cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free Exercise, Inc.: A New Framework for Adjudicating Corporate Religious Liberty Claims

Do corporations deserve religious liberty protection? This question came to the forefront in the series of contraception mandate cases leading to a circuit split and the controversial Supreme Court decision in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. This Note looks past that debate to the actual potential effects of business regulation on individuals, and develops a framework for considering corporate religious liberty claims that account for those individual burdens. Part I provides the relevant background information to understand the contraception mandate issue that led to Burwell. Part II then demonstrates that regulatory burdens that fall on secular, for-profit corporations can nonetheless burden their individual owners by putting them to the choice of either disobeying the dictates of their religion or facing adverse financial consequences. Part II then shows that nothing in corporate law lessens this burden or requires that it be ignored, and points to ambiguities in even the Burwell majority opinion that may prevent courts from properly recognizing and focusing on this important burden. Part III answers the questions left open by the Burwell majority, suggesting a framework for considering which corporations should be able to bring religious liberty rights, aimed at protecting the free exercise of individuals’ religions from the burden of being unable to equally enjoy the benefits of the corporate form without having to violate their religious beliefs.
Global texture and the microwave background.

The metric perturbation produced by a collapsing ``knot'' of global texture in a flat background is calculated. This is used to calculate the energy shift for photons traversing such knots, leading to a prediction for the microwave anisotropy pattern produced in the global-texture scenario for large-scale structure formation. The metric is also used to calculate the velocity field induced in nonrelativistic matter, on scales well inside the horizon. This would produce an early generation of small gravitationally bound objects. At larger scales, the texture field would induce coherent velocity fields on a scale comparable to that seen in galaxy surveys.
Automatic caption localization for photographs on World Wide Web pages

Abstract A variety of software tools index text of the World Wide Web, but little attention has been paid to the many photographs. We explore the indirect method of locating for indexing the likely explicit and implicit captions of photographs. We use multimodal clues including the specific words used, the syntax, the surrounding layout of the Web page, and the general appearance of the associated image. Our MARIE-3 system thus avoids full image processing and full natural-language processing, but shows a surprising degree of success. Experiments with a semi-random set of Web pages showed 41% recall with 41% precision for the task of distinguishing captions from other text, and 70% recall with 30% precision. This is much better than chance since actual captions were only 1.4% of the text on pages with photographs.
The acceptability of psychotropic vs. other medications among a small urban primary care sample

Abstract In a small urban sample of primary care patients, this pilot study was designed to explore attitudes toward various types of medications, comparing psychotropic vs. non-psychotropic types. Sixty-two participants (77% female, 66% African American) completed a two-page survey developed by the authors. Participants were asked “How acceptable would it be to you if a doctor prescribed the following medications?” For analyses, the 12 medications were divided into 3 categories: 1) psychotropic; 2) mixed (medications that could be categorized as either psychotropic or not); and 3) nonpsychotropic. Results indicated that participants rated psychotropic medications as less acceptable than nonpsychotropic medications, which in one of the analyses was more pronounced among female participants. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Prevalence of childhood and adolescent sexual abuse among sex offenders

A simple nonstandardized questionnaire was developed and administered to 150 men convicted of various sexual offenses currently on probation or parole, living in the community, admitting their offenses and attending treatment. The hypothesis that men who engaged in sexual activity as adolescents with women would be at a higher risk of committing statutory rape-type sexual offenses was not substantiated.
X-ray properties of normal galaxies.

In this paper I will first review briefly the results of the X-ray observations of early-type galaxies with the HEAO 2 (Eisnstein) satellite, published in the past ten years. I will then concentrate on more recent results stemming from a systematic re-analysis of the Einstein galaxy database, and I will also report on some very preliminary ROSAT results. Parts of this talk were given at the ESO Elba meeting on early-type galaxies in May 1992 and therefore there is a considerable overlap between this paper and that in the proceedings of that meeting. Some of this material was also reviewed by Fabbiano and Kim (1992) and Fabbiano (1992b).
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE HUMAN THERMAL SYSTEM.

This paper describes a mathematical model developed to simulate the physical characteristics of the human thermal system in the transient state. Physiological parameters, such as local metabolic heat generation rates, local blood flow rates, and rates of sweating, must be specified as input data. Automatic computation of these parameters will be built into the model at a later date when it is used to study thermal regulation in the human.
Risk Zones: Comparative Lesson Drawing and Policy Learning from Flood Insurance Programs

Abstract Risk insurance mechanisms have been proposed as proactive policy options to enhance the resilience of communities for coping with extreme events. Many risk insurance mechanisms require designation of “risk zones” to legalize governmental interventions. After a three-day workshop and ensuing interviews, “wicked” challenges were identified in the designation of risk zones: risk thresholds; land value; damage-reduction; land-use planning; forecast uncertainty; map accuracy; modifiable-areal-unit problem; winners and losers; single versus multiple hazards; and cross-jurisdictional administrative boundaries. A total of 56 peer-reviewed studies are synthesized that evaluate these “wicked” challenges in flood insurance programs and derive deliberative heuristics for designating risk zones in publicly sponsored insurance mechanisms.
Circumcision Revision in Prepubertal Boys: Analysis of a 2-Year Experience and Description of a Technique

Neonatal circumcision may result in an unsightly redundancy of preputial skin, which may cause parents to elect circumcision revision. Redundant residual prepuce becomes stretched or elongated, producing a mushroom-like widening of the distal shaft and preputial skin. The standard sleeve technique for circumcision is not effective for revision in these cases. A 2-year consecutive series of prepubertal boys who underwent circumcision revision is reported and a technique for revision is described.
GaAlAs p-i-n Junction Waveguide Modulators.

The electro-optical effect (Pockels Effect) induced in zincblende structures can be utilized to modify the phase and polarization characteristics of the transmitted light. The III-V group of semiconductors and their ternary and quaternary mixtures represent a particularly important group of zincblende structures because these also provide the most important semiconductor laser materials. The characteristics of different crystal orientations and their possible uses in optical communication systems are reviewed. Polarization modulators are practically interesting devices which can be fabricated from these materials in waveguide form. Possible applications for these - in addition to polarization control - are intensity modulation and optical isolation. Polarization characteristics are analyzed with the help of Jones matrices. An example of a simple polarization modulator is presented and experimental results discussed. A good agreement with theoretical predictions was attained.
Simplified eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation challenge

Abstract A simplified scheme for eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) is described that requires only that a source of dry gas containing 5% CO 2 , 21% O 2 , and 74% N 2 be hyperventilated at 40 L/min or greater. Refrigeration or measurement of end tidal CO 2 is not required. When the ventilation pattern of a standardized treadmill exercise challenge in a group of exercise-sensitive asthmatics breathing dry air was matched according to this EVH procedure, the magnitude of the resultant bronchospasm and the exclusive nature of the postchallenge refractory period were similar, since patients in both cases were still fully responsive to methacholine. It is concluded that such an EVH challenge may be used to reproduce the bronchial heat and water fluxes that occur with exercise challenge as well as the consequential challenge-specific refractoriness that follows.
3D imaging provides a high-resolution, volumetric approach for analyzing biofouling

A volumetric approach for determining the fouling burden on surfaces is presented, consisting of a 3D camera imaging system with fine (5 μm) resolution. Panels immersed in an estuary on the southwest coast of Florida, USA were imaged and the data were used to quantify seasonal changes in the biofouling community. Test panels, which were submerged in seawater for up to one year, were analyzed before and after gentle scrubbing to quantify the biovolume of the total fouling community (ie soft and hard organisms) and the hard fouling community. Total biofouling ranged from 0.01 to 1.16 cm3 cm−2 throughout the immersion period; soft fouling constituted 22–87% of the total biovolume. In the future, this approach may be used to inform numerical models of fluid–surface interfaces and to evaluate, with high resolution, the morphology of fouling organisms in response to antifouling technologies.
Epidemiology of Depressive Mood in Adolescents: An Empirical Study

The epidemiology and correlates of depressive mood were measured in a representative sample of public high school students in New York State and a subsample matched to their parents. Depressive mood was measured by a self-reported scale validated in a clinical sample. Adolescents with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder scored higher than those with other psychiatric diagnoses. In the general adolescent sample, ex differences in depressive mood paralleled those previously reported for adults, with girls scoring higher than boys. Adolescents reported higher depressive mood than their parents, with the differences greater in daughter-mother than in son-father pairs. If judged by mood differences, adolescence was a stressful period in the life cycle. Lowest levels of adolescent depressive mood correlated with high levels of attachment both to parents and to peers. Sex differences in depressive mood in adolescents may be accounted for by masked depression and increased delinquency among boys as compared with girls.
Mesoscale Processes Contributing to Extreme Rainfall in a Midlatitude Warm-Season Flash Flood*

Abstract Observations and numerical simulations are used to investigate the atmospheric processes that led to extreme rainfall and resultant destructive flash flooding in eastern Missouri on 6–7 May 2000. In this event, a quasi-stationary mesoscale convective system (MCS) developed near a preexisting mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) in a very moist environment that included a strong low-level jet (LLJ). This nocturnal MCS produced in excess of 300 mm of rain in a small area to the southwest of St. Louis, Missouri. Operational model forecasts and simulations using a convective parameterization scheme failed to produce the observed rainfall totals for this event. However, convection-permitting simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model were successful in reproducing the quasi-stationary organization and evolution of this MCS. In both observations and simulations, scattered elevated convective cells were repeatedly initiated 50–75 km upstream before merging into the mature MCS and contribu...
Methods of Early Diagnosis and Tracking for Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDDNOS)

The tremendous increase in interest and focus on early intensive interventions for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has resulted in additional emphasis on related topics. Perhaps one of the most important of these is the development of methods of early assessment. Due to the nature of the disorders in the autistic spectrum, two disorders can be assessed early on, autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS). Rett syndrome has a genetic marker, while Asperger syndrome and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder do not become evident until later in childhood. A number of scales (we have identified 22) designed to diagnose autism have been adopted for early identification and other scales have been designed specifically to diagnose children at 18–36 months of age and all are briefly discussed in our review. A more detailed review of the ADI-R, ADOS, CHAT and its variants, and the BISCUIT are provided since these have been the most heavily researched measures at this time.
FINE STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN PROPLASTIDS DURING PHOTODESTRUCTION OF PIGMENTS.

Etiolated bean leaves supplied δ-amino-levulinic acid in the dark synthesize large amounts of protochlorophyllide which is not converted to chlorophyllide upon illumination of the leaves. The fine structure of the proplastids is not affected by the treatment. When leaves containing "inactive" protochlorophyllide are exposed to light of 700 ft-c for 3 hours, they lose practically all their green pigments. During this period large stacks of closed membrane structures are built up in the region of the prolamellar body. These lamellar structures remain even when no or only traces of pigment are left in the leaves. In untreated control leaves the pigment content remained constant during similar illumination and the structural changes in the plastids consisted of a rearrangement of the vesicles from the prolamellar bodies into strands dispersed through the stroma; lamellae and grana formation occurred later.
The future of communication: an essay for the year 2000

The millennium is an opportune time to review the history of communication technology. The startling observation is that most of today’s communication systems and technologies were invented in the nineteenth century. The twentieth century saw mostly the commercial exploitation of these systems and technologies on a grand scale in the developed countries of the world. What this perhaps means is that the opportunity for the twenty‐first century will be to expand and develop communication to less developed countries.
Is Hollywood America? The trans‐nationalization of the American film industry

The American film industry no longer addresses a national audience. Hollywood's domination of international trade has altered its relationship with the domestic market. This study locates and elaborates a postwar disassociation between films and the domestic audience in changing finance and marketing practices. The development in the nineteen seventies of pre‐selling unproduced films to worldwide territories eroded the previous classic Hollywood emphasis on the American viewer. The economic history of this trans‐nationalization is an important clue to the problem of why American films contribute so little to the social fabric.
MDMA/Ecstasy Use Among Young People in Ohio: Perceived Risk and Barriers to Intervention

Abstract In the past several years, the use of MDMA (Ecstasy) has increased substantially in the United States and in many countries around the world. Although this increase has been associated with the dance club and rave scenes, Ecstasy use has expanded into new settings. At the same time, the diversity of people using the drug has also grown. Given the increasing, although unclear, evidence that MDMA has the potential to cause neurotoxicity and various psychological problems under certain conditions among humans, understanding how active users perceive the risks associated with Ecstasy use can help to inform prevention and intervention approaches. Based on audiotaped focus groups and individual interviews conducted with 30 Ecstasy users in Dayton and Columbus, Ohio, this article explores these and other issues. Results demonstrate that beyond the risk of obtaining something potentially deadly instead of MDMA, most users do not associate risks of neurotoxicity or psychological problems with Ecstasy use....
LazyBase: trading freshness for performance in a scalable database

The LazyBase scalable database system is specialized for the growing class of data analysis applications that extract knowledge from large, rapidly changing data sets. It provides the scalability of popular NoSQL systems without the query-time complexity associated with their eventual consistency models, offering a clear consistency model and explicit per-query control over the trade-off between latency and result freshness. With an architecture designed around batching and pipelining of updates, LazyBase simultaneously ingests atomic batches of updates at a very high throughput and offers quick read queries to a stale-but-consistent version of the data. Although slightly stale results are sufficient for many analysis queries, fully up-to-date results can be obtained when necessary by also scanning updates still in the pipeline. Compared to the Cassandra NoSQL system, LazyBase provides 4X--5X faster update throughput and 4X faster read query throughput for range queries while remaining competitive for point queries. We demonstrate LazyBase's tradeoff between query latency and result freshness as well as the benefits of its consistency model. We also demonstrate specific cases where Cassandra's consistency model is weaker than LazyBase's.
Who's supporting space activities? An 'issue public' for US space policy

Abstract Using data from the General Social Survey, this research identifies the issue public of US space policy. Highlighting the need to understand and identify the portion of the public that supports space activities, this study underscores the limited appeal of space for the public as a whole. We find that those who support space activities tend to be younger, male, Republican, and have a higher level of education and socioeconomic status. Because these characteristics make up a relatively small proportion of the American population, those supporting space activities must broaden the appeal of space, making it more accessible and understandable for those with whom the issue does not have much saliency.
Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome

The nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that predisposes to basal cell carcinomas of the skin, ovarian fibromas, and medulloblastomas. Unlike other hereditary disorders associated with cancer, it features widespread developmental defects. Laboratory studies of radiation sensitivity and chromosome instability over the past 20 years have generally yielded negative or inconclusive results. Recently, screening for allelic loss in sporadic and hereditary basal cell carcinomas, hereditary ovarian fibromas, and sporadic medulloblastomas provided evidence for a tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 9q, important in all three tumor types. Demonstration of a chromosome 9q deletion in an unusual patient with this syndrome and genetic linkage studies in large kindreds indicated that the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome gene maps to the exact same location lost in tumors. These data show that tumors arise with homozygous inactivation of the gene and imply that it normally functions as a tumor suppressor. In contrast, hemizygous germ-line mutations lead to multiple congenital anomalies. J Invest Dermatol 103:126S-130S, 1994
Education for technological innovation at the Thayer school

Abstract The Thayer School believes that technological creativity must be a part of graduate engineering education. To implement that belief, in July 1978 INVENTE, an engineering design center, was founded with the following goals: (1) To provide for the student an opportunity to learn engineering by its practice; (2) To involve Industry and its engineers and managers in the teaching process as a source of real engineering problems, for guidance and evaluation of the teaching process and its teachers, and as a source of funds for the support of the School, its students and faculty; (3) To become a facility whereby faculty and student projects based on inventions, developments and entrepreneurial enterprises may be aided to meet the needs for financing, development, marketing, manufacturing, patent search and prosecution, legal guidance, etc., through connections with Industry and other Professional Schools inside or outside Dartmouth. This paper discusses the first two years of INVENTE's experience, the philosophy underlying its goals and the barriers yet to be overcome in achieving them.
Automated storage and retrieval system: a time-tested innovation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the ongoing life cycle of the world's first library Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) at the Oviatt Library at the California State University, Northridge (CSUN). Born from the pilot project at the California State University Chancellor's Office, CSUN's ASRS was inaugurated in 1991 and cost over $2,000,000 to implement. It survived a devastating 6.8 Northridge earthquake and protected the collection housed within. Almost 20 years later the CSUN ASRS underwent a major renovation of hardware. With the changing concept of library as space and the construction of Learning Commons at the Oviatt, the demand for ASRS capacity is higher than ever. Design/methodology/approach – In addition to the history and overview, the paper explores the major aspects of ASRS administration: specifications of storage layout and arrangement of the materials, collection policy for storing materials, communication of retrieval requests and ASRS interface and compatibili...
A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor inducing cancer cell differentiation: Biochemical identification using Xenopus egg extracts

Cellular differentiation is a complex process involving growth arrest, exit from the cell cycle, and expression of differentiated cell-type-specific functions. To identify small molecules promoting this process, a chemical library was screened by using a myeloid leukemic cell line that retained the potential to differentiate in culture. In the presence of a purine derivative, aminopurvalanol (AP), cells acquired phenotypic characteristics of differentiated macrophages and became arrested in the cell cycle with a 4N DNA content. AP also inhibited mitosis in Xenopus egg extracts, suggesting that it acted on an evolutionarily conserved cell cycle regulatory pathway. Affinity chromatography and biochemical reconstitution experiments with Xenopus egg extracts identified cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 1–cyclin B as a target of the compound. Although AP potently inhibited immunoprecipitates of both human CDK1 and CDK2 from human leukemic cell extracts, our results indicate that the compound preferentially targets the G2/M-phase transition in vivo.
Self-grooming and sibling recognition in meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, and prairie voles,M. ochrogaster

Abstract Self-grooming in response to the odours of an opposite-sex conspecific may reflect sexual motivation on the part of the actor. We tested the hypothesis that meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus , and prairie voles, M. ochrogaster , both self-groom at different rates when exposed to the odours of their siblings as compared to those of nonsiblings. This prediction was studied under the context of social memory for siblings and the effects of isolation on memory for siblings. The hypothesis explains the self-grooming responses of meadow voles isolated from their siblings for 10 days and of prairie voles isolated from their siblings for 20 days. However, 20 days of isolation for male and female meadow voles, and 30 days of isolation for male prairie voles were sufficient to induce these animals to self-groom at a similar rate to both sibling and nonsibling odours, suggesting that after isolation these animals no longer recognized their opposite-sex siblings. Female prairie voles isolated for 30 days self-groomed more in response to the odours of male nonsiblings than to those of male siblings, suggesting that female prairie voles still recognize their male siblings after isolation. This study is the first to provide empirical evidence that, in the context of sibling recognition, self-grooming behaviour is directed at unfamiliar opposite-sex conspecifics, and that the communicative function of self-grooming (sexual motivation) is associated with social memory for siblings. Differences in the self-grooming behaviour of meadow voles and prairie voles may be associated with several aspects of their life history characteristics.
Antibodies to ICAM-1 protect kidneys in severe ischemic reperfusion injury

ICAM-1 has been implicated in the pathophysiology of ischemic-reperfusion injury in a number of organs, but its role in mediating severe ischemic-reperfusion injury in the kidney has not been extensively studied. Uninephrectomized Sprague Dawley rats were pretreated with either control monoclonal antibody (mAb) or mAb to ICAM-1 and subjected to 60 min of renal artery occlusion. The serum creatinine, complete blood count and kidney histo-pathological damage scores (PDS) (Scale:0-4) were assessed prior to and 24 hours after ischemia. Mean serum creatinine (mg/dl) 24 hours after ischemia was significantly decreased in the anti-ICAM-1 group (1.38 +/- 0.23, p < 0.001) compared to control (2.87 +/- 0.34). PDS was also reduced in anti-ICAM-1 (2.55 +/- 0.20, p < 0.05) group compared to control (3.35 +/- 0.30). These data demonstrate that blocking ICAM-1 significantly mitigates severe ischemic acute renal failure, findings which may lead to improved therapy for this condition.
Tonogenesis: Analysis and implications☆

Abstract The origin of tones in ‘monosyllabic, isolating’ languages is examined. It is proposed that, while the threat of confusing homophony certainly lies behind the rise of tones to compensate for segmental losses, such a threat is ill defined, and so the state preceding the development of tones is better stated as one in which no further segmental developments are permitted by the sequence structure constraints inherent in the language. Examples are drawn from Chinese, and implications of the revised version of tonogenesis are discussed, among them a new understanding of functional load and ‘drift’. Finally, a tentative principle of linguistic preservation is proposed: morpheme types tend to replace lost canonical positions.
An Investigation into the Relationships between Gender and Language.

The present investigation focused upon the impact of gender and various “powerful” and “less powerful” linguistic features on the communication of unfamiliar male and female college students. Same-sex and mixed-sex dyads were recorded as they engaged in discussions regarding suggestions for a bogus freshman orientation booklet. Although few gender differences were found, the result of a factor analysis yielded three factors: questions, suggestions, and process variables. These factors are consistent with a power perspective in the use of various linguistic features. However, the present findings suggest that gender and power alone cannot explain differences in communication styles. Rather, the results suggest the need to consider other aspects of the speaker to explain differences that occur in the use of language.
IOPin: Runtime Profiling of Parallel I/O in HPC Systems

Many I/O- and data-intensive scientific applications use parallel I/O software to access files in high performance. On modern parallel machines, the I/O software consists of several layers, including high-level libraries such as Parallel netCDF and HDF, middleware such as MPI-IO, and low-level POSIX interface supported by the file systems. For the I/O software developers, ensuring data flow is important among these software layers with performance close to the hardware limits. This task requires understanding the design of individual libraries and the characteristics of data flow among them. In this paper, we propose a dynamic instrumentation framework that can be used to understand the complex interactions across different I/O layers from applications to the underlying parallel file systems. Our preliminary experience indicates that the costs of using the proposed dynamic instrumentation is about 7% of the application execution time.
An unusual case of impalement injury to the urinary bladder

Isolated impalement injury to the urinary bladder is a rare occurrence. We present a case in which the delay in the diagnosis reveals the potential pitfalls in the management of such injuries.
Cyclic hydroxamic acids in dicotyledonous plants

Abstract DIBOA ( 2a ) was identified in Scoparia dulcis (Scrophulariaceae) and in six Acanthaceae species: Acanthus mollis, A. spinosus, Aphelandra aurantiaca, A. squarrosa, Crossandra infundibuliformis and C. pungens . Both Crossandra species contained 7-hydroxyDIBOA ( 2c ), and both Aphelandra species contained its methyl ether, DIMBOA ( 2b ). No hydroxamates were found in 28 species from 19 other genera of Acanthaceae.
Ethnicity and naturalization

Abstract This article examines whether or not ethnicity has an independent effect on the likelihood of immigrant naturalization using the Public Use Microdata Sample [PUMS] data from the 1980 US Census. Ethnic differences in the propensity to become naturalized US citizens were analysed among four panethnic groups and across thirty‐three major ethnic groups. The results point to the continuing significance of ethnicity in the naturalization process. However, the effect of ethnicity is not as strong as the effects of other structural factors. Three hypotheses that attempt to explain ethnic differences in the propensity for naturalization were also tested. The evidence lends strong support to the forced self‐protection hypothesis, but it provides no support for the discrimination hypothesis and the cultural differences hypothesis.
Integration of a curved hybrid waveguide lens and photodetector array in a GaAs waveguide

For the first time, we believe, the integration of a waveguide lens and a photodetector array in GaAs for operation at a 1.3-microm wavelength is reported. The waveguide lens is a newly devised curved hybrid Fresnel/Bragg chirp grating lens fabricated by the ion-million technique. Desirable performance characteristics, including high throughput efficiency, freedom from coma (up to +/-4 deg off axis), and a near-diffraction-limited focal-spot size, have been demonstrated with this curved hybrid lens. The 10-element photodetector array of the InGaAs photoconducting type shows a measured gain-bandwidth product that is higher than 1 GHz at high frequency, while at a lower frequency the gain is in the range of several thousands. The curved-hybrid-lens-photodetector array combination realized in the GaAs 5 x 13 mm(2) in size has produced a well-resolved element spacing of 10 microm with cross talk that is lower than -14 dB. This lens-photodetector array combination constitutes a basc structure for the realization of monolit ic acousto-optic and electro-optic circuits such as integrated-optic rf spectrum analyzers and multiport switches.
Effects of undergoing multiplex genetic susceptibility testing on parent attitudes towards testing their children.

Background Parents may pursue common disease risk information about themselves via multiplex genetic susceptibility testing (MGST) for their children.
A Framework for Design Knowledge Reuse

This paper details a framework for making design knowledge (process and product) available to the product development team by describing architecture and an application prototype for reusing design knowledge. The framework will allow designers to tap into manufacturing methods, engineering principles, company best practices, etc. that drive the design process. It enables the mapping of customer requirements to functional requirements and further mapping to components and assemblies, which ensures product traceability. It enables also to capture, archive and query a full range of design information, which help accelerating the design process. It utilizes past experience to guide designers on what to perform next.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
THE POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF NATIONAL PARKS

Many national parks contain private lands and non-park economic functions that can interfere with management purposes. The number and variety of these "threats" depend on the degree to which the boundary of a new park encloses previously settled lands and economic development. Yellowstone is the only example of a major park established before European American settlement; it is largely free of inholdings and non-park uses. By contrast, Glacier National Park, founded in 1910, and Mojave National Preserve, created in 1994, unavoidably incorporated private lands and previous uses. Despite vigorous National Park Service efforts to eliminate them, many remain, and even those removed have left a landscape legacy. The temporal and spatial relationships shown by these latter parks exemplify those found throughout the national park system and suggest parallels with the political creation of nation-states.
An Effective Method for Modeling Stiction in Multibody Dynamic Systems

This paper presents an effective method for developing dynamic equations which realistically model dynamics of multibody mechanical systems with stiction, or stick-slip friction. This method is used in three examples-a mass-spring system, a top, and a robot linkage-to illustrate the facility with which the method is implemented. The method dynamically partitions sets of dynamic equations to model a system through discontinuities, changes in degrees of freedom and changes in states. Comparisons of this method with others is presented for simple and complex systems.
Player sensitivity to the moments of inertia of a tennis racket

The moments of a tennis racket are defined and the properties of the second moments are discussed. It was found that proficient tennis players can distinguish the swing weight moment of inertia of one racket from another for differences as small as 2.5%. For the polar moment, proficient players require at least a 5% difference in the moments for the rackets to be distinguishable. Since the polar moment is an order of magnitude smaller than the swing moment, players are actually more sensitive to differences in that moment.
Headship succession and household division in three Chinese banner serf populations, 1789–1909

In late imperial China, as many as 10 per cent of all peasants were unfree. The most common form of unfree labour was state populations organized under the Eight Banners, an elite military organization. This article discusses household succession and household division in three such banner populations organized under the imperial household agency (neiwufu).The banner household, called hu in Han Chinese or boigon in Manchu Chinese, was defined by common residence and common consumption. Household members lived together, ate together, and farmed together. They did so, however, on state land as hereditary state peasants, albeit elite peasants. Provided with ample land, their principal functions were to provide the state with agricultural goods, as well as with labour and military service.The Qing state organized the banner household according to two contradictory principles. On the one hand, by encouraging late household division many banner households evolved into large joint households. On the other hand, by enforcing a system of primogenitary household headship and by granting household heads considerable power over the persons and property of all household members, banner households also resembled stem households. This combination of exclusionary headship and inclusionary membership was a source of tension and potential conflict within banner households. The purpose of this article is to compare Daoyi to two other banner populations, Dami and Gaizhou, in order to ascertain if household behaviour in Daoyi was common elsewhere in northeast China. This is of particular interest since our previous reconstruction of social organization in Daoyi, Fate and fortune in rural China: social organization and population behavior in Liaoning, 1774–1873 (1997), revealed a society dominated by multiple-family households sharply stratified by generation, seniority within generation, and gender.Specifically, we compare headship succession and household formation rules among these three populations between 1789 and 1909. The article is divided into three sections. In Section I, we describe the three populations and the household registration system that provides most of our information on them. In Section II, we analyze household structure and the patterns of household transition. Finally, in Section III, we contrast two different rules of headship succession among these populations and discuss the consequent patterns of household division.
The impact of fees on visitation of national parks.

Abstract This study assesses the impact of the change in revenue management policy (namely the increased public land recreation fees) on the number of domestic and international travelers that visit the large, mostly well-known US National Park System sites. Baseline, multivariate demand models were developed based on secondary data from 10 years prior to the fee policy change, and were used to predict demand in years following the fee change. The predictions of the baseline demand models were then compared to the sites’ actual visitation. The differences between the actual and the predicted visitation are statistically significant, indicating that the change in the federal agencies’ revenue management policy might have had an adverse effect on the visitation of the largest US national sites.
Minimum fuel lunar trajectories for a low-thrust power-limited spacecraft

Minimum fuel trajectories from a low Earth parking orbit to a low Moon orbit are obtained for a low-thrust power-limited spacecraft with thrust acceleration levels of the order of 10(exp -3) G. The trajectories are found by matching an Earth spiral to a Moon spirit at some intermediate distance. Results are given for the planar case and for the three dimensional case where the Moon orbit is polar.
Cocaine produces low dose locomotor depressant effects in mice

Cocaine produces several behavioral effects, most notably locomotor stimulation. Biochemically, cocaine is known to inhibit reuptake at the three monoamine transporter sites, and may have highest affinity at the serotonin transporter. Serotonin augmentation has been associated with decreases in behavioral activity, but cocaine has not been reported to produce behavioral depressant effects except at high doses which cause stereotypy and disruption of behavior. This study examined the effects of relatively low doses of cocaine, in the range of 0.1–10 mg/kg, on locomotor activity in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. A biphasic dose-response curve was seen for both strains. At the lowest doses, activity was depressed. As the dose of cocaine increased, activity returned to baseline, and at the highest doses, increases in locomotor activity were found. DBA/2J mice were depressed at a lower dose of cocaine than were C57BL/6J mice; however, C57BL/6J mice showed locomotor depression over a broader range of doses. Activity was maximally depressed at 0.1 mg/kg for DBA/2J mice, and maximally depressed at 0.3 mg/kg for C57BL/6J mice. Thus, low doses of cocaine are shown to produce significant decreases in locomotor activity in two strains of mice. It is postulated that these low doses of cocaine which depress locomotor activity do so via inhibition of serotonin uptake, resulting in potentiation of serotonergic activity.
C-reactive protein increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in human endothelial cells

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory marker which predicts cardiovascular disease. However, it is not fully understood whether CRP has direct effects on endothelial functions and gene expression. The purpose of current study was to determine the effects and molecular mechanisms of CRP on the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in human endothelial cells. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were treated with CRP at clinically relevant concentrations for different durations. PAI-1 mRNA, protein and enzyme activities were studied. The effects of CRP on MAPK p38 phosphorylation was also studied by Bio-Plex luminex immunoassay. In addition, other types of human endothelial cells isolated from umbilical vein, skin, and lung microvessels were tested. CRP significantly increased PAI-1 mRNA levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The protein level and enzyme activity of PAI-1 in the supernatant of CRP-treated HCAEC cultures were significantly increased. Anti-CD32 antibody effectively blocked CRP-induced PAI-1 mRNA expression. In addition, CRP significantly increased CD32 mRNA levels and enhanced phosphorylation of MAPK p38. Furthermore, antioxidant curcumin dramatically inhibited CRP-induced PAI-1 mRNA expression. The effect of CRP on PAI-1 expression was also confirmed in other types of human endothelial cells. In conclusion, CRP significantly increased the expression of PAI-1 in HCAEC and other human endothelial cells. CRP also increased its receptor CD32 expression which may further enhance its action. CRP-induced PAI-1 expression may be mediated by oxidative stress and p38 signal pathway as antioxidant effectively blocks the effect of CRP on HCAEC.
Assessing Follow-up Care After Prostate-Specific Antigen Elevation in American Indian / Alaska Native Men: A Partnership Approach

Background: Although many studies conducted among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations may help to advance medical science and lead to improvements in health and health care, historically few have endeavored to share their findings, benefits, and/or expected outcomes with the communities in which they are conducted. This perceived lack of responsiveness has contributed to a perception in some AI/AN communities that researchers are disrespectful and may not make community needs a priority. Objectives: In the context of a study assessing the care received by AI/AN men with incident elevated prostate- specific antigen (PSA) levels, this paper describes our experi- ence building collaborative relationships, planning, conducting analyses, and disseminating findings with four AI/AN communities. Methods: We established formal partnerships with three Northern Plains AI communities and one AN tribal health organization, convened a 12-member Community Advisory Board (CAB), and obtained study approvals from all necessary tribal and institutional review bodies before implementing our study. A menu of options for study implementation was given to key collaborators at each site. CAB members and collaborating tribes contributed to each phase of the study. After data analysis, results were shared with tribal and institutional leaders. Lessons Learned: Face-to-face communication, flexibility, and adaptability, as well as clearly defined, respectful roles contributed to the success of the study on the part of both the researchers and community partners. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the importance and feasibility of forging collaborative relationships with AI/AN community leaders in regions of Alaska and the Northern Plains in cancer control initiatives for AI/AN men.
Epitaxial Deposition of Silver on Molybdenite.

Abstract Silver was found to deposit epitaxially on molybdenite at substrate temperatures from — 165°C to 625°C. The degree of epitaxy decreased with decreasing substrate temperature with rotations of up to 4°. Regions with hcp-type silver diffraction patterns were observed at low substrate temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of the theory of heterogeneous nucleation.
Behavior therapy—What place in the psychiatric residency?

Abstract Currently, behavior therapy is poorly represented in training programs for psychiatric residents. A rationale for the inclusion of behavior therapy in resident training, and minimal training requirements are presented. Some common misconceptions are discussed. The emphasis which behavior therapy places on reliable measurements is important because it enables the evaluation of many clinical interventions.
Power series evaluation of Zernike covariances for turbulence-induced phase distortions including outer scale and servo lag effects

Mellin transform techniques are applied to develop power series formulas to efficiently evaluate covariances for zernike representations of turbulence-induced phase distortions along a pair of ray paths through the atmosphere from one or several sources at finite or infinite range. The formulas also apply when the phase distortions are temporally filtered by a closed loop adaptive optics system. The power series formulas are developed using an automated computer logic algorithm designed to solve multiple contour integrals in multiple complex planes resulting from the application of Mellin transform techniques. Results are presented for the von Karman turbulence spectrum with a finite outer scale. Amplitude scintillation effects are neglected. The Taylor hypothesis is assumed to model the temporal behavior of the turbulence using either a fixed or random wind profile. The resulting formulas are weighted integrals of the refractive index structure constant Cn2(z), where the weighting functions are power series in from one to six indices depending on the beacons used and the choices made regarding the atmospheric turbulence spectrum and the direction of the wind.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On negative moments of generalized poisson distribution

The negative moments have been used in estimation theory and life testing problems. In this paper we obtain the first inverse moment of a decapitated generalized Poisson distribution of Consul and Jain (1973) and exhibit an application in the estimation of soil micro-organisms.
FABRICATED MAN: THE ETHICS OF GENETIC CONTROL. Paul Ramsey

(1972). FABRICATED MAN: THE ETHICS OF GENETIC CONTROL. Paul Ramsey. The Philosophy Forum: Vol. 12, No. 1-2, pp. 149-157.