cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunologic Response to Tetanus Toxoid in Geriatric Patients

Abstract Study objective: Tetanus antibody levels have been shown to be inadequate in 50% of patients older than 65 years. Although immunization recommendations have been made for this age group, the efficacy of this intervention has not been well documented. We sought to determine the difference in tetanus antibody levels after the administration of one tetanus toxoid immunization to geriatric patients without adequate titers. Methods: Thirty-five patients older than 65 years at a large urban comprehensive care geriatric center who were documented to have inadequate tetanus antibody titers were each given one tetanus toxoid immunization. Repeat titers were obtained at least 2 months after the immunization with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Bindazyme kit; the Binding Site Corporation, Birmingham, England). We considered tetanus antibody levels greater than .17 IU/mL protective. Results: The mean age was 79.4 years; 30 of 35 (86%) were female. Repeat tetanus antibody titers were obtained an average of 123 days (range, 63 to 204 days) after immunization with tetanus toxoid. The mean preimmunization antibody titer was .1 IU/mL (range, .04 to .16 IU/mL). After immunization, antibody titers increased a mean of .61 IU/mL (range, −.01 to 2.23 IU/mL; 95% confidence interval, .35 to .87 IU/mL). Thirty of the 35 patients who received a single injection of tetanus toxoid (86%) developed protective titers. We found no relationship between seroconversion and age, sex, or medical history; nor did we find a relationship between antibody level and time elapsed since immunization when repeat titers were obtained. Conclusion: Administration of one tetanus toxoid injection affords protective immunity in many geriatric patients. [Alagappan K, Rennie W, Narang V, Auerbach C: Immunologic response to tetanus toxoid in geriatric patients. Ann Emerg Med October 1997;30:459-462.]
Comparison of impact and cost-effectiveness of rotavirus supplementary and routine immunization in a complex humanitarian emergency, Somali case study

A humanitarian emergency involves a complete breakdown of authority that often disrupts routine health care delivery, including immunization. Diarrheal diseases are a principal cause of morbidity and mortality among children during humanitarian emergencies. The objective of this study was to assess if vaccination against rotavirus, the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children, either as an addition to routine immunization program (RI) or supplemental immunization activity (SIA) would be cost-effective during a humanitarian emergency to decrease diarrhea morbidity and mortality, using Somalia as a case study. An impact and cost-effectiveness analysis was performed comparing no vaccine; two-dose rotavirus SIA and two-dose of RI for the 424,592 births in the 2012 Somali cohort. The main summary measure was the incremental cost per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted. Univariate sensitivity analysis examined the extent to which the uncertainty in the variables affected estimates. If introduced in Somalia, a full-series rotavirus RI and SIA would save 908 and 359 lives, respectively, and save US$63,793 and US$25,246 in direct medical costs, respectively. The cost of a RI strategy would be US$309,458. Because of the high operational costs, a SIA strategy would cost US$715,713. US$5.30 per DALY would be averted for RI and US$37.62 per DALY averted for SIA. Variables that most substantially influenced the cost-effectiveness for both RI and SIA were vaccine program costs, mortality rate, and vaccine effectiveness against death. Based on our model, rotavirus vaccination appears to be a cost-effective intervention as either RI or SIA, as defined by the World Health Organization as one to three times the per capita Gross Domestic Product (Somalia $112 in 2011). RI would have greater health impact and is more cost effective than SIA, assuming feasibility of reaching the target population. However, given the lack of infrastructure, whether RI is realistic in this setting remains unanswered, and alternative approaches like SIA should be further examined.
Fluid flow and particle transport in mechanically ventilated airways. Part II: particle transport

The flow mechanisms that play a role on aerosol deposition were identified and presented in a companion paper (Timothy et al. in Med Biol Eng Comput. doi: 10.1007/s11517-015-1407-3 , 2015). In the current paper, the effects of invasive conventional mechanical ventilation waveforms and endotracheal tube (ETT) on the aerosol transport were investigated. In addition to the enhanced deposition seen at the carinas of the airway bifurcations, enhanced deposition was also seen in the right main bronchus due to impaction and turbulent dispersion resulting from the fluid structures created by jet caused by the ETT. The orientation of the ETT toward right bronchus resulted in a substantial deposition inside right lung compared to left lung. The deposition inside right lung was ~12-fold higher than left lung for all considered cases, except for the case of using pressure-controlled sinusoidal waveform where a reduction of this ratio by ~50 % was found. The total deposition during pressure constant, volume ramp, and ascending ramp waveforms was similar and ~1.44 times higher than deposition fraction when using pressure sinusoidal waveform. Varying respiratory waveform demonstrated a significant role on the deposition enhancement factors and give evidence of drug aerosol concentrations in key deposition sites, which may be significant for drugs with negative side effects in high concentrations. These observations are thought to be important for ventilation treatment strategy.
Stable Ribosome Binding to the Endoplasmic Reticulum Enables Compartment-specific Regulation of mRNA Translation

In eukaryotic cells, protein synthesis is compartmentalized; mRNAs encoding secretory/membrane proteins are translated on endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-bound ribosomes, whereas mRNAs encoding cytosolic proteins are translated on free ribosomes. mRNA partitioning between the two compartments occurs via positive selection: free ribosomes engaged in the translation of signal sequence-encoding mRNAs are trafficked from the cytosol to the ER. After translation termination, ER-bound ribosomes are thought to dissociate, thereby completing a cycle of mRNA partitioning. At present, the physiological basis for termination-coupled ribosome release is unknown. To gain insight into this process, we examined ribosome and mRNA partitioning during the unfolded protein response, key elements of which include suppression of the initiation stage of protein synthesis and polyribosome breakdown. We report that unfolded protein response (UPR)-elicited polyribosome breakdown resulted in the continued association, rather than release, of ER-bound ribosomes. Under these conditions, mRNA translation in the cytosol was suppressed, whereas mRNA translation on the ER was sustained. Furthermore, mRNAs encoding key soluble stress proteins (XBP-1 and ATF-4) were translated primarily on ER-bound ribosomes. These studies demonstrate that ribosome release from the ER is termination independent and identify new and unexpected roles for the ER compartment in the translational response to induction of the unfolded protein response.
Paradoxical procedures and single-case methodology: Review and recommendations

Abstract Recently, paradoxical techniques have been increasingly employed by behavior therapists. The present paper: (a) summarizes case study paradoxical investigations, (b) reviews paradoxical procedures evaluated via intrasubject replication designs, and (c) offers suggestions for continued use of single-case methodology in paradoxical research. Five major design strategies (reversal, time-series, multiple-baseline, simultaneous treatment and changing criterion) are discussed and examples provided within each area. Specific recommendations are made for a further merging of single-case experimental designs and paradoxical therapies.
miR-23a Promotes the Transition from Indolent to Invasive Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a classic example of a tumor that progresses through multiple distinct stages in its evolution. To understand the mechanisms regulating the transition from indolent to invasive disease, we profiled somatic copy number alterations in non-invasive adenomas and invasive adenocarcinomas from Apc and DNA mismatch repair (MMR) mutant mouse models. We identified a recurrent amplicon on mouse chromosome 8 that encodes microRNAs (miRs) 23a and 27a. miRs-23a and 27a levels are upregulated in mouse intestinal adenocarcinomas, primary tumors from stage I/II CRC patients, as well as in human CRC cell lines and cancer stem cells. Functionally, miR-23a promotes CRC cells and stem cells migration and invasion, while miR- 27a primarily promotes proliferation. We computationally and experimentally validated that Metastasis Suppressor 1 (MTSS1) is a direct miR-23a target and similarly validated that the ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 is a direct miR-27a target. Analyses of computationally predicted target genes in CRC patient microarray datasets are consistent with a role for miR-23a, but not miR-27a, specifically in invasive CRC.
Attenuated Toxoplasma gondii Stimulates Immunity to Pancreatic Cancer by Manipulation of Myeloid Cell Populations

Suppressive myeloid cells represent a significant barrier to the generation of productive antitumor immune responses to many solid tumors. Eliminating or reprogramming suppressive myeloid cells to abrogate tumor-associated immune suppression is a promising therapeutic approach. We asked whether treatment of established aggressive disseminated pancreatic cancer with the immunotherapeutic attenuated Toxoplasma gondii vaccine strain CPS would trigger tumor-associated myeloid cells to generate therapeutic antitumor immune responses. CPS treatment significantly decreased tumor-associated macrophages and markedly increased dendritic cell infiltration of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Tumor-resident macrophages and dendritic cells, particularly cells actively invaded by CPS, increased expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 and concomitantly boosted their production of IL12. CPS treatment increased CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment, activated tumor-resident T cells, and increased IFNγ production by T-cell populations. CPS treatment provided a significant therapeutic benefit in pancreatic tumor-bearing mice. This therapeutic benefit depended on IL12 and IFNγ production, MyD88 signaling, and CD8(+) T-cell populations. Although CD4(+) T cells exhibited activated effector phenotypes and produced IFNγ, CD4(+) T cells as well as natural killer cells were not required for the therapeutic benefit. In addition, CD8(+) T cells isolated from CPS-treated tumor-bearing mice produced IFNγ after re-exposure to pancreatic tumor antigen, suggesting this immunotherapeutic treatment stimulated tumor cell antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. This work highlights the potency and immunotherapeutic efficacy of CPS treatment and demonstrates the significance of targeting tumor-associated myeloid cells as a mechanism to stimulate more effective immunity to pancreatic cancer.
The Militarized Society and the Weapons‐Maker

This is a preliminary report of a larger project concerning the dependence upon and control of engineers and scientists by the military-corporate structure. Here there is (1) a brief description of the American military economy; (2) an analysis of various explanations of why previous social science research about professionals doing military work in “civilian” corporations has not focused upon the meaning attached to the end product of work–weapons; (3) a typology of role-orientations of engineers and scientists in the war-defense industries, i.e., patterns of perceptions, evaluations, and actions. The article concludes with advocacy of partisan sociology—a sociology of liberation.
Integration Of Multi-Sensory Earth Observations For Characterization Of Air Quality Events

ii Acknowledgment iv List of Figures vi 1 Introduction 1 2 Traditional Air Quality Event Characterization 3 2.1 April 2003 Kansas Smoke Characterization 3 2.2 Traditional Data Access 5 3 Service-Oriented Air Quality Analysis 7 3.1 DataFed 9 3.1.1 DataFed Wrappers 9 3.1.2 DataFed Metadata 10 3.1.3 DataFed Workflow 11 3.2 Social Media as an Air Quality Sensor 13 3.3 Combining Science Data and Social Media for AQ Event Analysis 18 4 Case Study: Real-time Event Analysis of August 2009 Southern California Fires .. 20 5 Case Study: Exceptional Event Analysis for May 2007 Georgia Swamp Fires........ 23 5.1 May 2007 Georgia Swamp Fires 24 5.1.1 A: Event Identification 25 5.1.2 B: Clear Causal Relationship between the Data and the Event 27 5.1.3 C: The Event is in Excess of the "Normal" Values 28 5.1.4 D. The Exceedance or Violation would not Occur, But For the Exceptional Event 30 5.1.5 Summary 31 6 Earth Observations Requirements 32 7 Future Work 35 7.1 Collaboration on AQ Event Analysis 35 7.2 Global Earth Observing System of Systems 35 References 37 Vita 37
Response to ``Comment on `Temperature divergence of the dynamics of a poly(vinyl acetate) glass: Dielectric vs. mechanical behaviors''' [J. Chem. Phys. 139, 137101 (2013)]

R. Richert has made a comment to a paper of ours in which dielectric measures on poly(vinyl acetate) suggest that there is a change in temperature dependence of the temperature shift factors from Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) to Arrhenius near to the glass transition temperature. He notes that we made an error in the description of his data and further notes that the data we did not use show a VFT behavior to well below the glass transition. Here we respond to the comment and add additional analysis that suggest that the differences in results are related to the differences between time temperature superposition (TTS) of data and fitting the data with a Kohlrausch, Williams, and Watts function. When TTS is used on the data from Wagner and Richert [Polymer 38, 255 (1997)] the change in behavior to Arrhenius-like below Tg is recovered.
Smooth phase interpolated modulations for nonlinear channels

A constant envelope modulation technique called the smooth phase interpolated keying (SPIK) is investigated. The phase values of the symbols are computed to obtain a smooth phase function. A method to efficiently compute the phase function is described. An optimal receiver structure is outlined, and a near-optimal low complexity version is described. The bit error rate (BER) performance of SPIK is characterized analytically. It is observed that SPIK provides BER performance close to ideal QPSK, 8-PSK and 16-PSK constellations while providing better spectral and BER performance than enhanced Feher QPSK (EFQPSK).
Single column locking plate fixation is inadequate in two column acetabular fractures. A biomechanical analysis.

Background The objective of this study was to determine whether one can achieve stable fixation of a two column (transverse) acetabular fracture by only fixing a single column with a locking plate and unicortical locking screws. We hypothesized that a locking plate applied to the anterior column of a transverse acetabular fracture would create a construct that is more rigid than a non-locking plate, and that this construct would be biomechanically comparable to two column fixation.
Self-heating and short-range Coulomb interactions due to traps in a 10 nm channel length nanowire transistor

In previous works we have investigated the degradation in the ON-current due to self-heating effects in 10 nm channel length nanowire transistors. In this work we examine the simultaneous influence of self-heating and random trapping effects on the magnitude of the ON current. Both positively and negatively charged single traps are considered in the analysis. Our investigations suggest that self-heating effects affect the ON-current in two ways: (1) by lowering the barrier at the source end of the channel, thus allowing for more carriers to go through, and (2) via the screening effect of the Coulomb potential. Namely, presence of more carriers in the channel means more screening and more screening means less impact due to the potential barrier of the negatively charged trap at the source injection barrier, but this at the same time means more self-heating.
An experimental study of Mesler entrainment on a surfactant-covered interface: The effect of drop shape and Weber number

Mesler entrainment is the formation of large numbers of small bubbles which occurs when a drop strikes a liquid reservoir at a relatively low velocity. Existing studies of Mesler entrainment have focused almost exclusively on water as the working fluid in a nominally clean state, where even very small levels of contamination can cause significant changes in surface tension that affect the repeatability of the results. Herein water combined with the soluble surfactant Triton X-100 is used as the working fluid in an attempt to stabilize the state of the water surface. Despite this approach, nominally identical drops did not always result in the same bubble formation event. Accordingly, Mesler entrainment was quantified by its frequency of occurrence for drops having the same nominal diameter and impact velocity. This frequency of occurrence was found to be well correlated to both the Weber number and the shape of the drop on impact. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
LINQ ROX!: integrating LINQ into the database curriculum

The Language INtegrated Query (LINQ) language is a declarative query language integrated within an object-oriented programming language that provides a unified paradigm for querying relations, objects, and XML (ROX). This paper describes a suite of exercises, from cooperative in-class activities to larger-scale graded assignments, for incorporating LINQ into the database curriculum. These exercises support various student learning outcomes and illustrate the applicability of LINQ by querying the same database enterprise across the ROX data models.
Does This Study Make My Aorta Look Fat

A trip to the mall can rapidly become a nightmare with the question "does this [garment] make my [anatomical part] look fat?" An affirmative answer risks grueling days in the dog-house. A negative answer invites intense scrutiny for evidence of insincerity. Diplomacy dictates a measured approach of watchful waiting, preferably from a safe distance out of earshot. However, this adverse event in a relationship pales into insignificance compared to a sudden rupture or dissection of the thoracic aorta. The incidence of acute aortic events is about 1% of the rate of myocardial infarction, but at least one-half of patients die suddenly - frequently before reaching a hospital1. These figures are only rough estimates, because in the era of low autopsy rates, many cases of sudden death due to acute aortic events are probably attributed to acute coronary syndromes.
Purine analogs in marginal-zone lymphomas

In an area of lymphoma classification still being defined, marginal-zone lymphomas have distinctive immunohistochemical and cytogenetic features that distinguish them from mantle-cell and follicular lymphomas. There are three subtypes: the extranodal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas, the nodal monocytoid B-cell (MBCL) lymphomas, and the splenic marginal-zone lymphomas. The MALT lymphomas represent the neoplastic counterpart of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which extends from the jejunum to the rectum. They arise in sites usually containing no lymphoid tissue, such as the stomach, thyroid, and salivary gland. Gastric MALT lymphomas, the most common, are associated with Helicobacter pylori. The MBCL lymphomas closely resemble MALT lymphomas and unlike other non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are commonly composite. Therapy for these lymphomas may include radiation therapy or surgery when disease is of limited extent. However, gastrectomy for gastric MALT lymphomas is not in favor because of the efficacy of antibiotic regimens that can eliminate H. pylori infection. Splenectomy may be indicated for splenic lymphomas. Purine analogs are promising therapeutic agents because they are specific for lymphoid cells. Also, they may prove useful in indolent cancers such as these, because of their activity against dividing and resting cells. Purine analogs may be considered as second-line therapy after alkylating agents for these lymphomas.
Runoff production on forest roads in a steep, mountain catchment

[1] This study investigated how roads interact with hillslope flow in a steep, forested landscape dominated by subsurface flow and how road interactions with hillslope flow paths influence hydrologic response during storms in a second-order catchment. Runoff was measured continuously from 12 subcatchments draining to road segments and covering 14% of a 101-ha, second-order catchment (WS3) in the Andrews Forest, Oregon. Observed runoff over the 1996 water year was compared to predictions for runoff timing and interception of a hillslope water table based on a simple model of kinematic subsurface storm flow. Observed runoff behavior was consistent with model estimates, a finding that underscores the utility of this simple approach for predicting and explaining runoff dynamics on forest roads constructed on steep hillslopes. Road segments in the study area interacted in at least four distinct ways with complex landforms, potentially producing very different effects depending on landform characteristics. Hillslope length, soil depth, and cutbank depth explained much of the variation in road runoff production among subcatchments and among storm events. Especially during large storm events, a majority of instrumented road segments intercepted subsurface flow and routed it to ditches and thence directly to streams with a timing that contributed to the rising limb of the catchment-wide hydrograph. The approach used in this study may be useful for model development and for targeting road segments for removal or restoration.
The Search For A National Child Health Coverage Policy

Thirty-eight percent of US children depend on publicly financed health insurance, reflecting both its expansion and the steady erosion of employment-based coverage. Continued funding for the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is an immediate priority. But broader reforms aimed at improving the quality of coverage for all insured children, with a special emphasis on children living in low-income families, are also essential. This means addressing the "family glitch," which bars premium subsidies for children whose parents have access to affordable self-only employer-sponsored benefits. It also means addressing the quality of health plans sold in the individual and small-group markets-whether or not purchased through the state and federal exchanges-that are governed by the "essential health benefit" standard of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). In this article we examine trends in coverage and the role of Medicaid and CHIP. We also consider how the ACA has shaped child health financing, and we discuss critical issues in the broader insurance market and the need to ensure plan quality, including the scope of coverage, use of a pediatric medical necessity standard that emphasizes growth and development, the structure of pediatric provider networks, and attention to the quality of pediatric health care.
Harmony and Complexity

In Chaps. 4–6 of Book II, Aristotle argued that the motions of the heavenly spheres which surround the Earth are regular and eternal. That is, they rotate forever at a constant rate without acceleration or retardation. This must be the case because (i) their motion at present is seen to be regular, and (ii) any irregularity in their motion must have a discernible cause. After all, why would a cause of irregular motion suddenly arise, after being previously dormant? And similarly, why would a cause of irregular motion suddenly pass away, after having been previously active. Such unaccounted for causes can only be referred to chance or spontaneity, which Aristotle rejects as a valid mode of explanation for the motion of the heavens. So now, having discussed the substance (aether), size (large but finite), number (one), shape (spherical) and motion (regular) of the universe, Aristotle turns his attention to the composition, shape and motion of the bodies which populate the heavenly spheres. He begins by considering the fixed stars, then goes on to consider the complex motion of the wandering stars—the planets.
The domain-specific and domain-general relationships of visuospatial working memory to reasoning ability

The degree to which visuospatial working memory (VSWM) is separable from working memory in general is an open question. On one hand, the construct is often researched as a unitary, domain-specific system. On the other, there is evidence that VWSM shares a common processing component with verbal memory. One might interpret this shared component as domain-general attention. We used confirmatory factor analysis to demonstrate that VSWM shares a domain-general component with verbal memory tasks and has a domain-specific component that is independent of verbal memory. Furthermore, the domain-general component was found to correlate with reasoning ability in both the visuospatial and verbal domains. The domain-specific component only correlated with reasoning ability when the tests had a strong visuospatial component. We argue that theories of VSWM need to place greater emphasis on its multiply determined nature.
Flavonoids and 3-arylcoumarin from Pterocarpus soyauxii.

Phytochemical study on the constituents of the heartwood of Pterocarpus soyauxii led to the isolation of five new isoflavonoids and one new 3-arylcoumarin, pterosonins A–F (1–6), together with 17 known analogues, among which 8, 9, and 18 were reported as natural products for the first time. Structure elucidation was achieved by way of spectroscopic measurements as well as by comparison with literature data. Only Compound 6 showed potent cytotoxicity against human non-small cell lung cancer (A549), pancreatic cancer (Panc-28), and colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cells with GI50 values at 7.39, 25, and 19.17 µM, respectively; the other isolates showed no cytotoxicity against the above tested cell lines with GI50 values > 50 µM.
Visual User Experience Difference: Image compression impacts on the quality of experience in augmented binocular vision

With vision augmentation entering consumer application scenarios with a wide range of adaptation possibilities, an understanding of the interplay of Quality of Service (QoS) factors and resulting device operator Quality of Experience (QoE) becomes increasingly significant. We evaluate the effects of image compression as QoS factor on the QoE by describing the difference between traditional opaque and highly transparent vision augmenting display scenarios, which we denote as Visual User Experience Difference (VUED). We find that based on mean opinion scores, higher ratings are attained in augmented settings only for higher qualities, while lower qualities exhibit a reverse trend. Furthermore, we present a quantified relationship between traditional and augmented vision for a set of common images for the first time. The differential mean opinion score in the vision augmenting setting is additionally compared to major objective image quality metrics and embedded into current theories for mapping QoS to QoE, for which we find and describe suitable fits.
Electrification Qualify for AC UHV Electric Apparatus

For China, the transformer electrical equipments which used in 1000 kV AC UHV pilot project are the completely new equipments. At present, there is no condition to suspend these devices to the power network. To ensure the UHV pilot project can be run reliability for a long time and the commission and operation is successful, the state grid corporation of China determines to evaluate the UHV arrester, CVT, poster insulator and the transformer electrical line fitting in the UHV live test field. The arrangement and layout mode of the checked equipments in the checked field are in accordance with the distribution of the three real transformer substation/switching station in the UHV pilot project. The live check work is not only finishing the expected evaluation task, but also accumulating beneficial experience for UHV pilot project. The electrical and mechanical performance of UHV arrester, CVT, poster insulator and the transformer electrical line fitting are completely examined. The reasonableness about the related equipment distribution is also checked and the noise controlled successfully during the checking process. All these work help us to get the firsthand material which are, the even loop of equipment, transformer line fitting, the electric corona characteristic of strain insulator grading ring, the noise level and the electrical strength of the ground.
Invasive European bird cherry (Prunus padus) reduces terrestrial prey subsidies to urban Alaskan salmon streams1

The spread of invasive species in riparian forests has the potential to affect both terrestrial and aquatic organisms linked through cross-ecosystem resource subsidies. However, this potential had not been explored in regards to terrestrial prey subsidies for stream fishes. To address this, we examined the effects of an invasive riparian tree, European bird cherry (EBC, Prunus padus), spreading along urban Alaskan salmon streams, by collecting terrestrial invertebrates present on the foliage of riparian trees, their subsidies to streams, and their consumption by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Riparian EBC supported four to six times less terrestrial invertebrate biomass on its foliage and contributed two to three times lower subsidies relative to native deciduous trees. This reduction in terrestrial invertebrate biomass was consistent between two watersheds over 2 years. In spite of this reduction in terrestrial prey resource input, juvenile coho salmon consumed similar levels of terrestrial...
Documentary Languages and the Demarcation of Information Units in Textual Information: The Case of Julius O. Kaiser’s Systematic Indexing

Information retrieval (IR) is a central task of information science (IS). Traditionally, IR has focused on document retrieval: however, another, long-established approach to IR—that of information analysis—has sought to decompose documents into retrievable units of information. This paper examines the method of information analysis propounded by one of its pioneers, the business librarian Julius Otto Kaiser (1868–1927), and its theoretical presuppositions about the nature of information. Kaiser viewed information almost exclusively in terms of text and recognized that it had both ontological and epistemological dimensions. On one hand, he held that textual information is an entity of some sort and so capable of being indexed: on the other, he deemed it to be both the product, and occasion, of interpretation on the part of author and reader alike. Kaiser’s method of information analysis sought to decompose documents into units of information on the basis of their semantic content, using a documentary language as a tool for demarcating such units. Analysis of this language indicates that it both incorporated objective features of texts (i.e., extracted terms) and gave indexers considerable interpretative leeway in establishing the boundaries of information units. Kaiser’s version of information analysis constitutes an early attempt to take account of both the ontological and epistemological features of information and so enriches our image of the information-analytic approach, which has traditionally been construed as founded in a positivistic. “objective” view of information alone.
Nocturia: Aetiology and Treatment in Adults

Nocturia is an extremely common condition that has major sequelae for affected patients. Through disruption of sleep, nocturia impairs quality of life and worsens health outcomes, and is associated with a variety of morbidities including diabetes, coronary artery disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and depression. Unsurprisingly, several studies have also linked nocturia with reduced survival. Nocturia is not simply a consequence of lower urinary tract disease; rather, it is a multifactorial disorder that is often a manifestation of an underlying renal or systemic disease. Through the use of the frequency volume chart, clinicians can accurately quantify nocturia and determine its aetiology. Evaluation of quality of life and sleep using simple measures is essential in order to assess the impact of nocturia on a patient. Numerous treatment options for nocturia exist, but most are associated with minor benefit or lack sufficient evidence supporting their use. By systematically analysing an individual's causes of nocturia, clinicians can design appropriate treatment strategies to most effectively treat this condition.
CHAPTER 13 – Swester Katrei and Gregory of Rimini: Angels, God, and Mathematics in the Fourteenth Century

This chapter focuses on mathematics and mathematical physics. Gregory assumes an Aristotelian conception of the status of mathematics. For Aristotelians, quantities, or mathematical entities in general, have no existence separate from things or substances. They are features of things that mathematicians consider in abstraction from other attributes of things although they do not in reality exist separate from these other attributes. If, in a Platonic conception, mathematics concerns mathematical forms that really exist in a realm separate from the physical world, in the Aristotelian conception of mathematics this is not the case. Mathematics differs from metaphysics and physics not because it considers different entities, but because it considers the same entities under the aspect of quantity—whereas metaphysics considers them insofar as they are things, and physics considers them insofar as they are mobile. To fourteenth-century Aristotelians of a nominalistic bent, many of whom including Gregory of Rimini denied that mathematical indivisibles such as points, lines, planes, or instants really exist, mathematics might be considered a conditional science. To this Aristotelian conception of mathematics and physics, fourteenth-century theologians like Gregory of Rimini added ideas about God's sight or knowledge.
Multicomponent adsorption in mesoporous flexible materials with flat-histogram Monte Carlo methods

We demonstrate an extensible flat-histogram Monte Carlo simulation methodology for studying the adsorption of multicomponent fluids in flexible porous solids. This methodology allows us to easily obtain the complete free energy landscape for the confined fluid-solid system in equilibrium with a bulk fluid of any arbitrary composition. We use this approach to study the adsorption of a prototypical coarse-grained binary fluid in “Hookean” solids, where the free energy of the solid may be described as a simple spring. However, our approach is fully extensible to solids with arbitrarily complex free energy profiles. We demonstrate that by tuning the fluid-solid interaction ranges, the inhomogeneous fluid structure inside the pore can give rise to enhanced selective capture of a larger species through cooperative adsorption with a smaller one. The maximum enhancement in selectivity is observed at low to intermediate pressures and is especially pronounced when the larger species is very dilute in the bulk. This suggest a mechanism by which the selective capture of a minor component from a bulk fluid may be enhanced.
Zone II Flexor Tendon Repairs in the United States: Trends in Current Management.

Purpose The repair of zone II flexor tendon injuries is an evolving topic in hand surgery with current literature suggesting the use of a 4-strand repair; 3-0 or 4-0 braided, nonabsorbable sutures; and an epitendinous repair. It was hypothesized that variability would exist within the hand surgeon community in treatment of zone II flexor tendon repairs in surgical material used, surgical technique, and postoperative rehabilitation protocol. Methods An online single-answer multiple-choice survey was distributed to the American Society for Surgery of the Hand members' database. Surgeons were asked questions about demographics, surgical technique, suture type, common complications, postoperative management, and the factor that plays the largest role in guiding their surgical preferences. Responses were compared with current medical evidence. Results A total of 410 individuals responded to the survey. In regards to technique, the majority of surgeons reported using a 4-strand repair; with 3-0 or 4-0 core braided, nonabsorbable sutures; and performing an epitendinous repair. Only 20% of surgeons surveyed reported ever using wide-awake local anesthesia, no tourniquet and postoperative protocols were split between early active and early passive rehabilitation. Senior surgeons (≥ 15 years in practice) were more likely than their colleagues to use a 2-strand repair and a passive rehabilitation protocol. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the majority of respondents are performing zone II flexor tendon repairs in accordance with the best currently available evidence, although there is variability with respect to suture material, surgical technique, and rehabilitation protocols. Clinical relevance There is still a need for high-quality studies on surgical technique and rehabilitation protocols.
Therapie der osteonekrose. Grundlagen und entscheidungshilfen

Die Therapie der ON beinhaltet unterschiedliche Verfahren fur ein breites Spektrum verschiedener radiologischer Stadien. Fur Fruhformen im Prakollapsstadium mit kleinen bis mittelgrosen Lasionen kann der Einsatz von Medikamenten oder die Huftkopfentlastungsbohrung empfohlen werden. Von verschiedenen Autoren wurden fur die kleinen bis mittelgrosen Lasionen unterschiedliche Osteotomien eingesetzt, die jedoch masige Ergebnisse zeigten. Im Postkollapsstadium mit kleinen bis mittelgrosen Lasionen konnen die verschiedenen Techniken der Knochentransplantation empfohlen werden. Diese Eingriffe sollten jedoch immer mit der Inspektion des Knorpels verbunden werden um grose Lasionen oder Knorpelschaden auszuschliesen. In diesen Fallen ist der Einsatz einer Oberflachenersatzprothese des Femurkopfes sinnvoll. Bei bereits bestehendem Knorpelschaden am Acetabulum sollte jedoch primar eine konventionelle Hufttotalendoprothese eingesetzt werden. In der Zukunft konnen mit den neu entwickelten Polyethylengleitflachen, durch die Verwendung von Keramik-Keramik- oder anderen Gleitpaarungen hoffentlich langere Uberlebenszeiten der Totalendoprothesen erzielt werden. Eine weitere Verbesserung konnte der Einsatz von Metall-Metall-Gleitpaarungen sowohl bei den Oberflachenersatzendoprothesen als auch bei den konventionellen Hutftotalendoprothesen bringen. Des Weiteren konnte in Zukunft durch den zusatzlichen Einsatz von bioaktiven Substanzen bei allen gelenkerhaltenden Eingriffen, von der Huftkopfentlastungsbohrung, uber die Osteotomien bis zu den Knochentransplantationen Verbesserungen erzielt werden. Diese bioaktiven Faktoren beinhalten osteoinduktive Zytokine, Stimulationsfaktoren fur die Gefasneubildung sowie Knochenwachstumsfaktoren. Daruber hinaus konnten osteokonduktive Substanzen hilfreich sein und mit osteoinduktiven Faktoren kombiniert werden. Diese bioaktiven Substanzen werden in einem anderen Kapitel dieses Themenheftes ausfuhrlicher besprochen. Im neuen Millennium besteht die berechtigte Hoffnung, dass sich die bisherigen Ergebnisse bei der Behandlung der ON deutlich verbessern lassen.
Fine-Grained Debris Flows In Coarse-Grained Alluvial Systems: Paleoenvironmental Implications For the Late Paleozoic Fountain and Cutler Formations, Colorado, U.S.A.

Abstract: The Fountain and Cutler formations are coarse-clastic alluvial wedges that mantled ancestral Rocky Mountain uplifts. Muddy granule sandstone (MGSF) is a volumetrically important facies to both systems. The facies is massive and unsorted with grain-size distributions that range from clay to granule. These deposits are best characterized as cohesive fine-grained debris flows. Yet, the MGSF rarely contains clasts > 10 mm, although other intercalated alluvial facies commonly contain cobbles and small boulders. Competence modeling was undertaken to assess the amount of water needed to account for the observed coarsest fraction of the MGSF. These results indicate that flows would need inflation with water by one-third to two-thirds, depending on clay mineralogy and the range of clay in the MGSF. This paper proposes that flows began as debris flows but underwent flow transformation through incorporation of water during flow in the paleohighlands. Dilation of the flow reduced competence, and each flow lost the coarser than 10 mm fraction. Flows would rheologically stiffen upon reaching the unconfined alluvial surface, ultimately behaving as cohesive fine-grained debris flows. The MGSF at both study areas does not fit into end-member facies models of alluvial fans. Depositional systems elsewhere that exhibit similar facies may want to consider flow transformation and the associated environmental implications when inferring the depositional setting.
Oregon’s Aging Population: Relationships Between Facilities, Services, Participation, and Sociodemographics in Outdoor Recreation Settings

The purpose of this study was to examine the outdoor recreation behavior of Oregon’s aging population regarding the effect facilities and services have on their outdoor recreation intentions. Several socio-demographic variables were used to develop a profile of the respondents. The influence of facilities and services on their outdoor recreation participation was measured through independent sample t -tests. In order to measure the effects of facilities and services on degree of participation, respondents were asked to rate 14 facilities and services items in regards to how they would impact their degree of participation in outdoor recreation. A stratified random sample was drawn of Oregon residents, and a mail-back questionnaire was chosen to sample those individuals. Of the 4,562 surveys mailed, 1,219 surveys were returned, revealing a 31% response rate. This study utilized only those cases that represented respondents that were 42 to 60 years of age, resulting in a total of 538 responses.Results showed that this population is inclined to participate more often if recreation opportunities are located closer to home, such as hiking trails and parks. Findings from this study also suggest that recreation managers will need to invest resources into the facilities and services demanded by this population. Whether they are younger or older, this cohort will likely be running, hiking, and biking on Oregon trails. Managers should ensure that an adequate inventory of recreation areas has been completed and funding for improving and building new facilities, and providing additional services should be considered. This information will be valuable to recreation managers as they make decisions about facility and services that meet the needs of this cohort. With continuous budget constraints and reductions for recreation facilities and services, managers must be prepared to make hard decisions about what facilities and services should be expanded or reduced in concert with future use. Subscribe to JPRA
Uruguay, 1968: student activism from global counterculture to Molotov cocktails, by Vania Markarian, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2017, 256 pp., US$29.95 (paperback), ISBN 9780520290013

Journalist Mark Kulansky, who wrote a book on the significance of 1968, proclaimed that “there has never been a year like 1968, and it is unlikely that there will ever be one again.” (Kulansky 2005...
Towards Design Principles for Visual Analytics in Operations Contexts

Operations engineering teams interact with complex data systems to make technical decisions that ensure the operational efficacy of their missions. To support these decision-making tasks, which may require elastic prioritization of goals dependent on changing conditions, custom analytics tools are often developed. We were asked to develop such a tool by a team at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where rover telecom operators make decisions based on models predicting how much data rovers can transfer from the surface of Mars. Through research, design, implementation, and informal evaluation of our new tool, we developed principles to inform the design of visual analytics systems in operations contexts. We offer these principles as a step towards understanding the complex task of designing these systems. The principles we present are applicable to designers and developers tasked with building analytics systems in domains that face complex operations challenges such as scheduling, routing, and logistics.
Noncytotoxic-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency in Adolescents: Multicenter Case Series and Review.

Abstract Study Objective Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) in adolescents not due to cytotoxic therapy has not been well studied. Causes of POI have been described in adults, but adolescents might represent a unique subset necessitating a targeted approach to diagnosis, workup, and treatment. We sought to better characterize adolescent POI through a descriptive multicenter study. Design Case series of patients with POI. Setting Six tertiary care institutions. Participants Patients presenting from 2007 to 2014 aged 13-21 years diagnosed with noncytotoxic POI, with exclusions for those who received gonadotoxic therapy, with 46XY gonadal dysgenesis, or lack of evidence of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism on chart review. Interventions Review and data extraction of records identified according to International Classification of Diseases Ninth or Tenth Revision codes. Main Outcome Measures Data were analyzed for signs and symptoms, workup, and treatments. Complete workup was on the basis of American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines. Characteristics of patients with POI who presented with delayed puberty/primary amenorrhea vs secondary amenorrhea were compared. Results One hundred thirty-five records were identified. Those who had received cytotoxic therapy (n = 52), 46XY gonadal dysgenesis (n = 7), or on review did not have POI (n = 19) were excluded. Of 57 remaining cases, 16 were 45X, 2 had galactosemia, and 4 had X-chromosome abnormalities. Most did not undergo full etiologic evaluation. Girls diagnosed after primary amenorrhea/delayed puberty were less symptomatic and more likely to receive an estrogen patch than those diagnosed after secondary amenorrhea. Conclusion Noncytotoxic POI in adolescents is an uncommon condition with, to our knowledge, only 64 cases in 6 institutions over 7 years. These patients might not undergo complete etiological workup. Aside from 45X, the most common etiologies were X-chromosome abnormalities or galactosemia.
Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Aging, Dementia, and Down Syndrome

Aging in animals and man is accompanied by many changes in morphometric and neurochemical measures of the brain. In pathologic conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and Down syndrome (DS), furthermore, these alterations have been shown to be greatly accelerated; however, the functional significance of these changes remains to be determined.