cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redirecting the Revolution? The USA and the failure of nation-building in South Vietnam

Abstract This article will examine the ideology and practice of the USA's nation-building campaign in South Vietnam in the 1960s. Specifically, it will analyse the way in which US officials and social scientists conceived of development and promoted it as a weapon for anti-communist counter-insurgency. Convinced that they could modernise South Vietnam in ways that would undercut the sources of the revolution and create a liberal, capitalist state, they embarked on a comprehensive programme of social engineering with disastrous results. The article will also reflect on the reasons why, despite growing evidence of policy failure, US officials continued to promote a strategy that ignored Vietnamese history. In closing, it will reflect on the degree to which US assumptions about the basic malleability of the Vietnamese and their institutions have found echoes in the recent US attempts to reconstruct Afghanistan and Iraq.
Influence of daylenght on trichome densities and leaf volatiles of Lycopersicon species

Abstract Trichome densities of leaflets differed on plants of Lycopersicon esculentum, L. hirsutum, L. hirsutum f. globratum and two interspecific hybrids grown under an 8-h photophase with (long days (LD)) or without (short days (SD)) a 4-h night interruption. Response to the 2 photoperiods depended on the genotype of plant and the particular type of trichome. Generally, the densities of Type IV trichomes — short, glandular trichomes having a single tip cell — were greater under SD and densities of Type VI trichomes — short, glandular trichomes with a multicellular tip — were greater under LD. Densities of Type V trichomes — short, non-glandular trichomes — did not differ between LD and SD. Quantities of 2-tridecanone and two 15-carbon compounds were not significantly altered by the night interruption.
Naltrexone and communication skills in young children with autism.

Objectives To evaluate the effect of naltrexone on communication skills of young children with autism.
Results of a Randomized Hail Suppression Experiment in Northeast Colorado. Part II: Surface Data Base and Primary Statistical Analysis

Abstract An extensive statistical analysis is made of the precipitation data collected during the randomized seeding experiment conducted by the National Hail Research Experiment during 1972-74, aimed at testing the feasibility of diminishing hail by seeding with silver iodide. The major conclusion is that no effect of seeding is detected at the 10% significance level. This is true regardless of whether hail or rainfall response variables are considered, which of two methods of obtaining daily values for the response variables over the target area is used, or what distribution, if any, is assumed for the variables. Even though the ratios of hailfall or rainfall on seed days to those on control days are generally greater than 1, the confidence intervals attached to these ratios are so large, because of the large natural variance in each response variable and the small sample sizes, that the true underlying seeding effects could in every case have ranged from substantial decreases to large increases. The la...
Mechanism of increased alpha adrenergic vasoconstriction in human essential hypertension.

Abstract Multiple components of vascular alpha adrenergic responsiveness were investigated in twenty-four men with mild hypertension and eighteen age- and weight-matched normotensive controls. Arterial plasma norepinephrine (paNE), an index of sympathetic drive, was increased in hypertensives compared to normotensives (mean +/- SE), 199 +/- 24 vs. 134 +/- 11 pg/ml, P less than 0.02. The effective concentration of intra-arterial (iaNE) increasing forearm vascular resistance (FAVR) 30% (NE-EC30, an index of vascular alpha-receptor sensitivity) was similar in normotensives and hypertensives, 9 +/- 1 vs. 13 +/- 3 ng/100 ml per min, respectively, P greater than 0.3. The phentolamine induced reduction in FAVR, an index of vascular alpha-tone, was greater in hypertensives, -21.3 +/- 1.8 vs. normotensives, -14.9 +/- 1.2 U, P less than 0.02. We interpret these data as evidence for normal vascular alpha-receptor sensitivity to norepinephrine in mild hypertensives. Consequently, the increased sympathetic drive in mild hypertensives explains the elevated vascular alpha-tone. Although vascular alpha-receptor sensitivity to iaNE was normal, the FAVR responses at high doses (reactivity) were greater in hypertensives to regional infusion of both NE and angiotensin II. This "nonspecific" enhancement of vascular reactivity is probably explained by structural vascular changes in hypertensives.
Chronic Misperception and International Conflict: The U.S.-Iraq Experience

Why did the United States and Iraq find themselves in full-scale conflict with each other in 1990–91 and 2003, and in almost constant low-level hostilities during the years in-between? The situation was neither inevitable nor one that either side, in full possession of all the relevant information about the other, would have purposely engineered: in short, a classic instance of chronic misperception. A combination of the psychological literature on perception and its pathologies with the almost unique firsthand access of one of the authors to the decisionmakers on both sides—the former deputy head of the United Nations weapons of mass destruction inspection mission in the 1990s, the author of the definitive postwar account of Iraqi WMD programs for which he and his team debriefed the top regime leadership, and a Washington insider in regular contact with all major foreign policy agencies of the U.S. government—reveals the perceptions the United States and Iraq held of each other, as well as the biases, mi...
Perspectives on the current treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

Abstract Our current understanding of human cardiac arrhythmias is primitive and their treatment is largely empirical. For a few arrhythmias for which the mechanism is known, this information is valuable in selecting therapy. Primary methods for arrhythmia detection are 24-hour electrocardiographic recordings, patient-activated recordings, exercise and cardiac electrophysiologic studies. A search for removable causes of arrhythmia should be sought before instituting specific treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs, surgery or implantable devices. Over the past 20 years, the spectrum of antiarrhythmic drug action has broadened; sodium channel blockers, β-adrenergic blockers and calcium channel blockers have extended our therapeutic options, but the ideal drug has yet to appear. Efficacy and convenience of antiarrhythmic drugs have improved significantly, but adverse effects and drug interactions still occur much too frequently. The outlook for patients with malignant arrhythmias has improved significantly. However, the 2 methods for evaluating therapy of malignant arrhythmias are time-consuming, uncomfortable and expensive. Basic and clinical research is rapidly advancing our knowledge and effectiveness in dealing with cardiac arrhythmias. As a result, we can expect substantial improvements in arrhythmia control in the future.
Revision of Nearctic Stichopogon Species (Diptera: Asilidae) with White-Banded Abdomens, Including Description of Stichopogon Venturiensis, New Species, from Coastal California

Abstract Nearctic Stichopogon species with white-banded abdomens are reviewed. Stichopogon venturiensis, new species, is described from the Pacific coast in Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles counties, California. A lectotype is designated for Stichopogon trifasciatus (Say), and Stichopogon salinus (Melander) from the eastern margin of the Great Basin is synonymized with S. trifasciatus (new synonymy). An identification key to the three Nearctic species of Stichopogon with white-banded abdomens is presented.
Active ionospheric role in small-scale aurora structuring

Abstract The auroral structures on the spatial scales of 10s–100s km and their associated electrodynamics are key elements in the magnetosphere–ionosphere (M–I) system and are important for ionospheric dynamics. The simulation of these auroras poses a challenge for global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) M–I models. In this work, an M–I coupling mechanism for the formation of auroral structures on these spatial scales is proposed. In the M–I coupling mechanism, the active role of the ionosphere is taken into account and the auroral structures with spatial scales of 10s–100s km, which do not mirror the features of the magnetospheric drivers, self-consistently develop. The proposed mechanism includes the effects of the ionospheric spatial and temporal scales and the M–I coupling processes. By calculating the reflection of the Alfven waves at the ionosphere and the Alfven waves launched by the temporal variation of the ionospheric conductivity, the mechanism can provide time-dependent, quantitative information of all electrodynamic parameters associated with the dynamic evolution of structured auroras, including the field-aligned currents, ionospheric horizontal currents, convection field, conductivity, and Joule heating rate. The M–I coupling mechanism has been quantitatively tested and validated by using numerical simulations and model-observation comparisons. Some of the theoretical predictions have been independently confirmed by observations. With its strengths of (a) quantitative capability and (b) emphasize on the active role of the ionosphere, this M–I coupling mechanism complements other mechanisms for the auroral structures as well as the global MHD M–I modeling, thus improving our understanding of the auroral structures and the M–I coupling processes.
Spectroelectrochemistry of retinal Electrodimerization in the presence of proton donors

Abstract Electrochemical reduction of retinal in acetonitrile containing 0.1 M tetra- n -butylammonium perchlorate at the first wave ( E 1/2 =−1.38V vs. SCE) is a one-electron process to form a moderately stable radical anion (λ max =515 nm). At this potential the radical anion can be protonated and further reduced to form an anion (λ max =400 nm), which is easily oxidized ( E 1/2 =−0.68V). The same anion is formed upon reduction of retinal at the potential of the second wave ( E 1/2 =−1.72V). Similar electrochemistry is observed in N,N-dimethylformamide. Addition of proton donors to the solution favors a one-electron electrodimerization, as opposed to a two-electron reduction; and, with water, phenol, or acetic acid, a mixture of dimeric products is obtained. In contrast, malonate esters such as diethyl malonate are unique because they promote dimerization at the carbonyl carbon to produce high yields of retinal pinacol.
Cu(I) binding to the Schizosaccharomyces pombe γ-glutamyl peptides varying in chain lengths

Abstract The metal-γ-glutamyl peptide complex of Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an oligomer of peptides of the general structure (γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly with n defining the number of dipeptide repeats. The complexes induced with either cadmium or copper salts are heterogeneous with respect to the number of repeat units or n. Peptides isolated from two preparations of the Cd-γ-Glu complex by reverse-phase HPLC at low pH were of an n range of 2 to 6 with n3 and n4 peptides being predominant. In addition to peptides of the mentioned structure, peptides of n3 and n4 without the terminal Gly were isolated. These n3 and n4 desGly peptides were present in an abundance of about 10–20% of the concentration of the parent peptide. Peptides of unique n were studied in Cu(I) reconstitution experiments in an attempt to understand the significance of the peptide length heterogeneity in the oligomeric metal-thiolate cluster. Cu-γ-Glu complexes were formed with each peptide as determined by the characteristic 260-nm shoulder in the ultraviolet absorption spectrum and luminescence indicative of Cu(I)-thiolate coordination in a solvent-inaccessible environment. Cluster formation also occurs with desGly peptides, so the carboxyl-terminal Gly is not critical for cluster formation. Maximal Cu binding stoichiometry with n3 and n4 peptides was markedly less than the maximal Cu(I) stoichiometry of a peptide mixture or the native complex. Cu ions in complexes formed with unique n peptides were more reactive with bathocuproine than Cu ions in complexes with a peptide n mixture. The results suggest that metal-peptide complexes consisting of peptides differing in n probably exist and not all metal-peptide complexes have the same n peptide constituents.
A note on exact tests of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) can indicate inbreeding, population stratification, and even problems in genotyping. In samples of affected individuals, these deviations can also provide evidence for association. Tests of HWE are commonly performed using a simple χ2 goodness-of-fit test. We show that this χ2 test can have inflated type I error rates, even in relatively large samples (e.g., samples of 1,000 individuals that include ∼100 copies of the minor allele). On the basis of previous work, we describe exact tests of HWE together with efficient computational methods for their implementation. Our methods adequately control type I error in large and small samples and are computationally efficient. They have been implemented in freely available code that will be useful for quality assessment of genotype data and for the detection of genetic association or population stratification in very large data sets.
Interpretation of specific-heat measurements in superfluid $sup 4$He

It is pointed out that the cubic term in the phonon spectrum of superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ cannot be rigorously determined from specific-heat measurements.
“Clueless”: Why Do Pediatricians Underestimate the Media's Influence on Children and Adolescents?

One erect penis on a US screen is more incendiary than a thousand guns .David Ansen1 By baring a single breast in a slam - dunk publicity stunt of two seconds' duration, [Janet Jackson] also exposed just how many boobs we have in this country . We owe her thanks for a genuine public service .Frank Rich2 The media have arguably become the leading sex educator in America today. That's not good news, considering the fact that more than 75% of primetime shows contain sexual content but only 11% discuss the risks of sex.3 How significant is the influence of media on teens' sexual attitudes and behaviors? For 50 years researchers have explored the connection between media violence and real-life aggression in children and adolescents.4 More than 1000 studies show a connection.5 In fact, according to one leading researcher, “the controversy is over”6; now, we have a second major study showing a strong connection between sexual content in all media and onset of sexual activity among teens.7 Is there much doubt that research on the impact of sex in the media is going to parallel the media-violence research? The media represent a powerful teacher of children and adolescents.8 As such, the media cut across virtually every concern that parents and pediatricians have about young people: sex, violence, homicide, suicide, obesity, eating disorders, school problems, and drug use. The only questions are: (1) Why don't pediatricians “get it”? and (2) What can pediatricians (and parents) do about it? In the first study, published just last year, Rand researchers9 found that watching sexual content on television predicts and may accelerate adolescents' sexual initiation. Teens who watched the most sexual content had a twofold increased risk of initiating intercourse the following … Address correspondence to Victor Strasburger, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC10 5590, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131–0001. E-mail: vstrasburger{at}salud.unm.edu
Nuclear rotation and the random-phase approximation

Abstract The paper begins with a review of the extraction of the rotational energy and corresponding collective coordinate within the formalism of the random-phase approximation (RPA) for a two-dimensional deformed “nucleus.” An intrinsic difficulty is observed: The random-phase approximation to the angular-momentum operator appears to have a continuous rather than discrete spectrum. Correspondingly, the RPA Hamiltonian has a continuum of unnormalizable eigenstates. One of the main results of the paper is a diagnosis of the origin of this difficulty and a method to deal with it. It then becomes possible to calculate matrix elements of static and transition operators, and illustrative examples are given. Similar difficulties are also encountered in mechanical small-oscillation theory; simple examples are used to illustrate and motivate the procedures applied to the nuclear RPA problem. In the latter connection, the recent general formulation of rotational motion due to Villars is used as a convenient formal framework. Next, the relation between the RPA and the self-consistent cranking (constrained Hartree-Fock) model is simply exhibited, and subsequently it is shown that Kelson's “external consistency criterion” is fulfilled up to terms that are of the order of corrections to the RPA itself.
Energetic and structural properties of silicon dicarbides calculated with complete basis set and hybrid density functional theory methods

Abstract The geometries, heats of formation, and frequencies for three SiC 2 isomers were computed with hybrid density functional and complete basis set ab initio methods. The obtained data were compared with experimental values where available, and the accuracy of both DFT and CBSQ methods' computational ability for these chemical systems was evaluated. The most stable SiC 2 isomer was selected and its thermodynamic properties were computed.
A woman with warts, leg swelling, and deafness.

KEY TEACHING POINTS • We describe a 45-year-old woman with GATA2 deficiency associated with verrucae, lymphedema, immunodeficiency, and a history of infections and skin cancer. • GATA2 deficiency has variable clinical expressivity with differing presentations, including infection, hematopoietic abnormalities, immunodeficiency, lymphedema, and cancer. • Cutaneous manifestations include verruca vulgaris, soft tissue infections, lymphedema, and panniculitis. • Patients may have verrucae that can progress to squamous cell carcinomas; dermatologists therefore play an important role in managing these patients as members of a multidisciplinary team.
Early alterations in mitochondrial reserve capacity; a means to predict subsequent photoreceptor cell death

Although genetic and environmental factors contribute to neurodegenerative disease, the underlying etiology common to many diseases might be based on metabolic demand. Mitochondria are the main producer of ATP, but are also the major source of reactive oxygen species. Under normal conditions, these oxidants are neutralized; however, under environmental insult or genetic susceptibility conditions, oxidative stress may exceed cellular antioxidant capacities, leading to degeneration. We tested the hypothesis that loss in mitochondrial reserve capacity plays a causative role in neuronal degeneration and chose a cone photoreceptor cell line as our model. 661W cells were exposed to agents that mimic oxidant stress or calcium overload. Real-time changes in cellular metabolism were assessed using the multi-well Seahorse Biosciences XF24 analyzer that measures oxygen consumption (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR). Cellular stress resulted in an early loss of mitochondrial reserve capacity, without affecting basal respiration; and ECAR was increased, representing a compensatory shift of ATP productions toward glycolysis. The degree of change in energy metabolism was correlated with the amount of subsequent cell death 24-hours post-treatment, the concentration-dependent loss in mitochondrial reserve capacity correlated with the number of live cells. Our data suggested first, that loss in mitochondrial reserve capacity is a major contributor in disease pathogenesis; and second, that the XF24 assay might represent a useful surrogate assay amenable to the screening of agents that protect against loss of mitochondrial reserve capacity. In future experiments, we will explore these concepts for the development of neuroprotective agents.
Order relation correction experiments for probability kriging

Consideration of order relations is key to indicator kriging, indicator cokriging, and probability kriging, especially for the latter two methods wherein the additional modeling of cross-covariance contributes to an increased chance of violating order relations. Herein, Gaussian-type curves are fit to estimates of the cumulative distribution function (cdf) at data quantiles to: (1) yield smoothed estimates of the cdf; and (2) to correct for violations of order relations (i.e., to correct for situations wherein the estimate of the cdf for a larger quantile is less than that for a smaller quantile). Smoothed estimates of the cdf are sought as a means to improve the approximation to the integral equation for the expected value of the regionalized variable in probability kriging. Experiments show that this smoothing yields slightly improved estimation of the expected value (in probability kriging). Another experiment, one that uses the same variogram for all indicator functions, does not yield improved estimates.
Soft x-ray spectroscopy and imaging of interfacial chemistry in environmental specimens

Interfaces between minerals and water, and minerals and microbes, are chemically complex and traditionally have been considered beyond the capabilities of surface science techniques, except for model systems under controlled laboratory conditions. We report on some advances in soft x-ray spectroscopy and imaging that make it possible to extract meaningful chemical information about interfaces of specimens that have complex histories, involving environmental exposure. These measurements utilize x-ray absorption spectroscopy, in combination with spatial resolution, in a technique called x-ray spectromicroscopy. Examples are drawn from attempts at Mn and Fe speciation of biologically produced minerals, bio-corrosion deposits and clays.
Sagittal Measurements of the Cervical Spine in Subaxial Fractures and Dislocations. An Analysis of Two Hundred and Eighty-eight Patients with and without Neurological Deficits

We analyzed three factors involved in fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine and their relation to the degree of injury of the spinal cord. The three factors were the space available for the spinal cord at the level of the injury, the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal at the uninjured levels, and the Pavlov ratio at the uninjured levels. Of the 288 patients analyzed, eighty-three had a complete injury of the spinal cord, ninety-two had an incomplete injury of the spinal cord, thirty had an isolated nerve-root injury, and eighty-three had no neurological deficit. The mean space available for the spinal cord at the level of the injury was 10.5 millimeters for the patients who had a complete injury of the spinal cord, 13.1 millimeters for those who had an incomplete injury of the spinal cord, 15.9 millimeters for those who had an isolated nerve-root injury, and 16.7 millimeters for those who had no neurological deficit. The difference between the groups was significant (p 0.05). However, the patients who had a complete injury of the spinal cord and those who had an incomplete injury of the spinal cord were significantly different from the patients who had an isolated nerve-root injury and those who had no neurological deficit (p < 0.001). The mean Pavlov ratio at the uninjured levels was 0.82 for the patients who had a complete injury of the spinal cord, 0.84 for those who had an incomplete injury of the spinal cord, 0.96 for those who had an isolated nerve-root injury, and 0.96 for those who had no neurological deficit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Highly Optimized Tolerance: Robustness and Design in Complex Systems

Highly optimized tolerance (HOT) is a mechanism that relates evolving structure to power laws in interconnected systems. HOT systems arise where design and evolution create complex systems sharing common features, including (1) high efficiency, performance, and robustness to designed-for uncertainties, (2) hypersensitivity to design flaws and unanticipated perturbations, (3) nongeneric, specialized, structured configurations, and (4) power laws. We study the impact of incorporating increasing levels of design and find that even small amounts of design lead to HOT states in percolation.
A Spiking Neuron Model for Binocular Rivalry

We present a biologically plausible model of binocular rivalry consisting of a network of Hodgkin-Huxley type neurons. Our model accounts for the experimentally and psychophysically observed phenomena: (1) it reproduces the distribution of dominance durations seen in both humans and primates, (2) it exhibits a lack of correlation between lengths of successive dominance durations, (3) variation of stimulus strength to one eye influences only the mean dominance duration of the contralateral eye, not the mean dominance duration of the ipsilateral eye, (4) increasing both stimuli strengths in parallel decreases the mean dominance durations. We have also derived a reduced population rate model from our spiking model from which explicit expressions for the dependence of the dominance durations on input strengths are analytically calculated. We also use this reduced model to derive an expression for the distribution of dominance durations seen within an individual.
Computational Hypothesis testing for neuromuscular systems

Here, we promote the perspective that a computational model can be a rigorous crystallization of a hypothesis for the mechanisms generating observed data. We provide an example of using this approach to discriminate among hypotheses despite uncertainty in parameter values. Humans have been shown to produce non-uniform patterns of force fluctuation when they exert force in different directions with the index finger. We computationally formulated two hypotheses for this observation based on different cost functions of muscle effort, and then stochastically explored the space of unknown parameters to convergence to generate probability distributions of predictions from each hypothesis. The observed data were not within the probability distribution for Hypothesis 1: the sum of muscle forces is minimized, but were within the corresponding distribution for Hypothesis 2: the sum of squared muscle forces is minimized. Therefore, this approach provides rigorous evidence that Hypothesis 2 can not be rejected in favor of Hypothesis 1. The advantages and pitfalls of this computational approach to hypothesis testing are discussed.
An efficient 3D optical implementation of binary de Bruijn networks with applications to massively parallel computing

As an alternative to the hypercube, the binary de Bruijn (BdB) network is recently receiving much attention. The BdB not only provides a logarithmic diameter fault tolerance, and simple routing but also requires fewer links than the hypercube for the same network size. Additionally, a major advantage of the BdB network is a constant node degree: the number of edges per node is independent of the network size. This makes it very desirable for large scale parallel systems. However, due to its asymmetrical nature and global connectivity it is posing a major challenge for VLSI technology. Optics, owing to its three dimensional and global connectivity nature seems to be very suitable for implementing BdB networks. We present an implementation methodology for BdB networks. The distinctive feature of the proposed implementation methodology is partitionability of the network into a few primitive operations that can be efficiently implemented. We further show feasibility of the presented design methodology by proposing an optical implementation of the BdB network.
Fabrication of high-T/sub c/ hot-electron bolometric mixers for terahertz applications

Superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEB) represent a promising candidate for heterodyne mixing at frequencies exceeding 1 THz. Nb HEB mixers offer performance competitive with tunnel junctions without the frequency limit imposed by the superconducting energy gap. Although the performance of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// HEB mixers is not projected to be superior to that of Nb devices, which operate at low temperatures, they introduce the possibility of sensitive, low power heterodyne detectors operating at temperatures approaching 90 K for applications requiring portability and closed-cycle refrigeration. We report on the fabrication and characterization, both DC and RF, of high-T/sub c/ mixers based on ultra-thin (/spl les/20 nm) YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// films patterned to micrometer dimensions and incorporated into 2.5 THz planar mixer circuits.
Paradata for Nonresponse Adjustment

Survey researchers and practitioners use nonresponse adjustment weights to mitigate the effects of survey nonresponse on sample estimates. One challenge in creating these weights is finding useful auxiliary data that predict both the probability of participating in the survey and the survey variables of interest. This article reviews the use of paradata for nonresponse adjustment. Five different types of paradata are considered: neighborhood observations, observations of the sampled housing unit, observations of persons in the sampled housing unit, call records, and observations about the interviewer-householder interaction. Empirical evidence about the predictive value of these paradata for predicting both participation and survey variables is examined. Challenges of using these paradata are also identified, along with outstanding issues and opportunities related to the use of paradata for nonresponse adjustment.
In a World of Mandates, Making Space for Inquiry.

Here you will find detailed suggestions for using inquiry in any classroom, including those where a core program or paced curriculum is in place. This Teaching Tip chronicles the author's experience implementing inquiry in a second-grade classroom with a high percentage of English learners and students from backgrounds of poverty. Along with suggestions for guiding inquiry day by day, the author provides an account of how teachers can learn from their students as they use language and literacy for authentic purposes.
FISCAL EXTERNALITIES AND RESIDENTIAL GROWTH CONTROLS: A THEORY-OF-CLUBS PERSPECTIVE

This article develops a model that extends the theory of clubs to the case in which a local congestible public good requires a capital facility for its pro vision in a community facing population growth. The trade-offs facing officials planning the capital facility are examined. The model offers an explanation as to why formerly progrowth communities may now vigorously oppose growth. Many communities imposing growth controls cite inadequate public facilities. An implication of the model is that this inadequacy may be planned. The article exammes other implications of the model and gives some indication of its explanatory and predictive powers.
Spacecraft Dynamics in the Vicinity of a Comet in a Rotating Frame

The recent rise in missions to small bodies has created a new set of dynamical problems to be solved. While many missions have flown by and investigated comets from a distance there has not been a mission to actually orbit and land on the surface. The need to safely orbit a comet has become important. NASA recently stressed the importance of obtaining a comet surface sample return. ESA’s Rosetta mission is scheduled to deliver a lander to the surface of comet 67 P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. Both of these missions will involve a period of close proximity to the comet and potentially an orbital phase about the body. The focus of this work will be to identify and analyze stable Sun synchronous orbits in a rotating frame which can be used to orbit any small body in the solar system. Previous work has been done on this problem. Dankowicz has found these type of orbits in a non-rotating system and explored their stability previously. Scheeres and Marzari investigate the stability of such motions accounting for the orbit of the comet, while Scheeres investigated the definition and stability of sun-synchronous orbits started from the terminator plane. The current research combines the offset orbits of Dankowicz with the averaging analysis and rotation present in the Scheeres analysis. The stability of identified orbits will be tested for outgassing jet accelerations in the case of comets. Once these orbits have been shown to be stable, different control schemes to restrict their allowable motion will be explored.
Potato Starch Paste Behavior as Related to Some Physical/Chemical Properties

Potato starch with anomalous stable (constant with time) paste viscosity has been proposed as a natural replacement for cross-linked starch, but its behavior and the influencing factors are not well understood. Starch from 44 samples of potato tubers representing 34 genotypes was analyzed for phosphorus, mean granule diameter, amylose, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Except for granule diameter, sodium, and potassium, each of those properties correlated significantly with one or more of five paste characteristics determined using the Brabender Visco-amylograph. Three samples had a stable viscosity in 1 yr of the study, but their behavior was not associated with unusual values of the other measured properties. The stable viscosity is probably a heritable trait influenced by cultural and climatic factors.
Compounds of Order I

This order consists of compounds which contain nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and possibly oxygen. It can be divided into two suborders, namely, the colored and the colorless compounds. Inasmuch as the former is quite small, no separate tables for them have been included in the present volume. The order, however, is divided into three genera. The division is based upon the results of titrations which place the substance into one of the following: Genus 1, acidic species; Genus 2, basic species; and Genus 3, neutral species. The titrations and divisions are summarized in Table 19.
Eating disorder psychopathology as a marker of psychosocial distress and suicide risk in female and male adolescent psychiatric inpatients

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to examine psychosocial correlates of specific aspects of eating disorder (ED) psychopathology (ie, dietary restriction, body dissatisfaction, binge eating, and self-induced vomiting) in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescent girls and boys. Method A total of 492 psychiatric inpatients (286 adolescent girls and 206 adolescent boys), aged 12 to 19 years, completed self-report measures of psychosocial and behavioral functioning, including measures of suicide risk and ED psychopathology. Associations between ED psychopathology and psychosocial functioning were examined separately by sex and after controlling for depressive/negative affect using Beck Depression Inventory scores. Results Among the adolescent boys and girls, after controlling for depressive/negative affect, ED psychopathology was significantly associated with anxiety, low self-esteem, and current distress regarding childhood abuse. Among adolescent girls, after controlling for depressive/negative affect, ED psychopathology was significantly related to hopelessness and suicidality. Among adolescent boys, after controlling for depressive/negative affect, ED psychopathology was positively related to self-reported history of sexual abuse and various externalizing problems (drug abuse, violence, and impulsivity). Conclusion In psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents, ED psychopathology may be an important marker of broad psychosocial distress and behavioral problems among girls and boys, although the nature of the specific associations differs by sex.
Large-Scale Semiconductor Process Fault Detection Using a Fast Pattern Recognition-Based Method

Fault detection and classification (FDC) has been recognized as an integral component of the advanced process control (APC) framework in the semiconductor industry, as it helps to improve overall equipment efficiency (OEE). However, some unique characteristics of semiconductor manufacturing processes have posed challenges for FDC applications, such as nonlinearity in most batch processes, and multimodal batch trajectories due to product mix. To explicitly account for these unique characteristics, a pattern recognition based fault detection method utilizing the k-nearest-neighbor rule (FD-kNN) was previously developed. In FD-kNN, historical data are used directly as the reference of normal process operation to determine whether a new measurement is a fault. Therefore, for processes with a large number of variables, it can be computation and storage intensive, and may be difficult for online process monitoring. To address this difficulty, we propose a fast pattern recognition based fault detection method, termed principal component-based kNN (PC-kNN), which takes advantages of both principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction and FD-kNN for nonlinearity and multimode handling. Two simulation examples and an industrial example are used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed PC-kNN method in fault detection.
Sequential Optimization Under Uncertainty

Herein we review certain problems in sequential optimization when the underlying dynamical system is not fully specified but has to be learned during the operation of the system. A prototypical example is the multi-armed bandit problem, which was one of Yakowitz’s many research areas. Other problems under review include stochastic approximation and adaptive control of Markov chains.
Conserving Spatially Explicit Benefits in Ecosystem Service Markets: Experimental Tests of Network Bonuses and Spatial Targeting

Conserving contiguous areas often enhances environmental benefits. However, most conservation efforts are incentive-based and voluntary, and neither reward landowners for contiguity nor do they select based on contiguity. Thus, achieving optimal contiguity of conserved parcels is unlikely. Using lab and artefactual field experiments, this paper evaluates two mechanisms in the context of reverse auctions for achieving optimal contiguity: network bonuses and spatial targeting. Results suggest that spatial targeting alone improves the aggregate environmental and social welfare outcomes, while network bonuses alone result in worse outcomes. The interaction of the bonus effect and the targeting effect is positive. If a program was already using a competitive auction environment with bonuses, adding spatial targeting could reduce welfare loss.
Abstract WP418: Insurance Status Influences Blood Pressure Control among Stroke Survivors in the United States

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is the premier modifiable risk factor for stroke. After a stroke, poorly controlled blood pressure (BP) is associated with a higher risk of recurrent vascular events; however, less than half of stroke survivors in the US have BP in the normal range. Uninsured and under-insured adults generally have less access to recommended care and receive poorer quality of care, but it is unclear to what extent insurance status affects BP control after stroke. METHODS: We assessed BP control among adults (≥20 years) with a history of stroke who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1999 through 2010. The relationship between insurance type and BP control (ideal: RESULTS: Of an estimated 2,253,394 stroke survivors CONCLUSIONS: Depending on age and insurance type, uninsured or underinsured stroke survivors in the US tend to have lower odds of good BP control. Recent legislation to expand insurance coverage may help bridge these disparities, but intensified efforts aimed at enhancing clinician communication and promoting self-management among these patients may also be warranted.
Neglected chronic disease: The WHO framework on non-communicable diseases and implications for the global poor

The current global framework on noncommunicable disease (NCD), as exemplified by the WHO Action Plan of 2012, neglects the needs of the global poor. The current framework is rooted in an outdated pseudo-evolutionary theory of epidemiologic transition, which weds NCDs to modernity, and relies on global aggregate data. It is oriented around a simplistic causal model of behaviour, risk and disease, which implicitly locates 'risk' within individuals, conveniently drawing attention away from important global drivers of the NCD epidemic. In fact, the epidemiologic realities of the bottom billion reveal a burden of neglected chronic diseases that are associated with 'alternative' environmental and infectious risks that are largely structurally determined. In addition, the vertical orientation of the framework fails to centralise health systems and delivery issues that are essential to chronic disease prevention and treatment. A new framework oriented around a global health equity perspective would be able to correct some of the failures of the current model by bringing the needs of the global poor to the forefront, and centralising health systems and delivery. In addition, core social science concepts such as Bordieu's habitus may be useful to re-conceptualising strategies that may address both behavioural and structural determinants of health.
Allescheria boydii: wild type and a variant from human pulmonary allescheriasis.

From a human case of pulmonary allescheriasis, two morphologically distinct strains of Allescheria boydii [=Monosporium apiospermum] were isolated. One, a wild-type strain designated as gray, produces abundant conidia and cleistothecia; the other, a variant designated as white, produces much less conidia, more abundant aerial hyphae, and no cleistothecia. The self-sterile variant apparently has arisen as a result of in vivo mutation. The hyphal cells, conidia, and ascospores of A. boydii are uninucleate.
A detailed developmental and structural study of the transcriptional effects of insertion of the Copia transposon into the white locus of Drosophila melanogaster.

The copia insertion responsible for the wa mutation is 3' to the white promotor and in the same transcriptional orientation as white. First, we have analyzed the effects of the w a copia insertion on levels of polyadenylated white transcripts and find large, developmentally programmed effects. Second, we have isolated and sequenced an LTR-excision event involving the copia insertion at wa. This represents the first documented case of an LTR-excision event in Drosophila. This single copia LTR has developmentally programmed effects on white transcript levels qualitatively similar to the intact copia element. Third, we have characterized the structures of white transcripts from wa. We find polyadenylated white transcripts apparently having 3' termini in or near the 3' LTR of the wa copia insertion, as has been reported in limited studies of wa transcription in adults by others. These earlier studies also revealed wa transcripts apparently corresponding to polyadenylated terminus formation in the 5' LTR of the copia transposon; however, our more detailed studies reveal that these transcripts probably have other origins and that little, if any, polyadenylated terminus formation for white transcripts occurs in the 5' LTR of the wa copia insertion. Moreover, we find no polyadenylated terminus formation for white transcripts occurring in the single LTR of the wa LTR-excision product. Fourth, we find that each of three mutant alleles at su(wa) produces elevated levels of several classes of RNAs apparently corresponding to transcriptional readthrough of the wa copia transposon. Elevated levels of one presumptive readthrough transcript were observed previously in one su(w a)1 mutant strain. Fifth, we have confirmed the existence of a transcript initiated in the 3' LTR of the wa copia insertion and find the levels of this transcript to be strongly influenced by developmental stage and genetic background. Lastly, we have analyzed white transcripts produced by the whd81b11 allele, which carries an insertion of copia in the opposite transcriptional orientation and in a different position than the wa copia insertion. In contrast to the wa copia insertion allele, the whd81b11 allele produces polyadenylated white transcript levels very similar to the w+ case at the stages examined. Moreover, the whd81b11 copia element apparently produced polyadenylated terminus formation in white transcripts and we observe no effect of the allelic state of su(wa) on apparent readthrough of this stop site. We discuss some possible implications of our results for the properties of retrotransposons as developmentally complex insertional mutagens and for the functional organization of the copia transcription unit.
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE TRANSIENT BEHAVIORS IN ARBITRARILY SHAPED RESERVOIRS BY THE BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD

The effect of the shape of reservoir boundaries on the wellbore pressure response is evident. The conventional analytical methods can only be used to calculate wellbore pressure response in regularly shaped reservoirs. In this paper, according to the theory of Boundary-Element Method (BEM), pressure transient solution in an arbitrarily shaped reservoir with any number of irregularly shaped impermeable sub-regions is proposed by Laplace domain BEM. By using Duhamel theorem, the influence of wellbore storage and skin effect on pressure transient response is considered. Then the BEM results are compared to that of analytical methods. And pressure transient behavior characters in arbitrary reservoir shaped are analyzed.
Epidermal growth factor limits structural alterations in gastrointestinal tissues and decreases bacterial translocation in burned mice.

BACKGROUND: Burn injury produces acute gastrointestinal derangements that may predispose to bacterial translocation (BT). We studied effects of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (r-HuEGF), a gastrointestinal trophic hormone, on gastrointestinal alterations and BT after murine burn injury. METHODS: r-HuEGF was administered 1 and 12 hours after burn injury in a dose of 4 micrograms per animal subcutaneously after 25% and 32% total body surface area (TBSA) scald burn. Small bowel and gastric weight and histologic factors were studied, and BT was measured by culturing mesenteric lymph nodes. RESULTS: Mice treated with r-HuEGF maintained gastric and small intestine weight measured 24 hours after burn injury, and ileal mucosal height was preserved, whereas burned-untreated mice lost organ weight and mucosal height. BT was decreased significantly in mice with 32% TBSA burn injury treated with r-HuEGF after injury (burn, 64.2% of animals had BT; burn-r-HuEGF, 34.6% had BT; p < 0.05). After 25% TBSA burn injury, BT was also decreased in r-HuEGF-treated animals (burn, 31.4% of animals had BT; burn-r-HuEGF, 14.3% had BT), but the difference was not statistically significant (p < 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: r-HuEGF improves intestinal and gastric structure in mice 24 hours after burn injury and decreases BT after 32% TBSA burn injury.
Treatment of Acute Mania

Mood stabilizers have evolved considerably over the past decade. Lithium, divalproex, and olanzapine are currently Food and Drug Administration-approved for the treatment of acute mania. A number of new and traditional medications have also been tested and are commonly used in clinical practice. Several strategies for managing treatment-resistant mania have been suggested, but few have been rigorously tested. Emphases on rapid stabilization and fewer side effects have raised the bar for what is expected from mood stabilizers and the successful treatment of mania involves a delicate balance between swiftness, short-term tolerability, and long-term safety.
Exploring the critical thickness for maximum reflectance of optical reflectors based on polymer-filler composites

The existence of a critical thickness at which the optical reflectance of a polymer-filler composite reaches its maximum value is demonstrated and its dependence on back reflection of the substrate, filler volume fraction, filler size, as well as the matrix-filler refractive indices difference is elucidated. The analytical model developed which is expected to accelerate the design and optimization of polymer-filler composite reflectors is verified experimentally.