cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical role of chromium(Cr)-DNA interactions in the formation of Cr-induced polymerase arresting lesions.

The genotoxicity associated with the metabolic reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is complex and can impede DNA polymerase-mediated replication in vitro. The exact biochemical nature of Cr-induced polymerase arresting lesions (PALs) is not understood, but is believed to involve the formation of Cr-DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). The aim of this investigation was to determine the dependence of direct Cr-DNA interactions on the development of PALs in DNA treated with trivalent Cr [Cr(III)] or with Cr(VI) in the presence of ascorbic acid (Asc), a major intracellular reductant, using an in vitro, acellular system. The formation of Cr-DNA adducts, ICLs, and PALs was maximal at Asc:Cr(VI) molar ratios of 0.5-2, but gradually decreased at higher ratios. EDTA, a Cr(III) chelator, significantly decreased Cr-DNA binding and ICL and PAL formation. Co-treatment of DNA with Cr(VI)/Asc and mannitol, a Cr(V) chelator, selectively inhibited the formation of mono/bifunctional DNA adducts and PALs produced by Cr(VI) reduction, but had no effect on Cr(III)-DNA binding or Cr(III)-induced polymerase arrest. Blocking Cr-DNA phosphate interaction by preincubation of DNA with MgCl 2 abrogated DNA binding and ICL and PAL production. DNA strand breaks and abasic sites may lead to the in vitro arrest of DNA polymerases; however, we failed to detect significant increases in the frequency of these lesions following Cr(VI)/Asc treatment. These data indicate that the bifunctional adduction of Cr to DNA phosphates (ICLs) constitutes a major PAL. Furthermore, the generation of DNA strand breaks and abasic sites by Cr(VI) reduction is insufficient to explain PALs observed in vitro.
Glial cell inclusions and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.

In this review, we discuss examples that show how glial-cell pathology is increasingly recognized in several neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss the more provocative idea that some of the disorders that are currently considered to be neurodegenerative diseases might, in fact, be due to primary abnormalities in glia. Although the mechanism of glial pathology (i.e. modulating glutamate excitotoxicity) might be better established for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a role for neuronal–glial interactions in the pathogenesis of most neurodegenerative diseases is plausible. This burgeoning area of neuroscience will receive much attention in the future and it is expected that further understanding of basic neuronal–glial interactions will have a significant impact on the understanding of the fundamental nature of human neurodegenerative disorders.
What do fast response times tell us about attentional control

The mental experience of attention capture has attracted a great deal of intrigue among researchers seeking to explain the interactions between stimulus-driven and goal-driven attentional control. In recent years, researchers have increasingly begun to analyze cumulative response time (RT) distributions to test modern accounts of the capture phenomenon, particularly accounts claiming that there are changes in susceptibility to distraction as a function of time. In this paper, we raise a criticism of this approach, which centers on a problematic assumption. The assumption is that variability in these distributions is primarily determined by fluctuations in the observer's internal control state (e.g., readiness for the trial). However, it is also the case that faster segments of the distributions are overrepresented by trials that are objectively easy, while slower segments are overrepresented by trials that are objectively difficult. That is, incidental aspects of the trial stimuli influence task performance independently of the observer's internal control state. Here, we demonstrate empirically that contributions of incidental stimulus factors distort cumulative RT distributions in such a way that confounds proper interpretation of experimental data. The results have implications for theoretical accounts of attentional control, and they also raise caution about the assumptions that are sometimes made when analyzing cumulative RT distributions. Language: en
Growth, survival and size-selective predation mortality of larval and juvenile inland silversides, Menidia beryllina (Pisces; Atherinidae)

Abstract A series of laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the relative importance of food limitation and predation as sources of mortality for Menidia beryllina (Cope) larvae and juveniles. Seven-day experiments using in situ mesocosms to exclude predators demonstrated significant growth (mean instantaneous growth rate of 0.122–0.135 day−1) and survival (mean 88–89%) for M. beryllina larvae in a Rhode Island, USA, estuary. These results suggest that food was not limiting for growth or survival and, therefore, that predation is likely the primary source of mortality for young-of-the-year (YOY) M. beryllina. Predation experiments were conducted in laboratory aquaria and in in situ mesocosms to assess the size-selectivity of potential predators. Laboratory-reared striped bass, Morone saxatilis Walbaum and field-collected white perch, Morone americana Gmelin, crevalle jack, Caranx hippos Linnaeus and bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix Linnaeus, were presented with a choice of two or three size classes of laboratory-reared M. beryllina and allowed to feed for 3–24 h. For field-collected predators the experimental prey size range was similar to the size present in the field. Striped bass, white perch and crevalle jack selectively preyed on the smallest size classes. Bluefish, however, selectively preyed on the largest size class. These results suggest that size-specific survival of YOY M. beryllina may vary spatially and temporally depending on the particular suite of predators encountered by individual populations or cohorts. However, in the estuary studied predation mortality appears to be directed towards the larger members of the M. beryllina cohort.
The role of complementary and alternative medicine in management of menopausal symptoms

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been deﬁned by theNational Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)as ‘‘a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, andproducts that are not presently considered to be part of conventionalmedicine’’ [1]. Eisenberg et al [2] has deﬁned CAM as ‘‘interventions neithertaught widely in medical schools nor generally available in US hospitals.’’NCCAM has classiﬁed CAM therapies into ﬁve domains: alternativemedical systems, mind–body interventions, biologically based therapies,manipulative and body-based methods, and energy therapies (Box 1) [1].What is considered ‘‘CAM’’ versus ‘‘conventional’’ is not universally agreedon, however, and is constantly evolving as CAM therapies become adoptedinto mainstream medical care. This is evident in the NCCAM categories,because many clinicians would consider patient support groups andcognitive-behavioral therapy as an accepted and routine part of health care.CAM therapies are widely used among women (Fredi Kronenberg, PhD,personal communication, 2004) [3] and are particularly promoted and usedfor menopausal symptoms, despite a relative paucity of scientiﬁc literaturesupporting safety and eﬃcacy of such use. With the establishment of
Intranuclear dynamics of DNA polymerase α differs between the transplanted R3230AC mammary adenocarcinomas and the host mammary gland depending on lactation cycle

Abstract DNA polymerase α activity was markedly higher in all nuclear subfractions, including nuclear matrix, from transplanted R3230AC mammary adenocarcinomas than in the analogous fractions from mammary gland of same tumor-bearing pregnant or lactating rats. Changes in host lactational status had no significant effect on subnuclear distribution of tumor DNA polymerase α activity, with the majority (60–75%) localized in soluble nucleoplasm and a significant amount (13–20%) retained in the nuclear matrix. In the host mammary gland, nuclear matrix-bound DNA polymerase α was highest, accounting for 48% of total nuclear activity, during late pregnancy when mammary cells undergo rapid raplication. During lactation, when cells in mammary gland cease to divide, only 8% of enzyme activity was in the nuclear matrix, while the majority (60–80%) of DNA polymerase α activity was localized in nucleoplasm. In both R3230AC tumor and mammary gland regardless of host's lactational status, the majority (60–80%) of DNA polymerase β activity was localized in the high salt-soluble chromatin. These present data thus suggest that, regardless of host lactational status, R3230AC tumor has many cycling cells, each with a large pool of DNA polymerase α molecules maintaining maximal and constant replicative activity, while normal mammary gland cells have a smaller pool of DNA polymerase α which become primarily matrix-bound only during active cell replication during late pregnancy. A constant localization of nuclear DNA polymerase β in chromatin in both mammary gland and the tumor suggest it is not important in mammary cell proliferation.
KINETICS AND COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ASCORBIC ACID STABILITY OF TOMATO JUICE AS FUNCTIONS OF TEMPERATURE, pH AND METAL CATALYST

The rates of ascorbic acid destruction in tomato juice were determined as functions of storage temperature, pH and copper concentration. Ascorbic acid destruction under anaerobic conditions was confirmed to be a first-order reaction with respect to ascorbic acid concentration. The effect of storage temperature on the rate of ascorbic acid destruction was accounted for by the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy of anaerobic destruction of ascorbic acid was 3.3 kcal/mol at pH 4.06, and was shown to change with changes in pH. The rate of ascorbic acid destruction was influenced by pH, reaching a maximum near the pKa of ascorbic acid. The rate of copper-catalysed destruction of ascorbic acid increased as copper concentration in tomato juice increased, and was affected by pH. A mathematical model, which described the rate of ascorbic acid destruction as functions of storage temperature, pH and copper, was developed based on the experimentally derived equations. A computer simulation program was developed using the mathematical model to predict ascorbic acid stability in tomato juice. The computer-aided predictions of ascorbic acid stability in tomato juice was in good agreement with the results obtained from the shelf-life tests.
Leukocyte filtration and aprotinin: synergistic anti-inflammatory protection:

Cardiopulmonary bypass activates an array of cellular and humoral inflammatory mechanisms that culminate in diverse or organ-specific injury. A manifestation of inflammatory injury to the heart, atrial fibrillation ranks among the most frequent and potentially life-threatening postsurgical complications. Pulmonary manifestations of the inflammatory response are also of major concern. Neutrophils activated by passage through the extracorporeal circuit inflict local injury and provoke the inflammatory cascade by producing oxyradicals and proinflammatory factors. This study tested if a combination of leukocyte depletion and aprotinin suppression of neutrophils could minimize postbypass atrial fibrillation and pulmonary dysfunction. In part one, two randomized groups of 90 patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass grafting received full Hammersmith aprotinin alone (control group) or combined with leukofiltration (study group) and were prospectively examined. The dual treatment decreased the incidence...
Mössbauer Determination of the Debye-Waller Factor in Single-Crystal Absorbers

The equation which must be used to obtain the Debye-Waller factor ${f}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ from M\"ossbauer absorption measurements on single-crystal samples with resolved and hence generally polarized lines is given. The polarization terms for a crystal having the symmetry of siderite are explicitly presented and theoretical area ratios are compared with recently reported values calculated from a theory neglecting polarization. New experimental data indicate that ${f}^{\ensuremath{'}}g~0.6$ for all directions in siderite.
Management of suicidal behavior in alcoholism

Abstract This article will address the problems faced by the clinician in attempting to prevent suicide in alcoholic patients under treatment. It will focus on the clinician's difficult task of assessing suicide potential and initiating interventions to prevent suicide among patients with alcohol dependence. Specifically, the state of the art in identifying, assessing, and treating the suicidal patient with alcohol dependence will be discussed.
Absolute Specular Reflectance Measurements of Highly Reflecting Optical Coatings at 10.6 μ

A high precision method for measuring the specular reflectivity of mirrors at 10.6 μ with a CO2 laser source when the reflectivity of the mirror approaches close to unity is described. The results of measurements on a range of evaporated thin film coatings are reported. Measurements at other wavelengths using a helium–neon laser have also been made, and this is discussed.
Experimental investigation of synthesis gas solubility in fischer-tropsch reactor slurry

A semi-flow apparatus has been designed and constructed for investigation of the phase equilibrium behavior of synthesis gas and products in a Fischer-Tropsch slurry reactor. The apparatus provides contact for a flowing gas stream with a stationary liquid and is suited for the determination of gas solubility in a molten wax of high melting point. To verify attainment of equilibrium, the new apparatus has been tested with a mixture of carbon dioxide and toluene. The test data agree well with the experimental results of Ng and Robinson from a static apparatus. Measurement has been completed for the solubility of hydrogen and of carbon monoxide in n-eicosane, n-octacosane, and in n-hexatriacontane at three temperatures (100, 200, and 300° C) and five pressures (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 atm). Solubility of synthesis gas mixtures of H2 and CO in n-octacosane was also determined at three gas compositions (40.01, 50.01, and 66.64 mol % of hydrogen), and two temperatures (200 and 300° C) for each gas mixture.
An optimal probing method of pre-bond TSV fault identification in 3D stacked ICs

A fast TSV identification algorithm is proposed in this work to reduce the test time of pre-bond TSV probing. The speeding up of the algorithm comes from two aspects. First, any unnecessary session during the test is skipped. Second, the test terminates as soon as either all TSVs have been identified or a pre-specified maximum number of faulty TSVs have been identified. Experimental results demonstrate that instead of testing all sessions as stated in previous work, the algorithm always finishes the pre-bond TSV test after only a small portion of all sessions. The algorithm reduces pre-bond TSV test time and is expected to greatly reduce the pre-bond testing and the overall 3D device manufacturing costs.
Depleted Bulk Heterojunctions in Thermally Annealed PbS Quantum Dot Solar Cells

We have studied the detailed interface structure and energy conversion behavior of TiO2/PbS heterojunction solar cells. Nanoscale structure and composition analysis have revealed that thermal annealing causes intermixing of the TiO2 and PbS phases and influences the morphologies and optical properties of the heterojunction film. This intermixing increased the junction area within the depleted bulk heterojunction (DBH) layer and promoted the carrier extraction from PbS QDs to TiO2. In addition, the thermal annealing caused interparticle necking between PbS QDs and increased the crystallinity of the PbS QD film. Compared with unannealed PbS/TiO2 heterojunction solar cells, the formation of the DBH layer and the partial sintering of PbS QDs led to a doubling of the short-circuit current (Jsc) and an improved energy conversion efficiency, by 39%. Electric force microscopy analysis confirmed the presence of a DBH layer. The electron lifetime and fill factor (FF) of the solar cells decreased when the TiO2/PbS m...
Analytical method for white phosphorus residues in munitions-contaminated sediments

Abstract An analytical method is described to determine white phosphorus (P4) in sediments contaminated by smoke munitions. Experiments were performed to promote the extraction of P4 from saturated sediment with a nonpolar solvent. P4 extraction was enhanced by adding water to form a sediment—water slurry prior to shaking with isooctane for up to 24 h. P4 was determined with a portable capillary gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen—phosphorus detector. A certified reporting limit of 0.88 μg kg−1 was estimated.
Solution of the polymer MSA for the polymerizing primitive model of electrolytes

Abstract An analytical solution of the polymer MSA (mean spherical approximation) for the polymerizing primitive model of electrolytes is obtained. The approximation is an extension of the associative MSA proposed recently [M. Holovko and Yu. Kalyuzhnyi, Mol. Phys. 73 (1991) 1145] to study the effects of association in ionic systems. The model is defined by adding charges to the totally flexible sticky two-point model of associating monomers introduced by Wertheim. In the limiting case of an uncharged system, our solution reduces to the solution of the Wertheim polymer PY approximation solved recently [J. Chang and S.I. Sandler, J. Chem. Phys. 102 (1995) 437].
Characterization of AbiR, a novel multicomponent abortive infection mechanism encoded by plasmid pKR223 of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis KR2.

The native lactococcal plasmid pKR223 encodes two distinct phage resistance mechanisms, a restriction and modification (R/M) system designated LlaKR2I and an abortive infection mechanism (Abi) which affects prolate-headed-phage proliferation. The nucleotide sequence of a 16,174-bp segment of pKR223 encompassing both the R/M and Abi determinants has been determined, and sequence analysis has validated the novelty of the Abi system, which has now been designated AbiR. Analysis of deletion and insertion clones demonstrated that AbiR was encoded by two genetic loci, separated by the LlaKR2I R/M genes. Mechanistic studies on the AbiR phenotype indicated that it was heat sensitive and that it impeded phage DNA replication. These data indicated that AbiR is a novel multicomponent, heat-sensitive, “early”-functioning Abi system and is the first lactococcal Abi system described which is encoded by two separated genetic loci.
N-Terminal Acetylation Acts as an Avidity Enhancer Within an Interconnected Multiprotein Complex

Although many eukaryotic proteins are amino (N)-terminally acetylated, structural mechanisms by which N-terminal acetylation mediates protein interactions are largely unknown. Here, we found that N-terminal acetylation of the E2 enzyme, Ubc12, dictates distinctive E3-dependent ligation of the ubiquitin-like protein Nedd8 to Cul1. Structural, biochemical, biophysical, and genetic analyses revealed how complete burial of Ubc12's N-acetyl-methionine in a hydrophobic pocket in the E3, Dcn1, promotes cullin neddylation. The results suggest that the N-terminal acetyl both directs Ubc12's interactions with Dcn1 and prevents repulsion of a charged N terminus. Our data provide a link between acetylation and ubiquitin-like protein conjugation and define a mechanism for N-terminal acetylation-dependent recognition.
Intrusion of substituents into the cavity of aromatic π-electron clouds

The bridged [14]annulenes are exceptional models for testing theories and providing quantitative data. Thus, the dihydropyrene system demonstrates that diatropic ring current effects on chemical shifts are of the same magnitude for carbon-13 as for hydrogen for the same position in space relative to the aromatic π-electron cloud. The continuing need for additional samples of bridged [14]annulenes has led to the development of new synthetic methods. These, in turn, have led to syntheses of bridged [18]annulenes, tetra-bridged cyclophanes, and substituted [2.2]metaparacyclophanes. The latter substances provide opportunity for quantitative measurement of the interaction of substituents with aromatic π-electron clouds.
Emigrants and the onset of civil war

We propose that emigrants affect the likelihood of civil war onset in their state of origin by influencing the willingness of individuals to join rebel movements and the probability that the state and rebels will be unable to reach a mutually acceptable bargain to avoid conflict in three ways. First, migrants communicating with actors at home facilitate valid comparisons between the effects of policies in the home state as compared to policies in the host state enacted on a similar group, creating new motivation to join collective challenges against the state. Second, migrants send remittances, providing resources that can be used in collective challenges that are particularly difficult for states to anticipate, making the outbreak of conflict more likely. Finally, migrants publicize information about conditions in their home state while living in the host state, reducing home government uncertainty such that conflict is less likely to occur. We test these hypotheses on an international dataset and find s...
Revisiting silicate authigenesis in the Pliocene–Pleistocene Lake Tecopa beds, southeastern California: Depositional and hydrological controls

The Pliocene–Pleistocene Lake Tecopa beds present a well-documented example of authigenic silicate diagenesis in an ancient saline, alkaline lake environment. Controls on authigenic mineral formation and distributions were investigated in nine stratigraphic sections aligned along a north-south transect in the Tecopa basin. Specifically, potential depositional and hydrologic controls on mineral assemblages and distributions were addressed by correlating detailed sedimentological data and basin hydrology with authigenic mineral facies distributions. Deposition occurred within the Lake Tecopa basin in environments ranging from alluvial and eolian around the basin margin to lake margin, mudflat, and shallow and perennial lacustrine in the basin center. The authigenic silicate minerals include trioctahedral smectite, phillipsite, clinoptilolite, opal C-T (cristobalite-tridymite), potassium feldspar, illite, albite, and searlesite, as well as many other minor or less commonly observed phases. Authigenic mineral distributions along the margin of the basin are strongly controlled by sediment composition (primarily tuffaceous component) and lake-level variations. Authigenic mineral compositions in the center of the basin are dominated by feldspar, illite, and searlesite, and are less influenced by sediment composition or short-term changes in lake level. The authigenic silicate mineral composition in the central part of the basin is interpreted to be a result of chemical interaction with a saline, alkaline brine that moved in accord with lake-level changes and induced density-driven circulation. The results suggest that distributions of authigenic silicate minerals in saline, alkaline lake deposits are complexly related to depositional and hydrologic processes and may be of limited utility in resolving lake-level changes in ancient lacustrine systems.
Noise-like transducers for ultra wide band SAW correlators

This paper presents the development of sampled Gaussian noise transducers for surface acoustic wave (SAW) correlation filters for use in ultra-wideband (UWB) communications and tagging. The orthogonal frequency coded (OFC) SAW correlator concept was previously demonstrated using a uniformly weighted OFC coded dispersive transducer in conjunction with a wideband apodized transducer. The interdigital SAW transducer can accurately represent the noise-signal by electrode apodization. For an ideal-Gaussian white noise signal, there are no correlation sidelobes and cross-correlation of other codes is extremely small. For a finite truncated white-noise Gaussian signal, that is also frequency band-limited, the auto-correlation sidelobes are produced, a function of the signal time bandwidth product. The implementation of noise-like generators and coding can be very useful in UWB systems. The UWB noise transducer used as a generator, can provide greater resistance to jamming and allows an UWB communication system to coexist with other systems. Code generation is performed in the transmitter using the noise weighted SAW filter and is correlated at the receiver using a matching filter device; eliminating the need for complex signal processing. This can lead to a very robust and simple short-range UWB communication system. The theoretical foundation for the signal analysis and transducer implementation will be presented. Coupling of mode (COM) theory will be used to show the important transducer design parameters for transducer evaluation. SAW correlators with fractional bandwidth of greater than 25% are fabricated on lithium niobate (LiNbO3) having a center frequency of 250 MHz. Discussion of the transducer design, analysis and measurements are presented. Results are shown for operation in a matched filter correlator for use in an UWB communication system and compared to predictions, showing good results.
Hormones of adipose tissue and their biologic role in lung cancer

Abstract Introduction Adipose tissue secretes numerous bioactive peptides, collectively termed “adipocytokines” or “adipokines”. Adipokines act in a paracrine, autocrine, or endocrine manner and regulate several physiological and pathological processes. Increasing evidence indicates that adipokines are implicated also in several malignancies, including lung cancer as well. Aim The aim of this study is to summarize data concerning adipokines in lung cancer pathogenesis, prognosis and survival; the role of adipokines in lung cancer cachexia is also examined. Materials and Methods A systematic literature search was performed in the electronic database of Medline. Several studies and review articles met the inclusion criteria. Results Leptin and adiponectin are the best studied adipokines. The majority of the relevant studies has investigated the potential correlations mainly between leptin, adiponectin, and sometimes also resistin, and nutritional status, systemic inflammation of lung cancer or lung cancer cachexia and have also assessed their prognostic significance. Few other studies have studied genetic variations in leptin, leptin receptor and adiponectin genes and their association with lung cancer susceptibility and prognosis. The ongoing list of adipokines associated with lung cancer also includes resistin, chemerin, and visfatin. Conclusions Increasing evidence points to the involvement of certain adipocytokines in lung cancer development, progression and prognosis. No conclusive evidence exists so far with regards to the role of adipocytokines in lung cancer cachexia. Future, longitudinal studies are warranted in order to clarify the role of adipocytokines in lung cancer and also uncover adipocytokines as novel therapeutic targets.
Landau quantization and time dependence in the ionization of cold, strongly magnetized Rydberg atoms.

The electric-field-ionization and autoionization behavior of cold Rydberg atoms of $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ in magnetic fields up to 6 T is investigated. Multiple ionization potentials and field-ionization bands reflecting the Landau energy quantization of the quasifree Rydberg electron are observed. The time-resolved and state-selective field-ionization study provides evidence of $m$ mixing and spin flips of the Rydberg electron. Spin-orbit coupling combined with $m$ mixing gives rise to a Feshbach-type autoionization of metastable positive-energy atoms.
Local GABA receptor blockade reveals hindlimb responses in the SI forelimb-stump representation of neonatally amputated rats.

In adult rats that sustained forelimb amputation on the day of birth, there are numerous multi-unit recording sites in the forelimb-stump representation of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) that al...
Changing roles of cataloguers in British academic libraries

How have the roles of cataloguers evolved over the past decade due to the impact of automation When cataloguers in academic libraries in England were surveyed it was found that 97 per cent work with a fully automatic online public access catalogue; all catalogue online, and share records with some bibliographic utility, of which RLIN and BLCMP are the most popular. Professional staff size had decreased at 50 per cent of the institutions with means of 4.5 professionals and 4.8 support staff members. The average percentage of professional cataloguers per library was about 53 per cent. Roles that were greatly expanded included cataloguing of digital documents and Internet resources, authority control, and database management. Of the respondents, 65 per cent are now involved in e‐mail discussion groups where ten years ago none were. Administrative functions have also increased as 50 per cent of the cataloguers are now heads of bibliographic access departments.
Toward automatic artifact matching for tool evaluation

Before performing software maintenance and evolution tasks, developers must expend significant effort to understand the design of the subject software system. Reverse engineering and reengineering tools can extract artifacts, such as class diagrams, from source code so that the effort expended on program comprehension can be greatly reduced. Choosing suitable and appropriate tools is itself a difficult process. Many metrics and benchmarks have been proposed to evaluate the quality of reengineering tools, but the process is still complicated and requires much human effort. Furthermore, ignored by most evaluation experiments and approaches is the understanding of differences and similarities of the output artifacts produced by different tools. This paper proposes a novel approach for tool evaluation making a direct comparison of the output artifacts of the chosen tools. We apply our methodology on class diagrams extracted from source code. We utilize a class matching model to automate the process. In this study, we use ten open-source programs as test cases and two open source reverse engineering tools Doxygen and StarUML. We evaluate the output of these two tools based on class matching given the same input. This approach, we believe, provides developers with good guidance in tool selection.
Using simulation to select and evaluate potential Six Sigma projects

The DuPont Company has chosen the Six Sigma methodology as "the way we do business". Six Sigma's demand for quantifiable bottom line results is an excellent business discipline. At the same time, for many multi-stage production and supply chain operations, it is difficult to quantify the impact of a given project on overall earnings. Simulation is used in DuPont to help select projects which have high potential for increasing earnings. When the projects meet their immediate goals, simulation is used to quantify the contribution of that project to overall earnings improvement. A case study of a large multi-step chemical operation will be reviewed.
Hormonal and non-hormonal control of glycogen synthesis-control of transferase phosphatase and transferase I kinase.

Abstract Transferase, the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of the α-1,4 linkages of glycogen, is subject to control by several mechanisms including hormonal as well as non-hormonal. These controls are observed to occur rapidly in a number of tissues which are sensitive to the actions of the hormones. An important biochemical mechanism consists of interconverting two forms of the enzyme with second stage interconverting enzymes. These catalyze the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the two forms of transferase. The site of the non-hormonal control by glycogen is identified as the phosphatase, while the site of the hormonal control by insulin and epinephrine, the kinase. Insulin acts at the kinase site to bring about a greater dependence on cyclic AMP and thus inactivate the kinase, with no decrease in cyclic adenylate tissue concentrations. Epinephrine acts to increase tissue levels of cyclic adenylate, and thus promote kinase action.
Reactions of the diiron(IV) intermediate Q in soluble methane monooxygenase with fluoromethanes.

Soluble methane monooxygenases utilize a carboxylate-bridged diiron center and dioxygen to convert methane to methanol. A diiron(IV) oxo intermediate Q is the active species for this process. Alternative substrates and theoretical studies can help elucidate the mechanism. Experimental results for reactions with derivatized methanes were previously modeled by a combination of quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical techniques and the model was extended to predict the relative reactivity of fluoromethane. We therefore studied reactions of Q with CF {sub n}H{sub 4-n} (n = 1-3) to test the prediction. The kinetics of single-turnover reactions of Q with these substrates were monitored by double-mixing stopped-flow optical spectroscopy. For fluoro- and difluoromethane, conversion to the alcohols occurred with second-order rate constants less than that of methane, the values being 28,700 (CH{sub 4}) > 25,000 (CFH{sub 3}) > 9300 (CF{sub 2}H{sub 2}) M{sup -1} s{sup -1}. KIE values for C-H versus C-D activation above the classical limit were observed, requiring modification of the theoretical predictions.
Parental Competence and Maltreatment: The Curvilinear Influence of Plan Complexity

A parent’s ability to plan for child behavior problems was proposed to influence the relationship between parental competence and attitudes/beliefs about parenting behaviors. One hundred and one parents from three community sites completed questionnaires measuring parental competence, plan complexity, and attitudes/beliefs about parenting. Results indicated that plan complexity significantly influenced the relationship between parental competence and judgments about corporal punishment. The same influence existed between parental competence and power independence. We discuss these results with regard to forwarding theoretical work on planning processes, as well as practical implications for enhancing parent education curricula to better address the constructive management of difficult child behaviors.
"DIRECTED" WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS IN INDONESIA: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL AGENCY FROM WITHIN

This paper examines the extent to which women as the agents of change liberate themselves from the shackled cultural, social, and religious apparatus and empower themselves within the "directed" women's movements in Indonesia. I argue that while many women's movements prior to the 1980s were either established as auxiliaries to the parent's organization or directed by the state and operated under male authority with top-down managements, they have attempted to improve women's lives, especially in the area of consciousness raising, social welfare, public participation, marriage law, and education. They have also continued to reaffirm their agendas in order to empower women's roles in both private and public spheres.
A Statistical and Instant Information Combined Handoff Target Prediction Scheme in NGI

In this paper, a target prediction scheme for handoff in NGI is presented based on both statistical and instant information. At first, it adopts a statistical prediction scheme to predict handoff target, using fuzzy decision tree which is established based on the prior handoff historical records. If there exist several predicted handoff targets, an instant prediction scheme is initiated to compute the probability for each predicted handoff target being visited based on the user's current position, movement rate, direction and the average call duration time, choosing the one with the maximum visited probability as the handoff target. Simulation results have shown that the proposed scheme has higher prediction hitting rates under different user movement rates compared with those schemes simply based on statistical or instant information.
Thrombocytopenia in Neonatal Infection

Serial platelet counts by phase microscopy were done for three groups of neonates who were admitted to the Special Care Unit of the Miller Children's Hospital, Group 1 (78 neonates) was evaluated for septicemia. Group 2 (28 neonates) was randomly selected sick neonates whose working diagnosis was not septicemia. Group 3 (16 neonates) was clinically normal preterm neonates (28 to 36 weeks gestation). For group 1 and 2, platelet counts were done serially, at the time blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures were obtained and then 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours later. For group 3, plasma counts were done on the second, seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-eighth day of life. Sixteen of the group 1 infants were found to have septicemia; ten of these 16 had thrombocytopenia (platelets less than 100,000/mm3). In group 2, five infants had thrombocytopenia, one because of isoimmune disease and four as a result of possible disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thrombocytopenia persisted for 1 to 10 days; platelet counts of group 3 were the same as those of older children and adults.
Adoptive cellular therapy using cells enriched for NKG2D+CD3+CD8+T cells after autologous transplantation for myeloma.

Abstract The number of circulating lymphocytes on day 15 after transplantation correlates with improved survival in patients with myeloma, but the lymphocyte subset responsible is unknown. NKG2D is a natural killer (NK) cell activating receptor that mediates non-MHC restricted and TCR-independent cell lysis. Our preliminary results indicate that CD3+CD8+ T cells expressing NKG2D may be a critical lymphocyte population. A phase II trial examined the feasibility of infusing ex vivo-expanded cells enriched for NKG2D+CD3+CD8+ T cells at weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8 after an autologous transplantation. In addition, low-dose IL-2 (6 × 105 IU/m2/day) was administered for 4 weeks, beginning on the day of transplantation. Twenty-three patients were accrued and 19 patients are evaluable. There were no treatment-related deaths. All patients completed their course of IL-2 and demonstrated normal engraftment. When compared with patients with myeloma who underwent transplantation not receiving posttransplantation immune therapy, the treated patients demonstrated an increase in the number of circulating NKG2D+CD3+CD8+ T cells/μL (P
Costing and cost recovery for waste disposal and recycling

Abstract World Bank research on appropriate technology for water supply and waste disposal has revealed a need for further research and development in integrated systems for recovery and utilization of household and community wastes. Technology options including resource recovery are reviewed with special emphasis on constraints arising particularly in developing countries. Cost control and recovery is complex, and it has rarely if ever been demonstrated that a potential exists for making a solid waste management project profitable in its entirity. Solid waste management represents a net cost which may be minimized by better operations and appropriate recycling. Financial and economic backgrounds including tax structures have an overriding influence on apparent costs, and sound financial management is essential. Hazards of relying on the commercial sector alone to manage waste collection and disposal are emphasized as well as the long term problems with highly sophisticated equipment in countries that lack Foreign exchange and local skills for their maintenance and repair.
Tetracycline and doxycycline applications

Abstract Tetracycline and doxycycline frequently are prescribed to women for a number of different infectious diseases. Although both are considered to be broad spectrum, many common pathogens have acquired resistance to them, leaving a fairly finite list of indicated uses. This list includes the treatment of several sexually transmitted diseases, pelvic inflammatory disease and endometritis, and acne. The principal contraindications to their use are breast feeding, pregnancy, age less than 8 years, and impaired renal or hepatic function. The main toxicities are staining of teeth, stippling of bones, and photosensitivity. Renal, central nervous system, hepatic, and gastrointestinal disturbances also have been documented. When taken with food or certain medications, tetracycline is poorly absorbed, making adequate serum concentrations difficult to attain. Doxycycline is better absorbed. The volume of distribution for both drugs is essentially that of the body's serum, including small amounts in breast milk, secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, and amniotic fluid. The drugs are metabolized in the liver and then eliminated in the urine (tetracycline) or feces (doxycycline). Subtle differences in the metabolism and side effects of the two medications favor the use of doxycycline over tetracycline in most instances. In spite of their limitations, when used properly, tetracycline and doxycycline are safe, effective, and inexpensive antimicrobials.
Relation of self-reported angina pectoris to inducible myocardial ischemia in patients with known coronary artery disease: The Heart and Soul Study

To determine whether self-reported angina pectoris is associated with objective evidence of myocardial ischemia, we assessed angina symptoms, using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire, and measured ischemia using stress echocardiography in 933 patients with known coronary artery disease. We observed no association between self-reported angina pectoris and objective evidence of inducible ischemia.
Two-dimensional analysis of short-channel delta-doped GaAs MESFETs

Key design parameters for delta-doped GaAs MESFETs, such as delta doping profile, top layer background doping density, and scaling of lateral feature size, are investigated using a two-dimensional numerical simulation. A three-region (delta-doped conducting channel, top layer, and substrate) velocity-field relation is implemented in the model as appropriate for the particular device structure which is simulated. Simulation results show excellent agreement with a fabricated 0.5- mu m gate-length delta-doped GaAs MESFETs based on atomic layer epitaxy material. An extrinsic transconductance of 370 mS/mm and a drain-source current of 270 mA/mm are obtained for typical devices, and the maximum transconductance is as high as 400 mS/mm. These are the best DC results yet reported for 0.5- mu m gate-length delta-doped GaAs MESFETs. Considerations of design and optimization are discussed in terms of threshold voltage sensitivity, transconductance, current drive capability, and cutoff frequency, based on both simulation and experiment results. >
Macroeconomic determinants of exchange rates: a frequency-specific analysis

This paper applies a new methodology, rolling spectral regression, to investigate currency movements at various frequencies. This technique generates efficient and frequency-band estimates of the regression coefficients between three major exchange rates and their determinants from a generic monetary model. Empirical results reported in this study suggest that the variations of the yen/dollar and pound/dollar exchange rates can be explained by changes in monetary policy in the long run and fluctuations in economic growth and long-term interest rates in the medium run
Intervention studies for prevention of pressure ulcers in Turkey: a literature review

Aim: To examine critically the literature published in the Turkish language (1955–2004) related to risk assessment tool(s), their application to nursing care and prevention of pressure ulcers (PrUs). Specific objectives were to identify the advantages of risk assessment and prevention of PrUs in hospital; to establish the most valid and reliable methods available to evaluate the effectiveness of PrU prevention programmes; to determine methodological problems encountered by researchers and explore how these were overcome; and to present the findings so they could be used to develop a valid and reliable audit tool based upon the empirical evidence. Methods: All journals and convention booklets published in Turkey related to nursing between the years 1955–2004 were examined. Because many journals in Turkey are not yet available by electronic means, the published Turkish articles were all examined by hand. A total of 3031 articles in 17 nursing journals and 36 congress books (convention booklets) were examined. Five articles were found to meet the study criteria and were taken into the study and evaluated. Conclusion: There is a need to determine valid and reliable assessment methods, and the results need to be recorded on standard forms. In addition, it is important to increase the motivation of nursing personnel who give direct patient care to use the tools available in order to prevent the development of PrUs. From the review findings it is apparent that in Turkey, there is a dearth of research evidence upon which to base practice in the sphere of PrU prevention, and further research is urgently required.
The Influences of Environment and Glass Finishes on the Fracture Energy of Glass-Epoxy Joints

ABSTRACT A new test method for the measurement of adhesion is described and demonstrated. This method measures the debonding fracture energy between epoxy resin and glass. The effect of moisture on such a joint is shown as are the influences of different glass finishes. Analysis of these data show that the decrease of fracture energy of a joint that results from moisture penetration is directly proportional to the quantity of water present at the joint interface.
High-speed rail with emerging automobiles and aircraft can reduce environmental impacts in California’s future

Sustainable mobility policy for long-distance transportation services should consider emerging automobiles and aircraft as well as infrastructure and supply chain life-cycle effects in the assessment of new high-speed rail systems. Using the California corridor, future automobiles, high-speed rail and aircraft long-distance travel are evaluated, considering emerging fuel-efficient vehicles, new train designs and the possibility that the region will meet renewable electricity goals. An attributional per passenger-kilometer-traveled life-cycle inventory is first developed including vehicle, infrastructure and energy production components. A consequential life-cycle impact assessment is then established to evaluate existing infrastructure expansion against the construction of a new high-speed rail system. The results show that when using the life-cycle assessment framework, greenhouse gas footprints increase significantly and human health and environmental damage potentials may be dominated by indirect and supply chain components. The environmental payback is most sensitive to the number of automobile trips shifted to high-speed rail, and for greenhouse gases is likely to occur in 20‐30 years. A high-speed rail system that is deployed with state-of-the-art trains, electricity that has met renewable goals, and in a configuration that endorses high ridership will provide significant environmental benefits over existing modes. Opportunities exist for reducing the long-distance transportation footprint by incentivizing large automobile trip shifts, meeting clean electricity goals and reducing material production effects.