cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoendocrine transduction in cultured chick pineal cells: effect of light, dark, and potassium on the melatonin rhythm

Several laboratories have demonstrated the persistence of photosensitive rhythms related to melatonin secretion in cultured chick pineals. We describe here a system using dispersed chick pineal cells in static culture, which displays a rhythm of melatonin release for at least two weeks under cyclic lighting conditions, and for at least 4 cycles under constant red light. Using a rapid and specific extraction assay for the [14C]melatonin formed (from [14C]tryptophan) and secreted by these cells, we have examined the effects of perturbations (light, dark, and potassium) on the amplitude, period, and phase of the melatonin rhythm. The period in constant red light was close to 20 h, but in constant white light (or 12:12 cycles) it was closer to 24 h. Four-hour pulses of white light (in otherwise constant red light) caused an acute fall in melatonin output, and phase-dependent phase shifts of the rhythm relative to controls. Pulses of darkness (in otherwise constant red light) tended to increase melatonin output, and caused phase-dependent phase shifts. Elevated potassium concentrations increased melatonin output and the amplitude of the rhythm, but did not change the period. Four-hour pulses of low (5.4 mM) potassium (in otherwise constant high potassium) mimicked the acute effect of light, reducing melatonin output, but did not induce appreciable phase shifts. Changes in membrane potential appear more likely to be involved in the regulation of melatonin output (and thus be regulated by the pacemaker) than to be involved in regulation of the pacemaker which generates the melatonin rhythm.
Diminished epidermal growth factor levels in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Because epidermal growth factor (EGF) is trophic to the intestinal mucosa, and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is associated with a disrupted intestinal mucosal barrier, the authors sought to determine whether diminished levels of EGF were present in infants with NEC. Methods: Saliva, serum, and urine specimens were obtained from infants with NEC during a 3-year period (February 1995 to May 1998). Control patients without NEC were chosen based on similar postnatal age and birthweight. EGF levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Differences between groups were compared using Mann-Whitney Rank sum test with P less than.05 considered significant. Results are presented as mean values ± SEM. Results: Twenty-five infants with NEC were compared with 19 control patients. Birth weight (1,616 ± 238 g control v 1,271 ± 124 g NEC) and postnatal age (23 ± 6 days control v 22 ± 3 days NEC) were similar. Infants with NEC had significantly lower levels of EGF in both saliva (590 ± 80 pg/mL control v 239 ± 41 pg/mL NEC; P v 5.6 ± 1.9 pg/mL NEC; P Conclusions: Premature infants with NEC have significantly diminished levels of salivary and serum EGF. Reduced levels of this growth factor may distinguish infants at risk for NEC and play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the perturbed intestinal mucosal barrier that is central to this condition. J Pediatr Surg 35:173-177. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
3D Seismic Attribute-Assisted Fracture Detection in the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale, Southwestern PA, Central Appalachian Basin

Summary The analyses of conventional structural attributes (first derivative, ant-tracking, phase, curvature, and variance) indicate very complex fracture systems within a Middle Devonian unconventional gas reservoir of the Central Appalachian Basin. In this presentation, we propose to investigate such complexity and the implications of fault networks to the exploration for and production of hydrocarbons. Spectral decomposition (iso-frequency) amplitude analysis was utilized in order to define spectral amplitude response to the fracture facies. The results will be useful to characterize fractured reservoir properties such as fault networks and fracture intensity. We calibrated spectral decomposition attributes using previous petrophysical studies or using structure attributes such as curvature and ant-tracking to determine relationships between spectrally decomposed amplitude attributes and fracture intensity of the reservoir. As a result, this study can potentially enhance the quality of interpretation of seismic data and better define the fracture facies that have important implications for unconventional gas-shale reservoir characterization and CO2 sequestration in the deep subsurface.
Emergency Department Ultrasound Infection Control: Do Unto (and Into) Others

Ultrasonography is increasingly used in emergency departments (EDs), with great benefits to patients by facilitating rapid diagnosis of life-threatening conditions, invasive procedure safety, and efficient care. However, even ultrasonography has risks, one of which is potential transmission of infection. Ultrasonographic probes become contaminated through contact with intact or open skin, vaginal and oral mucosa, and blood from trauma victims or while guiding catheter placement. Ultrasonographic probe contamination with Staphylococcus aureus is well documented, with at least 1 report of an ultrasonographic gel–related staphylococcal outbreak. Unless we confront the infection control issues that come with bringing this technology to busy EDs, we stand the risk of losing the opportunity to use it. In this issue of Annals, Frazee et al present the results of a 3part study addressing ultrasonographic infection control. In part 1, nonendocavitary probes were cultured between patient uses at one ED with a policy to use germicidal wipes after each use and no requirement for probe covers. The frequency with which covers, mechanical cleaning, and germicidal wipes were used was not assessed. In part 2, uncovered probes were cultured directly after evaluation of open draining and closed skin infections. In part 3, the authors conducted a methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) decontamination experiment in which the results of serial probe cleaning and germicidal wipe disinfection were reported. Although not necessarily representative, this particular ED might be considered “worst case” in terms of population risk because it’s where studies of MRSA skin infections and HIV screening have been conducted, and “best case” in terms of having an established ultrasonographic training program. The authors should be congratulated for conducting the first examination of ED ultrasonographic infection control of which we are aware. Infection control is a pillar of patient safety and consequential in terms of hospital accreditation and even reimbursement. With heightened awareness after the HIV epidemic, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration w
The Postembryonic Developmental Instars of Diaptomus Oregonensis Lilljeborg, 1889 (Copepoda)

Le developpement post-embryonnaire et les stades adultes de Diaptomus oregonensis Lilljeborg, 1889 sont presentes en 103 dessins montrant des details des appendices et du corps. Les changements survenant a chaque stade sont presentes et compares a ceux observes chez Diaptomus siciloides Lilljeborg. Les deux especes montrent des differences au stade copepodite III; le dimorphisme sexuel accentue les differences au cours des trois derniers stades.
Genetic biomarkers of health-related quality of life in pediatric asthma.

Objectives To determine the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes associated with multiple asthma phenotypes and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Study design A cross-sectional study was conducted at a pediatric hospital in 275 school-aged children diagnosed with asthma and their caregivers. Genomic DNA was obtained from children, and caregivers completed a measure of their child’s HRQOL. Analysis of variance was used to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms and HRQOL. Results Children homozygous for the major variant at IL-4RA rs 1805010 had significantly better HRQOL than their counterparts. Significant associations with pulmonary function were not observed. Conclusions Genes associated with asthma phenotype can be associated with HRQOL at least partly independent of pulmonary function.
Synergism of acid and duodenogastroesophageal reflux in complicated Barrett's esophagus.

Background. The role of acid and duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGER) in the development of complications in Barrett's esophagus is controversial. We characterized the esophageal reflux constituents in patients with and without complications of Barrett's esophagus. Methods. Using a new fiber-optic system we studied 12 normal subjects (six male; mean age, 46 years) and 20 patients with Barrett's esophagus (17 male; mean age, 58 years), nine with uncomplicated (seven male; mean age, 55 years) and 11 with complicated Barrett's esophagus (seven with stricture, two with ulcer, and two with dysplasia; 10 male; mean age, 61 years). Fasting gastric bile acid concentrations were measured. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory acid and bilirubin measurements were obtained with the fiber-optic system by using a glass electrode and fiber-optic sensor. The data were then analyzed for percent total time pH 7 and bilirubin absorbance >0.14%. Results. Percent times pH 0.14%, and fasting gastric bile acid concentrations were significantly greater in patients with complicated Barrett's esophagus compared with patients with uncomplicated Barrett's esophagus with both being higher than the controls. Acid reflux paralleled bile reflux in the two Barrett's esophagus groups (r=0.44, p 7 did not differentiate between the two groups. Conclusions. (1) Patients with complicated Barrett's esophagus reflux significantly greater amounts of both acid and duodenal contents than patients with uncomplicated Barrett's esophagus. (2) Complications in Barrett's esophagus may be due to synergism between acid and bile rather than either constituent alone.
Determination of the expansion force of coarse steel slag aggregate

Abstract Expansion force and autoclave disruption tests have been developed for measuring the expansion force generated by coarse steel slag aggregate. Equations are deduced to convert the measured expansion force to expansion force of unit volume slag and an individual slag particle. The tension stresses of steel slag particles, 0.64–1.28 MPa, are used to quantitatively evaluate the stability of steel slag and related to the tensile stress of cement mortar matrix. Based on the results and modeling, the inherent relationship between the expansion force of steel slag and the allowable stress of a rigid matrix is revealed. Usability criterion for the use of steel slag under confined conditions can be further developed.
Cortical control of the thalamus: top-down processing and plasticity

Blocking cortical NMDA receptors leads to a dramatic expansion of thalamic receptive fields. The results help to illuminate the role of corticofugal connections in sensory processing.
A linear ion trap for biological agent detection and identification

ABSTRACT A novel linear ion trap (LIT) system for protein bio-marker identification that provides significant improvement in sensitivity and dynamic range over current mass spectrometry approaches is being developed. The improvements arise from 1-2 orders of magnitude improvement in ion collection efficiency and 1-2 orders of magnitude improvement in ion storage capacity. These improvements will translate directly into improved sensitivity and dynamic range. The end goal is an instrument capable of identifying low femtomole levels of bio-agent protein markers present in complex mixtures. A unique aspect of the proposed instrument will be the potential for detection and identification of a priori unknowns. This approach is not restricted to searching for targeted agen ts and can be used to identify unanticipated threats. This effort leverages previous work with three-dimensional ion tr ap mass spectrometry that has r ecently been demonstrated to provide the capability for concentration, purification, and identification of protein biomarkers within the ion trap. This effort will take advantage of significant potential improvements in overall performance. This paper will discuss the historical work with three-dimensional ion traps and show preliminary results from the linear ion trap. Keywords: Biological Warfare, Mass Spectrometry, Linear Ion Trap, Electrospray, Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Restrictive Language Education Policies and Emergent Bilingual Youth: A Perfect Storm With Imperfect Outcomes

This article focuses on 2 recent policy changes that have resulted in increased English-only instruction in US schools, with detrimental effects for emergent bilinguals (also known as English language learners): (a) statewide antibilingual education mandates in California, Arizona, and Massachusetts; and (b) the federal passage of No Child Left Behind (NCLB). The causal link between antibilingual education state policies and English-only instruction is transparent, yet NCLB likewise restricts the use of languages other than English in instruction. To support this argument, I share research recently conducted in New York City that demonstrates how the accountability requirements of NCLB have resulted in the dismantling of numerous bilingual education programs. Although restrictive language education policies have been adopted in US schools in the name of improving academic outcomes for emergent bilinguals, this article shares data highlighting how these policies have failed to deliver on their promises, an...
Decomposition of organic substrates at eroding vs. depositional landform positions

Proper understanding of how rate of OM decomposition varies across a given watershed is important to determine the potential of soil erosion to induce terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration. However, as of yet, our understanding of the spatial variability of rate of organic matter (OM) decomposition (k) across a watershed is incomplete, at best. The objective of this study is to determine how rates of organic substrate decomposition vary on the surface and in soil profiles of eroding vs. depositional landform positions. To determine rate of organic substrate decomposition in eroding vs. depositional landform positions, a field litterbag decomposition study was conducted in Tennessee Valley, Northern California using in situ foliage (from grasses and a shrub) and two standard substrates (filter paper and birch tongue depressors, that served as proxies for OM that is relatively easier vs. harder to breakdown during microbial decomposition). We conducted the experiment at 3–4 depths at each landform position. The effect of erosional transport (surface to surface transfer of topsoil and associated SOM from eroding to depositional landform positions) and burial (after deposition of eroded SOM by successive erosional events) on decomposition rate of eroded SOM was different depending on the nature of eroding and depositional landform positions considered. The k of organic substrates at 25 cm soil depth in the depositional positions was up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than on the surface of the eroding positions. Results of this litterbag decomposition study suggest that transport of SOM from topsoil of eroding positions to the surface of depositional positions can reduce its k; but burial of eroded SOM in soil profiles at the depositional positions can lead to increasing k. Because erosion-induced C sequestration is a function of changes in rate of OM decomposition and input post-compared to pre-erosion, our findings suggest that higher rates of plant productivity in eroding watersheds is needed to create and maintain a C sink in such eroding watersheds.
Informativeness, Incentive Compensation, and the Choice of Inventory Buffer

ABSTRACT: Previous research in management accounting and economics has noted the potential for complementarities between the firm’s performance measurement system and its other organizational design choices. We add to this literature by studying how the informativeness and incentive properties of a performance metric can be influenced by one particular organizational design choice—the size of the firm’s inventory buffers. We model a manufacturing setting in which an agent manages a workstation that processes intermediate units. As intermediate units arrive, they are stored in an inventory buffer until the agent can process them. The buffer can hold a maximum number of intermediate units—its buffer size. The agent is compensated on the basis of his workstation’s throughput. We characterize the conditions under which reducing the inventory buffer enhances/degrades the informativeness of the performance metric and, hence, mitigates/exacerbates the agent’s incentive problem.
Usability Study of the Department of Defense Joint Analysis System

The Department of Defense (DoD) uses modeling and simulation as a primary tool to plan future operations and facilitate decision making. Simulations help decision makers analyze a scenario and make decisions based on the simulated outcomes. The purpose of this project is to apply the systems design process (SDP), developed and utilized extensively at the United States Military Academy, in the form of a usability study of one of DoD's newest campaign level simulations. The joint analysis system (JAS), formerly known as the joint warfare simulation (JWARS), is the first campaign analysis tool to incorporate all three services of the military. The most obvious benefit of JAS over the separate service models is the explicit modeling of the interdependencies that exist between the services. It also incorporates a theater level logistics model not found in any other service model. Even with its added benefits, the separate service analytic communities have been slow to adopt JAS as the simulation of choice for campaign level analysis. One fear is that JAS run scenarios may show a service, organization or major weapon system as being less integral to a campaign's success than previously believed. Since scenarios are typically forecasting likely campaigns 15-20 years in the future, this could lead to major changes in service funding. There are also issues pertaining to the overhead involved with learning a new simulation and a resistance to change from the model they are already familiar with using. In an effort to increase the user base, the focus of this project was to develop a tutorial that shows the basic functionality of JAS utilizing an unclassified campaign level scenario. A usability study was performed at the undergraduate level to analyze ease of use and understanding of the simulation based on information learned in the tutorial. The objective is to pass this tutorial along to the other service academies and DoD analytic agencies.
Multiple excitation of the second 0+ state in 90Zr

Abstract Multiple excitation is found to be important for the inelastic excitation of the second 0 + state in 90 Zr when shell model wave functions supplemented by core polarization effects of the quadrupole type are used. Inelastic proton, deuteron, triton and α-particle scattering data are considered.
Fundamental properties of spatial light modulators for Fourier transform applications

The performance of Fourier transform optical processors, e.g. optical correlators, beam steering systems, associative memories, etc., depends intimately both on the physical characteristics of the particular spatial light modulator (SLM) and on the particular algorithms that map the signal into the available modulation range of the device. For the most general Fourier systems the information/signal is complex-valued. This is an essential requirement for multi- spot beam steering systems and composite pattern recognition filters. Since practical and/or affordable SLM's only represent a limited range of values in the complex plane (e.g. phase-only or quantized phase), numerous approaches have been proposed and demonstrated for representing, approximating, encoding or mapping complex values to the available SLM states. The best approach depends on the space bandwidth product of the signal, the number of SLM pixels, the computation time of the encoding algorithm, the time available for the application, and the quality of the optical processor, as measured by an application-specific performance metric. Based on the low pixel count and the high cost per pixel of most current SLM's we argue for encoding algorithms that map one signal value to one pixel value, as opposed to group-oriented encoding. This maximized the usable area of the frequency plane. We also recommend algorithms that maximize the fidelity over the entire frequency range as opposed to maximum diffraction efficiency/minimum mean squared error design. These ideas are illustrated with several simulated and experimental results for pseudorandom, minimum Euclidean distance, error diffusion and hybrid/blended encoding algorithms.
Motivating prepartum smoking cessation: a consideration of biomarker feedback.

Maternal smoking is the single most important modifiable cause of poor pregnancy outcomes in the United States. To further reduce prepartum smoking prevalence, new and innovative treatment strategies have been called for. According to the Public Health Service’s clinical practice guideline, one counseling strategy that warrants further investigation is use of biomarker feedback to educate women about the adverse effects of their smoking and the risks it poses to their health and the health of their unborn children. Many women who fail to quit smoking during pregnancy underestimate its risks. Providing tangible evidence of smoking-related risk may help motivate future cessation attempts. This article looks at the rationale and evidence for using biomarker feedback as a cessation aid during pregnancy. Limitations of the existing research and key considerations for future investigations are presented.
Complications associated with surgical repair of urethrovaginal fistula

We present 4 patients seen in the last five years with urethrovaginal fistulas involving the mid or proximal urethra. Our experience in the transvaginal repair of these fistulas has been disappointing. The best chance for the development of a functioning continent urethra is by suprapubic bladder flap technique or bladder tube replacement with suprapubic urinary diversion. We suggest that no urethral catheter be placed. Complications following surgical repair have been fistula recurrence, urethral shortening and retraction, persistent reflux, bladder calculi, and bladder cancer.
Pressing refractories in multicompartment press molds

Equations of compression are proposed and a method developed for a graphic analytical calculation scheme for the height and density of green brick located under fabrication pressure and after ejection from each compartment of a double-compartment press mold on hydraulic and mechanical presses.
"I Saw Images I Didn't Even Know I Had": Understanding User Perceptions of Cloud Storage Privacy

Billions of people use cloud-based storage for personal files. While many are likely aware of the extent to which they store information in the cloud, it is unclear whether users are fully aware of what they are storing online. We recruited 30 research subjects from Craigslist to investigate how users interact with and understand the privacy issues of cloud storage. We studied this phenomenon through surveys, an interview, and custom software which lets users see and delete their photos stored in the cloud. We found that a majority of users stored private photos in the cloud that they did not intend to upload, and a large portion also chose to permanently delete some of the offending images. We believe our study highlights a mismatch between user expectation and reality. As cloud storage is plentiful and ubiquitous, effective tools for enabling risk self-assessment are necessary to protect users' privacy.
2D-computation problems in magnetic recording and printing

The appearance of both new principles and new technologies in the field of magnetic recording and printing, (perpendicular recording, thin film heads and layers..) leads to more and more complex associated computing and design tools. From the magnetic point of view, anisotropic and/or hysteresis phenomena are crucial here. The numerical and physical formulation of such problems is not easy and has not been totally explored up to now. Many other numerical problems can become very critical in the complete simulation of a whole recording structure, such as a head-disc couple : fluid mechanics problems (stabilisation of the flight of the head at 0.2 μm over the disc), signal theory (peakshift, diaphony ...) etc. We will here limit ourselves to the magnetic aspects : as regards computation, the finite element methods coupled with the minimum energy principle are systematically used. Tools and results in computing and designing magnetic structures are presented at the end of this paper.
Error controlling optical receiver with diverse detection

A novel error controlling optical receiver is proposed. The receiver is characterised by the diverse detection of a dual-mode signal, error detection by 'consensus' logic, error control by bit-by-bit threshold selection, and analogue electric summation. A demonstration shows that the receiver provides 4/10 dB gain without/with 7% standard FEC, respectively.
An inequality for a sum of quadratic forms with applications to probability theory

Abstract Let {x t } be a sequence of p -component vectors, and let A t =∑ T s =1 x t x ′ t with A n nonsingular for some n ⩾ p . It is shown that ∑ t t = q +1 x ′ t A -2 t x t ⩽ trA -1 q for n ⩽ q T . An application of this proposition is the convergence of a certain martingale with probability 1. A matrix version of Kronecker's lemma then leads to strong consistency of least-squares estimates under a certain condition.
Interactions of agrochemicals applied to peanut; part 2: Effects on fungicides

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted during 2008 and 2009 to study biological and physicochemical compatibility when fungicides were applied in combination with herbicides, insecticides, and micronutrients for the control of leaf spot disease and Sclerotinia blight. In both years, the program with three fungicide sprays was more effective in preventing canopy defoliation caused by early and late leaf spot disease than single fungicide spray irrespective of agrochemical combinations. Although several interactions were noted among agrochemical combinations, most combinations did not affect fungicide efficacy against canopy defoliation or Sclerotinia blight. In some instances, fungicide combinations protected peanut more effectively from canopy defoliation or Sclerotinia blight than standard fungicide treatment. Regardless of the other agrochemicals applied, boscalid was more effective than fluazinam in controlling Sclerotinia blight. Boscalid, boron, clethodim plus crop oil concentrate, chlorothalonil plus tebuconazole, manganese, and 2,4-DB had large effects on solution pH, whereas fluazinam, lambda-cyhalothrin, and pyraclostrobin had little effect on solution pH. Precipitates formed with all fungicide combinations and in most cases permanent precipitates were formed.
Structural evaluation of institutional bias in China's urban housing: The case of Guangzhou

Institutional bias is an important topic in social justice and the presence of institutional bias is widely recognized in China's urban housing sector. This paper proposes a new framework for measu...
Update on Fungal Respiratory Disease in Horses

Fungal respiratory disease is a rare occurrence in horses. Fungal organisms are ubiquitous in the equine environment; however, there is a geographic predisposition for disease development, with fungal respiratory infections seen more commonly by practitioners working in tropical or subtropical environments. Diagnosis and treatment of fungal respiratory infections pose a challenge for the equine practitioner, and the prognosis for complete resolution of infection is often guarded; however, new antifungal medications are likely to improve treatment success. This article summarizes the available literature regarding the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of equine fungal respiratory disease.
Osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fractures in HIV-infected patients: Extent of the problem

In HIV-infected persons, osteoporosis is common and has a multifactorial etiology including traditional risk factors, such as smoking and low body weight, as well as direct effects of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy. Multiple studies indicate that HIV-infected persons are at increased risk of low bone mass as compared to the general population. Emerging data suggest that the increased prevalence of reduced bone mass in HIV infection predisposes patients to an increased risk of fracture. This review discusses the epidemiology of low bone mass and fracture in HIV-infected persons, addresses the multiple causes of reduced bone mineral density in HIV infection, and offers recommendations on screening HIV-infected persons for bone loss.
Field potential analysis in elasmobranch cerebellum.

Summary Stimulation of cerebellar white matter (WM) in the skate, an elasmobranch fish, evokes a distinctive set of cortical field potentials characterized by 3 negativities and a positivity. The first negativity (N1) has a 1 msec latency and is largest in the lateral regions of the corpus cerebelli where Purkinje cells and white matter are most densely congregated. The second negativity (N2) occurs at 2–4 msec latency and is localized to the granular layer. The third negativity (N3) follows with a latency of 4–6 msec and is prominent in the molecular layer. The positivity (P) correlates with N2 in time course and dominates in the midline where granule cell axons ascend en masse to form parallel fibers in the molecular layer. A preceding WM stimulus blocks the N1 potential for 20 msec and the N2 potential for 60 msec. A conditioning stimulus, applied to the parallel fibers in the dorsal midline (LOC), suppresses the N1 potential for 20 msec and the N2 potential for 40 msec. Intracellular recordings from the Purkinje cell layer reveals short latency action potentials correlating in time with N1. These findings suggest that N1 derives from antidromic Purkinje cell activation and mossy fiber excitation, that N2 represents orthodromic granule cell excitation by white matter fibers, and that N3 stems from parallel fiber activity. Because of its close association with parallel fibers and the similarity of its time course to N2, the positivity is attributed to current sources in parallel fibers generated by granule cell current sinks. Differences between the cerebellar field potentials found in elasmobranchs and mammals can be explained by the unique anatomic arrangement of granule cell axons in the former.
Fun in the workplace

Explores the ways in which the working environment in libraries can be made to be more fun. Among the methods discussed are: sports tournaments, dress‐up days, award ceremonies, contests, recreational activities, food‐related events and learn‐at‐lunch sessions. Highlights the ways in which fun, and laughter in particular, can add to a sense of wellbeing, relaxation and a positive outlook in the workplace.
Coexistence of Several Novel Hantaviruses in Rodents Indigenous to North America

Three genetically distinct members of the Hantavirus genus have been detected in Nevada rodents by RT-PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis. These include Sin Nombre (SN), El Moro Canyon (ELMC), and Prospect Hill (PH)-like viruses which are primarily associated with Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse), Reithrodontomys megalotis (western harvest mouse), and Microtus spp. (voles), respectively. Although this region of the United States is ecologically diverse, rodents infected with different hantaviruses appear to coexist in several different geographical and ecological zones. In two widely separated states, Nevada and North Dakota, PH-like viruses are present in three different species of vole. In addition, ELMC-like virus has been detected in both R. megalotis and M. montanus (mountain vole). SN virus is a cause of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome throughout much of the United States. SN virus RNA is found in 12.5% of P. maniculatus in Nevada and eastern California. Two lineages of SN virus coexist in this region and differ from SN viruses originally found in infected rodents in New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado. These data show the complexity of hantavirus maintenance in rodents. Distinct hantaviruses or virus lineages can coexist either in different or the same rodent species and in either different or the same geographic or ecological zones.
Mission enabling and enhancing spacecraft capabilities with microNewton electric propulsion

The capability to significantly improve current spacecraft pointing, precision orbit maintenance and disturbance mitigation were considered using precision, quiescent microNewton electric propulsion systems.1,2 The results of the analyses showed that electric propulsion systems operating in the microNewton to hundreds of microNewtons thrust range can offer significant improvements over state-of-the-art mission capabilities to enable 30 m Earth-fixed orbital tubes, constellation spacecraft position control to within nanometers and exoplanet observatory pointing with 0.1 milliarcsecond precision. Electric propulsion thrust characteristics required to support these capabilities are discussed.
Properties of the alpha 1-beta anchoring site in voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.

Abstract In voltage-dependent Ca channels, the β subunit interacts with the α1 subunit via a cytoplasmic site. A biochemical assay has been developed to quantitatively describe the interaction between both subunits. In vitro synthesized S-labeled β subunits specifically bind to a glutathione S -transferase (GST) fusion protein containing the α interaction domain (AID, located between the amino-acids 383 and 400 of the cytoplasmic loop between the hydrophobic domains I and II). Kinetic analysis demonstrates that the association of S-labeled β subunit to the AID GST fusion protein occurs with a fast rate constant at 4°C. The binding is almost irreversible as demonstrated by the absence of dissociation observed after an 8-h incubation with an 18-amino acid synthetic AID peptide. The α-β binding site does not seem to be a target for cytoplasmic regulation. The interaction is mostly unaffected by changes in ionic strength, pH, and Ca concentration or by protein kinase C phosphorylation. The specificity of subunit interaction in voltage-dependent Ca channels was also followed by saturation analyses. The data obtained show that the AID GST fusion protein binds to a single site on the β with an apparent Kof 5 nM. The affinities of AID GST fusion protein for various β subunits was measured and demonstrate that β subunits associate with different affinities to each α interaction domain. The rank order of AID affinity for each β subunit is as follows: β > β > β β. The binding of the β subunit to α subunit can be inhibited in vitro by the AID synthetic peptide with an apparent Kof 285 nM. This interaction can also be prevented in heterologous Ca channels by the injection of the AID GST fusion protein into Xenopus oocytes. Our results demonstrate that the site of interaction between AID and β subunit is responsible for anchoring the β subunit to the α subunit and thus allowing the β subunit to modify Ca channel activity.
Evaluation of an Infrared Open-Path Spectrometer Using an Exposure Chamber and a Calibration Cell

This study evaluated the use of a controlled exposure chamber and calibration cell to investigate the performance of open-path remote sensing instruments for workplace monitoring of pollutants. An open-path infrared spectrometer was deployed in a chamber, and a range of homogeneous air concentrations were generated using the tracer gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Open-path measurements were compared with point-sample measurements taken along the beam and analyzed using an infrared (IR) and electron capture detector (ECD). A five-compartment calibration cell placed in the optical path was used to simulate heterogeneous concentrations of pollutants. Fifteen concentration patterns were created by injecting different volumes of SF6 into each compartment. Open-path spectrometer measurements were compared with compartment concentrations measured using an ECD. Results indicated that stable homogeneous and heterogeneous concentrations of SF6 were generated in the controlled exposure chamber and five-compartment ca...
Involvement of angiotensin-mediated renal vasoconstriction in renal hypertension

Abstract Systematic arterial blood pressure and renal vascular resistance were found to be significantly greater in morphine, chloraloseurethane anesthetized renal hypertensive dogs than in similarly treated normotensive dogs. A lower dose infusion of the angiotensin antagonist 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II in the concentration of 20 mμg/ml into the renal artery decreased renal vascular resistance in the hypertensive, but not in the normotensive animals. The subsequent administration of a higher dose (approximately 50 mμg/ml) of 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II produced a decrease in renal vascular resistance in the normotensives, but a still greater effect in the hypertensives. Systemic blood pressure was significantly decreased with the higher dose in the hypertensive, but not in the normotensive group. The results indicate the participation of angiotensin-mediated renal vasoconstriction in the increased renal resistance in the hypertensive animals.
Induction of triploid Citrus plants from endosperm calli in vitro

Triploid hybrid Citrus plants were regenerated by somatic embryogenesis in vitro from endosperm derived calli. A sequence of media formulations was used to induce and support proliferation of primary callus from endosperm, to induce embryogenesis from primary callus, and to allow embryo development leading to viable plantlets. Calli were induced from cellular endosperm of Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), C. Xparadisi (grapefruit), and C. grandis (pummelo) excised 12–14 weeks post-anthesis. Induction of embryogenesis from sweet orange and pummelo primary calli required gibberellic acid and double mineral nutrient concentrations. Embryogenesis was not induced from grapefruit calli in these experiments. Only sweet orange embryos developed sufficiently to allow plant regeneration. Triploid axillary buds were minigrafted onto etiolated diploid rootstock seedlings in vitro in order to transfer triploid regenerants to soil and the external environment. Triploidy (2n = 3x = 27) was observed consistently in all phases of regeneration and in recovered plants. These results demonstrate that triploid hybrid plant recovery from Citrus endosperm can overcome barriers to sexual hybridization resulting from apomixis.
First Report of a Leaf Blight of Onion Caused by Xanthomonas spp. in Georgia.

In October of 2001 and 2002, a leaf blight was reported affecting Vidalia onion (Allium cepa) cvs. Pegasus and Sweet Vidalia, respectively, in one field each. Lesions on onion seedlings began as a water-soaked, tip dieback that gradually blighted the entire leaf. Symptoms on onion transplants appeared as elongated, water-soaked lesions that typically collapsed at the point of initial infection. In both cases, disease was very severe on seedlings, and disease incidence was 50% or more in both fields. Warm temperatures combined with overhead irrigation and above average rainfall likely enhanced the severity and spread of disease. Disease was not detected on more mature onions once cool, dry conditions occurred later in the season, and no significant economic loss occurred. Seed was tested from seed lots of the aforementioned cultivars and Xanthomonas spp. were not found. Diseased tissue was macerated in sterile, phosphate-buffered saline, and 10 μl of the resulting suspension was streaked on nutrient agar p...
Appendectomy as a consideration in operations for endometriosis.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is affected in approximately 5% of all endometriosis cases, with the veriformappendix involved in just under 1% of total endometriosis cases w1x. The natural history of appendiceal endometriosis (microscopic or macroscopic) has not been well elucidated. No preoperative symptomor examfinding has been found to be sensitive or specific in predicting appendiceal involvement. Incidental appendectomy is the surgical removal of the appendix at the time of a procedure unrelated to appendiceal pathology. The rationale for incidental appendectomy includes the elimination of future appendicitis, the removal of undiagnosed incidental pathology of the appendix, and the exclusion of appendicitis fromfuture diagnostic considerations. The merits, indications, risk ybenefits, and cost-effectiveness of this procedure remain controversial w2–4x. Many gynecologic surgeons do not routinely performan incidental appendectomy during endometriosis-related operations. In such cases, the appendix may harbor in situ microscopic disease, with a theoretic risk of progression to clinical disease.
NMDA antagonists produce site-selective impairment of accuracy in a delayed nonmatch-to-sample task in rats.

Abstract Antagonists at the N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) sub-type of glutamate receptor are purported to have detrimental effects on cognitive processes. In order to examine the site selectivity of these effects, phencycline (PCP), dizocilpine, and memantine (PCP-site antagonists), SDZEAA 494 and NPC17742 (competitive NMDA antagonists), ACEA 1021 (glycine-site antagonist), and eliprodil (NR2B-selective polyamine-site selective antagonist) were tested in rats performing a delayed nonmatch-to-sample task. Dizocilpine, PCP and memantine significantly decreased accuracy and discriminability, particularly during brief delay trials. In contrast, the competitive NMDA antagonists, SDZ EAA 494 and NPC 17742, did not affect accuracy or discriminability at any delay. Similarly, ACEA 1021, and eliprodil did not alter behavioral indices in a manner suggesting compromise in information processing at any delay even at doses that decreased the total number of trials completed. These data support previous findings that the effects of NMDA antagonists on accuracy are site-selective, with PCP-site antagonists producing the greatest disruption. Further, while not conclusive, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission may be important at early stages of information processing, although further research is necessary to confirm these latter observations.
Aspergillus Collagen-Like Genes (acl): Identification, Sequence Polymorphism, and Assessment for PCR-Based Pathogen Detection

ABSTRACT The genus Aspergillus is a burden to public health due to its ubiquitous presence in the environment, its production of allergens, and wide demographic susceptibility among cystic fibrosis, asthmatic, and immunosuppressed patients. Current methods of detection of Aspergillus colonization and infection rely on lengthy morphological characterization or nonstandardized serological assays that are restricted to identifying a fungal etiology. Collagen-like genes have been shown to exhibit species-specific conservation across the noncollagenous regions as well as strain-specific polymorphism in the collagen-like regions. Here we assess the conserved region of the Aspergillus collagen-like (acl) genes and explore the application of PCR amplicon size-based discrimination among the five most common etiologic species of the Aspergillus genus, including Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. niger, and A. terreus. Genetic polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis of the aclF1 gene were additionally examined among the available strains. Furthermore, the applicability of the PCR-based assay to identification of these five species in cultures derived from sputum and bronchoalveolar fluid from 19 clinical samples was explored. Application of capillary electrophoresis on nanogels was additionally demonstrated to improve the discrimination between Aspergillus species. Overall, this study demonstrated that Aspergillusacl genes could be used as PCR targets to discriminate between clinically relevant Aspergillus species. Future studies aim to utilize the detection of Aspergillusacl genes in PCR and microfluidic applications to determine the sensitivity and specificity for the identification of Aspergillus colonization and invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised subjects.
City-Regions and Social Reproduction: A ‘Place’ for Sustainable Development?

Recent studies have suggested a city-region’s competitiveness is based not only on production, but social reproduction. These issues as well as the policy measures adopted by many city-regions are frequently couched in a discourse of ‘sustainable development’. But as an analytical framework how well does the concept of sustainable development account for the dynamics of social reproduction and the sustainability of a city-region? This article examines the possible relationship between city-regions and sustainable development at a conceptual level. We argue that despite some excellent work on the concept of ‘just sustainability’, current constructions of sustainable development are inadequate to capture the broad array of social and economic issues found in the city-region. As a way forward we initiate a discussion between the sustainability literature and labor geography, and provide a case study of a hospital privatization process in Boston, USA, which has been framed by a politics of city-regionalism.
Miss Mattie Wadsworth (1862–1943): Early Woman Author in Entomological News

ABSTRACT Miss Mattie Wadsworth, an amateur entomologist from rural Maine, stands out as one of the early women authors in Entomological News. Wadsworth's correspondence with Philip P. Calvert, prominent and longtime member of the American Entomological Society, shows Calvert's important role in cultivating her entomological interests. Celithemis martha (Odonata: Libellulidae) was named in honor of Wadsworth by E. B. Williamson.
Pore Size Distributions in Hardened Cement Paste by Sem Image Analysis

Technical requirements for determining the size distribution of capillary pores in hardened cement paste by SEM image analysis are discussed. Results of such measurements are reported for a set of hardened cement pastes of w:c ratio 0.40 and 0.25, and of ages ranging from 1 to 28 days. Pore size distributions based on conventional mercury intrusion porisimetry are presented for the same pastes. Estimates of pore diameters by mercury intrusion are two orders of magnitude smaller than the sizes revealed by the image analysis. Diameters of air voids are even more drastically underestimated by mercury intrusion. Typical micrographs are provided to illustrate the physical reality of the image analysis results, and the technical reasons underlying the conventional misinterpretation of MIP results for hydrated cements are reviewed.
Effects of Child Psychopathology on Maternal Depression: The Mediating Role of Child-Related Acute and Chronic Stressors

In light of recent research highlighting the potential effects of children’s behavior on mothers’ mental health, the current study examined 679 mothers and their adolescent children from a community-based sample to determine the effects of youth psychopathology on maternal depression and levels of child-related stress in mothers’ lives. It was hypothesized that the number of past clinical diagnoses in 15-year-old adolescents would predict the presence of maternal depression at youth age 15 and 5 years later, as well as more episodes of maternal depression during the follow-up period. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that increased levels of child-related stress in mothers’ lives would mediate these relationships. Regression analyses indicated that past youth diagnoses do confer risk for the presence of current and future maternal depression, as well as more episodes of maternal depression, and mediation analyses revealed that child-related acute and chronic stress were mediators of the relationship between youth diagnoses and the presence of maternal depression at follow-up. Findings suggest that increased levels of child-related objective stress in mothers’ lives are one mechanism by which children’s psychopathology affects mothers’ future risk for depression.