cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of cellulose acetate materials on the oxidative burst of human neutrophils

Following adverse clinical events involving seven patients undergoing renal dialysis using 12-year-old cellulose acetate hemodialyzers, this in vitro study was proposed in an effort to characterize the inflammatory response to the constituent cellulose acetate (CA) fiber materials. Chemiluminescence (CL) and apoptosis assays were used to determine whether human neutrophils were activated by CA fiber materials and/or are sensitive to degradation/alteration of these fibers over time. Furthermore, the study examined in vitro assays with human neutrophils using a CA film, the solvents used in the film preparation and CA resin. The film could be cut to identical sized pieces in an effort to compare hemodialysis material effects in standardized amounts. For the CL assays, 60-min exposure was followed by secondary stimulation with n-formyl-met-leu-phe (fMLP) or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Short-term exposure (60-min postintroduction to CA materials) increased the inflammatory response as measured by the respiratory burst of neutrophils (p or =80% suppression with concentrations of 5-20%). The solvents used in film preparation, N,N-dimethylacetamide and tetrahydrofuran, produced greater than a 70% and 60% suppression, respectively, of CL activity for all concentrations > or =1%. More work is needed to determine the specific nature of the interaction of inflammatory cells with CA materials, but early evidence suggests that neutrophils are activated by CA and display an altered response to more aged fibers.
Microcrack arrays in isotropic solids

Abstract Closed-form exact expressions of the crack opening displacements and the corresponding inelastic strains are obtained for crack arrays embedded in (two-dimensional) isotropic or orthotropic elastic solids which may be three-dimensionally isotropic or transversely isotropic. Parallel and randomly oriented distributions of the crack arrays are considered to estimate the overall elastic moduli using various micromechanical estimating schemes, such as the method of dilute distribution, the self-consistent method, and the differential scheme. The results are illustrated by means of numerical examples, and the averaging techniques are compared.
Doing Good by Choosing Well: Priorities for Agricultural Economics

Public decision makers, administrators, and supporters of agricultural economics research, teaching, and outreach activities have communicated a need for a more coherent expression of priorities. In addition, they have recognized that priorities should be focused on addressing and solving problems of importance to the public good. The agricultural economics profession has responded to this call for a well-defined set of priorities. A systematic set of priority-setting activities has included soliciting the views of stakeholders (i.e., users and potential users of the goods and services provided by agricultural economists) and of agricultural economists about priorities for the profession. The Council on Food, Agricultural and Resource Economics (C-FARE) led a process to integrate this information into a set of professional priorities. This paper describes the key considerations in establishing priorities, describes the C-FARE process, and reports the results of the priority-setting process for agricultural economics.
Use of fluorescein hydrazide and fluorescein thiosemicarbazide reagents for the fluorometric determination of protein carbonyl groups and for the detection of oxidized protein on polyacrylamide gels

Highly fluorescent thiosemicarbazide and hydrazide prepared by reaction of fluorescein isothiocyanate with hydrazine or adipic acid dihydrazide have been used to monitor the presence of carbonyl groups in oxidatively modified proteins. After oxidation, proteins react with these reagents under anaerobic conditions in the dark to yield fluorescent protein conjugates (presumably thiosemicarbazones or hydrazones) which can be visualized as fluorescent bands following electrophoresis (0-4 degrees C) on lithium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. These reagents do not react with unoxidized proteins. The conjugates formed dissociate readily at room temperature but are fairly stable at pH 6-9, 0 degrees C. Current data suggest that these reagents will be useful in the detection and quantitation of oxidatively modified proteins in biological systems.
Differential thermal analysis using high frequency dielectric heating I. Theory and equipment

A new analytical technique, differential thermal analysis using high frequency dielectric heating (DTA/HF), has been developed which senses the rate and extent of the enthalpy change accompanying curing. These two parameters relate simply and quantitatively to curing reaction kinetics. In DTA/HF cylindrical samples of uncured elastomers, 2-in. in diam and about 1-in. high, enclosed in glass rings and covered, are heated in a high frequency (86 mc) electrical field simultaneously with an identically-shaped precured reference disc of the same elastomer. Both sample and reference are clamped securely between 3 × 5-in. rectangular output electrodes. The sample is cured isometrically under pressure generated by thermal expansion. Temperatures at the core of the sample and reference are monitored continuously using ungrounded junction thermocouples with stainless steel probes; both sample temperature and temperature differences between sample and reference are recorded. To test the validity of DTA/HF it was first applied to the dicumyl peroxide (DCP) curing of several cis-1,4-polyisoprene calcium carbonate mixtures for which reaction mechanisms and reaction kinetic data are available.
Hemodynamic effects of bepridil in patients with coronary artery disease.

Bepridil is a calcium antagonist with a unique chemical structure and properties that differ from other calcium antagonists (e.g., a long half-life, sodium channel inhibition). In patients with normal left ventricular function, intravenous bepridil produces modest and short-lived reductions in heart rate and blood pressure. A transient negative inotropic effect is associated with higher doses (3-4 mg/kg). At the highest recommended oral dosage (400 mg/day), bepridil decreases resting heart rate and blood pressure; maximal exercise double product is not significantly reduced. In patients with impaired left ventricular function who are receiving oral bepridil 400 mg/day, virtually no distinguishable effects on heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure or systemic vascular resistance were observed compared with placebo treatment. In patients with coronary disease, bepridil improves exercise hemodynamics (i.e., stroke volume index, cardiac index, ejection fraction) and reduces the frequency of wall motion abnormalities compared with placebo. Scintigraphic studies performed during stress suggest that compared with placebo, bepridil improves myocardial perfusion.
Electrophysiologic characterization of morphologically identified neurons in the cerebellar cortex of awake cats

Abstract Intracellular recordings were obtained from 161 neurons of the cerebellar cortex of 20 awake cats. Seventeen neurons marked by intracellular pressure injection of horseradish peroxidase were morphologically identified as Purkinje cells. Seven other neurons were recovered with a morphology characteristic of Golgi II cells. In addition to intrinsic action potentials typical of cerebellar and other mammalian cortical recordings, both types of cells revealed a fast spike-like component that was relatively insensitive to injected current and could not be attributed to regenerative Na+ or Ca2+ conductances intrinsic to the penetrated neuron. In Purkinje cells, the fast spike often appeared at the initial portion of the potential configuration normally called the climbing fiber response. In the other class of cells, the fast, current-insensitive spike followed the intrinsic cell discharge. The results demonstrate distinctive patterns of electrical activity in two different types of morphologically identified cerebellar neurons. The fast spikes could reflect electrical coupling between the two types of cells.
Highly Reliable MEMS Temperature Sensors for 275 $^{ \circ}\hbox{C}$ Applications—Part 1: Design and Technology

This paper presents the design, fabrication, packaging, and experimental characterization of the first temperature-sensitive MEMS capacitors for health monitoring applications up to 275 °C. The capacitive sensor chip is 2 × 2 mm2 fabricated on a 500-μm -thick Si wafer and comprises an array of 220 individual 10 × 250 μm2 inherently robust bimorphs. This first part focuses on the fabrication and packaging, thermomechanical design, electromagnetic modeling, and technology of the unpackaged and packaged bimorph beams. On the thermomechanical part, the measured profiles match theoretically predicted profiles from 20 °C to 250 °C within 4% and 3% at the beam midpoints and tips, respectively. Similarly, experimentally obtained capacitance changes for five separate packaged devices show a mean error of less than 3% and a maximum error of less than 5% from the theoretical model up to 165 °C. The packaged sensors simultaneously achieve for the first time: 1) high temperature operation; 2) monotonic capacitance-temperature response from 20 °C to 300 °C; 3) hermetic sealing; 4) miniature size of 5.4 × 5.4 × 3.6 mm3; and 5) capacitance quality factor of over 5000 at 20 °C and 1000 at 160 °C. Experimental results underline the tradeoffs between beam arrangement, attachment method to the package, and package to the quality factor of the device.
Use and outcomes of laparoscopic versus open gastric bypass at academic medical centers.

Background A large outcome study of laparoscopic gastric bypass has not been done because of difficulty in differentiating between open and laparoscopic procedures in the absence of a specific ICD-9 procedural code for the laparoscopic operation. The University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) clinical database recently added a specific procedural code for laparoscopic gastric bypass. The goal of this study was to compare the use and outcomes of laparoscopic versus open gastric bypass at academic centers. Study Design Using ICD-9 diagnosis and procedure codes, we obtained data from the UHC clinical database for all patients who underwent laparoscopic or open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for treatment of morbid obesity between 2004 and 2006 (n = 22,422). The main outcomes measures were demographics, comorbidities, length of hospital stay, 30-day readmission, morbidity, observed and expected (risk-adjusted) mortality, and costs. Results There were 16,357 patients who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass and 6,065 patients who underwent open gastric bypass. Laparoscopic gastric bypass patients had a shorter length of hospital stay (2.7 days versus 4.0 days, p Conclusions This nationwide analysis of academic medical centers between 2004 and 2006 showed that bariatric surgery has shifted to a predominately laparoscopic approach. In addition, laparoscopic gastric bypass is as safe as open gastric bypass and is considerably associated with a lower 30-day morbidity.
On the stability of vacancy and vacancy clusters in amorphous solids

Abstract We find vacancies and vacancy clusters in an amorphous solid, comprised of 500 atoms and characterized by a Lennard–Jones potential, to be unstable both under static and dynamic (molecular dynamics) relaxation. The annealing-out of the vacant volume and the associated translational rearrangement of atoms occur at temperatures and times much smaller than for diffusion in a corresponding face–centred–cubic crystal. Vacancy clusters in a random–network mode! characterized by a Keating potential are observed to persist after static relaxation. These clusters and the network collapse to a more dense–packed structure when the bond–bending forces are set equal to zero and more than nearest–neighbour central–force interactions are included.
Effect of conductivity interfaces.

By utilizing an integral equation formulation of Laplace’s equation it is shown that knowledge of the geometry of the conductivity interface, the values of conductivity, and the potentials and gradients on the conductivity interface are sufficient information to determine the infinite media potentials and infinite media potential gradients. The integral equations may be approximated by finite sums and the results can be implemented practically by using a medium size digital computer.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hemoglobin. IV. The structure-function relationship of human adult hemoglobins a and Chesapeake and its implication to the nature of oxygenation of hemoglobin

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of Hb A and Hb Chesapeake in both carboxy- and deoxy-forms suggest that (1) there are differences in the aromatic proton resonances between these two proteins which may be due to the altered interactions among the amino acid residues at α 1 -β 2 contacts as a result of the amino acid substitution at α-92 in Hb Chesapeake, and (2) amino acid residues at FG3 (leucine) and/or FG5 (valine) may be responsible for transmitting information from α 1 to β 2 chain or vice versa in the course of oxygenation of hemoglobin.
Immune corticotropin-releasing hormone is present in the eyes of and promotes experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rodents

We examined the presence and potential role of local corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in experimental uveitis in rodents. This 41-amino acid peptide, originally isolated from the hypothalamus, is also secreted locally in experimentally induced and natural inflammatory sites, where it exerts autocrine or paracrine proinflammatory effects. Female Lewis rats were immunized with the major pathogenic epitope (R16 peptide) of the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein in complete Freund's adjuvant, monitored daily, and killed 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, or 18 days later, after having developed uveoretinitis. Immunoreactive CRH (IrCRH) was detected by immunohistochemistry in the uveitic eyes in the cytoplasm of inflammatory cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells) infiltrating the iris, ciliary body, vitreous, retina, and choroid depending on the stage of the disease. The intensity of the IrCRH staining was positively correlated with the severity of the disease based on morphological criteri...
Identification and antitumor activity of a reduction product in the murine metabolism of pyrazoloacridine (NSC-366140).

Purpose. Pyrazoloacridine (PZA) is a newly developed anticancer agent currently undergoing clinical trials. Its mode of action has not been elucidated but the presence in its chemical structure of a 5-nitro functional group and its activity against oxygen-deficient cancerous cells argue in favor of enzymatic nitro reduction as a possible pathway for its antitumor activity. In order to assess the involvement of the nitro functiona lity in PZA activity, as well as to determine other metabolic products, a pharmacological and chemical study of PZA was designed. Methods. Urine and stool samples were collected from mice before and after treatment with PZA. Samples were fractionated using chromatographic methods and then evaluated using mass spectrometry (MS). One of the characterized metabolites was synthesized and tested in vitro and in vivo for anticancer activity. Results. One major fraction from mouse stool was initially characterized by MS as the 5-aminopyrazoloacridine (5-APZ). This compound was chemically synthesized by catalytic hydrogenation of PZA and stabilized as the hydrochloride salt. 5-APZ was marginally cytotoxic in vitro and was inactive in vivo against a tumor cured by PZA (Panc 03). Conclusions. Bioreduction of the nitro group to an amine compound from PZA represents a pathway in the metabolic sequence of PZA. The inactivity of the chemically generated amine product does not provide conclusive evidence that this pathway is not involved in the cytotoxicity of PZA because other intermediates in the nitro reduction pathway may have a role in the activity of PZA. In particular, the hydroxylamine derivative of PZA could give answers to the involvement of this pathway in PZA cytotoxicity.
Understanding the viscoelastic behavior of collagen matrices through relaxation time distribution spectrum

This study aims to provide understanding of the macroscopic viscoelastic behavior of collagen matrices through studying the relaxation time distribution spectrum obtained from stress relaxation tests. Hydrated collagen gel and dehydrated collagen thin film was exploited as two different hydration levels of collagen matrices. Genipin solution was used to induce crosslinking in collagen matrices. Biaxial stress relaxation tests were performed to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of collagen matrices. The rate of stress relaxation of both hydrated and dehydrated collagen matrices shows a linear initial stress level dependency. Increased crosslinking reduces viscosity in collagen gel, but the effect is negligible for thin film. Relaxation time distribution spectrum was obtained from the stress relaxation data by inverse Laplace transform. For most of the collagen matrices, three peaks at the short (0.3s ~1 s), medium (3s ~90 s), and long relaxation time (> 200 s) were observed in the continuous spectrum, which likely corresponds to relaxation mechanisms involve fiber, inter-fibril, and fibril sliding. Splitting of the middle peak was observed at higher initial stress levels suggesting increased structural heterogeneity at the fibril level with mechanical loading. The intensity of the long-term peaks increases with higher initial stress levels indicating the engagement of collagen fibrils at higher levels of tissue strain.
Children's Mental Health as a Primary Care and Concern: A System for Comprehensive Support and Service.

In response to the serious crisis in mental health care for children in the United States, this article proposes as a priority for psychology a comprehensive approach that treats mental health as a primary issue in child health and welfare. Consistent with the principles of a system of care and applying epidemiological, risk-development, and intervention-research findings, this approach emphasizes 4 components: easy access to effective professional clinical services for children exhibiting disorders; further development and application of sound prevention principles for high-risk youths; support for and access to short-term intervention in primary care settings; and greater recognition and promotion of mental health issues in common developmental settings and other influential systems. Integral to this approach is the need to implement these components simultaneously and to incorporate family-focused, culturally competent, evidence-based, and developmentally appropriate services. This comprehensive, simultaneous, and integrated approach is needed to achieve real progress in children's mental health in this country.
FORWARD SCATTERING AMPLITUDE WITH NUCLEAR CORRELATIONS AND OVERLAPPING POTENTIALS.

We have formulated a theory of nuclear scattering for overlapping potentials between the incident particle and each of the target nucleons, without using the impact-parameter approximation of Feshbach. As the nuclear internal Hamiltonian is important for the overlap in the potentials, we include in the energy denominators a term which is dependent on the nuclear internal Hamiltonian, as well as the term which is linear in the momentum transfers. A correction to the Glauber model, due to the overlap in the potentials, is obtained from the principal part of the denominators. The correction reduces both the total cross section and the forward differential cross section by about 15%. We define the "effective solid angle for scattering" to be the total cross section divided by the forward differential cross section. From this quantity we can determine nuclear correlation independently of the correction due to the overlap in the potentials. Range parameters for nuclear correlation functions are obtained from existing data.
Proton stoichiometry of the cytochrome c peroxidase mechanism as a function of pH

Abstract The proton stoichiometry for the oxidation of cytochrome c peroxidase (ferrocytochrome c : hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.5) to cytochrome c peroxidase Compound I by H 2 O 2 , for the reduction of cytochrome c peroxidase Compound I to cytochrome c peroxidase Compound II by ferrocynanide, and for the reduction of cytochrome c peroxidase Compound II to the native enzyme by ferrocyanide has been determined as a function of pH between pH 4 and 8. The basic stoichiometry for the reaction is that no protons are required for the oxidation of the native enzyme to Compound I, while one proton is required for the reduction of Compound I to Compound II, and one proton is required for the reduction of Compound II to the native enzyme. Superimposed upon the basic stoichiometry is a contribution due to the perturbation of two ionizable groups in the enzyme by the redox reactions. The p K a values for the two groups are 4.9 ± 0.3 and 5.7 ± 0.2 in the native enzyme, 4.1 ± 0.4 and 7.8 ± 0.2 in Compound I, and 4.3 ± 0.4 and 6.7 ± 0.2 in Compound II.
Epigenesis and the evolution of the human brain

This article proposes an hypothesis for the evolution of the human brain. It is based on the concepts of (i) regulation of nerve cell proliferation, and (ii) selective stabilisation of synapses during development. The former process is supposed to be rigidly regulated by the genome, while the latter (selective stabilisation) is proposed as developing in a more plastic manner. It is suggested here that genetic alterations of the regulation of neuroblast proliferation led to epigenetic rearrangements in selective synapse stabilisation, thus producing significant changes in cerebral connectivity. This view is in agreement with the punctuationalist theory of human evolution, and differs from other approaches to human nature, such as structuralist grammar and sociobiology.
Critical velocity for rails in hypervelocity launchers

Abstract This paper is related to the dynamic and strength analysis and optimized design of hypervelocity electromagnetic launchers. Projectile motion along the rails at critical velocity is associated with damaging resonant regimes. These regimes reveal increased displacements and stress that can lead to failure of a launcher. To calculate critical velocity and to visualize dynamic deformations of the launcher we have developed two alternative approaches utilizing analytical and finite element models. The first approach employs a closed form analytical solution for critical velocity that is based on the Bernoulli–Euler model of a beam resting on an elastic foundation and subjected to a moving load. The critical velocity is expressed as a function of geometric and material parameters of the rail and equivalent stiffness of the supporting structure. The stiffness of the supporting structure is found from a 2D finite element model. In the second approach, we employed beam finite element and 3D solid finite element models to visualize and measure the “natural” and “forced” bending waves traveling along the rails. These approaches helped to better understand the transient resonant dynamic processes and offered insight on how to alter the launching device materials and geometry to reduce the critical-velocity effects.
Thiourea catalysis of MeHg ligand exchange between natural dissolved organic matter and a thiol-functionalized resin: a novel method of matrix removal and MeHg preconcentration for ultratrace Hg speciation analysis in freshwaters

Ultratrace analysis of dissolved MeHg in freshwaters requires both dissociation of MeHg from strong ligands in the sample matrix and preconcentration for detection. Existing solid phase extraction methods generally do not efficiently adsorb MeHg from samples containing high concentrations of natural dissolved organic matter. We demonstrate here that the addition of 10-60 mM thiourea (TU) quantitatively releases MeHg from the dissolved matrix of freshwater samples by forming a more labile complex (MeHgTU+) that quantitatively exchanges MeHg with thiol-functionalized resins at pH approximately 3.5 during column loading. The contents of these columns were efficiently eluted with acidified TU and MeHg was analyzed by Hg-TU complex ion chromatography with cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry detection. Routinely more than 90% of MeHg was recovered with good precision (average relative standard deviation of 6%) from natural waters-obtained from pools and saturated sediments of wetlands and from rivers-containing up to 68.7 mg C L-1 dissolved organic matter. With the preconcentration step, the method detection limit of 0.29 pg absolute or 0.007 ng L-1 in 40-mL samples is equivalent to that of the current state-of-the- art as practiced by skilled analysts. MeHg in 20-50-mL samples was completely trapped. On the basis of our knowledge of the chemistry of the process, breakthrough volume should depend on the concentrations of TU and H+. At a TU concentration of 12 mM breakthrough occurred between 50 and 100 mL, but overall adsorption efficiency was still 85% at 100 mL. Formation of artifactual MeHg is minimal; only about 0.7% of ambient MeHg is artifactual as estimated from samples spiked with 4 microg L-1 HgII.
Evaluating oral structures for removable partial dentures

Abstract The welfare of the public will not be best served by the delegation of removable partial denture service to inadequately trained personnel. The dentist must concentrate on finding proper ways of simplifying partial denture procedures without endangering the health of the oral structures. In this way, more patients may be treated at a reduced cost. If dentists do not assume the responsibility of making this service available, others less qualified will.
Clinical Efficacy of Vorinostat in a Patient with Leiomyosarcoma

Leiomyosarcoma is a heterogeneous tumor group, representing <1% of all new cancers diagnosed in United States. Treatment choice is based upon site, grade, and extent of disease. However, prognosis for metastatic or unresectable sarcoma is very poor with reported median survival of 12 months. Response to chemotherapy has been approximately 8% to 39% based upon the chemotherapeutic agent and whether used alone or in combination. Vorinostat is an orally active, potent, and competitive inhibitor of histone deacetylases approved for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. There are limited preclinical data illustrating the activity of histone deacetylase inhibitors in sarcoma. Here is a case of a lady with leiomyosarcoma who has progressed through multiple chemotherapeutic agent who has achieved a partial response to vorinostat treatment.
SYNTHESIS OF 6-SUBSTITUTED-6H-INDENO[1,2-c]ISOQUINOLINE-5,11-DIONES

(1982). SYNTHESIS OF 6-SUBSTITUTED-6H-INDENO[1,2-c]ISOQUINOLINE-5,11-DIONES. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 163-168.
Batch assay method evaluation of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor. Relative immunity of hydroxylapatite method from errors of measurement.

Abstract Utilizing a refined hydroxylapatite assay technique for the measurement of cytoplasmic estradiol- 17 β binding in both immature rat uterine tissue and human breast cancer biopsies, we compare the specificity and sensitivity of our method to those capabilities of previously reported batch techniques which prescribe either (i) adsorption of free estradiol to dextran-coated charcoal; or (ii) precipitation of cytosol by protamine sulfate, followed by the incubation of the residue with ligand. Compared to alternative methods, the hydroxylapatite assay yields (a) no losses of specific estrogen-binding activities over a wide range of concentrations of cytosol protein, (b) saturation plots which suggest more uniformity in the specific estradiol-binding sites being measured, (c) no alteration in the recovery of estradiol-binding activity with variations of the time of adsorption, and (d) specific binding values that are not significantly influenced by the presence or absence of bovine serum albumin, a nonspecific, nonsaturable estradiol-binding protein.
Dietary-induced binge eating increases prefrontal cortex neural activation to restraint stress and increases binge food consumption following chronic guanfacine

Binge eating is a prominent feature of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Stress or perceived stress is an often-cited reason for binge eating. One notion is that the neural pathways that overlap with stress reactivity and feeding behavior are altered by recurrent binge eating. Using young adult female rats in a dietary-induced binge eating model (30 min access to binge food with or without 24-h calorie restriction, twice a week, for 6 weeks) we measured the neural activation by c-Fos immunoreactivity to the binge food (vegetable shortening mixed with 10% sucrose) in bingeing and non-bingeing animals under acute stress (immobilization; 1 h) or no stress conditions. There was an increase in the number of immunopositive cells in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in stressed animals previously exposed to the binge eating feeding schedules. Because attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) medications target the mPFC and have some efficacy at reducing binge eating in clinical populations, we examined whether chronic (2 weeks; via IP osmotic mini-pumps) treatment with a selective alpha-2A adrenergic agonist (0.5 mg/kg/day), guanfacine, would reduce binge-like eating. In the binge group with only scheduled access to binge food (30 min; twice a week; 8 weeks), guanfacine increased total calories consumed during the 30-min access period from the 2-week pre-treatment baseline and increased binge food consumption compared with saline-treated animals. These experiments suggest that mPFC is differentially activated in response to an immobilization stress in animals under different dietary conditions and chronic guanfacine, at the dose tested, was ineffective at reducing binge-like eating.
The mitotic history and radiosensitivity of developing oligodendrocytes in vitro.

Abstract By use of pulse-chase exposure of dissociated cells of rat fetal spinal cord or brain to [ 3 H]thymidine (TdR) and unlabeled TdR it has been shown that oligodendroglial precursors which do not express galactocerebroside (GalC) divide first and later differentiate to express GalC. The rate of proliferation of more mature GalC + oligodendrocytes is considerably lower than that of their CalC − precusors. It has been found that oligodendrocyte precursor cells are extremely sensitive to [ 3 H]TdR irradiation. Exposure to as little as 0.03 μCi/ml for 24 hr proved to be harmful, particularly during a critical period before birth. This critical period corresponded to the peak of division of oligodendrocyte precursor cells.
Development of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in midgut cells and penetration of the virus into the hemocoel of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta

Abstract The development of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) in larval midgut cells of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta , is similar to that of other NPV. In the nucleus, the envelopes around the nucleocapsids seem to be derived de novo or from the inner layer of the nuclear envelope wich forms cisternae, blebs, or infoldings. The nucleocapsids are also enveloped by synhymenosis during passage through the nuclear membrane, the cell membrane, or the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Both enveloped and unenveloped nucleocapsids may enter the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore or budding through the nuclear membrane. From the cytoplasm the virions may enter the hemocoel through the basal cell and basement membranes or through the endoplasmic reticulum, intercellular space, and the basement membrane.
Three Books for Cold-Formed Steel Design

Cold-formed steel design can be a complicated and tedious process. Extensive use of unsymmetric sections, local buckling considerations that require iterative methods even for determining simple section properties such as moment of inertia, and numerous other complications tends to thin the ranks of those willing to design in cold-formed steel. Three recently published books on cold-formed steel design aim to explain the underlying behavior of these unique members and provide insight on the methods used in their design. With the recent publication of three up-to-date textbooks, now is a unique time to compare and contrast the available resources for engineers and educators interested in coldformed steel design. The standard-bearer is, and continues to be, W. W. Yu’s ColdFormed Steel Design ~2000, Wiley, New York!. Now in its 3rd edition with over 750 pages of text and 1,3001 referenced works, this is the definitive source. G. J. Hancock, T. M. Murray, and D. S. Ellifritt’s contribution to the field is Cold-Formed Steel Structures to the AISI Specification ~2001, Marcel Dekker, New York!. This book includes additional insight on elastic buckling behavior using numerical methods ~not in Yu’s text! and provides a compact, yet still complete, presentation of the key issues relevant to modern cold-formed steel design. The most recent addition is A. Ghersi, R. Landolfo, and F. M. Mazzolani’s Design of Metallic Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Members ~2002, Spon, London!. This book is unique from the other two in that it covers European and American design codes for cold-formed steel, and in part, for aluminum. However, the presentation is terse, with only 150 pages of text. Yu’s Cold-Formed Steel Design is presented in 14 chapters, the first 7 of which cover basic member design: compression members, flexural members, beam-columns, and material behavior. Local buckling, effective width, and other issues pertinent to cold-formed steel design are fully discussed and presented. Use of the AISI Specification, both ASD and LRFD, are fully integrated into the text with appropriate design examples. Connections are covered in Chapter 8 and specific details necessary for successfully bolting, screwing, or welding thin-walled steel components together are discussed and design examples given. The first 8 chapters summarize the theory and design methodology for conventional cold-formed steel member design and connection. The remaining 5 chapters of Yu’s text moves into application specific areas and miscellaneous topics. The application areas covered include composite-reinforced concrete-steel decking, and residential construction. These chapters are short, but have excellent reference lists. A chapter on metal buildings is surprisingly absent. However, most aspects of cold-formed steel design, as it
Transgene expression in a model of composite tissue allotransplantation.

Background: Composite tissue allografting may be an ideal solution to many problems requiring reconstructive surgery. Unfortunately, complications associated with chronic immunocompromise are major impediments to widespread use of composite tissue allografting. Current immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory paradigms focus on modification of the recipient through global immunosuppression or donor/recipient chimerism. Alternatively, modifying the allograft to block rejection or promote tolerance could confine deleterious immunosuppressive effects to the graft or eliminate graft rejection. However, a technique introducing genetic information into the transplant is needed. The authors demonstrate the first model for expressing a gene of interest locally in a hind-limb transplant. Methods: Using a rat hind-limb transplant model, the authors tested the ability of naked DNA infusion, cationic polymer/DNA complex transfection, and adenoviral vector transduction to introduce genetic material into the composite tissue allograft. The marker genes luciferase and green fluorescent protein were used to follow gene expression. Results: Recombinant adenovirus showed rapid, high-level expression of marker genes in the graft, with no detectable expression in recipient animals. Expression was detectable at 18 hours and peaked at 7 days. Levels of expression were lower but above baseline at 4 weeks. Conclusions: Using an adenoviral vector system, the authors have selectively introduced a marker gene (luciferase) into a transplanted hind-limb rat model. Expression was rapid and seen in a variety of cell types. Adenovirus infection had no impact on limb rejection. This method may be a powerful tool for genetically modifying composite tissue allografts and may contribute to immune tolerance and more widespread use of composite tissue allograft surgery.
Exploring Sense of Place and Environmental Behavior at an Ecoregional Scale in Three Sites

This article reports on three case studies that explore the person-place relationships that occur on an ecoregional scale and whether and how those place connections relate to residents undertaking action on issues about which they report being concerned. The research was conducted in three ecoregions of high priority for conservation: the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), the Klamath-Siskiyou (northern California/southern Oregon in the United States), and the Chesapeake Bay (eastern coast of the United States). Data were collected through surveys (n = 330, n = 248, and n = 320, respectively), interviews (n = 32, n = 29, and n = 21), and ethnographic study. Across the three ecoregions between one-fifth and one-quarter of residents indicated that their place connections occurred at an ecoregional scale. Among those who reported taking action—or when prompted to report at what scale they would take action—respondents indicated a scale of action roughly reflective of the scale at which their place connections occurred.
Toward Robust Material Recognition for Everyday Objects

Material recognition is a fundamental problem in perception that is receiving increasing attention. Following the recent work using Flickr [16, 23], we empirically study material recognition of real-world objects using a rich set of local features. We use the Kernel Descriptor framework [5] and extend the set of descriptors to include materialmotivated attributes using variances of gradient orientation and magnitude. Large-Margin Nearest Neighbor learning is used for a 30-fold dimension reduction. We improve the state-of-the-art accuracy on the Flickr dataset [16] from 45% to 54%. We also introduce two new datasets using ImageNet and macro photos, extensively evaluating our set of features and showing promising connections between material and object recognition.
Unification of radar phenomena as spacetime curvature: prediction and observation of an affine-phase effect.

The many properties of radar echoes and other radiative systems were recently described by Gabriel [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A19, 946 (2002)] as lower-dimensional projections of simple forms in special relativity. A broader treatment including coherent phenomena is summarized, in which the phase properties of radar images and interferograms are also shown to have a simple unified structure. Their apparent complexity is a result of projection onto the lower dimension(s) of the observation. A predicted new property, locally scalable (affine) phase, is observed in a radar interferogram.
The identification of gifted underachievers using the Woodcock‐Johnson psycho‐educational battery

(1985). The identification of gifted underachievers using the Woodcock‐Johnson psycho‐educational battery. Roeper Review: Vol. 8, Counseling Gifted Persons: A Lifelong Concern, pp. 54-56.
Automatic detection of subcellular particles in fluorescence microscopy via feature clustering and bayesian analysis

Recent advancement in live cell fluorescence microscopy has enabled image acquisition at single particle resolution, through which biologists can investigate the underlying mechanisms of cellular processes. In this paper, we present a method to automatically detect the features of sub-cellular particles in 2D fluorescence images, including x-y positions, fluorescence intensities, and relative sizes. The method consists of two parts. One is an initial detection method, which finds particle candidates in the images using image filters and clustering algorithms. The other is a MAP-Bayesian based estimation method, which provides the optimal estimations of particle features. The method is evaluated on synthetic data and results show that it has high accuracy. The results on real data confirmed by human expert cell biologists are also presented.
Membrane Effects of Vitamin E Deficiency: Bioenergetic and Surface Charge Density Studies of Skeletal Muscle and Liver Mitochondria

Vitamin E deficiency in rats increased the sensitivity of liver and muscle mitochondria to damage during incubation at various temperatures, irradiation with visible light, or steady-state respiration with substrates. In all cases, vitamin E-deficient mitochondria exhibited increased lipid peroxidation, reduced transmembrane potential, decreased respiratory coupling, and lower rates of electron transport compared to control mitochondria. Muscle mitochondria always showed greater negative inner membrane surface charge density, and were also more sensitive to damage than were liver mitochondria. Vitamin E-deficient mitochondria also showed slightly more negative inner membrane surface charge density compared to controls. The relationship observed between greater negative surface potential and increased sensitivity to damage provides for a new and sensitive method to probe further the role of surface charge in membrane structure and function. Implications of these new findings for the well-known human muscle myopathies and those experimentally induced by vitamin E deficiency in animals are discussed.
Statistically Small Effects of the Implicit Association Test Can Have Societally Large Effects

Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, and Banaji (2009; GPUB hereafter) reported an average predictive validity correlation of r = .236 for Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures involving Black-White racial attitudes and stereotypes. Oswald, Mitchell, Blanton, Jaccard, and Tetlock (2013; OMBJT) reported a lower aggregate figure for correlations involving IAT measures (r = .148). The difference between the estimates of the 2 reviews was due mostly to their use of different policies for including effect sizes. GPUB limited their study to findings that assessed theoretically expected attitude-behavior and stereotype-judgment correlations along with others that the authors expected to show positive correlations. OMBJT included a substantial minority of correlations for which there was no theoretical expectation of a predictive relationship. Regardless of inclusion policy, both meta-analyses estimated aggregate correlational effect sizes that were large enough to explain discriminatory impacts that are societally significant either because they can affect many people simultaneously or because they can repeatedly affect single persons.
Protein and allergen assays for natural rubber latex products.

Abstract The major issues in the efforts to alleviate allergy to natural rubber latex (NRL) proteins are prevention of allergic reactions and decreasing future sensitization. An accurate estimate of the potential allergenicity of NRL products is essential as guidance to manufacturers and users. Development of a reliable in vitro method for the quantitation of NRL allergens has been impeded by (1) limited knowledge of the individual allergens among NRL proteins, (2) variations in the protein profiles among NRL products, and (3) heterogeneity of responses to NRL allergens among sensitized individuals. The current methods include measurement of either the total or the antigenic NRL proteins. Although these methods provide valuable information, all except one have not been validated or standardized. The lack of sensitivity and specificity of this standardized method and poor correlation with the allergenic protein levels have mandated the need for a better assay. In the past year, an immunologic method for the quantitation of all antigenic proteins has been developed as a national standard. The method provides a significant improvement in sensitivity and specificity of NRL protein measurement, but the question of relevance to allergen content remains open. In the last several years, the intensive research aimed at purifying and characterizing individual allergens among NRL proteins resulted in the identification of more than 10 major allergens. On the basis of this knowledge, present efforts are focused on the development of a method for quantitation of relevant allergenic NRL proteins. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:S40-6.)
Analysis of failure in ‘Recoil from tension’ of pan-based carbon fibers

Abstract Results from a study of the “recoil from tension” method for estimating the compressive strength of the polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers are reported here. Analysis of the effect of different gauge lengths on the recoil strength distribution and the fracture morphological features of cross sections of the tested filaments imply that both axial recoil and bending influence the recoil failure of PAN-based carbon fibers. The experimental recoil strength distributions have been compared to logistic and weibull models. A universal logistic model that incorporates a dependence on gauge length has been found to provide a good fit to the distributions obtained at different gauge lengths. This analytical expression can be used to obtain a physically meaningful extrapolated average “zero gauge length” recoil strength, which might be appropriate for estimating the true axial compressive strength of fibers.
The concept of protobranching and its many paradigm shifting implications for energy evaluations.

Branched alkanes like isobutane and neopentane are more stable than their straight chain isomers, n-butane and n-pentane (by 2 and 5 kcal mol(-1), respectively). Electron correlation is largely responsible. Branched alkanes have a greater number of net attractive 1,3-alkyl-alkyl group interactions, there are three such stabilizing 1,3 "protobranching" dispositions in isobutane, but only two in n-butane. Neopentane has six protobranches but n-pentane only three. Propane has one protobranch and is stabilized appreciably, by 2.8 kcal mol(-1), relative to methane and ethane. This value per protobranch also applies to the n-alkanes and cyclohexane. Consequently, energy evaluations employing alkane reference standards, for example, of small ring strain and stabilizations due to conjugation, hyperconjugation, and aromaticity, should be corrected for protobranching, for example, by employing Pople’s isodesmic bond separation reaction method. This reduces the ring strain of cyclopropane to 19.2 from the conventional 27.7 kcal mol(-1), while the stabilization energies of alkenes and alkynes due to hyperconjugation (5.5 and 7.7 kcal mol(-1) for propene and propyne) and conjugation (14.8 and 27.1 kcal mol(-1) for butadiene and butadiyne) are considerably larger than the traditional estimates. Widely diverging literature evaluations of benzene resonance energy all give approximate to 65kcal mol(-1) after adjusting for conjugation, hyperconjugation, and protobranching "contaminations." The BLW (block localized wavefunction) method, which localizes pi bonds and precludes their interactions, largely confirms these stabilization estimates for hyperconjugation, conjugation, and aromaticity. Protobranching is seriously underestimated by theoretical computations at the HF and most DFT levels, which do not account for electron correlation satisfactorily. Such levels give bond separation energies, which can differ greatly from experimental values.
Identification, characterization, and properties of a class alpha microsomal glutathione S-transferase.

Cytosolic glutathione (GSH) S-transferases (GST) are dimeric enzymes that exhibit both GSH-dependent conjugation and selenium-independent GSH-peroxidase (NonSe-GPX) activities [1]. of the various GST supergene families, class Alpha GST isozymes have attracted a lot of attention for their role in the conjugation and reduction of cellular lipid peroxidation products, including 4-hydroxy nonenal and lipid hydroperoxides. Morgenstern and his colleagues reported a non-homologous GST, designated as MGST, in rat and human liver microsomes that exhibited both these activities and differed from the cytosolic GSTs in primary structure [2].