cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locating the two-median of a tree network with continuous link demands

Typical formulations of thep-median problem on a network assume discrete nodal demands. However, for many problems, demands are better represented by continuous functions along the links, in addition to nodal demands. For such problems, optimal server locations need not occur at nodes, so that algorithms of the kind developed for the discrete demand case can not be used. In this paper we show how the 2-median of a tree network with continuous link demands can be found using an algorithm based on sequential location and allocation. We show that the algorithm will converge to a local minimum and then present a procedure for finding the global minimum solution.
Electron tube experience in computing equipment

The malfunctioning or failure of electron tubes in a computer is a large item in the over-all cost of its operation. Preventive maintenance testing of tubes before installation has proved to be economically feasible. Methods of testing and the findings are given in this article.
A Solid-Supported, Enantioselective Synthesis Suitable for the Rapid Preparation of Large Numbers of Diverse Structural Analogues of (−)-Saframycin A

A 10-step solid-supported, enantioselective synthesis suitable for the rapid preparation of large numbers of diverse structural analogues of saframycin A is described. The synthetic route, which bears analogy to solid-phase peptide synthesis, involves the directed condensation of N-protected α-amino aldehyde reactants. A novel dual linker was developed for attachment of intermediates to the solid support via a C-protective group, a substituted morpholino nitrile derivative. The route employs a novel diastereospecific cyclorelease mechanism, supports structural variation at multiple sites in the saframycin core, and obviates the need for chromatographic purification of the products or any intermediate. To demonstrate the feasibility of structural variation at multiple sites, a matrix of 16 saframycin A analogues was prepared by parallel synthesis with simultaneous variation of two sites. This work is notable not only as a preliminary step toward large-scale library construction but also as an example of th...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in adult rats produces deficits in path integration and spatial reference memory.

Background ±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a recreational drug that causes cognitive deficits in humans. A rat model for learning and memory deficits has not been established, although some cognitive deficits have been reported. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with MDMA (15 mg/kg x 4 doses) or saline (SAL) (n = 20/treatment group) and tested in different learning paradigms: 1) path integration in the Cincinnati water maze (CWM), 2) spatial learning in the Morris water maze (MWM), and 3) novel object recognition (NOR). One week after drug administration, testing began in the CWM, then four phases of MWM, and finally NOR. Following behavioral testing, monoamine levels were assessed. Results ±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-treated rats committed more CWM errors than did SAL-treated rats. ±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-treated animals were further from the former platform position during each 30-second MWM probe trial but showed no differences during learning trials with the platform present. There were no group differences in NOR. ±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine depleted serotonin in all brain regions and dopamine in the striatum. Conclusions ±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine produced MWM reference memory deficits even after complex learning in the CWM, where deficits in path integration learning occurred. Assessment of path integration may provide a sensitive index of MDMA-induced learning deficits.
Distribution and fine structure of elastic fibers in mouse lung.

Abstract The distribution and fine structure of elastic fibers in sections of mouse lung prepared for electron microscopy has been described. The tissue was prepared by freezing and drying and stained with orcein, which gave high contrast to the elastic fibers in thin sections. The fibers were seen to be made up of bundles of smaller fibers separated by less dense ground substance. Unit fibrils measuring 80–100 A were seen. The fiber structure was accentuated by brief digestion with elastase. It was not found possible to study the relationships of elastic fibers and surrounding cells and ground substance with the present method. Many of the stained fibers showed a cross-striation with a period of about 150 A, the significance of which is uncertain.
Physiological ecology of acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) in a Delaware salt marsh.

The effects of several fixed nitrogen compounds on acetylene reduction activity (nitrogen fixation) of surface sediments from a Delaware salt marsh were studied. Ammonia addition caused little decrease in activity early in the summer but resulted in a considerable decrease (85–95%) in activity late in the summer and early in the fall. Nitrate caused a near complete suppression of activity at all times. Other compounds such as glutamate, urea, and yeast extract caused a slight increase in activity in tallSpartina sediments and caused more than a 2.5-fold increase in shortSpartina sediments. There was a lag period (1–2 days) before the commencement of in vitro acetylene reduction activity during the spring and early summer, but this lag period was not present in the late summer. The addition of chloramphenicol to samples from a shortSpartina zone caused decreases in activity similar to those obtained with ammonia, whereas chlorate amendments yielded results which, when compared on an electron basis, were comparable to those obtained with nitrate. These results indicated that the observed lag period may be the result of a physiological response to the in situ levels of ammonia and/or nitrate. It is suggested here that in situ nitrogenase activity may be controlled by two processes: (a) repression and derepression of nitrogenase synthesis mediated by the levels of ammonia, and (b) competition for reducing power (electrons) and energy (ATP) between the processes of nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation.
Murine cytomegalovirus myocarditis

Murine cytomegalovirus infects a variety of organs after inoculation into adult male mice. We have established a model of myocarditis in which focal lesions form adjacent to virus-infected endothelial cells. The development of the myocarditis is mediated by CD4+ helper T cells. The lesions fail to develop when these cells are eliminated from the animal by administration of a specific monoclonal antibody. Alternatively, repletion of thymectomized, irradiated and bone-marrow reconstituted animals with CD4+ cells results in myocarditis. The evidence, although incomplete, suggests that a delayed hypersensitivity response is the pathogenetic mechanism involved.
Magnetic White Dwarfs in the Two Micron All Sky Survey: A Search for Candidate Binary Systems

Our understanding of the formation and evolution of magnetic cataclysmic variables from initially detached, post-common-envelope binary stars containing a magnetic white dwarf and a main-sequence star is currently poorly constrained, due to the lack of observational identification of the progenitor systems. Very few potential pre-cataclysmic variables containing a magnetic white dwarf are known, compared with ≈25% of the cataclysmic variable population that contain magnetic white dwarfs. We present the results of a search for candidate binary systems containing a magnetic white dwarf, which utilized photometric data from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS; as well as Hubble Space Telescope and WIYN Observatory follow-up data for several objects). Our target sample was drawn primarily from the comprehensive list of magnetic white dwarfs by Wickramasinghe & Ferrario, plus several recently identified objects selected from the literature. Out of 51 2MASS detections, no convincing binary candidates were found. However, six objects merit additional observation to determine the origin of a small near-infrared excess that could be attributed to a very low mass stellar or substellar companion. An additional four white dwarfs are possibly at the centers of previously unknown, and likely unresolved, planetary nebulae.
Detecting free carriers in organic photovoltaic systems: Time-resolved microwave conductivity

So-called organic photovoltaic devices have seen certified power conversion efficiencies increase from 2.5% in 2001[1] to 8.3% in 2011[2]. Close inspection of the strategies employed to realize this impressive improvement in performance reveal a common approach of synthesizing new donor polymers and molecules, fullerene acceptors and, in some cases, new device architectures. It is questionable as to whether this approach will result in a similar four-fold level of improvement over the next ten years, and it is this question that motivates the work described here.
Automated and Manual Methods for the Determination of Polyacrylamide and Other Anionic Polymers

The concentration of polyacrylamides is determined by precipitation with Hyamine 1622 Reagent 1 and by measurement of the amount of light scattered by the resulting turbidity. The analysis can be automated as well as adapted for field trials. The effects of anionic surfactants, changes in polyacrylamide molecular weight, and salinity are discussed.
Electrocardiographic observations in severe aortic valve stenosis : correlative necropsy study to clinical, hemodynamic, and ECG variables demonstrating relation of 12-lead QRS amplitude to peak systolic transaortic pressure gradient

Most ECG studies in patients with aortic valve stenosis (AS) have involved living patients in whom the status of the left ventricular (LV) myocardium, epicardial coronary arteries, and mitral valve was not precisely known. We examined the 12-lead ECG recorded within 2 months of death in 50 patients aged 16 to 65 years (mean 48) with peak systolic pressure gradients (PSPG) across the aortic valve ranging from 52 to 180 mm Hg (mean 98) and anatomically normal mitral valves. Excluding four patients with complete left bundle branch block (LBBB), 44 (96%) of the other 46 patients had the usual voltage criteria for LV hypertrophy (LVH). Measurement of the total 12-lead QRS amplitude, which ranged from 144 to 417 mm (10 mm = 1 mV), (mean 257) proved useful for it correlated directly with PSPG across the aortic valve and, when the four LBBB patients were excluded, with the peak LV systolic pressure. The total 12-lead QRS amplitude (mm) was similar in most patients to the LV systolic pressure (mm Hg). Thus, subtraction of the indirect systemic arterial systolic pressure (mm Hg) from the total 12-lead QRS amplitude (mm) provides a reasonable noninvasive prediction of the PSPG across the aortic valve in patients with moderate to severe AS. Additionally, the mean of the total 12-lead QRS amplitude was significantly (p less than 0.05) greater in the 11 younger (less than or equal to 40 years) than in the 39 older patients (278 mm vs 257 mm), in the 14 women than in the 36 men (277 mm vs 240 mm), in the 22 patients with heavier (greater than 600 gm) hearts (274 mm vs 244 mm), in the 34 patients without compared to the 16 with significant coronary arterial narrowing (270 mm vs 238 mm), and in the 22 patients without compared to the 24 with ECG myocardial damage patterns (269 mm vs 236 mm).
Calcium antagonists and hormone release. I. Effects of verapamil on insulin release in normal subjects and patients with islet-cell tumor

Abstract Intravenous infusion of verapamil, an organic antagonist of calcium transport into cells, produced a marked and significant inhibition of glucose-, glucagon- and sulfonylurea-induced increases in serum insulin in normal subjects. Also, blood glucose concentrations remained significantly higher after the secretagogue plus verapamil than after the secretagogue alone. Blood glucose concentrations increased regularly after verapamil + glucagon administration indicating that verapamil is not capable of inhibiting the hepatic glycogenolysis induced by glucagon. Two patients with islet-cell tumor, treated with verapamil for 5 days, experienced a decrease in the severity and frequency of hypoglycemic attacks while “autonomous” insulin release was inhibited. The present results clearly show that calcium antagonists are capable of inhibiting insulin response to appropriate stimuli in normal subjects. Therapeutic association of calcium antagonists and sulfonylureas should be used with caution in the light of the present findings. Calcium antagonists can be useful drugs in the treatment of hypoglycemia caused by islet-cell tumor.
Intraspecific variation within populations of Fusarium oxysporum based on RFLP analysis of the intergenic spacer region of the rDNA.

Abstract Appel, D. J., and Gordon, T. R. 1995. Intraspecific variation within populations of Fusarium oxysporum based on RFLP analysis of the intergenic spacer region of the rDNA. Experimental Mycology 19, 120-128. Fifty-six isolates of Fusarium oxysporum, including F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis and nonpathogenic strains, were chosen from a larger collection to represent diversity in vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype, geographic distribution, and virulence. Using PCR, a 2.6-kb fragment including the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the ribosomal DNA was amplified from each isolate. The enzymes EcoRI, Sau 3A, Cfo1, and Ava1I, cut this fragment differentially, revealing 5, 6, 6, and 7 patterns, respectively. Among the 56 isolates, a total of 13 unique IGS haplotypes was identified. Among most F. o. melonis isolates. IGS haplotype correlated with VCG and mtDNA haplotype, but did not differentiate among races. However, a race 1 isolate found in VCG 0131 shared virulence, mtDNA, and IGS haplotypes characteristic of VCG 0134; this isolate may represent a conversion in VCG from 0134 to 0131. Four nonpathogens shared the pathogen vegetative compatibility phenotypes. One race 1,2 isolate associated with VCG 0134 shared both IGS haplotype and VCG with a nonpathogen, but these isolates did not share the same mtDNA haplotype. Another nonpathogenic isolate shared mtDNA and IGS haplotypes with pathogen group 0131 and may simply be an avirulent mutant of a pathogenic strain. For the other two nonpathogenic isolates, vegetative compatibility indicated a close relationship to the pathogen, but differences in both mtDNA and IGS haplotype suggest otherwise. Overall, the IGS haplotype was more variable among the nonpathogenic F. oxysporum VCGs among which 12 of the 13 IGS haplotypes were found. Nonpathogenic isolates that shared a common mtDNA haplotype, but were associated with different VCGs, often had different IGS haplotypes.
States of myosin subfragment-1 studied by catalyzed ascorbate reduction of bound spin label.

Abstract The second-order rate constant, k , whereby ascorbate reduces spin label, N -(1- oxyl -2, 2,6,6- tetramethyl -4-piperidyl) iodoacetamide, bound to the fast-reacting (SH 1 ) thiol groups of heavy meromyosin (HMM) has been compared with the k whereby ascorbate reduces free spin label in the same solvent. It is clear that the k of protein-bound spin label is primarily determined by conditions “on-board” subfragment-1 (S-1), rather than by properties of the solvent. First, in saturating [STP] the k of HMM-bound spin label was much greater than the k of free spin label, and both k 's were independent of [KCl], from 0.05 to 1 m . Second, in the absence of ATP, or even in the presence of ADP, the k of HMM-bound spin label was less than the k of free spin label at l m KCl, and much more in a 0.05 m KCl. The organized structure of S-1 is required for observing the change of k with ATP, because the change of k disappeared on denaturing HMM with either guanidine hydrochloride or urea. Measuring k can be a “probe” to specify HMM states. However, the parameter, k , is conceptually dissimilar to measuring peak heights on an EPR spectrum. Experimentally we have observed that when [KCl] is increased, while [MgATP] = 0, spectral peak height is constant, but k varies remarkably. At no [KCl] did excess F-actin affect k . Quantitative examination of metal contamination (e.g., Cu, Fe) in HMM showed that changes in the k of HMM-bound spin label cannot arise from changes in proximity to contaminating metal redox catalysts bound to HMM. An intramolecular participant in the reaction of ascorbate with bound nitroxyl half inhibits the Ca 2+ -ATPase of spin labeled HMM, so signal annihilation and ATPase activity are closely correlated in time. The rate of signal annihilation is unaffected by prior reaction of the “SH 2 ” thiols with N -ethylmaleimide.
Mitochondrial DNA and Nuclear Microsatellite Diversity in Hatchery and Wild Oncorhynchus mykiss from Freshwater Habitats in Southern California

Abstract We examined mitochondrial control-region haplotype diversity and allelic frequency distributions for three polymorphic microsatellite loci in 541 coastal Oncorhynchus mykiss collected from six habitats associated with different levels of human activity and ocean access in southern California. Extensive urbanization, climatic unpredictability, and the accelerated rate of decline in anadromous fish suggested a probable loss of genetic diversity in this area due to habitat fragmentation, geographic isolation, and population bottlenecks. Unexpectedly high levels of genetic diversity were found in southern California populations of O. mykiss. Haplotype diversity (H S) was highest in anadromous fish (H S = 0.74) and lowest in the Whale Rock Hatchery trout (H S = 0.32). The proportion of variation attributable to population differentiation among habitat groups (G ST) was 10%. Haplotype frequencies showed a close relationship between anadromous steelhead and resident rainbow trout from closed habitats (D...
Predicting landscape-scale erosion rates using digital elevation models

Functional relationships between erosion rates and topography are central to understanding controls on global sediment flux and interactions among tectonics, climate, and erosion in shaping topography. Based on such relations digital elevation models (DEMs) allow predicting landscape-scale erosion rates to the degree that process models can be calibrated and to the extent that such processes reflect elevation, drainage area, and aspect, or their derivatives such as slope and curvature. Digital elevation models allow investigating the influence of erosional processes on landscape form and evolution through generalized quantitative expressions often referred to as ‘erosion laws’. The analytical forms of such expressions are derived from physical principles, but only limited data are available to guide calibration to particular landscapes. In addition, few studies have addressed how different transport laws interact to set landscape-scale erosion rates in different environments. Conventionally, landscape-scale sediment flux is considered to be linearly related to slope or relief, but recent analyses point toward non-linear relations for steep terrain in which changes in the frequency of landsliding accommodate increased rates of rock uplift. In such situations, landscape-scale erosion rates are more closely tied to erosion potential predicted by models of bedrock river incision. Consequently, I propose that using DEMs to predict absolute or relative erosion rates at the landscape-scale counter-intuitively involves the rate of fluvial processes as governing the sediment flux from steep landscapes, and rates of hillslope processes as governing sediment flux from low-gradient landscapes. To cite this article: D.R. Montgomery, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).
Radiation and Absorption of Energy by Tungsten Filaments at Low Temperatures

The radiation of energy from a thoriated tungsten filament and the absorption of the energy radiated from the surrounding bulb have been measured by a method which eliminates difficulties arising from cooling effects of the leads. For a filament at a uniform temperature TF in a bulb at temperature TB the net radiation W in watts cm−2 is the difference between the outgoing radiation WR and the absorbed radiation WA. For values of TF from 225° to 580°K and TB from 77° to 473°K logWR=83.7105−100+5.332logTF,logWA=83.7105−100+4.462logTB+0.87logTF.The resistivity R0 in this same range is given by logR0=91.7123−100+1.23logTF.The characteristics, current, voltage, resistance, and energy radiated as functions of temperature are tabulated.
Enzyme Solubilization in a Reversed Micellar Microreactor with a Bile Salt Cosurfactant

Abstract Spectroscopic techniques (UV absorbance, circular dichroism, fluorescence emission and anisotropy, and light scattering) were used to investigate enzyme solubilization in Aerosol-OT (AOT) reversed micelles in which a bile salt, sodium taurocholate (NaTC), is used as a novel cosurfactant. NaTC significantly increases the water capacity and size of the reversed micelles through surfactant reorganization. The solubilization of several enzymes, including lysozyme, chymotrypsin, lipase, lipoxidase, carbonic anhydrase, and ribonuclease A, was demonstrated. These enzymes, ranging in mass from 10 4 to 10 5 Da, are incorporated in the micelles in stable, optically transparent solutions. Several other proteins were not successfully solubilized. The presence of NaTC in the reversed micelles significantly altered the conformations of the solubilized enzymes, apparently by promoting unfolding of the enzyme through interactions with the interior micellar interface. Lysozyme and lipase respond to solubilization in the AOT/NaTC micelles by altering their conformations to accommodate the micellar structure. The effect of NaTC is greatest for lysozyme, inducing a higher degree of order and helicity in the enzyme structure. Chymotrypsin, on the other hand, disrupts the micellar structure and reorganizes the surfactants to accommodate its own preferred conformation. Addition of NaTC to the reversed micelles causes a 3-fold increase in the enzymatic activity of solubilized chymotrypsin.
Incremental and interactive sequence mining

The discovery of frequent sequences in temporal databases is an important data mining problem. Most current work assumes that the database is static, and a database update requires rediscovering all the patterns by scanning the entire old and new database. In this paper, we propose novel techniques for maintaining sequences in the presence of a) database updates, and b) user interaction (e.g. modifying mining parameters). This is a very challenging task, since such updates can invalidate existing sequences or introduce new ones. In both the above scenarios, we avoid re-executing the algorithm on the entire dataset, thereby reducing execution time. Experimental results confirm that our approach results in execution time improvements of up to several orders of magnitude in practice.
FINDING GALOIS REPRESENTATIONS CORRESPONDING TO CERTAIN HECKE EIGENCLASSES

In 1992, Ash and McConnell presented computational evidence of a connection between three-dimensional Galois representations and certain arithmetic cohomology classes. For some examples, they were unable to determine the attached representation. For several Hecke eigenclasses (including one for which Ash and McConnell did not find the Galois representation), we find a Galois representation which appears to be attached and show strong evidence for the uniqueness of this representation. The techniques that we use to find defining polynomials for the Galois representations include a targeted Hunter search, class field theory and elliptic curves.
The state of computer oriented curricula in business schools 1970

The ACM Committee on Computer Education for Management, supported by a National Science Foundation Grant, is established to appraise the state of the art and to develop a series of recommendations for improving computer education for management. To provide the Committee with material for its study of curricular needs, five regional meetings in the United States were held in 1970, at each of which a broad cross section of invited academicians and practitioners considered the state of curricula in business schools. Three topics were covered: curricula for the general manager; computer-related material in required and functional courses; and curricula for students concentrating on computer-based information systems.An analysis of the minutes of the meetings revealed a common set of experiences which raised similar pedagogic and economic issues. This presentation gives a summary of the discussions; a condensation of the pedagogic and substantive concerns raised; and consideration of the resource allocation issues involved.Preliminary to the Committee's recommendations for improving computer education for management, this report has been prepared to provide the participants and the administrators of their institutions with background information for the ongoing task of course development.Chairman of the ten-man Committee is Daniel Teichroew (The University of Michigan).
Heating Titan's upper atmosphere

[1] A detailed analysis of the mechanisms heating Titan's neutral atmosphere is provided. Two primary sources of incoming energy, the solar photons and the energetic electrons from Saturn's magnetosphere, are taken into account. The processes studied include the excitation of atmospheric molecules by electron impact, suprathermal electron heating, and the energy release through ion and neutral exothermic chemistry. The redistribution of heat by suprathermal particles throughout the atmosphere is also considered and calculated using a two-stream model. Local time-dependent heating rate profiles are presented. Exothermic chemistry is found to be the dominant source of heat, with electron-impact excitation and suprathermal electron heating becoming significant at high altitudes. Large variations in local peak amplitudes were found, varying between ≃3 × 10−10 erg cm−3s−1 at 990 km and zenith angle 62° and ≃7 × 10−12 erg cm−3s−1 at 940 km and zenith angle 165°. Neutral heating efficiency profiles averaged with respect to local time at the fixed latitudes of 38.8° N and 73.7° N are presented, with mean values of ≃25 ± 15% and 23 ± 19%, respectively.
New three-point formulas for inductive coupling removal in induced polarization

A simple method of separating inductive coupling effects from induced polarization (IP) effects in low‐frequency IP measurements was described by Hallof (1974). The basis of the method is that the polarization effect can be approximated as constant phase over a limited frequency range, while the inductive phase response varies as different powers of the frequency. Hallof used linear and quadratic frequency variations, to fit curves to phase measurements at two and three frequencies, respectively. Three‐point formulas for separation of a constant‐phase polarization effect from an inductive‐phase response varying as frequency and (frequency)2 are now commonly applied to multifrequency IP measurements.
Inhibition of Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase by Bisphosphonates and Diphosphates: A Potential Route to New Bone Antiresorption and Antiparasitic Agents

We report the inhibition of a human recombinant geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPSase) by 23 bisphosphonates and six azaprenyl diphosphates. The IC50 values range from 140 nM to 690 microM. None of the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates that inhibit farnesyl diphosphate synthase were effective in inhibiting the GGPPSase enzyme. Using three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship/comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) methods, we find a good correlation between experimental and predicted activity: R2 = 0.938, R(cv)2 = 0.900, R(bs)2 = 0.938, and F-test = 86.8. To test the predictive utility of the CoMFA approach, we used three training sets of 25 compounds each to generate models to predict three test sets of three compounds. The rms pIC50 error for the nine predictions was 0.39. We also investigated the pharmacophore of these GGPPSase inhibitors using the Catalyst method. The results demonstrated that Catalyst predicted the pIC50 values for the nine test set compounds with an rms error of 0.28 (R2 between experimental and predicted activity of 0.948).
Phylogenetic conservation of the cell-type-specific Lan3-2 glycoepitope in Caenorhabditis elegans

The biological function of a cell-type-specific glycosylation of an adhesion molecule belonging to the L1CAM immunoglobulin superfamily was previously determined in the nervous system of the embryonic leech, Hirudo medicinalis. The Lan3-2 glycoepitope is a surface marker of sensory afferent neurons and is required for their appropriate developmental collateral branching and synaptogenesis in the CNS. The chemical structure of the Lan3-2 glycoepitope consists of β-(1,4)-linked mannopyranose. Here, we show the conservation of the cell-type-specific expression of this mannose polymer in Caenorhabditis elegans. The Lan3-2 glycoepitope is expressed on the cell surface of a subset of dissociated embryonic neurons and, in the adult worm, by the pharyngeal motor neuron, M5, and the chemosensory afferents, the amphids. Additionally, the vulval epithelium expresses the Lan3-2 glycoepitope in late L4 larvae and in adult hermaphrodites. To investigate proteins carrying this restrictively expressed glycoepitope, worm extract was immunoaffinity purified with Lan3-2 monoclonal antibody and Western blotted. A polyclonal antibody reactive with the cytoplasmic tail of LAD-1/SAX-7, a C. elegans member of the L1CAM family, recognizes a 270 kDa protein band while Lan3-2 antibody also recognizes a 190 kDa glycoform, its putative Lan3-2 ectodomain. Thus, in C. elegans, as in leech, the Lan3-2 epitope is located on a L1CAM homologue. The cell-type-specific expression of the Lan3-2 glycoepitope shared by leech and C. elegans will be useful for understanding how cell-type-specific glycoepitopes mediate cell–cell interactions during development.
Evaluation of Global Positioning System Devices for a Quality Control System for Compaction Operations

Quality control of the compaction process is an important concern for owners and contractors because compaction is essential for improving the stability and density of construction materials such as soils and asphalt. When other conditions such as roller frequency, wheel load, and compactor speed are the same, the density of asphalt pavement depends on the number of coverages of the compactor. If the mat is compacted with less than the determined number of passes, the result may be a large volume of air voids, leading to low density. However, if the mat is overly compacted, the aggregates will be crushed further and the attributes of the mix will be changed, leading to a reduction in density. For this reason, monitoring the exact number of coverages over the entire surface of the pavement mat is desired. Research that started 3 years ago to develop an automated system for mapping compaction equipment using global positioning system (GPS) technology is reported. The objective of this research is to test th...
Retrospective Review of Combined Sirolimus and Simvastatin Therapy in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

BACKGROUND Combined simvastatin and sirolimus therapy reduces tuberous sclerosis complex 2-null lesions and alveolar destruction in a mouse model of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), suggesting that therapy with both drugs may benefit patients with LAM. METHODS To determine whether simvastatin changed the prevalence of adverse events or altered the therapeutic effects of sirolimus, we recorded adverse events and changes in lung function in patients with LAM treated with simvastatin plus sirolimus (n = 14), sirolimus alone (n = 44), or simvastatin alone (n = 20). RESULTS Sirolimus-related adverse events in the simvastatin plus sirolimus and sirolimus-only groups were 64% and 66% for stomatitis, 50% and 52% for diarrhea, 50% and 45% for peripheral edema, 36% and 61% for acne, 36% and 30% for hypertension, 29% and 27% for proteinuria, 29% and 27% for leukopenia, and 21% and 27% for hypercholesterolemia. The frequency of simvastatin-related adverse events in the simvastatin-only and simvastatin plus sirolimus groups were 60% and 50% for arthralgias and 35% and 36% for myopathy. Before simvastatin plus sirolimus therapy, FEV 1 and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (Dlco) yearly rates of change were, respectively, −1.4 ± 0.2 and −1.8 ± 0.2% predicted. After simvastatin plus sirolimus therapy, these rates changed to +1.2 ± 0.5 ( P = .635) and +0.3 ± 0.4% predicted ( P = .412), respectively. In 44 patients treated with sirolimus alone, FEV 1 and Dlco rates of change were −1.7 ± 0.1 and −2.2 ± 0.1% predicted before treatment and +1.7 ± 0.3 and +0.7 ± 0.3% predicted after treatment ( P CONCLUSIONS Therapy with sirolimus and simvastatin does not increase the prevalence of drug adverse events or alter the therapeutic effects of sirolimus.
Steric and Electronic Effects in Electron Transfer Reactions

THERE is at present no satisfactory theory to account for the rates of electron transfer from one metal ion to another via a bridging group. Two attempts have been made, both based on the assumption that the probability of electron transfer during the lifetime of the activated complex is small. The first relationship took the form1: where kbi is the observed overall rate constant for the reaction, kf is the rate constant for the formation of the activated complex, C1 is a constant, and Prs the mobile bond order2 between the atoms r and s associated with the metal ions. τ is the mean lifetime of the activated complex. This conjugation theory of electron transfer was extended by including the effect of charged reactants on the rate of formation and the mean lifetime of the activated complex3, giving at zero ionic strength the relationship: where ZA and ZB are the charges on the ions A and B, C0 is a constant, D is the dielectric constant of the medium, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and rAB the distance between the metal centres. A comparison has been made3 with results obtained experimentally in the chromium(II) reduction of various pentammine-cobalt(III) complexes. Agreement is better with the second theory than with the first, but not good. The suggestion was made that improvement of the M.O. calculations and the electrostatic treatment might produce substantial numerical agreement. Neither theory takes into account the steric effects of substituent groups (that is, groups present as part of the ligand but not participating directly in the electron transfer path). Such groups are important: the rate constants for the reduction of (NH3)5CoO2C–R2+ fall off from 0.32 M−1 sec−1 to 0.04 M−1 sec−1 as R changes from CH3 to cycloC6H11, even though the path length for the electron transfer remains unchanged4.
Energy transfer in hybrid organic/inorganic nanocomposites

Chemically synthesized colloidal quantum dots can easily be incorporated into conjugated polymer host systems allowing for novel organic/inorganic hybrid materials combining the natural advantages from both organic as well as inorganic components into one system. In order to obtain tailored optoelectronic properties a profound knowledge of the fundamental electronic energy transfer processes between the inorganic and organic parts is necessary. Previous studies have attributed the observed efficient energy transfer to a dipole-dipole coupling with Foerster-radii of about 50-70A. Here, we report on resonant energy transfer of non-equilibrium excitons in an amorphous polyfluorene donor CdSe/ZnS core-shell nanocrystal acceptor system. By time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy we have investigated the PL decay behavior of the primarily excited polyfluorene as a function of temperature. We show that the transfer efficiency drops from about 30% at room temperature to around 5% at low temperature. These results shed light on the importance of temperature-activated exciton diffusion in the energy transfer process. As a consequence the exciton has to migrate very close to the surface of the quantum dot in order to accomplish the coupling. Hence, the coupling strength is much weaker than anticipated in previous work and requires treatment beyond Forster theory.
Effects of NaCl stress on proline and cation accumulation in salt sensitive and tolerant turfgrasses

Concentrations of proline, sodium and potassium in shoot tissues of five turfgrass species were measured following exposure to 170 mM NaCl salinity stress. Salt tolerant ‘Fults’ alkaligrass and ‘Dawson’ red fescue restricted the accumulation of Na-ions to significatnly low levels compared to the salt sensitive Kentucky bluegrasses (‘Adelphi’ and ‘Ram I’) and ‘Jamestown’ red fescue. Accumulation of proline began in all species within 24 h of initiation of salt stress but at a more rapid rate and higher overall concentration for ‘Fults’ alkaligrass. Proline levels were variable and too low in relation to sodium accumulations to have any significant osmoregulatory role in salt tolerance among all cultivars tested with the possible exception of alkaligrass.
Deterrence theory and marine oil spills : Do coast guard civil penalties deter pollution?

Abstract This article tests the tenets of deterrence theory in the field of pollution control. Using data collected by the US Coast Guard and aggregated by 46 Captains of the Port/Marine Safety Officer regions, pooled time series regression is employed to test the effect of certainty, severity and swiftness of punishment on oil pollution control in the intracoastal waterways of the United States. The analysis provides support for the severity and swiftness aspects of deterrence theory, but there is ambiguity about the certainty hypothesis. The results suggest that a 10-day improvement in the speed with which penalties are assessed will reduce oil spillage by 0·6% and selected increases in the severity of punishment for oil spills can reduce spillage by 10%. To maximize the utility of these findings, regulatory organizations will need to ensure that accompanying penalty scales employ fine schedules that are constant rather than schedules that decrease the punitiveness of penalties for larger spills.
Clay Mineralogy of Paleozoic K-Bentonites of the Eastern United States (Part 1)

Samples of altered volcanic materials, interbedded with dominantly carbonate sediments, were collected from Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian strata in Michigan, Illinois, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Alabama. These altered volcanics, originally called metabentonite and more recently K-bentonite, occur in thin seams commonly only a few inches thick and are generally believed to be altered Paleozoic volcanic ash falls because they contain typical igneous minerals in the heavy suite and retain textures and structures characteristic of ash deposits.
PENSION WEALTH AT MIDLIFE:COMPARING SELF‐REPORTS WITH PROVIDER DATA

This paper evaluates the accuracy of estimates of pension wealth based on self-reports by comparing them to estimates based on provider data. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we found that few workers are well informed about their future pension benefits. Self-reports were often incomplete and typically varied widely from those based on information from providers. In defined benefit (DB) plans, discrepancies were greatest for workers who had limited education, earned low wages, and did not expect to retire soon. Differences in median pension wealth were smaller at the aggregate level than the individual level, because individual differences tended to offset each other when aggregated. Provider data appear better than self-reports for DB plans, but not for defined contribution (DC) plans. Where both are available, the best method of computing pension wealth may be to estimate DB wealth from provider data and to estimate DC wealth from self-reports.
Infusing computational thinking into the middle- and high-school curriculum

In recent years there have been significant efforts to revamp undergraduate and K-12 curricula to emphasize computational thinking, a term popularized by Jeannette Wing in 2006. We describe work introducing and enhancing computational thinking activities and assessments in the middle- and high-school curriculum at the University of Chicago Lab Schools. In total six courses were altered as a part of the Computational Thinking across the Curriculum Project: middle-school and high-school computer science, and high-school Latin, graphic arts, English, and history. We detail the modifications to the curriculum and discuss the successes and challenges of the project.
Testing non‐inferiority and superiority for two endpoints for several treatments with a control

Some multiple comparison procedures are described for multiple armed studies. The procedures are appropriate for testing all hypotheses for comparing two endpoints and multiple test arms to a single control group, for example three different fixed doses compared to a placebo. The procedure assumes that among the two endpoints, one is designated as a primary endpoint such that for a given treatment arm, no hypothesis for the secondary endpoint can be rejected unless the hypothesis for the primary endpoint was rejected. The procedures described control the family-wise error rate in the strong sense at a specified level α. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superplastic sheet metal forming of a generalized cup part ii: nonuniform thinning

A computational process model for the super plastic formation of a generalized cup is presented that takes into account the variation in thinning in the unsupported region. The relative pole to edge thinning arises due to the change in the state of stress from balanced biaxial at the pole to plane strain at the edge. Using kinematic conditions and material constitutive equations, a relationship between the instantaneous thickness at the pole and edge is developed. An equation for thickness variation from center to edge in terms of convected coordinates is postulated. Process parameters including thickness profile and pressure-time cycle for the generalized cup are determined using an incremental formulation. The solution developed in Part II depends on process and material parameters, unlike the uniform thinning model. The thickness profile for different shapes like the dome, cup, and cone formed from superplastic aluminum 7475 and aluminum-lithium alloys are compared with experimental results.
Geomagnetic Research in the Americas

THE earth is a great laboratory in which Nature is constantly performing physical experiments. The student of earth physics labours under the disadvantage that systematic and trustworthy data are available for little more than a century. This period is too limited from which to draw many significant conclusions regarding the complex world-wide and cosmical causes and interrelationsinvolved. In the collection of geophysical data, chief attention must be given to geographical and space-distribution and to variability with time characterizing the phenomena concerned. These data must include not only isolated observations on land and sea but also continuous observations at fixed observatories to follow simultaneous variations with time and co-ordination with experiment in the physical laboratories and astrophysical observatories.
Numerical modeling of reinforced concrete containment walls under cyclic shear

Abstract This paper provides an overview of research in numerical modeling of reinforced concrete containment walls subjected to cyclic shear. Bases for the development of the model are discussed, and application of the model is shown. Further research needs and interests are suggested for improved analysis capabilities and design.
Cloning and characterization of human karyopherin β3

Nuclear import of classical nuclear localization sequence-bearing proteins is mediated by karyopherin α/β1 heterodimers. A second nuclear import pathway, mediated by karyopherin β2 (transportin), recently was described for mRNA-binding proteins. Here we report the cloning and characterization of human karyopherin β3, which may be involved in a third pathway for nuclear import. Karyopherin β3 was localized mainly to the cytosol and the nucleus, particularly the nuclear rim. It bound to several of the repeat-containing nucleoporins (Nup358, Nup214, Nup153, Nup98, and p62) in overlay and solution-binding assays and was competed away by karyopherin β1. For Nup98, we localized this binding to the peptide repeat-containing region. Karyopherin β3 contains two putative Ran-binding homology regions and bound to Ran-GTP in a solution-binding assay with much higher affinity than to Ran-GDP. Furthermore, it interacted with two ribosomal proteins in an overlay assay. We suggest that karyopherin β3 is a nuclear transport factor that may mediate the import of some ribosomal proteins into the nucleus.
Who is Francesca da Rimini? Problems of Historical Reception

Cet article utilise le mode intertextuel pour aborder la question controversee de la reception historique, en considerant les facons selon lesquelles certains groupes de lecteurs hypothetiques ont donne sens a de Francesca da Rimini (1908) de la Vitagraph, film reposant sur cinq vers de Dante. Les auteurs cherchent a demontrer qu’en ajoutant le mode intertextuel a l’analyse formelle textuelle et au discours de l’industrie, il est possible d’eclairer davantage les conditions de reception en permettant des discussions a propos de lectures historiquement etablies de textes specifiques.
Frozen tissue can provide reproducible proteomic results of subcellular fractionation.

Differential detergent fractionation (DDF) is frequently used to partition fresh cells and tissues into distinct compartments. We have tested whether DDF can reproducibly extract and fractionate cellular protein components from frozen tissues. Frozen kidneys were sequentially extracted with three different buffer systems. Analysis of the three fractions with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) identified 1693 proteins, some of which were common to all fractions and others of which were unique to specific fractions. Normalized spectral index (SIN) values obtained from these data were compared to evaluate both the reproducibility of the method and the efficiency of enrichment. SIN values between replicate fractions demonstrated a high correlation, confirming the reproducibility of the method. Correlation coefficients across the three fractions were significantly lower than those for the replicates, supporting the capability of DDF to differentially fractionate proteins into separate compartments. Subcellular annotation of the proteins identified in each fraction demonstrated a significant enrichment of cytoplasmic, cell membrane, and nuclear proteins in the three respective buffer system fractions. We conclude that DDF can be applied to frozen tissue to generate reproducible proteome coverage discriminating subcellular compartments. This demonstrates the feasibility of analyzing cellular compartment-specific proteins in archived tissue samples with the simple DDF method.
RNA capping: progress and prospects.

The 5′ m7GpppN cap, co-discovered by Shatkin, Furuichi, and Moss in 1975, is the signature feature of eukaryal cellular and viral messenger RNA that confers mRNA stability and efficient translation. Cap formation entails three sequential enzymatic modifications targeted to nascent pre-mRNAs synthesized by cellular or viral RNA polymerases. First, the 5′ triphosphate end of the pre-mRNA is hydrolyzed to a diphosphate by RNA 5′ triphosphatase (RTPase). Second, the diphosphate RNA is capped with GMP by RNA guanylyltransferase (GTase) via a two-step mechanism: (i) reaction of GTase with GTP to form a covalent enzyme-(lysyl-Nζ)-GMP intermediate and PPi and (ii) transfer of GMP from GTase to the ppRNA end to form GpppRNA. Third, the GpppRNA cap is converted to m7GpppRNA by AdoMet:RNA(guanine-N7)-methyltransferase (MTase). This pathway was elucidated between 1975 and 1984 via the analysis of the purified vaccinia virus capping enzyme, a heterodimer of 97 kDa and 33 kDa subunits that catalyzes all three steps in cap formation. The same biochemical pathway (though not the same organization of the capping apparatus) is conserved in all eukaryal taxa.