cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Configuration and management strategies for cluster-based fabs

New models of conventional and single-wafer, cluster-based fabs running 0.35 micron logic flows have been developed based almost entirely on existing equipment technology. The cluster-based fabs are an embodiment of an alternative approach to semiconductor manufacturing, which is referred to as adaptable manufacturing systems (ASMs). Relative to conventional fabs, AMSs seek to balance throughput time and cost requirements, rather than only focusing on cost reduction as the dominant objective. The models are used to contrast the major components of throughput time and cost in the different types of fabs. Next, the models are used to show that that the optimal fab configurations and management strategies of the AMSs change over the life cycle of the fab. Making these changes at key points in the fab's life cycle allow the AMS to be more responsive to changing market demands, compared to conventional fabs. >
Multistage carcinogenesis and the incidence of thyroid cancer in the US by sex, race, stage and histology.

Background: Thyroid cancer has the fastest growing incidence in the US. However, the underlying causes are still under debate. Methods: We analyzed thyroid cancer incidence in the SEER-9 registry from 1973-2010 using multistage carcinogenesis and age-period-cohort models. Multistage models were used to investigate differences in initiation, promotion and malignant conversion rates of thyroid tumors by sex, race, stage, and histology. Models were adjusted for period and cohort trends to investigate the contributions of each factor, and determine whether birth- or diagnosis-year better correlate with observed incidence patterns. Results: Significant increases in thyroid cancer incidence by period or calendar-year were found for all sex, race, stage and histology combinations, particularly for localized cases (a 3- and 4-fold increase from 1973-2010 for females and males, respectively). Multistage analyses suggest that the 3-fold higher incidence in women could be explained by 1.5-fold higher initiation and promotion rates. Analyses by race suggest that the lower incidence in blacks can be attributed to lower promotion rates versus whites. Analysis by histology showed considerable decreases in follicular cancer incidence by birth-cohort since the early 1900s. Conclusions: Multistage modeling suggests that variations in thyroid cancer initiation and promotion can explain the observed differences in incidence by sex, race and histology. The consistent increases in incidence by calendar-year for all sex-race-histology-stage combinations suggest that the rise may be predominantly due to more intensive screening-diagnostics, although an environmental factor may be also at play. Our analyses constitute a first step towards the development of thyroid cancer natural history models.
Interrelationship Between Nickel and Zinc in the Rat

JERRY W. SPEARS, E. E. HATFIELDANDRICHARD M. FORBESDepartment of Animal Science, University of Illinois,Urbana, Illinois 61801ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to study interrelationships between nickel and zinc in rats. In experiment 1 diets severely deficient (0 added zinc), marginally deficient (8 ppm) or adequate (16 ppm)in zinc, with or without added nickel (50 ppm), were fed to weanlingrats for 28 days. In a second experiment rats were fed diets containing 4,8, or 24 ppm of zinc with or without supplemental nickel (30 ppm) for42 days. Gains were significantly improved in both experiments by theaddition of zinc to the low zinc diets. Nickel did not significantly affectgain in either experiment. In experiment 1, when expressed as mg N/g Nintake, urinary nitrogen was significantly greater in the rats receiving thelow zinc diets with or without supplemental nickel. Rats marginally deficient in zinc (8 ppm) receiving no supplemental nickel had a greaterurinary nitrogen excretion when measured over a 5-day period than ratsreceiving 8 ppm of zinc plus 50 ppm of nickel. Rats fed the low zinc dietshad decreased total leukocyte numbers in both experiments. Nickel, whensupplemented to the low zinc diets, was effective in increasing leukocytecounts. In experiment 2 rats fed 4 or 8 ppm of zinc had elevated hemato-crits, erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin concentrations. Nickel tended tobe partially effective in preventing the elevation of these blood parameters.J. Nutr. 108: 307-312, 1978.INDEXING KEY WORDS nickel â€¢zinc â€¢leukocyte â€¢urinarynitrogenIn vitro studies suggest that zinc andnickel behave similarly at certain sites inthe biological system. Both metal ions areconsistently found in high concentration inRNA and DNA (1-4) and may serve tostabilize their structure (1, 2). Nickel andzinc can also contribute to ribosomal conformation (5, 6). Both elements also serveas enzyme activators. Arginase is an exam-ASleof an enzyme which can be activatedy either zinc or nickel (7). Finally, thewhite blood cell is a possible site of interaction between the two elements. In vitrostudies have indicated that nickel as wellas zinc can increase the adhesiveness ofpolymorphonuclear leukocytes (8, 9).Recently it has been reported that swinefed low zinc diets respond to supplementednickel.1 These findings were based on: (1)increased growth rate; (2) increased feedefficiency; (3) increased serum alkalinephosphatase activity; (4) decreased incidence of parakeratosis; and (5) increasedserum, liver and bone zinc in zinc deficientpigs supplemented with nickel.The purpose of the following studieswas to investigate the interrelationship between nickel and zinc in rats.
The Second Generation of Racial Profiling

An emerging forensic tool called DNA phenotyping makes it difficult to defend, as a matter of law or policy, the accepted reliance on racial proxies to construct search profiles for criminal suspects. DNA phenotyping uses ancestry data and facial recognition software to infer skin tone, nose shape, hair and eye color from cell tissue at the crime scene. Yet three states forbid this technique for fear of reviving pseudoscientific racism. This Article argues for DNA phenotyping. By providing a falsifiable check on dubious eyewitness accounts of race, this controversial new technique promises to improve arrest accuracy, enhance police legitimacy, and loosen the grip that race has on the way we think about crime. I develop a totality-of-the-evidence approach to corroborate eyewitness racial identification with phenotyping markers in proportion to the reliability of each.
From white spots to stem cells: the role of the Kit receptor in mammalian development

The Kit tyrosine kinase membrane receptor is essential for melanogenesis, gametogenesis and hematopoiesis during embryonic development and postnatal life. This review summarizes the genetic evidence implicating Kit and its ligand, Steel factor, in the control of stem cell proliferation, migration and survival, with emphasis on mutations in the human and mouse genes.
The Ratio of Deep - Inelastic e-n to e-p Cross-Sections in the Threshold Region

We report measurements of the ratio of the deep-inelastic electron-neutron to electron-proton differential cross sections in the threshold (ω<3) region. The ratio was found to scale and to decrease monotically with decreasing ω. No violation of the quark model lower bound of 0.25 was observed in the ratio.
Methods for the study of the zebrafish maxillary barbel.

Barbels are skin sensory appendages found in fishes, reptiles and amphibians. The zebrafish, Danio rerio, develops two pairs of barbels- a short nasal pair and a longer maxillary pair. Barbel tissue contains cells of ectodermal, mesodermal and neural crest origin, including skin cells, glands, taste buds, melanocytes, circulatory vessels and sensory nerves. Unlike most adult tissue, the maxillary barbel is optically clear, allowing us to visualize the development and maintenance of these tissue types throughout the life cycle. This video shows early development of the maxillary barbel (beginning approximately one month post-fertilization) and demonstrates a surgical protocol to induce regeneration in the adult appendage (>3 months post-fertilization). Briefly, the left maxillary barbel of an anesthetized fish is elevated with sterile forceps just distal to the caudal edge of the maxilla. A fine, sterile spring scissors is positioned against the forceps to cut the barbel shaft at this level, establishing an anatomical landmark for the amputation plane. Regenerative growth can be measured with respect to this plane, and in comparison to the contralateral barbel. Barbel tissue regenerates rapidly, reaching maximal regrowth within 2 weeks of injury. Techniques for analyzing the regenerated barbel include dissecting and embedding matched pairs of barbels (regenerate and control) in the wells of a standard DNA electrophoresis gel. Embedded specimens are conveniently photographed under a stereomicroscope for gross morphology and morphometry, and can be stored for weeks prior to downstream applications such as paraffin histology, cryosectioning, and/or whole mount immunohistochemistry. These methods establish the maxillary barbel as a novel in vivo tissue system for studying the regenerative capacity of multiple cell types within the genetic context of zebrafish.
A device to record primate social behavior

A method is described for recording many separate primate social behaviors in one session. The equipment utilized to facilitate these recordings offers the following advantages over conventional paper and pencil shorthand scoring systems: 1) an entire session may be recorded without losing sight of the subjects, 2) higher interobserver reliabilities are obtained, 3) sessions are accurately timed and exactly repeatable, 4) absolute rather than modified frequencies and durations are recorded, and 5) no upper limits are imposed on the data obtained.
Thermal rearrangements of cyclic allenes via retro-ene reactions

Abstract Flow vacuum thermolysis (500–650°) of 1,2-cyclonona- and 1,2-cyclodecadienes yields, as primary products, terminal enynes and enedienes. Secondary intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of the enedienes afford cis and trans bicyclics.
Correspondence estimation of the source profiles in receptor modeling

This article considers the estimation of source profiles from pollution data collected at one receptor site. At this receptor site, varying metrological conditions can cause errors that are possibly a mixture of distributions. A standard estimator utilizes a least squares approach because of its optimal properties under normally distributed errors and consistency under many other distributions. In contrast, we study the behavior of least squares relative to our new approach, which is better suited for dealing with errors having a mixture of distributions. The estimator loses efficiency under normal errors, but in turn gains efficiency while in the presence of a mixture of distributions. The new alternative has a tuning constant that determines the level of efficiency, which we show using asymptotic theory for large samples and simulation for small samples. An example from Houston, TX, U.S.A. is considered. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground-State Singlet L3Fe-(μ-N)-FeL3 and L3Fe(NR) Complexes Featuring Pseudotetrahedral Fe(II) Centers

Pseudotetrahedral iron(II) coordination complexes that contain bridged nitride and terminal imide linkages, and exhibit singlet ground-state electronic configurations, are described. Sodium amalgam reduction of the ferromagnetically coupled dimer, {[PhBP3]Fe(μ-1,3-N3)}2 (2) ([PhBP3] = [PhB(CH2PPh2)3]-), yields the diamagnetic bridging nitride species [{[PhBP3]Fe}2(μ-N)][Na(THF)5] (3). The Fe−N−Fe linkage featured in the anion of 3 exhibits an unusually bent angle of approximately 135°, and the short Fe−N bond distances (Fe−Nav ≈ 1.70 A) suggest substantial Fe−N multiple bond character. The diamagnetic imide complex {[PhBP3]FeII⋮N(1-Ad)}{nBu4N} (4) has been prepared by sodium amalgam reduction of its low-spin iron(III) precursor, [PhBP3]FeIII⋮N(1-Ad) (5). Complexes 4 and 5 have been structurally characterized, and their respective electronic structures are discussed in the context of a supporting DFT calculation. Diamagnetic 4 provides a bona fide example of a pseudotetrahedral iron(II) center in a low-spi...
The integration of a Logistical Decision-Making Framework into Nonprofit Marketing:

Marketing practitioners in for-profit-making settings are typically well acquainted with what logistical decisions can do for a marketing program and what marketing constraints can do to a logistics system. For the most part, however, the conceptual tansfer from a product-oriented firm to a service-producing organization has been lacking and obviously not made in non-profit marketing situations. This paper examines these areas and presents a creative expansion of the logistics decision-making area into nonprofit marketing. Hopefully, this setting will encourage others to investigate non-profit areas and, in particular, the interrelationships involved in the logistics area.
Consistent curricular choice and congruence of subsequent changes

Abstract Curriculum choices of 324 male and 157 female liberal arts students who took the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) during freshman orientation were classified as congruent or incongruent on the basis of rated correspondence between three-letter codes derived from (SCII) Holland theme scales and expressed curricular choice. The choices of those subjects reporting one or more changes in five semesters were examined for level of congruence using a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. While serious methodological limitations are noted, analysis of variance procedures indicated that congruent subjects tended to be more stable, more differentiated, and more academically oriented than incongruent subjects. Among subjects who reported one or more changes, Artistic subjects decreased in congruence while Investigative subjects showed no overall change. Results are discussed in terms of recent theory and previous research.
Unusual sequelae to surgical repositioning of an impacted premolar

Abstract A case of surgical repositioning of a permanent premolar with subsequent premature eruption and an unusual root development is reported. Possible treatment methods to avoid these problems are discussed.
Reverence and Ethics in Science

Codes of ethics abound in science, but the question of why such codes should be obeyed is rarely asked. Various reasons for obeying a professional code have been proposed, but all are unsatisfactory in that they do not really motivate behavior. This article suggests that the long forgotten virtue of reverence provides both a reason to obey a professional code and motivation to do so. In addition, it discusses the importance of reverence as a cardinal virtue for scientists drawing on the ideas of Paul Woodruff on the role of virtue in community.
Improving hand-eye calibration for robotic grasping and manipulation

Hand-eye calibration is an important component of robotic systems that perform manipulation and grasping tasks. However, calibration is often an onerous process — there are many parameters that must be estimated for the sensors and manipulators, resulting in a high-dimensional nonlinear estimation problem. While it is easy to obtain an approximately correct hand-eye calibration, reducing the error further requires increasingly greater effort. We have developed a simple method for increasing the accuracy of an approximately correct hand-eye calibration. This method does not require any external instrumentation and is unique in that it applies a transformation to sensed object locations to produce commanded end-effector locations. This method has been applied to the robot for the DARPA ARM-S program, consisting of a 7 DOF arm and a sensor head mounted atop a 4 DOF neck. We describe the theory of our approach, our implementation, and experimental results.
On the convergence of orthogonal series to

For any sequence of numbers αn↓0, ∑n=1∞ an2=∞, a uniformly bounded orthonormal system of continuous functions ϕn(x) which is complete in L2 (0, 1), and a sequence of numbers bn(0 ∞ bnϕn(x)=∞ everywhere on (0, 1).
Kinetic Parameters for the Noncatalyzed and Enzyme-Catalyzed Mutarotation of Glucose Using a Blood Glucometer

The kinetic parameters for the conversion of α-d-glucose to β-d-glucose were measured using a blood glucometer. The reaction order, rate constant, and Arrhenius activation energy are reported for the noncatalyzed reaction and turnover number and Michaelis constant are reported for the reaction catalyzed by porcine kidney mutarotase. The experiment is relatively simple and inexpensive and can be used in general chemistry and undergraduate biochemistry laboratories.
A DEFINED MAINTENANCE MEDIUM FOR SUPPORTING CHICK FIBROBLAST MONOLAYERS AND FOR PLAQUE FORMATION BY VENEZUELAN AND EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES.

Abstract : A defined maintenance medium that supports chick fibroblast (CF) cell monolayers in a viable state for at least 10 days and permits the formation of plaques by Venezuelan (VEE) and Eastern (EEE) equine encephalitis viruses is described. The medium consists of a balanced salts solution, glucose, 2 amino acids (L-cystine and L-histidine HC1), sodium bicarbonate, and agar. Plaque counts by VEE and EEE viruses on CF monolayers overlaid with this medium compared favorably with those obtained on a complex overlay medium.
The Relative Contributions of Hepatic and Peripheral Tissues to Insulin Resistance in Hyperandrogenic Women

Insulin resistance is associated with hyperandrogenic states. To determine the mechanisms by which androgen excess can affect insulin action, we studied insulin sensitivity in five nonobese hyperandrogenic women and six normal women. After oral glucose administration, the hyperandrogenic women had higher serum insulin concentrations than the normal women (P = 0.05). The mean cumulative peripheral serum insulin response in the hyperandrogenic women [79.6 ± 30.8 (±sd) nmol/L · 300 min] was significantly greater than that in the normal women (46.6 ± 15.1 nmol/L · 300 min; P < 0.05). In thebasal state and during hyperinsulinemic (20 mU/min · m2) euglycemic clamp studies serum insulin levels were similar in the two groups. Basal and insulin-mediated suppressions of hepatic glucose production determined from [3-3H]glucose specific activity were similar in the two groups. Peripheral glucose utilization was markedly diminished in the hyperandrogenic women compared to that in the normal women (27.8 ± 6.7 vs 48.9 ±...
Gain Scheduling-Inspired Control for Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations

We present a control design method for nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) based on a combination of gain scheduling and backstepping theory for linear PDEs. A benchmark first-order hyperbolic system with a destabilizing in-domain nonlinearity is considered first. For this system a nonlinear feedback law based on gain scheduling is derived explicitly, and a statement of stability is presented for the closed-loop system. Control designs are then presented for a string and shear beam PDE, both with Kelvin-Voigt damping and potentially destabilizing free-end nonlinearities. String and beam simulation results illustrate the merits of the gain scheduling approach over the linearization-based design.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Measurement of the Homogeneous Contact of a Unitary Fermi Gas

By selectively probing the center of a trapped gas, we measure the local, or homogeneous, contact of a unitary Fermi gas as a function of temperature. Tan's contact, C, is proportional to the derivative of the energy with respect to the interaction strength and is thus an essential thermodynamic quantity for a gas with short-range correlations. Theoretical predictions for the temperature dependence of C differ substantially, especially near the superfluid transition, T(c), where C is predicted to either sharply decrease, sharply increase, or change very little. For T/T(F)>0.4, our measurements of the homogeneous gas contact show a gradual decrease of C with increasing temperature, as predicted by theory. We observe a sharp decrease in C at T/T(F)=0.16, which may be due to the superfluid phase transition. While a sharp decrease in C below T(c) is predicted by some many-body theories, we find that none of the predictions fully account for the data.
An Abstract Type for Statistics Collection in Simula

Although the use of abstract types has been widely advocated as a specification and implementation technique, their use has often been associated with programming languages that are not widely available, and examples published to date are rarely taken from actual applications. SIMULA is a widely available language that supports the use of abstract types. The purposes of this paper are (1) to demonstrate the application of the concepts of data abstraction to a common problem; (2) to demonstrate the use of data abstraction in a widely available language; and (3) to provide a portable facility for statistics collection that may make the use of SIMULA more attractive. A discussion of the background of and requirements for an abstract type for statistics collection is presented, followed by a specification for the type using traces. A SIMULA implementation, with examples of its use, is given. Finally, implementation of the abstract type in other languages is discussed.
Antiarrhythmic properties of ranolazine: A review of the current evidence

Ranolazine was developed as an antianginal agent and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2006 for use in chronic stable angina pectoris. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that it also has antiarrhythmic properties based on the frequency-dependent blockade of peak sodium channel current (peak INa) and rapidly activating delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr) in the atria and blockade of late phase of the inward sodium current (late INa) in the ventricles. Recent clinical studies have revealed the efficacy of ranolazine in prevention of atrial fibrillation in patients with acute coronary syndromes, prevention as well as conversion of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery, conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm in recurrent atrial fibrillation. Ranolazine has also been shown to reduce ventricular tachycardia and drug-refractory implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks. The antiarrhythmic effect of ranolazine is preserved in the setting of chronic heart failure and clinical studies have demonstrated its safety in patients with heart failure. This review discusses the available preclinical and clinical data on the antiarrhythmic effects of this novel antianginal agent.
Dynamic interferometry and differential holography of irregular phase objects using phase conjugate reflection

Abstract By using phase conjugate reflection it should be possible to perform high-speed differential interferometry, that is, the measurement of small rapid changes in optical phase shift with time, as well as dynamic and/or differential holography, Schlieren, and other optical measurements of phase perturbations even on highly irregular transparent phase objects.
Deuterium NQR study of phenylphosphonic acid and two ternary cocrystals of pyridine, catechol, and phenylphosphonic acid

Abstract Deuterium and nitrogen quadrupole coupling data on phenylphosphonic acid (PPA) and two ternary cocrystals of PPA with catechol and pyridine are reported. These data are discussed in terms of the crystal structures and the hydrogen bonding present. Deuterium sites which are not located in the structure determination by X-ray diffraction may be assigned from the NQR data.
Role of Centrins 2 and 3 in Organelle Segregation and Cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei

Centrins are calcium binding proteins involved in cell division in eukaryotes. Previously, we have shown that depletion of centrin1 in Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) displayed arrested organelle segregation resulting in loss of cytokinesis. In this study we analyzed the role of T. brucei centrin2 (TbCen2) and T. brucei 3 (TbCen3) in the early events of T. brucei procyclic cell cycle. Both the immunofluorescence assay and electron microscopy showed that TbCen2 and 3-deficient cells were enlarged in size with duplicated basal bodies, multinuclei and new flagella that are detached along the length of the cell body. In both TbCen2 and TbCen3 depleted cells segregation of the organelles i.e. basal bodies, kinetoplast and nucleus was disrupted. Further analysis of the cells with defective organelle segregation identified three different sub configurations of organelle mis-segregations (Type 1–3). In addition, in majority of the TbCen2 depleted cells and in nearly half of the TbCen3 depleted cells, the kinetoplasts were enlarged and undivided. The abnormal segregations ultimately led to aborted cytokinesis and hence affected growth in these cells. Therefore, both centrin2 and 3 are involved in organelle segregation similar to centrin1 as was previously observed. In addition, we identified their role in kinetoplast division which may be also linked to overall mis-segregation.
3D astigmatic depth sensing camera

Three-dimensional displays have become increasingly present in consumer markets. However, the ability to capture threedimensional images inexpensively and without major modifications to current cameras is uncommon. Our goal is to create a modification to a common commercial camera that allows a three dimensional reconstruction. We desire such an imaging system to be inexpensive and easy to use. Furthermore, we require that any three-dimensional modification to a camera does not reduce its resolution. Here we present a possible solution to this problem. A commercial digital camera is used with a projector system with astigmatic focus to capture images of a scene. By using an astigmatic projected pattern we can create two different focus depths for horizontal and vertical features of the projected pattern, thereby encoding depth. This projector could be integrated into the flash unit of the camera. By carefully choosing a pattern we are able to exploit this differential focus in image processing. Wavelet transforms are performed on the image that pick out the projected pattern. By taking ratios of certain wavelet coefficients we are able to correlate the distance an object at a particular transverse position is from the camera to the contrast ratios. We present our information regarding construction, calibration, and images produced by this system. The nature of linking a projected pattern design and image processing algorithms will be discussed.
Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices for binary and ternary mixtures of ethanol, 2-methylpropan-2-ol, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane

Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices of the ternary system ethanol + 2-methylpropan-2-ol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at T = 298.15 K and the binary systems ethanol + 2-methylpropan-2-ol, eth...
Are rates of functional limitations associated with access to care? A state-level analysis of the national survey of children with special health care needs.

Objectives: Health-related services and compensatory mechanisms have a potential role in minimizing functional limitations and increasing quality of life among children with special health care needs (CSHCN). We examined whether rates of functional limitations among CSHCN in the 50 states and District of Columbia were associated with state-level characteristics that reflect access to such services among CSHCN. Methods: We aggregated child-level survey data from the National Survey of CSHCN to create 51 state-level estimates of the proportions who had functional limitations, had ≥1 unmet health needs, and lacked medical insurance coverage. State-level information about Medicaid spending per child enrollee in federal fiscal year 2000 was obtained from The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation website. We examined correlations between the percentages of CSHCN having functional limitations and each of the other state-level variables, and conducted multiple regression analyses that examined these associations while controlling for the statewide percentages of children living in poverty. Results: The proportions of CSHCN with functional limitations were higher in states with higher rates of uninsured CSHCN (r = .49; p < .0001) and higher rates of CSHCN with unmet health needs (r = .62; p < .0001). Proportions of CSHCN with functional limitations were unrelated to per child Medicaid spending. These findings were robust when we controlled for percentages of children in poverty across states. Conclusions: Fewer unmet needs for health-related services are associated with lower statewide rates of functional limitations in CSHCN. As health care costs increase and state revenues decrease, CSHCN are at increasing risk of losing access to required services. Were this to happen we might expect an increase in the proportion of CSHCN who experience significant functional limitations. Thus, a key challenge is to provide CSHCN access to the amount and quality of health-related care they require to achieve their potential.
Water-budget evaluation of prairie and maize ecosystems.

Annual monitoring of water-budget components is useful for comparing the fate of water inputs among ecosystems. Land-use changes from natural prairies to managed agroecosystems alter water-budget components. Weekly hydrological budgets for a restored natural prairie and maize (Zea mays L.) agroecosystems (no-tillage and chisel-plow) were constructed for 132 consecutive wk between June 1995 and January 1998. Precipitation, drainage, soil water-storage changes, and snow-cover changes were measured on Plano silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudoll) at agricultural and prairie sites. Compared with the maize ecosystems, the prairie maintained greater soil water contents deeper in the soil profile (0.8-1.4 m), somewhat larger evapotranspiration (Et), and significantly less drainage because of considerable interception of precipitation by a residue layer. Soil water storage in the no-tillage maize setting was more similar to the prairie, while Et, net primary productivity, and drainage were more comparable to the chisel-plow agroecosystem. Total drainage measured with equilibrium-tension lysimeters was 199 mm of water (coefficient of variation [CV] = 5.7%) for the prairie ecosystem, 563 mm of water (CV = 13.6%) for the no-tillage maize ecosystem, and 793 mm of water (CV = 18.5%) for the chisel-plow maize ecosystem. Residue interception for the prairie was 477 mm, compared with 681 mm of precipitation during the growing senson of 1997, which contributed to lower prairie drainage. The combination of similar productivity, higher soil water contents, and less drainage than the chisel-plow ecosystem suggests that a no-tillage ecosystem is more sustainable than the chisel-plow agroecosystem in terms of reducing potential adverse environmental impacts associated with soil water movement.
SU-E-T-549: On Importance of Accurate Treatment Couch Modeling in SmartArc VMAT Plans.

Purpose: We investigate the impact of a treatment couch and its modeling in a treatment planning system on accurate dosedelivery in Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT). Methods: A cone‐beam CT of a Varian couch on a Varian Clinac 21EX unit, consisting of a carbon‐fiber imaging couch top and supporting rails, was acquired, and a couch model was created in Philips Pinnacle 9.0 TPS based on the geometry of the couch top and the rails. The densities of the modeled couch top and the rails were based on the Hounsfield Unit and CT number‐to‐density information obtained from the CBCT scan. The densities were then adjusted based on the ion chamber measurements of a beam transmitting through the couch posteriorly at different gantry angles varying 1–5 degrees. SmartArc VMAT plans for patient treatment with and without the modeled couch were then generated and dose distributions were verified using the IBA MatriXX 2D ion chamber array. Results: We found that depending on the gantry angle the beam can be attenuated by up to 17% when going through the supporting rails, and up to 5% when passing through the couch top. Because of this, dose distributions of SmartArc plans were not accurate and did not pass the dose verification criteria without accurate modeling of the treatment couch. Adding the couch model remedies this problem and avoids underdosing the target. Conclusions: We showed that the impact of a treatment couch in radiation therapy can be significant, and it is essential to include an accurate model of the couch in the treatment planning system, particularly for SmartArc VMAT plans in Philips Pinnacle TPS.
Candidates for topological insulators: Pb-based chalcogenide series

We theoretically predict that the series of Pb-based layered chalcogenides, Pb${}_{n}$Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{n+3}$and Pb${}_{n}$Sb${}_{2}$Te${}_{n+3}$, are possible new candidates for topological insulators, and the topological phases are changed from a topological insulator to a band insulator with increasing $n$. Among the new topological insulators, we found a large bulk band gap of 0.40 eV in PbBi${}_{2}$Se${}_{4}$, and that of Pb${}_{2}$Sb${}_{2}$Te${}_{5}$ is located near the phase boundary between a trivial and a nontrivial topological insulator, which raises the possibility of tuning the topological phase by changing the external parameters.
The mechanism of gelation of gelatin. The influence of pH, concentration, time and dilute electrolyte on the gelation of gelatin and modified gelatins.

Abstract The effects of concentration, pH, time and dilute electrolyte on the melting points of gels of gelatin and chemically modified gelatins have been investigated. At 1–5% concentration the melting points of high-isoelectric-point gelatin, low-isoelectric-point gelatin, amino-acetylated gelatin and car☐yl-esterified gelatin are nearly independent of pH. At low concentration (0.6–0.7%) deionized gelatins have several melting point maxima and minima. Upon long standing at 0° or upon addition of electrolyte the curves become independent of pH from 2–12. The results are discussed in relation to the conformation and charged groups of gelatin and to present knowledge of the aggregation process.
THE CASE FOR NATIONAL ECONOMIC PLANNING

Should government chart the course of national economic policy? The favorable experiences of Japan and some European countries, as well as the recent dismal performance of the American economy, seem to suggest that the answer may be a resounding yes. Under modern conditions, sound corporate plans will be difficult to formulate without a firm national economic framework.
The plateau outward current in canine ventricle, sensitive to 4‐aminopyridine, is a constitutive contributor to ventricular repolarization

Background and purpose: IKur (Ultra-rapid delayed rectifier current) has μM sensitivity to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and is an important modulator of the plateau amplitude and action potential duration in canine atria. Kv1.5 encodes IKur and is present in both atria and ventricles in canines and humans. We hypothesized that a similar plateau outward current with μM sensitivity to 4-AP is present in canine ventricle. Experimental approach: We used established voltage clamp protocols and used 4-AP (50 and 100 μM) to measure a plateau outward current in normal canine myocytes isolated from the left ventricular mid-myocardium. Key results: Action potential recordings in the presence of 4-AP showed significant prolongation of action potential duration at 50 and 90% repolarization at 0.5 and 1 Hz (P<0.05), while no prolongation occurred at 2 Hz. Voltage clamp experiments revealed a rapidly activating current, similar to current characteristics of canine atrial IKur, in ∼70% of left ventricular myocytes. The IC50 of 4-AP for this current was 24.2 μM. The concentration of 4-AP used in our experiments resulted in selective blockade of an outward current that was not Ito or IKr. β-Adrenergic stimulation with isoprenaline significantly increased the 4-AP sensitive outward current density (P<0.05), suggesting a role for this current during increased sympathetic stimulation. In silico incorporation into a canine ventricular cell model revealed selective AP prolongation after current blockade. Conclusions and implications: Our results support the existence of a canine ventricular plateau outward current sensitive to micromolar 4-AP and its constitutive role in ventricular repolarization. British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 870–879; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707403; published online 13 August 2007
Lamb Wave Propagation Study Using Frequency-Wavenumber Analysis

Lamb waves are dispersive and multi-modal. Various wave modes make the interpretation of Lamb wave signal very difficult. It is desired that different modes can be separated for individual analysis. In the this paper, we present our studies on the multimodal Lamb wave propagation and wave mode extraction using frequency-wavenumber analysis. Wave spectrum in the frequency-wavenumber domain shows clear distinction among Lamb wave modes being present. This allows separating them or extracting a desired Lamb wave mode through a novel filtering strategy. Thus a single mode Lamb can be identified and extracted for certain types of damage detection in structural health monitoring (SHM). These concepts are illustrated through experimental testing. A scanning laser Doppler vibrometer is used to acquiring the time-space wavefield regarding the multimodal Lamb wave propagation. Then the recorded wavefield was analyzed in frequency-wavenumber domain and decomposed into different wave modes.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Planning and Contingent Valuation: Some Observations from a Survey of Homeowners and Environmentalists

A fundamental problem in the application of benefit-cost analysis to planning problems has been the lack of suitable methods for quantifying the value of public goods. The contingent valuation (CV) method has been institutionalized as a method for coping with this problem. This paper is about the validity of CV and issues planners encounter in applications. The results of a survey of homeowners and environmentalists are used to 1) counter critics who argue that CV estimates are inherently implausible, 2) refute the argument that respondents consciously refuse to participate in CV surveys because they object to the idea of valuing the environment, and 3) add to evidence that CV surveys can provide data useful for decision making. An example of how planners might use CV data to inform decision making is provided.
Lessons from an anti-DNA autoantibody

R4A is an anti-DNA antibody derived by hybridoma technology from a BALB/c mouse. The study of its properties has helped to elucidate aspects of the physiopathology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). It has been useful to decipher the mechanisms implicated in breaks in B cell self tolerance by B cell extrinsic or B cell intrinsic factors. Furthermore, it illustrates the importance of molecular mimicry in understanding the cellular and molecular effects relevant to some manifestations of neuropsychiatric lupus, as it cross-reacts with the D/E W D/E YS/G peptide sequence present in subunits of the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR).
Quantification of Selected Aroma-Active Compounds in Pinot Noir Wines from Different Grape Maturities

Effect of grape maturity on aroma-active compounds in Pinot noir wine was investigated using stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (SBSE-GC-MS). High correlation coefficient (>0.95) and low standard deviation (<10%) were obtained for all aroma-active compounds of interest. Two vintages of Pinot noir wines with three different grape maturities each were analyzed. Statistical analysis showed that both grape maturity and growing year significantly affected the aroma composition of the final wine. Analysis of wine samples from the same vintage indicated that grape maturity could affect aroma compounds in different ways, based on their biochemical formation in the wines. For most short-chain fatty acid esters, there were no obvious trends with grape maturity, however, the concentrations of ethyl 2-methylpropanoate and ethyl 3-methylbutanoate consistently decreased with grape maturity. The decreasing trend was also observed for other esters including ethyl cinnamate, ethyl dihydroxycinnamate, and ethyl anthranilate, with the exception of ethyl vanillate, while C13 norisoprenoids, monoterpenes, and guaiacols had increasing trends with grape maturation.
Pop Culture in the Classroom: American Idol, Karl Marx, and Alexis de Tocqueville

This article discusses the use of pop culture in the classroom as a means to teach foundational political science authors and concepts. I focus on my experience using American Idol as a point of reference to discuss Marx and Engel's The Communist Manifesto and Tocqueville's Democracy in America in undergraduate comparative politics courses. Students are asked to construct a written argument projecting Marx or Tocqueville's perceptions of American Idol, based on their readings. My experiences demonstrate that asking students to reflect on their own contemporary experience through the prism of these two works helps them in three ways: (1) to better understand the ideas of Marx and Tocqueville, as well as their differences; (2) to develop an appreciation for the continued relevance of works in the discipline's canon; and (3) to sharpen and develop critical thinking and analytical skills.
Transitions to regular smoking and to nicotine dependence in women using cannabis.

Background While there is substantial support in the literature for an increased prevalence of cannabis use in cigarette smokers, emerging studies allude to the possibility that cannabis users may, in turn, be at significantly elevated risk for rapid transitions in their cigarette smoking trajectories. If there is evidence in its favor, the increased rates of cigarette smoking in cannabis users may prove to be the most significant public health problem associated with cannabis use.
Nano-glass Mechanism of Bulk Metallic Glass Formation

A theory of local dynamics of liquid is developed in order to explain the glass transition and fragility of multi-component alloys as it relates to formation of bulk metallic glasses. Unlike the extended hydrodynamic theories in which liquid is regarded as a continuum body, the present approach focuses on the discreteness of the atomic structure and considers the stability of local topology of the network structure. This approach has led to the prediction of the glass transition temperature, melting and glass formability. We extend this approach to describe the effects of local topology on the atomic transport and glass transition and fragility of multi-component glasses. This theory leads to a picture of a strong liquid as a nano-scale composite of glass and liquid, and suggests compositional requirements for forming bulk metallic glasses.
Magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause in global Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry simulations

[1] We present a survey of magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause using the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry global magnetospheric simulation code. We explore simulations of the magnetospheric response under solar wind conditions with interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angles of 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 degrees. Defining the dayside reconnection rate as the total amount of magnetic flux per unit time that changes magnetic topology, we find the reconnection rate increases linearly from 45 to 135 degrees with more modest increases from 0 to 45 degrees and 135 to 180 degrees. Similar results are obtained using two other related definitions of the reconnection rate. We show the increase in the reconnection rate with greater IMF clock angles follows a trend in the orientation of the separator line relative to the solar wind magnetic field, a quantity that scales approximately as sin(θIMF/2), as noted by Kan and Lee (1979). For northward IMF conditions, we apply a similar argument based on the width of weak ∣B∣ regions at the magnetopause. We find the simulations exhibit two qualitatively different reconnection processes. The first process we identify as three-dimensional topology merging along a separator line, in which solar wind and dipolar field lines reconnect, creating field lines with one foot point on the Earth and the other in the solar wind. For IMF angles of 45 and 90 degrees this topology merging is a predominantly antiparallel reconnection process concentrated near nulls in the magnetic cusps, while for larger IMF clock angles of 135 or 180 degrees the reconnection extends across belt-like regions spanning the subsolar point. For clock angles of 45 and 90 degrees we also identify a second type of reconnection process that is a three-dimensional form of guide field reconnection and typically occurs in regions along the separator line closer to the subsolar point. This process can mediate the reconnection of solar wind field lines with each other or can couple to the topology merging, leading to a subset of field lines that exhibit reconnection in multiple locations at the same moment of time.
Application of a Full Hierarchical Bayesian Model in Assessing Streamflow Response to a Climate Change Scenario at the Coweeta Basin, NC, USA

Abstract: We have applied a full hierarchical Baysian (HB) model to simulate streamflow at the Coweeta Basin that drains western North Carolina, USA under a doubled CO2 climate scenario. The full HB model coherently assimilated multiple data sources and accounted for uncertainties from data, parameters and model structures. Full predictive distributions for streamflow from the Bayesian analysis indicate not only increasing drought, with substantial decrease in fall and summer flows, and soil moisture content, but also increase in the frequency of flood events when they were fit with Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution and Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) under this doubled CO2 climate scenario compared to the current climate scenario. Full predictive distributions based on the hierarchical Bayesian model, compared to deterministic point estimates, is capable of providing richer information to facilitate development of adaptation strategy to changing climate for a sustainable water resource m...
New work for a theory of universals

(1983). New work for a theory of universals. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 343-377.
Observation of slip in NiAl

Etude par microscopie electronique en transmission des dislocations dans Ni-42 a 50%at Al apres filage a 1023 K.Observation des dislocations dans tous les alliages et des dislocations de glissement seulement dans l'alliage le plus riche en nickel.Comparaison avec les resultats obtenus dans FeAl.
The spatial pattern and temporal sequence in which feather germs arise in the White Leghorn chick embryo

Abstract Feather germs arise in a specific sequence and spatio-temporal pattern within each of 10 feather areas on the White Leghorn chick embryo. The time of feather germ initiation was determined by histological and gross macroscopic analyses. Protruding feather germs are sequentially visualized in the dorsal, thigh, breast, head, humoral, ventral, wing, eye, and external auditory meatus feather areas, respectively, from stage 31− to stage 39+ [ V. Hamburger and H. L. Hamilton (1951) J. Morphol. 88, 49–92]. The rate at which successive feather tracts appear was found to differ for different feather areas and was not simply due to the size of a feather area. Feather germ histogenesis was examined in the dorsal, thigh, breast, ventral, wing, and tail feather areas. The stages of feather germ histogenesis, examined on the wing feather area, are similar to those previously described for the dorsal surface. Gross and histological analyses gave different times and temporal sequences of feather germ visualization. Some feather areas were readily visualized at the time of feather germ initiation, while others showed a lag between the histological appearance of feather germs and their macroscopic visualization. Thus, macroscopic observations do not accurately reflect the pattern of histogenesis.