cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What’s Age Got to Do With It? Partner Age Difference, Power, Intimate Partner Violence, and Sexual Risk in Urban Adolescents

Adolescent girls with older male main partners are at greater risk for adverse sexual health outcomes than other adolescent girls. One explanation for this finding is that low relationship power occurs with partner age difference. Using a cross-sectional, descriptive design, we investigated the effect of partner age difference between an adolescent girl and her male partner on sexual risk behavior through the mediators of sexual relationship power, and physical intimate partner violence (IPV), and psychological IPV severity. We chose Blanc's framework to guide this study as it depicts the links among demographic, social, economic, relationship, family and community characteristics, and reproductive health outcomes with gender-based relationship power and violence. Urban adolescent girls (N = 155) completed an anonymous computer-assisted self-interview survey to examine partner and relationship factors' effect on consistent condom use. Our sample had an average age of 16.1 years with a mean partner age of 17.8 years. Partners were predominantly African American (75%), non-Hispanic (74%), and low-income (81%); 24% of participants reported consistent condom use in the last 3 months. Descriptive, correlation, and multiple mediation analyses were conducted. Partner age difference was negatively associated with consistent condom use (-.4292, p < .01); however, the indirect effects through three proposed mediators (relationship power, physical IPV, or psychological IPV severity) were not statistically significant. Further studies are needed to explore alternative rationale explaining the relationship between partner age differences and sexual risk factors within adolescent sexual relationships. Nonetheless, for clinicians and researchers, these findings underscore the heightened risk associated with partner age differences and impact of relationship dynamics on sexual risk behavior.
Visions of the Future: The Distant Past, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

This article summarizes 30 years of investment management history andprovides some vision of the future. The investment management industryhas evolved from the dark age of the past to the information age of today.Tomorrow, the investment industry will consist of investment factories andsmall boutiques. The pension sponsor mantra of the future will reflect thebasic economic principal of value for service from money managers and consultants.
Developing meaningful systematic review of CAD/CAM reconstructions and fiber-reinforced composites.

OBJECTIVE Clinical literature was examined for evidence supporting use of CAD/CAM reconstructions and fiber-reinforced materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Potential evidence was identified via databases [PubMed; EMBASE (R) Drugs & Pharmacology; Center for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York; Cochrane Library], hand search of non-indexed literature, secondary reference searches, and personal contacts with clinical trial PI's. Search terms included: dental restorations; CAD/CAM; CEREC; LAVA; CERCON; Procera; inlay/onlay; dental prosthesis; fiber-reinforced composite (FRC). RESULTS Two randomized-controlled clinical trials were identified as examined in one Cochrane Collaboration review relevant to CAD/CAM inlays. One systematic review of 15 CAD/CAM inlay studies was examined. Six studies were identified of three commercial FRC endodontic posts and eight reported on FRC use for fixed denture prostheses. Fifteen ongoing prospective trials were identified studying CAD/CAM fabricated zirconia-based prostheses. A total of 76 papers were referenced including those related to use of in vitro measures as evidence. CONCLUSIONS Review of the Cochrane analysis raised concerns that typical RCT protocols may prove insufficient for stratification of confounding variables (patient, practitioner, material) when treatment outcomes are primarily prosthesis- or material-based (not patient-based, e.g., as in fracture). RCT designs are most straightforward when treatment outcomes are patient-based (e.g., soft tissue changes). When treatment responses are material-based, controls also become difficult to define and studies become tests of equivalency/superiority; where well-stratified cohort designs are likely preferred. Large numbers of independent cohort studies support the use of CAD/CAM ceramic inlay/onlay restorations and crowns but many complications inhibit the application of high-level systematic review. Except perhaps for fiber-based endodontic posts, the clinical FRC literature appears insufficient for expert review. Single in vitro measures cannot currently serve as evidence for clinical practice, except in limited cases of simple function (e.g., impression material accuracy). Batteries of in vitro measures are often applied during materials development but cannot substitute for clinical study.
Resolving the Micropayment Problem

Cryptography-based alternatives are the most appropriate long-term solution to the micropayment problem, especially compared to the business solution of restructuring transaction fees. We acknowledge that the business solution is easier to deploy in the short term. Cryptography-based solutions face tremendous deployment challenges: they need more market testing, they significantly change payment-ecosystem processes, their legal implications are unclear, and they require new kinds of devices and processes for merchants. Nonetheless, the long-term payoff of investing in such sound solutions are be tremendous
Enhancement of exiting PLCs with an adaptive control technique

Programmable logic controllers (PLC) have been used to control various industrial processes due to their simplicity of programming. The control algorithms normally used in those PLC are simple but yet effective ones such as those of the PID or compensator types. While such algorithms perform fairly well in limited ranges of operating conditions, their performance can deteriorate a great deal under wide ranges. In such cases, the PLC can be enhanced by adaptive self-tuning regulators. This paper presents a technique for incorporating a self-tuning regulator algorithm into existing industrial PLCs.
Mars drill for the Mars sample return mission with a Brushing and Abrading bit, regolith and powder bit, core PreView Bit and a coring bit

The first mission in the Mars Sample Return campaign is the 2018 Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C) rover. Its goal is to acquire rock cores and regolith samples, hermetically seal them inside a cache, and leave the cache to be collected at a later stage. To help analyzing of rock samples in-situ before returning them to earth, we have developed five bits: a combined Brushing and Abrading Tool (BAT), a core PreView Bit, a Powder and Regolith Acquisition Bit (PRAB), and finally the Caching bit for acquiring rock cores ∼ 1 cm diameter and 5 cm long for sample return. The BAT uses the same approach as the Rock Abrasion Tool on the Mars Exploration Rovers to brush and abrade rocks. The PreView bit acquires a 2.5 cm long core which can be viewed through the slot inside the bit or placed onto an observation tray. The PRAB acquires rock powder during the drilling process or regolith sample. The sample can be stored for sample return or dispensed into an instrument cup. The PRAB has integrated sieves and can either acquire particles below certain diameter or retain particles above certain diameter. All the bits are deployed using the same drill. This paper reports on the development and testing of these bits as well as trade study investigating optimum core dimension.
Chemical stimulation of Aplysia californica ganglion with microfluidic signal generators

We implemented a microfluidic signal generator chip for the in-vitro study of the nervous system of Aplysia californica under localized chemical stimulation. The PDMS chip implements a one-bit pulse-code modulator that digitally controls the concentration of the non-hydrolysable cholinergic agonist carbachol injected directly above a ganglion. The chip was successful in inducing a burst of ingestive patterns.
Classroom seating for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: therapy balls versus chairs.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of therapy balls as seating on in-seat behavior and legible word productivity of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Additionally, social validity was assessed to evaluate teacher and student opinions regarding the intervention. METHOD. A single subject, A-B-A-B interrupted time series design was employed across 3 students (2 males, 1 female) with ADHD. The study was conducted in a 4th grade inclusive classroom during daily language arts. During phases 1 and 3, the 3 participants and all other class members sat on chairs (in-seat on chair); during phases 2 and 4, everyone sat on therapy balls (in-seat on ball). Dependent variables were inseat behavior and legible word productivity. Data were graphed and visually analyzed for differences between phases. RESULTS. Results demonstrated increases in in-seat behavior and legible word productivity for the students with ADHD when seated on therapy balls. Social validity findings indicated that generally the teacher and students preferred therapy balls. CONCLUSION. This study provides evidence that use of therapy balls for students with ADHD may facilitate in-seat behavior and legible word productivity.
Research Note: System for Studying Multiple Concurrent Stressors in Chicks

A chick caging system was designed to impose 2(6) p64) factorial combinations of six stressors concurrently by means consistent with the guidelines devised by the Consortium for the Development of a Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching (1988). The system was tested to study the consistency of the effects of the stressors on health, behavior, and performance. Aerial ammonia, beak-trimming, coccidiosis, intermittent electric shock, environmental heat, and loud noise were employed with methods or at intensities determined to depress chick rate of gain. The system repeatedly imposed the same degree of stress from respective stressors.
Comprehensive framework for significantly increasing the number of highly trained engineers: A model academic success and professional development (ASAP) class - Lessons learned and strategies moving forward

This paper describes a comprehensive academic success and professional development (ASAP) framework that has been developed within Arizona State University's (ASU's) Ira Fulton School of Engineering over the past decade. Centered around an ASAP class offered each semester, with need-based scholarships serving as incentives/facilitators, the success of the program has been tremendous - with retention and graduation rates for participating scholars exceeding their counterparts at ASU and at other universities across the nation. Program activities, lessons learned and strategies moving forward are discussed within the paper.
Microtiter Hemagglutination-Inhibition Assay for Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B

Therapid microtiter technique wasinvestigated asa meansoffacilitating thedetection ofstaphylococcal enterotoxin B.Withthistechnique, many samples were assayed simultaneously, andreadable results wereobtained in3 hr.Otheradvantages ofthis method, inaddition tospeed, werethesmall quantity ofreactants used, easeofreading, andreproducibility.
The Seventeenth-Century Origins of Modern Salvage Law

Reginald Marsden argued that Sir Henry Marten, while judge of the High Court of Admiralty, had in 1633 entertained the first action for civil salvage ‘in the modern sense’. But Marsden could find little evidence among the formal Admiralty decrees of the seventeenth century that sea-coasters or mariners had regularly used this new plea in the central court to seek rewards for saving ships and cargoes. A sampling of the court's Act Books, however, reveals that Admiralty judges may well have ruled in more than 200 salvage cases from the time of Sir Henry's innovation until the end of the century. In some of these cases, moreover, Sir Richard Lloyd, a late-Stuart judge, abandoned the ancient custom of rewarding salvors with half of what was saved and developed instead the modern and equitable practice of adjusting awards according to what salvors had done and risked in rescuing the property of others.
Effect of Subject Types on the Production of Auxiliary Is in Young English-Speaking Children

Purpose In this study, the authors tested the unique checking constraint (UCC) hypothesis and the usage-based approach concerning why young children variably use tense and agreement morphemes in obligatory contexts by examining the effect of subject types on the production of auxiliary is. Method Twenty typically developing 3-year-olds were included in this study. The children’s production of auxiliary is was elicited in sentences with pronominal subjects, high-frequency lexical noun phrase (NP) subjects (e.g., the dog), and low-frequency lexical NP subjects (e.g., the deer). Results As a group, children did not use auxiliary is more accurately with pronominal subjects than with lexical NP subjects. Furthermore, individual data revealed that although some children used auxiliary is more accurately with pronominal subjects than with lexical NP subjects, the majority of children did not show this trend. Conclusion The symmetry observed between lexical and pronominal subjects supports the predictions of the ...
Spall-Fracture Physics and Spallation-Resistance-Based Material Selection

Spallation is a fracture mode commonly observed in ballistically/blast-wave-loaded structures. The interaction between decompression waves generated within the target structure produces tensile stresses which, if of a sufficient magnitude, may cause material damage and ultimate fracture (spallation). In this study, the phenomenon of spall-fracture is analyzed within a one-dimensional Lagrangian framework. Two distinct analyses are carried out. Within the first analysis, decompression waves are treated as decompression shocks, which simplified the analysis and enabled the formation of spallation-strength-based material index. In the second analysis, decompression waves are treated as smooth (centered simple) waves. This increased the fidelity of the computational analysis, but the material-selection procedure could be done only numerically and an explicit formulation of the spallation-strength-based material-selection index could not be carried out. Overall, the two analyses yielded similar results for the spallation-strength-based material-selection criterion suggesting that the simpler (decompression shock based) one is still adequate for use in the material-selection process.
Analysis of Gravitational and Geometric Aspects of Geodetic Utilization of Satellites

summary Expressions are derived for the first-order effects of any period of any term, Uml, of the gravitational potential on the orbital elements, plus the second-order effects arising from the interaction of Unl with U02, the oblateness. The order of magnitude of some daily and semi-daily variations is estimated to be ± 100m from statistical data on the gravitational harmonics. A general geometric and statistical treatment of all types of observations is developed, with the purposes of obtaining rigorous evaluations of orbital and observational schemes, and optimum solutions for geodetic positions, gravitational harmonic coefficients, and orbital elements.
Effects of environment temperature induced heater resistance change on the attenuation of MZI type variable optical attenuators

Effects of environment temperature induced heater resistance change on the performance of Mach-Zehnder interference type variable optical attenuators (VOA) were described in this letter. To predict the heater effect, a simple model was proposed. It was found that the heater effect accounted for a large part of the thermal instability of the VOA device studied.
ADVERSE PROGNOSTIC FEATURES OF COLLAGEN INJECTION THERAPY FOR URINARY INCONTINENCE FOLLOWING RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY

AbstractPurpose: We identified and characterized predictive factors associated with an unfavorable outcome of collagen injection therapy in post-radical prostatectomy incontinence.Materials and Methods: A total of 46 patients, 49 to 85 years old (mean age 67) and incontinent after radical retropubic prostatectomy, underwent a mean of 2.8 transurethral injections of collagen (mean cumulative volume injected 31 ml.). Preoperatively, all patients underwent fluoroscopic multichannel video urodynamics including determination of Valsalva's leak point pressure. Stress urinary incontinence was subjectively graded as 1 (0 to 1 pad per day), 2 (2 to 3 pads per day) and 3 (greater than 3 pads per day). Patient age, duration and severity of pretreatment incontinence, presence of detrusor instability and anastomotic strictures, number of injections, total volume of collagen delivered and the impact of a nerve sparing procedure plus adjuvant radiation therapy were assessed and correlated with treatment outcome.Results:...
Measuring Change in Adolescent Drug Misuse with the Personal Experience Inventory (PEI)

The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the Personal Experience Inventory (PEI) as a measure of change in adolescent drug misuse. One year test-retest reliability of the PEI Problem Severity Scales was measured in a sample of drug-misusing adolescents who did not receive treatment during the 1-year test-retest interval (n = 37). The five PEI Problem Severity Scales demonstrated satisfactory 1 year temporal stability coefficients, ranging from .86 to .89. The utility of the PEI as a measure of change was demonstrated by using the 1-year test-retest reliability data to measure both statistically significant and clinically significant change between admission and 1-year follow-up in a sample of drug-misusing adolescents who received treatment (n = 45). The PEI was useful in identifying which treatment clients exhibited statistically significant improvement, statistically significant deterioration, and no reliable change.
The Morality of Representation: Constituent Moral Foundations and Position-Taking in Congress

The political geography of the United States has been the subject of a great deal of scholarly and popular writing. This work has been important in understanding variation in state governments, election returns, social indicators, and the quality of representation by elected officials. However, studies in this tradition generally have generally been limited in terms of the units of analysis (typically focusing on states or regions due to data limitations). Studies that focus on smaller geographic units are typically forced to rely on imperfect proxies of the indicators they would like to study. In this paper, I construct congressional-district level measurements of constituent values (moral foundations) directly from a large database of survey responses. Moral foundations theory represents a new synthesis of values research, and it offers a way to explain the origins of political differences across individuals. I find that variation in the moral foundations across the country explains a significant amount of variance in congressional behavior. I specifically focus on position-taking and bill sponsorship and cosponsorship. In addition to the substantive contribution of this paper, I demonstrate how Bayesian hierarchical modeling can be used to correct for the biases in self-selected internet surveys.
Inelastic Buckling Behavior of Steel H-Piles with Localized Severe Corrosion

This paper presents the findings of an experimental and analytical research study that was conducted to evaluate the buckling behavior of steel bridge piles with localized severe section loss. Seven full-scale H-piles with different degrees of simulated corrosion were tested under axial compression. A nonlinear, three-dimensional (3D), finite-element model was developed to predict the inelastic buckling behavior of corroded piles under axial compression loading. The model was validated by comparison with the experimental results. The validated model was used to conduct a parametric study. Six parameters were investigated: (1) pile slenderness, (2) reduction of the flange thickness, (3) reduction of the web thickness, (4) location of the corroded region, (5) extent of the corroded region, and (6) magnitude of the residual stresses. The results indicate that the reduction of the flange thickness is the most significant factor affecting the inelastic buckling behavior. The pile slenderness and the magnitude of the residual stresses affected only the capacity of piles for which global buckling was the dominant failure mode. The experimental and numerical results were compared to three existing design methods to evaluate the suitability of the current design specifications for predicting the axial capacity of steel compression members with localized corrosion.
Origin of males by genome loss in an autoparasitoid wasp

Autoparasitoid wasps lay fertilized (female) eggs in homopteran nymphs and unfertilized (male) eggs in immature parasitoids, often in females of their own species. Autoparasitoid host relationships are generally obligate; a male egg will not develop in the homopteran host even if laid there. While sex is controlled by the female by selective fertilization of eggs, the sex ratio is constrained by the availability of the appropriate hosts. However, in a population of the autoparasitoid Encarsia pergandiella in Ithaca, NY, some of the males develop, like females, as primary parasitoids of whiteflies. A cytogenetic examination of eggs laid in whiteflies revealed that these ‘primary’ males are haploid, but develop from fertilized eggs. Following fertilization, one set of chromosomes becomes overcondensed and is lost, thus converting the fertilized (female) egg into a haploid (male) egg. Genetic analysis suggests that the production of primary males is heritable; males that develop from parasitoid hosts do not produce primary sons, whereas primary males do. However, the transmission and/or expression of the primary male trait is low and variable. Only about 50 per cent of primary male matings result in any primary sons, and only about 28 per cent of all offspring produced on whiteflies are male. X-irradiation of primary males had no effect on the number of primary sons produced but greatly reduced the number of daughters, suggesting that it is the paternal genome that is lost in the production of primary males. Paternal inheritance of genome loss has been described in one other parasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker). There, chromosome loss is caused by a supernumerary chromosome (PSR). A supernumerary chromosome was not observed in the primary male E. pergandiella. It is unknown how widespread primary male production is among populations of E. pergandiella and other autoparasitoids.
Distribution of a Vitamin B1 Destructive Enzyme in Fish

Conclusionsuse of the described procedure permits easy determination of the presence of a vitamin B1 destructive enzyme in fish tissues. The distribution of this enzyme in 31 species of fish in the Great Lakes region has been studied and its occurrence is rather common. On the other hand, our results with 9 species of saltwater fish all proved negative.
Hydrodynamically controlled cell rotation in an electroporation microchip to circumferentially deliver molecules into single cells

We present a hydrodynamically controlled, single-cell-rotation method to demonstrate electroporation-mediated molecular delivery in a microfluidic channel. Using a two-inlet geometry to control the carrier-flow profile, cell flow path and angular velocities can be controlled. When the flow-rate ratio between the fluid sheath and cell streams is balanced, fluidic shear occurs near the walls of the channel due to differential flow velocities between the streamlines. Single-cell angular velocities can then be explicitly controlled by using higher flow-rate ratios between the streams. Using sheathing streams with sufficiently high flow-rate ratios between the sheath and sample streams, cells are pinched against the sidewalls of the channel, which results in large degrees of cell rotation. We applied this technique to single-cell electroporation to increase the delivery of small molecules into the cell. Cell orientation was controlled along the length of the microchannel to continuously expose new cell membrane surface area to an applied electric field. Thus, the cell membrane becomes circumferentially permeabilized, resulting in a more efficient and uniform transport of micro- and macromolecules into rotating cells compared to the non-rotating one. Hydrodynamic control of cell rotation offers a new means to enhance intracellular delivery efficiency in single-cell electroporation.
An Active Composite Reflector System for Correcting Thermal Deformations

A meter-scale piezoelectrically active composite re ector has been developed and tested. The active re ector consists of a spherically curved, graphite face sheet, aluminum honeycomb core composite panel augmented with a network of distributed piezoelectric composite actuators. The piezoelectric actuator system may be used for controlling the structural dynamic response of the re ector, or for correcting low-order, thermally-induced quasistatic distortions of the panel. In this study, thermally-induced surface deformations of 1 to 5 microns were deliberately introduced onto the re ector, then measured using a speckle holography system. The re ector surface gure was subsequently corrected to a tolerance of 100 nm using a lattice of 90 piezoelectric composite actuators distributed across the re ector’s back face sheet. Initial experimental investigations consisted of open-loop gure control to determine in uence functions and control authority for each individuallyaddressable actuator, followed by a closed-loop gure control implementation. This paper will describe the design, construction, and testing of the active composite re ector system under thermal loads, and subsequent correction of thermal deformations via distributed piezoelectric actuation.
Numerical simulation of fracturing-fluid filtrate loss in natural fracture type reservoir

Taking account of the limitations of present models assuming that fracturing fluid piston likely displacing reservoir fluid as one dimensional flow, the two dimensional and two phase filtrate loss model for dual medium reservoir and its numerical model are developed in which it was considered that the fracturing fluid flows in the direction of artificial fracture length and artificial fracture width. It has special meanings for understanding the mechanisms of fluid filtrate loss in natural fracture type reservoirs which is difficult to do in laboratory. It is illustrated from the example calculation that the model can be used to simulate fluid filtrate loss in natural fracture type reservoirs. Because two phase zone obviously exists during fracturing fluid displacing reservoir fluid into the formation, it should consider the two phase flow of fracturing fluid and reservoir fluid for numerical simulation of fracturing fluid loss. In past, the flowing of fracturing fluid in the side direction of fracture length was not considered in the conventional method, fracturing fluid filtrate loss rate of one dimensional model was lower than that of two dimensional model.
Cynical Neoliberalism: Foucault and the Limits of Ethical Resistance

Foucault’s account of parrhēsia shows why it would have little critical traction today. In Foucault’s analysis, parrhēsia has both a political and an ethical phase; Cynicism is the most radical version of the ethical phase. The primary characteristic of Cynical parrhēsia is full visibility, something which Foucault does not endorse but which neoliberal biopolitics actively demands. More fundamentally, ethical parrhēsia fails as a resistance strategy because branding capital blurs the boundaries between affirmations of capital and its critique, enabling the full cooption of parrhēsia-as-visibility into the process of branding. Our problem is a lack of politics.
There's a cream for that: A textual analysis of beauty and body-related advertisements aimed at middle-aged women.

ABSTRACTThis article explores the magazine advertising strategies and tactics used by health and beauty products to target middle-aged women. Advertisements found in the April 2013 issues of Shape, Fitness, and Women’s Health were analyzed using intersectionality to determine how these advertisements are presenting messages pertaining to age, gender, and sexuality and how these messages can “other” and marginalize certain identities. The findings suggest that advertisement strategies implement pseudoscience, heteronormativity, hegemonic beauty, and body ideals to establish an idealized version of middle-aged womanhood.
Intravenous Fluids: Composition and Indications

This chapter reviews various fluids available for intravenous (IV) administration. The IV fluids can be broadly divided into two categories: crystalloids and colloids. Crystalloid solutions contain water, electrolytes, and/or glucose, whereas colloids include mostly albumin and blood products. IV solutions can be isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic. In general, isotonic solutions are used to treat extracellular fluid (ECF) volume depletion, hypotonic solutions to replace ECF and intracellular fluid (ICF) water loss, and hypertonic solutions to correct symptomatic hyponatremia. Hypertonic saline is often used in trauma settings because it decreases the intracranial pressure in patients with head trauma and for patients following burns. It is important to know the composition of commonly used crystalloids and colloids before we understand their indications.
Case 5: Fatigue, Polydipsia, and Nocturia in a 17-year-old Boy

1. S. Amara Ogbonnaya, MD* 1. *Internal Medicine-Pediatrics, University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center, Santa Monica, CA. A 17-year-old boy presents with a 4-month history of increasing fatigue, increased thirst, and nocturia 3 times per night. He complains of painful masses on his clavicle and scalp that have gradually increased in size for 1 year. In addition, he has been unsuccessfully treated with topical antifungal medications for a rash on his lower back. He denies sexual activity and discloses a loss of erections for several months. He has no pertinent findings on his past medical history and is not taking medications. On physical examination, the adolescent’s height, weight, and body mass index are at the 25th, 90th, and greater than the 95th percentile, respectively. He is afebrile and his blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg, heart rate is 83 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 14 breaths/min. Tender, nonerythematous, poorly circumscribed swellings are visible on the proximal left clavicle and right parietal areas, measuring 4 and 2 cm, respectively. The genital examination reveals normal findings with Sexual Maturity Rating 5 pubic hair. He has a hyperpigmented 10-cm patch with ulceration in the gluteal cleft (Fig 1). Figure 1. Hyperpigmented lesion with ulceration in the gluteal cleft. Laboratory tests document the following:
The functional analysis of problematic verbal behavior.

This study describes procedures and outcomes in a functional analysis of problem behavior of 2 public school students. For a 13-year-old honors student, bizarre tacts (labeled as psychotic speech by school staff) were maintained by attention. For a 15-year-old with autism, the functional analysis revealed that perseverative mands for toileting were controlled by attention; mands for edible items were controlled by access to any food item; and mands for nonedible items were maintained by access to the specific item manded. The “problematic” aspects of the verbal behavior differed—the bizarre speech was problematic based on its content, but the perseverative verbalizations resulted in high response cost for classroom staff. Research in the area of problematic verbal behavior is sparse and warrants further attention from behavior analysts who work in public school settings. This research demonstrates the applicability and relevance of functionally analyzing problematic verbal behavior in public school settings.
Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

Abstract Background Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare benign breast disease of women of reproductive age. It usually presents as a painful mass. Since the etiology is unclear, directed diagnosis and management is lacking. Methods This is a retrospective chart review of 14 patients, over twelve years (2004–2016), identified through query of pathology findings. Results Two asymptomatic patients were diagnosed after oncologic breast resection following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The remaining twelve patients were young (31.7 years, range 23–43 years), predominantly non-white (50% African/African-American, 36% Hispanic, 7% Asian), pregnant within the last five years (86%), with no prior granulomatous disease. Evaluation included breast imaging, microbial cultures and staining, and biopsy. Treatment included antibiotics (57%), corticosteroids (21%), methotrexate (7%), and/or surgery (71%). Imaging suggests segmental masses, possibly abscess. Conclusion Granulomatous mastitis is uncommon, and difficult to diagnose and manage. We review our experience, the literature, and propose an algorithm for diagnosis and management.
Three-Dimensional Cyclic Voltammetry Simulations of EDLC Electrodes Made of Ordered Carbon Spheres

Abstract This study aims to investigate the effect of electrode nanoarchitecture on the performance of electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) porous electrodes consisting of highly-ordered monodisperse spherical carbon nanoparticles. To do so, cyclic voltammograms, reproducing three-electrode measurements, were numerically generated for electrodes with different thicknesses and nanoparticle diameters arranged in either simple cubic (SC) or face-centered cubic (FCC) packing structure. The transient three-dimensional simulations of interfacial and transport phenomena in the porous electrodes were based on a continuum model accounting for (1) binary symmetric electrolytes with finite ion size, (2) electric field-dependent dielectric constant of the electrolyte, (3) the Stern layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface, along with (4) Ohmic potential drop in the electrode. For both FCC and SC packing structures, the areal capacitance (in μF/cm2) increased with decreasing sphere diameter. In addition, for a given sphere diameter, FCC packing featured larger equilibrium capacitance than SC packing. These observations were attributed to larger electric field at the carbon sphere surface for smaller spheres and/or FCC packing. In all cases, the areal capacitance remained constant at low scan rates but decreased beyond a critical scan rate. The latter rate-dependent regime was reached at lower scan rates for thicker electrodes due to resistive losses across the electrode. Interestingly, limitation due to ion diffusion through the porous electrode was not observed. Finally, dimensional analysis was performed by scaling the CV cycle period by the time scale for electron transport in the electrode. This study illustrates powerful numerical simulation tools that can be used to select materials and electrolytes and to design and optimize EDLC electrodes.
Maternal Multivitamin Intake, Plasma Folate and Vitamin B12 Levels and Autism Spectrum Disorder Risk in Offspring.

Background To examine the prospective association between multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy and biomarker measures of maternal plasma folate and vitamin B12 levels at birth and child's Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) risk. Methods This report included 1257 mother–child pairs, who were recruited at birth and prospectively followed through childhood at the Boston Medical Center. ASD was defined from diagnostic codes in electronic medical records. Maternal multivitamin supplementation was assessed via questionnaire interview; maternal plasma folate and B12 were measured from samples taken 2–3 days after birth. Results Moderate (3–5 times/week) self-reported supplementation during pregnancy was associated with decreased risk of ASD, consistent with previous findings. Using this as the reference group, low (≤2 times/week) and high (>5 times/week) supplementation was associated with increased risk of ASD. Very high levels of maternal plasma folate at birth (≥60.3 nmol/L) had 2.5 times increased risk of ASD [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3, 4.6] compared to folate levels in the middle 80th percentile, after adjusting for covariates including MTHFR genotype. Similarly, very high B12 (≥536.8 pmol/L) showed 2.5 times increased risk (95% CI 1.4, 4.5). Conclusion There was a ‘U shaped’ relationship between maternal multivitamin supplementation frequency and ASD risk. Extremely high maternal plasma folate and B12 levels at birth were associated with ASD risk. This hypothesis-generating study does not question the importance of consuming adequate folic acid and vitamin B12 during pregnancy; rather, raises new questions about the impact of extremely elevated levels of plasma folate and B12 exposure in-utero on early brain development.
Parental Hope Communication and Parent-Adolescent Constructive Conflict Management: A Multilevel Longitudinal Analysis

Drawing from relational conflict management research and hope theory, the present study hypothesized that parental hope communication is positively related to constructive parent-adolescent conflic...
Update: Influenza Activity — United States, September 30, 2018–February 2, 2019

CDC collects, compiles, and analyzes data on influenza activity and viruses in the United States. During September 30, 2018-February 2, 2019,* influenza activity† in the United States was low during October and November, increased in late December, and remained elevated through early February. As of February 2, 2019, this has been a low-severity influenza season (1), with a lower percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI), lower rates of hospitalization, and fewer deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza, compared with recent seasons. Influenza-associated hospitalization rates among children are similar to those observed in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 predominant seasons; 28 influenza-associated pediatric deaths occurring during the 2018-19 season have been reported to CDC. Whereas influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses predominated in most areas of the country, influenza A(H3N2) viruses have predominated in the southeastern United States, and in recent weeks accounted for a growing proportion of influenza viruses detected in several other regions. Small numbers of influenza B viruses (<3% of all influenza-positive tests performed by public health laboratories) also were reported. The majority of the influenza viruses characterized antigenically are similar to the cell culture-propagated reference viruses representing the 2018-19 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine viruses. Health care providers should continue to offer and encourage vaccination to all unvaccinated persons aged ≥6 months as long as influenza viruses are circulating. Finally, regardless of vaccination status, it is important that persons with confirmed or suspected influenza who have severe, complicated, or progressive illness; who require hospitalization; or who are at high risk for influenza complications be treated with antiviral medications.
Controlling Political Terrorism in a Free Society

Skyjackings, abductions, bombings, slayings, and the seizure of hostages and government buildings are the tactics usually employed by political terrorists, whose victims range from helpless school children, religious pilgrims, vacationing travelers, and business executives to diplomats, officers of government, and dignitaries. During the 1970s, acts of terrorist brutality were commonplace, as leftist terrorists, who, according to the Italian prime minister Francesco Cossiga, “strike at the heart of the state” by murdering magistrates, businessmen, and police officers, competed with neo-Fascist or black gangs for notoriety. Right-wing extremists, preferring the massacre because it promotes panic and impulsive reactions, do not receive as much publicity as such leftist organizations as the Italian Red Brigades, but they are equally dangerous. On August 2, 1980, one of Italy’s neo-Fascist terrorist gangs is believed to have been responsible for an explosion at a Bologna railroad station that killed 76 people.
Cytoduction: a tool for mitochondrial genetic studies in yeast. Utilization of the nuclear-fusion mutation kar 1-1 for transfer of drug r and mit genomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A study has been made of the general applications of the nuclear-fusion mutation, kar1, to mitochondrial genetic research. Procedures were developed which are suitable for constructing new strains by transfer (cytoduction) of mitochondrial genomes containing drug r, mit -, syn - or rho - mutations. Several examples of crosses of the type KAR rho + drug r xkarl rho o drug s were carried out and the resulting zygotes and their first buds separated by micromanipulation. Clones derived from these were in most cases homogeneous for any of the following nuclear types: heterokaryon (a+α), diploid (a/α), haploid a nucleus or haploid α nucleus. The term cytoductant is given to the haploid rho + segregant having the same type of nucleus as the rho o strain employed in the cross. As examples of cytoduction of mit - mutations, two different pho mitochondrial genomes were studied. Transfer of pho to rho o acceptors was achieved with little difficulty. Haploid segregants containing recombinant mitochondrial genomes were obtained by crossing a KAR rho + cap r oli j par r strain with a karl rho + cap s oli s par s strain. Studies of intraclonal distribution of alleles indicate that cytoplasmic mixing is restricted when the dikaryotic state is maintained. Haploid cytoductant clones are usually comprised of cells retaining the mitochondrial genome of only one parent, and commonly both first-bud and residual-zygote clones are homogeneous for the same parental genome (apparent uniparental inheritance). Less frequently mixed clones are found where the number of classes of mitochondrial recombinant type is limited compared to the progeny of zygotes in which nuclear fusion takes place. These observations are discussed in terms of number and form of mitochondria forming the chondriome in the yeast cell, together with its association with the nucleus.
Topographic mapping of a specimen after endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Background and study aims Mapping of pathologic specimens after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is common practice in Asian countries, especially in Japan. However, there is a lack of awareness for this technique in Europe. In this report, we demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of topographic mapping in a Western setting.
Should All Shoulder Dislocations be Closed Reduced? Assessment of Risk of Iatrogenic Injury in 150 Patients.

AIMS The purpose of this study was to determine if there was an association between iatrogenic fractures and closed reduction of shoulder dislocations. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a retrospective case series, 150 consecutive patients with acute first time shoulder dislocations were evaluated. Patient demographics, direction of dislocation, associated injuries, reduction methods, number of attempts, and type of anesthesia/analgesia were determined. Pre- and post-reduction radiographs and medical record were reviewed to identify the presence of proximal humerus fractures. RESULTS There were thirty nine fracture-dislocations (26%) of the proximal humerus. Eight patients (5%) failed reduction on initial attempt. Four of these (3%) were unable to be reduced in the emergency room and were taken to OR for reduction. There was no statistically significant difference in reduction maneuver or type of anesthesia/analgesia used when comparing fracture-dislocations to dislocations only (p<0.05). No new fractures after reduction were identified. CONCLUSION Iatrogenic fractures of the proximal humerus due to reduction of a shoulder dislocation are extremely rare. None were identified in this review of 150 patients. We believe that closed reduction is safe even in the setting of fracture dislocations.
An Excel Calculator for Determining Student Loan Information

A student loan calculator is developed to determine the weighted-average interest for multiple student loans and payout information for an individual or a consolidated student loan. With any three of four inputs—loan amount, interest rate as an annual percentage rate, monthly payment, loan maturity—the remaining input is generated. This structure for the calculator allows for multiple payment scenarios to be considered. TOPIC:Wealth management Key Findings • Financial planning calculators for student loan repayment. • Calculator for determining weighted interest rate for student loan repayment. • Information to consider when consolidating student loans.
Dietary creatine intake and depression risk among U.S. adults.

Creatine monohydrate is actively being researched for its antidepressant effects, yet little is known about the link between dietary creatine and depression risk. This study examines the association between dietary creatine and depression in U.S. adults, using data from the 2005 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Patient health questionnaire, dietary creatine intake and covariates were obtained on 22,692 NHANES participants ≥20 years of age. Depression prevalence was calculated within quartiles of dietary creatine intake. Adjusted logistic regression models were formulated to determine the relationship between dietary creatine intake and depression risk. Additional covariates included income to poverty ratio, race/ethnicity, sex, age, education level, body mass index, healthcare access, smoking status, physical activity, and antidepressant/anxiolytic medication use. Models were further stratified by sex, age group, and antidepressant/anxiolytic medication use. Depression prevalence was 10.23/100 persons (95% CI: 8.64–11.83) among NHANES participants in the lowest quartile of dietary creatine intake compared with 5.98/100 persons (95% CI: 4.97–6.98) among participants in the highest quartile (p < 0.001). An inverse association was measured between dietary creatine and depression (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52–0.88). Dietary creatine’s negative association with depression was strongest in females (AOR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.40–0.98), participants aged 20–39 years (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.34–0.79) and participants not taking antidepressant/anxiolytic medication (AOR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.43–0.77). Study results indicate a significant negative relationship between dietary creatine and depression in a nationally representative adult cohort. Further research is warranted to investigate the role creatine plays in depression, particularly among women and across the lifespan.
Development of RT-qPCR assays for the detection of three latent viruses of pome

Latent fruit tree viruses present economic threat to the industry and nurseries as diseases they cause not only reduce fruit quality and production yield, but can also be spread inadvertently through propagation due to the lack of viral symptoms on an infected mother plant. As a result, these viruses require appropriate detection tools for effective management. In this study we developed RT-qPCR assays for the detection of three latent viruses of pome, apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), and apple mosaic virus (ApMV), using the alignment of representative sequences from the NCBI database. The optimized assays were shown to be specific by successfully amplifying the target from positive controls without showing any detectable amplification in negative and non-target controls, and revealed high sensitivity by reliably detecting as low as 101 copies per reaction. The results also demonstrated that both the choice of extraction method and the reagents used for RT-qPCRcould play a critical role in virus detection outcome. These assays were both reliable and robust compared to the extant RT-PCR methods, and they could be a viable tool for making informed management decisions.