cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel real-time based phasor and frequency estimator capable of measurements under transient conditions

In frequency and phasor estimation algorithms, the undesired components are required to be filtered out from the original signals. In power systems, the undesired components are the decaying dc offset and harmonics. These components could cause delay in algorithm convergence time and deviation from the desired results to a great extent. This paper proposes a new recursive algorithm for accurate and fast estimation of the instantaneous electrical variables such as frequency, amplitude and phase angle. The new algorithm provides an improvement over the existing recursive wavelet transform and, therefore, it is called IRWT. The IRWT performance is compared with the commonly used full-cycle discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and the recursive wavelet transform (RWT) methods. Since it uses a special mother wavelet function, it reduces computational complexity compared to the conventional DFT based method. Compared to the recursive wavelet transform (RWT) method, it has a faster response time. It is shown that IRWT possesses an improvement over a wide range of decaying dc component, harmonic distortions, frequency deviation and sampling frequency compared to the previously proposed methods. This characteristic of IRWT makes it a good candidate for the real-time applications in any power systems.
Nickel Partitioning and Toxicity in Sediment during Aging: Variation in Toxicity Related to Stability of Metal Partitioning

Metals in sediment can be complexed by minerals, partition between solid and aqueous phases, and cause toxicity at high concentrations. We studied how the oxidation of surface sediment that occurs during aging alters the partitioning and toxicity of Ni. Two sediments (Burntwood and Raisin) were amended with Ni, equilibrated, incubated in a flow-through flume, and examined for sediment physicochemistry and toxicity to Hyalella azteca (7 day growth). Through time, the sediment surface (5 mm) was oxidized, acid-volatile sulfide concentrations declined in Raisin sediment, and amorphous Fe oxides increased. Porewater Ni concentrations declined through time but total Ni concentrations in sediment were unchanged, suggesting changes in Ni partitioning through time. Both sediments elicited a toxic dose–response by H. azteca early in the aging process; but only Burntwood, for which Ni was primarily partitioned to Fe oxide minerals, exhibited a consistent dose–response during aging. Low total Ni concentrations (20 m...
Modulation and rate adaptation algorithms for terahertz channels

Abstract The ever increasing demand for higher wireless data rates has led to the development of new techniques to increase spectrum efficiency. However, the limited bandwidth of the frequency bands that are currently used for wireless communication bounds the maximum data rate possible. In the past few years, researchers have developed new devices that work as Terahertz (THz) transmitters and receivers. The development of these devices and the large available bandwidth of the THz band is a possible solution to this ever increasing demand. However, THz communication is still in its infancy and more research needs to be done to bring THz technology into every day life. This paper considers two specific problems — modulation of terahertz pulses and rate adaptation for terahertz communication systems. We describe a pulse modulation technique where multiple symbols are transmitted in each pulse. The technique is shown to achieve terabit/sec datarates. Subsequently, we examine the problem of rate adaptation which is significant at these frequencies due to the high distance based attenuation. Algorithms are presented to fairly share the channel among multiple users located at different distances from the access point. The research is based on simulations in Matlab and the channel model used is based on our own measurements using a time-domain terahertz system. The channel model is also presented in this paper.
Pedia BP: Synergy of technology and healthcare: Development of a smartphone application to improve the accuracy and management of hypertension in children and adolescents

T prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension in the pediatric population is increasing. The development of primary hypertension earlier in life increases the chances of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality later in life. Studies have already shown that 34 to 38% of children and adolescents with mild untreated hypertension already show signs of left ventricular hypertrophy. Evidence shows that childhood and adolescent hypertension and pre-hypertension are under recognized due to a number of factors including lack of provider knowledge regarding the National High Blood Pressure Educational Program (NHBPEP) guidelines for diagnosing, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Another issue is the complexity of diagnosing HTN in this population that requires utilizing 1,904 variables based on gender, age, and height percentile delineated from the CDC development charts. To more easily detect hypertension in children and adolescents, a Smartphone application, Pedia BP, was designed and developed. The existing tables from The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (NHBPEP, 2005), which contain hundreds of normal and abnormal blood pressure values based on gender, age, and height percentile, were analyzed and streamlined into a much simplified, single user interface Smartphone application. Pedia BP makes it easy to identify abnormal blood pressure values in an accurate and timely manner in any setting where internet access is available. The time saving Pedia BP application, allows the practitioner to quickly follow best practice protocols regarding management of identified issues. Hope Bussenius, J Nurs Care 2013, 2:3 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-1168.S1.002
Regional versus General Anesthesia for Promoting Independence after Hip Fracture (REGAIN): protocol for a pragmatic, international multicentre trial

Introduction Hip fractures occur 1.6 million times each year worldwide, with substantial associated mortality and losses of independence. At present, anaesthesia care for hip fracture surgery varies widely within and between countries, with general anaesthesia and spinal anaesthesia representing the 2 most common approaches. Limited randomised evidence exists regarding potential short-term or long-term differences in outcomes between patients receiving spinal or general anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery. Methods The REGAIN trial (Regional vs General Anesthesia for Promoting Independence after Hip Fracture) is an international, multicentre, pragmatic randomised controlled trial. 1600 previously ambulatory patients aged 50 and older will be randomly allocated to receive either general or spinal anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery. The primary outcome is a composite of death or new inability to walk 10 feet or across a room at 60 days after randomisation, which will be assessed via telephone interview by staff who are blinded to treatment assignment. Secondary outcomes will be assessed by in-person assessment and medical record review for in-hospital end points (delirium; major inpatient medical complications and mortality; acute postoperative pain; patient satisfaction; length of stay) and by telephone interview for 60-day, 180-day and 365-day end points (mortality; disability-free survival; chronic pain; return to the prefracture residence; need for new assistive devices for ambulation; cognitive impairment). Ethics and dissemination The REGAIN trial has been approved by the ethics boards of all participating sites. Recruitment began in February 2016 and will continue until the end of 2019. Dissemination plans include presentations at scientific conferences, scientific publications, stakeholder engagement efforts and presentation to the public via lay media outlets. Trial registration number [NCT02507505][1], Pre-results. [1]: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02507505
Response to ovarian stimulation is not impacted by a breast cancer diagnosis.

STUDY QUESTION Does a breast cancer diagnosis impact ovarian function in the setting of fertility preservation? SUMMARY ANSWER Ovarian reserve and ovarian stimulation outcomes are similar in patients with a new diagnosis of breast cancer and patients undergoing elective fertility preservation. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Prior studies, with small study populations, lack of controlling for individual differences in ovarian reserve and infertile controls, have reported conflicting outcomes for cancer patients undergoing ovarian stimulation for fertility preservation. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This retrospective cohort analysis included 589 patients undergoing ovarian stimulation for fertility preservation between 2009 and 2015. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Women with a recent breast cancer diagnosis (n = 191) and women desiring elective fertility preservation (n = 398) underwent ovarian stimulation with an antagonist protocol at an academic medical center. The aromatase inhibitor letrozole was administered to breast cancer patients with estrogen-sensitive disease. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Baseline antral follicle count (AFC) was not different between the breast cancer patients and controls (15.4 ± 10.4 [mean ± SD] vs 15.4 ± 10.0, P = NS), even after categorization by age. Total (19.4 ± 0.9 [mean ± SEM] vs 17.0 ± 0.5, P = NS) and mature (MII) oocytes retrieved (13.7 ± 0.7 vs 13.2 ± 0.4, P = NS), adjusted for age, BMI and total gonadotropin dose, were also similar between the two groups. Letrozole use was associated with a decreased maturity rate (MII/total oocytes retrieved) compared to elective cryopreservation (0.71 ± 0.01 vs 0.77 ± 0.01, P < 0.001), although the mature oocyte yield [MII/AFC] was comparable (1.01 ± 0.06 vs 0.93 ± 0.03, P = NS). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The single center design may impact generalizability. Additionally, the lack of subsequent embryo and pregnancy data is an inherent weakness. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS In females, a breast cancer diagnosis does not impact gonadal function as measured by AFC or ovarian stimulation outcomes. Breast cancer patients should be counseled that their response to ovarian stimulation for fertility preservation is similar to that of patients undergoing elective oocyte cryopreservation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) None. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
Reality Check: Basics of Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed Reality

ABSTRACTAugmented, virtual, and mixed reality applications all aim to enhance a user’s current experience or reality. While variations of this technology are not new, within the last few years there has been a significant increase in the number of artificial reality devices or applications available to the general public. This column will explain the difference between augmented, virtual, and mixed reality and how each application might be useful in libraries. It will also provide an overview of the concerns surrounding these different reality applications and describe how and where they are currently being used.
How Far Is Too Far? New Evidence on Abortion Clinic Closures, Access, and Abortions

We document the effects of abortion-clinic closures on clinic access, abortions, and births using variation generated by a law that shuttered nearly half of Texas’ clinics. We find substantial and nonlinear effects of travel distance on abortion rates: an increase in travel distance from 0–50 miles to 50–100 miles reduces abortion rates by 16 percent, and the effects of increasing distance are smaller when the nearest clinic is already more than 50 miles away. We also demonstrate the importance of congestion with a proxy capturing effects of closures that have little impact on distance but reduce clinics per capita.
Up and Away: Five Decades of Urologic Investigation in Microgravity

A renewed global interest in manned space exploration has emerged, propelled by the challenge of reaching a new frontier: travel to the Red Planet, Mars. As the physiological changes induced by microgravity bear direct relevance to the safety and viability of these goals, we provide a historical narrative of the urologic investigations in space. We review the significant contributions to the understanding of the urologic consequences associated with exposure to microgravity, considerations for prolonged missions, and forward-looking efforts to manage emergent conditions remotely. Historical insights gleaned are poised to inform interplanetary travel, where urologic pathology will remain an important practical consideration.
Boundary Spanning in Academia: Antecedents and Consequences of Academic Entrepreneurialism

Given the complexity of questions studied by academicians, institutions are increasingly encouraging interdisciplinary research to tackle these problems; however, neither the pathways leading to pu...
Losing their footing: Rac1 signaling causes podocyte detachment and FSGS.

Selective modulation of Rho GTPase activity in podocytes recapitulates characteristic features of human nephrosis. Using a mouse model, Robins et al. found that high levels of Rac1 activation in podocytes caused podocyte detachment and glomerulosclerosis. Podocyte Rac1 activity was enhanced in biopsy specimens from patients with nephrosis, and serum from this patient population activated Rac1 in cultured podocytes. These data provide a causal link between podocyte Rac1 activation and human nephrotic diseases.
The past, present and future of sigillography: towards a new structural standard for seal catalogues

European medieval seal matrices and seal impressions are small but often striking objects, and there are probably millions of examples. Until recently, an archive’s or museum’s seal catalogue might...
Learning to redesign teacher education: a conceptual framework to support program change

University-based teacher education faces intensifying pressure to prove its effectiveness. This has prompted renewed interest in program redesign. In this article, we argue that enacting meaningful...
The Pattern in Jade: The Vision of Possibility and the Challenge of a Sustainable Future

Physicist David Bohm and biochemist Ilya Prigogine began a dialogue that implied a deep, structuring, primordial harmony within life. In classical Chinese this harmony is referred to as Li (理), which also designates the elegant, natural pattern found in jade. This article emphasizes the ways that perception of primordial harmony gives way to a vision of possibility and to the creative intelligence and action necessary for meeting the challenges we face. Insights from Bohm, Prigogine, and others on releasing outmoded thinking and actions are integrated with contemplative traditions, Eastern and Western philosophy, and pragmatic strategy making.
Careful What You Wish

Dilip Ninan has raised a puzzle for centered world accounts of de re attitude reports extended to accommodate what he calls “counterfactual attitudes.” As a solution, Ninan introduces multiple centers to the standard centered world framework, resulting in a more robust semantics for de re attitude reports. However, while the so-called multi-centered world proposal solves Ninan’s counterfactual puzzle, this additional machinery is not without problems. In Section 1, I present the centered world account of attitude reports, followed by the extension to counterfactual attitudes which Ninan targets with his puzzle. In Section 2, I pose the counterfactual puzzle and present Ninan’s multi-centered world solution, emphasizing similarities and differences between multi-centered and centered world accounts of attitude reports. In Section 3, I argue the counterfactual attitude wishing falls under the purview of the multi-centered proposal, but that the proposal generates false predictions for wish reports concerning unsatisfiable content. I canvass responses, ultimately concluding Ninan’s proposal requires substantial revisions.
Hysterectomy Techniques for the Large Uterus

Lower morbidity, length of hospital stay, and more rapid recovery are considered the hallmark of vaginal surgery. With the adoption of size reduction techniques in the modern era, evidence from skilled gynecologic surgeons has shown that these size reduction techniques for uteri greater than 280 g have been proven to been less traumatic to the patient than abdominal or laparoscopic –type hysterectomies. These techniques were developed in the late nineteenth century when surgery by the abdominal route frequently resulted in significant morbidity and mortality, yet for many reasons that are not completely clear were not readily adopted by most gynecologic surgeons. In the twentieth and twenty first century skilled gynecologic surgeons are employing these techniques with greater frequency, with excellent results that suggest these techniques may be more acceptable in the future to gynecologic surgeons if they wish to provide their patients the optimal surgical care.
Endosperm Development and Embryogenesis

In the life cycle of flowering plants, development of the endosperm and the embryo denotes, respectively, the postfertilization odyssey of the triploid primary endosperm nucleus and the diploid zygote within the confines of the central cell. At least theoretically, these episodes represent the activities of cells of two competing genomes within a common cytoplasmic domain. Soon after fertilization, the primary endosperm nucleus divides to produce an amorphous tissue known as the endosperm, whose cells are charged with storage reserves. Growth and divisions of the zygote, involving a sweeping series of structural transformations, give rise to the prototype of the adult plant known as the embryo, consisting of the root apical meristem at one end and the shoot apical meristem at the other. As the ovule is transformed into the seed, the developing embryo obtains its nurture and nourishment from the surrounding cells of the endosperm.
Development of Consensus-Based Diagnostic Criteria for NTOS

The diagnosis of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) depends upon clinical suspicion, pattern-recognition, and exclusion of more common conditions that have overlapping features. In most patients a diagnosis of NTOS can be made or excluded on the basis of the clinical history, description of symptoms, and physical examination, with the provisional diagnosis being supplemented by a limited number of diagnostic studies. In this chapter we describe ongoing efforts by the Consortium for Outcomes Research and Education on Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (CORE-TOS) to develop and validate diagnostic criteria for NTOS, based on an expert group consensus approach using Delphi methodology, and present a preliminary set of diagnostic criteria. Careful follow-up studies using standardized assessment instruments, particularly through consortium efforts to involve larger number of patients than available at any single center, will provide further insight into the most accurate diagnostic and prognostic criteria for NTOS.
A Rights-Based Conception of the Precautionary Principle

Policy decisions about whether to regulate environmental threats of harm whose impacts are unknown are commonly grounded in our epistemic limitations: in our inability to confirm the severity of the adverse consequences of exposure, or the probability that this anticipated harm will occur, or the causes of manifest harms. Yet, both advocates and opponents of preventative measures to protect public health have conventionally appealed to the lack of scientific evidence to justify their antithetical policy recommendations. This places contemporary debates about precautionary risk regulation at an untenable impasse—requiring proponents to ground the precautionary principle in something other than our epistemic limitations. This chapter sketches an alternative, normative justification for precautionary safeguards: namely, that individuals have a right, as a matter of moral equality, not to have emitters gamble with their welfare by putting them in potential harm’s way.
Kinetic Studies of Acid Hydrolysis of Food Waste-Derived Saccharides

Starch saccharified glucose from food waste can be an important precursor for renewable chemicals and fuels. Despite numerous studies on hydrolysis of biomass, detailed kinetic studies and associated models of hydrolysis are lacking. We investigated the kinetics of glycosidic bond scission of malto-oligosaccharides in lithium bromide acidified molten salt hydrate (AMSH) medium and estimated rate parameters from experimental data. Our data support the hypothesis that the terminal, nonreducing bonds hydrolyze faster than the interior and terminal-reducing C–O bonds. Next, we extended the model to simulate the hydrolysis of linear and cyclic saccharides of varying degree of polymerization and of potato starch. We characterize starch using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and light scattering methods. The model is in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined concentrations of glucose and other oligosaccharides. The chain length of saccharides is found to be directly related to their hydrolysis rate consta...
IBD-associated Colon Cancers Differ in DNA Methylation and Gene Expression Profiles Compared With Sporadic Colon Cancers.

Background and aims As ulcerative colitis [UC]-associated colorectal cancer [CRC] and sporadic CRC differ in presentation and molecular features, we sought to evaluate differences in the impact of DNA methylation on gene expression. Methods DNA methylation was assessed in 11 UC-CRCs and adjacent tissue and 11 sporadic CRCs and adjacent tissue, using Illumina arrays. RNA sequencing was performed on 10 UC-CRCs and adjacent tissue and eight sporadic CRCs and adjacent tissues. Differences in DNA methylation and transcript expression, as well as their correlation in the same tissues, were assessed. Immunohistochemistry was performed for three proteins, ANPEP, FAM92A1, and STK31, all of which exhibited an inverse correlation between DNA methylation and transcript expression in UC. Results Thirty three loci demonstrated differences in DNA methylation between UC-CRC and adjacent tissue. In contrast, there were 4204 differentially methylated loci between sporadic colon cancer and adjacent tissue. Eight hundred eighty six genes as well as 10 long non-coding RNAs [lncRNA] were differentially expressed between UC-CRC and adjacent tissues. Although there were no differentially methylated loci between UC and sporadic CRC, 997 genes and 38 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between UC-CRC and sporadic CRC. In UC, 18 genes demonstrated a negative correlation between DNA methylation and transcript expression. Evaluation of protein expression related to three genes, ANPEP, FAM92A1, and STK31, confirmed down-regulation of ANPEP and up-regulation of STK31 in UC-CRC. Conclusions Regulation of transcript expression by DNA methylation involves genes key to colon carcinogenesis and may account for differences in presentation and outcomes between inflammatory bowel disease and sporadic colon cancer.
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity across empirically based structural dimensions of psychopathology: A meta-analysis

Low resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is observed in many mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, disruptive behavior disorders, and nonsuicidal self-injury, among others. Findings for RSA reactivity are more mixed. We evaluate associations between RSA reactivity and empirically derived structural categories of psychopathology-including internalizing, externalizing, and thought problems-among physically healthy adults. We searched multiple electronic databases for studies of RSA among participants who were assessed either dimensionally using well-validated measures or diagnostically using structured interviews. Strict inclusion criteria were used to screen 3,605 published reports, which yielded 37 studies including 2,347 participants and 76 effect sizes. We performed a meta-analysis, with meta-analytic regressions of potential moderators, including psychopathology subtypes. The sample-wide meta-analytic association between RSA reactivity and psychopathology was quite small, but heterogeneity was considerable. Moderation analyses revealed significant RSA reactivity (withdrawal) specifically in externalizing samples. Additional moderators included (a) stimulus conditions used to elicit RSA reactivity (only negative emotion inductions were effective), (b) sex (women showed greater RSA reactivity than men), and (c) adherence to established methodological guidelines (e.g., higher electrocardiographic sampling rates yielded greater RSA reactivity). These findings indicate that associations between RSA reactivity and psychopathology are complex and suggest that future studies should include more standardized RSA assessments to increase external validity and decrease measurement error.
3068 Effects of exercise and a very low fat diet in metabolically abnormal obese adults

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: People with metabolically abnormal obesity (MAO), defined as those with insulin resistance and high intrahepatic triglyceride, are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Weight loss through reduced energy intake and increased physical activity has profound impacts on improving cardiometabolic function. However, the specific additional effects of exercise training with diet-induced weight loss on metabolic function are equivocal. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A comparative trial is ongoing in MAO adults undergoing 8-10% weight loss induced by a very-low fat plant-based (PB) diet with structured exercise training (n=8) compared to the same weight loss induced by the PB diet alone (n=3). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary results indicate that, PB diet with or without exercise training results in significant weight loss concomitant with enhanced insulin sensitivity, reduced intrahepatic triglyceride, reduced 24-hour postprandial glucose response, reduced fat mass, and reduced diastolic blood pressure. Those undergoing PB diet with exercise training had greater improvements in muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness than those undergoing PB diet alone. Differences between intervention groups for other cardiometabolic measures are not yet known. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Each of the interventions resulted in improved cardiometabolic measures; however the extent of the differences between the interventions is not yet clear. It is hypothesized that compared with weight loss induced by a PB diet, the same weight loss induced by a PB diet and structured exercise training will i) cause greater improvement in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity, ii) will attenuate the usual decline in muscle mass while increasing strength, and iii) result in greater increases in left ventricular diastolic function. The long-term objective of this proposal is to provide a foundation for future studies evaluating mechanisms for the effects of exercise in cardiometabolic disease prevention and therapy.
An interprofessional clinical toxicology advanced pharmacy practice experience.

Abstract Background and purpose Clinical toxicology is a blend of science, research, and patient management practices involving human poisonings from exposure to natural and synthetic toxins. The objective of this study was to describe the components of an elective advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) in clinical toxicology at California Poison Control System (CPCS). Educational activity and setting The APPE requirements included a mix of active participation in case management and supplemental educational exercises, case presentations and consultations, and a structured self-study component consisting of readings and on-line modules. In addition, there were two active learning activities, high acuity poisoning simulation scenarios utilizing a high-fidelity mannequin, and an antidote tasting session. Findings From April 2012 to October 2017, 82 student pharmacists completed this APPE. Pharmacy students completed 85 pre-simulation surveys and 80 post-simulation surveys. Survey results showed an increase in pharmacy student beliefs that a clinical pharmacist should be involved in the differential diagnosis and management of patients (60% pre-simulation vs. 78.8% post-simulation, p = 0.009). APPE pharmacy students completed an evaluation of the preceptors(s), site, and learning experience. The average score for all areas on the preceptor and site evaluations was >4.5 on a 5-point Likert scale. Qualitative data themes included student satisfaction with opportunities, feedback, and the interprofessional and collaborative environment. Summary An APPE in the CPCS was successfully designed and implemented. The APPE provides an interprofessional collaborative learning environment that allows student pharmacists to understand the unique role of the pharmacist in this setting.
Assessing the National Prevalence of HIV Screening in the United States using Electronic Health Record Data.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend population-based screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at least once in each patient's life. National surveys estimate that 42.5% of the population has been screened; however, these studies have relatively low sample sizes and inherent survey biases. Using a national, de-identified cloud-based electronic health record (EHR) information from over 48 million patients, we found that only 6.4% of Americans over the age of 18 had laboratory evidence of a prior HIV test. Further investigation is necessary to determine if single-item questions on national surveys correlate with objective evidence of HIV testing, as well as addressing the numerous limitations related to the use of EHR data that likely grossly underestimates the prevalence of HIV screening nationally.
Frege, natural numbers, and arithmetic’s umbilical cord

A central part of Frege's logicism is his reconstruction of the natural numbers as equivalence classes of equinumerous concepts or classes. In this paper, I examine the relationship of this reconstruction both to earlier views, from Mill all the way back to Plato, and to later formalist and structuralist views; I thus situate Frege within what may be called the “rise of pure mathematics” in the nineteenth century. Doing so allows us to acknowledge continuities between Frege's and other approaches, but also to understand better the motivation and the significance of his innovations, as well as their limits.
Relative navigation of fixed‐wing aircraft in GPS‐denied environments

This work enables GPS-denied flight on fixed-wing UAS by accounting for fixed-wing-specific sensing requirements and using a methodology called relative navigation as an overarching framework. The development of an odometry-like, front-end, EKF-based estimator that utilizes only a monocular camera and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) is presented. The filter uses the measurement model of the multi-state-constraint Kalman filter. The filter also regularly resets its origin in coordination with the declaration of keyframe images. The keyframe-to-keyframe odometry estimates and their covariances are sent to a global back end that represents the global state as a pose graph. The back end is better suited to represent nonlinear uncertainties and incorporate opportunistic global constraints.We also introduce a method to account for front-end velocity bias in the back-end optimization. The paper provides simulation and hardware flight-test results of the front-end estimator and performs several back-end optimizations on the front-end data.
Cleft lip repair: are outcomes between unilateral and bilateral clefts comparable?

This study sought to compare patient demographics, operative course, and peri-operative outcomes between unilateral and bilateral cleft patients. Primary cleft lip repairs were isolated from the Na...
Cross-Talk Between Muscle and Bone

Aging is associated with a progressive decline in muscle mass and function. Dysregulation of a set of cellular processes, such as low-grade inflammation, increased oxidative stress, reduced capacity of muscle regeneration, disrupted intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and altered lipid metabolism contribute to age-related muscle atrophy and muscle weakness, and are responsible for significant disability in older persons. To date, in attempting to determine the molecular components that lead to mass/strength decrements in the aged skeletal muscle, numerous studies using chromatography have screened or profiled biological signaling molecules such as proteins, hormones, bioactive lipids, antioxidants as well as other surrogate biochemical markers of muscle mass, which link to age-related skeletal muscle abnormalities. Accumulating evidence indicates that lipid mediators regulate skeletal muscle mass and function, and potentially influence muscle wasting, metabolism, and functional status in response to various pathological conditions. In this chapter, we attempt to provide an overview of the classification of lipid signaling mediators. We emphasize the biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling pathways of AA-derived eicosanoids, which are involved in basic cellular process and thereby pathophysiological actions, particularly its association with bone-muscle crosstalk and skeletal muscle aging.
No missing photons for reionization: moderate ionizing photon escape fractions from the FIRE-2 simulations

Author(s): Ma, X; Quataert, E; Wetzel, A; Hopkins, PF; Faucher-Giguere, CA; Keres, D | Abstract: We present the escape fraction of hydrogen ionizing photons (fesc) from a sample of 34 high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulations of galaxies at z ≥ 5 in the Feedback in Realistic Environments project, post-processed with a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code for ionizing radiation. Our sample consists of 8500 haloes in Mvir ∼108-1012, M⊙ (M* ∼104-1010, M⊙) at z = 5-12. We find the sample average fesc increases with halo mass for Mvir ∼108-109.5 M⊙, becomes nearly constant for 109.5-1011 M⊙, and decreases at ≳ 1011 M⊙. Equivalently, fesc increases with stellar mass up to M* ∼ 108 M⊙ and decreases at higher masses. Even applying single-star stellar population synthesis models, we find a moderate fesc ∼0.2 for galaxies at M* ∼ 108 M⊙. Nearly half of the escaped ionizing photons come from stars 1-3 Myr old and the rest from stars 3-10 Myr old. Binaries only have a modest effect, boosting fesc by ∼25-35 per cent and the number of escaped photons by 60-80 per cent. Most leaked ionizing photons are from vigorously star-forming regions that usually contain a feedback-driven kpc-scale superbubble surrounded by a dense shell. The shell is forming stars while accelerated, so new stars formed earlier in the shell are already inside the shell. Young stars in the bubble and near the edge of the shell can fully ionize some low-column-density paths pre-cleared by feedback, allowing a large fraction of their ionizing photons to escape. The decrease of fesc at the high-mass end is due to dust attenuation, while at the low-mass end, fesc decreases owing to inefficient star formation and hence feedback. At fixed mass, fesc tends to increase with redshift. Although the absolute fesc does not fully converge with resolution in our simulations, the mass- A nd redshift-dependence of fesc is likely robust. Our simulations produce sufficient ionizing photons for cosmic reionization.
Biological effects of inhaled hydraulic fracturing sand dust. II. Particle characterization and pulmonary effects 30 d following intratracheal instillation

Hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") is used in unconventional gas drilling to allow for the free flow of natural gas from rock. Sand in fracking fluid is pumped into the well bore under high pressure to enter and stabilize fissures in the rock. In the process of manipulating the sand on site, respirable dust (fracking sand dust, FSD) is generated. Inhalation of FSD is a potential hazard to workers inasmuch as respirable crystalline silica causes silicosis, and levels of FSD at drilling work sites have exceeded occupational exposure limits set by OSHA. In the absence of any information about its potential toxicity, a comprehensive rat animal model was designed to investigate the bioactivities of several FSDs in comparison to MIN-U-SIL® 5, a respirable α-quartz reference dust used in previous animal models of silicosis, in several organ systems (Fedan, J.S., Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 00, 000-000, 2020). The present report, part of the larger investigation, describes: 1) a comparison of the physico-chemical properties of nine FSDs, collected at drilling sites, and MIN-U-SIL® 5, a reference silica dust, and 2) a comparison of the pulmonary inflammatory responses to intratracheal instillation of the nine FSDs and MIN-U-SIL® 5. Our findings indicate that, in many respects, the physico-chemical characteristics, and the biological effects of the FSDs and MIN-U-SIL® 5 after intratracheal instillation, have distinct differences.
Precipitation-productivity relationships and the duration of precipitation anomalies: An underappreciated dimension of climate change.

In terrestrial ecosystems, climate change forecasts of increased frequencies and magnitudes of wet and dry precipitation anomalies are expected to shift precipitation-net primary productivity (PPT-NPP) relationships from linear to nonlinear. Less understood, however, is how future changes in the duration of PPT anomalies will alter PPT-NPP relationships. A review of the literature shows strong potential for the duration of wet and dry PPT anomalies to impact NPP and to interact with the magnitude of anomalies. Within semi-arid and mesic grassland ecosystems, PPT gradient experiments indicate that short-duration (1 year) PPT anomalies are often insufficient to drive nonlinear aboveground NPP responses. But long-term studies, within desert to forest ecosystems, demonstrate how multi-year PPT anomalies may result in increasing impacts on NPP through time, and thus alter PPT-NPP relationships. We present a conceptual model detailing how NPP responses to PPT anomalies may amplify with the duration of an event, how responses may vary in xeric vs. mesic ecosystems, and how these differences are most likely due to demographic mechanisms. Experiments that can unravel the independent and interactive impacts of the magnitude and duration of wet and dry PPT anomalies are needed, with multi-site long-term PPT gradient experiments particularly well-suited for this task.
Structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds improve interprofessional communication and workplace efficiency among residents and nurses on an inpatient internal medicine unit.

Structured Interdisciplinary Bedside Rounds (SIBR) is a standardized, team-based intervention for hospitals to deliver high quality interprofessional care. Despite its potential for improving IPC a...
Blood Management for the Geriatric Patient

As patients are able to live a healthy life as they become elderly, clinicians will encounter them in their ward, operating room and critical care settings. Clinicians will be challenged with the altered physiology, polypharmacy and different requirements needed for a comprehensive understanding and treatment. Geriatric patients commonly suffer from anemia and often require blood transfusions to maintain adequate oxygen supply/demand in light of present comorbidities and acute clinical scenarios. Geriatric patients are often treated with liberal transfusion strategies, but more recent guidelines urge for a restrictive transfusion strategies. Interestingly, these guidelines are not specific for the geriatric patients and are made for the general adult patient population with data gathered from mostly adult patients.
Weighted certainty grids for dynamic search

Teams of manned and unmanned active sensors can provide tactical military units, search and rescue teams, and emergency response units with timely information; however, limited numbers of these systems mean their tasking must be prioritized, and the information they provide needs to be synthesized to avoid overwhelming users. Automated methods can fuse a priori and real-time information to provide decision-makers with time- critical situational awareness and a basis for search prioritization and route planning. Previous work has shown how expected entropic information gain can be used as a measure of utility in motion planning, though in multi- target search scenarios not all information is equally valuable. This research investigates generating certainty grids for dynamic search prioritization using a time-dependent cell valuation that incorporates entropy as well as threat- and geography-specific importance of information relative to the mission. We compare two different approaches to calculating posterior probability and entropy: a Bayesian log odds method based on prior works on obstacle avoidance; and a Dempster-Shafer Theory approach using a plausibility measure. The resulting weighted certainty grid map is provided for dynamic search. We then demonstrate how this adaptive, integrated situational awareness approach performs in different simulated, small unit tactical scenarios.
Oral tradition as emplacement: Ancestral Blackfoot memories of the Rocky Mountain Front:

We highlight the significance of process, event, and context of human practice in Indigenous Creation traditions to integrate Blackfoot “Napi” origin stories with environmental, geological, and arc...
Effect of UV-C Irradiation on Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a serious pest of numerous crops grown in greenhouses and field-grown strawberry in yr-round production areas in California, USA. Problems with insecticide resistance have prompted the search for more sustainable methods for their management. Here, we applied UV-C light treatments nightly for 16 s (19.2 J m–2) over a 6-wk period to tomatoes infested with T. vaporariorum and compared numbers of adults, nymphs, and eggs with those on untreated plants. All life stages of T. vaporariorum were significantly lower on tomatoes treated nightly with UV-C compared with unexposed plants. Additionally, there was no significant difference in chlorophyll fluorescence activity. Our results indicate that nightly UV-C treatments significantly reduce T. vaporariorum populations and offer a potential non-chemical method for their management on tomato.
An Introduction to Natural Computation

From the Publisher: It is now clear that the brain is unlikely to be understood without recourse to computational theories. The theme of An Introduction to Natural Computation is that ideas from diverse areas such as neuroscience, information theory, and optimization theory have recently been extended in ways that make them useful for describing the brains programs. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the computational material that forms the underpinnings of the currently evolving set of brain models. It stresses the broad spectrum of learning models--ranging from neural network learning through reinforcement learning to genetic learning--and situates the various models in their appropriate neural context. To write about models of the brain before the brain is fully understood is a delicate matter. Very detailed models of the neural circuitry risk losing track of the task the brain is trying to solve. At the other extreme, models that represent cognitive constructs can be so abstract that they lose all relationship to neurobiology. An Introduction to Natural Computation takes the middle ground and stresses the computational task while staying near the neurobiology.
Heat Conditioning of Cucumbers Improves Retention of Sliced Refrigerated Pickle Texture and Appearance

The effects of heat conditioning (HC) pickling cucumbers in 50C water on sliced refrigerated pickle product texture, white appearance, pectic substances and proteins during storage were examined. Conditioning for 45 and 60 min effectively hindered softening and cure appearance development (CAD) during 12 months of storage. Maintenance of firmness and white appearance of sliced pickles was achieved when cucumbers were processed within 1 h after HC and when processing was delayed for 24 and 48 h after HC. Conditioning cucumbers for 60 min prevented changes in the solubility of pectic substances and proteins in the pickled product mesocarp tissue during storage, while major changes occurred in mesocarp of the control treatment. SDS-PAGE demonstrated the production of low molecular mass proteins in response to HC, and that it enhanced retention of distinct proteins in the refrigerated pickle mesocarp tissue. Retention of pickle product texture and white appearance induced by HC appeared to be associated with stabilization of pectic substances and proteins. Practical Applications HC of cucumbers before processing has potential to substantially enhance retention of texture and white appearance of sliced refrigerated pickles during storage and marketing.
Algebraic computation, numerical computation and verified inclusions

The three different types of computation — the algebraic manipulation, the numerical computation and the computation of verified results — are aiming on different problems and deliver qualitatively different results, each method having its specific advantages for specific classes of problems. The following remarks give some thoughts on possible combinations of all three methods to obtain algorithms benefitting from the specific strength of either method.
HIV replication in CD4+ T lymphocytes in the presence and absence of follicular dendritic cells: inhibition of replication mediated by α-1-antitrypsin through altered IκBα ubiquitination.

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) increase HIV replication and virus production in lymphocytes by increasing the activation of NF-κB in infected cells. Because α-1-antitrypsin (AAT) decreases HIV replication in PBMCs and monocytic cells and decreases NF-κB activity, we postulated that AAT might also block FDC-mediated HIV replication. Primary CD4 + T cells were infected with HIV and cultured with FDCs or their supernatant with or without AAT, and ensuing viral RNA and p24 production were monitored. NF-κB activation in the infected cells was also assessed. Virus production was increased in the presence of FDC supernatant, but the addition of AAT at concentrations >0.5 mg/ml inhibited virus replication. AAT blocked the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50/p65 despite an unexpected elevation in associated phosphorylated and ubiquitinated IκBα (Ub-IκBα). In the presence of AAT, degradation of cytoplasmic IκBα was dramatically inhibited compared with control cultures. AAT did not inhibit the proteasome; however, it altered the pattern of ubiquitination of IκBα. AAT decreased IκBα polyubiquitination linked through ubiquitin lysine residue 48 and increased ubiquitination linked through lysine residue 63. Moreover, lysine reside 63-linked Ub-IκBα degradation was substantially slower than lysine residue 48-linked Ub-IκBα in the presence of AAT, correlating altered ubiquitination with a prolonged IκBα t 1/2 . Because AAT is naturally occurring and available clinically, examination of its use as an inhibitory agent in HIV-infected subjects may be informative and lead to the development of similar agents that inhibit HIV replication using a novel mechanism.