cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The biphasic poroviscoelastic behavior of articular cartilage: Role of the surface zone in governing the compressive behavior

Surface fibrillation of articular cartilage is an early sign of degenerative changes in the development of osteoarthritis. To assess the influence of the surface zone on the viscoelastic properties of cartilage under compressive loading, we prepared osteochondral plugs from skeletally mature steers, with and without the surface zone of articular cartilage, for study in the confined compression creep experiment. The relative contributions of two viscoelastic mechanisms, i.e. a flow-independent mechanism [Hayes and Bodine, J. Biomechanics 11, 407-419 (1978)], and a flow-dependent mechanism [Mow et al. J. biomech. Engng 102, 73-84 (1980)], to the compressive creep response of these two types of specimens were determined using the biphasic poroviscoelastic theory proposed by Mak. [J. Biomechanics 20, 703-714 (1986)]. From the experimental results and the biphasic poroviscoelastic theory, we found that frictional drag associated with interstitial fluid flow and fluid pressurization are the dominant mechanisms of load support in the intact specimens, i.e. the flow-dependent mechanisms alone were sufficient to describe normal articular cartilage compressive creep behavior. For specimens with the surface removed, we found an increased creep rate which was derived from an increased tissue permeability, as well as significant changes in the flow-independent parameters of the viscoelastic solid matrix. permeability, as well as significant changes in the flow-independent parameters of the viscoelastic solid matrix. From these tissue properties and the biphasic poroviscoelastic theory, we determined that the flow-dependent mechanisms of load support, i.e. frictional drag and fluid pressurization, were greatly diminished in cartilage without the articular surface. Calculations based upon these material parameters show that for specimens with the surface zone removed, the cartilage solid matrix became more highly loaded during the early stages of creep. This suggests that an important function of the articular surface is to provide for a low fluid permeability, and thereby serve to restrict fluid exudation and increase interstitial fluid pressurization. Thus, it is likely that with increasing severity of damage to the articular surface, load support in cartilage under compression shifts from the flow-dependent modes of fluid drag and pressurization to increased solid matrix stress. This suggests that it is important to maintain the integrity of the articular surface in preserving normal compressive behavior of the tissue and normal load carriage in the joint.
Racial disparities in ovarian cancer surgical care: a population-based analysis.

Abstract Objective To investigate differences according to racial classification in the frequency of ovarian cancer-related surgical procedures and in access to high-volume surgical providers among women undergoing initial surgery for ovarian cancer. Methods The Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission database was accessed for women age >18years undergoing a surgical procedure that included oophorectomy for a malignant ovarian neoplasm between 7/1/01 and 6/30/09. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate for differences in the likelihood of selected surgical procedures and access to high-volume surgical providers (surgeons≥10 cases/year; hospitals≥20 case/year) according racial classification. Results A total of 2487 patients were identified who underwent a primary surgical procedure that included oophorectomy for a malignant ovarian neoplasm: White=1884 (75.4%), African-American=400 (16.1%), and other/unknown=203 (8.2%). Compared to White patients, African-American patients were significantly younger (mean age 55.4years vs 59.9years, P Conclusions Among women undergoing initial surgery for ovarian cancer, African-American patients are significantly less likely to be operated on by a high-volume surgeon and to undergo important ovarian cancer-specific surgical procedures compared to White patients.
Design and optimization of a low-noise cross-coupled fundamental VCO in 90nm CMOS for 60GHz applications

A methodology for the design and optimization of a low noise cross-coupled fundamental VCO for 60GHz applications is presented in this paper. Using a parametric study, semi-empirical relations are derived for the oscillator elements, enabling optimization for phase noise, tuning range and power, The designed VCO is implemented in 90nm standard CMOS technology, offers a frequency tuning range of 2.5 GHz around 58.7GHz using a combination of analog control of AMOS varactors and a four-bit digital control bus of differential switched capacitance cells. The VCO yields a measured phase noise of −100dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset consuming 20mW and −106dBc/Hz consuming 55mW.
Applied family communication research: Casting light upon the demon

Abstract Beginning with a brief description of family communication as an area of the communication discipline, this essay introduces the JACR symposium on applied family communication research, which is a topic of increasing interest among communication scholars in the mid‐1990s. Four papers, competitively selected for this symposium, are summarized and their unique contributions are highlighted. Five criteria are presented as necessary and sufficient conditions for research to be defined as applied family communication research: scope, goals, significance, methodologies, and implications for practice. Finally, contributions of applied family communication to the larger communication discipline are discussed.
Streptococcus pneumoniae: new tools for an old pathogen

The pneumococcus is one of the longest-known pathogens. It has been instrumental to our understanding of biology in many ways, such as in the discovery of the Gram strain and the identification of nucleic acid as the hereditary material. Despite major advances in our understanding of pneumococcal pathogenesis, the need for vaccines and antibiotics to combat this pathogen is still vital. Genomics is beginning to uncover new virulence factors to advance this process, and it is enabling the development of DNA chip technology, which will permit the analysis of gene expression in specific tissues and in virulence regulatory circuits.
Inhibition of platelet-activating factor binding to human platelets by calcium channel blockers.

Abstract Calcium channel blockers may impair cell activation either by inhibiting calcium influx or by inhibiting agonist binding. Because of this dual action of calcium channel blockers and because of the close relationship between calcium influx and platelet-activating factor (PAF) binding to platelets the current studies examined the effect of calcium channel blockers on PAF binding to washed human platelets. Diltiazem and verapamil inhibited aggregation by PAF in a dose-dependent manner with 50% inhibition at 2.8 ± 1.4 × 10-5M diltiazem (mean ± SD, n=5) and 4.2 ± 2.0 × 10-5M verapamil. Both channel blookers also inhibited PAF binding in a dose-dependent manner with 50% inhibition at 4.7 ± 2.5 × 10-5M diltiazem and 6.3 ± 1.2 X 10-5M verapamil. Analysis of the mechanisms of inhibition of binding indicate both competitive and non-competitive effects of the channel blockers. Scatchard analysis of PAF binding in the presence of different fixed concentrations of either diltiazem or verapamil revealed that these agents both increased PAF receptor number and decreased the receptor binding affinity. Lineweaver-Burke analysis of the same data revealed a family of lines which intersect to the right of the ordinate. The channel blockers also dissociated previously-bound PAF from platelets. The current studies indicate that calcium channel blookers inhibit platelet activation by PAF by more than one mechanism and suggest that the PAF receptor may be closely associated with calcium channels.
The death of creativity measurement has been greatly exaggerated: Current issues, recent advances, and future directions in creativity assessment

Current work on creativity is based on methodologies which either are psychometric in nature or were developed in response to perceived weaknesses of creativity measurement. However, psychometric perspectives on creativity are still a vibrant and vital area of study. Considerable evidence of validity (or lack thereof) has been gathered for a diverse set of instruments and assessment techniques, and the resulting improvement in measurement quality has opened the door to several exciting areas of research. We review some of the current issues, describe recent advances, and suggest future directions for psychometric approaches to creativity research.
Differential expression of manganese superoxide dismutase sequence variants in near isogenic lines of wheat during cold acclimation.

Numerous sequence variants of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genes have been found. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the expression levels of three MnSOD genes distinguished by a variable amino acid, and three genes distinguished by sequence variation in the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR), in wheat plants grown at 20°C and cold-acclimated for 1–4 weeks at 2°C. The amino acid variants did not differ significantly in expression levels, however, differential expression of genes differing in the 3′ UTR was observed. Diploid wheat-related species also carried sequence variants of MnSOD, with differing levels of expression, suggesting diversification of the MnSOD gene family occurred prior to the polyploidization events of hexaploid wheat.
Documenting Hydrological Benefits of Traditional Acequia Irrigation Systems: Collaborative Research in New Mexico, USA

In New Mexico, USA, acequia-based agriculture is under threat as pressures rise to transfer water and land out of agriculture. The amount and cash value of agricultural production coming out of acequia-irrigated valleys is not great when compared to many production areas – yet, the overall value of acequia agricultural systems may go beyond food and fiber production in ways not apparent to the general public. Research on the hydrology of acequias has been carried out in collaboration with acequia associations, irrigators, and other community residents in north-central New Mexico. This research indicates these acequia irrigation systems provide important hydrologic benefits including aquifer recharge and groundwater return flow. In our water budget study, of water diverted into the Acequia de Alcalde, on average only 7% was consumed by crop evapotranspiration, 59% returned to the river as surface return flow, and 33% returned to the river as shallow groundwater return flow. In effect, the acequia irrigation system stores spring snowmelt runoff in the valley alluvial aquifer and releases it to the river later when river flows are normally low. If acequia agriculture decreases significantly, these key hydrologic functions could be lost and fall and winter river flows could diminish, particularly during drought, causing negative effects on downstream water users as well as river ecology.
Crystal structure of an antigen-binding fragment bound to single-stranded DNA

Antibodies to DNA are characteristic of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and they also serve as models for the study of protein-DNA recognition. Anti-DNA antibodies often play an important role in disease pathogenesis by mediating kidney damage via antibody-DNA immune complex formation. The structural underpinnings of anti-DNA antibody pathogenicity and antibody-DNA recognition, however, are not well understood, due in part to the lack of direct, experimental three-dimensional structural information on antibody-DNA complexes. To address these issues for anti-single-stranded DNA antibodies, we have determined the 2.1 A crystal structure of a recombinant Fab (DNA-1) in complex with dT5. DNA-1 was previously isolated from a bacteriophage Fab display library from the immunoglobulin repertoire of an SLE-prone mouse. The structure shows that DNA-1 binds oligo(dT) primarily by sandwiching thymine bases between Tyr side-chains, which allows the bases to make sequence-specific hydrogen bonds. The critical stacking Tyr residues are L32, L49, H100, and H100A, while His L91 and Asn L50 contribute hydrogen bonds. Comparison of the DNA-1 structure to other anti-nucleic acid Fab structures reveals a common ssDNA recognition module consisting of Tyr L32, a hydrogen bonding residue at position L91, and an aromatic side-chain from the tip of complementarity determining region H3. The structure also provides a framework for interpreting previously determined thermodynamics data, and this analysis suggests that hydrophobic desolvation might underlie the observed negative enthalpy of binding. Finally, Arg side-chains from complementarity determining region H3 appear to play a novel role in DNA-1. Rather than forming ion pairs with dT5, Arg contributes to oligo(dT) recognition by helping to maintain the structural integrity of the combining site. This result is significant because antibody pathogenicity is thought to be correlated to the Arg content of anti-DNA antibody hypervariable loops.
The feasibility and effectiveness of an expressive writing intervention for rheumatoid arthritis via home-based videotaped instructions.

Background: Expressive emotional writing has demonstrated efficacy for improving health status in a wide variety of healthy persons and recently in patients with chronic disease.Purpose: This study was a randomized, controlled effectiveness trial with 4 arms: 2 active treatment writing groups, 1 inactive writing group, and 1 attention control group. It represents the first attempt to translate the expressive writing intervention into a low-cost, community-based intervention in the form of a videotaped program.Methods: Feasibility of the approach and patient adherence were examined in a community rheumatology practice with rheumatoid arthritis patients (N = 373).Results: The videotape format was able to convey the intervention instructions accurately and produced the expected and differential ratings of stressfulness and emotional provocation across the 3 writing programs. Seventy-nine percent of eligible patients agreed to take the program home; 49% of these patients reported that they followed the protocol. Physician Disease Activity Rating and the Physical Component Summary of the SF36v2 Health Survey were assessed pre and post program.Conclusions: Intent-to-treat analyses found no effect of the treatment. Pretreatment differences among the protocol-adherent patients complicated treatment outcome interpretation. The standard writing instructions did not yield an effect; a modified set of instructions to extract meaning from the traumatic event yielded equivocal results. Contrasts between efficacy and effectiveness trials and the challenge of achieving significant outcomes in effectiveness trials are discussed.
Decomposition of formic acid on copper, nickel, and copper-nickel alloys: I. Preparation and characterization of catalysts

Copper-nickel (Cu-Ni) powders were prepared and shown to be monophasic, homogeneous alloys. Their surface composition was determined by strong hydrogen chemisorption with an assumed surface stoichiometry of 1:1 hydrogen to nickel (Ni). The surface analysis agrees with previous experimental and theoretical estimates. Ni particles supported on silica were prepared. The metal dispersion was calculated from the uptake of strongly adsorbed hydrogen with a 1:1 stoichiometry of hydrogen to Ni surface atoms. The extent of Ni reduction, determined from dioxygen uptake measurements was in excess of 80%. The titration of Cu surface atoms with oxygen (O/sub 2/) from nitrous oxide on powders and alumina-supported Cu agrees with results of BET N/sub 2/ physisorption and x-ray line-broadening, respectively, when a surface stoichiometry of 2:1 Cu to O is assumed. 5 figures, 3 tables.
Free energy and information contents of conformons in proteins and DNA.

Sequence-specific conformational strains (SSCS) of biopolymers that carry free energy and genetic information have been called conformons, a term coined independently by two groups over two and a half decades ago [Green, D.E., Ji, S., 1972. The electromechanochemical model of mitochondrial structure and function. In: Schultz, J., Cameron, B.F. (Eds.), Molecular Basis of Electron Transport. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-44; Volkenstein, M.V., 1972. The Conformon. J. Theor. Biol. 34, 193-195]. Conformons provide the molecular mechanisms necessary and sufficient to account for all biological processes in the living cell on the molecular level in principle--including the origin of life, enzymic catalysis, control of gene expression, oxidative phosphorylation, active transport, and muscle contraction. A clear example of SSCS is provided by SIDD (strain-induced duplex destabilization) in DNA recently reported by Benham [Benham, C.J., 1996a. Duplex destabilization in superhelical DNA is predicted to occur at specific transcriptional regulatory regions. J. Mol. Biol. 255, 425-434; Benham, C.J., 1996b. Computation of DNA structural variability--a new predictor of DNA regulatory regions. CABIOS 12(5), 375-381]. Experimental as well as theoretical evidence indicates that conformons in proteins carry 8-16 kcal/mol of free energy and 40-200 bits of information, while those in DNA contain 500-2500 kcal/mol of free energy and 200-600 bits of information. The similarities and differences between conformons and solitons have been analyzed on the basis of the generalized Franck-Condon principle [Ji, S., 1974a. A general theory of ATP synthesis and utilization. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 227, 211-226; Ji, S., 1974b. Energy and negentropy in enzymic catalysis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 227, 419-437]. To illustrate a practical application, the conformon theory was applied to the molecular-clamp model of DNA gyrase proposed by Berger and Wang [Berger, J.M., Wang, J.C., 1996. Recent developments in DNA topoisomerases II structure and mechanism. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 6(1), 84-90], leading to the proposal of an eight-step molecular mechanism for the action of the enzyme. Finally, a set of experimentally testable predictions has been formulated on the basis of the conformon theory.
Influences of Material Properties on Energy Absorption of Composite Sandwich Panels under Blast Loads

This paper presents a study on the influence of material properties on the energy absorption capabilities of composite sandwich panels. This is of interest as increased energy absorption capability is an effective approach to providing blast resistance. The primary scope of work includes finite element parametric studies, carried out using LS-Dyna, of single-fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite face sheets and FRP composite sandwich panels to determine the most influential material property parameters and suggest optimum values for these parameters in conceptual terms. The analyses also consider simultaneously varying the material properties throughout the panel and the influence of independently varying these properties among the different structural components of the panel. The results of this work can serve to design new or specify existing composite materials that have material properties optimized for increasing the blast resistance of composite sandwich panels in future work. Validation of the modeling techniques utilized and the development of quantified energy absorption metrics specific to blast applications are also discussed.
Raman Scattering of Synthetic Polymers‐A Review

Abstract Four years after Raman discovered the Raman effect, the first spectrum of a high polymer, i.e., polystyrene, was observed by Signer and Weiler 111, so the field of Raman spectroscopy of polymers is not a new field. However, it was not until twenty years later that the second Raman spectrum of a polymer, that of poly(methy1 methacrylate), was observed [2]. The reasons for this lack of activity rest on the fact that the sample had to be clear, transparent, and nonfluorescing to obtain a Raman spectrum. Most polymers do not fall in any of these categories. Workers like Nielsen [3,4] (PE and PTFE), Tobin [5,6] (PE, PP, PTFE), Brown [7] (PE), and Tadokoro [8,9] (POM, PEG) obtained spectra with Toronto arc spectrometers out only after an enormous amount of diligent effort. However, these workers were successful in drawing attention to the potential of Raman spectroscopy as a tool for the characterization of polymers. Nielsen's review [lo] presented substantial motivation for work in this area, but the ...
Nonprofit Management Alumni Knowledge, Skills, and Career Satisfaction in Relation to Nonprofit Academic Centers Council Curricular Guidelines: The Case of One University's Master's of Public Administration Alumni

Drawing on a survey of 88 alumni of a master of public administration program with a long-standing emphasis in nonprofit management, this article addresses three questions: (a) Are alumni who are more satisfied with their careers more satisfied with course work? (yes, substantially); (b) is reported learning in nonprofit management course work related to satisfaction with career and with graduate program? (yes, to some degree); and (c) is alumni satisfaction with careers and graduate program more strongly related to extent of learning in some areas rather than others? (yes). Implications for curricular content of nonprofit management programs are considered, particularly the sort of enterprise nonprofit management education is (and the sort it should be). We conclude by suggesting that nonprofit management education distinctiveness is based on its moral imperative and urge some consideration of such in curricular design.
Morphology and Phylogeny of Early Ectoprocta (Bryozoa)

Records of Cambrian and early Ordovician ectoprocts (bryozoans) are still sparse, and the earliest forms have so far proved to be poorly preserved. The profusion of ectoprocts in the later part of the early Ordovician and early part of the middle Ordovician show a great morphological diversity. The ectoproct fauna of the Chazyan, New York and Vermont, is one such burst in the evolution of the early ectoprocts. These Chazyan ectoprocts in North America and those in Estonia and Siberia indicate that certain lineages were well established in these widely separated areas and probably established on a world-wide basis. These show several different types of colony construction and zooecial structures. At least 11 lineages form the Chazyan ectoprocts: ceramoporoids, escharoporids, pachydictyids, stictoporids, phylloporinids, nicholsonellids, eridotrypids, atactotoechids, batostomids, jordanoporids, and heloporids?. The Chazyan species of ectoprocts were ecologically adapted to certain shallow neritic environments. The ceramoporoids apparently colonized new areas on the Chazyan shelf area and built up the substrate which other organisms could then invade. Batostoma was important in building bio-herms and in binding sediment. Other ectoproct species built scattered thickets or grew between larger thickets of ectoproct colonies and sessile benthos. This summary study advocates that the term Ectoprocta, widely used in neontology, be used in paleontology in place of the term Bryozoa, which includes forms that differ widely in their basic organization.
A parallel Gauss-Seidel algorithm for sparse power system matrices

We describe the implementation and performance of an efficient parallel Gauss-Seidel algorithm that has been developed for irregular, sparse matrices from electrical power systems applications. Although, Gauss-Seidel algorithms are inherently sequential, by performing specialized orderings on sparse matrices, it is possible to eliminate much of the data dependencies caused by precedence in the calculations. A two-part matrix ordering technique has been developed -- first to partition the matrix into block-diagonal-bordered form using diakoptic techniques and then to multi-color the data in the last diagonal block using graph coloring techniques. The ordered matrices often have extensive parallelism, while maintaining the strict precedence relationships in the Gauss-Seidel algorithm. We present timing results for a parallel Gauss-Seidel solver implemented on the Thinking Machines CM-5 distributed memory multi-processor. The algorithm presented here requires active message remote procedure calls in order to minimize communications overhead and obtain good relative speedup.
Aging of high temperature insulation systems with alternative fluids

For many years traditional design of liquid-immersed transformers has been based on the combination of cellulose solid insulation and mineral oil. As a result, average temperature rise for windings is normally limited to 65 K, and top oil rise to 60 K as given in IEC 60076-2. Sometimes space or weight limitations or high ambient temperatures force designers to look for new solutions such as those with higher temperature rises using high temperature materials. Using aramid paper with a much higher thermal capability than Kraft cellulose paper can allow operating the equipment at a higher winding temperature rise without any negative impact on the insulation life.
The Determination and Effect of Unreacted Isocyanate Groups in Rigid Urethane Foams

A method for determination of unreacted isocyanate groups in rigid urethane foams by the infrared technique is described. The method has an average deviation of about 5% for replicates. A description of efforts directed toward adapting a chemical method for the determination of NCO in foam is given. Problems relating to water adsorbed on powdered urethane foam reacting prefer entially with the NCO groups prevented suc cessful chemical methods of measurement. In order to minimize exposure of the reactive NCO groups a procedure is described for the reproducible deposition of diisocyanate on KBr.
Commentary: Not all attitudes are created equal

stimuli.’ 1 Alas, if that statement were only regularly honoured. Instead, as LaPierre goes on to note, ‘But by derivation social attitudes are seldom more than a verbal response to a symbolic situation’. Let us note that LaPierre was writing those statements 75 years ago. Nothing has changed, and social psychologists continue to observe and fret about the fact that ‘attitudes’ do not necessarily relate to ‘behaviour’. As LaPierre’s opening statement makes clear that that idea is nonsense because attitudes are behaviour. Or, perhaps a bit more accurately, attitudes are inferred from behaviour, and only from behaviour. The whole issue hinges on one’s ideas about just what constitutes ‘behaviour’ and whether one wants to divide behaviour into the two categories of ‘what people
Ku-band antenna array feed distribution network with ferroelectric phase shifters on silicon

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and experimental results of a 1 : 4 monolithic power distribution network for Ku-band array antenna applications. The network integrated on a high-resistivity silicon (HRS) substrate surface stabilized by polysilicon consists of three Wilkinson power dividers, four dc blocking filters, and four coplanar waveguide (CPW)-to-microstrip (MS) transitions. Each output ports are fed with a barium-strontium-titanate phase shifter. It is found that the introduction of the polysilicon layer between the oxide and HRS reduces RF losses significantly, which will enable the monolithic integration of high-power controller modules onto silicon because of the existence of the oxide layer, preventing any degradation of RF performances. The individual components show insertion losses ranging from 0.4 to 2.6 dB at 15 GHz, and the interconnecting CPW lines result in a loss of 0.064 dB/mm. This network was successfully integrated with MS patch antennas monolithically, showing good performance of 32-dB return loss at 14.85 GHz, and 10/spl deg/ beam-steering capability.
Patient history and physician suspicion accurately exclude pregnancy

Abstract Objectives Reliance upon patient assessment in excluding pregnancy is questionable. Physicians are encouraged to obtain pregnancy tests in all women of childbearing age. We affirmed the accuracy of women and their physicians in predicting pregnancy. Methods This was a prospective, observational study performed in a suburban academic emergency department on adult women with an ordered pregnancy test. A standardized gynecologic history was obtained by trained research assistants. Subjects estimated their likelihood of pregnancy as impossible, possible, or definite. Emergency department physicians estimated the likelihood of pregnancy as high, moderate, or low. All women had either a serum or urine β -human chorionic antigen. The diagnostic characteristics of patient and physician predictions of pregnancy were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results We enrolled 377 subjects. Median age was 29 (interquartile range, 22-37) years. Twelve percent of the women were pregnant. Women's estimates of pregnancy were as follows: impossible, 64.7%; possible, 22.5%; and definite, 12.7%. The pregnancy rates among women with estimates of impossible, possible, and definite were 0% (95% CI, 0%-1.5%), 4.7% (95% CI, 1.9%-11.5%), and 89.6% (95% CI, 77.8%-95.5%) ( P P Conclusions There were no pregnancies among women who estimated pregnancy as impossible or whose physicians thought that the likelihood of pregnancy was low. Routine pregnancy testing before radiological imaging and medication administration may not be required in adult women of childbearing age.
Cytomegalovirus viral and antibody correlates in young children

Young, healthy children shedding cytomegalovirus (CMV) in urine and saliva appear to be the leading source of CMV in primary infection of pregnant women. We screened 48 children 6 months – 5 years old for CMV IgG and measured levels of CMV IgG, IgM and IgG avidity antibodies, frequency of CMV shedding, and viral loads in blood, urine, and saliva. Thirteen of the 48 children (27%) were CMV IgG positive, among whom 3 were also CMV IgM positive with evidence of recent primary infection. Nine of the 13 seropositive children (69%) were shedding 102-105 copies/ml of CMV DNA in one or more bodily fluid. Among seropositive children, low IgG antibody titer (1:20–1:80) was associated with the absence of shedding (p = 0.014), and enrollment in daycare was associated with the presence of CMV shedding (p = 0.037). CMV antibody profiles correlated with CMV shedding. The presence of CMV IgM more often represents primary infection in children than in adults. Correlating antibodies with primary infection and viral shedding in healthy children adds to the understanding of CMV infection in children that can inform the prevention of CMV transmission to pregnant women.
Self-interference patterns and their application to inertial-fusion target characterization.

The sphericity and wall-thickness uniformity requirements of direct-drive inertial-fusion targets are of the order of less than 1%. These shells display self-interference patterns (SIP’s) when irradiated with a spatially incoherent, narrow-bandwidth light source and viewed with a compound microscope. These patterns are distinct concentric fringes when the target is uniform, whereas faint, distorted, or discontinuous fringes indicate a nonuniform target. We determined the wall thickness to within ±0.5 µm by counting the number of fringes in the SIP, independent of the outside diameter. Thickness uniformity is verified to an accuracy better than 0.05 µm. The wall thickness of gas-filled targets can be determined to this accuracy without knowledge of the type of gas or its pressure. The SIP fringe technique is used to select polymer shells typically of 800- to 1000-µm diameter and 5- to 12-µm wall thickness. The fringe locations have been modeled by use of ray tracing and agree well with actual measurements of well-characterized shells. Details of the formation of the SIP fringes, a theoretical model, and the method used for quantitative measurement of the shell-wall thickness with the SIP are presented with validation examples.
PET/CT imaging of clear cell renal cell carcinoma with 124I labeled chimeric antibody:

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) presents problems for urologists in diagnosis, treatment selection, intraoperative surgical margin analysis, and long term monitoring. In this paper we describe the development of a radiolabeled antibody specific to ccRCC (124I-cG250) and its potential to help urologists manage each of these problems. We believe 124I-cG250, in conjunction with perioperative Positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging and intraoperative handheld gamma probe use, has the potential to diagnose ccRCC, aid in determining a proper course of treatment (operative or otherwise), confirm complete resection of malignant tissue in real time, and monitor patients post-operatively.
Wireless Technologies For Marketing And Management Professionals

Wireless technology is rapidly expanding market in business. A survey of literature and executives in Colorado indicates extensive use of cell phones predominating in all businesses. Secondary wireless technology (wireless mouse, LAN, keyboards, PDA) is gradually expanding. The future holds additional expansion in Hot Spots for use away form the home/office environment. Major concerns with wireless technology involve both security and standardization, which will determine expanded use in the future.
Radioimmunoassay of Plasma Estrogens: Use of Polymerized Antibodies

Antibodies to estradiol can be produced by immunization of sheep with estradiol-17β-succinyl-bovine serum albumin (Ferin et al., 1968). The biologic potency of these antibodies in neutralizing circulating estrogens has been demonstrated by Ferin et al. (1968, 1969). The availability of steroid antibodies opened the possibility of their use in the development of radioimmunoassay of steroids. Preliminary results of radioimmunoassays of estradiol (Abraham, 1969) and testosterone (Niswender and Midgley, 1969) have been reported recently.
Thirty Years of the United States Regional Association of the International Association for Landscape Ecology: The Evolution of Its Organization and Science

This book accounts the early history of the US Regional Association of the International Association for Landscape Ecology (USIALE) . In this chapter, the coeditors of this volume, we describe the revision in the mission of USIALE that was influenced by officers during the first 30 years since its conception, recipients of society awards, timelines of annual symposia, and hosts for these annual events.
American Constitutionalism's Modern Global Relevance

Legal scholarship has argued with increasing frequency that the United States Constitution is out of sync with evolving human rights norms and, as such, the Constitution’s influence on other countries’ constitutionalism is waning. By in large, these studies address primarily the influence of the U.S. textual constitution, or else the tendencies of selected foreign courts to cite the U.S. Supreme Court. None to date have considered quantitatively the impact of American constitutional law, that is, the constitution as it has evolved through judicial interpretation. This study does so. For the foreign constitutional data, it borrows from a previous data set quantifying all of the world’s constitutions (Law & Versteeg 2010). In this data set, each of the world’s constitutions is represented by a series of sixty binary variables indicating whether the constitution nominally recognizes a given right. Considering the entire body of American constitutional jurisprudence, I supplement the data set by quantifying the rights-related provisions embodied in the American system of constitutional law. Specifically, I characterize the U.S. “Constitution” as the entire body of American constitutional law. As part of that process, I assess for every year from 1946 to 2006, inclusive, whether American constitutional law recognized each right regardless of whether the textual Constitution explicitly included it. I then calculate the similarity between every constitution adopted throughout the world during the sixty-one year period (729 total constitutions), and U.S. constitutional law at the time of the adoption. In comparing the U.S. Constitution to those of other nations, I calculate the similarity index between U.S. constitutional law and all of the world’s textual constitutions. I conclude that global similarity between national constitutions and the U.S. constitution is decreasing, and there is actually greater dissimilarity than between the U.S. Constitution’s text and the world. However, in contrast to the constitutional text-world dissimilarity, the dissimilarity I observe appears to be driven by the United States’ recognition of many more rights, particularly those involving civil and political rights. Moreover, the observed disparity is greatest among non-common law-based countries, and in Latin America. Among common law nations and in Europe and Canada, there exists relative similarity, and that similarity is holding steady or increasing since 1990. These initial findings lay the groundwork for an expanded project, which will use similar methods to compare the constitutional law systems of several dozen countries of various legal traditions.
Expression of AT1A and AT1B angiotensin II receptor messenger RNA in forebrain of 2-wk-old rats

The gene expression of angiotensin II receptor subtypes AT1A and AT1B was localized in the forebrain of 2-wk-old rats by in situ hybridization histochemistry and compared with [125I]Sar1-angiotensin II binding patterns. AT1A receptor mRNA was expressed in circumventricular organs, in hypothalamic nuclei like the paraventricular nucleus, in the lateral olfactory tract, in the basolateral amygdaloid and anterior olfactory nuclei, and in the piriform cortex. No AT1B receptor mRNA was detected in these areas. AT1A and AT1B receptor mRNA was detected in the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, and choroid plexus. No forebrain area studied expressed AT1B receptor mRNA exclusively. Most often, a good match for receptor mRNA and binding was found. In some areas, apparent mismatches suggested receptor formation elsewhere (median eminence) or receptor presence in local neuronal circuits (hippocampus, cingulate, and piriform cortex). Our results support the hypothesis that AT1A receptors are involved in the classical central functions of angiotensin II. Both AT1A and AT1B receptors may play roles in cortical and limbic system function, particularly early in development.
Environmental impact of metal and metalloid leaching from highway marking glass beads.

Recently, metals and metalloids have been observed at elevated concentrations in glass beads imported to the US. Average total concentrations in imported batches ranged from 103 to 683 mg kg–1 for As, 62 to 187 mg kg–1 for Sb, and 23 to 179 mg kg–1 for Pb. The labile fraction associated with the glass beads resulted in leached concentrations as great as 538 μg L–1 for As, 1092 μg L–1 for Pb, and 160 μg L–1 for Sb. Sequential extraction was conducted as well to better understand the form of metals and metalloids associated with the glass beads. Only 0.23% of As, 3.40% of Pb, 2.37% of Ba, and 1.92% of Mn were extracted in the exchangeable (As, Mn, and Ba) and the oxidizable forms (Pb), whereas greater than 97% of metals and metalloids present were associated with the glass matrix. Nonparametric statistics were applied to test total concentrations that resulted in exceedances in the groundwater quality criteria. Results demonstrated that the As, Pb, and Sb limits were exceeded for 98%, 58%, and 15% of the sa...
Mapping Women: Scholarship on Women in the History of Cartography

Upon reading a book on the history of cartography in the 1960s, one would think that no women were involved in cartography or the map trades. No women’s names were listed in the indices, even if oc...
Regulation of myosin 5a and myosin 7a

The myosin superfamily is diverse in its structure, kinetic mechanisms and cellular function. The enzymatic activities of most myosins are regulated by some means such as Ca2+ ion binding, phosphorylation or binding of other proteins. In the present review, we discuss the structural basis for the regulation of mammalian myosin 5a and Drosophila myosin 7a. We show that, although both myosins have a folded inactive state in which domains in the myosin tail interact with the motor domain, the details of the regulation of these two myosins differ greatly.
Layered Uranyl Coordination Polymers Rigidly Pillared by Diphosphonates

The hydrothermal reaction of uranyl nitrate and 1,4-benzenebisphosphonic acid in the presence of monovalent and divalent metal hydroxides results in the formation of four new uranyl coordination polymers: Ag2{(UO2)[C6H4(PO3H)2]2} (AgUbbp), Cs{(UO2)[C6H4(PO3H0.5)2]} (CsUbbp), [Ba(H2O)3]{(UO2)3[C6H4(PO3)2]2(O)}·5(H2O) (BaUbbp), and [Sr(H2O)3]{(UO2)2[C6H4(PO3)2](OH)2(H2O)}·3(H2O) (SrUbbp). AgUbbp and CsUbbp complexes are constructed from UO6 units with tetragonal bipyramidal coordination geometries, whereas BaUbbp and SrUbbp complexes contain UO7 units with pentagonal bipyramidal coordination environments. The pH and the monovalent/divalent metal cations have significant effects on the topology of these structures. These compounds fluoresce at room temperature owing to emission from the uranyl units.
Application of Dual Source CT on Artery Injury in Extremities

Objective To assess the clinical application value and advantages of DSCT Angiography on artery injury in Extremities. Methods Seven suspected patients with artery injury in extremities underwent DSCT Angiography, including three cases on artery injury of upper extremity and four cases on artery injury of lower extremity. All the seven patients were performed with DSCT Angiography after the operation. The data of thin slice cross section were reconstructed by MPR, MIP and VR, employing Somatom Definition, German. Contrast-concentration was 350 or 370mg i/ml, total amount was 80-100ml and injection rates was 4.0 ml/s. Results All the images of angiography displayed many clear blood vessels and smooth vessels verge, contrasting with surrounding issues well. They also displayed no ladder artifact or truncation artifact. The image quality was good enough to meet the requirements of clinical diagnosis. Meanwhile the coincidence between preoperative diagnosis and postoperative diagnosis was 100%. Conclusion To suspected patients with artery injury in extremities, DSCT Angiography may be the first choice. Three-dimensional reconstruction angiographys by means of different reconstruction techniques are very helpful in diagnosing and formulating treatment perscription.
Analysis of the monitoring results of iodate content in iodized salt consumed by the residents in Zhanggong district from 2006 to 2010

Objective:To understand and master Zhanggong district residents consumption of iodized salt conditions;timely find problems and take intervention measures,guarantee the strategy that residents consume iodized salt get effective implementation.Methods: According to the "national iodized salt monitoring program" and the "salt of Jiangxi Province to monitor the implementation details" for monitoring.Results: 2006-2010 were monitoring 1472 sample,eligible 1420 copies,the iodized salt 3 copies,unqualified iodized salt 49 copies.2006 and 2008 qualified rate of iodized salt,consuming rate of qualified iodized salt is higher than 90%,2007,2009 and 2010 qualified rate of iodized salt,consuming rate of qualified iodized salt is higher than 95%.Conclusion: 2006-2010,coverage rate of iodized salt in entire district,qualified rate of iodized salt and consuming rate of qualified iodized salt all reached national standards.
Oxygen consumption during cardiopulmonary bypass with large volume hemodilution.

Summary 1. Oxygen consumption was measured clinically and experimentally during cardiopulmonary bypass with the disc oxygenator totally primed with Ringer's lactate solution. 2. In 40 adult male patients, with hemodilution from 25 to 52 c.c. per kilogram per body weight and perfused with flow rates averaging 52 c.c. per kilogram per minute at an esophageal temperature of 33° C., the oxygen consumption ranged from 1.2 to 3.3 c.c. per kilogram per minute. 3. These data compare favorably with those reported by Senning but the values are less than those of others and the theoretical values for man during whole body perfusion with whole blood oxygenator prime at normothermic temperatures. 4. In animals with hemodilution ranging from 42 to 110 c.c. per kilogram per body weight per minute, the oxygen consumption is decreased at normothermic temperatures when compared with that of dogs perfused with whole blood. However, in spite of the profound hemodilution during hypothermia, the results compare favorably with those in animals undergoing total cardiopulmonary bypass with homologous blood prime.
Measurement of extravascular renal water by the thermal dye indicator dilution technique.

Abstract Simple mechanical swelling of the renal parenchyma against an unyielding renal capsule may be responsible in part for the development of oliguria and acute tubular necrosis. However, until now, renal swelling was difficult to measure, except by postmortem gravimetric techniques. A new in vivo technique, the thermal dye double indicator dilution technique, was used to assess renal swelling by measuring extravascular renal water. Ice cold indocyanine green dye solution was injected rapidly into the renal artery of 5 mongrel dogs, and the thermal dilution and dye dilution curves were recorded simultaneously by means of a thermistor catheter in the renal vein. The curves were corrected for the response time of the measuring systems, then the extravascular renal water was computed (renal blood flow multiplied by the difference in mean transit times of the thermal dilution and dye dilution curves). The results were compared to the gravimetrically determined extravascular renal water. A high correlation was found to exist between the thermal dye dilution method and the gravimetric method (r = 0.92, X = 0.65Y + 19.8, p
Mobile Source Nox Control Techniques

ABSTRACT We have several objectives in this paper. First, we will review the current NOx control situation in the United States. This will include discussion of both the NOx standards and the automotive technology that is being utilized to meet those standards. Second, we will examine the fuel economy difference between vehicles meeting the 2.0 g/mi NOx standard and vehicles meeting the 1.0 g/mi NOx standard based on 1980, 1981 and 1982 model year vehicle data. Third, we will examine emission control techniques and systems with low NOx capability for possible application in the Netherlands and other parts of Europe. Some of these systems are well developed, and others still are in the research and development phase. Our discussion of systems considers low NOx control capability and fuel economy performance.