cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spinal neurons require Islet1 for subtype-specific differentiation of electrical excitability

In the spinal cord, stereotypic patterns of transcription factor expression uniquely identify neuronal subtypes. These transcription factors function combinatorially to regulate gene expression. Consequently, a single transcription factor may regulate divergent development programs by participation in different combinatorial codes. One such factor, the LIM-homeodomain transcription factor Islet1, is expressed in the vertebrate spinal cord. In mouse, chick and zebrafish, motor and sensory neurons require Islet1 for specification of biochemical and morphological signatures. Little is known, however, about the role that Islet1 might play for development of electrical membrane properties in vertebrates. Here we test for a role of Islet1 in differentiation of excitable membrane properties of zebrafish spinal neurons. We focus our studies on the role of Islet1 in two populations of early born zebrafish spinal neurons: ventral caudal primary motor neurons (CaPs) and dorsal sensory Rohon-Beard cells (RBs). We take advantage of transgenic lines that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) to identify CaPs, RBs and several classes of interneurons for electrophysiological study. Upon knock-down of Islet1, cells occupying CaP-like and RB-like positions continue to express GFP. With respect to voltage-dependent currents, CaP-like and RB-like neurons have novel repertoires that distinguish them from control CaPs and RBs, and, in some respects, resemble those of neighboring interneurons. The action potentials fired by CaP-like and RB-like neurons also have significantly different properties compared to those elicited from control CaPs and RBs. Overall, our findings suggest that, for both ventral motor and dorsal sensory neurons, Islet1 directs differentiation programs that ultimately specify electrical membrane as well as morphological properties that act together to sculpt neuron identity.
Entrepreneurship: opportunistic or excellent?

Before we can explore issues of moral progress in entrepreneurship, we must settle the matter of entrepreneurial purpose. The moral implications at the entrepreneurial nexus of individual and opportunity are often taken-for-granted or ignored. Using moral philosophy as an analytical aid in deciphering entrepreneurial ideology-in-use, two competing paradigms for understanding contemporary business venturing are discussed in this paper. Is entrepreneurship an opportunistic or excellent activity? With the analytical and contextual grounding provided by comparative case studies, we can explore this question and the moral legacy established by the founder. In this conceptual discussion, the opportunistic view is found to contain an easily comprehended set of assumptions, while the primary benefit of an excellent, or virtuous, paradigm lies in its comprehensive approach for dealing with complex issues. Such an exploration reveals the hidden assumptions embedded in entrepreneurial purpose, allows us to gauge moral progress (or regress), and equips us to make and encourage better moral judgements in the moral crucible of entrepreneurship.
A single-channel 10b 1GS/s ADC with 1-cycle latency using pipelined cascaded folding

A 10b 1 GS/s ADC employing a single channel cascaded folding architecture is presented. Conversion speed of 1 GS/s is attained by incorporating low-power distributed track-and-hold amplifiers after each folder. This ADC achieves a record 55.6 dB peak SNDR and a 64 dB peak SFDR and sustains a latency of one clock cycle. DNL and INL at 1 GS/s sampling rate are measured 0.4 LSB and 1.1 LSB. Fabricated in a 0.35 mum BiCMOS process, the ADC consumes 2 W from a 3.5 V supply.
Religion and Environment

Understanding the interaction of human and environmental systems requires understanding the religious dimensions to the integration of ecology and society. Research on the significance of religion to environmental problems and of ecological ideas to religion has emerged into a robust interdisciplinary field. One sign of its vitality lies in the methodological arguments over how to conceptualize and assess that significance. Another lies in the diversity of research projects, which appear within most religious traditions, from many geographical contexts, and in several different disciplines. This article introduces major approaches to the field and key questions raised, and then briefly assesses recent work in three broad areas of tradition.
Healing of Hymenal Injuries: Implications for Child Health Care Professionals

The article by McCann et al1 in this issue of Pediatrics Electronic Pages provides additional information on the natural course of hymenal injuries in both prepubertal and pubertal girls. In general, they heal rapidly and often completely, confirming similar findings in earlier studies.2,3 This new study raises several implications for pediatricians and other health care professionals who examine children and youth. It is noteworthy that it took this major US (and Australian) effort involving 25 medical centers to gather retrospective information on 239 girls, both prepubertal and postpubertal, with hymenal trauma. This largely reflects how unusual these injuries are; relatively few girls evaluated for sexual abuse have abnormal findings on physical examination.4–6 Fortunately, most sexually abused girls do not experience serious physical trauma, primarily because of the nature of the abuse. The low base rate of physical injuries, however, has been a challenge for research in this area. Even in this study of 239 girls, there were few girls with certain injuries (eg, 7 prepubertal girls with “transection only”). Small numbers always demand cautious interpretation. It is noteworthy that none of the girls in this large series had any hymenal scarring, as reported by others.2,7 However, these other authors did note occasional scarring of adjacent structures (eg, the posterior fourchette); the McCann et al article is limited to hymenal findings. Previous studies have reported that hymenal trauma mostly occurs posteriorly.7 McCann et al1 document hymenal lacerations occurring anteriorly in 5% of prepubertal and 15% of pubertal girls. It seems that none of those girls also had posterior injuries. Thus, McCann et al recommend that medical evaluations for sexual abuse in girls should always include both the prone knee-chest and supine positions, because some anterior and lateral lacerations were … Address correspondence to Howard Dubowitz, MD, MS, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 520 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201. E-mail: hdubowit{at}peds.umaryland.edu
Optimization Procedure for Design of High‐Speed Prop‐Rotors

An optimization procedure has been developed to address the complex and conflicting requirements associated with the design of high‐speed proprotor aircraft. Since the key technical issues are maintenance of propulsive efficiency and aeroelastic stability in high‐speed cruise without deteriorating figure of merit in hover, rotor aerodynamic performance and aeroelastic analysis are coupled, inside a closed loop, to the optimizer. The discipline couplings provide actual blade air‐loads, during hover and cruise, and also provide realistic blade designs. The propulsive efficiency in high‐speed cruise is used as the objective function. Constraints are also imposed on the aeroelastic stability in axial flight and the rotor figure of merit in hover. Both structural and planform design variables are used. The optimization procedure yields significant improvements in the aerodynamic characteristics of the rotor. Off‐design performance studies, conducted with the optimum blade, show overall design improvements.
Floorplanning by topological constraint reduction

The problem considered is that of producing a legal floorplan that respects a given topological constraint set. The floorplanning approach described is targeted for multilayer sea-of-cells based designs. Therefore it is assumed that no channel separations are required between the blocks. The approach can be generalized to incorporate channel separations. >
Continuous-wave self-deflection effect in sodium vapor

Observations of the self-deflection effect for an asymmetrical continuous-wave laser beam in sodium vapor are described, and comparisons based on theoretical calculations are made. A self-bending angle as large as eight diffraction widths was recorded, and strong attenuation of the on-axis radiation due to self-bending was measured. At ~200°C the self-deflection angle increased linearly with beam power, and we determined that (n2)max ≃ −10−7 cm2/W for intensities below 220 W/cm2. While numerical calculations, based on an inhomogeneously broadened two-level system, predict strong saturation of the self-bending effect, we observed only moderate saturation.
Algorithms for multicast traffic grooming in WDM mesh networks

Several of the new applications in high-performance networks are of the multicast traffic type. Since such networks employ an optical network infrastructure, and since most of these applications require subwavelength bandwidth, several streams are usually groomed on the same wavelength. This article presents an account of recent advances in the design of optical networks for multicast traffic grooming in WDM mesh networks. The article addresses network design and session provisioning under both static and dynamic multicast traffic. Under static traffic conditions, the objective is to accommodate a given set of multicast traffic demands, while minimizing the implementation cost. Optimal and heuristic solution techniques for mesh network topologies are presented. Under dynamic traffic conditions, techniques for dynamic routing and session provisioning of multicast sessions whose objective is to minimize session blocking probabilities are explained. The article also presents a number of open research issues
Differentiation of Erwinia species in the Herbicola' group by class analysis of cellular fatty acids

Cellular fatty acids of Erwinia species in the Amylovora group (E. amylovora, E. nigrifluens, E. quercina, E. rubrifaciens, E. salicis and E. tracheiphila), grown on King's medium B agar for 1,3, and 6 days at 28°C, were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography, grouped by chemical class, and compared in order to differentiate the species. For the group in general, the average percentage in 1-day-old cells ranged 36.4–41.5% for the saturated straight-chain even-carbon fatty acids, (Class A), 0.3–0.7% for saturated straight-chain odd-carbons (Class B), 43.4–53.3% for unsaturated acids (Class C), 4.5–7.1% for hydroxy-substituted acids (Class D), 0.2–2.0% for branched-chain acids (Class E), and 0–7.5% for cyclopropane fatty acids (Class F). Species could be differentiated in 4 sequential steps based on: 1) percentage of the 12:0 fatty acid (E. amylovora >3.6%, E. quercina (1%);2) sum of Classes E + F (E. tracheiphila (0.3%);3) ratio Class A/(E + F) (E. salicis 14%, E. nigrifluens < 14%). Physiological age significantly affected relative percentages of Classes B, C and F in E. amylovora and E. salicis; of Classes A, C and F in E. quercina; of Class A in E. tracheiphila; and of Class C in E. nigrifluens.
Chicana Identity Construction: Pushing the Boundaries

Identity concepts that Chicana feminists have described as central to their developmental experience are not reflected in the traditional views of identity, feminist accounts of women’s identity, o...
What we know and what we don't know about cancer risks associated with radiation doses from radiological imaging

Quantifying radiation-induced cancer risks associated with radiological examinations is not easy, which has resulted in much controversy. We can clarify the situation by distinguishing between higher dose examinations, such as CT, positron emission tomography–CT or fluoroscopically guided interventions, and lower dose “conventional” X-ray examinations. For higher dose examinations, the epidemiological data, from atomic bomb survivors exposed to low doses and from direct epidemiological studies of paediatric CT, are reasonably consistent, suggesting that we do have a reasonable quantitative understanding of the individual risks: in summary, very small but unlikely to be zero. For lower dose examinations, we have very little data, and the situation is much less certain, however, the collective dose from these lower dose examinations is comparatively unimportant from a public health perspective.
Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri ) confirmed in Georgia

Abstract A glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth biotype was confirmed in central Georgia. In the field, glyphosate applied to 5- to 13-cm-tall Palmer amaranth at three times the normal use rate of 0.84 kg ae ha−1 controlled this biotype only 17%. The biotype was controlled 82% by glyphosate at 12 times the normal use rate. In the greenhouse, I50 values (rate necessary for 50% inhibition) for visual control and shoot fresh weight, expressed as percentage of the nontreated, were 8 and 6.2 times greater, respectively, with the resistant biotype compared with a known glyphosate-susceptible biotype. Glyphosate absorption and translocation and the number of chromosomes did not differ between biotypes. Shikimate was detected in leaf tissue of the susceptible biotype treated with glyphosate but not in the resistant biotype. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats; AMAPA.
Role of Multiple-Level Tropospheric Circulations in Forcing ENSO Winter Precipitation Anomalies

Abstract Regionally organized winter (DJF) precipitation anomalies over North America are presented in association with cold and warm phases of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation. Variations in low-level flow from moisture sources and in upper-level dynamic properties are diagnosed for each anomalous precipitation region using DJF composites of upper- and lower-tropospheric winds, sea level pressure, divergence, and vorticity advection. Variance analysis determines which precipitation and circulation patterns are robust and evaluates the predictability of the extreme phase composites with respect to the climatology. In cold phases, the Pacific Northwest and the lower Mississippi Valley regions have above-normal precipitation totals. The heavier precipitation over the Pacific Northwest is the result of a multilevel onshore flow forced by an amplified Pacific high off the California coast and a single zonal upper-tropospheric jet. In the Lower Mississippi and Tennessee Valleys, the equatorward entrance region...
Chicago Joins the Metal Bat Debate: As the Windy City Inches Closer to Securing its Bid to Host the 2016 Games, a Closer Examination of Such Debates Becomes Necessary

Financing, logistics and convincing the International Olympic Committee that Chicago is the best choice for the 2016 Summer Games, is not the only athletic issue facing Chicago these days. At lower levels of competition a debate is being waged over the type of bat used during baseball games. While seemingly limited in impact to Illinois, the larger sports law community would do well to pay attention to the sports law developments (like the Illinois Supreme Court's decision in the Karas case) in Chicago and Illinois as a whole for potential impact on amateur events like World Sport Events, NCAA championships, conference championships, and, of course, the 2016 Summer Games.
Cybersecurity Issues and Policy Options for the U.S. Energy Industry

For more than a decade, a small community of computer security professionals and policy experts has debated the potential for malicious actors to subvert or compromise computer systems employed to manage the infrastructure of contemporary society. Until recently, scenarios of cyberattacks appeared to be more nightmare than reality. However, the Saudi Aramco disruption and the kinetic impact of the Stuxnet attacks indicate the increasing success of network intrusions and the growing significance of cyber attacks. This report examines how energy companies, both those involved in the production and delivery of hydrocarbons, as well as those generating and transmitting electricity, are facing this new risk to the continuity of their operations, capacity to deliver products and services, and ability to protect investments — particularly in research and development — from theft or unauthorized disclosure. We consider two major areas in the energy industry susceptible to cyberthreats: (1) the vulnerability of its operations systems — the computers that route electricity, open valves, and operate motors — and (2) the problem of controlling access to proprietary corporate information and data, from internal email communications to long- term development plans and new technologies often carrying investments in the billions of dollars. After accepting that cybersecurity is an important issue in the energy industry, we must first address why cybersecurity legislation designed to protect the energy industry has not been met with approval in Congress, despite bipartisan backing.
Inhiibitory Action of Hydrophilic Polymers on Gastric Lesions Induced by Indomethacin in Rats

Both natural and synthetic polymers are common excipients in various pharmaceutical formulations. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of PEG 6000 (A), poloxamer 407 (B), and hydroxypropyl cellulose (C) on prevention of gastric ulceration caused by indomethacin (D) as a model compound.
Trafficking of ciliary G protein-coupled receptors.

In the last decade highly conserved cellular appendages called cilia have enjoyed a renewed interest from basic, biomedical scientists, and clinicians alike. This interest has grown upon the elucidation that cilia throughout the body serve as important sensory and signaling centers in both development and adult homeostasis. Furthermore, the identification of several rare genetic disorders associated with cilia dysfunction has broadened the field. However, even though their potential role in human health and disease is now recognized many basic questions about their functions remain. This chapter seeks to explore the trafficking of cilia-specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and discusses several model systems in which this has been explored. We open the chapter by briefly discussing cilia and GPCRs then begin discussing some aspects of rhodopsin trafficking, arguably the most well studied of cilia GPCRs. We continue with sections on neuronal cilia and olfactory cilia receptor trafficking. Finally, we conclude with the emerging area of dynamic ciliary GPCR trafficking and speculate about future directions and some of the questions that remain for ciliary GPCRs.
Local well-posedness of a nonlocal Burgers' equation

In this paper, we explore a nonlocal inviscid Burgers’ equation. Fixing a parameter h, we prove existence and uniqueness of the local solution of the equation ut +(u(x + h,t) ± u(x − h,t))ux = 0 with given periodic initial condition u(x,0) = u0(x). We also explore the blow-up properties of the solutions to this Cauchy problem, and show that there exist initial data that lead to finite-time-blow-up solutions and others to globally regular solutions. This contrasts with the classical inviscid Burgers’ equation, for which all nonconstant smooth periodic initial data lead to finite-time blow-up. Finally, we present results of simulations to illustrate our findings.
The effect of ventilation on systemic blood gases in the presence of left ventricular ejection during cardiopulmonary bypass

Abstract The effect of pulmonary ventilation upon systemic arterial blood gases during cardiopulmonary bypass in the presence of left ventricular ejection was evaluated in 20 adult male patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Following rewarming, establishment of a sinus rhythm, and production of a pulse pressure of at least 20 mm Hg on the arterial pressure trace caused by left ventricular ejection, arterial blood gases were obtained from the arterial and venous extracorporeal circuits and the radial arterial cannula. Patients were then randomly assigned to a nonventilation (n = 10) or a ventilation (n = 10) group. The ventilation group was given 10 breaths/min with 100% oxygen at a tidal volume of 10 ml/kg. Whereas the nonventilation group received apneic oxygenation at zero end-expiratory pressure. After 5 minutes the arterial blood gas data were again obtained. Significant findings (p less than 0.05) included decreases in systemic carbon dioxide tension and increases in systemic pH in the ventilation group and decreases in systemic oxygen tension in the nonventilation group. Although the changes in the arterial blood gases were significant, these changes occurred well within the limits of clinical acceptability. It is concluded that left ventricular ejection for short periods during full cardiopulmonary bypass does not necessitate pulmonary ventilation.
Humoral Sperm Antibodies: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Vas-Ligated Men

Fourteen men were studied over a period of 10 years before and after bilateral vas ligation. Seven men (50%) continued to have demonstrable circulating sperm-agglutinating antibodies, and one man had persistent sperm-immobilizing antibodies at a low titer of 1:2. None of the 10 ejaculates submitted contained spermatozoa or antibody activity, although two of the seminal plasma specimens immediately immobilized donor spermatozoa upon contact. There were no adverse medical reactions or conditions noted in these men during the course of the study.
Prediction of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) mating success from pheromone trap counts.

Mating success of tethered gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), females was measured in 9 newly established, low-density populations in Virginia and West Virginia in 1993-1994. Mating success was correlated with male moth capture rate in milk carton pheromone-baited traps located at the same sites. The instantaneous mating probability for virgin females averaged 0.15 times the mean male capture rate. Average mortality of tethered females caused by predation was 52% per day. Counts of males in pheromone traps combined with expectations of population growth can be used to predict likelihood of persistence (versus extinction) of isolated gypsy moth populations.
Mesenteric lymphadenitis due to Yersinia enterocolitica: report of a case.

This report describes a case of mesenteric lymphadenitis, proven by culture to be caused by Yersinia enterocolitica, in an infant, receiving massive steroid therapy. The organism was grown from an inflamed mesenteric lymph node showing discrete areas of necrosis with a histiocytic inflammatory reaction, which was obtained incidentally at the time of pancreatectomy for hypoglycemia. There was no clinically evident indication of the infection. The characteristics of the organism and its significance as a cause of disease are discussed. It is suggested that more examples will be encountered in this country if inflamed, surgically resected, mesenteric lymph nodes are routinely cultured.
Chikungunya Virus Infections Among Travelers–United States, 2010–2013

Chikungunya virus is an emerging threat to the United States because humans are amplifying hosts and competent mosquito vectors are present in many regions of the country. We identified laboratory-confirmed chikungunya virus infections with diagnostic testing performed in the United States from 2010 through 2013. We described the epidemiology of these cases and determined which were reported to ArboNET. From 2010 through 2013, 115 laboratory-confirmed chikungunya virus infections were identified. Among 55 cases with known travel history, 53 (96%) reported travel to Asia and 2 (4%) to Africa. No locally-acquired infections were identified. Six patients had detectable viremia after returning to the United States. Only 21% of identified cases were reported to ArboNET, with a median of 72 days between illness onset and reporting. Given the risk of introduction into the United States, healthcare providers and public health officials should be educated about the recognition, diagnosis, and timely reporting of chikungunya virus disease cases.
Nickel Superoxide Dismutase: Structural and Functional Roles of His1 and Its H-Bonding Network

Crystal structures of nickel-dependent superoxide dismutases (NiSODs) reveal the presence of a H-bonding network formed between the NH group of the apical imidazole ligand from His1 and the Glu17 carboxylate from a neighboring subunit in the hexameric enzyme. This interaction is supported by another intrasubunit H-bond between Glu17 and Arg47. In this study, four mutant NiSOD proteins were produced to experimentally evaluate the roles of this H-bonding network and compare the results with prior predictions from density functional theory calculations. The X-ray crystal structure of H1A-NiSOD, which lacks the apical ligand entirely, reveals that in the absence of the Glu17-His1 H-bond, the active site is disordered. Characterization of this variant using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) shows that Ni(II) is bound in the expected N2S2 planar coordination site. Despite these structural perturbations, the H1A-NiSOD variant retains 4% of wild-type (WT) NiSOD activity. Three other mutations were designed to preserve the apical imidazole ligand but perturb the H-bonding network: R47A-NiSOD, which lacks the intramolecular H-bonding interaction; E17R/R47A-NiSOD, which retains the intramolecular H-bond but lacks the intermolecular Glu17-His1 H-bond; and E17A/R47A-NiSOD, which lacks both H-bonding interactions. These variants were characterized by a combination of techniques, including XAS to probe the nickel site structure, kinetic studies employing pulse-radiolytic production of superoxide, and electron paramagnetic resonance to assess the Ni redox activity. The results indicate that in addition to the roles in redox tuning suggested on the basis of previous computational studies, the Glu17-His1 H-bond plays an important structural role in the proper folding of the "Ni-hook" motif that is a critical feature of the active site.
Perpetual trauma and its organizations: Mothers Against Drunk Driving and drunk driving revisited:

In the 1980s, an anti-drunk-driving movement emerged, seemingly out of nowhere. How is it that this movement could flourish and have such dramatic effects? More significantly, how has Mothers Again...
Three-dimensional P- and S-wave velocity profiling of geotechnical sites using full-waveform inversion driven by field data

Abstract We discuss the application of a recently developed full-waveform-inversion-based technique to the imaging of geotechnical sites using field-collected data. Specifically, we address the profiling of arbitrarily heterogeneous sites in terms of P- and S-wave velocities in three dimensions, using elastic waves as probing agents. We cast the problem of finding the spacial distribution of the elastic soil properties as an inverse medium problem, directly in the time domain, and use perfectly-matched-layers (PMLs) to account for the semi-infinite extent of the site under investigation. After briefly reviewing the theoretical and computational aspects of the employed technique, we focus on the characterization of the George E. Brown Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation site in Garner Valley, California (NEES@UCSB). We compare the profiles obtained from our full-waveform-inversion-based methodology against the profiling obtained from the Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method, and report agreement. In an attempt to validate our methodology, we also compare the recorded field data at select control sensors that were not used for the full-waveform inversion, against the response at the same sensors, computed based on the full-waveform-inverted profiles. We report very good agreement at the control sensors, which is a strong indicator of the correctness of the inverted profiles. Overall, the systematic framework discussed herein seems robust, general, practical, and promising for three-dimensional site characterization purposes.
Lipid nanoparticles in the treatment of alopecia areata.

part of Delivery of topicals using lipid nanoparticles is a promising concept. Encapsulation of lipophilic active agents in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) have been demonstrated to increase their stability, skin retention and internalization by the stratum corneum. In the treatment of alopecia areata, delivery of the active agents to the T cells and macrophages that are found inside and near the hair bulbs is essential and can be achieved through follicular targeting. In this work, Lin et al. encapsulated diphencyprone, a therapeutic agent for the treatment of alopecia areata, into NLCs at an encapsulation of >77% and size of 208–265 nm. A predominant ingredient of sebum, squalene, was used as liquid lipid in the preparation, since it can fuse easily with the sebum hair follicles. Three types of NLC formulations, two containing a cationic surfactant, soyethyl morpholinium ethosulfate, and one with only soyabean phosphatidylcholine, were prepared using high-pressure homogenization. The formulation with soyethyl morpholinium ethosulfate and soyabean phosphatidylcholine in higher amounts showed higher skin retention, permeation and follicular deposition in nude as well as hairy mice. Whereas higher keratinocyte internalization was observed with cationic NLC. The study made use of confocal imaging to confirm the localization of NLCs in follicles and intercellular lipids of stratum corneum. The study successfully applied the advantage of follicular targeting using nanoparticles for treatment of alopecia areata. Research Highlights
Passive Scalar Transport Modeling for Hybrid RANS/LES Simulation

A transport model for hybrid RANS/LES simulation of passive scalars is proposed. It invokes a dynamically computed subgrid Prandtl number. The method is based on computing test-filter fluxes. The formulation proves to be especially effective on coarse grids, as occur in DES. After testing it in a wall resolved LES, the present formulation is applied to the Adaptive DDES model of Yin et al. (Phys. Fluids 27, 025105 2015). It is validated by turbulent channel flow and turbulent boundary layer computations.
Translanguaging in a Reggio-inspired Spanish dual-language immersion programme

ABSTRACTWhile current Spanish dual-language immersion (DLI) programme models frequently promote strict adherence to structured Spanish and English times, we present an alternative approach, which frames children as language acquirers rather than as language learners. The approach, situated within a Spanish, DLI preschool, framed with a Reggio-inspired, developmentally appropriate framework for early childhood, counters deficit notions of emergent bilinguals, validates and affirms linguistic and cultural diversity, and provides spaces for young children to translanguage as they acquire first and second languages. In this study, we document the ways in which language is used in the space and how a first-year teacher’s reflective practice evolves as she navigates pedagogical and identity shifts throughout her first year of implementation.
"The Only Thing I Wish I Could Change Is That They Treat Us Like People and Not Like Animals": Injury and Discrimination Among Latino Farmworkers.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes how perceived discrimination shapes the way Latino farmworkers encounter injuries and seek out treatment. METHODS: After 5 months of ethnographic fieldwork, 89 open-ended, semi-structured interviews were analyzed. NVivo was used to code and qualitatively organize the interviews and field notes. Finally, codes, notes, and co-occurring dynamics were used to iteratively assess the data for major themes. RESULTS: The primary source of perceived discrimination was the "boss" or farm owner. Immigrant status was also a significant influence on how farmworkers perceived the discrimination. Specifically, the ability to speak English and length of stay in the United States were related to stronger perceptions of discrimination. Finally, farm owners compelled their Latino employees to work through their injuries without treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This ethnographic account brings attention to how discrimination and lack of worksite protections are implicated in farmworkers' injury experiences, and suggests the need for policies that better safeguards vulnerable workers. Language: en
Abstract IA07: Targeting the cyclin D-CDK4/6 pathway for cancer therapy

The cyclin D-CDK4/6 kinase complex plays a pivotal role in the stimulation of cellular proliferation through phosphorylation and functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb), which leads to commitment of G1-phase cells to enter S phase, and ultimately to complete the mitotic cell cycle. Cancer cells frequently escape normal constraints on cell proliferation via persistent inactivation of pRb, through dysregulation of cyclin D-CDK4/6 kinase activity or loss of pRb expression. Interestingly, estrogen-positive (ER+) breast cancer cells rarely show loss of pRb, and hence rely on inappropriate activation of cyclin D-CDK4/6 to drive malignant proliferation. ER+ breast cancer therefore represents an enriched patient population in which to test the efficacy of cyclin D-CDK4/6 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. Palbociclib, a selective cyclin D-CDK4/6 inhibitor, was approved by the FDA in 2015 for the treatment of women with advanced ER+/HER2- breast cancer. The drug is administered in combination with an anti-hormonal agent, which underscores the critical, collaborative roles of dysregulated estrogen receptor and cyclin D-CDK4/6 activities in driving tumor growth in this breast cancer subtype. This presentation will review the cellular pharmacology of palbociclib, with a particular emphasis on the phenotypic outcomes of combined estrogen receptor and cyclin D-CDK4/6 inhibition in human breast cancer cell lines. In addition, we will provide an update on the clinical activities of palbociclib in breast cancer, as well as prospects for therapeutic targeting of cyclin D-CDK4/6 activity in other cancer subtypes. Citation Format: Robert T. Abraham. Targeting the cyclin D-CDK4/6 pathway for cancer therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Cancer Cell Cycle - Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response; Feb 28-Mar 2, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(11_Suppl):Abstract nr IA07.
Gelatinous Marrow Transformation Associated with Imatinib: Case Report and Literature Review.

Gelatinous marrow transformation (GMT) is a rare condition observed in severe illness or malnutrition, in which the bone marrow contains amorphous “gelatinous” extracellular material, and histopathology demonstrates varied degrees of fat cell atrophy and loss of hematopoietic elements. An association of GMT with imatinib use in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been reported recently. The objective of this study is to describe a case of GMT associated with imatinib use and review the existing similar cases in the literature to identify epidemiological patterns and potential imatinib-induced mechanisms leading to gelatinous conversion.
Estimating an Examinee’s Ability

Under item response theory , the primary purpose for administering a test to an examinee is to locate that person on the ability scale. If such an ability measure can be obtained for each person taking the test, two goals can be achieved. First, the examinee can be evaluated in terms of how much underlying ability he or she possesses. Second, comparisons among examinees can be made for purposes of assigning grades, awarding scholarships, etc. Thus, the focus of this chapter is upon the examinees and the procedures for estimating an ability score (parameter) for an examinee.
Characteristics of Multidrug Resistance in Human Tumor Cells

MDR is now a well-characterized experimental phenomenon (see recent reviews by Beck, 1987; Pastan and Gottesman, 1987, 1988; Moscow and Cowan, 1988; Bradley et al., 1988; Croop et al., 1988; van der Bliek and Borst, 1989; and Endicott and Ling, 1989). The early observations of Kessel et al. (1968), Biedler and colleagues (Biedler and Riehm, 1970; Biedler et al., 1975), Dano (1973), and Ling and colleagues (Ling and Thompson, 1974; Juliano and Ling, 1976; Bech-Hansen et al., 1976) were made in rodent cell lines and revealed the essential features of the phenotype: broad cross-resistance to a variety of apparently dissimilar “natural-product” drugs, decreased drug accumulation and retention, and overexpression of a high-molecular-mass glycoprotein of ca. 170 kDa, now known as P-glycoprotein or P170. Prior to 1979, this phenomenon had been demonstrated only in rodent cells. Because of the implications of these early studies for the treatment of neoplastic diseases, we believed that it was important to determine whether this type of resistance and its associated biochemical and pharmacologic “markers” could in fact occur in human tumor cells as well. We (Beck et al., 1979) selected a human T-cell leukemia line, CCRF-CEM, for different degrees of resistance to the Vinca alkaloid VLB and showed in a series of studies (summarized by Beck, 1983, 1984) that these cells did indeed display what was then known as the “pleiotropic” drug resistance phenotype. We (Conter and Beck, 1984) subsequently developed a series of VCR resistant CEM sublines that also expressed what is now called MDR.
Percutaneous Sacroiliac Joint Fusion: Indications and Technique

Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain is a common, although underdiagnosed cause of lower back pain. In the past, the surgical treatment for SIJ pain had been somewhat controversial and the indications for intervention rather unclear. The surgical treatment for SIJ dysfunction traditionally has been performed in an open fusion with a significant dissection and disruption of normal tissues to expose the joint and allow for arthrodesis. More recently, minimally invasive percutaneous techniques have been developed for SIJ fusion. A substantial body of evidence now supports the benefits of percutaneous SIJ fusion compared to nonoperative management for decreasing pain and improving quality of life. SIJ pain has been demonstrated to be responsible for 22% of low back pain and is found in 43% of patients who have previously undergone lumbar fusion. As of increased awareness of this pain generator, we can expect an increased recognition of its diagnosis. Thus, methods for SIJ fusion including percutaneous SIJ fusion, may become more utilized in the future. This overview will help to define the indications for SIJ fusion surgery and describe current techniques commonly used.
Cyclic GMP/PKG-Dependent Inhibition of TRPC6 Channel Activity and Expression Negatively Regulates Cardiomyocyte NFAT Activation: Novel Mechanism of Cardiac Stress Modulation by PDE5 Inhibition

Increased cyclic GMP from enhanced synthesis or suppressed catabolism (e.g. PDE5 inhibition by sildenafil, SIL) activates protein kinase G (PKG) and blunts cardiac pathological hypertrophy. Suppressed calcineurin (Cn)-NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) signaling appears to be involved, though it remains unclear how this is achieved. One potential mechanism involves activation of Cn/NFAT by calcium entering via transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels (notably TRPC6). Here, we tested the hypothesis that PKG blocks Cn/NFAT activation by modifying and thus inhibiting TRPC6 current to break the positive feedback loop involving NFAT and NFAT-dependent TRPC6 upregulation. TRPC6 expression rose with pressure-overload in vivo, and angiotensin (ATII) or endothelin (ET1) stimulation in neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes in vitro. 8Br-cGMP and SIL reduced ET1-stimulated TRPC6 expression and NFAT dephosphorylation (activity). TRPC6 upregulation was absent if its promoter was mutated with non-functional NFAT binding sites, whereas constitutively active NFAT triggered TRPC6 expression that was not inhibited by SIL. PKG phosphorylated TRPC6, and both T70 and S322 were targeted. Both sites were functionally relevant, as 8Br-cGMP strongly suppressed current in wild-type TRPC6 channels, but not in those with phospho-silencing mutations (T70A, S322A or S322Q). NFAT activation and increased protein synthesis stimulated by ATII or ET1 was blocked by 8Br-cGMP or SIL. However, transfection with T70A or S322Q TRPC6 mutants blocked this inhibitory effect, whereas phospho-mimetic mutants (T70E, S322E, and both combined) suppressed NFAT activation. Thus PDE5-inhibition blocks TRPC6 channel activation and associated Cn/NFAT activation signaling by PKG-dependent channel phosphorylation.
Inflammatory biomarkers of low back pain and disc degeneration: a review

Biomarkers are biological characteristics that can be used to indicate health or disease. This paper reviews studies on biomarkers of low back pain (LBP) in human subjects. LBP is the leading cause of disability, caused by various spine-related disorders, including intervertebral disc degeneration, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and facet arthritis. The focus of these studies is inflammatory mediators, because inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of disc degeneration and associated pain mechanisms. Increasingly, studies suggest that the presence of inflammatory mediators can be measured systemically in the blood. These biomarkers may serve as novel tools for directing patient care. Currently, patient response to treatment is unpredictable with a significant rate of recurrence, and, while surgical treatments may provide anatomical correction and pain relief, they are invasive and costly. The review covers studies performed on populations with specific diagnoses and undefined origins of LBP. Since the natural history of LBP is progressive, the temporal nature of studies is categorized by duration of symptomology/disease. Related studies on changes in biomarkers with treatment are also reviewed. Ultimately, diagnostic biomarkers of LBP and spinal degeneration have the potential to shepherd an era of individualized spine medicine for personalized therapeutics in the treatment of LBP.
Instituting Evidence-Based Changes to Improve First-Time NCLEX-RN® Pass Rates

First-time National Council Licensure Examination-Registered Nurse (i.e., NCLEX-RN®) pass rates are important criterion in evaluating the effectiveness of prelicensure nursing programs. This article describes one baccalaureate nursing program's approach in developing and implementing comprehensive, evidence-based strategies to effectively halt a 3-year decline in the program's annual first-time pass rates. Strategies included revisions in student policies related to admission, progression, and graduation; a comprehensive curriculum revision; and faculty development. These data-driven strategies improved first-time NCLEX-RN pass rates from 64.86% to 94.29% over 3 years—a dramatic 45% increase.
Effect of NEXT coupling in close proximity to receiver of 25Gb/s bus

This paper demonstrates the deleterious effect of Near End Cross Talk (NEXT) on 25.78 Gb/s communication links from proximity of aggressors to the victim's receiver end. Modeling studies and experimental results clearly indicate that at these higher data rates, even shorter lengths 2mm) of tight coupling could effectively close the eye, particularly when the coupling is near the victim's receiver end. Hence particular care must be taken in layout design of constrained areas like chip package to ensure this form of NEXT coupling happening near the victim receiver end is avoided.
March Madness in the Collegiate Sport Workplace: Cultural Implications for Sport Employees

Drawing upon Schein and Schein’s three-level conceptual framework of organizational culture, the purpose of this study was to examine how organizational culture and a sense of community manifest wi...
The mitomycin antibiotics.

The mitomycins were first obtained in 1956 from Streptomyces caespitosus by Hata and coworkers in Japan (1, 2). The isolation involved alumina chromatography of the chloroform extracts of the concentrated aqueous filtrates of the fermentation broth. Although there were many active components in the eluted fractions, only two antibiotics, mitomycins A and B were obtained in crystalline form. Later fractionations of broths of S. caespitosus yielded mitomycin C (3). By 1958, the outstanding antitumor activity of mitomycin C was a subject of great interest in spite of the fact that there existed no firm evidence as to its structure (4). In 1960, N-methylmitomycin C, called porfiromycin, was isolated from cultures of Streptoverticillatium ardus (5). In 1962 the isolation of the same four antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillatus was reported in the U.S. (6). Additionally, a fifth, but inactive member of mitomycin family, mitiromycin was obtained. The fractionation of the S. verticillatus broths to afford the crystalline antibiotics was accomplished by partition chromatography on a diatomaceous earth support.
Self-mutilation and pharmacotherapy.

Objective To critically review clinical reports on the pharmacotherapy of self-mutilation. Methods PubMed search and review of articles dating back to 1950 contributing to the understanding of self-mutilation and its treatment, with a special focus on pharmacotherapy. Key word searches include self-mutilation, deliberate self-harm, and pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder. Results Clinical reports specifically demonstrating reductions in self-mutilation mainly consist of open studies and case reports. These reports support the use of SSRIs, naltrexone, atypical antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and clonidine in the treatment of self-mutilation. Better constructed studies demonstrate general reductions in impulsive aggression, often in the context of borderline personality disorder, through treatment with antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers. Conclusion There is evidence, albeit limited, for the pharmacologic management of self-mutilation. Further studies, especially double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, are needed to substantiate these preliminary findings.