cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Process Intensification: Exploitation of Field Effects for Greener Synthesis

Durch den Einsatz von por sen, katalytisch aktiven Membranen als Katalysatortr ger in Hydrierungsreaktionen k nnen h here RaumZeit-Ausbeuten und damit geringere Herstellungskosten erreicht werden als mit konventionellen Reaktoren. F r Folgereaktionen wie die partielle Hydrierung von Olefinen kann sogar die Selektivit t des gew nschten Produktes verbessert werden [1, 2]. Mit einem konvektiven Stoffstrom durch die Poren einer Membran kann eine definierte Kontaktzeit der Reaktanten am Katalysator eingestellt werden. Auf diese Weise werden Porendiffusion und R ckvermischung in den Katalysatorporen minimiert und die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und die Selektivit t f r das partiell hydrierte Produkt erh ht. Beschrieben wird eine Technik zur Beschichtung von einzelnen a-Al2O3-Kapillarmembranen und B ndeln aus Kapillarmembranen mit Pd als Katalysator. Zur Charakterisierung der katalytisch aktiven Membranen wurden AAS, SEM, TEM und EPMA durchgef hrt. Die hergestellten Membranen wurden in einem Membranreaktor im Porendurchflussmodus f r die partielle Hydrierung von 1,5-Cyclooctadien (COD) bei 50 C und 10 bar H2-Druck getestet. Die Umsatzrate von COD wird haupts chlich von der Str mungsgeschwindigkeit durch die Membran, der Pd-Menge und der Membranporengr se beeinflusst. Mit steigender Str mungsgeschwindigkeit der Reaktionsmischung, h herem Pd-Gehalt und kleineren Membranporen steigt die Umsatzrate. Der Einfluss auf die Selektivit t f r Cycloocten hingegen ist f r die untersuchten Parameter gering. Allerdings liegen die erzielten Selektivit ten mit 92 – 95 % bereits sehr hoch und in einem Bereich, der sonst nur mit einem Pulverkatalysator in einem Slurry-Reaktor erreicht wurde. Mit einem Pulverkatalysator l uft die Reaktion ohne Stofftransportlimitierungen ab und kann als Leistungsvergleich f r den Membranreaktor herangezogen werden.
Cures in Childhood Cancer

Dramatic advances have been made in the treatment and potential cure of childhood cancer in the past two decades. In the case of the most common childhood malignancy, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Mauer wrote in 1969 that he did "not think that the attempt to encourage parents by discussion of the possibility of a cure being found is any real help to the parents in facing the inevitable consequences of this disease." By 1973, Pochedley, while noting that the great majority of patients would die from disease, commented that "remissions can last five or more years and in a few patients they seem to be permanent." In 1989, Poplack stated that "about 60% of children with this disease achieve prolonged disease-free survival (over 5 years from diagnosis) and most of these patients are considered to be cured." In this review, data are presented in support of the conclusion that cures can be found for oven half of the children in this country in whom the diagnosis of cancer is made. The focus is not on clinical presentations but on staging systems, treatment principles, and outcomes for the most common pediatric malignancies. DATA ANALYSIS AND POTENTIAL BIAS IN DATA In the United States, the great majority of children with cancer are treated by pediatric hematologists/oncologists who are members of a cooperative study group (the Pediatric Oncology Group and the Children9s Cancer Study Group); major reports of treatment results are based on data concerning children participating in groupwide, multi-institution studies, in single large institutions (usually with affiliates), or in intergroup studies.
Performance as Communication in Intersecting Inter-disciplines

This essay traces my coming to performance studies through theatre, devising, and women's and gender studies, and the connections I found among these tracks.
Perpendicular and longitudinal recording: a signal-processing and coding perspective

Equalization and noise prediction followed by sequence detection and postprocessing are studied for double-layer perpendicular recording channels that are corrupted by electronics and transition noise. The performance of various outer coding schemes, such as conventional Reed-Solomon codes with 8and 10-bit symbols and low-density parity check codes, is evaluated, and a signal-processing and coding perspective is presented for both longitudinal and perpendicular recording channels. Finally, the capacity of recording channels is characterized.
Discrete-dipole approximation for periodic targets: theory and tests

The discrete-dipole approximation (DDA) is a powerful method for calculating absorption and scattering by targets that have sizes smaller than or comparable to the wavelength of the incident radiation. The DDA can be extended to targets that are singly or doubly periodic. We generalize the scattering amplitude matrix and the 4 x 4 Mueller matrix to describe scattering by singly and doubly periodic targets and show how these matrices can be calculated using the DDA. The accuracy of DDA calculations using the open-source code DDSCAT is demonstrated by comparison with exact results for infinite cylinders and infinite slabs. A method for using the DDA solution to obtain fields within and near the target is presented, with results shown for infinite slabs.
Association of Race/Ethnicity with Emergency Department Wait Times

Objective. To determine whether wait times for children treated in emergency departments (EDs) nationally are associated with patient race/ethnicity. Methods. Data were obtained from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, which collects information on patient visits to EDs throughout the United States. We examined data for patients ≤15 years of age who presented to EDs during the 4-year period of 1997–2000. Sample weights were applied to the identified patient records to yield national estimates. For the purposes of this study, race/ethnicity was analyzed for 3 major groups, ie, non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB), and Hispanic white (HW). Results. During the 4-year study period, 20633 patient visits were surveyed, representing a national sample of 92.9 million children ≤15 years of age. The race/ethnicity distribution included 9019 NHW children (59.5%), 3910 NHB children (23.9%), and 2991 HW children (16.6%). The wait time for all groups was 43.6 ± 1.7 minutes (mean ± SEM). There were significant unadjusted intergroup differences in wait times (38.5 ± 1.6 minutes, 48.7 ± 0.5 minutes, and 54.5 ± 0.1 minutes for NHW, NHB, and HW children, respectively). Visit immediacy (triage status), when reported, was categorized as 2 to 24 hours for 1910 (16.4%). There were significant unadjusted differences in triage status according to race, with 14.6% of NHW patients being placed in the >2-hour immediacy range, compared with 18.8% of NHB patients and 20.0% of HW patients. In a linear regression analysis with logarithmically transformed wait time as a dependent variable and with adjustment for potential confounders, including hospital location, geographic region, and payer status, both NHB and HW patients waited longer than NHW patients, although the results were statistically significant only for HW patients. Conclusions. These nationally representative data suggest that children who come to EDs have wait times that vary according to race/ethnicity. There are several potential explanations for this observation, including discrimination, cultural incompetence, language barriers, and other social factors. These data and similar data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey are useful in identifying nonclinical influences on the delivery of pediatric emergency care.
EPR-kinetic isotope effect study of the mechanism of radical-mediated dehydrogenation of an alcohol by the radical SAM enzyme DesII

The radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine enzyme DesII from Streptomyces venezuelae is able to oxidize the C3 hydroxyl group of TDP-D-quinovose to the corresponding ketone via an α-hydroxyalkyl radical intermediate. It is unknown whether electron transfer from the radical intermediate precedes or follows its deprotonation, and answering this question would offer considerable insight into the mechanism by which the small but important class of radical-mediated alcohol dehydrogenases operate. This question can be addressed by measuring steady-state kinetic isotope effects (KIEs); however, their interpretation is obfuscated by the degree to which the steps of interest limit catalysis. To circumvent this problem, we measured the solvent deuterium KIE on the saturating steady-state concentration of the radical intermediate using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The resulting value, , when combined with the solvent deuterium KIE on the maximum rate of turnover (V) of , yielded a KIE of on the net rate constant specifically associated with the α-hydroxyalkyl radical intermediate. This result implies that electron transfer from the radical intermediate does not precede deprotonation. Further analysis of these isotope effects, along with the pH dependence of the steady-state kinetic parameters, likewise suggests that DesII must be in the correct protonation state for initial generation of the α-hydroxyalkyl radical. In addition to providing unique mechanistic insights, this work introduces a unique approach to investigating enzymatic reactions using KIEs.
Ethical implications of physician involvement in lawsuits on behalf of the tobacco industry.

Physicians have long served as expert witnesses in litigation, and their medical knowledge can contribute to the appropriate resolution of a case. However, ethical issues may arise when physicians appear on behalf of the tobacco industry. Two ways that doctors participate in lawsuits are through depositions (statements given under oath before trial to attorneys, who often use them to prepare the case or develop a strategy) and by testifying in court during trial. The Tobacco Deposition and Trial Testimony Archive (DATTA) is an electronic database of depositions, trial testimony, opening and closing statements, and other material from tobacco lawsuits collected by the Center for Tobacco Use Prevention and Research. At the time the research for this article was conducted, the database included depositions and trial testimony of expert witnesses from 232 smoking and health cases.
Reliability analysis of cyber-enabled power distribution system using sequential Monte-Carlo

Cyber-enabled power system places higher requirements on the reliability of communication infrastructure. This paper proposes an approach to calculate reliability of distribution networks in the presence of communication media. Communication failure is incorporated into sequential Monte Carlo simulation using a uniform probability distribution function. A straightforward matrix representation is developed to analyze the impact of fault on each load point. Several scenarios are discussed to illustrate the impact of potential communication failures. For each scenario energy not supplied is calculated for Bus 2 of RBTS. The results show the necessity of evolving well-established reliability calculation methods.
Clinical utility of labeled cells for detection of allograft rejection and myocardial infarction

The choice of a specific radiolabeled blood component for use in detection of allograft rejection depends on several factors including the immunosuppressive agents used, the type of organ allografted, and particularly the length of time the allograft resides in the host and the duration of rejection. To date, only the use of 111 In-labeled platelets in renal allograft recipients immunosuppressed with azathioprine and corticosteroids has shown clinical promise in the detection of early allograft rejection. Radiolabeled blood components are unlikely to play a significant role in detection of myocardial infarction. The use of these agents for monitoring therapeutic interventions or as indicators of prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction continues to be investigated.
Insulin Sensitivity Accounts for Glucose and Lactate Kinetics After Intravenous Glucose Injection

Mathematical modeling was used to explore the interaction between glucose, insulin, and lactate during the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGTT). Insulin-modified FSIGTs were performed in 25 lean volunteers, and an additional 5 volunteers underwent FSIGTs with glucose injection alone to illustrate the effect of insulin on both glucose and lactate kinetics. The model chosen as the best representation of the system extended the minimal model of glucose kinetics (MM) by including a two-compartment model of lactate kinetics. The model accounted for both glucose and lactate kinetics, provided traditional MM parameters of insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness, and descriptive parameters of lactate kinetics. Modeling suggested that lactate production was limited by the rate of glucose disappearance, with no indication of direct effects of insulin on lactate. Inclusion of lactate kinetics had no adverse effect on MM parameters ( S G : 0.023 ± 0.009 vs. 0.023 ± 0.010 min −1 , S I : 1.01 ± 0.70 vs. 1.03 ± 0.71 × 10 4 · min −1 · pmol −1 · 1; P −1 of total glucose disappearance during the FSIGT is converted to lactate. An additional benefit of including lactate kinetics was the significant improvement in precision in MM parameter estimates as reflected by the fractional standard deviations (FSDs). This effect was most prominent for S G , in which a threefold improvement in parameter precision was observed (FSD: 13.5 ± 3.1 vs. 42.5 ± 48.5; means ± SD). These analyses indicate that kinetic information for both glucose and lactate can be derived from FSIGT data and provide insights into the interaction between glucose, insulin, and lactate under non-steady-state conditions.
Diagnosis and treatment of supraglottic laryngeal paraganglioma: report of a case.

Background. Paragangliomas of the larynx are unusual tumors that are seen as a vascular submucosal mass. These usually are seen in the supraglottic larynx but have also been found in the subglottis. This is the only laryngeal neuro- endocrine tumor with a female predilection. It is important that paragangliomas be differentiated from other neuroendocrine tumors of the larynx, including atypical carcinoid, because of differing treatment modalities. Methods. We present the clinical, radiologic, and patho-
Reduced MK801 binding in neocortical neurons after AAV-mediated transfections with NMDA-R1 antisense cDNA

Abstract Two adeno-associated virus (AAV)-derived plasmids were constructed with portions of the N-methyl- d -aspartic acid-R1 (NMDA-R1) receptor subunit downstream from the AAV p40-(pJDT95dlk-aR1) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (pTRUF3-aR1) in an antisense orientation. Each plasmid drove expression of antisense NMDA-R1 in primary rat neocortical neuronal cultures 4 days after transfection as detected by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). Transfection with pTRUF3-aR1 (2×4 μg) but not with pJDT95dlk-aR1 decreased neuronal [3H]MK-801 binding in a dose-dependent manner.
Nanomechanical properties of endodontically treated teeth.

Abstract Introduction Although it is apparent that teeth become more susceptible to fracture after root canal treatment, the contributing factors for this are not completely established. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are changes in nanomechanical properties of dentin in root canal–treated teeth compared with non–root canal–treated control teeth. Methods Atomic force microscopy–based nanoindentation testing was performed on root canal–treated teeth and age- and type-matched control teeth. Radicular intertubular dentin was indented in 6 locations, and triplicate measurements were averaged. Paired t tests were used to compare root canal–treated teeth with control teeth. Results The moduli of elasticity were 17.8 ± 2.9 GPa and 18.9 ± 2.9 GPa for root canal–treated teeth and controls, respectively; the hardness values for the 2 groups were 0.84 ± 0.25 GPa and 0.84 ± 0.18 GPa, respectively. Neither the modulus of elasticity nor the hardness differed between groups (P > .05). Conclusions It appears that root canal treatment does not result in nanomechanical changes to radicular intertubular dentin.
Persistent primary coronary dilation induced by transatrial delivery of nitroglycerin into the pericardial space: a novel approach for local cardiac drug delivery☆

Abstract OBJECTIVES We compared the effects of intrapericardial and intracoronary nitroglycerin on coronary cross-sectional area as assessed by intravascular ultrasound and demonstrated the feasibility of local cardiac drug delivery by a newly developed method to access the normal pericardial space through the right atrial appendage. BACKGROUND Studies of nitric oxide (NO) donors have suggested that their antiarrhythmic and antiproliferative properties are more effective when administered by the intrapericardial rather than intravascular route. We postulated that NO donors delivered intrapericardially would also cause sustained coronary vasodilation without significant systemic hypotension. METHODS Intrapericardial nitroglycerin (200 μg) was administered in five Yorkshire pigs. Coronary cross-sectional luminal area was measured with intravascular ultrasound at various time intervals. The effects of intracoronary nitroglycerin on coronary luminal area were used for comparison. RESULTS Transatrial pericardial access required 1 to 3 min in all animals. Intrapericardial nitroglycerin was associated with a mean 31.7% increase in luminal area at 5 min (p CONCLUSIONS Sustained coronary vasodilation can be achieved with intrapericardial delivery of nitroglycerin without systemic hypotension. Nitric oxide donors with longer half-lives could prove beneficial in the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndromes when administered through this route. Transatrial pericardial access offers a novel route for local cardiac drug delivery.
Economic Impacts of Conferences and Conventions

Abstract This study examines the conference and convention trade as a travel activity. The objective of the research is to determine and compare the economic impact of conferences and conventions to the overall travel and tourism activity in a rural region. Expenditures of conference and convention participants and vendors were used. Annual visitor days totaled 970,051 for the activity. Non-resident visitors and vendors spent considerably more per activity day than residents. The residence of vendors must be considered when determining regional expenditures used for deriving economic impacts. Total sale impacts were $163.3 million. The value-added component of the economic impact totaled $98.4 million and 4,188 jobs were supported. Conferences and conventions were a major contributor to the regional economic impacts from travel and tourism.
The structure of low temperature triplet energy traps in organic solids from pmdr spectroscopy 11. 1,3,5-Trichloro and hexachlorobenzenes

Abstract The new technique of polarized microwave PMDR spectroscopy is used to determine the structure of the low temperature (1.6 – 4.2°K) triplet energy traps. The structure of 1.3,5-trichlorobenzene (Tri-CB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) molecules in hexamethylbenzene (HMB) host as well as in their own neat crystals (present as x -traps) is determined from the linear polarization characteristics of their optically detected microwave zerofield (zf) transitions as well as from the analysis of their phosphorescence emission. The former technique gives the direction of the principal magnetic axes of these trap molecules in the crystal as well as the relative order of their zf levels. ln HMB host, deviation from trigonal symmetry is found to be only slight for HCB and absent for Tri-CB. ln the neat crystals, large deviations from trigonal symmetry are observed for the traps of both HCB and Tri-CB. In HCB x - traps, the HCB molecule is found to be slightly contracted along the CCl axis near parallel to the c ′ crystal axes. Deviation From planarity is also strongly suggested by the large value of the zf parameter D . ln addition, the principal magnetic axis of the 2| E | moment for HCB x -traps is found to lie only 5° off the molecular N axis. The | D | + | E | and | D | — | E | moments, however, are 15° away from the A and B molecular axis, respectively. In Tri-CB neat crystal. two traps are observed optically with their phosphorescence origins 10 cm −1 apart. The zf parameter E is found to have a non-zero value and is opposite in sign for the two traps. If the distortion is to be blamed on pseudo-Jahn-Teller forces, the results lead to the conclusion that the x -(shallow) trap is contracted while the y - (deep) trap is expanded along an in-plane axis going through the CCl bonds near parallel to the a axis of the Tri-CB crystal. The plane containing the | D | + | E | and | D | — | E | moments of the x -trap suffers a rotation around the N -molecular axis, which is almost parallel to the 2| E | moment. Th | D | + | E | moment is 10° off the A axis and the | D | — | E | moment is 10° off the B axis. The 2| E | transition moment of the y -trap lies off the molecular N axis and the plane containing the | D | + | E | and | D | — | E | moments moves upward from the The results of these and other studies suggest that low temperature trapping in neat crystals of this type results from crystal induced geometrical and orientational changes in the molecules at point defects. The observed traps are those molecules for which the crystal field induced deformation leads to a lowering in their singlet-triplet transition energy as compared with that for the host lattice.
Nonrigid Motion Analysis

Motion of physical objects in the world is, in general, nonrigid. In robotics and computer vision, the motion of nonrigid objects is of growing interest to researchers from a wide spectrum of disciplines. The nonrigid objects being studied may be generally categorized into three groups according to the degree of deformation of body parts: articulated, elastic, and fluid. In articulated motion, individual rigid parts of an object move independently of one another and the motion of the whole object is nonrigid in nature. Elastic motion is nonrigid motion that conforms to a certain degree of continuity or smoothness. Fluid motion violates even the continuity assumption and may involve topological variations and turbulent deformations. This paper presents an overview of existing work on articulated and elastic motion, motivated by problems relating to the motion of the human body and of an animal heart, respectively. We study various approaches for recovering the 3D structure and motion of objects through a sequence of images in a bottom-up fashion, a strategy widely employed by various investigators. These approaches are classified as (1) motion recovery without shape models, and (2) model-based analysis. In the discussion of each algorithm, we also include a description of the complexity of feature and motion constraints, which are highly related to each other.
A Spine X-Ray Image Retrieval System Using Partial Shape Matching

In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the size and number of medical image collections. Thus, the development of appropriate methods for medical information retrieval is especially important. In a large collection of spine X-ray images, maintained by the National Library of Medicine, vertebral boundary shape has been determined to be relevant to pathology of interest. This paper presents an innovative partial shape matching (PSM) technique using dynamic programming (DP) for the retrieval of spine X-ray images. The improved version of this technique called corner-guided DP is introduced. It uses nine landmark boundary points for DP search and improves matching speed by approximately 10 times compared to traditional DP. The retrieval accuracy and processing speed of the retrieval system based on the new corner-guided PSM method are evaluated and included in this paper.
Evaluation of a community health worker intervention to improve adherence to therapy for non-communicable disease in Chiapas, Mexico

: 02NCD019 Creating and implementing low literacy cancer education materials: bridging the gap in sub-Saharan Africa M. Olsen, V.E. Manzo, C. Cardenas, A. Bhatt, A. Fajardo, F. Huang, M. Jacobs, S. Kennell-Heiling, L.S. May, H. Mehrtash, K. Taylor, M. Xu; Partners In Health, Cambridge, MA/US, Stanford University, Stanford, CA/US, THE MEME Design, Cambridge, MA/US, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute / Harvard Medical School / Global Oncology, Inc., Boston, MA/US, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA/US, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Partners In Health, Boston, MA/US, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA/US, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA/US, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA/US Program/Project Purpose: Global Oncology (GO) is a non-profit community of professionals and student volunteers helping global partners alleviate suffering through providing the highest quality cancer care. In January 2013, GO established a partnership with Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) in Blantyre, Malawi. In June 2013, GO initiated the development of cancer educational materials for QECH’s low-literate patient population, in collaboration with THE MEME Design in Cambridge, MA. The materials were completed in May 2014 and piloted in Malawi and Rwanda in JuneSeptember 2014. Through this project, GO aims to improve psychosocial support services and patient adherence in resource-limited settings. Structure/Method/Design: Cancer care providers at QECH identified a need for educational materials for their low-literate patient population. In order to develop a clinically relevant and culturally appropriate product, GO is working with MEME, QECH, Partners In Health (PIH) in Rwanda, and has consulted with experts throughout Boston and sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to developing the materials, GO and its partners are investigating ways to integrate the booklets into clinical protocols as a platform to better engage patients and families in the treatment process.
Structural Elucidation of Innate Immunity

Receptors are sensing components in signal transduction pathways; they may reside on the cell surface to recognize extracellular ligands or exist inside the cell to interact with phagocytosed or cell-permeable signals. By triggering intracellular events in response to environmental changes, receptor signal transduction influences nearly every physiological reaction in multicellular organisms. We have learned much about the mechanism of signal transduction in different receptor systems. Recent structural studies in innate immune signaling unexpectedly reveal a paradigm that involves formation of higher-order supramolecular signaling machines, which is quite different from the classical view of signal transduction. Here I will discuss the kind of signaling complexes we have encountered and their implications in signal transmission and amplification.
Basal and PGE2-stimulated duodenal bicarbonate secretion in the rat in vivo

We studied basal and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-stimulated duodenal HCO3- transport in the rat in vivo both in the presence and absence of a concentration gradient for HCO3- from blood to lumen. Basal HCO3- transport was not reduced when the luminal solution was changed from one containing 0 mM HCO3- to one containing 22 mM HCO3- either at pH 9.0 or 7.5. Thus basal duodenal HCO3- transport in rats is independent of a blood-to-lumen HCO3- concentration gradient, which indicates an energy-dependent process with little passive flux of HCO3-. Luminal or intravenous administration of PGE2 significantly (P less than 0.01) increased HCO3- secretion into a HCO3(-)-free luminal solution but had no effect on HCO3- secretion into luminal solutions containing 22 mM HCO3-, either at pH 9.0 or 7.5. Therefore prostaglandins may act by increasing passive flux of HCO3- rather than by stimulating energy-dependent duodenal HCO3- transport.
Real time imaging of peripheral nerve vasculature using optical coherence angiography

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) carries bidirectional information between the central nervous system and distal organs. PNS stimulation has been widely used in medical devices for therapeutic indications, such as bladder control and seizure cessation. Investigational uses of PNS stimulation include providing sensory feedback for improved control of prosthetic limbs. While nerve safety has been well documented for stimulation parameters used in marketed devices, novel PNS stimulation devices may require alternative stimulation paradigms to achieve maximum therapeutic benefit. Improved testing paradigms to assess the safety of stimulation will expedite the development process for novel PNS stimulation devices. The objective of this research is to assess peripheral nerve vascular changes in real-time with optical coherence angiography (OCA). A 1300-nm OCA system was used to image vasculature changes in the rat sciatic nerve in the region around a surface contacting single electrode. Nerves and vasculature were imaged without stimulation for 180 minutes to quantify resting blood vessel diameter. Walking track analysis was used to assess motor function before and 6 days following experiments. There was no significant change in vessel diameter between baseline and other time points in all animals. Motor function tests indicated the experiments did not impair functionality. We also evaluated the capabilities to image the nerve during electrical stimulation in a pilot study. Combining OCA with established nerve assessment methods can be used to study the effects of electrical stimulation safety on neural and vascular tissue in the periphery.
Effect of Temperature on Development, Survivorship, and Reproduction of Rice Root Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Development, survivorship, and reproduction of rice root aphid, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki), were measured at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. The developmental time from 1st instar to adult varied from 20.7 d at l0°C to 4.4 d at 30°C. The lower-temperature developmental thresholds for 1st through 4th instars and total immature stages were estimated at 7.0, 6.2, 6.3, 5.1, and 6.1°C, respectively. A modified Logan model was used to describe the relationship between developmental rate and temperature. The survival of total immature stages varied from 52.7 to 90.23% within the temperature range of 10–30°C. At 35°C, nymphs did not develop beyond the 4th instar. The average longevity of adults ranged from 29.73 d at 10°C to 9.42 d at 30°C. The mean number of nymphs produced by R. rufiabdominalis varied from 63.32 at 20°C to 31.88 at 30°C. Life table parameters also were determined at 5 constant temperatures (10–30°C). The population reared at 25°C had the highest intrinsic rate of increase ( r m) (0.432), the shortest population doubling time (1.61 d) and shorter mean generation time (8.7 d) compared with populations reared at other temperatures. The highest net reproduction rate ( Ro ) was recorded at 20°C (57.23). The optimum range of temperatures for R. rufiabdominalis population growth was 20–25°C.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MAXIMAL LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE IN CARIBBEAN ANOLIS LIZARDS.

We examined the sprinting and jumping capabilities of eight West Indian Anolis species during three natural activities (escape from a predator, feeding, and undisturbed activity). We then compared these field data with maximal performance under optimal laboratory conditions to answer three questions: (1) Has maximal (i.e., laboratory) sprinting and jumping performance coevolved with field performance among species? (2) What proportion of their maximum capabilities do anoles sprint and jump in different ecological contexts? (3) Does a relationship exist between maximal sprinting and jumping ability and the proportion of maximal performance used in these contexts? Among species, maximal speed is tightly positively correlated with sprinting performance during both feeding and escape in the field. Sprinting speed during escape closely matches maximal sprinting ability (i.e., about 90% of maximum performance). By contrast, sprinting performance during undisturbed activity is markedly lower (about 32% of maximum) than maximal sprinting performance. Sprinting ability during feeding is intermediate (about 71% of maximum) between field escape and field undisturbed activity. In contrast to sprinting ability, jumping ability is always substantially less than maximum (about 40% of maximum during feeding and undisturbed activity). A negative relationship exists among species between maximal speed and the proportion to which species sprint to their maximal abilities during field escape.
Anisotropy and boundary scattering in the lattice thermal conductivity of silicon nanomembranes

We present a calculation of the full thermal conductivity tensor for 001, 111, and 011 surface orientations of the silicon-on-insulator SOI nanomembrane, based on solving the Boltzmann transport equation in the relaxation-time approximation with the full phonon dispersions, a momentum-dependent model for boundary scattering, as well as three-phonon and isotope scattering. The interplay between strong boundary scattering and the anisotropy of the phonon dispersions results in thermal conduction that strongly depends on the surface orientation and exhibits marked in-plane vs out-of-plane anisotropy, as well as slight in-plane anisotropy for the low-symmetry 011 SOI. In-plane thermal conductivity is highest along 100 on Si011 and lowest in Si001 due to the strong scattering of the highly anisotropic TA modes with 001 surfaces. The room-temperature in-plane conductivities in 011 and 001 nanomembranes with thicknesses around 10 nm differ by a factor of 2, and the ratio can be much higher at lower temperatures or in rougher samples. We discuss surface facet orientation as a means of tailoring thermal conduction in low-dimensional nanostructrures and address the role of out-of-plane thermal conductivities in predicting vertical phonon transport in superlattices.
Recognizing on the Affect of Higher Education in the Course of Urban Construction

it is important to the urban construction that estimating correctly and recognizing adequately the affect of higher education in the course of urban construction. We can discover easily that the affects of higher education in the course of urban construction have two aspects that are direct action and indirect action, but the indirect action is the key in the course of modernization urban construction and promoting city grade.
Detection of Legionella in water of cooling tower by culture and Equate~(TM) antigen detection assay

Objective: To learn the pollute status and its serum type of Legionella in the cooling tower water of central air-conditioning and evaluate the utility of the EquateTM water Legionglla test kit for detection of Legionella.Methods:From Nanjing,Changzhuo,Suzhuo 148 cooling towers water of central air-conditioning were recruited and measured the prevalence of Legionella by culture and the EquateTM water Legionglla test kit.Results:The positive detective rate of culture was 75%,and 145 strains were isolated.The distribution of serum of Legionella mostly was LP1(65.5%),others were LP2-8,L.micdadei,L.bozemanii;The positive rate of LP1 by the EquateTM test kit was 57.4%.To compare with culture,the distinction has not statistics significance(McNema χ2=1.56,P=0.26).But the sensitivity and specificity of detection was interference by other bacteria.Conclusion:The pollution status of Legionella in central air conditioning cooling water was common,and its serotypes is manifold,the most serotype was LP1.The EquateTM test kit could be considered as an adjunct to culture for emergency,screening of high concentration of pollution LP1,but not suitable for water environment regular monitoring of Legionella.
Procedures and significance of Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International accreditation

Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International(AAALAC) accreditation is the symbol of high standards for animal care and use,and is the landmark of a world-wide acceptable high quality of medicinal research.In this paper,the basic concept and procedure of AAALAC accreditation as well as some special issues are introduced,the important role of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee(IACUC),veterinarian,and occupational health and safety(OHS) to play in AAALAC accreditation is clarified,the significance of AAALAC accreditation in improvement of pre-clinical safety evaluation of an investigational drug is described with ensuring the reliability,validity,repeatability,and international recognition of the experiments and their results.It is very imperative for GLP laboratories in domestic institutions to get AAALAC accreditation.
Specificity of amino acid transport in renal papilla: microinfusion of Henle's loops and vasa recta.

Amino acids can be reabsorbed distal to tips of Henle9s loops and may be recycled between loops and vasa recta in rat papilla. Transport specificity was examined during continuous microinfusions of ascending Henle9s loops and vasa recta with radiolabeled amino acids. Percent of recovered radiolabel as intact amino acid was also determined. Previous data indicated that, relative to simultaneously microinfused inulin, 30-40% of radiolabeled L- and D-Ala, L-Glu, L-Glu(NH2), and Gly, but no taurine (Tau) or mannitol, microinfused into Henle9s loops was reabsorbed. In the present study, reabsorption was shown to involve intact L- and D-Ala, D-Glu, and L-Ser. L-Phe (50 mM) in infusate had no effect on reabsorption of L-Ala (2.5 mM) or L-Glu(NH2) (42.6 microM), and D-Asp (50 mM) had no effect on reabsorption of L-Glu (1.5 mM). Thus reabsorption from Henle9s loops is not stereospecific, not different for neutral and acidic amino acids, and not inhibited by competitive inhibitors of proximal tubule amino acid transport, but it was not completely nonspecific and not a simple leak. Previous vasa recta microinfusions suggested that Ala could move directly from vasa recta to tubules. These studies were extended with simultaneous collections from ipsilateral and contralateral kidneys. Relative to simultaneously microinfused inulin, 40–50% of radiolabeled L- and D-Ala, L-Glu, and L-Glu(NH2) and 30% of L-Ser microinfused into ascending vasa recta appeared intact in urine from ipsilateral kidney, whereas only 1–3% appeared in urine from contralateral kidney. Fifty percent of infused D-Glu was excreted intact by each kidney; 70% of infused Tau was excreted intact by ipsilateral kidney, and 22% was excreted by contralateral kidney. L-Phe (50 mM) in infusate inhibited appearance of L-Ala (2.5 mM) and D-Ala (10 mM) but not L-Glu(NH2) (42.6 microM) in ipsilateral urine. D-Asp (50 mM) inhibited appearance of L-Glu (1.5 mM), and beta-Ala (50 mM) inhibited appearance of Tau (78 microM) in ipsilateral urine. Thus some amino acids can move directly from vasa recta into tubules (probably descending thin limbs of Henle9s loops) by a process showing significant specificity.
Animal Models of Herpes Keratitis

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) are closely related alphaherpesviruses that can cause pathology in a variety of tissues, including the cornea. These two viruses illustrate the importance of animal models in defining disease pathogenesis. The broad species specificity of HSV-1 has permitted the development of a variety of animal models of HSV-1 keratitis which have generated a large body of information about the pathogenesis of the disease. In contrast, the highly restricted species specificity of VZV has largely defied the development of animal models of VZV keratitis, and accordingly very little is known about the pathogenesis of VZV corneal disease. In this chapter, we compare some of the animal models of HSV-1 keratitis and their relation to human disease and discuss some recent novel findings on the pathogenesis of HSV-1 keratitis in mice.
Separation, Negotiation and Drug Diplomacy: 1935–1939

In 1935 the Government of Burma Act formally separated Burma from India, effective from April 1st 1937. This separation from India did not break the imperial bond, however — colonial officials in Burma still had to consider the potential repercussions of their decisions for the other nodes of the British imperial network. In the years immediately preceding separation, officials in India and Burma negotiated the details of the separation agreement, including the effects that the separation would have on Burma’s opium regime. These negotiations were subject to the same international and transnational pressures that had affected imperial drug policy since the foundation of the League of Nations. In particular, the influence of the United States of America was increasingly felt, despite the fact that the United States was not a League member. Scrutiny from the United States, as well as the League of Nations, influenced the colonial regime to continue to publicly commit to an opium policy rationale that prioritised diminishing opium consumption. The government of Burma, now an autonomous entity though still responsible to London by way of the Burma Office, professed a commitment to the eventual abolition of the opium industry whilst looking to the Shan and Wa States to ensure a continued reliable source of government opium. As the end of British rule in Burma approached, Burmese nationalists continued to oppose the British opium industry, though they had limited ability to accomplish any change in colonial opium policy.
Laminin E8 alveolarization site: heparin sensitivity, cell surface receptors, and role in cell spreading

Cell adhesion to amino acids 2179-2198 (SN-peptide) of the laminin-1 alpha1-chain is required for lung alveolar formation in vitro (M. L. Matter and G. W. Laurie. J. Cell Biol. 124: 1083-1090, 1994). The nature of the SN-peptide receptor(s) was probed with neutralizing anti-integrin monoclonal antibodies (MAb), cells lacking integrin subunits, soluble heparin, and SN-peptide columns. Cell adhesion and spreading studies confirmed the specificity of SN-peptide and revealed adhesion to be unaffected by inclusion of anti-beta1-, anti-alpha(2-6)- or anti-alpha(V)beta5-integrin MAb. Cells lacking beta1- or alpha6-integrin subunits were fully adherent. Adhesion was heparin, but not chondroitin sulfate or heparinase, sensitive, much as is alpha-dystroglycan-laminin-1 binding. Heparin eluted approximately 155- and 180-kDa cell-surface proteins from SN-peptide columns. An additional approximately 91-kDa protein was eluted by EDTA. All were unrecognized by anti-beta1-integrin MAb. SN-peptide therefore interacts with three cell-surface proteins for which the identity remains to be determined.
Educational Import in Mongolia: A Historical Perspective

Many recent examinations of globalization begin with an apology from the authors for adding yet another work to an already over-studied subject. Our excuse, however, is that there are few studies on the impact of globalization upon educational reform in Mongolia, and there exist virtually no analyses of educational import in Mongolia from a historical perspective. It is important to recognize that educational import in Mongolia did not begin in the past decade. However, earlier phases are either under-documented or not easily accessible. For a book that attempts to advance research on the politics and economics of policy borrowing they are essential.
Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws

Background Some jurisdictions have passed legislation that bans electronic cigarette (e-cig) use (vaping) in public places similarly to smoking. Many other jurisdictions have not yet determined how to regulate vaping in public places. This study examined the proportion of current e-cig users who find their vaping restricted in public places and further evaluated factors associated with the differences between restricted and unrestricted vapers. Methods 3960 experienced exclusive e-cig users completed an online survey from December 2012 to May 2014 about their e-cig use. Restricted vapers were defined as those who reported not being able to vape in places where smoking is typically banned. Unrestricted vapers were defined as those who reported being able vape in places where smoking is typically banned. χ 2 and two-sided t-tests were used as appropriate to determine differences between variables of interest. Results Participants were a mean age of 40.3 years, 72.0% male, 91.8% white and 85.1% were from the USA. 26.1% (n=1034) of users reported restricted vaping, while 73.9% (n=2926) reported unrestricted vaping. Restricted vapers used less frequently (p Conclusions This study found that most vapers report unrestricted use of their e-cig. Of the restricted vapers, the majority (88%) do not find it difficult to refrain from vaping in places where they are not supposed to vape.
Numerical modeling of interfacial heat and mass transport phenomena during a phase change using ANSYS-Fluent

ABSTRACTNumerical modeling of phase change requires accurate estimations of heat and mass transport at the interface. The present work develops a model in ANSYS-Fluent with user-defined functions to address phase change with a planar interface. An interface boundary method determines the heat fluxes with the exact location of the interface without interpolation functions. Five cases are analyzed based on the classic Stefan problem for validating the model. The numerical model is validated against closed form theoretical solutions with agreement within 0.55%. This work can be extended to include curvature effects and the interaction between the interface and heterogeneous surfaces.
Enhancement of bone shadow region using local phase-based ultrasound transmission maps

Ultrasound is increasingly being employed in different orthopedic procedures as an imaging modality for real-time guidance. Nevertheless, low signal-to-noise-ratio and different imaging artifacts continue to hamper the success of ultrasound-based procedures. Bone shadow region is an important feature indicating the presence of bone/tissue interface in the acquired ultrasound data. Enhancement and automatic detection of this region could improve the sensitivity of ultrasound for imaging bone and result in improved guidance for various orthopedic procedures. In this work, a method is introduced for the enhancement of bone shadow regions from B-mode ultrasound data. The method is based on the combination of three different image phase features: local phase tensor, local weighted mean phase angle, and local phase energy. The combined local phase image features are used as an input to an $$L_{1}$$ norm-based contextual regularization method which emphasizes uncertainty in the shadow regions. The enhanced bone shadow images are automatically segmented and compared against expert segmentation. Qualitative and quantitative validation was performed on 100 in vivo US scans obtained from five subjects by scanning femur and vertebrae bones. Validation against expert segmentation achieved a mean dice similarity coefficient of 0.88. The encouraging results obtained in this initial study suggest that the proposed method is promising enough for further evaluation. The calculated bone shadow maps could be incorporated into different ultrasound bone segmentation and registration approaches as an additional feature.