cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laetirobin from the parasitic growth of Laetiporus sulphureus on Robinia pseudoacacia.

(±)-Laetirobin (1) was isolated as a cytostatic lead from Laetiporus sulphureus growing parasitically on the black locust tree, Robinia pseudoacacia, by virtue of a reverse-immunoaffinity system. Using an LC/MS procedure, milligram quantities of (±)-laetirobin (1) were obtained, and the structure of 1 was elucidated by X-ray crystallography and confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Preliminary cellular studies indicated that (±)-laetirobin (1) rapidly enters in tumor cells, blocks cell division at a late stage of mitosis, and invokes apoptosis.
Inspector-Executor Load Balancing Algorithms for Block-Sparse Tensor Contractions

Developing effective yet scalable load-balancing methods for irregular computations is critical to the successful application of simulations in a variety of disciplines at petascale and beyond. This paper explores a set of static and dynamic scheduling algorithms for block-sparse tensor contractions within the NWChem computational chemistry code for different degrees of sparsity (and therefore load imbalance). In this particular application, a relatively large amount of task information can be obtained at minimal cost, which enables the use of static partitioning techniques that take the entire task list as input. However, fully static partitioning is incapable of dealing with dynamic variation of task costs, such as from transient network contention or operating system noise, so we also consider hybrid schemes that utilize dynamic scheduling within subgroups. These two schemes, which have not been previously implemented in NWChem or its proxies (i.e. quantum chemistry mini-apps) are compared to the original centralized dynamic load-balancing algorithm as well as improved centralized scheme. In all cases, we separate the scheduling of tasks from the execution of tasks into an inspector phase and an executor phase. The impact of these methods upon the application is substantial on a large InfiniBand cluster: execution time is reduced by as much as 50% at scale. The technique is applicable to any scientific application requiring load balance where performance models or estimations of kernel execution times are available.
Electron stimulated desorption from CO chemisorbed on Pt(111): A dynamical study of positive ion and metastable CO emission

Abstract The desorption by electron impact of significant quantities of electronically excited neutral species, CO∗, from CO adsorbed on Pt(111) has been discovered. Comparison of the yield of this species as a function of electron energy, coverage, and temperature, with the yield of O+ and C0+ has led to the conclusion that the CO∗ species is mainly produced by direct excitation. Studies of the angular distribution of the three ESD-derived species have been made as a function of temperature, and high amplitude bending vibrational modes are observed. Isotope effects in the three desorption channels have been measured.
Unwashed wound drainage blood. What are we giving our patients

Wound drainage blood was collected after total joint arthroplasty was completed in 13 consecutive patients. Peripheral blood samples were collected in the recovery room and at 6 hours postoperatively for all 13 patients. A standard enzyme-linked immunosorbency assay was done to quantify tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 levels in the samples. At 6 hours postoperatively, the levels of cytokines were elevated significantly in the peripheral and drainage blood serum. In particular, the drainage blood serum had the most dramatic increase for all cytokines, which was significant. Reinfusion of unwashed filtered postoperative wound drainage blood has been shown not to be entirely benign; pyrogenic transfusion reaction is the most commonly reported adverse effect, but hemodynamic instability with hypotension and even myocardial infarction have been reported. The cause of these adverse events has not been defined clearly, but may be secondary to the infusion of cytokines. The present study showed the presence and significant elevation of the cytokine levels in the wound drainage blood. A comprehensive review of the literature revealed that unwashed drainage blood is a relatively dilute blood product lacking normal clotting factors and having numerous other undesirable components that may mitigate against its routine use in lieu of predeposited autologous or homologous blood. This is of interest because there is evidence indicating that wound drainage blood reinfusion may be unnecessary in total joint arthroplasty when autologous blood is available. Use of drains in this surgery also may be unnecessary and has been shown to increase the amount of blood loss and the need for transfusion.
Optimizing offspring: the quantity–quality tradeoff in agropastoral Kipsigis

The tradeoff between offspring quantity and offspring quality is at the heart of most evolutionary approaches to the fertility transition, as it is for demographers oriented towards economic explanations for this transition. To date, however, there have been few empirical tests of the key idea that humans trade offspring quantity for quality, and no strictly comparative work designed to identify the specific environmental conditions that favor such a tradeoff. This study suggests that in an East African community where the principal form of intergenerational inheritance is land, intermediate levels of offspring production are favored for women but not men. Women produce approximately the optimal number of surviving children, whereas men produce far fewer than the optimal number. The result highlights the significance of inheritable extrasomatic capital, in conjunction with evolved psychological mechanisms, in shaping fertility strategies that emphasize quality over quantity.
Damage loss cost curves for peach impact bruising

For the design of protective packaging for the distribution of fresh market peaches, it is important to determine the damage loss cost curve. This curve combines data on the frequency of drops in distribution as a function of drop height with the likelihood of losses occurring from damage resulting from impacts from specific drop heights. For fresh market peaches, externally visible bruises are the impact damage producing losses. In this study peaches of six cultivars were dropped onto a steel plate from heights in the range 8-38 cm. They were visually examined externally and internally for bruises and for fiber tears. Results were combined with data from a previous study covering the overlapping range of 31-91 cm. and used to calculate the damage loss cost curves for Redhaven peaches and for the composite of the six cultivars. The curves predict worst case losses in the 95% range for packages designed to protect against drops of 16 cm or less. Worst case losses decrease steadily with package designs ranging up to 46 cm where losses are in the 10-20% range.
Integrating DNA barcode data and taxonomic practice: Determination, discovery, and description

DNA barcodes, like traditional sources of taxonomic information, are potentially powerful heuristics in the identification of described species but require mindful analytical interpretation. The role of DNA barcoding in generating hypotheses of new taxa in need of formal taxonomic treatment is discussed, and it is emphasized that the recursive process of character evaluation is both necessary and best served by understanding the empirical mechanics of the discovery process. These undertakings carry enormous ramifications not only for the translation of DNA sequence data into taxonomic information but also for our comprehension of the magnitude of species diversity and its disappearance. This paper examines the potential strengths and pitfalls of integrating DNA sequence data, specifically in the form of DNA barcodes as they are currently generated and analyzed, with taxonomic practice.
Prenatal prediction of risk of the fetal hydantoin syndrome

Abstract The well-known teratogenicity of several anticonvulsant medications is associated with an elevated level of oxidative metabolites that are normally eliminated by the enzyme epoxide hydrolase. In this study, we attempted to determine whether infants who are at risk for congenital malformations could be identified prenatally by the measurement of epoxide hydrolase activity. Before fetuses at risk could be identified, it was necessary to measure epoxide hydrolase activity in a randomly selected sample of amniocytes from 100 pregnant women. According to a thin-layer Chromatographic ssay, the randomly selected sample population had an apparently trimodal distribution, suggestive of an enzyme regulated by a single gene with two allelic forms. Fetuses homozygous for the recessive allele would have low epoxide hydrolase activity and would therefore be at risk if exposed to anticonvulsant drugs during gestation. In a prospective study of 19 pregnancies monitored by amniocentesis, an adverse outcome was pr...
Larval survival and development of susceptible and resistant Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on diet containing Bacillus thuringiensis

1 Larval survival and development of Dipel-susceptible and -resistant strains of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), were assayed using diets incorporating low doses of a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner (Dipel ES). 2 Larval mortality, growth and development, pupation rate and pupal weight were not significantly different between Dipel-susceptible and -resistant strains when larvae were reared on a nontoxic control diet. 3 Larval mortality of Dipel-resistant larvae did not significantly change as Dipel concentration increased at the tested concentrations, whereas mortality of Dipel-susceptible larvae increased dramatically as Dipel concentration increased. 4 Larval development was significantly delayed when larvae were fed diets containing low doses of Dipel. 5 Pupation rate and pupal body weight declined as Dipel concentration increased but it decreased faster for the susceptible strain than for the resistant strain.
The Argument from Normative Autonomy for Collective Agents

This paper is concerned with a recent, clever, and novel argument for the need for genuine collectives in our ontology of agents to accommodate the kinds of normative judgments we make about them. The argument appears in a new paper by David Copp, “On the Agency of Certain Collective Entities: An Argument from ‘Normative Autonomy’” (henceforth ACE), and is developed in Copp’s paper for this special journal issue, “The Collective Moral Autonomy Thesis” (henceforth CAT). The argument goes as follows:
Financing Vertically Coordinated Agricultural Firms

The first two papers in this session deal with some of the managerial, contractual, and structural dimensions of vertically coordinated agricultural firms. The present paper examines the financing of vertically coordinated production systems. First, the structure and terms of a typical contract for hog production are examined to give an empirical basis for the financial impacts discussed. Specifically, issues of financing are examined from the perspective of the agricultural credit user who has entered into a vertical
Analysis and design of RCCC linkages

Abstract A new technique is proposed for the analysis and design of spatial linkages. This technique is based on: (a) modeling closed loops as two open-loop chains, (b) the use of two special types of 4 × 4 matrices, (c) the existence theorem for systems of implicit functions and (d) special criteria of force transmission. Applying this technique to the RCCC mechanism yields the following results: (a) simplified equations for the link positions, (b) conditions for the existence of single and double crank linkages, (c) conditions for the mechanism to satisfy so as to avoid singular configurations and (d)design conditions for favorable force transmission. These new results are used to design classes of RCCC mechanisms in which the jamming movements in the cylindrical pairs are minimized.
Openness and Growth: Cross‐Sectional and Time‐Series Evidence

While various economic models predict that openness to international trade accelerates productivity and promotes economic growth and convergence, the empirical evidence (mostly based on cross‐sectional data) has been mixed and inconclusive. This paper investigates the issue using annual data from the 1950–1992 period for a sample of 56 economies. When the relationship between openness and growth (or convergence) is examined in the cross section, the results are fragile and statistically insignificant. When the complete panel is employed, however, and the time dimension of the data is fully utilized, a positive and statistically significant relationship between openness and growth emerges. In particular, it is shown that an increase in trade (exports plus imports) as a percentage of GDP by 10 percentage points results in a permanent increase in the growth rate by approximately 0.5 percent.
Cleavage of E2F-1-regulating proteins and activation of E2F-1 during CD95-induced death of thymocytes

The CD95 death receptor activates caspases that cleave a variety of intracellular substrates, including cell cycle control proteins. However, the significance of this cleavage for the induction of apoptosis is unclear. In this study, CD95-induced cleavage of the G1/S checkpoint regulator proteins, retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and murine-double-minute-2 (mdm-2), was associated with an increased protein concentration of a key transcription factor, E2F-1, which is regulated by both of them. Furthermore, DNA-binding activity to E2F sites is increased. In thymocytes, CD95-induced apoptosis was associated with increased E2F-1 DNA-binding activity, while thymocytes that lacked E2F-1 were less susceptible to CD95-induced apoptosis. We conclude that the G1/S checkpoint is an important target of CD95 signalling. CD95-activated caspases cleave regulator proteins to increase E2F-1 activity, and inappropriate activation of E2F-1 is part of the mechanism of CD95-induced apoptosis.
Relationships of Social-Sexual Function with Stigma and Narrative Quality Among Persons with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Over One Year

Committed sexual relationships are a key part of healthy psychological functioning yet are often missing in the lives of adults with schizophrenia. Although the current focus on policy and initiatives regarding schizophrenia has shifted to understanding what facilitates recovery, little is known about what helps and hinders the establishment and maintenance of these intimate relationships. In this study, we therefore sought to examine whether two psychological phenomena were concurrently and prospectively related to socio-sexual functioning: internalized stigma and narrative quality. Participants were 103 adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Assessments of internalized stigma, narrative quality, and socio-sexual functioning were obtained at baseline, and socio-sexual functioning was assessed again 5 and 12 months later. Internalized stigma was assessed using the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale, narrative quality was evaluated using the scale to Assess Narrative Development, a...
Cardiovascular stress (electrocardiographic changes) produced by driving an automobile

Abstract A review of cardiovascular changes during driving an automobile is presented. The heart rate responds instantaneously to critical situations and in stressful situations such as car racing increases rapidly to frequencies of 200 per minute or more. Blood pressure is less responsive. Significant ST depression and T wave changes were reported in healthy drivers and more so in ambulatory patients with coronary heart disease or in hyperreactors. In the experimental part, significant changes of the T wave in the ECG are reported which occurred in five men (having normal resting and postexercise ECG's) while driving an automobile over distances of 200 to 2,600 miles. The previously positive T wave of a bipolar manubrium-C5 lead, similar in pattern of V 5 , decreased to half its original size in one subject after three hours of driving. Transient flattening or inversion of the T wave developed in two other subjects after one to four hours of driving with some correlation to road events. The changes recovered partially during rest periods. The repeatability of ECG changes in eight drives over the same route (suburban and urban driving during rush hour) was quite good.
Management of the complicated sports concussion patient.

Context:Whereas the majority of sports concussions are isolated self-limited events, some patients have more complicated presentations and management needs. This review presents a framework for the management of these complicated concussion patients.Evidence AcquisitionA MEDLINE search for the years 1990 to 2009 was performed using the search terms concussion and athletic injuries. Secondary search terms included symptom, incidence, treatment, and risk factor. The Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy grading system was used for all clinical recommendations.Results:Patterns of complicated sports concussion presentations were identified from literature review, anecdote, and personal experience of the author and colleagues. All clinical recommendations carry a grade of C, unless otherwise noted.Conclusion:The sports medicine provider should be aware of certain patterns of complicated sports concussion presentations in order to use a patient-focused approach to management.
Seasonally varying highway de-icing agent contamination in a groundwater plume from an infiltration basin.

This research documents the seasonal variation of de-icing agent contamination by measuring the specific conductivity of runoff and groundwater from an infiltration basin that serves a highway drainage system in southeast Massachusetts. The order of magnitude of the winter maxima of the runoff and groundwater specific conductivities over a 9 year period of record is 10 mS cm −1 . The groundwater specific conductivity decreases by 1–2 orders of magnitude to its fall minimum, which is an order of magnitude higher than the fall minimum of the runoff. This warm weather source behaviour implies slow, seasonal dissolution of de-icing agent solids deposited in the infiltration basin during the winter. A completely mixed reactor idealization of the basin models this postulate as a coupled balance of dissolved and solid de-icing agents. The data suggest that 13% of the de-icing agent solids applied to the highway deposits in the basin, where it dissolves into the infiltrating groundwater with a first order decay rate of 0.0035 day −1 .
The effect of the subcutaneous fat on the transfer of current through skin and into muscle.

Abstract The present investigation was conducted to see the effect of subcutaneous fat on the transmission characteristics of an electrical stimulus applied to the skin and conducted to skeletal muscle. Two groups of subjects participated. In one, the subjects were three males and three females whose average age was 24.6 ± 1.5 years, average weight was 74.8 ± 18.2 kg, and average height was 176.4 ± 10.3 cm. The other was a group of 30 subjects who average age was 26.2 ± 1.9 years, average height 177.3 ± 11.5 cm, average weight 92.4 ± 19.8 kg. Electrical stimulation was applied above the quadriceps muscle at a current of 5 mA and with sine and square wave stimulation at a frequency of 30 Hz and a pulse width of 250 μs. Current movement was measured on the skin and into muscle with surface and needle electrodes. The results showed that the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer was directly related to signal loss from the skin (correlation between subcutaneous fat thickness and RC time constant was 0.96, p
Coalition Stability in Public Goods Provision: Testing an Optimal Allocation Rule

We test the canonical model of international environmental agreements (IEAs) in a laboratory setting with asymmetric agents. IEA participation represents coalition formation and public good provision where there are gains to cooperation, but an incentive to free-ride. We test four competing methods of dividing the coalition’s worth: a recently proposed optimal rule which accounts for subjects’ payoffs as a single free-rider, the Shapley value, the Nash bargaining solution, and an equal split. Each treatment generates the theoretically predicted coalition size more often than not. The shares of the potential gains to cooperation achieved by each rule are: 51, 36, 40 and 13%, respectively. These results highlight the importance of using an optimal rule to improve IEAs, and more broadly for voluntary public good provision.
Wavelet based sparse source imaging technique

The present study proposed a novel multi-resolution wavelet to efficiently compress cortical current densities on the highly convoluted cortical surface. The basis function of the proposed wavelet is supported on triangular faces of the cortical mesh and it is thus named as the face-based wavelet to be distinguished from other vertex-based wavelets. The proposed face-based wavelet was used as a transform to gain the sparse representation of cortical sources and then was integrated into the framework of L1-norm regularizations with the purpose to improve the performance of sparse source imaging (SSI) in solving EEG/MEG inverse problems. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted with multiple extended sources (up to ten) at random locations. Experimental MEG data from an auditory induced language task was further adopted to evaluate the performance of the proposed wavelet based SSI technique. The present results indicated that the face-based wavelet can efficiently compress cortical current densities and has better performance than the vertex-based wavelet in helping inverse source reconstructions in terms of estimation accuracies in source localization and source extent. Experimental results further indicated improved detection performance of the face-based wavelet as compared with the vertex-based wavelet in the framework of SSI. It thus suggests the proposed wavelet based SSI can become a promising tool in studying brain functions and networks.
Effects of sexual versus fear arousal on alcohol consumption in college males.

Abstract To compare the effects of pleasant and aversive arousal on alcohol consumption, 18 male undergraduates had three weekly sessions to separately view erotic, mutilation or neutral slides in a simulated memory experiment. Following exposure to the slides, they received access to alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, which were presented to half the subjects in a taste rating task, and to half as the result of engaging in an operant lever-press task. Subjects believed these tasks to be distractors during a purported retention interval. Self-report instruments and basal skin conductance confirmed the success of the affective manipulations. However, only the subjects using the taste task after viewing erotic slides significantly increased alcohol consumption. These results question a tension reduction model of drinking and qualify the contribution of autonomic arousal to motivation for drinking.
On the added mass force at finite Reynolds and acceleration numbers

Numerical simulations of flow around a rigid sphere, subjected to a sudden acceleration (or deceleration) in relative velocity, are considered. Particular attention is paid to the interaction between the imposed sudden acceleration and a preexisting finite Re wake. The results clearly establish the independence of added mass coefficient to the acceleration number and to the state of flow prior to acceleration. A simple reasoning based on the different time scales of the flow is given.
The Treatment of Nonepileptic Seizures: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions

Nonepileptic seizures (NES) are neuropsychiatric disorders presenting with a combination of neurologic signs and underlying psychological conflicts. For more than a century, the medical community has accumulated data and insights about the phenomenology, epidemiology, risks, comorbidities, and prognosis of NES. However, we have not progressed much beyond anecdotal reports of treatments for NES, and no randomized, controlled trials of treatment for the disorder have been conducted. We review the diagnosis and treatment of NES and suggest directions for future research in these areas.
An agent-based modeling framework linking inflammation and cancer using evolutionary principles: Description of a generative hierarchy for the hallmarks of cancer and developing a bridge between mechanism and epidemiological data

Inflammation plays a critical role in the development and progression of cancer, evident in multiple patient populations manifesting increased, non-resolving inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease, viral hepatitis and obesity. Given the complexity of both the inflammatory response and the process of oncogenesis, we utilize principles from the field of Translational Systems Biology to bridge the gap between basic mechanistic knowledge and clinical/epidemiologic data by integrating inflammation and oncogenesis within an agent-based model, the Inflammation and Cancer Agent-based Model (ICABM). The ICABM utilizes two previously published and clinically/epidemiologically validated mechanistic models to demonstrate the role of an increased inflammatory milieu on oncogenesis. Development of the ICABM required the creation of a generative hierarchy of the basic hallmarks of cancer to provide a foundation to ground the plethora of molecular and pathway components currently being studied. The ordering schema emphasizes the essential role of a fitness/selection frame shift to sub-organismal evolution as a basic property of cancer, where the generation of genetic instability as a negative effect for multicellular eukaryotic organisms represents the restoration of genetic plasticity used as an adaptive strategy by colonies of prokaryotic unicellular organisms. Simulations with the ICABM demonstrate that inflammation provides a functional environmental context that drives the shift to sub-organismal evolution, where increasingly inflammatory environments led to increasingly damaged genomes in microtumors (tumors below clinical detection size) and cancers. The flexibility of this platform readily facilitates tailoring the ICABM to specific cancers, their associated mechanisms and available epidemiological data. One clinical example of an epidemiological finding that could be investigated with this platform is the increased incidence of triple negative breast cancers in the premenopausal African-American population, which has been identified as having up-regulated of markers of inflammation. The fundamental nature of the ICABM suggests its usefulness as a base platform upon which additional molecular detail could be added as needed.
Voltage-dependent gating rearrangements in the intracellular T1-T1 interface of a K+ channel.

The intracellular tetramerization domain (T1) of most eukaryotic voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv channels) exists as a “hanging gondola” below the transmembrane regions that directly control activation gating via the electromechanical coupling between the S4 voltage sensor and the main S6 gate. However, much less is known about the putative contribution of the T1 domain to Kv channel gating. This possibility is mechanistically intriguing because the T1–S1 linker connects the T1 domain to the voltage-sensing domain. Previously, we demonstrated that thiol-specific reagents inhibit Kv4.1 channels by reacting in a state-dependent manner with native Zn2+ site thiolate groups in the T1–T1 interface; therefore, we concluded that the T1–T1 interface is functionally active and not protected by Zn2+ (Wang, G., M. Shahidullah, C.A. Rocha, C. Strang, P.J. Pfaffinger, and M. Covarrubias. 2005. J. Gen. Physiol. 126:55–69). Here, we co-expressed Kv4.1 channels and auxiliary subunits (KChIP-1 and DPPX-S) to investigate the state and voltage dependence of the accessibility of MTSET to the three interfacial cysteines in the T1 domain. The results showed that the average MTSET modification rate constant (kMTSET) is dramatically enhanced in the activated state relative to the resting and inactivated states (∼260- and ∼47-fold, respectively). Crucially, under three separate conditions that produce distinct activation profiles, kMTSET is steeply voltage dependent in a manner that is precisely correlated with the peak conductance–voltage relations. These observations strongly suggest that Kv4 channel gating is tightly coupled to voltage-dependent accessibility changes of native T1 cysteines in the intersubunit Zn2+ site. Furthermore, cross-linking of cysteine pairs across the T1–T1 interface induced substantial inhibition of the channel, which supports the functionally dynamic role of T1 in channel gating. Therefore, we conclude that the complex voltage-dependent gating rearrangements of eukaryotic Kv channels are not limited to the membrane-spanning core but must include the intracellular T1–T1 interface. Oxidative stress in excitable tissues may perturb this interface to modulate Kv4 channel function.
Point mutations in the inc antisense RNA gene are associated with increased plasmid copy number, expression of blaCMY-2 and resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam in Escherichia coli

Background High-level expression of AmpC β-lactamase genes is associated with increased resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. bla(CMY-2) is the most prevalent plasmid-encoded AmpC gene found in Escherichia coli worldwide, and the gene is often found on plasmids of the IncI1 replicon type. Replication of IncI1 plasmids is controlled by antisense RNA transcribed from the gene inc, and nucleotide changes in the hairpin loop region of inc have been associated with increased plasmid copy number of IncI1 mini-plasmid constructs. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanism(s) responsible for increased bla(CMY-2) expression in three piperacillin/tazobactam-selected E. coli mutant strains with bla(CMY-2) encoded on a 100 kb IncI1 plasmid. Methods Mutants were selected from a clinical E. coli strain by exposure to superinhibitory concentrations of piperacillin/tazobactam. β-Lactam susceptibilities were measured by agar dilution. Relative bla(CMY-2) transcript levels, gene copy number and IncI1 plasmid copy number were measured by real-time PCR. The inc gene of all strains was sequenced. Results Piperacillin/tazobactam MICs were 16- to 128-fold higher for mutant strains than for their parent strain. This increase in MICs correlated with 3- to 13-fold increases in bla(CMY-2) gene expression, bla(CMY-2) copy number and IncI1 plasmid copy number. Two mutants with 8- and 13-fold increases in IncI1 copy number had single point mutations located within the hairpin loop region of inc. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that inc point mutations can be associated with increased copy number of a 100 kb IncI1 plasmid, and lead to increased bla(CMY-2) expression and piperacillin/tazobactam resistance.
The biphasic mystery: why a biphasic shock is more effective than a monophasic shock for defibrillation.

We demonstrate that a biphasic shock is more effective than a monophasic shock at eliminating reentrant electrical activity in an ionic model of cardiac ventricular electrical activity. This effectiveness results from early hyperpolarization that enhances the recovery of sodium inactivation, thereby enabling earlier activation of recovering cells. The effect can be seen easily in a model of a single cell and also in a cable model with a ring of excitable cells. Finally, we demonstrate the phenomenon in a two-dimensional model of cardiac tissue.
Corpus callosum segment circumference is associated with response control in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Response control is impaired in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Given the corpus callosum's role in response control, we compared callosal morphology in 64 children with ADHD and 64 typically developing children, aged 7 to 13 years, and investigated the relationships between callosal morphology and response control. Area and circumference of 5 callosal segments (genu, rostral body, midbody, isthmus, and splenium) were normalized for cerebral volume and examined for correlation with mean reaction time, intrasubject variability, and/or commission error rate from a go/no-go task. There were no between-group differences in segment areas or circumferences. Reaction time correlated with midbody circumference for boys with ADHD and isthmus circumference for girls with ADHD. For the entire cohort, rostral body circumference correlated with intra-subject variability. Impaired response control in ADHD is associated with anomalies in frontal interhemispheric connections. Future studies examining callosal shape will illuminate the anatomic basis of correlations between callosal segment circumference and response control.
Comparison of “Pathotypes” Among Chlamydial (Psittacosis) Strains Recovered From Diseased Birds and Mammals1

Studies of the pathogenicity for laboratory animals of organisms of the genus Chlamydia (psittacosis-LGV-trachoma group) recovered from diseased birds and mammals were extended to include three strains isolated from cows which had a history of encephalomyelitis or abortion. Each of the strains was titrated or passaged in chicken embryos, mice, guinea pigs, pigeons, turkeys, sparrows, parakeets and sheep. In terms of pathogenicity for these animals, one of the bovine abortion strains was identical to a previously studied pigeon strain in that it produced severe systemic disease indistinguishable from psittacosis in mice, pigeons, sparrows, parakeets and turkeys, while not affecting sheep or guinea pigs. The second abortion strain produced lesions in mice and chicken embryos only. The encephalomyelitis strain caused death and severe lesions in guinea pigs and dwarfing of chicken embryos but otherwise failed to affect the other test species. The “pathotype” determination may reveal significant epizootiologic...
Here and Now, There and Then: Nostalgia as a Time and Space Phenomenon

This paper provides an overview of nostalgia focusing on the ways in which the nexus of time and space has been theorized. The meta-analysis presented here highlights the complex, recursive, and nuanced features of the nostalgic experience, suggesting that nostalgia is not only directed toward the past, but also the future.
An architecture to support navigation and propose tips within a dedicated Web site

We present an approach for constructing recommender systems that support a user in his navigation through a given Web site. This approach is based on a proxy-like architecture that intercepts the user's requests and the Web site answers, analyzes them in respect to an explicit model of the Web site and some prototypical uses of it and dynamically generates, in a separate window, a tip and/or an access to additional functionalities related to the Web site objective. We illustrate by examples from the construction of a recommender system for a Web site proposed by the French Ministry of Research and Education.
Estimating water temperatures and time of ice formation on the Saint Lawrence River

Abstracb Monthly mean heat losses from the surface of the St. Lawrence River during the fallwinter cooling period were determined by an empirical heat budget which incorporated the processes of radiation, conduction, convection, and precipitation. Calculations inclicate that the heat loss can be reasonably represented by a simple linear relation with air-water temperature differential. It is suggested however, that the coefficient of proportionality changes with variations in the ratio of radiation to evaporation. An equation was evaluated which relates surface heat loss to temperature decline along the international section of the river. Within the limits of accuracy of the heat loss calculations, the equation provides adequate estimates of water temperature changes for the period of study. The water temperature decline equation was used as the basis for developing a prediction technique which enables river freeze-up estimates to be made as early as 1 October. When observed freeze-up dates were used, predictions for a 6-year period (1965-1970) yielded standard deviations of 4.7, 3.3, and 3.5 days for predictions starting at the beginning of October, November, and December. Observed freeze-up occurred within 2 days of the predicted date in 4 of the 6 years examined, years yielded similar results. Experimental predictions for two additional
Sequential MCMC Estimation of Nonlinear Instantaneous Frequency

Instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation of signals with nonlinear phase is challenging, especially for online processing. In this paper, we propose IF estimation using sequential Bayesian techniques, by combining the particle filtering method with the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Using this approach, a nonlinear IF of unknown closed form is approximated as a linear combination of the IFs of non-overlapping waveforms with polynomial phase. Simultaneously applying parameter estimation and model selection, the new technique is extended to the IF estimation of multicomponent signals. Using simulations, the performance of this sequential MCMC approach is demonstrated and compared with an existing IF estimation technique using the Wigner distribution.
Distinguished Lecture: Archeology and Anthropology

This essay was delivered as the Distinguished Lecture to the 86th annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, November 21, 1987, at Chicago, Illinois.
Passive localization of moving emitters using out-of-plane multipath

The purpose of this work is to establish how a moving emitter, such as a jammer, can be localized by a passive receiver through the use of out-of-plane multipath signals reflected by the terrain. This is a novel localization technique that assumes no a priori knowledge of the localization of the multipath sources. The emitter parameters of range, heading, velocity, and altitude are estimated by exploiting the correlation between the direct-path signal and the delayed and Doppler modulated signals. Two basis assumptions about the scattering properties of the terrain lead to different maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs). The Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) are used to study estimator performance versus emitter velocity for each case. The proposed estimators are successfully demonstrated using field data collected at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) during the DARPA/Navy Mountaintop program.
Being What You Say: The Effect of Essentialist Linguistic Labels on Preferences

Three experiments examined the effects of essentialist linguistic labels on perceptions of preferences of others and of the self. In Experiment 1, participants evaluated the preferences of others described with noun labels (e.g., “Susan is a chocolate-eater”) as stronger, more stable, and more resilient than those described with descriptive action verbs (“Susan eats chocolate a lot”). Experiments 2 and 3 revealed the analogous effect for self-perception: participants evaluated their own preferences that they had described with nouns (rather than verbs) as stronger, more stable, and more resilient. These results indicate that the very manner in which attitudes are expressed can affect their status and evaluation. Linguistic forms that imply essentialist properties (e.g., nouns) can engender the inference that such attitudes are dispositional and therefore strong and stable. More generally, these results show that attitudes are plastic constructions shaped by subtle but pervasive cognitive and social input from the environment.
Potential Benefits of Parenteral Fish Oil Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease

The etiology of parenteral nutrition—associated liver disease (PNALD) is complex and multifactorial. Recent evidence suggests that the composition of the intravenous lipid emulsion, which is typically administered as part of parenteral nutrition to provide dense calories and prevent essential fatty acid deficiency, can significantly contribute to PNALD. Since September 2004, Children’s Hospital Boston has been treating patients with PNALD by stopping the conventional soy oil—based emulsions and using one that is composed solely of fish oils. Despite favorable outcomes, concerns about the use of fish oil as monotherapy continue to be raised because of the perceived risks of increased bleeding and essential fatty acid deficiency. This review discusses the published evidence to date describing the efficacy of this novel therapy in the treatment of an often fatal complication of parenteral nutrition use.
Design and evaluation of database layouts for MEMS-based storage systems

MEMS-based storage systems have recently generated significant interest due to their potential to be faster and more efficient than disks, while providing the non-volatility property. Designing data layouts for these devices is a challenging, important and interesting problem. In this paper, we explore various ways of placing a database on a MEMS-based storage architecture. Three novel data layouts are proposed after considering the MEMS device characteristics and the access patterns arising from queries. We then design the access methodology for each layout and evaluate these layouts based on their respective I/O service times. Overall, our results were able to identify the intricacies of placing data on a MEMS-based storage and also ascertain the large potential of MEMS-based devices for databases.
Differential activation of the Ras/extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase pathway is responsible for the biological consequences induced by the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase

To understand the mechanism of Axl signaling, we have initiated studies to delineate downstream components in interleukin-3-dependent 32D cells by using a chimeric receptor containing the recombinant epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor extracellular and transmembrane domains and the Axl kinase domain (EAK [for EGF receptor-Axl kinase]). We have previously shown that upon exogenous EGF stimulation, 32D-EAK cells are capable of proliferation in the absence of interleukin-3. With this system, we determined that EAK-induced cell survival and mitogenesis are dependent upon the Ras/extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) cascade. Although the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pathway is activated upon EAK signaling, it appears to be dispensable for the biological actions of the Axl kinase. Furthermore, we demonstrated that different threshold levels of Ras/ERK activation are needed to induce a block to apoptosis or proliferation in 32D cells. Recently, we have identified an Axl ligand, GAS6. Surprisingly, GAS6-stimulated 32D-Axl cells exhibited no blockage to apoptosis or mitogenic response which is correlated with the absence of Ras/ERK activation. Taken together, these data suggest that different extracellular domains dramatically alter the intracellular response of the Axl kinase. Furthermore, our data suggest that the GAS6-Axl interaction does not induce mitogenesis and that its exact role remains to be determined.
Mathematical modelling of chronic acetaminophen metabolism and liver injury

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of acute liver injury in the USA and the UK. Increasingly, liver injury is caused by sustained overuse rather than a single-time overdose. We have recently developed a mathematical model, the Model of APAP-induced Liver Damage (MALD), to predict the outcome of patients with APAP-induced liver damage. The model is based on a single-time overdose and uses measurable markers of liver injury to estimate time since overdose and overdose amount, two variables critical for survival. Here, we extend the model to study liver injury from chronic APAP use. We find that there is a threshold in the model, such that liver injury occurs rapidly or not at all, even with chronic use. Fits of synthetic data derived from chronic use overdose scenarios to MALD lead to accurate predictions of outcome, even when liver injury is the result of sustained overuse.
The U.P. Mammoth Site, Carbon County, Wyoming, USA: More Questions than Answers

In the summer of 1960, mammoth bones were discovered by a dragline operator in southern Wyoming at the Union Pacific (U.P.) Mammoth site. Although subsequent archaeological work during 1960 and 1961 identified artifacts in association with the mammoth remains, many authors have since questioned the nature of that association. Also, little has been published about the site other than a brief article in National Geographic Magazine in 1962. In this paper, we present additional information on the U.P. Mammoth site including stratigraphic profiles from the first author’s geoarchaeological work in 1961, stratigraphic and spatial location of bones and artifacts derived from the original field notes, and new radiocarbon dates. Although the precise stratigraphic provenance for many artifacts and skeletal elements remains unclear, a compelling argument can be made for spatial and stratigraphic association of the mammoth remains with the artifact assemblage suggesting some kind of human interaction with the animal. C � 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analog front-end macro circuit design

Analog front-end electronics for wireless and digital communications systems encompass a broad range of functions such as LNA, down-mixer, IF amp, up-mixer, TX amp, AGC, filters and ADC/DAC, etc. Depending on system configurations and requirements, performance and design criteria also vary. This work aims to give an insight into critical analog design issues from the system perspectives. Topics to be discussed are RF isolation issues in integrating a whole system on a CMOS single die, an ADC architecture for software radio, and a low-voltage ADC technique for 1V single battery operation.
Nonleptonic Decays of Chiral Solitons and a Possible Resolution of the S Wave / $P$ Wave Puzzle

We calculate the nonleptonic weak decays of hyperons in the Skyrmion model of baryons. The weak-interaction chiral Lagrangian is that known from kaon decay, providing a zero-parameter description of the decay amplitudes. In the S waves the PCAC (partially conserved axial-vector current) relation is verified, but the magnitude emerges as a factor of 3 too small, probably indicating a slow convergence of the chiral expansion. In the P waves, new and important terms are found which are not included in standard analyses. These modify the PCAC treatment of hyperon decay and can provide the resolution of the long-standing S-wave/P-wave puzzle.
The Ethics of Prosecutorial Disclosure

Do ethical disclosure rules require more of prosecutors than constitutional disclosure rules? Should they? These questions have been raised in debates about prosecutorial disclosure in recent years, with state courts reaching divergent conclusions on how they should be answered. In April of this year, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals in In re Kline, 113 A.3d 202 (D.C. 2015), became the most recent court to address these questions. In this column we examine the Kline opinion, the contours of the debates that preceded it, and the division of views about the proper interpretation of Model Rule 3.8(d) and state ethics rules modeled on Rule 3.8(d).