cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
5.56 Ofatumumab in Combination with High-Dose Methylprednisolone as a Salvage Treatment for Heavily Pretreated or Refractory Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Treatment options for relapsed / refractory or heavily pretreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are limited, and these patients typically have a poor prognosis. We conducted a study to evaluate the combination of High-dose methylprednisolone (HDMP) with ofatumumab (HDMP-O) in patients who were not considered eligible to receive chemotherapy due to the presence of comorbidities, poor performance status, severe cytopenias and / or refractory status to fludarabine or alemtuzumab. Patients received HDMP 1 g/m IV daily 3 every 28 days for three consecutive cycles, and ofatumumab 300 mg (dose 1) followed by 11 doses of 2,000 mg over a 6 month period, along with prophylactic antimicrobial therapy (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg twice a day 3 per week, fluconazole 100 mg/day and valganciclovir 900 mg/day). Eight patients were evaluated; all of them were males with progressive and symptomatic CLL. Median age was 69 years (range 49–78 years). The mean number of prior treatment regimens was 3.75, including four patients that had previously received HDMP and rituximab and two patients that underwent matched unrelated donor stem cell transplantation. All patients had been previously treated with rituximab, 75% of the patients were refractory to fludarabine and / or aletuzumab, and 88% had high-risk disease based on the presence of unfavorable cytogenetics (17p-, 11q-), unmutated IgVH status, or ZAP-70 expression. Bulky disease and splenomegaly were present in 62.5% of patients. All patients completed the planned therapy with no major side effects or toxicities. There was no evidence of myelosupression, and even patients with pancytopenia improved their peripheral blood counts. Response assessment based on the IW-CLL 2008 criteria showed an overall response rate of 50% (4 partial responses), 25% of patients had stable disease and the remainder showed progressive disease. The median time to progression in responders was 7 months. Overall survival 6 months after treatment was 65%. This study suggests that the combination of HDMP and Ofatumumab is a safe and effective salvage regimen for high-risk CLL patients who otherwise would not be candidates for additional treatment. 5.57 Pattern of Use and Effectiveness of RituximabBased Therapy in CLL/SLL in the Province of Manitoba, Prior to its Approval as First-Line Treatment for CLL Kimi Guilbert, Bernie Lozar, Baptist Joseph, Patricia Burns, Venetia Bourrier, Pamela Skrabek, Sri Navaratnam, James Johnston, Rajat Kumar University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Departments of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Provincial Oncology Drug Program, and Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, Winnipeg, Canada
Peasant women and inheritance of land in fourteenth-century England

This study argues that women's ownership of land – an important component of their status – changed little, if at all, after the Black Death of the mid-fourteenth century. Using rentals and obit data from court rolls, a new formula for measuring female inheritance is devised which shows that daughters received even less of their expected due during the plague years. While high death rates might predict that brotherless daughters would be more likely to inherit land, inheritance practices shifted so that women continued to hold much the same total area as before. The article considers several reasons for this continuity, concluding that women found it especially hard to compete in an era of acute labour shortage.
Review of DNA‐based census and effective population size estimators

The detection of reductions in effective population size (Ne) or census size (Nc) is essential for conservation. Recent developments allow wildlife researchers to obtain genetic material via non-invasive sampling techniques that may provide the large sample sizes necessary for precise estimates of Ne and Nc. Population genetic theory provides several methods to estimate Ne from allele frequency data: including temporal change in allele frequencies, gametic disequilibrium and heterozygote excess methods. Modification of capture–mark–recapture methods for use with multi-locus genotype data provides new means for estimating Nc. The combination of new DNA sampling techniques, polymerase chain reaction-based DNA markers and analytical methods may provide unprecedented power to detect reductions in Ne and Nc of endangered populations. However, these genetic methods are largely untested in the field. We review some relatively unexplored, but promising ways that multi-locus genetic data can be used to provide important genetic and demographic information and suggest avenues for further research in this area.
Neural and Hormonal Control of Birdsong

Birdsong is a complex learned behavior performed by the oscine passerine birds. Birds sing in reproductive and aggressive contexts, but there is great diversity in song behavior across species, seasons, and sexes. Song learning and production are controlled by a collection of neural circuits, the song control system, that is unique to this group of birds. The growth, maturation, and adult function of this circuit depends on hormonal signals, especially the reproductive steroid hormones. This chapter reviews studies examining the neural control of song and functions of endocrine systems that influence the song-control system. They reveal how sex steroids can act to build motor and learning pathways and then stimulate plasticity of these circuits to modify song throughout adult life. Much of the observed behavioral diversity can be accounted for by individual differences in the neural distribution of steroid receptors or in age, sex, or seasonal differences in the gonadal secretion of sex steroids. Songbirds may also synthesize steroids in nongonadal sites and use nontraditional steroids or cellular mechanisms to control song. The evolution in songbirds of multiple mechanisms to synthesize and respond to sex steroids contributes to a growing body of work expanding traditional concepts about the relationship between hormones, brain, and behavior.
A Case Study of Radar Observations and WRF LES Simulations of the Impact of Ground-Based Glaciogenic Seeding on Orographic Clouds and Precipitation. Part II: AgI Dispersion and Seeding Signals Simulated by WRF

AbstractSeveral Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulations of natural and seeded clouds have been conducted in non-LES and LES (large-eddy simulation) modes to investigate the seeding impact on wintertime orographic clouds for an actual seeding case on 18 February 2009 in the Medicine Bow Mountains of Wyoming. Part I of this two-part series has shown the capability of WRF LES with 100-m grid spacing to capture the essential environmental conditions by comparing the model results with measurements from a variety of instruments. In this paper, the silver iodide (AgI) dispersion features, the AgI impacts on the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), the microphysics, and the precipitation are examined in detail using the model data, which leads to five main results. 1) The vertical dispersion of AgI particles is more efficient in cloudy conditions than in clear conditions. 2) The wind shear and the buoyancy are both important TKE production mechanisms in the wintertime PBL over complex terrain in clou...
The impact of chronic liver disease on the risk assessment of ACS NSQIP morbidity and mortality after hepatic resection.

Background The American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) risk-adjustment model for patients who require hepatic resection does not include metrics of underlying chronic liver disease. The applicability of the current risk adjustment model is under debate. This study aims to assess the impact of chronic liver disease on the ACS NSQIP estimates of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Study design This retrospective cohort study included all cases of hepatic resection at our quaternary referral institution between 2006 and 2013. Metrics of chronic liver disease were abstracted and linked with the ACS NSQIP risk-adjustment model estimated probabilities of morbidity and mortality for each case. Sequential general linear models were used to estimate differences in ACS NSQIP probabilities of morbidity and mortality associated with measures of underlying chronic liver disease. Results A total of 522 hepatic resections were performed during the study period. The patient cohort included 91 patients with fibrosis (17%) and 38 patients with cirrhosis (7%). The mean ACS NSQIP estimated probability of morbidity was 0.24 ± 0.11 and probability of mortality was 0.02 ± 0.02. Fibrosis was associated with increased probability of morbidity (0.26 ± 0.11; P = .019); cirrhosis was also associated with increased probability of morbidity (0.27 ± 0.10; P = .059). Parenchymal liver disease was not associated with increased probability of mortality (all P ≥ .62). Increased probabilities of mortality were associated with diagnosis and extent of resection (both P Conclusions In patients selected for hepatectomy, metrics of chronic liver disease were associated with differences in ACS NSQIP estimated probability of morbidity. Incorporation of metrics of chronic liver disease into the ACS NSQIP targeted hepatectomy modules should improve estimates of risk after hepatic resection.
Three Dimensional Dose Distribution Comparison of Simple and Complex Acquisition Trajectories in Dedicated Breast CT – A Monte Carlo Study

The purpose of this study was to characterize the three dimensional (3D) x-ray dose distributions in a target scanned with different acquisition trajectories for dedicated breast CT imaging. Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate two acquisition trajectories: circular azimuthal (no tilt) and complex sinusoidal (saddle) orbit with ±15o tilts around a pendant breast. Simulations were performed with tungsten (W) and cerium (Ce) filtration of a W-anode source; the simulated source flux was normalized to the measured exposure of a clinically used W-anode source. A water filled cylindrical phantom, was divided into 1cc voxels, and each voxel was set to track the cumulative energy deposited. Energy deposited per voxel was converted to dose, yielding the 3D distributed dose volumes. Results indicate that the mean absorbed dose at the isocenter of a volume for the un-tilted acquisition is ~10% higher than that from a saddle scan, regardless of filtration used.
Effective radiation dose in a skeletal survey performed for suspected child abuse

Effective dose of a skeletal survey in infants using digital radiography was estimated to be 0.2 mSv using Monte Carlo simulation. Radiation risk from this procedure is, therefore, low. Radiation concern should not be an overriding factor when deciding whether skeletal survey is needed in cases of possible physical abuse.
Translating RNA sequencing into clinical diagnostics: opportunities and challenges

With the emergence of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technologies, RNA-based biomolecules hold expanded promise for their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic applicability in various diseases, including cancers and infectious diseases. Detection of gene fusions and differential expression of known disease-causing transcripts by RNA-seq represent some of the most immediate opportunities. However, it is the diversity of RNA species detected through RNA-seq that holds new promise for the multi-faceted clinical applicability of RNA-based measures, including the potential of extracellular RNAs as non-invasive diagnostic indicators of disease. Ongoing efforts towards the establishment of benchmark standards, assay optimization for clinical conditions and demonstration of assay reproducibility are required to expand the clinical utility of RNA-seq.
Legal Consideration of the Exploration and Development Environmental Protection of Petroleum Gas Legislates

Actual conditions of foundation petroleum natural gas exploration of this text,production,storage,collect,fail prevention and control of pollution and ecological protection of course further investigate in petroleum gas,have put forward corresponding legal measure and means.
Assessing Impact of Dual Sensor Enhanced Flight Vision Systems on Departure Performance

Synthetic Vision (SV) and Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (EFVS) may serve as game-changing technologies to meet the challenges of the Next Generation Air Transportation System and the envisioned Equivalent Visual Operations (EVO) concept - that is, the ability to achieve the safety and operational tempos of current-day Visual Flight Rules operations irrespective of the weather and visibility conditions. One significant obstacle lies in the definition of required equipage on the aircraft and on the airport to enable the EVO concept objective. A motion-base simulator experiment was conducted to evaluate the operational feasibility and pilot workload of conducting departures and approaches on runways without centerline lighting in visibility as low as 300 feet runway visual range (RVR) by use of onboard vision system technologies on a Head-Up Display (HUD) without need or reliance on natural vision. Twelve crews evaluated two methods of combining dual sensor (millimeter wave radar and forward looking infrared) EFVS imagery on pilot-flying and pilot-monitoring HUDs. In addition, the impact of adding SV to the dual sensor EFVS imagery on crew flight performance and workload was assessed. Using EFVS concepts during 300 RVR terminal operations on runways without centerline lighting appears feasible as all EFVS concepts had equivalent (or better) departure performance and landing rollout performance, without any workload penalty, than those flown with a conventional HUD to runways having centerline lighting. Adding SV imagery to EFVS concepts provided situation awareness improvements but no discernible improvements in flight path maintenance.
Acute Kidney Injury and Fluid Overload in Neonates Following Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease.

Background:Acute kidney injury (AKI) and fluid overload have been shown to increase morbidity and mortality. The reported incidence of AKI in pediatric patients following surgery for congenital hea...
The simultaneous occurrence of benign thymoma and refractory anemia.

1. The simultaneous occurrence of a benign thymoma and a severe anemia which failed to respond to therapy with recognized hematopoietic agents has been observed in two adult female patients. 2. Reports of seven other patients with a similar association of thymoma and refractory anemia have been found and the, salient features of these cases are summarized. 3. Possible explanations of the simultaneous occurrence of these two unusual conditions are discussed. 4. It is suggested that the thymus gland or tumors of the thymus may be etiologically responsible for certain cases of refractory anemia.
The birth of morality and the Fall of Adam through an evolutionary inter-species lens:

I begin by suggesting that the Christian metanarrative about the Fall of Adam has overreached its confines in Christian theology, becoming a leitmotif in Western culture more broadly. While sympathetic to aspects of Wentzel van Huyssteen’s post-foundationalist approach to the evolution of morality, I argue that a reinterpretation of the Fall through an evolutionary inter-species lens takes proper account of cultural attachment to the Fall narrative, but breaks it open theologically in radically new ways. In particular, I suggest that the Fall marks a theo-dramatic transition to the propensity for sainthood or sin that is highly distinctive for human beings, but one that is also conducted in the context of a community of others, including other animals. These creaturely others are not anonymous, but show up their own distinctive agency and virtue (and sometimes vice) in ways that intersect and overlap with moral capabilities emerging in the earliest hominin communities. Drawing on biblical exegesis of Gene...
Are rural family physicians comfortable performing cesarean sections

Background Provision of obstetric care in the United States requires the capacity to perform cesarean sections. It is unknown who actually performs these procedures in rural hospitals and whether nonobstetricians feel comfortable performing cesarean sections. Methods We conducted a telephone survey of the 41 rural hospitals in Washington State, asking about the obstetric services offered and the composition and obstetrical practices of physician staff. A supplementary questionnaire was sent to the 112 family physicians providing obstetric services in the subset of hospitals with 50 or fewer beds, asking whether they performed cesarean sections. Eighty-six responded, for a response rate of 75%. Results Thirty-one (75%) of the rural hospitals provide obstetric services; of the 31 hospitals, 19 (61%) had no obstetricians on staff. In these hospitals the majority of physicians on staff both practice obstetrics and perform cesarean sections. Family physicians performed the majority of cesarean sections in all but the eight largest rural hospitals; even in these large hospitals (mean annual deliveries, 785), family physicians performed 28% of the cesarean sections. Most family physicians who performed cesarean sections felt very comfortable performing these operations. There was a strong association between the number of cesarean sections performed in formal residency training settings and the family physician's comfort level. Conclusions Cesarean sections remain an important service in those rural hospitals providing obstetric services. Most Washington State rural hospitals depend on family physicians for this operative intervention. Physicians' comfort in doing cesarean sections appears to be closely related to prior formal training during residency. This relationship suggests that training programs preparing future rural physicians need to ensure adequate training in this area for their residents.
Impingement Cooling Using the Ionic Wind Generated by a Low-Voltage Piezoelectric Transformer

As the consumer demand for smaller, more sophisticated computers grows, the need arises for new air cooling methods that will work in geometries that mechanical fans cannot. Ionic winds (also known as electrohydrodynamic flows) are flows that are produced by the generation of a gas discharge. These flows do not require moving parts to operate, making them attractive for small form factor devices. However, in order to produce and sustain a gas discharge in atmospheric air, very large applied voltages are required (~5 kV). Through the use of piezoelectric transformers (PTs), it is possible to generate ionic winds in ambient air with significantly smaller voltages (~7 V) than otherwise possible. When a moderate voltage is applied to a piezoelectric transformer (PT), discharges can form on the edges of the crystal that produce measureable ionic winds. The impingement cooling properties of these ionic winds jets on a vertical, uniformly-heated metal plate were studied by measuring their induced forced convection coefficients. Using a sharpened piezoelectric crystal, a round, axis symmetric ionic wind jet was formed, and it followed similar heat transfer correlations to that of more conventional jets. The sharpened piezoelectric was able to produce convection coefficients near 50 W m-2 K-1 under the right conditions. When the piezoelectric was not sharpened, the piezoelectric transformer produced similar convection coefficients, but cooled a larger area than its counterpart, as ionic wind jets were generated off the corners of the rectangular device.
The magic of making money: A cultural flow perspective on profit

Conceptualized in terms of rational calculation and market logic, entrepreneurship appears as a straightforward matter of reckoning risks and rewards, assessing the prospects for profit. When viewed through an ethnographic lens, however, more mysterious – even ‘magical’ – aspects come into focus. This article explores the magical aspects through three case studies, each revealing a distinct process: symbolic efficacy, the conversion of words into things, and the ability to peer into the future. While exposing these otherwise hidden aspects, the article simultaneously explores a view of profit as arising from the capture – in different ways – of freely flowing, non-commoditized culture. The entrepreneur taps into cultural flows that are propelled by the force of interest, and, by capturing the flows, turns the culture into commodities capable of yielding profit. In these cases we glimpse the truth of Marcel Mauss's claim many years ago: ‘Though we may feel ourselves to be very far removed from magic, we are still very much bound up with it’ (Mauss 1972: 178).
A Model for Implementing a Sustainability Strategy through HRM Practices

There is a rapidly growing interest in the topic of sustainability as it relates to long-term business performance that optimizes the “triple bottom line”: economic, environmental, and social outcomes. This article articulates a multilevel conceptual model for executing a business strategy for sustainability primarily through the design and implementation of human resource management practices. The model builds on open systems theory, the resource based view of the firm, and the concept of line of sight to identify certain key organizational capabilities, group competencies, and individual abilities and other characteristics that combine to drive organizational performance when pursuing a sustainability strategy. The article concludes with a discussion of implications of the model for theory, research, and practice.
Interview with James Coffman: early-life stress in adult illness

James A Coffman speaks to Adam Price-Evans, Commissioning Editor: James A Coffman is a scientist at the MDI Biological Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, and Director of the Maine INBRE, a NIH-sponsored program to promote biomedical research. He holds a doctorate in zoology from Duke University and a bachelor's in biology from Carleton College. He is currently studying the mechanisms by which chronic early-life stress increases adult disease risk, using zebrafish as a model organism to ask how such stress affects immune system development and regulation.
Error detection reliable architectures of Camellia block cipher applicable to different variants of its substitution boxes

Different security properties are provided by cryptographic architectures to protect sensitive usage models such as implantable and wearable medical devices and nano-sensor nodes. Nevertheless, the way such algorithms are implemented could undermine the needed security and reliability aims. Unless the reliability of architectures is guaranteed, natural or malicious faults can undermine such objectives. Noting this, in this paper, we present error detection approaches for the Camellia block cipher taking into account its linear and non-linear sub-blocks. We also tailor the presented error detection architectures towards the desirability of using different variants of the S-boxes based on the security and reliability objectives. The merit of the proposed approaches is that (a) they can be tailored and applied to look-up table-based and composite field-based S-boxes, (b) their reliability vs. overhead can be fine-tuned based on the usage models, and (c) they result in high error coverage and acceptable overheads for performance and implementation metrics. We present the results of error simulations and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) implementations to benchmark the efficiency of the presented schemes.
Direct simulation of hypersonic crossflow instability on an elliptic cone

Direct numerical simulation is performed on a 38.1% scale Hypersonic International Flight Research Experimentation Program Flight 5 forebody to study stationary crossflow instability. Computations ...
Depression and Anxiety in the Cystic Fibrosis Population

Cystic fibrosis has been associated with higher risks of depression and anxiety in both patients and their caretakers. Anxiety specifically has been found to be the driving force of the psychopathology. Proposed causes of depression and anxiety in CF patients include pulmonary symptoms, especially dyspnea and air hunger, as well as vitamin D deficiency, abnormal body image, social stigma, time-consuming treatment regimens, and facing their own mortality at a young age. The cystic fibrosis care guidelines do not currently address screening for depression and anxiety or recommend disease-specific treatment. Depression and anxiety are very treatable as primary processes; thus, as the longevity of CF patients increases, more focus is being placed on addressing screening and treatment of psychopathology in patients affected by the disease.
Cospreading of Anionic Phospholipids with Peptides of the Structure (KX)4K at the Air–Water Interface: Influence of Lipid Headgroup Structure and Hydrophobicity of the Peptide on Monolayer Behavior

Mixtures of anionic phospholipids (PG, PA, PS, and CL) with cationic peptides were cospread from a common organic solvent at the air–water interface. The compression of the mixed film was combined with epifluorescence microscopy or infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) to gain information on the interactions of the peptide with the different lipids. To evaluate the influence of the amino acid X of peptides with the sequence (KX)4K on the binding, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (DPPG) was mixed with different peptides with increasing hydrophobicity of the uncharged amino acid X. The monolayer isotherms of DPPG/(KX)4K mixtures show an increased area for the lift-off due to incorporation of the peptide into the liquid-expanded (LE) state of the lipid. The surface pressure for the transition from LE to the liquid-condensed (LC) state is slightly increased for peptides with amino acids X with moderate hydrophobicity. For the most hydrophobic peptide (KL)4K two plateaus are seen at a...
Grain growth in dilute alloys of copper

An experimental study of grain growth in dilute binary alloys of copper was performed. It was found that the grain growth law D = Kt n fit most of the data. The grain growth exponent n decreased with solute content until a saturation value was obtained at slightly under 0.2 for both silicon and aluminum solutes. It is concluded that the grain growth exponent n depends upon solute adsorption at the grain boundaries. An estimate of the activation energy was made and it was found that the activation energy decreased with temperature. The activation energies for grain boundary migration compare well with values obtained from internal friction studies on identical alloys. This contributes strong experimental support for the two-step mechanism for complete grain boundary stress relaxation.
Multi-Pronged Interactions Underlie Inhibition of α-Synuclein Aggregation by β-Synuclein

Abstract The intrinsically disordered protein β-synuclein is known to inhibit the aggregation of its intrinsically disordered homolog, α-synuclein, which is implicated in Parkinson's disease. While β-synuclein itself does not form fibrils at the cytoplasmic pH 7.4, alteration of pH and other environmental perturbations are known to induce its fibrilization. However, the sequence and structural determinants of β-synuclein inhibition and self-aggregation are not well understood. We have utilized a series of domain-swapped chimeras of α-synuclein and β-synuclein to probe the relative contributions of the N-terminal, C-terminal, and the central non-amyloid-β component domains to the inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation. Changes in the rates of α-synuclein fibril formation in the presence of the chimeras indicate that the non-amyloid-β component domain is the primary determinant of self-association leading to fibril formation, while the N- and C-terminal domains play critical roles in the fibril inhibition process. Our data provide evidence that all three domains of β-synuclein together contribute to providing effective inhibition, and support a model of transient, multi-pronged interactions between IDP chains in both processes. Inclusion of such multi-site inhibitory interactions spread over the length of synuclein chains may be critical for the development of therapeutics that are designed to mimic the inhibitory effects of β-synuclein.
Educating Children with Speech and Language Disorders

The numbers of school-age children with speech and language disorders (SLD) in the US and Canada have continued to rise. Advances in medicine, genetics, and technology, and recent changes in laws affecting services to individuals with special needs contribute to these growing numbers. Fifty-five percent of the 118 270 speech–language pathologist members of the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association (ASHA) work with children with SLD and their families, providing the highest-quality services. This article presents information about educating children with SLD. Topics discussed in the article include early identification, assessment and intervention, and cultural considerations as they relate to ensuring that children with SLD will be successful academically and socially.
Searching for stable mechanisms: automated design for imperfect players

Recently Conitzer and Sandholm (Conitzer & Sandholm 2002) introduced the concept of "automated mechanism design", whereby mechanism design problems are solved using constraint-satisfaction methods. Traditionally, mechanism design has focused on producing games which yield the desired outcomes when played by ideal rational players. However actual players are never perfectly rational -- human irrationality has been exhaustively studied and computational agents have both resource bounds and potentially implementation flaws. In this paper, we discuss extensions of the techniques of automated mechanism design to produce games which are robust in the face of player imperfections. We model limited rationality by examining agents which converge on their strategy by using a simple variant of "fictitious play" (simulation of repeated play) (Singh, Kearns, & Mansour 2000). This model associates to each game a system of differential equations describing the trajectory of the agent's strategies. We describe additional constraints which guarantee that automated mechanism design search problems yield stable mechanisms. In particular, we present negative results for structural stability and positive results for asymptotic stability by considering strict Bayesian-Nash equilibria and by employing Lyapunov techniques.
Fibro-osseous Lesions

Fibro-osseous lesion is a generic designation for a clinically diverse group of bone disorders in which the lesional tissue consists of large volumes of fibrous connective tissue, principally collagens type I and III, as well as an osseous component in the form of woven or lamellar bone or cementum with varying degrees of mineralization. These lesions exhibit nearly identical histomorphologic features, yet demonstrate widely ranging clinical behavior. The site-dependent morphology applies especially to fibro-osseous lesions, as some occur exclusively at a particular anatomic location (i.e., osteofibrous dysplasia and central ossifying fibroma). A specific diagnosis is crucial because the management differs substantially from no treatment to complete excision. It should be noted as well that entities undergo name changes over time, especially among fibro-osseous lesions. Thus, ossifying fibroma is a synonym for osteofibrous dysplasia in long bones, whereas ossifying fibroma of maxillofacial bones is commonly referred to as central ossifying fibroma. Other synonyms (or perhaps variants) of this entity include cementifying fibroma, cemento-ossifying fibroma, juvenile (active/aggressive) ossifying fibroma, and psammomatoid ossifying fibroma.
Microeconomics of Growth in MENA: The Role of Households

Abstract This paper discusses whether households in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) allocate their resources efficiently and in such a way as to promote growth. It focuses on the role of urban households because they form the majority and they are the main source of growth in human capital. I argue that an efficient and pro-growth allocation of household resources may not be feasible because of constraints that households face in their decisions to supply labor, and to accumulate human and physical capital. I identify two aspects of the environment in which MENA households operate as critical to conditioning their behavior: the large role of the state in the economy, which distorts the incentives in the education and labor markets, and social norms regarding gender, which influence the division of labor at home and in the economy. Patriarchal gender norms limit women's participation outside the home, resulting in higher fertility and lower labor force participation of women in MENA compared to countries with similar income. The strong role of the state affects incentives in three key markets for credit, education, and labor. Powerful central governments have inhibited the development of modern financial markets by preventing the emergence of private banking and an independent judiciary, which is critical for the enforcement of financial contracts. Distorted financial markets affect household savings by keeping interest rates low and often negative, and thereby discourage accumulation of financial assets relative to unproductive assets such as land. Of greater importance is state intervention in the markets for education and labor, which determine the amount and type of human capital the MENA households accumulate. I argue that the prevalence of public-sector employment and the regulation of private employment have increased private returns to formal schooling over and above their social return, while at the same time reduced private returns to other types of productive skills below their social return. As a result, households invest in an inefficient portfolio of human capital with dire consequences for long-run growth.
Guideline for function veveloper

Autosar is by far not as frightening as it sometimes seems. While system architects need deeper knowledge about “Autosar behind the curtain”, the function development engineer should not be bothered with that level of detail. For sure, additional capabilities and scenarios can be thought of. The next releases of Autosar will demonstrate the ability of the standard to address the complexity issues in the industry. In the end the engineers have to be able to solve their challenges, and tool suppliers need to support them as much as possible.
Electrical measurements in epithelial tissues: Theory and practice

The transport of ions from one side to the other of the continuous sheet of cells that constitutes an epithelium is most easily explored with the chambered preparation, in which the tissue is maintained between two bathing solutions of known composition. The chamber design must allow for the biological requirements of the tissue (such as oxygenation) as well as permit the electrical and/or chemical measurements desired. Methods for measuring electrical potential difference, short circuit current and tissue resistance are discussed, and consideration is given to the meaning of the numbers obtained in relation to the experimental procedure.
1738-P: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy Precipitates the Rapid Development of Type 1 Diabetes

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that target programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) are beneficial cancer immunotherapies but infrequently cause type 1 diabetes (T1D), which can present with life-threatening diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to understand the timing and factors associated with ICI-induced T1D. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Cochrane databases (August 2000-2018) for studies of any design on ICI and identified 71 cases in 55 publications. Comparisons were made using Fisher’s exact and Student t-tests. Mean age at T1D presentation was 61.7±12.2 years, 55% were male, and melanoma (53.5%) was the most frequent cancer. Mean duration to T1D onset was only 83.5±88.5 days with DKA in 76% of cases. Average HbA1c was 7.84±1.0% at presentation. All cases had insulin deficiency and required permanent insulin treatment. The majority of patients developed T1D within just 3-months of initial ICI exposure (Figure). Half of the cases reported T1D associated antibodies at diabetes presentation, and those with antibodies had a more rapid onset (p=0.005) and higher incidence of DKA (p=0.02) compared to patients without antibodies. This study provides a framework for prospective clinical studies to screen patients receiving these state-of-the-art therapies for risk factors associated with T1D onset to prevent life-threatening DKA. Disclosure H.K. Akturk: Advisory Panel; Self; Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, MannKind Corporation, REMD Biotherapeutics. Speaker9s Bureau; Self; MannKind Corporation. D. Kahramangil: None. A. sarwal: None. M. Murad: None. A. Michels: Stock/Shareholder; Self; IM Therapeutics. Funding National Institutes of Health (DK108868, DK110845, DK032083)
Tissue Temperature Increases by a 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation System: Phantom and Bioheat Model

Objective A recently introduced Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) system operates at 10 kHz, faster than conventional SCS systems, resulting in significantly more power delivered to tissues. Using a SCS heat phantom and bioheat multi-physics model, we characterized tissue temperature increases by this 10 kHz system. We also evaluated its Implanted Pulse Generator (IPG) output compliance and the role of impedance in temperature increases. Materials and methods The 10 kHz SCS system output was characterized under resistive loads (1-10 KΩ). Separately, fiber optic temperature probes quantified temperature increases (ΔTs) around the SCS lead in specially developed heat phantoms. The role of stimulation Level (1-7; ideal pulse peak-to-peak of 1-7mA) was considered, specifically in the context of stimulation current Root Mean Square (RMS). Data from the heat phantom were verified with the SCS heat-transfer models. A custom high-bandwidth stimulator provided 10 kHz pulses and sinusoidal stimulation for control experiments. Results The 10 kHz SCS system delivers 10 kHz biphasic pulses (30-20-30 μs). Voltage compliance was 15.6V. Even below voltage compliance, IPG bandwidth attenuated pulse waveform, limiting applied RMS. Temperature increased supralinearly with stimulation Level in a manner predicted by applied RMS. ΔT increases with Level and impedance until stimulator compliance was reached. Therefore, IPG bandwidth and compliance dampen peak heating. Nonetheless, temperature increases predicted by bioheat multi-physic models (ΔT = 0.64°C and 1.42°C respectively at Level 4 and 7 at the cervical segment; ΔT = 0.68°C and 1.72°C respectively at Level 4 and 7 at the thoracic spinal cord)-within ranges previously reported to effect neurophysiology. Conclusions Heating of spinal tissues by this 10 kHz SCS system theoretically increases quickly with stimulation level and load impedance, while dampened by IPG pulse bandwidth and voltage compliance limitations. If validated in vivo as a mechanism of kHz SCS, bioheat models informed by IPG limitations allow prediction and optimization of temperature changes.
Using Hybrid Modal Substructuring with a Complex Transmission Simulator to Model an Electrodynamic Shaker

When conducting a vibration test on an electrodynamic shaker or shaker table, the layout of fixtures and test components on the shaker adapter changes the vibration modes and anti-resonances of the system. During a test, these dynamics can be excited by the shaker itself, leading to an invalid test if the desired environment is exceeded at some points, and potentially damaging the shaker or test components. A high-fidelity shaker model would allow for accurate pretest planning, in which test component layout and control accelerometer placement can be optimized to mitigate problem areas. However, shaker systems are notoriously difficult to model analytically due to a multitude of joints with indefinite properties, unknown stiffness and damping of the magnetic field, and the scarcity of available technical drawings for the internal components. This work explores the use of hybrid modal substructuring to create a test-based model of a shaker table with a dynamically complex shaker fixture. The transmission simulator method is used with an experimentally derived modal model of the shaker and a fixture to decouple a finite element model of the fixture and replace it with a finite element model of the fixture with an attached test article. Special care is taken to ensure that an optimized test layout and accurate FEMs are created. The resultant modal model for the total system is shown to accurately retain the fixture dynamics while successfully adding the test component dynamics through the usable frequency range of the shaker.
Suicide in Schizophrenia : An Educational Overview

Suicide is an important public health problem. The most frequent psychiatric illnesses associated with suicide or severe suicide attempt are mood and psychotic disorders. The purpose of this paper is to provide an educational overview of suicidal behavior in individuals with schizophrenia. A lifetime suicide rate in individuals with schizophrenia is approximately 10%. Suicide is the largest contributor to the decreased life expectancy in individuals with schizophrenia. Demographic and psychosocial factors that increase a risk of suicide in individuals with schizophrenia include younger age, being male, being unmarried, living alone, being unemployed, being intelligent, being well-educated, good premorbid adjustment or functioning, having high personal expectations and hopes, having an understanding that life's expectations and hopes are not likely to be met, having had recent (i.e., within past 3 months) life events, having poor work functioning, and having access to lethal means, such as firearms. Throughout the first decade of their disorder, patients with schizophrenia are at substantially elevated suicide risk, although they continue to be at elevated suicide risk during their lives with times of worsening or improvement. Having awareness of symptoms, especially, awareness of delusions, anhedonia, asociality, and blunted affect, having a negative feeling about, or non-adherence with, treatment are associated with greater suicide risk in patients with schizophrenia. Comorbid depression and a history of suicidal behavior are important contributors to suicide risk in patients with schizophrenia. The only reliable protective factor for suicide in patients with schizophrenia is provision of and compliance with comprehensive treatment. Prevention of suicidal behavior in schizophrenia should include recognizing patients at risk, delivering the best possible therapy for psychotic symptoms, and managing comorbid depression and substance misuse.
Obstructive sleep apnea: 2019 update

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common and potentially life-threatening breathing disorder that remains significantly under-diagnosed worldwide. This review summarizes recent epidemiological research that sheds light on OSA in the African context for the first time, and describes the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment options. The author is hopeful that this information will assist clinicians in diagnosing and managing OSA patients, and inspire researchers to develop better diagnostic and treatment modalities.
Stability of career aspirations: a test of Gottfredson's theory of circumscription and compromise

Gottfredson’s (1981) developmental theory of career choices was evaluated using longitudinal data. This study builds on previous research into Gottfredson’s model by addressing methodological issues in the confounding of sex type, prestige, and interest measures when measuring expressed career choices by statistically controlling for the inter-relations among these variables in the analyses. Participants were 2,353 women enrolled at the Seven College Conference Schools and 321 men enrolled at Harvard and Vassar. Expressed career preferences were coded for sex type, prestige, and the Things/People and Data/Ideas interest dimension. Stability of expressed career choices over a one year period and discrepancies between current career choices and idealized aspirations were analyzed using partial correlation analyses to control for the nonindependence of the constructs. Gottfredson’s (1981) theory was not supported for either men or women, because prestige and the Things/People dimension of interest were found to be more stable than sex type. Implications for re-conceptualizing Gottfredson’s theory are discussed, along with implications for research and practice.
Data Processing and Model Selection for Machine Learning-based Network Intrusion Detection

Signature-based Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSes) such as Snort, BRO or Suricata depend on specific patterns and byte sequences in network traffic to detect intrusions; hence, they cannot prevent intrusions for unknown zero-day attacks. Various anomaly-based IDSes that have been proposed based on machine learning (ML) techniques incur high false positives. To overcome this, we explore different types of data processing, i.e. data balancing, feature correlation, normalization, and feature reduction, and whether they are necessary for datasets with different feature dimensions: Coburg Intrusion Detection Data Sets (CIDDS) with five features and Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) with 41 features. Further, we perform model selection by comparing the performance of various linear and non-linear classifiers. Generally, our results show that nonlinear classifiers outperformed linear ones and that using data balancing and normalization improves the overall accuracy for most classifiers.
Self-heating characterization and its applications in technology development

This work presents various device self-heating temperature sensing techniques and discusses their application in device reliability projection. Details of sensor design, technology choice, layout and ambient temperature impact on measurement results are discussed. The sensors produce excellent results which were confirmed through TCAD thermal simulation. Self-heating was studied by varying the number of fins per active region and proximity of sensor to heater was investigated. While most data presented here is on FinFET technology the learning and measurement techniques are applicable to planar technologies. Front-end-of-line (FEOL) reliability mechanism, hot carrier injection (HCI) was studied to show that self-heating effects can impact measurement results and recommendations are given on how to mitigate them. Self-heating is also studied for logic circuits by utilizing ring oscillators with several densities and stage counts to show that self-heating is considerably lower compared to constant voltage stress conditions conducted on discrete structures.