cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heteroepitaxial deposition of Group IIa fluorides on gallium arsenide

Abstract The epitaxial deposition of fluoride films has been a subject of research interest because of their potential for integrated electronic and electro-optic device applications. We report here our recent results on the investigation of (100)BaF 2 -GaAs growth. Our approach differs from the conventional method by addressing the problem at the atomic layer level, especially at the interface between the deposited material and the substrate. These investigations have revealed that an interfacial chemical reaction is important in the heteroepitaxy process. As a result of this chemical reaction, an atomic Ba layer is formed on the GaAs surface. It is this Ba-template layer that enables two dimensional, molecular layer-by-layer growth of the BaF 2 film. Films thus grown are of a high epitaxial quality which appears to be limited only by the quality of the GaAs surface. For BaF 2 on GaAs, (100) growth is favored over (111) growth. This is contrary to earlier results by other investigators. It is concluded that the conventional approach to heteroepitaxial growth, relying on lattice match and surface energies is not applicable, at least for the fluoride films. This can be understood from the atomic and molecular structure of Ba and BaF 2 . Implications of these results to the understanding of the heteroepitaxial process, especially involving large lattice mismatches, and to the development of new materials and technologies will be discussed.
Q-aTc interval as a clinical indicator of hypercalcemia☆

The charts were reviewed of more than 200 patients discharged from the hospital between 1972 and 1977 with a diagnosis implying abnormal calcium metabolism. When all other variables known to affect the Q-T interval were eliminated, serum calcium concentrations on 65 occasions in 39 patients were found to correlate significantly (P less than 0.001 or better) with the following electrocardiographic intervals: Q-aTc (beginning of QRS complex to apex of T wave), Q-oTc (beginning of QRS complex to onset of T wave) and Q-Tc (beginning of QRS complex to end of T wave). Of these, the Q-aTc interval was the more easily and precisely measured at elevated calcium levels and exhibited the strongest correlation (P less than 0.0001) over the range of calcium levels measured. The relation was linear and could be used to estimate serum calcium levels from measured Q-aTc intervals. For a Q-aTc interval of 0.29 second or less (range 0.23 to 0.29) the serum calcium was estimated to +/- 1.9 mg/dl with 95 percent confidence. For a Q-aTc interval of 0.27 second or less, the correspondence with hypercalcemia in the study series was 90 percent or better. When all other factors known to affect the Q-T interval are ruled out, the shortening of the Q-aTc interval appears to be a useful clinical indicator of hypercalcemia.
An analytical approach to study cascading failures in finite-size random geometric networks

The problem of cascading failures in cyber-physical networks is garnering much attention for different network models underlining various applications. While a variety of analytic results has been reported for the case of large networks, very few of them are readily applicable to finite-size networks. This paper studies cascading failures in finite-size geometric networks where the number of nodes is on the order of tens or hundreds as in many real-life networks. First, the impact of the tolerance parameter on network resiliency is investigated. We quantify the network reaction to initial disturbances of different sizes by measuring the damage imposed on the network. Lower and upper bounds on the number of failures are derived to characterize such damages. In addition to the finite analysis, an asymptotic analysis of both bounds is carried out, discovering a threshold behavior of the network as the tolerance parameter changes. The critical value of the tolerance parameter in the asymptotic regime is further derived. Findings of this paper, in particular, shed light on how to choose the tolerance parameter appropriately such that a cascade of failures could be avoided.
Economies of scale in innovations with block-busters

Abstract Are large-scale research programmes that include many projects more productive than smaller ones with fewer projects? This problem of economies of scale is relevant for understanding recent mergers, in particular in the pharmaceutical industry. We present a quantitative theory based on the characterization of distributions of discounted sales S resulting from new innovations. Assuming that these complementary cumulative distributions have fat tails with approximate power law structure S −α, we demonstrate that economies of scales are realized if and only if α<1. ‘Economies of scale’ is here understood according to the criterion that the probability to earn more than any fixed factor proportional to its size N is larger for the merged company C=A+B of size N A+N B than for any of the two component companies A and B with size N A and N B. In essence, the mechanism underlying the ‘economies of scale’ is that a very large payoff from a successful project can pay for all of the losing projects. Some e...
Evidence-based intervention and services for high-risk youth: a North American perspective on the challenges of integration for policy, practice and research

This paper explores the cross-national challenges of integrating evidence-based interventions into existing services for high-resourceusing children and youth. Using several North American model programme exemplars that have demonstrated efficacy, the paper explores multiple challenges confronting policy-makers, evaluation researchers and practitioners who seek to enhance outcomes for troubled children and youth and improve overall service effectiveness. The paper concludes with practical implications for youth and family professionals, researchers, service agencies and policy–makers, with particular emphasis on possibilities for cross-national collaboration.
Spatial Patterns of Breast Cancer Incidence and Uninsured Women of Mammography Screening Age

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer mortality in women in the United States. Women who lack insurance have mammography screening rates that are suboptimal. Our objective was to spatially correlate incidence rates of breast cancer and uninsured women aged 40-64 years and identify outliers-areas where women may be underscreened due to poor access. The eight-county consolidated metropolitan statistical area centered on Harris County, Texas was selected as the study region. Breast cancer incidence data from 1995 to 2004 were acquired from the State of Texas Cancer Registry as individual case data geocoded at the census tract level. A bivariate local indicator of spatial autocorrelation was used to evaluate the spatial pattern of breast cancer incidence and uninsured. Statistically significant negative spatial autocorrelation was observed between breast cancer incidence and uninsured status in women aged 40-64 (Moran's I -0.2065, p < 0.001), indicating that as breast cancer incidence increased, uninsured rates decreased globally. Statistically significant local clusters of low breast cancer incidence and high incidence of uninsured were found. Future research is needed to assess mammography screening behaviors and barriers to screening at the local level.
Very high density storage systems

We introduce and develop models for very high density physical goods storage systems, which are characterized by sometimes having to move interfering items in order to gain access to desired items. We describe a simple, but effective, algorithm to densely fill rectangular storage spaces, subject to a constraint on the number of interfering items. We also prove an upper bound on the storage density for any rectangular space, including traditional warehouses.
De) focusing on global light transport for active scene recovery

Most active scene recovery techniques assume that a scene point is illuminated only directly by the illumination source. Consequently, global illumination effects due to inter-reflections, sub-surface scattering and volumetric scattering introduce strong biases in the recovered scene shape. Our goal is to recover scene properties in the presence of global illumination. To this end, we study the interplay between global illumination and the depth cue of illumination defocus. By expressing both these effects as low pass filters, we derive an approximate invariant that can be used to separate them without explicitly modeling the light transport. This is directly useful in any scenario where limited depth-of-field devices (such as projectors) are used to illuminate scenes with global light transport and significant depth variations. We show two applications: (a) accurate depth recovery in the presence of global illumination, and (b) factoring out the effects of defocus for correct direct-global separation in large depth scenes. We demonstrate our approach using scenes with complex shapes, reflectances, textures and translucencies.
A simple advection‐dispersion model for the salt distribution in linearly tapered estuaries

[1] We present a simple advection-dispersion model for the subtidal salt distribution in estuaries with linearly varying cross-sectional area and a nonzero net salt flux. A novel analytic solution allows investigation of the dependence of the curvature and gradient of the longitudinal salinity distribution on runoff, dispersion coefficient, and channel contraction or expansion. The model predicts that in estuarine segments that contract toward the fresher boundary, the salinity gradient is stronger than in a prismatic channel. When the dispersion coefficient is large compared to the salinity intrusion lengthscale, (the product of segment length and net volume flux divided by cross-sectional area at the ocean boundary), the curvature of the salt concentration may be negative, a characteristic not possible in uniform channel models. The main effect of up-estuary salt flux is to strengthen the salinity gradient. The model can be extended to multiple segments in order to simulate geometrically complicated estuaries. The model is employed to estimate an effective dispersion coefficient and to describe the salinity variation in the western 53 km of Long Island Sound where the cross section of the basin varies linearly. Using 8 years of monthly observations at seven stations we find that, since the curvature of the vertically averaged salinity is negative, the model and data are consistent only if the net volume flux and salt flux are toward the fresher boundary, the East River. Combining prior estimates of the magnitudes of the fluxes and their uncertainties with the model and salinity observations using a least squares approach, we estimate the dispersion coefficient for the Western Sound as 580 m2/s.
Sodium Intake of Special Populations in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span (HANDLS) Study

article i nfo Objective: The sodium intake of participants of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study who were in three of the special population groups identified by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 (those with hypertension, African Americans, and those ≥ 51 years) was analyzed to deter- mine if they met sodium recommendations. Methods: The sample included 2152 African American and White subjects, aged 30-64 years. Major dietary sources of sodium for each group were determined from two 24-hour dietary recalls, and dietary intakes were compared with sodium recommendations. Dietary potassium was also evaluated. Results: The intakes of the groups studied exceeded 1500 mg of sodium while their potassium intakes were lower than the Adequate Intake of 4700 mg. The major contributors of sodium included "cold cuts, sausage, and franks, "" protein foods," and yeast breads. Conclusions: Excessive sodium intake characterized the diet of an urban, socioeconomically diverse population who are hypertensive or at risk for having hypertension. These findings have implications for health professionals and the food industry.
Comparison of domain-specific cognitive function after carotid endarterectomy and stenting

Background Observational data indicate that carotid artery stenting (CAS) is associated with higher incidence of subclinical cerebral microemboli than carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We hypothesized that CEA would be associated with superior performance on detailed domain-specific cognitive testing compared with CAS. Methods Patients with >80% asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis were randomized to CEA or CAS with side of stenosis balanced across condition. A robust battery of tests was used to assess the cognitive domains of attention, memory, mood, visual-spatial skills, motor ability, processing speed, and executive functioning ≤10 days preoperatively and postoperatively at 6 weeks and 6 months. Tests were administered using standardized conditions and were scored by individuals blinded to treatment allocation. Results Baseline cognitive performance was similar between CAS (n = 29) and CEA (n = 31) groups ( P > .05). Relative to baseline, verbal and visual memory and attention functions substantially improved in the CAS and CEA groups at 6 months (multiple cognitive tests achieved statistical significance). Compared with CEA, cognitive processing speed (Stroop Color test: 9.0 vs 7.3, P = .04; and Stroop Word test: 9.0 vs 7.4, P = .05) was superior in the CAS group at 6 weeks. Executive functioning (phonemic verbal fluency: 10.6 vs 8.4, P = .043) and motor function (Grooved Pegboard of nondominant extremity: 45.7 vs 38.9, P = .022) were also superior in the CAS group at 6 months. Tests of attention, memory, and visual-spatial skills were similar between CAS and CEA patients at 6 weeks and 6 months. Conclusions Carotid revascularization improves memory and attention within the first 6 postoperative months. Compared with CEA, CAS produces improvements in cognitive processing speed, executive functioning, and motor function.
Electrogenic Na+/HCO3- cotransporters: cloning and physiology.

Bicarbonate and CO2 comprise the major pH buffer of biological fluids. In the renal proximal tubule most of the filtered HCO 3 is reabsorbed by an electrogenic Na/HCO3 cotransporter located at the basolateral membrane. This Na C bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC) was recently cloned. This review highlights the recent developments leading to and since the cloning of NBC: NBC expression cloning, protein features, clone physiology, isoforms and genes, mRNA distribution, and protein distribution. With the NBC amino acid sequence 30‐35% identical to the anion exchangers (AE1-3), a superfamily of HCO 3 transporters is emerging. Physiologically, NBC is electrogenic, Na C dependent, HCO 3 dependent, Cl independent, and inhibited by stilbenes (DIDS and SITS). NBC clones and proteins have been isolated from several tissues (other than kidney) thought to have physiologically distinct HCO 3 transporters. For example, NBC occurs in pancreas, prostate, brain, heart, small and large intestine, stomach, and epididymis. Finally, there are at least two genes that encode NBC proteins. Possible future directions of research are discussed.
Basic Residues within the Ebolavirus VP35 Protein Are Required for Its Viral Polymerase Cofactor Function

The ebolavirus (EBOV) VP35 protein binds to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), inhibits host alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) production, and is an essential component of the viral polymerase complex. Structural studies of the VP35 C-terminal IFN inhibitory domain (IID) identified specific structural features, including a central basic patch and a hydrophobic pocket, that are important for dsRNA binding and IFN inhibition. Several other conserved basic residues bordering the central basic patch and a separate cluster of basic residues, called the first basic patch, were also identified. Functional analysis of alanine substitution mutants indicates that basic residues outside the central basic patch are not required for dsRNA binding or for IFN inhibition. However, minigenome assays, which assess viral RNA polymerase complex function, identified these other basic residues to be critical for viral RNA synthesis. Of these, a subset located within the first basic patch is important for VP35-nucleoprotein (NP) interaction, as evidenced by the inability of alanine substitution mutants to coimmunoprecipitate with NP. Therefore, first basic patch residues are likely critical for replication complex formation through interactions with NP. Coimmunoprecipitation studies further demonstrate that the VP35 IID is sufficient to interact with NP and that dsRNA can modulate VP35 IID interactions with NP. Other basic residue mutations that disrupt the VP35 polymerase cofactor function do not affect interaction with NP or with the amino terminus of the viral polymerase. Collectively, these results highlight the importance of conserved basic residues from the EBOV VP35 C-terminal IID and validate the VP35 IID as a potential therapeutic target.
The Prague Uprising of 1611: Property, Politics, and Catholic Renewal in the Early Years of Habsburg Rule

In 1618, members of the Bohemian estates threw Habsburg officials out of a window of the Prague castle. The Prague defenestration, which has been viewed as the catalyst for the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War, is one of the best known acts of uprising in early modern Europe. Less well known is an earlier popular uprising that took place below the castle in the Old and New Cities of Prague on Carnival Tuesday, 15 February 1611. In the midst of a bizarre diplomatic and military episode during which foreign troops led by the Bishop of Passau invaded the city, mobs plundered cloisters and monasteries and, in a few cases, threw members of religious orders from church towers.
A neural network based optimal wide area control scheme for a power system

With deregulation of the power industry, many tie lines between control areas are driven to operate near their maximum capacity, especially those serving heavy load centers. Wide area control systems (WACSs) using wide-area or global signals can provide remote auxiliary control signals to local controllers such as automatic voltage regulators, power system stabilizers, etc to damp out inter-area oscillations. This paper presents the design and the DSP implementation of a nonlinear optimal wide area controller based on adaptive critic designs and neural networks for a power system on the real-time digital simulator (RTDS/spl reg/). The performance of the WACS as a power system stability agent is studied using the Kundur's two area power system example. The WACS provides better damping of power system oscillations under small and large disturbances even with the inclusion of local power system stabilizers.
EXCERPTS FROM AN ADDRESS GIVEN BEFORE THE ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE DIVISION OF EARTH SCIENCES, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL.

It is a striking fact that this country has no single major center, governmental, industrial, or academic, possessing the breadth required for handling all the concurrent work needed in Vela Uniform. As a result, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) has several agents handling the forty major contracts in the Vela Uniform program, each agent being assigned a specific technical area. For those of you not familiar with the ARPA concept, the actual management mechanism includes the following.
Drawing Comparative Lessons from France and Germany

The article reviews the lessons learned from a systematic comparison of the policy cases in France and Germany, presented in the previous articles, for building a theory of feminist policy formation and for the design of effective policy in this new arena of government action. It assesses the relative impact of Europeanization and different contextual factors found in each national setting—gender policy regimes, state–society relations, political party influences, structure of the state, women's movement mobilization, women's policy offices, and the role of women in political office. The analysis concludes the symposium with a reflection upon these findings in terms of our knowledge and under-standing of feminist policy and the responsiveness of Western postindustrial democracies to demands for social justice and equality.
Weakly dispersive nonlinear gravity waves

The equations for gravity waves on the free surface of a laterally unbounded inviscid fluid of uniform density and variable depth under the action of an external pressure are derived through Hamilton's principle on the assumption that the fluid moves in vertical columns. The resulting equations are equivalent to those of Green & Naghdi (1976). The conservation laws for energy, momentum and potential vorticity are inferred directly from symmetries of the Lagrangian. The potential vorticity vanishes in any flow that originates from rest; this leads to a canonical formulation in which the evolution equations are equivalent, for uniform depth, to Whitham's (1967) generalization of the Boussinesq equations, in which dispersion, but not nonlinearity, is assumed to be weak. The further approximation that nonlinearity and dispersion are comparably weak leads to a canonical form of Boussinesq's equations that conserves consistent approximations to energy, momentum (for a level bottom) and potential vorticity.
A miniature integrated monolithic VCO module

A miniature voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) module implementing an oscillator/attenuator two-stage buffer amplifier MMIC has been developed for use at 7 GHz. The module provides regulated bias supply for the chip and was designed for low-cost high-volume automated assembly. Design goals included a tuning bandwidth greater than 1 GHz for an input tuning voltage of 3-7 V, tuning slope between 150 and 300 MHz/V, power output greater than 13 dBm, and phase noise less than -70 dbc/Hz at 100-kHz offset. Measured performance exceeds goals set forth and matches modeled predictions well. A description of the circuit design, chip fabrication, and module performance is given. >
Views of Sexual Abuse Professionals About Sex Offender Notification Policies

This study examines the views of 261 sexual abuse professionals regarding sex crime policies. Few participants believe that community notification is very effective in reducing sex offenses, but about half believe that all sex offenders should be subject to public disclosure. About one quarter of respondents opine that sex offenders should not be allowed to live in their communities, but a majority do not view residential housing restrictions for sex offenders as effective at reducing recidivism. Most believe in the helpfulness of therapeutic intervention. More than half say that they will support sex offender policies even without scientific evidence of their effectiveness. Criminal justice professionals are more likely to approve of these laws compared to mental health professionals. Those with more conservative political leanings also favor more restrictive policies. There are few differences attributable to gender, parenting status, or victimization experiences.
The Effect of Diluents on the Ionic Interactions in Sulfonated Polystyrene Ionomers

Influence de plastifiants et de la preparation de l'echantillon sur la morphologie des ionomeres
THE FORMATION OF AMORPHOUS SILICON BY LIGHT ION DAMAGE

Amorphization by implantation of boron ions (which is the lightest element generally used in I.C. fabrication processes) has been systematically studied for various temperatures, various voltages and various dose rates. Based on theoretical considerations and experimental results, a new amorphization model for light and intermediate mass ion damage is proposed consisting of two stages. The role of interstitial type point defects or clusters in amorphization is emphasized. Due to the higher mobility of interstitials out-diffusion to the surface particularly during amorphization with low energy can be significant. From a review of the idealized amorphous structure, diinterstitial-divacancy pairs are suggested to be the embryos of amorphous zones formed during room temperature implantation. The stacking fault loops found in specimens implanted with boron at room temperature are considered to be the origin of secondary defects formed during annealing.
Superstring propagation in curved superspace in the presence of background super Yang-Mills fields

Abstract A gauge invariant action is presented which describes the propagation of the superstring in curved superspace in the presence of background super Yang-Mills fields. It is shown that this action posseses the local fermionic world-sheet symmetry needed for a consistent coupling of the string to background fields. Some other aspects of the superspace non-linear σ-model described by this action are also discussed.
The response of pituitary gonadotropes to synthetic LRF in children with glucocorticoid-treated congenital adrenal hyperplasia: lack of effect of intrauterine and neonatal androgen excess.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the secretory reserve of the pituitary gland during childhood and adolescence is characterized by an age-related increase in LH secretion and a sex dichotomy of FSH secretion evoked by LRF. To determine if prenatal and neonatal androgen excess alters hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function, as in the neonatally androgenized rodent, we assessed pituitary sensitivity to 100 μg synthetic LRF in 9 girls and 2 boys with glucocorticoid-treated congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). In the 7 prepubertal girls with CAH, plasma LH following LRF rose to 2.0 ± 0.4 (se) ng/ml (LER 960) and did not differ from normal prepubertal children (1.7 ± 0.1) and was lower (P < 0.002) than in normal pubertal children (4.9 < 0.3). The 2 pubertal girls had LH rises in the pubertal range. In the 2 boys with CAH, the one with the more advanced boneage, 11-6/12 yr, developed true precocious puberty following initiation of cortisone treatment and had a pubertal LRF-evoked LH release o...
Composition of gestational weight gain in adolescent pregnancy

The objective of this study was to test three hypotheses concerning age-related differences in the composition of the weight gained by pregnant adolescents. We studied the change in maternal body composition during gestation in relation to maternal age and infant birth weight in relation to change in maternal body composition in 108 consecutive, low-income, pregnant, black adolescents. Regardless of age, approximately 26% of pregnant adolescents' body weight and 38% of the weight adolescents gain during gestation is fat. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the rate of gestational weight gain is a significant predictor of infant birth weight among younger (R2 change = 0.15, P = 0.004), but not older (R2 change = 0.01, not significant), adolescents. Among younger adolescents, the rate of fat weight gain is the best predictor of infant birth weight. Maternal age interacts with fat weight gain (but not total or lean weight gain) to predict infant birth weight (R2 change = 0.046, P = 0.022). Durin...
Efficiency of fuzzy and adaptive fuzzy controllers relative to PID controller in temperature control

The comparative study among the PID controller, the fuzzy controller and the supervisory fuzzy controller, shows the efficiency of the fuzzy controllers over the PID controller. In the supervisory fuzzy controller, a rule base is written such that the upper level fuzzy controller changes the control parameters of the lower level PID controller. The application considered is heating and air conditioning.
Interreader Variability of Computed Tomography for Orbital Floor Fracture

Importance The timing and indications for repair of orbital floor fractures have been controversial. Current practice dictates that fractures involving more than 50% of the orbital floor should be repaired. Early management is initiated in such situations to prevent long-term sequelae of enophthalmos and diplopia. Because fracture size as measured by computed tomography (CT) is one of the criteria to determine the need for surgical repair, there is a need to know the reliability of this parameter. Objective To assess the variability of CT measurements of orbital floor fractures. Design, Setting, and Participants This study took place between January 1, 2005, and June 1, 2007, at an urban academic medical center. Patients with isolated orbital floor fractures were evaluated by 1 oculoplastic surgeon, and their orbital CT images were subsequently read by 3 neuroradiologists blinded to demographic information and the other readers’ measurements. Separately, each was asked to determine the maximal anterior to posterior length and transverse width if a floor fracture existed. Main Outcomes and Measures Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for length and width using a 2-way mixed-effects model to evaluate the agreement between radiologists. Results Twenty-three patients met criteria for inclusion in this study (isolated orbital fracture thought to be in need of repair, with diplopia within 30° of primary gaze, and/or enophthalmos >2 mm, and/or 50% of the floor area involved in the fracture). The mean (SD) age of the patients was 31.5 (17.6) years (range, 8-73 years). The magnitude of agreement between the readers as measured by the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.46-0.82) for anterior to posterior length and 0.44 (95% CI, 0.22-0.69) for transverse width, indicating only a moderate degree of concordance. Conclusions and Relevance Although the literature has long held that a floor fracture seen radiographically to involve 50% of the orbital floor has a high likelihood of enophthalmia and should be repaired, this study shows how variable CT measurements of orbital floor fractures can be in a clinical setting, even in trained hands. We question the dependence on such a criterion and reemphasize the importance of making surgical decisions based on clinical findings rather than radiological interpretations.
An Engine Dynamometer Test for Evaluating Port Fuel Injector Plugging

Essai dynamometrique de moteur pour etudier l'encrassement des injecteurs de carburant de moteurs a essence
Research in the Organization and Operation of Marketing Business Units

I think we are agreed that the objective of research in the organization and operation of marketing business units is primarily to promote efficiency in marketing by improving organization and management. Some research may be designed, and it is undertaken at times solely to promote a better understanding of economic processes. New principles may also be discovered or old principles modified as a result of such research. In general, however, such results will be a by-product rather than a principal product of research. One reason for this is that principles of this sort must come largely from production and price analysis. Most actual research in marketing organization is therefore primarily concerned with the analysis of particular market situations and hence with the application of known economic principles to marketing agencies rather than with the development of new principles. This automatically limits the field for discussion in this paper to the gathering of data of actual marketing situations, the method of this analysis, and the use of the results. Since the chief objective of research in this field is to improve organization and management, much of the data collected and analyzed must be of such nature as will assist individual concerns to formulate better organization plans and operating methods. This means that the business of individual marketing units must be examined in detail. A serious criticism of most of the research in this field up to the present time is that the results are of little use to operators of marketing concerns. Much of the preliminary research has necessarily been to find out how the marketing system functions and to describe its processes. However, this introductory objective has in most cases not been pushed sufficiently into
Family Influence and Involvement in Sports

Abstract The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to operationalize sports involvement into behavioral, affective, and cognitive dimensions; (2) to replicate previous studies where age, education, occupation, and sex were used as correlates of participation in sports; and (3) to extend previous research by analyzing family influence as a predictor of sports involvement. Data for the study were collected by a mailed questionnaire to a systematic probability sample drawn from the City Directory of Toledo, Ohio. Findings of the study, with sex as the control variable, indicated the value of operationalizing sports involvement into component dimensions. Replication of previous studies with the more refined indicators of involvement suggest the need to modify previous findings. The family influence variables, including both the family of orientation and procreation, were predictive of sports involvement for both sexes.
MicroCT X-ray Imaging of Water Movement in a PEM Fuel Cell

Micro CT was used to look through the graphite flow channels to provide accurate pictures of water inside of an operating PEM fuel cell. Water was observed emerging as water droplets on the surface of gas diffusion layer. Drops in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic flow channels were found to distort from the expected spherical shape before they started to move. However, drops in hydrophobic flow fields did not detach from the diffusion layer before moving, whereas water in the hydrophilic channel formed a thin water layer at the bottom of the channel. This is believed to be due to the role of the channel side walls, as well as possible non-uniformities in the flow channel surface.
Effect of Age on the Feeding Pattern of the Adult Black Vine Weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

In 24-h feeding tests conducted at 14-day intervals over a 1-year period, adult black vine weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), fed most heavily on ‘Alpine’ strawberry, Fragaria vesca L., leaves in the first few weeks after eclosion. Feeding on phagostimulant-treated membrane filter discs was also heavy immediately following eclosion, but decreased with time. There was large test-to-test variability in feeding on both leaves and inert substrates. Feeding on membrane filters treated with sucrose showed a linear relationship to sucrose concentration during the first 14 weeks after eclosion. A significant linear relationship between sucrose concentration and weevil feeding was found for 9 of the last 19 test dates.
Function extrapolation in structural reanalysis using neural networks

The present paper further explores the use of neural network based tools for multivariate function extrapolation required during reanalysis in an early stage of a design process or an optimization procedure. In this context two distinct strategies are investigated. The first one introduces weight corrections to a backpropagation neural (BPN) network obtained on the basis of a limited access t o da ta outside of a currently defined function domain. In the second strategy the data outside a given domain are generated using a modified weight matrix. Numerical examples are drawn from the field of structural systems design, and typical approximate relations between structural member dimensions and response quantities such as stresses, displacements and frequencies are considered.
Relation of the Feeding Process of the Pea Aphid to the Inoculation of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus

The probing behavior of 100 nonstarved pea aphids was compared with that of 504 aphids starved 2–3 hr. Forty-eight nonstarved aphids did not probe during a 5-min observation period; the 52 which did probe did not tend to initiate short probes. The probing behavior of non-starved aphids is generally erratic and difficult to characterize. Starved pea aphids, on the other hand, tend to initiate 1 or more probes of 5–25 sec before settling down to probes of longer duration. Additional observations revealed that pea aphids tap and/or slide the rostrum over the plant surface before probing. The rate of penetration of pea aphid stylets in pea leaves was studied by measuring exposed stylets of aphids anesthetized with CO2. A maximum penetration of 5μ was attained by 60 pea aphids in a 10-sec probe. Of 100 observations each at 30, 60, and 300 sec, the means were 8μ, 18μ, and 79μ, respectively. Observations of sheath saliva left behind in pea leaves subsequent to probes by 112 pea aphids revealed the following information about stylet penetration: (1) all probes by the pea aphid are accompanied by secretion of sheath saliva; (2) penetration of the epidermis is primarily intercellular; (3) during short probes (< 27 sec) penetration beyond the epidermis does not occur; and (4) during longer probes the parenchyma is penetrated primarily intercellularly, with a more rapid rate of penetration in interveinal than veinal areas. Viruliferous pea aphids are capable of inoculating pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) to pea leaves during single probes as short as 7 sec. An increase in the rate of transmission occurs with an increase in the duration of inoculation probes from 6–60 sec. Further increases in the rate of transmission of this circulative virus occur during probes of from 1–5 min. Inoculation of PEMV to veinal areas is 2 or more times as effective as inoculation to interveinal areas. These studies show that the pea aphid can inoculate PEMV intercellularly to the epidermis, and to the interveinal and veinal parenchyma of the pea leaf.
Growth of Rubella Virus in BHK21 Cells. I. Production, Assay, and Adaptation of Virus.

SummaryTwo clones of BHK21 baby hamster kidney fibroblasts were studied in relation to the growth of rubella virus (RV). One clone (13S) could easily be adapted to suspension culture. RV in titers of 107.0-107.5 PFU/ml were found in supernatant fluids harvested between 50 and 70 hours. About 30 PFU per cell were produced in the first cycle of infection. Large quantities of virus could be produced in suspension culture, particularly when chronic infection was produced.RV was cytopathogenic for BHK21 cells, and a second clone (WI-2) proved most useful in detection of this property. End-point titrations and neutralization tests could be performed in this cell strain, although environmental conditions had to be maintained within narrow limits. A plaque assay was developed using the WI-2 clone and a semisolid carboxymethylcellulose overlay. Small but distinct plaques appeared at 5-6 days.During passage in BHK21/13S, the titer of RV measured by PFU in BHK21/WI-2 was constant, but the titer of RV measured by int...
Beyond politics of privatization: a reinterpretation of Turkish exceptionalism

ABSTRACTThis paper probes into the underlying factors for the exceptionally slow progress of mass privatizations in Turkey until the first decade of the 21st century. Challenging the mainstream political economy perspectives which often interpret Turkish ‘exceptionalism’ by focusing either on rationally motivated actors articulating their interests or on flaws in the institutional infrastructure as decisive impediments, the paper emphasizes the role of ideology, and particularly of national developmentalism, as a long-term, deep-rooted structural dynamic shaping the fate of privatization attempts in the 1980s and 1990s. While they clearly triggered a strong nationalist backlash, large-scale privatizations could still be realized at a particular historical juncture when the confluence of three deep-seated social fault lines—Turkey’s integration into the global economy, the accession process to the European Union and the rise of a new bourgeoisie—prevailed over a strong ideological mindset that prevented fo...
Clinical evaluation to cleaning quality of medical apparatus and instrument by using biuret test

OBJECTIVE To explore the effective evaluation of cleaning effect of medical apparatus and instrument by using biuret reaction to detect residual protein after cleaning the medical apparatus and instrument.METHODS A total of 820 of surgical instruments were randomly divided into two groups.They were washed by normal cleaning and cleaned by soaked in multi-enzyme detergent.The cleaning effects were checked by using eyeballing,magnifying glass,lustration test and biuret test on the contaminated surgical instruments,respectively.at the same time,to evaluate the cleaning results.RESULTS There were 28 positive cases(28.0%) that examined by direct eyeballing,29 cases(29.0%) by magnifying glass,31 cases(31.0%) by lustration test paper,38 cases(34.5%) by biuret test,which all took place in routine cleaning group with 410 cases;but in 410 cases multi-enzyme detergent group,6 positive cases(6.0%) that examined by direct eyeballing,7 cases(7.0%) by magnifying glass,9 cases(9.0%) by lustration test paper,14 cases(12.7%) by biuret test(P0.05).CONCLUSION There are all certain to have some clinical value that the cleaning effects of medical apparatus and instrument are evaluated by using eyeballing,magnifying glass,lustration test and biuret test.It is obvious to have a high sensitivity that the residual protein is checked by biuret test,especially the clinical significance.
Thyroid Carcinoma Arising From Ovarian Teratoma: A Report of Three Cases

Struma ovarii is a teratoma of the ovary, comprising entirely or predominantly of thyroid tissue. Malignant conversion to thyroid carcinoma is rare. We report three cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma arising from ovarian teratomas, two of which are from struma ovarii. Case 1 was a right ovary from a 33-year-old woman that contained a …
Design of CFST column-to-foundation/cap beam connections for moderate and high seismic regions

Abstract Seismic design of new bridges requires strength, stiffness and stable inelastic cyclic deformation capacity. In addition, rapid construction and rapid return to service after an earthquake are desired. Recent research demonstrates that circular concrete filled steel tubes (CFSTs) satisfy these diverse requirements. CFSTs are composite elements consisting of steel tubes with concrete infill. CFST columns offer larger strength and stiffness than conventional reinforced concrete bridge piers. Under seismic loading, CFSTs undergo reversed cyclic loading, and robust connections capable of sustaining cyclic lateral load demands, while minimizing damage and degradation, are required. This research project investigates foundation and cap-beam connections for these bridge applications. Several connections have been investigated, but the embedded ring CFST connection is the focus of this work. This connection develops the full strength, stiffness and ductility of the CFST bridge pier. The connection permits accelerated bridge construction and it sustains minimal damage during large inelastic deformations during earthquake loading. Results from the experiments were used to develop practical design expressions, which are presented here, and a design example is included to facilitate the implementation of the research results into practice.
Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure and Common Bacterial Infections: A Nationwide Analysis of Concomitant Clostridium Difficile Infection Rates and In-Hospital Mortality.

Abstract Background Patients with heart failure (HF) are frequently hospitalized with common bacterial infections. It is unknown whether they experience concomitant Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) more frequently than patients without HF, and whether CDI affects their mortality. Methods We used 2012 National Inpatient Sample data to determine the rate of CDI and associated in-hospital mortality for hospitalized patients with comorbid HF and urinary tract infection (UTI), pneumonia (PNA), or sepsis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Weighted data are presented. Results There were an estimated 5,851,582 patient hospitalizations with discharge diagnosis of UTI, PNA, or sepsis in 2012 in the United States. Of these, 23.4% had discharge diagnosis of HF. Patients with HF were on average older and had more comorbidities. CDI rates were higher in hospitalizations with discharge diagnosis of HF compared with those without HF (odds ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.10–1.16) after controlling for patient demographics and comorbidities and hospital characteristics. Among HF hospitalizations with UTI, PNA, or sepsis, those with concomitant CDI had a higher in-hospital mortality than those without concomitant CDI (odds ratio 1.81, 95% confidence interval 1.71–1.92) after controlling for the covariates outlined previously. Conclusions HF is associated with higher CDI rates among hospitalized patients with other common bacterial infections, even when adjusting for other known risk factors for CDI. Among these patients with comorbid HF, CDI is associated with markedly higher in-hospital mortality. These findings may suggest an opportunity to improve outcomes for hospitalized patients with HF and common bacterial infections, possibly through improved Clostridium difficile screening and prophylaxis protocols.
Label-free fluorescence lifetime and second harmonic generation imaging microscopy improves quantification of experimental renal fibrosis

All forms of progressive renal diseases develop a final pathway of tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis. Renal fibrosis is usually quantified using histological staining, a process that is time-consuming and pathologist dependent. Here we develop a fast and operator-independent method to measure fibrosis utilizing the murine unilateral ureteral obstruction model which manifests a time-dependent fibrotic increase in obstructed kidneys while the contralateral kidneys are used as controls. After ureteral obstruction, kidneys were analyzed at 7, 14, and 21 days. Fibrosis was quantified using fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and second harmonic generation (SHG) in a Deep Imaging via Enhanced photon Recovery deep tissue imaging microscope. This microscope was developed for deep tissue along with second and third harmonic generation imaging and has extraordinary sensitivity toward harmonic generation. SHG data suggest the presence of more fibrillar collagen in the obstructed kidneys. The combination of short-wavelength FLIM and SHG analysis results in a robust assessment procedure independent of observer interpretation and let us create criteria to quantify the extent of fibrosis directly from the image. Thus, the FLIM-SHG technique shows remarkable improvement in quantification of renal fibrosis compared to standard histological techniques.
A numerical simulation study of three linear array arrangements for vibro-acoustography

In this work, we study the beamforming of three linear array transducers for vibro-acoustography systems: separated, interlaced, and randomly interlaced. Each transducer is composed of two linear arrays. The goal of this research is to model and design a system with a linear array probe for in vivo applications. The system point-spread function is given in terms of the dynamic ultrasound radiation force produced by the interference of the ultrasound beams generated by each array. Simulations using a lateral aperture of 48 mm and array parameters similar to conventional ultrasound systems present the resolution cells smaller than 1.4/spl times/2.8/spl times/6.1 mm in azimuth, elevation, and range. The interlaced transducers exhibit transverse resolution acceptable for medical imaging applications.
The Future is Female: Bateson, Benjamin and How Women Learn in Ridley Scott's Prometheus

Science fiction, that child of imagination and experience, of science and literature, has served as both warning and roadmap. Sadly, recent American iterations of adventures into the future simply ...