cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Broadband nanoindentation of glassy polymers: Part II. Viscoplasticity

The relationship between hardness and flow stress in glassy polymers is examined. Materials studied include poly(methylmethacrylate), polystyrene, and polycarbonate. Properties are strongly rate dependent, so broadband nanoindentation creep (BNC) is used to measure hardness across a broad range of indentation strain rates (10−4 to 10 s−1). Molybdenum (Mo) is also studied to serve as a “control” whose rate-dependent hardness properties have been measured previously and whose flow stress, unlike the polymers, is pressure insensitive. The BNC hardness data are converted to uniaxial flow stress using two methods based on the usual Tabor–Marsh–Johnson correlation. With both methods the resulting BNC-derived uniaxial flow stress data agree closely with literature compression uniaxial flow stress data for all materials. For the polymers, the BNC hardness data depend on initial rate of loading, indicating that the measured properties are path dependent. Path dependence is not detected in Mo.
The use of a computer in aiding functional skill training: a single case study:

This study investigates the use of a computer training program to facilitate learning in a head-injured patient with a severe memory disturbance. The patient, DP, was taught to perform the individual steps in a morning washing and dressing routine but was unable to carry out the sequence of steps independently, in the absence of verbal prompts. A specially-constructed computer program was designed to teach these sequential links. DP was thus able to practise on the computer up to four times a day over a period of 11 weeks. Under these circumstances, the patient made rapid progress in learning the sequence of his morning routine which was shown to generalize into the functional setting. By this method DP achieved 58% success. Other memory training procedures were then instigated to fill the remaining gaps in DP's learning, thereby promoting further independence in his daily washing and dressing routine.
HITS-CLIP analysis uncovers a link between the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF57 protein and host pre-mRNA metabolism.

The Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus that causes Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and some forms of multicentric Castleman’s disease. The KSHV ORF57 protein is a conserved posttranscriptional regulator of gene expression that is essential for virus replication. ORF57 is multifunctional, but most of its activities are directly linked to its ability to bind RNA. We globally identified virus and host RNAs bound by ORF57 during lytic reactivation in PEL cells using high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP). As expected, ORF57-bound RNA fragments mapped throughout the KSHV genome, including the known ORF57 ligand PAN RNA. In agreement with previously published ChIP results, we observed that ORF57 bound RNAs near the oriLyt regions of the genome. Examination of the host RNA fragments revealed that a subset of the ORF57-bound RNAs was derived from transcript 5´ ends. The position of these 5´-bound fragments correlated closely with the 5´-most exon-intron junction of the pre-mRNA. We selected four candidates (BTG1, EGR1, ZFP36, and TNFSF9) and analyzed their pre-mRNA and mRNA levels during lytic phase. Analysis of both steady-state and newly made RNAs revealed that these candidate ORF57-bound pre-mRNAs persisted for longer periods of time throughout infection than control RNAs, consistent with a role for ORF57 in pre-mRNA metabolism. In addition, exogenous expression of ORF57 was sufficient to increase the pre-mRNA levels and, in one case, the mRNA levels of the putative ORF57 targets. These results demonstrate that ORF57 interacts with specific host pre-mRNAs during lytic reactivation and alters their processing, likely by stabilizing pre-mRNAs. These data suggest that ORF57 is involved in modulating host gene expression in addition to KSHV gene expression during lytic reactivation.
Alteration of Fetal Liver Colony Formation by Prenatal Chlordane Exposure

Abstract Female mice were treated with 0 or 8 mg/kg chlordane daily for 18 days during pregnancy. The fetuses of these mice were assayed for fetal liver hematopoietic activity at 18 days gestational age. Hematopoietic activity was evaluated for in vitro granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (GM-CFU) and in vivo spleen CFU (CFU-S). The consistent finding was a significant depression of the numbers of both fetal liver GM-CFU and CFU-S without a change in liver cellularity in fetuses exposed to 8 mg/kg chlordane. These data show that the damage to stem cells that persists into adult life as a result of chlordane exposure, as reported earlier by Barnett et al. (1990) Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 14, 688–695, occurred during the fetal period.
Test of Time-Reversal Invariance in Electroproduction Interactions Using a Polarized Proton Target

Electrons have been scattered inelastically from an alcohol-water target containing protons polarized normal to the scattering plane. Scattered-electron energies corresponding to the excitation of the 1236-, 1512-, and 1688-MeV nucleon resonances were observed at four-momentum transfers between 0.2 and 0.7 ${(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. A search was made for changes in the intensity of the scattered electrons as the target polarization was reversed. None was seen.
Study of the volumetric effect of Transient Plasma Ignition in quiescent ethylene-air

Transient Plasma Ignition (TPI) uses short pulse lengths (typically ≪100 ns) and high voltages (10's of kV) to generate a non-equilibrium transient plasma discharge, allowing radicals and other electronically excited species to be produced over a relatively large volume compared to traditional spark ignition. Studies show that nanosecond pulsed power technology can lead to much shorter ignition delay times and pressure rise times than conventional spark ignition, and that ignition occurs along the anode1. We report here studies of different length electrodes for TPI and traditional spark ignition in a combustion reactor with C 2 H 4 -air mixtures. The length of the anode and the output voltage of the pulse generator were varied, resulting in a change in the number of ignition kernels. As the length of the anode is decreased, the peak pressure approaches that achieved using a traditional spark plug, however the pressure rise and ignition delay remain shorter. The shape of the pressure curves for the TPI case with short electrodes indicates a more volumetric ignition in comparison to the spark plug, despite similar ignition geometry.
The Ontogeny of Heart Period Patterning in the Rat

Heart period, heart period variability, and respiration frequency were observed and compared longitudinally in rats from birth to 24 days of age. In addition, V, a quantification of respiratory sinus arrhythmia derived via spectral analysis of the heart period pattern, was observed. It was hypothesized that these heart period parameters would be differentially sensitive to the neural control of the heart and would, therefore, reflect different developmental patterns. Heart period and heart period variability indicated developmental patterns consistent with the literature. The ontogeny of V suggests that it may represent the developmental pattern of tonic vagal influences on the heart.
The effects of hands-on occupation versus demonstration on children's recall memory.

OBJECTIVE Hands-on learning has been an important aspect of the profession of occupational therapy since its founding. The purpose of this study was to determine whether children engaged in hands-on learning would be able to recall more of the steps and more of the correct order of the steps of an occupation than children engaged in a demonstration teaching method. METHOD After being randomly assigned, 73 healthy third-graders (42 girls and 31 boys) either participated in making a model of a volcano or observed the making of a model of a volcano. Following task completion, both groups were asked to recall and state as many of the 41 syntactical units as possible in their proper order. The children's responses were audiotaped and scored in a blind fashion according to predetermined criteria. Interrater reliability was excellent. RESULTS A t-test revealed a significant difference between conditions in terms of free recall scores, with children in the hands-on condition having a greater recall score, t (71) = 2.63, p < .005. The effect size d equaled .62. A MannWhitney U Test revealed no significant difference between conditions in terms of remembering the steps in proper order (the lack of a significant difference may have been due to a problem of measurement). CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrated that participants were able to recall more information when engaged in a hands-on teaching method as compared with a demonstration method. It is suggested that the learning advantages of hands-on occupation are related to the enhanced sensory/perceptual experiences and the feelings of success that are characteristic of hands-on learning, as opposed to passive forms of learning.
Regulation of E-kinase mediated cell-adhesion molecule(s) function by E-NTPase(s): imminent regulatory inter-dependency for cell adhesion

Abstract E-NTPase is a cell membrane bound enzyme, suggested to play a role in maintaining the [NTP] o and cell adhesion. Attempts to purify this enzyme resulted identification of many proteins co-purifying with E-NTPase. The amino acid sequence of chicken gizzard smooth muscle E-NTPase has been shown to have considerable amino acid sequence homology with mammalian CD39. On the other hand, the purified rat cardiac sarcolemmal E-NTPase showed identical sequence homology with platelet CD36. In this communication, an effort was made to provide rationale for the functional relevance of E-NTPase with reference to cell-adhesion process.
Fully integrated sigma-delta synthesizer suitable for "indirect VCO modulation" in 2.5G application

A fully integrated /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ fractional synthesizer (included VCO, Loop Filter, Xtal oscillator negative impedance) is implemented in a 0.4 /spl mu/m, 45 GHz SiGe BiCMOS process. The measured close in phase noise is -106 dBc/Hz at 900 MHz using 26 MHz comparison frequency and frequency resolution less than 5 Hz is achieved. The VCO's inductors are not integrated in order to test the PLL performance on different frequency's range. Using a 200 kHz close loop bandwidth the level of the tones generated, when critical channels are synthesized, exceed the GSM transmitter specifications without applying any dithering technique. The very low close in phase noise and low level of tone generation, make it suitable for "indirect GMSK VCO modulation" application.
Public research institutions and economic catch-up

Abstract Public research institutions, often but not always connected with universities, have been in the past important elements of the structures supporting economic catch-up. Recent changes in the international economic environment, and the growing scientific basis for contemporary technologies, will make those institutions even more important in the future. Universities and public labs have contributed to the development of technological capabilities in different forms across countries and economic sectors. In contrast with current emphasis on university-based embryonic inventions and fundamental research, effective research programs have predominantly occurred in the application-oriented sciences and engineering, and have been oriented towards problem-solving, and the advancement of technologies of interest to a well-defined user-community.
The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS): integrating biomedical terminology

The Unified Medical Language System (http:// umlsks.nlm.nih.gov) is a repository of biomedical vocabularies developed by the US National Library of Medicine. The UMLS integrates over 2 million names for some 900 000 concepts from more than 60 families of biomedical vocabularies, as well as 12 million relations among these concepts. Vocabularies integrated in the UMLS Metathesaurus include the NCBI taxonomy, Gene Ontology, the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), OMIM and the Digital Anatomist Symbolic Knowledge Base. UMLS concepts are not only inter-related, but may also be linked to external resources such as GenBank. In addition to data, the UMLS includes tools for customizing the Metathesaurus (MetamorphoSys), for generating lexical variants of concept names (lvg) and for extracting UMLS concepts from text (MetaMap). The UMLS knowledge sources are updated quarterly. All vocabularies are available at no fee for research purposes within an institution, but UMLS users are required to sign a license agreement. The UMLS knowledge sources are distributed on CD-ROM and by FTP.
Electrical equipment qualified life extension through area temperature monitoring

This paper discusses the temperature monitoring systems installed at Oconee nuclear station unit 2 containment building, and the reactor building and doghouses at Catawba nuclear station, unit 1. Recorded data is used to determine the average ambient temperature and Arrhenius methodology is applied to determine the qualified life based on the parameters of EQ test reports. Additionally, cost savings are discussed, in terms of longer qualified lives, and application of monitoring to plant life extension.
Body Iron Stores and Coronary Heart Disease

Over the past 20 years, the hypothesis that body iron stores are associated with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) has generated extensive debate (1)(2)(3)(4). This debate has intensified in the last 4 years after reports from three studies that carriers of the recently discovered HFE C282Y mutation commonly seen in hereditary hemochromatosis have significantly increased risk of CHD (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Clinical trial has recently been proposed as the ultimate resolution to assess protective effects of iron depletion against CHD among C282Y heterozygotes (9). In this issue of Clinical Chemistry , Bozzini et al. (10) show that neither a biochemical marker (serum ferritin) nor a genetic marker (C282Y carrier status) of body iron stores was significantly associated with angiographically documented coronary atherosclerosis. Do increased body iron stores increase risk of CHD? Are individuals who are heterozygotes for the common C282Y mutation at especially high risk of CHD? Can iron depletion reduce the risk? These questions have important implications given the common practice of fortification of food and supplements with iron in industrialized countries and the high frequency of HFE C282Y carriers (∼9% of them are of northern European descent) (11). Moreover, the “Oxidative Stress Theory” suggests that iron, as a potent catalytic agent, could promote formation of highly reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, a crucial step in atherosclerosis (4). Thus, evaluation of the iron hypothesis for CHD will lead to advances in our understanding of its pathogenesis. To date, conflicting results have been reported from epidemiologic studies (4)(8)(9)(12)(13)(14) conducted in different countries and populations using different biochemical and genetic markers of body iron stores. Among biochemical markers of iron stores, serum ferritin is generally considered the …
Effects of stress controllability, immunization, and therapy on the subsequent defeat of colony intruders

Three experiments investigated the influence that various stress-controllability manipulations had on the defensive behaviors of rats when they were subsequently tested as intruders in previously established, aggressive colonies of conspecifics. In Experiment 1, naive subjects that had received a session of 80 shocks in a tube showed an enhanced series of defensive responses and received more bites than did a group of restrained nonshocked rats as colony intruders 24 h later. These two measures were also found to be positively correlated within each group. In Experiment 2, a group that was given 80 yoked inescapable shocks, in contrast to a group that had wheel-turn escape training and a restrained nonshocked control group, displayed more defeat and was bitten more frequently when tested as intruders on the following day. In Experiment 3, 60 trials of wheel-turn escape training were given 4 h prior to (i.e., immunization) or after (i.e., therapy) a session of 60 inescapable tube shocks. During resident-intruder testing 24 h later, both of these groups showed less defeat and received fewer bites than did an inescapably preshocked group but did not differ from a restrained nonshocked control group. These findings clearly indicate that stress controllability alters species-typical defensive responses, and their implications concerning other learned helplessness effects and interpretations are discussed.
Secretion of cytokines and growth factors into autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease liver cyst fluid.

The principal extrarenal manifestation of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) involves formation of liver cysts derived from intrahepatic bile ducts. Autocrine and paracrine factors secreted into the cyst would be positioned to modulate the rate of hepatic cyst growth. The aim of this study was to identify potential growth factors present in human ADPKD liver cyst fluid. Cytokine array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of human ADPKD liver cyst fluid detected epithelial neutrophil attractant 78, interleukin (IL)-6 (503 ± 121 pg/mL); and IL-8 (4,488 ± 355 pg/mL); and elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor compared with non-ADPKD bile (849 ± 144 pg/mL vs. 270 pg/mL maximum concentration). ADPKD liver cyst cell cultures also released IL-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor, suggesting that cystic epithelial cells themselves are capable of secreting these factors. Western blotting of cultured cyst cells and immunostaining of intact cysts demonstrate that cysteine-X-cysteine receptor 2, an epithelial neutrophil attractant 78 and IL-8 receptor, is expressed at the apical domain of cyst lining epithelial cells. Suggesting the cystic epithelial cells may exist in hypoxic conditions, electron microscopy of the ADPKD liver cyst epithelium revealed morphological features similar to those observed in ischemic bile ducts. These features include elongation, altered structure, and diminished abundance of apical microvilli. In conclusion, IL-8, epithelial neutrophil attractant 78, IL-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor may serve as autocrine and paracrine factors to direct errant growth of ADPKD liver cyst epithelia. Interruption of these signaling pathways may provide therapeutic targets for inhibiting liver cyst expansion. (Hepatology 2004;40:836–846).
Effects of Lint-Cleaner Combing Ratio and Suction Nozzles on Cotton Dust Levels in Processing:

The effects of two modifications to gin-type lint-cleaners on card-room dust levels, on turbine residue in open-end spinning, and on fiber and yarn quality are reported. Special air-suction nozzles on lint-cleaners did not reduce airborne dust level in a model card room and did not affect turbine residue. An increase from 25 to 50 in lint-cleaner combing ratio reduced card-room dust level by about 11% but had no effect on turbine residue. The increase in combing ratio also slightly reduced fiber length and strength of ring-spun yarn but had little effect on quality of open-end-spun yarn.
Hazard Versus Renewal Rate of Electronic Items

Two different indexes, the hazard rate and the renewal rate, which are implied by conventional uses of the bathtub-shaped curve, are often noted in reliability. The hazard rate is applicable for a single failure time of each item, such as that of a nonrepairable part; the renewal rate is applicable for multiple failure times of each item, such as those of repairable equipment. Occasionally, remarks are made in the literature concerning the mathematical models for the bathtub-shaped hazard rate but not for the renewal rate. Furthermore, bathtub-shaped hazard and renewal curves as conventionally used are each based on certain assumptions concerning failure time distributions. Little data have been recorded for electronic parts and equipment which would substantiate the widespread use of the conventional implications of the bathtub-shaped hazard and renewal rates. The validity of the assumptions concerning the underlying distributions of failure times affects the accuracy of the results of reliability analyses, such as prediction, data analysis, formal assurance tests, operational planning, and maintenance planning. A study of the applications-oriented literature suggests that the distinction between the hazard rate and the renewal rate, as well as some associated implications, are not generally appreciated. Thus the existing situation is apt to lead engineers astray as well as others with application interests. Basic concepts and definitions are emphasized and extensions and implications are sketched. References are selected and noted for those interested in further pursuit.
Strategies for Tobacco Control Among Youngsters with Cancer

Objective To examine smoking rates, discuss risk factors for smoking onset, and summarize the success of smoking trials conducted to date with youngsters treated for cancer. Methods Studies selected from the published pediatric literature on smoking in young cancer patients were summarized to illustrate the progress in tobacco control in this vulnerable population. Results Children with cancer report smoking at rates that are lower than or comparable to those of their healthy peers, depending on their treatment status. The few smoking trials conducted with youngsters with cancer have yielded modest effects. Conclusions The timing, intensity and duration of smoking interventions for children with cancer in the medical setting have not been adequately explored. Identification of intermediate biomarkers that are predictive of later morbidity is necessary to demonstrate the short-term impact of smoking trials. Simultaneous implementation of many levels of intervention will enhance tobacco control efforts for youngsters with cancer.
Testing of Asynchronous NULL Conventional Logic (NCL) Circuits in Synchronous-Based Desig

Conventional Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) algorithms would fail when applied to asynchronous circuits due to the absence of a global clock and presence of more state holding elements that synchronize the control and data paths, leading to poor fault coverage. This paper presents a Design for Test (DFT) approach aimed at making asynchronous NCL circuits testable using conventional ATPG tools when incorporated with synchronous-based designs. The proposed approach performs scan and test points insertion on NCL designs using custom ATPG library. Experimental results show significant increase in fault coverage for NCL cyclic and acyclic pipelined designs.
Transient fields of a horizontal electric dipole on a multilayered dielectric medium

The transient electric fields of a horizontal electric dipole excited by a short pulse current and located on a layered dielectric medium were analyzed using the Cagniard-de-Hoop method. The fields are expressed as the convolution of the exciting current with the layered medium response. The layered medium response is obtained directly from the integral representation for the electric fields in the frequency domain and is expressed as a finite integral. In contrast to the conventional frequency synthesis approach, the Cagniard-de-Hoop (1960) method proves to be computationally more efficient and numerically more stable. Compared with the asymptotic approach, the solution involves no approximation. The nature of the various waves, reflected waves (guided wave and leaky wave), and lateral waves can be easily recognized on the Cagniard integral path. Numerical results are obtained to provide a rigorous forward modeling for the geo-radar operating on layered media.
Medical Treatment Guidelines for Osteomyelitis of the Foot and Ankle

The mainstay of medical management of osteomyelitis of foot and ankle is the use of antimicrobials. However, the available literature on the medical treatment of osteomyelitis in the foot and ankle is inconclusive to determine the best agent, route, or duration of antibiotic therapy. This chapter aims to summarize the available guidelines on the medical management of osteomyelitis of the foot and ankle. There is focus on patients with diabetes mellitus, who form a significant proportion of patients with foot and ankle infections. Overall, management of acute and chronic osteomyelitis can be considered as two distinct entities with regard to the choice of the most appropriate antibiotics and the need for surgery. Antibiotic treatment can be further divided into empirical and targeted treatment. This chapter also includes recommendations for adjunctive therapies such as patient education, pain control, and “off-loading.” Given the lack of definitive evidence and individualized nature of these infections, medical treatment therefore needs to be tailored to the appropriate clinical picture, diagnosis, and treatment objective.
A preliminary analysis of California’s New Local Control Funding Formula

California recently overhauled its K–12 public education finance system. Enacted in 2013, the Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF) replaced California’s 40-year-old funding formula. The LCFF increases district officials’ fiscal flexibility; provides more resources to districts serving larger proportions of low-income, English learner (EL), and foster youth students; and requires district officials to engage community members in district decisions. This article expands on a study conducted by a team of 12 independent researchers that investigated the early implementation of the LCFF. The study sought to answer three research questions: (a) how are district officials using their newfound budget flexibility? (b) how are district officials engaging parents and other stakeholders? (c) what are the opportunities provided to districts under the LCFF and the challenges it creates for them? Data include 71 semi-structured interviews with district stakeholders across 10 diverse districts in California and 22 interviews with county office of education (COE) officials across the state. Findings include that respondents were cautiously optimistic about the LCFF. District officials appreciated increased budget flexibility and the focus on community engagement. Inevitably, however, district and COE officials experienced challenges in implementing the law during its first year.
The Roman Revolution of Constantine: “ONLY-BEGOTTEN SON”: HISTORY BECOMES THEOLOGY

E usebius completed his life of constantine after the emperor's funeral in 337 and near the end of his own long life. By then of course he had a longstanding reputation as a historian, the author of Chronicle and Ecclesiastical History . But the primary composition of those historical works had been decades in the past, and even the most recent revisions were by now quite dated. The final entry in his revised Chronicle had mentioned the celebration of the twentieth anniversary of Constantine's reign in 325–326, and the final revisions to History had perhaps included the deletion of references to Crispus, Constantine's oldest son, after his execution in 326. For the narrative of Constantine's early years in Life , Eusebius of course used his History as a source and often simply repeated his earlier account with a few alterations. But by the time he compiled his Life of Constantine , writing history was not his most pressing concern. Instead, Eusebius spent his final years defending himself and his non-Nicene doctrines. By then one primary opponent was Marcellus, the bishop of Ancyra who was a devoted champion of Nicene theology. Eusebius composed both a merciless critique of Marcellus' doctrines and an extended treatise, entitled Ecclesiastical Theology , that presented his own theology. At about the same time that he was writing these theological treatises, he was composing Life . This context suggests that Eusebius was writing Life with theology, not history, predominantly on his mind.
The Adams Papers

Series One: The Diary and Autobiography of John Adams. Edited by L. H. Butterfield; Leonard C. Faber and Wendell D. Garrett, assistant editors. 4 volumes. $30.00 the set Diary of Charles Francis Adams. Edited by Aida DiPace Donald and David Donald. 2 volumes. $20.00 the set. The Earliest Diary of John Adams. Edited by L. H. Butterfield; Wendell D. Garrett and Marc Friedlaender, associate editors. $3. Series Two: Adams Family Correspondence. Edited by L. H. Butterfield; Wendell D. Garrett, associate editor; Marjorie E. Sprague, assistant editor. 2 volumes (1761 to 1778). $17.50 the set. Series Three: Legal Papers of John Adams. Edited by L. Kinvin Wroth and Hiller B. Zobel. 3 volumes. $30.00 the set. Harvard University Press.
Draper Simulation Analysis Tool (DSAT): Graphical Object Simulation Techniques and Tools for Simulink®

*† A graphical object-based approach to simulation design is presented using Simulink®. High-level, drag-and-drop simulation objects such as satellites, boosters, and planets, are created using structured data and layers of subsystem masks. These objects may be replicated with no manual internal changes allowing easy instantiation of multiple vehicles. Each object creates its own set of structured default data when it is introduced to the simulation. Structured initialization parameters reduce workspace clutter by combining parameters into hierarchical sub-structures corresponding to each simulation object and subsystem. Rapid construction of spacecraft simulations is demonstrated using a library of high-level graphical objects. The library also contains mix and match subsystem objects, allowing the designer to start with a vehicle “chassis” and add sensors effectors and guidance, navigation and control (GN&C) laws - either from the library, or custom developed. Automated, graphical S-Function development tools are also discussed. These tools create subsystem objects which can utilize structured data as parameter inputs. Graphical initialization interfaces may also be added to the simulation via drag-and-drop from the library. An interface to Satellite Tool Kit (STK) that allows automatic instantiation of STK® scenario objects from Simulink® is also presented. The techniques for architecting these graphical, object-based simulations are also detailed.
Materials Challenges and Opportunities of Lithium Ion Batteries

Lithium ion batteries have revolutionized the portable electronics market, and they are being intensively pursued now for transportation and stationary storage of renewable energies like solar and wind. The success of lithium ion technology for the latter applications will depend largely on the cost, safety, cycle life, energy, and power, which are in turn controlled by the component materials used. Accordingly, this Perspective focuses on the challenges and prospects associated with the electrode materials. Specifically, the issues associated with high-voltage and high-capacity cathodes as well as high-capacity anodes and the approaches to overcome them are presented.
Mammary adenoid cystic carcinoma with unusual features.

Two cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast are reported. One case is an example occurring in a man, a rare circumstance. In the other patient, a woman, metastases appeared in axillary lymph nodes. In addition to the usual histologic appearance of this tumor, one of these cases also exhibited the unusual features of collagenous nodules, psammoma bodies, and necrosis.
ISS plasma contactor current emission versus model prediction

We have written a monitoring software package, PCMonitor, that compares in real time the measured current emitted by the International Space Station (ISS) Plasma Contactor Unit (PCU) with the current predicted by the models used to design the PCU. In the absence of a direct measurement of the ISS chassis potential, this comparison is the only way to determine if the chassis potential is within + 40 V of the local ionosphere as specified by requirements. The potential must remain within this range in order to avoid arcs on the anodized coatings. PCMonitor is designed for USC by engineers with little experience in spacecraft plasma environment interactions, but a need to monitor PCU operations.
Theoretical Insights into Pyridinium-Based Photoelectrocatalytic Reduction of CO2

The role of pyridinium cations in electrochemistry has been believed known for decades, and their radical forms have been proposed as key intermediates in modern photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction processes. Using first-principles density functional theory and continuum solvation models, we have calculated acidity constants for pyridinium cations and their corresponding pyridinyl radicals, as well as their electrochemical redox potentials. Contrary to previous assumptions, our results show that these species can be ruled out as active participants in homogeneous electrochemistry. A comparison of calculated acidities and redox potentials indicates that pyridinium cations behave differently than previously thought, and that the electrode surface plays a critical (but still unknown) role in pyridinium reduction. This work substantially alters the mechanistic view of pyridinium-catalyzed photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction.
Recombination between the X and Y Chromosomes in Anopheles quadrimaculatus Species A

Analyses of suspected crossover types from a male-linked translocation strain, T(Y; 2L) 1, in Anopheles quadrimaculatus were done using cross schemes that employed pseudolinkage and fertility to determine the genotypes of the recombinants
Real-time Phase Correction for High-SNR Fieldable Dual-Comb Spectroscopy

We discuss the significance of coherent averaging and real-time phase correction to dual-comb spectroscopy. A digital real-time phase correction implementation for high-SNR averaging is presented.
From production systems to health care delivery systems: a retrospective look on similarities, difficulties and opportunities

Manufacturing systems have attracted substantial research attentions during the last 50 years. In recent years, there has been growing interest in health care systems research to improve efficiency, safety and care quality. The similarities identified between manufacturing systems and health care delivery systems heighten the importance of transferring the experience and knowledge in manufacturing to health care. In this paper, based on the lessons we learned and the experience we obtained during our journey from production systems research to health care delivery systems study, we discuss the similarities between production systems and health care delivery systems in system modelling, design, performance evaluation and continuous improvements and investigate the differences and difficulties that stem from variability, constraints, dynamics and human behaviour. Building upon these, the opportunities encompassing care operations, planning and scheduling, patient transitions, and safety and teamwork in heal...
Cellular self-assembly and biomaterials-based organoid models of development and diseases.

Abstract Organogenesis and morphogenesis have informed our understanding of physiology, pathophysiology, and avenues to create new curative and regenerative therapies. Thus far, this understanding has been hindered by the lack of a physiologically relevant yet accessible model that affords biological control. Recently, three-dimensional ex vivo cellular cultures created through cellular self-assembly under natural extracellular matrix cues or through biomaterial-based directed assembly have been shown to physically resemble and recapture some functionality of target organs. These “organoids” have garnered momentum for their applications in modeling human development and disease, drug screening, and future therapy design or even organ replacement. This review first discusses the self-organizing organoids as materials with emergent properties and their advantages and limitations. We subsequently describe biomaterials-based strategies used to afford more control of the organoid’s microenvironment and ensuing cellular composition and organization. In this review, we also offer our perspective on how multifunctional biomaterials with precise spatial and temporal control could ultimately bridge the gap between in vitro organoid platforms and their in vivo counterparts. Statement of Significance Several notable reviews have highlighted PSC-derived organoids and 3D aggregates, including embryoid bodies, from a development and cellular assembly perspective. The focus of this review is to highlight the materials-based approaches that cells, including PSCs and others, adopt for self-assembly and the controlled development of complex tissues, such as that of the brain, gut, and immune system.
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) modulation in combination with anti-angiogenic therapy

3555 Background: HIF-1α mediates adaptive responses to hypoxic conditions induced by anti-angiogenic therapy. Bortezomib has demonstrated the ability to inhibit transcriptional activity of HIF-1α. ...
Secondary Analysis of Existing Datasets for Dementia and Palliative Care Research: High-Value Applications and Key Considerations.

Abstract Objective: To provide a guide to researchers selecting a dataset pertinent to the study of palliative care for people with dementia and to aid readers who seek to critically evaluate a sec...
Temporal Trends of Pediatric Dysphagia in Hospitalized Patients.

The objective of this study was to determine temporal trends of dysphagia diagnoses in hospitalized children. This is a retrospective observational study from the 1997–2012 Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) conducted in the setting of weighted hospitalizations in a KID participating center. More than 6 million pediatric admissions were captured in each triennial KID report. Main outcomes included triennial rates of dysphagia diagnosis in hospitalized pediatric patients, and secondary outcomes included rates of dysphagia in premature and low-birthweight infants. Dysphagia diagnoses were coded in 5107/6607653 (0.08%) of these admissions in 1997, rising to 27,464/6,675,222 (0.41%) in 2012 (p < 0.001). The portion of these diagnoses in premature neonates has been increasing over time from 162/9551 (1.7%) in 2003 to 1027/27,464 (3.7%) by 2012 (p < 0.001). Similarly, low-birthweight children constituted 40/5107 (0.8%) of dysphagia diagnoses in 1997, a number that increased to 762/27,464 (2.8%) in 2012. Rates of dysphagia are increasing nationally, particularly in premature and low-birthweight infants, which may represent an increase alongside other neuroanatomic abnormalities. This growing problem illustrates the need for better data on the comparative efficacy of diagnostic and treatment modalities.
Dispersal capacity and genetic relatedness in Acropora cervicornis on the Florida Reef Tract

Sexual reproduction in scleractinian corals is a critical component of species recovery, fostering population connectivity and enhancing genetic diveristy. The relative contribution of sexual reproduction to both connectivity and diversity in Acropora cervicornis may be variable due to this species’ capacity to reproduce effectively by fragmentation. Using a biophysical model and genomic data in this threatened species, we construct potential connectivity pathways on the Florida Reef Tract (FRT) and compare them to inferred migration rates derived from next-generation sequencing, using a link and node-based approach. Larval connectivity on the FRT can be divided into two zones: the northern region, where most transport is unidirectional to the north with the Florida Current, and the southern region that is more dynamic and exhibits complex spatial patterns. These biophysical linkages are poorly correlated with genetic connectivity patterns, which resolve many reciprocal connections and suggest a less sparse network. These results are difficult to reconcile with genetic data which indicate that individual reefs are diverse, suggesting important contributions of sexual reproduction and recruitment. Larval connectivity models highlight potential resources for recovery, such as areas with high larval export like the Lower Keys, or areas that are well connected to most other regions on the FRT, such as the Dry Tortugas.
Basic Predictor Feedback

In this chapter we introduce the basic idea of a PDE backstepping design for systems with input delay.We treat the input delay as a transport PDE, an elementary first–order hyperbolic PDE. Our design yields a classical control formula obtained through various other approaches–modified Smith predictor (mSP), finite spectrum assignment (FSA), and the Artstein–Kwon–Pierson “reduction“ approach. The backstepping approach is distinct because it provides a construction of an infinitedimensional transformation of the actuator state, which yields a cascade system of transformed stable actuator dynamics and stabilized plant dynamics. Our design results in the construction of an explicit Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and an explicit exponential stability estimate.
Mass, Momentum and Force

The Principia is divided into three Books. The selection included in the present chapter consists of (i) Newton’s preface to the reader and (ii) a set of eight definitions provided at the outset of Book I. The former describes the scope and motivation of the Principia—and indeed of natural philosophy itself. As you read this preface, you might consider the following questions. What, according to Newton, is the role of geometry in the practical, or manual, arts? And what is its role in the study of nature? In particular, what distinction does he draw between the human arts, on the one hand, and natural philosophy, on the other? Do you think it is significant that he refers to his book as The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy?
Macaques and Biomedicine: Notes on Decolonization, Polio, and Changing Representations of Indian Rhesus in the United States, 1930–1960

This essay outlines the changing cultural significance of Indian-origin rhesus macaques as the United States established a national primate “research resources” strategy between 1930 and 1960. During these three decades, researchers in the US imported thousands of Indian rhesus macaques annually from India, both for experimental research on infectious diseases and for the mass production of polio vaccine. Analyzing descriptions of macaque research infrastructure by C.R. Carpenter, Harry Harlow, George Burch, and other key researchers, the essay argues that the US state’s special emphasis on importing Indian-origin rhesus as the main experimental species for US biomedicine was shaped by a number of factors, including researchers’ experiences importing and housing macaques, changing scientific paradigms for understanding humans’ relationships to other primates, US national anxieties about Asian and African decolonization, the polio scare, and the changing geopolitical role of the US following World War II. While researchers initially insisted that science would be best served if rhesus populations were kept in Indian, African, and Caribbean locations thought to resemble their natural habitats, India’s brief ban on rhesus exports, increased demand for polio vaccine, and other strains on the biomedical primate trade shifted state efforts toward establishing indoor captive rhesus stations within the continental US. This shift also resulted in the scientists’ public emphasis on the category “primate” in order to portray rhesus macaques, chimpanzees, and other species of animals used in biomedical research as modern, feeling animals who serve the nation.
OFF Types of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells Are Less Sensitive To a Change in Electric Stimulus Charge Than ON Type

For individuals blinded by retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration, retinal prosthetic devices can restore some form of useful vision. Unfortunately however, their performance varies considerably across subjects and the best performance has not yet reached the level of legal blindness. It has been thought that the limitation of retinal prostheses comes from the lack of comprehensive understanding about how various types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) respond to an identical electric stimulus as well as about how changes in stimulus parameters alter their response patterns. In particular, it is crucial to better understand spiking patterns of ON and OFF types of RGCs in response to electric stimulation because these two types are known to be critical in forming visual percepts. Our previous studies reported that the two types have different sensitivities to changes in various stimulus parameters such as stimulation rate and stimulus duration, suggesting a possibility of similar difference in response to other changes. In this paper, we explored response changes of ON and OFF types of alpha RGCs to varying stimulus charges. We found that, at a fixed current amplitude, the response magnitudes of OFF types of alpha RGCs are minimally altered by doubled stimulus charge while those of ON RGCs are significantly altered by the same change. This finding may be used for optimizing overall retinal responses to electric stimulation for better artificial vision.
No lines in the sand: impacts of intense mechanized maintenance regimes on sandy beach ecosystems span the intertidal zone on urban coasts

Abstract As coastal population growth accelerates, intensive management practices increasingly alter urban shorelines, creating major conservation challenges. To evaluate key ecological impacts and identify indicators of coastal urbanization, we compared intertidal macroinvertebrate communities between urban beaches with intense maintenance regimes (sediment filling and grooming) and reference beaches lacking such maintenance in densely populated southern California. On urban beaches, intertidal communities were highly impacted with significantly reduced species richness, abundance, and biomass (effect sizes: 79%, 49%, 30%, respectively). Urban impacts affected macroinvertebrates across all intertidal zones, with greatest effects on upper intertidal wrack-associated taxa. On urban beaches altered intertidal communities were remarkably homogeneous across littoral cells in a biogeographically complex region. Functional diversity comparisons suggested degraded ecological functioning on urban beaches. No taxa flourished on urban beaches, but we identified several vulnerable indicator taxa. Our results suggest intense maintenance regimes on urban coasts are negatively impacting sandy beach ecosystems on a landscape scale. Beaches not subject to intense mechanized maintenance, can support high biodiversity, even near major urban centers.
2736 Vaginoscopy: An Underutilized Surgical Approach in Cases of Distorted Anatomy

Video Objective To demonstrate the use of vaginoscopy in difficult cases of distorted anatomy. Setting Distorted anatomy of the female reproductive tract, such as a deep vagina, a stenotic cervix, or lower genital tract obstruction from mass effect, may make evaluation of the vagina, cervix, and endometrial cavity extraordinarily difficult. Vaginoscopy may be helpful in overcoming these anatomic challenges. Interventions This video demonstrates vaginoscopy in four case scenarios. In the first case, we demonstrate how vaginoscopy can be used to remove a malpositioned IUD in an obese patient, whose cervix and IUD strings could not be visualized with in-office speculum exam. The second case demonstrates evaluation of the vagina and endometrial cavity in a postmenopausal patient with vaginal atrophy and cervical stenosis. The third case focuses on IUD removal in a patient with a large rectal mass distorting the vaginal canal and subsequently blocking visualization of the IUD strings in-office. Finally, the fourth case demonstrates vaginoscopy in the case of a severely retroflexed uterus. Conclusion Vaginoscopy is a simple and effective technique that can improve visualization and access in complex cases resulting from anatomic distortion.