cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of liposomes on P-glycoprotein function in multidrug resistant cells.

Abstract Presentation of doxorubicin in liposomes has shown to enhance the sensitivity of multidrug resistant CH LZ cells to the drug (Thierry et al. Cancer Commun. 1:311–316, 1989). We confirmed that liposomally encapsulated doxorubicin may partially overcome multidrug resistance in the human ovarian carcinoma SKVLB cell line and that this effect is, at least in part, due to an increase of cellular drug accumulation. When used at high concentration, empty liposomes appear to be specifically cytotoxic in the MDR SKVLB and CH LZ cells. As observed with certain multidrug resistance modulators, empty liposomes inhibited the specific [ 3 H]-vincristine binding to P-glycoprotein-enriched membranes isolated from CH LZ cells (60% at 0.2 mg lipid/ml). Our data suggest that liposomes may alter the P-glycoprotein function by direct interaction.
Effects of Varying Homogenization Pressure on the Physical Properties of Vanilla Ice Cream

Abstract This study was done to determine how various homogenization conditions affect the physical properties of a 10% milk fat vanilla ice cream. The homogenization pressures studied were double stage 281-35; 141-35, 70-35; 35-35 kg/cm 2 (4000-500, 2000-500, 1000-500, and 500-500psi) and single stage 281; 141; 70 and 35 kg/cm 2 (4000, 2000, 1000, and 500psi). An unhomogenized sample was also included. Experimental samples made without an emulsifier were compared to a reference sample, homogenized at 141-35 kg/cm 2 (2000-500psi) containing an emulsifier system. Factors measured included gloss, overrun, stiffness, fat destabilization, and mix viscosity. All experimental samples were determined to be the same as the reference sample for overrun and stiffness. Differences were found for gloss with 281-35 and 281 kg/cm 2 (4000-500 and 4000psi) samples rated as glossier than the reference sample. Differences were found for fat destabilization, the 281-35 and 281 kg/cm2 (4000-500 and 400psi) samples showing less fat destabilization and the unhomogenized sample more fat destabilization than the reference sample. For mix viscosity, the 281-35 kg/cm 2 (4000-500psi) sample was less viscous than the reference sample.
Nipple aspirate fluid expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor predicts breast cancer diagnosis and advanced disease.

Background: Tumor expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and uPA receptor (uPAR) are breast cancer prognostic factors. Less is known about their usefulness in breast cancer diagnosis. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) is secreted into the breast duct and collected noninvasively, making it potentially useful both in breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis. We determined the association of uPA, PAI-1, and uPAR levels in NAF with breast cancer (1) detection and (2) advanced disease.
Spiritual community in later life: A modest proposal

Abstract Aging is often associated with a series of losses. But these can be redeemed by a vision of the significance and value of later life. In this regard, I examine the deficiencies of certain of our cultural models of a “good old age,” and suggest an alternative paradigm from ancient India. In a Hindu notion of the fourstaged life cycle, the elder years are set aside for spiritual development. The losses of aging are recontexualized as modes of liberation, and as the stimuli to selfdevelopment. To foster this creative alchemy in the West I suggest the formation of “Elder Spirit Centers”—spiritually-oriented communities and resource centers for older adults. After exploring in detail how such model centers would work, I discuss the needed reformation of existing institutions. The goal is to better support psychospiritual growth in later life.
DECREASED LYMPHOCYTIC BETA ADRENORECEPTOR BINDING CAPACITY IN APNEA OF INFANCY

High catecholamine levels can inhibit respiratory drive. Infants with idiopathic apnea of infancy (AOI) have elevated circulating catecholamine levels. Therefore we hypothesize that infants with AOI may have decreased adreno-receptor binding capacity, different receptor affinity or different receptor function. We studied 10 infants with AOI (mean age 8+3 months, x ±SE) and 10 healthy controls (mean age 10±3 months: NS) in order to measure: (a) circulating catecholamine levels, (b) maximal binding capacities, (Bmax) for β receptor on lymphocyte (BS/L) and for α receptor on platelets (BS/P), (c) adreno-receptor affinity to specific antagonist 125ICYP (KD), and (d) Agonist-induced formation of CAMP: isoproterenol stimulated to basal CAMP concentration (I/B). We conclude that infants with AOI have decreased lymphocytic beta-adrenergic binding capacity, lower KD and therefore increased affinity. There was no difference in agonist induced formation of CAMP. We speculate that decreased adreno-receptor binding capacity and increased affinity may play a role in the etiology of AOI.
New calculational scheme for particle range and an application to a positron entering a metal

A new scheme for evaluating the stopping distance of a particle in a uniform medium is presented. The input is the bulk (inelastic) differential transition probability per unit time of the particle in the medium. The range is determined as the mean penetration depth associated with all possible paths available to the particle in the course of its slowdown. The totality of possible paths is represented approximately by means of a tree-type construction which takes account of the role of angular deflections. The rms deviation in the penetration depth is also given. The procedure is applied to a positron entering a metal. We find that for medium energies the range is determined principally by positron--conduction-electron scattering while the spread in penetration depths is limited by positron-phonon scattering. Results also show that for incident energies < or approx. = 25 a.u. significant numbers of nonthermalized positrons reach the surface.
The ultrastructure of the larval malpighian tubules of a saline-water mosquito

Abstract The larval Malpighian tubules of the saline-water mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus were examined using light and electron microscopy. The tubules contain two cell types: primary cells and stellate cells. Primary cells are characterized by their size (70 μm × 70 μm × 10 μm) and an abundance of intracellular membranebound crystals. Two types of microvilli are found on the luminal surface of the primary cells: (1) small microvilli containing core microfilaments and extensions of endoplasmic reticulum, and (2) larger microvilli (≈3 μm in length) which in addition to the above components contain a mitochondrion along their entire length. Both microvillar types have abundant knobs lining the cytoplasmic surface of the microvillar membrane. These knobs, which are often found in insect ion transporting tissues, have been termed ‘portasomes’ by Harvey (1980). The possible role of these structures in ion transport and mitochondrial positioning is discussed. The stellate cells are much smaller than the primary cells, and lack intracellular crystals. Their microvilli are smaller as well (≈0.6 μm in length) and contain no endoplasmic reticulum. mitochondria or knobs. The cells types found in the saline-water mosquito larva, Aedes taeniorhynchus , are identical to those found in Aedes aegypti , indicating that the unique capacity of saline-water mosquito larvae to transport Mg 2+ and SO 4 |post|staggered|2− is not associated with the presence of an additional cell type.
Constitutive Discourse of Turkish Nationalism: Atatürk's Nutuk and the Rhetorical Construction of the “Turkish People”

This article explores the “Great Speech” Nutuk, delivered in 1927 by Turkey's founder, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. In analyzing Nutuk and its rhetorical features, we identify the mythic underpinnings Ataturk employed to construct a modern “Turkish people.” We use this case to further our understanding of the constitutive discourses of nationalism. We believe Ataturk's Nutuk provides a profitable discourse to think with as we attempt to understand Muslim nations and their negotiation of modernity.
Exposure to Racial Ambiguity Influences Lay Theories of Race

Biological lay theories of race have proven to have pernicious consequences for interracial relations, yet few studies have examined how intergroup contact itself (particularly with those who naturalistically challenge these conceptions) affects beliefs about race. Three studies (a correlational study, an interaction study, and an experimental study) examine whether exposure to racially ambiguous individuals reduces Whites’ biological lay theories of race across time. Study 1 demonstrates that increased exposure to racial ambiguity across 2 weeks reduced White individuals’ biological lay theories. Study 2 shows that Whites who interacted in a laboratory setting with a racially ambiguous individual were less likely to endorse biological lay theories, an effect that sustained for 2 weeks. Study 3 finds that the reduction in biological lay theories after exposure to racial ambiguity is mediated by the tendency for Whites’ lay theories of race to conform to beliefs they presume racially ambiguous individuals hold.
The U. S. Economy After Bush

The Bush-Cheney years have been marked by a disappointing economic performance, reflected in a business cycle expansion that is by many measures the weakest since World War II. Moreover, not only has the expansion been weak, it also appears to be ending with a severe financial crisis and the possibility of a prolonged economic slump. Putting a bottom to the slump will be the next president's most immediate task. However, there is a deeper question, argues the author. How can we restore sustainable growth that generates shared prosperity? It will require more than a return to the economic policies of the 1990s.
Attitudes of Children With Dysphonia

Summary Because voice disorders in childhood may have a negative impact on communicative effectiveness, social development, and self-esteem, the objective was to determine the impact of voice disorders on lives of children from the perspective of chronically dysphonic children and their parents. This study consisted of focused interviews with chronically dysphonic children and their caregivers. Focused interviews were conducted with 10 children in each of the following age groups: Toddler (2–4 years old), Young Child (5–7 years old), School-Aged Child (8–12 years old), and Adolescent (13–18 years old). Interview questions were formulated to elicit attitudes in the following conceptual domains: emotional, social/functional, and physical. Interviews were transcribed and subjected to systematic qualitative analyses that identified common themes within each age group for each conceptual domain. For Toddlers, interviews relied heavily on parents and the biggest concerns were found in the physical and functional domains. Young Children expressed that their biggest issues related to voice were physical ("run out of air," "sometimes voice does not work"). Ninety percent of Young Children were repeatedly asked to use a quieter voice. Emotional factors and physical factors were prominent in the interviews of School-Aged Children and Adolescents. Children and Adolescents often felt that their dysphonic voice received undue attention and also limited their participation in important events. Anger, sadness, and frustration were also expressed. Chronic dysphonia negatively affects the lives of children. This work will serve as the basis for development of a valid, reliable, and age-appropriate measure of voice-related quality of life in children.
Coordinating the delivery of vaccinations and other preventive health care recommendations for adolescents.

Abstract Although recommendations for annual preventive care for adolescents have been in place for decades, the need to bring adolescents to the medical setting for newly recommended vaccines has placed this issue in the public health spotlight. Aggressive efforts have been ongoing to increase adolescent adherence to new vaccine recommendations — a measured outcome variable, and the hope has been that enhanced adherence to comprehensive health care visits will follow. Evidence indicates that the implementation of more comprehensive preventive health care elements among adolescents may be improving; however, a passive approach to bringing more adolescents to preventive health visits using vaccine as an incentive may not be effective for all youth. This paper reviews the history of recommendations for new vaccines as well as comprehensive health care visit recommendations for adolescents, how these recommendations may synergistically improve preventive care for adolescents, and how we may need to continue to think creatively to further access all youth for preventive health care using vaccination implementation as a model for reaching out beyond the providers' office walls.
Light responses of ganglion cells in the retina of the turtle

1. Recordings were made from single axons of 218 ganglion cells in the optic nerve of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. Responses to light stimuli were used to classify 182 of the cells into four functional groups. 2. Movement-sensitive cells (113 units) responded best to moving stimuli independent of the stimulus colour or direction of motion. Their receptive fields were organized into antagonistic centres and surrounds with the same spectral sensitivity. Based on their patterns of response they were of three types: ON-centre, OFF-centre, and ON—OFF. 3. Directionally selective cells (sixty-five units) responded best to stimuli that moved in one preferred direction and not to stimuli that moved in the opposite direction. Their receptive fields had antagonistic centres and surrounds with the same spectral sensitivity. An area of silent inhibition could be shown on one side of the receptive fields. The preferred directions appeared to fall into three groups separated by about 120 degrees. Response patterns were of two types; OFF-centre and ON—OFF. 4. Sensitizable colour cells (two units) had centre-surround organization with red-green opponent responses from both the centre and the surround (double opponent cells). In addition, the sensitivity to either of the opponent colours was effectively turned on or off by a steady background of the other opponent colour. 5. Orientation cells (two units) responded best to moving bars of specific orientations in the visual field. Their receptive fields consisted of adjacent mutually antagonistic areas with linear boundaries. 6. Under photopic conditions all of the ganglion cells were most sensitive to light near 630 nm wave-length, the spectral maximum of the red-sensitive single cones in the turtle retina. About 75% of the cells had a secondary spectral peak near 560 nm, the spectral maximum of the green-sensitive single cones. Three cells had unusually broad sensitivity extending into the blue portion of the spectrum. Over half of the cells received additional input from rods as evidenced by a shift in spectral sensitivity and increases in latencies and receptive field sizes with dark-adaptation. 7. Measurements of the absolute sensitivity of the ganglion cells showed that a threshold response required absorption of several hundred photons in the red-sensitive cones of the receptive field centre. After 10 min dark adaptation the rods required absorption of about 20 photons.
A study of norepinephrine metabolism in rat brain using a double label technique.

Abstract Using a double-label procedure, the incorporation of endogenously-derived 35 SO 4 into phenylethylene glycol sulfates (PGS) was estimated. When [ 3 H]norepinephrine and [ 35 S]cysteine were injected concomitantly into the brain, about 30–80 percent of the tritium and about 4 percent of the 35 S retained in the brain 1 hr later were in PGS. In B 6 -deficient rats, the proportion of 35 S was increased as was the 35 S 3 H ratio. Probenecid caused a significant increase in the amount of PGS found in the brain, but a minimal enrichment of 35 S was observed, suggesting that there was little or no effect on sulfotransferases. Cysteine in high concentrations inhibits the incorporation of tritium into PGS.
On Measuring the Neutron Beta-Decay Lifetime using Ultracold Neutrons Produced and Stored in a Superfluid-4He-Filled Magnetic Trap

We propose an experimental technique to measure the neutron β-decay lifetime using ultracold neutrons (UCN) produced and stored in a superfluid-4He-filled magnetic trap. UCN will be produced by inelastic scattering of cold (8.9 A) neutrons in the 4He. The neutron β-decay should result in scintillation that can be detected with high efficiency. This direct measure of the UCN number vs. time can be used to determine the β lifetime. Systematic effects which include leakage of marginally trapped UCN, absorption by impurities (particularly 3He), and inelastic upscattering, are expected to be at the 0.001% level. The expected accuracy based on counting statistics obtainable using existing cold neutron beams is at the 0.004% level.
Promotion ofin vitro shoot formation from excised roots of silktree (Albizzia julibrissin) by an oxime ether derivative and other ethylene inhibitors.

This report describes the regeneration response of excised seedling roots of silktree (Albizzia julibrissin) to added ethylene precursors/generators (1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid [ACC], 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid [CEPA]), biosynthesis inhibitors (aminoethoxyvinylglycine [AVG], an oxime ether derivative [OED={[(ispropylidene)-amino]oxy}-acetic acid-2-(methoxy)-2-oxoethyl ester], CoCl2 [Co++]), and an ethylene action inhibitor (AgNO3 [Ag+]). When placed on B5 medium, about 50% of the control explants formed shoot buds within 15 days. Addition of ACC or CEPA (1–10 µM) to the culture medium decreased both the percentage of cultures forming shoots and the number of shoots formed per culture. In contrast, AVG and OED (1–10 µM) increased shoot formation to almost 100% and increased the number of shoots formed per culture. Likewise, both Co++ and Ag+ (1–10 µM) increased shoot regeneration, but the number of shoots produced after 30 days was less than with AVG or OED. The inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis were partially effective in counteracting the inhibitory effect of ACC on shoot formation. These results suggest that modulation of ethylene biosynthesis and/or action can strongly influence the formation of adventitious shoots from excised roots of silktree.
Homogeneous Free Radical Polymerizations in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: 2. Thermal Decomposition of 2,2′-Azobis(isobutyronitrile)

The thermal decomposition of 2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) in supercritical CO 2 was investigated by using UV/vis spectroscopic methods. The measured solvent strength of supercritical CO 2 aided in the interpretation of the observed effects of density on the decomposition kinetics. Analysis of the decomposition products indicated that supercritical CO 2 is an acceptable medium to conduct free radical reactions. The decomposition rate and initiation efficiency of AIBN in supercritical CO 2 as a function of pressure and temperature were determined and modeled using Kirkwood solution theory. The initiation efficiency of AIBN in supercritical CO 2 was shown to be ca. 1.5 times higher than that measured in benzene and was found to be invariant with pressure
Argininosuccinase deficiency in fibroblasts cultured from patients with argininosuccinic aciduria

Fibroblasts cultured from the skin of four mentally retarded patients with argininosuccinic aciduria were markedly deficient in argininosuccinase activity.
Computer-assisted prescription writing.

Abstract A computer-assisted prescription writing system that can do most of what can be done with a prescription pad has been developed. It has advantages, which include speed and legibility. A coding method is used which is easy to remember and which follows the mental process used by the physician in writing a prescription. Complex labels containing multiple instructions can be written, and certain kinds of compounded prescriptions can be written. The program used operates as a code expander, expanding the characters of code into lines of print which are moved to the appropriate place in the empty prescription. When the entire prescription has been assembled it is printed in duplicate at the physicians terminal. One copy is filed, and the second signed and given to the patient.
Search for a substance-dependent force with a new differential accelerometer.

A well-balanced hollow copper sphere freely floating and almost totally submerged in water is observed to move toward the nearby edge of a cliff. This observation is consistent with a substance-dependent, medium-range force postulated in a recent reanalysis of the E\"otv\"os experiment. Further measurements with different elements and geometries will be required to establish definitely the existence, source, and description of such a new force.
Effects of hypoxia on the small acetylcholinesterase-positive megakaryocyte precursor in bone marrow of mice.

The number of small acetylcholinesterase-positive (SAChE+) cells in the marrow of hypoxic mice was measured. Mice were exposed to 6-7% O2 levels by enclosure in cages covered with dimethyl-silicone rubber membranes for 1-14 days. The mice showed a linear increase in packed cell volumes with time in the hypoxic atmosphere, but platelet counts showed a characteristic biphasic response, i.e., increased platelet counts were observed after 1-3 days of hypoxia, and significantly (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.0005) decreased platelet counts were observed thereafter (6-14 days). The total number of megakaryocytes in the marrow of hypoxic mice decreased significantly (P less than 0.005) with time. In agreement with the data on platelet counts, hypoxia caused the total number of SAChE+ cells in the marrow of mice to be biphasic. At Day 2 there was a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the total number of SAChE+ cells/mm3 of bone marrow; however, by days 10-14 the numbers had decreased markedly (P less than 0.005). These data indicate that hypoxia decreases platelet production by action on a precursor cell to the SAChE+ cell. The hypoxia-induced thrombocytopenia is probably caused by stem-cell competition between the erythrocytic and megakaryocytic cell lines.
Measurement of neptunium-237 by SID ionization source

Abstract A surface ionization-diffusion-type ionization source that uses a rhenium filament overplated with platinum has been developed and optimized for neptunium sample analysis. This source is capable of detecting 105 atoms of neptunium.
The Ziegler Spectrum of a Locally Coherent Grothendieck Category

The general theory of locally coherent Grothendieck categories is presented. To each locally coherent Grothendieck category a topological space, the Ziegler spectrum of is associated. It is proved that the open subsets of the Ziegler spectrum of are in bijective correspondence with the Serre subcategories of This is a Nullstellensatz for locally coherent Grothendieck categories. If -modules and its Ziegler spectrum is quasi-compact, a property used to construct large (not finitely generated) indecomposable modules over an artin algebra. Two kinds of examples of locally coherent Grothendieck categories are given: the abstract category theoretic examples arising from torsion and localization and the examples that arise from particular modules over the ring The Nullstellensatz is used to give a proof of the result of Crawley-Boevey that every character -linear combination of irreducible characters.1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 16D90, 18E15.
Comment on the lepton mixing matrix

The problem of finding a suitable parametrization for a nontrivial lepton mixing matrix is considered in the framework of the ''sequential'' Weinberg-Salam theory. It is noted that in the case of n lepton generations there are in fact n+1 different theories, corresponding to different numbers m of right-handed neutrino fields present in the Lagrangian. These (n,m) models conserve CP for leptonic couplings naturally only for m=0 or 1 when n > or = 3. These models would seem to be useful as self-consistent approximations for reducing the number of parameters in the experimental analysis of lepton mixing matrices.
Synthesis of isohasubanan alkaloids via enantioselective ketone allylation and discovery of an unexpected rearrangement

A synthesis of the hasubanan alkaloids hasubanonine, runanine, and aknadinine via a unified route was attempted. Construction of key phenanthrene intermediates by a Suzuki coupling−Wittig olefination−ring-closing metathesis sequence allowed a convergent and flexible approach. Conversion of the phenanthrenes into the target structures was projected to involve six steps including phenolic oxidation, ketone allylation, anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement, and acid-promoted cyclization. The final step was thwarted by a pinacol-like rearrangement that delivered the unnatural isohasubanan alkaloid skeleton. The structures of the products were established by exhaustive NMR experiments and confirmed by GIAO 13C NMR calculations of runanine, isorunanine, and three other isomers. These computations revealed some inconsistencies with the benzene solvent correction which suggest that caution should be used in employing this algorithm. The racemic synthesis of isohasubanonine was transformed into an enantioselective synthe...
Distributed video streaming over Internet

With the explosive growth of video applications over the Internet, many approaches have been proposed to stream video effectively over packet switched, best-effort networks. A number of these use techniques from source and channel coding, or implement transport protocols, or modify system architectures in order to deal with delay, loss, and time-varying nature of the Internet. In this paper, we propose a framework for streaming video from multiple senders simultaneously to a single receiver. The main motivation in doing so is to exploit path diversity in order to achieve higher throughput, and to increase tolerance to packet loss and delay due to network congestion. In this framework, we propose a receiver-driven transport protocol to coordinate simultaneous transmissions of video from multiple senders. Our protocol employs two algorithms: rate allocation and packet partition. The rate allocation algorithm determines sending rate for each sender to minimize the packet loss, while the packet partition algorithm minimizes the probability of packets arriving late. Using NS and actual Internet experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed distributed transport protocol in terms of the overall packet loss rate, and compare its performance against a na*ve distributed protocol.
Reflections on the state of educational technology research and development: A response to Kozma

I have been given the opportunity to respond to Kozma's comments in his Reflections article (this issue), and would like to do so even though I have not had the opportunity to read all of the articles to which he is reacting or to the various chapters frequently referenced from Kozma's forthcoming book on science and mathematics education. Responding to literature that is not available is always difficult, even if one has some idea of its direction. So I will confine my comments to his views of the field of Instructional (or Educational) Technology.
Characterization of the residues in helix 8 of the human β1-adrenergic receptor that are involved in coupling the receptor to G proteins

Several key amino acids within amphipathic helix 8 of the human β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) were mutagenized to characterize their role in signaling by G protein-coupled receptors. Mutagenesis of phenylalanine at position 383 in the hydrophobic interface to histidine (F383H) prevented the biosynthesis of the receptor, indicating that the orientation of helix 8 is important for receptor biosynthesis. Mutagenesis of aspartic acid at position 382 in the hydrophilic interface to leucine (D382L) reduced the binding and uncoupled the receptor from G protein activation. Mutagenesis of the basic arginine residue at position 384 to glutamine (R384Q) or to glutamic acid (R384E) increased basal and agonist-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities. R384Q and R384E displayed features associated with constitutively active receptors because inverse agonists markedly reduced their elevated basal adenylyl cyclase activities. Isoproterenol increased the phosphorylation and promoted the desensitization of the Gly389 or Arg389 allelic variants of the wild type β1-AR but failed to produce these effects in R384Q and R384E, because these receptors were maximally phosphorylated and desensitized under basal conditions. In contrast to the membranous distribution of the wild type β1-AR, R384Q and R384E were localized mostly within intracellular punctate structures. Inverse agonists restored the membranous distribution of R384Q and R384E, indicating that they recycled normally when their constitutive internalization was blocked by inverse agonists. These data combined with computer modeling of the putative three-dimensional organization of helix 8 indicated that the amphipathic character of helix 8 and side chain projections of Asp382 and Arg384 within the hydrophilic interface might serve as a tethering site for the G protein.
The variation of electrical conductivity of air within sealed rooms

Abstract The electrical conductivity of air within sealed rooms has been found to increase regularly, with some fluctuations superimposed, towards a limiting value. This variation is compared with Schweidleb's theory of ion-equilibrium and the increase in conductivity attributed to a decrease in Z , the total concentration of nuclei. It is deduced that the rate of change of Z can best be represented by dz dt = -ψZ 3 2 where ψ is a constant with the value 2.5 × 10 −7 cm 3 2 sec −1 . This equation is shown to be close to that obtained by Nolan from direct observations of nuclei.
Noninvasive diagnosis of a false left ventricular aneurysm.

Abstract A case of a surgically corrected false ventricular aneurysm is presented. The roles of computerized tomography as well as other noninvasive modalities are reviewed.
Comparison between Alternative Methods for Estimating Vehicle Class Distribution Input to Pavement Design

The recently developed mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (M-E PDG) represents a significant improvement over the AASHTO design guide. One of the major improvements to the M-E PDG is traffic characterization. The M-E PDG does not use the equivalent single axle load (ESAL) approach that is employed in the AASHTO design guide. Instead, it follows a more rational approach that is based on describing traffic in terms of number of axles by axle type and axle load distributions. In recent years, several research studies have been conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the M-E PDG to the required traffic inputs. It was determined that vehicle class distribution (VCD) has a significant influence on the design of pavement structures. This study investigated various methods for estimating the VCD factors based on functional classification (FC), truck traffic classification (TTC), cluster analysis, and short-term counts. An extensive traffic monitoring data set that included information from 143 permanent traffic monitoring sites, composed of 93 automated vehicle classifier (AVC) and 50 weigh-in-motion (WIM) sites distributed throughout the state of Ohio, was used to evaluate these methods. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to determine the effect of these methods on the predicted pavement service life. It was found that the functional classification, M-E PDG TTC grouping system and cluster analysis methods may significantly underestimate or overestimate the predicted pavement service life, whereas the short-term count method produces small variations in the predicted pavement service life. This suggests that the short-term count method is the most accurate method for estimating the VCD factors to be used in pavement design.
Heuristic Particle Swarm Optimization for resource-constrained project scheduling problem in chemical industries

This paper considers the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) with features on batch scheduling in the chemical industries such as multi-product facilities, set-up time depending on sequence, combination of divergent and convergent production flow, recycle of material. For this complicated problem, we present a Heuristic Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO) where some strategies including Batch Splitting Mechanism (BSM), Stochastic Precedence Search Scheme (SPSS), Improved Schedule Generation Scheme (ISGS) and Recycle Material Scheme (RMS) are proposed to improve the HPSO. Computations show that 68% solutions from HPSO are equal to or better than the best solutions known so far. And compared with the best algorithms on this problem in the literature, Decomposition Approach (B+BS) and Time Grid Heuristic (TGH), HPSO improves 6.23% over B+BS and 37.64% over TGH as far as average deviation is concerned.
U.S. agricultural finance response to rising petroleum prices

Abstract This study relates the linkages between the rising cost of petroleum derived energy (diesel fuel) and the U.S. agricultural finance sector. A national econometric simulation model is used to develop these linkages vis-a-vis the production sector of U.S. agriculture. As the rising cost energy is simulated, the model depicts short and long run effects on agricultural input usage, production, and finance. As petroleum prices rise, farmers slow their upward trend of energy intensive input usage (fertilizer, pesticide and irrigation). Yields are thus reduced slightly and the cumulative effect is a decrease in total crop supply and an increase in price over time. National farm income rises and a significant effect of rising petroleum prices will be to increase the ability of the U.S. farmer to manage an ever increasing debt load while maintaining a fairly constant debt/asset ratio.
Duration variability of the intracranially reinforced barpressing response in the rat

The study was designed to examine the intracranially reinforced (ICR) response duration in the rat. Twenty-two animals were implanted with hypothalamic stimulating electrodes. In addition to these, four animals had electrodes in the septal rewarding area, and six in the cortex. Animals were divided into six groups. Each group was trained with a different reinforcement schedule. Barpressing response for the ICR was recorded on paper and magnetic tape. Analysis of data was performed by a Linc 8 computer. Results indicated the response to be a highly sensitive parameter to various stimulus conditions. The scope of response duration observed and its variability suggested a role of centrally generated feedback in the emission of the barpress. An attempt was made to interpret the data along a model of information processing, without reference to so-called motivational and reinforcing properties of the ICR stimulus.
Radiometric solvent-partitioning assay for screening cocaine hydrolases and measuring cocaine levels in milligram tissue samples

To permit rapid screening and characterization of novel cocaine hydrolases, as well as accurate measurement of cocaine levels in small samples of tissue, a radiometric assay was developed. The assay is based on selective, organic solvent partition of [3H]benzene-labeled cocaine or of [3H]benzoic acid liberated during enzymatic hydrolysis. With dilute samples the assay can be conducted entirely in scintillation vials and quantitated by addition of appropriate aqueous buffer and toluene-based fluor, making phase separation unnecessary. In this way, several hundred samples can be assayed in an afternoon, nanogram quantities of enzyme can be characterized without prior purification, and cocaine concentrations can be accurately measured in milligram samples of tissue after administration of [3H]cocaine in vivo.
Inbreeding avoidance behaviors.

Inbreeding is defined as mating between individuals related by common ancestry. Thus, the degree to which a particular mating is inbred depends on how far back in a pedigree one begins counting common ancestors. In general practice, the term inbreeding is used to describe mating between close relatives (first cousins or closer). Animal breeders have known for centuries that inbreeding causes a loss of constitutional vigor and fertility in domestic livestock. A growing literature now demonstrates that the offspring of matings between close relatives in species of undomesticated birds and mammals are less fit than outbred offspring. The deleterious consequences of inbreeding suggest the possibility that many species have evolved behaviors that lower the frequency of inbreeding.
Atomic data and spectral line intensities for Ca IX

Electron impact collision strengths, energy levels, oscillator strengths and spontaneous radiative decay rates are calculated for Ca IX. We include in the calculations the 33 lowest configurations in the n = 3, 4, 5 complexes, corresponding to 283 fine structure levels in the 3l3l ', 3l4l'' and 3l4l''' configurations, where l,l' = s, p, d, l '' = s, p, d, f and l''' = s, p, d, f, g. Collision strengths are calculated at five incident energies for all transitions: 5.8, 13.6, 24.2, 38.6 and 57.9 Ry above the threshold of each transition. An additional energy, very close to the transition threshold, has been added, whose value is between 0.0055 Ry and 0.23 Ry depending on the levels involved. Calculations have been carried out using the Flexible Atomic Code and the distorted wave approximation. Excitation rate coefficients are calculated as a function of electron temperature by assuming a Maxwellian electron velocity distribution. Using the excitation rate coefficients and the radiative transition rates calculated in the present work, statistical equilibrium equations for level populations are solved at electron densities covering the 10(exp 8)-10(exp 14)/cubic cm range and at an electron temperature of log T(sub e)(K)=5.8, corresponding to the maximum abundance of Ca IX. Spectral line intensities are calculated, and their diagnostic relevance is discussed.
On the β-Induced Movement of Isolated Baroclinic Eddies

Abstract In this paper an analytical method is proposed for calculating the nonlinear β-induced translation of isolated baroclinic eddies. The study focuses on frictionless anticyclonic eddies with a uniform anomalous density and a lens-like cross section which translates steadily in a resting Ocean. The depth of these eddies vanishes along the outer edge so that as they translate westward their entire mass anomaly is caused along with them. The proposed method for calculating the translation speed incorporates the nonlinear equations of motion in an integrated form and a simple perturbation scheme. It relates the translation of the eddy to its intensity, size and volume, but requires only an approximate knowledge of the corresponding numerical values. The power and usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated by its application to a class of simply-structured eddies whose swirl velocity increases monotonically with the distance from the center. It is found that the translation of these eddies is con...
Correcting for stage error motions in radius measurements.

Traceable radius of curvature measurements are critical for precision optics manufacturing. An optical bench measurement is repeatable and is the preferred method for low-uncertainty applications. With an optical bench, the displacement of the optic is measured as it is moved between the cat’s eye and the confocal positions, each identified using a figure measuring interferometer. The translated distance is nominally the radius of curvature; however, errors in the motion of the stage add a bias to the measurement, even if the error motions are zero on average. Estimating the bias and resulting measurement uncertainty is challenging. We have developed a new mathematical definition of the radius measurand that intrinsically corrects for error motion biases and also provides a means of representing other terms such as figure error correction, wave-front aberration biases, displacement gauge calibration and their uncertainties. With this formalism, it is no long necessary to design a high-quality radius bench to carry out a precision measurement; rather a lower quality is adequate, provided that error motions are repeatable and characterized and error motion measurement uncertainties are estimated.
Effect of water on life prediction of liquid silicone rubber seals in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Abstract Liquid silicone rubber (LSR) is a popular gasket or seal material and is also promising for sealing applications in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The durability of the LSR gasket/seals in PEMFC is one of the major issues in commercialization of PEMFC. As there are water and humidity inside PEMFC and polymers such as LSR generally exhibit stress relaxation property, it is important to understand the effect of water on the compression stress relaxation of LSR. Our test results show that water has no influence on the stress relaxation in the beginning, but it accelerates the relaxation after a certain time. Higher temperature makes this transition occurs earlier. Further studies reveal that water can diffuse into LSR and exists as free water molecules. It may attack the backbones of the polymer and thus accelerate the stress relaxation. High temperature tends to aggravate the attack of water to the polymer chains. The attack coexists with the thermal degradation of the LSR.
Stress and reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus: a fusion of behavioral medicine and molecular biology.

Since 1978, the study of health and behavior has become a major focus of scientists in psychology, psychiatry, nursing, neu-roscience, and in traditional medical science disciplines. Investigation of psychological or behavioral influences on biological systems has established that biobehavioral processes such as stress play an important role in disease processes. An excellent example of the interactions between stress and health outcomes is the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus (HSV) leading to recurrent lesions. This article describes what is currently known about HSV latency and reactivation and considers some mechanisms by which stress-induced changes in the host’s immune and nervous systems might allow for either the establishment or reactivation of latent viral infections.
Critical Care of the Lung Volume Reduction Surgery Patient

Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) offers the potential to improve lung function, exercise tolerance, and quality of life for patients with advanced emphysema. At present, the specific role of this procedure in the treatment of advanced emphysema is a subject of ongoing investigation. LVRS is most commonly performed bilaterally via either median sternotomy or video thoracoscopic approach with resection of the most severely affected lung tissue to reduce the overall lung volume by 20–30%. This results in improvements in lung elastic recoil, airway conductance, chest wall, and diaphragmatic function leading to greater inspiratory and expiratory airflow, decreased hyperinflation, and improved exercise tolerance. The greatest improvement after LVRS occurs within 3–6 months after surgery. In the perioperative period, however, lung function may be compromised by surgical incisions, pain, chest tubes, retained secretions, pneumonia, and parenchymal injury associated with resection. The risks of LVRS are not insignificant, with reported mortality prior to hospital discharge ranging from 2.5 to 14%. Pulmonary complications may include respiratory failure, persistent air leaks, pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, retained secretions, atelectasis, pneumothorax, bleeding, and sternal wound infections or dehiscence. Cardiac and gastrointestinal complications are the most common extrathoracic causes of perioperative morbidity after LVRS. Although many patients have an uneventful postoperative course, patients who experience complications frequently require prolonged mechanical ventilation and intensive care. Critical care practitioners must therefore be familiar with LVRS, its potential complications, and the ICU management of LVRS patients.
Defective interfering particles from poliovirus vaccine and vaccine reference strains

Abstract Defective interfering (DI) viral particles have been found to be associated with attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine and also with poliovirus vaccine reference strains. The DI particles replicate in low-passage human fibroblastic cells, the BSC-1 line of monkey kidney cells as well as in HeLa cells. DI particles of the attenuated polioviruses are generated after relatively few serial, high multiplicity passages of cloned, DI-free vaccine virus, whereas virulent strains of poliovirus generate a significant number of DI only after a large number of passages.
Environmental Change Detection In Digitally Registered Aerial Photographs

Digital image matching permits to analyze aerial photographs for subtle changes that are not visible to the unaided eye. These changes can be portrayed in pictorial form - a "change image" - which provides a cost effective early indicator of impending environmental problems. The digital image matching problems encountered in low altitude aerial photographs are studied here, and examples are shown of this method applied to enviromental assessement studies.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multi-photon absorption and nonlinear refraction of GaAs in the mid-infrared

We report the wavelength dependences of the two- and three-photon absorption coefficients and nonlinear refractive indices of undoped GaAs in the spectral range 1.3-3.5 mum. We have used 100-fs-long optical pulses and the Z-scan method.
MAGNETIZATION TRANSFER CONTRAST (MTC) IN FLASH MR IMAGING

Magnetization transfer between bound and free protons was used as a source of contrast in high speed MR imaging using the FLASH technique. Contrast in FLASH MR images was found to depend upon the reduced magnetization and the spin lattice relaxation rate of free protons in the presence of bound proton radio-frequency saturation. MTC FLASH imaging was thus used to estimate the variation with saturation frequency of free proton spin-lattice relaxation during magnetization transfer.
A Possible Role of the Specialized Conduction System in the Conversion of Ventricular Tachycardia to Ventricular Fibrillation

Electrode recordings from the right bundle brunch. His bundle. and right atrium in a canine preparation enabled us to observe the activation of the ventricular myocardium and the specialized conduction system during the conversion of ventricular tachycardia to ventricular fibrillation. At times when ventricular tachycardia degenerated to ventricular fibrillation, asynchronous activation of the right bundle branch and the ventricular myocardium was frequently noted. Such asynchrony of activation was not seen during the spontaneous conversion of ventricular tachycardia to sinus rhythm. We suggest that this asynchronous activity produces increasing fractionation of ventricular activation fronts, which in turn yields fihrillation. (PACE, Vol. 5, September-October, 1982)