cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain MRI Growth Patterns in Neurofibromatosis 1

Brain growth patterns in 27 children with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF-1) (20 boys, aged 1.0-17.7 years; mean age, 8.8 years) were compared to 43 controls (22 boys, aged 0.1-17.7 years; mean age, 5.9 years) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a study at Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut.
The Therapeutic Use of Red Blood Cells

A primary indication for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is to prevent the adverse effects of inadequate tissue oxygenation when hemoglobin (Hgb) is low and physiological mechanisms to compensate for diminished oxygen delivery are inadequate. Indications for transfusion have historically been guided by Hgb concentration. The conundrum facing researchers and healthcare providers is to identify the point when critical tissue oxygen delivery is impaired to the extent that transfusion is required in a patient while avoiding unnecessary transfusion. This article will review basic physiological responses to RBC loss and indications for RBC transfusion in patients with acute and chronic anemia and conclude with a discussion of alternatives to transfusion.
Anti-intellectualism among US students in journalism and mass communication: A cultural perspective:

This study explores how support for journalistic anti-intellectualism is condoned in the views of emerging adults in the United States as they develop attitudes toward news, audiences, and authorit...
Contingency Analysis Post-Processing With Advanced Computing and Visualization

Abstract Contingency analysis is a critical function widely used in energy management systems to assess the impact of power system component failures. Its outputs are important for power system operation for improved situational awareness, power system planning studies, and power market operations. With the increased complexity of power system modeling and simulation introduced by increased energy production and demand, the penetration of renewable energy and fast deployment of smart grid devices, and the trend of operating grids closer to their capacity for better efficiency, more and more contingencies must be executed and analyzed quickly to ensure grid reliability and accuracy for the power market. Currently, many researchers have proposed different techniques to accelerate the computational speed of contingency analysis, but not much work has been published on how to post-process the large amount of contingency outputs quickly. This paper proposes a parallel post-processing function that can analyze contingency analysis outputs faster and display them in a web-based visualization tool to help power engineers improve their efficiency by fast information digestion. Case studies using an ESCA-60 bus system and a Western Electricity Coordinating Council planning system are presented to demonstrate the functionality of the parallel post-processing technique and the web-based visualization tool.
MODELLING MANPOWER ALLOCATION OF MIXED MULTIPRODUCT ASSEMBLY LINE

Abstract This paper introduces the concept of a new assembly method for conveyor paced assembly lines which is termed the “mixed multiproduct” assembly method. This paper also presents a model of manpower allocation for this assembly method which minimizes standard production hours. The technique can also be used for conventional conveyor paced assembly operations.
Psychotic Disorders Responsive to Lithium: Clinical Features

A subgroup of patients with a schizophrenic-like psychotic illness respond favorably to lithium therapy (Hirschowitz et al, 1980; 1982; Zemlan et al, 1981; 1983). The reported advantages of Li over neuroleptic treatment include a lower incidence of side-effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms, and pathology attendant on chronic neuroleptic treatment such as tardive dyskinesia. As less than 50% of psychotic patients respond to Li treatment alone (Zemlan et al, 1981); early prediction of Li response is particularly important vis-a-vis early medication decisions. Understandably, a major impediment to the introduction of Li treatment for psychosis is the reluctance of physicians to hospitalize a patient for many weeks on medication that is ultimately ineffective. The purpose of the present paper is to identify those psychotic patients who respond to Li therapy. First, the clinical features which distinguish Li responsive psychosis from Li nonresponsive psychosis are detailed. Second, a method is presented for predicting during the first seven days of Li treatment, 88% of the patients who ultimately respond to Li and 91% of those patients who do not.
Convexity and Center of Mass

SummaryWe show that convexity is preserved by centers of mass by considering regions between two convex functions both in a discrete and continuous sense. The proofs are partly based on theorems in the classical literature, however, elementary arguments are given as well. An example is presented to demonstrate that while the results are also true for 0th and 1st derivatives (convexity being tied to second derivatives), a simple generalization to higher derivatives is not possible.
Identification and Characterization of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Murine Melanoma

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are transient ectopic lymphoid aggregates that often share structural similarities to conventional secondary lymphoid organs. In a variety of solid cancers, the presence of these structures commonly correlates with high densities of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and prolonged patient survival. These observations suggest that TLS act as sites for the development of beneficial antitumor immune responses. However, few murine tumor models have been described that could enable a more comprehensive understanding of the functionality of TLS in solid cancers. We previously reported that murine B16-F1 melanoma or Lewis lung carcinoma cells transfected to express the model antigen ovalbumin form intratumoral TLS after implantation into the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice. In this chapter, we describe immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry approaches for identifying and characterizing intratumoral TLS. Additionally, we describe an adoptive transfer method for demonstrating the infiltration of naive T cells into B16-OVA melanoma tumors via the lymph node-like vasculature, which is an essential functional feature of tumor-associated TLS.
The Role of TSH Suppression in the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

TSH suppression is a therapeutic modality with a pivotal role in the long-term management of intermediate- and high-risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. However, therapy with suppressive doses of levothyroxine is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, especially in older patients, and negatively affects bone health, particularly in postmenopausal women. Therefore, this chapter describes the risks and benefits of TSH suppression in thyroid cancer and, as such, forms a basis for the individualized patient-tailored approach to the therapy with levothyroxine. This review summarizes different guidelines implemented in the United States, Europe, Latin America, and Japan focused on the role of long-term TSH suppression and its association with mortality and recurrence rate among thyroid cancer patients.
Introductory Statistics: A Contemporary Approach.

THE National Council of Teachers of Mathematics has provided leadership in promoting the effective teaching of statis tics and probability at increasingly early stages of the mathematics curriculum. To this end, the Joint Committee with the American Statistical Association was estab lished in 1967 to deal with questions on the statistics and probability curriculum. (For a progress report on the work of the Joint Committee, we refer to an article by Fred erick Mosteller [1970] that appeared in this journal.) This marriage of efforts of two national mathematics organizations has borne fruit. Among its notable successes is the paperback Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown, edited by Judith M. Tanur, Frederick Mosteller, and others (1972). The Guide consists of a collection of de scriptive essays by experts in various spe cializations that describe in non mathematical language diverse applications of statistics and probability. The short and stimulating essays in this book effectively construct a bridge from this important area of mathematics to the outside world. In recent decades a distinct trend has developed within the statistical world to ward increased understanding and use of the so-called nonparametric statistical methods. A nonparametric procedure is a procedure whose applicability does not re quire the assumption of a particular para metric population model like the normal model. Such procedures are characterized by their general applicability (they are "dis tribution-free") and by the ease with which they can be applied. In statistical jargon, they are "robust" methods. The need to make nonparametric meth ods accessible at an elementary level has become increasingly apparent. Both high school and college students who have a rea sonably good preparation (perhaps three years) in high school mathematics can learn to use nonparametric methods. In troductory precalculus texts have been de signed to fulfill the need for sources that emphasize nonparametric statistics. Gott fried Noether, the author of one such text (1971), has written in this journal about the many inherent advantages of the non parametric approach in elementary statis tics (1974). In designing a course for the experimen tal and intensive four-and-one-half week curriculum of Middlebury College's winter term, I had several objectives in mind:
The Maximum Difference between the Number of Atoms and Number of Coatoms of a Bruhat Interval of the Symmetric Group

We determine the largest difference between the number of atoms and number of coatoms of a Bruhat interval of the symmetric group $S_n$ . We then pose the question of describing such extremal intervals $[u,v] \subset S_n$ and give a partial description by specifying the elements $v$ that can occur.
Multiple Oscillatory Push-Pull Antagonisms Constrain Seizure Propagation.

OBJECTIVE Drug-resistant focal epilepsy is widely recognized as a network disease in which epileptic seizure propagation is likely coordinated by different neuronal oscillations such as low-frequency activity (LFA), high-frequency activity (HFA), or low-to-high cross-frequency coupling. However, the mechanism by which different oscillatory networks constrain the propagation of focal seizures remains unclear. METHODS We studied focal epilepsy patients with invasive electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings and compared multilayer directional network interactions between focal seizures either with or without secondary generalization. Within-frequency and cross-frequency directional connectivity were estimated by an adaptive directed transfer function and cross-frequency directionality, respectively. RESULTS In the within-frequency epileptic network, we found that the seizure onset zone (SOZ) always sent stronger information flow to the surrounding regions, and secondary generalization was accompanied by weaker information flow in the LFA from the surrounding regions to SOZ. In the cross-frequency epileptic network, secondary generalization was associated with either decreased information flow from surrounding regions' HFA to SOZ's LFA or increased information flow from SOZ's LFA to surrounding regions' HFA. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that the secondary generalization of focal seizures is regulated by numerous within- and cross-frequency push-pull dynamics, potentially reflecting impaired excitation-inhibition interactions of the epileptic network. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:683-694.
Helicity-dependent generalization of the JIMWLK evolution

We generalize the Jalilian-Marian–Iancu–McLerran–Weigert–Leonidov–Kovner (JIMWLK) evolution equation to include the small-x evolution of helicity distributions. To derive helicity JIMWLK, we use the method devised by A.H. Mueller in [Phys. Lett. B 523, 243 (2001PYLBAJ0370-269310.1016/S0370-2693(01)01343-0)] for the usual unpolarized JIMWLK and apply it to the helicity evolution equations derived by Y. V. Kovchegov et al. [J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2016) 072JHEPFG1029-847910.1007/JHEP01(2016)072; Phys. Rev. D 95, 014033 (2017PRVDAQ2470-001010.1103/PhysRevD.95.014033); J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2017) 198JHEPFG1029-847910.1007/JHEP10(2017)198; Phys. Rev. D 99, 054032 (2019)PRVDAQ2470-001010.1103/PhysRevD.99.054032]. We obtain a functional evolution equation for the generalized JIMWLK weight functional. The functional now is a sum of a helicity-independent term and a helicity-dependent term. The kernel of the new evolution equation consists of the standard eikonal leading-order JIMWLK kernel plus new terms containing derivatives with respect to the subeikonal quark and gluon fields. The new kernel we derive can be used to generate the standard JIMWLK evolution and to construct small-x evolution equations for flavor-singlet operators made of any number of light-cone Wilson lines along with one Wilson line containing subeikonal helicity-dependent local operator insertions (a “polarized Wilson line”).
The habenular G-protein-coupled receptor 151 regulates synaptic plasticity and nicotine intake.

The habenula, an ancient small brain area in the epithalamus, densely expresses nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and is critical for nicotine intake and aversion. As such, identification of strategies to manipulate habenular activity may yield approaches to treat nicotine addiction. Here we show that GPR151, an orphan G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) highly enriched in the habenula of humans and rodents, is expressed at presynaptic membranes and synaptic vesicles and associates with synaptic components controlling vesicle release and ion transport. Deletion of Gpr151 inhibits evoked neurotransmission but enhances spontaneous miniature synaptic currents and eliminates short-term plasticity induced by nicotine. We find that GPR151 couples to the G-alpha inhibitory protein Gαo1 to reduce cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in mice and in GPR151-expressing cell lines that are amenable to ligand screens. Gpr151– knockout (KO) mice show diminished behavioral responses to nicotine and self-administer greater quantities of the drug, phenotypes rescued by viral reexpression of Gpr151 in the habenula. These data identify GPR151 as a critical modulator of habenular function that controls nicotine addiction vulnerability.
American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 2020: It Is All About People

On January 2, 2020 our Journal greeted its readers on a new website platform. After a thorough examination of alternative hosts for the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education ( AJPE) , the editorial team selected Highwire to provide our members and other readers an enhanced publication
A Sparse Linear Array Approach in Automotive Radars Using Matrix Completion

We consider an automotive radar using a sparse linear array (SLA) in the context of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar. The key problem in SLA is the selection of the locations of the array elements so that the peak sidelobe level of the virtual SLA beampattern is low. Prior approaches have focused on optimal sparse array design, or use of interpolation techniques for filling the holes in the synthesized SLA before applying digital beamforming for angle finding. In this paper, different from previous efforts, we use matrix completion to complete the corresponding virtual uniform linear array (ULA) before estimating the target angle. In particular, we show that for a small number of targets within the same range-Doppler cell, the Hankel matrix constructed by subarrays of the virtual ULA is low-rank, and thus under certain conditions, can be completed based on the SLA measurements. We derive the coherence properties of the Hankel matrix so that the matrix can be competed via nuclear norm minimization methods. We also demonstrate via examples the effect of various SLA topologies on the identifiability of the Hankel matrix.
Effects of tumbling, refrigeration and subsequent resubmersion on the abundance of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in cultured oysters (Crassostrea virginica).

Abstract Routine handling of oysters is a common industry practice for off-bottom oyster aquaculture, which aims to produce a high-quality oyster. These practices expose oysters to elevated temperatures and interrupt filter feeding, which can increase Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus levels within the oyster. The resubmersion of oysters after exposure to conditions where the time-temperature controls are exceeded is as an effective mitigation strategy to allow elevated levels of Vibrio spp. to “recover”, or return to ambient levels, prior to harvest. Previous work examined the effect of desiccation on recovery times; the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of additional handling treatments [tumbled and refrigerated (TR), tumbled and not refrigerated (TNR), not tumbled and refrigerated (NTR), and not tumbled and not refrigerated (NTNR)] on the time needed for V. vulnificus, total V. parahaemolyticus, and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus (tdh+/trh+) to recover in oysters. A set of non-treated (control) oysters remained submerged throughout the study to determine the ambient Vibrio spp. (inclusive of genotypes) levels within oysters. Vibrio spp. levels were measured immediately before (pre) and after (post) the treatments, and 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14 days after resubmersion using a three-tube MPN real-time PCR method. The non-refrigerated oysters (TNR, NTNR) had Vibrio spp. levels 1.54 to 2.10 log MPN/g higher than the pre-treatment levels, while the Vibrio spp. levels in refrigerated oysters were not significantly higher than pre-treatment levels. After resubmersion, Vibrio spp. levels increased by 0.84 to 1.78 log MPN/g in the refrigerated oysters (TR, NTR). Vibrio spp. levels in oysters returned to ambient after 1–7 days of resubmersion, depending on the handling treatment and the Vibrio spp. These results provide data on handling treatments not previously reported and further support the seven-day resubmersion requirement for farmers in Alabama using the adjustable longline system.
‘Spreading the word’ in the Polish People's Republic: the British Council and the English Reading Room at the Jagiellonian Library in Kraków, 1946–1989

The British Council's library work in Communist Poland remains relatively unknown. This paper contributes to a better understanding of British cultural influence in that part of Europe by examining...
Cardiac Surgery Outcomes: A Case for Increased Screening and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Abstract Background Due to the limited published information on complications that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients experience during and after cardiac surgery, we are investigating OSA as a risk factor for post-operative outcomes. Methods This project utilized the Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group’s data collected between 2011 and 2017 based on the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database Data Collections form. A retrospective analysis of 1,555 patients with OSA and 10,450 patients without OSA, across 5 medical centers undergoing isolated CABG, isolated valve, combined CABG valve surgery was conducted. We used 1:1 nearest neighbor propensity score matching with no replacement to balance characteristics among patients with and without OSA. Results There was a statistically significant increased risk of post-operative pneumonia, increased length of total and post-operative stay, and time to initial extubation. Two outcomes trended towards significance: intra- and post-operative IABP use. Outcomes that failed to show statistical significance included: surgical site infection, atrial fibrillation cerebrovascular accident, permanent pacemaker placement, and blood products given. A chart review conducted on a subset of the study cohort revealed that more than 40% of OSA patients did not receive CPAP or BiPAP therapy post-operatively during their hospitalization. Conclusions Our study aligns with the literature in concluding that OSA has deleterious effects on post-operative outcomes of cardiac surgery patients. Further research to better stratify OSA patients by severity are still needed. Additionally, heightened awareness of the need to screen, diagnose, and properly treat patients for OSA is needed.
Synchronous Transition in Complex Object Control

A complex object is a system with internal degrees of freedom, such as a cup of hot coffee hand-held by a human in walking. In spite of the natural ability of humans to handle complex objects, an understanding of how this is accomplished is lacking, yet the issue is fundamental to applied fields such as soft robotics. Recent virtual experiments on how humans handle a moving bowl with a mechanical ball inside have revealed that humans typically use two strategies to handle a complex object: a low-frequency strategy in which the motions of the bowl and ball synchronized in phase and a high-frequency strategy where antiphase synchronization occurs. Utilizing a nonlinear dynamical model of a pendulum attached to a moving cart, subject to external periodic forcing, we study the transition between in-phase and antiphase synchronization. We find that, in the weakly forcing regime, as the external driving frequency is varied, the transition is abrupt and occurs at the frequency of resonance, which can be fully understood using linear systems control theory. Beyond this regime, a transition region emerges in between in-phase and antiphase synchronization, where the motions of the cart and the pendulum are not synchronized. We also find that there is bistability in and near the transition region on the low-frequency side. Overall, our results indicate that humans are able to switch abruptly and efficiently from one synchronous attractor to another, a mechanism that can be exploited for designing smart robots to adaptively handle complex objects in a changing environment.
Large-scale additive manufacturing tooling for extrusion-compression molds

Abstract Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFPC) have been used in additive manufacturing (AM) due to both the high-strength-to-weight and superior-stiffness-to-weight ratios. CF AM is being considered for tooling applications. In AM, CFPCs are usually aligned along the deposition direction; however, it results in anisotropic thermal properties which affect the heat transfer and warpage of the final part. In this study, three male molds with different infill patterns were produced via the material extrusion additive manufacturing (EDF-AM) process. These include (a) 0°: infill pattern along the printing direction; (b) 90°: infill pattern perpendicular to the printing direction; and (c) 0°/90°: alternate layers along and perpendicular directions. The effect of the infill pattern on thermal conductivity was analyzed and observed that 0° infill (surface temperature: 79.2°C) had the highest conductivity; and 90° infill (surface temperature: 66.4°C) had the least. Highlights (for Review) In Additive manufacturing, carbon fibers are usually aligned along the deposition direction; however, it results in anisotropic thermal properties which affect the heat transfer and warpage of the final part. In this study, three molds with different infill patterns were produced via the extrusion deposition fabrication-additive manufacturing (EDF-AM) process. These include (a) 0°: infill pattern along the printing direction; (b) 90°: infill pattern perpendicular to the printing direction; and (c) 0°/90°: alternate layers along and perpendicular directions. Mold was used for extrusion compression molding and degradation of the mold was analyzed using non-contact laser scanning device.
Colorado Powder Keg: Ski Resorts and the Environmental Movement

Downhill skiing is a vital economic engine for many communities in the Rocky Mountain states, attracting 20 million skier days per season. Colorado is by far the most popular destination, with more than two dozen major ski resorts creating a thriving industry that adds billions to the state's coffers. But, many ask, at what cost? Michael Childers traces the rise of Colorado's ski industry alongside that of the burgeoning environmental movement, which sprang up in opposition to rampant commercial development on mountains that had been designated as public lands. Combining official ski resort figures, U.S. Forest Service documents, real estate and tourism records, wildlife data, newspaper articles, and public comments, Childers shows how what started as an innocent leisurely pursuit has morphed into a multi-billion dollar business that forever changed the landscape of Colorado and brought with it serious environmental consequences. This first environmental history of skiing in Colorado traces the recreation's rise in popularity as a way of examining major changes in public land management in the American West during the last century. As more people headed to Colorado's mountains in search of thrills on the slopes, the USFS quickly became overwhelmed by the demand and turned resort development over to the private sector. The result has been a decades-long battle between developers and environmentalists - with skiers and Colorado residents caught in the middle. Childers examines the history of the ski industry within Colorado throughout the twentieth century along with the challenges the industry's growth posed in balancing the private development of public lands and mounting environmental concerns over issues such as rural growth, wildlife management, and air and water pollution. He then traces the history of radical environmentalism back to the 1960s to show how it picked up momentum, culminating in the Earth Liberation Front's 1998 arson at Vail Ski Resort - which ended up doing more harm than good to the environmentalist cause by recasting the mega-resorts as victims and turning public opinion against all environmental activists in the area. As Americans weigh their desire for fresh powder against their concern for protecting unspoiled lands, Childers's book provides valuable food for thought. Colorado Powder Keg opens a new window on the history of skiing in the American West as it adds to the broader debate over the management and purpose of national forests.
Effects of provision of type 2 diabetes genetic risk feedback on patient perceptions of diabetes control and diet and physical activity self-efficacy.

Abstract Objective We examined effects of providing type 2 diabetes genetic risk feedback on controllability perceptions. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial in which overweight/obese Veterans Affairs patients without diabetes received conventional type 2 diabetes risk counseling that included either (1) personalized diabetes genetic risk feedback ( genetic risk arm) or (2) eye disease counseling ( comparison arm). Perceived diabetes control, and dietary and physical activity self-efficacy were compared between study arms, and between the comparison arm and each of 3 DNA-based genetic risk levels. Results Participants ( N = 531) were predominately male, middle-age, and African American. Immediately post-counseling, perceived diabetes control was higher for the genetic risk arm (risk levels combined) than the comparison arm ( p = 0.005). In analyses by genetic risk levels, low genetic risk participants reported higher perceived diabetes control than comparison participants ( p = 0.007). Immediately post-counseling, low genetic risk participants reported higher dietary self-efficacy in situations when mood is negative compared with controls( p = 0.01). At 3 months, no differences in constructs were observed. Conclusion Genetic risk feedback for diabetes has temporary effects on perceived controllability among patients with low genetic risk. Practice implications Clinicians and other stakeholders should consider the limited effects on behavior change of diabetes genetic risk feedback.
Sealing Cortical Cell Fate

The complexity of the nervous system sets a difficult task for the neuronal progenitor cells that must generate diverse types of neurons during development. It is clear, as [Levitt][1] explains in his Perspective, that progressive restriction of cell fate in progenitor cells is a principal mechanism by which neuronal diversity is generated. New work by [Hanashima and colleagues][2] now shows that the transcription factor Foxg1 contributes to this progressive restriction of cell fate by actively suppressing production of an early type of neuron in layer I of the cerebral cortex in favor of later neurons found in layers VI and V. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/303/5654/48 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/303/5654/56
Gene-specific transactivation by herpes simplex virus type 1 alpha protein ICP27.

Abstract Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes several alpha (immediate-early) gene products that modulate gene expression during viral replication. We report here that the alpha protein ICP27 specifically stimulates expression of a later viral gene, that encoding glycoprotein B (gB). Using temperature-sensitive viral mutants, the effect of ICP27 on HSV-1 protein synthesis was examined at early times after infection or at later times when viral DNA replication was inhibited. Under these conditions, the expression of gB showed a marked dependence on the presence of functional ICP27, whereas several other beta and gamma 1 genes showed a lesser dependence. It was also noted that cells infected with ICP27 temperature sensitive mutants at the nonpermissive temperature showed a reduction in the electrophoretic mobility of the alpha protein ICP4. To examine the mechanism by which ICP27 stimulated gB expression, a plasmid was constructed in which the promoter-regulatory region of the gB gene was fused to the gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). CAT expression from this plasmid was induced significantly by ICP27 expressed from a cotransfected plasmid. Induction of CAT activity by ICP27 correlated well with an increase in the amount of CAT transcripts initiated from the transcriptional start site of the gB gene. The transactivating activity of ICP27 was specific for the gB promoter-regulatory region, as expression from several other HSV-1 promoter-CAT chimeric genes was not stimulated by ICP27. The DNA sequences which conferred the response to ICP27 mapped within 175 base pairs upstream and 41 base pairs downstream of the gB transcriptional start site. Our results suggest that the full expression of gB and perhaps other viral genes during HSV-1 infection requires the combined action of multiple viral transactivators.
Function and Control of Liver Alkaline Phosphatase

Abstract Partial hepatectomy causes a large rise in the activity of liver alkaline phosphatase that takes place exclusively in the plasma membrane. The activity of the membrane phosphatase can be raised in the livers of unoperated rats by infusing the animals with glycine, heparin, phosphorylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, or cortisol. The effects of glycine and heparin are additive. l-Serine is as effective as glycine but none of the other amino acids tested has activity. Any of several compounds that are known to increase the supply of fatty acids to the liver can substitute for heparin. The increase in phosphatase activity is accompanied by rises in the rates of excretion of choline and phosphatidylcholine into the bile. Folate blocks the increases in the phosphatase activity and in the excretion of choline that are ordinarily produced by a mixture of glycine and heparin or by cortisol. Neither phosphorylcholine nor alkaline phosphatase activity is detectable in samples of freshly collected rat bile. The membrane phosphatase is able to hydrolyze phosphorylcholine. Taken together, these observations have suggested that at least one of the functions of the alkaline phosphatase of the liver membrane is to hydrolyze phosphorylcholine so that choline can be transported across the bile canalicular membrane. The level of the enzyme activity appears to be controlled by the quantity of phosphorylcholine that is available for excretion into the bile. Partial hepatectomy leads to alterations in 1-carbon and phospholipid metabolism that result in increases in liver phosphorylcholine and in the activity of the membrane phosphatase. The rise in alkaline phosphatase activity is not essential for the entry of the liver cell into the period of DNA replication.
Simplified aerodynamic theory of oscillating thin surfaces in subsonic flow.

the pressure distributions and generalized aerodynamic forces on harmonically oscillating cylindrical shells having arbitrary radius-to-length ratio, axial and circumferential wave number for any supersonic Mach number and reduced frequency. Comparisons with Dowell and Widnall's solution of the complete linearized equation using Laplace-transform techniques showed excellent agreement. The present method is thought to be more easily applicable than methods requiring complex variable techniques. Also, it can readily be modified to include arbitrary (nonsinusoidal) axial deflection modes.
Platelets generated in vitro from proplatelet-displaying human megakaryocytes are functional

An in vitro culture system demonstrating the transitions from megakaryocyte progenitors to functional platelets is described. CD34-selected cells from normal human peripheral blood are cultured under conditions that promote megakaryocyte formation. After 8 to 11 days, enriched populations of mature megakaryocytes are replated under conditions that favor the development of proplatelets. Proplatelets express the platelet-specific proteins, glycoproteins Ib and IIb (GPIb and GPIIb), and fibrinogen and also contain microtubule coils equal in size to those found in plasma-derived platelets. In addition, proplatelets have ultrastructural features in common with plasma-derived platelets. Platelet-sized particles from the proplatelet culture supernatants are examined. Ultrastructurally, these particles are identical to plasma-derived platelets. Functionally, these culture-derived platelets aggregate in response to both thrombin and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) plus fibrinogen. This aggregation is specifically inhibited by the addition of a function-blocking anti-GPIIbIIIa antibody. Culture-derived platelets stimulated with agonists also express the activation-dependent antigens P-selectin and functional fibrinogen receptor. This is the first description of an in vitro culture system that sequentially demonstrates megakaryocyte growth, development, and platelet production.
Biopolymer—DNA Nanospheres

Publisher Summary The chapter explores the biopolymer DNA nanosphere and its characteristics. This chapter highlights the differences and similarities of these DNA nanoparticles with other polymeric and liposomal gene-delivery systems. Nonviral vectors are proposed as alternatives to viral vectors for in vivo gene transfer because of their potential advantages. The study of the complexation of DNA with gelatin or chitosan in forming nanospheres adds to the common benefits of nonviral gene-delivery systems. Besides protecting the DNA from nuclease degradation and allowing active targeting, DNA nanospheres have coencapsulation of bioactive agents and sustained release of the DNA. The former quality raises the possibility of combining drug and gene therapy in one single vehicle. The latter may improve the tissue bioavailability of DNA. Positive gene transfer has been observed in vivo in the lung, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissues in animal models. While the transfection efficiency of these DNA nanospheres remains low, their application in DNA vaccination, where high antigen expression may not be required, is promising because of their ability to encapsulate and deliver cytokines in a local and sustained manner to stimulate the infiltrating immune cells. The chapter also focuses on these natural biopolymers of gelatin and chitosan functioning as gene carriers.
Dimethyl(methylene)ammonium Iodide

(1; X = I−) [36627-00-6] C3H8IN (MW 185.02) InChI = 1S/C3H8N.HI/c1-4(2)3;/h1H2,2-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1 InChIKey = VVDUZZGYBOWDSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M (2; X = Cl−) [30438-74-5] C3H8ClN (MW 93.57) InChI = 1S/C3H8N.ClH/c1-4(2)3;/h1H2,2-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1 InChIKey = ZJTROANVDZIEGB-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3; X = CF3CO2−) [85413-84-9] C5H8F3NO2 (MW 171.14) InChI = 1S/C3H8N.C2HF3O2/c1-4(2)3;3-2(4,5)1(6)7/h1H2,2-3H3;(H,6,7)/q+1;/p-1 InChIKey = YPMYDJDJOCCNSE-UHFFFAOYSA-M (electrophilic aminomethylation (Mannich reaction) agent which condenses with active methylene compounds,1 organometallic reagents,2 and electron-rich aromatics and heteroaromatics3 to produce tertiary amines; useful for the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds by elimination of the dimethylamino group1) Alternate Names: (1) Eschenmoser's salt; (2) Bohme's salt. Physical Data: (1) mp 219 °C (dec). (2) mp 116 °C. (3) bp 100 °C/14 mmHg. Solubility: sol DMF; partially sol4 MeCN, CH2Cl2, THF (reactions in these solvents occur even though the reagent is not completely soluble). Form Supplied in: salts (1) and (2) are widely available as solids. Preparative Methods: salt (1) is prepared by thermolysis of (iodomethyl)trimethylammonium iodide5 or cleavage of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylmethanediamine by TMSI.6 It is purified by recrystallization from tetrahydrothiophene dioxide or by sublimation at 120 °C/0.05 mmHg.5 Salt (2) is prepared by cleavage of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylmethanediamine by AcCl7 or cleavage of methyl dimethylaminomethyl ether by TMSCl.8 Salt (3), a liquid, is prepared by Polonovksi reaction of trimethylamine oxide with TFAA or cleavage of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylmethanediamine with TFA. It is purified by distillation.9 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: salts (1)–(3) are very hygroscopic and must be used under anhydrous conditions to preserve their reactivity.
Optimization of x-ray capillary optics for mammography

The purpose of this study is to develop a full-field digital mammography system utilizing capillary optics. Specific aims are to identify optic properties that affect image quality and to optimize those properties in the design of a multi-element capillary array. It has been shown that polycapillary optics significantly improve mammographic image quality through increased resolution and reduced x-ray scatter. For practical clinical application much larger multi-element optics will be required. This study quantified the contributing factors to the multi-element optic MTF and investigated methods to determine optimal parameters for a practical design. Individual and a prototype multi-element array of linearly tapered optics with a common focal point were investigated. A conventional (MO/MO) mammography tube and computed radiography system were used. The system and optic MTF were measured using the angled slit method with a slit camera (10 micron slit). MTF measurements were performed with both stationary and scanned optics. Contributions to MTF included: distortion within individual optics, misalignment between optics, capillary channel size, and vibration. Measurement techniques used to identify and quantify the contributions to optic MTF included a phantom chosen specifically for polycapillary optics. This phantom provided a method for assessing the coherence among capillaries within an optic as well as the relative alignment of the optics within the array. In addition, modifications to the scanning procedure allowed for the isolation and quantification of several contributors to the system MTF. Specifically, measurements were made using a stationary optic, a scanning optic, and an optic placed at multiple locations within the imaged field of view. These techniques yielded the optic MTF, the degradation of MTF due to loss of coherence within the optic, and the degradation of MTF due to vibration of the scanning mechanism. Distortion within individual optics was, typically, quite small. However, MTF degradation resulting from twist was significant in some optics. MTF degradation due to misalignment was relatively large in the prototype triad. Modeling found that misalignment up to 50 microns reduced MTF by less than 10 percent up to 3 cycles/mm. Channel diameters of 52 microns and 85 microns reduced MTF by 9 percent to 20 percent at 5 cycles/mm and provided an optimal tradeoff between transmission and MTF. Vibration was identified as a significant degradation to MTF but can easily reduced with simple modifications. In spite of some reduced optic MTF values, system MTF has always been significantly improved - in some cases almost by the magnification ratio. These results allow for accurate modeling of optic performance and optimization of design parameters. This study demonstrates that a multi-element array can be produced with nearly optimal properties. A large area array suitable for clinical trial is feasible and is the next step in this program.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Generation of Trains of Electron Microbunches with Adjustable Subpicosecond Spacing

We demonstrate that trains of subpicosecond electron microbunches, with subpicosecond spacing, can be produced by placing a mask in a region of the beam line where the beam transverse size is dominated by the correlated energy spread. We show that the number, length, and spacing of the microbunches can be controlled through the parameters of the beam and the mask. Such microbunch trains can be further compressed and accelerated and have applications to free electron lasers and plasma wakefield accelerators.
The effect of final state interactions and deuteron binding in νd → μ−pp☆

Abstract The elastic neutrino scattering on deuterium νd → μ−pp is studied for moderate neutrino energies using the impulse approximation. The numerical results for the double differential cross sections d 2 σ d q 2 d E μ where q 2 is the four momentum transfer squared and Eμ is the muon energy are presented. The effect of the final state interactions is discussed using the two-nucleon continuum wave function derived from the Reid potential with a hard core and a Hulthen wave function for the deuteron. The differential cross section d σ d q 2 is also calculated and compared with the results obtained in the closure approximation. The effect of more realistic deuteron wave functions on the differential cross section d σ d q 2 is also discussed in the closure approximation.
A Tale of Two Discoveries: Comparing the Usability of Summon and EBSCO Discovery Service

Web-scale discovery systems are gaining momentum among academic libraries as libraries seek a means to provide their users with a one-stop searching experience. Illinois State University's Milner Library found itself in the unique position of having access to two distinct discovery products, EBSCO Discovery Service and Serials Solutions’ Summon. Two researchers at Milner conducted a usability study for the former product in 2010, and now two other researchers, including one involved with the EBSCO Discovery Service study, have conducted the same study on the latter product. The goals of the study were twofold: first, to identify user behavior while using discovery systems’ search features and to see whether using these features would improve the user's searching experience, and second, to compare user experiences with EBSCO Discovery Service and Summon at Illinois State University. The similarities and differences in user expectations, use, manipulation, and satisfaction with both discovery tools are expl...
A lethal neonatal dwarfing condition with short ribs, polysyndactyly, cranial synostosis, cleft palate cardiovascular and urogenital anomalies and severe ossification defect

A case of severe lethal neonatal dwarfism is reported. It appears to be a new variety of short rib-polydactyly dwarfism. It is characterized by severe lack of ossification of all bones except the clavicle and the presence of cleft palate, as well as genitourinary, central nervous system and cardiovascular anomalies. Electronmicroscopy revealed accumulations of granular material in the chondrocytes.
Universal Diamagnetism of Spinless Bose Systems

I prove that the ground-state energy of an arbitrary system of nonrelativistic spinless Bose particles increases when any (arbitrarily strong or inhomogeneous) magnetic field is turned on.
Assessment of the risk of solar ultraviolet radiation to amphibians. III. Prediction of impacts in selected northern midwestern wetlands.

Solar ultraviolet radiation, especially UVB (280-320 nm), has been hypothesized to be at least partially responsible for adverse effects (e.g., declines and malformations) in amphibian species throughout the world. Evaluation of this hypothesis has been limited by the paucity of high-quality UV dose-response data and reliable estimates of typical UV doses that occur in amphibian habitats. In this preliminary risk assessment for effects of UV radiation on amphibians, dose-response relationships quantified in outdoor experiments were compared with UV exposure estimates for 26 wetlands in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin. A comparison of wetland doses, derived from model prediction, historical data, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) characterization, with experimental effects levels for green (R. clamitans), northern leopard (R. pipiens), and mink (R. septentrionalis) frogs indicated that the risk of mortality and malformations due to UV exposure is low for the majority of wetlands evaluated. Wetland UV dose, averaged over the entire breeding season, exceeded effects doses for mortality for all three species in two of the 26 wetlands examined and for one species in an additional wetland. On the basis of evidence that shorter term doses caused mortality in amphibian larvae, 3-day doses were also evaluated. In three of the wetlands examined, 3-day doses in excess of 85% of full sunlight (the level that appeared to trigger effects in controlled experimentation) occurred at frequencies ranging 22-100% for all three species and at frequencies ranging from 15% to 58% for R. pipiens and R. septentrionalis in three additional wetlands. Risk of malformation in R. pipiens was apparent in five of the 26 wetlands evaluated. Overall, estimated UVB doses in 21 of the wetlands never exceeded experimental effects doses for mortality or malformations. These results suggest that most amphibians are not currently at significant risk for UVB effects in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin wetlands. However, continued reduction of ozone and other global climate change effects may increase UV doses in wetlands, suggesting that the risk of UV to amphibians should continue to be monitored and studied.
Azine/hydrogel/nanotube composite-modified electrodes for NADH catalysis and enzyme immobilization

Abstract The development of new, efficient bioelectrodes is important to the improvement of biosensor and biofuel cell technology. NAD-dependent dehydrogenase enzymes represent a diverse field of oxidoreductase enzymes that can be used to create unique biosensors and biofuel cells, but require electrocatalysts to oxidize NADH in order to harvest the electrons efficiently from fuel oxidation. This study presents a new methodology for the co-immobilization of dehydrogenase enzymes, azine-based NADH electrocatalysts, carbon nanotubes, and polymer hydrogels. The easy “one-pot” mixing and casting procedure is shown to produce electrodes that can electro-oxidize NADH at low potentials. In situ electropolymerization of the azine dyes within the composites is shown to improve NADH sensitivity, but harms enzyme activity. Biosensors and biofuel cells are constructed with a model enzyme, glucose dehydrogenase, to show the application of this system in a glucose biosensor and biofuel cell. Glucose biosensors produced limiting current densities of 400 μA/cm2 and glucose/air-breathing biofuel cells produced power densities slightly greater than 100 μW/cm2.