cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective methods for the syntheses of 2‐pyrazolines and pyrazoles from diazocarbonyl compounds

Dipolar addition of diazocarbonyl compounds to α,β-unsaturated esters and nitriles in the presence of pyridine results in the production of 2-pyrazolines in nearly quantitative yields. In one case, reaction of α-diazoacetophenone with acrylonitrile, Michael addition of the 2-pyrazoline to the conjugated olefin is observed, but this process is minimized by limiting the amount of pyridine employed. 5-Cyano-2-pyrazolines are converted to derivative pyrazoles through alkoxide promoted hydrogen cyanide elimination. With vinyl sulfone, α-diazoacetophenone undergoes sequential dipolar addition, Michael addition, and vinyl sulfite elimination under exceptionally mild conditions to form the derivative β-(1-pyrazolyl)ethyl vinyl sulfone in good yield.
Pedagogical techniques and student outcomes in applied instrumental lessons taught by experienced and pre-service American music teachers

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of teacher experience on student progress and performance quality in an introductory applied lesson. Nine experienced teachers and 15 pre-service ...
NOGAPS-ALPHA Simulations of the 2002 Southern Hemisphere Stratospheric Major Warming

Abstract A high-altitude version of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) spectral forecast model is used to simulate the unusual September 2002 Southern Hemisphere stratospheric major warming. Designated as NOGAPS-Advanced Level Physics and High Altitude (NOGAPS-ALPHA), this model extends from the surface to 0.005 hPa (∼85 km altitude) and includes modifications to multiple components of the operational NOGAPS system, including a new radiative heating scheme, middle-atmosphere gravity wave drag parameterizations, hybrid vertical coordinate, upper-level meteorological initialization, and radiatively active prognostic ozone with parameterized photochemistry. NOGAPS-ALPHA forecasts (hindcasts) out to 6 days capture the main features of the major warming, such as the zonal mean wind reversal, planetary-scale wave amplification, large upward Eliassen–Palm (EP) fluxes, and splitting of the polar vortex in the middle stratosphere. Forecasts beyond 6 days have reduced upward EP flux ...
Psychometric Properties of the Beck Depression Inventory—II (BDI-II) Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults

The psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) as a self-administered screening tool for depressive symptoms were examined in a sample of community-dwelling older and younger adults. Participants completed the BDI-II, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Coolidge Axis II Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Short Psychological Well-Being Scale. Internal reliability of the BDI-II was found to be good among older and younger adults. The average BDI-II depression score did not differ between younger and older adults. Solid evidence for convergent and discriminant validity was demonstrated by correlations between the BDI-II with the other measures. The BDI-II appears to have strong psychometric support as a screening measure for depression among older adults in the general population. Implications for using the BDI-II as an assessment instrument in behaviorally based psychotherapy are discussed.
Incomplete Immune Reconstitution after Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients with Severe CD4+ Cell Depletion

Immune function was observed for 144 weeks in 643 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects who (1) had nadir CD4+ cell counts of or =100 cells/mm3 after the initiation of HAART, and (2) were enrolled in a randomized trial of continued azithromycin prophylaxis versus withdrawal for prevention of Mycobacterium avium complex disease. The median CD4+ cell count was 226 cells/mm3 at entry and 358 cells/mm3 at week 144. Anergy (80.2% of patients) and lack of lymphoproliferative response to tetanus toxoid (TT; 73%) after immunization and impaired antibody responses after receipt of hepatitis A (54%) and TT (86%) vaccines were considered to be evidence of impaired immune reconstitution. Receipt of azithromycin did not have an effect on CD4+ cell count but was associated with higher rates of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to TT (25% of subjects who received azithromycin vs. 15% of those who did not; P=.009) and mumps skin test antigen (29% vs. 17%; P=.001). Although the subjects had only partial responses to immune function testing, the rate of opportunistic infections was very low, and none of the tests was predictive of risk.
A Theory of Imperfect Solid Dielectrics

This paper covers Chapters VII, VIII, and IX of a thesis presented by the author to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In this thesis a summary is made of the experimental facts regarding the anomalous behavior of solid insulating materials under varying conditions of potential, time, temperature, frequency, humidity, ionizing radiations, and various other factors. A bibliography containing about 400 articles dealing with experimental and theoretical research is appended to the thesis. These articles are chronologically arranged and numbered. Five tables are given, including references to experimental research done on (a) dielectric resistivity, (b) dielectric charge and discharge, (c) dielectric constant, (d) dielectric strength, (e) dielectric energy loss. Hypotheses are here established which account, in a general way, for the observed behavior of solid dielectrics. Definitions of the resistivity, permittivity, electric charge, and electric strength of solid dielectrics under both continuous and alternating potentials are submitted. Terms are introduced and defined: e. g., the ``(i?t)-characteristic,'' the ``electrization curve,'' and the ``hystero-viscosity loop.'' The various energy losses occurring in dielectrics are traced to their sources and subdivided into hysteresis, viscosity, and resistance losses. Methods are devised for separating the total dissipated energy into its three component parts. Finally, the classical theory is shown to apply to imperfect solid dielectrics if the submitted definitions and terms be adopted.
Analysis of Proline Reduction in the Nosocomial Pathogen Clostridium difficile

Clostridium difficile, a proteolytic strict anaerobe, has emerged as a clinically significant nosocomial pathogen in recent years. Pathogenesis is due to the production of lethal toxins, A and B, members of the large clostridial cytotoxin family. Although it has been established that alterations in the amino acid content of the growth medium affect toxin production, the molecular mechanism for this observed effect is not yet known. Since there is a paucity of information on the amino acid fermentation pathways used by this pathogen, we investigated whether Stickland reactions might be at the heart of its bioenergetic pathways. Growth of C. difficile on Stickland pairs yielded large increases in cell density in a limiting basal medium, demonstrating that these reactions are tied to ATP production. Selenium supplementation was required for this increase in cell yield. Analysis of genome sequence data reveals genes encoding the protein components of two key selenoenzyme reductases, glycine reductase and d-proline reductase (PR). These selenoenzymes were expressed upon the addition of the corresponding Stickland acceptor (glycine, proline, or hydroxyproline). Purification of the selenoenzyme d-proline reductase revealed a mixed complex of PrdA and PrdB (SeCys-containing) proteins. PR utilized only d-proline but not l-hydroxyproline, even in the presence of an expressed and purified proline racemase. PR was found to be independent of divalent cations, and zinc was a potent inhibitor of PR. These results show that Stickland reactions are key to the growth of C. difficile and that the mechanism of PR may differ significantly from that of previously studied PR from nonpathogenic species.
Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 Regulates PPARγ Activity and the Antidiabetic Actions of Thiazolidinediones

Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) is a circulating hepatokine that beneficially affects carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Here, we report that FGF21 is also an inducible, fed-state autocrine factor in adipose tissue that functions in a feed-forward loop to regulate the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a master transcriptional regulator of adipogenesis. FGF21 knockout (KO) mice display defects in PPARγ signaling including decreased body fat and attenuation of PPARγ-dependent gene expression. Moreover, FGF21-KO mice are refractory to both the beneficial insulin-sensitizing effects and the detrimental weight gain and edema side effects of the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone. This loss of function in FGF21-KO mice is coincident with a marked increase in the sumoylation of PPARγ, which reduces its transcriptional activity. Adding back FGF21 prevents sumoylation and restores PPARγ activity. Collectively, these results reveal FGF21 as a key mediator of the physiologic and pharmacologic actions of PPARγ.
The Black radical tradition and the academy: The future of radical scholarship:

What is the essence of radical scholarship? How does it relate to subjugated knowledge and those experiences historically dismissed as of little account? Its relationship to truth telling and its a...
Operator equations in approximate molecular orbital theories

Commutator equations of type [t, x] t = u involving hermitian and antihermitian operators are studied with regard to possible use in MO methods. Their advantage for adoption in semiempirical methods is demonstrated in truncated diatomic expansions involving integrals over [r, p] = −1 and [r, h] = p. Approximate and exact formulas for both slope of overlap and effective core Hamiltonian parameters are compared. A generalization to polyatomics is suggested.
Actuarial Prejudice Toward Women and Its Implications

A process called “actuarial prejudice” is discussed. Actuarial prejudice is a cognitive bias, based on available information about a group from the past and the present, that causes individuals to expect inferior performance from persons who belong to the group. The process, in part, explains why both women and men expect relatively low achievement from women and why women are less likely to achieve than are men. Hypotheses are proposed for future research to test the implications of this process.
A Computational Response Surface Study of Three- Dimensional Aluminum Hemming Using Solid-to-Shell Mapping

Hemming is a manufacturing process of folding a panel onto itself or another sheet. Quality of hemming is characterized by geometry and formability. This paper presents a response surface study of three-dimensional (3D) curved-surface-curved-edge hemming of an aluminum alloy, AA6111-T4, using finite-element (FE) analysis. Solid elements and explicit FE solver are used for simulations of flanging, pre- and final hemming, and shell elements with implicit solver are deployed for springback prediction. A novel procedure called "solid-to-shell mapping" is developed to bridge the solid elements with the shell elements. Verified to be accurate and efficient, the model is utilized in a central composite design to quantitatively explore the relationships between certain key process variables and the hem dimensional quality and formability. The most significant variables are identified as: (i) prehemming angle on roll-in/roll-out; (ii) nominal surface curvature on sheet springback; and (iii) initial sheet strain and flanging die radius on the maximum hemline surface strain of the produced hem. These results provide insights for process parameter selections in designing and optimizing 3D hems under material formability constraints.
Measurement of (p, n) thresholds at tandem energies

Abstract The “counter ratio” technique of Bonner et al. for measuring neutron thresholds has been extended to bombarding energies greater than 6 MeV. Neutron background problems had previously precluded neutron threshold measurements with this technique at these energies. A system was developed which allowed the beam to be stopped 9.14 m from the thin foil target in a heavily shielded cave. No slits were used other than those of the analysing magnet, and they were shielded from the experimental area. A remotely rectractable plunger permitted accurate alignment of the beam by minimizing the beam current on a Ta disk with a 4.7 mm aperture. the slow counter consisted of 2 BF3 tubes imbedded in paraffin through which the beam passed. Improvement in background by a factor of 5 or better over stopping the beam in a 58Ni slug at the target was achieved. Thresholds were measured for various (p, n) reactions, and the results are given as follows according to the reaction (level in residual nucleus) threshold energy in MeV: 13C(p, n)13N(0) 3.235, (2)6.965; 27Al(p, n)27Si(0)5.800, (1) 6.611, (2) 6.793, (3) 8.046, (4) 8.549; 52Cr(p, n)52Mn (1) 5.975, (2) 6.149; 58Ni(p, n)58Cu (0) 9.509; 60Ni(p, n)60Cu (0) 7.025, (1) 7.092, (2) 7.325; 62Ni(p, n)62Cu (0) 4.812, (1) 4.852, (2) 5.109. Many resonances were observed in the various compound nuclei.
Effects of Interfacial Friction on the Microstructures of Magnesium-Tin Alloy during Continuous Rheo-Forming Process

The influence of the interfacial friction on the continuous rheo-forming microstructures of magnesium alloy. The effects of interfacial friction on the microstructure evolution in magnesium alloy were investigated. It was shown that strong shear stress and internal friction occur inside the melt under the interfacial friction. In roller-shoe chamber, the growth direction of dendrites growing along the normal direction of the roller near the roller-shoe is changed under shear stress and melt resistance force. when the degree between dendrite and normal direction of roller is about 45 degree, the dendrites can be stablized and grow easily along this direction. Under an appropriate pouring temperature, with the increase of pouring temperature, there is enough room for the grains near the roller-shoe to grow, the grains are not easy to collide mutually, so the dendrites form. In roller-shoe chamber, coarse dendrites near the roller become gradually refined when they grow into the mushy region. Moreover, because dynamic friction force and shear stress of roller are stronger at the exit of the chamber, dendrites fracture and fracture layer or cracks appears. The microstructures consist of mainly rosette and spherical grains on the central position.
Improving Donor Organ Function—Cold to Warm Preservation

This paper explores the evolution of organ preservation methods from cold preservation to the more sophisticated method of warm preservation. Both methods are detailed, and the benefits and limitations of both methods are discussed.
THE SHARING OF SELF IN GERIATRIC CLINICAL PRACTICE : CASE REPORT AND ANALYSIS

We relate a case history that involved the therapeutic sharing of self with an elderly patient. The potential usefulness of this kind of intervention is discussed in light of the literature on self-disclosure and the use of self in clinical practice. We discuss how these concepts might relate to other well-described phenomena in geriatric nursing, including reminiscence, life review, loneliness, and storytelling. Recommendations for use in clinical practice and for qualitative studies are given.
Enabling the Willing: Consumer Rebates for Durable Goods

For many consumers who use loans to acquire an expensive durable such as a car, the market value of their current (used) durable is less than the outstanding loan amount. If these consumers want to replace their used durable with a new one, they might not be able to do so because of the added burden of paying off the amount of negative equity. We develop and solve a model in which a durable goods manufacturer gives consumers a cash rebate, so that they can get out of the negative equity problem. We find that under certain conditions, the manufacturer offering a lower durability product is more likely to give cash rebates and, when such rebates are given, to offer a greater cash rebate. These rebates also lead to higher prices net of the rebate compared with the situation without any such rebates. We empirically test some of our equilibrium results and find support for our model predictions.
Modeling Alzheimer's Ion Channel Structures in Lipid Bilayers Formed by D- and L-Enantiomers of Beta-Amyloid (1-42) Peptide

We modeled Alzheimer's Aβ1-42 ion channel embedded in a lipid bilayer using explicit molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The Aβ channel with the β-barrel motif consists of multimeric chains of Aβ1-42 peptide. Two Aβ isomers, entirely composed of all D- or L-amino acids, were used to construct the Aβ barrels. In addition, both isomer barrels contain two U-shaped Aβ1-42 conformers: with a turn at Ser26-Ile31 (conformer 1) and at Asp23-Gly29 (conformer 2). In our simulations, regardless of the D- and L-amino acid chirality, both Aβ conformers form β-barrel-like channels, consistent with previous modeling of Aβ17-42 (p3) and Aβ9-42 (N9) barrels. In good agreement with atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, both D- and L-Aβ1-42 barrels break into heterogeneous, loosely-associated mobile β-sheet subunits. Further, we observed similar physicochemical predicted behaviors of the all D-amino acids enantiomer of Aβ1-42 compared to the naturally occurring all L-amino acids. Both isomer barrels obtained indistinguishable maximal conductances for ions interacting with channel pore, which are also in the range of the experimental values using planar lipid bilayer (PLB) electrophysiological recordings. It has been debated that Aβ-mediated toxicity occurs via either direct membrane permeation with a mechanism consistent with channel formation or stereospecific Aβ ligand-receptor interactions. We show that the D-enantiomer Aβ peptide can form ion channels and directly lead to toxic, amyloid-mediated effects, supporting that Aβ-toxicity is mediated through a receptor-independent, non-stereo selective mechanism. Funded by NCI Contract HHSN261200800001E (RN) and NIH (National Institute on Aging AG028709) extramural program (RL).
Off-Angular Deposition Compensation for PVD Selective Re-sputtering Process

In Copper back-end-of-line (BEOL), the “punchthru™ process” – removal of barrier material from via bottom during etch/re-sputter step, and gouging into the underlying Copper line - has been increasingly used in 65nm production for its superior reliability. However, with the adoption of porous low-k dielectric at 45nm node and beyond, the conventional punchthru process can cause physical damage to the porous dielectric, such as roughening of the trench bottom in dual damascene structures, micro-trenching in the bottom of single trenches, which may have reliability implications. This paper reported on the use of off-angular Tantalum neutral flux during the re-sputter process to improve the selectivity between the via and trench bottom in order to protect the trench bottom and via bevel, while still allowing sufficient gouging into the underlying Copper line. In addition, the plasma density and ion energy are adjusted to further optimize selectivity, and to eliminate any micro-trenching. Therefore, this paper demonstrated PVD high deposit/etch selectivity process based on transmission-electron microscopy (TEM) and studies of electrical test result. This approach has extended the PVD Tantalum barrier process to at least 32nm node.
Does cerclage location influence perinatal outcome

Abstract Objective The study was undetaken to measure cerclage location within the cervix and to determine whether placement closer to the internal os is related to perinatal outcome. Study design We analyzed data collected during a randomized trial of cervical cerclage versus no cerclage that was conducted at Lehigh Valley Hospital between May 1998 and June 2001 in women with ultrasound findings of short cervix less than 25 mm or funneling between 16 and 24 weeks' gestation. Women who were randomly assigned to the cerclage arm had cervical measurements performed before cerclage, including dilation of the internal os, depth of membrane prolapse into the endocervical canal, cervical length below any funnel (distal length), and total cervical length (including any funnel). Measurements obtained after cerclage placement included the distance from external os to cerclage (A), and a repeat of the same four measurements. The distance from the external os to the cerclage (A) was divided by the total cervical length (B) and a cerclage to cervical length ratio (A/B) was calculated. The relationship between these measurements and gestational age at birth was assessed by linear regression analysis. Results Of 150 patients enrolled, 74 received a McDonald cerclage suture. Mean distal cervical length was1.9±0.9 cm before and 2.9±1.0 cm after cerclage (P = .001). The mean distance between the cerclage and external os (A) was 1.8±0.6 cm; the total cervical length after cerclage (B) was 3.6±0.9 cm. The mean cerclage to cervical length ratio (A/B) was 0.5±0.1. Linear regression analysis did not demonstrate a correlation between either the cerclage to external os measurement (A) or the cervical length ratio (A/B) and gestational age at birth (R2 = 0.0006 and 0.008, P = .8 and .6, respectively). Conclusion The length of the cervix below the level of cerclage is not related to duration of pregnancy in women treated with cerclage because of ultrasound evidence of cervical effacement.
Information Disclosure Costs and the Choice of Financing Source

Abstract Small- and medium-size, high quality, entrepreneurial firms may prefer bilateral to multilateral financing arrangements, in order to avoid disclosure of private information which might leak to competitors. In the presence of a cost differential between these forms of financing, the higher quality firms (those with more to lose from disclosure) prefer bilateral financing. The cost differential prevents competitors from unambiguously inferring that these firms are hiding information. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D82, G21, G32, K22.
Passive Smart Materials for Sensing and Actuation

Materials containing various types of hollow porous fibers filled with a chemical that is released into the matrix at appropriate times, or over time, are designed to address some issues of material performance, namely, cracking, corrosion, en ergy absorption and change in dynamic modulus (Dry, 1991a, 1991b).
Attachment dimensions and sexual motives

Little research has examined the relation between the attachment behavioral system and the sexual behavioral system, although these two systems, along with the caregiving system, are theorized to constitute romantic love (Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Hazan & Shaver, 1987). College students (N = 400) completed measures of two dimensions of attachment style, anxiety and avoidance, and motives for having sex. Anxiety was predicted to be associated with having sex to reduce insecurity and foster intense intimacy. Avoidance was predicted to correlate inversely with having sex to foster intimacy and positively with nonromantic goals, such as increasing one's status and prestige among peers. The results supported both sets of predictions. People high on the attachment anxiety dimension reported having sex to reduce insecurity and establish intense closeness; people high on the attachment avoidance dimension reported having sex to impress their peer group, especially if they were having casual, uncommitted sex. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
3,5-Hexadienoic Esters: A Convenient Preparation

Abstract Interest in the use of derivatives of 3, 5-hexadienoic (deconjugated sorbic) acid as precursors to various cycloaddition substrates prompts us to report a convenient preparation of the ethyl ester (2d). This methos avoids the somewhat cumbersome and costly use of lithium diisorpropylamide reured in the reported preparations of these esters which involve the formation and kinetic protonation of the trienolate anion from the sorbic ester.1.
Computerized bone analysis of hand radiographs

A computerized approach to the problem of skeletal maturity is presented. The analysis of a computed radiography (CR) hand image results in obtaining features, that can be used to assess the skeletal age of pediatric patients. It is performed on a standard left hand radiograph. First, epiphyseal regions of interest (EROI) are located. Then, within each EROI the distals, middles, and proximals are separated. This serves as a basis to locate the extremities of epiphyses and metaphyses. Next, the diameters of epiphyses and metaphyses are calculated. Finally, an epiphyseal diameter and metaphyseal diameter ratio is calculated. A pilot study indicated that these features are sensitive to the changes of the anatomical structure of a growing hand and can be used in the skeletal age assessment.
Gender and Social Capital among Israeli Immigrants in Los Angeles

According to the 1990 census, approximately 90,000 Israelis reside in the United States. While this constitutes a relatively small community in comparison to many other foreign-born populations, th...
Pharmacotherapy for the reduction of stent thrombosis

The benefits of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can be offset by periprocedural complications such as acute vessel closure and stent thrombosis in the absence of adequate antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy. Additionally, conditions occurring after 30 days post-PCI, such as in-stent restenosis or late stent thrombosis can occur. Excess antithrombotic therapy, on the other hand, carries a risk of major gastrointestinal or intracranial bleeding as well as vascular access site bleeding complications. In this review, evidence related to the various pharmacological agents for reduction of stent thrombosis available to clinicians during and after PCI will be explored.
Inventing the Race: Latinos and the Ethnoracial Pentagon

This essay suggests a link between the insufficient strides for full citizenship Latinos have made in American society and their reticence to define themselves in contradistinction to the dominant white majority. Tracing the centrality of race in historical constructions of Americanness, the author contends that, because of the survival of white supremacist values in the discourses of cultural identity informing the US Hispanic population, Latino scholarly spokespersons display excessive zeal in the attempt to show that the racial experience of their ‘community’ defies the existing official categories used in this country to classify the ethnoracial segments of the population. He insists that attention should be paid to strengthening the panethnic constitution of the ‘community’ and proposes a fusion of race and ethnicity as a way out of the current anxiety over names. Punctuated by an effort to address intra-Latino racism and injustices, such a stress can bring about the emergence of galvanizing discourses, voices, and structures capable of offering a vision of Latino empowerment that speaks persuasively to each subgroup.
Education Reform:Administrative Objections Over‐ruled

Mony of the objections to the introduction of reaf choice between schools were based on supposed ‘administrafive improcticobility’. E. G. West, Professor of Economics of Corleton university, Ottawa, shows how the objections can be refuted and wider choice grafter onto existing institutions.
Toll Like Receptor 3 Plays a Critical Role in the Progression and Severity of Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation has been implicated in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. Herein, we hypothesize that TLR3 activation significantly contributed to APAP-induced liver injury. In fasted wildtype (WT) mice, APAP caused significant cellular necrosis, edema, and inflammation in the liver, and the de novo expression and activation of TLR3 was found to be necessary for APAP-induced liver failure. Specifically, liver tissues from similarly fasted TLR3-deficient (tlr3−/−) mice exhibited significantly less histological and biochemical evidence of injury after APAP challenge. Similar protective effects were observed in WT mice in which TLR3 was targeted through immunoneutralization at 3 h post-APAP challenge. Among three important death ligands (i.e. TNFα, TRAIL, and FASL) known to promote hepatocyte death after APAP challenge, TNFα was the only ligand that was significantly reduced in APAP-challenged tlr3−/− mice compared with APAP-challenged WT controls. In vivo studies demonstrated that TLR3 activation contributed to TNFα production in the liver presumably via F4/80+ and CD11c+ immune cells. In vitro studies indicated that there was cooperation between TNFα and TLR3 in the activation of JNK signaling in isolated and cultured liver epithelial cells (i.e. nMuLi). Moreover, TLR3 activation enhanced the expression of phosphorylated JNK in APAP injured livers. Thus, the current study demonstrates that TLR3 activation contributes to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
P21 : NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF THE CELL CYCLE

Progression through the cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). The cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1, SDI1, and MDA-6) can induce G1 arrest and block entry into S phase by inactivating Cdks or by inhibiting activity of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In normal cells, p21 exists in quaternary complexes with cyclin, Cdk, and PCNA. Transcription of the p21 gene is activated by p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Mice deficient in p21 exhibit no apparent phenotype, although p21 function has been demonstrated to be necessary for p53-mediated G1 arrest following irradiation of p21-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Thus, the function of p21 under normal circumstances appears to be redundant. p21 is expressed in terminally differentiating cells of a variety of tissues in a p53-independent manner. Overexpression of p21 results in G1 arrest and has been shown to suppress effectively tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. We review the recent literature describing the functional characterization of p21. This protein plays a key role in regulating the cell cycle and may have potential gene therapy applications.
Classifier Performance Estimation Under the Constraint of a Finite Sample Size: Resampling Schemes Applied to Neural Network Classifiers

In a practical classifier design problem, the sample size is limited, and the available finite sample needs to be used both to design a classifier and to predict the classifier's performance for the true population. Since a larger sample is more representative of the population, it is advantageous to design the classifier with all the available cases, and to use a resampling technique for performance prediction. We conducted a Monte-Carlo simulation study to compare the ability of different resampling techniques in predicting the performance of a neural network classifier designed with the available sample. We investigated a technique based on the cross-validation, the leave-one-out method, and three different types of bootstrapping, namely, the ordinary, .632, and .632+ bootstrap techniques. Our results indicated that, under the study conditions, there can be a large difference in the accuracy of the prediction obtained from different resampling methods, especially when the feature space dimensionality is relatively large and the sample size is small. Under this type of conditions, the .632 and .632+ bootstrap methods were superior to the other techniques studied. Although this investigation is performed under some specific conditions, it reveals important trends for the problem of classifier performance prediction under the constraint of a limited data set.
Multiresponsive Reversible Polymer Networks Based on Hydrogen Bonding and Metal Coordination

Side-chain-functionalized polymers containing hydrogen bonding and metal coordination sites have been synthesized using ring-opening metathesis polymerization. These polymers were cross-linked reversibly either selectively by using hydrogen bonding or metal coordination or simultaneously using both interactions through the addition of small molecule cross-linking agents. The hydrogen bonding motifs utilized for reversible cross-linking are based on cyanuric acid residues hydrogen bonded to 2,4-diaminotriazine-based cross-linking agents. The metal coordination motifs are based on palladated SCS pincer complexes coordinated to bispyridine cross-linking agents. By controlling the reversible cross-linking strategy, we were able to modulate (1) the rheology of the polymer networks from a free-flowing liquid to a highly elastic gel and vice versa and vary the dynamic moduli over 10 orders of magnitude and (2) the responsiveness of the networks to external stimuli such as temperature and ligand displacement agen...
1232A VARIABLES AFFECTING NEONATAL PATTERNS OF BILE ACIDS

From 11/79 to 3/80,176 specimens were collected from 94pts.(total of 84 in NICU&30 selected normal term NB)by 1MD (CA) & analyzed by an enzymatic method which correlates with gas/liquid chromotography(Javitt:J.of Lip.Res.18:666;77).Pts were stratified by wt, by presence of jaundice & degrees of illness. Cross sect&regres.anal.of bile acids are noted in Fig.2.Results:1) Bile acid levels correlate neg.with wt.2)Serial levels rise up to 15wks.This is seen more in <1500g.3)Levels correlate more with sickness&compromised state(sepsis&RD)than with jaundice.4)No correlation noted with total parenteral nutrition.Further studies are required for predict.values of bile acid&neonatal disease.
The Space Shuttle probabilistic risk assessment framework A structured multiphase multi-layer modeling approach for large and complex engineered systems

This paper introduces a unique modeling framework for developing PRA of large and complex-engineered systems, such as used in the current Space Shuttle PRA at NASA. With an overview of the specific methodology and techniques employed in the Space Shuttle PRA modeling process, the paper further describes a structured multi-phase and multi-level modeling approach (SMM), which is utilized to treat the overwhelming complexities of logic structure as well as the logistics of model development, integration and quantification processes. It is demonstrated that the SMM modeling technique can be used as a simple and efficient alternative approach for PRA modeling of extremely large and complex engineered systems. It should be noted that the examples shown are illustrative of the model features, but not necessarily of any detailed accident sequence produced by the space shuttle PRA (SPRA) study.
Widening the Differential for Brain Masses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Patients: Syphilitic Cerebral Gummata

Abstract A 39-year-old man with newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was admitted with right-sided weakness, right-sided vision loss and slurred speech, which worsened over several weeks. Brain imaging revealed bilateral intraparenchymal ringenhancing lesions and enhancement of the right optic nerve. Serological findings were positive for venereal disease research laboratory test, whereas the cerebrospinal fluid venereal disease research laboratory test was nonreactive. Brain biopsy suggested a diagnosis of syphilitic cerebral gummata, and the patient’s improvement with penicillin and dexamethasone further supported this etiology. Syphilitic cerebral gummata have rarely been reported in patients with HIV infection. This patient demonstrates that cerebral gummata should be considered in the differential diagnosis in immunocompromised patients with characteristic brain masses, that HIV and syphilis often coexist with early neurosyphilis appearing more frequently in this patient population and that normal cerebrospinal fluid studies may not represent a true lack of syphilitic activity in HIV patients.
Differentiation of Human T Cells Alters Their Repertoire of G Protein α-Subunits

Because T cell differentiation leads to an expanded repertoire of chemokine receptors, a subgroup of G protein-coupled receptors, we hypothesized that the repertoire of G proteins might be altered in parallel. We analyzed the abundance of mRNA and/or protein of six G protein α-subunits in human CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets from blood. Although most G protein α-subunits were similarly expressed in all subsets, the abundance of Gαo, a protein not previously described in hematopoietic cells, was much higher in memory versus naive cells. Consistent with these data, activation of naive CD4+ T cells in vitro significantly increased the abundance of Gαo in cells stimulated under nonpolarizing or TH17 (but not TH1 or TH2)-polarizing conditions. In functional studies, the use of a chimeric G protein α-subunit, Gαqo5, demonstrated that chemokine receptors could couple to Gαo-containing G proteins. We also found that Gαi1, another α-subunit not described previously in leukocytes, was expressed in naive T cells but virtually absent from memory subsets. Corresponding to their patterns of expression, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Gαo in memory (but not naive) and Gαi1 in naive (but not memory) CD4+ T cells inhibited chemokine-dependent migration. Moreover, although even in Gαo- and Gαi1-expressing cells mRNAs of these α-subunits were much less abundant than Gαi2 or Gαi3, knockdown of any of these subunits impaired chemokine receptor-mediated migration similarly. Together, our data reveal a change in the repertoire of Gαi/o subunits during T cell differentiation and suggest functional equivalence among Gαi/o subunits irrespective of their relative abundance.
Causal Linkages between Relationship Cultivation Strategies and Relationship Quality Outcomes

This study used a survey method to examine how relationship cultivation strategies used by a membership organization affected members' perceptions of relationship quality outcomes with the organization. Links among six relationship cultivation strategies and four relationship quality outcomes provide new information concerning the function of cultivation effects. Overall, relationship cultivation strategies like access, positivity, sharing tasks, and assurances represent the proactive approaches that organizations may employ to cultivate or nurture quality relationships with their target publics.
Online Graduate Teacher Education: Establishing an EKG for Student Success Intervention

Predicting which students enrolled in graduate online education are at-risk for failure is an arduous yet important task for teachers and administrators alike. This research reports on a statistical analysis technique using both static and dynamic variables to determine which students are at-risk and when an intervention could be most helpful during a semester. Time-series clustering analysis of online teacher education classes revealed that prediction is possible after the 10th week capturing over 78 % of at-risk students. Visual analysis of dynamic student activities shares a number of striking commonalities consistent with EKG charting. The potential exists for instructors to recognize simple graphic patterns that identify and formatively address these issues with their students. Next phases of research will apply further validation of both the models attempted and additional predictor variables.
Where do high growth political economies come from? The Japanese lineage of Korea's “developmental state”

Abstract While many scholars have sought to analyze South Korea's economic success, not enough attention has been paid to the impact of Japanese colonialism. Japanese colonial influence on Korea in 1905–1945, while brutal and humiliating, was also decisive in shaping a political economy that later evolved into the high-growth South Korean path to development. More specifically, three state- society characteristics that we now readily associate as elements of the South Korean “model” originated during the colonial period: Korean state under the Japanese influence was transformed from a relatively corrupt and ineffective social institution into a highly authoritarian, penetrating organization, capable of simultaneously controlling and transforming Korean society; production-oriented alliances involving the state and dominant classes evolved, leading up to considerable expansion of manufacturing, including “exports” and the lower classes in both the city and the countryside came to be systematically controlled by the state and dominant classes. While there were important discontinuities following WWII, when the dust settled, South Korea under Park Chung-Hee fell back into the grooves of colonial origins and traveled along them, well into the 1980s.
Tin in oceans

High concentrations of tin in the North Atlantic, discovered by two Florida State University oceanographers, have been linked with waste incineration and the burning of fossil fuels in North America and northern Europe. The oceanographers say that the tin in the North Atlantic was transported there primarily through the atmosphere. In what the National Science Foundation (NSF) is calling the first systematic study of tin in the oceans, Meinrat O. Andreae, associate professor of oceanography, and James T. Byrd, an oceanography graduate student, found that concentrations of tin are up to 20 times greater in the North Atlantic Ocean than they are in the uncontaminated equatorial and tropical Pacific Ocean. NSF funded the research.
The Epidemiology of Infant Deaths in the Armenian Parish Records of Lebanon

Data from parish records of 13 Armenian Apostolic churches in Lebanon are used to analyze trends in infant mortality since 1863. The results show a substantial decline in infant mortality over the past 60 years. "The most important recorded causes of death included diarrhoea and pneumonia. A study of clustering of deaths by time and place revealed a major epidemic of measles with high fatality in 1926. This epidemic had been previously unrecorded. The present study demonstrates the use of non-traditional data sources to assess long-term secular trends of mortality." (EXCERPT)
The Thermodynamics of Active (Non-osmotic) Water Absorption.

In recent years, several workers (1, 2, 12, 14, 15) have brought forward evidence of a " secretion pressure ' ' or * ' non-osmotic force ' ' which is supposed to control the movement of water into (and out of) living plant tissues by causing an "active'' (non-osmotic) uptake of water. So much of this evidence is indirect and controversial that papers expressing the opposite views have appeared (6, 7,17). Since the postulated phenomenon depends on the expenditure of respiratory energy, it seems advisable to determine whether the conclusions are thermodynamically possible. Perhaps the strongest argument in favor of active Water absorption is the recognized fact of active solute absorption. It seems axiomatic that if a plant is capable of the latter, it should also be capable of the former. The concentration of ? ions in the cell sap of Valonia has been shown to be 20 parts per thousand in excess of that outside the cell (20). If we assume a similar excess of a corresponding anion, this may mean a diffusion pressure of as high as 15-20 atms. However, Valonia cells have a volume of one to several cm.3 If we assume that the cells of most higher plants are spherical with a radius of 5-50 ? (or non-spherical and of larger dimensions) the spe-
Phase unwrapping in 4D MR flow with a 4D single-step laplacian algorithm.

Purpose To introduce and demonstrate a method for unwrapping 4D flow data by utilizing continuity constraints in all four available dimensions. Materials and Methods A Laplacian-based algorithm for unwrapping phase data was expanded to unwrap along the temporal dimension in addition to all three spatial dimensions. The method was tested on simulated blood flow under varying vessel diameters and velocity encoding (Venc) values. The algorithm was also tested in the aorta of five volunteers, with wrapped data acquired with Venc = 80 cm/s and 40 cm/s. Unwrapping performance was measured visually and in comparison to a high Venc reference free of phase wrapping. Ten patients with aortic coarctations with clinical Venc values and lower-Venc reconstructions were corrected and scored by blinded reviewers on a 0–3 scale. Results Simulated data were completely unwrapped for most clinically relevant levels of velocity aliasing using the proposed method. In vivo data in the aorta were completely unwrapped for cases of moderate wrapping (Venc = 80 cm/s, peak velocities = ∼160 cm/s), while residual aliasing remained for the more considerably aliased datasets (Venc = 40 cm/s). Improvements were seen in scoring (mean score improved by 1.1 and 2.2 for clinical and low-Venc datasets, respectively) by the blinded reviewers in the patient cohort for both standard and low-Venc reconstructions. Conclusion A computationally fast, fully automated, easy to use, and parameter-free single-step method for unwrapping 4D flow data is shown to be effective for use in most common clinical occurrences of velocity aliasing. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015.
A Diet High in Meat Protein and Potential Renal Acid Load Increases Fractional Calcium Absorption and Urinary Calcium Excretion without Affecting Markers of Bone Resorption or Formation in Postmenopausal Women

Our objective in this study was to determine the effects of a high-protein and high-potential renal acid load (PRAL) diet on calcium (Ca) absorption and retention and markers of bone metabolism. In a randomized crossover design, 16 postmenopausal women consumed 2 diets: 1 with low protein and low PRAL (LPLP; total protein: 61 g/d; PRAL: -48 mEq/d) and 1 with high protein and high PRAL (HPHP; total protein: 118 g/d; PRAL: 33 mEq/d) for 7 wk each separated by a 1-wk break. Ca absorption was measured by whole body scintillation counting of radio-labeled (47)Ca. Compared with the LPLP diet, the HPHP diet increased participants' serum IGF-I concentrations (P < 0.0001), decreased serum intact PTH concentrations (P < 0.001), and increased fractional (47)Ca absorption (mean ± pooled SD: 22.3 vs. 26.5 ± 5.4%; P < 0.05) and urinary Ca excretion (156 vs. 203 ± 63 mg/d; P = 0.005). The net difference between the amount of Ca absorbed and excreted in urine did not differ between 2 diet periods (55 vs. 28 ± 51 mg/d). The dietary treatments did not affect other markers of bone metabolism. In summary, a diet high in protein and PRAL increases the fractional absorption of dietary Ca, which partially compensates for increased urinary Ca, in postmenopausal women. The increased IGF-I and decreased PTH concentrations in serum, with no change in biomarkers of bone resorption or formation, indicate a high-protein diet has no adverse effects on bone health.