cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF ADVANCED IMAGING IN CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS: AN IMAGING-HISTOLOGIC CORRELATION STUDY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION

Diagnostic yield of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) by endomyocardial biopsy is limited. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) may facilitate noninvasive diagnosis, but the accuracy of this approach is not well defined. We correlated
Studies of Spinons, Majoranas, and Monopoles in Spin Liquid and Quantum Critical Magnets with Neutrons

Quantum and frustrated materials have outstanding potential for the future with the promise of transformative properties in energy storage, conversion, and transmission as well as for new types of ...
Effect of iron on fluconazole activity against Candida albicans in presence of human serum or monocyte-derived macrophages

Human serum, transferrin, and apotransferrin are known to profoundly inhibit the growth of Candida albicans by iron deprivation. On the other hand, iron overload (iron saturated transferrin) is a serious risk factor for candidiasis in newborn and in leukemic patients. We tested the efficacy of fluconazole and the previously demonstrated synergy of fluconazole and effector cells against C. albicans under iron overload conditions where efficacy might be diminished. We confirm that exogenous iron completely reversed the inhibitory effect of human serum and report that the efficacy of fluconazole against C. albicans was not significantly compromised in a 24 h assay system. Although exogenous iron inhibited fungistatic activity of monocyte-derived macrophages, it did not interfere with the synergistic candidacidal activity of fluconazole and monocyte-derived macrophages. In 72 h assays, where fluconazole had candidacidal activity, exogenous iron did not compromise efficacy of fluconazole, and fluconazole activity was often increased. These in vitro results suggest that effectiveness of fluconazole therapy would not be compromised in iron overload situations in vivo.
Perspiration interventions for conservative management of kidney disease and uremia.

Purpose of review There has been an increasing interest in developing novel technologies to treat patients with chronic kidney disease as evidenced by KidneyX, the public-private partnership between government and industry. Perhaps a simple technology for treating kidney failure would be to utilize perspiration. It is a physiological process, and when used properly it might not be an unpleasant experience. This review will explore the current state of knowledge regarding perspiration therapy in the setting of far advanced kidney failure. Recent findings A literature review using the PubMed database was conducted between 1 April 2019 and 3 September 2019. Search terms are shown in Table 1. Major themes of the results include diaphoresis therapy for patients with chronic kidney disease, excessive perspiration causing kidney disease, analysis of sweat to diagnose cystic fibrosis, and analysis of sweat to replenish lost electrolytes. This review will focus on intentional perspiration for the treatment of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Studies have shown that perspiration, or sweat-based therapies, can provide some of the most important currently recognized therapeutic goals in treating ESRD. These goals include decreased interdialytic weight gain, reduced serum potassium levels, and benefits to cardiovascular status. Research has shed light on some of the mechanisms, both molecular and clinical, that may be involved in induced perspiration therapy in ESRD. Summary There is a long history of humans using perspiration for both recreation and therapy. Perspiration therapy for ESRD experienced a surge in the United States in the 1960s but does not have much modern momentum. With the continued growth of the ESRD population worldwide this could be considered an appropriate time to conduct more research into this promising therapy.
Racial Disparities of Daily Living in the DC Area: Findings from the 2018 DC Area Survey

This report demonstrates that the daily experiences of DC-area residents differ by race. The study focuses on four dimensions of daily living: neighborhoods, local institutions, policing, and immigration enforcement. Data come from the 2018 DC Area Survey that represents residents of DC and its surrounding jurisdictions. White DC-area residents experience many fewer issues in their daily lives than black and Latino residents, and somewhat fewer issues than Asian residents. The disparities of daily living provide tractable opportunities to reduce racial disparities among DC-area residents to overcome seemingly intractable problems of racial wealth and health disparities. The report recommends cross-sector collaboration by policy makers, business and non-profit leaders, philanthropies, and universities to address the disparities of daily living.
First Principle and NEGF Based Study of Silicon Nano-wire and Nano-sheet for Next Generation FETs: Performance, Interface Effects and Lifetime

In this work, we investigate the trade-off between scalability and reliability for next generation logic-transistors i.e. Gate-All-Around (GAA)-FET, Multi-Bridge-Channel (MBC)-FET. First, we analyze the electronic properties (i.e. bandgap and quantum conductance) of ultra-thin silicon (Si) channel i.e. nano-wire and nano-sheet based on first principle simulation. In addition, we study the influence of interface states (or dangling bonds) at Si-SiO 2 interface. Second, we investigate the impact of bandgap change and interface states on GAA-FETs and MBC-FETs characteristics by employing Non-equilibrium Green's Function based device simulation. In addition to that we calculate the activation energy of Si-H bond dissociation at Si-SiO 2 interface for different Si nano-wire/sheet thickness and different oxide electric-field. Utilizing these activation energies in conjunction with reaction-diffusion model, we analyze the negative bias temperature instability in GAA-FET and MBC-FET. Based on our analysis, we estimate the operational voltage of these transistors for a life-time of 10 years and the ON current of the device at iso-OFF -current condition. For example, for channel thickness <5nm the safe operating voltage needs to be <0.55V. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that the benefit of Si thickness scaling can potentially be suppressed for obtaining a desired life-time of GAA-FET and MBC-FET.
The association of adolescents’ television viewing with Body Mass Index percentile, food addiction, and addictive phone use

Television (TV) viewing remain a popular forms of screen time for adolescents. Greater TV viewing is associated with a number of negative consequences for adolescent health. In a changing media landscape, it is important to understand adolescents' overall and commercial TV exposure, and how TV viewing is linked to health risks (e.g., obesity, food addiction, and phone addiction). The purpose of this study was to: 1) examine differences by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and parental education in overall TV and commercial TV viewing and 2) investigate whether adolescents who watch more overall TV and commercial TV programming were more likely to have a higher BMI percentile, more addictive eating, and more addictive phone use. A sample of 190 adolescents (13-16 years of age) completed Time-Use Diaries (TUDs) in 2015-2017. We found that girls had more overall weekday TV time than males. No other gender differences were detected for weekend TV time or commercial TV time. Higher BMI percentile was not correlated with greater overall or commercial TV viewing. However, we did identify a positive association between overall TV viewing and commercial TV viewing with addictive-eating and addictive phone use. This effect was mainly driven by boys. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate patterns of television viewing and addictive-like eating and addictive phone use. We conclude that adolescents, particularly boys, with higher TV viewing may be more likely to present with problems with addictive eating behavior and phone use. Our findings add to the research on the behavioral health correlates of TV viewing among adolescents.
Young Adult E-cigarette Use and Retail Exposure in 6 US Metropolitan Areas.

Objectives Given the need to understand e-cigarette retail and its impact, we examined sociodemographic, tobacco and marijuana use, and e-cigarette retail experiences as correlates of (1) past 30-day e-cigarette use, (2) past 30-day advertising/media exposure, and (3) point-of-sale age verification among young adults. Methods We analyzed baseline survey data (September-December, 2018) among 3006 young adults (ages 18-34) in 6 metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Boston, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, San Diego, Seattle) in a 2-year longitudinal study. Results In this sample (Mage = 24.6, 42.3% male, 71.6% white, 11.4% Hispanic), 37.7% (N = 1133) were past 30-day e-cigarette users; 68.6% (N = 2062; non-users: 66.0%, users: 72.9%) reported past 30-day e-cigarette-related advertising/media exposure. Among e-cigarette users, vape shops were the most common source of e-cigarettes (44.7%) followed by online (18.2%). Among users, 34.2% were "almost always" asked for age verification. In multilevel logistic regression, e-cigarette use and advertising/media exposure were correlated (and both correlated with being younger). E-cigarette use also correlated with other tobacco product and marijuana use (and being male and white). Infrequent age verification correlated with commonly purchasing e-cigarettes online (and being older and black). Conclusions Increased efforts are needed to reduce young adult advertising/media exposure and increase retailer compliance among retailers, particularly online and vape shops.
It’s Not Bad People: Error in Medicine

“Don’t go there.” Howard Hiatt and Troy Brennan were emphatic: investigating medical error and writing about it would bring the wrath of the medical profession down on my head. But how could we not go there? How could we not go there, now that we knew from the Medical Practice Study (MPS) that 120,000 people were dying from medical errors every year? How could we not act?
Plastome Structural Evolution and Homoplastic Inversions in Neo-Astragalus (Fabaceae)

The plastid genomes of photosynthetic green plants have largely maintained conserved gene content and order as well as structure over hundreds of millions of years of evolution. Several plant lineages, however, have departed from this conservation and contain many plastome structural rearrangements, which have been associated with an abundance of repeated sequences both overall and near rearrangement endpoints. We sequenced the plastomes of 25 taxa of Astragalus L. (Fabaceae), a large genus in the inverted repeat-lacking clade of legumes, to gain a greater understanding of the connection between repeats and plastome inversions. We found plastome repeat structure has a strong phylogenetic signal among these closely related taxa mostly in the New World clade of Astragalus called Neo-Astragalus. Taxa without inversions also do not differ substantially in their overall repeat structure from four taxa each with one large-scale inversion. For two taxa with inversion endpoints between the same pairs of genes, differences in their exact endpoints indicate the inversions occurred independently. Our proposed mechanism for inversion formation suggests the short inverted repeats now found near the endpoints of the four inversions may be there as a result of these inversions rather than their cause. The longer inverted repeats now near endpoints may have allowed the inversions first mediated by shorter microhomologous sequences to propagate, something that should be considered in explaining how any plastome rearrangement becomes fixed regardless of the mechanism of initial formation.
Management of Perforators

Perforators are best defined as the small penetrating vessels that terminate in the deep substances of the brain and have minimal ability to provide collateral circulation. Surgeons are well acquainted with the perforators exiting the anterior communicating artery complex, middle cerebral artery, top of the basilar artery, and trunk of the basilar artery. This presentation discusses the management of these perforators and strategies to minimize their injury during surgery.
Justice and Christian Ethics

Justice and Christian Ethics is a study in the meaning and foundations of justice in modern society. Written from a theological perspective, its focus is upon the interaction of religion and law in their common pursuit of justice. Consideration is given, first, to the historical roots of justice in the classical tradition of virtue (Aristotle and Aquinas) and in the biblical ideas of covenant and the righteousness of God. Subsequent chapters trace the relationships between justice, law and virtue in Puritanism, in Locke, and in the founding documents of the American Republic in the late eighteenth century. In his concluding section, the author develops a covenantal interpretation of justice which includes both law and virtue, both human rights and the common good. Special attention is given to the pluralistic character of modern political societies; to criteria of distributive justice; and to religious resources for the renewal and transformation of justice.
Applications of Research to Problems of Candy Manufacture

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the applications of research to problems of candy manufacture. It outlines the wide diversity and complexity of the fundamental problems of candy manufacture and the limitless opportunities for further research in this field. It presents a broad classification of major confectionery raw materials together with statistics relative to the quantities used and their value. The numerous individual ingredients may be grouped conveniently into six major classes of food materials in addition to the miscellaneous pectic and protein products used as gel-forming or whipping agents. The chapter considers the recently acquired knowledge of the chemistry of each class of ingredients with emphasis upon its practical application in improving the methods of production and the quality of candies of all types. Many of the latest methods of analytical chemistry can be applied advantageously in process control as well as in establishing and maintaining standards for the raw materials and finished products. Recent contributions of each of these fields of investigation to progress in the candy industry have been reviewed and applicability of some of the more recent discoveries and techniques to research on unsolved problems of the industry have been indicated. The most fruitful contribution of research in this field is the gradual introduction of more exact and scientific guides for formulation and processing.
Predictive Control of a Multieffect Evaporation System

A multivariable predictive control strategy is tested on a full-scale multieffect evaporation process. Quadratic programming (QP) is used to determine the optimal adjustments in the manipulated variables while satisfying inequality constraints representing valve saturation and operational goals. Performance of the QP algorithm is compared with that of PI control.
Formation of molecular oxygen in ultracold O + O H collisions

We discuss the formation of molecular oxygen in ultracold collisions between hydroxyl radicals and atomic oxygen. A time-independent quantum formalism based on hyperspherical coordinates is employed for the calculations. Elastic, inelastic, and reactive cross sections as well as the vibrational and rotational populations of the product ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ molecules are reported. A $J$-shifting approximation is used to compute the rate coefficients. At temperatures $T=10--100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$ for which the OH molecules have been cooled and trapped experimentally, the elastic and reactive rate coefficients are of comparable magnitude, while at colder temperatures, $Tl1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$, the formation of molecular oxygen becomes the dominant pathway. The validity of a classical capture model to describe cold collisions of OH and O is also discussed. While very good agreement is found between classical and quantum results at $T=0.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, at higher temperatures, the quantum calculations predict a larger rate coefficient than the classical model, in agreement with experimental data for the $\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}$ reaction. The zero-temperature limiting value of the rate coefficient is predicted to be about $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{molecule}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, a value comparable to that of barrierless alkali-metal atom-dimer systems and about a factor of five larger than that of the tunneling dominated $\mathrm{F}+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ reaction.
Loop Shaping Design Related to LQG/LTR for SISO Minimum Phase Plants

One method of model-based compensator design for linear systems consists of two stages: state feedback design and observer design. A key issue in recent work in multivariable synthesis involves selecting the observer (state feedback) gain so that the final Loop transfer function is the same as the state feedback (observer) loop transfer function. This is called Loop Transfer Recovery (LTR)(1,4,6,7). This paper shows how identification of the internal mechanism of the LTR provides simple design rules with Little algebra for single-input single-output systems. In the SISO case, the LQG/LTR reduces to computation of a compensator that shapes the loop transfer function by 1) cancelling the zeros of the plant with the compensator poles, 2) locating a new set of zeros for the compensator to shape the loop transfer function.
Pointwise boundary stabilizability: two-dimensional hybrid elastic systems

The 2D hybrid elastic structure of a rectangular membrane linked with two rib strings on the boundary sides that have rigid bodies and pointwise controllers attached at the corner points is modeled as an abstract hyperbolic evolution equation. By the analysis of energy decay and omega -limit sets with dissipative feedback, a necessary and sufficient condition for stabilizability in the energy space is proved. If this condition is satisfied, then stabilization is achieved by pointwise boundary damping feedback. >
Optimal Routefinding Across Landscapes Featuring High‐cost Linear Obstacles

Existing GIS-based least-cost routefinding approaches can in some cases be confounded by linear features in the landscape whose crossing costs are high relative to other traversing costs found throughout the landscape. Unfortunately, such high-cost linear features are not uncommon; they frequently occur in the form of hydrologic features whose crossing costs are high relative to costs of traversing the surrounding dry land. This study (1) enumerates the situations where existing approaches can fail, (2) proposes a simple method for overcoming the limitations of the existing approaches, and (3) conducts an experiment to assess the impact of the weaknesses of existing approaches and the magnitude of the differences between the results produced by existing and revised approaches. Our results show that in mountainous terrain, linear hydrologic features with high crossing costs can have a profound impact on least-cost routes, and the choice of solution method has equally profound impacts on the optimal route produced by the analysis.
A Titrimetric Method for Determining Organic Acids and Bases in Urine

Organic acids and bases can be determined in a single procedure by first precipitating protein and removing carbonate with concentrated HCI, then adding Ca(OH)2 to precipitate phosphate and create an alkaline medium, removing ammonia by heat and suction, then finally titrating from pH 10.5 to 2.7 with dilute HCI.
Ignition of alpha-cellulose and cotton fabric by flame radiation

Spectral emission characteristics of radiation affect the ignition behavior of flammable materials subjected to the same incident irradiance levels from different irradiating sources. Experimental flame radiation results were obtained in an ignition cabinet utilizing sheets of flames as the irradiating source.
Mechanochemical reactions of elastomers with metals

Metal powders were incorporated into various elastomers and the mixtures were subjected to intense shearing in air or a nitrogen atmosphere. The molecular weight after shearing was still relatively high, however; greater than 100 kg/mol. The elastomer was then dissolved and centrifuged to remove the metal particles and the solution was analyzed for reaction products. A strongly ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing species was formed by shearing a styrene–butadiene copolymer (SBR) with iron powder. The concentration increased with the concentration of iron powder in the mixture and the extent of shearing, and it was greater after shearing in a nitrogen atmosphere. These results are attributed to the direct reaction of macromolecular radicals, formed by shearing, with iron powder to yield an iron–polymer compound. Natural rubber (cis-polyisoprene), which absorbed 100–200 μg of iron per gram of polymer, was about as reactive as SBR. Polybutadiene was less reactive, and an ethylene–propylene copolymer did not react with or solubilize a significant amount of iron. Zinc was, in general, solubilized to a somewhat lesser degree than iron, whereas aluminum powder appeared to undergo virtually no reaction with sheared elastomers. The maximum extent of reaction (solubilization) was of the order of one metal atom per final polymer molecule, which was consistent with the proposed mechanism. Moreover, an analogous reaction took place between simple organic radicals and iron particles in suspension.
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase mediates a pathway for transcriptional regulation.

Abstract Calcium influx in response to extracellular signals can modulate gene transcription. A constitutive, calcium/calmodulin-independent mutant of type II calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase was capable of increasing the transcription rate of specific genes independently of protein kinase C activation. This increase was mediated by transferable cis-active elements capable of binding the transcription factor CAAT/enhancer binding protein. Therefore, the activation of type II calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in response to stimuli that increase intracellular calcium is proposed to represent a distinct second messenger pathway in calcium-mediated regulation of gene transcription.
Stability and convergence of sequential methods for coupled flow and geomechanics: Fixed-stress and fixed-strain splits

Abstract We analyze stability and convergence of sequential implicit methods for coupled flow and geomechanics, in which the flow problem is solved first. We employ the von Neumann and energy methods for linear and nonlinear problems, respectively. We consider two sequential methods with the generalized midpoint rule for tn+α, where α is the parameter of time discretization: namely, the fixed-strain and fixed-stress splits. The von Neumann method indicates that the fixed-strain split is only conditionally stable, and that its stability limit is a coupling strength less than unity if α ⩾ 0.5. On the other hand, the fixed-stress split is unconditionally stable when α ⩾ 0.5, the amplification factors of the fixed-stress split are different from those of the undrained split and are identical to the fully coupled method. Unconditional stability of the fixed-stress split is also obtained from the energy method for poroelastoplasticity. We show that the fixed-stress split is contractive and B-stable when α ⩾ 0.5. We also estimate the convergence behaviors for the two sequential methods by the matrix based and spectral analyses for the backward Euler method in time. From the estimates, the fixed-strain split may not be convergent with a fixed number of iterations particularly around the stability limit even though it is stable. The fixed-stress split, however, is convergent for a fixed number of iterations, showing better accuracy than the undrained split. Even when we cannot obtain the exact local bulk modulus (or exact rock compressibility) at the flow step a priori due to complex boundary conditions or the nonlinearity of the materials, the fixed-stress split can still provide stability and convergence by an appropriate estimation of the local bulk modulus, such as the dimension-based estimation, by which the employed local bulk modulus is less stiff than the exact local bulk modulus. We provide numerical examples supporting all the estimates of stability and convergence for the fixed-strain and fixed-stress splits.
GABAA receptor heterogeneity, function, and implications for epilepsy

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the neurotransmitter of the local inhibitory neurons that control neuronal excitability and network interactions in the cerebral cortex. Most of the cortical inhibitory effects of GABA are mediated by GABAA receptors. Cortical GABAergic mechanisms are important in epileptogenesis and provide a target of antiepileptic drug therapy. Over the past several years, there has been increasing understanding of the heterogeneous molecular structure, function, and modulation of the GABAA receptors and the functional consequences of mutations affecting specific receptor subunits linked with various epilepsy syndromes. This new information provides a further insight into the mechanisms of epileptogenesis and potential for development of subunit-selective antiepileptic drugs. The GABAA receptors are pentameric chloride (Cl−) channels formed by various combinations of different types of α (α1 to α6), β (β1 to β3), γ (γ1 to γ3), δ, e, π, θ, and ρ (ρ1 to ρ3) subunits1,2 (figure 1). The different subunit combinations result in a great functional heterogeneity of GABAA receptors.2,3 GABA binding triggers opening of an intrinsic Cl− channel, allowing the rapid flux of Cl−. Most neurons in the adult brain maintain a low intracellular Cl− concentration due to the activity of a K+/Cl− cotransporter, and therefore in most cases, GABAA receptor activation produces a net entry of Cl−. This elicits inhibitory postsynaptic potentials due to both the hyperpolarizing effect of Cl− influx and shunting of excitatory synaptic inputs, resulting in a decreased probability of generation of an action potential. The GABAA receptors have several modulatory allosteric binding sites for benzodiazepines, neurosteroids, barbiturates, and general anesthetics, and their function is also affected by phosphorylation and the presence of divalent ions, such as zinc. …
Effects of convulsants on handling-induced convulsions in mice selected for ethanol withdrawal severity.

Abstract Withdrawal seizure-prone (WSP) mice were genetically selected to express severe handling-induced convulsions (HIC) upon cessation of chronic ethanol vapor inhalation. The HIC is a sensitive measuer of CNS excitability, and the current paper compares the effects of elevenv convulsant drugs on the HIC in WSP and WSR (withdrawal seizure-resistant) mice, the latter selected for minimal alcohol withdrawal HIC. If WSP and WSR mice were differentially sensitive to a subset of the tested drugs, a common mechanism of action for that subset would imply that genes influencing that mechanism were important in determining ethanol withdrawal severity. All drugs significantly enhanced HIC in WSP mice. The magnitude of enhancement was small forN-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA), kainic acid, BAY K 8644, Ro 15-4513, and strychnine; greater enhancement in WSP mice was seen after nicotine, and the direct and indirect γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonists bicuculline, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, picrotoxin,t-butylcyclophosphorothionate (TBPS), and pentylenetetrazol. Only two drugs, picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazol, had a marked effect on WSR mice: maximal effect of these drugs was equivalent in WSP and WSR mice. However, picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazol were more potent in WSP than in WSR mice. Three other GABA antagonists, bicuculin, 3-mercaptopriopionic acid, and TBPS, had a very small effect in WSR mice: these drugs also seemed to be more potent in WSP than in WSR mice. For all other tested drugs, maximal effect in WSP mice was much greater in WSP than in WSR mice. Given the minimal response of WSR mice to these other drugs, it was not possible to estimate potency, or to compare it with potency in WSP mice. WSP mice were clearly more sensitive to all tested drugs than WSR mice. Since WSP and WSR mice differed least in sensitivity to GABA-related compounds, these results suggest that differences in brain GABA systems may not be critical for the expression of genetic susceptibility or resistance to ethanol withdrawal severity. However, similar studies in animals withdrawing from ethanol may provide a better method for evaluating potential neuropharmacological correlates of withdrawal.
Combined mitral valve stenosis and tricuspid valve stenosis: morphologic observations after mitral and tricuspid valve replacements or mitral replacement and tricuspid valve commissurotomy.

Abstract Among patients in the USA studied at necropsy with fatal valvular heart disease, the most frequent single valve lesion is aortic stenosis (29%), next mitral stenosis (19%), followed by pure aortic regurgitation (12%) and mitral regurgitation (10%). 1 Among necropsy patients with dysfunction of more than 1 cardiac valve (excluding patients with tricuspid regurgitation without anatomic abnormality of the tricuspid valve leaflets and chordae tendineae), the most common is combined mitral stenosis and aortic stenosis (15%) followed by combined mitral stenosis and aortic regurgitation (6%); then, combined pure mitral regurgitation and pure aortic regurgitation (4%); then, combined aortic stenosis and pure mitral regurgitation (2%), then, combined tricuspid, mitral and aortic valve stenosis (2%); and last, combined tricuspid valve stenosis and mitral valve stenosis (0.40%). 1 This presentation describes necropsy findings in 6 patients who had mitral valve replacement for mitral valve stenosis combined with tricuspid valve replacement or commissurotomy for tricuspid valve stenosis.
Sulfate Aerosol Control of Tropical Atlantic Climate over the Twentieth Century

The tropical Atlantic interhemispheric gradient in sea surface temperature significantly influences the rainfallclimateofthetropicalAtlanticsector,includingdroughtsoverWestAfricaandNortheastBrazil.This gradient exhibits a secular trend from the beginning of the twentieth century until the 1980s, with stronger warmingin the southrelative tothe north. Thistrend behavior is on top of amultidecadalvariationassociated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. A similar long-term forced trend is found in a multimodel ensemble of forced twentieth-century climate simulations. Through examining the distribution of the trend slopes in the multimodel twentieth-century and preindustrial models, the authors conclude that the observed trend in the gradient is unlikely to arise purely from natural variations; this study suggests that at least half the observed trend is a forced response to twentieth-century climate forcings. Further analysis using twentiethcentury single-forcing runs indicates that sulfate aerosol forcing is the predominant cause of the multimodel trend.Theauthorsconcludethatanthropogenicsulfateaerosolemissions,originatingpredominantlyfromthe Northern Hemisphere, may have significantly altered the tropical Atlantic rainfall climate over the twentieth century.
YUGO-NOSTALGIA, PRAGMATISM, AND REALITY: THE FAILURE OF INTER-REPUBLIC COOPERATION AMONG THE REPUBLICS OF THE FORMER SOCIALIST YUGOSLAVIA DURING THE 1990s[1]

In 1991, the reality of Yugoslavia came to an abrupt end. In quick succession the republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina and Macedonia broke off from the Yugoslav federal state and ende...
Masculinity Ideology, Male Reference Group Identity Dependence, and African American Men’s Health-Related Attitudes and Behaviors

This research assessed factors that may relate to African American men’s health-related attitudes and behaviors. African American men (N 208) completed measures of masculinity ideology, male identity, and health attitudes and behaviors. Results showed that male identity and nontraditional masculinity were associated with men’s healthrelated behaviors. In addition, nontraditional masculinity mediated the relationship between male identity and health-related behaviors. Implications for counseling and community and societal interventions with African American men are discussed.
Effects of feed, breed and year on pregnancy in ewe lambs

Abstract Ewe lambs from five breeds were early-weaned from ewes kept on fenced sagebrush-grass range. Following weaning the lambs were fed in dry lot or supplemented on pasture or dry fall range at different rates during the prebreeding and 50-day breeding periods. Feed treatments within years and within the range observed had no significant effects on pregnancy. Breed had a consistent and highly significant (P
Intestinal permeability testing using lactulose and rhamnose: a comparison between clinically normal cats and dogs and between dogs of different breeds.

In the experiment reported here, the lactulose/rhamnose urinary excretion test was used to compare intestinal permeability between four breeds of healthy adult dogs and a group of healthy adult cats. A significant difference in permeability was found between dogs and cats (P <0.001) and between different breeds of dogs (P <0.005). The range of urinary lactulose/rhamnose ratios in the dogs in this study (0.07-0.61) was wider than previously reported (0.03-0.12). The mean value for dogs was 0.19. The range in cats was 0.41-1.25 and the mean 0.52. The results of this study suggest that breed or some other factor such as environment, diet or sexual status as well as species should be taken into account when assessing intestinal permeability using the lactulose/rhamnose urinary excretion test.
'Patchwork' fields in thermoradiotherapy for extensive chest wall recurrences of breast carcinoma

Chest wall lesions of advanced breast carcinoma in 23 patients were treated with thermoradiotherapy with clinical intent between January 1987 and March 1992. Treatment consisted of external 915 MHz microwave hyperthermia with commercially available applicators and radiation therapy to doses between 32–58 Gy. Twenty-three large, diffuse lesions were treated with multiple field patchwork hyperthermia. All lesions were diffuse with or without multiple nodules ≤ 3 cm depth. All lesions had failed previous therapy. The mean number of hyperthermia fields per patient was 3.2 ± 0.4 (range of 2–7). The complete response rate was 91% in this group of extensive, diffuse lesions treated by the patchwork technique. Mean total radiation dose administered concurrently with multiple field patchwork hyperthermia was 42 ± 1 Gy. The recurrence rate was 5%. The mean survival in patients who had a complete response was 9.0 ± 1.3 months. The reduced survival among patchwork treated patients was due to the extensive tumor burden existing outside of the treated fields in these patients. The skin reactions were minor, causing minimal discomfort. There was no evidence of increased thermal damage to skin, or of tumor recurrence at junctions of hyperthermia field overlap. It is concluded that extensive, diffuse lesions of chest wall recurrence of advanced carcinoma of the breast can be treated effectively with multiple field patchwork thermotherapy.
Low Cetane Fuels in Compression Ignition Engine to Achieve LTC

The conventional combustion processes of Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI) have their respective merits and demerits. Internal combustion engines use certain fuels to utilize those conventional combustion technologies. High octane fuels are required to operate the engine in SI mode, while high cetane fuels are preferable for CI mode of operation. Those conventional combustion techniques struggle to meet the current emissions norms while retaining high efficiency. In particular, oxides of nitrogen (NOx ) and particulate matter (PM) emissions have limited the utilization of diesel fuel in compression ignition engines, and conventional gasoline operated SI engines are not fuel efficient. Advanced combustion concepts have shown the potential to combine fuel efficiency and improved emissions performance. Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) offers reduced NOx and PM emissions with comparable modern diesel engine efficiencies. The ability of premixed, low-temperature compression ignition to deliver low PM and NOx emissions is dependent on achieving optimal combustion phasing. Variations in injection pressures, injection schemes and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) are studied with low octane gasoline LTC. Reductions in emissions are a function of combustion phasing and local equivalence ratio. Engine speed, load, EGR quantity, compression ratio and fuel octane number are all factors that influence combustion phasing. Low cetane fuels have shown comparable diesel efficiencies with low NOx emissions at reasonably high power densities.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Boron‐nitrogen compounds. 82. Vibrational spectra of bis(dimethylamino) haloboranes

The vibrational spectra of bis(dimethylamino)haloboranes, [(CH3)2N]2BX, with X = Cl, Br, I, have been recorded. The proposed assignments to the fundamentals are substantiated by the results of a normal coordinate treatment. Extensive coupling of fundamentals precludes a diagnostic use of the boron-halogen stretching frequency without consideration of the environment of the boron atom. Bor-Stickstoff-Verbindungen. 82. Die Schwingungsspektren von Bis(dimethylamino)-halogenboranen Die Schwingungsspektren von Bis(dimethylamino)halogenboranen [(CH3)2N]2BX mit X = Cl, Br, I wurden aufgenommen. Die vorgeschlagenen Zuordnungen zu den Grundschwingungen stehen im Einklang mit den Ergebnissen einer Normalkoordinatenanalyse. Weitgehende Schwingungskopplungen verbieten eine diagnostische Anwendung der Bor-Halogen-Streckschwingung ohne Berucksichtigung der weiteren Borsubstituenten.
Identification of Two Distinct Pathways of Protein Kinase Cα Down-regulation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Signal transduction pathways are controlled by desensitization mechanisms, which can affect receptors and/or downstream signal transducers. It has long been recognized that members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of signal transduction molecules undergo down-regulation in response to activation. Previous reports have indicated that key steps in PKCα desensitization include caveolar internalization, priming site dephosphorylation, ubiquitination of the dephosphorylated protein, and degradation by the proteasome. In the current study, comparative analysis of PKCα processing induced by the PKC agonists phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and bryostatin 1 in IEC-18 rat intestinal epithelial cells demonstrates that: (a) at least two pathways of PKCα down-regulation can co-exist within cells, and (b) a single PKC agonist can activate both pathways at the same time. Using a combined biochemical and morphological approach, we identify a novel pathway of PKCα desensitization that involves ubiquitination of mature, fully phosphorylated activated enzyme at the plasma membrane and subsequent down-regulation by the proteasome. The phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A accelerated PKCα down-regulation and inhibitors of vesicular trafficking did not prevent degradation of the protein, indicating that neither internalization nor priming site dephosphorylation are requisite intermediate steps in this ubiquitin/proteasome dependent pathway of PKCα down-regulation. Instead, caveolar trafficking and dephosphorylation are involved in a second, proteasome-independent mechanism of PKCα desensitization in this system. Our findings highlight subcellular distribution and phosphorylation state as critical determinants of PKCα desensitization pathways.
Immunohistochemistry staining for the mismatch repair proteins in the clinical care of patients with colorectal cancer.

Purpose: The Ohio State University was one of the first medical centers to begin routinely performing immunohistochemical staining for the four mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2) on all newly diagnosed patients with colorectal cancer. The results of implementing this testing on a clinical basis are critically assessed. Methods: From March 1, 2006, to March 31, 2008, 270 newly diagnosed colorectal cancer tumors received immunohistochemical staining for MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. If any stain was absent, the cancer genetic counselors were alerted, so that they could contact the patient. A follow-up genetic consultation was recommended for all patients with any stain absent other than MLH1 and to patients with absence of MLH1 ± PMS2 who were diagnosed younger than 60 years had a multiple Lynch syndrome-associated cancers or had a first-degree relative with colorectal cancer or endometrial cancer. Those attending the genetic consultation were offered appropriate follow-up testing. Results: There were 57 (21.1%) cases with abnormal immunohistochemical results. Genetics was able to contact 54 (94.7%) of these patients. It was determined that 34 (62.9%) of these 54 patients should be referred for a cancer genetics consultation, however, only nine (26.5%) made an appointment. Seven of the nine underwent additional testing, which was informative in five of the patients. Two (0.7%) new cases of Lynch syndrome were diagnosed and three patients were found to have proven/probable MLH1 promoter methylation. Conclusions: Routine immunohistochemical of the mismatch repair proteins on all newly diagnosed patients with colorectal cancer can be implemented clinically, however, patient uptake of follow-up genetic consultation is lower than expected.
Use of a mathematical model to bridge the clinic-laboratory gap: local spread of endometrial cancer.

Abstract Biologists, in the laboratory, see cancer cells as individual entities while physicians, in the clinic, see them as tumor masses. A mathematical model is described which bridges the relationship between the observations in the clinic and the underlying movements of the individual tumor cells. For this purpose the model is developed according to the protocol of an actual study of patients with cancer of the endometrium and includes the effect of preoperative radiation treatment in reducing the visible size of the tumor. In this way it is possible to obtain a quantitative estimate of the radiation effect. The model is also used to estimate the motility of tumor cells in vivo and this is compared with measurements obtained in the laboratory. A short discussion is presented of how mathematical models could become useful tools for bridging the gap between discovery in the laboratory and application in the clinic.
Regenerable Bacterial Membrane Electrode for L-Aspartate

Abstract The use of living bacteria held at the surface of an NH3 gas sensing membrane electrode permits the construction of a potentiometric sensor for L-aspartate. It is shown that the bacterial electrode, when stored in nutrient media, can have an appreciably longer lifetime than the corresponding electrode based on isolated L-aspartase enzyme. The response range and dynamic properties of the bacterial electrode are comparable to those of the enzyme electrode.
Early-Season Plant Nitrate Test for Leaf Yield and Nitrate Concentration of Air-Cured Burley Tobacco

Profitable yield and satisfactory leaf quality of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) require proper management of N fertilizer. The level of tissue NO 3 - in tobacco may be a suitable diagnostic test of crop N sufficiency that could be used for N management decisions. This study determined the suitability of early-season tissue NO 3 - as a predictor of air-cured leaf yield and NO 3 - concentration. Burley tobacco was grown in 1991 and 1992 on a well-drained Maury silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic, Typic Paleudalf) and a moderately well-drained Captina silt loam (fine, silty, siliceous, mesic Typic Fragiudult) broadcast fertilized just before transplanting with 0 to 392 kg N ha -1 . Tissue NO 3 - levels of plants sampled from 3 to 5 wk after transplanting and air-cured leaf yields increased with increasing amounts of fertilizer N. Responses differed depending on location and year. When the results were expressed as the percentage of the maximum within year and location, the relationship of leaf yield to early-season NO 3 - was described by a single linear equation (y = 51.0 + 0.448x; r 2 = 0.808, P ≤ 0.001). However, to use this equation, it would be necessary to include in each tobacco field evaluated a strip of fertilizer N producing near maximum yield. The NO 3 - concentration of burley tobacco between 3 and 5 wk after transplanting was suitable for predicting the NO 3 - concentration of air-cured leaf lamina from the top, middle, and bottom stalk positions, and appeared to be insensitive to year and location effects. Use of plant NO3 concentration, as an early-season diagnostic test to predict N sufficiency and NO 3 - concentration of cured leaf lamina, appeared to offer promise for better N management of burley tobacco. Such a test during the interval between 3 and 5 wk after transplanting fits well into the normal cultivation practices. However, further research would be needed to calibrate the amount of additional N required to correct N deficits by banding N.
An in vivo assay for measuring the recombination potential between DNA sequences in mammalian cells.

Mammalian intermolecular recombination vectors that place the recombination junction within the intron of a selectable marker gene are presented. Many of the previously reported recombination assays require that recombination occur homologously and that they occur within the coding region of the selectable marker. This vector system involves the use of a human thymidine kinase (tk) minigene and measures the recombination frequency between any chosen DNA sequences, in mammalian thymidine kinase negative cells. The tk minigene is divided into a 5′ vector and a 3′ vector. In the 5′ vector, the DNA sequence of interest is inserted in the proximal portion of tk intron 2. In the 3′ vector, the DNA sequence of interest is inserted in the intron sequence between the proteolipid protein exon 2 and tk exons 3–7. Recombination through the DNA sequences of interest, either homologous or illegitimate, will reconstruct a functional tk minigene. The recombination junction is spliced out of the transcribed mRNA and thymidine kinase positive cells can be selected in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine medium. We have tested these vectors to measure the recombination potential of two Alu repetitive sequences (BLUR 8 and BLUR 11) against a control DNA sequence. BLUR 8 and BLUR 11 do not seem to recombine at a significantly higher frequency over that of the control DNA sequence. These recombination vectors display similar sensitivity to previous recombination systems, but allow tremendous flexibility in the choice of potentially recombinogenic sequences.
REAL-TIME DISPATCHING: SCHEDULING STABILITY AND PRECEDENCE

This paper introduces a new graph theoretical concept called strong precedence which is used to address the problem of scheduling instability is non-preemptive static list scheduling. Scheduling instability occurs when a reduction in task duration of one or more tasks causes other tasks to miss their deadline. This problem has been addressed in the past by introducing additional precedence constraints into the precedence graph representing the workload, or by limiting the depth the dispatchers scan at run-time. We present an alternative stabilization approach based on the concept of strong and weak precedence. By defining a strong precedence relation on selected subgraphs, the workload becomes inherently stable without requiring the introduction of new edges into the graph.