cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Burn control in fusion reactors using simultaneous boundary and distributed actuation

The control of the plasma density and temperature profiles is one of the fundamental problems in nuclear fusion reactors. During reactor operation, the spatial profiles of deuterium-tritium fuel, alpha particles generated by fusion reactions, and energy must be precisely regulated. In this work we combine distributed actuation with a backstepping boundary control law to stabilize an unstable equilibrium in a burning plasma. Disturbance estimation update laws are included to improve disturbance rejection and tracking. A one-dimensional approximation of the transport equation for energy, as well as for the densities of deuterium-tritium fuel ions and alpha particles, is represented in cylindrical coordinates by a system of partial differential equations (PDEs). The PDE system is discretized in space using a finite difference method and a backstepping design is applied to obtain a discrete transformation from the original system into a particular target system chosen to facilitate the use of additional actuators distributed throughout the plasma. Numerical simulations show that a controller designed on a very coarse grid can stabilize the system and that distributed actuation improves the system response.
In vivo demonstration of junctional blood flow disturbance by hot wire anemometry.

Abstract A technique is described for studying "streamline" blood flow patterns in vivo. Application is made of instrumentation known as hot wire anemometry which has been used in the fields of aerodynamics and fluidics. Blood flow patterns are obtained which show "streamline" velocity as a function of time. Six dogs were studied and the flow patterns at the junction of the addominal aorta with the common iliac artery were compared with records from straight (downstream) portions of the common iliac artery. Even at low Reynolds numbers marked abnormalities in flow at the junction were observed confirming earlier in vitro observations. These disturbances fell into three classes: (1) marked instantaneous change in velocity from moment to moment, especially in the reversal phase; (2) turbulence occurring in some but not all phases of the flow cycle and (3) extremely unstable flow which could not be classified. These disturbances share the common property of generating high shear stresses in the fluid which may be transmitted to the adjacent arterial endothelium and are therefore of importance in the problem of atherogenesis.
Viability of a Freshwater Mussel (Elliptio complanata) as a Biomechanical Filter for Aquaculture Ponds I: Clearance Rate of Chlorophyll-α

The production and livelihood of aquaculture facilities depend on increased growth of species being harvested. Only 15%-25% of nitrogen and phosphorus are retained in farmed fish even when all feed is consumed. In both marine and freshwater aquaculture systems, bivalves have proven to be an inexpensive method for controlling algal growth through suspension feeding. With 25% of the native U.S. freshwater mussel species under federal protection, their use in aquaculture ponds could lead to further propagation and restoration of natural populations. Elliptio complanata is an important species in Delaware rivers and connected estuaries; a recent two-year study by the United States Geological Survey found that 98% of mussels found in the Delaware River were Elliptio complanata. The objective of this study was to calculate the clearance rate of E. complanata in a laboratory study. This would help us determine if mussels can serve as an addition to chemical and mechanical filtration regiments and thrive in an aq...
Conductive Coating Formulations with Low Silver Content

Polymer based conductive adhesive and coating materials are widely used in electronic applications such as die attach adhesives, conductive inks, antistatic coating and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. These materials are usually heavily filled with metal fillers, typically silver. To obtain electrical conductivity, a percolated filler network has to be formed in the material. The percolation threshold for most fillers is quite high. As a result, most polymer based conductive formulations have very high silver loading (70-85%wt). High silver loading results in high overall cost of the product and other issues, such as high viscosity and poor dispensability. In this article, we report a method to obtain electrically conductive coating with very low silver loading by combining metal particles with polymer latex particles. The latex particles are considerably larger than the metal particles and create excluded volume to decrease the percolation threshold of the metal particles. Silver percolation threshold of less than 3.6%vol has been demonstrated. When silver nanoparticles are used in the coating compositions, the electrical conductivity can be significantly improved after annealing at elevated temperatures, because of the low temperature sintering behavior of the silver nanoparticles. Electrical resistivity in the range of 10-4 Omega.cm has been achieved.
The murine subrenal capsule human tumor implant assay

The murine subrenal capsule assay can be used to estimate the susceptibility of fresh human tumor explants to various antineoplastic agents. As a result, the assay has been proposed as a rapid and accurate preclinical laboratory evaluation to determine the sensitivity of human tumors to chemotherapeutic drugs and thereby to assist the direction of cancer patient treatment. The subrenal capsule assay is described in detail and the predictive accuracy of the assay in the clinical setting is discussed.
Mitochondrial myopathy and sideroblastic anemia (MLASA): missense mutation in the pseudouridine synthase 1 (PUS1) gene is associated with the loss of tRNA pseudouridylation.

A missense mutation in the PUS1 gene affecting a highly conserved amino acid has been associated with mitochondrial myopathy and sideroblastic anemia (MLASA), a rare autosomal recessive oxidative phosphorylation disorder. The PUS1 gene encodes the enzyme pseudouridine synthase 1 (Pus1p) that is known to pseudouridylate tRNAs in other species. Total RNA was isolated from lymphoblastoid cell lines established from patients, parents, unaffected siblings, and unrelated controls, and the tRNAs were assayed for the presence of pseudouridine (Ψ) at the expected positions. Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic tRNAs from MLASA patients are lacking modification at sites normally modified by Pus1p, whereas tRNAs from controls, unaffected siblings, or parents all have Ψ at these positions. In addition, there was no Pus1p activity in an extract made from a cell line derived from a patient with MLASA. Immunohistochemical staining of Pus1p in cell lines showed nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial distribution of the protein, and there is no difference in staining between patients and unaffected family members. MLASA is thus associated with absent or greatly reduced tRNA pseudouridylation at specific sites, implicating this pathway in its molecular pathogenesis.
Multisymplecticity and wave action conservation

This paper discuses some novel results concerning the wave action conservation law for multisymplectic partial differential equations and their discretizations. We provide a method for deriving this conservation law in Fourier spectral space. A discrete wave action conservation law for a multisymplectic box scheme and for the midpoint time-discretization of a spectral method is also derived.
BLACK HEARTS AND MONSTERS OF THE MIND: RACE AND IDENTITY IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA

Bruce Dain, A Hideous Monster of the Mind: American Race Theory in the Early Republic (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002)Patrick Rael, Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2002)John Stauffer, The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionism and the Transformation of Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002)
Harmonic fluid sound synthesis

This research animation demonstrates 3D fluid simulations with synchronized procedural fluid sounds (of dripping, pouring, splashing, and babbling water) that were synthesized by our physically based Harmonic Fluids sound-radiation algorithm [Zheng and James, 2009].
This paper is great! or achieving the optimal balance between investment in quality and investment in self-promotion

When producers of goods (or services) are confronted by a situation in which their offerings no longer perfectly match consumer preferences, they must determine the extent to which the advertised features of the product reflect the product's actual attributes. We find that the two important determinants of sellers' advertising strategy are the Repeg cost ratio, R/sub p/, and the Repeat Sales Coefficient, R/sub s/. The interplay of these two factors give rise to four possible strategic scenarios. We show that sellers' strategy is clearly explainable in three out of these four scenarios. In this ambiguous fourth scenario, we show that sellers' strategy for information production goods will differ considerably from physical consumption and durable goods. Further, we show how network effects can play a significant role in determining sellers' strategy in the case of some physical durable goods.
Scleractinian corals produce calcite, and grow more slowly, in artificial Cretaceous seawater

The mineralogies of most biotic and abiotic carbonates have alternated in synchroneity between the calcite (hexagonal) and aragonite (orthorhombic) polymorphs of CaCO3 throughout the Phanerozoic Eon. These intervals of calcite and aragonite production, or calcite seas and aragonite seas, are thought to be caused primarily by secular variation in the molar magnesium/calcium ratio of seawater (mMg/Ca . 2 5 aragonite 1 high-Mg calcite; mMg/Ca , 2 5 low-Mg calcite), a ratio that has oscillated between 1.0 and 5.2 throughout the Phanerozoic. In laboratory experiments, we show that three species of scleractinian corals, which produce aragonite in modern seawater and which have flourished as important reef builders primarily during aragonite seas of the past, began producing calcite in artificial seawater with an ambient mMg/Ca ratio below that of modern seawater (5.2). The corals produced progressively higher percentages of calcite and calcified at lower rates with further reduction of the ambient mMg/Ca ratio. In artificial seawater of imputed Late Cretaceous composition (mMg/Ca 5 1.0), which favors the precipitation of the calcite polymorph, scleractinian corals produced skeletons containing .30% low-Mg calcite (skeletal mMg/Ca , 0.04). These results indicate that the skeletal mineral used by scleractinian corals is partially determined by seawater chemistry. Furthermore, slow calcification rates, resulting from the production of largely aragonitic skeletons in chemically unfavorable seawater (mMg/Ca , 2), probably contributed to the scleractinians’ diminished reef-building role in the calcite seas of Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic time.
Psychothérapie interpersonnelle à l’intention des adolescents souffrant de dépression : théories, techniques et recherche

La psychotherapie interpersonnelle de l’adolescent souffrant de depression (PTI-A) est une psychotherapie breve, basee sur des donnees probantes, reconnue efficace dans le traitement chez l’adolescent de la depression unipolaire sans symptomes psychotiques. Cet article presente les principes theoriques de la PTI et ses adaptations reliees au developpement de l’adolescent, la notion de cible du traitement (principaux domaines problematiques) et les techniques specifiques a la PTI-A. Ce traitement se concentre sur les habiletes de communication et la gestion du reseau social actuel de l’individu. Le travail du focus therapeutique vise a ameliorer les relations sociales de l’adolescent en supposant que cela ameliorera son humeur. Les bases empiriques relatives a l’efficacite et les resultats preliminaires d’essais cliniques de la PTI-A de meme que les recherches futures sur la depression unipolaire de l’adolescent sont exposees brievement.
The globalization of N deposition: ecosystem consequences in tropical environments

Human activities have more than doubled the inputs of nitrogen (N) into terrestrial systems globally. The sources and distribution of anthropogenic N, including N fertilization and N fixed during fossil fuel combustion, are rapidly shifting from the temperate zone to a more global distribution. The consequences of anthropogenic N deposition for ecosystem processes and N losses have been studied primarily in N-limited ecosystems in the temperate zone; there is reason to expect that tropical ecosystems, where plant growth is most often limited by some other resource, will respond differently to increasing deposition. In this paper, we assess the likely direct and indirect effects of increasing anthropogenic N inputs on tropical ecosytem processes. We conclude that anthropogenic inputs of N into tropical forests are unlikely to increase productivity and may even decrease it due to indirect effects on acidity and the availability of phosphorus and cations. We also suggest that the direct effects of anthropogenic N deposition on N cycling processes will lead to increased fluxes at the soil-water and soil-air interfaces, with little or no lag in response time. Finally, we discuss the uncertainties inherent in this analysis, and outline future research that is needed to address those uncertainties.
A Novel Requirement in Mammalian Spermatid Differentiation for the DAZ-Family Protein Boule

Reproduction is required for the survival of all animals, yet few reproductive genes have been shown to have a conserved requirement for fertility across the animal kingdom. Remarkably, the RNA binding protein BOULE, the oldest member of the DAZ (Deleted in AZoospermia) family of genes, appears to have maintained its conserved functional motif and spermatogenic expression from insects to humans. Boule mutations lead to a pachytene meiotic arrest before metaphase in Drosophila males and C. elegans females, and human BOULE can restore meiosis in the fly testis, suggesting a conserved meiotic function of human BOULE. However, the physiological function of BOULE in mammals is not yet known. We generated Boule knockout mice and found it to be required only for spermatogenesis, as in Drosophila. Interestingly, meiosis completed normally in the absence of Boule, and haploid round spermatids were readily detected. However, round spermatids did not progress beyond step 6, revealing a novel role for Boule in spermiogenesis, the differentiation of round spermatids into mature spermatozoa. Expression of key regulators of spermiogenesis was unaffected in Boule(-/-) mice, suggesting that Boule regulates germ-cell differentiation through a novel pathway.
Protein Kinase A RIβ Subunit Deficiency in Lupus T Lymphocytes: Bypassing a Block in RIβ Translation Reconstitutes Protein Kinase A Activity and Augments IL-2 Production

A profound deficiency of type I protein kinase A (PKA-I or RIα/β2C2) phosphotransferase activity occurs in the T lymphocytes of 80% of subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology. This isozyme deficiency is predominantly the product of reduced or absent β isoform of the type I regulatory subunit (RIβ). Transient transfection of RIβ cDNAs from SLE subjects into autologous T cells that do not synthesize the RIβ subunit bypassed the block, resulting in RIβ subunit synthesis and restoration of the PKA-Iβ (RIβ2C2) holoenzyme. Transfected T cells activated via the T cell surface receptor complex revealed a significant increase of cAMP-activatable PKA activity that was associated with a significant increase in IL-2 production. These data demonstrate that a disorder of RIβ translation exists, and that correction of the PKA-I deficiency may enhance T lymphocyte effector functions in SLE.
Structure of the 1:1 netropsin-decamer d(CCIICICCII)2 complex with a single bound netropsin.

The crystal structure of the 1:1 complex of netropsin and the B-DNA decamer d(CCIICICCII)2 has been elucidated and refined to an R factor of 19.6% and an Rfree of 24.7% using 1790 reflections in the resolution range 8–2.4 A. The complex crystallizes in space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 62.40, b = 24.47, c = 36.31 A, β = 110.09° and one molecule of netropsin in the asymmetric unit; the rest of the minor groove is filled with six water molecules. The structure was solved by the molecular-replacement method using the DNA model d(CCCCCIIIII)2 from the 2:1 netropsin complex by removing both bound netropsins (Chen et al., 1998). Surprisingly, only one netropsin molecule is found to bind to the present decamer, covering residues 2–6 at the upper stream of the duplex. The positively charged guanidinium head is hydrogen bonded through N1H2 to the O2 of cytosine 2 and through N10H2 to N3 of inosine 6. The three amide N—H groups of the peptides face the minor groove and form three sets of bifurcated hydrogen bonds with the base atoms. The central part of the drug (C3–N8) is nearly conjugated. The preference of the cytosine carbonyl O2 atoms over the inosine N3 atoms in hydrogen bonding is seen. The drug-bound region has more uniform twists, roll angles, propeller twists and minor-groove widths compared with the water-bound region.
Agile IPD Production Plans As an Engine of Process Change

The design and construction industry experiences a continuous pressure to reduce time to market through fast track projects. Projects engage large multidisciplinary teams that interact and impact each other's solutions. Integrated project development (IPD) process represents an improvement to the waterfall process. Nevertheless, ethnographic observations show that state of practice IPD processes still lead to significant rework and coordination. The aim is to improve IPD team process in order to reduce rework, coordination, number of iterative design cycles, and length of design iteration cycle. Today, IPD is achieved through co-creation of production plans that enable participants to explicitly represent their tasks and workflow. This paper presents an approach for agile IPD production plans that extends this state-of-practice by modeling information about the task interdependence types, and a process to make timely and explicit decisions when and how to form subgroups that engage in sprints to address reciprocal task interdependencies.
Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health.

A continuous assessment and a categorical diagnosis of the presence (i.e., flourishing) and the absence (i.e., languishing) of mental health were proposed and applied to the Midlife in the United States study data, a nationally representative sample of adults between the ages of 25 and 74 years (N 3,032). Confirmatory factor analyses supported the hypothesis that measures of mental health (i.e., emotional, psychological, and social well-being) and mental illness (i.e., major depressive episode, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and alcohol dependence) constitute separate correlated unipolar dimensions. The categorical diagnosis yielded an estimate of 18.0% flourishing and, when cross-tabulated with the mental disorders, an estimate of 16.6% with complete mental health. Completely mentally healthy adults reported the fewest health limitations of activities of daily living, the fewest missed days of work, the fewest half-day work cutbacks, and the healthiest psychosocial functioning (low helplessness, clear life goals, high resilience, and high intimacy).
Recent progress on the SUMMIT system

The SUMMIT system is a speaker-independent, continuous-speech recognition system that we have developed at MIT [12]. To date, the system has been ported to a variety of tasks with vocabulary sizes up to 1000 words and perplexities up to 73. The architecture of this system is a product of two guiding principles. First, we desired a framework that could be flexible and modular so that we could explore alternative strategies for embedding speech knowledge into the system. Second, we required that the system be stochastic and trainable from a large body of speech data to account for our current incomplete knowledge of the acoustic realization of speech. The current implementation of the system is a reflection of both of these ideas. SUMMIT differs from the majority of prevailing HMM approaches in many respects ranging from its use of auditory models and selected acoustic measurements, to its segmental framework and use of pronunciation networks. In time, the specific implementation of these ideas will undoubtedly be modified as we discover superior techniques and approaches. Until phonetic and word recognition accuracies are competitive with those of human listeners however, we believe it will be appropriate to incorporate both notions of flexibility and trainability into the system.
Cellular Allograft in the Treatment of a Severe Periodontal Intrabony Defect: A Case Report

Introduction: This report describes the use of allograft cellular bone matrix containing mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of a severe periodontal defect. To our knowledge, this regenerative technique has not been reported in the periodontal literature in the past, and it offers an alternative to the commonly used regenerative techniques.Case Presentation: The patient presented with generalized severe periodontitis with a severe radiographic defect on the distal aspect of tooth #9 extending to the apex of the tooth. Despite the depth of the defect, the tooth was vital. After thorough debridement, the defect was grafted with cellular allograft and covered with resorbable membrane. Nine months after grafting, the periapical radiograph demonstrated bone fill of the defect. The postoperative clinical examination revealed gain in the clinical attachment level and reduction in the probing depth. In addition, the tooth maintained its vitality.Conclusion: This case report shows that a severe periodontal int...
A Polytope Combinatorics for Semisimple Groups

Mirkovic and Vilonen discovered a canonical basis of algebraic cycles for the intersection homology of (the closures of the strata of) the loop Grassmannian. The moment map images of these varieties are a collection of polytopes, and they may be used to compute weight multiplicities and tensor product multiplicities for representations of a semisimple group. The polytopes are explicitly described for a few low rank groups.
Current Publications in Gerontology and Geriatrics

Abstract THE SUBJECT categories are those in A Classified Bibliography of Gerontology and Geriatrics by Nathan W; Shock, published by Stanford University Press, Stanford, California (1951). Only major headings are used and the Roman numerals correspond to those given in the bibliography. Insofar as possible, references are classified according to organ systems. Thus, most of the material on Geriatrics will be found under the organ system involved in the disease. Cross references are indicated by numbers at the end of each section. When available, abstract references are given (B.A.--Biological Abstracts. P.A.--Psychological Abstracts, and P.I.-Population Index). Abbreviations for journals are those in A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the years 1900-1933; 2nd Edition. For journals not listed, abbreviations were devised to the general rules used in the above source. It is impossible to cover all journals and list all papers concerned with aging and the aged. Authors and publishers are requested to call attention to publications or to send reprints to the Gerontology Research Center, Baltimore City Hospitals, Baltimore, Maryland 21224.
Experimental models of atherosclerosis regression

Regression of atherosclerosis has been demonstrated in several species of animals, including rabbits, chickens, rats, dogs, pigeons, pigs, and nonhuman primates. Regression has been associated with withdrawal of cholesterol from the diet or with the ingestion of cholestyramine, alfalfa meal, or alfalfa saponins in monkeys fed high-cholesterol diets. Although regression of atherosclerosis has been documented by sequential contrast arteriography in humans, the correspondence of regression in animals and in humans needs to be established.
ACTIVATION OF MAMMALIAN OOCYTES: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

Oocyte activation refers to the release of the meiotically arrested oocytes by the entry of sperm during fertilization. One of the initial events of activation is the triggering of Ca2+ oscillations in the oocytes. Understanding of physiological and biochemical events during fertilization allows artificial stimuli to be used to induce oocyte activation without the entry of sperm. Recently, artificial activation of oocyte has regained the interest of scientists because of its implications in somatic cloning by nuclear transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and genomic imprinting. Artificial stimulus also permits precise control of the timing of activation providing synchronized embryos for studies of early development while avoiding polyspermy. It is known that for a portion of the sperm-injected human oocytes as well as all bovine, pig, or even mouse oocytes, ICSI alone is insufficient to activate oocytes unless artificial stimulations are applied. Since the cloning procedure process does not itself activate oocytes and full activation of the recipient cytoplast is required, understanding the underlying molecular components as well as the morphological changes during the initial stages of oocyte activation is critical for the effective use of cytoplasts in cloning by nuclear transfer. Herein we review some of the key issues that are associated with effective activation of oocytes.
Antitrust and Global Capitalism, 1930–2004: American Antitrust since 1945

After World War II containing American managerial capitalism's national and international hegemony was a continuing struggle. Policy makers and corporate managers grappled with how to maintain a dynamic consumer society and economic growth amidst mounting competition from the market-based economies of developed nations – including former enemies, Japan and Germany – as well as persistent civil rights conflicts at home, the communist threat from abroad, the emergence of developing nations as colonialism collapsed, and after the end of the cold war, challenges identified with globalization. This chapter examines how postwar American antitrust and trade policies shaped corporate investment and restructuring strategies through the discourse of public authorities and legal/economic experts. Managerial capitalism's hegemony was more contested and the accountability imposed on multinational corporations more effective than critical images of regulatory capture or arbitrage suggested. Section I considers the interaction between the institutions and elite cultural opinion legitimating the liberal state and corporate diversification strategies at home and abroad from the mid-1940s to the end of the 1960s. Section II focuses on the liberal antitrust policies and institutional culture during the initial postwar phase. Section III explores the triumph of government deregulation and market fundamentalism reflected in public and professional discourse during the pronounced swings of the business cycle from the1970s to the turn of the century. Section IV examines changes in and the sporadic tension between antitrust and trade policies during this period.
How May Proton Pump Inhibitors Impair Cardiovascular Health

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most widely used drugs worldwide. They are used to treat a number of gastroesophageal disorders and are usually prescribed as a long-term medication or even taken without a prescription. There are a number of clinical studies that associate PPI use with an increased cardiovascular risk. In this article, we review the clinical evidence for adverse cardiovascular effects of PPIs, and we discuss possible biological mechanisms by which PPIs can impair cardiovascular health.
Effect of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors on temporal discrimination by mice

Timing deficits are observed in patients with schizophrenia. Serotonergic hallucinogens can also alter the subjective experience of time. Characterizing the mechanism through which the serotonergic system regulates timing will increase our understanding of the linkage between serotonin (5-HT) and schizophrenia, and will provide insight into the mechanism of action of hallucinogens. We investigated whether interval timing in mice is altered by hallucinogens and other 5-HT2 receptor ligands. C57BL/6J mice were trained to perform a discrete-trials temporal discrimination task. In the discrete-trials task, mice were presented with two levers after a variable interval. Responding on lever A was reinforced if the interval was 6.5 s. A 2-parameter logistic function was fitted to the proportional choice for lever B (%B responding), yielding estimates of the indifference point (T50) and the Weber fraction (a measure of timing precision). The 5-HT2A antagonist M100907 increased T50, whereas the 5-HT2C antagonist SB-242,084 reduced T50. The results indicate that 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors have countervailing effects on the speed of the internal pacemaker. The hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI; 3 mg/kg IP), a 5-HT2 agonist, flattened the response curve at long stimulus intervals and shifted it to the right, causing both T50 and the Weber fraction to increase. The effect of DOI was antagonized by M100907 (0.03 mg/kg SC) but was unaffected by SB-242,084 (0.1 mg/kg SC). Similar to DOI, the selective 5-HT2A agonist 25CN-NBOH (6 mg/kg SC) reduced %B responding at long stimulus intervals, and increased T50 and the Weber fraction. These results demonstrate that hallucinogens alter temporal perception in mice, effects that are mediated by the 5-HT2A receptor. It appears that 5-HT regulates temporal perception, suggesting that altered serotonergic signaling may contribute to the timing deficits observed in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
The Impact of Recent Supreme Court Decisions on Religion in the United States

It would probably be too much to say that the religion clauses of the First Amendment "ain't nothing" until the United States Supreme Court "calls" them. Yet they are to a large extent a form to which the Court must supply the content, a skeleton on which the Court must put the flesh and blood. The Court has added most of the flesh and blood only since it decided in the 1940s that the free exercise of religion and the establishment of religion clauses apply to the states as well as to the federal government.1 American constitutional law on the relations be tween government and religion is largely a creature of the Court's fashioning in the last one-third of a century. The purpose of this paper is not to undertake a thorough review and analysis of the Court's jurisprudence on this subject, but only to summarize it briefly in order to assess its impact on religion in the United States. For reasons that will presently appear, some opinions of the Court other than those interpreting the religion clauses will be cited. The products of the Court's activity that appear to have the most significance for religion in America are the following. The Court has all but closed the door to substantial public aid to church-related schools at the elementary and secondary levels. At the same time it has insisted on the secularization of the
Abstract 2899: Significance of microRNA:target interaction in bladder cancer metastasis.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression through base pairing with other mRNA transcripts. MiRNA expression signatures have characterized many phenotypes in bladder cancer, including grade, stage, and metastasis. However, simultaneous mRNA changes accompanying the miRNA profile, along with the miRNA:mRNA interaction, have not been systematically studied in these phenotypes. To gain insights into the miRNA regulatory network in bladder cancer metastasis, we profiled miRNA and mRNA expression in two pairs of metastatic and non-metastatic cell lines. Interactions between differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs were predicted using 6 software programs. The candidate miRNA:mRNA pairs were further selected by their clinical relevance, including their expression in grade, stage, and tumor in 2 cohorts totaling 256 human tumors. We identified more miRNA:mRNA pairs with up-regulated miRNAs and down-regulated genes in metastatic cells than the pairs with down-regulated miRNAs and up-regulated target genes. The novel overexpression of one of the miRNAs, hsa-miR-146a, was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR in metastatic cell lines. It has been shown that decreased level of hsa-miR-146a is associated with progression of prostate cancer and polymorphism in hsa-miR-146a gene is associated with prostate cancer risk. We are carrying out in vitro and in vivo experiments on the top 5 scoring pairs ranked by the number of prediction software and clinical relevance. Our results suggest the significance of miRNA regulatory network in cancer metastasis and provide a list of potential miRNA:mRNA pairs for further investigation. Citation Format: Yuanbin Ru, Katerina J. Kechris, Steven C. Smith, George A. Calin, Dan Theodorescu. Significance of microRNA:target interaction in bladder cancer metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2899. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2899
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Applied to Stereotactic Interstitial Brain Brachytherapy for Malignant Glioma Patients

Until now, CT and MRI scans have been the diagnostic studies of choice for the localization of tumors in the central nervous system. However, these radiological modalities have limited value for the accurate assessment of active tumor lesions, since they provide anatomical information only and are not able to identify active tumors. Recently, the new biological imaging modality of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) became available. The functional nature of PET allows diagnosis of tumor activity, which can not be demonstrated by anatomic imaging studies. We have treated six patients with high-grade malignant glioma using stereotactic interstitial brain brachytherapy since PET imaging studies became available in this facility. Our results indicate that PET is useful for follow up of brain tumor after brain brachytherapy.
Growth After Thinning a 35-Year-Old Natural Stand to Different Loblolly Pine and Hardwood Basal Areas

Growth was niorzitoredfoi. 4 yi. in a tlzinnedstancl iii southern A/-/ vet-e regressed with I-esid~tal pine ui~d Izal-dwood basal areas. Pine basal oreu and volume givwth increased with the pine stoclcii7g leveIiifte1. thinning anddecreased with thc level ofr-etained harilwoods. Foi.basaIar.ea andrner-charztahle i'iilunze, hardwoodgro~-1fiL lar.gely c,onzpe~zsatedfor losses in the pine component, and thus, ha/-dnjuod r-etention had little net effect on the total growth oJ thc. staizcl. The greatest irnpar.f ofhurilwood rete/ztiou was on the staizcl's suwtirnhel- g7-owt/z, beiainse har.dwoods did not coiztribute to thi.sprnduc.t c1as.r. Each I ,ji2/ac ofretained harrlwood basal area reducedpiitc ~awtinzber- growtlz by 6 to I0 htl ft Doylelaciyr-, depe~zding on the pine stoi,kiiig. Because large d~J?ererzces evistecl irt the i~alue cftiml~crprod~~c ts, r-etainirzg I5 ai?cl30f$/uc clflzul-dwoorls radcrred (he value oftimberpi-odi~cfion by 13 aizd 2470, respectively, at 4 yr ufter thinnin~. South. .I. Appl. For. 2/(4):168-174.
Glenohumeral and Hip Range-of-Motion and Strength Measures in Youth Baseball Athletes

Context: The repetitive demands of throwing affect glenohumeral (GH) range of motion (ROM) and strength. Less is known about hip alterations in skeletally immature athletes. Objective: To compare G...
Construction of thousands of single cell genome sequencing libraries using combinatorial indexing

Single cell genome sequencing has proven to be a valuable tool for the detection of somatic variation, particularly in the context of tumor evolution and neuronal heterogeneity. Current technologies suffer from high per-cell library construction costs which restrict the number of cells that can be assessed, thus imposing limitations on the ability to quantitatively measure genomic heterogeneity within a tissue. Here, we present Single cell Combinatorial Indexed Sequencing (SCI-seq) as a means of simultaneously generating thousands of low-pass single cell libraries for the purpose of somatic copy number variant detection. In total, we constructed libraries for 16,698 single cells from a combination of cultured cell lines, frontal cortex tissue from Macaca mulatta, and two human adenocarcinomas. This novel technology provides the opportunity for low-cost, deep characterization of somatic copy number variation in single cells, providing a foundational knowledge across both healthy and diseased tissues.
Imatinib attenuates cerebrovascular injury and phenotypic transformation after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats

This study explored the hypothesis that intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) promotes release of diffusible factors that can significantly influence the structure and function of cerebral arteries remote...
Thermophysics of Reliability Screening

The thermal behavior of a transistor is very important to its reliability. However, this behavior is complicated by the nonuniformity of the operating temperature and its dependence on operating conditions. An understanding of this behavior is necessary to accurately interpret reliability data and to establish more effective reliability screening procedures. The measurement of thermal impedance or thermal operating stress of a transistor is also complicated by the junction temperature nonuniformity and dependence upon operating conditions. Great care must be taken in using electrical methods to measure thermal impedance since it is not easy to determine what the indicated value represents. Because of the interdependence of most parameters used for reliability measurements and testing, it appears necessary to use a multi-parameter analysis on reliability data to obtain effective screening. This analysis should determine not only maximum value limites of each parameer but also limits relative to the values of other parameters. Reliable operation would correspond to regions in multiparameter space which are not necessarily bounded by a specific value of each parameter.
Abstract A2-33: Molecular profiling of patient-derived xenograft models across cancers

Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDX) provides important preclinical model for pharmacological testing of oncology drug candidates. Molecular profiling of PDX tumors contributes to many areas of drug discovery from target discovery to development of clinical biomarker hypotheses and clinical trial design. We established a work flow to perform genomic and histopathology analyses of large numbers of PDX tumor models being made available for Pfizer internal research. To date we have generated whole-genome sequencing (WGS), whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) data on PDX models spanning six cancer types including colon, pancreatic and breast cancers. Bioinformatics pipelines were developed to quantify gene expression and detect genetic alterations including mutation, copy number variations and gene fusions. A controlled evaluation study demonstrated that in silico classification of NGS reads into human/mouse origins is more effective than laboratory-based methods for removing mouse tissue contamination. Comparative analyses of molecular profiles from PDX and primary tumors of the same cancer origins suggest that important patterns of gene expression are retained by PDX models. An integrative genomic classifier was developed using the random forest algorithm, trained on primary tumor data, and shown to identify PDX cancer subtypes with high accuracy. Citation Format: Zhengyan Kan, Edward Rosfjord, James Hardwick, Ying Ding, Xianxian Zheng, Julio Fernandez, Stephanie Shi, Mark Ozeck, Hui Wang, Gabriel Troche, Eric Upeslacis, Amy Jackson-Fisher, Keith Ching, Shibing Deng, Xie Tao, John Chionis, Maruja Lira, Xiaorong Li, Konstantinos Tsaparikos, Patrick Lappin, Pamela Vizcarra, David Shields, Judy Lucas, Paul Rejto. Molecular profiling of patient-derived xenograft models across cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translation of the Cancer Genome; Feb 7-9, 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 1):Abstract nr A2-33.
Diet of some spring migrant landbirds on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica

Spring dietary patterns of migrants in tropical latitudes are largely unknown. Here I present diet data derived from an analysis of fecal samples for six migrant landbird species during spring migration along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. High levels of insectivory were detected for all six species captured. The nature of the data presented is discussed in light of El Nino conditions which immediately preceded the field component of this study. Ultimately, detailed knowledge pertaining to the resources utilized by migrant landbirds will improve our ability to manage Caribbean stopover sites. Los patrones dietarios en primavera de los migrantes en latitudes tropicales son casi desconocidos. Se presentan datos sobre la dieta a partir de un analisis de las muestras fecales de seis especies de aves terrestres migratorias durante la migracion de primavera a lo largo de la costa caribena de Costa Rica. Altos niveles de insectivoria fueron detectados en las seis especies capturadas. La naturaleza de los datos presentados se expone a la luz del fenomeno El Nino que precedio inmediatamente al trabajo de campo de este estudio. En ultima instancia, un conocimiento detallado de los recursos utilizados por las aves terrestres migratorias mejorara la capacidad para manejar los sitios de parada en el Caribe. Le regime alimentaire des migrateurs sejournant sous les tropiques au printemps est en grande partie inconnu. Je presente ici des donnees sur l’alimentation provenant d’une analyse d’echantillons fecaux de six especes d’oiseaux terrestres en migration printaniere le long de la cote caraibe du Costa Rica. Les six especes capturees avaient un regime largement insectivore. La nature des donnees est discutee a la lumiere d’un evenement El Nino qui a precede les releves de terrain. Finalement, la connaissance approfondie des ressources utilisees par les oiseaux terrestres migrateurs permettra d’ameliorer notre capacite a gerer les sites migratoires cari- beens.
Isotopic insights into migration patterns of Pacific bluefin tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Understanding regional migration, residency dynamics, and associated trophic ecology can inform recovery strategies for pelagic species such as Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) (PBFT). PBF...
Contested terrain of extractive development in the American West: using a regional political ecology framework to understand scalar governance, biocentric values, and anthropocentric values

The American West has seen a resurgence of capital investment in extractive mineral development on federal lands, emanating from the recent global financial crisis. For these extractive projects, as in energy development more broadly, struggles over knowledge persist in the pre-operational phases of exploratory access and environmental review when political-legal rights and scientific facts are coordinated, codified, and contested. Contested knowledge about extractive mineral development beyond the 100th meridian, once more narrowly limited to proximate environmental impacts like water quality, now more broadly encompasses themes of scalar governance, landscape-level conservation, and local resource access. The case studies covered here demonstrate that a regional scale approach to political ecology provides utility as a heuristic to conceptually frame the concepts of governance, resource access, and ecological degradation between larger processes of economic restructuring and more localized micro politics. A case study approach is used to empirically support the claim that region provides a meso-scale of analysis in terms of: scalar resource control – state versus federal (southeast Utah); biocentric values – preserving nature for nature's sake (southern Arizona); and anthropocentric values – newly touted, but grounded in age-old utilitarianism (northeast Wyoming). Keywords: extractive industries, American West, federal lands, biocentric, anthropocentric
Consent for organ donation after circulatory death at U.S. transplant centers.

ABSTRACTBackground: Despite calls for a controlled organ donation after circulatory death (cDCD) consent process that is more rigorous, consistent, and transparent, little is known about the cDCD consent processes utilized by U.S. hospitals. The objective of this research was to describe the cDCD consent policies of U.S. transplant hospitals, including consent for antemortem interventions (AMI), in order to inform the development of a more rigorous and sound consent process. Methods: Cross-sectional study data of cDCD policies of U.S. transplant hospitals were collected between July 2013 and October 2014. Respondents submitted their policies for investigator review and/or completed a 25-item Web-based survey describing their hospital's cDCD and AMI policies. There were 209 U.S. adult transplant hospitals identified through the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN). Results: One hundred responses were received, representing 48% of all 209 U.S. transplant hospitals and 60% of the 168 transpla...
Neurochemical Aspects of Ischemic Injury

The brain has the highest metabolic rate of all organs and depends predominantly on oxidative metabolism as a source of energy. Thus, it utilizes about 20% of respired oxygen for normal function, even though it represents only 5% of the body weight. Much of oxygen taken up by neurons is utilized for producing ATP, which is needed not only for maintaining the appropriate ionic gradients across the neural membranes but also creating the proper cellular redox potentials. Full and transient deficits in glucose and oxygen can rapidly compromise ATP production and threaten cellular integrity by either not maintaining or abnormally modulating ion homeostasis and cellular redox. The initial response to a transient insufficiency of energy is depolarization resulting in Na+ influx into axons.
Imagining Hedda Gabler: Munch and Ibsen on Art and Modern Life

Among Edvard Munch’s many portraits of Henrik Ibsen, the famous Norwegian dramatist and Munch’s senior by a generation, one stands out. Large in scope and with a characteristic pallet of roughly hewed gray blue, green and yellow, the sketch is given the title Geniuses. Munch’s sketch shows Ibsen, who had died a few years earlier, in the company of Socrates and Nietzsche. The picture was a working sketch for a painting commissioned by the University. While Munch, in the end, chose a different motif for his commission, it is nonetheless significant that he found it appropriate to portrait the Norwegian dramatist in the company of key European philosophers, indeed the whole span of the European philosophical tra­dition from its early beginnings to its most controversial spokesman in the late 1800s. In my article, I seek to take seriously Munch’s bold and original positioning of Ibsen in the company of philosophers. Focusing on Hedda Gabler—a play about love lost and lives unlived—I explore the aesthetic-philosophical ramifications of Ibsen’s peculiar position between realism and modernism. This position, I suggest, is also reflected in Munch’s sketches for the set design for Hermann Bahr’s 1906 production of the play.