cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of turnaround command on SGLS down carrier, ranging and telemetry services

This paper deals with command and control of a satellite with the effects of turnaround-command signal (TAC) and intermod products (IMs) in the downlink services. Unlike previous papers [2, 3, 5], this paper will show a complete uplink and downlink performance with and without the effects of TAC in the downlink services. For a small uplink command modulation index of 0.3 radians, our analyses for both USB and SGLS signals show that the loss of downlink power to TAC and IM is less than 10% or about 0.5 dB. However, when the uplink command modulation index increases to a nominal operating value of 0.9 radian, the loss of downlink service power to TAC and IM increases to 40% which is equivalent to a loss of about 2.2 dB. This increase in the TAC and IM powers will reduce the power to all desired downlink services, which in turn could result in reduced or denial of services to many ground users. For simplicity in derivation of modulation losses, and for adjacent channel interference mitigation, the uplink and downlink signals are assumed to be filtered.
Dynamic Service Discovery for Mobile Computing: Intelligent Agents Meet Jini in the Aether

The emergence of ad-hoc pervasive connectivity for devices based on Bluetooth-like systems provides a new way to create applications for mobile systems. We seek to realize ubiquitous computing systems based on the cooperation of autonomous, dynamic and adaptive components (hardware as well as software) which are located in vicinity of one another. In this paper we present this vision. We also describe a prototype system we have developed that implements parts of this vision – in particular a system that combines agent oriented and service oriented approaches and provides dynamic service discovery. We point out why existing systems such as Jini are not suited for this task, and how our system improves on them.
Size characteristics of the solubilized saxitoxin receptor of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel from rat brain.

The saxitoxin receptor of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel from rat brain was solubilized with Triton X-100 and stabilized with phosphatidylcholine. The size characteristics of the detergent . phospholipid . receptor complex were studied by gel filtration and sucrose gradient sedimentation in H2O and D2O. The complex has Stokes radius = 80 A, S20,W = 12 S, v = 0.82 ml/ g, and Mr = 601,000 +/- 48,000. Assuming v = 0.73 ml/g for the saxitoxin receptor protein, the mass of the complex consists of 47.4% detergent and phosphatidylcholine and 52.6% saxitoxin receptor protein with Mr = 316,000 +/- 63,000.
Dynamics of the reaction atomic oxygen(3P) + hydrogen bromide: experimental investigation and theoretical modeling

The reaction O(/sup 3/P) + HBr ..-->.. OH(X/sup 2/II) + Br has been investigated experimentally. Two distinct approaches were pursued, differing primarily in the method of O(/sup 3/P) atom production. The first involved crossing a pulsed, supersonic free jet of HBr with an effusive jet of O(/sup 3/P) atoms produced by microwave discharge in O/sub 2/, and the second employed laser photolysis of NO/sub 2/ in a bulk mixture with HBr. The two methods gave rather similar OH product state distributions with a strong vibrational inversion (v'' = 0, 1, 2 in the ratio 0:9:1) and substantial rotational excitation extending to the limit of available energy. The dynamics appear consistent with expectations for the kinematically constrained reaction heavy + light-heavy ..-->.. heavy-light + heavy. Evidence was found for a contribution from reaction of (HBr)/sub n/ van der Waals clusters in the crossed-beam experiments, and more authentic detailed distributions are believed to be obtained via the laser photolysis approach. Nonstatistical populations of the OH fine structure states were observed. A minor channel (/approximately/ 6%) producing spin-orbit excited Br(/sup 2/P/sub 1/2/) is proposed as an explanation for an apparent anomaly in the OH(v''=1) rotational distribution. The O(/sup 3/P) + HBr system ismore » contrasted with previously studied reactions of O(/sup 3/P) with organic molecules, in which the OH product exhibits little rotational excitation. The disparate behavior of the two systems is rationalized by consideration of the different angular dependence of model potential surfaces which satisfactorily reproduce the observed dynamics in each case.« less
Summary of Tactile User Interfaces Techniques and Systems

Mental workload can be defined as the ratio of demand to allocated resources. Multiple- resource theory stresses the importance of distribution of tasks and information across various sensory channels of the human to reduce mental workload. One sensory channel that has been of interest since the late 1800s is touch. Unlike the more typical displays that target vision or hearing, tactile displays present information to the user s sense of touch. We present a summary of different methods for tactile display; historic and more recent systems that incorporate tactile display for information presentation; advantages and disadvantages of targeting the tactile channel; and future directions in tactile display research.
Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the risk from the exposure to fetotoxic chemical compounds

A new mathematical dose-response model for the expected probability of toxic response and also for the expected measure of the overdispersion parameter for the reproductive and developmental risk assessment is proposed. The model for the expected probability of toxic response is an improvised Weibull dose-response model incorporating the litter-size effect while the model for the overdispersion parameter is a polynomial function of the dose level. A beta-binomial distribution for the number of offspring showing toxic responses in a litter satisfactorily accounts for the extra-binomial variation and the intralitter correlation of responses of these pups. Confidence limits for low-dose extrapolation are based on the asymptotic distribution of the likelihood ratio. The safe dose for human exposure is then calculated by simple linear extrapolation. The model for overdispersion allows us to obtain the estimates of the overdispersion parameter at these dosages. This was not possible in the earlier models. The proposed model is illustrated by an application to a study on the effect of exposure to diethylhexylphthalate in mice. The results are compared with those obtained by Chen and Kodell (1989) who have applied the simple Weibull dose-response model to the same data set.
Mechanisms of NOD-like Receptor-Associated Inflammasome Activation

A major function of a subfamily of NLR (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing, or NOD-like receptor) proteins is in inflammasome activation, which has been implicated in a multitude of disease models and human diseases. This work will highlight key progress in understanding the mechanisms that activate the best-studied NLRs (NLRP3, NLRC4, NAIP, and NLRP1) and in uncovering inflammasome NLRs.
Lessons for spinal cord injury rehabilitation taken from adult developmental psychology: 2011 Essie Morgan Lecture

AbstractBackground/objectiveDevelopmental phases affect how individuals cope with and challenge threats to self-concept, health and functioning. Understanding prominent models of adult psychological development can help spinal cord injury/disease (SCI/D) rehabilitation professionals facilitate positive change and growth.DesignAuthor's theoretical model informed by literature review and personal experience.SettingVeterans administration (VA) medical center interdisciplinary outpatient clinic providing primary and specialty care to veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders.ConclusionThreats to life expectations, health, well-being, identity, and other aspects of self create crises that can result in psychopathology or psychological growth. SCI/D can present multiple threats across the lifespan. For example, self-image, ability to perform various activities, ability to feel attractive, and even life itself may be challenged by SCI/D or its complications. Threats may be perceived at the time of injury ...
Beyond nature/nurture: Buddhism and biology on interdependence

(2000). Beyond nature/nurture: Buddhism and biology on interdependence. Contemporary Buddhism: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 199-226.
Transient attractors: towards a theory of the graded stream for alluvial and bedrock channels

Abstract We construct a theory in which we interpret stable, self-similar, intermediate asymptotic solutions to PDEs representing conservation of mass over stream long profiles as graded streams . The theory applies to alluvial channels for which the transport of sediment is modeled by q s ∝ q γ w S δ , where q w is the discharge of water and S the slope, and to bedrock channels for which the transport of sediment is modeled by ( ∂q s / ∂x )∝ q γ w S δ , where x is the distance downstream. The parameters α and β of these similarity solutions, z ( x, t )= τ α F ( x / τ β ), where τ=τ 0 + ωt and t is time, may be derived using dimensional analysis and are representable in terms of conditions of sediment removal at the lower boundary of the profile and ( γ, δ ). Conditions on the physical realizability of profiles lead to constraints on admissible values of ( γ, δ, α, β, ω ). All alluvial self-similar profiles and an important subset of bedrock self-similar profiles are stable and act as transient attractors when boundary conditions are unchanging. Their forms are independent of the details of their initial conditions. The remaining bedrock channels are unstable because of the spontaneous emergence of shocks that migrate upstream as breaks in slope. Two regimes of profile behavior exist: for ω ω >0, corresponding to low energy environments, profiles have decelerating relative loss rates and infinite life. Changes in profile elevations over time may be decomposed into upper boundary and lower boundary effects controlled, respectively, by ωα and ωβ and depending ultimately on γ and δ . We examine explicit profiles for geomorphically important sets of boundary conditions: desert mountain/pediment ( α + β =0); hanging valley ( α =0); fixed Davisian base-level ( β =0); and steady state ( α =1), for alluvial and bedrock channels and various tectonic conditions. We investigate numerically the effects of changes from hanging valley to fixed base level boundary conditions, showing that profiles associated with the hanging valley attractor retreat upstream as profiles associated with the fixed based level attractor replace them from below. We demonstrate numerically the extension of the theory to streams with tributaries. The theory provides the natural definition of grade for our models, and indicates that it is a real and deep property of the associated profiles. The theory also resolves many contentious issues concerning the concept of grade. We conjecture that defining grade in terms of stable, self-similar, intermediate asymptotic solutions to conservation equations generalizes over reasonable extensions to the transport conditions of our models.
Regulation of Epithelial Sodium Channels by Short Actin Filaments

Cytoskeletal elements play an important role in the regulation of ion transport in epithelia. We have studied the effects of actin filaments of different length on the alpha, beta, gamma-rENaC (rat epithelial Na+ channel) in planar lipid bilayers. We found the following. 1) Short actin filaments caused a 2-fold decrease in unitary conductance and a 2-fold increase in open probability (Po) of alpha,beta,gamma-rENaC. 2) alpha,beta,gamma-rENaC could be transiently activated by protein kinase A (PKA) plus ATP in the presence, but not in the absence, of actin. 3) ATP in the presence of actin was also able to induce a transitory activation of alpha, beta,gamma-rENaC, although with a shortened time course and with a lower magnitude of change in Po. 4) DNase I, an agent known to prohibit elongation of actin filaments, prevented activation of alpha,beta,gamma-rENaC by ATP or PKA plus ATP. 5) Cytochalasin D, added after rundown of alpha,beta,gamma-rENaC activity following ATP or PKA plus ATP treatment, produced a second transient activation of alpha,beta,gamma-rENaC. 6) Gelsolin, a protein that stabilizes polymerization of actin filaments at certain lengths, evoked a sustained activation of alpha,beta,gamma-rENaC at actin/gelsolin ratios of <32:1, with a maximal effect at an actin/gelsolin ratio of 2:1. These results suggest that short actin filaments activate alpha, beta,gamma-rENaC. PKA-mediated phosphorylation augments activation of this channel by decreasing the rate of elongation of actin filaments. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that cloned alpha,beta,gamma-rENaCs form a core conduction unit of epithelial Na+ channels and that interaction of these channels with other associated proteins, such as short actin filaments, confers regulation to channel activity.
Interferon induction with Newcastle disease virus in FS-4 cells: Effect of 5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB)

DRB is an inhibitor of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis. The effect of DRB on interferon production stimulated by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the human FS-4 cells was studied. Interferon production in cells primed by treatment with interferon was markedly enhanced (superinduced) in the presence of DRB. This superinduction was essentially due to an inhibition of the rapid decline (shutoff) of interferon production observed in primed cells not treated with DRB. Continuous presence of DRB was required for maximal superinduction. In this and other respects the interferon response induced by NDV in primed cells resembled poly(I) · poly(C)-induced interferon production. In contrast interferon production in cells not primed with interferon was virtually abolished by DRB treatment. Since neither virus specific RNA synthesis nor virus replication were significantly affected by DRB, the inhibition of interferon production is likely to result from the inhibitory action of DRB on a cellular, rather than viral, function. Apparently some differences exist in the synthesis or processing of the mRNAs for interferons in primed and unprimed cells and these determine the different sensitivities of these two responses to DRB.
Bioavailability of a Sustained-Release Dyphylline Formulation

The bioavailability of dyphylline from sustained-release tablets, studied in seven normal subjects given a single dose of the drug, was 67.8 per cent of that from conventional tablets. In three subjects given 40 mg/kg dyphylline as sustained-release tablets every 8 hours for four days, serum dyphylline concentrations were maintained above 7.88 microng/ml once steady state was achieved. No adverse effects were noted, though in one subject peak serum dyphylline concentrations reached 30 microng/ml after multiple doses.
The eruptive history of the Mascota volcanic field, western Mexico: Age and volume constraints on the origin of andesite among a diverse suite of lamprophyric and calc-alkaline lavas

The Mascota volcanic field is located in the Jalisco Block of western Mexico, where the Rivera Plate subducts beneath the North American Plate. It spans an area of ∼ 2000 km2 and contains ∼ 87 small cones and lava flows of minette, absarokite, basic hornblende lamprophyre, basaltic andesite, and andesite. There are no contemporary dacite or rhyolite lavas. New 40Ar/39Ar ages are presented for 35 samples, which are combined with nine dates from the literature to document the eruptive history of this volcanic field. The oldest lavas (2.4 to 0.5 Ma) are found in the southern part of the field area, whereas the youngest lavas (predominantly < 0.5 Ma) are found in the northern portion. On the basis of these ages, field mapping, and the use of ortho aerial photographs and digital elevation models, it is estimated that a combined volume of 6.8 ± 3.1 km3 erupted in the last 2.4 Myr, which leads to an average eruption rate of ∼ 0.003 km3/kyr, and an average volume per eruptive unit of < 0.1 km3. The dominant lava type is andesite (2.1 ± 0.9 km3), followed by absarokite (1.6 ± 0.8 km3), basaltic andesite (1.2 ± 0.5 km3), basic hornblende lamprophyre (1.0 ± 0.4 km3), and minette (0.9 ± 0.5 km3). Thus, the medium-K andesite and basaltic andesite comprise approximately half (49%) of the erupted magma, with twice as much andesite as basaltic andesite, and they occur in close spatial and temporal association with the highly potassic, lamprophyric lavas. There is no time progression to the type of magma erupted. A wide variety of evidence indicate that the high-MgO (8–9 wt.% ) basaltic andesites (52–53% wt.% SiO2) were formed by H2O flux melting of the asthenopheric arc mantle wedge, whereas the mafic minettes and absarokites were formed by partial melting (induced by thermal erosion) of depleted lithospheric mantle containing phlogopite-bearing veins. There is only limited differentiation of the potassic magmas, with none more evolved than 55.4 wt.% SiO2 and 4.4 wt.% MgO. This may be attributable to rapid crystallization of the mantle-derived melts in the deep crust, owing to their low volumes. Thus, the andesites (58–63 wt.% SiO2) are notable for being both the most voluminous and the most evolved of all lava types in the Mascota volcanic field, which is not consistent with their extraction from extensively crystallized (60–70%), low-volume intrusions. Instead, the evidence supports the origin of the andesites by partial melting of amphibolitized, mafic lower crust, driven by the emplacement of the minettes, absarokites, and the high-Mg basaltic andesites.
Characterizing the Precision Uncertainty in Vibratory Roller Measurement Values

Understanding precision uncertainty in roller measurement values (MV) from continuous compaction control and intelligent compaction vibratory soil and asphalt rollers is required for implementation of roller-based specifications for pavement construction quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA). Accordingly, MV uncertainty can have a significant influence on the acceptance criteria specified in QC/QA. Two pertinent uncertainties are examined within this context: (1) uncertainty in single roller MV data and (2) uncertainty in the difference between roller MVs at the same location from consecutive passes. The uncertainties were estimated from roller MV records using two experimental methods: (1) evaluation of consecutive pass MV records and (2) determination of a nugget variance from geostatistical variogram analysis of a single pass of MV data. The nugget method was found to be dependent on the reporting characteristics of the MV data. A procedure that uses uncertainty analysis to determine malfunctioning roller measurement systems and MVs insensitive to soil properties was demonstrated. The uncertainties from different MVs were found to be similar when evaluated on the same soil. However, MV uncertainty was found to vary between different soils using the same roller. The uncertainty estimated in this study has significant implications on acceptance criteria and nature of QC/QA specification.
Tropical Pyomyositis in a Patient From St. Croix

A 70-year-old man living in St. Croix, developed persistent swelling of his right leg approximately 1 year after undergoing pelvic lymph node dissection and irradiation in the United States for locally invasive adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Approximately 1 month prior to admission, he had noticed slow, painful swelling of his right groin associated with erythema and increased warmth. He reported no history of trauma. A computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated an intramuscular soft tissue mass in the right iliopsoas, obturator, and adductor magnus muscles. A 19-day course of corticosteroids provided symptomatic improvement; however, cessation of this medication resulted in the rapid return and distal extension of the swelling. In addition, edema and a firm, "woody" mass developed in the lateral aspect of the right thigh, although there were no constitutional symptoms. Because of the recrudescence of symptoms, the patient was again placed on corticosteroids. After noting no improvement in 48 hours, the patient sought treatment in the United States, where he was diagnosed with tropical pyomyositis. Imaging studies demonstrated copious purulent material distributed in and between the anterior femoral muscles (Fig. 1). Culture of the pus drained intraoperatively yielded Streptococcus anginosus and Bacteroides vulgaris. The patient recovered after repeated surgical drainage and treatment with intravenous penicillin and metronidazole.
Diabetes is Associated with Autoimmunity in the New Zealand Obese (NZO) Mouse

The New Zealand Obese (NZO) mouse was studied as a potential model for autoimmune diabetes. NZO mice develop obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance, and have low-titer IgM antibodies to the insulin receptor. It is shown that they have circulating antibodies to both native DNA and denatured, single-stranded DNA. The antibody levels are higher in females, and, up to 6 mo of age, are comparable to those found in the related NZB X NZW F1 (NZB/W) mouse, a model for systemic lupus erythematosus. After 6 mo of age the antibody levels in NZO mice fall toward normal, in contrast to the persistently elevated levels in NZB/W mice. NZB/W mice are known to succumb to immune complex-mediated proliferative glomerulonephritis before 1 yr of age, whereas NZO mice survive. NZO kidneys exhibit light microscopic features of both diabetic and lupus nephropathies: glomerular proliferation, mesangial deposits, mild basement membrane thickening, glomerulosclerosis, eosinophilic nodules in some glomeruli, occasional hyalinization of the glomerular arterioles, and healing arteriolar inflammation. These changes are associated with glomerular deposition of immunoglobulin, especially IgM, in a granular pattern on fluorescent staining. The NZO mouse, therefore, has evidence of a generalized immune disorder and provides a model for studying the relationship between autoimmunity, obesity, and diabetes.
Efficiency and threshold analysis of resonantly diode-laser-pumped 1.6-/spl mu/m Er:YAG laser

Resonant diode pumping of the 1.6-/spl mu/m Er/sup 3+/(1%):YAG laser is reported with the absorbed photon conversion efficiency of 26%. Fluorescence study indicates that upconversion is a dominant mechanism affecting the solid-state laser threshold.
Inferring threats in urban environments with uncertain and approximate data: an agent-based approach

In this article we discuss the problem of inferring threats in an urban environment, where the knowledge of the environment involves multiple types of intelligence and infrastructure data, and is by nature uncertain or approximate. We use a collection of situation-aware agents to infer potential threats in such environments, where agents are responsible for event correlation and situation assessment. We review the weaknesses of a current approach to threat assessment in Homeland Security and then describe our agent-based approach. The key innovations of our agent-based approach are: an ontological commitment to events and situations, fuzzy event correlation, fuzzy situation assessment, adaptability and learning during threat assessment operations, and an enhancement of traditional belief-desire-intention (BDI) agents with situation awareness. We describe the properties of situation-aware BDI agents and discuss the implementation of them on a variety of BDI agent platforms. Lastly, we discuss the interoperability of these platforms and address the issue of scalability through coupling to large-scale peer-to-peer overlays.
Effects of Pseudo-Phosphorylation of cTnI by P21 Activated Kinase-3 (PAK3) on Structure and Kinetics of Ca2+-Induced Cardiac Thin Filament Regulation

Residue Ser151 of rat cardiac troponin I (cTnI) can be phosphorylated by P21-activated kinase 3 (PAK3). It has been found that PAK3 phosphorylation of cTnI induces an increase in Ca2+ sensitivity of myofilament, but detailed mechanism is unknown. We investigated the structural and kinetic effects of phosphorylation of cTnI PAK3 site Ser151 on the Ca2+-induced thin filament regulation. Using steady-state and time-resolved Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) measurements and stopped-flow kinetic studies, we measured Ca2+-induced changes in FRET distance from the residues 160 and 167 in the regulatory region of cTnI to the residue 89 of cTnC to monitor cTnC and cTnI interactions. The measurements were done with the reconstituted thin filament containing PAK3 pseudo-phosphorylation of cTnI(S151E). We hypothesized that the charge modification at the interface between troponin C (cTnC) and cTnI caused by the phosphorylation at the N-terminus of the regulatory region of cTnI may affect the binding of the regulatory region of cTnI to cTnC. Our results showed that the pseudo-phosphorylation of cTnI(S151E) favors the binding by shortening the distances between the regulatory region of cTnI and cTnC and increasing Ca2+ sensitivity of the structural change. Furthermore, the pseudo-phosphorylation showed similar kinetic effects as the strongly-bound crossbridges on the thin filament regulation by significantly slowing down the kinetics of the Ca2+ dissociation-induced structural transitions of the regulatory region of cTnI. This is consistent with the decreased tension cost observed in the tension measurements of cardiac muscle fiber bundle reconstituted with the pseudo-phosphorylated cTnI, which suggest a decrease in crossbridge detachment rates. Our results provide novel information on the potential molecular mechanism underlying modulation of cardiac thin filament regulation by PAK3 phosphorylation of cTnI.
Aperture averaging of optical scintillations: power fluctuations and the temporal spectrum

Abstract Using a recently developed theory of scintillation that is valid under all fluctuation conditions, including the focussing and saturation regimes, we develop general models for predicting power fluctuations (or aperture averaging) over finite-size collecting apertures. Inner-scale effects are introduced using a modified atmospheric spectrum for refractive-index fluctuations that includes a high-wavenumber bump. Where comparisons can be made, these models of aperture averaging are in good agreement with previous asymptotic models and experimental data. In addition to the aperture-averaging factor, we calculate the temporal spectrum associated with power fluctuations over various aperture sizes and conditions of turbulence. These later results clearly show the transfer of power distribution from high to low frequencies as the size of the collecting aperture is increased. The transfer of power is more pronounced in the saturation regime where high frequencies (fastest fluctuations) can be averaged o...
Effects of nitrogen source and level on the performance of chicks and rats fed low and high tannin sorghum

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with chicks and one with rats to investigate the effects of feeding high tannin (HTS) and low tannin sorghum (LTS) in diets supplemented with either isolated soybean protein (ISP) or crystalline amino acids (CAA) at two levels of nitrogen. CAA were added in the same amounts provided by ISP. Within an experiment, the amount of sorghum protein was held constant for all diets, while the amount of non-sorghum nitrogen added to the higher nitrogen diet was double that of the lower nitrogen diet. At the lower level of nitrogen, HTS depressed growth rate in all experiments regardless of the nitrogen source. Increasing the dietary nitrogen as ISP overcame essentially all of the adverse effects of HTS on growth rate. In contrast, increasing nitrogen as CAA, although improving growth with both LTS and HTS diets, did not correct the growth depression caused by HTS; the differences between LTS and HTS were essentially the same at both levels of CAA supplementation. These results suggest that reduced protein digestibility is not the primary reason for the reduced growth rate observed by feeding HTS.
Timing of moderate alcohol exposure during pregnancy and neonatal outcome in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Background: Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure can contribute to neurodevelopmental deficits in nonhuman primate offspring. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of gestational timing of alcohol exposure on neurobehavior with a nonhuman primate model. Methods: Sixty-three rhesus monkey infants (Macaca mulatta), from four groups of females, were assessed: (1) an early alcohol-exposed group, in which mothers voluntarily consumed alcohol on gestational days 0 through 50; (2) a mid to late gestation alcohol-exposed group, in which mothers consumed an identical dose on gestation days 50 through 135; (3) a continuous-exposure group, in which mothers consumed an identical dose on days 0 through 135 or days 0 through 165; and (4) controls, in which mothers voluntarily consumed an isocaloric control solution on gestational days 0 through 50, 50 through 135, 0 through 135, or 0 through 165. Data were obtained on offspring for measures of growth and neurobehavior. Results: There were no effects of alcohol on birthweight, gestation length, or ponderal index. Prenatal exposure to alcohol during early gestation significantly decreased scores on infant neurobehavioral tests overall in multivariate tests, after controlling for birthweight. Univariate tests showed that early gestation alcohol exposure was related to reductions in infant orientation and motor maturity. Mid- to late-gestation exposure also resulted in a reduction in motor maturity but did not affect overall neurobehavioral performance in the multivariate tests. Conclusions: Early-gestation alcohol exposure is as deleterious to neonatal neurobehavior as late-gestation or continuous exposure. Moreover, neurobehavior seems to be a more sensitive marker of early-gestation moderate alcohol exposure than growth parameters. Women who are attempting to become pregnant should minimize frequent social drinking, because subtle neurodevelopmental effects to the fetus may be induced before pregnancy is detected.
CERAMIC-COATED-PARTICLE NUCLEAR FUELS

Abstract In the last few years, great interest has been aroused in ceramic coated particle nuclear fuels, which consists of small particles of the fuel material coated with a thin, impermeable ceramic layer and dispersed in a ceramic matrix. Such fuel materials are of interest primarily because they hold promise of achieving complete fission product retention at high temperatures, using materials having low neutron absorption cross-section and good corrosion resistance. This article reviews the current technical status of such fuel materials. Particles of fuel materials have been coated with pyrolytic carbon, beryllia, alumina, magnesia, zirconia, silicon carbide, and niobium carbide. They have been dispersed in graphite, BeO, and Al 2 O 3 , though few data have been reported for BeO matrices. Laboratory and in-pile evaluations of these materials are showing how to overcome difficulties experienced in early studies and recent data have shown that essentially complete fission product retention can be achieved at temperatures above 1000° C, for burnups in excess of 6 per cent of metal atoms. Such satisfactory results are of recent vintage. It is anticipated that even better performance will soon be achieved.
Neural correlates of reflection on goal states: The role of regulatory focus and temporal distance

Effective self-regulation requires the ability to consider alternate goal states in order to adapt to shifting circumstances. Previous research on goal reflection has identified goal-type dissociations in brain regions broadly associated with self-projection. Importantly, however, there is a need to distinguish activation differences due to recruitment of distinct processes from activations that reflect common processes with varying levels of recruitment. The fact that different types of goals tend to covary naturally with time allowed us to vary the difficulty of goal reflection across content domains. Participants in an fMRI study thought about promotion or prevention goals at three time points. Goals that varied in terms of content, time-frame, valence, and abstractness but were difficult to construct (relative to other goals) activated an area of dorsal medial PFC, suggesting that this region may support general-purpose projective processes. In contrast, goals that were easy to construct activated a region of dorsolateral PFC involved in domain-general memory retrieval. Importantly, we also observed domain-specific effects of goal type and temporal distance; promotion goals were associated with heightened activity in medial PFC, short-term goals activated precuneus and anterior cingulate cortex, and longer-term goals activated frontal areas, including ventrolateral PFC and orbitofrontal cortex.
Sm-Nd in marine carbonates and phosphates: Implications for Nd isotopes in seawater and crustal ages

This study explores the possibility of establishing Nd isotopic variations in seawater over geologic time. Calcite, aragonite and apatite are examined as possible phases recording seawater values of ϵ_(Nd). Modern, biogenic and inorganically precipitated calcite and aragonite from marine environments were found to have Nd concentrations of from 0.2 to 70 ppb, showing that primary marine CaCO_3 contains little REE and that Nd/Ca is not greatly enhanced relative to seawater during carbonate precipitation. Very young marine limestone and dolomite containing no continental detritus have ~200 ppb Nd. All the carbonates are LREE enriched (-0.16≤ƒ^(Sm/Nd) ≤-0.45). Modern and very young Atlantic and Pacific carbonates have ϵ_(Nd) in the range of shallow Atlantic and Pacific seawater respectively, implying that they derive their REE from local seawater. The Nd in well preserved carbonate fossils is ≤4 × 10^4 ppb, much greater than in their modern counterparts but like the high values found for carbonates in other studies. We believe the high REE contents (at the 500 ppb level) in some detritusfree carbonates are due to REE-rich Fe-hydroxide in/on the carbonate. In favorable cases, such material may record seawater ϵ_(Nd) values, however introduction of extraneous REE may obscure the original isotopic composition of pure CaCO_3 because of its very low intrinsic primary REE abundance. Modern biogenic apatite is also shown to have very low REE content (<150 ppb Nd) but appears to quickly scavenge REE from seawater. Inorganically precipitated apatite from phosphorites has high concentrations of seawater-derived REE. Young phosphorite apatite from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans has ϵ_(Nd) in the range of the seawater from these oceans. Older apatite samples of similar age from different localities bordering common oceans record similar values of ϵ_(Nd)(T). Sedimentary apatite has ϵ_(Sr)(T) values in good agreement with the curves for ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr of seawater as a function of time. Individual conodonts from a single formation yield the same ϵ_(Sr)(T) and ϵ_(Nd)(T). Other workers have shown that sedimentary apatite preserves seawater REE patterns. These characteristics suggest that sedimentary apatite can be used to determine ϵ_(Nd)(T) in ancient seawater. The seawater values so inferred range between −1.7 and −8.9 over the last 700 my and lie in the range of modern seawater, showing no evidence for drastic changes. High values of seawater ϵ_(Nd)(T) in the Triassic and latest Precambrian may correlate with the breakup of large continental landmasses. The initial ϵ_(Nd)(T) =−15.0 of a 2 AE old phosphorite implies the presence of ~ 1.5 AE old continental crust at 2 AE ago. The approach outlined here can be used to constrain the age of the exposed crust as a function of time.
The development of prospective memory in preschool children using naturalistic tasks

Abstract The development of prospective memory (PM) in 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children (N = 123) was assessed in two experiments using several naturalistic game-like tasks that varied in the explicitness of the cues for retrieval that they provided. The goals of the study were to evaluate age differences in PM (a) with the effects of retrospective memory (RM) factored out and (b) as a function of increasing retrieval cue specificity. Results from Experiment 1 showed that there were age differences in PM on a simulated Shopping Trip task that favored older children after age differences attributable to RM were identified in a hierarchical regression. PM and RM components followed the same developmental trajectory. Because the Shopping Trip task provided a visual cue for retrieval, a second naturalistic PM task that was incidental to the Shopping Trip task (i.e., to ask for stickers at the end of the shopping trip) was included but provided no explicit cue other than the end of Shopping Trip task itself. A binary logistic regression showed that age did not predict children who succeeded and those who did not succeed. Because the end of the Shopping Trip task might have cued PM, two new tasks without any explicit cues for retrieval were examined in Experiment 2. Logistic regressions revealed that age predicted PM success on both tasks. With additional cues following failure to retrieve the PM intention, nearly all children succeeded, but the number of cues needed increased with age. The joint and separate contributions of PM and RM to successful task performance are discussed.
Interaction of the Clathrin-coated Vesicle V-ATPase with ADP and Sodium Azide

The kinetics of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent proton transport into clathrin-coated vesicles from bovine brain have been studied. We observe that the vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) from clathrin-coated vesicles is subject to two different types of inhibition by ADP. The first is competitive inhibition with respect to ATP, with a Ki for ADP of 11 microM. The second type of inhibition occurs after preincubation of the V-ATPase in the presence of ADP and Mg2+, which results in inhibition of the initial rate of proton transport followed by reactivation over the course of several minutes. The second effect is observed at ADP concentrations as low as 0.1-0.2 microM, indicating that a high affinity inhibitory complex is formed between ADP and the V-ATPase and is only slowly dissociated after the addition of ATP. We have further investigated the effect of sodium azide, an inhibitor of the F-ATPases that has been shown to stabilize an inactive complex between ADP and the F1-F0-ATP synthase (F-ATPase). We observed that azide inhibited ATP-dependent proton transport by the purified, reconstituted V-ATPase with a K0.5 of 0.2-0.4 mM but had no effect on ATP hydrolysis. Azide was shown not to increase the passive proton permeability of reconstituted vesicles and did not stimulate ATP hydrolysis by the reconstituted enzyme, in contrast with CCCP, which both abolished the proton gradient and stimulated hydrolysis. Thus, azide does not appear to act as a simple uncoupler of proton transport and ATP hydrolysis. Rather, azide may have some more direct effect on V-ATPase activity. Possible mechanisms by which azide could exert this effect on the V-ATPase and the contrasting effects of azide on the F- and V-ATPases are discussed.
Theoretical studies of clonal selection: minimal antibody repertoire size and reliability of self-non-self discrimination.

Abstract Viewing the immune system as a molecular recognition device designed to identify “foreign shapes”, we estimate the probability that an immune system with N Ab monospecific antibodies in its repertoire can recognize a random foreign antigen. Furthermore, we estimate the improvement in recognition if antibodies are multispecific rather than monospecific. From our probabilistic model we conclude: (1) clonal selection is feasible, i.e. with a finite number of antibodies an animal can recognize an effectively infinite number of antigens; (2) there should not be great differences in the specificities of antibody molecules among different species; (3) the region of a foreign molecule recognized by an antibody must be severely limited in extent; (4) the probability of recognizing a foreign molecule, P , increases with the antibody repertoire size N Ab ; however, below a certain value of N Ab the immune system would be very ineffectual, while beyond some high value of N Ab further increases in N Ab yield diminishing small increases in P ; (5) multispecificity is equivalent to a modest increase (probably less than 10) in the antibody repertoire size N Ab , but this increase can substantially improve the probability of an immune system recognizing a foreign molecule. Besides recognizing foreign molecules, the immune system must distinguish them from self molecules. Using the mathematical theory of reliability we argue that multisite recognition is a more reliable method of distinguishing between molecules than single site recognition. This may have been an important evolutionary consideration in the selection of weak non-covalent interactions as the basis of antigen-antibody bonds.
The “Amentiferae” or Hamamelidae as an artificial group: A summary statement

The various contributions to this symposium on the “Amentiferae” reach the general conclusion that the group is an artificial aggregation of taxa of diverse origin that have converged to a common evolutionary plateau in possessing a large syndrome of characteristics that adapt them for successful cross-pollination by wind. Aside from those few families (Eucommiaceae, Casuarinaceae, Fagaceae, and Betulaceae) that apparently do have close relationships (close common origin) with each other and with the Hamamelidales, the following taxa should be removed from the Hamamelidae: Juglandales (Juglandaceae and Rhoipteleaceae) to the Rutales as the Juglandineae near the Anacardiineae; Myricaceae and Leitneriaceae respectively to the Myricales and Leitneriales near the Rutales in the Rutiflorae; Urticales (excludingBarbeya andEucommia) to the Malviflorae near the Malvales and Euphorbiales;Picrodendron to the Euphorbiaceae; Didymelaceae to the Euphorbiales; Myrothamnaceae to the Brunineae of the Pittosporales; andBalanops, Barbeya, andCanacomyrica, along withBatis, to “taxa incertae sedis.”
Brucellosis in a Virginia meat-packing plant.

In a 13-month period, June 1966 through June 1967, 45 male workers in a meat-packing plant in Virginia had clinical brucellosis, confirmed by serological evidence or isolation of Brucella organisms. All cases were related to the kill areas of the plant. A serologic survey of personnel revealed 13 persons with titers for brucellosis but with no history of a related illness. Airflow studies using smoke candles demonstrated that the flow of air within the kill areas tended to pool at the location where the largest concentration of cases occurred; however, this area did not have the highest incidence of infection. No evidence of crossconnections or back siphonage in the plant water system was found. Sera from 2, 275 swine (butcher hogs and sows) were tested; 4.6% were positive, with sows showing 6.1%. Six isolates of Brucella svis were made by means of air samplers and settling plates; these isolates suggests the possibility of infection by the aerosol route.
Conductive Anodic Filament Reliability of Small and Fine-Pitch Through Vias in Halogen-Free Organic Packaging Substrate

The trend toward miniaturization of electronic systems demands reliable small fine-pitch through vias in organic packages and high-density interconnect system boards. Fine-pitch through vias in glass fiber-reinforced organic packages suffer from electrical insulation failures due to the formation of conductive anodic filaments (CAFs) in the presence of temperature, humidity, and voltage. In addition to the requirement for fine-pitch through vias, restriction in use of halogens as well as the move toward green electronic systems has driven the development of halogen-free thermally stable novel resin formulations for next-generation glass fiber-reinforced substrates. The introduction of new resin chemistries can also affect the reliability, as CAF failures are known to depend on the substrate material properties. In this paper, CAF reliability of small and fine-pitch through vias in a halogen-free glass fiber-reinforced organic substrate is investigated. Test structures with through via diameter of 100 μm with two different pitches, i.e., 250 and 500 μm , were fabricated and tested using 100 V direct current (dc) bias at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity for 1000 h. Insulation failures were observed in test structures with a pitch of 250 μm, while the test structures with a pitch of 500 μm exhibited stable insulation resistance during the test. Failures were identified using optical microscopy and characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that CAF failures are a concern with fine-pitch through vias in packages, and, therefore, careful selection of materials and processes is required for achieving reliable fine-pitch through vias in high-density packages.
Improved pinning by multiple in-line damage

Columnar pinning centres provide the largest pinning potential, Upin ,b utnot the greatest Jc or pinnable field, Bpin .C haracteristics of ion-generated columnar defects which limit Jc and Bpin are discussed, including reduction of the percolation path, and the need for a larger number of columns of damage, for pinning, than are usually estimated. It is concluded that columnar pinning centres limit Bpin to less than 4 T, and also severely reduce Jc .T hegoal of maximizing Upin ,v ia columnar centres, appears to have obscured a more rewarding approach and resulted in neglect of a large regime of ion interactions. Evidence is reviewed that multiple in-line damage (MILD), described herein, can provide orders of magnitude higher Jc and Bpin ,d espite providing lower Upin .T he MILDpinning centre morphology is discussed, and it is estimated that for present-day large grain high Tc superconductors, a Jc value of ∼10 6 Ac m −2 is obtainable at 77 K, even when crystal plane alignment and weak links are not improved. In addition, the pinned field is increased by over an order of magnitude. An experiment is proposed to confirm these calculations, directly compare MILD pinning to continuous columnar pinning, and determine the optimum MILD structure. Applications of MILD pinning are discussed.
Using glycinylation, a chemical derivatization technique, for the quantitation of ubiquitinated proteins.

The quantitation of lysine post-translational modifications (PTMs) by bottom-up mass spectrometry is convoluted by the need for analogous derivatives and the production of different tryptic peptides from the unmodified and modified versions of a protein. Chemical derivatization of lysines prior to enzymatic digestion circumvents these problems and has proven to be a successful method for lysine PTM quantitation. The most notable example is the use of deuteroacetylation to quantitate lysine acetylation. In this work, levels of lysine ubiquitination were quantitated using a structurally homologous label that is chemically similar to the diglycine (GlyGly) tag, which is left at the ubiquitination site upon trypsinolysis. The LC-MS analysis of a chemically equivalent monoglycine (Gly) tag that is analogous to the corresponding GlyGly tag proved that the monoglycine tag can be used for the quantitation of ubiquitination. A glycinylation protocol was then established for the derivatization of proteins to label ...