cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management Philosophy: The Time Dimensions of Planning

Discusses the time dimensions of planning. Definition of the planning aspect of managing; Details of the thinking and the doing aspects of decision-making; Metaphysical implications of planning.
Provenance for Interactive Visualizations

We highlight the connections between data provenance and interactive visualizations. To do so, we first incrementally add interactions to a visualization and show how these interactions are readily expressible in terms of provenance. We then describe how an interactive visualization system that natively supports provenance can be easily extended with novel interactions.
Understanding Intersectionality and Resiliency among Transgender Adolescents: Exploring Pathways among Peer Victimization, School Belonging, and Drug Use.

Transgender youth experience elevated levels of victimization and may therefore report greater drug use than their cisgender peers, yet little is known about protective factors like school belonging that may mediate this relationship. Further, scant research has explored the experiences of youth at the intersection of transgender identity and youth of color status or low socioeconomic status, especially with respect to these multiple minority statuses’ associations with peer victimization, drug use, and school belonging. Using data from the California Healthy Kids Survey, the current study employs structural equation modeling to explore the relationships among school belonging, peer victimization, and drug use for transgender youth. Findings indicate that school belonging does mediate the pathway between peer victimization and drug use for transgender youth and that although youth of color experience greater victimization, they do not engage in greater drug use than their white transgender peers. Based on these results, those concerned with the healthy futures of transgender youth should advocate for more open and affirming school climates that engender a sense of belonging and treat transgender youth with dignity and fairness.
microRNA-451a regulates colorectal cancer proliferation in response to radiation.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. The biologic response of CRC to standard of care adjuvant therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation are poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been shown to affect CRC progression and metastasis. Therefore, we hypothesized that specific miRs modulate CRC response to chemoradiation. In this study, we used miR expression profiling and discovered a set of microRNAs upregulated rapidly in response to either a single 2 Gy dose fraction or a 10 Gy dose of γ-radiation in mouse colorectal carcinoma models. We used gain and loss-of-function studies in 2D and 3Dcell proliferation assays and colony formation assays to understand the role of the top miR candidate from our profiling. We used Student’s T-tests for simple comparisons and two-factor ANOVA for evaluating significance. The most upregulated candidate at early time points in our signature, miR-451a inhibited tumor cell proliferation and attenuated surviving fraction in longer-term cultures. Conversely, inhibition of miR-451a increased proliferation, tumorsphere formation, and surviving fraction of tumor cells. Using a bioinformatics approach, we identified four genes, CAB39, EMSY, MEX3C, and EREG, as targets of miR-451a. Transfection of miR-451a decreased both mRNA and protein levels of these targets. Importantly, we found miR-451a expression was high and CAB39, EMSY levels were low in a small subset of rectal cancer patients who had a partial response to chemoradiation when compared to patients that had no response. Finally, analysis of a TCGA colorectal cancer dataset revealed that CAB39 and EMSY are upregulated at the protein level in a significant number of CRC patients. Higher levels of CAB39 and EMSY correlated with poorer overall survival. Taken together, our data indicates miR-451a is induced by radiation and may influence colorectal carcinoma proliferation via CAB39 and EMSY pathways.
Privacy-Preserving Crowdsourced Spectrum Sensing

Dynamic spectrum access is promising for mitigating worldwide wireless spectrum shortage. Crowdsourced spectrum sensing (CSS) refers to recruiting ubiquitous mobile users to perform real-time spectrum sensing at specified locations and has great potential in mitigating the drawbacks of current spectrum database operations. Without strong incentives and location privacy protection in place, however, mobile users will be reluctant to act as mobile crowdsourcing workers for spectrum-sensing tasks. In this paper, we first formulate participant selection in CSS systems as a reverse auction problem, in which each participant’s true cost for spectrum sensing is closely tied to his current location. Then, we demonstrate how the location privacy of CSS participants can be easily breached under the framework. Finally, we present PriCSS, a novel framework for a CSS service provider to select CSS participants in a differentially privacy-preserving manner. In this framework, we propose PriCSS− and PriCSS+, two different schemes under distinct design objectives and assumptions. PriCSS− is an approximately truthful scheme that achieves differential location privacy and an approximate minimum payment, while PriCSS+ is a truthful scheme that achieves differential location privacy and an approximate minimum social cost. The detailed theoretical analysis and simulation studies are performed to demonstrate the efficacy of both schemes.
Magnetic Calorimeter Arrays with High Sensor Inductance and Dense Wiring

We describe prototype arrays of magnetically coupled microcalorimeters fabricated with an approach scalable to very large format arrays. The superconducting interconnections and sensor coils have sufficiently low inductance in the wiring and sufficiently high inductance in the coils in each pixel, to enable arrays containing greater than 4000 sensors and 100,000 X-ray absorbers to be used in future astrophysics missions such as Lynx. We have used projection lithography to create submicron patterns (e.g., 400 nm lines and spaces) in our niobium sensor coils and wiring, integrated with gold–erbium sensor films and gold X-ray absorbers. Our prototype devices will explore the device physics of metallic magnetic calorimeters as feature sizes are reduced to nanoscale.
Impact and Prevalence of Diagrammatic Supports in Mathematics Classrooms

Mathematical problem solving typically involves manipulating visual symbols (e.g., equations), and prior research suggests that those symbols serve as diagrammatic representations (e.g., Landy and Goldstone 2010). The present work examines the ways that instructional design of student engagement with these diagrammatic representations may impact student learning. We report on two studies. The first describes systematic cross-cultural differences in the ways that teachers use mathematical representations as diagrammatic supports during middle school mathematics lessons, finding that teachers in two higher achieving regions, Hong Kong, and Japan, more frequently provided multiple layers of support for engaging with these diagrams (e.g. making them visible for a longer period, using linking gestures, and drawing on familiarity in those representations), than teachers in the U.S., a lower achieving region. In Study 2, we experimentally manipulated the amount of diagrammatic support for visually presented problems in a video-based fifth-grade lesson on proportional reasoning to determine whether these multiple layers of support impact learning. Results suggest that learning was optimized when supports were used in combination. Taken together, these studies suggest that providing visual, temporal, and familiarity cues as supports for learning from a diagrammatic representation is likely to improve mathematics learning, but that administering these supports non-systematically is likely to be overall less effective.
Asynchronous suppression of visual cortex during absence seizures in stargazer mice

Absence epilepsy is a common childhood disorder featuring frequent cortical spike-wave seizures with a loss of awareness and behavior. Using the calcium indicator GCaMP6 with in vivo 2-photon cellular microscopy and simultaneous electrocorticography, we examined the collective activity profiles of individual neurons and surrounding neuropil across all layers in V1 during spike-wave seizure activity over prolonged periods in stargazer mice. We show that most (~80%) neurons in all cortical layers reduce their activity during seizures, whereas a smaller pool activates or remains neutral. Unexpectedly, ictal participation of identified single-unit activity is not fixed, but fluctuates on a flexible time scale from seizure to seizure. Pairwise correlation analysis of calcium activity reveals a surprising lack of synchrony among neurons and neuropil patches in all layers during seizures. Our results demonstrate asynchronous suppression of visual cortex during absence seizures, with potential implications for understanding cortical network function during EEG states of reduced awareness. Absence epilepsy is associated with frequent generalized spike-wave seizures and loss of awareness. Here the authors use 2-photon calcium imaging of primary visual cortex in a genetic mouse model of absence epilepsy and find that cortical neurons are less active and more loosely coupled to the seizure EEG signature than previously believed.
Short-wave infrared compressive imaging of single photons

We present a short-wave infrared (SWIR) single photon camera based on a single superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) and compressive imaging. We show SWIR single photon imaging at a megapixel resolution with a low signal-to-background ratio around 0.6, show SWIR video acquisition at 20 frames per second and 64x64 pixel video resolution, and demonstrate sub-nanosecond resolution time-of-flight imaging. All scenes were sampled by detecting only a small number of photons for each compressive sampling matrix. In principle, our technique can be used for imaging faint objects in the mid-IR regime.
The Capacity of Symmetric Private Information Retrieval

Private information retrieval (PIR) is the problem of retrieving, as efficiently as possible, one out of $K$ messages from $N$ non-communicating replicated databases (each holds all $K$ messages) while keeping the identity of the desired message index a secret from each individual database. Symmetric PIR (SPIR) is a generalization of PIR to include the requirement that beyond the desired message, the user learns nothing about the other $K-1$ messages. The information theoretic capacity of SPIR (equivalently, the reciprocal of minimum download cost) is the maximum number of bits of desired information that can be privately retrieved per bit of downloaded information. We show that the capacity of SPIR is $1-1/N$ regardless of the number of messages $K$ , if the databases have access to common randomness (not available to the user) that is independent of the messages, in the amount that is at least $1/(N-1)$ bits per desired message bit. Otherwise, if the amount of common randomness is less than $1/(N-1)$ bits per message bit, then the capacity of SPIR is zero. Extensions to the capacity region of SPIR and the capacity of finite length SPIR are provided.
New algorithms for minimizing the longest wire length during circuit compaction

Consider the problem of performing one-dimensional circuit compaction for a layout containingn h horizontal wires andn layout cells. We present new and efficient constrain-graph-based algorithms for generating a compacted layout in which either the length of the longest wires or a user-specified tradeoff function between the layout width and the longest wire length is minimized. Both algorithms have anO(n h ·nlogn) running time. The concept employed by our algorithms is that of assigning speeds to the layout cells. Speeds are computed by performing path computations in subgraphs of the constraint graphs. A compacted layout is generated over a number of iterations, with each iteration first determining speeds and then moving the layout elements to the right according to the computed speeds. Each iteration produces a better layout and after at mostn·n h iterations the final layout is produced.
Swarmer Cell Development of the Bacterium Proteus mirabilis Requires the Conserved Enterobacterial Common Antigen Biosynthesis Gene rffG.

ABSTRACT Individual cells of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis can elongate up to 40-fold on surfaces before engaging in a cooperative surface-based motility termed swarming. How cells regulate this dramatic morphological remodeling remains an open question. In this paper, we move forward the understanding of this regulation by demonstrating that P. mirabilis requires the gene rffG for swarmer cell elongation and subsequent swarm motility. The rffG gene encodes a protein homologous to the dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase protein of Escherichia coli, which contributes to enterobacterial common antigen biosynthesis. Here, we characterize the rffG gene in P. mirabilis, demonstrating that it is required for the production of large lipopolysaccharide-linked moieties necessary for wild-type cell envelope integrity. We show that the absence of the rffG gene induces several stress response pathways, including those controlled by the transcriptional regulators RpoS, CaiF, and RcsB. We further show that in rffG -deficient cells, the suppression of the Rcs phosphorelay, via loss of RcsB, is sufficient to induce cell elongation and swarm motility. However, the loss of RcsB does not rescue cell envelope integrity defects and instead results in abnormally shaped cells, including cells producing more than two poles. We conclude that an RcsB-mediated response acts to suppress the emergence of shape defects in cell envelope-compromised cells, suggesting an additional role for RcsB in maintaining cell morphology under stress conditions. We further propose that the composition of the cell envelope acts as a checkpoint before cells initiate swarmer cell elongation and motility. IMPORTANCE Proteus mirabilis swarm motility has been implicated in pathogenesis. We have found that cells deploy multiple uncharacterized strategies to handle cell envelope stress beyond the Rcs phosphorelay when attempting to engage in swarm motility. While RcsB is known to directly inhibit the master transcriptional regulator for swarming, we have shown an additional role for RcsB in protecting cell morphology. These data support a growing appreciation that the Rcs phosphorelay is a multifunctional regulator of cell morphology in addition to its role in microbial stress responses. These data also strengthen the paradigm that outer membrane composition is a crucial checkpoint for modulating entry into swarm motility. Furthermore, the rffG -dependent moieties provide a novel attractive target for potential antimicrobials.
Risk forms: representation, disintegration, and application to partially observable two-stage systems

We introduce the concept of a risk form, which is a real functional of two arguments: a measurable function on a Polish space and a measure on that space. We generalize the duality theory and the Kusuoka representation to this setting. For a risk form acting on a product of Polish spaces, we define marginal and conditional forms and we prove a disintegration formula, which represents a risk form as a composition of its marginal and conditional forms. We apply the proposed approach to two-stage stochastic programming problems with partial information and decision-dependent observation distribution.
Quality, price, and time-on-market

Abstract Time-on-market is often interpreted as a negative signal of an asset’s quality. The lengthier the time-on-market, the greater the probability that past buyers arrived, observed some undesirable quality, and chose not to buy. In this paper, I propose a simple model of quality, price, and time-on-market. The model yields closed-form expressions for beliefs, prices, and rates of sale. To demonstrate the accessibility of the model, I work out simple comparative statics for time-on-market and sale price and extend the model by giving the seller a valuable outside option.
An Actuated Neural Probe Architecture for Reducing Gliosis-Induced Recording Degradation

Glial encapsulation of chronically implanted neural probes inhibits recording and stimulation, and this signal loss is a significant factor limiting the clinical viability of most neural implant topologies for decades-long implantation. We demonstrate a mechanical proof of concept for silicon shank-style neural probes intended to minimize gliosis near the recording sites. Compliant whiskers on the edges of the probe fold inward to minimize tissue damage during insertion. Once implanted to the target depth and retracted slightly, these whiskers splay outward. The splayed tips, on which recording sites could be patterned, extend beyond the typical 50–100 $\mu \text{m}$ radius of a glial scar. The whiskers are micrometer-scale to minimize or avoid glial scarring. Electrically inactive devices with whiskers of varying widths and curvature were designed and monolithically fabricated from a 5- $\mu \text{m}$ silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, and their mechanical functionality was demonstrated in a 0.6% agar brain phantom. Deflection was plotted versus deflection speed, and those that were most compliant actuated successfully. This probe requires no preparation for use beyond what is typical for a shank-style silicon probe.
From ballot-boxes to barracks: Votes, institutions, and post-election coups:

The military often intervenes in politics shortly after elections. This might be because election results reveal information about the ease with which a coup can succeed. Would-be coup perpetrators...
The Nature of the Firm - A social cybernetic analysis.

In 1937, Ronald Coase published ‘The Nature of the Firm’ [1], addressing the question of why firms exist. He concluded that firms emerge to reduce costs of transactions. A ‘transaction’ is defined both as the action of conducting business, as well as an interaction between people. Both senses of the term prompt the present social cybernetic analysis of the nature of the firm. Social cybernetics focuses upon the reciprocal feedback control and feedforward interactions between two or more individuals in a group or organizational setting, a process termed social tracking that involves dynamic linking of the social behavior of two people, of multi-person teams of people, or of larger groups of individuals engaged in intra- or inter-institutional transactions.
Mixture Matrix Completion

Completing a data matrix X has become an ubiquitous problem in modern data science, with motivations in recommender systems, computer vision, and networks inference, to name a few. One typical assumption is that X is low-rank. A more general model assumes that each column of X corresponds to one of several low-rank matrices. This paper generalizes these models to what we call mixture matrix completion (MMC): the case where each entry of X corresponds to one of several low-rank matrices. MMC is a more accurate model for recommender systems, and brings more flexibility to other completion and clustering problems. We make four fundamental contributions about this new model. First, we show that MMC is theoretically possible (well-posed). Second, we give its precise information-theoretic identifiability conditions. Third, we derive the sample complexity of MMC. Finally, we give a practical algorithm for MMC with performance comparable to the state-of-the-art for simpler related problems, both on synthetic and real data.
Scalable Memdiodes Exhibiting Rectification and Hysteresis for Neuromorphic Computing.

Metal-Nb2O5−x-metal memdiodes exhibiting rectification, hysteresis, and capacitance are demonstrated for applications in neuromorphic circuitry. These devices do not require any post-fabrication treatments such as filament creation by electroforming that would impede circuit scalability. Instead these devices operate due to Poole-Frenkel defect controlled transport where the high defect density is inherent to the Nb2O5−x deposition rather than post-fabrication treatments. Temperature dependent measurements reveal that the dominant trap energy is 0.22 eV suggesting it results from the oxygen deficiencies in the amorphous Nb2O5−x. Rectification occurs due to a transition from thermionic emission to tunneling current and is present even in thick devices (>100 nm) due to charge trapping which controls the tunneling distance. The turn-on voltage is linearly proportional to the Schottky barrier height and, in contrast to traditional metal-insulator-metal diodes, is logarithmically proportional to the device thickness. Hysteresis in the I–V curve occurs due to the current limited filling of traps.
An induction theorem for groups acting on trees

If $G$ is a group acting on a tree $X$, and ${\mathcal S}$ is a $G$-equivariant sheaf of vector spaces on $X$, then its compactly-supported cohomology is a representation of $G$. Under a finiteness hypothesis, we prove that if $H_c^0(X, {\mathcal S})$ is an irreducible representation of $G$, then $H_c^0(X, {\mathcal S})$ arises by induction from a vertex or edge stabilizing subgroup. If $G$ is a reductive group over a nonarchimedean local field $F$, then Schneider and Stuhler realize every irreducible supercuspidal representation of $G(F)$ in the degree-zero cohomology of a $G(F)$-equivariant sheaf on its reduced Bruhat-Tits building $X$. When the derived subgroup of $G$ has relative rank one, $X$ is a tree. An immediate consequence is that every such irreducible supercuspidal representation arises by induction from a compact-mod-center open subgroup.
The Turán Polytope

The Turan hypergraph problem asks to find the maximum number of $r$-edges in a $r$-uniform hypergraph on $n$ vertices that does not contain a clique of size $a$. When $r=2$, i.e., for graphs, the answer is well-known and can be found in Turan's theorem. However, when $r\ge 3$, the problem remains open. We model the problem as an integer program and call the underlying polytope the Turan polytope. We draw parallels between the latter and the stable set polytope: we show that generalized and transformed versions of the web and wheel inequalities are also facet-defining for the Turan polytope. We also show that clique inequalities and what we call doubling inequalities are facet-defining when $r=2$. These facets lead to a simple new polyhedral proof of Turan's theorem.
Who's paying attention? Measuring common ownership and its impact on managerial incentives

Abstract We derive a measure that captures the extent to which common ownership shifts managers’ incentives to internalize externalities. A key feature of the measure is that it allows for the possibility that not all investors are attentive to whether a manager's actions benefit the investor's overall portfolio. Empirically, we show that potential drivers of common ownership, including mergers in the asset management industry and, under certain circumstances, even indexing, could diminish managerial motives to internalize externalities. Our findings illustrate the importance of accounting for investor inattention when analyzing whether the growth of common ownership affects managerial incentives.
Treatment Sensitivity of Direct Behavior Rating–Multi-Item Scales in the Context of a Daily Report Card Intervention:

The primary goal of this study was to assess the treatment sensitivity of four newly developed Direct Behavior Rating–Multi-Item Scales (DBR-MIS) that assess the domains of academic engagement, dis...
Investment Performance of Credit Risk Transfer Securities (CRTs): The Early Evidence

Credit risk transfer (CRT) securities were introduced by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in 2013. As of the end of 2017, in combination, the two government sponsored housing enterprises had issued a total of $53 billion in CRTs linked to residential mortgage loans with a total face value of $1.79 trillion. The goal is to shift mortgage risk from tax payers to the private sector. In return, investors expect to be compensated. The authors document the returns earned by investors in the various CRT tranches since their inception. The most senior tranches have provided an average representative return of 0.26% per month. The most junior tranches have provided an average representative return of 1.71% per month. These compare with average monthly returns of 0.03%, 0.15%, and 0.87% to T-bills, 15-year agency mortgage-backed securities, and 10-year high-yield corporate bonds, respectively, over the same time periods.
Comparing Cross-Section and Time-Series Factor Models

We use the cross-section regression approach of Fama and MacBeth (1973) to construct cross-section factors corresponding to the time-series factors of Fama and French (2015). Time-series models that use only cross-section factors provide better descriptions of average returns than time-series models that use time-series factors. This is true when we impose constant factor loadings and when we use time-varying loadings that are natural for time-series factors and time-varying loadings that are natural for cross-section factors.Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Holographic dual of the five-point conformal block

We present the holographic object which computes the five-point global conformal block in arbitrary dimensions for external and exchanged scalar operators. This object is interpreted as a weighted sum over infinitely many five-point geodesic bulk diagrams. These five-point geodesic bulk diagrams provide a generalization of their previously studied four-point counterparts. We prove our claim by showing that the aforementioned sum over geodesic bulk diagrams is the appropriate eigenfunction of the conformal Casimir operator with the right boundary conditions. This result rests on crucial inspiration from a much simpler p-adic version of the problem set up on the Bruhat-Tits tree.
The Third Answer: How Market-Creating Innovation Drives Economic Growth and Development

In this essay, we begin by offering a definition and two examples of market creating innovation that provide a foundation for the historically informed theory that follows. With this definition and the examples in mind, we next assess the two dominant theories of development— essentially, the currently dominant answers to the centuries-old question of why some countries prosper while others do not. We propose that market creating innovation constitutes a "third answer to this question. We then assess how new influences such as Blockchain technology and emerging business models relate to market-creating innovation, institutional evolution, and, ultimately, economic development. We offer specific examples of how Blockchain technology is being deployed to support market-creating innovation. We conclude by considering how a better understanding of the drivers of development prompts us to reconsider the definition of development itself.
The asset cost of poor health

Abstract This paper examines the correlation between poor health and the evolution of wealth for households in the first nine waves of the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS). It complements previous studies that have enumerated specific financial costs of poor health, such as out of pocket medical expenses or lost earnings. Because poor health can affect wealth accumulation through several channels, the “asset cost” measure can provide additional insight on the health-wealth nexus. We develop a simple measure of health status based on the first principal component of HRS survey responses on self-reported health status, diagnoses, ADLs, IADLs, and other indicators of underlying health. We find a large and substantively important correlation between this health measure and wealth accumulation. Within each 1994 asset quintile, individuals in the top third of the 1994 health status distribution averaged 50 percent more wealth in 2010 than those in the bottom third of that distribution.
Computational geometry

Computational geometry is the study of algorithmic problems involving geometry. Although the ruler and compass constructions of ancient Greek geometry were essentially algorithms for producing geometric objects, modern computational geometry begins with M. I. Shamos's 1975 Ph.D. dissertation, which solved several fundamental geometric problems and posed many more. Since the 1980s, computational geometry has been perhaps the most active area of algorithms research, and a recent bibliography listsover 8,000 relevant publications. The explosive growth of this field can be traced to the intuitive appeal of geometric problems as well as the wide range of practical applications.
Statistical inference for data-adaptive doubly robust estimators with survival outcomes.

The consistency of doubly robust estimators relies on the consistent estimation of at least one of two nuisance regression parameters. In moderate-to-large dimensions, the use of flexible data-adaptive regression estimators may aid in achieving this consistency. However, n1/2 -consistency of doubly robust estimators is not guaranteed if one of the nuisance estimators is inconsistent. In this paper, we present a doubly robust estimator for survival analysis with the novel property that it converges to a Gaussian variable at an n1/2 -rate for a large class of data-adaptive estimators of the nuisance parameters, under the only assumption that at least one of them is consistently estimated at an n1/4 -rate. This result is achieved through the adaptation of recent ideas in semiparametric inference, which amount to (i) Gaussianizing (ie, making asymptotically linear) a drift term that arises in the asymptotic analysis of the doubly robust estimator and (ii) using cross-fitting to avoid entropy conditions on the nuisance estimators. We present the formula of the asymptotic variance of the estimator, which allows for the computation of doubly robust confidence intervals and p values. We illustrate the finite-sample properties of the estimator in simulation studies and demonstrate its use in a phase III clinical trial for estimating the effect of a novel therapy for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer.
Insulin‐Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins

The sections in this article are: 1 Gene Structures 1.1 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 1.2 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 1.3 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 1.4 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4 1.5 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5 1.6 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 6 1.7 Acid Labile Subunit 2 Protein Structures 2.1 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 2.2 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 2.3 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 2.4 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4 2.5 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5 2.6 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 6 2.7 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-Related Proteins 3 Control of Gene Expression, Synthesis, and Secretion of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins by Cells and Tissues 3.1 Tissue Expression 3.2 Secretion by Cells In Vitro 4 Variables that Regulate Pericellular Abundanbce of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins 4.1 Proteolysis 4.2 Phosphorylation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins 4.3 Binding to Cell Surfaces and to Extracellular Matrix 5 Regulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Actions in vitro and in vivo 5.1 Regulation of Half-Life 5.2 Modulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Actions 5.3 Specific Functions of Each Form of Binding Protein 5.4 A Unified Theory of the Mechanism of Action of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins in Connective Tissue Cells 5.5 Use of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Analogs 5.6 Related Proteins 6 Control of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein Concentrations in Physiologic Fluids 6.1 Methodologic Considerations 6.2 Detection of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins in Physiologic Fluids Other than Blood 6.3 Regulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins in Serum 6.4 Regulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins by Hormones 7 Summary
Reliable access to massive restricted texts: Experience-based evaluation

Libraries are seeing growing numbers of digitized textual corpora that frequently come with restrictions on their content. Computational analysis corpora that are large, while of interest to scholars, can be cumbersome because of the combination of size, granularity of access, and access restrictions. Efficient management of such a collection for general access especially under failures depends on the primary storage system. In this paper, we identify the requirements of managing for computational analysis a massive text corpus and use it as basis to evaluate candidate storage solutions. The study based on the 5.9 billion page collection of the HathiTrust digital library. Our findings led to the choice of Cassandra 3.x for the primary back end store, which is currently in deployment in the HathiTrust Research Center.
Managing Hurricane (And Other Natural Disaster) Risk

Natural disaster risk is increasing and the ramifications for society's well-being are enormous. The current national preparedness framework for catastrophe risk management recognizes five core missions (prevention; mitigation; protection; response; recovery). The tools used in each of these missions function, in relation to disaster events, either ex ante or ex poste. and most of the tools have both public and private sector iterations. This article articulates a "risk management-recovery matrix" in an effort to explain the complex interactions of the various management and recovery tools (including insurance) that are commonly deployed to further the goals identified in the national preparedness framework. The relationships within the matrix help explain the inadequacy of current loss-prevention efforts, the limitations of private insurance, the ineffectiveness of government interventions in insurance markets, and the gaps and mismatches in federal disaster relief programs. At the same time, the matrix provides a framework through which public policy makers can understand the trade-offs involved with future iterations of and efforts to improve existing natural disaster risk policies.
Symmetry, Saddle Points, and Global Optimization Landscape of Nonconvex Matrix Factorization

We propose a general theory for studying the landscape of nonconvex optimization with underlying symmetric structures for a class of machine learning problems (e.g., low-rank matrix factorization, phase retrieval, and deep linear neural networks). In particular, we characterize the locations of stationary points and the null space of Hessian matrices of the objective function via the lens of invariant groups. As a major motivating example, we apply the proposed general theory to characterize the global landscape of the nonconvex optimization in low-rank matrix factorization problem. We illustrate how the rotational symmetry group gives rise to infinitely many nonisolated strict saddle points and equivalent global minima of the objective function. By explicitly identifying all stationary points, we divide the entire parameter space into three regions: ( $ \mathcal {R}_{1}$ ) the region containing the neighborhoods of all strict saddle points where the objective has negative curvature; ( $ \mathcal {R}_{2}$ ) the region containing neighborhoods of all global minima, where the objective enjoys strong convexity along certain directions; and ( $ \mathcal {R}_{3}$ ) the complement of the above regions, where the gradient has sufficiently large magnitude. We further extend our result to the matrix sensing problem. Such global landscape implies that strong global convergence guarantees for popular iterative algorithms with arbitrary initial solutions.
CEO emotions and firm valuation in initial coin offerings: An artificial emotional intelligence approach

Research Summary How emotions impact firm valuation is empirically understudied because affective traits are difficult to quantify. However, using artificial emotional intelligence, positive and negative affects can be identified from facial muscle contraction‐relaxation patterns obtained from public CEO photos during initial coin offerings, that is, blockchain‐based issuances of cryptocurrency tokens to raise growth capital. The results suggest that CEO affects impact firm valuation in two ways. First, CEOs' own firm valuations conform more to those of industry peers if negative affects are pronounced (conformity mechanism). Second, investors use CEO affects as signals about firm value and discount when negative affects are salient (signaling mechanism). Both mechanisms are stronger in the presence of asymmetric information. Managerial Summary The purpose of this paper is to advance our understanding of how CEOs' affective traits influence firm valuation by both, CEOs themselves and investors. The effect of CEO emotions is plausibly particularly pronounced for start‐up firms, whose success prospects critically depend on their leaders. My results suggest that CEO emotions impact underpricing in initial coin offerings twofold. First, negative emotions are associated with CEOs choosing an underpricing level that closely conforms to their peer firms' average. Second, investors react to negative CEO emotions by demanding higher discounts on firm value. These effects are more pronounced when there is relatively little public information about the ICO firm. My paper is accompanied by artificial emotional intelligence software for implementation in practice and future research.
A Hardware Accelerator for Tracing Garbage Collection

Many workloads are written in garbage-collected languages and GC consumes a significant fraction of resources for these workloads. We propose to decrease this overhead by moving GC into a small hardware accelerator that is located close to the memory controller and performs GC more efficiently than a CPU. We first show a general design of such a GC accelerator and describe how it can be integrated into both stop-the-world and pause-free garbage collectors. We then demonstrate an end-to-end RTL prototype, integrated into a RocketChip RISC-V System-on-Chip (SoC) executing full Java benchmarks within JikesRVM running under Linux on FPGAs. Our prototype performs the mark phase of a tracing GC at 4.2× the performance of an in-order CPU, at just 18.5% the area. By prototyping our design in a real system, we show that our accelerator can be adopted without invasive changes to the SoC, and estimate its performance, area, and energy.
Parents of healthy children assign lower quality of life measure to scenarios labeled as cancer than to identical scenarios not labeled as cancer.

While it is commonly understood that a cancer diagnosis evokes feelings of fear, the effect of labeling a child’s illness as “cancer” remains unstudied. We hypothesized that lower health utility scores would be assigned to disease states labeled as cancer compared to identical disease states without the mention of cancer. In this randomized study, caregivers of healthy children were asked to assign health utility values to different scenarios written as improving, stable, or worsening. Participants from general pediatric clinics at Eskenazi Health were randomly assigned to either the scenarios labeled as “cancer” or “a serious illness”. Participants then rated the scenarios using the Standard Gamble, with laddering of health utilities between 0 (a painless death) and 1 (perfect health). We also gathered subject demographics and assessed the subject’s numeracy. We approached 319 subjects and 167 completed the study. Overall median health utilities of “cancer” scenarios were lower than “serious illness” scenarios (0.61 vs. 0.72, p = 0.018). Multivariate regression (with an outcome of having a utility above the 75th percentile) showed no significant effects by race, ethnicity, numeracy, or income level. “Cancer” scenarios remained significantly lower after adjustment for confounders using logistic regression, but only for the more serious scenarios (OR 0.92, p = 0.048). On average, caregivers with healthy children were shown to take more risk with their treatment options and view their child as having a worse quality of life when they knew the disease was cancer. Awareness of this bias is important when discussing treatments with families, particularly when a risk of cancer is present.
Using time lapse photography to document terrain preferences of backcountry skiers

Abstract Travel in avalanche terrain requires considered and careful selection of appropriate terrain to reduce exposure to avalanche danger. In many parts of the world, recreational backcountry skiers in avalanche terrain are aided by a regional avalanche forecast. The overall aim of an avalanche forecast is for users to adjust their terrain choices in response to the avalanche danger rating and avalanche problem, thereby reducing their risk of an avalanche involvement. In this paper we present a novel passive observation technique to assess how lift assisted backcountry skiers adjust their terrain use in response to the avalanche danger rating. This paper develops and demonstrates a method to record the terrain metrics of all skiers on an avalanche-prone backcountry slope. Using a remote time-lapse camera focused on a high skier-use backcountry slope, we anonymously recorded the descent route of skiers in ten-second increments. Using 31,966 images over 13 days and 7499 skier point locations, skier locations were digitized from the images, then transformed onto a geo-referenced digital elevation model (DEM) such that terrain metrics could be extracted for each anonymous skier location. When these location points are compared to simultaneous GPS measurements, the horizontal accuracy was estimated to be within a 49-m horizontal accuracy, with a 95% confidence interval. Analysis of the terrain metrics for each skier point compared slope, profile curvature (downslope), and plan curvature (cross slope) over days with different forecasted avalanche danger ratings. This statistical analysis was qualitatively supported by a review of the spatial patterns of the terrain choices on these days. Furthermore, we used this technique to estimate group size, and found a surprising number of solo skiers, even on Considerable avalanche danger days. By remotely photographing all skiers on a slope, the data collected provides a large and diverse data set of the terrain preferences of backcountry skiers under varying avalanche conditions, with limited bias. These results have implications for avalanche education by enhancing our understanding of specific terrain management skills by backcountry skiers.
Perceptual Bias and Public Programs: The Case of the United States and Hospital Care

This article examines whether the public holds biased perceptions of public organizations (in this case, hospitals) in the United States and whether organizations get credit for positive results from program evaluations. Using an experimental design that replicates Hvidman and Andersen's 2016 Danish study, the study finds no negative public sector biases in the United States, but organizations are not given any credit for positive program evaluations. These results hold in two experimental replications. The implications of the findings for the measurement of public perceptions of government programs and for effective democratic governance are discussed.
Comparison of Open-Source Electronic Health Record Systems Based on Functional and User Performance Criteria

Objectives Open-source Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems have gained importance. The main aim of our research is to guide organizational choice by comparing the features, functionality, and user-facing system performance of the five most popular open-source EHR systems. Methods We performed qualitative content analysis with a directed approach on recently published literature (2012-2017) to develop an integrated set of criteria to compare the EHR systems. The functional criteria are an integration of the literature, meaningful use criteria, and the Institute of Medicine's functional requirements of EHR, whereas the user-facing system performance is based on the time required to perform basic tasks within the EHR system. Results Based on the Alexa web ranking and Google Trends, the five most popular EHR systems at the time of our study were OSHERA VistA, GNU Health, the Open Medical Record System (OpenMRS), Open Electronic Medical Record (OpenEMR), and OpenEHR. We also found the trends in popularity of the EHR systems and the locations where they were more popular than others. OpenEMR met all the 32 functional criteria, OSHERA VistA met 28, OpenMRS met 12 fully and 11 partially, OpenEHR-based EHR met 10 fully and 3 partially, and GNU Health met the least with only 10 criteria fully and 2 partially. Conclusions Based on our functional criteria, OpenEMR is the most promising EHR system, closely followed by VistA. With regards to user-facing system performance, OpenMRS has superior performance in comparison to OpenEMR.
Causal Discovery and Forecasting in Nonstationary Environments with State-Space Models

In many scientific fields, such as economics and neuroscience, we are often faced with nonstationary time series, and concerned with both finding causal relations and forecasting the values of variables of interest, both of which are particularly challenging in such nonstationary environments. In this paper, we study causal discovery and forecasting for nonstationary time series. By exploiting a particular type of state-space model to represent the processes, we show that nonstationarity helps to identify causal structure and that forecasting naturally benefits from learned causal knowledge. Specifically, we allow changes in both causal strengths and noise variances in the nonlinear state-space models, which, interestingly, renders both the causal structure and model parameters identifiable. Given the causal model, we treat forecasting as a problem in Bayesian inference in the causal model, which exploits the timevarying property of the data and adapts to new observations in a principled manner. Experimental results on synthetic and real-world data sets demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methods.
Synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ones with aliphatic groups at N-3

A series of 3-substituted-5-methoxy-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ones were prepared from aldehydes, ketones, phenylacetic acids, and 1,2- and 1,3-diketones. Conditions for the formation of these oxadiazolones from the precursor N-carbamoyl chlorides depended on the structure, and varied from spontaneous ring closure to those requiring bases. Variation in the N-3 substituents sometimes produced mixtures of isomers which were separated and identified. These molecules were prepared in order to study the effect of the N-3 substituent variation on the biological properties of oxadiazolones.
Experimental and computational studies of trifluoromethylation of aromatic amines by the system trifluoroiodomethane‐zinc‐sulfur dioxide

Several trifluoromethyl-substituted aromatic and heteroaromatic amines have been obtained by the reactions of the corresponding amines with the title reagent system. Computational results provide rationalization for the observed regioselectivities and support a mechanism in which the electrophilic trifluoromethyl radicals interact with the aromatic ring at the sites with the greatest electron density of the HOMO orbitals, and then the resultant adducts are oxidized to cations. The products obtained are potential building blocks for a number of heterocyclic systems.