cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of social-emotional learning needs among high school freshmen students

Abstract The relationships among social-emotional learning (SEL), academics, and school behaviors have been widely established. However, it is less clear how patterns of co-occurring SEL needs among high school freshmen students relate to grades, behaviors, and their perceptions about the importance of social skills. This study uses latent class analysis to identify patterns of SEL needs among ninth grade students (n = 323), their associations with prior and current academic and school behavioral performance, and their perception of the importance of social skills. Five patterns of SEL needs emerged: (1) low-all, (2) high-all, (3) social skills problems only, (4) assertion, externalizing, and internalizing problems, and (5) high behavioral needs. Consistent with other research, students with more SEL needs experienced greater academic and behavioral problems. Additionally, importance ratings of social skills had varying associations with membership across the patterns of SEL needs. Findings highlight the importance for school practitioners to understand patterns and mindsets of students' social skills to improve programming efforts targeting academic and behavioral outcomes.
Identification of Novel Viruses in Amblyomma americanum , Dermacentor variabilis , and Ixodes scapularis Ticks.

Ticks carry a wide range of known human and animal pathogens and are postulated to carry others with the potential to cause disease. Here we report a discovery effort wherein unbiased high-throughput sequencing was used to characterize the virome of 2,021 ticks, including Ixodes scapularis (n = 1,138), Amblyomma americanum (n = 720), and Dermacentor variabilis (n = 163), collected in New York, Connecticut, and Virginia in 2015 and 2016. We identified 33 viruses, including 24 putative novel viral species. The most frequently detected viruses were phylogenetically related to members of the Bunyaviridae and Rhabdoviridae families, as well as the recently proposed Chuviridae. Our work expands our understanding of tick viromes and underscores the high viral diversity that is present in ticks. IMPORTANCE The incidence of tick-borne disease is increasing, driven by rapid geographical expansion of ticks and the discovery of new tick-associated pathogens. The examination of the tick microbiome is essential in order to understand the relationship between microbes and their tick hosts and to facilitate the identification of new tick-borne pathogens. Genomic analyses using unbiased high-throughput sequencing platforms have proven valuable for investigations of tick bacterial diversity, but the examination of tick viromes has historically not been well explored. By performing a comprehensive virome analysis of the three primary tick species associated with human disease in the United States, we gained substantial insight into tick virome diversity and can begin to assess a potential role of these viruses in the tick life cycle.
To Be or Not to Be a Social Entrepreneur: Motivational Drivers amongst American Business Students

Objective: The objective of this article is to investigate the process of motivational needs influencing the intent of potential future social entrepreneurs. Research Design & Methods: California, Bay Area business students were administered a survey combining commercial entrepreneurship models and adding factors of motivation. Two stages of statistical analysis were performed based on the process and content theories of motivation. We used structural equation modelling to validate the model and paired samples t-test analysis to examine the differences between the motives underlying social entrepreneurship intentions. Findings: 202 out of 364 students reported social entrepreneurial intentions. For the process-based motives, perceived feasibility and perceived desirability to start a social enterprise as well as exposure to entrepreneurship are significant predictors of students’ intention to form a social enterprise. In addition, perceived feasibility is determined by entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and perceived desirability is determined by students’ desire for self-realisation and autonomy. For the content-based motives, the principal-component analysis indicates that students are motivated by the need for achievement and independence. Implications & Recommendations: The findings provide insights into the formation of social entrepreneurial intentions as well practical implications for how to motivate future social entrepreneurs. Contribution & Value Added: The study empirically shows the motives influencing a student’s intent to form a social enterprise.
The Clinical Section of the American Association for Applied Psychology, 1937–1945

As suggested in the previous chapter, the clinical psychologists in the late 1920s and early 1930s were relatively unhappy with the restrictions placed on their Section by the larger APA, but such dissatisfaction often does not lead to action unless there is some alternative. In this case, the alternative developed out of various organizations of psychologists at the state level. For the most part, state and local organizations of psychologists have always been formed by practitioners and other people with applied interests rather than by academics (Hamlin & Habbe, 1946). These groups usually began with names that reveal this origin, such as the Pennsylvania Association of Clinical Psychologists, or (even more specific) the Los Angeles Society of Clinical Psychologists in Private Practice. Subsequently, many of these groups changed their names to reflect a more inclusive self-definition, but that did not greatly change the nature of their membership. Even today, state and local psychological associations are dominated by practitioners.
Étude de la population vendéenne sous Sacubitril/Valsartan

Objectifs Les recommandations ESC 2016 sur l’insuffisance cardiaque a FEVG alteree preconisent de switcher les IEC ou ARAII par du Sacubitril/Valsartan (S/V) chez les patients restant symptomatique sous traitement medical optimal. Methode Etude retrospective, monocentrique, de patients traites par S/V au CHD Vendee et au CH des Sables d’Olonne, evaluant des criteres cliniques, biologiques et echocardiographiques entre l’introduction de S/V (M0) et a 1 mois (M1) et a un delai moyen de 3 a 6 mois (M3–M6). Les patients ont ete inclus de janvier 2016 a janvier 2018. Soixante-treize patients ont ete inclus, 53 ont pu etre evalues a M1 et a M3–M6. Resultats La moyenne d’âge est de 66,3 ans. Il y a 60,3 % de coronariens, 54,8 % d’hospitalisation pour insuffisance cardiaque aigue dans l’annee precedente et 75,3 % des patients ont un diagnostic d’insuffisance cardiaque datant de plus de 3 mois. Le traitement medical est optimise avant l’introduction de S/V : 89 % de patients sont sous beta-bloquant et ARAII ou IEC et 75,3 % sous anti-aldosterone. Il y a 9,6 % de patients classes NYHA 1, 57,5 % NYHA 2, 32,9 % NYHA 3. Le S/V est introduit a la dose de 24/26 mg pour 47,9 % des patients, 49/51 mg pour 46,6 % et 97/103 mg pour 5,5 %. A M1, 11 patients ont un effet indesirable et 9 arretent le traitement. A M3–M6, 12 patients ont un effet indesirable et 12 arretent le traitement. Entre M0 et M1 et M0 et M3-M6 on constate une diminution significative de la classe NYHA (p Conclusion On observe une amelioration clinique, biologique et echocardiographique des patients dans la « vraie vie » sous S/V. L’amelioration de ces criteres peut aussi etre favorisee par des therapeutiques non medicamenteuses non prises en compte dans notre etude.
Emerging Lipid-Lowering Therapies in Secondary Prevention

The primary purpose of this article was to review the next-generation lipid-lowering therapies that are under current development and clinical testing. We reviewed the mechanism of action of these drugs and how they act on different pathways of lipid metabolism. Additionally, we aimed to present data from clinical trials evaluating clinical outcomes, efficacy, and safety of these novel agents. Lastly, we sought to provide recommendations for clinical practice and to comment on the cost-benefit analyses of such drugs. We evaluated the following lipid-lowering agents as they pertain to secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD): ezetimibe, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin (PCSK) type 9 inhibitors, cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors, and eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester. The two novel therapies currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and endorsed by the latest ACC/AHA cholesterol guidelines include ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors. Although other drug classes have shown promising preliminary results, clinical trials evaluating cardiovascular outcomes are ongoing. Patients with known ASCVD are at risk for recurrent ischemic events. Lipid-lowering therapies are an integral part of secondary prevention measures in such patients. There has been an upsurge in development of newer generation lipid-lowering therapies which have shown excellent results in preclinical studies. When added to statin therapy in high-risk patients or patients with suboptimal lipid profile despite statin therapy, these agents may significantly lower recurrent adverse cardiovascular events. Thorough cost-effectiveness simulations need to be performed prior to introduction of these agents in routine clinical practice.
Quantifying multiple crystallite orientations and crystal heterogeneities in complex thin film materials

Thin film materials have become increasingly complex in morphological and structural design. When characterizing the structure of these films, a crucial field of study is the role that crystallite orientation plays in giving rise to unique electronic properties. It is therefore important to have a comparative tool for understanding differences in crystallite orientation within a thin film, and also the ability to compare the structural orientation between different thin films. Herein, we designed a new method dubbed the mosaicity factor (MF) to quantify crystallite orientation in thin films using grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) patterns. This method for quantifying the orientation of thin films overcomes many limitations inherent in previous approaches such as noise sensitivity, the ability to compare orientation distributions along different axes, and the ability to quantify multiple crystallite orientations observed within the same Miller index. Following the presentation of MF, we proceed to discussing case studies to show the efficacy and range of application available for the use of MF. These studies show how using the MF approach yields quantitative orientation information for various materials assembled on a substrate.
Cervical Spinal Cord Stimulation Using Monophasic Burst Waveform for Axial Neck and Upper Extremity Radicular Pain: A Preliminary Observational Study.

BACKGROUND Cervical spinal cord stimulation (cSCS) is an accepted therapeutic option for radicular upper extremity pain and less commonly for cervical axial pain despite less available literature in comparison with lumbar and lower extremity applications. METHODS This preliminary observational pilot study evaluated the efficacy of cSCS using the monophasic burst pattern in the treatment of both upper extremity radicular pain and axial neck pain. Primary outcome measures were reduction in pain scores, global pain scale (GPS) indices, and neck Oswestry disability index (nODI). RESULTS Of the 23 subjects trialed, 15 went to implantation of cSCS using burst and were followed for 1 year prospectively. Pre- and postprimary outcome measures suggested a statistically (p < 0.05) and clinically significant 12.40 point differential in the nODI, a statistically significant reduction of the GPS from 74.60 to 56.37 (p < 0.05), and a reduction in the pain rating score from 8.13 +/- 1.0 prior to trial to 3.85 +/- 1.1 at 1 year for axial neck and with and without radicular pain (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study suggests that the use of the burst waveform applied to cSCS results in improved function and decreased pain scores in subjects with axial neck pain with and without radicular symptomatology and cervicogenic headache.
SPATIOTEMPORAL PARAMETERS OF ADOLESCENT GAIT WHEN PERFORMING A VISUOSPATIAL MEMORY TASK.

Background Accurate assessment of recovery following mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents can be difficult. When compared to single-task models, dual-task models that combine cognitive and motor demands may more accurately identify residual deficits that manifest during daily life and athletic play in adolescents with concussion. Previous studies have examined gait changes during a concurrent auditory task, or cognitive task. Purpose The purpose of this study was to collect and present data from a sample of healthy 14-18 year old male and female athletes on spatiotemporal parameters of gait for walking with and without a concurrent visuospatial memory task presented on a hand-held tablet. Study Design A two-way repeated measures study of spatiotemporal gait parameters in a cross-sectional convenience sample of adolescent subjects participating in high school athletics. Methods Subjects comprised a total of 178 adolescent athletes (128 males; 50 females) ages 14-18 years old at six area high schools. Subjects were instructed to walk "how you normally do" on the GAITRite® portable gait analysis walkway for three undivided and three divided attention trials performing a visuospatial memory task on a hand-held tablet. Results Significant differences (p < 0.0001) were present between males and females during typical gait in each of the measured parameters except step length (p = 0.0715). Female participants walked with a significantly faster gait velocity (by 0.21 m/s) than male participants (p < 0.0001). The females spent a significantly smaller (-2.27%) percent of the gait cycle in double limb support (p < 0.0001) and a significantly greater (+1.10%) percent of the gait cycle in single limb support (p < 0.0001) than did the males. Both groups experienced a similar, dual-task cost during the divided attention trials (p < 0.0001) for each of the four gait parameters. Previous studies have shown that adults decrease their gait velocity by approximately 33% when performing a task on a hand-held device. The current study revealed that adolescents decreased their gait velocity by 8-9% by shortening their step length by 7.4 centimeters (p < 0.0001), increased the percent of the gait cycle spent in double limb support (2.73%, p < 0.0001) and decreased the percent of the gait cycle spent in single limb support (1.38%, p < 0.0001) during the dual-task. Conclusion These data provide preliminary reference values specific to the adolescent population for the dual-task cost during a visuospatial memory task. More research is needed to determine the dual-task cost during a visuospatial memory task for adolescents with concussion. Level of Evidence 2b.
From Content to Form: Judy Chicago's Pedagogy with Reflections by Judy Chicago

In this article, internationally renowned artist and educator Judy Chicago reflects on her teaching and on my own interpretation of her pedagogy in three projects: Womanhouse (1971–1972), At Home (2001–2002), and Envisioning the Future (2003–2004). From a comparison of pre- and post-open-ended questionnaire responses given by 62 participants in the Envisioning the Future (ETF) project, I identified aspects of Chicago's methodology that make it unique from other studio teaching approaches. Gender, status, and ideology emerge as significant themes in the analysis of eight artist-educators' experiences who learn Chicago's teaching methodology in a 10-day workshop and subsequently are guided by Chicago in their semester-long facilitation of artmaking groups of the 62 participants in the ETF project. I distinguish Chicago's teaching methodology from common threads of feminist pedagogy. These threads include the following goals: effecting social change; envisioning teaching as a political act; viewing knowledge...
A conversation with CHCCS 2018 achievement award winner Dr. Gordon Kurtenbach

A 2018 CHCCS Achievement Award from the Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society is presented to Dr. Gordon Kurtenbach for his many contributions to the field of human-computer interaction (HCI), especially his work on novel interaction techniques for gesture-based and pen-based interfaces, his leadership in building arguably the most successful industry-based computer science research group in Canada, his exemplary role promoting collaboration between universities and industry in Canada, and his active mentorship of some of the best young Canadian researchers in the field. CHCCS invites a publication by the award winner to be included in the proceedings, and this year we continue the tradition of an interview format rather than a formal paper. This permits a casual discussion of the research areas, insights, and contributions of the award winner. What follows is an edited transcript of a conversation between Gordon Kurtenbach and Kellogg Booth that took place in March 2018.
Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome

Introduction: In the past two decades, there have been a number of studies that test preventive intervention strategies for young people at imminent and elevated clinical risk for psychosis. We review these studies, integrate their findings, and lay out a framework for future clinical trials.
A four parameter hardening model for TWIP and TRIP steels

Abstract The mechanical behavior of twinning- and transformation-induced plasticity steels, commonly referred to as TWIP and TRIP steels, are characterized by linear hardening followed by an abrupt decrease in the hardening rate. We develop an empirical model that captures salient features of the strain hardening behavior. The model emphasizes ease of implementation into computer codes and identifying parameters from macroscopic data over physically motivated parameters; however, parameters fit to the mechanical response of several alloys show a direct correlation between some parameters and stacking fault energy. Finite element simulations of TWIP and TRIP steels under uniaxial tension show the lack of post-necking elongation observed experimentally is directly related to how abruptly the hardening decreases after the linear hardening regime. A scheme is then proposed for computing some hardening parameters directly from composition so that the model is compositionally-sensitive. This method is demonstrated on medium to high Mn steels so that the mechanical behavior can be predicted using the stacking fault energy, which is computed as a function of composition.
Keeping People Playing: The Effects of Domain News Presentation on Player Engagement in Educational Prediction Games

Educational prediction games use the popularity and engagement of fantasy sports as a success model to promote learning in other domains. Fantasy sports motivate players to stay up-to-date with relevant news and explore large statistical data sets, thereby deepening their domain understanding while potentially honing their data analysis skills. We conducted a study of fantasy sports players, and discovered that while some participants performed sophisticated data analysis to support their gameplay, far more relied on news and published commentary. We used results from this study to design a prototype prediction game, Fantasy Climate, which helps players move from intuitions and advice to consuming news and analyzing data by supporting a variety of activities essential to gameplay. Because news is a key component of Fantasy Climate, we evaluated two link-based interfaces to domain-related news, one geospatial and the other organized as a list. The evaluation revealed that news presentation has a strong effect on players' engagement and performance: players using the geospatial interface not only were more engaged in the game; they also made better predictions than players who used the list-based presentation.
Resisting redevelopment: Protest in aspiring global cities, by Eleonora Pasotti: Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, 2020

In Political Branding in Cities: The Decline of Machine Politics in Bogota, Naples and Chicago, Eleonara Pasotti argued that powerful modernizing mayors in three deindustrialized cities had redevel...
Prevention of Bacterial Endocarditis

Bacterial endocarditis, although uncommon, is a life-threatening disease with substantial morbidity and mortality. Endocarditis usually develops in individuals with underlying structural cardiac defects who develop bacteremia with organisms that have a predilection to invade cardiac structures.
Pooled Cohort Equations and the competing risk of cardiovascular disease versus cancer: Multi-Ethnic study of atherosclerosis.

Background many of the modifiable variables in the Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) are shared risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer, which are the two leading causes of death in the United States. We sought to determine the utility of the PCE risk for the synergistic risk prediction of CVD and cancer. Methods we identified 5,773 participants (61.5 years and 53% women) without baseline CVD or cancer from the Multi-Ethnic study of atherosclerosis. The primary outcome was time to first event of either incident CVD or incident cancer. We calculated competing risk and cause-specific hazard models to examine the association of the PCE groups (<7.5%, 7.5-<20%, ≥20%) with the competing risk of CVD and cancer. Results the rate of incident CVD and cancer was higher with higher PCE risk, but the absolute event rate was low for both CVD and cancer when the PCE risk was <7.5%. Participants with a PCE <7.5% had a higher rate of cancer (4.8) compared to CVD (3.3) per 1000 person-years, while the rate of CVD (11.5) was higher than cancer (8.6) for PCE between 7.5 and <20%. The ratio of CVD to cancer increased in a logarithmic manner and at a PCE risk of approximately 7.2% the risk for CVD and cancer was equal. In adjusted competing risk modeling, a PCE risk of ≥20% compared to <7.5% was associated with a greater risk of both CVD [7.18 (95% CI 5.77-8.94)] and cancer [3.59 (95% CI 2.91-4.43)]. Conclusions these findings highlight the importance of age and modifiable risk factors for CVD and cancer prevention. In addition, it suggests that the PCE can provide important information for both CVD and cancer risk stratification, which may guide a synergistic approach to screening and preventive therapies for the two leading causes of death in the United States.
Four Stages in Social Media Network Analysis-Building Blocks for Health-Related Digital Autonomy in Artificial Intelligence, Social Media, and Depression.

The authors of the concept Health-Related Digital Autonomy (HRDA) have laid the first building block to examine the interactions between artificial intelligence (AI), social media, and depression f...
Entrepreneurial Orientation and Small Business Performance: A Configurational Approach

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is considered as an indicator of firm performance. The literature relating to EO is reviewed and a hypothesis of a universal effect model is developed and tested to explain the relationship of EO to the performance of small business. The fact that the EO/performance relationship is more complicated than a universal effect model is examined and a proposal is made of the benefits of a configurational approach over and above a contingency model (two-way interactions) and the universal effect model. The research methodology is described regarding sampling, measures, and analysis. A sample of 413 independent Swedish small business managers was used from four sectors—knowledge-intensive manufacturing, labor-intensive manufacturing, professional services, and retail. Results indicate that relying only on EO main-effects-only relationships does not provide a complete picture of small business performance. A more complete picture is provided by appropriately aligning EO, access to capital, and environmental dynamism.(JSD)
User-Agent Bond in Generalizable Environments: Long-Term Risk-Reduction via Nudged Virtual Choices.

Avatars or agents are digitized self-representations of a player in mediated environments. While using agents to navigate through mediated environments, players form bonds with their self-agents or characters, a process referred to as identification. Identification can involve automatic, but temporary, self-concept “shifts in implicit self-perceptions” (Klimmt et al., 2010, p. 323) of the media user by adopting or emphasizing the action choices on behalf of the social expectation of the avatar in the mediated environment. In the current study, we test the possibility that user’s identification with video game avatars - a special bond built between avatars and players- would account for subsequent behavior changes. We did so by using 3-month longitudinal data involving a narratively-based serious game: Socially Optimized Learning in Virtual Environments (SOLVE), a 3D-interactive game designed to reduce risky sexual behaviors among young men who have sex with men (n=444). Results show that video game identification predicts both the reduction of risky sexual behaviors over time, and reduction in the number of non-primary partners with whom risky sex occurs. And when players identify with the game character, they tend to make healthier choices, which significantly mediates the link between video game identification and reduction of risky behaviors.
Sedation and Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Tracheostomy in COVID-19, a Multi-Center Registry.

IntroductionPatients with COVID-19 ARDS require significant amounts of sedation and analgesic medications which can lead to longer hospital/ICU length of stay, delirium, and has been associated wit...
Morphogenesis of Bacteriophage ϕ29

Bacteriophages are very useful models for studying the protein-derived principles of form determination in virus assembly. Bacteriophage models cannot be ignored because of the assembly of the virus tail at the prohead portal vertex or connector, the entry point of double-stranded DNA. Bacteriophage o29 of Bacillus subtilis, illustrated in the family portrait with bacteriophage T2 of Escherichia coli, features simplicity, efficient in vitro assembly, and advanced genetic and biochemical characterizations. This chapter emphasizes o29 structure and the mechanisms of prohead assembly and DNA packaging, the major thrusts of current o29 research in Minneapolis. The basic problem of o29 morphogenesis is the mechanism by which a prolate shell of particular dimensions is assembled from subunits that are also capable of being assembled into incorrect structures. Mutants of asporogenous B. subtilis that cannot assemble o29 (vam) were selected by the use of antibodies that reacted more strongly with the free connectors than with the portal vertex of proheads or phage. Bacteriophage DNA-packaging machines seem to have in common two packaging proteins and a connector with sixfold symmetry. Restriction enzyme digestion of DNA molecules extracted from DNase I-treated proheads shows that DNA-gp3 packaging is oriented with respect to the physical map. A gyrase action would be needed to generate supercoiled DNA for packaging.
Personal information privacy and emerging technologies

This research presents a model of personal information privacy (PIP) that includes not only transactional data gathering, but also interorganisational data sharing. Emerging technologies are used as a lens through which the discussion of PIP management is extended. Research directions are developed for aspects of privacy, privacy-preserving technologies, interorganisational data sharing and policy development.
Immunological Properties of Friend Virus from Mouse Spleen Obtained by Gel Filtration

Gel filtration, with Sephadex G-200, was utilized to obtain Friend virus (FV) from infected spleen homogenate. Highly infectious and immunologically active material was eluted as a large initial protein peak, whereas hemoglobin and other noninfectious materials were found in two subsequent peaks. Fractions that made up the first peak were reactive in serological tests with antiserum towards FV. Formalinized fractions from the first peak, when combined with Freund's complete adjuvant, were able to protect mice against subsequent FV challenge. Further purification of antigen was carried out by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation.
Monolayer and Multilayer Films of [Mn12O12(O2CMe)16]

The manganese oxo-cluster, [Mn12O12(O2CMe)16(H2O)4]·2(HO2CMe)·4(H2O), (Mn-12), has been the subject of intense interest for its novel magnetic properties. Although it is a model system for nanoscale magnetic data storage, no methods for forming films or attaching the cluster to surfaces have been reported. Here we demonstrate a simple approach using functionalized self-assembled monolayers and short-chain polyelectrolytes to make monolayer and nanometer-scale multilayer films of Mn-12.
Tripod operators for recognizing objects in range images: rapid rejection of library objects

The tripod operator, a class of feature extraction operators for range images which facilitate the recognition and localization of objects is described. It consists of three points in 3-space fixed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle and a procedure for making several scalar measurements in the coordinate frame of the triangle. The triangle is moved as a rigid body until the three vertices lie on the surface of some range image or modeled object. The resulting measurements are local shape features which are invariant under rigid motions. These features contain all the shape information in the surface points involved, and no other information. Tripod operators are applicable to all 3-D shapes. A cloud of points in feature space was generated for each object by random placement of the operator. Then new feature measurements were made by operator placements in a range image containing one of those objects. Using a simple nearest-neighbor approach, the authors determined which objects were rejected and which remained as recognition candidates. Experiments showed that tripod operators had excellent discriminating power. >
Human chorionic trophoblasts, decidual cells, and macrophages: A histochemical and electron microscopic study

Human chorion, amnion, and adherent decidua were studied in term placentas obtained at spontaneous normal delivery and at cesarean section from women not in labor. There were no differences in morphologic features or in distribution of acid phosphatase reaction product in the two delivery groups--in trophoblasts, decidual cells, or macrophages of the decidual layer. No diffusion of acid phosphatase reaction product from lysosomes was evident. The significance of these findings is discussed in the context of current hypotheses concerning cellular event associated with labor.
Solubility of Hydrocarbons and Sulfur Compounds in Water

Correlations are presented for the solubility of hydrocarbons and organic sulfur compounds in water. A wide variety of compounds are covered—alkanes, olefins, diolefins, acetylenes, cyclopentanes, cyclohexanes, benzenes, mercaptans, thiophenes, and sulfides. The new correlation provides reliable solubility values down to very low concentrations (parts per million range). The correlation is based on the boiling point of the compound. Correlation and experimental data are in favorable agreement. The results are useful in process engineering for wastewater minimization. Keywords: solubility; hydrocarbons; organic sulfur compounds
Effect of the 3'-leaving group on turnover of cephem antibiotics by a class C beta-lactamase.

It has been previously demonstrated for class A beta-lactamases and the DD-peptidase of Streptomyces R61 that the presence of a leaving group at the 3′-position of a cephalosporin can lead to the generation of more-inert acyl-enzyme intermediates than from cephalosporins lacking such a leaving group, and thus to beta-lactamase inhibitors and potentially better antibiotics. In the present work we extend this result to a class C beta-lactamase, that of Enterobacter cloacae P99. The effect is not seen with first-generation cephalosporins, since here deacylation generally seems faster than elimination of the leaving group, but it does clearly appear with cephamycins and third-generation cephalosporins. The structural and/or mechanistic features of the active site giving rise to this phenomenon may thus be common to all serine beta-lactamases and transpeptidases.
Chemical genomics of orphan nuclear receptors.

The steroid hormone, thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, and vitamin D receptors are members of a family of ligand-activated transcription factors (Mangelsdorf et al. 1995). These nuclear hormone receptors contain two signature domains, a central double zinc finger DNA-binding domain (DBD) and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD) (Fig. 1). Sequence homology within these domains has allowed investigators to clone many additional members of the gene family. It is now known that there are a total of 48 nuclear receptors within the human genome (Maglich et al. 2001). The majority of these transcription factors are designated orphan receptors since they do not bind to the classical endocrine hormones. Characterization of the biological function of the orphan nuclear receptors has become an important endeavor of biomedical research, since each of them has the potential to be the regulator of a new hormone signaling pathway (Giguere 1999).
An integrated location, production, distribution and investment model for a multinational corporation

Abstract We present a mixed integer linear formulation that extends published models on multinational corporation facility location decisions by including exogenous variables such as exchange rates and tariff rates and incorporating production, distribution, and investment decisions. The model provides insights on production levels; facility configurations, distribution strategies and levels of investment needed at these facilities and explores factors that influence the facility's configuration decisions. Several scenarios are considered based on various facility configurations and levels of exchange and tariff rates. The results obtained from these show that the model's performance and results are in complete agreement with accepted economic theories.
Tensile deformation of polychlorotrifluoroethylene in He, N2, Ar, O2, and CO2 environments

Abstract The tensile stress—strain behaviour of quenched polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) was measured from 77K to Tg in gaseous environments of He, N2, Ar, O2, and CO2 and in water. The partial pressure of the gas was varied from 0 to 1 atm. N2, Ar, O2 and CO2 produced crazing and a lowering of the tensile strength relative to the intrinsic tensile strength at that temperature. The effect of pressure and temperature on the tensile strength was quantitatively similar to the effect of these gases on PC and PMMA, and could be described by an equation of the form: σ c σ i = [P exp ( Q RT /P∗] −0.10 . The constants Q and P∗ depended on the gas, and σi is the intrinsic strength. The Q values were approximately the same as the heat of vaporization for each gas. CO2 produces crazing below as well as above its sublimation temperature. The intrinsic yield point varied from 0.033 to 0.054 of E, Young's modulus, as the temperature varied from 300 to 77K. The experimental value of the yield point extrapolated to 0.055E at OK and compares favourably with existing theories for the yield point of glassy polymers.
The irritable bowel syndrome during pregnancy

The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by altered bowel habits and abdominal discomfort in the absence of organic disease. No markers exist for IBS, and the definition of IBS is based on the presence of specific symptoms. The Rome II criteria for defining IBS include abdominal pain or discomfort for 12 weeks or longer, which need not be continuous, over the past 12 months plus two of the following: (1) relief of discomfort with defecation; (2) association of discomfort with altered stool frequency; and (3) association of discomfort with altered stool form. Nine percent to 22% of the population report symptoms consistent with IBS. IBS is the most prevalent digestive disease, representing 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of referrals to gastroenterologists.
Combined laminar forced convection and thermal radiation in a helical pipe

Abstract The interaction phenomena between laminar forced convection and thermal radiation in a participating medium inside a helical pipe were studied numerically. The P-1 radiation model was applied to the combined convection–radiation simulations. The three-dimensional governing equations for laminar flow and heat transfer were solved with a control-volume finite difference method (CVFDM) with second-order accuracy, and the O-type structure grid was adopted in this study. The effects of thermal radiation on the convective flow and heat transfer were measured by comparing the numerical results with and without thermal radiation. The comparison showed that under the conditions examined in this paper, although the thermal radiation had no significant influence for flow and temperature fields, especially in a fully developed region, it substantially enhanced the total heat transfer in the helical pipe.
Composure at Any Cost? The Cognitive Consequences of Emotion Suppression

We frequently try to appear less emotional than we really are, such as when we are angry with our spouse at a dinner party, disgusted by a boss’s sexist comments during a meeting, or amused by a friend’s embarrassing faux pas in public. Attempts at emotion suppression doubtless have social benefits. However, suppression may do more than change how we look: It also may change how we think. Two studies tested the hypothesis that emotion suppression has cognitive consequences. Study 1 showed that suppression impaired incidental memory for information presented during the suppression period. Study 2 replicated this finding and further showed that suppression increased cardiovascular activation. Mediational analyses indicated that physiological and cognitive effects were independent. Overall, findings suggest that emotion suppression is a cognitively demanding form of self-regulation.
Alcoholysis of ϵ-Decalactone with Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Lipase in 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Abstract Lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia was modified with 2,4-bis[ O -methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)]-6-chloro- s -triazine, activated PEG 2 , to form PEG-lipase. The PEG-lipase is soluble and active in organic solvents. It catalyzes alcoholysis of racemic ϵ-decalactone with ethanol in 1,1,1-trichloroethane to form ( R )hydroxydecanoic acid ethyl ester. No alcoholysis of ( S )-decalactone takes place. These results were discussed in relation to carbon number of n -alcohol, optimum temperature and comparison with modified and non-modified lipases.
Cognition in perimenopause: the effect of transition stage.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this cross-sectional study were to determine if cognitive function differs across stages of reproductive aging and to evaluate whether hormones or menopausal symptoms predict cognition in perimenopause. We hypothesized that women in late menopausal transition and early postmenopause would perform more poorly than those in the late reproductive stage on attention and verbal memory tasks, and that estradiol, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, hot flashes, and sleep disturbance would predict cognitive performance on those tasks. METHODS: One hundred seventeen middle-aged women enrolled in the Rochester Investigation of Cognition Across Menopause were categorized into late reproductive stage (n = 34), early menopausal transition stage (n = 28), late menopausal transition stage (n = 41), or early postmenopause stage (n = 14) according to criteria from the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop +10. We administered a neuropsychological battery assessing six domains of cognition, assessed menopausal symptoms, and measured serum levels of estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone. Multivariate regressions were conducted to determine the impact of menopausal stage and symptoms on cognition. RESULTS: Women in the first year of postmenopause performed significantly worse than women in the late reproductive and late menopausal transition stages on measures of verbal learning, verbal memory, and motor function. They also performed significantly worse than women in the late menopausal transition stage on attention/working memory tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive function does not change linearly across perimenopause. Decreases in attention/working memory, verbal learning, verbal memory, and fine motor speed may be most evident in the first year after the final menstrual period. Language: en
Antenatal lamivudine to reduce perinatal hepatitis B transmission: a cost-effectiveness analysis

Objectives This study aimed to determine whether administration of lamivudine to pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B in the third trimester is a cost-effective strategy in preventing perinatal transmission. Study Design We developed a decision analysis model to compare the cost-effectiveness of 2 management strategies for chronic hepatitis B in pregnancy: (1) expectant management or (2) lamivudine administration in the third trimester. We assumed that lamivudine reduced perinatal transmission by 62%. Results Our Markov model demonstrated that lamivudine administration is the dominant strategy. For every 1000 infected pregnant women treated with lamivudine, $337,000 is saved and 314 quality-adjusted life-years are gained. For every 1000 pregnancies with maternal hepatitis B, lamivudine prevents 21 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and 5 liver transplants in the offspring. The model remained robust in sensitivity analysis. Conclusion Antenatal lamivudine administration to pregnant patients with hepatitis B is cost-effective, and frequently cost-saving, under a wide range of circumstances.
Animal models of herpes simplex virus immunity and pathogenesis

Herpes simplex viruses are ubiquitous human pathogens represented by two distinct serotypes: herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1); and HSV type 2 (HSV-2). In the general population, adult seropositivity rates approach 90% for HSV-1 and 20-25% for HSV-2. These viruses cause significant morbidity, primarily as mucosal membrane lesions in the form of facial cold sores and genital ulcers, with much less common but more severe manifestations causing death from encephalitis. HSV infections in humans are difficult to study in many cases because many primary infections are asymptomatic. Moreover, the neurotropic properties of HSV make it much more difficult to study the immune mechanisms controlling reactivation of latent infection within the corresponding sensory ganglia and crossover into the central nervous system of infected humans. This is because samples from the nervous system can only be routinely obtained at the time of autopsy. Thus, animal models have been developed whose use has led to a better understanding of multiple aspects of HSV biology, molecular biology, pathogenesis, disease, and immunity. The course of HSV infection in a spectrum of animal models depends on important experimental parameters including animal species, age, and genotype; route of infection; and viral serotype, strain, and dose. This review summarizes the animal models most commonly used to study HSV pathogenesis and its establishment, maintenance, and reactivation from latency. It focuses particularly on the immune response to HSV during acute primary infection and the initial invasion of the ganglion with comparisons to the events governing maintenance of viral latency.
Binding, attention, and exchanges

Levelt, Roelofs & Meyer present a comprehensive and sophisticated theory of lexical access in production, but we question its reliance on binding-by-checking as opposed to binding-by-timing and we discuss how the timing of retrieval events is a major factor in both correct and errorful production.
Combined Use of Several Fluorescent Membrane Probes to Study the Subgel Phase and the Effects of Cholesterol Thereon

Several lines of evidence have indicated that a highly ordered and condensed phase occurs for phosphatidylcholines at low temperatures. Generation of this lamellar subgel phase (Lc) with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) depends on the thermal history of the sample; vesicles must be cooled at ∼4°C for at least 48 h. Similarly, samples exit the Lc phase slowly at the sub-transition temperature (18°C). Consequently, vestiges of Lc behavior can still be detected at 25°C within 15 min of passing through the transition temperature. We used this hysteresis as an assay for detecting the Lc phase with fluorescent membrane probes by recording the emission spectrum or anisotropy on refrigerated vesicles at 15, 25, 35, and 45°C followed by a return to 35, 25, and finally 15°C. In each case, samples were incubated for 10 min at the new temperature before data acquisition. The presence of a Lc or Lc-like phase was recognized by lack of reversal of fluorescent properties at 25 or 15°C. The Lc phase was observed for pure DPPC vesicles by merocyanine 540, prodan, and patman but not laurdan or diphenylhexatriene; fluorescence properties of the latter two probes were completely reversible at all temperatures. Inclusion of cholesterol in the vesicles up to 20 mol% caused a linear reduction in the magnitude of the difference between membrane properties detected by these probes before and after vesicle heating. In contrast to previous reports using other techniques, the lack of reversal was not completely eradicated by cholesterol in the range of 20 to 45 mol% suggesting that an Lc-like phase exists for DPPC/cholesterol mixtures. The distinction between probes that can and cannot detect these phases has implications for interpreting the nature of them.
Analysis of individual lipoproteins and liposomes

We describe the application of single molecule detection (SMD) technologies for the analysis of natural (serum lipoproteins) and synthetic (liposomes) transport systems. The need for advanced analytical procedures of these complex and important systems is presented with the specific enhancements afforded by SMD with flowing sample streams. In contrast to bulk measurements which yield only average values, measurement of individual species allows creation of population histograms from heterogeneous samples. The data are acquired in minutes and the analysis requires relatively small sample quantities. Preliminary data are presented from the analysis of low density lipoprotein, and multilamellar and unilamellar vesicles.
Plane strain displacement and stress waves induced in a transversely isotropic elastic solid by a line source

The plane strain displacement and stress field induced in an unbounded, transversely isotropic, elastic solid by a uniform line load is reduced to a simple residue calculation. Explicit results on a coordinate axis are given for three representative hexagonal crystals when the line load is normal to the axis of material symmetry. The case in which the applied load is not normal to the symmetry axis is also discussed.