cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bacteremia Due to Enterococcus avium

Enterococcus avium, formerly "group Q streptococcus," has rarely been reported as a pathogen in humans. To determine the clinical significance of this organism, we reviewed the records of all patients whose blood cultures were positive for E. avium who were seen at our institution from 1986 through 1991 and identified nine cases of bacteremia due to E. avium. All isolates were believed to be clinically significant. Five of nine cases developed in patients with significant gastrointestinal illnesses. The remaining clinical scenarios included intravenous catheter sepsis and factitious disorders. E. avium bacteremias were polymicrobial in seven cases; in six cases, the coisolates were gastrointestinal organisms. These observations suggest that E. avium bacteremia most often originated from a gastrointestinal tract source. We conclude that, though rare, E. avium can be pathogenic in humans and that E. avium bacteremia is associated with gastrointestinal abnormalities.
Enhancing learning during lecture note-taking using outlines and illustrative diagrams

Abstract The current study examined the effects of providing learning aids during a lecture on later test performance, and its relationship to structure-building ability. Before taking notes on an audio lecture, participants were either given a skeletal outline, an illustrative diagram, or no learning aid at all. After the lecture, participants were given a free recall test and a short-answer test that probed understanding of target concepts (requiring explanation). For low-ability structure builders, outlines improved free recall but not short-answer performance compared to the no-aid control condition. By contrast, providing high-ability structure builders with outlines improved free recall and short-answer performance (relative to the control). An illustrative diagram improved free recall and short-answer performance compared to the control condition, regardless of structure-building ability. Thus, these aids are generally useful for improving learning while listening to a lecture. Implications for the more specific enhancement patterns for low-ability structure builders are discussed.
Model-Based Drought Indices over the United States

Abstract Drought indices derived from the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) and Noah models from 1950 to 2000 are intercompared and evaluated for their ability to classify drought across the United States. For meteorological drought, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) is used to measure precipitation deficits. The standardized runoff index (SRI), which is similar to the SPI, is used to classify hydrological drought. Agricultural drought is measured by monthly-mean soil moisture (SM) anomaly percentiles based on probability distributions (PDs). The PDs for total SM are regionally dependent and influenced by the seasonal cycle, but the PDs for SM monthly-mean anomalies are unimodal and Gaussian. Across the eastern United States (east of 95°W), the indices derived from VIC and Noah are similar, and they are able to detect the same drought events. Indices are also well correlated. For river forecast centers (RFCs) across the eastern United States...
COMPUTING WITH LIGHT: TOWARD PARALLEL BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

We design and implement highly parallel algorithms that use light as the tool of computation. Our computational laboratory consists of an ordinary xerox machine supplied with a box of transparencies. Our most basic operation is the evaluation of a Boolean function at arbitrarily many truth settings simultaneously. We find the maximum in a list of n-bit numbers of arbitrary length using at most n xerox copying steps. We count the number of elements in a list of arbitrary length of subsets of a given n-element set simultaneously in O(n2) copying steps. We decide, for any graph having n vertices and m edges, whether a 3-coloring exists in at most 2n + 4m copying steps. For large instances of problems such as the 3-color problem, this solution method may require the production of transparencies that display challengingly high densities of information. Our ultimate purpose here is to give hand tested 'ultra-parallel' algorithmic procedures that may provide useful suggestions for future technologies using light.
Gene therapy for human prostate cancer. Translational research in the hormone refractory dunning prostate cancer model

Background. Genetically engineered tumor vaccines are feasible for clinical trials in human prostate cancer, and Phase I testing has been approved. The Dunning rat prostate cancer model provides an opportunity for translational research to rationally design Phase II clinical studies testing efficacy. Methods. The Dunning R3327 MAT-LyLu subline was transduced with the retroviral vector MFG carrying the cytokine gene for human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Varying secretion rates of human GM-CSF were generated and tumor cell vaccines were formulated, consisting of 5 X 10 6 lethally irradiated transduced cells. The vaccines were placed at a subcutaneous site opposite preestablished tumor of 1 X 10 4 cells implanted 3 days earlier in Copenhagen rats. Trials were masked, randomized, and conducted over 6-week intervals using different treatment schedules, vaccine number, and varying doses of human GM-CSF secretion as well as appropriate controls. Results. Thirty percent of rats with long term follow-up can be cured of preestablished tumor burdens with human GM-CSF transduced tumor vaccines secreting greater than 140 ng/10 6 cells/24 hours of human GM-CSF. All studies evaluating more than one vaccine over a wide range of human GM-CSF secretion rates show significant delays in tumor appearance and progression. One vaccination is not curative. Vaccination with GM-CSF transduced tumor vaccines increased disease free survival and slowed tumor progression over animals vaccinated with irradiated tumor cells admixed with either soluble GM-CSF or with a nonspecific immune adjuvant (Corynebacterium parvum). The ability to cure animals and delay progression appears related to total duration of human GM-CSF secretion at the subcutaneous site. Systemic human GM-CSF could be detected in the serum of rats for at least 6 days after vaccination. Conclusions. These data have implications for the design of gene therapy trials in prostate cancer. Small androgen independent tumor burdens such as volumes seen in the adjuvant setting can be cured. Multiple vaccinations with adequate human GM-CSF secretion are required. At higher human GM-CSF secretion rates, systemic levels may be achievable, and patients should be evaluated closely for toxicity to and the pharmacokinetics of GM-CSF. Concer 1995 ; 75 :2013-20.
A medium to enhance identification of Septoria musiva from poplar cankers

A series of experiments was conducted to determine the relative tolerance in vitro of an isolate of Septoria musiva (a fungus that causes a severely damaging stem canker disease of poplars) for selected chemicals. Inhibition of diameter growth of this fungus on a V-8 vegetable juice-based medium with captan, chlorothalonil, iprodione, mancozeb and streptomycin sulphate at concentrations, respectively, of 50, 1, 10, 10, and 100 mg l–1 was relatively low compared to inhibition of eight other fungi cultured from cankers on poplars. In addition, the presence of captan stimulated profuse sporulation of the fungus. These properties assisted in the identification of S. musiva from cankers resulting from artificial inoculation of poplar branches in the field. Un milieu de culture pour aider a l'identification de Septoria musiva isole de chancres sur peuplier Un isolat de Septoria musiva, champignon responsable de chancres de tronc sur peupliers, aete testein vitro pour sa tolerance a un certain nombre de substances. L'inhibition de la croissance en diametre a ete determinee sur milieu V8 additionne de captan, chlorothalonil, iprodione, mancozebe et sulfate de streptomycine aux concentrations respectives de 50, 1, 10, 10, et 100 mg par litre; l'inhibition etait relativement faible comparee a celle de huit autres champignons isoles de chancres de peuplier. La presence de captan stimulait la sporulation du champignon. Ces proprietes ont aidea l'identification du S. musiva reisolea partir de chancres obtenus au champ par inoculation artificielle de branches de peuplier. Ein Medium zur Verbesserung der Identifikation von Septoria musiva aus Pappelkrebsen Es wurde eine Serie von Experimenten zur Bestimmung der relativen Toleranz eines Septoria musiva Isolats (ein Erreger ausserordentlich schadlicher Stammkrebse an Pappeln) gegenuber ausgewahlten Chemikalien durchgefuhrt. Das Wachstums des Pilzes auf einem auf V-8 Gemusesaft basierenden Medium mit 50 mg l–1 Captan, 1 mg l–1 Chlorothalonil, 10 mg l–1 Iprodion, 10 mg l–1 Mancozeb und 100 mg l–1 Streptomycinsulfat wurde im Vergleich zum Wachstum von acht anderen Pilzarten, die ebenfalls aus Pappelkrebsen isoliert wurden, nur schwach gehemmt. Zudem regte Captan den Pilz zu intensiver Sporulation an. Als hilfreich erwiesen sich diese Eigenschaften in Feldversuchen bei der Identifikation von S. musiva aus Krebsen, die sich nach kunstlicher Inokulation von Pappelzweigen entwickelten.
25. Field dependence of magnetoresistivity and Hall coefficient for carbons at various temperatures

Abstract Measurements were made at 300°, 78°, 20° and 4·5°K of the dependence of transverse magnetoresistivity (Δρ/ρ) on field intensity ( H ) for a soft carbon heattreated to temperatures above 2000°C, for a hard carbon heattreated to 2600° and 2800°C and for acceptor-doped soft carbons. Measurements on baked soft and hard carbons were carried out at 1·7° and 4·5°K. In general the shape of the curves of Δρ/ρ vs. H , is such that Δρ/ρ is negative at low H , passes through a minimum and tends to or becomes positive at higher H . The negative part becomes more prominent at low temperature and also becomes greater for lower heat-treatment temperature (HTT) in the range above 2000°C. For baked carbons, the negative Δρ/ρ decreases in absolute value and the magnetoresistance becomes even positive at sufficiently low temperature. Dependence of the Hall coefficient on magnetic field for the soft carbon was measured at various temperatures. An opposite field dependence for HTT 2400° and 3000°C was observed. The lower is the temperature, the more remarkable the field dependence becomes. Some discussion of the effects found is included.
Ca2+-dependent regulation of cardiac L-type Ca2+ channels: Is a unifying mechanism at hand?

Abstract Ca 2+ entry (I Ca ) through cardiac L-type Ca 2+ channels (LTCC) drives critical cellular processes ranging from contraction to gene expression, and, when disordered, is implicated in arrhythmias and hypertrophy. LTCC activation occurs by cell membrane depolarization, but LTCCs are also regulated by auxiliary proteins, phosphorylation, and intracellular CA 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ). LTCC regulation by [Ca 2+ ] i is especially intriguing because increased [Ca 2+ ] i signals dual and conflicting commands for I Ca inactivation and facilitation. A recent explosion of work has shed new light on the mechanisms and molecular identity of domains necessary for [Ca 2+ ] i -dependent regulation of LTCC.
Polysilicon gate and polysilicon wire CD/EPE defect detection and classification through process window

As technology advances towards 45nm node and beyond, optical lithography faces increased challenges and resolution enhancement techniques (RET) are imperative for multiple process layers and poly-silicon gate layer in particular. With RET implementation, and optical proximity correction (OPC) techniques, the mask layout deviates further away from design intended layout. For an OPC decorated design database, it is important that before mask making, the OPC is verified that it is design related defects free and provides reasonable process window for a given process to ensure manufacturability. For poly-silicon gate layer, due to tight CD control requirement, the demand for accurate lithography process simulation is even greater. As hyper-NA immersion exposure systems become available, accurate resist image computation considering mask topography effects and partial polarized illumination on poly-silicon gate layers through process window is a necessary. In this work, we will show simulation results of DesignScan on an advanced poly-silicon gate layer using a logic based customer database. Active layer database is used to separate poly-silicon gate regions and poly-silicon wire regions. Sensitive CD and edge placement error (EPE) detectors are used to identify design related defects through the lithography process window. The detector sensitivities can be adjusted based on feature sizes and their geometry (gate of different targets or wires, corners, and line ends). This customization of geometry classification and detector sensitivity is critical to achieve desired through process window inspections. With this capability process window inspections will show how CD/EPE changes as functions of exposure dose and defocus with fast results and efficient review and disposition. Accurate process window assessment using CD variation is obtained.
Information, knowledge and technology management: national information technology policies for sustainable development

The paper discusses the relationship among information, knowledge and technology management, with special emphasis on their applications in developing economies and how they relate to sustainable development. It also discusses the role of the national Information Technology (IT) policies in providing enabling environments for Knowledge Management (KM) for sustainable development. Finally, the paper appraises the national IT policies in two African countries (Nigeria and Ethiopia) to further provide insight into the provision of enabling environment that can lead to the process of KM for sustainable development.
Thermal Reorientation Kinetics of I2- in RbI

Experimental studies of the thermally activated reorientation of I in RbI: AgI single crystals are carried out by measuring the decay of the optical anisotropy of preferentially oriented I at fixed temperatures. These studies show that in the temperature range investigated, contrary to previous results by others, thermally induced changes in orientation of I in RbI result almost totally from elementary jumps in which the orientation of the I molecule ion changes by 60°. The activation energy for this 60° jump is determined to be (0.306 ± 0.005) eV. Durch die Messung des Abklingens der optischen Anisotropie von bevorzugt orientierten J bei festen Temperaturen wird die thermisch aktivierte Reorientierung von J in RbJ: AgJ-Einkristallen experimentell untersucht. Diese Untersuchungen zeigen, das im untersuchten Temperatur-bereich im Gegensatz zu fruheren, von anderen erhaltenen Ergebnissen die thermisch induzierten Anderungen der Orientierung von J in RbJ fast vollstandig von elementaren Sprungen herruhren, bei denen sich die Orientierung der J-Molekulionen um 60° andert. Die Aktivierungsenergie fur diesen 60°-Sprung wird zu (0,306 ± 0,005) eV bestimmt.
Selection for Some, Facilitation for Others? Self-Control Theory and the Gang–Violence Relationship

Although self-control theory has been thought to be entirely consistent with the gang selection model, key theoretical predictions of the general theory imply gang selection effects for those with lower self-control and gang facilitation effects for those with higher self-control. This new hypothesis is tested among a large sample of jail inmates. Results indicate that self-control did not render the gang–violence relationship spurious for the sample as a whole. Gang membership had a significantly greater impact on violent crime among those with very high self-control, but there were still statistically significant gang facilitation effects for the other three self-control groups.
The Effects of Orography on Midlatitude Northern Hemisphere Dry Climates

Abstract The role of mountains in maintaining extensive midlatitude arid regions in the Northern Hemisphere was investigated using simulations from the GFDL Global Climate Model with and without orography. In the integration with mountains, dry climates were simulated over central Asia and the interior of North America, in good agreement with the observed climate. In contrast, moist climates were simulated in the same regions in the integration without mountains. During all season but summer, large amplitude stationary waves occur in response to the Tibetan Plateau and Rocky Mountains. The midlatitude dry regions are located upstream of the troughs of these waves, where general subsidence and relatively infrequent storm development occur and precipitation is thus inhibited. In summer, this mechanism contributes to the dryness of interior North America as a stationary wave trough remains east of the Rockies, but is not effective in Eurasia due to seasonal changes in the atmospheric circulation. The dryness...
Prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma

It has recently been shown that Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare and often lethal cutaneous malignancy, frequently harbors a novel clonally integrated polyomavirus aptly named Merkel cell polyomavirus. We aimed to study the prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in cases of Merkel cell carcinoma, using specimens from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. In our archives we identified 41 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma (from 29 different patients). Of these, 20 cases were primary cutaneous tumors, 4 were local recurrences, and 17 were metastases. PCR using two previously published primer sets, LT1 (440 bp amplicon) and LT3 (308 bp amplicon), as well as a novel primer set MCVPS1 (109 bp amplicon), was performed on all cases. Selected PCR products were sequenced to confirm amplicon identity. In addition, the MCVPS1 products were digested with BamH1, yielding an 83 bp product. Amplifiable DNA was recovered in all 41 study cases. The detection rate of Merkel cell polyomavirus for each of the three primer sets was 22 of 29 patients (76%) for MCVPS1, 12 of 29 (41%) for LT3, and 8 of 29 (28%) for LT1. The variation between primer set detection rates was largely due to poor DNA quality, as supported by poor amplification of the higher molecular weight markers in size control ladder products and the fact that all cases that were positive by LT1 and LT3 were positive by MCVPS1. Our findings provide further evidence to link Merkel cell polyomavirus with a possible role in the oncogenesis of Merkel cell carcinoma. On a more practical level, our paraffin-optimized primer set may be used as an ancillary test to confirm the diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma in the clinical setting or for screening other rare tumor types for the causative virus, especially those tumor types that are underrepresented in frozen tissue repositories.
Simulation of sampled-data systems using analog-to-digital converters

Until recently, systems simulation problems could generally be split into two classes: problems requiring only an analog computer for solution and problems requiring only a digital computer for solution. Any general problem has a number of characteristics which adapt it to either one or the other method of solution.
Mean-field effects and apparent temperatures of nucleons and antinucleons

Abstract It is shown that collective scalar and vector fields may affect particle spectra in heavy-ion collisions at the AGS energies. In model calculations we finf that in particular the slope parameter of antiprotons is changed considerably leading to a lower apparent temperature than that of protons in qualitative agreement with preliminary experimental data.
Loss of MLK3 signaling impedes ulcer healing by modulating MAPK signaling in mouse intestinal mucosa.

Mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) activates multiple MAPK pathways and can initiate apoptosis, proliferation, migration, or differentiation in different cell types. However, whether MLK3 signaling regu...
A Phase II trial of gemcitabine for metastatic neuroendocrine tumors.

BACKGROUND Treatment with traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens containing streptozocin or dacarbazine has resulted in only marginal benefit for patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. The use of these regimens has been further limited by their potential toxicity. Gemcitabine is generally well tolerated and possesses demonstrated activity against a wide range of malignancies. The authors assessed the efficacy of gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. METHODS Eighteen patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors were treated with gemcitabine administered on a standard weekly schedule. Patients were followed for evidence of toxicity, response, and survival. RESULTS Gemcitabine was well tolerated. However, no radiologic or biochemical responses were observed. Although the majority of patients (65%) experienced disease stabilization as their best response to therapy, the overall median survival duration was only 11.5 months. CONCLUSIONS The minimal activity of gemcitabine highlighted the need for novel treatment approaches. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Di‐μ‐iodido‐bis[bis(cyclohexyldiphenylphosphine‐κP)silver(I)]

The title compound, [Ag2I2(C18H21P)4], has a dimeric structure located on a twofold rotation axis with each tetra­hedral AgI ion coordinated by two terminal phosphines and bridged by iodide ligands. Although this structural motif has been reported in bromide– and chloride–silver complexes, this is the first reported dimeric iodide–silver complex with monodentate phosphine.
Lack of Fas antagonism by Met in human fatty liver disease.

Hepatocytes in fatty livers are hypersensitive to apoptosis and undergo escalated apoptotic activity via death receptor–mediated pathways, particularly that of Fas-FasL, causing hepatic injury that can eventually proceed to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Here we report that the hepatocyte growth factor receptor, Met, plays an important part in preventing Fas-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes by sequestering Fas. We also show that Fas antagonism by Met is abrogated in human fatty liver disease (FLD). Through structure-function studies, we found that a YLGA amino-acid motif located near the extracellular N terminus of the Met α-subunit is necessary and sufficient to specifically bind the extracellular portion of Fas and to act as a potent FasL antagonist and inhibitor of Fas trimerization. Using mouse models of FLD, we show that synthetic YLGA peptide tempers hepatocyte apoptosis and liver damage and therefore has therapeutic potential.
Use of Condensed-Phase Reaction Models in Combustion Simulation of Energetic Materials

The contribution of condensed-phase reaction kinetics to the overall combustion behavior of cyclo-tetramethylenetetranitramine is investigated in the context of a successful two-step chemical reaction scheme introduced by Ward, Son, and Brewster ("Role of Gas- and Condensed-Phase Kinetics in Burning Rate Control of Energetic Solids," Combustion Theory and Modelling, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1998, pp. 293-312; also "Steady Deflagration of HMX with Simple Kinetics: A Gas Phase Chain Reaction Model," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 114, Nos. 3-4, 1998, pp. 556-568). We derive extensions of the activation energy asymptotics of the condensed-phase reaction from nth-order (0 ≤ n ≤ 1) kinetics to include 10 additional analytic reaction models. The results show that it is not possible to determine uniquely the condensed-phase reaction model by validating against steady-state burn rates and surface temperatures because the parameters of all models are sufficiently flexible to fit the experiments. However, the frequency-dependent transient response functions of mass burning rate to fluctuations in pressure and external radiation are somewhat more sensitive to the choice of kinetic model. The sensitivity of using different kinetic models to fit experimental T-burner data is more pronounced under conditions in which the surface temperature is low and no external radiation is applied. The power law model, which has the highest contribution to condensed-phase heat release, provides the best fit to transient combustion response functions.
Bacterial components plus vitamin D: The ultimate solution to the asthma (autoimmune disease) epidemic?

In this issue of the Journal two review articles (one immunologic, one epidemiologic) draw attention to the human gut microbiome and its potential importance in human health and the development of allergic and autoimmune disease1, 2. This editorial will try to synthesize the central messages of these reviews and outline the research directions in this emerging field. I will first review the data on the human microbiome, discuss factors that might influence gut bacterial colonization in humans, review the evidence that the microbiome is involved in allergic disease, and finally, consider the role of vitamin D in this process.
Five-Inch Molded Silver Chloride Correctors for a Kellner-Schmidt System*

Silver chloride corrector plates of five-inch diameter for a Kellner-Schmidt optical system of f:82 relative aperture designed for 3μ-radiation have been molded by both confined and unconfined flow pressing between stainless steel dies. Measurements of the die contours, corrector plate contours, and transverse aberration of the system have been made for each of these procedures. With mold correction, largely to compensate for elastic recovery of silver chloride, Schmidt corrector plates can readily be produced of optical quality sufficient for many applications.
Nanofiltration Foulants from a Treated Surface Water

The loss of membrane flux due to fouling is one of the main impediments in the development of membrane processes for use in drinking water treatment. The objective of this work was to determine the nature of nanofiltration membrane foulants for a pilot system fed conventionally treated Ohio River water for 15 months. The foulant responsible for flux loss was shown to be a film layer 20−80 μm thick with the greatest depth in the first of three elements in series. Heterotrophic plate count, phospholipid, and pyrolysis-GC/MS analyses showed the film layer had a strong biological signature. The inorganic contribution to the dried film layer was low (less than 15%). Both acid and alkaline/detergent cleaning yielded only short-term flux recovery, although they were independent of each other. Neither acid cleaning, alkaline/detergent cleaning, nor hydraulic flushing removed the thickness of the film layer, nor changed its organic characteristics. Only alkaline/detergent cleaning inactivated a large percentage of...
Platelet activating factor-induced early pregnancy factor activity from the perfused rabbit ovary and oviduct

Abstract Early pregnancy factor, a glycoprotein, and platelet activating factor, a phospholipid, are early signals of pregnancy appearing during the preimplantation period. The aim of this study was to determine if the administration of platelet activating factor to rabbits would stimulate the production of early pregnancy factor and, if so, to ascertain the organs responsible. Early pregnancy factor was assayed after the administration of synthetic platelet activating factor to intact rabbits, rabbits that had undergone bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and isolated in vitro perfused rabbit ovary and/or oviduct. Although serum early pregnancy factor activity was detectable 30 minutes after platelet activating factor injection in intact rabbits, no activity was found in rabbits whose ovaries and oviducts had been removed. Perfusate early pregnancy factor activity was detectable only in the presence of both ovary and oviduct, and was first evident 120 minutes after platelet activating factor exposure. However, combined samples of perfusates from the ovary alone and oviduct alone expressed positive early pregnancy factor activity. Furthemore, the addition of platelet activating factor to either single or combined perfusates did not increase early pregnancy factor activity. Our data imply that platelet activating factor induces the production of ovary and oviduct early pregnancy factor components independently. (AM J Obstet GYNECOL 1988;159:1580-4.)
Maintenance of Distal Aortic Perfusion by a Heparin-bonded Shunt during Repair of Coarctation of the Aorta with Minimal Collateral Circulation

Abstract A heparin-bonded shunt was used to maintain distal aortic perfusion during repair of a coarctation of the aorta in a child who showed evidence of minimal collateral circulation preoperatively. This method is quite simple and obviates the technical difficulties inherent in previously described methods designed to maintain distal perfusion while the proximal thoracic aorta is occluded. The technique proved quite effective, and the patient had an uncomplicated postoperative course.
Pulmonary Hypoplasia in Mice Homozygous for the Cartilage Matrix Deficiency (Cmd) Gene: A Model for a Human Congenital Disorder

As a potential model for the study of pulmonary hypoplasia in the lethal chondrodystrophies in man, lungs of day 18 mouse fetuses homozygous for cartilage matrix deficiency (cmd) were studied by biochemical, histological, and morphometric techniques. Wet and dry mutant lung weights were 30% less than corresponding normal lung weights. Total DNA and protein contents per whole mutant lung were decreased by 23% and 29%, respectively. An increased number of smaller-than-normal primary saccules were observed in histological sections of mutant lungs, which corresponded to the difference in lung wet weight. The thoracic volume of mutants was decreased by an average of 38%. Amniotic fluid volume measurements indicated polyhydramnios in the mutant.The smaller-than-normal thoracic cavity observed in the cmd mutant, imposing a significant restriction on the developing lungs, is the most likely mechanism of pulmonary hypoplasia in this form of chondrodystrophy-confirming that reported for the cho mouse mutant.
Theoretical calculation of Martian airmass

Analysis of spectroscopic observations of Mars requires values of the effective Martian airmass to obtain true abundances. Semi-arbitrary assumptions for the airmass correction have been used in most of the past publications on the subject. We have computed detailed values corresponding to specified slits superimposed on the disk of the planet, giving useful output in the form of curves presenting the average airmass for different regions of the planet and various conditions of planet diameter, seeing and phase angle.
From rehabilitation to retribution: Examining public policy paradigms and personnel education patterns in corrections

The literature is saturated with discussions of how public policy paradigm shifts over the past several decades have affected everything from escalating prison populations to accelerating tax burdens. However, observers have not examined whether the transition from the medical model to the justice model has influenced the educational qualifications of custodial staff. Theoretically, one might assume that a treatment focus demands higher educational standards than a control orientation. The evidence presented herein largely refutes that assumption. In addition, there is some doubt as to whether advancing educational achievements will continue. Reasons for the dissonance between public policies and the educational credentials of line-level operational personnel are discussed, along with potential future implications.
Economic Inequality and Public Policy: The Power of Place

In recent decades two broad trends in American society have been well–documented: rising income inequality and rising segregation of economic classes across space in metropolitan areas. The thesis ...
Common mechanisms in infant and adult category learning

Computational models of infant categorization often fail to elaborate the transitional mechanisms that allow infants to achieve adult performance. In this article, we apply a successful connectionist model of adult category learning to developmental data. The Supervised and Unsupervised Stratified Adaptive Incremental Network (SUSTAIN) model is able to account for the emergence of infants' sensitivity to correlated attributes (e.g., has wings and can fly). SUSTAIN offers 2 complimentary explanations of the developmental trend. One explanation centers on memory storage limitations, whereas the other focuses on limitations in perceptual systems. Both explanations parallel published findings concerning the cognitive and sensory limitations of infants. SUSTAIN's simulations suggest that conceptual development follows a continuous and smooth trajectory despite qualitative changes in behavior and that the mechanisms that underlie infant and adult categorization might not differ significantly.
Observation of the verwey transition in Fe3O4 by high-resolution electron microscopy

Abstract High resolution electron microscopy (HREM) of Fe 3 O 4 has been carried out at temperatures near the Verwey transition (∼120 K) with a point resolution of 3 A. Lattice fringes of both the high- and the low-temperature phases have been observed at these temperatures. The crystal symmetry of the low-temperature phase indicated by the lattice images is consistent with the result obtained by earlier diffraction studies. A series of lattice images showing the transition from the low-temperature phase (to the high-temperature phase) has been obtained. The transformation to the high-temperature phase occurs through the penetration of the high-temperature phase into areas of the low-temperature phase. A quick motion of domain boundaries in the low-temperature phase, which is consistent with almost instantaneous rearrangements of charge ordering, has been observed. The possibility of determining the ordered arrangement of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ions directly by HREM is discussed.
Educators and Practice: How to Stay Current

ABSTRACT Interior design educators must stay informed about new developments in design practice. Although informal visits to design firms are important, the quality of information gained could be improved through more formal and structured visits. The goal of this project was to develop a method for interior design educators to systematically collect information about current design practice while observing activities, processes, and service outcomes in design firms to inform their knowledge of entry-level practice. Based on observation and interviews with a representative group of Minnesota interior design firms, the Design Practice Update Manual was written to provide educators with a link to practice that uses their research skills and knowledge, updates their information about practice, and integrates practice information into their design curriculums. The Manual provides a systematic observation method and data collection instrument to enable interior design educators to observe practitioners in their daily activities, documenting the tasks and knowledge used in current entry-level practice. Using the Manual can provide evidence for decisions concerning curriculum revisions so that educators can continue to address the profession's future needs by preparing today's interior design practitioners for current practice tasks.
Ampicillin Blood Levels as Related to Graded Oral Schedules

Twenty children, while hospitalized with pneu monia, were treated by randomization with graded dosages of oral ampicillin; five each received 50, 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg daily in four equally divided doses for at least five days. The peak serum levels rose from a mean of 1 mcg/ml with 50 mg/kg per day to 4 to 7 mcg/ml with 200 mg/kg per day. Mild to moderate diarrhea, encountered in two of the five patients of each study group, was apparently unrelated to dose, and did not hinder absorption of the drug to a clinically significant degree.
FIRST INCEST DISCLOSURE

Despite the pivotal importance of disclosure to incest treatment and healing, disclosure has never been studied from the victim's perspective. How do incest victims move from keeping the secret to speaking about their abuse? Nine adult women were asked to talk about the first time they each told about the incest. They often spoke, not of "telling" in the commonly understood sense (i.e. giving information to someone who understands one's meaning), but instead of a time when some form of knowledge of the incest first entered an interaction with another person. Colaizzi's (1978) phenomenological method was used to analyze the interviews. Seven themes emerged: (1) living in the silencing home; (2) I am totally and particularly alone; (3) my mother, the focus of need; (4) incest as burden; (5) the secret must be kept; (6) disclosure: trying to balance above a chasm; and (7) disclosure as loss: no matter what, I still lose. The themes were then integrated into an essential description of first incest disclosure...
An adsorption process for metal recovery from acid mine waste: The Berkeley Pit problem

An adsorption process comprised of inorganic chemically active adsorbents (ICAAs) has been developed for recovery of Fe(III), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) from acid mine drainage solutions similar to the Berkeley Pit near Butte, Montana. ICAAs are prepared by immobilization of chelating agents on the ceramic supports. The detailed laboratoryscale studies are executed to determine selectivity and operating conditions of each ICAA for individual metal ions. This paper presents results of separation studies using several ICAAs materials with simulated acid mine drainage solutions similar to the Berkeley Pit. Three most suitable ICAA materials have the potential to remove and recover desired metal ions from acidic streams without neutralization. Accordingly, an integrated adsorption process with three independently operating stages can be devised. Three fixed-bed adsorbers, comprised of ICAA(A), ICAA(C), and ICAA(D), selectively removed Fe(III), Cu(II), and Zn(II) Cd(II) and Pb(II) respectively, from the acidic stream. In addition, the last bed, comprised of ICAA(D), acts as an acid scavenger and increases the pH of the effluent to greater than 7, which can then be discharged in an environmentally safe manner. The adsorbed metal ions can be recovered as pure metal salts by stripping with sulfuric acid, and the regenerated bed can then be used for future cycles.
An epigenetic switch mediates bistable expression of the type 1 pilus genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Expression of the pneumococcal type 1 pilus is bistable and positively regulated by the transcription factor RlrA. RlrA is also known to positively control its own expression. Here we present evidence that bistable expression of the type 1 pilus is mediated by the positive-feedback loop controlling rlrA expression.
Enhancement of human platelet aggregation and secretion induced by rapamycin.

extent of aggregation and an enhancement of granular ATP secretion. Concentrations of rapamycin in the ng Background. Rapamycin is a new immunosuppressive drug of the macrolide type. Despite binding to one of range, as well as short pre-incubation times (within min), were suYcient to cause significant enhancement the FK-binding proteins as the initial step in intracellular action, further eVects diVer from those of the other of agonist-induced platelet aggregation and secretion (P 10 years) transplant survivors and Results. Rapamycin-treated platelets demonstrated an progresses at an accelerated rate [1]. Chronic, lowincrease in their dose- and time-dependent sensitivity grade platelet activation may play a role in the generato ADP, resulting in a significantly enhanced primary tion of atherosclerosis and potentially in the genesis of wave of ADP-induced platelet aggregation followed chronic rejection, which remains the leading cause of by a secondary wave of aggregation, indicative of renal allograft loss [2]. Platelets become activated by granule secretion. Furthermore, rapamycin-treated a number of physiological agonists including ADP, platelets showed significantly enhanced sensitivity to epinephrine, thrombin, collagen, platelet-activating TRAP-6 as demonstrated by an increase in the initial factor and stimulatory antibodies directed against velocity of aggregation, an increase in their maximal specific platelet membrane proteins [3]. Once activated, platelets synthesize thromboxane A 2 , which has been
Evaluation of kinetic uncertainty in numerical models of petroleum generation

Oil-prone marine petroleum source rocks contain type I or type II kerogen having Rock-Eval pyrolysis hydrogen indices greater than 600 or 300–600 mg hydrocarbon/g total organic carbon (HI, mg HC/g TOC), respectively. Samples from 29 marine source rocks worldwide that contain mainly type II kerogen (HI = 230–786 mg HC/g TOC) were subjected to open-system programmed pyrolysis to determine the activation energy distributions for petroleum generation. Assuming a burial heating rate of 1C/m.y. for each measured activation energy distribution, the calculated average temperature for 50% fractional conversion of the kerogen in the samples to petroleum is approximately 136 7C, but the range spans about 30C (121–151C). Fifty-two outcrop samples of thermally immature Jurassic Oxford Clay Formation were collected from five locations in the United Kingdom to determine the variations of kinetic response for one source rock unit. The samples contain mainly type I or type II kerogens (HI = 230–774 mg HC/g TOC). At a heating rate of 1C/m.y., the calculated temperatures for 50% fractional conversion of the Oxford Clay kerogens to petroleum differ by as much as 23C (127–150C). The data indicate that kerogen type, as defined by hydrogen index, is not systematically linked to kinetic response, and that default kinetics for the thermal decomposition of type I or type II kerogen can introduce unacceptable errors into numerical simulations. Furthermore, custom kinetics based on one or a few samples may be inadequate to account for variations in organofacies within a source rock. We propose three methods to evaluate the uncertainty contributed by kerogen kinetics to numerical simulations: (1) use the average kinetic distribution for multiple samples of source rock and the standard deviation for each activation energy in that distribution; (2) use source rock kinetics determined at several locations to describe different parts of the study area; and (3) use a weighted-average method that combines kinetics for samples from different locations in the source rock unit by giving the activation energy distribution for each sample a weight proportional to its Rock-Eval pyrolysis S2 yield (hydrocarbons generated by pyrolytic degradation of organic matter).
Reduced Interference Sparse Time-Frequency Distributions for Compressed Observations

Traditional quadratic time-frequency distributions are not designed to deal with randomly undersampled signals or data with missing samples. The compressed data measurements introduce noise-like artifacts in the ambiguity domain, compounding the problem of separating the signal auto-terms and cross-terms. In this paper, we propose a multi-task kernel design for suppressing both the artifacts and the cross-terms, while preserving the signal desirable auto-terms. The proposed approach results in highly concentrated time-frequency signature. We evaluate our approach using various polynomial phase signals and show its benefits, especially in the case of strong artifacts.
Powell's dogleg trust-region steps with the quasi-Newton augmented Hessian for neural nonlinear least-squares learning

This paper highlights Powell's dogleg trust-region algorithms with self-scaling quasi-Newton Hessian augmentation for neural-network (NN) nonlinear least squares problems. The dogleg algorithms approximate a restricted Levenberg-Marquardt step within the trust region of the local quadratic model in a piecewise-linear fashion. Furthermore, the second-derivative term of the Hessian is approximated by quasi-Newton iteration to obtain augmented Gauss-Newton model Hessian, which may be useful for highly nonlinear residuals when starting with a poor initial point (i.e., randomly initialized weight parameters). By small-scale examples, we illustrate how those devices come into play as a promising NN learning algorithm.
Modeling patterns of zooplankton diel vertical migration

Realized predation pressure, defined as the product of predation pressure and light intensity, expresses the mortality pressure due to visual predation. The part of realized predation pressure which is sensed by organisms is here considered to be related to food level and temperature. This partly realized predation pressure is referred to as sensed predation pressure. We propose a possible control mechanism of diel vertical migration (DVM): organisms move vertically following the minimum change in sensed predation pressure. To investigate this assumption, we present a math- ematical model of DVM. We assume that when predators are present, the food level is above a minimal level, and temperature is higher than the tolerance of organisms to growth, prey organisms undertake DVM following the minimum change in sensed predation pressure. We examine how patterns of migration may be affected by changes in water clarity, predation pressure, food level and temperature. This work supports the assumption that minimizing changes in sensed predation pressure can explain the wide variation in the vertical profile of zooplankton.
Detection of Design Flaws in the Android Permission Protocol Through Bounded Verification

The ever increasing expansion of mobile applications into nearly every aspect of modern life, from banking to healthcare systems, is making their security more important than ever. Modern smartphone operating systems (OS) rely substantially on the permission-based security model to enforce restrictions on the operations that each application can perform. In this paper, we perform an analysis of the permission protocol implemented in Android, a popular OS for smartphones. We propose a formal model of the Android permission protocol in Alloy, and describe a fully automatic analysis that identifies potential flaws in the protocol. A study of real-world Android applications corroborates our finding that the flaws in the Android permission protocol can have severe security implications, in some cases allowing the attacker to bypass the permission checks entirely.
Computability of Boundary Set S

In the above chapters, I have set forth a view of immediate awareness and knowing how as highly complex, self-organizing and adaptive categories of human knowing. The bases for these categories were found in ontological as well as epistemological analyses and arguments, carrying forth a tradition established by James and Russell. In particular, I have characterized knowing the unique as a multifaceted set consisting of a hierarchy of primitive epistemic relations of immediate awareness, and suggested that we must look to a broader theory of signs, within an even broader theory of indexicality, to fully understand it. In this last section, I want to consider more abstractly the computability, that is decidability (in principle), of Boundary Set S.