cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variability in the practice of emergency radiology: a survey of the members of the American Society of Emergency Radiology

Objective: To assess the variation in practice for selected clinical scenarios among members of the American Society of Emergency Radiology. Methods: A survey was distributed to assess the standard imaging approach to nine common emergency radiology clinical scenarios. Institutional demographics were also assessed. The respondent's institution was used as the primary unit of analysis. Results: A total of 140 institutions were included in the primary analysis. Major variation was identified in the imaging approach to all scenarios studied. Practice size and type did not explain the variation. However, significant differences (P < 0.006) were observed between practice in the United States and the remainder of the world. Conclusions: There is no consensus among the members of the American Society of Emergency Radiology as to the best imaging approach to nine common clinical problems. The identification of this variation may serve as the seed for future research and discussion.
Impact of diurnally-varying skin temperature on surface fluxes over the tropical Pacific

Multi-year hourly data of air temperature, wind speed, and humidity from the TOGA TAO moored buoys over the tropical Pacific along with our derived hourly sea surface skin temperature data are analyzed to show that there are substantial diurnal variations of monthly averaged surface fluxes of latent heat, sensible heat, and momentum (e.g., one-third of the cases show monthly averaged latent heat diurnal amplitudes greater than 20 Wm−2). Daily or monthly average surface temperatures cannot provide such flux variations, suggesting that numerical modeling may require the inclusion of the diurnal variation of surface skin temperature.
Bias annealing of doped amorphous silicon

Abstract Experiments are described which explore the changes in the densities of electrons or holes in doped amorphous silicon when it is annealed with an applied bias. Such bias annealing produces a metastable enhancement of the doping efficiency by altering the distribution of localized states. A model is proposed in which the effects are directly related to the doping mechanism of amorphous silicon.
SCIENTIFIC OUTPUT IN THE THIRD WORLD

Although such indicators exhibit only certain aspects of the contribution of science to a country, the number of scientific authors in a given year is plotted for every year between 1971 and 1976, inclusive, and the number of scientific authors divided by the population of the country is also given for those years. The number of scientific authors is the number of scientists who published at least one article in a journal in that given year. The data were taken from a survey which, although it covers only about 4000 scientific journals, includes a large fraction of all articles published. The results are given in 43 graphs, the first 17 of which show the number of authors and the second 16 the authors per capita. The graphs are divided according to geographical areas: Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, and within each region countries with roughly comparable output or output per capita are grouped together. The last ten graphs show the growth rates of authors and of authors per capita, compared to the 1971 values, for groups of countries aggregated according to various parameters with which correlation is being investigated. Continent, size of population literacy rate about 25 years before, the percentage of gross national product spent on military expenditures, and colonial past.
Solvent dynamics following charge transfer at the liquid-liquid interface

Abstract The dynamics of solvent reorganization following charge transfer at the interface between two immiscible liquids, one polar and the other non-polar are investigated by molecular dynamics. Both charge separation and charge recombination processes in two different orientations at the surface are considered and are compared with the same processes in the bulk polar solvent. The relaxation at the surface is significantly slower than in the bulk, in contrast to predictions of continuum models. The linear response approximation works reasonably well in the bulk but fails at the interface. The Langevin model is in poor agreement with the exact equilibrium correlations, especially at short time, but can qualitatively account for the overall rate.
Molecular-dynamics computer simulation of amorphous molybdenum-germanium alloys.

A set of effective two-body and three-body empirical interatomic potentials are proposed for describing the short-range structure of amorphous alloys of molybdenum and germanium. Molecular-dynamics computer simulation calculations were performed for these alloys for a wide range of compositions with use of these potentials. The resulting structures have radial distribution functions, differential distribution functions, and partial distribution functions that are in very good agreement with recent x-ray scattering experiments of Kortright and Bienenstock for all the compositions studied. The experimental observation is confirmed that Mo atoms do not substitute into the germanium random network at low Mo concentrations. The calculations predict that at low concentrations the metal atoms tend to cluster together and that they significantly distort the random tetrahedral network of the germanium atoms in their vicinity.
Extractive reaction: Batch‐ and continuous‐flow chemical‐reaction systems, concentrated case

The theory of extractive reaction is extended to concentrated solutions where the distribution coefficients are no longer constant and where important changes in phase volumes may occur. The methods developed are applicable to simple or complex reactions of any order. Two- and one-solvent systems are treated, and convenient graphical methods are developed and illustrated with numerical examples.
Disorder of an AlAs‐GaAs superlattice by impurity diffusion

Data are presented showing that Zn diffusion into an AlAs‐GaAs superlattice (41 Lz∼45‐A GaAs layers, 40 LB∼150‐A AlAs layers), or into AlxGa1−xAs‐GaAs quantum‐well heterostructures, increases the Al‐Ga interdiffusion at the heterointerfaces and creates, even at low temperature (<600 °C), uniform compositionally disordered AlxGa1−xAs. For the case of the superlattice, the diffusion‐induced disordering causes a change from direct‐gap AlAs‐GaAs (Eg∼1.61 eV) to indirect‐gap AlxGa1−xAs (x∼0.77, EgX∼2.08 eV).
Experimental observations and nucleation and growth theory of polyhedral magnetic ferrite nanoparticles synthesized using an RF plasma torch

Abstract We have used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the morphologies of ferrite nanoparticles synthesized using a radio frequency plasma torch. These nanoparticles were faceted, having cuboctahedral polygonal growth forms with exclusively the {1 1 1} and {1 0 0} type faces. A model for the critical nucleus shapes and the growth forms of small cuboctahedral particles is proposed considering the Helmholtz free energies for nucleation and growth. The critical nucleus shape is predicted to be either a perfect cube or a perfect octahedron, while the equilibrium growth forms are the truncated shapes. High-resolution TEM observations of individual nanoparticles reveal that the smallest nanoparticles exhibit perfect octahedral shapes, while larger particles have truncated octahedral shapes. These observations are consistent with the model predictions. The morphology observations are also consistent with 0.95 γ 1 0 0 γ 1 1 1 1.14 , where γ1 0 0 and γ1 1 1 are the surface energies of the (1 0 0) and (1 1 1) surfaces, respectively.
Prospective type 1 and type 2 disulfides of Keap1 protein.

Experiments were carried out to detect cysteine residues on human Keap1 protein that may be sensors of oxidative stress that gives rise to changes in the GSH/GSSG redox couple. Human Keap1 protein, at a final concentration of 6 μM, was incubated for two hours in aqueous buffer containing 0.010 M GSH, pH 8, in an argon atmosphere. Subsequently, excess iodoacetamide and trypsin were added to generate a peptide map effected by LCMS analysis. Peptides containing all 27 carboxamidomethylated cysteines were identified. Replacement of GSH by 0.010 M GSSG yielded a map in which 13 of the original carboxamidomethylated peptides were unperturbed, while other caboxamidomethylated cysteine-containing peptides were undetected, and a number of new cysteine-containing peptide peaks were observed. By mass analysis, and in some cases, by isolation, reduction, carboxamidomethylation, and reanalysis, these were identified as S-glutathionylated (Type 1) or Cys-Cys (Type 2) disulfides. Such peptides derived from the N-termina...
Generalized Hopfield Networks and Nonlinear Optimization

A nonlinear neural framework, called the Generalized Hopfield network, is proposed, which is able to solve in a parallel distributed manner systems of nonlinear equations. The method is applied to the general nonlinear optimization problem. We demonstrate GHNs implementing the three most important optimization algorithms, namely the Augmented Lagrangian, Generalized Reduced Gradient and Successive Quadratic Programming methods. The study results in a dynamic view of the optimization problem and offers a straightforward model for the parallelization of the optimization computations, thus significantly extending the practical limits of problems that can be formulated as an optimization problem and which can gain from the introduction of nonlinearities in their structure (eg. pattern recognition, supervised learning, design of content-addressable memories).
Learning Bayesian Networks with qualitative constraints

Graphical models such as Bayesian networks (BNs) are being increasingly applied to various computer vision problems. One bottleneck in using BN is that learning the BN model parameters often requires a large amount of reliable and representative training data, which proves to be difficult to acquire for many computer vision tasks. On the other hand, there is often available qualitative prior knowledge about the model. Such knowledge comes either from domain experts based on their experience or from various physical or geometric constraints that govern the objects we try to model. Unlike the quantitative prior, the qualitative prior is often ignored due to the difficulty of incorporating them into the model learning process. In this paper, we introduce a closed-form solution to systematically combine the limited training data with some generic qualitative knowledge for BN parameter learning. To validate our method, we compare it with the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation method under sparse data and with the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm under incomplete data respectively. To further demonstrate its applications for computer vision, we apply it to learn a BN model for facial action unit (AU) recognition from real image data. The experimental results show that with simple and generic qualitative constraints and using only a small amount of training data, our method can robustly and accurately estimate the BN model parameters.
Does Hugging Provide Stress-Buffering Social Support? A Study of Susceptibility to Upper Respiratory Infection and Illness

Perceived social support has been hypothesized to protect against the pathogenic effects of stress. How such protection might be conferred, however, is not well understood. Using a sample of 404 healthy adults, we examined the roles of perceived social support and received hugs in buffering against interpersonal stress-induced susceptibility to infectious disease. Perceived support was assessed by questionnaire, and daily interpersonal conflict and receipt of hugs were assessed by telephone interviews on 14 consecutive evenings. Subsequently, participants were exposed to a virus that causes a common cold and were monitored in quarantine to assess infection and illness signs. Perceived support protected against the rise in infection risk associated with increasing frequency of conflict. A similar stress-buffering effect emerged for hugging, which explained 32% of the attenuating effect of support. Among infected participants, greater perceived support and more-frequent hugs each predicted less-severe illness signs. These data suggest that hugging may effectively convey social support.
The structure of encoders for channels with feedback

We extend our previous work on channels with feedback to cases with partial feedback. Specifically [2], [3] treated the case of channels with memory and full output feedback. In this paper we treat the case of general channels with memory and partial deterministic feedback. One of the main difficulties in this problem has to do with the fact that the transmitter and the receiver may have different information about the state of the channel. We show how to choose appropriate sufficient statistics at both the transmitter and receiver. To this end we introduce the notion of joint sufficiency. These jointly sufficient statistics give insight into the structure of the channel encoder. We then formulate the capacity problem as an infinite horizon average cost stochastic control problem. The resulting Bellman equation leads to an implicit single-letter characterization of the capacity.
Structural consequences of the pH-induced conformational switch in A.polyphemus pheromone-binding protein: mechanisms of ligand release.

Olfaction in moths is one of the most impressive examples of chemical communication found in nature for its exquisite sensitivity and selectivity. Pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs), present in the antennae of male moth and other insect species, bind the hydrophobic pheromone molecules and transport them to the G protein-coupled olfactory receptor proteins. The targeted delivery of these non-polar ligands to membrane-bound receptors involves ligand release on or near the target cell membranes, the molecular details of which are still not well understood. The PBP from the giant silk moth Antheraea polyphemus (ApolPBP) binds acetate pheromone only at pH above 6.0, and its structure at pH 6.3 has been determined previously. Here we report the solution NMR structure of ApolPBP at the acidic pH 5.2. Comparison of the present structure to that at neutral pH reveals the details of the pH-induced conformational changes and provides mechanistic clues for ligand release at acidic pH. The ApolPBP pH-induced structural change is quite different from that observed for alcohol binding Bombyx mori PBP (BmorPBP), where the C-terminal segment folds into a helix and occupies the ligand binding cavity. We observe a reorientation of helices a1, a3, and a4 at acidic pH caused by protonation of His69, His70 and His95 in the interior. This provides the driving force behind the opening of the ligand binding cavity and the release of the pheromone molecule from its carrier protein near the membrane.
On internal models for specified plant parameter variations

Frequency domain methods are used to develop necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an internal model precompensator that provides internal stability and output regulation when specified structural perturbations occur in plant parameters. It is shown that if the exogenous signal modes are invariant under parameter perturbations and if nominal plant transmission zeros do not coincide with these modes, then a suitable precompensator exists.
Science and God: An automatic opposition between ultimate explanations

Science and religion have come into conflict repeatedly throughout history, and one simple reason for this is the two offer competing explanations for many of the same phenomena. We present evidence that the conflict between these two concepts can occur automatically, such that increasing the perceived value of one decreases the automatic evaluation of the other. In Experiment 1, scientific theories described as poor explanations decreased automatic evaluations of science, but simultaneously increased automatic evaluations of God. In Experiment 2, using God as an explanation increased automatic evaluations of God, but decreased automatic evaluations of science. Religion and science both have the potential to be ultimate explanations, and these findings suggest that this competition for explanatory space can create an automatic opposition in evaluations.
Business and Political Finance in the United Kingdom

This article examines business donations to the Conservative Party during the Thatcher era. It argues that these donations cannot be treated as equivalent to PAC (political action committee) contributions in the United States. On the basis of data collected for the largest 500 British firms, the article argues that beyond market characteristics, it is also important to look at the motivations of businessmen and what the party can do to encourage donations. This represents an alternative explanation to Useem's influential inner circle thesis for why firms contribute to the Conservative Party.
Improving Survival among HIV-Infected Injection Drug Users: How Should We Define Success?

More than a decade after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) became available, extensive literature has documented the dramatic impact of HAART in reducing progression to AIDS and in improving survival among HIV-infected persons. However, a lingering issue regarding the effectiveness of HAART has been whether the survival benefit is fully extended to all risk groups—in particular, to injection drug users (IDUs). In this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Muga et al. [1] provide evidence that the duration of survival among HIV-infected IDUs in Barcelona, Spain, has improved during the HAART era. In fact, among IDUs who were admitted to a drug treatment program since 1997, mortality rates for persons with and persons without HIV infection were roughly equivalent. The study reinforces the fact that HIV treatments are indeed effective among IDUs, and it highlights the discrepant results observed in comparisons of the effectiveness of HAART among IDU and non-IDU populations.
Urbanization as an Agent in Latin American Political Instability: The Case of Mexico

A large descriptive and conjectural literature has evolved during the past decade suggesting that rapid urbanization—conceived primarily as a massive demographic shift from country to city—constitutes an important agent of political instability in much of Latin America, favoring the growth of alienation and radicalism. This effect is frequently attributed to the frustration of migrant expectations for economic improvement and social mobility in the large cities, or to the processes of personal and social disorganization allegedly inherent in the migration experience. Although field researchers have long suspected the inadequacy of such theory, derived largely from the urbanization experiences of advanced Western nations, for explaining political instability in Latin America, there have been few systematic attempts at testing the various propositions and unconfirmed generalizations advanced by the “urban instability-crisis-and-chaos” theorists. This paper attempts to explore, if not to test, some of the empirical implications of the general theoretical conceptions of the urbanizing process and its socio-political consequences as developed in recent social science literature on Latin America. Mexico is selected for analysis both by virtue of its extremely rapid rate of rural-urban migration in recent years and because of the opportunities afforded by the availability for Mexico of detailed survey data from a number of independent sources to examine systematically a wide range of theoretically relevant variables and relationships posited in the urbanization literature. While in certain areas (as indicated below) the particular nature of the Mexican political system and developmental pattern may render these findings imperfect as predictors for other parts of Latin America, the analysis presented here should serve to identify the major inadequacies of existing theory and illustrate the need for new conceptual models which can encompass both stabilizing and destabilizing concomitants of rapid urban concentration in a developing nation.
Does policy matter in shadow education spending? Revisiting the effects of the high school equalization policy in South Korea

In 1972, the South Korean government proposed the high school equalization policy (HSEP) to eliminate high-stakes exams and introduce random school assignment to high school entrance. This policy was intended to reduce a financial burden imposed on families due to the costs of children’s shadow education. Since its first implementation in major cities in 1974, the HSEP has been increasingly expanded to many regions across South Korea. Yet little known is about whether the HSEP has achieved its policy goal in terms of decreasing the demand for shadow education. Using data from a longitudinal survey of a nationally representative sample of South Korean seventh graders, this study assesses the extent to which the HSEP makes a difference in changes in household expenditures on shadow education during the middle school (grades 7–9). Propensity score matching methods are used to remove selection bias and test the heterogeneity of the effects of the HSEP. Results show small effects for the HSEP in reducing the financial burden of shadow education spending on families, particularly for lower income families. The findings suggest that the government intervention by reducing disparities among schools and competition for entering a particular school makes a difference in shadow education spending.
Fringe Glycosyltransferases Differentially Modulate Notch1 Proteolysis Induced by Delta1 and Jagged1

Fringe O-fucose-beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases modulate Notch signaling by potentiating signaling induced by Delta-like ligands, while inhibiting signaling induced by Serrate/Jagged1 ligands. Based on binding studies, the differential effects of Drosophila fringe (DFng) on Notch signaling are thought to result from alterations in Notch glycosylation that enhance binding of Delta to Notch but reduce Serrate binding. Here, we report that expression of mammalian fringe proteins (Lunatic [LFng], Manic [MFng], or Radical [RFng] Fringe) increased Delta1 binding and activation of Notch1 signaling in 293T and NIH 3T3 cells. Although Jagged1-induced signaling was suppressed by LFng and MFng, RFng enhanced signaling induced by either Delta1 or Jagged1, underscoring the diversity of mammalian fringe glycosyltransferases in regulating signaling downstream of different ligand-receptor combinations. Interestingly, suppression of Jagged1-induced Notch1 signaling did not correlate with changes in Jagged1 binding as found for Delta1. Our data support the idea that fringe glycosylation increases Delta1 binding to potentiate signaling, but we propose that although fringe glycosylation does not reduce Jagged1 binding to Notch1, the resultant ligand-receptor interactions do not effectively promote Notch1 proteolysis required for activation of downstream signaling events.
Progress in Central Nervous System Lymphomas

Until recently, primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) was associated with a uniformly dismal prognosis. It is now reasonable to anticipate long-term survival and possibly cure for a significant proportion of patients diagnosed with PCNSL. Accumulated data generated over the past 10 years has provided evidence that long-term progression-free survival (PFS) can reproducibly be attained in a significant fraction of PCNSL patients that receive dose-intensive chemotherapy consolidation, without whole brain radiotherapy. One consolidative regimen that has reproducibly demonstrated promise is the combination of infusional etoposide plus high-dose cytarabine (EA), administered in first complete remission after methotrexate, temozolomide and rituximab-based induction. Given evolving principles of management and the mounting evidence for reproducible improvements in survival rates in prospective clinical series, our goal in this review is to highlight and update principles in diagnosis, staging and management as well as to review data regarding the pathogenesis of central nervous system lymphomas, information that is likely to constitute a basis for the implementation of novel therapies that are requisite for further progress in this unique phenotype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Community Structure and Environmental Conditions in Florida Shallow Lakes Dominated by Submerged Aquatic Vegetation

Abstract Florida inland waters are dominated by shallow lakes, many of which support the growth of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). We examined the species composition and selected environmental variables of SAV-dominated lakes using data from the Florida LAKEWATCH program. Our analysis revealed eight genera with approximately 15 species of SAV among these shallow lakes, which range in size from <2–2,300 ha. The SAV community within each lake primarily consisted of a single or a few species. Utricularia and Hydrilla were the most common SAV genera found in these lakes. Many SAV species grew well in a wide range of water quality conditions, although biodiversity and biomass tended to increase with increasing alkalinity and calcium concentration. More SAV species were also found in lakes with higher pH and Secchi depth. On average, Ceratophyllum, Najas and Vallisneria dominated lakes with high total phosphorus (TP) concentrations (0.034–0.053 mg/L) while Chara, Utricularia, Potamogeton and Myriophyllum c...
Plasma sequestration: a good therapy to prevent the deleterious effect of clopidogrel when clopidogrel is used within one to four days of coronary bypass surgery.

Clopidogrel (Plavix) is an inhibitor of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, acting by direct inhibition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) binding to its receptor and of the subsequent ADP-mediated activation of the glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex. A common recommendation for coronary artery bypass surgery is to stop clopidogrel five to seven days before surgery.1 Patients taking clopidogrel within five days of surgery are more likely to show an increase in post-operative bleeding, an increase need for blood products, and an increased chance for secondary operations to control bleeding. This paper presents an option which appears to decrease the adverse effects of clopidogrel for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery within one to four days of stopping the use of clopidogrel. This option is autologous plasma sequestration. The process of plasma sequestration collection prior to the administration of heparin during surgery offers a significant therapy to minimize bleeding post bypass. Twelve consecu...
Historical Analysis of Legal Opinions with a Sparse Mixed-Effects Latent Variable Model

We propose a latent variable model to enhance historical analysis of large corpora. This work extends prior work in topic modelling by incorporating metadata, and the interactions between the components in metadata, in a general way. To test this, we collect a corpus of slavery-related United States property law judgements sampled from the years 1730 to 1866. We study the language use in these legal cases, with a special focus on shifts in opinions on controversial topics across different regions. Because this is a longitudinal data set, we are also interested in understanding how these opinions change over the course of decades. We show that the joint learning scheme of our sparse mixed-effects model improves on other state-of-the-art generative and discriminative models on the region and time period identification tasks. Experiments show that our sparse mixed-effects model is more accurate quantitatively and qualitatively interesting, and that these improvements are robust across different parameter settings.
On the visual growth of a turbulent mixing layer

Two models are discussed to account for the motion of the concentration interface in turbulent mixing layers. In the first one the interface is treated as a vortex sheet and its roll-up is studied. It is argued that this situation represents only the first stages of layer growth and another model is studied in detail in which a row of vortex cores entrains an essentially passive concentration interface with no vorticity. Both models give values of the spreading rate in approximate agreement with observations, and their relation is discussed.
Rethinking school bullying: towards an integrated model

Rethinking school bullying: towards an integrated model, by R. Dixon, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2011, 240 pp., $82.26, ISBN 978-0521889711 Bullying has rightfully earned its place among...
Optical Spectroscopy and X-Ray Detections of a Sample of Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei Selected in the Mid-Infrared from Two Spitzer Space Telescope Wide-Area Surveys

We present optical spectroscopy of a sample of 77 luminous active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and quasars selected on the basis of their mid-infrared colors. Our objects are selected from the Spitzer Extragalactic First Look Survey and the SWIRE XMM-Newton Large-Scale Structure Survey (XMM-LSS) fields, with a typical 24 μm flux density of 5 mJy. The median redshift is 0.6, with a range of ~0.05-4. Only 33% (25 out of 77) of these objects are normal type 1 quasars, with no obscuration. Forty-four percent (34 out of 77) are type 2 objects, with high-ionization, narrow emission lines, and 14% (11 out of 77) are dust-reddened type 1 quasars, showing broad lines but a dust-reddened or unusually weak quasar continuum. Nine percent (7 out of 77) show no sign of an AGN in the optical spectrum, having either starburst spectra or spectra that could be of either starburst or LINER type. These latter objects are analogous to the X-ray-detected population of AGNs with weak or nonexistent optical AGN emission (the X-ray-bright, optically normal galaxies). Of our objects from the SWIRE field, 21 fall within moderately deep XMM-Newton exposures. All the unobscured quasars and about half the obscured quasars are detected in these exposures. This sample, when taken together with other samples of Spitzer-selected AGNs and quasars and results from X-ray studies, confirms that obscured AGNs dominate the AGN and quasar number counts of all rapidly accreting supermassive black hole systems, at least for z ≾ 4. This implies a high radiative efficiency for the black hole accretion process.
Distribution and Steepness of Ripples on Carrier Waves

Abstract The slopes of ripples and the profiles of their carrier waves were simultaneously measured in a wind-wave tank with winds of various velocities blowing over preexisting, long, regular surface waves. The results include the apportionment and the slope distributions (and therefore the mean-square slopes) of ripples located on various portions of the carrier-wave profile. At low wind velocities, the surface-tension governing regime of wind-wave interaction, the leeward face of the carrier wave was found to contain more ripples than the windward face. The parasitic capillaries are concentrated on the upper half of the leeward face, and move along the leeward face toward the trough of carrier waves as the wind velocity increases. At high wind velocities, the gravity governing regime of wind-wave interaction, the ripples become more evenly distributed on the leeward and on the windward faces. How ever, the ripples on the windward face are concentrated near the carrier-wave crest, and the ripples on the...
The Quarrel with Perses and Hesiod’s Biographical Tradition

This paper attempts to explain why Hesiodic biographies consistently omit the poet's dispute with his brother Perses even though this quarrel is the dramatic setting for the Works and Days . I suggest that this omission is linked to ancient readings of the quarrel as fictional, which are attested in the scholia to the WD . Furthermore, I argue that the popular story of the contest between Homer and Hesiod offered a more intricate and interesting confrontation that eventually eclipsed the dispute with Perses in Hesiod’s biographical accounts.
Minimum-Time Trajectory Optimization of Low-Thrust Earth-Orbit Transfers with Eclipsing

The problem of determining high-accuracy minimum-time Earth-orbit transfers using low-thrust propulsion with eclipsing is considered. The orbit transfer problem is posed as a multiple-phase optimal control problem where the spacecraft can thrust only during phases where it has line of sight to the sun. Event constraints, based on the geometry of a penumbra shadow region, are enforced between the phases and determine the amount of time spent in an eclipse. An initial guess generation method is developed that constructs a useful guess by solving a series of single-phase optimal control problems and analyzing the resulting trajectory to approximate where the spacecraft enters and exits the Earth’s shadow. The single-phase and multiple-phase optimal control problems are solved using an hp adaptive Legendre–Gauss–Radau orthogonal collocation method. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach developed in this research, optimal transfer trajectories are computed for two Earth-orbit transfers found in the ...
Refractive Fingerprints of Lenses: Explorations In Light Transformations

Searching for an apt visual metaphor for multiculturalism to form the cover of an exhibition catalogue in 2011, the author scanned a Canon lens using a flatbed scanner and found that the whole visible color spectrum was included in the resulting image. This serendipitous discovery led to an ongoing research project on the unique refractions of all manner of lenses.
Notes on the Mycetozoa—IV

Collecting activities were continued during the summer months of 1938 in the mountains of Pike and Wayne Counties, Pennsylvania, where we have operated for several seasons in the past. About a month in all was spent in several visits, at intervals, from the end of May to the end of July, and in company with either Joseph H. Rispaud or John D. Thomas. During our last excursion, after a week of heavy rain followed by three days of moist, humid weather, we found an extraordinary situation with nearly every decaying log or other suitable habitat covered with the fruiting bodies. On the day of our arrival 57 species were found, and during this and earlier trips many interesting forms were collected. Five of these are mentioned in the later notes.
Surface structure and equilibrium particle shape of the LiMn2O4 spinel from first-principles calculations

Author(s): Karim, A; Fosse, S; Persson, KA | Abstract: First-principles density functional calculations were used to calculate surface properties of the LiMn2O4 spinel. The calculations were benchmarked to obtain the correct semiconducting, Jahn-Teller distorted electronic ground state of bulk LiMn2O4 and, using the same parameters, the predominant low-index polar surface facets (100), (110), and (111) were calculated to study their structure and stability. Following an investigation of possible surface terminations as well as surface layer reconstructions we find that the (111) LMO surface stabilizes through a targeted site exchange of the undercoordinated surface Mn cations with fully coordinated tetrahedral subsurface Li cations, effectively creating a partial inverse spinel arrangement at the surface. This reconstruction renders the (111) facet the most stable among the investigated facets. The equilibrium (Wulff) shape of a LiMn2O4 particle was constructed and exhibits a cubo-octahedral shape with predominant (1 1 1) facets, in agreement with common experimental findings for the spinel structure. ©2013 American Physical Society.
Substrate modulus regulates osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells through integrin β1 and BMP receptor type IA

Osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells is regulated by both soluble factor (e.g., bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)) and mechanically transduced signaling, but the mechanisms have only been partially elucidated. In this study, physical association of BMP Receptor I (BMPRI) with integrin β1 sub-unit (Iβ1) was hypothesized to mediate osteoblast differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on bone-like substrates. The effects of substrate modulus on osteoblast differentiation of MSCs were investigated for 2D poly(ester urethane) films with moduli varying from 5–266 MPa, which spans the range from collagen fibrils to trabecular bone. SMAD1/5 and p44/42 MAPK signaling, expression of markers of osteoblast differentiation, and matrix mineralization increased with increasing substrate modulus. The effects of substrate modulus on osteoblast differentiation were mediated by Iβ1, which was also expressed at higher levels on increasingly rigid substrates. Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments showed that physical association of Iβ1 and BMP Receptor I (BMRPRI) increased with substrate modulus, resulting in activation of the BMP signaling pathway. Thus, these studies showed that integrin and BMP signaling converge to regulate osteoblast differentiation of MSCs, which may potentially guide the design of scaffolds and rhBMP-2 delivery systems for bone regeneration.
Regulation of the atrial natriuretic peptide receptor guanylyl cyclase.

The discovery of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and the demonstration that its receptors were coupled to the activation of particulpate guanylyl cyclase (GC) and that ANP receptors copurified with GC activity were important findings in the 1980s. With the molecular cloning of the ANP receptor, the knowledge gained of its structure has allowed new questions to be posed about how signaling through this receptor is regulated-and about signaling through a growing family of related receptors having intrinsic GC activity (1). Here, I review experiments addressing the role of the protein kinase-like domain of the ANP receptor, the regulation of receptor function by adenine nucleotides, the role of dimerization in receptor activation, and the identification of a novel protein-serine phos-phatase that may mediate desensitization of the ANP receptor.
Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum: report of a case.

A case of leiomyosarcoma of the rectum is described. Medical literature was reviewed and 96 cases were encountered. Increased constipation, localized rectal pain and rectal bleding are the most constant symptoms. The tumor was discovered by digital examination in 84 per cent of the cases. Local excision was followed by a recurrence rate of 86 per cent. On the basis of this experience, we believe that leiomyosarcoma of the rectum is best treated by radical surgical removal.
Fusion of erythrocytes by Sendai virus studied by electron microscopy.

SummarySequential stages in the fusion and lysis of nonnucleated cells (human erythrocytes) by Sendai virus were visualized with phase contrast microscopy, and with electron microscopy of thin sections and replicas of frozen-etched membranes. By the latter technique, intramembranal structural changes associated with viral action were demonstrated.
Perceptions of clinicians and staff about the use of digital technology in primary care: qualitative interviews prior to implementation of a computer-facilitated 5As intervention

Digital health interventions using hybrid delivery models may offer efficient alternatives to traditional behavioral counseling by addressing obstacles of time, resources, and knowledge. Using a computer-facilitated 5As (ask, advise, assess, assist, arrange) model as an example (CF5As), we aimed to identify factors from the perspectives of primary care providers and clinical staff that were likely to influence introduction of digital technology and a CF5As smoking cessation counseling intervention. In the CF5As model, patients self-administer a tablet intervention that provides 5As smoking cessation counseling, produces patient and provider handouts recommending next steps, and is followed by a patient-provider encounter to reinforce key cessation messages, provide assistance, and arrange follow-up. Semi-structured in-person interviews of administrative and clinical staff and primary care providers from three primary care clinics. Thirty-five interviews were completed (12 administrative staff, ten clinical staff, and 13 primary care providers). Twelve were from an academic internal medicine practice, 12 from a public hospital academic general medicine clinic, and 11 from a public hospital HIV clinic. Most were women (91 %); mean age (SD) was 42 years (11.1). Perceived usefulness of the CF5As focused on its relevance for various health behavior counseling purposes, potential gains in counseling efficiency, confidentiality of data collection, occupying patients while waiting, and serving as a cue to action. Perceived ease of use was viewed to depend on the ability to accommodate: clinic workflow; heavy patient volumes; and patient characterisitics, e.g., low literacy. Social norms potentially affecting implementation included beliefs in the promise/burden of technology, priority of smoking cessation counseling relative to other patient needs, and perception of CF5As as just “one more thing to do” in an overburdened system. The most frequently cited facilitating conditions were staffing levels and smoking cessation resources and training; the most cited hindering factors were visit time constraints and patients’ complex health care needs. Integrating CF5As and other technology-enhanced behavioral counseling interventions in primary care requires flexibility to accommodate work flow and perceptions of overload in dynamic environments. Identifying factors that promote and hinder CF5As adoption could inform implementation of other CF behavioral health interventions in primary care.
Nanostructured Membranes from Triblock Polymer Precursors as High Capacity Copper Adsorbents.

Membrane adsorbers are a proposed alternative to packed beds for chromatographic separations. To date, membrane adsorbers have suffered from low binding capacities and/or complex processing methodologies. In this work, a polyisoprene-b-polystyrene-b-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PI–PS–PDMA) triblock polymer is cast into an asymmetric membrane that possesses a high density of nanopores (d ∼ 38 nm) at the upper surface of the membrane. Exposing the membrane to a 6 M aqueous hydrochloric acid solution converts the PDMA brushes that line the pore walls to poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes, which are capable of binding metal ions (e.g., copper ions). Using mass transport tests and static binding experiments, the saturation capacity of the PI–PS–PAA membrane was determined to be 4.1 ± 0.3 mmol Cu2+ g–1. This experimental value is consistent with the theoretical binding capacity of the membranes, which is based on the initial PDMA content of the triblock polymer precursor and assumes a 1:1 stoichiometry for the b...
Bile flow, bile salt secretion and the excretion of iron, copper, zinc and manganese in the bile of calves infected with Fasciola hepatica.

The rate of flow of bile and the concentrations of iron, copper, zinc and manganese in bile were measured in four bull calves, before and for at least 23 weeks after infection with 1000 metacercariae of >Fasciola hepatica. Bile flow rate began to increase about 10 weeks after infection and had increased nearly three-fold by 23 weeks but bile salt (total-cholate) secretion rate remained similar to that of two control calves. The excretion of iron in bile increased rapidly eight weeks after infection from a mean of 21 5 nmol per minute to reach 469 nmol per minute at 14 weeks and this increase was accompanied by an increase in γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in plasma. 59 Fe studies showed that most of the iron in the bile of infected calves was derived from red blood cells. There were no changes in the excretion of zinc, copper or manganese in bile which could be associated with the infection.
Better off in prison

When my clinic manager told me that prison may be the best place to practice psychiatry nowadays, I didn’t believe him. After all, prisons often seem like a world apart, often in isolated rural areas or in windowless, nondescript urban buildings.
A Critique of the Syrian Refugees Acceptance of Turkey and the Other Countries

As it is clear there is a civil war in Syria, and there are many refugees for this reason. Turkey as the only one has accepted the millions of Syrian refugees, and it seems like Turkey has accomplished the task of humanity mostly, in spite of the possibility of some security problems in the country. However, some others like European countries seem like have not done enough contributions for Syrian refugees. Therefore, Turkey can specify that situation against the others like European countries to get aid like money for Syrian refugees even if it is not enough to only pay for the refugees.
Fukushima Daiichi Development and Operation Prior to Great East Japan Earthquake

The Fukushima Daiichi site was one of two nuclear power plant sites in the Japanese prefecture of Fukushima. It housed six reactors, all of which were GE designed BWRs. Several factors associated with the building of the Fukushima Daiichi plant contributed to its susceptibility to damage during the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. First, to decrease long-term operating costs, the location where the reactors would sit was leveled from 35 m above sea level to 10 m. Second, TEPCO did not modify GE’s generic design plans to account for Fukushima’s actual location. Thus, they placed the plant’s emergency diesel generators in the basement of the turbine building, even though the plant was already very close to the water and low lying. The inability to remove decay heat after the disaster, and the lack of an ultimate heat sink led to the failure of the Fukushima Daiichi plant.
Interleukin-17 inhibition: role in psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease

AbstractIntroduction: Interleukin 17 (IL-17) antagonism provides a highly effective approach for treating psoriasis. Exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease have been reported in anti-IL-17 psoriasis trials.Aim: To characterize the relationship between IL-17 inhibition and inflammatory bowel disease.Methods: A review of English-language articles was performed. Search terms included IL-17, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, secukinumab, ixekizumab and brodalumab.Results: IL-17 A inhibition, IL-17RA inhibition and IL-17 knockout led to induction or exacerbation of colitis in mouse models. The placebo groups fared better than the treatment group in controlled trials of anti-IL-17 antibody and anti-IL-17 receptor for Crohn’s disease (CD). A brodalumab study (N = 1576) revealed one reported CD case. An ixekizumab study (N = 3736) evaluating moderate-to-severe psoriasis, four patients reported CD and seven reported UC while ixekizumab every 2 weeks led to a moderate exacerbation of UC in one patient and...
Abstract T P78: Neurovascular Changes Characterize Split-belt Adaptation in Chronic Stroke Survivors: Preliminary Results

Background & Purpose: While previous studies have implicated localized cortical regions in the recovery of locomotor function in stroke survivors, very little is known about the mechanisms that und...
The future of tropical forests under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

In September 2015, member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—a set of 17 ambitions for the post-2015 global development agenda. The goals do n...