cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drug abuse by adolescents: general considerations.

1. Ximena Sanchez-Samper, MD* 2. John R. Knight, MD* 1. *Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Mass After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Discuss current trends in adolescent substance use and the specific substances used most commonly among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders. 2. Identify risk and protective factors, including genetic and environmental correlates, for the initiation of substance use in adolescents. 3. Discuss the most common concomitant mental health disorders and how they can affect the course of diagnosis and treatment for substance abuse. 4. Delineate the variety of treatment options available. 5. Describe the role of the pediatrician in educating patients and families on substance abuse prevention; performing screening and initial assessments; and providing support, brief counseling, or referrals for in-depth treatment. Adolescence is a time of physical, emotional, and psychological maturation as well as a period of searching for independence and experimentation. One area of experimentation associated with adolescence is substance use. (1) Although many adolescents experiment with drugs and alcohol from time to time without enduring problems, those who develop the disorders of substance abuse and dependence make substance use a major public health concern. The Monitoring the Future Study (MTFS) is a nationwide survey measuring smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among nearly 50,000 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in more than 400 secondary schools in the United States each year. (2)(3) According to the 2006 overview of findings from the MTFS, approximately one fifth (21%) of today's 8th graders, more than one third (36%) of 10th graders, and nearly half (48%) of all 12th graders reported using an illicit drug at least once during their lifetimes. Despite a minimum legal age requirement to purchase alcohol, 6% of 8th graders, 19% of the 10th graders, and 30% of the 12th graders self-reported drunkenness during the month prior to being interviewed. (2)(3) Among the problems experienced by adolescents who use alcohol and drugs are …
Hidden in Plain View: Brajbhasha Poets at the Mughal Court

Brajbhasha literature is a domain of Mughal culture seldom investigated by scholars, to the detriment of our understanding of both. While the Mughal court is famed for its lavish support of Persian writers, a surprising number of Brajbhasha poets also attracted the notice of Mughal patrons. In this paper I look at the lives and texts of important Braj writers who worked in Mughal settings, with a view to uncovering the nature of the social, political and cultural interactions that this kind of patronage represents. Why these poets have been largely lost to social and literary history is another concern, along with the challenges of trying to recover their stories.
Deposition of resedimented sandstone beds in the Pico Formation, Ventura Basin, California, as interpreted from magnetic fabric measurements

Settling velocity distributions and magnetic fabrics in sediments from the Pico Formation were studied in order to determine the relationships between these properties and the observed sedimentary structures, and to evaluate the processes of deposition of turbidites. Three basic types of settling velocity frequency distributions were recognized: P1 profile, a low, flat distribution pattern indicating very poor sorting; P2 profile, a distribution which shows a distinctive mode; and P3 profile, a slope-shaped pattern composed predominantly of fine materials. P1 was found in the graded and massive divisions of turbidites; P2 was found in the lower division of horizontal stratification and the ripple stratification division; P3 was found in the uppermost divisions. Comparison of these patterns with previous results from modern sediments reveals that P2 and P3 are similar to patterns found in fluvial environments, whereas P1 was quite rare in “normal” current- or wave-formed deposits. The uniqueness of the graded and massive division is also evident in the results of the magnetic analysis. Although the magnetic fabrics in the upper parts of turbidites show similarity to other current-formed fabrics, the magnetic fabrics of the graded and massive divisions are quite different. The magnetic fabrics in the graded and massive divisions are characterized by (1) the presence of the current-normal orientation, and (2) less foliated and in-homogeneous fabrics which are indicated by high imbrication and q -value as well as large standard deviations of q -value and K max directions. Comparison with results from modern sediments indicates that fabric characteristics in the sediments of the graded and massive divisions are best explained by a combination of (1) an orientation mechanism related to layer by layer grain collision in a highly concentrated flow and (2) an orientation mechanism related to the suspension of grains in a viscous flow. This evidence indicates that a highly concentrated and partly viscous basal flow in turbidity currents may be responsible for the deposition of the lower part of the graded division and the massive division, whereas a more diluted flow may be responsible for the deposition of the upper divisions.
The energy momentum spectrum and vacuum expectation values in quantum field theory. II

We prove that theP(ϕ)2 quantum field theory satisfies the spectral condition. The space time translationa=(x, t) is implemented by the unitary groupU(a)=exp(itH−ixP), and the joint spectrum of the energy operatorH and the momentum operatorP is contained in the forward cone. We also obtain bounds on certain vacuum expectation values of products of field operators. Our proofs involve an analysis of the limitV→∞ for approximate theories in a periodic box of volumeV. Assuming the existence of a uniform mass gap, we are able to establish all the Wightman axioms with the exception of the Lorentz invariance of the vacuum.
Variability in Suspended-Sediment Concentration over Mobile Sand Beds

Lateral and longitudinal variability in suspended-sediment concentration was investigated over dune and upper-regime plane beds under steady, uniform flow in a laboratory flume. A much greater sampling time was required to reliably predict mean concentration in a dune bed than for an upper-regime plane bed. Laterally separated, simultaneous samples over both dune and upper-regime plane beds were poorly correlated.
Trapping a geon: Black hole formation by an imploding gravitational wave.

We describe the formation of a black hole via the implosion of an axisymmetric gravitational wave. Finite difference simulations of the vacuum Einstein equations are used to obtain these results. The initial data consist of nearly linear solutions to the vacuum constraint equations that represent even-parity, ingoing wave packets with quadrupole angular dependence. A black hole is demonstrated to form as a result of imploding a wave packet with a sufficiently large value of a strength parameter, Θ≡2πM p /λ=1.06>Θ crit ≃0.80, where 2λ is the radial width of the wave packet and M p denotes its mass
The good, the bad, and the trivial

Dreadful and dreaded outcomes are sometimes brought about via the accumulation of individually trivial effects. Think about inching toward terrible health or toward an environmental disaster. In some such cases, the outcome is seen as unacceptable but is still gradually realized via an extended sequence of moves each of which is trivial in terms of its impact on the health or environment of those involved. Cases of this sort are not only practically challenging, they are theoretically challenging as well. For, they raise puzzling complications concerning the assessment of conduct. In particular, given cases of this sort, we seem forced to conclude that, sometimes, each current doing in an extended sequence of moves can be correctly assessed as permissible (relative to a certain set of concerns) even though the sequence foreseeably leads to an outcome that is unacceptable (relative to that same set of concerns) and even though acceptable outcomes are available. And this seems paradoxical. I argue that this (apparent) puzzle glosses over complications associated with action individuation and units of agency. Reflection on these complications makes it clear that in cases of the sort that have given rise to the puzzle, there is an accurate way of seeing what is being done at various particular moments that clearly brings out the tight connection between a current doing and non-trivial damage that is to be expected (and is indeed bound to occur if the doing is completed without a hitch).
Deformation and failure in cellular materials

An isotropic, three-dimensional, lattice-spring model is proposed to describe deformation and failure in heterogeneous materials. Young's moduli of samples of trabecular bone have been calculated, using images of the microstructure obtained from x-ray microtomography. An analysis of the stress distribution indicates that trabecular bone will most likely fail due to local tensile stresses, even when the macroscopic load is compressive. In the samples studied, there does not seem to be a homogenization length scale beyond which the material can be described by an effective medium theory.
Receptors for insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I in the human adrenal gland

Human adrenal glands contain high-affinity receptors for insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Comparative studies with rat, hamster and human adrenal membranes confirmed that IGF-I receptors are most abundant in rat and hamster adrenals, whereas insulin and IGF-I receptors are present in equivalent numbers in human adrenal glands. Covalent crosslinking studies revealed that the human adrenal gland IGF-I receptor binding subunit migrated on dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels with Mr = 135,000, which is identical to the migration of IGF-I receptor binding subunits isolated from other tissues. Autoradiography of frozen human adrenal slices incubated with [125I]insulin showed prominent, displaceable binding of this radioligand to the zona reticularis, zona glomerulosa, vasculature and medulla; in contrast, [125I]IGF-I binding to human adrenal tissue was most prominent in the zona reticularis and negligible in the medullary region.
The dependency constraint: A global constraint on strategies in game-theoretical semantics

If we say that something depends on something else, then what we say is true just in case there is a dependence of the something upon the something else. In particular, it is often the case that sentences expressing such a dependence consist of depends on flanked by indirect questions (IQs). The purpose of the present paper is to bring game-theoretical semantics 1 (GTS) to bear on the problem of providing a semantical analysis of depends on flanked by IQs. I shall assume that the reader is familiar with the basic ideas of GTS; the appendix of the present paper contains some of these basic ideas, stated very briefly. I say that I wish to examine the problem of "providing a semantical analysis of depends on flanked by IQs". I cannot say that I wish to examine the semantics of IQs, or the semantics of depends on. The reason for this is that, as Jaakko Hintikka (the father of GTS) is fond of remarking, GTS is an "outside-in" semantical apparatus, as opposed to the more common methods, which are "inside-out". 2 This means that whereas more familiar approaches (e.g., Montague semantics) determine the interpretation of a given sentence inductively, on the basis of the already established interpretations of its ingredients (i.e., by "putting the sentence together"), GTS proceeds by a stepwise reduction of the sentence to simpler ones. This procedure is not exactly one of "taking the sentence apart", since interpretation of the sentence is not generally referred to its ingredient sentences, but nevertheless it is "outside-in" in the sense that the first step of interpretation concerns the outermost operator of the sentence, whereas on the more common approaches it is the final step which concerns the outermost operator. The contrast is more happily captured, but still only roughly, by saying that GTS is a "diminishing complexity" method, but the more familiar methods are "increasing complexity" methods. This is not quite accurate, since either sort of method assumes, in interpreting non-atomic sentences, an assignment of values to atomic ones. Due ~o this peculiarity of GTS, we cannot expect, as a matter of principle, that a given IQ, for instance, can be assigned a meaning of its
The propionate-activating system of rumen bacteria

Abstract The bacterial activation of fatty acids is known to proceed by way of phosphorylated intermediates and to be dependent upon univalent and divalent cations. The activation of propionic acid by rumen bacteria has been shown to occur with the formation of [14C]ATP when [14C]ADP and propionyl-phosphate were incubated with an acetone powder extract. Acyl transfer to CoA was shown with the formation of [14C]propionyl-CoA from [14C]propionate, ATP, and CoA. Acetate was activated by a similar mechanism while butyrate was entirely ineffective as a substrate for the extract. Propionate phosphorylation required Mn2+ or Mg2+, with Mn2+ being more stimulatory at lower concentrations. Maximum activity was observed with an ATP-metal ratio of one, suggesting the formation of a metal-nucleotide complex. Propionyl-CoA formation from propionyl-phosphate was stimulated by K+. A kinetic study with increasing levels of K+ yielded linearly increasing Km and Vmax values, indicating a general role of K+ in regulating the rate of breakdown of the enzyme-product complex.
Electrophysiologic testing of bretylium tosylate in sustained ventricular tachycardia

We used programmed ventricular stimulation to test intravenous bretylium tosylate in 10 consecutive patients with inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia (usually refractory to type I antiarrhythmic agents). These 10 patients had previously documented sustained ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation complicating stable heart disease. Following control inductions of sustained ventricular tachycardia, bretylium 10 mg/kg was infused over 30 minutes. Thirty minutes after this infusion, sustained ventricular tachycardia could be induced in 9 of the 10 patients (one of these nine patients also had bretylium-potentiated spontaneous ventricular tachycardia). Tachycardia induced in the nine patients after bretylium was similar to control tachycardia with respect to morphology and cycle length (333 +/- 16 msec after bretylium versus 330 +/- 16 msec during control). However, five of the nine patients tolerated induced tachycardia less well after bretylium (exacerbated hypotension). In one patient, ventricular tachycardia could not be induced after intravenous bretylium.
The reactions to research participation questionnaires for children and for parents (RRPQ-C and RRPQ-P)

Systematic assessment of the effect of clinical research studies on child and parent participants has been limited. Such assessment could provide an empirical basis for the ethical conduct of research, assisting investigators and institutional review boards in balancing the need for sound research with the need to protect study participants. The Reactions to Research Participation Questionnaire for Children (RRPQ-C) and the RRPQ for Parents (RRPQ-P) are brief measures designed to assess child or parent views of clinical research studies. Both measures were piloted and then administered as part of an interview-based study of traumatically injured children and their parents, to assess their psychometric properties and potential usefulness as addenda to future study protocols. The RRPQ-C and RRPQ-P each demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. Exploratory factor analyses provided general support for their conceptual basis. Both were easily administered and well-accepted by respondents. There is evidence that children and adults were willing to answer honestly, even about negative responses. Brief measures such as the RRPQ-C and RRPQ-P may provide a practical and empirically informed method for assessing children's and parents' responses to research participation. Investigators should consider including systematic standardized assessment of participant reactions in child clinical research studies.
Relative abundance of the human mitochondrial transcription system and distinct roles for h-mtTFB1 and h-mtTFB2 in mitochondrial biogenesis and gene expression

Human mitochondrial transcription requires the bacteriophage-related RNA polymerase, POLRMT, the mtDNA-binding protein, h-mtTFA/TFAM, and two transcription factors/rRNA methyltransferases, h-mtTFB1 and h-mtTFB2. Here, we determined the steady-state levels of these core transcription components and examined the consequences of purposeful elevation of h-mtTFB1 or h-mtTFB2 in HeLa cells. On a per molecule basis, we find an ∼6-fold excess of POLRMT to mtDNA and ∼3-fold more h-mtTFB2 than h-mtTFB1. We also estimate h-mtTFA at ∼50 molecules/mtDNA, a ratio predicted to support robust transcription, but not to coat mtDNA. Consistent with a role for h-mtTFB2 in transcription and transcription-primed replication, increased mitochondrial DNA and transcripts result from its over-expression. This is accompanied by increased translation rates of most, but not all mtDNA-encoded proteins. Over-expression of h-mtTFB1 did not significantly influence these parameters, but did result in increased mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, h-mtTFB1 mRNA and protein are elevated in response to h-mtTFB2 over-expression, suggesting the existence of a retrograde signal to the nucleus to coordinately regulate expression of these related factors. Altogether, our results provide a framework for understanding the regulation of human mitochondrial transcription in vivo and define distinct roles for h-mtTFB1 and h-mtTFB2 in mitochondrial biogenesis and gene expression that together likely fine-tune mitochondrial function.
Balanced steady state free precession fMRI

Balanced-steady-state free precession (b-SSFP) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) encompasses several recently developed methods that utilize b-SSFP acquisition for fMRI. Short repetition time (TR) and readout durations of b-SSFP allow distortion-free acquisition, 3D imaging, and high-resolution isotropic voxel acquisition. b-SSFP fMRI can be categorized into two different classes depending on which contrast mechanism it exploits. Transition-band b-SSFP fMRI is a technique that utilizes the sharp transition of the b-SSFP profile relying on the fact that oxygenated and deoxegenated hemoglobin has different resonance frequencies. On the other hand, passband b-SSFP fMRI utilizes b-SSFP in the relatively large flat portion of the b-SSFP off-resonance spectrum where oxygenation contrast is expected to be generated from the rapid refocusing in the presence of off-resonance due to oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin. While both methods share the advantage of b-SSFP acquisition such as distortion-free, 3D high-resolution functional imaging, the main distinction of the two methods come from the contrast mechanism and spatial coverage. In this article, the two classes of b-SSFP-based functional brain imaging methods' characteristics will be compared and discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 23–30, 2010
Design of CMOS UWB low noise amplifier with cascode feedback

This paper shows the design of a broadband single-stage single-ended low noise amplifier (LNA) for the frequency range 3GHz to 7GHz using 0.18/spl mu/m RF CMOS technology. The cascode feedback topology and broadband matching technique were used in the amplifier to achieve broad bandwidth performance and input/output matching characteristics respectively. The effects of feedback resistor on noise figure (NF) and gain were also described. In the operating frequency range, 1.9dB of NF, 15dB of the gain, and 0.8dB of maximum gain flatness were achieved, and the maximum input/output return loss is lower than -1OdB. The total power consumption of the LNA including bias network is 21mW under a 1.8V single supply voltage.
Comparison of a new forehead reflectance pulse oximeter sensor with a conventional digit sensor in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: During conditions of poor perfusion, the accuracy of conventional extremitybased pulse oximeters may be limited. Limited evidence suggests that forehead perfusion may be better preserved during such periods, but pediatric experience with newer forehead reflectance sensors is limited. We prospectively compared the accuracy of a forehead reflectance sensor, the Max-Fast, with a new-generation digit sensor in pediatric patients. METHODS: Pediatric patients > 10 kg and who had arterial catheters were eligible for enrollment. Blood oxygen saturation was simultaneously measured with forehead and digit sensors, and compared to corresponding CO-oximetry-measured arterial oxygen saturation values (SaO2 ) taken at the same times. We used Bland-Altman analysis to calculate the bias and precision of the forehead sensor and the digit sensor relative to the SaO2 values. RESULTS: We obtained 116 sample sets from 28 patients. The SaO2 values ranged from 84.1% to 99.2%. The bias and precision of the forehead-to-SaO2 difference were 0.6% and 2.7%, respectively, versus 1.4% and 2.6%, respectively, for the digit-to-SaO2 difference (p < 0.05). Bias and precision were 0.7% and 2.6% versus 1.7% and 2.3% for the forehead and digit sensors, respectively, (p < 0.05) in patients who received vasoactive medications, compared with 0.5% and 2.8% versus 1.1% and 2.8% (p not significant), respectively, in patients who did not receive vasoactive medications. CONCLUSIONS: The Max-Fast sensor estimated SaO2 as accurately as did a new-generation digit sensor in well-perfused pediatric patients. Key words: oximetry, forehead, pediatric, monitoring, oxygenation, noninvasive. [Respir Care 2006;51(7):726–731. © 2006 Daedalus Enterprises]
The implications of surface stiffness for size identification and perceived surface hardness in haptic interfaces

This paper presents a two-part study of the effects of virtual surface stiffness on haptic perception. First, size identification experiments were performed to determine the effects of system quality, in terms of surface stiffness, on the ability of a human to identify square cross-section ridges by size in a simulated environment. Then, discrimination experiments were performed to determine relationships between virtual surface stiffness and simulation quality in terms of perceived surface hardness. Results of experiments to test human haptic perception for varying virtual surface stiffnesses indicate that haptic interface hardware may be able to convey sufficient perceptual information to the user at relatively low levels of virtual surface stiffness. Subjects, however, can perceive improvements in perceived simulated surface hardness as stiffness levels are increased in the range of achievable parameters for this hardware. The authors draw several conclusions about the allowable time delays in a haptic interface system based on the results of the surface stiffness experiments.
Joint signaling strategies for approaching the capacity of twisted-pair channels

A technique is presented for jointly optimizing the signaling in the two directions of transmission on a twisted-pair communications channel. It is then applied to twisted-pair channel models with monotonic channel response and crosstalk transfer functions. While the signaling strategy presented in this paper can achieve only a lower bound on the true channel capacity, it is a significant improvement over existing signaling schemes. In particular, in contrast with existing schemes, the maximum information rate for the joint signaling strategy increases without bound as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approaches infinity. It is also shown through numerical results that the proposed signaling strategy generalizes naturally to more practical nonmonotonic twisted-pair channel models incorporating bridge taps and other nonidealities. Finally, the form of the optimal signaling strategy suggests a relatively straightforward implementation using multicarrier modulation.
Beliefs among pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons in the therapeutic approach to non-small cell lung cancer.

Study objectives: The physicians who initially evaluate patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) strongly impact the course of therapy. Their beliefs in treatment and prognosis may contribute to practices of variable quality and appropriateness. We sought to better describe beliefs among pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons who were selected for guiding early therapy and referrals in patients with NSCLC. Design: Mail questionnaire focusing on survival estimates, treatment perceptions, and referral patterns. Participants:Twelve hundred pulmonologists and 800 thoracic surgeons who were clinically active members of the American College of Chest Physicians. Measurements and results: Response rates of 50% for pulmonologists and 52% for thoracic surgeons were obtained after two mailings. Five-year survival estimates for patients with resected stage I NSCLC revealed that 30% of respondents overestimated survival rates and 18% underestimated survival rates. The underestimation of survival rate was found among more respondents who are practicing pulmonology than thoracic surgery (22% vs 0.10%, respectively), who were trained before 1980 than after 1980 (29% vs 0.10%, respectively), and who were seeing 25 (31% vs 0.14%, respectively). Beliefs in the survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy or of radiation in stage I-IIIA disease divided respondents within both specialties. Chemotherapy plus radiation vs radiation alone in unresectable stage IIIA-B NSCLC was viewed as benefiting survival less often by physicians seeing 25 (57% vs 0.77%, respectively) and by physicians underestimating rather than correctly estimating survival in early-stage disease (58% vs 0.72%, respectively). Chemotherapy was believed to confer survival benefits in patients with stage IV disease by one third of respondents. Conclusions: Certain physician characteristics, particularly the length of time since training and NSCLC patient volume, are associated with beliefs not conclusively supported in the medical literature or with opinions inconsistent within and between specialties. (CHEST 2000; 118:129‐137)
Faculty development for fellows: Developing and evaluating a broad-based career development course for critical care medicine trainees ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Purpose There is no defined training experience to teach the broad range of professional skills needed to transition from critical care trainee to practitioner. We hypothesized that a durable set of career development skills could be created for critical care medicine (CCM) trainees using a novel curriculum defined by both learners and content experts. Materials and methods We presented a curriculum focused on professional development skills to 8 second-year CCM fellows at a university-based training program. A needs assessment using input from faculty and fellows selected 22 topics for the course. Surveys given precurriculum and postcurriculum and at 3-year follow-up measured the perceived importance of these topics and learner comfort with the skills presented. Results Average class attendance was 77%. Seven subjects (87.5%) responded to each survey time point. Comfort scores increased from precourse to postcourse survey. Scores were maintained across most content areas from postcourse survey to follow-up. Respondents attributed a high level of importance to receiving training of this kind. Conclusions Teaching a broad range of career development skills can result in durable confidence when reinforced by regular use postgraduation. This course fills a critical care educational need, facilitating the transition to practitioner after CCM training.
Autorotating flat-plate wings: the effect of the moment of inertia, geometry and Reynolds number

Free-flight and wind-tunnel measurements by previous investigators of the flat-plate autorotation phenomenon have been analysed. The variation of the autorotation characteristics with changes in the Reynolds number and the aspect ratio, thickness ratio and moment of inertia of the flat plate have been correlated. The interpretation of the role of the Reynolds number made in a previous investigation is shown to be incorrect. The tip-speed ratio, for the ranges of the dimensionless parameters investigated, is shown to be a function of only the plate aspect ratio, thickness ratio, and also the moment of inertia if the latter is sufficiently small. The lift and drag coefficients, and therefore the free-flight glide angle, are shown to be functions of the tip-speed ratio, the aspect ratio and the Reynolds numbers based on the chord and plate thickness.
Glial activation in the rostroventromedial medulla promotes descending facilitation to mediate inflammatory hypersensitivity.

Substantial evidence shows that activation of glial cells in the spinal cord may promote central sensitization and pain. Descending facilitation from the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) is a critical component in the maintenance of chronic pain states, although the precise mechanisms through which facilitation maintains pain are unclear. Here, we investigated the possibility that glial activation in the RVM could promote descending facilitation from the RVM in states of inflammatory pain. Peripheral inflammation was induced with carrageenan injected into the hindpaws of male Sprague‐Dawley rats, and behavioral responses to noxious thermal and light tactile stimuli were determined. Microinjection of the glial inhibitors minocycline or fluorocitrate, or of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB 203580, produced a significant and time-related attenuation of behavioral hypersensitivity resulting from hindpaw inflammation. Carrageenan-induced inflammation increased immunolabeling for microglia and astrocytes in the RVM, as well as for phosphorylated p38 MAPK. Phosphorylated p38 MAPK was found in microglia and neurons of the RVM. Inflammation-induced microglial and astrocytic activation in the RVM were attenuated by RVM microinjection of the glial inhibitors. The data show that inflammatory pain is associated with glial activation in the RVM that probably participates in driving descending pain facilitation. These findings reveal a novel site of glial modulation of inflammatory pain.
Emotion and memory narrowing: A review and goal-relevance approach

People typically show excellent memory for information that is central to an emotional event but poorer memory for peripheral details. Not all studies demonstrate memory narrowing as a result of emotion, however. Critically important emotional information is sometimes forgotten; seemingly peripheral details are sometimes preserved. To make sense of both the general pattern of findings that emotion leads to memory narrowing, and findings that violate this pattern, this review addresses mechanisms through which emotion enhances and impairs memory. Divergent approaches to characterising information as central versus peripheral are also addressed. By directly contrasting these approaches, and the evidence supporting them, this review helps to clarify when and how emotion enhances memory and provides directions for future research. Evidence shows that memory narrowing as a result of emotion, and a number of violations of the memory narrowing pattern, can be explained by the view that emotion enhances memory for information relevant to currently active goals.
The Influence of Tiwanaku on Life in the Chilean Atacama: Mortuary and Bodily Perspectives

ABSTRACT Using a contextualized bioarchaeological framework, in this article, I examine the complex relationship between the Tiwanaku polity of the Bolivian altiplano (C.E. 550–1000) and the inhabitants of the San Pedro de Atacama oases of northern Chile, in Tiwanaku's far periphery. I focus on how influences from Tiwanaku might have affected the presentation of Atacameno group identity in the mortuary context. I compare skeletal and mortuary data from 300 individuals buried during the peak of Tiwanaku influence in the Atacama to assess mortuary context, trauma, and body modifications. Results suggest a complex response to Tiwanaku influence. Data from the grave and mortuary assemblage reveal traditional Atacameno tombs with occasional foreign objects. Evidence of increased traumatic injury suggests that this relationship was not without some conflict. Finally, the maintenance of bodily expressions of local identity indicates a society that used their bodies to mark Atacameno identity.
Dynamics of a multihost pathogen in a carnivore community

Summary 1. We provide the first theoretical analysis of multihost disease dynamics to incorporate social behaviour and contrasting rates of within- and between-group disease transmission. 2. A stochastic susceptible‐infected‐recovered (SIR) model of disease transmission involving one to three sympatric species was built to mimic the 1994 Serengeti canine distemper virus outbreak, which infected a variety of carnivores with widely ranging social structures. The model successfully mimicked the erratic and discontinuous spatial pattern of lion deaths observed in the Serengeti lions under a reasonable range of parameter values, but only when one to two other species repeatedly transmitted the virus to the lion population. 3. The outputs from our model suggest several principles that will apply to most directly transmitted multihost pathogens: (i) differences in social structure can significantly influence the size, velocity and spatial pattern of a multihost epidemic; and (ii) social structures that permit higher intraspecific neighbour-to-neighbour transmission are the most likely to transmit disease to other species; whereas (iii) species with low neighbour-to-neighbour intraspecific transmission suffer the greatest costs from interspecific transmission.
Investigation of Waveguide Mode Profiles of AWGs Using a Low-Coherence Interferometric Method

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a novel method to characterize waveguide mode profiles in arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) devices by utilizing a low-coherence interferometric measurement. Our method calculates the waveguide mode profile from its far-field diffraction pattern obtained by the low-coherence interferometric measurement utilizing AWG as a testing vehicle. The waveguide mode profile and its far-field diffraction pattern follow the Fourier transformation relationship. Detailed formulation and analysis procedures are presented in this paper. Experimental results of waveguide mode profiles for Gaussian waveguides and multimode interference waveguides are also shown. This method is very effective in characterizing complex waveguide designs in advanced AWG devices.
Demographic differences in reported reasons for non-use of a prominent community trail

Abstract Trails are an important environmental feature for recreational and transport-related physical activity. This study examined whether reported reasons for trail non-use differed by demographic groups. The Greenville Health System Swamp Rabbit Trail is an 18.6-mile paved trail in Greenville, SC that is an integral part of the community infrastructure. A random-digit-dialing survey of residential phone numbers was conducted to identify barriers to and facilitators of trail use. Chi-square was used to examine differences in the primary reason for trail non-use by demographic groups. Almost 80% of the 899 survey respondents reported not using the trail in the past 6 months. Reasons for trail non-use differed significantly by gender (χ2=10.67, p=.03), age (χ2=97.86, p Management Implications This study provided unique insights into reasons and demographic characteristics of community residents who do not use a prominent community trail. Direct implications for recreational managers and public health officials are: • Over three-quarters of the randomly-selected residents reported not using the trail, indicating that promotional and other diverse strategies may be needed to facilitate trail use. • The most commonly reported reasons for not using the trail included not aware, too busy, and physical limitations, which provides preliminary content for developing promotional messages and other approaches to encourage trail use. Differences existed based on gender, age, and income, suggesting that barriers to trail use differ for specific groups; trail promotion efforts should be tailored to targeted user segments.
Rearing of Insects

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses rearing of insects. The goal of organized insect rearing is to provide reliable, affordable sources of high-quality insects for their many important purposes. It is now possible to rear literally thousands of insect species through multiple generations and many more for part of their life cycles. The greatest difficulty is to provide fresh host material or to develop a diet that is nutritionally complete and induces feeding, especially for predators or parasitoids. Precautions must be taken to start colonies with an adequate number of clean specimens and maintain them with very limited levels of mortality. These measures help to limit genetic bottlenecks caused by inbreeding, contamination with other species, and disease epizootics. As production levels and the number of species increase, rearing must be organized into systems with discrete operations or activities. These operations incorporate the rearing procedures necessary for each stage of the insect's life cycle plus acquisition and maintenance of supplies, equipment, and facilities. Facilities must be designed and constructed to contain and maintain the insects under specified conditions. Problems encountered in established insect rearing systems invariably are caused by inattention to procedural details or lack of environmental control. For the foreseeable future, advances in insect rearing will be focused primarily on culturing new species, maintaining existing colonies more efficiently, supporting advances in research and pest management, and increasing the use of insects in people's lives.
Germline Genetic Variants in the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway as Predictors of Colorectal Cancer Risk

Background: The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a key role in stem cell maintenance in the colorectum. Rare high-penetrance genetic mutations in components of this pathway result in familial colorectal cancer, yet the impact of common, germline variants remains unknown. Methods: We assessed 172 variants in 26 genes from the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in 809 colorectal cancer cases and 814 healthy controls, followed by replication of the top findings in another 691 cases and 775 controls. In silico informatic tools were used to predict functional effects of variants. Results: Eighteen SNPs in the pathway were significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk ( P < 0.05) in the discovery phase. We observed a significant dose-response increase in colorectal cancer risk by number of risk genotypes carried ( P = 4.19 × 10−8). Gene-based analysis implicated CSNK1D ( P = 0.014), FZD3 ( P = 0.023), and APC ( P = 0.027) as significant for colorectal cancer risk. In the replication phase, FZD3 :rs11775139 remained significantly associated with reduced risk with a pooled OR of 0.85 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.76–0.94, P = 0.001]. Although borderline significant in the replication population, APC :rs2545162 was highly significant in the pooled analysis—OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.16–1.74; P = 0.00085. Functional assessment identified several potential biologic mechanisms underlying these associations. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that common germline variants in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be involved in colorectal cancer development. Impact: These variants may be informative in colorectal cancer risk assessment to identify individuals at increased risk who would be candidates for screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(3); 540–6. ©2016 AACR .
Studies on a New Entomophthora Attacking Calyptrate Flies

SUMMARYA new species of Entomophthorales (Phycomycetes) which destroys flies in epizootic proportions was found on two occasions near Lawrence, Kansas. The fungus has been described, illustrated, a...
Cumulative Logistic Regression-Based Measurement Models of Road Traffic Congestion Intensity

Existing models for measuring the traffic congestion intensity lack an effective quantitative method to classify the grades of congestions,and the employed congestion measurement independent variables are often inter-correlated.In order to overcome these deficiencies, this paper analyzes the ordinal characteristics of the congestion intensity,and then introduces the cumulative logistic regression into the measurement models of the congestion intensity.It adopts the likelihood ratio test to validate the adaptability of the cumulative logistic regression, and Wald test to select the independent variables.Then,it develops measurement models of the congestion intensity by using the travel speed as the independent variable.The proposed model shows a determination coefficient(analogous R2) higher than 0.70 in the goodness-of-fit test,and a prediction with an accuracy of 73.39% against the observed data.
EFFECT OF FREQUENCY ON MICROSTRUCTURE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC CASTING 7075 ALUMINUM ALLOY

The relationship between electromagnetic frequency and microstructure of continuous casting aluminum alloys was observed. 7075 aluminum alloy ingots with 200 mm in diameter were pro- duced uner the frequency range of 10-100 Hz, and the microstructures of as-cast ingot was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results show that electromagnetic frequency greatly influences segregation alloying elements and microstruc- tures of as-cast ingot, and product quality can be improved by application of a proper frequency (30 Hz). Electromagnetic frequency plays a significant role in solute redistribution; and lower frequency is more efficient for promoting solution of alloying elements and refining microstructure (15 Hz).
Is there a role for Chlamydia trachomatis and genital mycoplasma in male infertility

We believe that, without evidence of inflammation (greater than 5 WBC on VB1), there is no indication for routine culture or antibiotic treatment of infertile men. In the presence of active inflammation and positive cultures for chlamydia, treatment with antibiotics is appropriate. However, active inflammation and positive chlamydial cultures were rare findings in our population (2 of 52 and 1 of 52, respectively). Thus, we find no evidence for a role of current asymptomatic mycoplasma or chlamydial infection in male infertility.
Volume of ambulatory care visits and patterns of care for patients diagnosed with plantar fasciitis: a national study of medical doctors.

Background:Plantar fasciitis is a relatively common disorder of the foot, yet little is known about its prevalence, what types of physicians see patients with the disorder, or how, on a national sc...
Diseases of Medium-Sized and Small Vessels

Abstract Diseases of medium-sized and small vessels often occur in the context of vascular cell activation. Resident vascular cells include endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Intimal hyperplasia results from the accumulation of smooth muscle cells within the intima beneath the endothelium. Diabetic vasculopathy involves the accumulation of plasma proteins within the vessel wall, whereas amyloid vasculopathy results from the deposition of misfolded proteins in the vessel wall. Vasculitis is inflammation in the vessel wall. Small-vessel vasculitis is primarily due to immune complex deposition or to the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Kawasaki arteritis often involves coronary arteries in the very young, while giant cell arteritis often involves the cranial arteries in the elderly. The hypothenar hammer syndrome is caused by repetitive trauma to the hand, and Raynaud’s phenomenon is due in part to vasospasm of the digital arteries in response to cold.
Fields, Domains, and Individuals

Although creativity is often viewed in an individualistic manner, most creativity takes place in a disciplinary context. The systems perspective is used to relate the individual creator with two major features of that context: the domain and the field. This basic three-system perspective is then illustrated by its application to two separate topics, namely, combinatorial models and disciplinary hierarchies. The first illustration uses the systems perspective as the explicit foundation for combinatorial models that explicate phenomena that cannot be understood from the standpoint of the individual alone. Perhaps the most notable explication concerns the occurrence of multiple discoveries in science. The second illustration concerns disciplinary hierarchies, an idea that originated with speculations about whether the sciences can be ordered into a hierarchy. Not only is this ordinal placement justified according to characteristics of the scientific domain and field, but also many of the same criteria can be applied to (a) extrapolate beyond the sciences (e.g., the humanities and arts) and (b) interpolate within single disciplines (e.g., normal versus revolutionary science). Corresponding to this extended and elaborated disciplinary hierarchy is a set of dispositional traits and developmental experiences most descriptive of the individual creators working within the same domain and field. This correspondence then has consequences for the magnitude of creativity an individual displays. In particular, the more eminent creators tend to have traits and experiences proximate to those creators in disciplines lower in the hierarchy. Given these two illustrations, it should be apparent that individual creativity cannot be understood without reference to the domain and field in which that creativity takes place. This conclusion has implications well beyond the two examples discussed in this chapter.
Dr. S. Donald (Don) Stookey (1915–2014): Pioneering Researcher and Adventurer

Don Stookey was a special person by any measure: an unassuming optimist, eminent scientist and inventor, adventurer, and a beloved family man. Don Stookey, the father of glass-ceramics, was a pioneer in inducing and understanding internal nucleation phenomena in glass. His early work on dense opal glasses and photosensitive precipitation of gold and silver in glass led to an amazing series of inventions: Fotalite®, a photosensitive opal, chemically machined Fotoform® and Fotoceram®, and TiO2-nucleated Pyroceram™ products including missile nosecones and oven-proof cookware. He received a basic patent on glass-ceramics which was contested and affirmed in court. Don was able to demonstrate a clear photochromic glass that showed reversible darkening for thousands of cycles. This material became a fixture in the ophthalmic industry. He went on to invent a full-color polychromatic glass capable of yielding a permanent patterned and monolithic stained glass. In his life outside science, Don chaired an interfaith group that founded a home for the elderly in Corning. He was also a wilderness enthusiast, surviving a plane crash in the Arctic and two boat capsizings. Even In his later years, he continued fishing off the coast of Florida and on Lake Ontario, and went solo on a trip to the Patagonian Andes.