cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LISM Structure — Fragmented Superbubble Shell?

Small scale structure in local interstellar matter (LISM) is considered. Overall morphology of the local cloud complex is inferred from Ca II absorption lines and observations of H I in white dwarf stars. Clouds with column densities ranging from 2–100 x 1017 cm-2 are found within 20 pc of the Sun. Cold (50 K) dense (~105 cm-3) small (5–10 au) clouds could be embedded and currently undetected in the upwind gas. The Sun appears to be embedded in a filament of gas with thickness ≤0.7 pc, and cross-wise column density ≤ 2 × 1017 cm-2. The local magnetic field direction is parallel to the filament, suggesting that the physical process causing the filamentation is MHD related. Enhanced abundances of refractory elements and LISM kinematics indicate outflowing gas from the Scorpius-Centaurus Association. The local flow vector and λ Sco data are consistent with a 4,000,000 year old superbubble shell at ~-22 km s-1, which is a shock front passing through preshock gas at ~-12 km s-1, and yielding cooled postshock gas at ~-26 km s-1 in the upwind direction. A preshock magnetic field strength of 1.6 μG, and postshock field strength of 5.2 μG embedded in the superbubble shell, are consistent with the data.
A study of compliance with FDA recommendations for pemoline (Cylert).

ABSTRACT Objective To assess compliance with product labeling recommendations to use pemoline as second-line therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to obtain baseline and biweekly liver enzyme tests. Method Retrospective cohort study using administrative claims data to identify first-line therapies and liver enzyme tests among pemoline users between January 1, 1998, and March 31, 2000. Prescriptions for first-line therapy were searched for 90 days prior to the first pemoline claim. Liver enzyme testing (baseline and follow-up) was compared between two groups (the prerecommendation cohort October 1, 1998, to March 31, 1999, and the postrecommendation cohort October 1, 1999, to March 31, 2000). Results 1,308 patients received at least one pemoline prescription during the study period; 76% of patients ≤20 years were male. ADHD was the claims-identified indication for 688 patients (52%). Despite the labeling recommendation for use as second-line therapy, only 237 ADHD patients (34%) received a first-line therapy prior to pemoline. Only 12% and 11% of the pre-and post-cohort patients, respectively, received baseline liver enzyme tests; 9% in the pre-and 12% in the post-cohort received at least one liver enzyme follow-up test. Conclusions Compliance with product labeling was low for both recommendations. Understanding the reasons for this finding could help improve risk management strategies.
Coping with traumatic brain injury: Representative case studies

This case report compares the use of social supports and vulnerability to substance abuse for two rehabilitation clients after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Using a psychosocial assessment, the Motivational Structure Questionnaire, Adaptive Skills Battery, and Ways of Coping Checklist within a representative case method, we studied two individuals in depth to understand differences in postinjury drinking behaviors. We also examined differences in availability and use of social supports and how support was related to coping efforts. Finally, we illustrated goal-setting and the relationship between long-term planning and follow-through on goals. Social supports, adaptive problem-solving behaviors, and positive reappraisal of situations seem to be important elements in postinjury abstinence. Clinically, this research supports the need for fostering use of both social supports and substance use prevention and treatment services when working with both inpatient and outpatient TBI clients.
The effect of β-endorphin on arginine-induced growth hormone and prolactin release

Abstract β-endorphin administration via constant infusion inhibited the release of growth hormone (GH) and augmented the release of prolactin (PRL) induced by arginine in normal female subjects. Although β-endorphin infusion also induced hyperglycemia, the increment in plasma glucose was insufficient to account for the observed suppression of arginine-initiated GH release. These studies demonstrate that β-endorphin influences, in opposed directions, the secretion of PRL and GH in women.
Evidence of thaumasite formation in Southern California concrete

Abstract Ettringite is one of the main reaction products formed during external sulfate attack on concrete. During this process, the microstructure of the original cement paste is altered. The formation of excessive amounts of ettringite may, under some conditions, have deleterious effects leading to expansion and cracking of concrete. Depending on the severity of attack, local environmental conditions, and availability of sulfate, gypsum may be formed in the paste and at the paste aggregate interfaces. Sometimes the presence of a third mineral, thaumasite (CaSiO3·CaCO3·CaSO4·15H2O) is overlooked due to its morphological similarity to that of ettringite. Examination of concrete obtained from various structural locations of residential homes of Southern California by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy revealed the presence of thaumasite in association with ettringite and/or gypsum. Morphologically, both thaumasite and ettringite have very similar structure. Analysis of the chemical composition using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) shows the presence of calcium, silicon, sulfur and oxygen in thaumasite and calcium, aluminum, sulfur and oxygen in ettringite as the major components. Thaumasite deposits are usually associated with gypsum deposits in highly carbonated pastes.
Managing structured data with the extensible markup language (XML)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide information about the extensible markup language (XML) – its history, function, legacy, and contribution to the world wide web and to the discipline of knowledge management. The knowledge worker will better understand how XML supports the codification aspect of the technology pillar of knowledge management.Design/methodology/approach – The author gives an overview of markup languages, which preceded XML, details XML syntax structure, and discusses techniques for processing XML data. Derivative markup languages which use XML's syntactical structure are listed, and an exercise explaining the process behind generating XML documents from spreadsheets is provided.Findings – XML has served as an integral part of the world wide web for over a decade, and enables internet applications to transform and exchange data in a very efficient manner. The codification of knowledge is germane to the KM process, and XML provides a very capable means for warehousing knowledge...
Lipid synthesis by red blood cell preparations in Wolman's disease (a familial lipidosis)

Red blood cell preparations of known reticulocyte content from an infant affected with Wolman's disease and from two other infants of the same age were incubated with [14C]glycerol and [14C]mevalonic acid. The incorporation of [14C]-glycerol into lipids (calculated as radioactivity per unit volume of reticulocytes) was nine times greater for the Wolman's disease cells than those of the controls; most of the increased incorporation was into triglyceride. The incorporation of [14C]mevalonic acid into cholesterol and cholesterol esters was five times greater for the Wolman's disease cells than those of the controls; most of this incorporation was into the cholesterol esters. This demonstration that the blood cells share the metabolic defect of Wolman's disease offers an increased opportunity to elucidate the mechanism of the defect.
Synthesis of lithium and manganese-rich cathode materials via an oxalate co-precipitation method

The synthesis of Liand Mnrich cathode materials with oxalate co-precipitation method was comprehensively investigated. Thermodynamic calculation and advanced characterizations were conducted to study the effects of reaction pH and precipitation agent on the morphology and composition of the precipitates. It was found that manganese oxalate has a higher solubility compared to nickel oxalate, especially at low reaction pH. In addition, the different capability of Ni2+ and Mn2+ to form transition metal ammonia complexes led to a composition discrepancy in the precipitation. The desired nickel manganese oxalate precursor composition could only be achieved when these factors were considered, and cathode materials synthesized based on this precursor exhibited satisfactory electrochemical performance (about 220 mAh · g−1 over 70 cycles under C/10 rate). © 2013 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.016305jes] All rights reserved.
Extended virial theorem applied to predissociation phenomena. Interpretation of the nearly degenerate G1Π ∼ I1Π energy spectra in SiO

The extended virial theorem, obtained from a Fourier–Laplace transformation of equations of motion, is applied to the phenomenon of predissociation. The underlying resonance energy model rigorously defined by means of the theory of dilation analytic operators prescribes in detail the balance between the various energy contributions in a way analogous to the situation prevailing in a stationary system. The extended virial theorem is applied to predissociation, particularly in connection with the interpretation of the nearly degenerate G1Π ∼ I1Π energy spectrum in SiO. It was previously found for the rovibronic spectra assigned to G1Π – X1Σ+ and I1Π – X1 Σ+, that every G – X band is accompanied by a I – X band. Whereas the I1Π state does not seem to undergo predissociation, the G state shows increasing predissociation with increasing vibrational quantum number. We show that the virial theorem generalized to include continuum phenomena offers an interpretation of the nearly degenerate spectra of SiO as well as of the concomitant isotope shift of SiO16 and SiO18 with respect to both resonance positions and widths.
The Missing Bone

By analogy to myoblast differentiation, additional transcription factors, possibly linked via regulatory feedback loops to CBFA1, may participate in expression of CBFA1 and mutually regulate each other. This is consistent with its expression in thymocytes, liver, and testis, where it probably participates in the regulation of other genes. Indeed, Ducy and Karsenty 1995xDucy, P and Karsenty, G. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 1858–1869Crossref | PubMedSee all ReferencesDucy and Karsenty 1995 reported on a second regulatory region in the osteocalcin promoter, and different transcription factors that confer bone-specific expression to the α1 promoter of type I collagen, via a distinct cis-acting element, were also recently reported (Rossert et al. 1996xRossert, J.A, Chen, S.S, Eberspaecher, H, Smith, C.N, and de Crombrugghe, B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1996; 93: 1027–1031Crossref | PubMedSee all ReferencesRossert et al. 1996).The studies presented here deal with very early osteoblast differentiation during embryogenesis, presumably from a multipotent mesenchymal cell. Bone formation in humans and other vertebrates occurs throughout life as part of continuous skeletal remodeling and occasionally during fracture repair. The two processes differ from each other. Fracture repair usually recapitulates the process of endochondral bone formation, whereas remodeling recruits osteoblastic cells from a pool of committed cells present in the bone marrow. It is of interest if the cells participating in each of these processes express CBFA1, if they express it constitutively, or if it is induced prior to osteoblastic differentiation by BMP or other factors, as observed during embryonic osteogenesis. In other words, in the terminology of developmental biology: what is the relationship of CBFA1 to osteoblast commitment and to sustained phenotype expression? Last but not least: how is the expression of CBFA1 regulated, could it be pharmacologically controlled to stimulate bone formation therapeutically, for example in osteoporosis?In conclusion, following the myogenic and adipogenic systems, we now have the beginning of significant molecular insights into the differentiation of the osteogenic lineage (See Figure 1Figure 1). Interestingly, each of these three mesenchyme-derived cells are induced by transcription factors belonging to completely different families, HLH proteins, a nuclear receptor, and now a core binding factor; family relations can be complicated but can be resolved if patiently pursued.Figure 1Differentiation Pathways for Pluripotent Mesenchymal CellsSee text for details.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Privatised development and the quality of urban life

Extensive residential communities, created by corporate developers and marked by walls and even gates, have emerged in metropolitan areas across the world. They have been criticised by many urbanists as evidence of a widespread process – the privatisation of space – which is frequently viewed as a negative development that is promoting social fragmentation and alienation. In this paper, this assertion is explored, drawing in part upon a decade of empirical research in the American Southwest, where privatised urban development is especially pervasive; it is manifested in the widespread construction of shopping malls, office parks and residential communities governed by legal covenants. Contrary to much academic opinion and popular commentary, the authors have found that such residential developments, managed by developers and home owner associations, are nonetheless popular with residents, who assess their quality of life highly and frequently choose to live in such developments again when they move. The s...
Cellular responses of oysters infected with Haplosporidium nelsoni: changes in circulating and tissue-infiltrating hemocytes.

Abstract The protozoan parasite Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) elicits an inflammatory-type response in oysters, Crassostrea virginica. We assayed circulating hemocytes of oysters exposed to H. nelsoni to quantify the effects of parasitism, selection for resistance, and season on total and differential counts. All factors had a significant (P selection (4%) > infection (2%)]. Circulating hemocyte densities increased with infection intensity in resistant animals, but were depressed in susceptible oysters with light infections. Counts in both groups were lowest in August and highest in May, at which times densities in susceptible oysters were reduced (P 0.05) association with numbers of circulating hemocytes in individual oysters. Size-frequency analysis with a Coulter counter indicated that the proportion of large cells (presumed to be granular hemocytes) was lower (P
Determination of carbohydrates in wood, pulp and process liquor samples by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection

Abstract A rapid and sensitive method has been developed for the determination of monosaccharides present in the sulphuric acid hydrolyzates of wood, pulp, magnesium-based spent sulphite liquor, kraft weak black liquor and newsprint papermachine white water. Hydrolyzates were purified using an off-line, solid-phase extraction technique, employing cross-linked N-polyvinylpyrrolidone and strong anion- exchange resin. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection was used to separate and quantify wood monosaccharides present in the purified hydrolyzates. Monosaccharide results obtained by ion and gas chromatographic methods were in good agreement for all samples examined. The effect of acid concentration on monosaccharide yields from the hydrolysis of process liquors was also investigated.
Initial Experience with Genomic Profiling of Heavily Pretreated Breast Cancers

Rapidly evolving advances in the understanding of theorized unique driver mutations within individual patient’s cancers, as well as dramatic reduction in the cost of genomic profiling, have stimulated major interest in the role of such testing in routine clinical practice. The aim of this study was to report our initial experience with genomic testing in heavily pretreated breast cancer patients. Patients with primary or recurrent breast cancer managed at any of our five hospitals and whose malignancy had failed to respond to therapy or had progressed on all recognized standard-of-care options were offered the opportunity to have their cancer undergo next-generation sequencing genomic profiling. Of a total of 101 patients, 98 (97 %) had at least one specific genomic alteration identified. A total of 465 different somatic genetic abnormalities were revealed in this group of patients. Although 52 % of patients were found to have an abnormality for which an U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug was available, 69 % of patients had an FDA-approved agent for an indication other than breast cancer. The most common genomic alterations of potential clinical consequence were PIK3 (25 %), FGFR1 (16 %), AKT (11 %), PTEN (10 %), ERBB2 (8 %), JAK2 (6 %), and RAF1 (5 %). Almost all advanced breast cancers possess at least one well-characterized genomic alteration that might be actionable at the clinical level. Further, in most cases, a plausible argument can be advanced for the potential biological and clinical relevance of an FDA-approved antineoplastic agent not currently indicated in the treatment of breast cancer.
Local thrombolysis: a newer approach to treating inflammatory bowel disease-related thromboembolism.

Goals: To review the experience with a relatively novel treatment, local thrombolysis, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-related thromboembolism (TE). Background: TE is an extraintestinal complication of IBD for which there are no clear treatment guidelines. Systemic treatment with anticoagulants or thrombolytics often raises fear of hemorrhagic complications, particularly hematochezia. Study: Cases of IBD-related and non-IBD-related TE treated with local thrombolysis were searched for in PubMed, reviewed, and grouped into anatomic areas. Outcomes in each anatomic area were compared between IBD and non-IBD patients. Due to the small number of IBD-related TE cases, a descriptive, not statistical, analysis was performed. Results: There were 17 cases of IBD-related TE treated with local thrombolysis grouped as follows: 7 of cerebral venous thrombosis, 3 of lower extremity arterial TE, 1 of deep vein thrombosis, 1 of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis, 3 of abdominal vein thrombosis, and 2 of inferior vena cava TE. Mean age was 32 (range, 14 to 50) years, and 13 of 17 patients were female. Twelve had ulcerative colitis, 3 had Crohn's disease, and 1 was indeterminate. Four of the 7 patients with active IBD had pretreatment hematochezia, 2 of whom had worsening of hematochezia secondary to treatment. The rates of radiologic resolution, clinical resolution, and hemorrhagic complications in the IBD patients were favorable in all the anatomic areas and were very similar to non-IBD patients. Conclusions: Local thrombolysis may be considered a viable therapeutic option for IBD-related TE. As more cases of local thrombolysis for IBD-related TE accumulate, further recommendations can be made as to the indications for its use.
Corporate governance and earnings management at large U.S. bank holding companies

This paper examines whether corporate governance mechanisms affect earnings and earnings management at the largest publicly traded bank holding companies in the United States. We first find that performance, earnings management, and corporate governance are endogenously determined. Thus, OLS estimation can lead to biased coefficients and a simultaneous equations approach is used. We find that CEO pay-for-performance sensitivity (PPS), board independence, and capital are positively related to earnings and that earnings, board independence, and capital are negatively related to earnings management. We also find that PPS is positively related to earnings management. Finally, PPS and board independence are positively related and the relationship is bidirectional. While both PPS and board independence are associated with higher earnings, our results indicate that more independent boards appear to constrain the earnings management that greater PPS compels.
Oral appliance therapy in sleep apnea syndromes: a review

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can present serious health risks and must be diagnosed by a physician in conjunction with a sleep study. Of nonsurgical treatment alternatives, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) has been shown to be more effective than oral appliance therapy in improving respiratory disturbances. However, many patients initially refuse or cannot tolerate this treatment and randomized trials report patient preference for oral appliances. Since 1980, approximately 150 articles have been published on oral appliance therapy. This article is a review of case studies and randomized trials. Terminology, clinical procedures, and patient communication also are discussed as well as contraindications and complications of this treatment alternative. A 2001 review of 563 patients with different severities of OSA in 30 case studies since 1985 showed a reduction in the apnea-hypopnea index to
The Hsp82 molecular chaperone promotes a switch between unextendable and extendable telomere states

Distinct protein assemblies are nucleated at telomeric DNA to both guard the ends from damage and lengthen the DNA after replication. In yeast, Cdc13 recruits either Stn1-Ten1 to form a protective cap or the telomerase holoenzyme to extend the DNA. We have established an in vitro yeast telomere system in which Stn1-Ten1-unextendable or telomerase-extendable states can be observed. Both assemblies are Cdc13 dependent, as the Cdc13 C-terminal region supports Stn1-Ten1 interactions and the N-terminal region contains a telomerase-activation function. Notably, the yeast Hsp90 chaperone Hsp82 mediates the switch between the telomere capping and extending structures by modulating the DNA binding activity of Cdc13. Taken together, our data show that the Hsp82 chaperone facilitates telomere DNA maintenance by promoting transitions between two operative complexes and by reducing the potential for binding events that would otherwise block the assembly of downstream structures.
Multiplicity of crystal planes belonging to the point group -4m2. Erratum

There is an error in Table 10.2.2 of International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A (Hahn, 1992, 1995). The multiplicity of (00l) and (00{\bar l}) belonging to the point group {\bar 4}m2 is 2 not 1. The equivalent reflections in the point group {\bar 4}m2 (Ibers, 1967; Ibers & Hamilton, 1973) are hkl = {\bar h}kl = h{\bar k}l = {\bar h}{\bar k}l = kh{\bar l} = {\bar k}h{\bar l} = k{\bar h}l = {\bar k}{\bar h}l. Substitution of h =k = 0 into the above relation results in 00l = 00{\bar l}. Therefore, the multiplicity of 00l or 00{\bar l} in the point group {\bar 4}m2 is 2.
Diagnostic Challenges in Musculoskeletal Radiology

Conventional radiology has been used from its inception in the late nineteenth century for the diagnosis of bone lesions, and its strengths and weaknesses have been recognized for a long time. CT, which was developed in the mid-1970s, was used extensively for the evaluation of musculoskeletal conditions until MR imaging almost entirely replaced it in the late 1980s. Ultrasound has been slowly gaining strength as a useful tool in musculoskeletal imaging, mostly in Europe, Australasia, Canada, and South America, and it is now finally becoming more popular in the United States. With the advancement of CT technology and the development of multidetector technology, we are witnessing a comeback of CT for the evaluation of musculoskeletal conditions. Although many entities are now well evaluated with these technologies, some of them still represent a challenge to the interpreting radiologist. In this issue of the Radiologic Clinics of North America, the authors discuss areas of the musculoskeletal system in which technical or interpretative
Development of B-spline techniques for dynamic ion-metal interaction theories

Abstract A three-dimensional time-dependent mean-field (TDMF) treatment for this problem is made computationally feasible by careful use of symmetries, incorporation of B-spline techniques and operator splitting concepts in the development of the method. The TDMF theory used is an adaptation of time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory used in atomic and nuclear physics for dealing with similar short-duration, strong, nonlinear collision interactions. Results of preliminary numerical studies are described.
Elm seed oil II. Studies on fatty acid separation

None of the procedures tried gave quantitative recoveries of saturated acids. The results obtained by the lead salt-amylene mthod were better than those obtained with lead salts and petroleum ether. Unsaturated acids could not be determined by the amylene procedure, because of the formation of non-volatile polymerization products from the solvent. The use of ammonium and calcium salts did not lead to a successful separation. An attempted chemical separation by means ofp-nitrosodimethylaniline was unsuccessful because of the insolubility of the reaction product in dilute acid.
Features and outcomes of patients who underwent cardiac device deactivation

Importance Little is known about patients who undergo cardiovascular implantable electronic device deactivation. Objective To describe features and outcomes of patients who underwent cardiovascular implantable electronic device deactivation. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective review of medical records of 150 patients at a tertiary academic medical center (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota). Exposure Cardiovascular implantable electronic device deactivation. Main Outcomes and Measures Demographic and clinical data and information regarding advance directives, ethics consultations, palliative medicine consultations, and cardiovascular implantable electronic device deactivations. Results Of the 150 patients (median age, 79 years; 67% were male), 149 (99%) had poor or terminal prognoses. Overall, 118 patients (79%) underwent deactivation of tachycardia therapies only, and 32 (21%) underwent deactivation of bradycardia therapies with or without tachycardia therapies (6 patients [4%] were pacemaker-dependent). Half of the deactivation requests (51%) were made by surrogates. A majority of deactivations (55%) were carried out by nurses. Although 85 patients (57%) had advance directives, only 1 mentioned the device in the directive. Ethics consultations occurred in 3 patients (2%) and palliative medicine consultations in 64 (43%). The proportions of patients who died within 1 month of device deactivation were similar for those who underwent deactivation of tachycardia therapies only and those who underwent deactivation of bradycardia therapies with or without tachycardia therapies (85% vs 94%; P = .37). Conclusions and Relevance Most requests for cardiovascular implantable electronic device deactivation were for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator–delivered tachycardia therapies only. Many of these requests were made by surrogates. Advance directives executed by patients with these devices rarely addressed device management. Regardless of device therapy, most patients died shortly after device deactivation. Hence, a device deactivation decision may reflect the seriousness of a given patient’s underlying illness. Patients with devices should engage in advance care planning to ensure that future care is consistent with their preferences.
The impact of pregaming on subsequent blood alcohol concentrations: An event-level analysis

Pregaming has been highlighted as an especially deleterious college drinking ritual. The present study assessed (a) event-level associations between pregaming and biologic samples of blood alcohol concentration (BrAC) and (b) the impact of one's alcohol-related behaviors (measured by AUDIT-C scores) on the likelihood that respondents would report pregaming prior to a night out drinking. The sample included adult (n=1029; collegiate and non-college-affiliated) bar patrons in a southeastern college community. Multiple and linear regressions were conducted to determine the association between pregaming and BrAC levels, and pregaming and the presence of an alcohol use disorder, respectively. After controlling for the influence of time of data collection, gender, age, college student status, and ethnicity, the linear regression model explained 15.5% (R(2)=.155) of the variance in BrAC levels (F (10, 915)=16.838, p Language: en
Structure of the LCMV nucleoprotein provides a template for understanding arenavirus replication and immunosuppression.

The X-ray crystal structure of the Lymphocytic chorio­meningitis virus nucleoprotein C-terminal immunosuppressive domain (LCMV NPΔ340) was determined to 2.0 A resolution. The structure indicates that LCMV NPΔ340, like the other structurally characterized arenaviral nucleoproteins, adopts the fold of an exonuclease. This structure provides a crucial three-dimensional template for functional exploration of the replication and immunosuppression of this prototypic arenavirus.
Role of strain in the blistering of hydrogen-implanted silicon

The authors investigated the physical mechanisms underlying blistering in hydrogen-implanted silicon by examining the correlation between implantation induced damage, strain distribution, and vacancy diffusion. Using Rutherford backscattering, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, they found that the depth of blisters coincided with that of maximum implantation damage. A model based on experimental results is presented showing the effect of tensile strain on the local diffusion of vacancies toward the depth of maximum damage, which promotes the nucleation and growth of platelets and ultimately blisters.
Attention-modulating effects of cognitive enhancers.

Attention can be readily measured in experimental animal models. Animal models of attention have been used to better understand the neural systems involved in attention, how attention is impaired, and how therapeutic treatments can ameliorate attentional deficits. This review focuses on the ways in which animal models are used to better understand the neuronal mechanism of attention and how to develop new therapeutic treatments for attentional impairment. Several behavioral test methods have been developed for experimental animal studies of attention, including a 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), a signal detection task (SDT), and a novel object recognition (NOR) test. These tasks can be used together with genetic, lesion, pharmacological and behavioral models of attentional impairment to test the efficacy of novel therapeutic treatments. The most prominent genetic model is the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Well-characterized lesion models include frontal cortical or hippocamapal lesions. Pharmacological models include challenge with the NMDA glutamate antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801), the nicotinic cholinergic antagonist mecamylamine and the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist scopolamine. Behavioral models include distracting stimuli and attenuated target stimuli. Important validation of these behavioral tests and models of attentional impairments for developing effective treatments for attentional dysfunction is the fact that stimulant treatments effective for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), such as methylphenidate (Ritalin®), are effective in the experimental animal models. Newer lines of treatment including nicotinic agonists, α4β2 nicotinic receptor desensitizers, and histamine H3 antagonists, have also been found to be effective in improving attention in these animal models. Good carryover has also been seen for the attentional improvement of nicotine in experimental animal models and in human populations. Animal models of attention can be effectively used for the development of new treatments of attentional impairment in ADHD and other syndromes in which have attentional impairments occur, such as Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia.
Effects of diffraction efficiency on the performance of diffractive relay optics

The requirements for head-mounted displays (HMDs) continue to become more demanding. Increased light throughput, reduced weight and higher optical performance mandates the use of new optical technologies. Diffractive optical elements can provide the optical designer additional degrees of freedom to develop more sophisticated lightweight color HMD systems. A method of design is discussed along with several manufacturing methods for producing diffractive elements including single-point diamond turning and laser pattern generation. Due to the unique characteristics of diffractive elements regarding efficiency and diffraction orders, it is vitally important to properly characterize and test these systems. The efficiency of a diffractive element can have a profound impact on the performance of the optical system; therefore, it is necessary to accurately measure the diffraction efficiency and correctly interpret the impact on the MTF. An example of a hybrid diffractive/refractive relay lens is presented to demonstrate the relationship between the MTF and diffraction efficiency.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Cultures of Capitalism: Glasgow and the Monopoly of Culture

: While many have recognized since the 1970s the strong relationship between culture and urban renewal, particularly as cities began to use cultural amenities to change their images and lure potential investors, little has been written about how and why cultural assets may be valued investments in their own right. There is at least one notable exception, in the work of David Harvey, and this approach takes as its starting point the importance of the monopoly aspects of culture, particularly for rents, competition and fixed capital. In part, I bring Harvey's theoretical insights on the political economy of culture to bear on the case of Glasgow, Scotland, in the 1980s, and particularly its nomination as the European City of Culture, with particular attention paid to how the economics of culture is related to local politics.
Conflict, Power, and Violence in Families

Research on conflict, power, and violence in families in the 2000s developed a promising focus on the interconnections between types of violence and between the experience of violence and locations in larger structures of power and inequality. I examine research on poly-victimization, typologies of violence, dyadic research, and links between violence and inequalities of gender, race, class, and sexual orientation. Additionally, this review evaluates research on the connections between violence in families and other arenas of family study, including teen pregnancy, marriage formation, cohabitation, and divorce. The review concludes with a discussion of studies showing declines in rates of abuse within families in the 2000s.
Automatic Recognition of Electrocardiographic Waves by Digital Computer

A digital computer program for automatic recognition of electrocardiographic waves has been described. First, a filtering procedure was applied in order to eliminate extraneous noise. Consequently, the spatial velocity derived from three orthogonal electrocardio-graphic leads was determined for an entire cardiac cycle. It was found that a critical value of 3 µV per msec, was never exceeded during T-P intervals, P-R segments, and S-T segments. This limit for the spatial velocity could be used to indicate the beginning and end of electrocardiographic waves. The method was tested in a series of 395 records. The computer failed in 1.3 per cent of all expected measurements. "With one exception, failures were encountered only in eases with cardiac arrhythmias but not with regular sinus rhythm. Comparison between computed and visual time measurements showed close agreement, especially when limits of visual accuracy and beat-to-beat variations in wave duration were taken into account. The described procedure can serve as the basis for a complete electrocardiographic analysis by digital computer.
Book Reviewer Introduction: Theron Westervelt

As is true for many librarians, my introduction into the world of electronic resource librarianship was initially a slow, steady easing into the water. But a couple of years ago, the current took h...
The Comparative Effectiveness of Microcomputers and Flash Cards in the Drill and Practice of Basic Mathematics Facts.

A flash card procedure was designed with some of the features of microcomputers for the drill and practice of basic facts. Second, third, and fourth graders followed the same daily routine for 6 weeks in either a flash card or a microcomputer condition, practicing basic facts in subtraction or division. Weekly tests revealed learning in the first 2 weeks, little or no learning in the third and fourth weeks, and some learning in the fifth week, when the groups changed practice conditions. The flash card and microcomputer conditions produced equivalent learning. Elementary schools have been acquiring microcomputers for instruction at an increasingly rapid rate, and various individuals and companies have been producing software for educational uses of the microcomputer. One of the main categories of such software is that intended to provide drill and practice in mathematics. This drill-and-practice category contains both programs that provide practice on multistep procedures such as computational algorithms or the solution of equations and programs that provide practice in retrieving mathematical information or facts. Although the former types of programs take fuller advantage of the processing capacity of microcomputers, the latter types are much more widely available for both the school and the home market. Microcomputers possess several capabilities that are advantageous for drill programs of both types: They are capable of rapid feedback and correction of errors, they can keep track of the number of errors made and of response speed, they can maintain in memory files of practice materials that are individualized for the needs of particular students, and they can change and update new practice items based on the student's performance. Traditional methods of drill of basic fact retrieval such as flash cards possess this first capability but ordinarily not the other capabilities. However, they are very inexpensive and transportable, and individual sets can be used by a whole classroom simultaneously. Therefore it seemed worthwhile to see if a method
Definition of Several Control Elements Relevant to the Stereodefined Serial Elaboration of Belted Poly(spirotetrahydrofurans) Fitted with a Cyclohexane Core.

The stereochemistry of the condensations of 2-cyclohexenones, α-arylidenecyclohexanones, and α-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)cyclohexanones carrying one or two (both syn and anti) spirotetrahydrofuran units adjacent to the carbonyl with allyl organometallics (especially indium) and with the Normant reagent (ClMgO(CH2)3MgCl) is described. Good levels of anti stereoselection are observed in the α-arylidene series. Subsequent cyclization generates a second (or third) tetrahydrofuran ring possessing trans vicinal oxygens. Useful levels of matched and mismatched diastereoselection are also attainable by prior α-oxygenation. The intrinsic differences in diastereomer production between indium and magnesium organometallics are highlighted. A clear distinction regarding the anticipated direction of stereoselectivity is made on the grounds of chelation capabilities and the intra- or intermolecularity of carbon−carbon bond formation. Finally, the two protocols that are described in detail are shown to be iterative, a fe...
Lactosuria - a new metabolic feature of severe cerebrocranial trauma.

Summary Under controlled dietary conditions the urinary excretion of lactose was studied in 15 healthy persons, 15 patients with cerebrocranial trauma and 15 patients with extracranial trauma. Urinary lactose levels were found to be markedly increased in patients with head injury and ranged from 10.3 to 147.7 mg/24 h with a mean 63.4 mg/24 h in contrast to patients with other injuries (3.1 to 17.0 mg/24 h, mean 9.4 mg/24 h; P P In the head injury group the lowest values were found in drowsy or disoriented patients with cerebral concussion and the highest in comatose subjects. The level of lactosuria decreases after approximately 12 to 16 days to normal levels even when the patient remains unconscious. An earlier return to normal excretion parallels or preceeds the reappearance of consciousness. Unlike alimentary lactosuria, caused by ingestion of milk or other dairy products in large quantities, the elevated lactose levels in head injury patients were not usually accompanied by a comparable rise in galactose excretion, mean 11.45 mg/24 h versus 9.17 mg/24 h in controls; P The mechanism of enhanced lactose excretion in severe cerebrocranial trauma remains unknown. It is suggested that it may be associated with either an increased catabolism of brain gangliosides or a stimulated lactose synthesis in peripheral tissues probably due to the participation of the lactogenic hormone prolactin. [t ]
Ontogeny of a sexually dimorphic opioid system in the preoptic area of the rat

Abstract A striking sexual dimorphism exists in the distribution of Met-enkephalin (m-ENK) immunoreactive fibers in the preoptic area of the rat brain. A dense plexus of m-ENK fibers, approximately 100 μm wide, is present in the periventricular part of the preoptic area (pePOA) in adult females, but not in males. In the present study, we have examined the time of first expression of this female-typical system during the course of normal brain development. The female-typical plexus of m-ENK fibers in the pePOA is not expressed prepubertally, but first becomes evident during the late peri-pubertal period (usually by 40 days of age). In adult females, the maintenance of immunohistochemically detectable levels of m-ENK in this fiber system is dependent upon the presence of gonadal steroids, especially estradiol66. Therefore, we examined whether exposure of pre-pubertal females to estradiol would result in precocious expression of the m-ENK fiber plexus. The results of this experiment demonstrate that exposure to estradiol for 7 days induces the full expression of the m-ENK fiber system in the pePOA of prepubertal females, such that it was indistinguishable from that seen in mature animals. These results demonstrate that while the sexually dimorphic m-ENK system of the pePOA is not normally expressed prepubertally, the neural substrate is nevertheless in place and capable of being activated by exposure to exogenous estradiol.
Imaging Calorimeter: What Have We Learned So Far

Abstract Particle Flow Algorithms (PFAs) have been applied to existing detectors to improve the measurement of hadronic jets in colliding beam experiments. For future experiments, such as a TeV lepton collider, detector concepts optimized for the application of PFAs are being developed. These concepts require so-called imaging calorimeters, with unprecedented granularity. We will review the various recent developments of such highly granular calorimeters.
SOS: New design tools and techniques

Silicon-on-sapphire technology which has emerged from the laboratory now is being used to produce a wide line of digital ICs. Some specific circuit functions implemented to advantage with special SOS tools will be described: TTL compatible input buffer which also serves as a register; low-capacitance precharge and current-isolating circuit; fast chip-select circuit for RAM; a mode selector circuit for altering function of a control lead.
Floral organ abscission is regulated by a positive feedback loop

Abscission is the process by which plants shed unwanted organs, either as part of a natural developmental program or in response to environmental stimuli. Studies in Arabidopsis thaliana have elucidated a number of the genetic components that regulate abscission of floral organs, including a pair of related receptor-like protein kinases, HAESA and HAESA-like 2 (HAE/HSL2) that regulate a MAP kinase cascade that is required for abscission. HAE is transcriptionally up-regulated in the floral abscission zone just before cell separation. Here, we identify AGAMOUS-like 15 (AGL15; a MADS-domain transcription factor) as a putative regulator of HAE expression. Overexpression of AGL15 results in decreased expression of HAE as well as a delayed abscission phenotype. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that AGL15 binds the HAE promoter in floral receptacles. AGL15 is then differentially phosphorylated through development in floral receptacles in a MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE 4/5-dependent manner. MAP kinase phosphorylation of AGL15 is necessary for full HAE expression, thus completing a positive feedback loop controlling HAE expression. Together, the network components in this positive feedback loop constitute an emergent property that regulates the large dynamic range of gene expression (27-fold increase in HAE) observed in flowers when the abscission program is initiated. This study helps define the mechanisms and regulatory networks involved in a receptor-mediated signaling pathway that controls floral organ abscission.
ESTIMATION OF ECONOMETRIC MODELS WITH NONPARAMETRICALLY SPECIFIED RISK TERMS

This paper studies the asymptotic properties of the semiparametric estimator considered by Pagan and Ullah (1988) and Pagan and Hong (1991) for models with risk terms. We show that when the risk term is nonparametrically specified, the estimator with generated regressors suggested by Pagan and Ullah (1988) and Pagan and Hong (1991) is -consistent and has an asymptotic normal distribution. The result is then applied to analyzing risk premium for the U.S. dollar against the British pound, the French franc and the Japanese yen exchange markets for monthly data covering the period 1976:1 to 1992:8.
MutS and MutL Activate DNA Helicase II in a Mismatch-dependent Manner

MutS, MutL, and DNA helicase II are required for the mismatch-provoked excision step that occurs during Escherichia coli methyl-directed mismatch repair. In this study MutL is shown to enhance the unwinding activity of DNA helicase II more than 10-fold on a conventional helicase substrate in which a 35-residue oligonucleotide is annealed to a M13 circular single-stranded phage DNA under conditions where the two proteins are present at approximately molar stoichiometry with respect to the substrate. MutS- and MutL-dependent activation of DNA helicase II has also been demonstrated with a model substrate in which a 138-residue oligonucleotide was hybridized to a 138-nucleotide gap in an otherwise duplex 7,100-base pair circular DNA. Displacement of the oligonucleotide requires MutS, MutL, DNA helicase II, and ATP and is dependent on the presence of a mismatch within the hybrid region. Although DNA helicase II and Rep helicase share substantial sequence homology and features of mechanism, Rep helicase is inactive in this reaction.
Capturing the time dynamics of central bank intervention

Abstract We estimate central bank reaction functions using the autoregressive conditional hazard model and the autoregressive conditional binomial model. We find that the Federal Reserve and Bundesbank intervened when the market was calmer, and the Bundesbank intervened in response to exchange rates being out-of-line with fundamentals. Japan intervened in response to changes in the nominal exchange rate, and intervention differed before and after Eisuke Sakakibara became Director General of the International Finance Bureau of the Ministry of Finance in Japan. We argue that these results are consistent with central bank policy goals and the effect of intervention on the exchange rate.