cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Episodic Buffer Processes Intact in ADHD? Experimental Evidence and Linkage with Hyperactive Behavior

Working memory deficits are present in a substantial proportion of children with ADHD, and converging evidence links these deficits with ADHD-related behavioral and functional impairments. At the same time, working memory is not a unitary construct, and evidence is lacking regarding the role of several components of this system in ADHD. Preclinical behavioral studies are needed to fractionate the multicomponent working memory system, determine which specific subcomponent(s) are impaired in ADHD, and more importantly link these subcomponent(s) with specific ADHD-related behavioral symptoms/functional impairments. The current study reflects one piece of that puzzle, and focuses on the episodic buffer component of working memory. Across multiple testing days, a well-characterized sample of 86 children ages 8–13 (M=10.52, SD=1.54; 34 girls; 64% Caucasian/Non-Hispanic) with ADHD (n=49) and without ADHD (n=37) completed three counterbalanced working memory tests that were identical in all aspects except the key subcomponent process (phonological, visuospatial, episodic buffer). Gross motor movement during these and control tasks were measured using 4 high-precision actigraphs. There was no evidence of group differences in gender, age, SES, or IQ. Bayesian mixed-model ANOVAs indicated that the ADHD group performed significantly worse on all three working memory tests (d=1.17–1.44) and was significantly more hyperactive than controls (d=0.66–1.05) during the visuospatial and episodic buffer tests. In contrast, the ADHD and Non-ADHD groups were equivalent with regard to effects of episodic buffer demands on performance and hyperactive behavior. The most parsimonious conclusion is that the episodic buffer is likely intact in ADHD, and unrelated to ADHD hyperactivity symptoms.
Biomarkers associated with risk and recovery in cancer patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Behavioral factors affecting risk for morbidity and mortality following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have been identified; however, the biological mediators have not been elucidated. Adults receiving allogeneic HSCT for a hematologic malignancy (N = 61) completed self-report measures (IDAS, PANAS, SPS, PSQI) of risk (depression, anxiety) and protective (sleep, social support) factors pre- HSCT. Blood samples were collected pre- and 100 days post-HSCT. Biomarkers relevant to immune recovery were determined via electrochemiluminescence assay. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified the underlying covariance structure of the cytokines, chemokines and other analytes. Multiple regression analyses covarying for age, sex, and treatment regimen examined associations between behavioral measures and EFA-derived biomarker factors. With respect to risk, participants reporting more depressive symptoms had higher pre-transplant scores on a factor comprised of inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins ( β =.34,.29; p .05; betas in SD units). Regarding protective factors, participants with better sleep quality had lower pre- and post-HSCT scores on a factor comprised of monocytic chemokines ( β =.31,.37; p
Evidence for FGF23 Involvement in a Bone-Kidney Axis Regulating Bone Mineralization and Systemic Phosphate and Vitamin D Homeostasis

Bone is involved in the maintenance of phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis via its production and secretion of FGF23 and serves as a reservoir for the storage and release of calcium and phosphate into the circulation. Alterations in mineralization of extracellular matrix and the remodeling activities of the skeleton are coupled to the kidney conservation of phosphate and production of 1,25(OH)2D via the regulation of FGF23 production by osteocytes through yet-to-be defined locally derived factors. In addition, FGF23 production is regulated by 1,25(OH)2D in a feedback loop where FGF23 stimulate Cyp24 mediated degradation of 1,25(OH)2D that serves to protect the organism from the toxic effects of vitamin D excess. In this chapter, we will review the regulation and function of FGF23.
Critical Information Studies: A Bibliographic Manifesto

This paper takes measure of an emerging scholarly field that sits at the intersection of many important areas of study. Critical Information Studies (CIS) considers the ways that culture and information are regulated and their relationship to commerce, creativity, and other human affairs. CIS captures the variety of approaches and bodies of knowledge needed to make sense of interesting, important phenomena such as copyright policy, electronic voting, encryption, the state of libraries, the preservation of ancient cultural traditions, and markets for cultural production. It necessarily stretches to a wide array of scholarly subjects, employs multiple complementary methodologies, and influences conversations far beyond the gates of the university. This field can serve as a model for how engaged, relevant scholarship in other areas might be done. Economists, sociologists, linguists, anthropologists, ethnomusicologists, communication scholars, lawyers, computer scientists, philosophers, and librarians have all contributed to this field. CIS interrogates the structures, functions, habits, norms, and practices that guide global flows of information and cultural elements. Instead of being concerned merely with one's right to speak (or sing or publish), CIS asks questions about access, costs, and chilling effects on, within, and among audiences, citizens, emerging cultural creators, indigenous cultural groups, teachers, and students. Central to these issues is the idea of semiotic democracy, the ability of citizens to employ the signs and symbols ubiquitous in their environments in manners that they determine.
Renal Papillary Necrosis and Tubulo-Interstitial Nephritis

Renal papillary necrosis (RPN) develops in the course of a variety of diseases in which the principle morphologic changes are those of tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) which is characteristically more severe in, and at times limited to, the inner medulla of the kidney (1). The focal or diffuse necrosis of the distal segments of one or more of the renal pyramids is ischemic in origin (2, 3). In the affected papillae the lesion is generally well demarcated and coagulative necrosis is the most prominent feature observed on histologic examination. The fact that necrosis is anatomically confined to the most distal segments of the inner medulla is, most likely,due to the unique structural and functional features of the renal papillae.
The Phylogenetic Development of Immune Responses and the Germinal Center System

During the past 10 years we have been reinvestigating the question of the phylogenetic development of immunity (Good and Papermaster, 1961, 1964; Papermaster, Condie and Good, 1962; Papermaster et al, 1963; Papermaster et al., 1964, 1964 a; Finstad, Papermaster and Good, 1964; Finstad, 1964, 1966; Finstad and Good, 1964, 1966; Good and Finstad, 1964, 1964 a; Finstad and Fichtelius, 1965; Good et al., 1966; Good, 1966; Fish, Pollara and Good, 1966; Pollara, Finstad and Good, 1966; Good et al., 1966; Gewurz et al., 1966). Invertebrates have been found to have protective mechanisms based on serological reactions (Glaser, 1918; Cantacuzene, 1923; Bernheimer, 1952; Gushing and Campbell, 1957; Li, 1960; Gushing, 1962) and have been shown in some studies to have reactions thought to be of immunological nature (Phillips, 1960; Phillips and Yardley, 1960, 1960 a; Osawa and Yabuubhi, 1963; Michelson, 1963; Pan, 1963; Bang, 1966). No one has thus far defined in the invertebrates the presence of the adaptive immune responses (Good and Papermaster, 1964; Teague and Friou, 1963, 1964). We chose to investigate this question by first setting down the characteristics which we considered definitive of the mammalian immune responses dependent upon the lymphoid system of cells, and second, attempting to trace the phylogenetic development of these processes and the complex system of organs and cells which make up the lymphoid apparatus. In recent months our studies have come to focus on the germinal centers and the lympho-epithelial organs essential to the development of germinal centers (Good, 1966). Consequently, we consider a brief review of our analysis of the phylogenetic development of the lymphoid system and immunological functions to be germane to the considerations of this Conference.
Tobacco Screening and Counseling in the U.S.: Smokers With Mental Health and Substance Use Problems

Introduction Individuals with mental health and substance use problems have higher rates of smoking and tobacco-related morbidity and mortality than the general population. These increased rates can be explained, in part, by lower cessation rates compared with overall declines in tobacco use in recent years. The purpose of this study was to examine tobacco screening and cessation counseling in healthcare settings to compare rates for adults with mental health and substance use problems with those without such problems. Methods A nationally representative sample of adult smokers (N=42,534) from the 2013 to 2016 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health was analyzed using logistic regression to estimate ORs for screening and counseling, adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, past-month smoking frequency, and past-year receipt of mental health and substance use treatment. Additionally, predicted probabilities of screening and counseling were calculated across groups to compare regression-adjusted rates of each service. Analyses were conducted in 2017. Results Compared with smokers without mental health or substance use problems, smokers with mental health and substance use problems and smokers with only mental health problems had higher odds of screening and counseling (all p Conclusions Like smokers with mental health problems, smokers with only substance use problems are at increased risk of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. Yet, unlike smokers with mental health problems, their rates of tobacco screening and cessation counseling by general medical providers do not reflect this elevated risk.
Head and Neck Cancer Survivors: Specific Needs and Their Implications for Survivorship Care Planning.

BACKGROUND Head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors experience significant sequelae of treatment, including long-term physical side effects and ongoing cancer surveillance. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to understand patients' survivorship knowledge gaps and supportive care needs. METHODS Through an anonymous cross-sectional survey, the authors evaluated 41 HNC survivors' knowledge regarding post-treatment issues. FINDINGS Patients had undergone a variety of treatment modalities.
Transmitter Coils Design for Free-Positioning Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer System

Recently, omnidirectional wireless power transfer systems have been studied intensely due to their improved flexibility when compared with their planar counterparts. In this paper, a novel wireless charging bowl with multiple transmitter coils is proposed to power portable devices. The bowl-shaped transmitter coil is optimized to provide sufficiently strong and nearly uniform omnidirectional field distribution. Inside the bowl, a planar receiver coil can be charged with free-positioning and arbitrary orientation. This unique benefit is particularly attractive for low-power portable devices. In the experiment, the proposed transmitter coils are built and operated at 6.78 MHz. The magnetic field is measured to verify the uniform and omnidirectional magnetic field distribution. The coil to coil efficiency is 85% to 95%. A complete system including the inverter and rectifier stage is implemented. When charging a 5W smart phone receiver, the overall efficiency varies within a range from 68–80% for any possible position.
Dipole-relaxation dynamics in a modified polythiourea with high dielectric constant for energy storage applications

Enhancing dipole polarization has been demonstrated as an effective approach to increase the dielectric constant of polymer dielectrics and thus to improve their discharged energy density for energy storage applications in electrical power and electronic systems. However, further optimization to get a higher dielectric constant and lower polarization loss hinges upon a more insightful understanding of the dynamics of dipole relaxation. Here, we demonstrate an approach, based on the Dissado-Hill dielectric response model, to probe the dynamics of dipole polarization in an all organic polythiourea (PDTC-HK511) composed of p-phenylene diisothiocyanate (PDTC) as rigid segments and Jeffamine® HK511 as flexible segments. Our results reveal that PDTC-HK511 possesses strong subglass transition β and γ relaxation processes in conjunction with the quasi-DC diffusion process at relatively high temperature and a low frequency range. The γ relaxation enhances the dielectric constant by 20%–25% but causes no apparent loss at the operating temperature and frequency conditions due to the high flexibility and short relaxation time of the dipole orientation. In comparison to β relaxation, the weak interactions and much shorter relaxation time of dipoles in γ relaxation evidenced the large flexibility of dipole movement. This work provides deeper insight into the dipole movement and aids future rational designs of polymers for dielectric energy storage.
Papillary urothelial carcinoma of the vagina: A case presentation and review of the literature

Abstract A 92-year-old woman with history of right nephroureterectomy for low grade Ta urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the renal pelvis and proximal ureter and high grade Ta and carcinoma-in-situ of the bladder presented for surveillance cystoscopy in 2019. She was found to have no evidence of disease within bladder or upper tract, however demonstrated a large papillary lesion within the vagina. This lesion stained for p40+, p16 patchy+, and GATA3+, all markers of UC, and the same molecular makeup of our patient's prior bladder tumor.
Abstract PD1-08: Frequency, characteristics and prognostic factors of PD-L1+ triple negative breast cancer using the PD-L1 SP142 companion assay

Background: TNBC is the most aggressive sub-type of breast cancer and has limited targeted therapies. Atezolizumab was recently FDA-approved for patients with advanced PD-L1+ TNBC. In a well-characterized cohort of patients with early-stage TNBC, we used the FDA-approved PD-L1 SP142 companion assay for atezolizumab to score whole tumor sections for PD-L1 expression. We determined the frequency and scoring distribution of PD-L1 in these tumors and evaluated PD-L1 status for associations with clinicopathologic variables and outcomes. Methods: Whole tumor sections from 498 women with surgically-treated, non-(distant) metastatic TNBC (ER/PR 15% (80%). 228/498 (46%) tumors were PD-L1+, distributed as IC score 1-5%: 21%, 6-10%: 13%, 11-20%: 5% and >20%: 7%. 270/498 (54%) were PD-L1-. 43 (8.6%) of tumors had PD-L1 staining in TC (all but 1 were also IC+). PD-L1 IC expression was associated with larger tumor size (p = 0.005), higher nodal stage (≥pN1: 43% vs. 31%, p 15%: 88% vs. 69%, p Citation Format: Jodi M Carter, Mei-Yin C Polley, Jason P Sinnwell, Roberto A Leon-Ferre, Fergus J Couch, Krishna R Kalari, Judy C Boughey, Minetta C Liu, Daniel W Visscher, Matthew P Goetz. Frequency, characteristics and prognostic factors of PD-L1+ triple negative breast cancer using the PD-L1 SP142 companion assay [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD1-08.
The Dark Side of the Rainbow: Queer Women's Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide issue that, although often thought of as a very gendered and heteronormative crime (male perpetrators and female victims within heterosexual relations...
Heteroaggregation of Neutral and Charged Nanoparticles: A Potential Method of Making Core-Shell Nanohybrids through Self-Assembling

Core-shell nanohybrids have wide applications in catalysis, drug delivery, bioimaging, environmental remediation, etc. Previous methods of synthesizing core-shell nanohybrids mostly involved extens...
Demonstration of passivation using a low-temperature-grown, Al-containing window layer by HVPE

We present hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) growth of single junction GaAs solar cells with Al 0.4 Ga 0.6 As front passivation layers at a growth temperature of 650°C. Devices achieved a short circuit current density of ~27.52 mA/cm2 after anti-reflection coating, similar to devices that used GaInP windows with the same bandgap, indicating that AlGaAs provides front-surface passivation resulting in a low interface recombination velocity. The low temperature growth of Al-containing III-V materials by HVPE allows for compatibility with In-containing alloys in high-efficiency III-V device structures for various applications.
No Future Without (Personal) Forgiveness: Reexamining the Role of Forgiveness in Transitional Justice

This article discusses the political possibilities of personal forgiveness in transitional justice. Personal forgiveness is extended by a single human victim who has been harmed by a wrongdoer. The victim forgives only that harm which has been done to him or to her. Personal forgiveness is distinguishable from three other forms of forgiveness: group forgiveness, legal forgiveness (a form of group forgiveness), and political forgiveness. In the context of transitional justice, I argue that: (1) personal forgiveness is a necessary condition for political forgiveness; (2) group forgiveness (including legal forgiveness), while not without a normative function, cannot effectuate either personal or political forgiveness, and (3) personal forgiveness requires a shared narrative framework to lead to political forgiveness. These assertions lead to two further observations. First, because the state has a normative role in its (limited) capacity to forgive on its own behalf and a practical role in its ability to spread and to transmit a shared narrative framework, the state is an important actor in political forgiveness. Second, because the primary historical example of political forgiveness in transitional justice is the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission that unfolded within an explicitly Christian theological framework, it may be that the shared narrative framework need be religious or even Christian in nature.
HiLO: high level optimization of FFTs

As computing platforms become more and more complex, the task of optimizing performance critical codes becomes more challenging. Recently, more attention has been focused on automating this optimization process by making aggressive assumptions about the algorithm. Motivated by these trends, this paper presents HiLO, the high-level optimizer for FFT codes. HiLO blends traditional optimization techniques into an optimization strategy tailored to the needs of FFT codes and outputs C code ready to be further optimized by the native compiler. It has already been shown that such high-level transformations are important to coax the native compiler into doing its job well. HiLO provides a more appropriate platform for researching these phenomena, suggests an optimization strategy that improves on previous approaches, and shows that even software pipelining at the C level can improve the final binary's performance.
A study of histamine in myeloproliferative disease.

SUMMARY 1. Whole blood histamine content was measured in 80 patients with myeloproliferative disease. Increased levels were found in 60 per cent of patients with uncontrolled polycythemia vera, in 7 per cent of patients with polycythemia vera being controlled by myelosuppressive therapy, and in 71 per cent of a group with "spent" polycythemia, myeloid metaplasia and myelofibrosis. 2. The excretion of histamine in the urine was measured in 60 patients, 30 with elevated blood histamine and 30 with normal blood histamine. The urine findings paralleled the blood findings in 90 per cent of the cases. 3. Measurements of cell-poor and cell-rich fractions of blood showed that the histamine is contained in the white cell fraction. Elevated basophil counts were present in 50 per cent of the patients and occurred with the greatest frequency in the groups with elevated blood and urine histamine. A rough correlation between the basophil count and the histamine content of blood and white cell fractions was observed in normal subjects and most cases with myeloproliferative disease. Data obtained in some cases of myeloproliferative disease suggest that the histamine content of the basophil may be abnormal and that other granulocytes may contribute to the total leukocyte histamine. 4. Myelosuppressive agents produced a reduction in histamine (expressed per 109 myeloid cells) and a decrease in urine histamine as control of the myeloproliferative process was achieved. Treatment with phlebotomy alone produced no change in histamine levels. 5. The incidence of pruritus, upper gastrointestinal distress and urticarial manifestations was increased 7-fold, 4-fold and 12-fold, respectively, in patients with elevated histamine levels as compared with those who had normal histamine levels. 6. Cyproheptadine, a potent antihistaminic, successfully controlled pruritus, relieved pyrosis and suppressed urticarial eruptions in patients with elevated histamine levels. Suppression of the reaction to subcutaneously administered codeine (a histamine-releaser) afforded objective evidence that cyproheptadine blocked the effects of histamine release in vivo. 7. The metabolism of histamine and the role of elevated histamine levels in the clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of myeloproliferative disease are discussed.
Public Trust and Distrust: The Theoretical Implications of the Public Trust Doctrine for Natural Resource Management

This essay reviews the theoretical underpinnings of the public trust doctrine, received at common law and constitutionalized in many states, and explores its contentious reception by green legal theorists. Since Professor Joseph Sax's revival of the ancient common law doctrine as a vehicle for environmental advocacy in the early 1970s, it has been hailed by many environmentalists as the most powerful tool available for protecting natural resource commons. At the same time, however, it has been attacked by others who argue that use of the property rights-based doctrine reifies an ownership approach to natural resources and obstructs the development of more desirable stewardship-oriented legal theories of natural resource management. The essay contrasts the work of Professor Sax, representing the public trust advocates, with that of Professor Richard Lazarus, representing the green dissent, observing that their primary bone of contention may reduce to which branch of governmentthe judiciary or the legislatureis viewed as the most faithful shepherd of environmental values. The piece concludes that, despite its formidable theoretical critique, the green dissent may elide the theoretical growth of the modern constitutionalized version of the public trust doctrine beyond its common law roots.
Identify the best alternatives to help the diffusion of teleconsultation by using the Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM)

Healthcare is a very important issue in the U.S. and in the entire world and the total healthcare spending in the United States has increased over the years and by the end of 2021 it will reach up to 20% of the U.S. GDP. The increase of health expenditure, a growing U.S. population, and a projected physician shortage are the top three trends in healthcare industry. The literature highlights that researchers from different fields and with several interests recognize the important role of telemedicine in the healthcare industry. Teleconsultation is an advanced telemedicine application that offers great promise to address some of the challenges raised by these trends, and it is increasingly being included in discussions of medicine's future. Telemedicine faces many challenges in legislation and regulation, finance, technical, ethical and culture, but still the future is squarely on telemedicine. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is integrated with Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM) to identify the best alternatives to help the diffusion of teleconsultation.
Understanding Youth Development From the Practitioner's Point of View: A Call for Research on Effective Practice

This article calls for research on the expertise of youth development practitioners. We argue for studies focused on understanding youth practice from practitioners' points of view—as they experience and enact it—with the aim of contributing findings and frameworks that are helpful to their work and learning. To improve youth programs, first, it is essential to better understand the challenges frontline staff face in their work. We review evidence showing that running a program and facilitating youth development is more challenging and multidimensional than is generally appreciated. Second, it is essential to understand the strategies effective practitioners employ to address these challenges. Studies indicate that the expertise of frontline staff is central to program impact; we review findings suggesting the diverse, contextually-attuned skills this expertise entails. Case studies in three domains of decision-making (designing programs, youth's motivation, and ethical dilemmas) are used to provide a vis...
Improving naltrexone response: an intervention for medical practitioners to enhance medication compliance in alcohol dependent patients.

Abstract The effectiveness of naltrexone, a FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence, can be improved if we support and help patients to consistently take their medication. We illustrate how patient noncompliance with treatment negatively affects outcome, and, we describe a new intervention to enhance medication compliance. Outcome was evaluated for 196 alcohol dependent outpatients who were treated with 50 mg/day naltrexone or placebo for 12 weeks. For patients who adhered to the prescribed treatment, relapse rates were lower with naltrexone than placebo (10% vs. 38.6%, p< 0.001). For noncompliant patients, relapse rates were high and comparable between naltrexone-and placebo-treated patients (42.9% vs. 40%). In a second study of 100 alcohol dependent outpatients, we introduced an intervention that resulted in better medication compliance rates compared to a previous naltrexone study of patients who did not receive the intervention (77.0% vs. 60.8%, p< 0.01). This provided some support for the use ...
Leptin acutely inhibits respiratory function in neonatal rats (712.18)

Leptin resistance is associated with impaired respiratory function, obesity related respiratory disorders, and a higher incidence of respiratory illness in children of obese mothers. There have bee...
Assisting Farmers to Produce High-quality Medicinal Herbs

Farmers are looking for new crops to grow to diversify their farms and increase profitability. Medicinal herbs are oftenofinterestbecausetheyaregenerallyperceivedasbeingeasytogrow,inhighdemand,returngoodprices,andserveas useful rotational crops. In reality, most farmers who have not previously grown medicinal herbs do not understand the global herb market. They do not know how to find a buyer or which herbs to grow. To help growers produce and market medicinal herbs, we initiated the Medicinal Herbs for Commerce Project. We also conducted studies on production problems for a variety of herbs. An issue that should be addressed is that there are hundreds of medicinal herbs in commerce and it is impossible for a small number of research programs to independently answer all the questions that are being asked by the industry. Developing a consortium of researchers around the world to coordinate efforts on how best to grow and process medicinal herbs and to create a database of information for farmers and agricultural advisors would be a great service for this industry. U.S. farmers are looking for new crops that will help diversify their farms and in- crease their profits. With the rising popularity of natural products, some farmers are inter- estedingrowingmedicinalherbs.Thedietary supplement industry is growing with global sales estimated at $84.5 billion for 2010 (Nu- trition Business Journal, 2011). The strong ''buy local'' movement in the United States and new federal regulations affecting the manufacturers (U.S. Food and Drug Admin- istration, 2012) favor increased domestic pro- duction of raw materials for the medicinal herb industry. Still, few farmers in the United States are growing medicinal herbs because they do not know which herbs to grow, how to produce and process them, or how to access the markets. Our interactions with farmers in North Carolina also revealed that they are not aware of the good agricultural practices (American Herbal Products Association, 2006) required by most buyers or the federally mandated current good manufacturing prac- tices, which affect raw material purchasing by manufacturers (U.S. Food Drug and Admin- istration, 2012). North Carolina has been an important sourceforwild-harvestedrootsand herbs for hundreds of years (Persons and Davis, 2007). For the past 25 years or so, some farmers in North Carolina have cultivated medicinal herbs in their woods and open fields. Because agricultural production was not keeping pace with the growth of the rest of industry, we surveyed former and current medicinal herb farmers in the state to ask about their experi- ences.Throughthese surveys welearnedthere were many issues related to cultivation and marketing of these herbs that restricted expan- sion of agricultural production in the state.
Transnational migration in rural Oaxaca, Mexico: Dependency, development, and the household

Contradictory models of dependency and development have dominated the discussion of migration between Mexico and the United States. Transnational models of migration resolve these contradictions by defining a series of interdependencies (economy and society, for example). Using data collected in a rural Zapotec community in Oaxaca, Mexico, this article focuses on three areas: the stage-specific development of transnational movement; the domestic cycle, household decision making, and migration/remittance outcomes; and the changing nature of community participation. Rooting the discussion in household decision making captures the important role local social variability and economic dynamism play in understanding transnational processes and advancing migration studies. [households, migration, transnationalism, dependency and development, Oaxaca, Mexico]
The role of pulmonary resection in pulmonary interstitial emphysema in premature infants

The primary treatment of pulmonary interstitial emphysema is medical using ventilator manipulations, suctioning, positioning, and selective bronchial intubation. Three premature infants with pulmonary interstitial emphysema causing progressive hyperinflation of one or more lobes failed to respond to medical management and were ventilator-dependent until the hyperinflated lobe(s) were removed. While the role of surgery in treating pulmonary interstitial emphysema is limited, the results can be beneficial.
Synthesis of polyadenylate-containing RNA in vitro in permeable cells of Escherichia coli B

Abstract As a starting point for the study of the biosynthesis of polyadenylated RNA in bacteria, the characteristics of RNA synthesis by cells of Escherichia coli B made permeable to small molecules by treatment with toluene were examined. Such cells mediated the incorporation of radiolabeled ribonucleoside triphosphates into RNA in a reaction that was sensitive to inhibitors of RNA polymerase and required the simultaneous presence of the four ribonucleoside triphosphates. Between 10 to 15% of the RNA synthesized under these conditions was polyadenylated as shown by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose. The presence of orthophosphate or dADP, inhibitors of polynucleotide phosphorylase, had no effect on the reaction and the rate of RNA synthesis was indistinguishable in the polynucleotide phosphorylase-deficient strain PR-7 and in its otherwise isogenic parent strain PR-100. The poly(A) tracts associated with the newly synthesized RNA could be isolated after exhaustive digestion with pancreatic and T1 ribonucleases and accounted for 14% of the poly(A)-RNA. At least 74% of the poly(A) sequences were located at the 3′ ends of RNA molecules and their weight-average length was 48 nucleotide residues. The size distribution of total RNA and poly(A)-RNA synthesized in the toluenized cell system was similar to that of the corresponding pulse-labeled fractions derived from growing cultures. The sequence complexity of poly(A)-RNA and unadenylated RNA synthesized in toluenized cells with [α-32P]CTP as the labeled substrate was analyzed by hybridization to fragments of Escherichia coli B DNA generated by digestion with EcoRI restriction endonuclease and immobilized on nitrocellulose sheets. Both RNA fractions hybridized with many DNA fractions, the hybridization patterns being similar with poly(A)-RNA and unadenylated RNA. This indicated that many different types of RNA transcripts synthesized in toluenized cells were subject to polyadenylation, but that polyadenylation was incomplete so that each transcript was present in both an adenylated and an unadenylated state.
Transition Probabilities and Mean Lives of the 3 s 2 Laser Level in Neon I

The mean life of the $3{s}_{2}$ (Paschen notation) laser level in Ne I has been measured for a series of pressures in the range of 3-7 \ensuremath{\mu}m Hg using a method of delayed coincidence. The lifetime values, obtained by means of the $3{s}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2{p}_{4}$ (6328 \AA{}) transition, show an increase in magnitude with increasing pressure. This pressure dependence was interpreted as being due to the imprisonment of the 600.04 \AA{} radiation emitted in the transition of the $3{s}_{2}$ level to the ground state. The Holstein theory of the imprisonment of resonance radiation was applied to the analysis of the lifetime-versus-pressure data to yield the following results: ${A}_{600}=2.45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${f}_{600}=0.0040\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0003$, $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{}^{\ensuremath{'}}A=(\ensuremath{\Sigma}A\ensuremath{-}{A}_{600})=1.61\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and lifetimes of 25 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2 and 62 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 5 nsec for the low-pressure and high-pressure limits, respectively. The error limits were derived from the standard deviations in the measured lifetimes and the measured pressures. Experimental results of other workers along with theoretical values calculated under various assumptions are presented for comparison with the results of the present work.
Effects of soil depth and aggregate size on weed seed distribution and viability in a silt loam soil

Abstract The position of weed seeds within the soil matrix plays an important role in seedling emergence and seed survival. The relationship of weed seeds with soil aggregates and soil depth was evaluated in a Waukegon silt loam soil that had been under a long-term, conventional tillage, annual crop management system. Soil aggregates were separated and classified into eight size classes from ≤5 to >12 mm and weed seeds were extracted from the aggregates. Amaranthus spp., Chenopodium album L. (common lambsquarters), Polygonum pensylvanicum L. (Pennsylvania smartweed), Setaria faberi Herrm. (giant foxtail), and Solanum ptycanthum Dun. (eastern black nightshade) accounted for the majority of seeds recovered. In general, seed viability declined from April to June, but increased in October following seed deposition. Seeds of individual species were most abundant in the aggregate size class most closely matching its seed size. However, seeds were commonly found associated with aggregates larger than 9 mm. Highest seed viability was found in the aggregate fraction closest to the seed size, however, S. faberi viability was also high in the >12 mm aggregate size class. Regardless of aggregate size, seed numbers were generally greatest in the upper 5 cm of soil. The results of this research were species-dependent and variable and demonstrated the complexity of weed seed/soil aggregate associations. However, they did show that seed placement within the soil matrix may play an important role in weed population dynamics.
Properties of 1D Classical and Quantum Ising Models: Rigorous Results

In this paper, we consider one-dimensional classical and quantum spin-1/2 quasi-periodic Ising chains, with two-valued nearest neighbor interaction modulated by a Fibonacci substitution sequence on two letters. In the quantum case, we investigate the energy spectrum of the Ising Hamiltonian, in presence of constant transverse magnetic field. In the classical case, we investigate and prove analyticity of the free energy function when the magnetic field, together with interaction strength couplings, is modulated by the same Fibonacci substitution (thus proving absence of phase transitions of any order at finite temperature). We also investigate the distribution of Lee–Yang zeros of the partition function in the complex magnetic field regime, and prove its Cantor set structure (together with some additional qualitative properties), thus providing a rigorous justification for the observations in some previous works. In both, quantum and classical models, we concentrate on the ferromagnetic class.
Fluid Mechanic Assessment of the Total Cavopulmonary Connection using Magnetic Resonance Phase Velocity Mapping and Digital Particle Image Velocimetry

The total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) is currently the most promising modification of the Fontan surgical repair for single ventricle congenital heart disease. The TCPC involves a surgical connection of the superior and inferior vena cavae directly to the left and right pulmonary arteries, bypassing the right heart. In the univentricular system, the ventricle experiences a workload which may be reduced by optimizing the cavae-to-pulmonary anastomosis. The hypothesis of this study was that the energetic efficiency of the connection is a consequence of the fluid dynamics which develop as a function of connection geometry. Magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping (MRPVM) and digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) were used to evaluate the flow patterns in vitro in three prototype glass models of the TCPC: flared zero offset, flared 14 mm offset, and straight 21 mm offset. The flow field velocity along the symmetry plane of each model was chosen to elucidate the fluid mechanics of the connection as a function of the connection geometry and pulmonary artery flow split. The steady flow experiments were conducted at a physiologic cardiac output (4 L/min) over three left/right pulmonary flow splits (70/30, 50/50, and 30/70) while keeping the superior/inferior vena cavae flow ratio constant at 40/60. MRPVM, a noninvasive clinical technique for measuring flow field velocities, was compared to DPIV, an established in vitro fluid mechanic technique. A comparison between the results from both techniques showed agreement of large scale flow features, despite some discrepancies in the detailed flow fields. The absence of caval offset in the flared zero offset model resulted in significant caval flow collision at the connection site. In contrast, offsetting the cavae reduced the flow interaction and caused a vortex-like low velocity region between the caval inlets as well as flow disturbance in the pulmonary artery with the least total flow. A positive correlation was also found between the direct caval flow collision and increased power losses. MRPVM was able to elucidate these important fluid flow features, which may be important in future modifications in TCPC surgical designs. Using MRPVM, two- and three-directional velocity fields in the TCPC could be quantified. Because of this, MRPVM has the potential to provide accurate velocity information clinically and, thus, to become the in vivo tool for TCPC patient physiological/functional assessment.
Virus diseases and the eye in childhood

Summary The common virus diseases may attack any or all parts of the eye. The ocular complications of thirteen such diseases are described.
Facial Muscle Activity During Induced Mood Stales: Differential Growth and Carry‐Over of Elated Versus Depressed Patterns

Two groups of 14 women volunteers each read a standard set of 40 self-referent statements and engaged in imagery designed to induce moods of either elation or depression. Subjective ratings of emotion and facial muscle activity constituted the dependent measures. Feelings of depression as well as anger and sadness grew over time for Depression subjects, white feelings of happiness increased for Elation subjects. Elation led to increased zygomatic muscle activity while depression led to enhanced corrugator activity and slightly decreased zygomatic activity. Facial muscle activity was correlated with subjective ratings primarily for Depression subjects. For these subjects, corrugator activity grew over time and carried over into non-imagery rest periods. In contrast, the increased zygomatic activity of Elation subjects returned to baseline during rest periods. The differential growth and carry-over effects of the two mood states are discussed in terms of a positive psychobiological feedback loop which may serve to perpetuate depressive patterns of cognitive as well as somatic activity.
Public and private sector interests in e-government: a look at the DOE’s PubSCIENCE

Abstract As the federal government offers more online services and information to an increasingly connected America, public awareness and use are increasing as well. While federal agencies take advantage of information technology to provide services and information, some representatives of the computer, software, and communications industries occasionally raise concerns over the presence of the federal government in the emerging e-commerce market and in the market for commercial information providers. This debate follows a decade-long trend toward privatization of government functions as part of the Clinton Administration’s push to reinvent government. The development of e-government is further complicated by a lack of clarity and consistency in policy and oversight. This paper explores the controversy surrounding the PubSCIENCE initiative from the Department of Energy to outline the issues involved in defining the boundaries between e-government and e-commerce in such a way that cooperation is developed and competition is avoided.
The Job Satisfaction of Managerial and Executive Women: Revisiting the Assumptions

Abstract This study examined psychological and personal characteristics of management and executive women in relation to job satisfaction to determine if there was, in fact, any difference between the two to use as a basis for explaining the lack of women in upper management. Results indicate that there were significant differences between the two groups in personality and demographic characteristics. This would mean that some of our assumptions regarding what gives satisfaction to female employees may need to be revised. Implications are that these differences need to be addressed in managerial preparation programs in the workplace and in educational institutions.
Synthetic and Enhanced Index Strategies Using Futures on U.S. Indexes

Stock index futures and swaps offer a means of generating index return that is flexible and efficient from both a cost and an operational perspective. Index replication strategies include equitizing cash, tightening benchmark tracking, enhancing index returns, synthetic international indexing, global asset allocation, synthetic indexing as part of a strategy or manager transition, and country or capitalization tilts. This article provides a detailed analysis of the basic building blocks common to all these strategies. Using the most common futures on U.S. indexes, they show how synthetic index returns are generated and analyze their performance and tracking risk characteristic. The evidence is that, because of reversals in monthly synthetic returns compared to indexes, quarterly return tracking error is much lower and a better indication of tracking risk than that based on monthly return.
Study on Chemical Treatment and High Temperature Nitridation of Sapphire for III-Nitride Heteroepitaxial Growth

We have systematically studied the effects of wet chemical etching and high temperature nitridation on the resulting sapphire surface morphology and chemical transformation. The etching of c-plane sapphire substrates using H2SO4, H3PO4, and a 3:1 H2SO4 :H3PO4 mixture as a function of temperature and etching time was studied and compared with H2 etching at 1100°C and air-annealing at 1400°C. The surface nitridation using NH3 and N2 at 1100°C was studied as a function of NH3 concentration, nitridation time, and surface pretreatment. Atomic force microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to study the surface morphology and chemical composition. The detailed surface morphology after chemical etching was a function of the chemical composition and the specific time and temperatures. The smoothest, pit-free sapphire surface was obtained by etching in pure H2SO4 at 300°C for 30 min. Sulfuric acid etching at higher temperatures or for longer periods generated an insoluble mixture of Al2(SO4)3 and Al2(SO4)3·17H2O crystalline deposits on the surface. Phosphoric acid and the 3:1 H2SO4:H3PO4 mixture etched the sapphire preferentially at defect sites and resulted in pits formation on the surface. The high temperature sapphire nitridation resulted in nitrogen incorporation into the surface. The nitrogen content of nitridation layer depends on NH3 concentration, nitridation time, and surface pretreatment. The nitrogen contents of sapphire treated with H2SO4 and 3:1 H2SO4:H3PO4 are about the same as the as-received sapphire. While the nitrogen content of the air-annealed sapphire is ∼1.6 times higher then the nitrogen content of the as-received sapphire.
Comparison of forearm and upper arm blood pressures.

Objective In the prehospital setting it is not always feasible to obtain blood pressure (BP) readings from the upper arm. This study was performed to compare BPs obtained from subjects' forearms and upper arms in order to assess the utility of forearm BP as a surrogate for standard BP. Methods The authors performed a prospective, cross-sectional, convenience study in a sample of ambulatory university ED patients, where each subject had sequential determinations of left upper arm and forearm BPs with an automated monitor at ED triage. The order of measurement was determined by the day of the week. Demographic and clinical data were also recorded. The main outcome measure was the correlation between upper arm and forearm systolic and diastolic BPs. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Student's t-test were used to analyze the data. Results 151 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 35.3+/-15.7 years; 40% were female and 78% were white. The mean forearm and upper arm systolic BPs were 129.8+/-20.7 mm Hg and 126.2+/-17.6 mm Hg (p = 0.002). The mean forearm and upper arm diastolic BPs were 80.7+/-14.5 mm Hg and 76.8+/-13.4 mm Hg (p Conclusion Forearm BP is a fairly good predictor of standard upper arm BP in most patients. Forearm BP may be used when measurement of upper arm BP is not feasible.