cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A response surface methodology approach to the optimization of controlled low-temperature vacuum dehydration

Abstract A three-variable and three-level design, analyzed by response surface methodology, was used to determine optimum conditions for controlled low-temperature vacuum dehydration. A gelatin-microcrystalline cellulose model food system was used for this study. Effects of solid concentration (8–16%), drying temperature (−2 to 6°C), and sample thickness (0·6–1·8 cm) on various responses were studied. Optimization of the process was conducted using the combination of the effects of relative solubility of dried sample, bulk density, and drying rate. Controlled low-temperature vacuum dehydration operation was found to be masstransfer dependent. Temperature was not a significant factor for drying rate but concentration and thickness were highly significant. Based on the results, relatively low temperatures, small sample thickness, and moderate solid concentrations are recommended conditions for this type of process.
Liver look-alike: hepatoid ovarian carcinoma.

Five cases of ovarian carcinoma with hepatoid features, three of them primary and two probably primary, are described. The tumor cells were arranged predominantly in sheets and contained moderate to abundant amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm; varying numbers of tumor cells stained immunohistochemically for alpha-fetoprotein. In contrast to the much younger age range of patients with ovarian hepatoid yolk sac tumors, the ages of the five patients with hepatoid carcinomas ranged from 42 to 78 (average, 63 years), and none of them had gonadal dysgenesis or recognizable germ cell components within their tumors. All the tumors presented as adnexal masses; in four cases they were Stage III and in one case, Stage IIB; this last tumor spread to the upper abdomen within 4 years. In three cases the clinical course and pathology findings indicated that the tumor had originated in the ovary; in the remaining two cases the tumors were interpreted as only probably primary in the ovary. Hepatoid carcinomas must be distinguished from other ovarian neoplasms, especially from hepatoid yolk sac tumors.
Adsorption site identification for oxygen molecules on Au/Si(100) by positron annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy(PAES)

The top layer selectivity of PAES (positron annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy) was applied to study the differential adsorption of oxygen molecules on AuSi(100) surfaces. On appropriately prepared AuSi surfaces, exposure to 400–500 L of O2 at elevated sample temperature (100°C) produces significant decreases of the Si (LVV) peak intensity (30–40% decrease compared with as-deposited samples), while the PAES intensity at energies corresponding to the Au (O2,3 VV transition) undergoes only a small change (≤ ± 10%). These results strongly suggest that the O is adsorbed preferentially on top of Si atoms and that consequently the adsorbed gas is displacing the positron wavefunction away from the Si atoms but not away from the Au atoms. Evidence for changes in the Au overlayer morphology induced by thermal treatment of the AuSi surface and the corresponding differences in adsorption behavior of oxygen molecules will also be discussed.
Tissue-protective effects of estrogen involve regulation of caspase gene expression.

Estrogen plays a critical role in the protection from apoptosis in several cell types because the withdrawal of estrogen leads to increased apoptosis in tissues such as the brain, endothelium, testes, and uterus. Our recent report demonstrated that the chick oviduct also regresses through apoptotic mechanisms during estrogen deficiency. Despite these observations, very little is known concerning the intracellular mechanisms by which estrogen opposes apoptosis. To better understand how estrogen exerts its antiapoptotic effects, several key apoptotic genes were examined for their regulation by estrogen. Our results show that mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2, hsp-70, c-myc, Bcl-Xl, caspase-3, and caspase-6 remain essentially constant when apoptosis is stimulated by estrogen withdrawal. However, the genes for caspase-1 and caspase-2 are rapidly stimulated, at least for the most part, at the transcriptional level after the withdrawal of estrogen. This increase in caspase-2 mRNA is followed by an increase in enz...
Fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy for real-time, in-situ characterization of interactions of free radicals with oil-in-water emulsions

Abstract The overall goal of this study was to develop a rapid method based on optical imaging and spectroscopy for real time characterization of interactions of free radicals with oil in water emulsions. The method was based on encapsulation of a lipid soluble, free radical sensitive dye that transforms from a non-fluorescent to a fluorescent state upon reaction with hydroxyl radicals. Using this approach, interaction of hydroxyl radicals generated using the Fenton's reagents in aqueous phase with free radical sensitive dye encapsulated in the oil phase of whey protein isolate (WPI) stabilized emulsion was characterized. The results based on fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy showed a linear increase in fluorescence of free radical sensitive dye during the initial time period (~ 30 min) of incubation with the Fenton's reagents. The results showed a high degree of correlation between spectroscopy and quantitative fluorescence imaging measurements. Increase in fluorescence of free radical sensitive dye was a function of concentration of ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide. Incorporation of EDTA reduced the rate of increase in fluorescence of the dye due to the chelation of metal ions (p
The Blood-cells of the Oyster

THE blood-cells (leucocytes) of the oyster have been a subject of great interest ever since Lankester first observed them crawling on the outside of the body parts of the oyster. Recently I have found that these leucocytes will live for 3 or 4 days in sea-water in dishes. If the leucocytes be set free by teasing up the heart of an oyster or by placing pieces of the palps or bases of the gills in sea-water in a petri dish, they are seen at first to be aggregated mainly in masses, but within ten minutes to half-an-hour it will be found that the leucocytes are spread over a large portion of the dish and creeping away from the masses in a flattened amœboid condition on the bottom of the dish or even on the surface film. At the end of 3 or 4 days the cells round off and die. The length of time they remain alive, however, should make these leucocytes—which are very easily obtainable—valuable as subjects for physiological investigations, and further, suggests that it might be possible to cultivate them in an appropriate medium under appropriate conditions.
Abstract 4176: Bile acid-promoted esophageal and forestomach carcinomas in BK5.erbB2 mice

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Esophageal cancer is considered to be one of the most lethal cancers, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 23% to 50% for patients, even after complete resection with lymph node dissection. There are two common forms of esophageal cancer: squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) and adenocarcinomas (EACs). It has been shown that the initial step in the development of EACs is the transformation of normal stratified squamous epithelium in the lower esophagus to metaplastic specialized columnar epithelium (SCE), a pathological condition caused by chronic gastroesophageal reflux of gastric acid and bile known as Barrett's esophagus (BE), and it is possible that this condition also leads to the development of ESCCs as well. Although it has been reported that erbB2 is strongly expressed in SCE, EACs, and ESCCs, the role of erbB2 in the development and progression of esophageal cancer is still unknown. Furthermore, the contribution of bile acids in the etiology of esophageal cancer has not been explored. In this study, to determine whether interaction between erbB2 and bile acids is important in the etiology of esophageal cancers, we utilized BK5.erbB2 mice, in which erbB2 is overexpressed in epithelial cells under the control of the bovine keratin 5 promoter. Eight two-month-old homozygous BK5.erbB2 mice and 8 wild type mice were initiated with N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA, 50μg/mouse in 200μL water, twice weekly for 3 consecutive weeks). Mice were then treated with porcine bile extract (10mg/mouse in 200μL water, 3 times weekly for 4 weeks) by gavage. Mice were sacrificed 24 hours after the last treatment and histopathological analyses in the esophagus, forestomach, squamocolumnar junction within the glandular stomach, and other tissues were performed. In wild type mice, only 20% of mice treated with NMBA/bile extract developed small papillomas in the forestomach and squamocolumnar junction at the stomach. In BK5.erbB2 mice, 50% of mice treated with bile extract alone developed significant hyperplasia, 63% of mice treated with NMBA alone developed papillomas, and 100% of mice treated with NMBA/bile extract developed large SCCs in these areas. BK5.erbB2 mice treated with bile extract also showed significantly elevated levels of cell proliferation as determined by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation in esophagus and forestomach compared to wild type mice. These results indicate that bile acids may play an important role in the development of stomach/esophageal tumors where erbB2 is overexpressed and/or activated. In this regard, bile acids may promote the development of these tumors. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate the utility of the BK5.erbB2 mouse as a novel model for human stomach and esophageal cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4176.
A Method for Embedding Fine-Wire Thermocouples for Solid-Fuel Surface Temperature Measurements

A method to embed fine-wire thermocouples in solid-fuel samples was developed for measuring solid-fuel surface temperatures and condensed-phase temperature profiles under a wide range of motor operating conditions. This method should be very useful for advancing the diagnostic technique in hybrid combustion study as well as for deducing important parameters relating to solid-fuel regression behavior.
Sharp bounds for singular values of fractional integral operators

Abstract From the results of Dostanic [M.R. Dostanic, Asymptotic behavior of the singular values of fractional integral operators, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 175 (1993) 380–391] and Vũ and Gorenflo [Kim Tuan Vũ, R. Gorenflo, Singular values of fractional and Volterra integral operators, in: Inverse Problems and Applications to Geophysics, Industry, Medicine and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, 1995, Ho Chi Minh City Math. Soc., Ho Chi Minh City, 1995, pp. 174–185] it is known that the jth singular value of the fractional integral operator of order α > 0 is approximately ( π j ) − α for all large j. In this note we refine this result by obtaining sharp bounds for the singular values and use these bounds to show that the jth singular value is ( π j ) − α [ 1 + O ( j −1 ) ] .
Variability in Field Response of Peanut Genotypes from the U.S. and China to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus and Leaf Spots

Abstract Tomato spotted wilt, caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and transmitted by thrips, and early leaf spot and late leaf spot are among the most important diseases of peanut in the southeastern United States. The objective of this study was to compare field susceptibility of diverse peanut lines to TSWV and leaf spot pathogens for selection of lines for mapping population development. In field trials in 2007 and 2008, 22 genotypes were evaluated for reactions to TSWV and leaf spots. Early leaf spot was the predominate pathogen in both years. There was a near-continuous range of spotted wilt from 18% to 79% for the total incidence rating with any symptoms caused by TSWV. In general, NC94022, ‘Georganic’, C689-6-2, ‘Georgia-01R’, C724-19-25, TifGP-1, C11-154-61, C12-3-114-58, and ‘Tifguard’ were among the most resistant genotypes to TSWV, whereas GT-C20, GT-C9 and PE-2 were the most susceptible. Final percentage of defoliation by leaf spots ranged from 10% to 97% for both years. Genotypes C689-...
Semiclassical perturbation theory for atom scattering from surfaces with defects

Presented here is an extension of semiclassical perturbation theory (SCP) to gas–surface scattering incorporating surface defect sites with the restriction that the defects be diffuse enough such that they have no direct interaction. The formalism is applied to a corrugated surface with atoms missing, modeling a nearly complete layer of atoms adsorbed on a metal surface. The results show the redistribution of the Bragg intensities to a continuum of momentum transfers about the former peaks.
Individual differences and intergroup bias: Divergent dynamics associated with prejudice and stereotyping

Abstract Although the study of intergroup bias has attracted substantial empirical interest within personality and social psychology, distinctions among types of bias, primarily prejudice and stereotyping, are often not fully considered. However, stereotyping and prejudice are conceptually and empirically distinct phenomena. We investigated how individual-difference variables distinctively predict stereotyping and prejudice, and examined the differential antecedents, dynamics, and consequences of these forms of intergroup bias. Personal Need for Structure predicted stereotyping, and Right-Wing Authoritarianism and intergroup contact predicted prejudice. In addition, stereotyping and prejudice had divergent dynamics with perceptions of out-groups’ entitativity (i.e., out-groups’ perceived unity, coherence, and internal organization). Specifically, entitativity mediated the relationship between Personal Need for Structure and stereotyping. In contrast, prejudice mediated the relationships of both Right-Wing Authoritarianism and intergroup contact with entitativity. Implications for theory and research on the predictors and dynamics of intergroup bias are discussed.
Room-Temperature Deformation Luminescence in Alkali Halides

Emission of light by crystals mechanically deformed at room temperature after $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ irradiation at 35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C has been studied. Spectra of several alkali halides were measured, and the intensity of the luminescence investigated in relation to $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ dose, strain, and strain rate. The deformation luminescence (DL) intensity becomes nearly constant beyond a certain value of plastic strain, and varies as a fractional power of the strain rate. Coloration, bleaching, annealing, and other studies show that the DL is related to $F$ and $M$ centers but also depends upon the presence of another, unidentified center.
Recent declines in PAH, PCB, and toxaphene levels in the northern Great Lakes as determined from high resolution sediment cores.

Sediment cores were collected from two sites in Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan in May 1998, dated using 210Pb geochronology, and analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and toxaphene. The extraordinarily high sediment focusing and accumulation rates in these cores relative to other Great Lakes sediments allowed quantification of high-resolution temporal trends in the burial of hydrophobic organic contaminants. The focus-corrected accumulation rate of total PCBs (sum of 105 congeners) in 1998 was 0.50 ng/cm2-year at both sites. Toxaphene and total PAH (t-PAH; sum of 33 compounds) surficial accumulations varied at each site and ranged from 0.08 to 0.41 ng/cm2-year for toxaphene and 25 to 52 ng/cm2-yr for t-PAHs at the two sites. The maximum t-PAH accumulation rate was in sediment dated from 1942, and PAH accumulation decreased from 1942 to 1980 with a first-order rate of decline 0.017 yr-1. Both toxaphene and t-PCB accumulations peaked in sediment d...
The thermostability of an α-helical coiled-coil protein and its potential use in sensor applications

Coiled-coil proteins are assemblies of two to four alpha-helices that pack together in a parallel or anti-parallel fashion. Coiled-coil structures can confer a variety of functional capabilities, which include enabling proteins, such as myosin, to function in the contractile apparatus of muscle and non-muscle cells. The TlpA protein encoded by the virulence plasmid of Salmonella is an alpha-helical protein that forms an elongated coiled-coil homodimer. A number of studies have clearly established the role of TlpA as a temperature-sensing gene regulator, however the potential use of a TlpA in a thermo-sensor application outside of the organism has not been exploited. In this paper, we demonstrate that TlpA has several characteristics that are common with alpha-helical coiled-coils and its thermal folding and unfolding is reversible and rapid. TlpA is extremely sensitive to changes in temperature. We have also compared the heat-stability of TlpA with other structurally similar proteins. Using a folding reporter, in which TlpA is expressed as a C-terminal fusion with green fluorescent protein (GFP), we were able to use fluorescence as an indicator of folding and unfolding of the fusion protein. Our results on the rapid conformational changes inherent in TlpA support the previous findings and we present here preliminary data on the use of a GFP-TlpA fusion protein as temperature sensor.
Managing the Transatlantic Gap: The Rise of Spain

Among the many frustrations hampering cooperation between Western allies is the transatlantic gap in defense capabilities. Many analysts find little reason for hope that the gap might close in the near future due to the growing differential in aggregate defense spending between the U.S. and Europe. In recent years, however, Spain set an intriguing precedent for small states entering the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU). Defying economies of scale, Spain used progressive institutions at domestic and international levels along with creative geopolitics to engage both the U.S. and traditional powers in Europe. The result was that Spain, without dramatic increases in defense spending, still managed to narrow the transatlantic gap along vital dimensions. These included increased participation in the development of high-technology defense and aerospace systems as well as a stronger, independent voice in global affairs.
Contribution of passive properties of muscle-tendon units to the metacarpophalangeal joint torque of the index finger

The passive joint behavior in the human hand is the result of passive properties of the muscle-tendon units (MTUs) and the elasticity of the soft tissues across the joint. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relative contribution of the MTUs to the net passive torque of the index finger metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint in flexion and extension. We developed mathematical models to explicitly determine the passive contributions of the seven MTUs to the MCP joint torque. We then compared the computed MTU passive torque to the net passive torque derived from data collected from human subjects. The results show that the MTU properties did not produce the greatest contribution to the the total passive joint torque, especially, at the extremities of the range of motion are dues to factors such as the soft joint tissues. Also, the extrinsic MTUs produced much higher passive joint torques compared to the intrinsic MTUs, and the intrinsic MTUs presented small counterbalance to the net MTU torque in extension. The revelation that most of the net passive joint torque is due to the joint tissue and not due to the MTU elasticity is important for understanding the human hand controls, and also for designing the next generation of robotic hands.
The bacteriophage T4 dexA gene: sequence and analysis of a gene conditionally required for DNA replication

We have cloned and sequenced a bacteriophage T4 EcoRI fragment that complements T4 del (39-56) infections of an optA defective Escherichia coli strain. Bacteria containing this recombinant plasmid synthesize two new proteins with molecular weights of 9 and 26 kilodaltons. We have identified the gene encoding the 26 kilodalton protein as essential for T4 infections of optA defective E. coli. Genetic and biochemical results are consistent with the identification of this protein as the product of the dexA gene, which encodes a 3' to 5' exonuclease.
Breast cancer is associated with an increase in the activity and expression of cholinephosphotransferase in rats.

Abstract Aim The present study aims to establish that cholinephosphotransferase (CPT), the terminal enzyme for the de novo biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), can be used as a biomarker for breast cancer in an animal model. Main methods Breast cancer was induced by intragastric administration of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in rats. The activity and expression of CPT were compared between normal breast tissues and breast tumors. To establish possible mechanistic model, we looked into other enzymes of PC biosynthesis as well as c-fos protein expression and DNA binding. Key findings CPT enzyme activity and its expression were significantly higher in breast cancer tissues relative to normal breast tissues. Corresponding to the increase in the CPT activity and its expression, c-fos activity and its expression were also increased in breast tumors. Significance The present study suggests that increased CPT activity and expression is associated with DMBA-induced breast cancer development.
Isomer separation by a hollow fiber contained liquid membrane permeator

Abstract Continuous separation of different isomeric mixtures of organic compounds has been studied in laboratory scale by means of a hollow fiber contained liquid membrane permeator (HFCLMP). An aqueous liquid membrane based on cyclodextrin (CD) was successfully employed to separate two different typical equimolar isomeric mixtures present in an organic feed solution; the permeate phase employed the same organic solvent without any of the isomers. The first mixture was that of the structural isomers p-nitroaniline (p-NA) and o-nitroaniline (o-NA) in 80% n-octanol – 20% n-heptane used as the organic solvent. For a once-through operation, the selectivity for p-NA over o-NA was found to be almost 5 (∼4.6) at a concentration of 0.7 M β-CD; a 50–50 feed mixture was treated to yield a permeate stream mixture of 82–18 in favor of p-NA. The performance was stable. The second mixture employed stereoisomers, cis-stilbene and trans-stilbene, using liquid membranes having 0.02–0.2 M β-CD concentration. The maximum selectivity of cis-stilbene over trans-stilbene achieved in this separation was always less than 2, whereas pure water was selective for trans-stilbene over cis-stilbene.
Actin polymerization in differentiated vascular smooth muscle cells requires vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein

Our group has previously shown that vasoconstrictors increase net actin polymerization in differentiated vascular smooth muscle cells (dVSMC) and that increased actin polymerization is linked to co...
Cyclophosphamide as a chemical "defleecing" agent for sheep.

SHEEP shearing is becoming more of a problem because of the shortage of experienced shearers in many areas. An alternative and easier procedure for removing wool would be useful to the sheep rancher whether his operation is small or large.
A semiconductor nanobridge biosensor for electrical detection of DNA hybridization

In this paper, the modeling, fabrication and optimization of the proposed nanobiosensor for detection of biomolecules such as DNA hybridization has been studied and different advantages and disadvantages of such a device are discussed. This paper outlines how the modulation of impedance in a novel silicon nanobridge (nanowire) biosensor can be used in characterizing biochemical species such as a antibodies/antigens or for detection of a particular DNA sequence hybridization. The array of biosensors fabricated from a SOI wafer with the thickness of 50 nm are studied and simulations are carried out using the TCAD simulator (MEDICI) softwares.
PROMOTION OR RETARDATION OF THE GROWTH OF ADENINE AUXOTROPHS OF CANDIDA ALBICANS BY PURINES, PYRIMIDINES AND NUCLEOSIDES,

A study has been made of the growth responses to purine and pyrimidine metabolites shown by sixteen ultraviolet-induced adenine requiring mutants ofCandida albicans blocked at early stages in purine biosynthesis. The salient findings establish that, inC. albicans, (1) the pathway for the conversion of adenine to guanine is not reversible, (2) exogenous nucleotides are not utilized, and the purine and pyrimidine components of exogenous nucleosides must be converted to the free base form before utilization and (3) cytosine and guanine competitively inhibit different steps in the utilization of exogenous adenine.
Statistical study of the effect of solar wind dynamic pressure fronts on the dayside and nightside ionospheric convection

[1] Over the past few years, the prominent role of solar wind dynamic pressure in enhancing dayside and nightside reconnection and driving-enhanced ionospheric convection has been documented by both ground and spaceborne instruments. For a previous case study of an abrupt increase in solar wind dynamic pressure, Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) measurements of plasma convection within the dayside polar ionosphere revealed an immediate enhancement of plasma convection. The convection enhancement variation closely follows the variation in solar wind pressure. The dayside enhancement was followed by a nightside convection increase about 40 min later, which has similar variation characteristics as seen on the dayside. We now use SuperDARN flow measurements during a large number of solar wind pressure enhancements to conduct a superposed epoch analysis of the effects of solar wind pressure fronts on the dayside and nightside ionospheric convection. The results for the dayside show an increase of convection for nearly all interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz values. The response is more pronounced and immediate (within minutes) for southward IMF, with a duration of 20–30 min. The response time scales increase to 5–10 min for northward IMF, and the enhanced flows last for 30–50 min. We also find a significant enhancement of nightside convection, particularly for small values of IMF By, that follows about 10–15 min after the dayside response and can last for 40–50 min.
To Shape a Plant—The Cytoskeleton in Plant Morphogenesis

How different tissue and organ morphologies are reproducibly achieved is among the oldest questions in the study of developmental biology. Because plant cells are constrained by their cell walls and cannot migrate, plant morphology is generated by coordinately regulating the directions in which
Training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Psychiatry Residency: An Overview for Educators

In January 2001, Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education accredited general psychiatry training programs were charged with the requirement to train residents in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to a level of competence. Programs were given the responsibility to delineate standards for trainees, to determine measures of competence, and to provide remediation for deficiencies in performance. Effective education in CBT in general and child and adolescent psychiatry residency training can be more successful when educators understand the barriers to implementation of empirically supported therapies (ESTs). Robust training programs in CBT must take into account cultural barriers to psychotherapy training and the educational demands placed on residents in adult and child and adolescent psychiatry. Resources for training and evaluation materials are available to training directors and teachers.
Culture, serotonin receptor polymorphism and locus of attention

The present research examined the interaction between genes and culture as potential determinants of individuals' locus of attention. As the serotonin (5-HT) system has been associated with attentional focus and the ability to adapt to changes in reinforcement, we examined the serotonin 1A receptor polymorphism (5-HTR1A). Koreans and European Americans were genotyped and reported their chronic locus of attention. There was a significant interaction between 5-HTR1A genotype and culture in the locus of attention. Koreans reported attending to the field more than European Americans, and this cultural difference was moderated by 5-HTR1A. There was a linear pattern such that those homozygous for the G allele, which is associated with reduced ability to adapt to changes in reinforcement, more strongly endorsed the culturally reinforced mode of thinking than those homozygous for the C allele, with those heterozygous in the middle. Our findings suggest that the same genetic predisposition can result in divergent psychological outcomes, depending on an individual's cultural context. Language: en
Automatic vehicle location system selection

With the advent of commercial automatic location systems that have the potential of improving the management of mobile unit operations, law enforcement agencies are expressing a growing interest in the use of technology to improve their responsiveness to community needs, to enhance patrolman safety, and to provide data for the evaluation of operational strategies. When employed in police operations, an automatic vehicle location system becomes one element of the overall police system. The characteristics of such overall operations, the planned uses for the location system and even the city layout and topography influence system parameters and must be afforded consideration in the selection process. This paper describes the relationships between operational requirements and system performance parameters and identifies the technical and administrative factors that should be considered in the selection and deployment of cost-effective automatic vehicle location systems.
A cladistic analysis of Asarum (Aristolochiaceae) and implications for the evolution of herkogamy.

A cladistic analysis of Asarum was conducted to examine relationships among species within the genus and to test the monophyly of several groups of taxa that have often been treated as segregate genera. Thirty-two species were drawn from throughout the range of the genus, representing a broad sample of sections and all segregate genera. The data matrix included 37 characters derived from various aspects of vegetative and floral morphology. A strict consensus of all most parsimonious trees suggests that Asarum s.l. is monophyletic and consists of two main clades: an Asarum clade, which is characterized by connate styles and inferior ovaries, and an Asiasarum-Hexastylis-Heterotropa clade, which is characterized by ridges on the inner perianth surface, dorsal stigmas, and bifid style extensions. The latter is a large and morphologically diverse clade that includes the North American segregate Hexastylis and two Asiatic segregates. Examination of pollination mechanisms in the context of this phylogeny supports the conclusion that herkogamy, and thus obligate insect pollination, is derived from a plesiomorphic condition of autonomous self-pollination. Associated with herkogamy are characters such as glandular trichomes and other ornamentation of the surface of the calyx that probably represent increased specialization to attract insect pollinators. This study also indicates that chromosomal evolution has occurred via aneuploid decrease from an ancestral chromosome number of 2n = 26 to 2n = 24 in Heterotropa. The recognition of two subgenera, subgenus Asarum and subgenus Heterotropa, corresponding to the two clades in the cladistic analysis, is recommended.
Preventability of Cancer: The Relative Contributions of Biologic and Social and Physical Environmental Determinants of Cancer Mortality

Whereas models of cancer disparities and variation in cancer burden within population groups now specify multiple levels of action from biologic processes to individual risk factors and social and physical contextual factors, approaches to estimating the preventable proportion of cancer use more traditional direct models often from single exposures to cancer at specific organ sites. These approaches are reviewed, and the strengths and limitations are presented. The need for additional multilevel data and approaches to estimation of preventability are identified. International or regional variation in cancer may offer the most integrated exposure assessment over the life course. For the four leading cancers, which account for 50% of incidence and mortality, biologic, social, and physical environments play differing roles in etiology and potential prevention. Better understanding of the interactions and contributions across these levels will help refine prevention strategies.
A supervised approach to the construction of context-sensitive acoustic prototypes

The authors describe a supervised approach to the construction of context-sensitive acoustic prototypes for use in speech recognition systems using allophonic subword hidden Markov models (HMMs). A properly fine partition of the underlying acoustic space(s) is achieved by incorporating contextual supervision to relate the HMM allophonic models to their acoustic manifestations. By decoupling the overall procedure into a clustering phase followed by a pruning phase, it becomes possible to uncover satisfactorily once and for all the general interrelationships between various acoustic subevents, while customizing the acoustic prototypes themselves according to the available training data. This makes for a more efficient utilization of the training sentences, as evidenced by a substantial reduction in the error rate with respect to a baseline system not taking advantage of supervision. The performance of this method is illustrated on an isolated utterance speech recognition task with a vocabulary of 20000 words. >
The Interactive Nature of Computing: Refuting the Strong Church---Turing Thesis

The classical view of computing positions computation as a closed-box transformation of inputs (rational numbers or finite strings) to outputs. According to the interactive view of computing, computation is an ongoing interactive process rather than a function-based transformation of an input to an output. Specifically, communication with the outside world happens during the computation, not before or after it. This approach radically changes our understanding of what is computation and how it is modeled. The acceptance of interaction as a new paradigm is hindered by the Strong Church---Turing Thesis (SCT), the widespread belief that Turing Machines (TMs) capture all computation, so models of computation more expressive than TMs are impossible. In this paper, we show that SCT reinterprets the original Church---Turing Thesis (CTT) in a way that Turing never intended; its commonly assumed equivalence to the original is a myth. We identify and analyze the historical reasons for the widespread belief in SCT. Only by accepting that it is false can we begin to adopt interaction as an alternative paradigm of computation. We present Persistent Turing Machines (PTMs), that extend TMs to capture sequential interaction. PTMs allow us to formulate the Sequential Interaction Thesis, going beyond the expressiveness of TMs and of the CTT. The paradigm shift to interaction provides an alternative understanding of the nature of computing that better reflects the services provided by today's computing technology.
Planned patterns of strategic behavior and their relationship to business-unit performance†

This study examined the moderating role of planning sophistication on the strategy-performance relationship in 97 manufacturing firms representing 60 different industries. Cluster analysis was used to group the firms according to their strategic orientation. Five groups emerged. Significant differences in performance across selected groups were found establishing a ‘baseline’ strategy-performance relationship. Strategic orientations emphasizing product innovation or those incorporating ‘efficiency’ and ‘differentiation’ patterns of strategic behavior were associated with significantly higher performance levels than two other groups. The nature of each firm's planning process was then introduced via a two-way ANOVA procedure to determine if ‘process sophistication’ moderated the strategy-performance ‘baseline’. Level of planning sophistication was found to significantly moderate the previously established strategy-performance baseline.
Massive Mitochondrial Degeneration in Motor Neurons Triggers the Onset of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Mice Expressing a Mutant SOD1

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) involves motor neuron degeneration, skeletal muscle atrophy, paralysis, and death. Mutations in Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are one cause of the disease. Mice transgenic for mutated SOD1 develop symptoms and pathology similar to those in human ALS. To understand the disease mechanism, we developed a simple behavioral assay for disease progression in mice. Using this assay, we defined four stages of the disease in mice expressing G93A mutant SOD1. By studying mice with defined disease stages, we tied several pathological features into a coherent sequence of events leading to motor neuron death. We show that onset of the disease involves a sharp decline of muscle strength and a transient explosive increase in vacuoles derived from degenerating mitochondria, but little motor neuron death. Most motor neurons do not die until the terminal stage, approximately 9 weeks after disease onset. These results indicate that mutant SOD1 toxicity is mediated by damage to mitochondria in motor neurons, and this damage triggers the functional decline of motor neurons and the clinical onset of ALS. The absence of massive motor neuron death at the early stages of the disease indicates that the majority of motor neurons could be rescued after clinical diagnosis.
When Is Four Far More Than Three? Children’s Generalization of Newly Acquired Number Words

What is the relationship between children’s first number words and number concepts? We used training tasks to explore children’s interpretation of number words as they acquired the words’ meanings. Children who had mastered the meanings of only the first two or three number words were systematically provided with varied input on the next word-to-quantity mapping, and their extension of the newly trained word was assessed across a variety of test items. Children who had already mastered number words to three generalized training on four to new objects and nouns, such that their representation of the newly learned number was approximate. In contrast, children who had mastered only one and two learned to apply three reliably within a single count-noun context (e.g., three dogs), but did not generalize training to new objects labeled with different nouns (e.g., three cows). Both findings suggest that children fail to map newly learned words in their counting routine to the fully abstract concepts of natural n...
Solution NMR methods for quantitative identification of chemical exchange in 15N-labeled proteins

Chemical exchange phenomena in NMR spectra reveal protein motions on microsecond to millisecond time scales that are associated with biological functions, including catalysis, ligand binding, allosteric conformational changes and protein folding. This review surveys solution NMR methods for identifying chemical exchange in proteins by measuring transverse relaxation rate constants for backbone 15N spins. The relaxation-compensated-IzSz and in-phase Hahn echo methods are suitable for small- to medium-sized proteins. The transverse relaxation optimized spectroscopy method is suitable for large, deuterated proteins. Differential multiple quantum relaxation is also a signature of chemical exchange and provides unique information about exchange processes. The various methods are illustrated by application to basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and triosephosphate isomerase. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Providing location information in a ubiquitous computing environment (panel session)

To take full advantage of the promise of ubiquitous computing requires the use of location information, yet people should have control over who may know their whereabouts. We present an architecture that achieves these goals for an interesting set of applications. Personal information is managed by User Agents, and a partially decentralized Location Query Service is used to facilitate location-based operations. This architecture gives users primary control over their location information, at the cost of making more expensive certain queries, such as those wherein location and identity closely interact. We also discuss various extensions to our architecture that offer users additional trade-offs between privacy and efficiency. Finally, we report some measurements of the unextended system in operation, focusing on how well the system is actually able to track people. Our system uses two kinds of location information, which turn out to provide partial and complementary coverage.
Estimating Regression Models in Which the Dependent Variable Is Based on Estimates

Researchers often use as dependent variables quantities estimated from auxiliary data sets. Estimated dependent variable (EDV) models arise, for example, in studies where counties or states are the units of analysis and the dependent variable is an estimated mean, proportion, or regression coefficient. Scholars fitting EDV models have generally recognized that variation in the sampling variance of the observations on the dependent variable will induce heteroscedasticity. We show that the most common approach to this problem, weighted least squares, will usually lead to inefficient estimates and underestimated standard errors. In many cases, OLS with White’s or Efron heteroscedastic consistent standard errors yields better results. We also suggest two simple alternative FGLS approaches that are more efficient and yield consistent standard error estimates. Finally, we apply the various alternative estimators to a replication of Cohen’s (2004) cross-national study of presidential approval.
Diversification of the monoterpene synthase gene family (TPSb) in Protium, a highly diverse genus of tropical trees.

Plant monoterpenes are a diverse class of secondary metabolites mediating biotic and abiotic interactions with direct effects on plant fitness. To evaluate the hypothesis that monoterpene diversity is related to functional diversification after gene duplication, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of monoterpene synthases (TPSb) – the genes underlying monoterpene synthesis – in Protium, a taxonomically and chemically diverse genus of tropical trees. We isolated multiple copies of TPSb genes from chemically divergent Protium species, reconstructed the phylogeny of this gene family, used maximum-likelihood estimation of selection coefficients, and inferred residues evolving under positive selection. We found evidence for one ancient and multiple more recent duplication events giving rise to three, and potentially five, copies of TPSb genes currently present in Protium. There was evidence for adaptive evolution in one copy with a positively selected residue likely involved in protein folding and product specificity. All other copies were inferred to be evolving under a combination of stabilizing and/or relaxed selection. Although gene copy number is consistent with the extensive phenotypic diversity in monoterpenes shown in Protium, selection analyses suggest that not all copies are undergoing divergent selection consistent with a coevolutionary arms race with enemies, but instead may be under stabilizing and relaxed selection consistent with signaling or physiological stress functionality.
Competitive Injury and Non-Exclusive Patent Licensees

The article proposes a new damages remedy, lost royalties damages, that permits patentees to recover for competitive injury to their non-exclusive licensees. Economic considerations may lead a patentee, not to practice the patented invention, but to license on a non-exclusive basis. In this situation, formal rules of standing and damages deny recovery for competitive injury from infringers. Non-exclusive licensees do not suffer legally cognizable injuries from infringement and, therefore, do not have standing to recover damages. Patentees have standing, but may recover lost profits only when their own sales are diverted. Because a non-producing patentee does not have sales, lost profits damages are not available. The non-producing patentee is thus relegated to a reasonable royalty, a measure of damages that may, and likely will, be less than lost profits damages. The proposed damages remedy accords with the broad statutory goal of compensating patentees for infringement as well as the Federal Circuit’s stated openness for damage measures other than lost profits or a reasonably royalty. The proposed lost royalties damages would, if adopted by courts, permit patentees to recover royalties that non-exclusive licensees would have paid, “but for,” the infringement.
Mapping urban areas by fusing multiple sources of coarse resolution remotely sensed data

The main objective of this research is to improve understanding of the methodological and validation requirements for mapping urban land cover over large areas from coarse resolution remotely sensed data. A technique called boosting is used to improve supervised classification accuracy and provides a means to integrate MODIS data with the DMSP nighttime lights data. Results indicate that fusion of these two data types improves urban classification results by resolving confusion between urban and other classes that occurs when either of the data sets is used alone. Traditional measures of accuracy assessment as well as new, maplet-based methods demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology for creating maps of cities at continental to global scales.
PI3K pathway alterations in cancer: variations on a theme

The high frequency of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway alterations in cancer has led to a surge in the development of PI3K inhibitors. Many of these targeted therapies are currently in clinical trials and show great promise for the treatment of PI3K-addicted tumors. These recent developments call for a re-evaluation of the oncogenic mechanisms behind PI3K pathway alterations. This pathway is unique in that every major node is frequently mutated or amplified in a wide variety of solid tumors. Receptor tyrosine kinases upstream of PI3K, the p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K, the downstream kinase, AKT, and the negative regulator, PTEN, are all frequently altered in cancer. In this review, we will examine the oncogenic properties of these genetic alterations to understand whether they are redundant or distinct and propose treatment strategies tailored for these genetic lesions.
Robotic technology integration for army ground vehicles

This paper will discuss the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center's (TARDEC's) four (4) axis strategy for integration of robotics into the legacy, interim and objective forces. At the cornerstone of this strategy is the R&D effort concentrating on autonomous perception and navigation, intelligent tactical behavior, command and control, and man-robot interface entailed in the Demo III and Robotic Follower programs. Smart Manned Systems will focus on a systems engineering approach for robotic solutions into the interim force (Vetronics Technology Testbed and Crew integration & Automation Testbed). In the near-term, application of robotics to the legacy force will be achieved through adapting commercial automation technologies, which address military requirements. Finally, Intelligent Mobility will investigate improving intrinsic platform mobility to lessen the burden on robotic sensing performance. The ultimate goal of this strategy is to advance the robotics technology state of the art to achieve off-road full autonomous operations for military systems in support of the objective force.