are simply properties; whereas, the other account takes substances to incorporate an additional constituent, a substratum. Now, for epistemological reasons, we were initially inclined to accept the bundle theorist’s account of substance; but we found the substratum theorist pointing to four supposed flaws in the bundle theory, each of which, he claimed, could be overcome only by the appeal to a substratum ontology. The first difficulty was that since substances are contingent beings, they cannot be constituted exclusively by necessary beings. According to the substratum theorist, the contingency of ordinary objects is accounted for only if we admit among their constituents entities that are themselves contingent — substrata. The second difficulty was that the bundle theorist cannot account for identity through change; the possibility of identity through change, we were told, presupposes that each substance incorporates among its constituents a principle of permanence — again, a substratum. The third difficulty was that the bundle theorist is forced to construe all true sentences in which we attribute properties to substances as tautological; to explain the non-tautological truth of such sentences, the substratum theorist insisted that we take substances to incoporate a constituent which, while capable of serving as the possessor of properties, is ontologically independent of the properties which can be predicated of it; and once again the additional constituent was identified with substratum.
Medial Dislocation of the Long Head of the Biceps without Concomitant Subscapularis Tear: A Case Report.

Introduction Medial dislocation of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) is classically known as a pathognomonic finding for a subscapularis or at least a rotator cuff (RC) injury. However, this case report outlines a young active individual with symptomatic medial dislocation of the long head of the biceps with associated posterior instability, without a corresponding RC injury. Case report An 18-year-old male complained of the left shoulder pain and crepitus after a shoulder injury while playing hockey a year prior. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated medial dislocation of the LHBT without subscapularis or supraspinatus tendon injury. The patient complained of instability in the shoulder and exam findings supported posterior instability of the glenohumeral joint. Arthroscopic debridement of the glenohumeral joint with arthroscopic posterior capsulorrhaphy and open biceps tenodesis was performed. The patient regained full and painless range of motion at 2-year follow-up. Conclusion Medial dislocation of the LHBT can occur without injury to the subscapularis tendon. Furthermore, a capsulorrhaphy with open biceps tenodesis and closure of the rotator interval may provide a successful outcome for this rare injury pattern.
Efficient genotyping with backwards compatibility: converting a legacy microsatellite panel for muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) to genotyping-by-sequencing chemistry

Microsatellites have been a staple of population genetics research for over three decades, and many large datasets have been generated with these markers. Microsatellites have been used, for example, to conduct genetic monitoring and construct large multigeneration pedigrees as well as genotype thousands of individuals from a given species to create high-resolution baselines of spatial genetic structure. However, the capillary electrophoresis (CE) approach used to genotype microsatellites is inefficient compared to newer genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approaches, and researchers have begun transitioning away from CE. Backward compatibility between GBS and CE would facilitate a seamless transition to a more efficient chemistry, while ensuring that research based on CE panels could continue. Here, we explore the feasibility of converting a legacy panel of 15 microsatellites developed for muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) from CE to GBS chemistry. Muskellunge are an important sportfish in the Great Lakes region, and the existing microsatellite panel has been used to genotype thousands of samples to develop a region-wide baseline of genetic structure. We successfully converted all 15 microsatellites to GBS chemistry. GBS produced high genotyping rates (98%) and had high concordance with CE microsatellite genotypes (99%). Conversion to GBS required redesign of some primers and pairs to shorten amplicon length and adjust melting temperatures, optimization of primer concentrations, and comparisons with CE genotypes to optimize GBS genotyping parameters; however, none of these steps were especially onerous. Our results demonstrate that it is highly feasible to convert legacy CE panels to GBS, ensuring seamless continuation of important, often long-term research.
Strain in Metal Halide Perovskites: The Critical Role of A-Site Cation

We investigate the role of the A-site cation in the lattice strain of metal halide perovskites (MHPs) upon light illumination and heating—two inevitable factors during the operation of photovoltaic...
Trust in Social Relations

Trust is key to understanding the dynamics of social relations, to the extent that it is often viewed as the glue that holds society together. We review the mounting sociological literature to help...
A Lightweight Graph Transformer Network for Human Mesh Reconstruction from 2D Human Pose.

Existing deep learning-based human mesh reconstruction approaches have a tendency to build larger networks in order to achieve higher accuracy. Computational complexity and model size are often neglected, despite being key characteristics for practical use of human mesh reconstruction models (e.g. virtual try-on systems). In this paper, we present GTRS, a lightweight pose-based method that can reconstruct human mesh from 2D human pose. We propose a pose analysis module that uses graph transformers to exploit structured and implicit joint correlations, and a mesh regression module that combines the extracted pose feature with the mesh template to reconstruct the final human mesh. We demonstrate the efficiency and generalization of GTRS by extensive evaluations on the Human3.6M and 3DPW datasets. In particular, GTRS achieves better accuracy than the SOTA pose-based method Pose2Mesh while only using 10.2% of the parameters (Params) and 2.5% of the FLOPs on the challenging in-the-wild 3DPW dataset. Code will be publicly available.
The Enduring Value of Christian Realism

Christian realism is a “community of discourse” launched by Reinhold Niebuhr and his contemporaries that remains relevant today providing thoughtful perspective on contemporary policy challenges in the foreign policy analysis strand of the formal study of International Relations. The essay lays out some of the basic principles that unite Christian realists, considers whether or not it can be considered a strain of academic “International Relations Theory”, suggests areas for the growth of Christian realist discourse in applied political thinking today, and concludes with some differences between Niebuhrian and Kuyperian approaches.
Investigation and Evaluation of Current and Emerging Whole-Water Sampling Technologies for U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program

4 INTRODUCTION 5 PROJECT ORGANIZATION 7 METHOD OF RESEARCH 8 SUMMARY OF RESULTS 9 CURRENT LOTIC SAMPLERS 10 PORTALBE AUTONOMOUS WHOLE-WATER SAMPLERS 14 CURRENT AUTONOMOUS SUBMERGIBLE WHOLE-WATER SAMPLERS........17 EMERGING AUTONOMOUS SUBMERGIBLE WHOLE-WATER SAMPLERS.......21 CONCLUSION OF PROJECT 22 REFERENCES 26 APPENDIX A (Master outline) 28 APPENDIX B (Lotic water samplers) 31 APPENDIX C (Portable autonomous whole-water samplers) 42 APPENDIX D (Autonomous submergible whole-water samplers) 48 Investigation and Evaluation of Current and Emerging Whole-Water Sampling Technologies 4 Abstract An investigation was conducted into current and emerging surface water sampling technologies.An investigation was conducted into current and emerging surface water sampling technologies. These technologies were compared and recommendations given to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for adoption by the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The goal is to reduce labor costs and increase information content. This paper examines lotic system samplers, portable autonomous whole-water samplers, and autonomous submergible whole-water samplers. When investigating whole-water sampling technology, it was imperative to take into consideration what chemical classifications can be sampled for by each respected technology. Chemical classifications considered are: emerging contaminants, major ions, nutrients, polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, and trace elements. The result of this project shows that USGS is currently using the best technology available for lotic systems. For portable autonomous whole-water samplers it is recommended that USGS incorporate certain brands and models to reduce cost and improve data collection for their sampling events. Autonomous submergible whole-water samplers are primarily advertised for oceanic research; however, if deployed in fresh water systems, USGS can reduce labor cost and increase data collection. In terms of emerging technology, it has been recommended to USGS to consider recent patents.
The Chronological Evidence for the Introduction of Domestic Stock into Southern Africa

This essay reviews radiocarbon dates associated with the earliest evidence of domestic stock in southern Africa and reviews existing models for their introduction in light of the current evidence. Two primary models exist for the introduction of domestic stock into southern Africa: an early Khoisan wave and an Early Iron Age source. Neither model is completely supported by the evidence. Available chronological evidence suggests that Khoisan and Iron Age herders simultaneously ushered domestic stock into the northern and eastern regions of southern Africa. Early Iron Age groups in southern Zambia are likely external sources. Khoisan herders exclusively introduced domestic stock into Namibia and the Cape. However, in the northern and eastern regions of southern Africa, stock possession and transfers probably were complex and involved both Khoisan and Iron Age groups.
Codex Telleriano‐Remensis: Ritual, Divination, and History in a Pictorial Aztec Manuscript

Codex Telleriano Remensis: Ritual, Divination, and History in. Pictorial Aztec Manuscript. Eloise Quinones Keber. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995. xi. 365 pp. 102 color and. b/w photos, 199 line drawings,. maps,. figures, notes, bibliography, index. $75.00 (cloth).
The Rational Choice Myth: The Selection and Compensation of Critical Performers

Some positions within an organization wield unusual impact over the entity's success. The decision makers who hire these critical performers face a daunting task: to distinguish among closely comparable finalists in a context where small differences in talent can produce enormous outcome divergences. I apply research from psychology and behavioral law and economics to argue that decision makers demonstrate unwarranted confidence in their ability to distinguish among nearly identical candidates. The illusion of validity, representativeness bias, insensitivity to predictability, and the fundamental attribution error all impede decision makers' ability to make these fine distinctions. Once they have made a selection, cognitive dissonance induces inappropriate confidence in the outcome's validity and promotes excessive compensation. Involving a group in the decision may worsen these effects by imbuing outcomes with the false veneer of market legitimacy through social cascades and by discouraging contrary views through excessive consensus or groupthink. I examine two types of critical performers with these insights: professional baseball players (where individual contributions to the enterprise can be measured directly) and public company CEOs (where they cannot). I conclude that in both contexts, these phenomena produce inefficient selection and compensation outcomes. While the relative absence of externalities argues against mandatory regulation in baseball, I propose changes in private ordering that should improve efficiency. In the corporate context, I argue that regulation is called for and propose a combination of mandatory compensation caps linked to firm size and a reverse auction among CEO finalists to determine the successful candidate.
The Limits of Leviathan: Contract Theory and the Enforcement of International Law

Foreword 1. Introduction 2. States, firms, and the enforcement of international law 3. Lessons from contract theory 4. A model of optimal enforcement 5. Patterns of international law enforcement 6. The choice between formal and informal enforcement 7. The future of international law and its enforcement Glossary Table of authorities Index.
The Relationship Between Weight and Career Payoffs Among Women

The thesis that weight affects women's life chances for reaching high-status, white-collar jobs is tested with survey data gathered from a large aerospace organization (N = 306). It is hypothesized that women who are at or below their desirable weight will have higher incomes and occupational positions than women who are overweight, with human capital variables controlled. It is further hypothesized that weight will be most related to occupational position in male-dominated occupations and in occupations that involve frequent contact outside the firm. Results show that weight is related to income, but only at entry-level professional/managerial occupations. Weight is significantly related to occupational position, especially so in male-dominated occupations. Weight is not more strongly related to occupational position in jobs involving outside contact. Findings are consistent with the interpretation that discrimination based on weight in the general society extends to the inner workings of workplace organizations.
Weather based irradiance modeling of solar farms

The focus of this paper is on the development of a model to estimate solar irradiance at the Solar Strand, a 750 Kwatt rated solar farm. Using historical data provided by NOAA, the model is parameterized in terms of the time of day, cloud cover, and relative humidity. A polynomial model in terms of the three variables is used to estimate the transmittance of the atmosphere, which in turn provides the estimates of irradiance at the Solar Strand. Using data for the year 2013, the parameters of the model are identified and validated on data acquired for the first three months of 2014. Results of the model are encouraging providing motivation to carry out further studies on characterizing the uncertainties associated with the estimates.
Access to fiction for children: a user-based assessment of options and opportunities

Empirical evidence gained through intensive methods of observation of children's actual search for fiction grounds the analysis and enables concrete examples of how rerpesentation, classification, and display design decisions may help or hinder children as they work to access fiction. The paper introduces and analytically utilizes a framework of varied perspectives to identify areas that may need design attention as well as associated design options. These perspectives include the person, the social and cultural contests, the task, and time and timing
The Political Economy of Colonization: Mathew Carey, Henry Clay, and Abraham Lincoln

This paper examines the neglected interrelationship between the American System school of economic thought and the controversial policy of black colonization abroad, as developed by Henry Clay and his political progeny. By examining Clay's version of colonization as an extension of his political economy, further light is shed upon the complex relationship between slavery and the antebellum American economy. Though best known for its role in the founding of Liberia, Clay's scheme of voluntarily resettling freedmen abroad also reflected his attempt to separate the American System from its early dependence upon slave-produced raw materials - a position he developed politically as well as on theoretical grounds with the assistance of economic pamphleteer Mathew Carey. The American System's interrelationship with the colonization movement is then traced to Clay's most notable political successor Abraham Lincoln. In doing so the study offers a corrective to the role of colonization in the American Civil War literature by re-situating the policy within Lincoln's Clay-infused political economy and treating it as a serious, if ultimately fruitless, extension of his own grappling with the problem of slavery.
The Vulnerability of Mobile Home Residents in Tornado Disasters: The 2008 Super Tuesday Tornado in Macon County, Tennessee

Abstract Mobile home residents are known to be highly vulnerable to tornadoes and account for a considerable portion of tornado-related fatalities. The problem is partially related to the limited protection provided by the structure; however, shortcomings in preparedness and response to warnings may also play a role. This study investigated mobile home resident preparedness and responses to warnings for identifying areas where they might be more vulnerable than permanent home residents (brick and wood-frame houses). The study site was Macon County, Tennessee, which reported the highest number of fatalities during the 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak. A post-disaster survey was conducted within days of the disaster, and the study group included 127 local residents: 35% mobile home (MH) residents, 61% permanent home (PH) residents, and 4% other. An unconditional exact test was used to test for statistical significance (0.05 level) because the sample was nonrandom. The MH residents were less prepared than...
CARBON DIOXIDE DYNAMICS: A RECORD OF ORGANIC CARBON PRODUCTION, RESPIRATION, AND CALCIFICATION IN THE ENIWETOK REEF FLAT COMMUNITY1

Organic carbon production, respiration, and calcification alter the CO:! content of water crossing the Eniwctok windward reef flat. Changes in pII and total alkalinity can be used to partition the CO, chnngcs into those due to production-respiration and those due to calcification. Gas transfer across the air-sea intcrfnce is minor. Both a transect visually dominated by a mixture of corals and algae and a transect dominated by an algal turf calcified at an avcragc rate of 4,000 g CnCO,, n-” yr-‘, with no apparent day-to-night difference. Although nighttime rcspirntion on both transects was 0.12 g C m-” hr-‘, the algal transect exhibited a much higher daytime net production rate than did the coral-algal transect ( 0.72 vs. 0.25 g C m-’ hr-’ ) . Although little particulate &CO.: was removed From the reef flat during these stuclics, thcrc has been virtually no net C&O:, accumulation there over the last several thousand years.
Capability Deprivation and Income Poverty in the United States, 1994 and 2004: Measurement Outcomes and Demographic Profiles

Shifting focus from income to capability signifies an important milestone toward accurately measuring poverty and deprivation. This paper operationalizes capability deprivation in the United States and compares measurement outcomes among various capability approaches and between capability and income spaces. Of the three capability approaches examined, the factor score absolute approach suggests a greater extent of deprivation and more comprehensive demographic profiles of the deprived. Additionally, I find that using the capability space may further attenuate the extent of deprivation over that using the income space and alter somewhat the stereotypical profiles of the poor and deprived.
The Culture of Mexican Migration: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis

Manyfield investigators have observed the evolution of a "culture of migration" in certain Mexican communities characterized by a high rate of out-migration to the U.S. Within such communities, international migration becomes so deeply rooted that the prospect of transnational movement becomes normative: youngpeople "expect" to live and work in the U.S. at some point in their lives. Males, especially, come to see migration as a normal part of the life course, representing a marker of the transition to manhood, in addition to being a widely accepted vehicle for economic mobility. International migration is cultural in the sense that the aspiration to migrate is transmitted across generations and between people through social networks. In this article, we develop a formal theory of the culture of migration and test it using a special data set collected by the first author as well as data from the Mexican Migration Project. We show that children from families involved in U.S. migration are more likely to aspire to live and work in the U.S. and that these aspirations, in turn, influence their behavior, lowering the odds that they will continue in school, and raising the odds of their eventual outmigration to the U.S.
Ab initio prediction of the Li 5 Ge 2 Zintl compound

Abstract The lithium–germanium materials system has potential uses in lithium-ion battery devices. An ab initio genetic algorithm search of the system identifies a previously unreported member of the lithium–germanium binary phase diagram with composition Li5Ge2 and space group R 3 ¯ m (166) that is stabilized by a Zintl mechanism. We describe the structure of this new phase, investigate its mechanical and electronic properties, and discuss its relationship to other members of the lithium–germanium binary phase diagram.
Diversity of Personal and Enterprise Characteristics among Organic Growers in the Northeastern United States

AbstractForty-three certified organic growers in Massachusetts and Vermont, in the northeastern United States, were interviewed to learn their personal characteristics, the structure of their operations, and their perceptions of problems facing growers. They varied considerably in their backgrounds and personal characteristics. However, these variables were not strongly related either to how they rated their problems or whether their operations reflected several characteristics usually associated with organic agriculture.
Tissue response to fixed partial denture pontics

A number of opinions have been expressed regarding the cause of unfavorable tissue response to fixed partial denture pontics. 1-5 This study was initiated to determine the clinical and histologic effects of fixed partial denture pontics upon the underlying tissues. Specific factors of pontic design, materials employed, adaptation, and finish were considered in an attempt to demonstrate any tissue change that might develop. The subjects were patients ranging in age from 18 to 47 years, and they were in excellent health. Each appliance was temporarily seated for a period of 4 months, at which time each prosthesis was removed, and the tissue was photographed, biopsied, and analyzed. Where unfavorable tissue response resulted, the appliances were remade to conform to acceptable bioengineering standards. This study involved 67 subjects with 279 pontics on 102 fixed partial dentures. Forty of the fixed partial dentures were in the anterior part of the maxillary arch and these had 160 pontics. Sixty-two of the fixed partial dentures were in the posterior part of the mandibular arch, and these had 119 pontics.
Trisomy of 1q in preleukaemia with progression to acute leukaemia.

Marrow cells from an untreated man with preleukaemia were found to have trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 1 which was translocated to the end of the long arm of number 11, i.e., 46, XY, -11, +t (1:11) (q11 or q12; q25). The same abnormality was found in metaphases from 8 individual granulocytic colonies. With development of acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, in addition to the basic chromosome abnormality, trisomy of chromosome 8 and an extra chromosome number 19 with partial deletion were found. Fibroblasts grown from marrow biopsy material showed a normal diploid complement, 46, XY.
Near-threshold photoionization of xenon metastable atoms*

Photoionization from metastable levels of atomic xenon has been studied in the wavelength range from the threshold at 4622 A to 2700 A. Structure in the photoionization signal, due to autoionization, is analyzed to provide term values, lifetimes, and line-shape parameters of the autoionizing states. These parameters, together with the estimated absolute cross sections, are used to derive discrete and continuum oscillator strengths.
Coupled Na+K+ transport in vesicles containing a purified (NaK)-ATPase and only phosphatidyl choline

Abstract Endogenous phospholipids of a purified (NaK)-ATPase were displaced by exogenous phosphatidyl choline. If vesicles were made from phosphatidyl choline and enzyme containing only phosphatidyl choline, coupled Na + K + transport could be demonstrated. This transport was inhibitable by ouabain. Therefore, the number of components necessary for Na + K + transport has been reduced to the purified (NaK)-ATPase and one phospholipid.
Maximising revenue production while cutting costs: An airline industry mandate

In cases of severe passenger demand disruption and economic downturn, some airline companies react by disregarding revenue management tactics in favour of simply slashing capacity in hopes of gradually growing back load factors. With luck, the company can maintain market share and generate acceptable cash flows. This paper contends that there are strategic reasons for rejecting this shortsighted view. Revenue management, as the executor of the commercial plan, retains that pivotal role even when the plan is in crisis mode. This paper presents eight specific tactics that can be used with success in the down phase of the business cycle. The paper describes how revenue management can contribute substantially to cost savings and revenue maximisation, while helping to maintain quality in the midst of deep cutbacks in flight operations and staff.
Solution of the relativistic string problem

Abstract The quantum dynamics of the free Nambu-Nielson-Susskind string is known to be consistent only in s + 1 dimensional Minkowski space when s = 25 and the intercept α 0 = 1. Ad hoc modifications are required to allow s s > 1 without ad hoc modifications. The intercept value α 0 = 1 is excluded, but α 0 can be fitted to the experimental value. There are only transverse modes, and linearly rising Regge trajectories result as before.
Localization of natriuretic peptide-activated guanylate cyclase mRNAs in the rat brain.

Physiological actions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) are elaborated by membrane-bound natriuretic peptide receptors (NPRs). These receptors possess intracellular guanylate cyclase domains that mobilize cyclic guanosine monophosphate upon binding of peptide. Two distinct NPR subtypes have been described in brain: the NPR-A selectively binds ANP, whereas NPR-B exhibits high affinity for CNP. To define further the potential domains of ANP and CNP action in brain, the present study used in situ hybridization histochemistry to map NPR-A and NPR-B mRNA-expressing cell populations. Significant levels of neuronal NPR-A mRNA expression were observed only in the mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb, medial habenula, subfornical organ, and area postrema. Expression of NPR-A mRNA was observed in forebrain white matter tracts, suggesting synthesis in glial cells. In contrast, NPR-B mRNA was widely expressed throughout the neuraxis. In the telencephalon, signal was abundant throughout limbic cortex and neocortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and amygdala. Intense NPR-B mRNA hybridization was observed in preoptic-hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits and in motor nuclei of cranial nerves. Intermediate expression of NPR-B mRNA was observed in brainstem nuclei controlling autonomic function. Labeling for NPR-B but not NPR-A mRNA was observed in pituicytes in the neural lobe of the pituitary and in scattered cells of the anterior pituitary. These results suggest that CNP is the primary biologically active natriuretic peptide in brain. In contrast with NPR-B, NPR-A appears to be expressed largely in restricted cell populations containing high levels of ANP and in circumventricular organs. These data implicate the NPR-A in autoregulation of ANP neurons and central registration of cardiac ANP release. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Living Will Misinterpreted as a DNR Order: Confusion Compromises Patient Care

Abstract Background: Advance directives are becoming ever more commonplace in the United States. Correct interpretation of living wills and do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders is essential if patient safety and autonomy are to be preserved. Objectives: 1) To recount a case in which a living will was misinterpreted as a DNR order; 2) To make known the ramifications of this misinterpretation; 3) To advocate for improved education of health care professionals regarding the interpretation and implementation of advance directives. Case Report: Mr. S. is an 89-year-old nursing home resident who agreed to the terms of a living will. This living will was subsequently misinterpreted as a DNR order by the patient's physician. This misinterpretation set off a cascade of events that led to the completion of an out-of-hospital DNR order and a compromise of patient care. Conclusion: This case study underscores the potential for misunderstanding of an advance directive and the consequent effect on patient care. Likely this is the result of a fundamental lack of understanding about the terminology and definitions inherent in an advance directive document.
Appendectomy: a risk factor for colectomy in patients with Clostridium difficile

Abstract Background The appendix, considered an intestinal microbiota reservoir, may be protective against the risk of fulminant Clostridium difficile infection. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed in patients with C. difficile infection at St. Francis Medical Center from 2007 to 2011. Outcome of infection and history of appendectomy were compared. Statistical analysis was by chi-square and multivariate logistic regression. Results In total, 507 patients were hospitalized for C. difficile . Of 388 patients with intact appendix, 20 (5.2%) developed fulminant infection and required colectomy, whereas of 119 patients with previous appendectomy, 13 (10.9%) required colectomy. An increased severity of disease, indicated by increased rate of colectomy, occurred for the group with a history of appendectomy ( P = .03). Age and sex were adjusted by multivariant regression ( P = .05). Conclusions Appendectomy may be a risk factor for increased severity of C. difficile infection. Although the mechanism is unknown, further studies are warranted.
Noncontrast CT in acute stroke

Noncontrast head CT has an important role in the work-up of acute stroke by excluding intracranial hemorrhage and by directly visualizing the parenchymal changes of early infarct. However, noncontrast CT has limited sensitivity and moderate interobserver variability in detecting early infarcts. This article reviews the noncontrast CT appearance and clinical significance of parenchymal changes in early infarct and discusses techniques to optimize their detection.
Valuing Core Deposits

While the financial crisis has brought to the fore valuation of bank assets, equally important to a bank’s long-term health is the quality of its deposits. This paper employs bank-specific data on total and retained balances to value so-called core deposits: checking and savings and money market accounts. The empirical results indicate that core deposits have considerable value to financial institutions, often dramatically more than regulators have allowed. The empirical results also indicate that the value of core deposits varies substantially by institution. For some institutions the value of core deposits approaches the total value of the institution. I am grateful to Rob Battalio, Tom Cosimano, Dave Hutchison, Bill McGuire and seminar participants at the University of Notre Dame for their comments on earlier drafts. I am particularly grateful to an anonymous referee whose suggestions substantially improved the paper. Any remaining limitations are entirely my responsibility.
Calculus for parabolic second-order derivatives

In this paper, a calculus for two second-order directional derivatives is presented and then applied in the development of second-order necessary optimality conditions for a nonsmooth mathematical program. The formulae of this calculus, which include rules for sums, pointwise maxima, and certain compositions of functions, are valid for a large class of non-Lipschitzian functions and in fact subsume the sharpest results of the calculus of first-order upper and lower epiderivatives. Two methods are utilized in the derivation of these formulae. One centers around the concept of metric regularity, while the other relies upon the use of recession cones and ‘interior tangent sets’.
Stereospecific synthesis of iridomyrmecin and related iridolactones

Abstract Stereospecific syntheses of 6 (I, II, XVI, XXV, XXVI and XXXII) out fo 8 of the possible iridolactones are described. The lactone IV, produced by lactonization of trans-pulegenic acid (III), was converted by LAH reduction and acetylation to 3-(α-hydroxyisopropyl)-2-acetoxymethyl-1-methylcyclopentane (cis-trans-V). Dehydration of V with refluxing acetic anhydride gave 2-acetoxy-methyl-3-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclopentane (cis-trans-VII). Hydroboration of VII followed by oxidation and hydrolysis gave (−)-iridomyrmecin (I) which was epimerized with sodium methoxide to (+)-isoiridomyrmecin (II). The cis-cis-iridolactones XXV and XXVI were produced in similar fashiong from the cis-cis-lactone XVII. Treatment of the lactones IV and XVII with hydrogen chloride in methanol gave methyl trans-trans and trans-cis-chloropulegenates X and XXVII, respectively. These esters were then transformed into iridolactones XVI and XXXII. The biosynthesis of iridomyrmecin is discussed.
The morphological stability of polycrystalline fibers

Abstract Zirconium acetate (yttrium nitrate) precursor fibers, produced by dry spinning, were placed upon a single crystal Al2O3 substrate. Upon heat treatment, the precursor fibers pryrolyzed and densified, producing polycrystalline ZrO2 (8 mol% Y2O3) fibers which were sintered to the substrate. Further heat treatment to induce grain growth produced the following sequential microstructural changes: 1. (a) grain growth proceeded until single grains spanned the fiber to produce a “bamboo” configuration, 2. (b) grain boundary grooves deepened and the surfaces between the boundaries became curved, and 3. (c) if the distance between grain boundaries was greater than 1.4 times the fiber diameter, the fiber broke into a row of separate grains. Thermodynamic calculations show that when the grain size to fiber diameter ratio exceeds a critical value, the break up of the fiber into individual grains lowers the free energy. These observations and calculations can be used to predict the conditions required to retain fiber morphology within composites during high temperature processing and use.
a peasant‐worker model in a northern Italian context

This paper examines the peasant-worker phenomenon as an enduring adaptation that has persisted for centuries in the Friuli region of northeastern Italy- A preliminary model of peasant-worker behavior is presented that addresses two basic issues: [1] how peasant-worker strategies have developed historically; and (2) how peasant-worker strategies are tied to the social dynamics of rural households. The aim is to create a unified framework for the comparative and historical study of the proletarianization process, [peasant workers, rural labor, family dynamics, economic anthropology, Europe]
Pearl-type geomagnetic oscillations.

Abstract It is shown that a sudden commencement of magnetic storm can initiate magneto-acoustic oscillations of the boundary of the magnetosphere in a direction transverse to itself. The characteristic oscillations thus set up will cause a periodic variation of the path length in the outer magnetosphere for the shorter period micropulsations. This will produce a long period modulation of the transmission coefficient for the shorter period micropulsations. The result will be the appearance of amplitude modulated signals on the surface of the Earth which are known as pearl-type micropulsations.
Ethical Rationality: A Strategic Approach to Organizational Crisis

In this paper, we present an ethical and strategic approach to managing organizational crises. The proposed crisis management model (1) offers a new approach to guide an organization’s strategic and ethical response to crisis, and (2) provides a two-by-two framework for classifying organizational crises. The ethically rational approach to crisis draws upon strategic rationality, crisis, and ethics literature to understand and address organizational crises. Recent examples of corporate crises are employed to illustrate the theoretical claims advanced. Finally, the paper provides guidelines for a morally optimal outcome for the organization and its stakeholders.
Host response to mycobacterial infection in the alcoholic rat: male and female dimorphism.

Abstract LI, X., C. J. GROSSMAN, C. L. MENDENHALL, P. HURTUBISE, S. D. ROUSTER, G. A. ROSELLE AND P. GARTSIDE. Host response to mycobacterial infection in the alcoholic rat: Male and female dimorphism . ALCOHOL 16 (3) 207–212, 1998.—Increased susceptibility to tuberculosis occurs in the alcoholic. One explanation for the altered susceptibility is a change in T-lymphocyte modulation. To evaluate this, 24 male and 24 female Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with either a Lieber-type liquid ethanol diet (LED) or an isocaloric control (LCD). After 2 weeks, half the subjects were infected with BCG (10 8 colony-forming units) and sacrificed after 42 days. Splenic helper (CD4) and suppressor/cytoxic (CD8) cells were quantitated by flow cytometry. By three-way analysis of variance, splenic cellularity was significantly increased by infection ( p p = 0.0002). There was a marginal sexual difference ( p = 0.065) with females exhibiting a 35% lower response while on alcohol. Examining lymphocyte subsets, the most significant changes were observed after infection (BCG) and alcohol treatment (LED). CD4 levels were deminished by LED ( p = 0.0002) but markedly increased by infection ( p p p = 0.0078). CD8 was influenced only by infection ( p p = 0.0032). Splenic T-lymphocytes, predominately CD4, are involved in the host response to BCG hepatitis and are adversely influenced by LED, which may contribute to increased susceptibility. Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
BEAP: The BLAST Extension and Alignment Program- a tool for contig construction and analysis of preliminary genome sequence.

Background Fine-mapping projects require a high density of SNP markers and positional candidate gene sequences. In species with incomplete genomic sequence, the DNA sequences needed to generate markers for fine-mapping within a linkage analysis confidence interval may be available but may not have been assembled. To manually piece these sequences together is laborious and costly. Moreover, annotation and assembly of short, incomplete DNA sequences is time consuming and not always straightforward.
Comparison of dispersion compensation in a 40Gbps WDM optical communication system

Dispersion management in single mode fiber (SMF) can be accomplished in many ways, though the most widely used approach employs lengths of transport fiber of opposite dispersion characteristics to the principal fiber in the link, usually standard single mode fiber (SSMF). Typically, a 10 to 20km length of dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) is placed before the regenerators inducing negative dispersion to compensate for the positive dispersion accumulated over the 60 to 80km length of the SMF. Analysis and comparison of the pre-compensation scheme and the post-compensation scheme have been done. Due to the interplay between dispersion, nonlinearity, and signal power, the dispersion affects the pulse evolution.
Behavioral interactions of fluoxetine and other 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors with ethanol in tests of anxiety, locomotion and exploration

The 5HT uptake inhibitor fluoxetine had no effect on motor activity or directed exploration (head-dipping) in a holeboard test or in an elevated plusmaze test of anxiety. Fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) attenuated the anxiolytic effect of a 2.4 g/kg dose of ethanol in the plusmaze but failed to alter ethanol's effects on exploratory head-dipping or locomotion. This interaction did not seem directly related to fluoxetine's 5HT uptake inhibiting properties because it was not observed with other 5HT uptake inhibitors (fluvoxamine and citalopram). Desipramine, which predominantly inhibits noradrenaline uptake, also failed to show effects similar to those of fluoxetine.
Structural and conformational similarity between synthetic peptides of curaremimetic neurotoxins and rabies virus glycoprotein.

Abstract Antibodies were raised in rabbits against synthetic peptides corresponding to loop 2, the ‘toxic’ loop reacting with the acetylcholine-binding site on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, of curareminetic neurotoxins and the structurally similar segment of the rabies virus glycoprotein. Some of the antibodies cross-reacted with the corresponding peptides confirming the structural similarity between the neurotoxin and glycoprotein peptides. A polyclonal antibody raised against a 29 residue glycoprotein peptide (175–203) in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate reacted with native α-bungarotoxin and rabies virus. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of the 29 residue glycoprotein peptide and a 20 residue king cobra loop 2 peptide (25–44) revealed these peptides to be conformationally similar and composed predominantly of β sheet structure. These results show the rabies glycoprotein segment is structurally and conformationally similar to neurotoxin loop 2. This similarity may confer on the glycoprotein the capability of interacting with the neurotoxin-binding site on the acetylcholine receptor.
Quantifying the potential exposure hazard due to energetic releases of CO2 from a failed sequestration well

Abstract Wells are designed to bring fluids from depth to the earth’s surface quickly. As such they are the most likely pathway for CO2 to return to the surface in large quantities and present a hazard without adequate management. We surveyed oil industry experience of CO2 well failures, and separately, calculated the maximal CO2 flow rate from a 5000 ft depth supercritical CO2 reservoir. The calculated maximum of 20,000 tonne/day was set by the sound speed and the seven-inch well casing diameter, and was greater than any observed event. We used this flux to simulate atmospheric releases and the associated hazard utilizing the National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC) tools and real meteorology at a representative location in the High Plains of the United States. Three cases representing a maximum hazard day (quiet winds
The impact of adjustment and stabilization policies on infrastructure spending in Central America

Abstract During the 1980s and 1990s the countries of Central America experienced protracted fiscal crises and debt repayment problems which resulted in the implementation of structural adjustment agreements. Apart from attempting to reestablish fiscal balance and to control inflation, the proponents of adjustment policies sought to enhance growth by de-emphasizing the wasteful aspects of state spending while maintaining public expenditures on physical and human capital, which were believed to promote private sector productivity. By comparing a pre-debt crisis period with the period given by debt crisis and adjustment, the study reveals that the shares of government spending on human and, particularly, physical infrastructure dropped precipitously during the adjustment period. At the same time, the shares devoted to defense and subsidy categories—as well as interest payments on external debt—generally registered notable gains. The experience of adjustment policies in Central America indicated that substantial discrepancies existed between the idea and the reality.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α -and Interleukin-1-Induced Cellular Responses: Coupling Proteomic and Genomic Information

The pro-inflammatory cytokines, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFα) and Interleukin-1 (IL-1) mediate the innate immune response. Dysregulation of the innate immune response contributes to the pathogenesis of cancer, arthritis, and congestive heart failure. TNFα- and IL-1-induced changes in gene expression are mediated by similar transcription factors; however, TNFα and IL-1 receptor knock-out mice differ in their sensitivities to a known initiator (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) of the innate immune response. The contrasting responses to LPS indicate that TNFα and IL-1 regulate different processes. A large-scale proteomic analysis of TNFα- and IL-1-induced responses was undertaken to identify processes uniquely regulated by TNFα and IL-1. When combined with genomic studies, our results indicate that TNFα, but not IL-1, mediates cell cycle arrest. Keywords: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha • Interleukin-1 • Cell Cycle Arrest • Permeability Transition Pore • Protein Interaction Network • Mass Spectrometry • Microarray
Deviation-Function Based Pitch Curve Modification for Conjugate Pair Design

In this paper a method for generating new conjugate kinematic pairs is developed. This method, called the “Deviation-Function ” method, is to use deviation functions to reshape the original pitch pairs so that the desired profiles of generated pairs can be obtained. A deviation function is defined as the distance between contacts and their corresponding instant centers of two conjugate pairs. In other words, a deviation function measures the amount of deviation of a point on the generated profile from its corresponding point on the original pitch profile. As demonstrated, this new method is applicable to any type of pitch pairs including circular or noncircular and identical or nonidentical. In addition, by using this method, it is relatively easier to realize desired geometrical and mechanical properties into the design.
An investigation of kin recognition in Red-legged frog (Rana aurora) tadpoles

The ability of Red-legged frog (Rana aurora) tadpoles to discriminate between siblings and non-siblings was investigated in laboratory choice experiments. Tadpoles that were reared with siblings only and tested in early developmental stages preferentially associated with siblings over non-siblings. Animals reared with siblings only and tested in later developmental stages did not preferentially associate with siblings over non-siblings. Test animals that were reared in isolation, those reared with siblings and non-siblings, or those reared with non-siblings only, displayed a random association among sibling and non-sibling stimulus choice groups. These results are compared with results obtained from testing the larvae of a closely related species, the Cascades frog (Rana cascadae).