cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spinal accessory nerve in radical neck dissections.

Abstract Two hundred fifty radical neck dissections performed in 208 patients from January 1960 through December 1964 are reviewed. The spinal accessory nerve was sacrificed in the course of the dissection in 161 and was preserved in 89. Five patients died in the immediate postoperative period. The incidence and sites of recurrences in the remaining 245 dissections were analyzed. When lymph nodes of the cervical region were found histologically to be involved by tumor, recurrences developed on the side of dissection in 36 per cent of cases when the spinal accessory nerve was sacrificed and in 17 per cent when the nerve was preserved. In the latter group, there were no recurrences in the posterior cervical triangle or along the course of the nerve. In both groups, local recurrence on the side of dissection was associated with recurrence of the primary tumor in more than a third of the cases and with distant metastasis in approximately a half. When the cervical lymph nodes were not involved, the incidence of recurrent lesions in the neck was 12 per cent in the first group and 4 per cent in the second. Again a high proportion of cervical recurrences were accompanied by recurrence of the primary tumor. No patient in whom one or both spinal accessory nerves were preserved died as a result of local recurrence in the neck alone. Modification in the classical technic of radical neck dissection in order to preserve the spinal accessory nerve appears to be safe and justifiable in selected cases.
Vasopressin Deficiency and Pressor Hypersensitivity In Hemodynamically Unstable Organ Donors

Background—Solid organ donors often develop hypotension due to vasodilation, and recently we observed that a variety of vasodilatory states are characterized by vasopressin deficiency and hypersensitivity. Thus, we investigated the prevalence of vasopressin deficiency in hypotensive solid organ donors without clinical evidence of diabetes insipidus; we also investigated the vasopressor effect of vasopressin replacement in hypotensive donors. Methods and Results—Fifty organ donors were evaluated for hemodynamic instability, (mean arterial pressure [MAP]≤ 70 mm Hg despite the use of catecholamine vasopressors), and in those unstable donors who were not already receiving exogenous vasopressin, low-dose vasopressin was administered as a continuous infusion (0.04 to 0.1 U/min). MAP, catecholamine requirements, serum vasopressin, and serum osmolality were obtained before and after vasopressin administration. Ten patients meeting the enrollment criteria received vasopressin and MAP increased from 72.2±3.5 to 89....
Detecting and classifying small and deep targets using improved EMI hardware and data processing approach

The appearance of next-generation EMI sensors has been accompanied by the development of advanced EMI models and new interpretation and inversion schemes that take advantage of the richness and diversity of the data provided by these instruments. The technologies have been successfully tested in various scenarios, including ESTCP live-UXO classification studies, and have demonstrated superb classification performances. The studies have shown that the system’s ability to detect and classify small targets ( i.e., calibers ranging from 20 to 60 mm) and deep targets (burial depth more than 11 times the target’s diameter) is still a challenging problem when an existing system is used. To overcome this problem, first the standard approach is analyzed, then targets detections are studied for different transmitter coil combinations and transmitter current magnitudes. The results are validated experimentally. The studies are done for a 37mm projectile placed at 42cm and 86 cm under the 2×2 TEMTADS instrument. The target detection and classification performances are illustrated for 6, 11 and 14 Ampere Tx currents using the joint diagonalization and ortho normalized volume magnetic source techniques.
Community Policing and Family Violence Against Women: Lessons Learned from a Multiagency Collaborative

Although traditional attitudes and policies toward family violence are now changing to reflect its magnitude and severity in the United States, multiagency collaborative partnerships have emerged in an effort to develop a system that promotes the safety and welfare of victims of family violence and to prevent further abuse. This study analyzes the process of a multiagency collaborative involving a large, municipal police department and other service providers as an attempt to find meaningful solutions to family violence against women in a southwestern metropolitan area. The results suggest that even in an era of multiagency collaboration, one cannot presume that personnel of relatively autonomous organizations have the organizational capacity and/or the willingness among personnel to truly collaborate. Formidable barriers toward effective collaboration abound and result in a less effective process of negotiation rather than collaboration.
Military perspectives of organizations

As the most common metaphor in organizational literature, the military perspective has greatly influenced business thought and practice. Delineates the various forms taken by the military metaphor in business, and discusses potential explanations for its increasing popularity. Considers the ethical and structural effects of military thinking on the organization.
Carbon nanofiber electrodes for supercapacitors derived from new precursor polymer: Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylimidazole)

Abstract Carbon nanofibers were prepared using electrospinning and thermal treatment of a new precursor, poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylimidazole). Raman spectroscopy confirmed carbonization. Steam activation resulted in high surface area of 1120 m2/g. Coin cells were assembled using ethylmethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (EMITFSI) as the electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry showed classic box-like behavior of electrochemical double layer capacitors with specific capacitances ranging between 122 F/g (10 mV/s) and 86 F/g (300 mV/s). From Ragone plots, the maximum energy and power densities were 47.4 Wh/kg (0.5 A/g) and 7.2 kW/kg (5 A/g), respectively.
Identification and adaptation using Lyaponov's direct method

This paper attempts a unified presentation of general schemes using Lyapunov's direct method for (i) the adaptive control and (ii) the identification of multivariable systems. The first part deals with cases where all the state variables of the plant are accessible. In the second part, an adaptive observer is synthesized to identify the plant parameters and to simultaneously estimate the plant state vector, when only the output of the system is accessible.
Radiofrequency catheter ablation versus medical therapy for initial treatment of supraventricular tachycardia and its impact on quality of life and healthcare costs.

Abstract We prospectively compared the impact on quality of life and cost effectiveness between ablation and medication as an initial strategy for patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Seventy-nine consecutive patients with newly documented paroxysmal SVT were treated with either ablation or medication. Health surveys (SF-36 and disease-specific questions) were obtained at baseline and after 12 months of follow up. Cost of health care utilization for the 6 months before and after treatment were measured. Both medication and ablation improved quality of life. However, ablation improved quality of life in more general health categories than medication. At follow up, ablation was associated with significantly improved quality of life in the bodily pain (63 ± 24 vs 81 ± 20, p
Flexural rigidity of chive and its response to water potential

Examen du comportement biomecanique des feuilles tubulaires d'Allium schoenoprasnum var. schoenoprasnum en fonction des variations du potentiel hydrique des feuilles
A STUDY OF MASSIVELY PARALLEL SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHMS FOR CHROMOSOME RECONSTRUCTION VIA CLONE ORDERING

Ordering clones from a genomic library into physical maps of whole chromosomes presents a central computational problem in genetics. Chromosome reconstruction via clone ordering is shown to be isomorphic to the NP-complete Optimal Linear Ordering problem. Massively parallel algorithms for simulated annealing based on Markov chain distribution are proposed and applied to the problem of chromosome reconstruction via clone ordering. Perturbation methods and problem-specific annealing heuristics arc proposed and described. These algorithms are implemented on a 2048 processor MasPar MP-2 system which is an SIMD 2-D toroidal mesh architecture. Convergence, speedup and scalability characteristics of the various algorithms are analyzed and discussed. Results indicate that for an optimal clone ordering, a single Markov chain of solution states should not be distributed across more than two adjoining processing elements (PE's) on the MasPar MP-2.
Diagnostic utility of thyroid transcription factor-1 expression in adenocarcinomas presenting in serous fluids.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic utility of the immunohistochemical expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) in adenocarcinomas from serous fluid specimens. Study design Archival paraffin-embedded cell blocks of serous fluids from 82 cases, including 34 cases of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma, 12 of metastatic ovarian adenocarcinoma, 12 of metastatic breast adenocarcinoma, 12 of metastatic gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma and 12 of malignant mesothelioma, were immunostained with anti-TTF-1. All the staining was carried out using a Ventana Automated System. Staining was evaluated according to the intensity of the nuclear staining (1+ to 4+) by two observers. Results Of the metastatic lung adenocarcinomas, 79% (27/34) expressed 3+ to 4+ reactivity against TTF-1. None of the malignant mesotheliomas or other metastatic adenocarcinomas expressed nuclear reactivity. Conclusion Immunostaining with TTF-1 is a useful marker that can be applied to cytologic specimens. Anti-TTF-1 can be used as a reliable component of an antibody panel to support the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of pulmonary origin in patients presenting with metastatic adenocarcinoma in serous fluid with an unknown primary site.
Irradiation grafting of styrene to high pressure and low pressure polyethylene films

The cobalt-60 ganama irradiation of high pressure and low pressure (Marlex-50) polyethylene films immersed in styrene monomer to produce graft polymers was studied as a function of dose, temperature, and film thickness. It was found that grafting generally increased with dose, but reached a level for all films at 10 to 20 C and an average dose rate of 228,000 rad/hr, where the grafting was higher for the thinnest films (1.5 to 2 mils) than the thicker films (up to 20 mils). At 40 and 70 C and an average dose rate of 93,500 rad/hr, the grafting increased approximately linearly with dose for all films. The post- effects were also studied and found to be more significant for higher film thickness, higher polymer crystallinities, and lower temperatures. Obsevations of the heterogeneity found in the grafted films were described, photos were shown, and these effects were discussed. It was concluded that for the dose rates employed, grafting was probably diIfusioncontrolled for all films at 10 to 20 C and perhaps for the thicker films at 40 C. The effects of changes in the various fndependent and dependent variables on the grafting mechanism were discussed and a qualitative picture of this mechanismmore » was described. It was then concluded that the different polycrystalline natures and different thicknesses of the films (as they affected the monomer diffusion rate), and the dose rate or rate of initiation of free radicals were among the most important factors in determining the mechanism and resultant efficiency of grafting. (auth)« less
The sun: a friend and enemy

Since ancient times it has been recognized that the sun is essential for life on earth. Many cultures have worshipped the sun as a god in recognition of its life-giving qualities. In addition to its importance in the growth of plants and animals, its therapeutic effects on the mind and body were discovered many years ago. In India as early as 1400 b.c.e. topical psoralens in conjunction with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation were being used to treat vitiligo.1 During the Industrial Revolution, the link between sunlight deprivation and rickets was discovered.2 In contrast, the detrimental effects of sunlight, most notably its carcinogenic effects, have only recently been recognized, and the mechanisms of UV-induced carcinogenesis are still far from being completely understood. To explain why sunlight can have such a range of effects, it is essential to understand the principles of the basic science of photobiology.
The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere: Experiment Description, Performance, and Results

An experiment and results, using a six-channel infrared radiometer aboard the Nimbus 7 spacecraft to sound the composition and structure of the middle atmosphere, are described. The measurement requirements are discussed, and critical instrument parameters are identified. Next, the instrument and its laboratory calibration are described. Temperature accuracy and precision are estimated to be 2 K and about 0.4 K respectively. Accuracy of the trace gas measurements is about 25 percent, comparable to the estimated accuracy of the in situ comparison data; their precision is about 0.25 ppmv for ozone and water vapor and 0.2 ppbv for nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide. Examples of the vertical profiles, maps, and cross sections of the data show previously unobserved variations with latitude, altitude, and time. The results demonstrate that infrared limb scanning is an extremely powerful method for sounding the middle atmosphere.
Absorption spectra of retinal oil globules in turkey, turtle and pigeon.

Abstract Absorption spectra of colored oil globules in intact retinal samples of turkey, turtle and pigeon obtained with a microspectrophotometer are given for the wavelength range 360 to 700 mμ. The results indicate no important difference exists between globules of the same color for the species investigated. Chemical identification of the absorbing compounds is not possible with these data. However, the presence of carotenoids is indicated, in agreement with chemical extractions reported in the literature. All of the colored globules investigated act as sharp cut-off filters for visible light, with some decrease in absorption for wavelengths shorter than 400 mμ. Independent of color, the globules absorb 80 ± 10 per cent of the incoming light. Colors observed and cut-off wavelengths are as follows: red, 570 mμ; orange, 540 mμ; light orange, 530 mμ; yellow, 510 mμ; green, 440 mμ. Absorption spectra are also given for the colorless globules of two species of turtle, showing a major absorption peak near 390 mμ. The data provide quantitative evidence that the colored oil globules of the pigeon retina are responsible for the red shift in the spectral response of this animal as compared with the frog.
Sustainable development as a policy guide: An application to affordable housing in island communities

This article uses sustainability as a lens through which to examine affordable housing policies in geographically-isolated island communities, with the intent of assessing the utility of using sustainable development as a guide to policy decision-making. Focusing on the case of Key West, Florida, the article points to the conflicts that must be reconciled to achieve true sustainability. The study applies criteria to identify policy solutions for the provision and retention of affordable housing in island communities, and at the same time provides an application of the sustainable development concept as a policy guide.
Effect of bethanechol on gastroesophageal reflux

In this study we determined the acute effect of bethanechol (5 mg SC) on gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in 27 patients with symptomatic esophagitis. The effect of bethanechol on esophageal acid clearance was also determined in 7 of the patients. Intraluminal pH monitoring prior to bethanechol administration demonstrated free or stress-induced reflux episodes in 18 of the 27 patients. Following bethanechol (1) LESP increased significantly, (2) GER diminished or ceased in many of the patients, and (3) acid clearance times decreased significantly. Some individuals, however, continued to reflux despite LESP elevation to 30 mm Hg or more. This latter finding suggests that LESP alone is not the sole factor governing LES competency. Other factors such as improved esophageal emptying may also contribute to the beneficial therapeutic effect of bethanechol in patients with heartburn.
Engineering Magnetic Nanomaterial Production in Magnetotactic Bacteria Through Gene Regulation

Magnetotactic bacteria endogenously synthesize intracellular magnetic nanoparticles (magnetosomes); however, little is known regarding the genetic regulatory networks that control magnetosome production. In this paper, we explore the genetic response of Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1 to an applied electromagnetic field as a means to identify genes activated by magnetic stimulation. The expression of magnetosome island, flagellar and cytoskeletal genes was found to be differentially altered by magnetic stimulation at short and long times points. These results indicate previously uncharacterized endogenous gene network modules that could be exploited to engineer magnetic bacteria as magnetic nanomaterial producing-machines through gene regulation.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Stimulating everyday creativity: harnessing the potential of customizable UIs

Customizability makes an interactive interface an ideal venue for users to participate in the content creation and consumption process, thereby offering possibilities for creative pursuits. In this paper I describe research that has been designed to investigate the creativity enhancing potential of such customizable user interfaces (UIs).
Self-assembly of a Novel One-dimensional Zigzag Coordination Polymer

Abstract Reaction of anhydrous NiBr2 with pyrazine and disodium terephthalate in the presence of water results in the formation of a one-dimensional (1D) coordination polymer [Ni(pyrazine)2(H2O)4] · (terephthalate) 1 which demonstrates a linear zigzag coordination pattern running along the crystallographic c-axis. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 16.833(2), b = 9.173(1), c = 11.107(1) A, β = 119.373(2)°, and Dc = 1.667 for Z = 4. Final refinement based upon 4345 observed reflections led to a final R value of 0.052 for the polymeric product. The included terephthalate anion participates in eight O—H…O hydrogen bonds to coordinated water molecules.
A discrimination model for the dynamic monopoly firm

In this study, the price discrimination problem for the dynamic monopoly firm is formulated as an optimal control problem for the case where the demands are interdependent pricewise. This formulation reflects both the description of the discrimination problem as found in the literature and a dynamic demand law. The objective of the firm is to maximize, subject to constraints, the discounted value of the firm's capacity at the end of a finite interval plus the integral over a finite interval of the discounted returns from sales in the two markets less the discounted costs of production, product differentiation, and investment. The constraints are four differential equations describing the temporal rates of change in the two output prices and the temporal rates of change in the two types of capacity. There are six sets of inequalities limiting the values of the controls. The state variables are the two output prices and the two capacities; the controls are the temporal rates of change in the two output prices, the two levels of production, and the levels of investment in the two types of capacity. Initial output prices are given; terminal output prices are control parameters. Using results in control theory, decision rules for optimal pricing, production, and investment are derived and interpreted. This interpretation indicates the dynamic interaction between the pricing, producing, and investing decisions in each market.
A protective orthoplast splint in the treatment of a patient with Colles' fracture by external fixation

Discussion is provided of an Orthoplast splint that was used to aid in the successful treatment of a mentally deficient patient who had sustained a fracture in the distal forearm, which was managed by external fixation. This splint is advocated for the treatment of various types of uncooperative patients. Although this splint has not been tried in the treatment of children, it appears likewise applicable for a noncompliant youngster.
PERCOLATION ON THE PROJECTIVE PLANE

Since the projective plane is closed, the natural homological observ- able ofa percolation process is the presence ofthe essential cycle in H1(RP 2 ; Z2). In the Voroni model at critical phase, pc = .5, this observable has probability q = .5 independent ofthe metric on RP 2 . This establishes a single instance (RP 2 , homological observable) ofa very general conjecture about the conf or- mal invariance ofpercolation due to Aizenman and Langlands, f which there is much moral and numerical evidence but no previously verified instances. On RP 2 all metrics are conformally equivalent so the proof of metric independence is precisely what the conjecture would predict. What is very special, is that at pc metric invariance holds in all finite models so passing to the limit is trivial; the probability q is fixed at .5 by a topological symmetry. Percolation is the effect, at larger size scales, of randomly laying down ma- terial at a small scale. The arena may be a surface with or without boundary or a higher dimensional manifold. Although the continuum limit is the most interesting regime, to date it has been necessary to approach this as a limit of a discrete problem. Many related discrete forms have been studied:(1) lattice models in which bonds (or vertices) are "chosen" at random, (2) lilly pad mod- els in which metric disks about randomly selected points are chosen, and (3) Voronoi models in which Voronoi domains about randomly selected capitals are themselves chosen independently with probability, p ∈ (0, 1), (VW) and (BS). We will think of the manifold as white and the chosen material black. The subject studies the statistical/geometric properties of the black material and its appear- ance in the high refinement or the "continuum limit". At the largest size scale in the problem we come to homological questions:Classically it is asked what is the probability of finding a black path (i.e. a path in the black region) across a 1-connected planar domain D with endpoints lying on fixed disjoint sub-arcs ⊂ ∂D. This amounts to asking the probability that the nontrivial element of H1(D,arc1 ∪ arc2) comes from the inclusion of the black subset, B. Similarly on a closed surface S it is natural to study the probability that any given ab- solute element ∈ H1(S) is in the image of B. These elements are "homological observables" of the process and their expected values are of interest. Further generalizing, given a percolation process on a manifold M, the event that an absolute (or relative) homology class comes from B is "homological observable". Such observables live at the largest scale.
Evaluation and management of adrenal incidentaloma

Adrenal incidentaloma is the most common adrenal neoplasm encountered in clinical practice. The timely, accurate, and cost-effective evaluation and management of adrenal lesions found incidentally can be challenging for clinicians. Evaluation begins with biochemical screening and additional imaging. Management strategies vary by patient factors and tumor characteristics. Adrenalectomy is indicated for lesions that are hormonally active, larger than 4–5 cm, symptom-related, and have an imaging appearance that is atypical of a benign lesion. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:557–564. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fetal Brain Damage Following Maternal Carbon Monoxide Intoxication: An Experimental Study

Techniques of fetal monitoring, including fetal blood sampling in utero, were employed to study the physiological effects of acute maternal carbon monoxide intoxication upon the fetal rhesus monkey. Nine term-pregnant female monkeys were exposed to 0.1-0.3 % inspired CO over 1-3 hours. The mothers tolerated car-boxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels exceeding 60 % without clinical sequelae. The fetuses promptly developed profound hypoxia upon exposure of the mothers to CO. However, the fetal COHb levels rose only gradually over the 1-3 hours and thus contributed only slightly to the development of the early fetal hypoxia. Fetal hypoxia was associated with bradycardia, hypotension, and metabolic and, later, respiratory acidosis. A close correlation was noted between the severity of intrauterine hypoxia and the appearance of brain damage. Severe brain damage (brain swelling associated with hemorrhagic necrosis of the cerebral hemispheres) appeared only in those fetuses whose arterial O2 content had fallen below 2.0 m...
Generating consensus priority interval vectors for group decision‐making in the AHP

Many practical and important decision-making problems are complicated by at least two factors: (1) the qualitative/subjective nature of some criteria often results in uncertainty in the individual ratings; and (2) group decision-making is involved and some means of aggregating individual ratings is required. Traditionally, both individual and group priorities have been represented as point estimates, but this approach presents severe limitations for accommodating imprecision in the decision-making process. This paper examines the group decision-making problem in the context where priorities are represented as numeric intervals. A set of techniques that could be used at some of the phases of an analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-based group decision-making process, which has the objective of generating a ‘consensus’ priority that represents the group's opinion with regards to the relative importance of a set of N objects (e.g. criteria, alternatives), is presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cone input to horizontal cells in the turtle retina.

Abstract Action spectra were obtained by intracellular recordings from horizontal cells of the retina of turtle ( Pseudemys scripta ). Dark-adapted L 1 type horizontal cells received their major input from either red cones or from blue and green cones. With chromatic adaptation, red-cone dominated L 1 cells could be further subdivided on the basis of receptor input. They received input from only red cones (L 1 -R), red and green cones (L 1 -RG) or all cones, red, green and blue (L 1 -RGB). L 1 -RG and L 1 -RGB cells most likely receive their green-cone input from double cones. C-type horizontal cells were found to be of two types, biphasic and triphasic. Biphasic cells were depolarized by red light and hyperpolarized by green light (C-R/GB). Chromatic adaptation showed that blue and green cones acted together and opposed the activity of red cones. Triphasic C-type cells depolarized to green light and hyperpolarized to blue and red light (C-G /BR). Thus, blue cones acted with red cones and opposed the action of green cones. From these results it is concluded that: (1) red cones are the main determinant in the turtle luminosity system. (2) green cones and blue cones have their major role in the chromaticity system, (3) these results are consistent with the feedback hypothesis for the formation of C-type responses in turtle horizontal cells.
Sport Education and Social Goals in Physical Education: Relationships with Enjoyment, Relatedness, and Leisure-Time Physical Activity.

Background: Adolescents' decisions to engage in physical activities are influenced by the social aspects of the activity, including opportunity for affiliation, being part of a team, and the social status it offers. A curriculum and instructional model that has been shown to embed the student social system within a positive program of action is Sport Education. Preliminary evidence has suggested that Sport Education challenges social hierarchical groups and promotes more inclusive social goal involvement. Research is required to extend this work and provide a larger-scale empirical analysis of the influence of a Sport Education program on students' social goal involvement in compulsory high-school physical education and examine how these social goals impact important student affective and behavioral outcomes. Purpose: The purpose of this study was two-fold: (a) to explore the social goals of high-school physical education students after experiencing a year of Sport Education and (b) to explore the relatio...
Chemistry in Environmentally Benign Media. 3.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Rhenium(V) Complexes Derived from Novel Water-Soluble (Hydroxymethyl)phosphines. Crystal Structures of [Re(O)2{(HOH2C)2PC6H4P(CH2OH)2}2]I and [Re(O)2{(HOH2C)2PCH2CH2P(CH2OH)2}2]Cl

Water-soluble monophosphine P(CH2OH)3 (1) and bisphosphines (HOH2C)2PC6H4P(CH2OH)2 (2) and (HOH2C)2PCH2CH2P(CH2OH)2 (3) were synthesized in near quantitative yields by the catalytic formylation of appropriate P−H bonded compounds in the presence of formaldehyde in aqueous media. The reactions of these mono- and bisphosphines 1−3 with ReO2I(PPh3)2, in biphasic media (aqueous/organic), or [ReO2(NC6H5)4]Cl, in aqueous media, produced the water-soluble Re(V) complexes [ReO2{P(CH2OH)3}4]+ (4), [ReO2{(HOH2C)2PC6H4P(CH2OH)2}2]+ (5), and [ReO2{(HOH2C)2PCH2CH2P(CH2OH)2}2]+ (6) in near quantitative yields. The X-ray structures of 5 and 6, reported in this paper, confirmed the dioxorhenium(V) structures of these new generation of water-soluble transition metal complexes. All the compounds were characterized by IR, 1H, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. X-ray data for 5: monoclinic, C2/c, a = 23.906(5) A, b = 7.049(1) A, c = 17.024(4) A, β = 105.93(1)°, Z = 4, R = 0.019 (Rw = 0.027). For 6: triclinic, P1, a = 6.493(1) A, b...
Temperature dependence of elastic properties of TaSe3

Abstract We discuss vibrating-reed measurements of Young's modulus and internal friction of TaSe3, as a function of temperature from 50–310 K. The modulus is found to increase with temperature, in a nearly linear fashion, by more than 10% over the this range. Such behavior is inconsistent with the most common elementary theories of the effect of temperature on modulus, and unique within the authors' experience.
Allogeneic marrow transplantation for patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission

Twenty-four patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANL) in second remission were transplanted from HLA-matched siblings. Twelve patients died of non-leukemic causes and four of recurrent leukemia. One patient is alive after relapse and seven patients are alive and free of disease 114-1907 days after transplantation. The first seven patients received 1000 rad total body irradiation (TBI) in a single exposure. The last 17 were entered on a randomized study to receive 1000 rad TBI as a single dose (seven patients) or 1200 rad TBI fractionated over six days (10 patients). Only one of the 10 patients receiving the fractionated TBI is alive and free of disease 786 days after transplantation while three of the seven receiving single-dose TBI remain in remission 114-541 days after grafting. Even if larger numbers of patients were accrued to this study, it is unlikely that the use of fractionated TBI would prove superior to single-exposure TBI. The actuarial analysis showed that the relapse rate for all 24 patients transplanted in second remission was 50% which was equivalent to patients with ANL transplanted in relapse. The disease-free survival two years after transplant was 24% for patients transplanted in second remission as compared to 26% for patients transplanted in relapse.
Convergence and Consistency of Fuzzy c-means/ISODATA Algorithms

The fuzzy c-means/ISODATA algorithm is usually described in terms of clustering a finite data set. An equivalent point of view is that the algorithm clusters the support points of a finite-support probability distribution. Motivated by recent work on the hard version of the algorithm, this paper extends the definition to arbitrary distributions and considers asymptotic properties. It is shown that fixed points of the algorithm are stationary points of the fuzzy objective functional, and vice versa. When the algorithm is iteratively applied to an initial prototype set, the sequence of prototype sets produced approaches the set of fixed points. If an unknown distribution is approximated by the empirical distribution of stationary, ergodic observations, then as the number of observations grows large, fixed points of the algorithm based on the empirical distribution approach fixed points of the algorithm based on the true distribution. Furthermore, with respect to minimizing the fuzzy objective functional, the algorithm based on the empirical distribution is asymptotically at least as good as the algorithm based on the true distribution.
Periprocedural nutrition in the intensive care unit: a pilot study

Abstract Background Enteral nutrition (EN) delivery in the surgical intensive care unit (ICU) is often suboptimal as it is commonly interrupted for procedures. We hypothesized that continuing perioperative nutrition or providing compensatory nutrition would improve caloric delivery without increasing morbidity. Materials and methods We enrolled 10 adult surgical ICU patients receiving EN who were scheduled for elective bedside percutaneous tracheostomy. In these patients (fed group), either perioperative EN was maintained or compensatory nutrition was provided. We compared the amount of calories delivered, caloric deficits, and the rate of complications of these patients with those of 22 contemporary controls undergoing tracheostomy while adhering to the traditional American Society of Anesthesiology nil per os guidelines (unfed group). We defined caloric deficit as the difference between prescribed calories and actual delivered calories. Results There was no difference in demographic characteristics between the two groups. On the day of procedure, the fed group had higher median delivered calories (1706 kcal; interquartile range [IQR], 1481–2009 versus 588 kcal; IQR, 353–943; P versus 34%; IQR, 24%–51%; P versus 1133 kcal; IQR, 660–1365; P Conclusions In our pilot study, perioperative and compensatory nutrition resulted in higher caloric delivery and was not associated with increased morbidity.
Effects of β2-agonist clenbuterol on biochemical and contractile properties of unloaded soleus fibers of rat

The effects of clenbuterol β2-agonist administration were investigated in normal and atrophied [15-day hindlimb-unloaded (HU)] rat soleus muscles. We showed that clenbuterol had a specific effect o...
Dichloro[2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐2,3‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐bis(diphenylphosphino)butane]palladium(II)

(2R,3R) or (−) [63598-08-3] C31H32Cl2O2P2Pd (MW 675.87) InChI = 1S/C31H32O2P2.2ClH.Pd/c1-31(2)32-29(23-34(25-15-7-3-8-16-25)26-17-9-4-10-18-26)30(33-31)24-35(27-19-11-5-12-20-27)28-21-13-6-14-22-28;;;/h3-22,29-30H,23-24H2,1-2H3;2*1H;/q;;;+2/p-2/t29-,30-;;;/m1.../s1 InChIKey = JUOLXJPDHWWXOF-ARKUPESYSA-L (2S,3S) or (+) [59634-23-0] InChI = 1S/C31H32O2P2.2ClH.Pd/c1-31(2)32-29(23-34(25-15-7-3-8-16-25)26-17-9-4-10-18-26)30(33-31)24-35(27-19-11-5-12-20-27)28-21-13-6-14-22-28;;;/h3-22,29-30H,23-24H2,1-2H3;2*1H;/q;;;+2/p-2/t29-,30-;;;/m0.../s1 InChIKey = JUOLXJPDHWWXOF-BPTUYQQTSA-L (chiral catalyst used in asymmetric hydrocarboxylation1 or hydroalkoxycarbonylation reactions,2 allylation of β-diketones or β-keto esters,3 double carbonylation,4 cross-coupling reactions,5 preparation of optically active Pd0 derivatives and their subsequent reactions6) Alternate Name: (DIOP)PdCl2. Physical Data: crystalline pale yellow solid; ((−)-(2R,3R)-DIOP)PdCl2, [α]D −7.9° (CHCl3, c 1.0);6b mp 278–279 °C (dec).7b Solubility: sol dichloromethane; insol heptane. Analysis of Reagent Purity: for ((−)-(2R,3R)-DIOP)PdCl2: crystal structure,7a 1H NMR,6b,7b 13C NMR,6b 31P NMR.6b Preparative Methods: prepared from commercially available Palladium(II) Chloride and (−)-(2R,3R)-(2,3-O-Isopropylidene)-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane in ether,7a or by treating a stoichiometric amount of (−)-(2R,3R)-DIOP in ethanol with Li2PdCl4 in water,5 or from (+)-(2S,3S)-DIOP and Pd(PhCN)2Cl2 in benzene6b or acetone.3c Handling, Storage, and Precautions: relatively stable to air oxidation.
Developing an animal model for infantile spasms: pathogenesis, problems and progress

Infantile spasms (IS), the most common of the early epileptic encephalopathies, afflicts thousands of children each year and results in significant disability. Also known as West syndrome, IS is characterized by intractable stereotyped seizures, poor developmental outcome and a characteristic electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern. IS often progresses into another epileptic encephalopathy known as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and continues with the patient being burdened by lifelong epilepsy and varying degrees of mental retardation. Little is known about the biological basis of IS. As the etiologies of IS are diverse, the multiple causes must converge into a final common pathway that results in this specific epilepsy phenotype. Finding a model or models to test this final pathway is necessary both to understand why the greatest susceptibility to seizure development occurs during infancy and early childhood, and what underlies the decreased cognitive potential associated with IS. Furthermore, appropriate models would permit better testing of potential therapies directed specifically at IS. This review will describe the clinical features and etiologies of IS; the ideal features that IS models should contain; and the IS models that exist currently. Finally, we will discuss the limitations of these models and the potential avenues for future research on IS.
Glucose uptake by isolated perfused hearts from fed and fasted rats.

SummaryGlucose uptake and lactate production have been measured in isolated perfused rat hearts from ad libitum-fed and overnight fasted rats. At perfusate glucose levels of 75, 150 and 300 mg% (62.5, 125 and 250 μmoles glucose/perfusate, respectively), hearts from fed animals removed glucose at higher rates; however, by 30 minutes, glucose uptake in fed and fasted hearts was the same when perfused with 300 mg% glucose. These data were reproducible and in all cases uptake conformed to first order kinetics. Lactate production by hearts from fasted rats exceeded that from “fed” hearts, indicating higher rates of glycolysis. However, glucose oxidation to C14O2 by “fed” or “fasted” hearts perfused with 150 mg% glucose-U-C14 for 30 minutes were similar. These results are discussed in relation to rate of C14O2 production, time of perfusion, and utilization of metabolically-produced lactate. Differences in glucose uptake and lactate production between hearts from fed and fasted rats could not be related to diffe...
Understanding discrimination by the ribosome: stability testing and groove measurement of codon-anticodon pairs.

Abstract The ribosome must discriminate between correct and incorrect tRNAs with sufficient speed and accuracy to sustain an adequate rate of cell growth. Here, we report the results of explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations, which address the mechanism of discrimination by the ribosome. The universally conserved 16 S rRNA base A1493 and the kink in mRNA between A and P sites amplify differences in stability between cognate and near-cognate codon–anticodon pairs. Destabilization by the mRNA kink also provides a geometric explanation for the higher error rates observed for mismatches in the first codon position relative to mismatches in the second codon position. For more stable near-cognates, the repositioning of the universally conserved bases A1492 and G530 results in increased solvent exposure and an uncompensated loss of hydrogen bonds, preventing correct codon–anticodon–ribosome interactions from forming.
Identification, subtyping and virulence determination of Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen

Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic intracellular pathogen that has become an important cause of human foodborne infections worldwide. Given its close relationship to other Listeria species and its tendency to produce non-specific clinical symptoms, the availability of rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for the differentiation of L. monocytogenes from other Listeria species is helpful for selecting appropriate treatment regimens. In addition, with L. monocytogenes comprising a diversity of strains of varying pathogenicity, the ability to precisely track the strains involved in listeriosis outbreaks and speedily determine their pathogenic potential is critical for the control and prevention of further occurrences of this deadly disease. Extensive research in recent decades has revealed significant insights regarding the molecular mechanisms of L. monocytogenes infection. This in turn has facilitated the development of laboratory procedures for enhanced detection and identification of L. monocytogenes, and has also contributed to the implementation of improved control and prevention strategies against listeriosis. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent progress in the species-specific identification, subtyping and virulence determination of L. monocytogenes strains, and to discuss future research needs pertaining to these important areas of listeriosis.
Is Market Orientation a Source of Sustainable Competitive Advantage or Simply the Cost of Competing

The authors use panel data constructed from the responses of repeatedly surveyed top managers at 261 companies regarding their firm’s market orientation, along with objective performance measures, to investigate the influence of market orientation on performance for a nine-year period from 1997 to 2005. The authors measure market orientation in 1997, 2001, and 2005 and estimate it in the interval between these measurement periods. The analyses indicate that market orientation has a positive effect on business performance in both the short and the long run. However, the sustained advantage in business performance from having a market orientation is greater for the firms that are early to develop a market orientation. These firms also gain more in sales and profit than firms that are late in developing a market orientation. Firms that adopt a market orientation may also realize additional benefit in the form of a lift in sales and profit due to a carryover effect. Market orientation should have a more pronounced effect on a firm’s profit than sales because a market orientation focuses efforts on customer retention rather than on acquisition. Environmental turbulence and competitive intensity moderate the main effect of market orientation on business performance, but the moderating effects are greater in the 1990s than in the 2000s.
SPECTRUM analysis of multispectral imagery in conjunction with wavelet/KLT data compression

The data analysis program, SPECTRUM, is used for fusion, visualization, and classification of multispectral imagery. To facilitate data transmission and storage, a compression algorithm is proposed based on spatial wavelet transform coding and KLT decomposition of interchannel spectral vectors, followed by adaptive optimal multiband scalar quantization. The performance of SPECTRUM clustering and visualization is evaluated on compressed multispectral data. 8-bit visualizations of 56-bit data show little visible distortion, at 50:1 compression and graceful degradation at higher compression ratios. >
The effect of coencapsulation of bovine insulin with cyclodextrins in ethylcellulose microcapsules

Polymeric microcapsules have been widely investigated for protein delivery. Common problems include: low stability, low encapsulation efficiency, lack of uniformity, and burst release. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are known to enhance stability and solubility of proteins in solution. This research examines the effect of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-CDs on: (1) stability, (2) encapsulation, and (3) release of insulin from ethylcellulose microcapsules. All CDs improved thermal stability of insulin by lowering the enthalpy of unfolding by 16-52%. alpha- and gamma-CDs also increased the encapsulation efficiency of insulin and improved uniformity of the microcapsule formulations. Two mathematical models were proposed to account for insulin release and consisted of multiple zero order and first order input processes, and a single first order output process. All CDs decreased the initial burst release of insulin by up to 30%. This research demonstrates the potential for CDs to improve stability, uniformity, and encapsulation of proteins in microcapsule formulations.
39. Verb classes within and across languages

Any attempt to characterize valency patterns within and across languages confronts the phenomenon of verb or valency classes: sets of semantically-related verbs sharing a range of linguistic properties, such as the possible realizations of their arguments and the particular interpretation associated with each possible argument realization. The Leipzig Valency Classes Project provides an excellent context for deepening our understanding of verb classes and, specifically, investigating a big question raised by efforts to classify verbs: which facets of verb classification are universal and which language particular? I begin this paper by reviewing the motivations for recognizing verb classes. With this background, I introduce a broad semantic dichotomy that encompasses many existing verb classes and show its grammatical relevance. I then consider its implications for crosslinguistic studies of verb classes, such as the ones that are being carried out by the Valency Classes Project, through a case study of the argument realization options of hitting verbs.
Profiling the Built-In Electrical Potential in III-V Multijunction Solar Cells

We report on a direct measurement of the electrical potential on cross-sections of GaInP2/GaAs multiple-junction solar cells by using an ultrahigh-vacuum scanning Kelvin probe microscope (UHV-SKPM). The UHV-SKPM allows us to measure the potential without air molecules being adsorbed on the cross-sectional surface. Moreover, it uses a GaAs laser with photon energy of 1.4 eV for the atomic force microscope (AFM) operation. This eliminated the light-absorption-induced bottom-junction flattening and top-junction enhancement, which happened in our previous potential measurement using a 1.85-eV laser for the AFM operation. Three potentials were measured at the top, tunneling, and bottom junctions. Values of the potentials are smaller than the potentials in the bulk. This indicates that the Fermi level on the UHV-cleaved (110) surface was pinned, presumably due to defects upon cleaving. We also observed higher potentials at atomic steps than on the terraces for both GaInP2 epitaxial layer and GaAs substrate. Combining scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and SKPM measurements, we found that the potential height at steps of the GaAs substrate depends on the step direction, which is probably a direct result of unbalanced cations and anions at the steps.