cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REJUVENATION OF MELOSIRA GRANULATA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) RESTING CELLS FROM THE ANOXIC SEDIMENTS OF DOUGLAS LAKE, MICHIGAN. I. LIGHT MIGROSCOPY AND 14C UPTAKE 1

Resting cells of Melosira granulate (Ehr.) Ralfs were collected from the anoxic sediments of Douglas Lake, Michigan. Sediment containing M. granulata was inoculated into distilled water and incubated in a growth chamber for one week during which observations were made on the cytological differentiation process. Cells classified as “condensed,” i.e. containing a dark brown cytoplasmic mass were identified as resting cells. The differentiation process consisted of a series of gradual cytological changes that included elongation of the cytoplasmic mass and recognition of definable organelles to the point where the cells were non-distinguishable from water column vegetative cells. Differentiating cells accumulated large polyphosphate and lipid granules. However, these granules disappeared just prior to cell division. The complete differentiation or rejuvenation sequence occurred in some cells in less than 24 h. However, not all dormant cells rejuvenated at the same time and it was observed that the lag period for rejuvenation increased with resting cell age (depth of burial in sediments). In the 14C uptake studies, label was initially observed in condensed state cells. The label gradually progressed to the more differentiated forms. Total carbon uptake during the rejuvenation process was initially lower in the rejuvenating cells, but roughly equal to water column populations after 8 h, indicating a period of high metabolic activity in the rejuvenating cells between 1 and 8 h.
P.5.11 LGMD1D mutations in DNAJB6 disrupt disaggregation of TDP-43

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) facilitate the folding or degradation of misfolded, damaged and aggregated proteins. Disruptions in HSP function may underlie the molecular basis of many degenerative disorders including some myopathies. The pathogenic mechanism of these chaperonopathies is unclear. We recently identified mutations in DNAJB6, an HSP40 co-chaperone, as the cause of a hereditary IBM also named LGMD1D. One feature of LGMD1D muscle is the accumulation of protein inclusions that contain TDP-43. TDP-43 is an RNA binding protein with a prion-like domain (PrLD) that is mutated in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). LGMD1D mutations in DNAJB6 reside within the highly conserved G/F domain. Although the role of the G/F domain in DNAJB6 is unclear, studies in S.cerevisiae, have shown that the homologous G/F domain in Sis1 (a DNAJB6 ortholog) is required for the propagation of select yeast prions. Yeast prions contain Q/N rich PrLDs, a feature they share with TDP-43 and other RNA binding proteins. Consistent with this, homologous LGMD1D mutation in the G/F domain of Sis1 abrogate its ability to modulate yeast prion propagation. In mammalian cell culture DNAJB6 associates with TDP-43 in the nucleus upon heat shock suggesting that TDP-43 is indeed a DNAJB6 client protein. DNAJB6 expression reduces the formation and enhances the dissolution of TDP-43 positive nuclear bodies. LGMD1D mutant DNAJB6 expression increases TDP-43 granule formation and slows their dissolution upon heat shock recovery. This effect is more pronounced in cells expressing DNAJB6 that lacks the G/F domain. We hypothesize that LGMD1D mutant DNAJB6 affects localization, aggregation and toxicity of TDP43. Characterization of a transgenic mouse model of LGMD1D recently generated in our laboratory will help to elucidate the role of DNAJB6 and other HSPs in skeletal muscle disease and the complex interplay between RNA binding protein aggregation and disaggregation.
Effects of Adding a Central Groove to the Squeeze Film Damper Lands

Squeeze film dampers (SFDs) are used in the high speed turbo machinery industry and aerospace industry as a means to reduce vibration amplitude, to provide damping, to improve dynamic stability of the rotor bearing system and to isolate structural components. Past studies have not included effects of variation of the stator geometries in a squeeze film damper. A central groove added to the squeeze film land is hypothesized to provide a uniform flow source which theory predicts will result in forces less than one fourth of that seen in SFDs without a central groove. In the present study, 3D numerical simulations of SFDs with different size central grooves on the squeeze film land are performed to predict the variation of the dynamic pressure profiles. The numerical model and method have been validated via comparison to experimental data for a SFD without a central groove. When a central groove is added to the squeeze film land, the pressures generated are reduced to half of that generated when run without a central groove on the land. The amount of reduction in pressure values depends on the volume of the groove, not on the aspect ratio of the groove. Addition of a central groove reduces the pressures, rigidity developed in squeeze film land, and forces generated by squeeze film damper.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Machining characteristics of laser tungsten surface-alloyed M2 high speed steel

Abstract A 1 kW, continuous wave CO 2 gas laser with an optical scanner was used to surface-alloy tungsten on the clearance face of an AISI M2 singlepoint lathe tool. The alloyed depth varied between 80 and 100 μm and contained 12 wt.% W. Tungsten was homogeneously distributed in the alloyed zone. The tool bits were then tempered at 560°C for 2 h and polished to a thickness of 40–50 μm. Both conventionally heat-treated and laser surface-alloyed tool bits were tested on a 20 h.p. engine lathe by turning AISI 4142 steel workpieces. The results indicated that the flank wear rate of laser-alloyed M2 steel was only about 50% of the wear rate of conventionally heat-treated tools and the tool life could be increased up to 600%. However, it should be cautioned that laser-alloyed tools tended to fail catastrophically when compared with unalloyed tools. These results are discussed in the light of the microstructures and wear mechanisms.
An attempt to detect "pregnancy susceptibility" in indigent adolescent girls.

Programs for widespread dissemination of birth control information and devices among adolescents are subject to strong resistance from many groups and may be ineffective anyway. An alternative approach to reducing the alarming frequency of unplanned pregnancy among unmarried adolescents might be group or individual counseling for those most susceptible, to unplanned pregnancies. Accurate identification would be necessary to implement this alternative. Developed in this paper is an inferential strategy for identifying in well-defined groups unmarried adolescents who seem “susceptible.” When carefully evaluated, an inferential strategy, based, on several concepts from Bayesian inference theory, appears remarkably accurate as a means of identification. Besides specific predic
Glucose and Other Measurements

Simultaneous measurement of elastic and inelastic remitted light from tissues being irradiated with a single near infrared laser wavelength can be used to calculate the plasma and red blood cell volumes of the included blood.
Integral equation method for biperiodic diffraction structures

We describe an integral approach to the rigorous solution of Maxwell's equations for diffraction from a biperiodic grating having arbitrary profile and periodicity. Emphasis is placed on the implementation of solutions and is addressed to the engineering community. The method described is amenable to mathematical convergence analysis. A numerical example is given which indicates convergence of solutions.
Kernel Averaged Predictors for Spatio-Temporal Regression Models

Abstract In regression settings where covariates and responses are observed across space and time, a common goal is to quantify the effect of change in the covariates on the response while adequately accounting for the joint spatio-temporal structure in both. Customary modeling describes the relationship between a covariate and a response variable at a single spatio-temporal location. However, often it is anticipated that the relationship between the response and predictors may extend across space and time. In other words, the response at a given location and time may be affected by levels of predictors in spatio-temporal proximity. Here, a flexible modeling framework is proposed to capture such spatial and temporal lagged effects between a predictor and a response. Specifically, kernel functions are used to weight a spatio-temporal covariate surface in a regression model for the response. The kernels are assumed to be parametric and non-stationary with the data informing the parameter values of the kernel. The methodology is illustrated on simulated data as well as a physical data set of ozone concentrations to be explained by temperature.
The Future in Forecasting: Prospective Presidential Models

Presidential election forecasting models may miss the mark, sometimes grossly, as the 1992 contest demonstrated. The reason for this, we argue, is specification error. The models include irrelevant...
Cancer screening in the older adult: Issues and concerns

Making individual recommendations for cancer screening in older adult patients may be difficult and time consuming, because of the need to incorporate complex issues of life expectancy, health status, risks and benefits, and individual values and wishes. In this article, current recommendations and related risks and benefits are summarized. Specific issues and concerns are addressed, with suggestions for strategies to assist older adults in making screening decisions.
Measuring relevance judgements

Abstract Accurate, reliable measurement of relevance is fundamental to research in information science and to the design, development, and evaluation of information systems. This article describes a study focusing on the measurement of relevance and the application of magnitude estimation, an open-ended scaling technique developed in the field of sensory psychophysics, to the task of measuring relevance judgments. The study found that magnitude estimation is highly appropriate for the measurement of relevance judgments and less influenced by potential biases than commonly used category rating scaling procedures. One biasing factor—a range context effect—was found for both magnitude estimation and category rating scales.
Geologic relationships between gray hematite, sulfates, and clays in Capri Chasma

[1] We used emissivity spectra from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) to identify the signature of crystalline gray hematite in Capri Chasma. Geologic units associated with major concentrations of hematite were then mapped using HiRISE, CRISM, and CTX images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Along the northern portion of the Interior Layered Deposit (ILD), a lower polyhydrated sulfate (PHS) unit lies beneath a thicker kieserite unit, above which is a thinner upper PHS. An exposure at the thickest central portion of the ILD reveals additional sulfates, including a middle PHS, a mixture of lower hydration states PHS, and an intercalated unit comprised of kieserite and szomolnokite. We interpret these compositional transitions to reflect either changes in aqueous chemistry (e.g., iron levels and salinity) during groundwater upwelling events or successively buried layers of dust, ice and volcanic aerosols laid down over obliquity cycles. In addition to these sulfates, we identified a few small mounds along the chasma floor composed of either mixtures of ferric hydroxysulfate and Fe/Mg-smectites, or possible opal, leached clays, and Fe/Mg-smectites. Gray hematite is strongly spatially correlated to kieserite-bearing slopes within the ILD and mantled PHS along the northern chasma floor. These results are consistent with sulfate and hematite formation found elsewhere on Mars, including Meridiani Planum, Aram Chaos, and several other chasmata and chaos regions within Valles Marineris.
On the Neutrons from the Deuteron-Deuteron Reaction

The absolute number of neutrons produced in the deuteron-deuteron reaction (abbreviated $d\ensuremath{-}d$ reaction) has been determined for a target of heavy ice by measuring the scattering cross section of liquid ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and liquid ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ for these neutrons, and by counting in an ionization chamber the recoils in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and in ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ gas due to the scattering of the neutrons. Applying the necessary corrections one finds 3.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ neutrons per second per microampere of deuterons at 100 kv with an estimated uncertainty of 20 percent. The absolute yield of the protons under the same conditions is 2.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$; the nuclear process leading to the emission of a proton and a ${\mathrm{H}}^{3}$ nucleus seems therefore somewhat less probable than the alternative process giving a neutron and a ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ nucleus. The effective cross section for the neutron-producing reaction is roughly 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}$ at 100 kv, increasing to 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}$ at 300 kv and according to the results of Amaldi, Hafstad and Tuve to 1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}25}$ at 700 kv. This reaction is therefore not a "very probable process." The scattering cross section of oxygen for these 2.4 Mev neutrons has the surprisingly low value of 0.75\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, only 0.6 that of nitrogen. The cross section of hydrogen for these neutrons is 2.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ in agreement with the theoretical value.
Strategies for the improvement of aerobic metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls

Abstract Recent research on the aerobic transformation of polychlorinated biphenyls and other chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons has provided some encouraging results. The current paradigm is that highly chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls are recalcitrant to bacterial dioxygenation and subjected only to reductive dehalogenation by anaerobic bacteria. The recent discovery of spontaneous dehalogenation by bacterial dioxygenases on aryl carbons bearing a chlorine substituent necessitates that this paradigm be reconsidered.
The relation between osmotic flow and tracer solvent diffusion for single-file transport.

Abstract It is demonstrated that a reasonably general model for single-file passage of solvent through an ultra-narrow pore implies the equality of tracer diffusion and osmotic flow. This result is not trivial, but follows from the exactly compensating effects of solvent-solvent interaction on the partitioning of bulk solvent into the pore and on the diffusion rate within the pore. A previous calculation of Longuet-Higgins and Austin is seen to be valid only in the absence of interactions among solvent molecules in the pore.
Nocturnal enuresis in sickle cell disease

Nocturnal enuresis is a prevalent and challenging problem in children and young adults with sickle cell disease (SCD). Limited progress has been made in elucidating etiology and pathophysiology of nocturnal enuresis in individuals with SCD. Among adults with SCD ages 18–20 years, approximately 9% report nocturnal enuresis. Nocturnal enuresis contributes to decreased health related quality of life in people with SCD, resulting in low self-esteem and sometimes social isolation. Postulated non-mutually exclusive causes of nocturnal enuresis in individuals with SCD include hyposthenuria leading to nocturnal polyuria, decreased bladder capacity or nocturnal bladder overactivity, increased arousal thresholds, and sleep disordered breathing. No evidence-based therapy for nocturnal enuresis in SCD exists. This review is focused on describing the natural history, postulated causes and a rational approach to the evaluation and management of nocturnal enuresis in children and adults with SCD.
A reevaluation of the flow data for olivine

Abstract The solid medium deformation experiments on polycrystalline olivine at pressures of 500–1500 MPa show steadily increasing creep strength with decreasing water content. Thus water content can significantly influence the strength of olivine. Room pressure experiments on olivine single crystals have been conducted under conditions of low p H 2 O and therefore should be compared with solid medium experiments on dried samples deformed under anhydrous conditions. The single crystals flow more rapidly by 2–3 decades in strain rate for a given stress. Three hypotheses regarding the origin of this strength discrepancy are: 1. (1) solid medium sample strengths are higher due to the finite strength of the confining medium; 2. (2) temperature gradients in the solid medium samples render them stronger; 3. (3) the application of high confining pressure has significantly increased strength. These hypotheses have been analyzed and none of them appears to alter strain rates by more than a decade. Another hypothesis, that dislocations are pinned by iron oxide precipitates in the “dry” solid medium experiments, also does not appear likely. Unless some unknown effect in the solid medium apparatus results in anomalously high strength for olivine, the discrepancy must be attributed to fundamentally different behavior of the single crystal and the aggregate.
Slicing the Vocational Interest Pie One More Time: Comment on Tracey and Rounds

Abstract We evaluate the proposal by Tracey and Rounds (this issue) to construct a spherical representation of vocational interests. Their unorthodox principal components approach to creating octant scales does not create scales with clear interpretability. Many of their interest scales have item content that is inconsistent with well-established interest measures. Their sphere, with the addition of prestige as a third dimension, is not ready to displace Holland's hexagon in the practical arena, although it may contribute to productive debate by theorists and researchers.
Negative index metamaterials at optical frequencies

We have also studied the possibility of forming the isotropic 3D negative index material from an assembly of Ag nanoparticles. It appears that various open- and close-packed structures exhibit "soft" electromagnetic response and extraordinary transmission at certain wavelengths that much exceed the period of the structures. It appears that various nanoparticles assemblies are close to having negative index but remain "positive". They are discussed from a perspective to be used as "transparent metals".
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A plays a role in the directed migration of human keratinocytes in a DC electric field.

Skin wound healing requires epithelial cell migration for re-epithelialization, wound closure, and re-establishment of normal function. We believe that one of the earliest signals to initiate wound healing is the lateral electric field generated by the wound current. Normal human epidermal keratinocytes migrate towards the negative pole, representing the center of the wound, in direct currents of a physiological strength, 100 mV/mm. Virtually nothing is known about the signal transduction mechanisms used by these cells to sense the endogenous electric field. To elucidate possible protein kinase (PK) involvement in the process, PK inhibitors were utilized. Two important findings have been described. Firstly, addition of 50 nM KT5720, an inhibitor of PKA, resulted in a 53% percent reduction in the directional response of keratinocytes in the electric field, while not significantly affecting general cell motility. The reduction was dose-dependent, there was a gradual decrease in the directional response from 5 to 50 nM. Secondly, addition of 1 μM ML-7, a myosin light chain kinase inhibitor, resulted in an approximate 31% decrease in the distance the cells migrated without affecting directional migration. The PKC inhibitors GF109203X at 4 μM and H-7 at 20 μM and W-7, a CaM kinase inhibitor, did not significantly alter either directed migration or cell migration, although they all resulted in a slight reduction in directional migration. D-erythro-sphingosine at 15 μM, a PKC inhibitor, had virtually no effect on either migration distance or directed migration. These findings demonstrate that divergent kinase signaling pathways regulate general cell motility and sustained directional migration and highlight the complexity of the signal transduction mechanisms involved. The inhibitor studies described in this paper implicate a role for PKA in the regulation of the directional migratory response to applied electric fields, galvanotaxis. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 50:207–217, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High energy laser interactions with water droplets

A strategy is described for studying the hydrodynamics of a water droplet being irradiated by a high energy laser beam. The electromagnetic fields inside the (dielectric) drop are considered as perturbations around the Mie fields. Our approach is shown to work for times much smaller than the conventional characteristic hydrodynamic time, when heating effects can be safely ignored and polarization/electrostriction effects dominate. Our linearized electrohydrodynamic equations yield a density increasing toward the surface, away from the center of the drop.
SYNTAX score II predicted mortality after PCI or CABG in complex CAD better than SYNTAX score

Source Citation Farooq V, van Klaveren D, Steyerberg EW, et al. Anatomical and clinical characteristics to guide decision making between coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary int...
Androgen deprivation therapy: progress in understanding mechanisms of resistance and optimizing androgen depletion

Androgen deprivation therapy remains a critical component of treatment for men with advanced prostate cancer, and data support its use in metastatic disease and in conjunction with surgery or radiation in specific settings. Alternatives to standard androgen deprivation therapy, such as intermittent androgen suppression and estrogen therapy, hold the potential to improve toxicity profiles while maintaining clinical benefit. Current androgen deprivation strategies seem to incompletely suppress androgen levels and androgen-receptor-mediated effects at the tissue level. Advances in the understanding of mechanisms that contribute to castration-resistant prostate cancer are leading to rationally designed therapies targeting androgen metabolism and the androgen receptor. The results of large trials investigating the optimization of primary androgen deprivation therapy, including evaluation of intermittent androgen suppression and phase III studies of novel androgen synthesis inhibitors, such as abiraterone acetate, are eagerly awaited.
The Serial Position of the Trinil Upper Molars

The two fossil molars from Trinil have been studied again, because many scientists failed to examine these fossils in detail. First of all, this paper deals with isolated orang-utan molars, to find out whether it is possible to determine the position of an isolated molar in the dentition. The conclusion is that this is impossible. Therefore, the upper molar of orang-utan have been studied in itu. After the two fossils are described in detail, they are morphologically compared to the orang molars. It can be concluded that it is probable that the fossils are third upper molars, though they might also be second upper molars. whether the fossils have belonged to an orang is, however, doubtful. The wrinkling pattern on the molars can bring no solution. So the general conclusion of this research has to be that it is an impossible job to determine the serial position of the Trinil upper molars, and for that matter any isolated molar.
DIPPA: An opioid receptor affinity label that produces selective and long-lasting κ antagonism in mice

Abstract 2-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-[(1S)-1-(3-isothiocyanatophenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]acetamide (DIPPA) has been prepared and found to possess κ antagonist activity in vivo. In the mouse tail-flick assay, DIPPA produces selective and long-lasting antagonism of the antinociceptive effect of the κ opioid agonist, U50,488, apparently as a result of covalent binding to the receptor. In contrast, the parent compound lacking the isothiocyanate group is a potent agonist devoid of antagonist activity.
Nonlinear optical effects in oxygen-binding reactions of hemoglobin A0

Abstract Optical spectra have been taken in the Soret band (440-400 nm) under different oxygen partial pressures for hemoglobin (Hb) A0 at pH 7.0, 15°C, 2–3 mM heme, 30 mM inositol hexaphosphate, 0.1 Hepes and 0.1 M NaCl. Application of the matrix method of singular value decomposition (SVD) to the difference spectra for different oxygen pressures shows the presence of at least two distinct optical transitions. From this result one concludes that the optical response to oxygen binding is nonlinear in the Soret band. The degree of nonlinearity has been determined by fitting the data at different wavelengths to the four-step reaction Adair equation with the inclusion of optical parameters that describe the intermediate oxygenated species. It is found that the data are well-represented by two optical parameters at each wavelength, one which represents the optical change for the addition of the first and second oxygen molecules and the other which corresponds to the change for the addition of the third and fourth oxygen molecules. The ratio of these optical parameters depends only moderately upon wavelength with an average value of 0.8 over the Soret band. Thus, there is an approx. 20% smaller optical response for the first two ligated species than that for the last two ligated species. The overall Adair equilibrium constants are evaluated as follows: β1 = 0.081 ± 0.003 Torr−1, β2 = 2.53 × 10−3 ±2.4 × 10−4 Torr−2, β3 = 1.25 × 10−5 ± 1.0 × 10−6 Torr−3, β4 = 1.77 × 10−6 ± 1.5 × 10−7 Torr−4.
Magnetization and magnetic aftereffect in textured Ni/Cu compositionally-modulated alloys

Abstract The magnetic properties of Ni/Cu compositionally-modulated alloys with [100], [110] and [111] textures were measured by magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance. These alloys were found to exhibit a pronounced magnetic aftereffect.
Gaseous diffusion equations for porous materials

Commonly used equations of gaseous transport by diffusion are examined and the two parameters required for each equation are tabulated from the literature. The advantages and limitations of the commonly used linear —D/Do = a(S−b) — and curvilinear — D/Do = KSm— equations are considered and a new diffusion equation is proposed to combine the advantages of the previous equations. This new equation, like the others, requires only two parameters. It takes the form D/Do = [(S−u)/(1−u)]v and may serve as a basis for studying and more accurately modeling gas transport in porous media.
Comparative Analysis of Foreign and Domestic Bank Operations in Hungary

Abstract This paper compares the performance of foreign and domestic banks in the process of transition into a market-oriented economy in Hungary. Applying Student's t and Kruskal–Wallis tests to the major balance sheet and income statement ratios for foreign and domestic banks in Hungary for the period 1992–1993, it is concluded that, compared to domestic banks, foreign banks are more profitable, not exposed to a greater liquidity or credit risk, providing less money for consumer loans, and hesitant to provide long term loans for development purposes. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation on the clinical course and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates

Abstract Forty preterm neonates treated in an intensive care nursery (M gestational age= 31 weeks, M birthweight=1274 gms) were randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. The treatment infants received tactile/kinesthetic stimulation (body massage and passive movements of the limbs) for three 15-min periods during three consecutive hours for a 10-day period. At the end of the treatment period the behavioral states and activity level of the neonates were monitored during sleep/wake behavior observations. In addition, neonatal behaviors were assessed on the Brazelton scale. The treated infants averaged a 47% greater weight gain per day (25 vs. 17 grams), and spent more time awake and active during sleep/wake behavior observations. On the Brazelton scale the treated infants showed more mature orientation, motor, habituation, and range of state behaviors. Finally, the treated infants were discharged 6 days earlier yielding hospital cost savings of $3,000 per infant.
Effect of exposure to diesel exhaust on pulmonary prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) activity

There has been evidence that an acute exposure of laboratory animals to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for a short period of time can cause marked inhibition of pulmonary PGDH activity. Since diesel exhaust contains NO2, this investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of long-term exposure of guinea pigs and rats to diesel exhaust. The study involves measurement of PGDH activity in the lung tissue as obtained from these animals following exposure to 250 and 1500 micrograms m-3 of diesel particles for various time periods in relation to the appropriate time-matched controls. In guinea pigs, exposure for 6 weeks to 250 micrograms m-3 of diesel exhaust seems to stimulate the PGDH activity about two-fold in comparison to the time-matched controls while, paradoxically, the exposure to 1500 micrograms m-3 of diesel exhaust did not show any particular effect. The exposures to diesel exhaust for 12 weeks, as well as 24 weeks, seem to show concentration dependent lowering of PGDH activity as compared to the time-matched controls. This study also documents the well-known species difference in PGDH activity in that the rat shows much lower activity of this enzyme than the guinea pig. Because of undetectable enzyme activity in many samples, it has not been possible to draw any meaningful conclusion as to the effect of diesel exposure on the enzyme in rat.
Modeling micro-inertia in heterogeneous materials under dynamic loading

Abstract A continuum model including micro-inertia for heterogeneous materials under dynamic loading is proposed using a micro-mechanics method. The macro strain and stress are defined as the volume averages of the strain and stress fields in the representative volume element (RVE). The macro equations of motion are derived by using Hamilton’s principle together with the strain energy density and kinetic energy density involving the micro-inertia terms. The new macro equations of motion are used to study harmonic and transient wave propagation in layered media. Using a simple linear displacement field for the RVE, the dispersion curves obtained from the present model agree with the exact solutions very well for a range of wavelengths. The present model is also applied to analyze the transient response of layered media subjected to a triangular pulse loading. Comparison is made between the results of the present model and a finite element analysis.
p-Type doping with arsenic in (2 1 1)B HgCdTe grown by MBE

The results of arsenic incorporation in HgCdTe layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are reported. The incorporation into MBE-HgCdTe was carried out by a method called planar doping. Arsenic was successfully incorporated during the MBE growth as acceptors. Result suggests that most of the arsenic incorporates as an active acceptor at the MBE growth temperature. These findings are very promising for MBE-HgCdTe technology. Some layers show enhanced p-type mobilities with no carrier freeze-out at low temperatures. These results are very promising for in situ fabrication of infrared devices using HgCdTe material.
Reducing uncertainty about carbon dioxide as a climate driver

The lack of an adequate ancient analogue for future climates means that we ultimately must use and trust climate models, evaluated against modern observation and our best geologic records of warm and cold climates of the past. Armed with an elevated confidence in the models, we will then be able to make reliable predictions of the Earth's response to our risky experiment with the climate system.
An Almost-Optimal Algorithm for the Assembly Line Scheduling Problem

This paper considers a solution to the multiprocessor scheduling problem for the case where the ordering relation between tasks can be represented as a tree. Assume that we have n identical processors, and a number of tasks to perform. Each task T i requires an amount of time μ i to complete, 0 i ≤ k, so that k is an upper bound on task time. Tasks are indivisible, so that a processor once assigned must remain assigned until the task completes (no preemption). Then the "longest path" scheduling method is almost-optimal in the following sense.
FIZZ1 stimulation of myofibroblast differentiation.

Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by inflammation, emergence of myofibroblasts, and deposition of extracellular matrix. In an attempt to identify genes that may be involved in fibrosis, we used a 10,000 element (10 K) rat cDNA microarray to analyze the lung gene expression profiles in this model in the rat. Cluster analysis showed 628 genes were more than or equal to twofold up- or down-regulated, many of which were known to be involved in fibrosis. However, the most dramatic increase was observed with FIZZ1 (found in inflammatory zone; also known as RELM-α or resistin-like molecule-α), which was induced 17-fold to ∼25-fold at the peak of expression. In situ hybridization analysis revealed FIZZ1 expression to localize primarily to alveolar and airway epithelium, which was confirmed in vitro by analysis of isolated type II alveolar epithelial cells. However FIZZ1 expression was not detected in isolated lung fibroblasts. Co-culture of FIZZ1-expressing type II cells with fibroblasts stimulated α-smooth muscle actin and type I collagen expression independent of transforming growth factor-β. Transfection of a FIZZ1-expressing plasmid into fibroblasts or treatment with glutathione S-transferase-FIZZ1 fusion protein stimulated α-smooth muscle actin and collagen I production. These results suggest a novel role for FIZZ1 in myofibroblast differentiation in pulmonary fibrosis.
Decision and Workload Implications of Free Flight and the Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (Cdti)

Twenty-two certified flight instructors flew a general aviation simulator, either actively selecting and flying maneuvers to avoid traffic conflict, using a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) in a free flight scenario, or more passively executing corresponding maneuvers as commanded by a simulated air traffic controller, in a conventional scenario. The maneuvers spontaneously chosen by the pilots in the freeflight scenario were found to be only partially consistent with the maneuvers for traffic avoidance, dictated by current FAA “rules of the road”, with pilots showing a marked preference for making vertical rather than lateral maneuvers, and climbing rather than descending maneuvers. Pilots also preferred to make simpler single axis maneuvers. Visual scanning in both scenarios was measured, revealing that pilots spent a majority of their time fixating on the instrument panel, and in free flight, they distributed their remaining visual attention differentially across the two sources of traffic...
Reciprocal licensure in dentistry: a historical review

Papers on reciprocal licensure, published between 1883 and 1972, are reviewed with the purpose of identifying common themes. The issue of reciprocal licensure is examined from a historical viewpoint. Common themes are identified by focusing on selected writings of the periods from 1883 to 1972. The review concludes that there has been a demonstrated interest in the issue of reciprocal licensure; that the dental profession has made progress toward facing the issue; that the 1972 Survey of Attitudes on Dental Licensing Procedures indicated widespread support for regional boards and national reciprocity; and that the dental profession is seeking final resolution of the issue of reciprocal licensure in the near future.
Acute haptic-induced ciliary sulcus irritation associated with single-piece AcrySof intraocular lenses.

We report an analysis of 3 single-piece hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) that were explanted because of complications related to the presence of their haptics in the ciliary sulcus. In 2 cases, the IOL was primarily implanted in the ciliary sulcus because of inadequate posterior capsule support. In the third case, postoperative displacement of 1 haptic in the sulcus was associated with hyphema and vitreous hemorrhage. Ultrasound biomicroscopy confirmed the contact between the haptic and iris. Areas of iris atrophy were observed in all cases. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the explanted lenses revealed the presence of pigmentary dispersion on the anterior surfaces. In Case 3, the pigments were concentrated on the surface of the haptic that was displaced from the capsular bag and on the corresponding optic–haptic junction. Scanning electron microscopy also showed the IOL's squared edges and unpolished side walls. The flexibility and thickness of the single-piece hydrophobic acrylic haptics, as well as the square optic and haptic edges, may increase the risk for iris chafing when the haptics are in the sulcus. Therefore, sulcus fixation of this IOL design is not recommended.
Oxalate transport across the isolated rat colon. A re-examination

Abstract A net absorption of oxalate and chloride was observed when isolated, shortcircuited segments of rat colon were bathed by a calcium-containing buffer. Removal of calcium promoted a two-fold decrease in transmural resistance, while the net chloride flux was reduced and the net oxalate transport abolished. It was concluded that net oxalate absorption was not observed in previous studies (employing calcium-free buffers) because calcium is required to maintain the integrity of the conductive pathways across colonic epithelia.
Cell proliferation in carcinogenesis

Chemicals that induce cancer at high doses in animal bioassays often fail to fit the traditional characterization of genotoxins. Many of these nongenotoxic compounds (such as sodium saccharin) have in common the property that they increase cell proliferation in the target organ. A biologically based, computerized description of carcinogenesis was used to show that the increase in cell proliferation can account for the carcinogenicity of nongenotoxic compounds. The carcinogenic dose-response relationship for genotoxic chemicals (such as 2-acetylaminofluorene) was also due in part to increased cell proliferation. Mechanistic information is required for determination of the existence of a threshold for the proliferative (and carcinogenic) response of nongenotoxic chemicals and the estimation of risk for human exposure.
A proper observation and characterization of wall nucleation phenomena in a forced convective boiling system

Abstract Experimental information regarding fundamental bubble parameters such as bubble departure diameter and bubble departure frequency is crucial for the development and validation of mechanistic models to treat the wall nucleation phenomena in a forced convective boiling system. However, a thorough review of the literature reveals that there are several unidentified issues in the previous experimental works, issues which have never been explicitly addressed despite their possibly critical impact on the experimental results. Also, the experimental efforts are still being made without properly addressing the impact of those issues. Thus, in an effort to reveal such issues and to verify the errors created by not addressing them, we performed a series of systematic experimental investigations to evaluate the impacts of these issues and to subsequently make recommendations. The explored issues include (i) the effect of different measurement views on the observation of the nucleating bubbles; (ii) the effect of applying different visualization recording speeds; and (iii) the effect of the number of experimental observations (i.e., sample size) on the statistics of measured bubble parameters. Then, based on the findings, more appropriate ways of observing and characterizing the fundamental bubble parameters were discussed. Additionally, an image analysis method was developed to efficiently and accurately extract the quantitative information of fundamental bubble parameters from the experimental images of boiling bubbles. The performance of this method was tested in subcooled boiling flow circumstances, and it seems promising as a means of analyzing the vast number of images required to satisfy the high statistical demands to characterize wall nucleation features. The experimental findings and discussions in the present study will provide valuable guidance towards the proper investigation of the wall nucleation phenomena in a subcooled flow boiling system or, more generally, in a forced convective boiling system.
Recognizing and Assessing Key Symptom Domains in Chronic Widespread Pain: Focus on Fibromyalgia

Abstract Fibromyalgia has a complex etiology, involving the interaction of multiple biological, psychological, and behavioral contributors. Although not completely understood, central augmentation of sensory input, neuroendocrine and neuropeptide abnormalities, family and genetic factors, and psychosocial stressors are thought to play a role. These etiological complexities are reflected in the array of symptom domains, beyond pain, associated with fibromyalgia. Because it is not a discrete disorder, diagnosis relies on assessment of these other symptoms—including sleep disturbance, fatigue, affects on mood, cognitive dysfunction, and chemical sensitivity—and of other common concomitant and overlapping rheumatic and psychiatric disorders, infections, and pain states. Fibromyalgia treatment requires an individualized approach often involving multimodal, multidisciplinary management. Several pharmacotherapies with clinical trial data showing efficacy in treating pain and other symptom domains are available and should be combined with nonpharmacological modalities, including cognitive behavioral therapy and exercise. Although data are limited, combination pharmacotherapy using agents with different mechanisms of action, such as a serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and an alpha-2-delta ligand, may also be a rational approach to address fibromyalgia's multifactoral etiology and symptomatology. Online Access http://cmeaccess.com/cme/ajm_fibro2_program/index_main.asp?contID=78. This CME Multimedia Activity is also available through the Website of The American Journal of Medicine ( www.amjmed.com ). Click on the CME Multimedia Activity button in the navigation bar for full access.
Special Issues as Vertical Integration A Rejoinder to Priem and Mowday

In this rejoinder to Priem and Mowday, the author amplifies and critiques some of their ideas on the proliferation of special issues in management journals. The author interprets special issues as vertical integration moves by journal editors operating in a context of perceived resource scarcity. He also argues that the proliferation of special issues is contributing to the fragmentation of the organization studies discipline, thus contradicting Priem's notion of a command economy of ideas via special issue and Mowday's sanguine view of special issues. The author offers suggestions for future research on the causes and consequences of the proliferation of special issues in management journals.
Dependence of Amino Acid Side Chain 13C Shifts on Dihedral Angle: Application to Conformational Analysis

Chemical shift data from the BiomagResDataBank and conformational data derived from the protein data bank have been correlated in order to explore the conformational dependence of side chain 13C resonance shifts. Consistent with predictions based on steric compression, upfield shifts for Cγ resonances of Thr, Val, Ile, Leu, Met, Arg, Lys, Glu, and Gln residues correlate with both the number of heavy atom (nonproton) γ-substituents and with gauche conformational orientations of γ-substituents. The 13C shift/conformation correlations are most apparent for Cγ carbons but also can be observed at positions further from the backbone. Intraresidue steric conflict leads to a correlation between upfield-shifted side chain 13C resonances and statistically lower probabilities in surveys of protein side chain conformation. Illustrative applications to the DNA pol λ lyase domain and to dihydrofolate reductase are discussed. In the latter case, 13C shift analysis indicates that the conformation of the remote residue V1...
Synthesis of a single‐isomer sulfated β‐cyclodextrin carrying nonidentical substituents at all of the C2, C3, and C6 positions and its use for the electrophoretic separation of enantiomers in acidic aqueous and methanolic background electrolytes, Part 2: Heptakis(2‐O‐methyl‐6‐O‐sulfo) cyclomaltoheptaose

The sodium salt of heptakis(2-O-methyl-6-O-sulfo)cyclomaltoheptaose (HMS), the second single-isomer, sulfated β-CD carrying nonidentical substituents at all of the C2, C3, and C6 positions, has been synthesized, analytically characterized, and used for the capillary electrophoretic separation of the enantiomers of a group of 23 weak base analytes in acidic aqueous and methanolic BGEs. HMS interacted strongly with only about half of the analytes studied. The good separation selectivities and favorable normalized EOF mobilities allowed for rapid, efficient separation of the enantiomers of 19 of the 23 weak base analytes in the aqueous BGEs, often with separation selectivity values complimentary to those obtained with other single-isomer sulfated CDs. HMS did not prove to be as good a resolving agent in acidic methanolic BGEs as its counterpart, heptakis(2-O-methyl-3-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)cyclomaltoheptaose.
SU-D-9A-06: 3D Localization of Neurovascular Bundles Through MR-TRUS Registration in Prostate Radiotherapy

Purpose: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most common complication of prostate-cancer radiotherapy (RT) and the major mechanism is radiation-induced neurovascular bundle (NVB) damage. However, the localization of the NVB remains challenging. This study's purpose is to accurately localize 3D NVB by integrating MR and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images through MR-TRUS fusion. Methods: T1 and T2-weighted MR prostate images were acquired using a Philips 1.5T MR scanner and a pelvic phase-array coil. The 3D TRUS images were captured with a clinical scanner and a 7.5 MHz biplane probe. The TRUS probe was attached to a stepper; the B-mode images were captured from the prostate base to apex at a 1-mm step and the Doppler images were acquired in a 5-mm step. The registration method modeled the prostate tissue as an elastic material, and jointly estimated the boundary condition (surface deformation) and the volumetric deformations under elastic constraint. This technique was validated with a clinical study of 7 patients undergoing RT treatment for prostate cancer. The accuracy of our approach was assessed through the locations of landmarks, as well as previous ultrasound Doppler images of patients. Results: MR-TRUS registration was successfully performed for all patients. The mean displacement of the landmarks betweenmore » the post-registration MR and TRUS images was 1.37±0.42 mm, which demonstrated the precision of the registration based on the biomechanical model; and the NVB volume Dice Overlap Coefficient was 92.1±3.2%, which demonstrated the accuracy of the NVB localization. Conclusion: We have developed a novel approach to improve 3D NVB localization through MR-TRUS fusion for prostate RT, demonstrated its clinical feasibility, and validated its accuracy with ultrasound Doppler data. This technique could be a useful tool as we try to spare the NVB in prostate RT, monitor NBV response to RT, and potentially improve post-RT potency outcomes.« less