cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Baseline Susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci, Biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to Chlorantraniliprole in Southern Florida

ABSTRACT Chlorantraniliprole 200 mg ai L-1 (Rynaxypyr® 200 SC) is the first xylem systemic insecticide in the new chemistry class, anthranilic diamides. A laboratory systemic bioassay using cut stems of cotton seedlings was developed to quantify the baseline susceptibility of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B, to chlorantraniliprole. Bioassays were conducted for a susceptible laboratory colony and for 11 field populations collected in 2008 and 2009 in Southern Florida. Baseline data of the susceptible colony (targeting first instar nymphs with initial exposure at the egg stage) for chlorantraniliprole in 2008 and 2009, revealed a pooled LC50 and slope values of 0.033 mg ai L-1 and 1.186, correspondingly. With the implementation of the stabilization period in the bioassay method in 2009, the susceptible colony generated LC50 and slope values of 0.182 mg ai L-1 and 0.972, respectively. LC50 and slope values of field collected populations (targeting nymphs as above) ranged from 0...
EFFECTS OF WILLOWS (Salix brachycarpa) ON POPULATIONS OF SALICYLATE-MINERALIZING MICROORGANISMS IN ALPINE SOILS

We used the substrate-induced growth-response (SIGR) method to quantify salicylate-mineralizing microbes and total microbial biomass in soils from under willows (Salix brachycarpa) and in surrounding meadows dominated by the sedge Kobresia myosuroides. Willows had a strong effect on the biomass of salicylate-mineralizing microbes in both years of this study. There were always higher biomass levels of salicylate mineralizers in soils from under Salix (4.6–10.1 μg C/g) than under Kobresia (0.23–0.76 μg/g). In contrast, total microbial biomass was not significantly different under these plant species in 1996 and was only higher under Salix on one date in 1997. These results show that the standing biomass and activity of salicylate-mineralizing microbes can be greatly enhanced by salicylate-producing plants in the field. Given this finding, it is unlikely that simple phenolic compounds like salicylate would persist for very long in soil beneath the plants that produce them.
Photonic clocks, Raman lasers, and Biosensors on Silicon

Micro-resonators on silicon having Q factors as high as 500 million are described, and used to demonstrate radio-frequency mechanical oscillators, micro-Raman and parametric sources with sub-100 microWatt thresholds, visible sources, as well as high-sensitivity, biological detectors.
Origin of Submarine Pisoliths and the Sedimentology of Midwestern Silurian Reefs

ABSTRACT Vertical tension fractures that crosscut proximal flank beds exposed in the Pipe Creek Junior Quarry in north-central Indiana formed during compaction of underlying interreefal carbonate mud, and are commonly filled with well-sorted pisolitic grainstone made up of coated grains ranging up to 1 cm in diameter. Pisolith cortices are petrologically indistinguishable from marine cement between pisoliths, from marine cement lining tension fractures, and from marine cement lining rugs in surrounding flank beds. Isotopic signatures for these components are also consistent (13C = -0.6 to 2.3 PDB; 18O = -8.7 to - .9 PDB). In addition, pisolites are present exclusively within tension fractures, and commonly show lateral size grading, with grain size increasing toward fracture interiors. These features show that pisoliths are in fact mobile marine cements that precipitated from Silurian seawater in synsedimentary tension cracks that formed soon after deposition of flank beds. Requisite conditions for the formation of such large coated grains include high-energy, shallow-water settings, where sea level is generally coincident with the depositional surface of the reefal complex. This origin supports an interpretation that allochthonous material forming flank beds was predominantly generated immediately upslope on wave-swept platforms, that in situ accumulation of biotic debris was insignificant in the formation of the Pipe Creek Junior complex, and that many of the larger Silurian "reefal" buildups like Pipe Creek Junior throughout the midwestern United States pr bably had a similar origin.
Biosynthetic control of molecular weight in the polymerization of the octasaccharide subunits of succinoglycan, a symbiotically important exopolysaccharide of Rhizobium meliloti

Succinoglycan, a symbiotically important exopolysaccharide of Rhizobium meliloti, is composed of polymerized octasaccharide subunits, each of which consists of one galactose and seven glucoses with succinyl, acetyl, and pyruvyl modifications. Production of specific low molecular weight forms of R. meliloti exported and surface polysaccharides, including succinoglycan, appears to be important for nodule invasion. In a previous study of the roles of the various exo gene products in succinoglycan biosynthesis, exoP, exoQ, and exoT mutants were found to synthesize undecaprenol-linked fully modified succinoglycan octasaccharide subunits, suggesting possible roles for their gene products in polymerization or transport. Using improved techniques for analyzing succinoglycan biosynthesis by these mutants, we have obtained evidence indicating that R. meliloti has genetically separable systems for the synthesis of high molecular weight succinoglycan and the synthesis of a specific class of low molecular weight oligosaccharides consisting of dimers and trimers of the octasaccharide subunit. Models to account for our unexpected findings are discussed. Possible roles for the ExoP, ExoQ, and ExoT proteins are compared and contrasted with roles that have been suggested on the basis of homologies to key proteins involved in the biosynthesis of O-antigens and of certain exported or capsular cell surface polysaccharides.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LINNIK PROBLEMS

This paper is a slightly enlarged version of a series of lectures on the Linnik problems given at the SMS-NATO ASI 2005 Summer School on Equidistribution in Number Theory.
Estriol in human breast cyst fluid

Although cystic lesions of the breast are not precancerous per se, statistical studies have indicated that this condition predisposes a 2- to 4-fold greater risk for breast cancer. Seeking a hormonal etiology to this correlation, investigators have analyzed breast cyst fluid ( BCF ) for steroids and have compared the levels to those in the blood. The 17-ketosteroids-androsterone, dehydroisoandrosterone and their sulfates are elevated in BCF . The same is true for estrone sulfate and estradiol-3-sulfate. We have found the most dramatic differences with estriol-3-sulfate (E3-3S), the concentration of which ranged from 187-6134 pg/ml in over 40 specimens analyzed, whereas in 12 serum specimens from normal women, E3-3S was barely detectable. The origin of E3-3S is not known. [3H]E3-3S is not concentrated in BCF following its injection into an arm vein. The blood half-life of [3H]E3-3S is much lower than that of estrone sulfate. Samples of breast nipple aspirates from normal women were also analyzed for E3-3S. None could be detected. The best explanation of the data accumulated thus far is that E3-3S is synthesized at the epithelial lining of the cyst and released into the BCF , from which its efflux is inefficient.
Lyapunov tools for predictor feedbacks for delay systems: Inverse optimality and robustness to delay mismatch

We consider LTI finite-dimensional, completely controllable, but possibly open-loop unstable, plants, with arbitrarily long actuator delay, and the corresponding predictor-based feedback for delay compensation. We study the problem of inverse-optimal re-design of the predictor-based feedback law. We obtain a simple modification of the basic predictor-based controller, which employs a low-pass filter, and has been proposed previously by Mondie and Michiels for achieving robustness to discretization of the integral term in the predictor feedback law. The key element in our work is the employment of an infinite-dimensional "backstepping" transformation, and the resulting complete Lyapunov function, for the infinite dimensional systems consisting of the state of the ODE plant and the delay state. The Lyapunov function allows us to establish inverse optimality of the modified feedback and its disturbance attenuation properties. For the basic predictor feedback, the availability of the Lyapunov function also allows us to prove robustness to small delay mismatch (in both positive and negative directions).
Hospitalist Experiences, Practice, Opinions, and knowledge regarding peripherally inserted central catheters: Results of a national survey

BACKGROUND A Michigan survey found variation in hospitalist-reported experience, practice, opinions, and knowledge related to peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs). Whether these findings reflect a national trend is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate self-reported PICC practice among adult hospitalists in the United States. METHODS Society of Hospital Medicine-administered, anonymous, Web-based survey of practicing, adult, non-Michigan hospitalists. RESULTS Of the 2112 hospitalists who were sent an electronic invitation, 381 completed the online survey (18%). Eighty-six percent of hospitalists reported having placed a PICC solely for venous access (vs specific indications such as long-term antibiotics or parenteral nutrition). Eighty-two percent reported having cared for a patient who specifically requested a PICC. Only 25% of hospitalists reported examining PICCs for evidence of external problems, whereas 57% admitted to having, at least once, forgotten about the presence of a PICC. Only 9% of respondents knew that PICC tip verification was performed primarily to prevent venous thromboembolism. Finally, 42% of participants indicated that 10% to 25% of PICCs placed in their hospitals might be inappropriately placed and/or avoidable. CONCLUSIONS This national survey highlights several potential opportunities to improve hospitalist PICC practices. A research agenda dedicated to this issue is necessary to improve patient safety and hospital-based practice. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:635–638. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Experimental evidence for the existence of the ‘mesolayer’ in turbulent systems

The paper is a study of experimental data in the light of new theories of turbulence recently developed by the first author for a number of problems including flow in a pipe, boundary layer at zero incidence, atmospheric boundary layer, turbulent convection and distribution of energy in wavenumber space in decaying, isotropic turbulence. In each of these, a basic element is a ‘mesolayer’ or ‘mesoregion’ in physical space or wavenumber space which is absent in earlier theories and which intrudes between the inner and outer regions preventing the overlap assumed in the derivation of the classical results, e.g. the logarithmic profile in shear flow. The new and old theories differ both in principle and in the final results: the new ideas replace rather than modify or extend the older ones.The main purpose of this paper is to bring together accumulated evidence concerning the mesolayer theories. We believe that this evidence provides overwhelming support for the existence of the mesolayer and for its pervasive importance in problems of turbulence.Editorial footnote. Although the referees were not persuaded that the claims for the ‘new theories of turbulence’, made by the authors in the abstract and elsewhere in this paper, are justified, we think that publication in the Journal may serve a useful purpose. The authors have assembled a large body of data for various turbulent flow systems. These data should enable readers to test different aspects of the ‘classical’ and ‘new’ theories for themselves and should stimulate thought about the foundations of the classical ideas and about extensions of these ideas, as well as about the validity of the new theories.
A requirements-driven trust framework for secure interoperation in open environments

A key challenge in emerging multi-domain open environments is the need to establish trust-based, loosely coupled partnerships between previously unknown domains. An efficient trust framework is essential to facilitate trust negotiation based on the service requirements of the partner domains. While several trust mechanisms have been proposed, none address the issue of integrating the trust mechanisms with the process of integrating access control policies of partner domains to facilitate secure interoperation. In this paper, we propose a requirements-driven trust framework for secure interoperation in open environments. Our framework tightly integrates game-theory based trust negotiation with service negotiation, and policy mapping to ensure secure interoperation.
Cumulative interpersonal traumas and social support as risk and resiliency factors in predicting PTSD and depression among inner-city women

This study represents one of the largest examinations of how child abuse, adult rape, and social support impact inner-city women (N = 777). Using retrospective self-report, the effects of interpersonal trauma were shown to be cumulative such that women who experienced either child abuse or adult rape were 6 times more likely to have probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), whereas women who experienced both child abuse and rape were 17 times more likely to have probable PTSD. High social support predicted lower PTSD severity for women who experienced both child abuse and adult rape, but not for women who reported one or none of these traumas. Results suggest that social support, when left intact, might buffer the cumulative impact of child and adult interpersonal traumas.
Rapid Determination of Proline in Grapes and Wines

SUMMARY —An improved method for the rapid determination of free proline in grapes and wine is given. No significant interference from other amino acids in amounts found in grapes and wine would normally be expected. The method is applicable to most biological material as long as lysine, hydroxyproline, tryptophan and glutamine are not present in total amounts greatly exceeding that of proline. Lysine caused greatest interference and this was only 6% error on equal mole amounts. A direct dilution technique instead of the usual extraction of reaction product by benzene increased accuracy and speed of this method. The relative standard deviation between pairs of samples of grape juice averaged about 3% and for wine about 4%.
Phosphatidylcholine homeostasis in phosphatidylethanolamine-depleted Tetrahymena.

Abstract The relative contributions of the two pathways of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, phosphatidylethanolamine N -methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.17) and diacylglycerol:CDP-choline cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.1), are altered in the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila whose phospholipid composition has been modified by culturing the organism in the presence of one of several aminophosphonic acids, as determined by measuring the incorporation of [ methyl - 3 H]choline and [ methyl - 14 C]methionine into phosphatidylcholine in vivo . In control cells the phosphotransferase pathway provides about 40% of the phosphatidylcholine, while in cells grown with 2-aminoethylphosphonate (AEP), 3-aminopropylphosphonate (APP), and N,N,N -trimethylaminoethylphosphonate (TMAEP) the contribution of the phosphotransferase pathway to phosphatidylcholine formation is 75, 90, and 26%, respectively. In AEP- and APP-grown cells, in which 80% of the phosphatidylethanolamine has been replaced by the corresponding phosphonolipid, the methyltransferase is less active since the level of the substrate phosphatidylethanolamine is reduced and neither of the phosphonolipids is a substrate for the enzyme. In TMAEP-grown cells, TMAEP competes with and reduces the incorporation of phosphocholine by the phosphotransferase pathway, leading to a smaller contribution of the pathway to phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. The relative amounts of the two different radioactive labels incorporated into diacylphosphatidylcholine vs alkylacylphosphatidylcholine are also altered in the phosphonate-grown cells. The exogenous AEP induces a change in the glyceryl ether content of the 2-aminoethylphosphonolipid—33% in the AEP-grown cells compared to 70% in the control cells—indicating that the exogenous AEP is entering the phospholipids by the ethanolamine-phosphotransferase pathway rather than by the route of the endogenous AEP.
THE SEARCH FOR THE ORIGINS OF MODERN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN POLITICAL THOUGHT IN EARLY MODERN SWITZERLAND

What are the debts that the modern world owes to the political culture of the Enlightenment? For historians of political thought this is a widely debated subject. Throughout Europe, the Enlightenment provided the critical lens for a widespread reassessment of the nature of political authority. Much of the intellectual history of the eighteenth century focuses on this reassessment and the debates over the nature of good government, liberty and sovereignty. The discussion of these issues is linked to the history of liberalism, democratic republicanism, popular sovereignty, and the nature of the modern political world itself.
Amyloid precursor-like protein 2 association with HLA class I molecules

Amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) is a ubiquitously expressed protein. The previously demonstrated functions for APLP2 include binding to the mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule H-2Kd and down regulating its cell surface expression. In this study, we have investigated the interaction of APLP2 with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecule in human tumor cell lines. APLP2 was readily detected in pancreatic, breast, and prostate tumor lines, although it was found only in very low amounts in lymphoma cell lines. In a pancreatic tumor cell line, HLA class I was extensively co-localized with APLP2 in vesicular compartments following endocytosis of HLA class I molecules. In pancreatic, breast, and prostate tumor lines, APLP2 was bound to the HLA class I molecule. APLP2 was found to bind to HLA-A24, and more strongly to HLA-A2. Increased expression of APLP2 resulted in reduced surface expression of HLA-A2 and HLA-A24. Overall, these studies demonstrate that APLP2 binds to the HLA class I molecule, co-localizes with it in intracellular vesicles, and reduces the level of HLA class I molecule cell surface expression.
Acute ethanol exposure fails to elicit preconditioning-like protection in in situ rabbit hearts because of its continued presence during ischemia.

We read the findings of Krenz et al. [(1)][1]with great interest. Ischemic preconditioning remains one intriguing explanation for the association of moderate alcohol consumption with lower coronary mortality [(2)][2]and lower case-fatality rate of acute myocardial infarction (MI) [(3)][3]. Their
Communication models for throughput optimization in mesh networks

There has been extensive research focused on maximizing the throughput of wireless networks in general and mesh networks in particular. Recently, techniques have been developed that reliably compute the maximum throughput of mesh networks. However, different approaches to throughput optimization make different assumptions on the physical layer's abilities. These assumptions are encapsulated in the communication model. This paper defines and compares a number of communication models, and proposes a general SINR Protocol Model which can apply the graph-based computation techniques and quite accurately represent the interference. Even ignoring the multi-conflicts, the performance of computed schedule from SINR Protocol Model is close to the theoretical throughput when applied to a realistic physical layer. Moreover, when techniques to correct the multi-conflicts are used, the actual performance is no worse than the theoretical performance.
Development of a dilatant damage zone along a thrust relay in a low-porosity quartz arenite

A damage zone along a backthrust fault system in well-cemented quartz arenite in the Alleghanian foreland thrust system consists of a network of NW-dipping thrusts that are linked by multiple higher-order faults and bound a zone of intense extensional fractures and breccias. The damage zone developed at an extensional step-over between two independent, laterally propagating backthrusts. The zone is unusual because it preserves porous brittle fabrics despite formation at O5 km depth. The presence of pervasive, late-stage fault-normal joints in a fault-bounded horse in the northwestern damage zone indicates formation between two near-frictionless faults. This decrease in frictional resistance was likely a result of increased fluid pressure. In addition to physical effects, chemical effects offluid also influenced damage zone development. Quartz cements, fluid inclusion data, and Fourier Transform Infrared analysis indicate that both aqueous and methane-rich fluids were present within the damage zone at different times. The backthrust network likely acted as a fluid conduit system, bringing methane-rich fluids up from the underlying unit and displacing resident aqueous fluids. The presence of methane not only enhanced the effects offluid pressure, which facilitated brittle fracturing, but
Long-term follow-up of sleep disordered breathing in older adults.

Abstract Objective : The current study was designed to determine whether, with increasing age, sleep apnea improves, becomes worse, or stays the same. Background : There is a high prevalence of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in older adults, but little is known about longitudinal changes. This study followed older adults to examine the natural history of SDB. Methods : Subjects were randomly selected community-dwelling elderly ( n =427). A subset of subjects was studied approximately every 2 years over an 18-year period. Overnight sleep recordings and sleep questionnaires were completed at each time point. Results : Multiple linear regression showed that three variables were associated with change in respiratory disturbance index (RDI):body mass index (BMI) at initial visit ( P =0.001), change in BMI ( P =0.02), and a consistent self-report of high blood pressure ( P =0.005). RDI increase was associated with BMI increase and presence of self-reported high blood pressure. Conclusions : The changes in RDI that occurred were associated only with changes in BMI and were independent of age. This underscores the importance of managing weight for older adults, particularly those with hypertension.
Plankton ecology in an ice-covered bay of Lake Michigan: utilization of a winter phytoplankton bloom by reproducing copepods

Plankton ecology was examined during the 1986 winter in Grand Traverse Bay, a 190 m deep, fjordlike bay on Lake Michigan. Before ice cover, algal concentration was low and uniformly distributed with depth, as it is in open Lake Michigan. During ice cover (February and March), a bloom of a typical winter-spring phytoplankton community developed in the upper 40 m, resulting in a 4 to 7-fold increase in feeding rate of adult Diaptomus spp. High algal concentration and zooplankton feeding persisted after ice melt (April). During and after ice cover, lipid concentrations of Diaptomus dropped rapidly from 34% of dry weight to 17 % because of egg production. High incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), high (45–50%) PAR transmittance of the ice due to little snow on the ice, and water column stability were probably responsible for the bloom. High ice transparency may be a common feature of large lakes and bays, where strong winds blow snow cover off the ice, or at low latitudes where snowmelt due to occasional rains and warm temperature is common. Winter reproducing calanoid copepods use these blooms to increase their reproductive output.
Evolution of the APETALA3 and PISTILLATA Lineages of MADS-Box–Containing Genes in the Basal Angiosperms

The B class genes, including homologs of the Arabidopsis loci APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI ), appear to play a conserved role in the determination of petal and stamen identity across core eudicot angiosperms. Understanding how and when these functions evolved is a critical component of elucidating the evolution of flowers, particularly the appearance of petaloid perianth organs. Before comparisons of gene expression patterns or functions can be made, however, it is necessary to establish the orthology of AP3 and PI homologs from basal angiosperms. Here, we report the identification and analysis of 29 new representatives of the B gene lineage from basal ANITA and magnoliid dicot angiosperms. These studies indicate that gene duplications have occurred at every phylogenetic level, both before and after the duplication that produced the separate AP3 and PI lineages. Comparison of genomic structure among PI homologs indicates that a 12-nucleotide deletion that had been considered synapomorphic for the whole PI lineage actually arose within the ANITA grade, after the split of the Nymphaeales but before the separation of the Austrobaileyales. Evidence for alternative splicing of the Nymphaea AP3 homolog is also presented. The implications of these findings for angiosperm systematics, the conservation of AP3 and PI gene function, and the evolution of the ABC program are discussed.
Fabricating capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers with wafer-bonding technology

Introduces a new method for fabricating capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) that uses a wafer bonding technique. The transducer membrane and cavity are defined on an SOI (silicon-on-insulator) wafer and on a prime wafer, respectively. Then, using silicon direct bonding in a vacuum environment, the two wafers are bonded together to form a transducer. This new technique, capable of fabricating large CMUTs, offers advantages over the traditionally micromachined CMUTs. First, forming a vacuum-sealed cavity is relatively easy since the wafer bonding is performed in a vacuum chamber. Second, this process enables better control over the gap height, making it possible to fabricate very small gaps (less than 0.1 /spl mu/m). Third, since the membrane is made of single crystal silicon, it is possible to predict and control the mechanical properties of the membrane to within 5%. Finally, the number of process steps involved in making a CMUT has been reduced from 22 to 15, shortening the device turn-around time. All of these advantages provide repeatable fabrication of CMUTs featuring predictable center frequency, bandwidth, and collapse voltage.
Adapt or Perish: Evidence of CEO Adaptability to Industry Shocks

Prior turnover literature documents various signals of poor performance that lead a board of directors to terminate the CEO, but does not explore the underlying causes of the CEO’s poor performance. Recognizing that terminated CEOs have often been successful earlier in their tenure, we conjecture that strategic shocks to a firm’s business environment can cause the board to decide that the existing CEO’s skills do not fit with the firm’s current leadership needs. Moreover, prior research on manager ability engenders the question of whether managers are specialists or are instead capable of adapting their “style” to the changing economic conditions. We examine industry-level changes in the firm’s operating environment and their effects on CEO turnover. Our results suggest that CEOs struggle to adapt to a change in industry globalization, competition, growth and investment, and that the well documented relation between firm performance and CEO turnover depends on these industry shocks. We also find that the relation between industry shocks and CEO turnover depends on various features of corporate governance and whether the CEO is identified as having “generalist” skills. Finally, we document that adaptable CEOs command a pay premium and that industry shocks affect turnover among other top-five executives.
My Teaching Experience With Navajo College Students, Writing Anxiety, Contrastive Rhetoric, and Some Suggestions:

This article analyzes factors that might be associated with Navajo college students’ writing anxiety. Oral tradition, reading, syntax, and past experience are the factors discussed. Suggestions based on previous literature and personal experience are provided.
Comparison of the Three-Dimensional Boundary Layer on Flat Versus Contoured Turbine Endwalls

The boundary layer on the endwall of an axial turbomachine passage is influenced by streamwise and cross-stream pressure gradients, as well as a large streamwise vortex, that develop in the passage. These influences distort the structure of the boundary layer and result in heat transfer and friction coefficients that differ significantly from simple two-dimensional boundary layers. Three-dimensional contouring of the endwall has been shown to reduce the strength of the large passage vortex and reduce endwall heat transfer, but the mechanisms of the reductions on the structure of the endwall boundary layer are not well understood.This study describes three-component measurements of mean and fluctuating velocities in the passage of a turbine blade obtained with a laser Doppler velocimeter. Friction coefficients obtained with the oil film interferometry method were compared to measured heat transfer coefficients. In the passage, the strength of the large passage vortex was reduced with contouring. Regions where heat transfer was increased by endwall contouring corresponded to elevated turbulence levels compared to the flat endwall, but the variation in boundary layer skew across the passage was reduced with contouring.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Providing Formative Assessment to Students Solving Multipath Engineering Problems with Complex Arrangements of Interacting Parts: An Intelligent Tutor Approach.

Problems faced by engineering students involve multiple pathways to solution. Students rarely receive effective formative feedback on handwritten homework. This paper examines the potential for computer-based formative assessment of student solutions to multipath engineering problems. In particular, an intelligent tutor approach is adopted and tested out on problems of truss analysis, studied in engineering statics. With a cognitive model for solving the class of problems, the tutor allows the student wide latitude in solution steps, while maintaining sufficient constraints for judging the solution and offering feedback. Proper selection of judging points prevents interference with productive student work, while avoiding accumulated errors. To monitor student learning, efforts to apply distinct skills were extracted on the fly from student work. Using statistical methods developed for intelligent tutoring systems, metrics of the effectiveness of the feedback and areas for further improvements were gleaned...
Fault Diagnosis Using Concurrent Projection to Latent Structures

Abstract Recently, a concurrent projection to latent structures (CPLS) for multivariate statistical process was proposed. It has been proved to be a better monitoring method than the traditional PLS. However, its fault diagnosis methods have not been developed yet. In this paper, we discuss a new fault diagnosis approach based on CPLS. Five monitoring indices used in CPLS are unified into two general forms. Based on these general forms, we define their complete decomposition contributions (CDC) and reconstruction-based contributions (RBC). The diagnosability of these two contribution methods is further analyzed. Finally, simulation case studies are presented to demonstrate the results.
A Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs About AIDS in a Medical School Student Population

The purpose of conducting this survey was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behavior of first and second year medical students regarding AIDS and transmission of the HIV virus. The su...
Migratory Orientation in the Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea. Part II: Mechanism of Celestial Orientation

IN Part I of this publication (Emlen, 1967), I discussed the Zugunruhe orientation exhibited by caged migratory Indigo Buntings, Passerina cyanea. The majority of the experimental birds consistently demonstrated an ability to select the appropriate migration direction when tested under natural or artificial (planetarium) night skies. These results, in conjunction with predictable behavioral changes under manipulated planetarium skies led me to hypothesize that celestial cues provided at least one means of enabling this species to determine its migratory direction. Since the outdoor experiments were performed on moonless nights, and all planetarium tests were conducted without projecting the planets, the stars themselves are implicated as the informational cues. In an attempt to study the mechanism by which stellar cues are employed and to determine which particular stars are of importance to this orientation process, several additional series of experiments were performed; the results are presented here, in the second and last part of this report. METHODS
The colposcopic genital examination of the sexually abused prepubertal female

Abstract The use of the colposcope in the evaluation of the prepubertal female suspected of having been sexually abused is discussed. The results of magnified examinations of newborns and nonabused children's genitalia reveal that the majority have thick redundant hymens during infancy and thinner, more delicate hymens in the middle childhood years. In addition, they have periurethral bands, perihymenai bands, occasional mounds of tissue on the edge of the hymen, relatively wide posterior hymenal rims, and no notches or clefts in the hymen between the 4 and 8 o'clock positions. The size of the hymenal orifice varies with age, state of relaxation, and the examination technique utilized. A summary of the findings associated with the sexually abused child includes a narrow hymenal rim, a notch or angular defect in the posterior hymenal rim which remains throughout the multimethod examination approach, a “keyhole” appearance to the hymenal orifice, rolled hymenal edges which persist in the knee-chest position, and exposure of underlying intravaginal structures, such as longitudinal ridges. Despite the debate regarding its use, it is believed that the use of the colposcope in the evaluation of the sexually abused child will continue to grow.
MEASURING AND IMPROVING COMMUNICATION ABOUT PALLIATIVE AND END-OF-LIFE CARE

Description and Learning Objectives There are major challenges confronting clinicians, researchers, and policy-makers regarding improving communication about palliative and end-of-life care with patients and families. There is also mounting evidence that the intensity of care at the end-of-life is increasing, despite the fact that most patients report they would prefer not to die in high-intensity medical settings. Recent research suggests that improved communication about palliative and end-of-life care is associated with reduced intensity of care at the end of life, improved quality of life for patients and families, improved quality of dying for patients, and reduced psychological symptoms for families. Yet, the most effective and cost-effective ways to achieve improved communication are not clear. One important step to improving communication is being able to reliably measure the quality of this communication. We will review recent studies identifying some successful methods to measure the quality of communication about palliative and end-of-life care and some interventions that have been documented to successfully improve these communication skills. We will also review preliminary results of a recently completed randomised trial of a communication skills building workshop for physicians and nurse practitioners using patient-level outcomes data to assess outcomes. Finally, we will discuss methods to help clinicians develop a personalised approach for conducting communication about palliative and end-of-life care in their own clinical practice.
Analysis of Differences in Skin Prick Test Results of Children with Chief Complaint of Asthma or Cough

Objective To explore the differences in the results of skin prick tests (SPT) of children with chief complaint of asthma or cough.Methods Totally 1,010 outpatients or inpatients with chief complaint of cough or asthma in Department of Respiratory and Immune Diseases,Hunan Provincial Children's Hospital from June 2005 to May 2008 were included in the study,including 640 males and 370 females,their mean age was 4.97 ± 2.56 years,with a range of 10 months to 15 years.Among them,there were 686 children with asthma as chief complaint (asthma group),aged 5.41 ± 2.79 years;and 324 children with cough as chief complaint (cough group),aged 4.83 ± 2.50 years.17 kinds of allergens SPTs were carried out among the children in the two groups.Results The positive rates of SPTs in dust mites,corn pollen,yeast,feather,jellyfish were higher in asthma group than those in cough group (P0.05 or P0.01),but the positive rates of SPTs in cotton,tobacco,and mugwort pollen were lower in asthma group than those in cough group (P0.01).No statistically significant difference was found in the positive rates of other allergens SPTs between the two groups (P0.05).Conclusions Allergen inhalation is the major cause of respiratory symptoms in children,moreover,allergens are closely related to asthma symptoms and also somewhat associated with chronic cough.
The Role of Adverse Event Reporting in the FDA Response to a Multistate Outbreak of Liver Disease Associated with a Dietary Supplement.

Objective.Liver disease is a potential complication from using dietary supplements. This study investigated an outbreak of non-viral liver disease associated with the use of OxyELITE Pro™, a dietar...
Resting weak cells to improve battery pack's capacity delivery via reconfiguration

Cell imbalance commonly found in large battery packs degrades their capacity delivery, especially for cells connected in series where the weakest cell dominates their overall capacity. In this paper, we present a case study of exploiting system reconfiguration to mitigate the cell imbalance in battery packs. Specifically, instead of using all the cells in a battery pack to support the load, selectively skipping cells to be discharged may actually enhance the pack's capacity delivery. Based on this observation, we propose CSR, a Cell Skipping-assisted Reconfiguration algorithm that identifies the system configuration with (near)-optimal capacity delivery. We evaluate CSR using large-scale emulation based on empirically collected discharge traces of 40 Lithium-ion cells. CSR is shown to achieve close-to-optimal capacity delivery when the cell imbalance in the battery pack is low and improve the capacity delivery by up to 94% in case of high imbalance.
Heat-A Matter of Motion

During the 1840s, many scientists recognized that heat is not a substance but a form of energy that can be converted into other forms. James Prescott Joule and Rudolf Clausius went a step further. Heat can produce mechanical energy, and mechanical energy can produce heat; therefore, they reasoned, the “heat energy” of a substance is simply the kinetic energy of its atoms and molecules. This idea, which forms the basis of the kinetic-molecular theory of heat, is largely correct.
Calculus Students’ Understanding of Volume

AbstractResearchers have documented difficulties that elementary school students have in understanding volume. Despite its importance in higher mathematics, we know little about college students’ understanding of volume. This study investigated calculus students’ understanding of volume. Clinical interview transcripts and written responses to volume problems were analyzed. One finding is that some calculus students, when asked to find volume, find surface area instead and others blend volume and surface area elements. We found that some of these students believe adding the areas of an object’s faces measures three-dimensional space. Findings from interviews also revealed that understanding volume as an array of cubes is connected to successfully solving volume problems. This finding and others are compared to what has been documented for elementary school students. Implications for calculus teaching and learning are discussed.
A technical note on the paper hGA

This paper provides a corrected formulation to the mixed integer programming model proposed by Aydogan et al. (2012) 1. They proposed a genetic algorithm to learn fuzzy rules for a fuzzy rule-based classification system and developed a Mixed Integer Programming model (MIP) to prune the generated rules by selecting the best set of rules to maximize predictive accuracy. However, their proposed MIP formulation contains errors, which are described in this technical note. We develop corrections and improvements to the original formulation and test it with non-parametric statistical tests on the same data sets used to evaluate the original model. The statistical analysis shows that the results of the correction formulation are significantly different from the original model.
The Social Value of the Marginal Startup

I present a model of technology entrepreneurship in which “engineers” choose to either found a startup as an entrepreneur, pursuing a single business idea — obtaining seed funding from VCs in exchange for equity — or join an established startup as an employee. The model predicts the number of startups formed and their success probability. It also predicts the wages of engineers, the share of equity retained by founders, the fraction of engineers pursuing entrepreneurship, and the profits of successful startups. The model characterizes the total output of the entrepreneurial system and the social value of the marginal entrepreneurial venture.
Bericht über die Schlußdiskussion

Das es schwierig — unmoglich? — war, dem Thema ›Literaturkritik‹ aus der Perspektive verschiedener Disziplinen und verschiedener kultureller Horizonte ein gemeinsames Profil zu geben, gehorte gewis zu den dominanten Erfahrungen der Symposionsteilnehmer nach vier Diskussionstagen. Auf der anderen Seite waren bestimmte Problemkomplexe und bestimmte Phanomene aus der Geschichte der Literaturkritik uberraschend oft ins Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit geruckt, so das bis zum Ende die Hoffnung bestehen blieb, die Vielfalt der Einzelbeobachtungen in eine koharente Gestalt veranderten Wissens zu uberfuhren. Einige dieser rekurrenten Themenkomplexe versuchte Barner in seiner Einleitung zur Schlusdiskussion zu umschreiben.
Operating Room Anesthesia Subspecialization Is Not Associated With Significantly Greater Quality of Supervision of Anesthesia Residents and Nurse Anesthetists.

BACKGROUND Supervision of anesthesia residents and nurse anesthetists is a major responsibility of faculty anesthesiologists. The quality of their supervision can be assessed quantitatively by the anesthesia residents and nurse anesthetists. Supervision scores are an independent measure of the contribution of the anesthesiologist to patient care. We evaluated the association between quality of supervision and level of specialization of anesthesiologists. METHODS We used two 6-month periods, one with no feedback to anesthesiologists of the residents' and nurse anesthetists' evaluations, and the other with feedback. Supervision scores provided by residents and nurse anesthetists were considered separately. Sample sizes among the 4 combinations ranged from n = 51 to n = 62 University of Iowa faculty. For each supervising anesthesiologist and 6-month period, we calculated the proportion of anesthetic cases attributable to each anesthesia Current Procedural Terminology code. The sum of the square of the proportions, a measurement of diversity, is known as the Herfindahl index. The inverse of this index represents the effective number of common procedures. The diversity (degree of specialization) of each faculty anesthesiologist was measured attributing each case to: (1) the anesthesiologist who supervised for the longest total period of time, (2) the anesthesiologist who started the case, or (3) the anesthesiologist who started the case, limited to cases started during "regular hours" (defined as nonholiday Monday to Friday, 07:00 AM to 02:59 PM). Inferential analysis was performed using bivariate-weighted least-squares regression. RESULTS The point estimates of all 12 slopes were in the direction of greater specialization of practice of the evaluated faculty anesthesiologist being associated with significantly lower supervision scores. Among supervision scores provided by nurse anesthetists, the association was statistically significant for the third of the 6-month periods under the first and second ways of attributing the cases (uncorrected P < .0001). However, the slopes of the relationships were all small (eg, 0.109 ± 0.025 [SE] units on the 4-point supervision scale for a change of 10 common procedures). Among supervision scores provided by anesthesia residents, the association was statistically significant during the first period for all 3 ways of attributing the case (uncorrected P < .0001). However, again, the slopes were small (eg, 0.127 ± 0.027 units for a change of 10 common procedures). CONCLUSIONS Greater clinical specialization of faculty anesthesiologists was not associated with meaningful improvements in quality of clinical supervision.
Crystal structure of catena-poly[di-ammonium [di-μ-oxalato-cuprate(II)]].

The structure of the title compound, {(NH4)2[Cu(C2O4)2]}n, at 100 K has monoclinic (P21/c) symmetry with the CuII atom on an inversion center. The compound has a polymeric structure due to long Cu⋯O inter­actions which create [Cu(C2O4)2] chains along the a axis. The structure also displays inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding, which links these chains into a three-dimensional network.
The ecology of Altrichthys azurelineatus and A. curatus, two damselfishes that lack a pelagic larval phase

Out of more than 380 species of damselfish, only three lack a pelagic larval phase, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, that ranges from the Philippines to the Great Barrier Reef, and two species in the genus Altrichthys, A. azurelineatus and A. curatus, that are restricted to the Calamian Archipelago (Palawan province) in the Philippines. Therefore in a very restricted geographic area, northern Palawan, Philippines, all three species co-occur. The goal of this study was to fill a knowledge gap about the ecology of Altrichthys, where very little is currently known. Using census and behavioral approaches at 14 sites on six islands, we were able to identify adult densities, nest densities, nesting habitat preference, and brood behavior and abundance. We found that densities were very high (more than 17 individuals/100 m2 for one species) and A. azurelineatus may be displacing A. curatus at deeper depths where habitat seems of higher quality. Only one out of 14 surveyed sites contained only one species, Altrichthys curatus. Different habitat use and feeding behavior suggest that niche partitioning may play an important role in the life history of these sympatric species.
The current revolution in new materials: opportunities for the developing world

The lack of availability of materials in developing countries is presented and the benefits to the poor of abundant, low–cost renewable materials are outlined. It is argued that recent advances in materials science and materials technology should be directed toward helping third–world countries to meet the more important human needs of their increasing populations. Technological developments that would increase the availability of materials, enhance their performance and facilitate recycling are reviewed and the economic use of materials and energy in materials processing are discussed. Policy initiatives recommended include the setting up of mechanisms for monitoring technology, the establishment of centres of excellence and the provision of opportunities for technological exchange.