cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Each ‘Race’ Could Have Its Heroes Sung”: Ethnicity and the History Wars in the 1920s

In a classic 1924 essay, the philosopher Horace M. Kallen sketched two alternative pathways for the American future. One was "Kultur Klux Klan," the "social and intellectual conformity" symbolized by the hooded hoodlums of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The other was "Cultural Pluralism," a term Kallen coined to celebrate "variations of racial groups" and "spontaneous differences of social heritage, institutional habit, mental attitude, and emotional tone." Nativist sentiment dominated the United States in the 1920s, Kallen admitted, citing drives for immigration restriction and what contemporaries called "one-hundred-percent Americanism." Yet this impulse "has never existed unopposed," he emphasized. Beneath the American "compulsions toward conformity" lay a more liberal tradition of ethnic tolerance, respectful of "differentiated communities" and "the free flow . . . of spiritual values between them."' A few months before Kallen's essay appeared, the New Jersey legislature debated a bill that would have barred "treasonous" history textbooks from the state's classrooms. The bill's sponsors targeted works by such authors as David S. Muzzey and Charles A. Beard, whose "new methods" of socioeconomic analysis seemed to diminish the Founding Fathers. Invoking the liberal tribune John Dewey, Kallen condemned such legislation as the epitome of America's homogenizing heritage. "The fact is, the genuine American, the typical American, is himself a hyphenated character," wrote Dewey, in a passage that Kallen quoted. "And this means at least that our public schools shall . .. enlighten all as to the great past contributions of every strain in our
Structural Analysis and Electronic Properties of in on Si(100) from Synchrotron Photoemission Studies

High-resolution photoemission spectroscopy was used to study the initial growth and interaction of In on Si(100). A quantification of the number of Si surface atoms selectively modified in the presence of an In adatom is enabled by decomposing the Si 2p core level into bulk and surface-shifted components; this analysis leads to an In-Si bonding coordination number determination. The In-to-Si bonding coordination number is 3 for very low In coverages and decreases to 2 for one half monolayer coverage. An analysis of the In 4d core levels indicates that the In adatoms occupy equivalent sites for the first 0.5 monolayers. Surface state emission near the top of the valence band persists for coverages exhibiting no Si 2p surface core level shift; implications regarding the different mechanisms I ehind the surface state and surface core level shift are addressed. The results are consistent with a structural model deduced from electron diffraction, Auger, and scanning electron microscopy studies.
Prevention of scalp hydrops after suboccipital craniotomy

Objective To dicuss eliminating scalp hydrops by the suspension between dural and muscles of neck during close-skull. Method Routinely close-skull was adopted in 79 cases between July, 1997 and March, 2000, suspension between dural and muscles of neck during close-skull in 63 cases between March, 2000 and June, 2005. Result 8 of 79 cases with routinely close-skull represented scalp hydrops, of all, 7 cases were cured by drainage or puncture, none of 63 cases with suspension between dural and muscles of neck during close-skull represented scalp hydrops. Conclusion Suspension between dural and muscles of neck during close-skull can effectively prevent the happen of scalp hydrops after suboccipital.
Transfer of wrist extensors and brachioradialis to restore opposition of the thumb.

Transfer of Wrist Extensors and Brachioradialis to Restore Opposition of the Thumb Edward Henderson; The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
Soul-Dye and Salt: Integrating Spiritual and Medical Understandings of Depression

Speculates on the many strands of depression, drawing particularly on insights gained from Hebraic literature. Suggests ways in which spiritual and medical notions of depression can be integrated and made manifest and helpful in the work of pastoral caregivers.
Ultrafast Coherent Control of Individual Electron Spin Qubits

In this chapter, we shall derive how ultrafast optical control can be used in combination with Larmor precession for full SU(2) control of a single quantum dot electron spin. Such ultrafast electron spin control was first reported in Refs. [1–3]. In combination with accurate timing control over the optical fields used to realize this SU(2) control, arbitrary pulse (control) patterns can be applied to the spin [3]. As we will show in Sect. 3.3.2, such pulse sequences can be used to overcome the effects of slowly varying Larmor precession due to variations in the spin’s solid state environment. As a particular example, we will study the effects of the hyperfine interaction between an electron spin and the nuclear spins inside the quantum dot [4–7] – the latter will be discussed in detail in Sect. 3.3.1.
Abstract 768: The ATP6V1C2 (a vacuolar-ATPase gene) is a novel early prognosticator for colorectal cancer

Background: Vacuolar (v) -ATPases are expressed in certain tissues and cell types, and hypothesized to detoxify intracellular environments by expelling protons across plasma membranes, thereby contributing to acidified extracellular environments of solid tumors. Acidic microenvironments suppress anti-cancer cytotoxic T-cells and activate metalloproteinases, promoting tumor cell survival, motility and invasion. Scarce nutrients, hypoxia, and accelerated metabolism that favor pathways that produce excess intracellular protons by promoting glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation, lead to selection of tumor cells that adapted to and countered toxic/acidic cytoplasm. It is unclear whether colorectal cancers (CRCs) upregulate proton-expelling mechanisms, and whether associated genes are prognostic biomarkers. Aim: We hypothesized that adaptations through upregulation of proton transporting genes is prognostic for CRC. This study aims to identify transcriptional adaptations that CRCs undergo in response to acidic microenvironments and evaluate their prognostic value in multiple cohorts of CRC patients. Methods: Comprehensive microarray data from 222 CRCs obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas were used to screen for genes upregulated in CRCs vs. normal mucosae, and stage III and IV vs. early staged tumors. Filtered genes involved in metabolite transport were tested for their ability to predict survival using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with a stringent median cutoff. A second cohort was used to corroborate initial findings. A third cohort of matching polyps and adenomas was used to determine if candidate gene upregulation can be detected in pre-cancerous lesions. Functional analysis was performed using siRNA knockdown to determine if the candidate gene is critical for CRC proliferation. Results: Progressive upregulation of ATP6V1C2 from early to late stage CRCs was detected in two separate multinational patient cohorts, where its high expression was correlated with shorter overall survival. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis confirmed that ATP6V1C2 expression successfully discriminated between cancerous and non-cancer tissues. Fisher9s exact test confirmed that high ATP6V1C2 expression correlated with advanced depth of invasion (T stage), and distant and liver metastasis. ATP6V1C2 expression was increased in pre-cancerous polyps. SiRNA knockdown of ATP6V1C2 inhibited cell proliferation in high expressing cell lines (HCT116 and HCT15) but not in low expressing RKO and HT29. Citation Format: Timothy J. Zumwalt, Kunitoshi Shigeyasu, Wenhao Weng, Yoshinaga Okugawa, Jinsei Miyoshi, Ajay Goel. The ATP6V1C2 (a vacuolar-ATPase gene) is a novel early prognosticator for colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 768.
Counting and Rendezvous: Two Applications of Distributed Consensus in Robotics

Consensus protocols have been widely studied in recent years in the control community. We discuss two applications of consensus protocols in robotics: counting and rendezvous. For counting, the main issue is how each agent can estimate the total number of robots in a network by using limited communications with its neighbors. For rendezvous, the aim is to make the agents converge to a common meeting point, again by only allowing them to communicate with immediate neighbors. We present a formal analysis of the proposed algorithms and prove their convergence properties by relying on the theory of consensus protocols.
Alkyne Semihydrogenation with a Well-Defined Nonclassical Co–H2 Catalyst: A H2 Spin on Isomerization and E-Selectivity

The reactivity of a CoI–H2 complex was extended toward the semihydrogenation of internal alkynes. Under ambient temperatures and moderate pressures of H2, a broad scope of alkynes were semihydrogenated using a CoI-N2 precatalyst, resulting in the formation of trans-alkene products. Furthermore, mechanistic studies using 1H, 2H, and para-hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) transfer NMR spectroscopy revealed cis-hydrogenation of the alkyne occurs first. The Co-mediated alkene isomerization afforded the E-selective products from a broad group of alkynes with good yields and E/Z selectivity.
Compliance Costs and the Tax Avoidance-Tax Evasion Decision:

The analysis of the individual's choice of illegal tax evasion has typically ignored an alternative, legal method by which taxes can be reduced: tax avoidance. This article analyzes the joint individual choice of evasion and avoidance; it also examines optimal government policy in such a world. Its principal conclusion is that the existence of another channel for tax reduction alters many of the conclusions of the simpler evasion literature. Specifically, government policies that reduce evasion may not increase the tax base because avoidance may increase instead, and tax rate reductions may be a powerful tool for generating tax base increases because reductions make both evasion and avoidance less attractive. In addition, optimal government choices depend critically upon its objectives. The government selects larger values for its instruments when its goal is net revenue maximization or when those individuals who evade are not valued highly in its welfare function. It also appears that greater tax complex...
Minority Merit: Improving retention with cooperative learning in a first-year electronics course

Engaging underrepresented populations of women and minorities in engineering represents our greatest untapped resource for increasing the STEM workforce and its productivity. Guided by the research that shows that students' performance and experience in a first course in the discipline is predictive of retention of these students, we are adopting Merit workshops into our Introduction to Electronics course (one of our department's first-year courses). Merit workshops engage students in collaborative learning communities to improve students' sense of belonging in the department. In this work in progress paper, we will describe how we implemented our Merit workshops and provide some preliminary evaluations of the workshop.
Active preference-based learning of reward functions

Author(s): Sadigh, D; Dragan, AD; Sastry, S; Seshia, SA | Editor(s): Amato, Nancy M; Srinivasa, Siddhartha S; Ayanian, Nora; Kuindersma, Scott | Abstract: Our goal is to efficiently learn reward functions encoding a human's preferences for how a dynamical system should act. There are two challenges with this. First, in many problems it is difficult for people to provide demonstrations of the desired system trajectory (like a high-DOF robot arm motion or an aggressive driving maneuver), or to even assign how much numerical reward an action or trajectory should get. We build on work in label ranking and propose to learn from preferences (or comparisons) instead: the person provides the system a relative preference between two trajectories. Second, the learned reward function strongly depends on what environments and trajectories were experienced during the training phase. We thus take an active learning approach, in which the system decides on what preference queries to make. A novel aspect of our work is the complexity and continuous nature of the queries: continuous trajectories of a dynamical system in environments with other moving agents (humans or robots). We contribute a method for actively synthesizing queries that satisfy the dynamics of the system. Further, we learn the reward function from a continuous hypothesis space by maximizing the volume removed from the hypothesis space by each query. We assign weights to the hypothesis space in the form of a log-concave distribution and provide a bound on the number of iterations required to converge. We show that our algorithm converges faster to the desired reward compared to approaches that are not active or that do not synthesize queries in an autonomous driving domain. We then run a user study to put our method to the test with real people.
Association of Clinician Denial of Patient Requests With Patient Satisfaction.

Importance Prior studies suggesting clinician fulfillment or denial of requests affects patient satisfaction included limited adjustment for patient confounders. The studies also did not examine distinct request types, yet patient expectations and clinician fulfillment or denial might vary among request types. Objective To examine how patient satisfaction with the clinician is associated with clinician denial of distinct types of patient requests, adjusting for patient characteristics. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional observational study of 1319 outpatient visits to family physicians (n = 56) by 1141 adults at one Northern California academic health center. Main Outcomes and Measures We used 6 Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Clinician and Group Adult Visit Survey items to measure patient satisfaction with the visit physician. Standardized items were averaged to form the satisfaction score (Cronbach α = 0.80), which was then percentile-transformed. Seven separate linear mixed-effects models examined the adjusted mean differences in patient satisfaction percentile associated with denial of each of the following requests (if present)—referral, pain medication, antibiotic, other new medication, laboratory test, radiology test, or other test—compared with fulfillment of the respective requests. The models adjusted for patient sociodemographics, weight, health status, personality, worry over health, prior visit with clinician, and the other 6 request categories and their dispositions. Results The mean (SD) age of the 1141 patients was 45.6 (16.1) years, and 902 (68.4%) were female. Among 1319 visits, 897 (68.0%) included at least 1 request; 1441 (85.2%) were fulfilled. Requests by category were referral, 294 (21.1%); pain medication, 271 (20.5%); antibiotic, 107 (8.1%); other new medication, 271 (20.5%); laboratory test, 448 (34.0%); radiology test, 153 (11.6%); and other tests, 147 (11.1%). Compared with fulfillment of the respective request type, clinician denials of requests for referral, pain medication, other new medication, and laboratory test were associated with worse satisfaction (adjusted mean percentile differences, −19.75 [95% CI, −30.75 to −8.74], −10.72 [95% CI, −19.66 to −1.78], −20.36 [95% CI, −29.54 to −11.18], and −9.19 [95% CI, −17.50 to −0.87]), respectively. Conclusions and Relevance Clinician denial of some types of requests was associated with worse patient satisfaction with the clinician, but not for others, when compared with fulfillment of the requests. In an era of patient satisfaction-driven compensation, the findings suggest the need to train clinicians to deal effectively with requests, potentially enhancing patient and clinician experiences.
Making remembering more memorable

Memory retrieval is a cognitive operation that itself can be remembered or forgotten, with potentially important consequences. To study memory for prior remembering, we had participants first study target words (e.g., bark) alongside semantically related cue words (e.g., dog). Then, on Test 1, participants retrieved targets in response to either the study cue or a changed cue that was semantically related to a homograph of the target (e.g., birch). Finally, on Test 2, participants retrieved all targets in response to the original study cues, and participants judged whether targets were previously retrieved on Test 1. As in previous research, cue change on Test 1 rendered target retrievals less memorable, suggesting context changes harm memory for prior remembering. We hypothesised that the negative effect of context change could be ameliorated by reminding participants of the original study cues during Test 1. We had participants either retrieve (Experiments 1 and 3, Ns = 46 and 62) or view (Experiment 2, N = 118) the study cue following each target retrieval. Reminding significantly reduced the negative effect of cue change, with self-generation being especially potent. This indicates that reminding can make remembering more memorable in the face of context change.
Device Engineering for Infectious Disease Diagnosis using Isothermal DNA Amplification and Lateral Flow Detection

of the Dissertation Device Engineering for Infectious Disease Diagnosis using Isothermal DNA Amplification and Lateral Flow Detection By Kristina Roskos Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences: 2013 Technologies that enable infectious diseases diagnosis in low-resource settings could greatly facilitate effective treatment and containment of such diseases. Nucleic acid amplification testing can be used to identify pathogens, but typically requires highlytrained personnel and large, expensive lab equipment, neither of which is available in low-resource settings. Our overall goal is to develop a portable diagnostic system that utilizes a low-cost, disposable, mesofluidic cartridge and a handheld electronics unit to perform fully-integrated nucleic acid testing at the point of care in low-resource settings. As a first step toward this goal, we developed a subunit to execute isothermal nucleic acid amplification coupled with lateral flow detection, in parallel with the development of a sample preparation subunit by our collaborators at Claremont BioSolutions. Fluid handling inside the amplification and detection cartridge is facilitated through one-way passive valves, flexible pouches, and electrolysis-driven pumps, which promotes a compact and inexpensive instrument design. The closed-system disposable prevents workspace amplicon contamination. The cartridge design is based on standard, scalable manufacturing techniques, such as injection molding. Using an initial prototype system, we demonstrated detection of purified Mycobacterium tuberculosis genomic DNA. We then developed a refined amplification and detection cartridge in conjunction with an improved portable instrument, which automates pumping, heating, and timing, using a design format compatible with eventual integration with the sample preparation subunit. This refined cartridge incorporates a novel, inexpensive, stand-alone, passive valve, smaller, integrated pump components, a more complex injection molded polycarbonate cartridge core piece, and enhanced lateral flow chambers to improve visual detection. The independent valve component can be tailored for a variety of fluidic systems. We demonstrated appropriate fluidic and thermal control, and successful isothermal nucleic acid amplification within this refined amplification and detection subunit. We have developed a separate fluidic module for master-mix reagent storage and reconstitution that is designed to act as the interface between the amplification and detection subunit and the upstream sample preparation subunit. We envision that the merger of these two subunits into a fully-integrated cartridge will enable user-friendly, automated sample-in to answer-out diagnosis of infectious diseases in primary care settings of low-resource countries with high disease burden.
C-Cell Hyperplasia, C-Cell Adenoma, and C-Cell Carcinoma, Thyroid, Rat

C-cell hyperplasia and adenoma are usually not visible grossly. C-cell carcinoma may appear as a unilateral or bilateral nodule or irregularly shaped enlargement of the thyroid. When incised, C-cell carcinoma is a moderately firm, uniform, white to tan mass that contrasts sharply with the red-brown color of the normal thyroid parenchyma.
Use of Seismic Resonance Measurements to Determine the Elastic Modulus of Freestanding Rock Masses

Measuring the elastic modulus of in situ rock masses over scales of tens of meters remains an important challenge in experimental rock mechanics. Here we present a new approach using ambient resonance measurements of freestanding rock landforms to identify vibrational modes, which are then matched with 3D numerical models implementing bulk, globally representative material properties. The result is an experimentally determined, albeit numerically calibrated, estimate of rock mass elastic modulus. We demonstrate the approach at five natural rock arches in southern Utah, each formed in Navajo Sandstone, where we have acquired resonance data and matched experimental resonant modes using 3D numerical modal analysis. Two material properties can be varied to match experimental data: density and modulus. We hold density constant, applying measured or reference values, and solve for elastic modulus using a forward approach. The resolved modulus is representative of the global small-strain dynamic behavior, integrating rock mass heterogeneity over the scale of the feature. The technique works well for freestanding geological landforms that exhibit clear vibrational modes. Errors arise with uncertain mechanical boundary conditions or strong material anisotropy. The resolved modulus values add relevant information describing the variation of elastic properties over scales from lab samples to in situ rock masses.
A New Algorithm for Reliability Assessment of Distribution System Based on Reliability Network Equivalent Technique

This paper proposes an algorithm to incorporate the reliability network equivalent concept into reliability assessment of complex radial distribution networks (RDNs). Using this concept, there is no need to analyze the system response to every single contingency. Instead, the equivalent impact of a group of contingencies is used to decrease the network dimension. In the proposed algorithm, the reduction takes place at protection zones. The topology of the network is given in matrix form. In different steps, this matrix is modified to derive new matrices, which are then used to perform network reduction, fault isolation, upstream and downstream restoration, and integration of the unsuccessful operation of protective devices. Use of the matrix form makes the algorithm straightforward to implement. The Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) is used to validate computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
A Pilot Clinical Trial of Smoking Cessation Services Implemented in the Workplace for Service Industry Employees

Purpose:Evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of implementing evidence-based tobacco treatment at the workplace for service industry employees.Design:Randomized trial using 6 paired wor...
Super-resolution stimulated emission depletion microscopy of director structures in liquid crystals.

Extending the optical imaging of director structures in liquid crystals (LCs) beyond the diffraction limit is poised to provide insights into previously elusive LC physics at the nanoscale. Here, we develop and characterize super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy with molecular orientation sensitivity and apply it to reveal spatially localized director structures in chiral nematic and smectic LCs. As examples, we demonstrate director imaging and reconstruction of nanoscale LC configurations, including solitonic Bloch walls and two-dimensional skyrmions, both observed in sub-micrometer-thick strongly confined LC films, and focal conic domains in smectic LCs. The ≲100 nm resolution of our orientation-resolved STED imaging is three times better than that of fluorescence confocal polarizing microscopy and polarized nonlinear imaging techniques, but can be potentially improved even further.
Numerical Approach of Magnetic and Viscous Diffusivity in a Heat Exchanger Cooled by a Non-Newtonian Fluid

This work is devoted to a theoretical and numerical study of a flow model in a heat exchanger cooled by two fluids. Assimilated to a vertical channel, the exchanger is divided in two immiscible regions separated by so thin plate made of high thermal conductivity material. The first region is filled with non-Newtonian micropolar fluid. The second region is filled with Newtonian fluid. The convective flow is due to the temperature gradient-between two walls of the channel–it’s also affected by a constant transverse magnetic field. This phenomenon is assumed as a mathematical model and developed. The terms of magnetic, viscous, and microrotation dissipations constituted the focal points of this work which present a numerical approach for some reasons. Firstly, to observe the interaction between these terms while running the dimensionless equations of balance. secondly, to examine the behavior of these terms while varying different obtained parameters. In addition, to study the effect of these terms and the dimensionless numbers and parameters on fluids flow. Finally, The investigation of the suggested model has allowed the appearance of certain dimensionless parameters and numbers such as the parameter of micropolarity, Prandtl number, the mixed convection parameter, the magnetic parameter, and Eckert number etc. The obtained results have been exploited and discussed.
Paradoxes of Protection: Compassionate Repression at the Mexico–Guatemala Border:

Executive SummaryAnti-immigrant rhetoric and constricting avenues for asylum in the United States, amid continuing high rates of poverty, environmental crisis, and violence in Guatemala, Honduras, ...
Human neutrophils depend on extrinsic factors produced by monocytes for their survival response to TLR4 stimulation

LPS delays neutrophil apoptosis by a process generally assumed to involve cell-intrinsic TLR4 signaling. However, neutrophil survival responses to LPS have been reported to be monocyte-dependent, w...
An Analog Active Gate Drive Circuit Architecture for Wide Band Gap Devices

With the increased usage of SiC and GaN devices in power converters, it is apparent to engineers that the benefits of these devices for low switching losses have to be balanced against two deterrents: (1) the faster rise and fall times of these devices lead to increased harmonic content, making it more difficult to meet Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) regulations; and (2) increased sensitivity to parasitic elements in the board layout, leading to higher dv DS /dt and di D /dt with higher current and voltage peak stresses. "Active" gate drives are thus needed to regulate different regions of switching to achieve the optimal tradeoff between switching loss and EMC. We present a simple analog circuit architecture for an active gate drive. Turn on and turn off tests with SiC modules and discrete parts are discussed with experimental results.
Lib Metamorphosis: A Performance Analysis Framework for Exchanging Data Structures in Performance Sensitive Applications

When software does not meet performance requirements, difficult decisions are made to change central data structures which may be costly financially and increase development time. In addition, monitoring how these data structures are used, and trying to understand performance implications of any change may prevent any evolution of the original infrastructure. Thus, radical revisions to software may be avoided due to the barriers of time and engineering complexity costs. Our solution to helping developers make infrastructure changes to improve performance is to provide a refactoring tool where developers may swap data structures. Our tool preserves correctness by utilizing the software's test suite and also measures performance automatically of the swapped data structure. We believe there is need for such a tool to help encourage more radical revisions and experimentation in large software projects to improve performance. Our frameworks success will be evaluated based on preserving the correctness of the software within a developer created test suite while providing performance information based on modified data structures.
Bile Acid Profile and its Changes in Response to Cefoperazone Treatment in MR1 Deficient Mice.

Mucosal associated invariant T-cells (MAIT cells) are activated following recognition of bacterial antigens (riboflavin intermediates) presented on major histocompatibility complex class I-related molecule (MR1). Our previous study showed that MR1−/− knock-out (KO) mice (lacking MAIT cells) harbor a unique microbiota that is resistant to antibiotic disruption and Clostridioides difficile colonization. While we have characterized the microbiota of this mouse strain, changes in global metabolic activity in these KO mice have not been assessed. Here, LC/MS-based untargeted metabolomics was applied to investigate the differences in the metabolome, specifically in the bile acid (BA) profile of wild-type (WT) and MR1−/− KO mice, as well as how antibiotics change these profiles. BA changes were evaluated in the intestinal content, cecum content, and stool samples from MR1−/− mice and WT mice treated with cefoperazone (Cef). Fecal pellets were collected daily and both intestinal and cecal contents were harvested at predetermined endpoints on day 0 (D0), day 1 (D1), day 3 (D3), and day 5 (D5). KO mice exhibited no changes in 6-hydroxymethyl-8-D-ribityllumazine (rRL-6-CH2OH; an MR1-restricted riboflavin derivative) in the stool samples at either time point vs. D0, while WT mice showed significant decreases in rRL-6-CH2OH in the stool samples on all treatment days vs. D0. Metabolomics analysis from cecal and stool samples showed that KO mice had more total BA intensity (KO/WT = ~1.7 and ~3.3 fold higher) than that from WT mice prior to Cef treatment, while the fold change difference (KO/WT = ~4.5 and ~4.4 fold) increased after five days of Cef treatment. Both KO and WT mice showed decreases in total BA intensity in response to Cef treatment, however, less dramatic decreases were present in KO vs. WT mice. Increases in taurocholic acid (TCA) intensity and decreases in deoxycholic acid (DCA) intensity in the stool samples from WT mice were associated with the depletion of certain gut bacteria, which was consistent with the previously reported microbiome data. Furthermore, the non-detected TCA and relatively higher DCA intensity in the KO mice might be related to Clostridioides difficile infection resistance, although this needs further investigation.
Violent Inclusion: Disability and the Nation in Polish 1950s and 1960s Young Adult Literature:

This article belongs to the special cluster, “Family, Gender and (dis)Abled Bodies after 1953”, guest-edited by Maike Lehmann and Alexandra Oberlander.My article “Violent Inclusion: Disability and ...
The Structure of Academic Achievement: Searching for Proximal Mechanisms Using Causal Discovery Algorithms:

Causal search algorithms have been effectively applied in different fields including biology, genetics, climate science, medicine, and neuroscience. However, there have been scant applications of t...
Perioperative Management of a Patient With Profound Thrombocytopenia Secondary to MYH9-RD Presenting for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Repair and Aortic Valve Replacement.

Abstract Preoperative thrombocytopenia is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality following cardiothoracic surgery. We describe a case of a 28-year-old female with a history of myosin heavy chain 9-related disease (MYH9-RD) and a presenting platelet count of 6,000 per microliter undergoing a Bentall procedure for aortic valve insufficiency and a thoracic aortic aneurysm. A multidisciplinary team approach was used in order to optimize the patient for surgery and guide her through the perioperative period. In this report, we discuss the epidemiology and pathophysiology of MYH9-RD and describe the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations for such patients presenting for cardiothoracic surgery.
Signal Peptide of HIV-1 Envelope Modulates Glycosylation Impacting Exposure of V1V2 Epitopes

Abstract HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. Each trimer is swathed by ∼90 N-linked glycans, comprising complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans, which play an important role in determining virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. We previously examined the effects of single point SP mutations on Env properties and functions. Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including the conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex. Virus neutralization was also affected, especially by antibodies against the V2i, V2p and V2q epitopes. Likewise, SP swaps affected the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations. These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 epitopes on Env. Author Summary HIV-1 Env glycoprotein is produced by a precursor gp160 that has a signal peptide at its N-terminus. The SP is highly diverse among the HIV-1 isolates and no two SP are same. This study presents site-specific analyses of N-linked glycosylation on HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from infectious viruses produced with different envelope signal peptides. We show that signal peptide swapping alters the envelope glycan shield, including the conserved N156 and N160 located in the V1V2 region on the trimer apex, to impact Env recognition and virus neutralization by antibodies, particularly those targeting the the V1V2 region. The data offer crucial insights into the role of signal peptide in the interplay between HIV-1 and antibodies and its potential utility to control Env glycosylation in the development of Env-based HIV-1 vaccine.
Telemedicine in Austere Conditions

Austere conditions can be defined in many ways. They are places around the world and in space. Whenever individuals or groups travel to these places or live and work in them, they may find services austere or extremely limited. Healthcare services or access to healthcare knowledge can be impacted by a lack of resources or capable individuals who can provide them. Telemedicine and telehealth have been deployed in many of these austere environments effectively through significant research and evidence base. Examples of these are brought to you in a way that showcases the challenges and benefits of incorporating telemedicine. These examples include spaceflight, the battlefield, alpine environments, jungles, ships at sea, oil rigs, disasters, pandemics, and nursing homes. It is important to note that the integration of telemedicine and telehealth since the beginning of early 2020 concomitant with COVID-19 pandemic has skyrocketed. Many of us have been impacted physically, psychologically, and economically. Telemedicine and telehealth have been key to helping us all flatten the curve and help eradicate the disease.
Pandemic (COVID-19) Implications: Recommendations for the Events and Tourism Industry: COVID-19 Implications: Recommendations for the Events and Tourism Industry

This article reviews The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the events and tourism industry. The negative impact of COVID-19 on hotel performance worldwide was identified. Also, the effect of shutdown for a short period was compared worldwide. The lesson learned identifies the events and tourism trends during a pandemic and ideas for the survival of the events and tourism industry during a pandemic. Recommendations were also drawn for events and tourism professionals for advancing virtual or hybrid meetings or events during a pandemic.
Acetyl-CoA and Metabolite Fluxes Regulate White Adipose Tissue Expansion

White adipose tissue (WAT) depends on coordinated regulation of transcriptional and metabolic pathways to respond to whole-body energy demands. We highlight metabolites that contribute to biosynthetic reactions for WAT expansion. Recent studies have precisely defined how byproducts of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism affect physiological and endocrine functions in adipocytes. We emphasize the critical emerging roles of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites that connect lipogenesis to WAT energy balance and endocrine functions. These insights address how adipocytes use small molecules generated from central carbon metabolism to measure responses to nutritional stress.
Post-arthroscopic Subchondral Insufficiency Fractures of the Knee Yield High Rate of Conversion to Arthroplasty.

Purpose To evaluate both the potential causes and resultant outcomes in patients in whom subchondral insufficiency fracture of the knee (SIFK) develops after arthroscopy. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients with a magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of SIFK after arthroscopic meniscectomy and chondroplasty over a 12-year period. Results A total of 28 patients were included, with a mean age of 61 years and mean follow-up period of 5.7 years. SIFK showed a predilection for the medial compartment (n = 25, 89%), specifically the medial femoral condyle (n = 21, 75%). In 7 patients (25%), SIFK developed in both the femoral condyle and tibial plateau in the ipsilateral compartment. Fifteen patients (54%) went on to conversion to arthroplasty at a mean of 0.72 years. The rate of survival free of conversion to arthroplasty was 57%, 45%, and 40% at 1 year, 2 years, and 5 years, respectively. Furthermore, 63% of patients with a meniscal tear and SIFK in the same compartment went on to arthroplasty (P = .04). There was an increased risk of conversion to arthroplasty if SIFK was present in both the femur and tibia in the same compartment (P = .04). A higher Kellgren-Lawrence grade at the time of the SIFK diagnosis increased the likelihood of eventual arthroplasty (P = .03). The presence of SIFK in both the femur and tibia in the ipsilateral compartment, an increased Kellgren-Lawrence grade, and a meniscal tear or prior meniscectomy in the same compartment as SIFK were associated with an increased risk of eventual arthroplasty. Conclusions Post-arthroscopic SIFK most commonly occurs in the medial compartment, particularly in patients who underwent a prior meniscectomy. The presence of meniscal root and radial tears in these patients is notable (75%). Ultimately, there is a high rate of progression of arthrosis (33%) and eventual conversion to arthroplasty. Level of Evidence Level IV, case series.
3 THE EVOLUTION OF AN IDEA: A BRIEF TYPOLOGY OF 3D PRINTING

Additive manufacturing can be construed quite broadly, but the core elements include controlled fusing of material(s) under computer control. Beginning in the 1980s, the field has expanded into many materials, being fused with a variety of techniques, resulting in builds with many different characteristics. From the earliest days, 3D printing as a field has evolved in many directions: • Better materials (from an engineering standpoint): tougher, stronger, lighter. • Scale, both smaller to nano-scale assembly and larger, to include large airplanes and buildings. • Resolution, as the units of deposition get more precise. Price/performance. • Domains, from prototype parts to food, structures, and living tissue.
The Classical Theory of Statistical Inference

Bernoulli’s Theorem could be said to predict from cause (fair coin) to effect (distribution of outcomes). More often in application, interest lay in reasoning from observed effects (empirical series) to underlying causes, the problem of statistical inference. Bayes (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 53:370–418, 1763) solved the problem with a two-stage experiment: having the probability p of a success on a trial itself determined as the outcome of a random process. Laplace (Laplace, P. S. Marquis de (1891). Memoire sur la probabilite des causes par les evenements [Memoir on the probability of causes from events]. Memoires de l’Academie Royale des Sciences de Paris, 1774, 6, 621–656. (Reprinted in Œuvres completes, Vol. 8, pp. 27–65)), on the other hand, merely stipulated that, if we know nothing of the value of p, we could assume all values between 0 and 1 equally likely. As a particular result Laplace was able to show (Rule of Succession) that if we had observed p successes and q failures on a binary trial, the probability of a success on the next trial was (p + 1)/(p + q + 2). Laplace’s celebrated example was in answer to Hume: If the world was created 5000 years ago, then the probability that the sun will rise tomorrow is 1,826,214/1,826,215. Application to surface characters like the color of swans gave it an appearance of plausibility; but the same calculation applied as well to intrinsic characters, such as whether a swan had a head.
A roadmap to Durable BCTV Resistance Using Long-Read Genome Assembly of Genetic Stock KDH13

Beet Curly Top (BCT) is a viral disease which negatively impacts crop productivity for sugar beet growers and the sugar beet industry in the western USA and dry regions worldwide. Current varieties exhibit little genetic resistance to the Beet Curly Top Virus (BCTV), suggesting there is a large potential for improvement. KDH13 (PI 663862) is a double-haploid line created from a population (C762-17/PI 560130) which segregates for resistance to BCTV and was identified as genetic stock for the improvement of sugar beet varieties. PacBio sequences were generated and assembled to better define the content and organization of variation within the KDH13 genome and to provide resources to identify specific variation underpinning durable genetic resistance. Using ab initio predicted proteins as anchors, the assembled KDH13 contigs were placed in a more contiguous order using the EL10.1 reference genome, which leveraged Bio-Nano optical maps and Hi-C proximity information for chromosome level scaffolding. In total, 4681 (75%) of the 6245 contigs were placed in the order and orientation of the EL10.1 genome. The anchored contigs represented 502,929,268 bp (87.7%), the KDH13 genome assembly. An F1 hybrid and parental lines KDH13 (resistant) and KDH19-17 (susceptible) were sequenced using Illumina technology in order to characterize the SNP, indel, and structural variation between parental lines and allow for a more detailed investigation into causal variation linked to important phenotypes. In total, 3,086,720 variants were detected, including 2,259,324 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, 191,448 insertions, 198,057 deletions, 268,090 complex substitutions, 90,004 multi allelic variants, and 79,797 structural variants. Of the total variation, 1,158,491 were informative in the F1 and were able to discriminate between the two parents. This information represents a high-density marker dataset distributed globally across the sugar beet genome and can be used to track genomic segments in populations where KDH13 is used as parental material to improve BCTV resistance.
Children’s Book Reviews

These three titles share a message of love among the generations and the diverse ways that this love looks and is shared. These picture books open three worlds of three families strengthened by int...
Measurements of the neutron fission and absorption cross sections of 239 Pu over the energy region 0.02 eV to 30 keV.

The neutron absorption and fission cross sections for 239Pu have been measured simultaneously over the neutron energy range from 0.02 eV to 30 keV. An electron linear accelerator was used to produc...
Circulating maternal serum progesterone in high-risk pregnancies☆

Serum progesterone was measured by competitive protein-binding assay in 331 cases of normal pregnancy ranging from 6 to 42 weeks. Serial estimations of serum progesterone were performed in nine cases of severe hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, eight cases of twin pregnancy, three cases of twin pregnancy complicated by severe hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, three cases of triplet pregnancy, three cases of previous bad obstetric history, one case of anencephaly, and seven cases of intrauterine fetal death. Serum progesterone remained within normal range in severe hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and the levels were indistinguishable in cases of fetal growth retardation from those without growth retardation. In twin and triplet pregnancies, serum progesterone was within normal range or elevated and was usually higher than normal in twin pregnancies after weeks 33 to 34. Serum progesterone levels were normal in anencephalic pregnancy and in most cases of intrauterine fetal death. The findings are discussed with reference to placental hormonal activity. It is concluded that serum progesterone is a poor index of placental function.
The Universal Darwinism of Disease

Dynamics of Cancer . Incidence, Inheritance, and Evolution. By Steven A. Frank . Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2007. 392 pp. $99.50, £59.95. ISBN 9780691133652. Paper, $39.50, £23.95. ISBN 9780691133669. Princeton Series in Evolutionary Biology. The author combines molecular, demographic, and evolutionary analyses to examine genetic and environmental influences on the age of onset.
A Hole in the Weather Warning System

Abstract In this article, the problems deaf and hard of hearing people experience when attempting to accessthe weather warning systems in Oklahoma and Minnesota are documented. Deaf and hard of hearing people cannot hear CivilDefense sirens, cannot listen to local radio stations that are broadcasting emergency information through the Emergency Alert System, cannot access weather warnings through conventional National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Weather Radio, and often have problems obtaining weather information from local television stations due to the lack of text information. These problems had forced deaf and hard of hearing people to rely on looking at the sky or having hearing people alert them as their primary methods of receiving emergency information. These problems are documented through the use of a survey of 277 deaf and hard of hearing people in Minnesota and Oklahoma as well as specific examples. During the last two years, some progress has been made to “close this hole” in...
Generalization of the Gram-Charlier/Edgeworth Series andApplication to Time-Frequency Analysis

We derive a general equation relating probability densities and as special cases we the obtain Gram-Charlier and Edgeworth series. This allows us to generalize these methods and clarify a number of issues pertaining to both probability theory and time-frequency analysis. In particular we show how the Gram-Charlier and Edgeworth series are related to the kernel method of time-frequency analysis. The approach allows us to construct densities that satisfy given constraints such as joint moments or conditional moments. Also, we show that the kernel has to be signal dependent and that to obtain a proper distribution it should be the ratio of two characteristic functions.