cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Role for CCA1 and LHY in Maintaining Circadian Rhythmicity in Arabidopsis

Abstract Circadian clocks are autoregulatory, endogenous mechanisms that allow organisms, from bacteria to humans, to advantageously time a wide range of activities within 24-hr environmental cycles [1]. CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 ( CCA1 ) and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL ( LHY ) are thought to be important components of the circadian clock in the model plant Arabidopsis [2–5]. The similar circadian phenotypes of lines overexpressing either CCA1 or LHY have suggested that the functions of these two transcription factors are largely overlapping. cca1-1 plants, which lack CCA1 protein, show a short-period phenotype for the expression of several genes when assayed under constant light conditions [5]. This suggests that LHY function is able to only partially compensate for the lack of CCA1 protein, resulting in a clock with a faster pace in cca1-1 plants. We have obtained plants lacking CCA1 and with LHY function strongly reduced, cca1-1 lhy-R , and show that these plants are unable to maintain sustained oscillations in both constant light and constant darkness. However, these plants exhibit some circadian function in light/dark cycles, showing that the Arabidopsis circadian clock is not entirely dependent on CCA1 and LHY activities.
Processing three-dimensional finite element assemblies and solutions

Abstract The ideas previously proposed in this journal for preprocessing three-dimensional solid finite element structures and for postprocessing finite element analyses of these structures are extended and given the flexibility required for practical use as an engineering tool.
Children's voices: living with HIV.

PURPOSE To present the findings from a qualitative study that explored living with pediatric HIV from the children's perspectives. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The researcher conducted face-to-face interviews with seven HIV-positive children in this nested, phenomenological study. The children's parents were enrolled at the same time in a longitudinal qualitative study, which focused on raising a child with HIV. The children, ages 9 to 13, were interviewed once in the context of their homes. The researcher identified themes based on interview transcriptions. RESULTS Four major themes emerged: a positive self-perception; varying levels of understanding about HIV; a lack of concern and/or memory about the disclosure process; and an awareness to keep the diagnosis private. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Nurses who counsel children living with HIV should be aware that the self-perception of these children varies and may not be focused on their chronic illness. The interpretation of the disclosure process and the understanding of the diagnosis itself may be impacted by memory and developmental changes over time.
Debates Come to the United Kingdom: A Functional Analysis of the 2010 British Prime Minister Election Debates

The year 2010 ushered in the first ever televised leaders' debates for the Prime Minister of Britain. Incumbent Gordon Brown (Labor), David Cameron (Conservative) and Nick Clegg (Liberal Democrat) participated in three debates in the run up to the May elections. Millions of voters watched these debates. These messages merit scholarly attention as the first ever debates in this country. This study applies the Functional Theory of Political Campaign Discourse to investigate the functions (acclaims, attacks, and defenses), topics (policy and character, along with the 3 forms of each topic), and target of attack. Acclaims were the most common function and defenses the least common; policy was discussed more often than character. The 2 front-runners (Brown and Cameron) were the targets of more attacks than the trailing candidate (Clegg). Brown, the incumbent, acclaimed more, and attacked less, than the two challengers.
Evidence for ACTH secretion and ACTH suppressibility in hypophysectomized rats with multiple heterotopic pituitaries.

Previous studies have shown poor maintenance of adrenal weight and adrenocortical function when 1–4 pituitaries were heterotopically transplanted in hypophysectomized rats. In the present studies, hypophysectomized male rats bearing 10 heterotopic pituitary homotransplants maintained nearly normal adrenal weight. Adrenocortical secretion of corticosterone, aorta plasma corticosterone and adrenal corticosterone concentration were significantly higher than in hypophysectomized controls. These findings suggest that the amount of ACTH secreted in these animals is a function of the number of pituitaries transplanted. Suppression of corticosterone secretion by dexamethasone was similar in both transplanted and intact animals, indicating that contiguity of the pituitary with the hypothalamic median eminence is not essential for the suppression of ACTH secretion by corticosteroids. (Endocrinology 78: 533, 1966)
Shuttle ground turnaround and launch projections

An analysis of factors in the Turnaround Improvement Program intended is presented as a basis for launch rate projections. Noting that a second Shuttle processing facility is in preparation at Kennedy Space Center, details of the initial reprocessing phase, the refurbishing of the SRBs, which are jettisoned about 2 min after lift-off, are described. Until STS-7, Orbiter turnaround begins by configuring the vehicle for flight to KSC on board a 747. The Orbiter Processing Facility at KSC features two identical bays for unloading, inspection, repair, analysis, testing, and preparing for the succeeding flight. The SRBs are repositioned first, then the external tank, and then the Orbiter is fitted back in place. Parallel processing of two Orbiters will begin with STS-5 turnaround, and optimized times are expected to be achieved with the STS-30 flight, with significant test reduction coming with STS-14.
Expression of a corn bifunctional inhibitor of serine proteinases and insect α-amylases in transgenic tobacco plants

Abstract Corn seed endosperm contains a putative defense protein (14K-CI) that inhibits both trypsin-like serine proteinases and insect α-amylases. A cDNA clone encoding 14K-CI under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and the nopaline synthase polyadenylation region was introduced into tobacco plants by Agrobacterium -mediated transformation. The presence and expression of the chimeric gene in regenerated (R0) and progeny (R1) plants was confirmed by Southern, polymerase chain reaction, and Northern analyses. Protein extracts of selected transformed plants, but not control plants, reacted positively to corn seed 14K-CI antiserum. Comparison of 14K-CI mobilities from transgenic leaves and corn seeds after denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that recognition and cleavage of the 14K-CI signal peptide sequence occurred in tobacco leaves. Immunological assays showed that the inhibitor was expressed in amounts up to 0.05% of the total protein in young leaves of R1 plants. Lesser accumulation was generally detected in older leaves. Protein extracts from transgenic plants were more inhibitory than were control plant extracts to bovine trypsin activity. Four tobacco plants with a gene lacking the 14K-CI signal peptide region accumulated 3–5-fold less inhibitor than did the highest-expressing plant with the full cDNA clone. Use of a double 35S promoter did not enhance 14K-CI accumulation. Post-transcriptional events appear to be a major factor in the low accumulation of 14K-CI in tobacco.
The immunomodulatory effects of bevacizumab on systemic immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma.

Metastatic melanoma is near-to-invariably a fatal disease. As novel therapeutic strategies against metastatic melanoma are urgently needed, we have tested a combinatorial regimen consisting of conventional chemotherapy coupled to bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibit angiogenesis, demonstrating some clinical benefit. A preliminary assessment of one of our clinical trials points to a previously unrecognized immunomodulatory effect of bevacizumab. Herein, we evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of bevacizumab when administered together with conventional chemotherapy to patients with metastatic melanoma. To this aim, we measured the abundance of various lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as the circulating levels of 42 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in patients with metastatic melanoma who received albumin-bound paclitaxel plus carboplatin, either as a standalone intervention (AC, 55 subjects) or combined with bevacizumab (ACB, 39 individuals), in ...
Measurements of OH and HO 2 concentrations during the MCMA-2006 field campaign Part 1: Deployment of the Indiana University laser-induced fluorescence instrument

Abstract. Measurements of tropospheric hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxy (HO2) radicals were made during the MCMA (Mexico City Metropolitan Area) field campaign as part of the MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations) project during March 2006. These radicals were measured using a laser-induced fluorescence instrument developed at Indiana University. This new instrument takes advantage of the Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion technique (FAGE) together with direct excitation and detection of OH at 308 nm. HO2 is indirectly measured as OH by titration with NO inside the fluorescence cell. At this stage of development, IU-FAGE is capable of detecting 3.9×105 molecule/cm3 of both OH and HO2, with a signal to noise ratio of 1, an averaged laser power of 10-mW and an averaging time of 5-min. The calibration accuracies (1σ) are ±17% for OH and ±18% for HO2 using the water-vapor photolysis/O2 actinometry calibration technique. OH and HO2 concentrations were successfully measured at an urban site in Mexico City, with observed concentrations comparable to those measured in other polluted environments. Enhanced levels of OH and HO2 radicals were observed on several days between 09:30–11:00 a.m. and suggest an intense photochemistry during morning hours that may be due to elevated sources of HOx (OH+HO2) and a fast cycling between the radicals under the high NOx (NO+NO2) conditions of the MCMA.
Identification of Small Molecules That Suppress MicroRNA Function and Reverse Tumorigenesis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act in post-transcriptional gene silencing and are proposed to function in a wide spectrum of pathologies, including cancers and viral diseases. Currently, to our knowledge, no detailed mechanistic characterization of small molecules that interrupt miRNA pathways have been reported. In screening a small chemical library, we identified compounds that suppress RNA interference activity in cultured cells. Two compounds were characterized; one impaired Dicer activity while the other blocked small RNA-loading into an Argonaute 2 (AGO2) complex. We developed a cell-based model of miRNA-dependent tumorigenesis, and using this model, we observed that treatment of cells with either of the two compounds effectively neutralized tumor growth. These findings indicate that miRNA pathway-suppressing small molecules could potentially reverse tumorigenesis.
OR Practice---Catch-Up Scheduling for Childhood Vaccination

In this paper, we outline the development of the core optimization technology used within a decision support tool to help providers and caretakers in constructing catch-up schedules for childhood immunization. These schedules ensure that a child continues to receive timely coverage against vaccine-preventable diseases in the likely event that one or more doses have been delayed. This project was undertaken as part of a collaborative effort between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Georgia Institute of Technology. Our aim is to develop a decision support tool that removes from the task of constructing catch-up schedules the tedious combinatorial aspects, while maintaining a level of generality that allows easy accommodation for changes in the existing rules and adding new vaccines to the schedule lineup. We show that the catch-up scheduling problem is NP-hard, and we develop a dynamic programming algorithm that exploits the typical size and structure of the problem to construct optimized schedules almost at the click of a button. In using an optimization-based algorithm, our approach is unique not only in methodology but also in the information, strategy, and advice we can offer to the user. The tool is being advocated by both the CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) as a means of encouraging caretakers and providers to take a more proactive role in ensuring timely vaccination coverage for children, as well as ensuring the accuracy and quality of a catch-up regime.
Utility of a standard allergen series alone in the evaluation of allergic contact dermatitis: A retrospective study of 732 patients

Background: Patch testing remains the standard for the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. The validity and usefulness of a standard patch test allergen series has not been addressed adequately by previous studies. Objective: We sought to examine the utility of the standard allergen series as a sole screening tool in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. Methods: The charts of 732 patients referred for patch testing were reviewed for positive patch test results. The group of patients with positive reactions was stratified into two groups based on the clinical relevance of their reactions. These groups were subsequently analyzed to determine whether the reactions were to part of the standard series of allergens or to part of a supplementary group. Results: Of patients tested, 50% had a positive patch test. Of those, 221 (30%) had reactions deemed clinically relevant. Only 23% of patients with positive patch tests reacted to an allergen(s) in the standard series exclusively. When adjusted for clinical relevance, only 15.7% of patients were completely evaluated with the standard series of 20 allergens. Conclusion: The standard allergen series of 20 allergens available in the United States is limited as a screening tool when used alone in the evaluation of patients with allergic contact dermatitis.
Seeing a molecular machine self-renew

Molecular machines are biological macromolecules or their complexes capable of generating nanometer-scaled physical movements required for cellular tasks. A wide variety of these nanomachines are found in nature, including those functioning in genome duplication and protein synthesis, named the replisome and the ribosome, respectively. In many ways, these biological nanomachines work just like a machine we use in our daily lives. They use the energy stored in molecular fuels to perform biologically useful work, for example, making new genetic materials as is the case for the replisome. Like a sophisticated clock that contains many moving parts, biological machines are composed of many minuscule moving components as well. The organization, coordination, and synchronization of these components govern the proper operation and the mechanism of how these components function together has fascinated many scientists. As illuminated by a study in PNAS (1), the mechanism of replisome self-renewal when a key component wears out (Fig. 1) is brought under the microscope using a duo of powerful, single-molecule manipulation and imaging techniques.
Steady-state temperature in a roll subject to surface heating and convection cooling

An iterative procedure, in which an analytical solution known for a simpler problem is used to obtain the solution to a problem with much more complicated non-linear boundary conditions, is presented. Sufficient convergence conditions in S.L. Sobolev's space W inf2 sup1 (A) are established. This algorithm can be useful when fast solutions are required, for example, in controlling an optimized cooling system for hot metal rolling. An example is given.
Diencephalic sites responsive to prostaglandin E2 facilitation of sexual receptivity in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats.

Abstract Crystalline prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) induced high levels of sexual receptivity when stereotaxically implanted into the anterior-basal hypothalamic and preoptic regions of estrogen-primed, ovariectomized rats. Anterior- as well as medial basal hypothalamic implants of PGE 2 induced a significant elevation of rectal body temperature, but had no effect on open-field activity scores. The possibility that PGE 2 exerts its facilitatory effects upon sexual receptivity via an LHRH mechanism is discussed.
A KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEM FOR PREDICTING AND IMPROVING PEDESTRIAN WIND CONDITIONS

Abstract A knowledge-based system has been developed for the evaluation of the pedestrian-level wind environment around buildings. This paper presents the system with emphasis on two of its major components dealing with the utilization of meteorological records and the recommendation of remedies to improve the wind environment, for which statistical analyses and decision making techniques are applied. In conjunction with established aerodynamic models and discomfort wind criteria, statistics of weather station data is utilized for predicting wind speeds and their frequencies of exceedance. For wind conditions unacceptable for certain human activities, remedial measures are selected through a multi-objective decision making process. A number of data bases have been built for the estimation of weights and utility values related to aerodynamic efficiency as well as economic, architectural and functional aspects. The paper demonstrates the feasibility of a knowledge-based approach for predicting and improving...
Thermal Expansion and Elastic Properties of High Gold-Tin Alloys

The Au-Sn eutectic alloy, composed of the ζ and δ phases, has been used for many years in the sealing of hermetic parts. Recently, it was shown that the ζ phase undergoes an ordering transformation to ζ′. Since this transformation may affect hermeticity, measurements of density, linear thermal expansion coefficient, elastic moduli, and Poisson’s ratio were made on ζ-phase, eutectic, and δ-phase specimens. Measurements were made over a temperature range that includes the ζ → ζ′ transformation. Abrupt changes in these thermophysical properties, near the phase transformation temperature, are noted for ζ and eutectic specimens but not for the δ specimen.
Observations on the rare earths—LXXIII the heat and entropy of formation of the 1:1 chelates of N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid with the tripositive cations

Enthalpy changes in the formation of N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (H3HEDTA) chelates of the tripositive rare-earth metal ions have been evaluated by the temperature coefficient method for aqueous solutions of ionic strength 0·1(KNO3). Corresponding entropy changes have been calculated from the enthalpy changes and stability constants at 25°. Values of enthalpy and entropy changes for the formation of Ca(HEDTA)−, Cu(HEDTA)−, and Cu(tren)2+ have been obtained also. An interpretation of data for the rare-earth metal chelates has been offered and extended to other published data. Consideration of both translational and configurational entropy changes is shown to be necessary, and the importance of the latter in these complexes is emphasized.
In vitro activation assays with hepatic S9 preparation from wild and laboratory reared woodchucks in the Salmonella mutagenicity test.

Abstract The Salmonella mutagenicity assay was utilized to compare hepatic S9 fractions derived from wild and laboratory reared woodchucks (Marmota monax). Two promutagens, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracence (DMBA) and 2-amino-fluorene (AF) were tested at 5 concentrations with the tester strains TA98 and TA100, against 2 levels of S9 fraction. AF produced similar number of revertants with the S9 fraction from wild and laboratory-reared animals. DMBA produced 2–4 times more revertant colonies at 50 μl S9/plate with wild woodchuck S9 than with S9 from the laboratory-reared animals with both tester strains. It was concluded that natural inducers in the wild woodchuck diet may have contributed to the increased reversion frequency over laboratory reared woodchucks. Dose-response parameters for the activation of DMBA by S9 fraction from woodchucks and rats were compared with TA100. Woodchuck S9 had 3–40 more revertants/nmol and a 100-fold lower threshold of response than S9 from Aroclor 1254-induced rats.
Bioavailability of phenylpropanolamine HC1 from tablet dosage forms containing croscarmellose sodium

Abstract A comparative bioavailability study was utilized to investigate the physiological significance of the in vitro drug-expcipient interaction between croscarmellose sodium NF and weakly basic drugs. Three formulations of lactose-based tablets containing a 25 mg dose of phenylpropanolamine HC1 (PPA), and compressed to comparable hardness, were used: tablet with no disintegrant (CONTROL); tablet with 10% starch (STARCH); tablet with 10% croscarmellose sodium (CROS). Cumulative urinary excretion for 6 healthy subjects in a cross-over study was examined to determine if the drug-excipient interaction resulted in decreased availability. Even though an in vitro dissolution test in distilled water resulted in 40% drug bound for the CROS tablets, no significant differences ( F 2,15 =0.237) in average cumulative amount of drug excreted in the CONTROL, 22.94 mg; STARCH, 22.41 mg; CROS, 22.85 mg.
Health economic studies: an introduction to cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility analyses.

Study design Narrative overview. Objective To provide clinicians with a basic understanding of economic studies, including cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility analyses. Summary of background data As decisions regarding public health policy, insurance reimbursement, and patient care incorporate factors other than traditional outcomes such as satisfaction or symptom resolution, health economic studies are increasingly prominent in the literature. This trend will likely continue, and it is therefore important for clinicians to have a fundamental understanding of the common types of economic studies and be able to read them critically. In this brief article, the basic concepts of economic studies and the differences between cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility studies are discussed. Methods An overview of the field of health economic analysis is presented. Results Cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility studies all integrate cost and outcome data into a decision analysis model. These different types of studies are distinguished mainly by the way in which outcomes are valued. Obtaining accurate cost data is often difficult and can limit the generalizability of a study. Conclusion With a basic understanding of health economic analysis, clinicians can be informed consumers of these important studies.
Sprouting and regeneration of synaptic terminals in the frog cardiac ganglion.

SYNAPTIC connections are capable of a remarkable proliferation after nervous tissue has been damaged and some synapses have been destroyed. This proliferation, or ‘sprouting’, of remaining, intact, synapses within partially denervated tissue has been found to occur in the peripheral, autonomic and central nervous systems1–5. As yet, however, the functional ability of these sprouted synaptic contacts has not been extensively tested and the persistence of the sprouted synapses over long periods has not been studied. We have been investigating these problems in the para-sympathetic cardiac ganglion in the frog. Earlier studies have shown that when the nerve supply to the ganglion is partially destroyed by crushing one vagus nerve, axons in the other vagus nerve sprout and synapse with the denervated neurones1. Here I describe experiments in which the persistence of the sprouted synapses in the cardiac ganglion was tested by allowing the damaged axons to regenerate into the tissue. The results indicate that regenerating vagal fibres are able to re-establish some, but not all, of their synaptic connections and that innervation from the sprouted nerve decreases.
Phase-field model for ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys

A computational model is developed to predict the ferroelastic and ferromagnetic domain structures in ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys by combining the phase-field approach, micromagnetics and the microelasticity theory of Khachaturyan [Theory of Structural Transformations in Solid (Wiley, New York, 1983)]. As an example, the NiMnGa ferromagnetic shape-memory alloy is considered. Both the magnetic domain structures and martensite microstructures are studied. The emphasis is on the overall strain response and associated evolution of both magnetic domain structure and martensite microstructure under an applied magnetic field with different initial conditions. The results are compared with existing experiment measurements and observations.
Lithium, polyuria and abnormal diurnal weight gain in psychosis

We evaluated diurnal weight gain and polyuria among 31 institutionalized chronically psychotic patients receiving lithium and 42 controls not receiving this drug. The patients were weighed weekly for three weeks at 7 a.m. and 4 p.m. We normalized the diurnal weight gain (NDWG) as a percentage by subtracting the 7 a.m. weight from the 4 p.m. weight, multiplying the difference by 100, and then dividing the result by the 7 a.m. weight. Polyuria was assessed using mean urine creatinine concentration (MUCR). NDWG was abnormal among study patients (1.9 +/- 1.2%) and controls (1.6 +/- 1.5%) independent of lithium treatment. The variation in MUCR explained about 20% of the variation in NDWG in both groups.
Current Treatment Guidelines for Acromegaly

Acromegaly, an indolent disorder of growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion is most typically caused by a somatotroph cell adenoma and may be treated by several modalities. Transsphenoidal surgical resection of micro-adenomas by experienced neurosurgeons results in biochemical normalization (postglucose GH <2 ng/mL, assay-dependent, age- and sex-matched IGF-I levels) in 70% of patients. However, over 65% of GH-secreting adenomas are invasive or macroadenomas, and over 50% of these patients have persistent postoperative GH hypersecretion. Irradiation of adenomas results in attenuation of GH secretion to more than 5 ng/mL in 50% of subjects after 12 yr. However, the percent of parents who normalize IGF-I levels is less certain. Most of these patients develop associated pituitary failure and rarely develop other local adverse effects. About 60% of patients receiving somatostatin analogs achieve normalized IGF-I levels. Efficacy of medical management with somatostatin analogs may be improved by increasing injection frequency, changing delivery modes to depot preparations, and in the future, development of novel SRIF receptor subtype-specific analogs. An integrated approach to acromegaly management based upon relative risks and benefits of the currently available therapeutic modes is presented that allows for a national individualized strategy designed to achieve maximal biochemical control of GH hypersecretion and elevated IGF-I levels.
Disease Course of Patients With Pericentral Retinitis Pigmentosa

Purpose To estimate the mean rates of decline of ocular function in patients with an atypical form of retinitis pigmentosa, termed "pericentral retinitis pigmentosa." Design Retrospective observational study. Methods setting: Single-center. patient population: Eighteen patients (ages 32 to 65 years) with pericentral retinitis pigmentosa followed for 3 to 26 years. observational procedures: Snellen visual acuity, Goldmann visual field area (V-4e white test light), and full-field electroretinogram (ERG) amplitudes (0.5 Hz and 30 Hz white flashes). main outcome measures: Mean annual exponential rates of change quantified by repeated-measures longitudinal regression. Results Estimated mean annual rates of decline of remaining ocular function were 1.2% for visual acuity, 1.9% for visual field area, 2.5% for ERG amplitude to 0.5 Hz flashes, and 2.9% for ERG amplitude to 30 Hz flashes. Conclusions The mean rates of loss of remaining ocular function of patients with pericentral retinitis pigmentosa were generally slower than those previously reported for patients with typical forms of retinitis pigmentosa.
Hamilton's principle and the calculus of variations

In the recent literature of the Calculus of variations, mathematical proofs have been presented for what the writers claim to be a more precise statement of Hamilton's Principle for conservative systems. Nothing is said about Hamilton's Principle for nonconservative systems. According to these writers, the action integral, the variation of which is Hamilton's Principle for conservative systems, is a minimum for discrete systems for small time intervals only and is never a minimum for continuous systems. The proof of this more precise statement is based in the sufficiency theorems of the Calculus of Variations. In this paper, two contradictions to the statement are demonstrated — one for a discrete system and one for a continuous system.
High-Intensity Interval Training in Stroke Rehabilitation

After stroke, people with weakness enter a vicious cycle of limited activity and deconditioning that limits functional recovery and exacerbates cardiovascular risk factors. Conventional aerobic exercise improves aerobic capacity, function, and overall cardiometabolic health after stroke. Recently, a new exercise strategy has shown greater effectiveness than conventional aerobic exercise for improving aerobic capacity and other outcomes among healthy adults and people with heart disease. This strategy, called high-intensity interval training (HIT), uses bursts of concentrated effort alternated with recovery periods to maximize exercise intensity. Three poststroke HIT studies have shown preliminary effectiveness for improving functional recovery. However, these studies were varied in approach and the safety of poststroke HIT has received little attention. The objectives of this narrative review are to (1) propose a framework for categorizing HIT protocols; (2) summarize the safety and effectiveness evidence of HIT among healthy adults and people with heart disease and stroke; (3) discuss theoretical mechanisms, protocol selection, and safety considerations for poststroke HIT; and (4) provide directions for future research.
Aqueous Processing and Mechanical Properties of PLZT Green Tapes

Aqueous tape casting of lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) was performed using commercial poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) binders and various plasticizers. Colloidal properties of PLZT suspensions containing only polyelectrolyte dispersant were characterized by zeta potential, conductivity, and viscosity measurements. The effects of molecular weight as well as chemical structures of plasticizers and binders on green tapes were investigated by tensile testing. The tapes made from low molecular weight plasticizers showed higher plasticity, and glycerol was found to be the most effective plasticizer for PVA. Strong hydrogen bonding in high hydrolysis PVAs led to green tapes with high strength and high bulk density, but caused deformation of the tapes after drying.
Optimal insurance under Wang’s premium principle

Abstract Wang et al. (1997) [Axiomatic characterization of insurance prices. Insurance: Mathematics & Economics 21(2), 173–183] propose axioms for pricing insurance that characterize the premium principle of Wang (1996) [Premium calculation by transforming the layer premium density. ASTIN Bulletin 26, 71–92]. Under this premium principle, the price to insure a given risk is the expectation of the risk with respect to a distorted probability. In this paper, we assume that prices are given by Wang’s premium principle. We determine the optimal indemnity contract for a risk-averse buyer who acts to maximize expected utility. Deprez and Gerber (1985) [On convex principles of premium calculation. Insurance: Mathematics & Economics 4, 179–189] describe the optimal insurance for convex premium principles that are Gâteaux differentiable. Wang’s premium principle is convex, but it is not Gâteaux differentiable; thus, we extend the work of Deprez and Gerber (1985) to this special case.
Leading Grassroots Change in the Academy: Strategic and Ideological Adaptation in the Civic Engagement Movement

This article examines the challenges and opportunities of leading broad-based change. It examines the civic engagement movement in American higher education over the past three decades, an effort that began with a number of small uncoordinated efforts and evolved into a major national effort involving tens of thousands of faculty and administrators and spurring change at more than a thousand colleges and universities in the United States. The analysis focuses on the critically important role that leaders have played in advancing these efforts, a factor that has received scant attention by social movement theorists. The article describes how leaders attempted to build networks and also points to the challenges of negotiating ideological tensions that inevitably emerged as the movement grew and evolved.
Photon propagation in heterogeneous optical media with spatial correlations: enhanced mean-free-paths and wider-than-exponential free-path distributions

Beer's law of exponential decay in direct transmission is well-known but its break-down in spatially variable optical media has been discussed only sporadically in the literature. We document here this break-down in three-dimensional (3D) media with complete generality and explore its ramifications for photon propagation. We show that effective transmission laws and their associated free-path distributions (FPDs) are in fact never exactly exponential in variable media of any kind. Moreover, if spatial correlations in the extinction field extend at least to the scale of the mean-free-path (MFP), FPDs are necessarily wider-than-exponential in the sense that all higher-order moments of the relevant mean-field FPDs exceed those of the exponential FPD, even if it is tuned to yield the proper MFP. The MFP itself is always larger than the inverse of average extinction in a variable medium. In a vast and important class of spatially-correlated random media, the MFP is indeed the average of the inverse of extinction. We translate these theoretical findings into a practical method for deciding a priori when 3D effects become important. Finally, we discuss an obvious but limited analogy between our analysis of spatial variability and the well-known effects of strong spectral variability in gaseous media when observed or modeled at moderate resolution.
Bean mesophyll protoplasts: production, culture and callus formation

Abstract High yields of viable protoplasts were produced from leaf tissue of Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Pinto. Consistent production of protoplasts depended on enzymatic liberation of the protoplasts near pH 7.0. Cultured protoplasts regenerated cell walls within 24–48 h after isolation. Cell division was observed within 72 h after isolation and sustained division led to callus formation.
Corporate Diversification and Perfor Mance: An Investigation of Causality

The relationship between corporate diversification and organisation perfor Mance has been widely studied in the strategy literature (Christensen and Montgomery 1981; Lubatkin and Rogers 1989; Rumelt 1974, 1982). Although not universally accepted, the general prescription given to firms is that related diversification will lead to superior levels of perfor Mance while unrelated diversification will recognise inferior levels of perfor Mance (Rumelt 1974, 1982). But the issue of causality has not received very much attention (Grant, Jammine and Thomas 1988). The present study will address several questions: What is the effect of a firm's previous perfor Mance on its future diversification? Does diversification determine perfor Mance or does perfor Mance determine diversification? Results suggest that, regardless of strategic type, high levels of profitability may be necessary, but not sufficient requirements for diversification. Likewise, it was found that in certain situations, superior perfor Mance may ser...
Utilization of Semipurified Diets by Tautog

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine whether semipurified diets would support growth in the tautog Tautoga onitis, a stomachless fish. Semipurified diets contained 50% protein and either 7% or 12% lipid on a dry-matter basis. A commercial salmonid feed containing 54% protein and 15% lipid on a dry-matter basis was used as a reference feed. Semipurified diets were either “as is,” with intrinsic pH of 5.5-5.8 or with pH adjusted during preparation to 7.2-7.6. Experiments were conducted with 6-13-g tautogs at 20°C for 28-31 d, and diets were fed at daily rates providing 14 g protein/kg body weight. Alkalinizing the 7%-lipid semipurified diet pH from 5.5 to 7.2 resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in tautog growth rate. However, growth of tautogs fed the reference feed was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than growth achieved by fish fed either of the 7%-lipid semipurified diets. Semipurified diets containing 50% protein and 12% lipid supported growth in tautog at a rate comparable to the...
Fiber optic shape sensing for monitoring of flexible structures

Recent advances in materials science have resulted in a proliferation of flexible structures for high-performance civil, mechanical, and aerospace applications. Large aspect-ratio aircraft wings, composite wind turbine blades, and suspension bridges are all designed to meet critical performance targets while adapting to dynamic loading conditions. By monitoring the distributed shape of a flexible component, fiber optic shape sensing technology has the potential to provide valuable data during design, testing, and operation of these smart structures. This work presents a demonstration of such an extended-range fiber optic shape sensing technology. Three-dimensional distributed shape and position sensing is demonstrated over a 30m length using a monolithic silica fiber with multiple optical cores. A novel, helicallywound geometry endows the fiber with the capability to convert distributed strain measurements, made using Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometry (OFDR), to a measurement of curvature, twist, and 3D shape along its entire length. Laboratory testing of the extended-range shape sensing technology shows
The Relationship of Soluble Fibrin and Cross-linked Fibrin Degradation Products to the Clinical Course of Myocardial Infarction

Abstract Recently, increases in the plasma concentration of soluble fibrin (SF) have been suggested to be sensitive and specific for myocardial infarction (MI). However, the relationship between elevations in the SF concentration and the onset of symptoms and clinical course of MI is unknown. In addition, there are no data regarding the relationship between SF concentrations and concentrations of other markers of procoagulant (fibrinopeptide A [FPA]) and fibrinolytic (cross-linked fibrin degradation products [XL-FDPs]) activity in patients with MI. In this study, concentrations of SF were measured with a novel antigen-based assay for 93 MI patients and 29 control subjects, and the relationship between SF concentrations and those of XL-FDPs and FPA was determined. Increases in SF, FPA, and XL-FDP concentrations were documented in 55.9%, 45.2%, and 73.9%, respectively, of patients with MI, but there was no relationship between the concentrations of these markers. Increases in the concentration of SF or XL-FDPs did not show a relationship to increases in the concentration of FPA. Concentrations of XL-FDPs but not of SF were elevated to a greater extent in patients with MI complications (defined as death, ventricular arrhythmia, severe congestive heart failure, or mural thrombus). Increases in SF and XL-FDPs were not sensitive enough for the diagnosis of MI, but increased concentrations of XL-FDPs appear to predict those patients who are at higher risk for MI-related complications.
An Empirical Analysis of the Obtrusiveness of and Participants' Compliance with the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR)

Abstract. In this article, the authors provide an empirical analysis of the obtrusiveness of and participants' compliance with a relatively new psychological ambulatory assessment method, called the electronically activated recorder or EAR. The EAR is a modified portable audio-recorder that periodically records snippets of ambient sounds from participants' daily environments. In tracking moment-to-moment ambient sounds, the EAR yields an acoustic log of a person's day as it unfolds. As a naturalistic observation sampling method, it provides an observer's account of daily life and is optimized for the assessment of audible aspects of participants' naturally-occurring social behaviors and interactions. Measures of self-reported and behaviorally-assessed EAR obtrusiveness and compliance were analyzed in two samples. After an initial 2-h period of relative obtrusiveness, participants habituated to wearing the EAR and perceived it as fairly unobtrusive both in a short-term (2 days, N = 96) and a longer-term (1...
Protective Strategies and the Prestige of the Academic

This article examines how Evangelical Christian inerrantist scholars theorize their bibli cal scholarship and its relation to the broader academy, highlighting (1) their self-repre sentation as true academics, and (2) the ways they modulate historical methods to prefer interpretive options that keep the Bible inerrant. Using these characteristics of inerrantist theorizing, the article redescribes their scholarship in terms of the religious studies rubrics of “protective strategies” and “privileging” insider claims. It then exploits this redescription to explore various characteristics of inerrantist religiosity from a Practice Theory vantage point, noting especially inerrantist religiosity’s highly intellec tualized nature as well as features of its fields of discourse production and consump tion, and their participants, that differentiate them from broader academic fields focused on the Bible. Overall the article thus provides a detailed positive account of inerrantist scholarship and introduces scholars to the utility of this data set for studying contemporary religiosity and religious “protectionism.”
Rheological properties of viscose

The steady-state flow of viscose in a capillary tube viscometer was investigated to determine the rheological properties of this fluid as a function of cellulose concentration and molecular weight. It was found that the flow consistency index increased with increasing cellulose content at constant molecular weight. The flow behavior index was not affected under these conditions. At constant cellulose content, the flow behavior index was found to decrease as the molecular weight of the cellulose molecule was increased. Steady-state velocity profiles for viscose flowing in a round tube under laminar conditions are also presented as a function of the flow behavior index.
Delay Analysis of Wireless Nakagami Fading Channels

In this paper we analyze the delay performance of a single user with perfect channel state information transmitting data over a wireless fading channel. We consider a dynamic resource allocation policy that maximizes average capacity by adapting transmission power, as well as a policy that adapts instantaneous bandwidth. Nakagami fading is assumed, and the impact of the fading parameter, m, as well as the channel quality in terms of signal-to-noise ratio on the mean queuing delay of transmitted data is analyzed. We show that resource allocation policies that achieve superiority over competing strategies in terms of maximizing average capacity do not necessarily result in superior delay performance.
Traumatic fracture of a Choyce-style anterior chamber lens

Accidental blunt trauma to a pseudophakic eye fractured the Choyce-style lens which had been implanted 11 months previously. This lens was removed, and its fracture was examined microscopically and duplicated experimentally using a torque-loading force and a shock-loading force. The nature and occurrence of lens fracture in situ depends on the direction of trauma.
Staff burnout in a psychiatric hospital: A cross-lagged panel design

Summary Previous research has shown that burnout in staff members at psychiatric hospitals is significantly associated with state anxiety and collegial support. The directionality of these relationships may be inferred using a cross-lagged panel design. To do this, 35 staff members representing various clinical disciplines completed measures of burnout, support, and anxiety twice, eight months apart. Burnout comprised three factors: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Findings from one cross-lagged panel suggested that emotional exhaustion causes state anxiety. The second panel showed that lack of collegial support caused depersonalization. Understanding causes and effects of burnout for inpatient psychiatric staff may lead to training and resource development that will improve the quality of their work environment.
Gossip Girls : le rôle du potin dans quelques romans pour adolescentes

Cet article explore le role joue par le potin dans une selection de romans anglophones publies aux Etats-Unis et au Canada pour adolescentes et preadolescentes. Des etudes psychologiques et sociologiques recentes sur les agressions feminines et la facon dont les filles infligent de la peine aux autres filles de facon indirecte et voilee servent de cadre a notre analyse. Le fait que la violence physique soit consideree comme un comportement reserve aux garcons et donc inapproprie pour les filles, incite les adolescentes a agir autrement. Le potin devient parfois une arme pour marginaliser ou punir une fille, mais il peut aussi jouer un role positif au niveau de la cohesion d’une bande et de la solidarite entre filles.
Strong monetary contingencies for weight loss during treatment and maintenance

Strong monetary contingencies were used during the treatment and maintenance phase of a weight control program. Thirty-eight overweight adults deposited $225, $15 of which was returned at each of eight weekly treatment meetings and seven monthly maintenance meetings. For clients in Group I, the deposits were returned for weight loss during treatment and attendance during maintenance. In Group II, deposits were repaid for attendance during treatment and weight loss during maintenance. There were no differences in weight loss between groups, and no evidence that contracts contingent on weight loss were significantly more effective than those for attendance. Clients lost significant amounts of weight during both treatment and maintenance, suggesting that prolonged use of strong monetary contracts may facilitate weight loss.
The Role of Fear in Agenda Setting by Television News

The present research explored the implications of fear for the perceived importance of news stories. It was predicted that television news stories subjectively perceived as more fearful would be considered as more important. Participants were put in the role of a television news editor and asked to evaluate a set of promotional news clips for an evening news broadcast. Participants evaluated all of the clips to determine the degree of unpleasantness and impact they associated with the issue in each clip. Results indicated that the issues presented in the news clips selected as more important were perceived as more noxious, and more likely to have a personal impact, than were the clips not selected. In addition, there was no difference in prior familiarity between the issues mentioned in the selected clips versus those mentioned in the clips not selected. Implications of these results for a model of news perception based on evolutionary influences are discussed.
The Seasonality of Risk and Return on Agricultural Futures Positions

This study uses spectral analysis to investigate the risk and return seasonality of agricultural futures contracts. The results indicate that neither the expected return nor the contribution of agricultural futures to the risk of diversified investment portfolios vary seasonally. Because numerous authors have hypothesized that seasonality might exist, the findings of this article have important implications for speculators, hedgers, and researchers.