cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the net radiation using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data for clear sky days

A simple scheme is proposed to estimate instantaneous net radiation over large heterogeneous areas for clear sky days using only remote sensing observations. Our method attempts to develop an algorithm which primarily uses remote sensing information and eliminates the need for ground information as model input, by using various land and atmospheric data products available from Terra–MODIS. It explicitly recognizes the need for spatially varied parameters and provides a distributed net radiation map over large heterogeneous domain with fine spatial resolution. Since instantaneous net radiation estimates have limited scope compared to daily average values or diurnal cycle, a sinusoidal model is proposed to estimate diurnal cycle of net radiation. The sinusoidal model is capable of retrieving the diurnal variations of net radiation with a single instantaneous net radiation estimate from the satellite. Preliminary results, using data over Southern Great Plains, show good agreement with ground-based observations. It appears that the methodology presented here can estimate instantaneous and daily net radiation with comparable accuracy to those of current methods that use ground-based observations and mainly provide point estimates.
Science Librarians Analysis of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics: Observing the Quantum

On October 9, 2012, the Royal Swedish Academy of Science announced the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics: Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland. They were awarded this prestigious prize for their innovative techniques that achieved the first nondestructive observations of quantum events. Though Haroche and Wineland worked individually to accomplish this spectacular feat, their novel methods have similarities that ultimately led to complementary results. With lessons learned from these experiments, time is measured more precisely and the future for quantum computing looks brighter.
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Aortic stenosis is the most important valvular heart disease affecting the elderly population. Surgical aortic valve replacement is the mainstay of treatment, although a substantial number of patients are considered high risk for surgery. Many of these patients do not undergo surgery and have poor outcomes from medically treated symptomatic, severe aortic stenosis. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) provides a promising treatment option for some of these patients. Several devices are under investigation. The Edwards Sapien valve (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA) and the CoreValve (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) have the largest human experience to date. Initial data suggest that these devices have an acceptable safety profile and provide excellent hemodynamic relief of aortic stenosis. The Edwards Sapien valve is currently under investigation in the United States in the PARTNER (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve) trial in high-risk surgical or inoperable patients; TAVI is available for clinical use in both Canada and Europe. TAVI is not used in low- or intermediate-risk surgical patients; however, future studies may prove its applicability in these subsets. The major complications of TAVI include access site-related problems and device malpositioning/migration. There are several new-generation prosthetic valves and delivery systems designed to be low profile and repositionable. Technical advances and refinement of the implantation methods may make TAVI even safer and ultimately a better treatment option, not only for patients with high surgical risk but also for those with moderate or low risk.
Quantitative Clinical Measure of Spasticity in Children With Cerebral Palsy

Abstract Objective: This investigation developed an objective measure to quantify the degree of spasticity. Design: Specifications included a single variable that integrated key elements characterizing spasticity: velocity, range of motion, and resistance to passive motion. A dynamometer at a children's hospital quantified the passive resistance of the hamstrings to knee extension for a range of motion at 4 different speeds for the prospective descriptive investigation. Patients: A convenience sample of six children with able bodies and 17 children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy volunteered. Data Processing: Torque-angle data were processed to calculate the work done by the machine on the children for each speed and then determine the slope of the work-velocity curves. This slope was considered to be the measure of spasticity and it was hypothesized that children with cerebral palsy would have a greater slope than children with able bodies. An independent t test determined whether a significant difference existed between groups ( p Results: Torque-angle data for children with able bodies indicated little change in passive resistance as a function of speed. Similar data for children with cerebral palsy indicated larger resistive torques with increasing speed. Slope from the work-velocity data was close to zero for children with able bodies [.003 J/(°/sec)], while the corresponding slope for children with cerebral palsy was approximately 10 times greater [.031 J/(°/sec)] and significantly different ( p Conclusion: The slope of the work-velocity data integrates three major components characterizing spasticity, it is a single number that can easily be evaluated and interpreted in a clinical setting, and it utilizes a machine that is available at many centers.
Importance of 1:3 Molecular Ratio on the Interfacial Properties of Mixed Surfactant Systems

that in mixed surfactant systemsthe stoichiometric association between the surfactantmoleculescanstrikinglyalterthepropertiesofthesystem.Mixed monolayers of stearic acid-stearyl alcohol exhibita minimum area per molecule at the 1:3 molecular ratio,resulting in a minimum rate of evaporation. Foams ofdecanoicacid-decanolshowedaminimumdrainagerateat the 1:3 ratio. It was proposed
Comparative Pathogenicity of Nine US Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Isolates in a Five-Week-Old Cesarean-Derived, Colostrum-Deprived Pig Model

One hundred forty-six 5-week- old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs were inoculated intranasally with 1 of 9 US porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates. Differences were found in severity of clinical respiratory disease, rectal temperatures (P < or = 0.001), gross lung lesions (P < or = 0.001), and microscopic lung lesions (P < or = 0.05). Gross lung lesions were generally most severe 10 days postinoculation and were distributed primarily in the cranial, middle, and accessory lobes and ventromedial portion of the caudal lung lobes. Mean gross lung lesion scores estimating the percentage of lung affected by pneumonia at 10 days postinoculation ranged from 16.7% +/- 2.8% (mean +/- SEM, n = 10) for isolate ISU-51 to 62.4% +/- 5.7% (n = 10) for isolate ISU-28. Microscopic lung lesions were characterized by hyperplastic and hypertrophied type 2 pneumocytes, septal infiltration by mononuclear cells, and accumulation of necrotic alveolar exudate. Lymph node follicular hyperplasia and focal necrosis was seen with all 9 isolates. This CDCD pig model was useful for demonstration of significant differences in pathogenicity among US PRRSV isolates. This difference in pathogenicity may help explain the variation of severity of clinical disease observed in field outbreaks of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and should provide for meaningful comparison of PRRSV genotypes.
What Constitutes a Natural Fire Regime? Insight from the Ecology and Distribution of Coniferous Forest Birds in North America

Bird species that specialize in the use of burned forest conditions can provide insight into the prehistoric fire regimes associated with the forest types that they have occupied over evolutionary time. The nature of their adaptations reflects the specific post-fire conditions that occurred prior to the unnatural influence of humans after European settlement. Specifically, the post-fire conditions, nest site locations, and social systems of two species (Bachman’s sparrow [Aimophila aestivalis] and red-cockaded woodpecker [Picoides borealis]) suggest that, prehistorically, a frequent, low-severity fire regime characterized the southeastern pine system in which they evolved. In contrast, the patterns of distribution and abundance for several other bird species (black-backed woodpecker [Picoides arcticus], buff-breasted flycatcher [ Empidonax fulvifrons], Lewis’ woodpecker [Melanerpes lewis], northern hawk owl [Surnia ulula], and Kirtland’s warbler [Dendroica kirtlandii]) suggest that severe fire has been an important component of the fire regimes with which they evolved. Patterns of habitat use by the latter species indicate that severe fires are important components not only of higher-elevation and high-latitude conifer forest types, which are known to be dominated by such fires, but also of mid-elevation and even low-elevation conifer forest types that are not normally assumed to have had high-severity fire as an integral part of their natural fire regimes. Because plant and animal adaptations can serve as reliable sources of information about what constitutes a natural fire regime, it might be wise to supplement traditional historical methods with careful consideration of information related to plant and animal adaptations when attempting to restore what are thought to be natural fire regimes.
Effect of electrocardiographic P-wave axis on mortality.

Although P-wave axis is routinely reported on the printouts of most contemporary electrocardiograms, the prognostic significance of its abnormality has not been systematically evaluated. We examined the association between abnormal P-wave axis and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in 7,501 participants (53% women, mean age 59 years) from the United States Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. P-wave axis of 0° to 75° was considered normal. Participants were linked to the National Death Index to identify the underlying cause of death listed on the death certificates using the International Classification of Disease. During a median follow-up of 13.8 years, a total of 2,541 deaths occurred; of which 1,077 were due to a cardiovascular cause. Abnormal P-wave axis was associated with 55% increased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43 to 1.69, p
The structure of the exponents and symmetries of an operator stable measure

A series of decomposition theorems are presented, leading to a description of the structure of the exponents and symmetries of an arbitrary operator stable measure. An example of a full operator stable measure with a one parameter group as its symmetry group is presented. Connections between the structure results and the generalized domain of attraction problem and tail behavior of the operator stable measure are described.
Aldose Reductase Meets Histone Acetylation: A New Role for an Old Player

With diabetes reaching epidemic proportions, there is an urgent need for reliable treatment strategies for microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy) and macrovascular (coronary heart disease and stroke) diabetes complications. The role of diabetic hyperglycemia in the development of complications has been extensively studied and a number of biochemical pathways activated by hyperglycemia have been identified. Among these, the polyol pathway is perhaps the most investigated and the most controversial pathway. The initial discovery by Ruth van Heyningen (1) of high sorbitol levels in diabetic rat lenses over 50 years ago followed by studies by Jin Kinoshita (2) laid the foundation for the polyol hypothesis in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. This hypothesis asserts that diabetes complications result, in part, from direct or indirect consequences of sorbitol production from excess glucose by aldose reductase (AR). AR catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol, the accumulation of which has been postulated to alter the metabolism of myo -inositol, a six-carbon cyclic polyol, in nerve, ocular, and renal tissues (3,4). Depletion of myo -inositol reduces its incorporation into cellular phosphoinositide pools, resulting in chronic elevation of diacylglycerol (DAG), the chief physiological activator of protein kinase C (PKC) (5). Increased oxidation of sorbitol to fructose may also alter …
Type 3 Fimbrial Shaft (MrkA) of Klebsiella pneumoniae, but Not the Fimbrial Adhesin (MrkD), Facilitates Biofilm Formation

Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae are responsible for opportunistic infections, particularly of the urinary tract and respiratory tract, in humans. These bacteria express type 3 fimbriae that have been implicated in binding to eucaryotic cells and matrix proteins. The type 3 fimbriae mediate binding to target tissue using the MrkD adhesin that is associated with the fimbrial shaft comprised of the MrkA protein. The formation of biofilms in vitro by strains of K. pneumoniae was shown to be affected by the production of fimbriae on the bacterial surface. However, a functional MrkD adhesin was not necessary for efficient biofilm formation. Nonfimbriate strains were impaired in their ability to form biofilms. Using isogenic fimbriate and nonfimbriate strains of K. pneumoniae expressing green fluorescent protein it was possible to demonstrate that the presence of type 3 fimbriae facilitated the formation of dense biofilms in a continuous-flowthrough chamber. Transformation of nonfimbriate mutants with a plasmid possessing an intact mrk gene cluster restored the fimbrial phenotype and the rapid ability to form biofilms.
Wireless ultra-wide-band data link for biomedical implants

The potential of wireless ultra-wide-band (UWB) technology for data links in biomedical implants is discussed. Most current technologies have been proven unsuitable for use in future high complexity applications. Emerging systems such as vision prosthesis will require significantly higher data rates and power efficiency. UWB offers unique properties that make it an attractive candidate to meet the increased demand. Furthermore, initial results of an UWB transceiver design are reported. A pulse generator and a wide-band LNA have been designed and fabricated in a 65nm CMOS technology. Test results are also presented.
RESPONSE TO SMITH'S RESPONSE

purely an epiphenomenon of discourse but that unconscious desire is productive in the construction of the subject's experience and that this understanding is critical for political and social criticism. For me, a feminist psychoanalytics promises deep and profound change for the individual and of relations of power/knowledge because it offers a way to understand the complexities of unconscious desire, the way it shapes the female subject and therefore can mystify her experience in the first place. Understanding the itineraries of desire is possible, offering a woman a way to see how her imagining constructs her 'own' experience as such, how to see her imagining already to be inflicted with or subjected in oppressive relations, how to see her possible complicity with oppressive relations, and finally how to see the difference between oppressive relations and the constrictions of desire. Although I understand desire always to be related to political economies, I think of desire as discontinuous from these, not reducible to these. This allows for an analysis of both the inner curve of desire and the engagement of desire in social technologies of reproduction. Smith is right to argue that her standpoint epistemology is also meant to bring knowledge to women that would extend their understanding beyond the immediately known. I always understood her to be taking this position; I simply disagree that this is accomplished by making women's experiences the point d'appui for political criticism, although doing so would limit feminist criticism to a sociological discourse. Indeed, my reading of Smith's writing is meant to suggest that even she does not just begin with women's experiences because what makes women's experiences visible to Smith or to any woman also requires being able to make visible what has been excluded from or disavowed in what Smith describes as "male dominated discourse." What feminists have learned from deconstruction is how to see or read the traces of exclusion, of disavowal, and even to be able to argue that the discourse of hegemonic masculinity is constructed through disavowal. But deconstruction has also taught feminists to read their desire to deconstruct male dominated discourse. Reading the disavowed is not like representing the working of a fish tank or quite like reading a subway map. Reading the disavowed is not only about uncovering excluded experiences. It is also about a self-reflective tracing of the desire to exclude. Indeed, it is a deconstructive gesture that allows Smith to name sociological discourse a male dominated one. Thus, when Smith criticizes me as 'the analyst' for not
A public key extension to the common Cryptographic Architecture

A new method for extending the IBM Common Cryptographic Architecture (CCA) to include public key cryptography is presented. The public key extension provides nonrepudiation via digital signatures and an electronic means to distribute Data Encryption Algorithm (DEA) key-encrypting keys in a hybrid Data Encryption Algorithm. Public Key Algorithm (DEA-PKA) cryptographic system. The improvements are based on a novel method for extending the control vector concept used in the IBM Common Cryptographic Architecture. Four new key types that separate the public and private key pairs into four classes according to their broad uses within the cryptographic system are defined. The public key extension to the CCA is implemented in the IBM Transaction Security System (TSS). This paper discusses both the public key extension to the CCA and the TSS implementation of this architectural extension.
Changing eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) characteristics in a highly eutrophic temperate coastal lagoon

Previous investigations of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) beds in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary, New Jersey (USA) revealed a significant decline in plant biomass associated with ongoing nitrogen enrichment of the system and declines in light availability. Here, we update trends in eelgrass characteristics (aboveground and belowground biomass, shoot density, percent cover, blade length) for 2008–2010 and compare these to previous datasets (2004–2006). Analysis of quadrat, core, and hand samples collected at 120 transect stations in 4 disjunct eelgrass beds of the estuary showed a distinct, continued reduction in Zostera biomass. In 2010, Z. marina biomass decreased to its lowest level ever recorded in the estuary (mean aboveground biomass = 7.7 g DW m−2; mean belowground biomass = 27.0 g DW m−2). Reduced biomass and other characteristics indicated that eelgrass beds had not recovered from previous reductions observed 2004–2006. The rate of decline was related to nutrient loading and associated symptoms of eutrophication. Additionally, the rate of degradation changed over time. The decline in plant parameters was evident in all of the eelgrass beds investigated, indicating that an estuary-wide stressor was responsible.
A formal treatment of onion routing

Anonymous channels are necessary for a multitude of privacy-protecting protocols. Onion routing is probably the best known way to achieve anonymity in practice. However, the cryptographic aspects of onion routing have not been sufficiently explored: no satisfactory definitions of security have been given, and existing constructions have only had ad-hoc security analysis for the most part. We provide a formal definition of onion-routing in the universally composable framework, and also discover a simpler definition (similar to CCA2 security for encryption) that implies security in the UC framework. We then exhibit an efficient and easy to implement construction of an onion routing scheme satisfying this definition.
Effect of increasing levels of undegradable intake protein on metabolic and endocrine factors in estrous cycling beef heifers.

To determine the influence of three levels of undegradable intake protein (UIP) supplementation on metabolic and endocrine factors that influence reproduction, 23 yearling crossbred heifers (body condition score = 4.5 +/- 0.5; initial BW = 362 +/- 12 kg) were stratified by BW and assigned randomly to one of three supplements: 1) low UIP (1,135 g x heifer(-1) x d(-1); 30% CP, 115 g UIP, n = 7); 2) mid UIP (1,135 g x heifer(-1) x d(-1); 38% CP, 216 g UIP, n = 8); or 3) high UIP (1,135 g x heifer(-1) x d(-1); 46% CP, 321 g UIP, n = 8). Heifers were estrually synchronized before initiation of supplementation. Supplement was individually fed daily for 30 to 32 d, at which time heifers were slaughtered (d 12 to 14 of the estrous cycle) and tissues collected. Heifers were fed a basal diet of sudan grass hay (6.0% CP) ad libitum. On d 28 of supplementation (d 10 of the estrous cycle), no differences were observed (P > 0.10) in serum insulin or IGF-I among treatments. At slaughter (d 10 to 12 of the estrous cycle), treatments did not influence corpus luteum weight, cerebral spinal fluid leptin, or IGFBP; serum estradiol-17beta, progesterone, leptin, IGF-I, and IGFBP; or anterior pituitary content of IGFBP (P > 0.10). Follicular fluid IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-4 were greater in high-UIP heifers than low- or mid-UIP heifers on d 12 to 14 of the estrous cycle (P 0.10) following 28 d of supplementation (d 10 of the estrous cycle); however, basal serum FSH concentrations were greater (P = 0.06) in low- and mid- vs. high-UIP heifers (5.2 and 5.2 vs. 4.6 ng/mL, respectively), and FSH area under the curve was greater (P = 0.03) in low- vs. high-UIP heifers. At slaughter (d 12 to 14 of the estrous cycle), anterior pituitary LH and FSH content and steady-state mRNA encoding alpha, LHbeta, and GnRH receptor did not differ (P > 0.10) among treatments. However, FSHbeta mRNA was increased approximately twofold (P = 0.03) in mid vs. low UIP. In summary, low and mid levels of UIP supplements fed to estrous cycling beef heifers seemed to enhance pituitary expression and/or secretion of FSH relative to high levels of UIP. Moreover, high-UIP supplementation was associated with increased low-molecular-weight IGFBP compared with supplementation of low and mid levels of UIP. These data suggest that differing levels of UIP supplementation may alter pituitary and ovarian function, thereby influencing reproductive performance in beef heifers.
City of Superlatives

A number of urban theorists have recently deployed a specific type of rhetoric to support claims that their city—Las Vegas, Miami, Los Angeles—deserves paradigmatic status. Using “superlatives” and assertions that their city is “first” on one or another measure, they have slipped into an academic boosterism at odds with a critical theoretical enterprise. This article explores how urban theorists might position themselves in relation to the city. Based on the premise that all knowledge is situated, it argues for an urban theory that is both critical and engaged.
Follow the Evidence: Integrate Risk Assessment into Sentencing

266 Federal Sentencing Reporter, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 266–268, ISSN 1053-9867 electronic ISSN 1533-8363. ©2011 Vera Institute of Justice. All rights reserved. Please direct requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website, http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintInfo.asp. DOI: 10.1525/fsr.2011.23.4.266. Follow the Evidence: Integrate Risk Assessment into Sentencing
Amelioration in wound healing in diabetic toll-like receptor-4 knockout mice

Abstract Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) is a sentinel pathogen recognition receptor with a pivotal role in inflammation, tissue injury, diabetes and its complications. The aim of the study was to examine the contribution of TLR4 expression and activation to the prolonged inflammation observed in diabetic wounds. Diabetes was induced in male C57BL/6 J and TLR4 knockout (KO) mice using streptozotocin (STZ) with matching non-diabetic mice as control. After 2 weeks of persistent hyperglycemia in the mice, full-thickness excision wounds were made on the backs aseptically. Total RNA and protein were subjected to real-time PCR and western blot analyses. Wound sizes were measured using digital planimetry. TLR4 mRNA and protein expression increased significantly in wounds of diabetic mice compared with non-diabetic mice (P
Conservatism and Personality

If justification were needed for taking notice once again of the liberal-conservative distinction, it would be sufficient, I suppose, merely to observe that this division has been injected into the politics of Western nations for at least two centuries and, depending on the nature of one's criteria, perhaps longer.The distinction between the two camps has not always been sharply drawn, of course, for both have been compelled, as a condition for survival, to hold important beliefs in common. Moreover, each has reversed itself on certain issues, such as government regulation of the economy, casting off old views in favor of beliefs previously cherished by the other. Competing for popular support in elections, and succeeding one another in office, the two camps have, of necessity, taken on many values in common, tempering their programs and adjusting their courses to the practical requirements of political contest. In a system like ours, where the parties have functioned less as ideological movements than as brokerage organizations hoping to attract majority support from almost every segment of the electorate, the distinction has tended to be dulled even further, until, at the actual scenes of daily political struggle, it has often faded entirely.
How Low Will Men with High Self-Esteem Go? Self-Esteem as a Moderator of Gender Differences in Minimum Relationship Standards

Men tend to establish minimum standards that are similar to those of women for high investment relationships (e.g., marriage) but set lower standards for relationships requiring less investment (e.g., a one-night stand). The purpose of the present study was to examine whether self-esteem moderates these gender differences in minimum standards for romantic relationships. This was accomplished by conducting a cross-sectional study with undergraduate participants (57 men and 124 women) from the southern region of the United States. Participants completed a self-esteem measure and reported their minimum standards for partners across various levels of relational involvement. As predicted, high self-esteem was associated with higher standards for low investment relationships among women but lower standards among men.
Correction Factors for Comparison of Ballistic Dispersion at Multiple Downrange Distances

yd = Separation distance of an impact point from MPI in elevation direction z d = Downrange distance from a firing position (the origin) 0 x v = Initial velocity of a projectile at gun muzzle in azimuth direction 0 y v = Initial velocity of a projectile at gun muzzle in elevation direction 0 z v = Initial velocity of a projectile at gun muzzle in down range direction t = Flight time since a projectile exists a gun barrel x v = Flight velocity of a projectile at any time t in azimuth direction y v = Flight velocity of a projectile at any time t in elevation direction z v = Flight velocity of a projectile at any time t in down range direction x w = Wind velocity in azimuth direction y w = Wind velocity in elevation direction z w = Wind velocity in downrange direction g = Gravitational acceleration
A systematic approach to the design and analysis of optimum DPSK receivers for generalized diversity communications over Rayleigh fading channels

A generalized diversity channel is introduced that models a variety of wireless communication systems that use time, frequency, multipath, and/or antenna diversity with various interbranch correlations between signaling waveforms and the fading and additive noise processes. In the context of this general model, a systematic approach to the design and analysis of optimum noncoherent differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) receivers is introduced. In particular, it is shown how the minimum error probability (MEP) and the generalized likelihood ratio tests (GLRT) can be applied to obtain optimal noncoherent combining rules. A comparative error-rate analysis of the GLRT and MEP detectors and an ad hoc equal-gain combiner is provided for binary signaling, and the suitability of the three schemes is determined as a function of fading characteristics. The asymptotic bit-error-rate analysis is undertaken for the MEP detector for slow and fast fading channels. An estimator-detector decomposition of the noncoherent MEP rule is obtained which allows an insightful comparative study of the fundamental limits of binary phase-shift keying and DPSK modulation-detection methods for both slow and fast fading. The results of this paper are also applicable to postdecorrelative receivers in multiuser channels.
Teaching Beginning College Students with Adapted Published Research Reports

This study used peer-reviewed published research re ports to teach a seminar on learning and memory to first-semester college students. Complete reports (not summaries, reviews, or news reports) were re-written by this aut hor to be more “student friendly” to college freshmen. These adapted published research reports (APRRs) retained original structure and key data but omitted references and t angential data while providing explanatory notes. Rather than lecturing the students about the papers , the approach was to engage students directly in scientific thinking by requiring them t o work first individually and then as analysis teams to conduct a simulated peer review o f the APRRs. To prod higher-level analysis, students were required to develop insight ful answers to 21 scaffolding questions. All questions required critical thinking, an d seven specifically called for creative responses. The questions prompted the students to t hink deeply about alternative approaches for testing, organizing and presenting res ults, meaning of the results, and the broader implications of the research. An end-of-course survey revealed that students rega rded the experience positively. Most believed they learned more than they would have fro m lectures, had more interest in the subject matter, were less intimidated by research r eports, grew in ability to comprehend research, and felt pride in realizing they could th ink at this level. This application of APRR seems to be a useful and e ngaging way to teach in a freshman seminar. Lessons learned include the need to provid e more advance explanation about the nature of research in the field and more professor feedback on the students’ simulated peer reviews. But, the results do lend support to t he claim of others that APRRs can teach the nature of scholarship better than textbooks.
The Gastrointestinal Tract: A Friend or Foe to Listeria monocytogenes?

Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacillus and is the causative agent of listeriosis. Approximately 2500 cases of listeriosis and 500 deaths are reported each year, making it the deadliest food borne pathogen. The CDC has reported that the incidence of L. monocytogenes has decreased by 36% between 1996 and 2006. However, outbreaks still occur, making it a cause for concern among the medical and food industries.
Fast Crystal Growth in o-Terphenyl Glasses: A Possible Role for Fracture and Surface Mobility

Molecular liquids can develop a fast mode of crystal growth (“GC growth”) near the glass transition temperature. This phenomenon remains imperfectly understood with several explanations proposed. We report that GC growth in o-terphenyl conserves the overall volume, despite a 5% higher density of the crystal, and produces fine crystal grains with the same unit cell as normally grown crystals. These results indicate that GC growth continuously creates voids and free surfaces, possibly by fracture. This aspect of the phenomenon has not been considered by previous treatments and is a difficulty for those models that hypothesize a 5% strain without voids. Given the existence of even faster crystal growth on the free surface of molecular glasses, we consider the possibility that GC growth is facilitated by fracture and surface mobility. This notion has support from the fact that GC growth and surface growth are both highly correlated with surface diffusivity and with fast crystal growth along preformed cracks i...
A Short Proof of Strassen's Theorem Using Convex Analysis

We give a simple proof of Strassen's theorem on stochastic dominance using linear programming duality, without requiring measure-theoretic arguments. The result extends to generalized inequalities using conic optimization duality and provides an additional, intuitive optimization formulation for stochastic dominance.
Versatile Miniature Tunable Liquid Lenses Using Transparent Graphene Electrodes

This paper presents, for the first time, versatile and low-cost miniature liquid lenses with graphene as electrodes. Tunable focal length is achieved by changing the droplet curvature using electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). Ionic liquid and KCl solution are utilized as lens liquid on the top of a flexible Teflon-coated PDMS/parylene membrane. Transparent and flexible, graphene allows transmission of visible light as well as large deformation of the polymer membrane to achieve requirements for different lens designs and to increase the field of view without damaging of electrodes. The tunable range for the focal length is between 3 and 7 mm for a droplet with a volume of 3 μL. The visualization of bone marrow dendritic cells is demonstrated by the liquid lens system with a high resolution (456 lp/mm).
Numerical Modeling of Gas Flow in Converging-Diverging Micronozzles

Size and expansion ratio effects on the flowfield are investigated for micro convergingdiverging nozzles. Numerical computations are conducted by using two dimensional augmented Burnett equations and Navier-Stokes equations that were derived from the Boltzmann equation. The first order Maxwell-Smoluchowski slip boundary condition is used for adiabatic walls, and second order Steger-Warming flux vector splitting scheme is applied to the convective inviscid flux terms. The results from the augmented Burnett equation are compared with those obtained by using Navier-Stokes equations with and without the slip conditions. Then, nozzle-size analysis is conducted for between 2μm and 100μm throat width. Influence of the Knudsen number is investigated, and temperature and Mach number variations are presented. In addition, the influence of the expansion ratio is studied with three different configurations (1.7:1, 3.4:1, and 6.8:1). The results are compared with each other and experimental data in the literature.
Small molecule agonists of mammalian Diaphanous-related (mDia) formins reveal an effective glioblastoma anti-invasion strategy

The extensive invasive capacity of glioblastoma (GBM) makes it resistant to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy and thus makes it lethal. In vivo, GBM invasion is mediated by Rho GTPases through unidentified downstream effectors. Mammalian Diaphanous (mDia) family formins are Rho-directed effectors that regulate the F-actin cytoskeleton to support tumor cell motility. Historically, anti-invasion strategies focused upon mDia inhibition, whereas activation remained unexplored. The recent development of small molecules directly inhibiting or activating mDia-driven F-actin assembly that supports motility allows for exploration of their role in GBM. We used the formin inhibitor SMIFH2 and mDia agonists IMM-01/-02 and mDia2-DAD peptides, which disrupt autoinhibition, to examine the roles of mDia inactivation versus activation in GBM cell migration and invasion in vitro and in an ex vivo brain slice invasion model. Inhibiting mDia suppressed directional migration and spheroid invasion while preserving intrinsic random migration. mDia agonism abrogated both random intrinsic and directional migration and halted U87 spheroid invasion in ex vivo brain slices. Thus mDia agonism is a superior GBM anti-invasion strategy. We conclude that formin agonism impedes the most dangerous GBM component-tumor spread into surrounding healthy tissue. Formin activation impairs novel aspects of transformed cells and informs the development of anti-GBM invasion strategies.
低動力スクリーン LPスクリーンの紹介:ー古紙処理システムの省エネと合理化ー

LPスクリーンは，約４０年間の弊社ノウハウを注ぎ込み完成させた，超低動力スクリーンである。低動力の秘密はその内部構造にあり，スクリーンプレートに設けられたすべての開口部を，均一に原料スラリーが均一な速度で通過すること，処理原料の濃度を高くすることができるような工夫が盛り込まれている。今回は，佐々木賞受賞記念講演として，この画期的スクリーン技術の紹介をする。
Modeling of the Oscillatory Flowfield Between Two Parallel Plates with Sidewall Injection

A mathematical model is developed for the oscillatory flowfield arising in a rectangular geometry where fluid is injected uniformly through fiat, parallel and permeable walls. Linearization of the Navier-Stokes equations rests on two fundamental assumptions, namely, of a small oscillatory pressure amplitude in addition to a small injection Mach number. Field decomposition into mean and small fluctuations about the mean precedes extracting a steady, two-dimensional, rotational solution which dictates the bulk fluid motion. Timedependent velocity decomposition into irrotational and solenoidal parts allows splitting the field into pressure and vorticity driven terms that are coupled through existing boundary conditions. Separation of variables and multiple scale expansions allow extracting an accurate, uniformly valid formulation for the rotational velocity that captures key physical elements, disclosing a nondimensional grouping that has a profound impact on the solution. Flowfield characteristics are interpreted via existing dynamic similarity parameters, including injection Strouhal and Stokes numbers. For meaningful physical settings, results are shown to agree very favorably with numerical predictions.
Determination of antisperm antibodies in infertile couples by Millititer filtration.

L'avantage de cette methode sur les autres methodes aux antiglobulines marquees, est qu'il n'y a pas de risque de perte de spermatozoides durant le lavage, (les spermatozoides etant retenus sur le filtre). De plus, la fixation non specifique des spermatozoides aux puits est minimale, et il n'y a pas besoin de centrifuger entre les lavages, de sorte que toute la phase de lavage peut etre realisee en moins de 15 minutes
Clinical Trials, Triumphs, and Tribulations of Glucagon Receptor Antagonists.

Since the discovery of glucagon’s opposing actions to insulin, drugs targeting the inhibition of glucagon action have been pondered. In recent years, several attempts to generate small molecules or antibodies that impair glucagon action have been pursued as potential therapeutics for type 2 diabetes. In the current issue of Diabetes Care , Kazda et al. (1) summarize the outcomes of the phase 2a and phase 2b clinical trials of LY2409021, a small-molecule glucagon receptor antagonist (GRA). This is the largest and longest trial for safety and efficacy of a GRA ever performed. Importantly, LY2409021 does not produce side effects on cholesterol homeostasis that have impeded the progress of other small-molecule GRAs. Here, we place their success in perspective and discuss the advantages and concerns relating to glucagon-based therapeutics as this line of drugs comes closer than ever to achieving their clinical potential. In 1922, the first children with type 1 diabetes were treated with an insulin-containing pancreatic extract, preventing ketoacidosis and an insidious death. In addition to the discovery of insulin, the crew of Banting, Best, and Collip observed glucagon action, as they had noticed in their preclinical studies in canines that some of their crude insulin preparations would raise glucose levels in the dog briefly before glucose was lowered (2,3). This glucose-raising peptide was termed “glucagon” (4) and subsequently purified and identified as a 29–amino acid peptide (5). In 1959, the development of the radioimmunoassay made it possible to quantify the two major glucoregulatory hormones, insulin (6) and glucagon (7). It was quickly established that glucagon was in fact a true hormone responsible for maintaining the glucose supply to the brain via increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. It has since been demonstrated that every form of diabetes is associated with hyperglucagonemia, the suppression of which eliminates hyperglycemia (8 …
Temporal bone fractures

Temporal bone fractures occur in up to 20 % of patients presenting with significant closed head injuries and can be associated with complications including hearing loss, facial paralysis, and CSF fistula. Traditionally, fractures of the temporal bone have been classified as longitudinal or transverse depending on their orientation relative to the long axis of the petrous bone, but in reality, most temporal bone fractures are oblique or have overlapping features. The role of imaging in temporal bone trauma is not only to identify the fracture but also to assess for involvement of important structures such as the otic capsule, ossicular chain, facial nerve, and carotid artery.
In Deliberation's Shadow: Education, (Un)awareness, and Implicit Attitudes

If there was ever a social realm where deliberation seems to matter, politics is one of them. From the electoral selection of lawmakers, to the evaluation of public policies, politics demands from its citizens at least a modicum of attention and reflection to decide between alternatives. But political deliberation is costly (e.g., Downs 1957). It requires mental energy (e.g., Gailliot et al. 2007). And, the propensity to exert such effort is not uniformly distributed across the polity (cf. Althaus 1998; Delli Carpini and Keeter 1996; Zaller 1992). Certain citizens are simply more motivated than others to engage in the mental effort that deliberation demands (e.g., Sniderman et al. 1991). The end result is that when the public decides, some of this decision is underwritten by people who have meticulously considered their opinions, while some of it is driven by people who have thought less about their views. Seen from this perspective, deliberation is a matter of degree, and this variation among fellow citizens affects the quality of the public's decision making. Might these differences in people's inclination to deliberate also shape citizens’ reliance on implicit attitudes for political judgment? It is certainly plausible. As I discussed earlier in Chapters 2 and 3, several social psychologists have argued that the connection between implicit attitude and individual judgment is not an all or nothing proposition (e.g., Gawronski and Bodenhausen 2011; Olson and Fazio 2009; Strack and Deutsch 2004; see also Eagly and Chaiken 1993: Chapter 7). Instead, these scholars maintain, the influence of implicit attitude depends on how motivated people are to avoid impulsive judgments, and whether they have enough opportunity to act on this motivation. The study of implicit racial attitudes captures the spirit of this view (e.g., Fazio and Dunton 1997; Fazio et al. 1995; see also Devine 1989). Scholars have shown that although these implicit attitudes can be spontaneously triggered, not all individuals act on this initial impulse. Some people are more sensitive to the prospect of appearing racially biased. Hence, when time or attention is in abundant supply, these individuals can follow through on their drive to remain unbiased by defusing the influence of their implicit attitude. Whether intended or not, the normative appeal of this approach is easy to appreciate. Sure, implicit attitudes might be spontaneously activated. And yes, these attitudes might be beyond most people's awareness, even if for a brief moment.
Teaming: Everyone Has a Role to Play

Dr. Belbin’s 1981 book, Management Teams, summarized this work. He postulated that for a team to be effective, it needed to have members who could fulfill a number of key roles. He originally defined eight key roles, but a ninth – the specialist role – was added later (Table 11.1). The same person could naturally fulfill several roles, as they often cluster behaviorally within individuals. Other roles are less compatible and would likely reside within different team members. Of note is that to fulfill these nine roles, a team does not need to have nine members – in fact, according to Dr. Belbin, the optimal team number is 4. As you review the roles in Table 11.1, reflect back on the various teams of which you have been a member – the successful and unsuccessful ones. What roles did you typically play? What roles did you see in others? The roles in Table 11.1 should have face validity for you in terms of being important characteristics of well-working teams – you look at the nine factors and think “oh yeah, that’s right, that’s who should be in our team.”
Concentrating Fruit Juices by Reverse Osmosis

The difference between reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration lies principally in the retention characteristics of the membranes. With respect to food processing, ultrafiltration membranes are able to retain protein-sized molecules, whereas reverse osmosis membranes retain lower molecular weight solutes such as sodium chloride or sucrose. In order to concentrate fruit juice, it is necessary to retain sugars, e.g., disaccharides such as sucrose (molecular weight 342, typically present in fruit juices as 5% of the total weight), and monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose (MW 180, also present in fruit juices at about 5% total weight). It is also necessary to retain organic acids such as citric acid (MW 192) or malic acid (134), typically present in fruit juices at the 1 to 2% level, and various salts present at less than half a percent. In addition, it is desirable to retain trace amounts of low molecular weight (<150) aroma compounds such as alcohols, esters, aldehydes, etc.; typically there might be 100 such compounds in a fruit juice with a total concentration of less than 400 parts per million.