cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Finite Element Analysis of a Flapping Wing against Inertial and Aeroelastic Responses

Small unmanned aerial systems are being designed to emulate the flapping kinematics of insects and birds which show superior control in slow speed regimes compared to fixed wing or rotorcraft aircraft. The flight of flapping wing vehicles is characterized by aeroelastic effects because wing membranes are highly flexible. The large deformations influence aerodynamics in a significant manner and predicting deformations is essential for evaluating design in early phases. Most research has been dedicated towards understanding the aerodynamic side of the aeroelastic response with minimal effort spent towards validating the structural response. Finite element simulations of a commercial flapping wing are tuned via modal testing and compared to vacuum data to isolate the inertial response. Wing tip displacement amplitude was matched to within 8%. The finite element solver predicted less membrane bellow than observed. Billow in the vacuum was also more asymmetric. Modeling the wing membrane dynamics proved to be difficult because of the high sensitivities associated with the flexible membrane. Additional work is shown on capturing the wing shape during flapping. In the other direction, observed wing billow could be used to predict aerodynamic forces. This research shows that significant focus must be placed on validating the structural side of a flexible structure in order to correctly model the complete aeroelastic response.
Specific-Ion Effects on the Aggregation Mechanisms and Protein–Protein Interactions for Anti-streptavidin Immunoglobulin Gamma-1

Non-native protein aggregation is common in the biopharmaceutical industry and potentially jeopardizes product shelf life, therapeutic efficacy, and patient safety. The present article focuses on the relationship(s) among protein-protein interactions, aggregate growth mechanisms, aggregate morphologies, and specific-ion effects for an anti-streptavidin (AS) immunoglobulin gamma 1 (IgG1). Aggregation mechanisms of AS-IgG1 were determined as a function of pH and NaCl concentration with sodium acetate buffer and compared to previous work with sodium citrate. Aggregate size and shape were determined using a combination of laser light scattering and small-angle neutron or X-ray scattering. Protein-protein interactions were quantified in terms of the protein-protein Kirkwood-Buff integral (G22) determined from static light scattering and in terms of the protein effective charge (Zeff) measured using electrophoretic light scattering. Changing from citrate to acetate resulted in significantly different protein-protein interactions as a function of pH for low NaCl concentrations when the protein displayed positive Zeff. Overall, the results suggest that electrostatic repulsions between proteins were lessened because of preferential accumulation of citrate anions, compared to acetate anions, at the protein surface. The predominant aggregation mechanisms correlated well with G22, indicating that ion-specific effects beyond traditional mean-field descriptions of electrostatic protein-protein interactions are important for predicting qualitative shifts in protein aggregation state diagrams. Interestingly, while solution conditions dictated which mechanisms predominated, aggregate average molecular weight and size displayed a common scaling behavior across both citrate- and acetate-based systems.
Abstract 4856: Transcriptome sequencing of circulating tumor cells reveals their heterogeneity

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL We have developed a novel sample preparation technology for complete purification of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The target cells are magnetically labeled with anti-EpCAM particles and then immunostained with anti-EpCAM antibodies. CTCs have been selectively captured by applying absorption magnetic forces and desorbing fluidic shear force to the cells (MagSweeper technology). CTCs, defined as EpCAM+ CD45- cells are then picked individually for nucleic acid analysis. We have utilized this platform for isolation of CTCs from prostate cancer patients. From each case, 7.5ml blood sample is processed within 24hr of collection. The purified CTCs have been validated to be EpCAM+ CD45- by immunostaining and qPCR analysis (91%± 6% specificity). So far we have isolated CTCs from 14 out of 35 cases. The CTC counts isolated by MagSweeper have correlated well with the counts obtained from the same cases using FDA-cleared CellSearch system. We are also developing new genomic technologies for whole-genome expression profiling of single CTCs. The purified CTCs are lysed under control conditions, and then processed with our whole transcriptome amplification (WTA) protocol. The amplified cDNA are used for SBS sequencing library preparation. Our WTA protocol has been validated through mRNA-sequencing of cultured single prostate LNCaP and bladder T24 cells. We found that more than 66% of all genes are reproducibly sequenced and the expression profile of single LNCaP and T24 cells correlated well within each cell line (R⁁2=0.75 for LNCaP and R⁁2=0.87 for T24 cells). We have sequenced the whole transcriptome of 7 CTCs and one leukocyte cell isolated from blood sample of a metastatic prostate cancer patient. We found that 7/7 CTC cells express KLK3, AR and EpCAM, 6/7 express CD24 and AMACR, 5/7 express MYC and 0/7 express CD45. On the other hand, the WBC does not express any of these genes except CD45. At present we are analyzing the data for the presence of fusion genes. So far we have not detected the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene in any of the CTCs analyzed; however, the search for looking into other known fusion genes is currently under progress. In addition, we clustered CTCs with LNCaP and T24 single cells. We found that the 5/7 CTC cells cluster together, and are different from LNcap or T24 clusters. 2/7 CTCs show different expression profile, demonstrating expected heterogeneity between CTCs. We have introduced a new end-to-end integrated workflow for CTC genomic analysis. The workflow has been successfully tested in isolation and mRNA-seq profiling of CTCs from prostate cancer patient samples. This novel workflow will open up new opportunities in studying CTC biology. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4856. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4856
New Species and Records of Nearctic Mutillid Wasps of the Genus Dasymutilla (Hymenoptera)

The following descriptions of new species, records and notes have been added to our knowledge of the Mutillid genus Dasymutilla since my revision of that genus in 1928, Bulletin 143 United States National Museum, pp. 1-351, text figs. 1-28, Pis. 1-5. A revised key to the species is also included.
Influenza A(H1N1) in Cuiping District in Yibin,2009-2010

Objectives To provide evidence for scientific prevention and control of Influenza A(H1N1) by analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of H1N1 in Cuiping district of Yibin in 2009-2010.Methods Data of H1N1 in Cuiping district from field investigation and China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention were analyzed.Results From 2009 to 2010,43 confirmed cases with H1N1 were reported in Cuiping district,the annual reported incidence rate was 5.03/105 in 2009 and 0.24/105 in 2010;the incidence peaked in November to December in 2009.Among the cases,the male to female ratio was 1.26:1;students accoun-ted for 58.14%,concentrated in 10-14 years old;and junior high school students accounted for 56.00% percent.Conclusion The H1N1 appeared late in Cuiping district,cases were mainly urban students.H1N1 influenza vaccines should be given to the students and comprehensive measures should be adopted to control the outbreaks of this disease.
A NOTE ON RANDOM MATRIX INTEGRALS, MOMENT IDENTITIES, AND CATALAN NUMBERS

We relate Catalan numbers and Catalan determinants to random matrix integrals and to moments of spin representations of odd orthogonal groups.
Well Logging With Californium - 252

Californium-252 is an intense neutron emitter that has only recently become available for experimental well logging. The purpose of this research is to investigate the application of well logging to groundwater hydrology; however, most of the techniques and purposes are quite similar to applications in the petroleum industry.
Expression of embryonic myosin heavy chain mRNA in stretched adult chicken skeletal muscle

Chronic stretch of the chicken fast-twitch patagialis muscle increases the rate of growth and percentage of fast-twitch oxidative fibers. We have analyzed the effects of stretch on the expression o...
Constructive Neural Networks and Their Application to Ship Multidisciplinary Design Optimization

This paper presents a neural network-based response surface method for reducing the cost of computer-intensive optimizations for applications in ship design. In the approach, complex or costly analyses are replaced by a neural network, which is used to instantaneously estimate the value of the function(s) of interest. The cost of the optimization is shifted to the generation of (smaller) data sets used for training the network. The focus of the paper is on the use and analysis of constructive networks, as opposed to networks of fixed size, for treating problems with a large number of variables, say around 30. The advantages offered by constructive networks are emphasized, leading to the selection and discussion of the cascade correlation algorithm. This topology allows for efficient neural network determination when dealing with function representation over large design spaces without requiring prior experience from the user. During training, the network grows until the error on a small set (validation set), different from that used in the training itself (training set), starts increasing. The method is validated for a mathematical function for dimensions ranging from 5 to 30, and the importance of analyzing the error on a set other than the training set is emphasized. The approach is then applied to the automated computational fluid dynamics-based shape optimization of a fast ship configuration known as the twin H-body. The classical approach yields a design improvement of 26%, whereas the neural network-based method allows reaching a 34% improvement at one fifth of the cost of the former. Based on the analysis of the results, areas for future improvements and research are outlined. The results demonstrate the potential of the method in saving valuable development cycle time and increasing the performance of future ship designs.
Chon Tejedor, The Early Wittgenstein on Metaphysics, Natural Science, Language and Value

New York and London: Routledge, 2015. 208 pages. Hardcover. ISBN 978-0-41-573039-6. Reviewed by Peter Hanks.
Multivariate analysis of determinant factors in adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) utilization in patients with stage II colon cancer (CC): Analysis of the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

577Background: Evidence from randomized controlled trials does not support routine use of AC for patients with stage II CC. Clinical guidelines recommend discussion of AC in patients with high-risk disease. In our study, we analyzed NCDB data to determine factors favoring the use of AC in this setting. Methods: NCDB data was extracted on a total of 45,098 patients from 2004 to 2009 with stage II CC. Descriptive characteristics were analyzed using Chi-square test and odds ratios were calculated using multiple logistic regression. Results: Frequency of AC was significantly different among patients belonging to different age groups, tumor laterality, grade, pathologic tumor status (pT), and clinical nodal status (cN) (Chi-square test; p < 0.0001). Age distribution analysis revealed higher frequency of AC administration among patients of 18-64 years compared to those of 65-74 years and older, irrespective of single-agent or multi-agent regimens (p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis was performed using multiple ...
ORIO (Online Resource for Integrative Omics): a web-based platform for rapid integration of next generation sequencing data

Established and emerging next generation sequencing (NGS)-based technologies allow for genome-wide interrogation of diverse biological processes. However, accessibility of NGS data remains a problem, and few user-friendly resources exist for integrative analysis of NGS data from different sources and experimental techniques. Here, we present Online Resource for Integrative Omics (ORIO; https://orio.niehs.nih.gov/), a web-based resource with an intuitive user interface for rapid analysis and integration of NGS data. To use ORIO, the user specifies NGS data of interest along with a list of genomic coordinates. Genomic coordinates may be biologically relevant features from a variety of sources, such as ChIP-seq peaks for a given protein or transcription start sites from known gene models. ORIO first iteratively finds read coverage values at each genomic feature for each NGS dataset. Data are then integrated using clustering-based approaches, giving hierarchical relationships across NGS datasets and separating individual genomic features into groups. In focusing its analysis on read coverage, ORIO makes limited assumptions about the analyzed data; this allows the tool to be applied across data from a variety of experiments and techniques. Results from analysis are presented in dynamic displays alongside user-controlled statistical tests, supporting rapid statistical validation of observed results. We emphasize the versatility of ORIO through diverse examples, ranging from NGS data quality control to characterization of enhancer regions and integration of gene expression information. Easily accessible on a public web server, we anticipate wide use of ORIO in genome-wide investigations by life scientists.
Assessing the role of mangrove forest in reducing coastal inundation during major hurricanes

A vegetation-resolving CH3D-SWAN surge–wave modeling system is used to examine the role of mangroves and salt marshes along the shore of Biscayne Bay in buffering surge, wave, and inundation in Southeast Florida during Hurricane Andrew (1992). First, the 3D vegetation-resolving model is validated by comparing the simulated and measured high water marks from post-hurricane field survey, debris lines, and time series of water level at the Haulover Pier. The simulated water levels and magnitude and extent of maximum inundation agree well with the observed data, whereas the removal of vegetation from the model leads to massive flooding with increased total inundation volume and total inundation area in the highly populated low-lying area behind the Biscayne Bay. Additional simulations show that the surge–wave–inundation buffering capacity of the mangrove forest depends on the vertical structure of the wetted leaf area index, $$A_{\text{w}}$$ and the frontal leaf area index, $$A_{\text{f}}$$ . The study demonstrates the capability of CH3D-SWAN in quantifying the role of mangroves in buffering storm surge, wave, and inundation, and demonstrates its potential application for assessing the effectiveness of coastal wetland restoration projects. Meanwhile, the accurate representation of vegetation’s vertical structure can enhance the numerical modeling of flow–vegetation interaction processes.
Amyloid Precursor Protein in Pancreatic Islets

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been extensively investigated for its role in the production of amyloid beta (Aβ), a plaque-forming peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Epidemiological evidence suggests type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for AD. The pancreas is an essential regulator of blood glucose levels through the secretion of the hormones insulin and glucagon. Pancreatic dysfunction is a well-characterized consequence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we have examined the expression and processing of pancreatic APP to test the hypothesis that APP may play a role in pancreatic function and the pathophysiology of diabetes. Our data demonstrate the presence of APP within the pancreas, including pancreatic islets in both mouse and human samples. Additionally, we report that the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD overexpresses APP within pancreatic islets, although this did not result in detectable levels of Aβ. We compared whole pancreas and islet culture lysates by Western blot from C57BL/6 (WT), APP-/- and APP/PS1 mice and observed APP-dependent differences in the total protein levels of GLUT4, IDE and BACE2. Immunohistochemistry for BACE2 detected high levels in pancreatic α cells. Additionally, both mouse and human islets processed APP to release sAPP into cell culture media. Moreover, sAPP stimulated insulin but not glucagon secretion from islet cultures. We conclude that APP and its metabolites are capable of influencing the basic physiology of the pancreas, possibly through the release of sAPP acting in an autocrine or paracrine manner.
Surgical Site Infection after Sternotomy in Low- and Middle-Human Development Index Countries: A Systematic Review

Abstract Background: The burden of cardiovascular disease is increasing in low- and middle-human development index (LMHDI) countries, and cardiac operations are an important component of a comprehensive cardiovascular care package. Little is known about the baseline incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) among patients undergoing sternotomy in LMHDI countries. Methods: A prospectively registered, systematic literature review of articles in the PubMed, Ovid, and Web of Science databases describing the epidemiology and management of SSIs among persons undergoing sternotomy in LMHDI countries was performed. We performed a quantitative synthesis of patients undergoing sternotomy for CABG to estimate published sternotomy SSI rates. Results: Of the 423 abstracts identified after applying search criteria, 14 studies were reviewed in detail. The pooled SSI rate after sternotomy among reviewed studies was 4.3 infections per 100 sternotomies (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–6.0 infections per 100 sternotomie...
Immune priming by stereotactic body radiation: Dosimetric characteristics.

85Background: A systemic immune response to tumors after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been observed. The role of radiation dosimetry variables in priming an immune response is not...
Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomized trial

Abstract Objective To determine the effects of diets varying in carbohydrate to fat ratio on total energy expenditure. Design Randomized trial. Setting Multicenter collaboration at US two sites, August 2014 to May 2017. Participants 164 adults aged 18-65 years with a body mass index of 25 or more. Interventions After 12% (within 2%) weight loss on a run-in diet, participants were randomly assigned to one of three test diets according to carbohydrate content (high, 60%, n=54; moderate, 40%, n=53; or low, 20%, n=57) for 20 weeks. Test diets were controlled for protein and were energy adjusted to maintain weight loss within 2 kg. To test for effect modification predicted by the carbohydrate-insulin model, the sample was divided into thirds of pre-weight loss insulin secretion (insulin concentration 30 minutes after oral glucose). Main outcome measures The primary outcome was total energy expenditure, measured with doubly labeled water, by intention-to-treat analysis. Per protocol analysis included participants who maintained target weight loss, potentially providing a more precise effect estimate. Secondary outcomes were resting energy expenditure, measures of physical activity, and levels of the metabolic hormones leptin and ghrelin. Results Total energy expenditure differed by diet in the intention-to-treat analysis (n=162, P=0.002), with a linear trend of 52 kcal/d (95% confidence interval 23 to 82) for every 10% decrease in the contribution of carbohydrate to total energy intake (1 kcal=4.18 kJ=0.00418 MJ). Change in total energy expenditure was 91 kcal/d (95% confidence interval −29 to 210) greater in participants assigned to the moderate carbohydrate diet and 209 kcal/d (91 to 326) greater in those assigned to the low carbohydrate diet compared with the high carbohydrate diet. In the per protocol analysis (n=120, P Conclusions Consistent with the carbohydrate-insulin model, lowering dietary carbohydrate increased energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance. This metabolic effect may improve the success of obesity treatment, especially among those with high insulin secretion. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02068885.
Who Gets Lost in the Subprime Mortgage Fallout? Homeowners in Low- and Moderate-Income Neighborhoods

With the subprime mortgage crisis going full bore, policy makers face the challenge of resolving the current mess, reforming the mortgage markets going forward, and balancing the risk of "abusive" lending against the rewards of financial deepening and access to credit. To better understand the challenges of homeownership for low- and moderate-income households, this paper makes use of a unique and proprietary dataset of LMI households based on a survey we designed and implemented with the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan. We establish a profile of the demographic characteristics of homeowners in LMI communities. We then identify relationships between high-cost pricing and demographic characteristics (such as race) in low-income neighborhoods. We find that even within similar low-income neighborhoods, black homeowners are significantly more likely to have prepayment penalties or balloon payments attached to their mortgages than non-black homeowners, even after controlling for age, income, gender, and creditworthiness. We link the attitudes of homeowners and the constraints that they face to their financial decisions. We then suggest key areas for policy reform.
Towards Improved Drink Volume Estimation Using Filter-Based Feature Selection

Maintaining adequate hydration is crucial for ensuring positive health outcomes. A variety of solutions have been proposed to assist individuals in achieving optimal water intake, including smart-bottles with embedded consumption tracking. To improve user convenience, we have proposed an attachable solution aimed at providing retrofittable smart-bottle functionality. This paper summarizes recent progress towards improving the volume estimation accuracy of this attachable device. Namely, four filter-based feature selections tools are employed to rank a superset of attributes describing the inclination trajectory of the bottle as estimated from an accelerometer sensor. By sequentially constructing feature sets of varying order based upon the rankings provided by each algorithm, binary volume classification accuracy is increased versus our previously employed feature set for each of the considered algorithms. Results are demonstrated using a newly-constructed set of 1,200 unique drink events for partitions of varying volume separations. For the median partition case, error rate is decreased for the best-case set by 5%. For a partition along the upper and lower quartiles, a best-case improvement of over 10% is achieved.
Optimization strategies for identifying the controlling mechanism for solid-state transformation in FeCrNi during rapid solidification

Retained free energy drives the transformation from metastable to stable phase during double recalescence of steel alloys. Statistical methods were used to identify the mechanism controlling cluster growth based on the principle of microstructural reversibility. Application of the coefficient of determination during optimization procedures showed that an extrinsic mechanism controls nucleation and that negligible healing occurs such that retained free energy from primary phase undercooling and melt convection enhance secondary nucleation.
A New Method of Monitoring Particle Motion and Temperature in a Liquid/Particle System

Spherical gellan gum gel particles in an aqueous medium were heated in a clear acrylic can under axial rotation. Thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs) dispersed in a few gel particles provided a means for remotely monitoring temperature changes in the particles. Because of matching refractive indices, the particles without incorporated TLCs became virtually invisible in the aqueous medium and allowed uninterrupted observation of the TLC-containing particles. The ranges of temperatures converted from colors of digitized images of the particles as well as the duration of the colors in the particle were in fair agreement with the limits of mathematically predicted time-temperature curves.
Full-field optical deformation measurement and operational modal analysis of a flexible rotor blade

Abstract This study describes the deformation measurement and operational modal analysis (OMA) of an extremely flexible rotor blade in hover. Blade deformation of a 0.45 m-diameter two-bladed rotor was measured at two different root pitch angles and two rotational speeds up to 1500 RPM by a time-resolved digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The DIC technique successfully measured the time history of three dimensional displacements over the entire rotor blade at approximately 900 measurement locations for the flap, lead-lag, and torsional degrees of freedom. Measured blade deformation data were then processed with the Complexity Pursuit (CP) algorithm, to determine the dynamic characteristics of the rotor blade without input excitation information. The identified modal frequencies were within 5% of those obtained by another OMA technique called NExT-ERA as well as a numerical model. There was good agreement between the mode shapes estimated by the CP algorithm and the numerical model; however there was some discrepancy with the mode shapes identified by NExT-ERA. Although modal damping values were extracted by the CP algorithm, they were less than 3 % for all test cases, which is too low to account for aerodynamic damping. Overall, the modal identification process with the CP algorithm was found to be easier to implement and more accurate than the conventional NExT-ERA approach.
Radiofrequency wire technique and image fusion in the creation of an endovascular bypass to treat chronic central venous occlusion.

Abstract The goal of this case report was to demonstrate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of image fusion software to treat symptomatic central venous occlusion with radiofrequency wire after failure of conventional endovascular techniques. The complex and chronic central venous occlusion was successfully treated without complications. The combination of these techniques provided an endovascular solution and could be considered in select cases.
Mozart : Efficient Composition of Library Functions for Heterogeneous Execution

Current processor trend is to couple a commodity processor with a GPU, a co-processor, or an accelerator. To unleash the full computational power of such heterogeneous systems is a daunting task: programmers often resort to heterogeneous scheduling runtime frameworks that use device specific library routines. However, highly-tuned libraries do not compose very well across heterogeneous architectures. That is, important performance-oriented optimizations such as data locality and reuse “across” library calls is not fully exploited. In this paper, we present a framework, called Mozart, to extend existing library frameworks to efficiently compose a sequence of library calls for heterogeneous execution. Mozart consists of two components: library description (LD) and library composition runtime. We advocate library writers to wrap existing libraries using LD in order to provide their performance parameters on heterogeneous cores, no programmer intervention is necessary. Our runtime performs composition of libraries via task-fission, load balances among heterogeneous cores using information from LD, and automatically adapts to runtime behavior of an application. We evaluate Mozart on a Xeon + 2 Xeon Phi system using the High Performance Linpack benchmark which is the most popular benchmark to rank supercomputers in TOP500 and show GFLOPS improvement of 31.7 % over MKL with Automatic Offload and 6.7 % over hand-optimized ninja code.
Application of the nursing behavior quality and the system of pre - control index on venous transfusion

Objective To confine the process of venous transfusion concern about the elements of quality, standardize the nursing standards of conduct, improve the ability of process control Methods The process of venous transfusion was confined, the action targets were refined, and the quality standards were developed. Then, 215 nurses were checked randomly basing on these standards during September to December in 2007. After conducting tracking process quality and evaluation of nursing behavior, 436 nurses were checked randomly during September to October in 2008. The changes between the two groups were compared at the following aspects: checking behavior, operation behavior, disinfection acts, communication behavior and safe behavior quality. Results There was statistical significance between the two groups in quality indicators (P<0. 001 ) . The effective implementation of conduct quality of key links and active control of the quality of transfusion enhanced the pre - control process management and risk prevention. Conclusions Conduct quality control of nursing is the management methods shifting from terminal to link, and defect control stresses the value of prevention. Active control of the quality of venous transfusion, and achieving continual improvement of the effectiveness make nursing control more scientific, standardized and programmed. Key words: Intravenous transfusion; Nursing behavior; Quality control
Examining Reduced Opioid Prescriptions after Gynecologic Laparoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ABSTRACT Study Objective To examine whether prescribing 5 tablets, as opposed to 10 tablets, of 5-mg oxycodone adequately treats pain after gynecologic laparoscopy. Design Single-blinded randomized trial. Setting Academically affiliated ambulatory surgery center. Patients One hundred twenty women scheduled to undergo minor gynecologic laparoscopy. Interventions Patients scheduled for ambulatory gynecologic laparoscopy were allocated to the standard tablet or low-tablet number prescription groups (10 tablets or 5 tablets of 5-mg oxycodone). The patients also received prescriptions for acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Measurements and Main Results Telephone surveys were conducted on postoperative days 1 and 7 to assess medication use and pain. The primary outcome was the number of oxycodone tablets used by days 1 and 7. Prespecified secondary outcomes included unscheduled patient contacts and pain scores. With N = 50 in each group and assuming standardized effect sizes, the study was powered to detect a 0.6 difference or greater when comparing the primary outcome between the groups. Forty-five and 47 patients in the 5-tablet and 10-tablet groups, respectively, completed the day-7 survey. The median number of oxycodone tablets taken by day 7 was 2.0 (interquartile range 0.0, 4.0) in the 5-tablet group and 2.5 (interquartile range 0.0, 5.0) in the 10-tablet group (p = .36). Most of the patients in both groups reported taking 3 oxycodone tablets or fewer by day 7. There were no significant differences in unscheduled patient contacts, need for additional prescriptions, or pain scores. There were significantly fewer unused tablets in the 5-tablet group by day 7. Conclusion Prescribing 5 tablets of 5-mg oxycodone, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen is likely sufficient for most patients after minor laparoscopic surgery.
Mental Status Examination

In this chapter, we review pertinent aspects of the mental status examination as part of the psychiatric interview of older adults.
I Read It Online: Understanding How Undergraduate Students Assess the Accuracy of Online Sources of Health Information:

Online sources of health information are a significant means by which the public educates itself about health and wellness. The purpose of this study is to investigate how undergraduate students ev...
COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients with Cancer: Findings from the University of California Health System Database

BackgroundPatients with cancer are at risk for poor COVID-19 outcomes. We aimed to identify cancer-related risk factors for poor COVID-19 outcomes. Patients and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study using the University of California Health COVID Research Data Set. This database includes prospectively-collected, electronic health data of patients who underwent testing for SARS-CoV-2 at seventeen California medical centers. We identified adult patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 between February 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020, and selected a cohort of patients with cancer using diagnostic codes. We obtained demographic, comorbidity, laboratory, cancer type, and antineoplastic therapy data. The primary outcome was hospitalization within 30 days after first positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Secondary outcomes were SARS-CoV-2 positivity and composite endpoint for severe COVID-19 (intensive care, mechanical ventilation, or death within 30 days after first positive test). We used multivariable logistic regression to identify cancer-related factors associated with outcomes. ResultsWe identified 409,462 patients undergoing SARS-CoV-2 testing. Of 49,918 patients with cancer, 1,781 (3.6%) tested positive. Patients with cancer were less likely to test positive (OR 0.69, 95%CI 0.66-0.73, P<0.001). BCR-ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis) (OR 2.51, 95%CI 1.29-4.89, P=0.007); venetoclax (OR 3.63, 95%CI 1.02-12.92, P=0.046); methotrexate (OR 3.65, 95%CI 1.17-11.37, P=0.026); Asian race (OR 1.92, 95%CI 1.23-2.98, P=0.004); and Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (OR 1.96, 95%CI 1.41-2.73, P<0.001) were associated with increased hospitalization risk. Among 388 hospitalized patients with cancer and COVID-19, cancer type and therapy type were not associated with severe COVID-19. ConclusionsIn this large, diverse cohort of Californians, cancer was not a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Patients with BCR/ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm and patients receiving methotrexate or venetoclax may be at an increased risk of hospitalization following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further mechanistic and comparative studies are needed to explain and confirm our findings.
Computational synthesis of 2D materials grown by chemical vapor deposition

The exotic properties of 2D materials made them ideal candidates for applications in quantum computing, flexible electronics, and energy technologies. A major barrier to their adaptation for industrial applications is their controllable and reproducible growth at a large scale. A significant effort has been devoted to the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of wafer-scale highly crystalline monolayer materials through exhaustive trial-and-error experimentations. However, major challenges remain as the final morphology and growth quality of the 2D materials may significantly change upon subtle variation in growth conditions. Here, we introduced a multiscale/multiphysics model based on coupling continuum fluid mechanics and phase-field models for CVD growth of 2D materials. It connects the macroscale experimentally controllable parameters, such as inlet velocity and temperature, and mesoscale growth parameters such as surface diffusion and deposition rates, to morphology of the as-grown 2D materials. We considered WSe2 as our model material and established a relationship between the macroscale growth parameters and the growth coverage. Our model can guide the CVD growth of monolayer materials and paves the way to their synthesis-by-design.
The Archaeology of Citizenship

While the subject of citizenship has often been examined from a sociological, historical, or legal standpoint, historical archaeologists yet to fully explore what it means to be an American from a material perspective. The Archaeology of Citizenship aims to fill that gap. Since the founding of the United States, the rights to citizenship have been carefully crafted and policed by the Europeans who settled and formed the country. Immigrants have been either extended or denied citizenship in various legal and cultural ways. Using a late-nineteenth-century California resort as a case study, Stacey Camp discusses how the parameters of citizenship and national belonging have been defined and redefined since Europeans arrived on the continent. In a unique and powerful contribution to the field of historical archaeology, Camp uses of the remnants of material culture to reveal how those in power sought to mould the composition of the United States as well as how those on the margins of American society carved out their own definitions of citizenship.
Structural features involved in force generation in the kinesin superfamily.

Abstract In this article, I discuss our current understanding of the structural features of the microtubule-dependent motor kinesin and its relatives, which are needed for force generation. It has become clear that the motor domain itself is likely to be only about 340 amino acids, and that direction of movement is also controlled within this region. There is reason, however, to be suspicious that elements in the tail that are located immediately adjacent to the motor region influence, or in some way contribute to, normal motor activity. Finally, I describe recent work designed to identify the regions involved in the kinesin-microtubule interaction.
Polymer Science from 1935-1953: Consolidating the Paradigm

1935 was a very good year for polymer science. More than 200 scientists, engineers and technologists had gathered in Manchester to present and discuss the field of polymerization and the discipline of polymer science.
An Application Game with Fees and Time Costs

In an application game, agents decide whether to apply for the prize, and reviewing applica- tions allows the decision maker to learn agent qualifications and award prizes to qualified agents. The decision maker finds reviewing applications costly, and prefers not to review applications from agents with sufficiently low probability of being qualified. Positive application fees and time delays can assure that only those with a high-enough probability of being qualified apply for prizes. Applied to the journal submission process, in which tenured and untenured academic authors are affected differently by time delays, the model shows that using time delays instead of higher submission fees benefits tenured authors at the expense of both untenured authors and journal quality. Applied to the process of applying for a permit when there are both rich and poor potential applicants, the model shows that the decision maker should impose both application fees and time delays (e.g., red tape). In this case, eliminating fees benefits poor agents, while it harms rich agents and the decision maker; eliminating red tape benefits rich agents, while it harms poor agents and the decision maker.
Alternative software development paradigms

Two major issues concern the development of software today. Productivity and user requirements definition need to be satisfactorily dealt with to meet the needs of software users in the future. There is considerable debate about the nature of the software development process and what constitutes a software development environment. This session presents four papers dealing with the pertinent issues of automatic programming (AP), rapid prototyping, object-oriented design and reusability which strongly impact the software development process and software development environments.Automatic programming has been around for a long time. Where are we today? How automatic is the programming really? What advances need to be made in the future to truly realize the goals of AP? Two of the papers will address these issues and give projections for the future.The determination of user requirements is a tremendous problem. How can the user tell the developer what he wants when the user doesn't know? Rapid prototyping has been advanced as a possible solution. If early user involvement in the requirement definition phase of system development can be accomplished in a meaningful way, we may be able to better define user requirements. Several of the presenters will address these concerns.One problem with the development of systems today is the lack of a strong semantic base for development paradigm mechanisms being employed. Both object-oriented design and AP provide possible solutions to these problems. Several view-points will be explored on this issue.To truly enhance productivity reusability needs to be strongly utilized in software systems development. One presenter today proposes that much more than code needs to be reused. What are these other items? What are the other major issues in reusability? Where are we today in our attempts to use reusability? These and related issues will be addressed.After the paper presentations, we will have a panel discussion with the goal to highlight major issues and focus on future research. Hopefully the audience will provide insightful questions to stimulate a lively discussion. Please feel free to participate.
Helper cells in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR): IV. H-2 restriction and specificity of cytotoxic cells induced by AMLR helper factor☆

Supernatants from Day 3 cultures of T cells stimulated with syngeneic non-T cells in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) contained a T-cell factor distinct from interleukin 2 (IL-2). The AMLR factor could mediate the cytotoxic response of T cells to hapten-modified nonstimulatory syngeneic cells. The activity of this helper factor was H-2 unrestricted. However, the cytotoxic cells which developed in the presence of this factor were H-2 restricted and hapten specific.
Identification of determinants involved in binding of tissue-type plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 complexes to HepG2 cells.

Complexes between tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and its rapidly acting inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) are bound, internalized, and degraded by HepG2 cells. The mechanism involves endocytosis mediated by a specific high-affinity receptor. However, the particular domains of the complex that are recognized by the receptor have not been elucidated. To identify the determinants involved in ligand binding to the receptor, several variants of t-PA were assessed for their ability to form complexes with PAI-1 and thereby to inhibit specific cellular binding of complexes between structurally unmodified 125I-t-PA and PAI-1. Catalytically active variants lacking selected structural domains form complexes with PAI-1 and inhibit 125I-t-PA.PAI-1 binding to HepG2 cells. In addition, several forms of the plasminogen activator urokinase (u-PA), which shares partial structural homology with t-PA, were evaluated as competitors of cellular binding. The catalytically active two-chain forms of u-PA, but not the inactive proenzyme single-chain form, complex with PAI-1 and inhibit specific binding of 125I-t-PA.PAI-1, suggesting that the serine protease domain, rather than other domains, may confer the determinants required for cellular binding. However, a mutant t-PA with markedly reduced catalytic activity, resulting from replacement of the active site serine with threonine, not only forms complexes with PAI-1 but also inhibits specific cellular binding of unmodified 125I-t-PA.PAI-1. These data indicate that specific binding of t-PA.PAI-1 to HepG2 cells does not require a serine-containing catalytic site in the protease domain. To determine whether binding of the complex is mediated through other components of t-PA or through structural elements of PAI-1, both t-PA and PAI-1 were examined separately for capacity to bind directly to HepG2 cells. To exclude potential interactions with components of the extracellular matrix which contains binding sites for PAI-1, ligand binding to HepG2 cells in suspension was assessed. Although neither t-PA nor PAI-1 alone binds specifically to HepG2 cells, the preformed t-PA.PAI-1 complexes do. These findings suggest that specific binding of t-PA.PAI-1 requires elements of the PAI-1 moiety and/or parts of the protease domain of t-PA.
Inflammatory bowel "Cardiac" disease: Point prevalence of atrial fibrillation in inflammatory bowel disease population

Background/Aim: Proinflammatory markers such as interleukin (IL)-6 have been closely associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). These markers are characteristically elevated in chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and positively correlate with disease activity. Although IBD and AF have similar pathogenesis, there have been very limited studies looking at their association. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of AF in patients with IBD. Patients and Methods: Medical records of patients with biopsy proven IBD (n = 203, both in and outpatient) were retrospectively reviewed. One hundred and forty-one IBD patients with documentary evidence of electrocardiograms (ECG's) were included. The "Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA)" study, a large cross-sectional study (n = 1.89 million) done to evaluate the prevalence of AF among the US population, was our control population. All ECGs available till December 2010 for each IBD patient were reviewed carefully for evidence of AF. We studied the prevalence of AF among IBD population and compared it to that of control (ATRIA) population. Results: The prevalence of AF was significantly higher among IBD patients compared with the ATRIA study patients (11.3% vs 0.9%, P < 0.0001). Additionally, the IBD patient population were much younger compared with the controls (64.4 ± 10.7 vs 71.2 ± 12.2, P = 0.02). Conclusion: AF has an overall higher prevalence across all age groups in IBD compared with the subjects of ATRIA study, which could be due to the chronic inflammatory state of IBD. Further studies are needed to study the association in detail.
A ‘molecular switchboard’—covalent modifications to proteins and their impact on transcription

Proteins undergo a remarkable variety of posttranslational modifications, with more than 200 distinct modifications identified to date. Increasing evidence suggests that many proteins bear multiple, distinct modifications, and the ability of one modification to antagonize or synergize the deposition of another can have significant biological consequences. Here, we illustrate the importance of posttranslational modifications within the context of transcriptional regulation, and we offer a perspective on the emerging role of combinatorial networks of modifications. Finally, we discuss the potential for chemical approaches to transform our understanding of the field.
Comparison of in vitro adherence of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to human nasal epithelial cells.

Reported nasal carriage rates of personnel caring for patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) range from 1% to 6% in contrast to nasal carriage rates of 45%-65% for methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) in health care personnel under nonepidemic conditions. One proposed explanation for these conflicting observations was examined, namely that MSSA and MRSA differ in their ability to adhere to nasal epithelial cells. The adherence of 6 genotypically distinct strains of MSSA and MRSA to nasal epithelial cells from 5 healthy donors was compared using a radioisotope assay system (coefficient of variation, 26%). The effect of pretreating epithelial cells with S. aureus-derived ribitol teichoic acid, a known adhesin of S. aureus for epithelial cells, was also examined. The mean (+/- SE) adherence of MRSA compared with MSSA in 108 assays was 125 +/- 11.9 versus 129 +/- 8.3 viable bacteria per cell (P = .67). Dose-dependent competitive inhibition by ribitol teichoic acid was linear and equivalent for MRSA and MSSA (r, .949, P less than .001). As these in vitro results correlate to adherence in vivo, it would be anticipated that MRSA and MSSA would have an equal likelihood of nasal carriage. A critical review of published epidemiologic studies comparing MRSA and MSSA carriage rates also supports this hypothesis.