cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain and Hepatic Mt mRNA Is Reduced in Response to Mild Energy Restriction and n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Deficiency in Juvenile Rats.

Metallothioneins (MTs) perform important regulatory and cytoprotective functions in tissues including the brain. While it is known that energy restriction (ER) and dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency impact postnatal brain growth and development, little data exist regarding the impact of undernutrition upon MT expression in growing animals. We tested the hypothesis that ER with and without dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency reduces MT expression in juvenile rats. ER rats were individually pair-fed at 75% of the ad libitum (AL) intake of control rats provided diets consisting of either soybean oil (SO) that is α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) sufficient or corn oil (CO; ALA-deficient). Fatty acids (FA) and metal concentrations of liver and brain regions were analyzed. Tissue expression of MTs (Mt1-3) and modulators of MT expression including glucocorticoid receptors (Nr3c1 and Nr3c2) and several mediators of thyroid hormone regulation (Dio1-3, Mct8, Oatp1c1, Thra, and Thrb) were measured. Plasma corticosterone and triiodothyronine levels were also evaluated. ER, but not metal deficiency, reduced Mt2 expression in the cerebellum (50%) and cerebral cortex (23%). In liver, a reduction in dietary n-3 PUFA reduced Mt1, Mt2, Nr3c1, Mct8, and Thrb. ER elevated Nr3c1, Dio1, and Thrb and reduced Thra in the liver. Given MT’s role in cellular protection, further studies are needed to evaluate whether ER or n-3 PUFA deficiency may leave the juvenile brain and/or liver more susceptible to endogenous or environmental stressors.
Personnel Preparation in Transition Education

The importance of providing access to high-quality, evidence-based transition education activities for students with disabilities cannot be overstated. Such activities may include a transition curriculum offered in the elementary years through graduation; integration of transition education themes and concepts into core academic content at the secondary level; and a data-driven transition plan that is collaboratively developed, implemented, and monitored by a multidisciplinary team, including students and their families (Bullis, 2013; Gothberg, Peterson, Peak, & Sedaghat, 2015; Luecking & Luecking, 2015; Papay, Unger, Williams-Diehm, & Mitchell, 2015; Shaw & Dukes III, 2013).
Back to the Future of Land Use Regulation

This essay is a slightly modified version of the remarks delivered at the 14th Annual Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Conference in Williamsburg, Virginia in October 2017. As always, I bring you greetings from the land of Midkiff, the land of Kaiser Aetna. The jurisdiction in which the legislature thought it was a good idea to try and drive gasoline prices lower by adopting a rent control statute for certain gas stations on the theory that the station owners would naturally pass on the savings to consumers. As you recall, the United States Supreme Court in Lingle held that this scheme should not be analyzed under the Just Compensation Clause, but under the Due Process Clause. The Court concluded that as a question of due process and government power, Hawaii’s scheme survived the rational basis test, even though in reality—and predictably—the statute did not come anywhere close to accomplishing what it purportedly set out to accomplish: Hawaii continues to have some of the highest gasoline prices in the nation, thank you very much. I raise all this both as an introduction to my remarks and as background for our panel, “The Future of Land Regulation and Tribute to David Callies.” But before we can talk about land use law’s future, we must delve into its past. Because the rational basis test, which we have now seen over the years inexorably creep into takings and eminent domain law—had its genesis as we all know, in zoning and land use law. Today, I’ll focus on two cases, one old, one new.
Beyond Piecemeal Polypectomy: EMR and ESD

Increasing utilization of colonoscopy and improvements in colon cancer screening modalities have led to increased detection of advanced adenomas and early-stage colon cancers. In the USA, many large, laterally spreading adenomatous colon polyps and early-stage colon cancers detected at the time of colonoscopy have traditionally been referred for surgical resection. However, with the advent and widespread adoption of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) over the past decade, endoscopic management of these lesions has increasingly provided a cost-effective and less invasive treatment. Nevertheless, EMR is challenging for lesions that demonstrate a non-lifting sign due to malignant submucosal invasion, fibrosis, or prior manipulation. EMR is also less suitable for polyps that may contain carcinoma since it often removes larger lesions in a piecemeal fashion, which results in difficulty to assess lateral and deep margins and significant rates of lesion persistence or recurrence. These EMR shortcomings have led in recent years to increased utilization of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for removal of colonic lesions (mainly in Asia, where ESD was invented in the late 1990s for resection of early gastric cancer). ESD offers high en bloc, R0 curative resection rates for lesions that contain carcinoma and/or demonstrate poor lifting due to fibrosis or prior manipulation including very large lesions. ESD also compares favorably to hybrid resection techniques such as combined endo-laparoscopic surgery (CELS) for colonic lesions and surgical resection techniques such as transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) for rectal lesions. Unfortunately, adoption of ESD in the Western world has been relatively slow due to reimbursement and training barriers. We review here indications, techniques, and outcomes of EMR and ESD including comparative data between these two techniques and surgical techniques.
Upper body fat predicts metabolic syndrome similarly in men and women

Background The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risk factors including dyslipidemia, dysglycemia, hypertension, a pro-inflammatory state, and a prothrombotic state. All of these factors are accentuated by obesity. However, obesity can be defined by body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, or by body fat distribution. The latter consists of upper body fat (subcutaneous and visceral fat) and lower body fat (gluteofemoral fat). Waist circumference is a common surrogate marker for upper body fat. Methods Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 1999-2006 was examined for associations of metabolic risk factors with percent body fat, waist circumference, and BMI. Results Associations between absolute measures of waist circumference and risk factors were similiar for men and women. The similarities of associations between waist circumference and risk factors suggests that greater visceral fat in men does not accentuate the influence of upper body fat on risk factors. Conclusions Different waist concumference values should not be used to define abdominal obesity in men and women.
Thread/paper‐ and paper‐based microfluidic devices for glucose assays employing artificial neural networks

This paper describes the fabrication of and data collection from two microfluidic devices: a microfluidic thread/paper based analytical device (μTPAD) and 3D microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD). Flowing solutions of glucose oxidase (GOx), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and potassium iodide (KI), through each device, on contact with glucose, generated a calibration curve for each platform. The resultant yellow-brown color from the reaction indicates oxidation of iodide to iodine. The devices were dried, scanned, and analyzed yielding a correlation between yellow intensity and glucose concentration. A similar procedure, using an unknown concentration of glucose in artificial urine, is conducted and compared to the calibration curve to obtain the unknown value. Studies to quantify glucose in artificial urine showed good correlation between the theoretical and actual concentrations, as percent differences were ≤13.0%. An ANN was trained on the four-channel CMYK color data from 54 μTPAD and 160 μPAD analysis sites and Pearson correlation coefficients of R = 0.96491 and 0.9739, respectively, were obtained. The ANN was able to correctly classify 94.4% (51 of 54 samples) and 91.2% (146 of 160 samples) of the μTPAD and μPAD analysis sites, respectively. The development of this technology combined with ANN should further facilitate the use of these platforms for colorimetric analysis of other analytes.
Elite swimmers do not exhibit a body mass index trade-off across a wide range of event distances.

There is a trade-off reflected in the contrasting phenotypes of elite long-distance runners, who are typically leaner, and elite sprinters, who are usually more heavily muscled. It is unclear, however, whether and how swimmers' bodies vary across event distances from the 50 m swim, which is about a 20–30 s event, to the 10 000 m marathon swim, which is about a 2 h event. We examined data from the 2012 Olympics to test whether swimmers’ phenotypes differed across event distances. We show that across all swimming event distances, from the 50 m sprint to the 10 000 m marathon, swimmers converge on a single optimal body mass index (BMI) in men's and women's events, in marked contrast with the strong inverse relationship between BMI and event distance found in runners. The absence of a speed–endurance trade-off in the body proportions of swimmers indicates a fundamental difference in design pressures and performance capability in terrestrial versus aquatic environments.
Separation Energies of Nucleon Pairs

In order to study the implications for nuclear structure of the data on nuclear masses, the separation energies of neutron and proton pairs have been plotted in various ways. S 2n is used to designate the separation energy of a neutron pair and is given here only for even-N nuclei. S 2p designates the separation energy of a proton pair and is given only for even-Z nuclei. Thus the pair separation energies presented always pertain to two nucleons in the same orbit.
Complications of circumcision.

SUMMARY In summary, there are multiple complications that can occur following circumcision, ranging from the insignificant to the tragic. Virtually all of these complications are preventable with only a modicum of care. Unfortunately, most such complications occur at the hands of inexperienced operators who are neither urologists nor surgeons. However, it usually will fall to the urologist to consult in the management of these complications and to repair such problems as they arise.
Modernity's myth of facts: Emile Durkheim and the politics of knowledge

Any campaign to alter conventional patterns of political education presupposes an account of its subject. This is so in a twofold sense because each such initiative entails a characterization of the knowledge whose cause it promotes as well as a representation of the agents who are to be constituted by it. It is, accordingly, specification of the desired relationship between subject as content and subject as vehicle that informs the practice whose purpose is to tranform the abstractions of theory into the effective habits of acting agents.
V. S. Naipaul and the Worlds of Postcolonial Realism

V. S. Naipaul’s career as a novelist, travel writer, and journalist presents a case study for exploring the links between realist form and the global imagination as they evolve over a 60-year perio...
Adolescent Mediators of Unplanned Pregnancy among Women with and without Childhood ADHD

We aimed to identify adolescent mediators of the significant and sizable link between childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and later unplanned pregnancy in our prospectively fo...
The Protective Influence of Relationship Commitment on the Effects of Facebook Addiction on Marital Disaffection

Previous research has suggested that Facebook use can lead to adverse romantic relationship outcomes due to interpersonal conflicts, interactions with potential romantic alternatives, and jealousy....
Collaboration between early intervention and child welfare agencies: a survey of State Part C coordinators

The 2003 reauthorization of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) mandated that state child welfare systems conduct developmental screening with all children under the age of three. ...
Chapter 7 – Antidepressants

Depression is defined as a mental disorder characterized by general emotional dejection and withdrawal, sadness greater and more prolonged than that warranted by an objective reason, extreme gloom, feelings of inadequacy, and an inability to concentrate. Depression is associated with impaired balance of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors are used as antidepressants. This chapter describes the syntheses of the antidepressants included in the list of Top 200 Drugs by sales for the 2010s.
Abstract 367: The role of A20 - Cdc20 axis promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in triple negative breast cancer

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a higher mitotic index compared to other types of breast cancer yet Ki-67 values are still being used, despite an unclear mechanism. Here we found that the gene Cell-Division Cycle 20 (CDC20), an essential mitotic factor, was highly expressed in TNBC cell lines by using a NCBI GEO database. CDC20 was also negatively correlated with TNBC metastasis and recurrence. CDC20 deficiency results in the decreasing of TNBC cancer cell growth and migration, and mitosis inhibitors blocked TNBC cancer cells growth and metastasis. Interestingly, CDC20 stability is regulated by tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3 /A20). CDC20 expression show positive correlation with A20 in TNBC patient samples but not HR positive or HER2 breast cancer patients. A20 deficiency also inhibits cell migration and invasion through the decreasing of CDC20 protein level. Our findings uncover a critical role of the A20-CDC20 axis in tumor growth and metastasis of TNBC and suggest A20 or CDC20 is a novel therapeutic target in TNBC. Citation Format: Chaeun Song. The role of A20 - Cdc20 axis promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 367.
Management of Giant Sacral Pseudomeningocele in Revision Spine Surgery.

ABSTRACT Background: Giant pseudomeningoceles are an uncommon complication of spine surgery. Surgical management and extirpation can be difficult, and guidelines remain unclear. Methods: Here, we present a 56-year-old female patient with a history of grade III L5–S1 spondylolisthesis who was treated with 2 prior spine surgeries. The patient was treated with bone grafting for pseudarthrosis and instrumentation from L4 to ilium. After unsuccessful intraoperative and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid drainage and dural repair, the patient presented to the emergency room with debilitating positional headaches. Results: The patient underwent dural repair with bovine pericardial patch inlay sutured with 7-0 prolene, blood patch, and a dural sealant. Plastic surgery performed a layered closure, using acellular dermal matrix over the dural closure. The bilateral paraspinal flaps were advanced medially to cover the entirety of the acellular dermal matrix, and the fasciocutaneous flaps were then advanced to the midline for a watertight closure. At 3-month follow-up, the patient was headache free and had returned to her activities of daily living. Conclusions: We conclude that early consultation with plastic surgery can be greatly beneficial to effectively extirpate dead space and resolve giant sacral pseudomeningoceles, especially if there is concern of persistent cerebrospinal fluid leakage due to relatively immobile avascular soft tissue as a result of prior revision surgery.
Deep Learning for Nanoscale Arbitrary Meta-element Robustness

Optical metasurface designs often suffer performance degradations originating from the fabrication process due to manufacturing uncertainties. Therefore, a critical need exists for designs which incorporate robustness, but this is typically intractable during optimization due to the large number of function evaluations required. Nevertheless, by augmenting the process with a deep learning intermediate step, the speed of function evaluations can be greatly accelerated, enabling robustness to be directly optimized during the inverse design process rather than as an a posteriori step applied after the fact. A deep learning assisted robustness framework is introduced for application to nanophotonic meta-element design.
Breast MRI in the setting of DCIS: quality trials are still needed to determine its value

• Existing evidence suggests that preoperative breast MRI does not improve treatment outcomes for DCIS. • The quality of the available data used to answer this question is poor. • Quality randomized controlled trials are needed to definitively assess the benefits and harms of preoperative MRI in the setting of DCIS.
Comparing the effects of palmitate, insulin, and palmitate-insulin co-treatment on myotube metabolism and insulin resistance

Previous studies have shown various metabolic stressors such as saturated fatty acids (SFA) and excess insulin promote insulin resistance in metabolically meaningful cell types (such as skeletal muscle). Additionally, these stressors have been linked with suppressed mitochondrial metabolism, which is also a common characteristic of skeletal muscle of diabetics. This study characterized the individual and combined effects of excess lipid and excess insulin on myotube metabolism and related metabolic gene and protein expression. C2C12 myotubes were treated with either 500 μM palmitate (PAM), 100 nM insulin (IR), or both (PAM-IR). qRT-PCR and western blot were used to measure metabolic gene and protein expression, respectively. Oxygen consumption was used to measure mitochondrial metabolism. Glycolytic metabolism and insulin-mediated glucose uptake were measured via extracellular acidification rate. Cellular lipid and mitochondrial content were measured using Nile Red and NAO staining, respectively. IR and PAM-IR treatments led to reductions in p-Akt expression. IR treatment reduced insulin mediated glucose metabolism while PAM and PAM-IR treatment showed increases with concurrent reductions in mitochondrial metabolism. All three treatments showed suppression in mitochondrial metabolism. PAM and PAM-IR also showed increases in glycolytic metabolism. While PAM and PAM-IR significantly increased lipid content, expression of inflammatory and lipogenic proteins were unaltered. Lastly, PAM-IR reduced BCAT2 protein expression, a regulator of BCAA metabolism. Both stressors independently reduced insulin signaling, mitochondrial function, and cell metabolism, however, only PAM-IR co-treatment significantly reduced the expression of regulators of metabolism not seen with individual stressors, suggesting an additive effect of stressors on metabolic programming.
Sudden death due to leukostasis in a subject with undiagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Sudden death due to leukostasis and lymphocyte thrombi in patients with chronic hematologic malignancies is rare. Leukostasis is characterized by highly elevated leukemic cell count and decreased tissue perfusion symptoms, leading to severe complications and even death. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder that shows a highly heterogeneous clinical course, ranging from indolent form to very aggressive disease. Due to its low metabolic and mitotic rate, there is a lower incidence of clinically significant leukostasis in patients with CLL. Two main theories have been proposed in the development of leukostasis: (1) increased blood viscosity due to large leukemic cell populations; (2) high metabolic activity and cytokine production by leukemic cells. Both mechanisms lead to local hypoxic damage.We present a case of a 70-year-old man who died suddenly in the absence of symptoms. Autopsy and histology examinations revealed findings consistent with CLL and diffuse leukostasis involving the major organs' vessels.In the presence of gross and/or microscopic findings suggesting a potential hematologic malignancy, undiagnosed or relapsing hematologic malignancies should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sudden deaths.
The community mathematics project: Using a parent tutoring program to develop sense-making skills in novice mathematics educators

Programs that provide underserved populations with access to high-quality mathematics through workshops, clubs, and classroom observations (Civil, Stoehr, & Salazar, 2019; Civil & Bernier, 2006; Diaz-Palomar, Menendez, & Civil, 2011; Jimenez-Castellanos, Ochoa, & Olivos, 2016; Muir, 2011, 2012; Quintos, Civil, & Bratton, 2019) are vital. The community mathematics project (CMP) is one such program that takes a holistic approach to transforming mathematics education. Through partnerships with local institutions, the CMP pairs a prospective teacher (PT) with a parent for online mathematics tutoring sessions. This study describes how PTs in the CMP supported parents’ mathematics development of sense-making (Odden & Russ, 2017) in mathematics by providing relevant tasks, employing multiple strategies, using virtual manipulatives, and questioning in one–one-one tutoring sessions. Findings suggest that this type of field experience with an explicit focus on a sense-making approach supported PTs in learning mathematics, engaging in partnerships with parents and members of the community, and attending broader issues of social contexts of learning. Further, PTs attended to individual considerations such as sequencing and scaffolding, relevancy of the content, task development, and building towards common mathematical practices. Finally, onsite coaching and tutoring experiences were formative in developing essential skills for teaching mathematics in elementary school in the following areas: content and pedagogical content knowledge, development of core pedagogical practices, funds of knowledge approaches and collaboration with families, and dispositions toward (teaching) mathematics such as reframing mistakes, emphasis on sense-making, and co-construction of knowledge.
Supporting Sociodramatic Play in Preschools to Promote Language and Literacy Skills of English Language Learners.

English language learners are often at risk for communication and language delays—crucial elements in the foundation of early literacy skills. Studies have shown that preschool children involved in sociodramatic play demonstrate greater proficiency and interest in language development and reading. The manuscript shares evidence-based strategies to support early literacy skills for English language learners during sociodramatic play during center times in a preschool routine. Specific environmental adaptations and adult interventions that teachers can use in their preschool classrooms to facilitate play that encourages early literacy skills are described.
A Mathematical Model for Thermal Analysis of Thin Strip Casting of Low Carbon Steel

A thermal analysis of thin strip steel casting has been conducted for planar flow casting. For a given strip thickness, the interface heat transfer coefficient, h i , has the most significant influence on average cooling rate ξ avg (C/sec) and local solidification time t f . As a result, h i affects the as-cast structure and its properties. However, other factors such as melt superheat and initial substrate temperature have distinct but smaller effects on ξ avg and t f . In addition, a decreasing h i makes initial isotherm movement slower and increases the delay time needed for the formation of certain types of segregation. Owing to a variation of local solidification time t f (because of cooling from one side only) there is a likely gradient of microstructure across the thickness resulting in property variation through the steel strip thickness
Complex block codes with low cross-correlation spectrum for synchronous CDMA systems

Since the identification of block codes (sequences) that maximize the sum capacity (SC) of the symbol-synchronous CDMA (S-CDMA) channel with energy constraints, there has been significant research interest in designing such codes. On the other hand, current CDMA systems that focus on low error probability for each user deploy codes with low cross-correlation spectrum, which is not guaranteed by the codes maximizing sum capacity. In this paper we study the design of complex codes that maximize the sum capacity but also exhibit low cross-correlation spectrum. The newly designed codes over N-PSK symbols compare favorably with lower bounds on the maximum cross-correlation.
Recent Progress On Essentially Non-Oscillatory Shock Capturing Schemes

In this talk we discuss the construction of efficient implementation of ENO (essentially non-oscillatory) schemes approximating systems of hyperbolic conservation laws of the type: $${u_t} + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^d {{f_i}} {\left( u \right)_{{x_i}}} = 0{\text{ (or = g(u,x,t) a forcing term)}}$$ (1a) $$u\left( {x,\left. 0 \right)} \right. = {u^0}\left( x \right)$$ (1b) where u = (u1 , ... , um) T , x = (xl, x2, ... , x d ), and, for real ξ = (ξ1,..., ξ d ), the combination \(\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^d \xi \frac{{\partial {f_i}}}{{\partial u}}\) always has m real eigenvalues and a complete set of eigenvectors. We use the notations xJ = J • Δx, tn = nΔt, and use u J n to denote the computed approximation to the exact solution u(xJ,t) of (1). We use bold face letters for vectors and plain letters scalars.
Healthcare for All: Ensuring States Comply with the Equal Protection Rights of Legal Immigrants

Noncitizens lawfully residing in the United States are considered a “discrete and insular minority” in equal protection jurisprudence. Foreclosed from meaningful political participation because of an inability to vote, this population is frequently the target of budget cuts in an economic downturn when legislators struggle to preserve benefits for their voting constituents. Recently, Massachusetts and New Jersey dealt with looming deficits by eliminating many legal permanent residents’ eligibility for state-funded health insurance programs. Each state relied on provisions in the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, federal legislation that purports to allow individual states to discriminate against legal immigrants in state-funded social welfare programs. This Note concludes that states like Massachusetts and New Jersey cannot adopt a federal classification scheme excluding newly arrived legal immigrants from their respective state-funded healthcare programs without running afoul of the Equal Protection Clause. First, Massachusetts and New Jersey’s state-funded healthcare programs are unrelated to, and thus not justified by, federal immigration policy. Second, federal legislation cannot authorize individual states to circumvent strict scrutiny review by the courts. Moreover, it is economically unwise for a state to exclude its “citizens in waiting” from cost-effective, accessible healthcare, despite the federal government’s decision to do so.
Volumetric Data Reduction in a Compressed Sensing Framework

In this paper, we investigate compressed sensing principles to devise an in-situ data reduction framework for visualization of volumetric datasets. We exploit the universality of the compressed sensing framework and show that the proposed method offers a refinable data reduction approach for volumetric datasets. The accurate reconstruction is obtained from partial Fourier measurements of the original data that are sensed without any prior knowledge of specific feature domains for the data. Our experiments demonstrate the superiority of surfacelets for efficient representation of volumetric data. Moreover, we establish that the accuracy of reconstruction can further improve once a more effective basis for a sparser representation of the data becomes available.
Better Semantics for the Pure Logic of Ground

Philosophers have spilled a lot of ink over the past few years exploring the nature and significance of grounding. Kit Fine has made several seminal contributions to this discussion, including an exact treatment of the formal features of grounding [Fine, 2012a]. He has specified a language in which grounding claims may be expressed, proposed a system of axioms which capture the relevant formal features, and offered a semantics which interprets the language. Unfortunately, the semantics Fine offers faces a number of problems. In this paper, I review the problems and offer an alternative that avoids them. I offer a semantics for the pure logic of ground that is motivated by ideas already present in the grounding literature, and for which a natural axiomatization capturing central formal features of grounding is sound and complete. I also show how the semantics I offer avoids the problems faced by Fine’s semantics. Philosophers have spilled a lot of ink over the past few years exploring the nature and significance of grounding. Grounding is supposed to be a certain relation of dependence and determination among facts. This relation is linked with a certain kind of explanation. It is targeted by the sort of explanations we give sometimes when we say that some facts obtain in virtue of other facts and when we ask what makes something the case. When, for instance, ethicists ask what makes murder wrong, epistemologists ask what makes my belief that I have hands justified, chemists ask what makes alcohol miscible in water, and physicists ask what makes gravity so weak, they are asking after the worldly conditions on which the facts in question depend, and by which they are determined.
Biodegradative mechanism of the brown rot basidiomycete Gloeophyllum trabeum: evidence for an extracellular hydroquinone-driven fenton reaction

We have identified key components of the extracellular oxidative system that the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum uses to degrade a recalcitrant polymer, polyethylene glycol, via hydrogen abstraction reactions. G. trabeum produced an extracellular metabolite, 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone, and reduced it to 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone. In the presence of 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone, the fungus also reduced extracellular Fe3+ to Fe2+ and produced extracellular H2O2. Fe3+ reduction and H2O2 formation both resulted from a direct, non-enzymatic reaction between 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone and Fe3+. polyethylene glycol depolymerization by G. trabeum required both 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone and Fe3+ and was completely inhibited by catalase. These results provide evidence that G. trabeum uses a hydroquinone-driven Fenton reaction to cleave polyethylene glycol. We propose that similar reactions account for the ability of G. trabeum to attack lignocellulose.
Fast-ion energy loss during TAE avalanches in the National Spherical Torus Experiment

Strong toroidal Alfven eigenmode (TAE) avalanches on NSTX, the National Spherical Torus Experiment (Ono et al 2000 Nucl. Fusion 40 557) are typically correlated with drops in the neutron rate in the range 5–15%. In previous studies of avalanches in L-mode plasmas, these neutron drops were found to be consistent with modelled losses of fast ions. Here we expand the study to TAE avalanches in NSTX H-mode plasmas with improved analysis techniques. At the measured TAE mode amplitudes, simulations with the ORBIT code predict that fast ion losses are negligible. However, the simulations predict that the TAE scatter the fast ions in energy, resulting in a small (≈5–6%) drop in fast ion β. The net decrease in energy of the fast ions is sufficient to account for about 50% of the drop in neutron rate, redistribution for ≈40%, and fast ion losses account for only ≈10%. This loss of energy from the fast ion population is comparable to the estimated energy lost by damping from the Alfven wave during the burst. The previously studied TAE avalanches in L-mode are re-evaluated using an improved calculation of the potential fluctuations in the ORBIT code near the separatrix.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Interfacial Flows: Implicit Sharp-Interface Method (I-SIM)

In recent work (Nourgaliev, Liou, Theofanous, JCP in press) we demonstrated that numerical simulations of interfacial flows in the presence of strong shear must be cast in dynamically sharp terms (sharp interface treatment or SIM), and that moreover they must meet stringent resolution requirements (i.e., resolving the critical layer). The present work is an outgrowth of that work aiming to overcome consequent limitations on the temporal treatment, which become still more severe in the presence of phase change. The key is to avoid operator splitting between interface motion, fluid convection, viscous/heat diffusion and reactions; instead treating all these non-linear operators fully-coupled within a Newton iteration scheme. To this end, the SIM’s cut-cell meshing is combined with the high-orderaccurate implicit Runge-Kutta and the “recovery” Discontinuous Galerkin methods along with a Jacobian-free, Krylov subspace iteration algorithm and its physics-based preconditioning. In particular, the interfacial geometry (i.e., marker’s positions and volumes of cut cells) is a part of the Newton-Krylov solution vector, so that the interface dynamics and fluid motions are fully-(non-linearly)-coupled. We show that our method is: (a) robust (L-stable) and efficient, allowing to step over stability time steps at will while maintaining high-(up to the 5th)-order temporal accuracy; (b) fully conservative, even near multimaterial contacts, without any adverse consequences (pressure/velocity oscillations); and (c) highorder-accurate in spatial discretization (demonstrated here up to the 12th-order for smoothin-the-bulk-fluid flows), capturing interfacial jumps sharply, within one cell. Performance is illustrated with a variety of test problems, including low-Mach-number “manufactured” solutions, shock dynamics/tracking with slow dynamic time scales, and multi-fluid, highspeed shock-tube problems. We briefly discuss preconditioning, and we introduce two physics-based preconditioners – “Block-Diagonal” and “Internal energy-Pressure-Velocity Partially Decoupled”, demonstrating the ability to efficiently solve all-speed flows with strong effects from viscous dissipation and heat conduction.
Synthesis of carbon-14 labelled C19-steroids

The carbon-14 labelled steroids, androsterone-4-14C, isoandrosterone-4-14C, 5α-androstanedione-4-14C, 5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol-4-14C, and 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol-4-14C were synthesized from dihydrotestosterone-4-14C for use in studies of steroid metabolism.
Comment on `The bronze chime bells of the Marquis of Zeng: Babylonian biophysics in Ancient China' by E. G. McClain

Study of the bells and other instruments uncovered in the fifth century BC tomb of the Marquis Yi of Zeng promises a contribution to the fields of history of science, technology, and culture of such magnitude that it should command the attention of experts in many fields around the world. Professor McClain makes this observation himself in an addendum to his article, circulated privately under the title ‘Some personal observations of Chinese bells, with special attention to interiors’. ‘Babylonian biophysics’ is the first technical article on the bells by a non-Chinese writer that has garnered the interest of the Chinese. Huang Xiangpeng of the Central Academy of Music, a key researcher on the bells who is cited by McClain, plans to have the article translated into Chinese for distribution in China to musico1ogists.t I began writing this article in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, site of the ancient state of Zeng. I have had the pleasure of making two study visits to the Hubei Provincial Museum, where the bells are now on display. The director of the museum, Professor Tan Weisi, is co-author of one of the key articles cited by McClain, analyzing the musical properties of the upper tier bells, especially McClain’s Ib and Ic, the two sets on the west wall upper tiers. Writing on the subject of tuning systems with Tan is Feng Guangsheng, a young scholar of musicology with whom I have also had the pleasure of discussing the bells and their tunings. Chen Zhongxing is director of the preservation department and is in charge of making replicas of the bells. Ordinarily, the availability of replicas would not be exciting, but there are two extraordinary things about these. First, the appearance of the replicas, even under close scrutiny, is impressive. They are visually indistinguishable from the authentic set. But the acoustical properties of the replicas are even more astonishing. The museum claims that both the lower
Anth. Lat. 24. 3 (Riese)

R. Renehan's ingenious solutions to the problems of Symphosius 42. 1 and Anth. Lat. 207 in this journal (n.s. 31 (1981), 471 f.) are much to be welcomed. On the other hand, I do not think that his defence of the manuscript reading in Anth. Lat. 24. 3 marcent post rorem violae, rosa perdit odorem holds water. Taking rorem as = rorem marinum he explains that ‘the poet is not presenting us with a piece of botanical information about the relative seasons of the violet and rosemary; he means rather that all flowers wither and fade’. Actually, however, the poet on this showing does present information; and whether the information is botanically correct or not (I am not enough of a botanist to know), that is an odd way to make his point. Stranger still is his choice of rosemary out of all the fading flowers of field and garden. It was bound to be I misunderstood. As Renehan indicates, ros = ros marinus is supported only by Virg. Georg. 2. 212–13, where the identity has been doubted, and Plin. HN 24. 100, where ex rore supra dicto refers back to ros marinum in 99. Renehan may well be the first reader not to take rorem as dew. And an evergeen shrub (see Shorter Oxford English Dictionary) makes a singularly unfortunate illustration of floral decay, even though the shrub does produce a flower. Pliny classes it with herbs (19. 187; cf. 24. 99 ros marinum dictum est. duo genera eius: alterum sterile, alterum cui et caulis et semen rosinaceum, quod cachrys vocatur).
Induced Master Motion in Force-Reflecting Teleoperation

Telerobotic systems have persistently struggled to provide users with realistic force feedback; high-frequency contact transients convey important information about the remote environment but are typically attenuated to avoid the contact instability they incite. This undesirable behavior can be traced to high-frequency induced master motion, movement of the master device that is caused by force feedback rather than user intention. Such motion is interpreted as a position command to the slave, closing an internal control loop that is unstable under high gain. This paper examines the phenomenon of induced master motion in position-force teleoperation, presenting a new approach for achieving stable, high-gain force reflection using model-based cancellation. Requirements for the model of the induced motion dynamics and methods for its characterization are described, focusing on successive isolation of inertial and connecting elements. The sixth-order nonlinear model obtained for a one-degree-of-freedom user-master system is validated and then tested in a cancellation controller. Canceling high-frequency induced master motion during teleoperation is shown to improve the stability of impacts, allowing significantly higher force reflection levels and a more authentic user experience.
Integrated Management of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Ischemic Heart Disease: PCI, CABG, and Medical Therapy

Modern coronary revascularization strategies are based on studies performed in the 1970s and 1980s that compared coronary artery bypass surgery with standard medical therapy available at the time. Studies comparing surgical and percutaneous revascularization followed, demonstrating similar long-term outcome among thousands of randomized patients. The largest of these trials, the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI), cast doubt on the generalizability of these findings to all subgroups, finding that patients with diabetes mellitus and multivessel disease had worse long-term outcome with an initial strategy of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Indeed, patients with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, while the benefit of standard therapies in these patients is attenuated by the underlying metabolic abnormalities and significant comorbidities associated with the diabetic state. However, surgical and percutaneous revascularization techniques continue to evolve. Similarly, modern medical therapy is markedly superior to that available during these early studies, with demonstrable benefit in primary and secondary prevention of vascular events in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Ongoing trials will define the impact of current treatment modalities in this important and growing population.
{Privacy, privacidad, Приватност} policies in social media: providing translated privacy notice

As online social media have become a global phenomenon, popular sites have been translated into many languages. However, since many social media sites rely on crowdsourced translation, privacy-critical pages are not always translated into all languages in which the sites are offered. In this paper, we examine whether or not privacy settings, privacy policies, and terms of service pages have been translated into each language available on five popular, global social networks: Facebook, Flickr, Google+, LinkedIn, and Twitter. We find large differences across sites in the availability of translated privacy pages. Some sites, such as Google+, offer privacy pages in a range of languages. In contrast, Facebook and Twitter's privacy policies have been fully translated for only 14-15% of the languages in which the sites are offered. Since "notice" is a core principle of privacy, we argue that social media users who don't speak English are not afforded complete privacy rights. We further assert that it should be the responsibility of the social networks, not the crowd, to ensure that privacy information is fully translated.
Nucleophilic addition to coordinated allyl ligands: heteroatom nucleophiles with cationic molybdenum complexes

Abstract The addition of the heteronuclear anions (methoxide, hydride, alkylnitronate and mercaptide) to a series of π-allylmolybdenum cations related to η5-C5H5Mo(CO)(NO)(η3-allyl)+ was examined. In each case, the adducts derived from nucleophilic attack at the terminus of the coordinated allylic group were isolated. Thiophenolate was found to add to the cyclooctenyl analogue to produce only one stereoisomer in high yields. The coordinated phenyl 3-cyclooctenyl sulfide was also converted stereospecifically to a single isomeric sulfoxide with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. Such a chiral oxidation of a sulfide to a sulfoxide is compared with the rather unselective sulfoxidation of the free phenyl 3-cyclooctenyl sulfide by the same reagent. The stereospecificity is analyzed in terms of steric features inherent of allyl sulfides coordinated to an optically active metal center.
A World Without Standards

This issue of IEEE Design & Test of Computers is all about standards. Each of the papers makes an excellent argument why a particular standard is important and what benefits can be achieved by adopting the standard. As engineers we deal with standards a lot, but, like the air, I don't think we often stop to think of their pervasiveness. The real value of standards for design description is not in defining where the semicolons go, but in solving abstraction problems in the standard so that each tool developer doesn't have to.
BECOMING A RACIST Women in Contemporary Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazi Groups

This article examines how women members of contemporary U.S. racist groups reconcile the male-oriented agendas of organized racism with understandings of themselves and their gendered self-interests. Using life history narratives and in-depth interviews, the author examines how women racial activists construct self-understandings that fit agendas of the racist movement and how they reshape understandings of movement goals to fit their own beliefs and life experiences. This analysis situates the political actions of women racists in rational, if deplorable, understandings of self and society.
Changing relative frequency of cancers of the colon and rectum in the United States

This reports an investigation of the changing relative frequency of cancers of the colon and rectum between 1940 and 1962 from data submitted to the End Results Group sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. A consistent and substantial increase in the magnitude of the ratio of colon to rectal cancer was observed. The ratio of colon/rectum age-adjusted incidence rates for New York and Connecticut showed similar trends. This changing colon/rectum ratio seems to reflect an increased incidence of colonic cancer. The percentage distribution for the End Results Group “analytic” cases showed little change in the proportion of cases assigned to the sigmoid colon during the period of greatest increase in the colon/rectum ratio. From these data it appears very unlikely that this increase is a result of changing criteria in the assignment of digestive tract cancers to the various sub-sites. Changes which have resulted in the decreased incidence and mortality from stomach cancer in the United States may be related to the increase in intestinal cancer.
Targeting pediatric cancer stem cells with oncolytic virotherapy

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also termed “cancer-initiating cells” or “cancer progenitor cells,” which have the ability to self-renew, proliferate, and maintain the neoplastic clone, have recently been discovered in a wide variety of pediatric tumors. These CSCs are thought to be responsible for tumorigenesis and tumor maintenance, aggressiveness, and recurrence due to inherent resistance to current treatment modalities such as chemotherapy and radiation. Oncolytic virotherapy offers a novel, targeted approach for eradicating pediatric CSCs using mechanisms of cell killing that differ from conventional therapies. Moreover, oncolytic viruses have the ability to target specific features of CSCs such as cell-surface proteins, transcription factors, and the CSC microenvironment. Through genetic engineering, a wide variety of foreign genes may be expressed by oncolytic viruses to augment the oncolytic effect. We review the current data regarding the ability of several types of oncolytic viruses (herpes simplex virus-1, adenovirus, reovirus, Seneca Valley virus, vaccinia virus, Newcastle disease virus, myxoma virus, vesicular stomatitis virus) to target and kill both CSCs and tumor cells in pediatric tumors. We highlight advantages and limitations of each virus and potential ways in which next-generation engineered viruses may target resilient CSCs.
Living and Controlled Polymerization of Isobutylene with Alkylaluminum Halides as Coinitiators

The living polymerization of isobutylene (IB) coinitiated by dimethylaluminum chloride (Me2AlCl) was reinvestigated in hexanes/CH3Cl 60/40 (v/v) solvent mixture at −80 °C in the presence and absence of a proton trap, 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (DTBP). Termination and chain transfer were not detected in either case. The polymerization, however, was much slower in the presence of DTBP. Experiments carried out at varied DTBP concentrations confirmed that DTBP does not interact with the Lewis acid or with carbocations and its role is to scavenge protic impurities. The large difference in the polymerization rate in the presence and absence of proton trap was attributed to the different nature of the true coinitiator, Me2AlCl, in the presence of DTBP and MeAlCl2 (or more likely methylaluminum sesquichloride), a stronger Lewis acid that could be present as an impurity or may form by the reaction of Me2AlCl with protic impurities (e.g., HCl), in the absence of DTBP. Polymerizations employing Me2AlCl or MeAlCl2 sep...