cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inorganic–organic composites from solvothermal routes: Extended structures of [CuX(pyrazine)]∞ (X=CN, Cl, CF3CO2), and Cu(NO2)2(pyz)

Abstract Several attempts were made to generate organic-separated copper oxide layers via solvothermal routes. Four new extended solids were isolated from the reaction of copper complexes with pyrazine in superheated solvents. Decomposition of copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate (hfacac) in the presence of pyrazine(pyz) at 195°C in THF/H 2 O (14/1 v/v) yields primarily Cu (CF 3 CO 2 )(pyz) ( 1 ). Alternatively, 1 can be formed from solvothermal treatment of [Cu (hfacac) 2 ] 2 (pyz) at 195°C in MeOH/H 2 O (14/1 v/v). Reaction of CuO with pyz and NH 4 Cl `mineralizer' cleanly forms CuCl(pyz) ( 2 ), while the presence of HNO 3 as a mineralizer promotes the formation of a mixture of products including CuCN(pyz) ( 3 ) and Cu(NO 2 ) 2 (pyz) ( 4 ). The three CuX(pyz) phases each have unique structure types. Phases 1 and 3 have three-dimensional lattices, while 2 has a two-dimensional layered structure. The new Cu(II) phase ( 4 ) is structurally similar to the known orthorhombic phase, Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (pyz), but 4 crystallizes in a monoclinic space group.
Repeatability of Milk and Fat Yield for Cows with Changed Environment

Abstract Repeatabilities within and between herds for milk and fat yield were estimated by product-moment correlations for 2,232 Holstein cows from Minnesota Dairy Herd Improvement files with at least two records in each of two herds. For milk and fat yield, repeatabilities within herd for consecutive records were .47 and .44, and between herds repeatabilities were .37 and .36 for consecutive records and for nonconsecutive records they were .27 and .24. The heritability of differences between herds was estimated . l 6 from one minus the regression coefficient of the difference between two records by the same cow in two different herds on the difference between the adjusted herdmate averages in the two herds. A larger data set of 14,111 cows with 45,011 records in two or more herds characterized cows moved from one environment to another. Among cows sold after first lactation, reasons for disposal were 40% for dairy purposes, 50% for low production, and 10% for others. Among cows sold after two or three lactations, reasons for disposal were 50% for dairy purposes, 40% for low production, and 10% for others.
Speculative client execution in deferred update replication

Deferred Update Replication (DUR) is a powerful replication technique that allows parallelism of clients' execution while a global certification phase checks the validity of the transactional execution against workloads running on remote nodes. The well-known favorable scenario of DUR is when remote transactions rarely conflict with each other. In this paper we show that, even in this case, the conflicts happening among local application threads can significantly decrease performance. We address this problem by using speculation. We let local transactions propagate their post-execution snapshot to other local transactions before the outcome of the global certification is notified. This way, in scenarios where accesses are partitioned across nodes, we prevent local transactions from aborting each other. Through experimental study based on well-known transactional benchmarks we assess the effectiveness of the approach, gaining more than 10x using TPC-C benchmark.
Hypoxic preconditioning preserves antioxidant reserve in the working rat heart

Objective: The aim was to examine whether intracellular antioxidants play a role in myocardial preservation following hypoxic preconditioning. Methods: Isolated working rat hearts were subjected to 30 min ischaemia and 30 min reperfusion. Control hearts were compared to hearts preconditioned with 10 min hypoxia. Left ventricular function and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were measured in each group. Ascorbate dependent (ADAR) and thiol dependent (TDAR) components of the endogenous myocardial antioxidant reserve were assessed using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Results: Hypoxic preconditioning had no effect on left ventricular function after 10 min reoxygenation. During reperfusion, the hypoxically preconditioned hearts had a significantly increased survival rate, aortic flow, developed pressure, and dP/dtmax, and a reduced lactate dehydrogenase release, compared to non-preconditioned controls (P < 0.05). Preconditioned hearts also had significantly higher preservation of baseline ADAR (79%) and TDAR (96%) compared with control hearts, (70%) and (77%), respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Hypoxic preconditioning enhances functional recovery and reduces cell necrosis following global ischaemia in the working rat heart. This phenomenon may, in part, be mediated through enhanced ascorbate and thiol components of the antioxidant reserve.
Predictors of Change Following Participation in Non-Pharmacologic Interventions for CFS

The purpose of this study was to evaluate predictors of change in physical function in individuals diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) following participation in nurse delivered, non-pharmacologic interventions. Participants diagnosed with CFS were randomly assigned to one of four, 6-month interventions including cognitive behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, anaerobic exercise, or a relaxation control group. Baseline measures including immune function, actigraphy, time logs, sleep status, and past psychiatric diagnosis significantly differentiated those participants who demonstrated positive change over time from those who did not. Understanding how patient subgroups differentially respond to non-pharmacologic interventions might provide insights into the pathophysiology of this illness.
The Political Economy of Attitudes toward Polity and Society in Western European Democracies

This article employs 1976-1986 Euro-Barometer data to investigate the political economy of public attitudes toward prevailing political and social arrangements in eight Western European countries. Pooled cross-sectional time series analyses reveal that the effects of economic conditions extend beyond their impact on governing party support to influence feelings of life and democracy satisfaction and demands for radical and reformist social change. Attitudes toward democracy and social change also respond to important political events such as the occurrence and outcomes of national elections. We conclude by arguing that the political economy of attitudes toward polity and society in contemporary Western democracies is real, but limited by widely shared beliefs that have become key elements in the political cultures of these countries.
Culturing and robotic harvesting of bone marrow, lymph nodes, peripheral blood, fibroblasts, and solid tumors with in situ techniques.

Abstract We have modified our in situ method for culturing amniocytes and have successfully used this new procedure to culture cells from bone marrow, lymph nodes, peripheral blood, fibroblasts, and solid tumors. We have been so satisfied with this method that we have used it in our routine practice for the past 2.5 years. A convenient feature of the in situ method is that the cultures can be processed with a commercially available robotic harvesting system (modified Tecan Robotic Sample Processor Model 505). This system also works well for in situ cultures of amniotic fluids. Robotic harvesting of in situ cultures provides a consistent and accurate procedure that saves about 10–15 minutes of technologist time per case.
Enhancing IA performance capability through an active learning capstone seminar

This article introduces and shares a model of a practitioner oriented masters level capstone seminar in Information Assurance. The course is designed to reinforce student knowledge levels and to advance students from an awareness level to a performance level as defined by the NSTISS 4011 standard through problem solving based projects.
The effect of a low-dose infusion of ritodrine on cardiac output distribution and uteroplacental blood flow in unanaesthetized pregnant guinea pigs.

Cardiac output and its distribution were measured using the microsphere technique before and at 2 and 6 h during the infusion of ritodrine, 1.5 μg · min−1 · kg−1 i.V., into near-term pregnant guinea pigs. Average cardiac output increased 16 and 25%, and total peripheral resistance decreased 16 and 19% after 2 and 6 h of ritodrine infusion. The carcass and gastrointestinal tract together received two-thirds of the extra cardiac output. Uteroplacental blood flow and uteroplacental vascular resistance were not significantly different from the preinfusion values after 2 h of ritodrine treatment, but were increased 35% and decreased 31%, respectively (p < 0.05 and < 0.01), after 6 h of infusion. The increase in uteroplacental blood flow between the 2- and 6-h measurements was positively, and the decrease in uteroplacental vascular resistance negatively correlated with the increase in cardiac output during the same period.
Improving Executive Decisions by Formalizing Dissent: The Corporate Devil's Advocate

In this article the authors examine the concept of formalized dissent and discuss how this principle can be applied to the decision making process of executives in order to improve their decisions. They examine various forms of formalized dissent such as the Catholic Church's use of a devil's advocate in the selection of an individual for sainthood as well as the work of consumer advocates who bring negative product information into public view. They suggest that a corporate devil's advocate could play a significant role in an organization, providing constructive criticism in an institutionalized manner that would depersonalize the idea of having one's work criticized. They note that corporate decisions can have significant results and therefore reaching optimal decisions is invaluable.
Reduced neuronotrophic activity of fibroblasts from individuals with dysautonomia in cultures of newborn mouse sensory ganglion cells.

Abstract The neuronotrophic activity of human skin fibroblast cell lines from two normal individuals and 3 individuals with Familial Dysautonomia (FD) was compared in terms of their ability to support neuron survival and neurite regeneration in cultures of newborn mouse sensory neurons. Neuronotrophic activity was assayed by culturing dissociated sensory neurons from newborn mice: (1) on fibroblast ‘cell beds’ consisting of monolayer cultures of living fibroblasts, (2) with medium that had been conditioned by monolayer fibroblast cultures and (3) with extracts of the cultured fibroblasts. Neurite regeneration was compared by determining the percentage of neurons that had regenerated neurites after 24 or 48 h in culture. Neuron survival was determined by counts at 48 h, 7 days and 14 days after culture initiation. Neurite regeneration and neuron survival was found to be significantly less on FD cell beds or with FD-conditioned medium than in replicate cultures with normal fibroblasts or their conditioned medium. The reduced neuronotrophic activity of FD fibroblasts or conditioned medium was still observed in the presence of antibody sufficient to block the neuronotrophic effects of purified nerve growth factor (NGF). Thus, fibroblasts from individuals with FD exhibit reduced neuronotrophic activity for newborn mouse sensory neurons that appears to be due to factor(s) other than NGF.
Supporting conditional delegation in secure workflow management systems

Workflows model and control the execution of business processes in an organization. A workflow typically comprises of a set of coordinated activities, known as tasks. Typically, organizations establish a set of security policies, that regulate how the business process and resources should be managed. While a simple policy may specify which user (or role) can be assigned to execute a task, a complex policy may specify authorization constraints, such as separation of duties. Users may delegate the tasks assigned to them. Often such delegations are short-lived and come into play when certain conditions are satisfied. For example, a user may want to delegate his task of check approval only when going on vacation, when a check amount is less than a certain amount, or when his workload exceeds a certain limit.In this paper, we extend the notion of delegation to allow for such conditional delegation, where the delegation conditions can be based on time, workload and task attributes. When workflow systems entertain conditional delegation, different types of constraints come into play, which include authorization constraints, role activation constraints and workflow dependency requirements. We address the problem of assigning users to tasks in a consistent manner such that none of the constraints are violated.
The Enactment of Cultural Identity in Student Conversations on Intercultural Topics

ABSTRACT This research explores the enactment of cultural identity in discussions of controversial intercultural issues between college students and their friends. The discourse reveals forms in which respondents justified their opinions primarily through 3 speaking strategies: the reproduction of dominant ideologies, contrasting self and other, and making in/outgroup distinctions. The enactments of identity functioned to create a social hierarchy in which dominant group values governed perceptions of others. This study contributes to the critical study of Whiteness by exploring the intersection of contexts, including institutions, ideologies, and identifications such as race, ethnicity, and class in and through cultural identity enactment.
Toward family-centered inpatient medical care: the role of parents as participants in medical decisions.

Objectives To determine parental participation in medical decision-making (MDM) during hospitalization and its association with parental self-efficacy and to explore other factors associated with participation. Study design We surveyed parents of children admitted to a pediatric medical unit to measure parental report of participation in MDM during hospitalization and self-efficacy with physician interactions (categorized into tertiles). We performed multivariate logistic regression to evaluate the association between self-efficacy and parental participation, controlling for potential confounders. Results One hundred thirty of 278 eligible parents completed surveys and 86% reported participating in MDM about their child’s care. After adjusting for covariates, parents with scores in the middle and highest self-efficacy tertiles had higher odds of participating in MDM compared with parents in the lowest tertile. Younger parents and parents of previously hospitalized children were also more likely to participate although parents with a high school education or less were less likely. Conclusions Self-efficacy was significantly associated with parental participation in MDM during hospitalization after adjusting for confounding factors. Interventions to increase self-efficacy may also improve parental participation in MDM.
Analysis of Megakaryocyte Ploidy in Fetal Bone Marrow Biopsies Using a New Adaptation of the Feulgen Technique to Measure DNA Content and Estimate Megakaryocyte Ploidy from Biopsy Specimens

Platelet counts in newborns are similar to those of adults and children. However, newborn infants admitted to intensive care nurseries have a high prevalence of thrombocytopenia. The mechanisms responsible for the increased susceptibility to thrombocytopenia are not known. In addition, some studies have documented functional abnormalities in newborn platelets. In an effort to understand differences between platelets in newborns and in adults, we examined megakaryocyte ploidy in bone marrow from fetuses and compared it with bone marrow from adults, using a modified Feulgen stain to measure DNA of individual megakaryocytes. Faced with small fixed tissue samples, we developed a technique for use on bone marrow biopsies to estimate megakaryocyte ploidy and compared the results obtained with this method to those obtained from bone marrow aspirates. This study demonstrated that the overall mean ploidy of fetal megakaryocytes is decreased compared with adults. Additionally, fetal megakaryocyte ploidy increases as megakaryocyte maturation increases, but not to the same extent that adult megakaryocyte ploidy increases with megakaryocyte maturation. Over the gestational period studied, there was no relationship between gestational age and mean ploidy. The small size, shift to a less mature population, and decreased ploidy of fetal megakaryocytes indicate that there are differences in the post mitotic phase of megakaryocyte development in the fetus. Such differences may be related to quantitative and qualitative platelet abnormalities in the newborn. Understanding the physiology and regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis in the fetus and newborn will be valuable in determining the pathophysiologic basis of platelet dysfunction in the newborn.
Application of neural network in ultrasound tissue characterization using backscattered signal parameters

Ultrasonic techniques have shown good potential for estimating tissue composition for noninvasive imaging, diagnosis, and meat evaluation. Research carried out to define useful ultrasonic spectral parameters for tissue characterization, and to test multiparameter pattern recognition methods for tissue classification. The feasibility of two pattern recognition methods, linear discriminant analysis and artificial neural networks was studied for their applications to beef quality grading. The differentiating criteria were the tissue composition (% fat) and the tissue inhomogeneity (fat marbling). The discriminant analysis and neural network both showed good potential for evaluating marbling grades and % fat for beef rib-eye quality grading using ultrasonic backscattered spectral parameters. >
"What Does Heaven Ever Say?" A Methods-centered Approach to Cross-cultural Engagement

How can we conduct cross-cultural inquiry without reproducing the ethnocentric categories that prompt critique in the first place? Postcolonial and comparative political theorists have called into question the “universal” applicability of Western liberal political norms, but their critiques are drawn most often from competing Western discourses (e.g., poststructuralism) rather than from the culturally diverse traditions of scholarship whose ideas they examine. In contrast, I suggest attending to these culturally situated traditions of scholarship, especially their methods of inquiry, in addition to their substantive ideas. This method-centered approach reinterprets cross-cultural engagement, not as a tool for modifying existing parochial debates on the basis of “non-Western” cases, but as an opportunity to ask new questions through alternative frames of reference. Examining the interpretive methodologies of two Chinese classicists, I show how their methods offer not only new ideas but also new methods for the practice of political and cross-cultural theory.
Self-dual non-Abelian vector multiplet in three dimensions

We present an N=1 supersymmetric non-Abelian compensator formulation for a vector multiplet in three dimensions. Our total field content is the off-shell vector multiplet (A{sub {mu}}{sup I},{lambda}{sup I}) with the off-shell scalar multiplet ({phi}{sup I},{chi}{sup I};F{sup I}) both in the adjoint representation of an arbitrary non-Abelian gauge group. This system is reduced to a supersymmetric {sigma} model on a group manifold, in the zero-coupling limit. Based on this result, we formulate a 'self-dual' non-Abelian vector multiplet in three dimensions. By an appropriate identification of parameters, the mass of the self-dual vector multiplet is quantized. Additionally, we also show that the self-dual non-Abelian vector multiplet can be coupled to the supersymmetric Dirac-Born-Infeld action. These results are further reformulated in superspace to get a clear overall picture.
Cynicism and Social Trust in the New Media Environment

This article, with minor modifications, was the author's presidential speech to the International Communication Association conference, May 2001. It summarizes trends in social trust, trust in government, media, and other social institutions and evaluates the news and entertainment media's roles in these trends. Alternatives to causal accounts are proposed, including variations on genetic or “memetic” forms of explanation for media influences on macrosocial trends.
Circulating Around the Tissue Hematopoietic Cell–Based Fusion Versus Transdifferentiation

> The battle of life is, in the most cases, fought uphill… > > Samuel Smiles Clinical application of bone marrow–derived cell populations remains one of the most popular sources for the treatment of ischemic heart disease around the world. Studies initially reported by Orlic et al,1,2 described the exceptional ability of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to transdifferentiate into cardiomyocytes and microvessels in the absence of cell fusion after cytokine stimulation, myocardial infarction (MI), and postadoptive transfer into the damaged heart. The cellular therapeutic research field has displayed hesitancies in establishing the regenerative capacity of hematopoietic cells, confounded by the streamlined use of bone marrow–derived cell types in clinical trials. In addition, there remain questions as to the efficacy of bone marrow–derived stem cells after suggested discrepancies during meta-analysis of clinical data end points obtained in the past decade.3 Nonetheless, as many studies that conclusively support bone marrow cell (BMC) transdifferentiation, there are an equal number of reports refuting significant de novo formation of cardiomyocytes from HSCs.4–7 In 2004, both Murry et al6 and Balsam et al8 did not observe transdifferentiation of CD45+/Lineage−/c-kit+ to the level that was reported by Orlic et al1,2 after direct injection in the infarcted myocardium. Balsam et al8 suggested an additional experimental model for analyzing the commitment of endogenous circulating stem cells after infarction injury using mouse parabiosis, the process of surgically joining 2 mice to promote shared blood circulation. A new study in this issue of Circulation Research suggests that the initial data from the study by Balsam et al8 underestimate the contribution of circulating cells to cardiomyocytes after injury because of the timing of surgical parabiosis relative to MI. Article, see p 633 In the recent study …
Membrane assembly of simple helix homo-oligomers studied via molecular dynamics simulations.

The assembly of simple transmembrane helix homo-oligomers is studied by combining a generalized Born implicit membrane model with replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations to sample the conformational space of various oligomerization states and the native oligomeric conformation. Our approach is applied to predict the structures of transmembrane helices of three proteins—glycophorin A, the M2 proton channel, and phospholamban—using only peptide sequence and the native oligomerization state information. In every case, the methodology reproduces native conformations that are in good agreement with available experimental structural data. Thus, our method should be useful in the prediction of native structures of transmembrane domains of other peptides. When we ignore the experimental constraint on the native oligomerization state and attempt de novo prediction of the structure and oligomerization state based only on sequence and simple energetic considerations, we identify the pentamer as the most stable oligomer for phospholamban. However, for the glycophorin A and the M2 proton channels, we tend to predict higher oligomers as more stable. Our studies demonstrate that reliable predictions of the structure of transmembrane helical oligomers can be achieved when the observed oligomerization state is imposed as a constraint, but that further efforts are needed for the de novo prediction of both structure and oligomeric state.
Student Grade Expectations at Technical College, 2-, and 4-Year Institutions

Although students’ final course grade expectations have been the focus of several studies, none have looked systematically at students’ expectations for grade distributions for the whole class across institutional types, student year in school, and course levels. This study examined such differences as a function of gender, course level, and year in school at a university, community college, and technical college. Participants indicated average grades students should receive in first-year, sophomore and, for university students, junior and senior level courses. Technical and community college students expected higher grades than university students, and university students expected higher grades for lower level courses as their years in school increased. Expected grades typically increased with course level, and women expected higher grades than did men.
From nations of immigrants to states of transience: Temporary migration in Canada and Australia

This article analyzes temporary migration schemes in Canada and Australia. Unlike the bulk of affluent states, both countries eschewed guestworker programs for most of the twentieth century, embracing migrants as permanent settlers and future citizens. Acting within neoliberal templates of government, political officials have recently promoted temporary migration as a mechanism of labor market regulation. While valorized workers are extended opportunities to transition to permanent status, for less-skilled workers state-imposed legal categories and regulations are being employed to attenuate attachment to the receiving society and heighten their flexibility and tractability. This research argues such trends embody and extend transformations concerning the restructuring and globalization of labor markets, the regulatory profile of states, and nature and significance of citizenship.
Nutrition support of the chronically critically ill patient

Providing nutrition and metabolic support to the CCI patient is based on the rational application of scientifically derived data and clinical experience with this unique population. Much of the data presented has been extrapolated from the critically ill ICU patients and the chronically ill hospitalized or nursing home patient, as there are limited data solely based on an experience with the CCI [table: see text] patient population. The key principles are: (1) primacy of protein provision and avoidance of overfeeding energy, (2) use of combined modality (enteral, parenteral, and oral) nutrition to meet needs as required, (3) use of adjunctive agents to promote nitrogen retention when needed, and (4) recognition of and adjustment for altered nutrient requirements (Table 3).
SIRT6 is required for maintenance of telomere position effect in human cells

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the repressive chromatin environment at telomeres gives rise to telomere position effect (TPE), the epigenetic silencing of telomere-proximal genes. Chromatin-modifying factors that control TPE in yeast have been extensively studied, and, among these, the lifespan regulator and silencing protein Sir2 has a pivotal role. In contrast, the factors that generate and maintain silent telomeric chromatin in human cells remain largely unknown. Here we show that the Sir2 family member SIRT6 is required for maintenance of TPE in human cells. RNAi-mediated depletion of SIRT6 abrogates silencing of both an integrated telomeric transgene and an endogenous telomere-proximal gene. Moreover, enhanced telomeric silencing in response to telomere elongation is associated with increased repressive chromatin marks, and this heterochromatic milieu is lost in SIRT6-deficient cells. Together, these findings establish a new role for SIRT6 in regulating an ageing-associated epigenetic silencing process and provide new mechanistic insight into chromatin silencing at telomeres.
Approaching Eradication of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy-Persistent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reservoirs with Immune Activation Therapy

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically altered the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pandemic in the developed world. Most patients treated with HAART will maintain clinically undetectable plasma virus loads with concomitant dramatic decreases in mortality and morbidity. Nevertheless, HAART does not eradicate HIV-1 infection on the basis of persistent low-level or cryptic viral replication and, of importance, latent provirus in resting CD4 + T lymphocytes. New approaches are now being developed for stimulation of “HAART-persistent” reservoirs. Immune activation therapy (IAT) has begun to be used in attempts to stimulate the HIV-1 latent reservoir. These studies and new approaches to activating latent virus in resting CD4 + T cells are reviewed and critically analyzed in the present report. Development of novel IAT may lead to long-term remission or viral eradication in the future.
Engineering Geology Information For Varied Audiences The Professional—The Planner—The General Public

In order to be effective, engineering geologists must be able to communicate their data and ideas to a complex audience. Elements of this audience include technically trained professional colleagues, land-use planners with general backgrounds, and members of the general public with many varied backgrounds and attitudes. Many difficulties in effective communication have been created by the engineering geologists themselves often by an unwillingness or inability to see their appropriate roles as team members. In an attempt to reach these varied audiences, widely differing approaches have been tried by engineering geologists ranging from the overly simplified, therefore, technically questionable style to the ultra complex indecipherable presentations. Frequently, in attempts to present information in forms thought to be more useful to the user, new styles of presentation are attempted. These attempts, when undertaken without the benefit of extensive litterature review, often present methodologies of yesteryear as new. Regardless of the technique of presentation, the report users often are unable to determine the completeness of the data base upon which the conclusions are drawn. When data and conclusions are mixed, the validity of the study is often in question. There can only be more effective communication when the giver of the data (the engineering geologist) and the user (the members of the general public) recognize the needs and limitations of the other.
A General Power Loss Method for Attenuation of Cavities and Waveguides

The usual power loss method of evaluating the damping constant and Q of cavities and the attenuation constant of waveguides, as caused by finite wall conductivity, breaks down in the case of degenerate modes and fails to predict the coupling between degenerate modes. By means of variational formulations for the lossy case it is shown how the usual power loss method maybe generalized to treat the case when there are degenerate modes present. The generalized method turns out to be a particularly simple extension of the usual procedure.
Sustaining vitamin A supplementation requires a new vision

Although vitamin A supplementation has been ongoing for decades in some countries systematic scaling-up in the context of child survival programmes began in the late 1990s. There has been a renewed commitment to vitamin A supplementation and an increasing focus on achieving universal coverage as part of UNICEFs integrated health and nutrition strategy largely informed by the Lancets child survival series. When UNICEF first began reporting on progress through The State of the Worlds Children report in 2000 global coverage with at least one dose was about 50% achieved in large part by linkage of vitamin A supplementation with national immunisation days for poliomyelitis eradication. Although national immunisation days guarantee delivery of one supplemental dose only 18 countries distributed the requisite second dose in 1999 translating into roughly 16% of children receiving supplements as per international recommendations. (excerpt)
Decentralized, Adaptive Control for Coverage with Networked Robots

A decentralized, adaptive control law is presented to drive a network of mobile robots to a near-optimal sensing configuration. The control law is adaptive in that it integrates sensor measurements to provide a converging estimate of the distribution of sensory information in the environment. It is decentralized in that it requires only information local to each robot. A Lyapunov-type proof is used to show that the control law causes the network to converge to a near-optimal sensing configuration, and the controller is demonstrated in numerical simulations. This technique suggests a broader application of adaptive control methodologies to decentralized control problems in unknown dynamical environments.
Biochemical mechanisms involved in the priming of neutrophils by tumor necrosis factor.

Preincubation of human neutrophils with recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha has previously been shown by us to enhance superoxide production of neutrophils in response to the chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenyialanine, and the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate. In this study, we further investigate the biochemical basis for this enhancement. We found that in neutrophils, TNF by itself does not induce: (1) an influx of sodium, (2) an alteration in activity or translocation of the calcium and phospholipid dependent protein kinase (C-kinase), or (3) a release of arachidonic acid from preloaded cells. TNF did, however, Induce a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the phosphorylation of several neutrophil proteins, with the most dramatic concentration dependent increase in a 64,000 Da protein. Finally, the enhancement of 02 production by pretreatment of neutrophils with TNF was found to be independent of a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide regulatory protein.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Coactivator-1α, as a Transcription Amplifier, Is Not Essential for Basal and Hormone-Induced Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Gene Expression

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) catalyzes the initial step in hepatic gluconeogenesis. In the fasted state, PEPCK gene expression is activated by glucagon (via cAMP) and glucocorticoids. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) plays an important role in energy homeostasis and is considered to be a key regulator of hepatic gluconeogenesis in response to fasting. It is not clear whether PGC-1alpha is obligatory for the activation of the transcription program of gluconeogenic genes, or whether it amplifies an existing process. H4IIE hepatoma cells were used to address this key point. These cells respond appropriately to all of the hormones involved in the regulation of gluconeogenic genes, yet they are devoid of PGC-1alpha. Also, these hormone responses occur in the absence of ongoing protein synthesis, so the necessary complement of transcription factors exists in untreated cells. However, exogenous expression of PGC-1alpha in these cells does enhance basal and hormone-induced expression of the PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase genes. Mutational analyses of the PEPCK gene promoter reveal that one element in the PEPCK gene promoter, glucocorticoid accessory factor 3, which binds chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor, is of particular importance. Taken together, these data suggest that, under chronic fasting conditions, i.e. when high levels of cAMP and glucocorticoids induce PGC-1alpha expression, this coactivator markedly amplifies PEPCK gene expression and gluconeogenesis.
Fluorination in Medicinal Chemistry: Methods, Strategies, and Recent Developments

Methods for introducing fluorine into organic molecules are reviewed, with an emphasis on preparation of compounds designed for biomedicinal applications. Electrophilic fluorination, nucleophilic fluorination, and enantioselective monofluorination procedures are discussed. This is followed by a review of the development of nucleophilic and electrophilic trifluoromethylation procedures. The final sections highlight recent applications of fluorine chemistry in drug development with selected examples.
Transplanted Neural Progenitor Cells from Distinct Sources Migrate Differentially in an Organotypic Model of Brain Injury

Brain injury is a major cause of long-term disability. The possibility exists for exogenously derived neural progenitor cells to repair damage resulting from brain injury, although more information is needed to successfully implement this promising therapy. To test the ability of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) obtained from rats to repair damaged neocortex, we transplanted neural progenitor cell suspensions into normal and injured slice cultures of the neocortex acquired from rats on postnatal day 0-3. Donor cells from E16 embryos were obtained from either the neocortex, including the ventricular zone (VZ) for excitatory cells, ganglionic eminence (GE) for inhibitory cells or a mixed population of the two. Cells were injected into the ventricular/subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ) or directly into the wounded region. Transplanted cells migrated throughout the cortical plate with GE and mixed population donor cells predominately targeting the upper cortical layers, while neocortically derived NPCs from the VZ/SVZ migrated less extensively. In the injured neocortex, transplanted cells moved predominantly into the wounded area. NPCs derived from the GE tended to be immunoreactive for GABAergic markers while those derived from the neocortex were more strongly immunoreactive for other neuronal markers such as MAP2, TUJ1, or Milli-Mark. Cells transplanted in vitro acquired the electrophysiological characteristics of neurons, including action potential generation and reception of spontaneous synaptic activity. This suggests that transplanted cells differentiate into neurons capable of functionally integrating with the host tissue. Together, our data suggest that transplantation of neural progenitor cells holds great potential as an emerging therapeutic intervention for restoring function lost to brain damage.
The Quest for Certainty: Goodbye to Index Cards

When I was in physical therapy school more than 25 years ago, it was quite easy for most physical therapist students to do a classic assignment: making annotations from periodicals (the concept of peer-reviewed literature had not yet been articulated) in the library. Although I am tempted to say that when I was a student, we had to walk 10 miles in the snow to get to the library (thus suggesting how much easier students have it today), the library was really only across the street and down the block from the School of Allied Health (the concept of autonomous practitioner also had not yet been articulated). Once ensconced in my seat in the “R's” (with the Library of Congress System, all rehabilitation periodicals were coded as “R”), I had my choice of Physical Therapy , American Journal of Physical Medicine , and Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation . In any given library of the time, this was likely to be the exhaustive collection of current literature that was relevant to physical therapy. American medical journals such as the New England Journal of Medicine and JAMA rarely, if ever, published a manuscript that was related to rehabilitation. Later in my career, with better access to the library at the School of Medicine, I expanded my search strategies to include the Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation and the Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology , which seemed to have a peculiar penchant for publishing articles pertinent to rehabilitation. Eventually, I discovered that I could find interesting patient-related studies in Nursing Research , particularly if I wanted to learn more about patient education. My searches were usually done backwards: If I could find 10 related articles on a single topic, I would create my “clinical question” and …
Hole-Projection Method for Calculating Feshbach Resonances and Inner-Shell Vacancies

Inner-shell vacancy states play an important role in understanding quantum systems. Experimentally, they appear in the form of a discrete spectrum that is embedded in the continuum. In most cases, they are coupled to the continuum via the Coulomb interaction, although this coupling may be very weak, so that the energy level and wave function can be obtained approximately by using square-integrable basis functions. This coupling can cause considerable difficulty in the theoretical treatment of these states. These vacancy states can be formed in atomic, molecular, nuclear, and solid systems. They arise in various physical processes; for example, in resonant or nonresonant collisions, photoabsorption, nuclear decay, or elementary particle capture, etc. Once formed, they may decay by inner-shell or outer-shell autoionization, Coster-Kronig transition, x-ray emission, etc.(1) The application of these effects covers a wide range of disciplines in physics and electronics as well as medical and geophysical sciences.
Reviving a Lost Potential of the Chicago School of Sociology?: A Century of Studies of Trans-Pacific Migrations

This paper traces the effects of anti-Asian politics and immigration exclusion in shaping early studies of Asian migration in the Pacific region, in particular within the United States, Canada, and Australian. Yu argues that there are collaborative community research approaches that marked early 20th century studies of Asian migrants to North America that should be recovered, a lost potential of early survey research work of the Chicago school of sociology in general.
Experiences of Newly-Graduated Cataloging Librarians

This study presents the results of a survey that addressed the experiences of newly-graduated cataloging librarians. Focusing on qualitative rather than quantitative data, the survey gathered information about their position responsibilities, what new catalogers liked and disliked about their jobs, the need for on-the-job training, whether they felt prepared to take on their responsibilities, whether they had any preconceptions about what a cataloging job would be like, and whether their experiences confirmed those preconceptions.
MDM-2 Overexpression in Human Stem-Like and Mature Colon Cancer Cells as a Target for Anti-Cancer Therapy: Steps toward a Translational Model

stent placement/EndoVAC) (n1⁄421, 51.2%), stent placement with surgical revision (n1⁄410, 24.4%), or surgery alone (n1⁄410, 24.4%). Anastomotic leak did not affect 30-day mortality (7% AL vs 4% no AL, p1⁄40.2) and the treatment strategy for AL did not influence OS (p1⁄40.108) or DFS (p1⁄40.331). After a median follow-up of 35 months, OS and DFS were 101 and 93 months, respectively. On multivariate analysis, diminished OS was associated with AL (p1⁄40.001), high American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status (p<0.0001), advanced International Union Against Cancer (UICC) stage (p<0.0001), and G3 carcinoma (p1⁄40.040); reduced DFS with AL (p1⁄40.037), advanced UICC stage (p<0.0001), G3 carcinoma (p1⁄40.044), and lymphangiosis carcinomatosa (p1⁄40.004).
The 3D Writing Heuristic: a Meta-Teaching Technique for Improving Business Writing Among Marketing Students

The 3D Writing Heuristic is a functional approach to writing that can be used with any standard method of organization. This approach is summarized by what each thought-development passage of business writing should do: Define, Describe, and Defend. The reasons why this approach is particularly important for marketing students are discussed.Benefits to students include clear, functional directions on how to develop and improve writing content. Benefits to instructors include ease-of-use and compatibility with existing pedagogical approaches. The paper concludes with a discussion of how to implement the 3D Writing Heuristic for a term marketing plan project.
Effect of para-aminosalicylic acid on serum isoniazid levels in man.

SummaryA method for the microbiologic assay of INH in the presence of high concentrations of streptomycin or PAS is described. The concurrent oral administration of PAS with INH resulted in detectable elevation of the antimicrobially active INH level in the blood serum of 22 of 25 tuberculous patients. The significance of this effect is discussed.
Na-K-ATPase activity decreases with aging in female rat brain synaptosomes.

To understand why elderly females are better able to tolerate hyponatremia, we measured brain Na-K-ATPase activity to determine whether this adaptive mechanism was affected by age. Using synaptosom...
Improving Aerodynamic Efficiency of Small-Scale Airfoils By Surface Temperature and Heat Transfer

The improvement of aerodynamic efficiency of small-scale airfoils using surface temperature and heat transfer is investigated using numerical simulations, asymptotic analysis and experimental work. The basic idea is to take a direct advantage of heat transfer that dominates micro-scale systems to enhance lift, reduce drag, and increase the envelope of operation of airfoils. This is achieved by cooling the upper surface and heating the lower surface of the airfoil. The numerical simulations show that while varying surface temperature does not produce significant impact at the full-scale (Reynolds numbers > IO6), since the thickness of the thermal boundary layer is very small compared to the airfoil chord, its effect is very pronounced at the micro-scale where the thermal and velocity boundary layers are larger. The asymptotic theory demonstrates that most of the effect actually comes from the heat transfer in the much smaller nose region of the small-scale airfoil. The experimental apparatus consists of a micro-rotor system that uses the Peltier effect to produce different temperatures on the surfaces of the blades. The experimental measurements show good agreement with numerical predictions.
Cardiac conditioning in the albino rabbit using 3 CS-UCS intervals

The cardiac response was conditioned in rabbits using a trace-conditioning procedure with either 2,4,or 6 sec. between CS termination and UCS onset. The CR when corrected for the use of a non-neutral CS was a deceleration in rate. The latency of maximum deceleration varied with the length of the CS-UCS interval
Hemopoietic effects of glyceryl ethers. III. Inactivity of selachyl alcohol.

Summary1. Natural and synthetic selachyl alcohol is devoid of hemopoietic stimulatory activity in normal rats. 2. Batyl alcohol, derived from hydrogenation of selachyl alcohol, enhances proliferation of all myeloid elements but does not stimulate synthesis of hemoglobin. This effect is manifested in normal rat recipients by erythromicrocytosis, reticulocytosis, thrombocytosis, granulocytosis, and increased numbers of both erythrocytic and granulocytic elements in their marrows. 3. Batyl alcohol is active both orally and parenterally. The hemopoietic properties of this substance are not dependent on optical activity. 4. It is suggested, although not proved, that batyl alcohol may play an important role in regulatory control of hemopoiesis.