cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The American Marketing Association's New Definition of Marketing: Perspective and Commentary on the 2007 Revision

In a follow-up to the fall 2007 special section of Journal of Public Policy & Marketing that examined implications of the American Marketing Association’s (AMA’s) 2004 definition of marketing, the authors examine the AMA’s revision of its definition—the new 2007 definition of marketing. The article first describes the concerns about the 2004 offering and then traces the process taken by the AMA to consider these issues and revise the definition. The authors conclude that the new definition addresses many of the major issues with the 2004 definition that had been identified by scholars contributing to the special section. They highlight several positive qualities of the new definition and describe how these attributes have the capacity to enhance marketing scholarship and practice into the future.
Conductance and Relaxation Time of Electrons in Gold Blacks from Transmission and Reflection Measurements in the Far Infrared

The electrical conductivity of gold blacks is evaluated from reflection and transmission measurements in the far infrared. For sufficiently thin samples and sufficiently large wavelengths a closed expression is derived, relating the electrical conductivity of the gold black directly to the absorption and transmission coefficients. It is found that the electrical conductivity varies with wavelength, and for wavelengths larger than 105 microns this variation is attributed to a relaxation effect. The relaxation time of electrons in gold blacks is found to agree closely with that in bulk gold.
Mie total and differential backscattering cross sections at laser wavelengths for junge aerosol models.

Mie total and differential backscattering cross sections at laser wavelengths for Junge size distribution aerosol models
Th2 Skewing by Activation of Nrf2 in CD4+ T Cells

NF erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that mediates the upregulation of a battery of cytoprotective genes in response to cell stress. Recent studies showed that Nrf2 also modulates immune responses and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. In this article, we demonstrate that a common food preservative, tert-butylhydroquinone, can activate Nrf2 in T cells, as evidenced by Nrf2 binding to the antioxidant response element and the subsequent upregulation of Nrf2 target genes. The activation of Nrf2 suppresses IFN-γ production, while inducing the production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Nrf2 activation also suppresses T-bet DNA binding and promotes GATA-binding protein 3 DNA binding. Collectively, the present studies suggested that Nrf2 activation skews CD4(+) T cells toward Th2 differentiation and, thus, represents a novel regulatory mechanism in CD4(+) T cells. Further studies are needed to determine whether the commercial use of Nrf2 activators as food preservatives promotes food allergies in humans.
A novel mutual authentication scheme for session initiation protocol based on elliptic curve cryptography

The session initiation protocol (SIP) is the most widely used signaling protocol for controlling communication on the internet, establishing, maintaining, and terminating the sessions. The services that are enabled by SIP are equally applicable in the world of wireless communication. Recently, Tsai proposed an efficient nonce-based authentication scheme for SIP. In this paper, we do a cryptanalysis of Tsai's scheme and show that Tsai's scheme is vulnerable to the password guessing attack and stolen-verifier attack. Furthermore, Tsai's scheme does not provide known-key secrecy and perfect forward secrecy. We also propose a novel and secure mutual authentication scheme based on elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem for SIP which is immune to the presented attacks.
Leukotriene A4 Signaling, Inflammation, and Cancer

Chen et al. report in this issue of the Journal that leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) was overexpressed in 10 rat esophageal adenocarcinomas compared with matched normal tissue samples (1). They also report that LTA4H was expressed in infiltrating inflammatory cells and in the columnar cells in human esophageal adenocarcinomas. Bestatin, an LTA4H inhibitor, reduced the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinomas by approximately 30% in a rat esophageal carcinoma model. On the basis of these findings, the authors conclude that LTA4H overexpression appears to be an early event in esophageal adenocarcinogenesis and is a potential target for the prevention of esophageal cancer. Chen et al. had previously reported that LTA4H was overexpressed in both human and rat esophageal adenocarcinomas (2). The current results are not too surprising in light of previously published data by this group indicating that nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, also decreased tumor incidence in this same rat model (3). Cyclooxygenase inhibitors, however, were also effective in reducing the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinomas. Thus, the current study by Chen et al. (1) is a follow-up study evaluating more samples and using an LTA4H inhibitor in vivo. Others (4) have previously reported that LTA4H (also known as Grp94) is overexpressed in lung cancer. About a decade ago, this gene was shown to be overexpressed in a rat kidney fibroblast cell line transformed by v-Ki-ras (5), indicating its potential link to cell transformation. It is generally agreed that chronic tissue inflammation leads to an increase in the risk for the development of cancer (6). After tissue damage or injury, a multifactorial network of molecular signals initiates and maintains a host response. This response involves the activation and directed migration of immune cells. Diseases involving inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, such as chronic viral hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, and Barrett’s esophagus, lead to an increased risk of cancer in the corresponding site (7,8). Many of the specific mediators associated with chronic inflammation that increase cancer risks have yet to be completely elucidated. However, eicosanoids, such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins, that are bioactive lipid products of arachidonic acid metabolism are mediators of inflammation and have been linked to carcinogenesis (9). The two main pathways for arachidonic acid metabolism involve cyclooxygenases or lipoxygenases. The role of the cyclooxygenase pathway has been reviewed elsewhere (10–12). The precise role of the lipoxygenase pathway in cancer is less clear; however, a convincing story is developing (9). Leukotrienes, such as LTA4 and LTB4, are made predominantly by inflammatory cells such as polymorphonuclear leuko-
Unraveling the Dynamic Transcriptome

The advent of large-scale transcriptional profiling techniques signalled a new age in biology. Instead of understanding the expression and action of single genes, the field of transcriptomics allows for the examination of whole transcriptome changes across a variety of biological conditions. These
Efficient LRU-based buffering in a LAN remote caching architecture

The possibility of fast access to the main memory of remote sites has been advanced as a potential performance improvement in distributed systems. Even if a page is not available in local memory, sites need not do a disk access. Instead, the sites can use efficient mechanisms that support rapid request/response exchanges in order to access pages that are currently buffered at a remote site. Hardware and software support in such a remote caching architecture must also include algorithms that determine which pages should be buffered at what sites. When each site uses the classic LRU replacement algorithm, performance can be much worse than optimal in many system configurations. Because sites do not coordinate individual decisions, overall system buffering/caching decisions yield very inefficient global configurations. This paper proposes an easily implementable modification of the LRU replacement algorithm for LAN environments that reduces replication. The algorithm substantially improves hit-ratios-and thus performance-over a wide range of parameters. The relatively simple LAN topology implies that much less state information need be available for good replacement decisions compared to general network topologies. Two implications of two variations of the algorithm are explored. In an environment where the network is not a performance bottleneck, and where performance is memory-limited, performance of the proposed replacement algorithm is shown to be close to optimal.
Uranium in marine basalts: Concentration, distribution and implications

Abstract The uranium content of glass from chilled margins of oceanic tholeiitic basalt flows is generally ≤0.1ppm, even for old samples with highly altered crystalline interiors. Such low values represent the original whole rock concentrations, although subsequent to eruption low-temperature weathering has added uranium, and other elements, to the crystalline portions of these basalts. Consideration of the K/U ratios of altered samples suggests that basalt weathering may provide the major oceanic sink for these two elements.
Excessive Myosin Activity in Mbs Mutants Causes Photoreceptor Movement Out of the Drosophila Eye Disc Epithelium

Neuronal cells must extend a motile growth cone while maintaining the cell body in its original position. In migrating cells, myosin contraction provides the driving force that pulls the rear of the cell toward the leading edge. We have characterized the function of myosin light chain phosphatase, which down-regulates myosin activity, in Drosophila photoreceptor neurons. Mutations in the gene encoding the myosin binding subunit of this enzyme cause photoreceptors to drop out of the eye disc epithelium and move toward and through the optic stalk. We show that this phenotype is due to excessive phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain Spaghetti squash rather than another potential substrate, Moesin, and that it requires the nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain Zipper. Myosin binding subunit mutant cells continue to express apical epithelial markers and do not undergo ectopic apical constriction. In addition, mutant cells in the wing disc remain within the epithelium and differentiate abnormal wing hairs. We suggest that excessive myosin activity in photoreceptor neurons may pull the cell bodies toward the growth cones in a process resembling normal cell migration.
Graphical Models via Generalized Linear Models

Undirected graphical models, also known as Markov networks, enjoy popularity in a variety of applications. The popular instances of these models such as Gaussian Markov Random Fields (GMRFs), Ising models, and multinomial discrete models, however do not capture the characteristics of data in many settings. We introduce a new class of graphical models based on generalized linear models (GLMs) by assuming that node-wise conditional distributions arise from exponential families. Our models allow one to estimate multivariate Markov networks given any univariate exponential distribution, such as Poisson, negative binomial, and exponential, by fitting penalized GLMs to select the neighborhood for each node. A major contribution of this paper is the rigorous statistical analysis showing that with high probability, the neighborhood of our graphical models can be recovered exactly. We also provide examples of non-Gaussian high-throughput genomic networks learned via our GLM graphical models.
Combustion of a double-base homogeneous propellant in a rocket motor

Abstract A comprehensive numerical analysis has been conducted to study the combustion of a double-base homogeneous propellant in a rocket motor. Emphasis is placed on motor internal flow development and its influence on propellant combustion. The formulation is based on the complete conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, and species concentration, with consideration of finite-rate chemical reactions and variable properties. Turbulence closure is achieved using a two-layer model that takes into account the wall-injection effect arising from propellant burning. The governing equations and associated boundary conditions are numerically solved by means of a fully coupled implicit scheme capable of treating chemical reacting flows over a wide range of Mach number. Various aspects of the internal flowfield and combustion wave structure in a rocket motor environment are investigated systematically. The effects of pressure and cross flow on propellant burning rate are also studied. Results indicate that, for double-base propellants, no specific interactions between turbulence and combustion are observed. The propellant combustion can be locally modeled as a well-stirred reactor, and the influence of turbulence appears mainly in the calculation of eddy diffusivities.
Efficient Contact Determination in Dynamic Environments

The problem of contact determination among multiple objects is fundamental in computer simulated environments and robotics. Most of the earlier work is restricted to either polyhedral models or static environments. In this paper, we present efficient algorithms for contact determination and inference between geometric models in dynamic environments. The set of models include polyhedra and surfaces described by algebraic sets or piecewise algebraic functions. The algorithms make use of temporal and spatial coherence between successive instances and their running time is a function of the motion between successive instances. The main characteristics of these algorithms are their simplicity and efficiency. They have been implemented; their performance on many applications indicates their potential for real-time simulations.
Control of minimally processed carrot daucus carota surface discoloration caused by abrasion peeling

Abrasion peeling of carrots results in formation of a white lignin type material on the surface during storage. The degree of its formation was directly related to severity of abrasion during peeling. Dipping the peeled product for 30 seconds in a 70°C. Acidic or basic solution (citric acid or sodium hydroxide), retarded formation of the material. The low pH dip did not cause flavor changes.
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) is a distinct hereditary syndrome that has an autosomal pattern of inheritance (OMIM 2005). There have been 500-1000 MEN 2 kindreds reported in the literature. The MEN 2 syndrome consists of three variants: MEN 2A, MEN 2B and familial medullary thyroid cancer (Table 1). Patients with MEN 2B develop medullary thyroid cancer (100%), pheochromocytoma, mucocutaneous neuromas and have characteristic physical features. MEN 2B accounts for 5–10% of MEN 2 cases. In patients with MEN 2B, neuromas may involve the skin, musculoskeletal system, gastrointestinal tract and eyes (Schimke et al. 1968, Williams and Pollock 1966a).
Why Donor Insemination and Not Adoption? Narratives of Female-Partnered and Single Mothers

Both female couples and single women who seek to become parents theoretically have several family-building options available, including, most prominently, donor insemination or adoption. In the current study the authors explored how 50 women (36 female partnered, 14 single) explained their decision to use donor insemination and not adoption. The findings revealed that although 60% of women had considered adoption, only 12% took steps toward adopting. Reasons for not considering or pursuing adoption centered on attractive features of biological parenthood (the desire to be pregnant, desire for a genetic link to the child) as well as perceived problems with adoption (cost, the unpredictable nature of the adoption process, and the perceived likelihood of problems in adopted children). Structural barriers to adoption (legal barriers, agency stigma) were also noted. These findings have implications for professionals who work with diverse families during the family-building stage and for policy makers seeking to reduce the number of children in child welfare.
The push of social pain: Does rejection’s sting motivate subsequent social reconnection?

Physical pain motivates the healing of somatic injuries, yet it remains unknown whether social pain serves a similarly reparative function toward social injuries. Given the substantial overlap between physical and social pain, we predicted that social pain would mediate the effect of rejection on greater motivation for social reconnection and affiliative behavior toward rejecters. In Study 1, the effect of rejection on an increased need to belong was mediated by reports of more intense social pain. In Study 2, three neural signatures of social pain (i.e., activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, left and right anterior insula during social rejection), each predicted greater behavioral proximity to rejecters. Our findings reify the overlap between social and physical pain. Furthermore, these results are some of the first to demonstrate the reparative nature of social pain and lend insight into how this process may be harnessed to promote postrejection reconnection.
A review of predator diet effects on prey defensive responses

Numerous studies have examined how predator diets influence prey responses to predation risk, but the role predator diet plays in modulating prey responses remains equivocal. We reviewed 405 predator–prey studies in 109 published articles that investigated changes in prey responses when predators consumed different prey items. In 54 % of reviewed studies, prey responses were influenced by predator diet. The value of responding based on a predator’s recent diet increased when predators specialized more strongly on particular prey species, which may create patterns in diet cue use among prey depending upon whether they are preyed upon by generalist or specialist predators. Further, prey can alleviate costs or accrue greater benefits using diet cues as secondary sources of information to fine tune responses to predators and to learn novel risk cues from exotic predators or alarm cues from sympatric prey species. However, the ability to draw broad conclusions regarding use of predator diet cues by prey was limited by a lack of research identifying molecular structures of the chemicals that mediate these interactions. Conclusions are also limited by a narrow research focus. Seventy percent of reviewed studies were performed in freshwater systems, with a limited range of model predator–prey systems, and 98 % of reviewed studies were performed in laboratory settings. Besides identifying the molecules prey use to detect predators, future studies should strive to manipulate different aspects of prey responses to predator diet across a broader range of predator–prey species, particularly in marine and terrestrial systems, and to expand studies into the field.
The hospital admission risk profile: the HARP helps to determine a patient's risk of functional decline

Older adults are at risk for losing functional ability during and after a hospitalization. It's often difficult to determine which patients are at highest risk and which might benefit from targeted interventions. The Hospital Admission Risk Profile, a simple screening tool, can be used to classify hospitalized older adults as being at low, intermediate, or high risk for losing the ability to perform activities of daily living, based on assessments of age, cognitive function, and the ability to perform independent activities of daily living. It's one of many tools profiled in Try This: Best Practices in Nursing Care to Older Adults, a series provided by the Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing at New York University's College of Nursing. For a free online video demonstrating the use of this tool, go to http://links.lww.com/A286.
CURRENT CONCEPTS OF INITIAL TREATMENT FOR INVASIVE CANCER OF THE CERVIX.

Both surgical treatment and irradiation therapy have a place in the initial treatment of patients with invasive cervical cancer. The methods are not mutually exclusive or competitive. Ideally surgery should be considered when radiation is likely to fail, and radiation when surgery is contraindicated. The best guide to selection of treatment at present is an unbiased and constant awareness of the causes of failure.
cDNA sequence and mapping of the mouse Copb gene encoding the beta subunit of the COPI coatomer complex.

COPI-coated vesicles are involved in retrograde-directed selective transport of proteins from the Golgi complex to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as well as mediate anterograde transport of cargo proteins within the Golgi or in endosomal trafficking. The COPI protein complex contains an ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF1) and seven coatamer subunits (α, β, β′, γ, δ, e, ζ-COP). The localization and function of human β subunit of coatamer (COPB) suggests it is likely a candidate gene of ruby-eye-2 (ru2), which is a mouse model of human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome characterized by the dysfunction of several subcellular organelles. In this study, we determined the entire coding sequence of mouse (Copb) cDNA by combining an overlapping mouse EST contig with EST walking. β-COP was found highly conserved in mouse, rat, and human, and it is ubiquitously expressed in mouse. The Copb gene was mapped to mouse Chr 7 at a position of 53.3 cM by radiation hybrid mapping. Our RH mapping data, sequencing of RT-PCR products, and Western blotting exclude the Copb gene as a candidate for ru2.
Thinking outside the box: Use of the pressure wire to assess intracranial large artery stenoses.

Key points A novel study investigating the utility of the 0.014″ diameter pressure wire to assess the hemodynamic significance of intermediate intracranial stenosis. Technical aspects of pressure wire positioning across intracranial arteries are described. Further research is required to clarify the assessment of pressure gradients in the cerebral circulation and to define the optimal threshold for intervention.
Diffraction and Imaging of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

A single-walled carbon nanotube is made by rolling up a graphene to form a seamless cylindrical tubule of only one atomic layer with diameter on the nanometer scale. The uniqueness in structure and the unusual characteristics in properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes were predicted soon after carbon nanotubes were discovered by Iijima [1], who reported the identification of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and also established the facts that the nanotubes were cylindrical, concentric, and helical in atomic arrangement. For example, electronically, depending on its diameter and helicity, a single-walled carbon nanotube can be either metallic or semiconducting [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]; mechanically, a single-walled carbon nanotube is expected to have the highest tensile strength known to man due to its high tensile modulus (estimated to be about 2 TPa) and large stretchability (estimated as high as 10%) [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Given the single dimensionality and the structural simplicity, single-walled carbon nanotubes are an ideal nanomaterial for studying the structure-property relationships.
Estimation of the Deoxynivalenol and Moisture Contents of Bulk Wheat Grain Samples by FT-NIR Spectroscopy

Deoxynivalenol (DON) levels in harvested grain samples are used to evaluate the Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance of wheat cultivars and breeding lines. Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) calibrations were developed to estimate the DON level and moisture content (MC) of bulk wheat grain samples harvested from FHB screening trials. Grains in a rotating glass petri dish were scanned in the 10,000–4,000 cm−1 (1,000–2,500 nm) spectral range using a Perkin Elmer Spectrum 400 FT-IR/FT-NIR spectrometer. The DON calibration predicted the DON levels in test samples with R2 = 0.62 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) = 8.01 ppm. When 5–25 ppm of DON was used as the cut-off to classify samples into low- and high-DON groups, 60.8–82.3% of the low-DON samples were correctly classified, whereas the classification accuracy of the high-DON group was 82.3–94.0%. The MC calibration predicted the MC in grain samples with R2 = 0.98 and RMSEP = 0.19%. Therefore, these FT-NIR calibrations can be used to r...
A study of inclusive Double-\({\cal P}\)omeron-Exchange in \(p \bar{p} \to p X \bar{p}\) at \(\sqrt{s} = 630\) GeV

We report measurements of the inclusive reaction, \(p \bar p \to p X \bar p\), in events where either or both the beam-like final-state baryons were detected in Roman-pot spectrometers and the central system was detected in the UA2 calorimeter. A Double-\({\cal P}\)omeron-Exchange (DPE) analysis of these data and single diffractive data from the same experiment demonstrates that, for central masses of a few GeV, the extracted \({\cal P}\)omeron-\({\cal P}\)omeron total cross section, \(\sigma^{tot}_{\cal PP}\) exhibits an enhancement which exceeds factorization expectations by an order-of-magnitude. This may be a signature for glueball production. The enhancement is shown to be independent of uncertainties connected with possible non-universality of the \({\cal P}\)omeron flux factor. Based on our analysis, we present DPE cross section predictions, for unit (1 mb) \({\cal P}\)omeron-\({\cal P}\)omeron total cross section, at the Tevatron, LHC and the 920 GeV fixed-target experiment, HERA-B.
Topical calcipotriene 0.005% and betamethasone dipropionate 0.064% maintains efficacy of etanercept after step-down dose in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: results of an open label trial.

UNLABELLED Etanercept is approved for the treatment of plaque psoriasis at a subcutaneous (SC) dosage of 50 mg twice-weekly for three months, followed by 50 mg SC once-weekly thereafter. It is of note, however, that many patients experience loss of efficacy when they step down to etanercept 50 mg/week, often instigating a switch to another biological. The current pilot study investigated the adjunctive use of a topical calcipotriene 0.005% and betamethasone dipropionate 0.064% combination ointment, approved for the treatment of psoriasis, to sustain the original efficacy of etanercept by augmenting response to the 50 mg/week SC dose, thus stabilizing the disease. TRIAL DESIGN In this single-center, open-label study, subjects (n=20) underwent 12 weeks treatment with etanercept 100 mg/week (50 mg, 2x week; weeks -12 to -1), followed by etanercept 50 mg/week maintenance therapy for 40 weeks (weeks 0 to 40). Subjects were followed at four-week intervals. Starting at week 4, subjects who demonstrated an increase from baseline (week 0) body surface area (BSA) of is greater than 2% initiated therapy with calcipotriene 0.005% and betamethasone dipropionate 0.064% ointment for four weeks. The study is limited by its small sample size, open-label nature, and lack of blinding. FINDINGS Mean BSA involvement decreased significantly from week -12 to 0 with etanercept 50 mg twice a week. At week 4, on the etanercept 50 mg/week dose, mean BSA increased to 9.42 ± 9.39 compared to week 0. With introduction of calcipotriene 0.005%/betamethasone dipropionate 0.064% ointment at week 4, mean BSA decreased to 4.62 ± 8.19 by week 24 and was relatively stable for the remainder of the study period. Similarly, mean PASI (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) scores improved from week -12 to week 0, increased at week 4, then decreased significantly by week 24 with adjunctive topical treatment. CONCLUSION Topical calcipotriene 0.005% and betamethasone dipropionate 0.064% ointment is a safe and effective adjunct to etanercept 50 mg/week maintenance therapy.
Reviving Dewey's reflective thinking framework for the design of problems in virtual learning environment-based assessments of content and inquiry

This poster presentation revives Dewey's "reflective thinking" framework to inform the design of problems for virtual environment-based assessments of content and inquiry. After describing "reflective thinking" and illuminating a conceptualization of what is a problem, we show how we are using the "reflective thinking" framework to inform the design of problems in our SAVE Science virtual environment assessment modules.
COR TRIATRIATUM: A RARE AND UNUSUAL CAUSE OF CARDIOEMBOLIC STROKE

Cor triatriatum is an extremely rare congenital malformation characterized by a fibromuscular membrane dividing the left atrium into two distinct chambers. While the hemodynamics of this condition usually mimic mitral stenosis in adults, stagnation of blood in the proximal chamber may predispose
Examining Variation in Adolescent Bystanders' Responses to Bullying

Abstract Latent class analysis was used to examine whether patterns of bystander responses varied as a function of both student- and school-level characteristics. Data from 18,863 high school students from 58 schools who “ever witnessed bullying” were used to identify five latent classes of bystander behavior. Three of the classes identified paralleled commonly used researcher-identified categories (Passive = 9.7%, Defender = 20.4%, and Contributor = 3.4%), whereas we also identified two patterns of bystander responses that had not been previously characterized (Limited = 64.8% and Inconsistent = 1.7%). Multilevel logistic regression models were then used to examine student- and school-level characteristics that differentiate those in the defender class from other bystander classes. Youth in the defender class were more likely to believe that other students intervene with bullying, and they felt a greater connection with school staff as compared to youth in all other bystander classes. Further, gender, no...
In Vitro and In Vivo SERS Biosensing for Disease Diagnosis

For many disease states, positive outcomes are directly linked to early diagnosis, where therapeutic intervention would be most effective. Recently, trends in disease diagnosis have focused on the development of label-free sensing techniques that are sensitive to low analyte concentrations found in the physiological environment. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful vibrational spectroscopy that allows for label-free, highly sensitive, and selective detection of analytes through the amplification of localized electric fields on the surface of a plasmonic material when excited with monochromatic light. This results in enhancement of the Raman scattering signal, which allows for the detection of low concentration analytes, giving rise to the use of SERS as a diagnostic tool for disease. Here, we present a review of recent developments in the field of in vivo and in vitro SERS biosensing for a range of disease states including neurological disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and viral disease.
Therapeutic Farriery: One Veterinarian's Perspective

Therapeutic shoeing is best directed at a specific diagnosis, but in the absence of a specific diagnosis, it is frequently directed at a symptom. There are only so many ways to modify the function of the foot with trimming and shoeing. The design of a horse shoe may often be modified to improve one aspect of foot function. Modifying a horse shoe to improve one aspect of foot function almost invariably impacts another aspect of foot function. The application of horse shoes may be based on a specific diagnosis or directed at a symptom. The application of shoeing principles is best approached using theoretical reasoning based on the research data that are available and experience.
An evolutionary view of patient experience in primary care: A concept analysis

Aim This concept analysis explores "patient experience" in the context of primary care. Background In the 21st century, person-centered care became the manner to address the healthcare quality needs of the United States. This study led to using measures of patient experience as an evaluation of patient-centered care. Design Concept analysis. Data sources CINAHL, Cochrane Review, PUBMED Central, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus were queried using "patient experience" and "primary care." All peer-reviewed US-based articles were included from January 2000 to October 2017 (n = 59). Review methods Rodgers' evolutionary view of concept analysis guided this inquiry. Results Patient experience is any process discernible by patients, including subjective experiences, objective experiences, and observations of provider or staff behavior. Patient experience reports are mediated and moderated by many variables and reflect care experiences that directly measure patient-centeredness from the patient's viewpoint. Consequences of patient experience may lead to adherence to shared plans of care, patient engagement, and appropriate use of healthcare services. Conclusion Conceptual clarity of patient experience adds to the understanding of how patients experience healthcare quality. If healthcare aspires to deliver patient-centered care, understanding quality from the viewpoint of the patient is essential.
Bleomycin-Induced Flagellate Erythema

Bleomcyin is a Streptomyces derived antibiotic/cytotoxic glycopeptide commonly used as an antitumor agent in combination chemotherapy regimens.
Sample storage conditions induce post-collection biases in microbiome profiles

Here we investigated the influence of different stabilization and storage strategies on the quality and composition of the fecal microbial community. Namely, same-day isolated murine DNA was compared to samples stored for 1 month in air at ambient temperature, with or without preservative buffers (i.e. EDTA and lysis buffer), different temperatures (i.e. 4 °C, − 20 °C, and − 80 °C), and hypoxic conditions. Only storage in lysis buffer significantly reduced DNA content, yet without integrity loss. Storage in EDTA affected alpha diversity the most, which was also reflected in cluster separation. Distinct changes were also seen in the phyla and bacterial species abundance per storage strategy. Metabolic function analysis showed 22 pathways not significantly affected by storage conditions, whereas the tyrosine metabolism pathway was significantly changed in all strategies except by EDTA. Each long-term storage strategy introduced a unique post-collection bias, which is important to take into account when interpreting data.
SWOT Analysis of Four Espoused Business School Goals

This book has developed four commonly accepted goals of university-based business schools: wissenschaft; informing the practice of business; instilling virtue; and training professionals. Accepting any of these espoused goals for a business school has implications. These implications can systematically be analyzed by considering the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and risks associated with each—commonly characterized as a SWOT analysis.
Effect of Forcing on a Supersonic Compression Ramp Flow

Simulations were carried out of a 24° compression ramp in Mach 2.25, turbulent flow. In addition to simulations of the baseline flow, calculations were carried out with flow control applied, in the...
Expanded area metrology for tip-based wafer inspection in the nanomanufacturing of electronic devices

Effective measurement of fabricated structures is critical to the cost-effective production of modern electronics. However, traditional tip-based approaches are poorly suited to in-line inspection at current manufacturing speeds. We present the development of a large area inspection method to address throughput constraints due to the narrow field-of-view (FOV) inherent in conventional tip-based measurement. The proposed proof-of-concept system can perform simultaneous, noncontact inspection at multiple hotspots using single-chip atomic force microscopes (sc-AFMs) with nanometer-scale resolution. The tool has a throughput of ∼60 wafers / h for five-site measurement on a 4-in. wafer, corresponding to a nanometrology throughput of ∼66,000 μm2 / h. This methodology can be used to not only locate subwavelength “killer” defects but also to measure topography for in-line process control. Further, a postprocessing workflow is developed to stitch together adjacent scans measured in a serial fashion and expand the FOV of each individual sc-AFM such that total inspection area per cycle can be balanced with throughput to perform larger area inspection for uses such as defect root-cause analysis.
Myokine regulation of insulin secretion: Impact of inflammation and type 2 diabetes

Skeletal muscle (SkM) secretes protein factors (myokines) that can exert multiple actions. To study the control of myokine regulation of β-cell function, SkM biopsies were taken from non-diabetic (ND) and Type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects and satellite cells cultured to myotubes (MT). MT were also treated with lipopolysaccharide (infectious inflammation - II) or a combination of glucose (10 mM), insulin (120 pM), and palmitate (0.4 mM) (metabolic inflammation - MI) to model the inflammatory and metabolic conditions seen in vivo with T2D. Conditioned media (CM) was collected from MT after 24 h and used to treat INS-1 cells for 24 h. Cell viability, total insulin content, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and maximal (IBMX-stimulated) IS (ISmax) were monitored. Under baseline conditions, CM from ND and T2D MT had no effects on INS-1 cell viability, insulin content, GSIS, or ISmax. After exposure to II, CM from ND-MT augmented GSIS in INS-1 cells by 100 ± 25% over control (p < 0.05); T2D-CM had no effect. After exposure to MI, T2D-CM suppressed GSIS by 35 ± 5% (p < 0.05); ND-CM was without effect. Under either of these conditions cell viability, total insulin content and ISmax were unaffected. Effects of CM on GSIS were lost after CM was boiled. Both augmentation of GSIS by ND-CM from II-treated MT, and suppression by T2D-CM from MI-treated MT, were inhibited by wortmannin, Ro 31-8220, and SB203580. In summary: (1) ND-MT are able to augment GSIS when stressed, (2) T2D-MT responding to a diabetic-like environment secrete myokines that suppress GSIS, (3) Unknown protein factors exert effects specifically on GSIS, possibly through PI-3K, PKC, and/or p38 MAPK. In T2D, both insulin resistance and a suppression of adaptive increased insulin secretion are intrinsic properties of SkM that can contribute to the full T2D phenotype.
Differential induction of type I and III interferons by Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, and we have shown previously that type I interferon (IFN) contributes to the pathogenesis of this disease. In this study, we screened 75 S. aureus strains for their ability to induce type I and III IFN. Both cytokine pathways were differentially stimulated by various S. aureus strains independently of their isolation sites or methicillin resistance profiles. These induction patterns persisted over time, and type I and III IFN generation differentially correlated with tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Investigation of one isolate, strain 126, showed a significant defect in type I IFN induction that persisted over several time points. The lack of induction was not due to differential phagocytosis, subcellular location, or changes in endosomal acidification. A correlation between reduced type I IFN induction levels and decreased autolysis and lysostaphin sensitivity was found between strains. Strain 126 had a decreased rate of autolysis and increased resistance to lysostaphin degradation and host cell-mediated killing. This strain displayed decreased virulence in a murine model of acute pneumonia compared to USA300 (current epidemic strain and commonly used in research) and had reduced capacity to induce multiple cytokines. We observed this isolate to be a vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain, and reduced Ifnb was observed with a defined mutation in walK that induces a VISA phenotype. Overall, this study demonstrates the heterogeneity of IFN induction by S. aureus and uncovered an interesting property of a VISA strain in its inability to induce type I IFN production.
Permittivity Gradient Induced Depolarization: Electromagnetic Propagation With the Maxwell Vector Wave Equation

Recent interest in 3-D vectorial sensors requires the development of vectorial propagation methods, rather than scalar wave equation approaches. We derive a vector wave equation from Maxwell’s equations for a medium which has an inhomogeneous dielectric permittivity dominated by variation along one dimension. It is well known that the electric field components decouple for homogeneous media. However, 1-D permittivity variations yield an upper triangular system of scalar wave equations with the wave polarization component parallel to the inhomogeneous direction/axis acting as a forcing term for the orthogonal components. The main implication is that waves with polarization oriented parallel to the permittivity gradient will act as a forcing term and excite other polarization components and, thus, induce depolarization. Contemporary studies treat the permittivity as a constant when deriving a wave equation or paraxial approximation, and then re-introduce via inhomogeneous wave speed, variable permittivity, thus missing important terms and physical mechanisms in their resulting equations. Contemporary studies neglect the term in the Maxwell vector wave equation responsible for this effect. Application of the electromagnetic propagation depolarization effect is demonstrated numerically for an air–sea interface evaporation duct with a 500 MHz source.
Exploring neolocalism among Finger Lakes breweries and local communities: Merits and cautions

Neolocalism has much to offer the local development literature. Highly discussed in the food and beverage tourism literature, neolocalism has shown merits for marketing place-based aspects of craft...
Quantifying Tidal Phase Effects on Coastal Flooding Induced by Hurricane Sandy in Manhattan, New York Using a Micro-Scale Hydrodynamic Model

This study investigates the effects of tidal phase on coastal flooding in New York City during Hurricane Sandy. A micro-scale hydrodynamic model is developed for Manhattan – the most densely populated borough of New York City – to accurately simulate coastal flooding in built environments. The model accounts for the effects of urban features on coastal flooding by resolving seawalls, buildings, and roads in the computational mesh. Model validation against high-water-mark measurements shows a root-mean-square-error of 15 cm and a bias of 7 cm. A series of numerical experiments are performed to investigate the effects of tide timing on the extent and depth of flooding in Manhattan. Model results show that the peak storm tide at The Battery tide gauge station, which is located immediately off of the southern tip of Manhattan, would have been 8.2% larger than the measured peak storm tide if Hurricane Sandy had arrived 12hr earlier. However, the extent of flooding would have been only 3% larger. If Sandy had arrived 6hr earlier, the peak storm tide would have been 27.2% smaller but the extent of coastal flooding in Manhattan would have been 69% larger. The model results indicate that the peak storm tide alone is not a good indicator for the extent of coastal flooding in urban areas. The floodwater velocity substantially impacts the extent of coastal flooding, suggesting that extra caution should be taken in using flood maps that are generated based on static modeling techniques, i.e. “bathtubbing”, that neglect the principles of fluid dynamics.
“More than Equivalent to a Year of College”: Hubert Harrison and Informal Education in Harlem's New Negro Movement:

Background/ContextSpurred on by the mass migration of African Americans from the South and blacks from the Caribbean, Harlem by the 1920s was defined by its association with New Negro culture and w...
The Impact of Hospital Advertising on Patient Demand and Health Outcomes

Does hospital advertising influence patient choice and health outcomes? We examine more than 220,000 individual patient-level visits over 24 months in Massachusetts to answer this question. We find that patients are positively influenced by hospital advertising; seeing a television advertisement for a given hospital makes a patient more likely to select that hospital. We also observe significant heterogeneity in patient response depending on insurance status, medical conditions, and demographic factors like age, gender, and race. For example, patients with more restrictive forms of insurance are less sensitive to advertisements. Our demand model allows us to study the impact of a ban on hospital advertising, which has been recently considered by policy makers. We find that banning hospital advertising can hurt patient health outcomes through increased hospital readmissions. This is because hospital advertisements drive patients to higher quality hospitals, which tend to advertise more and have lower readmission rates. However, we do not find a significant change in the overall mortality rate.
Reckless Abandon: The Shadow of Model Rule 8.4(g) and a Path Forward

The ABA’s 2016 promulgation of Model Rule of Professional Conduct 8.4(g) has stoked an unnecessary culture war between the First Amendment and anti-discrimination. Thus far, the overarching trend of states has been to reject the rule in light of its potential infringement of lawyer First Amendment rights. Nevertheless the promulgation of the rule has led to the proliferation of legal scholarship that discards lawyer First Amendment rights in the shadow of defending Model Rule 8.4(g). This body of scholarship has dire potential consequences in diverse disciplinary and regulatory contexts and can be relied upon by state bars and judiciaries to punish lawyers without recourse to the First Amendment. By protecting lawyer speech, association, and petitioning, the First Amendment works to protect the lawyer’s role in the system of justice and cannot be discarded without undermining justice itself. Importantly, neither the ABA nor the states needs to cut down the First Amendment to appropriately curb lawyer discrimination and harassment. The recent redrafting and adoption of anti-discrimination rules by Maine and New Hampshire demonstrate that drafting such a rule can be done without jettisoning the First Amendment rights of lawyers. Rather than continuing to inflame the culture war by forcing people to take sides in a false dichotomy between the First Amendment and anti-discrimination, the ABA and defenders of Model Rule 8.4(g) should own the constitutional deficiencies of the rule and work to redraft a constitutionally sound rule. Taking such a course would work to actually curb harassment and discrimination because an appropriately narrowed rule would be far more likely to be adopted by states and to remain law after enactment without constitutional challenge.
Successful Medical Management of an Acute Ascending Aortic Dissection After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery.

Aortic dissection is an acute and life-threatening disease entity. Mortality rates increase every hour after the presentation. Typical treatment includes medical management of blood pressure and heart rate control followed by prompt transfer to an operating room for surgical repair. We present a case of medically managed Stanford type A aortic dissection in a postoperative coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patient. A 77-year-old man with a past medical history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia presented after an outpatient nuclear stress test demonstrated a reversible inferior wall defect. He was subsequently referred to a cardio-thoracic surgeon and underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Three weeks later, the patient presented to the emergency department complaining of a productive cough, nausea, vomiting, and fever. He was diagnosed with sepsis secondary to pneumonia. A CT chest demonstrated a new 3.9 cm long segment of dissection in the ascending thoracic aorta. Due to postoperative recovery from recent CABG, a decision was made to treat the ascending thoracic aortic dissection (Stanford type A) medically. He was advised to continue intensive antihypertensive medications and close follow-up with a cardiologist and cardiothoracic surgeon on an outpatient basis. Subsequent follow-up CT chest angiography at one month, four months, and 12 months later did not demonstrate the progression of the ascending aortic dissection. Decisions to deviate from the usual care should best be taken in a multidisciplinary team approach. Patients should clearly be informed about the rationale behind these complex decisions.