cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of corrosion inhibitors on environmental fatigue crack growth in Al–Zn–Mg–Cu

Abstract Researchers have shown that high levels of chromate added to corrosion fatigue tests on 7xxx series aluminum alloys slows the fatigue crack growth rate (Gasem and Gangloff, 2001; Lui et al., 2003). Corrosion fatigue testing was completed with polymer coating leaching rate relevant inhibitor concentrations to determine the effect on fatigue damage. These results were compared to inhibition by the bacteria Ralstonia pickettii. For the test conditions, the bacteria showed better inhibition than the ionic inhibitors. More research is needed to quantify the mechanical load range and atmospheric corrosion conditions over which ionic inhibition will occur with the low levels of inhibitors available from coatings.
Total-variational-based optical flow for cardiac-wall motion tracking

©2001 SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited. The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.431038
Five-year angiographic follow-up of factors associated with progression of coronary artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS)

Objectives. The Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) required participants to undergo follow-up angiography at 5 years to identify clinical and angiographic features associated with progression of coronary artery disease. Background. The CASS randomized 780 patients at 11 participating clinical centers between an initial strategy of medical therapy versus bypass surgery. Five clinical sites accomplished follow-up angiography in >50% of their randomized subjects within a 42- to 66-month period after the entry arteriogram (n = 314). Methods. Qualified clinical site angiographers, using side by side film review, evaluated an average of 13 segments/patient on both arteriograms for initial stenosis severity, morphologic features, lesion location and occurrence of disease progression or occlusion. Progression was defined as further definite narrowing by ≥15% and occlusion as lesion progression to ≥98%. Lesions were subcategorized as to whether they were univariate and had or had not been treated with bypass surgery. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results. For nonbypassed segments, right coronary artery and left anterior descending artery proximal and midlocations were associated with disease progression. For stenosis-containing segments, the initial severity, a non-left anterior descending artery location and increased treadmill duration predicted progression. Segment occlusion was associated with initial lesion severity, right coronary artery location and subsequent interval myocardial infarction. There were few predictors of progression or occlusion in bypassed arteries, other than initial lesion severity. Conclusions. Univariate and multivariate associations with lesion progression and occlusion included diabetes, lesion location, elevated cholesterol level, interval infarction and lesion morphology. These angiographic results, collected in a prospective trial, are consistent with known risk factors.
Hole excitations in quantum antiferromagnets

Abstract We explore certain aspects of the problem of a quantum antiferromagnet (QAF) with and without holes using an interesting analogy with the problem of helium liquids. Density fluctuations in liquid 4He correspond to spin-waves in the QAF; holes introduced in the QAF couple to the spin-fluctuations in a similar way that 3He impurities introduced in liquid 4He couple to the density fluctuations of the liquid. We generalized the ideas of Feynman-Cohen introduced for the problem of Helium liquids to the case of holes in a QAF. We find that the mobile-hole creates a long-range dipolar spin-backflow which has interesting consequences for the hole-band and the hole-hole interaction.
Age, Racial Prejudice and Fear of Criminal Victimization in Public Settings

Abstract In this paper we examine the extent to which racial (antiblack) prejudice influences the positive relationship between age and fear of criminal victimization in public settings among whites. We hypothesize that elderly white adults are more prejudiced than younger white adults, that this prejudice causes them to be especially fearful of black strangers, and that this heightened fear of blacks results in greater fear of criminal victimization among the elderly. We use data collected using the factorial survey method to test this hypothesis. The results indicate that higher levels of racial prejudice among the elderly do play a part in the age / fear relationship among whites but in a way that is more complex than we hypothesized.
ROLE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND SIDEROPHORES IN BIOCONTROL OF TAKE-ALL DISEASE OF WHEAT

Both antibiotics and siderophores have been implicated in the control of soilborne plant pathogens by fluorescent pseudomonads. In Pseudomonas fluorescens 2–79, which suppresses take-all of wheat, the importance of the antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid was established with mutants deficient or complemented for antiobiotic production and by isolation of the antibiotic from the roots of wheat colonized by the bacteria. Genetic and biochemical studies of phenazine synthesis have focused on two loci; the first is involved in production of both anthranilic acid and phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, and the second encodes genes involved directly in phenazine synthesis. Because the antibiotic does not account fully for the suppressiveness of strain 2–79, additional mutants were analyzed to evaluate the role of the fluorescent siderophore and of an antifungal factor (Aff, identified as anthranilic acid) that accumulates when iron is limiting. Whereas strains producing only the siderophore conferred little protection against take-all, Aff+ strains were suppressive, but much less so than phenazine-producing strains. Ironregulated nonsiderophore antibiotics may be produced by fluorescent pseudomonads more frequently than previously recognized, and could be partly responsible for beneficial effects that were attributed in the past to fluorescent siderophores.
New Light on the Integrin Switch

Abstract Recent structures of the integrin ectodomain and the cytoplasmic tail complex suggest a model for both "inside-out" and "outside-in" integrin signalling, whereby ligand binding and unclasping the cytoplasmic tails can shift integrin to a high-affinity form.
Digital Subtraction Angiography In Peripheral Vascular Disease

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) has considerable utility in the evaluation of peripheral vascular disease. It is useful in screening selected patients for vascular disease and its relative ease of performance and good patient tolerance make it ideal for serial examinations of post operative patients. When used in conjunction with intra arterial injections, the technique may show "run-off" vessels which were not demonstrated by standard angiography. This paper presents our experience using DSA to image peripheral vascular problems.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Credible commitment and congestion pricing

Transportation analysts frequently assert that congestion pricing’s political obstacles can be overcome through astute use of the toll revenue pricing generates. Such “revenue recycling,” however, implies that the collectors of the toll revenue will not be its final recipients, meaning that any revenue recipient must believe that the revenue collector will honor promises to deliver the money. This raises the potential for credible commitment problems. Promises to spend revenue can solve one political problem, because revenue is an easy benefit to understand, but create another one, because revenue is easy to divert. Revenue recycling may therefore not be a promising way to build political support for congestion pricing. We highlight the role commitment problems have played efforts to implement congestion pricing, using examples from around the world and then focusing on California. Because congestion reduction is a more certain benefit than any particular use of the toll revenue, demonstration projects, rather than revenue promises, will be key to pricing’s political success.
Inhibition of Pitting in Ferrous Materials by Carbonate as a Function of Temperature and Alkalinity

Abstract The ability of bicarbonate and carbonate salts to inhibit pitting in ferrous materials was studied in aerated alkaline solutions at 60°C. These conditions were used in order that the systems would be representative of typical aqueous metal cleaning systems. Even though ferrous materials generally have been regarded as exhibiting a low susceptibility to corrosion atpH values > 10, it was shown that for C4140 (UNS G41400), increasing the temperature to 60°C atpH 10 increased the overall corrosion rate (as measured by linear polarization) by about 20 times to 100 times compared with the rate at room temperature. Addition of potassium bicarbonate/potassium carbonate (KHCO3/K2CO3) to the solution significantly reduced the corrosion rate. The influence of temperature at pH values of 11 to 13 on overall corrosion rate was very minor. To investigate the influence of alloy type, electrochemical experiments were performed at pH 11 at 60°C on gray cast iron type G-2 class 40 (UNS F12801), C4140 carbon steel...
Isolator/Combustion Chamber Interactions during Supersonic Combustion

The effects of pressure rise in the combustion chamber on the isolator flow were studied experimentally at three conditions with isolator entrance Mach number of 1.6, 1.9 and 2.5 . S park schlieren photography and wall pressure measurements were employed . These conditions cover the range of dual -mode combustion and transition to full scramjet operation. Heat release through combustion in the model scramjet was simulated by incrementally blocking the flow exit until upstream -interaction was induced and a shock train formed in the isolator. Theoretical predictions of the pressure rise in the isolator under separ ated flow conditions agreed w ell with the experimental data. The prediction is sensitive to the accurate modeling of the isolator inlet conditions and the correct selection of wall friction coefficient .
The possible function of positive reinforcement in home-bound agoraphobia: A case study

Abstract We conducted an uncontrolled case study (ABA design) based upon the hypothesis that the behavior of a home-bound agoraphic is at least partially maintained by positive reinforcement in the home and that a disruption of access to home-based reinforcement would lead to an increased frequency of out-of-the-home behavior. Data concerning the types and amounts of behavior engaged in by the subject within the confines of her home and yard were gathered during a 30-day base line period. In addition, potential reinforcers in the home were identified by a survey schedule and by self-report of time allocation. During an 18-day intervention period the subject agreed only to engaged in certain reinforcing activities outside her home (e.g., only watching television at a neighbor's house). Postintervention results indicated that for the first time in over 7 years the subject began engaging in out-of-home activities, including walking to other parts of the street, visiting several neighbors' homes, and attending parties at neighbors' homes. Moreover, data suggested a positive trend in time spent outside the yard during both 2 and 18 month follow-up periods. However, significant restrictions in the range of mobility were still observed.
A Markov-type inequality for the derivatives of constrained polynomials

Abstract Markov's inequality asserts that max −1⩽x⩽1 |p′(x)|⩽n 2 max −1⩽x⩽1 |p(x)| (1) for every polynomial of degree at most n . The magnitude of sup p∈S max −1⩽x⩽1 |p′(x)| max −1⩽x⩽1 |p(x)| (2) was examined by several authors for certain subclasses S of Π n . In this paper we introduce S = S n m ( r ) (0 ⩽ m ⩽ n , 0 r ⩽ 1), the set of those polynomials from Π n which have all but at most m zeros outside the circle with center 0 and radius r , and establish the exact order of the above expression up to a multiplicative constant depending only on m .
Surrogacy assessment using principal stratification when surrogate and outcome measures are multivariate normal.

In clinical trials, a surrogate outcome variable (S) can be measured before the outcome of interest (T) and may provide early information regarding the treatment (Z) effect on T. Using the principal surrogacy framework introduced by Frangakis and Rubin (2002. Principal stratification in causal inference. Biometrics 58, 21–29), we consider an approach that has a causal interpretation and develop a Bayesian estimation strategy for surrogate validation when the joint distribution of potential surrogate and outcome measures is multivariate normal. From the joint conditional distribution of the potential outcomes of T, given the potential outcomes of S, we propose surrogacy validation measures from this model. As the model is not fully identifiable from the data, we propose some reasonable prior distributions and assumptions that can be placed on weakly identified parameters to aid in estimation. We explore the relationship between our surrogacy measures and the surrogacy measures proposed by Prentice (1989. Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: definition and operational criteria. Statistics in Medicine 8, 431–440). The method is applied to data from a macular degeneration study and an ovarian cancer study.
INVESTMENT POLICIES FOR EXPANDING BUSINESSES OPTIMAL IN A LONG-RUN SENSE

Publisher Summary Entrepreneurs have a given initial fortune and faces the following situation: during any time period, they may invest various amounts of their available fortune in various alternatives differing from interval to interval and keep the remainder of their money as a reserve fund. The alternatives materialize and pay off according to a probability distribution in which occurrences in different time intervals are independent. A repeated gambling of all available funds on this alternative will, with probability one, lead to ultimate ruin. In this situation, the right thing to do during every investment period is to hold part of one's capital in reserve and invest the remainder in the alternative with the maximum expected return. The obvious objection to this is that the investor is no longer following his optimum policy; besides, question arise regarding the criterion being used to decide what funds to hold in reserve. The chapter explores the problem of finding the investment policies, that is, the division of funds during every time interval between the investment alternatives and the reserve that will make the long-run growth of the entrepreneur's fortune as rapid as possible.
Patty's Got a Gun: Patricia Hearst in 1970s America – By William Graebner

In Patty's Got a Gun, historian William Graebner traces the series of events that transformed Patricia Hearst, newspaper heiress, into Patty Hearst, cultural symbol. During the mid‐1970s, Hearst be...
Steady three-dimensional convection at high Prandtl numbers

Three-dimensional solutions are computed describing convection in a layer of a Boussinesq fluid of infinite Prandtl number. Rigid boundaries of constant temperature are assumed. As many as four physically different solutions are found for a given rectangular horizontal periodicity interval. These are two solutions describing bimodal convection, and two ‘square-pattern’ solutions which correspond to two orthogonally superimposed convection rolls of nearly equal amplitude. The Galerkin method used in obtaining the steady solutions can also be employed for the investigation of their stability. The stability of the bimodal solutions agrees with the experimental determination of the stability region by Whithead & Chan (1976). The square-pattern solution is unstable in the investigated parameter range, even though it exhibits the highest Nusselt number.
The Standards Lens on IS Innovations-The Case of CPFR

What's in a name? In this paper we argue the importance of looking, not just at different definitions of the same concept, but also at different concepts applied to the same phenomenon. Concepts such as "organizing vision", "methodology", "technology artifact", and "standards" represent different ways of understanding IS innovations, each highlighting certain aspects while minimizing others. We show how the standards lens adds value to the insights afforded by other familiar ways of looking at IS innovations by examining the particular IT-enabled supply chain innovation of Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR).
Cluster Analysis of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised

The intercorrelations among the 12 subtests of the WISC-R were analyzed for each of the 11 age groups in the standardization sample. Clusters were found that corresponded to the Verbal and Performance Scales, but there was also some evidence of a third group of subtests, drawn from both scales. The results were in general agreement with those of previous research in which factor analysis was applied to the same data.
Constructing collocated non-interfering wireless meshes with beam-crossing grids

Given a set of wireless access points (APs) geographically distributed in a region, we consider the problem of steering their directional antennas to form multiple overlapping, non-interfering wireless meshes. The resulting multiple wireless meshes provide not only a simultaneously usable, but also a fail-safe, wireless network infrastructure. We describe a mesh construction algorithm, called "beam-crossing grids", that allows the constructed multiple wireless meshes to cover a large common area, while not interfere with each other. This means that, from most locations in the area, wireless terminals can have access to more than one of these meshes for improved network bandwidth and redundancy. By using analysis and simulation, we show that when the AP density is relatively high, the algorithm converges rapidly to a high-performance construction of wireless meshes.
Experimental Studies Concerning the Meteoroid Hazard to Aerospace Materials and Structures

Meteoroid hazard to spacecraft materials and structures, using particle-projection techniques
Prisoner access to recreation, entertainment and diversion:

The question addressed is whether prison inmates have a moral right of access to recreation, entertainment and diversion. The interests grounding such a right are first discussed. I then consider w...
Successful Strategies for Effective Management of Hospital Utilization

Providing high-quality, cost-effective medical care is the challenge facing all managers of health care, physicians and administrators alike. Meeting this challenge will help determine the financial success of any health care delivery system. Innovative programming to successfully decrease hospitalization and the length of stay is one of the keys to successfully meeting this challenge. This article provides an overview of programs which, if implemented, will do much to either eliminate or shorten hospital days.
Disagreeing About Disagreement: How Conflict in Social Networks Affects Political Behavior

At the center of debates on deliberative democracy is the issue of how much real deliberation citizens experience in their core social networks. These ―disagreements about disagreement‖ come in a variety of forms, with scholars advocating significantly different empirical approaches (e.g., Huckfeldt et al. 2004; Mutz 2006), and coming to significantly different substantive conclusions. We tackle these discrepancies by investigating the effect of conceptual and measurement differences on key findings relating interpersonal political disagreement to political attitudes and behaviors. Drawing on the 2008-2009 ANES panel study, we find evidence that different measures of disagreement have distinct effects when it comes to individuals‘ preferences, patterns of engagement, and propensities to participate. We discuss the implications of these findings for the study of social influence; as interpersonal disagreement can mean different things and does not have easily characterized effects, scholars should exercise caution when making pronouncements concerning its empirical and democratic consequences.
1 N c expansion for baryons

A systematic expansion in 1/[ital N][sub [ital c]] is constructed for baryons in QCD. Predictions of the 1/[ital N][sub [ital c]] expansion at leading and subleading order for baryon axial vector current coupling constant ratios such as [ital F]/[ital D], baryon masses, and magnetic moments are derived. The baryon sector of QCD has a light quark spin-flavor symmetry at leading order in 1/[ital N][sub [ital c]]. The formalism of induced representations for contracted Lie algebras is introduced to explain the consequences of this symmetry. Relations are first derived for the case of two quark flavors. The generalization of the large [ital N][sub [ital c]] expansion to three flavors is subtle and is treated using several complementary methods. The 1/[ital N][sub [ital c]] expansion severely restricts the form of SU(3) breaking in the baryon sector. Extrapolation of the large [ital N][sub [ital c]] results to [ital N][sub [ital c]]=3 permits a quantitative comparison with experimental data. Deviations of the measured quantities from exact spin-flavor symmetry predictions are accurately described by the subleading 1/[ital N][sub [ital c]] corrections. Implications of the 1/[ital N][sub [ital c]] expansion for baryon chiral perturbation theory are discussed.
White Matter Changes of Neurite Density and Fiber Orientation Dispersion during Human Brain Maturation

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies of human brain development have consistently shown widespread, but nonlinear increases in white matter anisotropy through childhood, adolescence, and into adulthood. However, despite its sensitivity to changes in tissue microstructure, DTI lacks the specificity to disentangle distinct microstructural features of white and gray matter. Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) is a recently proposed multi-compartment biophysical model of brain microstructure that can estimate non-collinear properties of white matter, such as neurite orientation dispersion index (ODI) and neurite density index (NDI). In this study, we apply NODDI to 66 healthy controls aged 7–63 years to investigate changes of ODI and NDI with brain maturation, with comparison to standard DTI metrics. Using both region-of-interest and voxel-wise analyses, we find that NDI exhibits striking increases over the studied age range following a logarithmic growth pattern, while ODI rises following an exponential growth pattern. This novel finding is consistent with well-established age-related changes of FA over the lifespan that show growth during childhood and adolescence, plateau during early adulthood, and accelerating decay after the fourth decade of life. Our results suggest that the rise of FA during the first two decades of life is dominated by increasing NDI, while the fall in FA after the fourth decade is driven by the exponential rise of ODI that overcomes the slower increases of NDI. Using partial least squares regression, we further demonstrate that NODDI better predicts chronological age than DTI. Finally, we show excellent test—retest reliability of NODDI metrics, with coefficients of variation below 5% in all measured regions of interest. Our results support the conclusion that NODDI reveals biologically specific characteristics of brain development that are more closely linked to the microstructural features of white matter than are the empirical metrics provided by DTI.
The Power of Natural Variation for Model Organism Biology

Genetic background effects have long been recognized and, in some cases studied, but they are often viewed as a nuisance by molecular biologists. We suggest that genetic variation currently represents a critical frontier for molecular studies. Human genetics has seen a surge of interest in genetic variation and its contributions to disease, but insights into disease mechanisms are difficult since information about gene function is lacking. By contrast, model organism genetics has excelled at revealing molecular mechanisms of cellular processes, but often de-emphasizes genetic variation and its functional consequences. We argue that model organism biology would benefit from incorporating natural variation, both to capture how well laboratory lines exemplify the species they represent and to inform on molecular processes and their variability. Such a synthesis would also greatly expand the relevance of model systems for studies of complex trait variation, including disease.
Beauty and the Beast: Mediating Work-Place Sexual Harassment Claims

Can mediation serve the goals of gender-fair workplace laws and offer a viable alternative to litigation? Unlike litigation, mediation may provide a better opportunity to address the root causes of sexual harassment because it encourages open communication in which parties have an opportunity to learn about each other and each others’ respective interests. Mediation offers parties an opportunity to resolve disputes in a way that avoids many of the pitfalls associated with litigation, provided it is applied in conjunction with other efforts that address gender discrimination present in the organizational structure and culture. Therefore, while not without limitations, mediation can provide an effective alternative to litigation of work-place sexual harassment claims. Effective screening and mediator training are essential in ensuring responsible practice.
IT-Driven Power Grid Demand Response for Datacenters

In a power grid, supply and demand must always be balanced. The traditional approach is to ensure enough supply margins and redundancy to meet demand peaks. This approach is not always feasible in a physically or fiscally constrained environment, or when a system malfunction ("contingency" in power systems parlance) triggers a power deficit. A demand-response mechanism integrates demand management into power scheduling processes. IT will play a crucial role in these processes and lead the industry in the coordinated, economical operation of datacenters by taking advantage of instrumentation already present.
Structured linearization of discrete mechanical systems on Lie groups: A synthesis of analysis and control

Lie group variational integrators have the advantages of both variational and Lie group integrators, which preserve the momentum, symplectic form, holonomic constraints and the Lie group structure. In addition, their long-time energy stable behaviour and coordinate-independent nature make it quite suitable to simulate a variety of mechanical systems. The structure-preservation of a Lie group variational integrator implies its linearization is structure-preserving as well, thus we call such a linearization “structured linearization”. However, due to the implicit nature of variational integrators and the non-trivial differential structure of Lie groups, the structured linearization of Lie group variational integrators is much more complicated than that in generalized coordinates. In this paper, we formulate the structured linearization of Lie group variational integrators to synthesize existing analysis and control tools. To illustrate the utility of the paper, LQR controllers are constructed directly on constrained Lie groups for the asymmetric 3D pendulum and quadrotor with a suspended load, simulation results show that both controllers have a large basin of attraction.
Evaluation of fellowship and residency programs in a comprehensive cancer center

Abstract A Dental Oncology residency and fellowship program was evaluated annually from 1980‐1984 by each trainee. Nineteen training program variables were assessed on an Exit from Training Questionnaire using 0‐100 mm linear scales. The five annual scores for each variable were subjected to trend analysis. Implication of the results to the training program are discussed. The evaluation method may be used to establish a departmental training program benchmark in relation to which future performance can be measured and as a guide to program modification. The method may be applied to all departmental training programs and, when combined, to the institution as a whole.
Ordered-defect structure in epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films.

An ordered defect structure in superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films has been characterized by both x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The defect structure, which is observed growing epitaxially within the grains of normal $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$ structure, has the diffraction characteristics of a distinct phase whose volume fraction can be correlated with changes in film composition. The diffraction characteristics are consistent with an orthorhombic unit cell ($a\ensuremath{\cong}b=3.86$ \AA{}, $c=27.19$ \AA{}) with space group Ammm. These are the characteristics to be expected from a structure in which extra copper-oxygen layers create fault planes, which are inserted at every unit cell in the parent $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$ structure. The composition expected for the pure phase is ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{4}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{8}{\mathrm{O}}_{20\ensuremath{-}x}$. Preliminary transport measurements on films containing this extra phase are characterized by lower normal-state resistances and a lower Hall constant.
Hearing impairment and retirement.

BACKGROUND Many factors influence the decision to retire including age, insurance, and pension availability along with physical and mental health. Hearing impairment may be one such factor. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the 15 yr retirement rate among subjects with and without hearing impairment. RESEARCH DESIGN Prospective, population-based study. STUDY SAMPLE Subjects were participants in the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (EHLS), a longitudinal investigation of age-related hearing loss. Participants who were working full- or part-time in 1993-1995 were included (n = 1410, mean age = 57.8 yr). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data from four EHLS phases (1993-1995, 1998-2000, 2003-2005, and 2009-2010) were analyzed in 2010-2012. Hearing impairment was defined as a pure tone threshold average (at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) greater than 25 dB HL in the worse ear. Employment status was determined at each of the four phases. Kaplan-Meier estimates of the cumulative incidence of retirement were calculated, and Cox discrete-time modeling was used to determine the effect of hearing impairment on the rate of retirement. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of retirement was significantly (p < 0.02) higher in those with a hearing impairment (77%) compared to those without a hearing impairment (74%). After adjustment for age, gender, self-reported health, and history of chronic disease, there was no significant difference in the rate of retirement between those with and without a hearing impairment (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.7, 1.1). Similar results were observed when hearing aid users were excluded, when hearing impairment was based on the better ear thresholds, and when analyses were restricted to those under 65 yr of age and working full-time at baseline. Participants with a hearing impairment were less likely to state that the main reason for retirement was that the time seemed right. CONCLUSIONS Hearing impairment was found to be associated with a higher rate of retirement, but the association was not independent of the effects of age, gender, and health.
Anterior mediastinal tracheostomy: indications, techniques, and clinical experience.

Anterior mediastinal tracheostomy has wider clinical application than its initially described use for treatment of stomal recurrences following laryngectomy for carcinoma. This procedure provides access to the cervicothoracic esophagus and thereby permits resection and reconstruction in an area traditionally regarded as “no-man’s land.” This report reviews our experience with 17 patients who have undergone anterior mediastinal tracheostomy for cervicothoracic esophageal carcinoma (11); pharyngeal carcinoma following previous laryngectomy (two); stomal stenosis following laryngectomy and radiation therapy for carcinoma (two); stomal recurrence following laryngectomy (one); and extensive thyroid carcinoma (one). Ten patients underwent concomitant laryngopharyngectomy, 12 blunt transmediastinal esophagectomy, and 13 visceral esophageal substitution using either stomach (pharyngogastrostomy in eight) or colon (pharyngocolostomy in five). A bipedicled upper thoracic apron flap was used to construct the mediastinal tracheostomy in 13 patients; four patients required a thoracoacromial rotational flap because of the need to resurface the anterior neck following resection of skin involved with tumor. Three deaths occurring within 30 days of operation resulted from innominate artery rupture (one), acute myocardial infarction (one), and respiratory insufficiency (one). Two late hospital deaths followed a cerebrovascular accident (one) and hepatorenal syndrome (one). Iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism and hypothyroidism occurred in six patients. After a period of follow-up ranging from 2 to 36 months (average 12 months), satisfactory airways and swallowing have been restored in the surviving 12 patients. Two of the survivors now have mild stomal stenoses which are easily dilated.
Charles Hard Townes: Remarkable Scientist and Inspiring Teacher

Charles Townes is renowned for his work elucidating the structure of molecules through microwave spectroscopy and for his invention of the maser and the laser. He also had a lifelong interest in astronomy, and in the later portion of his remarkable and long career devoted himself to astronomical research, pioneering the study of molecules in interstellar space and the development of infrared spectroscopy, first from the ground and then from airborne facilities. His interest in high angular resolution, as well as high spectral resolution observations, led to development of the first infrared spatial interferometer employing coherent signal processing techniques. In this short review I will only touch on some of Townes’ many scientific contributions, concentrating on astronomy, and will also give some personal thoughts about how he inspired students in their research, helping to make the “Townes Group” at the University of California, Berkeley, an ideal environment in which to start a career in research.
Looking at Pedestrians at Different Scales: A Multiresolution Approach and Evaluations

Typically, in a detector framework, the model size is fixed at the size of the smallest object to be detected, and larger objects are detected by scaling the input image. The information lost due to scaling could be vital for accurately detecting large objects, which is an essential task for vision-based driver-assistance systems. To this end, we evaluate a multiresolution detector framework by training models at different sizes and demonstrate its effectiveness on a state-of-the-art pedestrian detector. Our comprehensive evaluation demonstrates meaningful improvement in detector performance. On the KITTI dataset under moderate difficulty settings, we achieve a 6% increase in the detector's average precision over the baseline single-resolution result on the KITTI benchmark. Further insights into the detector's improvements are provided using a fine-grained analysis of the detector's performance at various threshold settings.
Genome-wide SNP discovery in the annual herb, Lasthenia fremontii (Asteraceae): genetic resources for the conservation and restoration of a California vernal pool endemic

California vernal pool (VP) ecosystems support a diverse community of endemic plants that are threatened by multiple anthropogenic pressures, generating a need for molecular tools to quantify the extent and distribution of genetic variation in native populations. Here, we used RADseq to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for a widespread VP endemic plant species, Lasthenia fremontii. We discovered nuclear-based SNPs using a RAD-tag library of 12 individuals from different VP complexes using SbfI, a restriction enzyme that does not cleave the chloroplast genome in Lasthenia. A total of 316,106 catalog loci were obtained across all twelve individuals in the library. Of these, 713 loci were polymorphic, yielding 3918 candidate SNPs. Next, we genotyped an additional 285 additional plants to validate and characterize 71 of the candidate SNPs. Of these, 44 were polymorphic among VP complexes. A preliminary analysis of the distribution of genetic variation using these loci revealed significant isolation-by-distance across the species’ geographic range. Weaker, but in some cases significant, genetic differentiation was detected among subpopulations from different pools within a single VP complex. Thus, in this study, RADseq allowed the discovery of SNP markers that can characterize patterns of genetic variation at multiple spatial scales in L. fremontii, which can be used to inform the conservation and mitigation of VP populations.
MEDIATORS AND MODERATORS OF IMPROVEMENTS IN MEDICATION ADHERENCE: SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF A COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER-LED DIABETES MEDICATION SELF-MANAGEMENT SUPPORT PROGRAM

Objective. In a randomized controlled trial we compared two models of community health worker–led diabetes medication decision support for low-income Latino and African American adults with diabetes. Most outcomes were improved when community health workers used either an interactive e-Health tool or print materials. This article investigates mediators and moderators of improved medication adherence in these two models. Method. Because both programs significantly improved satisfaction with medication information, medication knowledge, and decisional conflict, we examined whether improvements in each of these outcomes in turn were associated with improvements in self-reported medication adherence, and if so, whether these improvements were mediated by improvements in diabetes self-efficacy or diabetes distress. Potential moderators of improvement included gender, race/ethnicity, age, education, insulin use, health literacy, and baseline self-efficacy, diabetes distress, and A1c. Results. A total of 176 par...
Maintaining developmentally appropriate literacy practices in standardized classrooms: a Freirean framed review of the literature

ABSTRACTScholars [e.g., Carlsson-Paige, N., McLaughlin, G., & Almon, J. (2015). Reading instruction in kindergarten: Little to gain and much to lose. Retrieved December 11, 2015, from https://www.sarahlawrence.edu/cdi/media/pdf/ReadinginKindergartenreport.pdf] warn that outcome-oriented, kindergarten, literacy standards may encourage an overreliance on didactic methods at the expense of child-centered practices. Such an overreliance can limit curiosity and decrease feelings of competence [Haberman, M. (2010). 11 consequences of failing to address the ‘Pedagogy of Poverty’. Phi Delta Kappan, 92(2), 45–46]. This review investigates the intersection of DAP [Copple, C., & Bredekamp, S. (Eds.). (2009). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children.] and literacy standards in an effort to better support educators striving to address both. Additionally, the theoretical ...
A Model to Explain How the Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) Vaccine Drives Interleukin-12 Production in Neonates.

The Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the only routine vaccination at birth that effectively induces neonatal T-helper 1 (Th1)-polarized immune responses. The primary cytokine that drives CD4+ T-cell Th1 differentiation is interleukin (IL)-12 p70, a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the IL-12 p35 and IL-12 p40 subunits. We therefore examined the mechanisms involved in BCG vaccine stimulation of IL-12 p35 and p40 production from human umbilical cord (neonatal) cells. We found that BCG bacilli did not upregulate IL-12 p35 mRNA production, but upregulated IL-12 p40 mRNA production in a Toll-like receptor (TLR)2-dependent manner, in human neonatal monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mdDCs). The combination of TLR2 signaling, Type I interferon (IFN), and Type II IFN induced maximal levels of IL-12 p35 and p40 mRNA production in human neonatal mdDCs. The cell-free supernatants of reconstituted BCG vaccine vials contained extracellular mycobacterial (BCG) DNA which could induce IFN-α (Type I IFN) production in human neonatal plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). BCG bacilli also stimulated human neonatal CD16lo natural killer (NK) cells to produce IFN-γ (Type II IFN) in a TLR2-dependent manner. We have therefore proposed a model where BCG vaccine could stimulate the combination of neonatal conventional DCs (cDCs), pDCs, and CD16lo NK cells to produce optimal neonatal IL-12 p35 and p40 (IL-12 p70) production and subsequent CD4+ T-cell Th1 polarization. An adjuvant that emulates the mechanism by which the BCG vaccine stimulates neonatal IL-12 p35 and p40 production could improve vaccine strategies at birth for protection against intracellular pathogens and toxins.
Antigen expression and polymerase chain reaction amplification of mantle cell lymphomas

Flow immunophenotyping, DNA content analysis, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for t(11;14) and t(14;18) were performed on 11 cases of typical mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), 5 cases of apparent MCL with proliferation centers (MCL-PC), and 5 cases of small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). Immunophenotyping showed IgM (P < .001), Ig light (P < .001), and CD20 (P < .001) expression to be more intense in MCL than in SLL. In MCL-PC, the mean intensity of IgM, Ig light chain, and CD20 expression was intermediate to the intensities observed in MCL and SLL. Furthermore, in contrast to SLL, all MCL and 4 of 5 MCL-PC cases exhibited stronger CD20 than CD19 expression. CD10 expression was not observed in any case and CD5 expression was present in all SLL and MCL-PC cases and in 9 of 11 MCL cases. DNA content analysis showed an S- phase fraction of less than 3% in all cases studied and, except for 1 MCL case, all lymphomas were DNA diploid. The t(11;14) breakpoint junctions involving the bcl-1 major translocation cluster were amplified by PCR in 4 of 11 (36%) MCL cases and in none of the MCL-PC or SLL cases. The t(14;18) involving the bcl-2 major breakpoint region was not identified by PCR in any case. We conclude that the level of expression of surface antigens and the rapid detection of t(11;14) by PCR are potentially useful for distinguishing MCL and SLL in the clinical setting. Further investigations as to the biologic relationship between MCL, MCL-PC, and SLL, and the utility of t(11;14) PCR in these lymphomas are warranted.
The association of plasma glucose, BHBA, and NEFA with postpartum uterine diseases, fertility, and milk production of Holstein dairy cows

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the metabolic indicators such as nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and glucose during the transition period and the development of uterine diseases. In total, 181 Holstein dairy cows were enrolled in the study. Plasma glucose, NEFA, and BHBA concentrations were measured at −50, −6, 3, 7, and 14 days relative to parturition. All cows enrolled in the study were evaluated for retained placenta (RP), metritis, and endometritis. Metritis and RP were diagnosed and treated by trained farm personnel. Clinical endometritis was evaluated by a veterinarian at 35 days in milk using a Metricheck device. We found plasma glucose concentration to be associated with the occurrence of metritis and clinical endometritis. Moreover, cows with an increased calving-to-conception interval (>150 days) presented higher plasma glucose concentrations than cows that became pregnant within the first 150 days, whereas BHBA and NEFA were not associated with the occurrence of any uterine disorder. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used in an attempt to determine the cow-level critical thresholds for the occurrence of metritis, and endometritis. In addition, pairwise comparisons of area under the curve (AUC) of ROC curves for the critical thresholds for glucose, BHBA, and NEFA predicting the same uterine disease were performed. Glucose at 3 days in milk was the best predictor for metritis and endometritis diagnosis, with AUC values of 0.66 and 0.67, respectively. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed and showed that cows with higher levels of glucose at Day 3 were at 6.6 times higher odds of being diagnosed with metritis, and 3.5 times higher odds of developing clinical endometritis, compared with cows with lower glucose levels. Finally, a simple linear regression analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between daily milk yield in the first and second weeks of lactation and plasma glucose concentrations measured at Days 7 and 14, respectively. Concentrations of NEFA and BHBA were not found to be associated with milk production.
R-Type Ca2+ channels couple to inhibitory neurotransmission to the longitudinal muscle in the guinea-pig ileum.

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Subtypes of enteric neurons are coded by the neurotransmitters they synthesize, but it is not known whether enteric neuron subtypes might also be coded by other proteins, including calcium channel subtypes controlling neurotransmitter release. What is the main finding and its importance? Our data indicate that guinea-pig ileum myenteric neuron subtypes may be coded by calcium channel subtypes. We found that R-type calcium channels are expressed by inhibitory but not excitatory longitudinal muscle motoneurons. R-Type calcium channels are also not expressed by circular muscle inhibitory motoneurons. Calcium channel subtype-selective antagonists could be used to target subtypes of neurons to treat gastrointestinal motility disorders. There is evidence that R-type Ca2+ channels contribute to synaptic transmission in the myenteric plexus. It is unknown whether R-type Ca2+ channels contribute to neuromuscular transmission. We measured the effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor nitro-l-arginine (NLA), Ca2+ channel blockers and apamin (SK channel blocker) on neurogenic relaxations and contractions of the guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus (LMMP) in vitro. We used intracellular recordings to measure inhibitory junction potentials. Immunohistochemical techniques localized R-type Ca2+ channel protein in the LMMP and circular muscle. Cadmium chloride (pan-Ca2+ channel blocker) blocked and NLA and NiCl2 (R-type Ca2+ channel blocker) reduced neurogenic relaxations in a non-additive manner. Nickel chloride did not alter neurogenic cholinergic contractions, but it potentiated neurogenic non-cholinergic contractions. Relaxations were inhibited by apamin, NiCl2 and NLA and were blocked by combined application of these drugs. Relaxations were reduced by NiCl2 or ω-conotoxin (N-type Ca2+ channel blocker) and were blocked by combined application of these drugs. Longitudinal muscle inhibitory junction potentials were inhibited by NiCl2 but not MRS 2179 (P2Y1 receptor antagonist). Circular muscle inhibitory junction potentials were blocked by apamin, MRS 2179, ω-conotoxin and CdCl2 but not NiCl2 . We conclude that neuronal R-type Ca2+ channels contribute to inhibitory neurotransmission to longitudinal muscle but less so or not all in the circular muscle of the guinea-pig ileum.