cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Red Non-Facial Papules

A patient presents with itchy, red papules scattered over the trunk and/or extremities. Some or many lesions may be excoriated. A rare lesion may be lichenified. The differential diagnosis includes disorders with identifiable etiology, such as insect bite reaction, scabies, drug eruption, and “neutrophilic dermatosis,” and disorders without identifiable etiology that had been named prurigo simplex, subacute prurigo, prurigo mitis, “itchy red bump disease”, hypersensitivity reaction, and papular erythema. Two groups of disorders should be excluded (patients with generalized pruritus and excoriations without primary lesions and patients with delusions of parasitosis and secondary excoriations).
Heat Illness and Hypothermia

Children have impaired ability for effective thermoregulation. Environmental exposures and impaired intrinsic thermoregulation can lead to the catastrophic consequences from heat and cold injuries. The most severe form of heat related injury, heat stroke, involves extreme hyperthermia, neurologic impairment and progression to systemic inflammation, disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The mechanism of injury involves the inflammatory cascade, heat shock proteins, gut endotoxin translocation, and the systemic effects of direct thermal injury. Immediate rapid cooling and support of organ function are the mainstays of treatment. Accidental cold injuries commonly present with associated trauma. Regional frostbite and systemic deterioration are progressive with prolonged exposures. Predictable clinical sequelae including neurologic depression and eventual cardiopulmonary arrest occur if uninterrupted. Aggressive rewarming techniques including extracorporeal methods have the potential for excellent neurologic outcomes even in severe cases.
Underwater Archaeology and the Internet

The emergence of the Internet is probably the most visible sign of what has come to be called the “Information Age.” Despite the hype and superlatives that often surround it, the Internet has made a fundamental change in the way most scholars do their work.
Activation of Heterologous Gene Expression by the Large Isoform of Hepatitis Delta Antigen

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) encodes two isoforms of its principal gene product, hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg). These two forms play distinctive and complementary roles in viral replication. Here we report that the large (LHDAg), but not the small (SHDAg), isoform of HDAg has the capacity to activate the expression of cotransfected genes driven by a variety of promoters, including the pre-S, S, and C promoters of hepatitis B virus. Mutational analysis of the C-terminal 19 amino acids unique to LHDAg shows that changing prolines to alanines in the two PXXP motifs in this region specifically ablates the activation function without abolishing another activity of LHDAg, namely, its ability to inhibit HDV RNA synthesis. However, C-terminal truncations that also disrupt these PXXP motifs only slightly diminished the activation function, indicating that the proline mutations were not acting by inactivating potential SH3 interactions that could be mediated by these motifs. Mutation of the isoprenylated cysteine to serine decreases but does not abolish the activation activity, and overexpression of SHDAg does not interfere with the transactivation function of LHDAg. Although the mechanism and biological significance of this activity of LHDAg remain unknown, the presence of this activity serves as yet another marker that functionally distinguishes this protein from the closely related isoform SHDAg.
Clathrate Hydrates in the Solar System

Clathrate hydrates are crystalline compounds in which an expanded ice lattice forms cages that contain gas molecules. There are two principal hydrate structures. Structure I, with a 12 A cubic unit cell, contains 46 water molecules and 8 cages of two types, giving an ideal formula (for CH4) of CH4•5.75H2O. The actual formula contains somewhat more water as the cages are not completely filled. Other examples that form Structure I hydrates are C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, CO2, SO2, OCS, Xe, H2S. Structure II, with a 17 A cubic unit cell, contains 136 water molecules, and 8 large and 16 small cages. The ideal formula for CHCI3 is CHCI3 17H2O. Other examples of Structure II hydrates include C3H8, C2H5C1, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran. Small molecules such as Ar, Kr and probably N2 and O2 also form a Structure II hydrate. The small molecules occupy both the large and small cages, giving an ideal formula of Ar 5.67H2O. The conditions of pressure and temperature for hydrate formation are discussed.
Fractionation of Human Lymphocytes with Plant Lectins: II. Lens Culinaris Lectin and Wheat Germ Agglutinin Identify Distinct Lymphocyte Subclasses

We have fractionated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) into distinct subclasses based upon differential adherence to the plant lectins wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Lens culinaris lectin (lentil-PHA), derivatized to gelatin surfaces in plastic tubes and Petri dishes. Fifteen to forty percent of PBL were adherent to WGA-derivatized gelatin. Binding studies with 125 I-WGA showed that, compared to unfractionated PBL which bound 31.9 × 10 6 WGA molecules/cell, adherent cells bound more (44.1 × 10 6 molecules/cell), and nonadherent cells bound less (20.4 × 10 6 molecules/cell) WGA. By contrast, there were no differences among these groups for binding of other plant lectins. When lentil-PHA-derivatized gelatin was used, 25 to 50% of PBL were adherent, and, as previously reported, adherent cells bound approximately 4 times as many lentil-PHA molecules as nonadherent cells, whereas there were no differences in binding of other lectins. Sequential fractionation studies indicated that the WGA- and lentil-PHA-selected subclasses were separate groups. The percentage of T and B lymphocytes and macrophages did not differ among the subclasses. WGA-selected and lentil-PHA-selected lymphocyte subpopulations responded differently to stimulation in vitro by a panel of plant mitogens. Human PBL contain a spectrum of cell subclasses with different lectin-binding capacities. These subclasses are functionally unique.
Debridement Techniques in Pediatric Trauma and Burn-Related Wounds.

Significance: Traumatic injuries are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the initial assessment and management of traumatic and burn wounds in children. Special attention is given to wound cleansing, debridement techniques, and considerations for pain management and psychosocial support for children and families. Recent Advances: Basic and translational research over the last 5–7 years has advanced our knowledge related to the optimal care of acute pediatric traumatic and burn wounds. Data concerning methods, volume, solution and timing for irrigation of acute traumatic wounds, timing and methods of wound debridement, including hydrosurgery and plasma knife coblation, and wound dressings are presented. Additionally, data concerning the long-term psychosocial outcomes following acute injury are presented. Critical Issues: The care of pediatric trauma and burn-related wounds requires prompt assessment, pain control, cleansing, deb...
Maximum k-coverings of weighted transitive graphs with applications

A weighted transitive graph is considered where each vertex is assigned a positive weight. Given a positive integer k, the maximum k-covering problem is to find k disjoint cliques covering a set of vertices with maximum total weight. An O(kn/sup 2/) time algorithm to solve the problem in a transitive graph is proposed, where n is the number of vertices. Based on this algorithm the weighted version of a number of VLSI problems can be solved-for example, k-layer topological via minimization, assignment of intervals into k tracks (with applications to channel routing), k-layer subset of multiterminal nets, and k-layer subset of nets in a leveled routing region (e.g. standard cells). The proposed technique solves several fundamental geometric and graph-theoretic problems. >
Modeling proton transfer potentials in angularly deformed hydrogen bonds

Earlier work demonstrated that either a simple fourth-order polynomial or a pair of Morse functions could be fit with high accuracy to model proton transfers across H-bonds. The work is extended here to a systematic set of angular distortions in the H2O‥H+‥OH2 and H3N‥H+‥NH3 systems. So long as the deformation does not impose a left-right asymmetry into the system, either of these types of functions can reproduce ab initio transfer potentials well. But the Morse potentials are superior in that neither stretches nor bends of the H-bonds cause large variation in the parameters. For those modes of angular distortion which introduce asymmetry into the transfer potential, the ab initio data can be accommodated by permitting small variations in two of the parameters in the Morse functions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characterization of the FGF axis and identification of a novel FGFR1iiic isoform during prostate cancer progression in the TRAMP model.

Characterization of the FGF axis and identification of a novel FGFR1iiic isoform during prostate cancer progression in the TRAMP model
SU‐GG‐J‐100: Guidelines for Optimizing Image Quality and Minimizing Technique‐Specific Uncertainties in 3D Ultrasound Imaging for Online Image Guided Radiotherapy of the Prostate

Purpose: To provide guidelines for improving image quality of ultrasound scans and to suggest specific techniques for optimal visualization and contouring of the prostate gland. Method and Materials: The Clarity™ 3D U/S‐IGRT system (Resonant Medical Inc., Montreal, Canada) is currently in clinical use as the standard practice at our institution for daily imaging of the prostate gland. The CT and U/S images are fused in the Clarity Workstation where the positioning reference volume is developed as the reference volume relative to which daily shifts are made. Primary factors in ensuring high quality U/S scans are the patient bladder filling and the therapist scanning technique. Therapists were asked to try four different scan techniques on the same patient at the same treatment session: angled scans and more vertical scans, each scan being acquired initially with no U/S probe pressure and then repeated with a firm and steady probe pressure. Inter‐user variability was assessed by evaluating scan techniques of different therapists and associating these techniques with the couch shifts. Results: A moderately full bladder allows for proper propagation of the ultrasonic signal thereby facilitating visualization of the prostate gland at the prostate‐bladder/rectum interfaces. To minimize variability in bladder filling each patient is given a set of written instructions at the time of consult, which stresses the importance of a proper bladder filling. Inter‐user variability was found to be significant (up to 8 mm) in some instances and was related primarily to the scanning technique. A recommended scanning technique is to use steady pressure on the U/S probe while scanning through bladder at an angle to avoid the shadow zone caused by the pubic bone. Conclusion: Patient bladder filling and the therapist scanning technique were found to be important factors in optimizing image quality for IGRT‐based U/S imaging of the prostate.
Present And Past Ice-Sheet Mass Balance Simulations For Greenland And The Tibetan Plateau

Net annual mass balance was evaluated for Greenland and the Tibetan Plateau using the meteorological forcings from the NCEP reanalysis and two GCMs (FOAM1.0 and CSM1.4) for modern climate and for different time periods extending back to the beginning of the Holocene (11,000 years ago) for the climate models. The ice-sheet budget calculations, using the degree day methodology, were performed on a finer grid than the model output by interpolating monthly precipitation and surface temperature and correcting the latter to account for the GCM’s smoothed topography. The computed net mass balance for Greenland in the present day is positive and it ranges between 290–300 mm water equivalent (w.e.)/year for the two models, values close to the NCEP estimate of 250 mm/year. The past climate simulations show that the Greenland mass balance has become slightly more positive since the beginning of the Holocene. The Tibetan Plateau’s present-day area average net mass balance is negative and ranges between –1200 and –2000 mm w.e. /year for the two models, values bracketing the NCEP estimate of 1700 mm/year, although the balance is positive over small regions of the plateau consistent with the existence of small ice caps and glaciers. The calculated past mass balance shows an increasingly less negative value for FOAM from 11,000 years ago towards the present and expansion of the positive mass balance areas, mainly due to decreased snow ablation as the summertime insolation decreases with the changes in orbital forcing; in CSM the opposite trend occurs but changes are smaller and less systematic. The result from FOAM shows that the likelihood of ice sheets developing on the Tibetan Plateau may have increased since 11000 years ago, which is consistent with some glacial records.
The verification of printability about marginal defects and the detectability at the inspection tool in sub 50nm node

Since mask design rule is smaller and smaller, Defects become one of the issues dropping the mask yield. Furthermore controlled defect size become smaller while masks are manufactured. According to ITRS roadmap on 2007, controlled defect size is 46nm in 57nm node and 36nm in 45nm node on a mask. However the machine development is delayed in contrast with the speed of the photolithography development. Generally mask manufacturing process is divided into 3 parts. First part is patterning on a mask and second part is inspecting the pattern and repairing the defect on the mask. At that time, inspection tools of transmitted light type are normally used and are the most trustful as progressive type in the developed inspection tools until now. Final part is shipping the mask after the qualifying the issue points and weak points. Issue points on a mask are qualified by using the AIMS (Aerial image measurement system). But this system is including the inherent error possibility, which is AIMS measures the issue points based on the inspection results. It means defects printed on a wafer are over the specific size detected by inspection tools and the inspection tool detects the almost defects. Even though there are no tools to detect the 46nm and 36nm defects suggested by ITRS roadmap, this assumption is applied to manufacturing the 57nm and 45nm device. So we make the programmed defect mask consisted with various defect type such as spot, clear extension, dark extension and CD variation on L/S(line and space), C/H(contact hole) and Active pattern in 55nm and 45nm node. And the programmed defect mask was inspected by using the inspection tool of transmitted light type and was measured by using AIMS 45-193i. Then the marginal defects were compared between the inspection tool and AIMS. Accordingly we could verify whether defect size is proper or not, which was suggested to be controlled on a mask by ITRS roadmap. Also this result could suggest appropriate inspection tools for next generation device among the inspection tools of transmitted light type, reflected light type and aerial image type.
Influence of the Braid on transition temperatures as obtained by torsional Braid analysis

Torsional Braid Analysis (TBA), like many other sample-supported techniques, measures the transition temperatures of a polymer deposited on an elastic support. It is shown here that any polymer transition found by the location of the maximum in the log decrement Δ (or loss tangent tan δ) of a composite shifts to lower temperatures as the rigidity (or modulus) of the elastic support is increased. The magnitude of this temperature decrease is larger for transitions at which a composite has a larger support-to-polymer rigidity ratio. In general the above conclusions hold even with unsupported systems if the rigidity (or modulus) of the sample can be increased without interfering with the polymer domain under investigation, for example, by crosslinking one of two phases of microphase-separated co-polymers.
Can newborn infants distinguish between tone and noise

Full-term newborn infants were exposed to sounds produced alternatively either as tone at d = 293 Hz or as noise, each at a sound level of approximately 85 dB. In almost all cases, the infants were disturbed by noise but not by tone. The results suggest that the psychological distinction between tone and noise is inborn rather than conditioned.
Two portraits of the humean moral agent

Among contemporary ethicists, Hume is perhaps best known for his views about morality's practical import and his spectator–centered account of moral evaluation. Yet according to the so–called “spectator complaint”, these two aspects of Hume's moral theory cannot be reconciled with one another. I argue that the answer to the spectator complaint lies in Hume's account of “goodness” and “greatness of mind”. Through a discussion of these two virtues, Hume makes clear the connection between his views about moral motivation and his understanding of moral evaluation by providing us with two portraits of the Humean moral agent.
Limit on charge symmetry breaking in the optical model and the Coulomb energy anomaly

Cross sections for elastic scattering of neutrons from $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ have been measured at 30.3 and 40.0 MeV and analyzed to obtain optical-model potentials. The optical potentials for neutron and proton scattering are found to be very similar after a correction for Coulomb effects, indicating that a static charge-symmetry-breaking Hartree potential is too small to explain the Coulomb-energy anomaly for bound states.
Lean and Mean: US Meat-Packing in an Era of Agro-Industrial Restructuring

A new wave of agro-industrialization has taken place in the US pork sector since the mid-1980s, Driven by changes in consumer demand and by restructuring in US meat-packing, agro-industrialization is centered around lean-meat production and involves alterations in genetics, feeding regimes, facilities construction, and management practices ‘down on the farm’, Two main expressions of intensive accumulation in US meat-packing are evident, but the lean-meat imperative is integral to both, There is a movement towards an increased scale and standardization of production as major meat-packing firms develop value-added meats for general consumption. Counter to this is the manufacture of boutique meats by firms that are poised to exploit health and food safety-related challenges to energy-intensive and capital-intensive ‘productivist’ agriculture, In this paper the current thrust of agro-industrialization in the US pork sector is examined in historical perspective, within the rise, decline, and recomposition of t...
Liberty, Protection, and Women's Work: Investigating the Boundaries between Public and Private

During the Progressive Era, the U. S. state and federal courts considered constitutional challenges to protective labor legislation. While courts often struck down generalized protective legislation, they frequently upheld such legislation for women. I explore the reasoning in the cases decided between 1897 and 1923, showing that the courts developed understandings of liberty for women that differed from those for men. In opposition to traditional separate spheres reasoning, I show that the courts viewed men's exercise of liberty as depending on their private capacities to be free, while women's labor was subject to public control due to state interest in their reproductive capacities. I suggest that constitutional theorists who are studying substantive due process should place more emphasis on courts'conceptions of the subjects of due process guarantees rather than considering solely the challenged statutes' restriction of liberty. I develop a dynamic and complex understanding of liberty to capture this aspect of the relationship between constitutional theory and gender.
Order-of-Entry Effects on Consumer Memory and Judgment: An Information Integration Perspective:

Several studies have shown that pioneering brands are preferred to later entrants. The “pioneering advantage” is remarkably robust and has been observed across a wide variety of products and contex...
A Crystallographic Model for the Tensile and Fatigue Response for René N4 at 982°C

An anisotropic constitutive model based on crystallographic slip theory was formulated for nickel-base single-crystal superalloys. The current equations include both drag stress and back stress state variables to model the local inelastic flow. Specially designed experiments have been conducted to evaluate the existence of back stress in single crystals. The results showed that the back stress effect of reverse inelastic flow on the unloading stress is orientation-dependent, and a back stress state variable in the inelastic flow equation is necessary for predicting inelastic behavior. Model correlations and predictions of experimental data are presented for the single crystal superalloy Rene N4 at 982 C.
Comparative Expression Profiles of Midgut Genes in Dengue Virus Refractory and Susceptible Aedes aegypti across Critical Period for Virus Infection

Background Aedes aegypti is the primary mosquito vector for dengue virus (DENV) worldwide. Infectivity of dengue virus varies among natural populations of this mosquito. How A. aegypti responds to DENV infection relative to which genes and associated pathways contribute to its differential susceptibility as a vector is not well defined.
Phase Differential Enhancement of FLIM to Distinguish FRET Components of a Biosensor for Monitoring Molecular Activity of Membrane Type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase in Live Cells

Fluorescence lifetime-resolved imaging microscopy (FLIM) has been used to monitor the enzymatic activity of a proteolytic enzyme, Membrane Type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), with a recently developed FRET-based biosensor in vitro and in live HeLa and HT1080 cells. MT1-MMP is a collagenaise that is involved in the destruction of extra-cellular matrix (ECM) proteins, as well as in various cellular functions including migration. The increased expression of MT1-MMP has been positively correlated with the invasive potential of tumor cells. However, the precise spatiotemporal activation patterns of MT1-MMP in live cells are still not well-established. The activity of MT1-MMP was examined with our biosensor in live cells. Imaging of live cells was performed with full-field frequency-domain FLIM. Image analysis was carried out both with polar plots and phase differential enhancement. Phase differential enhancement, which is similar to phase suppression, is shown to facilitate the differentiation between different conformations of the MT1-MMP biosensor in live cells when the lifetime differences are small. FLIM carried out in differential enhancement or phase suppression modes, requires only two acquired phase images, and permits rapid imaging of the activity of MT1-MMP in live cells.
Quantitation of enantiospecific adsorption on chiral nanoparticles from optical rotation

Abstract Au nanoparticles modified with enantiomerically pure d - or l -cysteine have been shown to serve as enantioselective adsorbents of R- and S-propylene oxide. A simple adsorption model and accompanying experimental protocol have been developed to enable optical rotation measurements to be analyzed for quantitative determination of the ratios of the enantiospecific adsorption equilibrium constants of chiral species on the surfaces of chiral nanoparticles, K L S / K D S = K D R / K L R . This analysis is robust in the sense that it obviates the need to measure the absolute surface area of the absorbent nanoparticles, a quantity that is somewhat difficult to obtain accurately. This analysis has been applied to optical rotation data obtained from solutions of R- and S-propylene oxide, in varying concentration ratios, with d - and l -cysteine coated Au nanoparticles, in varying concentration ratios.
Crystal growth, electrical resistivity and lattice parameters of RuO2 and IrO2

Abstract Chemical vapor transport methods have been used to grow single crystals of IrO2 and RuO2 in all silica systems. The morphology of the crystals was generally rod-like; extensive twinning was often observed. The twin plane found in RuO2 was (301) and in IrO2 was (101). Lattice parameters were determined at room temperature. Residual (electrical) resistivity ratios ( θ (300°) θ (4.2°) from 180 to to > 4000 were obtained for RuO2 and values of ∼ 1200 for IrO2. No simple correlation was found between growth conditions (temperature and atmosphere) and the variations in lattice parameters and/or resistivity ratios.
Cross-Class Inhibition of Elastolytic Cysteine Proteinases by the Human Serpin SCCA1. • 1824

In disorders such as asthma, cystic fibrosis and bronchitis, the bronchial mucosa is injured by neutrophil-derived degradative enzymes such as cathepsin G (catG) and elastase. Damaged epithelial cells exacerbate the injury by releasing lysosomal cysteine proteinases (LCPs) capable of degrading extracellular matrix. The LCPs catK and S are of particular concern, since they are potent elastolytic agents and are active at both acidic and neutral pH. We hypothesize that the bronchial mucosa has evolved an antiproteinase defense system to protect against excessive LCP activity. We identified two high-molecular-weight serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins), SCCA1 and SCCA2. These molecules are 92% identical at the amino acid level and are highly expressed in cells of the bronchial epithelium and glands. Kinetic analysis shows that SCCA2 is a potent inhibitor of the chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases, catG and mast cell chymase. In contrast, SCCA1 inhibited members of the papain-like LCP family. To confirm that SCCA1 was a specific inhibitor and not just a preferred substrate for LCPs, we performed a kinetic analysis. Typical of serpins, SCCA1 formed tight complexes with catS, L, and K at a stoichiometry of 1:1 and with second order rate constants(kass)=5, 3, and 1 × 105 M1 sec-1, respectively. These rate constants are comparable to those measured for serpin-serine proteinase interactions. To determine whether SCCA1 could inhibit degradation of complex substrates, we measured the inhibition of3 H-elastin degradation by catK. SCCA1 inhibited elastolytic activity by 80% and on a molar basis was more potent than the archetypal cysteine proteinase inhibitor, cystatin C (cysC). Finally, we compared the first order rate constants(kdiss) and kass for the interactions of catS with either cysC vs. SCCA1 by progress curves. The catS-cysC complex association and dissociation = 4 × 105M1 sec-1 and 2 × 10-4 sec, respectively. The complex half-life (t1/2) was 55 minutes. For the catS-SCCA1 interactions, the kass=1 × 105M1 sec-1, but the kdiss was not measured since no dissociation of the complex was detected. Thus, a minimal estimate of the catS-SCCA1 t1/2 was 1155 minutes. These results show that relative to cysC, SCCA1 was slightly slower to form complexes with catS, but once formed were extremely long lived. We conclude that SCCA1 is a bona fide cross-class inhibitor of elastolytic LCPs and that its location in the bronchial mucosa may serve to limit mucosal injury mediated the leakage of endogenous proteinases.
Regulation of circadian rhythmicity

Daily rhythms in many behavioral, physiological, and biochemical functions are generated by endogenous oscillators that function as internal 24-hour clocks. Under natural conditions, these oscillators are synchronized to the daily environmental cycle of light and darkness. Recent advances in locating circadian pacemakers in the brain and in establishing model systems promise to shed light on the cellular and biochemical mechanisms involved in the generation and regulation of circadian rhythms.
The psychological sting of stigma: The costs of attributing ostracism to racism

Laboratory-based research with university students demonstrates that ostracism is reflexively painful, depletes fundamental needs, and is highly resistant to variations in situational context or individual differences. Employing a representative sample of 614 US White and African American adults, we sought to (1) demonstrate the utility of using Cyberball on a broader non-college sample, and examine (2) whether attributing ostracism to racial prejudice mediates recovery. Participants in an Internet version of Cyberball were either included or ostracized by two other players (both White or both Black), and reported their level of distress before and after making attributions for treatment during the game. Overall, reflexive needs were threatened by ostracism, but more so for Blacks. Whites attributed ostracism to racism when the other players were Black. Blacks attributed ostracism to racism when the other players were White or Black. Within a few minutes, participants reported feeling less distress, but attributing ostracism to racial prejudice impeded their recovery.
Teratogenic compounds of Veratrum californicum (Durand). VII. The structure of the glycosidic alkaloid cycloposine.

Abstract The structure was elucidated of a polar, glycosidic alkaloid, cycloposine, from Veratrum californicum , known to produce fetal cyclopia and related central nervous system malformations in sheep. Data from I.R., N.M.R., mass spectrometry and other means identified the structure as 3-glucosylcyclopamine. Thus, it is the glycoside of another teratogenic alkaloid, cyclopamine (11-deoxojervine) and hence 3-glucosyl-11-deoxojervine.
Over-expression of hepatic neutral cytosolic cholesteryl ester hydrolase in mice increases free cholesterol and reduces expression of HMG-CoAR, CYP27, and CYP7A1

Hepatic neutral cytosolic cholesteryl ester hydrolase (hncCEH) is a key enzyme in the regulation of hepatic free cholesterol (FC). In examining the effects of over-expression of this enzyme on cholesterol homeostasis, mice were infected with a recombinant adenovirus construct (AdCEH) of the rat hncCEH cDNA driven by the human cytomegalovirus promoter. Cholesteryl esterase and p-nitrophenylcaprylate (PNPC) esterase activities were measured in liver postmitochondrial supernatants at 1, 3, 7, and 11 d after infection with AdCEH or a control virus expressing β-galactosidase (AdβGAL). The PNPC esterase activity of AdCEH mice peaked threefold higher than controls on day 2, declining on subsequent days. In contrast, cholesteryl esterase peaked eightfold higher than controls on day 3, indicating a shift in substrate selectivity of hncCEH. Hepatic FC peaked at 144% of controls, 7 d postinfection. The mRNAs for cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, sterol 27-hydroxylase, and HMG-CoA reductase decreased to 47, 46, and 58% of controls, respectively, on day 7, coinciding with peak FC concentrations. Coiniding with increased cholesteryl esterase activity, hepatic esterified cholesterol dropped precipitously from day 3 onward, to 11% of controls by day 11. Hepatic TAG levels also declined, consistent with the reported TAG lipase activity of hncCEH. These results demonstrate elevation of FC and depletion of cholesteryl esters by over-expression of hncCEH, which were resistant to compensatory responses by other enzymes of cholesterol homeostasis.
The photoovicidal activity of plant components towardsDrosophila melanogaster

Phenylheptatriyne, alpha-terthienyl, and 8-methoxypsoralen are 3 natural products which, in combination with long wavelength ultraviolet light (UVA), prevent the eggs ofDrosophila melanogaster from hatching. Both phenylheptatriyne anda-terthienyl display ovicidal activity in the dark as well, but the irradiation step increased it 37-and 4333-fold respectively. The photoovicidal activity of 8-MOP was 1/10 that of PHT. This new type of activity for natural products perhaps contributes to the natural protection of plants from insects.
History of the Forecasters

An analysis of semiannual Wall Street Journal long-term interest rate forecasts made since 1982 by a panel of distinguished economic experts shows that the consensus forecast of long-term U.S. Treasury bond yield changes is poor. A naive forecast is more accurate.
Hamster and Rat Pineal Gland β‐Adrenoceptor Characterization With Iodocyanopindolol and the Effect of Decreased Catecholamine Synthesis on the Receptor

Rat and hamster pineal glands were used in binding studies to characterize their beta-adrenoceptors with a new specific antagonist ligand, iodocyanopindolol. The receptors were saturable, and the ligand was selective and demonstrated stereospecificity for both species. The rat pineal had a 20-fold greater density of beta-adrenoceptors, while the affinity was one-third that of the hamster pineal. utilizing this radioligand, we examined the effects of decreased sympathetic input to the pineal on beta-adrenergic receptors in both species. Decreased noradrenergic input to the pineal gland of the hamster was accomplished by superior cervical ganglionectomy, or by exposing the animals to continuous light for 36 hours. Parallel studies were conducted with hamster pineal gland in which catecholamine synthesis was measured. The results indicate that a selective decrease in catecholamine synthesis in the hamster pineal does not change the beta-adrenoceptor density or affinity. In contrast, a concomitant increase in beta-adrenoceptor density but not affinity occurs in the rat pineal gland after similar decreased sympathetic input.
Role of immunohistochemistry in distinguishing epithelial peritoneal mesotheliomas from peritoneal and ovarian serous carcinomas.

The histologic distinction between epithelial peritoneal mesothelioma and papillary serous carcinoma diffusely involving the peritoneum may be difficult. Although some investigators have indicated that immunohistochemistry can facilitate this differential diagnosis, only a few studies using a limite
Sialylated O-Glycans and Sulfated Tyrosines in the NH2-Terminal Domain of CC Chemokine Receptor 5 Contribute to High Affinity Binding of Chemokines

The chemokine receptor CCR5 plays an important role in leukocyte chemotaxis and activation, and also acts as a coreceptor for human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV). We provide evidence that CCR5 is O-glycosylated on serine 6 in the NH2 terminus. The O-linked glycans, particularly sialic acid moieties, significantly contribute to binding of the chemokine ligands. By contrast, removal of O-linked oligosaccharide exerted little effect on HIV-1 infection. Sulfation of specific tyrosine residues in the CCR5 NH2 terminus was important for efficient β-chemokine binding. Thus, as has been observed for the binding of selectins and their ligands, O-linked carbohydrates and tyrosine sulfates play major roles in promoting the interaction of chemokines with CCR5. The resulting flexible arrays of negative charges on the CCR5 surface may allow specific, high-affinity interactions with diverse chemokine ligands. Although this is the first example of O-linked oligosaccharides and tyrosine sulfates playing a role in chemokine binding, the high density of serines, threonines and tyrosines in the N-termini of many CC chemokine receptors suggests that these posttranslational modifications may commonly contribute to chemokine binding.
Customer Clusters as Sources of Innovation-Based Competitive Advantage

The authors examine the effect of customer clusters on a firm's innovation. They argue that knowledge leveraged from customer clusters can help the firm develop innovations. The authors specificall...
Addressing Sustainability in Transportation Systems: Definitions, Indicators, and Metrics

Addressing the sustainability of transportation systems is an important activity as evidenced by a growing number of initiatives around the world to define and measure sustainability in transportation planning and infrastructure provision. This paper reviews major initiatives in North America, Europe, and Oceania. The purpose is to characterize the emergent thinking on what constitutes transportation sustainability and how to measure it. While there is no standard definition for transportation system sustainability, it is largely being defined through impacts of the system on the economy, environment, and general social well-being; and measured by system effectiveness and efficiency, and the impacts of the system on the natural environment. Frameworks based on important causal relationships between infrastructure and the broader environment, infrastructure impacts on the economy, environment, and social well-being; and the relative influence of agencies over causal factors, are largely being used to develop and determine indicator systems for measuring sustainability in transportation systems. Process-based approaches involve community representatives and other stakeholders in planning and present opportunities to educate the public and influence collective behaviors. These frameworks can be used collectively to help agencies refine their visions as well as develop policies, planning procedures, and measurement and monitoring systems for achieving sustainable transportation systems.
Stabilized Pinch and Controlled Fusion Power: Study of the pinch effect has caused ups and downs in the hopes for building a thermonuclear reactor

A review is given of the history and current research on the stabilized pinch and controlled fusion power. The unstable pinch, stabilization of the pinch, and highpowered stabilized pinches are discussed. (J.S.R.)
Comparison of Two Measures of Motivation to Manage: Ethnic and Gender Diferences:

Ethnic and gender differences in motivation to manage were studied using a sentence completion test and an in-basket exercise. Comparisons among White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian students revealed no statistically significant differences in total scores when motivation to manage was measured by either instrument, but Blacks displayed different attitudes from Whites on some components of motivation to manage when they were measured with the sentence completion test. Comparisons between males and females on the total score showed that males scored higher than females on the sentence completion test but not on the in-basket exercise. Gender differences for one dimension of motivation to manage were found using the in-basket exercise. Implications for the measurement of psychological constructs and the identification of management talent are discussed.
Safety Planning for Military (SAFE MIL): Rationale, design, and safety considerations of a randomized controlled trial to reduce suicide risk among psychiatric inpatients

Mental health related hospitalizations and suicide are both significant public health problems within the United States Department of Defense (DoD). To date, few evidence-based suicide prevention programs have been developed for delivery to military personnel and family members admitted for psychiatric inpatient care due to suicidal self-directed violence. This paper describes the rationale and detailed methodology for a study called Safety Planning for Military (SAFE MIL) which involves a randomized controlled trial (RCT) at the largest military treatment facility in the United States. The purpose of this study is to test the efficacy of a brief, readily accessible, and personalized treatment called the Safety Planning Intervention (Stanley and Brown, 2012). Primary outcomes, measured by blinded assessors at one and six months following psychiatric discharge, include suicide ideation, suicide-related coping, and attitudes toward help seeking. Additionally, given the study's focus on a highly vulnerable patient population, a description of safety considerations for human subjects' participation is provided. Based on this research team's experience, the implementation of an infrastructure in support of RCT research within DoD settings and the processing of regulatory approvals for a clinical trial with high risk suicidal patients are expected to take up to 18-24 months. Recommendations for expediting the advancement of clinical trials research within the DoD are provided in order to maximize cost efficacy and minimize the research to practice gap.
Invited Review: Cardioprotective Effects of ω-3 Fatty Acids

The suggestion that marine ω-3 fatty acids might have beneficial cardiovascular effects was first made by epidemiologic studies in Greenland Inuits published in the late 1970s. These simple observations spawned hundreds of other studies which, taken together, strongly suggest a true cardioprotective effect of ω-3 fatty acids. The strongest evidence to date that ω-3 fatty acids may be palliative has come from the publication of three randomized clinical trials, all of which reported benefits to patients with preexisting coronary artery disease. The most convincing of these was the GISSI-Prevezione study in which 5654 patients with coronary artery disease were randomized to either ω-3 fatty acids (850 mg/d) or usual care. After 3.5 years, those taking the ω-3 fatty acids had experienced a 20% reduction in overall mortality and a 45% decrease in risk for sudden cardiac death. These findings support the view that relatively small intakes of ω-3 fatty acids are indeed cardioprotective, and suggest that they ma...
Who are surgery program directors and what do they need

Objective The goals of this study are to define the demographics of program directors (PDs), characterize professional responsibilities and scholarly activities, assess career goals and perceptions, and determine what resources PDs have and how they use them. Methods A cross-sectional, confidential, Institutional Review Board (IRB)−approved, Internet-based survey was sent to general surgery PDs. PDs were identified from lists of known residencies from the Association of Program Directors in Surgery (APDS) and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). E-mail follow-up was used to contact nonresponders and partial responders. Demographic data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results The response rate was 58%. The mean age was 51.3 ± 8.2 years. Most respondents were male (89.7%), Caucasian (86.9%), and fellowship trained (63.7%). Few PDs have teaching credentials (11%), but most PDs have sought additional training in teaching (63%). PDs work a total of 73 hours per week. They spend about 41 hours per week on clinical duties and about 22 hours per week on program director duties. PDs have an average of 4-5 support staff members; 81.5% of PDs have an assistant program director (APD). A few PDs have formal protected time (38.7%). Most PDs feel they have support for professional development and feel supported by their chairperson (90.8% and 94.1%, respectively). Lower job satisfaction scores were observed in measures of feeling valued by colleagues and in the availability of institutional resources. Conclusion Most surgery PDs are fellowship trained, are currently conducting research, have an APD in their program, and feel supported by their chairperson. Most PDs do not have protected time, and some feel insufficient institutional resources are available for their responsibilities.
Venation polymorphism and genetic variability in Drosophila melanogaster Loew.

Experimental evidence indicates that phenocopy production may provide an inflated estimate of the importance of genetic variability and recombination in the production of venation phenodeviants.
Constructions of Spherical 3-Designs

Spherical t-designs are Chebyshev-type averaging sets on the d-sphere which are exact for polynomials of degree at most t. This concept was introduced in 1977 by Delsarte, Goethals, and Seidel, who also found the minimum possible size of such designs, in particular, that the number of points in a 3-design on S d must be at least . In this paper we give explicit constructions for spherical 3-designs on S d consisting of n points for d=1 and ; d=2 and ; d=3 and ; d=4 and ; and odd or even. We also provide some evidence that 3-designs of other sizes do not exist. We will introduce and apply a concept from additive number theory generalizing the classical Sidon-sequences. Namely, we study sets of integers S for which the congruence mod n, where and , only holds in the trivial cases. We call such sets Sidon-type sets of strength t, and denote their maximum cardinality by s(n, t). We find a lower bound for s(n, 3), and show how Sidon-type sets of strength 3 can be used to construct spherical 3-designs. We also conjecture that our lower bound gives the true value of s(n, 3) (this has been verified for n≤125).
Study on Advanced Structure with Application of Improved Influence Function Method in Solving Roll System Deformation Based on Material Properties

Influence function method is a common method to calculate the roll system deformation. It solves after discretizing the rollers load and elastic deformation, but the traditional influence function method doesn't consider whether the width of the rolled piece is equal to the integral multiple of the divided units length, therefore it only can solve approximately, which affects the calculation accuracy. According to the accuracy loss problem of the traditional algorithm, the paper puts forward a solution with advanced structure to deal with the left rolled pieces after division. The solution self-adapts the width changes of the rolled pieces, which not only avoids the problems of increasing the segmentation unit quantity to reduce the influence by edges and reducing the calculation speed of the traditional influence function method, but also improves the calculation accuracy of the model, and raising the level of material properties control.
Problem formulation in industrial marketing research

Abstract Marketing research is achieving increasingly greater recognition in the industrial marketing field as one of the major tools to assist management in decision-making processes. Its position in consumer goods marketing has long been well established, and its use has been widespread. At the present time industrial marketing research is becoming more accepted as a normal part of marketing management whose efforts are directed to the industrial markets for goods and services.
Measurement of radiation-driven shock-induced mixing from nonlinear initial perturbations

We present the first experimental measurement of the growth of a mixing region at a density interface from a high-amplitude, initially nonlinear perturbation. Thermal radiation from a gold {ital Hohlraum} irradiated by the Nova laser was used to drive a shock across a perturbed plastic-foam interface in a cylindrical shock tube attached to the {ital Hohlraum}. When the effects of target decompression are removed, the width of the mix region was found to grow logarithmically with time---in agreement with recent theories for the nonlinear phase of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability.
Reconsidering solar grid parity

Abstract Grid parity–reducing the cost of solar energy to be competitive with conventional grid-supplied electricity–has long been hailed as the tipping point for solar dominance in the energy mix. Such expectations are likely to be overly optimistic. A realistic examination of grid parity suggests that the cost-effectiveness of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems may be further away than many are hoping for. Furthermore, cost-effectiveness may not guarantee commercial competitiveness. Solar hot water technology is currently far more cost-effective than photovoltaic technology and has already reached grid parity in many places. Nevertheless, the market penetration of solar water heaters remains limited for reasons including unfamiliarity with the technologies and high upfront costs. These same barriers will likely hinder the adoption of distributed solar photovoltaic systems as well. The rapid growth in PV deployment in recent years is largely policy-driven and such rapid growth would not be sustainable unless governments continue to expand financial incentives and policy mandates, as well as address regulatory and market barriers.