cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative mutagenicity of 4-(carbethoxynitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)butanal and 4-(carbethoxynitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridy1)-1-butanone, model compounds for α-hydroxylation of N'-nitrosonornicotine

4-(Carbethoxynitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)butanal, a stable precursor to the putative diazohydroxide formed by 5'-hydroxylation of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, N'-nitrosonornicotine, was synthesized in six steps from nicotinaldehyde. Its mutagenicity toward S. typhimurium was compared to that of 4-(carbethoxynitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, a precursor to the diazohydroxide formed by 2'-hydroxylation of N'-nitrosonornicotine. At equimolar doses, 4-(carbethoxynitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone was a potent mutagen, but 4-(carbethoxynitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)butanal was inactive toward strains TA 100 and TA 1535. The results of this study indicate that the putative diazohydroxide formed by 2'-hydroxylation of N'-nitrosonornicotine has higher inherent mutagenicity toward S. typhimurium than does the corresponding diazohydroxide formed by 5'-hydroxylation.
Characterization of noise contaminations in lung sound recordings

Lung sound auscultation in non-ideal or busy clinical settings is challenged by contaminations of environmental noise. Digital pulmonary measurements are inevitably degraded, impeding the physician's work or any further processing of the acquired signals. The task is even harder when the patient population includes young children. Agitation and/or crying are captured into the recordings, additionally to any existing ambient noise. This study focuses on characterizing the different types of signal contaminations, expected to be encountered during lung sound measurements in non-ideal environments. Different noise types were considered, including background talk, radio playing, subject's crying, electronic interference sounds and stethoscope displacement artifacts. The individual characteristics were extracted, discussed and further compared to characteristics of clean segments. Additional exploration of discriminatory features led to a spectro-temporal signal representation followed by a standard SVM classifier. Although pulmonary and ambient sounds were both dominant in most sound clips, such a complex representation was deemed to be adequate, capturing most of the signal's distinguishing characteristics.
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Dust Collected Using a Vertical Elutriator Cotton Dust Sampler:

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy has been used to analyze trace-element concentrations in cotton dusts collected on vertical elutriator filter media. Twenty-three samples collected from ten bales of cotton processed in a model cardroom have been analyzed. The major elements in the dust detected by the XRF technique are Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Ba. The XRF method has been shown to give reproducible results and may be used to show differences between airborne dusts in a cardroom. Similar analyses are reported of cotton dusts collected on an areal sampler.
Classification of functional data: A segmentation approach

We suggest a classification and feature extraction method on functional data where the predictor variables are curves. The method, called functional segment discriminant analysis (FSDA), combines the classical linear discriminant analysis and support vector machine. FSDA is particularly useful for irregular functional data, characterized by spatial heterogeneity and local patterns like spikes. FSDA not only reduces the computation and storage burden by using a fraction of the spectrum, but also identifies important predictors and extracts features. FSDA is highly flexible, easy to incorporate information from other data sources and/or prior knowledge from the investigators. We apply FSDA to two public domain data sets and discuss the understanding developed from the study.
Police education and training: Where are we? Where are we going?

Abstract A sample of four hundred police departments was surveyed to determine attitudes toward and implementation of six recommendations of the 1967 President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. The recommendations were for campus recruiting, recruit training, in-service training, increased salaries, and higher educational requirements for both police officers and their supervisors. Only one of the recommendations, in-service training, was both regarded positively and implemented. Campus recruitment, recruit training, and increased salaries all evoked positive attitudes but little evidence of implementation was found. The recommendation that general law enforcement officers and their supervisors be required to have at least a bachelor's degree was regarded negatively and generally has not been implemented.
When is the stability of a nonlinear input-output system robust?

We consider a general nonlinear input-output system governed by operator equations that relate the system's input, state, and output, all of which are in extended spaces. It is assumed that the system variables are separated. Our results give conditions under which the stability of the nominal system is robust; i.e., it is not destroyed by any sufficiently small admissible perturbation of the system. Theorem 1 deals with the case when by stability we mean theincremental stability. Theorem 3 concerns the*-stability; i.e., the case when the stability is essentially the boundedness of the transmission operator. Moreover, in Theorem 2 it is shown that, under certain conditions, the incremental stability of the nominal system implies insensitivity. Basically, our results show that if the operators describing the nominal system are well behaved, and the transition from the nominal system to the perturbed system is not abrupt, then the nominal system stability is robust. The applications of the results are illustrated by several examples.
Deviant Insiders: Legalized Prostitutes and a Consciousness of Women in Early Modern Seville

Three men who visited the riverfront shacks of Seville's public brothel on 22 July 1620 left a report of their visit. No ordinary customers, they came as officials sent by the governing council of this major port city in early moder Spain. Their report provides an insider's view of legalized prostitution. It also provides insights into a consciousness of gender and deviance that extends far beyond prostitutes in the seventeenth century. In their report, the officials noted that they ordered the padres, the three men who administered the brothel, to assemble their prostitutes. They included a list of the women, eighteen in all, and the supervising padre for each. For a time a clergyman preached and tried to convert the women on this, the feast day of Mary Magdalen. Then, after dutifully noting that others also had attended the sermon, the three officials briskly turned to business. They imposed a fine on one padre who had accepted an unlicensed prostitute into the brothel, and they threatened her with a hundred lashes if she did not leave at once. They ordered Angela del Castillo to leave "because of her age" and the long time that she had been in the brothel. They also banished Ana Maria from the brothel because she appeared to be ill and could infect others. The three officials agreed to notify a city resident that he had been nominated to accompany a doctor in examining the prostitutes. Finally, they forbad padres from giving help or shelter to any woman who had been ordered to leave the
Age and endocrine effects on fat body metabolite composition in adult male Blaberus discoidalis cockroaches

Endocrine-and age-related changes in metabolite contents were used as a measure of fat body development and function in adult male Blaberus discoidalis cockroaches. Fat body dry weight, protein, glycogen, and lipid levels coordinately decreased at days two to three of adult life, increased at day four, then declined to lower stable levels by days six to seven. The metabolite contents remained stable from days seven through ten and were still at this level on day 30. Long-term endocrine deficiencies resulting from corpora cardiaca-allata extirpation did not change the amounts of metabolites present at 30 days of age. The fat body DNA content remained constant regardless of age or endocrine balance. Unlike other metabolites, the RNA content increased to twice its original level during the first six days of adult life and was unaffected by either age or endocrine balance thereafter. The findings suggest that the adult fat body changes from a storage function at the time of the nymphal-adult molt to a biosynthetic function by day six. The transition is independent of endocrine control by the corpora cardiaca-allata complex.
The Use of Continuous IV Sedation Is Associated With Prolongation of Mechanical Ventilation

Study objective To determine whether the use of continuous IV sedation is associated with prolongation of the duration of mechanical ventilation. Design Prospective observational cohort study. Setting The medical ICU of Barnes-Jewish Hospital, a university-affiliated urban teaching hospital. Patients Two hundred forty-two consecutive ICU patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Interventions Patient surveillance and data collection. Measurements and results The primary outcome measure was the duration of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcome measures included ICU and hospital lengths of stay, hospital mortality, and acquired organ system derangements. A total of 93 (38.4%) mechanically ventilated patients received continuous IV sedation while 149 (61.6%) patients received either bolus administration of IV sedation (n=64) or no IV sedation (n=85) following intubation. The duration of mechanical ventilation was significantly longer for patients receiving continuous IV sedation compared with patients not receiving continuous IV sedation (185±190 h vs 55.6±75.6 h; p Conclusion We conclude from these preliminary observational data that the use of continuous IV sedation may be associated with the prolongation of mechanical ventilation. This study suggests that strategies targeted at reducing the use of continuous IV sedation could shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation for some patients. Prospective randomized clinical trials, using well-designed sedation guidelines and protocols, are required to determine whether patient-specific outcomes (eg, duration of mechanical ventilation, patient comfort) can be improved compared with conventional sedation practices.
Sodium-chloride transport in the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop: evidence for a sodium-chloride cotransport system in plasma membrane vesicles.

Sodium transport mechanisms were investigated in plasma membrane vesicles prepared from the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH) of rabbit kidney. The uptake of22Na into the plasma membrane vesicles was investigated by a rapid filtration technique. Sodium uptake was greatest in the presence of chloride; it was reduced when chloride was replaced by nitrate, gluconate or sulfate. The stimulation of sodium uptake by chloride was seen in the presence of a chloride gradient directed into the vesicle and when the vesicles were equilibrated with NaCl, KCl plus valinomycin so that no chemical or electrical gradients existed across the vesicle (tracer exchange experiments). Furosemide decreased sodium uptake into the vesicles in a dose-dependent manner only in the presence of chloride, with aK i of around 5×10−6m. Amiloride, at 2mm, had no effect on the chloride-dependent sodium uptake. Similarly, potassium removal had no effect on the chloride-dependent sodium uptake and furosemide was an effective inhibitor of sodium uptake in a potassium-free medium. The results show the presence of a furosemide-sensitive sodiumchloride cotransport system in the plasma membranes of the medullary TALH. There is no evidence for a Na+/H+ exchange mechanism or a Na+−K+−Cl− cotransport system. The sodium-chloride cotransport system would effect the uphill transport of chloride against its electrochemical potential gradient at the luminal membrane of the cell.
Quantized nature of sarcomere shortening steps

A new technique providing real-time high-speed measurements of sarcomere length from on-line analysis of the striation image has been developed. This method of measurement is not susceptible to the problems of interpretation encountered in laser diffraction. Sarcomere shortening patterns were obtained, using this method, from single toe fibres ofRana pipiens, and stepwise phenomena similar to those previously reported from laser diffraction were observed. The distribution of step size showed several peaks, the most prominent corresponding to 5.7 nm per half sarcomere.
Trends in Parenteral Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Use in Pediatric Patients: Analysis of a Large Administrative Database

Context.—Parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) may be used in pediatric patients with contraindications to heparin therapy, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Few data exist regarding the use of DTIs in pediatric patients. Objective.—To characterize the use of DTIs in pediatric patients, including monitoring strategies and bleeding complications. Design.—A retrospective descriptive study was designed and the Pediatric Health Information System database was queried from 2004 to 2011 for pediatric patients receiving a parenteral DTI. Patient demographic and hospital data, mortality, disease state, and procedure information (from International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes) were collected from the query. DTI monitoring information was also collected. Patients were divided into 2 time periods (2004–2007, 2008–2011) to evaluate trends. Results.—Two hundred eight patients met study criteria (50.9% male, 64.4% white), and children (2–12 years of age) represented 34.6% of the popu...
Quantum Monte Carlo study of the one-dimensional symmetric Anderson lattice.

Using a recently developed quantum Monte Carlo algorithm, we study the one-dimensional symmetric Anderson lattice. Through the use of boundary-condition averaging and imaginary-time increment extrapolation, we obtain controlled estimates for infinite-lattice properties, accurate to within a few percent, for a variety of parameters. Our results span high-temperature to, in some cases, ground-state properties. For U/${E}_{g}$\ensuremath{\lesssim}5, where U refers to the on-site Coulomb repulsion and ${E}_{g}$ is the U=0 gap, we find spin correlations which decay quickly with distance in the ground state and a saturation temperature, at which quantities saturate to their ground-state values, which is independent of U. For U/${E}_{g}$\ensuremath{\gtrsim}5, we find that nearby spin correlations decay more slowly with distance and saturation temperatures decrease with increasing U. For U/${E}_{g}$\ensuremath{\gtrsim}8, we find that the nearby-spin-correlation development above the saturation temperature is well described by an Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) lattice effective Hamiltonian with perturbatively calculated parameters. We interpret this general behavior as a smooth crossover at U/${E}_{g}$\ensuremath{\sim}5 from a basically noninteracting picture into a Kondo-lattice regime, parameterizable by RKKY interactions and a reduced effective gap. Next, using an exact canonical transformation, we point out what our results imply for superconductivity in an attractive-U Anderson lattice. Lastly, we discuss the relevance of our results to the magnetic behavior of heavy-fermion systems, which results underscore in particular the important role of RKKY interactions.
Mechanism whereby proliferating cell nuclear antigen stimulates flap endonuclease 1.

Human flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), an essential DNA replication protein, cleaves substrates with unannealed 5′-tails. FEN1 apparently tracks along the flap from the 5′-end to the cleavage site. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) stimulates FEN1 cleavage 5–50-fold. To determine whether tracking, binding, or cleavage is enhanced by PCNA, we tested a variety of flap substrates. Similar levels of PCNA stimulation occur on both a cleavage-sensitive nicked substrate and a less sensitive gapped substrate. PCNA stimulates FEN1 irrespective of the flap length. Stimulation occurs on a pseudo-Y substrate that exhibits upstream primer-independent cleavage. A pseudo-Y substrate with a sequence requiring an upstream primer for cleavage was not activated by PCNA, suggesting that PCNA does not compensate for substrate features that inhibit cleavage. A biotin·streptavidin conjugation at the 5′-end of a flap structure prevents FEN1 loading. The addition of PCNA does not restore FEN1 activity. These results indicate that PCNA does not direct FEN1 to the cleavage site from solution. Kinetic analyses reveal that PCNA can lower the K m for FEN1 by 11–12-fold. Overall, our results indicate that after FEN1 tracks to the cleavage site, PCNA enhances FEN1 binding stability, allowing for greater cleavage efficiency.
Contributions of Cooperative Education in Preparing At-Risk Students for Post-High School Transition

Work-based learning interventions, particularly cooperative education, are a viable way to support the post-high school transition process, enhance work-related cognitive development, and increase the occupational engagement of at-risk youth. Using propensity score matching to analyze data from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002), the impact of participation in cooperative education on two indicators of postsecondary transition readiness, including postsecondary education plans right after high school and importance placed on work, were examined for students deemed at risk of high school failure. Participation in cooperative education had a significant positive effect on at-risk students' postsecondary education plans right after high school. However, no significant effect was detected for the importance students placed on work.
A head motion measurement system suitable for 3D cone-beam tomography using markers

Head motion during brain CT studies can degrade the reconstructed image through distortion and other artifacts such as blurring, doubling and thereby contributing to misdiagnosis of diseases. Estimation of motion parameters is essential for mitigating motion artifacts. In this paper, we propose a marker based numerical optimization method to measure six degrees of freedom of head motion in three-dimensional cone-beam CT system without using any external motion sensors. Simulation results demonstrate that our method has prerequisite accuracy, linearity and range compared to the existing external sensor based method.
Overcoming an intrinsic depolarizing resonance with a partial Siberian snake

An 11.4% partial Siberian snake was used to successfully accelerate polarized protons through a strong intrinsic depolarizing spin resonance in the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS). No noticeable depolarization was observed. This opens up the possibility of using a 20% to 30% partial Siberian snake in the AGS or other medium energy proton synchrotrons to overcome all weak and strong depolarizing spin resonances.
Screen level bureaucracy: Databases as public records

Abstract Providing better service by automating “business processes” is an exciting prospect for improving the government. Yet, there has not been the same level of effort at making it easier for the public to obtain information about what its government is doing. This article focuses on the constraints and opportunities in making database information available to the public. The database technology is chosen because it is a central repository of public information. New federal law requires the use of information technology (IT) to make access to public information easier. But the new law has also subtly shifted the burden of proof to the citizen in showing why certain information should be made available. If a “statutory fix” to this problem is not available in the short run, we urge agencies to provide increased access to database information because of the continual development of technology and its effect on citizen expectations.
Observation and analysis of quantum beats in the P(2) rotational band of the S1←S0(0−0) excitation spectrum of pyrazine

Abstract Quantum beats are observed in the excitation spectrum of the J′ = 1← J″ = 2 rotational band of the S 1 ( 1 B 3u )←S 0 ( 1 A 1g ) origin of pyrazine. Comparison of the Fourier transform of the beat pattern with a recently reported high-resolution spectrum confirms the proposed resolution of this band into three independent components with quantum numbers K =0, 1 and −1.
Electrophysiological evaluation of cranial neuropathies.

Background: Cranial nerve abnormalities occur frequently in both focal and diffuse neurologic disorders and can be evaluated by electrophysiological techniques available in most clinical neurophysiology laboratories. Review Summary: The optic nerve is evaluated by visual evoked potentials. Measurements of latency, amplitude, and waveform morphology are especially useful in detecting demyelinating lesions. Brain stem auditory evoked potentials evaluate the auditory portion of the eighth cranial nerve. Using an auditory stimulus, a number of waveforms are generated, and changes in the normal patterns of response can detect abnormalities. Assessment of the trigeminal and facial nerves is done using a series of electrical stimulation techniques including the blink, masseter, and masseter inhibitory reflexes and facial motor nerve conduction studies. The blink reflex detects lesions of the first division of the trigeminal nerve and the facial nerve. The masseter reflex evaluates the third division of the trigeminal nerve. Changes in responses are measured and, using a combination of these techniques, localization of lesions at specific sites can be made. Accessory motor nerve conduction is useful not only in focal nerve injury, but repetitive stimulation on the accessory and facial nerves is used in diagnosing neuromuscular junction disorders. In addition, many of the voluntary muscles innervated by the cranial nerves are accessible to needle electrode examination, and evaluation can aid in identification of focal nerve lesions, as well as diagnosis in diffuse nerve and muscle disorders. Conclusion: Electrophysiological techniques offer reliable means of measuring the integrity of the cranial nerves and their central pathways.
An elliptical SPECT system with slit–slat collimation for cardiac imaging

Cardiac studies are a good candidate for SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) because of the large clinical demand and the need for improved image quality. But SPECT imaging suffers from poor spatial resolution and high statistical noise. A new SPECT system with slit–slat collimation arranged on an elliptical arc for cardiac imaging is proposed in this paper. Simulated emission computed tomography data are generated along an elliptical moving orbit with system configuration parameters. The iterative reconstruction techniques are used to implement the cardiac imaging of the proposed SPECT system. Image reconstruction can be done using the OS-EM algorithm from the data collected. This system is developed to improve the reconstructed image if attenuation correction and depth-dependent correction are included in the reconstruction, and the body contour is used in the reconstruction for severely truncated data. The simulation results show that the present methods can provide significant improvement in the spatial resolution and the image quality of SPECT sets.
Magnetic Susceptibility of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in the Strong Magnetic Field Limit and for Non-Zero Temperatures

Analytic expressions are derived for the magnetic susceptibility and the Fermi energy of a non-interacting two-dimensional electron gas in the strong field limit and for non-zero temperatures. The results at zero temperature agree with existing calculations but the results at finite temperature are different from those obtained recently by other authors. Es werden analytische Ausdrucke fur die magnetische Suszeptibilitat und die Fermi-Energie eines nichtwechselwirkenden zweidimensionalen Elektronengases in der Naherung des starken Feldes und fur Temperaturen ungleich null abgeleitet. Die Ergebnisse fur den Temperaturnullpunkt stimmen mit existierenden Berechnungen uberein, jedoch unterscheiden sich die Ergebnisse bei endlichen Temperaturen von denen anderer Autoren.
Revisiting Laughlin's Hamiltonian for the chiral spin liquid

Abstract It is demonstrated that finding a parent Hamiltonian for the chiral spin liquid remains an open problem. The one existing solution in the literature [Ann. Phys. 191 (1989) 163] is shown to fail both numerically and analytically, due to a non-commutativity of certain lattice sums.
Surgical options for patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Summary Despite ongoing investigation into pharmacologic treatments for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), outcomes for chronic administration of medications remain disappointing. In many instances LGS is treatment refractory, resulting in poor prognoses that include intellectual disability, persisting seizures, and psychiatric conditions. For patients with treatment resistance to other modalities for LGS, a further option is surgical intervention. Evaluation for surgery should involve interictal electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis, and age-appropriate neuropsychological/developmental assessment. Resective surgery, where seizure foci are removed, successfully controls seizures in many cases, particularly where lesionectomy or lobar resections are appropriate. Recent studies of resective surgery on individuals with LGS show promising results, with a high percentage of patients having improved seizure control. Corpus callosotomy is a palliative surgical approach that aims at controlling potentially injurious seizures, for example, atonic or drop seizures, by preventing the bilateral spread of epileptic activity. Once associated with a high risk for morbidity and mortality, microsurgical techniques and surgery limited to the anterior region of the callosum have greatly diminished complications of corpus callosotomy surgery. Vagus nerve stimulation, another palliative procedure, offers rates of seizure improvement similar to those of corpus callosotomy, with the exception of atonic seizure for which corpus callosotomy may lead to a greater reduction. Recent advances in surgical techniques offer encouraging options for treatment of LGS.
Allatostatins in the haemolymph of Diploptera punctata and their effect in vivo

Abstract Adult female Diploptera punctata haemolymph extract was separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and fractions that coeluted with allatostatins I–V inhibited juvenile hormone synthesis by corpora allata in vitro. Saline extract of haemolymph was heated to 100°C, purified by reverse-phase C18 solid phase extraction and then by high-pressure liquid chromatography separation on a reverse-phase C18 column. Fractions corresponding to the elution times of allatostatins I–IV and allatostatin V were collected from each chromatographic separation. Similar fractions were combined and reapplied to the same column. Inhibition was found in fractions with elution times corresponding to allatostatins IV, I–III and V. Percent inhibition in these fractions from haemolymph of 13–14-day mated females was 44±7, 57±3 and 55±3, and 70±3, respectively (∼1.2 ml haemolymph equivalents/CA). To determine whether allatostatins in the haemolymph can inhibit the corpora allata, D. punctata allatostatins I and V and a related active peptide, callatostatin 5 from Calliphora vomitoria, were injected into mated females on days 1–3 after ecdysis at 12 h intervals. As controls, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, truncated allatostatin I (N-terminal 1–7, unamidated) and water were injected. On day 4, length of basal oocytes and/or juvenile hormone synthesis by the corpora allata were significantly lower in animals injected with active allatostatins compared with water-injected controls, whereas, they were not affected by injection of inactive peptides.
A survey of anesthesiologists’ role, trust in anesthesiologists, and knowledge and fears about anesthesia among predominantly Hispanic patients from an inner-city county preoperative anesthesia clinic

Abstract Study Objective To determine the difference between the Hispanic and non-Hispanic public's knowledge about anesthesia, anesthesiologist's expertise, and role of the anesthesiologist in and out of the operating room (OR). Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Los Angeles inner-city county hospital preoperative anesthesia clinic. Patients Predominantly Hispanic population. Interventions A 54-question survey in English and Spanish was distributed to adult patients. Measurements Demographic data, knowledge of the anesthesiologist's roles/responsibilities, knowledge of anesthesia, trust in anesthesiologists, and fears related to anesthesia were collected. Descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis of the data were used to report knowledge, trust, and fear, and the predictive role of patient characteristics. Main Results 300 (88% of eligible pts) completed the survey. Patient demographics were as follows: Hispanics (73%), female (63%), mean age 47 ± 14 years, high school-educated or below (71%), previous surgery (67%), possessing a chronic medical condition (49%), self-reported health of fair to poor (58%). Seventy percent of patients recognized anesthesiologists as specially trained doctors. Mean ± SD trust scores in doctors were 2.6 ± 1.2 out of a maximum 4. Patients with a better perception of their self-health ( P P P = 0.01) patients, those patients with chronic medical condition ( P P Conclusion Most Hispanic patients believe that anesthesiologists are specialist doctors and that they put patients to sleep, but these patients are uncertain of their exact role or function during surgery or outside of the OR. High concerns or fears about devastating but rare complications of anesthesia remain. Educational efforts should be directed at this group especially, with the goal of alleviating preoperative anxiety.
Inactivation of HAUSP in vivo modulates p53 function.

Hausp is a deubiquitinase that has been shown to regulate the p53–Mdm2 pathway. Cotransfection of p53 and Hausp stabilizes p53 through the removal of ubiquitin moieties from polyubiquitinated p53. Interestingly, knockout or RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Hausp in human cells also resulted in the stabilization of p53 due to the destabilization of Mdm2, suggesting a dynamic role of Hausp in p53 activation. To understand the physiological functions of Hausp, we generated hausp knockout mice. Hausp knockout mice die during early embryonic development between embryonic days E6.5 and E7.5. The hausp knockout embryos showed p53 activation, but no apparent increase in apoptosis. Embryonic lethality was caused by a dramatic reduction in proliferation and termination in development, in part due to p53 activation and/or abrogation of p53-independent functions. Although deletion of p53 did not completely rescue the embryonic lethality of the hausp knockout, embryonic development was extended in both hausp and p53 double knockout embryos. These data show that Hausp has a critical role in regulating the p53–Mdm2 pathway.
Magnetic Fields in the Solar Convection Zone

Active regions on the solar surface are generally thought to originate from a strong toroidal magnetic field generated by a deep seated solar dynamo mechanism operating at the base of the solar convection zone. Thus the magnetic fields need to traverse the entire convection zone before they reach the photosphere to form the observed solar active regions. Understanding this process of active region flux emergence is therefore a crucial component for the study of the solar cycle dynamo. This article reviews studies with regard to the formation and rise of active region scale magnetic flux tubes in the solar convection zone and their emergence into the solar atmosphere as active regions.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in adults

Hyperandrogenism in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) results from overstimulation of adrenocorticotropic-driven androgen production in the adrenal cortex due to lack of cortisol feedback. The classical form is characterized by more-severe symptoms of hyperandrogenism, including virilization of the female genitalia. The milder nonclassical form presents with postnatal symptoms of hyperandrogenism. Presenting symptoms in adulthood may include acne, male-pattern alopecia, hirsutism, irregular menses/amenorrhea or infertility. The goal of therapy in CAH is to both correct the deficiency in cortisol secretion and suppress androgen overproduction. Glucocorticoid replacement has been the mainstay of treatment for CAH but new treatment strategies continue to be developed and studied.
Differential heart rate conditioning and lever lift suppression in restrained rabbits.

Abstract Four rabbits received two adaptation sessions to two tones differing in frequency superimposed on a variable interval 30 sec schedule of water reinforcement. This was followed by eight sessions of differential classical conditioning in which one frequency tone was immediately followed by shock, eight sessions of extinction and 16 sessions of discrimination reversal training. During acquisition training all rabbits showed suppression of the lever lift lick (LLL) response and a heart rate (HR) decrease to the reinforced stimulus. Three animals extinguished on both measures after eight sessions of extinction. Although all rabbits subsequently revealed LLL discrimination reversals, evidence, of HR reversal was clearcut in only one animal. The few within animal differences noted in performance between response systems were not attributable to relative differences or changes in baseline behavior.
Degradation of MTBE intermediates using Fenton's reagent

In a previous study, the chemical oxidation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) at low concentrations in water using Fentons reagent (FR) was investigated. At certain reaction conditions the process ...
60 PREDICTING FROZEN BOAR SPERM FERTILITY USING NOVEL AND CONVENTIONAL ANALYSES

Cryopreserved boar sperm is seldom used for AI because fertility is reduced. Despite many potential advantages of frozen-thawed sperm for AI, lack of reliable fertility estimation of frozen ejaculates before AI limits the application of frozen sperm. Conventional post-thaw evaluation of sperm does not accurately estimate fertility. Identifying sperm traits that predict fertility would help select ejaculates that produce adequate litter sizes. Our objective was to identify traits of cryopreserved sperm that are related to boar fertility for AI through the use of novel and traditional laboratory analyses. Semen from 14 boars of several breeds was cooled to 15°C for shipping before freezing. Post-thaw motility was evaluated using a microscope and confirmed with computer-automated sperm analysis. Sperm viability and acrosome integrity were measured at 0, 30, and 60 min post-thaw. In addition to traditional analyses, each sperm sample was tested by IVF to record fertilization, cleavage, and blastocyst development. A sperm-oviduct binding assay was used to compare the number of sperm bound to epithelial aggregates harvested from the isthmus. Additionally, a competitive zona binding assay using 2 distinct fluorophores for boar identification was used to count the number of sperm from each boar bound to the zona. Frozen sperm from the same ejaculates subjected to laboratory analyses were used to determine actual boar fertility. Fertility was measured by AI of mature gilts using 4.0 × 109 total sperm from one boar at 24 h and a second boar at 36 h after the onset of oestrus, and AI order was reversed in consecutive replicates. Fertility was expressed as the percentage of the litter sired by each boar. Reproductive tracts were harvested at 32 days after AI, and fetal paternity was identified using microsatellite markers. The actual boar fertility was regressed against the mean of each laboratory evaluation by boar, and the assays that best predicted fertility were identified using stepwise logistic regression. The model generated was highly predictive of fertility (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.87) and included 5 traits: acrosome compromised sperm (0 and 30 min), percent live sperm (0 min), percent total motility (30 min), and the number of zona bound sperm. An additional model in which fertility was assessed by the number of piglets sired by boar also predicted fertility (P < 0.05, r2 = 0.57) and shared many of the same traits. These models were highly accurate when used to predict actual fertility of cryopreserved boar sperm. This approach may be used to screen ejaculates before AI and advance the use of frozen boar sperm by the swine industry. Research was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2010-85112-20620 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
Osteology of the South Asian Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1839 (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae), with investigation of its phylogenetic relationships within the order Cypriniformes

Members of the genus Psilorhynchus are small benthic fishes, commonly referred to as torrent minnows, which inhabit the fast to swift flowing water bodies of the Indo-Burma region and the Western Ghats of Peninsular India. Despite being described scientifically in the mid 18th century, the morphology of Psilorhynchus remains poorly known and its phylogenetic placement within the order Cypriniformes is a matter of considerable debate. In this paper the osteology of Psilorhynchus sucatio is described and illustrated in detail. Notes and/or illustrations on the osteology of 12 other species of Psilorhynchus are also provided for the first time. A phylogenetic investigation of the position of Psilorhynchus within the order Cypriniformes is also conducted. Analysis of 127 morphological characters scored for 52 ingroup taxa (including 12 species of Psilorhynchus) and four outgroup taxa resulted in 14 equally parsimonious cladograms (287 steps long; consitency index, CI = 0.48; retention index, RI = 0.88). Psilorhynchus is recovered as the sister group to the family Cyprinidae, and is regarded as a member of the superfamily Cyprinoidea, which forms the sister group to the Cobitoidea (including all other cypriniform families). The sistergroup relationship between Psilorhynchus and Cyprinidae is supported by eight derived characters (five of which are homoplastic within the order Cypriniformes). The monophyly of Psilorhynchus is supported by 16 derived characters (eight of which are homoplastic within Cypriniformes). Three species groups of Psilorhynchus are proposed, the Psilorhynchus balitora group (including P. amplicephalus, P. balitora, P. breviminor, P. nepalensis, P. rahmani, P. pavimentatus, and P. brachyrhynchus), the Psilorhynchus gracilis group (including P. gracilis, P. melissa, P. robustus, and P. tenura), and the Psilorhynchus homaloptera group (including P. arunachalensis, P. homaloptera, P. microphthalmus, and P. pseudecheneis). The continued use of the family group name Psilorhynchidae is recommended. Comments on the interrelationships of the Cypriniformes are also provided. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011.
The synthesis of C14 carbonyl labeled dimethyl phthalate.

Special techniques and apparatus for the synthesis of C14 carbonyl labeled dimethyl phthalate, C6H4(C2CH3)C142CH3, are described.
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Cancer: Review of the Literature

Objective In addition to their well-known osteogenic properties, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have developmental and regenerative roles that may impact tumorigenesis and promote tumor spread. Given that the most common site of tumor metastases to bone is the spine, determining whether BMPs can be linked to cancer is of particular relevance to surgeons treating primary or metastatic spinal disease. This article reviews the basic scientific and clinical background of BMPs and their potential role in promoting cancer. Methods A literature review to identify studies relating to BMP and tumorigenesis was conducted. Databases evaluated included MEDLINE and EMBASE as well as the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register through 2008. Results Bone morphogenetic proteins are a diverse class of molecules belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily that serve a variety of biologic functions. Bone morphogenetic proteins have critical roles in stem and progenitor cell biology as regulators of cellular expansion and differentiation. Transforming growth factor-beta and related cell signaling pathways as well as stem and progenitor cell signaling have been linked to cancer. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies suggest a significant role of BMPs in promoting tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, there are also comparable studies that imply that BMPs may have a negative effect on cancer. Conclusion There is no definitive association between BMPs and the promotion of tumorigenesis or metastasis. However, given the relatively large number of studies reporting a positive effect of BMPs on tumorigenesis or metastasis, the use of BMPs in patients with primary or metastatic spinal tumors should be carefully considered.
Characterization of spontaneous calcium transients in nerve growth cones and their effect on growth cone migration

Abstract This study examines the mechanisms of spontaneous and induced [Ca 2+ ] i spiking in nerve growth cones and the effect of spikes on growth cone migration. Over a 10–20 min observation period, 29% of DRG growth cones undergo spontaneous and transient elevations in physiological extracellular Ca 2+ ((Ca 2+ ) o ; 2 mM), whereas 67% of growth cones exposed to 20 mM (Ca 2+ ) o exhibit similar [Ca 2+ ] i spikes. Spontaneous [Ca 2+ ] 1 spiking was not observed in neuronal cell bodies or nonneuronal cells. Ca 2+ influx through nonvoltage-gated Ca 2+ channels was required for spontaneous [Ca 2+ ], spikes in growth cones, since removal of (Ca 2+ ) o , or addition of the general Ca 2+ channel blockers La 3+ or Ni 2+ , reversibly blocked [Ca 2+ ] 1 spiking, while blockers of the voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels did not. Experiments using agents that influence intracellular Ca 2+ stores suggest that Ca 2+ stores may buffer and release Ca 2+ during growth cone [Ca 2+ ] 1 spikes. Growth cone migration was immediately and transiently inhibited by [Ca 2+ ] i spikes, but eventually returned to prespike rates.
Ursodeoxycholic acid ‘mechanisms of action and clinical use in hepatobiliary disorders’

UDCA exerts its beneficial effect in liver diseases through a diverse, probably, complementary array of mechanisms. The clinical use and efficacy of UDCA in PBC have been evident. UDCA may also have a place in the management of PSC, ICP, cystic fibrosis, PFIC and GVHD involving the liver, although, more studies are needed to further determine its therapeutic potential in these diseases and in other hepatobiliary disorders such as liver allograft rejection, drug and TPN-induced cholestasis, NASH, and alcoholic liver disease.
Meditations on Anthropology without an Object: Boulder Hopping in Streams of Consciousness

These meditations, which begin with Stephan Schwartz and Mark Schroll's contested and contesting histories of the lineage and founding of the Society for the Anthropology of Consciousness (below), contribute to the imagining of what Bethe Hagens calls "the relatively new interdisciplinary field of anthropology of consciousness.” Ethnographic vignettes from fieldwork of anthropologists, as well as fieldwork of students studying that fieldwork, highlight the paradox of anthropology's secularism and invite the reader, through the reading and writing of the text itself, to participate in the practices of consciousness described. Using Schwartz's metaphor of "boulders in the stream,” these practices, and the modes of consciousness they invoke, serve as boulders that readers must swim around, or hop from, secularist anthropology through cyborg anthropology to an anthropology of consciousness itself.
Pressure-induced disordering and anomalous lattice expansion in La2Zr2O7 pyrochlore.

Pressure-induced cation and anion disordering in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{Zr}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ pyrochlore is quantitatively analyzed by Rietveld refinement of in situ x-ray diffraction patterns, Raman, and infrared measurements. An anomalous lattice expansion and obvious change of the pressure dependence of the vibrational modes occur at $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GPa}$. The pressure-induced water incorporation in the ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{Zr}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ pyrochlore structure may be related to a previously noted photoelectrochemical effect.
Comparative effects of feeding lead acetate and phospholipid-bound lead on blood and tissue lead concentrations in young and adult rats.

Two different forms of lead, lead acetate and phospholipidbound lead, were fed to young and adult male rats for 10 weeks at the 300 ppm dietary level. Based on the lead concentrations found in selected tissues, our results indicate that the bioavailability of phospholipid-bound lead is similar to that of lead acetate at the 300 ppm level. Young rats had higher concentrations of lead in tissues than did adult rats.
Induction of a mutation in poliovirus by nitrous acid.

Abstract The infectivity of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of poliovirus undergoes an exponential decrease in the presence of nitrous acid. The inactivation of the intact virus follows a multicomponent curve; the data suggest that an effect on the viral protein contributes to the inactivation. The incubation of whole virus of d type or of its RNA with nitrous acid results in an increase of the proportion of d + among the survivors. As there is no selection for d + , the increase is due to the induction of the mutation.
Parental beliefs and help seeking in mothers' use of a community-based family support program

This study examined mothers' help seeking from a family support program. The mothers' participation in the parenting program was examined within an attributional and social support framework as a function of four factors: (a) the mother's level of child-related stresses, (b) the mother's expressed need for social support in parenting, (c) the mother's attribution of the child's behavior problems to her own efforts, and (d) the mother's belief in her competence as a parent. Mothers participating in a community-based family support program (N = 79) were compared to mothers (N = 56) not using a family support program in a Midwestern town with a manufacturing economic base, high unemployment, and an increasing rate of confirmed child abuse. The mothers using the family support program reported significantly higher child behavior stresses than did a community sample of mothers with similar-aged children. The mothers seeking help also attributed child behavior problems to their own behavior as a parent. Though the mothers seeking help were not depressed, they believed they lacked competence and expressed more need for social support in parenting than did the comparison mothers not using the program.
The Third Man Argument

This paper is a brief discussion of the famous ‘Third Man Argument’ as it appears in Plato's dialogue Parmenides. I mention, criticise and refine the most influential analytic approach to the argument; show that the actual conclusion of the argument is different from the one attributed to it by the majority of scholars; and elaborate two responses to the argument, both of which shed interesting light on the Theory of Forms.