cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive cardiac pacing for termination of sustained, uniform ventricular tachycardia.

Abstract Bursts of ventricular pacing are effective for terminating hemodynamically tolerated ventricular tachycardia (VT).1 Endocardial stimulation using temporary transvenous pacemakers has been the preferred method for effecting VT termination. Zoll et al2,3 developed a noninvasive, external cardiac pacemaker that has been effectively used for management of patients with bradyarrhythmic events. In this report we describe successful use of the noninvasive cardiac pacemaker to terminate VT using bursts of rapid ventricular pacing.
Fate of carbendazim fungicide in bulb mite (Acari: Acaridae).

The fate of carbendazim fungicide was examined in bulb mites, Rhizoglyphus echniopus (Fumouze and Robin), at various intervals after exposure to 4.75 μg per vial or 19.0μg per vial for 1 h and after continuous exposure to 19.0 Ilg per vial for various intervals up to 96 h. Amounts of radiocarbon transferred from the vials to the mites were 13.0 μg/g in the 4.75 μg per vial for 1 h; 25.8 Ilg/g in the 19.0 μg per vial for 1 h; and > 60.1μg/g in the 19.0 μg per vial for continuous-exposure treatments. Internal (internal mite extract plus mite residue) carbendazim-14C-equivalents (ng/50 mg mites) reached apparent peak levels of 102 at 48 h in the 4.75 μg per vial for 1 h, 314 at 72 h in the 19.0 μg per vial for 1 h, and 751 at 96 h in the 19.0 μg/vial for continuous-exposure treatments. The major carbendazim metabolite identified was 5-hydroxy-2-aminobenzimidazole. Low levels of 2-aminobenzimidazole and 5-hydroxy-2-benzimidazolecarbamate were present also. Appreciable amounts of nonparent radiocarbon were present in holding vial and external mite rinses, suggesting that carbendazim-14C-equivalents also were excreted. Different doses and exposure regimens affected quantitative aspects of carbendazim fate, but no qualitative differences were evident. The processes of carbendazim penetration, metabolism, and excretion in bulb mites proceeded at substantial rates and thus were similar to those reported previously for some acaricides in this mite species.
In Vivo Measurement of Intramolecular Distances Using Genetically Encoded Reporters

The function of membrane proteins occurs in the context of the cell membrane in living cells acting in concert with various cell components such as other proteins, cofactors, etc. The understanding of the function at the molecular level requires structural techniques, but high resolution structural studies are normally obtained in vitro and in artificial membranes or detergent. Ideally the correlation of structure and function should be carried out in the native environment but most of the techniques applicable in vivo lack the high resolution necessary to track conformational changes on a molecular level. Here we report on the successful application of an improved variant of lanthanide-based resonance energy transfer a fluorescent based technique, to Shaker potassium channels expressed in live Xenopus oocytes. Lanthanide-based resonance energy transfer is particularly suitable to measure intramolecular distances with high resolution. The improvements reported in this work are mainly based on the use of two different small genetically encoded tags (the Lanthanide Binding Tag and the hexa-histidine tag), which due to their small size can be encoded at will in many positions of interest without distorting the protein's function. The technique reported here has the additional improvement that the two tags can be placed independently in contrast to previously described techniques that rely on chemical labeling procedures of thiols.
Ascorbic acid reduces the effects of hypoxia on the Amazon fish tambaqui

Juveniles of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum were fed diets containing 0, 100 and 500 mg of L-ascorbic acid (AA) per kg of feed for 10 weeks. Subsequently exposed to acute hypoxia for 6 h, the animals fed with high levels of AA exhibited no changes in blood pH and plasma glucose and reduced levels of lipid peroxidation. Thus, AA-enriched diets reduce the effects of hypoxia insult on juveniles of C. macropomum.
Zur phototaxis von Amoeba proteus

The threshold for negative phototactic movements of Amoeba proteus lies between 200 and 620 foot candles. If such amoebae receive two equally intense horizontal beams, directed either perpendicularly or oppositely, each animal alternately retreats from one beam and then from the other. When changing direction, it seems to keep a fixed forward region.
Health care policies in the United States. Can the "American way" succeed?

KIE: Medical care in the United States has become so "decentralised, fragmented, and uncoordinated" that the country effectively "lacks a health care system." Guest elaborates on such problems as inadequate provision for the poor, the failure of attempts to control costs through the market system, and the erosion of the economic base of public hospitals as the for-profit sector lures away profitable patients. He calls for the funding of public and teaching hospitals through transfer of funds from payroll deductions for private health insurance premiums, the organization of funding on a less centralized state basis with the federal government providing guidance on minimum standards, and the emergence of public hospitals as prepaid health maintenance organizations.
Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: risk factors for appearance of imipenem resistant strains on patients formerly with susceptible strains.

Background Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) is an important nosocomial pathogen usually susceptible to carbapenems; however, growing number of imipenem resistant MDRAB (IR-MDRAB) poses further clinical challenge. The study was designed to identify the risk factors for appearance of IR-MDRAB on patients formerly with imipenem susceptible MDRAB (IS-MDRAB) and the impact on clinical outcomes. Methodology/Principal Findings A retrospective case control study was carried out for 209 consecutive episodes of IS-MDRAB infection or colonization from August 2001 to March 2005. Forty-nine (23.4%) episodes with succeeding clinical isolates of IR-MDRAB were defined as the cases and 160 (76.6%) with all subsequent clinical isolates of IS-MDRAB were defined as the controls. Quantified antimicrobial selective pressure, “time at risk”, severity of illness, comorbidity, and demographic data were incorporated for multivariate analysis, which revealed imipenem or meropenem as the only significant independent risk factor for the appearance of IR-MDRAB (adjusted OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.27). With selected cases and controls matched to exclude exogenous source of IR-MDRAB, multivariate analysis still identified carbapenem as the only independent risk factor (adjusted OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.92). Case patients had a higher crude mortality rate compared to control patients (57.1% vs. 31.3%, p = 0.001), and the mortality of case patients was associated with shorter duration of “time at risk”, i.e., faster appearance of IR-MDRAB (adjusted OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.98). Conclusions/Significance Judicious use of carbapenem with deployment of antibiotics stewardship measures is critical for reducing IR-MDRAB and the associated unfavorable outcome.
Steps in Meeting the Needs of Kentucky's Migrant Farmworkers

SUMMARY Hispanic migrant farmworkers have only recently become a part of Kentucky's farm labor force. Previously, small farms in the state relied on family members and neighbors to harvest crops, especially tobacco. However, as these numbers of local workers have diminished, more small farmers are hiring Hispanic farmworkers. From 1992 to 1995, there was a 40− increase in the number of Hispanic migrant farmworkers in Kentucky, bringing population estimates to between 6000 and 8000; increases are projected into the foreseeable future. This paper describes one of the first steps taken to address the health and social needs of migrant farmworkers in Ken-tucky. The Migrant Network Coalition is a group of individuals rep-resenting over 30 agencies in Central Kentucky that deal with mi-grant farmworkers. In an effort to inform the broader community about the special needs of migrant farmworkers, the Coalition hosted the first statewide conference on migrant issues in Kentucky. The conference attracted over 120 ...
Color matching throughout the work week: an industrial application of the swallowtail-difference equation.

This article considers a multilevel system problem involving color perception of individual human beings, man-machine interactions, and changing social factors. Previous research on the same system found critical differences in color matching performance over a 24-hour period, modeled by a cusp catastrophe. The hypothesis now tested is whether critical differences in group performance occur in a regular weekly cycle. Subjects were 13 color matchers and 30 printers who worked rotating shifts. Data were drawn from production records for 27 pairs of multicolor jobs performed over three four-week periods. The swallowtail hypothesis was upheld for three criteria: color matching time (R2 = .55), printing press time (R2 = .55), and printing paper conserved or wasted (R2 = .83). Job length (difficulty), time period (denoting organizational dynamics taking place), and whether the job pair occurred in the Monday-Wednesday, or Thursday-Saturday part of the week (semicycle) served as control variables. Language: en
CHILDREN'S ALIGNMENT WITH PARENTS IN HIGHLY CONFLICTED CUSTODY CASES

In one of two samples discussed in this article, 41% of 24 consecutively referred latency-age children were aligned with one parent in a divorce. In a separate sample of 20 families, both parents of aligned children were more rigid, naively defended, and less emotive than were parents of nonaligned children. Aligned children preferred the more emotive, problem solving, and outgoing of the two parents. Aligned children were less adept at conceptualizing complex problems than were nonaligned children, but they were more self-confident.
IN SEARCH OF SOCIO-HISTORICAL ROOTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA’S ISLAMIST TERRORISM: With Special Reference to an Indonesian Experience

This paper examines socio-historical roots of Southeast Asia’s Islamist terrorism. Specifically focusing on cases of terrorism in Indonesia, it deals with global, regional, and local factors that underline the emergence of “radical Islamism” as the roots of modern terrorism. Although there had been some connections between Southeast Asia’s militant Islamists to Afghanistan-based jihadists, an emphasis on the Al-Qaeda-centric paradigm as a framework for analyzing the rise of the region’s terrorism is over-exaggerated. This analytical emphasis tends to ignore the international, regional and local agencies outside Al-Qaeda as well as local political dynamics and socio-historical grounds that have contributed to the appearance of radical Islamism. Subscribing to Edward Said’s “travelling theory”, this paper argues that the idea of terrorism travels, not only from “person to person, from situation to situation, from one period to another” in a socio-historical vacuum, but also in response to specific historical and social changes. The idea of “radical Islamism” travels particularly from Afghanistan and elsewhere to Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia.
Combining external beam radiotherapy with prostate brachytherapy: issues and rationale.

a he optimal treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer remains controversial. For paients with low-risk prostate cancer (Stage T1c2a, Gleason score less than 7, prostate-specific ntigen [PSA] of 10.0 ng/mL), monotherapy with adical prostatectomy, three-dimensional conforal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated T, or prostate brachytherapy results in similar iochemical relapse-free survival.1–3 Patient and hysician preferences usually influence the treatent selection, based on a critical assessment of he relative side-effect profiles and quality-of-life valuations. Although brachytherapy alone in patients with ow-risk prostate cancer can yield excellent disease ontrol and a reported 93% 5-year freedom from iochemical failure rate, brachytherapy as monoherapy in intermediate-risk and high-risk disease Gleason score greater than 6 and/or PSA level reater than 10 ng/mL) is less than optimal.3 In the ate 1980s, Kuban et al.4 reported greater rates of ocal recurrence in men with Stage B2 or C prostate ancer and tumors of moderate and poor differeniation treated with brachytherapy alone using the etropubic implant method. With the introduction nd routine use of PSA follow-up, local control in ntermediate-risk and high-risk patients has been uch lower than previously reported. Even with odern brachytherapy techniques, intermediateisk and high-risk patients fair poorly with brachyherapy alone. In a recent report by Kwok et al.,5 he 5-year rate with iodine-125 prostate brachyherapy as monotherapy was a disappointing 63% nd 24% for intermediate-risk and high-risk paients, respectively. The combination of external beam RT (EBRT) in onjunction with a prostate brachytherapy boost has
Jackknifing in Categorical Data Analysis

Summary Estimation of nonlinear functions of a multinomial parameter vector is necessary in many categorical data problems. The first and second order jackknife are explored for the purpose of reduction of bias. The second order jackknife of a function g(.) of a multinomial parameter is shown to be asymptotically normal if all second order partials ∂2g(p)∂dpi∂pj obey a Holder condition with exponent α>1/2. Numerical results for the estimation of the log odds ratio in a 2times2 table demonstrate the efficiency of the jackknife method for reduction of mean-square-error and the construction of approximate confidence intervals.
ASSOCIATIONS WITH CONTRALATERAL RECURRENCE FOLLOWING NEPHRECTOMY FOR RENAL CELL CARCINOMA USING A COHORT OF 2,352 PATIENTS

ABSTRACT Purpose: We determined the incidence of and factors associated with the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the contralateral kidney after nephrectomy for localized RCC. Materials and Methods: Between 1970 and 2000, 2,352 patients with sporadic, localized unilateral RCC and a normal contralateral kidney underwent nephrectomy for RCC. Cancer specific survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine associations with outcome. Results: Of the 2,352 patients studied 28 (1.2%) had RCC in the contralateral kidney, including 20 with clear cell and 8 with papillary RCC. Mean time from primary surgery to contralateral recurrence was 5.2 years (median 4.8, range 0 to 18) for clear cell RCC compared with 5.6 years (median 1.3, range 0 to 21) for papillary cell RCC. Positive surgical margins (risk ratio 14.23, p=0.010) and multifocality (risk ratio 5.74, p=0.019) were significantly associated with contralateral recurrence following nephrectomy for clear cell RCC, while nuclear grade (risk ratio for grades 3/4 vs 1/2, 4.78, p=0.040) was significantly associated with contralateral recurrence following nephrectomy for papillary RCC. In patients with clear cell RCC estimated cancer specific survival rates 1, 3, and 5 years following contralateral recurrence were 93.8%, 80.2% and 72.9%, respectively. Conclusions: In patients with localized RCC and a normal contralateral kidney who underwent nephrectomy for RCC positive surgical margins and multifocality were significant predictors of contralateral recurrence for clear cell RCC, while nuclear grade was a significant predictor of contralateral recurrence for papillary RCC.
Evaluation of soil moisture in the Florida State University climate model–National Center for Atmospheric Research community land model (FSU‐CLM) using two reanalyses (R2 and ERA40) and in situ observations

[1] The simulated soil moisture from the Florida State University (FSU) climate model coupled to the National Center for Atmospheric Research community land model (CLM2) is evaluated using two reanalyses (the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40-year Reanalysis (ERA40) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy Reanalysis 2 (R2)) and in situ observations in Illinois and China from the Global Soil Moisture Data Bank. While the soil moisture was prescribed in the previous FSU climate model, the implementation of the CLM2 within the FSU model (hereafter FSU-CLM) provides a prognostic soil moisture (both soil liquid water and soil ice) in 10 vertical layers. For the first layer (∼0–10 cm) the comparison of the soil moisture annual cycle between the FSU-CLM and the two reanalyses shows that in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) the FSU-CLM and the ERA40 are in phase but they are out of phase with the R2. While a parameterization of the soil ice process is included in both the FSU-CLM and ERA40, it is not included in the R2. In this study, we found that the soil ice plays a key role in determining the soil moisture variation over the NH. The two reanalyses and the FSU-CLM are also compared with in situ observations. The FSU-CLM turns out to follow the annual cycle of the in situ observations better than both reanalyses.
Towards the Incorporation of Functional Ion Channel Proteins in Tethered Membranes

Biomimetic platforms play an important role in the study of a variety of biological processes. Tethered bilayer membranes (tBLMs) constitute platforms that are useful in the study of membrane properties and a variety of integral and peripheral membrane proteins. The usual approach to forming tBLMs is to tether the lipids directly to the substrate. For certain integral membrane proteins, the proteins can be tethered directly to the substrate and the lipid membrane reconstituted around the tethered proteins. Here we report progress toward functional and structural characterization of bilayer membranes tethered using two different ion channels, KcsA and the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). The bilayers are characterized using surface plasmon resonance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and neutron reflectivity. The one-dimensional structural information derived from neutron reflectivity spectra allows us to characterize the surface-bound proteins and describe the reconstitution of the lipid bilayer membrane.
Comparative Study of Postoperative Complications Associated With Modified Indiana Pouch in Elderly Versus Younger Patients

AbstractPurpose: We defined the nature and risk of complications associated with the modified Indiana pouch in patients older than 75 years.Materials and Methods: We analyzed the clinical course of 25 elderly patients and a control group of 25 selected randomly from the cohort of those younger than 75 years. All patients underwent the modified Indiana pouch procedure. Charts were reviewed for type of operation, mean patient age, length of hospital stay, medical conditions, and early and late morbidity and mortality. Comparisons were made between the 2 groups.Results: Simultaneous cystectomy or anterior exenteration was performed in 84 percent and 95 percent of patents in the elderly and younger groups, respectively. Mean age was 78.5 years in the elderly and 59.3 years in the younger group. Medical illnesses and early postoperative complication rates did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Mean hospital stay was increased but not significantly in the elderly group (12.4 versus 11.1 days). There...
A Study in African American Candidates for High-Profile Statewide Office

Using qualitative and quantitative methods this article examines the campaigns of two African American candidates in an effort to ascertain what African American office seekers need to do to win high-profile statewide offices; that is, the offices of governor and U.S. Senate. In the process we determine to what degree race played a role in both candidate's defeat.
The Escoto Papers and Cuban Slave Resistance

(1994). The Escoto Papers and Cuban Slave Resistance. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 88-95.
Managing phishing threats in an organization

As more organizations do business on the Internet, phishers have become sophisticated with their social engineering techniques. With little effort, phishers target employees via electronic media such as email, websites, IRC and instant messaging, soliciting and capturing confidential information. The very high probability of stealing confidential information via these techniques instead of the traditional techniques (e.g. telephone), is very attractive to phishers and poses a serious threat to organizations. In this paper, we discuss types of phishing, why employees are susceptible to phishing, and suggest ways managers can protect their organizations.
Sex-Role Pressures and the Socialization of the Male Child:

Lawrence K. Frank recently suggested that current changes in women's social roles are likely to lead to feelings of anxiety, inadequacy, and hostility in men because of a lack of synchronization in role-change on their part ( 13 ) . Increasingly, others have noted evidence of socialization and adjustmental difficulties stemming from male role demands at the adult and adolescent levels (3, 5, 17, 18, 19, 20, 38, 39). Differential rates of referral of boys and of girls to child guidance centers have long pointed to markedly greater incidence of failure in social functioning in boys as compared with girls (7, 8, 14, 29, 30, 40). Delinquency rates notoriously have favored young males (36), and recent studies of educational underachievement in the gifted have revealed that underachievement occurs twice as frequently among boys as among girls ( 16). Finally, a current study of the development of concepts of women's social roles, originally focussed on girls, increasingly has been revealing data pointing to the existence of such exigent stress in the boy's implementation of male roles as to call for serious and systematic examination. In this paper we shall attempt a preliminary statement of the problem, based on an integration of theory and research findings in the areas of personality and learning processes, along with illustrative case materials, selected from the protocols of 41 young male Ss (8 and 11 years old) interviewed in the course of our study.2 One definition might be in order at this point. By "social roles" we mean all the personal qualities, behavioral characteristics, interests, attitudes, abilities, and skills which one is expected to have because one occupies a certain status or position; in this case, that of being a male human being. These expectations are usually common to a whole culture and are mediated to the individual child early in life by persons in contact with him-first by his parents and other adults close to him, then by his peers and adults with whom he comes into more 'Adapted from a paper presented at the Biennial Conference of the Play Schools Association in October, 1958. The investigation referred to here was supported by a research grant, M 959 (C), from the National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health Service. The author wishes to thank Dr. Frank Hardesty for his critical reading of preliminary drafts of this paper and for helpful suggestions during informal discussions. 'Half of the Ss came from professional families and half mainly from the lower middle and working classes. Ss were interviewed individually by one of seven interviewers, whose minimal education was at the master's level. Ss were asked to respond to a variety of pictorial and verbal techniques, which required from six to ten hours to administer. Responses were story endings to unfinished stories, interpretations of pictured situations, and comments as to "sex-type" on a series of pictures depicting common activities. Ss' teachers were also interviewed.
Childhood constipation: longitudinal follow-up beyond puberty

Abstract Background & Aims: Sparse data exist about the prognosis of childhood constipation and its possible persistence into adulthood. Methods: A total of 418 constipated patients older than 5 years at intake (279 boys; median age, 8.0 yr) participated in studies evaluating therapeutic modalities for constipation. All children subsequently were enrolled in this follow-up study with prospective data collection after an initial 6-week intensive treatment protocol, at 6 months, and thereafter annually, using a standardized questionnaire. Results: Follow-up was obtained in more than 95% of the children. The median duration of the follow-up period was 5 years (range, 1–8 yr). The cumulative percentage of children who were treated successfully during follow-up was 60% at 1 year, increasing to 80% at 8 years. Successful treatment was more frequent in children without encopresis and in children with an age of onset of defecation difficulty older than 4 years. In the group of children treated successfully, 50% experienced at least one period of relapse. Relapses occurred more frequently in boys than in girls (relative risk 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–2.62). In the subset of children aged 16 years and older, constipation still was present in 30%. Conclusions: After intensive initial medical and behavioral treatment, 60% of all children referred to a tertiary medical center for chronic constipation were treated successfully at 1 year of follow-up. One third of the children followed-up beyond puberty continued to have severe complaints of constipation. This finding contradicts the general belief that childhood constipation gradually disappears before or during puberty.
Normal micelle synthesis and characterization of MgAl2O4 spinel nanoparticles

Abstract Magnesium–aluminum oxide, MgAl 2 O 4 spinel nanoparticles have been synthesized using normal micelle microemulsion methods. A mixed magnesium–aluminum hydroxide is initially formed which after annealing at 600°C forms nanocrystalline MgAl 2 O 4 spinel. By controlling reactant concentration in the micelle solution, the particle size has been tuned over the range 4–20 nm. The reaction pathways have been determined by using the characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.
From Rewrite Theories to Temporal Logic Theories

Abstract The work presented here aims at bridging the gap between executable specifications and formal verification. In this paper we combine two levels of description without changing the framework. The operational level of Maude/rewriting logic and the property-oriented level of temporal logics are combined. The combination is done by an embedding. We propose a distributed temporal logic as an extension of rewriting logic. Rewriting logic is primarily a logic of change in which the deduction directly corresponds to the computation. In contrast to that, temporal logic is a logic to talk about change in a global way. Especially, more complex system properties such as safety and liveness can be regarded in a temporal logic setting. In our approach we maintain the possibility of executing Maude specifications on the rewrite machine for validation purposes, and add the possibility of formally reasoning about Maude specifications in a temporal logic setting. The work presented focuses on object-oriented Maude specifications.
P02.137. Mindfulness-based stretching and deep breathing exercise reduces symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder

Methods Thirty-three nurses recruited from the University of New Mexico hospital underwent an 8-week exercise intervention for this randomized, crossover clinical trial. Participants were screened with the PTSD Checklist Civilian version (PCL-C). Participants were randomly assigned to either the wait-list control group or the exercise group. Cortisol, DHEAS, ACTH and PTSD symptom severity were measured at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16.
Understanding the power of distributed coordination for dynamic spectrum management

This paper investigates a distributed and adaptive approach to manage spectrum usage in dynamic spectrum access networks. While previous works focus on centralized provisioning, we propose a distributed low complexity approach where nodes self-organize into coordination groups and adapt their spectrum assignment to approximate the global optimal assignment. We design a distributed coordination protocol to regulate the coordination format and achieve fast system convergence. The proposed approach achieves similar performance in spectrum assignment compared to that of the conventional centralized approaches, but significantly reduces the number of computations and message exchanges required to adapt to topology changes. As a case study, we investigate the detailed coordination strategy to improve proportional fairness in spectrum assignment, and derive a theoretical lower bound on the minimum spectrum/througput each node can get from coordination. Such bound can be utilized to guide the coordination procedures. We also show that the difference between the proposed approach and the global optimal approach is upper-bounded. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach provides similar performance as the topology-based optimization but with more than 50% of reduction in complexity.
RELATIVE AND ATTRIBUTABLE RISKS OF FATAL CRASHES ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG USE

Background While alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes have declined in recent years, driving under the influence of illicit drugs and prescription drugs has become a major safety concern. The influence of drugs on driving safety has been studied extensively under controlled, experimental conditions based on driving simulators. Epidemiologic data linking drug use and crash risk, however, are scant. Aims To estimate the relative and attributable risks of fatal crashes associated with drug use in drivers. Methods The association between drug use and fatal crash risk was assessed using the case-control design and the population-attributable risk was calculated based on the estimated OR and prevalence of drug use among drivers. Cases (n=737) were drivers who were involved in fatal crashes on Fridays and Saturdays during specific daytime and night time periods between during July 20, 2007 through December 1, 2007 in the continental USA and who tested for drugs, identified from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Controls (n=6906) were participants of the 2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use, who were randomly selected for drug testing while driving during the same time periods as the cases. Results Overall, 31.9% of the cases and 13.7% of the controls tested positive for at least one drug, yielding a crude OR of 2.96 (95% CI 2.49 to 3.51). The estimated ORs between drug use and fatal crash involvement were similar between sexes and across age groups and time periods. The estimated population-attributable risk of fatal crashes associated with drug use was 21.2%. Significance In the USA, drugged driving is common and is attributable to over one-fifth of fatal crashes. Intervention programmes to prevent drugged driving are urgently needed. This is an abstract of a presentation at Safety 2012, the 11th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, 1-4 October 2012, Michael Fowler Center, Wellington, New Zealand. Full text does not seem to be available for this abstract.
Comprehensive measurement of respiratory activity in permeabilized cells using extracellular flux analysis

Extracellular flux (XF) analysis has become a mainstream method for measuring mitochondrial function in cells and tissues. Although this technique is commonly used to measure bioenergetics in intact cells, we outline here a detailed XF protocol for measuring respiration in permeabilized cells. Cells are permeabilized using saponin (SAP), digitonin (DIG) or recombinant perfringolysin O (rPFO) (XF-plasma membrane permeabilizer (PMP) reagent), and they are provided with specific substrates to measure complex I- or complex II-mediated respiratory activity, complex III+IV respiratory activity or complex IV activity. Medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines or glutamine may also be provided for measuring fatty acid (FA) oxidation or glutamine oxidation, respectively. This protocol uses a minimal number of cells compared with other protocols and does not require isolation of mitochondria. The results are highly reproducible, and mitochondria remain well coupled. Collectively, this protocol provides comprehensive and detailed information regarding mitochondrial activity and efficiency, and, after preparative steps, it takes 6-8 h to complete.
Quantification of Tight Binding to Surface-Immobilized Phospholipid Vesicles Using Surface Plasmon Resonance: Binding Constant of Phospholipase A2

A new and sensitive method for quantifying high affinity binding of proteins (and potentially other ligands) to the surfaces of phospholipid bilayered vesicles is demonstrated. A planar, high-density streptavidin monolayer is first immobilized onto a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor slide containing a mixed monolayer of biotin-terminated and hydroxyl-terminated poly(ethylene oxide) alkylthiolates tethered to the gold surface. Phospholipid vesicles containing 0.3% biotin-functionalized headgroups are then bound to this streptavidin monolayer to make a high-density, planar layer of intact vesicles. The absolute amount of protein binding to the vesicle layer can be monitored by SPR in real time to extract equilibrium and kinetic information under flowing solutions. Coupled with a catalytic assay to monitor the solution-phase concentra- tion of enzyme, the value of the dissociation equilibrium constant for the complex of cobra venom phospho- lipase A2 (PLA2) bound to phosphatidylcholine vesicles was determined to be 6 ( 2 10 -7 M. In principle, the method could be extended to determine dissociation constants as low as 10 -10 M. The vesicles bind a maximum of 1 PLA2 per 74 ( 16 outer leaflet phospholipids. The method provides a practical solution to a number of problems encountered with previous methods to quantify tight interfacial binding of proteins to vesicles. Spectral probes attached to enzymes or vesicles, which may perturb interfacial binding, are not required. Furthermore, surface-supported vesicles offer improved sensitivity over planar bilayers and are physiologically more relevant.
ChemIo: High Performance Parallel I/o for Computational Chemistry Applications

Recent developments in I/O systems on scalable parallel computers have sparked renewed interest in out-of-core methods for computational chemistry. These methods can improve execution time significantly relative to direct methods, which perform many redundant computations. However, the widespread use of such out-of-core methods requires efficient and portable implementations of often complex I/O patterns. The ChemlO project has addressed this problem by defining an I/O interface that captures the I/O patterns found in important computational chemistry applications and by providing high performance imple mentations of this interface on multiple platforms. This development broadens the user community for parallel I/O techniques and provides new insights into the functionality required in general purpose scalable I/O libraries and the techniques required to achieve high performance I/O on scalable parallel computers.
Residual recipient right atrial tissue responsive to atropine 10 years following 'bi-caval' orthotopic heart-lung transplantation.

A 51-year-old-man who had undergone a heart–lung transplant by ‘bi-caval’ anastomosis technique demonstrated residual recipient right atrial (RA) electrical activity responsive to muscarinic blockade 10 years after the surgery. The presumably initially denervated donor RA proved to be responsive to muscarinic blockade as well.
Public Opinion Research in the New Century Reflections of a Former POQ Editor

This article takes note of trends shaping public opinion research at the turn of the twenty-first century, as reflected in the pages of Public Opinion Quarterly. Three trends in particular are discussed: (a) refinement in understanding the nature of the survey response; (b) concerns over changes in communication technologies, and the challenges and opportuni- ties they present to opinion research; and (c) worries about the quality of mass opinion, and especially the ways it might be shaped by subtly persua- sive processes such as attitude priming.
Item response theory and the assumption of unidimensionality for language tests

Considerable controversy has arisen around the assumption of unidimen sionality underlying the application of latent trait models of measurement. The intent of the present paper is to provide a clearer articulation of the unidimensionality assumption and to investigate the robustness and appli cability of a particular unidimensional model, the Rasch Model, for use with language proficiency tests that consist of batteries of subtests in a variety of skill areas and that are applied in the testing of the abilities of students from diverse educational, linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Results of the analysis of response data from the administration of a 150- item, five-subskill ESL proficiency/placement examination to 312 entering university students indicated that unidimensionality constraints were not violated.
Submicron P-Channel Mos Devices with Boron Doped Polysilicon Gates Fabricated by Rapid Thermal Processing

A low thermal budget process is demonstrated for the fabrication of submicron Boron doped polysilicon gate p-channel MOS devices with ultra thin gate insulators. All critical processing steps with temperatures above 700 °C, including gate oxide growth and shallow source/drain junction formation, were performed by Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP). In situ doped polysilicon was used to eliminate the need for a high temperature drive-in step. Surface channel p-channel enhancement mode devices with excellent characteristics were fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility of this process.
$\hbox{MoS}_{2}$ Dual-Gate MOSFET With Atomic-Layer-Deposited $\hbox{Al}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$ as Top-Gate Dielectric

We demonstrate atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) high-k dielectric integration on 2-D layer-structured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) crystals and MoS2 dual-gate n-channel MOSFETs with ALD Al2O3 as the gate dielectric. Our C- V study of MOSFET structures shows good interface between 2-D MoS2 crystal and ALD Al2O3. Maximum drain currents using back gates and top gates are measured to be 7.07 and 6.42 mA/mm, respectively, at Vds = 2 V with a channel width of 3 μm, a channel length of 9 μm, and a top-gate length of 3 μm. We achieve the highest field-effect mobility of electrons using back-gate control to be 517 cm2/V·s. The highest current on/off ratio is over 108.
How does ocean ventilation change under global warming

Abstract. Since the upper ocean takes up much of the heat added to the earth system by anthropogenic global warming, one would expect that global warming would lead to an increase in stratification and a decrease in the ventilation of the ocean interior. However, multiple simulations in global coupled climate models using an ideal age tracer which is set to zero in the mixed layer and ages at 1 yr/yr outside this layer show that the intermediate depths in the low latitudes, Northwest Atlantic, and parts of the Arctic Ocean become younger under global warming. This paper reconciles these apparently contradictory trends, showing that the decreases result from changes in the relative contributions of old deep waters and younger surface waters. Implications for the tropical oxygen minimum zones, which play a critical role in global biogeochemical cycling are considered in detail.
Boidinella gen. nov. (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota)

The genus Boidinella is erected to accommodate Sistotremella cystidiolophora and Dendrothele globulispora. The genus is characterized by effuse, soft, farinaceous to membranous basidiomata, delicate dendrohyphidia, obclavate leptocystidia, urniform basidia with 4 sterigmata, and subglobose to ellipsoid basidiospores with hyaline, slightly thickened, smooth, cyanophilous walls. Boidinella is compared with Dendrothele, Hypochnicium, Sistotremella, and Leptocorticium.
Numerical exploration of a system of reaction–diffusion equations with internal and transient layers

Abstract A reaction pathway for a classical two-species reaction is considered with one reaction that is several orders of magnitudes faster than the other. To sustain the fast reaction, the transport and reaction effects must balance in such a way as to give an internal layer in space. For the steady-state problem, existing singular perturbation analysis rigorously proves the correct scaling of the internal layer. This work reports the results of exploratory numerical simulations that are designed to provide guidance for the analysis to be performed for the transient problem. The full model is comprised of a system of time-dependent reaction–diffusion equations coupled through the non-linear reaction terms with mixed Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. In addition to internal layers in space, the time-dependent problem possesses an initial transient layer in time. To resolve both types of layers as accurately as possible, we design a finite element method with analytic evaluation of all integrals. This avoids all errors associated with the evaluation of the non-linearities and allows us to provide an analytic Jacobian matrix to the implicit time stepping method. The numerical results show that the method resolves the localized sharp gradients accurately and can predict the scaling of the internal layers for the time-dependent problem.
A robotic molecular method for in situ detection of marine invertebrate larvae

Knowledge of the temporal and spatial abundance of invertebrate larvae is critical to understanding the dispersal capabilities and recruitment potential of marine and aquatic organisms. Traditional microscopic analyses are time-consuming and difficult given the diversity of larval species and a frequent lack of discriminating morphological characteristics. Here, we describe a sensitive rRNA targeted sandwich hybridization assay (SHA) that uses oligonucleotide probes to detect and enumerate the larvae of invasive green crabs (Carcinus maenas), native blue mussels (Mytilus), native barnacles (Balanus) and polychaetes (Osedax and Ophelia) that occur in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, California. Laboratory-based assays demonstrate specificity, high sensitivity, and a quantitative response to cultured samples from three of the target organisms. Oligonucleotide probes were then printed in arrays on nitrocellulose membranes and deployed in our robotic Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) to detect larvae in situ and autonomously. We demonstrate that the SHA-detection method and ESP robot can be used for near real-time, in situ detection of larval species in the marine environment.
Pre-Instructional Minitests: An Efficient Solution to the Problem of Covering Content:

This article is aimed at achieving two purposes: (a) challenging the common and often unrecognized assumption that the only way to ensure that students are exposed to course concepts is by personally going over the material in class and (b) describing how minitests (i.e., individual test -+ group test -+ appeals -- instructor input) can be used to ensure that students master basic content in a fraction of the class time that would normally be devoted to lectures. Other benefits of minitests are also described. These include increased focus on higher-level thinking and problem-solving skills, development of students' interpersonal and group interaction skills, and providing students with experience as a member of an effective team.
Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering Analysis of Nucleation in Glass: II, Selenium Ruby Glasses

Nucleation studies were conducted on several selenium ruby glasses, of different colorant concentrations, using the technique of small-angle X-ray scattering. The glass rnicrostructure increased from homogeneous to 6-nm (60-A) precipitating particles as the colors changed from colorless through yellow and orange to red. The glasses showed little difference in particle morphology despite differences in color, supporting the explanation of ruby color formation as due to energy band-gap phenomena. Matrix intensities, particle volume concentrations, and interfacial surface areas were also determined.
Eyesafe, 1.55 /spl mu/m, 1 /spl mu/s pulse energy source for space-based remote sensing using optical parametric amplifiers in PPLN

We describe a 100 mJ//spl mu/s Nd:YAG master oscillator power amplifier system pumping optical parametric amplifiers in PPLN. These waveguide and bulk amplifiers yield 2-mJ, 1.55 /spl mu/m, single frequency, /spl mu/s-radiation for remote wind sensing.
The Static Magnetic Field

After discussing the static electric field and steady currents, we are now ready to take another significant step in the study of electromagnetics, the study of the static magnetic field. But what exactly is a magnetic field? This question will be answered gradually, but, for a simple description, we may say it is a new type of force field in the same sense that the electric field is a force field. Take, for example, a magnet. It attracts or repels other magnets and generates a “magnetic field” around itself. The permanent magnet generates a static (time-independent) magnetic field. A direct current can also generate a static magnetic field. How do we know that? As with many other aspects of electromagnetics, we know by experiment.
Chronic isoproterenol treatment of mice: effects on catecholamines and rectal temperature.

Abstract: The chronic administration of isoproterenol (5 mg./kg. twice a day) to male and female mice resulted in increased wet weights and tissue weight-body weight ratios of the submaxillary and parotid glands. For the heart the ratio was elevated in male but not in female mice. The first dose of isoproterenol produced a decrease in the rectal temperature. Continuation of the treatment led to hyperthermia, which became maximum after treatment for longer than 10 days (20 doses). In these animals the predose rectal temperatures were lower than the pretreatment control values and the temperatures of control animals. A smaller, single dose (2.5 mg./kg.) did not alter the rectal temperature. The norepinephrine concentrations of the parotid and submaxillary glands were reduced in male and female mice, but the total norepinephrine content of these glands was decreased only in male mice. The cardiac norepinephrine levels were not affected. Chronically treated animals were less active than controls for about 90 min. after dosing and showed rarification of fur and hair loss. Isoproterenol treatment of dams before, during, and after pregnancy did not alter the body weight, gross appearance, and wet weight of organs and tissues of pups examined on the 3rd postnatal day.
RACIAL AND CRIMINAL TYPES: INDIAN ETHNOGRAPHY AND SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE'S THE SIGN OF FOUR

IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, scientific taxonomies shaped fictional narratives in highly ambiguous ways. On the one hand, novels–to take the predominant literary genre of the time–invoked the language of science to lend their structures the authority of those models of rationality that seemed to provide the most credible explanations of the observable world. Quite naturally, the project of realism, in its search for verisimilitude, drew upon those explanatory schemas that seemed to offer the closest simulacra of the real. Yet the novels of the period also resisted the authority of the scientific discourses they incorporated. If scientific taxonomies tend toward aggregation–in other words, the fitting of newly discovered forms within classificatory systems of previously known structures–novels, it can be argued, tend toward disaggregation, the resistance of individual characters to those social categories that seek to contain them.