cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The measurement of granivory by desert rodents, birds and ants: a comparison of an energetics approach and a seed-dish technique

The relative importance of granivorous rodents, birds and ants in four North American arid ecosystems was examined using two methods: an energetics approach (Population Daily Energy Budgets, or PDEBs); and an experimental seed-dish technique. Rodent, bird and ant population densities, combined with species-specific Daily Energy Budgets (DEBs), were used to compute the PDEBs (Kcal/ha/day). The PDEBs were assumed to be an index of the potential seed consumption ‘pressure’ from each taxocene on the seed pool. Seed consumption at sites in the Chihuahuan Desert/Grassland transition zone, the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts, and the Intermountain Basin Shrub-steppe, was estimated by offering each granivore taxocene exclusive access to seed-dishes containing either a native-seed mix or commercial millet. The ratios of rodent, bird and ant PDEBs were compared with the amounts of seeds actually taken by each taxocene from the seed-dishes. The following conclusions were made. (1) Rodents were more ‘important’ (energetically) than birds on the Sonoran, Mojave and Intermountain Basin study sites, but birds were of equal or greater importance as rodents on the Chihuahuan study sites. (2) Birds removed far fewer seeds from seed-dishes than predicted from their PDEBs. (3) Rodents, birds and ants removed more millet and used more seed-dishes containing millet than those containing the native-seed mix. (4) Seed-dish data should be interpreted with caution, due to differential responses by rodents, birds and ants. (5) An energetics approach to desert granivory can provide reliable information about granivore impacts on seed reserves, but requires large data sets and biologically realistic estimators to produce accurate, high-precision results.
Abstract A147: Differential transcriptional profiling of tumor cell populations

Tumors compass remarkably diverse cell populations as a result of genetic and environmental influences. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell with pivotal roles in immunity and tissue homeostasis that were reported to constitute up to 50% of the tumor mass. Macrophages also present a central line of defense against cancer by preventing inflammation as well as specific elimination of tumor cells. However, tumors can manipulate macrophages to switch their function from tumor-suppressing to tumor-supporting. Tumor-supporting macrophages are pro-angiogenic, immunosuppressive and aid the neoplastic progression. My aim is to characterize the core transcriptional network of “supporting” or “repressing” tumor associated macrophages in mice and humans. At phase 1 of the project, I am testing methods to differentially analyze cell populations from tumors with minimal perturbations as well as ways to reduce input for GROseq and RNAseq analysis. Citation Format: Sascha H. Duttke, Christopher K. Glass. Differential transcriptional profiling of tumor cell populations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A147.
The Challenge of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

A805. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder characterized by eosinophilic inflammation of the esophagus. Although the underlying etiology is unknown, EoE is thought to be a TH2 response to environmental allergens in a genetically predisposed individual [1]. The inflammation in EoE is associated with tissue remodeling and fibrosis and can progress to esophageal strictures. The pathogenesis of EoE is thought to occur by activation of antigen-specific T-cells with subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These cytokines (especially eotaxin-3) recruit eosinophils with subsequent activation and release of eosinophilic granules. These granules are thought to be responsible for the clinical symptoms including dysmotility and fibrosis [ 2]. Treatment objectives for patients with EoE include improvement of symptoms and prevention of complications. Ideally, resolution of esophageal inflammation should be the ultimate goal. Currently, standard treatment regimens include topical corticosteroids and elimination diets [3]. Although many studies have demonstrated the benefits of such therapy, most patients have recurrence of inflammation (and symptoms) once the treatment has been stopped. Therefore, the most difficult decision faced by those caring for patients with EoE is what is the most ideal maintenance therapy. As part of the discussion regarding long-term treatment, physicians need to decide what is the goal of maintenance therapy; specifically, is it resolution of symptoms and prevention of complications or mucosal healing. Although mucosal healing would seem the best option, long-term corticosteroid treatment is associated with complications and compliance with strict dietary therapy is difficult, especially in children. We have previously demonstrated that long-term protonpump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is effective in improving symptoms and was not associated with increased complications [4]. Zheng et al. [5] has demonstrated that PPI’s effect eotaxin-3 release, thereby potentially preventing eosinophilic recruitment and activation. We have recently demonstrated that long-term PPI monotherapy leads to decreased eosinophil degranulation in children with EoE [6]. However, PPI therapy does not decrease esophageal inflammation. Therefore, the challenge remains as to whether one should strive for mucosal healing and expose the patient to the potential consequences of long-term steroid exposure, continue dietary therapy knowing that most patients are not completely compliant and therefore at risk for under-treatment or consider PPI monotherapy, knowing that, although most patients have improved symptoms, the esophageal inflammation persists and therefore close follow-up is needed to screen for the development of progressive fibrosis and stricture formation.
Sensitivity of Seven Diverse Species to Blue and Green Light: Interactions with Photon Flux

Despite decades of research, the effects of spectral quality on plant growth, and development are not well understood. Much of our current understanding comes from studies with daily integrated light levels that are less than 10% of summer sunlight thus making it difficult to characterize interactions between light quality and quantity. Several studies have reported that growth is increased under fluorescent lamps compared to mixtures of wavelengths from LEDs. Conclusions regarding the effect of green light fraction range from detrimental to beneficial. Here we report the effects of eight blue and green light fractions at two photosynthetic photon fluxes (PPF; 200 and 500 μmol m-2 s-1; with a daily light integral of 11.5 and 29 mol m-2 d-1) on growth (dry mass), leaf expansion, stem and petiole elongation, and whole-plant net assimilation of seven diverse plant species. The treatments included cool, neutral, and warm white LEDs, and combinations of blue, green and/or red LEDs. At the higher PPF (500), increasing blue light in increments from 11 to 28% reduced growth in tomato, cucumber, and pepper by 22, 26, and 14% respectively, but there was no statistically significant effect on radish, soybean, lettuce or wheat. At the lower PPF (200), increasing blue light reduced growth only in tomato (41%). The effects of blue light on growth were mediated by changes in leaf area and radiation capture, with minimal effects on whole-plant net-assimilation. In contrast to the significant effects of blue light, increasing green light in increments from 0 to 30% had a relatively small effect on growth, leaf area and net assimilation at either low or high PPF. Surprisingly, growth of three of the seven species was not reduced by a treatment with 93% green light compared to the broad spectrum treatments. Collectively, these results are consistent with a shade avoidance response associated with either low blue or high green light fractions.
Microexplosions and ignition dynamics in engineered aluminum/polymer fuel particles

Abstract Aluminum particles are widely used as a metal fuel in solid propellants. However, poor combustion efficiencies and two-phase flow losses result due in part to particle agglomeration. Recently, engineered composite particles of aluminum (Al) with inclusions of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or low-density polyethylene (LDPE) have been shown to improve ignition and yield smaller agglomerates in solid propellants. Reductions in agglomeration were attributed to internal pressurization and fragmentation (microexplosions) of the composite particles at the propellant surface. Here, we explore the mechanisms responsible for microexplosions in order to better understand the combustion characteristics of composite fuel particles. Single composite particles of Al/PTFE and Al/LDPE with diameters between 100 and 1200 µm are ignited on a substrate to mimic a burning propellant surface in a controlled environment using a CO 2 laser in the irradiance range of 78–7700 W/cm 2 . The effects of particle size, milling time, and inclusion content on the resulting ignition delay, product particle size distributions, and microexplosion tendencies are reported. For example particles with higher PTFE content (30 wt%) had laser flux ignition thresholds as low as 77 W/cm 2 , exhibiting more burning particle dispersion due to microexplosions compared to the other materials considered. Composite Al/LDPE particles exhibit relatively high ignition thresholds compared to Al/PTFE particles, and microexplosions were observed only with laser fluxes above 5500 W/cm 2 due to low LDPE reactivity with Al resulting in negligible particle self-heating. However, results show that microexplosions can occur for Al containing both low and high reactivity inclusions (LDPE and PTFE, respectively) and that polymer inclusions can be used to tailor the ignition threshold. This class of modified metal particles shows significant promise for application in many different energetic materials that use metal fuels.
Number needed to eat: pizza and resident conference attendance.

The didactic conference is a common part of the resident education curriculum. Given the demands of clinical responsibilities and restrictions on duty hours, maximising education is a challenge faced by all residency programmes. To date, little research exists with respect to how the provision of complimentary food affects physician and resident conference attendance. The objective of this study was to determine whether complimentary food improves resident arrival times and attendance at educational conferences and, furthermore, to test whether this provision is a potentially cost-effective tool for improving education. A retrospective review of 36 resident educational Friday noon conferences, including 1043 resident arrivals, was performed. Data were analysed for total attendance, arrival times, number needed to eat (NNE) and the percentage of residents arriving on time, and compared between days on which food was and was not provided. Median attendance was 3.7% higher (p = 0.04) on days on which food was provided, at a cost of US$46 for each additional resident in attendance. Arrival times were also statistically significantly improved when food was provided, with a median improvement of 0.7 minutes (p = 0.02) and an 11.0% increase in on-time arrivals (p < 0.001). The NNE was 10.6. Complimentary food improves both attendance and arrival times by a small, but statistically significant, degree. The provision of complimentary food can be considered as an incentive for attendance and on-time arrival at didactic educational sessions, although more cost-effective modalities may exist.
Coarsening of complex microstructures following spinodal decomposition

Abstract Coarsening plays a pivotal role in materials engineering, but our understanding of the dynamics of coarsening in morphologically complex systems is still limited. In this paper, we examine the correlations between the interfacial velocity and interfacial morphologies, and then predict the evolution of mean curvature based on the correlations. Three simulated structures with varying volume fractions, two bicontinuous and one nonbicontinuous, are generated using the Cahn-Hilliard equation. We find general correlations between interfacial velocity and mean curvature, as well as between interfacial velocity and the surface Laplacian of the mean curvature. Furthermore, we find that the probability of finding a patch of interface with a given normal velocity and the same local principal curvatures is described well by a Gaussian distribution, independent of the principal curvature values and the volume fractions of the structures. We also find that average interfacial velocity is described by a polynomial of the mean curvature and the net curvature. Based on this finding, we develop a semi-analytical approach to predicting the rate of change of the mean curvature, which determines the morphological evolution of complex microstructures.
Driving Delhi? Behavioural Responses to Driving Restrictions

This paper examines two related hypotheses: the ability of urban drivers to effectively bypass policies that restrict road traffic, and whether these behavioural responses render such policies ineffective. I study an unexpected, large scale driving restriction policy experiment in Delhi. In the short run, around half of the affected drivers are able to lawfully bypass it by switching to existing unrestricted private travel modes. However, consistent with high marginal rates of congestion, the policy also led to a precisely estimated decrease in average driving travel time excess delay. I provide suggestive evidence that both effects are broadly similar during a second, anticipated round of the policy. Methodologically, this paper makes two contributions: traffic congestion is quantified using rich data from Google Maps, and short-term driving substitution patterns are identified using panel daily driver data and the essentially random assignment of odd and even license plates.
Rusty neutrophils in β-thalassemia: no traction!

In this issue of Blood , Siwaponanan et al provide a potential novel mechanism for the increased infections observed in patients with β-thalassemia. 1 The authors find that neutrophils in 6-month-old β-thalassemic mice (Hbb th3/+ ) and in patients have overall lower baseline levels of the ets-family transcription factor PU.1, and in mice lack upregulated Pu.1 expression in response to bacterial infection. This aberrant Pu.1 expression in mouse Hbb th3/+ neutrophils is accompanied by defects in chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
ATTITUDES ABOUT SOCIO-MORAL ISSUES AMONG RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR YOUTH

Recent headlines suggest that Americans, and American youth in particular, are growing more liberal in their attitudes about social and moral issues. Do these trends suggest that the oft discussed “culture wars” are nearing an end? We examine this possibility by asking whether younger generations of religious and secular Americans do indeed espouse more liberal attitudes about sociomoral issues than their counterparts in older generations. We focus specifically on differences within and across religious groups in attitudes about four issues: abortion, same-sex marriage, stem cell research, and the environment. We are especially interested in comparing generational differences in attitudes about high profile, “old-line” wedge issues (abortion and same-sex marriage) in the culture wars with newer, lower profile issues (stem cell research and the environment). Using the 2008 National Annenberg Election Survey, we find that religious youth are generally not more liberal than older religious individuals.
A Comparisons of BKT, RNN and LSTM for Learning Gain Prediction

The objective of this study is to develop effective computational models that can predict student learning gains, preferably as early as possible. We compared a series of Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT) models against vanilla RNNs and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) based models. Our results showed that the LSTM-based model achieved the highest accuracy and the RNN based model have the highest F1-measure. Interestingly, we found that RNN can achieve a reasonably accurate prediction of student final learning gains using only the first 40% of the entire training sequence; using the first 70% of the sequence would produce a result comparable to using the entire sequence.
Influence of multi-wavelength laser irradiation of enamel and dentin surfaces at 0.355, 2.94, and 9.4 μm on surface morphology, permeability, and acid resistance.

Objective Ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) lasers can be used to specifically target protein, water, and mineral, respectively, in dental hard tissues to produce varying changes in surface morphology, permeability, reflectivity, and acid resistance. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of laser irradiation and topical fluoride application on the surface morphology, permeability, reflectivity, and acid resistance of enamel and dentin to shed light on the mechanism of interaction and develop more effective treatments. Methods Twelve bovine enamel surfaces and twelve bovine dentin surfaces were irradiated with various combinations of lasers operating at 0.355 (Freq.-tripled Nd:YAG (UV) laser), 2.94 (Er:YAG laser), and 9.4 μm (CO2 laser), and surfaces were exposed to an acidulated phosphate fluoride gel and an acid challenge. Changes in the surface morphology, acid resistance, and permeability were measured using digital microscopy, polarized light microscopy, near-IR reflectance, fluorescence, polarization sensitive-optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), and surface dehydration rate measurements. Results Different laser treatments dramatically influenced the surface morphology and permeability of both enamel and dentin. CO2 laser irradiation melted tooth surfaces. Er:YAG and UV lasers, while not melting tooth surfaces, showed markedly different surface roughness. Er:YAG irradiation led to significantly rougher enamel and dentin surfaces and led to higher permeability. There were significant differences in acid resistance among the various treatment groups. Conclusion Surface dehydration measurements showed significant changes in permeability after laser treatments, application of fluoride and after exposure to demineralization. CO2 laser irradiation was most effective in inhibiting demineralization on enamel while topical fluoride was most effective for dentin surfaces. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:913-927, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Opportunities for occupational therapy on a primary care team

Importance: Leaders in the occupational therapy profession have called for occupational therapy’s inclusion in primary care, but little is known about the occupational needs of patients in this setting. Objective: To explore the need for and potential role of occupational therapy in a team-based primary care clinic. Design: A qualitative descriptive study using a convenience sample of clinicians and patients. Meetings and semistructured interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded by multiple coders using a general immersion–crystallization approach to identify relevant themes. Setting: Outpatient complex care clinic of an urban academic medical center. Participants: The study included a voluntary sample of clinicians and patients from the complex care clinic. Patients were recruited from a staff-provided list; eligible patients had attended the clinic for at least 1 yr. All patients had multiple chronic conditions and were uninsured or received Medicaid. Results: Researchers attended 10 clinician team meetings and conducted 13 patient interviews and 10 clinician interviews. Four domains of patient need were identified by both patients and clinicians: complex medical management, patients’ limited resources, mental health needs, and challenges to occupation. Clinicians also identified cognitive–behavioral challenges affecting care, including lack of engagement and poor problem solving. Conclusions and Relevance: The makeup of the clinic team reflected their intent to address medical, socioeconomic, and mental health domains. However, cognitive–behavioral challenges and patients’ occupational limitations were not consistently addressed. Thus, patients had unmet needs that occupational therapy practitioners were qualified to address. What this Article Adds: This study adds to the available literature examining patient needs and clinician challenges in a primary care clinic. Patients have occupational needs that are not being addressed in primary care, indicating a need for occupational therapy in this setting.
LearningRx Cognitive Training for Children and Adolescents Ages 5–18: Effects on Academic Skills, Behavior, and Cognition

Cognitive training is emerging as a viable intervention for remediating cognitive skill deficits and associated academic struggles. This study investigated whether trainer-delivered cognitive training reduced parent-reported academic difficulties and oppositional behavior for school-age children with learning struggles compared to a no-contact control group. Three groups were surveyed using a standardized rating scale: parents of clients ages 5-18 who had completed the 60-hour ThinkRx cognitive training program (n = 67), parents of clients ages 5-18 who had completed the 120-hour ReadRx cognitive training with reading program (n = 53), and parents of clients ages 5-18 who completed initial testing but did not enroll in a training program (n = 58). Results indicated there were statistically significant differences overall between the intervention groups and the control group on all measures of academic difficulties. Both intervention groups saw a reduction in academic difficulty ratings following training while the control group saw an increase in academic difficulty during a comparable time interval. Differences between groups on ratings of oppositional behavior were not significant. Both intervention groups achieved statistically significant changes on objective cognitive test measures as well. Although the study is limited by lack of randomization in the sampling, the results and transfer effects are encouraging for evaluating the use of one-on-one cognitive training to enhance academic skills and behavior.
Evaluation of SDBS surfactant on coal wetting performance with static methods: Preliminary laboratory tests

Coal dust contributes to lung diseases in coal miners. Spraying water mixed with surfactants is a method to suppress high concentration coal dust. This study presents the evaluation of the effect o...
Prototype images in mathematics education: the case of the graphical representation of the definite integral

Many mathematical concepts may have prototypical images associated with them. While prototypes can be beneficial for efficient thinking or reasoning, they may also have self-attributes that may impact reasoning about the concept. It is essential that mathematics educators understand these prototype images in order to fully recognize their benefits and limitations. In this paper, I examine prototypes in a context in which they seem to play an important role: graphical representations of the calculus concept of the definite integral. I use student data to empirically describe the makeup of the definite integral prototype image, and I report on the frequency of its appearance among student, instructor, and textbook image data. I end by discussing the possible benefits and drawbacks of this particular prototype, as well as what the results of this study may say about prototypes more generally.
The Influence of Passive Stretch on Muscle Oxygen Saturation

Previous studies have suggested that chronic stretch might be able to produce skeletal muscle hypertrophy. However, stretching might also restrict blood flow, which could in turn influence any stretch-training program. This study evaluated the influence of muscle stretch on muscle oxygen saturation using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). A 16 channel NIRS probes were placed on the medial gastrocnemius, quadriceps, and hamstring muscles of young healthy adults. Oxygen saturation during maximal tolerated stretch was measured and normalized with cuff-induced ischemia and reperfusion. Oxygen saturation decreased in the gastrocnemius and quadriceps in a position dependent fashion, but did not change in the hamstring muscles. Passive stretching may also have a significant hypoxic component in some muscles but not others.
Self-Esteem in the Presence of God:

Many individuals living in our post-Christian culture have placed the self in the position most cultures reserve for their god(s). Present cultural interest in self-esteem flows from this religious...
Speech and Wages

Although language has been widely studied, relatively little is known about how a worker's speech, in his/her native tongue, is related to wages, or what explains the observed relationship. To address these questions, I analyzed audio data from respondents to the NLSY97. Wages are strongly associated with speech patterns among both African Americans and Southern whites. For Southern whites, this is largely explained by residential location. For blacks, it is explained by sorting: workers with mainstream speech sort toward occupations that involve intensive interpersonal interactions and earn a sizeable wage premium there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Molecular Actions of Parathyroid Hormone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has manifold actions on osteogenic cells, affecting their differentiation, function, proliferation, and survival. While PTH has been known to activate the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway since the early 1980s, we now recognize that engagement of the hormone with its receptors triggers a complex variety of signaling cascades, including Ca 2+ /protein kinase C (PKC), Wnt/β-catenin, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), resulting in an intricate web of downstream events involving signaling molecules and transcription factors. These series of events eventually lead to modulation of genes crucial for osteoblast differentiation, function, cell division, and apoptosis. Considering the diversity of PTH actions on bone such complexity is not surprising. PTH continues to challenge researchers with its multifaceted and not yet entirely known effects on bone cells.
Does the Presence of Multinational Corporations Affect a Country’s Gross Domestic Product?

This article investigates how using different measures of GDP can lead to conflicting development policies when it comes to industrial recruitment. The results suggest that often-employed policies ...
Computation of Kullback-Leibler Divergence Between Labeled Stochastic Systems with Non-identical State Spaces

Model checking of biological systems is computational intensive because of state explosion. Model reduction is one of the directions that has been addressed for state explosion. Formal modeling of biological pathways leads to additional challenges given that biological pathways are multiscale and stochastic. Model abstractions incorporating multiscale biological processes are represented as labeled stochastic systems. Kullback-Leibler divergence is computed to measure the closeness of stochastic systems. A fixed point polynomial time algorithm is presented to compute Kullback-Leibler divergence with an approximation when comparing labeled stochastic systems with non-identical state spaces.
The Ability to Reproducibly Record Cardiac Action Potentials From Multiple Anatomic Locations: Endocardially and Epicardially, In Situ and In Vitro

Objective: For cardiac arrhythmia mapping and ablation procedures, the ability to record focal cardiac action potentials could aid in precisely identifying lesions, scarred tissue, and/or arrhythmic foci. Our study objective was to validate the electrophysiologic properties of a routinely employed large mammalian in vitro working heart model. Methods: Monophasic action potentials (MAPs) were recorded from 18 swine hearts during viable hemodynamic function both in situ (postmedian sternotomy) and in vitro (using Visible Heart methodologies). We placed specially designed mapping catheters in epicardial and endocardial locations. High-quality MAP signals were recorded for up to 2 h, and MATLAB was utilized to evaluate relative duration and temporal/regional changes in waveform morphology. Results: MAPs were reproducibly recorded from both epicardial and endocardial locations in situ and in vitro . No significant differences were noted in right atrial endocardial, right ventricular endocardial, right ventricular epicardial, or left atrial epicardial waveforms, when baseline recordings were compared to all other in situ and in vitro time points. Furthermore, MAP duration between right ventricular endocardial and epicardial waveforms was not significantly different, in situ or in vitro . Conclusion: The use of in vitro models like the Visible Heart is considered invaluable for the study of cardiac arrhythmias, the development of novel therapies, and/or preclinical testing of future cardiac mapping catheters and systems. Significance: Preclinical studies assessing in situ and/or in vitro recorded cardiac monophasic action potentials could be critical for the future development and validation of cardiac devices.
‘So near while apart’: Correspondence Editions as Critical Library Pedagogy and Digital Humanities Methodology

Abstract The following case study describes two library-led text encoding projects involving correspondence collections. The first, a documentary edition of personal papers held by Peter Still, a former slave, was conceived as an independent research project involving the participation of two undergraduate research assistants; the second, based upon letters to and from the Rutgers College War Service Bureau (1917–1919), has been designed as a two-week text encoding unit in a proposed undergraduate course on data and culture. These two projects, both featuring the letter as their object of study, are compared and contrasted as models of data and process, affording reflections on the overlapping concerns of the library instruction and digital humanities communities of practice. I propose viewing text encoding projects, particularly those that focus on lesser known creators or on life documents such as letters, as a means of accessing both critical library pedagogy and digital humanities methodology. By developing such projects, librarians address a number of collection and instruction related objectives of the library, while offering a valuable introduction to a set of methods that are of increasing importance to undergraduate education. Furthermore, these projects may be conducted at smaller scales, by reusing and adapting methods and software shared by the digital humanities community, thereby limiting reliance on institutional partners for technology and infrastructure support, which may not be forthcoming in under-resourced institutional contexts.
Nascent Polypeptide Domain Topology and Elongation Rate Direct the Cotranslational Hierarchy of Hsp70 and TRiC/CCT.

Summary Cotranslational protein folding requires assistance from elaborate ribosome-associated chaperone networks. It remains unclear how the changing information in a growing nascent polypeptide dictates the recruitment of functionally distinct chaperones. Here, we used ribosome profiling to define the principles governing the cotranslational action of the chaperones TRiC/CCT and Hsp70/Ssb. We show that these chaperones are sequentially recruited to specific sites within domain-encoding regions of select nascent polypeptides. Hsp70 associates first, binding select sites throughout domains, whereas TRiC associates later, upon the emergence of nearly complete domains that expose an unprotected hydrophobic surface. This suggests that transient topological properties of nascent folding intermediates drive sequential chaperone association. Moreover, cotranslational recruitment of both TRiC and Hsp70 correlated with translation elongation slowdowns. We propose that the temporal modulation of the nascent chain structural landscape is coordinated with local elongation rates to regulate the hierarchical action of Hsp70 and TRiC for cotranslational folding.
Probing Surface Hydration and Molecular Structure of Zwitterionic and Polyacrylamide Hydrogels

A hydrogel is a hydrophilic cross-linked polymer network which can contain a large amount of water. Hydrogels with distinguished interfacial physical toughness were analyzed for their potential application as antifouling coating materials, utilizing sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy as the interfacial analytical technique. The surface structures of one sulfobetaine (SBMA) zwitterionic hydrogel (ZWHG) and two polysaccharide hydrogels (PHGs) were probed in air; their interfacial structures with silica were examined using SFG in water and protein solutions, respectively. Both ZWHG and PHGs interfaces in water were dominated by strongly hydrogen-bonded water molecules, but the bonding strength associated with ZWHG was much stronger. Although all hydrogels experienced interfacial change in the presence of protein solutions, after cleaning, the zwitterionic hydrogel interface recovered almost completely while the other two hydrogels were subject to irreversible protein adsorption. Additionally, orientational analysis of ZWHG methyl groups in water was conducted and related to the superior hydrogen-bonding strength of water molecules at the ZWHG interface. The interfacial structures of hydrogel materials probed by SFG can be correlated to their antifouling properties. This research highlighted the critical role that hydrogen-bonding strength of interfacial water molecules play for antifouling applications.
Exploring the Enabling Environments, Inherent Characteristics and Intrinsic Motivations Fostering Global Electricity Decarbonization

Abstract The need for transitioning towards low-carbon energy systems, and the recent boom in available data, allows for a constant re-evaluation of global electricity sector decarbonization progress, and its underlying theoretical assumptions. Arguably, the existing decarbonization literature and institutional support frameworks focus on top-down supply side mechanisms, where policies, goals, access to financing, and technology innovation are suggested as the main drivers. Here, we synthesize eleven global datasets that range from electricity decarbonization progress, to quality of governance, to international fossil fuel subsidies, and environmental policies, amongst several others, and use methods from data mining to explore the factors that may be fostering or hindering decarbonization progress. This exercise allows us to present numerous hypotheses worth exploring in future research. Some of these hypotheses suggest that policies might be ineffective when misaligned with country specific motivators and inherent characteristics, that even in the absence of policy there are particular inherent characteristics that foster decarbonization progress (e.g., relatively high local energy prices, foreign energy import dependency and the absence of a large extractive resource base), and that the interaction of country-specific enabling environments, inherent characteristics, and motivations is what determines decarbonization progress, rather than stand-alone support mechanisms. We present the hypothesis that existing support mechanisms for decarbonization may be relying too much on blanket strategies (e.g., policies, targets), and that there is a need for support mechanisms that encompass a wider diversity of country-specific underlying conditions.
Reviewing the Object Paradigm

This chapter will provide the historical structured analysis and design methodology that led to the object paradigm. At the core of an evolutionary approach are a set of traditional tools that need to be extended to meet the needs of an agile architecture in a mobile IoT market.
Patients Forget About Their Operated Knee More Following Arthroscopic Primary Repair of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Than Following Reconstruction

Purpose To assess the extent to which patients forget their operative knee joint on a daily basis following arthroscopic primary repair as compared with reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) at short- to mid-term follow-up. Methods For this retrospective study, all patients undergoing ACL surgery between May 2012 and May 2017 were identified. All patients were treated with the algorithm of undergoing arthroscopic primary repair for proximal tears and reconstruction for nonrepairable tears. Patients were contacted to complete the Forgotten Joint Score-12 questionnaire between 2 and 5 years following surgery. A greater score represents a more favorable outcome indicating the patient’s ability to “forget” the joint in everyday life, whereas lower scores indicate a less-favorable outcome. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests and χ2 tests, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to correct for potential confounders. Results Eighty-three patients completed the questionnaire (57%). Patients who underwent primary repair thought about their operated knee less when compared with those patients who underwent reconstruction (85.3 ± 14.2 vs 74.3 ± 23.3, P = .022). These differences were significantly greater in patients older than 30 years (85.3 ± 12.9 vs 62.6 ± 24.9, P = .007), male patients (85.0 ± 13.6 vs 72.5 ± 24.7, P = .037), and patients with a body mass index greater than 25 (85.9 ± 14.5 vs 64.7 ± 25.6, P = .009). After we corrected for potential confounders, the overall difference remained significant (P = .045). Conclusions Based on the data in this study, patients undergoing arthroscopic primary ACL repair can expect to have less daily awareness of their operated knee at short- to mid-term follow-up as compared with patients undergoing ACL reconstruction. Level of Evidence Retrospective comparative study, level III.
Energy finance must account for extreme weather risk

Despite increased awareness among investors, physical climate risk from extreme weather remains surprisingly unaccounted for in financial markets. Without better knowledge of this risk, the average energy investor can only hope that the next extreme event will not trigger a sudden correction to the market values of energy firms.
Defense, Peace, and War Economics

This Element surveys the field of defense, peace, and war economics with particular emphasis on the contributions made by Austrian economists. I first review treatments of defense, peace, and war by the classical economists. I then discuss the rise of a distinct and systematic defense, peace, and war economics field of study starting in the 1960s. Next, I consider the contributions by Austrian economists to the field. This includes the economic analysis of the nature of the war economy, problems with the public good justification for the state-provision of defense, the seen and unseen costs of war, the idea of the liberal peace, and the realities and limitations of foreign intervention. I conclude with a discussion of some open areas for future research.
Inter-rater reliability of activity measure for post-acute care '6-Clicks' inpatient mobility short form in the intensive care unit.

Objective Examine the inter-rater reliability of the activity measure for post-acute care (AM-PAC) inpatient mobility short form (IMSF) when completed by physical therapists (PTs), during routine clinical practice, in a variety of patients with critical illness. Methods A prospective observational evaluation at single, large academic hospital in the United States. Patients (n = 76) in surgical, medical and neurological intensive care units (ICUs) were evaluated as part of routine clinical practice using the AM-PAC IMSF administered by eight PTs with at least 6 months of experience using this tool. One of two reference rater PTs observed the physical therapy session, and simultaneously scored the AM-PAC IMSF. The reference rater and clinical PTs were blinded to each other's scores with a minimum of 10 assessments completed by each clinical PT. Bland-Altman plots were constructed and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were computed using a random intercept (physical therapy session) model. Results Eighty one assessments (five patients assessed twice) were scored by both a clinical PT and reference rater PT (total assessments = 162). Bland-Altman plots revealed a mean difference in AM-PAC IMSF scoring of 0.0 (95% limits of agreement: -3.0 to +3.0), with an ICC (95% confidence interval) of 0.957 (0.947-0.964). The ICC (95% confidence interval) for patients in surgical, medical and neurological ICUs was very similar: 0.949 (0.927-0.959), 0.963 (0.946-0.971) and 0.936 (0.886-0.955), respectively. Conclusions The AM-PAC IMSF demonstrates excellent reliability compared with reference rater PTs when performed by PTs during clinical care across surgical, medical and neurological ICUs.
A Near-Explicit Mechanistic Evaluation of Isoprene Photochemical Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Evolution: Simulations of Multiple Chamber Experiments with and without Added NOx

Experimentally determined yields of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the photochemical oxidation of isoprene in the absence of aqueous acidic aerosol vary substantially, both within a given exp...
Systematic review of COVID-19 related myocarditis: Insights on management and outcome.

Abstract Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also referred to as COVID-19, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The manifestations of COVID-19 are widely variable and range from asymptomatic infection to multi-organ failure and death. Like other viral illnesses, acute myocarditis has been reported to be associated with COVID-19 infection. However, guidelines for the diagnosis of COVID-19 myocarditis have not been established. Methods Using a combination of search terms in the PubMed/Medline, Ovid Medline and the Cochrane Library databases and manual searches on Google Scholar and the bibliographies of articles identified, we reviewed all cases reported in the English language citing myocarditis associated with COVID-19 infection. Results Fourteen records comprising a total of fourteen cases that report myocarditis/myopericarditis secondary to COVID-19 infection were identified. There was a male predominance (58%), with the median age of the cases described being 50.4 years. The majority of patients did not have a previously identified comorbid condition (50%), but of those with a past medical history, hypertension was most prevalent (33%). Electrocardiogram findings were variable, and troponin was elevated in 91% of cases. Echocardiography was performed in 83% of cases reduced function was identified in 60%. Endotracheal intubation was performed in the majority of cases. Glucocorticoids were most commonly used in treatment of myocarditis (58%). Majority of patients survived to discharge (81%) and 85% of those that received steroids survived to discharge. Conclusion Guidelines for diagnosis and management of COVID-19 myocarditis have not been established and our knowledge on management is rapidly changing. The use of glucocorticoids and other agents including IL-6 inhibitors, IVIG and colchicine in COVID-19 myocarditis is debatable. In our review, there appears to be favorable outcomes related to myocarditis treated with steroid therapy. However, until larger scale studies are conducted, treatment approaches have to be made on an individualized case-by-case basis.
Mobile application for quantification of the pivot shift examination: intraoperative usability and utility during real-world deployment

Objective The objective of the current study was to evaluate the utility and ease of use of a novel non-invasive tablet-based application for quantification of the pivot shift (QPS) in a multicentre setting. Methods Nine senior orthopaedic surgeons were recruited from academic medical centres and enrolled a total of 90 subjects. All surgeons received video and electronic training on how to perform QPS measurement using a novel tablet-based visual tracking system. Skin markers were used for visual tracking. Each orthopaedic surgeon performed a pivot shift test and obtained a QPS measurement for 10 subjects with known anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Anterior translation of the lateral tibial compartment during the reduction event (in millimetre) was recorded. After all subjects were evaluated, the surgeons completed a survey about the ease of use, utility and willingness to use the mobile-based application in clinical practice. All automated visual tracking used to calculate anterior translation of the lateral tibial compartment was manually evaluated to ensure accurate tracking of skin markers. Statistical comparison was made between groups using Student's t-test with significance defined as p Results The results showed that there is adequate tracking of skin markers to provide a QPS measurement across multiple academic medical centres and surgeons in only 70% of subjects. In 27 of 90 subjects, there were tracking errors which resulted in an invalid QPS measurement. Tracking errors were due to background noise, including objects in the room which were the same colour as the skin markers or use of skin preparation solution similar in colour to the skin markers. The QPS measurement was 3.2±1.8 mm, 2.4±1.3 mm in isolated ACL deficiency, and 3.2±2.0 mm with combined ACL and meniscus injury (not significant). There was significant variation among the QPS measurements of different surgeons (p=0.008). Conclusion This study showed that mobile-based QPS measurement software can be used intraoperatively to allow surgeons greater objective feedback regarding the rotatory laxity of the knee prior to and following ACL reconstruction. Software upgrades with improved real-time feedback could help prevent errors in measurement and improve utility of QPS for assessment of injury severity in subjects. Level of evidence Level III.
Beyond strong coupling in a multimode cavity

The interaction of light and matter is fundamental in physics. New results show that quantum coherence can arise in a cavity containing multiple modes of light and an artificial atom.