cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inferring Viscoelastic Dynamic Material Properties From Finite Element and Experimental Studies of Beams With Constrained Layer Damping

Viscoelastic materials are often used to add damping to metal structures, usually via the constrained layer damping method. The added damping depends strongly on material temperature and frequency, as do the underlying material properties of the viscoelastomer. Several standardized test methods are available to characterize the dynamic material properties of viscoelastomers. However, they rely on limited test data which is extrapolated using the time-temperature superposition technique. The authors have found that the different testing methods typically produce significantly different dynamic material properties, or "master curves." An approach for inferring viscoelastomer dynamic moduli with better accuracy is suggested here. Several metal bars are treated using constrained layer damping. Experimental modal analyses are conducted on the bars at different temperatures to produce sets of system resonance frequencies and loss factors. Corresponding finite element (FE) models of the treated bars are analyzed using assumed viscoelastomer material properties based on master curves generated using a standardized test technique. The parameters which define the master curves are adjusted by trial and error until the FE-simulated system loss factors match those of the measurements. The procedure is demonstrated on two viscoelastomers with soft and stiff moduli.
Neutron produced carbon recoil scintillations in Naton 136 plastic scintillator

Abstract Carbon recoil events were identified by resonant scattering of 2.1 MeV neutrons from carbon atoms in a Naton 136 plastic scintillator. Scintillations were detected with an RCA C70133B photomultiplier tube biased to accept pulses larger than those produced by 50 keV recoil protons. A pulsed 4 MeV proton beam onto a thick lithium metal target provided zero degree neutrons of energies up to 2.3 MeV. Dual parameter pulse height versus time-of-flight spectra were collected. Results show that carbon recoils account for 30% of the events detected for neutron energies near 2 MeV. The maximum pulse height due to carbon recoil scintillations (0.59 MeV recoil carbon energy) is about 2% of that from 2.1 MeV recoil protons. The specific light output of carbon recoils relative to electrons in Naton 136 is about 50% greater than that measured for NE 102 plastic scintillator by Steuer et al. and that inferred from other measurements by Batchelor et al.
Silencing and complementation of reovirus core protein μ2: functional correlations with μ2-microtubule association and differences between virus- and plasmid-derived μ2

Abstract A low-copy component of mammalian reovirus particles is μ2, an 83-kDa protein encoded by the M1 viral genome segment and packaged within the viral core. Previous studies have identified μ2 as a nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase (NTPase) as well as an RNA 5′-triphosphate phosphohydrolase (RTPase), putatively involved in reovirus RNA synthesis and/or 5′-capping. Other studies have identified μ2 as a microtubule-binding protein, which also associates with the viral factory matrix protein μNS and thereby anchors the factories to cellular microtubules during infections by most reovirus strains. To extend studies of μ2 functions during infection, we tested a small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against the M1 plus-strand RNAs of reovirus strains Type 1 Lang (T1L) and Type 3 Dearing (T3D). The siRNA strongly suppressed μ2 expression by either strain and reduced infectious yields in a strain-dependent manner. This first strain difference was genetically mapped to the M1 genome segment and tentatively assigned to a single μ2 sequence polymorphism, Pro/Ser208, which also determines a T1L–T3D strain difference in microtubule association. The siRNA-based defect in μ2 expression was rescued by plasmids, containing silent mutations in the siRNA-targeted sequence, which encoded either T1L or T3D μ2, but the growth defect was rescued only by T1L μ2. This second strain difference was also mapped to Pro/Ser208, in that swapping this one residue between T1L and T3D μ2 reversed the rescue phenotypes. Thus, the T1L–T3D strain difference in μ2–microtubule association was correlated not only with the extent of reduction in infectious yields by the siRNA but also with the extent of rescue by plasmid-derived μ2. In addition, the rescue capacity of T1L μ2 was abrogated by nocodazole treatment, providing independent evidence for the importance of μ2–microtubule association in plasmid-based rescue. In two separate cases, the results revealed functional differences between virus- and plasmid-derived μ2. Ala substitutions within the NTP-binding motif of T1L μ2 also abrogated its rescue capacity, suggesting that the NTPase or RTPase activity of μ2 is additionally required for effective viral growth.
The marginal zone and marginal sinus in the spleen of the gerbil. A light and electron microscopy study

The spleen of the adult gerbil (M. unguiculatus) is characterized by the absence of venous sinuses and ellipsoid sheaths. The follicle (white pulp) is separated from the surrounding red pulp by a distinct marginal zone. The cell types in the marginal zone are common to both the follicle and red pulp. Separating the marginal zone from the follicle is a vascular channel of capillary dimension, the marginal sinus. A number of terminal segments of the arterial vessels within the follicle were observed to form a direct connection with the marginal sinus. Ultrastructurally, discontinuities were evident within the walls of the marginal sinus that would permit passage of both cellular and plasma components from the marginal sinus to either marginal zone or the follicle.
Dimensions of children's classroom social behavior: A factor analytic investigation

Dimensions of children's classroom social behavior were investigated using the Social Behavior Assessment (SBA), a 136-item teacher rating scale (Stephens, T. M.Social Behavior Assessment. Columbus, Ohio: Cedars Press, 1979). Six relatively independent factors were identified as dimensions of children's classroom social behavior: Academic Responsibility, Social Responsibility, Cooperation, Compliance, Adaptive Behavior, and Participation. These six factors accounted for over two-thirds of the variance in teacher ratings and do not correspond with Stephens' (1979) original categorization. Consistent with past research, teachers appeared to consider those academic-related social skills associated with classroom order and control particularly salient. Directions for future research and recommendations concerning multifactored assessment of children's social skills are discussed.
Radiation effects on compound formation in palladium-implanted silicon using a focused ion beam machine

In this paper we present results showing compound formation in silicon thin foils implanted with palladium ions under conditions of high fluence and high flux. This implantation was carried out using a focused ion beam machine. We observed accelerated compound formation under these implantation conditions which also showed less final defect formation. We conclude that the copious radiation damage such an implantation would cause is acting as a driving force for in-situ compound formation of Pd2Si.
Tropomodulin Protects α-Catenin-Dependent Junctional-Actin Networks under Stress during Epithelial Morphogenesis

Summary α-catenin is central to recruitment of actin networks to the cadherin-catenin complex [1, 2], but how such networks are subsequently stabilized against stress applied during morphogenesis is poorly understood. To identify proteins that functionally interact with α-catenin in this process, we performed enhancer screening using a weak allele of the C. elegans α-catenin, hmp-1 , thereby identifying UNC-94/tropomodulin. Tropomodulins (Tmods) cap the minus ends of F-actin in sarcomeres [3]. They also regulate lamellipodia [4], can promote actin nucleation [5], and are required for normal cardiovascular development [6, 7] and neuronal growth-cone morphology [8]. Tmods regulate the morphology of cultured epithelial cells [9], but their role in epithelia in vivo remains unexplored. We find that UNC-94 is enriched within a HMP-1-dependent junctional-actin network at epidermal adherens junctions subject to stress during morphogenesis. Loss of UNC-94 leads to discontinuity of this network, and high-speed filming of hmp-1(fe4);unc-94(RNAi) embryos reveals large junctional displacements that depend on the Rho pathway. In vitro, UNC-94 acts in combination with HMP-1, leading to longer actin bundles than with HMP-1 alone. Our data suggest that Tmods protect actin filaments recruited by α-catenin from minus-end subunit loss, enabling them to withstand the stresses of morphogenesis.
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

Humankind has pondered many mysteries, but few more enticing than the existence of a divine creator who is said to have set the universe in motion. Imitating the well-known style of Platonic dialogues, the relentless inquirer and empiricist David Hume assembles a group to discuss the existence of God, his divine nature, his attributes, and the point of his creation. How do we come to have knowledge of God? Who has the burden of proof with respect to these matters of intense religious significance, and what sort of proof might gain universal assent? Can one argue from the orderliness of the universe to the conclusion that it must have had a purposeful creator at its helm? Hume has captured the nature of this intense debate in a classic work that has stood the test of time.
Monte Carlo simulation of neutron noise effects on beam position determination at the National Ignition Facility

Images obtained through charged coupled device (CCD) cameras in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) are crucial to precise alignment of the 192 laser beams to the NIF target-chamber center (TCC). Cameras in and around the target chamber are increasingly exposed to the effects of neutron radiation as the laser power is increased for high energy fusion experiments. NIF was carefully designed to operate under these conditions. The present work examines the degradation of the measured TCC camera position accuracy resulting from the effects of neutron radiation on the sensor and verifies operation within design specifications. Both synthetic and real beam images are used for measuring position degradation. Monte Carlo simulations based on camera performance models are used to create images with added neutron noise. These models predict neutron induced camera noise based on exposure estimates of the cumulative single-shot fluence in the NIF environment. The neutron induced noise images are used to measure beam positions on a target calculated from the alignment images with the added noise. The effects of this noise are also determined using noise artifacts from real camera images viewing TCC to estimate beam position uncertainty.
Synthesis of Graft Copolymers from Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride and Acrylamide

Abstract Previous results from this laboratory have shown that high molecular weight graft copolymers of acrylamide onto suitable copolymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride and 2,3-dihydroxypropyl acrylate can be obtained by using eerie ion. However, homopolymer formation cannot be excluded since half of the radicals generated are not bound to the chain. In order to avoid homopolymer formation, a system was designed to lead only to generation of radicals covalently bonded to the chain. To this end, a novel copolymer substrate, diallyldimethylammonium chloride-co-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexylmethyl acrylate, was prepared. As an intermediate for this copolymer, 1-chloromethyl-trans-3,4-cyclohexanediol was synthesized. Studies of graft copolymerization of acrylamide and mixtures of acrylamide and diallyldimethylammonium chloride to this substrate are reported. Evidence that a higher ratio of consumed acrylamide is bonded to the substrate chain is based on a much higher ratio of M w to [η] in these copolymers t...
Visual attention analyzer: technology to evaluate and train drivers' visual performance

While there is consensus that attention is needed to perform many daily activities, such as driving, there has not been widespread agreement on how to measure it. The UFOVTM Visual Attention Analyzer is a new instrument developed to assess the functional attentional skills required for driving and attentionally demanding occupations, and to train those skills when they are diminished or for exceptional performance. The focus of this paper is to describe the uses for this technology and discuss its validation regarding crash risk among older drivers.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Growth of tall fescue leaf blades in various irradiances

Abstract Information on the effect of irradiance intensity on grass leaf development and spatial distribution of growth is essential to understand the ecology of grazed grasslands. Our objective was to determine how decreasing or increasing irradiance altered elongation and spatial distribution of growth in leaf blades of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Three experiments were conducted in growth chambers. In Experiment 1, plants of a low yield per tiller genotype were grown sequentially under decreasing photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD ; 400–700 nm) of 550, 190, 50, or 0 μmol m−2 s−1. In Experiment 2, the same plants were grown under increasing PPFD of 50, 130, and 400 μmol m−2 s−1. In Experiment 3, the low yield per tiller genotype and a high yield per tiller genotype were grown under decreasing PPFD of 600, 300, 50, and 0 μmol m−2 s−1. The elongating leaf was measured daily from its tip to the collar of the most recently expanded leaf. Leaf elongation rate was calculated as the linear regression coefficient of leaf length versus time. The spatial distribution of growth in the elongating leaf was determined by measuring short-term displacement of holes pierced through the basal 30 mm. Leaves of the high yield per tiller genotype elongated 40 per cent faster than leaves of the low yield per tiller genotype. The growth zone of elongating leaves was longer at low irradiance, 24 mm versus 18 to 21 mm at high irradiance. The spatial distribution of growth was displaced along a greater length of the elongating zone at low irradiance, whereas at high irradiance elongation was concentrated nearer the ligule. Both genotypes responded in a similar pattern to altered radiation density although there were differences in level of response.
Limiting behavior of bang-bang controls for Sobolev problems

We consider the limiting behavior of optimal bang-bang controls as a family of Sobolev equations formally converges to a wave equation. The weak-starlimit of the sequence of bang-bang controls is an optimal control for the wave equation problem. The associated optimal states converge strongly and, for the optimal time problem, the optimal times converge to the optimal time for the wave equation.
Atomic force microscopy measurement of cytostructural elements involved in the nanodynamics of tumour cell invasion

Cytostructural features associated with the invasive characteristics of brain tumour cells have been inspected and measured with atomic force microscopy. In one case the invadopodia extended from a T98 human glioblastoma cell departed from a linear path by 1 mrad for each 240 nm of axial extension from the point where its curvature began. In another cell, diametrically opposed invadopodia were projected over the collagen substrate and were co-aligned to within < 175 mrad (10°) of a common axis. In the latter case, an estimate of the torque that would be needed to overcome the adhesion forces and rotate the cell via moments applied by the invadopodia led to a value of 7 nN µm. From measurements by others of the interactions between glioma cells and collagen, the implied adhesion force for this cell was ≈ 0.5 nN, which was consistent with still other values reported in the literature. The measured mean radius of the cell was roughly 15 µm. The implications of these results for understanding and slowing the invasion of tumour cells through the extracellular matrix of the brain are discussed.
A small pericardial effusion is a marker of increased mortality

Objective The study aimed to evaluate the prognostic importance of an incidental small pericardial effusion found on echocardiography. Methods We identified 10,067 consecutive patients undergoing echocardiography at 1 of 3 laboratories. Patients were excluded if they were referred for evaluation of the pericardium (n = 133), had cardiac surgery within the previous 60 days (n = 393), had a moderate or greater pericardial effusion (>1 cm if circumferential, n=29), had no follow-up (n = 153), or had inadequate visualization of the pericardial space (n = 9). The Social Security Death Index was used to determine survival. Results A small pericardial effusion was noted in 534 (5.7%) of 9,350 patients. Compared to patients without a small effusion, those with an effusion were slightly older (68 ± 13 vs 67 ± 12 years, P = .02) and had a lower ejection fraction (52% vs 55%, P P P = .0002). Of 211 with an effusion and follow-up echocardiography (mean 547 days), 136 (60%) had resolution, 63 (28%) showed no change, and 12 (5%) had an increase in size, although no patient developed a large effusion or cardiac tamponade. Conclusion The presence of a small asymptomatic pericardial effusion is associated with increased mortality.
Epoxy-less packaging methods for electrical contact to parylene-based flat flexible cables

We present two methods for establishing rapid epoxy-less electrical connectivity to Parylene-based flat flexible cables (FFC). The first utilizes commercially available zero-insertion-force (ZIF) connector technology and the second utilizes a custom-fabricated connector with an acrylic/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) interface featuring screen-printed contacts. A contact pitch of 0.5 mm was achieved using both connector methods. These techniques are simple to implement, reversible, scalable and unlike epoxy-based approaches, do not require manual intervention to secure individual contacts.
A Framework for Automated Performance Tuning and Code Verification on GPU Computing Platforms

Emerging multi-core processor designs create a computing paradigm capable of advancing numerous scientific areas, including medicine, data mining, biology, physics, and earth sciences. However, the trends in multi-core hardware technology have advanced far ahead of the advances in software technology and programmer productivity. For the most part, current scientists only leverage multi-core and GPU (Graphical Processing Unit) computing platforms after painstakingly uncovering the inherent task and data-level parallelism in their application. In many cases, the development does not realize the full potential of the parallel hardware. There exists an opportunity to meet the challenges in optimally mapping scientific application domains to multi-core computer systems through the use of compile-time and link-time optimization strategies. We are exploring a code compilation framework that automatically generates and tunes numerical solver codes for optimal performance on graphical processing units. The framework advances computational simulation in kinetic modeling by significantly reducing the execution time of scientific simulations and enabling scientists to compare results to previous models and to extend, modify, and test new models without code changes.
A Low-Power Preamble Detection Methodology for Packet Based RF Modems on All-Digital Sensor Front-Ends

There is a growing trend towards networks of sensors in which each sensor wirelessly transmits digital data to a central data collection node. The transmission of sensor measurements relies on its digitized data being organized as a set of bits. This sequence or frame contains preamble information (the preamble is used to signal that "here is a train of data coming" to the receiver), a data sequence, and finally "end of signal" bits. In order to achieve frame synchronization in packet-based communication systems, a known sequence (pre-amble) is sent at the beginning of each packet. This paper presents a low power scheme for preamble detection using dynamic precision configuration. The proposed scheme is based on the observation that signal processing algorithms at the front end (including mixer, square root raised cosine (SRRC) matched filter and code matched filter (CMF)) of the receiver, can be operated with minimum precision during the acquisition phase without incurring significant acquisition performance degradation. The SRRC filter is designed to achieve minimize inter-symbol interference, while the CMF is designed to improve the signal to noise ratio. The result is an acquisition system design that consumes less than 25% of power dissipation that is consumed by other typical implementations.
Cerebral Gigantism Triad of Findings Helpful in Diagnosis

Four cases of cerebral gigantism are reported, and their historical, phys ical and investigative findings are compared with those of other re ported cases. The triad of a period of rapid growth, advanced bone age and absence of precocious sexual development is characteristic of this syndrome and is seen rarely in other conditions. Extensive growth hormone and other pertinent assays, including circadian studies, failed to demonstrate any excess of endocrine secretions.
Security approach for rapid prototyping in multilevel secure systems

Use of rapid prototyping to develop Multilevel Secure (MLS) systems requires that security be included in the rapid prototyping process. The literature shows some examples of rapid prototyping applied to secure components. However, little guidance is available for using a rapid prototype to develop an MLS system, consisting of multiple components, that can be accredited in the DOD environment. A methodology is proposed for including security in the rapid prototyping process. In this methodology, assurance that security has been correctly incorporated is provided by four foundation documents: the security concept of operations, the security policy, the security architecture, and the certification and accreditation plan. This methodology increases the probability of producing a rapid prototype without serious security shortfalls. >
Studying Student Benefits of Assigning a Service-Learning Project Compared to a Traditional Final Project in a Business Statistics Class.

The present study addresses the efficacy of using service-learning methods to meet the GAISE guidelines ( http:// www.amstat.org/education/gaise/GAISECollege.htm) in a second business statistics course and further explores potential advantages of assigning a service-learning (SL) project as compared to the traditional statistics project assignment. Second semester business students were given the choice of participating in a SL project or doing a traditional project assignment. When the projects were completed, students reflected on their experiences via survey. Both groups responded equally (agree or strongly agree) to the Likert scale questions: 96.15% reinforced learning objectives, 98.08% applied to real world, 84.62% positive experience. Responses to the open ended questions revealed that more students in the SL group (p = 0.019) wrote about the benefits of dealing with real world data, more SL students felt their work benefited others (65% felt their statistical expertise was valuable) and more (p=0.005) SL students felt that the experience will help them in future classes. These results suggest that while both groups were able to effectively support the GAISE guidelines, participation in the SL option offered an enhanced learning experience that included elements of social responsibility and personal growth. The experience was perceived more enjoyable and relevant to the real world adding elements of student empowerment while assisting a local agency in need of statistical expertise suggesting one can reap positive learning benefits by introducing service-learning pedagogy into a non-majors statistics course.
Effect of Phase I Estimation on Phase II Control Chart Performance with Profile Data

This paper illustrates how phase I estimators in statistical process control (SPC) can affect the performance of phase II control charts. The deleterious impact of poor phase I estimators on the performance of phase II control charts is illustrated in the context of profile monitoring. Two types of phase I estimators are discussed. One approach uses functional cluster analysis to initially distinguish between estimated profiles from an in-control process and those from an out-of-control process. The second approach does not use clustering to make the distinction. The phase II control charts are established based on the two resulting types of estimates and compared across varying sizes of sustained shifts in phase II. A simulated example and a Monte Carlo study show that the performance of the phase II control charts can be severely distorted when constructed with poor phase I estimators. The use of clustering leads to much better phase II performance. We also illustrate that the performance of phase II control charts based on the poor phase I estimators not only have more false alarms than expected but can also take much longer than expected to detect potential changes to the process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Work in progress - Changes in secondary school teachers’ attitudes following a course in engineering design

This paper discusses the changes in attitudes about engineering before and after an introductory course in engineering design offered to in-service secondary math and science teachers. The course is part of a series of courses offered through the NSF-sponsored MSP(Math and Science Partnership): Project Pathways designed to help integrate mathematic and science and can be taken as partial fulfillment of a Master's degree in Science/Math Education. An attitude survey based on the well- documented PFEAS (Pittsburgh Freshmen Engineering Attitude Survey) was administered to the teachers taking the course. The survey was given at the beginning and end of the Fall 2006 semester. The greatest difference in the teachers' attitudes was in the area of engineering being perceived as an exact science. On a 5-point Likert scale, the teachers' mean responses to the group of questions regarding engineering being perceived as an exact science had a statistically significant mean difference of -.68, p<.01. The teachers showed significant differences on three other scales as well (engineering compatibility, confidence in basic engineering knowledge and skills, and overall computer skills). Additional open-ended questions showed a gain in the teachers' general knowledge about engineering as a profession and their ability to recognize students in their courses that might be successful as engineering students following their graduation from high school.
Influence of mandibular superstructure shape on implant stresses during simulated posterior biting

Abstract Statement of problem. Theoretical considerations on the ideal implant-supported prosthetic superstructure shape lack the effect of complex mandibular deformation patterns during function. Purpose. This study compared implant abutment stresses for idealized superstructures with different cross-sectional shapes and material properties during a simulated, complex biting task. Material and methods. A simplified and idealized 3-dimensional finite element computer model was built, which consisted of a sectioned mandible rehabilitated with 5 titanium implants and an attached superstructure beam composed of metal alloy and acrylic resin. The model was submitted to loads mimicking simultaneous bending and (to a lesser degree) torsion of the mandibular corpus during a bilateral posterior bite. Maximum and minimum principal stresses were calculated at implant abutment sites for each of 6 beam cross sections of the prosthetic superstructure and 2 types of materials. Results. Predicted implant stresses varied significantly between implant sites for different superstructure shapes. The lowest principal stresses were obtained by using a superstructure with a rectangular-shaped beam oriented vertically. Contrary to former theoretical considerations, the ideal "I-beam" superstructure cross section did not yield the lowest stresses. Superstructure materials with a lower modulus of elasticity seem to not only increase implant abutment stresses overall but also slightly reduce the tensile stresses on the most anterior implants. Conclusion. Simulated implant abutment stresses may be significantly affected by the shape of the prosthetic superstructure, by diverse mandibular loading conditions, and to a lesser extent, by the prosthetic material properties. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:67-72.)
PIM-WSN: Efficient multicast for IPv6 wireless sensor networks

We present PIM-WSN, a protocol independent multicast (PIM) protocol tailored for IPv6 wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Existing solutions for multicast in WSNs are limited because they either support multicast only from a single source node (usually the root node) or they limit the multicast group size to constrain memory usage. Our design allows any node to be a mulitcast source with an unlimited number of subscribers. We constrain the memory usage by approximating multicast group membership using a fixed sized Bloom filter. The efficiency of the protocol degrades as the false positive rate of the Bloom filter increases; however, correct operation is always maintained. Using detailed simulations we show that PIM-WSN achieves 1) high packet delivery rate (over 97%), 2) low latency per hop (less than 5 ms), and 3) lower radio utilization than all other comparable protocols (by more than 50%). Using a ten-hop testbed of TelosB motes we have verified our implementation of PIM-WSN for TinyOS 2.× with the Blip IPv6 networking stack which uses only 5,978 bytes of ROM and 235 bytes of RAM.
Simulating regional-scale ozone climatology over the eastern United States: model evaluation results

Abstract To study the potential impacts of climate change on air quality and public health over the eastern United States, a coupled global/regional-scale modeling system consisting of the NASA-Goddard Institute for Space Studies Atmosphere–Ocean model, the MM5 mesoscale meteorological model and the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model for air quality has been developed. Evaluation results of the modeling system used to simulate climate and ozone air quality over the eastern United States during the five summers of 1993–1997 are presented in this paper. The results indicate that MM5 and CMAQ capture interannual and synoptic-scale variability present in surface temperature and ozone observations in the current climate, while the magnitude of fluctuations on shorter time scales is underestimated. A comparison of observed and predicted spatial patterns of daily maximum ozone concentrations shows best performance in predicting patterns for average and above-average ozone concentrations. The frequency distributions of the duration of extreme heat and ozone events show similar features for both model predictions and observations. Finally, application of a synoptic map-typing procedure reveals that the MM5/CMAQ system succeeded in simulating the average ozone concentrations associated with several frequent pressure patterns, indicating that the effects of synoptic-scale meteorology on ozone concentrations are captured by the modeling system. It is concluded that the GCM/MM5/CMAQ system is a suitable tool for the simulation of summertime surface temperature and ozone air quality conditions over the eastern United States in the present climate.
Generational differences in young adults' life goals, concern for others, and civic orientation, 1966-2009.

Three studies examined generational differences in life goals, concern for others, and civic orientation among American high school seniors (Monitoring the Future; N 463,753, 1976–2008) and entering college students (The American Freshman; N 8.7 million, 1966–2009). Compared to Baby Boomers (born 1946–1961) at the same age, GenX’ers (born 1962–1981) and Millennials (born after 1982) considered goals related to extrinsic values (money, image, fame) more important and those related to intrinsic values (self-acceptance, affiliation, community) less important. Concern for others (e.g., empathy for outgroups, charity donations, the importance of having a job worthwhile to society) declined slightly. Community service rose but was also increasingly required for high school graduation over the same time period. Civic orientation (e.g., interest in social problems, political participation, trust in government, taking action to help the environment and save energy) declined an average of d .34, with about half the decline occurring between GenX and the Millennials. Some of the largest declines appeared in taking action to help the environment. In most cases, Millennials slowed, though did not reverse, trends toward reduced community feeling begun by GenX. The results generally support the “Generation Me” view of generational differences rather than the “Generation We” or no change views.
Surgical Implantation of Transmitters into Fish

Although the Animal Welfare Act does not cover poikilotherms, individual institutions and policies and legal requirements other than the Animal Welfare Act (e.g., the US Public Health Service and the Interagency Research Animal Committee’s Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training) require the review of projects involving fish by institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs). IACUCs may, however, lack the knowledge and experience to evaluate fish projects judiciously, especially when the projects are in field settings. Surgeries involving implantation of transmitters and other instruments into the coelom, which now comprise a very common research tool in the study of freeranging fishes, are examples of surgeries that use a broad spectrum of surgical and anesthetic techniques, some of which would not be considered acceptable for similar work on mammals. IACUCs should apply the standards they would expect to be used for surgeries on homeotherms to surgeries on fish. Surgeons should be carefully trained and experienced. Surgical instruments and transmitters should be sterile. Regulations and laws on the use of drugs in animals should be followed, particularly those concerned with anesthetics and antibiotics used on free-ranging fish. Exceptions to surgical procedures should be made only when circumstances are extreme enough to warrant the use of less than optimal procedures.
Synaptic pathology and therapeutic repair in adult retinoschisis mouse by AAV-RS1 transfer.

Strategies aimed at invoking synaptic plasticity have therapeutic potential for several neurological conditions. The human retinal synaptic disease X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is characterized by impaired visual signal transmission through the retina and progressive visual acuity loss, and mice lacking retinoschisin (RS1) recapitulate human disease. Here, we demonstrate that restoration of RS1 via retina-specific delivery of adeno-associated virus type 8-RS1 (AAV8-RS1) vector rescues molecular pathology at the photoreceptor–depolarizing bipolar cell (photoreceptor-DBC) synapse and restores function in adult Rs1-KO animals. Initial development of the photoreceptor-DBC synapse was normal in the Rs1-KO retina; however, the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6/transient receptor potential melastatin subfamily M member 1–signaling (mGluR6/TRPM1-signaling) cascade was not properly maintained. Specifically, the TRPM1 channel and G proteins Gαo, Gβ5, and RGS11 were progressively lost from postsynaptic DBC dendritic tips, whereas the mGluR6 receptor and RGS7 maintained proper synaptic position. This postsynaptic disruption differed from other murine night-blindness models with an electronegative electroretinogram response, which is also characteristic of murine and human XLRS disease. Upon AAV8-RS1 gene transfer to the retina of adult XLRS mice, TRPM1 and the signaling molecules returned to their proper dendritic tip location, and the DBC resting membrane potential was restored. These findings provide insight into the molecular plasticity of a critical synapse in the visual system and demonstrate potential therapeutic avenues for some diseases involving synaptic pathology.
Correlation and heritability in neuroimaging datasets: A spatial decomposition approach with application to an fMRI study of twins

Advances in modern neuroimaging in combination with behavioral genetics have allowed neuroscientists to investigate how genetic and environmental factors shape human brain structure and function. Estimating the heritability of brain structure and function via twin studies has become one of the major approaches in studying the genetics of the brain. In a classical twin study, heritability is estimated by computing genetic and phenotypic variation based on the similarity of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. However, heritability has traditionally been measured for univariate, scalar traits, and it is challenging to assess the heritability of a spatial process, such as a pattern of neural activity. In this work, we develop a statistical method to estimate phenotypic variance and covariance at each location in a spatial process, which in turn can be used to estimate the heritability of a spatial dataset. The method is based on a dimensionally-reduced model of spatial variation in paired images, in which adjusted least squares estimates can be used to estimate the key model parameters. The advantage of the proposed method compared to conventional methods such as voxelwise or mean-ROI approaches is demonstrated in both a simulation study and a real data study assessing genetic influence on patterns of brain activity in the visual and motor cortices in response to a simple visuomotor task.
Information extraction from Wikipedia: moving down the long tail

Not only is Wikipedia a comprehensive source of quality information, it has several kinds of internal structure (e.g., relational summaries known as infoboxes), which enable self-supervised information extraction. While previous efforts at extraction from Wikipedia achieve high precision and recall on well-populated classes of articles, they fail in a larger number of cases, largely because incomplete articles and infrequent use of infoboxes lead to insufficient training data. This paper presents three novel techniques for increasing recall from Wikipedia's long tail of sparse classes: (1) shrinkage over an automatically-learned subsumption taxonomy, (2) a retraining technique for improving the training data, and (3) supplementing results by extracting from the broader Web. Our experiments compare design variations and show that, used in concert, these techniques increase recall by a factor of 1.76 to 8.71 while maintaining or increasing precision.
CAMP: fast and efficient IP lookup architecture

A large body of research literature has focused on improving the performance of longest prefix match IP-lookup. More recently, embedded memory based architectures have been proposed, which delivers very high lookup and update throughput. These architectures often use a pipeline of embedded memories, where each stage stores a single or set of levels of the lookup trie. A stream of lookup requests are issued into the pipeline, one every cycle, in order to achieve high throughput. Most recently, Baboescu et al. [21] have proposed a novel architecture, which uses circular memory pipeline and dynamically maps parts of the lookup trie to different stages.In this paper we extend this approach with an architecture called Circular, Adaptive and Monotonic Pipeline (CAMP), which is based upon the key observation that circular pipeline allows decoupling the number of pipeline stages from the number of levels in the trie. This provides much more flexibility in mapping nodes of the lookup trie to the stages. The flexibility, in turn, improves the memory utilization and also reduces the total memory and power consumption. The flexibility comes at a cost however; since the requests are issued at an arbitrary stage, they may get blocked if their entry stage is busy. In an extreme case, a request may block for a time equal to the pipeline depth, which may severely affect the pipeline utilization. We show that fairly straightforward techniques can ensure nearly full utilization of the pipeline. These techniques, coupled with an adaptive mapping of trie nodes to the circular pipeline, create a pipelined architecture which can operate at high rates irrespective of the trie size.
Experimental and theoretical investigations of folded-slot antennas for quasi-optical arrays

Folded slots are attractive for active arrays because of their broad bandwidth and simplicity. They have been used previously in a quasi-optical amplifier array. However, little is known about these antennas on thin substrates. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is applied to the analysis of CPW-fed folded-slot antennas. The paper compares the theoretical results and measured data and provides some design information for folded slots.
Thermochemistry and Kinetics

The synthesis of ceramic materials from gaseous precursors has received considerable attention in recent years, and many aspects of the chemistry have been elucidated. Some of the greatest advances have come in the development of technologies for the chemical vapor deposition of ceramic films, particularly those that find uses in microelectronics fabrication. An understanding of the chemistry begins with an examination of the gas composition and equilibrium condensed phases, and continues to the detailed treatment of the gas phase and surface reaction kinetics. The database on thermodynamics properties for the chemical species of concern in ceramic synthesis is far better developed than that for the reaction kinetics. Unfortunately, thermodynamics only describes the potential to form a material. The kinetics must be known to predict the chemistry quantitatively.
Rapid appearance of secondary immune responses and protection from acute CD4 depletion after a highly pathogenic immunodeficiency virus challenge in macaques vaccinated with a DNA prime/Sendai virus vector boost regimen.

Heterologous prime/boost regimens are AIDS vaccine candidates because of their potential for inducing cellular immune responses. Here, we have developed a prime/boost regimen leading to rapid control of highly pathogenic immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques. The strategy, priming by an env and nef deletion-containing simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) proviral DNA followed by a single booster with a Gag-expressing Sendai virus (SeV-Gag), efficiently induced virus-specific T cells, which were maintained for more than 3 months until challenge. While all naive control macaques showed acute CD4+ T-cell depletion at week 2 after an intravenous SHIV89.6PD challenge, all the macaques vaccinated with the prime/boost regimen were protected from depletion and showed greatly reduced peak viral loads compared with controls. Vaccination with the DNA alone or SeV-Gag alone was not enough to confer the consistent protection from the depletion, although it led to efficient secondary CD8+ T-cell responses at week 2 after challenge. At week 1, a difference in the secondary responses between the protected and the unprotected macaques was clear; rapid augmentation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells was detected in the former but not in the latter. Thus, our results indicate the importance of rapid secondary responses for reduction in the peak viral loads and protection from acute CD4+ T-cell depletion.
Noninvasive microwave measurement of respiration

A microwave technique for measuring respiratory movements of man and animal is described. The technique is noncontacting and is based on the scattering of continuous wave radiation. Preliminary results are shown for both animal and man, indicating the usefulness of the procedure.
Archival Security: New Solutions to an Old Problem

The problem of theft has plagued the keepers of irreplaceable records for generations, but there is cause for deep concern today because of the sharp increase in such losses during the past decade. Moreover, despite the evidence of the upward trend of archival theft, there is little evidence to show that the archival profession has either fully recognized the seriousness of the problem or that archivists are yet taking any concerted preventive action. It is certainly true that archivists have been most reluctant to publicize losses resulting from either theft or defacing of records. It is only through the public press, for the most part, and not professional literature, that the true dimensions of this problem come into clear focus.1 Theft from archives has now reached alarming proportions. During the past decade several hundred archives and libraries have been victimized and many others have been and did not report it. The recent loss of the Felix Frankfurter diaries and papers from the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress capped a series of thefts from that institution and led to a complete revamping of its security regulations.2 The thefts of valuable archival materials from the University of Virginia, the Detroit Public Library, North Carolina State Archives, Texas State Archives, Wayne State University, Yale University, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Indiana State Library, Ohio Historical Society, Virginia State Archives, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, and the National Archives demonstrate the dimensions of the problem.
Outcomes After Arthroscopic Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement for Patients With Borderline Hip Dysplasia

Background:The outcomes of hip arthroscopy in the treatment of dysplasia are variable. Historically, arthroscopic treatment of severe dysplasia (lateral center-edge angle [LCEA] <18°) resulted in poor outcomes and iatrogenic instability. However, in milder forms of dysplasia, favorable outcomes have been reported.Purpose:To compare outcomes after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in borderline dysplastic (BD) patients compared with a control group of nondysplastic patients.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3Methods:Between March 2009 and July 2012, a BD group (LCEA, 18°-25°) of 46 patients (55 hips) was identified. An age- and sex-matched control group of 131 patients (152 hips) was also identified (LCEA, 25°-40°). Patient-reported outcome scores, including the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), the Hip Outcome Score–Activities of Daily Living (HOS-ADL) and Sport-Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS), and the International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-33), were collected preoperatively and...