cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semi-continuous production of multiwalled carbon nanotubes using magnetic field assisted arc furnace

A high-temperature arc furnace with an applied external magnetic field has been used to grow carbon nanotubes. The magnetic field was able to spread and stabilize the plasma enabling the use of larger electrodes than could be used successfully with no magnetic field. By having a stable plasma across the entire anode surface, larger amounts of carbon black were able to be transformed into carbon nanotubes. In addition, a multiple-pronged anode was designed. The use of the pronged anode created a semi-continuous process which allowed for the amount of nanotubes produced per run to increase.
The Necessity of Conscience and the Unspoken Ends of Medicine

I am a proponent of the validity of conscience as a moral determinant of action in the clinical encounter. But there is much with which I agree in Professor Card's article (2007). The use of pharma...
A MEASURE OF ASSOCIATION FOR ASSESSING PREDICTION ACCURACY THAT IS A GENERALIZATION OF NON‐PARAMETRIC ROC AREA

There is a need for a measure of prediction accuracy that generalizes non-parametric receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area to polytomous ordinal patient state. We describe such a measure, prediction probability PK derived from Kim's measure of association. We show that the value of PK equals the value of non-parametric ROC area for dichotomous patient state and is a meaningful generalization of non-parametric ROC area for polytomous state.
Development and Validation of a Thermodynamic Model for an SI Single-Cylinder Engine

A multizone quasi-dimensional model that illustrates the intake, compression, combustion, expansion, and exhaust processes has been developed for a single-cylinder four-stroke spark-ignition engine. The model takes into consideration mass and energy conservation in the engine cylinder, intake and exhaust plenums, and crankcase plenum. The model calculates instantaneous variations in gas thermodynamic states, gas properties, heat release rates, in-cylinder turbulence, piston ring motion, blowby, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide formation. The cycle simulation accounts for the induced gas velocities due to flame propagation in the turbulence model (k-e type), which is applied separately to each gas zone. This allows for the natural evolution of the averaged mean and turbulent velocities in burned and unburned gas regions. The present model predictions of thermal efficiency, indicated mean effective pressure, peak values of gas pressure, ignition delay, concentrations of nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide are proven to be in agreement with experimental data.
Links between genome integrity and BRCA1 tumor suppression

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two major breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes. BRCA1 was the first discovered and has been a focus of research for these cancers. BRCA1 mediates tumor suppression in part through pleiotropic interactions with a network of DNA repair proteins on chromatin. BRCA1 mutations cause homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair deficiency, genomic instability, and DNA-damaging agent hypersensitivity. Although BRCA1 and BRCA2 have some shared functions in cancer predisposition and therapy response, there are also key differences indicating divergent roles for each protein. This review summarizes and highlights recent insights into the molecular events responsible for BRCA1 tumor suppression, emphasizing the DNA repair function of BRCA1 as a nexus between its roles in cancer development and therapy.
A head injury teaching module for prehospital assessment.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this project was to create a teaching module and evaluation tool for the prehospital assessment of patients with head injuries using the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) Score scale. The teaching module consisted of an overview of brain injury scales, general characteristics of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the FOUR Score, demonstrations of the FOUR Score, and evaluation of the teaching module by participants. Participants determined that the FOUR Score is a viable alternative to the GCS, but took longer time to assess patients. Development of a more rapidly obtained FOUR Score, called the EMBR, is one option that may make this a viable alternative to the GCS.
Craniofacial evidence for the origin of modern humans in China

Previously known and recently discovered hominid fossils in China exhibit a mosaic of regionally restricted and extra-regional morphological traits which evolve in the general direction of modern humans. Specifically East Asian features are concentrated in the midfacial region, while other craniofacial regions (upper face, lower face, occipital, and some basicranial features) show a gradual and general divergence in the direction of all extant human groups. Some extra-regional traits suddenly appear in the Middle and Late Pleistocene, suggesting a period of increased and intensified long range gene flow. Although difficult to define, Homo erectus exhibits a few autapomorphic and synapomorphic features (with Archaics and Neanderthals) which do not exclude it from human ancestry. The strict application of cladistic method and theory has supported the interpretation that Homo erectus was not ancestral to modern humans. An alternative chronophenetic assessment of the fossil Asians does not support a Replacement Model, but instead supports a variant of the Regional Continuity Model, an Assimilation Model, as the most parsimonious means of understanding the origins of modern humans in China and other parts of the Old World. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of exercise cessation on lipids and lipoproteins in distance runners and power athletes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of short-term exercise cessation on lipid and lipoprotein profile and insulin sensitivity in highly trained runners (n=12; mean age 19.9 years) and power athletes (n=12; mean age 24.4 years). Following 14 days of exercise cessation, running time to exhaustion and maximal oxygen uptake decreased by 9.2% and 4.8% (P 0.05). No changes occurred in body composition. Data from a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test revealed an impairment of the glycemic state in all athletes (P 0.05) alter plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). No changes were observed in HDL2, HDL2b, and HDL3 subfractions, LDL diameter, and qualitative LDL pattern (P>0.05). These data thus suggest that despite a decrease in insulin sensitivity, short-term exercise cessation, independent of exercise mode, was insufficient to alter plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles in well-trained athletes.
Building block integration in Power Electronics

This paper accompanies an overview presentation at the ISIE 2010 Panel Session on “PEBB Concept in the Industrial Power Electronics Systems.” Therefore, the talk and the paper use the material that was previously presented by the author elsewhere, primarily in the invited papers at PCIM 2005, and CIPS 2008 and 2010. The presentation addresses possible directions for the improvement of power processing technology through advanced integration. The central focus is to advance the integration of electromagnetic power passives, EMI filters, control, sensing, and interconnect structures in the power converters, in addition to the integration of the power semiconductor switch assemblies. The fundamental functions in electronic power processing, the materials, processes, partitioning and integration approaches, multi-disciplinary design optimization, and future concepts are discussed.
Protein-patterned hydrogels: Customized cell microenvironments

Mimicking the complexity of the extracellular environment in synthetic hydrogels is hard. A simple two-photon excitation strategy to simultaneously immobilize multiple proteins with spatial control in three dimensions shows promise.
Frequency of geographic mobility: findings from the National Health Interview Survey.

Migration data from supplements to the 1979 and 1980 National Health Interview Survey are analyzed in terms of repeat mobility over three-year intervals. Frequency of mobility is strongly related to age; whites move more frequently than blacks; males move only slightly more frequently than females. Interstate migrants reported more moves over the three-year migration interval than did intrastate migrants; local movers were less prone to make multiple moves.
I. Parkinson's disease: Studies with an animal model

Parkinson' disease has been associated with degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons of the nigrostriatal bundle. Many neurological features of Parkinsonism can be produced in rats by selective destruction of central dopaminergic neurons using the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. In this review we discuss two aspects of Parkinson's disease that have been investigated in these animals. First, we consider why near-total degeneration of nigrostriatal bundle neurons is required before neurological symptoms emerge. It appears that the loss of dopaminergic neurons is accompanied by an exponential increase in the ratio of tyrosine hydroxylase activity to dopamine content. Thus, after the brain lesions there may be a compensatory increase in the capacity of residual dopaminergic neurons to synthesize and release transmitter. Second, we consider why stress produces severe neurological deficits in patients who are only mildly impaired otherwise. It appears that a variety of stressors produce an abrupt but transient increase in dopaminergic activity in the striatum of intact animals and that this increase is markedly attenuated by 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Thus, stress-induced akinesia in animals with dopamine-depleting brain lesions and in Parkinsonian patients may result from the impaired ability of residual neurons to respond approximately to such stimuli.
External calcium requirements for light induction of chlorophyll accumulation and its enhancement by red light and cytokinin pretreatments in excised etiolated cucumber cotyledons

Excised etiolated cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledons that were depleted of external Ca2+ by equilibration with a Ca2+ buffer, which maintained the free Ca2+ concentration at 10−8 M, failed to accumulate chlorophyll upon a 2-h exposure to white light. Increasing amounts of chlorophyll accumulation occurred at increasing external Ca2+ concentrations within the range of 10−7-10−3 M. Preillumination with red light or pretreatment with benzyladenine, which enhanced the rate of light-induced chlorophyll accumulation in control cotyledons, did not overcome the block to light-induced chlorophyll accumulation caused by the depletion of external Ca2+. Etiolated cotyledons that were treated with the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, and then equilibrated with 10−5 M Ca2+, accumulated significantly more chlorophyll during exposure to light than did untreated cotyledons. The enhancing effect of A23187 was approximately equal to that caused by red-light pretreatment. Etiolated cotyledons that were exposed to the Ca2+ channel-blocking agent, Nd3+ (neodymium), in the presence of 10−5 M Ca2+, did not exhibit an enhancement of chlorophyll accumulation by red-light pretreatment, although they accumulated control levels of chlorophyll upon exposure to light and showed control levels of enhancement of chlorophyll accumulation by cytokinin pretreatment. Conversely, etiolated cotyledons that were equilibrated with 10−5 M Ca2+ in the presence of nifedipine, a blocker of some Ca2+ channels, did not exhibit an enhancement of chlorophyll accumulation by cytokinin pretreatment, although they accumulated control levels of chlorophyll upon exposure to light and showed control levels of enhancement of chlorophyll accumulation by red-light pretreatment. These results indicate that external Ca2+ is required for chlorophyll accumulation by excised etiolated cucumber cotyledons during the first 2 h of light exposure, and that an influx of external Ca2+ is required for the enhancing effect of redlight and cytokinin. The differential abilities of Nd3+ and nifedipine to block the effects of red-light and cytokinin pretreatments suggests that enhancement of chlorophyll accumulation by red-light and cytokinin may involve different classes of Ca2+ channels.
Lattice gauge fixing as quenching and the violation of spectral positivity

Lattice Landau gauge and other related lattice gauge-fixing schemes are known to violate spectral positivity. The most direct sign of the violation is the rise of the effective mass as a function of distance. The origin of this phenomenon lies in the quenched character of the auxiliary field $g$ used to implement lattice gauge-fixing, and is similar to quenched QCD in this respect. This is best studied using the Parrinello Jona-Lasinio Zwanziger formalism, leading to a class of covariant gauges similar to the one-parameter class of covariant gauges commonly used in continuum gauge theories. Soluble models are used to illustrate the origin of the violation of spectral positivity. The phase diagram of the lattice theory, as a function of the gauge coupling $\ensuremath{\beta}$ and the gauge-fixing parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, is similar to that of the unquenched theory, a Higgs model of a type first studied by Fradkin and Shenker. The gluon propagator is interpreted as yielding bound states in the confined phase, and a mixture of fundamental particles in the Higgs phase, but lattice simulation shows the two phases are connected. Gauge-field propagators from the simulation of an SU(2) lattice gauge theory on a ${20}^{4}$ lattice are well described by a quenched mass-mixing model. The mass of the lightest state, which we interpret as the gluon mass, appears to be independent of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ for sufficiently large $\ensuremath{\alpha}$.
Cold Rolled Titanium Aluminide and Titanium Alloy Foils

Recent interest in fabricating high modulus, high strength titanium matrix composites has created a need for good quality titanium alloy foils.To fabricate continuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composites, an alternating lay-up of titanium alloy foil and fiber mats is prepared, and consolidated by hot pressing or HIPing. Due to various problems encountered in cold rolling titanium alloy sheets to this gauges (<0.010 in), such foils have often been produced by chemical milling. However, chemically milled foil, often has poor surface finish, excessive gauge variation and may contain holes due to uncontrollable chemical attack. Chemically milled foil can also suffer from hydrogen embrittlement and may pick up other chemical impurities. In the present work, a method of producing rolled foils of titanium alloys and titanium aluminide intermetallics has been developed. The rolled foils exhibit excellent surface finish, good mechanical properties, uniform gauge and are free from any extraneous chemical contamination. Mechanical working coupled with heat treatments allows the flexibility of tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties of the rolled foil for specific applications. The characteristics of cold rolled and annealed titanium alloy and titanium aluminide foils are described.
Remaking Medicare: The Voucher Myth

There is growing enthusiasm for transforming Medicare into a voucher system. Advocates claim vouchers would increase the health care choices available to Medicare beneficiaries, reduce the regulatory burden on the federal government, and promote the benefits of fair market competition. In addition, some analysts contend vouchers are the only feasible solution to Medicare's short-term financing problems and the long-term “crisis” of the retirement of the baby-boom generation. The author argues against these claims. Vouchers would not work as advertised by proponents because of the limitations of risk-adjustment methods and unrealistic assumptions about consumer choice. Moreover, the elderly and disabled Medicare population is ill-suited to cope in a competitive insurance system. Implementation of vouchers would therefore pose a threat to both the health of beneficiaries and the stability of the Medicare program. The implications of this analysis for Medicare reform are discussed.
Production of crosslinked, hollow nanoparticles by surface‐initiated living free‐radical polymerization

Surface-initiated living free-radical polymerization is employed in a multistep procedure to prepare hollow polymeric nanocapsules. Initially, trichlorosilyl-substituted alkoxyamine initiating groups are attached to the surface silanol groups of silica nanoparticles. This surface layer of initiating groups is then used to grow functionalized linear chains leading to a core–shell morphology. The choice of functional groups is governed by their ability to undergo facile crosslinking reactions, with both active ester and benzocyclobutene groups being examined. Under either chemical or thermal conditions, the reaction of these functionalities gives a crosslinked polymeric shell that is covalently attached to, and surrounds, the central silica core. Removal of the silica core with HF then gives the hollow polymeric nanocapsules, which are stable under solvent dissolution and thermal treatment because of their crosslinked structure. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1309–1320, 2002
A vibrational study of cyclohexane and some of its isotopic derivatives-III. A vibrational analysis of cyclohexane, cyclohexane-d12, cyclohexane-1,1,4,4-d4 and cyclohexane-1,1,2,2,4,4,5,5-d8

Abstract A vibrational analysis has been carried out on cyclohexane, cyclohexane-d12, cyclohexane-1, 1,4,4-d4 and cyclohexane-1,1,2,2,4,4,5,6-d8 utilizing the set of 60 internal coordinates (all 18 bond stretches, all 36 valence angle bends and six CCCC torsional bends) that is compatible with the Snyder and Schachtschneider transferable valence force field for saturated hydrocarbons. Twenty-three of these valence force constants can be defined in the cyclohexane system; all 23 parameters were varied independently to fit 133 assigned fundamental frequencies using the method of least squares and giving a final RMS deviation of 14.68 cm−1. The resulting data are compared with those determined from the original Snyder and Schachtschneider values of the 23 force constants. A numerical method has been devised for determining independent linear combinations of valence force constants in each symmetry block; this permits the selection of an independent subset of valence force constants from a dependent or redundant set when redundant internal coordinates are included.
CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL OF INTRAVENOUS ACYCLOVIR IN HEART-TRANSPLANT PATIENTS WITH MUCOCUTANEOUS HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTIONS

Viral cultures of mucocutaneous herpes simplex lesions became negative in 5 heart-transplant patients given a 7-day course of intravenous acyclovir. Relief of pain and healing of lesions paralleled the virological response. Similar clinical and virological responses were not seen in the 5 placebo-treated patients in this double-blind placebo-controlled trial. No adverse reactions attributable to acyclovir were noted. Shedding of herpes simplex viruses recurred in 3 patients after acyclovir therapy.
Deception and hiding in captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

Deception and hiding are described for a group of captive lowland gorillas comprising two adult males, one female, and her infant. The males repeatedly interacted with the infant, and their interest was repeatedly thwarted by the mother. As in other social situations in which one animal controls access to an object desired by another, deceit was used to thwart the other's control. Either one or both males at times concealed their actions toward the infant, inhibited their attention to the infant, created a neutral image to get the infant, or interacted with the infant to tease the mother.
Prophets, Priests, and Religious Markets

Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective: The One, the Few, and the Many. Edited by Ted Gerard Jelen, Clyde Wilcox. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 350 pp., $60.00 cloth (ISBN 0-521-65031-3), $23.00 paper (ISBN: 0-521-65971-X). In Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective , Ted Jelen and Clyde Wilcox have compiled an eclectic set of essays on the history and evolution of religious politics in Asia, Europe, the Americas, and the Middle East. Well known for their individual and collaborative contributions to the study of religion and politics in the United States, in this volume Jelen and Wilcox tackle the daunting task of gleaning theoretically significant cross-national generalizations from twelve case studies encompassing more than twenty-five countries. Following Samuel Huntington (1996), the editors argue that religion is an important focus for political study because it plays a key role in explaining political mobilization, policy disputes, identity politics, and other important political outcomes (p. 1). The primary dependent variable in the case studies that comprise Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective is the general nature of religious politics. The authors conceptually divide this variable into two categories: a priestly or accommodating role of religion; and a prophetic or oppositional role (p. 7, also see Leege 1993). The contributors offer several explanatory factors for why religious politics tends to move in one or the other of these two directions, including the concept of religious markets, as outlined by Roger Finke and Rodney Stark (1992) and by Anthony Gill (1998), and the content of religious beliefs and practice, with a particular focus on the distinction between the universalism and monotheism of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity and the syncretism of the Japanese Buddhist and Shinto traditions. In each case, the authors …
Indoor terahertz communications with antenna subarrays

In this paper, we study antenna arrays for an indoor Terahertz (THz) communication system. The Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) channel model is modified to characterize the THz channel. We analyze the relationship between the ergodic capacity with hybrid beamforming and the antenna subarray number, and obtain an upper bound. Specifically, the required number of sub-arrays is derived under certain long-term data rate requirement. Simulation results are provided to evaluate the performance of the THz system and verify the analytical results.
Maturational Effects on the Middle Components of the Averaged Electroencephalic Response

Middle component AERs to brief click stimuli were recorded from 60 subjects in four age groups to assess age effects on waveform, latency, and amplitude. Replicable responses similar in waveform to...
Experimental investigation of the combustive sound source

In this paper, we describe a unique low frequency underwater sound source called the combustive sound source (CSS). In this device, a combustible gas mixture is captured in a combustion chamber and ignited with a spark. The ensuing combustion produces expanding gases which in turn produce high intensity, low frequency acoustic pulses. With high-speed motion pictures of the CSS event, we relate the motion of the bubble to the acoustic waveform. We also compare the measured first bubble period in the CSS pressure signature with the predictions of the Rayleigh-Willis equation, including the dependence of the radiated acoustic waveform on the volume and depth of the bubble. Measurements of the first bubble period agree with Rayleigh-Willis theory in trend, but not in absolute value. In addition, we discuss the variation of the acoustic output with the fuel/oxygen mixture. Finally, several other factors that affect the acoustic output of CSS are discussed. These include the shape of the CSS combustion chamber, the type of oxidizer and fuel, and the ignition source.
The persistence and removal of enteric pathogens in constructed wetlands.

Abstract Sedimentation is thought to be one of the mechanisms of microbial reduction from wetlands used for wastewater treatment. This study compared the occurrence and survival of enteric indicator microorganisms and pathogens in the water column and sediments of two constructed surface flow wetlands in Arizona. On a volume/wet weight basis the concentration of fecal coliforms and coliphage in the water column and sediment was similar. However, on a volume/dry weight basis the numbers were one to two orders of magnitude higher in the sediment. Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst concentrations were one to three orders of magnitude greater in the sediment compared to the water column. The die-off rates of all the bacteria and coliphage were greater in the water column than the sediment. The die-off rates of fecal coliforms in the water and sediment were 0.256 log 10 day −1 and 0.151 log 10 day −1 , respectively. The die-off rates of Salmonella typhimurium in the water and sediment were 0.345 log 10 day −1 and 0.312 log 10 day −1 , respectively. The die-off rates of naturally occurring coliphage in water column and sediment were 0.397 log 10 day −1 and 0.107 log 10 day −1 , respectively, and the die-off rates of and PRD-1 in water and sediment were 0.198 log 10 day −1 and 0.054 log 10 day −1 , respectively. In contrast Giardia die-off in the sediment was greater compared to the water column. The die-off rates of Giardia in water and sediment were 0.029 log 10 day −1 and 0.37 log 10 day −1 , respectively. Coliphage survived the longest of any group of organisms in the sediment and the least in the water column. In contrast Giardia survived best in the water column and least in the sediment.
Impaired reproduction in adult male, but not female, rats following juvenile treatment with the aromatase inhibitor, exemestane.

BACKGROUND: Exemestane is an irreversible steroidal inhibitor of cytochrome-P450 aromatase required for estrogen synthesis. The safety of the drug in the pediatric population, particularly in males, has not previously been evaluated. Given the increased interest in treating children with aromatase inhibitors, we undertook a study in rats to assess the potential for exemestane to alter reproductive development and function when administered to juveniles. METHODS: Male and female rats were treated with exemestane at doses anticipated to produce exposures approximately 2- and 35-fold the expected clinical plasma exposure in young adult males during the period of reproductive maturation. After maturation, treated rats were mated to evaluate the potential impact on reproductive function. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no effects on sexual maturation in either sex or on female reproductive function. Treatment of juvenile male rats caused increased cohabitation time and decreased copulation rates; pregnancy rates and litter size were not affected in rats that mated. Decreased testis (10–15%) and epididymis (20–30%) weights, and decreased Sertoli cell numbers were noted at all doses. This indicates that exemestane can reduce Sertoli cell proliferation during maturation. The sensitive window for this effect is expected to be limited to the period of Sertoli cell proliferation, which is completed by around postnatal day 15 in rats and before puberty in humans. Treatment beginning at a later time relative to the window for Sertoli cell proliferation or for a longer duration is not expected to have additional adverse effect as the effect was not shown to be degenerative. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:304–313, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Vibrational absorption spectra of CnS (n = 2, 6) and CnS2 (n = 7, 9, 11, 13, 15) linear carbon–sulfur clusters

Carbon-sulfur clusters have been generated by the laser ablation of mixed sulfur-graphite pellets and the pulsed-jet discharge of acetylene/carbon disulfide/argon or diacetylene/carbon disulfide/argon mixtures. Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopic measurements of cryogenic argon matrices, aided by Becke's three-parameter exchange functional and the gradient-corrected functional of Lee, Yang, and Paar (B3LYP/6-311G*) calculations of the previous paper, has led to the identification of six heretofore unknown C n S m clusters: C 6 S, C 7 S 2 , C 9 S 2 , C 1 1 S 2 , C 1 3 S 2 , and C 1 5 S 2 . In addition, C 2 S has also been formed and bands at 1662.6 and 857.2 cm - 1 unambiguously assigned to its C-C and C-S stretching modes, respectively. Using 1 2 C/ 1 3 C isotopic substitution and density functional theory calculations, bands at 1377.9, 1368.8, 1832.4, and 1796.9 cm - 1 have been assigned to the v 4 , v 7 , v 1 0 , and v 1 2 C-C stretching vibrations in linear C 6 S, C 7 S 2 , C 1 3 S 2 , and C 1 5 S 2 clusters, respectively. From intensity correlation measurements, the 2056.7, 1938.2, and 1504.5 cm - 1 bands have been attributed to the C 7 S 2 (v 5 , v 6 ), and C 1 5 S 2 (v 1 3 ) clusters, respectively. A "coincidence plot" has been used to ascribe several additional bands to the C 9 S 2 (v 7 , v 8 ), and C 1 1 S 2 (v 9 ) clusters.
THERMOELECTRIC POWER OF METALLIC GLASSES

The thermoelectric power of a number of magnetic and nonmagnetic metallic glasses has been measured as a function of temperature between 15 K and 580 K. The temperature dependence of the thermopower for the magnetic alloys is qualitatively different from that for the nonmagnetic alloys. The data for the nonmagnetic alloys are consistent with the extended Ziman Theory for transport in liquid and amorphous metals and show positive values for thermopower, Q, when the temperature coefficient of resistivity, a, is negative and negative values for Q when a is positive. The data for the magnetic alloys are consistent with a model based on the Kondo scattering of conduction electrons by spins situated in low effective fields.
Lung Cancer in Never Smokers: A Review

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Although tobacco smoking accounts for the majority of lung cancer, approximately 10% of patients with lung cancer in the United States are lifelong never smokers. Lung cancer in the never smokers (LCINS) affects women disproportionately more often than men. Only limited data are available on the etiopathogenesis, molecular abnormalities, and prognosis of LCINS. Several etiologic factors have been proposed for the development of LCINS, including exposure to radon, cooking fumes, asbestos, heavy metals, and environmental tobacco smoke, human papillomavirus infection, and inherited genetic susceptibility. However, the relative significance of these individual factors among different ethnic populations in the development of LCINS has not been well-characterized. Adenocarcinoma is the predominant histologic subtype reported with LCINS. Striking differences in response rates and outcomes are seen when patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are lifelong never smokers are treated with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) inhibitors such as gefitinib or erlotinib compared with the outcomes with these agents in patients with tobacco-associated lung cancer. Interestingly, the activating mutations in the EGFR-TK inhibitors have been reported significantly more frequently in LCINS than in patients with tobacco-related NSCLC. This review will summarize available data on the epidemiology, risk factors, molecular genetics, management options, and outcomes of LCINS.
The Rocky mountain sugar growers' Cooperative: "Sweet" or "sugar-coated" visions of the future?

In late 2001, sugarbeet producers in Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Nebraska were contemplating the formation of a new generation cooperative to purchase sugarbeet processing facilities from Tate and Lyle North American Sugars, Inc. The U.S. sugar industry critically depends upon U.S. sugar policy. In recent years, sugar and sugarbeet prices have been relatively low. This case examines the competitive, strategic, investment, and risk issues associated with this cooperative venture. The case places students into a decision environment that existed in the latter part of 2001. Thus, the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (FSRI) had not been finalized. In addition, a variety of ownership and consolidation issues contributed to much uncertainty regarding the future of sugarbeet processing. Students are asked to calculate a weighted average cost of capital and prepare projected cash flows using financial information in the case.
Topology of series-parallel networks

There is a simple type of electric network termed a series-parallel connection which occurs frequently in both theoretical and applied electrical engineering. One reason for the importance of series-parallel connection stems from the fact that the joint resistance is easily evaluated by the following two rules due to Ohm: 0 s. Resistance is additive for resistors in series. 0 P. Reciprocal resistance is additive for resistors in parallel. For example, consider Fig. 1 which is a graph diagram of an electrical
Application of spacecraft tracking data to experimental general relativity

Gravitational relativistic theory tests using tracking data from interplanetary spacecraft, orbiters and landers
Endogenous regressor binary choice models without instruments, with an application to migration

Abstract This paper shows identification of a semiparametric binary choice model containing an endogenous regressor, when no outside instrumental variable is available. A simple estimator, an easy test for endogeneity, and an empirical application to US migration data are provided.
Systematic review of prophylactic nasogastric decompression after abdominal operations

Background: Routine use of nasogastric tubes after abdominal operations is intended to hasten the return of bowel function, prevent pulmonary complications, diminish the risk of anastomotic leakage, increase patient comfort and shorten hospital stay. This meta-analysis of published studies examines the efficacy of this practice after abdominal surgery in achieving each of these goals. Method: Search terms were ‘nasogastric, tubes, randomized’, using Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and references from included studies. Eligible studies included patients having abdominal operations of any type, emergency or elective, who were randomized before completion of the operation to receive a nasogastric tube and keep it in place until intestinal function had returned or to selective use of a tube with early removal. Results: Twenty-eight studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. These included 4194 patients, 2108 randomized to routine tube and 2087 randomized to selective or no tube. Those not having a nasogastric tube routinely inserted experienced an earlier return of bowel function (P < 0·001), a marginal decrease in pulmonary complications (P = 0·07), and a marginal increase in wound infection (P = 0·08) and ventral hernia (P = 0·09). Anastomotic leakage was similar in the two groups (P = 0·70). Conclusion: Routine nasogastric decompression does not accomplish any of its intended goals and so should be abandoned in favour of selective use of the nasogastric tube. Copyright © 2005 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wandering sets for a class of borel isomorphisms of [0,1)

A wandering set for a map ϕ is a set containing precisely one element from each orbit of ϕ. We study the existence of Borel wandering sets for piecewise linear isomorphisms. Such sets need not exist even when the parameters involved are rational, but they do exist if in addition all the slopes are powers of 2. For ϕ having at most one discontinuity, the existence of a Borel wandering set is equivalent to rationality of the Poincare rotation number. We compute the rotation numbers for a special class of such functions. The main result provides a concrete method of connecting certain pairs of wavelet sets.
Relationships Among Plasma Proteins, Hematological Values, and Gender in Thoroughbred and Miniature Horses

Our objective was to investigate the relationships among plasma proteins, hematological values, and gender in Thoroughbred (nine females and 16 males) and miniature (30 females and four males) horses. Twenty-two protein bands, ranging from 8 to 264 kDa, were detected in horse plasma. Red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were negatively correlated (r ≤ −0.29; P < .05) with bands 13 and 17 but positively correlated (r ≥ 0.40; P < .01) with band 3. A negative correlation (r ≤ −0.27; P < .05) was detected between bands 1, 8, and lymphocytes. Neutrophils were positively correlated with bands 1 and 8. Basophils had a positive correlation (r = 0.36) with band 12 and negative correlation with bands 11 (r = −0.30) and 13 (r = −0.48). Platelets had positive correlations (r ≥ 0.24; P < .10) with bands 3, 4, 5, 10, 14, 19, and 22. The relative intensities of protein bands 4, 16, and 22 were affected (P < .05) by an interaction of breed and gender. Gender effects (P < .05) were detected for plasma protein bands 1 (1.6 vs. 2.4 ± 0.23), 5 (2.6 vs. 3.6 ± 0.25), and 11 (8.7 vs. 13.2 ± 1.1), respectively, for females and males. Breed effects (P < .05) were detected for plasma protein bands 5 (2.5 vs. 3.8 ± 0.25) and 11 (9.0 vs. 12.9 ± 1.1), respectively, for Thoroughbreds and miniatures. When developing new pathophysiological tools for equine disease diagnosis and therapy, breed and gender effects should be considered.
Following the Diagnosis of Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Family-centered Approach

Keywords: Neonatalhypoxicischemicencephalopathy;Family-centeredapproach;Neonatalintensivecareunit;Family-centered careIt was a perfect pregnancy: a little nausea in the first trimesterwith some fatigue, then a smooth second trimester includingnegative gestational diabetes workup and normal ultrasounds,and finally, the home stretch, an uneventful third trimester. At39 weeks, labor began with good progression, and once safelyhooked up to the monitor on the labor deck at the localhospital, the obstetrician states that the strip looks “reassuring”andwe expect a spontaneousvaginaldelivery. Thisis thehappystory for thousands of families across our country each year,endingwithmotherandbabygoinghometogetherinashort24to 48 hours after delivery. Sometimes, however, the unthink-able happens during this “normal” physiologic process ofreproduction, and the infant experiences a lack of oxygen orhypoxia some time before or during the birth process. In mildcases, it is called perinatal depression and may resolve withoutmuch intervention; however, in the more extreme cases,referred to as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy or perinatalasphyxia, it is a catastrophic event, which can negatively affectthe future of both infant and parents. Neonatal hypoxia causessignificant acute and secondary cellular injury to multiplesystems, which affects one to three infants per 1000 live birthsin the United States.
Quantitative Measurement of Fiber Fractions of Cool- and Warm-Season Grass Herbage Using Cell-Wall-Degrading Enzymes†

Quantitative in vitro methods using commercial cellulase (CEL), pectinase (PECT), and hemicellulase (HCEL) preparations were developed to simplify prediction of digestibility of cool- and warm-season forage grasses. Samples of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L. var. Pennlate), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. var. KY 31) (cool-season grasses), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman var. NY 1145), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L. var. KY 1625) (warm-season grasses) were taken at advancing stages of maturity. Isolated cell-wall material (CWM) was prepared by repetitively extracting lyophilized, ground tissue with aqueous and organic solvents. Relative solubilities of CWM digested individually with CEL, HCEL, or PECT were 100:30:40, respectively. When enzyme preparations were used sequentially, the influence of CEL, HCEL, and PECT on CWM solubility depended on the order in which the enzyme preparations occurred in the sequence. The fraction of CWM solubilized with CEL was similar to that obtain...
Three-dimensional Kirchhoff migration: Imaging of the Jemez volcanic field using teleseismic data

[1] We computed a reflectivity image for the Earth beneath the Jemez volcanic field, New Mexico, using a novel adaptation of petroleum exploration seismic imaging. This image was obtained by applying the Kirchhoff wave field imaging method to digitally recorded teleseismic data. The volume imaged has a lateral extent of 30 km, extends to 45 km depth, and lies beneath the Valles caldera, to the west of Los Alamos, New Mexico. The derived picture of the Earth is a three-dimensional (3-D) map of the locations of impedance changes within the crust and upper mantle below the Jemez volcanic field, with a spatial resolution on the order of a kilometer. Significant features seen in the image include the base of the caldera fill; several reflectors in the crust we interpret to be associated with intrusions coming from the mantle and/or other crystallized chambers such as a low-velocity zone seen in the tomographic image; two strong reflectors coincident with the crust-mantle interface, and a zone of layered reflections at the base of the crust which may be basaltic underplating. This method proved to be a powerful tool for imaging the Earth's crust and mantle when combined with other methods, such as tomography.
Cell Contact–Dependent Outer Membrane Exchange in Myxobacteria: Genetic Determinants and Mechanism

Biofilms are dense microbial communities. Although widely distributed and medically important, how biofilm cells interact with one another is poorly understood. Recently, we described a novel process whereby myxobacterial biofilm cells exchange their outer membrane (OM) lipoproteins. For the first time we report here the identification of two host proteins, TraAB, required for transfer. These proteins are predicted to localize in the cell envelope; and TraA encodes a distant PA14 lectin-like domain, a cysteine-rich tandem repeat region, and a putative C-terminal protein sorting tag named MYXO-CTERM, while TraB encodes an OmpA-like domain. Importantly, TraAB are required in donors and recipients, suggesting bidirectional transfer. By use of a lipophilic fluorescent dye, we also discovered that OM lipids are exchanged. Similar to lipoproteins, dye transfer requires TraAB function, gliding motility and a structured biofilm. Importantly, OM exchange was found to regulate swarming and development behaviors, suggesting a new role in cell–cell communication. A working model proposes TraA is a cell surface receptor that mediates cell–cell adhesion for OM fusion, in which lipoproteins/lipids are transferred by lateral diffusion. We further hypothesize that cell contact–dependent exchange helps myxobacteria to coordinate their social behaviors.
Critical Thinking and Creativity in a Social Work Diversity Course: Challenging Students to “Think Outside the Box”

The Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) mandates that all accredited social work programs teach critical thinking skills. Doing so can be a daunting task because asking thoughtful questions and challenging the status quo are actions not often affirmed or rewarded. This article describes a human behavior social work diversity course that fulfills the CSWE's requirement by challenging students to think critically, engage in self-reflection, and utilize creativity while interacting with issues of race and ethnicity, gender, disability, and sexual orientation. The overall goal of the course is to teach students to “think outside the box.”
Consensus requirements: low- and high-tech methods for discerning system requirements from groups of users

Two methods of gathering system requirements from groups of users are discussed. One method can be used anywhere, while the other requires some specific computer hardware and software. This latter, high-tech method has built into it a technique for prioritizing identified requirements. Also presented is an additional low-tech technique for gaining group consensus that can be used in any requirements-gathering setting. >
Phase I Clinical Trial of a Combination of Dipyridamole and Acivicin Based upon Inhibition of Nucleoside Salvage

A Phase I clinical trial of simultaneous 72-h infusions of dipyridamole and acivicin was carried out in patients with advanced malignancies. The objective of this trial was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of dipyridamole when administered as a 72-h infusion in combination with acivicin. The development of this combination is of interest because of in vitro observations which demonstrate that dipyridamole potentiates the cytotoxic action of acivicin by blocking nucleoside salvage. Patients were treated with concomitant i.v. infusions of dipyridamole and acivicin for 72 h. The acivicin dose infused remained constant during the trial at 60 mg/m2/72 h. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of dipyridamole was 23.1 mg/kg/72 h. Limiting toxicities at the MTD of dipyridamole with acivicin were severe gastrointestinal and constitutional symptoms which appeared to be caused by the high doses of dipyridamole administered. Escalation of dipyridamole did not potentiate the mild myelosuppression or the neurotoxicity which occurs with acivicin alone. At a dose of dipyridamole which was well below the MTD, one patient experienced symptomatic orthostatic hypotension, and another patient with coronary artery disease developed dizziness and transient electrocardiogram abnormalities. However, no other hypotensive or cardiovascular events occurred as dipyridamole was escalated to the MTD. Phlebitis occurred at the site of infusion when the dose of dipyridamole exceeded 13.5 mg/kg/72 h. Because of this local toxicity, it was necessary to administer dipyridamole through a central venous catheter to achieve maximum plasma levels. At the MTD of dipyridamole, steady-state total and free plasma levels of 11.9 µm and 27.8 nm, respectively, were attained by 24 h. These are free dipyridamole levels which in vitro were sufficient to block cytidine salvage and to potentiate the biochemical and cytotoxic effects of acivicin against human colon cancer cells (P. H. Fischer et al. , Cancer Res., 44: 3355–3359, 1984).
Formative Assessment: A Meta-Analysis and a Call for Research

An effect size of about .70 (or .40–.70) is often claimed for the efficacy of formative assessment, but is not supported by the existing research base. More than 300 studies that appeared to address the efficacy of formative assessment in grades K-12 were reviewed. Many of the studies had severely flawed research designs yielding uninterpretable results. Only 13 of the studies provided sufficient information to calculate relevant effect sizes. A total of 42 independent effect sizes were available. The median observed effect size was .25. Using a random effects model, a weighted mean effect size of .20 was calculated. Moderator analyses suggested that formative assessment might be more effective in English language arts (ELA) than in mathematics or science, with estimated effect sizes of .32, .17, and .09, respectively. Two types of implementation of formative assessment, one based on professional development and the other on the use of computer-based formative systems, appeared to be more effective than other approaches, yielding mean effect size of .30 and .28, respectively. Given the wide use and potential efficacy of good formative assessment practices, the paucity of the current research base is problematic. A call for more high-quality studies is issued.
Intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in regulation of glomerular function.

Purpose of Review The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current knowledge regarding the role of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the regulation of glomerular function including glomerular dynamics and filtration rate, glomerular permeability and structural alterations during chronic increases in intrarenal Ang II.
Research Abstracts and Bibliographies

(1930). Research Abstracts and Bibliographies. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 148-152.