cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An open source laboratory for operating systems projects

Typical undergraduate operating systems projects use services provided by an operating system via system calls or develop code in a simulated operating system. With the increasing popularity of operating systems with open source code such as Linux, there are untapped possibilities for operating systems projects to modify real operating system code. We present the hardware and software configuration of an open source laboratory that promises to provide students that use it with a better understanding of operating system internals than is typically gained in a traditional operating systems course. Our preliminary projects and evaluation suggest that thus far the lab has achieved its primary goal in that students that used the lab feel more knowledgeable in operating systems and more confident in their ability to write and modify operating system code.
Leukemogenic properties of AKR dualtropic (MCF) viruses: amplification of murine leukemia virus-related antigens on thymocytes and acceleration of leukemia development in AKR mice.

Abstract The late preleukemic period in AKR mice (6–8 months of age) is characterized by amplified expression of murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-related cell surface antigens on thymocytes. Analysis of thymic biopsies of preleukemic AKR mice at 180 days of age showed that antigen amplification was prognostic of spontaneous leukemia development within approximately 100 days. In the present study we have investigated the viral basis of this preleukemic change in AKR thymus. Cloned isolates of ecotropic, xenotropic, and dualtropic MuLV that were derived from preleukemic or leukemic AKR thymus were tested by intrathymic injection of young AKR mice to determine which of the three classes of MuLV could induce antigen amplification, and, subsequently, accelerate leukemia development in the same animal. Only dualtropic MuLV exhibited these two activities in vivo . Considerable heterogeneity was observed among the 13 dualtropic MuLV isolates examined. In vitro three distinct serological phenotypes could be recognized on the basis of expression of MuLV gag gene-coded antigens GCSA and MuLV env gene-coded antigens. G IX , G (ERLD) , G (RADAI) , G (ARSL2) on the surface of infected cells. Virus isolates also differed in (i) relative ecotropic-xenotropic host range (dualtropism) as assayed by ratios of infectious titers on mouse and mink cells, (ii) induction of mink cell foci (MCF), and (iii) infectivity for NIH/3T3 cells. In vivo the two activities of antigen amplification and leukemia acceleration could be dissociated and thus represent distinct virus phenotypes. Seven isolates of dualtropic MuLV induced antigen amplification; these viruses encoded G IX , G (ERLD) , and G (AKSL2) antigens, were MCF inducing, had SC-1/mink titer ratios ≥ 0.4, and were infectious for NIH/3T3 cells. Only three of these virus isolates (MCF 247, MCF 69L1, and MCF 13) accelerated leukemia development. Analysis of dose-response relationships and kinetics of virus-induced antigen amplification by MCF 69L1 virus implicated virus infection of thymocytes in the preleukemic change. Moreover, the level of MuLV antigen expression on thymocytes at approximately 1 month postinjection of MCF 69L1 virus correlated directly with development of early leukemia. It is apparent that leukemia development in young AKR mice which can be induced experimentally by intrathymic injection of cloned isolates of dualtropic MuLV exhibits the hallmarks of spontaneous disease in this strain and thus can serve as a useful model for study of thymic leukemogenesis in mice.
The origins of petroleum in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The distribution and chemistry of oils in the northern Gulf of Mexico and the adjacent onshore can be explained by multiple sources, fades variations, maturation, and post-generation alteration. Genetic families include Jurassic Smackover, Flexure Trend, Upper Cretaceous, and Paleogene oils. Smackover oils have high sulfur contents, pristane/phytane ratios C 35 C 34 hopane ratios ≥1.0, and C 30 C 29 hopane ratios usuall ≤ 1.0. Flexure Trend oils are similar and contain abundant extended hopanes, high sulfur contents, and V (Ni + V) > 0.5 ; these oils are inferred to be sourced in Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous strata. Upper Cretaceous oils contain a distinctive suite of tricyclic and nonhopanoid triterpanes; oleanane is low or absent. Paleogene oils can be recognized by the presence of 18α(H) oleanane and a lack of extended hopanes. These oils occur from south Texas to southern and offshore Louisiana. Two subfamilies can be recognized based on the relative abundance of triterpanes and steranes. These oils have a presumed Paleogene source. Mixing of oil types is quite prevalent at the geographic boundaries of oil types. The initial control on the distribution of oil and gas in the northern Gulf of Mexico is provided by the areal extent of source rocks. Secondary control is due to Cenozoic deposition, which provides the thermal stress to generate, as well as destroy, oil. Salt tectonics provide conduits for migrating fluids to escape the zone of thermal destruction. Mesozoic source strata again become important in the deep Gulf of Mexico, where Cenozoic sediments thin.
Taylor’s hypothesis and two-point coherence measurements

Experimentally obtained time coherence has traditionally been interpreted as streamwise one-dimensional spatial coherence through Taylor’s hypothesis. We calculate corrections to the highwavenumber part of the coherence to account for the errors caused by the deviation from Taylor’s hypothesis in high-intensity turbulent flows. The small-scale turbulence is assumed to be frozen and convected by a fluctuating convection velocity. Both Lumley’s two-term approximation and the Gaussian approximation are used in the calculations. In general, we find that the coherence for crossstream separations is significantly overestimated by the direct use of Taylor’s hypothesis, the error increasing with wavenumber; that for streamwise separations is underestimated. The analyses are compared with cross-stream coherence measurements in the atmospheric surface layer. Our results indicate that predictions from Lumley’s approximation yield better agreement with experimental data for cross-stream separations than those from the Gaussian model. Our study suggests that reliable measurement of two-point spatial coherence can be achieved only for scales not too small compared to the sensor separation.
Fracture of boron particles in 2219 aluminum as a known acoustic emission source

Abstract Boron particles have been introduced into 2219 aluminum using a powder metallurgy approach. The only sources of detectable acoustic emission during deformation of the resulting material are decohesion of the boron particles from the matrix and particle fracture. The energy released by fracture of the boron particles during deformation was estimated from elasticity theory using measured diameters of the individual fractures. The energy in the acoustic emission signals produced by particle fracture (the integral of the signal voltage squared) was found to be proportional to the fracture energy released. Fracture energies were in the range 1–7 ergs for the larger fractures. The relation found between fracture energy and acoustic emission signal energy can be used to estimate the energy released by other comparable acoustic emission sources in samples of similar geometry from their acoustic emission signals. During the course of the acoustic emission measurements, the response of an rms voltmeter to an individual acoustic emission signal was found to be proportional to the energy of the signal.
Pressure-Volume-Temperature Dependence of Poly-∊-caprolactam/Clay Nanocomposites

The pressure−volume−temperature (PVT) dependence of commercial poly-e-caprolactam melt (PA-6) and based on it a nanocomposite containing 1.6 wt % of exfoliated montmorillonite (PNC) as well as their 1:1 mixture was determined at T = 300−560 K and P = 0−150 MPa. Incorporation of clay into PA-6 resulted in lowering the specific volume of PNC by about 1.0%. For all three molten resins excellent agreement between experiment and the results from Simha−Somcynsky lattice−hole theory was found. The hole (free volume) fraction, a sensitive indicator of structural changes, shows a pressure-dependent reduction of ca. 14−15% in PNC as compared with the neat PA-6. An evaluation of the binary interactions from the computed mean scaling parameters of the theory requires definition of the constituents. On the basis of experimental and computer simulation results in the literature, the following model was adopted: Flat disk particles of specified diameter are covered with a uniform layer of solidified PA-6 of specified t...
Budesonide induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease during pregnancy

Background: There is no standard approach for the medical management of Crohn's disease (CD) during pregnancy and there is limited data regarding safety and efficacy of the treatments. Budesonide (Entocort® EC, AstraZeneca) is an enteric coated locally acting glucocorticoid preparation whose pH- and time-dependent coating enables its release into the ileum and ascending colon for the treatment of mild to moderate Crohn's disease. There is no available data on the safety of using oral budesonide in pregnant patients. Methods: We reviewed our Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) center database to identify patients with CD who received treatment with budesonide for induction and/or maintenance of remission during pregnancy and describe the maternal and fetal outcomes in a series of eight mothers and their babies. Results: The mean age of the patients was 27.7 years. All patients had small bowel involvement with their CD. The disease pattern was stricturing in 6 patients, fistulizing in 1 and inflammatory in 1 patient. Budesonide was used at the 6 mg/day dose in 6 patients and 9 mg/day dose in 2 patients. The average treatment duration ranges from 1-8 months. There were no cases of maternal adrenal suppression, glucose intolerance, ocular side effects, hypertension or fetal congenital abnormalities. Conclusion: Budesonide may be a safe option for treatment of CD during pregnancy. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008)
pH-Dependent Accumulation of Clindamycin in a Polycystic Kidney

We determined the concentrations of clindamycin and gentamicin in fluid aspirated from 16 cysts of a surgically excised polycystic kidney. The patient had received both drugs intravenously for seven days before nephrectomy. The cysts were grouped into proximal (pH > 6.5) and distal (pH r 2 = 0.78). These studies confirm that in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), certain cysts develop steep pH gradients between fluid and plasma and indicate that intracystic pH determines the extent to which basic lipophilic antibiotics accumulate in the fluid. Lipid-soluble antibiotics with relatively alkaline pK a s may be useful in the treatment of infected renal cysts.
Developing measures for microbial genome assembly quality control

Background Advances in sequencing technologies are outpacing the rate at which genomes can be thoroughly finished and analyzed. Over the next year, genome sequencing will increase many-fold, but high quality and high-throughput annotation methods have yet to be developed to handle the need. As more microbial genomes are sequenced, whole-genome annotation methods identify many putative genes which need further verification. By analyzing a broad range of annotated genomes we can identify patterns and statistics useful in determining the annotation quality and spurious gene outliers. Our work is attempting to identify quality control measures based on a full inter-genomic comparison instead of individual sequence-level or database-specific statistics. Using these methods to compare and filter, it is possible to narrow the scope of manual gene curation and allow greater scrutiny on putative genes before publication, making higher quality genome annotation possible. Our results plainly show the quality of well-studied genomes, the weaknesses of draft genome builds, and illustrate the need for further high-throughput quality control measures.
Neoliberal Economics and Caribbean Economies

Neoclassical economic theory asserts that, when market forces determine the prices of goods and services, resources are allocated most efficiently, economies grow faster and populations enjoy higher standards of living. It also argues that free trade helps to promote an efficient allocation of resources, allowing countries to specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage. This article takes a contrary view and hypothesizes that unfettered market forces will harm Caricom countries, given their present level of development. It therefore recommends that Caribbean governments play an active role in economic affairs to effect a more socially efficient use of resources and to promote the growth of the manufacturing and agricultural sectors.
Measurement preprocessing for nonlinear target tracking

When measurements are available in the polar or spherical co-ordinate system the tracking algorithm becomes nonlinear. The authors consider the problem of tracking a target moving at a constant velocity in a straight-line trajectory when the measurements are available in polar co-ordinates. A new algorithm involving co-ordinate transformation, linearisation and approximation is presented. The transformed measurements are preprocessed and provided to a Kalman filter which yields the final state estimates. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the superior performance of the new algorithm for the nonlinear problem.
Chimeric Aspartic Proteinases and Active Site Binding

Two chimeric enzymes were constructed by exchanging domains between porcine pepsinogen and rhizopuspepsinogen in order to examine the contributions of the subsites present on different domains toward enzymatic specificity. Both chimeras exhibited the characteristic features of aspartic proteinases, such as auto-activation at low pH and abrogation of enzymatic activity by pepstatin. The activity of the chimera containing the N-terminal domain of rhizopuspepsinogen and the C-terminal domain of porcine pepsinogen (rhzNppC) could be observed by HPLC after prolonged incubation with the substrates. In contrast, the reciprocal chimera, ppNrhzC, containing the N-terminal domain of porcine pepsinogen and the C-terminal domain of rhizopuspepsinogen exhibited catalytic activity, measurable by a spectrophotometric assay. Kinetic data and inhibitor analyses strongly suggest that interdependency may exist between adjacent subsites contributed by different domains. Therefore, in order to develop an optimal substrate or inhibitor, the effect of adjacent residues of the ligand has to be examined along with the preferences for each subsite.
Kinematic design and analysis for a macaque upper-limb exoskeleton with shoulder joint alignment

An exoskeleton design for a rhesus macaque subject is motivated, presented, and analyzed. As kinematic properties of the macaque’s upper-limb have not been thoroughly studied, this paper introduces methods to determine properties relevant to exoskeleton design. Alignment with biological joints is critical for exoskeleton performance, but there are no accepted kinematic joint models for rhesus macaques. An algorithm is introduced which uses motion capture data to determine an appropriate model for the shoulder complex. An exoskeleton which incorporates this model is introduced, then analyzed. As joint speeds of macaques are also not well studied, a proposed analysis finds an upper bound on the joint speeds required to realize a given end effector speed in an arbitrary direction for all configurations within the workspace.
Accumulation of selenium in wild mustard irrigated with agricultural effluent

Abstract Three field plantings were conducted from April to October 1989 on the western San Joaquin Valley in central California to evaluate the uptake of selenium (Se) and other ions in wild mustard ( Brassica juncea L. czern ) when irrigated with saline drainage water (EC i of 14–18 ds m −1 with an average concentration of 154 μg l −1 Se) or non-saline water (EC i of −1 and μ g l −1 Se). Dry weight yields were 25% lower and Se drainage than with non-saline water. Irrigating wild mustard with agricultural effluent increases the Se content in plant tissue.
Superconductivity in TISr2−xRxCuO5 (R = La, Nd)

Abstract Rare earth substituted thallium cuprates of the type TISr 2−x R x CuO 5 (R = La and Nd) have been synthesized for various values of x. A single phase region exists for x = 0.5 to 1.0 in the case of La and x = 0.6 to 1.0 when R is Nd. Superconductivity was observed over the entire single-phase region for both series of compounds with transition temperatures in the range 35–48 K. X-ray diffraction data suggest that the rare earth substitution occurs mainly at the Sr site rather than at the TI site.
Antibodies to Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey Type Virus in White-tailed Deer on Ossabaw Island, Georgia, 1985 to 1989

From 1985 to 1989, 491 serum samples were collected from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Ossabaw Island, Georgia (USA) and were tested for neutralizing antibodies to New Jersey and Indiana type vesicular stomatitis viruses. Prevalence of antibodies to vesicular stomatitis New Jersey (VSNJ) virus in deer for the 5-yr period was 43%. Prevalence of antibodies differed by year (P < 0.0001), and was dependent on age class (P < 0.0001) and location on the island (P < 0.0001). Of 173 deer sampled from other locations in the southeastern United States, only two had VSNJ antibody titers normally considered positive (≥1: 32). The positive deer were from Union County, Arkansas (USA) and Wakulla County, Florida (USA). No evidence of exposure to vesicular stomatitis Indiana Virus was observed.
Design of a 13% efficient n-GaAs 1−x P x semiconductor–liquid junction solar cell

We report here the design of the most efficient non-aqueous semiconductor–liquid junction solar cell studied to date. Our approach involves the use of ternary semiconductor electrodes made from solid solutions of a large hand gap material, GaP, and a small band gap material, GaAs. We demonstrate here that photoanodes consisting of such materials are capable of simultaneously yielding high open circuit voltages and favourable wavelength response to the solar spectrum. A few n-type semiconductor–liquid junction solar cells in aqueous solutions have been reported to yield high (>10%) solar-to-electrical conversion efficiencies1–3. However, for most materials, rapid photoanodic corrosion dominates the interfacial photochemistry4–8. Non-aqueous solvent systems can suppress electrode decay due to corrosion4,7,8; but modest (<6%) conversion efficiencies have been observed for all photoanodes studied in solar irradiation conditions9–13. The photoanodes used here yield over 13% solar-to-electrical conversion efficiencies, or more than double the efficiency of any other non-aqueous semiconductor–liquid junction solar cell previously reported.
Design and performance evaluation of sensors and actuators for advanced optical systems

Current state-of-the-art commercial sensors and actuators do not meet many of NASA s next generation spacecraft and instrument needs. Nor do they satisfy the DoD needs for satellite missions, especially micro/nano satellite missions. In an effort to develop advanced optical devices and instruments that meet mission requirements, NASA Langley recently completed construction of a new cleanroom housing equipment capable of fabricating high performance active optic and adaptive optic technologies including deformable mirrors, reconfigurable lenses (both refractive and diffractive), spectrometers, spectro-polarimeters, tunable filters and many other active optic devices. In addition to performance, these advanced optic technologies offer advantages in speed, size, weight, power consumption, and radiation tolerance. The active optic devices described in this paper rely on birefringent liquid crystal materials to alter either the phase or the polarization of the incoming light. Design considerations and performance evaluation results for various NASA applications are presented. Applications presented will include large space telescopes, optical communications, spacecraft windows, coronagraphs, and star trackers. Keywords: Photonics, Adaptive Optics, Tunable Filters, MEMs., MOEMs, Coronagraph, Star Tracker
Control of trichostrongylid pasture infestation in spring by the periparturient anthelmintic treatment of housed ewes prior to or at the time of turn out

Ewes, housed in late November and lambing in late February and March, were divided into three groups of eight, six and eight animals, and received a single treatment with ivermectin (approximately 200 micrograms kg-1) in late February (Group I), on 15 April (Group II), or on 1 May (Group III), respectively. The egg output of the ewes and, subsequently, of eight lambs (Group IV) was measured at 2-weekly intervals by counting and identifying the larvae after culture. Group I showed a small rise in larva output in March, with counts less than 100 larvae per gram of faeces (l.p.g.) whereas the other groups showed considerable increase with counts greater than 500 l.p.g. Treatment of Groups II and III just before turn out in April and May reduced the output to zero for at least 6 wk. The lambs did not show any evidence of trichostrongylid infection until the middle of July. The major parasite identified was Haemonchus contortus. The results of this trial demonstrate that 1) ivermectin treatment in February reduced but did not completely eliminate a spring rise in egg output and 2) treatment in mid-April eliminated further egg output. Ewes treated and turned out in mid-April or later were not a significant cause of pasture contamination in spring or early summer.
The Entropy of Dimethyl Sulfide from Low Temperature Calorimetric Measurements. Restricted Rotation of the Methyl Groups

In order to arrive at a satisfactory theory for the potential restricting the rotation of methyl groups in many molecules, it is desirable to determine how the magnitude of the barrier depends on the kind of atom to which the methyl groups are bonded. Recently we have obtained an estimate of the barriers in dimethyl sulfide by comparing the entropy obtained from calorimetric measurements extending to low temperatures with that computed from molecular data.
He I 2.06 Micron Emission from Nebulae

The spectrum emitted by any astronomical plasma is sensitive to a variety of details, some of which may not be obviously important. This paper describes the sensitivity of the He I 2.06 μm line to the gas opacity at ionizing energies. The intensity of the line relative to a hydrogen line depends on the He+/H+ ratio, but also on the ratio of continuous to He I Lyα line opacity, since this determines whether the Lyα line can scatter often enough to be converted to the 2.06 μm line. The intensity of the infrared line relative to Hβ can change by factors of several depending on details of the radiative transfer of He I Lyα, the gas microturbulence, the dust-to-gas ratio, and the level of ionization.
Recent Results In The Analysis Of High-Resolution Infrared Atmospheric Transmission Spectra

Long path atmospheric infrared spectra at 0.02 per cm resolution, as obtained by the University of Denver from balloon experiments will be presented. The spectra will be analysed in terms of quantifying atmospheric trace constituents. Identification of new atmospheric spectral lines will be demonstrated. Spectral regions which require further experimental and theoretical work for more accurate modeling of atmospheric transmission will be discussed.
Integration Into Crude Oil Transportation in the 1930's – A Case Study: The Standard Oil Co. (Ohio)

This searching probe goes beneath the common generalizations about integration to reveal in detail the causes, techniques, and results, not only as they relate to costs but also to problems of competitive strategy and over-all administration.
Shift-maximal sequences in function iteration: Existence, uniqueness, and multiplicity

Abstract Shift-maximal sequences over two symbols arise in the theory of symbolic dynamics of the iteration of one-dimensional one parameter unimodal transformations λF(x) for λ ϵ (0, 1). Each sequence P may be associated with none, one, or more than one value of the parameter λ. We call these values of λ: λP. We review previous theories of these sequences and prove, under certain conditions on F, the existence and uniqueness of λP. We discuss the theory of multiplicity of the λP's and give examples. We also discuss a generalized shift-maximal sequence structure and illustrate quadratic convergence in period doubling, different from Feigenbaum's geometric convergence. Finally, we review some of the experimental observations of shift-maximal sequences.
CREATE: center for research and education on aging and technology enhancement

In this paper we describe the interdisciplinary and cross-university Center for Research and Education on Aging and Technology Enhancement (CREATE). This center is a consortium of the University of Miami (UM), Georgia Institute of Technology (GT), and Florida State University (FSU). It is a multidisciplinary (psychology and engineering), collaborative Center, funded by the National Institutes of Health (National Institute on Aging), dedicated to solving problems of aging and computer technology use.
Sensitivity of the curve-of-growth technique utilized in rocket experiments to determine the line shape of solar He I resonance lines

The sensitivity of the curve-of-growth (COG) technique utilized in rocket measurements to determine the line profiles of the solar He I resonance emissions is theoretically examined with attention to the possibility of determining the line core shape using this technique. The line at 584.334 A is chosen as an illustration. Various possible source functions of the solar line have been assumed in the computation of the integrated transmitted intensity. A recent observational data set obtained by the present researchers is used as the constraint of the computation. It is confirmed that the COG technique can indeed provide a good measurement of the solar line width. However, to obtain detailed knowledge of the solar profile at line center and in the core region, (1) it is necessary to be able to carry out relative solar flux measurements with a 1-percent or better precision, and (2) it must be possible to measure the He gas pressure in the absorption cell to lower than 0.1 mtorr. While these numbers apply specifically to the present geometry, the results are readily scaled to other COG measurements using other experimental parameters.
Characterization of D-glucaric acid using NMR, X-ray crystal structure, and MM3 molecular modeling analyses.

Abstract d -Glucaric acid was characterized in solution by comparing NMR spectra from the isotopically unlabeled molecule with those from d -glucaric acid labeled with deuterium or carbon-13 atoms. The NMR studies provided unequivocal assignments for all carbon atoms and non-hydroxyl protons of the molecule. The crystal structure of d -glucaric acid was obtained by X-ray diffraction techniques and the structure was a close match to the low energy conformation generated from a Monte-Carlo-based searching protocol employing the mm 3 molecular mechanics program. The molecule adopts a bent structure in both the crystalline and computationally generated lowest-energy structure, a conformation that is devoid of destabilizing eclipsed 1,3-hydroxyl interactions.
Reduction in Inappropriate ICD Therapy in MADIT-RIT Patients Without History of Atrial Tachyarrhythmia.

Atrial Arrhythmia History in MADIT-RITBackground There are limited data whether history of atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT) modifies the risk of inappropriate ICD therapy, or the efficacy of novel ICD programming to reduce inappropriate ICD therapy events. Methods In MADIT-RIT, we investigated the effects of novel ICD programming with high-rate cut-off VT zone ≥ 200 bpm (arm B), or 60-second delayed therapy in the VT zone 170–199 bpm (arm C), compared to conventional programming VT zone>170 bpm (arm A) on first inappropriate ICD therapy in those with or those without AT prior to enrollment. Results In patients with prior AT (n = 203, 14%) there was a higher risk of inappropriate ICD therapy (HR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.38–3.20, P 0.10 for all). Conclusions Novel ICD programming with a high-rate cut-off or delayed therapy is equally beneficial to reduce inappropriate ICD therapy in patients with or without prior AT, despite the lower risk of inappropriate ICD therapy in patients without prior AT.
D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate is neuroprotective against hypoxia in serum‐free hippocampal primary cultures

Hypoxia decreased survival of cultured rat primary hippocampal neurons in a time dependent manner. Addition of 4 mM Na D-β-hydroxybutyrate (bHB), a ketone body, protected the cells for 2 hr and maintained the increase in survival compared to that of controls for up to 6 hr. Trypan blue exclusion indicated that acute cell death was reduced markedly after 2-hr exposure to hypoxia in the bHB-treated group. The presence of bHB also decreased the number of neurons exhibiting condensed nuclei visualized by propidium iodide, indicative of apoptosis. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Em/c) was maintained for up to 2 hr exposure to hypoxia in the bHB-treated group, whereas the potential in the control group was decreased. Furthermore, cytochrome C release, caspase-3 activation, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage were decreased in the bHB-treated group for the first 2 hr of exposure. These findings indicate that ketone bodies may be a candidate for widening the therapeutic window before thrombolytic therapy and at the same time decreasing apoptotic damage in the ischemic penumbra. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The translation representation theorem

Short of a new theorem on semigroups of operators, a new proof of an old theorem on this subject is a suitable offering to Einar Hille on his 85th birthday.
Randomised trial of intraperitoneal irrigation with low molecular weight povidone-iodine solution to reduce intra-abdominal infectious complications

A prospective randomized trial was performed comparing the efficacy of intraperitoneal irrigation with low molecular weight povidone-iodine solution ('Betadine LMW') (PVP-I LMW) in reducing the risk of intra-abdominal infectious complications. Seventy-five patients who were undergoing surgical procedures in the face of bacterial contamination were studied. Patients were intra-operatively randomized to receive intraperitoneal irrigation prior to abdominal closure with PVP-I LMW or with saline. Patients were maintained on peri-operative systemic antibiotics, and surgical incisions were drained and were closed primarily or left open according to the practice of the surgeon responsible. If incisions were closed, the subcutaneous tissue was irrigated prior to skin closure with the same irrigant as used intraperitoneally, PVP-I LMW or saline. Patients were followed for abnormal wound healing, peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscesses, or other infectious complications. Serum iodine levels were monitored in some patients. Intra-abdominal infectious complications developed in two of 37 patients receiving PVP-I LMW irrigation as compared to complications in nine of 38 patients receiving saline irrigation (P less than 0.05). When infectious complications were excluded that were possibly due to surgical technical failures (such as anastomotic leakage), peritonitis or intra-abdominal abscesses were observed in one of 37 PVP-I LMW patients and in seven of 38 saline control patients (P less than 0.05). Wound infections developed in one of 37 PVP-I LMW patients and in three of 38 control patients. A broad range of serum iodine levels were observed in control patients preoperatively and at 24 h and 7 days postoperatively. Serum iodine levels in 'Betadine LMW' patients rose approximately nine-fold by 24 h postoperatively and returned to pre-operative levels by 7 days. It was concluded that PVP-I LMW solution can reduce the incidence of intra-abdominal infectious complications when used as an intraperitoneal irrigant in patients undergoing bacterially-contaminated surgical procedures.
Mucosal immunity: Some historical perspective on host-pathogen interactions and implications for mucosal vaccines

Historical perspectives are defined as synthesis of determining forces as inferred from past events. However, in reality, any historical overview is often fraught with biases underlying the inferences of the historian. History continues to be rewritten on the basis of emerging new facts or biases, and what is often perceived as authentic recorded past may not always be factual. As a result, such perspectives are often criticized for either ignoring or highlighting major or minor events or contributions, respectively, in the recorded history. While recognizing the outstanding contributions of many recent or contemporary investigators, this report is a modest effort to pay tribute largely to our earlier scientific ancestors. This reviewer accepts full responsibility for any errors in facts of past history and any perceived bias in the inclusion or exclusion of some important investigators and their contributions in the recent history of this still evolving field of human biology.
What's New in the Management of Benign Peripheral Nerve Lesions?

Over the past 2 decades, there has been increasing interest in and experience with benign peripheral nerve lesions. Advances have occurred as a result of the contributions by and collaborations between radiologists, surgeons, pathologists, and geneticists, among others, who have improved not only the diagnostic capabilities, treatment offerings, and outcomes but our understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms.
Demand for money in open economies

Abstract The demand for real cash balances deduced from an underlying portfolio model of the financial market is shown to depend upon domestic variables and foreign monetary developments. The model is estimated using quarterly postwar data for Canada, Germany, UK and US. There is clear evidence that demand for money is affected not only by changes in domestic variables such as permanent income, domestic interest rate and price expectations but also by fluctuations in exchange rate expectations and foreign interest rates. The conclusion, that domestic monetary policy is fairly ineffective and domestic financial markets are highly vulnerable to changes in foreign financial and monetary developments need to be modified in light of the results presented in this paper.
Precessing textural kinks induced by superflow in 3 He-A

Analytical and numerical techniques are combined to study the flow-driven precessing $$\hat 1$$ textures predicted in3He-A by Dow and Hook. Alternating kinks and antikinks precess in opposite directions, at a frequency determined both by the applied supercurrent and the kink length. Maximum dissipation is proposed as the criterion for pattern selection. Solutions are found only in a restricted range of applied supercurrents.
On Justifying the Exploitation of Animals in Research

In research employing animals we commonly do things to them which would be grossly immoral to do to humans. This paper discusses three possible justifications for so treating animals: (a) it is violating the autonomy of rational beings which makes actions immoral, and animals are not autonomous; (b) due to our participation in the human community, we have special obligations to humans that we do not have to animals; and (c) human life is morally more worthy than animal life. The conclusion of this discussion is that none of these three propositions justifies the routine sacrifice of animal interests for human benefit. Particular attention is paid to the idea that human life is morally more worthy than animal life, because I believe that to be the most common justification for our sacrifice of animal interests in research. The claim of greater worth is considered and criticized from both utilitarian and Kantian perspectives, and the inference from superior worth to being entitled to exploit one's inferiors is also criticized. The paper concludes by recommending a governing principle for research with animals which would bring that research into line with the rejection of hierarchical worldviews, social orders, and value systems which characterizes modern moral progress.
Knowledge and Likelihood to Recommend Intrauterine Devices for Adolescents Among School-based Health Center Providers

Abstract Purpose The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend intrauterine devices (IUDs) as safe and highly effective contraceptives for adolescents. Nevertheless, many U.S. providers do not recommend or provide IUDs to adolescents—a population at high risk for unintended pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to identify barriers to IUD provision for adolescents. Methods A 36-item self-administered survey of knowledge and attitudes regarding IUDs was completed by 162 staff of New York City school-based health centers, including 69 clinicians (e.g., pediatricians and nurse practitioners) and 93 nonclinicians (e.g., social workers and health educators). Results Half (55%) of all respondents would be likely to recommend an IUD to a patient under age 20 years. Respondents were less likely to recommend an IUD for patients with history of recent STD (31%), remote pelvic inflammatory disease (37%), and patients not in a monogamous relationship (38%). Whereas 77% of respondents indicated that IUDs are safe for adolescents, 18% of those respondents would be unlikely to recommend an IUD to a patient under age 20 years. While 86% of respondents knew that IUDs can be used in nulliparous women, 25% of those respondents would be unlikely to recommend an IUD to a patient who has never been pregnant. Additionally, 61% believed that counseling patients about IUDs would take more time than other methods. Conclusions Misinformation about risks associated with IUDs and beliefs about patient eligibility may present barriers to provision. Apparent contradictions between knowledge and likelihood to recommend IUDs warrant further study.
A parametric study of the infant control procedure

Much research on infant visual perception and memory is conducted with the infant-controlled habituation/dishabituation paradigm (Horowitz, Paden, Bhana, & Self, 1972). In this method “habituation” of fixation duration is produced by redundant stimulus presentation, and subsequent “dishabituation” of fixation (“recovery”) may be observed if the stimulus is changed. The decrement is assumed to reflect stimulus’encoding by the infant, and recovery assesses this encoding by serving as a test for discrimination of the stimulus change. The paradigm has met with both conceptual and methodological criticisms, however (Ames, Hunter, Black, Lithgow, & Newman, 1978; Haaf, Smith, & Smitley, 1983). One specific procedural problem is a lack of standardization of paradigm’s basic unit of measurement, the fixation. Fixations are defined in terms of their onset and offset. While some reports define the fixation onset with negligible or no duration constraints (i.e., an 0.5-s look, or any look, is considered a valid fixation), and define its offset as any subsequent look-away (e.g., Caron, Caron, & Myers, 1982), for others, a fixatioh must be 1.0-I .5-s long in order to be counted, with a 1.5- or 2.0-s look-away to terminate the fixation (Haaf et al., 1983). Since the fixation determines the calculation of the habituation criterion and also serves as the primary datum for analysis, these differences may affect habituation and/or recovery patterns. The following experiments explored this possibility by manipulating these fixation parameters.
Concepts and applications of database integration with spreadsheet and wordprocessor software packages

Abstract Applications of integrated database/spreadsheet systems in agricultural engineering research activities are discussed and presented. Applications include as examples: bibliography, laboratory data analysis, budget and mailing list databases integrated with a spreadsheet and a wordprocessor for analysis and output. The applications demonstrate the capability to reduce time, labor and data storage space, with the added flexibility to tailor the database system to different applications. Additional insight into the concept of an integrated database/spreadsheet system is presented.
The organization and operation of a taxi fleet

In dispatching a taxi fleet to meet random customer demand, two types of strategies must be defined: (a) the dispatching strategy, which sets the rules for choosing a taxi to serve a given call, and (b) the idle time strategy, which determines how the idle taxis are to be distributed most advantageously to meet future demand. The effect of dispatching and idle-time strategies on taxi utilization and on passenger service is demonstrated under several conditions of operation. First, the simples taxi model is examined: random demand between two points serviced by one taxi. Next, we consider the effect of different strategies on the operation of a taxi fleet when demand is uniformly distributed in a two-dimensional region. In the last section, the main properties of these simplified models are exhibited in an intermediate case by a Monte Carlo simulation of taxi service between a number of discrete points. The purpose of the paper is to provide simple and practical methods to determine the payoff in customer waiting time and/or taxi savings resulting from more sophisticated dispatching and idle-time strategies. We conclude that good taxi redistribution policies markedly decrease customer waiting times, except when the level of taxi utilization is too high. Our results apply most directly to private transportation fleets, rather than to automobile taxi companies where cruising may be important.
The Systematic Design of a Layered Manufacturing Process for the Realization of Metallic Parts of Designed Mesostructure

Recognizing the need for an improved cellular material manufacturing process, the authors follow a systematic design method (posed by Pahl and Beitz) to address the inherent limitations imposed on designer freedom by existing manufacturing techniques. After identifying unique requirements of a cellular material manufacturing process, several solution principles are systematically generated following functional decomposition, working principle ideation, the formulation of working structures (via morphological matrices), and a preliminary selection exercise. Following preliminary embodiment, a principal solution is identified through the formulation and solution of a selection Decision Support Problem. As a result of this design effort, a novel layered manufacturing process capable of realizing metallic cellular materials (specifically, the three-dimensional printing of metal oxide parts followed by a thermal-chemical conversion postprocess) is realized. Another result of this design process is the insight gained from the systematic requirements-driven (or “application-pull”) design of a layered manufacturing process.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The Descriptive Tests of Mathematics Skills:Predictive Validity for an Elementary Mathematics Concepts and Structures Course

The Descriptive Tests of Mathematics Skills (DTMS) were designed for a wide range of uses at the lower division level. Two DTMS tests, Arithmetic Skills and Elementary Algebra Skills, were used to set a minimum standard for transferring juniors majoring in elementary education to enroll in an advanced mathematics concepts and structures course at a midwestern upper-division university. For the 60 students passing both tests and earning a grade in the class, significant predictive validity coefficients were found. When multivariate analysis was applied, it was found that the model could be simplified to only the Elementary Algebra Skills test. Nevertheless, DTMS can be used effectively to place upper-division elementary education majors into an advanced mathematics concepts and structures course.
MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL DESIGN FOR INTAKE FLOW REGULATION OF A DIESEL ENGINE USING SLIDING MODE

Abstract Stringent CAFE regulations along with technological advances in materials, high-pressure fuel injection and complex turbo charging systems have rekindled interest in the area of Diesel engines for passenger vehicle applications. A modern Diesel engine is not only clean and quiet but also allows comparable drivability relative to gasoline engines with considerable improvements in fuel economy. However the current generation diesel engine is a complex system. It is not uncommon to find features like Variable Geometry Turbo charging (VGT), Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and High Pressure Common Rail (HPCR) fuel injection. In this paper we discuss the design of a multivariable controller for the VGT-EGR system for intake flow regulation. Control design is carried out under the sliding mode framework.
Microbial community gene expression within colonies of the diazotroph, Trichodesmium , from the Southwest Pacific Ocean

Trichodesmium are responsible for a large fraction of open ocean nitrogen fixation, and are often found in complex consortia of other microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes, microbial eukaryotes and metazoa. We applied a community gene expression (metatranscriptomic) approach to study the patterns of microbial gene utilization within colonies of Trichodesmium collected during a bloom in the Southwest Pacific Ocean in April 2007. The survey generated 5711-day and 5385-night putative mRNA reads. The majority of mRNAs were from the co-occurring microorganisms and not Trichodesmium, including other cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, eukaryotes and phage. Most transcripts did not share homology with proteins from cultivated microorganisms, but were similar to shotgun sequences and unannotated proteins from open ocean metagenomic surveys. Trichodesmium transcripts were mostly expressed photosynthesis, N2 fixation and S-metabolism genes, whereas those in the co-occurring microorganisms were mostly involved in genetic information storage and processing. Detection of Trichodesmium genes involved in P uptake and As detoxification suggest that local enrichment of N through N2 fixation may lead to a P-stress response. Although containing similar dominant transcripts to open ocean metatranscriptomes, the overall pattern of gene expression in Trichodesmium colonies was distinct from free-living pelagic assemblages. The identifiable genes expressed by Trichodesmium and closely associated microorganisms reflect the constraints of life in well-lit and nutrient-poor waters, with biosynthetic investment in nutrient acquisition and cell maintenance, which is in contrast to gene transcription by soil and coastal seawater microbial assemblages. The results provide insight into aggregate microbial communities in contrast to planktonic free-living assemblages that are the focus of other studies.