cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic Oximides. A Research on Their Pharmacology

By the term “organic oximides” is understood the whole class of organic compounds whose molecular constitution includes the chemical group = N. OH. Few questions have of late years interested the scientific chemist more than those relating to this class of carbon compounds. For the most part these bodies are of recent discovery, and are still at the present time yielding material for numerous contributions to the chemical journals, more especially in Germany, where the investigation of their chemical nature was initiated by Professor Victor Meyer and his pupils. Indeed the enthusiasm shown by chemists in the elucidation of the structure and reactions of these compounds is sufficient evidence of their importance as a class.
Community-Acquired MRSA in Neonates: Prevention and Control in the Clinical Setting

Infections with community-acquired strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are increasing among maternal and neonatal patients. Rapid screening, prevention and treatment in these patients is vitally important.
Automated Alexandrite Transmitter For Airborne Dial Experiments

An account is given of the performance characteristics and development status of an automated dual alexandrite laser transmitter that is to be carried aloft by NASA's ER-2 research aircraft for water vapor DIAL experiments; these efforts are part of NASA's Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE). The LASE transmitter encompasses control unit, thermal unit, and two lamp driver unit subsystems. Major reductions in system size and weight relative to commercially available alexandrite lasers were necessary; a total weight of only 330 lbs has been achieved. Attention is given to subsystem flight test results.
Optically active mono and bis(1,1′-binaphthyl)-cyclophanes: Large differences in the complexation of naproxen derivatives in aqueous solution

Abstract Four new optically active cyclophanes with apolar cavities shaped by the major grooves of the 2,2′, 6,6′- nd 2,2′, 7,7′-tetraoxa-1,1′-binaphthyl units were prepared for the inclusion complexation of naproxen derivatives in aqueous solution. Macrocycles formed by one diphenylmethane and one binaphthyl spacer give stronger binding and, unexpectedly, a higher degree of chiral recognition than cyclophanes formed by two bridged binaphthyl derivatives.
A grid embedding into the star graph for image analysis solutions

In this paper, we model the star interconnection network with a graph and present an innovative grid embedding into it. The embedding is specifically designed and optimized for image analysis solutions. Using the embedding, we outline the general approach for solving such problems on the star graph and analyze the data communication patterns involved in such solutions.
Neuroimpairments, Activity Limitations, and Participation Restrictions in Children With Cerebral Palsy

In a representative series of 176 children with cerebral palsy (CP), aged 5 to 8 years, associations were studied between additional neuroimpairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions in the domains of mobility, education, and social relations as proposed in the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF). Learning disability occurred in 40%, epilepsy in 35%, visual impairment in 20%, and infantile hydrocephalus in 9% of the children. Additional neuroimpairments were most frequently seen in children with tetraplegia and dystonic CP and in those with antecedents of brain malformations or severe perinatal compromise. Activity limitations were studied with the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and a system for grading bimanual fine motor function (BFMF) was developed. There was a strong correlation of 0.74 between the GMFCS and BFMF (p<0.001). Learning disability, activity limitations, and participation restrictions were all clinically strongly associated with each other (p<0.001). Restriction in mobility was best predicted by the GMFCS, learning disability, and the BFMF; in education by learning disability and the GFMCS; and in social relations by learning disability, the GMFCS, and BFMF. Motor function and learning disability were important predictors for participation restrictions in children with CP. The ICF has the capacity to be a model to help plan interventions for specific functional goals and to ascertain the child's participation in society.
Human P2Y6 Receptor: Molecular Modeling Leads to the Rational Design of a Novel Agonist Based on a Unique Conformational Preference

Combining molecular dynamics (MD) in a hydrated phospholipid (DOPC) bilayer, a Monte Carlo search, and synthesis of locked nucleotide analogues, we discovered that the Southern conformation of the ribose is preferred for ligand recognition by the P2Y(6) receptor. 2'-Deoxy-(S)-methanocarbaUDP was found to be a full agonist of the receptor and displayed a 10-fold higher potency than that for the corresponding flexible 2'-deoxyUDP. MD results also suggested a conformational change of the second extracellular loop consequent to agonist binding.
Tunneling nanotubes (TNT) are induced by HIV-infection of macrophages: a potential mechanism for intercellular HIV trafficking.

Cell to cell communication is essential for the organization/coordination of multicellular systems and cellular development. Cellular communication is mediated by soluble factors, including growth factors, neurotransmitters, cytokines/chemokines, gap junctions, and the recently described tunneling nanotubes (TNT). TNT are long cytoplasmatic bridges that enable long range directed communication between cells. The proposed function for TNT is the cell-to-cell transfer of large cellular structures such as vesicles and organelles. We demonstrate that HIV-infection of human macrophages results in an increased number of TNT, and show HIV particles within these structures. We propose that HIV “highjacks” TNT communication to spread HIV through an intercellular route between communicated cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of AIDS.
Connector-based self-healing mechanism for components of a reliable system

This paper describes the self-healing mechanism for components in reliable systems. Each component in a self-healing system is designed as a layered architecture, structured with the healing layer and the service layer. The healing layer of a self-healing component is responsible for detection of anomalous objects in the service layer, reconfiguration of the service layer, and repair of anomalous objects detected. The service layer of a self-healing component provides functionality to other components, which consists of tasks (concurrent or active objects), connectors, and passive objects accessed by tasks. A connector supports the self-healing mechanism for self-healing components as well as encapsulates the synchronization mechanism for message communication between tasks in a component. Connectors are involved in detection of anomalous objects, reconfiguration of components, and repair of anomalous objects. This paper also specifies connectors - the message queue self-healing connector. message buffer self-healing connector, and message buffer and response self-healing connector - which provide functionalities for the self-healing mechanism.
The hypoglycemic action of simian and bovine growth hormone in hypophysectomized rhesus monkeys.

Simian growth hormone when administered to fasting hypophysectomized rhesus monkeys causes a marked hypoglycemia leading to convulsions and coma. The injection of bovine growth hormone to such animals is without effect. Simian growth hormone does not influence the blood glucose concentrations of fed hypophysectomized or fasted normal monkeys. These findings suggest that the insulin-like action of growth hormone is an inherent property of the growth hormone molecule, since it shares the “species specificity” exhibited by other criteria of growth hormone activity.
Coal liquefaction in a fluorocarbon medium. 1. Nitrogen compounds as hydrogen transfer agents

Abstract Coal processed in a perfluorocarbon liquid at 250 °C with low concentrations of additives may undergo chemical reactions, but does not dissolve. Under these conditions quinoline has little effect on coal, while 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline produces marked increases in coal solubility, presumably due to hydrogen donation. While the hydrogen requirements of a bituminous coal are satisfied by tetrahydroquinoline at a tetrahydroquinoline: coal ratio of 0.2, for a lignitic coal, addition of gaseous hydrogen is necessary for substantial solubility increase.
Physical growth of infants 7 to 13 months of age: results from a national survey

This study considers measurements of weight, recumbent length, head circumference, triceps skinfold, and arm circumference of 1,100 infants aged 7 to 13 months from a cross-sectional sample representative of the U.S. infant population. Based on these data, smoothed percentiles of weight, recumbent length, head circumference, triceps skinfold, and arm circumference by sex and age (in months) and weight for recumbent length were calculated. Compared with the percentile values from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS; Hamill et al., 1977, DHEW Publ. No. PHS 78-1650), percentile values from the 1984 Ross Laboratories Infant Nutrition Survey (RNS) for weight, recumbent length, and weight for recumbent length tended to be smaller (p less than .05). We attribute these variations to differences in sampling design and conclude that they are not of sufficient magnitude to warrant new growth charts. Smoothed percentiles for triceps skinfold and arm circumference presented herein are new reference values that can be used for assessment of the nutritional and growth status of older infants.
Refractory hypotension due to Rogaine® (minoxidil) ingestion managed with midodrine

Background. Minoxidil (Rogaine®) is a direct vasodilator that can cause significant toxicity when ingested. We report a case of ingestion of topical minoxidil [Rogaine® (Johnson & Johnson Healthcare Products, Division of McNeil-PPC, Inc)] resulting in refractory hypotension that was successfully managed with the oral α 1 agonist midodrine. Case report. A 48-year-old male who ingested an eight ounce bottle of Rogaine® presented to the emergency department. The patient presented with a blood pressure of 57/45 mmHg and a pulse of 84 beats per minute. The patient received IV fluids and multiple vasopressors to maintain an adequate mean arterial pressure. Midodrine, an oral α 1 vasopressor, was added 10 hours post ingestion and was able to maintain an adequate mean arterial pressure. Over the next two days, midodrine was titrated down as his blood pressure returned to baseline. Conclusion. Midodrine may serve as an additional option to treat toxicant induced hypotension.
Development and Evaluation of a Mexican Immigrant Family Support Program

A report to Congress in the fall of 1998 warned that immigrant children are in a state of emergency regarding access to health care. This article presents the three phases involved in developing, implementing, and evaluating a Mexican American Problem Solving (MAPS) program designed to promote the mental health of families. Methods were Phase 1 focus groups to identify concerns and desired approaches for intervention; Phase 2 instrument assessment and prevalence assessment of mental health; and Phase 3 intervention testing. In Phases 1 and 2, 67% of mothers and 59% of children had mental health scores that required referral for evaluation. Participating mothers and children reported positive views of the intervention and showed significant improvements in mental health scores.
Distributed computation for linear programming problems satisfying a certain diagonal dominance condition

A block-coordinate ascent method for a class of linear programming problems whose constraints satisfy a certain diagonal dominance condition is proposed. This method partitions the original linear program into subprograms where each subprogram corresponds uniquely to a subset of the decision variables of the problem. At each iteration, one of the subprograms is solved by adjusting its corresponding variables, while the other variables are held constant. The algorithmic mapping underlying this method is shown to be monotone and contractive. Using the contractive property, the method is shown to converge even when implemented in an asynchronous, distributed manner, and that its rate of convergence can be estimated from the synchronization parameter.
The Bone Marrow—Cardiac Axis of Myocardial Regeneration

Congestive heart failure remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Current therapies do not address the underlying pathophysiology of this disease, namely, the progressive loss of functional cardiomyocytes. The notion of repairing or regenerating lost myocardium via cell-based therapies remains highly appealing. The recent identification of adult stem cells, including both cardiac stem/progenitor cells and bone marrow stem cells, has triggered an explosive interest in using these cells for physiologically relevant cardiomyogenesis. Enthusiasm for cardiac regeneration via cell therapy has further been fueled by the many encouraging reports in both animals and human studies. Further intensive research in basic science and clinical arenas are needed to make this next great frontier in cardiovascular regenerative medicine a reality. In this review, we focus on the role of bone marrow–derived stem cells and cardiac stem/progenitor cells in cardiomyocyte homeostasis and myocardial repair and regeneration, as well as provide a brief overview of current clinical trials using cell-based therapeutic approaches in patients with heart disease.
The Political Economy of Election Outcomes in Japan

The scholarly literature dealing with the effects of economic conditions on government support and election outcomes in advanced industrialized democracies is extensive.The bulk of this research relates government support and vote choice to objective economic conditions or subjective perceptions of those conditions in order to establish whether and to what extent such a relationship exists. For overviews, see Michael Lewis-Beck, Economics and Elections: The Major Democracies (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1988); Peter Nannestad and Martin Paldam, ‘The VP-Function: A Survey of the Literature on Vote and Popularity Functions After 25 Years’, Public Choice, 79 (1994), 213–45. Based on the so-called reward–punishment (or responsibility) hypothesis, empirical studies of economic conditions and government support often find that voters punish those incumbents who perform badly and reward those who do a good job.Lewis-Beck finds a general consensus among scholars that ‘when economic conditions are bad, citizens vote against the ruling party’ (Michael Lewis-Beck, ‘Introduction’, in Helmut Norpoth, Michael Lewis-Beck and Jean-Dominique Lafay, eds, Economics and Politics: The Calculus of Support (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991), p.2). See also V. O. Key, The Responsible Electorate (New York: Vintage Books, 1968); Gerald Kramer, ‘Short-Term Fluctuations in US Voting Behavior, 1896–1964’, American Political Science Review, 65 (1971), 131–43. The reward–punish hypothesis states that the mass public holds the incumbent government accountable for the state of the economy. When the economy performs well, the government can take credit, but when there is a slump, the executive or the governing parties are blamed by the voters. Other hypotheses that have been tested are the issue-priority and the stability hypotheses (see Harold Clarke, Euel Elliott, William Mishler, Marianne Stewart, Paul Whiteley and Gary Zuk, Controversies in Political Economy: Canada, Great Britain, the United States (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992)).,Although frequently supportive of the general conclusion that the economy affects politics, the evidence for economic effects on government popularity or vote choice is not always conclusive or straightforward. Several authors have explored why economic conditions do not seem to affect popularity or vote choice all the time and under all circumstances. See, for example, Martin Paldam, ‘How Robust is the Vote Function? A Study of Seventeen Nations over Four Decades’, in Norpoth, Lewis-Beck and Lafay, eds, Economics and Politics, pp. 9–31; Christopher J. Anderson, ‘The Dynamics of Public Support for Coalition Governments’, Comparative Political Studies, 28 (1995), 350–83. In fact, over the years the notion that governments in democratic polities are in some way or another judged by how they perform at managing the economy has almost taken on the ring of a social scientific fact.
Steady-State Dynamic Response of a Bernoulli–Euler Beam on a Viscoelastic Foundation Subject to a Platoon of Moving Dynamic Loads

A Bernoulli-Euler beam resting on a viscoelastic foundation subject to a platoon of moving dynamic loads can be used as a physical model to describe railways and highways under traffic loading. Vertical displacement, vertical velocity, and vertical acceleration responses of the beam are initially obtained in the frequency domain and then represented as integrations of complex function in the space-time domain. A bifurcation is found in critical speed against resonance frequency. When the dimensionless frequency is high, there is a single critical speed that increases as the dimensionless frequency increases. When the dimensionless frequency is low, there are two critical speeds. One speed increases as the dimensionless frequency increases, while the other speed decreases as the dimensionless frequency decreases. Based on the fast Fourier transform, numerical methods are developed for efficient computation of dynamic response of the beam.
The history of adoption in the United States: A focus on the unique group of intercountry transracial special needs children

This article reviews the history of adoption in the United States from colonial times to the present day. It details the changes that have occurred in the process of adoption and in the kinds of children who, over this history, have become adoptees. It also focuses on the unique group of intercountry transracial special needs adoptees.
Cryopreservation of Cooled Semen and Evaluation of Sperm Holding Media for Potential Use in Equine-Assisted Reproduction Procedures

Processing stallion semen for assisted reproductive procedures, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), requires special considerations regarding cooling, concentrating, and handling of sperm. The aim of experiment 1 was to determine whether cooled semen could be frozen without removal of seminal plasma and at a low sperm concentration while maintaining motile sperm for ICSI selection procedures. In experiment 2, five media for holding stallion sperm were compared to evaluate sperm motility for an interval of time sufficient for ICSI sperm selection procedures. In experiment 1, semen samples from eight stallions were cooled for 24 hours in two extenders, CST (E-Z Mixin-CST “Cool-Store/Transport” Animal Reproduction Systems) and INRA96 (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, IMV International Corporation), before being frozen in four freezing diluents, and were evaluated at 0, 45, and 75 minutes after thawing. The cooling extender did not significantly affect sperm motility, but modified French and glycerol egg yolk diluents provided the best sperm motility for frozen–thawed groups. In experiment 2, semen samples from seven stallions were used to test five media for holding sperm. Samples were analyzed for total and progressive motility at hourly intervals. Mean total and progressive motility were not different (P > .05) among groups from 1 through 4 hours. At 5 hours, groups differed (P = .004), with sperm held in Tyrode’s with albumin, lactate, and pyruvate having higher (P < .05) total and progressive motility than all other samples. In conclusion, motile stallion sperm can be obtained after the sperm are cooled for 24 hours, frozen, and thawed; various media are available to maintain sperm motility during equine ICSI selection procedures.
Against quietist normative realism

Recently, some philosophers have suggested that a form of robust realism about ethics, or normativity more generally, does not face a significant explanatory burden in metaphysics. I call this view metaphysically quietist normative realism. This paper argues that while this view can appear to constitute an attractive alternative to more traditional forms of normative realism, it cannot deliver on this promise. I examine Scanlon’s attempt to defend such a quietist realism, and argue that rather than silencing metaphysical questions about normative reasons, his defense at best succeeds only in shifting the focus of metaphysical enquiry. I then set aside the details of Scanlon’s view, and argue on general grounds that that the quietist realist cannot finesse a crucial metanormative task: to explain the contrast between the correct normative system and alternative putatively normative standards.
Standoff-mortar fragment velocity characterization before and after perforating conventional building walls

In this work, analytical models are developed to predict mortar-induced impact and residual velocities of case fragments upon interaction with typical building walls. Theoretical models are experimentally verified and the intervening parameters identified. Multiple common structural wall materials are implemented in the experimental verification of statistical models: steel siding, wood studs, concrete masonry units, and solid brick panels. Examples of application lead to the construction of risk curves representing the probability of exceeding a specified threshold value of the residual fragment velocity upon wall perforation.
Programs and Services Received by Persons With Mental Retardation in Three Models of Small Community Residences

Programs and services received by a national sample of 336 persons with mental retardation in 181 foster homes, non-Intermediate Care Facility for the Mentally Retarded (ICF-MR) group homes, and ICF-MR-certified group homes of 6 or fewer residents are described. In the previous 12 months 85% of residents had been visited at least twice by a case manager, 99% had seen a physician, and 95% had visited a dentist. In all, 95% of 750 residents of the 181 sampled facilities had day time vocational or developmental programs away from the residence, but supported or competitive jobs were held by only 5% of the adults below age 65. Specialized services (e.g., those services provided by medical specialists, therapists, counselors, and psychologists) utilization was considerably higher for residents of ICF-MR-certified group homes as were the per resident costs of care. Multiple regression analysis found living in an ICF-MR to be a better predictor of hours of specialized services received than the physical, sensory...
Decomposition of methane in an AC discharge

This paper presents qualitative and quantitative product analysis results from an atmospheric-pressure AC discharge of nitrogen containing trace levels of methane and oxygen. In the absence of oxygen the primary products were unreacted methane, hydrogen, and hydrogen cyanide. Methane destruction efficiency was unaffected by trace oxygen addition; however, hydrogen and hydrogen cyanide levels decreased and the concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water increased as the level of added oxygen increased. The only cyanide compound that persisted with air as the bulk gas was cyanogen. A chemical mechanism is presented which qualitatively explains the observed product distributions.
The Place of the Hidden Moon: Erotic Mysticism in the Vaisnava-Sahajiya Cult of Bengal

The Vaisnava-sahajiya cult that arose in Bengal in the sixteenth century was an intensely emotional attempt to reconcile the sensual and the ascetic. Exploring the history and doctrine of this cult, Edward C. Dimock, Jr., examines the works of numerous poets who are the source of knowledge about this sect. Dimock examines the life of the saint Caitanya, the mad Baul singers, the doctrines of Tantrism, the origins of the figure of Radha, and the worship of Krishna. His study will appeal to students of the history of religion as well as of Indian culture. This edition includes a new Foreword by Wendy Doniger. "This is a magnificent book-painstakingly researched and gracefully written. . . . Professor Dimock's book is one of the most rewarding and stimulating studies to appear in recent years."-G. Richard Weldon, "Journal of Asian Studies"
Physical Attractiveness of Face and Voice: Effects of Positivity, Dominance, and Sex1

We investigated the joint and interacting effects of affect, sex, and nonverbal channel (face and voice) on the perception of physical attractiveness. In both studies we found that positive affects were rated as more attractive than negative affects, regardless of the channel (face, or voice). We also found that dominant affects were rated as more attractive when displayed in the face whereas submissive affects were rated as more attractive when displayed in the voice.
Learning Computing through Creating and Connecting

Despite increased cultural awareness of computing, programming remains inaccessible to many young people. In response to this challenge, MIT Media Lab researchers are developing Scratch, which combines an authoring environment for interactive media projects with an online platform for sharing those projects. The first Web extra at http://youtu.be/2XiOK4OzAaE is a video overview of Scratch and ScratchEd, showing the authoring environment for interactive media projects as well as the sharing platform. The second Web extra at http://scratch.mit.edu/projects/editor/?tip_bar=getStarted helps visitors get started on their first Scratch activity where they can experience its authoring and sharing environments.
An investigation of the reaction of [RGa(μ3-Te)]4 with O2, SO2 and SeO2 using a combination of experiment and density functional theory

Reaction of [RGa(μ3-Te)]4 (R = tBu, CMeEt2) and O2, SO2 or SeO2 yields, in addition to tellurium metal, [RGa(μ3-O)]n (R = tBu, n = 9; R = CMeEt2, n = 6) and the mixed cubanes [R4Ga4(μ3-O)x(μ3-Te)4 − x] (x = 1, 2); neither [R4Ga4(μ3-O)3(μ3-Te)] or [RGa(μ3-O)]4 are observed; DFT calculations show no global minimum for [Me4Ga4(μ3-Te)2(μ3-O)2] or [Me4Ga4(μ3-Te)2(μ3-O)2], suggesting that these structures would rearrange to more favored structures on the pathway to a final geometry lower in energy.
Psychological support to an autologous bone marrow transplant unit in a community hospital: a pilot experience

Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation (AuBMT) has emerged as an efficacious treatment for certain hematological and solid tumors. Some of the complications of allogeneic transplants are avoided with an autologous transplant. Due to the decreased toxicity of this procedure, AuBMT can be administered at a community hospital where the setting is less burdensome for patients and families. The latter can continue to provide support for the patient as relocation is not necessary and visiting is easier. This report is a case analysis of the first 30 patients to undergo an autologous transplant as a pilot study in such an environment. This pilot project--done in a community hospital in Connecticut--may provide cost effective, high quality care in a more personal environment in the patient's own community. The different neoplastic diagnoses are listed as well as the types of psychological interventions available for these patients. Two case studies are described for clinical illustration. A discussion presents how psycho-oncology can assist the multidisciplinary team.
Iron and cancer: more ore to be mined

Iron is an essential nutrient that facilitates cell proliferation and growth. However, iron also has the capacity to engage in redox cycling and free radical formation. Therefore, iron can contribute to both tumour initiation and tumour growth; recent work has also shown that iron has a role in the tumour microenvironment and in metastasis. Pathways of iron acquisition, efflux, storage and regulation are all perturbed in cancer, suggesting that reprogramming of iron metabolism is a central aspect of tumour cell survival. Signalling through hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and WNT pathways may contribute to altered iron metabolism in cancer. Targeting iron metabolic pathways may provide new tools for cancer prognosis and therapy.
The Second Book of the Rhymers' Club

Held discusses Rutgers' copy of "The Second Book of the Rhymers' Club, (1894).Â The book includes the work of thirteen poets, all members of the Rhymers' Club, an important literary group during the Aesthetic Nineties founded by William Butler Yeats and Ernest Rhy.
A competency based diabetes diet program.

Competency based education is a systematic and effective approach to diet education. Of the 48 clients en rolled in this program, 20 completed the full course through the second month followup session. Although there was no significant change in fast ing blood glucose (p > .05), there was a significant weight change (p < .001).
Lithium metaborate fusion for silicon, calcium, magnesium, and potassium analysis of wild rice

A rapid batch method was developed for the analysis of Si, Ca, Mg, and K in a large number of plant tissue samples by fusion with lithium metaborate (LiBO3) in graphite crucibles with the use of a molybdenum blue spectrophotometric analysis of silicon and FAAS for Ca, Mg, and K. Our method was tested for whole plant analysis of mature wild rice (Zizania palustris L.). Analysis of Si in plant tissue with LiBO3 in graphite crucibles is reliable and fast. Thirty-six samples can be ashed overnight, fused in one hour the next day, and analyzed for Si within approximately two hours.
The PLUSNet Underwater Communications System: Acoustic Telemetry for Undersea Surveillance

The Persistent Littoral Undersea Surveillance Network (PLUSNet) demonstrates multi-sensor and multi-vehicle anti-submarine warfare (ASW) by means of an underwater acoustic communications network. This ONR-funded multi-institution effort is part of a larger research and development framework which aims to provide autonomous detection and tracking of quiet submarines in support of the Navy Sea Power 21 concept. This paper describes the acoustic network implementation using the WHOI Micro-modem, and highlights the physical and messaging communication layers.
Simultaneous registration and segmentation of images in wavelet domain

A novel method for simultaneous registration and segmentation is developed. The method is designed to register two similar images while a region with significant difference is adaptively segmented. This is achieved by minimization of a non-linear functional that models the statistical properties of the subtraction of the two images. Minimization is performed in the wavelet domain by a coarse- to-fine approach to yield a mapping that yields the registration and the boundary that yields the segmentation. The new method was applied to the registration of the left and the right lung regions in chest radiographs for extraction of lung nodules while the normal anatomic structures such as ribs are removed. A preliminary result shows that our method is very effective in reducing the number of false detections obtained with our computer-aided diagnosis scheme for detection of lung nodules in chest radiographs.
The Operative Word in Soviet Factography

Shortly before the appearance of the seventh and final issue of the journal Lef in 1925, members of the organization were called to the Moscow Proletkul’t facilities in the middle of the winter to debate the future of the avant-garde group as a mass movement. At the top of the agenda at the First Moscow Conference of the Workers of Lef on January 16 and 17 was establishing a decentralized communication network between Moscow Lef and the group’s peripheral sectors (such as the new IugoLef, or “Southern Lef”), while at the same time ensuring that the Moscow group maintained its executive role. The question was how to balance the centrifugal and the centripetal impulses within the organization—how to disseminate Lef’s program on a mass scale but also staunch the dissipation of the group’s energies at this moment of dispersal. Yet a second agenda emerged with the first keynote speaker, Nikolai Chuzhak. For Chuzhak, the primary concern was not Lef’s putatively imminent organizational crisis, but the marriage within its ranks between reactionary politics and traditional forms and media of artistic production. While he lauded the efforts of the plastic and graphic “effectuators” [deistvenniki], who had advanced the program of production art by successfully navigating the transition from an art of illusionistic representation and reflectionist realism to an art of objects with a “definite material value,”1 Chuzhak contrasted these successes with the literary “trash” of Vladimir Mayakovsky and Nikolai Aseev, who continued to write in traditional poetic genres and who consequently remained “trapped in the cage of the old, banal everyday life.”2 Since Chuzhak had resigned from the group’s editorial board the previous year in protest against the decision to publish what he deemed aesthetically reactionary literature—Mayakovsky’s About This, Aseev’s Lyrical Digressions, and Osip
Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism as a Function of Carbon Disulfide Concentration and Treatment with Phenobarbital

Male F344 rats were exposed to carbon disulfide (CS2) at 0,30, 75,150,300, or 600 ppm for 6 hr by inhalation in the presence or absence of 0.1% phenobarbital (PB) in the drinking water starting 5 days before exposure to CS2. Exposure to 600 ppm CS2 only resulted in a decrease in hepatic cholesterol synthesis and an increase in the liver-to-body-weight ratio (relative liver weight); however, it caused no histopathological damage and had little or no consistent effect on the concentration of hepatic cholesterol or on hepatic water content. Treatment with PB alone resulted in increases in the concentration of hepatic cholesterol and relative liver weight. Exposure to 300 ppm CS2 + PB or to 600 ppm CS2 + PB resulted in a decrease in hepatic cholesterol synthesis and increases in the concentration of hepatic cholesterol, relative liver weight, hepatic water content, and histopathological damage. A concentration-response relationship was demonstrated between exposure to CS2 only and decreased hepatic cholestero...
Loss of cervical spinal curvature during radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancers: the neck moves, too.

Abstract Purpose We became concerned about our observation of the loss of the normal lordotic cervical spinal curvature during the course of radiotherapy (RT) for head-and-neck tumors. Our goal was to evaluate formally the cervical lordotic curve in 50 random patients by comparing the cervical spinal angles (CSAs) measured at the initiation of RT with the CSAs measured during the last week of RT. Methods and materials Fifty patients treated mono-isocentrically for head-and-neck cancer were selected randomly for review. All patients had custom-made masks, shoulder pulls, and multiple tattoos to ensure reproducibility. The CSA was defined as the angle formed by the line projected parallel to the posterior surface of C2 and the line projected parallel to C6. The measurements were done on the simulation film and the first and last port films. Results The average decrease in the CSA was 2.26° (SD ±2.19°). In patients with the isocenter placed as low as possible, the change was significantly more compared with the remaining population. (3.8° vs. 1.7°, p = 0.004). Conclusion Despite customized immobilization, the neck position changes during the course of RT for head-and-neck tumors. Patients with the isocenter placed very low have the least long-term reproducibility and a comfortable position may be best suited to intensity-modulated RT for such head-and-neck cancer patients.
Mask Fabrication With Vector Scan Electron Beam System

An automated electron beam lithographic system, Vector-Scan-1, was designed to write patterns directly on device wafers as well as generate chrome masks for conventional optical processing. Due to its high current density, conventional AZ-1350 resist can be used directly in the mask making process. Its vector scan capability not only saves exposure time but also provides extremely compact pattern data. Using its laser interferometer servo control, extremely large capacity chips in both 1X masters and 10X reticles can be exposed with relative ease. The accuracy and speed of generating high resolution 1X chrome masks and 10X reticles generated by the VS-1 lithographic system for magnetic bubble fabrication are discussed in detail.
Tangle-bearing neurons survive despite disruption of membrane integrity in a mouse model of tauopathy.

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are associated with neuronal loss and correlate with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease, but how NFTs relate to neuronal death is not clear. We studied cell death in Tg4510 mice that reversibly express P301L mutant human tau and accumulate NFTs using in vivo multiphoton imaging of neurofibrillary pathology, propidium iodide (PI) incorporation into cells, caspase activation and DNA labeling. We first observed that in live mice a minority of neurons was labeled with the caspase probe or with PI fluorescence. These markers of cell stress were localized in the same cells and appeared to be specifically within NFT-bearing neurons. Contrary to expectations, the PI-stained neurons did not die over a day of observation; the presence of Hoechst-positive nuclei in them on the subsequent day indicated that the NFT-associated membrane disruption suggested by PI staining and caspase activation do not lead to acute death of neurons in this tauopathy model. This unique combination of in vivo multiphoton imaging with markers of cell death and pathologic alteration is a powerful tool for investigating neuronal damage associated with neurofibrillary pathology.
Comparative Genomics of Plant Chromosomes

Comparative genomics, the study of similarities and differences in structure and function of the hereditary information in different taxa, uses molecular tools to investigate notions that far preceded the discovery that DNA was the hereditary molecule. Vavilov’s (1922) “law of homologous series in variation” was an early suggestion of the possibility of underlying commonality in the genetic blueprints of different (plant) species. In plants, genetic analysis based upon morphological and isozyme markers provided early hints that the arrangements of genes along the chromosomes of various taxa may have retained parallels since their divergence from common ancestors. DNA-level investigations in diverse taxa point to two broad messages: (1) The small but essential portion of most plant genomes encoding genes evolves relatively slowly, with corresponding genes retaining recognizable DNA sequences and similar order along the chromosomes of taxa that have been reproductively-isolated for millions of years. (2) A wide range of factors, such as DNA sequence mobility, gene deletion, and localized rearrangements, are superimposed on the relatively slow tempo of chromosomal evolution and cause many deviations from co-linearity. (3) Genetic loci that account for common phenotypes in different taxa are often at corresponding genomic locations, and may represent orthologous genes or members of orthologous clusters of genes.
Male dominance rank and reproductive success in chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii

Competition for fertile females determines male reproductive success in many species. The priority of access model predicts that male dominance rank determines access to females, but this model has been difficult to test in wild populations, particularly in promiscuous mating systems. Tests of the model have produced variable results, probably because of the differing socioecological circumstances of individual species and populations. We tested the predictions of the priority of access model in the chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Chimpanzees are an interesting species in which to test the model because of their fission–fusion grouping patterns, promiscuous mating system and alternative male mating strategies. We determined paternity for 34 offspring over a 22-year period and found that the priority of access model was generally predictive of male reproductive success. However, we found that younger males had higher success per male than older males, and low-ranking males sired more offspring than predicted. Low-ranking males sired offspring with younger, less desirable females and by engaging in consortships more often than high-ranking fathers. Although alpha males never sired offspring with related females, inbreeding avoidance of high-ranking male relatives did not completely explain the success of low-ranking males. While our work confirms that male rank typically predicts male chimpanzee reproductive success, other factors are also important; mate choice and alternative male strategies can give low-ranking males access to females more often than would be predicted by the model. Furthermore, the success of younger males suggests that they are more successful in sperm competition.
Nonsurgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with bladder calculi.

Abstract Objectives. To assess the outcome of men with bladder calculi who did not undergo transurethral resection of the prostate after endoscopic stone removal. Bladder calculi associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have historically been an absolute indication for transurethral resection of the prostate. Methods. A retrospective analysis of the results of 23 men who underwent endoscopic removal of bladder calculi with subsequent medical management of BPH symptoms was performed. Inclusion criteria included men with bladder stones secondary to BPH, serum creatinine 1.6 mg/dL or less, no evidence of hydronephrosis, and no history of acute urinary retention or neurogenic bladder. The International Prostate Symptom Score and postvoid residual urine volume before and after treatment and the incidence of bladder stone recurrence and associated complications were recorded. All patients were treated with either an alpha-receptor blocker or alpha-receptor blocker and finasteride after bladder stone removal. Results. The follow-up after endoscopic removal of the bladder calculi averaged 30.0 months (range 6 to 96). The International Prostate Symptom Score before and after treatment was 18.3 and 9.4 ( P P Conclusions. Many men with bladder stones can be successfully and safely treated with transurethral stone removal and medical management of BPH.
Changing the Game: What Happens When Video Games Enter the Classroom?

Over the past few years, games have gone from social pariahs to the darlings of the media, technology, and now educational industries. E-learning educators in particular stand to learn a lot about building next-generation learning environments from games (Dalesio 2004). While online courses are usually little more than "online course notes," games offer entire worlds to explore. While educators wonder if we can create good online learning communities, game designers create virtual societies with their own cultures, languages, political systems, and economies (Kolbert 2001). So, while completion rates of e-learning courses struggle to reach 50%, gamers spend hundreds of hours mastering games, writing lengthy texts and even setting up their own virtual "universities" to teach others to lay games (Squire, in press). In short, while e-learning has a reputation for being dull and ineffective, games have developed a reputation for being fun, engaging, and immersive, recruiting deep thinking and complex problem solving (Gee 2003).
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAMS FOR GROUND-WATER SYSTEMS / Les graphiques de l'équilibre chimique pour les systèmes des eaux souterrainnes

Abstract Chemical equilibrium in water in contact with calcite is expressed by means of a pH grid overlay on a log-log plot of activities of bicarbonate vs. calcium ions. Solubility of ferrous iron and the solid-phase minerals that would be stable in a solution containing activities of 10 ppm of sulfate and 100 ppm of bicarbonate or related species is expressed by means of a stability-field diagram with pH as abscissa and redox potential as ordinate. The diagrams can be used to tell whether water injected in recharge wells may form precipitates that may plug the aquifer and have other uses in studies of natural water chemistry.
Hepatic dysfunction after shock: Clinical parameters and biological pathways for therapeutic intervention

The prevalence of hepatic dysfunction was thought to be ≈ 1% in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but is now being recognized to be > 10%. Mortality and length of ICU stay are directly affected by hepatic dysfunction, raising the need for a better understanding of this disorder in order to develop therapeutic options that go beyond the current practice of supportive care. The etiologies of hypoxic hepatitis are discussed, together with their differentiating physiological parameters. The liver's compensatory mechanisms are examined at the level of the microcirculation. The cytokine milieu and cells responsible are considered. Survival versus cell death by means of necrosis, apoptosis, or autophagy is determined by the interplay of intracellular pathways. Specific pathways discussed involve reactive oxygen species, Toll-like receptor 4, heme oxygenase, transcription factors such as nuclear factor-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase B. From this basis, current and future therapeutic str...
Alain Marciano and Jean Michel Josselin (eds.): Democracy, Freedom, and Coercion: A Law and Economics Approach

Democracy, Freedom and Coercion is a welcome addition to the public choice literature. It steps outside of the often used contractarian perspective and recognizes that all governments are ultimately based on coercion. The book analyzes the balance between freedom and coercion in democracies. If democratic governments are based on coercion rather than contract then difficult questions arise. This volume attempts to grapple with some of these
Development and characterization of a cholangiocyte cell line from the PCK rat, an animal model of Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease.

In the PCK rat, a rodent model of Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD), a spontaneous splicing mutation of Pkhd1 initiates hepatic cyst development. Cystic cholangiocytes possess short and malformed cilia that do not express fibrocystin, the Pkhd1 protein. During the disease course, cysts continue to grow; however, the mechanisms underlying cyst progression are unclear due in part to the lack of suitable cell lines to study cystogenesis. Here, we describe the development of a PCK-derived cholangiocyte cell line (PCK-CCL). Normal rat cholangiocytes (NRCs) were used as a control. The PCK-CCL maintained a cholangiocyte phenotype as assessed by the expression of the CK-19, CK-7 and GGT. PCK-CCL grown on collagen formed a polarized monolayer with well-developed junctional complexes, and distinct apical and basolateral membranes. Compared to NRCs, cilia in the PCK-CCL were short and malformed and did not express fibrocystin. The PCK-CCL exhibited a higher rate of proliferation (P T mutation. PCK-CCL and NRCs seeded in 3-D cultures formed cystic structures; however, the PCK cysts expanded progressively up to day 21 while cysts formed by NRCs remained the same size after day 9. In summary, we have developed a cholangiocyte cell line from the PCK rat that retains properties of the cholangiocytes lining hepatic cysts in vivo. The cells have been grown continuously for approximately 18 month and 45 passages without crisis or senescence. The morphology and growth characteristics of the PCK-CCL are consistent with those seen in vivo in the PCK rat, suggesting that this cell line will be useful in dissecting the mechanisms of hepatic cyst formation.