cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Search for Meaning: The Differential Role of Religion for Middle-Aged and Older Persons Diagnosed with a Life-Threatening Illness

ABSTRACT According to symbolic interactionism, people's behavior depends on the meaning that phenomena and events have for them. How do individuals find meaning in a seemingly meaningless event such as being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness? Qualitative analyses of two focus group interviews with one male and ten female cancer survivors (age 39–60) and one focus group interview with six female seriously ill nursing home residents (age 66–78) showed that religion and spirituality became more prevalent in meaning-making after the diagnosis of a serious illness. Religion and spirituality provided individuals with a sense of control, justification for their illness, and source of emotional healing. Religious focus group members felt that they regained control over their lives by relinquishing control to God, that their illness had been a catalyst for personal and spiritual growth, and that their personal and spiritual growth led to emotional healing. However, for a group of five female and three male...
Early Onset Psychiatric Disorder in High Risk Children and Increased Familial Morbidity

ABSTRACT The relationship between child psychopathology and familial morbidity in second degree relatives was examined for children considered at risk on the basis of parental affective illness. Second degree relatives in high-risk families with no child psychopathology were no different from low-risk families in their rates of depression and anxiety. Second degree relatives in high-risk families positive for child psychopathology had significantly higher rates of depression and anxiety than relatives of low-risk children and relatives of high-risk children with no disorder. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to risk status, prepubertal onset of psychopathology, and familial morbidity for specific psychiatric disorders.
The Dogma that Didn't Bark (A Fragment of a Naturalized Epistemology)

Observation seems to be a process of special epistemological interest. In the sequence of events that issues in empirical knowledge, observation seems to be the precise point where the world impinges on the mind. So let's start with observation. There is a famous story about the acquisition of empirical knowledge that goes like this: First, things happen in the world (light is reflected off the surfaces of objects, soundwaves are propagated through the atmosphere); then there are interactions between these things in the world and the sensitive surfaces of organisms (light stimulates the retina; soundwaves cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate); then mental things start to happen: there are some observations. And then some more mental things happen-there are inferences drawn from these observations. And when all of this goes right, empirical knowledge is the upshot. That, roughly, is supposed to be the story about how you get empirical knowledge from perception; and science is supposed to be much the same sort of thing, only writ larger. There are the happenings in the world that we want to know about; there is the impacting of these happenings (or of effects of these happenings, or of effects of effects of these happenings...) upon our instruments of observation; there are the observations that we make when we deploy these instruments; and finally, there is the body of theoretical elaborations and interpretations of these observations which constitutes our empirical science. If you take this sort of story seriously, you are likely to think that, somehow or other, our observations must make up the real content of what we know about the world (hence, a fortiori, of our scientific theories). Because, after all, our observations are the only place where our mental processes come into contact with the world. Everything else is either things that happen in the world (light being reflected, soundwaves being emitted, and so on) in which we have no part; or
Effect of Chlorpyrifos on Hepatic Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase, Serum Cholinesterase and Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzyme Activities in Rats

Chlorpyrifos (O,Odiethyl-O-[3-5-6-trichloro-2-pyridyl] phosphorothioate) (CAS Registry No. 2921-88-2) is the active ingredient in Dursban and Lorsban insecticides. These insecticides were introduced in 1963 as an active ingredient in organophosphate pesticide formulations for agriculture and household application (AbouDonia 1995). Chlorpyrifos is metabolized in the liver by microsomal xenobioticmetabolizing enzymes. These enzymes catalyze the oxidative desulfuration of chlorpyrifos to chlorpyrifos oxon. Chlorpyrifos oxon elicits its toxic effects by phosphorylating acetylcholinesterase, ultimately resulting in failure to hydrolyze acetylcholine neurotransmitter. This cascade of reactions results in accumulation of acetylcholine at both muscarinic and cholinergic receptors (Abou-Donia 1995). Both chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon are rapidly hydrolyzed to 3,5,6 trichloro2-pyridinol by hepatic mixed function oxidases (Sultatos and Murphy 1983). The induction or inhibition of these microsomal xenobiotic enzymes may increase or decrease the toxicity of organophosphorus insecticides depending on the structure of the compound. The hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenic activity of test substances were assessed by the status of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) enzyme (Shukla et al. 1989). Gamma-glutamyl transferase catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl group from a gamma-glutamyl peptide to an amino acid or another peptide. This enzyme is widely used as a biomarker in preneoplastic lesions of the liver during chemical carcinogenesis (Peraino et al. 1983).
Economic theory in corporate planning

The microeconomic theory of the firm encompasses classical marginal analysis and modern operations research techniques. Yet, one finds a paucity of explicit application of microeconomics to corporate planning. In this paper we explore the reasons for the seeming void and develop an economic theory of corporate planning. Our main thesis is that received microeconomic theory focuses on answers, and answers stated in non-operational terms. Nonetheless, economic theory asks questions of central importance to the strategic choices of the firm. These questions arise from economic theory and the fundamental notion of trade-offs. We develop a microeconomic theory of strategic search for corporate planning. The theory is used to develop important questions and efficient search in lieu of chaotic and random search.
STICK–SLIP–SEPARATION ANALYSIS AND NON-LINEAR STIFFNESS AND DAMPING CHARACTERIZATION OF FRICTION CONTACTS HAVING VARIABLE NORMAL LOAD

Abstract Mechanical systems in which moving components are mutually constrained through contacts often lead to complex contact kinematics involving tangential and normal relative motions. A friction contact model is proposed to characterize this type of contact kinematics that imposes both friction non-linearity and intermittent separation non-linearity on the system. The stick–slip friction phenomenon is analyzed by establishing analytical criteria that predict the transition between stick, slip, and separation of the interface. The established analytical transition criteria are particularly important to the proposed friction contact model for the transition conditions of the contact kinematics are complicated by the effect of normal load variation and possible interface separation. With these transition criteria, the induced friction force on the contact plane and the variable normal load perpendicular to the contact plane, can be predicted for any given cyclic relative motions at the contact interface and hysteresis loops can be produced so as to characterize the equivalent damping and stiffness of the friction contact. These-non-linear damping and stiffness methods along with the harmonic balance method are then used to predict the resonant response of a frictionally constrained two-degree-of-freedom oscillator. The predicted results are compared with those of the time integration method and the damping effect, the resonant frequency shift, and the jump phenomenon are examined.
Capillary-Based Displacement Flow Immunosensor

We report on the preparation of a novel capillary flow immunosensor for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Anti-TNT antibody is immobilized onto the silanized inner walls of an 800-μm-i.d. glass capillary using a heterobifunctional crosslinker, followed by saturating the capillary with fluorophore-labeled antigen. To perform the assay, an aliquot of TNT solution is injected into the capillary. TNT competes for the binding pocket of the fluorophore-labeled antigen, which is detected downstream. We have demonstrated that the sensitivity of the capillary immunosensor is improved by at least 2 orders of magnitude compared to that of conventional packed-column or membrane-based displacement flow immunosensors. The limit of detection (S/N > 3) for TNT using the capillary immunosensor is 15 pg/mL (7 fmol), and the linear dynamic range is 1−250 ng/mL. The entire assay can be performed in less than 3 min. During 15 injections of 100 ng/mL TNT solution, the signal reproducibility (RSD) was maintained to within 4%.
High-Temperature Expansion for the Orientational Specific Heat of Solid H 2 and D 2

Terms up to order (Γ/kBT)5 in the high-temperature expansion of the orientational specific heat of orthopara alloys of solid H2 or D2 are evaluated. Good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment using a Pade approximant and effective values of the quadrupolar coupling constant, Γeff/Γ0=0.83 for D2 and Γeff/Γ0=0.80 for H2, where Γ0 is the value for a rigid lattice. These values agree with other determinations of Γeff, whereas the T−2 approximation for the specific heat yields anomalously small values of Γeff.
Application of instantaneous invariants to the path tracking control problem of planar two degree-of-freedom systems: A singularity-free mapping of trajectory geometry

Abstract This paper presents a generalized form of planar two degree-of-freedom Curvature Theory, and applies the results to the synthesis of planar two degree-of-freedom motions. In specific, the kinematic control problem of planar path tracking systems is addressed. The theory yields a new mapping of first- and second-order differential geometric properties from the system's two-dimensional output-space (work-space) to the system's two-dimensional control-space (i.e. joint-space). This mapping is shown to be free from any kinematic singularities.
Human-computer interaction for semantic disambiguation

We describe a semi-automatic semantic disambiguator integrated in a knowledge-based machine translation system. It is used to bridge the analysis and generation stages in machine translation. The user interface of the disambiguator is built on mouse-based multiple-selection menus.
Higher‐order estimates of conditional eddies in isotropic turbulence

Conditional eddies in isotropic turbulence are examined by estimating the velocity field around a point where the velocity is specified. The results indicate the low‐order estimates qualitatively resolve the large scale structure for all probable levels of the fluctuation intensity.
Requirements for ohmic ignition

An analysis of ohmic ignition criteria is presented, giving the requirements on T, ntau, and n/j in a form easily applicable to various confinement assumptions. For circular cross-section NeoAlcator tokamaks with Spitzer resistivity, a value of B/sup 2/a approximately equal to 250 T/sup 2/m is required. The outstanding uncertainties in schemes to lower this value are how much increase in current density is achievable by plasma shaping and what the exact NeoAlcator coefficient is.
Artificially inserting a reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of Marek's disease virus (MDV) alters expression of nearby MDV genes.

Researchers reported that co-cultivating the JM/102W strain of Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) resulted in an REV long terminal repeat (LTR) being inserted into the internal repeat short (IRS) region of JM/102W. When the resulting recombinant virus was serially passed in cell culture, the initial LTR was duplicated and a second LTR spontaneously appeared in the terminal repeat short (TRS) region of the MDV genome. The virus, designated RM1, was significantly attenuated but still induced severe bursal and thymic atrophy (Isfort et al. PNAS 89:991–995). To determine whether the altered phenotype was due solely to the LTR, we cloned the LTR from the RM1 IRS region and inserted it into the IRS region of a very virulent bacterial artificial clone (BAC) of the Md5 strain of MDV, which we designated rMd5–RM1–LTR. During blind passage in duck embryo fibroblast cultures, the initial LTR in the rMd5–RM1–LTR was also duplicated, with LTRs appearing in both IRS and TRS regions of the MDV genome. The inserted LTR sequences and transcripts associated with the MDV open reading frames MDV085, MDV086, SORF2, US1, and US10 were molecularly characterized. The parental Md5 BAC contains a family of transcripts of 3, 2, and 1 kb that all terminate at the end of the US10 gene. The rMd5–RM1–LTR and RM1 viruses both express an additional 4 kb transcript that originates in the LTR and also terminates after US10. Collectively, the data suggest that our engineered rMd5–RM1–LTR virus very closely resembles the RM1 virus in its structure and transcription patterns.
Watched: how monitoring affects performance during a survey of development practitioners

We ask whether monitoring time during a survey of development practitioners from Latin America and the Caribbean affects performance. Our proxy for monitoring is a digital clock, randomly assigned to appear on the screen of half of the 357 online surveys. Monitoring reduces the average survey time by 23 per cent, lowers the ratio of unanswered questions by over 60 per cent and has no negative impact on other measures of survey quality. These results illustrate how monitoring alone can be a cost-effective tool for improving performance.
A practical perspective on data quality issues

Approximately 90% of the respondents of an informal survey* on data warehousing opportunities readily identified data quality problems in their database systems. The respondents included administrators, software engineers, sales personnel, documentation and technical support, among others. The data quality issues ranged from inadequate search capabilities to major integration problems. The survey results are supported by the increasing popularity of data warehousing techniques that may be attributed at least in part to the ongoing search for higher-quality data.
The Prediction of Low-Quality Boiling Voids

Abstract : Slug flow theory is used to predict the density in heated channels of various shapes. In order to make this calculation possible, measurements are made of the bubble-rise velocity in annuli, tube bundles, and channels. It is found that the large dimension is most important in channels, and the shroud dimension most important in annuli and tube bundles. It is also found that no rotationally symmetrical bubble shapes are obtained in annuli and tube bundles. Finally, a comparison is made between the theory, which contains no free constants, and the experiments. The comparison is good. The results, as presented, apply only to vertical, heated channels of various shapes with up-flow in the low quality region.
Na,K‐ATPase α2 inhibition alters calcium responses in optic nerve astrocytes

Experiments were conducted to test the effect of 1 microM ouabain, an Na,K-ATPase inhibitor, on capacitative calcium entry (CCE) and calcium responses elicited by ATP in rat optic nerve astrocytes. In the rat, 1 microM ouabain is sufficient to inhibit the alpha2 Na,K-ATPase, but not the alpha1. Immortalized astrocytes derived from Na,K-ATPase alpha2 homozygous knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were also used. Cytosolic calcium and sodium concentrations were measured using Fura-2 and SBFI, respectively. The magnitude of the increase in cytosolic calcium concentration during CCE was significantly greater in rat astrocytes exposed to 1 microM ouabain. To measure calcium release from stores, cells were exposed to ATP in the absence of extracellular calcium. In astrocytes exposed to 1 microM ouabain, a significantly greater calcium response to ATP was observed. 1 microM ouabain was shown to inhibit ATP hydrolysis in membrane material containing Na,K-ATPase alpha2 and alpha1 isoforms (rat muscle) but not in membranes containing only Na,K-ATPase alpha1 (rat kidney). In intact astrocytes, 1 microM ouabain did not alter the cell-wide cytosolic sodium concentration. In mouse Na,K-ATPase alpha2 KO astrocytes, the calcium increase during CCE was significantly higher than in WT cells, as was the magnitude of the calcium response to ATP. In KO astrocytes, but not WT, the cytosolic calcium increase during CCE was insensitive to 1 microM ouabain. Taken together, the results suggest that selective inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase alpha2 isoform has the potential to change calcium signaling and CCE.
Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity, and Class in India, by Raka Ray and Seemin Qayum

Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity, and Class in India, by Raka Ray and Seemin Qayum, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 2009, x + 272 pp., $25.00, ISBN: 9780804760720 This is a bo...
Effects of acute and subacute cocaine administration on the CNS dopaminergic system in Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats: III. Dopamine uptake.

The characteristics of D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors after acute and subacute cocaine administration were determined in striata and nuclei accumbens from WKY and SHR. In striata from acutely treated rats, significant increases in D-2 receptor density were observed at 30 min, 2 or 24 h following cocaine injection in both strains without changes in affinities. The density of D-1 receptors was significantly decreased 30 min after the injection in WKY, but not in SHR. In striata from subacutely treated rats, the density of D-1 receptors was significantly increased in 3- and 7-day treated WKY, but not in SHR. The affinities of both binding sites remained unchanged. In nuclei accumbens, the changes in both D-1 and D-2 receptors after cocaine administration were similar to those observed in the striatum. The results suggest that cocaine administration alters dopamine receptor binding characteristics. Furthermore, D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors appear to be differently regulated.
Output-inflation tradeoffs in industrial and developing countries

Abstract This paper presents further international evidence on output-inflation tradeoffs implied by Lucas's model of the Phillips curve. Various relationships among the output-inflation trade-off coefficient and variances of the nominal shocks and the general price level implied by the theoretical model are evaluated among two groups of countries. These relationships are strongly confirmed for nineteen industrial countries, but are only moderately supported for the group of thirty-seven developing countries.
Smartphone Dual Defense Protection Framework: Detecting Malicious Applications in Android Markets

In this paper, we present a smart phone dual defense protection framework that allows Official and Alternative Android Markets to detect malicious applications among those new applications that are submitted for public release. Our framework consists of servers running on clouds where developers who wish to release their new applications can upload their software for verification purpose. The verification server first uses system call statistics to identify potential malicious applications. After verification, if the software is clean, the application will then be released to the relevant markets. To mitigate against false negative cases, users who run new applications can invoke our network traffic monitoring (NTM)tool which triggers network traffic capture upon detecting some suspicious behaviors e.g. detecting sensitive data being sent to output stream of an open socket. The network traffic will be analyzed to see if it matches network characteristics observed from malware applications. If suspicious network traffic is observed, the relevant Android markets will be notified tore move the application from the repository. We trained our system call and network traffic classifiers using 32 families of known Android malware families and some typical normal applications. Later, we evaluated our framework using other malware and normal applications that used in the training set. Our experimental results using 120 test applications (which consist of 50 malware and 70 normal applications) indicate that we can achieve a 94.2% and 99.2% accuracy with J.48 and Random forest classifier respectively using our framework.
Zeroes of Smapled Data Transfer Functions in the Presence of Continuous Time Unmodeled Dynamics

Sampled systems zeroes are sensitive to the presence of unmodeled dynamics in the continuous time system. In this report an expression which approximates the numerator of sampled systems in this situation is given. In particular it is shown that the numerator in the z-domain can be computed on the basis of the sampled data transfer function of the unperturbed system (exact modeling) and the knowledge of two constants relative to the unmodeled poles and zeroes.
The “Threat Hypothesis,” Personality, and Attitudes toward Diversity:

Multiple regression procedures were used to evaluate the contribution to attitudes toward diversity of three personality-related variables (authoritarianism, tolerance for ambiguity, and self-esteem) for which theory suggests that diversity may be seen as a threat (the “threat hypothesis”) and two dimensions of the five-factor model (FFM) (openness to experience and agreeableness). Participants included 238 undergraduate business students, of whom 47% were female and 36% non-white. For confirmatory purposes, a full path analysis model including attitudes toward diversity, the three threat variables, and all five of the FFM variables was fit to the data. The results of the hierarchical regressions suggest two of the threat traits (authoritarianism and tolerance for ambiguity), as well as the FFM trait of agreeableness, relate to attitudes toward diversity, whereas self-esteem and openness to experience do not. In general, the results of path analyses support the regression results, although significance le...
Stockpiled Prairiegrass-Brassica Hybrid Mixtures Tolerate Repeated Defoliation in Autumn

Stockpiling herbage helps redistribute nutrient availability and supplements quantity to sustain or finish livestock, depending on production objectives. In the Appalachian region of the USA, autumn stockpiled herbage is harvested, with little expectation for useable regrowth. spp. and prairiegrass (Vahl.) grow vigorously in autumn and tolerate defoliation providing a means to extend productivity in autumn. Mixed stands of prairiegrass and a brassica hybrid were established in late June of 2003 and 2004, with clipping begun in mid-September to determine production and nutritive value of regrowth herbage. Stockpiled prairiegrass-brassica hybrid stands tolerated repeated clipping, but stockpiled yield and the number of regrowth harvests decreased with increased duration of the stockpile interval, and no regrowth harvests were obtained when the stands were stockpiled until mid-November (130 days after planting). Regrowth accounted for as much as 35% of total yield in autumn when stockpiled harvests were made prior to late October (about 115 days after planting). Nutritive value expressed in terms of nonstructural carbohydrates, crude protein, and total digestible nutrients varied depending on year, but decreased with successive clippings or increased stockpiling duration. Herbage and nutrient yield of a prairiegrass-brassica hybrid mixed stand declined substantially after mid-October, in part, reflecting a shift in growth from leaf to tuber in the brassica component of the stand. Stockpiling stands of prairiegrass-brassica hybrid beyond mid-October essentially eliminates any meaningful regrowth production. Regrowth from stands clipped prior to mid-October extends the duration of growth of the mixture and makes a modest contribution to total herbage production in autumn.
Recommendations for sexuality education for early adolescents.

Objective To determine community support and identify appropriate learning methodologies, parameters of delivery, and intervention content. Design Qualitative descriptive study in which participants were interviewed in a semistructured format. Data were analyzed thematically. Setting An urban pediatric primary care clinic from which youths and parents were recruited. Participants Ten youths, 10 parents, and 10 community members. Community members included professional and laypersons who had experience in working with early adolescents or in working with children of any age on sexuality issues. Overall, most participants were female (67%) and African American (67%). Results Descriptions of early adolescents' knowledge of sexuality, participants' support for sexuality education for early adolescents, recommendations for education content, and preferred methods for education delivery. Conclusion The participants supported comprehensive sexuality education for early adolescents. They believed that it would help youths to be abstinent, would provide some protection from sexual abuse, and would prepare them to practice safer sex in the future. JOGNN, 35, 369‐375; 2006. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552‐6909.2006.00048.x
Developing a Cluster-Based Algorithm for Collision Hotspot Identification

Traffic safety is one of the most important goals for roadway design and traffic system operations. Collision hotspot identification serves as a major fundamental component for traffic safety performance measurements. With identified collision hotpots, limited resources can be better allocated to improve roadway safety. There have been a significant amount of studies on collision hotspots identification over the past decades. However, most studies only considered crash counts as the sole roadway safety performance indicator. In this study, a new cluster-based method is proposed to quantify roadway safety conditions. This method is able to incorporate more heterogeneous safety-related factors for clustering, such as crash fatality, injuries, and average collision duration. Compared with the prevailing Empirical Bayes methods, our cluster-based method demonstrates its improved accuracy and efficiency, and can be easily implemented in practice.
Estimates of restrictive ventilatory defect in the mining industry. Considerations for epidemiological investigations: a cross-sectional study

Objectives (1) To assess the impact of American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) ‘acceptability’ and ‘usability’ criteria for spirometry on the estimates of restrictive ventilatory defect in a population of taconite miners. (2) To compare estimates of restrictive ventilatory defect with three different pulmonary function tests (spirometry, alveolar volume (VA) and diffusing capacity (D L,CO )). (3) To assess the role of population characteristics on these estimates. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Current and former workers in six current taconite mining operations of northeastern Minnesota were surveyed. Participants We attempted to enrol 3313 participants. Of these, 1353 responded while 1188 current and former workers fully participated in the survey and 1084 performed complete pulmonary function testing and were assessed. Primary and secondary outcome measures We applied ATS/ERS acceptability criteria for all tests and categorised participants into groups according to whether they fully met, partially met or did not meet acceptability criteria for spirometry. Obstruction and restriction were defined utilising the lower limit of normal for all tests. When using VA, restriction was identified after excluding obstruction. Results Only 519 (47.9%) tests fully met ATS/ERS spirometry acceptability criteria. Within this group, 5% had obstruction and 6%, restriction on spirometry. In contrast, among all participants (N=1084), 16.8% had obstruction, while 4.5% had restriction. VA showed similar results in all groups after obstruction was excluded. Impaired gas transfer (reduced D L,CO ) was identified in less than 50% of restriction identified by either spirometry or VA. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly related to spirometric restriction in all groups. Conclusions Population estimates of restriction using spirometry or VA varied by spirometric acceptability criteria. Other factors identified as important considerations in the estimation of restrictive ventilatory defect included increased BMI and gas transfer impairment in a relatively smaller proportion of those with spirometric restriction. These insights are important when interpreting population-based physiological data in occupational settings.
Dimensions of Fit Between a Brand and a Social Cause and Their Influence on Attitudes

article i nfo Article history: First received in 12, November 2008 and was under review for 5½ months This paper examines cause-marketing promotions and finds that fit between social causes and consumer brands can be decomposed into ten "micro" sub-dimensions or two "macro" sub-dimensions (prominence and marketing strategy )o ffit. Results indicate fit sub-dimensions are significantly related to the attitude toward the sponsorship and the brand, and that attitude toward sponsorship mediates the relationship between fit and attitude toward the brand. As such, managers should not only rely on natural fit between cause and brand, but they should also attempt to communicate fit to the consumers. Importantly, familiarity with the cause interacts with fit when attitudes toward the sponsorship and the brand are measured, such that fit matters less to those who are more familiar with the cause.
MENTAL HEALTH INSURANCE: A Comparison of a Fee‐for‐Service Indemnity Plan and a Comprehensive Mental Health Center

Services and utilization rates of a comprehensive mental health center supported by a prepaid insurance plan are compared with those of a fee-for-service indemnity plan. Data accumulated over a period of seven years indicate that by the end of that period hospitalization rates among members of the center were lower than those for members of the indemnity plan, while the mental health center's utilization of services was higher.
Solvation and Acid Strength Effects on Catalysis by Faujasite Zeolites

Abstract Kinetic, spectroscopic, and chemical titration data indicate that differences in monomolecular isobutane cracking and dehydrogenation and methanol dehydration turnover rates (per H+) among FAU zeolites treated thermally with steam (H-USY) and then chemically with ammonium hexafluorosilicate (CD-HUSY) predominantly reflect differences in the size and solvating properties of their supercage voids rather than differences in acid strength. The number of protons on a given sample was measured consistently by titrations with Na+, with CH3 groups via reactions of dimethyl ether, and with 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine during methanol dehydration catalysis; these titration values were also supported by commensurate changes in acidic OH infrared band areas upon exposure to titrant molecules. The number of protons, taken as the average of the three titration methods, was significantly smaller than the number of framework Al atoms (Alf) obtained from X-ray diffraction and 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on H-USY (0.35 H+/Alf) and CD-HUSY (0.69 H+/Alf). These data demonstrate that the ubiquitous use of Alf sites as structural proxies for active H+ sites in zeolites can be imprecise, apparently because distorted Al structures that are not associated with acidic protons are sometimes detected as Alf sites. Monomolecular isobutane cracking and dehydrogenation rate constants, normalized non-rigorously by the number of Alf species, decreased with increasing Na+ content on both H-USY and CD-HUSY samples and became undetectable at sub-stoichiometric exchange levels (0.32 and 0.72 Na+/Alf ratios, respectively), an unexpected finding attributed incorrectly in previous studies to the presence of minority “super-acidic” sites. These rate constants, when normalized rigorously by the number of residual H+ sites were independent of Na+ content on both H-USY and CD-HUSY samples, reflecting the stoichiometric replacement of protons that are uniform in reactivity by Na+ cations. Monomolecular isobutane cracking and dehydrogenation rate constants (per H+; 763 K), however, were higher on H-USY than CD-HUSY (by a factor of 1.4). Equilibrium constants for the formation of protonated methanol dimers via adsorption of gaseous methanol onto adsorbed methanol monomers, determined from kinetic studies of methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether (433 K), were also higher on H-USY than CD-HUSY (by a factor of 2.1). These larger constants predominantly reflect stronger dispersive interactions in H-USY, consistent with its smaller supercage voids that result from the occlusion of void space by extraframework Al (Alex) residues. These findings appear to clarify enduring controversies about the mechanistic interpretation of the effects of Na+ and Alex species on the catalytic reactivity of FAU zeolites. They also illustrate the need to normalize rates by the number of active sites instead of more convenient but less accurate structural proxies for such sites.
Processor allocation in hypercube multicomputers: fast and efficient strategies for cubic and noncubic allocation

A new approach for dynamic processor allocation in hypercube multicomputers which supports a multi-user environment is proposed. A dynamic binary tree is used for processor allocation along with an array of free lists. Two algorithms are proposed based on this approach, capable of efficiently handling cubic as well as noncubic allocation. Time complexities for both allocation and deallocation are shown to be polynomial, a significant improvement over the existing exponential and even super-exponential algorithms. Unlike existing schemes, the proposed strategies are best-fit strategies within their search space. Simulation results indicate that the proposed strategies outperform the existing ones in terms of parameters such as average delay in honoring a request, average allocation time, average deallocation time, and memory overhead. >
SEASON OF BIRTH, INTELLIGENCE AND PERSONALITY

Intelligence and the personality dimensions of extraversion—introversion and neuroticism were studied as a function of season of birth, the latter being divided into birth during Winter—Spring (W—S) (November—April inclusive) and Summer—Autumn (S—A) (May—October inclusive). Two hundred and thirty adolescent males, homogeneous with respect to age, occupation and socioeconomic background, were tested under controlled conditions. No differences in intelligence and personality, as measured, were found between W—S and S—A births. Little optimism was expressed for the possibility of finding such season-of-birth effects among other than severely intellectually subnormal subjects.
The New Jordanian Hospitality: House, Host, and Guest in the Culture of Public Display

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan evokes a simpler time, a sense of place and a cherished way of life. A visit to Jordan brings a return to respected and hallowed tradition. Immediately upon arrival, the visitor is aware of the inherent hospitality of the Jordanian people as exemplified by the Arabic “Ahlan wa sahlan” (“I Welcome You”), heard at every turn.
Recent advances in perioperative medicine: highlights from the literature for the cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesiologist.

There have been major advances in perioperative cardiothoracic and vascular medicine. Because of promising data, steroids, statins, and endothelin antagonists are being clinically tested in randomized trials with adult cardiac surgical patients. In vascular surgical patients, recent meta-analysis has revealed that interventions such as β-blockade or endovascular stenting for peripheral vascular lesions may not improve outcome overall. Furthermore, a landmark trial has shown that anesthetic technique does not affect outcome after carotid endarterectomy. The surgical Apgar score may become part of routine clinical care of the vascular surgical patient because it predicts outcome and can be calculated at the bedside. Recent studies confirm that the serious perioperative risks of hyperglycemia also apply to nondiabetic and pediatric cardiac surgical patients. This has been highlighted in the new guidelines from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Perioperative myocardial protection is possible with ischemic preconditioning and omega-3 fatty acids. Pneumonia after lung resection may be reduced significantly by broadening antibiotic prophylaxis. Transfusion-related acute lung injury has immediate and delayed presentations that highlight the dangers of blood transfusion. Perioperative renal dysfunction after adult cardiac surgery is significantly reduced by the infusion of sodium bicarbonate. Although promising, further trials are required. Taken together, these recent advances will have significant influence on the future practice of cardiovascular and thoracic anesthesia as the ongoing search for perioperative outcome improvement achieves results.
End-User Diagnosis of Communication Paths in Sensor Network Systems

In this paper, we present LiteView, an experimental toolkit for end-user diagnosis of communication path problems in sensor network systems. This toolkit provides an on-site, interactive environment that helps answering questions related to the instantaneous communication environments. For example, it allows users to identify broken links or asymmetric links, which are likely to become traffic bottlenecks. It also allows users to identify traffic hotspots by collecting round-trip delays of arbitrary pairs of nodes. Compared to the previous work on sensor network troubleshooting, this toolkit has two key differences. First, its utilities are generic and application independent, allowing users to easily transfer experiences in managing one deployment to another. Second, its utilities are interactive, allowing users to quickly obtain the current status, optimize the deployment decisions, and observe their immediate effects. The utilities provided in this paper are thus promising to identify and solve communication path problems.
A tunable optofluidic microlens based on gradient refractive index

A tunable optofluidic microlens configuration named Liquid Gradient Refractive Index (L-GRIN) lens is described. The variable light focusing is achieved through the diffusion based refractive index gradient within a microfluidic device.
A Mutation in Alpha Helix 3 of CA Renders Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cyclosporin A Resistant and Dependent: Rescue by a Second-Site Substitution in a Distal Region of CA

The replication of many isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is enhanced by binding of the host cell protein cyclophilin A (CypA) to the viral capsid protein (CA). The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) and its nonimmunosuppressive analogs bind with high affinity to CypA and inhibit HIV-1 replication. Previous studies have identified two mutations, A92E and G94D, in the CypA-binding loop of CA that confer the ability of HIV-1 to replicate in the presence of CsA. Interestingly, CsA stimulates the replication of HIV-1 mutants containing either the A92E or G94D substitution in some human cell lines. Here, we show that substitution of alanine for threonine at position 54 of CA (T54A) also confers HIV-1 resistance to and dependence on CsA. Like the previously identified CsA-resistant/dependent mutants, infection by the T54A mutant was stimulated by CsA in a target cell-specific manner. RNA interference-mediated reduction of CypA expression enhanced the permissiveness of HeLa cells to infection by the T54A mutant. A suppressor mutation, encoding a substitution of threonine for alanine at position 105 of CA (A105T), was identified through adaptation of the T54A mutant virus for growth in CEM cells. A105T rescued the impaired single-cycle infectivity and replication defects of both T54A and A92E mutants. These results indicate that CA determinants outside the CypA-binding loop can modulate the dependence of HIV-1 infection on CypA.
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: An Integrated Perspective

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), the most common cause of dizziness, occurs in all age groups. It presents with vertigo on head movement, but in older patients presentation may be typical and thus accounting for a low recognition rate in the primary care setting. It may be recurrent in up to 50% of cases. BPPV is associated with displacement of fragments of utricular otoconia into the semicircular canals, most commonly the posterior semicircular canal. Otoconia are composed of otoconin and otolin forming the organic matrix on which calcium carbonate mineralizes. Otoconia may fragment with trauma, age, or changes in the physiology of endolymph (e.g., pH and calcium concentration). Presentation varied because otoconia fragments can be displaced into any of the semicircular canals on either (or both) side and may be free floating (canalolithiasis) or attached to the cupula (cupulolithiasis). Most cases of BPPV are idiopathic, but head trauma, otologic disorders, and systemic disease appear to be contributory in a subset. Positional maneuvers are used to diagnose and treat the majority of cases. In rare intractable cases surgical management may be considered. A strong association with osteoporosis suggests that idiopathic BPPV may have diagnostic and management implications beyond that of a purely otologic condition.
A pedigree-based study of mitochondrial D-loop DNA sequence variation among Arabian horses.

Summary Through DNA sequence comparisons of a mitochondrial d-loop hypervariable region, we investigated matrilineal diversity for Arabian horses in the United States. Sixty-two horses were tested. From published pedigrees they traced in the maternal line to 34 mares acquired primarily in the mid to late 19th century from nomadic Bedouin tribes. Compared with the reference sequence (GenBank X79547), these samples showed 27 haplotypes with altogether 31 base substitution sites within 397 bp of sequence. Based on examination of pedigrees from a random sampling of 200 horses in current studbooks of the Arabian Horse Registry of America, we estimated that this study defined the expected mtDNA haplotypes for at least 89% of Arabian horses registered in the US. The reliability of the studbook recorded maternal lineages of Arabian pedigrees was demonstrated by haplotype concordance among multiple samplings in 14 lines. Single base differences observed within two maternal lines were interpreted as representing alternative fixations of past heteroplasmy. The study also demonstrated the utility of mtDNA sequence studies to resolve historical maternity questions without access to biological material from the horses whose relationship was in question, provided that representatives of the relevant female lines were available for comparison. The data call into question the traditional assumption that Arabian horses of the same strain necessarily share a common maternal ancestry.
Method of Supplementation May Affect Cattle Grazing Patterns

Abstract Supplement placement can be used to manipulate livestock grazing patterns. The objective of this case study was to compare the effect of low-moisture blocks (LMB) and range cake (barley-based cylindrical cubes, 2 cm in diameter, and 2 to 8 cm long) supplementation on cattle grazing patterns in Montana foothill rangeland. One group of nonlactating cows ( n = 79) was fed cake 3 times per week (1.8 kg · cow −1 · feeding −1 ), and the other group ( n = 81) had continuous access to LMB in separate pastures using a crossover design. Movement patterns of cows were recorded with global positioning system collars during four periods (2 wk · period −1 ) during autumn. Range cake was fed on accessible areas, and LMB were placed in higher and steeper terrain. Intake of LMB averaged (mean ± SE) 318 ± 50 g · d −1 . Cows fed LMB (8.07° ± 0.20°) were observed on steeper slopes ( P = 0.08) than cows fed range cake (6.96° ± 0.19°). Forage utilization decreased as slope increased to a greater degree when range cake was fed than when LMB was fed ( P = 0.001). Cows spent more time ( P = 0.05) within 100 m of LMB (274 ± 23 min · d −1 ) than at range cake feeding sites (67 ± 24 min · d −1 ). Strategic placement of LMB on high, steep terrain appears to be a more practical and effective approach than traditional hand-feeding range cake on intermediate terrain to improve uniformity of cattle grazing on rugged rangeland.
Galileo's First New Science: The Science of Matter

Although Galileo’s struggle to mathematize the study of nature is well known and oft discussed, less discussed is the form this struggle takes in relation to Galileo’s first new science, the science of the second day of the Discorsi. This essay argues that Galileo’s first science ought to be understood as the science of matter—-not, as it is usually understood, the science of the strength of materials. This understanding sheds light on the convoluted structure of the Discorsi’s first day. It suggests that the day’s meandering discussions of the continuum, infinity, the vacuum, and condensation and rarefaction establish that a formal treatment of the “eternal and necessary” properties of matter is possible; i.e., that matter as such can be considered mathematically. This would have been a necessary, and indeed revolutionary, preliminary to the mathematical science of the second day because matter itself was thought in the Aristotelian tradition to be responsible for the departure of natural bodies from the unchanging and thus mathematizable character of abstract objects. In addition, the first day establishes that when considered physically, these properties account for matter’s force of cohesion and resistance to fracture. This essay closes by showing that this dual style of reasoning accords with the conceptual structure of mixed mathematics.
Public access defibrillation

Abstract Sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to unexpected cardiac arrest in adults claims the lives of an estimated 250000 adult Americans each year. Although most episodes occur in the home (rather than a public place), many episodes in public places are witnessed events in which lay rescuers could theoretically act as ‘first responders' to provide early defibrillation using an automated external defibrillator (AED). Such a strategy has been termed ‘public access defibrillation' (PAD). The American Heart Association has hosted two international conferences on the topic and has played a key role in helping to get state and federal ‘Good Samaritan' laws altered to protect layperson PAD rescuers in the USA. There has already been considerable experience with the PAD concept in airports, on commercial airliners and in gaming casinos. However, most of the rescuers in these sites are trained individuals with a ‘duty to act' in public (such as flight attendants or security officers). The benefit, safety and relative cost of a widespread community PAD strategy is still largely unknown, but is being studied in a North American prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial.
Hemodynamic Monitoring in Heart Failure

Symptoms of pulmonary congestion, resulting from elevated left atrial and left ventricular filling pressures, are the most common cause of heart failure hospitalization. The basic goals of HF therapy are therefore grounded in improving congestion, thereby decreasing hospitalizations and improving outcomes and quality of life in patients with HF. Ongoing evaluation of the patient’s volume status is vital for appropriate selection and monitoring of therapy and prevention of recurrent hospitalizations. This chapter discusses the clinical, laboratory, invasive, and non-invasive tools available for hemodynamic assessment of the heart failure patient.