cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Internet access and use in a medically underserved population: implications for providing enhanced health information services

Background: The relationship between health information seeking, patient engagement and health literacy is not well understood. This is especially true in medically underserved populations, which are often viewed as having limited access to health information. Objective: To improve communication between an urban health centre and the community it serves, a team of library and information science researchers undertook an assessment of patients’ level and methods of access to and use of the Internet. Methods: Data were collected in 53 face-to-face anonymous interviews with patients at the centre. Interviews were tape-recorded for referential accuracy, and data were analysed to identify patterns of access and use. Results: Seventy-two percentage of study participants reported having access to the Internet through either computers or cell phones. Barriers to Internet access were predominantly lack of equipment or training rather than lack of interest. Only 21% of those with Internet access reported using the Internet to look for health information. Conclusion: The findings suggest that lack of access to the Internet in itself is not the primary barrier to seeking health information in this population and that the digital divide exists not at the level of information access but rather at the level of information use.
Introduction to Judge Bao and the Rule of Law: Eight Ballad-Stories from the Period 1250-1450

Pure, orthodox and incorruptible, Judge Bao has been serving as the preeminent embodiment of justice in China for almost a thousand years, so much so his court cases have been adapted as stories, novels and plays over the centuries. Now, for the very first time a series of eight ballad-stories on Judge Bao, dating from the period 1250-1450, are offered in a complete and annotated translation. These texts will provide the reader a reflection of the legend of Judge Bao in its earliest phase of development, with an extended introduction placing the ballad-stories in context with the development of the Judge Bao legend. These ballad-stories, in contrast to past plays dating from the same period, present abuse of power and corruption as endemic in the courts and bureaucratic service, and show Judge Bao imposing the rule of law even on the emperor.
Towards a Theory of Commonsense Visual Reasoning

In this paper we propose a cognitive architecture underlying visual perception and mental imagery that explains analog mental imagery as well as symbolic visual representations. This architecture has an inherent duality: it can represent and manipulate visual aspects of objects in both symbolic and imaginal forms. It is argued that this architecture resolves many issues raised by the analogic-propositional debate in cognitive psychology. Then we discuss a computational theory, inspired by this architecture, for solving a class of commonsense spatial problems. This involves a novel approach to spatial reasoning that advocates the use of representations with both symbolic and imaginal aspects and visual cases.
Ataxia-telangiectasia; a familial syndrome of progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasia and frequent pulmonary infection.

This paper based on eight cases and a necropsy report presents a familial symptom complex speaking strongly for a syndrome entity, for which the term ataxiatelangiectasia was proposed by the authors in a preliminary report. The main features are progressive cerebellar ataxia with onset in infancy; progressive telangiectasia of the bulbar conjunctivae, simulating conjunctivitis, and of the butterfly area of the face; frequent sinopulmonary infection, including bronchiectasis; and peculiarity of eye movements, simulating ophthalmoplegia. The essential components of this familial syndrome are the ataxia and the telangiectasia, the most striking identifying feature being the characteristic telangiectases of the bulbar conjunctivae. Retardation of statural growth with significant dwarfing is a frequent feature. Intelligence is essentially normal, although difficulty with tests dependent upon visualmotor co-ordination is consistently observed from early childhood; test results show wide scatter and I.Q. scores tend to drop below normal range as the ataxia progresses. The available pneumoencephalograms give evidence of cerebellar atrophy. The necropsy provides microscopic evidence of progressive, apparently primary, diffuse, cortical cerebellar degeneration and of enlarged venules in the cerebellar leptomeninges and white matter, without significant changes in the spinal cord. Recent tests of blood and urine of four children have failed to show evidence of an aberration in metabolism of iron or copper. Urinary concentrations of lead have also been within normal limits. Electrophoretic studies of serum in two patients have demonstrated that concentrations of gamma globulin are normal. Ataxia-telangiectasia resists precise classification among the known entities of heredocerebellar ataxia. It is believed, however, that it may be properly viewed as a fifth entity in the group of phakomatoses, which presently is comprised of Von Recklinghausen9s neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, Von Hippel-Lindau9s disease and Sturge-Weber syndrome. Awareness of the symptom complex of ataxia-telangiectasia will enable the clinician to recognize its varied and seemingly unrelated manifestations as those of a single clinical entity and will eliminate extensive and unrewarding diagnostic procedures. Diagnosis will permit early recognition of the unusual susceptibility to sinopulmonary infections, so that appropriate antibiotic therapy can be promptly instituted in the management of acute episodes, or prophylactically. With the possible exception of a clinical report of a single, nonfamilial case published in French in 1941, no reports of this syndrome were found in the literature. Since the publication of our preliminary paper, however, an as yet unpublished report based on four cases similar to those reported here and two necropsies was given by Biemond, at the First International Congress of the Neurological Sciences in July, 1957.
Early Sexual Debut: A Risk Factor for STIs/HIV Acquisition Among a Nationally Representative Sample of Adults in Nepal

While early sexual debut is highly prevalent in Nepal, its link to sexually transmitted infections (STIs/HIV) risk factors has not been explored at a national level. The objective of this study was to assess potential association between early sexual debut and risk factors for STIs/HIV acquisition, including sexual risk behaviors, sexual violence, and teenage pregnancy among adults in Nepal. Data were taken from the nationally representative Nepal Demographic Health Survey (2011), which employed a two-stage complex design to collect data. A sample of 12,756 adults (ages 15-49 years) were included. Multivariate logistic models were conducted, adjusted for demographic characteristics, to assess the association between early sexual debut and STIs/HIV-related risk factors. The prevalence of early sexual debut in this sample was 39.2%, with a mean age of coital debut at 17.9 years. After adjusting for potential confounders, individuals with early sexual debut were significantly more likely to report a history of STIs (aOR 1.19; 95% CI 1.06-1.35) and had a significantly higher risk profile, including having multiple sex partner (aOR 2.14; 95% CI 1.86-2.47), inconsistent condom use (aOR 0.72; 95% CI 0.61-0.86), paid for sex (aOR 1.61; 95% CI 1.14-2.27), a history of sexual violence (aOR 1.99; 95% CI 1.63-2.43), and teenage pregnancy (aOR 12.87; 95% CI 11.62-14.26). Individuals who have early sexual debut are more likely to engage in risk behaviors that place them at increased risk of STIs/HIV acquisition. STIs/HIV prevention strategies should aim at delaying sexual debut to decrease the disproportionate burden of adverse health outcomes, including STIs/HIV, among individuals in Nepal.
The Net Present Value Effective Tax Rate

This study reexamines two common measures of the effective tax rate on a marginal project that generates positive cash flows early in its life and negative cash flows late in its life. The long-run average accounting effective tax rate, which compares the ratio of tax expense to pretax accounting earnings over the life of the project, can be misleading because it does not adjust for the time value of money, thereby overweighting the effects of future cash flows. The economic effective tax rate on the project, which compares the project’s pretax and after-tax internal rates of return, can yield multiple or economically meaningless solutions. In addition, it can misleading because the pretax internal rate of return discounts future cash flows at a rate other than the project’s cost of capital. We characterize a new effective tax rate measure based on net present values rather than internal rates of return or accounting earnings. Our measure indicates that projects with long-run negative cash flows are tax-disfavored, because the present value of the project’s future cash flows decays more rapidly than the value of the asset that generates revenue.
Reproductive ecology of human males

Recent demonstrations that female reproductive physiology is highly responsive to environmental factors have led to a growing appreciation of the extent of variation in reproductive function and the adaptive nature of much of that variation. Male reproductive function has received much less attention from anthropologists, whether as an aspect of human variation, as a possible contributor to population variation in fertility, or as the product of selective pressures. Yet, an understanding of male reproductive function, along with that of females, is obviously important for a complete picture of human evolutionary ecology. We review our current understanding of male reproductive function, its response to environmental factors, and implications for male fecundity. Studies among Western populations indicate that male reproductive function is sensitive to environmental stresses, including weight loss, dietary composition, exercise, disease, and psychological stress. Indices of reproductive physiology among males in some non-Western populations are consistent with the notion that chronic environmental stresses can lead to suppression of testicular function. The specific causes of this suppression are not known, nor are the implications, if any, for male fecundity and fertility understood. Further research on males is called for, including the effects of hormonal changes on reproductive behavior and characterization of reproductive function in a wider range of populations. Evolutionary models of the selection pressures underlying male reproductive function should be helpful in focusing these investigations. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Divide-and-conquer calculations for clean surfaces and surface adsorption

The divide-and-conquer density-functional approach is implemented for electronic structure calculations of clean surfaces and surface adsorption. The method divides a semi-infinite solid-state system into subsystems and determines each subsystem density separately. We have applied the method to study two low index Li surfaces and the chemisorption of a monolayer of atomic hydrogen on the Li(100) surface. Surface and adsorption energies converge well with respect to the number of buffer atoms and surface layers. Our converged energies are in very good agreement with accurate theoretical and available experimental results.
Laser desorption ion trap mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers

It is demonstrated that laser desorption ion trap mass spectrometry (LD-ITMS) can be successfully applied to the chemical analysis of a monolayer of adsorbates on a solid surface. Negative ion spectra obtained from LD-ITMS of self-assembled monolayers adsorbed from solutions of alkanethiols (CH3(CH2)nSH with n=5, 9, and 15) onto polycrystalline gold surfaces displayed clear ion peaks corresponding to the sulfonate adsorbate species. Sulfonate ions with the general formula CH3(CH2)n SO3 were detected at m/z 165, 221, and 305, respectively, and were derived from the partial oxidation of the corresponding alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers. Little fragmentation and no clustering was observed in these mass spectra. These results indicate that the sensitivity of LD-ITMS is sufficient to allow its application to a wide array of problems in surface science.
Monoaminergic synapses in infant mouse neocortex: comparison of cortical fields in seizure-prone and resistant mice.

Abstract In a quantitative electron microscopic study, 5-hydroxydopamine was utilized to identify putative monoamine-containing synaptic boutons in the temporal and in the somatosensory cortex of 6-day-old mice. In Swiss mice, a stratiform distribution of a synapses is seen in both fields. Although the overall synaptic density is slightly lower in the temporal cortex, the relative density of small granular vesicles synapses is equivalent in both fields. In the temporal cortex of seizure-prone DBA mice, only 4% of the synapses are labeled by 5-hydroxydopamine compared with 20% in the temporal cortex of normal Swiss mice; the degree of labeling in the somatosensory cortex is comparable in both strains. Morphometric analysis of the structure of the labeled synapses suggests that the typical monoamine-containing synapse in DBA mice differs from that in Swiss mice. Assuming that 5-hydroxydopamine is a reliable marker for monoamine-containing synapses, we conclude that the temporal cortex differs in several key ways from other fields in the cortex of DBA mice and from the same region in non-seizure-prone Swiss mice.
THE CONTINUING OUTBREAK OF ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST

The incidence of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) has shown a steady decline in the United States. Attack rates in most recent studies have averaged 0.5 per 100,000 population leading to the concept that the disease has “virtually disappeared from the U.S.” Over the past 23 month period, a total of 98 cases of ARF occurred in the Intermountain West surrounding Salt Lake City, Utah. This represents an eight fold increase in the annual incidence of the disease over the past decade. The patients presented with classic signs of ARF including carditis (90%.), polyarthritis (57%), and chorea (31%). Doppler echocardiography proved to be a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of cardiac involvement in ARF, especially in patients with chorea. The attack rate among 5 to 17 year old individuals in Salt Lake County was 18.1 per 100,000 in 1985. Only one third of the patients surveyed gave a history of a preceding respiratory infection. Culture surveys in two Utah communities where index cases occurred failed to reveal an increased prevalence of group A streptococcal carriage (15%). Examination of group A organisms from these surveys and from patients and their siblings revealed mucoid M-type 18 and M-type 3 strains. These findings indicate that acute rheumatic fever is still a health problem in the U.S. and suggest that continued attention be directed towards the recognition and appropriate therapy of acute streptococcal infections.
Relationship between body composition and bone mass in women

Increasing body weight is associated both with higher bone mass and with lower rates of bone loss. Whether the effects of body weight are mediated by lean body mass (LBM) or fat body mass (FBM) is, however, uncertain because different studies have used different measures of bone mass and arrived at contradictory conclusions. The parameter actually measured is bone mineral content (BMC). Bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral apparent density (BMAD), and the BMD/height attempt to "correct" BMC for differences in bone or body size, but these corrections may bias the analysis of the effects of body composition on the skeleton. To resolve this issue, we measured BMC at the total body, lumbar spine, proximal femur, and forearm using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a population-based sample including 138 premenopausal women (age range 21-54 years, mean 35 years) and 213 postmenopausal women (age range 34-94 years, mean 68 years). BMD, BMAD, and BMD/ height were also calculated for each site. LBM and FBM were determined from the DXA whole body scan. In a multivariate analysis that included age and height, both LBM and FBM predicted total body BMC in pre- and postmenopausal women (p < 0.002 for LBM and FBM in both groups). LBM had a dominant effect on spine and forearm BMC in both groups (p < 0.004) and hip BMC in premenopausal women (p < 0.001), whereas both LBM and FBM predicted hip BMC in postmenopausal women (p < 0.001). However, as BMC was adjusted for bone or body size using BMD, BMAD, or BMD/height, FBM tended to become more important than LBM in the analysis. This was, in part, due to the fact that each of the correction factors in the BMD and BMAD calculations, as well as height, were highly correlated with LBM (r = 0.57 and 0.52 for height versus LBM in pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively [p < 0.001]), and weakly or not at all with FBM (r = 0.08 and 0.11, respectively). Therefore, dividing BMC by these correction factors tended to bias the analysis against potential effects of LBM on bone mass. Thus, the relationship between body composition and bone mass is critically dependent on which bone mass parameter is used in the analysis. Both LBM and FBM have important effects on bone mass, depending on the bone mass parameter used, the skeletal site measured, and menopausal status.
Poly adenylic acid synthesis in vitro in isolated HeLa cell nuclei and whole cell homogenates

Abstract Homogenates of HeLa cells and purified HeLa cell nuclei were found to synthesize poly(A) in vitro. The poly(A) is the normal adenylate-rich species seen in growing cells and is contained in large RNA molecules, which themselves have been synthesized at least in part in vitro. Poly(A) synthesis in purified nuclei shows a dependence on ATP concentration that is about 75–200 times higher than the concentration for total RNA synthesis.
Association between lichen sclerosus and celiac disease: a report of three pediatric cases.

The prevalence of celiac disease (CD) is increasing and may be as high as 1% of the US population. The typical presentation of CD generally includes gastrointestinal symptoms, but more individuals are presenting with extraintestinal manifestations. A wide variety of dermatologic associations have been described with CD, including alopecia, dermatitis herpetiformis, and enamel hypoplasia. In this report we describe three girls with CD who presented with hypopigmented skin lesions and pruritus in the perivaginal and perianal areas, consistent with the diagnosis of lichen sclerosus (LS). All three presented within 1 year to the same practitioner. To our knowledge, this association has not previously been explored in the literature. These cases elucidate a possible relationship between CD and LS.
Field Photometer with Nine-Element Filter Wheel

A field photometer consisting of a single photomultiplier tube and nine-element filter wheel has been designed and used to study low-light levels of the order of 10−11 W cm−2 sr−1. The filter wheel can be operated up to 10 rps to give data from each spectral region at a rate of 10 times per second. Light is collected by a 500 mm diam, f/1.1 parabolic mirror and, after being rendered parallel by a suitable lens system, passes through filters to a photomultiplier. A description and operating characteristics of the instrument are given. Sample data taken on a recent field test are presented, as are photographs of key items in the instrument.
Corroborating models with model properties

Abstract A method of corroborating models is proposed in which model properties are compared with biological considerations, desired properties, and data. The method is demonstrated using two published models.
Combustion Inhibition of Cellulose by Powders - Preliminary Data and Hypotheses

Small-scale qualitative tests were used to screen 185 inorganic powders for flame and inhibiting effects upon cellulose. Nearly half of the compounds inhibited smoldering. These were limited to inorganic salts whose anions include boron, phosphorus, sulfur or halogen. Over half the compounds inhibited flaming, and about one-third inhibited both flaming and smoldering. Differences were found between the actions of the powders and of similar retardants used in other forms and conditions. An appendix is included reporting the effects of alkali metal halides on the pyrolysis of cellulose. Implications of the results to the inhibitors are discussed.
Factor-analysis estimation of simultaneity-error models

A traditional economic simultaneous equation system, herein termed a pure-simultaneity model, is remodelled to take into account the observation errors which me often contained in the dependent (or endogenous) and predetermined variables of the system. Such a remodelled system will be called a simultaneity-error model. It is then shown that the simultaneity-error model may be transformed into a restricted factor-analysis model with Its factor loadings matrix partitioned into a non-identity submatrix and an identity submatrix of order equal to the number of common factors Then, under a special assumption that requires the structural parameters in the transformed restricted factor-analysis model to satisfy a dingonality condition, a three-stage iterative estimation method, using the Newton-Kaphson process, is proposed to estimate the parameters of the restricted factor-analysis model. The structural coefficients of the simultaneity-error model are then derived indirectly from the stepwise factor-analysis es...
Some examples in PI ring theory

Several examples are constructed, including a finite ring which cannot be embedded in matrices over any commutative ring, a semiprime PI ring with no classical ring of quotients, an example showing that the property of having all regular elements invertible is not inherited by matrix ringsMn(R), and a prime PI ringR with an idempotente such thatR/ReR has finitely generated projective modules not induced by any finitely-generated projective R-module.
Intrauterine contraception for adolescents aged 14-18 years: a multicenter randomized pilot study of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system compared to the Copper T 380A.

Abstract Background Intrauterine contraception can provide adolescents with effective, long-term contraception as well as with other health benefits. In adult populations, intrauterine contraception rates highly in patient satisfaction and safety. It is rarely prescribed to adolescents because of limited data. Study Design Multicenter, randomized, controlled, participant-blinded pilot study of 14–18-year-old females assigned to the Copper T 380A intrauterine device or the Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System. Participants were followed up for 6 months following insertion. Results We enrolled 23 participants; 12 received the Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System, and 11 received the Copper T 380A. At 6 months, the continuation rates were 75% for the Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System users and 45% for the Copper T 380A users (p=.15). Two Copper T 380A users experienced partial expulsion. Heavy bleeding and pelvic pain were the most commonly reported side effects. Participants rated both methods favorably. Conclusions This study shows that at 6 months, though not statistically significant, adolescent continuation rates trended towards being greater with the Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System compared to the Copper T 380A. These pilot data will be helpful in the design of a larger trial of intrauterine contraception use among adolescents.
The Responsibility Scale: A Research Note on Dissertation Completion:

As individuals mature, increasing responsibility is taken for life events, but there is variation in this maturation from one individual to another. These individual differences can be observed in the doctoral candidate's acceptance of responsibility for completing the doctoral dissertation. The Responsibility Scale was completed by 142 graduates and 97 nongraduates (all but dissertations [ABDs]) in a college of education. A principal components analysis of the scale indicated that two factors underlie responses. The scale appears useful for assessing attitudes of doctoral candidates toward responsibility for dissertation tasks and for planning student advising based on these attitudes.
COMPETITION AMONG MINERAL ELEMENTS RELATING TO ABSORPTION BY ANIMALS

The relationship of the different components of the diet to the digestion, absorption, and utilization of individual nutrients has always been an intriguing object of research. A literature review has shown that a major factor in the environment that influences the absorption of mineral elements from the intestinal tract of the individual animal or human is the chemical form in which the element is combined when it enters the digestive tract, or which forms in the tract itself. Experiments have demonstrated that excessive levels of various trace elements such as copper, zinc, and molybdenum have an adverse effect upon the utilization of one another and other members of the trace element family that are required for proper nutrition. High levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium may also affect the requirement level. Evidence regarding the mechanism of such interactions, and competition among the elements that may influence absorption and utilization is presented.
PREVAIL: Proof-of-Concept system and results

Abstract PREVAIL — Projection Reduction Exposure with Variable Axis Immersion Lenses represents the E-Beam Projection approach to Next Generation Lithography which IBM is pursuing in cooperation with Nikon as alliance partner. This paper discusses the challenges and accomplishments of the PREVAIL project. It will focus on the results obtained with a Proof-of-Concept (POC) system. This system was developed to demonstrate key technical building blocks required for high throughput, high resolution e-beam step and scan projection lithography - and POC has achieved its objectives.
Role of drug metabolism in drug research and development: Factors affecting metabolism of drugs and their pharmacological and toxicological activity

Drug effects are influenced by binding to target sites, by inhibition or induction of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes by various agents, and by the formation of physiologically active metabolites in the liver as well as in extrahepatictissue. Knowledge of the principles involved provides a better understanding of the pharmacological action of a drug and helps in the design of less toxic drugs.
Development of Nanofiber Scaffolds for Engineering an Artificial Salivary Gland

There is currently a significant clinical need for artificial salivary glands as a therapeutic option for patients suffering from xerostomia. To achieve unidirectional fluid secretion, the epithelial acinar cells must establish and maintain polarity by partitioning the plasma membrane into distinct apical and basolateral membrane surfaces to achieve unidirectional fluid secretion. Establishment and maintenance of epithelial acinar cell polarity has been difficult to achieve in vitro, and yet is critical saliva secretion in an engineered salivary gland. Physical properties of the scaffold provided to epithelial cells will likely influence their ability to differentiate and achieve apical-basal polarity. We have engineered nanofiber matrices using the biocompatible polymer, PLGA (poly-L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) having differing topology and organization and documented the structure of these scaffolds using SEM. We evaluated the effects of several factors on epithelial cell attachment, self-organization, and apico-basal polarity on the scaffolds using confocal microscopy to examine expression and organization of apical tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and claudins, and basal markers, such as integrin α6 and the ECM protein fibronectin. The surface of the nanofiber matrix was functionalized with chemically-linked ligands to further optimize apical-basal polarity. These studies will identify an optimal scaffold for future use in an engineered functional salivary gland construct.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Characterization of functionally distinct lymphoid and myeloid cells from human blood and bone marrow. I. Separation by a buoyant density gradient technique

Abstract A buoyant density gradient procedure for mammalian cell separation is described. Gradients of Ficoll and Hypaque in balanced salt solution were used in a zonal rotor to separate distinct leukocyte populations from human peripheral blood and bone marrow. This method possesses the advantages of uniform osmolarity, density determination by refractometry, ease of preparation of gradient solutions, large sample capacity, and low viscosity with consequent ease of sterilization. Granulocyte-monocyte colony-forming units (CFU-C) from blood and bone marrow banded as a homogeneous peak with a density of 1.056 g cm −3 on steep gradients. Recovery of CFU-C was 36% with a 7- to 9-fold enrichment on shallow gradients. Both fractionated and unfractionated peripheral blood cells were stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A), and allogeneic lymphocytes. In contrast, cells from unfractionated bone marrow and cells from the light density fraction of marrow were inhibited by Con A and responded variably to PHA.
Sex differences in patients' and physicians' communication during primary care medical visits.

This study reports on the analysis of audiotapes of 537 adult, chronic disease patients and their 127 physicians (101 men and 26 women) in a variety of primary care practice settings to explore differences attributable to the effects of the patient's and the physician's sex on the process of communication during medical visits. Compared to male physicians, women conducted longer medical visits (22.9 vs 20.3 minutes; F(1,515) = 7.9, P less than .005), with substantially more talk F(1,518) = 19.5, P less than .000. Differences were especially evident during the history segment of the visit when female physicians talked 40% more than male physicians (F(1,518) = 20.1, P less than .000) and when patients of female physicians talked 58% more than male physicians' patients (F(1,448) = 24.4, P less than .000). Compared to male physicians, female physicians engaged in more positive talk, partnership-building, question-asking, and information-giving. Similarly, when with female compared to male physicians, patients engaged in more positive talk, more partnership-building, question-asking, and information-giving related to both biomedical and psychosocial topics.
Inferring ancestry in mouse genomes using a hidden Markov model

The use of recombinant inbred strains in mice is a powerful tool for understanding the genetics of complex diseases, such as alcohol tolerance. In 1981, McClearn and Kakihana introduced the Inbred Long Sleep (ILS) and Inbred Short Sleep (ISS) mouse strains that had been selectively bred from eight ancestor strains for their response to alcohol. The study provides a rare framework for computational analysis as the lineages of the two strains are well documented and six of the eight ancestor mouse strains have been sequenced. We have recently sequenced the complete genomes of the ILS and ISS strains to identify all single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), where individual nucleotides in the ILS and ISS genomes differ from the reference mouse genome (mm10).Here, we leverage this data as well as fine-scale mouse recombination rates to infer the ancestral origin of each segment of the ILS and ISS genomes using a hidden Markov model (HMM). Our model is a fully connected set of seven states corresponding to each of the six sequenced ancestors and single state to capture the two unsequenced ancestors (the "unknown" state). Transitions between distinct states correspond to cross-over events during the breeding. Our transitions are further informed by incorporating fine-scale mouse recombination rates from Brunschwig et al. as priors to the likelihood of transitioning from one state to a different state (a recombination event) between any two observations. As recombination rates are per-base and region-specific, this has the added benefit of naturally incorporating the distance between SNPs into our transition probabilities as well. Each state emits an indicator variable, specifying whether the detected SNP is consistent with the specified ancestor. We note that inconsistencies can arise from sequencing errors and de novo mutations. We use an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to determine the best parameters for our model.Furthermore we identify regions within the ILS and ISS genomes that are identical by descent (IBD). Sometimes large segments of the ancestor genomes are absolutely identical and indistinguishable. We sought to identify these regions within the HMM output, where a particular ancestor is chosen (by Viterbi) based on little to no informative positions. In these cases, there is no way to truly distinguish the ancestor of origin so we reclassify the segment as IBD.Our model outputs the inferred ancestor or IBD label for every segment of the ILS and ISS genomes. These regions were then verified by manual inspection using the Integrative Genome Viewer. Furthermore, we examined the consistency of called insertions, deletions, and structural variants between the ILS and ISS strain and the inferred ancestor within the region.
The popliteal artery and its branches: embryologic basis of normal and variant anatomy.

In 1 929, Senior [1 ] first related popliteal artery embryology to adult anatomic variants. Many of the variants can be explained by combinations of persistent primitive arterial segments, abnormal fusions, or segmental hypoplasia or absence. Knowledge of the anatomic variability in this region may have clinical implications regarding vascular grafting, direct surgical repair, transluminal angioplasty, embolectomy, or the diagnosis of arterial injury. In addition, a knowledge of the embryology of the popliteal artery provides a better un-
Diode lasers for fast-beam laser experiments

Abstract This paper describes the diode laser system we use for our fast-beam laser experiments. The air-tight housing, temperature controller, and current controller are described in detail. Data are given for the temperature stability and current noise of the system. A contour map shows the dependence of laser wavelength on temperature and injection current, from which laser frequency scan rates are determined. Fluorescence and absorption spectra of the 133 Cs 6s 2 S 1/2 →6 p 2 P 1/2 and 6p 2 P 3/2 resonances are shown for a fast beam, a thermal beam, and a room temperature cell, demonstrating the laser tuning capabilities and spectral width. A radio-frequency sideband technique with a Cs absorption cell is used to demonstrate robust absolute laser frequency stabilization suitable for fast beam applications.
Mutagenesis of the γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid Domain of Human Factor VII to Generate Maximum Enhancement of the Membrane Contact Site

Site-directed mutagenesis of the 40 N-terminal residues (gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain) of blood clotting factor VII was carried out to identify sites that improve membrane affinity. Improvements and degree of change included P10Q (2-fold), K32E (13-fold), and insertion of Tyr at position 4 (2-fold). Two other beneficial changes, D33F (2-fold) and A34E (1.5-fold), may exert their impact via influence of K32E. The modification D33E (5.2-fold) also resulted in substantial improvement. The combined mutant with highest affinity, (Y4)P10Q/K32E/D33F/A34E, showed 150-296-fold enhancement over wild-type factor VIIa, depending on the assay used. Undercarboxylation of Glu residues at positions 33 and 34 may result in an underestimate of the true contributions of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid at these positions. Except for the Tyr(4) mutant, all other beneficial mutations were located on the same surface of the protein, suggesting a possible membrane contact region. An initial screening assay was developed that provided faithful evaluation of mutants in crude mixtures. Overall, the results suggest features of membrane binding by vitamin K-dependent proteins and provide reagents that may prove useful for research and therapy.
Fabrications of justice

This paper focuses on false beliefs that create or maintain injustice, particularly those false beliefs held by the unjustly disadvantaged. Those who benefit from injustice may intentionally lead those disadvantaged by unjust distributions, procedures, or interpersonal treatment to believe that no injustice exists, that the injustice is minimal, or that the injustice that exists cannot be reduced. Research on procedural and interactional justice suggests that perceived injustice is reduced where those affected by a decision have an opportunity to offer an opinion (voice) prior to the decision, and where the decision maker offers a justifying account for the decision. False beliefs in control and dignity may be intentionally created by decision makers to perpetuate their unjust advantage. Suggestions are offered to identify the processes through which fabrications of justice have their effects and the situations in which they are most likely to occur.
Improved Adhesion of Acrylic Restorative Materials to Dental Enamel by Precoating with Monomers Containing Phosphonate Groups

The adhesion of acrylic composite restorative materials to etched dental enamel is increased by a factor of two or more when the enamel is coated with a thin layer of vinylbenzyl phosponic acid (VBPA) prior to forming the enamel-restorative bond. The present results support the suggestion that the enhanced adhesion is attributable to bonding between calcium ions in the enamel surface and phosphonate groups in the VBPA.
African American men's perceptions of power in intimate relationships.

Power in intimate relationships is an important predictor of sexual risk behavior. The purpose of this study was to better understand African American men’s perceptions of interpersonal power. A total of 20 African American men participated in focus groups to elicit their perceptions of power in intimate relationships; their responses were analyzed using grounded theory. From this analysis, a conceptual framework was developed that, among African American men, power in relationships was largely determined by the contribution of financial resources, and/or withholding sex. These findings were then considered in light of existing social—psychological theories of power in relationships. Future research should consider how to incorporate this understanding of interpersonal power into current theories of sexual risk behavior in order to develop more effective HIV risk reduction programs.
Is the BPD Epidemic Diminishing

In a previous study of very low birth weight neonates, ≤1500 g, admitted to the Vanderbilt University Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) from 1976–1990, improvements in survival were accompanied by a corresponding increase in the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Since then, certain neonatal and perinatal interventions have been introduced and may influence neonatal outcomes. In this study, we have continued the analysis of the incidence of 3 outcomes: 1) Neonatal death (NEOD), 2) BPD, and 3) NEOD, or BPD (NEOD/BPD) for an additional 7 years, 1991–1997. A retrospective study was performed of 3,837 patients with birth weight≤1500 g and admitted to the Vanderbilt NICU within 24 hours of birth from 1976 through 1997. The outcomes NEOD, BPD, or NEOD/BPD were modeled by using multiple logistic regression with the following risk factors included as covariates: birth weight, gestational age, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, gender, race, birth location, diagnosis of hyaline membrane disease, maternal age, maternal diabetes, delivery method, multiple births, duration of ruptured membranes, and biologically relevant interactions among these covariates. To assess time trends in the risk factors and outcomes, patients were divided into time periods (1=1976–80, 2=1981–85, 3=1986–90, 4=1991–95, and 5=1996–97). For each outcome, only covariates or interactions among covariates found to be significant were retained in the final model. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to measure the risk associated with a given time period in comparison to the preceding period. There was a progressive decline in NEOD across all time periods. The previously described increase in BPD from period 1 through period 3 is followed by a decrease in periods 4 and 5. The risk of NEOD/BPD remained fairly constant from period 1 to period 3, but then showed a significant decrease over the two most recent periods. Prior to 1991, the cost of improved survival among very low birth weight infants in this large NICU was an increased incidence of BPD. Since 1991, the risk of BPD has been decreasing even though survival continues to improve. If these findings are also representative of other NICUs, they signify an important reduction in the impact of BPD as one of the costly sequelae of prematurity.
Theoretical Studies of the Grotthuss Mechanism in Biological Proton Wires

The structural, dynamic, and thermodynamic properties of proton wires are examined. Detailed molecular aspects of both hop and turn steps of the Grotthuss mechanism for proton conduction along single-file chains of water molecules in model nonpolar pores and in the gramicidin A channel are reviewed, and new simulation results are presented. The Grotthuss mechanism is discussed and analyzed in terms of hydrogen-bonded network structure and connectivity, and the properties of proton wires are contrasted to those of bulk water. General considerations regarding the biological relevance of such studies are proposed.
Observers for descriptor systems with slope-restricted nonlinearities

This paper addresses the observer design problem for a class of nonlinear descriptor systems whose nonlinear terms are slope-restricted. The full-order observer is formulated as a nonlinear descriptor system. A linear matrix inequality (LMI) condition is derived to construct the full-order observer. The existence and uniqueness of the solution to the obtained observer system are guaranteed. Furthermore, under the same LMI condition and a common assumption, a reduced-order observer is designed. Finally, the design methods are reduced to a strict LMI problem and illustrated by a numerical example.
Hubble space telescope advanced camera for surveys observations of the Z = 6.42 quasar sdss J1148+5251: A leak in the gunn-peterson trough

The Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys has been used to obtain a narrowband image of the weak emission peak seen at λ = 7205 A in the Gunn-Peterson Lyβ absorption trough of the highest redshift quasar, SDSS J1148+5251. The emission looks perfectly pointlike; there is no evidence for the intervening galaxy that we previously suggested might be contaminating the quasar spectrum. We derive a more accurate astrometric position for the quasar in the two filters and see no indication of gravitational lensing. We conclude that the light in the Lyβ trough is leaking through two unusually transparent, overlapping windows in the intergalactic medium (IGM) absorption, one in the Lyβ forest at z ~ 6 and one in the Lyα forest at z ~ 5. If there are significant optical depth variations on velocity scales small compared with our spectral resolution (~150 km s-1), the Lyα trough has the potential to become more transparent for a given Lyβ optical depth because the Lyα transmission is extremely sensitive to the most transparent sight lines in the IGM while Lyβ is sensitive to sight lines with a broader range of optical depths. Such variations can only strengthen our conclusion that the fraction of neutral hydrogen in the IGM increases dramatically at z > 6. We argue that the transmission in the Lyβ trough is not only a more sensitive measure of the neutral fraction than is Lyα but that it also provides a less biased estimator of the neutral hydrogen fraction than does the Lyα transmission.
Fine-Structure Constant Derived from Quantum Electrodynamics

Quantum electrodynamics enables us to extract a precise value of the fine-structure constant α from measurements of the hyperfine structure of the muonium ground state and the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron. Results obtained thus far are reviewed and compared with the values of α obtained from the ac Josephson effect and the quantized Hall effect.
Appraisal components and emotion traits: Examining the appraisal basis of trait curiosity

Individual differences related to emotions are typically represented as emotion traits. Although important, these descriptive models often do not address the psychological dynamics that underlie the trait. Appraisal theories of emotion assume that individual differences in emotions can be traced to differences in patterns of appraisal, but this hypothesis has largely gone untested. The present research explored whether individual differences in the emotion of interest, known as trait curiosity, consist of patterns of appraisal. After completing several measures of trait curiosity, participants read complex poems (Experiment 1) or viewed simple and complex pictures (Experiment 2) and then gave ratings of interest and interest's appraisal components. The effect of trait curiosity on interest was fully mediated by appraisals. Multilevel analyses suggested that curious people differ in the amount of appraisal rather than in the kinds of appraisals relevant to interest. Appraisal theories can offer a process-oriented explanation of emotion traits that bridges state and trait emotional experience.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is an opportunistic infection and Kaposi's sarcoma results from secondary immune stimulation.

Abstract Two hypotheses are presented to explain the recent outbreak of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Kaposi's sarcoma in certain risk groups, particularly homosexuals, and the absence of these diseases from other segments of the population. According to the first, AIDS is itself an opportunistic infection. It causes disease only in individuals who are already immuno-compromised by hepatitis B, cytomegalovirus, parasites, or other immunosuppressive factors. This hypothesis predicts that evidence of previous contact with the AIDS agent would be found in healthy individuals who have had the immune capability to suppress its pathogenicity. It also suggests that individuals with evidence of immunodeficiency are at risk of this syndrome and should adopt a lifestyle favouring recovery of their immune system. According to the second hypothesis, the high incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma observed in immunocompromised AIDS patients is not due to decreased
Chapter 14 Charmonium Spectroscopy

The following sections are included: Introduction Conventional Charmonium States Issues for BES-III Novel States Incorporating a $c\bar c$ Subsystem The XYZ Mesons, Recent Experimental Developments