cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient coexpression of nestin, GFAP, and vascular endothelial growth factor in mature reactive astroglia following neural grafting or brain wounds.

Abstract The spatial and temporal immunoexpression of the intermediate filament (IF) protein nestin and its relationship to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and its receptor flt-1 (VEGF-R1) in reactive astroglia was examined following stab wounds or transplants of fetal CNS tissue into the adult brain. Since developmentally regulated proteins and gene transcripts can be reexpressed in reactive astroglia following certain brain injuries, we analyzed the nestin profile in these experimental paradigms in order to more fully understand the nature of the gliotic “scar.” Nestin expression was transiently up-regulated in some but not all astrocytes which often had a different morphology than the typical stout, stellate GFAP (+) cells; the processes of the nestin (+) cells tended to be slender and elongated. In reactive astroglia from the mature brain, nestin expression was robust but generally localized to the wound or graft site, peaked at 7–10 days postoperative, and was absent by 28 days, whereas GFAP (+) astrocytes were far more widespread and persisted for many months. Only nestin was strongly expressed immediately adjacent to early stab wounds, whereas GFAP (+) cells were located further from the wound sites. In contrast, there was marked nestin/GFAP colocalization at the graft/host interface. Semiquantitative analysis combined with confocal microscopy revealed a unique compartmentalization of protein expression; processes from single astrocytes could be entirely nestin (+), GFAP (+), or could show coexpression. At 4, 7, and 14 days postoperative, 41, 58, and 32% of the immunoexpression, respectively, was accounted for by nestin at the graft/host interface, and it was essentially undetectable at 28 days postoperative. In situ hybridization studies showed nestin transcripts within GFAP (+) cells primarily between 4 and 10 days postoperative and absent by 28 days. Many nestin (+) astrocytes, as shown by electron microscopy, were closely related to the vasculature. Therefore we further examined the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an endothelial cell mitogen associated with angiogenesis. Nestin colocalized with VEGF in some astrocytes (7%) but far more prominently with the VEGF flt-1 receptor (25%). Early astroglial activation may involve several different IF components and possibly a distinct astrocytic population that shows a rapid, transient nestin expression adjacent to injury sites. Expression of the nestin IF phenotype within affected astrocytes in the surgical vicinity may be indicative of a reversion to an immature phenotype that might be less susceptible to attendant hypoxia after injury. Since injured astrocytes are well known to express many bioactive compounds, such transient reexpression of early, developmentally regulated proteins may be a hallmark for the elaboration of growth factors such as VEGF.
CASE STUDY Effectiveness of personalised and phonological cueing on long‐term naming performance by aphasic subjects: A clinical investigation

Background: Personalised cueing is a treatment for aphasic word‐finding deficits that has been shown to have long‐term effects on naming accuracy. However, prior investigations of personalised cueing used novel visual stimuli instead of the more traditional pictures and drawings used in clinical settings. Consequently, the clinical effectiveness of personalised cueing was unclear. Aims: This study compared the effects of personalised cueing and phonological cueing on aphasic individuals' long‐term naming accuracy using stimuli that are typical of those used in clinical treatments. Methods & Procedures: Using a single‐subject, alternating treatments design, this study trained three individuals with moderately severe aphasia on the names of 60 common objects. The training sessions were followed by naming probes administered 1 week, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months after the completion of training. Outcomes & Results: The results showed that the three participants had significantly higher levels of naming acc...
On the effect and robustness of zero-crossing detection algorithms in simulation of hybrid systems jumping on surfaces

Motivated by the fragility to perturbations of hybrid systems jumping on surfaces and the robustifying capabilities of zero-crossing detection algorithms, we propose a hybrid simulator model with incorporated zero-crossing detection. First, we reveal the effect of measurement noise and of discretization to hybrid systems jumping on surfaces. We prove that, under mild regularity conditions, zero-crossing detection algorithms have a robustifying effect on the original system. Then, we argue that, rather than computing the solutions to the discretization of the fragile nominal model, integration schemes with zero-crossing detection actually compute the solutions of a robustified version of the original model. We propose a mathematical model for the hybrid system with incorporated zero-crossing detection as well as a hybrid simulator for it. We show that both the model and simulator are not only robust, but also that the hybrid simulator preserves asymptotic stability properties, semiglobally and practically (on the step size), of the original system. An example illustrates the ideas and results throughout the paper.
Scalability and performance evaluation of an aggregation/disaggregation scheme for data distribution management in large-scale distributed interactive systems

The DoD high level architecture (HLA) has been designed with the objective to promote interoperability and reuse among heterogenous and interactive simulation systems, including those distributed simulations that offer varied levels of resolution and therefore provide practical training to personnel of different ranks and expertises. In this paper, we focus upon the aggregation/disaggregation (A/D) paradigm to ensure consistency in state updates between federates simulating objects at various levels of resolution, and enhance the performance of the data distribution management (DDM) in large-scale distributed simulation. We also examine the scalability of an aggregation/disaggregation scheme for several DDM implementations and study its performance evaluation using an extensive set of simulation experiments.
Bioactive polyphenols from muscadine grape and blackcurrant stably concentrated onto protein‐rich matrices for topical applications

Synopsis OBJECTIVES: Natural botanical agents that are antimicrobial, or that modulate skin hyperpigmentation via tyrosinase inhibition, are increasingly sought in the cosmetic industry. METHODS: In this study, an efficient tactic is demonstrated for concentrating and stabilizing skin-beneficial bioactive compounds from muscadine grape and blackcurrant juice or muscadine pomace, into hemp flour (HF), hemp protein isolate (HPI) and soy protein isolate (SPI) matrices suitable for cosmetic applications. RESULTS: Anthocyanins were most efficiently captured from blackcurrant juice into HF (8.39 mg g � 1 ). HPI most effectively captured total phenolics from muscadine pomace (72.32 and 77.32 mg g � 1 from Noble and Carlos, respectively), while the three matrices incorporated highest levels of ellagic acid, gallic acid, and PAC B1 from Noble muscadine grape juice. The enriched matrices demonstrated effective in vitro inhibition of tyrosinase (up to 57.29% for blackcurrant juice-HPI matrix), and in general, juice sources provided greater inhibition on L-dopamine oxidation by tyrosinase than pomace sources. The polyphenol-enriched matrices effectively inhibited microbial proliferation in a screening assay against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, whereas untreated HF, HPI or SPI did not inhibit bacterial growth. CONCLUSION: The technology of combining and stably concentrating phytoactive polyphenols with proteins has potential use for cosmetic topical applications.
Products of basic doubly stochastic matrices over a field

Abstract It is shown that if n ⩾3, then every doubly stochastic matrix of order n over a field F is a product of doubly stochastic matrices with exactly two nonzero off- diagonal entries if and only if the characteristic of F is not 2 and F has more than three elements. A number of related results are also obtained.
The Multiple Glaciation Debate1 The Canadian Perspective, 1880-1900

While geologists in the United States were engaged in a debate about the multiple glaciation of the North American continent, geologists in Canada were still debating the more basic concept of continental glaciation itself. Inhibited by the political setting of Canada, with western development well behind that of the United States, and by the British allegiance and dominating personality of Sir William Dawson of McGill, the Canadians were decidedly behind their American colleagues in their interpretation of glacial phenomena. Only with a younger generation of Canadians utilizing American periodicals and ideas in the early 1890's did Canadian glacial geology come into agreement with the ideas used in the United States.
Considerations in Standardizing Control Room Arrangements

The key to expeditious design, construction and licensing of today's Nuclear Power Plant is standardization - standardization of site arrangement, building arrangement, control room layout, system design and construction. This paper considers the problems of standardizing only one of these areas - the control room. The obvious questions asked are: . Can the room arrangement be standardized? * Will incorporation of design improvements be significantly restricted? * How can standardization be implemented? A review of the factors that affect the room arrangement, such as building dimensional constraints, operational requirements and economics, indicates that a standard arrangement can be achieved. Improvements can also be incorporated, after sufficient evaluation, through the release of a new updated standard. And finally, some solutions to the implementation question may be to establish licensing priorities, to limit supplier design options and to establish standards through engineering societies. The mounting energy crisis is forcing decisions in many areas and the obvious advantages of standardization will become even more evident in the immediate future.
A stochastic operator for interface dynamics and the canonical relation between compliance update and modal frequency variation—II. Non-deterministic evolution of modal frequency changes engendered by compliance influenced state-space variations

Abstract This paper presents an analytical description of the non-deterministic evolution of modal frequency changes that are engendered by compliance influence state-space variations in a disturbed elastic microstructured medium. In order to access the inner foundation of the random compliance update process which is known to influence predictions on modal frequency state-space variations, the analysis invokes the concept of stochastic stretch-shear-rotation operator which characterizes the microstructure interface dynamics. The analytical results indicate that treating the pathology inherent in the random compliance update process as uncorrelated white and colored noise processes leads to a canonical decomposition that partitions the modal frequency variation as a linear manifold with deterministic and non-deterministic complements. In particular, the formulation shows that the “Paley-Wiener Criterion” can serve as a means of checking the nature of the drift towards non-determinism, once the structure and intensity of the noise-induced transition probability controlling the time-evolution of the modal frequency changes are well defined.
The kallikrein–kinin system in diabetic retinopathy: Lessons for the kidney

Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy are common microvascular complications of diabetes. The kallikrein–kinin system (KKS) has been implicated in the development of both conditions, and, in particular, bradykinin and its receptors have been shown to exert angiogenic and proinflammatory actions. Several of the key processes that underlie the development of diabetic retinopathy, such as increased vascular permeability, edema, neovascularization, and inflammatory changes, have been associated with the KKS, and recent work has shown that components of the KKS, including plasma kallikrein, factor XIIa, and high-molecular-weight kininogen, are present in the vitreous of people with diabetic retinopathy. The role of the KKS in the development of diabetic nephropathy is controversial, with both adverse and protective effects of bradykinin and its receptors reported. The review examines the role of the KKS in pathways central to the development of diabetic retinopathy and compares this with reported actions of this system in diabetic nephropathy. The possibility of therapeutic intervention targeting bradykinin and its receptors as treatment for diabetic microvascular conditions is considered.
Identification of Forensically Informative SNPs in the Domestic Dog Mitochondrial Control Region

Dog hair is often found at crime scenes either due to the dog's involvement in the crime or secondary transfer. As little nuclear DNA is present in shed hair, a 1000 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial control region (mtCR) from 552 dogs was assessed for forensically useful sequence variation. Through pairwise alignment to a standard reference sequence, existing haplotypes were further described and 36 new haplotypes and 24 new single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified. The probability of exclusion was found to be 0.957. Breeds were found to have similar sequences, although not identical. No genetic basis was found for grouping dogs by either purebred or mixed or geographic location within the continental United States. Our research demonstrates that the domestic dog mtCR has not been thoroughly surveyed for sequence variation and that a single database comprised of purebred and mixed breed dogs is sufficient for the continental United States.
Human papillomavirus-associated oropharynx cancer (HPV-OPC): treatment options.

Human papillomavirus-associated oropharynx cancer (HPV-OPC) is growing in incidence and has distinct clinical, pathologic, molecular, and epidemiologic features. However, the management of HPV-OPC does not presently differ from HPV-negative OPC based on the current evidence and requires complex multidisciplinary approaches. The superior prognosis of HPV-OPC and the toxicities of current multimodality treatment in a young population serve as the impetus to evaluate de-intensification treatment regimens aimed at reducing toxicity while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. Clinical trials are underway to evaluate reduced doses of radiation or less toxic systemic therapy regimens in HPV-OPC. Minimally invasive surgical approaches in the HPV-OPC population with early tumor stage also are being investigated. De-intensification strategies should only be employed in the context of clinical trials, and HPV-OPC patients should be offered clinical trials’ participation. Appropriate patient selection is critical to the development of de-intensification regimens, and this requires greater understanding of risk factors within the HPV-OPC population, HPV-OPC biology, and how HPV modulates response to specific therapies. Smoking history and bulky nodal disease have been shown to impact negatively the favorable prognosis of HPV association. Validated biomarkers within the HPV-OPC population are lacking, although alterations in the PI3K pathway and markers of immune response may emerge as important considerations in the future. Novel therapeutic strategies are desperately needed particularly for HPV-OPC patients who fail definitive therapy, and select patients with recurrent or metastatic disease may benefit from aggressive approaches.
Use of ascorbate in the preparation and maintenance of brain slices.

Ascorbate and glutathione (GSH) are normally concentrated in brain cells at millimolar levels. However, both of these low-molecular-weight antioxidants are washed out of mammalian brain tissue during slice preparation and subsequent incubation. Ascorbate, which is not synthesized in the brain, can be added back to slices by active uptake from the incubation medium. Levels of GSH, on the other hand, are regulated by synthesis rather than uptake, and cannot be readily maintained in slices. Importantly, maintenance of brain slice ascorbate content at at least 50% of that in vivo, prevents the increase in slice water content that normally occurs during incubation. Slices with maintained ascorbate levels also have better histological characteristics than ascorbate-depleted tissue. The medium concentration of ascorbate sufficient to maintain content and inhibit edema formation is 400 microM, which is the normal concentration in brain extracellular fluid. This paper describes methods to maintain ascorbate levels in brain slices, including procedures to minimize oxidation in oxygenated incubation media. Also described is an HPLC analysis for ascorbate and GSH that is based on direct injection rather than extraction of samples.
Synthesis and characterization of a constricted and rigid ligand system for five-coordinate binuclear complexes

Abstract A generalized synthetic strategy for a rigid ligand system for binuclear metal complexes has been developed. In the case of Co(II) and Cu(II), the ligand coordination environment forces the metal to adopt a trigonal bipyramidal configuration with each of the axial bonds tilted toward each other. The dicobalt complex crystallized from CH3CN/ether as a Ph4P or Et4N salt, and the dicopper complex from CH3CN/ acetone as an Et4N salt. Single crystal X-ray analysis of [Ph4]2[Co2(μ-OAc)L] (monoclinic, space group P2 i /c, a = 13.4308(2), b = 9.374792), c = 45.9177(6) A , β = 97.54(1)°, V = 5731.5(2) A 3 , R1 = 0.991 , crystal dimensions 0.3 × 0.2 × 0.2 mm, Z = 4, Dcale = 1.415 g cm[su−3, F(000) = 2528 e, where L = 2,6-cresolate,N,N,N,N′-trimethylene carboxylate and [Et4N]2[Cu2(μ-OAc)L] (monoclinic, space group P2 1 , a = 10.626(2), b = 12.839(4), c = 14.073(3) A , β = 104.15(2)°, V = 1861.8(8) A 3 , R1 = 0.0683 , crystal dimensions 0.4 × 0.3 × 0.2 mm, Z = 2, Dcalc = 1.448 g cm−3, F(000) = 856 e reveal that both metal ions adopt a five-coordinate trigonal bipyramidal structure, each provided by the two carboxylic oxygens, one nitrogen, one bridging phenolate oxygen and the bridging acetate group, where the non-hydrogen atoms of acetate, the two metal ions and the atoms of the benzene ring adopt a semi-coplanar configuration. The separation between the two cobalt atoms is 3.505(5) A and the two CoO bonds (2.01(2) and 2.04(2) A) to the acetate ligand are tilted toward each other, giving an OO internuclear distance of ≈2.2 A . The separation between the two copper is 3.550(5) A and the two CuO bonds (1.920(7) and 2.304(7) A) to the acetate ligand are tilted toward each other, giving an OO internuclear distance of ∼2.3 A .These results suggest that appropriate binuclear complexes of this ligand will favor coordination of O2, but not O2− or μ-OH. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements demonstrate weak antiferromagnetic (2J/k = −7.8 K) and ferromagnetic coupling (2J/k = 20.58 K) for the cobalt and copper complexes, respectively. The magnetic behavior, electronic spectrum and electrochemistry of the derivatives suggest that the new rigid heptadenate ligand system should resist formation μ-oxo bridges between the complexed metal atoms.
Special Feature: Instruction in MOS LSI Systems Design

Designers of next-generation computers will employ a building-block approach reflecting the interdependence of system architecture and IC design. This course prepares for that approach.
Catalytic Upgrading of Fermentation-Derived Organic Acids

The production of organic acids in low-cost, high-efficiency fermentation processes makes available a new route to chemical production from biomass. Because of their multiple functional groups and high reactivity, organic acids can undergo a variety of reactions that are effectively catalyzed by inorganic heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysts. Lactic acid and succinic acid, in particular, are approaching large-scale production via fermentation and show excellent promise as feedstocks for catalytic conversion routes such as hydrogenation, dehydration, or condensation. A number of catalytic conversion pathways of organic acids are potentially competitive with petroleum-based routes in the current economic environment, particularly when integrated into existing biomass/crop processing schemes. This article reviews some of the key reaction pathways available using fermentation-derived organic acids as feedstocks and presents recent results from the authors' lab on succinate hydrogenation to 1,4-butanediol and tetrahydrofuran. By a judicious choice of support properties and reaction conditions, it is possible to achieve yields of either of these two products in excess of 80%.
Electrical and structural properties of annealed AsTe and AsTeI semiconducting glasses: surface and bulk effects

Abstract The effects of thermal annealing, above the glass transition temperature, on the electrical conductivity and structural properties of bulk As 50 Te 50− x I x ( x = 0, 2, 5, 20) glasses have been studied. Upon devitrification, an electrically conductive layer is formed on the sample surface The conductivity of the surface layer is nearly temperature independent and has an activation energy of ≈10 −2 eV. X-ray diffraction experiments show that an fcc crystalline phase is associated with the surface layer. Helium ion backscattering experiments indicate that on a sample with a surface layer the average atomic composition does not change significantly with depth (probed to a depth of ≈2 μm) and is approximately the same as that of the as-prepared material. Results suggest that the conductive regions may be composed of a matrix of interconnected crystallites (fcc phase) with interdispersed non-crystalline material. As annealing progresses, crystallization extends throughout the bulk material with a corresponding increase in sample conductance. The electrical changes are considerably more pronounced in the x = 0 and x = 2 compositions. The degree of crystallization and the crystalline phases induced in the bulk material by annealing were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction. These experiments show that following the anneal series (130, 155, 170, and 190°C; each for 5 in vacuum) the more conductive ( x = 0 and 2) samples contain monoclinic As 2 Te 3 , whereas the fcc phase is observed in the x = 5 and 20 samples. Results also suggest that the first crystallization exotherm, T X1 , observed in the DSC data is associated with the formation of the fcc phase, whereas the second crystallization exotherm, T X2 , is associated with the conversion of the fcc phase to the high-temperature stable monoclinic As 2 Te 3 phase. From all of these results a model is formulated for the amorphous-to-crystalline transformation and its effects on electrical transport in these semiconducting alloys.
The Political Transformation of the Palestinians in Israel: From Acquiescence to Challenge

The role played by the Palestinian citizens of Israel to date, on either side of the divide in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, has been limited. As Israeli citizens, they have failed to influence Israeli policy vis-a-vis the conflict and they have shied away from significantly shaping the nature of the State of Israel. As Palestinians, they are increasingly showing signs of support for the Palestinian cause, but have made only a limited political contribution to the Palestinian struggle for independence and selfdetermination. Over the last forty years, as this Arab population has undergone several important transformations, it has become possible for it to play an increasingly important role, both as citizens of Israel and as a segment of the Palestinian people. This article will review the major changes that Arab society in Israel has witnessed. It will show how these changes established new modes of interaction with Israel and with the Palestinian people, but it will emphasize the influence of these changes-actual and potential-on Israel. The interaction between developments in Arab society in Israel and the unfolding of Israel's fatal contradiction-being the state of the Jewish people and being a democracy with equality for its citizens-will be
Photooxidation of 1-acetoxy-3,5-cycloheptadiene

Abstract A method for the preparation of cis oxygenated cycloheptyl systems has been developed. Photooxidation of 3 gives mainly 4 , resulting from attack syn to the acetoxy substituent. The acetate function of both 4 and 5 , the minor anti-product, appears to affect the rate of endoperoxide to diepoxide rearrangement.
Using level sets for creating virtual random packs of non-spherical convex shapes

Random packs of spheres have been used to model heterogeneous and porous material morphologies during simulations of physical processes such as burning of coal char, convective burning in porous explosives, and regression of solid rocket propellant. Sphere packs have also been used to predict thermo-mechanical properties, permeability, packing density, and dissolution characteristics of various materials. In this work, we have extended the Lubachevsky-Stillinger (LS) sphere packing algorithm to create polydisperse packs of non-spherical shapes for modeling heterogeneity in complex energetic materials such as HMX and pressed gun propellants. In the method, we represent the various particle shapes using level sets. The LS framework requires estimates of inter-particle collision times, and we predict these times by numerically solving a minimization problem. We have obtained results for dense random packs of various convex shapes such as cylinders, spherocylinders, and polyhedra, and we show results with these various particles packed together in a single pack to high packing fraction.
Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation of Bridges in Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee

Abstract The focus of this paper is to develop a screening procedure to obtain information and assess vulnerability of bridges located in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ). This screening methodology includes structural elements, site, foundation, and importance of the bridge. An inventory of the river‐crossing bridges in Memphis and Shelby County is made using the developed screening procedure; potentially hazardous bridges that require further detailed seismic evaluation and/or immediate seismic retrofitting are identified. The results of this study are important for future maintenance and improvement, earthquake loss estimates, seismic hazard/risk reduction, and earthquake preparedness/rescue plans for river‐crossing bridges in the NMSZ.
Spatially resolved IR absorption spectroscopy by optical Stark modulation.

The first application of optical Stark modulation has been applied to measure spatially precise Stark-modulated IR absorption spectra in a flame.
A method for modifying occulter shapes

An occulter is an instrument designed to suppress starlight by diffraction from its edges; most are designed to be circular, with a set of identical "petals" running around the outside. Proposed space-based occulters are lightweight, deployed screens tens of meters in diameter with challenging accuracy requirements. We describe a general method for modifying the shape of an occulter to accommodate engineering considerations and show how to calculate the resulting wavefront. This method can be used to place hinges and tensioning elements between petals, to reduce tolerancing requirements by allowing gaps between petals to be moved elsewhere, and to potentially reduce the number of petals required on an occulter.
Correlates of trait impulsiveness in performance measures and neuropsychological tests

Performance measures of impulsiveness offer great promise for assessing this trait in clinical and experimental studies. However, little is known about their relative superiority or inferiority to standard cognitive performance measures as correlates of this trait. In this study, 58 healthy volunteers completed a self-rating of impulsiveness (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale) and a battery of neuropsychological tests. The test battery included measures of reaction time, attention, memory, fluency, and executive function, as well as two performance measures of impulsiveness--Time Estimation and a Go-No Go task. Self-ratings correlated moderately with a number of these test scores, but many correlations became non-significant after adjustment for age and education. Correlations with the Go-No Go task, verbal fluency, executive function measures (Trails B), and tasks requiring decision-making against time (Choice Reaction Time, Reaction Time to Paired Words and Paired Faces Memory Tasks, and response bias on the Continuous Performance Test) remained significant. Performance on the Go-No Go task was the strongest correlate of self-rated impulsiveness. The findings suggest that once general demographic or ability factors are accounted for, specialized performance tasks requiring decision-making and response organization under time pressure provide the most effective means of assessing this behavioral trait.
Steller populations in the nearby universe

In the distant universe, we can map the evolution of galaxies by observing how their global properties change with time. High-resolution studies of nearby galaxies afford a complementary view: for a few galaxies, we can study their star formation histories directly by the application of stellar evolution theory to their observed color-magnitude diagrams. Nearby objects offer a powerful and unique opportunity for understanding galaxy formation and evolution. The individual stars within these galaxies can provide a detailed record of the start formation and chemical history and kinematics: information critical (but unavailable) to the interpretation of galaxies at high redshift, a driving scientific motivation for the Next Generation Space Telescope, for example. Future high-resolution studies will address a number of outstanding questions: what is the range in formation times? Can the assembly of halos be traced for evidence of subclumps hierarchically built up over time as suggested by current cold dark matter models. Did some galaxies form early in the universe and continue to evolve passively to the present day? Do spiral disks form from the inside out or the reverse? When do disks form relative to the halos of galaxies?
Foundations of the theory of evidence: Resolving conflict among schemata

Schematic conflict occurs when evidence is interpreted in different ways (for example, by different people, who have learned to approach the given evidence with different schemata). Such conflicts are resolved either by weighting some schemata more heavily than others, or by finding common-ground inferences for several schemata, or by a combination of these two processes. Belief functions, interpreted as representations of evidence strength, provide a natural model for weighting schemata, and can be utilized in several distinct ways to compute common-ground inferences. In two examples, different computations seem to be required for reasonable common-ground inference. In the first, competing scientific theories produce distinct, logically independent inferences based on the same data. In this example, the simple product of the competing belief functions is a plausible evaluation of common ground. In the second example (sensitivity analysis), the conflict is among alternative statistical assumptions. Here, a product of belief functions will not do, but the upper envelope of normalized likelihood functions provides a reasonable definition of common ground. Different inference contexts thus seem to require different methods of conflict resolution. A class of such methods is described, and one characteristic property of this class is proved.
Vector valued stochastic processes. IV. Integral representation of linear operations on spaces of stochastic processes

On etudie les operations lineaires continues J sur l'espace des processus a valeurs vectorielles. On obtient une representation integrale de J
Acute dopamine depletion potentiates independent stimulatory and inhibitory D1 DA receptor-mediated control of striatal acetylcholine release in vitro.

Fractional release of [3H]ACh was evaluated under basal and evoked conditions in striatal slices from normal and acutely dopamine-depleted adult rats for the influence of D1- and D2-DA receptor agonists. The D1 ligand had no effect on normal slices but DA depletion unmasked two independent but simultaneous supersensitive responses: augmentation of K+-evoked and inhibition of glutamate-evoked release. The D2 ligand inhibited evoked release in normal slices and this effect was not potentiated. This is a new cholinergic model of acute D1 receptor supersensitivity.
Numerical solution of a simple Fokker-Planck equation

Abstract An iterative solution method of x∂u/∂t = α(∂/∂x)[(1 − x2)∂u/∂x], a simple Fokker-Planck equation, is given and some numerical results are presented.
Pacific halibut chronology of bomb radiocarbon in otoliths from 1944 to 1981 and a validation of ageing methods

Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis of known age were used to create a reference chronology of radiocarbon levels for the years 1944-1981. Levels of radiocarbon in Pacific halibut otoliths pre-1958 were among the lowest reported to date, but radiocarbon levels increased dramatically post-1960. Subsequently, this reference chronology was used to validate ages determined using the standard break and burn and surface ageing technique. These older fish were collected at a later date but were born during this period of rapidly increasing radiocarbon levels. Otolith cores were compared to the reference chronology based upon the presumed birth year determined from annulus counts and year of capture. The ages derived from both break and burn and surface ageing methods were determined to be accurate.
Comparative pavement life cycle assessment with parameter uncertainty

We present a comparative life cycle assessment of pavements considering measurement uncertainty and the data-quality uncertainty. We account for the uncertainty due to the prediction of roughness over pavement lifetime and propagate the consequence into the overall footprint. The uncertainty propagation is conducted using a Monte Carlo simulation. Making use of a comparison indicator, the difference in the environmental impacts of two alternative designs is statistically characterized taking into account the correlation in the input parameters. The contribution of different phases and their associated uncertainty characterized and compared for two pavements.
Trajectories of Perceived Support in Mother-Adolescent Relationships: The Poor (Quality) Get Poorer.

The authors examined decreases across the early adolescent years in child reports of perceived support from mothers to determine whether the rate of decline differed as a function of the initial amount of perceived negativity in the mother-child relationship. Participants included a diverse sample of 197 girls and 116 boys who were in the 1st year of middle school (6th grade, ages 11 to 13 years) at the beginning of the study. Separate growth curve models revealed associations between the rate of change in child-reported perceived support and the initial level of both child-reported perceived negativity and mother-reported perceived negativity. Over-time declines in child-reported perceived support were larger for adolescents whose initial levels of perceived negativity were greater. The findings are consistent with the claim that mothers and children with the worst relationships at the outset of adolescence experience the greatest deterioration in relations across the early adolescent years.
Heat recovery using spray recuperators

Analyse des procedes de reduction des pertes thermiques des chaudieres: diminution de la temperature des gaz de combustion; augmentation de la teneur en CO 2 ; augmentation de la temperature de l'air d'alimentation. Utilisation des recuperations a pulverisation sur gaz de combustion; applications types; etude de cas
STOCHASTIC ESTIMATION OF HUMAN ANKLE MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE IN LATERAL/MEDIAL ROTATION

This article compares stochastic estimates of human ankle mechanical impedance when ankle muscles were fully relaxed and co-contracting antagonistically. We employed Anklebot, a rehabilitation robot for the ankle to provide torque perturbations. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to monitor muscle activation levels and these EMG signals were displayed to subjects who attempted to maintain them constant. Time histories of ankle torques and angles in the lateral/medial (LM) directions were recorded. The results also compared with the ankle impedance in inversion-eversion (IE) and dorsiflexion-plantarflexion (DP). Linear time-invariant transfer functions between the measured torques and angles were estimated for the Anklebot alone and when a human subject wore it; the difference between these functions provided an estimate of ankle mechanical impedance. High coherence was observed over a frequency range up to 30 Hz. The main effect of muscle activation was to increase the magnitude of ankle mechanical impedance in all degrees of freedom of ankle.© 2014 ASME
Proximal tibial derotation osteotomy for torsion of the tibia: a review of 43 cases.

Purpose Persistent tibial torsion in the older child can be treated with a derotation osteotomy. Distal tibial osteotomy has been recommended due to concerns of peroneal nerve palsy, vascular injury, and compartment syndrome with a proximal tibial osteotomy. However, an osteotomy in the proximal tibia may achieve union more rapidly and skin issues, as described for distal tibial osteotomies, are less likely. This study investigates the safety and efficacy of proximal tibial derotation osteotomies.
Second-order spectral local isotropy in turbulent scalar fields

This work was motivated by recent experimental results on the spectra of fluctuating temperature gradients in a heated turbulent boundary layer obtained by Sreenivasan, Danh & Antonia. Standard techniques of turbulence theory are used herein to derive expressions relating the individual one-dimensional spectra of each of the three components of the spatial gradient ∂θ/∂xi in a locally isotropic turbulent scalar field. The results of the isotropic theory explain all of the new observed features of the temperature-gradient spectra. The spectra of ∂θ/∂y and ∂θ/∂z decrease monotonically with increasing wavenumber, in contrast to the well-known behaviour of the spectrum of ∂θ/∂x, which reaches a maximum value at roughly one-tenth the Kolmogorov wavenumber. The spectra of ∂θ/∂y and ∂θ/∂z are relatively rich in low frequency energy and relatively poor in high frequency energy compared with the spectrum of ∂θ/∂x. The absolute magnitudes of the spectra of ∂θ/∂y and ∂θ/∂z calculated from the spectrum of ∂θ/∂x using the isotropic relations are in generally good agreement with the corresponding measured spectra for a large range of wavenumbers, indicating second-order spectral local isotropy of the fine-scale scalar structure for sufficiently large wavenumbers. The form of the spectra of ∂θ/∂y and ∂θ/∂z in the inertial subrange is derived analytically.
In Vitro electrophysiology of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons in subchronic cocaine-treated rats: Development of tolerance to acute cocaine administration.

An in vitro, extracellular slice preparation was used to examine the effects of subchronic cocaine administration on serotonergic cell firing in the dorsal raphe. Male Sprague—Dawley rats were administered cocaine (30 mg/kg, ip) for 7 days prior to experimentation. Following a 24-h washout period, rats were decapitated and dorsal raphe nucleus slices (400 μm) obtained. Slices were superfused with ACSF containing 1 AM phenylephrine and 1 μM 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Acute cocaine application was found to inhibit basal firing rates in both saline- and cocaine-pretreated rats. In addition, an apparent tolerance to acute cocaine application was found in animals subchronically treated with cocaine. Animals exposed to repeated cocaine exposure required an acute cocaine concentration of 5.46 ± 0.5 μM (N = 5) to inhibit cell basal firing rates by 50% versus concentrations of 2.43 ± 0.35 μM (N = 5) for saline controls. Concentrations of 20 μM cocaine typically produced complete inhibition of firing in cocaine-pretreated animals, whereas 10 μM cocaine produced complete cessation of firing in saline controls. Repeated perfusion with equal concentrations of cocaine produced dose-dependent inhibition of firing which remained consistent at each application, indicating no development of an acute tolerance effect. In addition, inhibition responses to acute applications of 5-HT showed no differences between treatment groups. Furthermore, there were no indications of a developed tolerance to 5-HT application. Finally, ligand binding studies using 8-OH-DPAT in hippocampal tissue indicate that there are no significant differences in either Kd or Bmax between subchronically cocaine-treated or salinetreated animals. These results seem to indicate that the inhibitory effects of cocaine are not due to direct effects on the presynaptic autoreceptor but are indirectly produced due to cocaine's inhibition of the 5-HT reuptake system.
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF ACOUSTICS USING HIGHER ORDER ELEMENTS PART II: TURBOFAN ACOUSTIC RADIATION

A study is made of computational accuracy and efficiency for finite element modeling of acoustic radiation in a nonuniform moving medium. For a given level of accuracy for acoustic pressure, cubic serendipity elements are shown to require a less dense mesh than quadratic elements. These elements have been applied to the near field of inlet and aft acoustic radiation models for a turbofan engine and they yield considerable reduction in the dimensionality of the problem without sacrificing accuracy. The results show that for computation of acoustic pressure the cubic element formulation model is superior to the quadratic. Performance gains in computation of acoustic potential are not as significant. In the external radiated field, improved convergence using cubic serendipity elements is shown by comparison of contours of constant pressure magnitude.
ES/IS: estimation of conformational free energy by combining dynamics simulations with explicit solvent with an implicit solvent continuum model.

Abstract This paper reviews a recently developed method for calculating the total conformational free energy of a solute macromolecule in water solvent. The method consists of a relatively short simulation by molecular dynamics with explicit solvent molecules (ES) to produce a set of microstates of the macroscopic conformation. Conformational internal solute energy and entropy are obtained from the simulation, the latter in the quasi-harmonic approximation by analysis of the covariance matrix. The implicit solvent (IS) surface energy–dielectric continuum model is used to calculate the average solvation free energy as the sum of the free energies of creating the solute-size hydrophobic cavity, of the van der Waals solute–solvent interactions and of the polarization of water solvent by the solute's charges. We have earlier applied this method to calculate the conformational free energy of native and intentionally misfolded globular conformations of proteins (the EMBL set of deliberately misfolded proteins), and have obtained good discrimination in favor of the native conformations in all instances. These results are summarized and further analyzed to show that, on average, three major component terms of the free energy all contribute in favor of discrimination. We discuss possible improvements of the ES/IS method. It is shown how the force field can be made self-consistent by adapting the parameters for calculation of surface and polarization free energies closely to the molecular mechanics force field used in the dynamics simulation, using established simulation methods to compute free energies for cavity formation and a charging process with the molecular mechanics force field to provide a set of (quasi-experimental) reference data that can be used to refine the parameters of the continuum models. The molecular surface area together with a microscopic surface free energy near 70 cal/(mol A2) is found to be a consistent descriptor of the cavity free energy. Preliminary results indicate that a linear-response approximation for the polarization of water solvent reaction near typical polar and charged protein groups is accurate to within approximately 90%.
Some chemical reactions at the HgS(s)—water interface as affected by photoirradiation

Abstract The chemical dissolution behavior of black mercury sulfide was studied in the laboratory. The pH cpc , value was determined to be ca 7 by zeta potential measurements. For experimental conditions studied, the dissolution of mercury sulfide consists of two sequential macro steps: dissolution and volatilization. Under darkness, the dissolution of mercury(II) became appreciable at pH values greater than 6 and increased with increasing pH. The vaporization of mercury(0) took place one day after the addition of HgS(s). In the presence of oxygen, the dissolution was considerably enhanced. Upon irradiation with visible light, both the dissolution of Hg(II) and the vaporization of Hg(0) were greatly facilitated. The amount of vaporized Hg (0) exhibited a peak value at pH ca 10. The mercury(II) species dissolved in the solution was removed not only through vaporization but also through re-adsorption onto the HgS(s) particle surface. The adsorption of the solubilized mercury(II) species can have great effect on the vaporization reaction.
Capillarity of elite cross‐country skiers: a lectin (Ulex europaeus I) marker

Capillary morphometrics in human skeletal muscle has been limited by technical problems in visualization. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for identifying capillary endothelium at the light level of resolution and to reassess the skeletal muscle capillarity in trained and untrained subjects. A lectin system of biotinylated Ulex europaeus I (UEA-I), a vascular endothelial marker, provided a stain dense enough for direct computer-aided image analysis. A morphometric comparison was made between Andersen's periodic acid-Schiff and the UEA-I capillary stains on tissue sections of human skeletal muscle. When identical fibers from adjacent sections were compared, the capillary density was 6% and cap fiber was 9% greater using the lectin method. Biopsies from 17 cross-country skiers were compared with those of 8 age-matched sedentary controls. The capillary density in the triceps muscle for the skiers was 536.1 ± 33.1 compared with 296 ± 17.7 for the controls. Longitudinal profiles that appear in skeletal muscle cross-sections suggest a more isotropic (random orientation) configuration of the capillary bed than proposed by the Krogh model. There were 50.6% more longitudinal profiles in the trained samples. The UEA-I lectin appears to be a valid and potentially useful marker for computerized image analysis of non-pathological vascular endothelium, and the differences in capillarity between trained and untrained individuals may be greater than previously reported.