cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approaches to in vitro tissue regeneration with application for human disease modeling and drug development

Reliable in vitro human disease models that capture the complexity of in vivo tissue behaviors are crucial to gain mechanistic insights into human disease and enable the development of treatments that are effective across broad patient populations. The integration of stem cell technologies, tissue engineering, emerging biomaterials strategies and microfabrication processes, as well as computational and systems biology approaches, is enabling new tools to generate reliable in vitro systems to study the molecular basis of human disease and facilitate drug development. In this review, we discuss these recently developed tools and emphasize opportunities and challenges involved in combining these technologies toward regenerative science.
Sound and precise malware analysis for android via pushdown reachability and entry-point saturation

Sound malware analysis of Android applications is challenging. First, object-oriented programs exhibit highly interprocedural, dynamically dispatched control structure. Second, the Android programming paradigm relies heavily on the asynchronous execution of multiple entry points. Existing analysis techniques focus more on the second challenge, while relying on traditional analytic techniques that suffer from inherent imprecision or unsoundness to solve the first.We present Anadroid, a static malware analysis framework for Android apps. Anadroid exploits two techniques to soundly raise precision: (1) it uses a pushdown system to precisely model dynamically dispatched interprocedural and exception-driven control-flow; (2) it uses Entry-Point Saturation (EPS) to soundly approximate all possible interleavings of asynchronous entry points in Android applications. (It also integrates static taint-flow analysis and least permissions analysis to expand the class of malicious behaviors which it can catch.) Anadroid provides rich user interface support for human analysts which must ultimately rule on the "maliciousness" of a behavior.To demonstrate the effectiveness of Anadroid's malware analysis, we had teams of analysts analyze a challenge suite of 52 Android applications released as part of the Automated Program Analysis for Cybersecurity (APAC) DARPA program. The first team analyzed the apps using a version of Anadroid that uses traditional (finite-state-machine-based) control-flow-analysis found in existing malware analysis tools; the second team analyzed the apps using a version of Anadroid that uses our enhanced pushdown-based control-flow-analysis. We measured machine analysis time, human analyst time, and their accuracy in flagging malicious applications. With pushdown analysis, we found statistically significant (p
THE IONIZING EFFICIENCY OF THE FIRST STARS

We investigate whether a single population of first stars could have influenced both the metal enrichment and reionization of the high-redshift intergalactic medium (IGM) by calculating the generated ionizing radiation per unit metal yield as a function of the metallicity of stellar populations. We examine the relation between the ionizing radiation and carbon created by the first stars, since the evidence for the widespread enrichment of the IGM at redshifts z ~ 3-4 comes from the detection of C IV absorption. We find that the number of ionizing photons per baryon generated in association with the detected IGM metallicity may well exceed that required for a late hydrogen reionization at z ~ 6, by up to a factor of 10-20 for metal-free stars in a present-day initial mass function (IMF). This would be in agreement with similar indications from recent observations of the microwave background and the high-z IGM. In addition, the contribution from intermediate-mass stars to the total metal yield, neglected in past works, substantially impacts such calculations. Finally, a top-heavy IMF is not necessarily preferred as a more efficient high-z source of ionizing radiation, based on nucleosynthetic arguments in association with a given level of IGM enrichment.
Control of Paraffin Deposition in Production Operations

Significant operating costs are incurred from treatments designed to remove waxy deposits from production tubing or squeeze treatments designed to inhibit wax deposition. The costs are increased further by formation damage and loss of production that may result from these treatments. These studies show that paraffin deposition can be prevented or greatly retarded by using chemical surfactants called ''dispersants.'' Two specific surfactants were selected that proved very effective as paraffin dispersants. One is oil soluble and the other is water soluble. These dispersants can be injected continuously into the well or they can be added in larger quantities in a batch treatment at specific time intervals. The choice of using batch or continuous treatment is governed by the type and number of wells requiring treatment.
A design for fluid management in space

Abstract Management of fluids in space is complicated by differences in fluid behavior in the absence of gravity as well as by the limited quantity of fluids typically available for use. To solve these problems, a system has been designed that is conservative, requires little energy, and can be applied to a wide variety of fluid management challenges. Three specific model problems have directed design efforts: liquid-gas degassification, solid-liquid-gas separation, and algae growth, separation and harvesting. The design incorporates a centrifical approach using a divergent, truncated-cone-shaped spinning separation chamber coupled with density-dependent valving. Degassification of fluids and separation of multiphased media is achieved while creating the pumping pressures needed to move the separated media to desired storage areas. The testing of the design will be two-phased: preflight and flight. Preflight testing will be conducted in a 1- g environment to trouble shoot problems and assure orbital success. Actual flight testing, accomplished in CU's Getaway Special canister on board the shuttle in January 1986, will focus on operations of those portions of the system which cannot be tested in a 1- g environment. Also, the overall system operation will be evaluated. Data acquisition in both phases will be via photography and pressure measurements. Upon experimental completion, data should document the overall viability of fluids management by centrifugation in a microgravity environment.
Comparative Study of Histogram Equalization Algorithms for Image Enhancement

Histogram equalization is one of the common tools for improving contrast in digital photography, remote sensing, medical imaging, and scientific visualization. It is a process for recovering lost contrast in an image by remapping the brightness values in such a way that equalizes or more evenly distributes its brightness values. However, Histogram Equalization may significantly change the brightness of the entire image and generate undesirable artifacts. Therefore, many Histogram Equalization based algorithms have been developed to overcome this problem. This paper presents a comprehensive review study of Histogram Equalization based algorithms. Computer simulations and analysis are provided to compare the enhancement performance of several Histogram Equalization based algorithms. A secondderivative- like enhancement measure is introduced to quantitatively evaluate their performance for image enhancement.
DDoS attack protection in the era of cloud computing and Software-Defined Networking

Cloud computing has become the real trend of enterprise IT service model that offers cost-effective and scalable processing. Meanwhile, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is gaining popularity in enterprise networks for flexibility in network management service and reduced operational cost. There seems a trend for the two technologies to go hand-in-hand in providing an enterprise's IT services. However, the new challenges brought by the marriage of cloud computing and SDN, particularly the implications on enterprise network security, have not been well understood. This paper sets to address this important problem.We start by examining the security impact, in particular, the impact on DDoS attack defense mechanisms, in an enterprise network where both technologies are adopted. We find that SDN technology can actually help enterprises to defend against DDoS attacks if the defense architecture is designed properly. To that end, we propose a DDoS attack mitigation architecture that integrates a highly programmable network monitoring to enable attack detection and a flexible control structure to allow fast and specific attack reaction. To cope with the new architecture, we propose a graphic model based attack detection system that can deal with the dataset shift problem. The simulation results show that our architecture can effectively and efficiently address the security challenges brought by the new network paradigm and our attack detection system can effectively report various attacks using real-world network traffic.
Global adaptive stabilization of cascade nonlinear systems

An adaptive controller is developed for a class of nonlinear systems for which other approaches (e.g. backstepping) may fail to be applicable. The new design employs feedback passivation and an explicit construction of a Lyapunov function for the zero dynamics with respect to a relative degree one output. As an illustration a longstanding 'nonlinear benchmark problem' is solved.
Entrainment by Turbulent Jets Issuing From Sharp-Edged Inlet Round Nozzles

Experiments were carried out to determine entrainment rates by turbulent air jets generated with square-edged inlet round nozzles. A parametric study was made which included the effects of Reynolds number, nozzle length, partial confinement and geometry of the jet plenum chamber. Measurements were made for the region extending from the nozzle exit to 24 jet hole diameters downstream. There is a large difference in the rate of fluid entrainment between jets generated with relatively short nozzles and those discharged through long tubes.
Characteristics of perinatal women seeking treatment for marijuana abuse in a community-based clinic

In the US, marijuana continues to be the most frequently used illicit drug among women of childbearing age, including pregnant and postpartum women. Given the critical window for treatment during the perinatal period, more information is needed about the characteristics of women who abuse marijuana and about their unique needs with the goal of improving clinical services and outcomes for both women and their infants. Objectives: To (1) identify a profile of perinatal women seeking treatment for primarily marijuana abuse and (2) report birth outcomes in a subset of pregnant women with marijuana abuse. Methods: This retrospective clinical chart review study examined 67 adult perinatal women patients (54 % ethnic minority) who attended an inner-city, hospital-affiliated outpatient program specializing in substance abuse treatment for women. Of all pregnant women, 26 % reported positive urine screens during the first trimester, 41 % during the second trimester, and 27 % during the third trimester. While the subset of pregnant women was small, exploratory results suggest that infants whose mothers continued to use marijuana during their pregnancies were born at a lower gestational age than mothers who abstained; t(29) = 2.04, p <0.05. Conclusion: Identifying potential barriers to treatment could help improve retention in community-based treatment programs during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Extreme returns: The case of currencies

Abstract Financial market crashes can occur even in the absence of news. This paper highlights four properties of price-contingent trading that increase the frequency of such events. Price-contingent trading is common across financial market, since it includes algorithmic trading, technical trading, and dynamic option hedging. The four properties we consider are: (1) high kurtosis in the distribution of order sizes; (2) clustering of trades within the day; (3) clustering of trades at certain prices; and (4) feedback between trading and returns. The paper estimates the relative importance of these factors using data from the foreign exchange market. Calibrated simulations indicate that interactions among these factors are at least as important as any single one. Among individual factors, the orders’ size distribution and feedback effects have the strongest influence. Overall, price-contingent trading could account for half of realized excess kurtosis. The paper suggests that extreme returns unaccompanied by news are statistically inevitable in the presence of price-contingent trading.
The Structure of the Semigroup of Proper Holomorphic Mappings of a Planar Domain to the Unit Disc

Given a bounded n-connected domain Ω in the plane bounded by n non-intersecting Jordan curves and given one point bj on each boundary curve, L. Bieberbach proved that there exists a proper holomorphic mapping f of Ω onto the unit disc that is an n-to-one branched covering with the properties: f extends continuously to the boundary and maps each boundary curve one-to-one onto the unit circle, and f maps each given point bj on the boundary to the point 1 in the unit circle. We shall modify a proof by H. Grunsky of Bieberbach’s result to show that there is a rational function of 2n + 2 complex variables that generates all of these maps. In fact, we show that there are two Ahlfors maps f1 and f2 associated with the domain such that any such mapping is given by a fixed linear fractional transformation mapping the right half plane to the unit disc composed with c R + i C, where R is a rational function of the 2n + 2 functions \(f_1(z),f_2(z),\ and \ f_1(b_1),\ f_2(b_1),...f_1(b_n),f_2(b_n)\), and where c and C are arbitrary real constants subject to the condition c > 0. We also show how to generate all the proper holomorphic mappings to the unit disc via the rational function R.
OBLIQUITIES OF KEPLER STARS: COMPARISON OF SINGLE- AND MULTIPLE-TRANSIT SYSTEMS

The stellar obliquity of a transiting planetary system can be constrained by combining measurements of the star's rotation period, radius, and projected rotational velocity. Here, we present a hierarchical Bayesian technique for recovering the obliquity distribution of a population of transiting planetary systems and apply it to a sample of 70 Kepler objects of interest. With ≈95% confidence, we find that the obliquities of stars with only a single detected transiting planet are systematically larger than those with multiple detected transiting planets. This suggests that a substantial fraction of Kepler's single-transiting systems represent dynamically hotter, less orderly systems than the "pancake-flat" multiple-transiting systems.
Recent Advances in the Understanding of Polycystic Kidney Disease

Polycystic kidney disease is characterized by localized autonomous cellular proliferation, compartmentalized fluid accumulation within the cysts, and intraparenchymal fibrosis of the kidney. The clinical features include renal failure, liver cysts, and vascular and cardiac valve abnormalities. Recent developments have extended our understanding of cyst formation, fluid secretion, and the genetics of polycystic kidney disease. Two causal genes for polycystic kidney disease, PKD1 and PKD2, that are responsible for greater than 95% of cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, have been identified and sequenced. The mechanisms of cystogenesis are being uncovered and the phenotypic features of cystic epithelial cells are being discovered. This review describes recent advances made in the molecular biology of the genetic causes of polycystic kidney disease. The mechanistic details of cystogenesis are discussed and contrasted with the paradigms that guide current experimental approaches.
On the trace map between absolutely abelian number fields of equal conductor

After first determining criteria for wild ramification of L/K (which can only happen at primes above 2), the above result is obtained for n = 2 (e ≥ 3) by computing TL/K(OL) explicitly, and is then extended to the general case. This approach does not rely on Leopoldt’s Theorem, in contrast to the techniques used in [6]. The explicit nature of the calculations used to compute I(L/K) leads to the definition of an “adjusted trace map” TQ(n)/K with the property that TQ(n)/K(O) = OK (here Q denotes the n cyclotomic field and O(n) its ring of integers). Using this map, we restate Leopoldt’s Theorem and show that its proof can be reduced to the (easier) cyclotomic case.
The role of requirements analysis in the system life cycle

One of the problems that personnel from the computer industry face today is to find the proper role of requirements analysis in the design and implementation of information-intensive systems so that the results of that activity may be effectively transferred to the rest of the life cycle. This paper addresses the problem by examining the life cycle process in terms of the various viewpoints that human beings use. The interplay between human capabilities and limitations for dealing with the problems of design representation and the increasing complexity of modern information-intensive systems is discussed. The concept of viewpoints around a life cycle wheel that are used throughout the entire life of the information-intensive system is introduced and used to define the functions performed during requirements analysis. Finally, the concept of a system-engineered set of techniques and tools to support the life cycle activities is proposed.
On the Heegaard Floer homology of branched double-covers

Abstract Let L ⊂ S 3 be a link. We study the Heegaard Floer homology of the branched double-cover Σ ( L ) of S 3 , branched along L. When L is an alternating link, HF ^ of its branched double-cover has a particularly simple form, determined entirely by the determinant of the link. For the general case, we derive a spectral sequence whose E 2 term is a suitable variant of Khovanov's homology for the link L, converging to the Heegaard Floer homology of Σ ( L ) .
The Redshift and the Host Galaxy of GRB 980613: A Gamma-Ray Burst from a Merger-induced Starburst?*

We present the optical and near-IR identification and spectroscopy of the host galaxy of gamma-ray burst GRB 980613. The burst was apparently associated with the optically (rest-frame UV) brightest component of an apparent system of at least five galaxies or galaxy fragments, at least two of which are at a redshift of z = 1.0969. The component we identify as the host galaxy shows a moderately high unobscured star formation rate, SFR ~ 5 M☉ yr-1, but a high SFR per unit mass, indicative of a starburst. The image components show a broad range of (R-K) colors, with two of them being very red, possibly due to dust. The overall morphology of the system can be naturally interpreted as a strong tidal interaction of two or more galaxies, at a redshift where such events were much more common than now. Given the well-established causal link between galaxy mergers and starbursts, we propose that this is a strong case for a GRB originating from a merger-induced starburst system. This supports the proposed link between GRBs and massive star formation.
High-Fidelity Nonlinear IPM Modeling Based on Measured Stator Winding Flux Linkage

This paper focuses on a novel modeling method for interior permanent-magnet (IPM) synchronous machines. This modeling method is based on a stator winding flux linkage table that is obtained from experimental testing. As indicated by the comparison between computer simulation and dyno testing, this modeling approach can model the nonlinear behavior of IPM synchronous machines with high fidelity without adding significant computational loads.
Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the Caribbean

Background: Nearly 10% of immigrants to the United States come from the Caribbean region. In this paper, we analyzed incidence and mortality rates of the major cancers in the Bahamas, Barbados, Cub...
Substitutional NaCl hydration in ice

${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ can replace water molecules in ice Ih with minimal lattice strain and without disrupting the crystal's H-bond network. First-principles calculations show that substitutional solvation is endothermic by as little as $0.49\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ per ion pair. Interstitial ion solvation is less favorable by $g1.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$.
Understanding overeating and obesity

Abstract The combination of economic and biological factors is likely to result in overeating in the current environment of cheap and readily available food. This propensity is shown using a “dual decision” approach where choices reflect the interaction of a “deliberative” system, operating as in standard economic models, and an “affective” system that responds rapidly to stimuli without considering long-term consequences. This framework is characterized by excess food consumption and body weight, in that individuals prefer both ex-ante and ex-post to eat and weigh less than they actually do, with weight loss attempts being common but often unsuccessful or only partially successful. As in the standard model, weight is related to prices. However, another potentially important reason for rising obesity is that food producers have incentives to engineer products to stimulate the affective system so as to encourage overeating. Data from several sources are used to investigate predictions of the dual decision model, with the evidence providing broad support for at least some irrationality in food consumption. Most importantly, there is little indication that the large secular increases in body mass index have been accompanied by corresponding growth in utility-maximizing weight. One result is that efforts to reduce weight have become more common as obesity has increased.
Digital image velocimetry

A new technique, digital image velocimetry, is proposed for measurement of instantaneous velocity fields of time dependent flows. A time sequence of single-exposure images of seed particles are captured with a high speed camera, and the sampled images are then digitized on an image processor, enhanced, and superposed to construct a multiple-exposure image. Both the superposed image and a single-exposure image are digitally Fourier transformed for extraction of information on the velocity field. The new technique is designed to improve the flow measurement by eliminating some restrictions of existing optical methods such as laser speckle velocimetry and particle image velocimetry. These restrictions include the limited dynamic range of the velocity measurement, directional ambiguity of the velocity vector, and the difficulty of a real-time capability. The analysis and numerically simulated experiment show that improvement can be achieved with the new technique. Laboratory experiments are currently under investigation.
Random Matrix Ensembles Associated to Compact Symmetric Spaces

We introduce random matrix ensembles that correspond to the infinite families of irreducible Riemannian symmetric spaces of type I. In particular, we recover the Circular Orthogonal and Symplectic Ensembles of Dyson, and find other families of (unitary, orthogonal and symplectic) ensembles of Jacobi type. We discuss the universal and weakly universal features of the global and local correlations of the levels in the bulk and at the ‘‘hard’’ edge of the spectrum (i. e., at the ‘‘central points’’ ±1 on the unit circle). Previously known results are extended, and we find new simple formulas for the Bessel Kernels that describe the local correlations at a hard edge.
Cognitive style and interhemispheric differentiation in the EEG

Abstract The field-dependence-independence cognitive style, that component of the psychological differentiation dimension which subsumes spatial ability and certain aspects of personality and social behavior, was found to be associated with variations between individuals in the extent of differentiation of EEG activity between the two hemispheres. Fluctuations over time in integrated EEG amplitudes recorde from the left and right hemispheres were more similar to each other (i.e. less differentiated) in individuals with a field-dependent cognitive style than in those who were field independent.
Microstructural control of amorphous silicon films crystallized using an excimer laser

A technique for microstructural control of excimer laser-annealed silicon thin films on SiO2 substrates has been developed. By using single-crystal photolithographically etched silicon seed wafers in intimate contact with the silicon films, we have shown that it is possible to spatially control nucleation. Transmission electron micrographs show the resultant microstructure to consist of large (∼1 µm) grain structures in the area surrounding the seed contact, with distinct organization not previously observed. A theoretical discussion is presented to explain the observed phenomena. Also, results from a numerical simulation are given which outline the effects of the seed wafer on the resultant microstructure of the laser-annealed film, as compared to nonseeded areas.
Question types in digital reference: an evaluation of question taxonomies

This study evaluates four taxonomies of question types to determine the expressiveness of each for questions received by digital reference services. The result is a faceted classification scheme that can be used as a basis for automating parts of the reference question answering process.
ASTROMAG: A particle spectrometer for the space station

The study of the cosmic particle radiation is relevant both to astrophysics and particle physics. One example could be the fact that a direct measurement of the flux of p and of e+ is largely inconsistent with the secondary production in the collision of cosmic rays with the interstellar mater. An entirely new possibility of investigation will be offered to the study of the cosmic radiation by the Space Station program. The Space Station will be a permanent manned orbital complex, to be constructed in the 90s for scientific and technological research. Its existence will make possible the implementation outside the Earth's atmosphere, of large and sophisticated instruments, comparable to the ones currently installed at accelerators. ASTROMAG is the acronym for a large superconducting magnet to be installed on the Space Station as an experimental facility, to be equipped with particle detectors of various kinds.
The degrees of freedom region of the MIMO cognitive interference channel with no CSIT

The cognitive interference channel (C-IC) is defined as the interference channel that consists of two transmitter-receiver pairs and in which any one or more of the four terminals is cognitive. The degrees of freedom (dof) region of the C-IC is studied for the case in which there is perfect and no channel state information at the receivers and the transmitters, respectively. The proposed inner and outer-bounds yield the precise characterization of dof region, except for a few cases of cognition in which for certain values of the number of antennas at the four terminals, the bounds are not tight. Finally, an example on the feasibility of interference alignment without transmitter knowledge of the channel realizations is shown.
Obese ‘neutron’ stars

WE show here that non-rotating, spherically symmetric, general relativistic ‘neutron’ stars of mass ≥ 3M⊙ are consistent with the known laws of physics. In particular, for the ‘bag’ model of hadrons, we find Mmax ≃ 3M⊙. The maximum mass for polytropic equations of state is found to be ≃5 M⊙.
Optimal Feature Selection in High-Dimensional Discriminant Analysis

We consider the high-dimensional discriminant analysis problem. For this problem, different methods have been proposed and justified by establishing exact convergence rates for the classification risk, as well as the $\ell _{2}$ convergence results to the discriminative rule. However, sharp theoretical analysis for the variable selection performance of these procedures have not been established, even though model interpretation is of fundamental importance in scientific data analysis. This paper bridges the gap by providing sharp sufficient conditions for consistent variable selection using the sparse discriminant analysis. Through careful analysis, we establish rates of convergence that are significantly faster than the best known results and admit an optimal scaling of the sample size $n$ , dimensionality $p$ , and sparsity level $s$ in the high-dimensional setting. Sufficient conditions are complemented by the necessary information theoretic limits on the variable selection problem in the context of high-dimensional discriminant analysis. Exploiting a numerical equivalence result, our method also establish the optimal results for the ROAD estimator and the sparse optimal scoring estimator. Furthermore, we analyze an exhaustive search procedure, whose performance serves as a benchmark, and show that it is variable selection consistent under weaker conditions. Extensive simulations demonstrating the sharpness of the bounds are also provided.
Localized energy deposition in neutrino telescopes: a signature of ``New Physics''

Abstract A class of phenomena either not contained in the Standard Model or in its perturbative treatment (multiple W Z production, compositeness of quarks and leptons) leads to a large energy deposition in neutrino telescopes within a rather small volume. The shape of the particle distribution arising from such phenomena is estimated.
Dense edge-magic graphs and thin additive bases

A graph G of order n and size m is edge-magic if there is a bijection l:V(G)@?E(G)->[n+m] such that all sums l(a)+l(b)+l(ab), ab@?E(G), are the same. We present new lower and upper bounds on M(n), the maximum size of an edge-magic graph of order n, being the first to show an upper bound of the form M(n)=<(1-@e)n2. Concrete estimates for @e can be obtained by knowing s(k,n), the maximum number of distinct pairwise sums that a k-subset of [n] can have. So, we also study s(k,n), motivated by the above connections to edge-magic graphs and by the fact that a few known functions from additive number theory can be expressed via s(k,n). For example, our estimates(k,n)=
A modular synthetic approach toward exhaustively stereodiversified ligand libraries.

This report describes a modular approach to the synthesis of stereodiversified natural product-like libraries. Monomers 2 and 3 were coupled in parallel by silyl-tethered olefin metathesis to generate all 16 stereoisomers of cis-enediols 1. All 16 stereoisomers were incorporated into chimerae having flanking peptidic segments. These chimerae exhibited a broad range of hydrophobicities, raising the possibility that stereochemical variation might be used to tune the pharmacologic properties of small molecules.
Hafnium binary alloys from experiments and first principles

Abstract Despite the increasing importance of hafnium in numerous technological applications, experimental and computational data on its binary alloys is sparse. In particular, data is scant on those binary systems believed to be phase-separating. We performed a comprehensive study of hafnium binary systems with alkali metals, alkaline earths, transition metals and metals, using high-throughput first-principles calculations. These computations predict novel unsuspected compounds in six binary systems previously believed to be phase-separating. They also predict a few unreported compounds in additional systems and indicate that some reported compounds may actually be unstable at low temperatures. We report the results for the following systems: AgHf, AlHf, AuHf, BaHf★, BeHf, BiHf, CaHf★, CdHf, CoHf, CrHf, CuHf, FeHf, GaHf, HfHg, HfIn, HfIr, HfK★, HfLa★, HfLi★, HfMg, HfMn, HfMo,HfNa★, HfNb★, HfNi, HfOs, HfPb, HfPd, HfPt, HfRe, HfRh, HfRu, HfSc, HfSn, HfSr★, HfTa★, HfTc, HfTi, HfTl, HfV★, HfW, HfY★, HfZn and HfZr (★ = systems in which the ab initio method predicts that no compounds are stable).
IP traffic offloading to elastic optical layer using multi-flow optical transponder

We propose introducing a multi-flow optical transponder combined with elastic optical networking to achieve efficient router-bypass at the optical layer. Numerical evaluation shows considerable savings in the required IP router port count and spectral usage.
Calculation of Tip Clearance Effects in a Transonic Compressor Rotor

The flow through the tip clearance region of a transonic compressor rotor (NASA rotor 37) was computed and compared to aerodynamic probe and laser anemometer data. Tip clearance effects were modeled both by gridding the clearance gap and by using a simple periodicity model across the ungridded gap. The simple model was run with both the full gap height, and with half the gap height to simulate a vena-contracta effect. Comparisons between computed and measured performance maps and downstream profiles were used to validate the models and to assess the effects of gap height on the simple clearance model. Recommendations were made concern- ing the use of the simple clearance model Detailed comparisons were made between the gridded clearance gap solution and the laser anemometer data near the tip at two operating points. The computed results agreed fairly well with the data but overpredicted the extent of the casing separation and underpredicted the wake decay rate. The computations were then used to describe the interaction of the tip vortex, the passage shock, and the casing boundary layer.
Dislocation contrast in high-angle hollow-cone dark-field TEM

Abstract Dislocations and grain boundaries have been imaged by high-angle hollow-cone dark-field transmission electron microscopy (HADF-TEM). The characteristics of image contrast in HADF-TEM are similar to those in high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM, or Z-contrast STEM), but different contrast mechanisms could be involved in each case because of differences in the respective scattering geometries. In HADF-TEM, the image contrast depends not only sensitively on the local mass-thickness of the specimen (i.e., Z-contrast), but also much more sensitively on the diffracting conditions that are initially set up for the corresponding on-axis bright-field TEM imaging, as well as on the position of the dislocation in the foil. The dislocations appearing in the HADF-TEM images have a one-to-one correspondence with those present in the corresponding BF-TEM image. The technique thus shares many properties with conventional diffraction contrast imaging. The dislocation contrast in HADF-TEM is generated by a two-step mechanism — the creation of diffuse scattering due to lattice distortion around the dislocation cores and the subsequent channelling propagation of the diffusely scattered electrons parallel to the optic axis, as governed by dynamical diffraction effects. The creation of local diffuse scattering is determined by the first step, and the final image contrast is essentially determined by the second step. It is the last step that makes HADF-TEM imaging analogous in many respects to conventional diffraction contrast imaging. The bright contrast of grain boundaries in HADF-TEM and HAADF-STEM images is at least in part due to high-angle diffuse scattering created by the local atomic rearrangement or relaxation. This is Huang scattering contrast, which usually does not carry atomic-number-sensitive information. It has been demonstrated that HADF- TEM is an easy method for determining the positions of dislocations in the foil thickness direction.
An AC-to-DC Converter with High Quality Input Waveforms

An ac-to-dc converter which draws sinusoidal and inphase current waveforms from the ac power source is described. Harmonic and power factor measurements obtained from a field- effect transistor (FET) converter operating at 45 kHz for a single- phase and a three-phase connection are presented. A stability analysis and design methodology are given.
Relationship of plasma epinephrine and circulating eosinophils to nocturnal asthma.

The mechanisms of nighttime airway obstruction are not fully established, but include circadian fluctuations in epinephrine and cortisol. To evaluate the relationship of circadian patterns in epinephrine and cortisol to nighttime airflow obstruction, 10 young adult asthma patients (ages 19 to 25 yr) were admitted to a hospital clinical research unit for a 3-day study during which plasma concentrations of epinephrine, cortisol, and histamine were determined along with white blood cell and eosinophil counts every 6 h (1600, 2200, 0400, and 1000 h). Six of the 10 patients experienced at least one episode of nocturnal asthma (defined by more than a 15% decrease in antemeridian (A.M.) to postmeridian (P.M.) FEV1 values). Plasma epinephrine levels (pg/ml) showed a circadian pattern, and the concentration at 2200 h was significantly (p = 0.039) different for the nocturnal and non-nocturnal asthma groups. Circulating eosinophil numbers were greater in subjects who had more frequent episodes of nocturnal asthma, and correlated with the frequency of nocturnal asthma (r = 0.732, p = 0.02, Spearman rank correlation) and average percent decrease in FEV1 (r = 0.667, p = 0.035). Plasma cortisol concentrations also showed circadian patterns, but no direct association with nocturnal asthma; plasma histamine concentrations showed no circadian patterns and no association with nocturnal asthma. Our findings indicate that changes in plasma epinephrine precede the development of nocturnal airway obstruction and contribute to the likelihood of nighttime airflow obstruction.
Successful design of PV power systems for solid-state lighting applications

Modern light-emitting diode (LED) technology holds great promise for remote or stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) lighting applications. Acceptable intensities can be obtained for a fraction of the energy consumed by incandescent or fluorescent lighting, resulting in smaller and less costly PV/battery systems. Applying PV technology to solid-state applications seems straightforward at first glance. Yet, all too often, PV-powered products fall short of expectations. There can be many reasons for failure. As often as not, we find that failure results from misunderstanding or ignoring well-established principles of PV system design, or by assuming maintenance is unnecessary because of PV's apparent simplicity. Most of these fatal errors have simple and easily applied solutions. The most common fatal errors are discussed, and approaches are recommended that can help ensure a successfully operating system. The methodology described below is applicable to all sizes of PV power systems, ranging from one needed for a single LED to one capable of supplying many kilowatts.
Gravitational wave detection with advanced ground based detectors

There are great expectations for the world-wide network of gravitational wave detectors currently under construction in United States, Europe and Japan. These multi-kilometer interferometers are seeking to make the first direct detection of gravitational waves and initiate a new era in astronomy and astrophysics in which we can listen to black holes, neutron stars and other enigmatic inhabitants of the local universe. Advanced detectors will be approximately 10 times more sensitive than the initial detectors, which were operational until 2011. As the detection volume for a given source is proportional to the cube of the sensitivity, detection rates will increase by roughly a factor of one thousand; rate estimates suggest a most probable level of tens of events per year once detectors reach design sensitivity. In this paper we give a general overview of the advanced detectors which will start producing astrophysically interesting data in 2015, and we discuss prospects for beginning the observation of the gravitational wave Universe within this decade.
Globally convergent Newton methods for constrained optimization using differentiable exact penalty functions

In this paper we consider Newton's method for solving the system of necessary optimality conditions of optimization problems with equality and inequality constraints. The principal drawbacks of the method are the need for a good starting point, the inability to distinguish between local maxima and local minima, and, when inequality constraints are present, the necessity to solve a quadratic programming problem at each interation. We show that all these drawbacks can be overcome to a great extent without sacrificing the superlinear convergence rate by making use of exact differentiable penalty functions introduced by Di Pillo and Grippo [1]. We also demonstrate a close relationship between the class of penalty functions of Di Pillo and Grippo and the class of Fletcher [12].
New Classes of Fluorinated L-Nucleosides; Synthesis and Antiviral Activity

Abstract The synthesis of 3′-fluorinated apionucleosides 7 and 2′-fluoro-2′, 3′-unsaturated L-nucleosides 8 via common synthon, 2-fluoro-butenolide 2, has been described. Among the newly synthesized nucleosides, L-2′-F-d4C, L-2′-F-d4FC and L-2′-F-d4A exhibit significant anti-HIV and anti-HBV activities.
Urinary PGE2 in rats with chronic partial unilateral ureteral obstruction.

Abstract Urinary prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) was measured in Munich-Wistar rats with surgically created chronic partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Mean values of bladder urine PGE 2 were higher in sham than in UUO (24.5 ± 14.4 vs 12.9 ± 8.2 ng/mg creatinine, respectively, P 2 excretion was increased in sham (66.5 ± 34.4 and 70.1 ± 44.5 ng/mg creatinine, left and right, respectively). But in UUO, the obstructed kidney excreted less PGE 2 than the contralateral kidney (32.1 ± 6.0 vs 62.3 ± 40.4 ng/mg creatinine, obstructed vs contralateral, respectively, P = 0.08). PGE 2 synthesis was then determined in separated renal medullary and cortical slices. Renal medullary slices from kidneys with severe obstruction synthesized less PGE 2 than the contralateral unobstructed side (3.30 ± 1.22 vs 10.52 ± 3.23 ng/mg wet wt-30 min, respectively, P 2 synthesis (3.30 ± 1.22 vs 4.47 ± 1.04 ng/mg wet wt-30 min, baseline vs stimulated). In contrast, contralateral unobstructed kidney slices responded with a significant increase in PGE 2 synthesis (10.52 ± 3.23 vs 21.10 ± 2.50 ng/mg wet wt-30 min, baseline vs stimulated, P 2 elaboration.
A novel class of tunable cyclopropanation reagents (RXZnCH2Y) and their synthetic applications

The Simmons–Smith cyclopropanation is a widely used method to synthesize cyclopropanes from alkenes using methylene iodide and a zinc reagent. A novel class of organozinc species, RXZnCH2Y, has been found to efficiently cyclopropanate alkenes, including traditionally unreactive unfunctionalized alkenes. The reactivity and selectivity of this class of organozinc reagents can be regulated by tuning the electronic and/or steric nature of the RX group attached to Zn. During recent years, this class of organozinc reagent has been widely used in organic synthesis as a reagent for cyclopropanation and other useful synthetic transformations. Catalytic, asymmetric versions of this reaction have been developed providing high enantiomeric excess for unfunctionalized olefins.
Debye screening and baryogenesis during the electroweak phase transition

Abstract We show that Debye screening of gauge charges during the electroweak phase transition does not affect the charge transport mechanism for anomalous electroweak baryogenesis.
Interval analysis of vibrating systems

Interval calculus is a tool to evaluate a mathematical expression for ranges of values of its parameters. The basic mathematical operations are defined in the interval algebra. Vibrating systems having system parameters, initial conditions or forcing functions defined as intervals rather than single-valued quantities have been modelled using interval calculus. The eigenvalue problem for determining natural frequencies and vibrating modes of a system in the case of system matrix elements given as a range of values cannot be solved by exhaustion, due to the prohibitively large number of solutions of the point-number eigenvalue problem. Eigenvalue solution with interval evaluation of the commonly used numerical techniques is not feasible, because if they are applied directly the solution intervals diverge. An optimization technique was used to obtain the minimum-radius intervals of the solution for the eigenvalue sensitivity problem. To assure monotonicity and absolute inclusion, necessary for convergence to the exact interval, a converging interval halving sequence was developed for finite width interval matrices. For numerical tests of the method, a Monte Carlo solution was developed. The results showed that interval analysis can predict the range of the eigenvalues with sufficient accuracy. The response of a linear system to general excitation for interval matrices of the system parameters cannot be found with interval evaluation of the commonly used numerical techniques, because if they are applied directly the solution intervals diverge. Interval modal analysis and the interval solution of the eigenvalue problem were developed. An application is presented for the dynamic response of a rotor with interval bearing properties.
A graph manipulator for on-line network picture processing

This paper describes research which involves the use of interactive computer graphics for processing systems analysis networks. The term "systems analysis network" is used to include project scheduling, task-resource simulation, computer programming flow diagrams, decision tree, assembly line balancing, flows in networks, etc. These network pictures usually characterize the precedence relations and the logical and data flow among network component parts, and are traditionally the planning tools for industrial engineers, operations research analysis, and management and systems planners. In this research, a system is developed to provide a "drawing board," through the use of interactive computer graphics, to compose, transform, decompose, partition, simplify, merge, and regenerate network pictures for the purpose of facilitating rapid convergence in man-computer experiments.
Excitation energies, oscillator strengths, and lifetimes of levels along the gold isoelectronic sequence

Energies of $n{s}_{1∕2}(n=6\text{\ensuremath{-}}9)$, $n{p}_{j}(n=6\text{\ensuremath{-}}8)$, $n{d}_{j}(n=6\text{\ensuremath{-}}7)$, and $5{f}_{j}$ states in neutral Au and Au-like ions with nuclear charges $Z=80\char21{}83$ are calculated using relativistic many-body perturbation theory. Reduced matrix elements, oscillator strengths, transition rates and lifetimes are determined for the 30 possible $n{l}_{j}\ensuremath{-}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}{l}_{{j}^{\ensuremath{'}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ electric-dipole transitions. Results for a limited number states $n{s}_{1∕2}$, $n{p}_{j}(n=6\char21{}7)$ and $6{d}_{j}$ are obtained in the relativistic single-double (SD) approximation, where single and double excitations of Dirac-Fock wave functions are included to all orders in perturbation theory. Using SD wave functions, accurate values are obtained for energies of the eight lowest states and for the fourteen possible electric-dipole matrix elements between these states. With the aid of the SD wave functions, we also determine transition rates and oscillator strengths for the fourteen transitions together with lifetimes of $6{p}_{j}$, $7{p}_{j}$, and $6{d}_{j}$ levels. We investigate the hyperfine structure in $\text{Hg}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{II}$ and $\text{Tl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{III}$. The hyperfine $A$ values are determined for $6{s}_{1∕2}$ and $6{p}_{j}$ states in $^{199}\mathrm{Hg}^{+}$, $^{201}\mathrm{Hg}^{+}$, and $^{205}\mathrm{Tl}^{2+}$ isotopes. These calculations provide a theoretical benchmark for comparison with experiment and theory.