cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE NATURAL RIGHT OF PROPERTY

The two main theses of “The Natural Right of Property” are: (i) that persons possess an original, non-acquired right not to be precluded from making extra-personal material their own (or from exercising discretionary control over what they have made their own); and (ii) that this right can and does take the form of a right that others abide by the rules of a (justifiable) practice of property which facilitates persons making extra-personal material their own (and exercising discretionary control over what they have made their own). I articulate some of the good reasons we have to affirm persons' possession of an original, non-acquired right of self-ownership and argue that the same good reasons support the ascription to persons of a natural right of property. I contrast an “inherent feature” conception of the actions through which (initial) rights over extra-personal objects arise with a “practice” conception of (initial) entitlement-generating actions. I argue that the fact that the natural right to property can and does take the form of persons' rights that others abide by the rules of a (justifiable) practice of property explains how there are many instances of (initial) entitlement generation which are not plausibly explained by those wed to the inherent feature conception of entitlement-generating actions and why there is a strong conventional dimension in the procedures through which persons acquire (initial) property rights.
Estimating decay rates of elephant dung piles in forest

Summary Data from a dropping decay experiment were re-analysed following the finding by other workers that decay is not an exponential process. Methods based on the assumption of constant age-specific decay gave biased estimates of the mean decay rate for the population of droppings. The best estimate was obtained by weighting the decay rate by the frequency of droppings in each age-class. Resume On a reanalyse les resultats d'une experience sur la decomposition des excrements suite au fait que d'autres chercheurs avaient trouve que la decomposition n'est pas un processus exponentiel. Les methodes basees sur l'hypothese d'une decomposition constante liee a l'âge donnent des estimations biaisees du taux moyen de decomposition pour l'ensemble des excrements. On a obtenu la meilleure estimation en mettant en balance le taux de decomposition et la frequence des dejections pour chaque classe d'âge.
On-axis radiation-force-based quantitative stiffness estimation with a Bayesian displacement estimator

In traditional shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI), shear wave velocity is measured away from the acoustic radiation force (ARF) axis. Instead, we measure the time-to-peak displacement of tissue directly along the ARF axis. Measuring displacements along this axis rather than off-axis simplifies hardware required for quantifying tissue stiffness. Previously this method has been demonstrated, but the measurement variance was too high for practical feasibility. To reduce stiffness estimation error, we apply our Bayesian displacement estimator. To evaluate the Bayesian estimator, we used 3D finite element analysis to model soft tissue response to the acoustic radiation force and Field II to simulate the radio-frequency (RF) data of the tissue response. The Bayesian displacement estimator is applied to RF data to improve tissue displacement estimates, which then improves time-to-peak displacement estimates and the final stiffness estimate. Time-to-peak displacement is proportional to shear wave speed if we assume the medium is linear, elastic, and isotropic. Here, shear wave speed is directly related to shear stiffness, and we create look-up tables to estimate stiffness using time-to-peak displacement as a function of depth. We modeled an L12-5 50 mm linear transducer with a transmit frequency of 7.8 MHz, 2 cm focus, and push F/2.5. The average displacement data from 20 speckle realizations of each tissue stiffness were used to generate the stiffness look-up tables. Our Bayesian displacement estimator had lower mean square error (MSE) in stiffness estimates compared to using a traditional Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC) estimator.
Sources of Economic Fluctuations in the United States

There has been much recent discussion about the ultimate sources of macroeconomic variability. A number of authors attribute most of this variability to only a few sources, sometimes only one. Although there may be only a few important sources, this is far from obvious, since economies seem complicated. The purpose of this paper is to provide quantitative estimates of various sources of variability using a U. S. econometric model. Stochastic simulation is used to estimate how much the overall variances of real GNP and the GNP deflator are reduced when various shocks are suppressed in the model.
Recovery of irradiation-induced defects in high-purity iron and iron–carbon solid solutions

Isochronal annealing of electron irradiated and unirradiated carbon–iron alloys (350 and 700 at ppm carbon), as well as of irradiated high purity iron, has been studied by electrical resistivity measurements in the temperature range from 4.2 to 450 °K. A new recovery stage (3%) is revealed centered at 21 °K in both the alloys and the high purity iron. The presence of carbon in solution suppressed the IE recovery stage (130 °K) while no effect was found on recovery stages below this temperature. This supports the interpretation that irradiation softening found in iron at low temperatures is due to direct effect of self-interstitials. In the temperature range 250 to 300 °K the quenched and irradiated alloy specimens exhibited resistivity increase upon pulse annealing. On the other hand, the as-quenched alloy specimens showed only a simple recovery above 270 °K. A possible explanation for the appearance of this resistivity increase is discussed. Durch Messungen des elektrischen Widerstands wurde die isochrone Ausheilung sowohl von elektronenbestrahlten und unbestrahlten Kohlenstoff-Eisen-Legierungen (350 und 700 At. ppm Kohlenstoff) als auch von bestrahlten hochreinem Eisen im Temperaturbereich von 4,2 bis 450 °K untersucht. Es wurde eine neue Erholungsstufe (3%) bei 21 °K in beiden Legierungen und im reinen Eisen entdeckt. Die Anwesenheit von gelostem Kohlenstoff setzt die IE-Erholungsstufe (130 °K) herab, wahrend unterhalb dieser Temperatur kein Einflus auf die Erholungszustande gefunden wurde. Dies unterstutzt die Interpretation, das die Bestrahlungsentfestigung, die im Eisen bei niedrigen Temperaturen gefunden wird, durch den direkten Einflus von Eigen-Zwischengitterstorstellen verursacht wird. Im Temperaturbereich von 250 bis 300 °K zeigen die abgeschreckten und bestrahlten Legierungsproben eine Widerstandszunahme nach Impulstemperung. Auf der anderen Seite zeigen die Legierungsproben unmittelbar nach der Temperung nur eine einfache Erholung oberhalb 270 °K. Eine mogliche Erklarung fur das Auftreten dieses Widerstandsanstiegs wird diskutiert.
Binding of Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare to human leukocytes.

Abstract We examined nonopsonic binding of Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare (MAI) by human leukocytes. Macrophages (M phi) avidly bound fluorescently labeled MAI in the absence of serum proteins. Binding appeared to be mediated by a lineage-specific, proteinaceous receptor on M phi, since (i) binding of labeled bacteria could be competitively inhibited by unlabeled MAI, (ii) treatment of M phi with trypsin ablated the ability of M phi to bind MAI, and (iii) the capacity to bind MAI was observed on monocytes, M phi, and stimulated polymorphonuclear cells but not on lymphocytes or unstimulated polymorphonuclear cells. The receptor for MAI appeared mobile in the plane of the membrane, since spreading of M phi on a carpet of immobilized, unlabeled MAI down modulated binding of labeled MAI added in suspension. The receptor required neither calcium nor magnesium for activity and appeared different from other known receptors for intracellular pathogens.
Film boiling from vertical tubes

Heat transfer measurements were made with vertical stainless steel bayonet tubes, 3/8 to 3/4 in. O.D., with lengths from 2.6 to 6.5 in. The heat source was steam. The boiling film ΔT ranged from 154° to 314°F. for three organic liquids and from 547° to 788°F. for nitrogen, all at 1 atm. No forced convection was used. Benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and nitrogen on the longer tubes had h values two or three times greater than predicted by the Bromley equation; however, the Reynolds numbers were found to exceed 2,000. Nitrogen on the 2.6-in. length obeyed the equation; the Reynolds numbers were less than 2,000, the flow was proved by photography to be turbulent and the h values were much higher than predicted for viscous flow. A correlation is given which fits all the data except for methanol. It shows that a vertical orientation is superior to the horizontal for liquids boiling outside tubes.
Towards designing an optical-flow based colonoscopy tracking algorithm: a comparative study

Automatic co-alignment of optical and virtual colonoscopy images can supplement traditional endoscopic procedures, by providing more complete information of clinical value to the gastroenterologist. In this work, we present a comparative analysis of our optical flow based technique for colonoscopy tracking, in relation to current state of the art methods, in terms of tracking accuracy, system stability, and computational eciency. Our optical-flow based colonoscopy tracking algorithm starts with computing multi-scale dense and sparse optical flow fields to measure image displacements. Camera motion parameters are then determined from optical flow fields by employing a Focus of Expansion (FOE) constrained egomotion estimation scheme. We analyze the design choices involved in the three major components of our algorithm: dense optical flow, sparse optical flow, and egomotion estimation. Brox’s optical flow method, 1 due to its high accuracy, was used to compare and evaluate our multi-scale dense optical flow scheme. SIFT 6 and Harris-ane features 7 were used to assess the accuracy of the multi-scale sparse optical flow, because of their wide use in tracking applications; the FOEconstrained egomotion estimation was compared with collinear, 2 image deformation 10 and image derivative 4 based egomotion estimation methods, to understand the stability of our tracking system. Two virtual colonoscopy (VC) image sequences were used in the study, since the exact camera parameters(for each frame) were known; dense optical flow results indicated that Brox’s method was superior to multi-scale dense optical flow in estimating camera rotational velocities, but the final tracking errors were comparable, viz., 6mm vs. 8mm after the VC camera traveled 110mm. Our approach was computationally more ecient, averaging 7.2 sec. vs. 38 sec. per frame. SIFT and Harris ane features resulted in tracking errors of up to 70mm, while our sparse optical flow error was 6mm. The comparison among egomotion estimation algorithms showed that our FOE-constrained egomotion estimation method achieved the optimal balance between tracking accuracy and robustness. The comparative study demonstrated that our optical-flow based colonoscopy tracking algorithm maintains good accuracy and stability for routine use in clinical practice.
Anticoagulation vs. vena caval filters in cancer patients with venous thromboembolism: Improved survival with anticoagulation

8553 Background: Cancer patients (pts) have an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Inferior vena caval (IVC) filters are used extensively in the US; over 40,000 are inserted annual...
Role of alveolar epithelial cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in host defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is expressed at high levels on type I alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) in the normal alveolar space. We postulate that AEC ICAM-1 enhances the antimicrobia...
Changing the Face of Database Cloud Services with Personalized Service Level Agreements

We develop and evaluate an approach for generating Personalized Service Level Agreements (PSLAs) that separate cloud users from the details of compute resources behind a cloud database management service. PSLAs retain the possibility to trade-off performance for cost and do so in a manner specific to the user’s database.
High-resolution renal perfusion mapping using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in ischemia-reperfusion injury monitors changes in renal microperfusion

Alterations in renal microperfusion play an important role in the development of acute kidney injury with long-term consequences. Here we used contrast-enhanced ultrasonography as a novel method for depicting intrarenal distribution of blood flow. After infusion of microbubble contrast agent, bubbles were collapsed in the kidney and postbubble destruction refilling was measured in various regions of the kidney. Local perfusion was monitored in vivo at 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes and 24 hours after 28 minutes of bilateral ischemia in 12 mice. High-resolution, pixel-by-pixel analysis was performed on each imaging clip using customized software, yielding parametric perfusion maps of the kidney, representing relative blood volume in each pixel. These perfusion maps revealed that outer medullary perfusion decreased disproportionately to the reduction in the cortical and inner medullary perfusion after ischemia. Outer medullary perfusion was significantly decreased by 69% at 60 minutes postischemia and remained significantly less (40%) than preischemic levels at 24 hours postischemia. Thus, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with high-resolution parametric perfusion maps can monitor changes in renal microvascular perfusion in space and time in mice. This novel technique can be translated to clinical use in man.
Exploring Therapeutic and Militaristic Contexts in a Veteran Treatment Court

Recently, the number of veteran treatment courts (VTCs) has greatly expanded. These courts, based on drug treatment court processes, attempt to handle the underlying causes of criminal conduct as well as the instant offense. There is, however, no research that addresses how the military manifests in VTC. We suggest that participants import military culture into VTC processes and that the military will have an influence on VTC proceedings. The purpose of this study is to examine how military and specialty court approaches appear in the VTC. Using results from field research in a VTC in Texas, we find the military has profound influences in VTC proceedings. Military references serve the purpose of structuring the court docket, helping develop rapport between court staff and participants, as well as creating a familiar context for participants. We highlight the value and potential problems of relying on military culture. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Elevated-temperature elastic moduli of 2024 aluminum obtained by a laser-pulse technique

Elastic waves were generated in slender polycrystalline 2024 aluminum rods by the deposition of laser energy into the ends of the rods with a Q-switched laser. The propagation velocities of the waves were measured in the temperature range of 22° to 500°C. The elastic moduli of the material determined from these wave-propagation measurements are compared with previously reported single-crystal and polycrystalline aluminum data at elevated temperatures. Elastic moduli for polycrystalline 2024 aluminum agree with other reported data below about 200°C. Above this temperature, the 2024 aluminum moduli were found to decrease more rapidly with temperature than did those for single-crystal aluminum, although not as drastically as has been previously reported for polycrystalline aluminum.
AN INTEGRATED LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY ON THE EXISTENCE OF INTRAMEDULLARY LYMPHATICS IN THE DOG KIDNEY

The existence of intramedullary lymphatics was investigated in canine kidneys by two detailed morphological approaches. The first used a combined light and electron microscopic analysis of medullary tissue fixed in vivo and obtained from animals with dilated as well as freely-flowing intrarenal lymphatics. Examination of 100 vascular bundles and 100 interbundle areas from 90 medullary tissue strips elicited only one strip containing lymphatic vessels. These lymphatics, in a vascular bundle, were confirmed ultrastructurally and were followed in serial one micron sections which revealed their course to be immediately adjacent to or within the arcuate region. The dearth of medullary lymphatics was in marked contrast to the existence of cortical lymphatics found in similarly processed tissue. By the second approach sections of arcuate lymphatics were examined for medullary tributaries. In serial sections from 60 tissue blocks arcuate lymphatics received only cortical tributaries. Reconstruction diagrams made from 8 blocks showed 14 tributaries from the cortex and none from the medulla. It was concluded from this study that an intramedullary system of lymphatics does not exist within the dog kidney. It is proposed that a meduallary contribution to renal lymph occurrs by movement of fluid through the medullary interstitium to lymphatics associated with arcuate or possibly interlobar blood vessels.
Experience with the radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.

AbstractOur results with radioimmunoassay studies for parathyroid hormone performed during the last β years are compared retrospectively to results of the laboratory tests customarily secured when hyperparathyroidism is suspected. The results obtained in patients with known primary hyperparathyroidism and in patients with unconfirmed but presumptive hyperparathyroidism are compared to the results obtained from a group of normal controls.Despite the fact that certain discrepant results were noted in the earlier assay techniques the over-all results and, in particular, those of more recent years have been highly sensitive and reproducible corroboratives of the existence of primary hyperparathyroidism.About two-thirds of the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism will present to the urologist. All patients with calcium-containing stones should have at least 3 determinations of the serum calcium in screening for primary hyperparathyroidism. The radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone provides the most rel...
Spontaneous slow potentials and spreading depression in amphibian retina

1. In frog and mudpuppy eye cups perfused with low-chloride solution, two types of slow potential phenomena were studied. One type, "spontaneous slow potentials" (SSPs), appeared both in the dark and during light stimuli. The other type, the slow potential change (SPC) of spreading depression (SD), appeared at termination of long-duration light stimuli. 2. The SSPs were analyzed by depth-profile studies, pharmacologic studies, and the use of potassium-specific electrodes. Results indicated that SSPs may represent spontaneous d-waves that travel across the retina. The SSPs are associated with potassium activity, and the main response is probably generated by Muller cells. Initiation and/or propagation appear to require chemically mediated synaptic transmission and impulse activity. 3. Depth-profile studies were also done of the SPC of SD induced by termination of long-duration light stimuli. Results indicated that the SPC is not an exaggerated d-wave. The SPC consists of two components, the second of which reverses more superficially than the d-wave. The main SPC response is probably generated by Muller cells. Although impulse activity does not appear to be necessary for SD, it may contribute to this complex response.
35. Continuous EEG implementation–interpretation

Patients admitted to the hospital with acute neurological problems have a high risk of having seizures. Since most of the seizures are nonconvulsive, continuous EEG (cEEG) monitoring is necessary to detect them. Up to 20% of critically ill patients undergoing cEEG monitoring are found to have seizures or status epilepticus. CEEG monitoring is being recognized as a necessary tool in the evaluation of neurologically critically ill patients. In this presentation, the implementation of a cEEG monitoring service will be discussed. Additionally, the proper selection of patients, duration of monitoring and the conditions for which cEEG monitoring is most useful will be discussed.
Cerebral Vascular System

Abstract Cerebral blood flow should not be viewed only as a variable that regulates the supply of energy substrates passively following changes in neuronal metabolism, but also as a controller of neuronal operations through a number of feed-forward mechanisms such as the removal of released transmitters, control of precursor availability for the synthesis of key molecules, and alteration of composition of the gaseous and ionic environment modulating the functions of every brain region. Thus, knowledge of the distribution of blood vessels, and the mechanisms that control their myogenic activity, are an essential beginning when attempting to understand the pathophysiology of the nervous system. This chapter starts with a description of the arterial and venous architecture, including the extracranial origins and sources of circulatory redundance, followed by a discussion of the better known aspects of vascular innervation. Finally, the role of neurotransmitters in the coupling of blood flow and metabolism is analyzed.
Bullying on the school bus: deleterious effects on public school bus drivers

ABSTRACTBullying is a serious communication problem facing teachers, administrators, parents, and students alike. Although much research has examined bullying intervention and prevention efforts in schools, bullying on the bus has received little empirical attention, even though victimization regularly occurs in this school-related environment. The purpose of this study was to examine how bus drivers are affected by student bullying during their routes. Participants included 117 public school bus drivers who reported on victimization from students during their bus route and resulting driver outcomes. Results of path analyses revealed significant mediation models; the bullying of bus drivers had effects on driver outcomes (i.e. anxious driving, occupational self-efficacy, emotional exhaustion, and cynicism) indirectly through its effects on job stress. Moreover, results of conditional process analyses revealed that these mediated effects were moderated by years of bus driving experience (i.e. moderated med...
Remnant lipoprotein size distribution profiling via dynamic light scattering analysis.

Abstract Background Remnant lipoproteins (RLP) are a metabolically derived subpopulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) in human blood that are involved in the metabolism of dietary fats or triglycerides. RLP, the smaller and denser variants of TRL particles, are strongly correlated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and were listed as an emerging atherogenic risk factor by the AHA in 2001. Methods Varying analytical techniques used in clinical studies in the size determination of RLP contribute to conflicting hypotheses in regard to whether larger or smaller RLP particles contribute to CVD progression, though multiple pathways may exist. Results We demonstrated a unique combinatorial bioanalytical approach involving the preparative immunoseparation of RLP, and dynamic light scattering for size distribution analysis. Conclusions This is a new facile and robust methodology for the size distribution analysis of RLP that in conjunction with clinical studies may reveal the mechanisms by which RLP cause CVD progression.
A Parametric Model of Child Body Shape in Seated Postures.

ABSTRACTObjective: The shape of the current physical and computational surrogates of children used for restraint system assessments is based largely on standard anthropometric dimensions. These scalar dimensions provide valuable information on the overall size of the individual but do not provide good guidance on shape or posture. This study introduced the development of a parametric model that statistically predicts individual child body shapes in seated postures with a few given parameters.Methods: Surface geometry data from a laser scanner of children ages 3 to 11 (n = 135) were standardized by a 2-level fitting method using intermediate templates. The standardized data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) to efficiently describe the body shape variance. Parameters such as stature, body mass index, erect sitting height, and 2 posture variables related to torso recline and lumbar spine flexion were associated with the PCA model using regression.Results: When the original scan data were co...
The importance of historical methods for building theories of urban environmental inequality

Despite the large body of research, testable theories of the development of urban environmental inequality are still lacking. Instead, we have only a group of unconnected explanations for environmental inequality; the time in history in which they may operate, and the extent to which they can be generalized remain unspecified. Many (although not all) quantitative environmental justice studies use very small units of analysis, are cross-sectional, and use simplistic concepts of race and social class. The generalizability of historical qualitative studies tracing the process through which environmental inequality developed has not been specified. In this paper, I argue for the use of historical methods such as causal process tracing (CPT) to bridge the shortcomings of both quantitative empirical findings and qualitative historical case studies as material to build middle-range theory. Using material from my recent multi-method work tracing the development of environmental inequality in the Philadelphia area...
IRS's CP-2000 E-Mail Scams - Never in Dubai - Common in Canada & the UK

On September 22, 2016 the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and its Security Summit partners issued an alert to taxpayers and tax professionals to be on guard against fake e-mails purporting to contain a tax bill related to the Affordable Care Act. Surprisingly, this e-mail scam works. It really should not. Modern technology is facilitating many contemporary tax scams. In recent years the US has seen false (refund) return scams, phone scammers impersonation IRS agents, and now e-mail scams with fraudulent CP-2000 notices attached to a demand for payment. The same phone and e-mail frauds have appeared in both Canada and the UK. The timing of the Canadian and UK frauds suggest a migration of the phone fraud from the US to the UK and Canada. That is the analysis of the UK’s Action Fraud Agency, part of the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau (NFIB) within the City of London Police Department. The Indian government has begun an enforcement action against a number of call centers outside Mumbai related to the IRS impersonation phone scam. If past patterns prevail one might expect that closing the five call centers identified in the HGlobal indictment would only mean that other call centers would take up the business, and the fraud would continue. The same frauds, from the same Indian call centers also appear to be behind a phone fraud up-tick in Australia, and New Zealand. Following the same pattern, Irish phone frauds recently morphed into e-mail scams purportedly coming from Irish Revenue, which the Irish believe migrated into Ireland from the UK. This is like a game of “whack-a-mole.” When a tax scam gets put down in one area we tend to see both: (a) a migration of the fraud to other jurisdictions (the US phone scam’s migration to Canada and the UK), and (b) a domestic mutation of the fraud (the US phone scam morph into the CP-2000 e-mail scam.) New scams pop up whenever old scams are put down. There are lessons to be learned. This paper focuses on the new e-mail scams, a mutation of frightening potential. It is a technology-based scam, and it has the capability to eclipse all the older scams. It needs to be taken very seriously. A solution is available. Government technology in the UAE would prevent it. Dubai would help its citizens identify and bock this scam with confidence.
Dosing patterns of octreotide LAR among elderly patients with neuroendocrine tumors: Analysis of the SEER-Medicare database.

e14550 Background: Octreotide LAR is used for treatment of hormonal syndromes associated with NETs and may delay tumor progression. Although various dosages and schedules of administration have bee...
The bioelectric code: An ancient computational medium for dynamic control of growth and form

What determines large-scale anatomy? DNA does not directly specify geometrical arrangements of tissues and organs, and a process of encoding and decoding for morphogenesis is required. Moreover, many species can regenerate and remodel their structure despite drastic injury. The ability to obtain the correct target morphology from a diversity of initial conditions reveals that the morphogenetic code implements a rich system of pattern-homeostatic processes. Here, we describe an important mechanism by which cellular networks implement pattern regulation and plasticity: bioelectricity. All cells, not only nerves and muscles, produce and sense electrical signals; in vivo, these processes form bioelectric circuits that harness individual cell behaviors toward specific anatomical endpoints. We review emerging progress in reading and re-writing anatomical information encoded in bioelectrical states, and discuss the approaches to this problem from the perspectives of information theory, dynamical systems, and computational neuroscience. Cracking the bioelectric code will enable much-improved control over biological patterning, advancing basic evolutionary developmental biology as well as enabling numerous applications in regenerative medicine and synthetic bioengineering.
Significance of immune checkpoints in lung cancer

The treatment landscape for lung cancer is quickly evolving and has been driven by both immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Tremendous, durable responses to immunotherapy that inhibits PD-1 or PD-L1 have been observed in patients with lung cancer; however, significant confusion exists over how to select patients to receive immunotherapy as the majority of patients receive no benefit from it. The number of companion or complementary assays for PD-L1, the different staining patterns of these assays, the agreement of PD-L1 detection between these assays, and the intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression further obfuscates patient selection. Other biomarkers such as tumor mutation burden measured by next-generation sequencing, or blood-based biomarkers, are starting to show some benefit in patient selection. Many clinical trials are evaluating immunotherapy in earlier stages of disease, and in various sequences or combinations in attempts to improve responses and survival. These studies, and the associated correlative work to improve patient selection, may further change how we treat lung cancer in the near future.
Prospective memory, level of disability, and return to work in severe mental illness.

Prospective memory (the ability to remember to do things) has clear implications for everyday functioning, including employment, in people with severe mental illnesses (SMI). This study aimed to ev...
Depression Spectrum Disease

Depression spectrum disease is a distinctive syndrome which can be found by looking for alcoholism in the relatives of depressives, by dividing depressives into early and late onset groups, and possibly by observing response to the dexamethasone suppression test. While the exact nature and etiology of the disorder have yet to be determined, as a nosological entity it has value in predicting course and outcome.
Evaluation of Habilitation Services

Current habilitation services are being buffeted by powerful forces including recipient empowerment, cost containment, and accountability. These forces are causing us to focus increasingly on the issue of what habilitation actually achieves for service recipients, and how those achievements can be identified and measured. Our task in this chapter is to discuss a number of premises and approaches to evaluation within the larger context of integrated services for adults with disabilities.
A Tool for Integrating Log and Video Data for Exploratory Analysis and Model Generation

Analysis of students’ log data to understand their process as they solve problems is an essential part of educational technology research. Models of correct and buggy student behavior can be generated from this log data and used as a basis for intelligent feedback. Another important technique for understanding problem-solving process is video protocol analysis, but historically, this has not been well integrated with log data. In this paper, we describe a tool to 1) facilitate the annotation of log data with information from video data, and 2) automatically generate models of student problem-solving process that include both video and log data. We demonstrate the utility of the tool with analysis of student use of a teachable robot system for geometry.
Cognitive Functions in Adult Cochlear Implant Users, Cochlear Implant Candidates, and Normal-Hearing Listeners.

Objectives Increasing evidence suggests that hearing loss may be linked to cognitive decline, and that cochlear implantation may lead to improvements in cognition. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of severe-to-profound hearing loss and cochlear implantation in post-lingually deafened adults, compared with age-matched normal-hearing (NH) peers. Participants were tested on several non-auditory measures of cognition: working memory (WM) (digit span, object span, symbol span), non-verbal reasoning (Raven's progressive matrices), information-processing speed and inhibitory control (Stroop test), speed of phonological and lexical access (Test of Word Reading Efficiency), and verbal learning and memory (California Verbal Learning Test). Demographic measures were also collected. Methods Cohort study at tertiary neurotology center. Forty-three post-lingually deafened experienced CI users, 19 post-lingually deafened CI candidates, and 40 age-matched NH controls with no cognitive impairment were enrolled. Comparisons among the groups on the cognitive measures were performed. Results Adult CI users and CI candidates demonstrated worse (or a trend towards worse) performance as compared with NH peers on non-verbal reasoning, information-processing speed, speed of lexical access, and verbal learning and memory. However, after controlling for gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and vocabulary knowledge among groups, some of these differences were no longer significant. Similarly, large differences were not found in most cognitive abilities between experienced CI users and CI candidates. Conclusions Adult CI users, CI candidates, and NH peers generally demonstrated equivalent non-auditory cognitive abilities, after controlling for gender, SES, and vocabulary knowledge. These findings provide support for a link between cognitive decline and hearing loss, but this association may be partly attributable to group differences in SES and vocabulary knowledge. Level of evidence 2b.
Reading Derrida close reading Lemov close reading close reading

AsbtractThis article does exactly what the title suggests: It reads Derrida’s idea of close reading into Doug Lemov’s idea of close reading by close reading Lemov’s definition for close reading. Bu...
Stereoselective halo-succinimide mediated γ-halogenations of substituted α-trialkylsilyl-β,γ-unsaturated esters

Abstract The halogenation of various α-ester allylsilanes with halo-succinimides (NXS, X = Cl, Br, and I) has been investigated. It has been shown that these reactions readily allow for good yields and excellent diastereoselectivities (up to >20:1) for a series of α-ester allylsilanes and halo-succinimide reagents, thereby providing a straightforward approach of preparing γ-halo-(E)-α,β-unsaturated esters.
Distributed Zero-Order Algorithms for Nonconvex Multi-Agent optimization

Distributed multi-agent optimization is the core of many applications in distributed learning, control, estimation, etc. Most existing algorithms assume knowledge of first-order information of the objective and have been analyzed for convex problems. However, there are situations where the objective is nonconvex, and one can only obtain zero-order information of the objective. In this paper we consider derivative-free distributed algorithms for nonconvex multi-agent optimization, based on recent progress in zero-order optimization. We develop two algorithms for different settings, provide their convergence rates and compare them with existing centralized zero-order algorithms and first-order distributed algorithms.
Chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy in patients with neurologic comorbidities

Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) are an effective and potentially durable treatment for refractory and multiply relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Neurotoxicity is frequent after CAR-T cell therapy. Mechanisms driving neurotoxicity are incompletely understood, and symptoms can range from transient and mild to severe and life-threatening. Providers have exercised caution in providing CAR-T to patients with neurological comorbidities or extramedullary disease. Here, we report three patients with prior significant neurologic morbidity who safely tolerated CAR-T cell infusion after bridging therapy with conventional chemotherapy.
Bill Clinton, Republican Strategy, and the 1994 Elections: How Midterms Become Referenda on the President

The surprising 1994 midterm congressional election gave Republicans control of the House of Representatives for the first time in four decades and offers an opportunity to study the dynamics of a referendum on the president. District-level contextual data on Republicans’ anti-Clinton campaign themes are used to demonstrate the dynamic of creating a presidential referendum in a midterm election. Making President Clinton a focus of the campaign within the constituency decreased the probability of an individual voter casting a ballot for the Democratic congressional candidate, heightened the impact of Clinton’s popularity on individual vote choice; and decreased the aggregate vote percentages for the Democratic candidates. It is unmistakable that highlighting the president’s job performance and his policies at the district level transformed the midterm congressional election into a presidential referendum.
Service evaluation of laceration risk using trainer adrenaline auto-injectors

Objective Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially fatal allergic reaction best treated with intramuscular epinephrine via epinephrine auto-injectors (AAIs). Our published concerns over laceration injuries to young children associated with AAIs led to this service evaluation of the two administration methods: swing and jab (S&J) and place and press (P&P), to determine potential laceration risk. Design A trainer EpiPen was used with facepaint placed in the needle indentation which would record the length of movement of the AAI. The two different methods ‘administered’ were alternated. Children were asked to move their leg to simulate a withdrawal reaction. Age, whether they moved, and length of paint mark were recorded. Setting Outpatients waiting area in Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital, Cardiff. Participants Children aged 5–11 with no prior knowledge of AAI use. Intervention No intervention was implemented. Results 135 children (mean age 8 years; range 5–11 years) were asked to participate; measurements were taken from 100 children. 50 children moved for one or both methods. For those that moved, S&J mean paint length=8.3 mm (SD 17.4, 95% CI 3.4 to 13.3), P&P mean=3.5 mm (SD 11.0, 95% CI 0.4 to 6.6). Mean difference between methods was 4.8 mm (SD 10.1, 95% CI 1.9 to 7.7). Slightly more children moved for S&J (44) compared with 38 for P&P. Conclusions S&J produces more movement and longer paint marks than P&P. The risk of laceration when administering an EpiPen to young children may be lower by using the more controlled P&P. We feel it is advisable to teach P&P instead in children below 11 years of age.
Work-family conflict, perceived control, and health, family, and wealth: A 20-year study

Abstract Most studies to date have treated work-family conflict (WFC) as a static construct, typically using WFC measures collected at a single point in time to predict other variables either in the same data collection or in a follow-up collection. Drawing on conservation of resources theory, we used panel data spanning approximately 20 years to test a model in which the long-term relations between WFC change and four well-being variables—perceived health, self-esteem, income, and family support—are mediated by change in perceived control. Our results suggest that family-to-work conflict (FIW) change, but not work-to-family conflict (WIF) change, over a period of ten years was negatively associated with change in perceived control over 20 years. Change in perceived control in turn predicted lower levels of perceived health, self-esteem, income, and family support at the end of the 20-year period. We found little support for a proposition based on adaptation theory that initial levels of WFC are positively associated with subsequent levels of well-being.
The Trauma-Informed Law Classroom: Incorporating Principles of Trauma-Informed Practice into the Pandemic Age Law School Classroom

In the years prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, law schools have had a renewed focus on student well-being as a response to the American Bar Association's 2017 report, The Path to Lawyer Well-Being: Practical Recommendations for Positive Change. The report sets out a stark picture of the high rates of untreated mental health and substance abuse challenges within the legal profession, to which law schools were called to respond. Given the rigors of traditional legal education and the profession's frequent over-emphasis on 'achievement at all costs, ' law schools have undertaken to some extent to reevaluate their curriculum, but mostly to institute student well-being initiatives meant to help law students establish healthy coping practices. While the measured success of these initiatives is a topic for another day, the CO VID-19 pandemic creates reason to reframe and renew these efforts. The spread of the novel coronavirus is a collective trauma that has been, and continues to be, experienced globally. Trauma, simply defined, is an experience which pushes the boundaries of our subjective capacity to cope. As law professors in the midst of the pandemic, we no longer have to wonder whether our law students have been exposed to trauma, but rather how our students have been and will continue to be impacted by trauma. While the long-term societal implications of CO VID-19 cannot yet be quantified, it is fair to say that the societal impact of this trauma will be felt for years to come. So too, the impact will be felt in the law school "classroom, " no matter how we teach in the coming years - online, partially online or in person. Law professors are uniquely situated to identify challenges with, and support student well-being. Over the last two decades, the therapeutic approach of trauma-informed practice has been adapted as an approach to legal practice, particularly in practice areas such as family law, immigration law and criminal law, and has also influenced clinical legal teaching. Principles of trauma-informed practice can and should be adapted for use in law school classrooms morewidely. This article outlines how the pandemic can be understood through a trauma lens, and then outlines the basic principles of trauma-informed practice, and its impact on lawyering. The article then explores ways in which principles of trauma-informed practice can be adapted for the law school classroom as a response to the pandemic and beyond.
Influence of mainline schedule flexibility and volume variability on railway classification yard performance

Abstract Single-railcar shipments of freight transported by multiple freight trains and sorted at several classification (marshalling) yards between origin and destination remain an important source of traffic and revenue for North American railways. To aid railroads in making business decisions regarding train operating plans and efficient use of yard capacity, this research investigates the influence of inbound traffic volume variation and schedule flexibility on classification yard performance. Simulation experiments using YardSYM, a discrete-event simulation model developed for hump classification yard analysis, quantify the interaction of these factors through different yard performance metrics. Simulation results suggest increasing schedule flexibility causes classification yard performance to decline while increasing volume variability has a less pronounced effect. For the simulated yard, the combined effect of train arrival time and volume variability increased average railcar dwell by over 3 h, and reduced railcar connections achieved by ten percent. Bunching train departures increased dwell by nearly 2 h and cut on-time train originations in half. To better understand the implications for network performance, additional analysis of the propagation of schedule flexibility and volume variation through classification yards demonstrates how schedule flexibility is amplified and dampened to medium values related to the consistency of the train assembly process.
Multi-label topic classification for COVID-19 literature annotation using an ensemble model based on PubMedBERT

The BioCreative VII Track 5 calls for participants to tackle the multi-label classification task for automated topic annotation of COVID-19 literature. In our participation, we evaluated several deep learning models built on PubMedBERT, a pre-trained language model, with different strategies addressing the challenges of the task. Specifically, multi-instance learning was used to deal with the large variation in the lengths of the articles, and focal loss function was used to address the imbalance in the distribution of different topics. We found that the ensemble model performed the best among all the models we have tested. Test results of our submissions showed that our approach was able to achieve satisfactory performance with an F1 score of 0.9247, which is significantly better than the baseline model (F1 score: 0.8678) and the mean of all the submissions (F1 score: 0.8931).
Bacteria in the genus Streptomyces are effective biological control agents for management of fungal plant pathogens: a meta-analysis

Plant diseases caused by fungal plant pathogens are a significant constraint on the global production of horticultural and agronomic crops. Synthetic chemical fungicides are an important tool for managing these diseases but have negative impacts on the environment and are incompatible with organic agriculture. Application of bacteria in the genus Streptomyces Waksman and Henrici 1943 (Approved Lists 1980) as biological control agents is an alternative disease management strategy that has reduced environmental impacts and is compatible with organic agriculture. The goal of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to test if Streptomyces biological control agents reduce disease caused by fungal plant pathogens and identify factors that alter biological control efficacy of these bacteria. Data were compiled from 160 studies representing 44 publications that tested the effect of Streptomyces on diseases caused by fungal plant pathogens of agronomic and horticultural crops. Overall, Streptomyces biological control agents significantly reduced disease by 56% compared to negative control groups. Additional analyses showed Streptomyces reduced disease caused by soilborne pathogens marginally more than disease from foliar pathogens. Biological control efficacy increased under controlled environments and when Streptomyces bacteria were applied under high disease pressure. Among different fungal pathogens and hosts, Streptomyces were most effective at controlling the soilborne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. and diseases of Solanum lycopersicum L. These results confirm Streptomyces reduce disease caused by fungal plant pathogens and provide novel insight into ways biological control efficacy can be further optimized by considering the production environment and pathogen-host combinations.