cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared multiphoton dissociation with one and two lasers

Abstract The dissociation of a diatomic molecule in the presence of one and two infrared lasers is studied. Classical mechanics is used to show that a diatomic molecule may be dissociated much more easily with two laser frequencies than with just one. A short discussion of overlap of resonance follows.
Live supervision in the postmodern era of family therapy: Issues, reflections, and questions

This article asserts that the family therapy field is approaching an epistemological shift from structuralism and positivism to postmodernism and relativism. The confluence of these movements: feminism, constructivism/constructionism, and cultural relativism is cited as a major impetus for the shift. Live supervision is examined within the context of this transformation, with a discussion of implications for the future.
Histopathologic diagnosis of pediatric neoplasms: a review of international consultations.

Context.—Correct histopathologic diagnosis is fundamental to defining proper treatment and improving outcomes in children with malignancies. The Department of Pathology at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (SJCRH) has collaborated with SJCRH International Outreach Program partner sites to improve the accuracy of histopathologic diagnoses in countries with limited resources. Pathologists at SJCRH provide review and evaluation of cases that are considered difficult or complex. Objectives.—To determine the quality of pathology diagnosis and to identify areas for improvement in our international partner sites, we retrospectively analyzed all the international cases that were submitted for review. A comparison of our data with selected reports of surgical pathology error rates published in the medical literature was performed. Design.—From January 2009 through December 2011, SJCRH received 763 cases submitted by international pathologists from 37 countries for histopathologic review and evaluation. Of 763 ...
Pulse contour cardiac output in surgical intensive care unit patients

Abstract Study Objective: To evaluate the ability of arterial waveform contour analysis to measure cardiac output (CO) continuously in postoperative critically ill patients. Design: Thermodilution CO (TDCO) measurements were compared with simultaneous pulse contour CO (PCCO) measurements. Setting: University hospital surgical intensive care unit. Patients: 29 critically ill surgical patients with indwelling systemic arterial and pulmonary artery catheters. Measurements and Main Results: TDCO measurements were compared with PCCO at 1- to 2-hour intervals. Mean TDCO was 5.75 ± 1.79 L/min, and mean PCCO was 5.76 ± 1.83 L/min. Analysis of the difference between TDCO and PCCO showed a bias of 0.01 ± 0.5 L/min. Comparison of the difference between pairs of sequential TDCO measurements and the initial TDCO and subsequent PCCO measurements resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.64. Conclusions: The PCCO method appears to be able to estimate changes in CO under the conditions tested, in which PCCO was recalibrated after each TDCO measurement. However, limitations of this method in the immediate postoperative period following aortic aneurysm surgery were identified.
Daughter Regge Trajectories in the Van Hove Model

The Van Hove model of Regge poles is generalized to include propagator self-energy insertions and used to study unequal-mass daughter trajectories. The first daughter trajectory is found to have negative slope at $t=0$.
Abstract 1349: Ablation ofE2f3in macrophages reduces the incidence of lung metastasis

The tumor stroma is predominantly composed of cells of the immune system, one of them are the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Tumor macrophages are recruited to the tumor in response to cytokines secreted by the tumor epithelial cells. TAMs secrete proteases into the extracellular matrix (ECM) that contributes to tumor cell intravasation. Rb-E2F axis represents one of the important pathways involved during cell cycle and is deregulated in number of cancers. E2Fs have distinct roles in the control of cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation pathways. We have previously shown that E2F are important downstream targets in CSF-1 signaling cascade that are involved in macrophage survival and proliferation. Present study is aimed at exploring the link between conditional ablation of E2f3 in TAM and its effect on lung metastasis using MMTV-PyMT mouse model of breast cancer. Ablation of E2f3 in the tumor macrophages resulted in a reduction of lung metastasis without affecting tumor onset or macrophage numbers. Microarray analysis of E2f3 deleted TAMs showed an up-regulation in expression of genes involved during metastasis. Our results show that E2f3 regulates the physiological processes in TAMs that inhibit lung metastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1349.
Do gains in working memory capacity explain the written self-disclosure effect?

Klein and Boals (2001) concluded that expressive writing about negative life events improves health by reducing intrusive thoughts, as measured by the Impact of Events Scale (IES), and thus freeing working memory (WM) capacity. We replicated their WM gain and rejected the possibility that it reflected task practice alone. We extended their work by showing that such WM effects and reductions in self-reported health symptoms can be observed within a short time frame of a week in a normal population of college students and can occur without reductions in IES scores. Two alternative explanations are discussed of how WM gains can be observed in the written self-disclosure effect without reductions in the frequency of intrusive thoughts and avoidance attempts.
Dyad algebra and multiplication of graphs. II: Undirected graphs

In paper I abstract vectors |e>, their adjoints <e|, and abstract linear operators were related to graphs which are in general directed. With an Hermitian operator one gets equivalence classes of undirected graphs with or without loops and multi-lines. The present paper II gives rules for the multiplication of such graphs based on their underlying dyad algebra. The results may be used in the evaluation of the outcome of successive applications of operators for observables as in the case of the powers of a one-electron Hamiltonian in the method of moments, or in using projection operators, electron density, and the like.
The nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio in the photic zone of the sea and the elemental composition of the plankton

Abstract The ratio of removal of inorganic nitrogen and phosphate from the photic layer of the sea should not be interpreted as the elemental ration in newly phytoplankton or particulate matter.
Microarray results suggest altered transport and lowered synthesis of retinoic acid in schizophrenia.

Microarray results suggest altered transport and lowered synthesis of retinoic acid in schizophrenia
Challenges in enrollment of minority, pediatric, and geriatric patients in emergency and acute care clinical research.

Study objective Emergency department (ED) –based clinical research has the potential to include patient populations that are typically underrepresented in clinical research. The objective of this study is to assess how emergency clinical care and research processes, informed consent, and patient demographic factors (age, sex, and ethnicity/race) affect enrollment and consent in clinical research in the ED. Methods This was an analysis of prospectively collected data of all patients (aged 2 to 101 years) eligible for one of 7 clinical research studies from February 2005 to April 2007 in an academic ED. We measured rates of enrollment and consent in the clinical studies. Results One thousand two hundred two of the 4418 patients screened for participation in 7 clinical studies were clinically eligible for enrollment. Of the 868 patients who were able to provide a voluntary decision regarding consent, 639 (73.6%) agreed to participate; an overall enrollment rate of 53.2%. The mean age of patients enrolled was 51.8 years (range 3 to 98 years). Black patients (49.2% enrollment) and Latino patients (18.4% enrollment) were less likely to be enrolled in comparison with white patients (58.3% enrollment) (adjusted odds ratio [OR] of enrollment for blacks=0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50 to 0.82; adjusted OR of enrollment for Latinos=0.16; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.33). Enrollment rates were lower among pediatric (40.0%) and geriatric patients (49.1%) in comparison with adult patients ages 18 to 64 years (55.5%) (adjusted OR of enrollment for pediatric patients=0.70, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.43; adjusted OR of enrollment for geriatric patients=0.69, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.90). Unique issues contributing to underenrollment included challenges in consent among pediatric and elderly patients, language issues in Latino patients, reduced voluntary consent rates among black patients, and perhaps underuse of minimal risk waivers. Conclusion In a large academic ED, minority, pediatric, and geriatric patients were less likely to be enrolled in acute care clinical research studies than middle-aged whites. Enrollment and consent strategies designed to enhance research participation in these important patient populations may be necessary to address disparities in the development and application of evidence-based emergency and acute care.
Behind-the-wall target identification (BWTI)

Through-the-wall radar imaging is of value in several civilian and defense applications. One of the challenges in through-the-wall radar imaging is the strong wall reflections which tend to persist over a long duration of time. In order to image weak and close by targets behind walls, the wall reflections should be suppressed, or at least be significantly alleviated. In this paper, we apply spatial filters across the antenna array to remove the spatial zero-frequency and low-frequency components which correspond to wall reflections. The application of spatial filters recognizes the fact that the wall EM responses do not significantly differ when viewed by the different antennas along the axis of a real or synthesized array aperture which is parallel to the wall. The proposed approach is tested with experimental data using solid wall, multi-layered wall, and cinder block wall. It is shown that the wall reflections can be effectively reduced by spatial preprocessing prior to beamforming, producing similar imaging results to those achieved when a background scene without the target is available.
Desulfurization of the Ni(100) Surface Using Gas-Phase Hydrogen Radicals

Gas-phase hydrogen radicals cause desulfurization of the sulfided Ni(100) surface even for temperatures as low as 120 K, resulting in H2S formation. In contrast, no thermal desulfurization is observed in the presence of coadsorbed hydrogen. During hydrogen radical exposure, sulfur is abstracted from the Ni(100) surface by a sequential Eley−Rideal mechanism. After hydrogen radical exposure, two additional H2S formation pathways involving coadsorbed hydrogen are observed during subsequent heating. In the first pathway, H2S formation is observed at 150 K, involving a partially hydrogenated intermediate formed during gas-phase atomic hydrogen exposure. The second pathway involves addition of desorbing subsurface hydrogen to adsorbed sulfur, leading to H2S formation at 190 K. Both the temperature and coverage dependence of the 150 K pathway support a sequential hydrogen addition mechanism with a sulfhydryl intermediate during temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) studies. Previous H2S decomposition studies o...
Benzyl-substituted tin chalcogenides. Efficient single-source precursors for tin sulfide, tin selenide, and Sn(SxSe1−x) solid solutions

The benzyl-substituted tin chalcogenides (Bn3Sn)2S (1), (Bn2SnS)3 (2), (Bn3Sn)2Se (3), and (Bn2SnSe)3 (4), prepared from the corresponding benzyltin chloride and anhydrous sodium chalcogenide in THF, are convenient single-source precursors for tin sulfide or tin selenide. Pyrolysis (450 °C) of these precursors gave gray or black powders and bibenzyl as the major products. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the powders from the linear compounds 1 and 3 showed that SnS and SnSe were produced along with elemental tin, as expected from the precursor stoichiometry. In contrast, the solids generated by cyclics 2 and 4 contained only SnS and SnSe respectively. Solid solutions of the formula Sn(SxSe1-x) were prepared by heating mixtures of 2 and 4. The value of x could be controlled by varying the ratio of 2 to 4. Combustion analysis showed less than 1% residual carbon in all tin sulfide and tin selenide samples.
The Comparative Activity of Certain Coccidiostats in Experimental Eimeria tenella Infections

Abstract SEVENTEEN commercial feed additives, formulated to prevent avian coccidiosis, were introduced between 1948 and 1960 (Reid, 1961), but little, if any, information has been published on a number of them. Over the past few years, attempts have been made in this and other laboratories to evaluate comparatively the efficacy of some of these compounds under controlled conditions. (Rubin et al., 1956; McLoughlin and Chester, 1959; Peterson, 1960; Arundel, 1960). The present report summarizes the results of tests with six anticoccidial compounds against experimental Eimeria tenella infection in chickens. MATERIALS AND METHODS In each of three trials, three-week-old chicks were distributed by weight according to the method of Gardiner and Wehr (1950) into 14 lots usually containing 20 birds each. Two groups, one of which was inoculated, while the other served as an uninoculated control, were on each feeding regimen. A regular starting mash fortified with arsenosobenzene, * Unistat, zoalene, Whitsyn 10,…
Factors in automated gait evaluation

A summary is given of measurement modalities, which set some of the framework for feasibility of automated gait evaluation and dictate some of the modeling and analysis that must be undertaken. The discussion covers electromyography, kinematics, ground reaction forces, and dynamics. Specific gait evaluation problems are discussed, and the state of the art and future directions are examined. >
Effects of trailing-edge jet entrainment on delta wing vortices

This paper examines the effects of trailing-edge jet entrainment on the streamwise vortices over a delta wing. Although studies have examined the effects of leading-edge suction and blowing on the burst location of delta wing vortices, very little research has focused on the effects of trailing-edge jet exhaust on the burst location. Using a 60-deg delta wing model in a water tunnel with dye to mark the vortex core, it was possible to visualize how the location of the vortex breakdown changes with trailing-edge jet velocity. This research has determined that at moderate angles of attack it is possible to delay the burst location up to 18% of the chord by increasing the flow velocity from the exhaust ports. In addition, at higher angles of attack, the trailing-edge jets stabilized the asymmetric separated vortices by reattaching the flow and moving the burst location aft on the wing.
Temporal fluctuations in grain size, organic materials and iron concentrations in intertidal surface sediment of San Francisco Bay

The physical and chemical characteristics of the oxidized surface sediment in an estuary fluctuate temporally in response to physical forces and apparently-fluctuating inputs. These characteristics, which include grain size and concentrations of organic materials and iron, will influence both trace-metal geochemistry and bioavailability. Temporal trends in the abundance of fine particles, total organic carbon content (TOC), absorbance of extractable organic material (EOM), and concentration of extractable iron in the sediment of San Francisco Bay were assessed using data sets containing approximately monthly samples for periods of two to seven years. Changes in wind velocity and runoff result in monthly changes in the abundance of fine particles in the intertidal zone. Fine-grained particles are most abundant in the late fall/early winter when runoff is elevated and wind velocities are low; particles are coarser in the summer when runoff is low and wind velocities are consistently high. Throughout the bay, TOC is linearly related to fine particle abundance (r=0.61). Temporal variability occurs in this relationship, as particles are poor in TOC relative to percent of fine particles in the early rainy season. Iron-poor particles also appear to enter the estuary during high runoff periods; while iron is enriched on particle surfaces in the summer. Concentrations of extractable iron and absorbance of EOM vary strongly from year to year. Highest absorbances of EOM occurred in the first year following the drought in 1976–77, and in 1982 and 1983 when river discharge was unusually high. Extractable-iron concentrations were also highest in 1976–77, but were very low in 1982 and 1983.
Addition of proteins to the cylindrical gel embedding medium for transverse molecular-weight markers in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis☆

As an aid in the comparison of different complex mixtures of proteins resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis, a simple method which results in the electrophoresis of molecular-weight standards as appropriately migrating, highly resolved bands extending across the entire second-dimension slab gel is described. The proteins to be used as markers are included in the molten agarose mixture used to affix the first-dimension cylindrical gel atop the second-dimension slab gel. As the proteins which are resolved in the first dimension migrate through the second-dimension slab gel, the marker proteins also migrate, experiencing the same electrophoretic conditions as the sample proteins in the immediate vicinity. If the same protein is resolved in the first dimension and also used as a marker, it electrophoreses in the second dimension as a spot intersected by a band traversing the entire gel. This sensitive method is applied to a comparison of soluble seed proteins of two cotton species, Gossypium hirsutum and G. arboreum, using G. hirsutum seed protein as the molecular-weight marker. Other applications are described.
Effect of Seromuscular Colocystoplasty Lined with Urothelium and Partial Detrusorectomy on a New Canine Model of Reduced Bladder Capacity

We developed a canine model of reduced bladder capacity by spraying talc on the outer surface of the detrusor after peeling the peritoneum from the bladder. This method was effective to reduce bladder capacity to almost a third of normal and this reduction persisted for the 6-month followup. On this model we performed detrusorectomy (auto-augmentation) and seromuscular colocystoplasty, and compared the results. Following detrusorectomy in talc bladder dogs bladder capacity failed to increase significantly at 3 months and 6 months. In contrast, seromuscular colocystoplasty caused a significant increase in bladder capacity in talc bladder dogs that was sustained for the 6-month followup. We also performed detrusorectomy in dogs with normal bladders and observed a progressive decrease in bladder capacity, which became significant at 6 months. Histology of the bladders after sacrifice revealed that talc induces a desmoplastic reaction around the detrusor that limits bladder distensibility and reduces its capacity. With detrusorectomy the perivesical fibrotic layer induced by talc and the detrusor were effectively removed but a thin layer of fibrosis developed between the bladder mucosa and the peritoneum that may account for the lack of improvement in bladder capacity. Identical observations were made after detrusorectomy in normal bladders. In contrast, following seromuscular colocystoplasty the bladder mucosa was adjacent to the submucosa of the colonic patch without fibrosis, a finding that may account for the restoration of bladder capacity. These experiments confirm previous experimental and clinical observations about seromuscular colocystoplasty, and suggest that it may result in better long-term results than simple auto-augmentation.
Relations Between Anxiety Symptoms and Relational Aggression and Victimization in Emerging Adults

Although it has been suggested that relational aggression (RA) and relational victimization (RV) are associated with elevated rates of social anxiety (SA), the nature of how these behaviors relate to the symptom development of SA has not yet been explored. In the present study, we investigated the relations between the symptoms of SA and general anxiety and RA and RV in a questionnaire study of 315 emerging adults. To identify the unique predictive power of RA/RV, a series of hierarchical regression analyses were conducted, controlling for gender, age, and physical aggression and victimization. All symptoms of anxiety were uniquely and positively predicted by RA; however, only symptoms of cognitive and somatic anxiety were predicted positively and uniquely by RV. These findings further elucidate the linkage between RA and anxiety in early adulthood, serving to highlight the importance of considering lifetime social history when investigating anxiety and aggression and victimization behaviors.
Clinical correlations with hippocampal atrophy

There is now a consensus that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sensitive and specific indicator of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) in patients with partial epilepsy. MTS is the most common pathological finding underlying the epileptogenic zone in patients undergoing temporal lobe surgery for medically refractory partial seizures. MRI-based hippocampal volumetric studies (i.e., quantitative MRI), has been shown to provide objective evidence for hippocampal atrophy in patients with MTS. The hippocampal volume in the epileptic temporal lobe has correlated with the neuronal cell densities in selected hippocampal subfields. A history of febrile seizures in childhood and age of unprovoked seizure onset have been associated with MRI-based hippocampal volumetry. There is conflicting evidence regarding the relationship between the duration of the seizure disorder and volumetry. Quantitative MRI has compared favorably to other noninvasive techniques (e.g., scalp-recorded EEG), in indicating the diagnosis of medical temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). MRI-identified hippocampal atrophy has also been a favorable prognostic indicator of seizure outcome after temporal lobe surgery. The presence of hippocampal atrophy appears to serve an in vivo surrogate for the presence of MTS.
Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Fluorescent Biological Labels

Semiconductor nanocrystals were prepared for use as fluorescent probes in biological staining and diagnostics. Compared with conventional fluorophores, the nanocrystals have a narrow, tunable, symmetric emission spectrum and are photochemically stable. The advantages of the broad, continuous excitation spectrum were demonstrated in a dual-emission, single-excitation labeling experiment on mouse fibroblasts. These nanocrystal probes are thus complementary and in some cases may be superior to existing fluorophores.
The in vivo stability of antibody.

When rabbits were fed S35-labelled amino acids and simultaneously injected with antigen at the peak of antibody production, the circulating antibody became rapidly labelled within a few hours with the isotope. The specific radioactivity of antibody was measured as antibody was allowed to decline in the absence of antigenic stimulation. At various times, in different animals, antigen was reinjected and circulating antibody was measured for specific radioactivity. The initial antibody which appeared after the antigenic stimulus always had a higher specific activity than antibody circulating just prior to the reinjection. The appearance of antibody of higher specific activity was demonstrated to be a specific response to the antigen which was reinjected. It was concluded that there is a reservoir of antibody which is stabilized in tissue and which is not in equilibrium with that in circulation. A mechanism for this stabilization is suggested and discussed from previous investigations demonstrating the long retention of antigen in liver tissue.
SOME FACTORS IN THE GROWTH OF CONSUMER CREDIT

CONSUMER CREDIT has mounted steadily higher at a spectacular pace during 1955. Yet when people ask "Is credit too high?" we have to answer "We just don't know." We have entered into unknown territory so far as instalment credit is concerned, and our old criteria may no longer be adequate. Total shortand intermediateterm consumer credit is at a higher level than ever before; today at the end of 1955, the volume outstanding is probably close to $36 billion. The increase during the year of nearly $6 billion is the largest ever recorded. The volume of debt in relation to current income is higher than ever before, and so is the burden of debt measured by the percentage of disposable income going into instalment repayments. Loan maturities, particularly on new cars, have stretched out further and down payments have shrunk. Small wonder, then, that a great many people are deeply concerned about the state of consumer debt. In the rapidly growing field of consumer credit, however, there is not much novelty in disturbing changes. The other day I happened across a statement made almost exactly thirty years ago by a leading New York banker, which has a hauntingly familiar sound. He was warning against the rapid expansion of automobile sales credit through extending time payments over too long a period, and noted that there had been a tendency to stretch terms on new cars from the customary one-year maturity to eighteen months or even two years. It was time to curtail that tendency now, he said. Just multiply the maturity figures by two, and you might have clipped it from this morning's paper. The hazards of excessively easy terms are with us in 1955 no less than in 1925. To the extent that such terms induce individuals to overextend themselves and tie up a major share of their income for a protracted period, they are detrimental not only to the individual, but to the economy. Intelligently used, however, the impact of consumer credit is quite another story. The big question is whether the rapid growth of consumer credit has been out of line with the growth in the rest of the economy and
Design of Nereid-UI: A remotely operated underwater vehicle for oceanographic access under ice

This paper reports the development of a new underwater robotic vehicle, Nereid-UI, with the goal of being capable of deployments in polar ocean regions traditionally considered difficult or impossible to access such the ice-ocean interface in marginal ice zones, in the water column of ice-covered seas, and the seas underlying ice shelves. The vehicle employs a novel lightweight fiber-optic tether that will enable it to be deployed from a ship to attain standoff distances of up to 20 km from an ice-edge boundary under the real-time remote-control of its human operators, providing real-time high-resolution optical and acoustic imaging, environmental sensing and sampling, and, in the future, robotic intervention.
Preliminary study of rain effects on radar scattering from water surfaces

Preliminary wave-tank results indicate that radar scatter from water surfaces is severely affected by rain at low but not at high wind speeds. The effect is governed by both the rain rate and droplet size. A simple experiment to check this phenomenon is described.
Substance P Evokes Cation Currents Through TRP Channels in HEK293 Cells

Activation of any of the three known tachykinin receptors (NK1R, -2R, or -3R) can cause a rise in [Ca2+]i via a pertussis toxin-insensitive heterotrimeric G protein, Gq/G11, activation of phospholi...
Physicochemical and shoreline development factors affecting lake littoral benthic macroinvertebrates

We examined four lakes from April to October 2009 and 2010 to determine if benthic macroinvertebrates in the littoral zone were affected by physicochemical factors and shoreline development. Multivariate and correlation analyses were used to explore the data and to identify significant relationships between the benthic fauna and the abiotic variables. Macroinvertebrates had significant correlations with physicochemical and development factors, including ambient temperature, hardness, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, percentage of silt, mean nitrate concentration, coliform bacteria, phosphorus loading, percentage of developed land, the number of storm drains, and the number of structures.
From Phoneme to Morpheme

The following investigation1 presents a constructional procedure segmenting an utterance in a way which correlates well with word and morpheme boundaries. The procedure requires a large set of utterances, elicited in a certain manner from an informant (or found in a very large corpus); and it requires that all the utterances be written in the same phonemic representation, determined without reference to morphemes. It then investigates a particular distributional relation among the phonemes in the utterances thus collected; and on the basis of this relation among the phonemes, it indicates particular points of segmentation within one utterance at a time. For example, in the utterance /hiyzkwikǝr/ He’s quicker it will indicate segmentation at the points marked by dots: /hiy. z. kwik. Ər/; and it will do so purely by comparing this phonemic sequence with the phonemic sequences of other utterances.
Predicting Native English-Like Performance by Native Japanese Speakers

This study tested the predictions of the Speech Learning Model (SLM, Flege, 1988) on the case of native Japanese (NJ) speakers’ perception and production of English /a/ and /l/. NJ speakers’ degree of foreign accent, intelligibility of /a–l/ productions, and ability to perceive natural speech /a–l/ were assessed as a function of length of residency in North America, age of arrival in North America, years of student status in an English environment, and percentage of Japanese usage. Additionally, the extent to which NJ speakers’ utilized the F3 onset cue when differentiating /a–l/ in perception and production was assessed, this cue having previously been shown to be the most reliable indicator of category membership. As predicted, longer residencies predicted more native English-like accents, more intelligible productions, and more accurate natural speech identifications; however, no changes were observed in F3 reliance, indicating that though performance improves it does so through reliance on other cues.
Hindering Events in Interpersonal Relations Groups for Counselor Trainees

A taxonomy of hindering events that have a negative impact on the group therapy process is identified in this analogue study, A total of 40 critical incident reports collected from various times across the lives of six different interpersonal relations groups were used for the study. Student group participants completed the critical incident reports after each session and described the most hindering event occurring in each group session: the reports were then sorted into categories by judges, and the sorted categories were combined on a proximity matrix for use in cluster analysis. Eight discrete categories of hindering events were identified: absence, discounted-misunderstood, withheld self-disclosure, member disconnection, member attack, leader actions-interventions, unwanted activity, and late group.
Functional expression of CD28 on T cell antigen receptor γ/δ-bearing T lymphocytes

T lymphocytes express a T cell antigen receptor (TcR) complex composed of either an TcR alpha/beta or TcR gamma/delta heterodimer in noncovalent association with the CD3 glycoproteins. CD28, a 44-kDa disulfide-linked homodimer, is present on the surface of the majority of TcR alpha/beta-bearing T lymphocytes. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against CD28 potentiate activation signals delivered through the CD3/TcR alpha/beta complex. Herein, we demonstrate that CD28 is expressed on approximately 40%-60% of TcR gamma/delta-bearing T lymphocytes in most donors. Anti-CD28 mAb substantially augmented proliferative signals delivered through the TcR gamma/delta, demonstrating the presence of functional CD28 molecules on TcR gamma/delta-bearing T lymphocytes. The majority of TcR gamma/delta+ thymocytes also expressed CD28.
Detection of human immunodeficiency virus-infected lymphoid cells at low frequency by flow cytometry

Abstract Flow cytometric detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected lymphoid cells at low frequencies is described. Infected cells from human T lymphoid cell lines H9 and A3.01 were detected at frequencies as low as 10 −4 following indirect immunofluorescence labeling. For labeling, cells were treated with an HIV-inactivating, permeabilizing fixative followed by binding of a monoclonal antibody specific for the HIV major core protein p24, and then by binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated F(ab′) 2 fragments of goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibody. We compared two fixation procedures, one using a mixture of methanol and acetone, the other a three-step fixation using methanol, paraformaldehyde and Triton X-100. The latter fixation protocol was found to be superior in its ability to resolve mixtures of infected and uninfected cells. The method allowed determination of the percentage of the cell population that was infected and the relative amount of p24 antigen per cell. At analysis rates of several thousand cells/s, detection of HIV-infected cells as rare events was possible. Excellent agreement was obtained between flow cytometric evaluation and reverse transcriptase (RT) assay of infected H9 cells cocultured with uninfected H9 cells in various proportions for 7 days. In time course of infection experiments, cultures infected by small numbers of viral particles were positive by flow cytometry up to 3 days earlier than by RT assay.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci from the American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) and their cross‐amplification in a variety of passerine species

Cardueline finches have become important models in studies of sexual selection. Here I describe eight polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from the American goldfinch ( Carduelis tristis ) that are useful in parentage and heterozygosity studies. The number of alleles per locus ranged from eight to 38 based on 252 goldfinches. The markers are polymorphic in at least four other Cardueline finch species, and several amplify in nonfinch passerines including red-winged blackbird ( Agelaius phoeniceus ), black-throated blue warbler ( Dendroica caerulescens ) and tufted titmouse ( Baeolophus bicolor ), indicating they should be useful in paternity and population studies of a variety of species.
Acidification effects on macroinvertebrates and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in outdoor experimental channels

Abstract Three outdoor experimental channels at the U.S. EPA Monticello (Minnesota) Ecological Research Station were employed to assess in the field acidification effects on macroinvertebrate communities and populations of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). One channel served as ambient (pH 8), the second was acidified with sulfuric acid to pH 6 and the third to pH 5 for 17 weeks. Acidification did not markedly increase toxic metal concentrations in the channels; however, there was some evidence of possible mercury mobilization. Benthic macroinvertebrate densities were lower in the acidified channels during most of the study and final diversity indices were 2.1, 1.7 and 1.2 in the ambient, pH 6 and pH 5 channels, respectively. Drift of amphipods and leeches was stimulated in the pH 5 channel early in the study. The number of insect taxa and percentages emerging from the ambient, pH 6 and pH 5 channels, respectively, were 30 and 56%, 28 and 31%, and 18 and 13%. Macroinvertebrate tolerance to the acidification was classified as follows: damselflies, isopods and leeches most tolerant; chironomids, some amphipods (Crangonyx) and flatworms of intermediate tolerance; and other amphipods (Hyalella azteca) and snails (Physa gyrina) most sensitive. Fathead minnow spawning and embryo production were similar in the ambient and pH 6 channels with little spawning and no eyed-embryos found in the pH 5 channel. Newly-hatched larval fish did not survive to the juvenile stage in the pH 6 channel. Continued acidification would likely have further decreased the diversity of the macroinvertebrate community, increased relative abundance of more tolerant species, and caused extinction of the minnow population.
Statistical evaluation of an agricultural land suitability model

The land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) method has been used extensively in the United States to assess agricultural land suitability for different localities. Despite widespread use, LESA models rarely have been evaluated in a systematic, comprehensive manner. This article discusses development of a LESA system for Hawaii, the first statewide application of the LESA methodology. The empirical model was implemented with a computerized geographic information system (GIS). The system's efficiency, ability to discriminate among land parcels, and robustness to subjective model parameter values are evaluated with statistical analyses and map overlays of GIS data. Results show great potential to simplify the original model specification, primarily through deletion of marginal site assessment factors. System output was generally insensitive to the numeric values selected for model parameters, with exception of the ratio used to combine the land evaluation (LE) and site assessment (SA) component scores. Relative supplies of the differing land attributes measured by the two components must be considered in determining an appropriate LE:SA ratio for a given area.
On the Length and Area Regularization for Multiphase Level Set Segmentation

In this paper we introduce novel regularization techniques for level set segmentation that target specifically the problem of multiphase segmentation. When the multiphase model is used to obtain a partitioning of the image in more than two regions, a new set of issues arise with respect to the single phase case in terms of regularization strategies. For example, if smoothing or shrinking each contour individually could be a good model in the single phase case, this is not necessarily true in the multiphase scenario. In this paper, we address these issues designing enhanced length and area regularization terms, whose minimization yields evolution equations in which each level set function involved in the multiphase segmentation can "sense" the presence of the other level set functions and evolve accordingly. In other words, the coupling of the level set function, which before was limited to the data term (i.e. the proper segmentation driving force), is extended in a mathematically principled way to the regularization terms as well. The resulting regularization technique is more suitable to eliminate spurious regions and other kind of artifacts. An extensive experimental evaluation supports the model we introduce in this paper, showing improved segmentation performance with respect to traditional regularization techniques.
Broadband switching nonlinear metamaterial

In this presentation, we introduce a nonlinear metamaterial capable of transitioning between a broadband reflective and broadband transparent state depending on the incident power level. Below the activation voltage, broadband reflectivity is created by forbidding propagation through the metamaterial as a result of the effective permittivity and permeability having different signs. Above the activation voltage, reflection is suppressed by matching the effective permittivity and permeability. Full-wave simulations are performed to analyze the electromagnetic characteristics of the structure. These simulations demonstrate a 10 dB reduction in reflected amplitude over a 24.4% fractional bandwidth and a maximum difference in reflection of more than 30 dB.
Some properties of circulants

Abstract The determinant of the circulant matrix whose first row is a 0 , a 1 ,…, a n−1 is a homogeneous polynomial in the variables with integer coefficients whose properties are discussed, especially the coefficient of product of the variables. Certain restrictions suggested by the periods and Gauss sums of cyclotomy lead to much simpler forms of the determinant.
Scale invariance and universality of economic fluctuations

In recent years, physicists have begun to apply concepts and methods of statistical physics to study economic problems, and the neologism \econophysics" is increasingly used to refer to this work. Much recent work is focused on understanding the statistical properties of time series. One reason for this interest is that economic systems are examples of complex interacting systems for which a huge amount of data exist, and it is possible that economic time series viewed from a dierent perspective might yield new results. This manuscript is a brief summary of a talk that was designed to address the question of whether two of the pillars of the eld of phase transitions and critical phenomena { scale invariance and universality { can be useful in guiding research on economics. We shall see that while scale invariance has been tested for many years, universality is relatively less frequently discussed. This article reviews the results of two recent studies { (i) The probability distribution of stock price uctuations: Stock price uctuations occur in all magnitudes, in analogy to earthquakes { from tiny uctuations to drastic events, such as market crashes. The distribution of price uctuations decays with a power-law tail well outside the Levy stable regime and describes uctuations that dier in size by as much as eight orders of magnitude. (ii) Quantifying business rm uctuations: We analyze the Computstat database comprising all publicly traded United States manufacturing companies within the years 1974{1993. We nd that the distributions of growth rates is dierent for dierent bins of rm size, with a width that varies inversely with a power of rm size. Similar variation is found for other complex organizations, including country size, university research budget size, and size of species of bird populations. c 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Field testing solar photocatalytic detoxification on TCE-contaminated groundwater

The Solar Detoxification Field Experiment was designed to investigate the photocatalytic decomposition of organic contaminants in groundwater at a Superfund site at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The process uses ultraviolet (UV) energy available in sunlight in conjunction with a photocatalyst, titanium dioxide, to decompose organic chemicals into nontoxic compounds. The destruction mechanism, as in many other advanced oxidation processes, involves hydroxyl radicals. The field experiment was developed by three federal laboratories: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratory, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The United States Department of Energy funded the experiment. Groundwater at the test site was contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE). A factorial test series examined four separate process variables: pH, catalyst loading, flow velocity, and solar intensity. Lowering the pH from pH 7 to pH 5 had the largest single effect, presumably by minimizing interference by bicarbonate. The catalyst was found to operate more efficiently at low, e.g. ambient sunlight, UV light levels. Information from these field tests suggest that treatment costs for the solar process would be similar to those for more conventional technologies. 8 refs., 10 figs., 4 tabs.
From N-Nitro to N-Nitroamino: Preparation of High-Performance Energetic Materials by Introducing Nitrogen-Containing Ions.

In the design of energetic materials, high energetic performance and good molecular stability are two main goals. Energetic functionalization which strives for maximum energy often results in unstable chemical bonds and causes safety problems in practical production and storage operations. In this work, N-nitro- and N-nitroamino-functionalized mono- and bis(1,2,4-triazoles) were synthesized and characterized by infrared, and multinuclear NMR spectra, and elemental analyses. The N-nitroamino-functionalization strategy was employed for bis(imidazole), leading to high density compound 14 (2.007 g cm(-3) at 100 K; 1.94 g cm(-3) at room temperature) and energetic salt 15. While N-nitro-functionalized products are thermally unstable and highly moisture sensitive, N-nitroamino-functionalized energetic salts, which are comprised of additional nitrogen-containing ions, exhibit good density, moderate to excellent structural stabilities, and high performance.
Effect of interface on thermal conductivity of polymer composite

The thermal conductivity of alumina particle filled polystyrene was characterized at different temperatures. A silane coupling agent, /spl gamma/-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane (GPS), was applied to functionalize the surface of alumina filler, in an attempt to investigate the effect of polymer/filler interface on composite thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity measurements at different temperatures showed that the addition of 10 wt% alumina filler can enhance the thermal conductivity by about 23%, and the functionalization of alumina particle using silane coupling agent can increase the thermal conductivity by another 6.5%. Both 85/spl deg/C/85%RH temperature/humidity aging and -50/spl deg/C /spl sim/ +80/spl deg/C thermal shock testing exerted almost negligible effect on the composite conductivity, indicating the polymer/filler interface was stable and no interface debonding occurred for the specific alumina polymer composite system studied.
Smile to see the forest: Facially expressed positive emotions broaden cognition

The broaden hypothesis, part of Fredrickson's (1998, 2001) broaden-and-build theory, proposes that positive emotions lead to broadened cognitive states. Here, we present evidence that cognitive broadening can be produced by frequent facial expressions of positive emotion. Additionally, we present a novel method of using facial electromyography (EMG) to discriminate between Duchenne (genuine) and non-Duchenne (non-genuine) smiles. Across experiments, Duchenne smiles occurred more frequently during positive emotion inductions than neutral or negative inductions. Across experiments, Duchenne smiles correlated with self-reports of specific positive emotions. In Experiment 1, high frequencies of Duchenne smiles predicted increased attentional breadth on a global-local visual processing task. In Experiment 2, high frequencies of Duchenne smiles predicted increased attentional flexibility on a covert attentional orienting task. These data underscore the value of using multiple methods to measure emotional experience in studies of emotion and cognition.
System identification with neural network controlled resonator-banks

The application of the neural-network-controlled resonator-bank structure for system identification is described. The proposed structure consists of a feedforward neutral network and a resonator-based digital filter. The neural network section serves as an associative memory that controls the dynamic transfer characteristics of the generic linear filter structure. Previous research using FIR filtering characteristics has shown that the structure is capable of learning structurally different dynamic transfer characteristics and associating them with patterns in the auxiliary input signals. The authors summarize the properties of the structure and demonstrate its application in the identification of a time-variant nonlinear dynamics. >