cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a selective adsorbent for arsenate and selenite in the presence of phosphate: Assessment of adsorption efficiency, mechanism, and binary separation factors of the chitosan-copper complex

The potential for a chitosan-copper polymer complex to select for the target contaminants in the presence of their respective competitive ions was evaluated by synthesizing chitosan-copper beads (CCB) for the treatment of (arsenate:phosphate), (selenite:phosphate), and (selenate:sulfate). Based on work by Rhazi et al., copper (II) binds to the amine moiety on the chitosan backbone as a monodentate complex (Type I) and as a bidentate complex crosslinking two polymer chains (Type II), depending on pH and copper loading. In general, the Type I complex exists alone; however, beyond threshold conditions of pH 5.5 during synthesis and a copper loading of 0.25 mol Cu(II)/mol chitosan monomer, the Type I and Type II complexes coexist. Subsequent chelation of this chitosan-copper ligand to oxyanions results in enhanced and selective adsorption of the target contaminants in complex matrices with high background ion concentrations. With differing affinities for arsenate, selenite, and phosphate, the Type I complex favors phosphate chelation while the Type II complex favors arsenate chelation due to electrostatic considerations and selenite chelation due to steric effects. No trend was exhibited for the selenate:sulfate system possibly due to the high Ksp of the corresponding copper salts. Binary separation factors, α12, were calculated for the arsenate-phosphate and selenite-phosphate systems, supporting the mechanistic hypothesis. While, further research is needed to develop a synthesis method for the independent formation of the Type II complexes to select for target contaminants in complex matrices, this work can provide initial steps in the development of a selective adsorbent.
Confining Legitimacy: The Impact of Prison Experiences on Perceptions of Criminal Justice Legitimacy

There are currently 2 million people incarcerated in the United States. For social workers whose practice includes people who have experienced confinement, building knowledge about the impact of the incarceration on individual lives is critical. Understanding how the prison experience shapes perceptions of self and others can inform the design of case management plans and program interventions that respond to clients’ needs. This article expands understanding about the prison experience by exploring the impact of this experience on perceptions of criminal justice legitimacy.
Effects of Loading Parameters on the Behavior of Unbonded Post-Tensioning Strand/Anchorage Systems in Seismic Regions

This paper presents an experimental study on the ultimate behavior of unbonded post-tensioning (PT) strand/anchorage systems subjected to a variety of loading parameters that can affect the performance of the strand inside the anchor. While unbonded post-tensioned gravity load systems (e.g., floor and roof slabs) are common throughout the United States, the use of this construction technique for seismic resistance can put the anchorages (where all of the PT forces are transferred from the strands to the structure) under extreme demands. Strand wire fractures can occur inside the anchorages, limiting the lateral strength, stiffness, ductility, and selfcentering capability of the entire structure. The research described in this paper focuses on the strand stresses and strains at wire fracture considering the following parameters: (1) loading rate; (2) eccentricity between the strand ends; (3) post-yield cyclic loading; and (4) initial stress in the strands. Six representative cast and barrel anchor configurations with 0.5-in. and 0.6-in. nominal strand diameters are included in the investigation. While the effects of the loading parameters greatly depend on the strand/anchor configuration, the test results show that seismic loading conditions can cause a significant reduction in the strand strain at fracture as well as an increase in the standard deviation of the fracture strains. Current industry requirements for the testing and acceptance of PT strand/anchorage systems are assessed based on the investigation.
Cyber victimization and depressive symptoms in sexual minority college students

This study investigated the relations between sexual orientation, cyber victimization, and depressive symptoms in college students. Study aims were to determine whether sexual minority college students are at greater risk for cyber victimization and to examine whether recent cyber victimization (self-reported cyber victimization over the last 30 days) predicts depressive symptoms beyond traditional victimization and perceptions of high school cyber victimization. Findings from 634 college students (ages 18–22) across 25 U.S. states demonstrated significant relations between sexual minority status, particularly homosexual identification, and cyber victimization. The highest levels of depressive symptoms were reported by participants with high levels of both high school and recent cyber victimization and participants who reported high levels of both recent traditional victimization and recent cyber victimization. Findings should be used as a foundation for interventions geared to the sexual minority population.
The Viking Mars Orbiter 1975 solar energy controller

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is responsible for the Viking Orbiter System, which is part of the overall Viking Project managed by the Viking Project Office at Langley Research Center for NASA. The spacecraft will be launched on a Titan IIIE/-Centaur Launch Vehicle in August 1975. Solar energy for temperature control purposes is introduced into the propulsion module of the Orbiter. The energy enters by way of four individually commandable solar energy controllers (SECs). This paper summarizes the SEC thermal development, design and test results. Test results are presented for the prototype unit and for the flight units.
LA RINASCITA DELLE COMUNITÀ DI APPRENDIMENTO IN RETE

In this contribution Stephen Downes addresses the question of how massive open online courses (MOOCs) will impact the future of distance education. The presentation considers in some detail the nature and purpose of a MOOC in contrast with traditional distance education. He argues that MOOCs represent the resurgence of community-based learning and will describe how distance education institutions will share MOOCs with each other and will supplement online interaction with communitybased resources and services. The phenomenon of ‘wrapped MOOCs’ will be described, and Downes will outline several examples of local support for global MOOCs. The implications for the non-English-speaking world of distance education will be considered, and Downes will outline strategies and examples of the use of MOOCs to promote linguistic diversity.
Pediatric Chest II: Benign Tumors and Cysts

Thoracic tumors are rare in children, and metastatic or malignant conditions must be excluded during the diagnostic evaluation. The majority of primary pulmonary neoplasms in children are malignant; this article primarily addresses benign tumors. Surgical resection is the standard treatment for benign thoracic tumors in children. Thoracotomy is a traditional approach, but the thoracoscopic technique for diagnosis and treatment of thoracic tumors is well established. The term benign tumors can be a misnomer in that although their histology is not malignant, these tumors can be locally aggressive with significant associated morbidity and potential for mortality.
Histological and Biochemical Characterization of a Model of Nephrolithiasis Incorporating Proximal Tubular Dysfunction

There is now considerable evidence suggesting that tubular dysfunction may contribute to renal stone formation. In certain normocalcernic patients with recurrent calcium-containing kidney stones, this defect is manifest as an impairment of calcium or phosphate reabsorption (1). Other patients exhibit more generalized defects in tubular function, exhibiting impaired reabsorption of water, sodium, bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium (2, 3). These findings led us to examine an animal model of nephrolithiasis that combines proximal tubular dysfunction with renal stone formation: gentamycin-treated rats fed ammonium oxalate diets. The studies presented here reflect our preliminary assessment of renal structure and function in this animal model.
Mode of delivery in nulliparous women with gestational hypertension undergoing early term induction of labor.

AbstractObjective: To evaluate perinatal outcomes in nulliparous women undergoing induction of labor for gestational hypertension at term.Study design: Retrospective cohort study of nulliparous women with gestational hypertension undergoing induction of labor ≥37 weeks. Mode of delivery and perinatal outcomes were compared for women who delivered at 370–6/7, 380–6/7, and ≥390/7 weeks gestation.Results: The cohort included 320 women: 67 (21%) at 370–6/7, 76 (24%) at 380–6/7, and 177 (55%) at ≥390/7. There was no increase in cesarean delivery (CD) in women delivering earlier, with 26.9% (370–6/7), 19.7% (380–6/7) and 29.9% (≥390/7) requiring CD (p values = 0.39). Compared to ≥39 weeks, composite maternal morbidity was lowest in women delivering at 380–6/7 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24–0.84). Composite neonatal morbidity was similar among the groups. When compared to women delivering at ≥390/7 weeks, women delivered at 380–6/7 were less likely to experience any adverse ma...
Follow the Carbon: Isotopic Labeling Studies of Early Earth Aerosol.

Abstract Despite the faint young Sun, early Earth might have been kept warm by an atmosphere containing the greenhouse gases CH4 and CO2 in mixing ratios higher than those found on Earth today. Laboratory and modeling studies suggest that an atmosphere containing these trace gases could lead to the formation of organic aerosol haze due to UV photochemistry. Chemical mechanisms proposed to explain haze formation rely on CH4 as the source of carbon and treat CO2 as a source of oxygen only, but this has not previously been verified experimentally. In the present work, we use isotopically labeled precursor gases and unit-mass resolution (UMR) and high-resolution (HR) aerosol mass spectrometry to examine the sources of carbon and oxygen to photochemical aerosol formed in a CH4/CO2/N2 atmosphere. UMR results suggest that CH4 contributes 70–100% of carbon in the aerosol, while HR results constrain the value from 94% to 100%. We also confirm that CO2 contributes approximately 10% of the total mass to the aerosol ...
Implications and alternatives of assigning climate data to geographical centroids

Aim When precise coordinate data for training species distribution models (SDMs) are lacking, climatic variables are often assigned to centroids of geopolitically defined regions, frequently counties. This is problematic because approximations using centroids may not be representative of the regional climate or the locality from where species actually occur, thus leading to spurious conclusions. We evaluated county centroid climate versus simple alternatives for assigning climate to species observations in the absence of precise occurrence data. Location United States of America. Methods We assessed the disparity between the actual climate of all points within a county and metrics estimating county climate using the climate of geographical centroid, mean county climate and median county climate. To further evaluate the performance of these metrics, we generated SDMs of four common species using these estimates and compared the results with observed species distributions (red trillium, Pacific trillium, tall thistle and annual fleabane). Finally, we projected future ranges for annual fleabane to examine the difference in predicted range change between models. Results Mean and median climate metrics were significantly better fits for approximating the climate of specimen records than climate of the geographical centroid. Moreover, county mean climate SDMs were the most similar to SDMs using actual coordinate data. In contrast, models applying climate to county centroid significantly overpredicted species range. This had implications for future projections of annual fleabane SDMs: the county centroid model predicted a decrease in suitable habitats for this species while other models predicted an increase. Main conclusions County centroid climate, although commonly applied, is not suitable for SDMs as a means to approximate species climate when locality data are less precise. When only county level data are available, and more computationally intensive methods of accounting for spatial uncertainty cannot be readily implemented, we suggest considering mean county climate as an alternative.
Extracellular Nucleosome Levels in the Etiopathogenesis of Sepsis Associated Coagulopathy

Introduction: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are structures composed of DNA, histones, and bactericidal factors that are expelled by neutrophils in order to trap and neutralize bacteria. NETs play a role in host defense by trapping and killing infecting bacteria and inactivating bacterial virulence factors. Activation of the coagulation cascade by these components can lead to "immunothrombosis" and facilitate the containment and destruction of bacteria within a fibrin clot. Although extracellular nucleosomes (structures consisting of DNA wound around a histone protein core) within NETs can contribute to host defense, they can also play a role in disease pathology by leading to inflammation, endothelial damage, and pathological thrombosis. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a condition characterized by systemic activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems that can occur in conjunction with several underlying conditions, including sepsis. Links between infection, host response, and systemic coagulation, extracellular nucleosomes may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of sepsis-associated DIC. The purpose of this study was to quantify extracellular nucleosomes in the plasma of patients with sepsis-associated DIC. Materials and Methods: Citrated, de-identified plasma samples were collected from patients with sepsis and suspected DIC at ICU admission and on ICU days 4 and 8 under an IRB approved protocol. DIC score was evaluated in each sample using the ISTH scoring algorithm incorporating platelet count, PT/INR, fibrinogen (Recombiplastin, Instrumentation Laboratory, Bedford, MA), and D-Dimer (HyphenBioMed,Neuville-Sur-Oise, France). Plasma from healthy individuals was purchased from a commercial laboratory (George King Biomedical, Overland,KS). Nucleosomes in plasma were measured using the Cell Death Detection ELISA (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). The correlation of variation for both intra-assay and inter-assay variation was Results: Nucleosomes were significantly elevated in patients with sepsis and suspected DIC compared to healthy individuals on ICU days 0 (p = 0.028), 4 (p 0.2, p Conclusion: Plasma nucleosome levels were elevated in patients hospitalized with sepsis and suspected DIC, and a trend towards increasing circulating nucleosome levels with increasing DIC score was observed. This supports the hypothesis that nucleosomes contribute to the pathophysiology of sepsis-associated DIC. The correlation of nucleosomes with the infection markers and a subset of inflammatory markers suggests that the presence of nucleosomes in the plasma of patients with sepsis-associated DIC may be due to specific, infection-related processes and not to general inflammatory processes. Additionally, the correlation of circulating nucleosome levels with markers of thrombin generation and fibrinolysis suggests that nucleosomes may play a role in the activation of coagulation observed in patients with sepsis-associated DIC. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Effects of Length of Residence and Exposure to Violence on Perceptions of Neighborhood Safety in an Urban Sample

Perceptions of neighborhood safety shape the well-being of individuals and communities, affecting neighborhood walkability, associated physical activity behaviors, and health conditions. However, less is known about the factors that determine perceptions of safety. One factor that may affect perceptions of neighborhood safety is the length of time someone has lived in their neighborhood. We use a representative, adult sample of urban low-income residents from the 2015 New Haven Health Survey (n = 1189) to investigate the associations between length of residence (new residents of < 1 year in neighborhood versus longer-term residents of 1 or more years in neighborhood) and perceptions of neighborhood safety (whether feeling unsafe to walk at night). We then examine the potential moderating effect of exposure to neighborhood violence on these associations. We find that the association between length of residence and perceived safety differs by exposure to neighborhood violence. Among those unexposed to neighborhood violence, longer-term neighborhood residents were more likely to feel unsafe compared to new residents (OR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.19, 3.45). Additionally, the effect of exposure to violence on feelings of safety was larger for new residents (OR = 9.10, 95% CI 2.72, 30.44) compared to longer-term residents (OR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.28, 2.77). Our findings suggest that length of residence may have implications for feelings of safety, and that experiences of violence may uniquely contribute to feelings of unsafety among new residents. These findings hold implications for interventions and policy efforts aimed at neighborhood safety improvements through community development, housing, or city urban planning initiatives, particularly for new neighborhood residents or those who experience neighborhood violence.
Application of resampling techniques to improve the quality of survival analysis risk curves for human frontal bone fracture.

Abstract Background In automotive events, head injuries (skull fractures and/or brain injuries) are associated with head contact loading. While the widely-used head injury criterion is based on frontal bone fracture and linear accelerations, injury risk curves were not developed from original datasets. Objectives Develop skull fracture-based risk curves for using previously published data and apply resampling techniques to assess their qualities. Methods Force, deflection, energy, and stiffness data from thirteen human cadaver head impact tests were used to develop risk curves using parametric survival analysis. Injuries occurred to all specimens. Data points were treated as uncensored. Variables were ranked, and the variable best explaining the underlying fracture response was determined using the Brier Score Metric (BSM). The qualities of the risk curves were determined using normalized confidence interval sizes. Statistical resampling methods were used to assess the quality of the risk curves and the impact of the sample size by conducting 2000 simulations. Sample sizes ranged from 13 to 26. Findings The Weibull distribution was optimal for all the response variables, except deflection (log-logistic). The quality of the risk curves was the highest for deflection. This variable best explained the underlying head injury response, based on BSM. Improvements in the quality of the risk curves were achieved with additional samples of force and deflection ( Interpretation These probability curves from head contact loading add to the understanding skull fractures and can be used to improve safety in injury producing environments.
Prey electivity of the slimy sculpin within the Lake Superior-North Watershed

We evaluated the prey electivity of lotic slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) within the Lake Superior-North Watershed, an area characterized by high gradient streams and lacking the preferred prey of Gammarus. Fish and macroinvertebrates were sampled at 67 sites within 52 rivers and streams during 2013 in the Lake Superior-North Watershed by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Fish sampling was conducted with the use of backpack and stream tote barge electrofishers, and macroinvertebrates were collected using qualitative multi-habitat sampling within D-Frame kick nets. Feeding electivity was calculated using Strauss’ modified feeding electivity model for three rivers. In total we sampled 174 slimy sculpins within the Lake Superior-North Watershed and found sculpins positively selected for Hydropsychidae (47.3% of total taxa consumed) and Perlidae (11% of total taxa consumed) instead of abundant Chironomidae (20% of total taxa sampled).
Impacto socio espacial de la peatonalización de la carrera séptima

Este articulo se presenta como avance de la investigacion “Impacto socio espacial de la peatonalizacion de la carrera septima entre calle 26 y avenida 19”. Se inicia con un acercamiento al marco historico que determina algunas de las condiciones actuales de esta via, en este tramo, y posteriormente define parte del marco y del esquema conceptual propuesto, el cual puede servir de guia para el analisis urbano. El trabajo surge como necesidad academica de definir nuevas alternativas de analisis espacial-urbano, desde una perspectiva especialmente socio-cultural, las cuales ayudarian a acercar la labor del arquitecto y de los estudiantes a proyectos espaciales integrales especialmente en lugares consolidados.
Xanthine Oxidase and Aldehyde Oxidase in Purine and Purine Analogue Metabolism

Both xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase catalyze the oxidation of clinically useful purines, pteridines, and their analogues in man. In most cases, oxidation leads to inactivation of the drug [1–5].
What We Know About Rural School Psychology: A Brief Review and Analysis

This paper focuses on the information currently available in the general area of rural school psychology. Demographic information, historical factors, and current research are examined in an attemp...
Andrew Jackson Donelson: Jacksonian and Unionist. By Richard Douglas Spence. (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2017. Pp. xii, 435. $39.95.)

Andrew Jackson Donelson is a puzzlement. A young man of brilliant prospects, he learned statecraft at the right hand of his uncle Andrew Jackson, who groomed him “to preside over the destinies of A...
Racial-ethnic disparities in self-reported health status among US adults adjusted for sociodemographics and multimorbidities, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014.

Objective: To investigate racial-ethnic disparities in self-reported health status adjusting for sociodemographic factors and multimorbidities.Design: A total of 9499 adult participants aged 20 yea...
Using visual methods in human rights research

How might we use visual images in research on human rights violations? This article describes four approaches and the advantages and difficulties associated with each of them. It illustrates this w...
The 70° Supinated Oblique View: A Cadaveric Analysis to Determine Ideal Radial Styloid Screw Position in Locked Volar Plating of Distal Radius Fractures.

Background: Defining an intraoperative radiographic view to best determine the radial styloid screw position in locked volar plating of distal radius fractures may improve fixation and aid in decre...
Sleep and body temperature in TNFα knockout mice: the effects of sleep deprivation, β3-AR stimulation and exogenous TNFα

Abstract Increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is assumed to mediate increased sleep under inflammatory conditions, such as systemic infections or recovery from sleep loss. The role of cytokines in sleep regulation under normal conditions is less clear. In the present study, we investigated the role of endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in sleep regulation using TNFα knockout (KO) mice. Under control conditions at thermoneutral ambient temperature, total sleep time did not differ between TNFα KO and wild-type (WT) mice, but TNFα KO mice had increased rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS), accompanied by decreased motor activity and body temperature. Exposure to 17 °C induced decreases in total sleep time similarly in both genotypes. Sleep deprivation by gentle handling elicited robust rebound increases in non-rapid-eye movement sleep (NREMS), REMS and electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA), accompanied by suppressed motor activity and decreased body temperature; there was no significant difference between the responses of WT and KO mice. Systemic injection of the beta3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) agonist CL-316,243 induced increases in NREMS and body temperature. The temperature response, but not the sleep effect, was attenuated in the KO animals. Systemic injection of TNFα induced increased NREMS, reduced REMS and biphasic temperature responses in both genotypes. In the KO mice, the NREMS-promoting effects of exogenously administered TNFα was decreased, while REMS suppression was enhanced, and the first, hypothermic, phase of temperature response was attenuated. Overall, TNFα KO mice did not show any deficiency in sleep regulation which suggests that the role of endogenous TNFα in sleep regulation is less pronounced than previously suggested.
Region-Based Image Retrieval

As the world becomes an increasingly networked place, effective access to information grows ever more important. This access can take several forms, including traditional database retrieval of structured information, retrieval in collections of documents, and search in collections of binary objects such as sounds, images, and videos. In the latter case, the key challenge is making sense of the objects: if we want to retrieve images of horses, how can we go about processing each image to assess the probability that it contains a horse? This is not a “toy” problem; real users such as graphic designers, editors looking for newspaper photos, students writing reports, and biologists looking for plant or animal specimens need to find images of particular objects.
A Data-Driven Approach to Designing for Privacy in Household IoT

In this article, we extend and improve upon a previously developed data-driven approach to design privacy-setting interfaces for users of household IoT devices. The essence of this approach is to gather users’ feedback on household IoT scenarios before developing the interface, which allows us to create a navigational structure that preemptively maximizes users’ efficiency in expressing their privacy preferences, and develop a series of ‘privacy profiles’ that allow users to express a complex set of privacy preferences with the single click of a button. We expand upon the existing approach by proposing a more sophisticated translation of statistical results into interface design, and by extensively discussing and analyzing the tradeoff between user-model parsimony and accuracy in developing privacy profiles and default settings.
Cost-effectiveness of Hepatitis A vaccination in a developed and developing country

Purpose Hepatitis A is a prevalent disease that is largely preventable by vaccine usage. The vaccine for this illness is highly underused in most regions. In an attempt to find the strategies that are most beneficial in regard to quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and cost in current environments, the purpose of this paper is to conduct cost-effectiveness analyses to investigate vaccination strategies in a more economically developed country (MEDC), generally known as a "developed" area: the USA, and a less economically developed country (LEDC), generally known as a "developing" area: the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Design/methodology/approach This study used a dynamic transmission model for comparative effectiveness analyses. The model ran two different scenarios. The two regions studied have different policies and strategies for Hepatitis A vaccination currently, and also used different strategies in 2009. In the USA, a universal vaccination policy was modeled, along with a scenario in which it was removed. In Rio de Janeiro, a no vaccination policy was modeled, along with a scenario in which a universal vaccination policy was effected. Findings The comparison of resulting incremental cost-effectiveness ratio values to accepted threshold values showed universal vaccination to be cost-effective in both the USA and Rio de Janeiro as compared to no vaccination. When episode and vaccination costs and vaccination efficacy were varied, this still remained true. Universal vaccination was found to result in lower incidence of Hepatitis A in both the USA and Rio de Janeiro. Over the twenty-year time horizon, universal vaccination is projected to prevent 506,945 cases of symptomatic Hepatitis A in the USA and 42,318 cases of Hepatitis A in Rio de Janeiro. Other benefits include a projected increase in cumulative QALYs through the use of universal vaccination. Originality/value This analysis showed universal vaccination to be cost-effective as compared to no vaccination, and portions of the study's approach had not previously been applied in tandem to investigate Hepatitis A interventions. The results may help foster higher compliance rates for Hepatitis A vaccination and even greater per-person economic benefits of universal vaccination, particularly in the USA. The purpose of this study is also to encourage elevated levels of surveillance on age of infection in developing regions and consistent reevaluation utilizing dynamic transmission models in both the USA and Brazil, as well as other rapidly developing regions, in order to prevent future epidemics and costs associated with the disease.
Resurrecting the Archaic: Symbols and Recurrence in Henri Lefebvre's Revolutionary Romanticism

Solar crosses were symbolic markers that once punctuated the rolling pathways at the foot of the French Pyrenees. For Henri Lefebvre, these “crucified suns” came to symbolize a number of time-tested traditions that could revitalize everyday life in the modern world. His efforts to resurrect the archaic confronted two contemporary contexts: the hypermodernization promoted throughout France's long Reconstruction and the degradation of provincial communities that attended it. A heretical Marxist, Lefebvre's social thought included a Romantic sensibility that was organically connected to southwestern France and Friedrich Nietzsche. Dialectical in nature, Lefebvre's revolutionary Romanticism repurposed age-old styles of symbolic expression and cyclical recurrence in order to transform everyday life and keep the deracinating forces of modernization at bay. The French sociologist's enduring interest in archaic traces, and his belief that they might one day be revived, reorients how we approach his landmark studies on space and time in the modern city.
Does democracy die in recessions? A descriptive analysis of aggregate demand shortfalls and regime transition

Can a central bank accidentally provoke changes to a country's political regime? Sumner (2015) proposes that macroeconomic mismanagement on the part of central bank authorities, leading to declines in nominal output, can cause voters to respond with populism at the ballot box. Murphy and Smith (2018) have found evidence for this hypothesis, with populism interpreted as movements away from liberal market institutions. This article extends the hypothesis to macroeconomic mismanagement and its relationship with democratic political institutions. It finds both that recessions foreshadow a lower probability of a dictatorship becoming a democracy, and that a democracy is more likely to become a dictatorship. The relationship with autocratisation is most visible after 15 years, while the negative relationship with democratisation is far more persistent over time. These findings, it must be stressed, are historical and descriptive, not necessarily causal.
Contextualizing Past Tenses in L2: Combined Effects and Interactions in the Present Perfect versus Simple Past Alternation

This multifactorial corpus-based exploration of past tenses focuses specifically on the present perfect (PP) versus simple past (SP) alternation in intermediate-to-advanced learner English produced by French and German native speakers. While existing work on past tenses in L2 has traditionally focused on the role of lexical aspect in the acquisition and uses of these past tenses, the current study focuses on the linguistic context of use of these tenses and identifies the linguistic features whose co-occurrence and combined effects cause native speakers and learners to differ in their uses of past tenses. Methodologically, the study uses a random forests approach including a surrogate logistic regression model and interactions between contextual linguistic features. Overall, the multifactorial results suggest that not all linguistic contexts facilitate native-like uses of the PP and SP equally as some contexts more than others are susceptible to cross-linguistic interference.
Synergistic effects of the β-1,3 glucan paramylon and vitamin C on immunological responses of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis) were pronounced in vitro but more moderate in vivo.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate if immunostimulation by the β-1,3-glucan paramylon (PML) could be further enhanced with vitamin C (vit. C) for hybrid striped bass (HSB). Two separate trials were conducted in vitro and in vivo, using a 2 × 2 factorial design, where the main effects tested were PML and vit. C, or their combination (PML + vit. C), to measure possible synergistic effects on various immunological responses. Supplementation of PML in vitro to whole-blood significantly (P
Recent Advancements in Microarchitectural Security: Review of Machine Learning Countermeasures

Recent microarchitectural security countermeasures by employing applications’ low-level features collected from Hardware Performance Counters (HPCs) registers have emerged as a promising solution to address the inefficiency of traditional software-based methods. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that malicious activities at the hardware level ranging from application-based malware to microarchitecture-based Side-Channel Attacks (SCAs) can be accurately distinguished from normal traces using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. Such ML-based countermeasures reduce the latency of attack detection process as well as the hardware and resource utilization overheads. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of recent advancements in machine learning countermeasures for microarchitectural security to detect malicious software and emerging side-channel attacks.
Generalized additive models reveal among-stand variation in live tree biomass equations

Accurate estimation of forest biomass is important for scientists and policymakers interested in carbon accounting, nutrient cycling, and forest resilience. Estimates often rely on the allometry of...
Essential, not peripheral: Addressing health care workers' mental health concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic

In this Opinion, we synthesize recent evidence regarding the mental health impacts of the pandemic with an emphasis on health care workers. Departing from the literature that has already been published on this topic, we focus on health care workers with mental health concerns that preexisted the pandemic and discuss evidence suggesting that this population has suffered disproportionately from pandemic conditions.
New blood: trainee and early career engagement augmenting the society of abdominal radiology experience.

Many national radiology societies are recognizing the need for early career and trainee engagement as crucial to keeping their societies relevant, active, and invigorated with new ideas. In this descriptive paper, we review the benefits of establishing the Society of Abdominal Radiology’s Resident and Fellow Section and Early Career Committee—including our activities and experience, advice for committee structure, and opportunities for growth.
The Batson Doctrine: The Supreme Court’s Utter Failure to Meet the Challenge of Discrimination in Jury Selection

This article concludes that the Supreme Court has effectively removed the trial jury from discussion of any remedies available to litigants because of race, gender or any other form of cognizable discrimination. The Court’s adoption of the toothless “neutral explanation” prong of the Batson v. Kentucky test has fundamentally destroyed Batson’s potential to seriously address discrimination in jury selection.
Traversing Beyond the Contemporary to the Future

This chapter will reiterate fundamental components of the major sections of this volume and move into innovative territories – indeed as aspects of major missions and purposes of schools and universities. That is, teaching and learning, research and scholarship, and public engagement are beyond the walls of the academy. In undertaking these aims, this chapter will: (1) reiterate social and public challenges affecting education and impacts on various demographic populations; (2) explicate the importance of conceptual and theoretical frameworks and their groundings in social sciences and humanities; (3) posit the centrality of education and public policies; (4) elaborate the roles of external funding agencies on comparative and international education; and (5) envision contemporary and emerging motifs and paradigms.
On Jon Silkin's "Amana Grass"

but mostly, about her cunt, she pressed the papers, wadding and girding her fruitful organs, shutting her sex from view, and access. This was her assent, her husband's dream, and my containment. I was speaking of love, and America; and how I value it, as I knew you did, when you wrote: 'I want to be a woman to a man so badly, I can taste it almost.' I was speaking of value, I guess. Of what knits in the spaces, where wind creases its frigid movements into the face as it swerves on. I was speaking of you, and of love once more: warm, intelligenced, exacting; of more immanent value than Hebrew parallelism or the Anglo Saxon metre.
The promises of nanotechnology: will they be kept?

What are the mission applications of microspacecraft and nanospacecraft? What are the technology needs to enable these missions? What work is currently being done, and what is the state-of-the-art? What are the challenges?
Morphological and functional comparisons of normal and hypertrophied kidneys of adult domestic fowl (Gallus gallus).

Similar to mammals, kidneys of domestic fowl undergo compensatory hypertrophy after loss of functional renal mass. Because this species continues to develop new nephrons for up to 12-wk posthatch, renal hyperplasia might play a significant role in compensatory growth. Either transient or permanent loss of approximately 60% of the right kidney was produced in 2- to 3-wk-old roosters by simple ureteral transection or by removing a 1-mm segment of ureter at the level of the ischiadic artery, respectively. In the latter (experimental) group, right anterior and medial divisions atrophied leaving only the posterior division intact. Spontaneous reanastomosis occurred in the former (reconnected) group, and all three divisions were present at death. Control birds were untouched as were the left kidneys of experimental and reconnected birds. At 40-50 wk, renal function was measured separately in right and left kidneys of all groups during five different infusion protocols. Compared with control kidneys, experimental kidneys had a 50-60% weight gain, and their glomerular size distribution profile was shifted to the right (larger glomeruli). Reconnected kidneys were not hypertrophied, and their profile was shifted to the left (smaller glomeruli). Neither group had significant formation of new nephrons. Once variations in kidney weight were taken into account, there were no differences between hypertrophied (experimental) and control kidneys in urine flow rate (UFR), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), paraaminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance, UFR/GFR, urine osmolality, urine/plasma osmolality, osmolal clearance, free water clearance, Na and K load, absolute Na and K excretion, and fractional Na and K excretion except as follows: 1) during infusion of isotonic mannitol-dextrose at 0.1 ml.min-1.kg body wt-1 experimental kidneys had a lower fractional excretion of K than control kidneys, and 2) during brisk osmotic diuresis (isotonic mannitol-dextrose at 0.4 ml.min-1.kg body wt-1) experimental kidneys had higher UFR and free water clearance and lower urine osmolality and urine/plasma osmolality than control kidneys. Reconnected kidneys differed from control kidneys in only 1 of 210 comparisons. Permanent loss of functional renal mass in young birds produces significant compensatory renal hypertrophy that is due to enlargement of existing nephrons rather than formation of new nephrons. Hypertrophied kidneys function like normal kidneys except under conditions of brisk osmotic diuresis.
Seeking Planetary Systems

Looking for Earths The Race to Find New Solar Systems. Alan Boss. Wiley, New York, 1998. 252 pp. $27.95, C$39.50. ISBN 0-471-18421-7. Written for a general audience, this account of the colorful history of the search for extrasolar planets is presented from the perspectives of a quasi-insider, a theorist who is interested in and has influenced the observational efforts to identify planets in orbit about stars other than the sun.
Interactions between the Keggin-Type Lacunary Polyoxometalate, α-SiW11O398-, and Electrode Surfaces

Cyclic voltammetry, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are used to investigate the interactions between lacunary polyoxometalate, α-SiW11O398-, and glassy carbon, Au(111), and Ag(111) electrode surfaces. The cyclic voltammetry and STM measurements show that α-SiW11O398- anions adsorb strongly only on Ag(111). α-SiW11O398- species adsorbed on Ag(111) retains its redox activity on the Ag surface. STM images reveal the formation of monolayers on Ag(111), which have hexagonal adlattice structures with spacings between 1.22 and 1.37 nm, somewhat larger than the 1.0-nm spacing observed for the complete Keggin ion. SERS measurements show that α-SiW11O398- is present on the Ag surface at potentials between 0.0 and −0.9 V. A model rationalizing the larger spacing is proposed.
The Drosophila Ribosomal Protein S3 Contains a DNA Deoxyribophosphodiesterase (dRpase) Activity

The Drosophila ribosomal protein S3 has been previously demonstrated to cleave DNA containing 8-oxoguanine residues and has also been found to contain an associated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) lyase activity that cleaves phosphodiester bonds via a beta, delta-elimination reaction. The activity of this protein on DNA substrates containing incised AP sites was examined. A glutathione S-transferase fusion protein of S3 was found to efficiently remove sugar-phosphate residues from DNA substrates containing 5'-incised AP sites as well as from DNA substrates containing 3'-incised sites. Removal of 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate as 4-hydroxy-2-pentenal-5-phosphate from a substrate containing 5'-incised AP sites occurred via a beta-elimination reaction, as indicated by reaction of the released sugar-phosphate products with sodium thioglycolate. The reaction for the removal of 4-hydroxy-2-pentenal-5-phosphate from the substrate containing 3'-incised AP sites was dependent on the presence of the Mg2+ cation. These findings suggest that the S3 ribosomal protein may function in several steps of the DNA base excision repair pathway in eukaryotes and may represent an important DNA repair function for the repair of oxidative and ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Cardiorespiratory Responses to Primary Routine Immunization Series in Premature Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) 1467

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Cardiorespiratory Responses to Primary Routine Immunization Series in Premature Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) 1467
A cytoplasmic prolyl hydroxylation and glycosylation pathway modifies Skp1 and regulates O2-dependent development in Dictyostelium

The soil amoeba Dictyostelium is an obligate aerobe that monitors O2 for informational purposes in addition to utilizing it for oxidative metabolism. Whereas low O2 suffices for proliferation, a higher level is required for slugs to culminate into fruiting bodies, and O2 influences slug polarity, slug migration, and cell-type proportioning. Dictyostelium expresses a cytoplasmic prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H1) known to mediate O2-sensing in animals, but lacks HIFα, a major hydroxylation target whose accumulation directly induces animal hypoxia-dependent transcriptional changes. The O2-requirement for culmination is increased by P4H1-gene disruption and reduced by P4H1 overexpression. A target of Dictyostelium P4H1 is Skp1, a subunit of the SCF-class of E3-ubiquitin ligases related to the VBC-class that mediates hydroxylation-dependent degradation of animal HIFα. Skp1 is a target of a novel cytoplasmic O-glycosylation pathway that modifies HyPro143 with a pentasaccharide, and glycosyltransferase mutants reveal that glycosylation intermediates have antagonistic effects toward P4H1 in O2-signaling. Current evidence indicates that Skp1 is the only glycosylation target in cells, based on metabolic labeling, biochemical complementation, and enzyme specificity studies. Bioinformatics studies suggest that the HyPro-modification pathway existed in the ancestral eukaryotic lineage and was retained in selected modern day unicellular organisms whose life cycles experience varying degrees of hypoxia. It is proposed that, in Dictyostelium and other protists including the agent for human toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii, prolyl hydroxylation and glycosylation mediate O2-signaling in hierarchical fashion via Skp1 to control the proteome, directly via degradation rather than indirectly via transcription as found in animals.
Electrochemical reduction of folic acid reconsidered

Abstract Folid acid (FA) undergoes three distinct reduction steps in acidic media and a single reduction step in alkaline media. Analysis of constant potential electrolysis products by high performance liquid chromatography reveals that, in acidic medium, the first reduction step converts FA to a transient 5,8-dihydro-FA, some of which tautomerizes to 7,8-dihydro-FA, while the remainder undergoes a proton dependent non-electrochemical cleavage of the para -aminobenzoylglutamate side chain. Step two involves the electrochemical cleavage of the C (9) N (10) chemical bond of the 7,8-dihydro-FA while the final reduction converts the 6-methyl-7,8-dihydropterin derivative generated in step two to a 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin. Above neutrality, only a single 2e − /2H + reduction step is observed because the proton dependent tautomerization process is slow. Differential pulse, normal pulse polarography and cyclic voltammetric results indicate that reduction of FA is subject to considerable adsorption in both the acidic and alkaline media.
Service needs and use: A further look at the experiences of African American and white caregivers seeking Alzheimer's assistance:

The experiences of 150 African American and 150 white caregivers of persons with dementia indicate that although they differ in several characteristics, they are seeking assistance at comparable periods in their caregiving careers. Reasons for calling Alzheimer's Associations were similar although African Americans have a greater interest in services such as home help and day care. However, both report high levels of interest in chapter services and are positive about their plans to use them. At the end of 12 months, neither group has followed through on these plans with both groups stating that they were not ready for services or did not need services, while during the same period, both their own status and that of their relative had deteriorated.