cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of telemedicine in postoperative care

Telemedicine has become one of the most rapidly-expanding components of the health care system. Its adoption has afforded improved access to care, greater resource efficiency, and decreased costs associated with traditional office visits and has been well established in a wide array of fields. Telemedicine has been adopted in several domains of surgical care. In recent years, the role of telemedicine in postoperative care has caught attention as it has demonstrated excellent clinical outcomes, enhanced patient satisfaction, increased accessibility along with reduced wait times, and cost savings for patients and health care systems. In this narrative review, we describe the history of telemedicine, its adoption in the field of surgery and its various modalities, its use in the postoperative setting, and the potential benefits to both patients and healthcare systems. As telemedicine continues to emerge as a powerful tool for health care delivery, we also discuss several barriers to its widespread adoption as well as the future utility of telemedicine in postoperative care.
Community-Based Participatory Research at Hull House in the 1890s

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is the modern name for a style of research that was pioneered by settlement house residents and other early social work researchers (Sohng, 1996). In t...
Knowledge Base Development in a Standard Framework

In the ESPRIT Project P440 (Message Passing Architecture and Description Systems) several aspects of knowledge representation have been explored: formalisms, languages, techniques. The most significant techniques developed within the project are: taxonomic reasoning, meta level strategies and concurrent object oriented programming. These techniques are embedded in the systems developed in the project: Omega, KRS and DELPHI Common LISP. As a generalization of our experience in building knowledge based systems, we present a framework which provides a range of tools for building knowledge base applications. The framework is conceived so that industrial standards are selected where appropriate and areas where standard are missing are highlighted.
Deposition of YBa2Cu3O7 Films on Sapphire by Rf triode Sputtering

In the last three years, many different film deposition techniques have been successfully employed for the preparation of YBa2Cu3O7 films on a variety of substrates (1). Initially, as-grown films were poor superconductors and required a high-temperature post-growth anneal to attain good superconducting properties. Using this two-step (deposition and subsequent anneal) procedure, high quality superconducting films were obtained on many inert substrates such as SrTiO3, MgO, and ZrO2. However, on technologically important substrates, e.g. Si, SiO2, and sapphire, the quality of the films after annealing was poor due to a strong interaction between the films and the substrates. For sapphire substrates, for example, the highest Tc reported was in the 70–75 K range. To avoid or minimize this film/substrate interaction, several different approaches have been explored including the use of buffer layers (1–4) and the use of very rapid thermal annealing procedures (5). Simon et al (6) used a ZrO2 buffer layer to obtain films on sapphire with zero resistance at about 88 K. The most successful approach has been the in-situ growth process in which the temperature of the substrate during deposition is high enough to produce a film with good crystallinity, but sufficiently low to avoid excessive film/substrate interaction. Recently, in-situ growth techniques have produced YBCO films on sapphire with Tc of about 87 K (7) and on Si substrates with Tc of about 86 K (8). In this paper, we describe our results on the growth of YBCO films directly on sapphire by the two-step process. We find that films deposited on sapphire by rf triode sputtering and annealed in O2 at 860–890°C have a Tc as high as 85 K. Our work shows that it is indeed possible to grow good quality YBCO films directly on sapphire by a high temperature post-growth annealing.
Bias From Potentially Mischievous Responders on Large-Scale Estimates of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Questioning (LGBQ)-Heterosexual Youth Health Disparities.

Objectives. To determine how sensitive estimates of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or questioning (LGBQ)–heterosexual youth health disparities are to the presence of potentially mischievous responders.Met...
Trends in and correlates of tranquilizer misuse among adults who misuse opioids in the United States, 2002-2014.

Abstract Purpose Almost a third of opioid overdose deaths also involve benzodiazepines, but few representative studies have examined misuse of benzodiazepines and other tranquilizers by adults who misuse opioids. This study estimated the prevalence and frequency of tranquilizer misuse among adults who misuse opioids and examined characteristics associated with tranquilizer misuse. Methods A sample of adults who misused opioids in the past year (n = 36,043) were identified in the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health 2002–2014. Tranquilizer misuse prevalence was estimated for each year from 2002 to 2014. Data were then pooled for all years. Multiple logistic and Poisson regression was used to identify characteristics independently associated with the prevalence and frequency tranquilizer misuse respectively. Results Twenty-eight percent of adults who misused illicit opioids in the past year also reported tranquilizer misuse. This prevalence did not change notably over the 13-year period examined. Among those who misused opioids, meeting criteria for opioid abuse or dependence was associated with a 134% increase in the odds of misusing tranquilizers during the same year. Other characteristics associated with increased odds of tranquilizer misuse included being aged 18–25 years, non-Hispanic white, uninsured, unemployed, and having used heroin. Conclusions Tranquilizer misuse is common among adults who misuse opioids and has not changed substantially over the past decade. Meeting criteria for abuse or dependence of opioids is associated with more than double the odds of tranquilizer misuse among adults who misuse opioids.
Suspended Group III-V Waveguides Integrated on Silicon Substrates for Mid-Infrared Photonics

We demonstrate wafer-scale integration of suspended $\text{A}1_{0.32}\text{Ga}_{0.68}\text{As}$ nanophotonic waveguides on silicon substrates. Micro-ring resonators are fabricated and measured at $\lambda=1545$ and 2305 nm, showing loaded quality factors of 740,000 and 450,000, respectively. © 2019 The Author(s)
Urban park crime: Neighborhood context and park features

Abstract This work examined the determinants of park crime, drawing together into one conceptual frame three threads from community criminology - community demographic structural crime determinants; community cultural crime determinants, focusing specifically on social cohesion; and park features that are potentially crime and/or disorder relevant. Generalized structural equation models using data for 249 urban parks and their surrounds show: in the preferred model of disorder crime two aspects of nearby crime, and community social cohesion, both drive park crime; in the preferred model of violent crime, one aspect of nearby crime, community socioeconomic status, and one park feature, security fencing, all shape park crime. Implications for several domains within community criminology merit mention.
PERFORMA AYAM KAMPUNG SUPER YANG DI BERI LEVEL PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG KULIT KAKAO (Theobroma cacao, L.) FERMENTASI DALAM RANSUM

This research aims to find out the appearance of free-range chicken fed with the addition og cocoa skin flour (Theobroma cacao L.) fermented in feeds.the design used is a Completely Randomixed Design with four treatmens and four tepetitions. The parameters observed and measured are the amount of feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion. The data analysis used is the analysis of variance. The findings show that addition of famented cocoa skin flour in level 0%, 5%, 10% do not significantly b influence (P>0.05) on the feed consumption,body weight gain and the value of feed conversion in free-range chicken. The conlusion is the additional level of fermented cocoa skin flour to the level of 15% does not influence the appearance of free-range chicken
Inter-Organ and -Tissue Communication via Secreted Proteins in Humans

Adipose tissue is now recognized as an important source of bioactive molecules, so-called adipokines. These adipokines, in turn, modulate hormone action, nutrient metabolism, inflammation, and energy balance. Thus, adipokines are part of a complex biologic system that allows adipose tissue to communicate with other tissue/organ systems, including skeletal muscle, liver, and brain. Adiponectin is an abundant plasma adipokine that is secreted primarily from adipocytes. Unlike other adipokines, plasma concentrations of adiponectin are decreased in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, impaired regulation of adiponectin secretion and signaling appears to be important in the development and maintenance of obesity and obesity-related complications. In this chapter, adiponectin secretion and action will be examined, as an example of how organ-specific secretion is linked to biologic homeostasis in humans.
Adrenomedullin Is Necessary to Resolve Hyperoxia-Induced Experimental Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Pulmonary Hypertension in Mice.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)–associated pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an infantile lung disease characterized by aberrant angiogenesis and impaired resolution of lung injury. Adrenomedullin (AM) signals through calcitonin receptor–like receptor and receptor activity–modifying protein 2 and modulates lung injury initiation. However, its role in lung injury resolution and the mechanisms by which it regulates angiogenesis remain unclear. Consequently, we hypothesized that AM resolves hyperoxia-induced BPD and PH via endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3). AM-sufficient (ADM+/+) or -deficient (ADM+/−) mice were exposed to normoxia or hyperoxia through postnatal days (PNDs) 1 to 14, and the hyperoxia-exposed mice were allowed to recover in normoxia for an additional 56 days. Lung injury and development and PH were quantified at different time points. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were also used to examine the effects of AM signaling on the NOS3 pathway and angiogenesis. Lung blood vessels and NOS3 expression decreased and the extent of hyperoxia-induced BPD and PH increased in ADM+/− mice compared with ADM+/+ mice. Hyperoxia-induced apoptosis and PH resolved by PND14 and PND70, respectively, in ADM+/+ mice but not in ADM+/− mice. Knockdown of ADM, calcitonin receptor–like receptor, and receptor activity–modifying protein 2 in vitro decreased NOS3 expression, nitric oxide generation, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, NOS3 knockdown abrogated the angiogenic effects of AM. Collectively, these results indicate that AM resolves hyperoxic lung injury via NOS3.
Changes in habitat suitability over a two decade period before and after Asian elephant recolonization

Abstract Habitat degradation has caused a significant threat to wildlife, particularly to megafauna including the Asian elephant that has a large home range. Recolonization of Asian elephants in 1994 in and around Bardia National Park (BNP) has provided a unique study setting to address habitat change over two decades (1990–2013). Elephant presence data in 2013 was modeled using Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA), which identified the influential ecogeographical variables for elephant habitat. These variables were further used in a regression model to determine habitat suitability for 1990. We found that elephant suitable habitat has been lost between pre-recolonization (1990) and the year 2013 in and around BNP. Unsuitable elephant habitat increased overall by 22% in Bardia District and 20% inside BNP. Central to elephant habitat loss has been a large human population growth, re-forestation efforts with an increase in sal forests, and elephant alteration of vegetation by grazing. Available suitable habitat for elephants in and around BNP should be conserved and managed to prevent further degradation for the maintenance of the elephant population, which will help mitigate human-elephant conflict in the region.
Beyond Ammonia: Nitrogen-Element Bond Forming Reactions with Coordinated Dinitrogen.

The functionalization of coordinated dinitrogen to form nitrogen–element bonds en route to nitrogen-containing molecules is a long-standing challenge in chemical synthesis. The strong triple bond a...
Factors modulating cross-linguistic co-activation in bilinguals.

Abstract Activation of both of a bilingual’s languages during auditory word recognition has been widely documented. Here, we argue that if parallel activation in bilinguals is the result of a bottom-up process where phonetic features that overlap across two languages activate both linguistic systems, then the robustness of such parallel activation is in fact surprising. This is because phonemes across two different languages are rarely perfectly matched to each other in phonetic features. For instance, across Spanish and English, a “voiced” stop is realized in phonetically-distinct ways, and therefore, words that begin with voiced stops in English do not in fact fully overlap in phonetic features with words in Spanish. In two eye-tracking experiments using a visual world paradigm, we examined the effect of a phonemic match (English /b/ matched to Spanish /b/) vs. a phonetic match (English /b/ matched to Spanish /p/) on cross-linguistic co-activation (English words co-activating Spanish) in Spanish L1 and in Spanish L2 speakers. We found that while phonemic matching induced co-activation in both Spanish L1 and Spanish L2 speakers, phonetic matching did not. Together, these results indicate that co-activation of two languages in bilinguals may proceed through activation of categorical phonemic information rather than through activation of phonetic features.
Impact of Timing of and Adherence to Social Distancing Measures on COVID-19 Burden in the US: A Simulation Modeling Approach

ABSTRACT Background Across the U.S., various social distancing measures were implemented to control COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is uncertainty in the effectiveness of such measures for specific regions with varying population demographics and different levels of adherence to social distancing. The objective of this paper is to determine the impact of social distancing measures in unique regions. Methods We developed COVid-19 Agent-based simulation Model (COVAM), an agent-based simulation model (ABM) that represents the social network and interactions among the people in a region considering population demographics, limited testing availability, imported infections from outside of the region, asymptomatic disease transmission, and adherence to social distancing measures. We adopted COVAM to represent COVID-19-associated events in Dane County, Wisconsin, Milwaukee metropolitan area, and New York City (NYC). We used COVAM to evaluate the impact of three different aspects of social distancing: 1) Adherence to social distancing measures; 2) timing of implementing social distancing; and 3) timing of easing social distancing. Results We found that the timing of social distancing and adherence level had a major effect on COVID-19 occurrence. For example, in NYC, implementing social distancing measures on March 5, 2020 instead of March 12, 2020 would have reduced the total number of confirmed cases from 191,984 to 43,968 as of May 30, whereas a 1-week delay in implementing such measures could have increased the number of confirmed cases to 1,299,420. Easing social distancing measures on June 1, 2020 instead of June 15, 2020 in NYC would increase the total number of confirmed cases from 275,587 to 379,858 as of July 31. Conclusion The timing of implementing social distancing measures, adherence to the measures, and timing of their easing have major effects on the number of COVID-19 cases. Primary Funding Source National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Institute
Abstract 2361: Mendelian randomization study: The association between metabolic pathways and colorectal cancer risk

Purpose: The roles of obesity-related biomarkers and their molecular pathways in the development of postmenopausal colorectal cancer (CRC) have been inconclusive. We examined insulin resistance (IR) as a major hormonal pathway mediating the association between obesity and CRC risk in a Mendelian randomization (MR) framework. Methods: We performed MR analysis using individual-level data of 11,078 non-Hispanic white postmenopausal women from our earlier genome-wide association study. We identified four independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with fasting glucose (FG), three with fasting insulin (FI), and six with homeostatic model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR), which were not associated with obesity. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for CRC by adjusting for potential confounding factors plus genetic principal components. Results: Overall, we observed no direct association between the combined 13 IR genetic instruments and CRC risk (HR = 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78 - 1.17). In phenotypic analysis, genetically raised HOMA-IR exhibited its effects on the increased risk while FG and FI on the reduced risk for CRC, but with a lack of statistical power. Subgroup analyses by physical activity level and dietary fat intake with combined phenotypes showed that genetically determined IR was associated with reduced CRC risk in both physical activity-stratified (single contributor: MTRR rs722025; HR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.02 - 0.62) and high-fat diet subgroups (main contributor: G6PC2 rs560887; HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37 - 0.94). Conclusions: Complex evidence was observed for a potential causal association between IR and CRC risk, which may contribute to an additional value of intervention trials to lower IR and reduce CRC risk. Citation Format: Su Yon Jung, Jeanette Papp, Eric Sobel, Zuo-Feng Zhang. Mendelian randomization study: The association between metabolic pathways and colorectal cancer risk [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2361.
Drivers of perceived safety: do they differ in contexts where violence and police saturation feel ‘normal’?

Feelings of safety vary by context, with disordered, high-crime areas typically generating more fear among residents. However, scholars have suggested that when violence permeates the daily routine...
Structure-property behavior of new hybrid materials incorporating oligomeric poly(tetramethylene oxide) with inorganic silicates by a sol-gel process

Novel transparent hybrid materials incorporating triethoxysilane endcapped poly(tetramethylene oxide) with tetramethoxysilane have been successfully prepared by a sol-gel process. The molecular weight of PTMO has been varied to study its effect on the structure-property behavior of these hybrid materials. Mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical behavior have been measured; small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) has been utilized to obtain structural information. Based on the experimental results, a simplified morphological model has been suggested to describe these new hybrid systems.
Should we integrate viscoelastic assays with standard coagulation screening

The standard coagulation screening tests are useful to evaluate but do not give comprehensive assessment of haemostasis. These tests are based on the classification of coagulation systems into distinct extrinsic and intrinsic pathways—assessed by prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), respectively. However, the current evidence suggests that tissue factor activates the coagulation cascade, converting factor VII to VIIa—which in turn activates factor X and the intrinsic pathway via factor IX.1 Standard coagulation screening takes between 27 min and 77 min and these tests were not developed to predict bleeding or guide treatment.2 In an emergency, this delay may be crucial—hindering the clinicians with their decision-making process. A detailed personal (surgery, dental extraction) and family history is the ideal initial screening for excluding a haemostatic disorder prior to the interventional and surgical procedures. However, in an emergency when the history is not available, it is difficult to assess the patient’s proneness for bleeding. Even when the coagulation screening test results are available, there are pitfalls in interpretation. When PT and APTT are within the normal range, it is assumed that the coagulation factors are above 30%, and that postprocedural bleeding should not be a major concern.3 However, a normal coagulation screen does not reflect a patient’s risk of bleeding during interventional procedures.4 Furthermore, abnormally prolonged APTT does not directly correlate with the severity of bleeding, and the replacement therapy may lead to the increased risk of thrombosis.5 The fibrinolytic system is not assessed by standard coagulation screening. Acquired hyperfibrinolysis is observed in a variety of clinical …
Lower Neck Injury Assessment Risk Curves Based on Matched-Pair Human Data for Anthropomorphic Test Devices

Introduction Under G +x accelerative loading, the Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) is used to advance human safety. Although injury assessment risk curves (IARCs) are available at the level of the occipital condyles (commonly termed as upper neck), they do not exist for the cervical-thoracic junction (lower neck). The objectives of this study are to develop IARCs under G +x impact accelerations for the Hybrid III ATD and test device for human occupant restraint (THOR) ATD at the cervical thoracic junction. Methods A series of Hybrid III ATD tests were conducted using input conditions that matched previously published cadaver tests. A separate series of THOR-ATD tests were conducted using the same input conditions that matched the same previously published cadaver tests. This type of experimental design where the cadaver input condition is the same as the ATD tests are termed matched-pair tests (Cadaver-Hybrid III and Cadaver-THOR-ATD). Injury outcomes from human cadaver tests were used with loads at the cervical thoracic junction, measured in the ATD tests. Data were censored based on injury outcomes and the number of tests conducted on each specimen. Parametric survival analysis was used to derive IARCs for cervical thoracic junction force-, moment-, and interaction-based lower neck injury criterion (LNic). Results Injuries were scored according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale scheme. Abbreviated Injury Scale 1 or 2 was scored as injured. The 50% risk levels for the Hybrid III ATD were 315 N, 70 Nm, and 1.12 for the cervical thoracic A/P shear force-, sagittal plane extension moment-, and LNic-based injury criterion, respectively. Results for the THOR ATD were 261 N, 69 Nm, and 1.51. Conclusions This is the first study to develop cervical thoracic junction IARCs for the ATDs based on force, moment, and LNic for posterior to anterior loading.
Traumatic experiences among individuals with severe mental illnesses on probation

BACKGROUND The large and growing number of individuals with severe mental illnesses who are on probation presents challenges to both mental health and criminal justice authorities. The clinical and mental health service needs of probationers with severe mental illnesses have however, been insufficiently researched, particularly with respect to trauma and the need for trauma-informed services. AIMS To explore the lifetime prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among people on probation who also have other serious mental illnesses and their demographic characteristics. METHODS Individuals on probation in six counties in one southeastern state who had been diagnosed with severe mental illnesses were assessed for PTSD; they were also asked whether they had experienced any of 14 traumatic events of interest over their lifetimes. RESULTS Of 207 participants, about half had clinically diagnosable PTSD. Nearly two-thirds had experienced more than five traumatic events during their lifetimes: 86% experienced at least one non-interpersonal traumatic event, such as a car accident, and 90% experienced at least one interpersonal traumatic event, such as a physical assault. The latter was the single most frequently reported traumatic event (80%, n = 160). PTSD was, on average, associated with a higher number of prior traumatic experiences overall. CONCLUSIONS In one state in the USA, rates of trauma experiences and PTSD among probationers with other mental illnesses are high. Relative to prisoners, little is known about the mental health needs among probationers, so replication in a larger sample across jurisdictions would be useful. Findings are likely to have implications for form of service delivery as well as treatment needs.
Patterns of Screen Time Parenting Practices among Parent-Adolescent Dyads Who Participated in a Cross-Sectional Internet-Based Study.

Background: Little is known about the simultaneous use of screen time (ST) parenting practices in children. Hence, study objectives were to determine patterns of ST parenting practices and associat...
Integer programming formulations for minimum spanning forests and connected components in sparse graphs

In this paper, we first review several integer programming formulations for the minimum spanning tree problem, and then adapt these formulations for solving the minimum spanning forest problem in sparse graphs. Some properties for the spanning forest and connected components are studied, and then we present the integer programming formulation for finding the largest connected component, which has been widely used for network vulnerability analysis.
Multidimensional scaling: Some econometric applications

Abstract Multidimensional scaling algorithms seek N points, in M-dimensional space, whose interpoint distances match in some sense the experimental dissimilarities of N variables. The dissimilarity coefficients may be qualitative and of diverse kinds. For M = 2 or 3, complex relationships can be depicted graphically and summarized succinctly. Prevalence of bulky correlation matrices in econometric research suggests multidimensional scaling may prove a helpful tool.
Neurotransmitter Switching? No Surprise

Among the many forms of brain plasticity, changes in synaptic strength and changes in synapse number are particularly prominent. However, evidence for neurotransmitter respecification or switching has been accumulating steadily, both in the developing nervous system and in the adult brain, with observations of transmitter addition, loss, or replacement of one transmitter with another. Natural stimuli can drive these changes in transmitter identity, with matching changes in postsynaptic transmitter receptors. Strikingly, they often convert the synapse from excitatory to inhibitory or vice versa, providing a basis for changes in behavior in those cases in which it has been examined. Progress has been made in identifying the factors that induce transmitter switching and in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which it is achieved. There are many intriguing questions to be addressed.
An evaluation of various methods of vaginal asepsis.

Abstract Three hundred twenty-five unselected gynecologic patients were divided into seven groups and were prepared for surgery by the use of bichloride of mercury douches, Merthiolate and glycerin vaginal instillations, Furacin vaginal suppositories, Ceepryn vaginal suppositories, penicillin vaginal suppositories, penicillin and streptomycin vaginal suppositories, and no vaginal medication, respectively. Quantitative vaginal cultures were taken on admission and immediately preoperatively on all patients. Postoperative cultures were taken on the fourth postoperative day on the majority of patients. Quantitative cultures showed penicillin vaginal suppositories and penicillin and streptomycin vaginal suppositories to be definitely more effective than the other antibacterial agents used in this series in the preoperative vaginal preparation of the gynecologic patient. Postoperative use of penicillin vaginal suppositories and penicillin and streptomycin vaginal suppositories maintained a nearly sterile field for healing in the majority of cases.
Early life lead exposure causes gender-specific changes in the DNA methylation profile of DNA extracted from dried blood spots.

Aims: In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that early life lead (Pb) exposure associated DNA methylation (5 mC) changes are dependent on the sex of the child and can serve as biomarkers for Pb exposure. Methods: In this pilot study, we measured the 5mC profiles of DNA extracted from dried blood spots (DBS) in a cohort of 43 children (25 males and 18 females; ages from 3 months to 5 years) from Detroit. Result & Discussion: We found that the effect of Pb-exposure on the 5-mC profiles can be separated into three subtypes: affected methylation loci which are conserved irrespective of the sex of the child (conserved); affected methylation loci unique to males (male-specific); and affected methylation loci unique to females (female-specific).
Effect of monensin on plant Golgi: re-examination of the monensin-induced changes in cisternal architecture and functional activities of the Golgi apparatus of sycamore suspension-cultured cells

We have re-examined the effects of the ionophore monensin on the Golgi apparatus of sycamore maple suspension-cultured cells using a combination of high pressure freezing, immunocytochemical and biochemical techniques. Exposure of the cells to 10 microM monensin, which reduces protein secretion by approximately 90%, resulted first in the swelling of the trans-Golgi network, then of the trans-most trans-cisterna, the remaining trans-cisternae, and finally of the cis and medial cisternae. We postulate that these different rates of swelling reflect an underlying hierarchy of compartmental acidification with the trans-Golgi network being the most acidic compartment. Recovery occurred in the reverse sequence. Previous studies have suggested that the large swollen vesicles that accumulate in the cytoplasm of monensin-treated cells arise from the swelling and detachment of entire trans-cisternae. However, based on the many membrane blebbing configurations seen in association with the trans-Golgi network and the trans-Golgi cisternae of monensin-treated cells, and the fact that the surface area of the trans-Golgi cisternae is about five times greater than the surface area of the swollen vesicles, it appears that the swollen vesicles are produced by a budding mechanism. After 35–40 min of monensin treatment, cells with smaller, non-swollen, compact Golgi stacks began to appear and rapidly increased in number, contributing > 60% of the cell population after 60 min and > 80% after 100 min. In contrast, large numbers of swollen vesicles persisted in the cytoplasm of all cells for over 100 min. Since azide treatment of monensin-treated cells can prematurely induce the unswelling response and cellular ATP levels drop substantially after 45 min of monensin treatment, we propose that un-swelling of the Golgi stacks is due to a monensin-induced decline in ATP levels in the cells. Immunocytochemical labeling of the high pressure frozen cells with anti-xyloglucan antibodies demonstrated that the concentration of xyloglucan, a hemicellulose, in the swollen vesicles increased with time. This increase in vesicle contents may explain why these swollen vesicles do not contract in parallel with the Golgi stacks. In vivo labeling experiments with [3H]fucose, [3H]UDP-glucose and [3H]leucine demonstrated that monensin-treatment not only inhibited protein secretion, but also cellulose synthesis. Protein synthesis, on the other hand, was reduced only slightly during the first 30 min of treatment, but quite strongly between 30 and 60 min, consistent with the observed drop in ATP levels after > 40 min of exposure to monensin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Path Not Taken: Hans Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law in the Land of Legal Realists

This Essay is a contribution to a volume on the influence of Hans Kelsen’s legal theory in over a dozen countries. The Essay offers four explanations for the failure of Kelsen’s pure theory of law to take hold in the United States. Part I covers the argument that Kelsen’s approach failed in the United States because it is inferior to H. L. A. Hart’s brand of legal positivism. Part II discusses the historical context in which Kelsen taught and published in the United States and explores both philosophical and sociological reasons why the legal academy in the United States rejected Kelsen’s approach. Part III addresses the pedagogical obstacles to bringing Kelsen’s Pure Theory into classrooms in the United States. The final section addresses the U.S. legal academy’s continuing resistance to the pure theory of law. The vehemence with which legal scholars within the United States rejected Kelsen’s philosophy of law is best understood as a product of numerous factors, some philosophical, some political and some having to do with professional developments within the legal academy itself. Because the causal significance of philosophical and political opposition to Kelsen’s legal philosophy has been overstated, this Essay supplements those explanatory models with a sociological account of the U.S. legal academy’s rejection of Kelsen’s pure theory of law.
Acute coagulopathy in a porcine venous hemorrhage and ischemia reperfusion model.

Abstract Background Injury-related coagulopathy is a complex process. We analyzed coagulation in a swine model of shock using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM). Methods Forty-eight swine underwent laparotomy, 35% hemorrhage, supraceliac aortic cross-clamp, then reperfusion and resuscitation. ROTEM measurements and standard labs were taken at baseline and 6 hours into resuscitation. Results Clot formation time (98 vs 53 seconds, P = .001) and international normalized ratio (1.67 vs 1.01, P Conclusions ROTEM demonstrated the development of an acute coagulopathy. The most significant impacts on coagulopathy were seen with clot initiation and fibrin polymerization. Clot strength decreased over time, although there was little impact on clot breakdown because of fibrinolysis.
Thermodynamic driving forces for PAH isomerization and growth during thermal treatment of polluted soils

Abstract For a limiting case of thermodynamic equilibrium, the importance of two classes of thermal chemical reactions that modify the structure and bioactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was assessed computationally. These reactions are molecular weight (MW) growth by acetylene addition, and intramolecular rearrangement (isomerization). Temperatures (300–1100°C), and the chemical environment (C2H2/H2 molar ratios) were selected for relevancy to thermal treatment of PAH-contaminated soils under oxygen-free conditions. Molecular mechanics methods [MM3(92)] were used to compute thermochemical properties for calculation of equilibrium constants, i.e., heats of formation, standard entropies, and heat capacities for 30 PAH with empirical formulae C14H10, C16H10, C18H10, C18H12, C20H10, and C20H12. Included were 11 PAH containing only six-membered rings and 19 PAH containing both five- and six-membered rings. For each of these PAH the calculations predict that with increasing temperature, isomerization increases the “complexity” of the PAH mixture, i.e., the relative abundance of each PAH isomer in the mixture other than the most stable isomer, increases. Isomerization also partially transforms non-mutagens to mutagens, e.g., pyrene and benzo[e]pyrene to fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene, respectively, and partially converts cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene (CPEP) and chrysene, both human cell mutagens, to one and three additional human cell mutagens, respectively. Acetylene addition transforms the non-mutagens phenanthrene and pyrene to the mutagens triphenylene and CPEP, respectively. Some of the predicted PAH have been observed elsewhere among the products of aromatics pyrolysis. This study elucidates PAH reactivity for comparison with measurements, and identifies PAH reactions to be monitored and avoided in soil thermal decontamination and other waste remediation processes.
The WOW factor: Creating value through win-back offers to reacquire lost customers

Abstract Customer reacquisition provides firms with high financial and service improvement benefits. The implications of this research are meant to stimulate a new research stream towards a theory of customer reacquisition management as well as to provide service firms with a framework to regain defected customers. Through two studies, we develop an empirical model that identifies the factors driving win-back offer effectiveness. The findings indicate that, in order for win-back offers to be effective, service providers must consider a customer's reasons for leaving and their relationships with the current service provider. Value determinants (price and service benefits provided in the win-back offer), social capital and service importance play a prominent role in shaping customer switch-back intentions regardless of the level of previous satisfaction, regret, or delight with the new service provider.
Effects of ecdysone, ecdysterone, and inokosterone on the in vitro initiation of metamorphosis of wing disks of Galleria mellonella.

Abstract Wing disks of Galleria mellonella initiated metamorphosis when cultured in vitro with ecdysone, ecdysterone, or inokosterone. Even disks from the early part of the final larval stadium were competent to respond to these hormones in vitro . Wing disks synthesized DNA during the first 24 hr of culture, but did not continue to do so unless they were cultured in the presence of ecydsone. Ecdysone-analogues had no effect on DNA synthesis in these experiments. These observations suggest that ecdysone and ecdysterone may have distinct roles in vivo .
Polyps of the rectum

A DISCUSSION of this subject seems important for three primary reasons : The incidence of the condition is higher than generalIy supposed; the marked tendency for these tumors to undergo malignant degeneration is not suff~cientIy appreciated, and the majority are amenabIe to offIce measures of treatment. A polyp can be defined as any peduncuIated or sessile growth projecting into the Iumen of the bowe1, either the resuIt of hypertrophy or hyperplasia of the mucous membrane, or else as a benign true tumor. These growths in genera1 may be classified as foIIows: of the different investigators having coined a word which they fee1 best describes the condition. The congenita1 type includes those cases usuaIIy appearing in adoIescent or early adult life in which a strong famiIia1 trait is evident, and which gives no history of previous inflammatory or uIcerative disease. The acquired type of muItipIe polyposis designates those cases which foIIow extensive inflammatory disease such as uIcerative coIitis, baciIIary dysentery, amebiasis and tuberculosis of the coIon.
A linear/angular interferometer capable of measuring large angular motion

A novel linear and angular interferometric heterodyne system, capable of measuring large angular motion, is proposed. The interferometric system has a high linear-displacement resolution of 1.24 nm while the angular-displacement resolution can reach 0.0025 arcsec. By combining the advantages of the interferometer with a retroreflector and the interferometer with a plane-mirror reflector, the proposed interferometric measurement system allows a desirable transverse motion and rotational motion along any of the three orthogonal directions. Using a retroreflector with a diameter of 38.1 mm, the translational range in the transverse directions is no less than 20 mm × 10 mm while the angular range along any axis is no less than 10°. The angular readings can be used to compensate the linear outputs in real time when the Abbe error occurs. This ability has been demonstrated by the experiments.
Prognostic Significance of Targetable Angiogenic and Growth Factors in Patients Undergoing Resection for Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancers

Background Circulating factors in patients with gastric/gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancers may promote tumor progression and metastasis and may be targeted for therapy.
A Comparison of Knowledges, Attitudes, and Behaviors before and after Major Revisions in a University Health Promotion Course

Abstract The effects of a university health-promotion course were evaluated before and after major course revision. Knowledges, attitudes, and behaviors were assessed at the beginning and end of the class for all students taking the original course during 1987–88 (n=195) and the revised course during 1988–89 (n=250). The content areas addressed were exercise, nutrition, substance abuse, stress management, safety, cancer, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Course revisions involved altering content emphases, adding a series of quizzes, expanding the assigned readings, incorporating nutrition and substance abuse self-evaluations, and providing detailed lecture outlines for students and instructors. Within-group analyses showed that both courses produced significant (P<.05) improvements in various knowledges and attitudes, whereas fewer behavioral modifications were realized. Between-group comparisons revealed that the revised course yielded enhanced benefits in terms of increased knowledges in the areas of s...
The bargaining genre: A study of retail encounters in traditional Chinese local markets

This article characterizes a spoken genre, bargaining, found in retail encounters in traditional markets in southern China. Analysis of substantive acts in 38 tape-recorded interactions shows that verbal and nonverbal actions within the event carry a small set of illocutionary forces germane to negotiating price and quantity. Analysis of ritual acts that mark boundaries of the event shows that participants behave primarily as outgroup persons seeking to transact business. Bargaining hence constitutes a primary genre (Bakhtin 1986), a textual form that shows domination of a transaction frame over a consultation and a valet frame, and a communicative purpose that is tightly circumscribed around the exchange of commodities and not relationship. A socially oriented form of genre analysis is apt for elucidating the speakers' strategic use of generic resources, as well as investigating development in retail marketing in the PRC, marked by growing popularity of new retail outlets and changing consumer attitudes.
Helicobacter pylori and dyspepsia: a population-based study of the organism and host

OBJECTIVE: The role of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection in dyspepsia in the absence of peptic ulcer remains controversial. Specific attributes of the organism or the host response may be important. We aimed to determine whether HP infection overall, CagA status, serum gastrin, or serum pepsinogen levels are associated with dyspepsia in the community. METHODS: A self-report bowel disease questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of Olmsted County, Minnesota residents, aged 20–50 yr. All respondents who reported symptoms of dyspepsia or irritable bowel syndrome (cases) and all respondents without significant GI symptoms (controls) were invited to participate (n = 260). They were each assessed by a physician and their medical records reviewed. Serum was obtained to measure HP and CagA antibodies, pepsinogen I and II levels, and basal serum gastrin using validated assays. RESULTS: Of the 148 (57%) subjects who agreed to participate, 36 had dyspepsia (17 had ulcer-like dyspepsia), 35 had irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) without dyspepsia, and 77 were asymptomatic. The proportion who were seropositive for HP were 17% in dyspepsia (24% in ulcer-like dyspepsia), 20% in IBS, and 12% in asymptomatic controls. HP was not associated with dyspepsia, ulcer-like dyspepsia, or IBS after adjusting for age. Pepsinogen levels and serum gastrin were not associated with any of the conditions studied. However, CagA antibody positivity was associated with IBS (p < 0.05), and a borderline statistically significant association with dyspepsia was detected (p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: In this community, HP infection overall does not seem to explain dyspepsia, although the role of CagA-positive HP strains deserve further study.
Electro-optic effects in thin-film lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate

We report the deposition and characterization of highly oriented thin-film lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate (28/0/100) on fused-silica substrates by rf planar magnetron sputtering. The quadratic electro-optic effect gives a birefringence of Δn ∼ 0.018 at an applied field of 39 kV/mm. Optical modulation at a switching speed of <3 nsec (instrumentation limited) is achieved. Results of optically induced decay of the birefringence in these films are also reported.
Geopyxins A – E, ent-Kaurane Diterpenoids from Endolichenic Fungal Strains, Geopyxis aff. majalis and Geopyxis sp. AZ0066: Structure-Activity Relationships of Geopyxins and their Analogues

Four new ent-kaurane diterpenoids, geopyxins A–D (1–4), were isolated from Geopyxis aff. majalis, a fungus occurring in the lichen Pseudevernia intensa, whereas Geopyxis sp. AZ0066 inhabiting the same host afforded two new ent-kaurane diterpenoids, geopyxins E and F (5 and 6), together with 1 and 3. The structures of 1–6 were established on the basis of their spectroscopic data, while the absolute configurations were assigned using modified Mosher’s ester method. Methylation of 1–3, 5, and 6 gave their corresponding methyl esters 7–11. On acetylation, 1 and 7 yielded their corresponding monoacetates 12 and 14 and diacetates 13 and 15. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic and heat-shock induction activities. Compounds 2, 7–10, 12, 14, and 15 showed cytotoxic activity in the low micromolar range against all five cancer cell lines tested, but only compounds 7–9, 14, and 15 were found to activate the heat-shock response at similar concentrations. From a preliminary structure–activity perspective, ...
Physiological Disposition of Fenoprofen in Man II: Plasma and Urine Pharmacokinetics after Oral and Intravenous Administration

Two studies of dl-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propionic acid or fenoprofen are described. In these studies, the pharmacokinetic parameters of fenoprofen administered orally and intravenously were compared first and then urine and plasma kinetics were compared. The results indicate that: (a) fenoprofen is rapidly and efficiently absorbed from the GI tract; (b) fenoprofen is extensively metabolized, and it and its metabolites are rapidly eliminated from the body by the kidneys; and (c) good agreement exists between plasma and urinary kinetics.
Preparation of high-purity lithium by a gettering technique

Abstract Gettering with yttrium or cerium at 1100 K was used to prepare high-purity lithium for subsequent use in the preparation of lithium hydride. Yttrium decreased the average oxygen concentration in lithium to about 15 atomic ppm O; lithium hydride prepared from this lithium contained from 30 to 140 atomic ppm O. Carbon concentration in lithium was not affected by gettering with yttrium or cerium. Carbon and oxygen concentration were determined by photoactivation using gamma rays produced in a high electron energy linear accelerator.
The impact of student retention strategies: an empirical study

A major concern for institutions and instructors is the high dropout rate of students in online courses. This study investigated the impact of student retention strategies on retention rates in an online information systems course. A treatment group exposed to retention strategies related to student engagement, learning communities, student services and learner centred environments was compared with a control group. Results suggested that retention strategies may not impact retention rates. This is important as faculty are routinely encouraged to implement similar strategies in online course design and delivery.