cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a New Profession: Counselor Professional Identity in Italy. A Delphi Study

Counseling is a profession that began only recently in Italy, when compared to other mental health related professions. A lack of consensus on professional counselor identity seems to represent a limiting factor in the growth of the profession, since it negatively impacts on its efficacy and it can lead to counselors being confused with other mental health professionals. Because of this, the future establishment of the counseling profession in Italy is closely linked to acquiring a stronger and clearer sense of professional identity. The purpose of this Delphi study was to identify a list of essential elements characterizing counselor professional identity through the opinions of a panel of Italian expert counselors who represent diverse perspectives, and to advocate for professional regulation and certification for Italian counselors.
A study on digital forensic tools

As the data storage and usage are increasing exponentially in today's world, the risk of data being misused is also increasing. This has resulted in the data collected by machines or human and stored in controllers, mobile devices or computers being vulnerable to various cyberattacks. In today's world there are a lot of digital forensic tools that help in conducting investigations by gathering evidence through various methods. In this paper, we have a comprehensive study on various digital forensic tools that are used by corporations, government agencies and individuals to gain, extract and present the collected information. In this work, we also compare the forensic tools based on different criteria so that the users can easily select the tool according to their needs. We also briefly talk about some of the challenges people face in using digital forensic tools.
The role of ontologies in data integration

In this paper, we discuss the use of ontologies for data integration. We consider two different settings depending on the system architecture: central and peer-to-peer data integration. Within those settings, we discuss five different cases studies that illustrate the use of ontologies in metadata representation, in global conceptualization, in high-level querying, in declarative mediation, and in mapping support. Each case study is described in detail and accompanied by examples.
Medication Adsorption into Contemporary Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator Circuits

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate the amount of medication adsorbed into extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuits with a polymethylpentane membrane oxygenator and heparin-coated polyvinyl chloride tubing. METHODS: An ECMO circuit with the aforementioned components was set up ex vivo and primed with expired blood. Midazolam, lorazepam, morphine, and fentanyl were administered to the circuit. Fifteen minutes after medication administration, 60 mL of blood were removed and stored in a 60-mL syringe to serve as a control. Medication levels were drawn from the ECMO circuit (test) and control syringe (control) 15 minutes, 24 hours, and 48 hours after the medications were administered. ECMO circuit medication levels were compared to their corresponding syringe control medication levels. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the percentage of medication remaining in the blood and compare it to the control value. RESULTS: Except for morphine, there was a large decline in medication...
Do Glial Cells Compete with Afferent Fibers for Apposition to the Neuronal Surface in Development and Aging of the Nervous System? A Study in the Avian Ciliary Ganglion with References to other Neurons

Cell-to-cell signaling and interaction at the sites of mutual contacts are the basis for most neural functions, including trophic activities. In the mature nervous tissue cell-cell appositions are much more extensive than in other epithelia, because the conspicuous development of cell processes increases the cell surface area by several orders of magnitude. Redundancy, however, is presumably minimal and most appositions are assumed to be meaningful. The cell appositions include neuron-neuron, glia-glia and neuron-glia contact. During maturation of neural circuits (24, 35, 55) and also during recovery after a lesion (12, 35) afferent axons appear to “compete” with each other for contact on target neurons. Glial cells adjust with their neighbors and establish mutual contacts, i. a. in the formation of the membrana limitans gliosa, the ependymal cell layer and the sheaths surrounding central and peripheral axons and cell bodies of peripheral ganglia (8, 49, 68). The neuron-glia apposition seems to be in a dynamic state, as the number of peripheral and central satellite cells changes not only during growth, but also in response to experimental conditions affecting the neurons (48, 55).
Acoustic Nonlinearities Produced by a Single Macroscopic Fracture in Granite

Strong nonlinear responses originating mainly from sliding on microfractures and open grain boundaries occur when rocks are strained above a threshold near 10−6 (1). We report here that introducing artificial tensile fractures in a brittle rock such as granite produces even stronger nonlinearities. By applying sufficient normal stress perpendicular to the fracture, the nonlinear response can be reduced to that typical of the intact rock. Our measurements are made by driving the sample in torsion at low frequency near 1 Hz. The nonlinear effects we observe are analogous to those caused by partially open fatigue cracks in metals, which generate harmonics when insonified at ultrasonic frequencies (2).
The Explicit Nonlinearity of Quantum Electrodynamics

The underlying presumptions and principal features of major semiclassical theories of radiation are examined critically. There are significant physical and mathematical difficulties leading to the conclusion that, in their present state of development, these theories are incapable of competing with QED either qualitatively or quantitatively. Some possible means of salvaging the semiclassical approach are suggested, the motivation being to seek a more physically satisfying picture than that provided by quantum field theory.
Prospective Technologies for Hydrogen Production

A study is presented assessing the technology and economics of hydrogen production by advanced processes. The advanced processes include 1) high temperature electrolysis of steam, 2) coal gasification and electrochemical shift, 3) integrated coal gasification and high temperature electrolysis, 4) thermal cracking of natural gas and 5) the HYDROCARB thermal conversion of coal. High energy radiation, plasma and solar photovoltaic-water electrolysis production of H2 are discussed. The advanced high temperature electrochemical systems suffer from high electrical energy and capital cost requirements. The thermal cracking of methane is potentially the lowest cost process for hydrogen production. This is followed closely by the HYDROCARB coal cracking process. To reach full potential, the thermal cracking processes depend on taking credit for the clean carbon fuel by-product. As the cost of oil and gas inevitably increases in the next several decades, emphasis will be placed on processes making use of the worlds reserve of coal.
Photosensitization of Organisms, with Special Reference to Natural Photosensitizers

Colorless cells, not appreciably absorbing visible light, are little affected by light passing through them because only light absorbed is capable of promoting a photochemical reaction. A photosensitizer is a molecule with a chromophore capable of absorbing light and transferring the energy to other molecules, themselves not capable of absorbing light.
Balancing Hope and Risk Among Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients with Late-Stage Cancer: A Qualitative Interview Study.

Purpose: Previous studies have called for further research to explore adolescent and young adult (AYA) decision-making in the context of advanced cancer to understand the perspectives of this under...
Aristotle Returns: A Second Medieval Synthesis

A second medieval synthesis arose through Muslim transmission of Aristotelian texts. This Aristotelian synthesis maintained subsistent souls but weakened the role of participation in cosmic life. Theologians reinterpreted Aristotle’s four causes, changing souls from dynamic processes into immaterial agents with biological faculties, the ability to cause life activities. Major players included the Islamic philosophers al-Kindi, al-Fârâbi, Ibn Sinâ, and Ibn Rushd and the Jewish theologian Maimonides. They questioned the life and ensoulment of plants as well as the persistence of human individuality after death. Nonetheless the language of vegetable souls and resurrection remained common. Animal souls continued to be taken for granted, including aspects of both will and reason.
Floor and environmental contamination during glove disposal.

Summary Background Evidence suggests that doffing and possibly disposal of used personal protective equipment (PPE) can lead to environmental contamination. Aim To ascertain the potential for site and floor contamination when medical gloves are inappropriately disposed. Methods Fifteen healthcare workers (HCWs) disposed of gloves inoculated with bacteriophage and a chemical dye into a wastebasket, located 1.22 m away. Following each trial, designated sample areas were visually inspected with a blacklight for fluorescent dye stains and swabbed with a 3M Letheen Broth sponge to quantify the bacteriophage. Findings The area closest to the participant ( 0.61 m from the HCWs. Although the farthest distances (1.22–1.52 m) resulted in 14% bacteriophage- and 4% fluorescent dye-positive occurrences, there was no significant difference (P = 0.069) between the tracers. The bacteriophage and chemical dye indicate highest environmental contamination nearest the HCWs and both tracers could be appropriate for PPE disposal training. Conclusion HCWs use gloves every workday and potentially could contaminate surrounding surfaces and floors, during improper disposal practices. Therefore, proper disposal techniques are required to minimize pathogen transmission by establishing industry-wide policies, adequate training, and education to HCWs.
Iliac screws may not be necessary in long-segment constructs with L5-S1 anterior lumbar interbody fusion: cadaveric study of stability and instrumentation strain

Abstract BACKGROUND CONTEXT Lumbosacral pseudoarthrosis and instrumentation failure is common with long-segment constructs. Optimizing lumbosacral construct biomechanics may help to reduce failure rates. The influence of iliac screws and interbody type on range of motion (ROM), rod strain (RS), sacral screw strain (SS) is not well-established. PURPOSE Investigate the effects of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), and iliac screws on long-segment lumbosacral construct biomechanics. STUDY DESIGN Biomechanical study. PATIENT SAMPLE Fourteen human cadaveric spine specimens. OUTCOME MEASURES Lumbosacral ROM, RS, and SS. METHODS Specimens were potted at L1 and the ilium. Specimens were equally divided into either an L5–S1 ALIF or TLIF group and underwent testing in the following conditions: (1) intact (2) L2–S1 pedicle screw rod fixation (PSR-S) (3) L2-ilium (PSR-I) (4) PSR-S+ALIF (ALIF-S) or TLIF (TLIF-S) (5) PSR-I + ALIF (ALIF-I) or TLIF (TLIF-I). Pure moment bending (7.5 Nm) in flexion, extension, lateral bending, axial rotation, and compressive loads (400N) were applied and ROM, SS, and RS were measured. Comparisons were performed using a one-way ANOVA (p RESULTS ALIF-S and TLIF-S provided similar decreases in ROM as TLIF-I (p>.05). Compared to PSR-S, PSR-I significantly decreased SS during bending in all directions (p .40) but had significantly less RS than TLIF-I in flexion, extension, compression (p .67). CONCLUSIONS Iliac screws were protective of SS but increased RS at the lumbosacral junction. Constructs with ALIF and no iliac screws result in comparable SS as constructs with TLIF and iliac screws with significantly reduced RS. If iliac screws are utilized, ALIF but not TLIF reduces the iliac screw-induced RS. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE There is a relatively high incidence of lumbosacral instrumentation failure in adult spinal deformity. Optimizing lumbosacral construct biomechanics may help to reduce failure rates. Iliac screws induce lumbosacral rod strain and may be responsible for instrumentation failure. Constructs with lumbosacral ALIF reduce iliac-screw induced rod strain and may obviate the need for fixation to the ilium.
Votes for Survival: Relational Clientelism in Latin America

Across the world, many politicians deliver benefits to citizens in direct exchange for their votes. Scholars often predict the demise of this phenomenon, as it is threatened by economic development, ballot secrecy and other daunting challenges. To explain its resilience, this book shifts attention to the demand side of exchanges. Nichter contends that citizens play a crucial but underappreciated role in the survival of relational clientelism - ongoing exchange relationships that extend beyond election campaigns. Citizens often undertake key actions, including declared support and requesting benefits, to sustain these relationships. As most of the world's population remains vulnerable to adverse shocks, citizens often depend on such relationships when the state fails to provide an adequate social safety net. Nichter demonstrates the critical role of citizens with fieldwork and original surveys in Brazil, as well as with comparative evidence from Argentina, Mexico and other continents.
Should prospective studies be the priority when evaluating the health effects of arsenic

Introduction Regulatory agencies are evaluating the need for new standards on arsenic, and some have suggested that prospective studies should be given priority in this process. Methods We compared...
Phases of QCD

In these lectures we provide an introduction to the phase structure of QCD. We begin with a brief discussion of QCD, the symmetries of QCD, and what we mean by a ``phase of QCD''. In the main part of the lectures we discuss the phase diagram of QCD as a function of the temperature and the baryon density. We focus, in particular, on the high temperature plasma phase, the low temperature and low density nuclear phase, and the high density color superconducting phases.
A Chern-Simons E 8 Gauge Theory of Gravity in D = 15, Grand Unification and Generalized Gravity in Clifford Spaces

A novel Chern-Simons E8 gauge theory of gravity in D = 15 based on an octic E8 invariant expression in D = 16 (recently constructed by Cederwall and Palmkvist) is developed. A grand unification model of gravity with the other forces is very plausible within the framework of a supersymmetric extension (to incorporate spacetime fermions) of this Chern-Simons E8 gauge theory. We review the construction showing why the ordinary 11D Chern-Simons gravity theory (based on the Anti de Sitter group) can be embedded into a Clifford-algebra valued gauge theory and that an E8 Yang-Mills field theory is a small sector of a Clifford (16) algebra gauge theory. An E8 gauge bundle formulation was instrumental in understanding the topological part of the 11-dim M-theory partition function. The nature of this 11-dim E8 gauge theory remains unknown. We hope that the Chern-Simons E8 gauge theory of gravity in D = 15 advanced in this work may shed some light into solving this problem after a dimensional reduction.
Zero-Power Acoustic Wake-Up Receiver Based on DMUT Transmitter, PMUTS Arrays Receivers and MEMS Switches for Intrabody Links

This paper demonstrates, for the first time, a zero-power acoustic wake-up receiver for intrabody links, allowing Implanted Medical Devices (IMDs) to minimize the IDLE power consumption. This architecture is based on Directly Modulated Ultrasonic Transducers (dMUT) made of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) as transmitter (TX), a Piezoelectric Micro Machined Ultrasonic Transducer (pMUT) array as receiver (RX), and a Micro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) switch. The role of the dMUTs and the pMUT array is to establish an acoustic link sensitive to signals as low as 50mV pp peak-peak at a distance of 10cm. This low signal triggers the switch which will turn on the IMDs from an IDLE-state to a full power mode.
Parallels between stream and coastal water quality associated with groundwater discharge.

Groundwater-surface water interactions drive water quality in both streams and the coastal ocean, where groundwater discharge occurs in streams as baseflow and along the coastline as submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Groundwater contributions to streams and to the coastal ocean were quantified in three urban streams in Kāneʻohe Watershed, Hawaiʻi. We used radon as a groundwater tracer to show that baseflow contributions to streams ranged from 22 to 68% along their reaches leading to the coast of Kāneʻohe Bay. Total SGD was 4,500, 18,000, and 23,000 m3/day for the northwest, central, and southern sectors of the bay, respectively. Total groundwater (stream baseflow + SGD) dissolved nutrient fluxes were significantly greater than those sourced from stream surface runoff. The studied streams exhibited increasing nutrient levels downstream from groundwater inputs with high nutrient concentrations, negatively impacting coastal water quality. SGD dynamics were also assessed during the anomalously high perigean spring tides in 2017, where SGD was four times greater during the perigean spring tide compared to a spring tide and resulted in strong shifts in N:P ratios, suggesting that rising sea level stands may disrupt primary productivity with greater frequency. This study demonstrates the importance of considering baseflow inputs to streams to coastal groundwater budgets and suggests that coastal water quality may be improved through management and reduction of groundwater contaminants.
Longitudinal meta-analysis of job crafting shows positive association with work engagement

Work engagement is a state in which workers show high levels of vigor, dedication, and absorption to and in their work and have been associated with several positive life outcomes. Job crafting des...
Production of Solar Reflective Materials Using a Laboratory-Scale Roll Coater: Final Subcontract Report, September 30, 2004

This report summarizes work performed by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) in fulfillment of a contract with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The work described here is a continuation of work performed on an earlier contract (YAR-5-15005-01). The goal of the work has been to demonstrate that it is possible to produce a durable low-cost reflector for solar-thermal-electric power systems. The core technology is a technique called ion-beam-assisted physical vapor deposition to produce a silvered reflector with a protective alumina coating. In the previous contract, SAIC optimized the coating process for batch coating. In this contract, we transitioned the coating process from batch coating to roll coating. In the course of the contract, we successfully designed and built a laboratory-scale web handling machine; integrated the machine into the existing SAIC coating chamber; and roll-coated material using an alumina deposition rate as high as 20 nm/s. For a set of optimized parameters, the reflective material was highly reflective and well adhered.
Beta Blocker Therapy in Heart Failure Patients with Active Cocaine Use: A Systematic Review.

Background Cocaine use is associated with multiple cardiovascular complications including heart failure. The use of different types of beta blockers in heart failure patients with active cocaine use is still a matter of debate. In this review, our objective is to systematically review the available literature regarding the use of beta blockers in the treatment of heart failure patients with concurrent cocaine use. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Clinical Trials.gov were searched from inception to March 2019 using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms "cocaine", "heart failure", "beta blocker," and "cardiomyopathy". Only studies containing the outcomes of heart failure patients with active cocaine use who were treated with beta blockers were included. Results The search resulted in 2072 articles out of which 12 were finally included in the review. A total number of participants were 1994 with a median sample size of 111. Most of the studies were retrospective in nature with Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) Levels of Evidence from 3 to 5. The main primary outcomes included readmission rates, mortality, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improvement, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). In the studies analyzed, beta blockers were found to have either a beneficial or a neutral effect on primary outcomes in heart failure patients with active cocaine use. Conclusion The use of beta blocker therapy appears to be safe and beneficial in heart failure patients with active cocaine use, although the evidence is not robust. Furthermore, large-scale studies are required to confirm this finding.
ROLE OF INTRAVITREAL TRIAMCINOLONE IN DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal triamcinolone in diabetic macular edema. Methods: All diabetic patients presenting to ophthalmology OPD of a tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand over a period of one year, fullling the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were included in the study. Detailed eye examination, pre-injection FFA and OCT was done. Single IVTA injection was given to proven cases of diabetic macular edema and patients were examined for improvement of vision and change in macular thickness, at 6 and 12 weeks interval. Results: Total 30 patients were included. There was increase in BCVA in the study group. There was signicant decrease in macular thickness in all three groups at 6 weeks and 12 weeks (p=0.0015). Post injection the macular thickness reduced and BCVA improved, thus proving IVTA to be effective in the treatment of DME. Conclusion: the study showed that triamcinolone acetonide is an effective treatment of DME.
Reading and Leading: Interviews With RBPE Editors About the Past and the Future of the Review:

The Review of Black Political Economy has been a leader on issues of race and economics, politics, sociology and area studies. After half a century of shaping minds, critical ideas and arguments, t...
Dissociative Electron Attachment in Gas and Condensed Phases

The resonance theory of electron-molecule collisions developed by O’Malley1 and Bardsley2 has become an efficient tool for ab initio calculations of dissociative attachment (DA) processes for diatomic molecules. However, theoretical calculations still cannot be performed routinely in the area of electron-atom and electron-molecule (nonreactive) collisions. Semiempirical methods are still widely used in studies of electron attachment to polyatomics. The resonance R-matrix theory3 is particularly useful for this purpose.
Hippocampal transcriptomic responses to cellular dissociation

Single-neuron gene expression studies may be especially important for understanding nervous system structure and function because of the neuron-specific functionality and plasticity that defines functional neural circuits. Cellular dissociation is a prerequisite technical manipulation for single-cell and single cell-population studies, but the extent to which the cellular dissociation process affects neural gene expression has not been determined. This information is necessary for interpreting the results of experimental manipulations that affect neural function such as learning and memory. The goal of this research was to determine the impact of chemical cell dissociation on brain transcriptomes. We compared gene expression of microdissected samples from the dentate gyrus (DG), CA3, and CA1 subfields of the mouse hippocampus either prepared by a standard tissue homogenization protocol or subjected to a chemical cellular dissociation procedure. We report that compared to homogenization, chemical cellular dissociation alters about 350 genes or 2% of the hippocampal transcriptome. While only a few genes canonically implicated in long-term potentiation (LTP) and fear memory change expression levels in response to the dissociation procedure, these data indicate that sample preparation can affect gene expression profiles, which might confound interpretation of results depending on the research question. This study is important for the investigation of any complex tissues as research effort moves from subfield level analysis to single cell analysis of gene expression.
Reply to 'Comment on 'On the inconsistency of the Bohm-Gadella theory with quantum mechanics"

In this reply, we show that when we apply standard distribution theory to the Lippmann–Schwinger equation, the resulting spaces of test functions would comply with the Hardy axiom only if classic results of Paley and Wiener, of Gelfand and Shilov, and of the theory of ultradistributions were wrong. Also, we point out several differences between the 'standard method' of constructing rigged Hilbert spaces in quantum mechanics and the method used in time asymmetric quantum theory.
The Effects of Headgear in High School Girls’ Lacrosse:

Background:Girls’ lacrosse headgear that met the ASTM International performance standard (ASTM F3137) became available in 2017. However, the effects of headgear use on impact forces during game pla...
Secrecy Analysis for Energy Harvesting-Enabled Cognitive Radio Networks in Cascaded Fading Channels

Physical-layer security (PLS) for an underlay cognitive radio network (CRN)-based simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) over cascaded κ-µ fading channels is investigated. The network is composed of a pair of secondary users (SUs), a primary user (PU) receiver, and an eavesdropper attempting to intercept the data shared by the SUs. To improve the SUs’ data transmission security, we assume a full-duplex (FD) SU destination, which employs energy harvesting (EH) to extract the power required for generating jamming signals to be emitted to confound the eavesdropper. Two scenarios are presented and compared; harvesting and non-harvesting eavesdropper. Moreover, a trade-off between the system’s secrecy and reliability is explored. PLS is studied in terms of the probability of non-zero secrecy capacity and the intercept probability, whereas the reliability is studied in terms of the outage probability. Results reveal the great impact of jamming over the improvement of the SUs’ secrecy. Additionally, our work indicates that studying the system’s secrecy over cascaded channels has an influence on the system’s PLS that cannot be neglected.
Strategic Default with an Exit Decision

In 2010 Greece became the first advanced country to enter a sovereign default crisis. Preceding the crisis, debt relative to GDP was high and counter-cyclical, and consumption was smoother than income. Debt spiked just prior to the crisis. These dynamics are counter to the predictions of the standard strategic default model, which was developed to explain crises in emerging markets. To match this behavior, we extend the strategic default model by endogenizing the sovereign's decision to exit default and reenter capital markets. We assume that exit requires payment of a recovery value based ability to pay, consistent with IMF guidelines that a sovereign in default negotiate "in good faith". We assume that a sovereign in default must choose whether to repay recovery value and exit, characterizing an excusable default, or to repay nothing and continue in default with the standard punishments, a strategic default. We identify the Greek default as excusable, and match Greek debt behavior leading to the crisis and business-cycle moments.
A decomposition of classes via clustering to explain and improve Naive Bayes

We propose a method to improve the probability estimates made by Naive Bayes to avoid the effects of poor class conditional probabilities based on product distributions when each class spreads into multiple regions. Our approach is based on applying a clustering algorithm to each subset of examples that belong to the same class, and to consider each cluster as a class of its own. Experiments on 26 real-world datasets show a significant improvement in performance when the class decomposition process is applied, particularly when the mean number of clusters per class is large.
The Unity Thesis: How Positivism Distorts Constitutional Argument

Democracy and civil rights are distorted and polarizing ideas that pit the rich against the poor, and should be abandoned in favor of an emphasis on the common good. To reach that conclusion I argue the US Constitution is and has always been designed to protect the wealth of the ruling class. All political associations or states have this as a central idea. My argument rests on a unique jurisprudential principle, the Unity Thesis. The main school of legal theory, positivism (the science of law) is based on the idea law is always separate from morals. I argue the opposite, that law cannot be understood apart from the moral. There are fundamental legal things, such as consent, iustum bellum and the state, that have persisted since classical times in our legal regimes. However, the Enlightenment acted to refract those legal things into scientific parts and moral parts. All positivist (or scientific) legal concepts, such as the Enlightenment idea of a constitution, have to be reunited with their moral part(s) in order to be properly understood. The unified legal thing out of which constitutionalism emerged is the state, and it was refracted into the Hobbesian/Lockean individual, social contract theory, inalienable rights, implicit consent, popular sovereignty, slavery, the constitution, limited suffrage, the electoral college, and oligarchic control. The moral part of the US Constitution is democracy and civil rights; the legal part oligarchy. If we merge the various meanings back into the idea of the state (as a legal thing), then we see democracy/rights continue to enable civil discord by unbalanced focus on the Hobbesian individual, and that instead we should focus on the common good. In the course of exploring some other implications of the Unity Thesis, I explain the origin or necessity for the development of ideology/critique. Once things were reduced by science into parts we lost sight of the wholes, but since it is natural to understand things as wholes we compensate. We recognize there is something false (ideology, the mask of the whole), but since wholes have been rendered invisible we explain only what we can see as dialectic, clothing it in disapproval (critique) but prohibited by naturalism from regaining the unity.
Forces, Dislocations and Cracks

In this chapter, we shall discuss the applications of two solutions which are singular at an interior point of a body, and which can be combined to give the stress field due to a concentrated force (the Kelvin solution) and a dislocation. Both solutions involve a singularity in stress with exponent -1 and are therefore inadmissable according to the criterion of §11.2.1. However, like the Flamant solution considered in Chapter 12, they can be used as Green’s functions to describe distributions, resulting in convolution integrals in which the singularity is integrated out. The Kelvin solution is also useful for describing the far field (i.e. the field a long way away from the loaded region) due to a force distributed over a small region.
Central Mandates and Local Incentives

In decentralized education systems programs that promote central mandates may have to be devolved to local governments, communities, and providers. When participation by local governments and provi...
Prompt photons from relativistic heavy ion collisions

We calculate the inclusive cross section for prompt photon production in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC energies (s=130 GeV and s=200 GeV) in the central rapidity region including next-to-leading order, O({alpha}{sub em}{alpha}{sub s}{sup 2}), radiative corrections, initial state nuclear shadowing, and parton energy loss effects. We show that there is a significant suppression of the nuclear cross section, up to {approx}30% at s=200 GeV, due to shadowing and medium induced parton energy loss effects. We find that the next-to-leading order contributions are large and have a strong p{sub t} dependence.
Antiphosphorylcholine Antibody Levels Are Elevated in Humans with Periodontal Diseases

Human immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) serum concentrations and the IgG2 antibody response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans can be influenced by genes, by environmental factors such as smoking, and by periodontal disease status. Examination of the IgG2 response to phosphorylcholine (PC), a response thought to be mainly induced by the C polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae, suggested that periodontal disease status was also associated with this response. This prompted the hypothesis that PC is an important oral antigen associated with organisms in the periodontal flora and that anti-PC antibody is elevated as a consequence of periodontal disease. Subjects in various periodontal disease diagnostic categories in which attachment loss is exhibited were tested for anti-PC in serum. Those with adult periodontitis, localized juvenile periodontitis, generalized early-onset periodontitis, and gingival recession all had similar levels of anti-PC IgG2 serum antibody which were significantly greater than in the group of subjects with no attachment loss. Analysis of plaque samples from subgingival and supragingival sites in all diseases categories for reactivity with the anti-PC specific monoclonal antibody TEPC-15 revealed that a substantial proportion of the bacteria in dental plaque (30 to 40%) bear PC antigen; this antigen was not restricted to morphotypes resembling only cocci but was also present on rods and branched filamentous organisms. We found that S. mitis, S. oralis, and S. sanguis, as well as oral actinomycetes, including A. viscosus, A. odontolyticus, and A. israelii, incorporated substantial amounts of [(3)H]choline from culture media. Further analysis of antigens derived from these organisms by Western blot indicated that S. oralis, S. sanguis, A. viscosus, A. odontolyticus, and A. israelii contained TEPC-15-reactive antigens. The data show that many commonly occurring bacterial species found in dental plaque contain PC antigen and that immunization with plaque-derived PC antigens as a consequence of inflammation and periodontal attachment loss may influence systemic anti-PC antibody concentrations.
Production of alcohol from apple pomace.

Production of ethyl alcohol from apple pomace with a Montrachet strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. More than 43 g of the ethyl alcohol could be produced per kg of apple pomace fermented at 30°C in 24 h. The fermentation efficiency of this process was approximately 89%.
Advances in Doppler-based navigation of underwater robotic vehicles

New low-cost commercially available bottom-lock Doppler sonars can augment or replace the acoustic time-of-flight navigation systems commonly employed for three-dimensional underwater robot vehicle navigation. The paper first reviews conventional techniques for underwater vehicle navigation, and describes a Doppler-based navigation system developed by the authors. Second, we identify principal limitations to the bottom-track precision of Doppler based navigation systems. Third, we analyze the effect of heading-sensor errors on Doppler bottom-track precision. Experimental results compare bottom-track error resulting from a Doppler navigation using low-precision magnetic heading sensor with bottom-track error resulting from a high-precision a ring-laser gyroscope. The experiments were conducted during a field deployment in which the new robot navigation system enabled precision acoustic and optical survey as well as minimally invasive object recovery from hydrothermal vents in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California at 27/spl deg/N 111.5/spl deg/W, at 2000 m depth.
Morbidity associated with central venous catheter-use in a cohort of 212 hospitalized subjects with HIV infection.

Technical complications and nosocomial bloodstream infections associated with short-term central venous catheterization remain a heavy burden in terms of morbidity, mortality and cost in HIV-positive subjects. Between 1994 and 1997, 327 central venous catheters (CVCs) inserted in 212 patients for a total of 5005 catheter days were investigated. Forty-two technical complications (13%) occurred in 40 patients. Logistic regression analysis revealed that a high APACHE III score was associated with development of CVC-related complications (P = 0.01). One hundred and eight of 327 CVCs (33%) were suspected as being infected. However only 61 episodes (61/327, 19%) were finally diagnosed as CVC-related sepsis. Three variables affecting the rate of CVC-related sepsis were identified: 1) administration of TPN (P = 0.01); 2) low number of circulating CD4+ cells (P = 0.04); 3) high APACHE III score (P = 0. 04). Doctors responsible for AIDS patients should carefully consider the relative risks and benefits of CVC insertion in an individual patient.
From the Mountains and the Interiors: A Quarter of a Century of Research among Fourth World* Peoples in Southeast Asia (With Special Reference to Northern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia)

Twenty-five years ago, in 1970, when the first volume of the Journal of South-East Asian Studies made its appearance, I was living in a rather remote mountain village in Phrao district, northern Thailand, about to complete a four-year field project with the Lahu Nyi. I was one of close to a dozen social and cultural anthropologists, at various stages in their professional careers from Ph.D. candidates (such as myself) to seasoned professionals (like the late Bill Geddes), at work among Thailand's so-called “northern hill tribes”. The small expatriate community in the charming Chiang Mai of those days readily joked about “the anthropologist behind every bush in the northern hills”. In fact there were good reasons for this heavy concentration of anthropological research at that time. The 1960s were perhaps the halcyon days for social and cultural anthropology in the Western academy; naturally this happy situation was reflected in the numbers of doctoral candidates proceeding to the field. Moreover, within the mainland Southeast Asia of that time, only Thailand provided academic researchers with relatively easy and more-or-less safe access to its mountain peoples.
Precipitation on Venus: Properties and Possibilities of Detection

Mariner 10 occultation measurements have provided evidence of a dense cloud deck in the lower atmosphere of Venus with a peak liquid content of about 1 g m^−3. This, in conjunction with other measurements-such as turbulence, updrafts and the presence of aerosol—seem to favor the possibility of precipitation on Venus. Modeling of droplet growth in the Venusian environment shows that precipitation size drops can be formed over periods of only a few hours, similar to growth rates on Earth. The precipitation region, if it exists, would extend from the cloud base at about 50 km to the 38 km level where most of the droplets will have evaporated. Precipitation regions can be detected with a variety of remote sensing radar and radio techniques.
Discussion: “An Investigation of Computer Control of Machining Chatter” (Subramanian, T. L., DeVries, M. F., and Wu, S. M., 1976, ASME J. Eng. Ind., 98, pp. 1209–1213)

S u m m a r y Since machining chatter is largely a result of self-excited vibrations which are stochastic in nature, the stochastic approach suggested in this paper should provide a method of chatter detection, prediction, and control. For the time being, a simple method of using the signal range was demonstrated to be mathematically related to the stochastic model and at the same time experimentally sensitive to important process variables.
An analysis of the influences of biological variance, measurement error, and uncertainty on retinal photothermal damage threshold studies

Safe exposure limits for directed energy sources are derived from a compilation of known injury thresholds taken primarily from animal models and simulation data. The summary statistics for these experiments are given as exposure levels representing a 50% probability of injury, or ED50, and associated variance. We examine biological variance in focal geometries and thermal properties and the influence each has in singlepulse ED50 threshold studies for 514-, 694-, and 1064-nanometer laser exposures in the thermal damage time domain. Damage threshold is defined to be the amount of energy required for a retinal burn on at least one retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell measuring approximately 10 microns in diameter. Better understanding of experimental variance will allow for more accurate safety buffers for exposure limits and improve directed energy research methodology.
Computationally efficient modeling of flexible robots using the transfer matrix method

An approach is presented for developing a computationally efficient model of robots with flexible links and joints. The approach uses the transfer matrix method, which allows continuous elements su...
MIMO radar detection under phase synchronization errors

We consider the problem of target detection for coherent multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar with widely separated antennas in the presence of phase synchronization mismatch between the transmitter and receiver pairs. First, we introduce a data model using von-Mises distribution to represent the phase error terms. Then we employ expectation-maximization algorithm to estimate the error distribution parameter and target returns as well as the noise variance. We develop a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) target detector using these estimates and demonstrate the effect of phase uncertainties on the detection performance using Monte Carlo simulations.
Coastal geoindicators of environmental change in the humid tropics

The primary geoindicators appropriate for monitoring environmental changes in the humid tropics are transitory surface water levels, shoreline position, wetlands distribution, coral reefs, landforms, and sediment sequence and composition. Lateral zonations and temporal successions of vegetation also can be used as geoindicators of riverine and shoreline changes. All of these coastal geoindicators are sensitive to regional tectonic processes and anthropogenic alterations and they typically reflect significant changes in coastal conditions such as fluvial processes, coastal energy, water quality, relative sea level, and sediment supply. Where humid tropical coasts coincide with active tectonic margins, indicators of seismic activity are critical to understanding coastal changes associated with co-seismic subsidence or uplift, tsunamis, and liquefaction of coastal sediments. Coastal landforms and sedimentary deposits that record late Quaternary environmental changes include perched fluvial and marine terraces, delta-plain morphologies, crevasse-splay deposits, peats and other paleosols, beach ridges, mud capes, and mud volcanoes. Although these features and deposits typically reflect environmental changes spanning more than 100 years, they are relevant to modern processes, management of coastal lands and resources, and prediction of future conditions. In some regions of the humid tropics, large coastal areas are unaffected by hurricanes or typhoons. Nevertheless, these tropical coasts are vulnerable to other non-storm processes, such as El Nino events, tsunamis, and monsoons that increase water levels, and cause widespread flooding and beach erosion. The environmental and political significance of coastal geoindicators increases when they are integrated and applied to issues of human safety and health such as hazards mapping, risk assessment, and dispersion of contaminated sediments. However, to be relevant, those socio-environmental applications demand accurate predictions of future trends and rates of change.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of liposomal cyclosporine

The pharmacokinetics and renal toxicity of two liposomal intravenous preparations of cyclosporine (CSA) (A, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC): stearylamine molar ratio 7:1; and B, DMPC: dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol molar ratio 4:1) were assessed in the murine model and compared to the commercially available intravenous formulation of CSA (IV) and drug-free controls. No significant differences in steady-state area beneath the whole blood concentration-time curves were found between formulations and IV following 10 mg/kg per day CSA for 10 days. However, the apparent volume of distribution was significantly greater in A compared to B or IV formulations (13.82 ± 2.9 vs. 7.23 ± 3.98 and 7.67 ± 3.01 l/kg, p < 0.05), most likely due to the significantly prolonged biologic half-life of this formulation. Although the glomerular filtration rate was not significantly different between A and saline controls (1056 ± 536 and 1130 ± 550 μl/min per g KW, respectively), dosing with B or IV resulted in significant impairment (522 ± 429 and 572 ± 353 μl/min per g kidney weight (KW), respectively; p < 0.05). Triglyceride levels remained unchanged in all groups. However, cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased compared to baseline in rats administered formulation A (98 ± 31 vs. 70 ± 19 mg/dl; p < 0.05). In summary, dosing of liposomal formulation A resulted in equivalent concentrations of CSA as the IV formulation without the dose-limiting nephrotoxicity. These data offer a nontoxic delivery system for intravenous CSA.
Why do we test multiple traits in genetic association studies

In studies of complex disorders such as nicotine dependence, it is common that researchers assess multiple variables related to a disorder as well as other disorders that are potentially correlated with the primary disorder of interest. In this work, we refer to those variables and disorders broadly as multiple traits. The multiple traits may or may not have a common causal genetic variant. Intuitively, it may be more powerful to accommodate multiple traits in genetic traits, but the analysis of multiple traits is generally more complicated than the analysis of a single trait. Furthermore, it is not well documented as to how much power we may potentially gain by considering multiple traits. Our aim is to enhance our understanding on this important and practical issue. We considered a variety of correlation structures between traits and the disease locus. To focus on the effect of accommodating multiple traits, we examined genetic models that are relatively simple so that we can pinpoint the factors affecting the power. We conducted simulation studies to explore the performance of testing multiple traits simultaneously and the performance of testing a single trait at a time in family-based association studies. Our simulation results demonstrated that the performance of testing multiple traits simultaneously is better than that of testing each trait individually for almost models considered. We also found that the power of association tests varies among the underlying models. The advantage of conducting a multiple traits test is minimized when some traits are influenced by the gene only through other traits; and it is maximized when there are causal relations between the traits and the gene, and among the traits themselves or when there are extraneous traits.
Unimolecular dynamics in bimolecular ion-molecule reactions

We have measured the translational energy dependence of a series of chloride exchange reactions in the gas phase. The translational energy dependence varies with the changes in the potential energy surfaces across the series of reactions in a manner that is consistent with the predictions of statistical reaction rate theory. These results indicate that despite reports of non-statistical behavior in simple S N 2 reactions, the assumptions of unimolecular reaction rate theory (strong coupling, energy randomization) are valid for the complexes formed in many bimolecular ion-molecule collisions.