cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A π‐Conjugation Extended Viologen as a Two‐Electron Storage Anolyte for Total Organic Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Extending the conjugation of viologen by a planar thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole (TTz) framework and functionalizing the pyridinium with hydrophilic ammonium groups yielded a highly water-soluble π-conjugation extended viologen, 4,4'-(thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole-2,5-diyl)bis(1-(3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)pyridin-1-ium) tetrachloride, [(NPr)2 TTz]Cl4 , as a novel two-electron storage anolyte for aqueous organic redox flow battery (AORFB) applications. Its physical and electrochemical properties were systematically investigated. Paired with 4-trimethylammonium-TEMPO (NMe -TEMPO) as catholyte, [(NPr)2 TTz]Cl4 enables a 1.44 V AORFB with a theoretical energy density of 53.7 Wh L-1 . A demonstrated [(NPr)2 TTz]Cl4 /NMe -TEMPO AORFB delivered an energy efficiency of 70 % and 99.97 % capacity retention per cycle.
A hybrid ceramic-polymer composite fabricated by co-curing lay-up process for a strong bonding and enhanced transient thermal protection

Abstract A hybrid ceramic-polymer composite is fabricated by a co-curing lay-up process by combining a carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced ceramic composite thin film with a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite substrate. The ceramic nanocomposite thin film has good flexibility, thermal conductivity and high temperature tolerance. The polymer composite substrate is a carbon fiber reinforced bismaleimide composite that is widely used in aerospace and automotive industries. Finite element analysis (FEA) is used to investigate the maximum survival temperature with different thicknesses of the ceramic nanocomposite. The resultant hybrid composite shows good structural integrity and displays a pull-off bonding strength up to 8.3 MPa. In addition, thermal study illustrates that such a flexible CNT reinforced ceramic composite can effectively protect CFRP in an elevated temperature environment by delaying transient thermal conduction.
Elastic Materials with Two Stress-Free Configurations

It is shown that, if an elastic material exhibits two stress-free configurations, it is dynamically unstable in a definite sense.
Adaptive Parameterized Openings

Adaptive reconstructive τ -openings are to employed to recover signal from noise in the binary union-noise model. Openings are parameterized in accordance with Euclidean granulometric representation, the parameter being restricted to nonnegative integers. The filter-parameter space is treated as the countably infinite state space in a Markov chain whose transitions occur at each encounter with a grain when scanning the image. An upward or downward transition occurs when a noise or signal grain, respectively, is misrecognised.
Mobility Trajectories and Family Dynamics: History and Generation in the New York Immigrant Experience

This article provides a comparative historical analysis that looks at two dynamic aspects of the immigration process linked to genera- tion—the socioeconomic mobility paths of the children of immigrants and relations between immigrant parents and their children. The focus is on New York City and on two historical eras: the last great wave of immigration from roughly 1880 to the early 1920s and the contemporary wave from the late 1960s to the present. The historical comparative perspective illuminates how, and to what extent, chang- ing receiving contexts affect aspects of the immigrant experience as they relate to a range of generational dynamics. The comparison of second-generation socioeconomic trajectories in the past and present reveals the various constraints and opportunities in different histori- cal periods, while also bringing out similarities and differences in the two eras. It also makes clear the need to consider the distinctive ex- periences of age cohorts among the second generation in analyzing socioeconomic mobility. With regard to intergenerational relations, the past-present comparison helps to specify the factors shaping rela- tions between immigrant parents and their US-born children that are distinctive to the present era, and those that seem to be a constant. The concluding section offers additional reflections on generational issues, including the prospect that age cohort differences will be increasingly relevant among immigrants and the second generation in the years to come.
Advancing Our Understanding and Interventions for Disruptive Behavior Disorders

This volume has served as a focused review and discussion of key issues in advancing our understanding of Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBDs), particularly Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). The October 2008 symposium on which this book is based asked senior scientists to report on a single topic. That presentation and the ensuing discussions are reflected in the chapters in this volume. Each chapter summarized current knowledge about a key topic, and together they provide an understanding of patterns of occurrence of DBD; the likely contributing influences on its emergence, expression, and course; and important avenues for treatment, prevention, and eventual curative efforts. The chapters in this volume also have identified many exciting and important areas for investigation that could substantially advance our knowledge and improve our ability to identify, treat, and ultimately prevent these serious problems of childhood. Here we summarize the overall themes and implications emerging in the areas considered during the symposium.
Geographical distribution of cultivated cottons relative to probable centers of domestication in the New World.

Most cotton geneticists would agree that the cottons cultivated in the New World separate clearly into two well-defined species, Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. If modern annual forms are excluded from consideration, most forms of G. hirsutum occur in Central America and southern Mexico and most forms of G. barbadense in tropical and subtropical South America. The two species are widely sympatric in the Caribbean area, from northern coastal Colombia through Venezuela and extending through the Lesser and Greater Antilles.
Does Caregiving Strain Increase as Patients With and Without Dementia Approach the End of Life

Abstract Context Family caregivers play critical and demanding roles in the care of persons with dementia through the end of life. Objectives The objective of this study was to determine whether caregiving strain increases for dementia caregivers as older adults approach the end of life, and secondarily, whether this association differs for nondementia caregivers. Methods Participants included a nationally representative sample of community-living older adults receiving help with self-care or indoor mobility and their primary caregivers (3422 dyads). Older adults' death within 12 months of survey was assessed from linked Medicare enrollment files. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between dementia and end-of-life status and a composite measure of caregiving strain (range: 0–9, using a cut point of 5 to define "high" strain) after comprehensively adjusting for other older adult and caregiver factors. Results The prevalence of dementia in our sample was 30.1%; 13.2% of the sample died within 12 months. The proportion of caregivers who experienced high strain ranged from a low of 13.5% among nondementia, non–end-of-life caregivers to a high of 35.0% among dementia caregivers of older adults who died within 12 months. Among dementia caregivers, the odds of high caregiving strain were nearly twice as high (aOR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.10–3.45) for those who were assisting older adults nearing end of life. Among nondementia caregivers, providing care near the end of life was not associated with high strain. Conclusion Increased strain toward the end of life is particularly notable for dementia caregivers. Interventions are needed to address the needs of this population.
Innovative strategies: Increased engagement and synthesis in online advanced practice nursing education

Abstract Introduction The struggle to maintain quality education in the online environment has brought about the redesign for the family nurse practitioner courses. Background The family nurse practitioner program uses graduate Health Education Systems Incorporated examination as a quality indicator and program benchmark. A downward trend in Health Education Systems Incorporated examination scores stimulated a need for change. Two strategies were implemented to enhance engagement and improve synthesis of clinical information. Case-based learning and gamification involves the use of game thinking and game mechanics in non-game contexts to engage users in solving problems while the case-based discussions act as formative assessment tool, providing information on student's progress and development. Objectives To assess the implementation of innovative strategies on the Health Education Systems Incorporated examination scores and to enhance students engagement and synthesis of clinical information. Method Case presentations were created in the Learning Management System an online program, for every module. Interwoven throughout the module are various game elements. The game elements include voluntary participation with immediate feedback that can be both positive and negative and provides a social connection. The student has the freedom to fail and the freedom to choose without significant repercussions. Results The results showed examination scores increased significantly. Using a one-way analysis of variance to compare Health Education Systems Incorporated examination scores between semester cohorts of students, followed by a post hoc pairwise comparison a statistically significant difference (p Conclusion Although there are many approaches for online learning, using case presentations can mirror different social and cultural situations to challenge the learner. Case-based discussion and gamification strategies are effective in engaging students in a challenging environment. Student responded positively to case-base presentation with game elements. Using this approach is designed to challenge and add value to the learning experience.
Professional Quality of Life in Recreational Therapists

Recreational therapists are at risk for compassion fatigue, more specifically, secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Limited research has been conducted in this area. To address this gap, this study sought to examine compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction in recreational therapists around the nation and to uncover any differences related to demographic variables. The sample consisted of 931 Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialists. Overall, the sample had high to average levels of compassion satisfaction, average levels of burnout, and low levels of secondary traumatic stress. Males reported higher levels of compassion satisfaction than females. Statistically significant differences were found in compassion satisfaction for years worked, population served, and age of the population. For burnout and secondary traumatic stress, significant differences were found for gender, years worked, and population served. Self-care practices and organizational strategies to avert compassion fatigue are discussed. Also, study limitations and direction for future research are outlined. Subscribe to TRJ
The argument against crowdfunding Alzheimer's disease research

With pharmaceutical companies’ repeated failures at finding effective interventions for Alzheimer’s disease, together with an increasing reliance on the growing Federal funding for research, there is an emergent opportunity for financing alternate research through crowdfunding. Crowdfunding - where funding is obtained from small donations from a large group of people-has become a new source of funding for medical research. By understanding how the research community has evolved to study Alzheimer’s disease the pitfalls of this strategy can be highlighted. Alzheimer’s disease research is complex. From its inception in the early 1900s, Alzheimer’s disease has been at the center of movement within psychiatry to define the disease on the basis of its biology. Recent emphasis—through the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), RDoC (Research Diagnostic Criteria), RDoC (Research Domain Criteria) as well as the more recent Framework from the U.S. National Institute on Aging - have supported an exclusive emphasis on biology. But by excluding other aspects of the disease, such as its clinical expression, this research approach will be shown to be faulty and contradictory. So far this approach has resulted in 100% failures. By examining the historical and financial circumstances of the industry centered on Alzheimer’s disease a strong warning is given to the public to mistrust crowdfunding Alzheimer’s disease research. A broader and more inclusive approach is likely to generate a better understanding of the disease and therefore hold better promise for understanding the disease in the long term. Such a nuance approach competes badly with the more binary search for a cure and is less receptive to public support through crowdfunding.
Generation of a Purified iPSC-Derived Smooth Muscle-like Population for Cell Sheet Engineering

Summary Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a potential source for the derivation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs); however, current approaches are limited by the production of heterogeneous cell types and a paucity of tools or markers for tracking and purifying candidate SMCs. Here, we develop murine and human iPSC lines carrying fluorochrome reporters (Acta2hrGFP and ACTA2eGFP, respectively) that identify Acta2+/ACTA2+ cells as they emerge in vitro in real time during iPSC-directed differentiation. We find that Acta2hrGFP+ and ACTA2eGFP+ cells can be sorted to purity and are enriched in markers characteristic of an immature or synthetic SMC. We characterize the resulting GFP+ populations through global transcriptomic profiling and functional studies, including the capacity to form engineered cell sheets. We conclude that these reporter lines allow for generation of sortable, live iPSC-derived Acta2+/ACTA2+ cells highly enriched in smooth muscle lineages for basic developmental studies, tissue engineering, or future clinical regenerative applications.
Guerrillas, Peasants, and Communists: Agrarian Reform in Cuba's 1958 Liberated Territories

In October of 1958, amidst the guerrilla war to topple Fulgencio Batista, Fidel Castro's Rebel Army passed an Agrarian Reform Law that would serve as an embryo for the Cuban Revolution's 1959 land reform. Relying on rare documents from the insurgency, this paper reanimates the debate over the role of peasants during the war, arguing that peasants not only helped shape the movement to topple Batista, but that their mobilization led to the articulation of important guerrilla agrarian policies—including land reform. As the liberated territories became a laboratory in which rebels experimented with how to run a state, peasants took part in civil projects, simultaneously bestowing legitimacy on the movement and harnessing its organizational apparatus for the achievement of the peasants' own goals. In highlighting the political subjectivity of Cuban peasants, this paper also gives new insight into everyday life during the rebel insurgency.
Diverticulitis of the Colon

Treatment of diverticulitis has varied considerably over the years, from a conservative approach limited to drainage of abscesses and decompression of obstruction, to direct surgical attack on the disease itself. Recent evidence suggests that diverticular disease of the colon should be treated surgically, according to the type of disease present, when it has reached the intractable phase, and before complications such as obstruction, hemorrhage, and perforation arise.
QE Auctions of Treasury Bonds

This paper studies the cost of the Federal Reserve in implementing quantitative easing through QE auctions. Using a proprietary data set of QE auctions from November 2010 to September 2011, during which the Fed purchased $780 billion Treasury securities, we nd that the Fed pays 0.71{2.73 cents per $100 par value above the secondary market ask prices. Moreover, we identify three economic determinants of auction costs across auctions and CUSIPs: cheapness (how much the bond market value is below a yieldcurve-model-implied bond value), bond value uncertainty (measured by volatility), and bond scarcity/illiquidity (measured by specialness). A one standard deviation increase in these three measures increases the Fed’s cost by 19, 5 and 1.8 cents per $100 par value, respectively. Finally, we document high concentration of prot margin and total prots among a small number of primary dealers.
Non-thyroidal illness syndrome, the hidden player in the septic shock induced myocardial contractile depression

Septic shock causes high mortality in hospitalized patients, especially in those that develop myocardial dysfunction as an early complication. The myocardial dysfunction of septic shock is characterized by a decrease in ventricular relaxation (diastolic dysfunction) and reduced ventricular ejection fraction (systolic dysfunction). Most patients with septic shock have low serum thyroid hormone levels, a condition known as non-thyroidal illness syndrome. Thyroid hormones sustain myocardial contractility and energy metabolism. Septic shock non-thyroidal illness syndrome causes myocardial hypothyroidism, and hypothyroidism causes myocardial dysfunction that resembles the myocardial depression of septic shock. We hypothesize that the myocardial hypothyroidism that occurs during septic shock has a causal role in the pathogenesis of septic shock-induced myocardial dysfunction. Thyroid hormones regulate the calcium cycle, the phenotype of contractile proteins, adrenergic response, and fatty acid transport and oxidation in the cardiomyocytes. Therefore, the administration of levothyroxine and liothyronine to normalize thyroid hormones level within the myocardium will improve the myocardial function. The hypothesis will be tested in humans with septic shock by performing a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study to compare the effect of thyroid hormone administration with placebo on myocardial function. The proposed hypothesis challenges the idea that non-thyroidal illness syndrome is a beneficial response of the thyroid hormone axis to illness and that thyroid hormone replacement is detrimental. The administration of thyroid hormone in order to prevent and reverse myocardial hypothyroidism during septic shock is a new theoretical concept on thyroid hormone metabolism and action at the tissue level during non-thyroidal illness syndrome. If the hypothesis is correct, clinicians should consider cardiac hypothyroidism as a central player in myocardial dysfunction caused by sepsis. Thyroid hormone replacement should be incorporated into the armamentarium of septic shock treatment.
Exploring adoption price effects on life cycle inventory results

The environmental impact of a product may change according to who adopts it, where it is adopted, and how it is used. Market forces are an inherent part of consequential LCA and the practice of coupling economic models with life cycle inventory data has increased in popularity. Nevertheless, the actual relationship between the price of a commodity and potential changes to its life cycle inventory has rarely been discussed explicitly. The adoption price effect refers to a change in a product’s environmental impact associated with a change in price, calculated on a functional unit basis. The price of a product influences the type and quantity of incumbent product(s) it displaces. This study provides insights on when the adoption price of a product is likely to influence its life cycle inventory and also identifies conditions where adoption price is expected to have negligible effects on inventory results. A switchgrass bioenergy case is used to demonstrate the adoption price effect on life cycle inventory results when introducing a new product (i.e., switchgrass) into a system with multiple incumbents (i.e., crops, hay, pasture). This study estimates the adoption price effect on nutrient emissions by coupling biogeochemical models with a simplified economic breakeven model that estimates potential switchgrass adoption. In this case study, high switchgrass prices correspond to nitrate emission reductions that are three times greater than low switchgrass prices (0.67 kg N reduced/Mg switchgrass vs 0.21 kg N reduced/Mg switchgrass). The large adoption price effect found within the Southeastern USA is due to the highly heterogeneous landscape in the region. There is no single dominant land use, each incumbent product has a different environmental baseline, and each is displaced at a different switchgrass price range. Meanwhile, the adoption price effect is expected to be negligible in mostly homogenous landscapes, such as the more commonly studied Corn Belt, which has a single dominant incumbent in the form of corn-soy production. In addition to the specific case study, this analysis discusses general adoption conditions likely to lead to adoption price effects when conducting consequential LCA.
Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Dogs

Oxidative stress is the repair process that cells normally undergo after they metabolize oxygen and form free radicals called reactive oxygen species (ROS). When ROS production is excessive, however, cells undergo damage and release biomarker lipids and enzymes that lead to tissue inflammation, infections, obesity and cancers. This study describes a practical and rapid screening salivary test for cellular oxidative stress (OS) in dogs, which can be addressed to help enhance their health and longevity. Of the 228 dogs tested for ROS, 79 had elevated levels of the biolipid isoprostane; and 38 of them also had saliva-based profiles for food sensitivity and intolerances to 24 primary foods. Only 3 dogs were found to be reactive to 20 or more foods. These results suggest that dogs with elevated ROS and clinical issues related to intense itching, scratching, chewing, and bowel irritability had relatively few identified foods as the culprits.
Trends, Cost, and Mortality From Sepsis After Trauma in the United States: An Evaluation of the National Inpatient Sample of Hospitalizations, 2012-2016.

Objectives Identification and outcomes in patients with sepsis have improved over the years, but little data are available in patients with trauma who develop sepsis. We aimed to examine the cost and epidemiology of sepsis in patients hospitalized after trauma. Design Retrospective cohort study. Patients National Inpatient Sample. Interventions Sepsis was identified between 2012 and 2016 using implicit and explicit International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revision codes. Analyses were stratified by injury severity score greater than or equal to 15. Annual trends were modeled using generalized linear models. Survey-adjusted logistic regression was used to compare the odds for in-hospital mortality, and the average marginal effects were calculated to compare the cost of hospitalization with and without sepsis. Measurements and main results There were 320,450 (SE = 3,642) traumatic injury discharges from U.S. hospitals with sepsis between 2012 and 2016, representing 6.0% (95% CI, 5.9-6.0%) of the total trauma population (n = 5,329,714; SE = 47,447). In-hospital mortality associated with sepsis after trauma did not change over the study period (p > 0.40). In adjusted analysis, severe (injury severity score ≥ 15) and nonsevere injured septic patients had an odds ratio of 1.39 (95% CI, 1.31-1.47) and 4.32 (95% CI, 4.06-4.59) for in-hospital mortality, respectively. The adjusted marginal cost for sepsis compared with nonsepsis was $16,646 (95% CI, $16,294-$16,997), and it was greater than the marginal cost for severe injury compared with nonsevere injury $8,851 (95% CI, $8,366-$8,796). Conclusions While national trends for sepsis mortality have improved over the years, our analysis of National Inpatient Sample did not support this trend in the trauma population. The odds risk for death after sepsis and the cost of care remained high regardless of severity of injury. More rigor is needed in tracking sepsis after trauma and evaluating the effectiveness of hospital mandates and policies to improve sepsis care in patients after trauma.
An inexpensive semi-automated sample processing pipeline for cell-free RNA

Despite advances in automated liquid handling and microfluidics, preparing samples for RNA sequencing at scale generally requires expensive equipment, which is beyond the reach of many academic labs. Manual sample preparation remains a slow, expensive, and error-prone process. Here, we describe a low-cost, semi-automated pipeline to extract cell-free RNA (cfRNA) that increases sample throughput by 12-fold while reducing time spent and cost by nearly 11-fold and 3-fold respectively. This pipeline is generalizable for many nucleic acid extraction applications, thereby increasing the scale of studies, which can be performed in small research labs.
Evaluating Promotional Activities in an Online Two-Sided Market of User-Generated Content

We measure the value of promotional activities and referrals by content creators to an online platform of user-generated content. To do so, we develop a modeling approach that explains individual-level choices of visiting the platform, creating, and purchasing content as a function of consumer characteristics and marketing activities, allowing for the possibility of interdependence of decisions within and across users. Empirically, we apply our model to Hewlett-Packard's (HP) print-on-demand service of user-created magazines, named MagCloud. We use two distinct data sets to show the applicability of our approach: an aggregate-level data set from Google Analytics, which is a widely available source of data to managers, and an individual-level data set from HP. Our results compare content creator activities, which include referrals and word-of-mouth efforts, with firm-based actions, such as price promotions and public relations. We show that price promotions have strong effects but are limited to the purchase decisions, whereas content creator referrals and public relations efforts have broader effects that impact all consumer decisions at the platform. We provide recommendations as to the level of a firm's investments when “free” promotional activities by content creators exist. These free marketing campaigns are likely to have a substantial presence in most online services of user-generated content.
Brazilian Ethnic Media in the United States: An Analysis of Their Social Control and Pluralistic Functions in an Electoral Context

Brazilian ethnic media in the United States is used as a case study to demonstrate how three newspapers communicated information about the 2018 Brazilian election and to analyze how they performed not only ethnic media functions but public diplomacy functions as well. Diaspora media stimulated political activity abroad, pluralistic views, ethnic pride, activism, connection to the homeland, a sense of community, and the maintenance of a Brazilian identity in the host country.
Z-algebras and parafermion algebras

We continue our discussion in Chapter 13, but we shall relativize it to certain subspaces h * of h, following the setting of Chapters 2, 3 and 4. Recall that G is an affine Lie algebra of type Â, D or E and that l is a positive integer. Restricting our attention to the vacuum space of L(l,0) with respect to a natural Heisenberg subalgebra of G, and passing to the quotient spaces of this vacuum space defined by the actions of certain infinite abelian groups, we shall construct canonical generalized vertex operator algebras. Moreover, the corresponding quotient spaces for the vacuum space of any level l standard G-module (which can be obtained from a tensor product of basic modules) are modules for these generalized vertex operator algebras. If we make a special choice of the infinite abelian group, the algebra turns out to be simple and the modules turn out to be irreducible. As an illustration, we specialize our construction to the case of the affine Lie algebra A1(1) , and in this case we show in detail the essential equivalence between Z-algebras ([LP1]-[LP3]) and parafermion algebras [ZF1] by realizing the parafermion algebras as canonically modified Z-algebras acting on certain quotient spaces of the vacuum spaces of standard A1(1) -modules defined by the action of an infinite cyclic group (a construction carried out in [LP1]).
Molecular Biology of Neuroreceptors: Implications for Clinical Neuroscience

Recent advances in molecular biology hold great promise for clinical neuroscience. Recombinant DNA technology can be used to localize, clone and characterize the genes responsible for neurogenetic disorders, and to identify the defective gene products. This, in turn, could have major implications for etiology, molecular pathology and, possibly, prevention and treatment of these disorders.
Greek and Indo-European Etymology in Action: Proto-Indo-European *aǵ-

This study resurrects the genre of Wortstudien contributions or lexilogus treatments, the core of historical lexical semantics. Such studies used to be quite popular, and interest in lexical matters is again rising. The word family around the Indo-European root *ag- ‘drive’ is placed against its Germanic replacement drive as a typological parallel. Many long-standing problems can now be solved, and new hypotheses emerge. Starting with the still important sports and games aspect of social life, new morphology is resurrected ( agōn ‘games’ as an original plural; §2), and a strongly social meaning for ‘good’ ( agathos ; §3). Aganos finds its solution that combines the ‘mild’ and plant readings in a natural way (§4). Hunting-and-gathering considerations establish new possibilities or certainties for some ‘wealth’ words (§6), and all around religion is involved (§7). Comparable Baltic Finnic evidence is drawn in (§8), and such evidence is used to discuss cases on both sides. This way explanations for the Indo-European material are strengthened, or even made possible in the first place, and scores of Baltic Finnic words find attractive (driving) loan hypotheses as their etymologies.
Effects of Bike Lanes on Driver and Bicyclist Behavior

The influence of bike lanes on the lateral positioning of bicycles and autos is examined through filmed observations on a variety of urban streets both with and without bike lanes. Supporting data from three streets sampled before and after the construction of bike lanes aid exploration of the effects of different street widths and vehicle speeds in interaction with bike lanes. Results indicate reduced variability in auto passing behavior on bike lane streets, i.e., fewer wide swerves and close passes by autos overtaking bicycles. The average (mean) lateral separation between bicycles and overtaking cars is not affected by the provision of bike lanes. The data suggests that on certain streets autos and bicycles traveling alone are confined to narrower bands with considerably less overlap when a bike lane is provided, and as a corollary, that auto displacement during the passing maneuver is smaller on bike lane streets.
The Public-Good Variable: Can Public Engagement Boost State Support for Higher Education?

Research institutions with higher-than-expected levels of state appropriations tend to be located in urban, politically powerful districts where community-engagement opportunities are prevalent.Suc...
The secret doctrine and the gigantomachia: interpreting Plato’s Theaetetus-Sophist

The Theaetetus ’ ‘secret doctrine’ and the Sophist ’s ‘battle between gods and giants’ have long fascinated Plato scholars. I show that the passages systematically parallel one another. Each presents two substantive positions that are advanced on behalf of two separate parties, related to one another by their comparative sophistication or refinement. Further, those parties and their respective positions are characterized in substantially similar terms. On the basis of these sustained parallels, I argue that the two passages should be read together, with each informing and constraining an interpretation of the other.
N,N′-Diphenylbenzamidine

N,N′-diphenylbenzamidine product: N,N′-diphenylbenzamidine Keywords: alkylation, N-alkylation; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; benzanilide, preparation of; bath, cooling, dry ice-ethanol
Stress waves in laterally loaded piles

The behaviour of single vertical piles subjected to lateral loading at the pile head was analysed. Based on the assumption of beam on elastic foundation, the analysis was made by using the method of direct analysis which is a numerical approach making direct use of governing physical laws without explicitly utilizing the differential equation of vibration. The analysis provides short-time pile response to pulse loadings. These results indicate, among others, that an interaction between the dilatation and shear waves results in a stress discontinuity of considerable magnitude which may deserve special attention in pile design.
Influence of thickness on alignments of Y123 films fabricated on metallic substrates using PLD method

We have investigated the influence of increasing the thickness on the alignments of Y123 films for long Y123 tapes with metallic substrates using the PLD method. As increasing the thickness of the Y123 films, the ratio of the a-direction increases in comparison with that of the c-direction for the alignment of the Y123 films to the surface of the substrates but the in-plane alignment did not change. The tendency was remarkable as increasing the frequency of the laser or decreasing the temperature of the substrates. It was found that the relationship with the alignment of the Y123 films on the substrate and those parameters could be explained by the general idea of the melt growth. In result, it was found that the Y123 films should be prepared under the low frequency and the high substrate temperature of the PLD method to hold on the alignment of the c-direction as increasing the thickness of the Y123 films.
Molecular cloning and functional expression of the gene for a cotton Δ-12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD2)

Two overlapping genomic clones spanning 16.5 kb of cotton DNA were found to encompass a Delta-12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD2-3) gene. A partial FAD2-3 cDNA clone was also analyzed. The FAD2-3 gene has one large intron of 2967 bp entirely within its 5'-untranslated region, only 12 bp upstream from the ATG initiation codon. Several potential promoter elements, including several light-responsive motifs, occur in the 5'-flanking region. The continuous FAD2-3 coding region is 1155 bp and would encode a protein of 384 amino acids. The polypeptide has four putative membrane-spanning helices, indicative of an integral membrane protein, and is most likely localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Yeast cells transformed with a plasmid construct containing the cotton FAD2-3 coding region accumulate an appreciable amount of linoleic acid (18:2), not normally present in wild-type yeast cells, indicating that the gene encodes a functional FAD2 enzyme.
Charge donation to and dearomatization of benzene attending complexation: DFT estimates of binding energies of TpMXO(L) with benzene, for Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl) borate, MXO = MoNO, ReCO, and WNO, and L = ammonia, N‐methylimidazole, pyridine, phosphine, methyl isocyanide, and carbon monoxide

By density functional methods we characterize the bonding and charge distribution in complexes of benzene with dearomatizing agents tpReCO(L), tpMoNO(L), and tpWNO(L), where tp = hydrido Tris (pyrazolyl)borate), for a range of ligands L. Our LSDA and B3LYP density functional calculations use the Spartan LACVP+ basis and pseudopotential on Re, Mo, and W and 6-31G* on light atoms. The binding energy is strongly dependent on the nature of the ligand L, being greatest for L = ammonia and N-methylimidazole and weakest for CH 3 NC and CO. We find a correlation between strength of binding and electron transfer from the dearomatizing agents toward benzene. For the most strongly bound systems we find substantial (up to 500 millielectrons) charge transfer towards benzene, while for the most weakly bound systems charge is withdrawn from benzene. Structural details illustrate the ability of Re, Mo, and W species to dearomatize complexed benzene, which is extensive for all but the most weakly bound species with L = MeNC and CO. Re and W dearomatizing agents, which are computed and observed to form stable complexes with benzene, may be economic alternatives to osmium dearomatizing agents.
Small angle scattering of bicontinuous structures in microemulsions

We present a model of bicontinuous microemulsion structure based on a disordered lamellar structure. The scattering predicted by this model is compared with measured small angle neutron scattering curves from a family of microemulsions formed with sodium 4‐(1’‐heptylnonyl) benzenesulfonate, iso‐butanol, D2O brines, and the even alkanes from octane to hexadecane. The model, with two parameters, fits the data on an absolute scale well. Disordered lamellae spacings and distortion lengths vary from approximately 850 and 570 A, respectively, for microemulsions formed with dodecane to 430 and 400 A for those formed with hexadecane. A distribution of lamellae thicknesses can be introduced to account for scattering curves that display a maximum in intensity scattered at zero scattering vector.
U-series geochronology of large-volume Quaternary travertine deposits of the southeastern Colorado Plateau: Evaluating episodicity and tectonic and paleohydrologic controls

Large-volume travertine deposits in the southeastern Colorado Plateau of New Mexico and Arizona, USA, occur along the Jemez lineament and Rio Grande rift. These groundwater discharge deposits reflect vent locations for mantle-derived CO 2 , which was conveyed by deeply sourced hydrothermal fluid input into springs. U-series dating of stratigraphic sections shows that major aggradation and large-volume (2.5 km 3 ) deposition took place across the region episodically at 700–500 ka, 350–200 ka, and 100–40 ka. These pulses of travertine formation coincide with the occurrence of regional basaltic volcanism, which implies an association of travertine deposits with underlying low-velocity mantle that could supply the excess CO 2 . The calculation of landscape denudation rates based on basalt paleosurfaces shows that travertine platforms developed on local topographic highs that required artesian head and fault conduits. Episodic travertine accumulation that led to the formation of the observed travertine platforms represents conditions when fault conduits, high hydraulic head, and high CO 2 flux within confined aquifer systems were all favorable for facilitating large-volume travertine formation, which was therefore controlled by tectonic activity and paleohydrology. By analogy to the active Springerville–St. Johns CO 2 gas field, the large volumes and similar platform geometries of travertine occurrences in this study are interpreted to represent extinct CO 2 gas reservoirs that were vents for degassing of mantle volatiles into the near-surface system.
Solute and penetrant diffusion in swellable polymers. III. Drug release from glassy poly(HEMA-co-NVP) copolymers

Abstract The dynamic swelling behavior of poly(HEMA-co-NVP) copolymers at 37°C was investigated. The copolymers had widely varying contents of both components. It was observed that the swelling mechanism was non-Fickian, associated with major changes of the thickness and other dimensions of the samples. Theophylline release from initially dry hydrogels gave a quasi-zero order release depending on the copolymer composition and the thickness of the samples.
Simulated Links between Deforestation and Extreme Cold Events in South America

AbstractMany modeling studies have indicated that deforestation will increase the average annual temperature in the Amazon. However, few studies have investigated the potential for deforestation to change the frequency and intensity of extreme events. This problem is addressed here using a variable-resolution GCM. The characteristic length scale (CLS) of the model’s grid mesh over South America is 25 km, comparable to that used by limited-area models. For computational efficiency, the CLS increases to 200 km over the rest of the world. It is found that deforestation induces large changes in the frequency of wintertime extreme cold events. Large increases in cold event frequency and intensity occur in the western Amazon and, surprisingly, in parts of southern South America, far from the actual deforested area. One possible mechanism for these remote effects involves changes in the position of the subtropical jet, caused by temperature changes in the Amazon. Increased understanding of these potential change...
Alteration of metamict, rare-earth, AB2O6-type NbTaTi oxides

Primary and secondary alteration affect composition, physical properties and the results of annealing studies of metamict, rare-earth, AB2O6-type Nb-Ta-Ti oxides. Primary alteration (e.g. hydrothermal) causes a consistent increase in calcium content, generally a decrease in the uranium and thorium content, a decrease in the absolute rare earth concentrations, (with only one exception, the REE distributions remain constant), a slight decrease in B-site cations, and an increase in structural and absorbed water. Secondary alteration (e.g. weathering) is similar but produces a decrease in Ca content, an increased leaching of A-site cations and relative increase in B-site cations. R.I., S.G., and reflectance (546 nm) decrease with both types of alteration, but VHN50 remains approximately constant in altered and unaltered areas of the same specimen. The deviation from stoichiometric proportions of A- and B-site cations with increased alteration results in complex recrystallization phase assemblages during annealing studies (500–1000°C at 1 bar). The effect of alteration on systems of nomenclature and identification procedures is discussed.
Phonon Dispersion in V3Si

The phonon frequencies of V3Si along the principal symmetry directions are calculated for a two band model from the microscopic dielectric screening approach. The d-electrons are approximated by a δ2 band without interchain coupling. For the electron-ion interaction a local Heine-Abarenkov pseudopotential is used, with parameters very similar to those given before for V and Si. The results agree semiquantitatively with inelastic neutron scattering data and exhibit the observed softening of the TA mode in [110] and of the LA mode in [100]. In addition, LA mode softening along [110] and [111] is predicted. The Γ12 optic mode shows a small decrease with decreasing temperature. Die Phononenfrequenzen von V3Si langs der Hauptsymmetrierichtungen werden fur ein Zwei-Bander-Modell vermittels der mikroskopischen Dielektrizitatsfunktion berechnet. Die d-EIektronen werden durch ein δ2-Band unter Vernachlassigung der Kettenwechselwirkung dargestellt. Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Elektronen und Ionenrumpfen wird durch ein ortliches Heine-Abarenkov-Pseudopotential dargestellt, dessen Parameter mit den fruher fur V und Si angegebenen Werten recht gut ubereinstimmen. Die Ergebnisse sind in halb-quantitativer Ubereinstimmung mit den mittels inelastischer Neutronenstreuung gewonnenen Daten und zeigen den mit sinkender Temperatur beobachteten Abfall des TA-Zweiges in [110] und des LA-Zweiges in [100]. Daruber hinaus weisen die berechneten LA-Zweige in [110] und [111] einen Abfall mit sinkender Temperatur auf. Der optische Zweig Γ12 zeigt einen schwaohen Abfall mit abnehmender Temperatur.
Calculation of arbitrary-order diffraction efficiencies of thick gratings with arbitrary grating shape*

A method for calculating arbitrary-order diffraction efficiencies of thick, lossless transmission gratings with arbitrary periodic grating shapes has been developed. A Fourier-series representation of the grating is employed, along with a coupled-mode theory of diffraction. For illustration, numerical values of the diffraction efficiencies at the first three Bragg angles are calculated for sinusoidal, square-wave, triangular, and saw-tooth gratings. Numerical results for the same grating shapes with the same parameters are also calculated for comparison, by extending Burckhardt's numerical method for analyzing thick sinusoidal gratings. The comparison shows that the coupled-mode theory provides results with relative computational ease and results that are in agreement with calculations obtained by extending the more-rigorous Burckhardt theory to nonsinusoidal grating shapes and to higher-order Bragg angles.
On the electrical characterization of carbon overcoats

Carbon overcoat has been used extensively on both disks and heads to enhance the tribological properties of head/disk interfaces. The electric properties, such as resistivity and breakdown voltage of the carbon overcoat are of great interest with the advent of magneto-resistance technology. The characterization and the underlying mechanisms of these electric properties will be extensively discussed. A highly reproducible computer-controlled voltage-current (V-I) setup, on carbon and ZrO/sub 2/ overcoats ranging from 100 to 250 /spl Aring/ in thickness, is used to measure resistance and breakdown voltage. An analytic model, based on the thermal and electrical properties of the carbon overcoat was used to interpret data. Basically, the model states that the increasing voltage causes thermal heating in the overcoat, thereby lowering its resistivity. Yet, when the applied field is sufficiently large, heating becomes excessive and thermal run-away occurs, resulting in the breakdown of the carbon. The model achieved good agreement with experimental results and its implication is discussed.
Stable synthetic mono-substituted cationic bacteriochlorins mediate selective broad-spectrum photoinactivation of drug-resistant pathogens at nanomolar concentrations.

Abstract Three stable synthetic mono-substituted cationic bacteriochlorins (BC37, BC38 and BC39) were recently reported to show exceptional activity (low nanomolar) in mediating photodynamic killing of human cancer cells after a 24 h incubation upon excitation with near-infrared light (730 nm). The presence of cationic quaternary ammonium groups in each compound suggested likely activity as antimicrobial photosensitizers. Herein this hypothesis was tested against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms that have all recently drawn attention due to increased drug-resistance (Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis; Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii; and fungal yeasts, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans). All three bacteriochlorins were highly effective against both Gram-positive species (>6 logs of eradication at ⩽200 nM and 10 J/cm2). The dicationic bacteriochlorin (BC38) was best against the Gram-negative species (>6 logs at 1–2 μM) whereas the lipophilic monocationic bacteriochlorin (BC39) was best against the fungi (>6 logs at 1 μM). The bacteriochlorins produced substantial singlet oxygen (and apparently less Type-1 reactive-oxygen species such as hydroxyl radical) as judged by activation of fluorescent probes and comparison with 1H-phenalen-1-one-2-sulfonic acid; the order of activity was BC37 > BC38 > BC39. A short incubation time (30 min) resulted in selectivity for microbial cells over HeLa human cells. The highly active photodynamic inactivation of microbial cells may stem from the amphiphilic and cationic features of the bacteriochlorins.