cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance Analysis of CP2K Code for Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics.

Using a realistic molecular catalyst system, we conduct scaling studies of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations using the CP2K code on both Intel Xeon CPU and NVIDIA V100 GPU architectures. We explore using process placement and affinity to gain additional performance improvements. We also use statistical methods to understand performance changes in spite of the variability in runtime for each molecular dynamics timestep. We found ideal conditions for CPU runs included at least four MPI ranks per node, bound evenly across each socket, and fully utilizing processing cores with one OpenMP thread per core, no benefit was shown from reserving cores for the system. The CPU-only simulations scaled at 70% or more of the ideal scaling up to 10 compute nodes, after which the returns began to diminish more quickly. Simulations on a single 40-core node with two NVIDIA V100 GPUs for acceleration achieved over 3.7x speedup compared to the fastest single 36-core node CPU-only version, and showed 13% speedup over the fastest time we achieved across five CPU-only nodes.
Wavelet Decompositions for Quantitative Pattern Matching

The purpose of this paper is to provide an introduction to the concepts of wavelets and multiwavelets, and explain how these tools can be used by the analyst community to find patterns in quantitative data. Three multiwavelet bases are introduced, the GHM basis from [3], a piecewise polynomial basis with approximation order 4 from [2], and a smoother approximation-order-4 basis developed by the author in previous work [6]. The technique of using multiwavelets to find patterns is illustrated in a traffic-analysis example.
Interview and Thinking Aloud Studies

In the next round of studies, it seemed important to see whether testing additional respondents would give the same sort of results that occurred in the first round of testing. Even more important, the next several rounds of data collection could give us a view of the process adult respondents are using while they solve problems and, one hopes, use postformal thought.
Degradation of different elastomeric polymers in simulated geothermal environments at 300 °C

Abstract This study evaluates the degradation of six different elastomeric polymers used for O-rings: EPDM, FEPM, type I- and II-FKM, FFKM, and FSR, in five different simulated geothermal environments at 300 °C: 1) non-aerated steam/cooling cycles, 2) aerated steam/cooling cycles, 3) water-based drilling fluid, 4) CO 2 -rich geo-brine fluid, and, 5) heat–cool water quenching cycles. The factors assessed included the extent of oxidation, changes in thermal behavior, micro-defects, permeation of ionic species from the test environments into the O-rings, silicate-related scale-deposition, and changes in the O-rings' elastic modulus. The reliability of the O-rings to maintain their integrity depended on the elastomeric polymer composition and the exposure environment. FSR disintegrated while EPDM was oxidized only to some degree in all the environments, FKM withstood heat-water quenching but underwent chemical degradation, FEPM survived in all the environments with the exception of heat-water quenching where it underwent severe oxidation-induced degradation, and FFKM displayed outstanding compatibility with all the tested environments. This paper discusses the degradation mechanisms of the polymers under the aforementioned conditions.
Biochemical changes during anuran metamorphosis. VIII. Changes in the nature of red cell proteins.

Abstract The metamorphic development of the species Rana grylio is accompanied by a change in the distribution of the water-soluble red cell proteins. Just one hemoglobin fraction, with a high anodal electrophoretic mobility, is present in the red cells of animals at early metamorphosis, whereas an additional, slower moving hemoglobin is present in the red cells of animals at later stages. This latter hemoglobin becomes predominant in the frog erythrocyte. Two or three soluble non-hemoglobin proteins, found to be present in the red cells of the tadpole, occur less frequently in the red cells of the more mature animals and are completely absent in frog erythrocytes. One of these (Fraction III) is postulated to be a precursor of the predominant frog hemoglobin. Metamorphosis of Rana catesbeiana, Rana heckscheri and Xenopus laevis similarly results in the appearance of predominant, slower moving hemoglobins. Nonhemoglobin proteins are present in the red cells of the tadpoles of R. catesbeiana and R. heckscheri but not in the tadpole erythrocytes of X. laevis or in the frog red cells of any of these species. Significant increase in both the red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration occurs during the metamorphosis of R. heckscheri and R. catesbeiana . The unique chemical features of tadpole hemoglobin compared to other vertebrate hemoglobins are considered.
Quantitative High-Resolution Cellular Map of the Organ of Corti

The organ of Corti harbors highly specialized sensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells that are essential for the sense of hearing. Here, we report a single cell gene expression data analysis and visualization strategy that allows for the construction of a quantitative spatial map of the neonatal organ of Corti along its major anatomical axes. The map displays gene expression levels of 192 genes for all organ of Corti cell types ordered along the apex-to-base axis of the cochlea. Statistical interrogation of cell-type-specific gene expression patterns along the longitudinal gradient revealed features of apical supporting cells indicative of a propensity for proliferative hair cell regeneration. This includes reduced expression of Notch effectors, receptivity for canonical Wnt signaling, and prominent expression of early cell-cycle genes. Cochlear hair cells displayed expression gradients of genes indicative of cellular differentiation and the establishment of the tonotopic axis.
Robustness of H/sup /spl infin// controllers to nonlinear perturbations

We study the robustness of H/sup /spl infin// controllers to unknown static nonlinear perturbations in the state dynamics, the measurement equation, and the performance index. When the nominal system is linear, we consider both perfect and general imperfect state measurements, and in the case of nominally nonlinear systems, we consider perfect state measurements only. Using a differential game theoretic approach, we show for the former class that as the perturbation parameter (say, /spl epsiv/>0) approaches zero, the optimal disturbance attenuation level for the overall system converges to a value that is bounded above by the optimal disturbance attenuation level for the nominal system if the nonlinear structural uncertainties satisfy prescribed growth conditions. In particular, the overall optimal disturbance attenuation level converges to the nominal optimal disturbance attenuation level under perfect state measurements. We also show that the H/sup /spl infin//-optimal controller designed for a chosen performance level for the nominal linear system achieves the same performance level when the parameter |/spl epsiv/| is smaller than a computable threshold, except for the finite-horizon imperfect state measurements case. For that case, we show that the design of the nominal controller must be based on a decreased confidence level of the initial data, and a controller thus designed again achieves a desired performance level in the face of nonlinear perturbations satisfying a, computable norm bound. In the case of nominally nonlinear systems, and assuming that the nominal system is solvable, we obtain sufficient conditions such that the nominal controller achieves a desired performance in the face of perturbations satisfying computable norm bounds. In this way, we provide a characterization of the class of uncertainties that is tolerable for a controller designed based on the nominal system. >
A DC-2.5GHz wide dynamic-range attenuator in 0.13/spl mu/m CMOS technology

A CMOS attenuator with wide dynamic range has been designed and fabricated in a 0.13/spl mu/m CMOS process. The design employs two nonidentical cascaded T-stages that are activated consecutively to improve linearity. The design operates in the frequency band of DC-2.5GHz with 0.9-3.5dB insertion loss and 42dB maximum attenuation in the entire frequency range. Worst case SII is -8.2dB across the frequency band. The design achieves an IIP3 of +20 dBm at mid-attenuation.
Impact of climate change on diffuse pollutant fluxes at the watershed scale

This study aims to assess watershed-scale impacts of changing climate on sediment, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticide (atrazine) fluxes over the 21st century at the watershed scale. In particular, changes in dissolved and particulate forms of water quality constituents in response to climate change are investigated. The hydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool was calibrated and evaluated in a primarily agricultural watershed in the Midwestern United States to simulate hydrologic and water quality processes on a daily basis over the 2015–2099 time horizon. The model was then driven with 112 distinct statistically downscaled climate projections representing Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (IPCC SRES) low, moderate and high greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Projected hydrologic and water quality responses were categorized according to the three IPCC SRES emission scenarios for summarizing and synthesizing results over early-century (2015–2034), mid-century (2045–2064) and late-century (2080–2099) assessment. Results revealed clear warming trends in the study area, whereas small increases in precipitation were predicted. Streamflow, sediment and total nutrient loads did not differ noticeably between assessment periods. However, the proportion of dissolved to total nutrients increased significantly from early-century to late-century periods. With the exception of total atrazine in the mid-century period, predicted pollutant loads for a given assessment period did not differ between emission pathways for a given assessment period. Changes in pollutant fluxes showed pronounced monthly variability. The projected increase in readily available forms of nutrients has important implications for the ecological health of water systems and management of drinking water supplies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing process hazardous waste-a CA example

A large electronics manufacturing site may generate thousands of tons of hazardous waste and a million tons of process wastewater annually. Finding ways to reduce both conserves resources, protects the environment and can be financially advantageous. This paper discusses how IBM-San Jose has used mandated federal, state and local regulations as the basis for a site-wide pollution prevention program successful at producing increasing numbers of disk drive components while reducing hazardous waste and saving millions of dollars.
Expression and induction of three family 4 cytochrome P450 (CYP4)* genes identified from insecticide‐resistant and susceptible western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

We have previously determined that cytochrome P450-based oxidation is involved in resistance to the insecticides methyl parathion and carbaryl in geographically distinct Nebraska western corn rootworm populations. Three new family 4 cytochrome P450 (CYP4) gene fragments (CYP4AJ1, CYP4G18 and CYP4AK1) were cloned and sequenced from insecticide-resistant and -susceptible western corn rootworms. Insecticide bioassays indicated the resistant population employed in this study was significantly resistant to the insecticides methyl parathion and carbaryl. CYP4AJ1 and CYP4G18 were cloned from both genomic PCR and RT-PCR products, although only CYP4AJ1 contains an intronic region. Alignments of inferred amino acid sequences with other homologous insect CYP4 genes indicates a high degree of similarity. Northern analysis concurrently employing mixed probes representing each of the three rootworm CYP4 fragments identified increased mRNA transcript signals (i) in resistant rootworms and (ii) following induction by the P450 inducer pentamethyl benzene. These results support our previous documentation of P450-based insecticide resistance and suggest increased CYP4 transcript abundance can serve as a molecular resistance-associated marker.
Monte Carlo sampling strategies for lattice gauge calculations

We have sought to optimize the elements of the Monte Carlo processes for thermalizing and decorrelating sequences of lattice gauge configurations and for this purpose, to develop computational and theoretical diagnostics to compare alternative techniques. These have been applied to speed up generations of random matrices, compare heat bath and Metropolis stepping methods, and to study autocorrelations of sequences in terms of the classical moment problem.
Feedbacks between Conservation and Social‐Ecological Systems

Robust ways to meet objectives of environmental conservation and social and economic development remain elusive. This struggle may in part be related to insufficient understanding of the feedbacks between conservation initiatives and social-ecological systems, specifically, the ways in which conservation initiatives result in social changes that have secondary effects on the environments targeted by conservation. To explore this idea we sampled peer-reviewed articles addressing the social and environmental dimensions of conservation and coded each paper according to its research focus and characterization of these feedbacks. The majority of articles in our sample focused either on the effect of conservation initiatives on people (e.g., relocation, employment) or the effect of people on the environment (e.g., fragmentation, conservation efficacy of traditional management systems). Few studies in our sample empirically addressed both the social dynamics resulting from conservation initiatives and subsequent environmental effects. In many cases, one was measured and the other was discussed anecdotally. Among the studies that describe feedbacks between social and environmental variables, there was more evidence of positive (amplifying) feedbacks between social and environmental outcomes (i.e., undesirable social outcomes yielded undesirable environmental effects, and desirable social outcomes yielded desirable environmental effects). The major themes within the sampled literature include conflict between humans and wild animals, social movements, adaptive comanagement, loss of traditional management systems, traditional ecological knowledge, human displacement and risks to livelihoods, and conservation and development. The narratives associated with each theme can serve as hypotheses for facilitating further discussion about conservation issues and for catalyzing future studies of the feedbacks between conservation and social-ecological systems.
The hippocampus as a possible site of action for increased locomotion during intracerebral infusions of norepinephrine.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats with guide cannulas in the anterodorsal hippocampus received bilateral infusions (0.025 μl/min) of saline or 3 or 10 mg/ml d,l-norepinephrine during two 40-min sessions in a holeboard/activity apparatus. The behaviors monitored during each infusion included rearing, holepoking, and locomotor activity and, in the high-dose experiment, poke durations into holes with or without novel objects. Norepinephrine infusions produced a transient increase in locomotor activity which had an earlier onset with the higher dose. The high dose of norepinephrine decreased overall holepoking, but especially into the holes containing odorous objects. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the increased locomotion produced by intraventricular infusions of norepinephrine is hippocampally mediated.
Ordered Au Nanodisk and Nanohole Arrays: Fabrication and Applications

We have utilized nanosphere lithography (NSL) to fabricate ordered Au nanodisk and nanohole arrays on substrates and have studied the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the arrays. Through these investigations, we demonstrate that the angledependent behavior of the LSPR in the Au nanodisk arrays enables real-time observation of exciton-plasmon couplings. In addition, we show that the NSL-fabricated Au nanohole arrays can be applied as templates for patterning micro-/nanoparticles under capillary force. The unique structural and plasmonic characteristics of the Au nanodisk and nanohole arrays, as well as the low-cost and high-throughput NSL-based nanofabrication technique, render these arrays excellent platforms for numerous engineering applications. DOI: 10.1115/1.4002221
Evaluation of the home and community-based services brain injury Medicaid Waiver Programme in Colorado.

Primary objectives: To evaluate Colorado’s Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Waiver programme in terms of functional, community integration and other key psychosocial outcomes. Research design: Results of telephone surveys of 66 TBI survivors who had received services through the Colorado Medicaid programme were compared with those of a matched sample not receiving such services. Methods and procedures: Participants were identified by Colorado’s Medicaid programme and a control group was randomly selected from the population-based Colorado Traumatic Brain Injury Registry and Follow-up System. Groups were matched on Glasgow Coma Scale score at injury, age, gender, whether inpatient rehabilitation had been received and the number of years post-injury when the follow-up interview was conducted. All participants completed an extensive follow-up interview, which included CHART, the Sickness Impact Profile, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the SF-12 and questions on symptoms and service use. Main outcomes and resul...
Microwave data link system testing

System integration testing (SIT) is still relied upon for final confirmation of data link products. SIT, a costly process, is still required for most circuit card sub-assemblies because of the risk that lower level testing is either insufficient or incomplete. A description of production testing and debug is presented.
Creole Architecture: A Comparative Analysis of Upper and Lower Louisiana and Saint Domingue

What factors accounted for variations in architectural traditions in the French colonial settlements of the New World? This paper tests several of the propositions of culture theory against what is known of the process of tradition-formation in the French vernacular architecture of the Illinois Country, Lower Louisiana, and the Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue. It explores the extent to which generalized cultural processes such as preadaptation, founder’s effect, and cultural syncretism account for changes in the forms of typical settler’s houses.
Basic principles of gene therapy

The rapid development of recombinant DNA technology and our enhanced understanding of the genetic basis of human disease has facilitated the development of new molecular therapeutic modalities, termed gene therapy. Gene therapy involves the transfer of functional genes into somatic cells and their expression in target tissues in order to replace absent genes, correct defective genes, or induce antitumoral activity in the tumor-bearing host. Currently, an increasing number of gene therapy strategies are being investigated in experimental and clinical trials. Despite substantial progress, a number of technical and logistical hurdles must still be overcome before gene therapy can be safety and effectively applied in the human patient. Since gene therapy involves complex cell processing and can be time consuming and costly, simplifications or even alternative approaches will be necessary in order to establish this therapy as suitable for clinical use. This report reviews various gene therapy strategies and gene delivery techniques currently under clinical or experimental investigation. Special emphasis is given to cytokine gene therapy using gene-modified tumor vaccines for cancer treatment.
A variational principle for waves in discrete random media

Abstract A new variational principle is derived for the Green's function of the linear harmonic response of a scalar wave field in a discretely heterogeneous medium. The variational principle is derived directly from exact multiple scattering integral equations and is stated in terms of a certain functional of trial configuration dependent fields. The functional is found to be stationary with respect to small variations in the fields when those fields have their correct configuration dependence. A certain trial dependence in the fields is shown to generate the Lax quasicrystalline multiple scattering equations. It is furthermore clear that these equations are optimal in the sense that any more realistic form for the trial fields unavoidably generates approximate equations entailing the generally unknown high order correlation functions. At its stationary point the proposed functional takes on a physically significant value. It becomes the change in the medium admittance due to the introduction of the scatterers. In a nonlossy medium this is related to the spectral density of modes. As errors in the trial fields cancel to first order, the final evaluation of the functional at its stationary point is especially accurate. Other related functionals are proposed and discussed as well.
Functional transformations accompanying the initiation of a terminal growth phase in the cecropia moth oocyte.

Summary Vital staining with trypan blue was found to provide a simple and reliable index to the stages of follicular development that sequester blood proteins in yolk spheres. It was thus possible to show that blood protein uptake terminates about 24 hours before chorion formation begins, when the oocyte has reached no more than two-thirds of its final volume. The ensuing size increase, which appears to result primarily from hydration, is accompanied by an extensive set of transformations in follicular function. These include closure of the intercellular channels across the follicular epithelium, the loss of an extracellular material that binds trypan blue and may be involved in blood protein uptake, a thickening of the vitelline membrane, the production of highly refractile, spherical bodies in the oocyte cortex, and an apparent increase in the internal osmotic pressure of the yolk spheres. The changes are interpreted as components of an early step in transforming the oocyte from a vitellogenic system to a mature egg.
Sir Edward Coke and the struggle for a new constitutional order

Modern struggles to form constitutional orders based on liberal principles are fraught with risk. There may be little in the way of private reward for those who lead the struggle. Such things as free markets, property rights protection amd freedom to contract are public goods. Ideology is apparently important. At the same time, the successful leader must be equipped with a number of scarce skills, including knowledge of markets and how they operate. Lessons learned from England's 17th century constitutional revolution tell us that constitutional entrepreneurs do emerge. Sir Edward Coke, England's most eminent lawyer of that period, was such a person. Over his lifetime, Coke led an intellectual and political struggle based on his belief that fundamental law came from the people, that kings and parliament were subservient to Common Law and the Magna Charta. These were to be the basis of England's constitution. Coke's legal decisions and arguments contain far more than mere assertion. They reflect impressive understanding of the market process, monopoly restrictions, free trade, and the fundamental force of freedom to contract. His leadership, fueled by an ideological commitment, was coupled with extraordinary intellect.
Attachment of osteocyte cell processes to the bone matrix

In order for osteocytes to perceive mechanical information and regulate bone remodeling accordingly they must be anchored to their extracellular matrix (ECM). To date the nature of this attachment is not understood. Osteocytes are embedded in mineralized bone matrix, but maintain a pericellular space (50–80nm) to facilitate fluid flow and transport of metabolites. This provides a spatial limit for their attachment to bone matrix. Integrins are cell adhesion proteins that may play a role in osteocyte attachment. However, integrin attachments require proximity between the ECM, cell membrane and cytoskeleton, which conflicts with the osteocytes requirement for a pericellular fluid space. In this study we hypothesize that the challenge for osteocytes to attach to surrounding bone matrix, while also maintaining fluid-filled pericellular space, requires different “engineering” solutions than in other tissues that are not similarly constrained. Using novel rapid fixation techniques, to improve cell membrane and matrix protein preservation, and Transmission Electron Microscopy, the attachment of osteocyte processes to their canalicular boundaries are quantified. We report that the canalicular wall is wave-like with periodic conical protrusions extending into the pericellular space. By immunohistochemistry we identify that the integrin αvβ3 may play a role in attachment at these complexes; a punctate pattern of staining of β3 along the canalicular wall was consistent with observations of periodic protrusions extending into the pericellular space. We propose that during osteocyte attachment the pericellular space is periodically interrupted by underlying collagen fibrils that attach directly to the cell process membrane via integrin-attachments.
Evaluation of likelihood functions for Gaussian signals

State variable techniques are used to derive new expressions for the likelihood function for Gaussian signals corrupted by additive Gaussian noise. The continuous time case is obtained as a limit of the discrete time case. The likelihood function is expressed in terms of the conditional expectation of the signal given only past and present observations, multipliers, and integrators (adders). Thus, the likelihood function can be generated in real time using a physically realizable system. Time-varying finite-dimensional Markov models are also discussed as they lead to a direct mechanization for the required conditional expectation. A simple example of a multipath communication system is discussed and an explicit mechanization indicated.
Synthesis and Surface Chemistry Study of a New Amphiphilic PAMAM Dendrimer

A new disk-shaped amphiphilic dendrimer has been synthesized by attaching sixty-four 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid chains to a fourth generation poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimer core. Surface pressure and surface potential−area isotherm measurements have shown that the dendrimer forms a stable monolayer at the air/water interface with limiting molecular area of 160 A2/molecule. This small area relative to the huge size of the dendrimer suggests that the dendrimer molecules form an edge-on disk-shaped structure at the air/water interface. The topography of the dendrimer monolayer was observed by Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) at air/water interface as well as by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) as a Langmuir−Blodgett film. The striplike monolayer domains observed from BAM images correspond to the monolayer topography as observed from ESEM images.
Ultrastructure of exogenous peroxidase in cerebral cortex.

Abstract Protein uptake and transport and the intercellular spaces were studied electron microscopically in normal rabbit, cat and monkey cerebral cortex using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a cytochemical tracer. Extensive endocytosis and accumulation of tracer were seen as a result of delivering high concentrations of HRP into the intercellular space followed by long observation experiments, up to 120 h. Incorporation of HRP into neurons and their processes after a single application was studied by following the progress of neuron organelle labeling; the disappearance of tracer from these structures gave new information on the optimal times when HRP could be seen as a cellular tracer in cortical neurons. Neurons and their processes demonstrated a remarkable facility to take up peroxidase in coated invaginations and vesicles and accumulate it in multivesicular and other lysosomal bodies. The first structures labeled were coated vesicles, synaptic vesicles, sacs and tubules. HRP disappeared from the intercellular space after 24 h, and coated vesicles and synaptic vesicles no longer contained it at this time. Sacs and tubules were free of tracer by 48 h. Multivesicular bodies contained HRP after 30 min and lost all label between 72–96 h. Dense bodies became labeled after 1.5 h, and remained labeled until 96–120 h. Evidence of axon transport of the tracer was added to that extant on this pathway.
The biosynthesis of astaxanthin. VI. the conversion of [14c]lutein and [14c] β-carotene in goldfish

Abstract 1. 1. Dietary [14C] lutein and [14C] β-carotene were converted by the common goldfish, Carassius auratus, to astaxanthin.Of the two, lutein was more effective in labelling the astaxanthin pool. 2. 2. [14C]Lutein also contributed radioactivity to the α- and β-doradexanthin fractions, indicating the participation of the doradexanthins in the formation of astaxanthin from lutein. 3. 3. More intermediates appeared to be involved in the conversion of β-carotene.The fraction of intermediate compounds was more highly labelled and more labelled unidentified compounds were detected in the [14C] β-carotene feeding experiments.
The haemodilution enhanced onset of coagulation as measured by the thrombelastogram is transient.

SummaryBackground and objective:Crystalloid haemodilution has been widely found to enhance coagulation onset, but the duration of this effect has never been documented.Methods:Twelve healthy, consenting volunteers had a rapid infusion of 14 mL kg−1 of normal (0.9%) saline. Blood samples were taken,
Architectural properties of distal forelimb muscles in horses, Equus caballus.

Articular injuries in athletic horses are associated with large forces from ground impact and from muscular contraction. To accurately and noninvasively predict muscle and joint contact forces, a detailed model of musculoskeletal geometry and muscle architecture is required. Moreover, muscle architectural data can increase our understanding of the relationship between muscle structure and function in the equine distal forelimb. Muscle architectural data were collected from seven limbs obtained from five thoroughbred and thoroughbred-cross horses. Muscle belly rest length, tendon rest length, muscle volume, muscle fiber length, and pennation angle were measured for nine distal forelimb muscles. Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) was determined from muscle volume and muscle fiber length. The superficial and deep digital flexor muscles displayed markedly different muscle volumes (227 and 656 cm3, respectively), but their PCSAs were very similar due to a significant difference in muscle fiber length (i.e., the superficial digital flexor muscle had very short fibers, while those of the deep digital flexor muscle were relatively long). The ulnaris lateralis and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles had short fibers (17.4 and 18.3 mm, respectively). These actuators were strong (peak isometric force, Fmax=5,814 and 4,017 N, respectively) and stiff (tendon rest length to muscle fiber length, LT:LMF=5.3 and 2.1, respectively), and are probably well adapted to stabilizing the carpus during the stance phase of gait. In contrast, the flexor carpi radialis muscle displayed long fibers (89.7 mm), low peak isometric force (Fmax=555 N), and high stiffness (LT:LMF=1.6). Due to its long fibers and low Fmax, flexor carpi radialis appears to be better adapted to flexion and extension of the limb during the swing phase of gait than to stabilization of the carpus during stance. Including muscle architectural parameters in a musculoskeletal model of the equine distal forelimb may lead to more realistic estimates not only of the magnitudes of muscle forces, but also of the distribution of forces among the muscles crossing any given joint.
The epidemiology and demographics of legg-calvé-perthes' disease.

The etiology of Legg-Calve-Perthes' disease (LCPD) is unknown. There are many insights however from epidemiologic/demographic information. A systematic medical literature review regarding LCPD was performed. The incidence ranges from 0.4/100,000 to 29.0/100,000 children <15 years of age. There is significant variability in incidence within racial groups and is frequently higher in lower socioeconomic classes. The typical age at presentation ranges from 4 to 8 years (average 6.5 years), except for children from the Indian subcontinent (average 9.5 years). There is a mild familial component. The children demonstrate impaired growth in height, skeletal age, and birth weight. This impaired growth coincides with an age appropriate reduced somatomedin A activity and decreased levels of IGF. LCPD can be associated with abnormalities in the coagulation cascade, including an increase in factor V Leiden mutation, low levels of protein C and/or S, and decreased antithrombin activity. There is decreased turnover in type I collagen and synthesis of type III collagen, as well as reduced levels of urinary glycosaminoglycans in the active phases of the disorder. Subtle abnormalities in the opposite hip and other minor/major congenital defects are reported. Children with LCPD are active and score abnormally in certain standardized psychological tests.
Comparison of morphine, meperidine, anileridine, and alphaprodine on schedule-controlled responding and analgesia.

Abstract The effects of morphine, meperidine, alphaprodine, and anileridine were studied alone and in the presence of 1 mg/kg of naloxone in rats on level pressing under a fixed-ratio 20-response schedule of food presentation and on tail-withdraw al latency from warm water (55°C) as a measure of analgesia. All four narcotics decreased rates of lever pressing and increased tail-withdrawal latencies. Naloxone antagonized the effects of all four narcotics on tail-withdrawal, but did not antagonize the rate-decreasing effect of meperidine on lever pressing. Naloxone shifted the morphine dose-effect for lever-pressing by a factor of 4–8; the alphaprodine dose-effect curve by a factor of 4–8; and the anileridine dose-effect curve by a factor of 2. These results strengthen the interpretation that meperidine's effect on schedule-controlled responding is not mediated by a narcotic action whereas the analgesic effect is. The results also suggest that anileridine has significant non-narcotic actions like meperidine.
WE‐SAM‐ BRB‐03: Issues in Data Flow Management in Radiation Oncology: Disaster Recovery

The increasing size and complexity of data within Radiation Oncology is becoming a data management obstacle with data retention questions that are difficult to answer. The medical physicist manages key aspects of the data flow process. Efficient and secure data communication is important for quality control and is part of the medical physicist's domain within clinical workflow of Radiation Oncology. However, safeguarding this data in the event of catastrophic loss or information security breach both fall under the set of data management best practices. This session will focus on disaster recovery strategies within the context of Radiation Oncologyinformation systems, and will specifically address the data decisions that must be made for treatment planning data, electronic medical records, and medical images. Learning Objectives: 1. Distinguish between electronic source data and the legal health record. 2. Understand the role of the Medical Physicist when creating a Disaster Recovery plan for patient data. 3. Understand how information security fits into the Disaster Recovery plan. 4. Identify best practices for data redundancy and data security within Radiation Oncology data workflow.
Antiendotoxin antibody is protective against tubal damage in an Escherichia coli rabbit salpingitis model.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine whether pretreatment with an endotoxin antibody reduces tubal damage and tumor necrosis factor-α. production in an Escherichia coli rabbit salpingitis model. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty New Zealand White rabbits underwent laparotomy with direct inoculation of Escherichia coli into the fallopian tube. The animals were given either antibody and antibiotic, antibiotic alone, or no treatment. At 7 days the degree of tubal damage was measured by gross observation, light microscopy, and electron microscopy. Serum tumor necrosis factorα levels were also assayed at 0, 2, 4, and 36 hours. RESULTS: Animals pretreated with antiendotoxin antibody demonstrated significantly less damage on the basis of gross observation and electron microscopy compared with both antibiotic alone and untreated animals. Tumor necrosis factor-α levels were also significantly reduced at 2 and 4 hours in the antibody-treated group. CONCLUSIONS: Endotoxin plays a direct role in tubal damage in this Escherichia coli salpingitis model, and damage can be blocked, in part, by pretreatment with antiendotoxin antibody. Tumor necrosis factor-α appears to play a significant role in mediating tuba[ damage resulting from endotoxin.
Equity market benefits to disclosure of geographic segment information: An argument for decreased uncertainty

Abstract This article explores the value of releasing geographic segment information and documents empirical evidence showing that there are equity market benefits to releasing such information. The article uses an empirical capital market analysis to evaluate the disclosure practices of U.S.-based multinational firms and finds a positive relationship between the extent of geographic segment information released and the firm's equity market performance. Research into this area is important since both domestic and international standard-setting bodies have shown a renewed interest in geographic segment disclosure.
3D Characterization of a Channel System In an Outcrop Reservoir Analog Derived From GPR And Measured Sections, Rattlesnake Ridge Wyoming

Summary The Rattlesnake Ridge is an outcrop from the Lewis Shale, Wyoming that has been extensively used as a reservoir analog for deepwater systems. As a system, Rattlesnake Ridge outcrops represent a channel levee overbank complex. The rapid changes in the channel-fill deposits over short distances, makes this outcrop relevant in terms of reservoir heterogeneity studies. An integration of measured sections, well logs and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) can provide a better description of the internal architecture of this outcrop. The high resolution of GPR (about 1ft) enhances the identification of features below seismic resolution. Fifteen 2D GPR lines and five measured sections are used in this study. Most of the geologic boundaries described in the measured sections are identified in the GPR profiles. Three different types of facies, according to Miall et al.. (1993), are recognized from the GPR reflection signatures. First order facies, identified by lateral variations in amplitude and poor continuity of reflections; second order facies, identified as continuous reflections with low amplitude variation; and third order facies identified through reflection terminations such as onlaps, downlaps and truncations. These different types of reflections correspond to different changes in the lithology within the channel complex.
The Word “Scientist” or its Substitute

WRITING as a student of the history of words, “scientist” can never become a permanent part of any language, for its quantity is “impossible.” It has a destructive effect in a sentence, and when spoken the last syllables must be gobbled. “Naturalist” may be gobbled fairly easily; few people notice it; but “scientist” is difficult. So perhaps it scarcely matters whether the word receives or not the approval of the dictionaries; words which we instinctively feel are repulsive drop out of use.
Correlation between the autoxidation of ferrous ions or of L-ascorbic acid and the depolymerization of hyaluronate

Abstract The depolymerization of hyaluronic acid by reductants in the presence of a variety of buffer systems has been investigated. Many organic buffers inhibit the depolymerization. A parallelism was observed between absorption of oxygen, oxidation of L -ascorbic acid, and depolymerization of hyaluronic acid.
Three-dimensional structure of pinwheel inclusions as determined by analytic geometry☆

The three-dimensional ultrastructure of pinwheel inclusions found in two plant virus-host systems was determined by computer-assisted analytic geometry. Data obtained from electron micrographs of serially sectioned pinwheel inclusions were used to generate mathematical equations. The three-dimensional models described by the equations indicated that some pinwheels assume the hourglass shapes of elliptic hyperboloids. Electron micrographs obtained from thick sections of pinwheel inclusions tilted at various angles supported the elliptic hyperboloid models described by the mathematical equations.
Balance Is Associated with Quality of Life in Chronic Stroke

AbstractObjective: To investigate the association between balance and quality of life (QOL) in chronic stroke survivors by (1) examining the associations between balance and QOL scores; (2) identifying the frequency of balance impairment and poststroke falls; and (3) determining the differences in QOL scores between persons with and those without balance impairment. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study. People who had a stroke more than 6 months earlier from 3 Midwest states were included in the study if they met the following criteria: were referred to occupational or physical therapy for poststroke physical deficits; had self-reported stroke-related physical deficits; completed all stroke-related rehabilitation; had residual functional disability; had a score of ≥4 out of 6 on the short 6-item Mini-Mental State Examination; and were between 50 and 85 years old (n = 59). The main outcome measures included the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) to assess balance and the Stroke Specific Q...
Modification of Polypeptide Composition in Keratinocyte Fibrous Protein

The thick paw epidermis of the rat and the guinea pig showed a relatively increased amount of the heaviest fibrous polypeptide compared to the thinner epidermis of back and ear. The hyperplastic epidermis of mouse and rat induced by abrasion or painting with 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbal-13-acetate (TPA) also revealed an increase in the heaviest polypeptide. The fibrous polypeptides of epidermis from scarred skin lacked components present in normal epidermis. Cultured epidermal cells showed a different fibrous polypeptide composition than the parent tissue which was altered when the cells were transplanted to an animal or grown on a dermal substrate in culture. Thus multiple factors such as hyperplasia, the dermis and cellular environment may modify the polypeptides synthesized by the keratinocyte.
IUE and optical spectral scans of U Sagittae, an analysis and comparison with U Cephei

Recent optical and ultraviolet observations of U Sge are presented, and the results are compared with observations of U Cephei. The observations were carried out with: the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite; with the ITS scanner of the Lick Observatory; and with a Varo image-tube camera attached to a coude spectrograph. Comparison with data for U Ceph showed that U Sge is of the B7.5 V spectral type with an effective temperature of 12,250 + or 250 K, and a surface gravity of 3.9 + or - 0.1 log g. The secondary component of U Sge appears to be of the G4 III-IV spectral type. The best estimate for the distance of U Sge was 295 + or - 20 pc. Emission lines of the W Serpentis type were found in the IUE spectrum for U Sge. Although the observed fluxes for the lines were low, the powers were half as strong as those observed in U Cep. Selected emission lines of Fe II, Si II, and Si III were also found assuming solar abundances. A complete summary of the IUE and optical data is provided in a series of graphs and tables.
Impaired sulfoxidation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis

An impaired sulfoxidation pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chlorpromazine-induced hepatotoxicity. Since some patients with chronic chlorpromazine-induced cholestasis may have features of primary biliary cirrhosis, we studied the ability to sulfoxidate the amino acid analogue S-carboxymethyl-cysteine in 44 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and in two control groups—one without liver disease and one with a variety of liver diseases other than primary biliary cirrhosis. Poor sulfoxidation was observed in 84 percent of the patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, as compared with 24 percent of patients with other liver diseases and 22 percent of normal controls (P < 0.0005 for both comparisons). Poor sulfoxidation did not correlate with the degree of hyperbilirubinemia or histologic severity of liver disease in any of the groups studied. There was an inverse correlation with age only in the patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (r = −0.44, P < 0.001). Liver transplantation was performed in six of the patients and improved sulfoxidation in five; in the four with primary biliary cirrhosis, sulfoxidation improved from poor to good or intermediate.
Single radial immunodiffusion analysis for quantitation of colostral immunoglobulin concentration.

Abstract Relative accuracy of the single radial immunodiffusion technique to measure immunoglobulin concentration of colostral preparations (whey, whole, or fat-free) has been assesed. Fresh colostrum samples were analyzed for major constituents. Gammaglobulin as a standard was compared to total immunoglobulin concentration derived from single radial immundiffusion analysis of colostral preparations with no differences except between standard and whey. Differences were in part from either enhancement or interference of immunoglobulin diffusion by colostral constituents. Removal of casein and fat during whey preparation caused a concentrating effect upon immunoglobulin constituents resulting in exaggerated precipitin rings. Whey has produced unreliable results; therefore, whole colostrum is recommended for single radial immunodiffusion analysis.
Taste interaction of ethyl alcohol with sweet, salty, sour and bitter compounds

The influence of ethyl alcohol in concentrations ranging from 4 to 24%, on the perceived taste intensities of sucrose, citric acid, quinine, and sodium chloride was determined by 24 subjects. A paired comparison method was used in which subjects selected the sample with the greater taste intensity (sweetness, sourness, bitterness or saltiness) as well as rating the intensity on a 13-point scale. The alcohol generally enhanced the sweetness of sucrose, with results varying slightly according to the subjects' task. The sourness of citric acid, and the saltiness of sodium chloride at all but the lowest concentration, were depressed by increasing additions of alcohol. Alcohol significantly enhanced the bitterness of quinine at all four concentrations. Although these results disagree with previously reported electrophysiological measurements on alcohol-quinine mixtures, they were internally consistent, and meaningful in terms of alcoholic beverage consumption behaviour.