cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are there baryons with constituent glue

Abstract We point out that Λ -like baryons with a constituent gluon can be light because of large color electromagnetic attractions. Mass estimates from the MIT bag model suggest that some observed baryons may be (qqqg) states.
Structure and Ultrafast Dynamics of White-Light-Emitting CdSe Nanocrystals

White-light emission from ultrasmall CdSe nanocrystals offers an alternative approach to the realization of solid-state lighting as an appealing technology for consumers. Unfortunately, their extremely small size limits the feasibility of traditional methods for nanocrystal characterization. This paper reports the first images of their structure, which were obtained using aberration-corrected atomic number contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (Z-STEM). With subangstrom resolution, Z-STEM is one of the few available methods that can be used to directly image the nanocrystal's structure. The initial images suggest that they are crystalline and approximately four lattice planes in diameter. In addition to the structure, for the first time, the exciton dynamics were measured at different wavelengths of the white-light spectrum using ultrafast fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy. The data suggest that a myriad of trap states are responsible for the broad-spectrum emission. It is hoped that the information presented here will provide a foundation for the future development and improvement of white-light-emitting nanocrystals.
The measurement of dyspnea during exercise in patients with lung disease.

The measurement of dyspnea during an exercise task provides an opportunity to simulate daily physical activities that lead to breathing difficulty in patients with lung disease. Although the exact stimulus for the sensation of breathlessness is unknown, it is possible to measure dyspnea during exercise by applying the principles of psychophysics to the analysis of various stimulus-response relationships. It is logical to consider that the exercise task, te, work or power production, causes both physiologic and perceptual responses. A 0 to 10 category scale with ratio properties developed by Borg and a visual analogue scale are the most commonly used instruments for rating the severity of dyspnea during exercise. The ratings of breathlessness are generally reliable over time and are sensitive to evaluate an acute intervention in patients with stable respiratory disease. The exercise intensity-dyspnea relationship appears to be the most appropriate stimulus-response relationship for quantifying dyspnea during exercise. Measure what can be measured, make measurable what cannot be measured. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Ultrasonographically guided injection of corticosteroids for the treatment of retroseptal capillary hemangiomas in infants

Abstract Purpose: Injection of corticosteroids is a well-documented and successful mode of treatment for periorbital capillary hemangiomas. Because of the greater potential risk involved with retrobulbar injections, no prior study has described this treatment for tumors located behind the orbital septum. Although retroseptal intraorbital capillary hemangiomas comprise only 7% of all adnexal capillary hemangiomas, complications such as optic nerve compression or astigmatism may necessitate treatment. Methods: Three patients with deep orbital hemangiomas that caused vision-threatening complications were treated with intralesional injections of triamcinolone and betamethasone. Orbital injection was performed with use of real-time ultrasonographic guidance of the needle. This technique was valuable in providing continuous, accurate, and safe advancement of the needle tip in the orbit to avoid the globe and orbital walls. Ultrasonography also permitted precise placement of the needle tip within the tumor and visualization of the injected material. Results: Significant improvement was demonstrated in all cases on the basis of both ultrasonographic measurements and regression of clinical manifestations such as astigmatism, chemosis, proptosis, and optic nerve pallor. No complications were noted. Conclusion: Intralesional injection of corticosteroids to treat retroseptal and retrobulbar capillary hemangiomas was found to be a safe and effective treatment modality in our patients. Positioning of the injecting needle was guided by ultrasonography.
Early Effect of Ethionine on Liver Affinity for Iron

INCREASED affinity for iron by the liver was shown to occur in vivo and in vitro when ethionine was fed to animals from 1 to 3 weeks1–3. After 3 weeks of feeding ethionine there was a change in the affinity of the liver for iron, so that by 4 weeks there was no significant difference between the experimental and the control animals. By 6 weeks the affinity effect had been reversed by the liver so that the animals treated with ethionine had a decreased affinity when compared with the controls. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine the changes in the affinity before 1 week of ethionine treatment, as it is known that changes in the liver occur very rapidly after feeding ethionine4,5. The present experiments were designed to observe any possible changes in affinity shortly after the administration of ethionine and to correlate this with certain morphological and histochemical changes observed previously5.
Physical-Virtual Humans: Challenges and Opportunities

Physical-virtual humans combine work in physical animatronics and virtual humans to achieve virtual humans with physical manifestations. In this article I introduce the idea of a physical-virtual human along with potential applications, potential concerns, and some historically related work. I then discuss challenges and opportunities related to applications involving physical-virtual avatars, patients, and students.
Clinical Management of Hereditary Breast Cancer Syndromes

Over the past 15 years there has been substantial improvement in the understanding of hereditary breast cancer. Germline genetic testing for mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, PTEN and TP53 allows for the identification of individuals at increased risk for breast, ovarian and other cancers. Advances in screening, prevention and treatment have led to improved clinical management which is best defined for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. The addition of screening techniques such as breast magnetic resonance imaging has been shown to lead to earlier detection. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy leads to a reduction in the risk of both ovarian cancer and breast cancer and also is associated with an improvement in overall survival. BRCA1/2 mutation status may be applicable to systemic therapy decisions. Preclinical and early clinical research suggests that specific classes of chemotherapy may be more effective in mutation carriers. Finally, PARP inhibitors represent a novel therapeutic strategy that exploits the weaknesses of BRCA1/2-associated malignancies.
On the Ordinality of Causes in Complex Autocatalytic Systems

The convention in chemical dynamics usually is to identify the reactant and catalytic molecules as the active agencies that combine in mechanical fashion to constitute a reaction process. When macromolecules grow large and complex enough to exhibit some plasticity, however, the subsequent directions in which these molecules change may be guided more by the nexus of chemical reactions in which they participate. In particular, configurations of autocatalytic reactions among plastic macromolecules can come to exert more agency upon the component reactants and mechanisms than vice versa, and the nexus of such processes retains its identity longer than do the latter, more transient participants. Whence, the ascendancy of autocatalytic forms as causal agencies provides a natural example of the phenomenon of "emergence" and affords a way out of the conundrums that currently obfuscate the issue of the origin of life.
Kinetics of Cdc42 Membrane Extraction by Rho-GDI Monitored by Real-Time Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer†

The mechanisms underlying the ability of the Rho-GDP dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI) to elicit the release of Rho-related GTP-binding proteins from membranes is currently unknown. In this report, we have set out to address this issue by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer approaches to examine the functional interactions of the RhoGDI with membrane-associated Cdc42. Two fluorescence assays were developed to monitor the interactions between these proteins in real time. The first involved measurements of resonance energy transfer between N-methylanthraniloyl GDP (MantGDP) bound to Cdc42 and fluorescein maleimide covalently attached to cysteine 79 of RhoGDI (RhoGDI-FM). This assay allowed us to directly monitor the binding of RhoGDI to membrane-associated Cdc42. The second fluorescence assay involved measurements of resonance energy transfer between membrane-associated Cdc42-MantGDP and hexadecyl(amino) fluorescein that was randomly inserted into the membrane bilayer. This assay enabled us to directly monitor the (GDI-induced) release of Cdc42 from membranes. Analyses of the rates of change in the fluorescence of Cdc42-MantGDP, which serves as a resonance energy transfer donor in both of these assays, as a function of RhoGDI concentration suggests a two-step mechanism to explain the ability of RhoGDI to stimulate the release of Cdc42 from membranes. Specifically, we propose that the GDI first binds rapidly to membrane-associated Cdc42 and then a slower isomerization occurs which represents the rate-limiting step for the dissociation of the Cdc42-RhoGDI complex from membranes. We propose that this slow step in the observed kinetics reflects the time-course of translocation of the geranyl-geranyl lipid tail of Cdc42 from the outer leaflet of the membrane to the isoprenyl binding site observed in the previously reported NMR structure of the Cdc42-RhoGDI complex [Gosser et al. (1997) Nature 387, 814].
Transforming Leadership In Collegiate Admissions

The 21st century has seen the consequences of short-term leadership strategies, and the results have left little certainty, making long-term planning challenging. However, without a globally oriented, long-term, ethical strategy, some closed systems fail to adapt to feedback, risking failure. Universities face this challenge, and long-term planning is particularly troublesome for university admissions departments. To overcome these challenges and build on identified strengths, these departments must undergo self-evaluation and reconsider their leadership decision-making processes. In this study, we assess the operations and needs for stronger decision-making for our service learning partner, a public universitys admissions departments. Based on the identified needs, we offer suggestions for ethical decision-making in public collegiate admission offices. We identify needs through SWOT analysis involving an exploration of admissions offices decision-making challenges. Their strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats are explained in the context of internal obstacles and external barriers, respectively. Then we establish a framework for understanding their ethical paradigm. We frame their challenges in the context of the bounds of human capacity for rational and psychological decision-making as well as the influence of politics, a capitalistic society, and technological innovations. From the analysis, we present transformational suggestions based on decision-making strategies that practically address the current leadership decisions faced by the higher education admissions office.
Changing Roles of Technology Leaders: Strategic Partners or High Level Mechanics?

A survey and interview study across industries found that men and women technology leaders spend more time in business than in IT roles and preferred change management over IT roles. These results support research arguments that technology leadership is becoming more strategic along with the increasing importance of business and non-technology competencies in CIO careers. Our findings also suggest that men and women IT leaders are more similar than different with regard to changing professional roles and competencies. Implications of this study for IT leadership careers and companies are discussed.
New Orleans Revisited: Notes of a Native Daughter

“Best Culinary Destination.” “Best City for Night Owls.” “Best NFL City to Party In.“ “Best City for Girlfriend Getaways.” “Top National Halloween Destination.” “Best Destination in the US and Worl...
Bench-level characterization of a CMOS standard-cell D-latch using alpha-particle sensitive test circuits

A methodology is described for predicting the SEU susceptibility of a standard-cell D-latch using an alpha-particle sensitive SRAM, SPICE critical charge simulation results, and alpha-particle interaction physics. Measurements were made on a 1.6- mu m n-well CMOS 4-kb test SRAM irradiated with an Am-241 alpha-particle source. A collection depth of 6.09 mu m was determined using these results and TRIM computer code. Using this collection depth and SPICE derived critical charge results on the latch design, an LET threshold of 34 MeV cm/sup 2//mg was predicted. Heavy ion tests were then performed on the latch and an LET threshold of 41 MeV cm/sup 2//mg was determined. >
Shape of Mesozoic dinosaur richness: Comment and Reply : REPLY

viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect official positions of the Society.positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or politicalarticle's full citation. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and articles on their own or their organization's Web site providing the posting includes a reference to thescience. This file may not be posted to any Web site, but authors may post the abstracts only of their unlimited copies of items in GSA's journals for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education andto use a single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in subsequent works and to make employment. Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA,Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within scope of their
Patterns of hip rotation range of motion: a comparison between healthy subjects and patients with low back pain.

The purpose of this study was to characterize and classify the prevalence of passive hip rotation range-of-motion (ROM) asymmetry in healthy subjects (n = 100) and in patients with low back dysfunction (n = 50). We categorized the subjects of both groups as having one of three patterns of hip rotation. Pattern IA existed when all ROM measurements were equal (within 10°). Pattern IB existed when total medial and lateral rotation were equal, but one or more of the individual measurements were unequal. Pattern II existed when total medial rotation ROM was greater than total lateral rotation ROM. Those subjects with total lateral rotation ROM greater than total medial rotation ROM demonstrated pattern III. The distribution of subjects among the ROM pattern categories was significantly different in the patient and healthy subject groups. The frequency of occurrence of pattern III was greater in the patient group than in the healthy subject group. These results suggest an association between hip rotation ROM imbalance and the presence of low back pain.
Multiple Distortion Measures for video with temporal scalability

With the recent growth in mobile device types, an interesting question that arises is how to serve media content to users with a diverse set of capabilities. Defining multiple distortion metrics, one for each type of user, allows for specialized service to each user type, which can result in significantly improved quality of service. H.264/MPEG-4 SVC is a scalable video codec that allows for easy spatial and temporal adaptation of encoded video by selecting or dropping packets. We examine using multiple distortion measures (MDM) for scheduling packets in the context of streaming temporally scalable video to users with different target frame rates. We show that gains in PSNR of multiple dB can be achieved when taking MDM into consideration for making scheduling decisions.
An experimental study of entrainment and transport in the turbulent near wake of a circular cylinder

This paper describes an experimental investigation of transport processes in the near wake of a circular cylinder at a Reynolds number of 140000. The flow in the first eight diameters of the wake was measured using X-array hot-wire probes mounted on a pair of whirling arms. This flying-hot-wire technique increases the relative velocity component along the probe axis and thus decreases the relative flow angle to usable values in regions where fluctuations in flow velocity and direction are large. One valuable fringe benefit of the technique is that rotation of the arms in a uniform flow applies a wide range of relative flow angles to the X-arrays, making them inherently self-calibrating in pitch. An analog circuit was used to generate an intermittency signal, and a fast surface-pressure sensor was used to generate a phase signal synchronized with the vortex-shedding process. The phase signal allowed sorting of the velocity data into 16 populations, each having essentially constant phase. An ensemble average for each population yielded a sequence of pictures of the instantaneous mean flow field, with the vortices frozen as they would be in a photograph. In addition to globally averaged data for velocity and stress, the measurements yield non-steady mean data (in the sense of an average a t constant phase) for velocity, intermittency, vorticity, stress and turbulent-energy production as a function of phase for the first eight diameters of the near wake. The stresses were resolved into a contribution from the periodic motion and a contribution from the random motion at constant phase. The two contributions are found to have comparable amplitudes but quite different geometries, and the time average of their sum (the conventional global Reynolds stress) therefore has a quite-complex structure. The non-steady mean-vorticity field is obtained with good resolution as the curl of the non-steady mean-velocity field. Less than half of the shed circulation appears in the vortices, and there is a slow decay of this circulation for each shed vortex as it moves downstream. In the discussion, considerable emphasis is put on the topology of the non-steady mean flow, which emerges as a pattern of centres and saddles in a frame of reference moving with the eddies. The kinematics of the vortex-formation process are described in terms of the formation and evolution of saddle points between vortices in the first few diameters of the near wake. One important conclusion is that a substantial part of the turbulence production is concentrated near the saddles and that the mechanism of turbulence production is probably vortex stretching at intermediate scales. Entrainment is also found to be closely associated with saddles and to be concentrated near the upstream-facing interface of each vortex.
Optical gain control of a GaAs MMIC transmit-receive module compatible with optical spatial filters

A description is given of the optical gain control of a microwave amplifier which could be used in antenna beamforming applications. The challenge in developing the experimental circuit was to devise a means for the optical control of the microwave subsystem consistent with microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMIC) technology, and compatible with optical processing and computing techniques. The experimental circuit consists of four main sections on LED with pigtail, a light-sensitive FET, a DC amplifier, and a distributed microwave amplifier. The electronic circuits are standard GaAs MMIC components which can be integrated into a single chip. A 250- mu W optical signal provided by the LED gave rise to 15 HB of gain control. The approach has several important attributes such as: it is independent of the operating frequency of the microwave components and can be extended to the millimeter range. It is compatible with GaAs MMIC fabrication processes; it can be extended to phase control circuits for pulsed applications; it has a fast response and is cost-effective because it uses a low-cost, low power LED and standard MMIC; and it is totally compatible with parallel optical processing such as spatial filters. >
Dynamic performance comparison of current mode control schemes for Point-of-Load Buck converter application

Different current mode controls are widely adopted in commercial PWM controllers for Point-of-Load converter application. To understand the unique properties of various current mode control schemes and study the subtle differences between them, this paper investigates and compares four current mode control schemes (peak-current control, valley-current control, constant on-time control and constant off-time control) for Point-of-Load power converter and Voltage Regulator applications. Performance attributes under investigation include high bandwidth voltage loop design, adaptability to wide input voltage range, adaptive voltage positioning design and audio susceptibility. The pros and cons of these schemes are identified and explained by the unified small signal equivalent circuit model. From dynamic performance point of view, this work provides a current mode control scheme selection criteria and feedback design guideline. The theoretical analyses are verified by both simulation and experimental results.
Extranuclear sequestration of phospho-Jun N-terminal kinase and distorted villi produced by activated Rac1 in the intestinal epithelium of chimeric mice.

Previously, we used a genetic mosaic system to conduct an in vivo analysis of the effects of Rac1 activation on the developing intestinal epithelium (Stappenbeck, T. S. and Gordon, J. I. (2000) Development127 , 2629-2642). Expression of a constitutively active human Rac1 (Rac1Leu61) in the 129/Sv-derived small intestinal epithelium of C57Bl/6-ROSA26↔129/Sv chimeric mice led to precocious differentiation of some lineages with accompanying alterations in their apical actin. We have now explored the underlying mechanisms. Rac1Leu61 leads to accumulation of the 46 kDa form of phosphorylated Jun N-terminal kinase (p-Jnk) in the apical cytoplasm, but not in the nucleus of E18.5 proliferating and differentiating intestinal epithelial cells. The effect is cell-autonomous, selective for this mitogen-activated protein kinase family member, and accompanied by apical cytoplasmic accumulation of p21-activated kinase. c-Jun, a downstream nuclear target of p-Jnk, does not show evidence of enhanced phosphorylation, providing functional evidence for cytoplasmic sequestration of p-Jnk in Rac1Leu61-expressing epithelium. In adult chimeras, Rac1 activation augments cell proliferation in crypts of Lieberkuhn, without a compensatory change in basal apoptosis and produces a dramatic, very unusual widening of villi. These results reveal a novel in vivo paradigm for Rac1 activation involving p-Jnk-mediated signaling at a distinctive extra-nuclear site, with associated alterations in the actin cytoskeleton. They also provide a new perspective about the determinants of small intestinal villus morphogenesis.
Scale Modeling of Radiation in Enclosures With Absorbing/Emitting and Isotropically Scattering Media

Exchange factor analysis has been shown to be an alternative to zonal analysis in enclosures with participating media. An experimental measurement of exchange factors for a cubic enclosure has been done, and practical problems associated with the measurements are discussed. The effects of isotropic scattering and absorption-isotropic re-emission processes are known to be the same for their contribution to energy exchange paths in systems with equal optical thickness. The measurement of these exchange factors is achieved by using an enclosure containing a near-isotropically scattering medium. The heat transfer results for the pure radiation case are demonstrated by using these experimentally determined exchange factors in the analysis, and are compared with the analytical results.
A multiple-terminal gate charging model

A gate charging model considering charging effect at all terminals of a MOSFET is reported in this letter. The model indicates two distinct charging mechanisms existing in P MOSFETs with a protecting device at their gates during plasma processing. The "normal-mode" charging mechanism exists when antenna size at the gate is higher than that at other terminals combined. In contrast, the "reverse-mode" charging mechanism exists in the case of antenna size at the gate lower than that at other terminals combined. The normal-mode mechanism will dominate the charging event when there is no protecting device at the transistor gate or the protecting device provides very low leakage current. On the other hand, the reverse-mode mechanism becomes dominant if the protecting device provides very high leakage current. The normal-mode charging mechanism is limited by the N-well junction leakage while in the reverse-mode mechanism, it is limited by the leakage of the protecting device. The model also suggests that larger N-well junction gives rise to higher charging damage in the normal-mode mechanism while it is opposite in the reverse-mode mechanism. These were confirmed by experimental data. The model points out that a zero charging damage can be achieved at certain combinations of the gate, source, drain and N-well antenna ratio. The knowledge of these transistor terminal antenna-ratio combinations will maximize the effective usage of the charging protection devices in circuit design. The reverse-mode charging mechanism suggests that the use of a high-leakage device at the transistor gate for charging protection may cause an opposite effect when the transistor terminal antenna ratios run into a condition that triggers this mechanism. This implies that PMOS transistors with gate intentionally pinned at ground or low potential in circuits may be prone to charging damage depending on the connectivity of their source, drain, and NW.
Simulation of Longitudinal Exposure Data with Variance‐Covariance Structures Based on Mixed Models

Longitudinal data are important in exposure and risk assessments, especially for pollutants with long half-lives in the human body and where chronic exposures to current levels in the environment raise concerns for human health effects. It is usually difficult and expensive to obtain large longitudinal data sets for human exposure studies. This article reports a new simulation method to generate longitudinal data with flexible numbers of subjects and days. Mixed models are used to describe the variance-covariance structures of input longitudinal data. Based on estimated model parameters, simulation data are generated with similar statistical characteristics compared to the input data. Three criteria are used to determine similarity: the overall mean and standard deviation, the variance components percentages, and the average autocorrelation coefficients. Upon the discussion of mixed models, a simulation procedure is produced and numerical results are shown through one human exposure study. Simulations of three sets of exposure data successfully meet above criteria. In particular, simulations can always retain correct weights of inter- and intrasubject variances as in the input data. Autocorrelations are also well followed. Compared with other simulation algorithms, this new method stores more information about the input overall distribution so as to satisfy the above multiple criteria for statistical targets. In addition, it generates values from numerous data sources and simulates continuous observed variables better than current data methods. This new method also provides flexible options in both modeling and simulation procedures according to various user requirements.
A comparison between optimal and Kalman filtering for hidden Markov processes

This paper gives sufficient conditions for specifying the optimal linear filters for a hidden Markov process (HMP) and compares its performance with the optimal (i.e., minimum conditional variance) filter derived from the corresponding hidden Markov model using a simulation. The optimal filter performs much better at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) but the performance loss using the linear filter reduces as the SNR decreases.
Evolutionary History of the Enzymes Involved in the Calvin-Benson Cycle in Euglenids.

Euglenids are an ancient lineage that may have existed as early as 2 billion years ago. A mere 65 years ago, Melvin Calvin and Andrew A. Benson performed experiments on Euglena gracilis and elucidated the series of reactions by which carbon was fixed and reduced during photosynthesis. However, the evolutionary history of this pathway (Calvin-Benson cycle) in euglenids was more complex than Calvin and Benson could have imagined. The chloroplast present today in euglenophytes arose from a secondary endosymbiosis between a phagotrophic euglenid and a prasinophyte green alga. A long period of evolutionary time existed before this secondary endosymbiotic event took place, which allowed for other endosymbiotic events or gene transfers to occur prior to the establishment of the green chloroplast. This research revealed the evolutionary history of the major enzymes of the Calvin-Benson cycle throughout the euglenid lineage and showed that the majority of genes for Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes shared an ancestry with red algae and/or chromophytes suggesting they may have been transferred to the nucleus prior to the acquisition of the green chloroplast.
Open Seldinger-Guided Femoral Artery Cannulation Technique for Thoracic Aortic Surgery

Background Debate regarding the optimal cannulation site for aortic surgery continues. We report our recent experience with a simple and rapid open Seldinger-guided technique for femoral cannulation. Aside from speed and simplicity (no need for arterial incision or suture closure), this technique has the added benefit that the distal limb continues to be perfused, as no arterial snare is required. Methods We recently began routinely utilizing an open Seldinger-guided technique for femoral artery cannulation. The artery is exposed surgically but cannulated by guidewire inside a pursestring without arterial incision. The pursestring is simply tied when decannulation is performed. We report our experience with the routine application of this technique from August 2011 to April 2015. Results We reviewed the outcome of 337 consecutive peripheral arterial cannulations performed for thoracic aortic surgery (303 femoral, 34 axillary) using the open Seldinger technique. Within the femoral cannulation group, the hospital survival rate was 97% (295 of 303). The survival rate for elective operations was 98% (277 of 283), and 90% (18 of 20) for emergent/urgent. Seldinger-guided femoral cannulation was performed for replacement of the ascending/aortic arch in 88% (266 of 303), the descending thoracic aorta in 7% (22 of 303), and the thoracoabdominal aorta in 5% (15 of 303). There were no instances of intraoperative malperfusion phenomena, arterial dissection, or vascular injury or rupture. No patients had postoperative acute limb ischemia. Local wound complications were observed in 1% of patients (3 of 303). The stroke rate was 1.6% (5 of 303). The same open Seldinger technique was also used without complication in the axillary cannulation group. Conclusions An open Seldinger-guided femoral (or axillary) cannulation technique is quick and easy to perform, with minimal vascular or other complications and extremely low risk of stroke. This technique is recommended for its speed, simplicity, and effectiveness, and for its preservation of distal arterial flow (which is occluded with the traditional arterial incision/arterial snare technique).
The Marketing Viewpoint in Planning for Community Betterment

THIS PAPER, which touches on community economics, can hardly avoid a social interpretation. Its purpose is to present a janitorial function that aims at keeping our house in order. Such housekeeping implies social responsibility together with good business management. The urban way of life has broken down spiritual and social factors of our forefathers. Business at the turn of the century was a community matter wherein the grocer, the druggist and the dry good merchant were substantial leaders both inside and outside their stores. Manufacturing was a community project with the mill owner a familiar figure, known personally, and consulted freely by all.
Evidence-based clinical practice for the neurointerventionalist

The field of neurointerventional (NI) surgery has developed in the context of technologic innovation. Many treatments readily provided in 2014 would have been hard to imagine as recently as 10 years ago. The reality of present day NI care is that, while providers, payors, policy makers and patients rely on evidence to guide NI decision-making, the available data are often less robust than participants might desire. In this paper we will explore the fundamentals of evidence-based clinical practice.
Surveillant analysis of meningococcal meningitis in Liaoning during 2004-2009

Objective:To analyze the flora distribution of Neisseria meningitis(Nm) and epidemiological characteristic in Liaoning province.Methods:Collect meningococcal meningitis cases;Bacteria from cerebrospinal fluid and blood of meningococcal meningitis cases which were tested was isolated culture and identified,throat swab samples of close contacts in accordance with the national standard(GB16884-1997) approach to culture,identification;double serum were detected by ELISA.Results:8 strains were isolated from meningococcal meningitis cases,the proportion of Nm serogroup A and B were 75%(6 strains) and 25%(2 strains).11 cases of antibody showed four double high,including serogroup A for 45.5%(5 cases),serogroup C for 54.5%(6 cases).The strains from close contacts were 40,including the serogroup A,B,C,W135 and undetermined type were 29,1,4,1 and 5 respectively,the proportion of Nm serogroup were 72.5%,2.5%,10.0%,2.5% and 12.5% following.The incidence of meningococcal meningitis after a sharp drop to a 1-7 year-old group significantly decreased,the incidence of older groups increased proportionately.Conclusion:The dominant bacterial strain of Nm was still serogroup A in Liaoning province,After 2004,the serogroup C cases occurred and the incidence age increased,to pay close attention to serogroup C tendency to spread,strengthen pathogeny surveillance,take measures to control meningococcal meningitis cases occurred.
Salt and acid studies on canine lingual epithelium

A section of dog tongue just anterior to the circumvallate papillae was placed in an Ussing chamber and characterized with respect to monovalent cation transport pathways, response to HCl, and the interaction between salt and acid for the purposes of determining whether ion transport through the tongue is related to the transduction process. The primary findings of this work follow. The stimulation of the short-circuit current (Isc) with decreasing pH on the dorsal surface results from a net Cl- efflux through an amiloride- and ouabain-insensitive pathway that changed its selectivity from cationic at neutral pH to anionic at lower pH values. The stimulation is abolished at isotonic NaCl concentrations. This behavior would not be predicted from the proton-binding model to a "sour receptor" as suggested by Beidler (Handbook of Sensory Physiology; Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1971). In symmetrical solutions of Krebs-Henseleit buffer, Isc is inhibited 30% by 10(-4) M amiloride on the mucosal side and 100% by 10(-3) M ouabain on the serosal side. These results coupled with net Cl- and Na+ flux measurements show that Isc is due to a net Cl- efflux. With 1.0 M NaCl on the dorsal side, 10(-4) M amiloride inhibits Isc 84%. In contrast, when the mucosal surface is bathed in KCl (1.0 M), CsCl (1.0 M), or HCl (10(-3) M), Isc is insensitive to both 10(-4) M amiloride and/or 10(-3) M ouabain. These data suggest that K+, Cs+, and H+ traverse the tongue through different pathways from Na+ and are not energized by a Na+ gradient.
Spillover effects of HIV testing policies: changes in HIV testing guidelines and HCV testing practices in drug treatment programs in the United States

To examine the extent to which state adoption of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2006 revisions to adult and adolescent HIV testing guidelines is associated with availability of other important prevention and medical services. We hypothesized that in states where the pretest counseling requirement for HIV testing was dropped from state legislation, substance use disorder treatment programs would have higher availability of HCV testing services than in states that had maintained this requirement. We analyzed a nationally representative sample of 383 opioid treatment programs from the 2005 and 2011 National Drug Abuse Treatment System Survey (NDATSS). Data were collected from program directors and clinical supervisors through telephone surveys. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to measure associations between state adoption of CDC recommended guidelines for HIV pretest counseling and availability of HCV testing services. The effects of HIV testing legislative changes on HCV testing practices varied by type of opioid treatment program. In states that had removed the requirement for HIV pretest counseling, buprenorphine-only programs were more likely to offer HCV testing to their patients. The positive spillover effect of HIV pretest counseling policies, however, did not extend to methadone programs and did not translate into increased availability of on-site HCV testing in either program type. Our findings highlight potential positive spillover effects of HIV testing policies on HCV testing practices. They also suggest that maximizing the benefits of HIV policies may require other initiatives, including resources and programmatic efforts that support systematic integration with other services and effective implementation.
An explicit macro-micro phase-averaged stress correlation for particle-enhanced composite materials in loaded structures

Abstract In many structural applications, there is growing industrial interest in using new microscale particle-enhanced composite materials. During the design development of such machinery and materials it is advantageous to ascertain the stress load-sharing between the added particles and the binding matrix, in order to make estimates of the device’s useful life and the material performance. Accordingly, in this work, we correlate the phase-averaged microstructural stress levels caried by the particles and matrix to the macrostructural loading. Model problems are studied whereby macroscale stresses are determined using a structural-scale model and the microscale stresses are then computed by constructing stress concentration functions. This provides analysts with a novel and easy to use design framework that clearly identifies the stress contributions from the microscale and the macroscale, in order to reduce product development time and costs. Examples are provided to illustrate the approach.
Chemical bath deposition and laser annealing: A low cost fast process for depositing CdTe thin films

We demonstrate a low cost solution based process for polycrystalline CdTe deposition followed by a fast laser annealing step. A chemical bath deposition (CBD) process using a Cd(OH) 2 and a Te precursor solution to form polycrystalline CdTe thin films via ion-exchange reaction. This is followed by a fast laser annealing process by a 248nm excimer laser to improve the grain size of the deposited CdTe layers. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the CBD process favors the growth of (111) CdTe. Additionally the laser treatment improves the crystalline quality of the films as is evidenced by a decreased FWHM of the (111) XRD peaks of the laser treated samples.
CHAPTER 1 – Preliminaries

Publisher Summary The concept of a binary operation on a set is fundamental in algebra and an algebraic system is created as soon as one or more binary operations are defined on a set. The development of an algebraic system consists of deriving necessary conclusions from those hypotheses that are imposed on the binary operations, which define the algebraic system. These hypotheses are called the axioms of the algebraic system. To develop an algebraic system, a necessary amount of knowledge of mathematical logic and set theory is required. A reasonably sufficiently developed algebraic system is called an algebraic theory. A commutative ring with unity, without divisors of zero and having more than one element, is called an integral domain. Besides forming direct sums and tensor products of rings, there are other standard methods of forming new rings based on the structure of a given ring. One of these methods consists of forming polynomial rings over a given ring, that is, with coefficients in a given ring.
A Generalized Higher-Moment Capital Asset Pricing Model, with Theoretical Implications and Legal Applications

The conventional capital asset pricing model (CAPM) has come under severe attack for its failure to reflect investor behavior. This paper describes financial decision-making under uncertainty in formal mathematical terms as a generalized higher-moment capital asset pricing model. It develops that model through the Taylor series expansion of the logarithm of expected financial returns. This mathematical expedient treats the conventional two-moment CAPM and a four-moment variant (expressed in terms of mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis) as convenient, mentally tractable special cases of a generalized higher-moment model. This paper then explores the theoretical implications and legal applications of higher-moment asset pricing. In prospect theory, perhaps the best known expression of behavioral economics, a “fourfold pattern” of decisionmaking under uncertainty predicts risk-seeking behavior in particular circumstances. Skewness preference arises in a wide variety of economic settings. Diverse bodies of financial regulation address transactions that strongly resemble legalized gambling, ranging from prize-linked savings to initial public offerings. Over time, cycles of misperception of risk and return consistent with the “disposition effect” of behavioral finance generate systematic gaps between hypothetical investment returns and actual returns realized by investors.
In vitro metabolism of exemestane by hepatic cytochrome P450s: impact of nonsynonymous polymorphisms on formation of the active metabolite 17β-dihydroexemestane

Exemestane (EXE) is an endocrine therapy commonly used by postmenopausal women with hormone-responsive breast cancer due to its potency in inhibiting aromatase-catalyzed estrogen synthesis. Preliminary in vitro studies sought to identify phase I EXE metabolites and hepatic cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) that participate in EXE biotransformation. Phase I metabolites were identified by incubating EXE with HEK293-overexpressed CYP450s. CYP450s 1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4, and 3A5 produce 17β-dihydroexemestane (17β-DHE), an active major metabolite, as well as two inactive metabolites. 17β-DHE formation in pooled human liver microsomes subjected to isoform-specific CYP450 inhibition was also monitored using tandem mass spectrometry. 17β-DHE production in human liver microsomes was unaffected by isoform-specific inhibition of CYP450s 2A6, 2B6, and 2E1 but decreased 12–39% following inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes from CYP450 subfamilies 1A, 2C, 2D, and 3A. These results suggest that redundancy exists in the EXE metabolic pathway with multiple hepatic CYP450s catalyzing 17β-DHE formation in vitro. To further expand the knowledge of phase I EXE metabolism, the impact of CYP450 genetic variation on 17β-DHE formation was assessed via enzyme kinetic parameters. Affinity for EXE substrate and enzyme catalytic velocity were calculated for hepatic wild-type CYP450s and their common nonsynonymous variants by monitoring the reduction of EXE to 17β-DHE. Several functional polymorphisms in xenobiotic-metabolizing CYP450s 1A2, 2C8, 2C9, and 2D6 resulted in deviant enzymatic activity relative to wild-type enzyme. Thus, it is possible that functional polymorphisms in EXE-metabolizing CYP450s contribute to inter-individual variability in patient outcomes by mediating overall exposure to the drug and its active metabolite, 17β-DHE.
Activation of γ2-AMPK Suppresses Ribosome Biogenesis and Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.

Rationale:AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is a heterotrimeric protein that plays an important role in energy homeostasis and cardioprotection. Two isoforms of each subunit are expressed in the ...
The tale of a tail: histone H4 acetylation and the repair of DNA breaks.

The ability of cells to detect and repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) within the complex architecture of the genome requires co-ordination between the DNA repair machinery and chromatin remodel...
Disparities in the Quality of Cardiovascular Care Between HIV-Infected Versus HIV-Uninfected Adults in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundCardiovascular disease is emerging as a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with HIV. We compared use of national guideline‐recommended cardiovascular care during office...
Immunobiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Despite recent therapeutic advances, clinical outcomes of both neovascular and atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remain suboptimal. This article reviews evidence supporting the concept that the immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AMD. This includes genetic results, histopathology data, serological data, and observations in animal models. It is important to recognize the immaturity of our knowledge and the need to expand our understanding of the early pathologic events in AMD, with the goal of identifying new strategies to prevent rather than treat the disease. The immune system will likely provide new therapeutic targets.