cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Group theory and kink stability equations

Starting from Schrodinger equations withSU(2) group-theoretic potentials, we consider a general family of kinks labeled by two (half-)integers (l, n) with ¦n¦≤l. A particular choice ofn=0,l=L (L positive integer) leads to a generalL-family, whereL=1 corresponds to sine-Gordon theory, whileL=2 represents the (λφ4)1+1 model. The (λφ6)1+1 model can also be recovered withl=3/2,n=−1/2, a particular case of theories labeled byl andn such thatl-n=2 which possess simple kink solutions. We also discuss one-loop order corrections to the kink masses in supersymmetric versions of theL-family. As a byproduct, we obtain the SUSY renormalization of the so-calledγ parameter in sine-Gordon theory.
Resectoscopic treatment of complete longitudinal vaginal septum

Every gynecologist can easily recognize vaginal abnormalities and the subsequent disturbances of sexual function, such as dyspareunia and apareunia, arising from them. In the case of congenital vaginal septum, it is extremely important to completely assess the abnormality before planning for surgical treatment. Because normal vaginal development is subsequent to the canalization and fusion of the two Mullerian ducts once vacuolization has occurred, but not their union, a duplication of different degree will be the consequence. If the defect is complete, a didelphys uterus with a double vagina will result. The aim of our report is to describe the endoscopic technique used to treat three cases of complete longitudinal vaginal septum and to highlight the main differences between our technique and the standard surgical procedure.
The integration of generalized hypergeometric functions

Let the generalized hypergeometric function of one variable be denoted by where (a) m is the Pochhammer symbol (( 1 , 3 )).
Internal conversions in Higgs decays to two photons

We evaluate the partial widths for internal conversions in the Higgs decays to two photons. For the Higgs masses of interest at the CERN LHC in the range of 100-150 GeV, the conversions to pairs of fermions represent a significant fraction of Higgs decays.
Gastric transposition in infants and children

The loss of esophageal length in long-gap esophageal atresia or obliteration of the esophageal lumen due to stricture may require major operative reconstruction. A number of procedures have been developed to allow anatomic replacement of the esophagus. The gastric transposition requires a single cervical anastomosis and uses a gastric conduit with excellent blood supply. This review illustrates the procedure and discusses its indications, planning, and outcome.
Indications and technique of breast conservation surgery in the treatment of breast carcinoma.

Le chapitre retrace l'evolution des possibilites therapeutiques dans le cancer du sein de l'intervention d'Halstedt aux chirurgies non mutilantes completees par radiotherapie. Puis sont evoques les criteres de selection des malades pouvant beneficier d'un traitement chirurgical conservateur ainsi que les differentes techniques applicables au niveau du sein et des ganglions axillaires
Fusing oblique imagery with augmented aerial LiDAR

We present a scalable out-of-core technique for mapping colors from aerial oblique imagery to large scale aerial LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) point cloud. Our method does not require meshing or intensive processing of points, only fast and effective augmentation is applied to fill occluded points on building walls and under tree canopies. The presented system applies a modified visibility pass of GPU splatting to map colors, where occluded points are filtered out by projecting all points as oriented surface splats into images. A weighting scheme is utilized to accumulate colors from all contributing images while leveraging image resolution and surface orientation. The effectiveness of color mapping is demonstrated through visualizations of colored points by a GPU splatting algorithm.
Kinetics of rhodopsin photolysis intermediates in retinal rod disk membranes--I. Temperature dependence of lumirhodopsin and metarhodopsin I kinetics.

— Kinetic measurements have been carried out on rhodopsin photolysis intermediates in retinal rod membrane suspensions on a millisecond time scale over a wide spectral range at 10, 20 and 36°C. To adequately account for the data we find that a three exponential fit is required at most wavelengths and temperatures investigated. The fastest component at 380, 420, 480, 515 and 540 nm is due to the lumirhodopsin metarhodopsin I transition. The slowest process is not isochromic with the larger amplitude process found on the metarhodopsin I metarhodopsin II time scale. The properties of the larger amplitude slow component are identical with the classical metarhodopsin I metarhodopsin II process. Effects of various experimental conditions are discussed. It is shown that scattered light, in particular, can significantly affect the measured kinetics. For example, sonication, low salt and refractive index matching reduce light scattering and increase the contribution of the lumirhodopsin metarhodopsin I reaction to the absorption transients. Care must also be taken in the analysis because the isosbestic wavelengths in the spectral transients are highly temperature dependent. For example, the lumirhodopsin–metarhodopsin I isosbestic is 490–500 nm at 10°C, 480–490 nm at 20°C and to the blue of 470 nm at 36°C. Activation energies of 77.8, 130.9 and 101.3 kJ/mol were found for the lumirhodopsin metarhodopsin I, the metarhodopsin I metarhodopsin II and the slow millisecond processes, respectively. All three processes contribute to the signals at lower temperatures. The amplitude of the slowest component decreases as the temperature is raised, and at physiological temperature its amplitude is essentially negligible compared to the metarhodopsin I metarhodopsin II reaction. The lumirhodopsin metarhodopsin I reaction makes a large contribution to the amplitude of the signals at most wavelengths observed from 380–540 nm, especially at physiological temperatures. At physiological temperatures the decay rates of lumirhodopsin and metarhodopsin I are within a factor of three of each other. Thus, lumirhodopsin decay may be much more important for visual transduction than suggested by low temperature studies. In contrast to reports of several other laboratories we have no evidence for kinetic complexity in the metarhodopsin I metarhodopsin II reaction.
Time-resolved study of mercury atom production and removal following the photolysis of HgBr2 at 193 nm

Abstract Atomic mercury is detected following the photolysis of HgBr 2 at 193 nm. The photodissociation yield of Hg is estimated to be 0.01 ± 0.01. Formation of Hg in the disproportionation of HgBr is slow, proceeding with a rate constant −16 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . Removal of Hg is dominated by inefficient heterogeneous processes.
Efficient multi-view ray tracing using edge detection and shader reuse

Stereoscopic rendering and 3D stereo displays are quickly becoming mainstream. The natural extension is autostereoscopic multi-view displays which, by the use of parallax barriers or lenticular lenses, can accommodate many simultaneous viewers without the need for active or passive glasses. As these displays, for the foreseeable future, will support only a rather limited number of views, there is a need for high-quality interperspective antialiasing. We present a specialized algorithm for efficient multi-view image generation from a camera line using ray tracing, which builds on previous methods for multi-dimensional adaptive sampling and reconstruction of light fields. We introduce multi-view silhouette edges to detect sharp geometrical discontinuities in the radiance function. These are used to significantly improve the quality of the reconstruction. In addition, we exploit shader coherence by computing analytical visibility between shading points and the camera line, and by sharing shading computations over the camera line.
Minocycline restores striatal tyrosine hydroxylase in GDNF heterozygous mice but not in methamphetamine-treated mice

Inflammation, phospho-p38 MAP kinase activation, and a reduction in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) occur in Parkinson’s disease. Microglial activation in the substantia nigra and a tyrosine hydroxylase deficit in the striatum of 3-month-old GDNF heterozygous (GDNF +/− ) mice were previously reported and both were exacerbated by a toxic methamphetamine binge. The current study assessed the effects of minocycline on these methamphetamine-induced effects. Minocycline (45 mg/kg, i.p × 14 days post-methamphetamine or saline injections) reduced microglial activation and phospho-p38 MAP kinase in the substantia nigra of saline-treated GDNF +/− mice and in methamphetamine-treated wildtype and GDNF +/− mice. Although minocycline increased tyrosine hydroxylase -immunoreactivity in GDNF +/− mice, it did not attenuate the methamphetamine-induced reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase. The results suggest that neuroinflammation is deleterious to the dopamine system of GDNF +/− mice but is not the primary cause of methamphetamine-induced damage to the dopamine system in either GDNF +/− or wildtype mice.
Reservoirs, Sanctuaries, and Residual Disease: The Hiding Spots of HIV-1

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has profoundly decreased morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals, at least in the developed world. Many infected individuals have plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA below the limits of detection of most clinical assays due to combination antiretroviral therapy. Nonetheless, HIV-1 has not been eradicated by HAART. This has been shown recently to be due to latent HIV-1 replication-competent provirus in resting CD4+ T-lymphocytes, cryptic viral replication below the limits of detection of most clinical assays, and viral sanctuary sites. An understanding of these sanctuaries and reservoirs for HIV-1 in the setting of virally suppressive HAART will be critical in developing new approaches to induce HIV-1 remissions or the possibility of viral eradication in the future.
Sparse spatial autoregressions

Abstract Given local spatial error dependence, one can construct sparse spatial weight matrices. As an illustration of the power of such sparse structures, we computed a simultaneous autoregression using 20 640 observations in under 19 min despite needing to compute a 20 640 by 20 640 determinant 10 times.
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of wound dressings for chronic venous ulcer.

Objective To determine whether more "modern" complex wound dressings further improve the healing of venous ulcers over that with simple wound dressings, we conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of wound dressing trials that were published from October 1, 1997, through September 1, 2005. Methods We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry Database to identify RCTs. Criteria for ultimate selection included treatment with compression and an objective outcome describing the proportion of wounds healed. Twenty RCTs were identified that satisfied these criteria and were classified into three wound dressing classes: semiocclusive/occlusive group (n = 8), growth factor group (n = 7), and human skin equivalent group (n = 5). Results Assessment of study design quality for the 20 RCTs showed a low percentage ( Conclusions Certain wound dressings can improve both the proportion of ulcers healed and the time to healing over that achieved with adequate compression and a simple wound dressing. The selection of a specific dressing, however, will depend on the dressing characteristics for ease of application, patient comfort, wound drainage absorption, and expense.
DOPAMINE AND 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE ACTIONS ON THE CARDIAC GANGLION OF THE LOBSTER HOMARUS AMERICANUS

The cardioexcitor monoamines dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) accelerate bursting by isolated cardiac ganglia of the lobster Homarusamericanus most effectively when they act on a region of the ganglionic trunk anterior to the small cells which have been considered the pacemakers of the system. 5HT may exert its acceleratory action by depolarizing cell processes. Neither the somata nor the spike-initiating zones of the small cells have to be directly exposed to 5HT or DA in order for acceleration to occur. When 5HT is applied selectively to the small cells bursts are prolonged, probably as a result of increases in the duration of the endogenous burst-organizing potentials (driver potentials) generated by these neurons. This action on the small cells can lead to prolonged and intensified bursts of the full ganglion during the onset of 5HT action when the whole ganglion is exposed to the monoamine. Neither DA nor 5HT has a direct effect on the characteristics of large cell (motorneuron) driver potentials.
Improved short‐term forecasting of space weather

Geomagnetic disturbances caused by solar activity, known as space weather, can disrupt satellite communications and damage power grid equipment. Forecasts can give satellite operators and electrical transmission line companies time to take action to protect their equipment. Geomagnetic disturbances are challenging to predict, but improvements in forecasting are being made. Bala and Reiff describe new forecasts of two indices of geomagnetic activity, Dst and AE, as well as improvements in forecasting another geomagnetic index, Kp. Their predictions, based on improved algorithms and solar activity data from the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite, provide 1-, 3-, and 6-hour lead time forecasts. As expected, the greater lead time forecasts had greater uncertainty. Their system also provides e-mail alerts that warn subscribers of ongoing or imminent severe geomagnetic activity. To view the predictions in real time or sign up for alerts, visit visit http://mms.rice.edu/realtime/forecast.html. (Space Weather, doi:10.1029/2012SW000779, 2012)
Development of a STAT3 reporter prostate cancer cell line for high throughput screening of STAT3 activators and inhibitors

STAT3 is constitutively activated in several cancers, including prostate cancer, and is therefore, a potential target for cancer therapy. DU-145 prostate cancer cells were stably co-transfected with STAT3 reporter and puromycin resistant plasmids to create a stable STAT3 reporter cell line that can be used for high throughput screening of STAT3 modulators. The applicability of this cell line was tested with two known activators and inhibitors of STAT3. As expected, EGF and IL-6 increased STAT3 reporter activity and enhanced the nuclear localization of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3); whereas Cucurbitacin I and AG490 decreased STAT3 reporter activity dose and time-dependently and reduced the localization of pSTAT3 in the nuclei of prostate cancer cells. Given the importance of STAT3 in cancer initiation and progression, the development of a stable STAT3 reporter cell line in prostate cancer cells provides a rapid, sensitive, and cost effective method for the screening of potential STAT3 modulators.
Mixed-initiative decision support in agent-based automated contracting

Using principles from Expected Utility Theory, we analyze the criteria that a customer agent in agent-based automated contracting would use in making decisions during the bidding cycle. We use the University of Minnesota's MAGNET automated-contracting environment as a framework for this analysis. Two decisions must be made by a customer agent during this process: deciding the composition of the Request for Quotes, and evaluating and awarding bids. We show how principles from Expected Utility Theory can be applied in a mixed-initiative environment, where user preferences control the decision-making process, and user decisions are nal. Finally, we show how the market infrastructure can support agent decision-making by gathering and analyzing statistical data on activities in the market.
The effect of aided AAC modeling on the expression of multi-symbol messages by preschoolers who use AAC

A single subject, multiple probe design across participants was used to evaluate the impact of using aided AAC modeling to support multi-symbol message production. Five preschoolers (three who used voice output communication systems, two who used non-electronic communication boards) participated in the study. Aided AAC models were provided by pointing to two symbols on the child's aided AAC system and then providing a grammatically complete spoken model while engaging in play activities. Four of the five preschoolers learned to consistently produce multi-symbol messages; the fifth did not demonstrate consistent gains. The four preschoolers who met criterion all evidenced long-term use of symbol combinations and generalized use of symbol combinations to novel play routines. Results, clinical implications, and future research directions are discussed.
How Macro Should Macromarketing Be

Because macromarketing is macro, its domain is necessarily broad. The question of how broad it is has not been adequately answered. This article proposes an institutional approach to the teaching of macromarketing. Although markets are, themselves, institutions, what is proposed here is examining the antecedent institutions for the development of markets. The set of antecedents proposed here includes economic, political, and technological institutions. The role of each in the development of market societies and the sustainability of such societies is critically examined. In each of the texts used in the course, it is argued that sustainability is tied directly to the economic, political, and technological institutions that underlie the market institutions that evolve. This approach expands the domain of macromarketing from agorology, the study of the market as an institution, to thesmology, the study of institutions.
Exploring the use of large displays in american megachurches

Within the HCI community, there is a growing interest in how technology is used and appropriated outside the workplace. In this paper, we present preliminary findings of how large displays, projection systems, and presentation software are used in American megachurches to support religious practice. These findings are based on ten visits to church services by the study.s authors. We describe how large display technology augments and replaces certain church traditions, and finish by discussing issues related to the design for church environments that are highlighted by this use of technology.
Ionic transport in potassium chloride and a possible trwacancy contribution to it (oral presentation)

Abstract The ionic transport properties of potassium chloride are discussed in light of the recent measurements of the electrical conductivity and chlorine ion diffusion in KCl and KCl: SrCl2 single crystals. These measurements were analyzed using as a model a perfect crystal perturbed by five defects: isolated anion vacancies. isolated cation vacancies, divalent cation impurities, divalent-cation-impurity-cation-vacancy-complexes, and vacancy pairs. This analysis revealed nonrandom deviations between the theoretical and experimental values of the transport properties. Possible explanations of these deviations are discussed. The possibility of a trivacancy mechanism making a contribution to the conductivity is considered. The concentration and migration of trivacancies is examined.
Analysis of Maritime Precipitation Using Radar Data and Satellite Cloud Photographs

Abstract Radar data collected by a network of ships, shore stations and aircraft over the eastern Pacific from mid-February to the end of June 1965, have been studied. Analyses of these radar data and concurrent TIROSIX photographs were made. The data sample included deep cyclones with extensive radar-detected precipitation, weaker cyclones with localized rainfall, cold anticyclones with extensive air mass showers, and blocking anticyclones with no precipitation. In the latter case it has been found that the appearance of the cloud cover is a good indicator of areas of anomalous radio propagation. Models have been prepared that illustrate the varying patterned association of cloud and rainfall characteristic of such synoptic situations. Such associations range from comparable cloud-precipitation areas through scattered showers where only a portion of the clouds contain precipitation, to complete absence of precipitation within large areas of low stratiform clouds or fog as in a blocking anticyclone.
A digital simulation of phase sensitive detection

Abstract A digital procedure has been formulated which is functionally equivalent to phase sensitive detection. The procedure is explained and an application in
Accurate modelling of planar microwave circuit using conformal FDTD algorithm

A conformal finite difference time domain (CFDTD) algorithm is presented for accurately modelling perfectly conducting curved objects and illustrated by applying it to a circularly shaped radial stub.
Neurochemical Regulation of Oxytocin Secretion in Lactation

I. Introduction: Physiological Patterns of Oxytocin Secretion THE nonapeptide oxytocin (OT) is an excellent example of a messenger molecule with diverse physiological actions as well as modes of delivery to its target cells (1, 2). After release from neurosecretory terminals in the neurohypophysis, OT exerts effects as a hormone carried by the systemic circulation to distant target organs, perhaps the most important of which are the mammary gland and uterus (1). In addition, OT may serve as a hypophyseotropic factor, released from nerve terminals in the median eminence into the pituitary portal vasculature, to affect anterior pituitary secretion (2–7), as a peptidergic neurotransmitter or neuromodulator acting within the central nervous system to influence a variety of neuroendocrine, behavioral, and autonomic functions (2, 8–13), and as a paracrine regulatory peptide in the ovary and testis (14–18). Although its most widely investigated physiological actions across all of these modalities are related to ...
Workers' compensation and health and productivity

This article presents a conceptual framework that allows the practitioner to appreciate the relationship between health status and health interventions and productivity in relation to workers' compensation care. Factors important to productivity for individual workers are indicated. Some specific applications of health and productivity theory to the area of workers' compensation from the points of view of the injured worker, the employer, the insurer, and the treating physician are described. Finally, alternate ways of looking at these relationships using the concept of the human capital are briefly discussed.
Massive, Degenerate Neutrinos and Cosmology

Modifications to the standard big-bang neutrino cosmology resulting from a nonzero chemical potential are discussed. Cosmological neutrino mass limits as a function of ..mu../T are derived. Implications for galaxy formation in a universe with degenerate neutrinos are emphasized.
Study of microwave circuits based on Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) diodes on flex substrates

This paper demonstrates fabrication and characterization of thin-film Ti-TiO 2 -Pd based Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) diodes on flexible substrates. MIM diodes with contact areas of 9 μm 2 and 48 μm 2 were fabricated, and a comparison is made for their DC and RF performances. The current-voltage characteristics of the fabricated diodes show strong non-linearity. The diodes are also tested for microwave circuit applications such as detection, frequency multiplication and mixing over a frequency range of 1-18 GHz. The devices show strong second harmonic frequency multiplication for fundamental frequencies of 1-10 GHz. Details of DC characteristics, RF rectification, mixing and multiplication using MIM diodes are presented.
Uses of near-infrared spectroscopy in pharmaceutical analysis

Abstract Near-infrared (near-IR, NIR) spectroscopy has been a regularly used technique in agriculture and textile manufacturing for some years [1–61. However, the pharmaceutical industry has been slow to accept near-JR as an everyday analytical process. One reason may be its lack of primary absorption bands. All NIR absorbances are overtones of bands originating in the midrange infrared spectrum (4000–17000 nm). In addition, most of the near-JR spectrum of organic compounds (800–3500 nm) is attributable to combinations of the aforementioned over-tones. These “shortcomings” are more than compensated for by the attributes of near-IR instrumentation. Several excellent reviews have recently been published on the theory and instrumentation involved in near-IR reflectance analysis (NIRA) [7–10].
A simple model for fluid accumulation and flow in a porous medium

A porous media model is derived describing the accumulation and flow of fluid within a domain. The model consists of a differential expression determining the saturated fluid subdomain and a relation describing the pressure distribution within that domain. The wellposedness and numerical solution of a simplified problem is presented and a validation using field rainfall outflow data collected from a highway roadbed is discussed.
PPARγ Ligand-Dependent Induction of STAT1, STAT5A, and STAT5B during Adipogenesis

Abstract We have recently demonstrated that STAT1, STAT5A, and STAT5B are induced during adipogenesis of cultured preadipocytes in a differentiation-dependent manner. Members of the C/EBP and PPAR families of transcription factors have also been shown to be induced during adipocyte differentiation and to play a significant role in the regulation of fat-specific genes. In this investigation, we have examined the ability of C/EBPs and PPARs to contribute to STAT protein expression during conversion of non-precursor fibroblasts to functionally mature adipocytes. For this study, NIH-3T3 fibroblasts engineered to ectopically co-express C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ under the control of a tetracycline-responsive, inducible expression system were utilized to assess STAT expression during controlled adipogenesis. Data presented here demonstrate that STAT1, STAT5A, and STAT5B, but not STAT3 and STAT6, were induced in a tetracycline-responsive manner during the differentiation of these engineered fibroblasts. The STAT protein accumulation resulting from C/EBP expression was tightly coupled to the morphological conversion of fibroblasts to adipocytes and represents an expression profile identical to that reported for mature adipocytes in vivo. Data are also presented demonstrating that STAT protein accumulation and adipocyte conversion occurred only during controlled conditions leading to the expression of PPARγ and that the expression of these three STATs was tightly regulated in a PPARγ ligand dose-response fashion. These data illustrate that the cascade of transcriptional events leading to adipogenesis regulate the STAT family of transcription factors and that the differentiation-dependent upregulation of STAT protein expression is regulated downstream of PPARγ in a ligand-dependent manner.
Body Themes in Descriptions of Possible Selves: Diverse Perspectives across the Life Span

Differences across the lifespan in allusions to the body are the focus of this review of studies examining ideal and nightmare (or feared) self-descriptions. Among adolescents, desires for physical beauty and physical metamorphosis (e.g., maturation into a shapely adult body) are at their zenith. Young people also frequently mention ideals involving body as commodity such as desires to barter physical might or appearance for money as a professional athlete, entertainer, or fashion model. In nightmare self-descriptions, the body is depicted as a siren among the young: fears of falling victim to bodily addictions and carnal cravings crest around young adulthood. In contrast, other body themes such as fears of physical and mental incapacitation become more prevalent with age. Desires for bodily strength and physical health continue in force through middle adulthood. Main effects of sex and ethnicity are also reviewed.
Rewiring phagocytic signal transduction.

In this issue of Immunity, Hall et al. (2006) have examined primary macrophages from Vav1−/−/Vav3−/− and Rac1−/−/Rac2−/− mice to produce a new picture of Fcγ receptor and complement receptor 3 intracellular signaling.
The biosynthesis of carotenes.

Abstract A body of factual information has accumulated during the past decade which, in general, supports or is compatible with the proposal of Porter and Lincoln on the mechanism of biosynthesis of carotenes. However, some information has been obtained which necessitates a revision in details of the proposed scheme. Recent information which has significance to the problem of carotene biosynthesis, including that in the preceding paper, is therefore briefly summarized, and a detailed scheme, a modification of the original proposal, is herein presented. Evidence in support of this scheme of biosynthesis of carotenes, including that from species other than the tomato, is then given. Finally a detailed discussion is presented of the possible enzymic reactions which may take place in the biosynthesis of carotenes and of the role of the genetic factors (RT and B) in the formation of these enzymes.
Highly nonlinear ozone formation in the Houston region and implications for emission controls

[1] Photochemical modeling with high-order sensitivity analysis is applied to simulate the nonlinear responses of ozone to NOx and VOC emissions from different source regions in the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria area and their interactions. First-order responses of daytime ozone to Houston NOx emissions are typically positive but are negative in the core region, indicating a NOx-inhibited chemical regime there. Houston anthropogenic VOC emissions exert a spatially smaller impact on ozone but are important to high ozone concentrations in the core region. Highest ozone concentrations in the Houston region typically occur where the impacts of the Houston Ship Channel NOx emissions coincide with those of NOx emitted from the rest of the Houston region. Daytime ozone is found to exhibit a more nonlinear responsiveness to precursor emissions in Houston than has been reported in other regions, including a strongly concave response to local NOx emissions and strong interactions between the impacts of NOx and VOC emissions changes. Due to this intense nonlinearity, moderate perturbations (10–30%) in either NOx or VOC emissions inventories could flip whether Houston ozone is modeled to be more responsive to VOC control or NOx control. Thus the accuracy of emission inventories could strongly influence predictions of ozone response to emission reductions.
Extension of Axiomatic Analyticity Properties for Particles with Spin, and Proof of Superconvergence Relations

It is shown that any regularized helicity amplitude that is known from axiomatic local field theory to satisfy dispersion relations for $\ensuremath{-}{t}_{0}\ensuremath{\le}t\ensuremath{\le}0$ is in fact analytic in the quasi-topological product $|t|lR\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}s$ in the cut plane with cuts $s=C+\ensuremath{\lambda}$, $s=\ensuremath{-}t\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}+{C}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\ge}0$ and $R$ is a fixed number. This is the extension to the scattering of nonzero-spin particles of a result obtained in the scalar case. As a first consequence, the Froissart limits are extended to all helicity amplitudes. Furthermore, it is shown that for $\ensuremath{-}{t}_{0}\ensuremath{\le}t\ensuremath{\le}0$ and $s$ going to infinity, the regularized helicity amplitudes in the $t$ channel, with initial (final) helicities ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}$ (${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{2}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{2}$), are bounded by ${{C}_{s}}^{1\ensuremath{-}max(|\ensuremath{\lambda}|,|\ensuremath{\mu}|)}{(\mathrm{ln}s)}^{2}$ if $\ensuremath{\lambda}+\ensuremath{\mu}$ is even, or by ${{C}_{s}}^{1\ensuremath{-}max(|\ensuremath{\lambda}|,|\ensuremath{\mu}|)}{(\mathrm{ln}s)}^{3}$ if $\ensuremath{\lambda}+\ensuremath{\mu}$ is odd, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}={\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}={\ensuremath{\mu}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{2}$. This gives superconvergent amplitudes as soon as one of the spins is larger than 1. The case of spin-0-spin-1 scattering is marginal, and in the absence of any detailed dynamical information, one cannot obtain a superconvergent amplitude in that case.
The economic impact of West Nile virus infection in horses in the North Dakota equine industry in 2002.

This study estimated economic impacts associated with the West Nile virus (WNV) outbreak in horses for North Dakota in 2002.The 2002 epidemic in the United States was the largest meningoencephalitis epidemic reported in the Western Hemisphere. Over 15,257 horse cases were reported in 43 states with most cases occurring in central United States. North Dakota reported over 569 horse cases, with a mortality rate of 22%. The total costs incurred by the state were approximately US$1.9 million. The costs incurred by horse owners were about US$1.5 million. Of the US$1.5 million, about US$781,203 and US$802,790 were spent on medical costs and losses due to inability to use animals because of the disease, respectively. Medical costs included the cost of vaccinating 152 horses, and the treatment costs for 345 horses which were US$4,803 and US$524,400 respectively. Costs associated with mortality were US$252,000 for the 126 horses which died of WNV. The state government spent US*$400,000 on WNV monitoring, control, and surveillance under the WNV-control program in 2002. Despite these conservative estimates, the data suggest that economic costs attributable to WNV epidemic to horse owners in North Dakota were substantial.
Calculating pKa values for substituted phenols and hydration energies for other compounds with the first‐order fuzzy‐border continuum solvation model

We have computed pK(a) values for 11 substituted phenol compounds using the continuum Fuzzy-Border (FB) solvation model. Hydration energies for 40 other compounds, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, ketones, amines, alcohols, ethers, aromatics, amides, heterocycles, thiols, sulfides, and acids have been calculated. The overall average unsigned error in the calculated acidity constant values was equal to 0.41 pH units and the average error in the solvation energies was 0.076 kcal/mol. We have also reproduced pK(a) values of propanoic and butanoic acids within about 0.1 pH units from the experimental values by fitting the solvation parameters for carboxylate ion carbon and oxygen atoms. The FB model combines two distinguishing features. First, it limits the amount of noise which is common in numerical treatment of continuum solvation models by using fixed-position grid points. Second, it uses either second- or first-order approximation for the solvent polarization, depending on a particular implementation. These approximations are similar to those used for solute and explicit solvent fast polarization treatment which we developed previously. This article describes results of using the first-order technique. This approximation places the presented methodology between the Generalized Born and Poisson-Boltzmann continuum solvation models with respect to their accuracy of reproducing the many-body effects in modeling a continuum solvent.
Exfoliated MoS2 catalysts in coal liquefaction

A technique is described for the application of MoS2 to coal particles. The method was used to determine the importance of several parameters to the performance of this direct coal liquefaction catalyst. Improved performance was obtained when MoS2 was intercalated with lithium, then exfoliated in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water in the presence of coal. Performance was compared by subjecting dried coal/catalyst mixtures to uniform microautoclave liquefaction tests. Measurements of coal conversion and hydrogen consumption show that a combination of reduction of the MoS2 stacking and improved coal/catalyst dispersion is beneficial.
Spectral selectivity of high-temperature solar absorbers II. Effects of interface

Abstract Previous numerical calculations of the normal incidence solar absorptivity, α s , of model spectrally selective solar absorbers are extended to include fully graded layers with small index mismatches to free space at their front surfaces. If the magnitude of the mismatch and the thickness of the layer are properly chosen, the resulting interference effects allow formation of thin ( ≈2500 A ) layers with α s values comparable with those found in much thicker fully graded layers continuous at the layer-free space interface. The thermal emissivities of these thinner layers are expected to be similar to those of thicker layers having the same α s .
Role of calcium and magnesium and of cytochalasin-sensitive processes in lectin-stimulated lymphocyte activation

Abstract We have investigated possible interactions of divalent-cation-requiring processes and cytochalasin-sensitive processes in the early events of lymphocyte activation. In lectin-stimulated responses, Ca and Mg were synergistic in support of protein and DNA synthesis, as expressed in the increased requirement for one ion under conditions of depletion of the other. Experiments evaluating the temporal relationships between cytochalasin sensitivity and requirements for Ca and Mg demonstrated that both cations were required before or during the early cytochalasin B-sensitive events. Furthermore, we observed that Ca and Mg and cytochalasin B-sensitive processes were required for lectin-dependent commitment to DNA synthesis. Additional studies comparing the relative potencies of cytochalasin E, D, and B suggested that the probable target for cytochalasins in the inhibition of commitment was a motility-related process. These data demonstrate an early period of activation which can be characterized by its requirement for divalent cations and its sensitivity to cytochalasins.
Hydrogenation of Iron(II) Cationic Complexes of Naphthalene and Methyl-Substituted Naphthalenes

Complexation of one ring of naphthalene as an η6-ligand by cyclopentadienyliron(II) cation significantly disrupts aromaticity in the noncomplexed ring, rendering it more “diene-like”. This was demo...
Rate coefficients for the reactions of OH with n‐propanol and iso‐propanol between 237 and 376 K

The rate coefficients for the reaction OH + CH3CH2CH2OH products (k1) and OH + CH3CH(OH)CH3 products (k2) were measured by the pulsed-laser photolysis–laser-induced fluorescence technique between 237 and 376 K. Arrhenius expressions for k1 and k2 are as follows: k1 = (6.2 ± 0.8) × 10−12 exp[−(10 ± 30)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1, with k1(298 K) = (5.90 ± 0.56) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, and k2 = (3.2 ± 0.3) × 10−12 exp[(150 ± 20)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1, with k2(298) = (5.22 ± 0.46) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The quoted uncertainties are at the 95% confidence level and include estimated systematic errors. The results are compared with those from previous measurements and rate coefficient expressions for atmospheric modeling are recommended. The absorption cross sections for n-propanol and iso-propanol at 184.9 nm were measured to be (8.89 ± 0.44) × 10−19 and (1.90 ± 0.10) × 10−18 cm2 molecule−1, respectively. The atmospheric implications of the degradation of n-propanol and iso-propanol are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 10–24, 2010
The Role of ICAM-1 in Host Response to Group A Streptococcus |[diams]| 913

The virulence of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is due to multiple factors including the production of superantigens such as Streptococcus Pyrogenic Exotoxin A (SPEA). Superantigens activate the T-lymphocyte through a non-specific MHC-antigen presenting cell complex of which intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a necessary component. We sought to determine the contribution of ICAM-1 in the host response to SPEA-producing and non-SPEA producing GAS.
Ibotenic acid lesions reduce noradrenergic activation in ventromedial hypothalamus during hypoglycemia

Abstract Noradrenergic and GABAergic systems in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) are activated during hypoglycemia and initiate part of the compensatory counterregulatory response. Norepinephrine (NE) terminals innervating the VMH originate in glucosensing hindbrain areas, but whether NE activity in the VMH is under local control or in the hindbrain is unclear. To elucidate the role of neurons intrinsic to the VMH on NE release in the VMH during hypoglycemia, ibotenic acid (IBO), an NMDA receptor agonist that selectively destroys cell bodies, was used. In a 2 × 2 factorial study, IBO (3–5 μg/0.5 μL) or vehicle was stereotaxically administered into the VMH of male Sprague–Dawley rats. One week later, NE concentration in the VMH was measured by microdialysis during insulin-induced hypoglycemia (2.0 U/kg) or euglycemia (saline control). Baseline levels of NE were not statistically different (p = 0.10) in IBO-treated compared with vehicle-treated rats (13.3 ± 2.8 nM vs. 7.9 ± 1.1 nM). The initial increase in interstitial NE concentration during hypoglycemia in control rats was absent in IBO-treated rats (p
GROUP ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEVEL BY PICTORIAL PIAGETIAN TASKS

Several recent studies indicate that Piagetian tasks provide both teachers and clinicians with important information about children's cognitive level that is not provided by traditional measures of intelligence (e.g., Freyberg, 1966; Hathaway & HathawayTheunisseu, 1974; Kaufman & Kaufman, 1972). Yet, in most contemporary educational situations, there are just not enough personnel and time for the administration of Piagetian tasks via the "clinical method." (See Meyer, 1972, for a summary of standardized individually administered Piagetian tasks.) The obvious solution is to change the stimulus mode of presentation and replace individual testing with group testing. The critical question is whether this can be done without losing the benefit of the Piagetian clinical approach. Printed and verbal tests of Piagetian tasks have met with some limited success in older children (e.g., Gray, 1973; Lawson, 1976; Tisher, 1971). But this method presents problems with younger children, especially those with reading and/or language difficulties. Inhelder and Piaget (1958) note that the change from a physical mode of presentation to a verbal mode may change the age of acquisition by several years, and in some cases (e.g., transitivity) may even change the task from the level of concrete operations to the level of formal operations. Another approach is to use pictorial material in the administration of the Piagetian tasks. This approach has met with success (e.g., Murray, 1970; Winkelmann, 1974) over the limited number of tasks and populations upon which it has been tried. However, whether this approach can be widely used in schools and clinics rests upon whether it is as successful with children from nonstandard backgrounds, and over a wider range of Piagetian concepts. This is especially important in light of the findings indicating that children from a low SES background may have problems with pictorial materials (Siegel, 1971). The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which a pictorial mode of presenting Piagetian tasks would yield results compatible with the Clinical-Genevan approach, particularly with children from nonstandard backgrounds. The data presented in this study consist of the pooled data from several studies not widely available (DeAvila, 1973; DeAvila & Havassy, 1974a, 1975; DeAvila & Phyphers, 1968; DeAvila, Struthers & Randall, 1969; Struthers & DeAvila, 1967; Ulibarri, 1974).
Multigrid applications to three-dimensional elliptic coordinate generation

The multigrid algorithm was applied to solve the coupled set of elliptic quasilinear partial differential equations associated with three-dimensional coordinate generation. The results indicate that the multigrid scheme is more than twice as fast as conventional relaxation schemes on moderate-size grids. Convergence factors of order 0.90 per work unit were achieved on 36,000-point grids. The paper covers the form of transformation, develops the set of generation equations, and gives details on the multigrid approach used. Included are a development of the full-approximation storage scheme, details of the smoothing-rate analysis, and a section devoted to rational programming techniques applicable to the multigrid algorithm.
Are we nearer to curing patients with MDS

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous collection of clonal hematopoietic disorders derived from abnormal multipotent progenitor cells. They have been classified by the World Health Organization as myeloid neoplasms with several different subtypes based on morphology and cytogenetics. Because MDS was only recently recognized as a cancer, epidemiological data is tentative and incidence and prevalence will probably increase as reporting improves. Prognosis for MDS patients is calculated using the International Prognostic Scoring System, though this system is currently being revised by several groups. Therapy for MDS varies based on pathobiology, prognosis, and cytogenetics, such as the deletion of 5q. Treatment options range from supportive care, to disease-modifying chemotherapeutic agents, to stem cell transplantation, to therapies that may affect quality of life, improve survival, or even cure the disease.
Postoperative irradiation of minor salivary gland malignancies of the head and neck.

Abstract Objectives : (1) To review the Stanford experience with postoperative radiotherapy for minor salivary gland carcinomas of the head and neck. (2) To identify patterns of failure and prognostic factors for these tumors. Materials and methods : Fifty-four patients with localized tumors were treated with curative intent at Stanford University between 1966 and 1995. The 1992 AJCC staging for squamous cell carcinomas was used to retrospectively stage these patients. Thirteen percent had stage I, 22% stage II, 26% stage III, and 39% stage IV neoplasms. Thirty-two patients (59%) had adenoid cystic carcinoma, 15 (28%) had adenocarcinoma, and seven (13%) had mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Thirty (55%) had positive surgical margins and seven (13%) had cervical lymph node involvement at diagnosis. The median follow-up for alive patients was 7.8 years (range: 25 months–28.9 years). Results : The 5- and 10-year actuarial local control rates were 91 and 88%, respectively. Advanced T-stage (T3-4), involved surgical margins, adenocarcinoma histology, and sinonasal and oropharyngeal primaries were associated with poorer local control. The 5- and 10-year actuarial freedom from distant metastasis were 86 and 81%, respectively. Advanced T-stage (T3-4), lymph node involvement at diagnosis, adenoid cystic and high-grade mucoepidermoid histology were associated with a higher risk of distant metastases. The 10-year cause-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) were 81% and 63%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, prognostic factors affecting survival were T-stage (favoring T1-2), and N-stage (favoring NO). When T- and N-stage were combined to form the AJCC stage, the latter became the most significant factor for survival. The 10-year OS was 86% for stage I-II vs. 52% for stage III-IV tumors. Late treatment-related toxicity was low (3/54); most complications were mild and no cranial nerve damage was noted. Conclusions : Surgical resection and carefully planned post-operative radiation therapy for minor salivary gland tumors is well tolerated and effective with high local control rates. AJCC stage was the most significant predictor for survival and should be used for staging minor salivary gland carcinomas.
Modelling microcrack kinetics in rocks

Mathematical concepts of statistical mechanics are use here to formulate the problem of microcrack kinetics. A stochastic distribution function is defined to characterize some modelling parameters of microcracks. This formalism results in an integral–differential equation of the Boltzmann type. A functional form for the microcrack production rate is imposed to model dilatancy and failure under shear-loading histories. This simple model illustrates some concepts of this theoretical approach.