cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mindfulness Revisited A Buddhist-Based Conceptualization

Recent scholarship on mindfulness has narrowly focused on attention enhancement, present-moment awareness, and its stress reduction effects. Moreover, current operational definitions of mindfulness...
Unusual units in the goldfish optic nerve.

Abstract Three types of unusual units are found in the goldfish optic nerve. One type has both opponent color and directional properties. A second type has input from a process peaking at 670 nm, but not from the goldfish 625 nm red receptors. A third is specific for a rectangular stimulus oriented in the appropriate direction, but is not color-coded.
Do media really affect perceptions and procedural structuring among partially‐distributed groups?

Organization efforts in groups generate interaction and procedural structures, or “rules of behavior”. The type and extent of structuring are affected by preexisting preferences among group members for a desired degree of procedural order, as well as by the communication media available in the meeting environment. Analysis of thirty partially‐distributed groups that met over a series of four sessions was conducted by using two methods. Questionnaires were administered to ascertain perceptions of satisfaction and procedural practices. Content analysis was used to determine actual procedural behavioral patterns. It appears that preferences for procedural order does affect structuring behaviors, but do not affect their satisfaction with the group process. Interestingly, and counter to the expectations elicited from a history of media richness theory and studies, results here indicate that interaction media (video conferencing vs. audio conferencing) have no affect on either members’ perceptions of procedural structuring, their satisfaction, or their actual procedural structuring practices. Implications of these results are discussed.
A refined neurobehavioral inventory of hemispheric preference.

With the advent and rapid growth of neuropsychology has come the need for reliable and valid measures of neuropsychological behaviors. The inventory described in this article measures neurobehavioral preference based on theoretical assumptions and previous research findings in the field, such as brain localization and cerebral hemispheric dominance. The inventory consists of 12 items, each of which has 4 statements that relate to four different functions of the two hemispheres, namely: (a) Left, logical; (b) Left, verbal; (c) Right, manipulative/spatial; and (d) Right, creative. A separate measure for left and right preference can be obtained by adding (a) and (b) and (c) and (d), respectively. Administration and scoring take only a few minutes. Statistical analysis shows that the results were in the predicted direction when six different criterion groups were used (e.g., artists, nurses, and teachers). The instrument appears suitable for use in personality research, counseling activities, or management techniques.
The Progress and Promise of the Reading for Understanding Research Initiative

Decades of reading research have improved our understanding of the ways that young children learn how to read and of the component skills that support the ongoing development of reading and reading comprehension. However, while these investments have transformed reading instruction and reading outcomes for many learners, too many children are not reading at the basic level nor are they reading with understanding. The Institute of Education Sciences created the Reading for Understanding Research Initiative in 2010 to fund a set of connected projects that would enrich the theoretical frameworks that undergird efforts to improve deep comprehension and to design and test new interventions and assessments to improve reading for understanding across all grades in US schools. This article describes the central themes that guided the design of the Reading for Understanding Initiative and the work underway by the six research teams funded under this program.
Appendixes to "Continuous Time-Varying Optimal Feedback Applied to the Augmentation and Rapid Alignment of Inertial Systems''

The original paper was presented at the IEEE/G-AES Aerospace Systems Conference, Seattle, Wash., July 11-15, 1966, and was published (less Appendixes) in the Supplement to this Transactions, vol. 2, no. 4, PP. 661-678, July 1966. The four appendices cover: The White Noise Case; A Common Start-Up Problem; Revised Vector Error-Propagation Block Diagram; and Two-Dimensional Model of Inertial System for the "Complete" Position (Or Velocity) Inertial and on Ground Alignment Problems.
Electron microscope mapping of the distribution of ribosomal genes of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome

Abstract When high molecular weight Bacillus subtilis DNA is denatured, renatured and then examined by electron microscopy the main renatured product seen is a long duplex, usually with a single strand at each end, due to in-register renaturation. In addition, structures containing short duplex segments of length 4830 ± 250 base pairs, with two single-strand arms at each end, are seen at a low frequency. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that these short duplex segments are formed by out-of-register renaturation of the 16 S + 23 S ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) of B. subtilis . They are of the correct length. Their formation is inhibited if homologous, but not if heterologous, ribosomal RNA is added to the hybridization mixture. The frequency of occurrence of the duplex structures is consistent with the rDNA hypothesis. Heteroduplex molecules are seen with two or three rDNA duplex segments separated by single-strand substitution loops with specific lengths for each of the two single-strand arms of any one loop. On the basis of these structures, linkage groups containing seven or nine rDNA sets (each set containing one 16 S and one 23 S rDNA gene) separated by spacer DNA's are proposed. All of the 16 S rDNA genes are linked to 23 8 rDNA and vice versa with little or no spacer DNA between a 16 S and 23 S sequence. If 5 S DNA is present in the set, any spacer between it and the other ribosomal RNA gene must also be short. The prophage SPO2 bacterial att site maps at a distance of 6200 bases away from a 16 S + 23 S rDNA set, which is itself separated by a very short spacer (less than 600 bases) from a second rDNA set.
Functional redundancy of the muscle-specific transcription factors Myf5 and myogenin

THE myogenic basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors, Myf5, MyoD, myogenin and MRF4, play key roles in skeletal muscle development1,2. All of them induce myogenic differentiation in cultured non-muscle cells, suggesting that they might be functionally redundant. But the genes are expressed at different times during embryogenesis3–6 and mice carrying a mutation in any of the genes have different phenotypes7–13. A rib cage defect was observed in Myf5-deficient mice, which die perinatally7. We investigated whether the rib cage defect was due to the failure of the early activation of the gene or to the unique interactions of Myf5 with specific downstream targets. For this we inserted a myogenin complementary DNA into the Myf5 locus by homologous recombination which simultaneously disrupted Myf5 function. We report here that mice homozygous for this myogenin gene knock-in (ki) developed a normal rib cage and were viable, therefore demonstrating functional redundancy of Myf5 and myogenin for rib formation.
A Decision Tree for Psychology Majors: Supplying Questions as Well as Answers

This article describes the development of a psychology careers decision tree. Especially in departments with heavy adcising loads, using a psychology careers decision tree can be an effective time-management technique for advisers. In addition, students who use the decision tree may benefit by learning more about their career options and by acquiring better question-asking skills.
Fingolimod: a novel oral immunomodulatory treatment for multiple sclerosis

Fingolimod (FTY720), an immunomodulator that acts on sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, is the first oral disease-modifying agent to be approved by the US FDA for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Compared with other disease-modifying agents, fingolimod is unique in its mechanisms of action: it sequesters lymphocytes into lymph nodes without directly inhibiting effector functions, and it exerts pleiotropic actions on cultured oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitors. Whether the latter contributes to the favorable response to this drug is currently being investigated. Results from Phase II and III clinical trials demonstrate that fingolimod is highly effective in relapsing–remitting MS. In this article, we review the background on MS therapy, the mechanisms and pharmacology of fingolimod and its benefit–risk profile as a novel therapy in MS.
Flux phases in the t-J model.

We analyze a class of mean-field flux phases of the slave boson t-J model, and present a finite-temperature phase diagram. The mean-field theory arises from a decomposition of the four-fermion terms into exchange, pairing, and direct terms, using Hubbard-Stratonovich fields. We find numerically that at low doping staggered flux phases are energetically favorable over the d-wave-pairing state. Very close to half filling a \ensuremath{\pi}-flux phase becomes stable. The occurrence of flux phases suppresses the pairing gap transition temperature.
pp60(c-src) is a negative regulator of laminin-1-mediated neurite outgrowth in chick sensory neurons.

Multiple protein tyrosine kinases regulate neurite outgrowth in the developing nervous system. To begin to unravel the complexity of this regulation, we addressed the role of one specific kinase, pp60c-src, in chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons grown on laminin-1, a well-characterized system to study neurite outgrowth. Pharmacological inhibition of all tyrosine kinases by genestein treatment of chick DRG neurons significantly increased neurite number and length by ∼50%. Similar increases in these parameters occurred when src-family kinases were inhibited using PP2. To implicate pp60c-src directly in neurite outgrowth, we inactivated it in DRG neuronal growth cones using Chromophore-Assisted Laser Inactivation (CALI). CALI of pp60c-src resulted in an 85% inactivation of its kinase activity and a 63% reduction in phosphotyrosine immunofluorescence in neurons. Microscale CALI of pp60c-src in DRG growth cones caused a significant and acute two-fold increase in neurite extension rate during irradiation. These findings demonstrate that pp60c-src is a negative regulator of laminin-1-mediated neurite outgrowth in chick sensory neurons.
Metamaterials for enhancement of DUV lithography

The unique properties of metamaterials, namely their negative refractive index, permittivity, and permeability, have gained much recent attention. Research into these materials has led to the realization of a host of applications that may be useful to enhance optical nanolithography, such as a high pass pupil filter based on an induced transmission filter design, or an optical superlens. A large selection of materials has been examined both experimentally and theoretically through wavelength to verify their support of surface plasmons, or lack thereof, in the DUV spectrum via the attenuated total reflection (ATR) method using the Kretschmann configuration. At DUV wavelengths, materials that were previously useful at mid-UV and longer wavelengths no longer act as metamaterials. Composites bound between metallic aluminum and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) exhibit metamaterial behavior, as do other materials such as tin and indium. This provides for real opportunities to explore the potential of the use of such materials for image enhancement with easily obtainable materials at desirable lithographic wavelengths.
Simultaneous phylogeny reconstruction and multiple sequence alignment

A phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms and is one of the most important tools in biology. The process of phylogeny inference from molecular sequences always starts with a multiple sequence alignment, which is another fundamental task in computational biology. High quality multiple sequence alignments can be used to verify homologous residues among a set of given sequences and further reveal information on structural or functional evolution. In this dissertation, we present a new system MSAM to simultaneously align multiple sequences and search for the phylogenetic tree. It is widely accepted that a good phylogenetic tree can help produce high quality alignment, but the direct dynamic programming solution grows exponentially. We propose an algorithm that can produce optimal alignment for three sequences and infer their common ancestor sequence. It is based on dynamic programming, so the result is optimal. At the same time, a divide-and-conquer strategy is adopted in this algorithm to reduce its memory space from O(n 3) to O(n2). By iteratively relabeling the internal nodes with the above procedure, we can achieve the goal of tree refinement and produce the best sequence alignment for any given tree. We also implement the hill-climbing strategies (such as NNI and TBR) to search for the best tree in the large tree space. In summary, our algorithm is an effort to unify the two procedures of phylogenetic reconstruction and sequence alignment.
Relationship between numbers of retinal ganglion cells and lateral geniculate neurons in the rhesus monkey

Studies of the numbers of retinal ganglion cells and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons in primates suggest that the numbers of both types of neurons may vary over a two-fold range from one individual to another. This raises the question of whether the numbers of ganglion cells and LGN neurons are related or vary independently from individual to individual. We used stereological procedures to obtain unbiased estimates of the numbers of both cell types in seven rhesus monkeys. We found no significant correlation (rs. = −0.21) between the numbers of retinal and LGN cells in the same animals. In agreement with previous studies, the average ratio of the number of retinal ganglion cells that project to the LGN and the number of LGN cells was approximately 1:1. However, this ratio varied over a two-fold range, from 0.78:1 to 1.64:1, in individual animals. These results have important implications for understanding the mechanisms of retino-geniculate development and for understanding the connectional wiring between the retina and LGN.
Thermodynamics of ionic solid solutions: III. An addendum

In two earlier papers (C.A. 117:259320(1;121:19411y) the activity coefficients of the salts in binary solid solutions at 25‡C for 38 salt pairs, in which the members of each pair differ with respect to only one kind of ion, were determined. While the activity data are correct, the conclusions regarding deviations from ideality for eight of these pairs, namely those in which there are two moles of replaceable ion per mole of salt, require modification in order to be consistent with ideal entropies of mixing. By changing the formulation of the component salts to one-half of what is usual, the inconsistencies disappear. This half-mole approach, applied to the salt pairs CU1/2(NH4/K)SO4-3H2O, Mg1/2NH4(SO4/ CrO4)-3H2O, Mg1/2NH4(SeO4/SO4)-3H4O, Mg1/2NH4(SeO4/CrO4)-3H4O, Mg1/2 (K/NH4)SeO4-3H2O, (NH4/K)(SO4)1/2, and Ba1/2(ClO3/BrO3)-1/2 H2O shows that these solid solutions exhibit positive, not negative, deviations from ideality at 25‡C. Only the system Pb1/2(C1/Br) still deviates negatively.
Murine Pregnancy-Specific Glycoprotein 23 Induces the Proangiogenic Factors Transforming-Growth Factor Beta 1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A in Cell Types Involved in Vascular Remodeling in Pregnancy

Haemochorial placentation is a unique physiological process in which the fetal trophoblast cells remodel the maternal decidual spiral arteries to establish the fetoplacental blood supply. Pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are members of the carcinoembryonic antigen family. PSGs are produced by the placenta of rodents and primates and are secreted into the bloodstream. PSG23 is one of 17 members of the murine PSG family (designated PSG16 to PSG32). Previous studies determined that PSGs have immunoregulatory functions due to their ability to modulate macrophage cytokine secretion. Here we show that recombinant PSG23 induces transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1, TGFB1, and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in primary murine macrophages and the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, we identified new cell types that responded to PSG23 treatment. Dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and trophoblasts, which are involved in maternal vasculature remodeling during pregnancy, secreted TGFB1 and VEGFA in response to PSG23. PSG23 showed cross-reactivity with human cells, including human monocytes and the trophoblast cell line, HTR-8/SVneo cells. We analyzed the binding of PSG23 to the tetraspanin CD9, the receptor for PSG17, and found that CD9 is not essential for PSG23 binding and activity in macrophages. Overall these studies show that PSGs can modulate the secretion of important proangiogenic factors, TGFB1 and VEGFA, by different cell types involved in the development of the placenta.
Volcanic ash effects on water quality

No major detectable changes in overall water quality can be attributed to the March through June eruptions of Mount St. Helens, a U.S. Geological Survey report suggests. The report is based on analyses of water samples collected from the Bull Run watershed which supplies metropolitan Portland. Better results were obtained for groundwater quality than for precipitation. To determine whether ashfall changed groundwater, hydrologists in Oregon's water resources program analyzed 25 water samples collected at different times from three streams in the watershed. Temperature, pH, specific hardness, and concentration of dissolved salts and minerals were measured. ‘Our findings show no significant changes in water quality as a result of ashfall,’ says S.F. Kapustka, program district chief.
Characterization of a lactose permease mutant that binds IIAGlc in the absence of ligand.

Enzyme IIA G l c of the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate:glucose phosphotransferase system plays a direct role in regulating inducible transport systems. Dephosphorylated IIA G l c binds directly to lactose permease in a reaction that requires binding of a galactosidic substrate. A double-Cys mutation (Ile 129 → Cys/Lys131 → Cys) was introduced into helix IV of the permease near the IIA G l c binding site in cytoplasmic loop IV/V and in the vicinity of the galactoside binding site at the interface of helices IV, V, and VIII. The mutant no longer requires galactoside for IIA G l c binding as demonstrated by both a [ 1 2 5 I]IIA G l c binding assay and a newly developed fluorescence anisotropy assay. Further characterization of the mutant shows that it binds substrate with high affinity, but is almost completely defective in all modes of translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane. The data are consistent with the interpretation that the double mutant is locked in an inward-facing conformation.
Revisiting Stereotypes of Non-White Politicians’ Ideological and Partisan Orientations:

This research revisits when and how voters use race as a cue for politicians’ ideological and partisan orientations. Using an embedded survey experiment that manipulates the race and policy positio...
On Fitting Nonlinear Latent Curve Models to Multiple Variables Measured Longitudinally

This article shows how nonlinear latent curve models may be fitted for simultaneous analysis of multiple variables measured longitudinally using Mx statistical software. Longitudinal studies often involve observation of several variables across time with interest in the associations between change characteristics of different variables measured within individuals. Other applications involve repeated measures for distinguishable individuals nested within small groups, such as families, with interest in the associations between change characteristics in variables for individuals within groups. This article shows how Mx can be used to carry out analysis of multiple variables measured over time where at least one variable is described by a function that includes one or more parameters that enter the model nonlinearly. An example is provided.
Computerized detection and 3-way classification of breast lesions on ultrasound images

Computer-aided diagnosis has great potential to improve performance of the detection and classification of abnormalities on breast ultrasound. Our goal is to develop a computerized tool that detects suspicious areas and distinguishes among false-positive detections, benign lesions, and malignancies. One-step classification into 3 categories is a largely unexplored territory with many possibilities. The computerized scheme first identifies potential lesions based on expected lesion shape and margin characteristics. Our main focus here, however, is the subsequent classification of the potential lesions into 3 categories. For this purpose, we use a 3-way Bayesian neural net (BNN) based on extracted image features of the lesion candidates. The method was tested on a database of 858 cases (1832 images) consisting of complex and simple cysts, benign solid lesions, and malignant lesions. In order to verify whether performance conforms to expectations, the output of a 3-way classifier ("A" vs. "B" vs. "C") can be projected onto that of two 2-way classifiers ("A" vs. "B or C", and "A or B" vs. "C"). We compared the projected performance of the 3-way classifier to two specifically trained 2-way classifiers. The first task was to distinguish cancer from all other lesion candidates, and the second was to distinguish actual lesions from false-positive detections. For these tasks, the performance of the 2-way classifiers and the projected performance of the 3-way classifier were indistinguishable based on calculated means and standard deviations of ROC area (Az). For example, in round robin analysis the average Az values obtained with both approaches were 0.92 and 0.83, for the two tasks, with standard deviations of 0.006 and 0.010, respectively. The potential of 3-way classification is illustrated graphically through the estimated probability density functions of the three truth categories. We have implemented a promising computerized scheme for detection and subsequent one-step 3-way classification of breast lesions on ultrasound images. The method was tested on an extensive database. The main challenge is the development of an objective evaluation method of performance such as the equivalent of ROC analysis for the 2-class problem.
Outside and inside the regression "black box" from exploratory to interior data analysis

Good data analysis consists of three phases: (1) preliminary analysis, (2) confirmatory analysis (model testing), and (3) interior analysis (model checking). Social scientists doing quantitative research usually concentrate on only one of the three: confirmatory analysis. I argue that there is much to be learned from careful preliminary and interior analyses. I present an extensive example of data analysis for each of the three phases using the same data set in each phase. Rather than surveying all the possible tools available in each phase of data analysis, I concentrate on Exploratory Data Analysis techniques (stem-and-leaf plot, letter-value display, box plot, and power transformations) for the preliminary phase, on OLS for the confirmatory phase, and on residuals, leverage and single-case influence measures for interior analysis.
Planning Salmon Recovery: Applying Sociological Concepts to Spawn New Organizational Insights

Restoring salmon is a complex organizational as well as technical endeavor. The Washington Salmon Recovery Planning Act has played a key role in these efforts by stimulating the creation of local planning organizations known as lead entities. This study utilizes conceptual and theoretical tools from organizational sociology to analyze regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive institutional forces shaping the structure and behavior of lead entity organizations in the Puget Sound region. Findings demonstrate that the regulative influence of the act only partly explains the distinct structure and behavior of lead entities. Other institutional influences such as the normative importance of technically driven salmon recovery approaches and the culture of localism embedded in these multiparty groups are equally important in explaining the organization of lead entity planning. Results from this study illustrate how research built upon theoretical insights from organizational sociology may provide planners wi...
An H∞ deconvolution filter and its application to ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of materials

Abstract Deconvolution can be a valuable technique for interpreting results of ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) tests of materials. This is especially true for state of the art hybrid materials. In this paper, a new H∞ deconvolution filter is presented. The filter is applied to typical ultrasonic NDE data, including through-transmission data for aluminum and composite samples. The results are compared to those obtained from a Wiener deconvolution filter. The performance of the H∞ filter is as good or better than the performance of the Wiener filter.
Juvenile Delinquency in Japan

SUMMARY Juvenile delinquency in Japan is examined with respect to Japanese culture. The cultural changes in Japan since World War II, and especially since 1970, have affected family, school, neighborhood, and peer relationships. Changes in juvenile delinquency are presented and discussed within the context of these historical and cultural changes in Japanese society.
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and bile duct microlithiasis in acute idiopathic pancreatitis

Although there are numerous causes of acute pancreatitis, an etiology cannot always be found. Two potential etiologies, microlithiasis and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, are discussed in this review. Gallbladder microlithiasis, missed on transcutaneous ultrasound, is reported as the cause of idiopathic acute pancreatitis in a wide frequency range of 6%-80%. The best diagnostic technique for gallbladder microlithiasis is endoscopic ultrasound although biliary crystal analysis and empiric cholecystectomy remain as reasonable options. In contrast, in patients who are post-cholecystectomy, bile duct microlithiasis does not appear to have a role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is present in 30%-65% of patients with idiopathic acute recurrent pancreatitis in whom other diagnoses have been excluded. It is unclear if this sphincter dysfunction was the original etiology of the first episode of pancreatitis although it appears to have a causative role in recurring episodes since sphincter ablation decreases the frequency of recurrent attacks. Unfortunately, this conclusion is primarily based on small retrospective case series; larger prospective studies of the outcome of pancreatic sphincterotomy for SOD-associated acute pancreatitis are sorely needed. Another problem with this diagnosis and its treatment is the concern over potential procedure related complications from endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), manometry and pancreatic sphincterotomy. For these reasons, patients should have recurrent acute pancreatitis, not a single episode, and have a careful informed consent before assessment of the sphincter of Oddi is undertaken.
Bone Loss and Fracture Risk Associated with Thiazolidinedione Therapy

The increasing use of thiazolidinediones for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, coupled with the potential for fractures in the aging population, poses a significant concern for health care providers. This concern is based on many reports of postapproval adverse musculoskeletal effects, particularly bone changes and fractures. To better understand the effects of thiazolidinediones on bone health, we conducted a PubMed search of articles published from January 1966-June 2009. We reviewed the hypothesized mechanisms for thiazolidinedione-induced adverse effects on bone, studies that evaluated thiazolidinedione use and fracture risk, potential treatment options for fracture minimization, and future directions for research. Thiazolidinedione-induced bone changes may stem from the ability of these drugs to reduce the activity of osteoblasts without an appreciable effect on osteoclasts, shifting the balance of bone homeostasis to favor bone loss. Clinical data suggest that treating patients who have type 2 diabetes with thiazolidinediones has detrimental effects on bone health, as measured by reduced bone mineral density and increased fracture rates, notably distal extremity fractures in female patients. Thiazolidinediones are selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists; thus, continued pursuit of PPAR system selectivity and investigation of other PPAR agonists are crucial to understanding and avoiding these detrimental effects. Clinicians, particularly pharmacists, must take an active role in educating colleagues on the importance of screening thiazolidinedione-treated patients for fracture risk, counseling patients on adequate calcium and vitamin D intake and fall prevention, and appropriately selecting therapy for secondary prevention of fracture.
Volunteer bias in erotica research: Effects of intrusiveness of measure and sexual background

Volunteer characteristics and volunteer rates across several laboratory experiments of sexual arousal were compared. Conditions were created to assess which component of the experimental setting was responsible for low volunteer rates in experiments using genital measurement. Subjects were 324 male and 424 female undergraduate students who had volunteered for an experiment on sexuality and personality. After completing several measures of sexual experience and attitude, subjects received a written description of one of the following conditions and were asked if they wished to volunteer: (1) sexual film, (2) sexual film and subjective rating of arousal, (3) sexual film and assessment through forehead temperature, (4) sexual film and assessment with a device that was placed over the clothes and measured genital heat flow, (5) sexual film and assessment with the heat flow device while partially undressed, or (6) sexual film and assessment with the vaginal photoplethysmograph or penile strain gauge while partially undressed. Men were significantly more likely to volunteer than women, and volunteer rates for both men and women decreased significantly when and only when subjects were required to undress. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed that both male and female volunteers were more sexually experienced, reported more exposure to erotic materials, and worried less about their sexual performance than nonvolunteers. No differences in volunteer characteristics occurred across the increasingly intrusive conditions for women while a few differences occurred for men. The present findings suggest that researchers should be cautious about discussing the generality of findings of studies involving exposure to a sexually explicit film alone as well as of experiments that involve self-report or physiological measures of sexual arousal.
Views of Negativity in U.S. Newspaper Coverage of the Canadian Health System: How Health Policy Experts on Opposite Sides of the 49th Parallel See It

To assess newspaper coverage of the Canadian health system, thirty-four U.S. and Canadian health policy experts rated the neutrality of the headlines drawn from all major news stories in The New York Times (NYT) and The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) during a five-year period, excluding opinion pieces and editorials. Coverage of the Canadian health system by the WSJ and NYT was judged as overwhelmingly negative by our sample of policy experts. But the judgments of some of them differed depending on whether they were Canadian or American. Canadian experts were more likely than those from the United States to assess coverage as negative, especially for NYT articles. Conversely, U.S. policy experts more frequently judged NYT headlines as favorable, relative to their Canadian counterparts. Experts' reactions to newspaper coverage of the Canadian health system appear to depend on national identity to some extent. Possible explanations for press negativity are examined.
Meeting the developmental needs of young children of teen parents: A critique of social policy and implications for advocacy

Teen pregnancy and parenting is a serious social problem in our society. Two recent federal laws (P.L. 100-485 and P.L. 101-508) now in the early stages of implementation have been designed to address it. That legislation is severely limited by its failure to deal with the developmental needs of the offspring of teen parents. This article argues that a revision of the legislation is needed and draws implications for advocacy.
Phylogeny of the stapes prosthesis.

OBJECTIVE To create the first ever stapes prosthesis phylogenetic tree for the evolution of the stapes prosthesis. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective literature review, personal interviews. SETTING University Medical Center. PATIENT Not applicable. INTERVENTION Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Construction of a stapes prosthesis phylogenetic tree with branches capable of including all stapes prostheses. RESULTS One hundred five different stapes prostheses were reviewed, starting with the first-ever prosthesis used in the first stapedectomy and continuing up to the present time. The stapes prosthesis family tree contains 4 main branches that allow for categorization of all the commercial prostheses currently used. Many examples of atavistic prostheses, single surgeon use, and dead-end characteristics exist. CONCLUSION An overview of the complicated phylogenetic tree for stapes prostheses gives great perspective to the history of stapedectomy and insights into many characteristics that are useful for designing new stapes prostheses.
The duration of fecal Salmonella shedding following clinical disease among dairy cattle in the northeastern USA

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine the duration of fecal Salmonella shedding among dairy cattle in the northeastern United States following laboratory-confirmed clinical disease and to evaluate whether age group or serotype was associated with either shedding period or mortality. Study farms included 22 dairy herds that had at least two previous salmonellosis cases confirmed by fecal culture. Veterinarians continued to submit culture samples from clinical suspects following herd enrollment, and fecal samples from positive cattle were collected monthly until three sequential negative results were obtained or until loss to follow-up. There were 357 culture-positive clinical cases that each involved a single serotype during the shedding period. The Kaplan–Meier median duration of fecal Salmonella shedding was 50 days, and the maximum was 391 days. S . Newport was the predominant serotype, accounting for 51% of the cases. Age group and serotype were not significant predictors of Salmonella shedding duration in a Cox proportional hazards model, when stratifying by herd. However, the proportion of adult cows shedding for at least two consecutive monthly samples was significantly greater than the proportion of female calves shedding for this duration (Fisher's exact test p -value p -value = 0.04).
Toxoplasma gondii Sequesters Lysosomes from Mammalian Hosts in the Vacuolar Space

The intracellular compartment harboring Toxoplasma gondii satisfies the parasite's nutritional needs for rapid growth in mammalian cells. We demonstrate that the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) of T. gondii accumulates material coming from the host mammalian cell via the exploitation of the host endo-lysosomal system. The parasite actively recruits host microtubules, resulting in selective attraction of endo-lysosomes to the PV. Microtubule-based invaginations of the PV membrane serve as conduits for the delivery of host endo-lysosomes within the PV. These tubular conduits are decorated by a parasite coat, including the tubulogenic protein GRA7, which acts like a garrote that sequesters host endocytic organelles in the vacuolar space. These data define an unanticipated process allowing the parasite intimate and concentrated access to a diverse range of low molecular weight components produced by the endo-lysosomal system. More generally, they identify a unique mechanism for unidirectional transport and sequestration of host organelles.
NITROGEN ASSIMILATION OF AN OCEANIC DIATOM IN NITROGEN-LIMITED CONTINUOUS CULTURE1

SUMMARY The oceanic diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle and Heimdal (formerly Cyclotella nana) was grown with 12L:12D illumination cycles in nitrogen-limited continuous culture with a mixture of ammonium and nitrate as the N source. Measurements included, at 3 different growth rates (degrees of N limitation), cell concentration, cell carbon, nitrogen, and chlorophyll a contents, cell volume, photosynthetic carbon assimilation vs. irradiance, short-term uptake of ammonium and nitrate vs. their ambient concentrations, and in vitro activities of the assimilatory enzymes nitrate reductase and glutamic dehydrogenase. The various parameters showed either an increase (pattern a) or a decrease (pattern b) with increasing N limitation. Those following pattern a were nitrate reductase activity and the capacity to assimilate nitrate and ammonium. Those following pattern b were glutamic dehydrogenase activity, photosynthetic rate, nitrogen:carbon and chlorophyll a:carbon composition ratios. Results are discussed in terms of the interpretation such measurement for natural phytoplankton and effects of circadian periodicity.
Evaluating internists’ clinical competence

As internal medicine changes in response to changes in biomedical knowledge and the organization of medical care, and as a broader definition of clinical competence is established, the challenge to educators and evaluators is to determine methods of measuring the competence and excellence of practicing internists. As the definition of clinical competence in internal medicine practice broadens, tougher standards will be needed to ensure that the internist is competent to practice in a more complex and challenging discipline. New methods of reliably evaluating clinical competence will be needed. These challenges of devising new standards and new areas for evaluation offer opportunities for research in medical education.
Correlation of housefly sex pheromone production with ovarian development

Abstract Pheromone production in the housefly was monitored during oogenesis and in ovariectomized insects by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and radio-GLC. The presence of vitellogenic ovaries was required for the initiation of (Z)-9-tricosene (muscalure), (Z)-9,10-epoxytricosane and (Z)-14-tricosen-10-one synthesis. Methylalkane synthesis was enhanced by developing ovaries. Insects ovariectomized within 12 hr after emergence produced no detectable amounts of (Z)-9-tricosene, C 23 epoxide nor C 23 ketone and synthesized less methylalkanes than the controls. This effect was reversed by ovary implants. When flies were ovariectomized after oviposition, synthesis of (Z)-9-tricosene, C 23 epoxide and C 23 ketone continued. Thus, initiation of the synthesis of these C 23 pheromone compounds required a vitellogenic ovary, but the ovary was not required to maintain synthesis.
Integrating the discovery pipeline for novel compounds targeting ion channels

Many ion channels are attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurological or cardiovascular diseases; there is a continuous need for selective channel antagonists and/or agonists. Recently, several technologies have been developed that make exploration of the enormous diversity of venom-derived peptidic toxins more feasible. Integration of exogenomics with synthetic methods such as diselenide or fluorous bridges, backbone spacers, and N-to-C cyclization provides an emerging technology that promises to accelerate discovery and development of natural products based compounds. These drug-discovery efforts are complemented by novel approaches to modulate the activities of ion channels and receptors. Taken together, these technologies will advance our knowledge and understanding of ion channels and will accelerate their expansion as targets for first-in-class therapeutics.
Osama bin Corleone? Vito the Jackal? Framing Threat Convergence Through an Examination of Transnational Organized Crime and International Terrorism

Nation-states and security planners continue to place a high emphasis on threat convergence, such as that which emanates from the links between transnational organized crime and international terrorism. The social and behavioral sciences are not silent on this topic. This article frames the existing literature on crime-terror interaction to demonstrate that threat convergence is more complex than policymakers and practitioners often realize. With terror and crime groups evolving to resemble one another, convergence is undermining the conventional wisdom that limited crime-terror interaction to short-term relationships due to divergent motives. The contemporary threat environment is promoting longer-term cooperation between organized crime and terrorism, in some cases resulting in hybrid organizations that merge elements of both. This article concludes by giving suggestions for future multidisciplinary research in this field as well as supporting the formation of new strategies to combat threat convergence.
Identifying Trends in Analogy Usage for Innovation: A Cross-Sectional Product Study

Design-by-analogy, including bioinspired design, is a powerful tool for innovation. Engineers need better tools to enhance ideation. To support tool creation, an exploratory cross-sectional empirical product study of 70 analogy-inspired products is conducted to report trends and associations among factors in the analogy-inspired design process, giving a general account of real-world practices. Products are randomly sampled from three technology magazines and a bioinspired design database. Seven variables are developed and used to classify each example according to design team composition, analogy mapping approach, analogies used, and design outcomes. Results do not suggest significant differences between problem-driven approaches, which start from a design problem and find solutions in analogous domains, and solution-driven approaches, which begin with knowledge in an analog domain and find design problems to solve. For instance, results suggest that both approaches yield products at about the same frequency, and both yield products with improved performance at statistically indistinguishable rates—thus, neither approach can be concluded to be advantageous over the other for improving product performance at this time. Overall, few associations are detected between design outcome variables and other variables, thus precluding recommendations for how to compose design teams, what approaches to promote, and what number and source of analogies to support in order to achieve the outcomes measured in this study.
Neutron-Induced Charged Particle Reactions in Potassium-39

Thin thallium-activated potassium iodide crystals were exposed to monoenergetic neutrons ranging in energy from 2.0 to 5.5 Mev. Pulse-height spectra were taken of the scintillations in the crystal. Five charged particle groups were observed, three ($n, p$) reactions leading to states in ${\mathrm{A}}^{39}$, and two ($n, \ensuremath{\alpha}$) reactions leading to states in ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{36}$. A new level was discovered at 2.46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 Mev in ${\mathrm{A}}^{39}$, and the level at about 1.25 Mev in ${\mathrm{A}}^{39}$ confirmed. Yield curves were measured for three of the groups.
Translation and Retranslation in the AnonymousRefranes y Sentencias of 1596

This article analyzes the ideological and sociological uses of literal translation in Refranes y Sentencias, an anonymous compilation of Basque proverbs, with Spanish translations, published in 1596. The compilation is published at the moment when Basques vie for influence in the Spanish court, using the alleged purity and antiquity of their language as a sign of “purity of blood”, thus claiming priority at court. Refranes y Sentencias illustrates how bilingualism works in the early modern Basque speaking areas, as well as how this bilingualism is perceived and refigured by Basque intellectuals. By resorting to linguistic archaism and the supposed “folk wisdom” reflected in the proverbs, the compilation contributes to cement Basque fictions of cultural and genealogical purity and deflect Castilian cultural and linguistic influence.
Isidore Zietz (1919–2013)

Isidore “Izzy” Zietz, a leader in airborne geophysical methods, died 9 February 2013 at age 93. During a career that spanned more than half a century, he made fundamental contributions to the early development of potential-field geophysics for airborne magnetic surveys; led the U.S. effort in compiling state, regional, and national aeromagnetic-anomaly maps; and promoted their use in understanding upper crustal geology.
Geothermal Resources of Wyoming Sedimentary Basins: ABSTRACT

Geothermal resources of Wyoming sedimentary basins have been defined through analysis of over 14,000 oil well bottom-hole temperatures, thermal logging of 380 wells, measurement of rock thermal conductivities, calculation of 60 heat-flow values, drilling of 9 geothermal exploratory wells, conductive thermal modeling, and the study of existing geologic, hydrologic, and thermal spring data. All data have been integrated into interpretations of the thermal structure of the Big Horn, Wind River, Washakie, Great Divide, Green River, Laramie, Hanna, and Shirley basins of Wyoming. Controlling factors for the formation of geothermal resources in these basins are regional heat flow, rock thermal conductivity values, depths to regional aquifers, and hydrologic flow directions. Regional basin heatflow values range from about 40 to 80 milliwatts/m2; measured thermal conductivities are in the general range of 1.5 to 4.0 watts/m°K; and depths to aquifers are up to 11,000 m (36,000 ft). This results in regional geothermal gradients for Wyoming basins in the range of 15° to 40°C/km (44° to 116°F/mi) with predicted maximum aquifer temperatures near 300°C (570°F). Anomalous geothermal areas within the basins contain measured thermal gradients as high as 400°C/km (1,160°F/mi) over shallow depth intervals. These anomalous areas are the combined result of local geologic structures and hydrologic flow. A simplified model for such areas requires water movement through a syncline with subsequent heating due to regional heat flow and thermal conductivities of overlying rock units. Consequent flow of the heated water up over an anticline produces a localized area of anomalous geothermal gradients. Access to Wyoming basin geothermal resources is primarily through producing oil wells. Fifty two oil fields which account for over 90% of Wyoming's oil field water production, produce 575 million L (152 million gal) of thermal water per day. The temperature of this water ranges from 30° to 110°C (86° to 230°F) with 88% warmer than 38°C (100°F) and 60% warmer than 50°C (122°F). Over 50% of this water is disposed of, generally by discharge to the surface. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1342------------