cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remembering Why to Remember: Performance-Guided Case-Base Maintenance

An important focus of recent CBR research is on how to develop strategies for achieving compact, competent case-bases, as a way to improve the performance of CBR systems. However, compactness and competence are not always good predictors of performance, especially when problem distributions are non-uniform. Consequently, this paper argues for developing methods that tie case-base maintenance more directly to performance concerns. The paper begins by examining the relationship between competence and performance, discussing the goals and constraints that should guide addition and deletion of cases. It next illustrates the importance of augmenting competence-based criteria with quantitative performance-based considerations, and proposes a strategy for closely reflecting adaptation performance effects when compressing a case-base. It then presents empirical studies examining the performance tradeoffs of current methods and the benefits of applying fine-grained performance-based criteria to case-base compression, showing that performance-based methods may be especially important for task domains with non-uniform problem distributions.
Abstract 2541: Differential trafficking of dendritic cells after immunization determines establishment of systemic anti-tumor responses

Systemic immune activation and memory cell generation is desired in dendritic cell (DC)-based therapies against cancers, especially with metastasis. Migration properties of DCs, however, could limit the responses regionally constrained. Clinically, DC-vaccines are often given subcutaneously (s.c.), intravenously (i.v.) or intradermally (i.d.), without monitoring the migration of DCs. In this study, we visualized trafficking of DCs labeled with In-111 oxine using a whole-body micro-SPECT imager after immunization via different routes and examined induction of immune activation and memory cell generation in mice. Bone marrow-derived DCs were used. Surprisingly, most of s.c. transferred DCs failed to migrate to the adjacent lymph nodes (LNs) and died at the injection site, irrespective of their maturation status. DCs injected i.v. were initially trapped in the lungs, but gradually migrated to the spleen, liver and, to a lesser extent, LNs. In contrast, DCs administered i.d. and intraperitoneally (i.p.) quickly entered lymphatic system and distributed to LNs. Proliferation of CMFDA labeled OT-1 CD8 T cells pre-transferred to mice receiving ovalbumin loaded DCs (OVA-DCs) indicated that i.v. and i.p. immunizations triggered stronger and more systemic expansion of effector T cells than s.c. and i.d. immunizations. To examine the establishment of long-term defense, we next immunized mice with OVA-DCs and challenged them with OVA-expressing tumors intramuscularly, contra-lateral to the s.c. and i.d. injection site. Intriguingly, i.v. immunization seemed less effective than the others in developing long-term antigen-specific immunity, despite its capability to induce an extensive acute responses. These results might suggest that difference in the microenvironment of organs where CD8 T cells encounter the antigen (i.e., spleen or LNs) controls the generation of long-lived memory cells. Collectively, immunization route would be a critical factor that determines the spatial distribution of immune activation and generation of functional memory cells in DC-based therapies. Citation Format: Noriko Sato, Kingsley Asiedu, Peter L. Choyke. Differential trafficking of dendritic cells after immunization determines establishment of systemic anti-tumor responses. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2541. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2541
Trends in array antenna research

Abstract : This paper describes a number of analytical developments in the history of phased array research and analyzes the present state of maturity of that field. The main conclusion of this study is that the technology is evolving so rapidly, and the number of different array types and requirements growing so swiftly, that past analytical developments are vastly inadequate to handle the problems posed by present day array systems. The paper highlights those areas where intensified research is necessary. (Author)
Genetic variation in cardiomyopathy and cardiovascular disorders

With the wider deployment of massively-parallel, next-generation sequencing, it is now possible to survey human genome data for research and clinical purposes. The reduced cost of producing short-read sequencing has now shifted the burden to data analysis. Analysis of genome sequencing remains challenged by the complexity of the human genome, including redundancy and the repetitive nature of genome elements and the large amount of variation in individual genomes. Public databases of human genome sequences greatly facilitate interpretation of common and rare genetic variation, although linking database sequence information to detailed clinical information is limited by privacy and practical issues. Genetic variation is a rich source of knowledge for cardiovascular disease because many, if not all, cardiovascular disorders are highly heritable. The role of rare genetic variation in predicting risk and complications of cardiovascular diseases has been well established for hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy, where the number of genes that are linked to these disorders is growing. Bolstered by family data, where genetic variants segregate with disease, rare variation can be linked to specific genetic variation that offers profound diagnostic information. Understanding genetic variation in cardiomyopathy is likely to help stratify forms of heart failure and guide therapy. Ultimately, genetic variation may be amenable to gene correction and gene editing strategies.
Splitting behavior of S n -polynomials

We analyze the probability that, for a fixed finite set of primes S, a random, monic, degree n polynomial \(f(x) \in {\mathbb {Z}}[x]\) with coefficients in a box of side B satisfies: (i) f(x) is irreducible over Open image in new window, with splitting field \(K_{f}/{\mathbb {Q}}\) over Open image in new window having Galois group Sn; (ii) the polynomial discriminant Disc(f) is relatively prime to all primes in S; (iii) f(x) has a prescribed splitting type (mod p) at each prime p in S.
Identification of a Functional Leukocyte-Type NADPH Oxidase in Human Endothelial Cells : A Potential Atherogenic Source of Reactive Oxygen Species

Cultured human endothelial cells (EC) exposed to atherogenic low-density lipoprotein levels have increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The enzyme responsible for this ROS production elevation is unknown. We have examined for the presence of a functional leukocyte-type NADPH oxidase in EC to elucidate whether this enzyme could be the ROS source. The plasma membrane fraction of disrupted EC showed a reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectra with absorption peaks identical to those observed in the spectra of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase component, cytochrome b558. Western-blot analysis, using anti-gp91 -phox. anti -p22-phox. anti -p47-phox. and anti -p67-phox antibodies, demonstrated the protein expression of NADPH oxidase subunits in EC. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed the mRNA expression of gp91-phox, p22-phox, p47-phox, and p67-phox in EC. Sonicates from unstimulated EC produced no measurable superoxide; whereas, exogenously applied arachidonic acid activated superoxide generation in a manner that was dependent upon the presence of NADPH and both membrane and cytosolic fractions combined. Apocynin, a specific leukocyte NADPH oxidase inhibitor, was shown by Western-blot analysis of membrane and cytoplasmic fractions to inhibit the translocation of p47-phox to the membrane of stimulated EC. These findings support the presence of a functionally active leukocyte-type NADPH oxidase in EC. NADPH oxidase could be the major cellular ROS source in EC perturbation, which has been hypothesized to be a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Epistemology and the politics of knowledge

If scholars accept that all knowledge is socially constructed, and historically situated, we must also understand social research methodologies as historically produced social formations that circumscribe as well as produce culturally specific forms of knowledge. In this article I examine some of the ways in which an underlying 19th century philosophy of science constrains the ability of contemporary researchers to examine 21st century cultural complexities. In particular, I discuss how the notion of evidence derived from the physical sciences prevents social sciences from examining a range of phenomena such as routine relations of privilege and contemporary media. Taking up the argument that social sciences need social epistemologies, I explore sociological studies of language as one form of epistemic shift that would enable researchers to apprehend the circulation of power as expressed in routine relations of privilege, as well as apprehend the porous social relations introduced through media old and new.
Phasic motor activity of respiratory and non-respiratory muscles in REM sleep.

Objectives In this study, we quantified the profiles of phasic activity in respiratory muscles (diaphragm, genioglossus and external intercostal) and non-respiratory muscles (neck and extensor digitorum) across REM sleep. We hypothesized that if there is a unique pontine structure that controls all REM sleep phasic events, the profiles of the phasic twitches of different muscle groups should be identical. Furthermore, we described how respiratory parameters (e.g., frequency, amplitude, and effort) vary across REM sleep to determine if phasic processes affect breathing. Methods Electrodes were implanted in Wistar rats to record brain activity and muscle activity of neck, extensor digitorum, diaphragm, external intercostal, and genioglossal muscles. Ten rats were studied to obtain 313 REM periods over 73 recording days. Data were analyzed offline and REM sleep activity profiles were built for each muscle. In 6 animals, respiratory frequency, effort, amplitude, and inspiratory peak were also analyzed during 192 REM sleep periods. Results Respiratory muscle phasic activity increased in the second part of the REM period. For example, genioglossal activity increased in the second part of the REM period by 63.8% compared to the average level during NREM sleep. This profile was consistent between animals and REM periods (η(2)=0.58). This increased activity seen in respiratory muscles appeared as irregular bursts and trains of activity that could affect rythmo-genesis. Indeed, the increased integrated activity seen in the second part of the REM period in the diaphragm was associated with an increase in the number (28.3%) and amplitude (30%) of breaths. Non-respiratory muscle phasic activity in REM sleep did not have a profile like the phasic activity of respiratory muscles. Time in REM sleep did not have an effect on nuchal activity (P=0.59). Conclusion We conclude that the concept of a common pontine center controlling all REM phasic events is not supported by our data. There is a drive in REM sleep that affects specifically respiratory muscles. The characteristic increase in respiratory frequency during REM sleep is induced by this drive.
Marginal Dietary Copper Restriction Induces Cardiomyopathy in Rats

Prior studies have provided evidence of marginal dietary copper restriction in humans. The present study was undertaken to examine in a rat model the effect of a long-term marginal dietary Cu deficiency on the heart. Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-76 diet containing 6.0 (control), 3.0, or 1.5 mg Cu/kg starting at 11 wk of age. Groups of rats were killed at 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 mo after initiation of feeding, and the same experiment was repeated once. The only systemic change induced by marginal dietary Cu restriction (P < 0.05) was depression of organ Cu concentrations in rats fed 1.5 mg Cu/kg diet. Cardiac pathological manifestations in rats fed lower Cu diets were evidenced by histopathological, ultrastructural, and functional alterations. Myocyte hypertrophy and excessive collagen deposition in the heart occurred in rats fed 1.5 mg Cu/kg diet. Ultrastructural changes, including increased number and volume of mitochondria along with disruption of cristae structure, diastolic and systolic dysfunction, and electrocardiograph alterations, occurred in rats fed 1.5 or 3.0 mg Cu/kg diet. These results demonstrate that, in the absence of most indications of systemic Cu deficiency, heart morphology and function are sensitive to marginal Cu deficiency.
Spectrum of Point Mutations in the Human Genome and Major Subpopulations

Point mutation, often referred to as single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), does not occur randomly and is dependent on the GC content and sequence context in the human genome. The spectrum of mutations in the human genome can be reliably inferred by comparing SNPs with their ancestral sequences. The direction of mutations inferred by SNPs may be measured by three approaches: directly observed frequencies of nucleotide changes, relative frequencies of nucleotide changes by normalising the nucleotide content and frequencies of nucleotide changes after excluding the CpG effect. An examination of the spectrum of mutations indicates that point mutation varies between the categorised genomic regions and has been strongly influenced by the CpG effect. There is no major difference in the mutational spectrum among the common and rare variants or among major human subpopulations; however, rare variants have higher frequency of CT mutations, reflecting the CpG effect in the human genome. Key Concepts: Point mutation does not occur randomly in the human genome and is dependent on the GC content and sequence context. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant genetic variants in the human genome. Mutational spectrum in the human genome and genomic regions is important for our understanding of the mechanisms of mutations, genome sequence evolution and causes of disease. The direction of mutations can be reliably inferred by comparing SNPs with their ancestral sequences. CpG effect has a significant influence on mutational spectrum. Spectrum of mutations can be measured by three approaches: the observed frequencies of nucleotide changes, the relative frequencies and exclusion of the CpG effect. Rare variants more likely reflect the recent mutational events in human populations. Keywords: spectrum of mutations; mutation direction; single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); nucleotide change; CpG effect; the 1000 genomes project; common variants; rare variants
Die Molybdän(V)‐ und Wolfram(VI)‐oxoazide [MoO(N3)3], [MoO(N3)3⋅2 CH3CN], [(bipy)MoO(N3)3], [MoO(N3)5]2−, [WO(N3)4] und [WO(N3)4⋅CH3CN]

Eine Serie neuartiger Molybdan(V)- und Wolfram(VI)-oxoazide wurde ausgehend von [MOF4] (M=Mo, W) und Me3SiN3 synthetisiert. Wahrend [WO(N3)4] durch Fluorid-Azid-Austausch in der Umsetzung von Me3SiN3 mit [WOF4] in SO2-Losung erhalten wurde, resultierte die Reaktion mit MoOF4 in einer Reduktion von MoVI zu MoV unter Bildung von [MoO(N3)3]. Entsprechende Umsetzungen in Acetonitrillosung fuhrten zur Isolierung der Addukte [MoO(N3)3⋅2 CH3CN] und [WO(N3)4⋅CH3CN]. [(bipy)MoO(N3)3] und [PPh4]2[MoO(N3)5] konnten nach anschliesenden Umsetzungen von [MoO(N3)3] mit 2,2′-Bipyridin bzw. [PPh4][N3] isoliert werden. Die Molybdan(V)- und Wolfram(VI)-oxoazide wurden schwingungsspektroskopisch, bezuglich ihrer Empfindlichkeit gegenuber Schlag, Reibung und Erhitzen, und im Fall von [WO(N3)4⋅CH3CN], [(bipy)MoO(N3)3] und [PPh4]2[MoO(N3)5] auch durch Kristallstrukturanalysen charakterisiert.
Compressive imaging system design using task-specific information

We present a task-specific information (TSI) based framework for designing compressive imaging (CI) systems. The task of target detection is chosen to demonstrate the performance of the optimized CI system designs relative to a conventional imager. In our optimization framework, we first select a projection basis and then find the associated optimal photon-allocation vector in the presence of a total photon-count constraint. Several projection bases, including principal components (PC), independent components, generalized matched-filter, and generalized Fisher discriminant (GFD) are considered for candidate CI systems, and their respective performance is analyzed for the target-detection task. We find that the TSI-optimized CI system design based on a GFD projection basis outperforms all other candidate CI system designs as well as the conventional imager. The GFD-based compressive imager yields a TSI of 0.9841 bits (out of a maximum possible 1 bit for the detection task), which is nearly ten times the 0.0979 bits achieved by the conventional imager at a signal-to-noise ratio of 5.0. We also discuss the relation between the information-theoretic TSI metric and a conventional statistical metric like probability of error in the context of the target-detection problem. It is shown that the TSI can be used to derive an upper bound on the probability of error that can be attained by any detection algorithm.
A single pretreatment with 8-OH-DPAT reduces behavioral indices of serotonin 1A receptor activation in ovariectomized rats

The effects of prior treatment with 8-OH-DPAT on 8-OH-DPAT-induced eating behavior, hypothermia, flat body posture and forepaw treading were examined in ovariectomized rats. Twenty-four hours after a single pretreatment with 0.25 mg/kg of the drug, the eating behavior and flat body posture induced by 8-OH-DPAT were reduced relative to that seen following the first treatment with the drug. In contrast, within 24 hr of the prior drug treatment, the drug's effects on forepaw treading and rectal temperature were unchanged. However, 7 days after prior treatment with 8-OH-DPAT, eating behavior, flat body posture and hypothermia induced by the drug were suppressed. Only forepaw treading remained unchanged. These findings are discussed in reference to similar studies of 5-HT1A receptor agonist-induced modulation of behaviors in male rats.
White and gray matter contributions to executive function recovery after traumatic brain injury.

Objective: We investigated the association between regional white and gray matter volume loss and performance on executive functions (EFs) in patients with penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI). Methods: We studied 164 pTBI patients and 43 healthy controls from the Vietnam Head Injury Study. We acquired CT scans for pTBI patients and divided them according to lesion localization (left and right prefrontal cortex [PFC]). We administered EF tests (Verbal Fluency, Trail Making, Twenty Questions) and used voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) and group-based correlational and multiple regression analyses to examine the relative influence of gray and white matter lesions on EF recovery. Results: The VLSM analysis revealed that white and gray white matter lesions were associated with impaired EFs. In the left PFC lesion group, damage to the PFC gray matter, anterior corona radiata, and superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) were most correlated with functional recovery. Verbal Fluency, which involves a broad fronto-temporo-parietal network, was best predicted by SLF lesion volume. Trail Making and Twenty Questions, which is associated with more focal left frontal damage, was better predicted by PFC lesions. Conclusions: Our results indicated that white matter volume loss can be a superior predictor of recovery and a crucial factor driving clinical outcome in functions involving a broad network such as Verbal Fluency. White matter damage may place additional burden on recovery by deteriorating signal transmission between cortical areas within a functional network.
Simulation of Benzene Exposure during Use of a Mineral Spirit Solvent to Clean Elevator Bearing Housings

ABSTRACT An exposure simulation was conducted to reconstruct and assess a sheet-metal worker's historical exposure to benzene associated with the degreasing and cleaning of parts and equipment during the repair of a soybean elevator head pulley. The simulation was based on an employee description of the specific activities performed in the 1980s. Bulk solvent and airborne benzene concentrations associated with the degreasing and cleaning of parts and equipment using a bucket of mineral spirits solvent and soaked shop towels were measured during the simulation. The mineral solvent was spiked with benzene to represent the historical product formulation. Benzene concentrations in personal and background air samples were below the limits of analytical detection. These data were used to estimate a worker's inhalation and dermal exposure to benzene from the cleaning and degreasing task. The total dose of approximately 0.2 mg benzene estimated based on the simulation results is approximately equivalent to that r...
Apomorphine effects on frog locomotor behavior.

The neuroanatomical pathways of the DA systems have been shown to be largely conserved across many vertebrate taxa. It is less certain whether the structural similarities seen between mammals and amphibians reflect a similar functional homology. DA is well known for its role in facilitating motor behaviors in mammals. We examined whether a similar role for DA exists in amphibians using the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens). We investigated the effects of the nonspecific DA agonist, apomorphine (APO) on a complex motor task that included two distinct components known to be differentially modulated by DA in mammals: swimming and climbing. We demonstrated that a high single dose of APO (20 mg/kg, body weight) strongly increased the amount of time spent completing the motor task. Furthermore, we showed that although APO did not significantly alter several aspects of swimming behavior, two aspects of climbing behavior were disrupted. Both climbing speed and climbing ability were impaired by APO treatment. These results increase our understanding of DA function in amphibians and add to our understanding of structure–function homologies of dopamine function across vertebrate taxa.
Myocardial scintigraphy with infarct-avid tracers.

The scintigraphic appearance of infarcted myocardium as an area of increased activity has considerable appeal, since standard techniques, including serum enzyme tests, electrocardiography, and vectorcardiography, provide only indirect evidence of the presence, size, and location of infarcted myocardium. Although these techniques are usually accurate in detecting infarction, the availability of techniques to localize precisely the site of damaged myocardium and the extent of damage is limited. Radiopharmaceuticals that are extracted by normal myocardium, such as potassium and its analogues [1] and radiolabeled fatty acids [2], offer additional help by outlining poorly perfused tissue as regions of decreased tracer concentration in myocardial scans [3]. These radiopharmaceuticals, however, do not permit differentiation of acute infarction and fibrotic or previously infarcted tissue. To overcome these difficulties, investigators have sought agents that accumulate selectively in damaged myocardium.
Electrocardiographic criteria for detecting acute myocardial infarction in patients with left bundle branch block: a meta-analysis.

Study objective Numerous investigators have evaluated the ECG algorithm described by Sgarbossa et al to predict acute myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle branch block and have arrived at divergent conclusions. To clarify the utility of the Sgarbossa ECG algorithm, we perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of these trials. Methods A structured search was applied to MEDLINE and Scopus databases, beginning with the year that the algorithm was derived (1996). Two reviewers independently screened citations, assessed for method quality, and extracted data (individual study characteristics, screening performance, and interobserver agreement) with a standardized extraction tool. We assessed qualifying studies for heterogeneity and generated summary estimates for the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios with fixed-effect models. Results We identified 11 studies with 2,100 patients that met criteria for at least 1 component of the analysis. Ten studies with 1,614 patients reported a Sgarbossa ECG algorithm score of greater than or equal to 3. These yielded a summary sensitivity of 20% (95% confidence interval [CI] 18% to 23%), specificity of 98% (95% CI 97% to 99%), a positive likelihood ratio of 7.9 (95% CI 4.5 to 13.8), and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.8 (95% CI 0.8 to 0.9). The summary diagnostic odds ratio revealed homogeneity. Seven studies with 1,213 patients reported a Sgarbossa ECG algorithm score of greater than or equal to 2. These yielded sensitivities ranging from 20% to 79% and specificities ranging from 61% to 100%. Positive likelihood ratios ranged from 0.7 to 6.6 and negative likelihood ratios ranged from 0.2 to 1.1. The summary diagnostic odds ratio revealed heterogeneity. Intra- and interobserver agreement was substantial. Sensitivity analysis using the highest-quality studies yielded similar results. Conclusion A Sgarbossa ECG algorithm score of greater than or equal to 3, representing greater than or equal to 1 mm of concordant ST elevation or greater than or equal to 1 mm ST depression in leads V1 to V3, is useful for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction in patients who present with left bundle branch block on ECG. The scoring system demonstrates good to excellent overall interobserver variability. A score of 2, representing 5 mm or more of discordant ST deviation, demonstrated ineffective positive likelihood ratios. A Sgarbossa ECG algorithm score of 0 is not useful in excluding acute myocardial infarction.
Miocene-Pliocene Paleoecology of San Fernando Basin, California: ABSTRACT

Sedimentary rocks exposed along the periphery of the San Fernando Valley indicate the area was a separate marine basin during Miocene and Pliocene time. Although the surrounding geology is well known, the basin is virtually unrecognized as a major Tertiary basin of Southern California. Structure, stratigraphy, and sedimentology indicate the basin's history is similar to that of other Continental Borderland basins. Localized subsidence in the Late Middle Miocene formed the basin as a discrete unit. Basin filling took place during Pliocene and Pleistocene time. Benthonic Foraminifera indicate that the San Fernando basin was separate from the adjacent and deeper Ventura basin but remained an integral part of the east-west Ventura embayment. Over 900 meters of Late Miocene and Pliocene sediments are well exposed on the south side of the basin. Shales and diatomites typify the Miocene sequence whereas silts and sands are characteristic of the Pliocene. Laminated diatomite was probably deposited in a subsill oxygen-deficient environment analogous to the existing Santa Barbara basin. Coarse, arkosic continental sands interfinger with Pliocene marine sediments at the eastern end of the basin. Benthonic Foraminifera and Radiolaria show that End_Page 1771------------------------------ subsidence to middle bathyal depths occurred during Late Miocene (Delmontian) and Early Pliocene (Repettian) time. Rapid shoaling during the Pliocene is evidenced by the systematic appearance of slope, shelf, and neritic foraminiferal faunas. Abundant Pliocene macrofossils also characterize shelf-depth deposits. Shallow-water micro and macrofaunas within deep water sediments are interpreted as displaced by turbidity currents or slumping. Planktonic Foraminifera and an increase in radiolarian (Spumellina) diameter suggest cool surface temperatures during the Late Miocene and increasingly warmer temperatures in the Early Pliocene. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1772------------
Determining the Number of Factors from Empirical Distribution of Eigenvalues

Abstract We develop a new estimator of the number of factors in the approximate factor models. The estimator works well even when the idiosyncratic terms are substantially correlated. It is based on the fact, established in the paper, that any finite number of the largest “idiosyncratic” eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix cluster around a single point. In contrast, all the “systematic” eigenvalues, the number of which equals the number of factors, diverge to infinity. The estimator consistently separates the diverging eigenvalues from the cluster and counts the number of the separated eigenvalues. We consider a macroeconomic and a financial application.
Stationary solutions of the problem of Rayleigh-Taylor instability

Previous experiments have established that when a light fluid is accelerated with a dense fluid in the direction of the latter, the plane interface is unstable, but when a dense fluid is accelerated with a light fluid in the direction of the latter, the plane interface is stable. An attempt is made to study the incompressible inviscid irrotational hydrodynamic problem, with variable interface, as a problem in nonlinear partial differential equations. (LCL)
Infective endocarditis of a bicuspid aortic valve caused by hansenula anomala

Infective endocarditis due to Hansenula anomala developed on a bicuspid aortic valve in a 40-year-old man. H. anomala, an ascomycetous yeast, may be a member of the normal flora of the throat and alimentary tract in humans but has not been previously known to be pathogenic in humans. A past history of intravenous drug use may have contributed to the development of disease in this patient.
On the determination of diffusion coefficients in multi-phase ternary couples

Abstract A methodology was presented for determining the interdiffusion coefficients of phases formed in a ternary diffusion couple using the measured growth rates and the concentration profiles across the couple. Using this methodology the interdiffusion coefficients of the TNi 3 GaAs phase were obtained from several GaAs/Ni couples. Assuming the cross-intrinsic diffusion coefficients to be negligible, relationships between intrinsic diffusion coefficients and interdiffusion coefficients were derived, and values were obtained for the three intrinsic diffusion coefficients of the T-phase. The intrinsic diffusivity for Ni was the largest and that for arsenic the smallest. These data were rationalized in terms of the structure of the T-phase.
Building Community Capacity for Violence Prevention

The capacity of communities to prevent violence is examined from three perspectives: youth violence, child maltreatment, and intimate partner violence. The analysis suggests that community social control and collective efficacy are significant protective factors for all three types of violence, but these need to be further distinguished for their relationships to private, parochial, and state controls. It is argued that strong interpersonal ties are not the only contributor to collective efficacy and violence prevention. Weak ties, including those outside the community, and organizational ties are also seen as necessary. Violence prevention programs should be structured in ways that contribute to the communities' own capacity to prevent violence.
Cerebral Hemodynamics and Vigilance Performance

Five studies are described using transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to examine brain systems in vigilance. The results indicate that the vigilance decrement, the temporal decline that typifies vigilance performance, is paralleled by a decline in cerebral blood flow velocity as indexed by TCD. In addition, both measures showed greater activity in the right than in the left cerebral hemisphere in response to a variety of psychophysical challenges, indicating a right hemispheric system in control of vigilance performance. The TCD measure was also found to be potentially useful in selecting observers for vigilance assignments.
Free radical and granulocyte-mediated injury during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.

The success of thrombolytic/reperfusion therapy in limiting the extent of myocardial infarction may be limited by reperfusion injury. Damage from acute ischemia is not due solely to the interruption of blood flow; rather, ischemia initiates a cascade of reactions involving partially reduced oxygen, inflammatory mediators, mechanical capillary obstruction by granulocytes and other events that lead to irreversible injury. A surprising consequence is that reperfusion by delivering oxygen and granulocytes may counteract some of the benefits of restoring flow. Mechanisms of neutrophil and free radical injury include superoxide radical formation and lipid peroxidation, progressive leukocyte capillary plugging and capillary no-reflow, and edema. The interaction of various specific mechanisms of injury in the heart (i.e., xanthine oxidase, mitochondrial superoxide leak, neutrophil superoxide, degranulation and capillary plugging, and neutrophil-derived vasoconstrictors) deserves further study.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF TOWNS IN SWEDEN: AN HISTORICAL-PREDICTIVE APPROACH1

(1963). THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF TOWNS IN SWEDEN: AN HISTORICAL-PREDICTIVE APPROACH1. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 1-14.
Tóth, Zsófia Eszter: "Kádár leányai. Nők a szocialista időszakban" [Kádár’s Girls. Women During Socialism]

Toth, Zsofia Eszter, Kadar leanyai, Nők a szocialista időszakban [Kadar’s Girls, Women During Socialism], Budapest, Nyitott Konyvműhely, 2010. Reviewed by Susan Glanz, St. John‟s University.
Effect of preoperative biofeedback/pelvic floor training on continence in men undergoing radical prostatectomy.

Abstract Objectives. To determine whether preoperative biofeedback training improves urinary continence overall or the rate of return of continence in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Methods. One hundred men scheduled to undergo radical prostatectomy were randomized to receive graded pelvic muscle exercise training with biofeedback 2 to 4 weeks before surgery or to a control group performing pelvic muscle exercises without biofeedback. The biofeedback group was instructed to continue exercises four times per day until surgery and to resume exercises when the urethral catheter was removed following surgery. The control group received written and brief verbal instructions in pelvic muscle exercises before surgery and again after catheter removal. Urinary continence was assessed by personal or phone interviews. Results. Six months following surgery, the continence rates, as defined by the use of one pad or less per day, were 94% (44 of 47) and 96% (48 of 50) in the biofeedback and control groups, respectively (P = 0.596). Also, the rate of return as determined at time points 1, 2, 3, and 4 months after surgery was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions. Preoperative biofeedback training did not improve the outcome of pelvic muscle exercises on overall continence or the rate of return of urinary control in men undergoing radical prostatectomy.
HIGH-ENERGY TOTAL CROSS SECTIONS AND SYMMETRY RELATIONS.

Recent Serpukhov measurements of meson-baryon total cross sections allow comparisons with the Johnson-Treiman and Barger-Rubin relations. For 25-55-GeV/c incident meson momenta, the Johnson-Treiman relation, $\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\Delta}(\mathrm{Kp})=\ensuremath{\Delta}(\ensuremath{\pi}p)$, is well satisfied. The less restrictive Barger-Rubin relation holds for most of the Serpukhov points. Linear extrapolation of Serpukhov fits for $\ensuremath{\Delta}(\mathrm{Kp})$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}(\ensuremath{\pi}p)$ to high momenta leads to the prediction of large violations of the Johnson-Treiman relations.
π − p interactions at 205 GeV/ c : Multiplicities of charged and neutral particles; production of neutral particles

A study of 205-GeV/c ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ interactions has been made with a 48 800-picture exposure in the bare Fermilab 30-inch hydrogen bubble chamber. The average number of charged particles produced per inelastic interaction is 7.99\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06. The elastic cross section is 3.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13 mb and the total cross section is 24.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.44 mb. The inclusive cross sections for neutral-particle production are: $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\gamma})=171.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15.3$ mb, $\ensuremath{\sigma}({K}_{S}^{0})=3.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.61$ mb ($xl0.3$), $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\Lambda})=1.71\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.34$ mb ($xl0.3$), and $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\overline{\ensuremath{\Lambda}})=0.59\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.23$ mb ($xl0.1$). The average number of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}'\mathrm{s}$ produced per inelastic collision is consistent with a linear rise with the number of charged particles, and about equal to the number of produced ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ or ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$. The average number of ${K}^{0}'\mathrm{s}$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}'\mathrm{s}$, and $\overline{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}'\mathrm{s}$ is consistent with very little dependence on the number of charged particles. General characteristics of neutral-particle production are presented and compared with other experiments. For each topology the produced neutral energy is $\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{3}$ of the incident energy.
Radiographic features of gastritis using the biphasic contrast technique

Gastritis is a group of inflammatory disorders that can be diagnosed radiographically. The optimum radiographic examination of the stomach is the biphasic-contrast technique, which includes the use of a medium-dense barium sulfate suspension and a hypotonic agent. Knowledge of the forms of gastritis, a careful application of biphasic-contrast technique, and a perceptive evaluation of information will help the radiologist to detect this entity with great frequency.
Population studies in groups and clusters of galaxies. I - The luminosity function of galaxies in the Fornax Cluster

The luminosity functions of galaxies of various Hubble types in the central 2.4-deg-radius core of the Fornax Cluster and the 6-deg-radius core of the Virgo Cluster have been compared. Although properties such as density, velocity dispersion, and X-ray luminosity differ in the two clusters, no significant differences are noted in their luminosity functions or in their morphological mix of galaxies. The ratio of the distances to the Fornax and Virgo clusters has been obtained. Evidence is provided for a radial variation in the luminosity function of dwarf ellipticals in the two clusters.
Fitting time delay units in a large wideband corporate fed array

Phase shifters distort a wideband signal as well as cause beam squint in a large array. Time delay units are expensive, so they are used sparingly. This paper explains the performance tradeoffs associated with the selection, size, and distribution of time delay units in a large wideband phased array antenna. Design equations and examples are given.
Cells homozygous for two HLA-DR7-associated HLA-D specificities express highly similar DR molecules but different DQ molecules

The Ia molecules expressed by cells homozygous for two distinct HLA-DR7-associated HLA-D specificities, Dw7S and Dw11L, were compared. The complete Ia phenotypes of these cells are DR7, DRw53, DQw2, Dw7S, DPw4 and DR7, DRw53, DQw3, Dw11L, DPw4, respectively. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that three DQ-specific monoclonal antibodies (Leu-10, 33.1, and HK-19), which detect polymorphic DQ determinants that do not correspond to known serologic specificities, are nonreactive with DR7, Dw7S cells but are reactive with DR7, Dw11L cells. The DR molecules isolated from Dw7S and Dw11L cells are very similar and comigrate when analyzed together by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In contrast, the DQ molecules isolated from these cells are structurally distinct: the DQ beta chains of DQw2-bearing molecules from Dw7S cells are very basic, while those of DQw3-bearing DQ molecules from Dw11L cells are more acidic. The finding that two DR7, D-different cells express indistinguishable DR molecules and structurally distinct DQ molecules documents a unique pattern of Ia molecular organization which is different from those previously described for the DR2-, DR4-, or DRw8-associated HLA-D specificities.
Effect of forget instructions with and without the conditions for selective search

A PA probe experiment was conducted to determine whether a mechanism other than selective search is involved in the Only effect of directed forgetting. To accomplish this, a small number of trials which tested all pairs in the list successively (“all” trials) were intermixed with the standard single-probe trials. On “single” trials, both pretest mechanisms and selective search may operate, but on “all” trials, selective search was eliminated. The analysis compared the Only effect and intrusion data under these two conditions and examined the fate of to-be-forgotten (TBF) recall on “all” trials. The evidence confirmed the major role of selective search in producing the Only effect. It was concluded that if a pretest mechanism was operative, it did not have the properties of a voluntary forgetting mechanism and it had only a small effect on the first half of the list.
Overlaying a parallel market to increase renewable penetration

This paper presents two alternative electric market structures that increase market efficiency and reduce the cost of implementing RPS mandates. A review of existing market operation and the structure of RPS mandates provides necessary context. One alternative market structure combines a parallel market for stochastic renewable energy with incremental power flow control based on emerging power electronic solutions. This alternative market maintains the existing market and may be politically preferential to the second alternative, which requires emissions limits and a change in consumer behavior. System operation is simulated using historical load and wind resource data to demonstrate the impact of the parallel market.1
Direct comparison of two cold-atom-based optical frequency standards by using a femtosecond-laser comb.

With a fiber-broadened, femtosecond-laser frequency comb, the 76-THz interval between two laser-cooled optical frequency standards was measured with a statistical uncertainty of 2×10-13 in 5 s, to our knowledge the best short-term instability thus far reported for an optical frequency measurement. One standard is based on the calcium intercombination line at 657 nm, and the other, on the mercury ion electric-quadrupole transition at 282 nm. By linking this measurement to the known Ca frequency, we report a new frequency value for the Hg+ clock transition with an improvement in accuracy of ∼105 compared with its best previous measurement.
THE EFFECTS OF PITUITRIN, PITRESSIN AND PITOCTN UPON THE COPPER-REDUCING SUBSTANCES IN THE SERUM AND URINE OF DOGS

Borchardt (1), it appears, was the first to report glycosuria in animals as the result of the injection of posterior-lobe pituitary extracts of hypophysis. Working with dogs and rabbits, he described the onset of dextrosuria and its persistence in some cases for several days following the administration of horse pituitary extract. Subsequently an increasing number of papers have made their appearance on the subject of pituitary hyperglyeemia and the glycosuria that commonly results from the injection of Liquor Pituitarii. Unfortunately the growth in the volume of data has not been concomitant with any unanimity of opinion as to the facts and still less as to their interpretation. Thus, while there is general agreement that hyperglyeemia follows the injection of posterior lobe pituitary preparations (2) (3), this augmentation of blood sugar has been the subject of much discussion as to its immediate cause. Early workers, perhaps influenced to some extent by the investigations of Macleod (4) upon the effect...
On contingent liabilities and the likelihood of fiscal crises

A contingent liability is a commitment to take on an actual liability that could be realized in the future. International organizations emphasize the dangers of contingent liabilities when providing advice. Why? One reason is that when contingent liabilities are realized they often commit governments to substantial fiscal costs. Another reason is subtler: by taking on a contingent liability the government can increase the probability of the event that would trigger its realization. This paper focuses on a particular case: it describes the process by which government guarantees to bank creditors can make a banking system more fragile.
Accuracy of a GFR Estimating Equation Over Time in People With a Wide Range of Kidney Function

Background Change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is important for clinical decision making. GFR estimates from serum creatinine level provide an unbiased but imprecise estimate of GFR at single time points. However, the accuracy of estimated GFR over time is not well known. Study Design Longitudinal study of diagnostic test accuracy. Settings & Participants 4 clinical trials with longitudinal measurements of GFR and serum creatinine on the same day, including individuals with and without kidney disease with a wide range of kidney function, diverse racial backgrounds, and varied clinical characteristics. Index Test GFR estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Reference Test GFR measured using urinary clearance of 125 I-iothalamate. Results Data included 19,735 GFR measurements in 3,531 participants during a mean follow-up of 2.6 years. Mean values at baseline for measured and estimated GFR and error (measured GFR – estimated GFR) were 73.1 (95% CI, 71.6 to 74.5), 72.7 (95% CI, 71.5 to 74.0), and 0.14 (95% CI, −0.35 to 0.63) mL/min/1.73 m 2 , respectively. Mean rates of change in measured and estimated GFR and error were −2.3 (95% CI, −2.4 to −2.1), −2.2 (95% CI, −2.4 to −2.1), and −0.09 (95% CI, −0.24 to 0.05) mL/min/1.73 m 2 per year ( P P P = 0.2, respectively). Variability (ie, standard deviation) among participants in rate of change in measured GFR, estimated GFR, and error was 4.3, 3.4, and 3.3 mL/min/1.73 m 2 per year, respectively. Only 15% of participants had a rate of change in error >3 mL/min/1.73 m 2 per year, and only 2% had a rate of change in error >5% per year. Limitations Participants' characteristics were not available over time. Conclusion The accuracy of GFR estimates did not change over time. Clinicians should interpret changes in estimated GFR over time as reflecting changes in measured GFR rather than changes in errors in the GFR estimates in most individuals.
Caribbean Exchanges: Slavery and the Transformation of English Society, 1640–1700 – By Susan Dwyer Amussen

Slavery and the Caribbean were at the core of England's seventeenth‐century empire. The author of this study contends that just as England shaped the institutions of its colonies, it was itself tra...
Hindbrain herniation develops in surgically created myelomeningocele but is absent after repair in fetal lambs.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of our study was to determine whether prenatal repair of myelomeningocele prevents or reverses hindbrain herniation in the sheep model. Study Design: A myelomeningocele was surgically created in fetal sheep. One group was repaired later in utero; the others were delivered without repair. After delivery, lambs were assessed for the presence of hindbrain herniation. Results: In all lambs that had not undergone repair of the myelomeningocele, severe hindbrain herniation developed, whereas the brains of all lambs that had undergone fetal repair were normal. Conclusion: Prenatal repair of myelomeningocele prevents or reverses development of hindbrain herniation in the fetal lamb model. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1119-23.)