cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remembering: Epistemic and Empirical

The construct “remembering” is equivocal between an epistemic sense, denoting a distinctive ground for knowledge, and empirical sense, denoting the typical behavior of a neurocognitive mechanism. Because the same kind of equivocation arises for other psychologistic terms (such as believe, decide, know, judge, decide, infer and reason), the effort to spot and remedy the confusion in the case of remembering might prove generally instructive. The failure to allow these two senses of remembering equal play in their respective domains leads, I argue, to unnecessary confusion about memory externalism, the possibility of episodic memory in non-human species, and the thesis of memory continuism. By distinguishing these equivocal senses of remembering, we thus gain leverage on understanding how the distinctive epistemic norms that define many of our psychologic terms are more plausibly related to the capacities studied by empirical science, given that neither identity nor elimination are possible.
Age of Information in Backscatter Communication

Age of Information (AoI) has been introduced to characterize the newness of data which is observed in real time. In other words, it is the measure of time elapsed since the generation of last received update about a process and is a vital metric in networks such as Internet of things (IoTs), especially when the application demands fresh updates. Most of the applications require fresh data e.g., applications related to environmental monitoring, smart agriculture, body area networks etc. On the other hand backscatter communication promises to resolve one of the most challenging issues of IoT devices, i.e., making them capable for communication without the batteries. The importance of AoI in backscatter communication is paramount to gauge performance of backscatter IoT networks. This chapter addresses the significance of AoI in backscatter communication and suggests some techniques to design a communication system with minimum AoI, maximum energy efficiency, and minimum outage.
CONVECTIVE OVERSTABILITY IN ACCRETION DISKS: THREE-DIMENSIONAL LINEAR ANALYSIS AND NONLINEAR SATURATION

Recently, Klahr & Hubbard claimed that a hydrodynamical linear overstability exists in protoplanetary disks, powered by buoyancy in the presence of thermal relaxation. We analyze this claim, confirming it through rigorous compressible linear analysis. We model the system numerically, reproducing the linear growth rate for all cases studied. We also study the saturated properties of the overstability in the shearing box, finding that the saturated state produces finite amplitude fluctuations strong enough to trigger the subcritical baroclinic instability (SBI). Saturation leads to a fast burst of enstrophy in the box, and a large-scale vortex develops in the course of the next ≈100 orbits. The amount of angular momentum transport achieved is of the order of α ≈10^(–3), as in compressible SBI models. For the first time, a self-sustained three-dimensional vortex is produced from linear amplitude perturbation of a quiescent base state.
CoSaTa: A Constraint Satisfaction Solver and Interpreted Language for Semi-Structured Tables of Sentences.

This work presents CoSaTa, an intuitive constraint satisfaction solver and interpreted language for knowledge bases of semi-structured tables expressed as text. The stand-alone CoSaTa solver allows easily expressing complex compositional "inference patterns" for how knowledge from different tables tends to connect to support inference and explanation construction in question answering and other downstream tasks, while including advanced declarative features and the ability to operate over multiple representations of text (words, lemmas, or part-of-speech tags). CoSaTa also includes a hybrid imperative/declarative interpreted language for expressing simple models through minimally-specified simulations grounded in constraint patterns, helping bridge the gap between question answering, question explanation, and model simulation. The solver and interpreter are released as open source. Screencast Demo: https://youtu.be/t93Acsz7LyE
α3* Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Habenula-Interpeduncular Nucleus Circuit Regulate Nicotine Intake.

Allelic variation in CHRNA3, the gene encoding the α3 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit, increases vulnerability to tobacco dependence and smoking-related diseases, but little is known about the role for α3-containing (α3*) nAChRs in regulating the addiction-related behavioral or physiological actions of nicotine. α3* nAChRs are densely expressed by medial habenula (mHb) neurons, which project almost exclusively to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPn) and are known to regulate nicotine avoidance behaviors. We found that Chrna3tm1.1Hwrt hypomorphic mice, which express constitutively low levels of α3* nAChRs, self-administer greater quantities of nicotine (0.4 mg kg-1 per infusion) than their wild-type littermates. Microinfusion of a lentivirus vector to express a short-hairpin RNA into the mHb or IPn to knock-down Chrna3 transcripts markedly increased nicotine self-administration behavior in rats (0.01-0.18 mg kg-1 per infusion). Using whole-cell recordings, we found that the α3β4* nAChR-selective antagonist α-conotoxin AuIB almost completely abolished nicotine-evoked currents in mHb neurons. By contrast, the α3β2* nAChR-selective antagonist α-conotoxin MII only partially attenuated these currents. Finally, micro-infusion of α-conotoxin AuIB (10 μm) but not α-conotoxin MII (10 μm) into the IPn in rats increased nicotine self-administration behavior. Together, these data suggest that α3β4* nAChRs regulate the stimulatory effects of nicotine on the mHb-IPn circuit and thereby regulate nicotine avoidance behaviors. These findings provide mechanistic insights into how CHRNA3 risk alleles can increase the risk of tobacco dependence and smoking-related diseases in human smokers.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Allelic variation in CHRNA3, which encodes the α3 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit gene, increases risk of tobacco dependence but underlying mechanisms are unclear. We report that Chrna3 hypomorphic mice consume greater quantities of nicotine than wild-type mice and that knock-down of Chrna3 gene transcripts in the habenula or interpeduncular nucleus (IPn) increases nicotine intake in rats. α-Conotoxin AuIB, a potent antagonist of the α3β4 nAChR subtype, reduced the stimulatory effects of nicotine on habenular neurons, and its infusion into the IPn increased nicotine intake in rats. These data suggest that α3β4 nAChRs in the habenula-IPn circuit regulate the motivational properties of nicotine.
Rapeseed supplements affect propitiously fatty acid composition of cow milk fat: A meta-analysis

Abstract Milk and dairy products together with animal fats are the major sources of undesirable saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in the human diet. Altering milk fat composition replacing a part of SFAs with unsaturated fatty acids thus offers an opportunity to decrease SFAs intake. Supplementation the diet of lactating cows with oilseeds has been a feasible method to improve milk fat composition. Rapeseed is the main source of lipids for animal nutrition in countries of temperate zone. Data from 22 studies published during 2010–2019, supplementing 20–292 g per kg diet DM (dry matter) daily of various rapeseed products (grouped into three categories, i) meal or expeller with fat content >5 g/100 g in DM, ii) intact or mechanically treated seeds and iii) oil), were assessed. Meta-analysis of the dataset (83 experimental variants, of these 30 and 53 control and supplemented, respectively) revealed significant improvement in fatty acid composition of milk fat. The supplementation of rapeseed products significantly decreased the proportion of SFAs (except for stearic acid) in favour particularly of oleic acid and thus of monounsaturated fatty acids. The contents of nutritionally required linoleic and α-linolenic acids were affected in a limited extent only. The efficacy of various forms of supplemented rapeseed on the main FAs and their groups differed. It can be therefore hardly given a univocal recommendation of an optimal form of rapeseed to be supplemented. Nevertheless, supplementation with meal/expeller seems to be applicable to farmers. The meta-analysis showed insignificant effects on milk yield and composition, except for fat content.
Genetic investigation of three type specimens of Osmundea (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Gulf of California, Mexico and California, USA

The taxonomic status of species assigned to the marine red algal genus Osmundea from Pacific North America has not been critically studied. We analyzed the complete organellar genomes of an isotype specimen of O. sinicola and conducted a genetic comparison of rbcL and COI-5P markers based on 15 specimens of Laurencia scrippsensis, O. crispa, and O. sinicola collected from California, the Gulf of California, and Pacific Baja California, including their type specimens. The mitogenome of O. sinicola was 25,021 bp in length and contained 44 genes, and the plastid genome was 171,419 bp with 225 genes. Both genomes show a high level of gene synteny with previously published organellar chromosomes from the Rhodomelaceae. Phylogenetic analysis of the rbcL and COI-5P genes identified two distinct clades, one containing the isotype of O. sinicola, and the other included the isotype of O. crispa and holotype of Laurencia scrippsensis. These data show that L. scrippsensis is a heterotypic synonym of O. crispa, rather than of O. sinicola. They support the recognition of two species, O. crispa from Monterey, California to Baja California Sur, and O. sinicola from Baja California Sur to the Gulf of California. California specimens identified as O. sinicola are misidentified O. crispa. Reports of O. sinicola from outside this range based on morpho-anatomy require confirmation by DNA sequencing. These genetic results highlight the need further analyses of type material from the Rhodomelaceae.
Near-Optimum Real-Time Range Estimation Algorithms for Proximity Links

Renewed interest in space exploration and cislunar situational awareness demands accurate ranging algorithms to enable navigation solutions for a multitude of spacecraft, rovers, and human explorers on the Moon and even on Mars, in the near future. Current state-of-the-art in ground-based ranging accuracy is on the order of 30 cm; however, complicated equipment calibration and significant post-processing is required to achieve this level of ranging accuracy. This article examines ad-hoc approaches that achieve near-optimum real-time ranging performance with reduced complexity by utilizing a DPLL (digital phase-locked loop) to track the phase of the residual carrier for both direct and subcarrier modulated PN sequences, and a DCL (digital Costas loop) to obtain independent estimates of carrier phase, and optimal combinations of these implementations to achieve near-optimum real-time performance with reduced computational complexity.
Subplane Covered Nets

A brief overview projective geometries beginning derivation spreads derivable nets the Hughes planes Desarguesian planes Pappian planes characterizations of geometries derivable nets and geometries structure theory for derivable nets dual spreads and Baer subplanes derivation as a geometric process embedding classification of subplane covered nets subplane covered affine planes direct products parallelisms partial parallelisms with deficiency Baer extensions translation planes admitting Baer groups spreads covered by pseudo-Reguli conical and ruled planes over fields spreads which are dual spreads partial flocks of deficiency one Skew-Hall planes.
Chapter 18 Autoradiography of Water-Soluble Materials

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the method developed for autoradiography of water-soluble materials. In its complete form the method involves three independent, parallel procedures—namely, (1) analysis of cells extracted with acid, water, or other solvent to demonstrate only insoluble or incorporated activity according to the usual, standard method of autoradiography, (2) analysis by dry autoradiography of cells from which the soluble radioactive material has not been removed, thereby demonstrating intracellular localization of the soluble material, and (c) analysis by autoradiography of cells from which the soluble material has been extracted and deposited by drying in a delimited area surrounding the cell. The detection and quantitation of soluble radioactive materials in cells can be done in two ways: by diffusion in wet film and by limited area extraction. The uptake of thymidine-H 3 into the nucleotide pool of Tetrahymena pyriformis during different stages of the cell life cycle has been studied with the methods described in the chapter. Small groups of dividing cells are obtained by selecting individual dividing cells from a log phase culture as described by Stone and Cameron.
Urban Growth Models

models can perform the dual functions of organizing knowledge of how urban systems work and grow, and providing support for analyzing policy and planning proposals. Modern urban modeling has progressed substantially in the last fifty years, as a result of extensive development supported by massive data collection and growing computing power. Much of the development has been impelled by the needs of transportation analysis, but land use or locational modeling has advanced well beyond initially fragmented and descriptive theories. The major difficulty arises out the underlying importance of resource allocation, which is influenced by complex behavioral patterns and requires an interdisciplinary approach. These behaviors are defined too narrowly in purely economic models, and too descriptively in purely observational models of discrete choice. This dichotomy is a major focus of modeling, and is being gradually overcome.
Phase VI glove TMG evolution

As Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) is becoming more challenging and a renewed interest into planetary exploration is being pursued, having a spacesuit glove that is able to perform more complex and dexterous tasks with less hand fatigue is critical. In an effort to build upon an already proven foundation a new investigation has been made into reducing the torque of the Phase VI Glove Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG) along with improving dexterity and tactility. This paper addresses the makeup of the Phase VI Glove TMG and details the investigation into improving the current design. An investigation into alternative heating methods was also pursued.
Ion Transport Changes During Calcitonin-Induced Intestinal Secretion in Man

Previous studies have shown that synthetic salmon calcitonin (SCT) infused intravenously causes secretion of water and electrolytes in the jejunuin of normal human subjects. The present experiments were carried out to learn more about the nature of this intestinal secretory process. During SCT- or synthetic human calcitonin (HCT)-induced intestinal secretion, the following observations were made: (1) There was no change in potential difference; (2) Cl was secreted against an electrochemical gradient; (3) unidirectional Na flux out of the lumen was decreased while the opposite flux was normal; (4) luminal pCO2 fell; (5) addition of glucose to the jejunal contents stimulated Na absorption, and this in turn counteracted the secretory effect of calcitonin. These findings suggest that calcitonin induces active Cl secretion and inhibits active Na absorption, and that HCO3 absorption is reduced by virtue of OH secretion; furthermore, jejunal glucose absorption and glucose-stimulated Na absorption are intact during calcitonin-induced secretion. Intravenous infusion of HCT caused intestinal secretion only when blood levels were much higher than occur physiologically; therefore, calcitonin is probably not a mediator of spontaneous variations of intestinal transport in normal people. However, because calcitonin induces secretion in the ileum as well as in the jejunum, hypercalcitonernia (within the range commonly found in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid) could be a cause of severe secretory diarrhea.
Web Site–Based Destination Images: A Comparison of Macau and Hong Kong

The purposes of this study were to identify and compare the image representations of Macau and Hong Kong as they are communicated on the Web. The research approach for this study collected the textual data on Macau and Hong Kong. Semantic network analysis and content analysis methods were applied to identify the image categories each city projects on the Web. t-Tests were also conducted to compare the Macau and Hong Kong image categories. The results suggest that Macau could likely transform to a mega-gaming hub with casino strips, themed properties, and entertainment complexes, a transformation that is not expected to shake the superior position of Hong Kong as a shopping paradise and conference center.
Expression, purification, and inhibition of in vitro proteolysis of human AMPD2 (isoform L) recombinant enzymes.

Abstract AMP deaminase (AMPD) is a multigene family in higher eukaryotes whose three members encode tetrameric isoforms that catalyze the deamination of AMP to IMP. AMPD polypeptides share conserved C-terminal catalytic domains of ∼550 amino acids, whereas divergent N-terminal domains of ∼200–330 amino acids may confer isoform-specific properties to each enzyme. However, AMPD polypeptides are subject to limited N-terminal proteolysis during purification and subsequent storage at 4 °C. This presents a technical challenge to studies aimed at determining the structural and functional significance of these divergent sequences. This study describes the recombinant overexpression of three naturally occurring human AMPD2 proteins, 1A/2, 1B/2, and 1B/3, that differ by N-terminal extensions of 47–128 amino acids, resulting from the use of multiple promoters and alternative splicing events. A survey of protease inhibitors reveals that E-64 and leupeptin are able to maintain the subunit structure of each AMPD2 protein when they are included in extraction and storage buffers. Gel filtration chromatography of these three purified AMPD2 enzymes comprised of intact subunits reveals that each migrates faster than expected, resulting in observed molecular masses significantly greater than those predicted for native tetrameric structures. However, chemical crosslinking analysis indicates four subunits per AMPD2 molecule, confirming that these enzymes have a native tetrameric structure. These combined results suggest that AMPD2 N-terminal extensions may exist as extended structures in solution.
Visual Imagery of Famous Faces: Effects of Memory and Attention Revealed by fMRI

Complex pictorial information can be represented and retrieved from memory as mental visual images. Functional brain imaging studies have shown that visual perception and visual imagery share common neural substrates. The type of memory (short- or long-term) that mediates the generation of mental images, however, has not been addressed previously. The purpose of this study was to investigate the neural correlates underlying imagery generated from short- and long-term memory (STM and LTM). We used famous faces to localize the visual response during perception and to compare the responses during visual imagery generated from STM (subjects memorized specific pictures of celebrities before the imagery task) and imagery from LTM (subjects imagined famous faces without seeing specific pictures during the experimental session). We found that visual perception of famous faces activated the inferior occipital gyri, lateral fusiform gyri, the superior temporal sulcus, and the amygdala. Small subsets of these face-selective regions were activated during imagery. Additionally, visual imagery of famous faces activated a network of regions composed of bilateral calcarine, hippocampus, precuneus, intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). In all these regions, imagery generated from STM evoked more activation than imagery from LTM. Regardless of memory type, focusing attention on features of the imagined faces (e.g., eyes, lips, or nose) resulted in increased activation in the right IPS and right IFG. Our results suggest differential effects of memory and attention during the generation and maintenance of mental images of faces.
FIRST TRIMESTER SCREENING FOR STRUCTURAL FETAL ABNORMALITIES : NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY SONOGRAPHY

Nuchal translucency refers to the normal subcutaneous space, observed on first trimester ultrasound examination, between the skin and the cervical spine in the fetus. Increased nuchal translucency is known to be associated with an increased risk of aneuploidy, particularly Down syndrome. In addition to this association with aneuploidy, multiple studies have now identified increased nuchal translucency as a nonspecific marker of a wide range of fetal structural abnormalities, to include congenital diaphragmatic hernia, cardiac defects, and various genetic syndromes. The degree of nuchal translucency is directly related to the prevalence of fetal anomalies and may have prognostic significance, especially when found in association with other anomalies. The pathophysiology of increased nuchal translucency is uncertain but may be the result of cardiac failure or alterations in lymphatic drainage. Increased nuchal translucency may identify pregnancies that require further assessment, to include additional sonographic evaluation and possible fetal echocardiography. Further evaluation is required to assess the role of nuchal translucency screening in the general population.
Maximum Likelihood Passive and Active Sensing of Wideband Power Spectra From Few Bits

Wideband power spectrum sensing is essential for cognitive radio and many other applications. Aiming to crowdsource spectrum sensing operations, a novel frugal sensing framework was recently proposed, employing a network of low duty-cycle sensors (e.g., running in background mode on consumer devices) reporting randomly filtered broadband power measurement bits to a fusion center, which in turn estimates the ambient power spectrum. Frugal sensing is revisited here from a statistical estimation point of view. Taking into account fading and insufficient sample averaging considerations, maximum likelihood (ML) formulations are developed which outperform the original minimum power and interior point solutions when the soft power estimates prior to thresholding are noisy. Assuming availability of a downlink channel that the fusion center can use to send threshold information, active sensing strategies are developed that quickly narrow down and track the power spectrum estimate, using ideas borrowed from cutting plane methods to develop active ML solutions. Simulations show that satisfactory wideband power spectrum estimates can be obtained with passive ML sensing from few bits, and much better performance can be attained using active sensing. Various other aspects, such as known emitter spectral shapes and different types of non-negativity constraints, are also considered.
An experimental study of foraging site selection in young-of-the-year yellow perch, Perca flavescens

We performed a series of laboratory experiments to identify and evaluate preferences of young-of-the-year yellow perch for using six foraging sites, and to relate these preferences to the observed diet of perch in nature. The six foraging sites, the water surface, floating vegetation, open water column, submerged macrophytes, open substrate, and benthic cover, were simulated by artificial devices in 56.81 aquaria. The distribution of the number of food items removed from the six foraging sites did not differ significantly from random. The order of removals, however, revealed significant preferences. The water column site was selected before all others, while the surface and the floating vegetation sites were used last. Handling time efficiencies showed nearly opposite patterns: the midwater site required a longer handling time than all other sites while the surface and floating vegetation were among those sites with the shortest handling times. The selection of foraging sites was essentially independent of the order of encountering the feeding devices, and was not affected by experimental experience. The foraging site selection by the fish in our experiments corresponds to naturally important foraging sites for perch of the same size. Our results suggest that preference for a foraging site, whether genetic or due to early experience, can override immediate profitability.
Current Antifungal Agents for Treatment of Central Nervous System Infections

Invasive fungal infections have been increasing in incidence worldwide, primarily due to the growing population of immunosuppressed patients. Fungal central nervous system infections carry a high rate of morbidity and mortality due to difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. This paper provides a review of antifungal agents currently available in the United States, highlighting the pros and cons of each medication in the treatment of CNS infections. Investigational treatment approaches with combination therapy and iron chelation for CNS infections are also discussed. Despite our many advances in modern medicine, we still lack highly effective therapeutic options for treatment of cerebral infections with the angioinvasive fungi Aspergillus and the zygomycetes.
A protein fraction from peripheral nerve having neurotrophic effects on skeletal muscle cells in culture.

Abstract Soluble extracts of adult chick sciatic nerve were fractionated biochemically and added to cultures of embryonic chick skeletal muscle in order to identify the components which exerted trophic influences on muscle. An aqueous extract of peripheral nerves prepared in citrate buffer (pH 4.2) enhanced the morphological maturation of cultured muscle cells, stimulated the synthesis of muscle cell protein, and increased creatine kinase and myokinase activities. This extract was fractionated by column chromatography on Sephadex G-200. A fraction of mol wt 23,000 to 27,000 exhibited the greatest neurotrophic activity. This fraction was susceptible to hydrolysis by trypsin and protease, but was resistant to ribonuclease and was not bound by insoluble concanavalin A. These data indicate that the active component is a protein. We suggest that the trophic effects of nerve on muscle which have been repeatedly demonstrated by physiological experiments performed in vivo, may result from the transport of a biologically active protein from nerve to muscle.
Graduate leadership students’ perspective on including spiritual topics

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore working students’ perspectives on the inclusion of spiritual topics in graduate leadership and management programs at secular, nonreligious, and multifaith universities. The growth in interest in spiritual issues at work and in leadership and management education suggests that spiritual topics have a role to play in leadership and management education, but this has not been systematically researched from a student perspective. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 128 graduate students in leadership and management programs were surveyed using a 22-item rating scale-based questionnaire, with three additional open-ended items. Questions were developed from a survey of the literature. Findings – Descriptive analysis suggests support for the inclusion of spiritual components in courses but emphasizes students’ desire for an unbiased learning experience. Factor analysis not only revealed student perceptions being influenced by openness to and interest in the...
Guest Editorial Optical Polarimetry

Optical polarimetry is a term we have recently adopted to denote any type of optical measurement where light polarization plays a key role, and where polarization itself is a carrier of information. It also refers to measurement of the state of polarization light which is emitted from various sources, over a wide range of wavelengths, or which is scattered by different objects. The sources may range from minute atomic samples to entire galaxies; and the objects may range from atoms, molecules, or micro-scopic particles to whole planets. Evidently this is a field of vast scope that would require several special issues to be represented adequately. Ellipsometry, a branch of optical polarimetry which deals with surface and thin-film characterization by polarized-light reflection, is alone the subject of a series of international conferences with proceedings published as special volumes of Surface Science.1 I n astronomy the measurement of polarization of light, both emitted and scattered, is finding broad application for deducing the microstructure of particles and the macrostructure of atmospheres.2 Other subspecialties of optical polarimetry have similarly expanded.
Methods and results of characterization of organic emissions from an indoor material

The method and example results for the determination of organic air emissions from a common indoor material are presented. A well instrumented and characterized 0.166-m3 stainless steel test chamber is used to ventilate sample materials at controlled air change rates, temperature and relative humidity. The test chamber outlet air stream is sampled using Tenax® (1.6g) filled glass cartridges. The Tenax® sample cartridges are then thermally desorbed for further concentration onto a Nutech® model 8528 purge and trap system and desorption to a packed column gas Chromatograph for analysis. Organic emissions are quantified on a species specific basis and total organics basis. Test chamber concentrations of total organics for a waterbased adhesive are observed to diminish with time. Calculated emission rates for the floor adhesive were determined to be 95μg g−1 h−1 after ventilation at 1.77 air changes per hour for 10 h and 259 μg g−1 h−1 after 24-h ventilation at 3.6 air changes per hour.
The shading and distancing of commerce: When internalization is not enough

Abstract A political economy of degradation and of sustainability should account not only for the full range of production costs but the sources of those costs. It should consider how the pursuit of wealth can, deliberately or not, lead to uncounted costs and unaccountable actors. This article explores the conditions of cost generation and externalization, especially those that are largely unintended and inadvertent. It shows how the pursuit of wealth, the expansion of markets, the mobility of capital, and the entanglements of production processes can lead to the unwitting generation and displacement of costs. It analyzes competitive business strategy and patterns of production and consumption for their contribution to such costs. Business strategy and state policy tend to create a never-ending search for frontiers, however simulated and however unecological they may be. The costs generated in those frontiers are a function of shading, that is, obscuring of costs, and distancing, the separation of production and consumption decisions, both of which impede ecological and social feedback and create cognitive, institutional, and ethical lags between initial benefits and eventual full costs. As distance increases along dimensions of geography, culture, bargaining power, or agency, negative feedback loops are severed, stakeholders expand while decision making contracts, environmental problems are displaced, and shading and cost externalization increase. The likelihood of sustainable resource use increases as distance is lowered, as institutions locate decision authority in those who receive negative ecological feedback and who have the capacity and incentives to act on that feedback, and as the burden of proof for economic interventions shifts to the interveners.
Writing Resistance and Heroism: Guerilla Strategies From Castro's Gulag

With contemporary political debates centering on the possibility of closing the Guantanamo Bay military installation, attention is once again being focused on prisons in Cuba. This provides an opportunity to interrogate the modern history of prisons in Cuba, particularly following the Cuban Revolution. As such, this essay considers the use of Cuban prisons for the detention of political prisoners by examining Diary of a Survivor: Nineteen Years in a Cuban Women's Prison, the prison memoir of guerilla activist Ana Rodriguez to understand the resistance to Castro's revolution and the ways in which female prisoners reimagined themselves and wrote the brutal history of the Revolution.
Vaccine crisis : some issues in technology and national healthcare policy

This paper describes the events and the causes leading to the influenza vaccine shortage of 2004. We analyse the factors that impinged upon this phenomenon, including the unpredictability of the disease outbreak, the supply of vaccine and the distribution of patients. The paper also examines the rationing of healthcare delivery in the form of vaccine distribution and discusses this action in view of the US national health policy. The paper addresses four possible avenues for action that may assist in preventing another shortage.
The distal enhancer region of the rat prolactin gene contains elements conferring response to multiple hormones.

The ability of an upstream element of the rat PRL gene to permit transcriptional regulation in response to several different hormones has been examined. To test the ability of specific DNA sequences to mediate hormone responsiveness, DNA fragments were subcloned upstream of a thymidine kinasechloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion gene and transferred into GH3 pituitary tumor cells. Initially, fragments representing a distal enhancer element (positions −1713 to −1495) and a more proximal element (positions −292 to −38) were tested. The results demonstrate that the distal enhancer permits cAMP, TRH, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and estradiol to stimulate expression of the thymidine kinase-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. The proximal element permitted fusion gene regulation in response to cAMP, TRH, EGF, and phorbol esters. For the cAMP, TRH, and EGF responses, the distal element permitted responses approximately equal to or greater than responses conferred by the proximal PRL gene fragment. The ...
Complexes of the enzyme phosphomannomutase/phosphoglucomutase with a slow substrate and an inhibitor.

Two complexes of the enzyme phosphomannomutase/phosphoglucomutase (PMM/PGM) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a slow substrate and with an inhibitor have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. Both ligands induce an interdomain rearrangement in the enzyme that creates a highly buried active site. Comparisons with enzyme–substrate complexes show that the inhibitor xylose 1-phosphate utilizes many of the previously observed enzyme–ligand interactions. In contrast, analysis of the ribose 1-phosphate complex reveals a combination of new and conserved enzyme–ligand interactions for binding. The ability of PMM/PGM to accommodate these two pentose phosphosugars in its active site may be relevant for future efforts towards inhibitor design.
Using hydrogen safety best practices and learning from safety events

A best practice is a technique or methodology that has reliably led to a desired result. A wealth of experience regarding the safe use and handling of hydrogen exists as a result of an extensive history in a wide variety of industrial and aerospace settings. Hydrogen Safety Best Practices (h2bestpractices.org) captures this vast knowledge base and makes it publically available to those working with hydrogen and related systems, including those just starting to work with hydrogen. This online manual is organized under a number of hierarchical technical content categories. References, including publications and other online links, that deal with the safety aspects of hydrogen are compiled for easy access. This paper discusses the development of Hydrogen Safety Best Practices as a safety knowledge tool, the nature of its technical content, and the steps taken to enhance its value and usefulness. Specific safety event examples are provided to illustrate the link between technical content in the online best practices manual and a companion safety knowledge tool, Hydrogen Incident Reporting and Lessons Learned (www.h2incidents.org), which encourages the sharing of lessons learned and other safety event information [1].
Wing bone laminarity is not an adaptation for torsional resistance in bats

Torsional loading is a common feature of skeletal biomechanics during vertebrate flight. The importance of resisting torsional loads is best illustrated by the convergence of wing bone structure (e.g., long with thin walls) across extant bats and birds. Whether or not such a convergence occurs at the microstructural level is less clear. In volant birds, the humeri and ulnae often contain abundant laminar bony tissue in which primary circumferential vascular canals course concentrically about the long axis of the bone. These circumferential canals and the matrix surrounding them presumably function to resist the tissue-level shear stress caused by flight-induced torsion. Here, we assess whether or not laminar bone is a general adaptive feature in extant flying vertebrates using a histological analysis of bat bones. We sampled the humeri from six adult taxa representing a broad phylogenetic and body size range (6–1,000 g). Transverse thick sections were prepared from the midshaft of each humerus. Bone tissue was classified based on the predominant orientation of primary vascular canals. Our results show that humeri from bats across a wide phylogenetic and body size range do not contain any laminar bone. Instead, humeri are essentially avascular in bats below about 100 g and are poorly vascularized with occasional longitudinal to slightly radial canals in large bats. In contrast, humeri from birds across a comparable size range (40–1,000 g) are highly vascularized with a wide range in bone laminarity. Phylogenetically-informed scaling analyses reveal that the difference in vascularity between birds and bats is best explained by higher somatic relative growth rates in birds. The presence of wing bone laminarity in birds and its absence in bats suggests that laminar bone is not a necessary biomechanical feature in flying vertebrates and may be apomorphic to birds.
Ultrastructural features of the lateral preoptic area, median eminence and arcuate nucleus of the rat.

The arcuate nucleus, median eminence, and the lateral preoptic area from the brains of aldehyde-perfused male and female rats were examined by electron microscopy. In the lateral preoptic area, three neuronal types are described: a small light neuron, a larger light one, and a dark neuron resembling the larger light one in size and nuclear shape. Many myelinated axons are interposed among single neurons or neuronal pairs. The relationship of structures to each other is discussed. Several observations not previously reported are illustrated from tissue of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence.
Disinhibition of Histaminergic Neurons: Lack of Effect on Arousal Switch Following Propofol Hypnosis

Transitions between wake and sleep are a routine and essential part of our lives. The bistable “switch” model of consciousness considers these two mutually exclusive states to be governed by interconnected subcortical nuclei ([Saper et al., 2010][1]). Wake- or sleep-promoting nuclei enforce
High-Temperature Healing of Lithographically Introduced Cracks in Sapphire

A new method for producing controlled-geometry, controlled-crystallography, cracklike defects using photolithography has been developed. The method has been applied to sapphire, and used to study crack healing behavior at 1800°C. Effects of crack face and crack perimeter crystallography, crack face microstructure, and impurities on healing behavior have been identified.
Quantitation of bovine β2-microglobulin: Occurrence in body fluids, on milk fat globules and origin in milk

Abstract The concns of bovine β2-microglobulin (β2M) and selected control proteins were measured using a competitive immunoassay to determine the origin of β2M in cows' milk. Using milk samples collected at various times, separated into different fractions and treated with protease inhibitors, it was established that β2M appears in cows' milk by protease-dependent degradation of the cellular fraction of milk, probably mononuclear cells, but is not derived from milk fat globules (MFG) or from polymorphonuclear leukocytes despite positive immunofluorescence of the former. The latter source could be eliminated by the induction of neutrophilia which produced no changes in β2M levels. Our data also indicate a minimal contribution by MFG to levels of secretory component despite its detection by indirect immunofluorescence on MFG but are consistent with the view that the milk fat globule membrane protein, bovine-associated microprotein, is derived from MFG by proteolysis. Protease-dependent degradation of milk components is an in vivo storage effect which occurs as early as the first 3 hr of in vivo storage. Compared to three other secretions tested, β2M was most concentrated in lacteal secretions and codistributed with bovine lymphocyte antigen in milk.
Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome after intrauterine transfusion for the treatment of fetal hemolytic disease

Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the developmental outcome of neonatal survivors of hemolytic disease of the neonate treated with modern intrauterine transfusion techniques. Study Design: In this prospective, observational study, auditory evoked-response tests were performed in the nursery. Neurodevelopmental evaluation with the Gesell Developmental Schedules was performed between 9 and 18 months of corrected age to assess motor skills, language development, comprehension capacity, and social skills. The McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities were administered between 36 and 62 months. Results: Forty children who survived severe fetal hemolytic disease were followed up until 62 months old. Demographic data included gestational age at first intrauterine transfusion (26.4 ± 3.7 weeks), median number of intrauterine transfusions (4, range 1-8), lowest fetal hematocrit (20.2%± 7.8%), peak fetal bilirubin (7.1 ± 2.1 mg/dL), incidence of hydrops fetalis (45%),and mean gestational age at delivery (35.6 ± 2.2 weeks). One case of severe bilateral deafness and 1 case of right spastic hemiplegia were diagnosed. The Gesell Developmental Schedules score was assessed between 9 and 18 months of corrected age in 22 infants. The global developmental quotient was 101.9 ± 9.5 (mean for normal population is 100). Regression analysis revealed no correlation between the global developmental quotient and gestational age at the first intrauterine transfusion, gestational age at birth, or the severity of the fetal hemolytic disease (fetal hematocrit, fetal bilirubin, presence of hydrops fetalis, total number of intrauterine transfusions, duration of neonatal phototherapy, and number of neonatal exchange transfusions). Eleven of the 40 children were followed up until they were 62 months old, and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities were administered. The mean cognitive index was 107.6 ± 9.4 (90-109 is considered average). Conclusion: Despite severe fetal hemolytic disease, normal developmental outcome can be expected for children treated with intrauterine transfusions. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:858-63.)
Computational Design of Parametric Scripts for Digital Fabrication of Curved Structures

This paper explores strategies for building toolchains to design, develop and fabricate architectural designs. It explains how complex curved structures can be constructed from flat standard panels. The hypothesis of this research is that by embedding ruled based procedures addressing generative, variational, iterative, and fabricational logics into early phases of design, both design techniques and digital fabrication methods can merge to solve a recurrent problem in contemporary architectural design, building double curved structures. Furthermore it achieves this using common fabrication methods and standard construction materials. It describes the processes of programming computational tools creating and developing designs to fabricate continuous complex curved structures. I describe this through a series of experiments, using parametric design environments and scripted functions, implementing certain techniques to fabricate these designs using rapid prototyping machines. Comparing different design and...
Band tail states and the Anderson transition in amorphous silicon

Abstract We compute approximations to the electronic states near the gap in a large and realistic model of a-Si. The spatial structure of the states are computed explicitly and discussed. The properties of the local to extended (Anderson) transition is described. A qualitative picture of the Anderson transition is described. Implications for conductivity and doping are briefly discussed.
Sudden visual loss.

An 82-year-old lady presented with sudden, partial, painless visual loss in her right eye. Fundoscopy showed a grey patch on the retina, indicating ischaemia (fi gure)— which implied occlusion of a branch of the central retinal artery. Fundoscopy further revealed a reddish macula, typical of retinal artery occlusion, and an embolus in a branch of the central retinal artery. On general examination, a bruit was heard over the right carotid artery. Retinal artery occlusion that aff ects the fovea causes severe, sudden visual loss. An aff erent pupil defect appears within seconds of the occlusion. The commonest cause of retinal artery occlusion is thromboembolism, although other causes, such as giant cell arteritis, should also be considered. Patients should be given a thorough cardiovascular assessment. Treatment should be immediate, because if the occlusion lasts longer than about 1 h, the ischaemic part of the optic nerve will atrophy, causing permanent visual loss. There is no reliable treatment—but if the patient is seen within about 1 h of onset, pressure on the eyeball, fi rm enough to cause pain, with sudden release, can propel an embolus distally. Lancet 2007; 370: 590