cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Language for Constructing Structural Models of Social Networks within and among Self-Referential Systems

Thinking of modern industrial societies as ecological networks comprised of separate systems, rather than as systems in and of themselves, demands clarification of what is meant by a social network. It also calls for a specification of the conceptual apparatus to be used in dealing with network structure, and this in turn requires specification of how the networks that are found within, as opposed to among self-referential systems are constructed. These latter tasks are particularly difficult, because there is little of value in the literature of sociology to guide us. In dealing with these issues, we must also face the question of how deeply we must probe beneath the surface characteristics of social networks to define the structure embedded in them.
THE MELT REFINING OF IRRADIATED URANIUM: APPLICATION TO EBR-II FAST REACTOR FUEL. VIII. THE BEHAVIOR OF RARE EARTHS, YTTRIUM, BARIUM, STRONTIUM, AND CESIUM

Melt refining of synthetic EBR-II alloy in oxide crucibles at temperatures between 1200 and 1400°C under an inert atmosphere resulted in a separation of rare earth elements, yttrium, and alkaline e...
Informational Efficiency in Futures' Markets in India's National Stock Exchange

This paper provides estimates of overall informational efficiency in futures markets on India's National Stock Exchange. We do not examine the price reaction to any public announcement. Instead, we invoke the Hellwig (1980) model, and exploit the property that for futures contracts the terminal value can be treated as observable, to obtain estimates of the overall signal to signal plus noise ratio in markets for single-stock and index futures on India's National Stock Exchange. The variance-covariance parameters governing futures prices and terminal values can be inverted to obtain estimates of the primitive parameters of the Hellwig (1980) model. This lets us identify the MLEs of the precision of private information and the variance of liquidity motivated trades. The signal to signal plus noise ratio - our measure of overall informational efficiency - is a function of these primitive parameters. Our primary findings show that there is considerable variation across firms in these parameters despite only large active firms being available for futures trading. Overall informational efficiency is decreasing in univariate analyses with open interest and average daily trading volume in futures and the underlying equity. In a multivariate analysis it declines in open interest in the futures market and in the trading volume of the underlying equity but is increasing in the trading volume of in the futures market. The NIFTY index shows a higher signal to signal plus noise ratio than for any of the firms. This is consistent with the idea that less manipulability is associated with greater informational efficiency.
Integrating Diverse Types of Genomic Data to Identify Genes that Underlie Adverse Pregnancy Phenotypes.

Progress in understanding complex genetic diseases has been bolstered by synthetic approaches that overlay diverse data types and analyses to identify functionally important genes. Pre-term birth (PTB), a major complication of pregnancy, is a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide. A major obstacle in addressing PTB is that the mechanisms controlling parturition and birth timing remain poorly understood. Integrative approaches that overlay datasets derived from comparative genomics with function-derived ones have potential to advance our understanding of the genetics of birth timing, and thus provide insights into the genes that may contribute to PTB. We intersected data from fast evolving coding and non-coding gene regions in the human and primate lineage with data from genes expressed in the placenta, from genes that show enriched expression only in the placenta, as well as from genes that are differentially expressed in four distinct PTB clinical subtypes. A large fraction of genes that are expressed in placenta, and differentially expressed in PTB clinical subtypes (23–34%) are fast evolving, and are associated with functions that include adhesion neurodevelopmental and immune processes. Functional categories of genes that express fast evolution in coding regions differ from those linked to fast evolution in non-coding regions. Finally, there is a surprising lack of overlap between fast evolving genes that are differentially expressed in four PTB clinical subtypes. Integrative approaches, especially those that incorporate evolutionary perspectives, can be successful in identifying potential genetic contributions to complex genetic diseases, such as PTB.
Abstract LB-359: Plasma microRNAs as novel biomarkers for lung cancer

Objective: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women. Since there is no validated population-based screening procedure, most patients with lung cancer are diagnosed at advanced stages with an overall five-year survival rate of only 15%. Therefore, diagnosis of lung cancer at an early stage is important for improving the outcome of patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a family of 19- to 25-nucleotide and noncoding small RNAs that primarily function as gene regulators at post-transcriptional level, are frequently dysregulated in cancer. Recent studies demonstrate that the miRNAs in blood are present in notably stabile form and are readily detectible by various sensitive methods. This new finding has raised a concept that circulating miRNAs could be novel non-invasive biomarkers for cancer detection. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of circulating microRNAs for lung cancer detection. Methods : First, we searched the miRNA microarray data of lung cancer from published literature, and selected 15 of miRNAs (miR-17, 21, 24, 106a, 125b, 128, 155, 182, 183, 197, 199b, 203, 205, 210 and 221) that were most frequently up-regulated in lung cancer tissues. Total RNA including miRNAs were isolated with mirVana PARIS kit (Ambion, TX), then polyadenylated and reverse-transcribed with a poly(T) adapter into cDNAs for real-time PCR using the miRNA-specific forward primer and the sequence complementary to the poly(T) adapter as the reverse primer. The levels of miRNAs were determined in 28 plasma samples from lung cancer patients and 16 of controls. Results: We found that the levels of miR-155, miR-182 and miR-197 in plasma of lung cancer patients were significantly elevated compared with controls. MiR-155 yielded an AUC (the areas under the ROC curve) of 0.8739 (95% CI:0.7489 to 0.9989, P P P Conclusions: MiR-155, miR-182 and miR-197 are significantly elevated in patient plasma with lung cancer and can be a potential non-invasive molecular biomarker for lung cancer screening and clinical follow-up. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-359.
Use of pertechnetate clearance in the study of gastric physiology.

The gastric clearance of pertechnetate (CTc) was compared with volume and acid output in 8 patients during basal, moderately stimulated (25 mg of betazole) and strongly stimulated (75 to 100 mg of betazole) states. Sodium pertechnetate solution was constantly perfused intravenously by means of a finger pump so that subjects received about 2 me in a 3-hr study period. Phenol red was constantly infused into the stomach as a marker substance and gastric contents were removed by continuous hand aspiration; volume corrections were made based on phenol red recovery; acid outputs were determined by titration. Gastric clearances of pertechnetate were computed from measured serum and gastric juice radioactivity. It was found that the factor of proportionality relating CTc to secretory output changes in relationship to the strength of stimulus employed. The same phenomenon was observed when the data of others relating aminopyrine clearance to secretory volume in dogs, and data relating iodide clearance to acid secretion in dogs, were subjected to similar computation. The results suggest that at a given level of stimulation, good proportionality exists between the clearances of pertechnetate, aminopyrine, and iodide and gastric secretory vigor.
A study of a half-gated technique for the evaluation of 3D iterative reconstruction in reduced count cardiac SPECT

2435 Objectives The use of 3D-OSEM (3D) reconstruction algorithms allow for the acquisition of reduced count density projections while preserving image quality and diagnostic accuracy. These methods have been primarily used to reduce imaging time. With the recent focus on reducing radiation exposure to patients, the aim of this study is to evaluate 3D reconstruction of reduced count, half-gated (HG) data sets to simulate half-dose imaging. Methods An anthropomorphic phantom with a cardiac defect was scanned with a dual head gamma camera to simulate MPI gated-SPECT. In order to obtain gating information, an ECG simulator was set to 60 bpm. Non-gated (NG) data was processed using filtered back projection (FBP) and 3D reconstruction algorithms. Alternate time bins of the gated acquisition were removed and the remaining bins were summed to simulate a half-dose non-gated acquisition (HG). The HG data was reconstructed with the same parameters. Corridor4DM was used to quantify the defect extent (Ext - % myocardium) and severity (Sev - standard deviations below normal mean) for each reconstruction. Images were reviewed by an expert to assess image quality. Results 4DM analysis demonstrated an increase in the defect Ext between FBP and 3D in both NG and HG data reconstructions. Only a minimal increase in Sev was noted. Table 1. The defect is well visualized in all four reconstructions with minimal differences in overall image quality. In general, normal regions of the myocardium appear more uniform in each 3D reconstruction in comparison to FBP. Conclusions No significant difference in defect size and severity was demonstrated when comparing HG FBP and HG 3D. Given the minimal variance between NG and HG reconstructions, a phantom study may not be an appropriate method to investigate the HG technique
Win–Win and Win–Lose in the Leadership Zone

Knowledge of the distinctive characteristics of competition and collaboration enables the Leader-Negotiator (L-N) to identify the philosophical nature of a negotiation. This would be the first and most significant decision an L-N can make. This decision determines whether the negotiation will be characterized by a competitive philosophy (Win–Lose), a collaborative philosophy (synergistic or Win–Win), or a combination of these two philosophies. The importance of this decision is that each of these philosophical frames results in very different negotiation approaches and potential long-term outcomes.
Using Inquiry Based Simulations in the Honors Science Laboratory

The project known as PhET, originally stood for Physics Education Technology, but was quickly expanded into the other natural sciences.AÂ It is a project which, with a grant from the NSF and other sponsors, now provides free inquiry- based simulations in the natural sciences and mathematics.AÂ The project was founded by Nobel Prize winner Carl Wieman. The simulations are highly interactive, easy to use, and based on the latest educational research. The GMU Honors College teaches several science courses geared to high achieving liberal arts students.AÂ The courses cover a wide range of topics that include astrobiology, energy/environmental issues, and scientific thought and processes. Despite their high ability and motivation, these students often report a reluctance to engage in scientific inquiry. AÂ PhET simulations were used as laboratory experiments to teach basic concepts in physics and chemistry. Students display high engagement and interest utilizing PhET simulations. Students also were able to demonstrate creativity in problem solving, and a reduced fear of making mistakes. AÂ The PhET computer simulations allowed students to quickly identify cause and effect relationships between simulation inputs and outputs.
Predator-prey interactions in the plankton: larval fish feeding on evasive copepods

Capture success and prey selectivity were investigated in clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris larvae using videography. Three prey types were tested using developmental stages (nauplii, copepodites and adults) of the copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris. Predatory abilities improved rapidly between days 1 and 14 post-hatch. Initially, capture success was limited to nauplii with few attacks on larger stages. Captures of copepodites were first observed at 3 dph, and of adults at 8 dph. Consistent strikes at the larger prey were observed on the day prior to successful captures (2 dph for copepodites, 7 dph for adults). Difference in capture success between nauplii and adults at 8 dph was an order of magnitude. Differences in capture success among prey types persisted but decreased to three-fold by 14 dph. Younger A. ocellaris attacked nauplii preferentially and avoided adult prey. Strike selectivity declined with age, and no selectivity was observed after 10 dph. However, numerically 50% of the ingested prey were still nauplii at 14 dph under the experimental conditions.
Large Aggregate Flux and Fate at the Seafloor: Diagenesis During the Rebound Process

Near-bottom sediment traps have been found to record higher fluxes of biogenic material than do traps in the mid-water column. The resuspension of biogenic-rich particles prior to their incorporation into the sediment, a process termed “rebound,” was inferred to be the cause (Walsh et aI., 1988a). Recent work with camera systems that quantitatively image aggregate (particles with diameters ≥0.5 mm) concentrations in the water column have established the presence of the benthic aggregate nepheloid layers implied by the rebound model (Gardner and Walsh, 1990; Walsh, 1990). The diagenetic effect of the rebound process is to increase the residence time of primary flux material above the sediment water interface. If the residence time of aggregates above the sediment water interface is 30 days, the diagenetic loss of the major biogenic components, assuming first-order decay at mid-water column rates, is approximately 20 to 60% of the organic carbon flux, 15 to 30% of the calcium carbonate flux and 10 to 40% of the biogenic opal flux.
Persistence of Highly Pathogenic and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Footbaths and Poultry Manure

SUMMARY A questionnaire was designed in order to gather information about bedding material and footbath preparation and maintenance in different productive units across the state of California.This information was used to plan two experiments. In the first experiment, we tested the effectiveness of footbaths in inactivating highly pathogenic (HP) and low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) on rubber boots. Surprisingly, quaternary ammonia– and quaternary ammonia + glutaraldehyde–based footbaths were not able to eliminate live HPAIV (H5N8) and LPAIV (H6N2) particles on boots, while a chlorine-based granulated disinfectant was able to destroy the virus at contact. These results demonstrated the potential of AIV, particularly the HPAIV isolate, to persist even if exposed to disinfecting footbaths, and suggest that footbaths, as a single tool, are not capable of preventing pathogen introduction into commercial flocks. In the second experiment, we investigated the persistence of HPAIV (H5N8) and LPA...
New directions in the rational design of electrical and magnetic seizure therapies: individualized Low Amplitude Seizure Therapy (iLAST) and Magnetic Seizure Therapy (MST)

Electroconvulsive therapy remains a key treatment option for severe cases of depression, but undesirable side-effects continue to limit its use. Innovations in the design of novel seizure therapies seek to improve its risk benefit ratio through enhanced control of the focality of stimulation. The design of seizure therapies with increased spatial precision is motivated by avoiding stimulation of deep brain structures implicated in memory retention, including the hippocampus. The development of two innovations in seizure therapy-individualized low-amplitude seizure therapy (iLAST) and magnetic seizure therapy (MST), are detailed. iLAST is a method of seizure titration involving reducing current spread in the brain by titrating current amplitude from the traditional fixed amplitudes. MST, which can be used in conjunction with iLAST dosing methods, involves the use of magnetic stimulation to reduce shunting and spreading of current by the scalp occurring during electrical stimulation. Evidence is presented on the rationale for increasing the focality of ECT in hopes of preserving its effectiveness, while reducing cognitive side-effects. Finally, the value of electric field and neural modelling is illustrated to explain observed clinical effects of modifications to ECT technique, and their utility in the rational design of the next generation of seizure therapies.
Older adults' attitudes toward depression screening in primary care settings and exploring a brief educational pamphlet

Objectives This study aimed to assess older adults' (OAs') attitudes toward depression screening in primary care settings with a survey and explore the impact of an educational pamphlet on these attitudes. Methods Older adults above age 55 (N = 140) were randomly stratified by sex to an intervention or control group. The study included a baseline assessment, posttest, the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form, a two-page pamphlet on health and mood, and a 10-question quiz. Results On the basis of survey responses, most participants (93.6%) were willing to complete a depression screen at their doctor's office, and 92.1% perceived depression screening as valuable to their health care. Participants rated the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form positively. The survey also provided information on how screening could be conducted in primary care settings to maximize OAs' comfort. Participants preferred screening in the waiting room or examination room instead of the nurse's station. Those receiving the pamphlet became significantly more willing to be screened for depression than those who did not, F(1, 134) = 4.47, p = 0.04. Conclusion Most OAs appear receptive to completing a depression screen in primary care settings. Educating OAs about the value of depression screening and tailoring recognition systems to account for preferences may be an initial step in improving recognition rates. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Hearing Loss Prevention Outreach Program for Farmers and Motorsports Enthusiasts.

Many farmers and motorsports enthusiasts in rural areas attend tractor pulls, which are loud motorsport competitions using tractors and trucks with powerful, modified engines. The high noise levels experienced by farmers and motorsports fans in their recreational and occupational activities are not addressed by traditional hearing conservation programs. The University of Wisconsin–Madison audiology group has established an annual hearing loss prevention outreach project at the Dairyland Super National Truck and Tractor Pull in Tomah, Wisconsin. The objectives of the outreach are to provide hearing protection to those at the tractor pull, to document tractor pull noise levels, and to encourage tractor pull attendees to use hearing protection at work and in their other recreational activities. This study establishes that hearing loss prevention outreach at tractor pulls is necessary due to the high noise levels during the competitions. The number of earplugs distributed and the percentage of individuals who accept them indicates that this outreach is effective in the short term. It is yet to be determined if this type of hearing loss prevention project can create long-term shifts in cultural attitudes about rural noise and lead to increased hearing protection usage in the occupational and recreational lives of tractor pull attendees.
Behavioral Priorities for Autism and Related Developmental Disorders

This chapter is based on our experience in developing North Carolina’s statewide program for the Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication handicapped CHildren (Division TEACCH). It is the only statewide program, mandated by state law to provide service, research, and multidisciplinary training in behalf of autism and related developmental disorders. As both the oldest and only comprehensive university program of this kind, it provides a unique source of clinical and research data to discuss the broader issue of behavioral treatment models.
Matrix Isolation Spectroscopic Studies: Thermal and Soft Photochemical Bimolecular Reactions

Abstract The matrix isolation technique has been a highly effective tool for the study of a wide range of reactive species. This chapter provides an introduction to the technique and to earlier reviews on the topic, followed by a discussion of the basic experimental aspects of matrix isolation. A focus on biomolecular thermal reactions then is presented, from the formation of hydrogen-bonded Lewis acid-base complexes to reactions with low activation barriers. These include the reactions of diborane with electron donors and the ozonolysis of alkenes. An overview of the matrix isolation studies of the reaction of ozone with organometallic compounds relevant to the formation of metal oxide thin films follows. Throughout, twin-jet deposition and merged-jet or flow reactor deposition are contrasted, each having utility for matrix isolation experiments. The application of ab initio and density functional theory calculations to complement the experimental work is also discussed. Finally, the application of “soft” red light irradiation of ozone complexes with a range of substrates to create novel intermediates is described.
Nasal variation in relation to high-altitude adaptations among Tibetans and Andeans.

Objectives High-altitude (>2500 m) populations face several pressures, including hypoxia and cold-dry air, resulting in greater respiratory demand to obtain more oxygen and condition inspired air. While cardiovascular and pulmonary adaptations to high-altitude hypoxia have been extensively studied, adaptations of upper-respiratory structures, e.g., nasal cavity, remain untested. This study investigates whether nasal morphology presents adaptations to hypoxic (larger noses) and/or cold-dry (tall/narrow noses) conditions among high-altitude samples. Methods CT scans of two high- and four low-altitude samples from diverse climates were collected (n = 130): high-altitude Tibetans and Peruvians; low-altitude Peruvians, Southern Chinese (temperate), Mongolian-Buriats (cold-dry), and Southeast Asians (hot-wet). Facial and nasal distances were calculated from 3D landmarks placed on digitally-modeled crania. Temperature, precipitation, and barometric pressure data were also obtained. Results Principal components analysis and analyses of variance primarily indicate size-related differences among the cold-dry (Mongolian-Buriats) and hot-wet (Southeast Asians) adapted groups. Two-block partial least squares (PLS) analysis show weak relationships between size-standardized nasal dimensions and environmental variables. However, among PLS1 (85.90% of covariance), Tibetans display relatively larger nasal cavities related to lower temperatures and barometric pressure; regression analyses also indicate high-altitude Tibetans possess relatively larger internal nasal breadths and heights for their facial size. Conclusions Overall, nasal differences relate to climate among the cold-dry and hot-wet groups. Specific nasal adaptations were not identified among either Peruvian group, perhaps due to their relatively recent migration history and population structure. However, high-altitude Tibetans seem to exhibit a compromise in nasal morphology, serving in increased oxygen uptake, and air-conditioning processes.
Phase-dependent laser acceleration of electrons with symmetrically driven silicon dual pillar gratings.

We present the demonstration of phase-dependent laser acceleration and deflection of electrons using a symmetrically driven silicon dual pillar grating structure. We show that exciting an evanescent inverse Smith–Purcell mode on each side of a dual pillar grating can produce hyperbolic cosine acceleration and hyperbolic sine deflection modes, depending on the relative excitation phase of each side. Our devices accelerate sub-relativistic 99.0 keV kinetic energy electrons by 3.0 keV over a 15 μm distance with accelerating gradients of 200 MeV/m with 40 nJ, 300 fs, 1940 nm pulses from an optical parametric amplifier. These results represent a significant step towards making practical dielectric laser accelerators for ultrafast, medical, and high-energy applications.
Nonlinear Optics in the Relativistic Regime

Novel nonlinear optical effects, such as wake-field generation and relativistic self-focusing, are observed when a terawatt laser is focused to an intensity approaching 1019 W/cm2 into a gas jet.
Evaluation and Treatment of Isolated and Combined PCL Injuries

There has been a renewed interest in the management of PCL injuries in an attempt to duplicate the success of ACL surgery. Physical examination is the keystone to diagnosis and management of PCL injuries.In this chapter we review the physical examination of PCL injury and differentiate between isolated and combined injury patterns. The tibial inlay technique of PCL reconstruction is outlined in detail as well as the clinical resultsof PCL reconstruction using the inlay technique.
The Frame of Address

Every critic faces a risk once she or he steps out of that role and into a more affirmative position. Yet, it seems at this point that I must accept that risk and introduce one of my own efforts designed to move psychology from its purist roots down an alternative path. In this chapter I introduce the concept frame of address, which I believe offers a small but helpful step in the right direction.
Radioactive tracers and the heart.

The most widely used tracer for the study of the heart muscle is thallium-201. The principal advantage of radioactive tracers in the study of the heart is that they tell us about regional as well as an overall function. In some cases a regional abnormality may be detected before the overall function of the heart is impaired.
A Cohesive Fatigue Model Based on the S-N Diagram

The relationship between fatigue life and fatigue crack propagation rate is explored with a new cohesive damage model. The parameters of the model are obtained from idealizations of S-N diagrams used in engineering design. The model is based on the hypothesis that both stable tearing damage and damage due to cyclic loading are representations of a density of microcracks and, therefore, a single damage variable can describe the state of damage. This assumption implies that the quasi-static cohesive law that describes tearing is also the envelope of the fatigue damage. Fatigue damage within the cohesive envelope is assumed to accumulate at a rate that depends on the displacement jumps. The fatigue model was implemented as a UMAT subroutine for Abaqus cohesive elements by adding fatigue damage accumulation to a cohesive model based on the Turon quasi-static cohesive law. The analyses were conducted using a simplified cyclic loading procedure in which the maximum applied load is kept constant and the computational expense of cycling the load is avoided. The predicted propagation rates for a double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen were compared to experimental results for IM7/8552 graphite/epoxy tape.
Leading Self and Others to a More People-Centric Being

Having supportive partners is not a given for people in leadership positions. We have to earn partners and that depends on how we show up as leaders. I argue that earning partners requires us to act with the highest level of respect, but in a broader and more comprehensive way. The R-E-S-P-E-C-T Model of leadership is both a goal and a path. It calls for building Relationships, Engaging people, Supporting growth and development, providing meaningful work to foster Pride of accomplishment, Empowering people, Caring about and for our people, and Thanking them for their contributions. In the second part of this chapter, I speak about what it takes to earn the right to lead others toward a more People-Centric viewpoint. Here I address the power and importance of being a People-Centric leader, and thus, modeling the way for others.
Critiquing Scholarship as Formal Review: The Role and Responsibilities of Readers for Academic Journals

Central to the success of any academic journal is the quality of reviews submitted by those who serve as readers. The peer review process is a traditional function for almost all academic research-based publications. In turn, academic journals regularly seek out skilled and knowledgeable readers who can perform critical analyses of scholarly manuscripts in ways that contribute to increased readership and highly sought-after rankings. In many respects, reviewers are perhaps the most important element in academic journal publication success. It is on their watch that the primary and most critical manuscript reviews occur. Thanks to the growing number of online journals today there are more available venues for scholars than ever before. Subsequently, there is a need for more reviewers than ever before. The challenge for editors and authors lies in producing high quality publications that are viewed by peers as having fresh and insightful perspectives on educational problems and that offer readers an entryway into participating in these essentially collaborative professional processes. The role of readers may ultimately represent the most singular and essential component in the success of an academic journal. However, what remains somewhat blurred in the “publish or perish” world of academia
What Is Crowdsourcing for Innovation

This book is about how crowds can help to innovatively solve wicked problems: problems that are vexing to companies as well as problems that have an existential impact on societies. In this chapter, we first explain what we mean by a wicked problem and what we mean by a crowd, then discuss what is meant by crowdsourcing for innovation. Then we discuss the traditional model of crowdsourcing: the Idea-Sharing process. We discuss the basic theoretical assumptions of this process and how it historically evolved. We describe the evidence for and against this process indicating why we believe this process is “mindcuffing” the crowds from offering innovative solutions to wicked problems. We introduce our competing process—collective production—which serves as the basis for the remainder of the book.
Endothelial glycocalyx and cardiovascular disease

Endothelial glycocalyx is a hairy-like structure covered the endothelial cell surface,which consists of multiple functional elements.It has been proved that glycocalyx can regulate vascular permeability,mediate shear-induced release of NO by endothelial cells,and exert wide array of vasculoprotective effects via inhibition of coagulation and leucocyte adhesion.Degradation of glycocalyx may be associated with many cardiovascular diseases.In this review,the relationship between the endothelial glycocalyx and cardiovascular disease will be discussed.
Natural language inference for clinical registry curation

Abstract Clinical registries - structured databases of demographic, diagnosis, and treatment information for patients with specific diseases or phenotypes - play vital roles in high-quality retrospective studies, operational planning, and assessment of patient eligibility for research, including clinical trials. However, registries are extremely time and resource intensive to curate. Natural language processing (NLP) can help, but standard NLP methods require specially annotated training sets or the construction of separate models for each of dozens or hundreds of different registry fields, rendering them insufficient for registry curation at scale. Natural language inference (NLI), a specific branch of NLP focused on logical relationships between statements, presents a possible solution, but NLI methods are largely unexplored in the clinical domain outside the realm of conference shared tasks and computer science benchmarks. Here we convert registry curation into an NLI problem, applying five state-of-the-art, pretrained, deep learning based NLI models to clinical, laboratory, and pathology notes to infer information about 43 different breast oncology registry fields. We evaluate the models’ inferences against a manually curated, 7439 patient breast oncology research database. The NLI models show considerable variation in performance, both within and across registry fields. One model, ALBERT, outperforms the others (BART, RoBERTa, XLNet, and ELECTRA) on 22 out of 43 fields. A detailed error analysis reveals that incorrect inferences primarily arise through models’ misinterpretations of temporality--they interpret historical findings as current and vice versa--as well as confusion based on subtle terminology and abbreviation variants common in clinical notes. However, modern NLI methods show promise for increasing the efficiency of registry curation, even when used “out of the box” with no additional training.
Persistent Miscalibration for Low and High Achievers despite Practice Test Feedback in an Introductory Biology Course

Students' ability to accurately judge their knowledge is crucial for effective learning. However, students' perception of their current knowledge is often misaligned with their actual performance. The relationship between learners' perception of their performance and their actual performance on a task is defined as calibration. Previous studies have shown significant student miscalibration in an introductory biology course: students' predicted exam scores were, on average, significantly higher than their actual scores. The goal of this study was to determine whether completion of a practice test before exams would result in better performance and calibration. The hypothesis was that students who completed a practice test would perform better and be better predictors of their performance on exams than students who did not engage in practice testing. As predicted, students who voluntarily completed a practice test, on average, performed better and were more calibrated than students who did not. Importantly, however, many of the lowest-performing students continued to significantly overestimate their knowledge, predicting higher scores on the exam than they actually earned, despite feedback from practice tests. In contrast, practice testing was associated with underconfidence in high-performing students. These findings indicate that practice tests may enhance calibration for many students. However, additional interventions may be required for the lowest-performing students to become better predictors of their performance.
Trends in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Hospitalizations in the United States, 2002-2016.

Abstract ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) remains a major modern-day public health problem. We aimed to assess the demographic trends in STEMI related hospitalizations in the United States over a period of fifteen years. The nationwide inpatient sample was queried to obtain information of patients hospitalized with STEMI from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2016. Annual hospitalization rates were calculated and annual percentage change (APC) was evaluated using regression analysis. A total of 4,121,155 eligible patients were included in this analysis. Overall, the total number of STEMI hospitalization decreased from 421,043 in 2002 to 208,510 in 2016 (P-trend
Robotic Inguinal Hernias Performed at a Community Hospital: a Case Series of 292 Patients.

BACKGROUND Robotic inguinal hernia repair has become more common and has replaced the laparoscopic approach in many hospitals in the US. We present a retrospective review of 416 consecutive inguinal hernia repairs using the robotic transabdominal preperitoneal approach in an academic community hospital. METHODS This is a retrospective review of 416 consecutive robotic inguinal hernia repairs in 292 patients performed from October 2015 to March 2021 by two surgeons. The demographics, intra-operative findings, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. The results for patients during the initial 25 cases (which were considered to be during the learning curve for each surgeon) were compared to their subsequent cases. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent risk factors for postoperative complications. RESULTS Overall, 292 patients underwent 416 inguinal hernia repairs, of whom 124 (42.5%) had bilateral hernias. The mean age was 61 years and the mean BMI was 26.96 kg/m2. Of the bilateral hernias, 31.5% were unsuspected pre-operatively. Femoral hernias were found in 20.5% of patients, including in 18.4% of men, which were also unsuspected. Post-operatively, 89% of patients were discharged home the same day. The most common post-operative complication was seroma, which occurred in 13%. Three patients required re-intervention: one had deep SSI (infected mesh removal), one had a needle aspiration of a hematoma (SSORI), and one was operated on for small bowel volvulus related to adhesions. On short-term follow-up, there was only one early recurrence (0.2%). When cases during the learning curve period were compared to subsequent surgeries, there were no major differences in post-operative complications or operating time. Patients aged ≥55 years had a 2.456-fold (p=0.023) increased odds of post-operative complications. CONCLUSIONS Robotic inguinal hernia repair can be safely performed at a community hospital with few early post-operative complications and very low early recurrence rates. The robotic approach also allows for the detection of a significant number of unsuspected contralateral inguinal hernias and femoral hernias, especially in male patients. Age ≥55 years was an independent risk factor for postoperative complications.
The Lure of Corporate Virtue

In this essay I explore the notion that corporations are moral agents that may aspire to virtuosity. If corporations must lose their innocence as natural moral agents do, then they too may enter a moral life cycle. Since loss of innocence may result in a sense of care about one’s behavior, one may expect corporations to manifest the affect of care. In my view the 18 corporations that made the Built-to-Last list exemplify how corporations do care about their core ideology. Using Merck and Company, Inc. as an example I discuss one way that ethicists may turn the care of corporations about their mission statement to the advantage of the entire moral community.
Impact of Obesity on the Management and Clinical Course of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND Obesity has been linked with a proinflammatory state and the development of inflammatory diseases. Data on the clinical course and treatment of obese patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are limited. We used an institutional IBD registry to investigate the impact of obesity on IBD severity and treatment. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data for 3 years (2009-2011). Patients with IBD were categorized by body mass index (BMI). IBD-related quality of life, biochemical markers of inflammation, comorbidities, health care utilization, and treatment were characterized. Obesity was defined as a BMI ≥30 (type I: 30-34.9, type II: 35-39.9, and type III ≥40). RESULTS Among 1494 patients with IBD, 71.9% were above their ideal BMI and 31.5% were obese. Obesity was more common in ulcerative colitis compared with patients with Crohn's disease (P = 0.04). Obese class II and class III patients were predominantly female. Obesity in IBD was associated with female gender (P < 0.0001), diabetes mellitus (P < 0.001), hypertension (P < 0.001), hyperlipidemia (P < 0.001), poor quality of life (P < 0.0001), and increased rates of C-reactive protein elevation (P = 0.008). In logistic regression analysis, quality of life and C-reactive protein elevation were not independently correlated with obesity. There was no association between increasing BMI and annual prednisone use, emergency department visits, hospitalization, and surgery. Obesity was associated with lower milligrams per kilogram doses of purine analogs and biologics. CONCLUSIONS Obesity in IBD is not associated with increased health care utilization and IBD-related surgeries. Optimal regimens for drug dosing in obese patients with IBD have yet to be defined.
Faces of Intention: Selected Essays on Intention and Agency

1. Introduction: planning agents in a social world Part I. Acceptance and Stability: 2. Practical reasoning and acceptance in a context 3. Planning and temptation 4. Toxin, temptation, and the stability of intention Part II. Shared Agency: 5. Shared cooperative activity 6. Shared intention 7. Shared intention and mutual obligation 8. I intend that we J Part III. Responsibility and Identification: 9. Responsibility and planning 10. Identification, decision, and treating as a reason Part IV. Critical Studies: 11. Davidson's theory of intention 12. Castaneda's theory of thought and action 13. Cognitivism about practical reason 14. Critical study of Korsgaard's The Sources of Normativity.
Carbon isotope composition of Caribbean Sea surface waters: Response to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2

[1] The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation have significantly increased atmospheric CO2 levels, from ∼280 ppm prior to the industrial revolution to the present value of ∼390 ppm. Suess (1955) was the first to show that the carbon isotopic composition of the atmosphere is changing in response to the anthropogenic input of radiocarbon-dead, 13C depleted CO2 from fossil fuel combustion. Here we report a high resolution planktonic foraminiferal δ13C record from the Caribbean Sea for the last 300 years that clearly resolves the timing and magnitude of the marine 13C Suess effect associated with the oceanic uptake of anthropogenically derived CO2. Cariaco Basin sediment trap and upper-most box core sediment δ13C match both the trend and magnitude of observed δ13C changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last 15 years. The longer sediment record suggests the marine Suess effect to be −0.75 ‰ from pre-industrial values, with most of the change occurring since 1950, coincident with the rapid rise in atmospheric CO2 noted in ice core and instrumental data. If the current anthropogenic CO2 emission trend continues, extrapolating our marine δ13C rate curve into the future suggests that the rate of marine δ13C change caused by anthropogenic CO2 will increase to −0.10 ‰ yr−1 by the end of this century, an increase of more than an order of magnitude from 1950 values.
Trade Policy in the Computer Industry: Suggestions for Change

This article reviews some recent anti-dumping and countervailing duty investigations that involved various segments of the computer industry. Part I provides an overview of the anti-dumping laws. Part II discusses administration of the anti-dumping laws. Part III reviews recent anti-dumping investigations involving segments of the computer industry. Part IV points out some of the harmful effects of the anti-dumping laws. Part V presents some philosophical issues. Part VI offers conclusions and recommendations. The authors conclude that the anti-dumping laws violate property and contract rights, are harmful to the computer industry in particular and to trade in general, and should be repealed, the sooner the better.
Search-based drama management in the interactive fiction Anchorhead

Drama managers guide a user through a story experience by modifying the experience in reaction to the user's actions. Search-based drama management (SBDM) casts the drama-management problem as a search problem: Given a set of plot points, a set of actions the drama manager can take, and an evaluation of story quality, search can be used to optimize the user's experience. SBDM was first investigated by Peter Weyhrauch in 1997, but little explored since. We return to SBDM to investigate algorithmic and authorship issues, including the extension of SBDM to different kinds of stories, especially stories with subplots and multiple endings, and issues of scalability. In this paper we report on experiments applying SBDM to an abstract story search space based on the text-based interactive fiction Anchorhead. We describe the features employed by the story evaluation function, investigate design issues in the selection of a set of drama management actions, and report results for drama managed versus unmanaged stories for a simulated random user.
Directing Self-Assembly Toward Perfection

A combination of self-assembled block copolymers with templated substrates can be used for precision lithographic applications.
GFR Estimating Equations and Liver Disease

It is important to accurately assess the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of patients with liver disease to deliver care and allocate organs for transplantation in a way that improves outcomes. The most commonly used methods to estimate GFR in this population are based on creatinine, which is biased by these patients' low creatinine production and potentially by elevated serum bilirubin and decreased albumin levels. None of the creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equations have been specifically modified for a population with liver disease, and even measurement of a 24-hour creatinine clearance has limitations. In liver disease, all creatinine-based estimates of GFR overestimate gold standard-measured GFR, and the degree of overestimation is highest at lower measured GFR values and in more severe liver disease. Cystatin C-based eGFR has shown promise in general population studies by demonstrating less bias than creatinine-based eGFR and improved association with clinically important outcomes, but results in the liver disease population have been mixed, and further studies are necessary. Ultimately, specific eGFR equations for liver disease or novel methods for estimating GFR may be necessary. However, for now, the limitations of currently available methods need to be appreciated to understand kidney function in liver disease.
Empirical Development of a Trusted Sensing Base for Power System Infrastructures

The transition from traditional power systems into smart grid infrastructures constitutes secure data acquisition to prevent widely explored false data injection attacks. In this paper, we design, implement, and deploy a trusted sensing base (TSB) that enhances the security capabilities of traditional commodity power system sensors via enabling them to encrypt analog ac signals at data acquisition points. Nowadays, data encryption occurs at phasor measurement units (PMUs) after the measurements are sampled and digitalized at the analog-to-digital devices. Through pushing the encryption to within the sensors, TSB reduces the size of trusted computing base for the whole smart grid infrastructure and hence increases its trustworthiness. We have developed a hardware working prototype of TSB in a real-world power system test-bed, including PMUs and energy management systems. Results are very promising for practical real-world deployments. TSB encrypts analog signals on the sensor side and retrieves a very accurate estimate of them on the global positioning system-synchronized control center side with minimal latency.
OFC'01 invited talk the internet of the future

Summary form only given. A remarkable expansion in the use of the Internet has spurred innovations in the networking infrastructure as well as exploration of new networked applications. But what we observe today is just a tip of the iceberg. This talk describes an array of potential new applications that will be running on the Internet of the future, and highlights the Internet infrastructure research - including the next generation optical networking and ultra high-speed wireless research - that are being pursued to bring about the new reality.