cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological and Phenological delimitation of Chironomus prior sp. n. and c. tardus sp. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae), sibling species from arctic Alaska

Abstract Two discrete periods of adult emergence indicated that an unknown Chironomus population consisted of a pair of sibling species. Morphometric analysis of all life history stages confirmed this hypothesis. The new species Chironomus prior and C. tardus can be distinguished as larvae, pupae, and male and female adults, although many traditional taxonomic characters are of little use. Populations of both species in several ponds emerged with high intraspecific synchrony and consistent seasonal phenology over four summers, and protandrous emergence was often detected. Sexual dimorphism in weight is of the same magnitude as the size difference between these species, and life cycles of sympatric populations appear to differ primarily in the timing of prepupal development and emergence.
Crystallographic facets and shapes of gold nanorods of different aspect ratios

Abstract Crystal structures of gold nanorods synthesized electrochemically using micelles as a capping material have been studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Short gold nanorods with aspect ratios of 3–7 are enclosed mainly by {100} and {110} facets and their axial growth direction is [001], whereas long gold nanorods of aspect ratios 20–35 are dominated by {111} and {110} facets and their growth axial direction is 〈112〉. The short rods are the dominant constituents, whereas the long rods are observed occasionally. Spherical-like Au particles with equivalent mass to the short rods are dominated by {111} and {100} facets with shapes of truncated octahedra, icosahedra and decahedra. The unique {110} facets of Au nanorods are expected to have interesting surface properties.
THE RATE OF UPTAKE OF CARBON MONOXIDE AND OF NITRIC OXIDE BY NORMAL HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES AND EXPERIMENTALLY PRODUCED SPHEROCYTES

The uptake of gases such as oxygen, carbon monoxide, or nitric oxide by the erythrocyte involves: ( a ) diffusion across the cellular membrane, ( b ) intraerythrocytic diffusion, and ( c ) chemical combination with hemoglobin. The aim of this investigation was to obtain data which would permit an analysis of each of these factors in limiting the rate of gas uptake. The initial over-all rate of uptake of gases which combine chemically with hemoglobin to produce a color change can be measured by a modified version of the Hartridge-Roughton-Millikan constant flow, rapid reaction apparatus. If nitric oxide is the reactant gas, only ( a ) and ( b ) are measured since the chemical combination of this gas with hemoglobin is extremely rapid. Our studies have shown that human biconcave discoidal erythrocytes at 38 and 48°C., have the same initial rate of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide uptake as the same cells converted into spherocytes of equal volume. Similarly there was no difference between discs and cells sphered with a 30 per cent increase in volume. Shrunken erythrocytes showed a marked decrease in rate of gas uptake. This suggests that surface area and maximum linear distance for intracellular diffusion of this magnitude do not measurably retard gas uptake. In the shrunken cells, a change in the orientation and concentration of intraerythrocytic hemoglobin and/or of the membrane components may have impeded gas diffusion.
Electrolyte exchange in isolated spinach chloroplasts.

Abstract 1. 1. Efflux of 22Na+, 42K+, and 36Cl− from isolated chloroplasts was measured in the relative absence of metabolic activity, i.e., in the dark at 4° . The half-time for isotope efflux was approx. 11 min for all 3 ions. 2. 2. The size of the Na+ pool was proportional to the Na+ concentration in the medium; Na+ efflux was proportional to the size of the pool. 3. 3. When chloroplasts were disrupted by alternate freezing and thawing, Na+ efflux kinetics were not altered. However, the exchanging pool size was reduced about 70% in the disrupted chloroplasts. 4. 4. At 24° the efflux half-time decreased to 4 min. This corresponds to an activation energy of 7650 cal/degree per mole. 5. 5. On the basis of these observations it is suggested that the exchanging compartment corresponds to small subcompartments within the chloroplast, and comprises less than 10% of the pellet volume. The ions appear to penetrate the diffusion barriers by simple diffusion. The diffusion barriers separating the small subcompartments from the external compartment appear to be highly permeable to ions, and there is no evidence of a Donnan distribution or of a transmembrane potential.
Traces of oscillating functions

We show that the trace of an indefinitely oscillating function on a subspace of ℝd is not always indefinitely oscillating. In the periodic case, the number of oscillations of the trace depends on the regularity of the function. In the general case, we exhibit a definitive counter-example.
Selection and characterization of a murine lymphoid cell line partially deficient in S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase.

Abstract The exact role of S -adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (EC 3.3.1.1) in mediating the toxic effects of adenosine toward mammalian cells has not been ascertained. The selection and characterization of S -adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase-deficient cell lines offers a biochemical genetic approach to this problem. In the present experiments, a mutant clone (Sahn 12) with 11–13% of wild-type S -adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activity was selected from the murine T lymphoma cell line R 1.1 after mutagenesis and culture in adenosine, deoxycoformycin, uridine and homocysteine thiolactone-supplemented medium. In the presence of 0.5 mM homocysteine thiolactone and 10–200 μM adenosine, wild-type and mutant cells synthesized S -adenosylhomocysteine intracellularly at markedly different rates, and excreted the compound extracellularly. Thus, at time points up to 10 h, the S -adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase-deficient lymphoblasts required 5–10-fold higher concentrations of adenosine in the medium to achieve the same intracellular S -adenosylhomocysteine levels as wild-type cells. Similarly, the Sahn 12 lymphoblasts were 5–10-fold more resistant than R 1.1 cells to the toxic effects of adenosine plus homocysteine thiolactone. These results establish that (i) 11–13% of wild-type S -adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activity is compatible with normal growth, (ii) in medium supplemented with both adenosine and homocysteine thiolactone, intracellular S -adenosylhomocysteine is synthesized by S -adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, (iii) the net intracellular level of S -adenosylhomocysteine is determined by both the rate of S -adenosylhomocysteine synthesis and its rate of excretion, (iv) under such conditions the accumulation of S -adenosylhomocysteine is related to cytotoxicity, (v) in the absence of an exogenous homocysteine source, S -adenosylhomocysteine derives from endogenous sources, and the accumulation of S -adenosylhomocysteine is not the primary cause of adenosine induced cytotoxicity.
Use of a novel rapid and resource‐efficient cassette dosing approach to determine the pharmacokinetics and CNS distribution of small molecule 7‐transmembrane receptor allosteric modulators in rat

Approaches to efficiently and accurately define the pharmacokinetics (PK) of large sets of small molecules in rodents have been previously described. Likewise, a variety of methods for determining brain tissue distribution (BTD) have been reported for use in the discovery of therapeutics targeting the central nervous system (CNS). Herein we describe a novel cassette approach to efficiently obtain concurrent PK and BTD data from a dose of up to five compounds in one rat over 24 h. In conjunction with fraction unbound (fu) data obtained in plasma and brain homogenate, this approach serves as an efficient means to determine compound unbound brain:unbound plasma partition coefficients (Kp,uu), thereby providing insight to compounds bearing poor permeability and/or active transporter activity impacting their permeation of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This integrated approach was utilized in a lead optimization effort towards the discovery of CNS-penetrant allosteric modulators of a seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptor target. Rat PK and brain distribution was rapidly obtained for 70 compounds and correlated to data obtained from in vitro assessments. Two compounds that were evaluated in cassette and discrete studies, displayed agreement in PK (compound 1: cassette CLp = 1.6 mL min−1 kg−1, discrete CLp = 1.6 mL min−1 kg−1; compound 2: cassette CLp = 11 mL min−1 kg−1, discrete CLp = 8.1 mL min−1 kg−1) and BTD (compound 1: cassette Kp = 0.11, discrete Kp = 0.09; compound 2: cassette Kp < 0.05, discrete Kp = 0.04). The resulting data were used to guide medicinal chemistry efforts and to enable the progression of optimized compounds to in vivo pharmacodynamic assessments.
Microscopic abrasion-ablation approximation to projectile fragmentation.

This microscopic abrasion-ablation model approximates primary fragment cross sections using the Glauber interaction probabilities of the individual nucleon orbitals. It estimates the excitation energy distribution of the primary fragments using the density of hole states left by the abraded nucleons. The secondary (observable) cross sections are obtained by taking into account the statistical decay of each primary fragment over its entire range of excitation energy. The agreement with experimental data is good for light projectiles but deteriorates with increasing mass of the projectile, due to the increasing importance of secondary collisions of the abraded nucleons with the rest of the projectile.
P2Y Receptor Regulation of PAI-1 Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

P2Y-type purine and pyrimidine nucleotide receptors play important roles in the regulation of vascular hemostasis. In this article, the regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) by adenine and uridine nucleotides was examined and compared. Northern analysis revealed that RASMCs express multiple P2Y receptor subtypes, including P2Y(1), P2Y(2), and P2Y(6). Treatment of RASMCs with UTP increased PAI-1 mRNA expression and extracellular PAI-1 protein levels by 21-fold (P UDP>ATP=2-MeSATP, consistent with a predominant role of the P2Y(6) receptor. Further studies revealed that exposure of RASMCs to either ATP or ADP for 3 hours inhibited both UTP- and angiotensin II-stimulated PAI-1 expression by up to 90% (P<0.001). Thus, ATP induced a small and transient upregulation of PAI-1 that was followed by a strong inhibition of PAI-1 expression. These results show that extracellular adenine and uridine nucleotides exert potent and opposing effects on vascular PAI-1 expression.
Stochastic behaviour of Deutsche mark exchange rates within EMS

This article explores the intertemporal interaction of three European Monetary System (EMS) exchange rates namely, the French franc, the Belgian franc, and the Italian lira vis-a-vis the Deutsche mark from 1979 to 1999. The returns were examined using the multivariate moving average Exponential GARCH model, which is capable of accounting for potential asymmetries in the volatility transmission mechanism. The results point to significant and reciprocal volatility spillovers among markets before Germany's reunification in 1990. However, absence of spillovers and/or asymmetric behaviour of volatility is shown in the post-unification period. The 1990s witnessed a rapid process of macroeconomic convergence by the core EMS members and these actions substantially enhanced confidence about full monetary integration. Put differently, the EMS countries became better attuned to the business cycle and managed to significantly reduce consequential asymmetric shocks and thus exchange rate volatility.
Casamino Acids and Oxyrase enhance growth of Listeria monocytogenes in multi-pathogen enrichments

Abstract Rapid methods have been developed as relatively faster alternatives to plate culture for the detection of pathogenic bacteria in foods. However, since most rapid methods are subject to logistical limitations (e.g., sample volume size, analysis time, matrix effects) and/or a detection scheme with insufficient sensitivity needed to detect very low levels of bacteria in foods, culture enrichment is often employed to increase the concentration of targeted pathogens prior to detection. Multiplexed rapid detection platforms, capable of simultaneous detection of different bacteria in a single sample, necessitate co-enrichment (or mixed culture enrichment) of as many different targeted microorganisms as possible in a timely manner. This investigation compares the growth of four major foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Yersinia enterocolitica) inoculated into pristine media or ground pork and enriched in various culture media. Initial results revealed that, after 24 h incubation, the growth of L. monocytogenes (the slowest-growing pathogen examined) was increased by approximately 1-log by the supplementation of Universal Preenrichment Broth with Casamino Acids and/or Oxyrase. Overnight (24 h) growth of L. monocytogenes in ground pork enrichment cultures was enhanced up to ca. 2-log by the addition of either Casamino Acids or Casamino Acids and Oxyrase for each of the tested growth media. Ultimately, an overnight culture of the inoculated pathogens in any of the selected media containing both Casamino Acids and Oxyrase was observed to yield target bacterial concentrations that were at sufficient levels (between 10e5 and 10e6 CFU/mL) for detection by most rapid methods.
Ultrastructure of the wood-decay fungus, Coriolus versicolor, in relation to a catechol-induced bimodal growth response

Abstract The growth of the white-rot fungus, Coriolus versicolor, can be impaired by polyphenols which accumulate as a host-response to infection and/or injury. Polyphenol detoxification can be regulated by polyphenol oxidase which can be secreted by C. versicolor. To assess the role of polyphenols in the growth of C. versicolor in culture, both catechol (CT) and malt extract (ME) were
Passive and active data porting to composite integrated optical fibers via integrated optics

Novel methods for remote coupling of light into optical fibers embedded in composite structures has been explored. A passive technique in which light is coupled via a 45° angled mirror manufactured at the end of a plastic optical fiber (POF) was explored as well as an active technique in which a dye-impregnated POF was used to couple light to immersed fibers without physical connectorization. The fibers were immersed in fluids with different refractive indices to determine the effect of index on the coupling efficiency and simulate optical fibers embedded in a polymer composite. The passive technique proved much more efficient with a maximum efficiency of 91.4% achieved in an index of 1.33. The dye-impregnated POF was much less efficient with typical values ranging from 1%-2% for various indexes.
Simultaneous Transport of Water and Organic Molecules through Polyelectrolyte Membranes

Polyelectrolyte membranes (PEM) such as Nafion (Du Pont) used as compartment separators in fuel cells and other electro-chemical applications are also of interest as permselective diffusion barriers in protective fabrics. By means of sorption and permeation experiments in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations, we explore the permeability of Nafion membrane to water and hydrophilic solvents such as 1-propanol and dimethyl methylphosphonate, focusing on the relationship between polymer structure, solvation, and solvent diffusion. It is shown that the composition of the solvent strongly affects the membrane permeability, which cannot be predicted purely from permeability measurements with pure components. This effect is related to a complex microphase segregation in the membranes swollen in aqueous solutions of polar solvents. The results obtained demonstrate possible mechanisms of the diffusion of alcohols and alkyl-phosphonates in hydrated ionomer membranes and reveal properties controlling the u...
Rickets in Chicks: III. The Effectiveness of Mid-Summer Sunshine and Irradiation from a Quartz Mercury Vapor Arc in Preventing Rickets in Chicks

Abstract In 1923 Hart, Steenbock, Lepkovsky and Halpin1 reported that leg weakness in chicks was prevented by exposure to direct sunshine. The following year Murry, Little and Bovie2 obtained similar results by exposing chicks to the rays of a quartz mercury vapor arc. Hart stated in his report “from the limited data it appears that ½ hour’s daily exposure to direct sunlight was much more potent in furnishing the antirachitic equivalent than was 5 per cent of a synthetic ration fed as fresh green clover, calculated upon the basis of the dry weight of the clover.” Murry, Little and Bovie concluded as a result of Roentgen ray examination that “the leg bones of chickens treated by 15 minutes exposure daily to ultraviolet light are more mature than the leg bones of the chickens * * * * which were permitted to run out-of-doors in the sunlight.” These results were soon substantiated . . .
Relation of serum leptin levels to lipid profile in healthy children.

The association of leptin with body fat concentration is well established. There is also experimental evidence of a direct effect of leptin on lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether leptin levels are related to the corresponding serum lipid levels independently of body fat mass. The study population consisted of 294 phenotypically healthy school children aged 6 to 12 years. Age, sex, body weight, height, Tanner stage, and triceps skinfold thickness were recorded for all participating subjects. A blood sample was drawn in the morning after a 12-hour fast, and serum total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglyceride; and leptin levels were determined. Multiple regression analysis showed that triglyceride values were positively correlated with the ln(log(e))-transformed leptin levels (beta =.01, P <.001), whereas HDL levels were inversely associated with lnleptin values (beta = -.06, P =.05) after controlling for age, sex, Tanner stage, and body mass index when each of the lipid parameters was tested separately in the regression model. However, the introduction of both triglycerides and HDL values in the same model eliminated the significance of association of HDL with lnleptin, and the positive relationship of triglycerides with lnleptin remained significant. Our results indicate that triglycerides are independently associated with leptin levels after controlling for any known confounder.
Thin-film yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia

Abstract Yttria-stabilized zirconia thin films deposited by radio-frequency sputtering from a 3 mol% Y 2 O 3 ZrO 2 target show primarily tetragonal orientation. Annealing in air further reduces the fraction of monoclinic phase and enhances the crystallinity of the tetragonal phase. Films annealed at 700 °C for 2 h showed a phase composition which was greater than 95% tetragonal.
The Rediscovery of Tense: A Reply to Oaklander

In an article in this journal,1 I suggested that Prior's famous 'Thank Goodness' argument against tenselessness should be understood as analogous to the well-known argument of Thomas Nagel and Frank Jackson against physicalism. In his response to my article,2 it is evident that Nathan Oaklander has failed to understand both the analogy and the ontological point of the argument against tenselessness. Besides ascribing to me sophomoric confusions which play no role in the argument, he has done little more than confidently reassert familiar tenseless dogma. However, I take some responsibility for Oaklander's misunderstanding: what I wrote did give the unfortunate and incorrect impression that the problem Prior raises for tenseless theory is merely epistemic, not ontological. So I would like to try once again to explain the difficulty, and to show why Prior's argument still seems to me, as John Searle says of the Nagel/Jackson argument, 'ludicrously simple and quite decisive'. In The Rediscovery of Mind, Searle provides a nice summary of the Nagel/Jackson argument:
Quantitative evaluation of optic disc pallor in pseudotumor cerebri patients

We quantified optic disc pallor in patients with pseudotumor cerebri with the Rodenstock Optic Nerve Head Analyzer before and after optic nerve sheath decompression. Mean frequency distribution of pallor peaked between the pallor values of 0.10 and 0.20 in four pseudotumor cerebri patients and between 0.50 and 0.60 in five normal subjects. The red dominant pallor reflectance in pseudotumor cerebri patients decreased significantly and shifted toward the reflectance of normal subjects gradually during the 9 weeks after successful optic nerve sheath decompression, coinciding with the ophthalmoscopic resolution of papilledema. The computerized pallor measurement with the Rodenstock Optic Nerve Head Analyzer allows an objective and quantitative assessment of papilledema in pseudotumor cerebri patients.
Integrating Technical Editing Students into a Multidisciplinary Engineering Project.

A three‐year experiment in integrating technical editing students into a multidisciplinary engineering design project developed several ways of helping students apply classroom learning to practical problems. Each year, the engineering students formed Integrated Product Teams (IPTs) and the technical editing students provided editorial support, first as full members of IPTs, then as separate editorial support teams. Research from cooperative learning and teamwork indicates strategies and techniques for best integrating the technical editing students.
Confirmation, disconfirmation, and invention: The case of Alexander Graham Bell and the telephone

Abstract Experimental research on confirmation and disconfirmation as scientific reasoning strategies suggests that these terms are imprecise and should be replaced by positive and negative test heuristics. But this conclusion needs to be checked in ecologically valid settings. A detailed protocol analysis of the experiments that led to the first transmission of speech suggests that confirmation and disconfirmation are still useful concepts at the molar level, for describing the goals of programmes of research; positive and negative test strategies are most useful at the molecular level, for describing the goals of individual experiments. This research illustrates how experimental studies can be complemented by fine-grained analyses of the cognitive processes of scientists and inventors.
Electromagnetically induced transparency with spectator momenta

We describe a method and present experimental results for obtaining electromagnetically induced transparency by adjusting the frequencies of two lasers so that they coincide with the centers of gravity of two hyperfine split transitions. No hyperfine states are in Raman resonance and the zero of the dipole moment results from the interference of the manifold of cooperating m states.
Developmental classification of reading-disabled children

Abstract The present study developed and used longitudinal cluster analysis, a multivariate classification technique, to classify a sample of 200 nonclinical normal and reading-disabled males based on their performances on a neuropsychological battery at kindergarten, second, and fifth grades. The resulting classification was examined against various internal and external validation criteria. Using a validation framework, five developmental subtypes of children, two normal and three deficit reader groups, were found. Three of these groups could best be described as partitions of a multivariate normal distribution; the other two, both containing deficit readers, showed different covariance structures, suggesting differing developmental patterns. These groups were shown to differ with respect to the domains of academic achievement, parental achievement, neurological status, birth histories, school behaviors, and neuropsychological-cognitive development. The results suggest that developmental classifications...
Oscillations in non-mass action kinetics models of biochemical reaction networks arising from pairs of subnetworks

It is well known that oscillations in models of biochemical reaction networks can arise as a result of a single negative cycle. On the other hand, methods for finding general network conditions for potential oscillations in large biochemical reaction networks containing many cycles are not well developed. A biochemical reaction network with any number of species is represented by a simple digraph and is modeled by an ordinary differential equation (ODE) system with non-mass action kinetics. The obtained graph-theoretic condition generalizes the negative cycle condition for oscillations in ODE models to the existence of a pair of subnetworks, where each subnetwork contains an even number of positive cycles. The technique is illustrated with a model of genetic regulation.
Low-avidity CD8lo T cells induced by incomplete antigen stimulation in vivo regulate naive higher avidity CD8hi T cell responses to the same antigen

We have previously reported that multiple injections of soluble MHC class I tetramers assembled with wild-type HY peptide induces unresponsiveness to male skin grafts in naive female C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Induction of unresponsiveness is dependent on a population of unresponsive allospecific CD8(lo )T cells. Reduced expression of CD8 acts to limit a T cell response to HY peptide by limiting the avidity window of effective signal transduction. We and others have demonstrated that CD8(lo) T cells are an alternative stable phenotype of CD8alphabeta(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo after antigen stimulation. We show here that CD8(lo) T cells can suppress naive CD8(+) T cell responses to HY antigen in vitro and male skin graft rejection in vivo after adoptive transfer into female recipients. These novel regulatory T cells express surface TGF-beta1 and secrete T cytotoxic 2 cytokines after antigen-specific stimulation. Anti-TGF-beta antibody and latency-associated peptide inhibit the suppressive effects in vitro. We also show that HY-specific memory CD8(+) T cells overcome regulation by CD8(lo) T cells. These data define a novel peripheral regulatory CD8(+ )T cell population that arises after repeated antigen encounter in vivo. These cells have implications in the maintenance of tolerance and memory.
Stimulus Repetition Rate Effect on the Auditory Brainstem Response in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Neuropsychiatric involvement is common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but, in early half of cases, indications are not present on examination. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) measures using differential stimulus repetition rates have been reported as sensitive indicators of subclinical central nervous system (CNS) disorders associated with SLE. In the present study, ABRs were measured in a group of normal-hearing subjects with SLE, as well as in a group of subject controls. Differences in interpeak latency (IPL) measures obtained using low- and high-stimulus repetition rates did not reach statistical significance (P greater than .05). Clinical utility of ABRs using high- and low-stimulus repetition rates for the identification of occult CNS disorder in patients with SLE was not demonstrated.
Promoting Traditional Uses of Medicinal Plants as Efforts to Achieve Cultural and Ecological Sustainability

Abstract The use of medicinal plants in two regions in Oaxaca, Mexico, the Chimalapas and the Sierra Norte, are discussed as an example of the ways in which changing cultural values, traditions and economy affect local strategies of resource use and management. Through an analysis of traditional medicine we aim to shed light on the complex social, political and historical forces affecting land use management in Oaxaca today. This paper argues that community management of natural resources fosters a greater sense of responsibility and better stewardship of the land. These community-based management approaches also better integrate indigenous knowledge and traditions in management decisions. Further, indigenous peoples' efforts to develop their own management plans are important not only in promoting ecological and economic sustainability, but also cultural sustainability, which is essential for the survival of the indigenous medical knowledge, values and traditions.
Linking dwarf galaxies to halo building blocks with the most metal-poor star in Sculptor.

Current cosmological models indicate that the Milky Way’s stellar halo was assembled from many smaller systems. On the basis of the apparent absence of the most metal-poor stars in present-day dwarf galaxies, recent studies claimed that the true Galactic building blocks must have been vastly different from the surviving dwarfs. The discovery of an extremely iron-poor star (S1020549) in the Sculptor dwarf galaxy based on a medium-resolution spectrum cast some doubt on this conclusion. Verification of the iron-deficiency, however, and measurements of additional elements, such as the α-element Mg, are necessary to demonstrate that the same type of stars produced the metals found in dwarf galaxies and the Galactic halo. Only then can dwarf galaxy stars be conclusively linked to early stellar halo assembly. Here we report high-resolution spectroscopic abundances for 11 elements in S1020549, confirming its iron abundance of less than 1/4,000th that of the Sun, and showing that the overall abundance pattern follows that seen in low-metallicity halo stars, including the α-elements. Such chemical similarity indicates that the systems destroyed to form the halo billions of years ago were not fundamentally different from the progenitors of present-day dwarfs, and suggests that the early chemical enrichment of all galaxies may be nearly identical.
Epigenetic Regulation of Immunological Alterations Following Prenatal Exposure to Marijuana Cannabinoids and its Long Term Consequences in Offspring

Use of marijuana during pregnancy is fairly commonplace and can be expected increase in frequency as more states legalize its recreational use. The cannabinoids present in marijuana have been shown to be immunosuppressive, yet the effect of prenatal exposure to cannabinoids on the immune system of the developing fetus, its long term consequences during adult stage of life, and transgenerational effects have not been well characterized. Confounding factors such as co-existing drug use make the impact of cannabis use on progeny inherently difficult to study in a human population. Data from various animal models suggests that in utero exposure to cannabinoids results in profound T cell dysfunction and a greatly reduced immune response to viral antigens. Furthermore, evidence from animal studies indicates that the immunosuppressive effects of cannabinoids can be mediated through epigenetic mechanisms such as altered microRNA, DNA methylation and histone modification profiles. Such studies support the hypothesis that that parental or prenatal exposure to cannabis can trigger epigenetic changes that could have significant immunological consequences for offspring as well as long term transgenerational effects.
The effect of price on the residential demand for electricity: A statistical study

Abstract The statistics of the demand for electricity and the relationship between the price of electricity and the demand are examined through analysis of the monthly consumption statistics of a community of owner-occupied, almost identical townhouses. The average yearly demand for electricity grew from 1971 until 1973 and then decreased by less than 2% a year for the next three years. In spite of price increases, demand for electricity during the heating season (the units are heated by a forced-air natural gas furnace) increased steadily but slightly over the six years of observation. A simple statistical model is used to split the cooling season demand for electricity into air-conditioner demand and the demand for lights and appliances. The non-cooling portion of the demand decreased from 1974 to 1975, but otherwise increased each year from 1971 to 1976. The portion of the demand that we estimate is used for cooling appears to have increased between 1971 and 1974 and then decreased between 1974 and 1976. The evolution of the electricity-rate schedule for this community is considered and then two simple statistical models, which relate demand to price, are estimated. These indicate that, although the marginal price has doubled (in current dollars), these changes in price have had little effect on demand.
Blood cholesterol screening influence of fasting state on cholesterol results and management decisions.

OBJECTIVE: To compare fasting and nonfasting total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol values in adults and to determine how closely classification into risk groups for coronary heart disease based on nonfasting blood tests compares with classification based on fasting studies.
Improving student learning outcomes with pair programming

This paper presents ongoing research into the use of mental model consistency (MMC) to produce more effective student programming pairs. Previous studies have found that pair programming is highly useful in improving students' enjoyment of programming as well as improving the retention rates of students enrolled in computer science programs. However, existing research provides little support that pair programming actually benefits student learning in terms of improved test or exam scores. This research focuses on evaluating the use of MMC-based student pairs to increase student performance in introductory programming courses. Empirical studies were conducted over two semesters to determine if pairings based on different levels of MMC produced more effective pairs. The results from this study indicate that MMC is a good predictor of success in a course when using pair programming and that students who migrate towards greater consistency tend to do better than those who do not migrate. However, the current results do not support that pairs based on any combination of mental models are more effective than others. Still, the authors of this paper feel that MMC is a valuable method and that if combined with other techniques to produce more compatible pairs, may yet produce substantial results. Other potential uses for MCC are also discussed.
Analysis of factors influencing the development of xerostomia during intensity-modulated radiotherapy

Objectives Factors influencing xerostomia during intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) were assessed. Methods A 6-week study of 32 head and neck cancer (HNC) patients was performed. Subjects completed the Xerostomia Inventory (XI) and provided stimulated saliva (SS) at baseline, week 2 and at end of IMRT. Influence of SS flow rate (SSFR), calcium and mucin 5b (MUC5b) concentrations and radiation dose on xerostomia was determined. Results HNC subjects experienced mean SSFR decline of 36% by visit 2 ( N = 27; P = .012) and 57% by visit 3 ( N = 20; P = .0004). Concentrations of calcium and MUC5b increased, but not significantly during IMRT ( P > .05). Xerostomia correlated most with decreasing salivary flow rate as determined by Spearman correlations ( P P Conclusions Although IMRT is sparing to the parotid glands, it has an early effect on SSFR and the constituents in saliva in a manner that is associated with the perception of xerostomia.
Generality of a theory of collective induction: face-to-face and computer-mediated interaction, amount of potential information, and group versus member choice of evidence

Abstract In order to assess the generality of a theory of collective induction that has previously been supported for face-to-face interaction (Laughlin and Hollingshead, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1995), three experiments compared face-to-face and computer-mediated interaction for four-person groups for three successive rule induction problems. The predictions of the theory fit the obtained probabilities of group hypotheses for distributions of member hypotheses better than four other plausible models for both face-to-face and computer-mediated groups, over four levels of potential information, and for group versus member choice of evidence. There were comparable numbers of correct hypotheses for face-to-face and computer-mediated interaction, increasing correct hypotheses with increasing potential information, and comparable numbers of correct hypotheses for group versus member choice of evidence. The three experiments indicate the generality of the theory for both traditional face-to-face interaction and computer-mediated interaction, four levels of potential information, and group versus member choice of information. The comparisons of face-to-face and computer-mediated interaction extend the emphasis on social communication processes on decision and idea generation tasks of previous research to social combination processes in the acquisition and processing of new information in cooperative rule learning.
An On-Line Edge-Deletion Problem

There is given an undirected graph G -- (V, E) from which edges are deleted one at a time and about which questions of the type, "Are the vertices u and v in the same connected component?" have to be answered "on-line." There is presented an algorithm which maintains a data structure in which each question is answered in constant time and for which the total time involved in answering q questions and maintaining the data structure is O(q + I VI" lED.
Chirp slope keying for underwater communications

This paper presents a novel broadband modulation method for digital underwater communications: Chirp Slope Keying (CSK). In its simplest form, the binary information modulates the slope of a linear chirp, with up-chirps representing ones and down-chirps representing zeros. Performance evaluation in the form of probability of error vs. SNR show that the system performs as expected for AWGN environments and very well for more realistic models for underwater acoustical communications, such as the Raylegih channel with Doppler, delays, phase offset, and multipath.
Tetracaine reports a conformational change in the pore of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels.

Local anesthetics are a diverse group of clinically useful compounds that act as pore blockers of both voltage- and cyclic nucleotide–gated (CNG) ion channels. We used the local anesthetic tetracaine to probe the nature of the conformational change that occurs in the pore of CNG channels during the opening allosteric transition. When applied to the intracellular side of wild-type rod CNG channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes from the α subunit, the local anesthetic tetracaine exhibits state-dependent block, binding with much higher affinity to closed states than to open states. Here we show that neutralization of a glutamic acid in the conserved P region (E363G) eliminated this state dependence of tetracaine block. Tetracaine blocked E363G channels with the same effectiveness at high concentrations of cGMP, when the channel spent more time open, and at low concentrations of cGMP, when the channel spent more time closed. In addition, Ni2+, which promotes the opening allosteric transition, decreased the effectiveness of tetracaine block of wild-type but not E363G channels. Similar results were obtained in a chimeric CNG channel that exhibits a more favorable opening allosteric transition. These results suggest that E363 is accessible to internal tetracaine in the closed but not the open configuration of the pore and that the conformational change that accompanies channel opening includes a change in the conformation or accessibility of E363.
Types and mechanisms of solubilization

Two, or possibly three, types of solubilization are shown to occur which depend on the compound being solubilized. Those systems in which the mole ratio, MR (moles material being solubilized per mole solubilizer) increases with increasing soap concentration are characterized by an increase in long X-ray spacings to the point at which the system becomes saturated with the compound being solubilized. Hydrocarbons such as benzene, ethyl benzene, and normal paraffins fall into this class. Another type is that in which the MR remains constant above the concentration where the soap assumes its full colloidal properties, and this is characterized by no change in long X-ray spacing. Examples of this type are soap-soap, soap-fatty acid, soap-alcohol, and possibly as a subtype, soap-dye systems. These systems are shown to be mixed micelles in which the solubilized compound is oriented with the long axis of the solubilized compound lying approximately parallel and in the plane of the long axis of the soap molecules, the hydrophylic group of both constituents being toward the water interface. Protein-detergent complexes are discussed from the point of view of solubilization.
Survey Research and the Fundamental Attribution Error

The fundamental attribution error appears in survey research attitudes when response marginals are interpreted as clear indications of the attitudes and beliefs of the general population.
Dentin dysplasia II.

Dentin dysplasia II is a rare developmental defect of dentin and pulp. It is shown by thistle tube-shaped coronal pulp chambers that contain pulp stones. Often, the root canal is threadlike. This paper describes three patients with this defect. The deciduous teeth are brown and translucent; the permanent teeth have normal coloration with significant pulpal and dentin abnormalities.
Automated histamine analysis for in vitro allergy testing: I. A method utilizing allergen-induced histamine release from whole blood

Abstract A sensitive, automated, histamine assay system has been developed and applied for in vitro allergy testing. Nine common pollen and environmental allergens were used at three log dilutions for in vitro studies utilizing small volumes of blood (15–20 ml). The clinical evaluation was correlated with the results of the histamine release. Two different procedures were utilized. The first is the commonly used histamine release from washed leukocytes. There was excellent correlation between the clinical evaluation and the results of histamine release from washed leukocytes in 17 different individuals. The second and simpler method utilised whole heparinized blood which might better reflect the immunologic reaction which occurs in vivo. Aliquots of blood and allergen were incubated for 1 hr at 37 ° C and each supernatant was then analyzed for histamine release. There was excellent correlation between the two tests in 29 patients tested by both the whole blood and washed leukocyte methods. There was also good correlation between the clinical evaluation of the patients and the in vitro tests. The precision, accuracy, and sensitivity of the automated histamine assay make feasible its routine application in the clinical study of allergic patients.
Sequential multiple hypothesis testing and efficient fault detection-isolation in stochastic systems

This paper develops information-theoretic bounds for sequential multihypothesis testing and fault detection in stochastic systems. Making use of these bounds and likelihood methods, it provides a new unified approach to efficient detection of abrupt changes in stochastic systems and isolation of the source of the change upon its detection. The approach not only generalizes previous work in the literature on asymptotically optimal detection-isolation far beyond the relatively simple models treated but also suggests alternative performance criteria which are more tractable and more appropriate for general stochastic systems.
THE RELATION OF VEGETATIVE ACTIVITY OF BACTERIA TO PATHOGENICITY

The experiments which have been reported show that distinct differences exist between relatively young cultures of bacteria and the same strains during the period of decline as regards invasive power and pathogenicity, and that these differences must be distinguished clearly from specific alterations in virulence such as those produced by animal passage. The exact interpretation of these observations is not, however, perfectly clear. We were inclined to believe that simple alterations in vegetative activity might account for the differences which have been described, but to what extent the results have been due to injury to the bacteria by products of culture growth it is impossible to say, and further work will be necessary to settle this point. At any rate the experiments seem to bear definitely on the problem of infection in as far as they show that purely temporary modifications See PDF for structure of growth activity whether or not brought about by specific injury lead to changes in invasiveness which are quite analogous to the test-tube phenomenon of lag. It has previously been shown that there exists in the upper air passages a mechanism by means of which foreign particles and bacteria can be eliminated within a few hours. It seems highly likely on the basis of the present work that bacteria entering in an inactive growth phase—for example dried in dust or perhaps from a chronic carrier—may be disposed of before activity can be resumed, whereas organisms introduced in the stage of active growth—as from a case of acute disease—may be able to take advantage of a portal of entry. It is further possible that these experiments may have some bearing on the genesis of epidemics, especially as regards the preepidemic phase, and these matters will be discussed at another time.
Correlation-based Feature Analysis and Multi-Modality Fusion framework for multimedia semantic retrieval

In this paper, we propose a Correlation based Feature Analysis (CFA) and Multi-Modality Fusion (CFA-MMF) framework for multimedia semantic concept retrieval. The CFA method is able to reduce the feature space and capture the correlation between features, separating the feature set into different feature groups, called Hidden Coherent Feature Groups (HCFGs), based on Maximum Spanning Tree (MaxST) algorithm. A correlation matrix is built upon feature pair correlations, and then a MaxST is constructed based on the correlation matrix. By performing a graph cut procedure on the MaxST, a set of feature groups are obtained, where the intra-group correlation is maximized and the inter-group correlation is minimized. Finally, one classifier is trained for each of the feature groups, and the generated scores from different classifiers are fused for the final retrieval. The proposed framework is effective because it reduces the dimensionality of the feature space. The experimental results on the NUSWIDE-Lite data set demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CFA-MMF framework.