cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unexpected Neurologic Deficit Following Spinal Anesthesia

Background and Objectives A case of unexpected neurologic deficit of the left lower extremity following a successful spinal block is reported. Methods A spinal block was performed in a 45-year-old woman with a 25-gauge Whitaker needle at the L3-L4 interspace. After establishing flow of clear cerebrospinal fluid, 1.6 mL of 0.75% bupivacaine was injected into the subarachnoid space. The patient had a good motor and sensory block (level T4), and she underwent uneventful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of a right kidney stone. After satisfactory recovery in the postanesthesia care unit, she was transferred to the ambulatory surgical center for further recovery and discharge home. Results About 11 hours after administration of the spinal anesthetic and recovery from the spinal block, the patient complained of not being able to move her left leg. Neurologic examination revealed motor loss and hyperesthesia to touch, vibration, pressure, and temperature from her groin to toes in the left leg only. The remainder of the neurologic examination was normal. A nuclear magnetic resonance scan of the spine revealed no abnormality. Neurologic and psychiatric consultations were sought, and the patient was diagnosed to have a conversion disorder. She responded to psychological intervention and returned to her previous state of health in 2 weeks. Conclusions Neurologic deficit following spinal or epidural block should be investigated completely and appropriate consultations sought. Psychiatric disorder may be a rare cause of neurologic deficit after successful regional anesthesia and should be made part of a complete workup.
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy for High Risk Stage T1 Superficial Bladder Cancer

AbstractNumerous studies have shown bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) to be an effective prophylactic and therapeutic agent for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The high grade stage T1 lesion treated by transurethral resection alone is reported to progress to muscle invasion in 30 to 50% of the patients. Therefore, some have recommended treatment with cystectomy. To evaluate BCG treatment of the stage T1 lesion we reviewed our results with a single or repeated 6-week course of the Armand-Frappier Pasteur strain BCG and compared them with those in the literature. We also compared these results with those of treatment of the stage TA lesion.We treated 30 stage T1 cancer patients who were described as at high risk based on the criteria of histology grade 3 in 24 and grade 2 in 6, carcinoma in situ present in 14 and positive urine cytology results 2 to 3 weeks after transurethral resection in 26. Followup ranged from 12 to 78 months, with a mean of 39 months. After a single 6-week course o...
The Topographical Relationship between the Plane of the Central Pair of Flagellar Fibrils and the Transverse Axis of the Head in Guinea-Pig Spermatozoa

Earlier studies on the arrangement of sperm-tail components have suggested that a line through the central pair of fibrils is always perpendicular to the broad face of the flattened sperm head. The principal plane of bending of proximal regions of the tail was therefore assumed to coincide with the transverse axis of the head. The heads of guinea-pig epididymal sperm are flexed 45-50° from the long axis of the tails and are stacked one upon the other in coherent packets. The parallel arrangement of the heads ensures that all of the associated tails will be similarly oriented, and certain planes of section transect heads and tails of the same sperm packet. Taking advantage of this circumstance, it was possible to demonstrate that in quiescent sperm of this species the plane of the central pair is not at 90° to the transverse axis of the head, but is inclined 20-30° off the perpendicular and always in the same direction. Attention is drawn to examples from the literature on cilia and flagella, where there appears to be a similar inclination of the axis of the central pair with respect to external landmarks.
The Next Generation Is Now

[I]n our murderous yet also suicidal treatment of the environment, far more than greed and stupidity[,] [m]an is possessed of some obscure fury against his own remembrance of Eden. Claude Levi-Strauss The decade of the 1970s brought the matter of energy policy to public consciousness and made regular headline news. The immediate precipitating events were the Arab and Iranian oil embargoes of that decade. Gasoline at the pump was rationed for the first time since World War II, oil prices quadrupled, inflation ensued, and a recession followed. The United States was seen as vulnerable to having its oil spigot cut off by Middle Eastern oil producers. Also at that time, our culture was experiencing a rising period of environmental consciousness. Combined, the forces of greater environmental awareness, energy vulnerability, and economic sensitivity gave rise to a series of energy policy studies that examined energy more strategically than we had in the past. Strategic energy studies are again in the news and have led to new approaches to how our country, and the world, should think about how to produce, distribute, and consume energy and how to handle its waste. This chapter will examine the new energy thinking that began more than a generation ago. The next chapter will provide a set of more specific policy prescriptions that follow from the new thinking. To be sure, over the last generation, thoughts about energy policy have evolved. That evolution will be traced here.
Common Pitfalls in Multiple Sclerosis and CNS Demyelinating Diseases: Case-Based Learning

Differentiating multiple sclerosis (MS) from alternative demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system and systemic medical conditions that mimic MS is challenging. A simple three-step approach is used in this text to guide readers through clinical cases to define MS and rule out competing causes. Case presentations are used to illustrate simple pearls and other clues that will aid clinicians in assessing and managing difficult clinical situations. The chapters are organized to reflect challenges regarding specific anatomical territories affected by MS and its mimickers, namely evaluation of impairment in the optic nerves, brain, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Specific examples are used where the author or the treating physician was correct or incorrect in investigating or managing a particular question. The wisdom of hindsight thus generated becomes an invaluable and enduring lesson. The text is written in a coaching style, buttressed by the strong pedagogic wisdom of the author.
Considering the Language We Use: Well Worth the Effort

Early in my career, much of my scholarship, teaching, and professional service revolved around addressing the challenges of social work and interdisciplinary practice with families whose children, ...
Soils mediate the impact of fine woody debris on invasive and native grasses as whole trees are mechanically shredded into firebreaks in piñon-juniper woodlands

Abstract To stem wildfires, trees are being mechanically shredded into firebreaks with the resulting fine woody debris (FWD) potentially exerting immense control over soil and plants. We linked FWD-induced changes in microbial activity and nutrient availability to the frequency of Bromus tectorum and three native, perennial grasses across 31 pinon-juniper woodlands, UT, USA. Using a series of mixed models, we found that FWD increased the frequency of three of the four grasses by at least 12%. Deep, as opposed to shallow, soils mediated frequencies following FWD additions but only partially explained the variation in Bromus and Pseudoroegneria spicata . Although fertile areas associated with tree-islands elicited no response, FWD-induced increases in nitrogen mineralization in deep soils (15–17 cm) caused the frequency of the exotic and Pseudoroegneria to rise. Higher phosphorus availability in FWD-covered surface soils (0–2 cm) had no impact on grasses. FWD altered deep soil respiration, and deep and shallow microbial biomass structuring Pseudoroegneria frequencies, suggesting that microorganism themselves regulated Pseudoroegneria . The positive effects of FWD on grass frequencies intensified over time for natives but diminished for Bromus . Our results demonstrate that microorganisms in deeper soils helped mediate species-specific responses to disturbance both facilitating exotic invasion and promoting native establishment.
Bone Turnover Markers in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Metabolic Bone Disease.

BACKGROUND: Disorders of bone metabolism, most notably osteoporosis, are highly prevalent and predispose to fractures, causing high patient morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis and monitoring of bone metabolic defects can present a major challenge as these disorders are largely asymptomatic and radiographic measures of bone mass respond slowly to changes in bone physiology. CONTENT: Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are a series of protein or protein derivative biomarkers released during bone remodeling by osteoblasts or osteoclasts. BTMs can offer prognostic information on fracture risk that supplements radiographic measures of bone mass, but testing using BTMs has to take into account the large number of preanalytic factors and comorbid clinical conditions influencing BTM levels. BTMs respond rapidly to changes in bone physiology, therefore, they have utility in determining patient response to and compliance with therapies for osteoporosis. SUMMARY: BTMs are a useful adjunct for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of bone metabolic disorders, but their use has to be tempered by the known limitations in their clinical utility and preanalytic variables complicating interpretation.
Etv5 Regulates IL-10 Production in Th Cells

IL-10 is an immunoregulatory cytokine that has broad effects across the immune system. In Th cell subsets, Th2 cells produce considerable amounts of IL-10. The transcription factors that regulate IL-10 production in Th2 cells are still incompletely described. In this study, we demonstrate that the ETS family transcription factor ETS variant (Etv)5 regulates IL-10 production in Th2 cells. T cell-specific Etv5-deficient and littermate control mice demonstrated that IL-10 production and gene expression were significantly decreased in the absence of Etv5. In an Aspergillus fumigatus extract-induced inflammation model, IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung were significantly decreased in mice that lacked Etv5 in T cells, compared with control mice. We showed that Etv5 directly binds to the Il10 locus conserved noncoding sequence 3 site and that it activates gene expression in a luciferase reporter assay and following retroviral transduction. Etv5 deficiency did not affect the expression of other transcription factors known to be important for expression of IL-10, including Jun family members, GATA3, E4BP4, and IFN regulatory factor 4. However, in the absence of Etv5, binding of these transcription factors to the Il10 locus was dramatically reduced. Ectopic Etv5 expression in Th2 cells that lack Etv5 restored IL-10 production and the binding of IL-10-inducing transcription factors including E4BP4, IFN regulatory factor 4, and GATA3. Taken together, we conclude that Etv5 plays a crucial role in regulating IL-10 production in Th2 cells by facilitating the binding of IL-10-inducing transcription factors at the Il10 locus.
An Exotic Hitchhiker: A Case Report of Importation into Connecticut from Africa of the Human Parasitizing Tick, Hyalomma truncatum (Acari: Ixodidae)

We report the importation into Connecticut, U.S.A., of an exotic tick, Hyalomma truncatum (Koch) (Acari: Ixodidae), on a human with recent travel history to Africa. The tick was identified using key morphological characters and through DNA sequencing. This case report highlights continuing risk associated with the importation of exotic tick vectors of medical and veterinary significance on international travelers returning to the United States from abroad.
Barnacles, their molluscan hosts, and comparative ecology in the St. Mary's Formation (late Miocene) of Maryland, USA

Fossils can inform the study of modern ecosystems by showing how species interactions in ancient communities compare with those today and how extinction is selective not only with respect to species but also with respect to entire modes of life. We studied the life habits and pattern of occurrence of the barnacle Chesaconcavus chesapeakensis Zullo, 1992 on the shells of the gastropod Conradconfusus parilis (Conrad) and the bivalve Chesapecten santamaria (Tucker) from Chancellor's Point in the Windmill Point Member of the St. Mary's Formation (late Miocene, Tortonian) of Maryland. Using several criteria, we show that the barnacle occupied living hosts only. The 59% incidence of the barnacle on Conradconfusus parilis is high compared to known living associations between barnacles and gastropods. Although Conradconfusus parilis with and without barnacles do not differ in size, suggesting that the barnacle had little effect on this gastropod, there is some indication that Chesapecten santamaria with barnacles are somewhat smaller than those without and may therefore have been adversely affected by the presence of barnacles. On the basis of morphology and the low (15%) incidence of repaired scars, Conradconfusus parilis was a predator that did not use its shell lip to subdue prey. No ecological equivalents of Conradconfusus and Chesaconcavus have existed in the temperate northwestern Atlantic between Cape Cod and Cape Hatteras for the past three million years.
Analysis of mu DNA replicated on cellophane discs.

The bacteriophage Mu is both a temperate bacterial virus and a transposable element. During the Mu lytic cycle, uncontrolled replicative transposition takes place. As a result, a single copy of Mu is amplified into ca. 100 copies each inserted at a different site in the host chromosome. During lytic infection or induction, when Mu replication is under viral control, replication is obligatorily coupled to transposition (1, 2).
Fever of Unknown Origin

The causes of fever in a child can vary from minor brief illnesses to life-threatening infectious, malignant, or autoimmune diseases. The physician often has to evaluate children with fevers of as yet undiagnosed cause lasting fewer than 2 weeks, in whom it is important to determine whether localizing findings are present. Fever without localizing signs and fevers complicating chronic disease and resulting from specific localized infection are considered in the sections concerning infectious causes, immunodeficiency diseases, and rheumatic diseases. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to the child with both prolonged fever and fever of unknown origin are then discussed, with emphasis on rheumatic diseases.
The production of high specific activity Cu-64 as measured by ion chromatography

1552 Objectives Carrier-free Cu-64 is produced at Washington University via the (p, n) reaction on enriched Ni-64 and is used in several ongoing clinical trials. We describe new techniques for monitoring and improving specific activity using ion chromatography (IC). We also confirm the direct detection of radioactive copper with IC. Methods We developed a methodology for detecting and quantifying common impurities in Cu-64. We monitored several productions of Cu-64 and examined the steps in which impurities were introduced into the Cu-64 and how these impurities affected overall specific activity. We have also monitored the decay of Cu-64 into Zn-64 and Ni-64. 25 mCi samples of 64CuCl2 in 0.1 M HCl were diluted to 100 microliters with additional 0.1 M HCl. Samples were injected onto a Dionex IonPac CS5A column at 1.2 ml/min. Post column reagent 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) 0.25 mM was used to bind to metal ions and allow the measurement of the absorbance of the metal-PAR complex at 530 nm. Results We were able to detect Cu-64 using an IC system set up for transition metals detection and monitor the decay of Cu-64 into Ni-64 and Zn-64. We were able to show that impurities in solvents used for Cu-64 production can be detected with IC, and we have monitored where impurities are introduced in an automated production system developed on site. We have also determined the specific metal impurities that affect specific activity. Conclusions Using this technique, we examined steps of our separation process to determine where impurities are being introduced and what further steps can be taken to purify the Cu-64, allowing us to achieve the production of higher specific activity Cu-64. Going forward, we are comparing the effective specific activity determined by IC to that determined by TETA titrations. Research Support This work was supported by NIH/NCI Grant R24 CA086307 “Radionuclide Resource for Cancer Applications.\#8221;
Base-Mediated Cascade Aldol Addition and Fragmentation Reactions of Dihydroxyfumaric Acid and Aromatic Aldehydes: Controlling Chemodivergence via Choice of Base, Solvent, and Substituents.

The diester derivative of dihydroxyfumaric acid (DHF) has been used exclusively as an electrophile in organic synthesis. However, the synthetic utility of DHF’s nucleophilic reactivity, contained in the ene–diol moiety, has been underexplored. Inspired by recently observed pH-dependent chemodivergent nucleophilic aldol reactions of dihydroxyfumarate (DHF2–) with glyoxylate and formaldehyde, we report herein the control and synthetic application of base-controlled chemodivergent reactions between dihydroxyfumarate and aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes. With hydroxide as the base in a predominantly aqueous medium, aldol addition followed by deoxalation occurs to provide various 3-aryl-2,3-dihydroxypropanoic acids. With triethylamine as the base in THF, 1-aryl-2,3-dihydroxypropanones are the products of the reaction. In order to understand the difference in reactivity between DHF, its dicarboxylate, and its dimethyl ester, we undertook computational and experimental studies that provide a rationale as to...
Microgrid Distributed Frequency Control Over Time-Varying Communication Networks

In this paper, we study AC microgrid dynamics under a completely decentralized primary control, and a secondary frequency control the implementation of which is distributed over a communication network with communication links that are time-varying and can be (i) bidirectional, or (ii) unidirectional. For a certain class of controllers, the closed-loop system dynamics solve a certain multi-agent optimization problem by performing two steps: (i) gradient-descent, and (ii) distributed averaging. The proposed framework allows to explore many of the existing distributed algorithms developed for solving general multi-agent optimization problems over time-varying communication networks. In particular, we use the subgradient-push algorithm to design a distributed frequency controller, and we present the convergence analysis for the closed-loop system. We also dwell on this framework and propose a distributed frequency controller that does not require agents (power generators) to know their out-degree, which is a necessary assumption for the convergence of the subgradient-push algorithm.
Extending Discourse of Renewal to Preparedness: Construct and Scale Development of Readiness for Renewal:

This study developed the construct of readiness for renewal in organizations and evaluated its underlying psychometric properties. We drew on Discourse of Renewal theory to develop, pilot, and refi...
Therapeutic Potential of Intranasal Drug Delivery in Preclinical Studies of Ischemic Stroke and Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Stroke is the leading cause of death in the United States. Both ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke cause high mortality and morbidity, but few effective treatments are available clinically. The lack of therapeutics stems partially from the severe nature of stroke, which causes a cascade of events from low blood flow to neuronal death, to inflammation that can last for weeks. However, the biggest obstacle to treatment is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which blocks passage of most systemically delivered drugs into the brain. Noninvasive intranasal (IN) delivery enables drugs to rapidly bypass the BBB and minimizes exposure to the peripheral system. Thus, IN is a promising delivery route for treating central nervous system disorders, including stroke. In this chapter, we introduce the mechanism of neurologic damage after stroke and describe the advantages and disadvantages of IN delivery. Additionally, we systematically review preclinical animal studies that have used IN to treat ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and briefly discuss the status of IN delivery in clinical trials for stroke.
Biomarkers and osteoarthritis

Abstract For personalized medicine approaches to be adopted for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), there will need to be a reconciliation of two important aspects of medical care—the focus on the individual and the need for cost-effectiveness. The focus on the individual is likely to be most cost-effective during the very early stages of OA, before substantial structural changes have arisen, and when the disease is likely to be most amenable to modification. Biomarkers will be central to identification of the early stages of this disease to make possible the implementation of personalized medicine treatment approaches to ward off the recalcitrant, disabling, and more costly late stages of the disease.
Copula-based reliability analysis of degrading systems with dependent failures

Abstract Consider a coherent system, in which the degradation processes of its performance characteristics are positively correlated, this paper systematically investigates a bivariate degradation model of such a system. To analyze the accelerated degradation data, a flexible class of bivariate stochastic processes are proposed to incorporate the effects of environmental stress variables and the dependency between two degradation processes is modeled by a copula function. A two-step system reliability analysis approach is developed and it is implemented with the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm. Simulation studies validate this approach and the consequences of model misspecification are evaluated too. Furthermore, two real-world examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed modeling framework of system reliability on correlated degradation processes.
Adjunct Analgesia Reduces Pain and Opioid Consumption After Hip Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background:Patients who undergo hip arthroscopy inevitably experience pain postoperatively; however, the efficacy and safety of adjunct analgesia to prevent or reduce pain are not well-understood.P...
The Specifically Musical Walls Against Creativity

The theory of creativity relies on the concept of walls against creativity. We discuss a number of important walls in the musical realm. For a more complete and concrete discussion of musical creativity walls, we refer to the book Musical Creativity (Mazzola et al., Musical creativity. Springer, Heidelberg, 2011).
2 – Summarizing Data

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on several graphical and numerical ways to summarize sets of data. A data summary should provide a quick overview of the important features of the data. The goal is to highlight the important features and eliminate the irrelevant details. The first (and often most important) thing to do with a set of data is to find a way to display it graphically. Graphs can summarize data sets, show typical and atypical values, highlight relationships between variables, and/or show how the data are spread out (what one would call the shape, or the distribution, of the data). Even for small sets of data, important features are obvious from a graph than from a list of numbers. The several ways to graph data, depending on how the data are collected are discussed in this chapter. The simple graphical techniques are: univariate data, run charts, and bivariate data.
Regional differences in resilience of social and physical systems: Case study of Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria:

Physical infrastructure networks in diverse urban settlements are designed to be robust and reliable, while the socio-economic systems offer the necessary adaptive capacity at household, city, and ...
Minority Analysts, Diversity, and Market Behavior

This study examines whether race/ethnicity of financial intermediaries influences the production and dissemination of information in the U.S. capital markets. We find that brokerage diversity influences both the forecasting style and accuracy of analysts. Asian analysts are more likely to issue bold positive forecasts while African American and Hispanic analysts are relatively more pessimistic. Further, White (Asian) analysts are more (less) accurate while African American and Hispanic analysts are as accurate as their peers. These accuracy differences primarily reflect the effects of brokerage diversity. Stock market participants perceive Asian analysts relatively more favorably in spite of their lower accuracy but their career outcomes are adversely affected by increased diversity. In contrast, stock market participants perceive African American and Hispanic analysts relatively less favorably and their career outcomes are minimally affected by brokerage diversity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that minority analysts do not benefit from increased diversity while White analysts do.
Pathways of perceptual primacy: ERP evidence for relationships between autism traits and enhanced perceptual functioning.

Abstract Autistic individuals show enhanced perceptual functioning on many behavioral tasks. Neurophysiological evidence also supports the conclusion that autistic individuals utilize perceptual processes to a greater extent than neurotypical comparisons to support problem solving and reasoning; however, how atypicalities in early perceptual processing influence subsequent cognitive processes remains to be elucidated. The goals of the present study were to test the relationship between early perceptual and subsequent cognitive event related potentials (ERPs) and their relationship to levels of autism traits. 62 neurotypical adults completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and participated in an ERP task. Path models were compared to test predictive relationships among an early perceptual ERP (the P1 component), a subsequent cognitive ERP (the N400 effect), and the Attention to Detail subscale of the AQ. The size of participants' P1 components was positively correlated with the size of their N400 effect and their Attention to Detail score. Model comparisons supported the model specifying that variation in Attention to Detail scores predicted meaningful differences in participants’ ERP waveforms. The relationship between Attention to Detail scores and the size of the N400 effect was significantly mediated by the size of the P1 effect. This study revealed that neurotypical adults with higher levels of Attention to Detail show larger P1 differences, which, in turn, correspond to larger N400 effects. Findings support the Enhanced Perceptual Functioning model of autism, suggesting that early perceptual processing differences may cascade forward and result in modifications to later cognitive mechanisms.
Antihyperlipidemic and Hepatoprotective Properties of Vitamin B6 Supplementation in Rats with High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia.

Background The incidence and mortality of hyperlipidemia are increasing year by year, showing a younger trend. At present, the treatment of hyperlipidemia is mainly dependent on western medicine, but its side effects on liver and kidney function are common in clinics. Therefore, it is necessary to study the treatment of hyperlipidemia by augmenting effective dietary nutrition supplements. Vitamin B6 (VitB6), as an essential cofactor for enzymes, participates in lipid metabolism. The effects of VitB6 on hyperlipidemia, however, have not been reported until now. Aim The present study was to investigate the influence of VitB6 on hepatic lipid metabolism in hyperlipidaemia rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were kept on HFD for two weeks to establish the hyperlipidemia model. The rats in low-dosage and high-dosage groups were received 2.00 and 3.00 mg/kg/day of VitB6 for eight weeks, respectively. Results The results showed that both doses of VitB6 reduced HFD-induced hepatic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); decreased blood cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, LDL-C, atherogenic index (AI), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and ApoB/apolipoprotein A-1(ApoA1) ratio; increased liver high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and serum ApoA1; reduced hepatic steatosis and triglyceride accumulation, lowered fat storage, and recovered heart/body and brain/body ratio to a normal level. In addition, VitB6 supplementation markedly decreased HMGR level, increased the mRNA abundance of LDLR and CYP7A1, and protein expression of SIRT1, following the downregulation of SREBP-1 and PPARγ protein expression in the liver of hyperlipidemia rats. Conclusion In summary, oral VitB6 supplementation can ameliorate HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and dyslipidemia in SD rats by inhibiting fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, promoting fatty acid decomposition and cholesterol transport.
NTM Infection Risk and Trace Metals in Surface Water: A Population-Based Ecologic Epidemiologic Study in Oregon.

ABSTRACT Rationale: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous environmental bacteria, and some pathogenic species cause lung disease. Environmental factors contribute to increased NTM abunda...
Formation and Emission of Negative Ions at Metal Surfaces

For the emission of negative ions from incandescent metal surfaces, thermodynamic and statistical arguments can be used to derive emission equations analogous to the Saha-Langmuir equation (8.1.1-5). If an atom adsorbed on the metal surface has an electron affinity S, negative-ion formation occurs in the inverse of the process of positive-ion formation. Instead of giving off a valence electron to the metal, in this case an electron from the metal is taken up by the adatom. The charge-transfer probability, the probability that the adatom passes through the critical distance r c as an ion instead of as a neutral atom, is then given in analogy to Eq. (8.2-3) by $$\left( {\frac{{W_ - }} {{W_0 }}} \right)_{r_e } = A\exp \left( {\frac{{E_c - \eta _0 }} {{kT}}} \right),$$ (9.1.1-1) (9.1.1-1) with E c − ηo = e [S (r c ) − φ] and eS (r c ) = eS + Ei− − E a . In analogy to Eq. (8.2-5), the evaporation probabilities W(Ei−) for negative ions and W(E a ) for neutral atoms are given by $$W\left( {E_{i - } ,E_a } \right) = \omega _0 \left( {E_{i - } ,E_a } \right)\exp \left( {\frac{{E_{i - ,} a}} {{kt}}} \right) = \frac{1} {{\tau _{i - ,a} }},$$ (9.1.1-2) (9.1.1-2) where the abbreviations are the same as those in Eq. (8.2-5).
Identifying bloom origins of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis in the western Gulf of Mexico using a spatially explicit individual-based model

Harmful algal blooms caused by Karenia brevis result in large fish kills, human respiratory irritation, and shellfishing closures in affected areas. Most previous work on bloom formation in the Gulf of Mexico has focused on the west coast of Florida. To investigate the origin of bloom-forming cells along the coast of Texas, potential distributions of cells during two bloom years (2009, 2011) and one non-bloom year (2010) were examined using a spatially explicit, individual-based model of K. brevis. The model incorporates a previously developed model of dinoflagellate vertical migration and utilizes observed data (field samples of cell concentrations, photosynthetically active radiation) and modeled environmental output (salinity, temperature, current velocities) from a hydrodynamic model. Running the model in reverse showed that cells near the coast of Texas during early fall originate from the southern Gulf of Mexico in bloom years and from the northern Gulf of Mexico in the non-bloom year for the three years studied. Identification of a southern origin for bloom-forming cells provides a target area for increased sampling in order to provide early warning of potentially harmful algal blooms of K. brevis.
Clinical features and outcome of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood with respect to alterations at the TAL1 locus: a Pediatric Oncology Group study

Alteration of the TAL1 locus is the most common nonrandom genetic defect in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). To determine if rearrangements of the TAL1 proto-oncogene confer a distinct leukemic phenotype, we studied leukemic peripheral blood or bone marrow samples from 182 children with newly diagnosed T-ALL enrolled on Pediatric Oncology Group treatment protocols. Forty-eight (26%) of the samples had a local rearrangement of the TAL1 locus. Demographic and clinical features were compared for patient subgroups with and without TAL1 rearrangements. The only clinical correlates that were significantly associated with TAL1 gene rearrangements were higher white blood cell count (P = .017) and higher hemoglobin (P = .007) at diagnosis. Immunophenotypically, samples with altered TAL1 were more likely to be CD2+ (P = .001) and lack CD10 (cALLa) expression (P = .007) than those without the rearrangement. There was a trend toward improved event-free survival (EFS) in patients with TAL1 rearrangements (4-year EFS was 44% +/- 7% for patients without the rearrangements v 59% +/- 11% for those with rearrangements), but the difference was not significant (P = .34). The role of TAL1 in leukemogenesis has yet to be clearly defined, and the prognostic significance of TAL1 gene rearrangements in T-ALL deserves further study.
Survivors of standard risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia do not have increased risk for overweight and obesity compared to non-cancer peers: a report from the Children's Oncology Group.

Background We sought to determine whether survivors of standard risk ALL (SR-ALL) treated without cranial radiation have increased risk for obesity by assessing changes in body mass index (BMI) during and after treatment; identifying contributing patient and treatment factors; comparing rates of overweight/obese to national health data. Procedure Eligibility for this retrospective cohort study included: (i) previous enrollment on legacy therapy trials CCG1922 or CCG1952; (ii) continuous first remission; and (iii) age at follow-up evaluation of 6–16.99 years. Height and weight from diagnosis, consolidation, start of maintenance, last cycle of maintenance, and off-therapy were analyzed. Results The 269 subjects were a median age of 3.5 years at diagnosis and 13.3 years at follow-up. BMI% significantly increased from induction to consolidation (+17.6 ± 1.6%), start of maintenance to end-of-treatment (+3.3 ± 1.6%) and decreased from end-of-treatment to follow-up (−3.5 ± 1.6%,). Higher BMI% at follow-up was associated with higher BMI% at diagnosis (P < 0.0001), but not age at diagnosis, gender, or race. Patients previously randomized to dexamethasone had a stronger association between BMI% at diagnosis and BMI% at follow-up than those who received prednisone (P = 0.0005). At follow-up, 39% of survivors were overweight or obese; the relative risk of overweight/obese was 1.028 (P = 0.738) compared to the general population. Conclusions Our study of patients with SR-ALL found a significant increase in BMI% largely during the first month of therapy that is greater with dexamethasone than prednisone. However, after therapy, there was no increased risk of overweight/obese BMI compared to non-cancer peers. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1035–1041. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unsettled borders and memories: a ''local'' indigenous perspective on contemporary globalization

This article provides a case study of decolonial counter-memory in contemporary indigenous artist Alan Michelson’s 2009 Third Bank of the River . Installed inside the lobby of the tri-national border station between the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation, Canada, and the United States—the most legally disputed territory in North America—Michelson’s artwork recovers the seventeenth-century Two Row wampum belt as model for reforming relationships at the border. This wampum belt memorializes a commitment between the Haudenosaunee and European settlers to co-exist in balanced interdependence and remains a key touchstone in indigenous political philosophy and activism. Interpreted in the post-9/11 build-up of state power at the disputed border zone, Third Bank proposes a model of international dialogue and nation-to-nation diplomacy that contrasts with the ongoing conditions of settler colonialism. It thus stands out as an important indigenous perspective on the widespread interest in memory in global contemporary art, in which artists are recovering a new viewpoint on contemporaneity through the reconceptualization of historical pasts. Keywords : contemporary art; indigenous art; counter-memory; historical memory; temporality; borders; Native American culture; globalization; decolonial art and culture (Published: 28 May 2015) Citation: Journal of Aesthetics & Culture, Vol. 7, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jac.v7.26583
Backwards forward induction

In this paper we isolate a particular refinement of the notion of Nash equilibrium that is characterized by (i) the fact that it provides a unified framework for both backwards and forward induction; and (ii) by the fact that it is mechanically computable. We provide an effective procedure, whose definition embodies certain given principles of rationality. Such a procedure allows us, given a representation of an extensive form game, to compute a set of paths through the tree corresponding to what we call "reasonable equilibria." The reasonable equilibria are all shown to be Nash equilibria. Further, such a notion of reasonable equilibrium agrees with backwards induction in the case of extensive form games of perfect information, and with forward induction in the case of extensive form games of imperfect information. This allows us to model the players' reasoning process by giving a theory (with which each player is supposed to be endowed), from which statements characterizing the players' behavior are deducible. Such a theory is not yet complete, in that it cannot handle true (irrational) deviations. We point at directions for future work by showing how such a theory can be made complete provided we re-interpret some of its axioms as defeasible inference rules.
Confinement and stability of a crystal beams

The following is an analysis of the confinement and stability issues of a crystal beam. A method is described to determine the equilibrium configuration of a beam of highly charged particles. It is required that the beam has a uniform distribution in the direction of motion, which is stable and does not need therefore confinement with external means. It is shown that this can be obtained only for a relatively longitudinally compact beam. Confinement in the plane transverse to the direction of motion is obtained with external means, which also provide stability. It is important that particles are distributed so that the resulting space charge forces are linear with respect to the particle transverse coordinates. >
Knowledge transfer via classification rules using functional mapping for integrative modeling of gene expression data

Most ‘transcriptomic’ data from microarrays are generated from small sample sizes compared to the large number of measured biomarkers, making it very difficult to build accurate and generalizable disease state classification models. Integrating information from different, but related, ‘transcriptomic’ data may help build better classification models. However, most proposed methods for integrative analysis of ‘transcriptomic’ data cannot incorporate domain knowledge, which can improve model performance. To this end, we have developed a methodology that leverages transfer rule learning and functional modules, which we call TRL-FM, to capture and abstract domain knowledge in the form of classification rules to facilitate integrative modeling of multiple gene expression data. TRL-FM is an extension of the transfer rule learner (TRL) that we developed previously. The goal of this study was to test our hypothesis that “an integrative model obtained via the TRL-FM approach outperforms traditional models based on single gene expression data sources”. To evaluate the feasibility of the TRL-FM framework, we compared the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of models developed with TRL-FM and other traditional methods, using 21 microarray datasets generated from three studies on brain cancer, prostate cancer, and lung disease, respectively. The results show that TRL-FM statistically significantly outperforms TRL as well as traditional models based on single source data. In addition, TRL-FM performed better than other integrative models driven by meta-analysis and cross-platform data merging. The capability of utilizing transferred abstract knowledge derived from source data using feature mapping enables the TRL-FM framework to mimic the human process of learning and adaptation when performing related tasks. The novel TRL-FM methodology for integrative modeling for multiple ‘transcriptomic’ datasets is able to intelligently incorporate domain knowledge that traditional methods might disregard, to boost predictive power and generalization performance. In this study, TRL-FM’s abstraction of knowledge is achieved in the form of functional modules, but the overall framework is generalizable in that different approaches of acquiring abstract knowledge can be integrated into this framework.
A Review of Flight Simulator Transfer of Training Studies

Often operational equipment is considered to be the most effective and valid training equipment. However, this is not true in every instance. In fact, sometimes it may be undesirable to use real equipment for training if suitable simulators are available. For example, the use of operational equipment has several disadvantages which include (1) high costs, (2) limitation on practice of varied aspects of tasks, and (3) safety hazards. Practical decisions in the use of training devices depend upon compromises between economic and training objectives. A trainer need not duplicate operational equipment to have training value. Technical reports pertaining to flight simulator transfer of training studies available from the Defense Documentation Center are reviewed.
Purification and Characterization of Carboxylamidase from the Fall Armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)

Abstract Carboxylamidase which hydrolyzes p -nitroacetanilide was purified 256-fold from larval midguts of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The purified enzyme was a monomer with a molecular weight of 59,000–60,000. The enzyme had an apparent K m value of 0.63 mM and a V max of 526.3 nmol/min/mg protein. It was inhibited by the hydrolase inhibitors paraoxon, triphenyl phosphate, eserine, and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, showing I 50 values of 4.7 μM, 0.2 mM, 16 μM, and 90 μM, respectively. The enzyme was also completely inhibited by the organophosphorus insecticides profenofos and dichlorvos at 0.1 mM. The enzyme was active toward other amides, such as acetanilide and phenacetin, and various α- and β-naphtholic esters. Based on the purification factor, substrate specificity, and sensitivity to hydrolase inhibitors, the carboxylamidase appeared to be different from carboxylesterases in this insect.
Multiparticle fractal aggregation

Kinetic fractal aggregation in a particle bath where a fractionf of the sites are initially occupied is studied withd=2 computer simulations. Independent particles diffusing to a fixed cluster produce an aggregate with fractal dimensionD≅ 1.7 up to a correlation lengthξ(f). At larger lengthsD→2.ξ(f) → ∞ asf → 0. When the particles remain fixed but the cluster undergoes a rigid random walkD appears constant at larger scales but varies withf. D → 1.95 at largef andD → 1.7 asf → 0. In both cases, the aggregate sizeN(t) grows with timet γ(f) . Aggregation on a surface by independently diffusing particles produces shapes reminiscent of electrochemical dendritic growth. The dependence of growth rate and geometry is studied as a function of particle concentration and sticking probability.
Management and economics of extended calving intervals with use of bovine somatotropin

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate a reproductive management strategy that optimized profitability per cow per day of productive life when bovine somatotropin (bST) was used. Nine herds were involved with a portion of animals randomly assigned to one of four treatments: breeding at first oestrus after 60 days in milk (DIM, 13.2-month calving interval (CI)); breeding at first oestrus after 150 days in milk (16.5-month calving interval); first lactation animals never re-bred; and second lactation animals never re-bred. All herdmates not assigned to the study served as controls. All treatment animals received bST commencing at 63 days after parturition. Effects of bST supplementation with delayed pregnancy and without pregnancy were determined using the Test Day Model© (TDM). Results indicated that with bST use a 16.5-month calving interval increased (P
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic or excitotoxic striatal injury results in a decreased adult number of substantia nigra neurons

It has been shown that morphologic and biochemical presynaptic markers of dopaminergic terminals are preserved in a unilateral experimental model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury to the striatum. As the substantia nigra is spared direct injury in this model, we anticipated that the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic neurons projecting to the striatum would also be normal. We have found, however, that following unilateral neonatal striatal injury the number of ipsilateral tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons is decreased, as is the mean area of the substantia nigra pars compacta. The decrease in neurons is correlated with the decrease in striatal size (r = 0.7, P = 0.01). Neuron loss is most pronounced in the substantia nigra pars reticulata, where it is 50%. Calbindin-positive neurons in the dorsal tier of the substantia nigra pars compacta appear to be preserved. We also examined effects on the nigra following a neonatal excitotoxic striatal lesion made with quinolinic acid. We observed a decrease in the number of substantia nigra tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the absence of direct nigral injury, and the decrease was closely correlated with reductions in striatal area (r = 0.91, p < 0.01). While there are a number of possible explanations for these observations, one major possibility is that there has been a reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons due to a diminution in developmental target-derived trophic support from the striatum. If striatum-derived trophic support plays a role in the developmental regulation of substantia nigra neuron number, then abnormalities in this supportive relationship may play a role in the loss of these neurons in some animal models of developmental nigral degeneration, and some forms of human parkinsonism.
Header and footer extraction by page association

This paper introduces a robust algorithm to extract headers and footers from a variety of electronic documents, such as image files, Adobe PDF files, and files generated from OCR. Compared with the conventional methods based on the page-level layout and format, the proposed strategy considers a page in the context of neighboring pages. Through the page-association, the headers and footers in different patterns can be automatically detected without human interference or individual templates. In addition, fuzzy string match makes the method robust against OCR errors.