cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional patterns of extreme precipitation on Titan consistent with observed alluvial fan distribution

Geomorphic features typically associated with extreme rainfall events in terrestrial settings, including extensive fluvial features and alluvial fans, have been detected on Titan’s surface. Methane flow from precipitation on Titan can transport sediments and potentially erode the icy bedrock, but averaged precipitation rates from prior global-scale modelling are too low by at least an order of magnitude to initiate sediment transport of observed grain sizes at low latitudes. Here, we quantify the regional magnitude, frequency and variability of extreme rainfall events from simulations of present-day Titan, with a general circulation model coupled to a land model partially covered by wetlands reservoirs that can capture Titan’s regionally varying hydroclimate. We find that the most extreme storms tend to occur in the mid-latitudes, where observed alluvial fans are most concentrated. Storms capable of sediment transport and erosion occur at all latitudes in our simulations, consistent with the observed global coverage of fluvial features. Our results demonstrate the influential role of extreme precipitation in shaping Titan’s surface. We therefore suggest that, similarly to Earth but differently from Mars, active geomorphic work may be ongoing in the present climate on Titan. Extreme methane rainstorms on Titan occur in mid-latitudes, where alluvial fans are most common, according to a general circulation model. Average precipitation rates are insufficient to actively shape Titan’s surface.
Peri-procedural myocardial infarction: Plaques and patients “at-risk”

Patients with acute coronary syndrome are at risk for peri-procedural myocardial infarction (PMI) Lipid-laden plaques with thinned disrupted fibrous caps are most prone to PMI PMI is associated with worse outcome over time, though whether such damaging events are causal or instead reflect patients prone to future instability from non-culprit vulnerable plaques requires further delineation.
Seismic Demands in Column Base Connections of Steel Moment Frames

Methods for the seismic design of base connections in steel moment frames are well-developed and routinely utilized by practicing engineers. However, design loads for these connections are not veri...
INTERNATIONAL KENT ROSANOFF WORD ASSOCIATION NORMS, EMPHASIZING THOSE OF FRENCH MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS AND FRENCH WORKMEN,

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the history of use of the Kent–Rosanoff list of word association stimuli. It describes the two sets of French word association norms and the conditions under which they were obtained. The difference between speakers of English and of Western European languages in the diversification of their responses is brought out by the use of the rank-frequency function. The chapter presents a comparison of few of the main characteristics of the sets of Kent–Rosanoff norms among countries and across languages. A simple and frequently used measure of similarity of responses among normative studies is to count the number of items for which the primary responses are identical. This method can be used to compare norms in different languages, to the extent that confidence can be placed in the translation. The chapter also presents a classification of the primary responses of French and American students and workers in terms of grammatical classes of stimuli and responses.
Efficacy and safety of tamibarotene or placebo added to paclitaxel/carboplatin for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

e20560Background: The results of studies to evaluate adding retinoids to chemotherapy for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been mixed. The retinoid all-trans retinoid ...
Iran's Nuclear Program and International Law: From Confrontation to Accord, Chapter 5

This is Chapter 5 of the book Iran’s Nuclear Program and International Law: From Confrontation to Accord (Oxford University Press, 2016). Chapter 5 is entitled: “Was Iran in Violation of Its Safeguards Obligations in July 2015? And Did the IAEA Use Proper Standards in Its Assessments of Iran’s Compliance?”
Glycosylation in health and disease.

The glycome describes the complete repertoire of glycoconjugates composed of carbohydrate chains, or glycans, that are covalently linked to lipid or protein molecules. Glycoconjugates are formed through a process called glycosylation and can differ in their glycan sequences, the connections between them and their length. Glycoconjugate synthesis is a dynamic process that depends on the local milieu of enzymes, sugar precursors and organelle structures as well as the cell types involved and cellular signals. Studies of rare genetic disorders that affect glycosylation first highlighted the biological importance of the glycome, and technological advances have improved our understanding of its heterogeneity and complexity. Researchers can now routinely assess how the secreted and cell-surface glycomes reflect overall cellular status in health and disease. In fact, changes in glycosylation can modulate inflammatory responses, enable viral immune escape, promote cancer cell metastasis or regulate apoptosis; the composition of the glycome also affects kidney function in health and disease. New insights into the structure and function of the glycome can now be applied to therapy development and could improve our ability to fine-tune immunological responses and inflammation, optimize the performance of therapeutic antibodies and boost immune responses to cancer. These examples illustrate the potential of the emerging field of ‘glycomedicine’. Glycosylation refers to the addition of carbohydrate chains to proteins and lipids. In this Review, the authors discuss the broad role of glycans in immunity, cancer, xenotransplantation and glomerular filtration and the potential of ‘glycomedicine’.
Assessing treatment outcomes among peer educators living with HIV in Kenya.

Background People living with HIV (PLHIV) often face barriers in accessing quality and comprehensive HIV care, including stigma and discrimination, which results in poor retention and viral non-suppression. Peer-led interventions can help address these barriers. In Kenya, peer educators (PEs) are PLHIV who support other PLHIV to adhere to clinic schedules and antiretroviral medication uptake. In spite of their status as role models and their key role in supporting clients receiving HIV care and treatment, little is known about the characteristics and treatment outcomes of PEs themselves, specifically viral suppression. Methods This is a retrospective descriptive analysis of program data on treatment outcomes of PEs engaged in active patient support activities between October 2010 and January 2017. All eligible PEs from 140 health facilities located in 23 counties of Kenya were included in the study. Data from 230 PEs were abstracted from the electronic medical records, patient files, and registers between June and August 2017. Study variables included key sociodemographic characteristics (sex, marital status, and age), duration on antiretroviral therapy (ART), WHO clinical staging, baseline CD4 count, current antiretroviral regimen and uptake of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). The outcome variable was viral suppression, defined as a viral load <1000 copies/ml. Results Overall, 173/230 (75%) of the PEs were female, 144/230 (63%) were married, and median age (LQ, UQ) was 38.5 (33.0, 42.0) years. The PEs had been on ART for a median (LQ, UQ) duration of 76.0 (37.0, 105.0) months. Six months IPT completion was high at 97%. Of the 222 (97%) PEs with an up-to-date viral load taken within the last one year, 211 (95%) were virally suppressed. Conclusion Our study showed that peer educators actively engaged in patient support activities have achieved high viral suppression rates.
Gaze coordination with strides during walking in the cat.

Key points Vision plays a crucial role in guiding locomotion in complex environments, but the coordination between gaze and stride is not well understood. The coordination of gaze shifts, fixations, constant gaze and slow gaze with strides in cats walking on different surfaces were examined. It was found that gaze behaviours are coordinated with strides even when walking on a flat surface in the complete darkness, occurring in a sequential order during different phases of the stride. During walking on complex surfaces, gaze behaviours are typically more tightly coordinated with strides, particularly at faster speeds, only slightly shifting in phase. These findings indicate that the coordination of gaze behaviours with strides is not vision-driven, but is a part of the whole body locomotion synergy; the visual environment and locomotor task modulate it. The results may be relevant to developing diagnostic tools and rehabilitation approaches for patients with locomotor deficits. Abstract Vision plays a crucial role in guiding locomotion in complex environments. However, the coordination between the gaze and stride is not well understood. We investigated this coordination in cats walking on a flat surface in darkness or light, along a horizontal ladder and on a pathway with small stones. We recorded vertical and horizontal eye movements and 3-D head movement, and calculated where gaze intersected the walkway. The coordination of gaze shifts away from the animal, gaze shifts toward, fixations, constant gaze, and slow gaze with strides was investigated. We found that even during walking on the flat surface in the darkness, all gaze behaviours were coordinated with strides. Gaze shifts and slow gaze toward started in the beginning of each forelimb's swing and ended in its second half. Fixations peaked throughout the beginning and middle of swing. Gaze shifts away began throughout the second half of swing of each forelimb and ended when both forelimbs were in stance. Constant gaze and slow gaze away occurred in the beginning of stance. However, not every behaviour occurred during every stride. Light had a small effect. The ladder and stones typically increased the coordination and caused gaze behaviours to occur 3% earlier in the cycle. At faster speeds, the coordination was often tighter and some gaze behaviours occurred 2-16% later in the cycle. The findings indicate that the coordination of gaze with strides is not vision-driven, but is a part of the whole body locomotion synergy; the visual environment and locomotor task modulate it.
Assessment of Capability and Capacity

To fully respect patient autonomy, clinicians must incorporate patient input into decision-making about medical therapies and treatments. Physicians work together with patients to formulate treatment plans based on patients’ values. Decision-making capacity, a requirement for informed consent to a treatment or procedure, is assumed unless proven otherwise. Diseases that affect cognitive ability, such as dementia or mental illness, may affect decision-making capacity and require a formal assessment. The most common approach to determining capacity involves assessing four elements of decision-making capacity: (1) communicating a choice, (2) understanding relevant information, (3) appreciating a situation and its consequences, and (4) demonstrating rational reasoning. Patients may prove to have capacity to make some decisions but not others, depending on the complexity of the decision. If a patient is deemed to lack decision-making capacity, then a surrogate must be identified to act in his or her place.
Editorial: Evolving Understanding of Conduct Disorder

Conduct disorder affects up to 10% of youths.1 It is heritable, stable, and highly associated with important psychiatric comorbidities and has significant predictive value for life course with respect to education, employment, intimate relationships, and legal problems. In 25% of youths diagnosed with conduct disorder, the diagnosis serves as a prelude to adult antisocial personality. In nearly all adults with antisocial behavior, conduct disorder was a harbinger of behaviors and attitudes to come. Despite all this, conduct disorder remains an underdiagnosed, understudied, underemphasized phenomenon at both societal and neuropsychiatric levels. Most attention to the disorder lies in the imagination of Hollywood, where rebellious youth, liberated of societal norms, combine wanton aggression with unlikely cleverness to the delight of audiences, without depiction of the suffering and impairment far more common to individuals with the phenotype.
Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration: Profiles Among Emerging Adult College Students and Links to Well-Being

A short-term longitudinal design and latent profile approach were utilized with two samples, an exploratory sample and confirmatory sample, to identify subgroups of collegiate emerging adults based on reports of their basic psychological needs (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness); both basic need satisfaction and frustration were assessed. A two-profile solution emerged in the exploratory analyses (N = 177 emerging adults) and was verified in the confirmatory analyses (N = 375 emerging adults in the confirmatory sample). Emerging adults in profile one exhibited lower levels of basic psychological need satisfaction and higher basic psychological need frustration than emerging adults in profile two. Accordingly, they were named the Ambivalent profile and Sufficiently Satisfied profile, respectively. Group differences were also identified on salient outcomes; members of the Ambivalent profile reported significantly lower life satisfaction and vocational identity and higher anxiety and depression. Correlational findings lend some support to the presence of two distinct (i.e., need satisfaction and frustration) interrelated constructs, yet findings in regard to the latent profiles fail to reject the notion of need satisfaction and frustration as constructs that fall on a single continuum. Findings suggest that clinicians and helping professionals on college campuses would benefit from thinking in terms of basic need fulfillment when working with emerging adults in collegiate settings.
Phenotypic Differences in Adult and Fetal Dermal Fibroblast Responses to Mechanical Tension

The regenerative wound healing phenotype observed in the fetal wounds is characterized by a unique hyaluronan rich wound microenvironment. Fetal fibroblasts produce a pericellular matrix which is abundant in high molecular weight HA. In vivo, fetal skin has negligible resting tension and heals regeneratively when small wounds are made. However, critically large fetal wounds heal with increased scar. We hypothesize that higher mechanical tension will differentially alter fibroblast-mediated HA metabolism in adult and fetal fibroblasts, leading to a profibrotic fetal fibroblast phenotype. C57BL/6J fetal (FFB, E14.5) and adult (AFB, 8 wk) dermal fibroblasts were cultured on silicone membranes +/110% static strain (1, 3, 6, and 12h). Monolayers were analyzed via PCR for HA-synthesis (HAS1-3), HA-remodeling (HYAL1-2, KIAA1199), and HA-receptor (CD44) genes, normalized to static FFB. Total HA was analyzed by gel electrophoresis at 12h. Data is reported as mean+/-SD (n=3), with p-values calculated by two-way ANOVA (post-hoc Tukey test). FFB pericellular matrix was reduced after tension conditions, and HA profile shifted from HMW-HA to LMW-HA. Under static conditions, AFB had increased expression of HAS 1 and 2, as well as increased expression of KIA1199, HYAL1 and 2 when compared to FFB. Overall, tension resulted in an increase in HAS1, HAS3, and HYAL1 expression in FFB, and decreased HAS2 but increased HYAL1 for AFB under tension. Staining for cytoskeletal components demonstrates that tension results in organization of F-actin and aSMA in FFB to resemble AFB. Expression of aSMA is increased in AFB with tension, while CD26 expression is increased in FFB with tension. These insights into the intrinsic differences between regenerative FFB and fibrotic AFB may yield targets to attenuate fibrosis.
Benign Adnexal Masses in Pediatric and Adolescent Females

Adnexal masses in pediatric and adolescent females are primarily benign and gynecologic in origin. However, the differential diagnosis can be broad and includes gynecologic as well as infectious, urologic, and gastrointestinal pathologies. Workup with detailed medical, gynecologic, family history, physical examination, laboratory evaluation, and diagnostic imaging can narrow the differential and assess the risk for potential gynecologic and nongynecologic malignancies. This chapter focuses on the extensive gynecologic etiologies of benign adnexal masses in pediatric and adolescent females.
We don't Need Thousand Proposals$\colon$ Single Shot Actor-Action Detection in Videos

We propose SSA2D, a simple yet effective end-to-end deep network for actor-action detection in videos. The existing methods take a top-down approach based on region-proposals (RPN), where the action is estimated based on the detected proposals followed by post-processing such as non-maximal suppression. While effective in terms of performance, these methods pose limitations in scalability for dense video scenes with a high memory requirement for thousands of proposals. We propose to solve this problem from a different perspective where we don't need any proposals. SSA2D is a unified network, which performs pixel level joint actor-action detection in a single-shot, where every pixel of the detected actor is assigned an action label. SSA2D has two main advantages: 1) It is a fully convolutional network which does not require any proposals and post-processing making it memory as well as time efficient, 2) It is easily scalable to dense video scenes as its memory requirement is independent of the number of actors present in the scene. We evaluate the proposed method on the Actor-Action dataset (A2D) and Video Object Relation (VidOR) dataset, demonstrating its effectiveness in multiple actors and action detection in a video. SSA2D is 11x faster during inference with comparable (sometimes better) performance and fewer network parameters when compared with the prior works.
Imbeddings of metacyclic cayley graphs

Any group whose commutator subgroup and commutator quotient group are both cyclic is called metacyclic. The Cayley graph corresponding to any generating set for a metacyclic group is called a metacyclic Cayley graph. Whereas the earliest work on Cayley graph imbeddings concentrates mainly on planarity, recent work of A.T. White and others shows that higher genus imbeddings are accessible, especially for abelian groups. Since metacyclic groups are an especially tractable kind of nonabelian groups, this paper beings a development of an imbedding theory for nonabelian Cayley graphs by considering the metacyclic Cayley graphs. The author has previously used voltage graphs (the duals of the current graphs of Gustin, Ringel, and Youngs) to show that a special subclass of metacyclic groups has toroidal Cayley graphs. In this paper, toroidal Cayley graphs are constructed for two additional subclasses of metacyclic groups.
Peritoneal–mediastinal communication complication in peritoneal dialysis

Peritoneal-mediastinal communication is a rare complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). We report the first case of peritoneal-mediastinal communication complication in a 36-year-old Caucasian man on continuous cycler peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) after undergoing cardiac surgery. He developed end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) due to calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity and BK virus nephropathy in the setting of prior heart transplantation. He was initially started on intermittent hemodialysis (iHD) and was switched to CCPD 1 year later. He presented with increased drainage from his sternal incision site and reduced ultrafiltration. A contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography scan revealed an anterior chest wall subcutaneous fluid collection. He was found to have a peritoneal-mediastinal communication intraoperatively. He was successfully managed with "low-volume" PD by using reduced fill volumes for all his exchanges and did not require transition to iHD. He also had no vascular access options because of multiple prior thromboses, which would have made transitioning to iHD not feasible. This case further highlights the complex management of an ESKD patient who cannot do iHD and only do low-volume PD because of a surgical complication and the need for a multidisciplinary approach to ensure appropriate patient care.
What Makes Tweetorials Tick: How Experts Communicate Complex Topics on Twitter

People are increasingly getting information and news from social media. On Twitter we are seeing the emergence of "tweetorials" -- long, explanatory Twitter threads written by experts. In this work we study tweetorials as a form of science writing. While scientists have begun to champion the importance of Twitter as a science communication medium, few have studied how people are successfully using this medium to communicate complex and nuanced ideas. To understand how tweetorials work, we curated a collection of 46 clear and engaging tweetorials from multiple domains. We analyzed these tweetorials for the writing techniques that they employ, and found that while tweetorials use many traditional science writing techniques, they also use more subjective language, actively build credibility, and incorporate media in unique ways. In addition, we report on a workshop we ran to aid science PhD students in writing tweetorials, and find that while providing common tweetorial techniques improves their writing, the students still struggle to balance their scientific sensibilities with the informal tone associated with tweetorials. We discuss the implications of using informal and subjective language in science communication, as well as how technology can support scientists in writing tweetorials.
A voice for the voiceless: online social activism in Uyghur language blogs and state control of the Internet in China

Much has been written in recent years about Chinese online activism. Although in China Internet use is officially regulated and censored, China nevertheless has the world's largest number of Internet users, with blogs being the largest communication platform. However, most of the research on Chinese use of social media to date has focused specifically on Chinese language Internet sources, with little attention paid to online activity among any of China's 55 officially recognized ethnic minority groups, such as the Uyghurs. Uyghurs are an ethnic group native to China's northwest Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. They speak Uyghur language natively, a Turkic language that utilizes an Arabic script, and most are Moslems. As the largest ethnic group within a region of China noted as among China's most politically sensitive, the Uyghurs provide a rich source for study of the use of the Internet by a potentially contentious group. This research thus seeks to fill a gap in the literature by addressing the quest...
Memory, Neural Basis of: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Through the ages, there has been much speculation about how memory works. The current consensus is that memories are stored in circuits of neurons by plastic neurochemical and neuroanatomical changes at junctions between neurons (synapses), but it remains to be determined which of these changes are necessary and sufficient for memory formation. Keywords: neural circuits; synapse; synaptic plasticity; types of memory
Scalable and Portable Web-Based Multimodal Dialogue Interaction with Geographical Databases

We describe work towards developing a scalable and portable framework for enabling map-based multimodal dialogue interaction over the web. Working in the context of a restaurant-guide system, we show how large information databases harvested from the web can be accommodated in our speech recognizer, parser, and web-based GUI. We compare two dynamic language modeling techniques, which calculate context-dependent weights for the large sets of proper nouns associated with geographical entities such as restaurants and streets. We show that the more fine-grained approach results in a 7.8% reduction in concept error rate. Index Terms: multimodal dialogue system, language modeling, restaurants, maps, world wide web
Asymmetric Timeliness in Pension Asset Accounting

We investigate whether revisions in the expected rate of return on pension plan assets are more sensitive to the difference between realized returns and expected returns when realized returns fall short of expectations than when they exceed expectations. We find that the correlation between expectation errors and revisions in the expected rate of return on plan assets is significantly more positive when realized returns in year t are below the expected rate of return in year t-1 than when realized returns are above the expected rate of return in year t-1. Further exploration indicates that this asymmetric-revision sensitivity is accentuated when firm leverage and the volatility of realized returns are high and when CEO stock ownership is low. These conditions are consistent with an increased demand for asymmetrically timely earnings.
Localization of Ultrasound in Thick Composites

The propagation of ultrasound in fiber-reinforced composites is controlled by the relative magnitudes of characteristic length variables. These length variables are the wavelength (Λ), the fiber diameter (a), the thicknesses of plies (h), and the overall thickness of the component (H). It may generally be assumed that Λ is much larger than the fiber diameter (a ~ 8 µm). On the other hand wavelengths of the order of thicknesses of plies (h ~ 100 µm), but smaller than the overall thickness of the component may well occur. In that range of wavelengths the propagation of ultrasonic waves gives rise to interesting multiple reflection phenomena which are the topic of this paper.
Biomimetic Nanostructured Interfaces for Hierarchical Composites

Creating a hierarchical interface between the reinforcement and matrix phases of fiber reinforced polymer composites has become an effective strategy toward development of bioinspired structural composites. The resulting materials display exceptional characteristics such as having both high stiffness and high toughness simultaneously, which is rare in homogeneous materials. Although the efficacy of nanostructured interfaces has been established, the mechanisms associated with their performance have not been explored yet. Here, strain transfer across a nanowire interphase is visualized in order to understand the working principles of physical interface modifications. This is accomplished by using a functionally graded piezoelectric interface composed of nanowires, as their piezoelectric properties can be utilized to control the strain on one side of the interface. It is demonstrated that the nanowire “whiskers” cause an even strain transfer from the reinforcement phase into the matrix phase, eliminating stress concentration between the phases.
CALCULATION, ADAPTATION AND RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS

We propose an active cognition approach to bounded rationality, in which agents use a calculation algorithm to improve on the forecasts provided by a purely adaptive learning rule such as least-squares learning. Agents' choices of calculation intensity depend on their estimates of the benefits of improved forecasts relative to calculation costs. Using an asset-pricing model, we show how more rapid adjustment to rational expectations and forward-looking behavior arise naturally when there are large anticipated structural changes such as policy shifts. We also give illustrative applications in which the severity of asset price bubbles and the intensity of hyperinflationary episodes are related to the cognitive ability of the agents.
A model for analyzing interactions in 2-D mesh wormhole-routed multicomputers

This paper describes a general contention model called the heterogeneous multipath contention model. The model is a representation of arbitrarily overlapped communication paths of jobs that have different message injection rates. Based on this model, we analyze the degradation of communication performance due to multiple interacting jobs in a 2-D mesh wormhole-routed multicomputer system. We compute the contention delay seen by a message on a path in the heterogeneous multipath contention model. A divide-and-conquer strategy divides the problem into several manageable problems of computing the contention delay for the heterogeneous 2-path contention model. In order to verify the analysis of our heterogeneous multipath contention model, we compare our analytic results with a simulation model. In addition, we analyze a contention model in which two jobs have complex internal communication patterns that overlap.
The anomalous thermal conductivity of La2-xSrxCuO4-y at very low temperatures

The authors report measurements of thermal conductivity ( kappa ) extending to 100 mK on a series of La2-xSrxCuO4-y specimens with 0.10<or=x<or=0.25. For two superconducting samples (x=0.20, x=0.25) the temperature dependence of kappa weakens below about 0.5 K, approaching a variation linear in T near 0.1 K. A non-superconducting sample (x=0.10) exhibits a kappa varies as T3 dependence below 1 K, characteristic of phonon boundary scattering. After annealing in a vacuum, the x=0.20 specimen became insulating and had a thermal conductivity similar in magnitude and temperature dependence to that of the x=0.10 sample. Thus superconducting and non-superconducting samples are clearly distinguished by the behaviour of their thermal conductivities at sub-kelvin temperatures. These results are shown to be consistent with the presence of a small number of free carriers well below Tc in the superconductors. They suggest that a non-superconducting band of electrons is present in the highly doped materials.
Surface segregation in Cu-Ni alloys.

Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate the composition profiles of surface segregation of Cu-Ni alloys. The method of Bozzolo, Ferrante, and Smith is used to compute the energetics of these systems as a function of temperature, crystal face, and bulk concentration. The predictions are compared with other theoretical and experimental results.
Mechanisms of in vitro immunosuppression by hepatocyte-generated cyclophosphamide metabolites and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide.

Abstract Cyclophosphamide (CY) is metabolized to 4-hydroxy-CY which spontaneously breaks down to the reactive intermediates, phosphoramide mustard (PAM) and acrolein. The alkylating property of PAM is thought to mediate the anti-proliferative and cytotoxic actions of CY. Acrolein is known to bind sulfhydryl groups of cellular molecules and may contribute to the action of CY. However, the role of acrolein in the CY-induced immunosuppression remains unclear. The results of studies in which a hepatocyte co-culture system was used suggest that acrolein may play an important role in the cytotoxic action of CY, whereas those investigations using activated derivatives of CY indicate that acrolein is not an important factor. Thus, both approaches of CY exposure were utilized in the present study. Splenocytes of B6C3F1 mice were incubated with syngeneic isolated hepatocytes and CY or with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) (which spontaneously decomposes to 4-hydroxy-CY). The in vitro antibody forming cell (AFC) response was found to be suppressed with both methods of exposure to CY metabolites. The addition of DNA to bind extracellular PAM was ineffective in preventing the suppression produced by hepatocyte-activated CY. However, it was also observed that DNA was able to attenuate the PAM-induced suppression. The sulfhydryl compounds 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA) (15 μM) or reduced glutathione (GSH) (1 mM) inhibited the suppression of the AFC response of splenocytes incubated with CY and mouse hepatocytes. The suppression produced by 4-HC, however, was not affected by MESNA and only slightly inhibited by GSH. Similarly, the PAM-induced suppression was not affected by MESNA and slightly attenuated with GSH. In contrast, both MESNA and GSH were very effective in abrogating the acrolein-induced suppression, whereas DNA was ineffective. The findings of this study suggest that in the hepatocyte co-culture system, the immunosuppressive actions of CY are mediated by acrolein generated outside of the splenocyte, whereas the 4-HC induced suppression is not mediated by extracellular acrolein. Thus, this difference may explain the contradictory findings of previous studies that used different means of exposing cells to activated CY.
A General Procedure for Constructing Reduced Reaction Mechanisms with Given Independent Relations

Abstract Simplification of a detailed reaction mechanism is possible if there exist independent, approximate relations which permit calculation of concentrations of some species in terms of other known concentrations. Given these independent relations, a general procedure has been developed for combining a set of elementary chemical reactions into a reduced mechanism.
Pulmonary Hypertension in Preterm Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the chronic lung disease of prematurity, is a significant contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality. Premature birth disrupts pulmonary vascular growth and initiates a cascade of events that result in impaired gas exchange, abnormal vasoreactivity, and pulmonary vascular remodeling that may ultimately lead to pulmonary hypertension (PH). Even infants who appear to have mild BPD suffer from varying degrees of pulmonary vascular disease (PVD). Although recent studies have enhanced our understanding of the pathobiology of PVD and PH in BPD, much remains unknown with respect to how PH should be properly defined, as well as the most accurate methods for the diagnosis and treatment of PH in infants with BPD. This article will provide neonatologists and primary care providers, as well as pediatric cardiologists and pulmonologists, with a review of the pathophysiology of PH in preterm infants with BPD and a summary of current clinical recommendations for managing PH in this population.
The experience of values

The first part of this paper argues that the various contending positions in the contemporary Theory of Value share one tacit presupposition, namely that the world of facts is value‐neutral. Some of the sources of this premise are identified and a critique attempts to show that it cannot be defended. The second part delineates the general implications that the abandonment of this premise would have for the Theory of Value and outlines an alternative position.
The Brazilian rodent genus Thalpomys (Sigmodontinae, Cricetidae) with a description of a new species

Thalpomys Thomas, endemic to the cerrado of central Brazil, is a strikingly distinct genus of the akodont assemblage (Sigmodontinae, Cricetidae, Rodentia). The genus and the two included species, one new, are described and compared. The validity of the names of the genus and type species T. lasiotis Thomas, 1916, is elucidated. The little known about habitat, relative population numbers, and karyotype is included.
Generating environments for programming-in-the-large

In order to provide better programming environments, language-based tools are introduced. These are tools which use knowledge of a programming language's structure to provide special program development facilities. However, current software environment generators are geared towards generating environments which have language-based tools for programming-in-the-small only. They generate environments with language-based syntax-directed editors [1,2,3].Further improvements for programming environments could be achieved by extending the concept of providing language-based tools to include tools for programming-in-the-large [4]. To create a new environment, the designer supplies a declarative description for the target programming language objects and their interactions. The description of the programming language objects is given in a meta language based on the E-R model. The environment generator then processes and links this information together with a kernel supplied by the generator to produce a new environment. All the generated environments will have a uniform data model representing programs. A program is represented as a set of attributed entities which are linked together by a set of relations. The generated environments are a collection of integrated tools which are tailored according to the definition of the target programming language as well as tools which are standard for all environments (kernel) and do not depend on a language. Below is a brief description of these tools.Graphical Interface Manager: This tool represents the communication medium between the user and the environment. It interprets the user's command and accordingly invokes the relevant system component which, in turn, will perform the operation requested by the user.System Manager: It contains a set of operations which allow the user to save, load, and initialize the objects of software system stored in the database. It also contains operations for executing the code generated from the information stored in the database.Entity editor: used to build and manipulate the architecture of a program. With this tool, software objects and their relationships can be added or deleted.Browser: It provides mechanisms to display information. The main feature of the Browser, is the support for displaying multiple views of a program through multiple windows. Each window is equipped with mechanisms to invoke all the tools in the environment.Information Viewer: Views are subsets of a software system graph. They contain a particular structural information. Information Viewer displays such information based on criteria set by the user.Database: It is a repository of all the information about software components and their interconnections.Parser: Extracts all entities and their relations which appear in a source code and stores them in the database.
Retroviral transduction of murine epidermal stem cells demonstrates clonal units of epidermal structure.

It has been suggested that the number and position of epidermal stem cells are related to the units of columnar structure in the upper epidermal strata and that the cells of each unit are derived from a single stem cell. Studies of cell lineage in developing tissues have been facilitated by the use of retroviral transduction to provide inherited expression of a histochemically demonstrable foreign gene product. To provide direct evidence about the clonal nature of epidermal units, murine epidermal keratinocytes were transduced with a replication-deficient retroviral vector carrying the β -galactosidase gene. Subepidermal injection of virus in vivo led to infrequent transduction with only transient presence of β -gal-staining keratinocytes within the epidermis. Transduction of keratinocytes in vivo and transplantation back to in vivo sites permitted demonstration of the transduced gene in clusters of cells within the reformed epidermis throughout a 12-wk period. The epidermis redeveloped an ordered columnar structure with restriction of transduced cells to individual columnar units. This clonal appearance is compatible with derivation of each epidermal unit from a single stem cell but is not compatible with a random pattern of cell proliferation. Transduced epidermal sheets that were recombined with oral mucosal connective tissue also redeveloped normal columnar structure with restriction of β -gal staining to individual columnar units. These data suggest that the establishment of an epidermal stem cell pattern related to units of structure is an intrinsic property of the epithelium and is not dependent on regionally-specific connective tissue influences.
Simultaneous Determination of Temperatures of Skin and Muscle before and after Lumbar Sympathectomy

A group of 26 patients who had peripheral occlusive arterial disease of the lower extremity were studied before and after chemical or surgical unilateral lumbar sympathectomy. The temperatures of the gastrocnemius muscle and of the skin of the sural area were determined simultaneously preoperatively and postoperatively. Only patients who had undergone successful unilateral lumbar sympathetic denervation based on the postoperative area of anhidrosis were included. The data were obtained under basal conditions among the 26 patients, and the persons studied were divided into two groups. Group 1 was composed of 17 patients (65 per cent) who had a definite parallel increase of 1.2 C. in the temperature of the gastrocnemius muscle and the skin after unilateral sympathectomy. In group 2 (nine patients or 35 per cent) the temperature of the gastrocnemius muscle and the skin of the sural area was unchanged after unilateral sympathectomy. Since none of these patients were suitable for surgical bypass arterial-grafting procedures and all were in the older age group, not too much could be expected from the standpoint of an increase in temperature. However, when the temperature of the skin after operation increased, the temperature of the gastrocnemius muscle also increased.
Mobility Management in Disadvantaged Tactical Environments

The tactical networks provide a battle space where warfighters possess highly dynamic mobile communications to support operations. The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), a prevailing application-layer signaling protocol, supports control plane functions of tactical networks. Though SIP supports mobility at certain levels, these supports are not sufficient in an intermittently connected tactical network. In this paper, we investigate the SIP mobility and propose a chain-based mobility registration to mitigate the "unreliable registration" problem.
Comparison between the gauge invariant and the multipolar gauge formulations of quantum mechanics

Abstract The propagation properties of the exact multipolar gauge (MPG) potentials are investigated, and the procedure of deriving the r · E operator in the multipolar gauge formulation (MGF) of quantum mechanics is examined. It is found that the exact MPG potentials for a retarded plane wave contain both retarded and instantaneous terms. The instantaneous terms are found to be absolutely necessary to cancel Taylor terms of the retarded potentials for the MGF to derive the r · E operator in the long wavelength approximation, in direct contradiction with the fact that these instantaneous potentials are superfluous in the generation of the retarded fields by Maxwell's equations. It is shown that no such contradiction can ever occur in the gauge invariant formulation (GIF) in all gauges, and that the GIF and the MGF predict different resonant lineshapes for the magnetic dipole interaction.
Water Stress Projections for the Northeastern and Midwestern United States in 2060: Anthropogenic and Ecological Consequences

Future climate and land-use changes and growing human populations may reduce the abundance of water resources relative to anthropogenic and ecological needs in the Northeast and Midwest (U.S.). We used output from WaSSI, a water accounting model, to assess potential changes between 2010 and 2060 in (1) anthropogenic water stress for watersheds throughout the Northeast and Midwest and (2) native fish species richness (i.e., number of species) for the Upper Mississippi water resource region (UMWRR). Six alternative scenarios of climate change, land-use change, and human population growth indicated future water supplies will, on average across the region, be adequate to meet anthropogenic demands. Nevertheless, the number of individual watersheds experiencing severe stress (demand > supplies) was projected to increase for most scenarios, and some watersheds were projected to experience severe stress under multiple scenarios. Similarly, we projected declines in fish species richness for UMWRR watersheds and found the number of watersheds with projected declines and the average magnitude of declines varied across scenarios. All watersheds in the UMWRR were projected to experience declines in richness for at least two future scenarios. Many watersheds projected to experience declines in fish species richness were not projected to experience severe anthropogenic water stress, emphasizing the need for multidimensional impact assessments of changing water resources.
Bilateral autoimmune optic neuritis and vitreitis related to CRMP-5-IgG: intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide therapy of four eyes

Bilateral autoimmune optic neuritis and vitreitis related to CRMP-5-IgG: intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide therapy of four eyes
Total LD and isozyme variations during in vitro fibroblast aging with a discussion of its theoretical implication

Summary Dermal fibroblast cultures were obtained from 18 patients. Total lactic dehydrogenase (LD) and LD isozymes were determined after each population doubling (PD). The lactic dehydrogenase was assayed by the method of Wacker, Ulmer and Vallee. The isozymes were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Some investigators have reported conflicting results as to the quantity of LD produced during in vitro aging. These researchers sampled a small number of PDs. We found that the total LD varied with each PD. A distinct isozyme pattern has been described for adult, fetal and neoplastic fibroblasts. We have found all three patterns occurring during the in vitro aging of our normal diploid fibroblasts. In spite of our asynchronous population of cells the LD and its isozymes continually fluctuate. An asynchronous population of cells would be expected to produce a dampening of the total LD. In order to explain this finding we speculate a synchrony is established in a “gated” entrance from subcycle G q into the S stage or from G 1 and G 0 into the S stage. In order to evaluate, accurately, changes occurring during in vitro aging it is imperative to assay each PD.
Controllability Analysis of Protein Glycosylation in Cho Cells

To function as intended in vivo, a majority of biopharmaceuticals require specific glycan distributions. However, achieving a precise glycan distribution during manufacturing can be challenging because glycosylation is a non-template driven cellular process, with the potential for significant uncontrolled variability in glycan distributions. As important as the glycan distribution is to the end-use performance of biopharmaceuticals, to date, no strategy exists for controlling glycosylation on-line. However, before expending the significant amount of effort and expense required to develop and implement on-line control strategies to address the problem of glycosylation heterogeneity, it is imperative to assess first the extent to which the very complex process of glycosylation is controllable, thereby establishing what is theoretically achievable prior to any experimental attempts. In this work, we present a novel methodology for assessing the output controllability of glycosylation, a prototypical example of an extremely high-dimensional and very non-linear system. We first discuss a method for obtaining the process gain matrix for glycosylation that involves performing model simulations and data analysis systematically and judiciously according to a statistical design of experiments (DOE) scheme and then employing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine the elements of process gain matrix from the resulting simulation data. We then discuss how to use the resulting high-dimensional gain matrix to assess controllability. The utility of this method is demonstrated with a practical example where we assess the controllability of various classes of glycans and of specific glycoforms that are typically found in recombinant biologics produced with Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. In addition to providing useful insight into the extent to which on-line glycosylation control is achievable in actual manufacturing processes, the results also have important implications for genetically engineering cell lines design for enhanced glycosylation controllability.