cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Writing about Cool: Teaching Hypertext as Juxtaposition

This article takes as its departure point the near simultaneous work on notions of cool, technology, and composition in 1963, to begin discussion on how the juxtaposition of these moments can lead to an electronic rhetoric. Based on classroom work done at the University of Florida in two courses entitled “Writing About Cool,” the article presents juxtaposition as a method for writing electronically. Because this particular juxtaposition revolves around the word cool, the rhetoric proposed here is called a rhetoric of cool. The article frames a rhetoric of cool by describing how temporal events in the respective fields of writing, technology, and cultural studies seen in juxtaposition provide a model for electronic research. The article considers the influential 1963 Conference on College Composition and Communication (4Cs), writings by Albert Kitzhaber, Marshall McLuhan, Douglas Engelbart, and Amiri Baraka, and demonstrates how these works inform writing instruction in a contemporary networked writing classroom. Finally, the article examines how students working with hypertext, drawing from these works and juxtapositions, are able to not only write about cool, but are able to write cool as well.
Phosphoglycolate production catalyzed by ribulose diphosphate carboxylase.

Abstract An oxygen-dependent production of phosphoglycolate is catalyzed by purified soybean ribulose diphosphate carboxylase and by crude extracts of soybean and corn leaves. It is suggested that the phosphoglycolate produced in this reaction is the source of glycolate metabolized in photorespiration.
Intermediate-term results of 505 consecutive minithoracotomy mitral valve procedures.

BackgroundPatient demand for less invasive surgery and interest in avoiding sternotomy has led to the increased use of the minithoracotomy for mitral valve surgery. Although the feasibility of this...
Skeletal muscle arteriolar function following myocardial infarction: Analysis of branch-order effects.

Abstract Diminished bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) may impair skeletal muscle arteriolar function after myocardial infarction (MI). We tested the hypotheses that chronic MI induced would diminish 1) endothelial function in large (resting diameter ~ 75 μm) feed arterioles, and 2) functional dilation in feed arterioles, but not smaller arcade (~ 25 μm) or transverse (~ 15 μm) arterioles, in the spinotrapezius muscle of female Sprague–Dawley rats. Additionally, we hypothesized that blockade of NO production with N G -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME; 30 mg/kg i.v.) would have a greater blunting effect on control rats than MI rats. Endothelial function of the feed arterioles was assessed with an infusion of acetylcholine (1.5 μg i.v.) after pretreatment with indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.p.). MI blunted the response to acetylcholine in feed arterioles ( p = 0.037), but did not affect resting or post-contraction diameter at any branching order. l -NAME had similar effects on MI and SHAM rats; the response to acetylcholine was blunted in feed arterioles ( p = 0.003), resting diameter was diminished in arcade arterioles ( p = 0.003), and post-contraction diameter was diminished in both arcade arterioles ( p = 0.03) and transverse arterioles ( p = 0.05). In conclusion, despite endothelial dysfunction in feed arterioles, functional dilation was not affected by MI in any branching order studied. l -NAME had similar effects on MI and SHAM rats that were branch order-dependent. These branch-order effects should be considered in future studies of the control of blood flow.
Natural history of chronic mitral insufficiency: Relation of peak systolic pressure/end-systolic volume ratio to morbidity and mortality

The ratio of peak systolic pressure to end-systolic volume (PSP/ESV) is a measure of contractility that is relatively independent of loading conditions. To define the relation of this index to the natural history of chronic mitral insufficiency, follow-up studies were performed in 76 patients. All had isolated mitral insufficiency and were followed up for an average of 48 months. None underwent surgery. Cardiac volumes, ejection fraction and PSP/ESV ratio were calculated and Cox multiple regression analyses were performed to determine the relation of functional status, ejection fraction and PSP/ESV ratio to morbidity and mortality. Twenty-three patients died during follow-up; in 70% of those who died, the PSP/ESV ratio was reduced below the 20th percentile. However, as an independent predictor of mortality, this ratio was less sensitive (p>0.05) than ejection fraction (p 0.05). Thus, although a decreased PSP/ESV ratio was associated with a higher mortality rate, other clinical and laboratory variables were superior to this index for determining morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated mitral insufficiency.
Modified quantum-well infrared photodetector designs for high-temperature and long-wavelength operation

A principal concern with the performance of GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well long- wavelength detectors is obtaining high detectivity at relatively high temperatures. We have fabricated GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) with graded barrier regions by varying the aluminum concentration during the barrier growth to improve high temperature performance. The effect of barrier grading has been characterized by the measurement of dark current and responsivity, leading to an evaluation of the temperature dependent detectivity. Detectivity of 2 X 109 cm(root)Hz/W at 100 K has been measured on graded barrier QWIPs. We also report on the investigation of QWIPs with cut- off wavelengths ((lambda) c) greater than 12 micrometers . A QWIP with (lambda) c approximately 13.8 micrometers was grown with peak responsivity (Rp) of 1.2 A/W at 10 K. Both Rp and (lambda) c were weakly bias dependent. The maximum detectivity of 6 X 1012 cm(root)Hz/W was at 10 K at 11.7 micrometers and (lambda) c equals 14.5 micrometers .© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Convective diffusion limitations on the rates of chemical reactions at solid surfaces—Kinetic implications*

Flow reactors of simple geometry, in which both transport and kinetic processes play an important role in determining the observed reaction rates, make possible the systematic kinetic investigation of many surface reactions which simply could not be studied in a static system at surface temperatures and reactant partial pressures of practical interest. This state of affairs has motivated quantitative theoretical studies of the rates of surface reactions in certain well-defined flow systems. Some recent data-reduction techniques and quantitative predictions in this area are discussed here, with emphasis on implications for the design and execution of chemical kinetic experiments on gas/solid reactions.
Pancreaticobiliary involvement in familial polyposis coli/Gardner's syndrome.

Adenomatous lesions and carcinoma of the upper gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, and gallbladder are being reported with increasing frequency in patients with familial polyposis coli or Gardner's syndrome (FPC/GS). A patient with FPC/GS who developed polyps with carcinomain situ of the common bile duct and ampulla of Vater, along with extensive adenomatous changes in the duodenum, gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts, and main pancreatic duct is presented. Proliferative lesions, adenomas, and carcinomas should always be considered in the differential in patients with FPC/GS who have symptoms of upper gastrointestinal, biliary or pancreatic disease.
Motivation and retention of key people in mergers and acquisitions

Purpose – The most critical aspect leading to success or failure of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) is people‐related. Unfortunately, how to handle aspects of “people issues” remains one of the most difficult tasks to accomplish successfully. This paper aims to deal with the question of how to keep employees motivated and to retain them in such complex times as M&A transactions.Design/methodology/approach – There are a number of reasons why the challenge of motivation and retention of key people is so difficult to master. The paper identifies the five main challenges of motivation and retention in M&As and how to tackle them.Findings – The key reasons why the motivation and retention of key people during M&As are so difficult to master are that often damage is done prior to the closing of the deal. It is hard to handle the speed at which M&As are concluded and so it can be difficult to quickly and efficiently identify the key people to retain. The right packages need to be designed to retain the right peo...
Cycling performance of low-cost lithium ion batteries with natural graphite and LiFePO4

Abstract Low-cost lithium ion batteries with LiFePO4 and natural graphite were cycled in 1 M LiBF4+EC/DEC at 100% depth of discharge and 25 °C in order to investigate cycle performance and diagnostics for capacity fading. The 12 cm2 pouch cell showed 65% of capacity retention at 5C compared to that at C/25. The cell showed 80% of initial capacity after 80 cycles and its capacity fade rate was 11.3 μA h/cycle during constant C/2 cycling. In hybrid pulse power characterization, the discharge resistance of this cell was higher than commercial graphite/LiCoO2 cell because of low lithium diffusivity in LiFePO4. Slow rate cycling in pouch full cell showed almost 40% of capacity fade after 100 cycles. However, the 100-cycled cathode and anode did not show any capacity fading in half-cell test after disassembling full cell, suggesting that capacity fade in the full cell is caused by loss of cycleable Li.
Flight Test Comparison of Two Electron Attachment Techniques

Theme T^EFLON ablation as a mechanism for altering A the electron concentration in the flow surrounding a vehicle, was examined during re-entry. This was a companion flight to a liquid injection test which used Freon 114B2.' Data are presented on the effect of the ablation products on the flow. These results are compared with those of the injection flight. Measurements, obtained by microwave techniques and paired electrostatic probe measurements of positive ion and electron densities, show significant electron reduction with the dominant mechanism being negative ion formation.
A culture chamber for the continuous biochemical and morphological study of living cells in tissue culture.

Abstract A culture chamber has been described in which continuous phase contrast microscopic observation of growing tissue cultures can be made. The device meets the rigid requirements for optimum culture of tissues and for optical observation. The tissue can be exposed to biochemical reagents at will. Some of the observations made with this device have been described briefly.
The Gold Dilemma

I. Quantitative bases of the gold problem, 581. — II. Alternative policies: (1) Automatic adjustment of gold costs and prices, 590; (2) Limitation of gold production, 591; (3) Maintenance of present policies, 592; (4) Reduction in the dollar value of gold, 592. — III. Conclusion: Immediate steps, 601.
Nanocontacts: The importance of being entangled.

A renormalization group study of electric transport in nanocontacts reveals the importance of quantum correlations for achieving a startling ferromagnetic Kondo effect.
Predicting subjective spreadability, viscosity, and stickiness

Subjective spreadability, viscosity, and stickiness perceived with the fingers were predicted from fluid mechanics. The correlation coefficients of these predictions were 0.95 for spreadability, 0.95 for viscosity, and 0.09 for stickiness. The two important assumptions in the predictions were that spreadability and viscosity were perceived as shear stress and that stickiness was perceived as time. When the finger geometry was approximated as two parallel plates, the predictions only required rheological data for the Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids used. While these liquids covered a range of 10-6 in apparent viscosity, large variations in other fluid properties such as density and surface tension were not studied.
Polybrominated and chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: synthesis biologic and toxic effects and structure-activity relationships

Abstract A series of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and 2,3,7,8-substituted polybrominated and chlorinated analogs were synthesized and their relative in vivo and in vitro activities were determined. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) for PBDDs as ligands for the 2,3,7,8-TCDD cytosolic receptor were comparable to those observed for the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs); the most active compounds were substituted in all four lateral positions and there was a decrease in binding affinities with a decrease in lateral substituents or an increase in non-lateral substituents. The binding affinities of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro, 2-bromo-3,7,8-dichloro-, 2,3-dibromo-7,8-dichloro-, 2,8-dibromo-3,7-dichloro and 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin were comparable using the hydroxylapatite assay and indicates that interchange of Br and Cl substituents does not significantly alter binding affinities. The in vivo effects (monooxygenase enzyme induction, thymic atrophy and body weight loss) of several PBDDs were also determined in the immature male Wistar rat. 2,3,7,8-Tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin was the most toxic compound in this series and exhibited a toxic potency comparable to that of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. The relative toxic potencies of the PBDDs used in this study followed the order 2,3,7,8- > 1,2,3,7,8- > 1,2,4,7,8- > 1,3,7,8- and a comparable rank order was previously observed with the corresponding PCDD isostereomers.
Creating organization-specific usability guidelines

Working with a large information technology organization in industry, we have been investigating how a repository of organization-specific usability guidelines can be created and used to produce high quality end-user applications. Our approach is to create tools and methods in which software development organizations can develop and evolve usability guidelines based on the kinds of applications they develop. This information can then be used to match customer requirements to specific interface techniques that have proven effective for similar users and application domains. This is supported through a case-based system that attaches experience cases to guidelines to help find, explain, specialize, and extend usabiltiy guidelines.
Factor structure of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children (BPRS-C) among Hospital Patients and Community Clients

Abstract The factor structure, reliability and concurrent validity of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children (BPRS-C) was examined. The BPRS-C was designed to measure child psychopathology with seven scales consisting of three items each. Two large samples of intake assessments at admission to the public mental health system of state psychiatric hospitals ( n = 6712) and community mental health centers ( n = 21,459) for children aged 3–17 were examined. In both samples exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis found seven factors that generally supported the BPRS-C seven scale structure. Reliability as measured by internal consistency was acceptable with an average alpha of .72 (SD = .09). Mean scale scores across diagnoses and concurrent correlations with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were consistent with expectations.
An estimate of gas desorption in the damping rings of the next linear collider

Abstract We express the gas desorption in a high-energy electron or positron storage ring in terms of the photoemission and the electron-induced gas-desorption yields of the vacuum-chamber material. The derived expression is used to estimate the gas desorption in the two main damping rings of the Next Linear Collider (NLC) and, in particular, its dependence on the height of the slots which connect the beam pipe proper to an antechamber.
Acetylation of Human Hemoglobin by Methyl Acetylphosphate EVIDENCE OF BROAD REGIO-SELECTIVITY REVEALED BY NMR STUDIES

The development of chemical modification agents that reduce the tendency of sickle hemoglobin (HbS) to aggregate represents an important chemotherapeutic goal. Methyl acetylphosphate (MAP) has been reported to bind to the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) binding site of hemoglobin, where it selectively acetylates residues, resulting in increased solubility of HbS. We have prepared [1-13C]MAP and evaluated the adduct formation with hemoglobin using 1H-13C HMQC and HSQC NMR studies. These spectra of the acetylated hemoglobin adducts showed 10–11 well resolved adduct peaks, indicating that the acetylation was not highly residue specific. The chemical shift pattern observed is in general similar to that obtained recently using [1′-13C]aspirin as the acetylating agent (Xu, A. S. L., Macdonald, J. M., Labotka, R. J., and London, R. E. (1999) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1432, 333–349). Blocking the 2,3-DPG binding site with inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) resulted in a selective reduction in intensity of adduct resonances, presumably corresponding to residues located in the 2,3-DPG binding cleft. The pattern of residue protection appeared to be identical to that observed in our previous study using IHP and labeled aspirin. Pre-acetylation of hemoglobin using unlabeled MAP, followed by acetylation with [1′-13C]aspirin indicated a general protective effect, with the greatest reduction of intensity for resonances corresponding to acetylated residues in the 2,3-DPG binding site. These studies indicated that both MAP and aspirin exhibit similar, although not identical, acetylation profiles and target primarily the βLys-82 residue in the 2,3-DPG binding site, as well as sites such as βLys-59 and αLys-90, which are not located in the β-cleft of hemoglobin.
A second-order algorithm for the dynamic response of soils

Abstract In this paper we describe a formally second-order algorithm for the dynamic response of one-dimensional soils and rock. There are two kinds of equations describing the motion of the material: the partial differential equations expressing conservation of momentum, and the kinetic equation of state relating the stress to the deformation. The stress-rate equations for the kinetic equation of state are formulated as a constrained system of ordinary differential equations and are integrated implicitly in time, both for stability and for satisfaction of the yield constraints. The equations of motion are formulated as a first-order system of hyperbolic conservation laws and integrated explicitly by means of a second-order version of Godunov's method. Because the motion can develop both smooth waves and shocks, special care has been taken to design a numerical method that is second-order in smooth waves and yet reduces to a stable low-order method near discontinuities. We present numerical results for both the integration of the equation of state and the equations of motion, in order to demonstrate the features of the method.
A survey of acetylene cyclization on single crystals, supported particles and bimetallic surfaces: new cyclization studies on bimetallic Pd/W(211)

Abstract A review of acetylene cyclotrimerization to form benzene is presented. This structure-sensitive catalytic reaction is of particular interest because C–C bonds can be formed readily on certain surfaces under ultra high vacuum (UHV) conditions. In addition, we present new results for acetylene cyclotrimerization on a bimetallic surface, Pd deposited on W(211). Pd on W is chosen because it is a morphologically unstable system and W(211) facets develop after annealing Pd/W(111) to ≥700 K. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) data reveal negligible amounts of benzene detected from acetylene adsorption on clean W(211). A monolayer (ML) Pd film on W(211) decreases the high reactivity towards acetylene decomposition and catalyzes the cyclotrimerization reaction; benzene desorbs with TPD peaks at 210 K and ∼470 K. The use of high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) has shown the desorption of benzene products to be reaction rate-limited on the ∼1.0 ML Pd/W(211) surface.
Regulation of parasympathetic neurons by mast cells and histamine in the guinea pig heart

The potential interaction between the immune system and the autonomic nervous system was examined in the cardiac ganglia of guinea pigs. Intracellular voltage recordings were used to determine the effects of mast cell degranulation on the membrane properties of parasympathetic neurons in animals actively sensitized to ovalbumin. Stimulation of mast cell degranulation by perfusion with ovalbumin (10 micrograms/ml) produced a depolarization and increase in the excitability of intracardiac neurons. These effects could be mimicked by histamine application, either by perfusion (10 microM) or by local pressure application (100 microM, 1-2 s application). In either case, histamine application resulted in a similar membrane depolarization and increase in excitability. Immunohistochemical experiments demonstrated that histamine-immunoreactive mast cells are located in close proximity to parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. The histamine response was not due to release of other neurotransmitters from adjacent nerve terminals and both the depolarization and increase in excitability were inhibited by the H1 antagonist, pyrilamine (300 nM), and were unaffected by the H2 antagonist cimetidine (5 microM). Incubation of cardiac ganglion preparations from sensitized animals with pyrilamine prior to ovalbumin perfusion resulted in the inhibition of both the depolarization and increase in excitability. These results demonstrate that mast cell degranulation, and the subsequent release of histamine, results in the stimulation of intracardiac neurons via the activation of H1 receptors. Thus, local inflammatory reactions in the cardiac tissue can lead to the rapid activation of parasympathetic neurons, thereby altering cardiac function.
Work in progress — Integrating computational and engineering thinking through online design and simulation of multidisciplinary systems

Computation is an increasingly essential tool for doing scientific research. It is expected that future engineers will need to engage and understand computing in order to work effectively with computational systems, technologies, and methodologies. Toward this goal, we leverage our previous work with SugarAid v0.2 to allow learners to test their knowledge of computing by applying engineering concepts. Applied concepts include designing multidisciplinary systems including electrical, mechanical, fluidic, and thermal components. Through this method, we expect learners to enhance their computing knowledge by applying their engineering knowledge.
Consistent comparison of pro-poor growth

This article contributes to the literature of pro-poor growth measurement by introducing and characterizing a growth-rate consistency axiom. The axiom states that if one growth pattern is judged to be more pro-poor than another growth pattern at a given growth rate, then the pro-poor ranking between the two growth patterns should remain the same at a higher growth rate. We show that summary pro-poor measures such as poverty-growth elasticities may violate this axiom. We then characterize a special dominance condition under which a given summary pro-poor measure will satisfy the growth-rate consistency axiom. Finally, we establish a general growth-rate dominance condition under which all summary pro-poor measures will respect the growth-rate consistency axiom.
Transient properties of an electromagnetically induced transparency in three-level atoms

We describe the transient behavior of an electromagnetically induced transparency in three-level atomic systems. When the coupling f ield is switched on, the absorption for the probe field is oscillatorily damped to its new steady-state (transparent) value. Transient gain without population inversion and enhancement of dispersion are discussed. A realistic system for experimental testing of these effects is presented.
Contributions of the C-terminal domain to the control of P2X receptor desensitization.

The P2X purinergic receptor channels (P2XRs) differ among themselves with respect to the rates of desensitization during prolonged agonist stimulation. Here we studied the desensitization of recombinant channels by monitoring the changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration in cells stimulated with ATP, the native and common agonist for all P2XRs. The focus in our investigations was on the relevance of the P2XR C terminus in controlling receptor desensitization. When expressed in GT1 cells, the P2XRs desensitized with rates characteristic to each receptor subtype: P2X1R = P2X3R > P2X2bR > P2X4R > P2X2aR > P2X7R. A slow desensitizing pattern of P2X2aR was mimicked partially by P2X3R and fully by P2X4R when the six-amino acid sequences of these channels located in the cytoplasmic C terminus were substituted with the corresponding arginine 371 to proline 376 sequence of P2X2aR. Changing the total net charge in the six amino acids of P2X4R to a more positive direction also slowed the receptor desensitization. On the other hand, substitution of arginine 371-proline 376 sequence of P2X2aR with the corresponding sequences of P2X1R, P2X3R, and P2X4R increased the rate of receptor desensitization. Furthermore, heterologous polymerization of wild-type P2X2aR and mutant P2X3R having the C-terminal six amino acids of P2X2aR at its analogous position resulted in a functional channel whose desensitization was significantly delayed. These results suggest that composition of the C-terminal six-amino acid sequence and its electrostatic force influence the rate of receptor desensitization.
Parental Substance Abuse and Suspected Child Abuse/Maltreatment Predict Outcome in Children's Inpatient Treatment

Abstract There has been relatively little empirical study of outcome for school aged children treated in psychiatric hospitals. In earlier studies, four preadmission variables were operationally defined and studied as hypothesized predictors of poor outcome in psychiatric day treatment by the criterion of recommended in-home or out-of-home placements on discharge. The preadmission variables are recent histories of severe aggression and suicidal ideation/behavior in the child and histories of parental substance abuse and reported suspicions of child abuse/maltreatment. In this study, the work has been extended to determine if these four preadmission factors relate to outcome of children treated in inpatient hospitalization. The findings indicate that the parent/family related variables, and not the child variables (nor child diagnosis), are significantly related to out-of-home recommended placements. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1990, 29, 6:919–924.
On the diffraction of neutrons by magnetic spiral structures

Abstract A beam of neutrons of wave vector K incident on a magnetic spiral structure with propagation vector q gives rise to two diffracted beams. These are peaked at K·q q ∼± q 2 , and their intensity varies with the direction of K with the same functional form as is derived in the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction. In real cases the two lines are broad enough to overlap significantly, giving rise to intrinsic double diffraction effects in a multi-domain crystal. These have been observed experimentally in holmium.
Sequence variability in three wheat germ agglutinin isolectins: Products of multiple genes in polyploid wheat

Three highly homologous wheat germ isolectins (95–97%) are distinct gene products in hexaploid wheat. The amino acid sequences of two of these [wheat germ agglutinin 1 (WGA1) and 2 (WGA2)] are compared with sequence date derived from a complementary DNA (cDNA) clone for the third isolection (WGA3). This comparison includes three corrections to earlier amino acid sequences data of both WGA1 and WGA2 at positions 109 (from Ser to Phe), 134 (from Gly to Lys), and 150 (from Gly to Trp). These reassignments are based on new results from crystal structure refinement and amino acid sequence data of WGA1, as well as the recently determined nucleotide sequence of WGA3. In addition, the C-terminal residue of WGA1 has been revised to Gly 171 and now differs from WGA2 (Ala 171). Four other positions, Asn9, Ala53, Gly119, and Ser 123, at which WGA1 and WGA2 are identical but differ from the DNA sequence of WGA3, were also reinvestigated by amino acid sequencing techniques and confirmed.
Morphological changes accompanying actinomycin production in Streptomyces antibioticus.

The fine structure of the actinomycin producing bacterium Streptomyces antibioticus has been studied. The typical appearance of freshly inoculated cells is one of a generally electron dense cytoplasm. As cellular protein synthesis ceases and secondary metabolism (actinomycin biosynthesis) is initiated, a gradual loss of cytoplasmic density occurs, revealing in many cells membrane enclosed vesicles and an extensive cytoplasmic membrane system. Vesicles are seen to be compartmented by cell wall and may be released into the medium by a subsequent breakdown of the cell wall. The data suggest that the appearance of these internal structures is not due to a differentiation of S. antibioticus cells related to the initiation of secondary metabolism, but rather that these vesicles and membrane systems may be normal subcellular structures which become visible only after a loss of cytoplasmic material due to aging of the cells.
Cloning of a mammalian elk potassium channel gene and EAG mRNA distribution in rat sympathetic ganglia

Three new members of the EAG potassium channel gene family were identified in rat and the complete coding sequence of one of these genes (elk1) was determined by cDNA cloning. The elk1 gene, when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, encodes a slowly activating and slowly deactivating potassium channel. The elk1 gene is expressed in sympathetic ganglia and is also expressed in sciatic nerve. Six of the seven known EAG genes were found to be expressed in rat sympathetic ganglia, suggesting an important functional role for these channels in the sympathetic nervous system. A family of three related voltage-gated potassium channel genes, which are distinct from the Shaker class of potassium channel genes, have been previously identified in either Drosophila or mammals (Warmke & Ganetzky, 1994). The first gene identified in this family was the ether ago-go gene (eag), which was identified initially in Drosophila (Warmke et al. 1991). Two related genes were subsequently described: the eag-related gene (erg) and the eag-like K+ channel gene (elk) (Warmke & Ganetzky, 1994). This family of channel genes is known as the EAG family (Wei et al. 1996). Mammalian homologues of the eag and erg genes have been identified and the potassium channels that they encode have been expressed and characterized (Warmke & Ganetzky, 1994; Ludwig et al. 1994; Robertson et al. 1996; Shi et al. 1997). To date, however, no mammalian homologue of the Drosophilaelk gene has been described, nor have the biophysical properties of any elk channel been characterized. In this paper, three new members of the mammalian EAG gene family are identified. For one of these genes, elk1, we describe the complete coding sequence and have determined the biophysical and pharmacological properties of the encoded channel. In addition, we have determined the mRNA distribution pattern in sympathetic ganglia and sciatic nerve of all known EAG genes.
DETECTION OF INDIVIDUAL PARTICLE SWITCHING DURING HYSTERESIS AND TIME DECAY IN Co-Cr THIN-FILMS

Observation de sauts discrets de l'aimantation d'environ 10 −12 emu correspondant a l'inversion d'aimantation de particules individuelles dans le cycle d'hysteresis de couches minces Co-Cr, perpendiculairement orientees
Parametric study of methane hydrate dissociation in oceanic sediments driven by thermal stimulation

We examine methane hydrate dissociation in porous media that is caused by thermal stimulation of the system (e.g. steam or hot water injection). We consider a semi-analytical model of the problem based on local equilibrium and build upon previous studies in order to obtain further insight on the effects of various parameters that can affect methane production. While previous studies have focused on porous media with properties corresponding to permafrost regions, the overall amount of hydrates in oceanic sediments is believed to be significantly high as well. Therefore, it is essential to examine the effect of oceanic sediments on methane production, since pore-size distributions, permeabilities and porosities of oceanic sediments can be significantly different from permafrost sediments. Parameters to be examined include among others: permeability, porosity, and thermodynamic/transport properties of the system. Study of such issues is of significant importance because it can delineate the possible range of parameters where methane production can be economically viable. It is demonstrated in this work, in contrast to previous studies on permafrost, that for the case of oceanic sediments (low permeabilities), the rate of hydrate dissociation depends on the permeability of the porous sediments. It is demonstrated that at low permeabilities corresponding to oceanic sediments extremely high dissociation pressures develop at the hydrate dissociation front that would result in fracturing of the hydrate-sediment and lead to break down of the model.
Optimal transient control of microgrids using a game theoretic approach

Small scale power systems (SSPS) are collections of interconnected electrical energy sources and loads. However, the analysis and control of SSPS are different from the more traditional large scale power system techniques because in SSPS the generation has minimal inertia with little if any spinning reserve. A differential game-theoretic framework is helpful in designing the control structures for SSPS for efficient and reliable operation with simultaneous player movement. Defining both loads and sources as players in a SSPS and forming a game between them is the key to modeling in this framework. This paper presents a modeling approach to find the optimum trajectory for the load players to reach a desirable operating point from an arbitrary initial condition given a transient system event. The players follow the optimum trajectory in the movement. In addition, the load modeling is proposed for the power electronic converter end load during transient. Further, this paper defines the suitable modifications needed to drive the optimum trajectory to an unknown static set point. This modification is important while system moves from nominal equilibrium to a new equilibrium due to sudden load or source changes. Example cases are presented with nine bus dc power system with load players.
Base drag calculations in supersonic turbulent axisymmetric flows.

generated and random noise was added to the data. The numbers are the actual differences between the true and estimated lander position components and Mars pole location parameters after performing the five steps of the DUST technique. The first column corresponds to the noise only case and the second column corresponds to the case where values for errors in the error model parameters were selected at random. The errors are comparable to the covariance analysis and demonstrate the feasibility, practicability, and strength of the DUST technique to reduce the lander position error by almost an order of magnitude below the results obtained from normal data processing and without the sophistication required by simultaneous spacecraft estimation.
Microtubules Orient the Mitotic Spindle in Yeast through Dynein-dependent Interactions with the Cell Cortex

Proper orientation of the mitotic spindle is critical for successful cell division in budding yeast. To investigate the mechanism of spindle orientation, we used a green fluorescent protein (GFP)–tubulin fusion protein to observe microtubules in living yeast cells. GFP–tubulin is incorporated into microtubules, allowing visualization of both cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules, and does not interfere with normal microtubule function. Microtubules in yeast cells exhibit dynamic instability, although they grow and shrink more slowly than microtubules in animal cells. The dynamic properties of yeast microtubules are modulated during the cell cycle. The behavior of cytoplasmic microtubules revealed distinct interactions with the cell cortex that result in associated spindle movement and orientation. Dynein-mutant cells had defects in these cortical interactions, resulting in misoriented spindles. In addition, microtubule dynamics were altered in the absence of dynein. These results indicate that microtubules and dynein interact to produce dynamic cortical interactions, and that these interactions result in the force driving spindle orientation.
Prescriptionism as a Motivating Mehcanism: An Ethnographic Study in the Public Schools

One advantage of ethnographic research is the consideration of the underlying mechanisms that structure the behaviors of individuals within certain cultural groups or situations. By approaching public school speech-language pathologists as a cultural group, this article uses ethnographic methods to determine some of the underlying motivations for the role of clinicians in the public schools. A powerful motivating mechanism, prescriptionism, is identified and discussed as it relates to the public school clinician's role.
Toward a nonhuman primate model of fetal programming: Phenotypic plasticity of the common marmoset fetoplacental complex

Nonhuman primates offer unique opportunities as animal models in the study of developmental programming and the role of the placenta in developmental processes. All primates share fundamental similarities in life history and reproductive biology. Thus, insights gleaned from studies of nonhuman primates have a higher degree of biological salience to human biology than do studies of rodents or agricultural animals. The common marmoset monkey is a small-bodied primate from South America that produces litters of dizygotic fetuses that share a single placental mass. This natural variation allows us to model different intrauterine conditions and associated fetoplacental phenotypes. The marmoset placenta is phenotypically plastic according to litter size. Triplet litters are characterized by low individual fetal weights and significantly more efficient placentas and attendant alterations to the microscopic architecture and endocrine function, thus modeling a nutrient restricted intrauterine environment. Consistent with this model, triplet neonates experience a higher risk of perinatal mortality and an increased likelihood of elevated adult weight. Recent evidence has shown that the intrauterine experience of females has an impact on their own pregnancy outcomes in adulthood: triplet females experience significantly greater pregnancy loss than do twin females. The marmoset monkey thus represents a potential powerful nonhuman primate model of multiple pregnancies, restrictive prenatal experiences, and differential reproductive outcomes in adulthood, which may have important implications for studying the impact of in vitro fertilization on adult reproductive health. It is still too early to determine exactly what developmental pathways lead to this disparity or what specific role the placenta plays; future work on this front will be critical to establish the marmoset as an important model of fetal programming of reproductive function in adulthood and across generations.
A new technique to compare algorithms for bi-criteria combinatorial optimization problems

The recent interest in multiobjective combinatorial optimization problems resulted in the development of several exact algorithms and metaheuristics for the a posteriori solution of these problems. However, there are as yet no commonly used, reliable methods to compare approximations generated by these algorithms. In this paper, we introduce a new measure for this purpose: Integrated Convex Preference (ICP). We compare the performance of ICP with that of the existing measures using approximations generated by two different genetic algoithms for an NP-hard, bi-criteria parallel machine scheduling problem. Our results show that our measure outperforms existing measures previously used in the literature, and that ICP can handle approximate solution sets with diverse geometric features effectively.
The mechanism of formation and crystal structure of trans-dichlorotetrakis-(dimethylphosphine)ruthenium(II), RuCl2[PH(CH3)2]4

Abstract The title compound has been prepared by the reaction of tetramethylbiphosphine and ruthenium trichloride hydrate. When ethanol is present in the reaction medium it is oxidized to acetaldehyde; however, in the absence of ethanol the water of hydration is the source of hydrogen, as shown by incorporation of deuterium, introduced as D 2 0. The single crystal x-ray structural study demonstrates that the compound has a transoctahedral configuration as anticipated from proton nmr. Crystal data: space group, Pbca; a = 11.571(3) A, b = 12.133(2) A ; c = 12.831(4) A ; V = 1801.3(8) A, Z = 4. The molecule lies on a crystallographic inversion center and has the following metal-ligand bond lengths: Ru-P, 2.323(1) A , 2.331(1) A , RuCl, 2.440(1) A . The PC distances range from 1.837(7) A to 1.841(7) A , with a mean of 1.839 A .
What's wrong with me? Women's coronary heart disease diagnostic experiences

Most women are unaware that that they may experience atypical coronary heart disease (CHD) symptoms. Women's atypical presentation often results in women having difficulty being diagnosed with CHD or myocardial infarction. Investigating women's CHD diagnostic experiences may reveal vital areas amenable to intervention. This secondary analysis explored women's CHD diagnostic experiences. Forty women completed in-depth interviews in their homes that were audiotaped and lasted 2-3 hours. Using content analysis and constant comparison, five themes emerged: awareness, seeking treatment, frustration, treatment decisions, and anger. Despite numerous symptoms and visits with clinicians, most women were not diagnosed with CHD before myocardial infarction. During the infarction, women with typical symptoms were easily diagnosed while those with atypical symptoms received a delayed diagnosis. Those who repeatedly sought treatment were angry about not being diagnosed earlier. Further research is needed to promote early symptom recognition, timely diagnosis, and efficacious treatment-keys to improving women's CHD outcomes and to preventing similar negative diagnostic experiences.
World Exports of Non‐Mineral Primary Products,*

IN EMPIRICAL STUDIES of international trade it is common practice to classify primary products into minerals on the one hand and the products of crop farming, animal husbandry, forestry, hunting, and fishing on the other. For lack of a more common term, the latter may be called "biocultural products." In some measure the geographical pattern of their production is conditioned by climate, whereas that of mineral production is not so conditioned. But there is another reason for distinguishing between minerals and biocultural products. During the post-World War II period the world's exports of most minerals have increased more than those of most biocultural products-not only in volume, but also in unit prices.' Therefore, as a general rule, the benefits derived from foreign trade were greater for countries exporting mostly minerals and relatively smaller for countries exporting mostly biocultural products. In recent years minerals accounted for only 10 per cent of the world's total exports, whereas biocultural products accounted for 30 per cent. More important, half of the world's countries depended on biocultural products for three-fifths or more of their exports. Many of these were so-called "developing" countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Trade cannot be separated from economic development. Both presuppose regional specialization. The present paper, however, does not explore this relationship.2 Its sole purpose is to describe some major aspects of
Challenges of sustainable environmental programs of foreign multinational enterprises in China

Purpose – This paper aims to explore possible internal and external challenges of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) from developed countries to develop sustainable environmental development programs in China.Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on the author's five years' field work (2006‐2010) in China. A total of 30 Chinese executives from 20 different foreign MNEs were interviewed about their companies' corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs.Findings – The focus of 19 companies' environmental programs (95 percent) is internal production and operation efficiency. Only one of 20 companies is committed to increasing the capacity of local Chinese suppliers to comply with the environmental code of conducts listed in their CSR programs and to enable the entire global supply chain to fulfill the international environment standards. The key challenges for foreign companies not to have “holistic and integrated” approaches in their environmental programs are many: keen price competi...
Influence of Black Masculinity Game Exemplars on Social Judgments

In this investigation, the authors ask how media exemplars of Black masculinity influence the views of and intentions toward other Black men. An experiment compared the effects of exposure to Black video game characters fitting the exemplar thug or street criminal (e.g., Carl Johnson from GRAND THEFT AUTO: SAN ANDREAS) versus exemplars of professional Black men (e.g., political leaders), on evaluations of an unknown and unrelated Black or White political candidate and on pro-Black attitudes. Results revealed significant interactions of exemplar type and candidate race on favorability and capability candidate ratings and on pro-Black attitudes. These data demonstrate the power of mass media exemplars of Black masculinity to prime meaningfully different outcomes in viewers. As the face of gaming evolves with advances in technology, so too should the characterization of race in games.
Branch and bound search to optimize injection gate locations in liquid composite molding processes

In liquid composite molding (LCM) processes the resin is injected into a mold cavity containing pre-placed reinforcement fabrics through openings known as gates, and the air leaves the mold through openings called as vents. The gate and vent locations play a crucial role as to whether the resin covers all empty spaces between the fibers in the mold, which dictates the quality and the properties of the final product. Optimization methods are used to find the gate and vent locations that will create a favorable flow that will prevent dry spots. In this paper, branch and bound search is adapted to mold filling in LCM processes and is used to find the optimal injection gate location that fulfill two different objectives. First, to find the gate locations that will yield the shortest fill time. Second, to find the auxiliary gate locations that will counteract a disturbance during filling and minimize the size of the dry spot. In each case, three geometries have been studied. The results are compared with exhaustive search and genetic algorithms results to illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of branch and bound search method.