cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kékesi, Zoltán. 2015. Agents of Liberation – Holocaust Memory in Contemporary Art and Documentary Film. Trans. Reuben Fowlkes. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press; Saint Helena, CA: Helena History Press. 221 pages.

Kekesi, Zoltan. 2015. Agents of Liberation – Holocaust Memory in Contemporary Art and Documentary Film . Trans. Reuben Fowlkes. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press; Saint Helena, CA: Helena History Press. 221 pages.
Standardized durability test for organic photovoltaic and dye sensitized solar cell

This paper aims to propose a new durability test that towards a more complete simulation or test requirements for OPV/DSSC devices, which having the portfolio for energy harvesting in low-light application. Base on harmonizing both SEMI PV57 (I-V) and SEMI PV69 (SR) in solving the hysteresis problem due to capacity effect and getting the reliable I-V characteristics, this paper focused on the detailed guidelines of durability test with severity I & II for OPV/DSSC under different scenarios. The main findings from this work were applied for SEMI Doc. 5598, and successfully released as SEMI PV76 (Durability) in Jan. 2017.
CLINICAL AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PREDICTORS OF MODERATE AORTIC STENOSIS PROGRESSION

Predictors of aortic stenosis clinical outcomes among patients with moderate aortic stenosis (AS) are not well defined. The goal of this study was to identify predictors of death, heart failure hospitalization and progression to aortic valve replacement (Surgical or Transcatheter) in patients with
Metachronous Contralateral Male Breast Cancer: Case Report and Literature Review.

Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare and consequently understudied. Here we present the case of contralateral breast cancer in a male patient nearly a quarter century following his initial breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. The epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, characterization, treatment, and prognosis of male breast cancer are reviewed. MBC accounts for 1 in 15 lifetime risk of breast cancer and is present in >11% of MBC patients, while BRCA1 is present in an estimated <1.5% of MBC patients. The risk of contralateral breast cancer developing in a male with a unilateral lesion is much higher than for a primary male breast cancer in the general population. Men tend to be diagnosed at a later age and stage than females. Prognosis for male and female breast cancer is similar considering both age of patient and stage of the tumor at diagnosis, and similar treatment paradigms have resulted in similar outcomes. Although lumpectomy with radiation therapy may have the same prognosis as mastectomy, the standard of care for male breast cancer continues to be simple mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy.
Dopamine and norepinephrine transporter inhibition for long-term fear memory enhancement

Psychostimulants are highly effective cognitive-enhancing therapeutics yet have a significant potential for abuse and addiction. While psychostimulants likely exert their rewarding and addictive properties through dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibition, the mechanisms of their procognitive effects are less certain. By one prevalent view, psychostimulants exert their procognitive effects exclusively through norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibition, however increasing evidence suggests that DAT also plays a critical role in their cognitive-enhancing properties, including long-term memory enhancement. The present experiments test the hypothesis that combined strong NET and weak DAT inhibition will mimic the fear memory-enhancing but not the addiction-related effects of psychostimulants in mice. We examined the effects of the high affinity NET inhibitors atomoxetine or nisoxetine and the low affinity DAT inhibitor bupropion, either alone or in combination, on short- and long-term memory of Pavlovian fear conditioning. We also examined the addiction-related effects of combined strong NET and weak DAT inhibition using conditioned place preference and a locomotor activity test. While atomoxetine or nisoxetine alone enhanced short-term fear memory, the addition of bupropion was required to significantly enhance long-term fear memory. Additionally, combined atomoxetine and bupropion did not produce substantial motor stimulation or place preference. These findings suggest that combining strong NET and weak DAT inhibition could lead to the development of a highly effective cognitive enhancer that lacks the potential for addiction.
Minorities' Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Hospitalization Risk: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).

Background: As suggested by the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, educational attainment shows a weaker protective effect for racial and ethnic minority groups compared to non-Hispanic Whites. This pattern, however, is never shown for hospitalization risk. Objectives: This cross-sectional study explored racial and ethnic variations in the association between educational attainment and hospitalization in the United States. Methods: Data came from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS 2015). The total sample was 28,959 American adults. Independent variables was educational attainment. The main outcome was hospitalization during the last 12 months. Age, gender, employment, marital status, region, obesity, and number of cardiovascular conditions were covariates. Race and ethnicity were the effect modifiers. Logistic regression models were utilized to analyze the data. Results: From all participants, 16.2% were Black and 11.6% were Hispanic with a mean age of 51 years. Overall, higher education levels were associated with lower odds of hospitalization, independent of all confounders. Educational attainment showed significant interactions with race (odds ratio [OR] =1.04, 95% CI = 1.01-1.08) and ethnicity (OR = 1.04, 95% CI =1.01-1.07) on hospitalization, indicating smaller protective effects of educational attainment on hospitalization of Hispanics and Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites. Conclusion: The protective effects of educational attainment on population health are smaller for Blacks and Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic Whites. To prevent health disparities, the diminished returns of educational attainment should be minimized for racial and ethnic minorities. To do so, there is a need for innovative and bold economic, public, and social policies that do not limit themselves to equalizing socioeconomic status, but also help minorities leverage their available resources and gain tangible outcomes.
Design of Amine-Containing CO2-Selective Membrane Process for Carbon Capture from Flue Gas

A two-stage membrane process featuring a partial retentate recycling is designed for using amine-containing facilitated transport membranes to decarbonize flue gases from pulverized coal power plan...
Assessment of Interlaboratory Variation in the Interpretation of Genomic Test Results in Patients With Epilepsy

Importance Discordance in the interpretations of genetic test results has occurred with the increased number of laboratories that are performing testing. Differences in diagnostic interpretations may have implications for the treatment of patients. Objective To assess the interlaboratory variation in the interpretations of genetic test results with potential therapeutic implications. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional study, 70 genes that are commonly tested in patients with epilepsy were examined to identify 22 676 genetic variants from an unknown number of patients using the ClinVar public database of clinically annotated variants. Variant annotations submitted to ClinVar (data set version 2019-05) between November 16, 2012, and May 3, 2019, were included in the analysis. Conflicting interpretations of the genetic variants associated with epilepsy were analyzed for clinically substantial discrepancies between May 7 and June 29, 2019. Variants were examined only if they had been interpreted by 2 or more clinical laboratories. A variant with a clinically substantial difference in interpretation was defined as a variant that crossed the threshold between a likely pathogenic variant and a variant of uncertain significance. Main Outcomes and Measures The frequency and types of variant interpretation conflicts were analyzed when a conflict was identified. Results A total of 6292 of 22 676 variants related to epilepsy (27.7%) were interpreted by 2 or more clinical laboratories. Many variants (3307 of 6292 [52.6%]) had interpretations that were fully concordant. However, 2985 variants (47.4%) had conflicting interpretations. A clinically substantial conflict was identified in 201 of 6292 variants (3.2%). Furthermore, 117 of 201 variants (58.2%) with differences in interpretation occurred in genes with therapeutic implications. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, most interpretations of genetic variants associated with epilepsy were concordant among laboratories, but more than half of the variants with conflicting interpretations occurred in genes that have therapeutic implications. It would be helpful for genetic laboratories to report known diagnostic discordance with other clinical laboratories.
Unbiased Implicit Recommendation and Propensity Estimation via Combinational Joint Learning

This paper focuses on how to generate unbiased recommendations based on biased implicit user-item interactions. We propose a combinational joint learning framework to simultaneously learn unbiased user-item relevance and unbiased propensity. More specifically, we first present a new unbiased objective function for estimating propensity. We then show how a naive joint learning approach faces an estimation-training overlap problem. Hence, we propose to jointly train multiple sub-models from different parts of the training dataset to avoid this problem. Finally, we show how to incorporate residual components trained by the complete training data to complement the relevance and propensity sub-models. Extensive experiments on two public datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model with an improvement of 4% on average over the best alternatives.
An observation system to assess physical activity of children with developmental disabilities and delays in preschool.

Abstract Background Physical activity (PA) behaviors during preschool settings can influence the health and development of children with developmental disabilities (DD). There is a need for a direct observation system that simultaneously assesses PA and preschool environmental contexts. Objective The purpose of this study was to develop an observation instrument for measuring PA and related contextual factors of preschoolers with DD, and to establish content validity and reliability. Methods Content validity was established through consultation with experts, informal observations in inclusive and special education preschools, and literature reviews. Categories and codes were identified and modified from existing observational systems for young children. Reliability was assessed in a convenience sample of preschool children with DD using a cross-sectional design. Data were collected using a momentary time sampling system (5-sec observe, 25-sec record) following a focal child. Inter-rater reliability was assessed during 20% of the observation sessions. Results The instrument development process resulted in ten coding categories that accounted for PA levels, types, and social and physical environmental contexts relevant to preschoolers with disabilities. Observers completed 137.5 observation sessions, yielding 5498 30-s observation intervals. Interval-by-interval percent agreement was excellent (91%–100%) and kappa values were high (0.82–0.99). Conclusions The instrument was found to be a reliable measure of PA of preschoolers with DD and provided important contextual information about PA behaviors in early childhood special education settings. Additionally, it allowed for the simultaneous measurement of specific types and contexts of PA behaviors of preschoolers with DD and will be useful for describing PA and informing future interventions.
Experimental Study on Particle Pick-Up Rate of Vertical Vortices

AbstractThere are numerous situations in nature and industrial flow in which particles are transported by a vortex-flowing fluid, such as near hydraulic structures such as bridge piers and abutment...
Teleoperation Interface Usage in Robot-Assisted Childhood ASD Therapy

Therapist-operated robots can play a uniquely impactful role in helping children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) practice and acquire social skills. While extensive research within Human Robot Interaction has focused on teleoperation interfaces for robots in general, little work has been done on teleoperation interface design for robots in the context of ASD therapy. Moreover, while clinical research has shown the positive impact robots can have on children with Autism, much of that research has been performed in a controlled environment, with little understanding of the way these robots are used "in the wild". We analyze archival data of therapists teleoperating robots as part of their regular therapy sessions, to (1) determine common themes and difficulties in therapists' use of teleoperation interfaces, and (2) provide design recommendations to improve therapists' overall experience. We believe that following these recommendations will help maximize the effectiveness of ASD therapy with Socially Assistive Robots and the scale at which it can be deployed.
Concept Inventories as a Complement to Learning Progressions.

Concept inventories and learning progressions are both incomplete frameworks, but alignment between them allowed conclusions to be drawn about the validity of a learning progression. It also identi...
An Interleaved High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Based on Combination of Coupled Inductor and Built-in Transformer for Photovoltaic-Grid Electric Vehicle DC Fast Charging Systems

This paper introduces a high step-up DC-DC converter for the integration of the photovoltaic (PV) energy into the electric vehicle (EV) DC fast charging systems. The proposed converter has an interleaved structure using the integration of coupled inductor (CI), built-in transformer (BIT), and switched-capacitor concepts to achieve high-voltage gain, low current and voltage stresses on the power switches and diodes, and high efficiency. The reverse-recovery problem of all diodes is solved due to the presence of the leakage inductances of CI and BIT. Operation modes and steady-state analysis of the proposed converter in the continuous conduction mode (CCM) are presented. To verify the merits of the proposed converter, a comparison between the proposed converter and other related converters is performed. Furthermore, an 800 W converter with the input voltage of 40 V and the output voltage of 800 V is simulated in PLECS Blockset to validate the theoretical analyses.
Battery chemical heterogeneity revealed by thermal conductivity measurement

Amidst the proliferation of increasingly sophisticated in situ and operando techniques that are being used to study complex phenomena within lithium-ion batteries, Zeng et al . recently proposed the use of operando thermal-wave sensing as a simple yet robust method for probing local Li+ concentrations gradients across a graphite anode.
Mechanical Properties of Engineered Materials

Featuring in-depth discussions on tensile and compressive properties, shear properties, strength, hardness, environmental effects, and creep crack growth, "Mechanical Properties of Engineered Materials" considers computation of principal stresses and strains, mechanical testing, plasticity in ceramics, metals, intermetallics, and polymers, materials selection for thermal shock resistance, the analysis of failure mechanisms such as fatigue, fracture, and creep, and fatigue life prediction. It is a top-shelf reference for professionals and students in materials, chemical, mechanical, corrosion, industrial, civil, and maintenance engineering; and surface chemistry.
Accurate Three‐dimensional Measurements of Features in Geological Materials from X‐ray Computed Tomography Data

The challenge of making accurate dimensional measurements of features in CT data volumes is best understood using the concept of the point-spread function (PSF). The PSF summarizes the blurring caused by the various non-idealities inherent in CT data acquisition, such as finite-sized source and detectors, motion during scanning, and reconstruction algorithms. The effect of these factors is to disperse the attenuation signal of any given feature into its immediate surroundings in a CT data slice. By identifYing and quantifying the attenuation signal of a feature, precise measurements can be made, even on features with one or more dimensions smaller than a data voxel. This type of calculation has been used to successfully measure fracture widths, and can be applied to volumetric measurements as well. The common method of delineating objects using thresholds based on the FWHM (full width half max) criterion is appropriate for features larger than the PSF diameter, but leads to erroneous results if one or more feature dimensions are smaller.
Past, Present, and Future: A Tense South Africa Performs

Thirteen years after the official dismantling of apartheid, South Africa is still wrestling with its identity as a nation and a new democracy. The 2007 National Arts Festival (NAF) in Grahamstown, the world's largest theatre festival outside Edinburgh, revealed a panoply of interrogative forms-from dance to theatre to visual art to stagings of personal identities-that explored the shameful past, the corrupt yet developing present, and the uncertain future. The politics of belonging, dislocation, gender, voice, and identity formation(s)
Pain management for ulcerated infantile hemangiomas.

Abstract: Perioral ulcerated hemangiomas in infants can present a therapeutic challenge to clinicians, especially when associated with severe pain and difficulty feeding. Topical and oral pain medications can be beneficial, but feeding difficulties may still occur while awaiting healing of the ulceration with the use of systemic or topical agents. We present a case of an infant with an ulcerated lip hemangioma treated with an over-the-counter topical sealant in combination with systemic corticosteroid therapy who showed dramatic improvement in pain and tolerance to feeding, resulting in healing of the ulceration.
Attitudinal Differences Among Residents, Park Staff, and Visitors Toward Coyotes in Cape Breton Highlands National Park of Canada

We explored differences and similarities among local residents, park staff, and visitors in their (a) attitudes toward, (b) fear of, (c) perceived control over, and (d) perceived likelihood of coming into contact with coyotes. Data were collected near Cape Breton Highlands National Park of Canada, where a coyote caused a human fatality in 2009. Local residents were mailed a questionnaire (n = 578; 76%) in 2011. Park staff completed the questionnaire (n = 124) in 2011 and visitors were interviewed on trails in 2011 and 2012 (n = 375). The Potential for Conflict Index2 (PCI2) was used to examine differences among these groups. Residents held more negative attitudes, reported more fear, felt less in perceived control, and reported a higher perceived likelihood of seeing a coyote than park staff and visitors. Understanding different interest-group attitudes toward coyotes facilitates the design of specialized messages to ensure different stakeholders receive appropriate information.
Is a Cardio-Protective Diet Sustainable? A Review of the Synergies and Tensions Between Foods That Promote the Health of the Heart and the Planet.

There are many synergies between a diet that is healthy for the heart and one that is healthy for the planet, but there may also be tensions. We examined the Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition’s double pyramid to describe the carbon, water, and ecological footprints of the components of a cardio-protective diet. Overall, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains all tend to have low carbon and water footprints, while nuts and olive oil have relatively higher water footprints and fish have a high ecological footprint. In order to increase the sustainability of a cardio-protective diet, consumers can choose nuts (e.g., walnuts) and oils (e.g., sunflower) with lower water footprints and sustainably produced fish. However, in order to increase consumption of these foods, parallel efforts should be implemented targeting consumer knowledge and incentives to make these foods more affordable.
Direct PCR of intact bacteria (colony PCR).

This protocol describes an efficient method for screening intact bacteria for the presence of desired DNA sequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This method is commonly referred to as colony PCR. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Korsakoff's syndrome: radiological (CT) findings and neuropsychological correlates

Quantitative analyses were performed on computer tomography (CT) scans from 7 patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, 7 age-matched alcoholic subjects, and 7 age-matched healthy control subjects. CT values were used to estimate tissue density and fluid volume in specified brain areas. Tissue density was assessed by averaging CT values in small (5 x 5 mm) areas sampled bilaterally in 6 specified areas--thalamus, head of the caudate nucleus, putamen, anterior white matter, posterior white matter, and centrum semiovale. We assessed fluid volume using a semiautomated computer algorithm that estimated the proportion of fluid in 7 brain regions--total ventricular space, third ventricle, interventricular region, frontal sulci, peri-Sylvian region, medial cerebellum, and vertex. For the patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, we also assessed the correlation between CT measures and performance on 6 cognitive and 12 memory tests. Compared with alcoholic subjects and healthy control subjects, patients with Korsakoff's syndrome had lower CT density values bilaterally in the region of the thalamus and had greater estimated fluid bilaterally in the region of the third ventricle. Alcoholic and healthy control subjects did not differ on these measures. Significant cortical atrophy in frontal sulcal and peri-Sylvian areas was detected both in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome and in alcoholic subjects. For patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, impairment on behavioral tests, and on memory tests in particular, was correlated with low-density values in the thalamus and with high fluid values in the region of the frontal sulci. Damage to diencephalic and frontal areas may especially contribute to the memory and cognitive impairment exhibited by patients with Korsakoff's syndrome.
Light Cone Quantization of Electrodynamics

Light-cone quantization of (3+1)-dimensional electrodynamics is discussed, using discretization as an infrared regulator and paying careful attention to the interplay between gauge choice and boundary conditions. In the zero longitudinal momentum sector of the theory a general gauge fixing is performed and the corresponding relations that determine the constrained modes of the gauge field are obtained. The constraints are solved perturbatively and the structure of the theory is studied to lowest nontrivial order. (Talk presented at ``Theory of Hadrons and Light-Front QCD,'' Polana Zgorzelisko, Poland, August 1994.)
Role of C3, C5 and anaphylatoxin receptors in acute lung injury and in sepsis.

The complement system plays a major role in innate immune defenses against infectious agents, but exaggerated activation of complement can lead to severe tissue injury. Systemic (intravascular) activation of complement can, via C5a, lead to neutrophil (PMN) activation, sequestration and adhesion to the pulmonary capillary endothelium, resulting in damage and necrosis of vascular endothelial cells and acute lung injury (ALI). Intrapulmonary (intraalveolar) activation of complement can cause ALI that is complement and PMN-dependent, resulting in a cytokine/chemokine storm that leads to intense ALI. Surprisingly, C3−/− mice develop the full intensity of ALI in a C5a-dependent manner due to the action of thrombin that generates C5a directly from C5. There is conflicting evidence on the role of the second C5a receptor, C5L2 in development of ALI. There is accumulating evidence that C5a may suppress inflammatory responses or divert them from Th1 to Th2 responses, impacting the innate immune system. Finally, in experimental polymicrobial sepsis, there is evidence that many of the adverse outcomes can be linked to the roles of C5a and engagement of its two receptors, C5aR and C5L2. These observations underscore the diversity of effects of C5a in a variety of inflammatory settings.
Specialty care for heart failure: Does it improve outcomes?

The most appropriate role for specialty care in the treatment of patients with chronic medical conditions has long been a topic of interest, and recently, one of shifting views. In the era before the economic considerations began to play a major role in health care policy, it was widely accepted by both physicians and patients that referral to a specialist was warranted and potentially valuable for patients with serious illnesses that adversely affected survival or quality of life. With the emergence of managed care and the frequently coupled concept of the primary care provider as a gate-keeper to control access to specialists, specialty care and the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that often accompanied it began to be viewed as a large and frequently unjustified cost, particularly when used for the treatment of common chronic illnesses. Some argued that specialist involvement in the continuing care of these conditions had as much potential to disrupt the primary physician-patient relationship as to improve their outcomes. Whatever the genesis of these viewpoints—whether driven by economic considerations, health systems or physician self-interest, or legitimate uncertainty—they correctly highlighted the lack of evidence demonstrating the value of specialist involvement in the treatment of most chronic diseases. In response, research designed to examine the benefits and cost of specialty care has burgeoned.
Periodontal disease and recurrent vascular events in stroke/transient ischemic attack patients

Periodontal disease (PD) has been shown to be associated with incident stroke. We investigated whether PD is independently associated with recurrent vascular events and certain inflammatory markers in stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients. In this prospective, longitudinal, hospital-based cohort study, PD was assessed in stroke/TIA patients. High periodontal disease (HPD) was defined as the highest tertile of extent (% of sites) with an attachment loss of 5 mm or more. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (s-ICAM) were measured. The patients were followed for recurrent vascular events—stroke, TIA, myocardial infarction, and vascular death. In the 106 patients who were evaluated, 40 (38%) showed HPD and 27 (26%) had recurrent vascular events over a median of 24 months (range, 12-24 months). HPD patients had higher levels of IL-6 ( P = .01) and s-ICAM ( P = .03). HPD was associated with recurrent vascular events before (log-rank P = .01; hazard ratio [HR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-5.7) and after adjustment for significant confounders—age and stroke status (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.5; P = .03); adjustment for possible confounders—age, male, years of education, and cardioembolic strokes (HR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.2-6.5; P = .02); and adjustment for propensity score that accounted for all potential measured confounders (HR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.2-6.5; P = .02). There is an independent association between HPD and recurrent vascular events in stroke/TIA patients. HPD is also associated with higher serum levels of IL-6 and s-ICAM.
Three Approaches for Estimating the Value of Work

Shows that the hedonic (or implicit) values associated with work activities can be derived in three ways: simultaneous equations technique, multiple linear regression analysis, and dual variables in a labour mix optimization model. Demonstrates consistency between the results of using each model. Concludes that hedonic values are not an artifact of a particular model but a natural and fundamental economic characteristic of work.
Disentangling Ethnicity and Context as Predictors of Parenting Within Rural African American Families

This study will address the initial question: Are there ethnic differences in parenting that remain when contextual variables are controlled and are related to culture, focusing on two samples of rural African American families. This study is part of a series of coordinated studies presented in this special issue (Le et al., 2008). Specific attention was given to ascertaining whether these differences were explained by contextual factors, such as socioeconomic factors (i.e., parents' educational level, homeownership, family structure, and number of children in the household). Finally, this study examined whether any differences in parenting (warmth, monitoring, communication) were attributed to cultural factors, after controlling for the contributions of contextual factors. Results indicate that parental education, family size, negative life events, racial discrimination, neighborhood characteristics, and religiosity were significantly associated with various domains of parenting among rural African Ameri...
Dynamic trends in distributions

Transformations of distributions belong to the standard repertoire of theoretical statistics, if they are given as explicit, algebraic functions. In practical applications, transformations are often not given explicitly, however, but as processes that are best described as solutions of ordinary differential equations. The paper describes how trends in distributions can be computed under such conditions. It begins with a description of the method, illustrates it with didactic examples, and applies the method to the accumulation of mercury in king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla). A brief discussion alludes to limitations and to other potential application areas.
Volumetric Semantic Segmentation Using Pyramid Context Features

We present an algorithm for the per-voxel semantic segmentation of a three-dimensional volume. At the core of our algorithm is a novel "pyramid context" feature, a descriptive representation designed such that exact per-voxel linear classification can be made extremely efficient. This feature not only allows for efficient semantic segmentation but enables other aspects of our algorithm, such as novel learned features and a stacked architecture that can reason about self-consistency. We demonstrate our technique on 3D fluorescence microscopy data of Drosophila embryos for which we are able to produce extremely accurate semantic segmentations in a matter of minutes, and for which other algorithms fail due to the size and high-dimensionality of the data, or due to the difficulty of the task.
Circuit Considerations Relating to Microelectronics

Five basic problems are associated with microscale circuits: power dissipation, thermal generation and its effects on component packing density, compatibility, adjustability and reliability. Power dissipation and its relation to circuit functions is discussed in detail and specific circuit problems are used as examples of the principles. Furthermore, it is shown that the power dissipation problems are fundamental and relate generally to all classes of electronic components. Power dissipation and heat generation are then related to packing density to determine the physical limitations of microelectronic fabrication.
Implicit theories of the body among college women: Implications for physical activity:

This study explored the relationship between implicit theories of the body (ITB) and self-reported physical activity. ITB are beliefs about the malleability of the body. Individuals may hold entity ITB (that body appearance is fixed) or incremental ITB (that body appearance can be changed). Female undergraduate students (N = 313) completed an online survey assessing ITB, physical activity, and discrepancy between actual and ideal body weight. Participants endorsing incremental ITB reported more physical activity. A significant ITB by weight discrepancy interaction emerged. Developing interventions targeting implicit theories of the body may be one way to increase physical activity.
The Identification of Inks by Electrophoresis

A method is proposed for the identification of writing inks by means of electrophoresis. It is generally considered that electrophoresis does not provide a satisfactory separation of ink components and usually chromatographic methods are used for this purpose. But by using a 0.1 M solution of aluminium citrate or a mixture of 30% acetic acid and 10% iso-butyric acid solution, it is possible to achieve a much better separation than by chromatographic methods. Aluminium citrate solution retains the aluminium in solution under all pH conditions and as a buffer will possibly find other applications.
Static Nuclear Magnetism in Extraordinary Liquid He 3

Static-nuclear-magnetization measurements show temperature-independent magnetization in the "$A$" phase of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, temperature-dependent magnetization in the "$B$" phase of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, and at the boundary between these phases a discontinuity in magnetization which approaches zero at a polycritical point.
The Logic of "Irrational" Politics: Nixon's Reelection Committee

President Nixon's re-election committee had in 1972 more than $50 million with which to wage its campaign against George McGovern. Because it was commonly presumed that Nixon would easily win the election, the "dirty tricks" and the Watergate burglary have been variously described as "irrational" and "illogical" acts, as well as inept campaign management. Observers of the 1972 campaign have assumed that the unfair campaign activities in 1972 were in duced by the abundance of campaign funds which the Republicans had. Ac cordingly, restrictions on campaign expenditures have been legislated. In this article, a theory of campaign expenditures is formulated, leading to an under standing ofpolitical expenditures on what are called "productive" and "preda tory" political strategies. With the model that is developed, alternative policies for reducing "predatory politics" are evaluated.
High-throughput expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant Caenorhabditis elegans proteins.

Abstract Modern proteomics approaches include techniques to examine the expression, localization, modifications, and complex formation of proteins in cells. In order to address issues of protein function in vitro using classical biochemical and biophysical approaches, high-throughput methods of cloning the appropriate reading frames, and expressing and purifying proteins efficiently are an important goal of modern proteomics approaches. This process becomes more difficult as functional proteomics efforts focus on the proteins from higher organisms, since issues of correctly identifying intron–exon boundaries and efficiently expressing and solubilizing the (often) multi-domain proteins from higher eukaryotes are challenging. Recently, 12,000 open-reading-frame (ORF) sequences from Caenorhabditis elegans have become available for functional proteomics studies [Nat. Gen. 34 (2003) 35]. We have implemented a high-throughput screening procedure to express, purify, and analyze by mass spectrometry hexa-histidine-tagged C. elegans ORFs in Escherichia coli using metal affinity ZipTips. We find that over 65% of the expressed proteins are of the correct mass as analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption MS. Many of the remaining proteins indicated to be “incorrect” can be explained by high-throughput cloning or genome database annotation errors. This provides a general understanding of the expected error rates in such high-throughput cloning projects. The ZipTip purified proteins can be further analyzed under both native and denaturing conditions for functional proteomics efforts.
Friedreich Ataxia: From GAA Triplet–Repeat Expansion to Frataxin Deficiency

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA [MIM 229300]), the most prevalent inherited ataxia, is an autosomal recessive disease with onset in early childhood followed by an unremitting course that terminates with death in the fourth or fifth decade of life. It occurs at a frequency of 1–2 per 50,000 individuals. FRDA is characterized clinically by progressive gait and limb ataxia; signs of upper motoneuron dysfunction including dysarthria, areflexia, and loss of the senses of position and vibration; cardiomyopathy; diabetes mellitus; and secondary skeletal abnormalities. The majority (>95%) of patients with FRDA are homozygous for large expansions of a GAA triplet–repeat sequence (66–1800 triplets) located within the first intron of the gene X25, which encodes the protein frataxin (Campuzano et al. 1996). The expansion causes a severe reduction in the levels of frataxin, a 210–amino acid protein that is targeted to mitochondrial matrix and that appears to play a crucial role in iron homeostasis. The severity of the disease is directly correlated with the length of the expansion. A very small minority of patients are compound heterozygotes for the GAA expansion and for point mutations within the X25 gene. Chamberlain and coworkers have recently summarized all point mutations described to date (Pook et al. 2000). In this review, we will discuss recent developments that have increased our understanding of the effect of the GAA expansion on transcription and replication. Approaches used to investigate the unusual conformational properties of the GAA expansion and the unique behavior of the expansion in cultured cells will be described. Insights into the biogenesis of frataxin, including processing of the precursor protein and import into the mitochondria, will be summarized. We will describe advances made in the construction of mouse models for the disease. Finally, we will discuss important advances that have been made in deciphering the structure and function of frataxin, and we will conclude with prospects for therapy.
The Measurement of Monocarbonyl Classes in Cocoa Beans and Chocolate Liquor With Special Reference to Flavor

SUMMARY Monocarbonyl compounds in unroasted cocoa beans and chocolate liquor were converted to 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones and then separated into methyl ketone, saturated aldehyde, 2.enal, and 2,4-dienal fractions. In most comparisons the aldehydes were more concentrated in liquor than in unroasted beans, which contained more ketone. Over 30 derivatives, several within each class, were detected on thin-layer plates. Spot densities were most intense in the region between the C4 and C7 standards. Differences among Accra, Arriba, and Bahia varieties involved relative concentrations of individual compounds rather than the presence or absence of specific carbonyls. Regeneration of carbonyls revealed each class to be a potent reservoir of aroma-emitting compounds. Methyl ketones were cheese-like; saturated aldehydes, waxy and fruity; 2.enals, oxidized, painty, and like old meat; 2,4-dienals, nutmeg and spicy. From the quantitative data it was concluded that each carbonyl class is an important contributor to chocolate aroma.
A novel on-chip electrostatic discharge protection design for RF ICs

Abstract A novel, compact electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection structure is designed, which protects integrated circuits (ICs) against ESD damages in all modes. This ultra-fast-response ESD structure, with response time of t 1 ∼0.16 nS, operates symmetrically. Measurements showed desired low holding voltage (∼2 V), low discharging impedance (
Potential biofluid markers and treatment targets for renal cell carcinoma

In this Review, Wettersten and Weiss discuss novel urinary and blood biomarkers and therapeutic targets for renal cell carcinoma, with the hope that dissemination of this information might lead to clinical utilization.
Parents' Concerns About Children's Development: Prescreening Technique or Screening Test?

Objective. Due to the limitations of previous studies, parents9 concerns have been recommended as a prescreening technique, a brief method for identifying a subset of children in need of more in-depth developmental screening. The purpose of this study was to assess whether parents9 concerns could: (1) serve instead as a screening measure; (2) aid in making focused referral decisions; and (3) help pediatricians target families for developmental promotion and in-office counseling. An additional goal was to determine why most parents9 concerns are accurate although some are not. Design Survey/Setting. Public schools and day care centers in four diverse geographic sites representing the northern, central, southern and western United States. Patients and Other Participants. A total of 408 children between 21 and 84 months of age and their parents, whose socioeconomic and demographic characteristics reflect proportions in the 1990 United States Census. Main Outcome Measures. Licensed psychological examiners and educational diagnosticians elicited parents9 concerns about children9s development and measured children9s development with a broad battery including measures of intelligence, language, motor, and school skills. Results. Certain concerns, ie, motor, language, global/cognitive, and school (in children 4 years and older) had high levels of sensitivity and identified 79% of the 56 children with disabilities. Accurate referrals could be made for 70% of the 56 children. The absence of concerns or concerns in other areas, ie, socialization, self-help, or behavior, had reasonable specificity and identified 72% (N = 255) of the 352 typically developing children. Of the remaining 28% (N = 97) of parents with significant concerns but whose children did not have disabilities, most had children with substantially lower performance in almost all developmental areas than the children of the 255 parents without significant concerns. Further, more than half of the 97 children could be distinguished by a single concern (usually about expressive language) whereas the majority of accurately concerned parents had multiple concerns. A significant proportion of the 12 parents of disabled children who did not raise concerns could be identified by difficulties communicating in either English or Spanish. Conclusion. If systematically elicited, parents9 concerns approach standards for screening tests and can be used to make reasonably accurate referral decisions. Over-referrals can be significantly reduced by administered screening tests to the small group of children (16%) whose parents have a single significant concern. Those who pass screening or whose parents have nonsignificant concerns can be targeted for developmental promotion and in-office counseling. Under-referrals can be minimized by administering screening tests (with the help of an interpreter as needed) to children whose parents have communication difficulties.
Prostaglandin Levels in Stimulated Macrophages Are Controlled by Phospholipase A2-activating Protein and by Activation of Phospholipase C and D

Prostaglandins (PG), which are responsible for a large array of biological functions in eukaryotic cells, are produced from arachidonic acid by phospholipases and cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2. We demonstrated that PG levels in cells were partly controlled by a regulatory protein, phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-activating protein (PLAA). Treatment of murine macrophages with lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased PLAA levels at early time points (2-30 min), which correlated with an up-regulation in cytosolic PLA2 and PGE2 levels. Both COX-2 and secretory PLA2 were also increased in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, however, at later time points of 4-24 h. The role of PLAA in eicosanoid formation in macrophages was confirmed by the use of an antisense plaa oligonucleotide. Within amino acid residues 503-538, PLAA exhibited homology with melittin, and increased PGE(2) production was noted in macrophages stimulated with melittin. In addition to PLA2, we demonstrated that activation of phospholipase C and D significantly controlled PGE2 production. Finally, increased antigen levels of PLAA, COX-2, and phospholipases were demonstrated in biopsy specimens from patients with varying amounts of intestinal mucosal inflammation, which corresponded to increased levels of phospholipase activity. These results could provide a basis for the development of new therapeutic tools to control inflammation.
An Improved Long-Run Consumer Price Index for the United States

The consumer price index series in the Historical Statistics of the United States, millennial edition, is improved via construction of a new long-run consumer price index series. For a component series, the author uses a neglected series developed by Paul Douglas. Although differences between the Historical Statistics series and the new series are not large, the Historical Statistics series nevertheless exhibits both conceptual and computational weaknesses when compared with the new series. Furthermore, the Historical Statistics series systematically diverges from the new series. In effect, the Historical Statistics series has two segments, which are improperly linked. Empirical evidence suggests the superior representativeness of the new series.
Endometriosis and tamoxifen therapy

Tamoxifen is an estrogen antagonist/agonist often associated with antiestrogenic effects such as hot flushes and vaginal dryness in premenopausal women. Estrogenic side-effects, such as thromboembolic phenomena and endometrial proliferation has been reported in postmenopausal women. Paradoxically, tamoxifen has also been shown to be capable of increasing estrogen levels in premenopausal women. Since tamoxifen is being used more frequently in this group of women, potential adverse effects are only now being recognized. Two cases of premenopausal women who developed symptomatic endometriomas while on tamoxifen for breast cancer, are reported. Stimulation of endometriosis should be considered when pain and an ovarian mass develops in a woman on tamoxifen. The unique effects of tamoxifen in premenopausal women may contribute to this even in the presence of regular ovulation.
THE REGULATION OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS — FDA'S NEW JURISDICTIONAL DILEMMA

For purposes of enforcement, the jurisdictional prerequisites to the exercise of regulatory authority by the Food and Drug Administration are found in the specific definition of regulated substances. Prior to 1994 the two major classes of FDA substances were foods and drugs. The 1994 passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) created a new class of regulated substances known as dietary supplements and set up a new regulatory framework for their regulation. Although DSHEA legally classifies dietary supplements as a special category of foods, it has had the effect of expanding the traditional definition of dietary supplements to practically exclude them from the definition of either a “food” or a “drug” and therefore also from FDA scrutiny and premarket approval. DSHEA, therefore, creates a new class of regulated substance for which the extent of FDA regulatory jurisdiction is primarily postmarket and for which FDA's ability to regulate the safety of dietary supplements remains unclear.