cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On local functions of fields

Properties of local functions of fields are discussed. A condition, called the Borchers condition, is introduced which is weaker than duality but allows the construction of a maximal local extension of a system of local algebras. This extension will satisfy duality. The local structure of the generalized free field is studied, and it is shown that duality does not hold for the local algebras associated with certain generalized free fields, whereas the Borchers condition is satisfied for all generalized free fields. The appendix contains an elementary proof of duality for the free field.
Searching for excellence in leadership transformation.

I stand before you today with great pride and humility. I am proud to be a health-system pharmacist. I am proud to be part of a great university and university health system where I have been fortunate to practice for 36 wonderful years. I am also proud to have been part of a pharmacy residency
Deregulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms by the Hepatitis B Virus X Protein in Hepatocarcinogenesis

This review focuses on the significance of deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein in hepatocarcinogenesis and HBV replication. Epigenetic mechanisms, DNA methylation, and specific histone modifications, e.g., trimethylation of H3 on lysine-27 or lysine-4, maintain 'cellular memory' by silencing expression of lineage-inducing factors in stem cells and conversely, of pluripotency factors in differentiated cells. The X protein has been reported to induce expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), likely promoting epigenetic changes during hepatocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, in cellular and animal models of X-mediated oncogenic transformation, protein levels of chromatin modifying proteins Suz12 and Znf198 are down-regulated. Suz12 is essential for the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) mediating the repressive trimethylation of H3 on lysine-27 (H3K27me3). Znf198, stabilizes the LSD1-CoREST-HDAC complex that removes, via lysine demethylase1 (LSD1), the activating trimethylation of H3 on lysine-4 (H3K4me3). Down-regulation of Suz12 also occurs in liver tumors of woodchucks chronically infected by woodchuck hepatitis virus, an animal model recapitulating HBV-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis in humans. Significantly, subgroups of HBV-induced liver cancer re-express hepatoblast and fetal markers, and imprinted genes, suggesting hepatocyte reprogramming during oncogenic transformation. Lastly, down-regulation of Suz12 and Znf198 enhances HBV replication. Collectively, these observations suggest deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms by HBV X protein influences both the viral cycle and the host cell.
YERSINIAE IN THE SOIL OF AN INFECTED WAPITI RANGE

Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from 10 of 121 soil samples from an area inhabited by infected wapiti (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) in northwest California. Significantly (p<0.05) more soil samples from a forest habitat were infected, compared to soil samples from prairie habitats. Soil was found infected with yersiniae only on dates for which rainfall in excess of 17 mm had occurred during the previous 7 days.
Fair use in the context of a global computer network—is a copyright grab really going on?

Abstract The Internet community has recently seen several different proposals on how to legislate copyright in the digital environment of the Internet. Many in the community view these legislative efforts to be overextending the rights of content providers to the detriment of Internet service providers, bulletin board operators and end‐users. This paper briefly examines how the concept of fair use, also known as fair dealings will balance the legislative purpose.
Infectious delivery of a 135-kb LDLR genomic locus leads to regulated complementation of low-density lipoprotein receptor deficiency in human cells.

Abstract The ability to deliver efficiently a complete genomic DNA locus to human and rodent cells will likely find widespread application in functional genomic studies and novel gene therapy protocols. In contrast to a cDNA expression cassette, the use of a complete genomic DNA locus delivers a transgene intact with its native promoter, the exons, all the intervening introns, and the regulatory regions. The presence of flanking, noncoding genomic DNA sequences could prove critical for prolonged and appropriate gene expression. We have recently developed a technology for the rapid conversion of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones into high-capacity herpes simplex virus-based amplicon vectors. Here, we express the human low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), mutated in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), from a 135-kb BAC insert. The infectious LDLR genomic locus vectors were shown to express at physiologically appropriate levels in three contexts. First, the LDLR locus was expressed appropriately in the ldl−/−a7 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line immediately following infectious delivery; second, the locus was maintained within a replicating episomal vector and expressed at broadly physiological levels in CHO cells for 3 months following infectious delivery; and third, the locus was efficiently expressed in human fibroblasts derived from FH patients. Finally, we show that the infectious LDLR locus retains classical expression regulation by sterol levels in human cells. This long-term expression and physiological regulation of LDLR prepares the way for in vivo functional studies of infectious delivery of BAC inserts.
Crystal Chemistry and Dehydrogenation/Rehydrogenation Properties of Perovskite Hydrides RbMgH3 and RbCaH3

Crystal structure, lattice dynamics, and bonding environments of RbMgH3 and RbCaH3 were investigated using neutron powder diffraction (NPD), neutron vibrational spectroscopy (NVS), and first-principles calculations. RbMgH3 exhibits a 6H-BaTiO3-type hexagonal perovskite structure, and RbCaH3 forms a Pm-3m simple cubic perovskite. A very short Mg−Mg distance (∼2.77 A) was found in RbMgH3, and its structural stability was ascribed to H− anion polarization and Mg−Mg bonding. Interestingly, RbCaH3 forms an ideal cubic perovskite despite its small tolerance factor. The inconsistency between the nominal tolerance factor and adopted structure types of RbCaH3 are discussed in terms of anion polarization and covalence effect on the cation−anion bond length deviations. Finally, we show that both RbMgH3 and RbCaH3 can be dehydrogenated and rehydrogenated at 300−400 °C under moderate pressures.
Statistics in the Schools: The Past, Present, and Future of the Quantitative Literacy Project

In the decade of the 1980s, mathematics education in the United States has undergone, and continues to undergo, careful review and profound changes. In the midst of these changes, statistics is one of the areas of study that is becoming increasingly emphasized as educational systems attempt to prepare students for productive work and informed citizenship. As the interest in statistics increases, the ASA-NCTM Joint Committee on Statistics and Probability is playing an ever widening role in providing leadership for educational efforts in this area. Through its NSF funded Quantitative Literacy Project, the Joint Committee has developed teacher training programs and curriculum materials that are now being used throughout the country. The influence of these materials and methods extends far beyond a few classrooms, as many educational organizations look to them for guidance in establishing state and national guidelines on teaching statistics. The job has just begun; much work is needed before statistics become...
Pore Determinants of KCNQ3 K+ Current Expression

KCNQ3 homomeric channels yield very small macroscopic currents compared with other KCNQ channels or KCNQ2/3 heteromers. Two disparate regions of the channels—the C-terminus and the pore region—have been implicated in governing KCNQ current amplitudes. We previously showed that the C-terminus plays a secondary role compared with the pore region. Here, we confirm the critical role of the pore region in determining KCNQ3 currents. We find that mutations at the 312 position in the pore helix of KCNQ3 (I312E, I312K, and I312R) dramatically decreased KCNQ3 homomeric currents as well as heteromeric KCNQ2/3 currents. Evidence that these mutants were expressed in the heteromers includes shifted TEA sensitivity compared with KCNQ2 homomers. To test for differential membrane protein expression, we performed total internal reflection fluorescence imaging, which revealed only small differences that do not underlie the differences in macroscopic currents. To determine whether this mechanism generalizes to other KCNQ channels, we tested the effects of analogous mutations at the conserved I273 position in KCNQ2, with similar results. Finally, we performed homology modeling of the pore region of wild-type and mutant KCNQ3 channels to investigate the putative structural mechanism mediating these results. The modeling suggests that the lack of current in I312E, I312K, and I312R KCNQ3 channels is due to pore helix-selectivity filter interactions that lock the selectivity filter in a nonconductive conformation.
Polarization Microwave Holography: An Extension Of Scalar To Vector Holography

Whereas in the optical region commonly catan hoeognaphy is used to describe the process of wavefront reconstruction, it is shown that polarization effects can no longer be neglected in the microwave and mm-wave regions and an extension to vegan hotogitaphy is required. Based on a succint review of previous studies on considering polarization properties in holography, it is apparent that a complete vector holographic treatment has yet to be formulated. Therefore, various basic properties of the object scattering matrices and their transformation invariants are introduced together with some pertinent descriptions of coherent versus non/incoherent scatter effects from rough surfaces which then allow a complete formulation of vector holography. Finally it is shown that a further generalization of vector holography incorporating recording of magnetic (energy) intensities in addition to the electric intensity, may enable us to recover simultaneously the shape and the averaged surface impedance of a scatterer relative to some reference surface impedance.
A novel imaging-compatible sciatic nerve schwannoma model

Benign schwannomas are common tumors of the cranial and peripheral nerves, causing pain and loss of function. The development of effective therapy for these tumors has been hampered by the lack of relevant experimental in vivo models for convenient testing. Here, we describe a novel schwannoma model in which an immortalized human schwannoma cell line, HEI-193, established from an neurofibromatosis type 2 patient, has been stably transduced with fluorescent protein and luciferase reporters and implanted within the sciatic nerve of nude mice. These cells reliably formed a tumor within several weeks which had pathologic characteristics of schwannoma tumors. This model system will be useful for investigation of schwannoma biology and for preclinical assessment of therapeutic agents.
Along the silk road, spiders make way for mussels.

A novel strategy for coating extensible fibers is revealed from the study of the ‘silk' tethers produced by marine mussels. The tethers, known as byssal threads, are molded collagenous fibers coated with a thin (2–4μm) cuticle that protects the fibrillar core from abrasion and bacterial attack. One mussel species infuses the cuticle with nanoscale granules, which increase the extensibility of the hard coating by to 70%, making it seven times stretchier than any synthetic polymer coating. The mussel cuticle could therefore inspire new strategies for the design and manufacture of thin composite coatings that are both hard and extensible.
Interest Patterns of Successful and Nonsuccessful Male Collegiate Technical Students

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to determine whether interest test results obtained upon entering Ferris State College could differentiate between 30 successful graduating and 30 nonsuccessful students in collegiate technical programs. A “t” test of significance was used to analyze the differences between means on 46 subscales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. The successful male collegiate technical students had significantly higher mean scores on the architect, dentist, mathematician, physicist, engineer, aviator, carpenter, and policeman subscales. The nonsuccessful male students had higher mean scores on the forest service, personnel director, social science teacher, social worker, musician, sales manager, real estate sales, and life Insurance sales subscales. The findings suggest that successful and nonsuccessful male collegiate technical students may be differentiated on the basis of an interest measure.
Mean lifetime of microtubules attached to nucleating sites

Abstract A simple two-phase (cap; no cap) macroscopic model describing the kinetic behavior at a labile tip of a microtubule has been proposed [Hill, T. L. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 6728-6732]. In the model, a microtubule exists either in a slowly growing phase (first-order rate constant, alpha) characterized by the existence of a GTP-tubulin cap at the growing tip; or the same microtubule exists in a rapidly shrinking phase (first-order rate constant, beta), which is entered if/when the GTP-tubulin cap is lost through a fluctuation, thus exposing GDP-tubulin subunits, which constitute the body of the microtubule. Transition between the two phases--i.e., loss of a cap (first-order rate constant, k) or formation of a new cap (first-order rate constant, k') occurs very infrequently and in a stochastic manner. In vitro experiments with centrosome-nucleated microtubules by Mitchison and Kirschner and Monte Carlo kinetic simulations, based on a realistic set of microscopic rate constants that apply to the end of a microtubule, suggest this alternation between two "quasimacroscopic" phases. In this paper, I outline the calculation of the mean lifetime of a microtubule nucleated on a centrosome by using Hill's model. For a microtubule M units long in the slowly growing phase, the mean lifetime for complete depolymerization is [M(k + k') + alpha + beta](beta k - alpha k')-1, provided that beta k greater than alpha k'. If the microtubule is in the rapidly shrinking phase, then the mean lifetime is M(k + k')(beta k - alpha k')-1, provided that beta k greater than alpha k'. In case beta k less than alpha k', the microtubule grows indefinitely, and the mean lifetime is infinite.
Accessory cardiac bronchus.

A 57-year-old man underwent high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scanning and bronchoscopy as part of an evaluation for dyspnea and exercise intolerance. Physical examination was without abnormalities. Incidental note was made of an air-filled structure (black arrow) medial to the bronchus intermedius (BI) on HRCT (Figure 1). Bronchoscopy revealed normal airways, except for an accessory (cardiac) bronchus (ACB) arising from the BI (Figure 2). Figure 1. Figure 2. ACB occur in up to 0.5% of the general population and usually end as a blind pouch. They may also be associated with small amounts of pulmonary parenchyma. ACB are almost always an incidental finding, although they may be a reservoir of infectious material, source of hemoptysis, or origin of malignancy. The most common location of ACB is the inferomedial wall of the right mainstem bronchus, but can be found arising from the BI as seen in this patient.
Palliative care needs of patients with neurologic or neurosurgical conditions

Background and purpose: Many patients with non-cancer diagnoses utilize palliative services. There is little data on the palliative care needs of patients with neurologic and neurosurgical disorders. Methods: Retrospective chart review. Log sheets which contain all patients seen between January 2004 and 2007 by palliative medicine (PM) were reviewed. Patients with neurologic or neurosurgical disorders were identified and their in-patient charts and electronic records reviewed. Patients with cancer were excluded. Results: A total of 1429 cancer patients were seen by PM. Neurologic or neurosurgical diseases were the second most common in patients seen by the PM service, in 177 cases. Forty-seven patients were excluded. Complete data was collected on 129 patients. Mean age was 70. Seventy-one (55%) were female. The most common neurologic diagnosis was ischemic stroke in 33 (26%). Seventy-five (58%) had symptoms recorded. Reasons for PM consultation included ‘comfort measures’ in 40 (39%) and ‘hospice candidacy’ in 38 (37%). The most common recommendation made by the PM service was morphine in 44 (42%). Sixty-three (49%) were deemed hospice appropriate. Conclusions: Our findings support the need for PM services for patients with various neurologic and neurosurgical disorders. Understanding these needs will allow for the tailoring of palliative care services to such patients.
Process modeling and simulation for Hg 1−x Cd x Te. Part I: status of Stanford University mercury cadmium telluride process simulator

Details are provided concerning the basic point defect parameter set of the Stanford University mercury cadmium telluride process simulator (SUMerCad). The Hg interstitial and vacancy parameters are presented and justified for x = 0.2 material. In particular, values for the thermodynamic limits, diffusion coefficients, recombination rates, generation rates, and boundary conditions are specified and their determination methodology is reviewed. The parameters have been determined for overall consistency with a specific pool of experimental results which include studies of Hg self-diffusion, type-conversion, and the existence region. Our presentation will review the current state of the Hg1-xCdxTe modeling effort, and outline the future direction of the simulator, providing examples and discussion. Finally, some issues related to the future development of SUMerCad are discussed, including electric field effects, general boundary conditions, alternative junction formation processes, extended defects, and interdiffusion.
Low sidelobe nonlinear stepped-frequency waveforms

Frequency stepping is one of the known techniques employed by modern radars to attain high range resolution. One of the main advantages of this approach is that it allows to achieve wideband pulse compression through narrowband processing. It is also known that the traditional linear stepped-frequency waveform suffers from relatively high range sidelobes and grating lobes that appear due to periodicities in the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). An amplitude weighting (applied prior to the DFT) is typically used to reduce the near-in sidelobes. This results in undesirable losses in sensitivity. In this paper, we propose a new approach that may be used to derive families of nonlinear stepped-frequency waveforms that would have desired characteristics such as suppressed grating lobes and built-in low range sidelobes. Our approach is based on new analytical properties of stepped-frequency waveforms presented in the paper. We give examples of nonlinear waveforms generated by this approach and show that they exhibit improved performance when compared with traditional waveforms.
Three diverse target preparations: 14C (12 mg/cm2), 71Ga24Mg (12 mg/cm271Ga, 3 mg/cm224Mg), and 66,67Zn (1.8–14.9 mg/cm2)

Abstract A natural-carbon analog of fluffy, intractable 14C powder was produced. With it, a method was developed to produce a pressed disk of 14C of 12.7-mg/cm2 thickness and 1.27-cm diameter, bound with 2.1 wt.% of adhesive. Aluminized Mylar cover foils and a fritted-disc filter were used to contain the target for ( p , p′) experiments. Reduction of 71Ga2O3 to the metal was accomplished with an efficiency of 94.3% in a small electroplating cell. Magnesium was chosen as the companion element because 50 at.% could be tolerated in the (p, n) experiment, and GaMg has a melting point of 646 K. A 1.27-cm diameter target, supported at the edge by a Mg foil, was produced in several simple steps. Directly rollable 66,67Zn foils were obtained from an electroplating cell with a Pt screen anode and a highly polished tungsten-carbide cathode. Plating times of 3 h provided metal-recovery efficiencies ranging from 94.2 to 96.5%. The as-deposited foils had many holes but were hole-free and shiny after reduction of 25% by pack rolling.
Expression of the L-fucose moiety on infrainfundibular follicular keratinocytes of terminal follicles, its decreased expression on vellus and indeterminate follicles of androgenetic alopecia, and re-expression in drug-induced hair regrowth.

The distribution of various glycoprotein molecules on the surface of follicular keratinocytes was studied with a panel of lectins with specificity for various sugar moieties on biopsy specimens from both bald/balding scalp and normal occipital scalp, of 23 patients with androgenetic alopecia as well as on biopsies of normal forearm skin of four patients. The most significant differences between bald and normal scalp biopsy were noted with Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I). We noted an increased (91.8% ± 3.1; mean ± SE) expression of UEA I binding sites on the infra-infundibular follicular keratinocytes in anagen terminal scalp hairs, compared to 28.5% ± 5.2 in the indeterminate (anagen) hairs of balding scalps, and 23.2% ± 6.3 in the anagen follicles of vellus forearm hairs. By contrast, the telogen hairs demonstrated minimal UEA I staining: 4.0% ± 0.8, mean ± SE in telogen scalp hairs, 1.8% ± 0.5 in telogen hairs of balding scalps (0% in completely bald scalps, in which all the hairs were in the telogen phase), and 1.9% ± 0.2 in telogen forearm hairs. The percentage of UEA I staining correlated with the length of the infrainfundibular follicles in all cases studied. In three cases of hair regrowth after hair growth promotors, the UEA. I staining increased to 80.6% ± 6.1 in anagen hairs and correlated with increased length of infraindundibular follicles. Our data indicate that there are 1) marked differences between anagen and telogen follicles in UEA I binding to infraindundibular follicular keratinocytes; 2) the percentage of UEA I staining reflects the size (length) of the infraindundibular hair follicle; and 3) the anagen follicles of balding scalps (indeterminate hairs) show UEA I staining resembling that exhibited by anagen follicles of vellus hairs.
High-frequency wind forcing of a channel model of the ACC: normal mode excitation

Abstract The response of the Antarctic circumpolar circulation to wind stress variability is studied in a simple model of the Southern Ocean. The model consists of a zonally reentrant channel with mid-ocean barrier, forced by surface heat flux and stochastic wind stress. The MITgcm code is used to solve for temperature, sea level, and the velocity field. The channel transport responds actively to the stochastic wind forcing through the excitation of several eigenmodes. The fundamental basin mode is excited, which has a period of about 20 days. However, the response is dominated by a topographic mode with a period of 3 days. This barotropic mode is related primarily to topographic Rossby waves propagating on the submarine sill, and Kelvin waves propagating westward on the southern boundary. The mode shares characteristics with numerical predictions of normal modes in the Southern Ocean, as well as with recently observed modes of variability around Antarctica, with periods between 1 and 2 days. These results show that both topographic normal modes and Rossby basin modes can play a role in the adjustment of the ACC to high-frequency wind stress variability. The presence of the resonance in the system leads to interesting phase behavior between the wind stress forcing and the ocean transport: for a considerable frequency range, the transport seems to lead the wind stress variability. This shows that the classical notion of transport passively lagging wind forcing is inadequate when eigenmodes are excited.
Diffusion of Like Particles Across a Magnetic Field

It is shown that the diffusion rate across a magnetic field due to collision of like charged particles is derivable from the macroscopic equations of the plasma. However, it is necessary to include the off-diagonal terms in the stress tensor. The resultant diffusion rate does not obey Fick's law and is proportional to the inverse fourth power of magnetic field strength. This diffusion rate is usually smaller than that due to unlike particle collisions, but may sometimes dominate.
Sugarcane Responses to Water-Table Depth and Periodic Flood

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is exposed to periodic floods and shallow water tables in Florida due to practices that reduce P discharge to the Everglades. This study examined the yields and juice quality of four sugarcane cultivars (CP 88-1762, CP 89-2143, CP 89-2376, and CP 96-1252) maintained at constant water-table depths near 20 (20CWT) and 45 cm (45CWT) and with periodic summer flooding. Prescribed lysimeters were flooded for the first 7 d of five, five, and four 21-d cycles in 2005 (plant-cane crop), 2006 (first-ratoon crop), and 2007 (second-ratoon crop), respectively. These treatments generally remained flooded during the next 7 d while they received no irrigation or drainage, and were drained to 20 (20FWT) or 45 cm (45FWT) for the final 7 d of each cycle. Water treatment affected CRS only in the plant-cane crop, where 45CWT had lower CRS than 20CWT, 20FWT, and 45FWT. Yields of cane and sucrose of CP 89-2143 were least affected by water treatments. Reductions in cane and sucrose yields at a 20 compared with a 45 cm water-table depth were common for the other three cultivars, but yields under the 20CWT vs. 20FWT or 45CWT vs. 45FWT treatments were generally similar. These results suggest that sugarcane roots function well in flood for up to 14 d, but do not grow well into saturated soil. This provides new options for sustaining high yields of sugarcane exposed to shallow water tables and floods; verification of root responses could enhance strategies to sustain yields while reducing P discharge.
A theoretical and experimental study of the mechanical behavior of the cornea with application to the measurement of intraocular pressure

A theoretical and experimental study was made of the mechanical behavior of the cornea. The theoretical analysis included an analytical solution for the symmetrical constraint of a thin, shallow, spherical shell by a rigid indenter. The experimental study investigated the rheology of the cornea with particular emphasis on its compliance with the requirements of the Boltzmann Superposition Principle. Representative results of tests on twenty enucleated hog eyes and two human eyes have been reported. The corneas of the human and hog eyes behaved as linear viscoelastic solids; the human eyes differed from the hog eyes in having a long term creep component. Several eyes were tested at the site of procurement, six to seven minutes after the animal's death, and it was established that creep is not an artifact due to aging or enucleation. The analytical and experimental results were combined to study some instruments used to detect the level of pressure in the eye. The theoretical analysis predicted that a type of elastic instability occurs during the process of flattening a small portion of the cornea; this is discussed with reference to the Goldmann and Mackay-Marg tonometers. The role of corneal creep was considered with reference to the response of the Schiotz indentation tonometer during the time dependent process known as tonography.
Cervicovaginal shedding of HIV type 1 is related to genital tract inflammation independent of changes in vaginal microbiota.

Abstract We examined the relationship of proinflammatory vaginal cytokines and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) with genital HIV-1 shedding after controlling for genital coinfections. Fifty-seven HIV-1-infected women in Seattle, WA (n = 38) and Rochester, NY (n = 19) were followed every 3–4 months for a total of 391 visits. At each visit, plasma and cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) were tested for HIV-1 RNA using qPCR. Vaginal samples were tested for bacterial vaginosis, yeast, hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus colonization, Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, CMV, and HSV shedding. CVL interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and SLPI were measured using ELISA. Linear regression with generalized estimating equations examined effects of cytokine concentrations on CVL HIV-1 RNA, adjusted for plasma HIV RNA, and measured coinfections. CVL IL-1β and IL-8 were significantly associated with CVL HIV-1 RNA. This persisted after adjusting for plasma HIV-1 RNA. Higher levels...
Evaluating scoring functions for docking and designing β-secretase inhibitors

Abstract Several simple scoring methods were examined for 2 series of β-secretase (BACE-1) inhibitors to identify a docking/scoring protocol which could be used to design BACE-1 inhibitors in a drug discovery program. Both the PLP1 score and MMFFs interaction energy (Einter) performed as well or better than more computationally intensive methods for a set of substrate-based inhibitors, while the latter performed well for both sets of inhibitors.
Analysis of a magnetic frequency multiplier

THE BEHAVIOR of Deltamax reactors having rectangular hysteresis loop for sinusoidal applied voltages is similar to a gas tube: current for a given voltage flows only for a portion of the cycle called the “conduction angle,” and is practically negligible outside this range. Though the conduction angle increases with an increase of the amplitude of the applied voltage, the relationship between this angle and the voltage is quite different from that of a gas tube and is controlled by two factors, namely, the critical value of flux density at which the core saturates, and the nature of the series load. This relationship was derived for the two cases of pure resistance load and a load comprising series resistance and inductance, as shown in Fig. 1, thus: 1. The critical voltage at which firing takes place is a characteristic of the reactor, unaffected by load condition. 2. For voltages higher than the critical voltage, the presence of inductance in the load increases the conduction angle, thus increasing the sensitivity of the reactor.
Sums of values of a rational function

LetK be a number field, and let f ∈ K(x) be a nonconstant rational function. We study the sets { n ∑ i=1 f(xi) : xi ∈ K − {poles of f} }
Distribution and abundance of choanoflagellates (Acanthoecidae) across the ice-edge zone in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

Choanoflagellates are thought to be an important component of oceanic microbial food webs, but little quantitative data exists on their abundance,, distribution, or relationship to potential food sources. In an Antarctic ice edge zone (northern Weddell Sea, March 1986), choanoflagellate abundance varied over two orders of magnitude in the upper 100 m. The lowest abundances were recorded at the bottom of the water column under ice cover and the highest abundances occurred in the upper 30 m of open water. Species that were predominantly in colonies dominated the open-water samples. Abundances of total choanoflagellates and some individual species were correlated with primary and secondary biomass and production, indicating a response to gradients in potential food sources. This suggests that choanoflagellates are tightly coupled with their food sources and supports the contention that they may an important link between bacteria-sized particles and metazoan grazers.
COBORDISMS OF WORDS

We introduce an equivalence relation, called cobordism, for words and produce cobordism invariants of words.
A knowledge management framework for the support of decision making in humanitarian assistance/disaster relief

The major challenge in current humanitarian assistance/disaster relief (HA/DR) efforts is that diverse information and knowledge are widely distributed and owned by different organizations. These resources are not efficiently organized and utilized during HA/DR operations. We present a knowledge management framework that integrates multiple information technologies to collect, analyze, and manage information and knowledge for supporting decision making in HA/DR. The framework will help identify the information needs, be aware of a disaster situation, and provide decision-makers with useful relief recommendations based on past experience. A comprehensive, consistent and authoritative knowledge base within the framework will facilitate knowledge sharing and reuse. This framework can also be applied to other similar real-time decision-making environments, such as crisis management and emergency medical assistance.
Cancer, aging and immunotherapy: lessons learned from animal models

Aging of the immune system is associated with a dramatic reduction in responsiveness as well as functional dysregulation. This deterioration of immune function with advancing age is associated with an increased incidence of cancer. Although there is a plethora of reports evaluating the effect of immunotherapy in stimulating antitumor immune responses, the majority of these studies do not pay attention to the effect aging has on the immune system. Studies from our group and others indicate that immunotherapies could be effective in the young, are not necessarily effective in the old. To optimally stimulate an antitumor immune response in the old, it is necessary to (1) identify and understand the intrinsic defects of the old immune system and (2) use relevant models that closely reflect those of cancer patients, where self-tolerance and aging are present simultaneously. The present review summarizes some defects found in the old immune system affecting the activation of antitumor immune responses, the strategies used to activate stronger antitumor immune response in the old and the use of a tolerant animal tumor model to target a self-tumor antigen for the optimization of immunotherapeutic interventions in the old.
ALPHA AND BETA CELL FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH JUVENILE AND CHEMICAL DIABETES MELLITUS

Suppression of glucagon secretion by glucose has been suggested as an essential component of normal glucose tolerance. Children with chemical diabetes have abnormal OGTT with hyperin-sulinism (Amer. J. Med. Sci. 271:35, 76). Hypergluconinemia may play a role in the pathogenesis of juvenile diabetes. Thirteen chemical diabetics and 17 normal children had an OGTT (1.75gm/kg) and 20 juvenile diabetics and 8 controls had an oral L-alanine test (200mg/kg). Both tests were performed after an overnight fast, blood samples were drawn at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. Blood glucose and plasma immunoreactive insulin and glucagon were measured. Chemical diabetics had significant hyperinsulinism at 60' (p<0.05), 120' (p<.02) and 180' (p<.02) and higher I/G ratio at 60' (p<.05), 120' (p<.005) and 180' (p<.05) after OGTT compared to controls. There was no significant differences in OGTT suppression of plasma glucagon levels in controls and chemical diabetics. Peak levels of glucagon after L-alanine occurred at 120' in controls and at 60' in diabetics. There was no significant difference between mean serum glucagon levels of diabetics and controls. Two poorly control diabetics had elevated basal and 30' serum glucagon levels 2 SD above the mean of the control. These results suggest that hypergluconinemia is only present in juvenile diabetics in poor control. Supported by N.Y. Diabetics Assoc. and N.I.H. Grant RR-318
Atomic structure determination for GaAs(001)-(6×6) by STM

Abstract We present a model structure for the GaAs(001)-(6×6) reconstructed surface based on high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy images. This surface has previously also been referred to as (1×6), (2×6), (3×6) and (2×6)/(3×6) mixed, and contributes to the “4×6” mixed surface. Phase coexistence with the Ga-rich c(8×2) is used to determine the basic structure. Chemically selective halogen (Cl2) adsorption is used to distinguish Ga atoms from As atoms and to extract structural details that are not visible in scanning tunneling microscopy images of the clean surface. The structure is consistent with the electron-counting rule. Partial disorder appears in the structure. While some of the disorder is due to kinetic barriers to equilibrium, some is intrinsic to the structure.
Characteristic Analysis and Measurement of Dielectric Loss in Non-Linear Insulating Materials

Non-linear insulating material is widely used in the insulations of XLPE cable terminations and stator windings insulation of electric machines, and has obvious capability to improve the distribution of electric field. Actually, the dielectric loss factor of non-linear insulating materials is not equal to the tan δ describing linear insulating materials, and depends on applied voltage and their structures. This paper firstly discusses the difference between ac loss characteristic of non-linear dielectrics and linear dielectrics and presents a kind model of non-linear composite material. Based on the model, specific characterization and measurement methods and their numeric simulation analysis are given. Finally, a measuring system for non-linear insulating materials based on digital measuring technology is presented.
A model of population fitness and the maintenance of genetic polymorphism when two ecological patches are available.

A model is presented for population fitness and the maintenance of genetic polymorphism. when the environment is subdivided into two ecological patches. Movement of individuals within each geneation is governed by a two-state continuous-time-parameter Markov chain. The outcome of this basic formulation is used to specify the equilibrium gene frequency for two alleles at one locus. The change in gene frequency giving the equilibrium condition is a weighted average of the gene frequency changes appropriate to a coarse-grained and a fine-grained environment. A numerical example is given to illustrate the model.
Training the Body for China: Sports in the Moral Order of the People's Republic of China

Training the Body for China: Sports In the Moral Order of the People's Republic of China. Susan Brownell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. xi + 393 pp.
The Impact of NIH Postdoctoral Training Grants on Scientific Productivity

In this paper, we estimate the impact of receiving an NIH postdoctoral training grant on subsequent publications and citations. Our sample consists of all applications for NIH postdoctoral training grants (unsuccessful as well as successful) from 1980 to 2000. Both ordinary least squares and regression discontinuity estimates show that receipt of an NIH postdoctoral fellowship leads to about one additional publication over the next five years, which reflects a 20 percent increase in research productivity.
Motor performance and functional ability in preschool- and early school-aged children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: a cross-sectional study

Objective To describe the level of motor performance and functional skills in young children with JIA.
2039 IMPACT OF 11C-CHOLINE PET/CT SCAN ON DETECTION OF RECURRENT PROSTATE CANCER IN MEN WITH BIOCHEMICAL RECURRENCE FOLLOWING FAILED INITIAL TREATMENT

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Distinguishing localized recurrence from systemic recurrence represents an important step in optimizing prostate cancer treatment following primary treatment failure. We examined the performance of C-choline PET/CT scan for its ability to delineate prostate cancer distribution and extent after failed definitive therapy. METHODS: Retrospective review was performed of all prostate cancer patients who underwent evaluation using C-choline PET/CT scan from 9/2007 to 11/2010 at Mayo Clinic. Analysis was restricted to patients with biochemical recurrence following failed primary prostate cancer treatment. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). RESULTS: During the study period 176 patients with biochemical recurrence after primary treatment failure underwent C-choline PET/CT scan. In this setting C-choline PET scanning yielded a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 93, 76, 91, and 81%, respectively. 56 of 166 (32%) PET scans performed were deemed clinically “useful” as defined by their ability to detect treatable lesions, not identified using conventional imaging, thereby triggering changes in clinical management. The PSA cut-off at which PET scan was most likely to be positive was 2.0ng/ml. On multivariate analysis, PSA at the time of PET scan (HR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.0-1.01, p 0.04) and clinical stage (HR 5.19, 95% CI: 1.72-15.68, p 0.0035) were significant predictors of a positive C-choline PET/CT scan. CONCLUSIONS: C-choline PET/CT scan performs well in men with biochemical recurrence following primary treatment failure. The optimal value for lesion detection is approximately 2.0mg/ml. We find that C-choline PET/CT substantially enhances the rate of prostate cancer lesion detection by approximately 32% beyond what can be garnered using conventional imaging technologies and has significant potential to impact treatment of men with recurrent prostate cancer.
Minimizing energy-per-bit for on-board LC transmission lines

Tuning down the signal voltage swing can be used to save energy for on-board interconnects. In this paper, we demonstrate that energy-per-bit, the energy to transfer a signal bit of data, could be minimized by selecting an optimum signal swing voltage for a given noise condition. The maximum energy saving and area overhead for this technique are derived. By using a proper power supply scheme, the energy-per-bit can be decreased by 2.5/spl times/ while consuming about 1.5/spl times/ more on-board wiring area.
Standing capillary-gravity waves of finite amplitude

Standing surface waves in an inviscid incompressible fluid of finite depth are considered, taking into account the effect of capillary forces. Perturbation solutions for the surface profile, velocity potential, frequency of oscillation, and pressure are found to third order in the amplitude of the waves. A graph is given showing the regions in which the frequency of oscillation increases with amplitude and those in which it decreases with amplitude. These regions are defined as a function of the depth of the fluid and a parameter called the relative capillarity. A graph is also given showing the surface profile of a wave. (auth)
Blood Pressure Components and the Risk for End-Stage Renal Disease and Death in Chronic Kidney Disease

Background and objectives: Mean arterial pressure has been used in clinical trials in nephrology to randomly assign and treat patients, yet the pulsatile component of BP is recognized to influence outcomes in older people. I examined the unique contributions of systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) on the risk for ESRD and death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Design, setting, participants, & measurements: A single-center, prospective cohort study was conducted of 218 veterans with CKD (22% black, 4% women, mean age 68 yr, clinic BP 154.1 ± 25.1/85.2 ± 13.9 mmHg, 48% with diabetes). Results: During follow-up of up to 7 yr, 63 patients had ESRD and 102 patients died. Compared with those with controlled SBP ( 65 yr. Conclusions: In older patients with CKD, SBP predicts ESRD and a higher SBP and lower DBP predicts all-cause mortality. Lower BP of <110/70 mmHg is a marker of higher mortality in older individuals with advanced CKD.
Services Pricing through Business Value Modeling and Analysis

The service sector is the dominant part of the economy, and yet services pricing is not well studied. The pricing of services, especially IT services, differs from the pricing of products to a certain extent. This paper proposes a feasible value based pricing method. The pricing process includes: business value modeling and analysis, customer segmentation, and fully distributed cost pricing. A practical case is presented to show the applicability of the new pricing method. The pricing solution followed the proposed methodology can lead to higher profits and more- satisfied customers than possible with uniform pricing.
Hydrogels of crosslinked poly(1-glyceryl methacrylate) and poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide)

Two hydrophilic polymer networks of different crosslinking density and varying reference degree of swelling were prepared from 2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate (glyceryl methacrylate) and N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide. They were characterized by swelling and compression measurements, and the Flory-Huggins interaction parameters were determined. The results reveal the importance of hydrophobic forces in the physical properties of poly(1-glyceryl methacrylate). Poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) gels do not exhibit the presence of these specific effects.
Organization of Calcium Channel β1a Subunits in Triad Junctions in Skeletal Muscle

In skeletal muscle, dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs) in the plasma membrane interact with the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) at junctions with the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This interaction organizes junctional DHPRs into groups of four termed tetrads. In addition to the principle α1S subunit, the β1a subunit of the DHPR is also important for the interaction with RyR1. To probe this interaction, we measured fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) of β1a subunits labeled with cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and/or yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Expressed in dysgenic (α1S-null) myotubes, YFP-β1a-CFP and CFP-β1a-YFP were diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm and highly mobile as indicated by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Thus, β1a does not appear to bind to other cellular proteins in the absence of α1S. FRET efficiencies for these cytoplasmic β1a subunits were ∼6-7%, consistent with the idea that 10 nm from one another.
HOUSING REHABILITATION IMPACTS ON NEIGHBORHOOD STABILITy IN A DECLINING INDUSTRIAL CITy1

This study explores the impacts of publicly and privately funded housing rehabilitation efforts in Cleveland, Ohio. The results show that (1) selective census tracts receiving publicly funded home owner rehabilitation assistance did not experience demographic, economic or property stabilization; (2) private borrowing for housing renovation increases as the number of home owners, median gross rents, median family incomes, median values of owner-occupied housing and median sales-to-median assessed market ratios increase and (3) heterogeneous populations, poverty incomes, high unit vacancies, high tax delinquencies and housing demolitions decrease home owner propensities to borrow for repairs and maintenance. Many neighborhoods have experienced incumbent upgrading, but housing disinvestment and property tax delinquency threatens neighborhood stability. Public intercession is unlikely to influence these real estate market processes because housing disinvestment is merely symptomatic of a deeper economic malaise. Only a dramatic economic upturn can possibly slow housing disinvestment. Otherwise, housing unit removal shall continue unabated, inevitably wrecking neighborhoods and frustrating public efforts.