cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
U.S. science and technology under budget stress

A set of hearings was held a few weeks ago by the House Science and Technology Committee, Don Fuqua, chairman, during which White House science advisor George A. Keyworth II ‘reiterated the Reagan Administration's wisdom of the marketplace philosophy’ (Chemical and Engineering News, Dec. 14, 1981). National Academy of Sciences President Frank Press responded to Keyworth's continuing statements on the ‘hard choices’ ahead with a proposed ‘compact’ among the public, private and academic research sectors. Representatives of the science R & D community are hanging on every word released from the White House, hoping to find some solace from the picture of disastrous budget cuts that appears to be emerging in all sectors. The budget cuts, cumulative for fiscal years 1982 and 1983, do not, in notable examples, leave room for hard choices; dismantling of entire programs appears to be expected. Two examples are the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) planetary scientific program and the programs of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). When NASA's program was recently described as ‘planetary science in extremis,’ the meaning intended was ‘near death,’ not ‘in the extreme’ (Science, Dec. 18, 1981). In the same light, Douglas M. Castle, former EPA director, defined ‘EPA under siege:’ ‘It's hard to find a rational explanation for [the 1983 fiscal year budget proposed by OMB] except that [the current EPA administrators] are, in fact, a wrecking crew’ (Environmental Science and Technology, December 1981). Meanwhile, the so-called ‘research universities’ in the United States are turning to more practical and applied avenues to secure funds for their R & D budgets. According to science policy analyst, Wil Lepkowski, ‘The practical goals of technology are fast swallowing academic science, and nothing seems likely to be the same again.’ (Chem. Eng. News, Nov. 23, 1981).
Polarization Effect in Photoionization of Cesium

Polarized cesium atoms were ionized by circularly polarized light. The cesium-ion intensities obtained with positive and negative photon helicities were measured at various wavelengths. The results demonstrate that the wave functions for the continuum states of cesium are perturbed by a spin-orbit interaction in accordance with the theoretical interpretations given by Seaton and Fano.
Fuzzy mathematical morphology

The original extension of binary mathematical morphology to the gray scale is based upon the lattice-theoretic supremum and infimum operations, its geometric genesis being framed in terms of the umbra transform. Abstract formulation of the mathematical theory is set in the context of complete lattices; nonetheless, as applied to the Euclidean gray scale, it remains true to the umbra formulation. In distinction to the ordinary extension of the binary theory to the gray scale, the present paper provides a generalization based on fuzzy set theory. Images are modeled as fuzzy subsets of the Euclidean plane or Cartesian grid, and the morphological operations are defined in terms of a fuzzy index function. This approach leads to a general algebraic paradigm for fuzzy morphological algebras. More specifically, the paper investigates in depth a fuzzy morphology grounded on a fuzzy fitting characterization. Although the resulting algebras reduce to ordinary binary morphology when sets are crisp, the extension is not equivalent to the umbra-modeled approach, and binary morphology is embedded within fuzzy morphology by treating images as {0, 1}-valued rather than {-~, 0}-valued. As opposed to the usual gray-scale extension, the fuzzy extension closely maintains the notion of erosion being a marker, albeit a fuzzy marker. The present paper discusses fuzzy modeling (via a suitable index function), the fundamental fyzzy morphological operations, and the corresponding fuzzy Minkowski algebra.
The p12 Domain Is Unstructured in a Murine Leukemia Virus p12-CAN Gag Construct

The Gag polyproteins of gammaretroviruses contain a conserved p12 domain between MA and CA that plays critical roles in virus assembly, reverse transcription and nuclear integration. Here we show using nuclear magnetic resonance, that p12 is unstructured in a Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) Gag fragment that includes the N-terminal domain of CA (p12-CAN). Furthermore, no long range interactions were observed between the domains, as has been previously predicted. Flexibility appears to be a common feature of Gag “late” domains required for virus release during budding. Residues near the N-terminus of CAN that form a β-hairpin in the mature CA protein are unfolded in p12-CAN, consistent with proposals that hairpin formation helps trigger capsid assembly.
Structural Dynamism in the Concept of Self: A Flexible Model for a Malleable Concept:

The self-concept is theorized to play an important role in many psychological processes. Numerous theories rest on assumptions concerning the differential accessibility of pieces of self-knowledge, but relatively little attention during the past decade has centered on examining the underlying structure of the self-concept that mediates such differences. In the present article, we suggest a new model of the self-concept that incorporates recent advances in knowledge regarding conceptual structure. We envision the self as a representation in working memory with inherently flexible content and organization. Initial empirical evidence supporting this view is reviewed and followed by a discussion of the implications of this model for many phenomena involving the self-concept.
Examples of transverse homoclinic orbits in delay equations

On presente deux exemples specifiques d'equations aux differences differentielles scalaires avec un retard de la forme x˙(t)=−αx(t)+f(x(t−1)), α≥0 pour lesquelles il y a une orbite periodique γ avec une orbite homocline transversale Q asymptotique a γ
Thermal effect in quantum-dot cellular automata

Abstract We present a theoretical study of thermal effect in quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). A quantum statistical model has been introduced to obtain the thermal average of polarization of a QCA cell. We have studied the thermal effect on an inverter, a majority gate and planar arrays of different sizes. The theoretical analysis has been approximated for a two-state model where the cells are in any one of the two possible eigenstates of the cell Hamiltonian. Hence, only the ±1 polarization values are taken into account for the statistical analysis. A numerical computational model has been developed to obtain all possible configurations of the cells in an array. In general, the average polarization of each cell decreases with temperature as well as with the distance from the driver cells. We have found the temperatures for thermal breakdown. The results demonstrate the critical nature of temperature dependence for the operation of QCA.
On the edge reconstruction of graphs embedded on surfaces

In this paper, we proved that ifG is a 3-connected graph of minimum valency ? = 6? + 5 with ? a non-negative integer and if there exists an embedding ? ofG on a surface Σ of characteristic ?(Σ) = -- ?|V(G)?+ β with the representativity of the embedding ? ? 3, where ? ? 0,1, thenG is edge reconstructible.
A design study for an advanced divertor for DIII-D and ITER: the radiative slot divertor

Reduction of the divertor heat load is an important issue for future tokamaks, particularly during the technology phase of ITER. We discuss a conceptual design for one type of advanced divertor: the radiative slot divertor. The goal of this divertor configuration is to enhance the radiation in the divertor region and thereby reduce the heat load at the strike points. At the same time, any effects on the core plasma must be minimized. Proof-of-principle experiments to enhance the radiation in the DIII-D divertor have been performed both with deuterium and impurity injection. We compare several computer models with results from these experiments to predict performance and thereby guide designs of radiative divertors for future machines. We have estimated impurity radiation using calculations of the background plasma with a two-dimensional fluid code (B2 or LEDGE) coupled with models of impurity radiation. The DEGAS code has been used to estimate hydrogenic transport, charge exchange and radiation losses. Estimates of impurity transport are provided by 11/1-dimensional models and calculations of impurity frictional-force terms. These model, results are in qualitative agreement with the ∼1 MW reduction of measured divertor power in DIII-D during divertor impurity puffing experiments. Specific designs, including engineering details, for applications to DIII-D and ITER will be discussed.
Nested reentrant and recurrent computation in early vision: a Bayesian neuromorphic model applied to hyperacuity.

Hyperacuity is demonstrated in a neuromorphic model of the early visual system. The model incorporates Bayesian principles which are embodied in the dynamics of reentrant and recurrent feedback processes. Each retinotopically mapped area in the model represents a transformation of data from the visual field. Sensory information propagates in a bottom-up direction from one area to the next, while information based on Bayesian priors propagates in a top-down direction through reentrant connections. The ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ information maintain a separate existence in distinct layers of the model, but they interact through local connections within each area. Transformations between one area and the next are defined by the reentrant synaptic connections between areas, while local prior probability maps are defined by local recurrent connections within layers. The representation of hyperacuity is accomplished using a model of functional multiplicity: the large ratio of neurons in striate cortex compared with the number of afferent fibers projecting from the lateral geniculate nucleus. High functional multiplicity, in conjunction with hierarchical reentrant processing, allows the model to represent a fine-grained restoration of the line structure of visual input.
Restoration of low resolution metabolic images with a priori anatomic information: 23Na MRI in myocardial infarction.

A new iterative extrapolation image reconstruction algorithm is presented, which enhances low resolution metabolic magnetic resonance images (MRI) with information about the bounds of signal sources obtained from a priori anatomic proton (1H) MRI. The algorithm ameliorates partial volume and ringing artefacts, leaving unchanged local metabolic heterogeneity that is present in the original dataset but not evident at 1H MRI. Therefore, it is ideally suited to metabolic studies of ischemia, infarction and other diseases where the extent of the abnormality at 1H MRI is uncertain. The performance of the algorithm is assessed by simulations, MRI of phantoms, and by surface coil 23Na MRI studies of canine myocardial infarction on a clinical scanner where the injury was not evident at 1H MRI. The algorithm includes corrections for transverse field inhomogeneity, and for the leakage of intense signals into regions of interest such as 23Na MRI signals from ventricular blood ringing into the myocardium. The simulations showed that the algorithm reduced ringing artefacts by 15%, was stable at low SNR (≈7), but is sensitive to the positioning of the 1H MRI boundaries. The 23Na MRI showed hyperenhancement of regions identified as infarcted at post-mortem histological staining. The areas of hyperenhancement were measured by five independent observers in four 23Na images of infarction reconstructed with and without the algorithm. The infarct areas were correlated with areas determined by post-mortem histological staining with coefficient 0.85 for the enhanced images, compared to 0.58 with the conventional images. The scatter in the amplitude and in the area measurements of ischemia-associated hyper-enhancement in 23Na MRI was reduced by the algorithm by 1.6-fold and by at least 3-fold, respectively, demonstrating its ability to substantially improve quantification of the extent and intensity of metabolic changes in injured tissue that is not evident by 1H MRI.
The density of North Atlantic and North Pacific deep waters

Abstract The densities of seventeen samples of seawater from GEOSECS stations 27 (North Atlantic) and 217 (North Pacific) have been measured with a vibrating flow densimeter at 25°C. The densities of the deep samples were found to be 5 ± 1.5and16 ± 3.6ppm greater, for the North Atlantic and North Pacific, respectively, than predicted by the equation of state of Millero, Gonzalez and Ward (1976) derived for seawaters of constant relative composition. The results are in good agreement with the density anomalies predicted by Brewer and Bradshaw (1975) on the basis of the observed increase of dissolved silica, alkalinity and total carbon dioxide in oceanic deep waters. The application of these corrections results in an agreement with the Millero, Gonzalez and Ward (1976) equation of state to ±4 ppm.
Effects of Style, Tempo, and Performing Medium on Children' s Music Preference

The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of style, tempo, and performing medium on fifth-rade students' expressed music listening preference. A listening test was administered to 107 students in four classes in central Michigan. Test reliability was evaluated in terms of common factor concentration and stability across time, and behavior observation was used to help interpret results. A preference hierarchy emerged in which the popular styles were most favored and correlation analysis indicated that style was most strongly related to preference. A three-way repeated measures analysis of variance disclosed a significant three-way interaction. An examination of charted cell means indicated a strong effect for style, which was notice ably suppressed by performance in the instrumental medium. Across pooled styles there was a slight preference for faster tempos and the instrumental medium.
The Effect of Speed Alterations on Tempo Note Selection

The present study was an attempt to investigate musicians' tempo note preferences within a musical context. Using relatively familiar orchestral music as stimuli, the study tested the ability of subjects to discriminate how an altered excerpt differed in tempo from its unaltered presentation by asking subjects to select a beat note for each trial. One hundred randomly selected subjects participated in the study. A representative list of eight relatively familiar orchestral works was specifically selected because of the ambiguity of the perceived rhythmic organization, that is, either in oneness (dotted note as beat note) or in threeness (undotted note as beat note), regardless of the actual notation. Subjects heard each of the eight excerpts three times, at increased, decreased, and unaltered tempi. The amount of tempo change in either direction was 12%. Thus, an original tempo of (•) = 164 beats per minute (bpm), for example, was heard at altered tempi of (•) = 184 bpm (increased) or (•) = 144 bpm (decre...
Inertial subalgebras of algebras possessing finite automorphism groups

Let R be a commutative ring with identity, and let A be a finitely generated R -algebra with Jacobson radical N and center C . An R -inertial subalgebra of A is a R -separable subalgebra B with the property that B+N=A . Suppose A is separable over C and possesses a finite group G of R -automorphisms whose restriction to C is faithful with fixed ring R . If R is an inertial subalgebra of C , necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an R -inertial subalgebra of A are found when the order of G is a unit in R . Under these conditions, an R -inertial subalgebra B of A is characterized as being the fixed subring of a group of R -automorphisms of A . Moreover, A ⋍ B ⊗ R C . Analogous results are obtained when C has an R -inertial subalgebra S ⊃ R .
Epidemiologic Studies on the Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation

Exposure to ionizing radiation comes from a variety of natural background sources including cosmic rays, radioactive elements in the soil including uranium, thorium, and radium, internally deposited radionuclides such as 14C and 40K, and from exposure to indoor radon [1–2]. Medical procedures account for the greatest source of man-made exposure, with occupation, nuclear power, consumer products (TV’s and smoke detectors), and fallout from weapons testing accounting for relatively little. Health consequences that have been identified include leukemia (except CLL), solid tumors at a number of sites, and heritable effects [3]. Estimates of annual per capita doses vary depending on geographic region and altitude, but are in the range of 1.6 mSv from all sources of radiation except radon [2]. This dose estimate suggests that about 5% of all cancers may be due to radiation exposure (excluding the risk of lung cancer associated with radon exposure) [2,4].
HiCNorm: removing biases in Hi-C data via Poisson regression

Summary: We propose a parametric model, HiCNorm, to remove systematic biases in the raw Hi-C contact maps, resulting in a simple, fast, yet accurate normalization procedure. Compared with the existing Hi-C normalization method developed by Yaffe and Tanay, HiCNorm has fewer parameters, runs41000 times faster and achieves higher reproducibility. Availability: Freely available on the web at: http://www.people.fas. harvard.edu/� junliu/HiCNorm/. Contact: jliu@stat.harvard.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Estimating the variability of reconstructed PET data: a technique based on approximating the reconstruction filter by a sum of Gaussian kernels

The estimation of variability in reconstructed Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images is an important goal. Exact and approximate formulae for variances of average activity over regions-of-interest (ROI) have been developed. The authors introduce a new approach which relies on approximating the convolution filter of the reconstruction by a weighted sum of Gaussian kernels with different fullwidth-at-half-maxima (FWHM). Results obtained for a one-dimensional model deconvolution problem show that the percent errors in approximated standard deviations for reconstructed ROI values of varying size are essentially zero. The method is also applied to obtain convolution formulae for pixelwise variances of reconstructed PET images. The approach works remarkably well. These results are insensitive to the amount of smoothing used in the reconstruction process. Relative to other approximation techniques, the Gaussian approximation provides substantially improved accuracy with negligible increase in compute time. Thus, this approach looks quite promising.
What Allows Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Be Brief: Overview, Efficacy, and Crucial Factors Facilitating Brief Treatment

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been traditionally used as a short-term treatment for a wide range of emotional disorders and problems. In the present paper, we review aspects of CBT that allow it to be time efficient. Specifically, CBT maximizes efficiency because it uses manual-based, empirically supported treatment strategies and defines specific, measurable, and achievable target goals. A focused assessment process and a relatively structured session format facilitate the implementation of treatment strategies without delay and allow the therapist to make efficient use of session time. Once treatment is implemented, a periodic review of treatment progress using objective criteria enables the therapist and client to make informed decisions about the direction of treatment. CBT uses strategies to enhance generalization and prevent relapse and empowers patients by providing them with skills they can use outside therapy sessions. Finally, the therapist's active, directive stance plays a critical role in making CBT time-efficient.
Rat pups reduce ultrasonic vocalization after exposure to an adult male rat.

We examined how the experience of a threatening stimulus alters subsequent behavior in a situation where the immediate threat is absent. A small huddle of 12-day-old rats was exposed to a potentially infanticidal adult male rat for 5 min. During male exposure, pups were significantly more immobile than control pups. Thirty, 60, and 180 min after male exposure, the pups were isolated for 5 min from litter and dam in an unfamiliar environment. When isolated, pups that had been previously exposed to the male emitted significantly fewer ultrasonic vocalizations than controls, but did not differ in immobility. Low levels of vocalization were apparent 30 and 60 min after male exposure and were not evident at 180 min. The pups seemed to have adjusted their behavior to a potential male threat in a different context for a limited period of time.
E‐book devices and m‐commerce: what might be the impact on organizational learning?

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to explore how e‐book devices and m‐commerce affect organizational learning.Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines how e‐books are changing the m‐commerce industry by encouraging organizations to adopt electronic formats of written material.Findings – This paper highlights how e‐books can make a difference to organizations by being a more cheaper and efficient way to share information and knowledge.Research limitations/implications – As e‐books are a relatively new innovation that organizations are using it is important to understand how people within an organization learn and use e‐books.Practical implications – Organizations need to keep up to date with new technology and e‐books provide a unique way for organizations to learn about market developments and encourage information sharing throughout the whole organization.Social implications – E‐books enable people in an organization to share information in a timely and secure manner. However, for society this ...
An efficient VLSI implementation of logarithmic signal processors

A hybrid logarithmic processor based on the logarithmic number system (LNS) is introduced The LNS exponents of the operands are represented internally using the signed-digit (SD) number system. The LNS exponents, represented traditionally as fixed-point or sign-magnitude numbers, are converted to an SD format and then processed. This allows the parallelism offered by the SD number system at the digital level to be exploited for the implementation of the various operations. In order to reduce the size of the memory tables required for LNS operations like addition to subtraction, a technique for parallel conversion of SD to sign-magnitude numbers is developed. The new processor compares favorably to a previously developed logarithmic processor in terms of computational speed. It also results in a more regular and modal VLSI implementation. >
Functional Equations for the Enhancement Factors for CO2-Free Moist Air.

Equations are presented which explicitly express the enhancement of water vapor in CO2-free air from 0.1 to 2 MPa. The equations are approximations to the formulation of Hyland and provide the means of obtaining enhancement with very modest computational facilities. The agreement with Hyland's enhancement values is well within his estimated uncertainty.
An effective truncation heuristic for bias reduction in simulation output

The start-up or warm-up problem arises in steady-state, discrete-event simulation, where the arbitrary selection of initial conditions introduces bias in simulated output sequences. In this paper, we develop and test a new truncation heuristic or resolving the start-up problem. Given a finite sequence, the truncation rule deletes initial observations until the width of the marginal confidence interval about the truncated sample mean is minimized. This rule is easy to implement, has strong intuitive appeal, and is remarkably effective in mitigating initialization bias. We illustrate the performance of the heuristic by comparison with enhanced implementations of alternative truncation rules proposed in the literature. All rules are applied to output sequences generated by ten runs each of four representative queuing simulations. Results confirm the significance of the start-up problem and demonstrate that simple truncation heuristics can solve this problem. All of the rules tested are shown to provide impro...
The Development of Shared Stereotypic Impressions in Conversation: An Emerging Model, Methods, and Extensions to Cross-Group Settings

The authors’ research over the past 10 years has examined how dyads work together to find a common ground understanding through which to develop a shared impression. This article begins by examining the extant motivations underlying such efforts and presents a model of why and under what conditions shared stereotypic impressions develop. The article then turns to the mechanisms through which these shared stereotypic impressions develop through conversation, with a particular eye to the relation between dyads’ language choices and their resulting impressions. Finally, the article addresses a serious limitation of the authors’ work, namely, the authors’ primary focus on dyads comprising individuals who share a common group identity such as gender or ethnicity. Working within their model framework, the authors discuss the unique challenges of shared impression formation facing dyads who comprise individuals from dissimilar groups.
High-porosity channels for melt migration in the mantle: Top is the dunite and bottom is the harzburgite and lherzolite

High-porosity dunite channels are important pathways for melt migration in the mantle. To better understand the first order characteristics of the high-porosity melt channel and its associated peridotite lithologies in an upwelling mantle, we conducted high-resolution numerical simulations of reactive dissolution in a deformable porous medium. Results from this study show that high-porosity dunite channels are transient and shallow parts of pathways for melt migration in the mantle. The lower parts of a high-porosity channel are harzburgite and lherzolite. The size and dimension of dunite channels depend on the amplitude of lateral porosity variations at the base of the melting column, whereas the depth of dunite channel initiation depends on the melt flux entering the channel from below. Compaction and interaction between compaction and dissolution play a central role in distributing melt in the dunite channel. A wide orthopyroxene-free dunite channel may contain two or more high-porosity melt channels. A primary high-porosity melt channel developed in the deep mantle may excite secondary melt channels in the shallow part of the melting column. The spatial relations among the high-porosity melt channel and its associated lithologies documented in this study may shed new light on a number of field, petrological, and geochemical observations related to melt migration in the mantle. Citation: Liang, Y., A. Schiemenz, M. A. Hesse, E. M. Parmentier, and J. S. Hesthaven (2010), High-porosity channels for melt migration in the mantle: Top is the dunite and bottom is the harzburgite and lherzolite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L15306, doi:10.1029/2010GL044162.
A Nonparametric Approach for Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci

Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is performed typically by using a parametric approach, based on the assumption that the phenotype follows a normal distribution. Many traits of interest, however, are not normally distributed. In this paper, we present a nonparametric approach to QTL mapping applicable to any phenotypic distribution. The method is based on a statistic ZW, which generalizes the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test to the situation of whole-genome search by interval mapping. We determine the appropriate significance level for the statistic ZW, by showing that its asymptotic null distribution follows an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. These results provide a robust, distribution-free method for mapping QTLs.
A Carceral Regime: Violence and Social Memory in Southwest China

In Yu Hua's story "Nineteen Eighty-six," a high-school history teacher and amateur scholar of ancient techniques of state punishment returns to his hometown. Many years before, during the Cultural Revolution, Red Guards took him from his home, tortured him, and locked him up in a school office. He escaped into a world of insane hallucination and wandered the countryside for nearly two decades. In that time, his wife remarried and his daughter forgot him. On his return, he inflicts on himself in the town's streets the "five punishments," which he had studied in texts from the Qin dynasty and before: mo (branding), yi (cutting off the nose), fei (severing the legs at the knees), gong (castration), and dapi (dismemberment). While he mutilates himself with hot irons, knives, saws, rocks, and cleavers, his wife, his daughter, and the other townspeople refuse to recognize him. Eventually, his howls of pain become a nuisance. A policeman declines to get involved, and a gang of youths bind the madman with a rope. The next morning, his wife and daughter experience a sense of relief as they watch a sanitation worker cart off the bound corpse. A few months later, after spring turns to summer, two young girls inexplicably spot him in the streets again, clean and well groomed, "hopping toward them like a flea." His wife and daughter approach and he calls out after them, but they walk past as if they had never met: "The madman kept hopping down the sidewalk, calling all the while for his 'little sister.' The mother and daughter kept on walking down the street. They didn't look back. They moved forward with ease and grace" (Yu 1987:80). Most scholarly treatments of the politics of memory and forgetting employ a well-worn conceptual vocabulary: inscription and erasure, commemoration and transmission, repression and return of the repressed. In reference to contemporary China, this vocabulary is used to elucidate tensions between a state determined
A new accurate approach to the anterior ratio with clinical applications. Part II: a nomographic solution.

Abstract Evaluating the anterior ratio is useful to forecast potential tooth mass discrepancies and related overjet or underjet. Because the arcs of the six anterior teeth have recently been described by the mathematical hyperbolic cosine function, it has permitted the design of a nomograph for ready use in clinical practice. A nomograph is a simple chart on which one can draw a straight line that will intersect three scales representing variables that satisfy an equation. A clinician may now evaluate and forecast the effects on overjet with purposeful alterations in the sums of the six maxillary and mandibular anterior tooth masses for various cross-arch canine widths with an accuracy of ±0.5 mm. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999;115:494-7)
Designing Effective Technology Preparation Opportunities for Preservice Teachers

In this chapter, we present one approach to the design of standalone educational technology courses that is aligned with research-based principles for the preparation of preservice teachers, while utilizing the framework of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) as an instructional guide. We also present insights from preservice teachers’ reflections on the TPACK framework, and their anticipated uses of technology in their student teaching placement and future classrooms. Preservice teachers’ reflections indicated that key components of the course were beneficial in fostering a greater appreciation of technology in the context of content and pedagogy. Further, all preservice teachers expect to use technology in their future classrooms although their descriptions did not provide detailed information on how they would do so, while considering issues of content and pedagogy. We conclude with a discussion and implications for future practice.
Trouble Downtown: Park 51 and the Problem of American Democracy

Scarcely mentioned in the debate over NYC’s proposed Park 51 Mosque is the earlier controversy that surrounded the building that would replace the Twin Towers. Yet underlying both debates are questions about the proper constitution of the democratic community as well as its appropriate architectural representations in a nation increasing defined by and anxious about its religious diversity. Indeed, suspicion about the motives of Park 51's sponsors has inspired questions about the commitment of American Muslims to the country’s democratic values. I argue that democratic theorists are poorly equipped to respond to these dilemmas because they have focused on describing practices that initiate democratic communities and possibilities rather than sustain them. I criticize recent interpreters of Arendt who prioritize initiation over the practices of tending to the conditions of possibility for the radical elements of her work. I argue that Arendt’s attention to the reflexive relationship between culture, architecture in particular, and the formation of political judgment may provide the basis for an architecture better suited to the cultivation of democratic practices. To conclude, I examine the practices of judgment informing the place-making activities developed by American Muslims as part of their weekly prayer service to argue that these are not only critical for sustaining community but are also broadly democratizing.
"Wrecks of Ancient Life": Genetic Variants Vetted by Natural Selection.

The Genetics Society of America’s George W. Beadle Award honors individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the community of genetics researchers and who exemplify the qualities of its namesake as a respected academic, administrator, and public servant. The 2015 recipient is John Postlethwait. He has made groundbreaking contributions in developing the zebrafish as a molecular genetic model and in understanding the evolution of new gene functions in vertebrates. He built the first zebrafish genetic map and showed that its genome, along with that of distantly related teleost fish, had been duplicated. Postlethwait played an integral role in the zebrafish genome-sequencing project and elucidated the genomic organization of several fish species. Postlethwait is also honored for his active involvement with the zebrafish community, advocacy for zebrafish as a model system, and commitment to driving the field forward.
Abstract C298: Conformational characterization of tumor suppressor protein Merlin and phosphomimetic Merlin(S518D) mutant in solution.

Merlin is a tumor suppressor protein that inhibits cell proliferation upon establishing cell-cell contacts. Because Merlin is homologous to the Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin (ERM) family of proteins, the structural model of ERM proteins cycling between closed/resting and open/active conformational states is employed to explain Merlin function. Nevertheless, using the ERM protein model has generated confusion about the mechanisms of Merlin tumor suppressor activity. Here, using contrast-matching small angle neutron scattering (SANS), we have determined the molecular shapes of Merlin and its phosphomimetic Merlin(S518D) mutant. In solution, both Merlin and Merlin(S518D) adopted a closed conformation that is capable of binding to the scaffolding protein NHERF1 with comparable binding affinities. However, in the presence of the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2), the wild-type Merlin shifts toward an open conformation whereas Merlin(S518D) remains locked in a closed conformation. Our data implied that although Merlin has similar molecular shape as ERM proteins, it has different protein-binding properties, and phosphorylation and PI(4,5)P2-binding modulate its conformational changes differently from ERM proteins. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):C298. Citation Format: Jahan Ali Khajeh, Moussoubaou Atchiba, Zimei Bu. Conformational characterization of tumor suppressor protein Merlin and phosphomimetic Merlin(S518D) mutant in solution. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C298.
Entanglement of Coupled Quantum Dots Interacting with a Quantized Cavity Field

We study the dynamical evolution of entanglement for two and three coupled quantum dots in a high-Q cavity interacting with a quantized cavity field initially prepared in a squeezed coherent or thermal state.
Widowhood and Patriarchy in Seventeenth-Century France

On 12 January 1623, the municipal commis au gretfe "went to the house where Mr. Charles Germont [a notary] died situated in this town of Nantes near the presbitery of St Croix . . . [and] in a top room on the second floor . . . found the body of the deceased.' In the presence of Louise Lucas, Germont's widow, and his brother, the official proceeded to affix the seals of the municipality to the doors and locks of the residence.l This first step towards the division of community property was taken before the corpse was out of the house. Years might pass, however, before the ultimate partition of the entire estate after the widow's death, and her position during this interlude was characterized by ambivalence. Widows did become heads of households and enjoyed the legal rights associated with that position. Households were the basic units of social organization in early modern France and household status profoundly shaped the situation of the entire population. Freed from the constraints of marriage, widows were legally entitled to manage their own property, make contracts alone, and remarry without the permission of their families. The household organization of early modern society, historians have argued, translated these legal gains into new status and autonomy, at least for widows whose households were financially
Reference values for basic human anatomical and physiological characteristics for use in radiation protection

A new publication prepared by the ICRP Task Group on Reference Man, Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: reference values, is focused on those human characteristics that are important for dosimetric calculations. Moving from the past emphasis on a Reference Man, the new report presents a series of reference values for both male and female subjects of six different ages--newborn, 1, 5, 10, 15 y, and adult. In selecting reference values, the task group has used data on Western Europeans and North Americans because these populations have been well studied with respect to anatomy, body composition and physiology. When appropriate, comparisons are made between the chosen reference values and data from several Asian populations. The reference values for height and body mass are higher than those reported for various Asian populations. However, the reported masses of individual organs and tissues, particularly for China and Japan, are similar to the reference values.
Physics 3 - 0 Chemistry.

A trio of recent discoveries in physics should be celebrated by everyone, even chemists, argues Bruce Gibb.
Construction of plasmids with tunable copy numbers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their applications in pathway optimization and multiplex genome integration

The CEN/ARS-based low-copy plasmids and 2 μ-based high-copy plasmids have been broadly used for both fundamental studies and practical applications in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the relative low copy numbers and narrow dynamic range limit their applications in many cases. In this study, the expression level of the selection marker proteins was engineered to increase the plasmid copy numbers. A series of plasmids with step-wise increased copy numbers were constructed. The copy number of the plasmids with engineered dominant markers (5-100 copies per cell) showed a positive correlation with the concentration of antibiotics supplemented to the growth media. Based on this finding, we developed a simple yet highly efficient strategy, named Pathway Optimization by Tuning Antibiotic Concentrations (POTAC) to rapidly balance the flux of multi-gene pathways at the DNA level in S. cerevisiae. As proof of concept, POTAC was used to optimize the lycopene and n-butanol biosynthetic pathways, increasing the production of lycopene and n-butanol by 10- and 100-fold, respectively. Additionally, multiplex genome integration with controllable copy numbers was attempted by combining the engineered dominant markers with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2462-2473. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emerging foodborne pathogens: keeping your patients and your families safe.

Changes in food production and societal pressures have led to a continuing increase in the incidence of foodborne illness. Many pathogens are associated with specific foods, e.g., E. coli O157:H7 with hamburgers or Salmonella with eggs. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has recently approved irradiation for sterilization of meat, but public acceptance of irradiated food is low. Because contaminated foods are seldom detected before they reach store shelves, care in food preparation by professional and home cooks is crucial.
On Measuring the Similarity of Network Hosts: Pitfalls, New Metrics, and Empirical Analyses.

As the scope and scale of network data grows, security practitioners and network operators are increasingly turning to automated data analysis methods to extract meaningful information. Underpinning these methods are distance metrics that represent the similarity between two values or objects. In this paper, we argue that many of the obvious distance metrics used to measure behavioral similarity among network hosts fail to capture the semantic meaning imbued by network protocols. Furthermore, they also tend to ignore long-term temporal structure of the objects being measured. To explore the role of these semantic and temporal characteristics, we develop a new behavioral distance metric for network hosts and compare its performance to a metric that ignores such information. Specifically, we propose semantically meaningful metrics for common data types found within network data, show how these metrics can be combined to treat network data as a unified metric space, and describe a temporal sequencing algorithm that captures long-term causal relationships. In doing so, we bring to light several challenges inherent in defining behavioral metrics for network data, and put forth a new way of approaching network data analysis problems. Our proposed metric is empirically evaluated on a dataset of over 30 million network flows, with results that underscore the utility of a holistic approach to network data analysis.
The heritability of strabismus.

(1975). The Heritability of Strabismus. American Orthoptic Journal: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 11-17.
Extremes of shock index predicts death in trauma patients

Context: We noted a bimodal relationship between mortality and shock index (SI), the ratio of heart rate to systolic blood pressure. Aims: To determine if extremes of SI can predict mortality in trauma patients. Settings and Designs: Retrospective evaluation of adult trauma patients at a tertiary care center from 2000 to 2012 in the United States. Materials and Methods: We examined the SI in trauma patients and determined the adjusted mortality for patients with and without head injuries. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression. Results: SI values demonstrated a U-shaped relationship with mortality. Compared with patients with a SI between 0.5 and 0.7, patients with a SI of 1.3 had an odds ratio of death of 3.1. (95% CI 1.6–5.9). Elevated SI is associated with increased mortality in patients with isolated torso injuries, and is associated with death at both low and high values in patients with head injury. Conclusion: Our data indicate a bimodal relationship between SI and mortality in head injured patients that persists after correction for various co-factors. The distribution of mortality is different between head injured patients and patients without head injuries. Elevated SI predicts death in all trauma patients, but low SI values only predict death in head injured patients.
Bright-field imaging of compound semiconductors using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy

This study reports the observation of six different zincblende compound semiconductors in [110] projection using large-collection-angle bright-field (LABF) imaging with an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. Phase contrast is completely suppressed when the collection semi-angle is set equal to the convergence semi-angle and there are no reversals in image contrast with changes in defocus or thickness. The optimum focus for imaging closely separated pairs of atomic columns ('dumbbells') is unique and easily recognized, and the positions of atomic columns occupied by heavier atoms always have darker intensity than those occupied by lighter atoms. Thus, the crystal polarity of compound semiconductors can be determined unambiguously. Moreover, it is concluded that the LABF imaging mode will be highly beneficial for studying other more complicated heterostructures at the atomic scale.
A generic dual grid pruning approach for significant hotspot detection

Given a set of points in two dimensional space, statistically significant hotspot detection aims to detect locations where the concentration of points inside the hotspot is much higher than outside. Statistically significant hotspot detection is an important task in application domains such as epidemiology, ecology, criminology, etc. where it may reveal interesting information for domain experts. However, significant hotspot detection is challenging because of a lack of a generic technique for different hotspot patterns (i.e. shapes) and thus a large number of candidate hotspots to be enumerated and tested. Previous hotspot detection techniques focus on specific shapes (e.g. circles, rectangles, ellipses) to identify hotspot areas, but they cannot be used interchangeably which cause a vast variety of complicated and sometimes confusing techniques for each individual hotspot pattern. For example, a circular hotspot detection technique can not be used to discover a rectangular or an elliptical hotspot. In this paper, we propose a generic dual grid based pruning approach for hotspot detection that can be used for different hotspot patterns. We also present a cost analysis, a simplified experiment on the dataset size and a case study on a synthetic dataset to show the applicability of our proposed approach to circular hotspots.
Avenanthramide-C reduces the viability of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through an apoptotic mechanism.

Avenanthramides (AVN) are a relatively unstudied family of phytochemicals that could be novel chemotherapeutics. These compounds, found in oats, are non-toxic to healthy cells and have been shown to reduce viability of human colon and liver cancers in vitro. However, these studies do not elucidate a molecular mechanism for individual AVN. In this study we aim to see the effects of AVN on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. An MTT assay was used to determine cell viability. Staining and analysis with a flow cytometer was used to identify cell cycle progression and apoptosis. FloJo software was used to analyze the cytometric data. In all experiments, statistical significance was determined by a two-tailed t test. This study demonstrates that AVN-A, B, and C individually reduce viability in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. AVN-C has the most potent decrease in tumor cell viability, decreasing viable cells to below 25% at 400 µM when compared to control after 96 h. We demonstrate that treatment with AVN-C causes DNA fragmentation and accumulation of over 90% of cells into a sub G1 cell cycle population. Further, we conclude that AVN-C treated cells activate apoptosis because 97% of treated cells stain positive for annexin V while 91% have caspase-3/7 activity, a late marker of apoptosis. Breast cancer cells treated with AVN-C have a decrease in cell viability, an increase in the sub G1 population, and stain positive for both annexin V and caspase activity, indicating that AVN-C induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells. These compounds may be able to act as chemotherapeutics as demonstrated through future in vivo studies.