cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fast superconducting bolometer.

A superconducting bolometer has been developed for the fast detection of infra-red signals. It has a compound response in which the primary response time is about 5 × 10−4 sec. and the secondary response time about 5 × 10−2 sec. In the primary range a signal of 5 × 10−4μ watt is equivalent to the noise of the apparatus. The frequency at which the response is down 6 db from the primary maximum value is 3000 c.p.s. and from the secondary maximum value about 140 c.p.s. The bolometer consists of a ribbon of CbN, 200 × 10 × 0.25 mils, attached to the surface of a copper base-plate by means of a coating of Bakelite cement which covers the lower face of the ribbon and is about 0.1 mil thick. This unit is placed beneath a rocksalt window in the vacuum chamber of a cylindrical cryostat, 12″ long × 6″ diameter, which maintains operating temperature for about twelve hours when filled with 1000 cm3 each of liquid nitrogen, and liquid hydrogen kept at the triple point. For best operation this temperature must lie within a certain region of the super-conducting transition zone at about 15°K where dR/dT = 10 ohm deg.−1 and R = 0.2 ohm. The noise level varies with temperature in the transition zone and passes through several maxima and minima with variations in level of more than tenfold. Even at the minima it is at least ten times higher than in either the normal or superconducting states immediately above or below. For most sensitive operation, the temperature is kept constant at one of these minima by means of a precisely adjusted current which passes through a heating coil wound on the copper rod supporting the base plate. Radiation signals produce variations in resistance of the ribbon, observed by means of a bridge circuit, transformer, and amplifier.
Metabolism of thioridazine by microsomal monooxygenases: relative roles of P450 and flavin-containing monooxygenase

1. The metabolism of thioridazine by the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) of mouse liver and several P450 isozymes was examined using microsomes, purified FMO, and expressed P450 isozymes. Metabolites were identified by hplc. 2. Thermal inactivation and antibodies to NADPH P450 reductase were used to selectively inactivate FMO and P450 respectively. Inactivation of FMO by heat-treatment reduced the formation of thioridazine-N-oxide and northioridazine, whereas inactivation of P450 resulted in decreased amounts of thioridazine-2-sulphoxide, northioridazine, and thioridazine-5-sulphoxide. 3. Liver microsomes from mouse induced with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, or acetone were compared with control microsomes. Phenobarbital induction resulted in increased formation of all metabolites except thioridazine-N-oxide, while retaining a general metabolic profile similar to that achieved with control microsomes. Neither 3-methylcholanthrene nor acetone induction had any effect on the in vitro metabolism of thioridazine. 4. FMO purified from mouse liver produced thioridazine-N-oxide as the major metabolite. 5. Preliminary experiments with commercially prepared microsomes made from cells expressing recombinant human liver P450 2D6 and 3A4 suggested that thioridazine is metabolized by 2D6 but not 3A4.
Optimisation of the multi-pass grinding operation using Evolution Strategy with variable length representation

Conventional optimisation schemes for the multi-pass grinding operation assume an identical condition for each roughing pass and another condition for finishing. The objective of this study is to obtain the globally optimal solution by individually determining the condition of each pass while choosing the total number of passes at the same time. A novel optimisation scheme is developed based on the Variable Length Evolution Strategy (VLES) which works with individuals of varying length. The proposed algorithm is implemented for the cylindrical traverse grinding process. Advantages of the VLES are demonstrated by comparing its performance with that of a conventional scheme. [Received 5 May 2009; Revised 17 December 2009; Accepted 4 January 2010]
Predation on Hard Clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) Populations

Abstract Predation on hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) was examined in laboratory experiments and in wild populations. Increases in clam density following predator reduction was also examined. The principal predators of hard clams are gastropods and crabs, which take mostly small clams. In the laboratory, crabs consume clams rapidly. Wild populations of clams are most abundant in areas where either predators are scarce or stones provide cover from them. Variations in recruitment and predation on clams smaller than about 15 to 20 mm determine the strength of year classes. As clams grow, they become less vulnerable to a succession of predators, first outgrowing mud crabs at a length of about 7 mm, rock crabs at about 15 mm, oyster drills at about 20 mm, and moon snails at about 50 mm. Clam densities were seven and eight times as great in sections of shellfish beds where predators were reduced by pesticide applications compared with untreated sections of the same beds.
Coronary arteriograms and myocardial scintigrams in the electrocardiographic syndrome of septal fibrosis

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial perfusion were assessed by arteriograms and scintigrams (Technetium-99 microspheres alone or combined with Iodine-131 albumin macroaggregates) in 178 angina pectoris patients with and without the electrocardiographic (ECG) syndrome of septal fibrosis and with greater than or equal to 70% obstruction in one or more coronary arteries. The ECGs of 96 patients without angiographic evidence of obstructive CAD were also examined for the ECG syndrome of septal fibrosis. Patients with the ECG syndrome of septal fibrosis have significantly higher incidences of positive exercise stress test, of greater than or equal to 70% narrowing of the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) artery, of severe proximal LAD disease, and of more extensive left ventricular hypoperfusion than patients without the ECG syndrome. The fact that only 4% of patients without obstructive CAD have the ECG syndrome of septal fibrosis indicates the usefulness of the syndrome in identifying a subset of angina pectoris patients with advanced CAD of the proximal LAD and diffuse left ventricular hypoperfusion.
Chronic effects of mannoheptulose in hyperglycemic-obese mice.

Abstract Mice of the Bar Harbor strain, C57BL65 obob, received mannoheptulose in the drinking water and by subcutaneous injection once daily. Control mice were injected with saline. Obese mice appeared to gain slightly more weight during the first two to three weeks after start of the experiment, while lean mice were not significantly affected. After 5 to 8 weeks conversions of glucose-6- 14 C,-6- 3 H (trace amount intraperitoneally) to saponifiable fatty acids of liver and carcass, to body water ( 3 H), and to expired carbon dioxide ( 14 C) were not significantly different in mice given mannoheptulose. Fasting blood glucose was also unaffected, but plasma immuno-reactive insulin was 100 per cent higher in obese and 50 per cent higher in lean mice of the treated groups. As in other studies incorporation of 14 C and 3 H into hepatic fatty acids was greater in obese than lean mice without significant differences in carcass fatty acids. Formation of 14 CO 2 was reduced in both obese groups, but more significantly so in the control than the treated group. The findings do not correspond to those in other species which show inhibitory effects of mannoheptulose on insulin release, but intermittent suppression of insulin release with discharge of accumulated insulin at other times could explain the results.
Petrography of the Herrin (No. 11) coal in western Kentucky

Abstract The Herrin (No. 11) coal in western Kentucky is in the upper part of the Pennsylvanian (Des Moinesian) Carbondale Formation. Samples were obtained from 13 mines in Kentucky and one mine in Illinois in three equal benches from two to three channels for a total of 93 samples. The rank of the coal (as vitrinite reflectance) is high volatile C bituminous in the Moorman Syncline and high volatile A bituminous in the Webster Syncline. Reflectance does not vary between mines in in the Moorman Syncline. The percentage of total vitrinite macerals for each mine is over 85% and the percentage of togal vitrinite plus liptinite maceralsis over 89% (average over 90%) (both on dry, mineral-free basis). The variation of the two maceral percentages is only significant at the betweenbench level, the middle bench generally having the lowest vitrinite and vitrinite plus liptinite percentages.
Sensitivity analysis of vehicle performance to transmission parameters in parallel HEVs with dynamic programming optimization

It is well known that hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have fewer requirements to transmission due to the favorable performance of electric motor for traction. However, multi-gear transmission with more gears is still beneficial in improving acceleration and fuel economy performance of the vehicles than one with fewer gears, even not as much as in conventional vehicles. On the other hand, use of multi-gear transmission with more gears inevitably adds complexity to vehicle structure and control, consequently resulting in high cost. In this paper, the sensitivity of vehicle performance to transmission gears for a parallel HEV has been analyzed by using SOC based Dynamic Programming. The results generated in this paper provide helpful guidance for HEV design.
A GOMSL analysis of semi-automated data entry

We used GOMSL (Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection Rules Language) to perform computational workflow analyses of two different data entry applications: a fully manual web form client used to update an enterprise-wide knowledge base (already in operational use), and an alternative prototype client that uses content extraction to semi-automate data entry. Our goal was to explore conditions that affect the speed of manual vs. semi-automated data entry, and to quantify expected difference in relative system efficiency across these conditions. We developed GOMSL models for major functionality in both systems and used GLEAN (GOMS Language Evaluation and Analysis) to simulate user interactions with representative data. Based on the results of these simulations, we quantified workflow costs, explored how costs vary across ranges of parameters, and developed overall estimates of relative system efficiency.
Computational micromechanics modeling of piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites

It has been observed that carbon nanotubes (CNT) have a measurable inherent piezoresistive eect, that is to say that changes in carbon nanotube strain can induce changes in its resistivity, which may lead to observable macroscale piezoresistive response of nanocomposites. In this paper, the focus is on modeling the eect of inherent piezoresistivity of carbon nanotubes on the nanocomposites piezoresistive behavior by using computational micromechanics techniques based on nite element analysis. The computational results show the magnitude of the piezoresistive coecients needed for the piezoresistive response of the macroscale nanocomposites to be comparable with experimental data in literature if inherent piezoresistive eect of CNTs is the only driving force for the piezoresistive response of the macroscale nanocomposites.
Preparation and Characterization of Cross-Linked Composite Polymer Electrolytes

Cross-linkable composite electrolytes were prepared from poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME)-500, LiClO{sub 4}, fumed silica, and 10 wt % methyl, butyl, or octyl methacrylate. The silicas used were chemically modified by attaching methacrylate groups to the silica surface through C{sub 8} and C{sub 3} tethers. Before cross-linking, the electrolytes were thixotropic and had ionic conductivities of >2 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} S/cm. After ultraviolet (UV)-induced cross-linking, the electrolytes were rubbery and dimensionally stable, and the conductivities were unchanged. Conductivity, extraction, and thermal analysis data all support a model where the added methacrylate monomer and growing polymer chains phase separate from the electrolyte phase during photopolymerization to yield a methacrylate-rich silica/polymer phase and little or no polymer in the PEGDME-500 phase. Thus, the mechanical properties of the composite electrolyte and its ionic conductivity are decoupled and can be optimized independently.
The enveloping algebra of a covariant system

In an earlier work, Doplicher, Kastler and Robinson have examined a mathematical structure consisting of a pair (A, G), whereA is aC*-algebra andG is a locally compact automorphism group ofA. We call such a structure a “covariant system”. The enveloping von Neumann algebraA(A, G) of (A, G) is defined as a *-algebra of operator valued functions (called options) on the space of covariant representations of (A, G). The system (A, G) is canonically embedded in, and in fact generates, the von Neumann algebraA(A, G). Further we show there is a natural one-to-one correspondence between the normal *-representations ofA(A, G) and the proper covariant representations of (A, G). The relation ofA(A, G) to the covarainceC*-algebraC*(A, G) is also examined.
The pore size of polycaprolactone scaffolds has limited influence on bone regeneration in an in vivo model

Bone tissue engineering scaffolds should be designed to optimize mass transport, cell migration, and mechanical integrity to facilitate and enhance new bone growth. Although many scaffold parameters could be modified to fulfill these requirements, pore size is an important scaffold characteristic that can be rigorously controlled with indirect solid freeform fabrication. We explored the effect of pore size on bone regeneration and scaffold mechanical properties using polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds designed with interconnected, cylindrical orthogonal pores. Three scaffold designs with unique microarchitectures were fabricated, having pore sizes of 350, 550, or 800 μm. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 transduced human gingival fibroblasts were suspended in fibrin gel, seeded into scaffolds, and implanted subcutaneously in immuno-compromised mice for 4 or 8 weeks. We found that (1) modulus and peak stress of the scaffold/bone constructs depended on pore size and porosity at 4 weeks but not at 8 weeks, (2) bone growth inside pores depended on pore size at 4 weeks but not at 8 weeks, and (3) the length of implantation time had a limited effect on scaffold/bone construct properties. In conclusion, pore sizes between 350 and 800 μm play a limited role in bone regeneration in this tissue engineering model. Therefore, it may be advantageous to explore the effects of other scaffold structural properties, such as pore shape, pore interconnectivity, or scaffold permeability, on bone regeneration when designing PCL scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Study of cumulative irritant contact dermatitis in man utilizing open application on subclinically irritated skin

We evaluated the effect of subclinical irritation on the cutaneous reaction elicited by cumulative short-term (30-min) application of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and assigning visual scores. 11 healthy adult volunteers, free of skin disease and with no history of atopic dermatitis, were treated with SLS solution (1%, 2%, 5%, 7.5%). On a Monday, we applied 80 microliters of 1% SLS solution and deionized water (control), using large aluminium chambers with filter paper discs, for 30 min. We measured TEWL values 2 x before and after patch application of control and 1% SLS solution, and then applied 80 microliters of SLS solution (2%, 5%, 7.5%) using filter paper discs. From Tuesday to Friday, we applied 80 microliters of each solution, using filter paper discs, and measured TEWL before and after open application of test solutions. Compared with each corresponding group, TEWL values of SLS patch groups (S-2.0, S-5.0, S-7.5) were higher than those of water patch groups (W-2.0, W-5.0, W-7.5), respectively. TEWL values of each groups increased stepwise and the final (hour 97) TEWL values were higher than those of baseline (hour 0) TEWL. The mean visual scores of the vehicle control were lower than those of other test groups, but there were no statistically significant differences in visual scores between each test group. These findings suggested that impaired skin barrier function, elicited by subclinical irritation from short-duration contact with some irritants, might augment the cumulative irritant contact dermatitis caused by repeated open exposure to other surfactants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Introduction to the variational density matrix method and its application to dense hydrogen

A new variational principle for optimizing thermal density matrices is introduced. As a first application, the variational many body density matrix is written as a determinant of one body density matrices which are approximated by Gaussians with the mean, width and amplitude as variational parameters. This variational density matrix is used to calculate properties of the hot, dense hydrogen. First results for a density of r s = 2 are presented.
Effect of poly(ethylene glycol) molecular weight on tensile and swelling properties of oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering

This study was designed to determine the effect of changes in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecular weight on swelling and mechanical properties of hydrogels made from a novel polymer, oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF), recently developed in our laboratory. Properties of hydrogels made from OPF with initial PEG molecular weights of 860, 3900, and 9300 were examined. The PEG 3900 formulation had a tensile modulus of 23.1 +/- 12.4 kPa and percent elongation at fracture of 53.2 +/- 13.7%; the PEG 9300 formulation had similar tensile properties (modulus: 16.5 +/- 4.6 kPa, elongation: 76.0 +/- 26.4%). However, the PEG 860 gels had a significantly higher modulus (89.5 +/- 50.7 kPa) and a significantly smaller percent elongation at fracture (30.1 +/- 6.4%), when compared with other formulations. Additionally, there were significant differences in percent swelling between each of the formulations. Molecular weight between crosslinks (M(c)) and mesh size were calculated for each OPF formulation. M(c) increased from 2010 +/- 116 g/mol with PEG 860 to 6250 +/- 280 g/mol with PEG 9300. Mesh size calculations showed a similar trend (76 +/- 2 A for PEG 860 to 160 +/- 6 A for PEG 9300). It was also found that these hydrogels could be laminated if a second layer was added before the first had completely crosslinked. Mechanical testing of these laminated gels revealed that the presence of an interfacial area did not significantly alter their tensile properties. These results suggest that the material properties of OPF-based hydrogels can be altered by changing the molecular weight of PEG used in synthesis and that multilayered OPF hydrogel constructs can be produced, with each layer having distinct mechanical properties.
Management of cutaneous malignant melanoma by dermatologists of the American Academy of Dermatology. II. Definitive surgery for malignant melanoma

Abstract Background: During the past few decades there has been increasing interest and training in dermatologic surgery. Objective: Our purpose was to determine to what extent members of the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) are involved in the surgical management of patients with malignant melanomas (MMs), comparing 1982 with 1992. Methods: Members of the AAD practicing in the United States ( N = 7412) were sent a questionnaire that surveyed their role in the definitive treatment of patients with MMs and the surgical margins of normal-appearing skin that they used or recommended for melanomas of various thicknesses. Results: Sixty-four percent of the respondents stated that they performed the definitive surgery for in situ melanoma in 1992, a 14% increase from 1982. Although a significantly greater percentage of dermatologists were performing the definitive surgery for invasive melanoma in 1992 (28%) compared with 1982 (14%), the majority continued to refer their patients to surgical colleagues for definitive treatment. There has been a narrowing of surgical margins recommended or used for melanomas of all thicknesses. In addition, regional differences of the role of the dermatologist in surgical management of patients with MM were observed. Conclusion: An increasing proportion of dermatologists are involved in the surgical management of patients with MMs. Most dermatologists appear to be in accord with the guidelines for surgical margins currently recommended in the literature.
Health Perception and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Korean Americans

Given the increasing recognition of racial/ethnic health disparities, the present study focused on older Korean Americans. Using data from 230 older Korean Americans in Florida (M age = 69.8, SD = 7.05), we assessed (a) how background variables (demographic information and acculturation), health constraints (chronic conditions and functional disability), and psychosocial factors (sense of mastery and filial satisfaction) were associated with health perception and depressive symptoms; and (b) whether health perception mediated the connections between health constraints and depressive symptoms. We observed positive perceptions of health and emotional states among individuals with higher levels of acculturation, fewer chronic conditions, less disability, and a greater sense of mastery. We also found that persons who were more satisfied with their relationships with adult children and who had more positive health perception were less depressed. Additionally, the findings supported a mediation model of health perception in the linkages between physical and mental health. Findings and implications are discussed here in a cultural context.
Estrogen-related Receptor, hERR1, Modulates Estrogen Receptor-mediated Response of Human Lactoferrin Gene Promoter

We have shown previously that estrogen-stimulated transcription from the human lactoferrin gene in RL95-2 endometrium carcinoma cells is mediated through an imperfect estrogen response element (ERE) at the 5 -flanking region of the gene. Upstream from the ERE, a DNA sequence (-418 to -378, FP1) was selectively protected from DNase I digestion by nuclear extracts from endometrial and mammary gland cell lines. In this report, using the electrophoresis mobility shift assay, site-directed mutagenesis, and DNA methylation interference analyses, we show that three different nuclear proteins bind to the FP1 region (C1, C2, and C3 sites). The nuclear receptor, COUP-TF, binds to the C2 site. Mutations in the C1 binding region abolish C1 complex formation and reduce estrogen-dependent transcription from the lactoferrin ERE. When the imperfect ERE of the lactoferrin gene is converted to a perfect palindromic structure, the enhancing effect of the C1 binding element for estrogen responsiveness was abolished. We isolated a complementary DNA (cDNA) clone from an RL95-2 expression library that encodes the C1 site-binding protein. The encoded polypeptide maintains 99% amino acid identity with the previously described orphan nuclear receptor hERR1. A 2.2-kilobase mRNA was detected in RL95-2 cells by the newly isolated cDNA but not by the first 180 base pair of the published hERR1 sequence. By Western analysis, a major 42-kDa protein is detected in the RL95-2 nuclear extract with antibody generated against GST-hERR1 fusion protein. Finally, we show that the hERR1 interacts with the human estrogen receptor through protein-protein contacts.
Excimer and electron transfer quenching studies of a cyclometalated platinum complex

Abstract Luminescence quenching studies of a cyclometalated complex, platinum(II) (2-(4′,6′-difluorophenyl)pyridinato- N , C 2′ )(2,4-pentanedionato- O , O ) ( FPt ), in solution at room temperature are reported. The FPt complex undergoes efficient self-quenching in solution at room temperature that can be successfully modeled by a monomer/excimer phosphorescence mechanism with a diffusion limited rate constant (4.2 ± 0.3 × 10 9 M −1 s −1 ). The emission lifetimes for FPt monomer and excimer in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at room temperature are 330 ns (±15 ns) and 135 ns (±10 ns), respectively. The excited state properties of FPt were also investigated. A triplet energy E T of 2.8 eV and excited-state reduction potential E (FPt */− ) of 0.81 V versus SCE were determined from quenching studies in agreement with values estimated from emission spectra and a thermochemical cycle. The excited-state oxidation potential E (FPt */+ ) cannot be determined from electrochemical data since FPt undergoes irreversible oxidation. However, a value of E (FPt */+ ) = −1.41 V versus SCE was established from an electron transfer quenching study and thus, a ground state oxidation potential for FPt can be estimated to be 1.30 V versus SCE.
The tailored TOCSY experiment: Chemical shift selective coherence transfer

Abstract Multiple pulse sequences that are tailored to transfer coherence only between coupled spins located in selected regions of chemical shifts are introduced. These sequences can reduce the effective size of complicated coupling networks which results in simplified coherence transfer functions and offers the possibility of spin pattern selective coherence transfer.
Adapted Intervention Mapping: A Strategic Planning Process for Increasing Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Opportunities in Schools via Environment and Policy Change.

BACKGROUND School environment and policy changes have increased healthy eating and physical activity; however, there has been modest success in translating research findings to practice. The School Environment Project tested whether an adapted version of Intervention Mapping (AIM) resulted in school change. METHODS Using a pair randomized design, 10 rural elementary schools were assigned to AIM or the School Health Index (SHI). Baseline measures were collected fall 2005, AIM was conducted 2005-2006, and follow-up measures were collected fall 2006 and 2007. Outcome measures included number and type of effective environment and policy changes implemented; process measures included the extent to which 11 implementation steps were used. RESULTS AIM schools made an average of 4.4 effective changes per school with 90% still in place a year later. SHI schools made an average of 0.6 effective changes with 66% in place a year later. Implementation steps distinguishing AIM from SHI included use of external, trained facilitators; principal involvement; explicitly stating the student behavior goals; identifying effective environment and policy changes; prioritizing potential changes based on importance and feasibility; and developing an action plan. CONCLUSION The AIM process led to environment and policy changes known to increase healthy eating and physical activity.
Parametric decay into ion cyclotron waves and drift waves in multi-ion-species plasma

Parametric decay processes near the ion cyclotron frequency are investigated experimentally and theoretically in multi‐ion species plasmas. The relevant theoretical dispersion relation of the parametric coupling is derived, including the ion drift motion. Experimental data obtained in the Princeton L‐4 device verify these theoretical predictions in some detail. In a helium‐neon plasma, the relative ion drift motion excites electrostatic ion cyclotron waves (the kinetic ion‐ion hybrid mode) when ω0≳ΩHe +ΩNe. In a region of large density gradient, the ion drift motion also excites low‐frequency drift waves when ω0≳ΩHe+ω*. The experimental data are found to agree well with the theory. The relevance of these processes to ion cyclotron heating of fusion plasmas is discussed.
3Σu−-3Σu+ coupling in the O2 B3Σu− predissociation☆

Abstract The role of B 3 Σ u − -2 3 Σ u + spin-orbit mixing in the O2 Schumann-Runge predissociation is investigated. The 2 3 Σ u + state is found to cross the B 3 Σ u − state near 2.0 A with an interaction matrix element of approximately 55 cm−1. This state contributes to the widths of the Bv ≥ 6 levels, but introduces only small level shift perturbations. When the partial widths due to the 3 Σ u − - 3 Σ u + interaction are added to the previously calculated widths due to the 5Πu, 3Πu, and 1Πu states, reasonable agreement is obtained with experimental measurements on O16O16 and O18O18. The possibility of non-Lorentzian line profiles and the dependence of the width on rotational quantum number is investigated. The approximation of the spin-orbit matrix element by its value at the crossing point is shown to be a good approximation for calculating the second difference perturbations.
Does limb length predict the relative energetic cost of locomotion in mammals

Do relatively longer limbs result in a lower energetic cost of locomotion? To determine whether or not cost is correlated with limb length in some way other than that due to their respective relationships to body mass, we have removed the effects of size by calculating the residuals of the relationship between each character and body size. We then regressed the pairs of residuals on one another. Because biological variables do not occur in a series of units that have evolved independently, the degree of divergence of two species is likely to be influenced by the length of time since they last shared a common ancestor. We therefore corrected for the phylogenetic relatedness of species. Data on the energetic cost of locomotion of a wide variety of species were taken from published sources. Data on limb lengths were taken from specimens in various museum collections which were similar in body mass (± 12%) to the specimens on which the cost measurements were made. None of the correlations between the residuals of either fore- or hindlimb length and neither of two estimates of the cost of locomotion was significant at P= 0.05. It is concluded that limb length does not importantly influence an animal's locomotor efficiency. These results do not imply the lack of a close relationship between cost and stride length.
Single Crystal Silicon Carbide on Silicon Using a Supersonic Gas Jet of Methylsilane

Cubic SiC films have been grown on Si(001) and Si(111) substrates at temperatures between 600 °C and 900 °C with a single supersonic molecular beam source. Methylsilane (H3SiCH3) was used as the sole precursor with hydrogen and nitrogen as seeding gases. Optical reflectance was used to monitor in situ growth rate and macroscopic roughness. The growth rate of SiC was found to depend strongly on substrate orientation, methylsilane kinetic energy, and growth temperature. Growth rates were 1.5 to 2 times greater on Si(111) than on Si(001). The maximum growth rates achieved were 0.63 μm/hr on Si(111) and 0.375μm/hr on Si(001). Transmission electron diffraction (TED) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for structural characterization. In-plane azimuthal (o-) scans show that films on Si(001) have the correct 4-fold symmetry and that films on Si(111) have a 6-fold symmetry. The 6-fold symmetry indicates that stacking has occurred in two different sequences and double positioning boundaries have been formed. The minimum rocking curve width for SiC on Si(001) and Si(111) is 1.2°. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) absorption was performed to discern the chemical bonding. Cross Sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy (XTEM) was used to image the SiC/Si interface.
Properties of Acoustical Speckle in the Presence of Phase Aberration Part II: Correlation Lengths

In recent years, analysis of the second order statistics of ultrasound speckle has led to accurate prediction and measurements of the average speckle size in the transducer focal zone. In this paper, that work has been extended to the average speckle size as determined by the normalized autocovariance in the presence of transducer phase aberrations. In general, a phase aberration causes a narrowing of the main lobe of the normalized autocovariance in the lateral direction. However, the lateral speckle autocovariance also showed significant side lobes in the presence of phase aberrations, indicating that individual speckles in a region of interest are not independent but are correlated so that less information is present for the task of signal detection when a transducer phase aberration exists. The same evidence of correlated speckle was found in the near field of a transducer in the region of fine speckle texture. This explanation satisfies the quandary of poor detectability in the near field region where the speckle is fine but the lateral resolution is quite degraded. The axial speckle in the presence of phase aberrations showed a small increase in main lobe widths and no evidence of side lobes. Beginning in 1978, the analysis of the second order statistics of speckle images for the purpose of spatial compounding led to accurate measurement and prediction of the cross-correlation curve as a function of transducer aperture translation for purposes of spatial compounding. In this paper, that work has been extended to the presence of transducer phase aberrations. The existence of transducer phase aberrations causes significant increases in the rate of decorrelation of speckle interference patterns as a transducer is translated. This indicates that spatial compounding will result in quite significant improvements in area-wise SNR and low contrast lesion detection for the case of severe random aberrators or focal point errors.
The Glass Ceiling and Relative Arrest Rates of Blacks Compared to Whites

A simple theoretical model is presented in which higher relative arrest rates for blacks compared to whites lead to higher relative absenteeism (including tardiness) and ultimately a lower likelihood of placement in occupations where absenteeism is more costly, such as supervisory positions. Though the data do not allow for a direct test of the model, partial correlations provide some suggestive evidence. Controlling for city fixed effects and using an occupation prestige index to proxy for occupations with more costly absenteeism, higher relative arrest rates for blacks compared to whites are associated with relatively worse occupation placement compared to whites. The model and suggestive evidence make a case for further research into the spillover effect of criminal justice outcomes and for consideration of spillover effects in the costs and benefits of enforcement mechanisms which disproportionately affect blacks.
Orphan nuclear receptors in breast cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic response.

Nuclear receptors comprise a large family of highly conserved transcription factors that regulate many key processes in normal and neoplastic tissues. Most nuclear receptors share a common, highly conserved domain structure that includes a carboxy-terminal ligand-binding domain. However, a subgroup of this gene family is known as the orphan nuclear receptors because to date there are no known natural ligands that regulate their activity. Many of the 25 nuclear receptors classified as orphan play critical roles in embryonic development, metabolism, and the regulation of circadian rhythm. Here, we review the emerging role(s) of orphan nuclear receptors in breast cancer, with a particular focus on two of the estrogen-related receptors (ERRa and ERRg) and several others implicated in clinical outcome and response or resistance to cytotoxic or endocrine therapies, including the chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factors, nerve growth factor-induced B, DAX-1, liver receptor homolog-1, and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor a. We also propose that a clearer understanding of the function of orphan nuclear receptors in mammary gland development and normal mammary tissues could significantly improve our ability to diagnose, treat, and prevent breast cancer.
Nucleolar trafficking of nucleostemin family proteins: common versus protein-specific mechanisms

The nucleolus has begun to emerge as a subnuclear organelle capable of modulating the activities of nuclear proteins in a dynamic and cell type-dependent manner. It remains unclear whether one can extrapolate a rule that predicts the nucleolar localization of multiple proteins based on protein sequence. Here, we address this issue by determining the shared and unique mechanisms that regulate the static and dynamic distributions of a family of nucleolar GTP-binding proteins, consisting of nucleostemin (NS), guanine nucleotide binding protein-like 3 (GNL3L), and Ngp1. The nucleolar residence of GNL3L is short and primarily controlled by its basic-coiled-coil domain, whereas the nucleolar residence of NS and Ngp1 is long and requires the basic and the GTP-binding domains, the latter of which functions as a retention signal. All three proteins contain a nucleoplasmic localization signal (NpLS) that prevents their nucleolar accumulation. Unlike that of the basic domain, the activity of NpLS is dynamically controlled by the GTP-binding domain. The nucleolar retention and the NpLS-regulating functions of the G domain involve specific residues that cannot be predicted by overall protein homology. This work reveals common and protein-specific mechanisms underlying the nucleolar movement of NS family proteins.
Mining Security-Sensitive Operations in Legacy Code Using Concept Analysis

his paper presents an approach to statically retrofit legacy servers with mechanisms for authorization policy enforcement. The approach is based upon the obser- vation that security-sensitive operations performed by a server are characterized by idiomatic resource manipula- tions, called fingerprints. Candidate fingerprints are auto- matically mined by clustering resource manipulations using concept analysis. These fingerprints are then used to iden- tify security-sensitive operations performed by the server. Case studies with three real-world servers show that the approach can be used to identify security-sensitive opera- tions with a few hours of manual effort and modest domain knowledge.
Twenty-four hour dietary recalls by fourth-grade children were not influenced by observations of school meals

Abstract Objective To investigate whether school-meal observations influenced children's 24-hour dietary recalls. Study Design and Setting Over three school years, 555 randomly selected fourth-grade children were interviewed to obtain a 24-hour dietary recall; before being interviewed, 374 children were observed eating two school meals (breakfast, lunch), and 181 children were not observed. Within observation-status groups (observed, unobserved), children were randomized within sex to one of six combinations from two target periods (prior 24 hours, previous day) crossed with three interview times (morning, afternoon, evening). Results For each of the five variables (interview length, meals/snacks, meal components, items, kilocalories), naive and adjusted equivalence tests rejected that observation-status groups were different, indicating that school-meal observations did not influence children's 24-hour dietary recalls. There was a target-period effect on length ( P P =0.0002) (longer for third year), and a target period–interview time interaction on items ( P =0.0110) and kilocalories ( P =0.0047) (both smaller for previous-day recalls in the afternoon than prior-24-hour recalls in the afternoon and previous-day recalls in the evening), indicating that variables were sufficiently sensitive and psychometrically reliable. Conclusion Conclusions about 24-hour dietary recalls by fourth-grade children observed eating school meals in validation studies are generalizable to 24-hour dietary recalls by comparable but unobserved children in nonvalidation studies.
Trace-based teaching in early programming courses

Students in introductory programming courses struggle with building the mental models that correctly describe concepts such as variables, subroutine calls, and dynamic memory usage. This struggle leads to lowered student learning outcomes and, it has been argued, the high failure and dropout rates commonly seen in these courses. We will show that accurately modeling what is occurring in memory and requiring students to trace code using this model improves student performance and increases retention. This paper presents the results of an experiment in which introductory programming courses were organized around code tracing. We present program memory traces, a new approach for tracing code that models what occurs in memory as a program executes. We use these traces to drive our lectures and to act as key pieces of our active learning activities. We report the results of student surveys showing that instructor tracing was rated as the most valuable piece of the course and students' overwhelming agreement on the importance of the tracing activities for their learning. Finally, we demonstrate that trace-based teaching led to statistically significant improvements student grades, decreased drop and failure rates, and an improvement in students' programming abilities.
Inhibition of the Yeast Cytochrome bc1 Complex by Ilicicolin H, a Novel Inhibitor That Acts at the Qn Site of the bc1 Complex

Ilicicolin H is an antibiotic isolated from the "imperfect" fungus Cylindrocladium iliciola strain MFC-870. Ilicicolin inhibits mitochondrial respiration by inhibiting the cytochrome bc(1) complex. In order to identify the site of ilicicolin action within the bc(1) complex we have characterized the effects of ilicicolin on the cytochrome bc(1) complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ilicicolin inhibits ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase activity of the yeast bc(1) complex with an IC(50) of 3-5 nM, while 200-250 nM ilicicolin was required to obtain comparable inhibition of the bovine bc(1) complex. Ilicicolin blocks oxidation-reduction of cytochrome b through center N of the bc(1) complex and promotes oxidant-induced reduction of cytochrome b but has no effect on oxidation of ubiquinol through center P. These results indicate that ilicicolin binds to the Qn site of the bc(1) complex. Ilicicolin induces a blue shift in the absorption spectrum of ferro-cytochrome b, and titration of the spectral shift indicates binding of one inhibitor molecule per Qn site. The effects of ilicicolin on electron transfer reactions in the bc(1) complex are similar to those of antimycin, another inhibitor that binds to the Qn site of the bc(1) complex. However, because the two inhibitors have different effects on the absorption spectrum of cytochrome b, they differ in their mode of binding to the Qn site.
Quick start guide to soil methods for ecologists

Abstract Increasingly biologists and ecologists are becoming aware of the vital importance of soil to processes observed aboveground and are incorporating soil analyses into their research. Because of the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of soil, proper incorporation of soil analysis into ecological studies requires knowledge and planning. Unfortunately, many ecologists may not be current (or trained at all) in soil science. We provide this review, based on our cumulative >60 years of work in soil science, to help familiarize researchers with essential information to appropriately incorporate soil analyses into ecological studies. Specifically, we provide a brief introduction into soils and then discuss issues related to soil sterilization, choosing a soil for a greenhouse project, sampling soils, and soil analyses.
Reduction of Bladder Tumor Growth in Mice Treated with Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and Its Correlation with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Viability and Natural Killer Cell Activity

The effect of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG; Pasteur strain) treatment on the frequency of implantation and growth rate of the murine transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, MBT-2, was studied. MBT-2 cells were instilled into the bladder immediately after electrocauterization, and BCG instillations (40, 80, and 160 micrograms/instillation) were initiated 24 hr later and continued on a weekly basis for 4 weeks. BCG treatment significantly (p less than 0.0002) reduced the incidence of tumor implantation in a dose-dependent manner and resulted in significantly (p less than 0.0001) smaller tumors when they appeared in BCG-treated mice. The therapeutic effect of BCG correlated with augmentation of natural killer cell (NK) activity and positive purified protein derivative (PPD) footpad reactions. In experiments in which treatment was initiated with rapidly growing BCG organisms (10(7) colony-forming units/mg), tumor implantation was inhibited, there was a dose-dependent increase in NK activity, and mice had positive footpad reactions in PPD. In experiments in which BCG with reduced viability (10(6) colony-forming units/mg) and slower growth rates was used for treatment, no significant inhibition of tumor implantation was observed, NK activity was depressed, and PPD footpad tests were uniformly negative. The results suggest that the therapeutic effects of BCG therapy in this murine model correlate with augmentation of NK activity and positive footpad reactions to PPD and further suggest that the viability and growth rate of BCG organisms are important factors in determining the efficacy of intravesical BCG therapy.
A unified approach to rigid body rotational dynamics and control

This paper develops a unified methodology for obtaining both the general equations of motion describing the rotational dynamics of a rigid body using quaternions as well as its control. This is achieved in a simple systematic manner using the so-called fundamental equation of constrained motion that permits both the dynamics and the control to be placed within a common framework. It is shown that a first application of this equation yields, in closed form, the equations of rotational dynamics, whereas a second application of the self-same equation yields two new methods for explicitly determining, in closed form, the nonlinear control torque needed to change the orientation of a rigid body. The stability of the controllers developed is analysed, and numerical examples showing the ease and efficacy of the unified methodology are provided.
A missense mutation causes aspartase deficiency in Yersinia pestis.

It is established that cells of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic plague, excrete l-aspartic acid at the expense of exogenous l-glutamic acid during expression of the low-calcium response. Results of enzymic analysis provided here suggest that a previously defined deficiency of aspartase (AspA) accounts for this phenomenon rather than an elevated oxaloacetate pool. The only known distinction between most sequenced isolates of aspA from Y. pestis and the active gene in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (the immediate progenitor of Y. pestis) is a single base transversion (G·C→T·A) causing replacement of leucine (encoded by UUG) for valine (encoded by GUG) at amino acid position 363. The gene from Y. pestis KIM possesses a unique second transversion (G·C→T·A) at amino acid 146 causing substitution of aspartic acid (encoded by GAU) with tyrosine (encoded by UAU). We show in this study that Y. pestis expresses aspA as cross-reacting immunological material (CRIM). Functional and inactive aspA of Y. pseudotuberculosis PB1 and Y. pestis KIM, respectively, were then cloned and expressed in AspA-deficient Escherichia coli. After purification to near homogeneity, the products were subjected to biochemical analysis and found to exhibit similar secondary, tertiary and quaternary (tetrameric) structures as well as comparable Michaelis constants for l-aspartic acid. However, the k cat of the Y. pestis CRIM of strain KIM is only about 0.1 % of that determined for the active AspA of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Return of valine for leucine at position 363 of the Y. pestis enzyme restored normal turnover (k cat 86±2 s−1) provided that the amino acid substitution at position 146 was also reversed. These observations have important implications for understanding the nature of the stringent low-calcium response of Y. pestis and its role in promoting acute disease.