cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enzymes Responsible for Off‐Flavor and Off‐Aroma in Blanched and Frozen‐Stored Vegetables1

Plant foods, stabilized by heating (blanching) until all peroxidase activity is destroyed and then frozen, may be stored frozen for 1 to 2 years without significant deterioration of texture, color, flavor, or nutritional quality. Peroxidase is a convenient enzyme probe of adequate blanching. However, it is not the enzyme responsible for quality deterioration. Better quality products, with lower energy utilization, may be possible with less heat treatment by using the enzyme(s) responsible for quality deterioration as the detector for adequate blanching. To determine the enzyme(s) responsible for aroma and flavor deterioration, we identified the key aroma constituent(s) by sensory evaluation, isolated the enzyme(s) thought to be responsible, and added these enzymes, including peroxidase and catalase, back to blanched pureed vegetable singly and in all combinations. Following incubation, a trained sensory panel evaluated the aroma of the samples in relation to blanched and unblanched samples treated in the same manner. Lipoxygenase was identified as the key enzyme in English green peas and green beans, cystine lyase in cauliflower and broccoli, and probably lipoxygenase in corn-on-the-cob. There may be another enzyme not yet identified involved.
The occurrence of apical labial sensilla in the Aleyrodidae and evidence for a contact chemosensory function

Scanning electron microscopy of the apex of the labium of six species of whitefly [Aleurothrixusfloccosus (Maskell), Aleyrodes spiraeoides Quaintance, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana), and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)], revealed that all possess seven pairs of sensilla symmetrically positioned on either side of the labial groove. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that in P. myricae, sensilla 1, 5, 6 & 7 are innervated each by a single dendrite, sensilla 2 & 4 are innervated by three dendrites each, and sensiUum 3 is innervated by four dendrites. Multiple innervation of sensilla 2, 3 & 4 suggests a chemosensory or mechano-chemosensory function. Longitudinal sections of sensilla 2 & 4 showed that the sensilla were hollow with an apical pore, providing further morphological evidence for a chemosensory function. One dendrite appeared to end at the base of sensillum 2, suggesting that at least sensillum 2 has a dual mechano-chemosensory function. The presence of contact chemoreceptors on the labial tip may help explain how P. myricae can discriminate between
AN EVALUATION OF THE URETHRAL SMEAR AS AN INDEX OF ANDROGENIC DEFICIENCY IN THE MALE

IN a communication to this Journal Andrews (1) suggested the use of urethral smears as an index of androgen deficiency in males. He reported that smears of the distal cells of the male urethra showed characteristic staining reactions with the Shorr stain (2) indicating the presence or absence of an androgen deficiency. The urethral cells of normal individuals were said to appear as masses of cuboidal cells with rather pink staining cytoplasm and with very distinct brown nuclei. On the other hand, where an androgen deficiency was present the cytoplasm stained blue and the nuclei red. Where androgen therapy was given to correct a deficiency of this hormone, the staining reaction of the urethral smear was found to change, eventually becoming characteristic of the normal individual. Such findings, if confirmed, would indeed have much clinical diagnostic significance. We have undertaken a study of this technic with results which do not support the observations reported by Andrews. METHODS A urethral smear is t...
Viable Mycobacterium avium is required for the majority of human immunodeficiency virus-induced upregulation in monocytoid cells

The Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), an intracellular pathogen of cells of the macrophage lineage, often clinically coexists with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV). It was shown previously that coinfection of the monocytoid cell line U937 with HIV and MAC results in the enhancement of HIV replication. To determine whether MAC-mediated HIV upregulation is due to the exposure of intact organisms to HIV-infected cells or if actual infection with viable organisms is required for the effect, U937 cells were coinfected simultaneously with HIV and live or heat-killed MAC. Live MAC (infection) consistently increased HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) activity by more than 3-fold. Heat-killed MAC, however, failed to enhance RT activity significantly. Further investigation showed that infection of U38 cells [a U937-derived cell line containing regions of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) linked to chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT)] with live or heat-killed MAC resulted in a similar enhancement of HIV LTR-CAT transcription. In addition, transient transfection of U937 cells with a full-length wild-type HIV LTR-CAT construct revealed that heat-killed MAC stimulated LTR-mediated CAT activity to levels comparable to those of viable MAC. Finally, both live and heat-killed MAC mediated similar enhancement of NF-κB DNA-binding activity. Taken together, these observations confirm previous findings that MAC-induced NF-κB-dependent LTR-CAT activity is not a major factor in upregulating HIV expression in a coinfection model. It also indicates that MAC infection plays a significant role in the enhancement of HIV replication and suggests that viable MAC either contains or induces the production of an as-yet-unidentified factor(s) that mediates the enhancement of HIV replication.
Accuracy and efficiency of PWTD enhanced exact radiation boundary conditions in FDTD simulations

Global exact radiation boundary conditions (ERBCs) can be imposed on arbitrarily shaped truncation boundaries; hence, when using an ERBC in the analysis of slender concave scatterers the cost of updating the volume scales as O(N/sub t/N/sub s/). However, the application of ERBCs requires the evaluation of retarded-time boundary integrals (RTBIs) to update the boundary fields at a cost that scales as O(N/sub t/N/sub s//sup 2/). This unacceptable cost can be reduced to O(N/sub t/N/sub s/log/sup 2/N/sub s/) by using the multilevel plane-wave time-domain (PWTD) scheme. This paper compares the accuracy and efficiency of PWTD enhanced ERBCs and PMLs when applied to slender concave scatterers.
MDL-28170, a membrane-permeant calpain inhibitor, attenuates stunning and PKCε proteolysis in reperfused ferret hearts

Objectives : This paper tests the hypothesis that calpains are activated in the ischemic (I)/reperfused (R) heart and contribute to myocardial stunning. Methods : Isolated ferret hearts were Langendorff perfused isovolumically, and subjected to 20 min of global I followed by 30 min of R in the presence or absence of 0.2 μ M MDL-28170, a membrane-permeant calpain inhibitor. Right trabeculae then were isolated from these hearts, skinned chemically, and pCa2+-force curves obtained. Samples of left ventricle were extracted, subjected to SDS-PAGE, and Western analyzed for PKCe and PKMe. Results : Perfused ferret hearts exhibit a 43% decline in left ventricular developed pressure during R. Pre-treatment of hearts with MDL-28170 prior to I significantly improves function during R. Trabecular myofilaments from normal hearts have a KD for Ca2+ of 6.27±0.06; I/R decreased the KD to 6.09±0.04; trabeculae from I/R hearts pre-treated with MDL-28170 have a KD of 6.28±0.04. Western analysis shows ferret hearts to contain a single ≈96 kDa species of PKCe. I/R hearts contain the native PKCe and a ≈25 kDa smaller species of PKCe, which corresponds to PKMe, the calpain proteolyzed form of PKCe. Pre-treatment of I/R hearts with MDL-28170 markedly diminishes PKMe in reperfused hearts. Conclusions : Mechanical stunning during R is sensitive to MDL-28170. Depressed mechanical function is reflected in a hyposensitization of trabecular myofilaments to Ca2+. Western analysis shows that PKMe is present in R hearts.
Telomerase in Bladder Cancer: Back to a Better Future?

Proper maintenance of chromosomes requires dealing with two biological challenges: the chromosome end-protection problem and the chromosome end-replication problem [1]. The first challenge stems from the need to distinguish the ends of linear chromosomes, which predominate in eukaryotes, from broken DNA ends that require repair. The second challenge stems from the gradual loss of sequence information at the extreme end of chromosomes, owing to incomplete replication by DNA polymerases (which only synthesize DNA in the 50 to 30 direction and are unable to fill in the gap left behind upon removal of the 50-most RNA primer). Telomerase, a unique enzyme that contains telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and a template-containing RNA component (telomerase RNA [TR]), extends telomeric DNA to solve both problems. In mammals, the action of telomerase is required for the survival of continuously dividing cells such as embryonic cells and adult stem cells. These cells have relatively high levels of telomerase activity, whereas most somatic cells, which have a limited replicative lifespan, have very low or undetectable telomerase activity. Inactivation of telomerase in these latter cells is achieved mostly by transcriptional downregulation of the TERT gene, which encodes the essential, catalytically active protein subunit of the enzyme [2]. TERT protein associates with the essential TR subunit of the enzyme, which templates telomere extension, and with other protein factors to form the active holoenzyme that maintains telomere length [1]. TERT expression is also sometimes regulated by production of alternatively splicedmessenger RNA (mRNA) variants that delete essential reverse transcriptase motifs of the enzyme. Increased abundance of these variants correlates with inactivation of telomerase during tissue differentiation,
Entrepreneurial Failure Reconsidered: The Case of the Interwar British Coal Industry

In this article, Professor Dintenfass reexamines entrepreneurial efficiency in the interwar British coal industry. Using previously neglected company documents, he shows that cost-reducing and price-enhancing innovations in coal extraction, organizational practice, and marketing were not widely diffused, though neither geology, finance, nor industrial relations inhibited their adoption. He concludes that mismanagement was an important cause of the British coal industry's misfortunes in the 1920s and 1930s, but that the coalowners' failure to employ the new techniques cannot be attributed to the structure of the industry or to the survival of outmoded forms of business organization.
Influence of chemical amendments on phosphorus immobilization in soils from a constructed wetland.

Soils previously used for agriculture are currently being converted to wetlands with the goal that they will function as sinks for nutrients. However, residual fertilizer nutrients, especially phosphorus (P) are rapidly released upon flooding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of selected chemical amendments in immobilizing the soluble soil P. Soil used in the study was an organic soil, obtained from a 3-month old constructed wetland created on an agricultural land in Lake Apopka Basin, central Florida. Chemical amendments used were: CaCO3, (calcite), Ca(OH)2, CaMg(CO3)2 (dolomite), Al2(SO4) (alum), FeCl3 and mixtures of selected amendments. The effective amounts required for each chemical amendment to minimize P release from soil to overlying floodwater were 7‐15 gk g 1 for CaCO3 and Ca(OH)2 ,1 2 gk g 1 for alum, and 1‐2 g kg 1 for FeCl3. Based on P flux, the order of effectiveness in immobilizing soluble P was as follows: FeCl3\ alum\ Ca(OH)2\ calcite\ dolomite. High rates of chemical amendments are needed to reduce P levels, because of complexation of P binding cations (Ca, Fe and Al) with organic matter. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Eulerian Time-Domain Filtering for Spatial Large-Eddy Simulation

An approach to large-eddy simulation is developed whose subgrid-scale model incorporates Eulerian time-domain filtering, in contrast to conventional approaches that exploit spatial filtering. For applications to large-eddy simulation, time-domain filters enjoy certain advantages relative to spatial filters. Among these, they more naturally commute with differentiation operators than do spatial filters, and there is typically wide separation between numerical truncation error and the dissipation of the subgrid-scale model. Eulerian time-domain filtering is most appropriate for flows whose large coherent structures convect approximately at a common characteristic velocity. Such flows include jets, mixing layers, and wakes. The method is demonstrated in the large-eddy simulation of a heated, subsonic, axisymmetric jet, and results are compared with those obtained from well-resolved direct numerical simulation
High-performance surface-micromachined inchworm actuator

This work demonstrates a polycrystalline silicon surface-micromachined inchworm actuator that exhibits high-performance characteristics such as large force (/spl plusmn/0.5 millinewtons), large velocity range (0 to /spl plusmn/4.4 mm/sec), large displacement range (/spl plusmn/100 microns), small step size (/spl plusmn/10, /spl plusmn/40 or /spl plusmn/100 nanometers), low power consumption (nanojoules per cycle), continuous bidirectional operation and relatively small area (600 /spl times/ 200/spl mu/m/sup 2/). An in situ load spring calibrated on a logarithmic scale from micronewtons to millinewtons, optical microscopy and Michelson interferometry are used to characterize its performance. The actuator consists of a force-amplifying plate that spans two voltage-controlled clamps, and walking is achieved by appropriately sequencing signals to these three components. In the clamps, normal force is borne by equipotential rubbing counterfaces, enabling friction to be measured against load. Using different monolayer coatings, we show that the static coefficient of friction can be changed from 0.14 to 1.04, and that it is load-independent over a broad range. We further find that the static coefficient of friction does not accurately predict the force generated by the actuator and attribute this to nanometer-scale presliding tangential deflections.
Health Law 2005: An Agenda

In 2004, the journal Health Matrix published a very interesting symposium volume titled “The Field of Health Law: Its Past and Future. As the title implies, the various commentators took both a retrospective and a prospective look at past trends and future prospects in health law. Some, including Clark Havighurst, Skip Rosoff and Walter Wadlington, wrote thoughtful essays on the development of health law over time and the implications of those trends. Others, including Rob Schwartz, Jim Blumstein, Rand Rosenblatt, and Mark Hall and Carl Schneider, wrote equally thoughtful essays that reflected on the past but focused more on future directions and prospects. And one, Kep Wing, wrote a semi-dyspeptic essay debunking the entire field of health law. Taken together, these essays present a comprehensive view of how health law has developed so far and where its future might lie. Four themes emerge from the collected writings. First, there is considerable agreement on how and why health law has developed, but little agreement on where it is headed.
An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Joint Decisions on Food Stamp Program, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, and Labor Force Participation

This study examines the interaction between Food Stamp Program (FSP) and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program participation, provides a model of joint decisions made by households on FSP, TANF, and labor force participation, and explains why households choose different alternatives. We use the first Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD) longitudinal data and the 1998 SPD experimental data files. The modeling component consists of estimating equations to predict the probability of particular choices made by households. The households choose the alternative that gives the highest utility. The results show that the program parameters do matter. Variations across states in payment standards, benefit reduction rates, and income disregards help to identify household choices.
Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders, 1990 to 2003.

Background Although the 1990s saw enormous change in the mental health care system in the United States, little is known about changes in the prevalence or rate of treatment of mental disorders. Methods We examined trends in the prevalence and rate of treatment of mental disorders among people 18 to 54 years of age during roughly the past decade. Data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) were obtained in 5388 face-to-face household interviews conducted between 1990 and 1992, and data from the NCS Replication were obtained in 4319 interviews conducted between 2001 and 2003. Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance-abuse disorders that were present during the 12 months before the interview were diagnosed with the use of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). Treatment for emotional disorders was categorized according to the sector of mental health services: psychiatry services, other mental health services, general...
Extra-Intestinal Manifestations of Crohn's Disease

Extra-intestinal manifestations occur in at least 25% of Crohn's disease patients. Some extra-intestinal manifestations, such as erythema nodusum and peripheral arthropathy, will wax and wane in keeping with bowel inflammation. The more severe cutaneous ulcerations, uveitis, and axial arthropathy may precede bowel disease or persist after it subsides. Screening may be appropriate for eye disease and for osteoporosis to prevent complications. Medical management for extra-intestinal manifestations is similar to treatment for the bowel symptoms of Crohn's disease, with corticosteroids the mainstay. Pain and depression are associated with inflammatory bowel disease, and their control benefits patients. Recent small studies with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents are promising for most extra-intestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease, and may permit more steroid-sparing disease control in the future.
Wireless Channel Equalization in Digital Communication Systems

This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the CGU Student Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in CGU Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact scholarship@cuc.claremont.edu. Recommended Citation Jalali, Sammuel, "Wireless Channel Equalization in Digital Communication Systems" (2012). CGU Theses & Dissertations. Paper 42. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/42
Professionalism and Politics in High School Teaching Reform

This paper takes the case of math educationreform in California to analyze problems andprospects for reforming high school teaching.The experiences of three math departmentsreveal the profoundly political nature of highschool mathematics reform. First, changing mathinstruction means rejecting established normsfor professional practice in mathematics and inteaching more generally. I argue that radicalteaching reform depends upon professionalismand sustained commitment of teachercommunities, as well as on the knowledge ofreformed practice they generate. Second,successful reform engages politics beyond theteaching profession, as the California ``mathwars'' attest. After describing the course oforganized opposition to a reformed high schoolmath department, I examine the rhetoric andvested interests that figure prominently inparents' mobilization against mathematicsreform. The analysis brings into focus the dualproblems for high school teaching reform ofchanging professional practice and engagingpolitical opposition to educational change. Thestunning success of anti-reform politics inAmerican mathematics education highlights theimportance of activist professionalism inteaching.
Inferior Capsular Shift

The patient was identified and brought to the OR and placed supine on the OR table. One gram of Ancef was given preoperatively. General anesthetic was induced without difficulty. Patient was elevated to the beach chair position. Extremities were well padded. The head was placed with the headrest padded and stabilized. The upper extremity was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion.
Carbon Allowance Auction Design: An Assessment of Options for the U.S.

Carbon allowance auctions are a component of existing and proposed regional cap-and-trade programs in the U.S. and are also included in recent bills in the U.S. Congress that would establish a national cap-and-trade program in the U.S. to regulate greenhouse gases (“carbon”). We discuss and evaluate the two leading candidates for the auction format for carbon allowance auctions: a uniform-price sealed-bid auction and an ascending-bid dynamic auction, either of which could be augmented with a “price collar” to ensure that the price of allowances is neither too high nor too low. We identify the primary trade-offs between these auction formats as applied to carbon allowance auctions and suggest auction design choices that address potential concerns about efficiency losses from collusion and other factors. We conclude that a uniform-price sealed-bid auction is more appropriate for the sale of carbon allowances than the other leading choices, in part because it offers increased robustness to collusion without significant sacrifice in terms of price discovery.
Ponerine Ants of the Genus Euponera in the United States

During the spring of 1932,when Mr. H. T. Vanderford of the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, was engaged in scouting for the Argentine ant at Decatur, Ga. (a suburb of Atlanta), he collected specimens of a ponerine ant from three adjacent blocks in that city. To my surprise these ants proved to be Euponera solitaria , a species described by F. Smith from Japanese specimens. This is the third species of Euponera to be recorded for this country and adds another ant to the list of insects which have reached the United States from other countries.
Abstract 2760: Phase I study of MK-0646, the humanized monoclonal antibody against IGF-1R in combination with gemcitabine or gemcitabine + erlotinib (E) for advanced, previously untreated pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND: MK-0646 binds to IGF-1R and blocks its interaction with the IGF-I/ II ligands, enhances gemcitabine (G)-induced apoptosis and inhibits the MEK/ Erk and the PI3-kinase/ Akt signaling pathways which are important in cellular proliferation, survival and drug resistance in pancreatic cancer. Receptor cross-talk between IGF-1R and EGFR and enhanced IGF-1R-induced activation of the PI3-kinase/ Akt pathways mediate resistance to anti-EGFR agents such as E. The combination of IGF-1R and EGFR antagonists has demonstrated synergy in preclinical pancreatic cancer models. METHODS: Patients with stage IV, previously untreated pancreatic cancer, ECOG performance status (PS) 0-1, adequate hematologic and organ function were enrolled. MK-0646 was escalated in two dose levels using 3+3 statistical design. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia or cardio-respiratory conditions were exclusions. Blood was collected at study entry for IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels. Arm A: G 1000 mg/m2 over 100 min, weekly x 3, MK-0646 over 60 min: 5 or 10 mg/kg, weekly x 4; Arm B: G 1000 mg/m2 over 100 min, weekly x 3, MK-0646 over 60 min: 5 or 10 mg/kg, weekly x 4 + E 100 mg daily. Cycles were repeated q 4 weeks. Radiologic responses were measured with RECIST (study radiologist PB). Study endpoints: maximal tolerated dose, progression-free survival, response rate, toxicity and overall survival. RESULTS: 22 pts enrolled, 15 males, 2 prior Whipple, 20 PS 1, 2 PS 0. Median of 2 cycles (range 1-8) administered as of 9/09. Hematologic toxicity was common: grade 3 or 4 neutropenia (n=9) or thrombocytopenia (n=6). Other grade 3 toxicities: hyperglycemia (n=2), fatigue (n=2), ALT (n=3). Dose limiting toxicity reached in Arm B at dose level 2 (MK-0646 at 10 mg/kg + E + G): febrile neutropenia (n=1), hepatic transaminitis (n=1). Radiologic responses: 5 PR (including 1 hepatic CR), 7 PD, 8 SD, 1 not evaluated, 1 not treated. TTP range (based on 12 pts) was 4 to >36 weeks. Ranges for: IGF-1 levels, 28-280 ng/mL; IGFBP-3 levels, 900-4000 ng/mL. The range of IGF-1 to IGFBP-3 ratios for patients with PR and SD was .027-.036 versus a range of .034-.058 for patients with PD. CONCLUSION: MK-0646 is tolerable in a dose of 10 mg/kg with G 1000 mg/m2 and at 5 mg/kg with G 1000 mg/m2 and E 100 mg. Promising anti-tumor activity was noted. A randomized phase II study will be conducted with the control arm of G+E. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2760.
LL-01THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN B2M AND CNS LYMPHOMA

Several laboratory abnormalities may be seen in patients with CNS Lymphoma. Abnormalities often seen include levels of certain proteins, cell volume/morphology, as well as markers of humoral and cell mediated processes. We therefore retrospectively studied the CSF B2M levels in 49 patients to test the sensitivity of this marker in predicting CNS Lymphoma. Based on our pilot study, the sensitivity for elevated CSF B2M was 100% in patients with CNS Lymphoma. The specificity for elevated CSF B2M was 61%. Our results suggest CSF B2M is a highly sensitive marker of CNS Lymphoma. However, CSF B2M was not found to be a highly specific marker of CNS Lymphoma. Future studies will need to include larger sample sizes to increase accuracy.
Systemic Insecticides as Lygus Bug Controls Compatible with Bee Pollination on Alfalfa

Two low-bee-hazard methods of control, the use of granular insecticides and application of insecticides through a sprinkler irrigation system, were tested against Lygus Hesperus Knight and L. elisus Van Duzee in alfalfa grown for seed. Only dimethoate provided control of lygus bugs when applied through irrigation sprinklers. However, such applications at higher than normal dosage rates to blooming alfalfa apparently caused a low mortality to alfalfa leafcutting bees, Megachile rolundala (F.), by nectar contamination. Dimethoate applied after hay cutting and before development of seed crop blooms was non-hazardous to bees. Temik® (2-methyl-2- (methylthio)-propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime), Baygon® ( 0 -isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate), and NIA-I0242 (Furadan® (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) granules provided nearly 7 weeks control of lygus bugs at 2 to 3 lb per acre in both aerial broadcast and ground side-dressed applications. Temik at 5 lb per acre gave from nearly 7 weeks to more than 3 months control of lygus bugs and also controlled pea aphids Acyrtho siphon pisum (Harris). Granular systemic insecticides were not effective until irrigation was applied, but either sprinkler or rill irrigation sufficed. Beneficial predators either were not seriously reduced or were able to recover in time to keep aphids below economic levels. Trichlorfon performance was improved by timing the second application about 10 days after the first, killing the early lygus instars winch had hatched out in the meantime, Abate®( O,O -dimethyl phosphorothioate O,O diester with 4,4'-thiodip.henol) provided 3 weeks control of lygus bugs, but was highly toxic to the alfalfa leafcutting bee and moderately toxic to the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell.
Development of Fluorine Toxicosis in the Rabbit.

Summary and ConclusionsA study of growing rabbits fed a complete diet supplemented with various levels and forms of fluorine has been made. When levels of fluorine were included in the ration above .021% rabbits in 4 months developed a symptomatology indicating the development of fluorine toxicosis. Growth was retarded, stiffness of the joints occurred, and pronounced changes in the teeth and structure of the bone were encountered. Fluorine was concentrated in the skeleton, and it appears from these data that the rabbit can withstand a storage of fluorine up to about 5,000 ppm without affecting such physiological processes as growth, health, normal teeth, and bone. In this species the fluorine of raw rock phosphate produced as toxic results, or more so, as an equivalent level of sodium fluoride borne fluorine.
Murine Thigh Suture Model

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on murine thigh suture model, which was first developed 20 years ago by McCoy at the Price Institute of Surgical Research, University of Louisville, KY. It has been used as a model to assess the effects of non-specific immune-modulating agents such as bacillus Calmette-Guerin, muramyl dipeptide, tumor necrosis factor, and y-interferon, as well as the effects of single and multiple antibiotics on surgical infection. This model currently provides an accurate means to assess the systemic and local effectiveness of biological agents on the infection process. Both outbred and inbred strains of mice have been used effectively. Outbred strains provide an inexpensive survival model and allow bacterial clearance to be quantified. Inbred strains provide a more accurate measure of specific immunological changes that occur during the infection and recovery process. This model is most effectively used in the fasted animal. Withholding food for 24 hours prior to the procedure increases mortality. Fasting also tends to mimic the immunological insult that is observed clinically following major trauma, and it allows stratification of the groups so that significant differences can be observed. Mice have free access to food immediately following bacterial challenge, or up to 4 hours after challenge, depending on the effect desired. All infected animals are housed in isolation in a biohazard area in the animal care facility. They are given free access to food and water. Cages are covered with fabric bonnets or placed in laminar flow hoods to isolate them from any aerosol contamination.
Fast Diazaborine Formation of Semicarbazide Enables Facile Labeling of Bacterial Pathogens

Bioorthogonal conjugation chemistry has enabled the development of tools for the interrogation of complex biological systems. Although a number of bioorthogonal reactions have been documented in literature, they are less ideal for one or several reasons including slow kinetics, low stability of the conjugated product, requirement of toxic catalysts, and side reactions with unintended biomolecules. Herein we report a fast (>103 M–1 s–1) and bioorthogonal conjugation reaction that joins semicarbazide to an aryl ketone or aldehyde with an ortho-boronic acid substituent. The boronic acid moiety greatly accelerates the initial formation of a semicarbazone conjugate, which rearranges into a stable diazaborine. The diazaborine formation can be performed in blood serum or cell lysates with minimal interference from biomolecules. We further demonstrate that application of this conjugation chemistry enables facile labeling of bacteria. A synthetic amino acid D-AB3, which presents a 2-acetylphenylboronic acid moiety...
Dynamic Notch Signaling Specifies Each Cell Fate in Drosophila Spermathecal Lineage

Spermathecae are glandular organs in the insect female reproductive tract that play essential roles in insect reproduction; however, the molecular mechanism involved in their development is largely unknown. Drosophila spermathecae consist of class-III secretory units, in which each secretory cell (SC) discharges its products to the central lumen through an end-apparatus and a canal. Secretory unit formation in Drosophila spermathecae utilizes a fixed cell lineage, in which each secretory unit precursor (SUP) divides to produce one pIIb cell and one pIIa cell. The former differentiates into an apical cell (AC), whereas the latter divides again to produce an SC and a basal cell (BC). It is unclear how each cell acquires its identity and contributes to secretory unit formation. Here, we demonstrate that Notch signaling is required and sufficient for the specification of lumen epithelial precursors (LEPs; vs. SUPs), pIIb (vs. pIIa), and SCs (vs. BCs) sequentially. To our surprise, Notch activation in LEPs and SCs apparently utilizes different ligand mechanisms. In addition, Notch signaling both suppresses and activates transcription factors Hindsight (Hnt) and Cut during spermathecal lineage specification, supporting the notion that Notch signaling can have opposite biological outcomes in different cellular environments. Furthermore, LEP-derived epithelial cells (ECs) and ACs show distinct cellular morphology and are essential for securing secretory units to the epithelial lumen. Our work demonstrates, for the first time, the dynamic role of Notch signaling in binary cell fate determination in Drosophila spermathecae and the role of ECs and ACs in secretory unit formation.
Why do kids get into trouble on school days

Abstract Previous literature highlights a robust relationship between schools and longer term criminal outcomes. The research presented here examines the short term effects of school being in-session on crime. We begin by confirming the findings of Jacob and Lefgren (2003) that teacher in-service days lead to a reduction in violent crime, consistent with a role for social interactions in school. We extend this result by showing that schools populated with more high crime risk students have larger decreases in crime on teacher in-service days but that this effect is reversed for schools with mostly low crime risk students. These results provide evidence that concentrating high crime risk students into particular schools increases local crime.
Tandem modification of amphiphilic cellulose ethers for amorphous solid dispersion via olefin cross-metathesis and thiol-Michael addition

Olefin cross-metathesis (CM) has been shown to be a valuable, versatile strategy for modifications of cellulose derivatives with appended olefin “handles”. This synthetic method provides access to polysaccharide derivatives with a diverse assortment of functional groups under very mild conditions and with high efficiency. One potentially problematic aspect of the initial α,β-unsaturated CM products is their tendency to undergo free radical abstraction of hydrogen atoms γ to the introduced unsaturated carbonyl, which may lead to polymer crosslinking and loss of solubility. In order to eliminate this instability, we showed previously that diimide hydrogenation reliably removes the α,β-unsaturation, affording carboxyl-containing amphiphilic cellulose ethers that are promising candidates for amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). In this work, we show how to exploit, rather than eliminate the reactivity of the α,β-unsaturated CM products, employing thiol-Michael addition. Addition of a thiol to the conjugated olefin not only eliminates the cross-linking tendency, but also incorporates new functionality, thereby providing a doubly functional, branched polymer side chain. Due to the fact that we chose to append these substituents by hydrolytically stable ether tethers, we could also saponify selected ester-terminal CM and thiol-Michael addition products to provide an additional carboxyl group. Preliminary drug crystallization experiments were also performed with the model drug telaprevir, and these newly synthesized amphiphilic, branched, carboxypentyl cellulose ethers were shown to be efficient inhibitors of drug crystallization. This facile, efficient overall method enables synthesis of a collection of amphiphilic, branched cellulose ether derivatives with multiple functional groups, feeding detailed structure–property relationship studies for applications including ASD.
The Effectiveness of Interactive Online Exercises Across Delivery Format

Colleges and Universities are increasingly experimenting with the online delivery format as a way to meet the growing demand from non-traditional students for increased educational opportunities outside the traditional classroom. At the same time instructors are increasingly integrating online homework, quizzes, and discussion boards into their instructional materials. These online activities seek to promote learning by engaging students outside the traditional classroom lecture. This study evaluates the effectiveness of online activities controlling for delivery format. The data are from a Principles of Microeconomics class taught in three different delivery formats: traditional lecture, fully online (no in class meetings), or blended (combination of online lecture and in-class discussion. Overall the empirical estimates are consistent with our hypothesis that participation interactive learning exercises have a positive effect on exam score at a statistically significant level.
63º Annual Robert Flaherty Film Seminar, Colgate University, US

This article reviews the 63rd Annual Robert Flaherty Film Seminar at Colgate University in the United States, which ran in late June 2017.
The methanogenic bacteria, their ecology and physiology.

A study of the methane fermentation is unavoidably concerned with a study of microbial ecology because of the obligatory interactions between two major physiological participants, the chemoheterotrophic non-methanogenic bacteria and the methanogenic bacteria. In natural anaerobic habitats containing complex organic compounds and where light, sulfate, and nitrate are limited, these two groups of bacteria are linked in the degradation of organic substrates. The ultimate formation of methane and CO2 marks the last step in a series of dissimilatory reactions by which organic compounds are completely degraded. CH4 is the most reduced form of carbon and CO2 the most oxidized form of carbon.
An Essay on the Logical Foundations of Survey Sampling, Part One*

It is a mathematical necessity that we idealize the real state of affairs and come up with a set of concepts that are simple enough to be incorporated in a mathematical theory.
Direct Observation of Radiation Damage In Molybdenum

The primary objective of the research is to study the effect of neutron irradiation, both at ambient and elevated temperatures, on the structure of molybdenum, and to compare and contrast with previous observations on copper and nickel. The defect structures produced by neutron irradiation at doses up to approx. 1020 nvt, at temperatures from ambient to 600°C, are being studied using transmission electron microscopy. For low doses approx. 1018 nvt at 600°C, large prismatic dislocation loops (average diameter 1100 A) were observed on planes approximately parallel to 111, and having the normal slip vector 1/2 . Diffraction contrast experiments were carried out on these loops which proved conclusively that these were formed by the collapse of interstitial aggregates. By comparison, ambient temperature irradiation to this dose level produced a structure with a high density of spots which were not readily resolvable as loops. Specimens have also been irradiated to approx. 1020 nvt at ambient temperature and have been found to contain a higher density of the unresolved damage. The mechanism of the formation of the loops and their interaction with glide dislocations is discussed.
Illicit Stimulant Use Development in Adolescence and Early Adulthood Among Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors Predicting Heterogeneity:

The objectives of this article are to identify groups of trajectories of stimulant use across adolescence and early adulthood among juvenile offenders and to identify risk factors predicting develo...
The Use of Distraction Osteogenesis and a Taylor Spatial Frame in the Treatment of a Tibial Shaft Nonunion and Deformity in a Pediatric Patient with Osteopetrosis: A Case Report.

Case Osteopetrosis is a heritable disease that causes brittle bones that are prone to fracture. Furthermore, these brittle bones have a poor healing response and a high risk of subsequent refracture. Many treatment strategies have been described for initial fracture stabilization; however, there is a paucity of literature describing treatment of refractures and subsequent deformity. We present the long-term results of a unique case in which we used a circular external fixator, the TAYLOR SPATIAL FRAME (Smith & Nephew), to correct a deformity in a patient with osteopetrosis who suffered multiple refractures of the tibia. Conclusion We propose the potential use of distraction osteogenesis as an option for fracture and deformity treatment in patients with osteopetrosis.
Producing marks of distinction: hilaritas and devotion as singular virtues in Spinoza’s aesthetic festival

Spinoza’s concepts of wonder, the imitation of affects, cheerfulness, and devotion provide the basis for a Spinozist aesthetics. Those concepts from his Ethics, when combined with his account of ri...
An Application of Co-Production Concept to the US Legal System: Lessons from Marketing: An Abstract

The United States serves as a hub for international commerce and has attracted businesses from countries all over the world. However, many companies complain about the high litigation costs and the rampant lawsuits in the United States. Take, for instance, the fact that there are 5,806 lawsuits filed per 100,000 persons annually in the United States compared to 3,681 lawsuits per 100,000 persons annually in United Kingdom. Furthermore, there are as many as 3.3 lawsuits per capita in the United States as there are in Canada, the United States’ northern neighbor (Ramseyer and Rasmusen 2010). Why is this?
Molecular evolution at homoeologous loci in allotetraploid cotton (Malvaceae: Gossypium hirsutum L)

During allopolyploid formation two divergent sets of chromosomes are combined in a common nucleus. Accordingly, loci that are single-copy in progenitor diploid genomes become duplicated, homoeologous loci in allopolyploids. Although many homoeologous loci have been identified using classical genetic and linkage mapping approaches, there are few examples of the isolation and molecular characterization of homoeologous loci from allopolyploids. Here we describe two methods for the isolation of strictly orthologous duplicated loci and demonstrate the feasibility of the techniques using allotetraploid cotton. The methods utilize restriction-digested, size-fractionated genomic DNA as a template for either plasmid cloning or PCR amplification. This fractionation procedure, when combined with Southern hybridization and mapping information, effectively separates homoeologues from each other and from more divergent cross-hybridizing sequences (paralogues). Each homoeologue is thereby confidently isolated from diflferent pools of size-fractionated genomic DNA. While these methods were specifically designed for isolating orthologous duplicated loci from allotetraploids, they should be applicable to a broad spectrum of diploid and polyploid plants and be useful for studying both ancient and recent gene duplications. In addition, the procedures yield strictly orthologous sequences, which are required for phylogenetic analysis. Thus, a general approach is detailed for the isolation of nuclear genes for phylogeny reconstruction.
How to Set Up, Staff, and Fund Your Basic Science or Translational Research Laboratory

Establishing a basic or translational research laboratory is a significant undertaking that requires rigorous commitment, supportive mentorship, and meticulous planning. This chapter will review the resources that are typically required, including space, time, personnel, equipment, and mentorship. It will then discuss various options in fulfilling such needs as well as avenues to acquire funding, including intramural and extramural sources. Finally, we will briefly consider how to maintain the laboratory once it has been established and how to respond to unexpected setbacks.
Experimental observations of marine iodide oxidation using a novel sparge-interface MC-ICP-MS technique

Abstract Iodine speciation is used as a redox indicator and water mass tracer. However, the kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation of the reduced iodine species, iodide (I−), in seawater remain largely unresolved. Here, we provide constraints on I− oxidation rates from seawater incubation experiments using a sensitive radiotracer–incubation approach with high-precision mass spectrometry. Samples are inoculated with iodine-129 as I−, incubated under controlled conditions, then oxidized and reduced iodine species are isolated using liquid chromatographic separation. Samples are subsequently aspirated using a novel sparging interface, and the 129I/127I ratio of both iodine species is determined via multi-collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. This highly-sensitive analytical approach is optimized for estimating the predicted slow rates of iodine redox transformations in small volume seawater samples at marine-relevant total iodine concentrations. Application of this method to coastal samples from Martha's Vineyard Sound, USA, evidences the heretofore-elusive oxidation of I− under marine-analogue conditions. Our results demonstrate an increase in the 129I/127I of aqueous oxidized iodine species in unamended seawater, most likely due to formation of hypoiodous acid and then dissolved organic iodine, at rates of 118–189 nM/ yr. These rates are comparable to those inferred from previous open ocean mass balance approaches but have the benefit of directly linking iodine speciation changes to in situ I− oxidation. Though our treatment experiments do not definitively isolate the oxidation mechanism, they provide preliminary insight into important roles for both abiotic and biotic factors as well as iodine transformations between dissolved, particulate, and gaseous forms. Ultimately, the derived rates and novel experimental technique have potential to improve marine iodine cycling models and provide constraints on the importance of in situ processes in setting patterns of iodine speciation.
Fork-Resilient Cross-Blockchain Transactions through Algebraic Topology

The cross-blockchain transaction (CBT) serves as a cornerstone for the next-generation, blockchain-based data management systems. However, state-of-the-art CBT models do not address the effect of the possible local fork suspension that might invalidate the entire CBT. This paper takes an algebraic-topological approach to abstract the blockchains and their transactions into simplicial complexes and shows that CBTs cannot complete in either a \textit{committed} or an \textit{aborted} status by a $t$-resilient message-passing protocol. This result implies that a more sophisticated model is in need to support CBTs and, thus, sheds light on the future blockchain designs.
Advocacy, community engagement and cross-sectoral collaborations as key strategies during COVID-19 response and beyond: New directions for a new decade

∼ Pandemics and other crises are always an opportunity for progress (or regression) depending on policies and people’s actions. Making every policy and action count toward advancing health equity a...