cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A RE-DESCRIPTION OF NAUTILUS BISTRIALIS PHILLIPS

Summary Well-preserved material from the P 1a reef limestones of Poolvash (Poyll Vaaish) in the Isle of Man, showing different growth stages, permits amplification of previous descriptions of Nautilus bistrialis Phillips. Details of the internal structure and the embryonic test ornament are now available. It is concluded that the genus Bistrialites Turner, 1954, which was founded on this species, is a junior synonym of Liroceras Teichert, 1940.
Thin vs. Thick Morality: Ethics and Gender in International Development Programs

This study examines the ethical dimensions of gender-focused international development initiatives undertaken by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and similar agencies. Specifically, it presents three case studies that depict how specific development initiatives in, respectively, India, Tanzania, and Senegal address gender disparities and power relationships. These case studies support the general conclusion that ethically committed development NGOs find difficulty in encouraging women (and men) to reverse oppressive power status-quos in messy contexts.
Phantom shocks and automated implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

An automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD) is a life-saving device that has become the standard of care for primary and secondary prevention of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients predisposed to these conditions. As AICD placement has become more commonplace, the phenomenon of “phantom shocks (PSs)” (in which the patient perceives that they are being shocked by their AICDwithout any objective proof that the shock occurred) has similarly become more prevalent. Theories on the etiology of PSs reported in the literature have focused on their representation of a posttraumatic re-experience phenomenon. Here, we present the case of a woman with PSs so severe that they precipitated a suicide attempt.
Applications of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry to strained SiGe alloy heterostructures

Abstract Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) has been used to characterize several Si x Ge 1−x Ge heterostructures. First, Si x Ge 1−x Ge superlattice (SL) structures were characterized in terms of the layer thicknesses, composition, x, of the SixGe1− x layer, and oxide thickness. High-resolution X-ray diffraction results are also presented for the Si x Ge 1−x Ge SL structures and are shown to be in close agreement with the VASE results once strain effects are taken into account. VASE has also been used to study thick, Ge- rich Si x Ge 1−x Ge heterostructures that have been grown on Si substrates. A stepped buffer has been deposited first in order to minimize the strain in the Si x Ge 1−x Ge layers. VASE can be used to give a qualitative determination of the residual strain along with the thickness of all layers within the optical penetration depth from the surface.
Barriers and Challenges Minority Men and Women Experienced With Senior Executive Service Advancement

Despite the progress made in diversity hiring and promotion initiatives, minority men and women in the federal government remain underrepresented in the senior executive service workforce. An exploratory case study of 12 minority men and 12 minority women in a federal agency described and explored the perceived personal barriers and challenges experienced with SES advancement. The subfocus explored the perceived influence of support received from agency leaders on SES career advancement. This study was grounded in the expectancy theory and the motivation–hygiene theory to support the career advancement and promotion framework. From the thematic patterns personal and institutional barriers eight themes emerged to offer insight into how taking charge of career development and receiving support from agency leaders can help minority men and women with SES advancement. Future recommendations are outlined.
496. AAV-Mediated, Somatic Gene Transfer to RPE Cells in Order To Study the Pathogenesis of Macular Degeneration: Proteomic and Genomic Analysis

Top of pageAbstract The use of AAV-mediated gene therapy appears to be an exciting approach for the treatment of inherited retinal diseases. However, there is at present, minimal information regarding the effect on the genome and proteome of the target cell following rAAV infection. Additional studies are critically needed to determine which genes and proteins are differentially expressed as the result of rAAV infection and as a result of the inclusion of a transgene. Using ARPE-19, a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line and recombinant AAV2/5 viruses, AAV2/5.EGFP, AAV2/5.EGFP-RO (reverse orientation), AAV2/5.EFEMP1wt and EFEMP1mut, as well as uninfected cells, we have examined the proteomes by 2D differential in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and the genomes by RNA transcript profiling. EGFP encodes the enhanced green flourescent protein and infection of RPE cells with this virus allowed the determination of the optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) which was 1 |[times]| 106. The AAV2/5.EFEMP1wt and AAV2/5 EFEMP1mut encode epidermal growth factor containing fibrillin-like extracellular matrix protein wild-type and mutant R345W, where an arginine codon is substituted for a tryptophan codon. In patients with Malattia Leventinese (ML), an autosomal dominant macular degenerative disease, the EFEMP1 protein has been shown to accumulate within RPE cells and between the RPE and drusen. In vitro studies have shown that the EFEMP1wt protein is secreted while the EFEMP1mut protein is misfolded, poorly secreted and retained within cells. These results suggest that a misfolding and aberrant accumulation of EFEMP protein may underlie drusen formation and other abnormalities in the retinas of patients with ML and AMD. Initial analysis of the DIGE data shows the presence of both downregulated and upregulated proteins. Analysis of the microarray data shows the downregulation of a number of cell cycle regulator, DNA replication, kinase, kinesin-like (motor), and survivin [baculoviral IAP (apoptosis inhibitor protein) repeat-containing 5 and survivin-beta] genes for rAAV infected cells compared with uninfected RPE cells. Interestingly, there appears to be very little or no change in immune response, inflammatory response or signal transduction genes. Additional proteomic studies using DIGE and SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture) as well as continuing microarray studies are in progress to provide further understanding of the effect on the proteome and genome of these important gene therapy tools for the treatment of inherited retinal diseases.
Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland: The Central Provinces, 1820-1920

This study seeks to show that colonialism was not an uncalculated or pleasurable exercise, but in essence a business venture, involving hard-headed estimates of resources to be gained and profits won. In Central India, excessive revenue demands led to widespread indebtedness and land transfers, although the professed aims of British administrators was to bring prosperity and progress to a backward area.
Intranuclear whorls in the hamster spermatid.

In the 2-week-old hamster, intranuclear whorls were observed in cells located among the spermatids. The whorls, measuring up to 2.5 μ in diameter, were composed of sheets of microtubules. The distance between the individual sheets was 150 A, the tubular lumen was 80 A, and the tubular wall measured 120 A. It is assumed that the presence of intranuclear whorls indicates changes in nuclear function.
Urinary tract fibrinolysis.

Abstract Tissue samples from all portions of the urinary collecting system were assayed for the presence of tissue fixed plasminogen activator activity. Daily urine samples were obtained from 17 patients following urinary tract surgery and assayed for the presence of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Hematuria was present in all samples. Urine samples were obtained from 17 patients with chronic renal disease and proteinuria and similarly assayed for FDP. All portions of the urinary collecting system contained considerable tissue fixed plasminogen activator activity. All patients with hematuria had FDP present in the urine, indicating that fibrinolysis is the process by which the clots are removed from the urinary tract. These results indicate that correlation of urinary FDP with renal parenchymal disease should be attempted only in the documented absence of hematuria.
Early social development in wild bottlenose dolphins: sex differences, individual variation and maternal influence

Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.) calves are unusual among social mammals in that they have a have prolonged nursing period (3–8 years), but precocious motor ability, enabling them to separate from their mothers and form distinct social bonds at an early age. We examined two measures of calf sociality from birth to 4 years of age: (1) the number of unique associates and (2) the proportion of time that calves spent in groups with nonmothers. Calves (N = 89) associated with a mean ± SE of 27.56 ± 2.24 individuals (range 0–77) and spent 46.84 ± 3.00% of their time in groups (range 0–100%). Mothers (N = 49) averaged 39.39 ± 5.32 associates (range 0–139), when data were combined across all years (and often multiple offspring). Both calf characteristics (sex, age and separation time) and maternal characteristics (sociality and foraging time) contributed to this variation. Although calf associate number and time in groups were positively correlated, sex and age-specific patterns differed depending on the measure used. As separation time increased, both sexes increased associate number, but females decreased and males increased time in groups, indicating that males sought more social contact. Maternal socioecological strategy largely contributed to calf social development, particularly for daughters. As maternal foraging time increased, maternal and calf sociality decreased. Second, the number of associates that calves had when with their mothers predicted associate number during separations, but time spent in groups was not similarly correlated. These early patterns probably influence subsequent social development, including the structure of female networks and male alliances.
A comparison of disturbance levels measured in hypersonic tunnels using a hot-wire anemometer and a pitot pressure probe.

Disturbance levels were measured in the test section of a Mach 5 blowdown jet using a constant-current, hot-wire anemometer and a pressure transducer. The disturbance levels, measured by the two instruments and normalized by local mean values, agreed within about 30%, with the pitot data higher than the hot-wire data. The rms disturbance levels measured with the hot-wire anemometer and converted to pitot pressures using a quasi-steady flow analysis, were about two-thirds the levels measured with the pitot probe. The variation of the normalized rms disturbance levels with stagnation pressure indicated that transition occurred in the boundary layer on the nozzle wall and influenced the outputs of the instruments located at the exit of the nozzle when the total pressure was about 35 N/sq cm. Below this pressure the disturbance levels decreased markedly. At higher pressures the disturbances were predominantly aerodynamic noise generated by the turbulent boundary layer on the nozzle wall.
The use of DNA polymorphisms to test hypotheses about a population of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei.

The distribution of restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) among isolates of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei was used to test hypotheses about the structure of the pathogen population. There was a large diversity in the lengths of DNA restriction fragments homologous to E9, a chromosomal fragment of unknown function. It was shown that a large group of isolates, which shared identical or very similar virulence phenotypes, including virulence on the barley cv. Triumph, were members of a single clone. Several other clones were identified, including a second group of identical isolates which were virulent on cv. Triumph but were highly distinct from the more common clone of Triumph-virulent isolates. Isolates which shared the same level of resistance to the triazole fungicide triadimenol were genetically diverse. Such diversity is consistent with triadimenol resistance being under oligogenic, rather than polygenic, control. Conclusions obtained from analysis of the most easily identifiable subset of fragment lengths were very similar to those obtained from analysis of the complete set.
Ways of Knowing and Willingness to Argue

Willingness to argue is associated with higher level thinking. The authors tested the relation between ways of knowing-involving separate knowing (i.e., playing the devil's advocate) and connected knowing (i.e., empathic understanding)--and students' willingness to argue. Participants were 171 male and 231 female college undergraduates who completed assessments in ways of knowing and willingness to argue. Also, the participants defined the word argument in their own words. After the authors controlled for demographic variables, endorsement of separate knowing predicted willingness to argue. Students with high scores in separate knowing (objective, adversarial knowing) and connected knowing (subjective, empathic knowing) indicated more willingness to argue. Furthermore, these same students defined argument as a constructive form of communication. Students with low scores in separate knowing defined argument as an emotional battle with the goal of psychological harm. This negative perspective could be an impediment to engaging students in classroom debate and critical thinking.
The Electronic Structure of the Cys-Tyr• Free Radical in Galactose Oxidase Determined by EPR Spectroscopy

Galactose oxidase is a metalloenzyme containing a novel metalloradical complex in its active site, comprised of a mononuclear copper ion associated with a protein free radical. The free radical has been shown to be localized on an intrinsic redox cofactor, 3′-(S-cysteinyl)tyrosine (Cys-Tyr), formed by a posttranslational covalent coupling of tyrosine and cysteine side chains in a self-processing reaction. The role of the thioether linkage in the function of the Cys-Tyr cofactor is unresolved, and some computational studies have suggested that the thioether substituent has a negligible effect on the properties of the tyrosyl free radical. In order to address this question experimentally, we have incorporated site-selectively labeled tyrosine (2H, 13C, 17O) into galactose oxidase using an engineered tyrosine auxotroph strain of Pichia pastoris. 33S was also incorporated into the protein. EPR spectra for the Cys-Tyr• free radical in each of these isotopic variants were analyzed to extract nuclear hyperfine p...
Adenovirus-mediated expression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in swine cells in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of anticytokines is a powerful tool for modulating the cytokine environment under conditions of respiratory disease. In order to determine the feasibility of cytokine modulation in the context of respiratory disease in swine, nonreplicating E1- and E3-deficient adenovirus constructs expressing a model protein, β-galactosidase, and an anticytokine, the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), were evaluated for in vitro expression in porcine PK15 cells, and in vivo following endotracheal instillation into the lungs. β-Galactosidase and IL-1Ra were readily expressed in vitro in swine cells. Endotracheal administration of lac Z-containing adenovirus demonstrated that endothelial and epithelial cells in the alveolar spaces and bronchi of the middle and lower lobes were the principal sites of infection and expression, whereas β-galactosidase staining was not observed in the upper lobe. Endotracheal administration of IL-1Ra recombinant adenovirus resulted in sustained expression of IL-1Ra into the alveolar spaces, where it was recovered in a concentration of 660 pg/ml in 500 ml of lavage fluid, equivalent to 330 ng IL-1Ra, in the lungs 7 days after treatment. Moreover, in vivo instillation of nonreplicating adenovirus did not induce an inflammatory response in the 1-week time frame of the study period. Lung weight as a percent of body weight, serum zinc, serum amyloid A, leukocyte differentials, neutrophil activity, and TNF levels all were the same between untreated pigs and pigs treated with either recombinant adenovirus. The results indicate that the delivery of IL-1Ra to swine lungs via nonreplicating, recombinant adenovirus may be an effective method for in vivo modulation of IL-1 activity and investigation of cytokine involvement in respiratory disease pathogenesis.
Double mutants of Phycomyces with abnormal phototropism

Seven genes (madA to madG) are known which effect phototropism in Phycomyces. These genes have been partially ordered with respect to the associated stimulus-response pathway. Mutants affected in these genes serve as useful probes of photosensory transduction processes in this model system. To extend and deepen the analysis of the system, we have constructed a family of 21 double mutants in all combinations for the seven mad genes. A set of seven standard alleles was adopted for this work. The double mutants were isolated from crosses between isogenic single-mutant strains of opposite mating type. After a partial physiologic screening of the progeny, the double mutants were identified by complementation tests using single-mutant strains of known genotype. For all but three of the double mutants, the photogeotropism phenotypes were distinct from those of the respective single-mutant parentals. One triple mutant (madA madB madC) was constructed as part of this work. Various applications of the double mutants and the triple mutant are discussed. Recombination analyses were performed on the progeny from seven mad crosses to complete an earlier study. The results establish that all seven mad genes are unlinked.
Energy transfer by radiation and conduction with variable gas properties

Abstract This paper considers the problem of the transfer of energy due to the combined effects of radiation and conduction for a gas with both temperature and frequency dependent properties. The particular problem studied is the one-dimensional energy transfer of an absorbing, emitting and conducting gas. Three approximations for the frequency dependence of the absorption coefficient are considered in detail: (1) the gray gas approximation, (2) the picket fence approximation and (3) a modified picket fence approximation. In addition, the thermal conductivity and the absorption coefficient are assumed to have a power law dependence on the temperature.
First principles prediction of protein folding rates.

Experimental studies have demonstrated that many small, single-domain proteins fold via simple two-state kinetics. We present a first principles approach for predicting these experimentally determined folding rates. Our approach is based on a nucleation-condensation folding mechanism, where the rate-limiting step is a random, diffusive search for the native tertiary topology. To estimate the rates of folding for various proteins via this mechanism, we first determine the probability of randomly sampling a conformation with the native fold topology. Next, we convert these probabilities into folding rates by estimating the rate that a protein samples different topologies during diffusive folding. This topology-sampling rate is calculated using the Einstein diffusion equation in conjunction with an experimentally determined intra-protein diffusion constant. We have applied our prediction method to the 21 topologically distinct small proteins for which two-state rate data is available. For the 18 beta-sheet and mixed alpha-beta native proteins, we predict folding rates within an average factor of 4, even though the experimental rates vary by a factor of approximately 4 x 10(4). Interestingly, the experimental folding rates for the three four-helix bundle proteins are significantly underestimated by this approach, suggesting that proteins with significant helical content may fold by a faster, alternative mechanism. This method can be applied to any protein for which the structure is known and hence can be used to predict the folding rates of many proteins prior to experiment.
An analytical edge spread function model for computer fitting and subsequent calculation of the LSF and MTF

The previous work of Yin, Giger, and Doi [Med. Phys. 17, 962-966 (1990)] demonstrated that using a computerized fit of an analytic line spread function to experimentally measured data is very useful for determining the presampling modulation transfer function of an imaging system. In this report, the work of Yin et al. is extended to include an analytic expression for the edge spread function (ESF). By fitting experimentally determined edge spread function data to the analytical expression, the normalized line spread function (LSF) and the normalized modulation transfer function (MTF) can be easily calculated from four ESF fit coefficients. The extension from the line spread function to the edge spread function should be valuable in cases where slit measurements are impractical, for example, in very high resolution imaging systems where the required slit dimensions become impractically small, or in measurements of the transfer properties of scattered radiation or off-focus radiation, where large area exposures are necessary.
A distributed-site model for non-equilibrium dissolution of multi-component residually trapped NAPL

Abstract An approach for modeling the dissolution of residually-trapped multi-component non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) from a physically heterogeneous porous medium is presented. The Distributed-Site (DS) model presented uses the beta probability density function to characterize the initial distribution of residual NAPL blob volumes. Mass transfer from the trapped idealized NAPL blobs is simulated using as a basis a correlation for mass transfer coefficients, a linear concentration driving force, and multi-component partitioning. The main advantage of the approach outlined in this work is that by using reasonable assumptions the Distributed-Site model is able to model the mass transfer behavior of a complex dissolution phenomena using fewer fitted parameters than current multi-site models. Application of this model to column experimental data for the dissolution of benzene, toluene, and m-xylene from a tridecane NAPL source is presented. The incorporation of several NAPL blob sizes (and corresponding mass transfer rate coefficients) was able to account for the behavior of the effluent concentrations as they passed through the exponential decay and into the asymptotic region, an important feature lacking in the two-site modeling approach. When fitted to data for benzene, the DS model was found to predict experimental data satisfactorily for the dissolution of toluene and m-xylene from tridecane without adjustment of the parameters. This indicates that the dissolution process can be generalized for various compounds even when mass transfer limitations are present and that dissolution data obtained for one compound can be useful for predicting the long term dissolution history.
HPLC Determination of Lactic Acid in Milrinone Injection and Oral Solution Using Ion-Exchange Sample Preparation Methods

Abstract Lactic acid has been measured in Milrinone Injection and Oral Solution by HPLC using an ion-exclusion polymeric column coupled with a reversed-phase guard column. This dual-column chromato-graphy was preceded by classical ion-exchange sample preparation to eliminate interfering excipient components. The lactic acid lactate content of USP lactic acid was converted to lactic acid in processing. It was also further characterized using a TLC separation.
Impact of Four Synthetic Pyrethroids on Major Natural Enemies and Pests of Apple in Pennsylvania

The impact of four synthetic pyrethroids upon major apple pests and natural enemies was studied in Pennsylvania orchards from 1975 to 1980, The pyrethroids were tested alone in dilute and airblast applications and at reduced rates in combination with standard insecticides recommended for use in Pennsylvania’s integrated pest management (IPM) system, These materials were generally very active against the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck), an apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), and the white apple leafhopper, Typhlocyba Pomaria McAtee, The pyrethroids showed some potential for reducing populations of the apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer. Fenvalerate and permethrin were somewhat active against mites, but European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, populations generally reached highest densities on pyrethroid plots, The pyrethroids were very toxic to the predatory mites, Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) and Zetzellia mali (Ewing), but less toxic than standard insecticides to a mirid predator, Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say), Stethorus punctum (LeConte), the key natural enemy in Pennsylvania’s apple IPM program, also was susceptible to these pyrethroids, but results after applying low rates of pyrethroids for 3 years indicated possible selectivity in favor of S. punctum with these new chemicals. These studies indicated several potential avenues for the careful introduction of the synthetic pyrethroids into existing IPM programs for deciduous-tree fruits.
Transfer of oddity learning in the pigeon

Two pigeons were trained on a six-key modified oddity-from-sample procedure. The stimuli were olor pictures of birds, butterflies, and human faces. Initially, the third peck on the sample key which presented one of three different bird pictures) lit only one comparison key. Every three dditional pecks on the sample illuminated another comparison key. Fifteen sample pecks produced he maximum of five comparison stimuli. A peck on the comparison key that presented the non-atching bird picture produced grain. Pecks on matching keys turned off all the comparison keys nd repeated the trial. The birds learned to peck each sample until the non-matching comparison timulus was produced, and then to peck that key. After acquisition (70%–90% accuracy), the hree bird stimuli were replaced by a new set of three bird pictures. Subsequent phases provided ew sets of bird, butterfly, and human face stimuli. Both birds showed transfer of oddity learning o the novel samples. The data suggest that the birds may have been engaging in conceptual-type oddity learning, rather than learning discrete five-key discriminations or a series of two component chains.
The effect of the size of the test environment on behavior under two temporally defined schedules

The effect of the size of the floor area of the operant test chamber on behavior was tested using a standard-size test chamber and a test chamber with one-fourth of the floor area of the standard chamber. Two groups of pigeons were tested under a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 15-sec schedule or a variable-interval 60-sec schedule. Both groups of pigeons had higher response rates while in the smaller floor area. Pigeons under the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule also showed a decrease in rate of reinforcement, an increase in ratio of responses to reinforcements, and an alteration in interresponse-time-per-opportunity distributions when tested in the reduced floor-area condition. These effects are similar to those found under physical restraint, indicating that amount of floor space available for locomotion interacts with schedule behavior and that physical restraint may be regarded as the lower limiting value of amount of floor area available for locomotion.
Identification of the high-risk population for serious burn injuries

Abstract The incidence of serious burn injuries has been determined for the Commonwealth of Virginia during a 21-month period. The data set included all patients with burn injuries who entered the hospital and were considered serious enough to require inpatient treatment. The risk for burn injury was calculated by age, race and sex. Examination of the data identified a high-risk population that was prone to serious burn injuries. The demographic characteristics of the burn population has been correlated with their socio-economic status.
Focused and Distributed Status Affinity

OFTEN ENOUGH members of one social class have been viewed as struggling with members of other classes, as excluding others from membership in their own class, or as aspiring to become members of higher social classes. Whatever the precise formulation of the situation, the general tone of descriptions of interclass relationships has often been one of competition, antagonism, exclusion, tension, or conflict. Yet ordinary experience suggests that most individuals direct some positive affect toward social classes other than their own in any functioning and enduring system of social stratification. This paper is concerned with a measure of part of this affect (here termed status affinity),' and it offers a description of some of the antecedent conditions contributing to different affect distributions. No member of a complex, stratified society carries a cognitive map of the full social system in his head, but surely he always has some general understanding of his own social position in relation to the positions of others. At the very least he will be aware of categories of statuses which are roughly higher, lower, or equal to his own. Again, at a realistic level, his conscious preference for his own or some other status may be perfectly clear to him and to others. Yet at the same time his affective attitudes toward status positions within the array of positions known to him may not be so clear. A consideration of these often more ambiguous affective attitudes is our concern here. The attraction felt by people for various social positions can be termed "status affinity." If a person is primarily and strongly attracted to a specific status or set of statuses, his status affinity may be said to be "focused," but if his primary attraction to a specific position is relatively weak and if he allocates positive affect to other positions as well, his status affinity may be described as "distributed."2
The Influence of Metacognitive Aspects of Literacy on Job Performance of Electronics Technicians

A major problem facing educators is the growth of higher level literacy demands required to compete in the workplace. This presents a problem for educators wishing to provide literacy training best suited to the literacy demands of the workplace. Several research studies have documented the nature of workplace literacy demands, but only a few have attempted to assess the relationship between literacy abilities and on-the-job performance. This study involved observing, interviewing, testing, and rating job performance of electronics technicians from three different employment levels (i.e., from training, experienced, and supervisory levels). Data were analyzed for differences between level of experience groups and the relationships of rated job performance to literacy-related factors. The subjects were 29 electronics technicians who volunteered from a technical school, a naval base, a major Fortune 500 electronics plant, and a small, local electronics plant. Job-related reading time averaged nearly two hou...
Comparison and testing of power reserve control strategies for grid‐connected wind turbines

The stability of the electrical grid depends on enough generators being able to provide appropriate responses to sudden losses in generation capacity, increases in power demand or similar events. Within the United States, wind turbines largely do not provide such generation support, which has been acceptable because the penetration of wind energy into the grid has been relatively low. However, frequency support capabilities may need to be built into future generations of wind turbines to enable high penetration levels over approximately 20%. In this paper, we describe control strategies that can enable power reserve by leaving some wind energy uncaptured. Our focus is on the control strategies used by an operating turbine, where the turbine is asked to track a power reference signal supplied by the wind farm operator. We compare the strategies in terms of their control performance as well as their effects on the turbine itself, such as the possibility for increased loads on turbine components. It is assumed that the wind farm operator has access to the necessary grid information to generate the power reference provided to the turbine, and we do not simulate the electrical interaction between the turbine and the utility grid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prochlorperazine versus promethazine for uncomplicated nausea and vomiting in the emergency department: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial

Abstract Study Objective: Nausea and vomiting related to gastritis or gastroenteritis are common complaints in the emergency department. The most effective antiemetic agent is yet undetermined. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of prochlorperazine versus promethazine for uncomplicated nausea and vomiting in the ED. Methods: The study was a randomized, double-blind comparison of prochlorperazine (Compazine) and promethazine (Phenergan) for acute ED treatment of gastritis or gastroenteritis. We studied patients 18 years or older with presumed uncomplicated gastritis or gastroenteritis who presented to 2 academic EDs. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either prochlorperazine, 10 mg intravenously, or promethazine, 25 mg intravenously. Visual analog scale readings of patient comfort were obtained at baseline and at 30- and 60-minute intervals. The primary endpoint was degree of relief at 30 and 60 minutes. Secondary endpoints were time to complete relief, need for further antiemetic medication (treatment failures), and side effects. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric analysis and repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Eighty-four patients were enrolled in the study; 42 received prochlorperazine and 42 received promethazine. There were no differences in demographics in the 2 groups. At baseline (time 0), there was no difference in symptoms ( P =.23). At 30 and 60 minutes after receiving medication, prochlorperazine worked significantly better than promethazine ( P =.004 and P P P =.002). Time to complete relief was significantly shorter with prochlorperazine ( P =.021). There were significantly fewer treatment failures with prochlorperazine ( P =.03, 9.5% versus 31%; difference 21%, 95% confidence interval 5 to 38). There was no difference in incidence of extrapyramidal effects. Prochlorperazine caused significantly fewer complaints of sleepiness ( P =.002, 38% versus 71%; difference 33%, 95% confidence interval 13 to 53; P =.002). Conclusion: Prochlorperazine works significantly better than promethazine for relieving symptoms of nausea and vomiting more quickly and completely in ED patients with uncomplicated nausea and vomiting. [Ernst AA, Weiss SJ, Park S, Takakuwa KM, Diercks DB. Prochlorperazine versus promethazine for uncomplicated nausea and vomiting in the emergency department: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. August 2000;36:89-94.]
Tipping point failure and robustness in single development projects

Tipping point feedback structures can push a series of product development projects into firefighting mode in which rework overwhelms progress. Similar dynamics also threaten the performance of individual development projects. The current work extends previous tipping point dynamics research to single projects and demonstrates how a simple, common feedback structure can cause complex tipping point dynamics, trap projects in deteriorating modes of behavior, and cause projects to fail. Basic tipping point dynamics in single projects are described, demonstrated, and analyzed with a model. The concept of applying robustness to project design is preliminarily tested and system robustness to tipping point-induced failure is quantified for a simple project and analyzed with sensitivity analysis. Impacts of tipping points on project performance and future research opportunities concerning tipping point and robustness in project management are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversing mother's curse revisited.

Because of maternal mtDNA inheritance, mtDNA mutations detrimental only in males are not expected to be selected against, an effect termed the “mother's curse.” However, if there is positive-assortative mating, equivalent to what was called “inbreeding” by Wade and Brandvain (2009), then selection can act to reduce the frequency of these male-specific detrimental mtDNA mutants. On the other hand, as shown here negative-assortative mating, or “outbreeding, ” paradoxically can result in an increase in the frequency of male-specific detrimental mtDNA mutants. The implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Robust space-time codes for broadband OFDM systems

A bit-interleaved space-time coded OFDM system is considered in this paper for frequency-selective fading channels. As OFDM divides a frequency-selective fading channel into a set of parallel flat fading channels, space-time block codes for flat fading are transmitted from each subcarrier by multiple transmit antennas to guarantee space diversity, and code bits are bit-wise interleaved across the subcarriers before being grouped and mapped to space-time block code to obtain frequency diversity. Performance bounds and simulation results show that the bit-interleaved space-time coded OFDM system can effectively exploit both space and frequency diversity to improve performance.
The impacts of duct design on life cycle costs of central residential heating and air-conditioning systems

Abstract Many central residential HVAC systems in the U.S. operate at high external static pressures due to a combination of system restrictions. Undersized and constricted ductwork are thought to be key culprits that lead to excess external static pressures in many systems, although the magnitude of energy impacts associated with restrictive ductwork and the costs or benefits associated with addressing the problem are not well known. Therefore, this work uses annual energy simulations of two typical new single-family homes in two separate climates in the United States (Austin, TX and Chicago, IL) to predict the impacts of various external static pressure ductwork designs from independent HVAC contractors (using both flexible and rigid sheet metal ductwork materials) on annual space conditioning energy use. Results from the simulations are combined with estimates of the initial installation costs of each duct design made by each contractor to evaluate the total life cycle costs or savings of using lower pressure duct designs in the two homes over a 15-year life cycle. Lower pressure ductwork systems generally yielded life cycle cost savings, particularly in homes with PSC blowers and particularly when making comparisons with constant ductwork materials (i.e., comparing flex only or rigid only).
Cross layer design for mobile IP handoff

Wireless and mobile Internet access has brought increased significance to the evolution of 3G packet-based communications and a vision of a future based on all-IP networking. To reduce handoff latency and signaling cost are two major issues. Certain link-layer technologies are capable of providing various link status information to the IP module. It has been identified that receiving explicit hints from the layer 2 (link layer) would expedite the layer 3 (network layer) movement detection process, which in turn reduces the handoff latency. In this paper, a likelihood function based method for implementing link layer hints is defined. Then the function is used to estimate layer 3 movement in two levels: (1) a mobile node is moving into a new subnet and (2) a mobile node is requiring an inter-system handoff. Next, the use of the likelihood function is applied to a pre-registration inter-system handoff protocol. Finally, performance analysis demonstrates significant gains in signaling cost from the proposed method.
Population‐specific responses to light influence herbivory in the understory shrub Lindera benzoin

Plants display photosynthetic plasticity in response to variation in light environment, and the extent of this plasticity often varies with genotype, i.e., genotype × environment interaction. Herbivory may also covary with light environment as a result of light-induced changes in photosynthetic traits. For example, greater levels of photoprotective phenolic compounds in high-light environments may reduce host quality to herbivores. We investigated intraspecific variation in photosynthetic responses to light and its consequences for herbivory in the understory shrub, Lindera benzoin (Lauraceae). We transplanted five plants from eight populations (N = 240) into three replicate sun and shade common gardens. Two years after transplantation, we tested for population × light environment interactions in six photosynthesis-related responses: specific leaf area, water content, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence (F0), maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), and total phenolics. We assessed seasonal herbivory and ...
Extraction of 3D object features from CAD boundary representation using the super relation graph method

This paper presents the super relation graph (SRG) method for extracting prismatic features from the CAD boundary representation of a machined part. Using the definition of super relations and the validity of a feature volume, this method recognizes features with all three types of interactions: face splitting, face merging, and edge truncation.
Broad specificity profiling of TALENs results in engineered nucleases with improved DNA-cleavage specificity

Although transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) can be designed to cleave chosen DNA sequences, TALENs have activity against related off-target sequences. To better understand TALEN specificity, we profiled 30 unique TALENs with different target sites, array length and domain sequences for their abilities to cleave any of 10(12) potential off-target DNA sequences using in vitro selection and high-throughput sequencing. Computational analysis of the selection results predicted 76 off-target substrates in the human genome, 16 of which were accessible and modified by TALENs in human cells. The results suggest that (i) TALE repeats bind DNA relatively independently; (ii) longer TALENs are more tolerant of mismatches yet are more specific in a genomic context; and (iii) excessive DNA-binding energy can lead to reduced TALEN specificity in cells. Based on these findings, we engineered a TALEN variant that exhibits equal on-target cleavage activity but tenfold lower average off-target activity in human cells.
Protective role of clusterin in preserving endothelial function in AL amyloidosis

Abstract Misfolded immunoglobulin light chain proteins (LC) in light chain amyloidosis (AL) are toxic to vascular tissues. We tested the hypothesis that chaperone protein clusterin preserves endothelial function and cell survival during LC exposure. Methods LC (20 μg/mL) were given to human aortic endothelial cells (EC) for 24-h and clusterin protein/gene expression and secretion were measured. DNA fragmentation was measured with/without recombinant clusterin (Clu, 300 ng/mL). Adipose arterioles (non-AL subjects) were tested for dilator responses to acetylcholine/papaverine at baseline and after 1-h of LC ± Clu. Results LC reduced EC clusterin secretion, protein and gene expression while increasing DNA fragmentation. Clu attenuated LC-induced DNA fragmentation and restored dilator response to acetylcholine (logEC50: control −7.05 ± 0.2, LC + Clu −6.53 ± 0.4, LC −4.28 ± 0.7, p Conclusions LC induced endothelial cell death and dysfunction while reducing clusterin protein/gene expression and secretion. Exogenous clusterin attenuated LC toxicity. This represents a new pathobiologic mechanism and therapeutic target for AL amyloidosis.
Administration of an Exercise Regimen in Assisted-Living Facilities to Improve Balance and Activities of Daily Living: A Pilot Study

Purpose: This pilot study examined the effects of an exercise program on functional balance and activities of daily living (ADLs) of residents in assisted-living facilities. Materials and methods: ...
A 1–190MSample/s 8–64 tap energy-efficient reconfigurable FIR filter for multi-mode wireless communication

An energy-efficient reconfigurable distributed-arithmetic FIR filter for multi-mode wireless communication is fabricated in 7M1P 90nm CMOS and occupies 1.5mm2. A 6-way parallel, 2-way time-multiplexed architecture with circuits for memory offset binary coding and memory partitioning enable input wordlength and tap configurability with 1–190MSample/s throughput and 10–130mW total power measured at 1.1V, 25°C.
“I Demand More of People” Accountability, Interaction, and Gender Change

Although accountability lies at the heart of the “doing gender” perspective, it has received surprisingly little attention from gender scholars. In this article, I analyze the different ways that scholars have conceptualized accountability. I propose a synthesis of these various understandings, and demonstrate the utility of this conceptualization with examples from my research on feminist self-defense training. This analysis sheds light on both the workings of accountability and the process of change in gender expectations and practices. I conclude by considering the implications of this reconceptualization of accountability.
Interannual Variability of the Asian Summer Monsoon: Contrasts between the Indian and the Western North Pacific–East Asian Monsoons*

Analyses of 50-yr NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data reveal remarkably different interannual variability between the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM) in their temporal- spatial structures, relationships to El Nino, and teleconnections with midlatitude circulations. Thus, two circulation indices are necessary, which measure the variability of the ISM and WNPSM, respectively. A weak WNPSM features suppressed convection along 108-208N and enhanced rainfall along the mei-yu/baiu front. So the WNPSM index also provides a measure for the east Asian summer monsoon. An anomalous WNPSM exhibits a prominent meridional coupling among the Australian high, cross-equatorial flows, WNP monsoon trough, WNP subtropical high, east Asian subtropical front, and Okhotsk high. The WNP monsoon has leading spectral peaks at 50 and 16 months, whereas the Indian monsoon displays a primary peak around 30 months. The WNPSM is weak during the decay of an El Nino, whereas the ISM tends to abate when an El Nino develops. Since the late 1970s, the WNPSM has become more variable, but its relationship with El Nino remained steady; in contrast, the ISM has become less variable and its linkage with El Nino has dramatically declined. These contrasting features are in part attributed to the differing processes of monsoon-ocean interaction. Also found is a teleconnection between a suppressed WNPSM and deficient summer rainfall over the Great Plains of the United States. This boreal summer teleconnection is forced by the heat source fluctuation associated with the WNPSM and appears to be established through excitation of Rossby wave trains and perturbation of the jet stream that further excites downstream optimum unstable modes.