cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual channel injection-locked quadrature LO generation for a 4GHz instantaneous bandwidth receiver at 21GHz center frequency

This paper presents an LO generation scheme for a 21GHz center-frequency, 4GHz instantaneous bandwidth channelized receiver. A single 1.33GHz reference source is used to simultaneously generate 20GHz and 22GHz LOs with quadrature outputs. Injection locking is used instead of conventional PLL techniques allowing low-power quadrature generation. A harmonic-rich signal, containing both even and odd harmonics of the input reference signal, is generated using a digital pulse slimmer. Two ILO chains are used to lock on to the 10th and 11th harmonics of the reference signal generating the 20GHz and the 22GHz quadrature LOs respectively. The prototype design is implemented in IBM's 130nm CMOS process, draws 125mA from a 1.2V supply and occupies an active area of 1.8mm2.
“illegal aliens” and “opportunity”: myth-making in congressional testimony

Congressional hearings are scenes for actions more diverse than either a judicial or an information-gathering model would suggest. Hearings are settings in which ideologies are put to work in talk, both as practical activity and as ritual performance. In testimony in 1975 in a U.S. House of Representatives subcommittee's hearings on immigration reform, speakers drew rhetorically upon particular American mythic themes to affirm an egalitarian ideology in a context of institutional and cultural uncertainty. Myths of opportunity were used to reify “illegal aliens” in order to deny difference, inequality, and history. The rhetorical displacement of myth by the use of irony opened the debate to new terms but failed to dislodge the myth-making process.
Aligning healthcare with chronic disease

Chronic disease is here to stay. The healthcare system needs to readjust its priorities and its mode of action accordingly. Such a transformation will not be easy. It involves rethinking almost every aspect of care as we know it. The roles of health practitioners will need to change with a redistribution of effort. Patients must become active and productive partners in care. Time concepts need to shift from events to episodes, with commensurate changes in payment that support a willingness to invest in care at the front end in expectation of later benefits. Information technology is central in both sharing information regarding clinical status and alerting caregivers to early signs of clinical change. Many forces will oppose such a shift, as the current acute-care approach has been comfortable and lucrative.
Pruning wounds and occlusion: A long-standing conundrum in forestry

The proper method for branch removal is a long-standing question in forestry. If the branch is cut flush with the stem, a larger wound results, but if the branch is cut further from the stem, the resultant clearwood production will be less. Both alternatives have implications for tree health and wood quality. A long, international history of forest pruning research generally indicates that a cut parallel and close to the stem will maximize clearwood production without excessive stem decay. Some exceptions exist for species where potential for stem decay is high. The method recommended in most guidelines for all types of pruning is an outside branch collar approach based primarily on a small number of observational studies. However, maintaining tree health and maximizing clearwood production are not mutually exclusive and a cut close to the stem can meet both objectives. Alternative approaches to branch removal may be useful for other objectives.
FTEC: A coalescent simulator for modeling faster than exponential growth

Summary: Recent genetic studies as well as recorded history point to massive growth in human population sizes during the recent past. To model and understand this growth accurately we introduce FTEC, an easy-to-use coalescent simulation program capable of simulating haplotype samples drawn from a population that has undergone faster than exponential growth. Samples drawn from a population that has undergone faster than exponential growth show an excess of very rare variation and more rapid LD decay when compared with samples drawn from a population that has maintained a constant
Estrogen and Neural Plasticity

Converging clinical evidence suggests that postmenopausal estrogen therapy in women is associated with improved cognition and a reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease. In experimental work, investigators have found estrogen to promote changes in synaptic plasticity within the nervous system. In this article, we review both the clinical and the experimental literature, and consider mechanisms of action of estrogen on neurons and synaptic plasticity, and how they might protect against the cognitive impairments of old age.
Demosaicking methods for Bayer color arrays

Digital Still Color Cameras sample the color spectrum using a monolithic array of color filters overlaid on a charge coupled device array such that each pixel samples only one color band. The resulting mosaic of color samples is processed to produce a high resolution color image such that the values of the color bands not sampled at a certain location are estimated from its neighbors. This process is often referred to as demosaicking. This paper introduces and compares a few commonly used demosaicking methods using error metrics like mean squared error in the RGB color space and perceived error in the CIELAB color space. © 2002 SPIE and IS&T.
Time of Onset of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Newborn Infants with Known Prenatal Cocaine Exposure

Cocaine exposure can lead to diminished gut-blood supply and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Investigating the hypothesis that NEC occurs at a younger age in cocaine-exposed infants, we reviewed 1,284 neonatal intensive care admissions. Infants with NEC were divided into cocaine-exposed and cocaine-nonexposed groups, each subdivided into two birth-weight groups, using 1,500 g as the cutoff weight. Time of onset of NEC for each infant was determined and survival curves for the cocaine-exposed and nonexposed groups were calculated using their birth-weight subdivision. Hazard function curves were done. Neonatal risk factors in both groups were compared. Twelve percent (28/231) of cocaine-exposed infants developed NEC stage II or III versus 3% (34/1053) in the nonexposed group (P 1,500 g were at risk for NEC until day 8 only, whereas infants < or = 1,500 g had both an early and continuing risk for NEC with a biphasic pattern of onset. The accentuated peak in early-onset NEC may be attributed to antenatal cocaine exposure, while late-onset NEC in the < or = 1,500 g group probably relates to a variety of pathogenetic factors.
Sirolimus-Eluting Stents Versus Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents in the Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

This study was performed to compare the safety and efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs) and paclitaxel-eluting stents (PESs) on the outcomes of diabetic patients. Recent data with drug-eluting stents have shown improved clinical outcomes in diabetic patients. This study compared outcomes between the 2 available drug-eluting stents, SESs and PESs. From the prospective drug-eluting stent registries at the investigators' institution, 1,320 consecutive diabetic patients treated with SESs (n = 873, 1,293 lesions) and PESs (n = 447, 733 lesions) were identified and their in-hospital and 1- and 6-month clinical outcomes compared. Baseline characteristics showed more men, more patients with previous coronary bypass surgery, and smaller ejection fractions in the PES group and more obese patients in the SES group. Procedural characteristics were similar except for more left anterior descending artery and proximal lesions and the greater use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in the SES group and more type C lesions, direct stenting, and stents per patient in the PES group. In-hospital complications were similar. Clinical follow-up at 1 month was also similar between the 2 groups, including subacute stent thrombosis. At 6 months, the 2 groups had similar mortality (7% vs 7%), myocardial infarctions (18% vs 21%), target lesion revascularization, target vessel revascularization, major adverse cardiac events (11% vs 12%), and late thrombosis (0.3% vs 0%). Subanalysis of insulin-treated diabetic patients showed no significant differences in outcomes in the 2 groups. No significant differences were found between SESs and PESs on Cox regression analysis for hazard ratios. In conclusion, SESs and PESs are associated with similar efficacy and safety with regard to repeat revascularization rates, major adverse cardiac events, and stent thrombosis up to 6 months for the treatment of coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes mellitus regardless of insulin therapy.
Nesting ecology of mourning doves in an urban landscape

The expansion of urban areas into native habitat can have profound effects on avian populations and communities, yet little is known regarding the effects of urban features on avian reproductive success. The objective of this study was to examine the reproduction of an urban-enhanced species, the mourning dove, to determine how tree and urban landscape features affect nest-site selection and nest success. Mourning dove nests were located by systematically searching potential nest sites on a weekly basis from late-March through mid-September in 2003 and 2004. A total of 1,288 mourning dove nests were located and monitored on the Texas A&M University Campus. Of these nests, 337 (26.6%) were successful (fledged, ≥1). An equal number of potential nest sites were randomly generated in ArcGIS and assigned to non-nest trees to evaluate habitat variables associated with nest-site selection. Mourning dove nests were located in trees with a larger canopy diameter and diameter at breast height (DBH) than the computer generated potential nests and nest trees were located closer to roads and farther from buildings than non-nest trees. Within the study area, nest success was predominately influenced by the proximity of urban features with successful nests being located closer to roads and farther from buildings than unsuccessful nests.
ACCOUNTING FOR HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION: A PROTOTYPE SATELLITE ACCOUNT USING THE AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY

This paper presents a satellite account where households are treated as production units. It extends previous work that treats consumer durables as investment and that values nonmarket household production activities such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare. Services from consumer durables and government capital related to household production are also valued. In constructing the updated accounts, this paper incorporates new time use data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) and the harmonized time use data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS). This paper also discusses and incorporates recommendations made by the U.S. National Academies panel on nonmarket accounts.
Dual Grid Lattice Boltzmann method for multiphase flows

We present a new methodology for implementing multiphase flow solvers using the Lattice Boltzmann method. Two grids of different size are used to discretize the momentum and the order parameter so that derivatives of the latter (responsible for the forcing terms at the interfaces) are calculated with high accuracy while maintaining a moderate computational cost. We apply the technique to two recently proposed formulations of the multiphase Lattice Boltzmann method, and show that this technique produces significant improvements over a homogeneous mesh refinement in both cases. C .
Decay rates related to the stabilization of hybrid elastic systems

The nature of vibrations of a number of physically motivated mathematical models of hybrid elastic systems is considered. This is a system consisting of two types of materials: an elastic material occupying the interior of the system, and another material which may or may not be elastic, occupying all or part of the boundary of the system. Together, these two materials are subject to vibrations, each vibrating according to a different law, but interacting with each other. By applying feedback stabilization to the boundary material, a dissipative system is obtained, and with it an associated contraction semigroup. Pointwise convergence is achieved of the (energy) norm to zero as time approaches infinity, but at no specific rate. This seems to be a characteristic property of these systems. Another characteristic property is that by assuming some additional smoothness of the initial data, an inverse power decay is obtained as time approaches infinity. >
Epilepsy Treatment Simplified through Mobile Ketogenic Diet Planning.

BACKGROUND The Ketogenic Diet (KD) is an effective, alternative treatment for refractory epilepsy. This high fat, low protein and carbohydrate diet mimics the metabolic and hormonal changes that are associated with fasting. AIMS To maximize the effectiveness of the KD, each meal is precisely planned, calculated, and weighed to within 0.1 gram for the average three-year duration of treatment. Managing the KD is time-consuming and may deter caretakers and patients from pursuing or continuing this treatment. Thus, we investigated methods of planning KD faster and making the process more portable through mobile applications. METHODS Nutritional data was gathered from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Nutrient Database. User selected foods are converted into linear equations with n variables and three constraints: prescribed fat content, prescribed protein content, and prescribed carbohydrate content. Techniques are applied to derive the solutions to the underdetermined system depending on the number of foods chosen. RESULTS The method was implemented on an iOS device and tested with varieties of foods and different number of foods selected. With each case, the application's constructed meal plan was within 95% precision of the KD requirements. CONCLUSION In this study, we attempt to reduce the time needed to calculate a meal by automating the computation of the KD via a linear algebra model. We improve upon previous KD calculators by offering optimal suggestions and incorporating the USDA database. We believe this mobile application will help make the KD and other dietary treatment preparations less time consuming and more convenient.
The Development Of A Code Of Ethics: An Online Classroom Approach To Making Connections Between Ethical Foundations And The Challenges Presented By Information Technology

In today's organizations, ethical challenges relate to areas like fraud, right to privacy for consumers, social responsibility, and trade restrictions. For Information Technology (IT) specifically, these can translate to considerations on how technology is used to violate people’s privacy, how automation leads to job reductions, or how management information and its corresponding systems are used and abused for personal gain. In the last 25 years, we have seen an overwhelming technology infusion affecting business, education, and society. Virtually all areas of our society have been transformed by the usage of technology. The change is important from an ethical perspective in terms of who Information Technology (IT) workers are today and what their tasks are. In the 1980s, IT workers were mainly limited to technical fields, such as programming, data processing, server administration, and phone services. Today, IT workers are integrated into every department of organizations, they function globally, and they have access to a wealth of knowledge and information (Payne & Landry, 2006). With the power and the skills to access such large amounts of data comes the need for ethical employees. Morality of respect doesn’t appear, fully formed, at a particular age. Instead it develops slowly and higher education needs to take a role in this. Higher education, specifically in business schools, needs to take some responsibility in preparing students for the ethical usage of information technology and the underlying information within those systems. In this research investigation, an assignment was provided to students in an online course entitled Ethics and Technology in which they were given the opportunity to develop a code of ethics that focused on key challenge areas in the usage of information technology while at the same time making connections to ethical leaders.
Diet-induced iron deficiency anemia and pregnancy outcome in rhesus monkeys

BACKGROUND Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is relatively common in the third trimester of pregnancy, but causal associations with low birth weight and compromised neonatal iron status are difficult to establish in human populations. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the effects of diet-induced IDA on intrauterine growth and neonatal iron status in an appropriate animal model for third-trimester IDA in women. DESIGN Hematologic and iron-status measures, pregnancy outcomes, and fetal and neonatal evaluations were compared between pregnant rhesus monkeys (n = 14) fed a diet containing 10 microg Fe/g diet from the time of pregnancy detection (gestation days 28-30) and controls (n = 24) fed 100 microg Fe/g diet. RESULTS By the third trimester, 79% of the iron-deprived dams and 29% of the control monkeys had a hemoglobin concentration <11 g/dL. There were also significant group differences in hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, transferrin saturation, serum ferritin, and serum iron. At birth, the newborns of monkeys iron-deprived during pregnancy had significantly lower hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin values and a lower ratio of erythroid to total colony-forming units in bone marrow than did the control newborns. Pregnancy weight gain did not differ significantly between the iron-deprived and control dams, and the fetuses and newborns of the iron-deprived dams were not growth retarded relative to the controls. Gestation length, the number of stillbirths, and neonatal neurobehavioral test scores did not differ significantly by diet group. CONCLUSION These data indicate that an inadequate intake of iron from the diet during pregnancy in rhesus monkeys can lead to compromised hematologic status of the neonate without indications of growth retardation or impaired neurologic function at birth.
Early gene expression changes with rush immunotherapy

Background To examine whether whole genome expression profiling could reveal changes in mRNA expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from allergic patients undergoing rush immunotherapy (RIT) that might be manifest within the first few months of treatment.
Correlation of diacylglycerol level and protein kinase C activity in rat retina to retinal circulation

The increases in diacylglycerol (DAG) level and protein kinase C (PKC) activity have been characterized biochemically and functionally in the retina and the brain of diabetic rats as well as in cultured vascular cells. PKC specific activities were increased in the membraneous fraction of retina from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and the genetically determined diabetic BB rats, respectively, after 1 or 2 wk of diabetes, compared with control. The ratio of total PKC activities from membraneous and cytosol fractions was also increased in the retina of diabetic rats. With diabetes, all the isoenzymes and the total DAG level were increased in the rat retina, whereas no changes were found in the rat brain. Insulin treatment normalized plasma glucose levels and partially prevented the increases in the membraneous PKC activity and all the isoenzymes in the retina. In the retinal endothelial cells, the total DAG level and PKC specific activities are increased by 36 and 22%, respectively, in the membraneous pool when the glucose levels are changed from 5.5 to 22 mM. Activation of PKC activity and isoform beta II by the vitreal injection of phorbol dibutyrate mimicked the abnormal retinal blood circulation observed in diabetic rats (2.22 +/- 0.24 vs. 1.83 +/- 0.40 s). Thus diabetes and elevated glucose levels will increase DAG level and PKC activities and its isoenzyme specifically in vascular cells and may affect retinal hemodynamics.
Prey Use and Provisioning Rates of Urban-nesting Mississippi Kites in West Texas

Abstract Urban ecosystems are attractive to several raptor species, including the Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis). To better understand the niche filled by urban-nesting Mississippi Kites, we observed nesting kites at 10 nests for a total of 269 hr during the breeding seasons of 2010 and 2011. We assessed prey delivery rates and prey use within and between years, evaluated the influences of nestling age, time of day, day of year, and local atmospheric conditions on delivery rates, and examined provisioning rates by male and female kites. A 62% decrease in the prey delivery rate, measured by the number of prey deliveries, from 2010 to 2011 was likely attributable to extreme heat and drought during the 2011 breeding season. However, total biomass of identified deliveries increased 38.9% in 2011 due to an increase in the percentage of avian prey (from 1% to 16% of identified deliveries). We suspect that differences in weather conditions between years influenced the type of prey delivered, and our...
Yugoslavia V. Nato, Security Council Resolution 1244, and the Law of Humanitarian Intervention

In this article, Professor Schwabach examines the increasing acceptance of the doctrine of humanitarian intervention since the 1999 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) war against Yugoslavia. The article discusses recent political and legal awareness of human rights violations as a justification for the use of military force and focuses on the United Nations Security Council's endorsement of use of force for humanitarian intervention, particularly through Resolution 1244. The article explains that prior to Resolution 1244, the U.N. favored state sovereignty over human rights concerns. However, developments after the 1999 war imply that humanitarian intervention is likely to be accepted as a rule of international law. After the 1999 war, Yugoslavia brought suit in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) against ten NATO members. This article explains that the ICJ effectively sidestepped the human rights issue by denying the applications on jurisdictional grounds. Individual judges' statements in dicta, however, as detailed in the article, indicate tolerance of NATO's actions and suggest potential acceptance of humanitarian intervention. Professor Schwabach concentrates on Yugoslavia's application against Belgium because Belgium advocates a change in international law that would grant human rights equal status with sovereign state rights. The article expresses hopes that a decision in Yugoslavia v. Belgium will clarify the rule of humanitarian intervention, but warns against possible misuse of the doctrine.
Utilization and Payments of Office-Based Physical Rehabilitation Services Among Individuals With Commercial Insurance in New York State.

Background Limited research exists on the utilization and payments of physical rehabilitation services, especially among individuals with commercial insurance. Objective This study aimed to characterize the utilization and payments of office-based physical rehabilitation services among nonelderly individuals with commercial insurance from New York State. Design This was a retrospective descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. Methods A cohort of 1.8 million individuals in the 2012 Truven Health MarketScan Research Database was constructed for review. A total of 109,821 unique patients who received any type of physical rehabilitation provided by physical therapists, chiropractors, and physicians in the office setting were included for analyses. Results Physical therapists provided the largest proportion of physical rehabilitation services (54.5%), followed by chiropractors (27.5%) and physicians (18.0%). Six out of 100 individuals used physical rehabilitation services in 2012. The mean annual payment of physical rehabilitation per patient was $820 (median=$323). Women and older individuals were more likely to use rehabilitation services and have higher annual utilization and payments. For the 5 most common physical rehabilitation services, payment rates for chiropractors were the highest and those for physical therapists were the lowest, with payment rates for physicians in between. Limitations This study was based on commercial insurance claims data from one state. Conclusions Findings from this study recognize that rehabilitation services are delivered by various types of health care professionals and the payment rates vary across provider specialties in New York State. Of particular interest is that although physical therapists provide the largest proportion of services, their payment rates are lower than the rates for chiropractors and physicians. Future research should assess regional variations and explore interprovider cost-effectiveness in delivering these interventions.
Electroretinograms from Broilers Fed Aflatoxin and T-2 Toxin

Abstract Thirty chicks were fed a commercial broiler grower ration from hatching to 26 days of age. Ten birds received aflatoxin (5 μg./g. of ration) and 10 received T-2 toxin (5 μg./g. of ration). The remaining 10 birds served as controls. After the 26 days, electroretinograms were recorded on a graphic recorder from the anesthetized birds. On the basis of wave amplitudes and durations from electroretinograms recorded in light and darkness and from different colored stimuli, no differences were detectable between treated birds and controls. Thus, the photochemistries of the retina were not sufficiently altered in this study to permit early detection of mycotoxicoses by electroretinograms.
Epithelial ingrowth after LASIK: clinical characteristics, risk factors, and visual outcomes in patients requiring flap lift.

Purpose To describe clinical characteristics, risk factors, and visual outcomes in patients requiring flap lift for epithelial ingrowth following LASIK. Methods Consecutive, noncomparative, retrospective case series of eyes requiring flap lift for epithelial ingrowth following LASIK from June 2003 through July 2011 at a tertiary care, university-based eye hospital. Main outcome measures were uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) at 1 and 3 months and recurrence of epithelial ingrowth. Results Forty-five eyes were included. Laser in situ keratomileusis retreatment was the most common etiologic factor for epithelial ingrowth (28/45 eyes [62%]). All patients were treated with flap lift and scraping. Mean logMAR UDVA at presentation was 0.28 (Snellen equivalent 20/38). Mean logMAR UDVA at 3 months was 0.17 (Snellen equivalent 20/30) with 53% of eyes 20/25 or better. Mean logMAR CDVA at 3 months was 0.06 (Snellen equivalent 20/23) with 78% of eyes 20/25 or better. Epithelial ingrowth into the central cornea portended a trend towards UDVA worse than 20/25 or worse at 3-month follow-up (hazard ratio [HR] 5.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.98-31.3, P=.05) and CDVA worse than 20/25 at 3-month follow-up (HR 4.32, 95% CI: 0.85-21.9, P=.08). Recurrence after treatment was 31% at 3 months and 36% at 1 year. Risk factors for recurrence included: infectious etiology of ingrowth (HR 5.7, 95% CI: 1.11-29.1, P=.04), use of microkeratome for primary LASIK (HR 4.64, 95% CI: 1.07-20.1, P=.04), and hyperopic primary LASIK (HR 2.49, 95% CI: 0.98-6.31, P=.06). Conclusions Patients undergoing flap lift for the treatment of epithelial ingrowth have a relatively high rate of recurrence but good visual acuity outcomes.
Transfer of Nonspecific Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes using Spleen Cells from Syphilitic Rabbits

SummaryThe data presented show that spleen cells obtained from syphilitic rabbits can be used to transfer nonspecific resistance to Listeria to normal recipients. This supports the hypothesis that infection caused by T. pallidum induces a cell-mediated immune response.Our thanks to Karen Jacobson and Phyllis Schwet-helm for expert technical help and to Helen Bremner for secretarial assistance. This work was supported by General Research Funds, VA Hospital, Houston and by NIH Grant Nos. 1 R01 AI 11305 and T01 AI 00374.
Testing of harmonic drive degrading under radiation environment

Humanoid robot has great potential in rescue task in extreme environments. However, robot may lose functionality under radiation environments because of the radiation induced damage and degrading of robot components, particularly the potential damage on harmonic drives is not yet well studied. We started by modelling the transmission and nonlinear features of harmonic drive dynamically, made analysis and assumptions on how the harmonic drive could probably degrade in the assumed radiation environments, and used a new 'elastic-slide-free-motion' testing method on the harmonic drive gearhead by characterising its elastic-slide behaviour before and after X-ray irradiation experiment. The testing results indicated that harmonic drives are resistant to environment irradiation in short-period operations.
Prediction of seismic responses of liquid-storage tanks based on BP neural networks

We have calculated seismic responses of 8 standard floating roof tanks under the 7th,8th,9th intensity,with certain heights of storaged liquid according to the method of code GB 50191-93,and used them as reliable sample data of neural networks model.Under MATLAB Neural Networks Box Functions,19 groups of the samples are trained,and the rest are used to test the reliability of the BP neural networks model.By adjusting the related parameters properly,we established a three layer BP neural networks model which can be used to predict the seismic responses of floating roof tanks.The relative errors of tested results are generally less than ±5%.
Comparison of automated and traditional minimum inhibitory concentration procedures for microbiological cosmetic preservatives

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is used to test resistance of microorganisms against antibiotics and to test cosmetic preservatives. This research expanded traditional MIC with automation and application of colorimetric endpoint MIC. All experiments included common cosmetic preservatives and microorganisms used in testing preservative efficacy. An autodilutor using three 96-well microtiter plates processed 6 preservatives against 1 microorganism in 15 min. The unique tip design made it possible to accurately deliver viscous test materials that cannot be dispensed accurately with vacuum or fluid-filled systems. Tetrazolium violet, a redox indicator, provided a visual color change from clear to purple at the MIC. Optimum concentration of tetrazolium violet was 0.01% with addition of 0.2% glucose to Mueller-Hinton broth for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The colorimetric endpoint was evident after 24 h from previously cryogenically stored organisms that were thawed before use and after 4 h for 18-24 h broth cultures subcultured from agar plates. The autodilutor accurately pipetted viscous cosmetic products such as hand lotion and shampoo, which cannot be pipetted with a traditional micropipetter.
Heterogeneity of human platelets. VI. Correlation of platelet function with platelet volume.

Platelet aggregation velocity was measured with an aggregometer in platelet-rich plasma from 34 normal subjects following addition of ADP, collagen, or epinephrine. Platelet volume parameters [mean, mode, megathrombocyte index (large platelets)] were determined with a model B Coulter Counter attached to a P64 Channel Analyzer with electronic recorder and correlated with platelet count. A negative linear relationship was found between platelet count and platelet volume (r = –0.53, p 0.1, respectively). Platelet volume distribution curves of residual nonaggregated platelets revealed a relative absence of larger platelets. Thus, platelet aggregation velocity was proportional to platelet volume, but correlated best with the number of large platelets or megathrombocyte index, particularly with ADP-induced platelet aggregation. It is suggested that the clinical strategy for treatment of platelet disorders would be better directed toward evaluation of platelet size and function rather than number, and that experimental as well as therapeutic procedures for the harvesting of platelets be directed toward a method of collection in which a portion of the megathrombocyte population is not routinely discarded.
Subsurface Drainage Design and Installation

Subsurface drainage systems remove excess groundwater below the ground surface. Perforated plastic drain tubes are placed between 1 and 2 m below the soil surface. The technique was originally called tile drainage because tile cylinders were laid end to end in a trench. Spacing and depth of drain tubes as well as lateral hydraulic conductivity of soil layers determine the rate of water removal from the field. Lateral hydraulic conductivity is generally measured with auger hole tests. Drainage can impact downstream water quality because it changes the timing of water and chemical leaching through the soil. Drainage planning and design require extensive analysis of hydrology, soil structure and texture, soil chemistry, crop rotations, field equipment, topography, waterways, and construction materials. The sizing of drainage pipes is based on the land slope and expected flow rate to pipes. Pipe layout and slope is a function of land slope and discharge location in the field. If the discharge waterway is higher than the drain outlet, then a sump and pump must be installed. Gravel envelopes or fabrics protect drain tubes from sedimentation.
Unrestrained AMPylation targets cytosolic chaperones and activates the heat shock response

Protein AMPylation is a conserved posttranslational modification with emerging roles in endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. However, the range of substrates and cell biological consequences of AMPylation remain poorly defined. We expressed human and Caenorhabditis elegans AMPylation enzymes—huntingtin yeast-interacting protein E (HYPE) and filamentation-induced by cyclic AMP (FIC)-1, respectively—in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a eukaryote that lacks endogenous protein AMPylation. Expression of HYPE and FIC-1 in yeast induced a strong cytoplasmic Hsf1-mediated heat shock response, accompanied by attenuation of protein translation, massive protein aggregation, growth arrest, and lethality. Overexpression of Ssa2, a cytosolic heat shock protein (Hsp)70, was sufficient to partially rescue growth. In human cell lines, overexpression of active HYPE similarly induced protein aggregation and the HSF1-dependent heat shock response. Excessive AMPylation also abolished HSP70-dependent influenza virus replication. Our findings suggest a mode of Hsp70 inactivation by AMPylation and point toward a role for protein AMPylation in the regulation of cellular protein homeostasis beyond the endoplasmic reticulum.
Global health: Towards polio eradication.

Polio has almost been eradicated. A field study demonstrates that a combination of focused science and epidemiology, and community-based integrated health approaches, are required to finish the job.
Restoration of oak woodlands and savannas in Tennessee using canopy-disturbance, fire-season, and herbicides

Abstract Establishing herbaceous groundcover is essential for oak woodland and savanna restoration. In the Appalachian region, woody vegetation in the understory can persist through many fires and interfere with achieving this goal. Herbicide applications could reduce such vegetation and interact with canopy-disturbance and fire to accelerate restoration. In stands thinned to woodland (16 m2 ha−1, 75% canopy closure) or savanna (5 m2 ha−1, 24% canopy closure) conditions and burned biennially in the fall (October) or spring (March), we economically applied triclopyr (Garlon® 3A) to understory woody plants using foliar and cut-surface techniques in the fall between fires. From 2011 to 2013, only minor differences in vegetation were observed between areas managed with canopy-disturbance and fire (CF) and areas where herbicides were also used (CFH). Small-sapling (≥1.4 m tall,
Development of CCD camera electronics for space surveillance

This paper describes the development of the electronics to drive a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera for observing satellites in the geosynchronous belt. The paper discusses the electronics design, board-level testing methods and results (including anomalies and resolutions), as well as performance testing with a CCD.
HOMOGENEOUS CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS WITH CHROMIUM CARBONYL CATALYSTS

Chromium carbonyl hydrogenation catalysts are of theoretical and practical interest because they are stereoselective and have the unique property of converting polyenes to cis monoenes without the formation of saturated products. Highlights of the 1iterature are presented on these homogeneous hydrogenation catalystsr and mechanistic studies are critically reviewed.
Publisher Correction: Nanophotonic optical gyroscope with reciprocal sensitivity enhancement

In the version of this Letter originally published online, a ‘7’ was mistakenly included at the beginning of the second line of equation (4); it has now been removed.
Discussions with Leaders: A Conversation Between Sam Gambhir and Johannes Czernin

Johannes Czernin, editor in chief of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine, recently initiated a series of recorded discussions with leaders in nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. The first of these, conducted on September 25, 2018, with Sanjiv Sam Gambhir, is excerpted below. Gambhir is the Virginia
Analysis of booster seat and seat belt use: how many Wisconsin childhood deaths and hospitalizations could have been prevented in 1998--2002?

Background Motor vehicle collisions (MVC) remain the leading cause of childhood death and injury in Wisconsin and throughout the nation. The objective of this study is to estimate the potential benefits of increased use of belt-positioning booster (BPB) seats for children ages 4-7, and increased seat belt use for children ages 8-18.5 years. The outcomes measured were the reduction in MVC-associated childhood deaths and hospitalizations as a result of increased use of BPB seats or seat belts. Method Childhood MVC-associated deaths and hospitalizations from 1998 to 2002 were obtained from the Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health (WISH) data query system. Three separate age groups were analyzed: children ages 4-7, 8-15, and 16-18.5 years. Ages for the groups were designed to match current "best practice" recommendations for the use of BPB seats, published age-range specific baseline restraint use data, and age specific mortality/injury relative risk (RR) values as closely as possible for a pediatric population. Population attributable risk (PAR) was calculated to predict preventable deaths and injuries (hospitalizations) over the years studied. Results From 1998 to 2002, MVCs accounted for 440 childhood deaths and 2639 injuries requiring hospital admission. Using the calculated PAR population statistic for each age group studied, the predicted reduction in childhood MVC deaths and hospitalizations were calculated for various increases in restraint use above current baseline compliance. At the 100% use level, the model predicted 16 fewer deaths and 84 fewer hospitalizations for children 4-7 years old (BPB seat use); 45 fewer deaths and 206 fewer hospitalizations for children 8-15 years old (seat belt use); and 119 fewer deaths and 669 fewer hospitalizations for children 16-18.5 years old (seat belt use). The total potentially avoided deaths and hospitalizations across all age groups studied was 180 childhood deaths and 959 hospitalizations during this 5-year study period. Conclusion Communities should devote resources to public education programs directed at increasing the use of belt-positioning booster seats for children 4-7 years old and seat belts for older children. Evidence-based child passenger safety laws should be improved and enforced in Wisconsin in an effort to support families in their attempts to safeguard their children. With a multi-component child passenger restraint safety campaign, unnecessary MVC-associated childhood deaths and injuries can be avoided in the future.
The Hominoid Cranial Base in Relation to Posture and Locomotion

The cranium directly articulates with the rest of the body via the cervical spine. At the “cranio-cervical interface,” the morphology of the hominoid cranial base offers a wealth of information regarding posture and locomotion. Compared to great apes, modern humans exhibit more anteriorly positioned and anteroinferiorly oriented foramina magna, more anteriorly positioned and flatter occipital condyles, and a reduction and reorganization of the nuchal musculature. Researchers have long inquired about the functional significance of these features in humans as they relate to the adoption of bipedal stance and locomotion using comparative and experimental approaches. Anteriorly positioned foramina magna and occipital condyles presumably confer a mechanical advantage for holding the head above an upright torso in humans rather than in front of a more horizontal torso as in great apes. Reductions in neck extensor musculature suggest a decreased emphasis on head-neck extension for maintaining neutral head posture in humans. Great apes, by contrast, require a comparatively enlarged neck extensor musculature or bony modifications that affect the length of their force arms to hold up heads with greater anterior mass. In the absence of direct evidence of the postcranial skeleton in the human fossil record, the utility of these features as indicators of human-like posture and locomotion in extinct hominins has received considerable attention from researchers. Early hominin taxa resemble modern humans in some (e.g., forward migration of the foramen magnum) but not all (e.g., nuchal plane architecture) aspects of cranial base morphology. Research on the “cranio-cervical interface” will continue to inform our understanding of how hominoid cranial anatomy relates to posture and locomotion and, in particular, how the modern human cranium evolved in relation to our unique reliance on bipedalism.
Systems/input into output

Abstract With parallels in real-life processes, cellular modeling and its infrastructure benefit from technological experience. In linear systems theory processes follow a scheme whereby input enters a system, the active machinery, to become output. Having information available on all three components, especially the state of the system, the state variable model is popular, combining state ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with algebraic output equations and their systems. Absent ongoing system information, the input/output model may be applicable. Employing ODEs in the Laplace domain, models centered on the transfer function, the ratio between output and input can inform the process stability and transient behavior. Both models can employ block diagrams and signal-flow graphs to represent complex systems visually as well as to facilitate computations.
Miniaturization of SCMR Systems Using Multilayer Resonators

Multilayer elements are used to miniaturize the size of highly efficient wireless power transfer systems based on the Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance (SCMR). Specifically, inspired by miniaturization techniques used in antennas, multilayer resonators in conformal SCMR systems (instead of single-layer resonators traditionally used) are tightly stacked to significantly shrink the size of CSCMR systems. An analytical methodology is developed, based on Kirchhoff's law and Maxwell's mutual inductance formula using elliptic integrals, which can predict the system's resonance. Excellent agreement is shown between analytical, simulated and measured results. Based on our results the proposed multilayer CSCMR systems can operate at significantly lower frequencies than traditional CSCMR systems, while maintaining significantly smaller size as well as providing significantly higher efficiency and transmission range than traditional CSCMR systems.
Chapter 5 Categories of Economic-Efficiency Gains That Are and Are Not Relevant to Conduct’s Antitrust Legality

The Welfare Economics of Antitrust Policy and U.S. and E.U. Antitrust Law will list the various narrowly-defined categories of economic inefficiency whose magnitudes both business conduct and antitrust policies can affect that I find useful to distinguish and will explain how such conduct and policies can and when they will increase and decrease each of these narrowly-defined categories of economic inefficiency. This chapter is much less ambitious. Section 1 delineates four broad categories and a few subcategories of economic inefficiency (resource misallocation) whose magnitudes business conduct and antitrust policies can affect. Section 2 lists the various categories of economic-efficiency gains and losses that business conduct can yield whose generation by any exemplar of business conduct is irrelevant to the conduct’s antitrust legality and explains why these economic-efficiency effects are irrelevant to the legality of the conduct that generates them under U.S. antitrust law and E.C. competition law. And Sect. 3 lists the various categories of economic-efficiency gains that business conduct can yield whose generation is either directly or indirectly relevant to its antitrust legality and explains briefly why the fact that conduct yields these categories of economic-efficiency gains does favor its legality under the U.S. Sherman Act, the U.S. Clayton Act, Article 101 of the 2009 Lisbon Treaty, Article 102 of the 2009 Lisbon Treaty, and the EMCR.
Estimation of variance components and response to selection for milk composition in Holsteins, including lactose and somatic cell score

First lactation milk, fat, protein, and lactose yields and percentage yields were analyzed using a multiple-trait sire model including herd-year-season, sire group, and age of cow as fixed effects. Somatic cell score was fit both as a fixed effect in the model and as an additional dependent variable in two analyses. The results were almost identical for both analyses. Variance components were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood with an expectation-maximization algorithm, and included sire relationships. Lactose percentage means ranged from 4.84 to 4.97% across three dairy breeds. Data used to estimate variance components were first lactation Holstein records collected from 1986 to 1988, from 5246 daughters of 392 AI sires. Heritability estimates were .30, .29, .27, and .26 for milk, fat, protein, and lactose yields; .45, .47, and .53 for fat, protein, and lactose percentage yields, and .16 for somatic cell score. Genetic correlations of lactose percentage with milk, fat, protein, fat and protein percentages, and somatic cell score were -.30, -.16, -.21, .10, .29, and -.11, respectively, while phenotypic correlations were -.08, -.02, .01, .11, .29, and -.15.
Structural design and optimization of a series of 13.2 MW downwind rotors

The quest for reduced LCOE has driven significant growth in wind turbine size. A key question to enable larger rotor designs is how to configure and optimize structural designs to constrain blade m...