cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incentive Design for Lowest Cost Aggregate Energy Demand Reduction

We design an optimal incentive mechanism offered to energy customers at multiple network levels, e.g., distribution and feeder networks, with the aim of determining the lowest-cost aggregate energy demand reduction. Our model minimizes a utility's total cost for this mode of virtual demand generation, i.e., demand reduction, to achieve improvements in both total systemic costs and load reduction over existing mechanisms. We assume the utility can predict with reasonable accuracy the average load reduction response of end-users with respect to rebates by observing and learning from their past behavior. Within a single period formulation, we propose a heuristic policy that segments the customers according to their likelihood of reducing load. Within a multi-period formulation, we observe that customers who are more willing to reduce their aggregate demand over the entire horizon, rather than simply shifting their load to off-peak periods, tend to receive higher incentives, and vice versa.
On the gravitational stability of the interstellar medium in spiral arms

The dynamics of self-gravitating gaseous density perturbations in the tightly wound spiral-arm model of the forcing potential (Brown 1969) is investigated. The cloud ensemble of the cold phase of the interstellar medium is regarded as a collisional gas whose 'molecules' are the clouds themselves, and the dynamical evolution of density perturbations is calculated assuming this gas obeys a polytropic pressure-density law. It is suggested that the formation of extreme Population I objects found predominantly along the arms of Sb/Sc systems is regulated by an overall energy balance in the cloud fluid. A single parameter is found which appears to characterize the flow's gravitational response to perturbations; this spiral parameter, Q-sub-sp, differs from the Toomre Q parameter by a factor of the square root of the density enhancement at the shock. It is necessary but not sufficient that Q-sub-sp be less than unity for significant growth to occur.
Oxidation of pyruvate by mitochondria isolated from the flight muscles of blowflies

Mitochondria isolated from the flight musculature of blowflies by recently developed methods are capable of oxidising pyruvate at rates in excess of 4 μatom O2/min/mg mitochondrial protein. The respiratory rate appears to be limited at the level of the phosphorylating system, since maximally uncoupled rates of oxidation are somewhat higher than the coupled rate. At low Mg++-concentrations the respiratory rate is negligible in the absence of ADP and phosphate, and the respiratory control index exceeds 100. The apparent Km values of the State 3 respiration for ADP and phosphate are 0.03 and 0.40 mM respectively, reflecting a high affinity for these components and suggesting that respiration is regulated at the level of the phosphorylating system, rather than at the level of the dehydrogenases. At concentrations of Mg++ above 10−5 M there is an increase in the State 4 respiration associated in part with a low level of ion-translocation, and in part with the activity of a Mg++-sensitive ATPase. In the presence of saturating concentrations of pyruvate and α-glycerophosphate, the two substrates are oxidised in approximately equimolar proportions.
Spin-orbit-induced lattice instabilities in the half-filled hopping Hamiltonian

We compare the effect of a spin-orbit term and a Peierls term on the ground state of the half-filled hopping Hamiltonian. These terms are caused by displacement on the background to the lattice sites (spin-orbit term) and displacement on the actual lattice sites (Peierls term). We show how Peierls-like instabilities can result in either case and explain why the spin-orbit model can be more singular than the Peierls lmodel. We disregard electron-electron interactions and apply our results in two dimensions to ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$.
Quantification of quantum dot murine skin penetration with UVR barrier impairment

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) skin exposure is a common exogenous insult that can alter skin barrier and immune functions. With the growing presence of nanoparticles (NPs) in consumer goods and technological applications the potential for NPs to contact UVR-exposed skin is increasing. Therefore it is important to understand the effect of UVR on NP skin penetration and the potential for systemic translocation. Previous studies qualitatively showed that UVR skin exposure can increase the penetration of NPs below the stratum corneum. In this work, an in vivo mouse model was used to quantitatively examine the skin penetration of carboxylated (CdSe/ZnS, core/shell) quantum dots (QDs) through intact and UVR barrier-disrupted murine skin by organ Cd mass analysis. Transepidermal water loss was used to measure the magnitude of the skin barrier defect as a function of UVR dose and time post-UVR exposure. QDs were applied to mice 3-4 days post-UVR exposure at the peak of the skin barrier disruption. Our results reveal unexpected trends that suggest these negative-charged QDs can penetrate barrier intact skin and that penetration and systemic transport depends on the QD application time post-UVR exposure. The effect of UVR on skin-resident dendritic cells and their role in the systemic translocation of these QDs are described. Our results suggest that NP skin penetration and translocation may depend on the specific barrier insult and the inflammatory status of the skin.
Functional modules, mutational load and human genetic disease

The ability to generate a massive amount of sequencing and genotyping data is transforming the study of human genetic disorders. Driven by such innovation, it is likely that whole exome and whole-genome resequencing will replace regionally focused approaches for gene discovery and clinical testing in the next few years. However, this opportunity brings a significant interpretative challenge to assigning function and phenotypic variance to common and rare alleles. Understanding the effect of individual mutations in the context of the remaining genomic variation represents a major challenge to our interpretation of disease. Here, we discuss the challenges of assigning mutation functionality and, drawing from the examples of ciliopathies as well as cohesinopathies and channelopathies, discuss possibilities for the functional modularization of the human genome. Functional modularization in addition to the development of physiologically relevant assays to test allele functionality will accelerate our understanding of disease architecture and enable the use of genome-wide sequence data for disease diagnosis and phenotypic prediction in individuals.
Premenopausal breast cancer patients treated with conservative surgery, radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy have a low risk of local failure

Abstract The use of adjuvant chemotherapy in premenopausal breast cancer patients with positive nodes is now routine, but the optimal local treatment of these patients is uncertain. To determine the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on the likelihood of local recurrence as the first site of failure in premenopausal patients treated with conservative surgery (CS) and radiotherapy (RT), we examined the outcome of 74 patients treated with CS, RT, and adjuvant chemotherapy and compared it to the outcome in 192 patients treated with CS and RT alone. Adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of four or more cycles of either a doxorubicin-containing regimen or cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. All patients were less than 50 years old, had UICC-AJCC Stage I or II breast cancer treated between 1968 and 1981, had gross excision of the primary tumor, and had a total radiation dose to the primary tumor bed of ≥6000 cGy. Factors predicting for local recurrence, such as extensive intraductal carcinoma and age less than 35, were equivalent in the two groups. Women treated with adjuvant chemotherapy had significantly worse T- and N-stages than women treated with conservative surgery and radiotherapy alone: 61% versus 36% had T2 tumors ( p = 0.0003), 34% versus 6% had clinically positive nodes ( p p p = 0.01). We conclude that premenopausal patients with positive nodes treated with combined modality therapy (conservative surgery, radiation therapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy) have a low risk of local recurrence as a first site of failure. These results suggest a possible interaction between radiation therapy and chemotherapy in their effects on local tumor control.
Factors determining antibody distribution in tumors

The development of antibody therapies for cancer is increasing rapidly, primarily owing to their specificity. Antibody distribution in tumors is often extremely uneven, however, leading to some malignant cells being exposed to saturating concentrations of antibody, whereas others are completely untargeted. This is detrimental because large regions of cells escape therapy, whereas other regions might be exposed to suboptimal concentrations that promote a selection of resistant mutants. The distribution of antibody depends on a variety of factors, including dose, affinity, antigens per cell and molecular size. Because these parameters are often known or easily estimated, a quick calculation based on simple modeling considerations can predict the uniformity of targeting within a tumor. Such analyses should enable experimental researchers to identify in a straightforward way the limitations in achieving evenly distributed antibody, and design and test improved antibody therapeutics more rationally.
Accelerated partial breast irradiation: what is dosimetric effect of advanced technology approaches?

Purpose The present treatment planning study compared whole breast radiotherapy (WBRT) to accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) for different external beam techniques and geometries ( e.g., free breathing [FB] and deep inspiration breath hold [DIBH]). Methods and Materials After approval by our institutional review board, a treatment planning study was performed of 10 patients with left-sided Stage 0-I breast cancer enrolled in a Phase I-II study of APBI using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). After lumpectomy, patients underwent planning computed tomography scans during FB and using an active breathing control device at DIBH. For the FB geometry, standard WBRT and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) APBI plans were created. For the DIBH geometry with active breathing control, WBRT, 3D-CRT, and IMRT APBI plans were created. Results All APBI techniques had excellent planning target volume coverage. The maximal planning target volume dose was reduced from 116% of the prescription dose to 108% with the IMRT(DIBH) APBI plan. The maximal heart dose was >30 Gy for the WBRT techniques, 8.2 Gy for 3D-CRT(FB), and Conclusion Although planning target volume coverage was acceptable with all techniques, the plans using the DIBH geometry resulted in a marked reduction in the normal tissue dose compared with WBRT planned in the absence of cardiac blocking. Additional study is needed to determine whether these techniques result in clinical benefits.
Effects of herbivore identity on plant fecundity

Herbivores are pervasive, yet their effects on plant fecundity are often variable. One potential source of variation in herbivore impacts results from differing feeding modes of herbivores. We examined the relative importance of inflorescence-feeding insects versus large ungulates in affecting the fecundity of Balsamorhiza sagittata (Asteraceae), a dominant native perennial forb in western Montana, USA. We quantified these effects across four sites that varied in elevation to determine how consistent herbivore impacts were across these divergent sites. Insect herbivores were present in flower heads at all sites but they significantly depressed plant fecundity at two of the four sites. At the two sites where herbivore suppression had significant effects, this treatment let to 1.6 and 3.4-fold increases in seed production, respectively. In contrast, across all sites ungulates had minimal impacts on balsamroot flower and seed production. Seed addition experiments revealed that at some sites and in some years B. sagittata is seed-limited, as there was a positive relationship between seed input and seedling recruitment. Thus, reductions in seed production from heavy insect herbivory may limit balsamroot recruitment in some locations. Overall, results show that inconspicuous insects have stronger effects on balsamroot fecundity than do mammalian herbivores, but the magnitude of negative impacts at both the individual and population-level vary by site.
Origin of cratonic basins

Tectonic subsidence curves show that the Illinois, Michigan, and Williston basins formed by initial fault-controlled mechanical subsidence during rifting and by subsequent thermal subsidence. Thermal subsidence began around 525 Ma in the Illinois Basin, 520–460 Ma in the Michigan Basin, and 530–500 Ma in the Williston Basin. In the Illinois Basin, a second subsidence episode (middle Mississippian through Early Permian) was caused by flexural foreland subsidence in response to the Alleghanian-Hercynian orogeny. Resurgent Permian rifting in the Illinois Basin is inferred because of intrusion of well-dated Permian alnoites; such intrusive rocks are normally associated with rifting processes. The process of formation of these cratonic basins remains controversial. Past workers have suggested mantle phase changes at the base of the crust, mechanical subsidence in response to isostatically uncompensated excess mass following igneous intrusions, intrusion of mantle plumes into the crust, or regional thermal metamorphic events as causes of basin initiation. Cratonic basins of North America, Europe, Africa, and South America share common ages of formation (around 550 to 500 Ma), histories of sediment accumulation, temporal volume changes of sediment fills, and common dates of interregional unconformities. Their common date of formation suggests initiation of cratonic basins in response to breakup of a late Precambrian super-continent. This supercontinent acted as a heat lens that caused partial melting of the lower crust and upper mantle followed by emplacement of anorogenic granites during extensional tectonics in response to supercontinent breakup. Intrusion of anorogenic granites and other partially melted intrusive rocks weakened continental lithosphere, thus providing a zone of localized regional stretching and permitting formation of cratonic basins almost simultaneously over sites of intrusion of these anorogenic granites and other partially melted intrusive rocks.
Steroid binding to synaptic plasma membrane: differential binding of glucocorticoids and gonadal steroids.

The specific binding of [3H]-corticosterone, [3H]-17β-estradiol, [3H]-testosterone, and [3H]-progesterone to synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) prepared from rat brain has been characterized. The dissociation constant is estimated as on the order of 1 × 10−7 M for corticosterone and 1 × 10−8 M for the other three steroids. In a competition experiment, none of the 3H-steroids was displaced by the other steroids at 500-fold excess, indicating the presence of specific binding sites on the membrane for each type of steroid. Moreover, pre-incubation of the SPM with phospholipase A2 or phospholipase C totally destroys the membrane binding of corticosterone and testosterone, but the binding of estradiol and progesterone remains intact. Since the SPM prepared from brain tissue is derived from many different neuronal cell types, it is possible that the membrane binding sites for glucocorticoids and for gonadal steroids are present in different neurons.
Utilization of pain medications in hospitalized psychiatric patients

To investigate the nature and treatment of pain complaints in psychiatric patients, 75 patients in a general hospital psychiatric unit who utilized any form of analgesic medication were studied. Patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis of substance abuse were excluded. The results indicate that most of the pain complaints were musculoskeletal or headaches and mild to moderate in degree. Nonopiod analgesics were commonly prescribed, and the degree of disability from the pain complaint was minimal. Patients who did utilize pain medications stayed in the hospital significantly longer than those who did not, and this was not an effect of age or diagnosis.
Alternative splicing of the K-ras gene in mouse tissues and cell lines.

The mRNA from the K-ras protooncogene is alternatively spliced into 2 transcripts, K-ras4A and K-ras4B, which possess 2 alternative fourth coding exons. In the present study, expression of K-ras4A and K-ras4B transcripts in 8 organs, including heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and testis, from BALB/c mice were determined by Northern blot hybridization. K-ras4B, observed in all organs, accounted for approximately 90% to 99% of total K-ras mRNA. K-ras4A was detected only in lung, liver, and kidney. In addition, K-ras expression in lungs and K-ras4A/K-ras4B ratios in lung, liver, spleen, and kidney from A/J, BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, and C57BL/6Jmice were determined. A/Jlungs expressed K-ras mRNA 2-fold higher than C3H/HeJ or C57BL/6Jlungs, whereas K-ras mRNA expression in BALB/c lungs was intermediate. Higher percentages of K-ras4A mRNA were found in lungs and kidneys from A/Jand BALB/c mice, as compared with those from C3H/HeJand C57BL/6Jmice. Levels of K-ras4A and K-ras4B mRNAs were also ...
Characteristics of Asbestos Abatement Projects in Public Buildings in Erie County, Pennsylvania: 1992-1994

The costs associated with asbestos abatement projects conducted in public buildings in Erie County, Pennsylvania, USA were evaluated during the time period 1992 to 1994. These data include the approximate quantity and catego ry of asbestos-containing materials abated, the costs, name of the contractor performing the remediation, and the time period over which the work had been performed. Information of this nature provides insight into the economic considerations, management decisions, environmental hazard liabilities and future problems related to this environmental practice.
Teaching the Day After: An Assessment of American University Pedagogy in the Wake of September 11, 2001

This article presents data drawn from a confidential, voluntary survey conducted the week after September 11, 2001, at a large, state-funded Midwestern university, asking university faculty to describe the ways they engaged with students in their classrooms in the wake of the events. Acknowledging the charges against academics by some who felt faculty had abused their responsibilities as teachers and public intellectuals, we recast the debate over the political nature of faculty classroom strategies by setting the questions raised by critics, and by faculty responses to the survey, in the context of the development of mass education in the United States.
Age-related performance on the wisconsin card sorting, similarities, and controlled oral word association tests

Abstract Clinical psychologists and neuropsychologists are frequently called upon to assist other health professionals in distinguishing normal age-related cognitive changes from abnormal neurocognitive changes likely to be associated with pathological processes of the aging brain. Such distinctions are made more difficult in the absence of normative data from clinical tests considered sensitive to normal age-related changes. Three tests of conceptualization skills, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Similarities from the WAIS-R (WAIS-R-SML), and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), were given to 80 healthy independently living individuals, ages 50 through 89 years, grouped into four age decades. Results revealed a progressive age-related decline in performance on these tasks. Changes in these executive functioning skills were found to be unrelated to intellectual competence, educational experience, or the general health status of the participants.
The effect of elevated temperature on the complexation of am3+ with chloride

The temperature dependence of the formation of the 1:1 Am3+-Cl- solution complex is reported. Stability constants were determined as a function of temperature using a solvent extraction technique. The stability constant for the formation of the AmCl2+ complex is measurably higher at 50‡C compared to values determined under ambient conditions. From these studies, we have estimated the enthalpy of complexation in this temperature range. A small, positive enthalpy was observed. The results are discussed in the context of previous studies.
Learning the Language of Practice

ABSTRACTThis article describes learning to teach as a task involving learning to think and act in ways appropriate to the demands of the profession—a task referred to as “learning the language of practice.” The language of practice is described using common sense and practical analyses of knowledge and action. A study of student teachers is presented to illustrate processes and concepts involved in acquiring a language of practice. The paper concludes with a description of a pattern language developed in the field of architecture and a discussion of its implications for a descriptive language of teaching.
Studies on western Atlantic Octocorallia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa). Part 6: The genera Primnoella Gray, 1858; Thouarella Gray, 1870; Dasystenella Versluys, 1906

ABSTRACT The seven western Atlantic species belonging to three genera, Primnoella, Thouarella, and Dasystenella, are described and illustrated. Three new species of Thouarella are described, which constitute the first records of this genus for the northwestern Atlantic. An annotated and revised list of the 26 species of Thouarella is given. Most of the species included occur primarily in the southwestern Atlantic at depths of 50–5000 m; however, one species, Thouarella grasshoffi, is amphi-North Atlantic in distribution. Whereas most of the species included herein are small and inconspicuous, T. grasshoffi is fairly large and occurs abundantly on seamounts of the New England Seamount Chain as well as on eastern Atlantic seamounts. Specimens of all three genera are still relatively rare in museum collections.
Convolution reconstruction techniques for divergent beams

Abstract A rigorous derivation of a convolution reconstruction technique for diverging beams which does not require reordering the data is given. It is shown that such techniques allow both rapid data collection and rapid but nevertheless accurate reconstruction. The performance of the method is demonstrated by reconstructions of both a mathematically generated phantom representing cross sections of the human thorax and also cross sections of the intact thorax of a dog from actual X-ray data.
An Unethical Ethic: Self-Determination and the Anthropological Conscience

The continuing problem of ethics and the applied anthropologist is addressed in terms of the utility of a principle of self determination. It is suggested that it is no part of the business of scientists to make ethical judgments based on some ethnocentric and subjective morality and only a procedural ethic built on the understandings of anthropology has any relevance. The preservation of variation in plural societies as a step toward increasing evolutionary potential through a model of incorporative change is proposed as such a procedural ethic with the special virtue of placing moral decision making as to the nature of change into the hands of those who are to undergo the change.
3-(N-Arylsulfamoyl)benzamides, inhibitors of human sirtuin type 2 (SIRT2)

Inhibition of sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is known to be protective against the toxicity of disease proteins in Parkinson's and Huntington's models of neurodegeneration. Previously, we developed SIRT2 inhibitors based on the 3-(N-arylsulfamoyl)benzamide scaffold, including3-(N-(4-bromophenyl)sulfamoyl)-N-(4-bromophenyl)benzamide(C2-8, 1a), which demonstrated neuroprotective effects in a Huntington's mouse model, but had low potency of SIRT2 inhibition. Here we report that N-methylation of 1a greatly increases its potency and results in excellent selectivity for SIRT2 over SIRT1 and SIRT3 isoforms. Structure-activity relationships observed for 1a analogs and docking simulation data suggest that the para-substituted amido moiety of these compounds could occupy two potential hydrophobic binding pockets in SIRT2. These results provide a direction for the design of potent drug-like SIRT2 inhibitors.
MicroRNA-183 family expression in hair cell development and requirement of microRNAs for hair cell maintenance and survival

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) post-transcriptionally repress complementary target gene expression and can contribute to cell differentiation. The coordinate expression of miRNA-183 family members (miR-183, miR-96, and miR-182) has been demonstrated in sensory cells of the mouse inner ear and other vertebrate sensory organs. To further examine hair cell miRNA expression in the mouse inner ear, we have analyzed miR-183 family expression in wild type animals and various mutants with defects in neurosensory development. miR-183 family member expression follows neurosensory cell specification, exhibits longitudinal (basal-apical) gradients in maturating cochlear hair cells, and is maintained in sensory neurons and most hair cells into adulthood. Depletion of hair cell miRNAs resulting from Dicer1 conditional knockout (CKO) in Atoh1-Cre transgenic mice leads to more disparate basal-apical gene expression profiles and eventual hair cell loss. Results suggest that hair cell miRNAs subdue cochlear gradient gene expression and are required for hair cell maintenance and survival.
Magnetically activated and guided isotope separation

We propose a general method for efficient isotope separation. The principle of operation is based on an irreversible change of the mass-to-magnetic moment ratio of a particular isotope in an effusive atomic beam, followed by magnetic guiding. We show that scalability is feasible with this method. The application of this method towards production of highly enriched Li-7 for the nuclear industry is analyzed in detail, and extension to other elements is discussed.
Projective modules in the category O for the Cherednik algebra

Abstract We study projective objects in the category O c of the rational Cherednik algebra introduced recently by Berest, Etingof and Ginzburg. We prove that it has enough projectives and that it is a highest weight category in the sense of Cline, Parshall and Scott, and therefore satisfies an analog of the BGG-reciprocity formula for a semisimple Lie algebra.
Anomalous Field Effect in Ultrathin Films of Metals near the Superconductor-Insulator Transition

A field effect conductance modulation experiment has been performed on a series of nominally homogeneous ultrathin films of metals. The thicknesses of the films were varied over a range such that their properties traversed the insulator-to-superconductor transition. At low gate voltages V{sub G} the conductance G(V{sub G}) increased with either polarity for films on the insulating side of the transition and decreased at temperatures in the transition region for films which were just thick enough to be superconducting. A qualitative interpretation of these results suggests the consideration of Cooper pairing even for insulating films. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
AN EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT DISCRETIZATION SCHEMES FOR NATURAL CONVECTION OF LOW-PRANDTL-NUMBER FLUIDS IN CAVITIES

A comparative study of four discretization schemes for the equations describing convection-diffusion transport phenomena in low-Prandtl-number fluids is presented. Discussion is focused on steady and transient laminar thermal convection in a square cavity. The differencing schemes considered are the conventional central differencing, Spalding's hybrid, Patankar's power law, and Leonard's QUICK differencing schemes. On a relatively coarse grid (31 × 31), the power law and hybrid differencing schemes were unable to predict secondary circulation in the four corners of the cavity for Gr = 1 × 107 and Pr = 0.005, while the quadratic differencing scheme was able to do so. But with a finer mesh (51 × 51), the power law differencing scheme was also able to predict weak circulation in the corners of the cavity.
Up-conversion devices for 1.5-μm imaging

This paper present a novel idea of integrating a photodetector and a light emitting diode (LED) for wavelength conversion. The detector of interest here responds in the 1.5 micrometers wavelength region and LED emits in the near infrared (e.g., 800 - 900 nm). A proof-of-the- concept experiment has been conducted and presented here. The eventual application is to use this device in a focal plane imaging format for up-converting a 1.5 micrometers image to the near infrared then captured by a Si CCD camera.
Ribosomal RNA sequences for inferring phylogeny within the grass family (Poaceae)

We have isolated RNA from nine different grass species and fromPsilotum, a modern representative of a primitive land plant lineage. By direct RNA sequencing with reverse transcriptase, we have determined the nucleotide sequence for five regions of the 18 S rRNA molecule and three regions of the 26 S rRNA molecule. Over 1 600 positions have been elucidated for each plant species. These sequences were aligned by computer and the variable positions were identified by inspection. The data from the variable positions were input into phylogenetic inference computer programs to generate an evolutionary relationship among the grass species. This evolutionary tree based on nucleotide sequence data was compared to a recent classification of thePoaceae based on morphological data.
Rigorous bounds on the radiative interaction between real gases and scattering particles

Abstract The radiative interaction due to the simultaneous presence of a real (non-gray) gas and isotropically scattering particles is examined rigorously for an isothermal plane layer, allowing completely general, frequency-dependent gas and particle radiative properties. A correction factor is defined to characterize the effects of interaction on the total hemispherical emittance of the layer, and rigorous bounds on the correction factor are determined, using the exact normal mode expansion technique of Case. It is shown that, under certain conditions for high albedo particles, interaction effects may lead to a slight enhancement of the total hemispherical emittance of the gas/particle mixture, compared to the sum of the emittances for the gas and particles considered separately, with the maximum enhancement possible being 3.2%. Under most conditions, however, the presence of the particles would be expected to shield the gas emittance. These rigorous bounds on the extent of the interaction effects are in contrast to the results of a previous numerical study, which predicted strong enhancement effects (nearly 100% enhancement for some cases) due to gas/particle radiative interaction.
Efforts, resources and costs required for long term environmental management of a resort development: the case of Baker's Bay Golf and Ocean Club, The Bahamas

The natural resources upon which the tourism industry relies upon are subjected to intense pressure during and post development. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) are the general method used to evaluate the potential impacts of a development. However, EIAs rarely incorporate an EIA-auditing mechanism, or set environmental standards, for evaluating the long term impacts of a proposed development project. The Baker's Bay Golf and Ocean Club (BBC) serves as a coastal tourism development case study, where an Environmental Management Program (EMP) and prescribed environmental goals were incorporated into the EIA. The goal of this paper is to document the efforts, resources and costs required to implement the EMP in an effort to meet the project goals. Lessons learned include the need to mitigate damaged environments, include measurable ecological goals, and establish an open communications system. Substantial time, costs and resources were necessary to implement the EMP and this information should be inc...
Variable reordering strategies for SLAM

State of the art methods for state estimation and perception make use of least-squares optimization methods to perform efficient inference on noisy sensor data. Much of this efficiency is achieved by using sparse matrix factorization methods. The sparsity structure of the underlying matrix factorization which makes these optimization methods tractable is highly dependent on the choice of variable reordering; but there has been no systematic evaluation of reordering methods in the SLAM community. In this paper we evaluate the performance of various reordering techniques on benchmark SLAM data sets and provide definitive recommendations based on our results. We also compare these state of the art algorithms against our simple and easy to implement algorithm which achieves comparable performance. Finally, we provide empirical evidence that few gains remain with respect to variants of minimum degree ordering.
Aberrant origin of the left coronary artery from the proximal right coronary artery: diagnostic features and pre- and postoperative course.

Summary: In this report, we present the pre and late postoperative course of a patient with severe angina secondary to aberrant origin or the left coronary artery from the proximal right coronary artery (Fig. 1). We illustrate the noninvasive diagnosis and evaluation of this patient by two-dimensional ultrasound and stress thallium imaging, and the pre and late postoperative angi-ographic and thallium perfusion findings.
Drugs and the Media: An Introduction

Mass media accounts of drugs and drug use are a daily occurrence and the focus of much inquiry and debate. In this special issue, nine articles consider the role and impact of a specific type of mass medium in the depiction of drugs, drug use, and drug users. Media include television programs, newspapers, films, public service advertising and product-specific marketing campaigns, and the world of the Internet, including YouTube and message boards. Media accounts of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and prescription drugs such as antidepressants, and more broadly, drug abuse and addictions are examined through a variety of methods from the humanities and social sciences.
Processing and Characterization of Inorganic Films for Optical Waveguide Components

Optical communications are becoming technologically important on progressively shorter length scales. As computer chip speeds increase longer metal wire interconnects become problematic and may limit device performance. Wide bandwidth optical interconnects may be used to address this problem. Silicon oxide and silicon nitride were explored as prospective optical and processing materials in the making of optical interconnects. Etching of slopes, which would be an important process for making optical interconnects, was studied. Slopes with angles ranging from 5 to 50 degrees were fabricated using a silicon oxide / silicon nitride stack.
Evaluating significant economic trade‐offs for process design and steady‐state control optimization problems

An order-of-magnitude analysis that evaluates the significant economic trade-offs for the process design optimization problem allows rapid screening of flowsheet alternatives. The optimization problem is simplified by eliminating all but the most important design variables and by including only the dominant cost functions for each trade-off. Quantitative parameters are defined which allow a straightforward selection of these elements and identify the incentive for optimization. A new optimization criterion helps to prevent the rigor of the optimization analysis from exceeding the accuracy of the design and economic models used.
Distribution of Fibronectins in Vivo

One of the impressive properties of fibronectins is their extremely wide distribution, which clearly suggests that they perform rather important functions. Another intriguing feature is that fibronectins occur in two distinctly different situations; first, as soluble glycoproteins in various body fluids or secreted by cells in culture and, second, as insoluble constituents of extracellular matrices and basement membranes. This obviously raises the question of the relationship between these two classes of fibronectin molecules. We will return to this question several times (see Section 3.3 and Chapters 4, 6, 7, 8, 13) but it is well to keep it in mind as we consider the expression of fibronectins in the body and in cultured cells.
A complete promise problem for statistical zero-knowledge

We present a complete promise problem for SZK, the class of languages possessing statistical zero-knowledge proofs (against an honest verifier). The problem is to decide whether two efficiently samplable distributions are either statistically close or far apart. This characterizes SZK with no reference to interaction or zero-knowledge. From this theorem and its proof we are able to establish several other results about SZK, knowledge complexity, and efficiently samplable distributions.
Continuous Adductor Canal Blocks Are Superior to Continuous Femoral Nerve Blocks in Promoting Early Ambulation After TKA

Background Femoral continuous peripheral nerve blocks (CPNBs) provide effective analgesia after TKA but have been associated with quadriceps weakness and delayed ambulation. A promising alternative is adductor canal CPNB that delivers a primarily sensory blockade; however, the differential effects of these two techniques on functional outcomes after TKA are not well established.
Reverse replication timing for the XIST gene in human fibroblasts

The timing of DNA replication appears to be an important epigenetic regulator of gene expression during development. Replication of active genes in expressing tissues occurs earlier than does replication of their inactive counterparts in nonexpressing tissues. This pattern is also observed for active and inactive alleles present in the same cell, as exemplified by genes subject to X chromosome inactivation in females. We find that the replication timing of the X-linked XIST gene in normal human fibroblasts provides a striking exception to this well-established pattern. Within the same cell, the expressed allele of XIST replicates late in S phase and the silent allele replicates early. This 'reverse' replication timing may have functional significance with respect to XIST or could be a passive consequence of the replication timing requirements of neighboring genes that are subject to X chromosome inactivation. Our finding of early replication for XIST in male fibroblasts contrasts with a report of late replication in such cells as determined by an in situ hybridization method [Torchia et al., (1994) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 55, 96-104]. We propose that our data and those obtained by the in situ method can be accommodated by the existence of structural features that differ between the silent and expressed alleles of XIST. Similar features may be important determinants of the replication asynchrony found by the in situ method for other genes subject to monoallelic expression.
Active storage using object-based devices

The increasing performance and decreasing cost of processors and memory are causing system intelligence to move from the CPU to peripherals such as disk drives. Storage system designers are using this trend toward excessive computation capability to perform more complex processing and optimizations directly inside the storage devices. Such kind of optimizations have been performed only at low levels of the storage protocol. Another factor to consider is the current trends in storage density, mechanics, and electronics, which are eliminating the bottleneck encountered while moving data off the media, and putting pressure on interconnects and host processors to move data more efficiently. Previous work on active storage has taken advantage of the extra processing power on individual disk drives to run application-level code. This idea of moving portions of an applicationpsilas processing to run directly at disk drives can dramatically reduce data traffic and take advantage of the parallel storage already present in large systems today. This paper aims at demonstrating active storage on an iSCSI OSD standards-based object oriented framework.
Representational Effects in Asynchronous Collaboration: A Research Paradigm and Initial Analysis

Researchers have argued that tools for online learning should provide representational support for the conceptual structure of a problem area in order to address issues of coherence and convergence and more effectively support collaborative knowledge construction. The study described in this paper sets out to investigate the merits of knowledge representations and of two alternative ways they may be related to discussion tools: embedded or linked. Analyses conducted to date suggest intriguing process and outcome differences to be investigated in future analyses. The paper also offers a methodological contribution: a paradigm for practical experimental study of asynchronous collaboration. Prior research has focused on face-to-face and synchronous collaboration due to the pragmatic problems of conducting asynchronous studies. It is crucial to understand how to support collaborative knowledge construction in asynchronous settings prevalent in online learning.
Mapping of a locus for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (Byler disease) to 18q21-q22, the benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis region

A locus for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), also known as Byler disease, has been mapped to a 19 cM region of chromosome 18 by a search for shared segments, using patients from the Amish kindred in which the disorder was originally described. A similar liver disease, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC), recently has been mapped to the same region, suggesting that these two diseases are caused by mutations in the same gene. Although PFIC and BRIC are clinically distinct diseases, episodic attacks of jaundice and pruritus, with elevated concentrations of bile acid in serum, are seen in both disorders. In PFIC patients, these attacks result in progressive liver damage and death. The clinical and biochemical features of PFIC and BRIC are suggestive of a defect in primary bile acid secretion. The biology of bile secretion is of great interest because of its vital importance in digestion of dietary fats as well as in secretion of xenobiotics and metabolic waste products. Cloning of the gene (or genes) responsible for PFIC and BRIC will likely provide important insights into this pathway.
Versatile document image content extraction

We offer a preliminary report on a research program to investigate versatile algorithms for document image content extraction , that is locating regions containing handwriting, machine-print text, graphics, line-art, logos, photographs, noise, etc. To solve this problem in its full generality requires coping with a vast diversity of document and image types. Automatically trainable methods are highly desirable, as well as extremely high speed in order to process large collections. Significant obstacles include the expense of preparing correctly labeled ("ground-truthed") samples, unresolved methodological questions in specifying the domain (e.g. what is a representative collection of document images?), and a lack of consensus among researchers on how to evaluate content-extraction performance. Our research strategy emphasizes versatility first : that is, we concentrate at the outset on designing methods that promise to work across the broadest possible range of cases. This strategy has several important implications: the classifiers must be trainable in reasonable time on vast data sets; and expensive ground-truthed data sets must be complemented by amplification using generative models. These and other design and architectural issues are discussed. We propose a trainable classification methodology that marries k-d trees and hash-driven table lookup and describe preliminary experiments.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Practical Synthesis of Novel Chiral Allenamides: (R)-4-Phenyl-3-(1,2-propadienyl)oxazolidin-2-one

(R)-4-Phenyl-2-oxazolidinone R-4-Phenyl-3-(2-propynyl)-2-oxazolidinone R-Phenyl-3-(1, 2-propadieny)2-oxaloldinone Potassium tert-butoxide Keywords: chiral allenamines; stereoselective inverse; cycloaddition; purity
Interface morfologia-sintaxe-semântica:variação flexional em compostos NN

Este trabalho visa descrever a variacao flexional de uma subclasse de compostos NN da Lingua Portuguesa (do Brasil e de Portugal), e analisar as motivacoes dessa variacao a luz de criterios de natureza morfossemântica. A reflexao sobre os dados empiricos permite observar a necessidade de articular morfologia, sintaxe e semântica para explicar as diferentes leituras que tais construcoes convocam.
Influence of Renal Function on Mortality and Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients Undergoing First Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator Generator Replacement

GFR, Mortality and ICD Therapy After ICD Generator Replacement Background Impaired renal function is associated with increased mortality among patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). The relationship between renal function at time of ICD generator replacement and subsequent appropriate ICD therapies is not known. Methods and Results We identified 441 patients who underwent first ICD generator replacement between 2000 and 2011 and had serum creatinine measured within 30 days of their procedure. Patients were divided into tertiles based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Adjusted Cox proportional hazard and competing risk models were used to assess relationships between eGFR and subsequent mortality and appropriate ICD therapy. Median eGFR was 37.6, 59.3, and 84.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 for tertiles 1–3, respectively. Five-year Kaplan–Meier survival probability was 34.8%, 61.4%, and 84.5% for tertiles 1–3, respectively (P < 0.001). After multivariable adjustment, compared to tertile 3, worse eGFR tertile was associated with increased mortality (HR 2.84, 95% CI [1.36–5.94] for tertile 2; HR 3.84, 95% CI [1.81–8.12] for tertile 1). At 5 years, 57.0%, 58.1%, and 60.2% of patients remained free of appropriate ICD therapy in tertiles 1–3, respectively (P = 0.82). After adjustment, eGFR tertile was not associated with future appropriate ICD therapy. Results were unchanged in an adjusted competing risk model accounting for death. Conclusions At time of first ICD generator replacement, lower eGFR is associated with higher mortality, but not with appropriate ICD therapies. The poorer survival of ICD patients with reduced eGFR does not appear to be influenced by arrhythmia status, and there is no clear proarrhythmic effect of renal dysfunction, even after accounting for the competing risk of death.
Dopamine reduces intensity of serotonin‐induced spawning in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas)

The effect of dopamine (DA) on serotonin (5-HT)-induced spawning in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) was tested. Administration of 1 mM DA with either 0.3 mM or 0.5 mM 5-HT significantly delayed spawning and reduced its intensity in both males and females compared with 5-HT controls. In dose-response experiments, a minimal DA concentration of 0.3 mM was necessary to delay spawning and reduce male spawning intensity to levels below that of the 5-HT control. Mussels treated with 5-HT-DA or DA alone opened their valves initially, but after 1 hour most valves were closed and both inhalent and exhalent siphons appeared extended, squeezed, and narrow, with reduced aperture openings. Possible mechanisms for the observed reduction in spawning intensity are discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.