cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compression ignition and spark assisted ignition of direct injected PRF65 spray

Abstract In this study the spark assisted compression ignition combustion (SACI) developments were investigated using PRF65 (low octane fuel), a mixture of 65% isooctane (by volume) and 35% n-heptane (by volume) with a RON of 65. Characteristics like the cumulative heat release (CHR) and the peak heat release rates (HRR) were studied pressure data from experiments conducted in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) for more precise control of the tested conditions. Spray flame images were also studied using high speed imaging systems to understand the effect of the conditions tested in the luminosity of the flame. Experiments were performed to understand the effects of oxygen concentration and ambient temperatures. Results show that the heat release rate increases initially and then decreases with the increase in the ambient temperature and the peak heat release rate appears around 650 K to 700 K. The peak heat release rate timing is advanced with the increase of the ambient temperature or oxygen level. Flame luminosity was also found to increases with the increase in ambient temperature. Under a low ambient temperature, the oxygen level plays a major role in affecting the peak heat release rate. Under lower oxygen levels, the flame becomes darker, the ignition delay becomes longer, and the combustion process takes more time to complete. A well timed spark timing was found to advance the peak HRR and shorten ignition delay, but this effect becomes minor when the temperature increases.
Goal attributions and instrumental helping at 14 and 24 months of age.

Abstract Infants reason about goals and helping as early as 3 months of age, but toddlers fail to help others appropriately until well into the second year. Five experiments explored the reasons for this discrepancy. First, we verified that 14-month-old toddlers encode the goal of an actor’s reaching action, in a situation in which a social agent selectively reaches for one of two objects. Then, four further experiments presented toddlers with a social agent who manifested her goal in this manner when the two objects were accessible, and then requested help in obtaining her goal object when the two objects were out of reach. In all the experiments, toddlers responded to the actor’s request for help by handing her an out-of-reach object, showing that they understood that a prosocial action was called for and were motivated to perform it. When the two objects had moved out of the social agent’s sight so that she could not indicate the goal object directly, 24-month-old children used her prior goal-directed action to select the appropriate goal object, but 14-month-old toddlers did not. The 14-month-olds toddlers helped appropriately only when no attribution of enduring goals was necessary, because the social agent could see the out-of-reach object and both looked at and reached toward it while making her request. These findings suggest striking limits to 14-month-old toddlers’ understanding of helping.
Justice for here and now

This book conveys the breadth and interconnectedness of questions of justice - a rarity in contemporary moral and political philosophy. James P. Sterba argues that a minimal notion of rationality requires morality, and that a minimal libertarian morality requires the welfare and equal opportunity endorsee by welfare liberals and the equality endorsed by socialists, as well as a full feminist agenda. Feminist, racial, homosexual, and multicultural justice, are also shown to be mutually supporting. The author further shows the compatibility between anthropocentric and biocentric environmental ethics, as between just war and pacifist theories. Finally, he spells out when normal politics, legal protest, civil disobedience, revolutionary action, and criminal disobedience are morally permitted by justice for here and now. This highly original and potentially controversial book is ideal for courses in moral and political philosophy, applied ethics, women's studies, environmental studies, and peace studies.
Temperature considerations in solar arrays

Temperature is an important consideration in the operation of photovoltaic (PV) arrays. In particular, daily and seasonal temperature variations are a limitation on the application of solar power to homes. At lower temperatures, PV systems produce more power. For higher temperatures, optimum operation requires modification of electrical load and removal of excess heat. Several technologies and approaches are available. To pursue this system optimization, PV cells were investigated at different temperatures. These investigations are compared with simulated theoretical results to draw more specific conclusions that can be applied to a solar house. A temperature reduction of 60/spl deg/C improved the power by up to twenty-seven percent with the current test cell. The simulations matched this conclusion and can be applied to the PV array used on a house. The University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR) and Rolla Technical Institute (RTI) jointly built a solar house for the 2002 National Solar Decathlon Competition. This house is the motivation and testbed for our research. The first application is to cool the cell; then compare the additional amount of power produced with the amount of power required to cool the cell. The feasibility of cooling the array is discussed. This paper first gives a description of the UMR/RTI solar house, a literature review, and overview. Temperature-dependence theory and experiments is given next. The third portion shows simulations including current-voltage curves and an analysis of load lines and temperature. The direct application of this research to the solar house and proposals for design considerations are summarized.
Crimson Robes, Baggy Jeans and Baseball Caps: What a Time to be an Apostate Puritan

Recent increase in reported crimes against the person such as culturally induced domestic murder or honor killings have, justifiably, alarmed western consciousness and upset the congruence of imported value systems. In some parts of the world, this phenomenon is hardly newsworthy and is a prevalent event. It is seen as part of innate cultural appendage of the countries and a necessary but sad ingredient in the preservation of honor and cleansing of the land. In the Western world, however, and the US in particular, although not given the same recognition as other main stream crimes (partly because of the demographics involved), the news is an unwelcome reminder of the clash of a progressive movement that hangs on the coattails of 21st Century Human Rights ideology and the conservative servitude of dogma based on the concept of cleansing. It has been argued that in some Islamic countries, Sharia law is being used to underpin inept and repressive governments that deny women their most basic human rights as defined by national laws and international jurisprudence. However, some Muslim scholars argue that honor killing is devoid of Islamic teachings and reverential to the concept of cultural cleansing and honor. Those involved in such crimes claim justification by an appeal to some unspoken and allegiance to a higher and intrinsic law. Their defenders make the startlingly contradictory riposte that the victim was ‘a bad Muslim’. Yet, history shows that the concept that underpins honor killing is not the exclusive domain of Islam or indeed of non-Western cultures. Both the philosophy and the act are known to exist amongst most cultures and may be antecedent to the development of a coherent legal jurisprudence – criminal and civil. In this work, I present the rise of honor killings around the world and argue that is a much more complex social phenomenon that defies the modern concept of social justice and distances itself from human rights conventions. I also argue that it is neither new nor confined to the margins of medievalist cultural or religious myopia but is far more insidious even amongst 21st Century thinker. For some, it is a totemic and episodic rejection of permissive, inclusive culture epitomized by baseball hats and baggy jeans. From studies, it would appear that honor, pride and glory are, in the main, the trio that underpins continuity and the moral fabrics of the society. The moot question is whether the US criminal law jurisprudence and the human rights movement are erudite enough to adequately address the phenomenon and stem its conflagration.
Clinical Psychology and Personality: The Selected Papers of George Kelly

Title Type clinical psychology and personality the selected papers of george kelly PDF motives personality and society selected papers centennial psychology series PDF the selected works of george e andrews with commentary icp selected papers PDF the yellowstone kelly novels yellowstone kelly kelly blue imperial kelly and kelly and the three-toed horse PDF dissociative identity disorder diagnosis clinical features and treatment of multiple personality wiley series in general and clinical psychiatry PDF
Eos: An Approach of Using Behavior Implications for Policy-Based Self-Management

Systems are becoming exceedingly complex to manage. As such, there is an increasing trend towards developing systems that are self-managing. Policy-based infrastructures have been used to provide a limited degree of automation, by associating actions to system-events. In the context of self-managing systems, the existing policy-specification model fails to capture the following: a) The impact of a rule on system behavior (behavior implications). This is required for automated decision-making. b) Learning mechanisms for refining the invocation heuristics by monitoring the impact of rules.
Estrategias de inserción laboral en población con discapacidad mental: una revisión

SUMMARY The employability and access to the productive market are considered key elements for the full integration of the patient with mental disability. The aim of this review was to describe and analyze the scientific literature for the main employability strategies: traditional vocational rehabilitation (sheltered work and social firms) and supported employment (particularly in its mode of individualized supported employment). The results of the review suggest that individualized supported employment is the most effective approach in obtaining employment for people with mental disabilities.
Is It Just Me? Experiences of HIV-Related Stigma

HIV carries a significant social stigma, and people who are HIV positive and people who love and work with them may experience HIV-related stigma. The effects and magnitude of HIV-related stigma and stigmatizing behaviors are diverse. This qualitative study explored felt HIV-related stigma among adults with HIV including individual experiences and insight into the mechanism of HIV-related stigma. Participants shared experiences, and how they managed, coped and survived. Grounded theory analysis revealed that at the core of facing and managing stigma was living with HIV. Components of resilience—risk factors, protective factors and coping skills—were illustrated, and implicate further research.
Predicting Clearance Mechanism in Drug Discovery: Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS).

Early prediction of clearance mechanisms allows for the rapid progression of drug discovery and development programs, and facilitates risk assessment of the pharmacokinetic variability associated with drug interactions and pharmacogenomics. Here we propose a scientific framework – Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS) – which can be used to predict the predominant clearance mechanism (rate-determining process) based on physicochemical properties and passive membrane permeability. Compounds are classified as: Class 1A – metabolism as primary systemic clearance mechanism (high permeability acids/zwitterions with molecular weight (MW) ≤400 Da), Class 1B – transporter-mediated hepatic uptake as primary systemic clearance mechanism (high permeability acids/zwitterions with MW >400 Da), Class 2 – metabolism as primary clearance mechanism (high permeability bases/neutrals), Class 3A –renal clearance (low permeability acids/zwitterions with MW ≤400 Da), Class 3B – transporter mediated hepatic uptake or renal clearance (low permeability acids/zwitterions with MW >400 Da), and Class 4 – renal clearance (low permeability bases/neutrals). The performance of the ECCS framework was validated using 307 compounds with single clearance mechanism contributing to ≥70% of systemic clearance. The apparent permeability across clonal cell line of Madin − Darby canine kidney cells, selected for low endogenous efflux transporter expression, with a cut-off of 5 × 10−6 cm/s was used for permeability classification, and the ionization (at pH7) was assigned based on calculated pKa. The proposed scheme correctly predicted the rate-determining clearance mechanism to be either metabolism, hepatic uptake or renal for ~92% of total compounds. We discuss the general characteristics of each ECCS class, as well as compare and contrast the framework with the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) and the biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system (BDDCS). Collectively, the ECCS framework is valuable in early prediction of clearance mechanism and can aid in choosing the right preclinical tool kit and strategy for optimizing drug exposure and evaluating clinical risk of pharmacokinetic variability caused by drug interactions and pharmacogenomics.
Childhood obesity: Can electronic medical records customized with clinical practice guidelines improve screening and diagnosis?

Purpose: The purpose of this project was to determine if customization of the electronic medical record (EMR) using evidence-based practice guidelines developed by the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners and the Expert Panel recommendations for the prevention, screening, and treatment of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity would improve the rate of screening and diagnosis of obesity in children, 7 to 18 years of age. Data resources: A retrospective review of encounters before and after implementation of customized EMR was conducted in a community health center. Data collected were compared for documentation of body mass index (BMI), completion of growth charts, scoring of risk questionnaire, and diagnosis of overweight or obesity. Conclusions: There was a clear increase in the frequency of recording BMI, completing BMI growth charts, and scoring questionnaires between written and electronic medical records. The number of children diagnosed with overweight or obesity increased with customized EMR but still remains well below the rates of obesity for this community. Implications for practice: Customizing EMR with clinical practice guidelines improved adherence to recommendations for screening and identification of childhood overweight and obesity. Increased recognition and diagnosis will lead to improved interventions and improve outcomes for childhood obesity.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a thermostable mutant of kanamycin nucleotidyltransferase.

Abstract A thermostable mutant of kanamycin nucleotidyltransferase isolated by cloning and selection for kanamycin resistance in Bacillus stearothermophilus at 70 °C has been crystallized in a form suitable for high-resolution diffraction analysis. This enzyme catalyzes nucleotidyl group transfer from nucleoside triphosphates such as ATP to hydroxyl groups of various aminoglycosides, thus inactivating the antibiotic. The kanamycin nucleotidyltransferase gene, originally encoded on plasmid pUB110 from the mesophile Staphylococcus aureus, was transferred to the thermophile B. stearothermophilus via shuttle plasmids and the mutant carrying the substitutions D80Y and T130K was isolated from kanamycin-resistant colonies grown at 70 °C. The thermostable enzyme was crystallized in two forms from solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG8000) using batch and vapor diffusion methods. Type I crystals grown from 19% (w/v) PEG8000 and 200 m m NaCl belong to the orthorhombic space group C2221, have unit cell dimensions of a = 128.4, b = 156.8, c = 155.8 A , and diffract to at least 2.4-A resolution. The type II form of the crystals were grown from 10% PEG8000, 200 m m KCl, and 3 m m CoCl2, and belong to the tetragonal space group P41212 or P43212 with unit cell dimensions of a = b = 78.9, and c = 220.4 A ; these crystals diffract to at least 2.5-A resolution.
Increased Lung Permeability following Long-term Use of Free-base Cocaine (Crack)

The clearance of inhaled 99mTc DTPA aerosol from the lungs is used as an index of lung epithelial permeability. Using the radioaerosol method, we investigated the effects of long-term "crack" (free-base cocaine) inhalation on lung permeability in 23 subjects. Eighteen control subjects (12 nonsmokers and 6 cigarette smokers) with no history of drug use were also studied. Subjects inhaled approximately 150 muCi (approximately 5.6 MBq) of 99mTc DTPA aerosol and quantitative gamma camera images of the lungs were acquired at 1-min increments for 25 minutes. Regions of interest (ROIs) were selected to include the following: (1) both lungs; (2) each individual lung; and (3) the upper, middle, and lower thirds of each lung. 99mTc DTPA lung clearance was determined from the slopes of the respective time-activity plots for the different RIOs. Radioaerosol clearance half-times (T1/2) for the seven nonsmoking crack users (61.5 +/- 18.3 minutes) were longer than for the seven cigarette-smoking crack users (27.9 +/- 16.9 minutes) and nine cigarette-smoking crack plus marijuana users (33.5 +/- 21.6 minutes). T1/2 for the nonsmoking crack users was significantly shorter (p less than 0.001) than for the nonsmoking control group (123.8 +/- 28.7 minutes). T1/2 for the cigarette-smoking drug users was similar to that of the cigarette-smoking control group (33.1 +/- 17.8 minutes), suggesting a similar mechanism of damage from the smoke of crack and tobacco. From these groups, one nonsmoker and 11 cigarette smokers displayed biexponential 99mTc DTPA clearances, indicative of greater lung injury than found in the usual cases of monoexponential clearance. The upper lungs of all crack users groups cleared faster than the lower lungs. The faster and biexponential clearance properties of inhaled 99mTc DTPA aerosol were the principal functional abnormalities found in all the drug users. In contrast, 19 of 23 crack users had normal spirometry and gas exchange. These results indicate that 99mTc DTPA may provide a sensitive and useful assay to evaluate the physiologic effects of cocaine inhalation in the lung.
Phospholipid aliphatic chain composition modulates lipid class composition, but not lipid asymmetry in Clostridium butyricum.

Abstract The phospholipid composition of the butyric acid-producing clostridia is responsive to the degree of enrichment of the lipids with cis -unsaturated fatty acids. When Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium beijerinckii are grown on oleic acid in media devoid of biotin, the acyl and alk-1-enyl chains of the phospholipids become highly enriched with 18:1 and C 19 -cyclopropane. Under these conditions there is a marked increase in the glycerol acetals of the major plasmalogens of these organisms. We have grown both species on mixtures of palmitate and oleate in the absence of biotin. The alk-1-enyl chains were highly enriched with C 18 -unsaturated and C 19 -cyclopropane residues at all but the highest ratios of palmitate to oleate (80:20, w/w) added to the medium. At ratios of palmitate to oleate ⩾ 40:60, the saturated acid was incorporated predominantly into the phospholipid acyl chains in both organisms. The effects of increasing unsaturation of the acyl chains as the ratio of oleate to palmitate was increased was examined in C . butyricum . In cells grown on mixtures of palmitate and oleate equal to or exceeding 40% palmitate, the ratio of glycerol acetal lipid to total phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was relatively constant. As the proportion of oleic acid added to the medium was increased, the ratio of glycerol acetal lipid to PE increased from 0.7 to 2.0. Thus the ratio of the polar lipids appears to respond to the content of phospholipids that contain two unsaturated chains. The fraction of PE present as plasmalogen remained relatively stable (0.82 ± 0.05) at varying ratios of medium oleic and palmitic acids. Both the glycerol acetal of ethanolamine plasmalogen, and ethanolamine plasmalogen, are shown to be 80% or more in the outer monolayer of the cell membrane. These two polar lipids represent approx. 50% of the phospholipids in cells grown on exogenous fatty acid. The bulk of the remainder is polyglycerol phosphatides. We suggest that the ability of both species to grow with highly unsaturated membranes is related to their ability to modulate their polar lipid composition.
Digital technology-assisted minimally invasive spinal surgery (MISS) for spinal motion preservation

Abstract To identify and demonstrate how the digital technology-assisted minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) for spinal disc disease redefines the algorithm for treatment of degenerative spine disease and preserves segmental spinal motion via a seamless computerized digital network. These technologies facilitate the precise diagnosis and MISS treatment.
Olfactory plasticity: One nostril knows what the other learns

About 30% of the adult human population does not perceive an odour when sniffing the steroid androstenone (5-α-androst-16-en-3-one), but will become sensitive to its smell after repeated exposure to the compound1,2,3. Here we investigate the origin of the plasticity that governs this acquired ability by repeatedly exposing one nostril of non-detecting subjects to androstenone and then testing the unexposed nostril. We find that the exposed nostril and the naive nostril can both learn to recognize the smell, effectively doubling detection accuracy. As the two olfactory epithelia are not connected at the peripheral level, our results indicate that learning occurs in the brain by a mechanism that shares information from both nostrils.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Antiretroviral Medications

BackgroundTreatment and prevention of HIV-1-related central-nervous-system disease may be dependent on penetration of antiretroviral drugs into the central nervous system. Few data are available about cerebrospinal-fluid penetration and concomitant changes of HIV-1-RNA concentrations during treatment with antiretroviral agents. We investigated these effects in HIV-1-infected people.Methods28 antiretroviral-naive individuals with CD4 cell counts of 200/µL or more and plasma HIV-1-RNA concentrations of 10000 or more copies/mL who were free of neurological symptoms were randomly assigned lamivudine plus either stavudine (n=17) or zidovudine (n=11). We did lumbar punctures on 28 individuals before and 22 individuals after 12 weeks of treatment to assess HIV-1-RNA and drug concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid.FindingsAll 28 individuals had detectable HIV-1-RNA concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (median 4.64 log10 copies/mL and 4.20 log10 copies/mL in the lamivudine plus zidovudine and lamivudine plus stavudine groups, respectively). There was no correlation between plasma and cerebrospinal-fluid HIV-1-RNA concentrations (r=0.18, p=0.35). After 12 weeks of treatment none of the individuals had detectable HIV-1-RNA concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid. The highest drug concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid was for lamivudine followed by stavudine and zidovudine. Concentrations were consistent over time, unlike plasma concentrations. Therefore, we found time-dependent cerebrospinal-fluid to plasma drug-penetration ratios, which were highest for zidovudine followed by stavudine and lamivudine.InterpretationThe two drug combinations were equally effective in the decrease of cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1-RNA concentrations. All drugs penetrated the cerebrospinal fluid. Antiretroviral drugs other than zidovudine might be useful in the prevention of AIDS dementia complex.
Proton migration in hydrogen-bonded chains.

PROTON conduction in hydrogen-bonded substances has attracted attention because the observed mobilities are of a comparable order with the electronic mobilities in some semiconductors. Indeed, these materials have been termed protonic semiconductors1. The work in this area is motivated mainly by the interest in the proton in biological processes1. As the simplest structure in this group, ice with the H3O+ defect has been studied intensively1–5.
Dynamic quorum adjustment for partitioned data

A partition occurs when functioning sites in a distributed system are unable to communicate. This paper introduces a new method for managing replicated data objects in the presence of partitions. Each operation provided by a replicated object has a set. of quorums, which are sets of sites whose cooperation suffices to execute the operation. The method permits an object's quorums to be adjusted dynamically in response to failures and recoveries. A transaction that is unable to progress using one set of quorums may switch to another, more favorable set, and transactions in different. Partitions may progress using different sets. This method has three novel aspects: (1) it supports a wider range of quorums than earlier proposals, (2) it, scales up effectively to large systems because quorum adjustments do not require global reconfiguration, and (3) it, systematically exploits the semantics of typed objects to support more flexible quorum adjustment.
New Synthesis Routes to Lithium and Cesium Cyanide Salts.

New simple synthesis routes for two alkali cyanide salts, LiCN, and CsCN have been demonstrated. A crystal structure of LiCN·0.6DMF·0.4DMAc was obtained. The structure can be described as infinite sheets of Li pairs, linked end-on by cyanide ligands. The Li atoms are bridged above and below the sheet by a DMF or DMAc oxygen atom.
Gasketing optimized for large sample volume in the diamond anvil cell: first application to MgGeO3 and implications for structural systematics of the perovskite to post-perovskite transition

Structure models of MgGeO3 post-perovskite (Cmcm) are presented, along with a structure survey, demonstrating that all perovskite, post-perovskite and CaIrO3-type structures (ABX3) have specific ranges of the volume ratio between cation-centered polyhedra (VA:VB). The quality of the reported diffraction data and MgGeO3 structure models is enhanced via implementation of a new graphite gasket for the diamond anvil cell, which stabilizes a larger sample volume, improving powder statistics during X-ray diffraction, and via the thermal insulation required to achieve ultra-high temperatures while laser-heating samples at pressures near 100 GPa. The structure survey supports the theory that the pressure–temperature conditions under which the perovskite/post-perovskite phase transition occurs can be estimated by extrapolating the change in VA:VB to a value of 4, which corresponds to a maximum tilt of BX6 octahedra in the perovskite structure (Pbnm) where inter-octahedral anion–anion distances match the average intra-octahedral anion–anion distance. Once these short inter-octahedral distances between anions are reached in the perovskite structure, further tilting of octahedra and decrease of the VA:VB ratio does not occur, driving the transition to post-perovskite structure as pressure is increased.
Manufacturing planning and predictive process model integration using software agents

Intelligent agents provide a means to integrate various manufacturing software applications. The agents are typically executed in a computer-based collaborative environment, referred to as a multi-agent system. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed a prototype multi-agent system supporting the integration of manufacturing planning, predictive machining models, and manufacturing control. The agents within this platform have access to a knowledge base, a manufacturing resource database, a numerical control programming system, a mathematical equation solving system, and a computer-aided design system. Intelligence has been implemented within the agents in rules that are used for process planning, service selection, and job execution. The primary purposes for developing such a platform are to support the integration of predictive models, process planning, and shop floor machining activities and to demonstrate an integration framework to enable the use of machining process knowledge with higher-level manufacturing applications.
A comment on J. Akin et al., "The determinants of breastfeeding in Sri Lanka".

A reanalysis of World Fertility Survey data on breastfeeding in Sri Lanka calls into question 2 conclusions reached in a 1981 study of breastfeeding determinants in Sri Lanka. In the 1981 study incorrect conclusions were reached because the analysis was restricted to only the 1st 15 months of breastfeeding duration and because of multicollinearity among regressor variables. At 15 months 2/3 of the women still breastfed. In the present investigation the analysis was extended to the 48th month. At 48 months only a small proportion of mothers continued to breastfeed. The results of the regression analysis based on the 48-month period agreed with the results of the 1981 study in regard to the effects of parity education and residence on breastfeeding duration and disagreed with the 1981 study in regard to the effects of contraceptive use and age of the mother on breastfeeding duration. In the 1981 study contraceptive use was negatively related to breastfeeding duration. In the current study the relationship was negative for short breastfeeding durations and positive for longer breastfeeding durations. During the early phase of breastfeeding contraceptive use may simply be a proxy for social status. At breastfeeding durations of a year or more the use of contraception may indicate a serious commitment to breastfeeding i.e. the women want to avoid pregnancies which would interfere with their breastfeeding activities. The 1981 study found that parity was positively related to breastfeeding; but paradoxically that the age of the mother had a negative impact on breastfeeding duration. This inconsistency was due to multicollinearity among regressor variables. The current analysis demonstrated that the mean duration of breastfeeding increased with both maternal age and with parity.
ANALYSIS OF ENERGY BROADENING IN CHARGED PARTICLE BEAMS

The anomalous energy distribution of a monomer ion or electron beam is described by a one parameter, single file model governed by shot noise emission and pairwise Coulomb interactions. The dependence of the width of the distribution and the shift in the mean energy on current, mass, and voltage is calculated. A unification of a number of other theories of energy broadening is made by variation of a free parameter that represents field-geometrical effects. A feature unique to the present model is that can be inversely related to charge.
Tessera terrain and crustal plateaus, Venus

Many workers assume that tessera terrain—marked by multiple tectonic lineaments and exposed in crustal plateaus—comprises a global “onion skin” on Venus. A growing body of structural, mechanical, magmatic, gravitational-topographic, and geologic evidence indicates that tesserae record the local interaction of individual deep-mantle plumes with an ancient, globally thin Venusian lithosphere, resulting in local regions of thickened crust.
Head injury: recent past, present, and future.

There is no question that substantial progress has been made over the last 30 years, since the pioneering multinational studies of Jennett and colleagues, in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the production, progression, and amelioration of brain damage. The introduction of computed tomography and simple but elegant classifications of the severity of injury (e.g., the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Glasgow Outcome Scale) were seminal milestones in neurotraumatology. When neurosurgeons such as Langfitt, Becker, and Miller took advantage of the pioneering investigations of intracranial hypertension by Janny and Lundberg and combined them with imaging, classification of brain damage, and improvements in emergency medical services, substantial gains were soon made. However, given the perspective of the beginning of the 21 st century, one can see those gains as relatively straightforward, as they have required the consolidation of concepts and ideas that fit together relatively easily. Better attention to easily delineated abnormalities, such as shock, hypoxia, and hypercarbia, and the early evacuation of mass lesions coupled with the concurrent development of modern principles of critical care account for substantial reductions in mortality and a reduction in the number of vegetative, contracted, spastic survivors. Future improvement in the care of patients with head injuries will increasingly be dependent on advances in molecular neurobiology and psychology, our ability to successfully modulate genetic expression, and progress in the treatment of related illnesses, such as stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, depression, and Alzheimer's disease.
Becoming a Sexual Being: Overcoming Constraints on Female Sexuality

Sexuality researchers have traced changes in intimacy across time. In this article, I outline the facets of what sexuality researchers note as 'modern' sexuality and 'postmodern' sexuality. I discuss how each type of sexuality carries a specific construction of intimacy. I present five autoethnographic stories developed from my field journals while studying the swinging 'lifestyle'. Using thematic analysis of narrative, I treat each story as data for analysis. By discussing my personal constructions of intimacy I create a relatable story that demonstrates the lasting elements of essentialist gender norms, consistent with modern sexuality, that are sometimes overlooked in postmodern sexuality research.
Two-hour Improvement of Patients in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Trials and Prediction of Final Outcome

Background and Purpose—Ongoing clinical trials are using early response to intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) to stratify patients into endovascular therapies. Little is known about the likelihood of early recovery and its correlation with final stroke outcome. Methods—We analyzed the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke tPA dataset for patients with early improvement (EI), a change of ≥4, or score 0 on the 2-hour National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) to predict good 90-day outcome. We adjusted for multiple confounders and divided the patients by baseline NIHSS score 0 to 10, 11 to 20, >20, and stroke type to analyze if EI predicted good outcome across stroke severities and types. We analyzed different EI thresholds to identify the best level of NIHSS change to predict good 90-day outcome using a receiver-operator characteristic curve. Results—In total, 183 of 624 (29.3%) patients had EI, 112 of 312 (35.9%) in the tPA group had EI, and 71 of 312 (22.7%) in ...
Dexamethasone selectively increases monoamine oxidase type A in human skin fibroblasts.

Abstract The effects of several hormones known to affect monoamine oxidase activity in vivo have been studied in living human skin fibroblasts grown in culture. Of the hormones tested, the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone caused the greatest increases in activity at physiologic concentrations. Increases of 10–12 fold were observed after 8–9 days of exposure to 5 × 10−8 M dexamethasone. This increase in activity was accompanied by a change in the relative proportion of the A and B types of activity in fibroblasts, from about 35% A:65% B in control cultures to 90% A:10% B in cultures exposed to dexamethasone. The increase in activity and the shift in the proportion of A and B activities could be accounted for almost exclusively by a specific increase in the number of Type A molecules.
Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Rates of Collagen Synthesis in Normal and Damaged Lung Tissue

The rate of collagen synthesis was measured in vivo and in vitro in both normal and damaged mouse lung tissue. Acute lung damage was induced by the administration of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The production of labeled hydroxyproline, following the administration of labeled proline, was used as an index of collagen production. Total and labeled hydroxyproline in normal and damaged lung tissue were solubilized equally following digestion with purified collagenase. Assuming that the extent of hydroxylation was not altered, this indicated that hydroxyproline was an accurate index of collagen content and production in damaged as well as normal lung tissue. The quantities of hydroxyproline formed at various times both in vivo and in vitro were calculated from the specific activity of free proline in lung tissue. The specific activity of free proline in normal and damaged lung tissue remained constant in vivo for at least 90 minutes after the intravenous injection of labeled proline. Hydroxyproline production was a linear function of time for up to 90 minutes in vivo and three hours in vitro. The in vivo rate of hydroxyproline production was significantly greater than the in vitro rate in lung tissue from similarly treated mice. The difference ranged from five-fold in normal lung tissue to eight-fold in lung tissue damaged by the administration of BHT. Comparable differences were seen between the in vivo and in vitro rates of non-collagen protein synthesis. Despite these differences in rates, the percentage of total protein synthesis committed to collagen in vivo was the same as in vitro in normal lung, and identical increases were seen in damaged lung. These data show that in vivo rates of both collagen and non-collagen protein synthesis are significantly higher than those measured in mouse lung tissue in vitro. Although the relative increases in collagen synthesis that occur in response to lung damage are larger in vivo, measurements of collagen synthesis in vitro do accurately reflect the general changes that accompany acute lung damage.
Review of Third and Fourth Re-Excision for Narrow or Positive Margins of Invasive and Intraductal Carcinoma

Abstract The trend in breast surgery has shifted toward breast conservation. We reviewed our third and fourth breast re-excision cases, with an analysis of various factors used in making this decision. A retrospective analysis identified 585 patients who underwent re-excision surgery for positive or close margins of invasive carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Of these patients 75 (13%) and 17 (3%) underwent third and fourth re-excisions, respectively. The indication for a third re-excision was the presence of positive and/or close (≤1 mm) margins for invasive carcinoma or DCIS in 72/75 patients. A third re-excision was done 31 days (range 8–123 days) after the second re-excision. Re-excision of margins was done in 45 (60%) patients, whereas 30 (40%) patients underwent mastectomy. Residual tumor mandated a fourth re-excision in 17 patients, which was done 45 days (range 14–87 days) after the third surgery. Re-excision of margins was done in 6 patients, whereas 11 patients underwent mastectomy. I...
Flow cytometric DNA analysis of nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonaterre) and clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria (Bosc) peripheral red blood cells

Flow cytometric DNA analysis was used to determine the DNA content of red blood cells from Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonaterre) and Raja eglanteria (Bosc). The DNA content/nucleus was calculated to be 7.6 and 7.1 pg/nucleus, respectively. Peripheral red blood cells obtained both from G. cirratum and from R. eglanteria were demonstrated to be actively cell cycling. Percentages of red blood cells in the phases of the cell cycle (G0/G1, S, and G2/M) not only varied considerably between different fishes but also were quite variable in weekly samples obtained from individual animals.
Natural Resources, Governance and Social Justice

Amalric looks at how citizen groups, i.e. community based organizations (CBOs), people's organizations (POs), and non-governmental organizations, with the possible support of research institutes could be better coordinated to defend the rights of local communities over their natural environment. Starting from the constraints and opportunities of civil society groups, drawn largely from a workshop co-organized by the Society for International Development (SID), the Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ANGOC), and Development Alternatives of Women for the New Era (DAWN) - South East Asia in the Philippines, Franck Amalric suggests possible future scenarios for more effective coordination.
Opsonization of Anaplasma marginale mediated by bovine antibody against surface protein MSP-1

Antibody from cattle immunized with purified major surface protein-1 (MSP-1) was demonstrated to significantly enhance phagocytosis of Florida strain Anaplasma marginale by bovine macrophages in vitro. Serum immunoglobulin from individual MSP-1 immunized, protected cattle varied in ability to promote phagocytosis, however all sera were significantly opsonic as compared with sera from sham immunized control cattle.
The Latin American Short Story: An Annotated Guide to Anthologies and Criticism

The Latin American Short Story: An Annotated Guide to Anthologies and Criticism. Daniel Balderston(editor). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992. xx + 529 pp. $65.00 (cloth). ISBN 0–313–27360-X.
Reliability modeling and analysis of stand-alone PEM fuel cell power plants *

Abstract This paper presents a methodology for modeling and calculating PEM FCPP reliability. It includes the development of a state-space method to calculate the stand-alone PEM FCPP reliability using Markov Model (MM). The state-space method includes different states such as operation, derated, fully faulted or maintenance since FCPP (FC) power plants are subject to a number of possible outage and derated states. The aging failures in the state-space generation model of a PEM FCPP are estimated based on the assumption that failure and repair rates of the components change with operational age of FC. The functional relationship between FC age and transition rates, namely failure and repair rates are estimated based on the fuzzy set theory and expert knowledge. The simulation results are obtained using matlab software package for a 5 kW stand-alone PEM fuel cell, which supplies power to a typical residential house.
Detection of Space-Time Cluster

Detection of space-time cluster is an important aspect of spatial epidemiology and GIS-based data mining. This paper compares three clustering algorithm namely, scan statistic [1], local indicators of spatial autocorrelation (LISA) [2] and local G-statistic [3]. This study involves application of routine clinical service data collected by a Northeast Ohio healthcare organization in USA over a period 1994 -2006 to find excess space-time variations of lung cancer. Using empirical Byes adjustment of incidence rate, almost identical spatial pattern of clusters were detected by the three algorithms. However, the space-time scan statistics involving cylindrical search window shows somewhat different spatial localization. Finally, the study compares the effectiveness the different methods.
Identification, virulence, and mass spectrometry of toxic ECP fractions of West Alabama isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila obtained from a 2010 disease outbreak.

Abstract In West Alabama, disease outbreaks in 2009 caused by Aeromonas hydrophila have led to an estimated loss of more than $3 million. In 2010, disease outbreak occurred again in West Alabama, causing losses of hundreds of thousands of pounds of market size channel catfish. During the 2010 disease outbreak in West Alabama, four isolates of A. hydrophila were cultured from the kidney tissues of diseased channel catfish. Both analytical profile index (API) 20 E biochemical tests and 16S–23S rRNA sequencing results confirmed the four isolates as A. hydrophila. Virulence studies revealed that the four isolates were highly virulent to channel catfish by intraperitoneal injection, with LD50 value of ∼1.3 × 105 CFU/fish. Extracellular proteins (ECPs) of A. hydrophila are well known to be toxic to fish. Therefore, ECPs of the four 2010 West Alabama isolates of A. hydrophila were characterized in this study. The ECPs of the four 2010 isolates were found to be toxic to channel catfish fingerlings, with LD50 value of 16 μg/fish. Thirty ECP fractions were obtained from the ECPs of the 2010 isolates of A. hydrophila by cation-exchange chromatography, of which nine fractions were found to be toxic to catfish gill cells and channel catfish fingerlings. Mass spectrometry identified 228 proteins from the nine toxic fractions, of which 23 were shared by toxic fractions, including well known virulence factors such as hemolysin, aerolysin, elastase (metalloprotease), nuclease, and 5′-nucleotidase. Hemolytic activity, protease activity, and nuclease activity of the four isolates were found to be significantly (P
Factors influencing treatment adherence and discontinuation in women with breast cancer

SUMMARY Although all aspects of breast cancer care rely to some extent on patient behaviors, the endocrine therapies, which are orally administered at home, are the most impacted by nonadherence and nonpersistence. A variety of issues can interfere with a breast cancer patient's adherence and persistence including the following: sociodemographic factors; healthcare team and system-related factors (such as inadequate visit time and poor medication distribution services); condition-related factors (such as prognosis); therapy-related factors (such as side effects); and patient-related factors (such as attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and expectations). In our review, we describe evidence regarding the most powerful factors mediating adherence and persistence in breast cancer patients, and explore potential interventions to reduce nonadherence and nonpersistence, primarily based on data in patients taking adjuvant endocrine therapy.
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN AN EXACTLY SOLVABLE HUBBARD MODEL WITH BOND-CHARGE INTERACTION

The Hubbard model with an additional bond-charge interaction X is solved exactly in one dimension for the case t=X, where t is the hopping amplitude. In this case the number of doubly occupied sites is conserved. In the sector with no double occupations the model reduces to the U=\ensuremath{\infty} Hubbard model. In arbitrary dimensions the qualitative form of the phase diagram is obtained. It is shown that for moderate Hubbard interactions U the model has superconducting ground states.
Characterization of an Androgen Receptor in Salmonid Lymphocytes: Possible Link to Androgen-Induced Immunosuppression

Cytosol of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) leukocytes demonstrated specific and saturable binding of [3H]testosterone (Kd = 0.99 ± 0.17 nM and Bmax = 30.4 ± 4.9 fmol/mg protein based on a total of 6 determinations from three different cytosolic pools). Specific binding of [3H]testosterone was high in leukocytes and other tissues with known androgen binding affinity (plasma, skin, and liver) and low in other tissues (heart, muscle, and red blood cells). Specific binding of [3H]testosterone was displaced by testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Androstenedione displaced 50% of specifically bound [3H]testosterone between, 10- and 100-fold excess, while 17α-methyltestosterone. 11-ketotestosterone, and progesterone displaced 50% of specifically bound [3H]testosterone between 100- and 500-fold excess. Cortisol, 17β-estradiol, 17α,20β-dihydroxyprogesterone, the synthetic androgen mibolerone, and the synthetic estrogen ethenylestradiol did not displace [3H]testosterone binding, even at 500-fold excess. Treatment of cytosol with proteolytic enzyme significantly reduced the specific binding of [3H]testosterone. HPLC analysis determined that [3H]testosterone was not metabolized during assay incubation with cytosol. These data strongly suggest that androgen receptors exists in salmonid leukocytes and support the hypothesis that these receptors play a role in androgen induced immunosuppression.