cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stimulation parameters after vagus nerve stimulator replacement.

Objectives. This study aims to assess tolerability and efficacy of stimulation parameters after vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) pulse generator replacement. Materials and Methods. We carried out an observational, retrospective study, reviewing our experience with VNS generator replacements in 28 epilepsy patients. Results. Seven patients had actual end of battery life (EOBL) (with symptoms), and 21 patients had asymptomatic projected EOBL. When we reprogrammed stimulation parameters postoperatively, 17 of the 28 patients could not tolerate the preoperative baseline current settings, even one year later. There were no differences in pre- vs. postoperative seizure rates between patients who did or did not return to baseline settings. Failure to return to baseline current was not related to previous VNS duration, same- vs. different-battery generator replacements, or antiepileptic medication changes. Conclusions. After VNS generator replacement, patients’ common inability to tolerate preoperative current settings does not lead to more seizures. A chronic modification of the vagus nerve system's sensitivity to stimulation changes may be hypothesized.
Arabidopsis pdr2 reveals a phosphate‐sensitive checkpoint in root development

Plants have evolved complex strategies to maintain phosphate (Pi) homeostasis and to maximize Pi acquisition when the macronutrient is limiting. Adjustment of root system architecture via changes in meristem initiation and activity is integral to the acclimation process. However, the mechanisms that monitor external Pi status and interpret the nutritional signal remain to be elucidated. Here, we present evidence that the Pi deficiency response, pdr2, mutation disrupts local Pi sensing. The sensitivity and amplitude of metabolic Pi-starvation responses, such as Pi-responsive gene expression or accumulation of anthocyanins and starch, are enhanced in pdr2 seedlings. However, the most conspicuous alteration of pdr2 is a conditional short-root phenotype that is specific for Pi deficiency and caused by selective inhibition of root cell division followed by cell death below a threshold concentration of about 0.1 mm external Pi. Measurements of general Pi uptake and of total phosphorus (P) in root tips exclude a defect in high-affinity Pi acquisition. Rescue of root meristem activity in Pi-starved pdr2 by phosphite (Phi), a non-metabolizable Pi analog, and divided-root experiments suggest that pdr2 disrupts sensing of low external Pi availability. Thus, PDR2 is proposed to function at a Pi-sensitive checkpoint in root development, which monitors environmental Pi status, maintains and fine-tunes meristematic activity, and finally adjusts root system architecture to maximize Pi acquisition.
Conversion of an engineered potassium-binding site into a calcium-selective site in cytochrome c peroxidase.

We have previously shown that the K(+) site found in ascorbate peroxidase can be successfully engineered into the closely homologous peroxidase, cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP) (Bonagura, C. A. , Sundaramoorthy, M., Pappa, H. S., Patterson, W. R., and Poulos, T. L. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 6107-6115; Bonagura, C. A., Sundaramoorthy, M., Bhaskar, B., and Poulos, T. L. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 5538-5545). All other peroxidases bind Ca(2+) rather than K(+). Using the K(+)-binding CCP mutant (CCPK2) as a template protein, together with observations from structural modeling, mutants were designed that should bind Ca(2+) selectively. The crystal structure of the first generation mutant, CCPCA1, showed that a smaller cation, perhaps Na(+), is bound instead of Ca(2+). This is probably because the full eight-ligand coordination sphere did not form owing to a local disordering of one of the essential cation ligands. Based on these observations, a second mutant, CCPCA2, was designed. The crystal structure showed Ca(2+) binding in the CCPCA2 mutant and a well ordered cation-binding loop with the full complement of eight protein to cation ligands. Because cation binding to the engineered loop results in diminished CCP activity and destabilization of the essential Trp(191) radical as measured by EPR spectroscopy, these measurements can be used as sensitive methods for determining cation-binding selectivity. Both activity and EPR titration studies show that CCPCA2 binds Ca(2+) more effectively than K(+), demonstrating that an iterative protein engineering-based approach is important in switching protein cation selectivity.
THE USE OF INDUCED SOMATIC MUTATIONS TO STUDY CELL DIVISION RATES IN IRRADIATED STAMEN HAIRS OF TRADESCANTIA VIRGINIANA L.

Inflorescences of Tradescantia virginiana L. HV Purple Dome (2n=24), heterozygous for flower color, were exposed to 100 to 500R of 137Cs gamma rays over a 16-hour period. Stamen hairs from both irradiated and unirradiated flowers were observed daily for 26 days after irradiation, and number and position of the somatic mutations (blue to pink) induced in the stamen hair cells were recorded.Somatic mutations were induced at a rate of 4.75×10-4 mutant events per meristematic hair cell per R in the essentially single-meristematic-cell system. Using the mutant cells as markers it was estimated that the gamma rays evidently induced mitotic delay, lengthened cell cycle time and an impairment of normal reproductive integrity. The effect increased with increasing exposures.The average daily increase in number of hair cells per terminal mutant event varied from 2.6 after 100R to 0.56 after 500R. The average mitotic cycle times estimated also varied from 17.5 hours after 100R to a maximum of 80 hours after 500R, an increase of approximately 4.6-fold in cycle time. However, the length of the mitotic cycle approached the control rate even after 500R after about 15 days
Understanding caregivers attitudes towards physical punishment of children: Evidence from 34 low- and middle-income countries

Abstract Objectives This article presents findings on caregivers’ attitudes towards physical punishment of children from 34 household surveys conducted in low- and middle-income countries in 2005 and 2006. The article analyzes the variability in attitudes by background characteristics of the respondents to examine whether various factors at the individual and family levels correlate with the caregivers’ beliefs in the need for violent discipline. The article also examines to what extent attitudes influence behaviors and compares groups of respondents to see how attitudes relate to disciplinary practices across caregivers of different socio-economic backgrounds. Methods The analysis is based on nationally representative data from 33 MICS and 1 DHS surveys. Questions on child discipline were addressed to the mother (or primary caregiver) of one randomly selected child aged 2–14 years in each household. The questionnaire asked whether any member of the household had used various violent and non-violent disciplinary practices with that child during the past month. Additionally, the interviewers asked the respondent if she believed that, in order to bring up that child properly, physical punishment was necessary. The sample included 166,635 mothers/primary caregivers. Results The analysis shows that, in most countries, the majority of mothers/primary caregivers did not think there was a need for physical punishment. Overall, characteristics such as household wealth and size, educational level and age, as well as place of residence were significantly associated with caregivers’ attitudes. The analysis confirms that beliefs influence disciplinary practices to a large degree: in all the countries but two, children were significantly more likely to experience physical punishment if their mothers/primary caregivers thought such punishment was needed. However, large proportions of children were found to be subject to physical punishment even if their mothers/primary caregivers did not consider this method necessary. This discrepancy between attitudes and behaviors is observed, although to different extents, in all the countries and across groups of mothers/primary caregivers with different levels of education and wealth. Conclusions The data presented in this article are among the few resources available to help develop a more global understanding of caregivers’ motivation in using violent discipline across a multitude of low- and middle-income countries. As such, the analysis of these data provides important insights for the development of effective strategies that will promote positive parenting practices. However, further data collection and analysis are needed to fully understand the reasons why physical punishment is used – even when caregivers do not think such method is necessary – opening the door for an even sharper programmatic response to change the practice.
Memsahibs and the “Sunny East”: Representations of British India by Millicent Douglas Pilkington and Beryl White

Millicent Pilkington, the daughter of a Lancashire industrialist in her early twenties, arrived in India in December 1893 and returned to England December 1894. We know about her trip, or her Year's Frivol in the Sunny East as she calls it, from the sumptuous album orne or commonplace book she compiled filling it with water colour sketches, photographs, autographs, dinner invitations, newspaper clippings, etc. The material is carefully arranged over forty-five album pages, is often framed by elaborate, hand-painted decorative borders, many of them in an Indian style. We know of the album because it was deposited in the Centre for South Asian Studies at Cambridge University by a descendant.
Stigmatization Among Probationers

Abstract This study investigates stigmatization in the probation process from the perspective of the probationer. Hereby we use the concepts of primary and secondary deviance provided by labeling theory to differentiate between stigmatization by others and self-stigmatization. While stigmatization by others is less direct in the guidance of the probationer's behavior, it can support self-stigmatization. In our empirical study in rural West Texas, we found that stigmatization of probation is perceived to originate mainly from employers, but also from law enforcement officers and the general community of the probationer. This stigmatization is counterbalanced by the perception of the probationer that the probation initiates support from friends and family. Contradictions in the different forms of stigmatization might be one of the reasons why our subjects do not stigmatize themselves as a result of probation.
Modulation of HeLa Cell Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzyme Expression by Prednisolone

Various HeLa cell lines have been examined in order to determine the effect of hormone treatment upon alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme expression. Both biochemical and immunoelectrophoretic analyses show that three cell lines demonstrating activity of the placental-type (Regan) isoenzyme in absence of prednisolone are induced to much higher levels after growth in hormone-containing medium for 72 hours. Prednisolone-treatment resulted in increased enzyme activity but no change in the isoenzyme profile as determined by microzone and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. On the other hand, the majority of the activity in HeLa line D98AH2 in absence of hormone was found to be heat-sensitive and inhibited by phenylalanine. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis indicated that amnion/intestinal isoenzyme was expressed. No appreciable change in total enzyme activity occurred in presence of hormone despite the induction of the Regan isoenzyme and the diminution of amnion/intestinal type. Thus, treatment of this cell line with hormone resulted in differential expression of the amnion/intestinal and placental isoenzyme components. These results support a regulatory function of prednisolone with respect to expression of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in tumor cell lines and identify a HeLa cell line, D98AH2, which elaborates the amnion/intestinal isoenzyme.
Generalized Heisenberg theory of turbulence

Solutions of the generalized theory are obtained which are consistent with the previous work on energy transfer measurements. They also agree with the measurements of turbulent energy spectrum for wave numbers in the universal equilibrium range.
Toward the synthesis of spirastrellolide B: a synthesis of the C1-C23 subunit.

A synthesis of the C1−C23 subunit of spirastrellolide B is described. The synthesis features two applications of a Kulinkovich-cyclopropanol ring-opening strategy for the coupling of esters with olefins to produce ketones.
Nearshore Cell Circulation and the Formation of Giant Cusps

Large cusps are common along many shorelines, sometimes isolated but at times forming a rhythmic series of such forms with a uniform spacing. The role of the cell circulation, rip currents and associated longshore currents, in producing such cusps is examined. A series of laboratory wave basin experiments is presented in which the cell circulation of water modifies an initially smooth and straight sand beach. In all cases, it is found that cusps develop in the lee of the rip currents so that a series of cusps is formed with the same spacing as the rip currents. These are compared with giant cusps and beach cusps observed on natural beaches. An equilibrium cusp development is found in the experiments in which, having produced the cusps, all cell circulation and other longshore currents suddenly cease to exist; the rip currents disappear. It is demonstrated that the equilibrium state consists of a balance between the forces that tend to drive a longshore current from an oblique wave approach to the flanks of the cusps, and the forces that normally produce the cell circulation. Cusps, having been produced by rip currents, can therefore be observed on beaches although the rips are no longer present. Language: en
Finite element analysis of large lenses for the Keck telescope high-resolution echelle spectrograph

The finite element analyses of two large lenses for the Keck Telescope High Resolution Echelle Spectrograph are described. The two lenses, one simple lens, and one meniscus, are of fused silica and are approximately 800 mm (30 in.) in diameter. The purpose of the analyses is to determine the deformations of each optic under its own weight, and to identify the simplest, most cost effective mounting cell that will satisfy the optical requirements. Two common radial supports are analyzed, including varieties of hard point and band type mountings. Several types of axial supports are examined including simple three-point mounts, ring mounts, and static deformation mounts. A parametric finite element input routine is described, whereby a solid model and finite element mesh are automatically generated, given the lens diameter, central thickness, and surface radii of curvature. Deformation predictions from the models are compared with theoretical calculations, interferometric testing, and precision profilometry.
RECOMBINATION OF OPPOSITELY CHARGED AQUEOUS CLUSTER IONS USING ELECTROSTATICALLY MERGED ION BEAMS

A new method for studying cluster-cluster interactions is introduced which involves merging mass-selected beams of oppositely charged cluster ions with an electrostatic quadrupole deflector. Recombination is monitored by measuring the rate of fast neutral production. Relative rate constants have been measured for the reaction of H3O+(H2O)n+OH−(H2O)m as a function of cluster size (m=n=0–3), which display a pronounced enhancement with clustering. Relative rate constants have also been measured as a function of center-of-mass collision energy for a heavily clustered reaction (n=3, m=3) and a lightly clustered reaction (n=1, m=0) revealing that clustering produces a dramatic change in the reaction mechanism.
Synthesis and Reactivity of the Octahedral d6 Parent Amido Complexes TpRu(L)(L‘)(NH2) (Tp = Hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate; L = L‘ = PMe3, P(OMe)3; L = CO, L‘ = PPh3) and [TpRu(PPh3)(NH2)2][Li]

A series of octahedral ruthenium(II) parent amido complexes of the type TpRu(L)(L‘)(NH2) (L/L‘ = neutral and two-electron-donor ligands) and [TpRu(PPh3)(NH2)2][Li] (Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate) have been prepared. Preliminary reactivity studies indicate that the amido moieties are highly basic: for example, TpRu(L)(L‘)(NH2) complexes deprotonate phenylacetylene at room temperature to form [TpRu(L)(L‘)(NH3)][PhC2] ion pairs, as determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Space-efficient dynamic orthogonal point location, segment intersection, and range reporting

We describe an asymptotically optimal data-structure for dynamic point location for horizontal segments. For n line-segments, queries take O(log n) time, updates take O(log n) amortized time and the data structure uses O(n) space. This is the first structure for the problem that is optimal in space and time (modulo the possibility of removing amortization). We also describe dynamic data structures for orthogonal range reporting and orthogonal intersection reporting. In both data structures for n points (segments) updates take O(log n) amortized time, queries take O(log n+k log n/log log n) time, and the structures use O(n) space, where k is the size of the output. The model of computation is the unit cost RAM.
Anti-Lock Braking Control of an Electromagnetic Brake-by-Wire System

This paper presents a nonlinear sliding mode type controller for slip regulation in a braking event for an electromagnetic brake-by-wire system equipped automobile. The electromagnetic brake -by-wire system under consideration consists of a set of eddy current brakes attached to the automobile wheels. The anti-lock braking controller modifies the brake torque command generated by a supervisory controller which, in turn, is based on the driver’s command sensed via brake pedal sensors. The modified brake torque command is then generated by a closed loop actuator control algorithm to control the eddy current brake (ECB) system. It is shown in this paper that the proposed anti-lock braking control system is stable in the sense of Lyapunov. Experimental results are presented for a test vehicle equipped with an electromagnetic brake-by-wire system. Experimental results show that the proposed anti-lock brake control algorithm provides very good slip regulation in a braking event on low friction coefficient surfaces (wet Jennite) when compared with that of a non anti-lock braking event. Experimental results also indicate that the proposed anti-lock braking control system provided a very smooth stop for the vehicle.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Oxidative Stress and Sarcomeric Proteins

Oxidative stress accompanies a wide spectrum of clinically important cardiac disorders, including ischemia/reperfusion, diabetes mellitus, and hypertensive heart disease. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) can activate signaling pathways that contribute to ischemic preconditioning and cardioprotection, high levels of ROS induce structural modifications of the sarcomere that impact on pump function and the pathogenesis of heart failure. However, the precise nature of the redox-dependent change in contractility is determined by the source/identity of the oxidant species, the level of oxidative stress, and the chemistry/position of oxidant-induced posttranslational modifications on individual proteins within the sarcomere. This review focuses on various ROS-induced posttranslational modifications of myofilament proteins (including direct oxidative modifications of myofilament proteins, myofilament protein phosphorylation by ROS-activated signaling enzymes, and myofilament protein cleavage by ROS-activated proteases) that have been implicated in the control of cardiac contractility.
Coronary Disease in Spawning Steelhead Trout Salmo gairdnerii

Coronary degeneration was absent in young trout taken in fresh water and rare in immature fish at sea, but the incidence and severity were sharply greater in migrating fish and almost uniformly present in spawning fish. Several fish taken after they had reentered salt water after spawning had no lesions; lesions in fish taken during their second spawning migration were not cumulative. These facts suggest that the process is reversible.
Fluorometric determination of atmospheric sulfur dioxide without tetrachloromercurate(II)

1-Naphthylammonium chloride is substituted for pararosaniline hydrochloride for a fluorometric version (excitation 342 nm, emission 442 nm) of the Schiff reaction used for the determination of sulfur dioxide. The sensitivity is 2 orders of magnitude better than the colorimetric method; in all other aspects the two methods are analogous.
Blessings of the Virgin in Capitalist Society: The Transformation of a Rural Bolivian Fiesta

A 40-year scrutiny of the Virgin's fiesta in a highland Bolivian town reveals it to have come under recent control of individuals who have migrated to the national capital, La Paz, and to have flourished and expanded during economic crisis. Viewing the fiesta as a mechanism contributing to rural social stratification, this analysis reveals a new, fiesta-limited compadrazgo; it emerged from the fragmentation of social class, permitting urban migrants to funnel resources, not from the town to the city, but from the city to the city through the town, cushioning the urban residents against a chronically collapsing economy. Viewed from the town, this transformation is best understood as a product of the failure of a formal capitalism to develop in the postrevolutionary landscape in the periphery of the national economy. From the city, however, the same transformation may be considered a successful capitalist metamorphosis of the compadrazgo institution that once served to cross the barriers of social class. What defines the Virgin's fiesta today is its setting in a community that relies less on subsistence agriculture than on an opportunistic occupational multiplicity. Expanding the analysis over a century reveals this fiesta transformation to be one of two, both linked to major social upheavals on the Bolivian altiplano. The first led to the rise of the town as a major regional center, the second to its collapse.
Mechanisms of episodic acidification in low-order streams in Maine, USA

Abstract Five factors contribute to episodic depressions in pH and ANC during hydrologic events in low-order streams in Maine: (1) increases of up to 50 μeq litre−1 NO3; (2) increases of up to 75 μeq litre−1 organic acidity; (3) increases of as much as 0·3 in the anion fraction of SO4; (4) as much as 100 μeq litre−1 acidity generated by the salt-effect in soils; and (5) typically ≤40% dilution by increased discharge. In conjunction with increased discharge, factors 1, 2 or 4 appear necessary to depress pH to less than 5·0. The chemistry of individual precipitation events is irrelevant to the generation of acidic episodes, except those caused by high loading of neutral salts in coastal regions. Increases in discharge, but not necessarily in dilution of solutes, in combination with the chronically high SO4 from atmospheric deposition, provide the antecedent chemical conditions for episodic acidification. Differences in antecedent moisture conditions determine the processes that control output of either ANC or acidifying agents to aquatic systems.
Chemical imaging of pharmaceutical granules by Raman global illumination and near-infrared mapping platforms.

Abstract Raman global illumination and near-infrared (NIR) mapping instruments were used to chemically image pharmaceutical granules obtained by the wet granulation process in order to determine whether the API was mixed with the major excipient or granulates on its own. The granules were randomly distributed onto a microscope slide and an average area of about 3.5 mm × 3.5 mm, covering 50–100 granules, was analyzed by both instruments. Light microscopy images of the separated granules were collected before the spectroscopic data acquisition. Both Raman and NIR signals of API and major excipient (mannitol) were easily detected by both techniques which allowed the chemical structure of the granules to be characterised. Most of the granules were found to contain both API and mannitol but pure mannitol and a few pure API granules were also identified. Raman global illumination was found to provide a comprehensive insight into chemical structure of the granules being able to more clearly determine the API in comparison with NIR mapping. Owing to the differences in shapes of the particles and reflection characteristics, visual microscopy and methods based on reflection can be potentially useful for analyzing this particular formulation.
Peak versus residual interface strengths for landfill liner and cover design

The rationale for using peak, residual, or a combination of these shear strengths for the analysis of geosynthetic-lined slopes and design recommendations for landfill liner and cover systems is presented herein. Landfill liner systems using geosynthetics that contain sideslopes are recommended to be designed using the methodology presented by Stark and Poeppel: (1) assign residual shear strengths to the sideslopes and peak shear strengths to the base of the liner system and satisfy a factor of safety greater than 1.5; and also (2) assign residual strengths to the sideslopes and base of the liner system and satisfy a factor of safety greater than unity. The authors recommend that the stability of landfill cover systems be analysed using peak shear strengths with a factor of safety greater than 1.5 because of the absence of large detrimental shear displacement along the weakest interface. If, for some reason, the slope angle of the cover system exceeds the friction angle of the weakest interface, or large ...
Jadeitites, albitites and related rocks from the Motagua Fault Zone, Guatemala

Jadeitites from Guatemala are found as weathered blocks in tectonized serpentinite in a 15-km zone north of the Motagua Fault Zone. Rock types found with jadeitite include albitites, albite-mica rocks, omphacite/taramitic amphibole-bearing metabasites, chlorite-actinolite schists, talc-carbonate rocks and antigorite schists. In addition to the predominant jadeitic (Jd93_100) pyroxene, common phases in jadeitite include micas (paragonite and/or phengite ± rarer phlogopite), omphacite, albite, titanite /Pm zircon, apatite and graphite. Conditions of jadeitite formation are 100-400d C, 5-11 kbar with 0.0 > log10asio2≥= 0.7. Fluid inclusions, coarse textures, vein structures, and rhythmic zoning of pyroxene indicate an aqueuos fluid was involved. Jadeitites are either (1) metasomatic modifications of former felsic-to-pelitic inclusions that have undergone silica depletion plus efficient soda exchange and enrichment, or (2) solution precipitations derived from such a source. The close spatial relationship of faults and shear zones, serpentinites, and jadeitites suggests jadeitites form in a relatively high-P/T setting with substantial flow of sodic fluid in a tectonized zone. Most Guatemalan jadeitites are extensively altered to analcime, albite, taramitic amphibole, (clino)zoisite ± nepheline and preiswerkite. This alteration reflects depressurization /Pm heating to below the jadeite + fluid = analcime reaction at high aNa. With progressive alteration, analcime and nepheline are replaced by albite; the increase in silica content may result from fluid flowing up a tectonized zone reaching saturation with an albite assemblage. Albitite phases, albite, actinolite, zoisite, /Pm chlorite, phengite, K-feldspar and quartz, record conditions of c. 3-8 kbar at T < 400d C, indicating a clockwise P-T trajectory of the blocks. Barium aluminosilicates—banalsite, celsian, cymrite and hyalophane—are common minor late-stage phases in jadeitites and albite-rich rocks. Barian phengite is common in albite-mica rocks.
Kinematic and EMG patterns during slow, free, and fast walking

Kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded in seven normal women during walking at slow, free, and fast speeds. Speed-related differences were found in the stride dimensions, temporal components, and most of the simultaneous displacement patterns of body segments measured. For most of the muscles tested, the amplitude of normalized EMG activity decreased as walking speed decreased. The findings emphasize the importance of accounting for the effect of speed itself on measurements of gait.
Effect of chiral restoration on kaon production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

Kaon production from meson-meson annihilation is enhanced significantly because of the decrease of hadron masses in hot and dense matter as a result of the restoration of chiral symmetry. We show that this can lead to enhanced kaon yield in high-energy heavy-ion collisions.
New Molecular Vessels: Synthesis and Chiroselective Recognition

A new structural motif for synthetic receptors is reported. This new motif allows for the incorporation of a variety of nonracemic groups into the structure's upper rim. These stereocenters effectively transfer their asymmetry to the flexible walls of the vessel and result in handed spaces with increased stability in protic media. Their synthesis and chiroselective recognition for their guest molecules are described.
Re‐thinking nursing science through the understanding of Buddhism

Western thought has dominated scientific development for a long time, and nursing has not escaped the influence of such ideology. Nurse scholars, in an attempt to fit the dominant scientific ideology, typically have had to struggle with non-empirical elements of nursing. This orientation in science, however, may have contributed inadvertently to a form of scientific ethnocentrism in the culture of inquiry in nursing as in other fields. The result has been a narrow view of science and knowledge and failure to recognize the potential significance of Eastern philosophy in nursing knowledge development. Recently, intensive cultural exchanges between the East and the West have contributed to Western scientists becoming aware of the limits of Western linear thinking and concomitant efforts to explore the mysteries of Eastern philosophy. In this article, we explore Buddhism as one example of such philosophies that have great potential to enrich nursing as it continues to strive for definition and identity.
Improving channel carrier mobility and immunity to charge trapping of high-K NMOSFET by using stacked Y/sub 2/O/sub 3//HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectric

A stacked Y/sub 2/O/sub 3//HfO/sub 2/ multimetal gate dielectric with improved electron mobility and charge trapping characteristics is reported. Laminated hafnium and yttrium were sputtered on silicon followed by post-deposition anneal (PDA) in N/sub 2/ ambient. The new dielectric shows a similar scalability to HfO/sub 2/ reference. Analysis on flatband voltage shift indicates positive fixed charge induced by Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/. Excellent transistor characteristics have been demonstrated. Stacked Y/sub 2/O/sub 3//HfO/sub 2/, compared to HfO/sub 2/ reference with similar equivalent oxide thickness (EOT), shows 49% enhancement in transconductance and 65% increase in the peak electron mobility. These improvements may be attributed to better charge trapping characteristics of the multimetal dielectric.
On Aggregating Populations

The evolution of particle size distributions due to aggregation between particles is described generally by incorporating an aggregation frequency into a population balance equation. The frequency is derived by analyzing the relative motion between particles culminating in their physical contact and aggregation. The usual approach, originating from the pioneering work of Smoluchowski (Smoluchowski, M. Sitzungber. Math., Astron., Phys., Meteriol. Mech. 1914, 123, 2381), is to view the relative motion between two particles and their aggregation in isolation from the population balance. The procedure is predicated on the assumption that the spatial homogeneity of the population (over some length scale, say, L) is disturbed by relative motion only in a neighborhood of length scale l that is small compared to L; furthermore, relative motion is assumed to occur at a rate sufficiently higher than the rate at which the population of particles diminishes by aggregation. This paper presents a mathematical perspective on this approach, examines the circumstances of its validity, and provides a remedial procedure when it is inadmissible with potential applications. Thus, this work identifies circumstances that permit the use of an aggregation frequency, together with a procedure for its calculation.
Shear-wave splitting as a tool for the characterization of geothermal fractured reservoirs : lessons learned

Abstract We review our experience with the construction of models of subsurface fracturing in geothermal fields by the inversion of shear-wave splitting (SWS) observations from natural and induced seismic events recorded by local arrays of three-component digital seismometers. SWS is a phenomenon whereby shear seismic waves split into two as a result of the mechanical anisotropy created in an otherwise isotropic rock by aligned micro-fractures. The two split waves travel at different speeds, and the polarization of the faster wave is usually parallel to crack orientation. The time delay between the two split S-waves is proportional to the number of cracks per unit volume. Success in the inversion of SWS data hinges on the assumption that the observed SWS is due solely to the mechanical anisotropy induced by aligned cracks and micro-cracks in an otherwise isotropic matrix. The presence of lithologic anisotropy and/or strong heterogeneity in the reservoir rock limits the resolvability of the method. However, despite the large amount of data and diversity of geologic settings we have studied so far, the above assumption has been found to be reliable. In practice, stability and resolution in the inversion of SWS data are the issues of utmost importance since both are critically dependent on the distribution of the two SWS measured parameters (polarization and time delay) around each seismic sensor. In this paper we discuss a few lessons we have learned as to the value of SWS for geothermal exploration, its limitations and potential extensions, from nearly a decade of practice.
Correlations in the quantum theory of plasma line broadening

Abstract A unified theory of plasma line broadening is obtained from a quantum kinetic equation, paralleling existing results for a classical plasma. The atom-electron interactions are shielded by equilibrium electron correlation functions and a frequency dependent dielectric function. A “ring” approximation is used to replace the classical plasma parameter expansion, for typical laboratory conditions. Atom-electron correlations are included as well as electron-electron correlations.
The right set of simple rules: A short reply to Frederick Schauer and comment on G. A. Cohen

Abstract In Simple Rules for a Complex World, I outlined a set of legal rules that facilitate just and efficient social interactions among individuals. Frederick Schauer's critique of my book ignores the specific implications of my system in favor of a general critique of simplicity that overlooks the dangers to liberty when complex rules confer vast discretion on public figures. He also does not refer to the nonlibertarian features of my system that allow for overcoming holdout positions. These “take and pay” rules explain how a system broadly protective of private property responds to well‐known two‐person (Able‐Infirm) hypothetical of the sort advanced by G. A. Cohen, which are designed to show how claims of self‐ownership lend strong support to egalitarian outcomes.
Inflation-Produced, Large-Scale Magnetic Fields

We study the production of large-scale (∼ Mpc) magnetic fields in inflationary Universe models. In the usual electromagnetic gauge theory, the photon field is conformally invariant and the magnetic fields that are produced during an inflationary epoch are uninterestingly small. We have considered four models in which the conformal invariance of electromagnetism is broken. The primeval magnetic fields which result can have astrophysically interesting strengths, but are very model-dependent.
Association of generalized dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa with positive acetylcholinesterase and markedly elevated maternal serum and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein

A case of fatal generalized dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is described in a prematurely born female whose mother had strikingly elevated mid-trimester serum and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein concentrations, a positive amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase band, and negative serial ultrasound studies. This case lends further support to an association between autosomal recessive generalized dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and increased levels of alpha-fetoprotein, positive amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase, and normal ultrasound findings.
The relationship between panic disorder and depression

Abstract Panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks are psychiatric illnesses which recently have been extensively studied from multiple perspectives. Their relationship to depressive disorders has been a particular area of interest because of the considerable symptom overlap between panic and depression, their high rate of co-occurence, their therapeutic response to similar pharmacologic agents, and perhaps some shared biologic dysregulations. These areas are critically reviewed herein, and directions for future research are suggested.
Emergency physician treatment of acute stroke with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a retrospective analysis.

UNLABELLED Stroke teams are advocated for the rapid treatment of patients who have acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). An alternate model uses existing ED resources with specialist consultation as needed. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the treatment of AIS with rt-PA in this alternate ED model. METHODS A retrospective observational review was performed of consecutive patients with AIS treated with rt-PA at four hospitals affiliated with an emergency medicine residency. Emergency physicians (EPs) were directly responsible for the treatment of all patients according to predefined guidelines. Records were evaluated from the implementation of the guidelines through December 15, 1997. RESULTS 37 patients with AIS received rt-PA. Mean age+/-SD was 63+/-16 years (range 22-87), with 25 (68%) male. Patients presented 67+/-29 minutes after stroke onset. After ED arrival, they were seen by the EP in 14+/-13 minutes, had CT in 46+/-22 minutes, and were treated in 97+/-35 minutes. Neurologist consultation occurred in the department for nine patients (24.3%), and by telephone for 14 (37.8%). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurred in four (10.8%, 95% CI = 0.8% to 20.8%). There were two deaths, neither associated with ICH. Neurologic outcome at discharge compared with presentation in survivors was normal for four patients (11.4%), improved for 16 (45.7%), unchanged for ten (28.6%), and worse for five (14.3%). CONCLUSIONS In this analysis, EPs, with specialty consultation as required, successfully identified patients with AIS and delivered rt-PA with satisfactory outcomes. Important elements of this model include early patient identification, preestablished protocols, and rapid access to CT scanning and interpretation.
The effect of capsaicin ointment on skin for the survival of a cutaneous flap

Recent studies have shown that capsaicin has three major effects: vasodilation, platelet disaggregation and pain reduction. In this study, vasodilation and platelet disaggregation effects were compared using an ointment (Surgilube) containing capsaicin. Forty rats were divided into four groups of 10. A distally-based dorsal skin flap was raised and sutured back into place. The circulatory territory of the flap was measured by a fluorescein technique. In group A, Surgilube was applied on and around the flap as a control for the surgical technique and ointment base. Surgilube containing capsaicin (0.2%) was applied on the surface of the flap in group B to observe platelet disaggregation effects, and around the perimeter (avoiding the incision) of the flap in group C to observe vasodilation effects. Group D received the capsaicin ointment both on and around the flap. Survival distance in millimeters was calculated as the difference from the distal end of the fluorescein stain to the distal margin of flap survival at 7 days after surgery. Analysis for difference among the groups was assessed by the method of Kruskall-Wallis followed by Mann Whitney tests for differences between the two group. The survival distances (mm) for the groups were, in order of better survival, group C (19.9), group D (14.6), group B (9.7) and group A (7.2). The improvement in survival related to the control group was statistically significant for group C (P=0.002), with group D also approaching significance (P=0.052). Furthermore, the survival distance of group C was significantly better than that of group B (P=0.004). Capsaicin was most effective in promoting skin flap survival when applied around the flap. This suggests that the vasodilation effect in flap survival is stronger than that of platelet disaggregation.
Correlating reading comprehension and health numeracy among adults with low literacy.

Abstract Objective Using the Test of Functional Health Literacy for Adults (TOFHLA), a pilot study was conducted to assess whether reading comprehension and numeracy scores sufficiently correlate in health contexts among adults with low literacy skills. Methods The TOFHLA was administered to 144 adults with low literacy enrolled in a health literacy program prior to the start of coursework. Raw scores for reading and numeracy were calculated. Weighted numeracy scores were calculated and compared to raw reading comprehension scores. Results Among 143 participants, 20% (n = 28) had a higher numeracy score than reading comprehension score, while an additional 20% scored lower in numeracy than in reading comprehension. Conclusion This study found that reading comprehension and numeracy skill in the context of understanding health information do not necessarily correlate for specific disadvantaged groups. This finding calls attention to the need to further examine numeracy as a construct which is conceptually separate from reading comprehension, and highlights the importance of including a numerate component in health literacy evaluations. Practice implications The results of this study have important implications for medical decision-makers, health educators, and health promoters working with traditional methods of assessing health literacy.
Comparison of the auditory sensitivity of neurons in the cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus of young and aging C57BL/6J and CBA/J mice.

Thresholds of neurons to sounds were compared as a function of central auditory structure [ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), and inferior colliculus (IC)] in young and middle-aged C57BL/6J mice (multiple- and single-unit recordings) and in young and old CBA/J mice (single-unit recordings). Middle-aged C57 mice show progressive loss of sensitivity to high frequencies and noise due to cochlear pathology; CBA mice show little loss of sensitivity through most of their lifespan. Multiple-unit threshold curves (MTCs) for tones indicated that neurons in the C57 VCN suffered a greater degree of age-related loss of sensitivity than neurons in the IC (from an earlier study). Furthermore, whereas the low frequency portions of MTCs in IC neurons in high frequency tonotopic regions typically become 'sensitized' in middle-aged C57 mice (i.e., lower thresholds than young mice), such was not the case for VCN neurons. In contrast to VCN neurons, MTCs of the population of DCN neurons studied were statistically indistinguishable from those of the IC. Measurements of single-unit response areas in C57 mice corroborated the MTCs. In CBA mice, little effect of age was found in comparing single-unit response areas of young and old mice. The findings indicate that sensorineural impairment in middle-aged C57 mice is accompanied by threshold changes that are more severe in the VCN than in the IC or DCN. Because the VCN and DCN are believed to play different roles in hearing, the functions they support should, likewise, be affected to different extents by age-related hearing loss.
A MOVING GRID FINITE-ELEMENT MODEL OF THE BULK PROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER'

A moving-grid finite-element model has been developed to model numerically the vertically integrated properties of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in one dimension. The model equations for mean wind velocity and potential temperature are combined with a surface energy budget and predictive equations for boundary-layer height to simulate both stable and unstable ABLs. The nodal position defining the top of the boundary layer is one of the model unknowns and is determined by boundary-layer dynamics. The finite-element method, being an integral method, has advantages of accurate representation of both bulk values and their vertical derivatives, the latter being essential properties of the nocturnal boundary layer. Compared with observations and results of other models, the present model predicts bulk properties very well while retaining a simple and economical form.
Forewarning of epileptic events from scalp EEG

This paper addresses epileptic event forewarning. One novel contribution is the use of graph theoretic measures to detect condition change from time-delay-embedding states. Another novel contribution is better forewarning of the epileptic events from two channels of scalp EEG, with a total true rate of 58/60 (sensitivity = 39/40, specificity = 19/20). Challenges include statistical validation in terms of true positives and true negatives; actionable forewarning in terms of time before the event; detection of the event to reset the forewarning algorithm; and implementation in a practical device.
Structural determinants of the capacity of heparin to inhibit collagen synthesis in 21‐day fetal rat calvariae

Earlier work from our laboratory demonstrated that heparin inhibits type I collagen and DNA synthesis in fetal rat calvariae in vitro. In this paper we have analyzed the structural features of heparin that determine its inhibitory effect on collagen synthesis. These experiments were performed using unmodified heparins and low-molecular-weight heparins from different manufacturers, nonheparin glycosaminoglycans, desulfated heparins, anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant heparin, and chemically defined heparin oligosaccharides. Low-molecular-weight heparin (Mr 3700-5100) inhibited collagen synthesis, but oligosaccharides (disaccharides to decasaccharide, Mr 665-3000) did not. The glycosaminoglycans chondroitin sulfate B, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid did not alter collagen synthesis but dextran sulfate was as inhibitory as unmodified heparin. Nonanticoagulant as well as anticoagulant low-molecular-weight heparin fractions inhibited collagen synthesis. Modification of heparin by total desulfation, O-desulfation, or N-desulfation and re-N-acetylation resulted in the loss of inhibitory property, suggesting that the degree of sulfation contributed to heparin's inhibitory effect. Low-molecular-weight heparins from different manufacturers were just as inhibitory as native heparin on collagen synthesis. We therefore conclude that low-molecular-weight heparin compounds offer no protection against heparin-induced osteoporosis. Our findings also suggest that the size and sulfation of a heparin-derived oligosaccharide contribute to its ability to inhibit collagen synthesis in bone.