cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drain voltage dependence of on resistance in 700V super junction LDMOS transistor

In this paper, the dependence of the specific on resistance R/sub DS/*A on drain voltage V/sub D/ is presented for the first time for 700 V super junction (SJ) based multi-RESURF LDMOS transistors and such results are compared to those of single-RESURF (SR) and double-RESURF (DR) LDMOS transistors. Based on ISE based 3D device simulation results, it has been demonstrated that even the decrease in the width of the NP stripes of the SJ structure results in significant improvement in R/sub DS/*A. Such improvement suffers greatly at high drain bias V/sub D/ due to an increased influence in the constriction of the current conduction path due to the large depletion effect.
Benefits of Early Surgical Repair in Fixed Subaortic Stenosis

Objectives. We sought to determine whether early resection can improve outcome in fixed subaortic stenosis. Background. The diagnosis of subaortic stenosis (SAS) is often made before significant gradients occur. Whereas resection is the accepted treatment, it remains uncertain whether surgical intervention at this early stage can reduce the incidence of recurrence or influence the progression of aortic valve damage. Methods. Follow-up was available for 75 of 83 consecutive patients operated on for fixed SAS; the average duration of follow-up was 6.7 years. The lesion was discrete in 68 patients (91%) and of a tunnel type in 7, with associated ventricular septal defect in 28 (37%). All underwent transaortic resection. Results. There were no deaths. There were 18 recurrences of SAS in 15 patients (20%). Thirteen patients (17%) underwent 17 reoperations for recurrence or aortic valve disease. The cumulative hazard of recurrence was 8.9%, 16.1% and 29.4% ± 2.3% (mean ± SEM), and the hazard of events, including recurrence and reoperation, was 9.2%, 18.4% and 35.1% ± 3.5% at 2, 5 and 10 years, respectively. Residual end-operative left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradients (>10 mm Hg, n = 8) and tunnel lesions were univariate predictors of recurrence (p = 0.0006 and p = 0.003, respectively). Multivariate predictors included higher preoperative LVOT gradient (p < 10−4) and younger patient age (p = 0.002). Only two recurrences (0.87 per 100 patient-years of follow-up) were noted in patients with a preoperative peak LVOT gradient ≤40 mm Hg (n = 40), whereas higher gradients (n = 35) were associated with a greater than sevenfold recurrence rate (6.45 events per 100 patient-years, p = 0.002). The aortic valve required concomitant repair in 17 cases in the high gradient group (48.6%) but in only 8 in the low gradient group (20%, p = 0.018). Despite relief of the obstruction, progressive aortic regurgitation was noted at follow-up after 14 procedures in the high gradient group (40%) but after only 5 procedures in the low gradient group (12.5%, p = 0.014). Conclusions. The data suggest that surgical resection of fixed subaortic stenosis before the development of a significant (>40 mm Hg) outflow tract gradient may prevent recurrence, reoperation and secondary progressive aortic valve disease.
ExCCel: Exploration of complementary cells for efficient DPA attack resistivity

Differential Power Analysis (DPA) side-channel attacks pose serious threats for embedded system security. WDDL was proposed as a countermeasure that can be incorporated into a conventional ASIC design flow using standard cells. However, our spice simulations show that DPA attacks on WDDL still leak secret keys to adversaries despite the doubled area and energy overheads due to the use of complementary cells. This paper proposes ExCCel, a simulated annealing based method that automatically generates and explores combinations of complementary cells for reducing the power-consumption dependency and overheads using standard cells. Our experimental results on the AES S-Box circuit with our explored complementary cells requires 6.1%and 2.1%additional area and energy while WDDL requires 100.3% and 93.4%, respectively. Moreover, ExCCeL achieves higher DPA attack resistivity compared to WDDL in many cases.
Adenocarcinoma of prostate: Role of 17β-estradiol and 5α-dihydroterosterone binding proteins

Abstract Presence of a specific 17β-estradiol-binding protein in prostates of patients with adenocarcinoma without hormonal manipulation prior to surgical resection has been reported by us earlier.' The present study involves 40 patients with carcinoma of prostate analyzed during the period December, 1974, through June, 1978. Thirty-four patients had metastatic disease, 26 of these were manipulated hormonally after and 8 prior to receptor protein assay. The other 6 were in clinical Stage C and were subjected to transurethral resection alone. The study confirms our earlier report and outlines the role of 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) and possibly 5 α -dihydrotestosterone (DHT) receptor protein in hormonally responsive and refractory patients. Based on the preliminary findings it seems possible to classify the prostatic carcinoma similar to human mammary cancer for the purpose of selecting patients for endocrine manipulation or treatment with other available modalities.
Coevolution of retroelements and tandem zinc finger genes

Vertebrate genomes encode large and highly variable numbers of tandem C2H2 zinc finger (tandem ZF) transcription factor proteins. In mammals, most tandem ZF genes also encode a KRAB domain (KZNF proteins). Very little is known about what forces have driven the number and diversity of tandem ZF genes. Recent studies suggest that one role of KZNF proteins is to bind and repress transcription of exogenous retroviruses and their endogenous counterpart LTR retroelements. We report a striking correlation across vertebrate genomes between the number of LTR retroelements and the number of host tandem ZF genes. This correlation is specific to LTR retroelements and ZF genes and was not explained by covariation in other genomic features. We further show that recently active LTR retroelements are correlated with recent tandem ZF gene duplicates across vertebrates. On branches of the primate phylogeny, we find that the appearance of new families of endogenous retroviruses is strongly predictive of the appearance of new duplicate KZNF genes. We hypothesize that retroviral and LTR retroelement burden drives evolution of host tandem ZF genes. This hypothesis is consistent with previously described molecular evolutionary patterns in duplicate ZF genes throughout vertebrates. To further explore these patterns, we investigated 34 duplicate human KZNF gene pairs, all of which underwent an early burst of divergence in the major nucleotide contact residues of their ZF domains, followed by purifying selection in both duplicates. Our results support a host-pathogen model for tandem ZF gene evolution, in which new LTR retroelement challenges drive duplication and divergence of host tandem ZF genes.
In-situ combustion retorting of oil shale

The study of oil shale and attempts to produce oil from this material has a history which is intermixed with and recurrent in the petroleum literature. Indeed the word petroleum was applied to shale oil before the first oil well and in England as early as the 14th century.1 The first shales to be processed for oil were the Torbanites of Scotland and kerosene shale of New South Wales. It was a Scottish professor who first used the term kerogen to designate the oil yielding material in oil shale. The first study of kerogen was motivated by an 1858 law suit on whether Torbani te was a coal or an oil shale. Since this t ime oil shale has come to be distinguished from coal and tar sands because the latter can be processed by solvents and the oil shale processed by destructive distillation. The first literature describing oil shale properties dates to the late 18th century in Europe and the first patents on oil shale use date to about the same period. 1 Oil shale may be defined as a shale rich in organic material and which when heated or subjected to destructive distillation yields an oil or gaseous hydrocarbon. Oil shale is sometimes also defined as containing a minimum weight of one-third ash. 2 The organic content and mineral matter contained in oil shales are widely variable making a more specific definition difficult. Oil shales are distributed throughout the world, al though the richest and most abundant identified deposits are contained in the Green River Format ion of Utah, Wyoming and Colorado. 3 These resources are summarized in Table 1. The extent of these
Prolactin as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor in human cancer

Prolactin (PRL) has a dual function -- as a circulating hormone and as a cytokine. This understanding is based on PRL production and distinct regulation in extrapituitary sites, its binding to membrane receptors of the cytokine receptor superfamily, and activation of signaling pathways that promote cell growth and survival. There is increasing evidence that PRL plays a role in several types of cancer in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues via local production or accumulation. The expression of both PRL and its receptor in human cancer cell lines of diverse origin lends further support to its action as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor. Establishment of PRL as an active participant in tumorigenesis should inspire the development of novel therapies aimed at reducing tumor growth by suppressing PRL production or by blocking its receptors.
Finding the Site of Origin and Velocity of Propagation in a Short One-Dimensional Strand from Two Extracellular Waveforms

In cardiac muscle times of excitation, the site of origin of excitation and propagation velocity usually are determined from the intrinsic deflections of a collection of extracellular waveforms. Separate waveforms are measured from each site for which an excitation time is to be found. Most of the information in each measured waveshape is discarded, even though waveshape features have been shown to be closely related to propagation characteristics. The objective of this paper is to examine the possibility of more fully utilizing all of the information in the extracellular waveform. Would a small number of measured waveforms, used more completely, be sufficient to find the site of origin, propagation velocity, and excitation times? A computer simulation of intra-and extracellular excitation along a one-dimensional cylindrical cardiac strand provided the framework for the evaluation. The dimensions and the-conductivity of the strand and the action potential shape were assumed known. Extracellular waveforms were simulated at 2 of 51 points on the strand and thereafter taken to be "measurements.?" The objectives were to calculate, from the "measured" waveforms, the site of origin of excitation (possibly anywhere along the strand), the speed of propagation, and the times of excitaion at all 51 points. Propagation speed was assumed constant, but of unknown magnitude, in both directions away from the site of excitation. Notable results of the study include correctly differentiating among different sequences of excitation having identical time differences between the intrinsic deflections of the two known extracellular waveforms.
Uranium transformations in static microcosms.

Elucidation of complex biogeochemical processes and their effects on speciation of U in the subsurface is critical for developing remediation strategies with an understanding of stability. We have developed static microcosms that are similar to bioreduction process studies in situ under laminar flow conditions or in sediment pores. Uranium L3-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy analysis with depth in the microcosms indicated that transformation of UVI to UIV occurred by at least two distinct processes. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis indicated that initial UVI species associated with C- and P-containing ligands were transformed to UIV in the form of uraninite and U associated with Fe-bound ligands. Microbial community analysis identified putative FeIII and sulfate reducers at two different depths in the microcosms. The slow reduction of UVI to UIV may contribute the stability of UIV within microcosms at 11 months after a decrease in bioreducing conditions due to limited ...
Variation of sea floor depth with age: A test of models based on drilling results

Previous analyses of the variation of depth with age in oceanic basins have demonstrated a systematic square root of age dependence in crust younger than 80 Ma. These studies used depths determined from marine seismic data, which have uncertainties due to the assumed sediment velocity. As an alternative, we compiled the basement depths from all DSDP and ODP drill sites that sampled ‘normal’ ocean crust in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, up to recent drilling (Leg 136). We applied further criteria to the data, rejecting any site not formed at a mid ocean ridge, or that did not penetrate extrusive basalts of MORB composition. The remaining high quality data set is small (77 sites), but adequate to test models of the thermal structure of the upper mantle. Our new results also show that the square root of age (t½) variation incorrectly estimates the observed depth for crustal ages older than 90 Ma. However, our data suggest a plate thickness of 104 ± 9 km and a basal temperature of 1400 ± 140 °C, and agree, at all ages, with the recent inversion by Stein and Stein, 1992.
Load relaxation studies of polycrystalline high purity aluminium

Abstract Load relaxation studies were carried out to test for the existence of a plastic equation of state in high purity polycrystalline aluminium. The tests verified that such an equation of state held at room temperature. The hardness states that were demonstrated were stable against static recovery up to at least 0.45 T m . The hardness curves of stress-strain rate satisfied a scaling relationship with respect to different states of hardness. Accumulated plastic strain is not a good state variable. Transient behavior could be readily distinguished from the time independent state behavior.
Least Mean Square Measures of Voice Perturbation

A signal processing technique is described for measuring the jitter, shimmer, and signal-to-noise ratio of sustained vowels. The measures are derived from the least mean square fit of a waveform model to the digitized speech waveform. The speech waveform is digitized at an 8.3 kHz sampling rate, and an interpolation technique is used to improve the temporal resolution of the model fit. The ability of these procedures to measure low levels of perturbation is evaluated both on synthetic speech waveforms and on the speech recorded from subjects with normal voice characteristics.
Weighted Kernel Density Estimation of the Prepulse Inhibition Test

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) refers to the reduction in startle reaction towards a startle-eliciting “pulse” stimulus when it is shortly preceded by a sub-threshold “prepulse” stimulus. PPI deficits have been seen in patients with schizophrenia and animal models of this mental disorder. The goal of this study was to provide an alternative method for the analysis of PPI data. The new method is expected to be more reliable and sensitive than the existing conventional method. We applied the Kernel density estimation (KDE) in the analysis of PPI data. KDE is a non-parametric method of estimating the probability density function of a random variable and is widely used in inferring population statistics based on limited, noisy samples of continuous random variables. Our results showed that the KDE method performed better than the conventional method and offered some advantages which are of significant in the post-session analysis of PPI data and in performing animal experiments.
Effects of Days Dry and Days Open on Holstein Milk Production

Abstract Holstein lactation records from the Dairy Herd Improvement test day files of the New York Dairy Records Processing Laboratory of Cornell University were used to study genetic and environmental relationships of days dry and days open with milk production. Age and month of calving significantly influenced lenhth of dry period. Within herd heritability estimates of days dry were .15, .33, and .34 for second, third and later lactations. Within herd heritability estimates of days open were essentially zero. As the length of open period increased, cumulative milk production also increased at each successive stage of lactation. Differences of days open groups for 305-day milk yield were used to prepare adjustment factors for days open.
Neutralization of phage type 71 staphylococcal bacteriocin by immune and nonimmune sera.

The interaction of phage type 71 Staphylococcus aureus bacteriocin with sera from humans and animals was investigated. The bactericidal activity of the bacteriocin is neutralized when the bacteriocin is incubated with unheated sera from humans, guinea pigs, and some rabbits. This neutralizing activity is heat labile, is present in the globulin and albumin fractions of sera, and is not removed after incubation with staphylococci that produce bacteriocin. Specific IgM antibodies are present in the sera of rabbits immunized with the bacteriocin. These antibodies are heat stable and can be removed by incubation with staphylococci that produce bacteriocin.
A Predictive Approach to Correlating Protein Adsorption Isotherms on Ion-Exchange Media

The equilibrium adsorption of three small basic proteins was measured on cation exchangers under various solution conditions and was used as the basis for developing a predictive approach for correlating adsorption behavior. A mechanistically based isotherm model is used to model the equilibrium adsorption so as to facilitate isotherm prediction using minimal experimental data. The model explicitly considers the contributions of protein-surface and protein-protein interactions, and decoupling them allows each to be correlated with different experimental measurements. Specifically, protein-surface interactions are related to chromatographic data in the form of the isocratic retention factor (k'), while protein-protein interactions are analyzed on the basis of high-coverage isotherm data on an arbitrary stationary phase. Analysis of experimental data within this framework reveals a high level of consistency. The model is also used to facilitate prediction of adsorption isotherms on other ion-exchange media using isotherms on one adsorbent.
Neurotransmitters as growth regulatory signals: role of receptors and second messengers

In the adult nervous system, neurotransmitters act as chemical mediators of intercellular communication by the activation of specific receptors and second messengers in postsynaptic cells. This specialized role may have evolved from more primitive functions in lower organisms where these substances were used as both intra- and intercellular signalling devices. This view derives from the finding that a number of 'classical' neurotransmitters are present in primitive organisms and early embryos in the absence of a nervous system, and pharmacological evidence that these substances regulate morphogenetic activities such as proliferation, differentiation, cell motility and metamorphosis. These phylogenetically old functions may be reiterated in the developing nervous system and in the humoral functions of neurotransmitters outside the nervous system. This review will provide evidence for this hypothesis based on the commonality of signal transduction mechanisms used in primitive organisms, early embryos and non-neuronal cells, and relate these relationships to the functions of neurotransmitters in the developing nervous system. This discussion has generally been limited to neurotransmitters where non-neuronal functions have been studied and information regarding the involvement of receptors and second messenger pathways is available.
Generating Matrix Exponential Random Variates

In this paper we present a technique for generating random variates from an empirical distribution using the matrix exponential representation of the distribution. In our experience, a matrix exponential representation of an empirical distribution produces random variates with an excellent fit with the empirical distribution. This technique is particularly important when the empirical data is very bursty, i.e., has a high variance. In this paper we discuss how to find the matrix exponential representation of an empirical distribution and we present our technique for generating random variates from the empirical distribution using its matrix exponential representation. We show how the matrix exponential representation of an empirical distribution is found through an example and then we show that matrix exponential random variates are an excellent fit with the empirical data through an χ2 goodness-of-fit test.
Nitric oxide levels of turbulent jet diffusion flames: Effects of residence time and damkohler number☆

The global residence time and the deviations from chemical equilibrium (i.e., the Damkohler number) were varied for a number of jet diffusion flames. The resulting effects on the nitric oxide emission index were measured and were compared with existing analysis. The global residence time is defined as L//U F, where L/ is the flame length and Up is the fuel jet velocity. Flame length is varied by increasing the jet diameter, by adding either premixed air or inerts to the fuel jet, or by adding a coaxial air stream. In particular, a unique jet flame was studied that is composed of helium-diluted hydrogen fuel; this flame is free of the complicating effects of flame radiation, buoyancy, and prompt NO and provides a useful baseline comparison to theory. It is found that NO x levels for three types of fuels were consistently less than levels predicted by thermal theory, which suggests that one or both of the two mechanisms that suppress NOx, namely strain and radiative cooling, are important. The use of a Damkohler number was found to successfully correlate the NO x data for the hydrogen/helium- air flames that have simple chemistry. As the helium concentration is increased in order to reduce the Damkohler number, the measured NO x emission index exceeds that of the equilibrium theory by as much as a factor of 24, which is further indication that it is important to add the correct nonequilibrium oxygen atom chemistry to current models.
Free products in mapping class groups generated by Dehn twists

Let F be an orientable surface with or without boundary and let M(F) be the mapping class group of F, i.e. the group of isotopy classes of orientation preserving diffeomorphisms of F. To each essential simple closed curve c on F we can associate an element C of M(F) called the Dehn twist about c. We refer the reader to [1] for definitions. It is well known (see [1]) that, at least in the case where F has no more than one boundary component, M(F) is generated by Dehn twists. Further, there are important subgroups of M(F) which are also generated by Dehn twists or simple products of Dehn twists; for example the Torelli group, the kernel of the homology action map M(F)→ Aut(H1(F;Z)) = Sp(H1(F;Z)), where Sp(H1(F;Z)) denotes the symplectic group, is known to be generated by Dehn twists about bounding curves and by “bounding pairs”. See [8] for proofs and definitions. Also Dehn twists crop up as geometric monodromy maps associated to Picard–Lefschetz vanishing cycles for plane curve singularities (see [5]).
Prosody and brain lateralization. Fact vs fancy or is it all just semantics

In rereading the initial publications1-3in which my colleagues and I first began to formulate our ideas and used consequently imprecise terminology, I can certainly appreciate the suggestion by Ryalls that some confusion could, and obviously did, arise regarding whether we endorsed a "strong" or a "weak" version of prosodic lateralization. However, if one follows carefully the evolution of the clinical studies, it is quite clear that our intention was never to endorse a strong theory, especially since Monrad-Krohn4had described dysprosody ("foreign accent" syndrome) as a disorder encountered in the recovery phases of a Broca-type aphasia following left anterior sylvian injury and emphasized that the disorder did not affect his patient's ability to carry a tune or project emotion in the voice, which was in distinct contrast to the patients we had described. It should also be pointed out that in the original article I coauthored
Mapping cardiac physiology and parenting processes in maltreating mother–child dyads.

Child maltreatment (CM) lies on an extreme end of the continuum of parenting-at-risk, and while CM has been linked with a variety of behavioral indicators of dysregulation in children, less is known about how physiological markers of regulatory capacity contribute to this association. The present study examined patterns of mother and child physiological regulation and their relations with observed differences in parenting processes during a structured interaction. Abusing, neglecting, and non-CM mothers and their 3- to 5-year-old children completed a resting baseline and moderately challenging joint task. The structural analysis of social behavior was used to code mother-child interactions while simultaneous measures of respiratory sinus arrhythmia were obtained. Results indicated that physically abusive mothers were more likely to react to children's positive bids for autonomy with strict and hostile control, than either neglecting or non-CM mothers. CM exposure and quality of maternal responding to children's autonomous bids were uniquely associated with lower parasympathetic tone in children. Results provide evidence of neurodevelopmental associations between early CM exposure, the immediate interactive context of parenting, and children's autonomic physiology.
Partial Purification of ABO Blood Group Antigens: Sodium Deoxycholate Fractionation of Human Erythrocyte Membranes

. A method has been developed for the fractionation of human erythrocyte membranes, using sodium deoxycholate, EDTA, differential ultracentrifugation, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Serologic studies demonstrate the presence of ABO blood group antigens in a 50,000 g supernatant. This fraction is further purified on DEAE-cellulose, and in type AB ghost preparations results in the separation of A and B antigens. Phytohemagglutinin binding activity is also in the same supernatant and after DEAE chromatography is located in the fraction that exhibited A activity. Rh and MN activity is associated with a larger membrane fragment which is pelleted at 30,000 g. The S, s, and I antigens are present in a soluble form, and remain in the supernatant following centrifugation at 100,000 g.
Drug-nutrient interactions in three long-term-care facilities.

Abstract Objective To assess the risk of drug-nutrient interactions (DNIs) in three long-term-care facilities. Design Retrospective audit of charts. Setting Three long-term-care facilities in central New York State. Subjects Fifty-three patients selected randomly from each facility. Measurement Data were collected from the medical record of each patient for a period of 6 months. A computerized algorithm was used to assess the risk for DNIs. Mean drug use, most frequently consumed drugs, incidence of potential DNIs, and the most commonly observed potential DNIs are reported. Results In facilities A, B, and C, respectively, patients consumed a mean of 4.86, 4.04, and 5.27 drugs per patient per month and were at risk for a mean of 1.43, 2.69, and 1.43 potential DNIs per patient per month. The most commonly observed potential DNIs were gastrointestinal interactions affecting drug bioavailability and interactions affecting electrolyte status. Conclusions Patients in long-term-care facilities, who are primarily elderly and chronically ill and who consume multiple medications, are at notable risk for certain DNIs. Efforts need to be made to ensure appropriate pharmacologic and nutrition therapies as well as adequate and timely monitoring of patients in these facilities. Dietitians can play an important role in training other health professionals and in designing policies to prevent DNIs. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995; 95:309-315 .
What is the value of measuring coronary artery calcification

Multiple technical factors are employed to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of measurements of coronary artery calcification at computed tomography (CT). Rutten et al (1) have demonstrated that an important factor affecting measurement variability is the partial volume effect that operates when contiguous, rather than overlapping, scans are reconstructed. The practical implication of this error might be a false-negative study or inaccurate categorization of the severity of a patient's risk. The authors propose that manufacturers offer the ability to construct overlapping scans with multidetector CT scanners from prospectively electrocardiographically-triggered examinations obtained for quantifying coronary calcium.
Radiofrequency Ablation as Salvage Therapy for Unresectable Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer

Despite total mesorectal resection, often with accompanying chemoradiation therapy, local recurrence continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in cases of rectal cancer. Recurrent rectal cancers are often inoperable as a result of pelvic sidewall and sacral invasion. The authors describe the use of radiofrequency (RF) ablation to manage an unresectable multiply recurrent rectal cancer in which complete ablation with durable long-term control was achieved despite the large size of the tumor. RF ablation is a viable option for patients who are poor surgical candidates or whose disease is not amenable to conventional surgical approaches.
Strongly field dependent magnetization of dilute nearly magnetic alloys

Abstract On the basis of a localized exchange enhancement model it is suggested that the incremental magnetization per impurity atom in dilute nearly magnetic alloys of the Pd -Ni type will be strongly field dependent even in the single impurity limit.
Vagal afferent modulation of a nociceptive reflex in rats: involvement of spinal opioid and monoamine receptors

Modulation of the spinal nociceptive tail flick (TF) reflex by electrical stimulation of subdiaphragmatic or cervical vagal afferent fibers was characterized in rats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital. Cervical vagal afferent stimulation (VAS) inhibited the TF reflex in a pulse width-, frequency-, and intensity-dependent fashion. The optimum parameters for inhibition of the TF reflex were determined to be 2.0 ms pulse width, 20 Hz frequency with a threshold (T) current of 60 microA. Cervical VAS at 0.2-0.6 T facilitated the TF reflex. Cervical VAS at T typically produced a depressor arterial blood pressure response, but inhibition of the TF reflex by VAS was not due to changes in blood pressure. Subdiaphragmatic VAS also inhibited the TF reflex and generally produced a pressor effect, but did not facilitate the TF reflex at intensities of stimulation less than T as did cervical VAS. The parameters of cervical VAS required for inhibition of TF reflex suggest that excitation of high-threshold, unmyelinated fibers are important in VAS-induced descending inhibition. The intrathecal administration of pharmacologic receptor antagonists into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar enlargement indicated that the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone produced a dose-dependent antagonism of cervical VAS-produced inhibition of TF reflex, but single doses of either phentolamine or methysergide (30 micrograms each) failed to affect the inhibition by VAS. Combined intrathecal injection of both phentolamine and methysergide (30 micrograms each), however, significantly attenuated inhibition of the TF reflex by cervical VAS. These results suggest that cervical VAS engages a spinal opioid system and co-activates descending serotonergic and noradrenergic systems to modulate spinal nociceptive processing.
“Elective affinities”: Language contact in the abstract lexicon and its structural consequences `Affinities really become interesting only when they bring about separations' (Goethe: Elective Affinities)

This paper investigates how and what properties of abstract lexical entries in the mental lexicon interact with the distribution of surface morphemes in language contact and/or L1 attrition. Data from Hungarian/English bilingual children provide evidence that asymmetries in the production of Hungarian preverbs and case suffixes may be explained by considering how these morphemes are elected in language production. Effects of differential election and status of “early” versus "late” system morphemes interact with effects of cross-linguistic incongruence and result in different patterns of error types in the use of preverbs and case suffixes. The results of the study support the predictions of the 4-M model and the Abstract Level model (Myers-Scotton & Jake, 2000). Working within the framework of the 4-M model and the Abstract Level model provides a principled explanation for interrelations between language production and the morphemic organization of the bilingual mental lexicon.
The adsorption of helium on liquid hydrogen

The adsorption energy of both4He and3He to the surface of liquid H2 and of liquid D2 has been measured. The dependence of the surface energy of liquid hydrogen upon the density of helium gas above the liquid has been used to determine the binding of helium atoms to the liquid surface. The results for the different isotopes are consistent with each other and with theoretical predictions.
Probe of interband relaxations of photo-excited carriers and spins in InSb based quantum wells

Abstract In this work we report the dynamics of photo-excited carrier/spin in several InSb/ Al x In 1− x Sb based quantum wells using differential transmission spectroscopy. The InSb quantum well layers were selectively pumped and probed by mid-infrared pulses to avoid possible contributions from the barrier materials. Our observations are suggesting that the initial distribution function strongly influences the carrier relaxation dynamics. In addition, we observe spin relaxation times ranging from 1.2-4-.2 ps, longer than the earlier observations in similar structures. We compare our results with our earlier measurements using magneto-optical Kerr effect.
The economics of active surveillance for prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer remains the number 1 cancer diagnosis in North American men and is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. As PSA use rises worldwide, global prostate cancer incidence is expected to increase. With widely disparate and escalating costs for prostate cancer care, relatively few studies compare the cost-effectiveness of commonly offered treatment modalities for localized disease, including active surveillance. With the escalating cost projections for prostate cancer management, it is critical to examine the economics of active surveillance compared with other therapies.
Simultaneous quadratic stabilization for a class of non-linear systems with input saturation using dynamic surface control

In this paper, a new method to estimate the initial condition set which guarantees the quadratic stability for a class of non-linear systems via dynamic surface control (DSC) in the presence of input saturation has been proposed. The estimated set is enlarged to allow some degree of input saturation, while achieving the simultaneous quadratic stability of the system in the domain. A convex optimization problem to obtain ellipsoidal initial condition sets via a linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach as well as an illustrative example will be presented.
Edge function analysis of crack interaction in anisotropic materials

Abstract The edge function method for anisotropic elasticity is based on the complex variable formulation and on the superposition of analytical solutions to the field equations. Herein the method is extended to the study of fracture interaction in anisotropic materials. Numerical results indicate that echelon crack formations are preferred. The effect of variation in Young's modulus is noted, while the variation of Poisson's ratio or shear modulus is not significant. Studies of multiple cracks suggest that the method is well suited to the efficient analysis of such problems, either on its own or in combination with other conventional schemes.
N-terminal amino acid analysis of the amyloid fibril protein.

Abstract 1. 1.The N-terminal amino acid of the amyloid fibril protein was studied by the method of Sanger using paper chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis. The amyloid fibrils were obtained from splenic homogenates of 14 patients with primary, secondary, or myeloma-associated amyloidosis. Aspartic acid was the amino-terminus in two preparations from primary amyloidosis and glutamic acid in one primary, one secondary and one myeloma associated amyloid. Nine amyloid fibril preparations (five from primary and four from secondary amyloidosis) did not have a detectable amino-terminus by this method. One of these nine preparations was further investigated and found to have a pyroglutamic acid amino-terminus. A small amount of N-terminal serine was found in all 14 preparations. 2. 2.This result is the first evidence of a chemical difference in the amyloid fibril proteins from different sources. The variations in the N-terminal amino acids did not correlate with the clinical types of amyloidosis.
Rules on The Hague and the Intercountry Adoption Act: Public Comments and the State's Responsiveness

We investigated comments made during the public commentary phase of rule making for the Proposed Rules for the Implementation of The Hague Convention and Intercountry Adoption Act and found that commenters were most concerned with issues of risk and liability and a number of commenters expressed serious concerns regarding the impact the rules would ultimately have on intercountry adoption practice. We also examined the impact these public comments had upon the final policy, and logistic regression revealed that the Department of State was largely responsive to public commentary as reflected in the Final Rules.
Microwave spectroscopy of high-L Rydberg states of neon.

Sixteen fine-structure intervals separating n=10 neon Rydberg levels with L=5, 6, 7, and 8 were measured with the precision of about \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}00.2 MHz, using fast beam microwave-optical techniques. The measured fine-structure pattern is in good agreement with the predictions of an effective potential model, and this comparison leads to precise determinations of the quadrupole moment and dipole polarizabilities of the $^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$ ground state of the ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$ ion: Q=-0.204 03(5)${\mathrm{ea}}_{0}^{2}$, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{s}}$=1.3028(13)${\mathit{a}}_{0}^{3}$, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{T}}$=-0.026(5)${\mathit{a}}_{0}^{3}$. The contributions of magnetic interactions to the Rydberg fine structure lead to a determination of the ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$ ion's g value, ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{J}}$=1.354(21). All of these core parameters provide challenging tests of atomic structure calculations. The measurements also set a limit on the possible contributions to the fine structure due to a predicted geometric phase effect that is about an order of magnitude smaller than expected. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Pulmonary manifestations of HIV/AIDS in the tropics

The most significant pulmonary opportunistic infections in the tropics are tuberculosis and pneumococcal pneumonia. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of these and other pulmonary manifestations of HIV are discussed. Ultimately, unless concerted efforts are made to treat underlying HIV infection in regions most devastated by AIDS, the impact of these diseases will continue to grow.
Is there an endogenous relationship between culture and economic development

Abstract Evidence from two communities suggests diverging paths of economic development; one which integrates culture into economic activities, and a second path which does not. If endogeneity cannot be assumed, does the relevance of culture for economic activities influence its stability and sustainability? Despite the predominance of culture in the former community, the social norms, ethnic cues and symbols are neither more likely to thrive or survive. Against expectations, the latter group appears more successful in preserving culture through a strategy of separating social identity from economic activities.
Partial fourier reconstruction for three‐dimensional gradient echo functional MRI: Comparison of phase correction methods

Partial Fourier (PF) methods take advantage of data symmetry to allow for either faster image acquisition or increased image resolution. Faster acquisition and increased spatial resolution are advantageous for fMRI because of increased temporal resolution and/or reduced partial volume effects, respectively. Standard PF methods, which use a phase reference obtained from a low resolution image, are adequate for the reconstruction of time-stationary images acquired using either spin echoes or short TE gradient echoes. In fMRI, however, multiple images are acquired using long TE gradient echoes, which introduces possible phase drifts in the fMRI data and high spatial frequencies in the phase reference. This work investigates several techniques developed to reconstruct fMRI data obtained with PF acquisitions. PF methods that account for both high-frequency spatial variations and time-dependent drifts in the phase reference are discussed and are quantitatively evaluated using receiver operator characteristic curve analysis.
Using Evolutionary Programming to Generate Skillful Extreme Value Probabilistic Forecasts

AbstractA new method for producing large member ensemble forecasts, using a variation of evolutionary programming (EP), is presented. A series of increasingly complex datasets are used to demonstrate the method and its potential utility. First, EP performance is considered using training and test “atmospheric” data derived from the Lorenz low-order dynamical system. Next, a modified form of the intermediate-order Lorenz model representing 500-hPa height is used. Finally, EP performance is evaluated using real 500-hPa data and day-3 forecasts of the reforecast model. As expected, short observational records limit the potential of the EP method by preventing proper training. A kind of perfect-prog approach, in which the EP ensemble is trained using a large “observational” sample constructed from the imperfect model, is shown to be a potentially viable means of counteracting limits to the observed record. The EP ensembles are shown to outperform dynamical model ensembles at the extremes, and to be competitiv...
Defective organellar membrane protein trafficking in Ap3b1-deficient cells.

AP-3 is a heterotetrameric protein complex involved in intracellular vesicle transport. Molecular analyses show that Ap3b1, which encodes the AP-3 (b)3A subunit, is altered in pearl mice. To provide genetic evidence that mutation of Ap3b1 is responsible for the pearl phenotype and to determine the null phenotype, the Ap3b1 gene was disrupted by homologous recombination. Mice homozygous for the resulting allele, Ap3b1(LN), or compound heterozygotes with pearl, displayed phenotypes similar to those of pearl mice, confirming that Ap3b1 is the causal gene for pearl. Moreover, pearl is likely to be a hypomorph as the Ap3b1(LN) homozygotes had a lighter coat color and accumulated fewer of the micro3 and (d)3 subunits of AP-3 than did pearl mice. Finally, immunofluorescence analysis of fibroblasts and melanocytes cultured from Ap3b1(LN) homozygotes revealed that the lysosomal membrane proteins Lamp I and Lamp II and the melanosomal membrane protein tyrosinase were mislocalized. In particular, the Lamp proteins were clustered on the cell surface. These findings strengthen the evidence for an alternate pathway via the plasma membrane for cargo normally transported to organelles by AP-3.
Expressing and maintaining timing constraints in FLEX

The timing constraint mechanism in a real-time programming language called FLEX is described. A FLEX program can use the constraint primitives to express timing and resource requirements. If the required time or resources are not available at run-time, a FLEX program can dynamically produce monotonic imprecise results. Both time and system resources are defined as first-class objects in the language so that they can be evaluated just like any other first-class object. By unifying time, resources, and normal objects, the semantics and the executions of real-time programs are more manageable. Some implementation issues for FLEX are discussed, and some performance data are presented. >
Financial Reform in a Devolved African Country: Lessons From Ethiopia

This article provides three frameworks for understanding the process of implementing a financial reform in an African country that has adopted a policy of devolution. The article is based on four years of experience in implementing a financial reform under Ethiopia's Civil Service Reform. The first framework, which we have termed the Framework for Financial Reform, provides an overall conception of financial reform. It has two dimensions: the stages of development of financial systems (external control, internal control, management, planning) and the steps to changing financial systems (comprehension, improvement, expansion). The second framework, the Four Tasks of Managing a Financial Reform, elaborates the steps in changing financial systems. These tasks include: reforming the approach to financial reform, improving the design of the reform, managing the implementation of the reform, and protecting the reform. The third framework focuses on the task of managing the implementation of financial reform and details the phases, variables and dilemmas of implementation. The phases of implementation are design, pilot and operation. Associated with these phases are variables that affect the implementation (resources, interdependence, sequence and timing) and dilemmas (comprehensiveness and monitoring). These frameworks support the article's two theses: (1) that reform of financial systems in Africa must be evolutionary, not revolutionary; and (2) that evolutionary reform of financial systems is especially needed in devolved African countries. Evolutionary reform is needed because financial systems in the public sector are fragile traditions that need first to be comprehended. Before more complicated financial ‘management’ reforms can be introduced that focus on outputs and outcomes, the existing ‘administrative’ financial systems which control inputs have to be understood, implemented and improved. ‘Best Practice’ is often the enemy of ‘feasible’ practice in developing countries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dimension-Free Exponentiated Gradient

I present a new online learning algorithm that extends the exponentiated gradient framework to infinite dimensional spaces. My analysis shows that the algorithm is implicitly able to estimate the L2 norm of the unknown competitor, U, achieving a regret bound of the order of O(U log(U T + 1))√T), instead of the standard O((U2 + 1)√T), achievable without knowing U. For this analysis, I introduce novel tools for algorithms with time-varying regularizers, through the use of local smoothness. Through a lower bound, I also show that the algorithm is optimal up to √log(UT) term for linear and Lipschitz losses.