cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors determining the saturation of point defects in growing silicon crystals

Abstract An analytical calculation on the behavior of point-defects in growing silicon crystals was performed. The calculation concluded that the saturation of point-defect is determined by only two factors, which are the ratio of the normalized temperature gradient to the growth rate (T′/TV) and the ratio of the second-order differential of the temperature to the product of the temperature gradient and the growth rate (T″/T′V). The former is same as Voronkov's conclusion except that the temperature gradient is normalized and the latter is newly found in the current calculation. In case of zero or near to zero growth rate, the saturation is determined by only one factor, which the ratio of the second-order differential of the temperature to the square of the temperature gradient (T″/(T′)2). In addition, diffusion equations where the heat of transfer takes minus values of the formation enthalpy, which were adopted by most of the models proposed so far, are also discussed. It was concluded that those equations do not show any dependency of point-defect distributions on the growth conditions without assuming such large diffusivity that the transport of point-defects due to Fickian diffusion is not negligible compared with that due to the crystal pulling.
A Longitudinal Assessment of Graduate Student Research Behavior and the Impact of Attending a Library Literature Review Workshop

This article discusses findings from a longitudinal research study that examined the way graduate students carry out the literature review and how they were impacted by attending a library literature review workshop. The literature review research process serves as an important gateway for graduate students into their scholarly communities’ practices and can be a logical place for librarians to offer assistance. This study was carried out to gain insights into the ways librarians can better meet graduate students’ needs to shape the services offered to graduate students. Findings reveal a lack of a single path through the literature review research process, but they do indicate that attending a literature review workshop can have long-term benefits.
Distribution of amino acids in bran, embryo and milled endosperm and shifts in storage protein subunits of in vitro-selected and lysine-enhanced mutant and wild type rice☆

Abstract Experiments were designed to test whether an enhanced lysine phenotype from in vitro selections was expressed in milled rice, Oryza sativa L. Analysis of the endosperm tissue after removal of the aleurone and outer layers proved the grains maintained enhanced lysine after milling. Mutant endosperm had 15% greater lysine than the control and the enhanced lysine was correlated with reduced glutamic acid in two different mutants. Glutelins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed increases in the protein quantity of the 33-kDa alpha and 21-kDa beta subunits.
Ascorbic acid analysis in biological fluids.

Abstract The application of high-pressure liquid chromatography to quantitative analysis of ascorbic acid in biological samples is described. Experimental conditions were selected that might be representative of those met under a broad range of research and clinical trials. The technique is seen to provide values of ascorbic acid in various samples of guinea pig tissues that are in agreement with an existing analytical method. The short time required for analysis and the use of experimental apparatus that is found with increasing frequency in clinical and research laboratories make this approach attractive. The decay rates of ascorbic acid at different values of temperature and pH are evaluated. Endogenous levels of ascorbic acid in several tissues of fasted and nonfasted guinea pigs are reported.
Preparation and testing of a polyvalent conjugate for direct fluorescent-antibody detection of Legionella pneumophila.

A polyvalent conjugate forLegionella pneumophila, the Legionnaires’ disease bacterium, was prepared by combining monospecific antibodies for the four recognized serogroups ofL. pneumophila. Pure cultures ofL. pneumophila and other bacteria representing 18 genera and 50 species of heterologous organisms were used in evaluating the reagent. A total of 358 specimens from patients suspected of having Legionnaires’ disease also were tested. The results show the practicality and advantages of using a polyvalentL. pneumophila conjugate for screening clinical specimens.
PHOTON SCATTERING FROM PROTONS AND DEUTERONS

The scattering of photons of 100 to 200 Mev from protons and deuterons is examined in a model in which it is assumed that only electric and magnetic dipole photons scatter. Two dispersion relations derived by Gell-Mann, Goldberger, and Thirring, and the analysis of photopion production from nucleons by Watson, Keck, Tollestrop, and Walker, and used to guide the theoretical prediction of differential scattering cross sections. Several approximations are made, including the impulse approximation in the discussion of photondeuteron scattering; the accuracy of these approximations is estimated. In this model the photon-proton cross section, and the sum of the elastic and inelastic photon-deuteron cross sections are largest at backward scattering angles. Several feasible types of photon-deuteron scattering experiments are discussed briefly.
Decreasing sensitivity to neuroleptic agents in developing rats; evidence for a pharmacodynamic factor

Developing rats are far more sensitive than adults to the behavioral effects of haloperidol. The present results support the hypothesis that this change may reflect age-related changes in brain responses such as alterations in drug-receptor or drug-effector mechanisms. Dose-response studies of catalepsy and ptosis were conducted in male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 30, 56, or 100 days. Resulting dose-effect curves were approximately parallel and showed rightward shifts with highly significant progressive increases of ED50. Similar developmental decreases in drug sensitivity (3–6 ×) were found following systemic (PO or IP) administration of haloperidol or the phenothiazine neuroleptic perphenazine, which differ markedly in structure, potency, distribution, and metabolism. Age-related decreases in drug sensitivity (3–4 ×) were also found using intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of both agents in an attempt to bypass potential “pharmacokinetic” influences. Since the age-dependent decrease in sensitivity to both neuroleptics was found during the rising phase of drug action (1st hour) and ranked: PO>IP>ICV, some change in absorption and distribution of both drugs may occur in addition to the apparently important maturational decrease in target-organ sensitivity indicated by the responses to direct ICV injection and by the similarity of results obtained with dissimilar agents.
Differences in the nature of relapse and subsequent inpatient course between medication-compliant and noncompliant schizophrenic patients

Two subgroups of relapsed and rehospitalized schizophrenic patients were separated on the basis of preadmission compliance or noncompliance with prescribed antipsychotic medications. Noncompliant patients had a gradual onset of episode with prominent psychotic features, required involuntary commitment, and remained in hospital longer. Compliant patients had a rapid onset of symptoms with prominent affective features (anxiety and depression) which were frequently associated with environmental stressors independent of the patient. Compliant patients were usually voluntary admissions and recovered quickly with minimal or no change in their antipsychotic pharmacotherapy. The pathogenesis of relapse among drug-compliant patients remains unknown, but likely includes aspects of environmental stress, an emergent affective syndrome, and, to some less clear extent, akinesia and akathisia. Implications for the inpatient and community treatment of these patients are discussed.
Neptunium and Americium Speciation in Selected Basalt, Granite, Shale, and Tuff Ground Waters

Neptunium and americium are relatively insoluble in ground waters containing high sulfate concentrations, particularly at 90°C. The insoluble neptunium species is Np(IV); hence reducing waters should enhance its formation. Americium can exist only in the trivalent state under these conditions, and its solubility also should be representative of that of curium.
Metaphor and Metonymy in Agnon's A Guest for the Night

Roman Jakobson's now classic distinction between metaphor and metonymy defines two primary modes of linguistic thought: on the one hand relations of similarity and dissimilarity, and on the other relations of contiguity or, we might say, dependence and independence. Though they find their most condensed expression in the tropes metaphor and metonymy, these same principles govern phonemic, lexical, and phraseological levels of language, and they operate as well in larger segments of discourse. A piece of fiction or poetry, for example, may develop along lines of association by likeness or through links of sequence and consequence.
Daytime Running Lights in the USA: What is the Impact on Vehicle Crashes in Minnesota?

Daytime running lights (DRLs) are a safety feature intended to reduce crashes by increasing the contrast between vehicles and the background. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an association between vehicles in the USA being equipped with DRLs and crash rates. This was a retrospective study using the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MNDOT) Crash Database from 1995 to 2002. Crash reports included in the analyses were limited to accidents involving vehicles 1995 or newer (DRLs not available on prior models) and limited to ideal conditions: (1) daylight, (2) optimal visibility, and (3) dry road surface. The vehicle identification number (VIN) was used to determine the make, model, and year. This information was cross-referenced with a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration table of manufacturer listed DRL conditions to determine vehicle DRL status. Crude crash rates for vehicles were calculated relative to the number of all registered vehicles in Minnesota in 2004, for models 1995–2002. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (CI) for the rates were constructed assuming a Poisson error distribution. During 1995–2002, there were 184,637 vehicles (1995 or newer) with identifiable VINs involved in accidents which occurred under the specified test conditions. Of these vehicles, 37,909 were determined to have standard DRLs and 146,728 were determined to be models without DRLs (including those listed as DRL optional). The crash rate among vehicles without standard DRLs was 1.73 (95% CI: 1.71–1.75) times higher than the rate for vehicles with standard DRLs. The rate ratio was also significant for fatal vehicle crash rates 1.48 (95% CI: 1.23–1.76). Minnesota vehicles equipped with DRLs were associated with a statistically significant lower crash rate compared to vehicles without DRLs from 1995 to 2002.
Quantitation of encapsidated recombinant adeno-associated virus DNA in crude cell lysates and tissue culture medium by quantitative, real-time PCR

Recombinant AAV vectors are produced by transient transfection of mammalian cells. The virus is usually purified from a combination of lysed cells and spent culture medium by HPLC. We have developed a quantitative, real-time PCR assay for quantifying encapsidated single-stranded viral DNA (i.e. DNA-containing virions) in cell lysates and the spent culture medium. This requires extensive DNaseI digestion to reduce the amount of AAV replicative DNA, as well as plasmid and cellular DNA, to negligible amounts. To demonstrate the utility of this assay, we produced recombinant AAV in HeLa cells and five different types of 293 cells. We used primers to the EGFP transgene to detect the production of a recombinant AAV. We assayed the cell lysates and media by both our quantitative PCR assay and a functional transduction assay. The quantitative PCR assay data correlated well with the transduction assay data. Because this assay only requires standard PCR primers and SYBR Green I dye to detect the amplification of the PCR template, it will readily adapt to any target DNA sequence within the recombinant AAV genome. The recombinant AAV vector does not need to express a reporter gene, such as EGFP or beta-galactosidase in order to assay the amount of virus produced.
The Square Root Rule for Employment Change

This paper addresses a momentous question: how often should professors of manage? ment science change jobs? In it, we derive a formula for the economical optimal quit (EOQ) and show by examples how long some typical professors should stay at any one university before moving on. The problem is as follows. Each year, universities all over the country give raises smaller than the cost of living rise, so that real income declines for those professors who stay at the same jobs. Competition keeps the market price up for those professors who move between jobs; but each move necessitates transfer costs of many kinds. Hence, the problem is to determine how long the optimal time is between each job
A semi-implicit method for resolution of acoustic waves in low Mach number flows

A semi-implicit numerical method for time accurate simulation of compressible flow is presented. By extending the low Mach number pressure correction method, a Helmholtz equation for pressure is obtained in the case of compressible flow. The method avoids the acoustic CFL limitation, allowing a time step restricted only by the convective velocity, resulting in significant efficiency gains. Use of a discretization that is centered in both time and space results in zero artificial damping of acoustic waves. The method is attractive for problems in which Mach numbers are low, and the acoustic waves of most interest are those having low frequency, such as acoustic combustion instabilities. Both of these characteristics suggest the use of time steps larger than those allowable by an acoustic CFL limitation. In some cases it may be desirable to include a small amount of numerical dissipation to eliminate oscillations due to small-wavelength, high-frequency, acoustic modes, which are not of interest; therefore, a provision for doing this in a controlled manner is included in the method. Results of the method for several model problems are presented, and the performance of the method in a large eddy simulation is examined.
Combined Tracheal Transection and Innominate Artery Disruption from Blunt Chest Trauma

Abstract Both transection of the trachea and injury of the aorta and its arch vessels can occur after blunt chest trauma; however, the combination of these injuries in 1 patient is exceedingly rare. This report of a patient with distal trachea transection and proximal innominate artery disruption from blunt chest trauma reviews some of the important factors to be considered in managing these injuries. Management of the airway must be planned before the operative procedure is begun and can be facilitated by the use of a sterile anesthesia circuit passed on to the operative field. Exposure of tracheal injuries as low as the carina can be achieved through sternotomy incision if this approach is indicated for repair of the associated vascular injury. The use of prosthetic materials should be avoided in vascular injury repair due to contamination of the field from the associated airway disruption. Attention to postoperative bronchial hygiene is mandatory for successful outcome after tracheal anastomosis.
Electronic structure and magnetism in amorphous alloys exhibiting local icosahedral order

Abstract The influence of icosahedral short range order on electronic structure has been investigated. We have calculated and compared the electronic structure for 13 atom Co clusters in I h and O h symmetry. The two clusters have state densities and magnetic moments which are essentially similar and closely resemble bulk properties.
Formation of Self-Assembled, Double-Perovskite, Ba2YNbO6 Nanocolumns and Their Contribution to Flux-Pinning and Jc in Nb-Doped YBa2Cu3O7-? Films

Ba2RENbO6 (RE = rare earth elements including Y) compounds are considered new additives for superior flux-pinning in YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) films due to their excellent chemical inertness to and large lattice mismatches with YBCO. Simultaneous laser ablation of a YBCO target and a Nb metal foil attached to the surface of the target resulted in epitaxial growth of YBCO films having columnar defects comprised of self-aligned Ba2YNbO6 (BYNO) nanorods parallel to the c-axis of the film. Compared to pure YBCO, YBCO+BYNO films exhibited no Tc reduction as well as superior Jc performance with higher self- and in-field Jc by a factor of 1.5–7 and also exhibited a strong Jc peak for H∥c indicative of strong c-axis correlated flux-pinning.
Hormonal regulation of protein degradation in skeletal and cardiac muscle

Abstract A number of hormones produce either anabolic or catabolic effects on protein degradation in muscle. These effects can account for the changes in muscle proteolysis associated with a variety of physiological and pathological states. Thus the balance of hormones within the organism seems to play an important role in the overall regulation of this process. In the fed state, insulin may be the single most important factor maintaining low rates of proteolysis, whereas the catabolic effects of the glucocorticoid hormones in fasting seem to predominate. The proportions of these hormones may be important not only during starvation, but also in trauma and in diseases associated with their altered production and secretion (e.g., diabetes, Cushing's syndrome). Hyperthyroidism too causes catabolic effects on muscle proteolysis.
Soliton pair creation and low-temperature electrical conductivity of charge-density-wave condensates

At-extremely low temperatures, where the thermal soliton density in the charge-density-wave condensate is negligible, the electrical conductivity is dominated by quantum-mechanical tunneling. The ac as well as dc nonlinear conductivity associated with soliton-antisoliton pair production is calculated.
Spectral characterization of high-molecular-weight phytochrome.

— Previous information about the spectral and photochemical properties of phytochrome in vitro has apparently been determined in large part with chromopeptides derived from the native molecule by proteolysis. Characterization of high-mol-wt phytochrome in vitro has led to the observation that the far-red-absorbing form (Pfr) may undergo relatively large and reversible changes in far-red extinction. Phytochrome preparations which exhibit reduced far-red extinction as Pfr also exhibit a rapid reappearance of red absorbance after discontinuing the red illumination used to establish photostationary equilibrium. This rapid change in the red spectral region is not accompanied by any equivalent absorbance change in the far-red. The molecular basis for these newly reported spectral properties is not known. However, both properties may be eliminated by the addition of either 2-mercaptoethanol or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
Simple Rheological Tests and Protocols for SME Ceramic Producers

The rheological behaviour of ceramic suspensions affects the quality of the products and the yield of the processes. Therefore, rheology control is needed to obtain materials with enhanced properties and to reduce energy consumption. The importance of rheology control in slip casting, spray-drying, screen-printing, ink-jet printing, glazing, and so on, either for Quality Control (QC) aims or for system formulation, has been acknowledged from many years. As in these control procedures the determination of the rheological behavior is a critical issue, this work is focused on the assessment of viscosity (flow behavior) and its dependency on time (usually, thixotropic behavior). Most of ceramic factories still use simple and cheap instruments to investigate rheological behaviors (or something related to it). However, the information provided by such instruments is not completely satisfactory. Therefore, optimization of the procedures is important to improve reproducibility and precision. Suggestions about simple tests and protocols applicable to viscometers ordinarily available in ceramic factories are given. Protocols consider besides a precise description of the tests, all other factors that can affect the results, such as the thermo-mechanical history of the samples before testing.
Absorption, distribution, & metabolism of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid in relation to phytotoxicity. II. Distribution & metabolic fate of dalapon in plants.

Patterns of absorption and initial translocation of Cl36-and C14-labeled 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) in both tolerant and susceptible species were described earlier (8). Of equal or perhaps more importance in understanding the physiological action of growth regulators are the long-term translocation, re-distribution, accumulation, and metabolic fate of the compound in association with plant tissues. The recent emphasis on pesticide residues in food and feed products has given the latter considerations an additional order of importance. Despite the foregoing, perhaps our greatest ignorance of herbicides today concerns their ultimate fate in plants. The tendency of a herbicide to persist in an active form or to be detoxified rapidly is likely to be of primary importance, whatever the precise mechanism(s) of herbicidal action. All of a given herbicide that enters a plant, e.g. via the leaves, is not necessarily available for translocation and/or herbicidal action. Possible niechanisms accounting for the immobilization, inactivation, or disappearance of the compound are adsorption on colloidal surfaces, true accumulation by living cells, metabolic degradation followed by loss or incorporation of breakdown products, and reduced movement due to phase distribution effects as on a chromatogram (6, 29, 30, 31). The direct loss of various substances from roots or other plant parts may also occur (4, 5, 8, 14, 16, 26). Considerable research has been conducted on the loss or persistence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in both active and dormant tissues (17, 18, 19, 22, 29, 31). Several papers are summarized in a recent review (33). Radioactive 2,4-D is known to be metabolized to varying degrees in plant tissues, with the resultant incorporation of C14-labeled compounds and the evolution of C1402. Strong evidence exists also for relatively long persistence of 2,4-D in plants, which leads to symptomatic expression in succeeding seasons (perennials) or succeeding generations (annuals) by transmission through dormant buds or seeds. This latter phenomenon has been observed following both foliar and root applications. 2,4-D is known to persist in plants for longer periods than exogenous indoleacetic acid. Prior to the present series of experiments (6, 8), none of the foregoing topics had been investigated with respect to dalapon. Herein are reported the results of several studies on the distributional and metabolic fate of dalapon in association with plant tissues. Finally, these results, as well as experimental findings from other sources, will be discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of herbicidal selectivity.
Three-dimensional concentration field measurements in a mixing layer using magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure the three-dimensional, time-averaged concen- tration distribution in a turbulent two-stream mixing layer. Test fluids and MRI scanning parameters were chosen to give good signal linearity, and a calibration/normalization procedure was developed to reduce the concentration measurement uncertainty. Plain deionized water mixing with a solution of 0.8% gadopentetate dimeglumine in deionized water were selected as test fluids. The concen- tration of the marked water was measured on an array of 220,000 0.69 mm 3 voxels covering the entire flow appa- ratus. Planar laser-induced fluorescence experiments were performed on the flow centerplane to provide validation data. The uncertainty of a single voxel measurement was estimated to be less than 12% with the largest source of uncertainty being turbulent dephasing. Averaging two runs in which the marked water was switched between the two streams reduced the uncertainty to only 4%. The complete magnetic resonance concentration (MRC) procedure including the adjustment of scanning parameters, a back- ground run, two reference/calibration runs, and multiple concentration measurement runs can be completed in 2- 3 h. This work establishes MRC as a viable technique for studying the mixing in complex turbulent liquid flows.
The spread of sequence variants in Rattus satellite DNAs

The genus Rattus has two related families of satellite DNA: Satellite I consists of tandem arrays of a 370 base pair repeat unit which is a dimer of two 185 base pair portions (a, b) which are about 60% homologous. Satellite I' consists of tandem arrays of a 185 base pair repeat unit (a') which is about 85% homologous to a and 60% homologous to b. R. norvegicus contains only satellite I but R. rattus contains both satellites I and I'. We examined certain aspects of satellite DNA evolution by comparing the spacing at which variant repeat units of each satellite have spread among non-variant repeat units in these two species. With but one exception, in R. rattus, 15 different variant repeat units have spread among non-variant repeat units of satellite I, with a spacing equal to the length of the (a,b) dimer. Similarly, fourteen different variant repeat units of the monomeric satellite I' have mixed among non-variant repeat units with a spacing equal to the length of the (a') monomer. These results suggest that a mechanism involving homologous interaction among satellite sequences could account for the spread of variant family members. We also found that a sequence variant present in certain portions of the dimeric repeat unit of satellite I is more efficiently amplified (or less efficiently corrected) than variants occurring in other regions. This was not true for the monomeric repeat unit of satellite I'.
An investigation of dust generation by free falling powders.

To identify the dust generation processes, aluminum oxide powder was dropped as a free falling slug in a test chamber. The effect of the slug's mass, diameter, and drop height upon the aerosol concentration and size distribution was measured with an aerodynamic particle sizer. To differentiate between aerosol generated during the free fall and at the end of the fall, the slug was dropped either onto a flat surface or into a container of water that suppressed dust generation associated with the impact at the end of the fall. Aerosol generation occurred during the slug's free fall as well as at the end of the fall. The falling solid induced an airflow that followed the falling solid to the end of the fall. This induced airflow contained the aerosol generated during the free fall. At the end of the free fall, the induced airflow, combined with air jets created on impact, dispersed the aerosol throughout the test chamber. Additional measurements were made by using “neutral buoyancy” helium-filled bubbles to v...
Nonmyristoylated MARCKS Complements Some but Not All of the Developmental Defects Associated with MARCKS Deficiency in Mice

The myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate, or MARCKS protein, is a widely expressed, prominent substrate for protein kinase C. Although the exact function of MARCKS has not been elucidated, targeted disruption of the MARCKS gene (Macs) in mice has shown that MARCKS plays a crucial role in the development of the central nervous system. Mice deficient in MARCKS exhibited universal perinatal death with defects in neurulation, fusion of the cerebral hemispheres, formation of the great forebrain commissures, and retinal and cortical lamination (Stumpo et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 944-948, 1995). In the present studies, a transgene consisting of approximately 3.4 kb of promoter from the human MARCKS gene (MACS), with an epitope tag sequence inserted at the carboxyl terminus of the MARCKS coding region, was able to complement completely MARCKS deficiency in mice. Thus, the human transgene contained all of the elements necessary for normal developmental expression of MARCKS. To test the importance of MARCKS myristoylation to its developmental role, an otherwise identical transgene was constructed in which the glycine at the amino terminus of MARCKS was mutated to an alanine. This mutation, which resulted in the expression of nonmyristoylated MARCKS, was successful in partially rescuing the Macs null phenotype. Specifically, about 25% of these mice survived the perinatal period; these survivors appeared to develop normally except for slightly decreased body size. In both the survivors and the nonsurvivors, all of the known anatomical defects associated with MARCKS deficiency were corrected by expression of the nonmyristoylated human protein. These results indicate that myristoylation of MARCKS is not required for the protein to correct many of the developmental abnormalities characteristic of its deficiency.
From the Perch of Retiring Boomers

After having worked, collectively, in all of the fields associated with this journal over the course of five distinct decades, we retire wondering how the many advocacy models utilized by the professionals in our fields failed to accomplish the advancement of health, physical education, recreation, and dance in K–12 and higher education that we had all envisioned.
Ecological and Ethical Perspectives on Filial Responsibility: Implications for Primary Prevention with Immigrant Latino Adolescents

This article considers processes from an ecological-ethical viewpoint that may help explain the high rate of school failure and dropout of immigrant Latino adolescents. Drawing from research on filial responsibility and risk and protective processes in this population, a conceptual model is presented that accounts for both negative and positive developmental outcomes. For example, it is speculated that different stressors linked to immigration (e.g., poverty, discrimination) occasion a marked increase in filial responsibility (e.g., assuming the role of interpreter and liaison to the English speaking community, working to earn money for the family) that may compete with other sociocognitive tasks, such as schooling and peer involvement. Yet, Latino youths who perform major caregiving tasks in the family also appear to derive an increased sense of personal and interpersonal competence. The implications of the model for research and prevention programming are discussed.
End-of-Life Issues in US Child Life Specialist Programs.

A professional outlet in most children’s hospitals for seriously-ill children is the child life specialist. Our objective in this study was to determine the extent that dying and death is emphasized in child life programs in the United States. Therefore, we surveyed via snail mail the 35 child life programs on the website of the Child Life Council. A response rate of 74% revealed that all programs offer something on this topic and over two-thirds have a separate course for the topic of dying and death, with an average of 33 course content hours of instruction per program. The lecture mode is the most frequent teaching method, and the child life specialist is most often the instructor.
A Transient Decrease in Spleen Size Following Stroke Corresponds to Splenocyte Release into Systemic Circulation

The splenic response to stroke is a proinflammatory reaction to ischemic injury resulting in expanded neurodegeneration. Splenectomy reduces neural injury in rodent models of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, however the exact nature of this response has yet to be fully understood. This study examines the migration of splenocytes after brain ischemia utilizing carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to label them in vivo. The spleen was found to significantly decrease in size from 24 to 48 h following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats compared to sham operated controls. By 96 h post-MCAO the spleen size returned to levels not different from sham operated rats. To track splenocyte migration following MCAO, spleens were injected with CFSE to label cells. CFSE positive cell numbers were significantly reduced in the 48 h MCAO group versus 48 h sham and CFSE labeled cells were equivalent in 96 h MCAO and sham groups. A significant increase of labeled lymphocyte, monocytes, and neutrophils was detected in the blood at 48 h post-MCAO when compared to the other groups. CFSE labeled cells migrated to the brain following MCAO but appear to remain within the vasculature. These cells were identified as natural killer cells (NK) and monocytes at 48 h and at 96 h post-MCAO NK cells, T cells and monocytes. After ischemic injury, splenocytes enter into systemic circulation and migrate to the brain exacerbating neurodegeneration.
Exacerbation of the ocular ischemic syndrome following cataract surgery

Abstract Ocular ischemic syndrome is an ophthalmic condition which occurs as a result of ipsilateral carotid artery disease. Ocular findings include a gradual onset of decreased vision, inflammation of the anterior segment, iris neovascularization, neovascular glaucoma and peripheral hypoperfusion retinopathy. This paper presents a case of ocular ischemic syndrome exacerbated by cataract surgery.
Low-Energy Theorems for Renormalizable Field Theories

A general method is described whereby the low-energy behavior of collision processes can be investigated systematically. The basic procedure is the construction of the renormalized Green's functions for the participating particles in the presence of external sources. For processes involving the collision of a boson with a fermion,---photon scattering, meson scattering, and photoproduction of mesons---one requires the propagation function of a nucleon in the presence of external electromagnetic and meson fields, as well as the propagator for a meson in an electromagnetic field. The rather direct relation of these functions to the various transition matrices is derived. The possible forms of the Green's functions are limited by the principles of Lorentz, gauge, and charge conjugation invariance. Their detailed structure is determined in part by the requirement that they describe particles of known mass, charge, magnetic moment, and mesic coupling constant. These conditions are sufficient to imply a number of theorems. For example, it is shown that the amplitude for photon-proton scattering is given correctly up to terms of first order in the photon energy by a Born approximation calculation, if one assigns to the proton its experimental charge and magnetic moment. If one includes the meson-nucleon coupling constant in this set of parameters, then perturbation theory is also valid for the leading terms in a momentum-energy expansion of the $P$-wave in meson-nucleon scattering, the $S$- and $P$-waves associated with the nucleon current in photomeson production, and the entire meson current for the same process.The methods employed to establish the theorems are extended in order to provide a phenomenological framework for the description of the experiments for energies low enough so that the expansions in boson energy are still valid, but for which the deviations from the theorems are of practical significance. Thus, it is suggested that for the description of photon scattering one should attribute an electric and a magnetic polarizability to the nucleon. The description of the $P$-wave in meson-nucleon scattering also requires the introduction of two additional parameters. From the manner in which these enter the scattering amplitude, it can be concluded that the phase shift in the state of angular momentum and isotopic spin $\frac{3}{2}$ is enhanced compared to its Born value, if only the phase shifts in the other states deviate in the opposite direction. Finally, parameters are introduced to describe the $S$-wave in meson-scattering, and the basis for a phenomenological description of photoproduction is indicated.
Fatty acid synthesis in sheep mammary tissue.

Abstract Biochemical pathways of fatty acid synthesis in sheep mammary tissue were investigated. Ewes were sacrificed (3 to 4 wk postpartum) for mammary tissue for tissue slice incubations and enzyme assays. Acetate was readily incorporated into fatty acids by sheep mammary slices. However, lipogenesis from glucose, glycerol, and pyruvate was limited, indicating inability to utilize acetyl coenzyme A generated in the mitochondria for fatty acid synthesis. Coinciding with lack of mitochondrial acetyl coenzyme A utilization for fatty acid synthesis was an absence of two citrate-cleavage pathway enzymes (ATP-citrate lyase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase). Sources of reducing equivalents necessary to support lipogenesis were also examined. Comparison of acetate incorporation into fatty acids in the presence and absence of glucose indicated that approximately one-half of the reducing equivalents can originate from pathways not involving the pentose phosphate cycle. Results were consistent with these reducing equivalents being produced via NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase. In sheep mammary tissue, activity of NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase was 6 to 12-fold greater than glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities. Presumably because of the premium on glucose and the availability of acetate, sheep mammary tissue has adapted to spare glucose in two ways: first, to utilize acetate but not glucose as a carbon source for fatty acid synthesis and second, to generate a portion of the reducing equivalents from acetate via the isocitrate pathway.
Morphological effects of annealing in linear polyethylene

Abstract Observations are presented of the microstructural changes occurring on annealing in a bulk, unfractionated, Marlex 6002 linear polyethylene. The material was isothermally crystallized at 110°C, and annealed at 118°C, 123°C, and 126°C, for 3 and 72 hours. The microstructure was studied by electron microscopy of fracture surface replicas and acid-etched lamellar fragments. A direct correspondence between the annealing process observed here and observations in the annealing of single crystals was noted. Electron fractographs showed the development of thickened ridges along lamellae faces with perforations at the ridge boundaries. Later stages showed multiple ridge formation. Etched fragments showed essentially the same results. Histograms of the etched fragment thicknesses showed the development of a bimodal distribution apparently relating to values for unaffected lamellar interiors and for ridges.
Ureteral compression and obstruction by spine rods

We present a case of extrinsic compression of a ureter by spinal fixation hardware and adjacent fibrosis that resulted in progressive obstructive hydronephrosis, loss of renal function, and, ultimately, nephrectomy.
Individual working memory capacity is uniquely correlated with feature-based attention when combined with spatial attention.

A growing literature suggests that working memory and attention are closely related constructs. Both involve the selection of task-relevant information, and both are characterized by capacity limits. Furthermore, studies using a variety of methodological approaches have demonstrated convergent working memory and attention-related processing at the individual, neural and behavioral level. Given the varieties of both constructs, the specific kinds of attention and WM must be considered. We find that individuals’ working memory capacity (WMC) uniquely interacts with feature-based attention when combined with spatial attention in a cuing paradigm (Posner, 1980). Our findings suggest a positive correlation between WM and feature-based attention only within the spotlight of spatial attention. This finding lends support to the controlled attention view of working memory by demonstrating that integrated feature-based expectancies are uniquely correlated with individual performance on a working memory task.
LOADING DEVICE FOR LOAD‐TEST FURNACE

A loading device for use in making the standard load test on refractory brick is described. It consists of two steel shafts plus added weights, mounted in a simple steel frame to provide true direct vertical loads on the two test samples. Illustrations showing details of construction are included.
Optimizing marketer costs and consumer benefits across “clicks” and “bricks”

The Internet has revolutionized the retailing landscape and how goods and services are sold and distributed to consumers. One avenue of significant growth in online selling comes from multichannel retailers who offer products in stores as well as over the Web. These hybrids may leverage their “brick” locations by allowing customers to pick up or return orders purchased online at retail stores. This option lets Web-based buyers avoid added shipping costs and long package carrier lead times, albeit at a cost to retailers. To examine the viability of this strategy, we develop a mathematical model that examines the cost and value of providing in-store pickup and return. The model is used to determine the best subset of brick-and-mortar stores to handle in-store pickup and return demand. One of the principal takeaways is that not all retail stores should be offering in-store pickups and/or returns. Our computational results show optimizing the set of pickup and return locations may reduce system cost over baseline marketing policies where these services are set up at all or none of a retailer’s stores. In addition, we show that retailers can significantly improve some consumer benefits at little extra cost.
PROMOTION DECISIONS:A ROUGH SET APPROACH

Promotions are an important aspect of the careers in managerial accounting. Review of the literature on promotions reveals that the decision‐making process is open to bias due to characteristics of ratees and raters, as well as possible political influences. Such flawed decision making may be due in part to the inherent ambiguity in rating performance of managers. Rough set rules are developed from an decision‐making example in which performance data is used in the decision to promote managers. Implications of incorporating these rules into expert systems used for promotions decisions are presented.
Use of continuous positive airway pressure breathing in the improved management of neonatal emergencies

Abstract A ventilatory system consisting of spontaneous breathing with continuous positive airway pressure has dramatically decreased mortality in newborn infants with hyaline membrane disease. 1 In the past 2 yr, we have applied this new technique in the management of noncardiac thoracic and abdominal emergencies in more than 25 small infants, most of whom were newborn. The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of continuous positive airway pressure breathing (CPAPB) in this group of babies with life-threatening conditions, which included intestinal atresia, meconium peritonitis, fecal peritonitis, gastroschisis, omphalocele, tracheoesophageal fistula, and diaphragmatic hernia (Table 1). As an adjunctive measure in the management of respiratory insufficiency associated with these conditions, we believe this new system has contributed importantly to the survival of these infants. A common denominator in this group of varied newborn emergencies was pulmonary dysfunction which was usually manifested by peripheral arterial unsaturation associated with right to left pulmonary shunting. The pulmonary abnormality was often a concomitant complication of severe metabolic acidosis, sometimes in the presence of gram-negative septicemia. Since these congenital anomalies all required urgent operative procedures, the above physiologic derangements were further distorted by anesthesia and the surgical trauma. In the past, pulmonary insufficiency, combined with severe sepsis and metabolic acidosis, was frequently lethal; but the postoperative courses in this group of infants have demonstrated improved respiratory function with the use of CPAPB. Selected cases have been chosen from this series to illistrate this experience.
Giant axonopathy characterized by intermediate location of axonal enlargements and acceleration of neurofilament transport

It has previously been shown that 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) and its 3,4-dimethyl derivative (3,4-DMHD) induce neurofilamentous accumulations at prenodal sites in distal and proximal, respectively, regions of peripheral axons. For 2,5-HD, neurofilament (NF) transport is accelerated and this is thought to be directly related to the appearance of the axonal enlargements. For 3,4-DMHD, however, the rate of NF transport cannot be assessed owing to the very proximal position of NF accumulation. In the present study, it is shown that administration to rats of 3-methyl-2,5-hexanedione, the structural 'average' of 2,5-HD and 3,4-DMHD, induces NF accumulations at midway axonal positions of the sciatic and optic systems, and results in acceleration of NF in the sections of optic axons proximal to the enlargements. These results suggest that a common mechanism underlies all gamma-diketone neuropathies, and that the proximodistal pattern of axonal enlargements represents pharmacokinetic variables rather than differences in mode of action. The neurotoxicity of gamma-diketones probably arises from pyrrolation of lysine epsilon-amino groups in crucial regions of NF or related proteins responsible for maintaining the proper supramolecular organization of the cytoskeleton. Acceleration of NF transport appears to be a common characteristic of chemically induced axonopathies, regardless of location, and this is contrary to the theory that gamma-diketone-induced NF accumulation results primarily from a progressive cross-linking of NF occurring subsequent to pyrrole formation.
Transfusion Safety: Where Are We Today?

Over the past decades, the incidence of clinically significant transfusion-transmitted diseases has been dramatically reduced. These reductions have occurred because of a multifocal approach to the collection, processing, and release of blood and blood components. Research has focused on characterizing specific pathogens and their infectious patterns, especially the early viremic phase. Donor motivation and characteristics have been investigated, and restrictive eligibility criteria have been established. Regulatory oversight has been strengthened in the United States and hemovigilance systems established in many countries of the European Union, Canada, and Japan to identify new and emerging infectious and noninfectious transfusion risks. Such systems are required because many emerging pathogens will elude the stringent and sensitive donor testing already in place which, unfortunately, requires advanced technologies. Despite the remarkable progress, the processes of delivering a transfusion to a patient provide additional opportunity for risk, but have been less- well studied and the solutions have been less-well defined. Specific areas of concern include the collection and correct identification of patient samples, selection of modified or unique products, blood administration process, and establishment of specific indications for transfusion. In this chapter, we review the status of transfusion safety in the United States and discuss some emerging infectious and noninfectious risks of transfusion that will become future areas for basic and translational research. The disparities that exist in blood safety in developing countries' red cell alloimmunization and autoimmunity will not be covered.